Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Classification of Diseases in Paddy using Deep Convolutional Neural Network

Paddy disease detection is decisive in the field of automatic pathogens diagnosis machine. Currently, Deep Con- volutional neural network typically examined the state-of-the art results in image classification. In this work, we proposed a novel DCNN model to identify previously known bacteria leaf blight, brown spot, leaf blast, leaf smut and narrow diseases in prior knowledge. A unique repository of data holds 1260 images of different diseases, 80% of data carried out for training and 20% for testing the samples. To add advantages to our model, we built our model using ADAM optimizer and conducted comparative research over SVM (support vector machine), KNN (K-Nearest neighbor) and ANN (Artificial Neural Network). The dataset given to the novel DCNN model with keras framework and achieved testing accuracy of 0.940 with less training error rate of 0.013. The interpretation outcome demonstrates that high level image classification accuracy with less error rate was achieved by novel DCNN model than traditional methods. Therefore, our model performs best for recognizing 5 paddy diseases and can be possibly implemented in day to day life application.
Fassinaite, Pb22+(S2O3)(CO3), the first mineral with coexisting thiosulphate and carbonate groups: description and crystal structure

Abstract Fassinaite, ideally Pb22+(S2O3)(CO3), is a new mineral from the Trentini mine, Mount Naro, Vicenza Province, Veneto, Italy (holotype locality). It is also reported from the Erasmus adit, Schwarzleo District, Leogang, Salzburg, Austria and the Friedrich-Christian mine, Schapbach, Black Forest, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (cotype localities). At the Italian type locality it occurs as acicular [010], colourless crystals up to 200 μm long, closely associated with galena, quartz and anglesite. At the Austrian cotype locality it is associated with cerussite, rare sulphur and very rare phosgenite. At the German cotype locality anglesite is the only associated phase. Fassinaite crystals commonly have flat chisel-shaped terminations. They are transparent with vitreous to adamantine lustre and a white streak. Fassinaite is brittle with an irregular fracture and nodiscernible cleavage; the estimated Mohs hardness is 1½-2. The calculated density for the type material is 6.084 g cm-3(on the basis of the empirical formula), whereas the X-ray density is 5.947 g cm-3. In common with other natural lead thiosulphates (i.e. sidpietersite and steverustite) fassinaite has intense internal reflections, which do not allow satisfactory optical data to be collected; the crystals are length-slow and have very high birefringence. The mineral is not fluorescent. Fassinaite is orthorhombic, space group Pnma, with unit-cell parameters (for the holotype material) a = 16.320(2),b = 8.7616(6), c = 4.5809(7) Å, V = 655.0(1) Å3, a:b:c = 1.863:1:0.523, Z = 4. Single-crystal structural studies were carried out on crystals from all three localities: R 1(F) values range between 0.0353 and 0.0596. The structure consists of rod-like arrangements of Pb-centred polyhedra that extend along the [010] direction. These 'rods' are linked, alternately, by (CO3)2- and (S2O3)2- groups. The (S2O3)2- groups point alternately left and right (in a projection on [001] with [010] set vertical) if the apex occupied by the S2- in the thiosulphate group is defined to be the atom giving the direction. The lead atoms are nine-coordinated by seven oxygen atoms and two sulphur (S2-) atoms. The eight strongest X-ray powder-diffraction lines [d in Å (I/I0 ) (hkl)] are: 4.410 (39) (101), 4.381 (59) (020), 4.080 (62) (400), 3.504 (75) (301), 3.108 (100) (121), 2.986 (82) (420), 2.952 (49) (221) and 2.736 (60) (321). Electron-microprobe analyses produce an empirical formula Pb2.01(1)(S1.82(2)O3)CO3 (on the basis of six oxygen atoms). The presence of both carbonate and thiosulphate groups was corroborated by Raman spectra, which are discussed in detail. Fassinaite is named after Bruno Fassina (b. 1943), an Italian mineral collector who discovered the mineral in 2009.
“We, three brothers have always known everything of each other”: A Cross-cultural Study of Sharing Digital Devices and Online Accounts

Abstract Although many technologies assume that a device or an account would be used by a single user, prior research has found that this assumption may not hold true in everyday life. Most studies conducted to date focused on sharing a device or account with the members in a household. However, there is a dearth in existing literature to understand the contexts of sharing devices and accounts, which may extend to a wide range of personal, social, and professional settings. Further, people’s sharing behavior could be impacted by their social background. To this end, our paper presents a qualitative study with 59 participants from three different countries: Bangladesh, Turkey, and USA, where we investigated the sharing of digital devices (e.g., computer, mobile phone) and online accounts, in particular, financial and identity accounts (e.g., email, social networking) in various contexts, and with different entities - not limited to the members in a household. Our study reveals users’ perceptions of risks while sharing a device or account, and their access control strategies to protect privacy and security. Based on our analysis, we shed light on the interplay between users’ sharing behavior and their demographics, social background, and cultural values. Taken together, our findings have broad implications that advance the PETS community’s situated understanding of sharing devices and accounts.
Negotiating the practicalities of informed consent in the field with children and young people: learning from social science researchers

The real-world navigation of ethics-in-practice versus the bureaucracy of institutional ethics remains challenging. This is especially true for research with children and young people who may be considered vulnerable by the policies and procedures of ethics committees but agentic by researchers. Greater transparency is needed about how this tension is navigated in practice to provide confidence and effective strategies for social researchers, including those new to the field, for negotiating informed consent. Twenty-three social science researchers with a range of experience were interviewed about their practices for gaining informed consent from children and young people in social research and the development of their ‘ethics in practice’ over time. Main themes focused on navigating ethics protocols within institutions, practices to prepare for data collection, and a critical evaluation of the resources that can be applied to gaining consent and managing relationships. A range of methods and concrete steps that address ethical challenges are outlined to illustrate what can be done in practice to achieve authentic consent and appropriate participation.
Precombustion CO2 Capture in Polymeric Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors Using Ionic Liquids: Porous Membrane versus Nonporous Composite Membrane

In the present work, membrane contactors using both porous and nonporous polymeric hollow fiber membranes with ionic liquids as absorbent were developed for precombustion CO2 capture at elevated temperature and pressures. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide [Bmim][TCM] was selected as the ILs absorbent. The compatibility and stability of six different polymeric membranes were evaluated, while the porous PTFE membrane and nonporous Teflon-PP composite membrane were considered to be the most suitable membranes for this application. Both membrane configurations were tested and showed comparable separation performances: CO2 flux values of 4.86 × 10–4 and 4.75 × 10–4 mol m–2 s–1 were obtained for the porous PTFE and nonporous Teflon-PP membrane contactor at 20 bar with a gas flow rate of 200 mL min–1, respectively. The Teflon-PP composite membrane exhibited better stability as compared to the porous PTFE membrane in a 14 day test.
P 2 0 1 5 ) 1 9 0 Lightening-like interactions in nuclear collisions at CERN large hadron collider

A simple basic model for describing proton-nucleus (p+A) and nucleus-nucleus (A+A) collisions has been the intra-nuclear cascade model, where the interactions are simulated by a sequence of binary nucleon-nucleon (NN) collisions. This model helped to establish many scientific concepts and also creates the foundation for more modern simulation codes, especially at low and intermediate energies. In this paper, we present a new Monte Carlo model for p+A and A+A collisions at high CERN Large Hadron collider energies. The model implements HIJING code with a collective cascade recipe, that induces lightening-like effect in a large nucleus. A single collision (lightening) event is shown to be a complex process: A primary interacting nucleon passes its energy to the surrounding nucleons in a large nucleus. This new simulation code is shown to be good to reproduce the Large Hadron collider (LHC) data, especially the charged particle pseudorapidity density in p+Pb and Pb+Pb collisions at LHC energies.
Impacts of Sanitation on Child Mortality and School Enrollment: A Country-Level Analysis

• Empirical analysis of sanitation, health, and education using countrylevel data suggests that sanitation improves child health, increases enrollment, and leads to higher girls’ participation in schools. • Governments should prioritize and focus on the construction of accessible toilets in poor areas and slums, where lack of sanitation exposes many children to various health risks. • Given that sanitation access improves school enrollment, especially among girls, building sanitation facilities require initiative from the households and school officials themselves, consistent support from local authorities, and designs that cater to girls’ needs. • Behavioral change campaigns and financial support schemes may help address structural constraints in household sanitation uptake. No. 2021-4 (July)
Disrupted PGR-B and ESR1 signaling underlies preconceptional defective decidualization linked to severe preeclampsia

Decidualization of the uterine mucosa drives the maternal adaptation to invasion by the placenta. Appropriate depth of placental invasion is needed to support a healthy pregnancy; shallow invasion is associated with the development of severe preeclampsia (sPE). Maternal contribution to sPE through failed decidualization is an important determinant of placental phenotype. However, the molecular mechanism underlaying the in vivo defect linking decidualization to sPE is unknown. Here, we discover the footprint encoding this decidualization defect comprising of 166 genes using global gene expression profiling in decidua from women who developed sPE in a previous pregnancy. This signature allowed us to effectively segregate samples into sPE and control groups. Estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and progesterone receptor B (PGR-B) were found highly interconnected with the dynamic network of defective decidualization fingerprint. ESR1 and PGR-B gene expression and protein abundance were remarkably disrupted in sPE. Thus, the transcriptomic signature of impaired decidualization implicates dysregulated hormonal signaling in the decidual endometria in women who developed sPE. These findings reveal a potential footprint that may be leverage for a preconception or early prenatal screening of sPE risk, thus improving prevention and early treatments.
Revisiting the impact of contract nonperformance risk on individuals' willingness to pay - Experimental evidence

An insurance contract may be nonperforming—resulting in a situation in which the insured might be worse off than without insurance since also losing the premium. This study revisits how contract nonperformance risk influences individuals’ willingness to pay (WTP) for insurance contracts. In an incentive-compatible laboratory experiment, subjects state their maximum WTP for different insurance contracts, which only differ in their inherent nonperformance risk. While the median WTP for no-default contracts is above the actuarially fair premium, both the mere existence of default risk and an increase in default risk decrease participants’ median WTP below the actuarially fair premia.
Making It Public: The Effect of (Private and Public) Wage Proposals on Efficiency and Income Distribution

The implications of (public or private) pre-play communication and information revelation in a labour relationship is not well understood. We address these implications theoretically and experimentally. In our baseline experiments, the employer offers a wage to the worker who may then accept or reject it. In the public and private treatment, workers, moving first, make a non-binding private or public wage proposal. Our theoretical model assumes that wage proposals convey information about a worker’s minimum acceptable wage and are misreported with a certain probability. It predicts that, on average, wage proposals lead to higher wage offers and acceptance rates, with the highest wages under private proposals. While both, public and private, proposals increase efficiency over the baseline, private proposals generate higher worker incomes. Broad support for the theoretical predictions is found in the laboratory experiments. Our work has important implications for recent policies promoting public information on wage negotiations. We find that while wage proposals promote higher wages, efficiency, and income equality, public information on wage negotiations is likely to benefit firms more than workers.
International Effects of Quantitative Easing and Foreign Reserve Accumulation

In this paper, I develop a two-country general equilibrium model with financial frictions to study the global consequences of quantitative easing (QE) and foreign exchange reserve accumulation. In the model, the key financial frictions are limited commitment and differential pledgeability of collateral, and due to these frictions, the scarcity of collateralizable assets matters. Financial intermediaries have differential and asymmetric pledgeability of assets as collateral and acquire different asset portfolios depending on their home country. QE can reduce long-term bond yields and term premia internationally and depreciate the relatively high-collateral-scarcity currency. Foreign reserve accumulation always depreciates the local currency, but it improves welfare globally if implemented by the high-collateral-scarcity country.
Did the MillerCoors Joint Venture Strengthen the Craft Beer Revolution?

In this paper, we study the effect of the MillerCoors joint venture on craft brewers in the United States. Using a detailed scanner data set, which covers 1,739 grocery stores located in 33 cities, we track the assortment and the market share of craft beers that were offered from 2001 until 2011. After separating the markets into two groups, most affected and least affected by the merger in terms of concentration, and using the synthetic control method, we find that the number of craft beers and their market share significantly increased after the event. In particular, assortment increased by 27.5% and revenue shares by 1 percentage point in the treatment group, relative to the synthetic control group. This shows that smaller firms were able to enter into highly concentrated markets, and that entry was stronger in the markets that were most affected by the consolidation of large firms.
Policy biases in a model with labor market frictions

We develop a model with labor-market matching frictions that is subject to a range of shocks, including shocks to matching efficiency and bargaining power, and use the model to examine how monetary policy should respond to such shocks. We show that optimal monetary policy is highly efficient at responding to these labor market shocks, producing outcomes that are close to the flex-price equilibrium. Moreover, this efficiency remains if monetary policy is conducted with discretion, indicating that time-inconsistency and forward-guidance are not central to the policy response. We also show that several popular simple rules are also effective at responding to these labor market shocks.
The Role of Beliefs in Asset Prices: Evidence from Exchange Rates

Motivated by evidence of systematic forecast errors by market participants and professional forecasters, we construct a model of exchange rate determination where investors each (1) receive noisy private signals about the future path of interest rate differentials between the US and other countries and (2) overestimate the persistence of interest rate differentials. Our model is able to explain the forward premium puzzle, a well-known failure of the uncovered interest rate parity condition implied by traditional models (UIP), in a manner consistent with the survey evidence, in addition to a number of additional puzzles that existing models have struggled to simultaneously explain. These include the initial underreaction and delayed overreaction of currencies in response to monetary news; positive short-horizon and negative long-horizon autocorrelations of currency excess returns; and the lower return predictability of interest rate differentials for UIP trades implemented with longer maturity bonds. Our model is also useful for understanding the strong relationship between survey-based measures of macroeconomic news and exchange rates despite the weak relationship between macroeconomic fundamentals and exchange rates, the persistence of subjective beliefs, and the seeming reversal of the failure of UIP in recent years. Our results highlight the important role that investors' beliefs may play in exchange rate behavior.
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES MACHINE LEARNING AND MOBILE PHONE DATA CAN IMPROVE THE TARGETING OF HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE

The COVID-19 pandemic has devastated many lowand middle-income countries, causing widespread food insecurity and a sharp decline in living standards. In response to this crisis, governments and humanitarian organizations worldwide have distributed social assistance to over 1.5 billion people. Targeting is a central challenge in administering these programs: given available data, how does one rapidly identify those with the greatest need? Here we show that data from mobile phone networks can improve the targeting of humanitarian assistance. Our approach uses traditional survey data to train machine-learning algorithms to recognize patterns of poverty in mobile phone data; the trained algorithms can then prioritize aid to the poorest mobile subscribers. We evaluate this approach by studying Togo’s flagship emergency cash transfer program, which used these algorithms to disburse millions of dollars in COVID-19 relief aid. Our analysis compares outcomes – including exclusion errors, total social welfare, and measures of fairness – under different targeting regimes. Relative to the geographic targeting options considered by the Government of Togo, the machine learning approach reduces errors of exclusion by 4-21%. Relative to methods requiring a comprehensive social registry (a hypothetical exercise; no such registry exists in Togo), the machine learning approach increases exclusion errors by 9-35%. These results highlight the potential for new data sources to complement traditional methods for targeting humanitarian assistance, particularly in crisis settings when traditional data are missing or out of date. Emily Aiken 102 South Hall University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 USA emilyaiken@berkeley.edu Suzanne Bellue University of Mannheim sbellue@mail.uni-mannheim.de Dean Karlan Kellogg Global Hub Northwestern University 2211 Campus Drive Evanston, IL 60208 and CEPR and also NBER dean.karlan@gmail.com Christopher R. Udry Northwestern University Department of Economics Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences 2211 Campus Drive #3247 Evanston, IL 60208 and NBER christopher.udry@northwestern.edu Joshua Blumenstock School of Information 102 South Hall University of California, Berkeley jblumenstock@berkeley.edu
The Real Explanation of Nominal Bond-Stock Puzzles

We present evidence that the mix of transitory and permanent shocks to consumption is changing over time. We study the implications of this finding for asset prices. The uncovered dynamics of consumption implies modestly upward sloping real bond and equity curves, upward sloping nominal yield curve, and sign-switching correlation between equities and bonds consistent with the stylized facts. This is achieved without relying on the nominal channel too much. That is, as in the data, the variation of inflation in the model is under 40% as a fraction of variation in nominal yields. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber. org.
Bank interest rate margins in a negative interest rate environment

This paper studies the impact of the negative interest rate policy (NIRP) on euro area banks’ interest rate margins, using bank-individual data for the 2007-2019 period. An important extension to other studies is our breakdown of banks’ interest rate margin into a funding and lending component. Because of banks’ reluctance to reduce the interest rate on household deposits below zero, the funding margin of banks more reliant on deposit funding has declined compared to that of other banks. Our evidence shows that these banks have been unwilling or unable to compensate this by boosting their lending margins. Therefore, negative rates have significantly reduced the overall net interest margin of deposit-dependent banks compared to other banks.
Optimal Bank Contributions and Household Risk-Aversion

We study bank contributions that ex ante fund government guarantees supported by a fiscal backstop in a general equilibrium setting where banks intermediate between risk-averse households and state-contingent investments. We offer an analytical characterization of optimal bank contributions as a function of household risk-aversion and guarantees. Showing that higher risk-aversion expedites the way bank contributions internalize guarantees' boost of household risk-taking, we establish a non-trivial relationship between optimal bank contributions and household risk-aversion: Higher risk-aversion optimally induces higher contributions when guarantees exceed a threshold; otherwise, higher contributions shall be observed in economies with less risk-averse households.
Impact Assessment and Clients’ Feedback towards MATHEMATICS Project Implementation

[enter Abstract Body]The Western Philippines University – College of Education’s Project MATHEMATICS (Mathematics Enhanced Mentoring, Assistance, and Training to In-need and Challenged Students) was implemented as part of the Adopt-a-School Program to address the mathematical needs of Laura Vicuña Center – Palawan youths. To evaluate the extent of the project implementation, the study assessed its impact through the feedback gathered from the clients served. It specifically described the quality of project implementation, determined the attainment of project objectives, and enumerated client feedback. A concurrent triangulation mixed-method research design was used with 32 clientele samples selected purposively. The study utilized a survey, problem set test, and focus-grouped interview to obtain data pertinent to the study’s objectives. The findings revealed an aspirational quality of the implemented project, improved mathematical performance, and the client’s desire for ongoing mentoring. The implications and limitations of the study are discussed, along with recommendations for future extension projects, monitoring and evaluation, and re-planning activities.