Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimum soak time of tuna longline gear in the Indian Ocean 1

Based on the data collected in the tuna longline survey from September 2005 to December 2005 in the Indian Ocean, the calculation models of soak time for every branch line were built by two modes of hook retrieval in this study. The soak time of hook is divided into one hour interval for the quantity of hooks and the individuals of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacores), respectively. The respective catch rates (CPUEs) of bigeye tuna and yellowfin tuna in each hour interval were calculated. The results showed that (1) both CPUE of bigeye tuna and yellowfin tuna presented increasing at first and then decreasing trend along the increase of soak time; (2) the quadratic curves can be used to fit the relationships between soak time and the CPUEs of bigeye tuna, and yellowfin tuna; (3) the CPUEs of bigeye tuna and yellowfin tuna has been the highest when soak time were from 11.5 to 12.5h and from 10.5h to 11.5h, respectively. This study suggests that (1) the soak time of branch lines should last for about 10.5~12.5h in the tuna longline operation to improve fishing efficiency and reduce bycatch; (2) the soak time of the longline gear could be considered as the effective fishing effort and used to standardize CPUE.
Digital Commons @ University of South Florida Digital Commons @ University of South Florida

Kyphoplasty (KP) and vertebroplasty (VP) have been successfully employed for many years for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures. The purpose of this review is to resolve the controversial issues raised by the two randomized trials that claimed no difference between VP and SHAM procedure. In particular we compare nonsurgical management (NSM) and KP and VP, in terms of clinical parameters (pain, disability, quality of life, and new fractures), cost-effectiveness, radiological variables (kyphosis correction and vertebral height restoration), and VP versus KP for cement extravasation and complications profile. Cement types and optimal filling are analyzed and technological innovations are presented. Finally unipedicular/bipedicular techniques are compared. Conclusion . VP and KP are superior to NSM in clinical and radiological parameters and probably more cost-effective. KP is superior to VP in sagittal balance improvement and cement leaking. Complications are rare but serious adverse events have been described, so caution should be exerted. Unilateral procedures should be pursued whenever feasible. Upcoming randomized trials (CEEP, OSTEO-6, STIC-2, and VERTOS IV) will provide the missing link.
Famines in the Nordic countries, AD 536 - 1875

The first part of this paper aims at identifying the timing of famines in the Nordic countries since the middle ages. This is done by using qualitative famine reports from the literature since quantitative data on famines are scarce or non-existent, at least before the early modern period. We supplement the reports with climate data and price data. Our survey indicates that widespread famine was always a rare occurrence in the Nordic countries, despite frequent crop failures. The second part studies the regional famine pattern and its demographic characteristics in Sweden 1750–1910. This part is based on demographic data on parish level from the official statistics and price data. We identify two periods of excess mortality: the last major famine in Sweden in the early 1770s and the excess mortality in 1809 due to epidemic outbreaks. Examining the age-specific mortality and seasonality pattern in these two years of mortality crises in Sweden we show a highly similar pattern explained by similar causes of death being involved: dysentery and typhus. All age groups were affected during the crisis, but children over the age of one were hardest hit. Mortality was highest during the summer and early fall as epidemics spread rapidly through water and food. Thus, while Nordic people clearly were vulnerable to economic fluctuations, conditions rarely deteriorated to famine levels, which can be explained as a combination of a reasonably well-functioning market, a diversified economy, a population density in line with resource availability and the absence of serious political or war-related conditions conducive to famine.
A study on the processes that cause extreme precipitation on the west coast of Norway

The purpose of this thesis was to get a deeper understanding of extreme daily precipitation events on the west coast of Norway. To examine the extreme precipitation on the west coast of Norway, daily precipitation events are investigated by using observations from 114 stations in the time period 1961-2009. The main focus is given to three of the 50 most extreme daily precipitation events; one winter, one spring and one fall event. By using the Weather Research Forecast model and by changing the sea surface temperature, changes in pattern and intensity for the three events are investigated. Parameters such as daily precipitation, specific humidity, relative humidity, vertical velocity and static stability are used to validate the findings. A general shift in the distribution of the daily precipitation is seen for both the winter and fall events, where the combination of vertical velocity and relative humidity seems to be the largest contributors. The change in intensity of daily precipitation differs greatly between the events, with over 20% increase for the spring event and under 5% for the fall event. Static stability combined with relative humidity can explain the different responses in the intensity for the three events. Two simple methods for calculating theoretical precipitation are introduced, but the change in both intensity and distribution makes it difficult for the two methods to produce good predictions of individual extreme daily precipitation events. By introducing thresholds for parameters such as relative humidity, time delay for hydrometeor production and fall speed of the precipitation in the simple methods, more accurate presentation of the daily precipitation may be produced.
Northern hemispheric interdecadal variability : A coupled air-sea mode

A coupled air‐sea mode in the Northern Hemisphere with a period of about 35 years is described. The mode was derived from a multicentury integration with a coupled ocean‐atmosphere general circulation model and involves interactions of the thermohaline circulation with the atmosphere in the North Atlantic and interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere in the North Pacific. The authors focus on the physics of the North Atlantic interdecadal variability. If, for instance, the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation is anomalously strong, the ocean is covered by positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. The atmospheric response to these SST anomalies involves a strengthened North Atlantic Oscillation, which leads to anomalously weak evaporation and Ekman transport off Newfoundland and in the Greenland Sea, and the generation of negative sea surface salinity (SSS) anomalies. These SSS anomalies weaken the deep convection in the oceanic sinking regions and subsequently the strength of the thermohaline circulation. This leads to a reduced poleward heat transport and the formation of negative SST anomalies, which completes the phase reversal. The Atlantic and Pacific Oceans seem to be coupled via an atmospheric teleconnection pattern and the interdecadal Northern Hemispheric climate mode is interpreted as an inherently coupled air‐sea mode. Furthermore, the origin of the Northern Hemispheric warming observed recently is investigated. The observed temperatures are compared to a characteristic warming pattern derived from a greenhouse warming simulation with the authors’ coupled general circulation model and also with the Northern Hemispheric temperature pattern associated with the 35-yr climate mode. It is shown that the recent Northern Hemispheric warming projects well onto the temperature pattern of the interdecadal mode under consideration.
Simulating the global atmospheric black carbon cycle: a revisit to the contribution of aircraft emissions

Abstract. The black carbon (BC) burden of the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere (UTLS) is investigated with the general circulation model (GCM) ECHAM4. The special focus is the contribution of aircraft emissions to the UTLS BC loading. Previous studies on the role of aircraft emissions in the global BC cycle either neglect BC sources located at the Earth's surface or simplify the BC cycle by assuming pre-defined BC residence times. Here, the global BC cycle including emissions, transport, and removal is explicitly simulated. The BC emissions considered include surface sources as well as BC from aviation. This enables a consistent calculation of the relative contribution of aviation to the global atmospheric BC cycle. As a further extension to the previous studies, the aviation-induced perturbation of the UTLS BC particle number concentration is investigated. The uncertainties associated with the model predictions are evaluated by means of several sensitivity studies. Especially, the sensitivity of the results to different assumptions on the BC hygroscopic properties is analysed. The simulated UTLS BC concentrations are compared to in-situ observations. The simulations suggest that the large-scale contribution of aviation to the UTLS BC mass budget typically amounts to only a few percent, even in the most frequented flight regions. The aviation impact far away from these regions is negligible. The simulated aircraft contributions to the UTLS BC particle number concentration are much larger compared to the corresponding mass perturbations. The simulations suggest that aviation can cause large-scale increases in the UTLS BC particle number concentration of more than 30% in regions highly frequented by aircraft. The relative effect shows a pronounced annual variation with the largest relative aviation impact occurring during winter.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions Interactive comment on “ Chemistry , transport and dry deposition of trace gases in the boundary layer over the tropical Atlantic Ocean and the Guyanas during the GABRIEL field campaign ”

This paper describes efforts to model observations of CO, HCHO, H2O2, and organic peroxides made over the tropical Atlantic ocean and rainforests of the Guyanas in South America. The scientific focus is to determine the physical and chemical factors that control the mixing ratios of these species both over the ocean and the rainforest ecosystem. A Lagrangian chemical model and a steady-state box model are used to assess the importance of exchange between the boundary layer and free troposphere,
One year boundary layer aerosol size distribution data from five nordic background stations

Size distribution measurements performed at five different stations have been investigated during a one-year period between 01 June 2000 and 31 May 2001 with focus on diurnal, seasonal and geographical differences of size distribution properties. The stations involved cover a large geographical area ranging from the Finnish Lapland (67o N) down to southern Sweden (56o N) in the order Varrio, Pallas, Hyytiala, Aspvreten and Vavihill. The shape of the size distribution is typically bimodal during winter with a larger fraction of accumulation mode particles compared to the other seasons. Highest Aitken mode concentration is found during summer and spring during the year of study. The maximum of nucleation events occur during the spring months at all stations. Nucleation events occur during other months as well, although not as frequently. Large differences were found between different categories of stations. Northerly located stations such as Pallas and Varrio presented well-separated Aitken and accumulation modes, while the two modes often overlap significantly at the two southernmost stations Vavihill and Aspvreten. A method to cluster trajectories was used to analyse the impact of long-range transport on the observed aerosol properties. Clusters of trajectories arriving from the continent were clearly associated with size distributions shifted towards the accumulation mode. This feature was more pronounced the further south the station was located. Marine- or Arctic-type clusters were associated with large variability in the nuclei size ranges. A quasi-lagrangian approach was used to investigate transport related changes in the aerosol properties. Typically, an increase in especially Aitken mode concentrations was observed when advection from the north occurs, i.e. allowing more continental influence on the aerosol when comparing the different measurement sites. When trajectory clusters arrive to the stations from SW, a gradual decrease in number concentration is experienced in all modes as latitude of measurement site increases.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions Interactive comment on “ Observationally derived transport diagnostics for the lowermost stratosphere and their application to the GMI chemistry and transport model ” by

This paper presents several very interesting diagnostics for a comprehensive process-oriented validation of CCMs and CTMs in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) and their application to the GMI CTM. It hence is a valuable contribution to ongoing validation activities within the different communities (e.g. QUANTIFY or CCMVal). However, the presentation and discussion of some diagnostics should be improved following the comments and suggestions below before I can recommend final publication in ACP.
Modelling of the photooxidation of toluene : conceptual ideas for validating detailed mechanisms

Modelling of the photooxidation of toluene: conceptual ideas for validating detailed mechanisms V. Wagner, M. E. Jenkin, S. M. Saunders, J. Stanton, K. Wirtz, and M. J. Pilling School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K. Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, U.K. Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterraneo, C. Charles R. Darwin 14, 46980 Paterna, Spain Present address: School of Earth and Geographical Science, University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia Received: 3 July 2002 – Accepted: 5 August 2002 – Published: 30 August 2002 Correspondence to: V. Wagner (v.wagner@chem.leeds.ac.uk)
An attitude and perception study of wireless network usage in home environments

Research on the use of 802.11 wireless networking and wireless security has in the past focused predominantly on corporations who generally have access to resources specifically allocated to computer and network security. Research has also focused on identifying the flaws in wireless network security, and developing stronger and safer methods which may be incorporated. To date there has been a lack of research into determining what the individual at home perceives towards wireless security. As broadband Internet connections are now predominantly chosen, the amount of available bandwidth open to exploitation is significantly higher than the now becoming obsolete dialup connection. The numerous researched yet unpublicised wireless network threats, is leaving an unaware individual vulnerable to various, easy to administer attacks which may result in identity theft or significant monetary loses. To develop solutions aimed at protecting the home individual utilising 802.11 wireless networks, information needs to be collected on what individuals already know and perceive. Hence the scope of this study was to analyse the attitudes and perceptions individuals have towards wireless security. Utilising a quantitative online survey instrument the study was directed to those who specifically had an Internet connection and had enabled an 802.11a\b\g standard wireless network. Over the course of 21 days the online survey instrument had been completed by 163 anonymous respondents who volunteered to complete the questionnaire consisting of 29 questions. The majority of respondents had utilised a broadband connection leaving a large amount of bandwidth available for exploitation. The results indicate that respondents are well aware ofthe basics of wireless networking. However, when confronted with specifics of wireless security (utilised authentication and encryption) their perception was not valid. The proactive behaviour respondents had towards wireless security varied and were dependant upon their level of concern and experience in wireless networking.
Estimation of leaf water potential by thermographic and spectral measurements in grapevine

1 . ; DI FILIPPO M 1 . ABSTRACT Leaf water potential (ΨL) is a useful variable for the water status assessment of crops. The pressure chamber is the current method for its measurement, but has the disadvantage of being too slow and impractical when to asses an important number of plants becomes necessary, as required in Precision Viticulture. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate alternative methods for estimating ΨL, using remote sensors. One of these methods was based on spectral reflectance. This is a non destructive, quick and efficient method. Nevertheless, this technique requires statistical analysis in order to estimate the needed variables. In this study, two analyses were tested. On one side, we calculated indices from spectral values, and on the other side, we tested the Partial Least Squares analysis (PLS). The other tested method was based on Thermography. Canopy tempe- rature (TC) is known to be related to water status. In this case, images of the canopy of the vineyard were taken, and the temperatures of each point of the assessed area were recorded. Two regression models derived from the thermographic data. One of these models was a simple regression with TC vs. ΨL; and the other was a multiple regression, including temperature, the reflectance indices NDVI (R900-R680/R900+R680) and WI (R900/R970). The assessment took place in a Malbec vineyard, in Mendoza, Argentina. Reflectance was mea- sured during the morning and ΨL at noon, just at the same time as the images were taken. By PLS, using re- flectances from 325 to 1075 nm, ΨL could be estimated. With simple and multiple regressions the following equations were obtained: ΨL = -1.21659 + 0.445078 * To; R 2 =0,19 and ΨL = 1,83399 - 0,613766 * NDVI + 0,0447517 * TC -1,45787 * WI, R 2 = 0,36, p = 0,0000. When the observed and estimated ΨL obtained by the three procedures were mapped by krigging in order to analyze the likelihood between the spatial distributions, a high level of similarity was found, despite the low regression coefficients. Apparently, the maps include spatial information that is absent in the regressions. Higher likelihood was found between the measured ΨL and the estimated by PLS, when compared to the other methods.
A high-strain rift model for the southern Gulf of Suez (Egypt)

Abstract Extensive exploratory and development drilling have documented the large extension produced during Miocene rifting in the southern Gulf of Suez. Basement fault blocks are commonly rotated > 40°, with maximum dips of 65°. Early fault planes along the rift axis now dip 23–35° NE, with later extension shifting to complex arrays of rider blocks. Multiple well penetrations show that some fault planes are gently listric between basement hanging wall and footwall cut-offs. Stratigraphic and structural relationships show that deformation shifted between several basin-bounding faults during a complex history of basin evolution and progressive sub-basin abandonment. One low-angle normal fault has been identified in outcrop and a detachment model can explain the Miocene structural development of the rift. Post-Miocene deformation and subsidence focused along the basin axis, with extension probably occurring on a new system of planar normal faults. Restoration and balancing of regional and local cross-sections indicate that the southern Gulf has been extended by 56–62%, and that total separation between Sinai and Africa was 34–36 km. Average regional β factor for the central basins of the rift is 1.9–2.0. These new extension estimates are in agreement with subsidence models and crustal thickness estimates for the Gulf, and help quantify plate reconstructions between Sinai, Africa and Arabia. They also indicate that the southern Gulf of Suez is one of the most highly extended, failed continental rifts preserved in the rock record. As such, it provides an important conceptual link between more numerous low-strain continental rifts and successful oceanic basins.
The effect of horizontal winds upon the chemical composition of the lower thermosphere at high latitude

A theoretical model for neutral compounds in the polar latitude lower thermosphere has been developed. The results are compared with a previous middle latitude model in order to study the special polar region effects. The main difference between both models is the inclusion of horizontal winds which are very large and cannot be ignored at high latitudes. Their effects are even more important than diffusion itself. Absolute values for the atomic oxygen concentration are considerably lower, in agreement with recent measurements, and the consequences on the green line airglow are examined. The vertical winds induced by horizontal motions are much more important than those induced by direct solar heat input, so that a very different pattern with respect to middle latitudes is obtained.
Estimating the ice thickness of mountain glaciers with an inverse approach using surface topography and mass-balance

We present a numerical method to estimate the ice thickness distribution within a two-dimensional, non-sliding mountain glacier, given a transient surface geometry and a mass-balance distribution, which are relatively easy to obtain for a large number of glaciers. The inverse approach is based on the shallow ice approximation (SIA) of ice flow and requires neither filtering of the surface topography with a lower slope limit nor approximation of constant basal shear stress. We first address this problem for a steady-state surface geometry. Next, we use an apparent surface mass-balance description that makes the transient evolution quasi-stationary. Then, we employ a more elaborated fixed-point method in which the bedrock solution is iteratively obtained by adding the difference between the computed and known surface geometries at the end of the considered time interval. In a sensitivity study, we show that the procedure is much more susceptible to small perturbations in surface geometry than mass-balance. Finally, we present preliminary results for bed elevations in three space dimensions.
Malaria Vector Control in Sub-Saharan Africa: Impact and Economic Evaluation of Larviciding

Malaria; Larviciding; Impact evaluation; Cost-effectiveness; Behaviour change; Bayesian statistics; Integrated vector management; Larval source management; Anopheles sp. ; Plasmodium falciparum; Bacillus sphaericus; Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis; United Republic of Tanzania.