Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Application of Hidden Markov Model in Credit Card Fraud Detection

In modern retail market environment, electronic commerce has rapidly gained a lot of attention and also provides instantaneous transactions. In electronic commerce, credit card has become the most important means of payment due to fast development in information technology around the world. As the usage of credit card increases in the last decade, rate of fraudulent practices is also increasing every year. Existing fraud detection system may not be so much capable to reduce fraud transaction rate. Improvement in fraud detection practices has become essential to maintain existence of payment system. In this paper, we show how Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is used to detect credit card fraud transaction with low false alarm. An HMM based system is initially studied spending profile of the card holder and followed by checking an incoming transaction against spending behavior of the card holder, if it is not accepted by our proposed HMM with sufficient probability, then it would be a fraudulent transaction.
Macro-motion detection using ultra-wideband impulse radar

Radar has the advantage of being able to detect hidden individuals, which can be used in homeland security, disaster rescue, and healthcare monitoring-related applications. Human macro-motion detection using ultra-wideband impulse radar is studied in this paper. First, a frequency domain analysis is carried out to show that the macro-motion yields a bandpass signal in slow-time. Second, the FTFW (fast-time frequency windowing), which has the advantage of avoiding the measuring range reduction, and the HLF (high-pass linear-phase filter), which can preserve the motion signal effectively, are proposed to preprocess the radar echo. Last, a threshold decision method, based on the energy detector structure, is presented.
Expression and Function of HAX-1 in Human Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

HAX-1 is an anti-apoptotic factor and overexpressed in many types of cancers. However, the functional role of HAX-1 in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) remains unclear. Our aim was to investigate the expression of HAX-1 in cSCC and its relationship with the development of cSCC. HAX-1 expression in cSCC tissues and in-vitro cell models were evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot and immunohistochemistry. And the RNAi strategy was used to observe the relationship of HAX-1 and cSCC in A431 cells. The mRNA and protein level of HAX-1 were significantly higher in cSCC compared with normal tissue. There were significant differences in thickness (P=0.014), differentiation (P=0.027) and TNM stages (P=0.007). After knockdown the expression of HAX-1 by siRNA, the proliferation and the motility of A431 cell was inhibited obviously, and the apoptosis of A431 cells were induced too. HAX-1 may be a risk factor for patients with cSCC. As a potential tumor promoter in cSCC, HAX-1 may be a novel potential therapeutic target for cSCC treatment and deserves further investigation.
Potential daylight resources between tropical and temperate cities – a case study of Ho Chi Minh City and Moscow

Horizontal illuminance is an important indicator, which shows the resources of the light climate of each region. Meticulous consideration of the light-climate data allows us to develop graphs of diffuse and global illuminance (ED and EG) and go to the territorial norms of daylight spaces at the modern level. Measurements of horizontal illuminance in Vietnam are not available; therefore, the calculation of the determination horizontal illuminance from solar radiation by light equivalents using the values of the luminous efficacy is widely used now. The paper contains calculation of the luminous efficacy for Vietnam, the results are graphs of horizontal illuminance for Ho Chi Minh. Comparative analysis with horizontal natural illuminance of Moscow shows a high level and uniform distribution of outdoor illuminance in the tropical sky in Vietnam. The maximum values of ED and EG for Ho Chi Minh City are 42.01 Klux and 87.17 Klux; for Moscow these values are equal to 28.3 Klux and 53.1 Klux, respectively. In addition, the levels of illuminance in the winter months in Ho Chi Minh are much higher than in Moscow, which is explained by the latitudinal difference in the location of these cities and the corresponding movement of the Sun.
Scatter/Gather: a cluster-based approach to browsing large document collections

Document clustering has not been well received as an information retrieval tool. Objections to its use fall into two main categories: first, that clustering is too slow for large corpora (with running time often quadratic in the number of documents); and second, that clustering does not appreciably improve retrieval. We argue that these problems arise only when clustering is used in an attempt to improve conventional search techniques. However, looking at clustering as an information access tool in its own right obviates these objections, and provides a powerful new access paradigm. We present a document browsing technique that employs document clustering as its primary operation. We also present fast (linear time) clustering algorithms which support this interactive browsing paradigm.
Prevalence and pathology of mite infestation in street dogs at Dinajpur municipality area

This study was designed to investigate the prevalence and pathology of mite infestation in the street dog at Dinajpur municipality area, Dinajpur, Bangladesh, during June to September, 2010 using simultaneous clinical and histopathological examination and identification. A total of 48 street dogs (27 male and 21 female) were examined, among them 30(62.5%) were infested with one or more species of mites. Two species of mites were identified as Sarcoptes scabiei var.canis and Demodex canis. The range of mites burden was 1-5 per square inch of heavily infested area. Mean mites burden was high in case of Sarcoptes scabiei var.canis (1.5±0.2) followed by Demodex canis (0.6±0.1). Prevalence was higher in the dog of 1-2 years of age (68.9%) than in the dog of >2-4 years of age (52.6%). Infestation of mite was significantly (p<0.05) higher in male (66.6%) than female (57.1%) dog. Mite infestation was more prevalent in the poor healthy dog (75.7%) than the normal healthy dog (33.3%). Prevalence of mites infestation was significantly (p<0.05) higher in back region (68.1%) followed by face and neck (66.6%) and abdomen (58.3%) and lowest in thigh and groin (40.0%). Grossly, alopecia, rough, dry leathery and corrugation of skin, erythema, pastules, crusts and pruritus were found. Microscopically, it was characterized by acanthosis, slight hyperkeratosis, formation of hyperplastic rete-pegs, destruction of dermis and epidermis, hyperplastic changes in sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair follicular cells, pyogranuloma in papillary layer and hair follicles and infiltration of neutrophils, oeosinophils, lymphocytes and few macrophages. The results indicate that street dogs of Dinajpur municipality area are very much susceptible to mite infestation. The mite produces clinico- pathological effects on dog, which may be the serious threat to public health.
Digital Gene Expression Analysis of Populus simonii × P. nigra Pollen Germination and Tube Growth

Pollen tubes are an ideal model for the study of cell growth and morphogenesis because of their extreme elongation without cell division; however, the genetic basis of pollen germination and tube growth remains largely unknown. Using the Illumina/Solexa digital gene expression system, we identified 13,017 genes (representing 28.3% of the unigenes on the reference genes) at three stages, including mature pollen, hydrated pollen, and pollen tubes of Populus simonii × P. nigra. Comprehensive analysis of P. simonii × P. nigra pollen revealed dynamic changes in the transcriptome during pollen germination and pollen tube growth (PTG). Gene ontology analysis of differentially expressed genes showed that genes involved in functional categories such as catalytic activity, binding, transporter activity, and enzyme regulator activity were overrepresented during pollen germination and PTG. Some highly dynamic genes involved in pollen germination and PTG were detected by clustering analysis. Genes related to some key pathways such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, calcium signaling, and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis were significantly changed during pollen germination and PTG. These data provide comprehensive molecular information toward further understanding molecular mechanisms underlying pollen germination and PTG.
Benchmarking the predictive capability of hydrological models for river flow and flood peak predictions across a large-sample of catchments in Great Britain

Abstract. Benchmarking model performance across large samples of catchments is useful to guide future model development. Given uncertainties in the observational data we use to drive and evaluate hydrological models, and uncertainties in the structure and parameterisation of models we use to produce hydrological simulations and predictions, it is essential that model evaluation is undertaken within an uncertainty analysis framework. Here, we benchmark the capability of multiple, lumped hydrological models across Great Britain, by focusing on daily flow and peak flow simulation. Four hydrological model structures from the Framework for Understanding Structural Errors (FUSE) were applied to over 1100 catchments. Model performance was then evaluated using a standard performance metric for daily flows, and more novel performance metrics for peak flows considering parameter uncertainty. Our results show that simple, lumped hydrological models were able to produce adequate simulations across most of Great Britain, with median Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency scores of 0.72–0.78 across all catchments. All four models showed a similar spatial pattern of performance, producing better simulations in the wetter catchments to the west, and poor model performance in Scotland and southeast England. Poor model performance was often linked to the catchment water balance, with models unable to capture the catchment hydrology where the water balance did not close. Overall, performance was similar between model structures, but different models performed better for different catchment characteristics and for assessing daily or peak flows, demonstrating the value of using an ensemble of model structures. This research demonstrates what conceptual lumped models can achieve as a performance benchmark, as well as providing interesting insights into where and why these simple models may fail. The large number of river catchments included in this study makes it an appropriate benchmark for any future developments of a national model of Great Britain.
Finding heap-bounds for hardware synthesis

Dynamically allocated and manipulated data structures cannot be translated into hardware unless there is an upper bound on the amount of memory the program uses during all executions. This bound can depend on the generic parameters to the program, i.e., program inputs that are instantiated at synthesis time. We propose a constraint based method for the discovery of memory usage bounds, which leads to the first-known C-to-gates hardware synthesis supporting programs with non-trivial use of dynamically allocated memory, e.g., linked lists maintained with malloc and free. We illustrate the practicality of our tool on a range of examples.
Homelessness during the transition from foster care to adulthood.

OBJECTIVES We estimated the incidence of homelessness during the transition to adulthood and identified the risk and protective factors that predict homelessness during this transition. METHODS Using data from the Midwest Evaluation of the Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth, a longitudinal study of youths aging out of foster care in 3 Midwestern states, and a bounds approach, we estimated the cumulative percentage of youths who become homeless during the transition to adulthood. We also estimated a discrete time hazard model that predicted first reported episode of homelessness. RESULTS Youths aging out of foster care are at high risk for becoming homeless during the transition to adulthood. Between 31% and 46% of our study participants had been homeless at least once by age 26 years. Running away while in foster care, greater placement instability, being male, having a history of physical abuse, engaging in more delinquent behaviors, and having symptoms of a mental health disorder were associated with an increase in the relative risk of becoming homeless. CONCLUSIONS Policy and practice changes are needed to reduce the risk that youths in foster care will become homeless after aging out.
Program Size Complexity for Possibly Infinite Computations

We define a program size complexity function H∞ as a variant of the prefix-free Kolmogorov complexity, based on Turing monotone machines performing possibly unending computations. We consider definitions of randomness and triviality for sequences in {0, 1} relative to the H∞ complexity. We prove that the classes of Martin-Lof random sequences and H∞-random sequences coincide, and that the H∞-trivial sequences are exactly the recursive ones. We also study some properties of H∞ and compare it with other complexity functions. In particular, H∞ is different from HA, the prefix-free complexity of monotone machines with oracle A.
Adaptation costs to constant and alternating polluted environments

Some populations quickly adapt to strong and novel selection pressures caused by anthropogenic stressors. However, this short‐term evolutionary response to novel and harsh environmental conditions may lead to adaptation costs, and evaluating these costs is important if we want to understand the evolution of resistance to anthropogenic stressors. In this experimental evolution study, we exposed Caenorhabditis elegans populations to uranium (U populations), salt (NaCl populations) and alternating uranium/salt treatments (U/NaCl populations) and to a control environment (C populations), over 22 generations. In parallel, we ran common‐garden and reciprocal‐transplant experiments to assess the adaptive costs for populations that have evolved in the different environmental conditions. Our results showed rapid evolutionary changes in life history characteristics of populations exposed to the different pollution regimes. Furthermore, adaptive costs depended on the type of pollutant: pollution‐adapted populations had lower fitness than C populations, when the populations were returned to their original environment. Fitness in uranium environments was lower for NaCl populations than for U populations. In contrast, fitness in salt environments was similar between U and NaCl populations. Moreover, fitness of U/NaCl populations showed similar or higher fitness in both the uranium and the salt environments compared to populations adapted to constant uranium or salt environments. Our results show that adaptive evolution to a particular stressor can lead to either adaptive costs or benefits once in contact with another stressor. Furthermore, we did not find any evidence that adaptation to alternating stressors was associated with additional adaption costs. This study highlights the need to incorporate adaptive cost assessments when undertaking ecological risk assessments of pollutants.
Semantic file systems

A semantic file system is an information storage system that provides flexible associative access to the system's contents by automatically extracting attributes from files with file type specific transducers. Associative access is provided by a conservative extension to existing tree-structured file system protocols, and by protocols that are designed specifically for content based access. Compatiblity with existing file system protocols is provided by introducing the concept of a virtual directory. Virtual directory names are interpreted as queries, and thus provide flexible associative access to files and directories in a manner compatible with existing software. Rapid attribute-based access to file system contents is implemented by automatic extraction and indexing of key properties of file system objects. The automatic indexing of files and directories is called "semantic" because user programmable transducers use information about the semantics of updated file system objects to extract the properties for indexing. Experimental results from a semantic file system implementation support the thesis that semantic file systems present a more effective storage abstraction than do traditional tree structured file systems for information sharing and command level programming.
Rethinking the lake trophic state index

Lake trophic state classifications provide information about the condition of lentic ecosystems and are indicative of both ecosystem services (e.g., clean water, recreational opportunities, and aesthetics) and disservices (e.g., cyanobacteria blooms). The current classification schemes have been criticized for developing indices that are single-variable based (vs. a complex aggregate of multi-variables), discrete (vs. a continuous), and/or deterministic (vs. an inherently random). We present an updated lake trophic classification model using a Bayesian multilevel ordered categorical regression. The model consists of a proportional odds logistic regression (POLR) that models ordered, categorical, lake trophic state using Secchi disk depth, elevation, nitrogen concentration (N), and phosphorus concentration (P). The overall accuracy, when compared to existing classifications of trophic state index (TSI), for the POLR model was 0.68 and the balanced accuracy ranged between 0.72 and 0.93. This work delivers an index that is multi-variable based, continuous, and classifies lakes in probabilistic terms. While our model addresses aforementioned limitations of the current approach to lake trophic classification, the addition of uncertainty quantification is important, because the trophic state response to predictors varies among lakes. Our model successfully addresses concerns with the current approach and performs well across trophic states in a large spatial extent.
Contribution of the Tyr-1 in Plantaricin149a to Disrupt Phospholipid Model Membranes

Plantaricin149a (Pln149a) is a cationic antimicrobial peptide, which was suggested to cause membrane destabilization via the carpet mechanism. The mode of action proposed to this antimicrobial peptide describes the induction of an amphipathic α-helix from Ala7 to Lys20, while the N-terminus residues remain in a coil conformation after binding. To better investigate this assumption, the purpose of this study was to determine the contributions of the Tyr1 in Pln149a in the binding to model membranes to promote its destabilization. The Tyr to Ser substitution increased the dissociation constant (KD) of the antimicrobial peptide from the liposomes (approximately three-fold higher), and decreased the enthalpy of binding to anionic vesicles from −17.2 kcal/mol to −10.2 kcal/mol. The peptide adsorption/incorporation into the negatively charged lipid vesicles was less effective with the Tyr1 substitution and peptide Pln149a perturbed the liposome integrity more than the analog, Pln149S. Taken together, the peptide-lipid interactions that govern the Pln149a antimicrobial activity are found not only in the amphipathic helix, but also in the N-terminus residues, which take part in enthalpic contributions due to the allocation at a lipid-aqueous interface.
Sensitivity of Global Hydrological Simulations to Groundwater Capillary Flux Parameterizations

Global land surface and hydrologic models, used to quantify the influence of groundwater (GW) dynamics on land surface hydrology, vary in parameterizations of the GW capillary flux and depth of moisture flux exchange between GW and unsaturated soil column (interaction depth). In this study, we demonstrate that the parameterization of capillary flux significantly affects the magnitude of GW‐supported ET (±15%) and GW recharge (±25%). The largest sensitivities are associated with a strong dependence of the capillary flux parameterization on water table depth (WTD) with further controls by soil hydraulic properties. Under shallow WTD condition, the finer soils show a larger GW‐supported ET for parameterization that depends only on WTD. Further, GW‐supported ET reduces by 7–13% per meter increase in interaction depth used in simulation compared to simulation in which the interaction depth varies in space and time with WTD. The simulations of runoff, soil moisture, and WTD are even more sensitive to the difference in parameterization and interaction depth. Moreover, these sensitivities vary largely in both space and time. Evaluations against observation‐based data and previous modeling simulations reveal that simulations with capillary flux perform better than that the one without it in regions with large GW‐supported ET. We concur that capillary flux has a large and nonnegligible influence in global hydrologic simulation. But, the spatiotemporal variabilities of sensitivities of hydrological fluxes and storages demonstrate that different parameterization of GW capillary flux may also lead to a substantial uncertainty in global hydrologic simulations and subsequent water resources assessments.
An Empirical Study of Path Feasibility Queries

In this paper we present a comparative study of path feasibility queries generated during path exploration based software engineering methods. Symbolic execution based methods are gaining importance in different aspects of software engineering e.g. proving properties about programs, test case generation, comparing different executions of programs. These methods use SMT solvers to check the satisfiability of path feasibility queries written as a formula in the supported theories. We study the performance of solving such path feasibility queries using SMT solvers for real world programs. Our path condition formulas are generated in a theory of quantifier free bit vectors with arrays (QF_ABV). We show that among the different SMT solvers, STP is better than Z3 by an order of magnitude for such kind of queries. As an application we design a new program analysis (Change Value Analysis) based on our study which exploits undefined behaviors in programs. We have implemented our analysis in LLVM and tested it with the benchmark of SIR programs. It reduces the time taken for solving path feasibility queries by 48%. The study can serve as guidance to practitioners using path feasibility queries to create scalable software engineering methods based on symbolic execution.
Fixed Structure Automata in a Multi-Teacher Environment

The concept of an automaton operating in a multi-teacher environment is introduced, and several interesting questions that arise in this context are examined. In particular, we concentrate on the consequences of adding a new teacher to an existing n-teacher set as it affects the choice of a switching strategy. The effect of this choice on expediency and speed of convergence is presented for a specific automaton structure.