Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chaotic Population Dynamics Favors the Evolution of Dispersal

Dispersal-movement between populations-is a central feature in the biology of most organisms. There is an enormous literature on the ecology and evolution of dispersal (e.g., Swingland and Greenwood 1986). Many theoretical studies have explored factors favoring the evolution of dispersal, including competition among kin and inbreeding effects (e.g., Hamilton and May 1977; Comins 1982; Frank 1986; Taylor 1988; Wiener and Feldman 1991), the influences of extrinsically generated, spatiotemporal heterogeneity (Gadgil 1971; Roff 1975; Metz et al. 1983; Levin et al. 1984; Cohen and Levin 1991), and the interplay of withinpopulation and between-population selection (Kuno 1981; Olivieri et al. 1995). It has been demonstrated (Hastings 1983; Holt 1985) that if individuals disperse at fixed per capita rates between sites with local density dependence, then, without emporal heterogeneity, spatial heterogeneity inabundance alone is unable to select for dispersal (see also Liberman and Feldman 1989). The reason is that if habitats vary in carrying capacity, K, there is an asymmetric flow of individuals from high-K to low-K patches (Holt 1985). Such flow, in turn, reduces density in high-K patches (increasing fitness there) while increasing density in low-K patches (depressing fitness there). Because dispersal is basically moving individuals down gradients in fitness, on average, dispersal is disfavored in spatially (but not temporally) heterogeneous environments. These theoretical results highlight the importance of temporal heterogeneity infavoring dispersal. In a metapopulation ofopen patches, if the rank order of fitness among patches varies through time, dispersal can be selectively advantageous (Bull et al. 1987). Dispersal in effect provides an evolutionary strategy that permits individuals to exploit spatiotemporal variation in fitness. The theoretical expectation of a relation between temporal variability and dispersal matches ome data from natural populations (Roff 1990). We previously examined a simple two-patch, discrete-generation model in which individuals dispersed at constant rates between two patches and experienced density dependence in each patch (McPeek and Holt 1992). We showed that temporal variation in density-independent growth rates, partially uncorrelated across patches, favored dispersal. Moreover, a polymorphism indispersal rates could be stably maintained if the two patches were heterogeneous (with different carrying capacities). Other authors have also shown that dispersal polymorphisms may be maintained in temporally and spatially heterogeneous environments (Frank 1986; Cohen and Levin 1991; Karlson and Taylor 1992). In this note, we demonstrate that chaotic population dynamics in otherwise
Microtus Population Biology: Demographic Changes in Fluctuating Populations of M. Ochrogaster and M. Pennsylvanicus in Southern Indiana

Microtus pennsylvanicus and M. ochrogaster are sympatric in southern Indiana grasslands. From June 1965 to August 1967 four populations were lived trapped, three of them in 0.8—hectare (2—acre) outdoor pens. Both species increased during 1965 and reached peak densities in summer 1966. Microtus ochrogaster declined abruptly that fall and remained low; M. pennsylvanicus declined the following spring. One of the fenced populations increased to a density about three times that of its unfenced control. By early fall 1966 it had nearly destroyed its food resources and then suffered a severe decline associated with obvious overgrazing and starvation. No such overgrazing has been seen on any unfenced grasslands in this area. Dispersal is probably necessary for normal population regulation in these voles, since fenced populations seem unable to regulate their density below the limit set by starvation. Both species bred extensively in the winter of 1965—66 during the phase of population increase. There was little or no breeding during the winter after the peak. Survival of females in the trappable population of both species was high and relatively constant until the end of the cycle. In males, periods of low survival punctuated the increase and peak phases, and these periods of low male survival did not occur at the same time in the two Microtus species. Some mortality processes are thus highly specific for sex and species. In the fenced populations survival rates were very high and no sporadic male losses occurred. Increasing and peak populations of M. pennsylvanicus and M. ochrogaster are characterized by adults of large body size. During the increase and peak phases some voles stopped growing at low weights (30—40 g) while others reached high asymptotic weights (45—55 g). The demography of these Microtus species in southern Indiana is similar to that of other cycle voles and lemmings in temperate and arctic areas.
Lipids

We have recently shown that an inhibition of sterol synthesis by fenpropimorph leads to an accumulation of sterol precursors, hydroxypalmitic acid-containing glucosylceramides and detergent resistant membranes in the Golgi bodies instead of the plasma membrane, suggesting that the individual molecules or the microdomains were blocked in the Golgi. These results and others from several eukaryotic models link lipid metabolism with membrane morphodynamics that are involved in membrane trafficking. Focus has been expanded to other lipid families, and numerous evidences are given showing lipids and lipid-modifying enzymes as key regulators of membrane homeostasis which can strongly regulate membrane morphodynamics and therefore trafficking. Beside protein-based machineries, lipid-based machineries are also shown as crucial regulatory forces involved in protein transport and sorting.
Seasonal Movement Patterns and Habitat Preferences of Age-0 Lake Sturgeon in the Lower Peshtigo River, Wisconsin

Abstract Efforts to restore lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens to former population levels in the Great Lakes will benefit from a thorough understanding of the species' early life history. The rehabilitation of this species will be aided by identifying nursery habitats in riverine environments through characterizing the habitat use and movements of age-0 fish. The objectives of this study were to determine the habitat preferences and movement patterns of age-0 lake sturgeon in the lower Peshtigo River, Wisconsin, a tributary of Lake Michigan. Fish were captured from June through October 2002 and 2003 by means of wading, snorkeling, haul-seine, and backpack electrofishing surveys, and radio transmitters were attached to individuals larger than 74 g. For each capture and relocation site, habitat features were evaluated by measuring water depth, velocity, and temperature and by characterizing substrate type and macroinvertebrate assemblage. Age-0 lake sturgeon were collected and relocated at water depths les.
CARING FOR THE CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT

PARENTERAL NUTRITION HAS BEEN in common use since the 1960s and is accepted as the standard of care for patients with chronic nonfunctioning gastrointestinal tracts. In critical illness, controversy surrounds the appropriate use of parenteral nutrition, but largescale trials have begun to answer important questions. Published in2011,EPaNIC(EarlyParenteral Nutrition Completing Enteral Nutrition in Adult Critically Ill Patients) enrolled 4640 critically ill patients to investigate the effects of using parenteral nutrition when enteral nutrition failed to reach a caloric target. EPaNIC did not find any benefits from using additional parenteral nutrition in patients who could receive enteral nutrition; however, many other important questions regarding parenteral nutrition remain. Author Affiliations: Northern Clinical School Intensive Care Research Unit (Dr Doig and Mss Simpson, Sweetman, and Heighes), The George Institute for Global Health (Dr Finfer), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (Drs Cooper and Davies); Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (Dr O’Leary); Westmead Hospital, Sydney (Dr Solano); and Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia (Dr Peake). The Early PN Trial Contributing Sites and Site Investigators are listed at the end of this article. Corresponding Author: Gordon S. Doig, PhD, Royal North Shore Hospital, Intensive Care Unit, Pacific Hwy, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia (gdoig@med.usyd .edu.au). Caring for the Critically Ill Patient Section Editor: Derek C. Angus, MD, MPH, Contributing Editor, JAMA (angusdc@upmc.edu). Importance Systematic reviews suggest adult patients in intensive care units (ICUs) with relative contraindications to early enteral nutrition (EN) may benefit from parenteral nutrition (PN) provided within 24 hours of ICU admission.
GROWTH HABIT AND ROW WIDTH EFFECTS ON LEAF AREA DEVELOPMENT AND LIGHT INTERCEPTION OF FIELD BEANS

Leaf area development and percent interception of photosynthetically-active radiation (PAR) were measured to compare a determinate, bush cultivar with an indeterminate, climbing or pole cultivar of Phaseolus vulgaris L. in a short season environment. Each cultivar was grown at a wide (91 cm) and narrow (45.5 cm) interrow spacing to evaluate the growth habit effects under currently recommended plant spacings. Percent PAR interception and leaf area index (LAI) were determined on five sampling dates and PAR penetrating through the canopy was recorded on four of those dates. A large reduction of LAI of the bush cultivar and continued expansion of leaves in the upper portion of the pole canopy resulted in a greater percentage of PAR interception by the pole cultivar than by the bush cultivar at 72 days after planting. The taller, unlodged vine-type canopy of the pole cultivar intercepted nearly 50% more PAR than the bush cultivar when the LAI of the two cultivars was comparable at 96 days. The continued leaf e.
Effects of Porphyra tenera Supplementation on the Immune System: A Randomized, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if Porphyra tenera extract (PTE) has immune-enhancing effects and is safe in healthy adults. Methods: Subjects who met the inclusion criteria (3 × 103 ≤ peripheral blood leukocyte level ≥ 8 × 103 cells/µL) were recruited for this study. Enrolled subjects (n = 120) were randomly assigned to either the PTE group (n = 60) and were given 2.5 g/day of PTE (as PTE) in capsule form or the placebo group (n = 60) and were given crystal cellulose capsules with the identical appearance, weight, and flavor as the PTE capsules for 8 weeks. Outcomes were assessed based on measuring natural killer (NK) cell activity, cytokines level, and upper respiratory infection (URI), and safety parameters were assessed at baseline and 8 weeks. Results: Compared with baseline, NK cell activity (%) increased for all effector cell-to-target cell ratios in the PTE group after 8 weeks; however, changes were not observed in the placebo group (p < 0.10). Subgroup analysis of 101 subjects without URI showed that NK cell activity in the PTE group tended to increase for all effector cell/target cell (E:T) ratios (E:T = 12.5:1 p = 0.068; E:T = 25:1 p = 0.036; E:T = 50:1 p = 0.081) compared with the placebo group. A significant difference between the two groups was observed for the E:T = 25:1 ratio, which increased from 20.3 ± 12.0% at baseline to 23.2 ± 12.4% after 8 weeks in the PTE group (p = 0.036). A significant difference was not observed in cytokine between the two groups. Conclusion: PTE supplementation appears to enhance immune function by improving NK cell activity without adverse effects in healthy adults.
Steaming Inactivates Phytophthora ramorum, Causal Agent of Sudden Oak Death and Ramorum Blight, from Infested Nursery Soils in California

Schweigkofler, W. , Kosta, K. , Huffman, V. , Sharma, S. , Suslow, K. , and Ghosh, S. 2014. Steaming inactivates Phytophthora ramorum, causal agent of Sudden Oak Death and ramorum blight, from infested nursery soils in California. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-RS-13-0111. Nursery trade plays a major role in the long-distance spread of Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of Sudden Oak Death (SOD) and ramorum blight of ornamental plants. Under federal regulations, nurseries found positive for P. ramorum must destroy infected plants and treat infested soils. The use of steam is an effective method to thermally inactivate P. ramorum from nursery soils as demonstrated at the National Ornamental Research Site at Dominican University (NORSDUC) and one commercial nursery in the Central Valley of California. Heating up the top soil layer (0-30 cm) to 50°C for 120 minutes resulted in complete thermal inactivation of P. ramorum. Consequently, the commercial nursery was released from federal quarantine. Steaming can be a fast, reliable and sustainable option for treating nursery soils.
Long Term-short Memory Neural Networks and Word2vec for Self-admitted Technical Debt Detection

: Context: In software development, new functionalities and bug fixes are required to ensure a better user experience and to preserve software value for a longer period. Sometimes developers need to implement quick changes to meet deadlines rather than a better solution that would take longer. These easy choices, known as Technical Debt, can cause long-term negative impacts because they can bring extra effort to the team in the future. Technical debts must be managed and detected so that the team can evaluate the best way to deal with them and avoid more serious problems. One way to detect technical debts is through source code comments. Developers often insert comments in which they admit that there is a need to improve that part of the code later. This is known as Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD). Objective: Evaluate a Long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network model combined with Word2vec for word embedding to identify design and requirement SATDs from comments in source code. Method: We performed a controlled experiment to evaluate the quality of the model compared with two language models from literature and LSTM without word embedding in a labelled dataset. Results: The results showed that the LSTM model with Word2vec have improved in recall and f-measure. The LSTM model without word embedding achieves greater recall, but perform worse in precision and f-measure. Conclusion: Overall, we found that the LSTM model and word2vec can outperform other models.
Unleashing the Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Potential of the Neuronostatin/GPR107 System in Prostate Cancer

Certain components of the somatostatin-system play relevant roles in Prostate Cancer (PCa), whose most aggressive phenotype (Castration-Resistant-PCa (CRPC)) remains lethal nowadays. However, neuronostatin and the G protein-coupled receptor 107 (GPR107), two novel members of the somatostatin-system, have not been explored yet in PCa. Consequently, we investigated the pathophysiological role of NST/GPR107-system in PCa. GPR107 expression was analyzed in well-characterized PCa patient′s cohorts, and functional/mechanistic assays were performed in response to GPR107-silencing and NST-treatment in PCa cells (androgen-dependent (AD: LNCaP) and androgen-independent (AI: 22Rv1/PC-3), which are cell models of hormone-sensitive and CRPC, respectively), and normal prostate cells (RWPE-1 cell-line). GPR107 was overexpressed in PCa and associated with key clinical parameters (e.g., advance stage of PCa, presence of vascular invasion and metastasis). Furthermore, GPR107-silencing inhibited proliferation/migration rates in AI-PCa-cells and altered key genes and oncogenic signaling-pathways involved in PCa aggressiveness (i.e., KI67/CDKN2D/MMP9/PRPF40A, SST5TMD4/AR-v7/In1-ghrelin/EZH2 splicing-variants and AKT-signaling). Interestingly, NST treatment inhibited proliferation/migration only in AI-PCa cells and evoked an identical molecular response than GPR107-silencing. Finally, NST decreased GPR107 expression exclusively in AI-PCa-cells, suggesting that part of the specific antitumor effects of NST could be mediated through a GPR107-downregulation. Altogether, NST/GPR107-system could represent a valuable diagnostic and prognostic tool and a promising novel therapeutic target for PCa and CRPC.
A critical look at multiple criteria decision making techniques with reference to forestry applications

Solution techniques for multiple criteria decision making are procedures and mathematical algorithms for aiding decision making when multiple criteria are considered. Multiple criteria decision making methods are well suited for ill-structured problems that encompass many of the more vexing problems facing forestry today. A brief review of multiple criteria decision making is presented to serve as background to the present study and to introduce interested readers to the vast multiple criteria decision making literature, including applications in forestry. A comparative study was made to explore some specific issues that have received limited attention in previous multiple criteria decision making studies, including scale transformations, criterion weighting, ranking algorithms, choice of criteria, and specification of alternatives. Methods were compared based on the ranking and degree of discrimination among alternatives for a case study previously published. Recommendations are made regarding the applic.
Factors influencing litter size and birthweight in the newborn long-haired guinea pigs (Cavia aperea f. porcellus)

As a result of domestication, many different guinea pig breeds occurred, differing in appearance. The available literature lacks information on the subject of reproductive traits in long-haired guinea pigs. The study indicates that the number of pups born per litter, season of the year as well as mother's age at the time of delivery statistically significantly affect birthweight of pups (P < 0.001). Obtained results confirm that long-haired guinea pigs reproduce throughout the year. The average litter size was 2.7 ± 1.03 pups (the range of 1–6). Most frequently triplets were born, which constituted 44% of all live born litters, and the least frequently sextuplets, which in the studied samples were born only once. The average birthweight was 98.45 ± 22.42 g (ranging between 42 and 150 g). It was proved that the body weight of singletons and twins was similar and statistically did not differ significantly. However, body weight of triplets statistically differed significantly (P < 0.05) compared to singletons and twins, as well as pups from larger litters. Calculated correlation coefficient (R = −0.501; P < 0.001) indicates that the increased number of pups is accompanied by the decrease in the body weight of newborns. It was observed that the largest newborns in terms of birthweight (104.47 ± 23.83 g) were born by females at 18–24 months of age. The pups born by mothers of this age group statistically differ significantly (P < 0.05) from the offspring born by females from other groups. Mortality in pups was 27%, from which stillbirths constituted over 80%, and the rest of pups died during 28-day rearing.
Can we trust the experiment? Anisotropic displacement parameters in 1-(halomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene (halogen = Cl or Br)

Anisotropic displacement parameters for the isomorphous compounds 1-(halomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene (halo = chloro and bromo) were calculated from first principles and determined by X-ray diffraction experiments. Unexpectedly, the experiment for the bromo compound proved more challenging than theory.
Amplification of Immunostaining Intensity by the Peroxidase-Antiperoxidase, Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase Complex or Catalyzed Signal Amplification Method Gives Erroneous Antigen Content in Sections

The peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP), avidinbiotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) and catalyzed signal amplification (CSA) methods have been used for quantitative or semiquantitative immunohistochemical analysis. It is however unclear whether intensity of immunostaining in sections amplified by using the PAP, ABC or CSA method reflects an antigen content. Thus, relationship between the intensity and the content was examined in antigen-immobilized nitrocellulose filters or serial sections stained by using the PAP, ABC or CSA method. In the present study, we selected cytochromes P-450 2B1/2 (CYP2B1/2), because the immunostaining intensity of the enzymes detected with the indirect immunoperoxidase (IPO) method under saturation conditions is shown to be proportional to the antigen content in sections. For the IPO method, the intensity in filters or sections increased with increasing concentration of anti-CYP2B1/2 antibody, and then saturated. However, a bell-shaped relationship was observed between the intensity and the primary antibody concentration in filters or sections stained by using the PAP, ABC or CSA method. Furthermore, the amplified intensity in filters or sections was disproportionate to the antigen content. Thus, erroneous CYP2B1/2 content was obtained from sections in which the intensity was amplified by the PAP, ABC or CSA method. It is therefore unlikely that the PAP, ABC and CSA methods are suitable for the measurement of antigen content in sections by quantitative immunohistochemistry.
Absorption, translocation, metabolism, and spray retention of quinclorac in Digitaria sanguinalis and Eleusine indica

Abstract Absorption, translocation, and metabolism studies using 14C-quinclorac were conducted with quinclorac-sensitive Digitaria sanguinalis and quinclorac-tolerant Eleusine indica at the one- to two-tiller growth stage cultured under hydroponic conditions. After an 80-h exposure time, both species had absorbed nearly equal amounts of 14C-quinclorac (27 and 22% for D. sanguinalis and E. indica, respectively). Over the exposure period, the absorption curve for D. sanguinalis was curvilinear, with the maximum absorption occurring approximately 48 h after exposure. The response curve for E. indica was linear across the exposure period. Results from the translocation studies showed that 95% of the absorbed 14C-quinclorac remained in the treated leaf for D. sanguinalis after 80 h. However, only 58% of the absorbed 14C remained in the treated leaf of E. indica. Most of the 14C translocated out of the leaves moved to the tiller, the crown, and new leaf tissue. There was no appreciable exudation of 14C-quinclorac by either species during the absorption period. Results of the metabolism studies showed that neither the susceptible species (D. sanguinalis) nor the tolerant species (E. indica) metabolized the parent quinclorac herbicide. Spray retention studies showed that E. indica (tolerant) retained more applied quinclorac than D. sanguinalis (sensitive). Overall results suggested that a large difference in tolerance of the two species to quinclorac involves mechanisms other than absorption, metabolism, or spray retention. Nomenclature: Quinclorac; Digitaria sanguinalis L. DIGSA, large crabgrass; Eleusine indica L. ELEIN, goosegrass.