Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Perception on Water Allocation and Conservation Management in Western North Carolina

Western North Carolina (WNC) has traditionally given limited attention to conservation in water management primarily due to the fact that the area is a water rich region, with high annual rainfall and low population. Recent droughts and high population growth have put stresses on many water supply systems. In order to effectively deal with the new stresses on water supply, many new management practices were initiated, prompted by both state mandates and local pressure. Decision-makers are apt to make decisions based on perceptions, personal beliefs, and historical practice rather than on relevant data. Therefore, there is a need to understand the perceptions of decision-makers which influence management decisions. Results from eighty-five surveys and nine interviews are used to understand how decision-maker perceptions relate to active conservation policies. Water use, climate, and population data are also used to understand the effects of increased water management in the two case study towns of Boone and Hendersonville. Results indicate that while water management in WNC encompasses many aspects of sustainability, the region still has much room to improve to ensure that all current and future needs are met.
Engram cell connectivity as a mechanism for information encoding and memory function

Information derived from experiences is incorporated into the brain as changes to ensembles of cells, termed engram cells, that allow memory storage and recall. The mechanism by which those changes hold specific information is unclear. Here we test the hypothesis that the specific synaptic wiring between engram cells is the substrate of information storage. First, we monitor how learning modifies the connectivity pattern between engram cells at a monosynaptic connection involving the hippocampal vCA1 region and the amygdala. Then, we assess the functional significance of these connectivity changes by artificially activating or inhibiting its presynaptic and postsynaptic components respectively. Finally, we identify a synaptic plasticity mechanism mediated by PSD-95, which impacts the connectivity pattern among engram cells and contributes to the long-term stability of the memory. These findings impact our theory of learning and memory by helping us explain the translation of specific information into engram cells and how these connections shape brain function.
Net primary productivity distribution in the BOREAS region from a process model using satellite and surface data

The purpose of this paper is to upscale tower measurements of net primary productivity (NPP) to the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) study region by means of remote sensing and modeling. The Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS) with a new daily canopy photosynthesis model was first tested in one coniferous and one deciduous site. The simultaneous CO2 flux measurements above and below the tree canopy made it possible to isolate daily net primary productivity of the tree canopy for model validation. Soil water holding capacity and gridded daily meteorological data for the region were used as inputs to BEPS, in addition to 1 km resolution land cover and leaf area index (LAI) maps derived from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) data. NPP statistics for the various cover types in the BOREAS region and in the southern study area (SSA) and the northern study area (NSA) are presented. Strong dependence of NPP on LAI was found for the three major cover types: coniferous forest, deciduous forest and cropland. Since BEPS can compute total photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy in each pixel, light use efficiencies for NPP and gross primary productivity could also be analyzed. From the model results, the following area-averaged statistics were obtained for 1994: (1) mean NPP for the BOREAS region of 217 g C m−2 yr−1; (2) mean NPP of forests (excluding burnt areas in the region) equal to 234 g C m−2 yr−1; (3) mean NPP for the SSA and the NSA of 297 and 238 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively; and (4) mean light use efficiency for NPP equal to 0.40, 0.20, and 0.33 g C (MJ APAR)−1 for deciduous forest, coniferous forest, and crops, respectively.
Hydrodynamic Model Study of the Ria de Pontevedra Under Estuarine Conditions

The Ria de Pontevedra is one of the Galician Rias Baixas, partially mixed estuaries on the north-west coast of the Iberian peninsula. The hydrodynamics of the rias is far from being fully understood. In this application, the hydrodynamics of the Ria de Pontevedra is studied by means of a 3-D baroclinic model. Our aim was to establish the circulation pattern driven by tide and the horizontal density gradient between river and shelf waters under estuarine conditions. The spatial variability of tidal velocities and salinities is studied. The residual component of the flow, related to transport, is described and discussed. As expected in a partially mixed estuary, a double-layered residual pattern is observed, with water flowing seaward in a surface layer and upstream in a bottom layer. A cross-channel residual flow, not described up to date, is presented.
The 1960 Chilean earthquakes

An unusual foreshock sequence that began with an earthquake of moment 2.0 × 1021 N m and rupture length of about 150 km preceded the great 1960 Chilean earthquake. Earthquake relocations of the sequence show a progression of seismic activity toward the initiation of the main shock. The rupture length of the great 1960 Chilean earthquake is estimated from the distribution of aftershocks and crustal deformation to be 920 ± 100 km. The source mechanisms of a foreshock and two aftershocks are determined and used to constrain the source mechanism of the main shock. The first event in the sequence ruptured the segment of the Peru-Chile Trench between 37.03°S and 38.74°S, whereas the great 1960 Chilean main shock ruptured the adjoining segment to the south. The great 1960 Chilean main shock initiated within the rupture area of the first event and terminated near the intersection of the Chile Ridge with the Peru-Chile Trench (46.5°S).
A steady state conductive geotherm for the north central Slave, Canada: Inversion of petrological data from the Jericho Kimberlite pipe

Mantle xenoliths carried by kimberlite provide direct evidence for the rock types that constitute the roots to ancient cratons and provide critical constraints on the thermal state of the lithosphere. We derive a steady state conductive geotherm for the north central Slave craton based on published data for xenoliths from the Middle Jurassic Jericho kimberlite. The preferred model geotherm assumes a two-layer lithosphere. The upper layer is D km thick, has constant thermal conductivity, and an exponential decrease in heat production with depth (Ao e−z/D); Ao is a fixed value based on the bedrock geology. Below D, the lithosphere has a higher, constant thermal conductivity and a constant value of radiogenic heat production (Am). Inverting the thermobarometric data produces model estimates of surface heat flow (qo) and the depth-scale parameter (D) of 54.1 mWm−2, and 25.8 km, respectively. The value of D corresponds to the thickness of upper to middle crust as defined by seismology for the southern Slave craton. On the basis of our analysis the Slave craton is characterized by high surface heat flow, relative to other Archean cratons, which is consistent with a single field measurement from the southern Slave craton. The high surface heat flow results from the high concentrations of radiogenic heat producing elements found in Slave crustal rocks. Despite the relatively high surface flow, the underlying lithosphere is cool relative to mantle beneath the rest of North America and other Archean cratons. The model geotherm predicts a thermal gradient in the mantle (100–200 km) of between 5.0 and 3.7 (°C/km) and a mantle heat flow of 15.9–11.9 mWm−2 that is consistent with other estimates of mantle heat flow beneath Precambrian continental crust.
August 8, 1993 Aiken, South Carolina Earthquake

An analysis of collected data are presented for an m bLg 3.2 earthquake that occurred on August 8, 1993 approximately 15 km northeast of Aiken, South Carolina. A maximum intensity of IV (MM) was experienced near the small community of Couchton, South Carolina. Isoseismals seemed to mostly follow a northeast-southwest trend. One small aftershock occurred approximately six and one-half hours after the main event and was located coincident with it. A focal mechanism was derived using 18 impulsive P-wave first motions of local and regional stations indicating predominantly strike-slip motion on a southeast striking plane dipping 60° to the southwest. The event was not associated with established seismogenic zones of South Carolina but was characteristic of occasional strain release that occurs in broad regions of the South Carolina Piedmont. The event and its aftershock, while not particularly large or unusual for the South Carolina Central Piedmont and upper Coastal Plain, contribute background information and data for the historical record.
Vertical plasma drifts in the F region at the magnetic equator

HF Doppler observations of vertical plasma drifts in the equatorial F region at Trivandrum (dip: 0.9°S), conducted during 1984–1986, are presented. The observations reveal a fairly consistent diurnal variation pattern with the drift velocities directing upward during day and downward during night. The diurnal pattern is dominated by the characteristic prereversal enhancement that exhibits the most striking seasonal, solar, and magnetic activity effects. Under high solar activity, the average peak velocity of the enhancement is found to drop from ∽40 m s−1 in equinox to ∽10 m s−1 in summer. Likewise, the average equinoctial peak velocity drops almost by a factor of 3 as the solar activity index (S10.7) falls from 125 to 70 units. The peak velocity has a unique magnetic activity dependence; it drops by more than a factor of 2 as the activity changes from quiet to moderate but assumes well above the quiet day value for high activity. The corresponding variations for the other times of the day are nowhere as pronounced as for the period of the prereversal enhancement. The observations presented here are found to be in broad agreement with those reported for Jicamarca and are also in accordance with the model predictions based on the F region dynamo.
The `collapse' of civilizations: what palaeoenvironmental reconstruction cannot tell us, but anthropology can

Solutions to environmental problems experienced by human societies proposed by `palaeo' scientists are often deterministic, and therefore philosophically unacceptable to most social scientists, discouraging links between the biophysical and the social sciences. One social science which may offer the greatest scope for interdisciplinary cooperation is anthropology, which provides a set of rules by which non-social scientists can understand the general characteristics and nature of change, in both traditional and modern societies. These involve shifts in the relationship between the society, the polity and the economy, the ways in which access to resources is controlled, and the distribution of resources amongst the group, which may be egalitarian or stratified (unequal). During the Holocene, many human groups have abandoned egalitarianism in favour of stratified societies involving expansionist political organization, increasing inequality and internal social control, and production of an ever-increasing economic surplus. Since CE 1500, modern societies have emerged in which the economy is separate from the polity, and economic activity increasingly globalized. Currently, many national polities are subservient to the global economy, involving rapidly increasing impact upon the Earth's support systems. Societies `collapse' (as do those which survive) for a variety of reasons, both environmental and cultural, but underlying all such events is a tendency towards economic intensification, political expansion and increased social control (and therefore reduced socio-political flexibility). Alternative modes of subsistence offering long-term sustainability may therefore involve increased local economic self-reliance and personal and political autonomy, and enhanced ability of local communities to manage their own resources.
The Ancient Mounds of Poverty Point: Place of Rings

Jon Gibson confronts the intriguing mystery of Poverty Point, the ruins of a large prehistoric Indian settlement that was home to one of the most fascinating ancient cultures in eastern North America. The 3,500-year-old site in northeastern Louisiana is known for its large, elaborate earthworks - a series of concentric, crescent-shaped dirt rings and bird-shaped mounds. With its imposing 25-mile core, it is one of the largest archaic constructions on American soil. It's also one of the most puzzling - perplexing questions haunt Poverty Point, and archaeologists still speculate about life and culture at the site, its age, how it was created, and if it was at the forefront of an emerging complex society. Gibson, the eminent authority on the site, boldly launches the first full-scale political, economic, and organizational analysis of Poverty Point and nearby affiliated sites. Writing in an informal style, he examines the period's architecture, construction, tools and appliances, economy, exchange, and ceremonies. Gibson's engaging, well illustrated account of Poverty Point brings to life one of the oldest earthworks of its size in the Western Hemisphere, the hub of a massive exchange network among native American peoples reaching a third of the way across the present-day United States.
A NEW SYSTEM FOR DESCRIBING AND CLASSIFYING TETRAPOD TAIL TRACES WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERPRETING THE DINOSAUR TAIL TRACE RECORD

Abstract We introduce new terminology and a new classification scheme for describing tetrapod tail traces, focusing on the interpretation of dinosaur tail traces. Our classification divides tail traces into (1) tail impressions—there is no evidence of forward motion; (2) protracted tail traces—they persist for at least one stride length; and (3) abbreviated tail traces—they persist for less than one stride length. Protracted tail traces are simple or compound, based on the amount of interruption of the tail trace, which we quantify by the percent interruption metric (PIM). Abbreviated tail traces are also simple or compound. Classifications are modified further by sinuosity, which we describe as low or high. The PIM approximates vertical tail motion, and sinuosity approximates lateral tail motion. Sediment variations, preservation, and lateral motion resulting from locomotion must be taken into consideration when interpreting tail traces. This new classification scheme is applied to a partial theropod trackway with associated tail trace from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, United States. The tail trace is protracted and simple with low sinuosity and a low PIM; we interpret this as the result of relatively low tail motion. We hypothesize that significant differences exist between ornithopod and theropod tail trace patterns. We also suggest that protracted tail traces associated with bipedal dinosaur trackways are not the result of the use of the tail as a stabilizing third leg; some may represent incidental contact of the sediment by the tail owing to backward rotation about the pelvis during deceleration.
Frasnian plants from the Dra Valley, southern Anti-Atlas, Morocco

Anatomically preserved plant fragments are reported from Devonian marine deposits exposed in the Dra Valley of southern Anti-Atlas, Morocco. Associated conodont and tentaculite faunas indicate that the sediments yielding plants, which consist of black shales with intercalated calcareous concretions, are early Frasnian in age and most probably represent Zone 2 of the conodont zonation. This is the first record of Frasnian plants in North Africa. The specimens found all correspond to decorticated portions of axes. Six are referable to Callixylon, the organ genus corresponding to anatomically preserved axes of the progymnosperm tree Archaeopteris. Based on wood characters, especially ray structure, they are assigned to the species C. henkei, formerly described from the Famennian of Europe. One single specimen is compared to Xenocladia, a cladoxylopsid genus previously known from the Middle Devonian of Europe, USA and Kazakhstan. Interestingly, Archaeopteridales and Cladoxylopsida are two groups that dominate the younger plant assemblages of Famennian age recently described from the eastern Anti-Atlas. Callixylon henkei-type axes occur both in the Frasnian and in the Famennian deposits of the Anti-Atlas and they are all devoid of growth rings. These results are in accordance with a close position of Gondwana and Euramerica during Late Devonian times.
The effect of forest cover on peak flow and sediment discharge—an integrated field and modelling study in central–southern Chile

An integrated field and modelling study was carried out on the 35‐ha La Reina catchment, Chile, to test the hypothesis that the effect of forest cover on flood peaks becomes less important as the size of the hydrological event increases. Meteorological and discharge data were measured at the catchment before and after the pine plantation that covered 80% of the catchment area was logged. Analysis of the measured response of the catchment provides support for the hypothesis but is not conclusive. Therefore, modelling of the catchment using 1000 years of generated rainfall data representative of the current conditions was carried out for the forested and logged states. The simulations show that the absolute difference in discharge between the two cases remains approximately constant as the discharge increases: thus as a percentage of discharge it decreases. This relative convergence appears to become significant at return periods of greater than approximately 10 years. Tests with different hypothetical soil depths for the forested and logged catchments show an absolute convergence in discharge between the two cases for shallow soils and no convergence for deep soils. Sediment transport simulations show that forest cover provides a clear benefit in protecting the soil from erosion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Archean and Proterozoic ancestry in late Precambrian to early Paleozoic crustal elements of southern Turkey as revealed by single-zircon dating

Detrital zircon ages and paleontology limit the age of the oldest known metasedimentary rocks in the Menderes-Taurus block of southwestern Turkey to between 657 {plus minus}5 Ma and Middle Cambrian (ca. 533 Ma). A mylonitic granite, also part of the basement, yielded a date of intrusion of 543 {plus minus}7 Ma. The scatter of both detrital and xenocryst zircon ages between 612 {plus minus}6 and 3,140 {plus minus}2 Ma virtually precludes northeastern Africa and Arabia as their provenance, but is compatible with a source in the Angara craton of Siberia. These results suggest that the Pan-African evolution in the Middle East may have ended by Angara's collision with Gondwana in the Early Cambrian.
Crustal structure and Moho depth profile crossing the central Apennines (Italy) along the N42° parallel

[1] We present results from a teleseismic receiver function study of the crustal structure in the central Apennines (Italy). Data from 15 stations deployed in a linear transect running along the N42° parallel were used for the analysis. A total number of 364 receiver functions were analyzed. The crustal structure has been investigated using the neighborhood algorithm inversion scheme proposed by Sambridge (1999a), obtaining crustal thicknesses, bulk crustal VP/VS ratio, and velocity-depth models. In each inversion, the degree of constraint of the different parameters has been appraised by the Bayesian inference algorithm by Sambridge (1999b). The study region is characterized by crustal complexities and intense tectonic activity (recent volcanism, orogenesis, active extensional processes), and these complexities are reflected in the receiver functions. However, the relatively close spacing among the seismometers (about 20 km) helped us in the reconstruction of the crustal structure and Moho geometry along the transect. Crossing the Apennines from west to east, the Moho depth varies by more than 20 km, going from a relatively shallow depth (around 20 km) on the Tyrrhenian side, deepening down to about 45 km depth beneath the external front of the Apenninic orogen, and rising up again to about 30 km depth in correspondence of the Adriatic foreland. Despite the strong variability of the crustal thickness, the average crustal VS values show little variation along the transect, fluctuating around 3 km/s. The average VP values obtained from the VS and VP/VS are generally lower than 6 km/s.
Bedload layer thickness and disturbance depth in gravel bed streams

A field investigation in ten gravel bed stream reaches determined that substrate disturbance depth associated with a moving bedload layer was a small multiple of the bed surface D90. Disturbance depth during plane bed transport of coarse, heterogeneous mixtures appeared similar in magnitude to particle exchange depth and moving layer thickness. Maximum disturbance depth was distributed approximately uniformly over the most active areas of the streambed when local scour and fill were negligible. The distribution upper bound was the smaller of approximately 1.5 times the competent grain size or twice the surface D90, and was invariant with flow strength once the largest grains present were mobilized. Disturbance depth did not scale with grain sizes smaller than D50 when larger grains were mobilized. Thicker traction carpets were not predicted to occur because much larger shear stresses then observed naturally were needed to mobilize two or more layers of the bed simultaneously. Bedload transport rate in coa.
Impact of Balloon Drift Errors in Radiosonde Data on Climate Statistics

Abstract Radiosonde data are a valuable resource in the detection of climate change in the upper atmosphere. Long time series of stratospheric temperature data, carefully screened and corrected to remove errors, are available for this purpose. Normal reporting practice usually ascribes a fixed time and position (the station location) to all data reported in the ascent. In reality, the ascent may take around 90 min to complete and the spatial drift of the radiosonde may exceed 200 km. This note examines the magnitude of the errors associated with this practice using simulated radiosonde data generated from the ECMWF reanalysis archive. The results suggest that the temperature errors, while generally small in the troposphere, are locally significant in the stratosphere, particularly in the jet stream areas. However, the impact of the drift errors on global climate statistics is very small. Errors in the wind and humidity data are also examined.
Ship wakes in radar imagery

In 1989 an experiment in Loch Linnhe, Scotland, was conducted to improve the understanding of radar images of internal-wave wakes generated by ships. During the experiment a multi-frequency synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) image containing several bright narrow V-shaped wakes was obtained during a period of low wind speed. One of the wakes imaged is caused by internal waves generated by a ship that was participating in the experiment. Three other wakes were also imaged which were generated by fishing vessels. The wakes of the fishing vessels are different in appearance to the internal-wave wake generated by the experiment ship. Given that the displacement of the fishing vessels is about four orders of magnitude less than the experiment ship it is unlikely that they could produce internal waves that could be detected by the radar. The fishing vessel wakes observed at two different radar frequencies can, however, be explained by the mechanism proposed by Munk et al. in 1987.