Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changes of GABA and its catabolic enzymes in the visual cortex of morphine-dependent rats

Objective To investigate the changes of γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA) content and glutamic acid decarboxylase(GAD),γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase(GABA-T) activity in visual cortex of morphine-dependent rats.Methods Paper electrophoresis was employed to detect GABA content in visual cortex and spectrophotometric method was used to investigate the activity of GAD and GABA-T in each experimental group.Results GABA content in visual cortex of rats decapitated before the last morphine injection was significantly decreased(0.09±0.03)μmol/mg compared with saline control(0.17±0.05)μmol/mg.GABA content of rats decapitated after the last morphine injection restored to normal level.Conclusion Visual cortex is in disinhibition with chronic morphine exposure.
Effect of changing ocean circulation on deep ocean temperature in the last millennium

Abstract. Paleoreconstructions and modern observations provide us with anomalies of surface temperature over the past millennium. The history of deep ocean temperatures is much less well-known and was simulated in a recent study for the past 2000 years under forced surface temperature anomalies and fixed ocean circulation. In this study, we simulate the past 800 years with an illustrative forcing scenario in the Bern3D ocean model, which enables us to assess the impact of changes in ocean circulation on deep ocean temperature. We quantify the effect of changing ocean circulation by comparing transient simulations (where the ocean dynamically adjusts to anomalies in surface temperature – hence density) to simulations with fixed ocean circulation. We decompose temperature, ocean heat content and meridional heat transport into the contributions from changing ocean circulation and changing sea surface temperature (SST). In the deep ocean, the contribution from changing ocean circulation is found to be as important as the changing SST signal itself. Firstly, the small changes in ocean circulation amplify the Little Ice Age signal at around 3 km depth by at least a factor of 2, depending on the basin. Secondly, they fasten the arrival of this atmospheric signal in the Pacific and Southern Ocean at all depths, whereas they delay the arrival in the Atlantic between about 2.5 and 3.5 km by two centuries. This delay is explained by an initial competition between the Little Ice Age cooling and a warming due to an increase in relatively warmer North Atlantic Deep Water at the cost of Antarctic Bottom Water. Under the consecutive Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) slowdown, this shift in water masses is inverted and ageing of the water causes a late additional cooling. Our results suggest that small changes in ocean circulation can have a large impact on the amplitude and timing of ocean temperature anomalies below 2 km depth.
Reply

We read with interest the report by Gilman and colleagues concerning the use of [C]dihydrotetrabenazine positron emission tomography (PET) to differentiate dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) from Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We do, however, have some concerns regarding their use of terminology. The authors divide DLB into those patients with dementia preceding or starting at the same time as their movement disorder, which they term DLB-AD, and those in which parkinsonism preceded the dementia, which they term DLBPD. The term DLB-AD implies that the dementia in DLB is attributable or inevitably linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Although a degree of Alzheimer pathology often accompanies DLB, genetic studies demonstrate that dementia in Lewy body Parkinson’s disease may occur in the absence of Alzheimer pathology, and Alzheimer pathology is not always seen in sporadic DLB: it is notable that in the one case of DLB-AD coming to postmortem in Gilman and colleagues’ study, no AD pathology was found. The consensus criteria for the diagnosis of DLB arbitrarily determine that patients in whom dementia is unaccompanied by parkinsonism for the first year be diagnosed with DLB and those in whom motor features occur after the first year as having Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD). It is likely that these diseases are on a continuum, a hypothesis that maybe supported by the similar PET findings in both DLB-AD and DLB-PD reported by Gilman and colleagues. Although the terms PDD and DLB may be imperfect, we suggest that they may cause less confusion than the terms DLB-PD and DLB-AD.
Neuroepidemiology.

Neurofilament light chain (NfL), a neuron-specific protein, has been related to several neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, elevated levels of NfL have also been observed in patients admitted to the hospital for stroke, suggesting that NfL as a biomarker may extend well beyond neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, using data from the Chicago Health and Aging Project (CHAP), a population-based cohort study, we prospectively investigated the association of serum NfL levels with incident stroke and brain infarcts. During a follow-up of 3603 person-years, 133 (16.3%) individuals developed incident stroke, including ischemic and hemorrhagic. The HR (95%CI) of incident stroke was 1.28 (95%CI 1.10–1.50) per 1 standard deviation (SD) increase of log10 NfL serum levels. Compared to participants in the first tertile of NfL (i.e., lower levels), the risk of stroke was 1.68 times higher (95%CI 1.07–2.65) in those in the second tertile and 2.35 times higher (95%CI 1.45–3.81) in those in the third tertile of NfL. NfL levels were also positively associated with brain infarcts; 1-SD in log10 NfL levels was associated with 1.32 (95%CI 1.06–1.66) higher odds of one or more brain infarcts. These results suggest that NfL may serve as a biomarker of stroke in older adults.
Parental Involvement in Children’s Sleep Care and Nocturnal Awakenings in Infants and Toddlers

Background: Sleep regulation and consolidation represent critical developmental processes that occur in the first years of life. Recent studies have highlighted the contribution of caregivers to sleep development. However, the majority of them have primarily focused on maternal behaviors, overlooking fathers. The main goal of the present study was to investigate the associations between paternal and maternal involvement in children’s sleep care and the number of night awakenings reported by both parents in infants and toddlers. Methods: One-hundred-and-one families of infants aged 8 to 12 months and 54 families of toddlers aged 18 to 36 months filled out the following self-report questionnaires: The Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire and an ad hoc questionnaire to assess parental involvement in sleep care for children. A moderate actor–partner interdependence (APIM) with path analysis was performed to test the predictive role of parental involvement on the children’s sleep (no. of nocturnal awakenings) and the moderation role of age on these relationships. Results: Paternal involvement in children’s sleep care was associated with the number of night awakenings reported by both parents. Moreover, a significant interaction effect emerged between the children’s age and paternal involvement in children’s sleep care for predicting nocturnal awakenings. Conclusions: The main outcomes of this study point to the protective role of paternal involvement in children’s sleep during the first years of life.
Religion as a protective factor for health

SALUTOGENESIS AND SENSE OF COHERENCE Salutogenesis is the approach proposed by Antonovsky() to guide his investigation and the scientific development of the field of health promotion. Based on a critical evaluation of the development of this field – which, due to a lack of a consistent theoretical model with stated objectives, in general, adopts the paradigm of pathogenesis as reference –, a new model is proposed, focusing on elements that maintain and enhance health, that is, on the “health protective [. ]
Quantification and health risk assessment of heavy metals in milled maize and millet in the Tolon District, Northern Ghana

Abstract This study was conducted to quantify the levels and measure the health risk of selected heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn, Cr, Ni) in milled millet and maize from 10 communities in the Tolon District, northern region of Ghana. Control samples of maize and millet were also prepared in order to identify whether the sources of the heavy metals were limited to the milling process or otherwise. The heavy metals present in the collected milled samples were quantified using an AAS Varian Spectra 220 FS. The average concentrations of the selected heavy metals in the milled maize samples were the following: Fe = 1.3392 ± 0.4341 mg/kg, Ni = 0.9502 ± 0.2696 mg/kg, Pb = 2.2177 ± 0.0534 mg/kg, Cr = 0.4359 ± 0.3574 mg/kg, Zn = 0.6809 ± 0.0534 mg/kg, and Mn = 0.3550 ± 0.1042 mg/kg. Milled millet samples recorded mean concentration of the heavy metals as Fe = 1.9467 ± 1.0597 mg/kg, Ni = 0.9520 ± 0.1218 mg/kg, Pb = 2.2780 ± 0.0221 mg/kg, Cr = 0.3421 ± 0.1498 mg/kg, Zn = 0.8540 ± 0.1139 mg/kg, and Mn = 0.4241 ± 0.0859 mg/kg. All selected heavy metals concentrations were below standards in food except Pb. Locally made mill plates were found to leach heavy metals in the milled flours due to the direct contact of the grains with the mill plates. However, the comparison of milled to pounded flour (control samples) indicated other potential sources of heavy metals aside from the disk attrition mill. The health risk assessment revealed no potential hazards nor cancer risk in both children and adults.
Selfitis Behavior: Assessing the Italian Version of the Selfitis Behavior Scale and Its Mediating Role in the Relationship of Dark Traits with Social Media Addiction

Research on selfie-related behavior has recently flourished. The present study expands theoretical and empirical work on phenomenon by assessing the psychometric properties of the Selfitis Behavior Scale among an Italian sample and by examining its unexplored mediating role in the relationships between dark triad traits and social media addiction. A total of 490 participants (53.1% females) completed a self-report survey including socio-demographics, the Selfitis Behavior Scale (SBS), the Short Dark Triad Scale (SD3), and the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS). Results showed the SBS had a five-factor structure with good psychometrics properties in terms of reliability coefficients and measurement invariance across gender. In addition, findings from the path model supported the mediating role of selfitis behavior in the relationships of narcissism and psychopathy with social media addiction. Machiavellianism was found to be unrelated to selfitis behavior and social media addiction. The model shed light into the previous inconsistent findings on the associations between dark triad traits and social media addiction by taking into account the key role of selfitis behavior as an underlying mechanism. The findings may explain individual differences in personality traits associated with co-dependence (i.e., the combination of the dependence on self and others and social media addiction).
History of Stroke Is Independently Associated With In-Hospital Death in Patients With COVID-19

Background and Purpose: In December 2019, an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurred in China, and evolved into a worldwide pandemic. It remains unclear whether the history of cerebrovascular disease is associated with in-hospital death in patients with COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, multicenter cohort study at Mount Sinai Health System in New York City. Using our institutional data warehouse, we identified all adult patients who were admitted to the hospital between March 1, 2020 and May 1, 2020 and had a positive nasopharyngeal swab polymerase chain reaction test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the emergency department. Using our institutional electronic health record, we extracted clinical characteristics of the cohort, including age, sex, and comorbidities. Using multivariable logistic regression to control for medical comorbidities, we modeled the relationship between history of stroke and all-cause, in-hospital death. Results: We identified 3248 patients, of whom 387 (11.9%) had a history of stroke. Compared with patients without history of stroke, patients with a history of stroke were significantly older, and were significantly more likely to have a history of all medical comorbidities except for obesity, which was more prevalent in patients without a history of stroke. Compared with patients without history of stroke, patients with a history of stroke had higher in-hospital death rates during the study period (48.6% versus 31.7%, P<0.001). In the multivariable analysis, history of stroke (adjusted odds ratio, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.01–1.63]) was significantly associated with in-hospital death. Conclusions: We found that history of stroke was associated with in-hospital death among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Further studies should confirm these results.
Features of soil enzyme activity under different land uses in Ningnan Mountain area

The features of soil enzyme activity under different land uses were studied.The results indicate that the soil enzyme activity of the natural meadow is the highest,that of the bush forest land and the artificial meadow is the next and that of the orchard and farmland is the lowest;there are higher soil enzyme activities at 20～40cm depths of orchard and farmland;the natural meadow and bush forest have an obvious effect on the restoration improvement of soil enzyme activity,but the orchard and farmland are worst;soil sucrase activity obviously varieties in profile,the activities of urease and alkaline phosphatase almost change in a same way and that of hydrogen peroxidase has no obvious difference not only in profile but also under different land uses.There is an extreme positive correlation among the activities of sucrase,urease and alkaline phosphatase,and every of them has an extreme positive relativity with the soil readily available nutrient and organic matter.So soil enzyme activity can be made as one of the soil fertility index.
Native drivers of fish life history traits are lost during the invasion process

Abstract Rapid adaptation to global change can counter vulnerability of species to population declines and extinction. Theoretically, under such circumstances both genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity can maintain population fitness, but empirical support for this is currently limited. Here, we aim to characterize the role of environmental and genetic diversity, and their prior evolutionary history (via haplogroup profiles) in shaping patterns of life history traits during biological invasion. Data were derived from both genetic and life history traits including a morphological analysis of 29 native and invasive populations of topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva coupled with climatic variables from each location. General additive models were constructed to explain distribution of somatic growth rate (SGR) data across native and invasive ranges, with model selection performed using Akaike's information criteria. Genetic and environmental drivers that structured the life history of populations in their native range were less influential in their invasive populations. For some vertebrates at least, fitness‐related trait shifts do not seem to be dependent on the level of genetic diversity or haplogroup makeup of the initial introduced propagule, nor of the availability of local environmental conditions being similar to those experienced in their native range. As long as local conditions are not beyond the species physiological threshold, its local establishment and invasive potential are likely to be determined by local drivers, such as density‐dependent effects linked to resource availability or to local biotic resistance.
Genetic diversity and genetic differentiation between Coilia ectenes and Coilia ectenes taihuensis inferred from cytochrome b gene segment sequence of mitochondrial DNA

Genetic diversity and genetic differentiation between Coilia ectenes and Coilia ectenes taihuensis have been investigated at the mtDNA level. Sequences analysis of cytochrome b (cytb) gene segments amplified by PCR was used. Five different haplotypes were detected between the populations studied. The haplotype diversity of C. ectenes and C. e. taihuensis were 0. 9000 and 0. 7000, respectively. The nucleotide diversity of C. ectenes and C. e. taihuensis were 0.3763% and 0.4301% , respectively. An hierarchical analysis of molecular variance ( AMO-VA) showed that very low levels of genetic partitioning, with 0. 00% of the total variation attributed to between population differences, and lack of genetic structure. Our results supported that C. e. taihuensis is a geographical population of C. ectenes; their difference has not risen to subspecies level.
Bioactivity and biochemical efficacy of chitinase and Justicia brandegeana extract against Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Abstract The red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is a large polyphagous insect, and this study was carried out to isolate chitinase from Beauveria bassiana as well as phytochemical screening of Justicia brandegeana to elucidate its effect as biocontrol agents against the red palm weevil and its possible effect on enzymatic bioactivity. It is the first time that the lipoid constituents of J. brandegeana were examined by both gas–liquid chromatography (GLC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/Mass). The results showed that the highest rates of mortality in treated prepupae were 35.0% and 30.0% with the higher concentration of chitinase (25 ppm) and petroleum ether extract of J. brandegeana (1,200 ppm), respectively. Moreover, changes in enzyme activity of ALP, PO, GPT, and GOT in the prepupal stage after treatment with LC50 chitinase and J. brandegeana extract were 36.63 & 14.32, −21.99 & 41.20, −11.02 & 47.05, and −36.00 & 21.43% compared with untreated control, respectively. This study demonstrated effectiveness of chitinase, and the petroleum ether extract of J. brandegeana has potent effect against Rh. ferrugineus due to its disturbance effect on the enzymatic system, protein as well as DNA damage.
Farnesol stimulates laccase production in Trametes versicolor

Farnesol, a quorum‐sensing molecule, was used successfully to improve laccase production in submerged cultures of Trametes versicolor. At the optimal farnesol concentration of 60 μM added at the beginning of the culture, the extracellular laccase activity reached 629.3 U L−1 after 6 days of cultivation, which represented a 1.92‐fold increase relative to the control without farnesol treatment. The addition of farnesol resulted in an increase in the accumulation of H2O2 and an increased expression of the laccase (lac) gene and the RhoA gene. The RhoA gene correlated with hyperbranched mycelia, which facilitated the secretion of the intracellular laccase. This study provides a basis for understanding the induction mechanism of farnesol for enhancing laccase production.
Two new species of the Exocelina ekari group from New Guinea with strongly modified male antennae (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Copelatinae)

Abstract Two new species of the genus Exocelina Broun, 1886: E. athesphatossp. nov. and E. tsingasp. nov. are described from New Guinea and placed into the E. ekari group based on the structure of their male genitalia. The two species are very similar with respect to their external morphology and characterised by almost identical, strongly modified male antennae. However, they can easily be separated by the shape and setation of the median lobe and paramere. Based on morphological similarity and results of a molecular phylogenetic analysis, we suggest these are sister species. Both of them have been collected on the southern slopes of the Central Range (the spine of New Guinea), with a distance of ca. 380 km straight line between the collecting localities.
Nontraumatic Exertional Fatalities in Football Players, Part 1: Epidemiology and Effectiveness of National Collegiate Athletic Association Bylaws

Background: Football has the highest number of nontraumatic fatalities of any sport in the United States. Purpose: To compare the incidence of nontraumatic fatalities with that of traumatic fatalities, describe the epidemiology of nontraumatic fatalities in high school (HS) and college football players, and determine the effectiveness of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) policies to reduce exertional heat stroke (EHS) and exertional sickling (ES) with sickle cell trait (SCT) fatalities in athletes. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 20 academic years (1998-2018) of HS and college nontraumatic fatalities in football players using the National Registry of Catastrophic Sports Injuries (NRCSI). EHS and ES with SCT fatality rates were compared before and after the implementation of the NCAA football out-of-season model (bylaw 17.10.2.4 [2003]) and NCAA Division I SCT screening (bylaw 17.1.5.1 [2010]), respectively. Additionally, we compiled incidence trends for HS and college traumatic and nontraumatic fatalities in football players for the years 1960 through 2018 based on NRCSI data and previously published reports. Results: The risk (odds ratio) of traumatic fatalities in football players in the 2010s was 0.19 (95% CI, 0.13-0.26; P < .0001) lower in HS and 0.29 (95% CI, 0.29-0.72; P = .0078) lower in college compared with that in the 1960s. In contrast, the risk of nontraumatic fatalities in football players in the 2010s was 0.7 (95% CI, 0.50-0.98; P = .0353) in HS and 0.9 (95% CI, 0.46-1.72; P = .7413) in college compared with that in the 1960s. Since 2000, the risk of nontraumatic fatalities has been 1.89 (95% CI, 1.42-2.51; P < .001) and 4.22 (95% CI, 2.04-8.73; P < .001) higher than the risk of traumatic fatalities at the HS and college levels, respectively. During the 20 years studied, there were 187 nontraumatic fatalities (average, 9.4 per year). The causes of death were sudden cardiac arrest (57.7%), EHS (23.6%), ES with SCT (12.1%), asthma (4.9%), and hyponatremia (1.6%). The risk of a nontraumatic fatality was 4.1 (95% CI, 2.8-5.9; P < .0001) higher in NCAA compared with HS athletes. There was no difference in the risk of an EHS fatality in NCAA athletes (0.86 [95% CI, 0.17-4.25]; P = .85) after implementation in 2003 of the NCAA football out-of-season model. The risk of an ES with SCT fatality in Division I athletes was significantly lower after the 2010 NCAA SCT screening bylaw was implemented (0.12 [95% CI, 0.02-0.95]; P = .04). Conclusion: Since the 1960s, the risk of nontraumatic fatalities has declined minimally compared with the reduction in the risk of traumatic fatalities. Current HS and college nontraumatic fatality rates are significantly higher than rates of traumatic fatalities. The 2003 NCAA out-of-season model has failed to significantly reduce EHS fatalities. The 2010 NCAA SCT screening bylaw has effectively prevented ES with SCT fatalities in NCAA Division I football.