Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aircraft‐Based Observations of Ozone‐Depleting Substances in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere in and Above the Asian Summer Monsoon

Recent studies show that the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone (ASMA) transports emissions from the rapidly industrializing nations in Asia into the tropical upper troposphere. Here, we present a unique set of measurements on over 100 air samples collected on multiple flights of the M55 Geophysica high altitude research aircraft over the Mediterranean, Nepal, and Northern India during the summers of 2016 and 2017 as part of the European Union project StratoClim. These air samples were measured for 27 ozone‐depleting substances (ODSs), many of which were enhanced above expected levels, including the chlorinated very short‐lived substances, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), 1,2‐dichloroethane (CH2ClCH2Cl), and chloroform (CHCl3). CH2Cl2 mixing ratios in the tropopause region were 65–136 parts per trillion (ppt) in comparison to previous estimates of mixing ratios in the tropical tropopause layer of 30–44 ppt in 2013–2014. Backward trajectories, calculated with the trajectory module of the chemistry‐transport model CLaMS and driven by the ERA5 reanalysis, indicate possible source regions of CH2Cl2 in South Asia. We derived total equivalent chlorine (ECl), and equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC) and found that these quantities were substantially higher than previous estimates in the literature. EESC at mean age‐of‐air of 3 years based on the 2016 measurements was 1,861–1,872 ppt in comparison to a previously estimated EESC of 1,646 ppt. Our findings show that the ASMA transports larger than expected mixing ratios of long‐lived and very short‐lived ODSs into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, likely leading to an impact on the stratospheric ozone layer.
Early Diagnosis of COVID-19 on Non-Chest CT Studies in the Emergency Setting: A Case Series and Review of the Literature

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel strain of coronavirus that has spread throughout the globe causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As the number of cases rises in the United States (US), it has become more imperative to detect COVID-19 at its earliest radiologic stage to decrease community transmission. In this case series, we discuss five patients who presented with non-respiratory-related symptoms and underwent non-chest CT imaging, such as abdominal and neck CT, with a portion of the lungs visualized in each respective study. Imaging findings of COVID-19 include basilar and peripherally predominant pulmonary parenchymal ground-glass opacities. All five of our patients had findings suggestive of COVID-19 that prompted the radiologist to suggest testing for the disease. Subsequently, four of the five patients tested positive for COVID-19, and one of them was presumed to have the diagnosis based on clinical and imaging findings.
Can we screen for pancreatic cancer? Identifying a sub-population of patients at high risk of subsequent diagnosis using machine learning techniques applied to primary care data

Background Pancreatic cancer (PC) represents a substantial public health burden. Pancreatic cancer patients have very low survival due to the difficulty of identifying cancers early when the tumour is localised to the site of origin and treatable. Recent progress has been made in identifying biomarkers for PC in the blood and urine, but these cannot be used for population-based screening as this would be prohibitively expensive and potentially harmful. Methods We conducted a case-control study using prospectively-collected electronic health records from primary care individually-linked to cancer registrations. Our cases were comprised of 1,139 patients, aged 15–99 years, diagnosed with pancreatic cancer between January 1, 2005 and June 30, 2009. Each case was age-, sex- and diagnosis time-matched to four non-pancreatic (cancer patient) controls. Disease and prescription codes for the 24 months prior to diagnosis were used to identify 57 individual symptoms. Using a machine learning approach, we trained a logistic regression model on 75% of the data to predict patients who later developed PC and tested the model’s performance on the remaining 25%. Results We were able to identify 41.3% of patients < = 60 years at ‘high risk’ of developing pancreatic cancer up to 20 months prior to diagnosis with 72.5% sensitivity, 59% specificity and, 66% AUC. 43.2% of patients >60 years were similarly identified at 17 months, with 65% sensitivity, 57% specificity and, 61% AUC. We estimate that combining our algorithm with currently available biomarker tests could result in 30 older and 400 younger patients per cancer being identified as ‘potential patients’, and the earlier diagnosis of around 60% of tumours. Conclusion After further work this approach could be applied in the primary care setting and has the potential to be used alongside a non-invasive biomarker test to increase earlier diagnosis. This would result in a greater number of patients surviving this devastating disease.
Neighborhood Poverty and Amygdala Response to Negative Face.

Introduction Considerable research has established a link between socioeconomic status (SES) and brain function. While studies have shown a link between poverty status and amygdala response to negative stimuli, a paucity of knowledge exists on whether neighborhood poverty is also independently associated with amygdala hyperactive response to negative stimuli. Purpose Using functional brain imaging data, this study tested the association between neighborhood SES and the amygdala's response to negative stimuli. Considering race as a sociological rather than a biological construct, we also explored racial heterogeneity in this association between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White youth. Methods We borrowed the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The sample was 2,490 nine to ten year old non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White adolescents. The independent variable was neighborhood income which was treated as a continuous measure. The primary outcomes were the right and left amygdala response to negative face during an N-Back task. Age, sex, race, marital status, and family SES were the covariates. To analyze the data, we used linear regression models. Results Low neighborhood income was independently associated with a higher level of amygdala response to negative face. Similar results were seen for the right and left amygdala. These effects were significant net of race, age, sex, marital status, and family SES. An association between low neighborhood SES and higher left but not right amygdala response to negative face could be observed for non-Hispanic Black youth. No association between neighborhood SES and left or right amygdala response to negative face could be observed for non-Hispanic White youth. Conclusions For American youth, particularly non-Hispanic Black youth, living in a poor neighborhood predicts the left amygdala reaction to negative face. This result suggested that Black youth who live in poor neighborhoods are at a high risk of poor emotion regulation. This finding has implications for policy making to reduce inequalities in undesired behavioral and emotional outcomes. Policy solutions to health inequalities should address inequalities in neighborhood SES.
Celebrating chaos: the power of untidy realities in ethnographic research

Ethnographic work is underpinned by fluid and often ambiguous methodological demands as well as dataset chaos [. ] By ‘embracing the chaos’ of its subject matter and controlling for methodological messiness, ethnographers can turn the ambiguity, fluidity and fragmentation of the human condition and its cultural webs into a weapon that yields unique empirical purchase.
Improving Convergence in Therapy Scheduling Optimization: A Simulation Study

The infusion times and drug quantities are two primary variables to optimize when designing a therapeutic schedule. In this work, we test and analyze several extensions to the gradient descent equations in an optimal control algorithm conceived for therapy scheduling optimization. The goal is to provide insights into the best strategies to follow in terms of convergence speed when implementing our method in models for dendritic cell immunotherapy. The method gives a pulsed-like control that models a series of bolus injections and aims to minimize a cost a function, which minimizes tumor size and to keep the tumor under a threshold. Additionally, we introduce a stochastic iteration step in the algorithm, which serves to reduce the number of gradient computations, similar to a stochastic gradient descent scheme in machine learning. Finally, we employ the algorithm to two therapy schedule optimization problems in dendritic cell immunotherapy and contrast our method’s stochastic and non-stochastic optimizations.
Direct contribution of ammonia to α-pinene secondary organic aerosol formation

Abstract. Ammonia (NH3), a gaseous compound ubiquitously present in the atmosphere, is involved in the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), but the exact mechanism is still not well known. This study presents the results of SOA experiments from the photooxidation of α-pinene in the presence of NH3 in the reaction chamber. SOA was formed in in nucleation experiments and in seeded experiments with ammonium sulfate particles as seeds. The chemical composition and time series of compounds in the gas and particle phase were characterized by an online high-resolution time-of-flight proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-PTRMS) and a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), respectively. Our results show that the mass concentration of ammonium (NH4+) was still rising even after the mass concentration of the organic component started to decrease due to aerosol wall deposition and evaporation, implying the continuous new formation of particle-phase ammonium in the process. Stoichiometric neutralization analysis of aerosol indicates that organic acids have a central role in the formation of particle-phase ammonium. Our measurements show a good correlation between the gas-phase organic mono- and dicarboxylic acids formed in the photooxidation of α-pinene and the ammonium in the particle phase, thus highlighting the contribution of gas-phase organic acids to the ammonium formation. The work shows that the gas-phase organic acids contribute to the SOA formation by forming organic ammonium salts through acid–base reaction. The changes in aerosol mass, particle size and chemical composition resulting from the NH3–SOA interaction can potentially alter the aerosol direct and indirect forcing and therefore alter its impact on climate change.
Development of SETS E-Module Integrated with POE Model for Science Learning

This research developed Science, Environment, Technology, Society (SETS) e-module integrated with predict, observe, explain (POE) model on the subject matter of Earth Layer and Its Dynamics for grade VII students. This study aimed to reveal i) the feasibility of the developed e-module for grade VII students, and ii) the practicality of the developed e-module and its dynamics. This is a developmental research adopting the ADDIE model consisting of five stages, i.e.: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The subject of the limited test consisted of 15 students of grade VIII.G of Public Junior High School 8 Yogyakarta. The data were collected using a product feasibility assessment sheet for material and media experts, a product practicality assessment sheet for teachers, and a product readability assessment sheet for students. The results show that the developed e-module was feasible to be used according to the material and media experts and the developed e-module is practical according to teachers and students.
Electron Dropout Events and Flux Enhancements Associated With Geomagnetic Storms Observed by PROBA‐V/Energetic Particle Telescope From 2013 to 2019

Electron flux variations for E > 500 keV during geomagnetic storms are investigated using the Energetic Particle Telescope (EPT). This detector launched in May 2013 on board the satellite PROBA‐V at an altitude of 820 km was designed to provide uncontaminated spectra of electrons, protons, and alpha particles. Electron flux dropout events are observed during the main phase of each storm and even during substorms: a rapid reduction of the electron flux is noted throughout the outer electron radiation belt at all energies above about 0.5 MeV on timescales of a few hours. The electron spectrograms measured by the EPT between 2013 and 2019 show that after each geomagnetic storm, dropout events are followed by a flux enhancement starting first at low L values, and reaching the slot or even the inner belt for the strongest storms. We determine the link between Disturbed Storm Time (Dst) and the minimum value of the L‐shell where the dropouts deplete the outer belt, as well as the nonlinear relation between Dst and the minimum L‐shell where the flux penetrates in the slot region or even the inner belt during the storms. Dropouts appear at all energies measured by EPT and penetrate down to L∼3.5 for the strongest events. Dropouts are observed at Low Earth Orbit each time Dst has an inverted peak < −40 nT. Flux enhancements appear at lower L only for big storm events with Dst < −50 nT. They penetrate down to an impenetrable barrier with a minimum L‐shell related to Dst and to the energy. For E > 1 MeV, this limit is also linked to the plasmapause position.
Small mammal diversity is higher in infrequently compared with frequently burnt rainforest–savanna mosaics in the north Kimberley, Australia

Abstract Context. Populations of native mammals are declining at an alarming rate in many parts of tropical northern Australia. Fire regimes are considered a contributing factor, but this hypothesis is difficult to test because of the ubiquity of fire. Aims. This preliminary study investigated relative abundance and richness of small mammals on a gradient of fire regimes in the Uunguu Indigenous Protected Area (north Kimberley, Australia). Methods. Species were sampled using 40 unbaited camera traps, positioned for a year on 20 transects crossing the rainforest–savanna boundary at locations with comparable environment and geology but varying fire history. The relative importance of the factors ‘fire frequency’, ‘late dry season fire frequency’, ‘time since burnt’ and ‘vegetation type’ as predictors of the number of small mammal species and detections was tested using Spatial Generalised Linear Mixed Models to account for spatial autocorrelation. Key results. Nine species of small mammals were observed. Mammals were more abundant and diverse in locations with low overall fire frequency, which was a better predictor than late dry season fire frequency or time since burnt. The model including fire frequency and vegetation explained the highest proportion of total variation in mammal diversity (R2 = 42.0%), with most of this variation explained by fire frequency alone (R2 = 40.5%). The best model for number of detections (R2 = 20.9%) included both factors. Conclusions. In the north Kimberley, small mammals are likely to be more abundant and diverse in areas with low fire frequency. Implications. This natural experiment supports the theory that frequent fires are contributing to the decline of small mammals observed across northern Australia.
Study of dynamic refractory wear by slags containing very high FeO contents under steelmaking conditions

The wear of industrial refractory materials was studied in contact with slag containing high amounts of FeO using the rotating finger technique. The thermodynamic equilibrium of the refractory slag systems was also determined in Thermo-calc® and FactSage™. The studied refractories were alumina spinel, zirconia, graphite, silicon carbide (SiC), magnesia-carbon (MgO-C), chromite (Cr2O3), and MgO-Spinel (MgO–Al2O3). The fingers were rotated in a FeOx (90wt%) – SiO2 (5wt%) – CaO (5wt%) slag for 3 hours in a molybdenum crucible at 100 RPM at 1700K. The wear of the refractory fingers was determined by dimensional changes and changes in composition of the slags. Only MgO-spinel refractories exhibited resistance to the slag. The thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were able to predict the experimental behavior when appropriate databases were used, with the exception of the chromite slag.
Effect of cold and warm white light on selected endocrine and immune parameters of broiler embryos and hatchlings

Lighting conditions during incubation can influence embryonic development, post-hatching ontogeny and production efficiency. Previous studies revealed that different light colours differently affect pineal melatonin biosynthesis in embryos and postembryonic development of broiler chickens, but physiological mechanisms mediating these effects are not known. Cold and warm white light consists of different wavelengths and therefore the aim of the present study was to explore if these two lights can differently influence the development of circadian melatonin biosynthesis, production of thyroid hormones and corticosterone, concentration of metabolites (glucose, cholesterol and triacylglycerols) as well as expression of two important immune genes, presenilin 1 and avian betadefensin 1 (AvBD-1). We evaluated these traits in embryos before hatching (456, 460, 465, 468 and 472 h of incubation) and in hatchlings. The rhythmic profile of pineal melatonin with higher concentrations during the dark time was determined in both treatment groups. Melatonin levels increased considerably in hatchlings in comparison with embryos, but we found no difference in rhythm characteristics between groups. We did not identify any daily rhythms in plasma corticosterone and thyroid hormone levels in either studied age and no differences were found between light treatments in concentrations of thyroid hormones, corticosterone, metabolites and expression of presenilin and AvBD-1. The expected developmental increase of thyroid hormones was proved. Gene expression of presenilin increased in the duodenum of hatchlings in comparison with embryos, but the expression did not change in the bursa of Fabricius. On the other hand, expression of AvBD-1 decreased in hatchlings compared to embryos in both tissues. Based on these results, we can conclude that the colour temperature of white light did not influence endocrine and immune parameters determined in this study and probably monochromatic rather than polychromatic light should be used to influence embryonic development and postembryonic ontogeny of broiler chickens.
From the streets to the mainstream: popularization of Turkish rap music

ABSTRACT Turkish rap music has dominated the scene since 2017. This transformation occurred very quickly. Turkish rap was pioneered by alienated Turkish immigrants in Germany. Initially, it served as a tool for self-expression and dissent from an underground position. Although political rap gained popularity for a short period during the Gezi protests, today’s rappers are turning into influencers rather than protestors and harming rap’s ability of social expression. This research focuses on Turkish rap music’s integration with the current capitalist industries by using the perspectives of both cultural studies and political economy through interviews with industry professionals and historical analysis.
Impact of Meteorological Changes on Particulate Matter and Aerosol Optical Depth in Seoul during the Months of June over Recent Decades

The effects of meteorological changes on particulate matter with a diameter of 10 microns or less (PM10, referred to as PM in this study) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) in Seoul were investigated using observational and modeling analysis. AOD satellite data were used, obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and PM concentration data were used from in-situ observations. The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) and MERRA Version 2 (MERRA-2) were used for meteorological field analysis in modeling and observation data. The results from this investigation show that meteorological effects on PM and AOD were strong in the month of June, revealing a clear decreasing trend in recent decades. The investigation focused on the underlying mechanisms influencing the reduction in PM resulting from meteorological changes during the months of June. The results of this study reveal that decreases in atmospheric stability and humidity induced the aerosol change observed in recent decades. The changes in atmospheric stability and humidity are highly correlated with changes in the intensity of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). This suggests that the unstable and drying atmosphere by weakening of the EASM in recent decades has improved PM air quality in Seoul during the summer. The effects of atmospheric stability and humidity were also observed to vary depending on the aerosol species. Humidity only affects hydrophilic aerosols such as sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium, whereas atmospheric stability affects all species of aerosols, including carbonaceous aerosols.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON TEACHER ROLES OF ENGLISH COURSE AND COMPUTER SCIENCE COURSE

The study aims to examine and compare teacher roles in English course and computer science course. A 27-item scale, the STRI, was used to quantitatively measure teacher roles of the two courses at one university. Altogether 84 students participated in the survey and completed the questionnaires. Reliability tests showed that the STRI was pretty reliable and valid and that the three main teacher roles were all observed in the two courses. Further Results indicated that no significant difference was found between affective roles, managerial roles and the overall teacher roles of the two courses. Only the mean of cognitive role in English course was found to be significantly higher than that of computer science course, which indicated that cognitive role of the teacher in English course was perceived to be more noticeably impactful than that in computer science course. More specific features were also revealed in the study. Article visualizations: