Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Watershed Management Challenges Improving Productivity, Resources and Livelihoods

The present volume addresses these issues head-on by shedding light on watershed development and management in developing countries, with a particular focus on India. Through a series of introduction and overview chapters and case studies that aim to better understand watershed management for improved agricultural and livestock productivity, natural resource management, and livelihood improvement, the editors and contributing authors provide detailed documentation of what works and what does not. The book is part of ongoing collaboration between the Indian Council for Agricultural Research and two centers of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research. While each institution may approach the subject of watershed management from a diverse perspective, we unanimously concur that watersheds as resource use units coupled with the management decisions of human users offer immense potential to transform rural livelihoods in marginal and resource-poor regions of the developing world. To this end, our three institutions jointly collaborated on an international workshop “Watershed Management Challenges: Improving Productivity, Resources and Livelihoods” held 3-4 November 2004 in New Delhi. This volume; sponsored by Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India; brings together the best of the papers presented and deliberated during the workshop, and peer-reviewed and revised through the efforts of the editorial team and subject matter experts.
Early life exposure to cigarette smoking and adult and old-age male mortality: Evidence from linked US full-count census and mortality data.

BACKGROUND Smoking is a leading cause of premature death across contemporary developed nations, but few longitudinal individual-level studies have examined the long-term health consequences of exposure to smoking. OBJECTIVE We examine the effect of fetal and infant exposure to exogenous variation in smoking, brought about by state-level cigarette taxation, on adulthood and old-age mortality (ages 55-73) among cohorts of boys born in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s. METHODS We use state-of-the-art methods of record linkage to match 1930 and 1940 US full-count census records to death records, identifying early life exposure to the implementation of state-level cigarette taxes through contemporary sources. We examine a population of 2.4 million boys, estimating age at death by means of OLS regression, with post-stratification weights to account for linking selectivity. RESULTS Fetal or infant exposure to the implementation of state cigarette taxation delayed mortality by about two months. Analyses further indicate heterogenous effects that are consistent with theoretical expectations; the largest benefits are enjoyed by individuals with parents who would have been affected most by the tax implementation. CONCLUSIONS Despite living in an era of continuously increasing cigarette consumption, cohorts exposed to a reduction in cigarette smoking during early life enjoyed a later age at death. While it is not possible to comprehensively assess the treatment effect on the treated, the magnitude of the effect should not be underestimated, as it is larger than the difference between having parents belonging to the highest and lowest socioeconomic groups. CONTRIBUTION The study provides the first estimates of long-run health effects from early life exposure to cigarette smoking.
White mica domain formation: A model for paragonite, margarite, and muscovite formation during prograde metamorphism

Abstract Scanning transmission electron microscopy images of the 00l white mica planes in crystals from central Switzerland and Crete, Greece, reveal that domains of paragonite, margarite, and muscovite are ordered within the basal plane. Energy dispersive X-ray analyses show that both cations in the interlayer and in the 2:1 layer have ordered on the scale of tens to hundreds of nanometers. Domain boundaries can be both sharp and crystallographically controlled or diffuse and irregular. A model outlining the domain formation process is presented that is consistent with X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy data. The domain model incorporates aspects of a mixedlayered and a disordered compositionally intermediate phase models. The main feature of the model is the formation of mica species that segregate within the basal plane and contradict the notion of homogeneous layers within mixed-layer phases. Implications for the formation of all diagenetic and very low-grade metamorphic 2:1 sheet silicates are discussed
Extraction of the Contact Resistance of Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors Using the Bias Extrapolation Method and Statistical Measurements

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offer great potential for both high-integration digital and high-frequency applications due to their unique 1-D carrier transport properties. However, the typically large contact resistance between the source/drain metal and the metal-covered CNT prevents the advantages of CNTs from being exploited. For supporting process development toward lowering the contact resistance and also compact modeling of CNT field-effect transistors (CNTFETs), a method for extracting the contact resistance is proposed. By measuring at sufficiently high gate voltages and subsequent suitable extrapolation toward infinite gate voltage, the bias-dependent components of the total channel resistance can be eliminated to extract the contact resistance. The accuracy of the proposed method was first verified using device simulation and subsequently applied to fabricated CNTFETs. The proposed method is suitable for both single- and multitube CNTFETs as well as for capturing the statistical variation of the contact resistance across the wafer.
Spatial and temporal distribution of enhanced boundary layer BrO concentrations measured by the GOME instrument aboard ERS‐2

The temporal and spatial distribution of enhanced boundary layer BrO concentrations in both hemispheres during 1997 is presented using observations of the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) on board the European research satellite ERS-2. BrO concentrations (up to 50 ppt) are the major cause for catalytic boundary layer ozone destruction typically observed during polar spring in both hemispheres. While autocatalytic mechanisms are most probably responsible for the release of the observed high concentrations of reactive bromine compounds, uncertainties still remain with respect to the primary release mechanisms and whether the autocatalytic reactions are taking place on sea-salt aerosol or the surface of sea ice. We find that enhanced boundary layer BrO concentrations correlate very well with ozone depletion events. Enhanced BrO concentrations are always found over or near to areas of frozen salt water (above sea ice or also above the frozen surface of the Caspian Sea) consistent with the assumption that such conditions are a prerequisite for the autocatalytic release of high BrO concentrations to the troposphere.
Holocene flood histories in south‐western USA

River basins in south‐western USA are some of the most extensively studied arid land fluvial systems in the world. Since the early 1960s their hydro‐climatic histories have been reconstructed from the analysis of alluvial cut‐and‐fill cycles, while from the late 1970s there have been investigations of slackwater deposits and palaeostage indicators for large floods in stable‐boundary bedrock reaches. However, no studies have regionally integrated Holocene fluvial histories from these two different types of fluvial environments. The current study combines the alluvial archive with flood records from bedrock reaches to generate a probability‐based 12,000 year record of flooding in south‐western USA. Using more than 700 14C‐dated fluvial units, the analysis produces a high resolution (centennial) flood record. Seven episodes of increased flooding occurred at 11,250–10,400, 8800–8350, 8230–7600, 6700–5700, 5600–4820, 4550–3320 and 2000–0 cal. BP. Bedrock reaches are found to record more frequent floods during the middle to late Holocene, while in alluvial rivers more flood units are dated to the early and middle Holocene. These differences are primarily the result of selective preservation with alluvial reaches tending to erode during periods characterised by very large floods. Episodes of major Holocene flooding recorded in slackwater deposits within bedrock systems correspond with periods of increased precipitation in the region and lower temperatures. In contrast, within alluvial rivers above‐average flooding probabilities, as well as regionally extensive channel entrenchment episodes, match with reduced annual precipitation and lower temperatures. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the value of the Holocene fluvial archive for reconstructing regional, short‐term hydro‐climatic change in south‐western USA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morpho-Anatomy and Mathematical Modelling in Lilium philippinense Baker from Cordillera Central Range, Philippines

The study presents the morphology, anatomy and mathematical modelling in Benguet lily (Lilium philippinense Baker), a threatened species from the Cordillera Central Range and was often misidentified with the weedy L. formosanum. The plant is an annual herb with linear, spiral leaves; pure white, perfect, funnel-shaped, showy flowers; septicidal elongated capsule; and, brown, light, winged seeds. New findings in the study include the description of the capsule and seeds, biometric measurements of the different plant organs, the significant correlation and regression model of plant height and stem diameter for certain floral measurement, and its diagnostic characteristics vis-à-vis L. formosanum. Interesting findings on the taxon’s anatomy show a cross between a typical monocot and a typical dicot anatomy. It has a bifacial leaf structure (a common dicot character) but its spongy layer is not as widely spaced like in dicot leaf. The stem has a distinct cortex and pith (a dicot character) but has a scattered vascular bundles (a monocot character). Lastly, some roots have a narrow pith at the centre of the stele (a monocot character) while some roots have metaxylem elements at the centermost structure (a dicot character). Further studies need to be conducted to determine the ecological significance of these features.
Buoy wind inhomogeneities related to averaging method and anemometer type: application to long time series

Moored buoy observations began two to three decades ago. These datasets have value for calibration of remotely sensed data, validation of weather and ocean wave models, input to reanalysis models, and studies of climate trend and variability. Changes in buoy wind observation methods have the potential to introduce inhomogeneities into the time series. These include changes in anemometer height (typically between 5 and 10 m) with changes in platform type; the transition in the 1980s and 1990s from use of a vector‐mean to a scalar‐mean averaging method; and, in recent years, the introduction of ultrasonic anemometers in the buoy networks, as well as the continued use of mechanical propeller‐vane type of anemometers. This study examines differences in buoy wind measurements from RM Young propeller‐vane and Vaisala ultrasonic anemometers installed on the same buoy, and differences in vector‐averaged and scalar‐averaged wind speeds from the same RM Young anemometer. This study also considers the effect of waves on these differences. The comparisons are based on large multi‐year datasets from 6‐m buoys with boat‐shaped hulls (6N) and 3‐m buoys with round hulls (3D), deployed off the coasts of Canada in the northeast Pacific and northwest Atlantic Oceans. Results of the anemometer type comparison suggest that the Vaisala ultrasonic winds are 0.16 ms−1 + 1.6% of the RM Young winds. Results of the vector scalar comparison of Canadian buoy data show that scalar mean winds were 2.1% and 2.7% greater than RM Young vector mean winds from 6N and 3D buoys, respectively. Vector‐scalar differences increased with increasing wave height, more quickly with 3D than with 6N buoys. Results are used to adjust the winds from a long‐term buoy in the northeast Pacific. The height adjustment is shown to be more important than the adjustment for vector or scalar averaging of the sustained wind speed, in terms of the impact of monthly mean wind speeds. A homogeneity testing program finds other unexplained significant shifts in the time series of monthly mean wind speeds. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown in the right of Canada.
Fluvial terrace riser degradation and determination of slip rates on strike‐slip faults: An example from the Kunlun fault, China

The use of displaced fluvial terrace risers to determine slip rates along strike‐slip faults depends on knowing when risers become passive markers. Typically, chronologic constraints from terrace deposits only place bounds on this age; consequent slip rates may be highly uncertain. Along the Kunlun fault, in northeastern Tibet, we demonstrate that consideration of riser degradation can augment terrace chronology and improve the precision of slip‐rate estimates. Multiple offset risers and 14C age determinations from terrace treads yield a narrow range of slip rates of 4.5 ± 0.5 m/kyr at one site, but permit a wide range of allowable rates (3–10 m/kyr) in an adjacent drainage. Using a locally calibrated sediment transport rate of 3.2–5.4 m2/ka, we show that riser morphology at this latter site is consistent with degradation since abandonment of the upper terrace tread. Our analysis indicates that slip rates at this site are ∼5 ± 2 m/kyr.
How a Private Educational Institution in South Brazil Managed to Create a University Innovation and Entrepreneurship Ecosystem

This article aims to describe the dynamic of a university innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem, as well as the actions developed by a private university in southern Brazil to create it. Through a descriptive qualitative approach, the research strategy consisted of a case study in which data were obtained through six interviews, non-participant observation, and documentary analysis. The results demonstrated that the university managed to reach an innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem once they reinforced favorable institutional conditions for entrepreneurship and developed a structured department of entrepreneurship education that gives support to future entrepreneurs. Once the theme has not yet been widely explored in the literature, this article aims to contribute both to broaden the debate and to present a case of a South American private university that may serve as a model for other educational institutions that wish to create or reinforce their university innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystems.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND WATER CONTACT STUDIES IN Schistosomiasis haematobium INFESTED AREA OF ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA

A survey of urinary schistosomiasis in Agulu, Anambra state, Nigeria was carried out using primary school pupils. The relationship between family socio-economic status of the pupils and infection with Schistosoma haematobium and between water contact activities of the people with S. heamatobium was investigated. Seven primary schools out of fifteen in the town had pupils with Schistosoma haematobium infection. Children whose parents were farmers and teachers had infection rates of 38.9% and 14.4% respectively. A greater number of children (7,000) (74.2%) than adults (2,438) (25.8%) perform different activities in different parts of the lake which bring them in contact with the water during the period of study. The highest number of people (3,324) (35.2%) were engaged in swimming while the lowest number 480 (5.1%) were found fishing.
Estimation of the pasture horizons grazed by cattle, sheep and goats during single and mixed grazing

49 Detailed sward measurements made before. and after grazing can detect the changes in mass and composition of vertical sward horizons which result from grazing. When animal species am grazed in mixtures, it is impossible, by this method to relate such sward changes to any one particular species. We estimated the quantitative importance. of different sward horizons to the diet of cattle (CA), sheep @A) and goats (GA) grazing alone orinamixture: cattle with sheep (CS), sheep with cattle (SC) and cattle with goats (CC), goats with cattle (GC) ina progressivedefoliation of tyegrass/white clover pasture. A least squares optimisation routine estimated the contribution of 5,4Omm sward horizons, each containing 6 botanical components to oesphageal extmsa (OE), containiig the same 6 components, from each of the treatments. The results suggest that the diet of CA was more equally derived from horizons above 4Omm than was that of SA which was concentrated in the X012Omm horizon. GA was intermediate. The contribution of the upper sward horizons to the CS diet was greater than for CA and SC moved lower down the sward horizons than SA. The mixing of goats and cattle had less effect on the relative contribution of the sward horizons to the diet selected than mixing sheep and cattle.
Geometry and crustal shortening of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt, eastern and central Bhutan

We present a new geologic map of eastern and central Bhutan and four balanced cross sections through the Himalayan fold-thrust belt. Major structural features, from south to north, include: (1) a single thrust sheet of Subhimalayan rocks above the Main Frontal thrust; (2) the upper Lesser Himalayan duplex system, which repeats horses of the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian(? ) Baxa Group below a roof thrust (Shumar thrust) carrying the Paleoproterozoic Daling-Shumar Group; (3) the lower Lesser Himalayan duplex system, which repeats horses of the Daling-Shumar Group and Neoproterozoic–Ordovician(? ) Jaishidanda Formation, with the Main Central thrust (MCT) acting as the roof thrust; (4) the structurally lower Greater Himalayan section above the MCT with overlying Tethyan Himalayan rock in stratigraphic contact in central Bhutan and structural contact above the South Tibetan detachment in eastern Bhutan; and (5) the structurally higher Greater Himalayan section above the Kakhtang thrust. Cross sections show 164–267 km shortening in Subhimalayan and Lesser Himalayan rocks, 97–156 km structural overlap across the MCT, and 31–53 km structural overlap across the Kakhtang thrust, indicating a total of 344–405 km of minimum crustal shortening (70%–75%). Our data show an eastward continuation of Lesser Himalayan duplexing identified in northwest India, Nepal, and Sikkim, which passively folded the overlying Greater Himalayan and Tethyan Himalayan sections. Shortening and percent shortening estimates across the orogen, although minima, do not show an overall eastward increase, which may suggest that shortening variations are controlled more by the original width and geometry of the margin than by external parameters such as erosion and convergence rates.
The impact of oblique images and flight‐planning scenarios on the accuracy of UAV 3D mapping

The developments in lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and structure‐from‐motion (SfM)‐based software have opened a new era in 3D mapping which is notably cost‐effective and fast, though the photogrammetric blocks lead to systematic height error due to inaccurate camera calibration parameters particularly when the ground control points (GCPs) are few and unevenly distributed. The use of onboard Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers (such as RTK‐ or PPK‐based devices which use the DGNSS technique) to obtain the accurate coordinates of camera perspective centres has reduced the need for ground surveys, nevertheless, the aforementioned systematic error was reported in the UAV photogrammetric blocks. In this research, three flight‐planning scenarios with oblique imagery in addition to the traditional nadir block were evaluated and processed with four different processing cases. Therefore, 16 various blocks with different overlaps, direct and indirect georeferencing approaches as well as flight‐planning scenarios were tested to examine and offer the best imaging network. The results denote that the combination of oblique images located on a circle in the centre of the block with the nadir block provides the best self‐calibration functionality and improves the final accuracy by 50% (from 0.163 to 0.085 m) for direct georeferenced blocks and by 40% (from 0.042 to 0.026 m) for indirect georeferenced blocks.
A 2‐D empirical plasma sheet pressure model for substorm growth phase using the Support Vector Regression Machine

The plasma sheet pressure and its spatial structure during the substorm growth phase are crucial to understanding the development and initiation of substorms. In this paper, we first statistically analyzed the growth phase pressures using Geotail and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms data and identified that solar wind dynamic pressure (PSW), energy loading, and sunspot number as the three primary factors controlling the growth phase pressure change. We then constructed a 2‐D equatorial empirical pressure model and an error model within r ≤ 20 RE using the Support Vector Regression Machine with the three factors as input. The model predicts the plasma sheet pressure accurately with median errors of 5%, and predicted pressure gradients agree reasonably well with observed gradients obtained from two‐probe measurements. The model shows that pressure increases linearly as PSW increases, and the PSW effect is stronger under lower energy loading. However, the pressure responses to energy loading and sunspot number are nonlinear. The pressure increases first with increasing loading or sunspot number, then remains relatively constant after reaching a peak value at ~8000 kV min loading or sunspot number of ~80. The loading effect is stronger when PSW is lower and the pressure variations are stronger near midnight than away from midnight. The sunspot number effect is clearer at smaller r. The pressure model can also be applied to understand the pressure changes observed during a substorm event by providing evaluations of the effects of energy loading and PSW, as well as the temporal and spatial effects along the spacecraft trajectory.
Simulating heterogeneous vegetation in climate models. Identifying when secondary vegetation becomes important

To parameterize the land surface in global climate models (GCMs) data must be provided at a variety of resolutions. In GCMs, high-resolution data must be aggregated to the coarser resolution of the GCM. The method used for parameter aggregation can lead to the simulation of very different land surface climatologies. It is shown that the most important transition from a simulation of homogeneous tundra to one of homogeneous coniferous forest is the initial increase in forest. The differences between the simulation of tundra and the simulation of tundra with two-ninths coniferous forest are considerable. This suggests that the land surface is sensitive to the aggregated parameters in non-linear ways. It suggests that more care is needed in data aggregation, and that improved algorithms for data aggregation must be developed, because these data sets represent the foundations on which advanced land surface parameterizations are built. Finally, it shows that the influence of relatively small amounts of secondary vegetation should be represented in GCMs.