Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Proximate Chemical Composition, Free Amino Acid Contents, and Free Fatty Acid Contents of Some Wild Edible Mushrooms from Querétaro, México

Some wild edible mushrooms, Amanita rubescens (Ar), Boletus frostii (Bf), Lactarius indigo (Li), and Ramaria flava (Rf), were analyzed to determine their proximate analysis and free amino acid and free fatty acid contents. The proximate composition was determined by AOAC and AACC methods. Total free amino acids were extracted (methanol/chloroform/water) at room temperature, purified on a cation resin, and derivatized with trifluoracetic anhydride. Free fatty acids were obtained by a Soxtec extraction with chloroform/methanol (2:1) and derivatized to their methyl ester form. The identification and quantitation of all compounds were performed by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry. The protein contents of the analyzed mushrooms (17.5, 15.8, 13.2, and 14.5%, respectively) were more significant than wheat (13.2%). The total free amino acid range of all analyzed edible mushrooms was 23.17−47.41 mg/g. A. rubescens had the largest amounts of glutamic acid, lysine, and alanine (17.53, 6.95, and 2.79 mg/g, respec.
Space use in the root vole: basic patterns and variability

Home range characteristics and spatial organization of the root vole Microtus oeconomus were assessed by radio-tracking. The aim of this paper is to test the assumption that each microtine species employs a certain modal spatial system around which there is considerable flexibility. In the studied population the basic modes of spatial organization were female territoriality and male use of overlapping home ranges. Female territories were significantly smaller and less diversified in size than male ranges. The size of male home ranges was positively correlated with body mass. Each female territory was overlapped by several male ranges; larger male ranges usually overlapped more female territories. The above spatial organization suggests that the prevailing mating system in the root vole is promiscuity, and larger males have an access to more receptive females than have small-sized males. Departures from these basic modes were found among young mature females from summer cohort, forming clusters even at low density; and occasionally among females in locally crowded habitat patches, where they held overlapping home ranges. A single male usually monopolized such a cluster, excluding other males from the area used by the females.
The Protozoan Phylum Opalozoa

ABSTRACT. The recently established protozoan phylum Opalozoa Cavalier‐Smith 1991 includes all those zooflagellates with tubular mitochondrial cristae that never have cortical alveoli or rigid tubular ciliary hairs (retronemes), and also the opalinids, proteomyxids sensu stricto, and plasmodiophorids. Opalozoa totally lack plastids but usually (though not invariably) have peroxisomes. They always have well‐developed Golgi dictyosomes. The trophic phase is a unicellular ciliated phagotroph except in the only intracellular parasites, the plasmodiophorids, where it is a non‐phagotrophic and non‐ciliated microplasmodium, and in the proteomyxids where it is an amoeboflagellate (which may sometimes be nonciliated) or a multicellular meroplasmodium. Unlike the phagotrophic Mycetozoa, opalozoans do not form aerial fruiting bodies, but encystation is common. The first detailed classification of the phylum is presented here. It is divided into four subphyla (three new), eight classes (four new, one emended), three subclasses (all new), three superorders (all new) and 22 orders of which 12 are new and one is emended. Diagnoses of these taxa are given, as well as lists of the 31 families (11 new) and 62 genera included within them. Opalozoa, which include Cercomonas and Heterornita, the commonest soil flagellates, are ecologically and evolutionarily important.
Effect of Addition of Urea or Urea Plus Molasses to Different Corn Silages Harvested at Dough Stage on Silage Quality and Digestible Dry Matter Yield

Abstract Demirel, M. , Yilmaz, İ. , Deniz, S. , Kaplan, O. and Akdeniz, H. 2003. Effect of addition of urea or urea plus molasses to different corn silages harvested at dough stage on silage quality and digestible dry matter yield. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 24: 7–16. To study the effects of 0.5% urea, and 0.5% urea plus 4% molasses addition to different corn silages on its quality, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and digestible dry matter (DDM) yields, four corn cultivars, Arifiye, Frassino, Rx-947 and 3394 harvested at dough stage, were ensiled in cue litre silos for 90 days. Supplement, cultivars interactions were significant for most of the parameters studied, pH of all the silages was within desirable range. Among organic acids, lactic acid was highest in Rx-947, supplementation making no difference. IVDMD was highest in silages Rx-947 and. 3394 supplemented either with urea or urea plus molasses. The highest DDM yields were in silages of supplemented or unsupplemented Arifiye and 3394 cultivars followed by Frassino. Thus these three cultivars with or without supplementation are recommended for silage making.
Moths in Pheromone Traps for Anarsia Lineatella ZLL. and Phthorimaea Operculella ZLL. (Gelechiidae, Lepidoptera) in Lithuania

During the 1997–2000 investigations the quarantine pest Phthorimaea operculella was not registered in Lithuania. During the studies undertaken in 1998–2000 Anarsia lineatella was caught in four new localities of two new districts – Utena and Panevėžys. Moths belonging to 94 species from 17 families were caught with pheromone traps for P. operculella and A. lineatella, with species rare for Lithuania among them (Calybites phasianipennella, Phyllonorycter corylifoliella, Coleophora ibipennella, Scrobipalpa acuminatella, Scrobipalpa artemisiella, Ypsolopha horridella, Synanthedon myopaeformis, Pammene spiniana, Cydia lunulana, Cydia orobana, Mesapamea secalella, Hypena rostralis). As a result of the above studies the names of moths most frequently caught with A. lineatella and P. operculella pheromone traps have been elucidated. Also some new localities for the other nine moth species in Lithuania have been additionally distinguished and adduced in the present study.
Human Sterol 14α-Demethylase Activity Is Enhanced by the Membrane-Bound State of Cytochrome b5

Lamb, D. C. , Kaderbhai, N. N. , Venkateswarlu, K. , Kelly, D. E. , Kelly, S. L. , Kaderbhai, M. A. (2001). Human sterol 14 alpha-demethylase activity is enhanced by the membrane-bound state of cytochrome b(5). Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 395, (1), 78-84 Sponsorship: BBSRC
Semen evaluation of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) at the Wolong Reserve

Semen from 4 wild-caught giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) held at the China Conservation and Research Centre for the Giant Panda was collected (22 samples during 1991–1993) by electroejaculation, and evaluated for use in artificial insemination. Semen characteristics (mean ± SD) recorded were as follows: semen volume–1.5 ± . 9 ml (range—0.3–3.5); sperm density 1.5 ± 0.1 × 109/ml (range—0.24–4.2); motility 79 ± 10% (range—60–95); abnormal sperm 14 ± 5% (range—10–27); and pH 7.1 ± 0.2 (range—6.7–7.5). There were significant differences from year to year (P < 0.05) in semen volume collected and in the percentage abnormal sperm in 1993 compared to other years. There were no significant differences among semen produced from the four different pandas. Data collected were similar to reports for other giant pandas, and semen from all 4 giant pandas was considered suitable for use in artificial insemination. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An alternative hypothesis for the origin of Amazonian bird diversity

AimTo determine the origin of the high diversity of birds and other animals and plants in Amazonia. Previous hypotheses are: palaeogeography hypothesis, river hypothesis, river‐refuge hypothesis, refuge hypothesis, disturbance‐vicariance hypothesis, gradient hypothesis, pest‐pressure hypothesis, intermediate disturbance hypothesis, riverine disturbance hypothesis, models of fine‐scale habitat heterogeneity, lake hypothesis, and museum hypothesis.
Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus LMGP-21381 in probiotic ice cream and its influence on sensory acceptability

Probiotic ice cream was produced by incorporating Lactobacillus acidophilus LMGP-21381 in a standard ice cream mix at initial population above 10 7 cfu/g. The ice cream mix was inoculated with either freeze-dried or activated cultures of L. acidophilus and a control treatment without probiotic was also prepared. The product was assessed for the survival of the probiotic strain during the freezing process and during 45 weeks of storage at -15°C and -25°C, and also for its sensory characteristics. The results showed that the freezing process caused a significant decrease in the viability of the freeze-dried culture, but no significant change in the viable counts of L. acidophilus was observed during frozen storage. The sensory attributes of aroma, taste and texture obtained high scores in the sensory evaluation. It was demonstrated that incorporation of either activated or commercial freeze-dried L. acidophilus culture resulted in a candidate food for the delivery ofhigh levels of this probiotic strain to consumers.
Effect of Temperature and Steeping Time on Calcium and Phosphorus Content in Nixtamalized Corn Flours Obtained by Traditional Nixtamalization Process

ABSTRACT This report shows the effect of temperature (72, 82, and 92°C) during the cooking stage and steeping time (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 hr) on calcium and phosphorus contents in nixtamalized corn flours obtained by the traditional nixtamalization process (NCF). In addition, calcium and phosphorus contents in industrial nixtamalized corn flours were analyzed for comparative purposes. Atomic absorption spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy methods were used to study the calcium and phosphorus contents as well as the Ca2+/P ratio in NCF and industrial nixtamalized corn flours. Additionally, deposition and identification of calcium compounds in the nixtamalized corn pericarp were analyzed by low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction techniques. Dry matter loss in NCF is also reported. As the temperature increased, Ca2+ content was enhanced, while the phosphorus content decreased with statistical differences (P ≤ 0.05) between thermal treatments.
Alimentación de los peces dulceacuícolas tropicales Heterandria bimaculata y Poecilia sphenops (Cyprinidontiformes: Poeciliidae)

Diet of the tropical freshwater fish Heterandria bimaculata (Haeckel) and Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes (Cyprinidontiformes: Poeciliidae). We analyzed the diet and feeding habits of the fishes Heterandria bimaculata and Poecilia sphenops. Specimens were captured monthly in "Los Carros" damp, Morelos, Mexico (18°37´ N, 98°43´ W). We quantified gut content by the numerical method and by the fre- quency of occurrence method; and used the MacArthur and Levins indices for niche overlap. The diet of H. bimaculata was composed by 16 prey categories, mainly dipterans (Culicidae predominated), independently of sex, size and season. The index of niche overlap was high, from 0.74 to 0.99. The diet of P. sphenops consisted of 11 items, detritus being the most consumed, also independently of sex, size and season. The niche overlap index was high (0.99), indicating overlapping for all analyses. There was little diet overlap (0.26) between the two species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 603-615. Epub 2007 June, 29.
Influence of the wood ant, Formica polyctena, on soil nutrient and the spruce tree growth

The effect of Formica polyctena ant nests on the distribution of soil nutrients, soil pH and the growth of Norway spruce trees was studied in the southern part of the Czech Republic. Soil nutrient content (exchangeable P, N, K and pH) and growth of mature spruce trees were measured at four distances from the nearest ant hill (0–1, 3–5, 10–50 and >200 m). Trees at all distances were visited by ants, except for those >200 m from the nearest nest. Soil pH and of P, K and NO3 concentrations were higher near ant nests (<1 m), and pH and K at distances of 3–5 m, when compared with distances of 10–50 and >200 m from the nests, where no significant differences in these variables were detected. In contrast, tree ring analyses (1974–2004) showed that trees >200 m from the ant nests grew significantly faster than trees at other distances, followed by trees within 1 m of the nests. No growth differences were found between the growth of trees at 3–5 and 10–50 m from ant nests. We postulate that nutrient and carbohydrate removal of honeydew collected by ant‐tended aphids are slowing growth of tree. However, trees may partly compensate for this depletion by having access to a larger supply of soil nutrients near ant nests.
Evaluating the performance of neutrality tests of a local community using a niche‐structured simulation model

Understanding the processes that underlie species diversity and abundance in a community is a fundamental issue in community ecology. While the species abundance distributions (SADs) of various natural communities may be well explained by Hubbell's neutral model, it has been repeatedly pointed out that Hubbell's SAD-fitting approach lacks the ability to detect the effects of non-neutral factors such as niche differentiation; however, our understanding of its quantitative effect is limited. Herein, we conducted extensive simulations to quantitatively evaluate the performance of the SAD-fitting method and other recently developed tests. For simulations, we developed a niche model that incorporates the random stochastic demography of individuals and the nonrandom replacements of those individuals, i.e. niche differentiation. It therefore allows us to explore situations with various degrees of niche differentiation. We found that niche differentiation has strong effects on SADs and the number of species in the community under this model. We then examined the performance of these neutrality tests, including Hubbell's SAD-fitting method, using extensive simulations. It was demonstrated that all these tests have relatively poor performance except for the cases with very strong niche structure, which is in accordance with previous studies. This is likely because two important parameters in Hubbell's model are usually unknown and are commonly estimated from the data to be tested. To demonstrate this point, we showed that the precise estimation of the two parameters substantially improved the performance of these neutrality tests, indicating that poor performance can be owed to overfitting Hubbell's neutral model with unrealistic parameters. Our results therefore emphasize the importance of accurate parameter estimation, which should be obtained from data independent of the local community to be tested.
Efficiency of Pheophorbide-Dimer in Photodynamic Therapy of Mouse Tumor

We have investigated the efficiency of pheophorbide-dimer (Pheo-dimer) localization into tumors and the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using Pheo-dimer on mice bearing FM3A tumors as a part of our search for new photosensitizers. Pheo-dimer was synthesized by covalently joining two molecules of pyropheophorbide a (Pyro) with an arginine as a cross-link. The in vitro photodynamic inactivation of FM3A cells by Pheo-dimer was less than that by pheophorbide a (Pheo). The FM3A tumor took up Pheo-dimer gradually as well as Pheo, but the time required for localization of Pheo-dimer was faster. The time for attaining the maximum concentration of Pheo in the tumor after injection was 18-24h, while that of Pheo-dimer was 9-12h. A small amount of Pheo-dimer was degraded to monomers by breakage of its cross-link in the body.When irradiation was performed at 10h following administration of Pheo-dimer, the longer survival of mice bearing FM3A tumors was found in comparison with that obtained when Pheo was used. The utility of Pheo-dimer was thus expected in PDT.
Seleção de linhagens de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) para o controle das traças Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) e Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The biological aspects and the parasitism of six strains of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley reared on eggs of tomato moths Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) and Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) were studied in order to select those with best biological features and more aggressive to control such pests. Life cycle, viability, sexual ratio and parasitism percentage were similar among the six strains studied regarding the parasitism of T. absoluta eggs. In P. operculella eggs, strains L1, L4 and L6 were more aggressive. Based on the cluster analysis, strains L1, L2, L4 and L5 had similar behavior when reared on T. absoluta eggs. For P. operculella, similarities were observed among strains L1, L3, L4 and L6. Considering the desirable biological characteristics, that is, higher parasitism, shorter life cycle, higher viability and predominance of females, strains L1 and L4 are more suitable for tomato moths.
Carvedilol Inhibits Expressions of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, Monocyte Chemoattractant-1, and Interleukin-8 via NF-kappaB Inhibition in Human Endothelial Cells

Background and Objectives：Carvedilol is an anti-oxidative, the cardioprotective effects of which are mediated by the inhibition of NF-κB activation. The present study was designed to examine the effects of carvedilol, an α1- and β-blocker, on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Materials and Methods：HUVEC were treated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) in either the absence or presence of carvedilol. The levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were examined using a fluorescent dye DCFH-DA, with the adhesion of U-937 monocyte to the HUVEC. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation was determined by NF-κB p65 translocation to the nucleus using Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. The expressions of NF-κB dependent pro-inflammatory molecules, i.e., vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and interleukin (IL)-8, were measured by RT-PCR and ELISA. Bcl-2 and phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) were measured using Western blotting. Results：TNF-α treatment increased the activation of NFκB, suppressed Bcl-2, and increased the phosphorylation of JNK, the ROS level and the adhesion of U-937. The levels of mRNA and protein expressions of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, MCP-1 and IL-8 were up-regulated by TNFα. Carvedilol inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK, ROS formation and the adhesion of U-937 monocyte. In addition, carvedilol reduced the production of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, MCP-1 and IL-8 at the mRNA and protein levels, via the suppression of NF-B activation. Conclusion：These results suggested that the anti-inflammatory effects of carvedilol on TNF-α stimulated endothelial cells could be explained by its ROS-scavenging and NF-κ B inactivation properties. (Korean Circulation J 2005;35:576-582)
Reaching forest owners through their social networks in timber sales

Abstract This study maps forest owners’ communication relationships in timber sales in Finland. The study applies the concept of structural equivalence from social network analysis. The aim is to recognise the existing communication channels that forest owners have during their timber sales to be better able to reach different forest owners. The egocentric data were collected from Finnish forest owners via a mail questionnaire (n=1244, response rate 59.7%). After a multiple imputation of incomplete network data, 753 respondents were included in the analysis. The most typical network structures were identified through a TwoStep Cluster Analysis, yielding non-committed Forest Management Association (FMA)-members (34%), independent timber traders (27%), relationship builders (24%) and FMA-partners (15%). The FMA-partners have an exclusive connection with the FMA, whereas the connections of independent timber traders are directed towards the timber buyer. It is essential for both the FMAs and timber buying companies to maintain and develop these existing relationships with their committed customers. Relationship builders differ from the others by having the largest networks with both forestry professionals and peer forest owners. The results suggest that these active forest owners could be channels to reach passive forest owners.
Effect of Port Orford cedar cone extracts on mould and decay fungi

Steam distilled essential oil extracts from Port Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) cones were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus niger and a Trichoderma spp. as well as for their ability to inhibit fungal degradation of wood by Gloeophyllum trabeum, Postia placenta or Trametes versicolor. The extract limited growth by A. niger at the highest dilution level tested (5%) but failed to limit fungal degradation. The results suggest that cone extracts from this species have limited potential for producing bioactive compounds.
Selectivity of Double and Single Codends for the Deep-Water Rose Shrimp, Parapenaeus Longirostris (Lucas, 1846) (Decapoda, Penaeidae) in the Aegean Sea Trawl Fishery

This study investigates the differences in selectivity of commercially used 44 mm mesh size single and double codends for the deep-water rose shrimp, Parapenaeus longirostris by using the covered codend method. Experiments were conducted on the commercial fishing grounds of Kusadasi Bay and Sigacik Bay of the eastern Aegean Sea, between 3 and 27 October 2007. Twenty-four hauls were carried out, eleven with single and thirteen with double codends. The mean fifty-percent retention length (L 50) values of double and single codends were found to be 12.0 ± 0.09 and 16.9 ± 0.08 mm, respectively. Selection range (SR) values for double and single codends were 4.0 ± 0.05 and 5.9 ± 0.09 mm, respectively. Significant differences were found between L 50 and selection factor (SF) values of double and single codends (p 0.05). This work shows that the use of 44 mm mesh size knotless polyethylene (PE) diamond mesh codends is by itself destructive for immature shrimp. The use of narrower netting around it to establish a double codend further decreases the already insufficient selectivity for this species. Cette etude examine les differences de selectivite des culs de chalut commerciaux de 44 mm de vide de maille et a double cul pour la peche commerciale de la crevette rose d'eaux profondes Parapenaeus longirostris, testee par la methode du cul de chalut couvert. Les experimentations ont ete realisees sur les zones de peche commerciale de la baie de Kusadasi et de la baie de Sigacik dans l'est de la mer Egee, entre le 3 et le 27 octobre 2007. Vingt-quatre chalutages ont ete effectues, onze en simple et treize en double culs de chalut. Les valeurs moyennes de 50% de retention (L 50) pour le double et le simple cul de chalut sont de 12,0 ± 0,09 et 16,9 ± 0,08 mm de long, respectivement. Les valeurs du facteur de selection (SR) etaient de 4,0 ± 0,05 et 5,9 ± 0,09 mm, respectivement. Des differences significatives ont ete trouvees entre les valeurs de L 50 et du facteur de selection (SF) des simples et doubles culs de chalut pour la crevette rose profonde. Cependant, la duree du chalutage et la taille de la prise n'affectent pas significativement ces parametres (p > 0,05). Ce travail montre que l'utilisation des culs de chalut a maille diamant en polyethylene de 44 mm (PE) sans nœud est en lui-meme destructeur pour les crevettes immatures. L'utilisation de maillage plus fin pour un double cul de chalut diminue de plus la selectivite deja insuffisante pour cette espece.