Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constraints on the seismic properties of the middle and lower continental crust

Abstract For the past two decades geodetic measurements have quantified surface displacement fields for the continents, illustrating a general complexity. However, the linkage of geodetically defined displacements in the continents to mantle flow and plate tectonics demands understanding of ductile deformations in the middle and lower continental crust. Advances in seismic anisotropy studies are beginning to allow such work, especially in the Himalaya and Tibet, using passive seismological experiments (e.g. teleseismic receiver functions and records from local earthquakes). Although there is general agreement that measured seismic anisotropy in the middle and lower crust reflects bulk mineral alignment (i.e. crystallographic preferred orientation, CPO), there is a need to calibrate the seismic response to deformation structures and their kinematics. Here, we take on this challenge by deducing the seismic properties of typical mid- and lower-crustal rocks that have experienced ductile deformation through quantitative measures of CPO in samples from appropriate outcrops. The effective database of CPO and hence seismic properties can be expanded by a modelling approach that utilizes ‘rock recipes’ derived from the as-measured individual mineral CPOs combined in varying modal proportions. In addition, different deformation fabrics may be diagnostic of specific deformation kinematics that can serve to constrain interpretations of seismic anisotropy data from the continental crust. Thus, the use of ‘fabric recipes’ based on subsets of individual rock fabric CPO allows the effect of different fabrics (e.g. foliations) to be investigated and interpreted from their seismic response. A key issue is the possible discrimination between continental crustal deformation models with strongly localized simple-shear (ductile fault) fabrics from more distributed (‘pure-shear’) crustal flow. The results of our combined rock and fabric-recipe modelling suggest that the seismic properties of the middle and lower crust depend on deformation state and orientation as well as composition, while reliable interpretation of seismic survey data should incorporate as many seismic properties as possible.
Europeanisation Strategy of Chinese Companies: Its Perils and Promises

The magnitude of outward FDI from China over the recent years has been impressive. It is widely acknowledged that China's government plays an active role in encouraging its companies to go global and become multinational as they realise the value of outward FDI. The paper traces the development of China's outward direct investment policies and discusses the various motives of Chinese companies' internationalisation. More specifically, in this paper we look at the European continent as the emerging destination for Chinese outward direct investment and analyse the implication this trend has for European companies and governments.
Semiclassical Strings and Long Defect Operators in AdS / dCFT Correspondence

We consider defect composite operators in a defect superconformal field theory obtained by inserting an AdS4×S-brane in the AdS5×S background. The one-loop dilatation operator for the scalar sector is represented by an integrable open spin chain. We give a description to construct coherent states for the open spin chain. Then, by evaluating the expectation value of the Hamiltonian with the coherent states in a long operator limit, a Landau-Lifshitz type of sigma model action is obtained. This action is also derived from the string action and hence we find a complete agreement in both SYM and string sides. We see that an SO(3)H pulsating string solution is included in the action and its energy completely agrees with the result calculated in a different method. In addition, we argue that our procedure would be applicable to other AdS-brane cases.
Improved location procedures at the International Seismological Centre

SUMMARY The International Seismological Centre (ISC) is a non-governmental, non-profit organization with the primary mission of producing the definitive account of the Earth's seismicity. The ISC Bulletin covers some 50 yr (1960–2011) of seismicity. The recent years have seen a dramatic increase both in the number of reported events and especially in the number of reported phases, owing to the ever-increasing number of stations worldwide. Similar ray paths will produce correlated traveltime prediction errors due to unmodelled heterogeneities in the Earth, resulting in underestimated location uncertainties, and for unfavourable network geometries, location bias. Hence, the denser and more unbalanced the global seismic station coverage becomes, the less defensible is the assumption (that is the observations are independent), which is made by most location algorithms. To address this challenge we have developed a new location algorithm for the ISC that accounts for correlated error structure, and uses all IASPEI standard phases with a valid ak135 traveltime prediction to obtain more accurate event locations. In this paper we describe the new ISC locator, and present validation tests by relocating the ground truth events in the IASPEI Reference Event List, as well as by relocating the entire ISC Bulletin. We show that the new ISC location algorithm provides small, but consistent location improvements, considerable improvements in depth determination and significantly more accurate formal uncertainty estimates. We demonstrate that the new algorithm, through the use of later phases and testing for depth resolution, considerably clusters event locations more tightly, thus providing an improved view of the seismicity of the Earth.
Comparison of model predictions for the composition of the ionosphere of Mars to MAVEN NGIMS data

Prior to the arrival of the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft at Mars, the only available measurements of the composition of the planet's ionosphere were those acquired by the two Viking Landers during their atmospheric entries. Many numerical models of the composition of the ionosphere of Mars have been developed, but these have only been validated for species, altitudes, and conditions for which Viking data exist. Here we compare the ionospheric composition and structure predicted by 10 ionospheric models at solar zenith angles of 45–60° against ion density measurements acquired by the MAVEN Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS). The most successful models included three‐dimensional plasma transport driven by interactions with the surrounding space environment but had relatively simple ionospheric chemistry.
Feeding of Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Pérez-Farfante, 1967) (Crustacea: Penaeidae) inside and outside experimental pen-culture in southern Brazil

We assessed the value of benthic macroinvertebrates to the diet of Farfantepenaeus paulensis juveniles in experimental pen-cages after three independent rearing periods of 20, 40 and 60 days each. For each time period we initially stocked 3 pen-cages with 60 shrimps m supplemented with ration (treatment RS), and 3 pen-cages with 60 shrimps m without ration (WR). The diet of captive shrimps was compared with the diet of free shrimps (C). Shrimps fed preferentially on benthic preys. Captive shrimps extended their activity to daylight hours and consumed a significant amount of vegetation, likely in response to a severe decrease of macroinvertebrate density passed 20 and 40 days. After 60 days, the diet of the few survivors of F. paulensis in pen-cages without ration (WR) approached the diet of shrimps in the natural environment (C). These similarities were explained by the recovery of macroinvertebrates populations to relaxation from high predation pressure during the last 20 days of the experiment in WR pens. Considering the strong predatory control of F. paulensis over the benthic invertebrate assemblages we concluded that the value of natural production as food source for shrimps reared in pens is limited to the initial stage of the culture.
Taxonomía integrativa de las especies de Eleutherodactylus y Oreobates de Bolivia (Amphibia: Anura)

Los analisis filogeneticos de dos fragmentos de genes mitocondriales (16S y Cytb) junto con sinapomorfias morfologicas y bioacusticas, apoyan la monofilia del genero Oreobates. Las especies del grupo de Eleutherodactylus discoidalis pertenecen a Oreobates, que pasa asi a incluir las siguientes especies: O. choristolemma, O. cruralis, O. discoidalis, O. granulosus, O. heterodactylus, O. ibischi, O. lehri, O. madidi, O. quixensis, O. sanctaecrucis, O. sanderi, O. saxatilis, O. simmonsi y O. zongoensis. se describen como nuevas especies Oreobates sanderi, O. madidi y O. lehri, se redescubren y se redescriben O. heterodactylus y O. granulosus, y O. cruralis es tambien redescrita. Los miembros de Oreobates se distribuyen desde la Amazonia colombiana (O. quixensis) hasta el norte de Argentina (O. discoidalis), con una especie vicariante en los afloramientos rocosos del escudo precambrico del Cerrado brasileno-boliviano (O. heterodactylus). Oreobates es el grupo hermano de las serie
Non-linear elastic behaviour of damaged rocks

SUMMARY The pervasive damage of rocks by microcracks and voids stron ly affects their macroscopic elastic properties. To evaluate the damage effects, w d derive here the macroscopic stress-strain relations for a 3-D elastic solid with nohinteracting cracks embedded inside a homogeneous matrix. The cracks considered are oriented either perpendicular to the maximum tension axis, or perpendicular to the maximum compression axis. In the first case they dilate during loading and in the second case they contract during loading. We derive a solution for the elastic energy of this rock following the self-consistent scheme of Budiansky & O’Connell ( 1976). The solution describes the stress-strain relations in terms of Ad and pd, which are the modified Lame constants, and an additional parameter y. The latter accounts for the non-linear behaviour of the solid and is related to crack density. The solution predicts a non-linear elastic rheology even for an infinitesimal strain of ~<0.001, and abrupt change in the elastic moduli when the loading reverses from uniaxial compression to uniaxial tension. We use the derived solution to analyse rock-mechanics experiments in which beams of Indiana limestone were deformed under four-point loading. This configuration provides simultaneously the apparent tensile and compressive moduli for small strains. The apparent moduli fit the effective elastic moduli calculated with the present damage model well, including the differences between tensile and compressive moduli.
Spatial extent and degree of oxygen depletion in the deep proto‐North Atlantic basin during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2

Massive organic matter burial due to widespread ocean anoxia across the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary event (∼94 Ma) resulted in a major perturbation of the global carbon cycle: the so‐called Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2). The characteristics and spatial distribution of the OAE2 deposits that formed in the deep basin of the proto‐North Atlantic remain poorly described, however. Here we present proxy data of redox sensitive (trace) elements (e.g., Mo, Fe/Al, Corg/Ptot, and Mn) for OAE2 sediments from five Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Program sites located in the deep proto‐North Atlantic basin. Our results highlight that bottom waters in the entire deep proto‐North Atlantic were anoxic during most of OAE2. Furthermore, regressions of Mo with total organic carbon content (TOC), previously shown to document the degree of water mass restriction, confirm that the water circulation in the proto‐North Atlantic basin was severely restricted during OAE2. Comparison of these values to Mo/TOC ratios in the present‐day Black Sea suggests a renewal frequency of the deep proto‐North Atlantic water mass of between 0.5 and 4 ka, compared to a maximum of ∼200 years for the present‐day northern Atlantic. The Plenus Cold Event, a cooler episode during the early stages of OAE2 hypothesized to be caused by declining pCO2 due to extensive burial of organic matter, appears to have led to temporary re‐oxygenation of the bottom water in the deep proto‐North Atlantic basin during OAE2.
Credit, Wages and Bankruptcy Laws Our Analysis of Bankruptcy Has Benefited from Discussions With

We study bankruptcy in general equilibrium, taking into account the interactions between the credit and the labor markets, as well as wealth heterogeneity. Soft bankruptcy laws often preclude liquidation, to avoid ex-post inefficiencies. This worsens credit rationing, depresses investment and reduces aggregate leverage. Yet, tough laws do not necessarily maximize social welfare or emerge from the legislative process. Relatively rich agents can invest irrespective of the law. They favor soft laws which exclude poorer entrepreneurs from the market and thus reduce labor demand and wages. This raises the pledgeable income of the entrepreneurs who still can raise funds, and thus lowers their liquidation rates and the associated inefficiencies. Hence, a soft law can maximize social welfare.
18th International Conference on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes

The hybrid Lagrangian stochastic algorithm for buoyant plume rise from an isolated source described by Bisignano and Devenish (2015) is introduced into the Lagrangian dispersion model SPRAYWEB (Tinarelli et al, 1994, Alessandrini et al. 2013, Bisignano et al., 2017). In our approach each particle carries its own potential temperature, which evolves according to a stochastic differential equation as in Van Dop (1992). The buoyancy is calculated from the particle temperature and is directly included in the equation for the evolution of the velocity through a coupling term. We compare the concentration field simulated by the model with the results of a water tank experiment (Weil et al. 2002)
ANATOMY OF A DISTAL KIMBERLITE INDICATOR MINERAL (KIM) ANOMALY IN THE CENTRAL KALAHARI, BOTSWANA

Kimberlite and lamproite exploration programmes have traditionally been underpinned by systematic sampling programmes, aimed at identifying anomalous concentrations of kimberlite indicator minerals (KIMs) proximal to the host rocks. These “pathfinders”, which typically include one or more of the phases ilmenite, eclogitic and peridotitic garnets, chromite, Cr-rich diopside, occasionally olivine, and sometimes diamond, tend to concentrate as a lag halo around the source rocks because of their relatively high densities compared to more abundant crustal minerals such as quartz and feldspar. Dispersion of the KIMs away from the parent rocks by processes such as fluvial and glacial transport, and longshore currents in lacustrine or marine environments, typically results in decreasing concentrations away from the source. However, distal re-concentration of pathfinder minerals may occur in geomorphic settings which act as traps or sinks for relatively dense phases. It is important to distinguish between proximal and distal pathfinder concentrations at an early stage, not only because of the time and cost associated with sampling programmes, but also with the view to planning ongoing exploration to locate the ultimate source rocks. This study highlights some of the typical characteristics of distal KIM anomalies within the Kalahari environment with reference to a major kimberlitic garnet anomaly located in the southwestern Makgadikgadi basin in northern Botswana.
Late Cenozoic tectono-sedimentary development of the Selendi and Uşak-Güre basins: a contribution to the discussion on the development of east–west and north trending basins in western Turkey

This paper expands the K–Ar dating and palynologically controlled stratigraphical data base reported in earlier papers to the north trending Selendi and Uşak-Güre basins located to the north of east–west trending Alaşehir graben in western Turkey. These north trending basins began to form during Early Miocene times and most of their basin fills accumulated before 14 Ma, except for the youngest Asartepe formation. Recent studies of both east–west grabens and north trending basins show that they started to develop simultaneously during Early Miocene times under the north–south extensional regime, and the classification of the structures as ‘replacement’ and ‘revolutionary’ has no meaning for the Alaşehir graben and the basins located to its north.
Choice, Pathways, and Transitions Post-16: New Youth, New Economies in the Global City

This internationally appealing book is based on a two-year case study of a group of young people as they move through their final year of mandatory schooling and into their first year of post-16 experience. It looks at their choices, the market behaviour of local education and training providers and those who help and advise these choices. The authors show that recent and current political policies for post-16 education disadvantage, marginalise and exclude young people rather than improve their life chances. The book draws together the major issues and attempts to suggest alternative ways forward for a more inclusive post-16 education and training system.
Comparison of Oscillation of Oxygenation in Skeletal Muscle between Early and Late Phases in Prolonged Exercise

The aim of the present study was to compare the oscillations of oxygenation in skeletal muscle between early and late phases in prolonged exercise. During prolonged exercise at 60 % of peak oxygen uptake (o 2) for 60 min and at rest, oxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin (Hb/MbO 2) and total Hb/Mb (THb/Mb) were determined by near-infrared spectroscopy in the vastus lateralis. Power spectra density (PSD) for the difference between Hb/MbO 2 and THb/Mb (−HHb/MbO 2 : deoxygenation) was obtained by fast Fourier transform at rest, in the early phase (1-6 min) and in the late phase (55-60 min) in exercise. Peak PSD in the early phase was significantly higher than that at rest. There were at least three peaks of PSD in exercise. The highest peak was a band around 0.01 Hz, the next peak was a band around 0.04 Hz, and the lowest peak was a band around 0.06 Hz. PSD in the early phase was not significantly different from that in the late phase in exercise. Heart rate (HR) showed a continuous significant increase from 3 min in exercise until the end of exercise. Skin blood flow (SBF) around the early phase was significantly lower than that around the late phase. It was concluded that oscillation of oxygenation in the muscle oxygen system in the early phase is not different from that in the late phase in prolonged exercise despite cardiovascular drift.
Drawing on the Principles of SoTL to Illuminate a Path Forward for the Scholarship of Educational Development.

There has been growing discourse related to the importance of the scholarship of educational development (SoED), but less discussion related to clearly defining principles for guiding engagement in SoED or contextualizing SoED within literature related to the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL). Expanding upon Felten’s (2013) principles for SoTL, as well as evolving discourse related to principles of educational development (e.g., Gibbs, 2013; Taylor & Rege Colet, 2010; Timmermans, 2014), this paper presents seven principles for SoED. Two additional principles (transforming practice and reflective practice) are added to Felten’s principles to further contextualize SoED in relation to educational development and SoTL. Three cases are provided to illustrate educational development, SoTL, and SoED within the context of these principles. The interrelationships between educational development, SoTL, and SoED are complex. While SoED offers many opportunities for further legitimizing the individual and collective practices in educational development, it also presents many additional tensions and questions for further research. On parle de plus en plus de l’importance de l’avancement des connaissances en pedagogie (ACP), mais on parle moins d’une definition claire des principes qui guident l’engagement en ACP ou de la contextualisation de l’ACP dans les publications de la recherche consacree a l’avancement des connaissances en enseignement et en apprentissage (ACEA). Pour elargir la portee des principes pour l’ACEA presentes par Felten (2013), ainsi que celle du discours evolutif lie aux principes de la pedagogie (voir Gibbs, 2013; Taylor & Rege Colet, 2010; Timmermans, 2014), cet article presente sept principes pour l’ACP. Deux principes supplementaires (transformation de la pratique et pratique reflective) sont ajoutes aux principes de Felten afin de contextualiser davantage l’ACP par rapport a la pedagogie et a l’ACEA. Trois cas sont presentes pour illustrer la pedagogie, l’ACEA et l’ACP dans le contexte de ces principes. Les relations entre la pedagogie, l’ACEA et l’ACP sont complexes. Alors que l’ACP offre de nombreuses possibilites pour rendre plus legitimes les pratiques individuelles et collectives en pedagogie, il presente egalement de nombreuses tensions et des questions supplementaires qui pourront faire l’objet de davantage de recherche.
Long-Term Observations of Turbulent Reynolds Stresses over the Inner Continental Shelf

AbstractIn situ observations of turbulent momentum flux, or Reynolds stresses, were estimated from a 10-yr acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) record of inner-shelf velocities at the Martha’s Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO) using recently developed analysis techniques that account for wave-induced biases. These observations were used to examine the vertical structure of stress and turbulent mixing in the coastal ocean during tidal-, wave-, and wind-driven circulation by conditionally averaging the dataset by the level of forcing or stratification present. Bottom-intensified stresses were found during tidally driven flow, having estimated eddy viscosities as high as 1 × 10−2 m−2 s−1 during slack water. An assessment of the mean, low-wave, low-wind stress results quantified the magnitude of an unmeasured body force responsible for the mean circulation present in the absence of wind and wave forcing. During weak stratification and isolated wind forcing, downwind stresses matched the observed wind st.