Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SUPERSONIC DOWNFLOWS AT THE UMBRA–PENUMBRA BOUNDARY OF SUNSPOTS

High-resolution spectropolarimetric observations of three sunspots taken with Hinode demonstrate the existence of supersonic downflows at or close to the umbra–penumbra boundary which have not been reported before. These downflows are confined to large patches, usually encompassing bright penumbral filaments, and have lifetimes of more than 14 hr. The presence of strong downflows in the center-side penumbra near the umbra rules out an association with the Evershed flow. Chromospheric filtergrams acquired close to the time of the spectropolarimetric measurements show large, strong, and long-lived brightenings in the neighborhood of the downflows. The photospheric intensity also exhibits persistent brightenings comparable to the quiet Sun. Interestingly, the orientation of the penumbral filaments at the site of the downflows is similar to that resulting from the reconnection process described by Ryutova et al. The existence of such downflows in the inner penumbra represents a challenge for numerical models of sunspots because they have to explain them in terms of physical processes likely affecting the chromosphere.
Offshore wind farms changed the spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a on the sea surface

Offshore wind farms (OWFs) have developed rapidly in recent years. However, it is difficult to accurately evaluate their impact on marine ecosystems and the marine environment due to the complexity of marine dynamic monitoring and various marine environment evaluation indicators. The spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) on the surface of seawater is one of basic spatial information of the sea area, which is the key determines the distribution and productivity of offshore biological resources at different spatial levels. Evaluating the impact of OWFs on the spatial distribution of Chl-a is of significance but the research carried out to date has been scarce. In this study, 682 Landsat images were selected from 1990 to 2021 as well as 38 OWFs from around the world as the research areas. The spatial distribution of Chl-a on the sea surface was calculated using the O’Reilly band ratio OC2 algorithm and HU color index (CI) algorithm and the influence of OWFs on the spatial distribution pattern of Chl-a was determined by using the global and local Moran Indexes. Among the 38 wind farms, it was found that: (1) the spatial autocorrelation of Chl-a concentration at 37 wind farms increased after the construction of the wind turbines; (2) the spatial distribution pattern of Chl-a at 28 wind farms showed pronounced aggregation after the construction of the wind turbines. Therefore, it was determined that the construction of OWFs will change the spatial distribution pattern of Chl-a, which may affect the original balance of local marine ecosystems.
Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal response mechanisms of juvenile flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) to sublethal methylmercury

Although methylmercury (MeHg) has been recognized as a typical heavy metal posing huge damages to various life processes of fish, the response mechanisms of marine fish at early life stages (ELSs) to MeHg is still poorly understood. In this study, non-targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches were used to explore response mechanisms of juvenile flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) to long-term sublethal MeHg exposure (0 and 1.0 μg L-1; 30 d). After exposure, growth parameters of flounder were significantly decreased. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of liver tissue showed obvious difference about biological pathways and identified biomarkers (around 2502 genes and 16 secondary metabolites). Those significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their enriched pathways were mainly related to immune response, oxidative stress, lipids metabolism, glycometabolism, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism and regulation of protein processes, while those identified secondary metabolites were mainly enriched in tryptophan metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid metabolism and glutathione metabolism. Additionally, multi-omic method was used to explore response mechanisms of key pathways under MeHg stress. In this regard, only 57 DEGs and 6 secondary metabolites were significantly enriched in 7 pathways to constitute an integrated regulatory network, including glutathione metabolism, thyroid hormone synthesis, linoleic acid metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, tryptophan metabolism pathway, serotonergic synapse and African trypanosomiasis. Above all, we could speculate that antioxidative function, lipids metabolism, nervous system and amino acid metabolism were the more sensitive targets in response to MeHg stress, which were conductive to deeply understand the response mechanisms of fish at ELSs under MeHg exposure. Those identified biomarkers could also be widely used for toxicological studies of pollutants and ecological risks monitoring.
Group-affiliated Firms and audit fees: Evidence from India

This study analyzes the role of auditors and affiliation to a business group in corporate governance of firms by examining the audit fees charged to group-affiliated and independent firms. Agency problems in firms may be mitigated by the monitoring provided by controlling investors of firms affiliated to business groups. On the other hand, concentrated ownership may also result in higher agency costs because of inefficient profit distributions, tunneling, and complicated ownership structures. Audit fees are determined by the effort expended and the risks faced by auditors. We examine the relationship between audit fees and Group-affiliation for Indian firms. We find that the audit fees paid to BigN auditors are lower for Group-affiliated firms than non-Group-affiliated firms, but audit fees paid to non-BigN auditors are significantly higher for Group-affiliated and non-Group-affiliated firms, consistent with the idea that BigN auditors recognize the role of Group-affiliation in mitigating the agency conflicts.
A new decade for social changes

The purpose of this study is to reveal the strengthening of the government's role in anticipating radicalism. For this reason, a study of literature related to radical movements and government efforts to anticipate them was conducted. Data sources of this research are articles or papers as secondary data. Therefore, data collection uses literature study techniques. Data analysis used Three-Track techniques, namely reduction, categorization, and drawing conclusions. The results obtained are (1) the role of the government or the state is to create a sense of security for its citizens, (2) strengthening the security sector in the form of main task and function’s improvements, and improving of security. (3) reorienting education towards multicultural education. (4) public-based social cultural campaign in the form of building public awareness to stop radicalism. Conclusion is the government needs to build public awareness through state defense and multiculturalism education in anticipation of radicalism. (c)
Assessing teachers' beliefs : Japanese and American teachers' evaluations of videotaped mathematics lessons

This article describes a novel assessment method used to examine Japanese and American teachers’ ideas about what constitutes effective mathematics pedagogy. Forty American and 40 Japanese teachers independently evaluated either an American or Japanese mathematics lesson captured on videotape. Their comments were classified into over 1600 idea units, which were then sorted into a hierarchy of categories derived from the data. Next, the authors hypothesized underlying ideal instructional scripts that could explain the patterns of responses. Whereas the U.S. teachers were supportive of both traditional and nontraditional elementary school mathematics instruction and had different scripts for the two lessons, the Japanese teachers had only one ideal lesson script that was closely tied to typical Japanese mathematics instruction. The findings suggest that U.S. teachers may have more culturally sanctioned options for teaching mathematics; however, Japanese teachers may have a more detailed and widely shared theory about how to teach effectively.
The spectral energy distribution of the central parsecs of the nearest AGN

Spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the central few tens of parsec region of some of the nearest, most well-studied, active galactic nuclei (AGN) are presented. These genuine AGN-core SEDs, mostly from Seyfert galaxies, are characterized by two main features: an infrared (IR) bump with the maximum in the 2–10 μm range and an increasing X-ray spectrum with frequency in the 1 to ∼200 keV region. These dominant features are common to Seyfert type 1 and 2 objects alike. In detail, type 1 AGN are clearly distinguished from type 2 by their high spatial resolution SEDs: type 2 AGN exhibit a sharp drop shortwards of 2 μm, with the optical to UV region being fully absorbed; type 1s instead show a gentle 2 μm drop ensued by a secondary, partially absorbed optical to UV emission bump. On the assumption that the bulk of optical to UV photons generated in these AGN is reprocessed by dust and re-emitted in the IR in an isotropic manner, the IR bump luminosity represents ≳70 per cent of the total energy output in these objects, and the second energetically important contribution is the high energies above 20 keV. Galaxies selected by their warm IR colours, i.e. presenting a relatively flat flux distribution in the 12–60 μm range, have often being classified as AGN. The results from these high spatial resolution SEDs question this criterion as a general rule. It is found that the intrinsic shape of the infrared SED of an AGN and inferred bolometric luminosity largely depart from those derived from large aperture data. AGN luminosities can be overestimated by up to two orders of magnitude if relying on IR satellite data. We find these differences to be critical for AGN luminosities below or about 1044 erg s−1. Above this limit, AGN tend to dominate the light of their host galaxy regardless of the integration aperture size used. Although the number of objects presented in this work is small, we tentatively mark this luminosity as a threshold to identify galaxy-light-dominated versus AGN-dominated objects.
HS 2325 + 8205—An Ideal Laboratory for Accretion Disk Physics

We identify HS 2325 + 8205 as an eclipsing, frequently outbursting, dwarf nova with an orbital period of Porb = 279.841731(5) minutes. Spectroscopic observations are used to derive the radial velocity curve of the secondary star from absorption features and also from the Hα emission lines, originating from the accretion disk, yielding Ksec = Kabs = 237 ± 28 km s-1 and Kem = 145 ± 9 km s-1, respectively. The distance to the system is calculated to be 400(+200,-140) pc. A photometric monitoring campaign reveals an outburst recurrence time of ∼12–14 days. The combination of magnitude range (17–14 mag), high declination, and eclipsing nature and frequency of outbursts makes HS 2325 + 8205 the ideal system for “real-time” studies of the accretion disk evolution and behavior in dwarf nova outbursts.
Effect of non-chemical weed management practices on weed dynamics and yield in organic Okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

A field experiment was carried out at Eastern block Farm of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, to study the effect of different non-chemical weed management practices on weed dynamics and fresh fruit yield of organic okra during the summer season of 2021. Treatments included of three different intercropping (sunnhemp, dhaincha, cowpea and four different organic mulches (paddy straw, corn cob and husk, sugarcane trash and groundnut shell) were compared with hand weeding and weedy check. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with nine treatments were replicated thrice. The study revealed that among the mulching and intercropping practices mulching with sugarcane trash @ 5t/ha with one hand weeding on 20 days after sowing was very effective in controlling weeds and recorded the lowest weed density, weed dry weight, weed index and higher weed control efficiency (86.15%) at critical crop weed competition period with higher fruit yield (19.75 t/ha). It was followed by mulching with paddy straw @ 5t/ha with one hand weeding on 20 days after sowing. Mulching and intercropping recorded lower weed density and dry weight, weed index and higher weed control efficiency compared to the weedy check.
Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Can Predict the Severity in COVID-19 Patients from Ethiopia: A Retrospective Study

Background Coronaviruses are a broad family of pathogens that can cause mild to severe respiratory illnesses. Due to a strong inflammatory response and a weak immunological response, viral pneumonia inflammation, like Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), displays an unbalanced immune response. Therefore, circulating biomarkers of inflammation and the immune system can serve as reliable predictors of a patient’s prognosis for COVID-19. Hematological ratios are reliable markers of inflammation that are frequently utilized in pneumonia, primarily in viral infections with low cost in developing countries. Purpose To examine the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in predicting the severity of COVID-19 patients. Methods An institutional-based retrospective study was done on 105 hospitalized COVID-19 patients at the University of Gondar comprehensive specialized referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. The laboratory evaluations that were gathered, evaluated, and reported on included the total leucocyte count (TLC), absolute neutrophil count (ANC), absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), absolute monocyte count (AMC), NLR, LMR, and PLR. The Kruskal–Wallis test and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed test were used to see whether there were any differences between the continuous variables. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis was used to determine the appropriate cut-off values for NLR, PLR, and LMR. P-value <0.05 was considered a statistically significant association. Results ANC, NLR, and PLR were highest in the critical group (p = 0.001), while this group had the least ALC and LMR (p = 0.001). We calculated the optimal cut-off values of the hematological ratios; NLR (8.4), LMR (1.4), and PLR (18.0). NLR had the highest specificity and sensitivity, at 83.8% and 80.4%, respectively. Conclusion Our research showed that NLR and PLR were good indicators of severity in COVID-19. However, our findings indicate that MLR is not a reliable predictor.
THROUGH THICK AND THIN—H i ABSORPTION IN COSMOLOGICAL SIMULATIONS

We investigate the column density distribution function of neutral hydrogen at redshift z = 3 using a cosmological simulation of galaxy formation from the OverWhelmingly Large Simulations project. The base simulation includes gravity, hydrodynamics, star formation, supernovae feedback, stellar winds, chemodynamics, and element-by-element cooling in the presence of a uniform UV background. Self-shielding and formation of molecular hydrogen are treated in post-processing, without introducing any free parameters, using an accurate reverse ray-tracing algorithm and an empirical relation between gas pressure and molecular mass fraction. The simulation reproduces the observed z = 3 abundance of Lyα forest, Lyman limit, and damped Lyα H i absorption systems probed by quasar sight lines over 10 orders of magnitude in column density. Self-shielding flattens the column density distribution for NH i > 1018 cm−2, while the transition to fully neutral gas and conversion of H i to H2 steepen it around column densities of NH i = 1020.3 cm−2 and NH i = 1021.5 cm−2, respectively.
MBM 12: young protoplanetary discs at high galactic latitude

We present Spitzer infrared observations to constrain disc and dust evolution in young T Tauri stars in MBM 12, a star-forming cloud at high latitude with an age of 2 Myr and a distance of 275 pc. The region contains 12 T Tauri systems, with primary spectral types between K3 and M6; 5 are weak-line and the rest classical T Tauri stars. We first use MIPS and literature photometry to compile spectral energy distributions for each of the 12 members in MBM 12, and derive their IR excesses. Of the 8 stars that are detected with MIPS (spectral types between K3 and M5), only 1 lacks an IR excess – the other 7 all have an IR excess that can be attributed to a disc. This means that in MBM 12, for the detected spectral types K3-M5, we have a very high disc fraction rate, about 90%. Furthermore, 3 of those 7 excess sources are candidate transitional discs. The four lowest-mass systems in the cloud, with spectral types of M5-M6, were undetected by Spitzer . Their upper limits indicate that they either have a transitional disc, or no disc at all. The IRS spectra are analysed with the newly developed two-layer temperature distribution (TLTD) spectral decomposition method. For the 7 T Tauri stars with a detected IR excess, we analyse their solid-state features to derive dust properties such as mass-averaged grain size, composition and crystallinity. The mass-averaged grain size we determine from the 10 micron feature has a wide range, between 0.4 and 6 μ m. This grain size is much smaller in the longer-wavelength region: between 0.1 and 1.5 μ m. We find that later-type objects have larger grain sizes, as was already shown by earlier studies. Furthermore, we find a wide range in mass fraction of the crystalline grains, between 3 and (at least) 30%, with no relation to the spectral type nor grain size. We do find a spatial gradient in the forsterite to enstatite range, with more enstatite present in the warmer regions. The fact that we see a radial dependence of the dust properties indicates that radial mixing is not very efficient in the discs of these young T Tauri stars. The sources that have the least amount of disc flaring have the largest grain sizes, pointing to dust settling. A comparison between the objects with companions closer than 400 AU (“binaries”) and those with wider or no companions (“singles”), shows that disc evolution already starts to differentiate at an age of 2 Myr: the excess at 30 μ m is a factor of 3 greater for the “single” group. The SED analysis shows that the discs in MBM 12, in general, undergo rapid inner disc clearing, while the binary sources have faster disc evolution. The dust grains seem to evolve independently of the stellar properties, but are mildly related to disc properties such as flaring and accretion rates.
Post-outburst spectra of a stellar-merger remnant of V1309 Scorpii: from a twin of V838 Monocerotis to a clone of V4332 Sagittarii

We present optical and infrared spectroscopy of V1309 Sco, an object that erupted in 2008 in a stellar-merger event. During the outburst, V1309 Sco displayed characteristics typical of red transients, a class of objects similar to V838 Mon. Our observations were obtained in 2009 and 2012, i.e. months and years after the eruption of V1309 Sco, and illustrate severe changes in the remnant, mainly in its circumstellar surroundings. In addition to atomic gas observed in earlier epochs, we identified molecular bands of TiO, VO, H$_2$O, ScO, AlO, and CrO. The infrared bands of CrO we analyse are the first astronomical identification of the features. Over the whole period covered by our data, the remnant was associated with a cool ($\lesssim$1000 K) outflow with a terminal velocity of about 200 km/s. Signatures of warmer atomic gas, likely to be still dissipating the energy of the 2008 outburst, dramatically decreased their brightness between 2009 and 2012. In addition, the source of optical continuum disappeared sometime before 2012, likely owing to the formation of new dust. The final stage of V1309 Sco's evolution captured by our spectra is an object remarkably similar to an older red transient, V4332 Sgr. In addition to providing a detailed view on the settling of the eruptive object, the observations presented here reinforce the conclusion that all the Galactic red transients are a manifestation of the same phenomenon, i.e. a stellar merger. The late spectra of V1309 Sco also suggest peculiarities in the chemical composition of the remnant, which still need to be explored.
NIGERIAN SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PRODUCTION (NSAP) 46TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE – DUTSIN-MA 2021 BOOK OF PROCEEDINGS MONOGASTRIC NUTRITION AND MANAGEMENT

The effect of feed form (FF) and time limited feeding on performance of broiler chickens was studied. 160 marshal strain of broiler were allocated in a 2 × 4 factorial experimental arrangement with two FF (mash and pellet) at four Time limited feeding (TLF) (24, 6, 4, and 2 hours). Data collected were analysed using a completely randomized design. Significant differences were obtained on feed intake (FI), weight gained (WG), final weight (FW), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality (M). FI reduced (P<0.05) as TLF reduced. FI was influenced by FF, birds fed pellet diet having higher (P<0.05) FI compared to mash at each corresponding level of TLF. WG was lower (P<0.05) at all levels of TLF in broilers fed mash compared to ad libitum group. However, birds fed for 4 and 6 hours on pellet diet during feed limitation had similar (P>0.05) WG compared to their control group. FW at 8 weeks of age was lower in birds fed mash compared to pellet. FCR was influenced by FF and TLF with birds placed on pellet having a better FCR compared to those fed mash. Pellet fed birds recorded higher M compared to the mash fed birds particularly during the first week of life because the pellet size of 2mm was too big for their mouth size hence inability to feed properly, thereafter improvements were observed from week two. The study revealed a better performance and better benefit of feed limitation when birds are fed pellet diet compared to mash.
Identiﬁcation of Phenotypic Traits Associated with Tuber Yield Performance in Non-Staking Cultivation of Water Yam ( Dioscorea alata L.)

: For sustainable food production, labor-saving cultivation systems are required. Yam, a major food crop, is cultivated mostly with supports such as stakes (staking), which increases tuber yield (TY) but involves high material and labor costs. We, therefore, focused on non-staking water yam cultivation, in which no stakes are used. The effects of different cultivation methods (staking vs. non-staking) on TY, yield components, shoot traits, and tuber shape of six cultivars were investigated in a two-year ﬁeld experiment, and phenotypic traits related to yielding ability in non-staking cultivation were analyzed. Averaged across years and cultivars, TY was signiﬁcantly lower (by 19%) in non-staking than in staking cultivation because of smaller single-tuber weight. TY was signiﬁcantly affected by the cultivation × cultivar interaction. We found no difference among cultivars in staking cultivation. In non-staking cultivation, Yamatomakousha and Shirokoushaman 1 cultivars had higher TY than the other cultivars, which was similar to their TY in staking cultivation. Shoot dry weight and vine number were closely associated with TY in both cultivations, whereas lower tuber length-to-width ratio was strongly related to higher TY only in non-staking. Tubers of Yamatomakousha and Shirokoushaman 1 were more rounded than those of other cultivars. In non-staking cultivation, these two cultivars showed a higher vine number and, thus, maintained higher TY owing to higher above-ground growth. Therefore, rounded tubers and high vine number are target traits for non-staking cultivation of water yam.