Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Method for Evaluating Electrically Actuated Hybrid Wing–Body Control Surface Layouts

Hybrid wing–body configurations are currently an active field of research as potential candidates to meet NASA Environmentally Responsible Aviation N+2 goals. One characteristic of these configurations is the presence of a large number of redundant flight control surfaces. However, the design process and decision rationale for a given control surface layout is rarely discussed in the open literature. This work investigated tradeoffs between drag, control authority, actuator weight, and actuation power requirements as a function of the number and spacing of elevons. The actuators were sized based on hinge moments computed during nominal and failed control flight conditions. These effects were propagated upward to estimate changes to fuel burn, a system-level metric important to the Environmentally Responsible Aviation program, via the Breguet range equation. A model of the NASA N2A-EXTE hybrid wing–body configuration concept was used to demonstrate these tradeoffs. The study concluded that adjacent elevons.
An Approach of Computational Hemodynamics for Cardiovascular Flow Simulation

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is one of available methods to quantitatively evaluate the treatments of cardiovascular disease. However, currently, applications of this technology to cardiac surgery are few due to the complexity of performing physiological simulation. Here, we used CFD to study the outcome of the Norwood surgical procedure for palliating hypoplastic left heart syndrome in a 33-month-old child. The Reynolds number for post-surgical flow calculated at the peak of systole was about 4000, consistent with turbulent flow. During diastole, by contrast, the flow reduced to low speed, suggesting the strong transition flow from systole to diastole. Therefore, to improve the simulation of transitional flow, we determined that time step intervals of 10−5 second were best in using the k–e turbulence model. We also develop a new boundary condition to simulate blood pressure wave reflection from peripheral vessels in order to physiologically capture pressure recovery and correctly obtained flow through each arch-branch and flow pattern in the coronary. Then we computed time-varying energy losses, local pressure, and wall shear stress at the anastomosis to evaluate the surgical outcome. The results suggest the time step and boundary conditions that take account of pressure wave reflection improve simulation of cardiovascular flow.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Evapotranspiration of Irrigated Winter Wheat — Southern High Plains

Models of water use for irrigation scheduling and for crop growth simulation require validation of the evapotranspiration (ET) submodel. In this study ET was measured for irrigated winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at Bushland, Texas, in the semi-arid Southern High Plains for the 1989-1990, 1991-1992, and 1992-1993 winter wheat cropping seasons using weighing lysimeters that contained undisturbed monoliths 3 ¥ 3 ¥ 2.3 m deep of Pullman clay loam soil (Torrertic Paleustolls). Weather data from a nearby station were used to compute daily ET values for a reference alfalfa crop (hypothetical) using the ASCE Manual No. 70 equations based on the Penman-Monteith equation and several other widely used “potential” or “maximum” ET models. Linear regressions between ET estimated from widely used equations and the reference alfalfa ET equation indicated that direct comparisons with computed ET values could not be reliably predicted with simple ratios. For the computed reference alfalfa ET base, peak basal crop coefficients (Kcb) varied from 0.88 to 1.00 for the three seasons and were lower than those reported from other locations. Peak mean crop coefficients (Kc) varied from 0.83 to 0.94 for the three seasons. Seasonal ET varied from 791 to 957 mm for the three seasons. Evapotranspiration and crop coefficients for winter wheat varied considerably with season.
Military Sexual Trauma: An Application of the Toxic Triangle Model

Sexual assault in the military is an intolerable problem. A challenge in dealing with this problem has been the lack of a conceptual framework for comprehensively organizing needed interventions. Adapting the Toxic Triangle model developed by Padilla, Hogan, and Kaiser (2007), we examine military sexual assault from the interacting perspectives of conducive environments, destructive leaders, and susceptible followers. These components support tactical interventions, many of which can be conducted through the existing infrastructure of training and professional military education. Interventions include better leader development, accountability, and assertive followership.
Implementation and analysis of a direct multidisplay repository

When several information items are presented simultaneously, the potential exists for users to interact with information in a rich and rewarding way. The MultiBrowser system supports such interaction via an information foraging style of hypermedia browsing. Multiple windows, colored bars that provide visual cues, and automatically inserted hyperlinks among the paragraphs in a document set contribute to the structure of repositories created by MultiBrowser. These repositories are browsable over the Web using an ordinary Web browser. Using these repositories as a platform, we investigate hypertext repositories with automatically generated hyperlinks among paragraphs. The algorithms that generate the links yield results with significant common characteristics despite large differences among the algorithms. Furthermore, different repositories generated from the return lists of different search engines show significant common characteristics. Finally, repositories generated for different domains also have common characteristics. This suggests that these characteristics are pervasive properties of judiciously retrieved document sets. The common characteristics revolve around a tendency for some documents (called the kernel) to be destinations of a disproportionately high fraction of the hyperlinks in the repository. An emergent property of such repositories with practical significance is that browsing activities will have a tendency to trap users within the kernel, perhaps without them realizing it. To enable users to choose to avoid being trapped, we propose a ring structure for hypertext repositories. This structure is exposed to the user by annotations to the hyperlinks.
Determinants of predation success: How to survive an attack from a rattlesnake

Catching prey and avoiding predators are central to the reproductive success of animals in nature and a major focus of evolutionary research in biomechanics and locomotion (Higham et al., 2016). Predation is an inherently dynamic interaction that proceeds through a sequence of events (typically termed detection, evaluation, pursuit, subjugation; Curio, 1976, Endler, 1986) that result in either the capture or escape of the prey. Although popular media often focus on cases where predators successfully kill and consume prey, detailed field studies indicate that prey are usually successful in evading attacks (reviewed in Vermeij, 1982), with rates of predator success in many systems as low as 1%–5%. Because most prey appear to escape predators by rapidly moving away from them, researchers Received: 10 October 2018 | Accepted: 18 February 2019 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13318
Real-Time Monitoring of Combustion Instability in a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine Using Cycle-by-Cycle Exhaust Temperature Measurements

This paper describes an experimental study concerning the feasibility of monitoring the combustion instability levels of an HCCI engine based upon cycle-by-cycle exhaust temperature measurements. The test engine was a single cylinder, four-stroke, variable compression ratio Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine coupled to an eddy current dynamometer. A rugged exhaust temperature sensor equipped with special signal processing circuitry was installed near the engine exhaust port. Reference measurements were provided by a laboratory grade, water-cooled cylinder pressure transducer. The cylinder pressure measurements were used to calculate the Coefficient of Variation of Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (COV of IMEP) for each operating condition tested.Experiments with the HCCI engine confirmed that cycle-by-cycle variations in exhaust temperature were present, and were of sufficient magnitude to be captured for processing as high fidelity signal waveforms. There was a good correlation between the variability of the exhaust temperature signal and the COV of IMEP throughout the operating range that was evaluated. The correlation was particularly strong at the low levels of COV of IMEP (2–3%), where production engines would typically operate.A real-time combustion instability signal was obtained from cycle-by-cycle exhaust temperature measurements, and used to provide feedback to the fuel injection control system. Closed loop operation of the HCCI engine was achieved in which the engine was operated as lean as possible while maintaining the COV level at or near 2.5%. Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Spectrum of Thyroid Abnormalities among Children Living with HIV in Lagos, Nigeria

Thyroid disorders have been described in an adult population but are underreported in the pediatric population. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and describe the spectrum of thyroid abnormalities among HIV infected children on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in Lagos, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study carried out at a teaching hospital with an antiretroviral therapy (ART) center. Serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) were analyzed in 83 children living with HIV on HAART and 51 controls. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and correlation of fT3, fT4, and TSH with duration on HAART, age, CD4 count, and nutritional status were assessed. Thyroid abnormalities were seen in 9.6% of the children living with HIV comprising subclinical hypothyroidism in 6%, euthyroid sick syndrome in 2.4%, and overt hypothyroidism in 1.2% as compared to 2% subclinical thyroid disease among the controls (p= 0.15). Hypothyroidism was correlated with CD4 count and viral load. None of the patients had clinical features of thyroid disease. Thyroid abnormalities were more prevalent among children living with HIV and yearly screening with follow-up is advocated.
Rate-dependent response of superelastic Cu–Al–Mn alloy rods to tensile cyclic loads

We report the results of tensile cyclic loading tests conducted to examine the dependence of constitutive relations for superelastic Cu–Al–Mn alloy rods on loading rates. Recently, Cu–Al–Mn alloy rods with diameters up to 8 mm have been developed by the authors, and it has been demonstrated that these rods have excellent superelastic strains of more than 8%, which is comparable to Ni–Ti alloys and far superior to other Cu-based alloys. No information is available, however, on the rate dependence of constitutive relations for Cu–Al–Mn alloys. In this study, we prepare two Cu–Al–Mn alloy rod specimens, whose lengths and diameters are 150 mm and 8 mm, respectively. Their stress–strain relations are examined under the loading frequencies of 0.001, 0.5, and 1 Hz with constant strain amplitude of 4.5%. It was found from the tests that the maximum stress increase in Cu–Al–Mn alloys due to higher loading rate was less than 5%. Thermo-mechanical analysis predicts that stress increase in Cu–Al–Mn alloys is about 1/4 of that in Ni–Ti alloys, which agrees reasonably well with the experimental observations. Such low stress increase is highly desirable in the design of seismic devices such as dampers and isolators.
Two–Phase Pressure Drops in Adiabatic Horizontal Circular Smooth U-Bends and Contiguous Straight Pipes (RP-1444)

Curved channels in the form of bends are encountered in many industrial two-phase flow applications, such as U-bends in air-conditioning and refrigeration evaporators and condensers. For engineering design purposes, the evaluation of the pressure loss in two-phase flows is necessary. Basically, for the same flow conditions the pressure loss is higher in a U-bend than in a straight pipe with an equal cross-flow section and mean length. Moreover, the curved tube causes a perturbation that propagates up- and downstream of the U-bend itself. Many studies have been made on two-phase flows in bent tubes, but none have yet focused on the axial evolution of the pressure gradients before and after the U-bend or on the peripheral pressure differences that may be created. Therefore, this study reports new data obtained for R-134a at saturation temperatures ranging from 3°C to 5°C (37°F to 41°F), flowing at mass velocities ranging from 155 to 533 kg·s−1·m−2 (114·103 to 393·103 lb·h−1·ft−2) through a horizontal U-bend tube with internal tube and bend centerline diameters of 13.4 mm (0.52 in.) and 66.1 mm (2.6 in.), respectively, over a wide range of vapor qualities. The experimental results show that the differences between the peripheral inner and outer pressures up- and downstream of the bend are negligible, even very close to the bend (at 4 internal diameters). The frictional pressure gradients in the U-bend were found experimentally to be about two times that in a straight pipe. Close to the bend, up- and downstream, the pressure gradients are highly affected. For lower and medium mass velocities the perturbation caused by the U-bend does not propagate further than 6 internal diameters upstream from the bend. For the higher mass velocity, that perturbation seems to propagate further. Downstream of the U-bend the perturbed length extends over 100 internal diameters.
Climate Change Impact on Reservoir Performance Indexes in Agricultural Water Supply

Abstract This paper addresses the impact of climate change on the volume of inflow to a reservoir and the volume of downstream water demand by considering three climate change scenarios in an East Azerbaijan river basin. The HadCM3 model was used to estimate possible scenarios of temperature and rainfall for the period 2026–2039 under an emission scenario (A2). A hydrological model (IHACRES) was first calibrated for the basin; and then, a monthly time series of future temperatures and rainfall were entered into IHACRES. In addition, a 14-year time series of monthly runoff was simulated for 2026–2039. Modeling results indicated that the average long-term annual runoff volume decreased by 0.7% relative to the base period (1987–2000). However, by assuming a nonchanging cultivation area, the average long-term annual water demand volume for crops increased by 16%. Both simulation and optimization models of reservoir operation were used. The simulation of reservoir performance in the delivery of water demand wa.
Development and validation of a rule-based strength scaling method for musculoskeletal modelling

Rule–based strength scaling is an easy, cheap and relatively accurate technique to personalise musculoskeletal models. This paper presents a new strength scaling approach for musculoskeletal models and validates it by maximal voluntary contractions. A heterogeneous group of 63 healthy subjects performed maximal isometric knee extensions. A multiple linear regression analysis resulted in a best–fit rule–based strength scaling equation, with age, mass, height, gender, segment masses and segment lengths as predictors. A second strength scaling equation was obtained through multiple linear regression using backwards elimination, resulting in an equation consisting of only the significant predictors: age, body mass and gender. For validation purposes, 20 newly included healthy subjects performed a maximal isometric leg–press. The newly developed strength scaling technique taking all predictors into account resulted in the most accurate predictions of muscle activities compared to alternative strength scaling methods. These techniques personalise musculoskeletal models to a larger extend. However, some applications that require more detailed personalised models, imaging might be necessary to obtain more specific individual muscle characteristics.
High-throughput Multimodal Automated Phenotyping (MAP) with Application to PheWAS

Objective Electronic health records (EHR) linked with biorepositories are a powerful platform for translational studies. A major bottleneck exists in the ability to phenotype patients accurately and efficiently. The objective of this study was to develop an automated high-throughput phenotyping method integrating International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes and narrative data extracted using natural language processing (NLP). Method We developed a mapping method for automatically identifying relevant ICD and NLP concepts for a specific phenotype leveraging the UMLS. Aggregated ICD and NLP counts along with healthcare utilization were jointly analyzed by fitting an ensemble of latent mixture models. The MAP algorithm yields a predicted probability of phenotype for each patient and a threshold for classifying subjects with phenotype yes/no. The algorithm was validated using labeled data for 16 phenotypes from a biorepository and further tested in an independent cohort PheWAS for two SNPs with known associations. Results The MAP algorithm achieved higher or similar AUC and F-scores compared to the ICD code across all 16 phenotypes. The features assembled via the automated approach had comparable accuracy to those assembled via manual curation (AUCMAP 0.943, AUCmanual 0.941). The PheWAS results suggest that the MAP approach detected previously validated associations with higher power when compared to the standard PheWAS method based on ICD codes. Conclusion The MAP approach increased the accuracy of phenotype definition while maintaining scalability, facilitating use in studies requiring large scale phenotyping, such as PheWAS.
Gökpınar ve Çürüksu Çaylarının Kirlilik Parametre ve Yüklerinin İzlenmesi

Pollution parameters of Gokpinar and Curuksu Creeks and Buyuk Menderes River within the borders of Denizli city were monitored on a monthly basis for a year starting from September 2005. Samples taken from seven different selected stations were analyzed for temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen level, conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solid content, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). The pollution discharge loads were calculated by using flow rates obtained from DSI Government Water Association. Based on the mean results of temperature and pH values, the water samples from all stations near Gokpinar and Curuksu creeks and Buyuk Menderes River are classified as the 1st class water according to the qWater Pollution Regulation Valuesq. Results of the dissolved oxygen and total dissolved solid contents indicated that the water samples of the stations were of the 3rd and 2nd class, respectively. Organic material concentrations for COD and BOD5 resulted in the 4th class of water quality.
Acoustic and perceptual correlates of pharyngeal and uvular consonants

This thesis investigates aspects of the production, the acoustics, and the perception of pharyngeal and uvular consonants. First, we introduce theoretical models of the vocal-tract area function during the production of these consonants. From these models we calculate the formant frequencies and the contributions of different vocaltract losses (localized losses: due to the impedances of the glottis, the constriction, and the radiation; and distributed losses: due to heat conduction and viscosity, and to the impedance of the walls) to the bandwidths of the formants for both an openand a closed-glottis case (voiced and voiceless, respectively). The presence of a noise source, modeled as a series pressure source, in the vicinity of a supraglottal constriction introduces zeros to Uo/p, (transfer function from the volume velocity at the lips to the pressure source near the constriction). The zeros are in the vicinity of the back-cavity resonances (including the Helmholtz resonance). The location of the zero which is in the vicinity of the Helmholtz resonance is highly sensitive to the pressure-source location. Consequently, this resonance may or may not be cancelled. Other back-cavity resonances, on the other hand, are cancelled by zeros regardless of the pressure-source location. Predictions based on the theoretical study were: (1) F1 for pharyngeals should be higher than that for uvulars, F3 should be lower, F2 should be approximately the same for both when the glottis is closed and should be higher for pharyngeals when the glottis is open; (2) for the pharyngeals F2 should be a Helmholtz resonance, and F1 and F3, front-cavity resonances, and for the uvulars, F should be a Helmholtz resonance, F2 and F4, front-cavity resonances, and F3, a back-cavity resonance; (3) for the closed-glottis case the Helmholtz resonances for both classes of consonants should be widened, compared to a no-constriction-loss case, due to constriction losses; and (4) in the case of noise generation in the vicinity of a supraglottal constriction the front-cavity resonances should be strongly excited and the Helmholtz resonances may or may not be excited depending on the noise-source location.
Soldier Performance Issues in C2 `On the Move'

Abstract : For several years, the need for increased mobility for command and control (C2) assets in U.S. ground forces has been apparent. However, increased use of automated information systems in moving vehicles does incur a price in Soldier performance. There are many Soldier performance issues associated with the performance of tasks while the vehicle is moving, that is, on the move. This paper presents some of the issues related to the effects of vehicle motion on Soldier performance. The issues include vibration, visual displays, manual control, interactions among Soldiers, cognitive functions, and workload. Four areas of mitigation for vehicle motion effects are identified and briefly discussed.
Hypoglycemia Prevention Practice and Associated Factors Among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Following at Public Hospitals of Central Zone, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2018

Background Hypoglycemia is an acute medical situation that occurs when blood sugar falls below the recommended level. Even though, hypoglycemia prevention practice in the management of diabetes mellitus is one cornerstone in controlling the effect of hypoglycemia, hypoglycemia prevention practice among patients with diabetes mellitus is insufficiently studied. Moreover, the existed scarce literature in Ethiopia revealed hypoglycemia prevention practice is inadequate. Thus, this study tried to assess hypoglycemia prevention practices and associated factors among diabetic patients. Methods Hospital-based, cross-sectional study design was employed from April one to March one 2018 in Central Zone of Tigray Regional state of Ethiopia. A total of 272 diabetes mellitus patients were selected by systematic random sampling method from study area. The collected data was checked for its completeness and then entered into Epi data version 3.1 then cleaned and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Binary logistic regression model (AOR, 95% CI and p-value < 0.05) was used to determine the predictors of hypoglycemia prevention practice. Results the mean age of respondents was 52.19 years and about 100 (63.2%) had good hypoglycemia prevention practice. Knowledge regarding hypoglycemia [AOR = 10.34; 95% CI [5.41, 19.89]], having a glucometer at home [AOR=3. 02; 95% CI [1.12, 8.12]], attitude regarding diabetes mellitus [AOR = 2.36 CI [1.26, 4.39]], being governmental employee [AOR=5. 19, 95% CI [1.63, 16.58]] and being divorced [AOR = 0.13, 95% CI [0.32, 0.53]] were found significantly associated with good hypoglycemia prevention practice. Conclusion Around two third of the study participants were found to have good hypoglycemia prevention practice. Good knowledge and favorable attitude toward diabetes mellitus, having glucometer at home, being governmental employee and divorced were found to be the predictors of good hypoglycemia prevention practice.