Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Causes of Pulsing in Continuous Turbidity Currents

Velocity pulsing has previously been observed in continuous turbidity currents in lakes and reservoirs, even though the input flow is steady. Several different mechanisms have been ascribed to the generation of these fluctuations, including Rayleigh‐Taylor (RT) instabilities that are related to surface lobes along the plunge line where the river enters the receiving water body and interfacial waves such as Kelvin‐Helmholtz instabilities. However, the understanding of velocity pulsing in turbidity currents remains limited. Herein we undertake a stability analysis for inclined flows and compare it against laboratory experiments, direct numerical simulations, and field data from Lillooet Lake, Canada, and Xiaolangdi Reservoir, China, thus enabling an improved understanding of the formative mechanisms for velocity pulsing. Both RT and Kelvin‐Helmholtz instabilities are shown to be prevalent in turbidity currents depending on initial conditions and topography, with plunge line lobes and higher bulk Richardson numbers favoring RT instabilities. Other interfacial wave instabilities (Holmboe and Taylor‐Caulfield) may also be present. While this is the most detailed analysis of velocity pulsing conducted to date, the differences in spatial scales between field, direct numerical simulations, and experiments and the potential complexity of multiple processes acting in field examples indicate that further work is required. In particular, there is a need for simultaneous field measurements at multiple locations within a given system to quantify the spatiotemporal evolution of such pulsing.
Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of new fear of the coronavirus questionnaire

The fear of COVID-19 significantly impacting the health of people globally. This study translated newly developed measurement tool New Fear of the Coronavirus Questionnaire (New_FCQ) into Chinese language and evaluated the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of New_FCQ among Chinese population. A total of 522 participants were included in the study. Internal consistency, construct validity, criterion validity, and concurrent validity of the Chinese version of New_FCQ were assessed in this study. The Chinese version of New_FCQ had excellent internal consistency (α = 0.97) and exploratory factor analysis demonstrated one-dimensional structure of the Chinese version of New_FCQ. The preliminary criterion validity revealed statistically significant differences in the fear of COVID-19 scores based on age and education level (P = .002 and P = .03, respectively). The good concurrent validity also established with the Chinese version Fear of COVID-19 Scale(P < .001). Psychometric proportions of the Chinese version of New_FCQ were established, which exhibited sufficient validity and reliability among Chinese population.
Extreme Climate Effects on Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentrations During Snowmelt

Extreme weather and climate events are predicted to increase in frequency and severity in the near future, which could have detrimental consequences for water quality in northern latitudes. Key processes that regulate the production and transport of solutes, like dissolved organic carbon (DOC), from soils to streams can be potentially altered by episodes of extreme temperature and/or precipitation. Here we use an intensively studied research catchment in northern Sweden with 23 years of data to ask how extreme antecedent climate events influence DOC concentration during snowmelt. Specifically, we used a combination of principal components analysis, cluster analysis, and multivariate partial least square analysis to show that almost every year provides some combination of extreme conditions in terms of intensity, duration, or frequency of temperature and/or rainfall. However, in terms of DOC responses to these events, variations in peak concentrations were most closely related to cold winter conditions, winter precipitation (snow), and temperature during the previous autumn. Specifically, years with most severe frost and icing during winter, but low winter precipitation, previous summer precipitation, and warmer autumns, showed the highest peaks in concentrations. In contrast, the lowest peak DOC concentrations were observed during spring snowmelt following high summer precipitation, colder autumns, and high winter precipitation. While this research highlights the importance of winter climate for influencing the DOC concentration during the spring, it also points to the potential importance of lag effects from preceding seasons on responses observed during the snowmelt season.
Marginalized Off-Policy Evaluation for Reinforcement Learning

Motivated by the many real-world applications of reinforcement learning (RL) that 1 require safe-policy iterations, we consider the problem of off-policy evaluation 2 (OPE) — the problem of evaluating a new policy using the historical data obtained 3 by different behavior policies — under the model of nonstationary episodic Markov 4 Decision Processes with a long horizon and large action space. Existing importance 5 sampling (IS) methods often suffer from large variance that depends exponentially 6 on the RL horizon H . To solve this problem, we consider a marginalized im- 7 portance sampling (MIS) estimator that recursively estimates the state marginal 8 distribution for the target policy at every step. MIS achieves a mean-squared 9 error of O ( H 2 R 2max (cid:80) Ht =1 E µ [( w π,µ ( s t , a t )) 2 ] /n ) for large n , where w π,µ ( s t , a t ) 10 is the ratio of the marginal distribution of t th step under π and µ , H is the hori- 11 zon, R max is the maximal rewards, and n is the sample size. The result nearly 12 matches the Cramer-Rao lower bounds for DAG MDP in Jiang and Li [2016] 13 for most non-trivial regimes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the ﬁrst OPE 14 estimator with provably optimal dependence in H and the second moments of the 15 importance weight. Besides theoretical optimality, we empirically demonstrate the 16 superiority of our method in time-varying, partially observable, and long-horizon 17 RL environments. 18
A lower bound for the bounded round quantum communication complexity of set disjointness

We show lower bounds in the multi-party quantum communication complexity model. In this model, there are t parties where the ith party has input X/sub i/ /spl sube/ [n]. These parties communicate with each other by transmitting qubits to determine with high probability the value of some function F of their combined input (X/sub 1/,.,X/sub t/). We consider the class of Boolean valued functions whose value depends only on X/sub 1/ /spl cap/. /spl cap/ X/sub t/; that is, for each F in this class there is an f/sub F/ : 2/sup [n]/ /spl rarr/ {0,1}, such that F(X/sub 1/,.,X/sub t/) = f/sub F/(X/sub 1/ /spl cap/./spl cap/ X/sub t/). We show that the t-party k-round communication complexity of F is /spl Omega/(s/sub m/(f/sub F/)/(k/sup 2/)), where s/sub m/(f/sub F/) stands for the monotone sensitivity of f/sub F/' and is defined by s/sub m/(f/sub F/) = /sup /spl utri// max/sub S/spl sube//[n] |{i : f/sub F/(S /spl cup/ {i}) /spl ne/ f/sub F/(S)}|. For two-party quantum communication protocols for the set disjointness problem, this implies that the two parties must exchange /spl Omega/(n/k/sup 2/) qubits. An upper bound of O(n/k) can be derived from the O(/spl radic/n) upper bound due to S. Aaronson and A. Ambainis (2003). For k = 1, our lower bound matches the /spl Omega/(n) lower bound observed by H. Buhrman and R. de Wolf (2001) (based on a result of A. Nayak (1999)), and for 2 /spl les/ k /spl Lt/ n/sup 1/4 /, improves the lower bound of /spl Omega/(/spl radic/n) shown by A. Razborov (2002). For protocols with no restrictions on the number of rounds, we can conclude that the two parties must exchange /spl Omega/(n/sup 1/3/) qubits. This, however, falls short of the optimal /spl Omega/ (/spl radic/n) lower bound shown by A. Razborov (2002). Our result is obtained by adapting to the quantum setting the elegant information-theoretic arguments of Z. Bar-Yossef et al. (2002). Using this method we can show similar lower bounds for the L/sub /spl infin// function considered in Z. Bar-Yossef et al. (2002).
Cross-Border Conflict Drivers/Breaks Across Sudan, Egypt, and Jordan

Conflict drivers/breaks often affect multiple countries simultaneously. Moreover, conflict drivers such as violent extremism; migration; and goods trafficking are often interlinked (Browne, 2013, p. 1). Migration and trafficking often follow the same geographical routes through multiple countries, and can also involve weapons smuggling for extremist groups. Moreover, extremists’ movements across borders can frequently interact with trafficking for profit (Browne, 2013, p. 1).
Homo Entropicus , THE EMOTIONAL AGENT AND SOCIETIES

A neural network with a learning algorithm optimized by information theory entropic dynamics is used to build an agent dubbed Homo Entropicus. The algorithm can be described at a macroscopic level in terms of aggregate variables interpretable as quantitative markers of proto-emotions. We use systems of such interacting neural networks to construct a framework for modeling societies that show complex emergent behavior. A few applications are presented to investigate the role the interactions of opinions about multidimensional issues and trust on the information source play on the state of the agent society. These include the case of a class of N agents learning from a fixed teacher; two dynamical agents; panels of three agents modeling the interactions that occur in decisions of the US Court of Appeals, where we quantify how politically biased are the agents, how trustful of other agents-judges of other parties, how much the agents follow a common understanding of the law. Finally we address under which conditions ideological polarization follows or precedes affective polarization in large societies and how simpler versions of the learning algorithm may change these relations.
On the modelling of publish/subscribe communication systems

This paper presents a formal framework of a distributed computation based on a publish/subscribe system. The framework abstracts the system through two delays, namely the subscription/unsubscription delay and the diffusion delay. This abstraction allows one to model concurrent execution of publication and subscription operations without waiting for the stability of the system state and to define a Liveness property which gives the conditions for the presence of a notification event in the global history of the system. This formal framework allows us to analytically define a measure of the effectiveness of a publish/subscribe system, which reflects the percentage of notifications guaranteed by the system to subscribers. A simulation study confirms the validity of the analytical measurements. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rhyolite Domes and Subsequent Offlap of Pliocene Carbonates on Volcanic Islets at San Basilio (Baja California Sur, Mexico)

San Basilio basin in Baja California Sur (Mexico) exhibits distinct styles of volcanism that interrupted phases of normal sedimentation correlated with the Zanclean Stage (Lower Pliocene). Sea cliffs around a 4-km2 bay opening onto the Gulf of California are dominated by rhyolite, mudstone, sandstone, and limestone. Volcanism associated with re-sedimented hyaloclastite is regionally uncommon and the goal was to investigate interactions between volcanic events and intervals of stability represented by fossil-rich strata. Methods of study involved a combination of microfossil and macrofossil analyses. Relating the basin’s faults to Pliocene development in the greater Gulf of California was a secondary goal. Microfossils Bolivina bicostata and B. interjuncta recovered from mudstone indicate an initial water column of 150 m. An abrupt hydromagmatic explosion ruptured the mudstone cover, followed by banded rhyolite flows inter-bedded with sandstone. Outlying limestone beds with the index fossil Clypeaster bowersi are separated from rhyolite by conglomerate eroded under intertidal conditions. A renewed phase of activity saw eruption of smaller volcanoes in the basin center semi-contemporaneous with pecten limestone deposited on unstable slopes. Normal faults conform to a pattern of extensional rifting in the proto-gulf, followed by cross-cutting faults indicating the onset of transtensional tectonics beginning about 3.5 Ma.
An efficient quantum-dot cellular automata full-adder

The most important mathematical operation is addition. Other operations such as subtraction, multiplication and division are usually implemented by adders. An efficient adder can be of great assistance in designing arithmetic circuits. QCA is a promising technology which seems to be a good candidate for the next generation of digital systems. So, an efficient QCA full-adder will facilitate creating QCA computational and arithmetic systems. In this paper, two high performances QCA fulladders are presented. They have a very dense structure and constructed using new kinds of five-input majority gates. One of the proposed designs has a robust structure. In this design the presented design rules for constructing a robust QCA circuit have been considered. In contrast to the previous designs constructed using a five-input majority gate, in the proposed QCA full-adders the outputs come out from the same side of the circuit. Also, the input and output signals are not surrounded by the other cells and can easily be accessed. The proposed robust QCA full-adder dominates all the previous robust designs in terms of area, delay and complexity. Using this design, ripple carry adders with different word sizes (that is, 4, 8 and 16) are constructed. In this paper, QCA designer, a common QCA layout design and verification tool is employed to verify and simulate the proposed five-input majority gates and QCA full-adders.
Meteorological Conditions During an Ozone Episode in Dallas‐Fort Worth, Texas, and Impact of Their Modeling Uncertainties on Air Quality Prediction

The Southern Great Plains experiences an unhealthy level of ozone (O3) at times. The formation mechanisms contributing to these O3 events are not always clear and in some cases are related to particular atmospheric circulation patterns. A severe O3 pollution event on 27 August 2011 in the Dallas‐Fort Worth (DFW) area is investigated with a combination of observations and simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem). During the O3 episode, a stationary front with a stagnant zone at the leading edge persisted to the west of DFW. At the time, Hurricane Irene was located in western Atlantic, displacing the Bermuda Subtropical High and affecting the circulations over the Southern Great Plains. The stagnant zone confined the pollutant plume originating from DFW, leading to accumulation of primary pollutants and prominent O3 formation. Emission sources from a few urban areas east of DFW as well as power plants near Mount Pleasant and Carthage also contributed to this DFW O3 pollution episode. This scenario is different from the typical summer days over the Southern Great Plains when southerly winds prevail along the west edge of the Bermuda High and the pollutant plumes from DFW are advected downstream, resulting in low O3. Ensemble WRF/Chem predictions driven by the operational Short‐Range Ensemble Forecast outputs are conducted to examine the impact of meteorological uncertainties (particularly transport uncertainties) on air quality forecasting. The ensemble mean gives a better prediction in terms of plume directions than individual members.
Improved Spatiotemporal Representativeness and Bias Reduction of Satellite‐Based Evapotranspiration Retrievals via Use of In Situ Meteorology and Constrained Canopy Surface Resistance

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key component of the atmospheric and terrestrial water and energy budgets. Satellite‐based vegetation index approaches have used remotely sensed vegetation and reanalysis meteorological properties with surface energy balance models to estimate global ET (MOD16 ET). We reconstructed satellite retrievals using in situ meteorology (Argonne‐ET) and evaluated them using a dense network of surface turbulent heat flux measurements. Argonne‐ET resolves spatial heterogeneity of ET across the U.S. Southern Great Plains that is not well characterized by MOD16; MOD16 ET exhibits spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I significantly >0 in May–Aug.), whereas in situ and Argonne‐ET exhibit characteristics of a random spatial process (Moran's I not significantly different from 0). The skill in resolving ET temporal variability is not significantly different between MOD16 and Argonne‐ET (correlation coefficient = 0.75 and 0.72, respectively). However, the root‐mean‐square errors were significantly lower for Argonne‐ET (36 W/m2) than MOD16 (43 W/m2), and MOD16 exhibits substantial bias in annual ET relative to in situ measurements (−38%). This is attributed to overestimation in the dry canopy surface resistance (rs) parameterization. Using rs constrained to the range of typical measured values, Argonne‐ET substantially reduces the bias in the annual ET (+1%). The improved ET estimates are critical for regional water budget analyses. The methodology presented herein also demonstrates the ability to retrieve high temporally resolved (30 min; cf. 8‐day MOD16) ET that can be used for development of processed‐based diagnostics of model biases and to elucidate avenues to improve ET model parameterizations.
Perbaikan Tanah Media Tanaman Jeruk dengan Berbagai Bahan

Addition of compost can improve the properties of soil, but it is rarely used although it has many benefits to soil. On the other hand, the use of ex situ material has been found in many places. Organic substances that easily available in situ are effective as compost materials. This research used five in situ organic substances with the objectives: to know the nutrient content of compost that have been used, to see the influence of compost addition to soil properties and citrus growth, and to find the compost type that giving the best influence to the growth of citrus crop. This research analyzed the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil, and analyzed the nutrient content of the crop. The results of this research indicated that the nutrient content of compost depended on its origin. Compost influenced the properties of soil beginning three months after compost application that was showed by the increasing of nutrient availability. Compost also influenced the earthworm population where 906 worms/m have been found after six months of application of straw compost, and 1099 worms/m after application of grass compost. Compost application influenced physical properties of soil that encourage “the piled soil” (trumbuk) porosity, through improvement the composition of soil. After six month of application, the growth of the citrus plant was slightly influenced by addition of compost, this can be seen from the nutrient content of the plants, but from the amount of citrus fruits were shown clearly that application of cattle dung and banana tree compost could increased the yields.
Inferred rheological structure and mantle conditions from postseismic deformation following the 2010 Mw 7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah Earthquake

Author(s): Dickinson-Lovell, H; Huang, MH; Freed, AM; Fielding, E; Burgmann, R; Andronicos, C | Abstract: © The Author(s) 2017. The 2010Mw7.2ElMayor-Cucapah earthquake provides a unique target of postseismic study as deformation extends across several distinct geological provinces, including the coldMesozoic arc crust of the Peninsular Ranges and newly formed, hot, extending lithosphere within the Salton Trough. We use five years of global positioning system measurements to invert for afterslip and constrain a 3-D finite-element model that simulates viscoelastic relaxation. We find that afterslip cannot readily explain far-field displacements (more than 50 km from the epicentre). These displacements are best explained by viscoelastic relaxation of a horizontally and vertically heterogeneous lower crust and upper mantle. Lower viscosities beneath the Salton Trough compared to the Peninsular Ranges and other surrounding regions are consistent with inferred differences in the respective geotherms. Our inferred viscosity structure suggests that the depth of the Lithosphere/Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB) is ~65 km below the Peninsular Ranges and ~32 km beneath the Salton Trough. These depths are shallower than the corresponding seismic LAB. This suggests that the onset of partial melting in peridotite may control the depth to the base of the mechanical lithosphere. In contrast, the seismic LAB may correspond to an increase in the partial melt percentage associated with the change from a conductive to an adiabatic geotherm.
Fault tolerance of self organizing maps

As the quest for performance confronts resource constraints, major breakthroughs in computing efficiency are expected to benefit from unconventional approaches and new models of computation such as brain-inspired computing. Beyond energy, the growing number of defects in physical substrates is becoming another major constraint that affects the design of computing devices and systems. Neural computing principles remain elusive, yet they are considered as the source of a promising paradigm to achieve fault-tolerant computation. Since the quest for fault tolerance can be translated into scalable and reliable computing systems, hardware design itself and the potential use of faulty circuits have motivated further the investigation on neural networks, which are potentially capable of absorbing some degrees of vulnerability based on their natural properties. In this paper, the fault tolerance properties of Self Organizing Maps (SOMs) are investigated. To asses the intrinsic fault tolerance and considering a general fully parallel digital implementations of SOM, we use the bit-flip fault model to inject faults in registers holding SOM weights. The distortion measure is used to evaluate performance on synthetic datasets and under different fault ratios. Additionally, we evaluate three passive techniques intended to enhance fault tolerance of SOM during training/learning under different scenarios.
AIS Electronic

In this study, we examine how ERP experts engage in organizational citizenship behaviours (OCB) that contribute towards work performance in the context of a manufacturing firm in China. Our interpretive case study reveals instances of OCB that correspond to salient characteristics of the Chinese culture. Key and new forms among these are: harmonious work relations and the willingness to help others plus workarounds, problem solving, job crafting, building role models and leadership. A primary driver of these instances of OCB is a strong sense of responsibility. This is implicitly associated in a morally obligatory fashion with specific job positions and leads employees at all levels to engage voluntarily in overtime work, undertaking whatever tasks are necessary, irrespective of whether these are part of their formal job descriptions. We also observe OCB’s potential for improving performance in both functional and social dimensions, as well as its impact on organizational agility.
High-order extensions of the Double Chain Markov Model

The Double Chain Markov Model is a fully Markovian model for the representation of time-series in random environments. In this article, we show that it can handle transitions of high-order between both a set of observations and a set of hidden states. In order to reduce the number of parameters, each transition matrix can be replaced by a Mixture Transition Distribution model. We provide a complete derivation of the algorithms needed to compute the model. Three applications, the analysis of a sequence of DNA, the song of the wood pewee, and the behavior of young monkeys show that this model is of great interest for the representation of data that can be decomposed into a finite set of patterns.