Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The reaction mechanism of fluid-induced partial melting of gabbro in the oceanic crust

Hydrous partial melting of oceanic gabbro as a consequence of fluid/rock interaction at very high temperatures is regarded as an important process for the formation of felsic lithologies within the oceanic crust. In order to investigate the principal reaction mechanism of hydrous partial melting in detail, water-saturated partial melting experiments were conducted in an internally heated pressure vessel in the temperature range 860-1020 °C and 200 MPa pressure, fO 2 ~NNO, with mm-sized blocks of unmodified olivine gabbro ("microrocks") used as a coarse-grained starting material. Although far from global equilibrium, the observed phase relations and compositional trends are as expected from a similar experimental survey designed for achieving global equilibrium, using a fine-grained powder of the same starting gabbro. The experimental results allow us to formulate a general fluid-induced reaction for hydrous partial melting of olivine gabbro as a function of temperature: at T ≤ 980°C; olivine + clinopyroxene + plagioclase(I) + H 2 O) amphibole + orthopyroxene + plagioclase(II) + hydrous plagiogranitic melt; at T ≥ 980°C; olivine(I) + clinopyroxene(I) + plagioclase(I) + H 2 O) olivine (II) + clinopyroxene(II) + plagioclase(II) + hydrous plagiogranitic melt: Textural features and compositional characteristics obtained in these partial-melting experiments on microrock are in good agreement with corresponding features of late-stage assemblages in some natural oceanic gabbros from slow-spreading ridges, implying that some of the natural late-stage parageneses can be better explained as residual phases left back after a hydrous partial-melting event rather than by crystallization of a late evolved percolating melt. One experiment performed at 940 °C produced pools of silicate melt containing droplets of a second melt strongly enriched in typical trace elements (P, Zr, Cl as proxies), which is interpreted as an effect of liquid immiscibility. The observation of unusually high concentrations of some trace elements within the first melts is in contradiction with trace-element concentrations derived from modelling using equilibrium partition coefficients. A model is implied that during the very first stage of hydrous partial melting, submicrometre sized phases like apatite, zircon and oxides crystallized on grain boundaries from a late-stage melt in the host gabbro may be forced into the very first melt which incorporated their trace-element inventory. A possible consequence is that the very first melts of fluid-induced partial melting of oceanic gabbro may be regarded as one possible source for the contamination of natural MORB or of corresponding felsic lithologies generated at mid-ocean ridges.
Multivisceral resection of nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm with nearby organ invasion: a case report

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs) are relatively rare epithelial malignancies originating from pancreatic neuroendocrine cells, pathologically classified into well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) and poorly-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (pNECs). Although they also fall under the category of pNENs, the almost entirely distinct biological characteristics and survival prognosis have caused debate among surgeons when it comes to the development of surgical intervention options, particularly for locally advanced G3 pNETs and pNECs. We present a case of 66-year-old male with nonfunctional G3 pNET, invasion of five nearby pancreatic organs and type II liver metastases. The patient achieved good outcomes after undergoing multivisceral resection and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. This finding helps surgeons better understand locally advanced pNENs, formulate treatment decisions systematically and confidently, and balance patient benefits and risks of surgery.
Inverting a forest canopy reflectance model to retrieve the overstorey and understorey leaf area index for forest stands

In this article, the Kuusk–Nilson forest reflectance and transmittance (FRT) model was inverted to retrieve the overstorey and understorey leaf area index (OU-LAI) of forest stands in the Longmenhe forest nature reserve in China. Data from detailed sample sites were collected in 30 forest stands representing the typical vegetation community in the study area. An uncertainty and sensitivity matrix (USM) was used to analyse the sensitivity of the FRT model parameters based on these data. The results indicated that overstorey LAI strongly influenced stand reflectance, whereas understorey LAI had a much lower impact. To predict OU-LAI in forest stands, FRT model inversion is carried out by minimizing a merit function that provides a measure of the difference between the reflectance simulated by the FRT model and the reflectance originating from optimal band selection of Hyperion data. Various combinations of Hyperion bands were tested to evaluate the most effective wavelengths for the inversion of OU-LAI. The best estimates from 17 Hyperion bands (5 VIS, 8 NIR, 4 SWIR) by the FRT model inversion showed an R 2 = 0.41 and RMSE/mean = 0.21 for overstorey LAI and R 2 = 0.49 and RMSE/mean = 0.91 for understorey LAI. Advantages and disadvantages of FRT inversion for retrieval OU-LAI combined with Hyperion data are discussed.
Evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Snow Lake arc assemblage and geodynamic setting for associated volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposits, Flin Flon Belt, Manitoba, Canada

The majority of volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits at the east end of the Paleoproterozoic Flin Flon “greenstone” belt occur in the 1.89 Ga Snow Lake arc assemblage. VMS deposits in this isotopically juvenile oceanic arc sequence are hosted within a 6 km thick monoclinal section that records in its stratigraphy and geochemistry a temporal evolution in arc development from primitive, through mature, to arc rift. VMS deposits occur in both the primitive and mature arc sequences and are interpreted to be products of arc extension and accompanying anomolously high heat flow, fracturing, and fluid circulation. Boninites, low-Ti tholeiites, and isotopically juvenile rhyolite flows, a rock association that has been attributed in both modern and Phanerozoic arcs to high-temperature hydrous melting of refractory mantle sources in an extensional and (or) pro to-arc environment, forms the primitive arc. Indication that the mature arc also underwent extension includes voluminous volcaniclastic detritus (from fault scarps? ), prominent synvolcanic dykes, isotopically juvenile rhyolite flows, and the fact that the mature arc is stratigraphically overlain by arc-rift basalts with MORB-like geochemistry. Interpretation of VMS deposits at Snow Lake as products of an extensional geodynamic setting suggests that the traditional Flin Flon Belt exploration model, invoking “pluton-generated” convective seawater, be augmented by the search for evidence of rifting. Economically significant rock associations at Snow Lake include geochemically primitive refractory mafic magmas (e.g., boninites), isotopically juvenile felsic magmas, bimodal basalt–rhyolite sequences, and arc-rift basalts.
Seasonal formation of nitrous oxide laminae in the mid and low latitude stratosphere

The seasonal and global distributions of laminae in nitrous oxide (N2O), a long‐lived tropospheric source gas, are examined in a multi‐year, three‐dimensional model simulation. The frequency of laminae occurrences is described as a function of geographical location and season. Enhanced laminae occurrence is found in the midlatitude surf zones of both hemispheres, but there are zonal asymmetries, especially in the northern hemisphere. In boreal winter and spring, laminae intruding from mid‐latitudes into the deep tropics are found across the Pacific Ocean, on the southern flank of the Aleutian High. A “quiet zone”, free of laminae, lies on the summer side of the equator, and separates the winter from the summer stratosphere. It coincides in latitude with the location of the N2O low‐latitude maximum. High laminae occurrences are again found in the extratropics of the summer hemisphere.
Exposing biases in retrieved low cloud properties from CloudSat: A guide for evaluating observations and climate data

This study provides an assessment of low cloud properties retrieved from CloudSat, MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer), and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation with the goal of exposing biases that hinder meaningful comparisons with the simulated cloud properties in global climate models (GCMs). Being pertinent to GCM comparisons, CloudSat is the only satellite that can provide the vertical structure of cloud water and ice content from space. Biases in CloudSat low cloud properties are found to be tied to problems involving cloud detection and algorithm retrieval failures related to precipitation and strict cloud screening procedures. We show that MODIS and CloudSat cloud liquid water path (LWP) data agree when carefully screened for lack of precipitation but significantly depart in precipitating clouds due to rain water contamination of LWP in the CloudSat retrieval algorithm. The presence of drizzle and rain (occurring about 20% of the time) is associated with different mean LWP, mean particle sizes, and optical depths of all low clouds and therefore the radiative properties of the oceanic low clouds. Another more significant source of the LWP bias stems from the apparent lack of cloud detection. On average, the Cloud Profiling Radar misses clouds with adequate liquid and ice water retrievals as detected by MODIS in approximately 45% of warm clouds with the bulk of the bias occurring in clouds below 1 km in the so‐called “ground clutter zone. ” By incorporating additional sensors such as MODIS, the following results suggest that this LWP bias can be greatly reduced.
Voacangine Mitigates Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells HK-1 Proliferation and Triggers Apoptosis through the Suppression of NF-κB Facilitated PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway

The nasopharyngeal epithelium, which is frequently found in Southeast Asia and Southern China, gives rise to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Despite improvements in diagnostic tools and remedial modalities, the prognosis of NPC remains meager. Thus, innovative and effective anti-cancer agents are desirable. Voacangine (VCG) is a recognized alkaloid sequestered from the plant Voacanga foetida. Hence, the current research assessed the anti-proliferative and apoptotic action of VCG on HK-1 human NPC cells and its underlying molecular actions. The results exposed that VCG (20 and 25 µ/ml) avert the HK-1 cells proliferation, which stimulates apoptosis by the amelioration of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and caspases, while it lessens cyclin-D1, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), c-Myc, survivin in a dose-dependent way. Furthermore, VCG alleviates inflammation, cell proliferation, and augmented cell death through the attenuation of Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) facilitated Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Protein kinase B/Mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signaling. This creates a Bax/Bcl-2 proportion imbalance, which triggers caspases cascade, Cyt-c, and induces apoptosis. Our findings deliver novel perceptions into exploring VCG as a beneficial bioactive alkaloid for the handling of NPC.
Determinants and Influences of Information Systems Integration in a Public Higher Education Context

In this study, the authors used the technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework and DeLone and McLean's upstream information systems (IS) success model to construct and test a model that describes IS integration and its determinants and influences. The researchers modified the TOE model to include business and knowledge factors. Using a cross-sectional research design, they distributed survey questionnaires to participants at a Malaysian public higher education institution. The authors analyzed the data using partial least squares structural equation modelling. The results suggested that IS integration influences system quality and information quality positively. Contrary to extant findings, only knowledge, environmental, and business factors determined IS integration directly. The authors discuss the implications of these results for IS integration and future research.
Pronival (protalus) ramparts: a review of forms, processes, diagnostic criteria and p alaeoenvi ronmental implications

Most of the literature on pronival (protalus) ramparts deals with supposed fossil examples with very few studies devoted to active features and/or observed processes. Not surprisingly, this has led to circular reasoning and assumptions about typical rampart form, constituent material and genesis that have been shown to be inadequate or spurious from the few detailed investigations of actively forming ramparts so far carried out. Nevertheless, reliance continues to be placed on the characteristics of fossil features in the search for previously unidentified fossil examples. This article provides a critical review of rampart terminology, morphology and sedimentology, mechanisms, 'diagnostic' criteria, position in a continuum of talus-derived landforms and palaeoclimatic significance. It is suggested that the descriptor pronival is preferable to the widely used protalus, as the latter is misleadingly restrictive in terms of the known range of possible locations. Greater variability in terms of form and mechanisms of formation than most workers assume is indicated by recent studies of active features, with multiple as well as single ridges, fines and edge-worn as well as coarse angular clasts being found, and a variety of supranival and also subnival processes regarded as possibly contributing to rampart formation. It is concluded that only when further investigations of actively forming ramparts have been carried out, will it be possible to compile a reliable list of criteria for dist inguishing ramparts from moraines, protalus rock glaciers and other bedrock cliff-foot deposi tional forms. Correct identification of fossil ramparts may then lead to a better understanding of 1) their place in a continuum of talus-derived landforms; and 2) their potential as palaeoclimatic indicators.
Tectonics of the Caribbean and Middle America Regions from Focal Mechanisms and Seismicity

Seismic data strongly support recent theories of tectonics in which large plates of lithosphere move coherently with respect to one another as nearly rigid bodies, spreading apart at ocean ridges, sliding past one another at transform faults, and underthrusting at island arcs. Boundaries between adjacent plates of lithosphere are defined by belts of high seismic activity. Redetermination of more than 600 hypocenters in the Middle America region and previous studies in the Galapagos and Caribbean regions define the boundaries of two relatively small, nearly aseismic plates in the region of interest. The first, the Cocos plate, is bordered by the East Pacific rise, the Galapagos rift zone, the north-trending Panama fracture zone near 82° W. , and the Middle America arc; the second, the Caribbean plate, underlies the Caribbean Sea and is bounded by the Middle America arc, the Cayman trough, the West Indies arc, and the seismic zone through northern South America. Focal mechanisms of 70 earthquakes in these regions were determined to ascertain the relative motion of these two plates with respect to the surrounding regions or plates. The results show underthrusting of the Cocos plate beneath Mexico and Guatemala in a northeasterly direction and beneath the rest of Central America in a more north-northeasterly direction. The Cocos plate is spreading away from the rest of the Pacific floor at the East Pacific rise and at the Galapagos rift zone. Motion is right-lateral strike-slip along the Panama fracture zone, a transform fault connecting the Galapagos rift zone and the Middle America arc. At the same time, the Caribbean plate is moving easterly with respect to the Americas plate, which is here taken to include both North and South America and the western Atlantic. Left-lateral strike-slip motion along steeply dipping fault planes is observed on the Cayman trough. The Americas plate is underthrusting the Caribbean in a westerly direction at the Lesser Antilles and near Puerto Rico. Unlike the Lesser Antilles, however, motion at present is not perpendicular to the Puerto Rico trench but instead is almost parallel to the trench along nearly horizontal fault planes. Computations of rates of motion indicate that underthrusting is at a higher rate in southeastern Mexico and Guatemala than in western Mexico and that the Caribbean is moving at a lower rate relative to North America than is the Cocos plate.
Wear Traces and the Interpretation of Stone Tools

Abstract Hafting traces integrated within a larger functional analysis can be used to improve our understanding of the dynamic life cycle of a stone tool. Based on the analysis of hide scrapers from the Magdalenian site of Verberie, France, the potential of research that considers macroscopic and microscopic traces from different causes (e.g., production, use, manual grasping, and hafting) is demonstrated. Hafting traces can throw light on a tool’s use and hafting mode, but also on its morphology and reasons for discard, among other things. Most importantly, the principles necessary to analyze experimental hafting traces are shown to be useful for interpreting archaeological hafting modes.
Statistical analysis of sand grain/bed collision process recorded by high‐speed digital camera

A high‐speed digital camera was employed to record the sand grain/bed collision process. With image processing and a statistical method, a series of parameters of the collision process were obtained. The results show that the collision process of a grain with rebounding can be represented by two parameters: the kinetic energy restitution coefficient and the collision angle. Both parameters satisfy a normal distribution, and they are dependent on one another. With an increase of the collision angle, the distribution of the kinetic energy restitution gradually reduces from a broad to a narrow range with low values. The percentage of vertical velocity restitution coefficients greater than 1 can reach 70% or more, which ensures that the settling time of the sand grains in the air increases and that they receive more energy from the air to progress the saltation movement.
Exploring Atmosphere–Ocean Coupling Using Principal Component and Redundancy Analysis

Abstract Principal component analysis (PCA), which is designed to look at internal modes of variability, has often been applied beyond its intended design to study coupled modes of variability in combined datasets, also referred to as combined PCA. There are statistical techniques better suited for this purpose such as singular value decomposition (SVD) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA). In this paper, a different technique is examined that has not often been applied in climate science, that is, redundancy analysis (RA). Similar to multivariate regression, RA seeks to maximize the variance accounted for in one random vector that is linearly regressed against another random vector. RA can be used for forecasting and prediction studies of the climate system. This technique has the added advantage that the time-lagged redundancy index offers a robust method of identifying lead–lag relations among climate variables. In this study, combined PCA and RA of global sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea le.
Key crop nutrient management issues in the Western Australia grains industry : a review

In the present paper, we review 4 topics that were identified through extensive consultation with stakeholders as issues of high impact and influence for the grains industry: improving soil testing and interpretation; role of fluid fertilisers in the Western Australian (WA) grains industry; using spatial and temporal information to improve crop nutrient management, particularly for nitrogen; and developing recommendations for managing emerging nutrient deficiencies. The key findings are summarised below. To further improve soil testing and interpretation, the review suggests that future research should focus on addressing soil sampling and interpretation questions, as they are important factors affecting the accuracy of fertiliser recommendations with changing cropping practices. There have been several studies to compare fluid with granular forms of P in WA, but the responses have not, so far, been consistent. More work may be needed to understand different crop response to fluid P fertiliser additions, particularly on low pH soils in WA. An understanding of the long-term performance of fluid P will also require an assessment of the residual value of fluid P compared with granular P under field conditions. Precision agriculture (PA) technology has potential to improve crop nutrient management and farm profitability in WA. The review indicates that understanding both spatial and temporal yield variation is critical for the successful adoption of PA technology by growers. The review also suggests that in WA, there is a need to explore the use of different layers of spatial information for determining management zones. In response to wide adoption of no-till and stubble retention cropping systems, increased use of fluid fertilisers together with advanced application technologies, and increased interest in cropping in the high rainfall zone, there is need to better understand growers' practices and attitudes to crop nitrogen (N) management, and thus to better position research and extension activities. The review also suggests the need to evaluate new fertiliser products and site-specific N management concepts and develop N management practices for waterlogging-prone soils for improved N use efficiency in cereal production systems in WA. The negative balance of magnesium (Mg) observed in WA cropping systems, together with the information reviewed on factors affecting soil Mg content and crop response to Mg application across Australia, suggests that there is a need to evaluate the risk and impact of Mg deficiency on acidic sandy soils of WA.
Metamorphic Conditions in the Westphalia Schists of the Blue Mountain Inlier, Jamaica: Tectonic Implications

Two groups of metamorphic rocks—the Westphalia Schists and Mt. Hibernia Schists—occur as fault-bounded blocks on the southwestern side of the Blue Mountain Inlier in eastern Jamaica. The metamorphosed sediments and volcanic rocks are part of an Early Cretaceous accretionary complex. The Mt. Hibernia Schists reflect Sanbagawa facies-series metamorphism. Metamorphic conditions of the Westphalia Schists are less well known. In Westphalia metabasites, two metamorphic zones are recognizable—a low-T zone (I) is related to a high-T zone (II) by the reaction bio + epi = gar + hnb. The diagnostic assemblage in pelitic rocks is the same, gar + bio + chl, throughout the Westphalia Schists. These observations indicate high pressure within the amphibolite facies. In the Westphalia Schists, temperature estimates based on Fe-Mg exchange in gar-hnb are 580 to 650° C; estimates based on Fe-Mg exchange in garbio are lower—460 to 540° C. Pressure estimates for gar-hnb-plg equilibria are 6.2 to 8.6 kbar. Although temperature.