Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On decaying entire positive solutions of semilinear elliptic equations

f(x, u) is a locally Holder continuous function in RN X R+, R+= [0, oo), and 2 is a real constant. By an entire solution of (1.1) we mean a function u e C2(RN) which satisfies (1.1) throughout RN. Our purpose here is to give criteria for the existence of decaying entire positive solutions of (1.1), i.e., those entire solutions which are positive in RN and have the uniform limit zero as x ~-~oo, under suitable hypotheses on the nonlinearity of f(x, u). Our first theorem, Theorem 2.1 below, establishes the existence of a decaying entire positive solution u(x) of (1.1) for sufficiently small 2>0 under the hypotheses that f(x, u)>_0 and limo ~o+ f (x, u)/u=oo uniformly in some bounded domain in RN. On the other hand, in Theorem 2.2 we show that there exists a maximal decaying entire positive solution of (1.1) in the case where f(x, u) has bounded nonlinearity at u=0 (see hypothesis (F4) below); we also investigate the case where limo-o+ f (x, u)/u is finite. As a byproduct of Theorem 2.2 we can prove the uniqueness of decaying entire positive solu tion of the equation
Nucleosynthesis in neutron-rich supernova ejecta

The present study is concerned with nucleosynthesis in supernova ejecta which achieve nuclear statistical equilibrium (NSE) with a characteristic neutron excess far greater than that customarily assigned to the production of the most abundant heavy elements. A model-independent approach is adopted, and NSE distributions are calculated at a typical freeze-out temperature and density for a variety of neutron excesses. Attention is given to equilibrium abundances, freeze-out abundances, multiple zone mixing, the nucleus Ca-48, the nucleus Zn-66, a table with data regarding normalized NSE abundances, and mass fractions obtained from multizone mixing as a function of maximum neutron enrichment. 58 references.
Electron impact ionization cross sections of atoms

In this article, we report the electron impact ionization cross sections for atoms Si, P, S, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Zn, Ga, Ge, Nb, Rh, and Cd, having applications in different areas of applied science and technology. The energy regime for the calculation is from the ionization threshold of the target to 2000 eV. We have employed the spherical complex optical potential method to calculate inelastic cross sections. A semiempirical complex scattering potential ionization contribution method is then used to estimate the ionization cross section from the inelastic cross section. In general, good agreement between the present results with available theoretical datasets and measurements are observed. The prime focus of this study was to investigate electron impact ionization phenomena in less studied targets. The results obtained are found to be quite encouraging. The values presented here are reasonable estimates of cross section for all the atoms studied.
One-point statistics for turbulent wall-bounded flows at Reynolds numbers up to δ+ ≈ 2000

One-point statistics are presented for new direct simulations of the zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer in the range Reθ = 2780–6680, matching channels and pipes at δ+ ≈ 1000–2000. For tripped boundary layers, it is found that the eddy-turnover length is a better criterion than the Reynolds number for the recovery of the largest flow scales after an artificial inflow. Beyond that limit, the integral parameters, mean velocities, Reynolds stresses, and pressure fluctuations of the new simulations agree very well with the available numerical and experimental data, but show clear differences with internal flows when expressed in wall units at the same wall distance and Reynolds number. Those differences are largest in the outer layer, independent of the Reynolds number, and apply to the three velocity components. The logarithmic increase with the Reynolds number of the maximum of the streamwise velocity and pressure fluctuations is confirmed to apply to experimental and numerical internal and ext.
On the Normal Scores Two-Sample Rank Test

Abstract A simplification using symmetry is applied to the null distribution of the Fisher-Yates test or c 1 test of Hoeffding and Terry. A computer is used to extend existing tables to combined sample size N ≤ 20. The t approximation of Hoeffding and Terry and the normal approximation are investigated with the former found to be satisfactory at the limit of the tables when the ratio of sample sizes is not too extreme. Selected power calculations for N ≤ 10 are given for normal shift alternatives.
Hypothesis Testing for Equivalence Defined on Symmetric Open Intervals

There are many industrial applications for which it is desirable to know whether one product can act as a substitute for another. Examples include product modifications when ingredients change, substitution of generic drugs for brand-name drugs, and modifications of products in response to government regulations. In addition, some companies develop products that are direct substitutes for those of their competitors and make advertising claims concerning their equivalency. Using an open interval within which to define equivalence, exact and approximate methods for testing a null hypothesis of non equivalence are given. In each case, examples are provided. Comparisons are made between these novel methods and existing methods, including the “two one-sided tests” (TOST) method.
Minimal surfaces in manifolds with ¹ actions and the simple loop conjecture for Seifert fibered spaces

The Simple Loop Conjecture for 3-manifolds states that if a 2sided map from a surface to a 3-manifold fails to inject on the fundamental group, then there is an essential simple loop in the kernel. This conjecture is solved in the case where the 3-manifold is Seifert fibered. The techniques are geometric and involve studying least area surfaces and circle actions on Seifert
On the Distance to Cygnus X-1 (hd 226868)

Abstract. From U, B, V photometry of 104 stars in a field of radius ~ 30' centered on the X-ray binary star Cyg X-l (HDE 226868), we have studied the color excess E(B— V) as a function of distance. Spectral types were observed de novo for 42 of these stars. We conclude that H D E 226868 cannot be nearer than 1 kpc, and is probably at a distance of 2.5 kpc or more. The primary component is therefore a luminous OB star of mass ~ 30 9M©, and the X-ray component has a minimum mass 6 S R 0 .
A note on a probability involving independent order statistics

Suppose that we have a sample consisting of independent order statistics from the same continuous parent distribution. Kvam and Samaniego [Kvam, P.H. and Samaniego, F.J., 1993, On the inadmissibility of empirical averages as estimators in ranked set sampling. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 36, 39–55. ] developed a formula for the probability that these order statistics have a particular ordering, but their formula is computationally feasible only for small sample sizes. In this paper, an alternate, combinatorial proof of their result is presented. It is then shown how ideas from the new proof allow one to compute such probabilities even when the sample size is large. An example is given to illustrate how the method may be used to produce distribution-free confidence intervals for quantiles of the unknown parent distribution.
Photometry from online Digitized Sky Survey plates

Online Digitized Sky Survey (DSS) material is often used to obtain information on newly discovered variable stars for older epochs (e.g. Nova progenitors, flare stars, etc.). We present here the results of an investigation of photometry on online DSS material in small fields calibrated by CCD sequences. We compared different source extraction mechanisms and found that even down near to the sensitivity limit, despite the H-compression used for the online material, photometry with an accuracy better than 0.1 mag rms is possible on DSS-II. Our investigation shows that the accuracy depends strongly on the source extraction method. The SuperCOSMOS scans, although retrieved with a higher spatial resolution, do not give us better results. The methods and parameters presented here allow the user to obtain good plate photometry in small fields down to the Schmidt plate survey limits with a few bright CCD calibrators, which may be calibrated with amateur-size telescopes. Especially for the events mentioned above, new field photometry for calibration purposes mostly exists, but the progenitors were not measured photometrically before. Also, the follow-up whether stellar concentrations are newly detected clusters or similar work may be done without using mid-size telescopes. The calibration presented here is a ‘local’ one for small fields. We show that the method presented here gives higher accuracies than ‘global’ calibrations of surveys (e.g. Guide Star Catalogue-II (GSC-II), SuperCOSMOS and the US Naval Observatory Astrometry Catalog B).
ASCA observations of the Large Magellanic Cloud supernova remnant sample: Typing supernovae from their remnants

We present our first results from a study of the supernova remnants (SNRs) in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) using data from ASCA. The three remnants we have analyzed to date, 0509-67.5, 0519-69.0, and N103B, are among the smallest, and presumably also the youngest, in the Cloud. The X-ray spectra of these SNRs show strong K alpha emission lines of silicon, sulfur, argon, and calcium with no evidence for corresponding lines of oxygen, neon, or magnesium. The dominant feature in the spectra is a broad blend of emission lines around 1 keV which we attribute to L-shell emission lines of iron. Model calculations (Nomoto, Thielemann, & Yokoi 1984) show that the major products of nucleosynthesis in Type Ia supernovae (SNs) are the elements from silicon to iron, as observed here. The calculated nucleosynthetic yields from Type Ib and II SNs are shown to be qualitatively inconsistent with the data. We conclude that the SNs which produced these remnants were of Type Ia. This finding also confirms earlier suggestions that the class of Balmer-dominated remnants arise from Type Ia SN explosions. Based on these early results from the LMC SNR sample, we find that roughly one-half of the SNRs produced in the LMC within the last approximately 1500 yr came from Type Ia SNs.
A Consistent Nonparametric Test of Ergodicity for Time Series with Applications

We propose a set of algorithms for testing the ergodicity of empirical time series, without reliance on a specific parametric framework. It is shown that the resulting test asymptotically obtains the correct size for stationary and nonstationary processes, and maximal power against non-ergodic but stationary alternatives. The test will not reject in the presence of nonstationarity that does not lead to ergodic failure. The work is linked to recent research on reformulations of the concept of integrated processes of order zero, and we demonstrate the means to operationalize new concepts of "short memory" for economic time series. Limited Monte Carlo evidence is provided with respect to power against the non-stationary and non-ergodic alternative of unit root processes. The method is used to investigate debates over stability of monetary aggregates relative to GDP, and the mean reversion hypothesis with respect to high frequency data on exchange rates.
Sliding mode stabilization of uncertain systems using only output information

A practical procedure is presented for synthesizing output feedback controllers for uncertain systems based on sliding mode concepts. The class of systems to which the results apply is identified and includes the requirement that the nominal linear system is minimum phase. The procedure proposed for the design of the sliding surface uses established output feedback eigenvalue assignment results. It will be shown that all the assumptions imposed on the system pertain to the design of the sliding surface. The proposed controller, which guarantees attainment of a sliding mode despite the presence of uncertainty requires no additional assumptions.
Some Remarks on Non-Newtonian Fluids Including Nonconvex Perturbations of the Bingham and Powell–Eyring Model for Viscoplastic Fluids

We consider quasi-static flows of certain viscoplastic materials for which the velocity field v can be found as a minimizer of the functional in classes of functions u : ℝn ⊃ Ω → ℝn satisfying div u = 0 and also the appropriate boundary conditions. The density ω is characteristic for the material under consideration and ℰv denotes the symmetric gradient of v. In case of a Bingham fluid we have for example ω(ℰv) = η|ℰv|2 + g|ℰv| with positive constants η and g. We also consider various perturbations of ω which are not assumed to be convex so that we have to study the relaxed variational problem. Our main result states that in all cases the symmetric derivative of the velocity field is a locally bounded function.
Static and dynamic photoresist shrinkage effects in EUV photoresists

Photoresist shrinkage (a.k.a. line slimming) is an important systematic uncertainty source in critical dimension-scanning electron microscope (CD-SEM) metrology of lithographic features [1][2][3][4][5]. In terms of metrology gauge metrics, it influences both the precision and the accuracy of CD-SEM measurements, while locally damaging the sample. Minimization or elimination of shrinkage is desirable, yet elusive. This error source will furthermore be a factor in CDSEM metrology on such polymer materials into the era of EUV lithography, such that learning to work around this issue will continue to be necessary. Recent work has demonstrated improved understanding of the trends in the shrinkage response depending on electron beam and target parameters in the static measurement case [2][3][4][5][6]. Another recent work has highlighted a second mode of shrinkage that is apparent over time and progresses as a function of time between consecutive measurements, a form of "dynamic shrinkage" that appears to be activated by electron beam, in which the activated feature perpetually and logarithmically shrinks [7][8]. In this work, we will explore both the static and dynamic shrinkage behaviors of various EUV photoresists. The static shrinkage behaviors will be tested for compliance with the SEMATECH shrinkage model [5][6], and further studies will confirm whether or not the dynamic effects are observable. Knowledge of secondary trends in dynamic shrinkage will also be further explored, including how these vary with electron beam energy, activation dose, feature size, and other parameters.
Simulation of optical lithography in the presence of topography and spin-coated films

Experimental results on etched silicon wafers show that after two consecutive spin-coat processes the upper material surface achieves near planar flatness. This was observed for three separate dual layer BARC systems and the case of photoresist over a single layer BARC. The wafer topography step height (60 nm) and the thicknesses of the organic films (20 nm - 100 nm) were typical for state-of-the-art IC manufacturing lithography processes. A lithographic proximity effect driven by wafer topography pitch was experimentally observed for a single layer BARC system. The response was reproduced with good quantitative accuracy using rigorous wafer plane EMF simulations incorporating ideal etched wafer topography, a planarizing resist film and a simple spin-coat approximation of the BARC coverage, as observed by x-section SEM. In contrast, simulations assuming the limiting cases of a perfectly conformal BARC and a perfectly planarizing BARC failed to predict any meaningful proximity effect.
VLBI Imaging of the 86 GHz SiO Maser Emission in the Circumstellar Envelope of VX Sagittarii

We have observed and imaged the SiO maser source in the late-type star VX Sgr with a single VLBI baseline at 3.5 mm wavelength. Phase-referenced channel maps with a beamwidth of ~0.4 mas show multiple components over a LSR velocity range of -1 to 24 km s-1, and many of the maser features display velocity widths smaller than 1 km s-1. The maser spots in this 86 GHz transition (v = 1, J = 2 → 1) are arranged in an irregular ring-shaped configuration of diameter ~30 mas, echoing the structures found in the J = 1 → 0 transition at 43 GHz around several Mira variables and VX Sgr itself. Unlike previous observations of SiO masers, in VX Sgr we detect a clear, systematic velocity gradient of ~0.6 km s-1 AU-1 among the strongest complex of masers on the southernmost portion of the ring structure. This velocity gradient can be interpreted as a rigid rotation of the circumstellar envelope with v sin i ~ 13 km s-1. Maser emission is not detected on long (5000 km) baselines, which places a 0.1 mas lower limit on the size of strong maser spots.
1 Keynes ’ s Beauty Contest in Stock Markets : An Experimental Study

We experimentally examine the validity of Keynes’s ‘beauty contest’ analogy in stock markets: professional investors trade based not on their own fundamental valuations of stocks but on others’ valuations. To this end, we designed a laboratory stock market with informed and less-informed traders and explored whether the behaviour of the former is affected by the valuations of the latter. We found informed traders participate in the beauty contest: their trades and market prices are affected by lessinformed traders’ valuations. Our experimental evidence suggests real-world stock prices are likely to fluctuate due to the mass psychology of the market. * Kenju Akai provided help in organising and running the experiments. We acknowledge the financial support from the Research Institute of Capital Formation, Development Bank of Japan Inc. Hirota is grateful for the support from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) via JSPS KAKENHI, grant numbers 19203017 and 26590052. Kusakawa is grateful for the support from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) via JSPS KAKENHI, grant numbers 18K01516. Saijo acknowledges the support from JSPS via JSPS KAKENHI, grant number 24243028, 17H00980 and 16K13354, support from Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, project No.14200122, and support from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) via MEXT KAKENHI, grant number 19046003. †Takao KUSAKAWA (corresponding author) School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology, 2-22 Eikokuji-cho, Kochi 780-8515, Japan Phone number: +81-88-821-7141 Email address: kusakawa.takao@kochi-tech.ac. jp
Noise characterization of femtosecond fiber Raman soliton lasers

Fiber Raman soliton lasers have been extensively used to generate femtosecond pulses in the near-IR region around 1.3 μm. We have investigated the amplitude and phase noise properties of these lasers. Pump pulses from a second harmonic cw mode-locked Nd:YAG laser are launched into 300 m of single-mode optical fiber, generating Raman-shifted pulses that are compressed by the soliton effect. For a single-pass compressor, an amplitude noise floor of ≥50 dB above shot noise at 2 mA of photocurrent was observed, substantially higher than the ≈20-dB excess noise at 1-MHz offset observed in a standard fiber-grating pulse compressor. The amplitude noise is white, which implies that the amplitude fluctuations are uncorrelated from pulse to pulse. The Raman-soliton timing jitter increases to 5.2 ps with increasing pump power (1.6 Wmax) given ≈2-ps jitter from the Nd:YAG pump. Using a synch-pumped ring cavity improved the timing jitter but did not improve the amplitude noise substantially due to the very low Q cavity.
Raman linewidths of optical phonons in 3 C − S i C under pressure: First-principles calculations and experimental results

We have studied the pressure dependence of the linewidths of the longitudinal and transverse optical phonons at the Brillouin-zone center in $3C\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{C}. $ Raman measurements at 6 K, which cover the pressure range up to 15 GPa, are in good agreement with first-principles calculations also reported here. These results differ considerably from previous experimental data. While the linewidth of the transverse mode remains practically unchanged within our pressure range (up to 35 GPa for the calculation), that of the longitudinal mode shows a monotonic increase up to 26 GPa, decreasing abruptly above this pressure. The mechanisms responsible for this anomalous behavior are identified and discussed. Experimental and theoretical results concerning the pressure dependence of phonon frequencies and related quantities complete the work.
On the correlation between temperature and velocity dissipation fields in a heated turbulent jet

A few statistical properties of fine-scale velocity and temperature fluctuations have been measured on the axis of symmetry of a heated turbulent round jet. The probability density of ∂θ/∂x, the streamwise derivative of the temperature fluctuation, is strongly negatively skewed, indicating a lack of isotropy for the fine-scale temperature structure. An estimate of the correlation between the velocity and temperature dissipation fields has been obtained by assuming that the dissipation of velocity and dissipation of temperature can be approximated by (∂θ/∂x)2, where u is the streamwise velocity fluctuation, and (∂θ/∂x)2r respectively. The correlation between the quantities (∂θ/∂x)2r and (∂θ/∂x)2r averages over a volume of linear dimension r, is fairly high and depends on the choice of r. An analysis shows that this correlation plays a vital role in the prediction of high-order structure functions of u and θ. The assumed lognormality of the probability density of (∂θ/∂x)2r and (∂θ/∂x)2r and of their joint density is found to be reasonable over a range of r corresponding to the inertial subrange.
SOME THOUGHTS ON THE INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE AND THERMAL HISTORY ASSUMPTIONS ON PETROLEUM SYSTEMS MODELLING

The use of petroleum systems modelling (PSM) requires the integration of the geological sciences with petroleum engineering, physics and chemistry. In a recent paper in JPG (October 2014, vo. 37, pp 329–348), Mahanjane et al. (2014) applied a 1‐D petroleum systems model to the study of maturation and petroleum generation in northern Mozambique. However, PSM cannot divorce itself from the fundamental laws of mechanics and thermodynamics when attempting to derive a thermal history to be used for the modelling of maturation and petroleum generation. As will be shown in this brief Comment, the application of mechanics and thermodynamics to the derivation of the thermal history may require some radical changes to the methods currently used in PSM. Mechanics and thermodynamics require a reducing heat flow during subsidence, but require an increased heat flow during inversion. The failure to apply mechanics and thermodynamics during thermal history derivation in PSM arises from a failure to incorporate the effects of pressure into the kinetic models used for predicting maturation and petroleum generation. Pressure increases the activation energy of endothermic reactions including maturation and petroleum generation in the kinetic model used to predict the reaction rate, and results in higher temperatures being required to produce the same transformation ratio as would be required for the current temperature – time kinetic models. Incorporating pressure should enable the same thermal history obtained from tectonic history‐mechanic‐thermodynamic models to be used as those used to calibrate the thermal history using maturity parameters such as vitrinite reflectance.
The gamma-ray Doppler factor determinations for a Fermi blazar sample

Observations suggest that γ-ray loud blazars are strongly beamed. The Fermi mission has detected many of blazars, which provide us with a good opportunity to investigate the emission mechanism and the beaming effect in the γ-ray region. We compiled the X-ray observations for 138 Fermi blazars (54 flat spectrum radio quasars, 36 low-peaked BL Lacertae objects, and 48 high-peaked BL Lacertae objects) and calculated their Doppler factors, δγ. It is interesting that the calculated Doppler factors, δγ, are strongly correlated with the γ-ray luminosity.