Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Choice of Weight Coefficients for the Least-Squares Gradient Approximation

We consider the problem of the least-squares gradient approximation on two-dimensional unstructured grids with ”bad” cells. We discuss how the accuracy of the least-squares approximation depends on the cell geometry. We analyze a simple geometry and demonstrate that introducing weight coefficients into the problem may help to essentially improve the accuracy of the least-squares approximation. Based on the results of our analysis, a heuristic choice of the weights in a general least-squares procedure is suggested. Our approach is illustrated by numerical tests.
A Regulatory Axis of circ_0008193/miR-1180-3p/TRIM62 Suppresses Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, and Warburg Effect in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells Under Hypoxia

Background Expression profiles of circular ribonucleic acids (circRNAs) have been recently reported in lung cancers including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Hypoxia is a hallmark of lung cancers. However, the role of hsa_circ_0008193 (circ_0008193) in LUAD under hypoxia remains to be illuminated. Material/Methods Gene expression levels were detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and Warburg effect were detected using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, transwell assays, special kits, and xenograft experiments. The relationship among circ_0008193, micro (mi)RNA (miR)-1180-3p, and tripartite motif containing 62 (TRIM62) was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation. Results Expression of circ_0008193 was downregulated in human LUAD tumor tissues and cell lines (A549 and H1975), accompanied by miR-1180-3p upregulation and TRIM62 downregulation. Moreover, circ_0008193 downregulation was correlated with tumor size and lymph node metastasis. Functionally, circ_0008193 overexpression inhibited cell viability, glucose uptake, lactate production, migration, and invasion, as well as expression of hexokinase II, lactate dehydrogenase A, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), and MMP9 in hypoxic LUAD cells in vitro. Furthermore, tumor growth of A549 cells in vivo was also hindered by circ_0008193 overexpression. Mechanically, circ_0008193 regulated TRIM62 expression via sponging miR-1180-3p, and TRIM62 was targeted by miR-1180-3p. Both miR-1180-3p upregulation and TRIM62 downregulation could abolish the suppressive role of circ_0008193 in LUAD cells. Conclusions Upregulating circ_0008193 inhibited LUAD cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and Warburg effect under hypoxia in vitro and in vivo through regulation of the miR-1180-3p/TRIM62 axis.
CoMic: Complementary Task Learning & Mimicry for Reusable Skills

Learning to control complex bodies and reuse learned behaviors is a longstanding challenge in continuous control. We study the problem of learning reusable humanoid skills by imitating motion capture data and joint training with complementary tasks. We show that it is possible to learn reusable skills through reinforcement learning on 50 times more motion capture data than prior work. We systematically compare a variety of different network architectures across different data regimes both in terms of imitation performance as well as transfer to challenging locomotion tasks. Finally we show that it is possible to in-terleave the motion capture tracking with training on complementary tasks, enriching the resulting skill space, and enabling the reuse of skills not well covered by the motion capture data such as getting up from the ground or catching a ball.
Capital Structure and Managerial Compensation Contract Design: Theory and Evidence

From a compensation contract designers’ perspective, including incentive instruments in a manager’s contract not only positively motivates the employed manager but also creates a negative dilution effect for existing shareholders. This study investigates this dilemma by conducting a benefit–cost analysis under a proposed structural form framework. We assume (and empirical results confirm) that managers are capable of influencing the risk level of firm assets and that this influence is positively and exponentially dependent on the incentive intensity of the compensation contract. Our design mechanism shows that, given their firms’ current capital structure, shareholders are always capable of designing an optimal compensation contract to maximize their wealth. Unlike previous studies, our model proposes that in a firm with a higher leverage ratio, shareholders should provide more incentive instruments for managers, and this proposition is supported by the empirical analyses which examine the sample of S&P index firms over the period 1992–2006.
Study Of Pd-Ag Membranes With An Intermediate Oxide Layer Fabricated By Surfactant Induced Electroless Plating (Siep)

Uses of fossil fuels in transportation and power generation release greenhouse gases. Hydrogen has the potential to be an alternative clean energy carrier. Hydrogen fueled proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) can be used in transportation and stationary power generation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, high purity hydrogen is required for PEMFC. In the current work, dense Pd-Ag composite membranes with an oxide layer on microporous stainless steel substrate (MPSS) were fabricated by surfactant induced electroless plating (SIEP) process for hydrogen separation. Prior to palladium/silver metal deposition, the MPSS disc was oxidized in stagnant air at 500 oC for 18 h. A cationic surfactant, dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB) was used in Pdand Ag-bath for the sequential deposition of metals on MPSS substrates to remove the gas bubbles (N2 and NH3) produced during electroless plating. In this work, 4 CMC and 0.3 CMC (1 CMC = 15.6 mM) of DTAB were used in Pdand Ag-bath respectively. Addition of a high amount of DTAB leads non-uniform Ag deposition and takes longer time to fabricate defect free Pd-Ag membrane. However, the average particle sizes were found to be 1.4 μm to 2.5 μm, which were relatively larger than the Pd-Ag film particle size using 4 CMC of DTAB in both Pdand Ag-bath. Morphological features of the fabricated Pd-Ag membranes at preand post-annealing conditions were studied by using SEM, XRD, and EDS. The Pd-Ag membrane with an oxide layer showed higher permeability and selectivity in comparison to the membrane without oxide layer. However, at elevated temperature (550 oC) the membrane showed a sharp decline in selectivity. The hydrogen flux and selectivity (H2/N2) of SIEP fabricated Pd-Ag membrane with an oxide layer were found to be 25.83 m 3 /m 2 -h and 500 respectively at 40 psi and 450 oC.
Spread Divergence

For distributions $\mathbb{P}$ and $\mathbb{Q}$ with different supports or undefined densities, the divergence $\textrm{D}(\mathbb{P}||\mathbb{Q})$ may not exist. We define a Spread Divergence $\tilde{\textrm{D}}(\mathbb{P}||\mathbb{Q})$ on modified $\mathbb{P}$ and $\mathbb{Q}$ and describe sufficient conditions for the existence of such a divergence. We demonstrate how to maximize the discriminatory power of a given divergence by parameterizing and learning the spread. We also give examples of using a Spread Divergence to train implicit generative models, including linear models (Independent Components Analysis) and non-linear models (Deep Generative Networks).
Root Anatomy and Root Canal Morphology of Maxillary Second Permanent Molars in a Chongqing Population: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study

Background To investigate variations in the anatomy of root canals in permanent second molars of the upper jaw in a population in Chongqing, China, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Material/Methods CBCT imaging data of 400 second permanent molars of the upper jaws of 200 patients were retrospectively reviewed. Patients’ gender, age, numbers of roots and canals, root fusion of permanent second molars of the maxilla on both sides, and morphological categories of root canals of mesiobuccal roots were recorded. The distances from the apices of the distobuccal and mesiobuccal roots to the buccal bone plate were measured. Results Of the 400 permanent second maxillary molars, 312 (78.0%) had three roots and 247 (61.75%) had three canals. Fused roots were observed in 126 (31.5%) teeth; of these, 67 (53.2%) had three canals and 44 (34.9%) had two canals. Morphologically, 297 (74.25%), 29 (7.25%), nine (2.25%) and 65 (16.25%) teeth had type I, II, III, and IV mesiobuccal root canals, respectively, with 103 (25.75%) having secondary mesiobuccal canals. The distances from the apices of the mesiobuccal, distobuccal, and single buccal roots to the surface of the buccal osseous lamella were 7.34±1.89 mm, 6.26±1.74 mm, and 8.60±2.56 mm, respectively. Conclusions The root form and canal shape of permanent second molars of the upper jaw varied greatly among the population of Chongqing, China. CBCT is a valuable method for assessing the complex anatomic morphology of teeth.
Growth of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) under Waterlogging Condition

This study was carried out to determine the effects of flooding on the germination and growth of tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Seeds of tomato were purchased from Agricultural Procurement Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Warri, Delta State and were subjected to flooding. The study showed high percent germination in the control (100%). The highest percentage germination of 74% recorded was in the one week waterlogged treatment, this was followed by 70% and 60% for three weeks and two weeks waterlogged treatment. The values for mean plant height obtained after 56 days of waterlogged treatments showed that the treatment affected the plant height in the two and three weeks waterlogged treatment. The least and highest height were recorded to be 6.00cm and 13.30cm. Similar trend were recorded in stem girth and number of leaves. There were observed differences in the mean values obtained in the adventitious with the control having the highest of 10.9 after 56 days of planting. Percentage survival was highest in the control (90%) followed by three weeks waterlogged (82%). The fresh and dry weight of the plants after fifty six (56) days of growth showed that the root had higher weight compared to the stem and leaves in the control compared to other water logged conditions. Soil physicochemical parameters determined also recorded variations in the study.
Phenotyping a Diverse Collection of Forage Sorghum Genotypes for Chilling Tolerance

Forage sorghum (FS) (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a warm-season biomass crop used as forage for hay or silage with the potential to become a bioenergy feedstock or for dual-purpose (forage and energy). The objective of this study was to screen potential forage sorghum genotypes for increased chilling tolerance and biomass productivity. Seventy-one genotypes of FS were first ranked for high to low vigor index under controlled conditions at 24, 12, and 10 °C. Field experiments were also conducted on a subset of 12 genotypes in Fargo and Hickson, ND, USA, in 2017 and 2018, using two different seeding dates: early (10 May) and late (27 May). Field emergence index values were greater for the late-seeding compared with the early seeding date. Under field conditions, seed mortality and biomass yield were affected by the seeding date and biomass yield correlated with emergence index and normalized vegetative index. Chemical composition of forage sorghum biomass was not affected by the seeding dates. The results of this study suggest that some forage sorghum genotypes carry genetic traits for increased chilling tolerance and produce greater biomass yield when seeded earlier than normal, which could allow for breeding chilling tolerance into forage sorghum.
Customizing ML Predictions for Online Algorithms

A popular line of recent research incorporates ML advice in the design of online algorithms to improve their performance in typical instances. These papers treat the ML algorithm as a black-box, and redesign online algorithms to take advantage of ML predictions. In this paper, we ask the complementary question: can we redesign ML algorithms to provide better predictions for online algorithms? We explore this question in the context of the classic rent-or-buy problem, and show that incorporating optimization benchmarks in ML loss functions leads to signiﬁcantly better performance, while maintaining a worst-case adversarial result when the advice is completely wrong. We support this ﬁnding both through theoretical bounds and numerical simulations.
Acceptance Of The Use Of Social Media: Case Of Linkedin In Indonesian Netizen

: In this research to answer a research question on how to accept the use of social media: LinkedIn in Indonesia. This is in view of the condition that there is still a scarcity of research on the use of social media: LinkedIn, which is already a favorite as a media e - recruitment tool in previous studies. LinkedIn is also used by users as a tool to enhance the network of professionals that follows the rapid development of information technology. This research uses the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) approach as a research framework and its modification based on previous research, uses a sampling technique called non - probability purposive sampling collected 335 respondents. The collected data is processed by using SmartPLS ver 2.0. Data analysis in this research is descriptive statistical analysis and inferential analysis with PLS or Partial Least Square approach. This analysis is a Multivariate SEM analysis. Based on the results of this research concluded that LinkedIn's social Media acceptability in Indonesia has a positive response towards its users where there is a significant relationship for Ease of Use (EU), Critical Mass (CM), Capability (CP) and Trustworthiness (TW) towards continuity of use of the LinkedIn application. This LinkedIn can continue to be used as a platform to improve the professional network for its users. Trustworthiness (TW) is a variable in which respondents to be trusted to this application. It found that Indonesian people were open to disclose their education and work history to the public, without fear of being abused by third parties. Whereas Perceived Playfulness (PP) showed no significance for using LinkedIn. It is understandable that Social Media: LinkedIn is a professional network, which is indeed used for professional purposes.
Towards Understanding the Dynamics of the First-Order Adversaries

An acknowledged weakness of neural networks is their vulnerability to adversarial perturbations to the inputs. To improve the robustness of these models, one of the most popular defense mechanisms is to alternatively maximize the loss over the constrained perturbations (or called adversaries) on the inputs using projected gradient ascent and minimize over weights. In this paper, we analyze the dynamics of the maximization step towards understanding the experimentally observed effectiveness of this defense mechanism. Specifically, we investigate the non-concave landscape of the adversaries for a two-layer neural network with a quadratic loss. Our main result proves that projected gradient ascent finds a local maximum of this non-concave problem in a polynomial number of iterations with high probability. To our knowledge, this is the first work that provides a convergence analysis of the first-order adversaries. Moreover, our analysis demonstrates that, in the initial phase of adversarial training, the scale of the inputs matters in the sense that a smaller input scale leads to faster convergence of adversarial training and a "more regular" landscape. Finally, we show that these theoretical findings are in excellent agreement with a series of experiments.
Role of Human Glutathione S-Transferase Alpha in Modulating Cellular Stress and Cell Phase Transitions

ROLE OF HUMAN GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE ALPHA IN MODULATING CELLULAR STRESS AND CELL PHASE TRANSITIONS Humaira Adnan Advisor: University of Guelph, 2012 Dr. Gordon M. Kirby As intestinal epithelial cells mature, they continuously transition from proliferation to differentiation to apoptosis under the influence of cell signalling pathways including c-Jun Nterminal kinase (JNK). Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are cytoprotective detoxification enzymes, some of which, including GSTA1, also sequester and inhibit JNK through complex formation. Thus, GSTA1 may be a key sensor of cellular state and regulator of responses to cell stress stimuli. The focus of this research study was to investigate the functional importance of GSTA1 in two contexts: 1) modulating complex integrity with JNK and activation of JNK by oxidative stress, 2) controlling cellular transitioning between proliferation, differentiation and
CAN FULL INVERSION TILLAGE DECREASE SOIL AND PLANT CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN TWO CONTRASTING SOILS?

In this study, tillage treatments, including full inversion tillage (FIT), shallow tillage (ST) and no tillage (NT), were established at two trial sites, in the Manawatū region on a Pallic soil and the Taranaki region on an Allophanic soil, to explore the effect of these treatments on soil total and extractable Cd concentration and on Cd uptake by plants. After tillage, all treatment plots were sown with turnip, as a summer crop, followed by the autumn re-grassing (ryegrass/white clover). Based on the short-term research, for the Pallic soil, soil Cd concentrations were low (0–5 cm: 0.22 and 0.016 mg Cd/kg for the total and extractable fractions, respectively) before tillage and were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected by tillage treatments. For the Allophanic soil, soil Cd concentrations were moderately high before cultivation (0–5 cm: 0.42 and 0.031 mg Cd/kg for the total and extractable fractions, respectively). For this soil, the FIT treatment decreased the total Cd by 40% and the extractable Cd by 58% in the 0–5 cm soil depth, compared to the pre-tillage treatment, and subsequently resulted in lower plant Cd concentration, compared to the ST and NT treatments. Introduction Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential trace element that has been unintentionally added into New Zealand (NZ) pasturelands due to the historical applications of phosphate fertilisers containing Cd (Syers et al., 1986). Although the mean total soil Cd level in NZ agricultural systems remains at approximately 0.45 mg Cd/kg (Abraham, 2020), some pasture farms with excessive soil Cd concentration have been identified. For example, the Waikato Regional Council estimated that 11% of the Waikato’s pastoral soils and 17% of its horticultural soils have already exceeded 1 mg/kg soil Cd (Kim, 2008), and a few locations reported with higher than 1.8 mg Cd/kg in this area (Abraham, 2020). Previous research reports have highlighted that about 90% of added Cd was recovered in the soil, and approximately 93% of this Cd accumulated within the top 12 cm soil depth (Loganathan and Hedley, 1997). In addition, the reduction of topsoil Cd concentrations, via leaching or plant uptake, was minimal for a pasture system even after 22 years, in spite of negligible new Cd inputs from phosphate fertiliser (Gray et al., 2020). This implies that Cd accumulation in grazing systems can result in long-term elevated Cd concentrations in top soils, which ultimately impact on animals and humans because of the increased uptake by plants. Therefore, mitigating topsoil Cd concentrations and its availability for plant uptake is vital to minimise the risks associated with Cd in NZ pasture systems. Pasture renewal is periodically performed in intensively managed grazed pastures, like those in New Zealand, to restore or improve pasture productivity (Glassey et al., 2010; Kerr et al., 2015). Recent studies in NZ have focused on the use of infrequent full inversion tillage (FIT) at pasture
Combining Tree- and Stand-Level Models: A New Approach to Growth Prediction

Approaches to combining information generated from different models are recognized for improving forecast quality. However, such an approach has not been developed for forest growth predictions. Therefore, a study was carried out to investigate the potential of combining models to forecast forest growth. A growth prediction system was developed for Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. ) by combining growth information generated from tree- and stand-level growth models parameterized from an identical data source. The tree-level model predicts relative tree diameter growth rates of a cumulative diameter distribution. The stand-level models predict absolute stand basal area growth. The combined prediction system consists of three basic steps: preliminary prediction, combination, and feedback modification. Preliminary predictions of stand basal area growth are generated annually from both types of growth models. The preliminary predictions are then combined on the basis of a variance and covariance method, and the combined estimator is used to update the growth models in a feedback procedure. In the tree-level growth model, the updated stand basal area is subsequently disaggregated to individual trees. On the basis of a validation data set, forecasts of stand basal area with the combined prediction system were shown to gain in efficiency from 14 to 43% compared with forecasts with the tree-level model alone and from 4 to 16% compared with projections with the stand-level model, depending on the length of the projection (5-30 years). FOR . S CI. 54(5):553-566.
Determinants of Perceived Crop Yield and Pro-Environmental Social Norms: Role of Agricultural extension Services and New Ecological Paradigm

The aim of the current research was to analyze the role of “Agricultural extension Services” (AES) and “New Ecological Paradigm” (NEP) in the enhancement of “Perceived Crop Yield” (PCY) and “ProEnvironmental Social Norms” (PESN). The current study analyzed the impact of AES on PCY and PESN along with the mediation of NEP in these relationships. To fulfil the research objectives of the current study, the deductive and quantitative methodological approach was adopted in which the data was collected from 350 farmers of Thailand. The current study was conducted in agricultural sector of Thailand from where the sample was selected through purposive sampling technique. The data collected through questionnaires from farmers was put into analysis through SPSS and AMOS in which the “structural equation modelling” was performed to test the hypotheses. Findings of the current study revealed that AES has a significant positive impact of PCY and PESN. Furthermore, it has been found that NEP plays a significant role of mediator between AES and PCY. The positive significant mediating role of NEP was also found between AES and PESN. The current study has significant implications in theory and practice because literature and practical knowledge in agriculture will be enhance through its findings.
L EARNING H IERARCHICAL S YNTACTIC T RANSFOR - MATIONS WITH E NCODER -D ECODER N ETWORKS

It is hypothesized that in ﬁrst language acquisition the space of possible grammars considered by children is restricted to only those which are expressed over hierarchical positions (Chomsky, 1980). This work builds on previous work probing the extent to which encoder-decoder networks are able to learn and generalize over hierarchical structure when trained on syntactic transformations (Frank & Mathis, 2007; McCoy et al., 2018). The primary contribution is training of the networks on multiple artiﬁcial languages which differ in the extent to which the target transformation can be expressed as a function of the linear or hierarchical position of words. Results suggest that GRU encoder-decoders reliably behave consistently with hierarchical generalization