Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Syntactic variation in German wh-questions: Empirical investigations of weak crossover violations and long wh-movement

This paper reports three experiments concerning variation in the grammar of German wh-questions. We found much variation but no clear dialects in the acceptability ratings of sentences violating the weak crossover condition. We attribute this variation to extra-grammatical factors. With a sentence completion task, we were able to show that there is regional variation concerning the scope of wh-movement. In a training experiment, we were also able to make speakers of the restrictive dialect behave like speakers of the liberal dialect with respect to wh-movement. We argue that this suggests an extragrammatical explanation of the dialectal difference.
Climate risk assessment in the MDB – a review

ABSTRACT Climate change introduces greater complexity to water resources planning, requiring techniques suited to increased future uncertainties. In Australia’s Murray Darling Basin, governments formally recognised climate risk in 2002 and legislated science-based climate risk assessment in 2007. Since then, research has helped clarify the significance of climate change impacts on catchments, riverine ecosystems and water resources. This paper offers a review of climate risk assessments undertaken over the past two decades and outlines research needs and policy options while noting there are no simple solutions given the systemic nature of climate risks. Water resource planning and climate risk assessment need to handle non-stationarity and post-natural Anthropocene conditions. These methods should integrate biophysical and socio-economic modelling, increase stakeholder participation in developing and testing policy options and codify standards and procedures for transparency.
High speed microscopy techniques for signaling detection in live cells

Alterations in intracellular cardiomyocyte calcium handling have a key role in initiating and sustaining arrhythmias. Arrhythmogenic calcium leak from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) can be attributed to all means by which calcium exits the SR store in an abnormal fashion. Abnormal SR calcium exit maymanifest as intracellular Ca2+ sparks and/or Ca2+ waves. Ca2+ signaling in arrhythmogenesis has been mainly studied in isolated cardiomyocytes and given that the extracellular matrix influences both Ca2+ and membrane potential dynamics in the intact heart and underlies environmentally mediated changes, understanding how Ca2+ and voltage are regulated in the intact heart will represent a tremendous advancement in the understanding of arrhythmogenic mechanisms. Using novel high-speed multiphoton microscopy techinques, such as multispot and random access, we investigated animal models with inherited and acquired arrhythmias to assess the role of Ca2+ and voltage signals as arrhythmia triggers in cell and subcellular components of the intact heart and correlate these with electrophysiology.
Thermal Characteristics of a Chip-Scale Two-Phase Microgap Cooler

Two-phase heat transfer and pressure drop results for a chip-scale, uniformly heated, microgap channel, with nominal gap heights of 100, 200, and 500 μm and using HFE-7100 and FC-87 as the working fluids, are reported. Average heat transfer coefficients in the range of 5 to 30 kW/m2-K were observed, for exit qualities up to 60%. Local heat transfer coefficients, obtained through an inverse computational technique, are found to vary strongly with thermodynamic quality and to fall within ±30% of the predictions of the venerable Chen correlation.
Conjugacy Separability of Amalgamated Free Products of Groups

A group G is said to be conjugacy separable if any two elements x and y of G, whose images are conjugate in every finite quotient of G, are conjugate in G. The importance of this notion was pointed out by Mal’cev, w x who proved in 14 that if a finitely presented group G is conjugacy separable, then G has a solvable conjugacy problem, that is, there exists an algorithm to decide whether or not any two given elements of G are conjugate. In this paper we are concerned with the conjugacy separability of certain amalgamated free products of groups. w x Blackburn 3 proved that finitely generated torsion-free nilpotent groups w x are conjugacy separable; and Baumslag 2 showed that free groups are conjugacy separable. The result of Blackburn was extended by Remeslenw x w x w x nikov 15 and Formanek 9 to polycyclic-by-finite groups. Dyer 7 proved that free-by-finite groups are also conjugacy separable. However, it is not
Strength Prediction of Fiber Reinforced Plastics with a Hole Under Compression-Tension

An approximate solution in the form of a polynomial is developed for the in-plane stresses near a circular hole in an orthotropic composite laminate under biaxial loading. The derived stresses are found to be in good agreement with the exact anisotropic solution for a series of laminates investigated. However, the degree of accuracy of the approximate stress distribution is strongly influenced by the laminate layup and the biaxiality ratio. The resultant stresses are then employed in a fracture mechanics model to estimate the damage initiation, growth, and final fracture of carbon fiber-epoxy plates with an open hole subjected to biaxial compression-tension static loading. Using the independently measured laminate parameters of unnotched strength and in-plane fracture toughness, the model successfully predicts the notched strength of multidirectional laminates under various biaxiality ratios.
Foreign Direct Investment, Institutional Quality and Sustainability: Cross-country Analysis Using Different Estimators

This article analyses the impact of institutional quality and sustainability on FDI. To achieve the objective, the study utilises data from 189 countries for 19 years, from 1996 to 2017. For estimation, the study uses several approaches such as pooled panel least squares with fixed and random effect models, generalised method of moments and panel quantile regression. The study finds that FDI and institutional quality steers the sustainability of the participating countries, primarily by creating and maintaining a conducive environment for investment and trade. We also confirmed that institutional quality variables can predict the FDI inflow across the countries. This is the first study in our knowledge that adopts different estimations and thereby ensures the robustness of the research findings. Moreover, our study is unique by including a new variable, i.e., the environmental performance index, to understand the sustainability aspects of FDI and the institutional quality. JEL Codes: Q56, C33, G28, E02, E22, F21
On the Theory of Excitation by Collision with Heavy Particles

1. It has been shown, in a well-known paper by Born and Oppenheimer, that in evaluating the energy levels of a molecule, the nuclei may be treated as fixed, or slowly vibrating, centres of force. If M be the average mass of the nuclei, and m the mass of an electron, the error involved in doing this is of order of magnitude (m/M)½. The possibility therefore of treating the nuclei as fixed depends on their great mass, compared with that of the electron.
A numerical study to investigate magnetization, current density and trapped field properties of doped‐Sm123 bulk superconductor under different magnetic fields

In this study, an FEM code based on a critical state model is used to further understand the electromagnetic behaviour of Yb211‐doped Sm123 bulk superconductor by calculating the current and magnetic field distributions in doped samples both in uniform and non‐uniform external field conditions. The results of magnetization loops from the numerical modelling have been compared with experimental results and they show a good match. In the numerical calculation result, the highest trapped field value, Bz, is 0.49 T for x = 0.25. In addition, the value of Bz trapped field in a non‐uniform applied field is calculated as 18% larger than in uniform applied field and the current density of samples as a function of radius increase particularly at the sample edge with a non‐uniform applied field for the x = 0.25 sample. It can be said that this numerical method will be a useful candidate to get an easy solution to many electromagnetic problems of doped‐superconductor with complex geometries and in different field conditions as the performed numerical study is successful in clarifying magnetization, trapped field and pinning properties of Yb211‐doped Sm123 superconductor.
Spectral Synthesis in the Ultraviolet. IV. A Library of Mean Stellar Groups

A library of mean UV stellar energy distributions is derived from IUE spectrophotometry of 218 stars. The spectra cover 1230-3200 A with a spectral resolution of about 6 A. They have been corrected for interstellar extinction and converted to a common flux and wavelength scale. Individual stars were combined into standard groups according to their continuum colors, observed UV spectral morphology, MK luminosity class, and metal abundance. The library consists of 56 groups: 21 dwarf(V), 8 subgiant(IV), 16 giant(III), and supergiant(I + II) groups, covering O3-M4 spectral types. A metal-poor sequence is included, containing four dwarf and two giant groups, as is a metal-enhanced sequence with a single dwarf, subgiant, and giant group. Spectral indices characterizing the continuum and several strong absorption features are examined as temperature, luminosity, and abundance diagnostics. The library is intended to serve as a basis for interpreting the composite UV spectra of a wide variety of stellar systems, e.g., elliptical galaxies, starburst systems, and high-redshift galaxies.
Quantum Chromodynamics and the Pomeron: Frontmatter

Preface 1. What is a Pomeron? 2. A simple example 3. The reggeized gluon 4. The QCD Pomeron 5. From cuts to poles 6. Applications in deep inelastic scattering 7. Diffraction 8. Taming the growth Appendices References Index.
An Inversion Formula in Energy Dependent Scattering

The paper discusses the inverse scattering problem to recover the potentials of an energy dependent Schr¨odinger equation from the scattering data. A new inver- sion formula is developed, by which the potentials are recovered directly through the solution of a Marchenko equation. It requires no diﬀerentiability assumptions on potentials.
Convergence rate of Bézier variant of an operator involving Laguerre polynomials of degree n

In this work, we consider the Bezier variant of an operator (Pn,αf) which is involving Laguerre polynomial of degree n and estimate the rate of convergence of (Pn,αf)(x,t) to bounded variation functions To prove our main result, we have used some methods and techniques of probability theory.
Gravitational radiation from binary systems in alternative metric theories of gravity - Dipole radiation and the binary pulsar

The generation of gravitational radiation in several currently viable metric theories of gravitation (Brans-Dicke, Rosen, Ni, and Lightman-Lee) is analyzed, and it is shown that these theories predict the emission of dipole gravitational radiation from systems containing gravitationally bound objects. In the binary system PSR 1913 + 16, this radiation results in a secular change in the orbital period of the system with a nominal magnitude of 3 parts in 100,000 per year. The size of the effect is proportional to the reduced mass of the system, to the square of the difference in (self-gravitational energy)/(mass) between the two components of the system, and to a parameter, xi, whose value varies from theory to theory. In general relativity xi equals 0, in Rosen's (1973) theory xi equals -20/3, and in Ni's (1973) theory xi equals -400/3. The current upper limit on such a secular period change is one part in 1 million per year. It is shown that further observations of the binary system that tighten this limit and that establish the masses of the components and the identity of the companion may provide a crucial test of otherwise viable alternatives to general relativity.
Anisotropic self‐diffraction in Mg‐doped LiNbO3

The characteristics of anisotropic self‐diffraction were studied for undoped LiNbO3 crystals and LiNbO3:Mg at doping levels of a few mole percent. From the absolute magnitude and the time dependence of the signal, it was possible to determine the induced refractive‐index change and the conductivity of the charges involved in the photorefractive effect for each sample. For these excitation conditions, only charge migration perpendicular to the c axis contributes to laser‐induced grating, and thus the conductivity is associated with charge diffusion. The results show that the total refractive‐index change causing the self‐diffraction is only slightly smaller for the Mg‐doped samples than for undoped LiNbO3 while the conductivity is 1 order of magnitude greater for the Mg‐doped samples.
The axisymmetric and plane cases of a gas phase steadily displacing a Newtonian liquid—A simultaneous solution of the governing equations

The flow induced by a long bubble steadily displacing a liquid confined by two closely located parallel plates or by a cylindrical tube of small diameter is numerically analyzed. The technique employed solves the complete set of governing equations simultaneously. The present analysis encompasses, and also extends, the whole range of Capillary values previously studied with various numerical techniques. The results shown uncover a type of recirculating flow pattern that appears to have been overlooked before. The effects of the inertial forces on the liquid flow rate are also assessed.
Boundary-Continuous Fourier Solution for Clamped Mindlin Plates

A hitherto unavailable analytical or strong (differential) form of solution to the boundary‐value problem of a shear‐flexible (moderately thick) rigidly clamped isotropic homogeneous rectangular plate, subjected to transverse loading, is presented. A novel generalized Navier solution technique is developed to solve the three highly coupled second‐order partial differential equations (with constant coefficients) resulting from the application of the first‐order shear deformation theory (FSDT), based on Mindlin hypothesis, in conjunction with the Dirichlet boundary conditions. The assumed solution functions are in the form of double Fourier series, which satisfy the rigidly clamped boundary conditions a priori in a manner similar to Navier's method. Numerical results presented include convergence characteristics of transverse displacement (deflection) and bending moment, and variation of these quantities with respect to aspect ratios. Comparison with the available classical plate theory (CPT) and FSDT‐based.
Association between Experiences of Different Types of Harassment or Derogatory Treatment and Sexual Harassment among Employees at a Large Swedish University

Sexual harassment (SH) and other forms of mistreatment continue to be a significant problem at workplaces, leading to negative health and work-related outcomes. Previous studies have mainly examined SH and other types of workplace harassment separately. In this study we investigated whether harassment related to any of the seven Swedish legal grounds for discrimination (sex, transgender identity or expression, ethnicity, religion or other belief, disability, sexual orientation, or age) and derogatory treatment were associated with SH at a large Swedish university. Using cross-sectional survey data obtained from 33% of all staff, multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate associations between harassment, derogatory treatment, and SH. We found a sixfold increased risk of SH among women with experience of other forms of harassment and a three-times-higher risk among women with experience of derogatory treatment, indicating that SH co-occurs with other forms of mistreatment. This pattern was similar among men, although men reported lower prevalence of mistreatment. Our findings have implications for preventive strategies at academic workplaces indicating that issues related to the defence of power and various types of abusive behaviours, including SH, both need to be addressed to create more equal opportunities for all employees.
The Primary Alteration of Ventricular Myocardium Conduction: The Significant Determinant of Left Bundle Branch Block Pattern

Intraventricular conduction disturbances (IVCD) are currently generally accepted as ECG diagnostic categories. They are characterized by defined QRS complex patterns that reflect the abnormalities in the intraventricular sequence of activation that can be caused by pathology in the His-Purkinje conduction system (HP) or ventricular myocardium. However, the current understanding of the IVCD's underlying mechanism is mostly attributed to HP structural or functional alterations. The involvement of the working ventricular myocardium is only marginally mentioned or not considered. This opinion paper is focused on the alterations of the ventricular working myocardium leading to the most frequent IVCD pattern—the left bundle branch block pattern (LBBB). Recognizing the underlying mechanisms of the LBBB patterns and the involvement of the ventricular working myocardium is of utmost clinical importance, considering a patient's prognosis and indication for cardiac resynchronization therapy.
Tunable supercurrent in superconductor/normal metal/superconductor Josephson junctions

When two superconductors are connected by a weak link a supercurrent flows determined by the difference in the macroscopic quantum phases of the superconductors. Originally, this phenomenon was discovered by Josephson [1] for the case of a weak link formed by a thin tunnel barrier. The supercurrent I is related to the phase difference ’ through the Josephson current‐phase relation, I D Ic sin’, with Ic, the critical current, depending on the properties of the weak link. A similar relation holds for weak links consisting of a normal metal, a semiconductor or a constriction [2]. In all cases, the phase difference ’ D 0 when no supercurrent flows through the junction, and ’ increases monotonically with increasing supercurrent until the critical current is reached. Using nanolithography techniques we have succeeded in making and studying a Josephson junction with a normal metal weak link, in which we have direct access to the microscopic current-carrying states inside the link. We find that the fundamental Josephson relation can be changed from I D Ic sin’ to I D Ic sin. ’C/ , i.e. to a -junction, by suitably controlling the energy distribution of the current-carrying states in the normal metal. This fundamental change in the way these Josephson junctions behave has potential implications for their use in superconducting electronics as well as (quantum) logic circuits based on superconductors. c 1999 Academic Press
Polar spacecraft based comparisons of intense electric fields and Poynting flux near and within the plasma sheet-tail lobe boundary to UVI images: An energy source for the aurora

In this paper, we present measurements from two passes of the Polar spacecraft of intense electric and magnetic field structures associated with Alfven waves at and within the outer boundary of the plasma sheet at geocentric distances of 4-6 R(sub E), near local midnight. The electric field variations have maximum values exceeding 100 mV/m and are typically polarized approximately normal to the plasma sheet boundary. The electric field structures investigated vary over timescales (in the spacecraft frame.) ranging front 1 to 30 s. They are associated with strong magnetic field fluctuations with amplitudes of 10-40 nT which lie predominantly ill the plane of the plasma sheet and are perpendicular to the local magnetic field. The Poynting flux associated with the perturbation fields measured at these altitudes is about 1-2 ergs per square centimeters per second and is directed along the average magnetic field direction toward the ionosphere. If the measured Poynting flux is mapped to ionospheric altitudes along converging magnetic field lines. the resulting energy flux ranges up to 100 ergs per centimeter squared per second. These strongly enhanced Poynting fluxes appear to occur in layers which are observed when the spacecraft is magnetically conjugate (to within a 1 degree mapping accuracy) to intense auroral structures as detected by the Polar UV Imager (UVI). The electron energy flux (averaged over a spatial resolution of 0.5 degrees) deposited in the ionosphere due to auroral electron beams as estimated from the intensity in the UVI Lyman-Birge-Hopfield-long filters is 15-30 ergs per centimeter squared per second. Thus there is evidence that these electric field structures provide sufficient Poynting flux to power the acceleration of auroral electrons (as well as the energization of upflowing ions and Joule heating of the ionosphere). During some events the phasing and ratio of the transverse electric and magnetic field variations are consistent with earthward propagation of Alfven surface waves with phase velocities of 4000-10000 kilometers per second. During other events the phase shifts between electric and magnetic fields suggest interference between upward and downward propagating Alfven waves. The E/B ratios are about an order of magnitude larger than typical values of C/SIGMA(sub p), where SIGMA(sub p), is the height integrated Pedersen conductivity. The contribution to the total energy flux at these altitudes from Poynting flux associated with Alfven waves is comparable to or larger than the contribution from the particle energy flux and 1-2 orders of magnitude larger than that estimated from the large-scale steady state convection electric field and field-aligned current system.
Dynamic Phasor-Based Stochastic Transient Simulation Method for MTDC Distribution System

To investigate the impact of uncertain variability on multiterminal dc distribution systems and provide an efficient simulation tool, this article develops a stochastic transient simulation method based on dynamic phasor (DP). Starting from the lumped elements, the dynamic phasor models of the elements with parameter migration are established first, as well as the corresponding dynamic companion circuits used in digital simulation. By introducing the switching function and low-frequency approximation, the DP-based companion circuit of the voltage source converter is formulated, and the revised nodal voltage equations that can be solved in the framework of Electromagnetic Transients Program are also derived. Then, combined with the discussion on the ill condition of the nodal admittance matrix, the main process of DP-based stochastic transient simulation and the hybrid simulation scheme integrating electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation are further proposed. Through the comparison with the full EMT simulation and physical experiments, the effectiveness of the DP-based dynamic companion circuits is validated, as well as the efficiency of the proposed simulation method.
Trap-controlled and hopping modes of transport and recombination: similarities and differences

Analytic models are considered for trap-controlled and hopping carrier transport and recombination in disordered materials for both equilibrium and non-equilibrium (dispersive) regimes. It is shown that practically all characteristics of trap-controlled and hopping transport and recombination are similar at sufficiently high temperatures and for sufficiently long times. Experimental conditions which allow one to distinguish between different modes of carrier transport and recombination for a particular material are discussed.