Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of twin row system and levels of nitrogen on yield and economics of rabi maize (Zea mays L.)

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of the year 2017-18 at College Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand to study yield and economics of rabi maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by twin row system and levels of nitrogen. The experiment consisted of twelve treatment combinations comprised of three row systems viz., R1: 30-45 cm x 20 cm (twin row system), R2: 30-60 cm x 20 cm (twin row system) and R3: 60 cm x 20 cm (conventional row system) relegated to main plot and four levels of nitrogen viz., N1: 80 kg N/ha, N2: 100 kg N/ha, N3: 120 kg N/ha and N4: 140 kg N/ha allotted to sub plot tested under Split Plot Design (SPT) with four replications. The results revealed that cob length and number of grains/cob was recorded higher under conventional row system of 60 cm x 20 cm while higher cob girth under twin row system of 30-60 cm x 20 cm. Twin row system of 30-60 cm x 20 cm recorded significantly higher grain yield. Among the levels of nitrogen, application of 140 kg N/ha resulted in increased length and girth of cob, number of grains/cob and protein content and thereby yields. Twin row system of 30-60 cm x 20 cm and fertilized with 140 kg N/ha fetched the highest net realization of ₹ 73233 /ha with maximum benefit cost ratio of 3.31 followed by twin row system of 30-60 cm x 20 cm and fertilized with 120 kg N/ha. While conventional row system of 60 cm x 20 cm and fertilized with 80 kg N/ha recorded minimum net realization of ₹ 37039/ha with benefit cost ratio of 2.21.
Leaf Anatomical Structure in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Mutants Deficient in Photoreceptors

Light is one of the major environmental factors affecting plants growth and development. For the reception of light signals, photoreceptors are used, activating complex signaling pathways which modulate plant’s life strategy. The isolation of individual or multiple photoreceptor-deficient plant mutants provided valuable insights into photoreceptors functions, including the effects on plant architecture. However, available information on the leafanatomy in such mutants is very limited. Here, we characterized leaf anatomical structure of model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Individual mutants deficient in phytochromes, cryptochromes, and phototropin were compared to the wild type control variant. We analyzed the patterns of distribution of different tissues and vascular bundles in the leaves and calculated the total leaf areas, vascular bundles and individual tissues areas, as well as leaves thickness. The results indicated asignificant increase in tissue areas in the mutantscry1 and phot1, while in phyB mutants, the leaf lamina was slightly underdeveloped and smaller than that of the control Lervariant.In cry2mutant, leaf area increased slightly, and in phyA somewhat larger leaves exhibited less developed central vascular bundle. Thus, the deficiency in blue or red light perceiving receptors might have an effect on the leaf structure in Arabidopsis thaliana, which is consistent with the previous observations reported elsewhere.
Quantifying carbon and amphibian co‐benefits from secondary forest regeneration in the Tropical Andes

Tropical land‐use change is a key driver of global declines in biodiversity and a major source of anthropogenic carbon emissions, yet there is a substantial shortfall in the funding available to tackle these issues. We urgently need mechanisms that can simultaneously tackle both biodiversity and carbon losses, with carbon‐based payments for ecosystem services (e.g. REDD+) of particular interest. A critical question is whether such payments offer strong carbon–biodiversity co‐benefits via the regrowth of forests on abandoned farmlands (carbon enhancements) for amphibians, which are the most threatened vertebrate group and reach the greatest richness of threatened and small‐ranged species in the montane tropics (>1000 m a.s.l.). Here, we study changes in amphibian communities across a typical Andean habitat transition from cattle pasture through secondary forests (8–35 years) to primary forest. As secondary forests mature, they recovered the abundance, species richness, species composition and Red‐listed (near threatened and threatened) species typically found in primary forest. By contrast, cattle pasture contained much lower richness of Red‐listed species and a different species composition compared to forest. We then reveal positive relationships between carbon stocks and amphibian species richness and abundance, Red‐listed species richness and abundance and the similarity of communities to primary forests, confirming significant carbon–biodiversity co‐benefits. Our results underscore the high conservation value of secondary forests and the strong potential for carbon and biodiversity recovery. Using carbon‐based funding initiatives to support the regrowth of forests on marginal agricultural land is therefore likely to conserve threatened biodiversity in the Tropical Andes.
INBREEDING AND PREREPRODUCTIVE MORTALITY IN THE OLD ORDER AMISH. II. GENEALOGIC EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PREREPRODUCTIVE MORTALITY

The effects of offspring and parental inbreeding on prereproductive mortality (death before age 20 years) in the historical population of the Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Old Order Amish were investigated using the Amish genealogic registry, which contains information on 42,465 births dating to the time of the pioneer migrants in the 1700s. Inbreeding coefficients for offspring and parents were computed using the path method of tracing common ancestors in the multigenerational pedigrees. In this population, prereproductive mortality declined from about 15% in the late 1800s to about 5% after 1930. Offspring inbreeding was found to be an independent predictor of prereproductive mortality after multivariate adjustment for demographic risk factors for mortality. Moreover, the higher the coefficient, the higher the relative risk of prereproductive death, and the higher the risk of multiple deaths in the same sibship. There was no evidence of declining inbreeding effects over 10 generations of continuous inbreeding, nor of any significant parental inbreeding effects. Because of the high levels of inbreeding, it could be shown that inbreeding accounts for about 40% of all prereproductive deaths in the present population. Genetic load analysis showed an average of about 1.7 lethal equivalents and a mostly mutational load.
Histomorphological study of spleen in post – hatched Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica)

The present research was conducted to study age wise histomorphological changes in spleen of posthatched Japanese quail of one to four week of age. The spleen was ensheathed by connective tissue capsule of uneven thickness and was composed of unequally distributed collagen, reticular and elastic fibres with few muscle cells. The thickness of capsule, distribution and arrangement of splenic capsular components varied with the advancement of age. Connective tissue trabeculae were poorly developed in all age group of birds. Splenic parenchyma was composed of indistinctly demarcated white pulp and red pulp in the network of reticular cells and reticular fibres. In all age group of birds, the tissues of white pulp was diffusely scattered and was associated with parenchyamal vasculature. The white pulp was subdivided in to periarterial lymphatic tissue, perivenous lymphatic tissue, peroiellipsoidal lymphatic tissue and ellipsoids. The sizes of periarterial lymphatic tissue and perivenous lymphatic tissue increase with the age. Ellipsoids were round to oval structures composed of one to five concentric layers of reticular cells with few lymphocytes in network of reticular and collagen fibres around the penicillar capillaries. Age wise progressive increase in the number of macrophages was recorded in the periellipsoidal lymphatic tissue. The red pulp was less capacious at all stages of age and composed of cords and sinuses in the network of reticular cells and fibres.
Isolation of lactobacillus species from gastrointestinal tract of gift tilapa (Oreochromis nloticus) as potential probiotics

Genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is the food fish of 21st century; it can grow in marine as well as freshwater environments and omnivorous fish. The culture practice of tilapia is providing nutritional and income security to small scale farmers all over the world. Current study was designed to isolate lactobacillus species from gastrointestinal tract of GIFT tilapia (O. niloticus) as potential probiotic. The whole gut of GIFT tilapia fingerlings was taken for the study on MRS agar. Three colonies were isolated on the basis of colony morphology similar to lactobacillus which was further conformed by biochemical test like catalase negative and endospore forming bacteria were identified as lactobacillus species. For probiotic potential enzymatic activity index was measured for two selected colonies C: 2 showed the lipase activity 7mm; while C: 5.6mm. For protease activity C: 2 and C: 3 showed 8 and 7.5mm respectively. Both the colonies were amylase negative. The findings of the study indicate that the gastrointestinal tract of GIFT tilapia (O. niloticus) contains lactobacillus species, which helps in utilization of feed protein and lipids.
Ethical Brand Perceptions and Their Impact on Brand Loyalty and Brand Choice Intentions: Mediating Role of Emotional Brand Attachment Etik Marka Algıları ve Marka Sadakati ile Marka Seçim Yönelimi üzerindeki Etkileri: Duygusal Marka Bağlılığının

In recent decades, with the technological advancements available to customers, companies’ actions are more transparent than ever and customers are aware of companies that does not meet society’s moral and ethical values. Those companies are heavily criticized and even boycotted unless they do take corporate actions to address their unethical practices, whether it is labor rights, work conditions, child labor, low and unequal pay or others. Nike, a global sportswear corporation, has suffered from claims regards unethical practices in their subcontracted factories in third world countries since 1970ties, and has implemented several programs and actions at corporate level to address those ethical issues. This study looks at whether after investments and corporate programs dedicated to improve Nikes ethical image, customers do perceive Nike as ethical brand. Moreover, it also investigates the relationship ethical brand perceptions have on emotional brand attachment, as well as brand loyalty and brand choice intentions, and looks at mediating role of emotional brand attachment in ethical brand perceptions and brand loyalty and brand choice intentions relationship. The study was quantitative in its nature, and was conducted on 400 international students studying in universities in Northern Cyprus, and obtained data was analyzed using PLS-SEM. The study results reveal that ethical brand perceptions does have a positive effect on emotional brand attachment, as well as brand loyalty. In contrast, ethical brand perceptions does not impact brand choice intentions, as students are known to be impulse buyers that quickly switch to other brands. Emotional brand attachment does positively relate to brand loyalty and brand choice intentions, and also is a mediator in ethical brand perceptions and brand loyalty and brand choice intentions relationship. The results are discussed and implications drawn from the findings of the study.
Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy as an adjunct diagnostic tool in the Danish lung cancer diagnostic pathway: an initial retrospective single centre series

Background The performance of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) is reported with substantial variation, which may question its clinical usefulness. However, ENB may hold its true value when used as an additional minimal invasive diagnostic option before potential surgery in selected diagnostically challenging patients where traditional diagnostic methods have failed. We evaluated the safety and performance of ENB when used as an adjunct diagnostic tool in the Danish lung cancer diagnostic pathway (DLCDP) and its ability to reduce surgical diagnostic procedures. Methods A retrospective study was performed on eighty-two consecutive patients at Odense University Hospital from June 2016 to March 2018 with diagnostically challenging pulmonary lesions referred for ENB as an adjunct diagnostic procedure under the DLCDP. Patients with benign or inconclusive ENB pathology were either referred for further biopsies, surgery or repeated computer tomography (CT) scans for surveillance purposes. Results Eighty-one ENB procedures were performed in 80 patients. In 87.7% of the cases previous diagnostic methods had been unsuccessful. The mean target diameter was 1.55 cm and the average follow-up duration was 11 months. The diagnostic accuracy was 75%, while the diagnostic yield/sensitivity, negative predictive value and negative likelihood ratio was 51%, 67% and 0.49, respectively. No pneumothoraces and only one intrapulmonary haemorrhage was recorded, which was managed conservatively. The learning curve revealed an increase in diagnostic accuracy from 67.5% to 82.9% when comparing the first 40 ENB procedures with the last 41 procedures, however, this was not statistically significant (p-value: 0.11). Conclusions ENB was found to be a safe procedure with an acceptable diagnostic accuracy and yield in highly selected diagnostically challenging patients. The introduction of ENB carried a notable learning curve but proved to be a valuable adjunct diagnostic option in the DLCDP, which may help to reduce the number of potentially unnecessary or harmful surgical procedures in frail patients.
Melting, dehydration and the geochemistry of

We present results from a series of two-dimensional numerical experiments in which synthetic melt compositions are calculated for a system in which a thermally buoyant, off-axis mantle plume interacts with a nearby ridge axis. Spatial gradients in synthetic melt properties are compared to observed spatial gradients in geochemistry from the Easter – Salas y Gomez system in an effort to constrain the dynamics of mantle flow in off-axis plume-ridge systems. Results indicate that observed gradients in isotope ratios between the ridge axis and the plume require significant heating of the ambient mantle adjacent to the plume. This heating allows ambient mantle to melt off-axis, but also attenuates the flow from the plume to the ridge. When increases in viscosity due to dehydration during melting are considered, spatial gradients in the geochemical properties of synthetic melts become extremely sharp, at odds with the observational data. This may indicate that viscosity increases due to dehydration are not significant in off-axis plume-ridge systems.
An egophoric analysis of Dhivehi verbal morphology

Egophoricity is a typologically rare category in which first-person statements and second-person questions share the same marking (“egophoric”), while other contexts generally lack this marking. This chapter presents evidence that certain verbal suffixes in Dhivehi (Indo-Aryan, Maldives) mostly show an egophoric distribution, contrary to previous analyses of these suffixes as first/second person markers. Dhivehi is thus the first Indo-European language reported to show an egophoric pattern. Aside from the distribution of the relevant suffixes in first-person statements and second-person questions, further evidence for an egophoric analysis may be found in contexts where a third-person nominal subject refers to the speaker or addressee ‒ in these contexts the appearance of the relevant suffixes is more consistent with egophoricity than person marking. However, egophoricity in Dhivehi is restricted to finite, volitional stems in certain tenses/aspects/moods, and some relics of an older person-marking system survive. Finally, it is proposed that egophoricity in Dhivehi may have developed from a reanalysis of person markers in reported speech, in a process similar to that described by Widmer & Zemp (2017) for certain Tibeto-Burman languages.
Plantas de cobertura de invierno suprimen malezas y proveen N al maíz cultivado en sucesión

Cover crops (CC) and crop rotation are key components of a sustainable crop production system. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the effect of winter CC on nitrogen (N) supply to the subsequent maize crop, and to (ii) evaluate the effect of CC on soil cover and weed population. Three winter CC were evaluated: black oat (BO) (Avena strigosa Schieb), white lupin (WL) (Lupinus albus), and oilseed radish (OR) (Raphanus sativus L.), as single species and in a mix. The three CC mixes included: BO+WL; BO+OR; and OR+WL. In addition to CC treatments a set of five N application rates (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg N ha) were included on plots under winter fallow (WF). The winter CC supplied plant-available N to the subsequent maize crop varying from 25 to 53 kg N ha with BO and WL, respectively. The mix of CC varied less in N supply (38-42 kg N ha). Soil cover and weed suppression varied between CC. The results suggest that BO can be used to attain rapid soil cover. Black oats also provided better soil cover after CC flattening, likely due to the higher C:N ratio and slower residue decomposition. The higher C:N ratio may result in some N immobilization and reduced plant available N to the maize crop. However, BO also showed great weed suppression. Mixing CC is an alternative to merge the benefits of the individual species, enhancing the overall ecosystem services provided by them.
Relative population sizes and trends, and hybridization of fur seals Arctocephalus tropicalis and A. gazella at the Prince Edward Islands, Southern Ocean

Fur seals were counted at the Prince Edward Islands during the 1981/1982 austral summer. Classified counts, adjusted for pup undercounting and mortality, pregnancy rate and seasonal haul-out patterns, of Arctocephalus tropicalis and A. gazella are presented. These populations have entered a phase of rapid growth, as indicated by higher rates of population growth than previously found. The possible role of A. gazella immigration is unknown. There has been an increase in the number of breeding localities used by both species. At present the extent of hybridization between these two species appears limited, possibly by behavioural, ecological and genetic processes.
Calcium, Calmodulin and the Control of Respiration in Protoplasts Isolated from Meristematic Tissues by Abscisic Acid

Owen, J. H. , Hetherington, A. M. and Wellburn, A. R. 1987. Calcium, calmodulin and the control of respiration in protoplasts isolated from meristematic tissues by abscisic acid. —J. exp. Bot. 38: 1356-1361. A study was made of the possible involvement of calcium channels and calmodulin during the calcium-dependent inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by abscisic acid (ABA) in meristematic protoplasts obtained from light-grown barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Patty) seedlings. The calcium channel blockers lanthanum, verapamil and nifedipine were all found to reduce the Ca2 +-dependent inhibition of protoplast respiration by ABA. The ionophore A23187 itself caused an inhibition of protoplast respiration, possibly because it mimicked the action of ABA by increasing plasmalemma permeability to extracellular calcium. By contrast, calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine and compound 48/80 both caused a partial decrease in the Ca2 +-dependent inhibition of protoplast respiration by ABA. In contrast to the action of ABA, gibberellic acid markedly increased the rates of protoplast respiration but this did not appear to require the presence of extracellular calcium ions. These results support the hypothesis that ABA increases plasmalemma permeability to extracellular calcium which might then directly or indirectly act as a second messenger, possibly in conjunction with calmodulin, to regulate mitochondrial dark respiration which is an important part of early meristematic cell development.
EMMA: Danish Natural-Language Processing of Emotion in Text

Sentiment analysis (SA) is the research and development field of computationally analysing emotion in text. One usage example of SA could be to track the sentiment of a company’s mentions on Twitter or to analyse a book’s positivity level. In this paper, we attempt to add to this work in two ways. First, we further develop the current tool Sentida (Lauridsen et al., 2019), which was originally developed to score valence in text. Valence is the amount of positivity in a text, e.g. a review. Our new version has a higher awareness of punctuation and syntax compared to the earlier version and shows significant improvement in classifying valence compared to the previous version in three different validation datasets (p < 0.01). Second, we develop a test dataset which future developers of SA can use called Emma (Emotional Multidimensional Analysis). In Emma, we supplement the dimension valence with a further three emotional dimensions: Intensity, dominance, and utility in a dataset of sentences scored by human coders on these four dimensions. The emotional dimensions are based on cognitive psychology work throughout the last 65 years. With Emma, we present both a more reliable validation dataset and the possibility of further improving the Danish SA field by using the dataset to train a neural network with machine learning for analysing more complex emotions in text. The current standard is the 1-dimensional classification of positivity in text, but with this approach, we allow for a classification in the four dimensions of the Emma dataset that reveals much more complex emotions in texts. To allow others to work with Sentida and Emma, we help update the currently available Sentida optimized for Python and publish Emma on Github.
Determination of compounds in Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. bark and its fermentation products via headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry

The flavor fingerprint of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. bark (EUb) and its fermentation product were investigated, and volatile compounds were analyzed using headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) combined with partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA). A total of 71 peaks were identified, of which 51 target compounds were characterized, including alcohols, aldehydes, acids, and esters. The gallery plot contained 186 signal peaks. The results indicate there were significant differences in the volatile constituents of the three edible fungi. Furthermore, EUb also had its own unique composition of volatile components, and after fermentation with different edible fungi, the volatile components in the product changed significantly compared to the raw materials. A PLS-DA was performed based on the signal intensity of the target volatile compounds obtained; the results clearly showed that the samples (edible fungi, EUb, and different fermentation products) in a relatively independent space were well distinguished. This further illustrated that the composition and content of volatile components from EUb were significantly changed by microorganisms through bio-fermentation. Combining the signal intensity of the flavor substance, the difference between the different fermentation products was also clearly observed, and the flavor compound’s fingerprint was established by HS-GC-IMS and PLS-DA methods.