Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: a review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exhibit neuroprotective properties and represent a potential treatment for a variety of neurodegenerative and neurological disorders. However, traditionally there has been a lack of discrimination between the different omega-3 PUFAs and effects have been broadly accredited to the series as a whole. Evidence for unique effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and more recently docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is growing. For example, beneficial effects in mood disorders have more consistently been reported in clinical trials using EPA; whereas, with neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, the focus has been on DHA. DHA is quantitatively the most important omega-3 PUFA in the brain, and consequently the most studied, whereas the availability of high purity DPA preparations has been extremely limited until recently, limiting research into its effects. However, there is now a growing body of evidence indicating both independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. The purpose of this review is to highlight how a detailed understanding of these effects is essential to improving understanding of their therapeutic potential. The review begins with an overview of omega-3 PUFA biochemistry and metabolism, with particular focus on the central nervous system (CNS), where DHA has unique and indispensable roles in neuronal membranes with levels preserved by multiple mechanisms. This is followed by a review of the different enzyme-derived anti-inflammatory mediators produced from EPA, DPA and DHA. Lastly, the relative protective effects of EPA, DPA and DHA in normal brain aging and the most common neurodegenerative disorders are discussed. With a greater understanding of the individual roles of EPA, DPA and DHA in brain health and repair it is hoped that appropriate dietary recommendations can be established and therapeutic interventions can be more targeted and refined.
Design of a Low-Cost Underwater Acoustic Modem

There has been an increasing interest in creating short-range, low data rate, underwater wireless sensor networks for scientific marine exploration and monitoring. However, the lack of an inexpensive, underwater acoustic modem is preventing the proliferation of these sensor networks. Thus, we are building an underwater acoustic modem starting with the most critical component from a cost perspective-the transducer. The design substitutes a commercial transducer with a homemade transducer using cheap piezoceramic material and builds the rest of the modem's components around the properties of the transducer to extract as much performance as possible. This letter describes the high level design, and cost and power characteristics of each of the major modem components: the transducer, the analog transceiver, and the digital signal processor of our modem prototype.
A shift in strategy or “error”? Strategy classification over multiple stochastic specifications

We present a classification methodology that jointly assigns to a decision maker a best-fitting decision strategy for a set of choice data as well as a best-fitting stochastic specification of that decision strategy. Our methodology utilizes normalized maximum likelihood as a model selection criterion to compare multiple, possibly non-nested, stochastic specifications of candidate strategies. In addition to single strategy with “error” stochastic specifications, we consider mixture specifications, i.e., strategies comprised of a probability distribution over multiple strategies. In this way, our approach generalizes the classification framework of Bröder and Schiffer (2003a). We apply our methodology to an existing dataset and find that some decision makers are best fit by a single strategy with varying levels of error, while others are best described as using a mixture specification over multiple strategies.
A rapid method for calculating derivatives of solvent accessible surface areas of molecules

A novel method to calculate the derivatives of solvent accessible surface areas is presented. Unlike earlier analytic methods, which require the molecular topology and the use of global Gauss‐Bonnet theorem, this method requires only the fractional accessibilities of surface arcs. We developed an efficient numerical algorithm to calculate the surface arcs by creating a uniform set of points on the circles of intersection between surface atoms. A hierarchical point density doubling scheme led to a logarithmic dependence of Central Processing Unit (CPU) time on the number of points used. This algorithm calculated area derivatives for a 1000‐atom protein in 1.5 s on an SGI INDIGO2 which were within 2% of the analytic area derivatives calculated with the program ANAREA. This algorithm scales linearly with the number of atoms for large molecules and is easily parallelizable. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Activity and Subcellular Trafficking of the Sodium-Coupled Choline Transporter CHT Is Regulated Acutely by Peroxynitrite

Excess formation of nitric oxide and superoxide by-products (peroxynitrite, reactive oxygen, and reactive nitrogen species) attenuates cholinergic transmission potentially having a role in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated mechanisms by which acute exposure to peroxynitrite impairs function of the sodium-dependent hemicholinium-3 (HC-3)-sensitive choline transporter (CHT) that provides substrate for acetylcholine synthesis. The peroxynitrite generator 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) acutely inhibited choline uptake in cells stably expressing FLAG-tagged rat CHT in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with an IC50 = 0.9 ± 0.14 mM and t½ = 4 min. SIN-1 significantly reduced Vmax of choline uptake without altering the Km. This correlated with a SIN-1-induced decrease in cell surface CHT protein, observed as lowered levels of HC-3 binding and biotinylated CHT at the plasma membrane. It is noteworthy that short-term exposure of cells to SIN-1 accelerated the rate of internalization of CHT from the plasma membrane, but it did not alter return of CHT back to the cell surface. SIN-1 did not disrupt cell membrane integrity or cause cell death. Thus, the inhibitory effect of SIN-1 on choline uptake activity and HC-3 binding was related to enhanced internalization of CHT proteins from the plasma membrane to subcellular organelles.
Global synchronization and selective desynchronization of FitzHugh-Nagumo oscillators

In this paper we adopt a correlation approach to neuronal modeling of visual perception, using oscillations. We propose a hierarchy of processing modules corresponding to di erent levels of representation. The rst layer consists of an array of FitzHugh-Nagumo oscillators, which receive a grey{level image as external input. The dynamic behaviour of the coupled oscillators is rigorously investigated and a stimulus-driven synchronization theorem is derived. However, this module reveals itself insu cient to encode correctly and segregate di erent objects when they have similar grey levels in the input image. Therefore an attentionmechanism, composed of two further layers is added. The rst layer computes a saliency map which extracts a number of salient regions whose average activity greatly di ers from their surround. The second layer of the attention mechanism consists of a perturbation map, which computes a positional information on the salient regions and feeds it back to the corresponding groups of oscillators as a one-time perturbation. The perturbation signal drives di erent groups of oscillators to di erent isochrones, and therefore induces non-zero phase lags between them. Simulation results are presented using real grey{level images.
Summaries of domestic and joint venture groundfish catches (metric tons) in the northeast Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, 1990

This report does not const¡tute a publication and is for ¡nformation only. All data here¡n are to be considered provisional. á i I ERRATA NOTICE This document is being made available in . PDF format for the convenience of users; however, the accuracy and correctness of the document can only be certified as was presented in the original hard copy format. Inaccuracies in the OCR scanning process may influence text searches of the . PDF file. Light or faded ink in the original document may also affect the quality of the scanned document.
Learning Optimal Subsets with Implicit User Preferences

We study the problem of learning an optimal subset from a larger ground set of items, where the optimality criterion is defined by an unknown preference function. We model the problem as a discriminative structural learning problem and solve it using a Structural Support Vector Machine (SSVM) that optimizes a "set accuracy" performance measure representing set similarities. Our approach departs from previous approaches since we do not explicitly learn a pre-defined preference function. Experimental results on both a synthetic problem domain and a real-world face image subset selection problem show that our method significantly outperforms previous learning approaches for such problems.
A Review on Breast Cancer: A Global Risk Factor and Preventive Measures

Breast cancer is a matter of global concern due to its widespread occurrence worldwide. The concerning rise in breast cancer cases highlights the need to address the disease on multiple fronts. This requires a comprehensive approach, starting with rigorous cancer screening or cancer registry, and extending to effective methods of diagnosis and treatment. Breast cancer is characterized by significant variability in both its appearance and molecular characteristics, necessitating diverse treatment regimens tailored to specific molecular subtypes. Consequently, breast cancer patients with different subtypes can expect distinct clinical outcomes. The heterogeneity of breast cancer underscores the importance of advanced molecular testing, which enables timely diagnosis and improved chances of survival. Emerging fields like artificial intelligence and liquid biopsy hold promise in unraveling the complexities of breast cancer and determining the most appropriate treatment strategies. In this review, we have explored various risk factors and cutting-edge technologies available for diagnosing breast cancer, with the aim of addressing the challenges associated with this disease and enhancing breast cancer management.
e-Sports Events: A Sports Parent's Perspective

e-Sports is a rapidly growing industry, which has gained popularity in the recent years. It is estimated that the global e-sports market will have a value of $1.87 billion in 2025. e-Sports competitions and tournaments are becoming increasingly popular, especially among schoolchildren and college students. The growth of leagues, at school level, requires that parents should understand this sport and have a positive attitude towards e-sports and e-sports events, due to the likely support that parents are required to provide to participants at these events. The study is a preliminary study, which aims to understand parents' view of e-sports, as a form of sports, to determine the financial investment to participate in e-sports and parents’ experience during an e-sport event. The study used a qualitative approach, utilising a semi-structured interview schedule, with six parents interviewed at an event, as well as a focus group discussion, with 21 parents of e-sports players. The study found that parents have a positive perception of e-sports events and are fully supportive of their children participating in them. Further, it was concluded that e-sports is viewed as a form of sports and, in comparison to other ‘traditional sports’, it is actually a very affordable form of sport to partake in. Parents spend most of their money at e-sports events on food, whilst some parents will go to a restaurant after the event, to celebrate the child’s accomplishments. The results of this preliminary study will guide further studies on e-sports events and are already giving an indication to e-sports organisers what the perspectives and needs of parents are.
m-Transportability: Transportability of a Causal Effect from Multiple Environments

We study m-transportability, a generalization of transportability, which offers a license to use causal information elicited from experiments and observations in m>=1 source environments to estimate a causal effect in a given targetenvironment. We provide a novel characterization of m-transportability that directly exploits the completeness of do-calculus to obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions for m-transportability. We provide an algorithm for deciding m-transportability that determines whether a causal relation is m-transportable; and if it is, produces a transport formula, that is, a recipe for estimating the desired causal effect by combining experimental information from m source environments with observational information from the target environment.
Holocene environmental history in high‐Arctic North Greenland revealed by a combined biomarker and macrofossil approach

In this study, we use a combined biomarker and macrofossil approach to reconstruct the Holocene climate history recorded in Trifna Sø, Skallingen area, eastern North Greenland. Chronological information is derived from comparison of lithological, biogeochemical and macrofossil characteristics with a well‐dated record from nearby Lille Sneha Sø. Following local deglaciation around c. 8 cal. ka BP, the local peak warmth occurred between c. 7.4 and 6.2 cal. ka BP as indicated by maximum macrofossil abundances of warmth‐demanding plants (Salix arctica and Dryas integrifolia) and invertebrates (Daphnia pulex and Chironomidae). Warm conditions were dominated by terrestrial organic matter (OM) sedimentation as implied by the alkane‐based Paq ratio, but increased aquatic productivity is indicated when temperature was highest around 6.5 cal. ka BP. The n‐C29/n‐C31 alkane ratio shows that vegetation in the catchment was dominated by shrubs after deglaciation, but shifted towards relatively more grassy/herbaceous vegetation during peak warmth. After 5.4 cal. ka BP, the disappearance of warmth‐demanding plant and invertebrate macrofossils indicates cooling in the Skallingen area. This cooling was characterized by a significant shift towards dominance of aquatic OM sedimentation in Trifna Sø as implied by high Paq ratios. Cooling was also associated with a shift in vegetation type from dwarf‐shrub heaths towards relatively more herbaceous vegetation in the catchment, stronger erosion and more oligotrophic conditions in the lake. Our data show that mean air temperatures inferred using branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) do not seem to accurately reflect the local climatic history. Irrespective of calibration, methylation of branched tetraethers (MBT) palaeothermometry cannot be reconciled with the macrofossil evidence and seems to be biased by either changing brGDGT sources (in situ vs. soil‐derived) or changing species assemblages and/or an unknown physiological response to changing environmental conditions at high latitude.
SURFACE SOLAR RADIATION IN A TROPICAL AREA ESTIMATED FROM DIFFERENT MODELS

The Global Solar Radiation ( Rg ) is considered the main power that regulates the biophysical processes in the surface-atmosphere interface. Many regions of the Earth do not have those kinds of measures available, consequently approach models that allow confident estimates are necessary. Thus, the objective of this article was to evaluate the performance of the models proposed by Angstrom-Prescost (1940), Hay (1979) and Bristow & Campbell (1984) to estimate the solar global radiation in the city of Sinop, Mato Grosso state. Therefore, data from the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), from 2006 to 2012, have been used to validate and parameterize the models. Solar Global Radiation ( Rg ), air temperature (maxima and minima), clarity atmospheric index ( kt ) and the relative sunshine duration ( Ir ) have shown seasonality under influence of the cloudiness. All the three models have estimated Rg satisfactorily with Pearson’s correlation coefficient classified as strong. Nevertheless, Hay’s model has presented the lowest errors and coefficients lightly better than the others models. However, all the models have presented similar results, which make them applicable to the region. Our results still suggest that further research, such as use of the models to the entire region of Mato Grosso state, is necessary to improve the estimate models of Rg in that area.
Pseudo-reward Algorithms for Contextual Bandits with Linear Payoff Functions

We study the contextual bandit problem with linear payoff functions, which is a generalization of the traditional multi-armed bandit problem. In the contextual bandit problem, the learner needs to iteratively select an action based on an observed context, and receives a linear score on only the selected action as the reward feedback. Motivated by the observation that better performance is achievable if the other rewards on the non-selected actions can also be revealed to the learner, we propose a new framework that feeds the learner with pseudo-rewards, which are estimates of the rewards on the non-selected actions. We argue that the pseudo-rewards should better contain over-estimates of the true rewards, and propose a forgetting mechanism to decrease the negative influence of the over-estimation in the long run. Then, we couple the two key ideas above with the linear upper confidence bound (LinUCB) algorithm to design a novel algorithm called linear pseudo-reward upper confidence bound (LinPRUCB). We prove that LinPRUCB shares the same order of regret bound to LinUCB, while enjoying the practical observation of faster reward-gathering in the earlier iterations. Experiments on artificial and real-world data sets justify that LinPRUCB is competitive to and sometimes even better than LinUCB. Furthermore, we couple LinPRUCB with a special parameter to formalize a new algorithm that yields faster computation in updating the internal models while keeping the promising practical performance. The two properties match the real-world needs of the contextual bandit problem and make the new algorithm a favorable choice in practice.
A HW/SW Co-designed Programmable Functional Unit

In this paper, we propose a novel programmable functional unit (PFU) to accelerate general purpose application execution on a modern out-of-order x86 processor. Code is transformed and instructions are generated that run on the PFU using a co-designed virtual machine (Cd-VM). Results presented in this paper show that this HW/SW co-designed approach produces average speedups in performance of 29% in SPECFP and 19% in SPECINT, and up-to 55%, over modern out-of-order processor.
Addressing Internal Consistency with Multidimensional Conditional Functional Dependencies

Conditional functional dependencies(CFDs) have recently been introduced as a novel approach for capturing the external consistency of relational data by comparing tuples. They define bindings of semantically related values that originate from flat domains. In real world applications often domains with multidimensional metadata have to be addressed and data are not only stored in relational databases. Since CFDs are not applicable to measure the internal consistency of a single tuple, we present an implementation of CFDs in ontologies that encapsulates CFDs from a physical data storage and allows for the detection of violations of the internal consistency of a tuple. Our implementation of multidimensional CFDs (mdCFDs) encourages the creation of bindings between (root) nodes of tree-structures, which drastically reduces the number of bindings that have to be created. We enable the usage of mdCFDs for proactive error prevention and reactive detection of inconsistencies. The usage of multidimensional structures supports the suggestion of qualitatively good repair operations for invalid data. As CFDs are limited to the comparison of several tuples, our approach allows the detection of inconsistencies in a single tuple. The method is designed for application scenarios in domains with existing domain knowledge that can be referenced as a closed discourse world. We show how this approach is being motivated by an epidemiological cancer registry. 1 Motivation
Expedition 314 Site C0002

1Expedition 314 Scientists, 2009. Expedition 314 Site C0002. In Kinoshita, M. , Tobin, H. , Ashi, J., Kimura, G. , Lallemant, S. , Screaton, E.J., Curewitz, D. , Masago, H. , Moe, K.T. , and the Expedition 314/315/316 Scientists, Proc. IODP, 314/315/316: Washington, DC (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc.). doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.314315316.114. 2009 2Expedition 314/315/316 Scientists’ addresses. Background and objectives
Gene Therapy for Fracture Healing

Traumatic bone defects and nonunion represent a significant source of morbidity and socioeconomic burden in trauma patients. The treatment of these conditions is currently hampered by inadequate therapies. This has prompted a new era of investigation into biologic therapies for augmenting fracture healing. Within this body of research, gene therapy has arisen as a novel and effective method of delivering therapeutic proteins at a site of desired bone regeneration. Gene therapy has shown tremendous potential in preclinical studies of fracture healing, but to date, no clinical trials have occurred. This article reviews the scientific basis for gene therapy in fracture healing, provides an overview of important preclinical studies that have been performed to date, and discusses the current barriers and future directions of gene therapy as it applies to fracture healing.
Stochastic atmospheric assistance and the use of emergency staging sites by migrants

Numerous animals move vast distances through media with stochastic dynamic properties. Avian migrants must cope with variable wind speeds and directions en route, which potentially jeopardize fine-tuned migration routes and itineraries. We show how unpredictable winds affect flight times and the use of an intermediate staging site by red knots (Calidris canutus canutus) migrating from west Africa to the central north Siberian breeding areas via the German Wadden Sea. A dynamic migration model incorporating wind conditions during flight shows that flight durations between Mauritania and the Wadden Sea vary between 2 and 8 days. The number of birds counted at the only known intermediate staging site on the French Atlantic coast was strongly positively correlated with simulated flight times. In addition, particularly light-weight birds occurred at this location. These independent results support the idea that stochastic wind conditions are the main driver of the use of this intermediate stopover site as an emergency staging area. Because of the ubiquity of stochastically varying media, we expect such emergency habitats to exist in many other migratory systems, both airborne and oceanic. Our model provides a tool to quantify the effect of winds and currents en route.