Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constitutive modeling approach for estimating 1-D heave with respect to time for expansive soils

Abstract Many studies are reported in the literature for estimating the potential heave of expansive soils; however, limited efforts have been directed towards estimating the heave with respect to time. In this Technical Note, a simple approach is proposed for estimation of the one-dimensional (1-D) heave of expansive soils over time. The approach involves integrating semi-empirical and numerical techniques into a unified method to estimate heave in response to the net changes in soil suction within the active zone. The information of the variation of modulus of elasticity with respect to suction is introduced into the soil structure constitutive equation proposed by Fredlund and Morgenstern (1976) to estimate the soil heave over time. The commercial software VADOSE/W, a product of Geo-Studio, is used as a tool to estimate the net changes in the soil suction. The approach is tested using the published results by Vu and Fredlund (2006) for Regina expansive clay. The estimated results of the proposed approach agree well with the published data in terms of both the total heave variations and matric suction changes in the soil. The proposed method is promising and can be used in engineering practice for estimation of the 1-D heave with respect to time.
Global observations and modeling of nonmigrating diurnal tides generated by tide‐planetary wave interactions

Advective processes that couple planetary waves with tides have long been proposed as sources of nonmigrating diurnal tides. This paper reports observations of short‐term variability in global observations of nonmigrating tides predicted to arise from the interaction of the migrating diurnal tide (DW1) with a quasi‐stationary planetary wave number one (PW1). PW1 and tidal definitions are extracted from satellite temperatures and high‐altitude meteorological analyses. During winter months, the evolution of westward traveling diurnal tides with zonal wave number 2 (DW2) generally tracks that of strong‐amplitude stratospheric PW1. DW1 and PW1 spectra are used to compute nonlinear tidal forcing terms arising from advection. We then examine the response of a primitive equation model to the observation‐based nonlinear forcing. The model experiments indicate that meridional advection of PW1 zonal momentum by DW1 is a significant source of lower thermospheric DW2. Modeled DW2 amplitudes are very consistent with observed DW2 amplitudes when stratospheric PW1 penetrates to equatorial latitudes. The model experiments also indicate that the interaction can imprint short‐term variability associated with wintertime PW1 upon DW2 in the summer hemisphere and the lower thermosphere.
Modernization and social stratification in Iceland

﻿ Some myths of Icelandic society are examined and empirically tested in this thesis. The myths are variants of two basic themes: firstly, the idea that the Icelandic social structure is funda- mentally unique, and, secondly, the belief that the contemporary society is exceptionally egalitarian in many respects. The uniqueness theme is reflected upon by maintaining an international comparative perspective throughout the presentation, and by examining the characteristics and degree of modernization in Icelandic society. In relation to the equality theme, some important aspects of socio-economic advantages are examined. Opportunities of individuals and class formation are also assessed, and then the analysis moves to the level of organizations and labour market relations, i.e., to unionism, conflict, and inflation. The findings seriously question or discard the themes which are considered. Thus, we show that Iceland has modernized to a very high level, sharing most of the basic social structural features which have been found to produce a "family resemblance" amongst advanced societies. Iceland is also found to have an inequality structure with familiar characteristics. The degree of income inequality seems to be on level with the Scandinavian societies, but when other related advantages are also considered, such as welfare and security aspects, the net outcome is that inequality appears to be greater in Iceland. Upward mobility has been extensive, mainly due to changes in the occupational structure, but the patterns are fairly typical. The structure of the industrial relations system has signifi- cant affinities with comparable Scandinavian systems, but the level of industrial conflict has been extensive in Iceland. Inflation has similarly prevailed at a very high level for a long period. By relating inflation to distributional conflicts and the inequality structure, we offer a novel interpretation of this outstanding characteristic. Lastly, the relatively poor showing in the welfare league arid the intense distributional conflicts are explained by relating them to the distribution of political power in the society. Unlike the Scandinavian societies, Iceland has not been dominated by a large social-democratic party. The conservative Independence Party is the largest political party in the country and it has been the dominant force in governments for most of the post-war period.
Horizontal wavenumber spectra of winds, temperature, and trace gases during the Pacific Exploratory Missions: 1. Climatology

Aircraft-based meteorological and chemical measurements from NASA's Pacific Exploratory Missions provide a suitable database for studying the climatology of horizontal wavenumber spectra in the troposphere overlying an ocean. The wavenumber spectra of trace gas and meteorological quantities aid in identifying the physical processes producing atmospheric structures as well as provide diagnostics for general circulation models. Flight segments were distributed over altitudes ranging from about ∼50 m to 13 km and 70°S to 60°N in latitude. The spectra were averaged according to altitude and latitude regions. The wavelength range covered was typically ∼0.5–100 km. Quantities processed in this way were horizontal velocity, potential temperature, specific humidity, and the mixing ratios of ozone, methane, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. Spectral power and slope (in log-log coordinates) corresponding to the wavelength regime of 6–60 km were tabulated for those measured quantities. The spectral slopes of horizontal velocity and potential temperature were generally close to −5/3 with no transition to a steeper slope at short wavelengths as seen in some other studies. Spectral slopes of the tracer species also ranged around −5/3. This agreement in form of the dynamical and tracer spectra is consistent with both the gravity-wave advection and quasi two-dimensional turbulence models. In the upper troposphere the spectral power for all quantities except specific humidity tended to be greater at latitudes higher than 30° compared to latitudes lower than 30°. This latitudinal trend confirms the earlier results of the Global Atmospheric Sampling Program.
Reuse of treated domestic wastewater on Mediterranean agricultural crops

Wastewater is considered as a new and unconventional source of water for agricultural production in many arid and semi-arid countries worldwide. As a result, careful monitoring of soil and plants for a range of parameters including salts, nutrients, micro-elements, heavy metals, toxic pollutants and pathogens is required. During this study, the application of three different qualities of treated domestic wastewater on four agricultural crops was examined in Crete, Greece: a typical Mediterranean semi-arid area. Primary treated (low quality), secondary treated (medium quality) and tertiary treated (high quality) wastewater were applied to a) olive trees, b) grapevines, c) radishes and d) carnations. Tap water and fertilized tap water (controls) were also applied in all the above agricultural crops for comparison with treated wastewaters. In general, increased concentrations of sodium, phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen in soils could be observed after wastewater irrigation. High salinity and boron concentrations in treated wastewater had no adverse effect on the examined cultivations. Low quality treated wastewater should not be used for irrigation mainly due to high levels of pathogens. In addition, they were found to a) to inhibit grapevine growth b) to degrade grape quality characteristics, and c) to accumulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and radish roots. On the other hand, high quality treated wastewater had no negative effect on soil, plant growth, health safety and fruit quality of all the examined agricultural crops. Furthermore, the application of tertiary treated wastewater a) improved leaf chlorophyll concentration and yield of grapevines, b) improved yield and fruit quality characteristics of radishes and c) improved plant growth of carnations. Finally, olive trees were found to be less sensitive to irrigation water quality suggesting that even medium-quality wastewater could be safely applied.
Prehistoric Maya Reliance on Marine Resources: Analysis of a Midden from Moho Cay, Belize

AbstractInvestigations of a prehistoric Maya island community on Moho Cay, located near the mouth of the Belize River, Belize, Central America, led to discovery of a Middle Classic Period (400–700 A.C.) midden with well preserved animal bone and shell. The midden is described, and recovered animal remains quantified by the total bone or shell weight of each species. Estimates are made of total edible meat weights. The Moho Cay midden data define a subsistence economy based on the exploitation of marine resources and centered on manatee hunting. Artifactual and animal remains indicate that the island Maya had an effective fishing technology for recovery of offshore marine resources. Implications for animal resource exploitation strategies for prehistoric Maya coastal and inland populations are discussed.
Obstructive sleep apnea during rapid eye movement sleep is associated with early signs of atherosclerosis in women

Study Objectives Although obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with overall cardiovascular disease and mortality, the association with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is less clear, especially in women. Recently, it has been suggested that OSA during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, associated with long apneas and deep desaturations, could have severe cardiometabolic consequences. The aim of this study was to investigate whether OSA during REM sleep is associated with early signs of atherosclerosis in a population-based sample of women. Methods In the community-based "Sleep and Health in Women" (SHE) cohort study, 400 women underwent polysomnography, anthropometric measurements, blood sampling, blood pressure measurement, and answered questionnaires. Ten years later, 201 of the original participants, free of known atherosclerotic disease at baseline and without continuous positive airway pressure treatment for OSA, underwent a high-frequency ultrasound of the common carotid artery to assess the individual thickness of the layers of the artery wall. Results Severe OSA during REM sleep (REM apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] ≥ 30) was associated with a thicker intima. This association was still significant after adjustment for age, body mass index, alcohol, and smoking, as well as for further adjustment for systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein, C-reactive protein, and diabetes (β-coefficient, 0.008; p-value, 0.022). The association between a REM AHI of ≥30 and intima thickness was also seen in women with no or mild OSA and normal non-REM AHI. Conclusions In this study of a community-based sample of women, severe OSA during REM sleep was independently associated with early signs of atherosclerosis.
A MINERALOGICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDY OF LOWER FRASER RIVER ALLUVIAL SEDIMENTS

Mineralogical and chemical analyses were conducted on samples representing Fraser River sediments deposited under freshwater and seawater environments. The analyses indicated these sediments to be highly detrital in nature, dominantly reflecting their source area and being influenced to a lesser degree by marine diagenesis. Indications of diagenesis were most pronounced in sediments from the neritic environment. These were characterized by a reduction in the content of expanding-lattice minerals. The average non-exchangeable K, Mg, and Ca contents of the clay fractions were considerably higher in the neritic and littoral sediments than the corresponding contents of the floodplain sediments.The type of alluvial deposit—lateral accretion, vertical accretion, or deltaic deposition—appeared to have little influence on their clay mineral contents.
A rainy northern Atacama Desert during the last interglacial

The response of the northern extension of the Atacama Desert and the Peruvian upwelling system to climate conditions during the Last Interglacial ([LIG]; ∼125kyr ago) was tracked using molecular fossils of marine and terrestrial organisms preserved in Peruvian shelf sediments. High resolution records of ODP Site 1229 (past 145 kyr) indicated that warmer and wetter conditions (rainfall and river runoff) along the coast occurred during the LIG, when global temperatures were comparable or even higher than today. A ∼3°C warming of surface waters, enhanced water column stratification, rainfall and river runoff were associated with low primary productivity and a ∼1.5°C decrease in the temperature gradient across the Equatorial Pacific (i.e., weak Walker circulation), suggesting a prolonged El Niño‐like response of the tropical Pacific during the LIG. In contrast, the late Holocene ([LH] last 3 kyr) was characterized by colder surface waters, higher export and primary productivity, and a drier climate.
Chemistry of hydrothermal vent fluids from 9°–10°N, East Pacific Rise: “Time zero,” the immediate posteruptive period

In 1991, vent fluids were sampled from 10 high temperature hydrothermal vent sites within weeks of a volcanic eruption/dike intrusion on the East Pacific Rise, between 9° and 10° north latitude, and from eight high temperature vents south of the eruptive area. As a result of the eruption north of 9°45′N, the vent fluids from this area have unique compositional characteristics compared to the present global database of hydrothermal vent fluid compositions, including unusually low concentrations of Li, Na, K, Ca, Sr, Si, Cl, and Br, low pH, low alkalinity and high concentrations Of H2S, and temperatures up to 403°C. These compositions reflect subcritical phase separation at very shallow depths within the oceanic crust (≤300 m) and minimal water-rock interaction. Dramatic changes in composition also occurred in the vent fluid compositions on time scales as short as a week, our minimum resampling interval. Our data suggest that the fluids that were generated were not pre-existing brines that were resident in the oceanic crust before the eruption/intrusion. Some of the fluids may be influenced by the dissolution of halite, assumed to be formed at the time of the eruption. Concentrations of Fe in these fluids are unusually high, both on an absolute and especially on a Cl-normalized basis, which we attribute to the more reducing nature of these fluids. Fluids south of 9°45′N, out of the area where the eruption occurred, are generally higher in Cl and have compositions more similar to those observed elsewhere. There is evidence to suggest that at least some of the vents south of the eruption area may also have been influenced by the eruption/intrusion, although no young lavas were observed at the surface at these other vent sites.
Rapid lateral variation of P-wave velocity at the base of the mantle near the edge of the Large-Low Shear Velocity Province beneath the western Pacific

Satoru Tanaka,1 Hitoshi Kawakatsu,2 Masayuki Obayashi,1 Y. John Chen,3 Jieyuan Ning,3 Stephen P. Grand,4 Fenglin Niu5 and James Ni6 1Department of Deep Earth Structure and Dynamics Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan. E-mail: stan@jamstec.go. jp 2Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 3Institute of Theoretical and Applied Geophysics, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China 4Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA 5Department of Earth Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA 6Department of Physics, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
A relation between the energy deposition by electron precipitation and geomagnetic indices during substorms

substorms, UA is linearly related to the quick look AEQL 1/2 and ALQL indices. The best correlation (0.86) is found between the energy flux above10 keVand theALQLindex, which reflects that the energetic electron precipitation modulates the westward electrojet intensity by affecting the Hall conductance. The AUQL index which reflects the eastward electrojet intensity shows poor correlation with UA, either for soft or energetic electrons. This is consistent with an electric field dominance in the dusk sector and a minor role for auroral conductance in the eastward electrojet. On the basis of ionospheric electrodynamics, we arguethat a nonlinear relation betweenUAandAE(andAL) is more appropriate than a linear relation. We show that the linear relations reported by others do not fit our data set and that they provide UAvalues which are too low. For the total electron energy flux (0.1–100 keV) we find the best fit to be UA[GW] = 4.4 ALQL 1/2 � 7.6, with a correlation coefficient of 0.83, which is slightly better than that for the AEQL index (0.77). By time-integrating the UA derived from ALQL, we obtain estimates of the total deposited energy during substorms within ±20% of the time-integrated UA derived from UVand X rays. INDEX TERMS: 2455 Ionosphere: Particle precipitation; 2716 Magnetospheric Physics: Energetic particles, precipitating; 2409 Ionosphere: Current systems (2708); 2411 Ionosphere: Electric fields (2712);KEYWORDS: geomagnetic indices, particle precipitation, substorms, X-rays, UVemissions, imaging Citation: Ostgaard, N. , R. R. Vondrak, J. W. Gjerloev, and G. Germany, A relation between the energy deposition by electron precipitation and geomagnetic indices during substorms, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A9), 1246, doi:10.1029/2001JA002003, 2002.
Surface zonal flows induced by thermal convection trapped below a stably stratified layer in a rapidly rotating spherical shell

Penetration of finite‐amplitude columnar convection into an outer stably stratified layer in a rapidly rotating spherical shell is examined numerically. It is shown that penetration of columnar convection is not always required for generation of surface zonal flows. When the strength of the stratification of the outer stable layer is increased, small‐scale columnar convection cells are trapped below the layer, but induced mean zonal flows still penetrate to the surface. Our results suggest that the surface zonal flows of the giant planets may be a consequence of penetration of deep zonal flows generated by small‐scale columnar convection trapped below a near‐surface stably stratified layer.
Physical and chemical protection of soil organic carbon in three agricultural soils with different contents of calcium carbonate

The amount of organic carbon physically protected by entrapment within aggregates and through polyvalent cation-organic matter bridging was determined on non-calcareous and calcareous soils. The composition of organic carbon in whole soils and <53 m soil fractions was determined by C-13 NMR analysis. High energy photo-oxidation was carried out on <53 m fractions and results from the NMR spectra showed 17-40% of organic carbon was in a condensed aromatic form, most likely charcoal (char). The concept that organic material remaining after photo-oxidation may be physically protected within aggregates was investigated by treating soils with a mild acid prior to photo-oxidation. More organic material was protected in the calcareous than the non-calcareous soils, regardless of whether the calcium occurred naturally or was an amendment. Acid treatment indicated that the presence of exchangeable calcium reduced losses of organic material upon photo-oxidation by about 7% due to calcium bridging. These results have implications for N fertiliser recommendations based upon organic carbon content. Firstly, calcium does not impact upon degradability of organic material to an extent likely to affect N fertiliser recommendations. Secondly, standard assessment techniques overestimate active organic carbon content in soils with high char content.
Effects of climate and land‐use change on storm runoff generation: present knowledge and modelling capabilities

There are several indications that changes in land cover have influenced the hydrological regime of various river basins. In addition, the effects of climate change on the hydrological cycle and on the runoff behaviour of river catchments have been discussed extensively in recent years. However, it is at present rather uncertain how, how much and at which spatial scale these environmental changes are likely to affect the generation of storm runoff, and consequently the flood discharges of rivers. Firstly, this paper gives an overview of the possible effects of climatic and land‐use change on storm runoff generation. Secondly, it discusses models dealing with the hydrological response to climate and land‐use variations, including both the downscaling of climate information from global circulation models and the way flood forecasting models represent land‐use conditions. Finally, two modelling studies of meso‐scale catchments in Germany are presented: the first shows the possible impacts of climate change on storm runoff production, and the second the impacts of land‐use changes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Survey of the Fertility Status of Surface Soils Under ``Cerrado'' Vegetation in Brazil1

Agriculture is becoming more intensive in central Brazil, but there is little information available on the fertility status of most of the soils. To determine this status a total of 518 topsoil samples were collected from a 600,000-km² area in central Brazil. Laboratory characterization included pH, exchangeable Al, cation exchange capacity, nutrient levels (including micronutrients), organic matter, texture, and color. The results, presented as frequency distributions, indicate the following general conditions: a pH of 4.8 to 5.2, an organic matter level of 1.5 to 3.0%, extremely low levels of effective CEC and extractable Ca, Mg, P, and Zn, a high level of Fe, a high degree of Al saturation, and a broad range in textural class. Organic matter was the most important soil fraction in relation to effective CEC in these soils. The data suggest that problems associated with fertilizer inputs needed to bring these soils under more intensive agriculture are generally similar, but may vary in degree.