Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling studies of antarctic krill Euphausia superba survival during transport across the Scotia Sea

Antarctic krill Euphausia superba spawned on the outer continental shelf of the west Antarctic Peninsula can be entrained into the Southern Front of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and transported across the Scotia Sea to South Georgia. A time-dependent, size-structured, physio- logically based krill growth model was used to assess the food resources that are needed to sustain Antarctic krill during transport across the Scotia Sea and to allow them to grow to a size observed at South Georgia. Initial Lagrangian simulations provide trajectories that are followed by particles re- leased on the west Antarctic Peninsula shelf. Pelagic phytoplankton concentrations along these tra- jectories are extracted from historical Coastal Zone Color Scanner measurements from the Antarctic Peninsula-Scotia Sea region and are input to the growth model. The results of these simulations show that pelagic phytoplankton concentrations are not sufficient to support continuous growth of Antarctic krill during the 140 to 160 d needed for transport to South Georgia. The inclusion of a supplemental food source during part of the transport time, such as sea ice algae (up to 80 mg chl a m -3 ), does not sig- nificantly alter this result. Survival and growth of larval krill during modeled transport is, however, enhanced by encounters with mesoscale patches of high chlorophyll concentrations (1 mg m -3 ), while subadults and adults benefit less from these conditions. Further simulations show the importance of an additional food source, such as heterotrophic food, for the survival of subadult and adult Antarctic krill. For all planktonic food scenarios tested, krill that begin transport at the Antarctic Peninsula did not reach the smallest age group often observed at South Georgia, the 2+ group, during the 140 to 160 d of transport. Including the effect of increasing temperature across the Scotia Sea on krill growth rate does not significantly alter these results, since the maximum increase in growth due to increased tempera- ture obtained in the simulations was 1.0 mm for both 2 and 22 mm Antarcic krill. These simulations suggest the possibility of alternative transport scenarios, such as Antarctic krill beginning transport at the Antarctic Peninsula in austral summer and overwintering under the sea ice that extends northward from the Weddell Sea into the Scotia Sea. Such an interrupted transport would allow the Antarctic krill to overwinter in a potentially better food environment and begin transport again the following year, growing to a size that is within the range observed for Antarctic krill populations at South Georgia.
Movements, behavior, and habitat selection of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the eastern equatorial Pacific, ascertained through archival tags

Ninety-six bigeye tuna (88– 134 cm fork length) were caught and released with implanted archival (electronic data storage) tags near fish-aggregating devices (FADs) in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO) during April 2000. Twenty-nine fish were recaptured, and the data from twenty-seven tags were successfully downloaded and processed. Time at liberty ranged from 8 to 446 days, and data for 23 fish at liberty for 30 days or more are presented. The accuracy in geolocation estimates, derived from the light level data, is about 2 degrees in latitude and 0.5 degrees in longitude in this region. The movement paths derived from the filtered geolocation estimates indicated that none of the fish traveled west of 110°W during the period between release and recapture. The null hypothesis that the movement path is random was rejected in 17 of the 22 statistical tests of the observed movement paths. The estimated mean velocity was 117 km/d. The fish exhibited occasional deep-diving behavior, and some dives exceeded 1000 m where temperatures were less than 3°C. Evaluations of timed depth records, resulted in the discrimination of three distinct behaviors: 54.3% of all days were classified as unassociated (with a floating object) type-1 behavior, 27.7% as unassociated type-2 behavior, and 18.7% as behavior associated with a floating object. The mean residence time at floating objects was 3.1 d. Data sets separated into day and night were used to evaluate diel differences in behavior and habitat selection. When the fish were exhibiting unassociated type-1 behavior (diel vertical migrations), they were mostly at depths of less than 50 m (within the mixed layer) throughout the night, and during the day between 200 and 300 m and 13° and 14°C. They shifted their average depths in conjunction with dawn and dusk events, presumably tracking the deep-scattering layer as a foraging strategy. There were also observed changes in the average nighttime depth distributions of the fish in relation to moon phase.
Effects of Interplanting White Clover on Soil Total Organic Carbon and Light Organic Carbon Fraction in Apple Orchard

Interplanting cover crops in orchards is one of soil managements for the sustainability of orchards.Herein,we examined dynamics of soil total organic carbon(TOC)and light organic carbon fraction(LOCF)in an apple-white clover system in Weibei Loess Plateau from 2005 to 2011.Soil samples were collected at depths of 0～5 cm,5～10 cm,10～20 cm and 20～40 cm in clear tillage and white cloverinterplanting orchards.Total organic carbon and soil organic carbon density(SOCD)in apple-white clover intercropping system were significantly increased in comparison with the clear tillage orchard.The increments,however,decreased rapidly with soil depth.Compared to the clear tillage apple orchard,the LOCF and the ratios of LOCF to TOC increased by 7.02,4.57 times,and 2.49 times and 7.01,4.57 times and2.51 times at 0～5 cm,5～10 cm,and 10～20 cm soil layer,respectively.This suggests that interplanting white clover in apple orchard could improve the quality of soil organic carbon.
A compressional wedge model for the Lower Palaeozoic Anglo-Brabant Belt (Belgium) based on potential field data

Abstract Structural field observations only allow kinematic inferences to be made for the southern extremity of the predominantly concealed Lower Palaeozoic Anglo-Brabant Belt. On the other hand potential field data (aeromagnetic and Bouguer anomaly maps), enable the field of vision to be enlarged. They not only corroborate the kinematics derived from structural field observations; they also reveal possible key players in the late Silurian to early Devonian deformation event causing the observed orogenic architecture. This integrated approach has led to a compressional wedge model for the Brabant Massif. It is also proposed that crystalline basement blocks, most probably of Precambrian age, controlled the kinematics. Finally, it is suggested that the development of rift or pull-apart basins in a transtensional intracontinental setting during the Cambrian may have been crucial in the subsequent deformation history of the Anglo-Brabant Belt.
Répartition verticale des larves de Pectinaria koreni en baie de Seine orientale : influence sur le transport et le recrutement

Dans les zones estuariennes, les variations du recrutement chez les especes benthiques, possedant une phase larvaire pelagique, peuvent etre limitees par la repartition verticale des larves. En effet, elles peuvent etre localisees dans les masses dont la circulation residuelle permet une retention au sein de l'estuaire. Un tel phenomene contribue a la stabilite de la population de l'annelide polychete Pectinaria koreni en baie de Seine orientale. la repartition verticale des larves de P. Koreni est fonction de l'intensite des melanges verticaux
Modeling Biophysical Variables Across an Arctic Latitudinal Gradient using High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Data

Abstract Biophysical variables have both direct and indirect effects on the uptake and release of carbon dioxide (CO2) within tundra ecosystems. Arctic landscape shows high levels of spatial heterogeneity. High spatial-resolution remote sensing data has the ability to capture the fine-grain spectral response of various biophysical variables at the landscape scale. To accurately model CO2 flux patterns using remote sensing data we first need to model the relationships between biophysical variables and their spectral response. In this study we model percent vegetation cover (PVC), aboveground biomass (AGB), and soil moisture using high spatial-resolution (IKONOS 4 m) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values. At two non-overlapping Arctic landscape sites statistically robust landscape-scale sampling procedures were used to characterize the biophysical variables. NDVI values were extracted from IKONOS data, and linear bivariate regression models were calibrated and validated using a k-fold cross-validation technique. PVC and percent soil moisture produced the strongest and most consistent results (r2≥ .84 and .73, respectively). Analysis of covariance tested the use of common models for each site. The models were not coincidental—combining data from various sites should be done with caution—but illustrated parallelism in that NDVI responds to each biophysical variable equally, regardless of site.
Standing Internal Tides in the Tasman Sea Observed by Gliders

AbstractLow-mode internal tides are generated at tall submarine ridges, propagate across the open ocean with little attenuation, and reach distant continental slopes. A semidiurnal internal tide beam, identified in previous altimetric observations and modeling, emanates from the Macquarie Ridge, crosses the Tasman Sea, and impinges on the Tasmanian slope. Spatial surveys covering within 150 km of the slope by two autonomous underwater gliders with maximum profile depths of 500 and 1000 m show the steepest slope near 43°S reflects almost all of the incident energy flux to form a standing wave. Starting from the slope and moving offshore by one wavelength (~150 km), potential energy density displays an antinode–node–antinode–node structure, while kinetic energy density shows the opposite.Mission-mean mode-1 incident and reflected flux magnitudes are distinguished by treating each glider’s survey as an internal wave antenna for measuring amplitude, wavelength, and direction. Incident fluxes are 1.4 and 2.3 k.
Hydrogen sulfide and traffic-related air pollutants in association with increased mortality: a case-crossover study in Reykjavik, Iceland

Objectives To study the association between daily mortality and short-term increases in air pollutants, both traffic-related and the geothermal source-specific hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Design Population-based, time stratified case-crossover. A lag time to 4 days was considered. Seasonal, gender and age stratification were calculated. Also, the best-fit lag when introducing H2S >7 µg/m3 was selected by the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Setting The population of the greater Reykjavik area (n=181 558) during 2003–2009. Participants Cases were defined as individuals living in the Reykjavik capital area, 18 years or older (N=138 657), who died due to all natural causes (ICD-10 codes A00-R99) other than injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes, or cardiovascular disease (ICD-10 codes I00-I99) during the study period. Main outcome measure Percentage increases in risk of death (IR%) following an interquartile range increase in pollutants. Results The total number of deaths due to all natural causes was 7679 and due to cardiovascular diseases was 3033. The interquartile range increased concentrations of H2S (2.6 µg/m3) were associated with daily all natural cause mortality in the Reykjavik capital area. The IR% was statistically significant during the summer season (lag 1: IR%=5.05, 95% CI 0.61 to 9.68; lag 2: IR%=5.09, 95% CI 0.44 to 9.97), among males (lag 0: IR%=2.26, 95% CI 0.23 to 4.44), and among the elderly (lag 0: IR%=1.94, 95% CI 0.12 to 1.04; lag 1: IR%=1.99, 95% CI 0.21 to 1.04), when adjusted for traffic-related pollutants and meteorological variables. The traffic-related pollutants were generally not associated with statistical significant IR%s. Conclusions The results suggest that ambient H2S air pollution may increase mortality in Reykjavik, Iceland. To the best of our knowledge, ambient H2S exposure has not previously been associated with increased mortality in population-based studies and therefore the results should be interpreted with caution. Further studies are warranted to confirm or refute whether H2S exposure induces premature deaths.
The Existence of a Peak in Adolescent’s Height Increments

The adolescent growth spurt has been regarded as a uniquely human growth pattern. This research was to test the existence of growth spurt in urban and rural school-children from Cape Coloured (South Africa). Yearly height increments were calculated from the students that were constituted of at least four increments. A formula of the error of measurements was developed, to decide whether the curve was a significant peak or a non-significant peak. The results showed that among high socioeconomic status (HSES) Cape Coloured schoolchildren, some children had significant peaks in height increments, while others had non-significant peaks. Both urban and rural groups had individuals who experienced non-significant (low) peaks and significant (high) peaks. Only half of the HSES females experienced significant peaks. There were no significant differences between the averages of the peaks of those urban and rural Cape Coloured schoolchildren, despite the significant differences in their height averages.
Efektivitas Pengelolaan Alokasi Dana Desa (ADD) Pada Desa Lembean Kecamatan Kintamani Kabupaten Bangli Tahun 2009-2014

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) tingkat efektivitas pengelolaan alokasi dana desa pada Desa Lembean tahun 2009-2014, (2) hambatan yang dihadapi dalam merealisasi alokasi dana desa pada Desa Lembean, (3) cara menanggulangi hambatan dalam merealisasi alokasi dana desa pada Desa Lembean. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif. Data dikumpulkan dengan metode dokumentasi dan wawancara. Analisis data menggunakan teknik efektivitas dan rasio kreteria efektivitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) Efektivitas pengelolaan alokasi dana desa dari tahun 2009-2014 sudah berada dalam kategori efektif. Tingkat efektivitas pengelolaan alokasi dana desa pada desa Lembean yaitu tahun 2009 (98,98%), 2010 (100%), 2011 (100%), 2012 (98,24%), 2013 (100%), dan 2014 (99,57%). (2) Hambatan yang dialami dalam merealisasi alokasi dana desa pada desa Lembean adalah pemahaman masyarakat terhadaap ADD, miss komunikaasi , dan pencairan alokasi dana desa yang terlambat. (3) menanggulangi hambatan dalam merealisasi alokasi dana desa dapat dilakukan dengan pelatihan, meningkaatkan koordinasi unit kerja, dan anggaran dana cadangan. Kata Kunci : Efektivitas alokasi dana desa, realisasi alokasi dana desa This research is purpose to understand (1) the effectiveness management village funds allocation in Lembean village in years 2009-2014, (2) obstacles that faced in realization village funds allocation in Lembean village, (3) cope with the obstacles in realization village funds allocation in Lembean village.The design is descriptive research. Data were collected with the documentation and interview.The result showed (1) management effectiveness village funds allocation from years 2009-2014 referring to be in category effective. The effectiveness management village funds allocation in Lembean villages year 2009 (98,98%), 2010 (100%), 2011 (100%), 2012 (98,24%), 2013 (100%), and 2014 (99,57%). (2) obstacles experienced in realization village funds allocation is the comprehension of human resources remain low, miss communication, and liquefaction the village funds allocation late. (3) cope the obstacles of realization village funds allocation can did with choacing, increase coordination, and make fund reseve. keyword : Effectiveness village funds allocation , realization village funds allocation
New age controls on the tephrochronology of the southernmost Andean Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile

Abstract The chronology of over 50 tephra layers preserved in a lake sediment core from Laguna La Trapananda (LLT) in the southern portion of the Andean Southern Volcanic Zone (SSVZ), Chile, is constrained by new radiocarbon age determinations, which span the period from late Pleistocene glacial retreat to the late Holocene. The tephra are correlative with tephra previously described from other lake cores in the region and are attributed to explosive eruptions of the SSVZ volcanoes Mentolat, Hudson, Macá, and potentially Cay. The new age determinations are used to estimate the ages of the >50 tephra in the LLT core, as well as those from the other previously described lake cores in the area, by a Bayesian statistical method. The results constrain the frequency of explosive eruptions of the volcanic centers in the southernmost SSVZ. They indicate that there was essentially no increase in the rate of eruptions from late-glacial to recent times due to deglaciation. They also provide isochrones used to constrain the depositional histories of the small lacustrine systems within which they were deposited and they provide a tephrochronologic tool for other paleoclimatic, paleoecologic, archaeologic and tephrochronologic studies in central Patagonia.
Environmental self-regulation: changes of certified companies in Lithuania

Sis darbas analizuoja savireguliacijos, kaip naujos valdymo formos, paplitimo reiskinį Lietuvoje. Tyrimas remiasi vienu ryskiausių savireguliacijos pavyzdžių aplinkosaugoje – nevyriausybiniu sertifikavimu. Siuo tyrimu buvo siekiama atsakyti į klausimą, kodėl įmonės renkasi savireguliaciją ir standartų diegimą bei koks yra jų poveikis. Žinios apie veiksnius, skatinancius standartų diegimą, taip pat supratimas apie tai, koks yra sertifikavimo programų poveikis, leidžia geriau suprasti sios savireguliacijos priemonės galimybes ir perspektyvas. Teorinis tyrimo pagrindas remiasi keturiomis organizacinėmis teorijomis ir tyrimui pritaikyta analitine struktūra, leidžiancia tirti sertifikavimo pasirinkimą ir sukeliamą poveikį. Empirinio tyrimo metu buvo atskleista, kad aplinkosauginė savireguliacija per nevyriausybinį sertifikavimą Lietuvoje yra naujas reiskinys. Pagrindiniai veiksniai, skatinantys standartų diegimą ir įmonių sertifikavimą, yra patiriamas spaudimas is suinteresuotų asmenų arba pacių įmonių noras informuoti apie savo aplinkosauginius įsipareigojimus. Tyrimas taip pat atskleidė, kad sertifikavimas gali turėti ir netiesioginių pasekmių, t. y. ne tik standartus diegiancioms įmonėms. Pastarosios gali būti tiek teigiamos, tiek neigiamos neplanuotos pasekmės. Sertifikavimo veiksmingumas ir nenumatytos jo pasekmės yra svarbios sritys ateities tyrimams, analizuojantiems savireguliaciją ir privatų aplinkosaugos valdymą.
Do Strict Capital Requirements Raise the Cost of Capital? Bank Regulation and the Low Risk Anomaly

Traditional capital structure theory in frictionless and efficient markets predicts that reducing banks’ leverage reduces the risk and cost of equity but does not change the overall weighted average cost of capital (and thus the rates for borrowers). We test these two predictions. We confirm that the equity of better-capitalized banks has lower beta and idiosyncratic risk. However, over the last 40 years, lower risk banks have higher stock returns on a risk-adjusted or even a raw basis, consistent with a stock market anomaly previously documented in other samples. The size of the low risk anomaly within banks suggests that the cost of capital effects of capital requirements is large enough to be relevant to policy discussions. A calibration assuming competitive lending markets suggests that a binding ten percentage-point increase in Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets more than doubles banks’ average risk premium over Treasury yields, from 40 to between 100 and 130 basis points per year, and presumably raises rates for borrowers to a similar extent.
Identification of Anthropogenic Burning in the Paleoecological Record of the Northern Prairies: A New Approach

Despite recent interest in the North American fire record, paleoecological evidence for the deliberate burning of grassland by hunter–gatherers has not previously been sought. Through the analysis of grass phytoliths preserved in a sequence of buried soil horizons in the Lauder Sandhills, southwestern Manitoba, Canada, this article reconstructs a local grassland fire record for the past 5,000 years. I propose that an apparent peak in fire frequency shortly after 2,500 14C years b.p. corresponds to the deliberate burning of prairie by Sonota–Besant (Plains Woodland) hunter–gatherers, rather than climatic “forcing. ” This practice, which is clearly documented in the historic record, may have functioned as a means of making bison–herd movements more predictable and may have enabled higher human carrying capacities in the Plains Woodland period. This hypothesis is meant to stimulate multidisciplinary discussion on a significant, but neglected, topic.
Equatorial F region vertical plasma drifts during solar maxima

Incoherent scatter radar measurements at s Jicamarca are used to study the effects of large solar fluxes and magnetic activity on the F region vertical plasma drifts. The average drifts from the two last solar maxima are almost identical except in the late afternoon-early evening sector where their variations with solar flux and magnetic activity are strongly season dependent. The average evening winter (May- August) drifts appear to remain almost constant after a certain solar flux level is reached but increase with magnetic activity. The equinoctial evening drifts increase systematically with solar-flux but decrease with magnetic activity. Very large prereversal enhancement velocities, up to about 80 m/s, were often observed during the 1978-1981 equinoctial periods when the solar flux was very high. Comparison of incoherent scatter radar drifts with vertical velocities inferred from conditions. We show that the effects of both solar flux and magnetic activity on the afternoon and evening drifts are different during the equinoces and solstices. In particular, our observations indicate that the equinoctial prereversal velocity enhancements during the last solar maximum were appreciably higher than during the 1968-1970 period. We also compare incoherent scatter drift measurements in the evening sector with the corresponding vertical drifts inferred from the time variation of h'F to show that the ionosonde technique substantially underestimates the drifts during periods of large upward motions. Data and Discussion