Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does soil data resolution matter? State Soil Geographic database versus Soil Survey Geographic database in rainfall-runoff modeling across Wisconsin

Whether or not the use of generalized, State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) data in place of higher resolution Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) data reduces the accuracy of hydrologic and nonpoint source pollution models has thus far been an open question. Comparative studies have yet to reveal a systematic bias in STATSGO–based model outputs on account of their small sample sizes and differences in the models employed. In an effort to determine whether a bias exists, direct runoff was modeled for a hypothetical 24-hour rainfall event, using STATSGO and SSURGO as alternative inputs to a series of standard rainfall-runoff models in nearly 300 contiguous watersheds, spanning most of the state of Wisconsin. The Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA) modeling tool was used for this analysis. Results indicate that there is a negative bias in STATSGO–based runoff over the large majority of the study area and that the degree of underprediction is highest for spatially disaggregated (distributed parameter) models. Runoff was also modeled for daily precipitation in six gauged watersheds and was compared to observed runoff, with SSURGO–based, distributed models typically producing the most accurate outputs. In addition, a series of regression analyses was conducted to determine whether, and in what direction, the STATSGO bias is affected by the percent coverage of land uses that discourage infiltration. The results of these analyses suggest that STATSGO–based, lumped, and partially distributed models, on average, underpredict the relative impact of increasing land-use intensity. These findings indicate that two of the most common approaches to improving the computational efficiency of watershed modeling systems: the use of lower resolution soils data and the lumping of model parameters to larger spatial units of analysis, combine to reduce the accuracy of modeled runoff under current conditions, while simultaneously underestimating the impact of potential future land-use change.
Decay-rate dependence of anhysteretic remanence: Fundamental origin and paleomagnetic applications

[1] We have measured the intensity of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) as a function of alternating field (AF) decay rate. For synthetic and natural single-domain (SD) and pseudo-single-domain (PSD) magnetites, ARM intensity increases as decay rate decreases. Multidomain (MD) magnetites have the opposite response, ARM increasing as the decay rate increases. These are identical to the SD/PSD and MD dependences of thermoremanent magnetization on cooling rate. For all grain sizes and domain structures, ARM intensity increases as the AF decay rate used to achieve an initial demagnetized state decreases. Decay-rate differences in ARM intensity are a property of low- and medium-coercivity grains, as shown by annealing and by stepwise AF demagnetizing samples. We interpret the SD results to mean that increased AF exposure time permits a closer approach to equilibrium magnetization. An approximate thermal activation theory based on Neel [1949] and an exact theory by Egli and Lowrie [2002] predict 6–11% increases in ARM for an order of magnitude decrease in decay rate, in reasonable accord with the observed 12% increase for 0.065 μm SD grains. For MD grains, we hypothesize that increased exposure time (slower decay) permits more efficient self-demagnetization, reducing ARM. Low-coercivity grains experience the largest self-demagnetizing fields and therefore have the largest decay-rate response. Initial-state decay-rate response is attributed to longer exposure times leaving domain walls more strongly pinned in deeper potential wells (the net self-demagnetizing field is zero in the demagnetized state). Acquisition decay-rate, annealing, and initial-state responses of PSD grains are a blend of SD and MD responses. Because ARM is the most frequently used normalizer in relative paleointensity determination, it is important either to use a standard decay rate or else to remove the decay-rate dependence by demagnetizing the ARM to ∼30% of its initial value (ARM0.3). A standard demagnetization level for the normalizing ARM is particularly important when comparing paleointensity records from different laboratories.
Palaeontinidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) from the Upper Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone of Germany and their phylogenetic significance

Abstract The Palaeontinidae (Insecta: Cicadomorpha) from the Upper Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone of Bavaria are revised. The diagnostic characters for three monotypic genera Eocicada Oppenheim, 1888, Prolystra Oppenheim, 1888 and Archipsyche Handlirsch, 1906 are reassessed based on newly discovered material. Beloptesis gigantea (Weyenbergh, 1874), B. oppenheimi Handlirsch, 1906, Limacodites mesozoicus Handlirsch, 1906, and Protopsyche braueri Handlirsch, 1906 are considered to be junior synonyms of Prolystra lithographica Oppenheim, 1888. Eocicada lameerei Handlirsch, 1908 is a junior synonym of E. microcephala Oppenheim, 1888. A key to the species of Solnhofen Palaeontinidae is presented. Solnhofen Palaeontinidae and most Cretaceous Palaeontinidae most probably form a monophyletic group based on the following characters: costal area narrow, vein RA branching from stem R basally, vein ScP not fused with vein RA, clavus much reduced and hindwing smaller. Furthermore, Solnhofen Palaeontinidae are probably basal to Cretaceous Palaeontinidae by the mesonotum lacking distinct longitudinal carinae. A fast succession from early to more derived Palaeontinidae took place during Late Jurassic times. Early Palaeontinidae declined sharply in the Late Jurassic, probably owing to the rise of newly evolved insectivorous animals like early birds and mammals. Late Palaeontinidae with better flight ability survived and became a dominant insect group during latest Jurassic times.
Electronic and elastic correlations in AlB2-type two-dimensional hexagonal MBenes

With the advent of MXenes as two-dimensional (2D) materials beyond graphene, non carbonic 2D materials analogically referred as MBenes have significantly attracted researchers’ attention. Such 2D MBenes remains largely unexplored. Here, we systematically investigate electronic and elastic properties of 2D transition metal (TM) based AlB2-type hexagonal MBenes consisting of a honeycomb networked graphene like boron layer embedded with diverse TM atoms at center. First we determine the thermodynamic, dynamic, thermal, and mechanical stability of MBenes, considering a wide range of 3d, 4d, and 5d TM elements. Electronic and elastic calculations are performed for stable MBenes in order to parameterize and investigate the interdependence of properties. Elastic calculations predicts the brittle-ductile nature and bond character of MBenes while unraveling the in-plane auxetic behavior. Our electronic calculations predict the metallic band nature for 2D VB2, NbB2, TaB2, and WB2 along with previously reported dirac points in 2D TiB2, FeB2, ZrB2, and HfB2. The elastic and electronic calculations clearly indicates the non-directional metallic bonds and intrinsically ductile nature of 2D-FeB2 distinct from other MBenes. Subsequently we performed a covariance analysis to assess the correlation amongst the observables of interest and further establish the interdependence of the properties. Our calculations for elastic correlations also suggests that mechanical brittle-ductile nature and auxetic behavior of MBenes can be tuned by strain engineering of the elastic constants. Our results further suggests that strong correlations between Poisson ratio and d state electrons can be utilized to tune the auxetic behavior by careful doping of the materials. Our work demonstrates the weak elastic-electronic correlations, suggesting that the strain engineering can be utilized for the tailored behavior of MBenes for practical applications. Thus, our systematic analysis of the mechano-elastic and electronic properties of 2D hexagonal MBenes and their correlations advance our understandings of emergent 2D family.
Quantifying the spatial differences of landscape change in the Hai River Basin, China, in the 1990s

Quantifying a landscape pattern and its change is essential for monitoring and assessing the ecological consequences of land-use/land-cover (LULC) change and human interference. In this study, a combination of landscape pattern indices and land-use dynamics indices based on remote-sensing images was employed to analyse and compare the spatial and temporal dynamics of the landscape pattern in the Hai River Basin (HRB), China, in the 1990s. During this decade, the change in the landscape pattern was mainly driven by intense human-induced alterations. Overall, the landscape pattern changed considerably, progressively becoming more fragmented and diverse, with widespread encroachment of cropland because of rapid urbanization. The change in the landscape pattern exhibited distinctive spatial differences between the mountains and the plains, as well as between urban and rural areas, with higher fragmentation in the plain region and urban fringes or newly urbanizing areas. The changes in the landscape pattern around Beijing resulted in more fragmented and diverse landscape types. A detailed examination of the Jing–Guang (Beijing–Guangzhou) railway line transect and two other subregions indicated that urbanization contributed mostly to the spatial differences of landscape change through population growth, transportation improvements and rapid economic development. Spatial differences in the change in the landscape pattern were induced by economic growth, population increase and government policy.
A reevaluation of Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis (Dinosauria) from the Cretaceous of Morocco

The original hypodigm of the controversial mid-Cretaceous Moroccan dinosaur Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis is redescribed, and the diagnosis of the taxon is revised. Unambiguously referred material is restricted to cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae sharing apomorphies with the holotype. A newly recognized diagnostic character of Sigilmassasaurus is the absence of anterior and posterior interzygapophyseal laminae of the neural arch, so that the neural spine directly meets the dorsal margin of the neural canal. A phylogenetic analysis supports the inclusion of Sigilmassasaurus in Tetanurae but not in Carcharodontosauridae. Sigilmassasaurus is distinct from all other theropods known from comparable material and is thus retained as a valid taxon.
A NEEDS ANALYSIS OF TECHNOLOGY-INTEGRATED BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR COURSE IN THE INDONESIAN CONTEXT

Needs analysis is essential for developing a curriculum and teaching materials. Integration of technology in courses provides a supportive environment for learners across a wide range of courses. However, the needs analysis on the technology-integrated Basic English Grammar course learning is insufficient. This report aims to determine students' needs for studying Basic English Grammar courses through technology integration. For this purpose, the researchers used a descriptive qualitative design by distributing questionnaires. Twenty-four students completed the questionnaire, and the researchers recruited several students for interviews. The results of this study reveal students' expectations for technology-integrated assignments, such as submitting writing caption chores to Instagram, with a 48 per cent success rate. The technology-integrated Basic English Grammar course learning presences depict the most commonly used technologies such as YouTube, Instagram, the Quiz app, Google Classroom, Webbing, and e-Books. The researchers identified the lack of internet connection and an overabundance of information that perplexes students—this suggests the necessity to provide training to cope with the technological challenges of learning Basic English Grammar. The study proposes a teaching-learning situation in the Basic English Grammar course with technology integration as learning activities materials in the syllabus so that the teachers as the curriculum makers can develop the curriculum according to the needs of students. This report highlights that lecturers and universities perform periodic assessments of their students' needs as a basis for developing a curriculum with these reflective needs. In addition, the pedagogical implications for technology-integrated tools in the Basic English Grammar course are discussed.
Characteristics of the near‐surface atmosphere over the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica

Two years of data from a 30 m instrumented tower are used to characterize the near‐surface atmospheric state over the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Stable stratification dominates the surface layer at this site, occurring 83% of the time. The strongest inversions occur for wind speeds less than 4 m s−1 and the inversion strength decreases rapidly as wind speed increases above 4 m s−1. In summer unstable stratification occurs 50% of the time and unstable conditions are observed in every season. A novel aspect of this work is the use of an artificial neural network pattern identification technique, known as self‐organizing maps, to objectively identify characteristic potential temperature profiles that span the range of profiles present in the 2 year study period. The self‐organizing map clustering technique allows the more than 100,000 observed potential temperature profiles to be represented by just 30 patterns. The pattern‐averaged winds show distinct and physically consistent relationships with the potential temperature profiles. The strongest winds occur for the nearly well mixed but slightly stable patterns and the weakest winds occur for the strongest inversion patterns. The weakest wind shear over the depth of the tower occurs for slightly unstable profiles and the largest wind shear occurs for moderately strong inversions. Pattern‐averaged log wind profiles are consistent with theoretical expectations. The log wind profiles exhibit a kinked profile for the strongest inversion cases indicative of decoupling of the winds between the bottom and top of the tower.
A Sea Bed Logging (SBL) Calibration Survey over the Troll Gas Field

E019 A SEA BED LOGGING (SBL) CALIBRATION SURVEY OVER THE TROLL GAS FIELD Introduction 1 Remote resistivity sensing of buried resistive layers in conductive sediments a concept called Sea Bed Logging (SBL - Pat. No. US 6.628.119 B1) has been demonstrated both theoretically by Kong et al. (2002) and Eidesmo et al. (2001) and by calibration surveys over a known oil field offshore Angola (Ellingsrud et al. 2002) and the Ormen Lange gas field offshore Norway (Rosten et al. 2003). These surveys were acquired in deep water areas (> 1000 m) to minimize the background return signal from the air-water
Koalas and climate change: a case study on the Liverpool Plains, north-west New South Wales

Koalas are prime candidates to study the impact of climate change because they are specialised folivores and lack any ready means of avoiding weather extremes. Koalas are widely but patchily distributed throughout eastern mainland Australia. Efforts to protect them from landscape-scale threats have been identified in the NSW 2008 Koala Recovery Plan, the 2010 NSW Priorities for biodiversity adaptation to climate change and the 2009-14 National Koala Conservation and Management Strategy. The statements in the formal strategies and recovery plans identify a number of problems, two of which we address in this paper. The first problem is that of extreme weather and the second is the change of leaf quality from rising levels of carbon dioxide. This paper capitalises on our field study in Gunnedah, in north-west NSW, which examined a 1990s success story where the local koala population benefited from the plantings of trees and shrubs to hold down the water table in the face of a rising salinity crisis. In late 2009, heatwaves killed an estimated 25% of the Gunnedah koala population. This foreshadows how increased climate variability will impact on koala populations. In 2008, chlamydiosis - a disease causing infertility - had been established as being present in the Gunnedah population. The likely spread of this disease throughout the Gunnedah koala population presents a further challenge to wildlife managers in the context of a changing climate. The potential indirect effects of global climate change - how increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2 may reduce the availability of the nutrients in Eucalyptus foliage to koalas - is described and the implication drawn that elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2 may threaten some populations of free-ranging koalas. The Liverpool Plains are among Australia's prime agricultural landscapes where the conservation of biodiversity occurs largely on private land. Consequently, we need to integrate climate change adaptation with rural land management and restoration practices. The research demonstrates the contribution from the cross-disciplinary links. It adds to our ability to monitor sustainable native fauna populations and threatened species by distinguishing among the multiple causes of population change, and it can also be viewed as a pilot demonstrating the value of longitudinal wild population disease monitoring.
Adversarial Robustness of Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning Secondary Control of Islanded Inverter-based AC Microgrids

Secondary control of voltage magnitude and frequency is essential to the stable and secure operation of microgrids (MGs). Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in developing secondary controllers based on multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), in order to replace existing model-based controllers. Nonetheless, unlike the vulnerabilities of model-based controllers, the vulnerability of MARLbased MG secondary controllers has so far not been addressed. In this paper, we investigate the vulnerability of MARL controllers to false data injection attacks (FDIAs). Based on a formulation of MG secondary control as a partially observable stochastic game (POSG), we propose to formulate the problem of computing FDIAs as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), and we use state-of-the-art RL algorithms for solving the resulting problem. Based on extensive simulations of a MG with 4 distributed generators (DGs), our results show that MARL-based secondary controllers are more resilient to FDIAs compared to state of the art model-based controllers, both in terms of attack impact and in terms of the effort needed for computing impactful attacks. Our results can serve as additional arguments for employing MARL in future MG control.
UPPER-LEVEL STRUCTURE OF THE FORMATIVE TROPICAL CYCLONE

Abstract In a survey of examples of formative tropical cyclones viewed by the TIROS satellite, and a comparison of many of these views with surface, upper-air, and time and space-section analyses, it is found that, the upper-level structure of the formative cyclone of moderate intensity is grossly similar to that of the storm at maturity. Common features in most examples studied include: (1) an upper-level trough or shear line which preceded the low-level trough and which moved with the storm system; and (2) an upper-level ridge or anticyclone which was generally superimposed over the convective area east of the lower-level trough or vortex. As has been found with the mature storm, strong subsidence occurred under the upper trough and coincided with a cloudiness minimum area in advance of the major convective cloudiness and west of the trough axis. Upward vertical motion with heavy convective activity was suggested under the upper-level ridge or anticyclone to the rear of the lower-level trough. Several e.
Reconnaissance geochemistry of the Lassiter Coast Intrusive Suite, southern Antarctic Peninsula

Calc-alkaline plutonic rocks of the Lower Cretaceous Lassiter Coast Intrusive Suite are the predominant rocks exposed in the Lassiter, Orville, and southern Black Coasts and eastern Ellsworth Land of West Antarctica. Compositions range from granite to gabbro. K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic ages are in the range 130–95 m.y. , Early Cretaceous. Magmas were formed in the roots of an Andean-type magmatic arc developed on continental crust during Pacific plate subduction and were emplaced at high crustal levels as one-mica (biotite) granitoids. Our data do not demonstrate transverse asymmetric geochemical variation across the southern Antarctic Peninsula batholith complex in either the southern Black Coast or Lassiter Coast. We have, however, few samples from the eastern half of the batholith in this area. In eastern Ellsworth Land, however, where our samples span the entire width of the batholith, K 2 O index [1,000 K 2 O/(SiO 2 -45)] increases to the south away from the site of the former subduction zone. The batholithic rocks of the southern Antarctic Peninsula are similar in form, regional extent, composite nature, over-all composition, and geochemistry to the plutonic rocks of the northern Antarctic Peninsula, to southeastern Australian I-type granitoids, and to other circum-Pacific batholith terrenes. Geochemical features of the southern Antarctic Peninsula batholith complex that are shared with other circum-Pacific subduction-related magmatic arcs include moderate to low iron enrichment, late K 2 O enrichment, transition from diopside-normative to corundum-normative rocks in the range 63% to 69% SiO 2 , high levels of large-ion lithophile elements (Ba, K, LREE, Rb, Sr, Th), high Ba/Sr, high large ion lithophile element/high field strength element ratios, and low K/Rb ratios. Chondrite-normalized, rare-earth–element trends in the southern Antarctic Peninsula are similar to those of many western North and South American batholith complexes. Light rare-earth elements are only slightly enriched over heavy rare-earth elements in the most mafic samples, increase in abundance (to as much as 160 times chondrite values) and are more strongly enriched in intermediate and felsic rocks, but decline slightly in abundance in the most felsic compositions. Europium anomalies are negligible in the most mafic rocks but become moderately negative in intermediate and felsic samples. Variation in mineral assemblages is controlled by fractionation of clinopyroxene and plagioclase in the most mafic rocks, by hornblende and plagioclase in intermediate and felsic rocks, and by plagioclase and rare-earth-element–rich accessory minerals in the most felsic rocks.
Littering of a watercourse in north-west England

The deposition of litter and rubbish is an increasingly significant environmental problem, with the dumping of shopping trolleys in rivers and canals impacting on flora, fauna and river management in some areas. The Mersey Basin Campaign (MBC) identified Skelmersdale in the north-west of England, and the River Tawd in particular, as a ‘hot spot’ for the dumping of shopping trolleys. In this study, methods for performing litter and shopping trolley surveys were developed. A survey of the River Tawd was performed during 2002, together with snapshot social surveys of local adults and children. Comprehensive yet simple methodologies to quantify and report litter and trolley accumulation over time are reported. The study successfully quantified the litter accumulation and numbers of shopping trolleys in the commercial sector of Skelmersdale and established the views of the local population. Pedestrian litter was the most abundant type identified, with the quantity of litter associating well with the presence o.