Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
First Report of ACCase-Resistant Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) in the United States

A goosegrass biotype with suspected resistance to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors was identified in Georgia. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the resistance level of this biotype to ACCase inhibitors, efficacy of various herbicide mechanisms of action for control, and the physiological and molecular basis of resistance. In greenhouse experiments, the rate of diclofop-methyl that reduced dry shoot biomass 50% (SR50) from the nontreated for the resistant (R) and susceptible (S) biotypes measured 4,100 and 221 g ai ha−1, respectively. The SR50 for sethoxydim measured 615 and 143 g ai ha−1 for the R and S biotype, respectively. The R biotype was cross resistant to clethodim, fenoxaprop, and fluazifop. The R and S biotypes were equally susceptible to foramsulfuron, glyphosate, monosodium methylarsenate (MSMA), and topramezone. In laboratory experiments, the two biotypes had similar foliar absorption of 14C-diclofop-methyl. Both biotypes metabolized 14C-diclofop-methyl to diclofop acid and a polar conjugate, but the R biotype averaged ∼2 times greater metabolism than the S biotype. Gene sequencing revealed an Asp-2078-Gly substitution in the ACCase of the R biotype that has previously conferred resistance to ACCase inhibitors. A second mutation was identified in the R biotype that yielded a Thr-1805-Ser substitution that has been previously reported, but is not associated with ACCase resistance in other species. Thus, the Asp-2078-Gly substitution is the basis for resistance to ACCase inhibitors for the R biotype. This is the first report of ACCase-inhibitor resistance in goosegrass from the United States and from a turfgrass system. Nomenclature: Goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.
Use of implanted satellite transmitters to locate Spectacled Eiders at-sea

Population estimates of Spectacled Eiders (Somateria fischeri) on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (YKD), Alaska, suggest that by 1992 the number of birds nesting on this major nesting area had declined to 1,721 pairs, 4% of that estimated in the 1970s (Stehn et al. 1993). Consequently, Spectacled Eiders were listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. As nesting habitats for this species are believed to have changed little over the past 100 years, hypotheses concerning the cause of this decline include factors away from nesting areas. The non-nesting distribution of this eider is unknown, but birds are believed to molt and winter in the Bering and Chukchi seas (Dau and Kistchinski 1977). Systematic aerial surveys to locate areas where birds concentrate are expensive because of the vast area to be surveyed and dangerous because of restricted daylight and extreme weather conditions. Surveys from ships along the ice margin in the Bering Sea failed to locate concentrations of birds (Irving et al. 1968, Everett et al. 1989). We initiated a study to determine if at-sea areas used by Spectacled Eiders could be identified using satellite telemetry.
PARASITOS EM ALFACE-CRESPA (Lactuca sativa L.), DE PLANTIO CONVENCIONAL, COMERCIALIZADA EM SUPERMERCADOS DE CUIABÁ, MATO GROSSO, BRASIL

This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of parasitic organisms in crisp lettuce sold in supermarkets in Cuiaba, MT. Forty five samples of lettuce randomly collected in triplicate from three large supermarket chains (9 in company A, 27 in B and 9 in C), which were from five different suppliers called: F1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were analyzed. Samples were analyzed by two techniques for detection of parasitic organisms: spontaneous sedimentation and simple centrifugation. 66.7% of the samples (30/45) showed contamination, comprising 182 types of parasite, of which there were 67 Ascaris sp. , 1 Enterobius vermicularis egg, 33 eggs and larvae of Ancylostomidae, 4 larvae of Strongyloides sp. and 38 larvae of other unidentified nematodes. Among the protozoa detected, 23 were trophozoites of Balantidium, 10 Entamoeba cysts, 3 Endolimax nana cysts, 2 Giardia cysts and 1 Isospora oocyst. The eggs of Ascaris were found in samples from all supermarkets and suppliers. However, structures such as Enterobius vermicularis eggs, Endolimax nana cysts and the oocyst of Isospora were detected only from suppliers F1 and F2, respectively. The highest percentage of positive samples involved helminths, apart from protozoa such as Blantidium. The presence of both helminths and protozoa suggests the occurrence of contamination during cultivation and/or distribution of this vegetable. We conclude that there is an urgent need to implement hygienic and sanitary measures to prevent the contamination of this vegetable and to preserve the health of its consumers.
Does local adaptation along a latitudinal cline shape plastic responses to combined thermal and nutritional stress?

Thermal and nutritional stress are commonly experienced by animals. This will become increasingly so with climate change. Whether populations can plastically respond to such changes will determine their survival. Plasticity can vary among populations depending on the extent of environmental heterogeneity. However, theory conflicts as to whether environmental heterogeneity should increase or decrease plasticity. Using three locally adapted populations of Drosophila melanogaster sampled from a latitudinal gradient, we investigated whether plastic responses to combinations of nutrition and temperature increase or decrease with latitude for four traits: egg‐adult viability, egg‐adult development time, and two body size traits. Employing nutritional geometry, we reared larvae on 25 diets varying in protein and carbohydrate content at two temperatures: 18 and 25°C. Plasticity varied among traits and across the three populations. Viability was highly canalized in all three populations. The tropical population showed the least plasticity for development time, the sub‐tropical showed the highest plasticity for wing area, and the temperate population showed the highest plasticity for femur length. We found no evidence of latitudinal plasticity gradients in either direction. Our data highlight that differences in thermal variation and resource predictability experienced by populations along a latitudinal cline are not sufficient to predict their plasticity.
Effect of larvae of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) and of mechanical root pruning on sap flow and growth of corn

Little infonnation is available on the growth response of corn, Zea mays L. , to either mechanical root injury or infestation by western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. Studies were conducted in the greenhouse to determine growth and sap flow rates in corn when known proportions of the root system were damaged by mechanical root pruning and infestations of corn rootworm larvae. Corn was transplanted into boxes that divided the roots into four sections. Roots in various sections were mechanically pruned or infested with 100 neonate larvae of the western corn rootworm. Sap flow was measured using a heat balance technique, and root and shoot growth were measured. Mechanical pruning of roots decreased sap flow, fresh and dry weight of stalks and roots, and plant height. Infesting roots with rootworm larvae did not significantly affect sap flow, fresh or dry weight of stalks, or plant height. Fresh and dry weights of roots were reduced in boxes infested with rootworm larvae.
Genetic diversity of skipjack tuna in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans.

Comparison of genetic data of serum esterase and transferrin systems of the skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis Linnaeus, collected from the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans together with the results reported earlier, (1) disclosed that fish from the Indian Ocean are distinguishable from those collected both in the Atlantic Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean and (2) suggested that the skipjack tuna, now inhabiting in the worlds major oceans, first appeared in the worlds major oceans, first appeared in the Indian Ocean and then some of the members of the population emigrated to the other oceans, resulting in genetic diversification into the geographical populations, called the Atlantic Subpopulation, Indian Subpopulation, Western Pacific Subpopulation, and Central-eastern Pacific Subpopulation (s), after reproductive isolation. Regarding the east-west difference of genetic compositions within the Pacific Ocean, analyses of our data on some 500 samples from more than 24, 000 fish indicated the “step structuure” with a gap between 160°E and 175°E more disinctly in the southern hemisphere. Apparent differences in allele frequencies of genetic systems, found recently in 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucose isomerase, between the waters of Japan and Papua New Guinea suggested the necessity of further accumulation of the data before any conclusive statement on population structure in the regions.
IL-17A secretion by CD8+ T cells supports Th17-mediated autoimmune encephalomyelitis

IL-17–producing CD8+ T (Tc17) cells are detectible in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions; however, their contribution to the disease is unknown. To identify functions of Tc17 cells, we induced EAE, a murine model of MS, in mice lacking IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4). IRF4deficient mice failed to generate Tc17 and Th17 cells and were resistant to EAE. After adoptive transfer of WT CD8+ T cells and subsequent immunization for EAE induction in these mice, the CD8+ T cells developed a Tc17 phenotype in the periphery but could not infiltrate the CNS. Similarly, transfer of small numbers of WT CD4+ T cells alone did not evoke EAE, but when transferred together with CD8+ T cells, IL-17–producing CD4+ (Th17) T cells accumulated in the CNS and mice developed severe disease. Th17 accumulation and development of EAE required IL-17A production by CD8+ T cells, suggesting that Tc17 cells are required to promote CD4+ T cell–mediated induction of EAE. Accordingly, patients with early-stage MS harbored a greater number of Tc17 cells in the cerebrospinal fluid than in peripheral blood. Our results reveal that Tc17 cells contribute to the initiation of CNS autoimmunity in mice and humans by supporting Th17 cell pathogenicity. Research Article Immunology
Variation in Vitamin E, Glutathione Peroxidase and Retinol Concentrations in Blood Plasma of Primiparous Sows and their Piglets, and in Vitamin E, Selenium and Retinol Contents in Sows' Milk

The concentrations of vitamin E, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and retinol were analysed in blood plasma of six primiparous sows during gestation and lactation and in their suckling piglets, and the concentrations of vitamin E, selenium and retinol were analysed in colostrum and in sows' milk. During late gestation the concentrations of vitamin E and retinol in blood plasma increased slowly while no changes were found for GSH-Px. This was followed by a large decline on the day of farrowing, when the lowest mean values of 1.07 mg, 0.15 mg and 2879 U per litre (l) of blood plasma, respectively, were recorded. During lactation the concentrations of vitamin E, GSH-Px and retinol in blood plasma of the sows increased to levels observed during late gestation. The highest mean concentrations of vitamin E (17.9 mg kg- 1 ), selenium (200 w g l- 1 ) and retinol (2.45 mg kg- 1 ) were found in colostrum, but with a large variation between sows. One week postpartum the concentrations of vitamin E, selenium and retinol in sow milk had decreased, on average by 86, 68 and 71%, respectively, after which only small changes occurred. Mean concentrations of vitamin E (1.77 mg l- 1 ), GSH-Px (682 U l- 1 ) and retinol (0.07 mg l- 1 ) were low in the blood plasma of the piglets at birth, but a large increase was observed on the next sampling occasion at the age of 3 days (vitamin E: 5.31 mg l- 1 ; GSH-Px: 996 U l- 1 ; retinol: 0.19 mg l- 1 ). The mean concentration of vitamin E in blood plasma of the piglets declined thereafter until the age of 6 weeks (1.04 mg l- 1 ), when there was a small increase, while the mean concentrations of GSH-Px and retinol continued to increase during the suckling period. A high correlation was found between the concentration of vitamin E in blood plasma and sidefat thickness of the sows (r = 0.94), and between the concentration of vitamin E in colostrum and vitamin E in blood plasma of the sows on the day of farrowing (r =0.77). High correlations were also found between the concentration of vitamin E in the blood plasma of the piglets at 3 days and 5 weeks of age and the concentration of vitamin E in colostrum (r = 0.78) and (r =0.89), respectively. The results indicate that vitamin E storage in the adipose tissues of the sow has a great influence on the supply of vitamin E via colostrum and milk to the piglet.
STUDIES OF MINERAL CYCLING IN A MONTANE RAIN FOREST IN NEW GUINEA III. THE DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAL ELEMENTS IN THE ABOVE-GROUND MATERIAL

SUMMARY (1) As a preliminary to studies on mineral cycling in a lower montane rain forest at about 2500 m altitude in New Guinea, estimates have been made of the amounts of six elements (N, P, K, Na, Ca and Mg) in the various fractions of above-ground material. (2) Analyses have been performed on material from nineteen fractions on a single ridge-top plot 20 x 20 m; trees of gbh > 30 cm (trunk wood, trunk bark, branches, twigs, leaves), trees of gbh 4m tall (stems, leaves), saplings and shrubs 1-4 m tall (stems, leaves), plants 1 m tall (stems, leaves), epiphytes (stems, leaves), epiphytic soil, litter and dead trunks and branches. About 2300 analyses have been carried out. (3) The concentrations of N, Ca and Mg generally increased toward the centre of the trunks of large trees, while that of P decreased; K and Na were variable. The concentrations of N, P and Mg in the wood tended to increase with height, but there were no significant trends in the bark. Intraspecific differences were considerable, and interspecific ones large. The mean concentrations of N, P, K and Mg generally increased along the series: trunk wood < branches < trunk bark < twigs < leaves. For Ca they increased along the series trunk wood < branches < leaves < twigs < trunk bark. (4) The concentrations of N, P and K in leaves fell with increasing age, but that of Ca increased and those of Na and Mg were variable. The concentrations of N, P, K and Na were not consistently different in saplings and trees of the same species, but those of Ca and Mg were higher in sapling leaves. (5) The concentrations of all six elements in small trees, saplings, seedlings and climbers varied greatly between species, but the mean values for leaves, or for stems of similar girth, were similar in all these life-forms. The vascular epiphytes differed in their consistently low foliar concentrations of N. (6) The concentrations in the epiphytic bryophytes and lichens were similar to those in epiphytic soil derived largely from them, and the concentration of N was not as low as in the vascular epiphytes. (7) Amounts in the various fractions were first calculated for the 20 x 20 m plot and, after a consideration of the likely errors, for the whole forest, for which the above-ground capital was estimated to be (in kg ha-') 850 N, 49 P, 700 K, 31 Na, 1500 Ca and 210 Mg. The distribution in four major fractions was similar for N and P, and for Ca and Mg. The relative importance of the dead material and epiphytic material with respect to N and P was much greater than suggested by their dry weight contributions. (8) The correlations between the concentrations of particular elements in different parts of the tree, and between different elements in each part of the tree have been considered for eighteen species, and possible explanations are discussed. There was no significant correlation between the leaf concentration and the trunk wood or bark concentration for N, P or K.
Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) effects of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook (Myrtaceae)

Extracto metanolico de hojas de Eucalyptus citriodora (Myrtaceae) proporciono ademas de eucalyptin, flavonoides tales como apigenina, crisina, luteolina, naringenina, quercetina; los triterpenos, acido oleanolico, acido ursolico betulinico, y dos mezclas complejas de flavonoides y triterpenos no identificados M1 y M2. Los flavonoides, triterpenos y mezclas de triterpenos, extractos de acetato de etilo y hexano mostraron efectos antialimentarios, insecticida y actividad reguladora de crecimiento (IGR) frente al gusano cogollero [Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)], una plaga importante del maiz y frente al gusano de la harina [Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)], una plaga de los granos almacenados. Los compuestos mas activos fueron crisina, eucalyptin, quercetina, luteolina, acido betulinico y acido oleanolico y las mezclas de flavonoides y triterpenos (M1 y M2). Estos compuestos y mezclas mostraron actividad IGR entre 0,2 y 5,0 µg/mL y efectos insecticidas entre 5,0 y 10,0 µg/mL. Los extractos mostraron caracter insecticida para las larvas a dosis letales entre 20-100 µg/mL. Estas muestras parecen tener efectos selectivos sobre el metabolismo de pre-emergencia de los lepidopteros, ya que en todos los tratamientos de las larvas de S. frugiperda el tiempo de la pupacion se acorto; este proceso muestra precocidad en relacion con el control, las substancias ensayadas en este trabajo pueden ser utiles como potenciales agentes insecticidas naturales
Positive and negative responses of coral calcification to elevated pCO(2): case studies of two coral species and the implications of their responses

Fragments of 2 coral species (Acropora nasuta and Pocillopora damicornis), collected from the South China Sea, were incubated for 94 d under controlled conditions of pCO(2) = 389, 700, and 1214 mu atm. Our incubation experiments showed that the net calcification rate of A. nasuta responded negatively to elevated pCO(2) in both short and mid-term incubations. In contrast, the net calcification rate of P. damicornis increased under elevated pCO(2) during the first 17 d, but then returned to background rates. Based on previous models, our modified models showed that the different responses of these 2 coral species depended on the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and pH levels in coral calcifying fluid. In the studied models, the positive responses of coral calcification to higher pCO(2) could be explained by either low DIC due to a higher photosynthesis rate or a stronger H+ pump. If DIC in calcifying fluid is greatly reduced by photosynthesis, the de creased DIC in calcifying fluid may be benefited by enhanced external seawater CO2, which will partially offset the dissolution due to ocean acidification. Therefore, in addition to our experimental results, our model provides a theoretical basis showing how coral may respond negatively and positively to ocean acidification.
Oviposition Deterrents for Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Larval Frass, Corn Leaves, and Artificial Diet

Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), oviposition on paper towels treated with water extracts of corn leaves, FAW larvae, larval frass, and artificial diet was reduced significantly compared with towels treated only with the solvent. Carrageenan was the component in the artificial diet responsible for oviposition deterrence. Aqueous extracts from two sweet corn cultivars grown outdoors in pots deterred oviposition, but only one, ‘Pioneer X304C’, a FAW-resistant cultivar, did so when grown outdoors or in the greenhouse. Extracts of ‘Pioneer X304C’ leaves with other solvents also deterred FAW oviposition. In field-cage experiments, oviposition was reduced significantly on ‘Pioneer X304C’ corn plants sprayed with aqueous extracts of either ‘Silver Queen’ or ‘Pioneer X304C’ leaves.
Spatial Distribution of Preimaginal Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Cotton and Development of Fixed-Precision Sequential Sampling Plans

Studies were conducted to examine distributional patterns of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) eggs and nymphs on two cultivars of upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. , and one American Pima cotton, G. barbadense L. , and to develop efficient sampling plans for estimating densities of immatures. On a per square centimeter basis, both eggs and nymphs were equally distributed among the four leaf sectors delineated by the major leaf veins. This pattern was independent of the nodal location of the leaf, cultivar, or sampling date. However, based on counts on 3.88-cm2 disks near the petiole of the leaf, both egg and nymphal were aggregated at the proximal end of each sector. The relationship between disk and whole leaf counts varied with nodal position and cultivar. The greatest number of eggs and nymphs were found on mainstem leaves from nodes 2–4 and 4–7 (mainstem terminal = node 1), respectively. This pattern changed slightly with time but was similar among the three cultivars. The lowest coefficients of variation were associated with leaf counts from nodes 4–5 and 5–6 for eggs and nymphs, respectively. Based on variance partitioning and sampling cost analysis, a single 3.88-cm2 disk from the base of the second sector of the fifth mainstern node leaf was determined to be the most efficient sample unit for estimating egg and nymphal densities. Sequential sampling stop lines were calculated for this sample unit using Green's (1970) method. Sample plan validation using Monte Carlo simulation indicated that actual levels of precision (SEM/mean) were poorer than those specified at low densities of immatures and better than specified at high densities. Further simulations indicated that stop lines for specified precisions of 0.20, 0.25, or 0.30 would maintain an average precision of 0.25 when egg or nymphal densities are 100 per leaf disk, respectively. These sampling plans allow efficient monitoring for pest management application and will aid the study of B. tabaci population dynamics in cotton.
The Control of Flowering in the Monocarpic Perennial Carlina vulgaris

In natural populations of the biennial Carlina vulgaris more than 95% of the individuals delayed flowering past the second year. The probability of flowering increased with (in order of importance) increasing size before boltining in June, size before the winter (November of the year before flowering) and growth in spring (April to June). No significant effect of age was found. In a nutrient rich experimental garden 58% of the individuals flowered in their first year. Laboratory experiments showed that all individuals flowered without cold if they were given optimal growing conditions (.)