Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Degradation at the InSight Landing Site, Homestead Hollow, Mars: Constraints From Rock Heights and Shapes

Rock shapes and heights around the InSight lander are examined to refine the degradation history of the 27 m‐diameter Homestead hollow. Results document decreasing average exposed rock height and increasing percentage of rocks where height comprises the short axis from outside to within the hollow and support prior models of ejecta deflation accompanied by hollow infilling. We estimate 0.3 m of deflation at the current rim that is realistic compared to rock relief, original ejecta thickness, and predicted aeolian contributions to infilling. We also find that shapes of embayed basalt rocks outside the hollow appear platy, bladed, and elongate in a triangular form factor plot, and more discoidal and bladed in an axes ratio plot. By contrast, expected shapes based on terrestrial studies of basalt rocks are mostly compact, compact platy, compact bladed, compact elongated, platy, bladed, and elongate in triangular form factor plots, and equant with lesser, but significant disc‐ and blade‐shaped rocks in axes ratio plots. We find addition of 10 cm to the heights of rocks near the hollow rim, to account for continued partial embedding in ejecta, yields the best match between observed and expected rock shapes. Exposure of small ejecta rocks in the hollow supports degradation rates of 10−4 m/Myr during most of hollow history. Results indicate that deflation from ejecta accompanied by downwind deposition in the hollow can account for the current degraded form of the crater. Our approach is a new tool for characterizing small crater degradation on regolith‐covered lava plains on Mars.
Application of Problem-Based Learning to Enhance Student Learning Outcomes in Basic Competencies of Maintaining Brake Systems

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the application of problem-based learning to improve student learning outcomes in the subject of Basic Competencies for Maintaining Brake Systems at SMK Negeri 2 Kupang. This study used a 2x2 factorial research design with experimental methods with a quantitative approach, consisting of two classes: the experimental and control classes. The control class is taught using a direct learning model, and the experimental class is taught using a problem-based learning model. The research sample was 70 students, 36 students from TKR 2 class (experiment class), and 34 students from class XI TKR 3 (control class). The instrument used consisted of a questionnaire of analytical skills, a test of learning outcomes in the cognitive domain, affective domain, and psychomotor domain. This study's results indicate that (1) student learning outcomes using problem-based learning models are significantly higher than learning outcomes for students who use the direct learning model; (2) the learning outcomes of students who have high analytical skills are significantly higher than the learning outcomes of students who have low analytical skills; and (3) there is an interaction between the use of problem-based learning models and direct learning models on learning outcomes in the basic competency subject of the brake system at SMKN 2 Kupang.
EXTRAÇÃO E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE ÓLEO DO PEQUI (Caryocarbrasiliensis Camb.) PARA O USO SUSTENTÁVEL EM FORMULAÇÕES COSMÉTICAS ÓLEO/ÁGUA (O/A)

O pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) e um fruto tipico do Cerrado brasileiro, utilizado na culinaria regional e aproveitado de diferentes formas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi extrair e caracterizar o oleo da polpa e amendoa, a fim de utiliza-lo em formulacoes cosmeticas do tipo oleo/agua (O/A), de forma sustentavel. As amostras de pequi foram obtidas em Montes Claros/MG. O oleo do pequi foi extraido de polpas liofilizadas no estado maduro, assim como das amendoas obtidas como residuo da Industria Alimenticia. A extracao dos lipideos foi realizada pelo metodo de Soxhlet. A caracterizacao dos oleos foi realizada segundo as Normas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. A identificacao dos acidos graxos foi realizada por Cromatografia Gasosa. Foram manipuladas tres emulsoes cosmeticas, contendo vitamina E, oleo da polpa e oleo da amendoa do pequi, e caracterizadas por metodos fisico-quimicos e Analise Termica. Os resultados mostraram que o teor de lipideos totais na polpa (36,07%) foi superior ao da amendoa (20,10%). Os oleos da polpa e amendoa apresentaram respectivamente: umidade 0,68% e 1,16%; indice de acidez 3,17 e 4,94 mg KOH/g; indice de saponificacao 194,3 e 206,10 mg KOH/g; indice de peroxido 24,16% e 28,23% e indice de refracao 1,406 e 1,392. Dados da composicao em acidos graxos do oleo da polpa e da amendoa do pequi mostraram que sao constituidos na sua maior parte por acido oleico e acido palmitico. As emulsoes nao apresentaram contaminacao microbiologica. Quanto as aspecto, apresentaram-se brilhosas, sem grumos, homogeneas, finas e nao oleosas. Foram estaveis a 3500 rpm por 30 minutos e nao sofreram alteracoes durante 30 dias, quando expostas na temperatura ambiente, expostas ao sol e na geladeira. Mas, sofreram alteracoes quando expostas na estufa a 40oC. Os resultados de Analise Termica indicaram que a emulsao com vitamina E sofre decomposicao mais rapidamente que as emulsoes com oleo do pequi. Desta forma, pode-se concluir que o oleo do pequi, tanto da amendoa quanto da polpa, sao adequados para obtencao de emulsoes a frio, no intervalo de 30 dias.
Impact of Authentic Leadership on Work Engagement and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Meditating Role of Motivation for Work

: Purpose: The general purpose of this research was to analyze the effects of the perception of authentic leadership on work engagement and organizational citizenship behavior through motivation for work. Design/Methodology/Approach: With a cross-sectional design, the data were obtained from 300 employees belonging to micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in all the provinces of Ecuador, establishing causal relationships through regression and confirmatory factor analysis and supporting the structural equation model. Findings: The results indicated support for previous studies and demonstrated that authentic leadership positively predicts work engagement and organizational citizenship behavior. Moreover, the findings revealed new insights into the positive and significant effects of authentic leadership on work engagement and organizational citizenship behavior through the satisfaction of needs for work motivation. The results revealed the importance of the perception of authentic leadership components among employees to satisfy needs for work motivation as a mediating variable of work engagement and organizational citizenship behavior as a driver of productivity in organizations. Practical implications: Organization development professionals must carry out activities that facilitate strategies to satisfy needs as catalysts for the relationship between authentic leadership, work engagement, and organizational citizenship behavior. Originality/value: This research provides new causal relationships between four constructs by analyzing leadership's direct and indirect effects.
Evidence from phosphorus X‐ray mapping for a multistep process in the formation of olivine phenocrysts in FeO‐rich porphyritic chondrules

Phosphorus X‐ray maps of olivine phenocrysts in many type II (FeO‐rich) porphyritic chondrules in LL3.00 Semarkona and CO3.05 Y 81020 reveal multiple sets of thin dark/bright (P‐poor/P‐rich) layers that resemble oscillatory zoning. Such discrete layers are generally not evident in BSE images or in Fe, Cr, Ca, Al, Mg, or Mn X‐ray maps because rapid diffusion of these cations in olivine at high temperatures smoothed out their initial distributions, thereby mimicking normal igneous zoning. In contrast, the relatively slow diffusion of P in olivine preserves original dendritic or hopper morphologies of olivine crystals; these skeletal structures formed during quenching after initial chondrule melting. The skeletal olivine crystals were filled in with low‐P olivine during cooling after one or more subsequent heating events, mainly involving the melting of mesostasis. Crystallization of mafic silicates depleted the mesostasis in FeO and MgO and enriched it in silico‐feldspathic components. Sectioning of the olivine grains at particular orientations can produce apparent oscillatory zoning in P. Strong evidence of a secondary melting event is evident in Semarkona chondrule H5k. Phenocryst H5k‐2 in this chondrule has a relict core (with rhythmic P zoning layers) that was fractured and severed; it is overlain by a set of differently oriented subparallel P‐poor olivine layers. Chondrule C6f from Y 81020 contains a large multi‐lobed olivine phenocryst that still preserves hopper cavities, partially outlined by P‐poor/P‐rich olivine layers. The thin P‐rich rims surrounding many olivine phenocrysts could reflect a short period of rapid grain growth after a late‐stage chondrule reheating event.
First Application of Artificial Neural Networks to Estimate 21st Century Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Melt

Future Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) melt projections are limited by the lack of explicit melt calculations within most global climate models and the high computational cost of dynamical downscaling with regional climate models (RCMs). Here, we train artificial neural networks (ANNs) to obtain relationships between quantities consistently available from global climate model simulations and annually integrated GrIS surface melt. To this end, we train the ANNs with model output from the Community Earth System Model 2.1 (CESM2), which features an interactive surface melt calculation based on a downscaled surface energy balance. We find that ANNs compare well with an independent CESM2 simulation and RCM simulations forced by a CMIP6 subset. The ANNs estimate a melt increase for 2,081–2,100 ranging from 414 ± 275 Gt yr−1 (SSP1‐2.6) to 1,378 ± 555 Gt yr−1 (SSP5‐8.5) for the full CMIP6 suite. The primary source of uncertainty throughout the 21st century is the spread of climate model sensitivity.
Relationship Between Employee Engagement and Innovative Behavior: Empirical Study of PT Bank BRI Syariah Tbk in DKI Jakarta, West Java, and Banten

The innovative behavior of employee is one of the important triggers in the production of company innovation. Employee engagement is an important factor in encouraging employees to behave innovatively. This study focuses on the relationship between employee engagement and innovative behavior of Bank BRI Syariah employees in the provinces of DKI Jakarta, West Java and Banten. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between employee engagement and innovative behavior. This study used a quantitative research approach with data collection techniques through online questionnaire. The sample in this study were 98 permanent employees of Bank BRI Syariah from various areas of responsibility within the provinces of DKI Jakarta, West Java, and Banten. This study used several data analysis techniques, namely the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, descriptive analysis, and the coefficient of correlation test between variables. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between employee engagement and innovative behavior. This study recommends that companies pay more attention to the level of their employee engagement as it has a positive relationship with innovative behavior of the employees, which in turn can increase the company’s innovation potential.
The atypicality of sustainable luxury products

Correspondence Carmela Donato, Department of Business and Management, LUISS University, Viale Romania, 32 – 00197 Rome, Italy. Email: donatoc@luiss.it Abstract This study tackles the issue of how consumers might perceive luxury products' sustainability‐focused communication. We compare consumers' reactions when luxury brands communicate their focus on either product sustainability or product excellence (i.e., a sustainability‐ vs. excellence‐focused communication strategy, respectively). We predict that consumers perceive the former as more atypical for a luxury brand, which renders the communication more effective at enhancing consumers' willingness to buy the brand's products. Across six experiments, we demonstrate that perceived atypicality mediates the effect of luxury product communication strategy on consumers' willingness to buy; that perceived atypicality increases willingness to buy by increasing consumers' perception about the uniqueness of the communication strategy; that the effect of perceived atypicality is stronger for consumers with a higher chronic need for uniqueness; and that the greater effectiveness of a sustainability‐focused communication strategy on atypicality and willingness to buy is peculiar to luxury products (i.e., it does not manifest for mass‐market products). From a managerial perspective, our findings demonstrate that luxury brands may innovate their communication strategies by leveraging sustainability rather than product excellence.
Profile and patterns of dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes among Mexican adults.

OBJECTIVE To describe the profile and patterns of dual uses (n=954) and exclusive cigarette users (n=2 070) and determine the correlates of more frequent e-cigarette use among dual users and their reasons for e-cigarette use. MATERIALS AND METHODS An online survey of Mexican adult smokers. Logistic models regressed dual-use (exclusive smoking vs. dual user) on sociodemographic, smoking varia-bles and substance use behaviors. We conducted censorial binomial models to estimate the correlates of frequency of e-cigarette use among dual users. RESULTS Dual users were younger had higher education (AOR=2.22) and higher levels of smoking dependence (AOR=1.31), preferred cigarettes with flavor capsules (AOR=1.58) and had recently attempted to quit smoking (AOR=1.38). Marijuana use and being daily smokers were correlates of higher frequency of use among dual users. CONCLUSION Dual users had a higher risk profile than exclusive smokers, which was even more prominent in dual-users who used e-cigarettes frequently.
Factors Underlying Spatiotemporal Variations in Atmospheric PM2.5 Concentrations in Zhejiang Province, China

Fine particulate matter in the lower atmosphere (PM2.5) continues to be a major public health problem globally. Identifying the key contributors to PM2.5 pollution is important in monitoring and managing atmospheric quality, for example, in controlling haze. Previous research has been aimed at quantifying the relationship between PM2.5 values and their underlying factors, but the spatial and temporal dynamics of these factors are not well understood. Based on random forest and Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) algorithms, this study analyses the spatiotemporal variations in selected key factors influencing PM2.5 in Zhejiang Province, China, for the period 2000–2019. The results indicate that, while factors influencing PM2.5 varied significantly during the period studied, SHAP values suggest that there is consistency in their relative importance as follows: meteorological factors (e.g., atmospheric pressure) > socioeconomic factors (e.g., gross domestic product, GDP) > topography and land cover factors (e.g., elevation). The contribution of GDP and transportation factors initially increased but has declined in the recent past, indicating that economic and infrastructural development does not necessarily result in increased PM2.5 concentrations. Vegetation productivity, as indicated by changes in NDVI, is demonstrated to have become more important in improving air quality, and the area of the province over which it constrains PM2.5 concentrations has increased between 2000 and 2019. Mapping of SHAP values suggests that, although the relative importance of industrial emissions has declined during the period studied, the actual area positively impacted by such emissions has actually increased. Despite developments in government policy, greater efforts to conserve energy and reduce emissions are still needed. The study further demonstrates that the combination of random forest and SHAP methods provides a valuable means to identify regional differences in key factors affecting atmospheric PM2.5 values and offers a reliable reference for pollution control strategies.
Using Symbolic States to Infer Numerical Invariants

Automatically inferring invariant specifications has proven valuable in enabling a wide range of software verification and validation approaches over the past two decades. Recent approaches have shifted from using observation of concrete program states to exploiting symbolic encodings of sets of concrete program states in order to improve the quality of inferred invariants. In this paper, we demonstrate that working directly with symbolic states generated by symbolic execution approaches can improve invariant inference further. Our technique uses a counterexample-based algorithm that iteratively creates concrete states from symbolic states, infers candidate invariants from both concrete and symbolic states, and then validates or refutes candidate invariants using symbolic states. The refutation process serves both to eliminate spurious invariants and to drive the inference process to produce more precise invariants. This framework can be employed to infer complex invariants that capture nonlinear polynomial relations among program variables. The open-source SymInfer tool implements these ideas to automatically generate invariants at arbitrary locations in Java or C programs. Our preliminary results show that across a collection of four benchmarks SymInfer improves on the state-of-the-art by efficiently inferring more informative invariants than prior work.
Comprehensive Air Quality Assessment of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 under Simulated Indoor Environments

Despite the growing popularity of heated tobacco products, there are few comprehensive studies on their environmental aerosols. Therefore, the impact of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS 2.2) on indoor air quality was evaluated on the basis of a comprehensive list of 31 airborne constituents along with targeted screening of the gas–vapor and particulate phases of the environmental aerosol. The assessments were conducted at three ventilation rates. Indoor use of THS 2.2 increased the levels of nicotine, acetaldehyde, glycerin, and (if mentholated products were used) menthol relative to background levels, with a corresponding increase in total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) values. Moreover, a temporary increase in ultrafine particles was observed when two or more tobacco sticks were used simultaneously or with a short time lapse between usages, but the concentrations returned to close to background levels almost immediately. This is because THS 2.2 generates an aerosol of liquid droplets, which evaporate quickly. Nicotine, acetaldehyde, glycerin, and TVOC levels were measured in the low μg/m3 range and were below the existing guideline limits. A comparison of airborne constituent levels during indoor THS 2.2 use with emissions from combustion products and common everyday activities revealed a substantially lower impact of THS 2.2 on the indoor environment.
Numerical Prediction of Erosion Based on the Solid-Liquid Two-Phase Flow in a Double-Suction Centrifugal Pump

Due to the high sediment content in the Yellow River, the pump units in the pumping stations along the line are often eroded by sediment, causing the reduction of pump efficiency and structural damage. The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of particle diameter on the particle track, erosion distribution and erosion rate in a double-suction centrifugal pump in a pumping station of the Yellow River with a Lagrangian particle-tracking approach and a Tabakoff erosion model. The results show that the surface erosion of the impeller on both sides in the double-suction centrifugal pump has an asymmetric distribution, and the erosion rate on both sides is different. The particle diameter affects the moving trajectory of particles and has a significant effect on the erosion morphology and position in the impeller. With the increase of particle diameter, the velocity of the particles moving towards the pressure side of the blade inlet increases, resulting in punctate impact erosion. When the particle diameter decreases, sliding abrasion gradually forms on the pressure side of the blade outlet. The change rule of the solid particle volume fraction on the impeller wall is consistent with that of erosion distribution on the impeller wall. The larger the solid volume fraction is, the higher the wall erosion rate is.
Cellulose dissolution: Comparison of two non-derivatizing solvent systems and the effect of additives

The Ph.D. thesis of Mgr. Nikolay Kotov focuses on the acquisition of new experimental information on the changes of cellulose structure upon dissolution in two solvents, an ionic liquid 1butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (bmimCl) and an organic solvent N,N–dimethylacetamide (DMAc) with lithium chloride (LiCl). FT-Raman, dispersive and attenuated-total-reflectance (ATR) FTIR spectroscopies have been utilized as the main tools for the detailed study. The studies were supplemented with complementary data obtained from other techniques such as wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), solid-state NMR spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The aims and objectives of the doctoral thesis to: 1) acquire information about the features of selected cellulose solvents; 2) investigate the changes in cellulose structure upon dissolution in the selected solvents; and 3) assess the influence of additives on cellulose dissolution; have been achieved. It is found that water at low concentration (<3 wt%) acts as a co-solvent in cellulose-bmimCl mixtures. The presence of “Pluronics”, has been shown to affect only cellulose in DMAc with LiCl at temperatures above 26 °C. The performed experiments, acquired information and conclusions undoubtedly lead to better understanding of cellulose dissolution processes and may lead to further advancements in cellulose processing and in preparation of new cellulose-based materials.
The “striated delta” signature of gravity waves generated near the jet stream during rapid extratropical cyclogenesis

Distinctive, triangular‐shaped “striated delta” clouds provide a novel framework for better understanding large‐amplitude gravity wave generation near upper‐tropospheric jets and fronts during rapid extratropical cyclogenesis, as the transverse cloud‐top banding is thought to be the imprint of gravity waves. For 28 striated deltas in the Australian region between May and September 2009, cloud formations have a mean length of 1,034 km, width of 537 km, lifetime of 7 hr and striation wavelength of 74 km. Composite analysis in ECMWF operational analysis data shows that deltas typically occur within the poleward jet exit during baroclinic evolution, located near the axis of inflection between an upstream upper trough and downstream ridge. Candidate gravity wave generation mechanisms in the vicinity of the upper jet coinciding with striated delta development are examined, including large parcel accelerations, nonlinear imbalance within the broadscale flow and deep moist convection. The striated delta shape is partly explained by a triangular pattern of Q‐vector convergence and quasi‐geostrophic adiabatic vertical motion forcing within the poleward jet exit, although the pattern is displaced a few hundred kilometres upstream.