Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Drought-induced anatomical changes in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves supplied with trehalose through different modes

ABSTRACT Leaf anatomical changes were appraised in exogenously applied trehalose of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) plants grown under nonstress (well-watered) and water stress (60% field capacity) conditions. Two cultivars of radish namely, Manu and 40-Day, were grown in a pot experiment at the Botanical Garden, GCUF, Pakistan. Plants were subjected to 60% field capacity conditions after three weeks of germination. Trehalose (25 mM) was applied to the radish plants through two different modes (foliar and presowing). After 2 weeks of foliar-applied trehalose, the leaves were excised from the plants for studying different anatomical features. Water stress caused a significant reduction in the leaf vascular bundle area, leaf midrib thickness (only in cv. Manu), leaf parenchyma cell area, and the number of vascular bundles in both radish cultivars, while water stress increased leaf epidermis thickness of both radish cultivars. Exogenously applied trehalose through both (presoaking and foliar spray) modes was effective in increasing leaf epidermis thickness, vascular bundle area, midrib thickness, and number of vascular bundles in both radish cultivars under water stress and nonstress conditions. Foliar-applied trehalose was more effective in increasing midrib thickness in both radish cultivars under both water regimes. Of both cultivars, the performance of cv. Manu was better in leaf epidermis thickness, leaf midrib thickness, vascular bundle area, leaf parenchyma cell area, and the number of vascular bundles. Overall, exogenous application of trehalose through both modes was effective in triggering leaf anatomical changes under different water regimes.
EFFECTS OF VACCINE PLATFORMS AND ADJUVANTS ON PROTECTIVE EFFICACY AGAINST HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is responsible for several million hospitalizations and 199,000 deaths in young children worldwide. In 1960s clinical trials, children who were vaccinated with alum-adjuvanted, formalin-inactivated whole RSV (FI-RSV) developed vaccine-enhanced respiratory disease after RSV infection, resulting in tragic vaccine failure. There is no licensed RSV vaccine. The goals of my PhD thesis studies were to better understand pulmonary inflammation in vaccinated animals and to develop safe and effective RSV vaccines. In the first project, I investigated the vaccine efficacy of RSV fusion (F) proteins in a soluble form or on virus-like particle (F-VLP). F VLP preferentially elicited T helper type 1 (Th1) immune responses whereas alum-adjuvanted F protein induced Th2 responses. Despite lung viral clearance, F protein immune mice displayed weight loss and lung histopathology and high mucus production and eosinophils. In contrast, prime or prime-boost of F VLP prevented eosinophils’ infiltration and vaccine-associated disease. An intrinsic property of F VLP to prime Th1 type immune responses appears to prevent RSV vaccine-enhanced disease after RSV challenge. In the second project, I investigated the adjuvant effects of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL, a TLR4 ligand) and oligodeoxynucleotide CpG (CpG, a TLR9 ligand) on vaccine-enhanced respiratory disease after F protein prime vaccination and RSV challenge in infant and adult mice. Combination CpG+MPL adjuvant in RSV F protein prime vaccination of infant and adult age mice promoted the induction of Th1 type immune responses, and lung viral clearance after challenge. Importantly, CpG+MPL adjuvant plus F protein priming of mice was effective in preventing inflammatory lung histopathology and Th2 cytokine-expressing CD4 T cell responses after RSV challenge. In the third project, I found that inactivated and detergent-split RSV vaccines exposed neutralizing epitopes at higher levels than inactivated whole virus. Split RSV vaccination of mice induced less lung histopathology compared to FI-RSV after RSV challenge. Split RSV vaccination of mice with CpG and MPL adjuvants was found to be most effective in increasing Th1 type IgG2a antibodies, neutralizing activity, and lung viral clearance as well as modulating immune responses to prevent pulmonary histopathology after RSV vaccination and challenge. INDEX WORDS: Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Virus like particle, Fusion (F) protein, Detergentsplit RSV vaccines, Vaccine enhanced-disease, T helper type 1 and 2 CD4 T cell response, Histopathology, Adjuvants. EFFECTS OF VACCINE PLATFORMS AND ADJUVANTS ON PROTECTIVE EFFICACY AGAINST HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS
Cellular mechanism and regulation of KCl transport across an insect epithelium

The c e l l u l a r mechanism and regulation of KC1 reabsorption across the rectum of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria has been studied using tracer fluxes, ion-sensitive microelectrodes, and electrophysiological techniques. Serosal addition of 1 mM cAMP stimulates t r a n s e p i t h e l i a l shortC l c i r c u i t current (I ) and net Cl absorption (J ) 10-fold, increases sc r net tr a n s e p i t h e l i a l potential (V ) 4-fold, and reduces t r a n s e p i t h e l i a l resistance Y 40-65%. The properties of locust Cl transport are not consistent with NaCl cotransport models proposed i n other e p i t h e l i a : i ) Cl i s absorbed from nominally Na-free saline, i i ) there i s no correlation between trace amounts of Na contamination and the rate of Cl transport, i i i ) exposure to cAMP increases 36 22 Cl i n f l u x across the ap i c a l border into r e c t a l tissue without affecting Na in f l u x , iv) Cl-dependent I i s not inhibited by 1 mM ouabain (2 h) or 1 mil C l furosemide (1 h), v) J . i s not affected when the apical Na electrochemical net v gradient i s reduced by 85%, and v i ) there i s no relationship between Na and Cl net electrochemical gradients across the apical membrane. Cl/HCO^ exchange i s Cl also unlikely since i) Cl-transport i s electrogenic, i i ) J n e t i s insensitive to CO2and HCO^-removal, and i i i ) Cl-dependent I i s not inhibited by 1 mM SITS or 1 mM acetazolamide after 1 h exposure. The cAMP-stimulated system i s Cl-selective: C l >> Br >> I,F,SCN,P0^,SO^. C^O. -,,urate. The halide sequence suggests a s i t e having high f i e l d strength. Cl-dependent I i s inhi b i t e d by Cl low mucosal pH and high osmotic pressure. ^ n e t °beys Michaelis-Menten-type ki n e t i c s . Mucosal K increases both the K and V of t r a n s e p i t h e l i a l C l m max 1 Cl absorption (K = 5.3 mM K). The active step i n J i s at the apical a ' Y net v membrane because net entry of C l occurs against a large, unfavourable
The Effect of the Follicle Size and Follicle Number Per Ovary on Oocyte Quality of Local Goat

This research was aimed to find out the relationship between the diameter of follicle and the different of follicle number on oocyte quality of local goat. The oocyte originated from the ovary was taken from the Slaughterhouse in Banda Aceh. The ovary was aspirated in the Histology Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh. This experiment consisted of two stages, the follicles were selected and divided into 3 groups according to their diameter size. The small diameter size 5 mm. The second, the ovaries were divided into three groups based on number of follicle, i.e; 1(≤5; 2(6-10); and 3 (≥11). The diameters of oocyte taken from the three groups of follicle size were measured by using eyepiece micrometer, while the oocyte morphology was categorized into 4 groups. The result of regression data indicated that the biggest follicle diameter yielded the oocyte that had bigger diameter, too. The model of regression is y = 0.955 + 0.157x, y is the diameter of oocyte and x is the diameter of follicle. The close relationship (r) between the diameter of follicle and the diameter of oocyte was 0.967. There are significant differences (P<0.05) between the size of follicle and the morphology of oocyte. The oocytes originated from larger follicle tend to have better morphological appearance than the oocyte originated from smaller follicle. Keywords: oocyte, follicle
A NEW VARIETY OF THE PATHOGEN OF MAIZE TAKE-ALL

A pathogen of maize take-ill is discribed as a new variety of Gaeumannomyces graminis, Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx et Olivier var. maydis J. M. Yao, Wang et Zhu. The new variety differs from G. graminis var. tritici J. Walker, G. graminis var. graminis Trans, and G. graminis var. avenae (Turner) Dennis in morphology, pathogenicity, biology, and banding patterns of mycelial soluble proteins. The type specimen is deposited in the Fungal Herbarium of Shenyang Agricultural Universiy (MHSAU).
SUPPLEMENTING LIVE DRIED YEAST (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) TO DIETS VARYING IN ROUGHAGE: CONCENTRATE RATIO: 1- DIGESTIBILTY COEFFICIENTS, FEEDING VALUES AND FERMENTATION IN THE RUMEN OF ZARAIBI GOAT BUCKS

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of live dried yeast (RumiYeast, RY) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation, which is a commercial probiotic containing yeast, on digestion coefficients, feeding values and some rumen parameters of Zaraibi goats diets at two roughage (corn silage, CS): concentrate (concentrate feed mixture, CFM) ratios (70: 30 and 30: 70%) i.e. high roughage (HR) and high CFM (HC). Both diets were either used with RY (3 g/h/d) or without RY addition. Twelve mature Zaraibi bucks with an average live body weight of 60±0.4 kg were selected randomly from station herd and divided into four equal groups according to their body weight (3 bucks in each). Four experimental diets were formulated as follows: Diet 1: 70% CFM + 30% CS with RY, Diet 2: 70% CFM + 30% CS without RY, Diet 3: 30% CFM + 70% CS with RY and Diet 4: 30% CFM + 70% CS without RY. The main results showed that addition of RY significantly (p˂0.05) enhanced all nutrients digestibility coefficients, as well as digestibility of cell wall constituents (NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose, hemicelluloses). Live dried yeast addition improved nutritive values as total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible crude protein (DCP %). Rumen parameters (pH values, TVFA’S and ammonia-N concentrations) were improved with HC diets compared with HR ones. In conclusion, live dried yeast (RumiYeast) addition to diets of Zaraibi goats diets improved most of the tested parameters mentioned before and has a higher influence when included with HC than with HR diets under field condition.
Roof pitch and exposure and different roofing materials in reduced models of animal production facilities in the fall and winter

Objetivou-se verificar a influencia da inclinacao, exposicao e tipo de material de cobertura sobre a temperatura interna de modelos reduzidos de instalacao zootecnica, em condicoes ambientais das coordenadas geograficas “21°14´05 de latitude sul e 48°17´09´´ de longitude oeste. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foram utilizados 48 modelos reduzidos nas dimensoes de 1,00 x 1,00 x 0,50 metros. A cobertura foi de uma agua, dispostos nas exposicoes Norte-Sul, sendo 24 modelos para cada face de exposicao. Foram utilizadas na cobertura, telha de cerâmica, aco galvanizado e fibrocimento. Os niveis de inclinacao foram de 20; 30; 40 e 50% para telha de cerâmica e de 10; 30; 40 e 50% para as demais. No interior dos modelos foram realizadas leituras de temperatura, a cada hora durante 12 meses. Os resultados obtidos foram avaliados num modelo linear geral no esquema fatorial aninhado 3 X 4 X 2. As medias obtidas foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Com o aumento da inclinacao do telhado, a temperatura interna dentro do modelo reduziu, de modo que inclinacoes mais acentuadas (50%) para coberturas de cerâmica e fibrocimento, com uma maior exposicao de cobertura para o sul, pode proporcionar temperaturas mais baixas dentro das instalacoes zootecnicas. Em regioes onde o frio e mais estressante do que o calor, as instalacoes com maior exposicao de cobertura para o Norte pode minimizar as perdas causadas pelo estresse causado pelo frio.
Evaluation of Some Botanical Materials and Synthetic Insecticides against Sitophilus oryzae L. on Stored Maize

Investigations on efficacy of some botanical and synthetic insecticides against Sitophilus oryzae Linnaeus in stored maize were carried out during 2009–10. Among the various botanical materials, the higher adult mortality of S. oryzae was noted with eucalyptus (39.01%), tulsi (35.38%) and neem (31.63%) leaf powders. The half-lives of tulsi (71.73 days), eucalyptus (68.02) and neem (61.73) were more as compared to the other botanicals. Higher persistency and lower population growth of the weevil were exhibited by these botanical powders. Among the various synthetic insecticides, deltamethrin (adult mortality 91.30%) was found superior followed by thiamethoxam (87.60%), cypermethrin (86.41%) and fenvalerate (85.13%). These insecticides were also found superior on the basis of half-life and gross persistency. After 7 months of storage, the per cent germination was almost equal in all the insecticides with none showing any significant adverse effect on germination.
Determination of the proteins and carbohydrates fractions and estimative of the energy value of forages and by-products in Brazilian Northeast.

The present study aimed to characterize the carbohydrates and proteins fractions and to estimate the energetic value of native and adapted forages and agro industry by-products produced in Brazilian Northeast. To obtain the carbohydrates fractions, according with CNCPS system, were calculated the total carbohydrates, its fractions B2, C and the soluble neutral detergent components. For the determination of nitrogenous fractions, were analyzed the non-protein nitrogenous compounds, soluble and insoluble nitrogen in borate-phosphate buffer, protein nitrogen insoluble in neutral detergent and acid detergent. To the estimative of TDN, were used the equations proposed by NRC (2001). The by-products analyzed carbohydrates fractions varied from 19.35 to 58.52%; 9.95 to 61.44% and 15.35 to 70.06, for A+B1, B2 and C, respectively. In the forages, the fractions A, B1, B2, B3 and C of nitrogenous compounds presented variation from 9.84 to 42.33%; 1.58 to 11.47%; 48.63 to 80.10%; 0.70 to 6.13% and 0.43 to 2.86%, respectively. The estimated TDN of the forages varied from 48.30 to 65.42%, while for the by-products varied from 31.41 to 128.9%. The fractionation of nitrogen compounds and carbohydrates are simple methodologies and should be common practices in laboratories of feed evaluation.
Passive Control of Downslope Capillary Wicking of Water in Sand-based Root Zones

Chronic dry spots that occur on the upper reaches of slopes on golf putting greens lead to increased frequency of irrigation to maintain a healthy turfgrass surface. To limit one cause of dryspots, the downslope wicking of water, we investigated the use of subsurface barriers to interrupt the capillary connectivity of the bottom portion of the root zone on a 3.5-m long, laboratory-simulated section of a green having a 5% slope. We evaluated the effectiveness of the barriers on a green constructed with a sand root zone over gravel drainage and on a green constructed with a sand root zone over a geotextile atopa porous plastic grid for drainage.With sand over gravel, the barriers were effective at reducing downslope wicking and the consequential loss of stored water in the root zone on the slope. In the top 0.5 m of the slope, there was 24 mm more water stored in the root zone profile of the green constructed with barriers compared with that in the green constructed without barriers. With sand over geotextile atop a plastic grid, the barriers were effective at reducing wicking of water, but only when the downslope continuity of the geotextile was broken. In that case, there was 35 mm more water stored in the root zone profile at the top of the slope in the green constructed with barriers and a dis- continuous geotextile compared with the greens constructed with barriers and contin- uous geotextile or with sand over gravel and no barriers.
Brine Quality of Gibberellic Acid-treated `Napoleon' Sweet Cherries

Gibberellic acid-treated Napoleon' sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit were firmer but lost more weight during brining than nontreated fruit. GA 3 treatment delayed fruit softening, thereby extending the harvest period. Mean fruit weight was increased by GA 3 only in fruit harvested at a more mature state. GA 3 delayed soluble solids accumulation in one of two years
Deriving health utility weights for infants with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

ii Preface . iv Table of contents . v List of tables. xi List of figures . xiii Glossary . xiv Acknowledgements . xv Chapter 1. Respiratory Syncytial Virus . 1 1.1 Disease course . 1 1.2 Short and long-term outcomes of RSV . 3 1.2. 1 Short term outcomes. 3 Hospitalizations . 4 Oxygen . 6 1.2. 2 Long-term risk of wheeze . 7 1.2. 3 RSV-related mortality – do infants die from RSV? 7 Mortality in otherwise healthy infants . 8 Mortality in children with lung disease. 9 Mortality in children with heart disease . 10 Mortality in children born prematurely . 10 The overall picture of mortality in RSV. 11 1.2. 4 Management of RSV . 12
GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AMONG LOCAL POPULATIONS OF THE YELLOW-BELLIED SLIDER TURTLE (PSEUDEMYS SCRIPTA)

Variation at 10 electrophoretic loci was used to describe the population structure of yellow-bellied slider turtles (Pseudemys scripta, n = 104) collected from four discrete locations on or near the Savannah River Plant, Aiken, South Carolina. Collectively, turtles exhibited a per locus heterozygosity of 0.148. Enzyme polymorphisms were observed at seven of the 10 loci. Significant spatial heterogeneity was observed at five of seven polymorphic loci. Significant F,, values were noted for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucomutase seemingly due in part to presence or absence of rare alleles. Nei's distance values between samples were consis- tently low, ranging from 0.000-0.024. The disjunct nature of suitable habitat could account for population genetic differentiation as a result of drift or selection. However, some gene flow as a consequence of terrestrial dispersal could account for overall genetic similarities, particularly be- tween variable environments.
FIG WASP DISPERSAL IN URBAN SINGAPORE

In largely urban Singapore, 69% of the 45 recorded native fig species (Ficus, Moraceae) are either critically endangered (24 species) or nationally extinct (7 species). Small populations of dioecious fig species are expected to be particularly vulnerable, because of evidence that their species-specific pollinators may be less mobile than those of monoecious figs. We therefore studied the dispersal of pollinating fig wasps (Chalcidoidea: Agaonidae) at an urban site by capturing them with sticky traps set at 25 m, 10 m, and 2 m above the ground. All but one of the pollinator genera expected for Singapore were captured, as well as one genus with no local hosts (Kradibia) and one whose only local host is apparently extinct (Dolichoris). Pollinators of monoecious host taxa dominated the catch (440 wasps; 90%) and were mostly caught in the 25 m traps. Dioecious pollinators were rare (28 wasps; 6%), despite the abundance and frequent reproduction of their hosts in the vicinity, and were mostly caught in the 2 m traps. These patterns are similar to those reported from previous studies in rural areas and suggests that wasp dispersal in Singapore displays similar trends. This study provides baseline data on fig wasp diversity found in Singapore through dispersal.
Free Amino Acid Composition of Grape Juice From 12 Vitis vinifera Cultivars in Washington

Free amino acid concentrations in juice of 12 Vitis vinifera cultivars grown in the Columbia and Yakima Valley appellations of Washington state were monitored from 1986 to 1990 for a total of 728 samples. When averaged across all years, arginine (expressed as mg/L) was the predominant amino acid in Gewurztraminer, Muscat Canelli, Semillon, and Pinot noir juices. Proline was predominant in juices of Chenin blanc, Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Grenache, Lemberger, Merlot, Sauvignon blanc, and White Riesling. However, arginine concentration varied widely between years. Arginine, proline, proline:arginine ratio, total free α-amino acid and total free α-amino N concentrations were not correlated with soluble solids concentration at harvest. Washington juices tended to be lower in amino acid concentration than those reported for the same cultivars in California. More than 60% of the juice samples of each cultivar contained less than 400 mg total free α-amino N/L. This percentage was over 80% for all but Gewurztraminer and Muscat Canelli. All of the Cabernet Sauvignon, Lemberger, and Merlot juice samples contained less than 400 mg total free α-amino N/ L. Additionally, 93% of the Cabernet Sauvignon and 88% of the Merlot juices contained less than 200 mg total free α-amino N/L. Of the white-fruited cultivars, White Riesling (96%), Chenin blanc (94%), and Sauvignon blanc (92%) juices had the highest percentage of samples under 400 mg total free α-amino N/L. Seventy-seven percent of the White Riesling juices contained less than 200 mg total free α-amino N/L. Across all samples, 39% contained less than 150 mg total free α-amino N/L of juice, 58% contained less than 200 mg total free α-amino N/L of juice, and 90% contained less than 400 mg free α-amino N/L of juice.
STUDY ON MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS IN THE YELLOW RIVER DOWNSTREAM WETLAND

In this paper, the level and pattern of morphological variation of Phragmites australis in the Yellow River downstream wetland has been studied when water and salinity were considered as dominant ecological factors. A total of 14 populations from estuary to inland along the Yellow River and one freshwater population from Nanyang Lake were selected for study. The basal diameter, height, leaf length and width in the middle of stem, internode length in the middle of stem, internode amounts and panicle length of 30 plants from every population were recorded and analyzed. Results showed that the decreasing arrangement of CV (Coefficient of variation) within population of 7 morphological characters was from internode length in the middle of stem (0.284 6), leaf width in the middle of stem (0.253 6), panicle length (0.244 9), leaf length in the middle of stem (0.208 5), basal diameter (0.187 5), internode amounts (0.176 3) to height (0.165 7). The variability of 7 morphological characters among populations was arranged decreasingly from height, leaf length in the middle of stem, internode length in the middle of stem, leaf width in the middle of stem, basal diameter, internode amounts to panicle length. Distinct morphological differentiation was observed mainly among BZH population, freshwater populations and saltwater populations, and all 7 morphological characters were significantly correlated with the combined factors of water and salinity. According to the pattern of morphological differentiation, the P. australis populations in investigated area could be divided into three ecotypes, including saltwater reed, freshwater reed and giant reed.