Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An agent‐based model of farmer decision‐making and water quality impacts at the watershed scale under markets for carbon allowances and a second‐generation biofuel crop

An agent‐based model of farmers' crop and best management practice (BMP) decisions is developed and linked to a hydrologic‐agronomic model of a watershed, to examine farmer behavior, and the attendant effects on stream nitrate load, under the influence of markets for conventional crops, carbon allowances, and a second‐generation biofuel crop. The agent‐based approach introduces interactions among farmers about new technologies and market opportunities, and includes the updating of forecast expectations and uncertainties using Bayesian inference. The model is applied to a semi‐hypothetical example case of farmers in the Salt Creek Watershed in Central Illinois, and a sensitivity analysis is performed to effect a first‐order assessment of the plausibility of the results. The results show that the most influential factors affecting farmers' decisions are crop prices, production costs, and yields. The results also show that different farmer behavioral profiles can lead to different predictions of farmer decisions. The farmers who are predicted to be more likely to adopt new practices are those who interact more with other farmers, are less risk averse, quick to adjust their expectations, and slow to reduce their forecast confidence. The decisions of farmers have direct water quality consequences, especially those pertaining to the adoption of the second‐generation biofuel crop, which are estimated to lead to reductions in stream nitrate load. The results, though empirically untested, appear plausible and consistent with general farmer behavior. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the coupled agent‐based and hydrologic‐agronomic models for normative research on watershed management on the water‐energy nexus.
II.—Shackleton Antarctic Expedition, 1914–1917 : Geological Observations in the Weddell Sea Area

The original, plan of the Shackleton Expedition, had it been realised, would have yielded geological results of no little value. The base would have been on Coats Land, and next in importance to crossing the Antarctic continent was the projected geological sledging trip across the Wilhelm Barrier, westwards from the head of the Weddell Sea to the southern. continuation of Graham Land. Had it been carried out, it would of course have settled finally the relationship of Graham Land to the rest of Antarctica. The besetment and destruction of the Endurance, however, put an end to the original plan, and no landing was ever made either on the eastern or on the southern side of the Weddell Sea.
Arctic sea ice freeboard from AltiKa and comparison with CryoSat‐2 and Operation IceBridge

Satellite radar altimeters have improved our knowledge of Arctic sea ice thickness over the past decade. The main sources of uncertainty in sea ice thickness retrievals are associated with inadequate knowledge of the snow layer depth and the radar interaction with the snow pack. Here we adapt a method of deriving sea ice freeboard from CryoSat‐2 to data from the AltiKa Ka band radar altimeter over the 2013–14 Arctic sea ice growth season. AltiKa measures basin‐averaged freeboards between 4.4 cm and 6.9 cm larger than CryoSat‐2 in October and March, respectively. Using airborne laser and radar measurements from spring 2013 and 2014, we estimate the effective scattering horizon for each sensor. While CryoSat‐2 echoes penetrate to the ice surface over first‐year ice and penetrate the majority (82 ± 3%) of the snow layer over multiyear ice, AltiKa echoes are scattered from roughly the midpoint (46 ± 5%) of the snow layer over both ice types.
Monitoring of inland surface water using multi-mission satellite radar altimetry.

Satellite altimetry has been used for many years to measure inland water heights of large lake targets. However, altimeters collect data over thousands of lake and river targets; the challenge is to interpret the echo shapes returned from these targets and hence derive time series of changing water levels. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive analysis of multi-mission altimeter echoes from the vast network of rivers in the Amazon basin, and uses comparisons with in-situ gauge data to demonstrate that river heights can be successfully retrieved from all altimeters considered if the echoes are properly retracked.
Parageneses of Ordovician sub-greenschist to greenschist facies metabasites from Wales, U.K.

Sub-greenschist to greenschist facies metabasites of Ordovician age from the Lower Palaeozoic Welsh Basin are characterized by mineral assemblages comprising ubiquitous quartz + albite + titanite + chlorite, along with usually at least three of the following phases: epidote, prehnite, pumpellyite, and actinolite. In Wales metabasites associated with diagenetic and anchizone pelitic rocks have the assemblage Chl + Ab + Ttn + Qtz ± Ep ± Prh ± Pmp ± Stp ± Ms. This assemblage, typical of the prehnite-pumpellyite facies, occurs in metabasites across a full range (0.31-0.65) of MgO/(MgO + FeO) ratios (indicated by MgO/(MgO + FeO) ratios in chlorite). Assemblages in metabasites associated with epizone pelites comprise Chl + Ab + Ttn + Qtz ± Ep ± Prh ± Pmp ± Act; pumpellyite is present in metabasites with MgO/(MgO + FeO) Chl ratios of 0.54; these assemblages are diagnostic of the prehnite-actinolite facies respectively. True greenschist facies metabasites, characterized by the assemblage Chl + Ab + Ttn + Qtz + Ep + Act, are also found in association with epizone pelites. The contrasting assemblages found within a local area, or even within a single intrusion, demonstrate that in the Welsh Basin P-T conditions for the prehnite-pumpellyite and the prehnite-actinolite facies directly overlap, and that the distinction is controlled by whole rock composition. In two cases studied in Wales the whole rock control is in turn seen to be a function of the original intrusive history, with primary igneous chemical zoning being reflected in the distribution of the prehnite-pumpellyite and prehnite-actinolite facies assemblages. These well documented metabasite assemblages show that in Wales the lower and upper boundaries of the anchizone cannot be equated respectively with the onset of the prehnite-pumpellyite or the greenschist facies
Re-examining Migration Motives in the Nordic countries with a focus on Sweden

The thesis includes six self-contained papers that from various perspectives examine place attractiveness and migration in Sweden. Paper I provides an extensive overview of Swedish municipalities’ place marketing engagement to attract in-migrants, based on survey responses from 220 municipalities. The results suggest that, although this kind of marketing has become more prominent during the last few years, there is little evidence of any significant effects on migration flows. Paper II addresses place marketing campaigns directed towards the Stockholm region carried out by rural municipalities. The results show no general evidence of success, but in a few cases a positive impact of these campaigns cannot be ruled out conclusively.Paper III explores the effect of tourism on interregional net-migration in Sweden. The results indicate that tourism exerts a positive influence on migration, and it is shown how its effects vary depending on age group. Paper IV scrutinizes recent survey research on migration motives in the Nordic countries. This paper employs a different questionnaire design and surveys a somewhat different migrant population. The findings do not support recent research and the importance of employment-related motives is emphasised. Paper V focuses on residential preferences and explores what place attributes people would consider important if they were to migrate. Special attention is given to demographic, socio-economic and geographical determinants. The results show how these aspects influence residential preferences, and make some contributions to methodological issues on researching preferences. Paper VI aims at a conceptual framework whereby place attractiveness can be better understood. It is suggested that needs, demands and preferences are central factors and the attractiveness of places increases with the successive fulfilment of these factors. But the more factors a migrant seeks to fulfil in his or her destination selection, the fewer the choice possibilities.
Le couvert végétal du Québec-Labrador il y a 6000 ans BP : essai

Une carte du couvert vegetal du Quebec-Labrador est proposee pour l'epoque des 6000 ans BP, a partir des donnees paleopalynologiques et paleobotaniques. Une Toundra arbustive dense s'interposait entre les mers de Tyrrell ou d'Iberville et les glaces residuelles qui occupaient alors plus de 100 000 km2 en Ungava (Nunavik) et jusque dans la region de Schefferville. Etroite au sud des glaciers, cette Toundra s'etalait a l'est des glaces sur plus de 400 km jusqu'a la mer du Labrador, au nord du 54° de latitude. La limite des arbres s'etablissait donc alors a peu pres au centre de l'actuelle zone de Taiga (Foret boreale ouverte), mais la limite nord de la Foret fermee correspondait deja a peu pres a la position moderne. Comme la Toundra, la Taiga de l'epoque etait arbustive, plus dense et plus diversifiee qu'actuellement, sans doute en raison d'un climat favorable, mais aussi d'une plus grande richesse des sols en elements nutritifs. Les domaines forestiers meridionaux des Pessieres, des Sapinieres et des Erablieres atteignaient dans l'ensemble les limites modernes de leur aire de peuplement, mais l'abondance de certaines essences compagnes differait le plus souvent de l'actuelle. Ces differences sont attribuables 1) a une migration tardive de certaines essences, telles le pin gris (Pinus banksiana) dans les Pessieres occidentales ou le hetre a grande feuilles (Fagus grandifolia) dans les Erablieres, 2) a une incidence generalement plus faible des feux naturels, 3) a un entourbement moindre des stations hydriques, et 4) a un climat dans l'ensemble plus clement. L'analyse regionale permet d'identifier des gradients et des champs phytogeographiques plus nuances eventuellement influences par le climat, notamment en zones montagnardes et subalpines.
Measuring individual carbon nanotubes and single graphene sheets using atomic force microscope infrared spectroscopy

Atomic force microscope infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) combines the spatial resolution of AFM with the chemical specificity of IR spectroscopy. In AFM-IR, sample absorption of pulsed IR light causes rapid thermomechanical expansion, which excites resonance in an AFM cantilever in contact with the sample. The cantilever resonant amplitude is proportional to the local sample IR absorption coefficient. It is difficult to detect thermomechanical expansion in the smallest samples such as 1D and 2D nanomaterials. In this work, we overcome this limitation and use AFM-IR to measure nanometer-scale IR absorption in individual single walled carbon nanotubes and monolayer graphene. By placing a thin layer of polymer beneath the sample, the AFM-IR signal may be increased by up to two orders of magnitude. The polymer beneath the sample thermally insulates the sample and amplifies thermomechanical expansion. Finite element simulations agree with the measurements and provide a general framework for applying this approach to arbitrary samples, including other 1D and 2D materials and thin biological samples.
Soil‐moisture memory in the regional climate model COSMO‐CLM during the Indian summer monsoon season

Soil moisture memory over the Indian subcontinent was investigated on the basis of a 101 year long simulation with the regional climate model (RCM) COSMO‐CLM (COSMO model in Climate Mode). The RCM was driven by lateral boundary conditions derived from a preindustrial control run of the coupled global ocean‐atmosphere model ECHAM5/MPIOM. To prevent an external atmospheric forcing, the simulation was done with constant greenhouse gas concentrations. This provides an estimate of the internal variability of the (modeled) climate system. The analysis, which was performed for the Indian summer monsoon season (ISM), shows that simulated memory lengths (a) increase with soil depth, and (b) are longer in the western region than in the eastern region (14 and 9 days, respectively, at 34 cm soil layer depth). Also, the meridionally averaged (20°N–30°N) variance of subsequent precipitation explained by soil‐moisture rises from east to west. This enhanced explained variance value in the western region reveals the potential usefulness of improved soil moisture initialization in subseasonal rainfall forecasting.
Comparison of Morphodynamic Models for the Lower Yellow River 1

Xia, Junqiang, Zhengbing Wang, Yanping Wang, and Xin Yu, 2012. Comparison of Morphodynamic Models for the Lower Yellow River. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐18. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12002
Cognitive impairment after lacunar stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, prevalence and comparison with other stroke subtypes

Background Cognitive impairment and dementia are common after stroke. It is unclear if risk differs between ischaemic stroke subtypes. Lacunar strokes might be less likely to affect cognition than more severe, larger cortical strokes, except that lacunar strokes are associated with cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), which is the commonest vascular cause of dementia. Methods We searched MEDLINE and PsychINFO for studies of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia after lacunar or cortical ischaemic stroke. We calculated the OR for cognitive impairment/dementia in lacunar versus non-lacunar stroke, and their incidence and prevalence in lacunar stroke as a pooled proportion. Findings We identified 24 relevant studies of 7575 patients, including 2860 with lacunar stroke; 24% had MCI or dementia post stroke. Similar proportions of patients with lacunar and non-lacunar stroke (16 studies, n=6478) had MCI or dementia up to 4 years after stroke (OR 0.72 (95% CI 0.43 to 1.20)). The prevalence of dementia after lacunar stroke (six studies, n=1421) was 20% (95% CI 9 to 33) and the incidence of MCI or dementia (four studies, n=275) was 37% (95% CI 23 to 53). Data were limited by short follow-up, subtype classification methods and confounding. Interpretation Cognitive impairment appears to be common after lacunar strokes despite their small size, suggesting that associated SVD may increase their impact. New prospective studies are required with accurate stroke subtyping to assess long term outcomes while accounting for confounders.
How the Soil Moves Upward in the Olive Orchards of NW Syria: Sustainability Analysis of a Local Innovation

This paper analyses a local innovation in response to intense soil degradation in olive orchards of north‐west Syria. Farmers developed a practice consisting of quarrying red clayey soil in valley bottoms and applying this soil to hillslope olive orchards with heavily degraded calcareous soils. A biophysical, economic and social analysis of the practice of soil application identified the opportunities and risks of this innovative soil management technique. On the basis of a pairwise comparison of nine adjacent treated and nontreated orchard plots, soil applications were found to increase soil depth by 36%, soil water availability by 28% and total available soil nutrients: potassium (+45%), nitrogen (+12%) and phosphorus (+6%). Olive yield increased by about 40%. A cost–benefit analysis found this practice to be economically viable within a large geographical area, and farmers scored the practice higher than alternative methods. A socio‐economic analysis revealed its widespread adoption among different farmer types. The positive results of soil applications at the farm level explain its fast adoption. However, potential risks – including the further depletion of soil resources and the transfer of soil‐borne diseases – limit the long‐term sustainability of this locally developed practice. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vélomobility - A critical analysis of planning and space

The purpose of this doctoral study is to bring a spatial dimension into the research on urban mobilities and connect the spatial dimension to the marginalisation of cyclists in urban space. This is been done by exploring the role of urban bicycling and transport planning. The theoretical frame of space, mobilities and power is used for analysing that role through case studies in two Scandinavian cities, Copenhagen and Stockholm. Urban bicycling is a good example of showing the relation between space and mobilities, since cyclists often suffer from marginalised space in cities around the world. The philosophical foundation of the thesis is in critical realism and critical theory. For background data, observations and document studies have been conducted in Stockholm and Copenhagen. The main data collection for this thesis was done both qualitatively, in the form of interviews with planners and politicians, and quantitatively, in the form of survey studies among the citizens of Copenhagen and Stockholm. The data is analysed with the help of the theoretical framework that builds on mobility studies, spatial theory by Lefebvre, and Harvey and power theories deriving mainly from Lukes’ three dimensions of power. The materialisation of power relations is analysed with the example of modern planning in Sweden and Denmark. Overall this thesis manages to show how cycling as a mode of transport is marginalised in urban space, and that urban space wars between cyclists and car drivers and among cyclists are fought in Copenhagen as well as in Stockholm. The conclusion is that different factors, such as the economic situations in Denmark and Sweden, have affected urban and transport planning and thus have created two very different transport systems, where cycling plays a large role (Copenhagen) and a smaller role (Stockholm). Nevertheless, this thesis shows that even in cities that are very good for cycling, like Copenhagen, the motorised modes of transport create many problems and are still dominating urban space.
Wind induced oscillator dynamics in the Black Sea revealed by Lagrangian drifters

Lagrangian drifter observations of the Black Sea circulation between 2002 and 2003 show six transitions between two meta‐stable states representing single gyre structures centered in either the western or eastern sub‐basin of the Black Sea, respectively. The major mechanisms driving such an oscillator dynamics are Ekman pumping for the eastern sub‐basin, and most likely a resonance excitation for the western sub‐basin. The sea strongly amplifies the wind responses of 120‐day periodicity. Data analysis demonstrates that two‐gyre structure (“Knipovich spectacles”) was a transient between the states. Residence time for the sea to occupy either state is mainly determined by the instability of the gyres, wind variability and, probably, variations in the pycnocline. This behavior is a manifestation of a bimodal dynamical regime which affects the long‐term (climatic), large‐scale transport and mixing of bio‐geochemical substances.
Transfer of innovation on allergic rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity in the elderly (MACVIA-ARIA) - Reference Site Twinning (EIP on AHA).

The overarching goals of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP on AHA) are to enable European citizens to lead healthy, active and independent lives while ageing. The EIP on AHA includes 74 Reference Sites. The aim of this study is to transfer innovation from an App developed by the MACVIA-France EIP on AHA reference site (Allergy Diary) to other reference sites. The phenotypic characteristics of rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity in adults and the elderly will be compared using validated information and communication technology (ICT) tools (i.e. the Allergy Diary and CARAT: Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test) in 22 Reference Sites or regions across Europe. This will improve understanding, assessment of burden, diagnosis and management of rhinitis in the elderly by comparison with an adult population. Specific objectives will: (i) assess the percentage of adults and elderly who are able to use the Allergy Diary, (ii) study phenotypic characteristics and treatment over a period of one year of rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity at baseline (cross-sectional study) and (iii) follow-up using visual analogue scale (VAS). This part of the study may provide some insight into the differences between the elderly and adults in terms of response to treatment and practice. Finally (iv) work productivity will be examined in adults.
Exhumation history of the deepest central Himalayan rocks, Ama Drime range: Key pressure‐temperature‐deformation‐time constraints on orogenic models

The Ama Drime range located at the transition between the high Himalayan range and south Tibet is a N–S active horst that offsets the South Tibetan Detachment System (STDS). Within the horst, a paragneissic unit, possibly attributed to the upper Himalayan crystalline series, overly the lower Himalayan crystalline series Ama Drime orthogneissic unit containing large metabasite layers and pods that have experienced pressure ≥1.4 GPa. Combining structural analysis with new and published pressure‐temperature (P‐T) estimates as well as U‐Th/Pb, 39Ar/40Ar and (U‐Th)/He ages, the P‐T‐deformation‐time (P‐T‐D‐t) paths of the main units within and on both sides of the horst are reconstructed. They imply that N–S normal faults initiated prior to 11 Ma and have accounted for a total exhumation ≤0.6 GPa (22 km) that probably occurred in two phases: the first one until ∼9 Ma and the second one since 6 to 4 Ma at a rate of ∼1 mm/yr. In the Ama Drime unit, 1 to 1.3 GPa (37 to 48 km) of exhumation occurred after partial melting since ∼30 Ma until ∼13 Ma, above the Main Central Trust (MCT) and below the STDS when these two fault systems were active together. The switch from E–W (STDS) to N‐S (Ama Drime horst) normal faulting between 13 and 12 Ma occurs at the time of propagation of thrusting from the MCT to the Main Boundary Thrust. These data are in favor of a wedge extrusion or thrust system rather than a crustal flow model for the building of the Himalaya. We propose that the kinematics of south Tibet Cenozoic extension phases is fundamentally driven by the direction and rate of India underthrusting.
Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions on the continents: a short review

This paper provides an overview of the contentious issue of global megafaunal extinctions in the Late Quaternary. The main proposed causes are ‘overkill’, environmental change or a combination of both. There are major objections to the other suggested causes. Extinctions were highly variable in their severity between different zoogeographical regions, with the greatest impact in North America, South America and Australia, but also substantial in northern Eurasia. Sub‐Saharan Africa and Southern Asia were much less affected. For northern Eurasia, detailed chronologies show a staggered extinction pattern, in which each megafaunal species exhibits unique and complex distributional shifts, culminating in extinction for some species and survival in others. Environmental drivers were clearly very important, although the possible role of humans is not yet clear. Alaska/Yukon also has a good radiocarbon record which also suggests a staggered extinction pattern. However, the available data for the rest of North America are largely unsatisfactory. South America also boasted spectacular extinct megafauna, but again the currently available dates are insufficient to reliably discern patterns or possible causes. Australia and New Guinea also suffered major losses, but extinctions probably occurred much earlier than elsewhere, so that establishing a chronology is especially difficult. Africa and Southern Asia have the least available data. In order to make meaningful progress, it is vital to establish a large database of reliable radiocarbon dates for each region made directly on securely identified megafaunal remains. The need is for much more high quality data, not more debate based on imperfect evidence. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.