Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Commentary: Eye banking, corneal transplantation and the COVID-19 pandemic

Eye banking activities stopped and there was an acute demand and supply mismatch due to severe reduction in donor tissues. This was also, in part, due to the fact that there was complete lack of any strategy or guidelines for tissue harvesting, handling, processing, and actual transplantation. History of medicine shows numerous examples of when mankind was faced with unprecedented situations, with no protocol or guidelines in place to tackle the challenge. The medical fraternity has always found timely solutions to such problems. India was labelled as “almost sufficient” category in a recent survey, with the second highest number of corneal collection and utilization after USA,[1] and the Eye Banking Association of India (EBAI) showed positive trends until the pandemic hit. A rational triaging of recipient‐patients, based on priority stratification with respect to their visual and social needs, was advocated and alternative modes of prolonged donor cornea preservation were explored.
Resilience-Related Resources Predict Physicians’ Fatigue, Job Search Behavior, and Productivity Outcomes

We found that three resilience-related resources (trait mindfulness, core self-evaluations, and optimism) predict emergency medicine physicians’ fatigue, job search behavior, and productivity. Because these resources are modifiable through intervention, our findings have both practical and theoretical implications for understanding the role of resilience in occupational health. Objective The objective of this research was to assess the relative contribution of three resilience-related dispositional resources (trait mindfulness, core self-evaluations, and optimism) to emergency medicine physicians’ fatigue, retention, and productivity. Methods We surveyed emergency physicians employed by a national (US) medical staffing organization. The survey included measures of work stressors, resilience resources, job search behavior, and fatigue. We linked the survey responses to objective demographic and productivity measures from the organization’s records. Results A total of 371 respondents completed the survey. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated support for each of the three resilience-related resources as predictors. Relative weights analyses showed that resilience accounted for 14% and 62% of the outcome variance, whereas work demands accounted for between 32% and 56%. Conclusions Multiple facets of dispositional resilience are important predictors of emergency medicine physicians’ occupational health, retention, and productivity.
Infiltration equations for simple soil systems

Empirical equations and physically based equations used to describe vertical infiltration into simple soil systems are compared with experimental data. An empirical equation is proposed which satisfies the conditions that cumulative infiltration is proportional to (time)½ at short times and reaches a steady state infiltration rate at long times. This equation, i = i0 (tanh T)½ + Kt, describes the observed behavior of simple soil systems at all times, where i is the cumulative infiltration at time t, K is the infiltration rate at steady state, i0 = S(tc)½, and T = t/tc. The sorptivity S (Philip, 1957) and a time parameter tc (Collis-George, 1974) are soil properties determinable experimentally. The Green and Ampt equation and the Horton equation do not satisfy observed behavior at all times, the former failing at long times and the latter at short times. The equation of van der Want (1976), the linearized Fokker-Planck equation of Philip (1969), and the nonlinearized Fokker-Planck equation of Knight and Philip (Philip, 1974) do not describe the observed behavior of simple soil systems over the whole time range as precisely as the proposed empirical equation. Since i0 is not an independent part of these equations, its numerical value is defined by the independent parameters S and K, and for the materials examined it is generally not the same as the experimental value. Procedures are outlined for treating experimental data, not necessarily complete for all times, to produce the three parameters, K, S, and tc for simple systems, and for describing infiltration into cracking clays or in cases where ultrashort time effects occur.
The effects of a low-intensity red laser on bacterial growth, filamentation and plasmid DNA

Exposure of nonphotosynthesizing microorganisms to light could increase cell division in cultures, a phenomenon denominated as biostimulation. However, data concerning the importance of the genetic characteristics of cells on this effect are as yet scarce. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of a low-intensity red laser on the growth, filamentation and plasmids in Escherichia coli cells proficient and deficient in DNA repair. E. coli cultures were exposed to a laser (658 nm, 10 mW, 1 and 8 J cm−2) to study bacterial growth and filamentation. Also, bacterial cultures hosting pBSK plasmids were exposed to the laser to study DNA topological forms from the electrophoretic profile in agarose gels. Data indicate the low-intensity red laser: (i) had no effect on the growth of E. coli wild type and exonuclease III deficient cells; (ii) induced bacterial filamentation, (iii) led to no alteration in the electrophoretic profile of plasmids from exonuclease III deficient cells, but plasmids from wild type cells were altered. A low-intensity red laser at the low fluences used in phototherapy has no effect on growth, but induces filamentation and alters the topological forms of plasmid DNA in E. coli cultures depending on the DNA repair mechanisms.
Overall and age‐specific risk advancement periods of colorectal cancer for men vs women: Implications for gender‐sensitive screening offers?

Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality are higher among men than among women. We aimed to estimate overall and age‐specific risk advancement periods (RAPs) for men compared to women, which quantify how many years earlier comparable levels of risk are reached by men. RAPs were derived by Cox regression models among 331 224 participants aged 40 to 69 at baseline of the UK Biobank with no previous diagnosis of CRC and no previous CRC screening examination who were followed with respect to CRC incidence for up to 13 years. Men were at substantially higher risk of CRC than women in age groups 50 to 59 and 60 to 69, with RAPs (95% confidence intervals) as high as 8.7 (4.5‐13.0) and 6.2 (4.5‐7.9), respectively. These RAPs were higher than those for family history of CRC in these age groups. By contrast, no significant sex difference but a major impact of family history was seen in age group 40 to 49 (P‐value for interaction between sex and age = .00079). The observed patterns suggest that consideration of gender‐specific starting ages of screening might be warranted in countries in which screening offers start at ages above 50 years.
Triple mediation of attitude to bridge transformational leadership on organizational citizenship behavior

This study was conducted to determine the Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) of correctional officers at the Super Maximum-Security Prison in Indonesia which is influenced by Transformational Leadership (TL) either directly or indirectly through Affective Organizational Commitment (AOC), Job Satisfaction (JS) and Job Self-Efficacy (JSE). This research was conducted on 224 prison officers as a sample size. Data was collected by means of a questionnaire distributed via Google Form. Robustness was built in two stages; the first stage was through a try out of research instruments and the second stage was through data collection which was done with the time lagged method. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the help of AMOS 24 software. The results of this study indicate that triple mediation consisting of AOC, JS and JSE fully mediates the effect of TL on OCB. The novelty of this research lies in the role of triple mediation as the focuses of the study. Furthermore, the triple mediation has been proven to fully mediate the effect of TL on OCB thus may serve as empirical evidence that contribute to theoretical and practical developments in the fields of Human Resource Management and Organizational Behavior.
Post-transcriptional regulation in cranial neural crest cells expands developmental potential

Significance Craniofacial birth defects are one of the most common congenital malformations in humans and are caused by defects in neural crest cells. In early vertebrate development, cranial neural crest cells acquire the ability to differentiate into many different cell types to generate the craniofacial structure and peripheral nervous system. To better understand how neural crest are endowed with expanded capacity to generate cells of multiple lineages, we use single-cell multiomic approaches to uncover a role for posttranscriptional regulation to expand chromatin accessibility during the earliest stages of neural crest specification. Our findings provide insight into ways that stem cells can increase their ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, which may improve our ability to generate tissues for regenerative medicine.
Genome Evolution in Plants: Complex Thalloid Liverworts (Marchantiopsida)

Abstract Why do some genomes stay small and simple, while others become huge, and why are some genomes more stable? In contrast to angiosperms and gymnosperms, liverworts are characterized by small genomes with low variation in size and conserved chromosome numbers. We quantified genome evolution among five Marchantiophyta (liverworts), measuring gene characteristics, transposable element (TE) landscape, collinearity, and sex chromosome evolution that might explain the small size and limited variability of liverwort genomes. No genome duplications were identified among examined liverworts and levels of duplicated genes are low. Among the liverwort species, Lunularia cruciata stands out with a genome size almost twice that of the other liverwort species investigated here, and most of this increased size is due to bursts of Ty3/Gypsy retrotransposons. Intrachromosomal rearrangements between examined liverworts are abundant but occur at a slower rate compared with angiosperms. Most genes on L. cruciata scaffolds have their orthologs on homologous Marchantia polymorpha chromosomes, indicating a low degree of rearrangements between chromosomes. Still, translocation of a fragment of the female U chromosome to an autosome was predicted from our data, which might explain the uniquely small U chromosome in L. cruciata. Low levels of gene duplication, TE activity, and chromosomal rearrangements might contribute to the apparent slow rate of morphological evolution in liverworts.
Phase Transitions, Magnetocaloric Effect and Magnetoresistance in Ni–Co–Mn–Sn Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloy

The phase transitions, magnetocaloric effect and magnetoresistance in Ni43Mn46-xCoxSn11 (x=0–5) ferromagnetic shape memory alloys were investigated. With the increase of Co concentration, the temperatures of martensitic transformation and magnetic transition in austenitic phase increase rapidly, while the magnetic transition temperature in martensitic phase shows a small decrease. In Ni43Mn41Co5Sn11, a giant magnetic entropy change of 19.1 J/(kg·K) in the magnetic field of 10 kOe at 294 K, as well as a large magnetoresistance of -59% for the field change of 50 kOe at 281 K, is observed. These interesting phenomena are associated with the sudden changes of magnetization and resistance near the martensitic transition temperature. These results make the low-cost Ni–Mn–Co–Sn have promising application in magnetic refrigeration and magnetic sensor.
Improving Twomey's Algorithm for Inversion of Aerosol Measurement Data

Inversion of aerosol size distribution data is often needed because many aerosol measurement instruments have sufficiently broad responses that assuming sharp channel boundaries when reducing their raw data may result in substantial errors. Several routines are available to do reasonable inversions on cascade impactor and optical particle counter data. However, these routines often give mediocre results when used with Electrical Aerosol Analyzer data. Twomey's algorithm has been widely used, but it depends to some extent on the initial guess and often produces oscillatory results. Adding smoothing to the Twomey algorithm and an intelligent initial guess and stopping point greatly reduce these problems. Negative results do not occur as with unconstrained inversions. If fitting tolerances cannot be met, an approximate solution is always obtained, whereas other inversion techniques may sometimes stop due to lack of convergence in a subroutine. The performance of the improved inversion algorithm is comparable.
Systematic Review of Diagnostic Delay for Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Objectives: Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex inflammatory condition of the gut. Diagnosing IBD involves distinct longitudinal periods from first symptoms to primary care assessment, tertiary care referral, and then endoscopic confirmation. The term diagnostic delay (DD) is used if these periods are prolonged. The aim of this review was to amalgamate DD data for children with IBD, and identify factors associated with prolonged DD. Methods: Six health literature databases were searched (December 2020). Inclusion criteria for papers were children diagnosed with IBD before the age of 18 years, DD central tendency data, and to report a central tendency of their DD data, cohort >10 children. For analysis, all data were weighted by cohort sample size. Results: Searches identified 236 papers, and 26 were included in the final analysis with a pooled cohort of 7030 children. The overall DD periods were IBD 4.5 months [Interquartile range (IQR) 3.6–8.7 months], Crohn disease (CD) 5 months (IQR 4–7.2 months), and ulcerative colitis/indeterminate colitis/IBD-unclassified (UC/IC/IBDU) 3 months (IQR 2.2–4.9 months). The difference between subtypes was significant (P < 0.001), with shorter DD for UC/IC/IBDU than CD (P < 0.001) and IBD (P < 0.001). DD periods were longer for CD than IBD (P < 0.001). DD decreased over time for IBD (P < 0.001) and UC (P < 0.001) but the trend suggested an increase for CD (P 0.069). Conclusions: This data can be used to benchmark DD for children with IBD. Individual centers could determine whether improvements to awareness or infrastructure may reduce DD in order to minimize the risk of poor outcomes.
Numerical and experimental investigation of a serpentine inlet duct

This article presents a numerical and experimental investigation of the flow inside an ultra-compact, serpentine inlet duct. The numerical analysis used two flow solvers: FLUENT®, a commercial code, and UNS3D, an in-house code. The flow was modelled using the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The turbulence effects were modelled by using the shear-stress transport k–ω model. The numerical investigation was compared against experimental data obtained in an open-circuit, low-speed wind tunnel in the Fluid Dynamics Laboratory at Texas A&M University. The numerical simulations and experimental testing were performed to reveal the separation points and the strong secondary flow phenomena within the inlet. UNS3D overpredicted the location of the first separation point by 9 mm and the location of the second separation point by 1 mm, while the area-averaged pressure loss coefficient was 5% higher than in the experiment. The numerical results of UNS3D agreed better with the experiment than those of FLUENT.
Theta functions of harmonic coefficients over number fields

Phosphonated N,N-disubstituted fatty amides were prepared by the free radical addition of dialkyl phosphites to terminal and nonterminal double bonds of N,N-disubstituted amides. The free radical additions of the dialkyl phosphites to the unsaturated amides were initiated by irradiation with gamma radiation from cobalt-60. These new compounds exhibit antimicrobial activity.
Participation of HIV-1 infected treatment-naive females in clinical trials and sex differences in efficacy and safety outcomes

Objectives: To examine female participation and the observed efficacy and safety by sex from phase 3 HIV-1 trials submitted to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to support approval or a major labeling change. Design: Our analyses were based on phase 3 trials in HIV-1 infected treatment-naive adults submitted to FDA since 2010. Methods: We evaluated enrollment of treatment-naive females in 18 clinical trials for HIV-1. Participation to prevalence ratio (PPR) was calculated as the percentage of females among trial participants divided by the percentage of females in the disease population. PPR between 0.8 and 1.2 reflects similar representation of females in the trial and the disease population. Sex differences in efficacy (virologic response rates) and selected safety events were evaluated. Results: United States (US) females, particularly US Black females were not adequately represented in clinical trials. The PPR for US females overall was 0.59 and for US Black females was 0.63. Statistically significant sex differences favoring males were observed for efficacy outcomes in both the global population and US participants. Statistically significant sex differences were observed for some safety outcomes. Conclusions: US females are underrepresented in phase 3 HIV-1 clinical trials. Underrepresentation was not likely due to enrollment criteria. Statistically significant sex differences were noted for efficacy and selected safety outcomes; however, some differences were not clinically relevant. The ability to detect sex differences was hindered by low numbers of female participants overall and within subgroups. Additional research into innovative approaches to recruit and retain females in clinical trials should continue.
Congenital Syphilis: Controversies and Questions: A Global Perspective

Cristiana Nascimento-Carvalho (Bahia, Brazil) Ville Peltola (Turku, Finland) Ira Shah (Mumbai, India) George Syrogiannopoulos (Larissa, Greece) David Burgner (Melbourne, Australia) Kow-Tong Chen (Tainan,Taiwan) Luisa Galli (Florence, Italy) Steve Graham (Melbourne, Australia) Tobias Tenenbaum (Mannhein, Germany) Marc Tebruegge (Southampton, UK) Helen Groves (Junior ESPID Board Member, UK) Fani Ladomenou (Junior ESPID Board Member, Greece)
Prior authorization restrictions on medications for opioid use disorder: trends in state laws from 2005 to 2019

Abstract Research objective Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUDs) – including methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone – are the most effective treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD). Historically, insurers have required prior authorization for MOUD, but prior authorization is often reported as a key barrier to MOUD prescribing. Some states have passed laws prohibiting MOUD prior authorization requirements. We sought to identify the frequency of MOUD prior authorization prohibitions in state laws and to categorize types of prohibitions. Methods We searched for regulations and statutes present in all U.S. states and Washington DC between 2005 and 2019 using MOUD-related terms in Westlaw legal software. In qualitative software, we coded laws discussing MOUD prior authorization using template analysis – a mixed deductive/inductive approach. Finally, we used coded laws to identify frequencies of states with prior authorization prohibitions, including changes over time. Results No states had laws prohibiting MOUD prior authorization between 2005 and 2015, with the first prohibition appearing in 2016. By 2019, fifteen states had MOUD prior authorization prohibitions. States varied significantly in their approach to prohibiting MOUD prior authorization. In 2019, it was more common for states to have MOUD prior authorization prohibitions applying to all insurers (n = 10 states) than to only Medicaid (n = 7 states) or only non-Medicaid insurers (n = 1 state). In 2019, general prior authorization prohibitions (n = 10 states) were more common than prohibitions only applicable to medications on the formulary, prohibitions only applicable to medications on the preferred drug list, prohibitions only applicable during the first 5 days of treatment, and prohibitions only applicable during the first 30 days of treatment. Conclusions The number of states with an MOUD prior authorization law prohibition increased in recent years. Such laws could help expand access to life-saving OUD treatments by making it easier for clinicians to prescribe MOUD. KEY MESSAGES No states had MOUD prior authorization prohibitions between 2005 and 2015 in state statutes or regulations, and only one state had such a prohibition in 2016. By 2019, fifteen states had an MOUD prior authorization prohibition law. States varied significantly in their approach to prohibiting MOUD prior authorization, including with respect to the insurer type, duration of the prohibition, and applicable medication.
Individual Differences in Corticostriatal White-matter Tracts Predict Successful Daily-life Routine Formation

Abstract Despite good intentions, people often fail to cross the “intention–behavior gap,” especially when goal achievement requires repeated action. To bridge this gap, the formation of automatized routines may be crucial. However, people may differ in the tendency to switch from goal-directed toward habitual control. To shed light on why some people succeed in forming routines while others struggle, the present study related the automatization of a novel, daily routine to individual differences in white-matter connectivity in corticostriatal networks that have been implicated in goal-directed and habitual control. Seventy-seven participants underwent diffusion-weighted imaging and formed the daily routine of taking a (placebo) pill for 3 weeks. Pill intake was measured by electronic pill boxes, and participants filled out a daily online questionnaire on the subjective automaticity of this behavior. Automatization of pill intake was negatively related to striatal (mainly caudate) connectivity with frontal goal-directed and cognitive control regions, namely, ventromedial pFC and anterior cingulate gyrus. Furthermore, daily pill intake was positively related to individual differences in striatal (mainly caudate) connectivity with cognitive control regions, including dorsolateral and anterior pFC. Therefore, strong control networks may be relevant for implementing a new routine but may not benefit its automatization. We also show that habit tendency (assessed with an outcome-devaluation task), conscientiousness, and daily life regularity were positively related to routine automatization. This translational study moves the field of habit research forward by relating self-reported routine automatization to individual differences in performance on an experimental habit measure and to brain connectivity.
The Predictive Validity of the Revised Screening Scale for Pedophilic Interests (SSPI-2)

The Revised Screening Scale for Pedophilic Interests (SSPI-2) is a five-item measure that assesses for pedohebephilia (sexual attraction to prepubescent and pubescent children) based on child victim characteristics. We aimed to replicate findings by Seto, Sandler et al. (2017) by examining the predictive validity of the SSPI-2 in an independent sample of 626 men referred for a sexological assessment because of sexual offending against children. SSPI-2 scores were associated with an increased likelihood of sexual recidivism but were not significantly associated with non-sexually violent or non-violent recidivism. When they were entered together, the SSPI-2 did not contribute additional variance to the Static-99R in the prediction of sexual recidivism. Results are consistent with the findings of Seto, Sandler et al. (2017) and suggest that higher scores on the SSPI-2 may be indicative of an increased risk for sexual recidivism in individuals who have sexually offended against children.