Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Secondary and tertiary creep of glacier ice as measured by borehole closure rates

Published and previously unpublished measurements of closure rates of five boreholes in polar ice caps are reviewed. The data cover effective shear stresses between 0.15 and 1.0 MN m−2, temperatures between −16° and −28°C, and strains up to 2.2. Curves of strain at the borehole wall (logarithm of the ratio of hole diameter to its initial diameter) against time show a stage of constant closure rate corresponding to secondary (steady state) creep of the ice followed by accelerating closure rate attributed to recrystallization of the ice (tertiary creep). Curves for low stresses also show an initial transient stage of decreasing closure rate. The onset of tertiary creep is largely determined by the strain; critical values range from 0.03 to 0.10, and the lower the temperature, the higher the critical value. Secondary creep rates in the different boreholes are consistent with each other; the data yield a creep activation energy of 54 kJ/mol and a flow law index close to 3. The borehole data reduced to a common temperature of −22°C are compared with the results of two laboratory experiments at this temperature. For a given stress the strain rates measured by Steinemann (1958a, b) are 2–3 times those in the boreholes, and for the experiments of Barnes et al. (1971) the factor is about 8. Differences between laboratory and glacier ice, probably in grain size, may explain the differences between the borehole data and the results of Steinemann. Some evidence is presented that the creep rates measured by Barnes et al. at this temperature may contain a significant component of transient creep; this might account for the large difference between their results and those of Steinemann. The ratio of tertiary to secondary creep rate increases approximately linearly with the strain. No steady state tertiary creep rate is observed even at a strain of 1.5, at which point the ratio of tertiary to secondary creep rate is about 10. However, the ice is not strained uniformly during borehole closure. Even if recrystallization has been completed in the ice near the borehole wall, the ice further away, having been strained less, may still be recrystallizing. This may account for the failure to observe steady state tertiary creep. Near the bottom of one borehole, creep rates (tertiary) are about 4 times those in the ice immediately above. The boundary between the two deformation regions corresponds closely to the boundary between ice deposited during the Wisconsin glaciation and ice deposited since that time. The crystals in the Wisconsin ice are smaller, much less variable in size, and more nearly equidimensional than those elsewhere. Moreover, the Wisconsin ice has a much higher microparticle content and a much lower content of salts of marine origin. It is suggested that one or more of these differences make the Wisconsin ice ‘softer’ than the remainder of the ice. The decrease in grain size is considered to be the most likely factor.
Breast density reduction as a predictor for prognosis in premenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: an exploratory analysis of the updated ASTRRA study

Background: While the relationship between mammographic breast density reduction (MDR) and endocrine therapy efficacy has been reported in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, it is still unclear in premenopausal women, especially in the case of adding ovarian function suppression (OFS) to antihormone therapy. The authors investigated the impact of MDR on prognosis stratified by treatment based on the updated results of the ASTRRA trial. Materials and methods: The ASTRRA trial, a randomized phase III study, showed that adding OFS to tamoxifen (TAM) improved survival in premenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer after chemotherapy. The authors updated survival outcomes and assessed mammography before treatment and the annual follow-up mammography for up to 5 years after treatment initiation. Mammographic density (MD) was classified into four categories based on the Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System. MDR-positivity was defined as a downgrade in MD grade on follow-up mammography up to 2 years after randomization, with pretreatment MD grade as a reference. Results: The authors evaluated MDR in 944 of the 1282 patients from the trial, and 813 (86.2%) had grade III or IV MD. There was no difference in the MDR-positivity rate between the two treatment groups [TAM-only group (106/476 (22.3%)) vs. TAM+OFS group (89/468 (19.0%)); P=0.217). MDR-positivity was significantly associated with better disease-free survival (DFS) in the TAM+OFS group (estimated 8-year DFS: 93.1% in MDR-positive vs. 82.0% in MDR-negative patients; HR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.16–0.85; P=0.019), but not in the TAM-only group (P interaction=0.039). MDR-positive patients who received TAM+OFS had a favorable DFS compared to MDR-negative patients who received only TAM (HR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.13–0.70; P=0.005). Conclusion: Although the proportion of MDR-positive patients was comparable between both treatment groups, MDR-positivity was independently associated with favorable outcomes only in the TAM+OFS group.
Implications of the COVID-19 trajectory for the evaluation of hand hygiene interventions: Secondary analysis of the Soapp trial

Abstract Hand hygiene behavior is crucial to counter the spread of infectious diseases. However, its adoption during the early stages of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic showed temporal fluctuations associated with the trajectory of the pandemic (e.g. new COVID-19 infections). Such associations can confound conclusions about the effectiveness of interventions aimed at promoting hand hygiene during a pandemic. In this study, we performed a secondary analysis of a dataset from the optimization phase of Soapp, an app to promote hand hygiene during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used a longitudinal study design to test whether the associations between the pandemic trajectory and hand hygiene behavior were still present one year after the outbreak (primary outcome) and whether they impacted conclusions about the effectiveness of Soapp (secondary outcome). Participants (N = 216) were randomized to different versions of Soapp and used an electronic diary to self-report their hand hygiene behavior multiple times during the study. We considered the following indicators of the COVID-19 pandemic from the country of Switzerland in the period between March and August 2021: total cases/deaths, increases in recent new cases/deaths, new cases/deaths, and number of administered doses of vaccine. Data were analyzed using a multilevel approach. Results suggested that there were no significant associations between hand hygiene and the indicators of the pandemic trajectory. However, models including total cases/deaths impacted the conclusions about Soapp’s effectiveness. Implications from this study are that the development and evaluation of hand hygiene interventions during a pandemic context should account for the trajectory indicators to maximize their effectiveness and control for confounding effects.
SIP response of artificial biofilms

In recent years, research into the use of geophysical methods for monitoring microbial activity within the subsurface has advanced. One of the most promising methods, induced polarization (IP), has indirectly shown sensitivity to changes in the presence of microbial cells and especially biofilms. The aim of this study is to conclusively show, and quantify if possible, the effect of biofilm accumulation on IP signals. To ensure the controlled formation of biofilm we created an “artificial” alginate gel biofilm, which was introduced into an experimental column at varying amounts. The IP response was measured throughout. Our initial results showed that the IP method is sensitive to biofilm accumulation, after a certain point, and could potentially be used to monitor such microbial structures remotely. Further research with real biofilms under more natural conditions is needed to validate our results.
Twenty-One* Pseudo-Chrysostoms and more: authorship verification in the patristic world

As the most prolific of the Church Fathers, John Chrysostom (344–407 CE) has a vast textual mass and theological importance that has led to a significant misattribution of texts, resulting in the existence of a second corpus known as the pseudo-Chrysostomian corpus. Like many Greek-language Church Fathers’ works, this corpus comprises anonymous texts, which scholars have attempted to reattribute or group together based on factors such as the person’s function, biography, ideology, style, etc. One survey conducted by Voicu in 1981 explored potential groupings of such texts and produced a critical list of 21 Pseudo-Chrysostom works identified by scholars, including Montfaucon (1655–1741), one of the first modern editors of Chrysostom’s writings. In this paper, we present a novel approach to addressing pseudonymous work in the context of Chrysostomian studies. We propose to employ Siamese networks within an authorship verification framework, following the methodology commonly used in recent computational linguistic competitions. Our embedding model is trained using commonly used features in the digital humanities landscape, such as the most frequent words, affixes, and POS trigrams, utilizing a signal-to-noise ratio distance and pair mining. The results of our model show high AUCROC scores (84.5%). Furthermore, the article concludes with an analysis of the pseudo-Chrysostoms proposed by Voicu. We validate a significant portion of the hypotheses found in Voicu’s survey while also providing counter-arguments for two Pseudo-Chrysostoms. This research contributes to shedding light on the attribution of ancient texts and enriches the field of Chrysostomian studies.
Comparison and validation of GIMMS,SPOT-VGT and MODIS global NDVI products in the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi Province,northwestern China

To select an optimum time series in remote sensing data for monitoring vegetation changes,especially before and after implementation of the Sloping Land Conversion Program,we analyzed spatial distributions,seasonal and annual variations of vegetation in the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province,based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from three kinds of remote sensing data,i.e.GIMMS,SPOT-Vegetation (SPOT-VGT) and MODIS.The NDVI data were compared using linear correlation and root mean-square error (RMSE) analyses.The results showed that: 1) there were no significant differences in large scale spatial distributions among the GIMMS /NDVI,the SPOT-VGT / NDVI and the MODIS /NDVI data sets.However,the MODIS /NDVI data was more efficient in monitoring spatial vegetation distributions,with high spatial resolution and a wide range in the NDVI;2) In seasonal changes of vegetation,significant correlations were found among the three remote sensing data sets.RMSE between the MODIS /NDVI and GIMMS /NDVI was higher than that between the MODIS /NDVI and SPOT-VGT /NDVI.We also found that differences among the three remote sensing data sets varied between seasons,with the largest difference occurring during summers due to more rainy and cloudy days;3) In annual changes of vegetation,significant increases in both MODIS /NDVI and SPOT-VGT /NDVI were shown from 1999-2007,but no significant variation in GIMMS /NDVI,suggesting that this data set has some limitations in monitoring the annual vegetation changes.The correlation coefficient of annual variation between the MODIS /NDVI and GIMMS /NDVI decreased with an increase in vegetation coverage,and became even negative for coniferous and broad-leaf mixed forests,indicating that the GIMMS sensor was less sensitive to the variation of vegetation with high coverage due to changes of atmospheric water vapor and clouds.We conclude that GIMMS /NDVI has some limitations in representing annual variation of vegetation with high coverage,and is not suitable as a substitution of historical MODIS /NDVI data.
Tin and associated metal and metalloid geochemistry by femtosecond LA-ICP-QMS microanalysis of pegmatite– leucogranite melt and fluid inclusions: new evidence for melt–melt–fluid immiscibility

Abstract Granitic pegmatites are exceptional igneous rocks and the possible role of an immiscibility process in their origin is strongly debated. To investigate metal and metalloid behaviour in hydrous peraluminous systems (aluminium saturation index, ASI >1), we analysed 15 quartz-hosted primary melt and fluid inclusions from pegmatites in the Ehrenfriedersdorf Complex (Erzgebirge, Germany) and 26 primary melt inclusions from leucogranites of the Ehrenfriedersdorf district (Germany), Kymi (Finland) and Erongo (Namibia) by femtosecond laser ablation inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry. The results presented here for 32 elements provide evidence for metal and metalloid fractionation between two types of immiscible melts (A and B) and NaCl-HCl-rich brine in the pegmatite system. No evidence for the boundary layer effect was observed in the 40-500 pm size melt inclusions that were investigated. The data on the Ehrenfriedersdorf pegmatites allow quantification of the metal and metalloid partitioning between natural NaCl-rich brine and the two types of melt (e.g. Kbrine/type-A,BAs = 0.01 - 1.7; Kbrine/type-A,BAs = 10 - 285; Kbrine/type-A,BZn ≥ 50; Kbrine/type-A meltPb ≥ 50; Kbrine/type-A meltAg = 46. These data are in accord with existing natural and experimental data on equilibrium fluid-melt partitioning as well as spectroscopic data on the metal and metalloid complexation in hydrous aluminosilicate melts and NaCl-HCl-rich fluids.
On ageing of liquefaction resistance of sand

Mechanical properties of subsoil are frequently subject to temporal change and liquefaction resistance is not an exception. The experiences during the 2011 gigantic earthquake in Japan illustrated that more aged soils did not develop liquefaction. Since this effect of soil age is not explicitly accounted for by existing codes, the authors attempted to interpret cases where subsoil of known age liquefied or not liquefied during past earthquakes. It was found that liquefaction resistance increases after hundreds of years and that the increase of 40% is reasonably supposed to occur after 400 years. Further study was conducted on the mechanism of ageing in which grain dislocation was focused on.
Oscillatory zoned liddicoatite from Anjanabonoina, central Madagascar. II. Compositional variation and mechanisms of substitution

The compositional variation from core to edge of a (001) section of liddicoatite (diameter~20 cm) from the Anjanabonoina granitic pegmatite in Madagascar shows pronounced oscillatory zones. Over the bulk crystal, the compositional variation corresponds to the two substitutions, X Na + Y M * → X Ca + Y Li and Y M * + Y M * → Y Li + Y Al ( M * = Fe + Mg + Mn), and the oscillatory zoning is superimposed on a smooth monotonic variation in the principal constituents. Both Fe and Mg show prominent oscillatory behavior superimposed on background values of~0 apfu , and Mn and (Mg + Fe) show antithetic behavior with regard to compositional variation. The pattern of compositional zoning is completely different in the {021} and {110} sectors of the crystal. In the pyramidal sector, individual zones range in width from apfu from the center to approximately halfway toward the edge of the crystal, and remains close to zero out to the edge. Four colors of zones are observed: purple, light green, dark green, and greenish black, owing to an overall decrease and increase in Mn and Fe contents, respectively. In the pyramidal sector, each zone starts with a sharp increase in Fe and Mg, which then monotonically decrease to zero across the zone, and this pattern is repeated across the series of zones. In the prism sector, Fe and Mg are zero at the beginning of each zone and gradually increase to reach maximum values at the end of each zone, followed by a sharp drop to~0 apfu . The complexity of the compositional behavior reported here requires future development of a more complex model for the zoning process of liddicoatite at Anjanabonoina.
Nest Site Selection in Forpus passerinus (Green-rumped Parrotlet)

How fitness is influenced by habitat features within a landscape underlies source-sink concepts and is important to population dynamics and conservation. I relate productivity to habitat quality measured at microhabitat and neighborhood scales in a box-nesting population of Forpus passerinus (Green-rumped parrotlets) in Venezuela. At 106 nest boxes I measured vegetation cover, vegetative structure, water depth, water cover, and food availability and related them to measures of productivity (young fledged per year and young fledged per year used) and their components (annual number of young produced per nest, nesting attempts, probability of successful nest, and number of years used). Principal component analyses resulted in three factors indicating high canopy cover and ground cover, high vegetation counts from the ground to 2 meters, and high water cover and greater water depth respectively at both the microhabitat and neighborhood scales. Linear regression models of these factors on the measures of breeding productivity show that nests in more open neighborhood habitat with less vegetative cover produced greater numbers of fledglings than did boxes with more cover where more predation occurs. Also, boxes associated with greater water depths had lower predation rates. A habitat manipulation experiment showed that boxes more in the open had a higher survival rate and that predation may be the major cause in the formation of the observed patterns.
Burrowing below the basal Cambrian GSSP, Fortune Head, Newfoundland

The range of Treptichnus pedum, the index trace fossil for the Treptichnus pedum Zone, extends some 4 m below the Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point for the base of the Cambrian Period at Fortune Head on the Burin Peninsula in southeastern Newfoundland. The identification of zigzag traces of Treptichnus isp. , even further below the GSSP than T. pedum in the Fortune Head section, and in other terminal Proterozoic successions around the globe, supports the concept of a gradational onset of three-dimensional burrowing across the Proterozoic–Cambrian boundary. Although T. pedum remains a reasonable indicator for the base of the Cambrian Period, greater precision in the stratotype section can be achieved by a detailed re-evaluation of the stratigraphic ranges and the morphological variation of ichnotaxa included in the T. pedum Zone.
A Cross-Country Comparisons of Student Achievement: the Role of Social Values

This paper looks at country-average results in surveys of student-achievements like PISA, PIRLS or TIMSS. As other recent papers do, I advance the idea that the between-countries differences are determined by cultural factors. Focusing on the macro-level, I discuss social values as part of the contextual determinants for student achievement. Values are defining features of the unwritten, but powerful, hidden curriculum, and are likely to have strong impact on learning. I combine macro-data computed from the values surveys (EVS/WVS 1990-2008), respectively PISA, TIMSS, and PIRLS (1999-2009). Cross-classified models assess the effect of dominant social values on student achievement. The findings show that a society that places high value on autonomy in child rearing creates an environment for higher student achievement. Conversely, promoting authoritarian values as a priority for younger generations has the opposite effect. The effect is even stronger for achievements in mathematics.
Mean field equilibrium in dynamic games with complementarities

We study stochastic dynamic games with a large number of players, where players are coupled via their payoff functions. We consider mean field equilibrium for such games: in such an equilibrium, each player reacts to only the long run average state of other players. In this paper we focus on a special class of stochastic games, where a player experiences strategic complementarities from other players; formally the payoff of a player has increasing differences between her own state and the aggregate empirical distribution of the states of other players. We find necessary conditions for the existence of a mean field equilibrium in such games. Furthermore, we show that there exist a “largest” and “smallest” equilibrium among all those where the equilibrium strategy used by a player is nondecreasing.
Understanding individual and collective diversity of cultural consumption through large-scale music listening events

Emerging research suggests that cultural richness and complexity intensify with population size. Yet the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear: Do populated areas exhibit more cultural diversity simply due to there being a larger spectrum of individuals with varied backgrounds, or does the urban environment itself stimulate individuals to explore a wider variety of cultural experiences, raising the population’s baseline? To decipher this, we leverage a large-scale dataset of 69 million music listening events from the real world, examining the listening patterns of over 408 thousand unique individuals across 96 regions in France. Our study presents a dual perspective on diversity by (1) measuring one’s diversity of musical consumption by evaluating the breadth of their music listening history, and (2) assessing the shared repertoire among individuals as a collective. We found that both individual and collective levels of musical consumption diversity increase with population size. This trend held true when segmenting the population by gender and age groups, while a gender-speci昀椀c divergence in consumption appeared from a particular age. We further delineate potential confounding variables to consider in future research aimed at identifying causal pathways, presenting this model using a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). Together, our preliminary work represents a crucial step towards unravelling the complexity of cultural diversity and its ties to population dynamics.
Survay and distributional patterns of the amphipod fauna of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetland Islands

The paper presents a list of over 100 amphipod taxa hitherto recorded in the Admiralty Bay, South Shetlands (Tab. 1). In Tab. 2 the distributional patterns of Amphipoda in upper and middle sublittoral (depth 5-150 m) of the Admiralty Bay are given. Notes on the taxonomy of some taxa are presented.
Overburdened and Underfunded: California Public Schools Amidst the Great Recession

Since 2008, many nations, including the United States, have struggled with the effects of a global recession. The state of California has been particularly impacted by the Great Recession. Unemployment rates in California are among the highest in the United States, and a weak fiscal environment has forced deep cutbacks to a variety of state services. This study uses California as a case to explore the effects of economic crisis on public schools and the students they serve. The study draws on survey and interview data with a representative sample of public high school principals across California. The data show that, during the Great Recession, students have experienced growing social welfare needs that often shape their well-being and their performance in schools. We also find that the capacity of public schools to meet these needs and provide quality education has been eroded by budget cuts. This study finds that schools primarily serving low-income families have been hardest hit during the recession, in part because they cannot raise private dollars to fill the gap left by public sector cuts. The Great Recession thus has undermined educational quality while producing widening educational inequality in California. Here