Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geometric Control of Earthquake Magnitudes by Fluid Injections in Rocks

Pore fluids in rocks and pore-pressure relaxation can induce aftershocks of earthquakes. Sometimes rock stimulations by fluid injections into geothermal boreholes are able to trigger perceptible or even potentially damaging earthquakes. This seems to be not the case by hydraulic fracturing of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Reasons of such a difference and factors defining magnitudes of induced earthquakes (triggered tectonically as well as induced artificially) remain unclear. Here we show that one of the main factors limiting the probability to induce a large-magnitude event is the minimum principal axis of a fluid-stimulated rock volume. This geometrical scale controls the order of a largest possible magnitude. We analyze an impact of the geometry of a stimulated volume on the Gutenberg-Richter-type frequency-magnitude distribution of induced earthquakes. It seems that a rupture is only probable along a surface located mainly inside a stimulated rock volume. Therefore, monitoring of a spatial growth of seismicity in real time can help to constrain a risk of damaging induced earthquakes.
The Abundance, Condition Factor and Length-Weight Relationship of Sardinella madernensis (Jenyns, 1842) from Nkoro River Niger Delta, Nigeria

The abundance, condition factor and length - weight relationship of Sardinella madernensis from Nkoro River in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria was studied from January - December 2008. The fishery of Sardinella madernensis is highly commercial and marketed canned, fresh, smoked or dried. Apart from being a cheap source of highly nutritive protein, it also contains other essential nutrients required by the body. As a food, sardines are rich in minerals. They can be consumed in a variety of ways-grilled, pickled, or smoked, to name three-though canned sardines are most popular worldwide. Sardines are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which can help maintain a healthy heart . Recent studies suggest that regular consumption of omega-3 fatty acids reduces the likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease. These fatty acids can also help control blood sugar level. Not only are sardines high in omega-3 fatty acids, but they are also a good source of vitamin D, calcium, B12, and protein. Sardines are extremely low in contaminants such as mercury. No work has been done on the length - weig ht relationship of Sardinella madernensis from the Nkoro River. A study of t he abundance, condition factor and length - weight relationship of Sardinella madernensis from the Nkoro River adds more information on the family, Clupeidae to complement the existing data in the management and culture of the species in the Nkoro River, Niger Delta. This is essential for formulation of development plan in the fishing industry. Nkoro River is economical ly impor tant and rich in biodiversity. Numerous activities such as oil exploration and production and agricultural activities go on in the region. Most of Nigeria's oil and gas reserves and production, which account for over 80% federal government's revenue, are located within the Niger Delta region. The highest catch was recorded in December (6.80), followed by November(4.10), February (3.40), April (1.60), March (1.10), October(0.64), January and September(0.12). May, June, July and August recorded no catch during the study. The highest catch per unit effort (6.42) was recorded in station 1, followed by station 2 (6.34), station 4(3.42) and 3(1.26). From a sample size of 1800 specimens, K value was 1.00 and the exponential equation was Wt = 0.0478 (TL) 3.580 , indicating an allometric growth pattern. The highest condition factor value (0.95) was recorded in March and November the lowest (0.8) in June. Sardinella madernensis in Nkoro river is in a stable environment and wa s more abundant in the dry season months of November, December and February.
Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Ferroptosis Is a Synergistic Antitumor Therapy Strategy

Simple Summary In this work, we focused on the synergistic antitumor effects of photodynamic therapy and ferroptosis. First, we briefly introduced the basic theory of ferroptosis and photodynamic therapy. We explored the synergistic anti-tumor effect of photodynamic therapy combined with ferroptosis from a mechanism perspective. Secondly, we introduced the application of photodynamic therapy combined with ferroptosis, which mainly includes the construction of nanomaterials and drug combination. Nanomaterials can exert synergistic effects by activating anti-tumor immunity, improving the hypoxic microenvironment, and inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. The drug combination strategy has good application prospects and clinical significance.We also discussed the shortcomings of existing combination treatment strategies and potential solutions. In conclusion, photodynamic therapy combined with ferroptosis is a promising combination anticancer strategy. Abstract Ferroptosis is a programmed death mode that regulates redox homeostasis in cells, and recent studies suggest that it is a promising mode of tumor cell death. Ferroptosis is regulated by iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, and intracellular reducing substances, which is the mechanism basis of its combination with photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 1O2 through type I and type II photochemical reactions, and subsequently induces ferroptosis through the Fenton reaction and the peroxidation of cell membrane lipids. PDT kills tumor cells by generating excessive cytotoxic ROS. Due to the limited laser depth and photosensitizer enrichment, the systemic treatment effect of PDT is not good. Combining PDT with ferroptosis can compensate for these shortcomings. Nanoparticles constructed by photosensitizers and ferroptosis agonists are widely used in the field of combination therapy, and their targeting and biological safety can be improved through modification. These nanoparticles not only directly kill tumor cells but also further exert the synergistic effect of PDT and ferroptosis by activating antitumor immunity, improving the hypoxia microenvironment, and inhibiting the tumor angiogenesis. Ferroptosis-agonist-induced chemotherapy and PDT-induced ablation also have good clinical application prospects. In this review, we summarize the current research progress on PDT and ferroptosis and how PDT and ferroptosis promote each other.
Structural Identification of Zotarolimus (ABT-578) Metabolites Generated by Human Liver Microsomes Using Ion-Trap and High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry in Combination with the Analysis of Fragmentation Patterns

Zotarolimus (ABT-578) is a sirolimus derivative that, like sirolimus and everolimus, is an inhibitor of cell growth via inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Zotarolimus was developed for coating coronary stents to prevent smooth muscle cell proliferation and restenosis. Albeit zotarolimus-eluting cardiovascular devices have been on the market for years, details of zotarolimus drug metabolism in humans are still unknown. Hence, it was the goal of the present study to identify zotarolimus metabolites generated by incubation with human liver microsomes. Metabolite structures were identified using high-resolution mass spectrometry, MS/ion-trap (MSn), and comparison of fragmentation patterns of the metabolites with those of zotarolimus and other known sirolimus derivatives. Kinetic parameters such as incubation time, human liver microsomal protein concentrations, and drug concentrations were optimized before scaling up the metabolism experiments. Human liver microsomes mainly hydroxylated and/or demethylated zotarolimus. The structures of the following metabolites were identified: O-demethylated metabolites: 39-O-desmethyl, 16-O-desmethyl, and 27-O-desmethyl zotarolimus; hydroxylated metabolites: hydroxy piperidine zotarolimus, 11-hydroxy, 12-hydroxy, 14-hydroxy, 23-hydroxy, 24-hydroxy, 25-hydroxy, 45/46-hydroxy, and 49-hydroxy zotarolimus; demethylated-hydroxylated metabolites: 16-O-desmethyl, 23/24-hydroxy; 39-O-desmethyl, 23/24-hydroxy; 39-O-desmethyl, 25-hydroxy zotarolimus; 39-O-desmethyl, 11-hydroxy zotarolimus; 39-O-desmethyl, hydroxy-piperidine zotarolimus; 27-O-desmethyl, 45/46-hydroxy zotarolimus; didemethylated metabolites: 16,39-O-didesmethyl zotarolimus; 16,27-O-didesmethyl zotarolimus; 27,39-O-didesmethyl zotarolimus; and dihydroxylated metabolites: 11,24-dihydroxy zotarolimus, 12,24-dihydroxy zotarolimus, and 11,47/48-dihydroxy zotarolimus. It is concluded that zotarolimus is extensively metabolized by human liver microsomes. Twenty-four of these metabolites could be structurally identified using a combination of ion-trap MSn and high-resolution mass spectrometry.
Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus A in Calves: Evolutionary Analysis of a Bovine G8P[11] Strain and Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of G6 Lineages in the Americas

Rotavirus A (RVA) causes diarrhea in calves and frequently possesses the G6 and P[5]/P[11] genotypes, whereas G8 is less common. We aimed to compare RVA infections and G/P genotypes in beef and dairy calves from major livestock regions of Argentina, elucidate the evolutionary origin of a G8 strain and analyze the G8 lineages, infer the phylogenetic relationship of RVA field strains, and investigate the evolution and spatio-temporal dynamics of the main G6 lineages in American countries. Fecal samples (n = 422) from diarrheic (beef, 104; dairy, 137) and non-diarrheic (beef, 78; dairy, 103) calves were analyzed by ELISA and semi-nested multiplex RT-PCR. Sequencing, phylogenetic, phylodynamic, and phylogeographic analyses were performed. RVA infections were more frequent in beef (22.0%) than in dairy (14.2%) calves. Prevalent genotypes and G6 lineages were G6(IV)P[5] in beef (90.9%) and G6(III)P[11] (41.2%) or mixed genotypes (23.5%) in dairy calves. The only G8 strain was phylogenetically related to bovine and artiodactyl bovine-like strains. Re-analyses inside the G8 genotype identified G8(I) to G8(VIII) lineages. Of all G6 strains characterized, the G6(IV)P[5](I) strains from “Cuenca del Salado” (Argentina) and Uruguay clustered together. According to farm location, a clustering pattern for G6(IV)P[5] strains of beef farms was observed. Both G6 lineage strains together revealed an evolutionary rate of 1.24 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year, and the time to the most recent common ancestor was dated in 1853. The most probable ancestral locations were Argentina in 1981 for G6(III) strains and the USA in 1940 for G6(IV) strains. The highest migration rates for both G6 lineages together were from Argentina to Brazil and Uruguay. Altogether, the epidemiology, genetic diversity, and phylogeny of RVA in calves can differ according to the production system and farm location. We provide novel knowledge about the evolutionary origin of a bovine G8P[11] strain. Finally, bovine G6 strains from American countries would have originated in the USA nearly a century before its first description.
Load in the Loop Dual Howland Current Source for Wide Frequency Bandwidth and Wide Load Range Bioimpedance Measurements

The Howland current source is widely recognized as a high-efficiency voltage-controlled current source (VCCS) because it delivers a precise and stable current with a high output impedance over a wide frequency bandwidth. The dual Howland (DH) is distinguished by a relatively high output impedance in comparison to the enhanced Howland circuit (EH) has therefore the ability to supply higher loads. Nevertheless, at high frequencies, stray capacitances occurring mainly at the input of the operational amplifier and the circuit’s output strongly affect its behavior. The output impedance strongly decreases, especially at frequencies higher than 100 kHz, and the flatness of the output current in dependence on the load is strongly affected. To overcome these challenges, we propose a novel DH current source with load in the loop (DH-LL) completely isolating the load from the ground and maintaining the simplicity of the circuit. A simulation study shows that the output impedance ( $Z_{\mathrm{ out}}$ ) of the DH-LL remains constant independent of the input stray capacitances. The influence of the output stray capacitance on the relative deviation of the output current decreases from 92% in the case of DH to 2.7% in the case of DH-LL. Experimental results show that the DH-LL reaches a frequency bandwidth of up to 5 MHz with a deviation of only 2.32% for a varying load of up to 10 $\text{k}\Omega $ . Thereby, the relative deviation of the current amplitude, e.g., at 1 MHz, decreases from 6.98% for DH to 1.44% for DH-LL.
Late Cretaceous evolution of the Coqen Basin (Lhasa terrane) and implications for early topographic growth on the Tibetan Plateau

The tectonic evolution of the Lhasa terrane (southern Tibetan Plateau) played a fundamental role in the formation of the Tibetan Plateau. However, many uncertainties remain with regard to the tectonic and paleogeographic evolution of the Lhasa terrane prior to the India-Asia collision. To determine the early tectonic processes that controlled the topographic evolution of the Lhasa terrane, we analyze the Cretaceous strata exposed in the Coqen Basin (northern Lhasa subterrane), which comprises the Langshan and Daxiong Formations. The Langshan Formation unconformably overlies the volcanic rocks of the Lower Cretaceous Zelong Group and consists of similar to 80 m of Orbitolina-bearing limestones, which were deposited in a low-energy, shallow marine environment. Micropaleontological analysis indicates that the Langshan Formation in the Coqen Basin was deposited from late Aptian to early Cenomanian times (ca. 113-96 Ma). The overlying Daxiong Formation (similar to 1700 m thick) consists of conglomerate, coarse sandstone, and siltstone with interbedded mudstone, and represents deposits of alluvial fans and braided rivers. The Daxiong Formation was deposited after the early Cenomanian (ca. 96 Ma) and accumulated until at least ca. 91 Ma, indicating accumulation rates of greater than 0.3 km m.y. (-1). By combining paleocurrent data, sandstone petrology, detrital zircon U-Pb ages, and Hf isotope analysis, we demonstrate that the Daxiong Formation was derived from Lower Cretaceous volcanic rocks and pre-Cretaceous strata in the northern Lhasa subterrane. During Late Cretaceous time, two thrust systems with opposite vergence were responsible for transforming the northern Lhasa subterrane into an elevated mountain range. This process resulted in the evolution from a shallow marine environment (Langshan Formation) into a terrestrial depositional environment (Daxiong Formation) on the southern margin of the northern Lhasa subterrane. Given the regional paleogeographic context, we conclude that the Daxiong Formation in the Coqen Basin records local crustal shortening and flexure resulting in foreland basin development on the southern margin of the northern Lhasa subterrane, which implies early topographic growth of the northern Lhasa subterrane in southern Tibet prior to the India-Asia collision.
Effect of Alloying Elements on the Short-Range Orders and Atomic Diffusion Behavior of Liquid Al−9Si Cast Alloys

To investigate the influence of alloying elements (Zn, Mg, and Cu) on the structural and dynamical properties of liquid Al−9Si alloy, we conducted ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. Our results indicate that the structure of Al−Si−M ternary alloys is determined with a combination of atomic radii and mixing enthalpy, while the dynamic properties are primarily influenced by electronic structure of the alloying elements. Specifically, the addition of Cu promotes the formation of Al−Cu short-range order (SRO), while Zn has a higher propensity for Zn−Zn SRO. The Al−Cu SRO in liquid alloy may serve as the precursor for the Al2Cu reinforcing phase in Al−Si−Cu alloys. Upon the addition of Mg, a greater number of relatively stable perfect and distorted icosahedral structures, as well as hcp and bcc ordered structures with lower energies, are observed. Additionally, the presence of Mg leads to a reduction in the atomic diffusion rates of Al and Si, while Cu and Zn exhibit complex diffusion behavior influenced by the presence of Si atoms.
Optimization of the motivation for success in mathematics at higher education: Evidence from novel graph-based visualization of three models

Using three mathematical models, this study aims to optimize students’ motivation for success in courses of mathematics at universities. The uniqueness of this study is crystalized in the novel graphical visualization of three models, which are integrated to analyze certain factors that help in optimizing students’ motivation for mathematical success. The proposed models will benefit students, educators, administrators of higher education, and societies around the world. A quantitative approach is used to design the research, which involved 366 female and 319 male students in different mathematics courses. The results show that the third, second, and first models are the top three in order. The third model accounts for 71.3% of the shift in the motivation for mathematical success. The difference in the motivation for mathematical success is explained by 66.3% in the second model and 65.0% in the first model.
Effect of alkaline and steam pre-treatment on saccharification of corn cob and production of cellullase from fungal consortium

Lignocellulosic biomass as fossil fuel alternative comes with its challenges such as its inherent stability and recalcitrance. The use of commercial cellulase in the removal of lignin comes with high cost. This research seeks to answer questions on how alkaline and steam pre-treatment improve cellulose/glucose liberation from lignocellulosic biomass (corn cobs) using a consortium of pichia kudriavzevii and cyberlindnera fabianii. In the current study, the effectiveness of steam and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pre-treatment for reducing corn cob structure was examined, and the pre-treated biomass afterwards was exposed to the hydrolyzing activity of a consortium enzyme cocktail that was custom-formulated. The results of an analysis of composition showed that while alkaline pre-treated corn cob (APC) had 1.2% lignin, 75.8% cellulose, and 10.9% hemicellulose, steam pre-treated corn cob (SPC) had 2.5% lignin, 67.2% cellulose, and 25% hemicellulose. Lignin was eliminated from the biomass of corn cobs using both steam and NaOH pre-treatment. The hydrolyzing effect of the holocellulolytic enzyme cocktail, prepared with two multifunctional enzymes, was applied to the alkaline and steam pre-treated samples. This hydrolyzed SPCs more effectively than APC feedstocks, revealing that steam was a more effective pre-treatment attaining a remarkable 8.33 U/mg endoglucanase, 5.56 U/mg exoglycanase and 8.97U/mg beta-glucosidase levels (event 1) and glucose peak concentration of 0.433 mol/mL at 48 hours (event 2); according to a thorough examination of cellulase capacity and glucose levels. Overall, the consortium enzyme cocktail effectively hydrolyzed agricultural feedstocks that had undergone alkaline pre-treatment, making it a desirable option for usage in the bioconversion procedure in the biorefinery sector. This study demonstrates an effective technique for turning agricultural waste (corn cob) into high-value products through effective and practical chemical pre-processing.
Streptococcal Arginine Deiminase Inhibits T Lymphocyte Differentiation In Vitro

Pathogenic microbes use arginine-metabolizing enzymes as an immune evasion strategy. In this study, the impact of streptococcal arginine deiminase (ADI) on the human peripheral blood T lymphocytes function in vitro was studied. The comparison of the effects of parental strain (Streptococcus pyogenes M49-16) with wild type of ArcA gene and its isogenic mutant with inactivated ArcA gene (Streptococcus pyogenes M49-16delArcA) was carried out. It was found that ADI in parental strain SDSC composition resulted in a fivefold decrease in the arginine concentration in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) supernatants. Only parental strain SDSCs suppressed anti-CD2/CD3/CD28-bead-stimulated mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity and caused a twofold decrease in IL-2 production in PBMC. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that ADI decreased the percentage of CM (central memory) and increased the proportion of TEMRA (terminally differentiated effector memory) of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells subsets. Enzyme activity inhibited the proliferation of all CD8+ T cell subsets as well as CM, EM (effector memory), and TEMRA CD4+ T cells. One of the prominent ADI effects was the inhibition of autophagy processes in CD8+ CM and EM as well as CD4+ CM, EM, and TEMRA T cell subsets. The data obtained confirm arginine’s crucial role in controlling immune reactions and suggest that streptococcal ADI may downregulate adaptive immunity and immunological memory.
Transdisciplinary STEM education based on Among’s philosophy implementation against engineering problem-solving and motivation: The case monochromatic light, simple laser project

This study applied transdisciplinary STEM based on Among’s philosophy. This innovative program provides experiences using project-based learning (PBL) with limited laboratory facilities for technology learning. Involved 53 pre-service physics teachers in a physics laboratory course with the affordable cost laser creation project. STEM program using correlation study with a pre-experiment one-group pre-/post-test design approach. The instruments used include an engineering problem-solving cognition test and a motivational questionnaire regarding attitude, interest, and learning response, as well as reinforced by project report documentation. The results showed a significant improvement in engineering problem-solving cognition and motivation in STEM, with a moderately strong correlation between them. Among’s method and lab hands-on engagement contribute to a better engineering understanding and positively impact motivation. Utilizing equipment and materials at affordable costs can effectively integrate technology and engineering into practices.
Reimagining Cities: Paving the Path to Happy City

This research aims to comprehensively analyse the diverse factors that influence urban happiness and liveability across different contexts. Through an exploration of key literature, this study elucidates the multidimensional nature of urban well-being by examining various dimensions including environment, safety, urban planning, quality of life, and socio-economic attributes. The research also delves into the determinants of happiness-driven smart city characteristics and the role of walkability components in fostering happier urban living. By synthesizing findings from multiple studies, this paper underscores the significance of urban infrastructure, social cohesion, economic opportunities, and governance in shaping happiness in metropolitan areas. The investigation further underscores the importance of affordable housing projects in nurturing urban contentment through the lens of social, environmental, and economic indicators. Overall, this research contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the complex interplay between urban factors and individual well-being.