Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The geological context of the Lower Cambrian (Series 2) Emu Bay Shale Lagerstätte and adjacent stratigraphic units, Kangaroo Island, South Australia

The lower Cambrian (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4) Emu Bay Shale Lagerstätte, which is by far the most important Burgess Shale-type (BST) deposit in Australia, occurs mainly in the bottom 10 m of the Emu Bay Shale at Big Gully on the north coast of Kangaroo Island, South Australia. In this area, the exposed Cambrian succession commences with the White Point Conglomerate, the bulk of which comprises a crudely cross-bedded cobble to boulder conglomerate with minor mudstone and sandstone facies. The conglomeratic horizons thin markedly to the south. The White Point Conglomerate was deposited as coalesced fan deltas derived from an uplifted tectonic margin immediately to the north of the present coastline. The White Point Conglomerate is overlain by the sandstone, siltstone and conglomerate beds of the Marsden Sandstone (new name), the basal 3 m of which is a distinctive fossiliferous argillaceous limestone and shale, the Rouge Mudstone Member (new name). Syndepositional folding and faulting affected both the White Point Conglomerate and Marsden Sandstone prior to the deposition of the Emu Bay Shale, the base of which represents a sequence boundary. The Lagerstätte occurs within dark grey to black laminated micaceous mudstone facies, some of which show evidence of syndepositional disturbance, and are interpreted to have been deposited in isolated stagnant, anoxic to oxic depressions on the sea floor, beneath a normally oxic water column, with a sharp redox boundary at the sediment–water interface; below this boundary the pore water was anoxic. Thin (up to 20 cm) structureless fine sandstone horizons within the mudstone are interpreted as either sediment gravity flow or storm deposits. The Lagerstätte-bearing mudstone beds thin southwards and disappear 500–600 m south of the coast. The Emu Bay Shale coarsens upwards; arthropod tracks are abundant in fine sandstone beds towards the top of the Emu Bay Shale. In coastal sections the sandstone facies of the Boxing Bay Formation rest conformably on the Emu Bay Shale; inland the contact is channelled.
An ancient submarine canyon in the Oligocene‐Miocene of the western Niger Delta

ABSTRACT An anomalous sequence of thick fossiliferous marine shale of late Oligocene-early Miocene age, here termed the Opuama Shale Member, occurs within the paralic Agbada Formation in the subsurface of the western Niger Delta. The Opuama Shale fills a deep palaeochannel which was cut into Eocene-early Oligocene paralic beds. Planktonic and benthic foraminifera suggest that deposition in the channel began in the late Oligocene-early Miocene at outer shelf-slope depths, and that by the late early Miocene the channel had filled to shallow neritic depths. The channel, which is believed to be of submarine origin, is termed the Opuama canyon. The Opuama canyon originated during the pronounced early-Middle Oligocene drop in sea-level, and was cut by turbidity currents. It was filled, during the major late Oligocene-early Miocene rise of sea-level. The location of the Opuama canyon in the western re-entrant of the Niger Delta supports Burke's (1972) conclusion that the western and eastern (where ancient submarine canyon fills are known) re-entrants of the delta are potential sites for ancient submarine canyons. Burke based his conclusion on the observation that the eastern and western re-entrants of the modern delta are areas where opposing longshore drifts converge and generate turbidity currents which cut submarine canyons.
Spatio‐temporal effects of El Niño events on rainfall and maize yield in Kenya

The ability to predict rainfall variability a season in advance could have a major impact on the fragile Kenyan economy. The ability to benefit from climate prediction arises from the intersection of human vulnerability, climate predictability, and decision capacity. Africa may be a prime potential benefactor of seasonal climate forecasting. With this in mind, the link between El Niño‐related variability in rainfall at annual and seasonal scales and national‐level maize yield in Kenya was explored. The spatial and seasonal variations in El Niño influence on rainfall are highly inconclusive in Kenya except for some highland high rainfall sites and seasons. Significant event‐to‐event variability was observed, however, during the October–January (OJ) crop growing season during El Niño events. Increases in the OJ seasonal rainfall during El Niño events were reflected in the annual rainfall. While the mean change in rainfall between El Niño and neutral was positive during OJ season and annually, however, the change was negative during the March–June (MJ) season. El Niño effects were greater on rainfall in the second growing season (OJ) for the 1982–83 and 1997–98 El Niño compared with the 1986–87, 1987–88, 1991–92 events. Sites on the highland ecoregion recorded a significant increase in rainfall during El Niño events compared with neutral years. However, the 1987–88 El Niño had a significant effect on the MJ growing season rainfall with consequent positive influence on national maize yield. Furthermore, ‘super El Niños’ may give rise to larger rainfall responses than normal El Niños at some sites; the magnitude varies from site to site and the effect is not obvious at some sites. The results lead to the conclusion that all El Niños are not equal in terms of their regional manifestation. All this clearly indicates the need to address critical user needs of climate information in order to produce information that is useful. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Phlogopite from the Ventaruolo subsynthem volcanics (Mt Vulture, Italy): a multi-method study

Abstract Volcanic activity at Mt Vulture lasted throughout the Middle Pleistocene and produced SiO2⃛ undersaturated volcanics. Deposits from the Monte Vulture stratovolcano have been classified into four subsynthems and clustered into the Barile Synthem. In the present investigation, trioctahedral micas from the uppermost units (the Ventaruolo Subsynthem) of the Barile Synthem are considered. The samples are labelled VUT187. The phlogopitic micas were separated from the host rock (an olivine-foidite) and underwent chemical (electron microprobe analysis - EMPA and C-H-N), structural (single-crystal X-ray diffraction) and spectroscopic (Mössbauer) investigations. The EMPA yielded: MgO (17.62-21.89 wt.%), FeOtot (5.98-9.78 wt.%), TiO2 (1.81-3.92 wt.%) and Al2O3 (14.47-17.98 wt.%), with H2O contents = 2.86 (±0.42) wt. % determined by C-H-N analyses. Mössbauer investigation provided [VI]Fe2+ = 12.6%, [VI]Fe3+ = 87.4%. The chemical and structural data are consistent with the occurrence of Ti-oxy, [VI]M2+ + 2(OH)- ⇌ [VI]Ti4+ + 2O2- + H2, and M3+-oxy substitutions, [VI]M2+ + (OH)- ⇌ [VI]M3+ + O2⃛ + ½H2, with M3+ = Fe3+, Al3+. In particular, Fe3+-oxy substitution has affected the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio in the studied sample. This is probably due to the fact that interaction with underground water or a hydrothermal system may have altered the oxygen fugacity and raised the Fe3+ content of VUT187 phlogopite with respect to magmatic values.
Composition of modern deep-sea sands from arc-related basins

Summary Petrographic and chemical examination of modern deep-sea sands shows a clear distinction between active and passive plate-tectonic settings. Among active settings, sands from forearc basins of island arcs and basins from strike-slip continental margins can be distinguished, but those from other arc-related settings overlap considerably in composition. In particular, sands from continental margin subduction zones and those from the backarc of island arcs appear to be indistinguishable. Chemically, arc-related sands are very close in composition to ancient greywacke sandstones. For instance, sodium almost always exceeds potassium. Thus it is not necessary for sodium to be added to sands diagenetically to make greywackes, as has been suggested.
Storm time observations of plasmasphere erosion flux in the magnetosphere and ionosphere

Plasmasphere erosion carries cold dense plasma of ionospheric origin in a storm‐enhanced density plume extending from dusk toward and through the noontime cusp and dayside magnetopause and back across polar latitudes in a polar tongue of ionization. We examine dusk sector (20 MLT) plasmasphere erosion during the 17 March 2013 storm (Dst ~ −130 nT) using simultaneous, magnetically aligned direct sunward ion flux observations at high altitude by Van Allen Probes RBSP‐A (at ~3.0 Re) and at ionospheric heights (~840 km) by DMSP F‐18. Plasma erosion occurs at both high and low altitudes where the subauroral polarization stream flow overlaps the outer plasmasphere. At ~20 UT, RBSP‐A observed ~1.2E12 m−2 s−1 erosion flux, while DMSP F‐18 observed ~2E13 m−2 s−1 sunward flux. We find close similarities at high and low altitudes between the erosion plume in both invariant latitude spatial extent and plasma characteristics.
Evaluating policies to improve total factor productivity in four large Latin American countries

This paper develops a framework to analyze the potential of different variables to increase total factor productivity (TFP) growth in countries with poor productivity performance. It takes an industry level approach for a set of countries used as a benchmark. The information comes from the EU KLEMS and LA KLEMS databases. Once this influence is measured, the difference in the scores of each variable in four Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico) with respect to the benchmark is used to test their potential for increasing productivity growth. Results show that, the top priorities for these four countries are to improve the labour market, to reduce the share of self-employed people and to modernize the functioning of their economic systems. Our results also indicate that the intensification of investment in ICT and R&D activities is a key instrument for promoting growth. Public policies should also aim to encourage a higher endowment of Internet infrastructures and their use.
Structure and content of the Moab Fault Zone, Utah, USA, and its implications for fault seal prediction

Abstract The structure and content of the Moab Fault zone are described for 37 transects across the fault zone where throws range from less than 100 m to c. 960 m. The 45 km long fault trace intersects a sedimentary sequence containing a high proportion of sandstones with good reservoir properties, interspersed with numerous mudstone layers. Typically, the fault zone is bounded by two external slip zones with the fault zone components separated by up to nine internal slip zones. Fault zone components are tabular lenses of variably deformed sandstones and sandstone cataclasites and breccia, with a wide size range, usually enclosed in a matrix of shaley fault gouge containing mm to m scale entrained sandstone fragments. Neither fault zone structure nor content can be predicted by extrapolation over distances as little as 10 m. Although variable in thickness, shaley gouge is always present except where the mudstone is <c. 20% of the faulted sequence. The distribution of shaley gouge conforms with existing algorithms for predicting the presence or absence of shaley gouge in subsurface fault zones. The fault zone heterogeneity is attributed to tip-line and asperity bifurcation processes.
The evaluation of creative knowledge policies in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area: how to enhance the city's competitiveness

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Deformation Analysis of Geotextile Encased Stone Columns

AbstractBased on the unit-cell concept, analytical solutions are presented to predict deformation behaviors of geotextile-encased stone columns at any depth below the top plane of the columns. Under vertical loads at the tops of the stone columns, an axial compression deformation occurs that is often accompanied by a lateral expansion near the top. This deformation characteristic of stone columns was incorporated directly into the proposed analytical method. The shear stress between the encased stone column and the surrounding soil in the vertical direction also was taken into account. In this method, the confining pressure provided by the soil was analyzed based on an analogy with passive earth pressure. The method was verified via comparison with two other analytical solutions. Parametric studies were conducted to investigate the effects of geotextile encasement, vertical applied stress, and column spacing and diameter on the deformation behaviors of columns. The results indicated that geotextile encase.
Marketing in Hypermedia Computer-Mediated Environments : Conceptual Foundations 1 )

This paper addresses the role of marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments (CMEs). Our approach considers hypermedia CMEs to be large-scale (i.e. national or global) networked environments, of which the World Wide Web on the Internet is the first and current global implementation. We introduce marketers to this revolutionary new medium, propose a structural model of consumer behavior in a CME that incorporates the notion of flow, and examine the set of consequent testable research propositions and marketing implications that follow from the model. Firms communicate with their customers through various media. Traditionally, these media follow a passive one-to-many communication model whereby a firm reaches many current and potential customers, segmented or not, through marketing efforts that allow only limited forms of feedback on the part of the customer. For several years now, a revolution has been developing that is dramatically altering this traditional view of advertising and communication media. This revolution is the Internet, the massive global network of interconnected packet-switched computer networks, which as a new marketing medium has the potential to radically change the way firms do business with their customers. The Internet operationalizes a model of distributed computing that facilitates interactive multimedia many-to-many communication. As such, the Internet supports discussion groups (e.g. USENET news and moderated and unmoderated mailing lists), multi-player games and communication systems (e.g. MUDs, irc, chat, MUSEs), file transfer, electronic mail, and global information access and retrieval systems (e.g. archie, gopher, and the World Wide Web) 1. The business implications of this model "[where] the engine of democratization sitting on so many desktops is already out of control, is already creating new players in a new game" (Carroll 1994), will be played out in as yet unknown ways for many years to come. This paper is concerned with the marketing implications of commercializing hypermedia computer-mediated environments (CMEs), of which the World Wide Web (Berners-Lee et. al. 1992, 1993) on the Internet is the first and current networked global implementation. While we provide a formal definition subsequently, at this point we informally define a hypermedia CME as a distributed computer network used to access and provide hypermedia content (i.e., multimedia content connected across the network with hypertext links). Though other CMEs are relevant to marketers, including private bulletin board systems and commercial online services such as AOL, CompuServe, and Prodigy, we restrict our current focus to marketing activities in hypermedia CMEs accessible via the "Web" …
Effects of sample and grid size on the accuracy and stability of regression‐based snow interpolation methods

This work analyses the responses of four regression‐based interpolation methods for predicting snowpack distribution to changes in the number of data points (sample size) and resolution of the employed digital elevation model (DEM). For this purpose, we used data obtained from intensive and random sampling of snow depth (991 measurements) in a small catchment (6 km2) in the Pyrenees, Spain. Linear regression, classification trees, generalized additive models (GAMs), and a recent method based on a correction made by applying tree classification to GAM residuals were used to calculate snow‐depth distribution based on terrain characteristics under different combinations of sample size and DEM spatial resolution (grid size).
Origin of crustal anisotropy: Shear Wave splitting studies in Japan

Shear wave splitting manifested as leading shear wave polarization, that is, parallel alignment of leading shear wave particle motions from a variety of sources, has been observed at a number of seismograph stations in Japan. Detected on shear wave seismograms from crustal earthquakes over a wide range of source zones and source-receiver azimuths, the shear wave splitting can be attributed to crustal anisotropy. This paper discusses the relation between leading shear wave polarization directions and tectonic features of Japan. To explain the observed shear wave splitting, the author proposes that at least three phenomena should be taken into account: stress-induced microcracks primarily aligned in vertical or subvertical planes; cracks or fractures in the vicinity of active faults having their orientation parallel to the fault planes; and intrinsic rock anisotropy resulting from preferred orientation of minerals. Travel time differences between leading and slower split shear waves from crustal and upper mantle earthquakes analyzed for about one third of the stations suggest that the crustal anisotropy which causes the observed shear wave splitting may be limited to the upper 15-25 km. This implies that the density of nonhorizontally aligned cracks or fractures below 15-25 km and into the upper mantle is muchmore » smaller than that in the crust above 15-25 km. « less
Multi-scale evaluation of six high-resolution satellite monthly rainfall estimates over a humid region in China with dense rain gauges

This study evaluates and compares the performance of six high-resolution monthly satellite rainfall estimates (SREs), which include TRMM 3B43V6, TRMM 3B42RTV6, CMORPH, GSMaP MWR+, GSMaP MVK+, and PERSIANN, with dense ground rain gauges located in Ganjiang River Basin. The performance was evaluated at multiple spatial scales: the 0.25° × 0.25° grid, sub-catchment, and the whole basin. It was observed that 3B43V6 generally performed well and was able to capture the ground benchmark rainfall with slight overestimation, whereas all of the other SREs suffered large underestimation in the study area. Among the five pure satellite-derived products, 3B42RTV6 and CMORPH performed better, whereas PERSIANN performed the worst. All of the SREs except 3B43V6 showed a strong seasonal signature with much better performance in the wet season than in the dry season. The results also indicate that SREs performed better in the southeast and central regions, whereas poor performance was observed in the western mountains and in the northern plains. Furthermore, the spatial patterns of SREs errors are influenced mainly by the local terrain. The performance of SREs improved when the spatial scale was increased, whereas the performance reduced when the temporal scale was increased from month to year.
Coastally trapped disturbances in the lower atmosphere: dynamic commonalities and geographic diversity

The dynamics of coastally trapped disturbances in the lower atmosphere are considered. These disturbances are trapped by the existence of a subsidence inversion at a height below the crests of barrier-like coastal mountains and propagate alongshore with the coast on the right (left) in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. Favourable areas on the Earth for the existence of the disturbances are California, southeastern Australia and southern Africa. It is shown that the fundamental dynamics of the disturbances is in each case governed by the hydrostatic and semigeostrophic approximations. The latter implies that a geostrophic balance exists between the alongshore velocity of the motion and the across-shore pressure gradient. Although the fundamental dynamics are identical, it is shown that regional differences in forcing and boundary conditions lead to the observed diversity in the manifestation of the disturbances in each area. These differences include variations in the width of the coastal mountains, the strength and height of the inversion, in the scale of the forcing and whether this forcing leads to on- or offshore flow in the generation region of the disturbance.
OIO and the atmospheric cycle of iodine

IO and BrO radicals are intermediates in the atmospheric photo‐oxidation of iodo‐ and bromocarbons and can act as catalysts for ozone loss. We have studied the kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions of IO with itself and with BrO to establish their role in the atmospheric chemistry of iodine. We have found that iodine dioxide, OIO, is produced in these reactions. The results of these and other experimental observations together with a recent computational study suggest an unexpectedly high photochemical stability for OIO. It is shown that OIO formation and its attachment to particles could account for the high enrichment of iodine in the small size fraction of marine aerosol, which is important for the transport of iodine from the sea to the continents. OIO may be a route to the formation of iodate, which is present in atmospheric precipitation. OIO formation also implies a reduced efficiency for iodine catalysed ozone loss.
Geology, mineralogy and origin of clay minerals of the Pliocene fluvial-lacustrine deposits in the Cappadocian volcanic province, central Anatolia, Turkey

The Güzelöz-İncesu Plateaus are situated in the central and eastern parts of the Cappadocian volcanic province (central Anatolia). This province contains many ignimbrite levels, andesite, basalt intercalated with several paleosols, calcrete, carbonate, fluvial sediments, diatomaceous clayey sediments and pyroclastic sedimentary levels. The presence of mottling, sesquioxide, root traces, rhizoids and burrows in continuous, finely bedded and laminated sediments, paleosols, calcrete, the occurrence of bone- and teeth-bearing reworked pyroclastic materials, and the description of the lithofacies in the study area indicate fluvial and shallow-lake environments. These environments are dominated by smectite and illite, with traces of kaolinite, associated mainly with plagioclase, K-feldspar, quartz, calcite, opal-CT, pyroxene (diopside, rare hypersthene), and locally trace amounts of gypsum and sepiolite. Smectite predominates in paleosols and calcrete units, and generally increases upwards in the profiles, coinciding with a gradual increase in the degree of alteration. Partial to complete alteration of plagioclase, K-feldspar, pyroxene and partial devitrification of glass-shard particles in pyroclastic rocks, development of microsparitic to sparitic cement comprising euhedral rhombic calcite crystals between irregular clay nodules in paleosol and calcrete samples, along with the occurrence of dogtooth-type sparitic crystals in fractures, desiccation cracks and geopetal-type fenestrae, indicate alternating periods of drought and wet, resulting in the development of paleosols and calcretes. Micromorphological development of spongiform smectite on mainly relict feldspar and, locally, on glass shards, indicates an authigenic origin, whereas illite formed either authigenically or by conversion of smectite to illite-smectite.