Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fifteen years of habitat, floristic and vegetation change on a pioneer sand-dune and slack system at Ainsdale, north Merseyside, UK

Changes in habitat, floristics and vegetation between 2005 and 2019 were studied on 2.9 ha of sandy foreshore near Ainsdale-on-Sea, north Merseyside. Named the ‘New Green Beach’, the site initially supported saltmarsh vegetation but, within five years, a 30-35 m-wide embryo dune ridge had formed, eventually 3.5 m high, backed by a 300 x 30 m seasonally flooded, calcareous dune-slack. The latter was colonised by pioneer slack plants, after which it rapidly developed areas of tall-herb fen and Alnus/Salix carr, while saltmarsh plants declined. During succession, species recorded as ‘rare’ became fewer in number while a higher frequency of ‘abundant’ taxa was recorded. The number of vascular plants listed annually increased from one in 2005 to 154 in 2019, though the rate of addition of new plants fell after 2010. Overall, 246 taxa were identified during the study. Only 9% of these were non-native, 17% being regionally or nationally notable, including 16 Red-listed species. Very poor statistical fits were obtained to recognised UK National Vegetation Classification vegetation types. Analysis of Ellenberg Indicator Values for salinity, nitrogen, moisture and reaction showed that the plant community became progressively adapted to low salinity, lower fertility, drier conditions and a less basic soil. The findings are discussed in relation to comparable studies elsewhere in Britain and Northern Europe. The rate of succession on the New Green Beach seems remarkably high, while evidence of declining soil fertility over time was unexpected.
Adjustments to Model Predictions of Depth of Shower Maximum and Signals at Ground Level using Hybrid Events of the Pierre Auger Observatory

We present a new method to explore simple ad-hoc adjustments to the predictions of hadronic interaction models to improve their consistency with observed two-dimensional distributions of the depth of shower maximum, -max, and signal at ground level, as a function of zenith angle. The method relies on the assumption that the mass composition is the same at all zenith angles, while the atmospheric shower development and attenuation depend on composition in a correlated way. In the present work, for each of the three leading LHC-tuned hadronic interaction models, we allow a global shift Δ-max of the predicted shower maximum, which is the same for every mass and energy, and a rescaling 'Had of the hadronic component at ground level which depends on the zenith angle. We apply the analysis to 2297 events reconstructed by both fluorescence and surface detectors at the Pierre Auger Observatory with energies 1018.5 − 1019.0 eV. Given the modeling assumptions made in this analysis, the best fit reaches its optimum value when shifting the -max predictions of hadronic interaction models to deeper values and increasing the hadronic signal at both extreme zenith angles. The resulting change in the composition towards heavier primaries alleviates the previously identified model deficit in the hadronic signal (commonly called the muon deficit), but does not remove it. Because of the size of the required corrections Δ-max and 'Had and the large number of events in the sample, the statistical significance of the corrections is large, greater than 5fstat even for the combination of experimental systematic shifts within 1fsys that are the most favorable for the models.
Stable noise-like pulse generation in all-PM mode-locked Tm-doped fiber laser based on NOLM

A stable noise-like (NL) mode-locked Tm-doped fiber laser (TDFL) relying on a nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) was experimentally presented. Different from the previous NL mode-locked TDFL with NOLM, the entire polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber construction was utilized in our laser cavity, which makes the oscillator have a better resistance to environmental perturbations. The robust TDFL can deliver stable bound-state NL pulses with a pulse envelope tunable from ∼14.1 ns to ∼23.6 ns and maximum pulse energy of ∼40.3 nJ at a repetition rate of ∼980.6 kHz. Meanwhile, the all-PM fiber laser shows good power stability (less than ∼0.7%) and repeatability.
The Rosebank Field, NE Atlantic: Volcanic characterisation of an inter‐lava hydrocarbon discovery

The Rosebank Field is located in the Faroe‐Shetland Basin and hosts hydrocarbons within siliciclastic sediments interlayered with volcanic packages of the Late Paleocene to Early Eocene aged Flett Formation. Within this study the volcanic sequences are investigated based on an integrated appraisal of available drill cuttings, sidewall cores, core and wireline logs including image log and geochemical logs from eight wells supported by 3D seismic data. The Rosebank lower (RLV), middle (RMV) and upper (RUV) volcanic sequences are inter‐layered with Colsay Member (C1–C4) fluvial to shallow marine siliciclastic intervals. A comprehensive cross‐field borehole based lithofacies interpretation is presented characterising simple, compound and ponded effusive lava flow facies along with pillow lavas, invasive lava flows, volcaniclastic sediments and complex lava–sediment interactions. Geochemical analyses of core, sidewall core, and hand‐picked cuttings spanning the field reveal separate high‐titanium (RHT) and relatively lower‐titanium (RLT) basaltic magma suites. These compositions can be identified and correlated across much of the field utilising geochemical logging data which, in combination with the geochemical analyses, reveals a two‐part stratigraphic sub‐division of each of the RLV, RMV and RUV. Geochemical logging data is also used to define a volcanic proxy (Fe/10+Ti) which utilises the elevated iron (Fe) and titanium (Ti) within all effusive and volcaniclastic basaltic lithologies to differentiate siliciclastic from volcaniclastic sediments where other logging parameters overlap. By comparing the borehole analyses with seismic data, a localised eruptive vent is interpreted within the north of the field. Finally, a cross‐field volcanic model is presented and compared with relevant global field analogues, providing a constrained spatial framework for sub‐surface modelling of inter‐volcanic sequences.
Using Machine Learning to Analyze Physical Causes of Climate Change: A Case Study of U.S. Midwest Extreme Precipitation

While global warming has generally increased the occurrence of extreme precipitation, the physical mechanisms by which climate change alters regional and local precipitation extremes remain uncertain, with debate about the role of changes in the atmospheric circulation. We use a convolutional neural network (CNN) to analyze large‐scale circulation patterns associated with U.S. Midwest extreme precipitation. The CNN correctly identifies 91% of observed precipitation extremes based on daily sea level pressure and 500‐hPa geopotential height anomalies. There is evidence of increasing frequency of extreme precipitation circulation patterns (EPCPs) over the past two decades, although frequency changes are insignificant over the past four decades. Additionally, we find that moisture transport and precipitation intensity during EPCPs have increased. Our approach, which uses deep learning visualization to understand how the CNN predicts EPCPs, advances machine learning as a tool for providing insight into physical causes of changing extremes, potentially reducing uncertainty in future projections.
Climate‐Driven Limits to Future Carbon Storage in California's Wildland Ecosystems

Enhanced ecosystem carbon storage is a key component of many climate mitigation pathways. The State of California has set an ambitious goal of carbon neutrality by 2045, relying in part on enhanced carbon sequestration in natural and working lands. We used statistical modeling, including random forest and climate analog approaches, to explore the climate‐driven challenges and uncertainties associated with the goal of long‐term carbon sequestration in forests and shrublands. We found that seasonal patterns of temperature and precipitation are strong controllers of the spatial distribution of aboveground live carbon. RCP8.5 projections of temperature and precipitation are estimated to drive decreases of 16.1% ± 7.5% in aboveground live carbon by the end of the century, with coastal areas of central and northern California and low/mid‐elevation mountain areas being most vulnerable. With RCP4.5 projections, declines are less severe, with 8.8% ± 5.3% carbon loss. In either scenario, increases in temperature systematically cause biomass declines, and the spread of projected precipitation across 32 CMIP5 models contributes to substantial uncertainty in the magnitude of that decline. Projected changes in the environmental niche for the 20 most biomass‐dominant tree species revealed widespread replacement of conifers by oak species in low elevation regions of central and northern California, with a corresponding decline in carbon storage depending on expected migration rates. The spatial patterns of vulnerability we identify may allow policymakers to assess where carbon sequestration in aboveground biomass is an appropriate part of a climate mitigation portfolio, and where future climate‐driven carbon losses may be a liability.
Linking Large‐Scale Circulation Descriptors to Precipitation Variability in the Northern French Alps

This work analyses the link between Western Europe large‐scale circulation and precipitation variability in the Northern French Alps from 1950 to 2017. We consider simple descriptors characterizing the daily 500 hPa geopotential height fields. They are the maximum pressure difference (MPD)—representing the range of geopotential heights over Western Europe, and the singularity—representing the mean distance between a geopotential shape and its closest analogs, that is, the way this geopotential shape is reproduced in climatology. We show that the MPD and the singularity of geopotential shapes explain a significant part of precipitation variability in the Isère River catchment ( 9500km2 ) from 10 days to 10 years, especially in winter (correlations of 0.7). These simple descriptors ‐ that are easy to implement—provide as much information as weather pattern classification and much better performance than North Atlantic Oscillation to explain precipitation variability over a medium size mountainous catchment.
Pengaruh Pemanfaatan Limbah Tahu terhadap Serapan N, P, dan K serta Pertumbuhan Tanaman Jagung (Zea mays L.) pada Bahan Tanah Vertisol dari Ledok Kulon, Bojonegoro

One of a problem in Vertisols, Bojonegoro is a low amount of organic matter content. A method to increase the amount of organic matter in Vertisols is adding tahu waste (solid or liquid). The aim of this research is to know the effect of application solid or liquid tahu waste absorption of N, P, and K on Vertisols substance and also to know corn growth. Soil samples were collected from between 0-20 cm of depth. The study was conducted from March 2008 to May 2008 by using potted plants grown in a glass house in Brawijaya University, Malang. The research was done in glasshouse with completely randomized design (RAL) with 8 treatment and 3 times repetition. As for that treatment were : K=control (treatment without an-organic fertilizers and waste); L=an-organic fertilizer ; LP1=100% solid tahu waste (7,46 g); LP2=150% solid tahu waste (11,19 g); LP3=200% solid tahu waste (14,92 g); LC1=100% liquid tahu waste (753,53 ml); LC2=150% liquid tahu waste (1130,29 ml); LC3=200% liquid tahu waste (1507,06 ml). The variable was observe such as the chemical of soil features (total N, available P, available K, pH, C/N ratio), and biological of soil features (total micro-organism of soil) that done 6 MST; and the weight of plant such as plant height, the total of leaf (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks after plant), the dry weight of plant, N, P, and K absorption (6 weeks after plant). The result of this research shows that application of tahu waste (solid and liquid) increase the pH, ratio C/N, total N, available P, available K, N, P, and K absorption and also soil microorganism. Between the treatments applicated, solid tahu waste in 11,19 g dosage equal to 150 kg N.ha have the best effect on improving C/N ratio (from 4,30 to 13,04), pH (from 4,96 to 6,89), available P (from 2,96 mg.kg to 5,62 mg.kg), available K (from 0,37 me.100g to 0,85 me.100g), and P absorption (370,34% improvement). Soil chemical features and soil microorganism improvement can improve corn growth features: plant height, total leaves and plant dry weight.
Bioaccumulation and biosorption of some selected metals by bacteria Pseudomonas putida from single- and multi-component systems.

The effectiveness of lanthanum, chromium, uranium, and vanadium ion bioaccumulation and time-dependent biosorption from singleand multi-component systems by bacteria Pseudomonas putida was studied. The process of metal uptake was traced using reactor neutron activation analysis. In the experiment on accumulation, the efficiency of metal uptake was observed as follows: La > U > Cr > V (single-metal system) and U > Cr > La > V (multi-metal system). In the 2-h biosorption experiments, the highest rate of metal biosorption was noticed for chromium and uranium in single-component systems, and for uranium and vanadium in multi-metal system. Pseudo-first-order Lagergren model was applied when simulating the kinetic experiment results. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to identify the functional groups responsible for metal binding. The results of the present work have shown that Pseudomonas putida biomass can be efficiently implemented for industrial effluents treatment.
Continuous Synthesis of Precision Gold Nanoparticles Using a Flow Reactor

Nanoparticle synthesis using flow chemistry has the potential to enhance the large-scale accessibility of precision-engineered nanomaterials at lower prices. This goal has been difficult to achieve primarily due to reactor fouling and the lack of efficient reagent mixing encountered, especially in those scaled-up systems. The present study aimed to overcome the two challenges by integrating a liquid-liquid biphasic segmented flow system with static mixing. This strategy was applied to the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using citrate reduction chemistry. It was demonstrated that reactor fouling was eliminated by implementing the biphasic flow strategy. As a result, the overall mean particle size of the as-synthesized AuNPs was measured to be 15.5 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.07, and with the reproducibility of ± 6.4 %. The biphasic flow system achieved a reaction yield of 88.7 ± 1 . 1 % r eliably with a throughput of 60 m L/hour up to 8 hours.
Dynamics of forecast‐error growth along cut‐off Sanchez and its consequence for the prediction of a high‐impact weather event over southern France

The representation of a high‐impact weather (HIW) event over southern France is evaluated in Météo‐France forecasts, and the sensitivity of the HIW forecast to the upstream upper‐level flow and the Mediterranean and North Atlantic humidity structure prior to the event is quantified. The event occurred in October 2016 during the international field experiment NAWDEX. The approach of an upper‐level potential vorticity (PV) cut‐off, referred to as cut‐off Sanchez , triggered extreme precipitation over southern France. Many 2‐ to 7‐day ensemble forecasts predicted the maximum of the extreme precipitation and the location of the upper‐level PV cut‐off too far to the east. This eastward shift primarily resulted from an underestimation of the cut‐off intensity two days before the HIW and the subsequent downstream propagation and amplification of these errors in the vicinity of Sanchez . Improving the representation of the cut‐off two days before the event significantly improved the forecast quality. Another error source were inaccuracies in the moisture structure in the eastern North Atlantic. Specifically, an underestimation of the moisture in the warm conveyor belt inflow led to errors in the low‐ and upper‐level circulation that eventually contributed to the eastward shift of the HIW two days later. Corrections in the eastern North Atlantic humidity structure further improved the forecast quality. On the other hand, corrections in the Mediterranean humidity structure had only a small impact on the accuracy of the forecast. The findings illustrate the importance of downstream error propagation and moist diabatic processes for the prediction of extreme weather over Europe, and demonstrate how targeted changes in the PV and humidity field a few days in advance can improve the quality of the forecasts.
Experimental Study on the Strength of Original Samples of Wax Deposits from Pipelines in the Field

The yield stress of the wax deposit, characterizing its mechanical strength, provides critical design basis for pigging. The deposits naturally formed in a pipeline (hereafter, "natural wax deposits") and those artificially generated from model wax-oil mixtures (hereafter, "model wax deposits") usually present different yield stress due to structural variations. Investigations on the distinctive yielding characteristics between natural and model deposits are limited in the literature. In this research, we present a comprehensive comparative mechanical and structural analysis of natural and model wax deposits, based on which representative laboratory tests can be designed to guide pigging operations. A rheometer with the vane geometry was enhanced to preserve the microstructure of the deposit sample collected from the field prior to the yielding test. Field wax deposits from different radial positions of the pipe were analyzed. It was discovered that the yield stress of the natural wax deposits increase ex.
Manuka Honey with Varying Levels of Active Manuka Factor (AMF) Ratings as an Anaerobic Fermentation Substrate for Limosilactobacillus reuteri DPC16

Manuka honey is known for its strong antibacterial effect against pathogens but can promote probiotic growth in certain conditions. In a two-factor ANOVA study, AMFTM Manuka honey (Active Manuka Factor: 05+, 10+, 15+ and 20+) was utilised as a substrate for probiotic Limosilactobacillus reuteri DPC16 in an anaerobic batch fermenter for 36 h. The biomass growth in MRS broth was noticeably higher with AMF Manuka honey than invert syrup and control samples without any additional sweetener source. The pH value was significantly lowered below 4.0 only in the AMF samples with the formation of lactic acid as the major metabolite. Other beneficial short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), such as acetic, succinic, and propionic acids, produced during the fermentation, along with the honey saccharides, were quantified by two-dimensional (2-D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A significantly (p < 0.05) high biomass in AMF 20+ sample after 36 h, can partly be attributed to the high total sugar and oligosaccharide content in the honey. Importantly, however, no statistically significant difference was observed in the recorded major fermentation outcomes for the different AMF levels. The results, nevertheless, indicate the potential prebiotic efficacy of Manuka honey as a fermentation substrate for the lactobacilli probiotic strain.
Do not put eggs in one basket: related variety and export resilience in the post-crisis era

Region’s capability to retain economic growth and resist external shocks is important, particularly in the increasingly globalized economy with a plethora of political and economic uncertainties. This paper uses Chinese custom data to investigate the ways in which regional export resilience has been affected by related variety in the post-crisis era. The hypothesis is that regions with a large number of related industries are more vulnerable to external shocks due to the risk-spreading effect, where the negative effects of external shocks on certain industries may be easily transferred to other related industries. Empirical results support our hypothesis that cities with many related industries are often less economically resilient to external shocks and tend to face greater economic decline in the post-crisis era. We also find that industries with high levels of related variety are also vulnerable to external demand shocks.
Characterisation of breeding habitat of Grizzled Giant Squirrel Ratufa macroura (Mammalia: Sciuridae) in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, India

The Grizzled Giant Squirrel (GGS) Ratufa macroura (Pennant, 1769) is a ‘Near Threatened’ and endemic giant squirrel distributed in southern India and Sri Lanka. In India, the species is distributed in more than 10 locations between Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka in the north and Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu in the south. A study was conducted in the riparian habitats of Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala to understand the habitat characteristics, including the drey site use of GGS. The vegetation of the GGS habitat was studied using the quadrat method, and the dreys were counted using the transects. A total of 95 species of trees were identified from the riverine vegetation, and the GGS used 36 species of trees for drey construction. Most of the dreys were found on Mangifera indica, Terminalia arjuna, Ficus microcarpa, Diospyros ebenum, and Pongamia pinnata. However, the GGS may prefer trees such as Mitragyna parviflora, Diospyros ebenum, Ficus microcarpa, Albizia procera, Acacia nilotica, and Acacia leucophloea for drey construction. The study also highlights the usage of large trees with extensive crown by the GGS for various activities such as feeding, resting, moving, and nesting, thus signifying the necessity for protecting the remaining riverine habitat at Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary to ensure the long-term conservation of GGS. We recommend an urgent restoration by restocking with already existing, native tree species of the riverine habitat due to the extremely poor regeneration of trees in the riverine habitat that support the only population of the GGS in Kerala.