Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ITRF2005 : A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame based on time series of station positions and Earth Orientation Parameters

[1] Unlike the past International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) versions where global long-term solutions were combined, the ITRF2005 uses as input data time series (weekly from satellite techniques and 24-h session-wise from Very Long Baseline Interferometry) of station positions and daily Earth Orientation Parameters (EOPs). The advantage of using time series of station positions is that it allows to monitor station non-linear motion and discontinuities and to examine the temporal behavior of the frame physical parameters, namely the origin and the scale. The ITRF2005 origin is defined in such a way that it has zero translations and translation rates with respect to the Earth center of mass, averaged by the Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) time series spanning 13 years of observations. Its scale is defined by nullifying the scale and its rate with respect to the Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) time series spanning 26 years of observations. The ITRF2005 orientation (at epoch 2000.0) and its rate are aligned to the ITRF2000 using 70 stations of high geodetic quality. The estimated level of consistency of the ITRF2005 origin (at epoch 2000.0) and its rate with respect to the ITRF2000 is respectively 0.1, 0.8, 5.8 mm and 0.2, 0.1, 1.8 mm/yr along the X, Yand Z-axis. We estimate the formal errors on these components to be 0.3 mm and 0.3 mm/yr. We believe that this low level of agreement between the two frame origins is most probably due to the poor SLR network geometry and its degradation over time. The ITRF2005 combination involving 84 co-location sites revealed a scale inconsistency of 1 ppb (6.3 mm at the equator), at epoch 2000.0, and 0.08 ppb/yr between the SLR and VLBI long-term solutions as obtained by the stacking of their respective time series. Possible causes of this inconsistency may include the poor SLR and VLBI networks and their co-locations, local tie uncertainties, systematic effects and possible inconsistent model corrections used in the data analysis of both techniques. For the first time of the ITRF history, the ITRF2005 rigorous combination provides self-consistent series of EOPs, including Polar Motion from VLBI and satellite techniques and Universal Time and Length of Day from VLBI only. A velocity field of 152 sites with an error less than 1.5 mm/yr is used to estimate absolute rotation poles of 15 tectonic plates that are consistent with the ITRF2005 frame. This new absolute plate motion model supersedes and significantly improves that of the ITRF2000 which involved six major tectonic plates. Citation: Altamimi, Z. , X. Collilieux, J. Legrand, B. Garayt, and C. Boucher (2007), ITRF2005: A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame based on time series of station positions and Earth Orientation Parameters, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B09401,
Vertical Land Motion in the Mediterranean Sea from Altimetry and Tide Gauge Stations

We have computed estimates of the rate of vertical land motion in the Mediterranean Sea from differences of sea level heights measured by the TOPEX/Poseidon radar altimeter and by a set of tide gauge stations. The comparison of data at 16 tide gauges, using both hourly data from local datasets and monthly data from the PSMSL dataset, shows a general agreement, significant differences are found at only one location. Differences of near-simultaneous, monthly and deseasoned monthly sea level height time-series have been considered in order to reduce the error in the estimated linear-term. In a subset of 23 tide gauge stations the mean accuracy of the estimated vertical rates is 2.3 ± 0.8 mm/yr. Results for various stations are in agreement with estimates of vertical land motion from geodetic methods. A comparison with vertical motion estimated by GPS at four locations shows a mean difference of −0.04 ± 1.8 mm/yr, however the length of the GPS time-series and the number of locations are too small to draw general conclusions.
Hölzer der Niederrheinischen Braunkohlenformation, I. Hölzer der Braunkohlengrube “Anna” zu haanrade (Niederländisch Limburg)

This paper deals with the results of a microscopical analysis of the lignites of the miocene browncoal from the quarry “Anna” in the south of Limburg (Netherlands). They appeared to consist of 14 wood species, distributed over Conifers (6). Monocotyledons (1) and Dicotyledons (7). Four dicotyledonous woods were found for the first time and described here. Some conclusions about vegetation and climate are added.
A comparative study of the NAART and WRAT4 Word Reading subtest to estimate reading level

Abstract Patients are often asked to fill out paperwork in medical settings, but varying reading levels can affect the ability to self-report. By screening for reading level, clinicians can prevent potential patient confusion, frustration, and embarrassment. Clinicians can also avoid problems leading to misdiagnosis and providing materials that patients will not understand. The Wide Range Achievement Test – Fourth Edition (WRAT4) Word Reading (WR) subtest provides an estimation of word reading grade level as well as premorbid ability. The North American Adult Reading Test (NAART) only provides an estimation of premorbid abilities, but it is quick to administer and available in the public domain. By correlating these word reading measures (NAART & WRAT4 WR subtest), word reading level can be estimated by using the NAART alone. This project was a systematic replication of a study conducted by Jones et al. using a demographically-different sample of participants. Results indicate that NAART error scores and WRAT4 WR subtest raw scores were significantly correlated. Although the distributions of WRAT4 WR subtest raw scores from the Jones et al. study and the current study significantly differed, there was not a statistically significant difference between the proportion of predicted reading levels at/above or below fourth or fifth grade and actual reading levels at/above or below fourth or fifth grade. This finding suggests that the original regression equation created by Jones et al. can be applied to the current sample to accurately predict reading level classification.
Implementation and Sustainability Factors of Two Early-Stage Breast Cancer Conversation Aids in Diverse Practices

Danielle Schubbe The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9858-1805 Renata W. Yen The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice Catherine H. Saunders The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice Glyn Elwyn The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice Rachel Forcino The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice A. James O’Malley The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice Mary C. Politi Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis Department of Surgery Julie Margenthaler Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis Department of Surgery Robert J. Volk The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences Karen Sepucha Massachusetts General Hospital Division of General Internal Medicine Elissa Ozanne University of Utah Health Sanja Percac-Lima Massachusetts General Hospital Chelsea Healthcare Center Ann Bradley The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice Courtney Goodwin Washington University in St Louis Department of Surgery Maria van den Muijsenbergh Radboudumc Johanna WM Aarts Amsterdamumc Peter Scalia The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice Marie-Anne Durand (  Marie-Anne.Durand@dartmouth.edu ) Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8173-1993
On the Use of a Water Balance to Evaluate Interannual Terrestrial ET Variability

AbstractAccurately measuring interannual variability in terrestrial evapotranspiration ET is a major challenge for efforts to detect trends in the terrestrial hydrologic cycle. Based on comparisons with annual values of terrestrial evapotranspiration derived from a terrestrial water balance analysis, past research has cast doubt on the ability of existing products to accurately capture variability. Using a variety of estimates, this analysis reexamines this conclusion and finds that estimates of variations obtained from a land surface model are more strongly correlated with independently acquired from thermal infrared remote sensing than derived from water balance considerations. This tendency is attributed to significant interannual variations in terrestrial water storage neglected by the water balance approach. Overall, results demonstrate the need to reassess perceptions concerning the skill of estimates derived from land surface models and show the value of accurate remotely sensed ET products for the.
Uncertainty in Environmental Health Risk Assessment

Imidazolylacetic acid amides of the formula: or pharmaceutically acceptable nontoxic salts thereof WHEREIN EITHER R1 is phenyl or cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents; and R2 is hydrogen; OR R1 or R2, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a saturated 5 to 7-membered heterocyclic ring which ring may contain an -SO2- or -NY- moiety wherein Y is alkoxycarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, or phenyl or diphenylmethyl, unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents and wherein said 5 to 7-membered heterocyclic ring itself is otherwise unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents; and X1, X2, and X3 and X4 are the same or different and are each hydrogen or halogen, ARE PRODUCED BY A. REACTING A HALODIPHENYLACETIC ACID AMIDE OF THE FORMULA: wherein R1, R2, X1, X2, X3 and X4 are as above defined, and Hal is halogen, with imidazole; or B. REACTING A HALODIPHENYLACETIC ACID HALIDE OF THE FORMULA: wherein X1, X2, X3 and X4 are as above defined and Hal is halogen with imidazole to produce an imidazolide of the formula: wherein X1, X2, X3 and X4 are as above defined which in turn is transaminated by reaction with an amine of the formula:
Hydraulic Design and Preliminary Performance Evaluation of Countermeasure against Debris Accumulation and Resulting Local Pier Scour on River Po in Italy

This paper presents a protection structure built for a bridge pier consisting of six narrow piles. Accumulation of large woody debris upstream of the pile group during high-flow terms might have induced much larger scour depths compared with those expected for the single pile. A phenomenological sketch of the system suggested that accumulation of debris material during peak flows and subsequent descent of the same material during the tail of the events represented a very dangerous two-stage process owing to the high expected scour. Consequently, a countermeasure was designed, consisting of a plate preventing the descent of debris below its elevation. The performance of the plate in reducing local scour was subjected to some preliminary laboratory tests, and satisfactory results were obtained. This paper reports some tentative performance observations for the real structure built on the river, based on the amount of debris trapped during a recent event with moderate flow.
GLOBAL HDO MEASUREMENTS WITH MIPAS

We have used high spectral resolution spectroscopic measurements from the MIPAS instrument on the Envisat satellite to simultaneously retrieve vertical profiles of H2O and HDO in the stratosphere and uppermost troposphere. A thorough error analysis of the retrievals confirms that reliable δD data can be obtained up to an altitude of 45 km. Averaging over multiple orbits and thus over longitudes further reduces the random part of the error. The absolute total error of for averaged δD is between 36 ‰ and 111 ‰. With values lower than 42 ‰ the total random error is significantly smaller than the natural variability of δD. The data compare well with previous investigations. The MIPAS measurements now provide a unique global data set of high-quality δD data that will provide novel insight into the stratospheric water cycle.
Low-temperature demagnetization of saturation remanence in magnetite-bearing dolerites of high coercivity

We studied 16 magnetite-bearing dolerite dyke samples of high coercive force (HC ranging from 11 to 50 mT) that had been used successfully in Precambrian palaeomagnetic studies. Each dolerite was given a saturation remanent magnetization, whose change was measured as the sample was cooled to 77 K in zero field and warmed back to room temperature. Only the three dolerites of highest HC (µ40 mT) show little change on cooling, suggesting that their magnetite is mostly in elongated single-domain grains. The rest of the dolerites are likely to be dominated by pseudosingle-domain magnetite. Cooling to ~135 K causes their remanence to decrease (by 37 per cent on average) in rough proportion to the decrease in saturation magnetostriction, as expected if internal stresses oppose domain wall motion. Cooling from~135 K to 77 K causes remanence to decrease further (by 26 per cent on average), probably mostly because of domain reorganization forced by magnetite’s Verwey crystallographic transition. Warming back to room temperature causes some of the remanence loss to be recovered, perhaps because internal stresses act as a bridge between different easy axes below the Verwey temperature (~122 K) and above the isotropic point (~135 K). This recoverable low-temperature demagnetization averages 23±6 per cent of the initial saturation remanence, while the permanent demagnetization averages 40±9 per cent. Recoverable low-temperature demagnetization is even larger for natural remanence, averaging 46±9 per cent for the six dolerites measured, while the corresponding permanent demagnetization averages 13±6 per cent. Large recoverable low-temperature demagnetization seems to be characteristic of pseudosingle-domain magnetite in which high internal stresses block domain-wall motion, and may be common in mafic igneous rocks like our dolerite samples, whose magnetite is intergrown with ilmenite lamellae. Measuring natural remanence of such rocks before, after and while at 77 K should help separate remanence carried by multidomain magnetite (mostly permanently demagnetized), by single-domain magnetite (mostly unchanged) and by pseudo-single-domain magnetite (mostly responsible for recoverable demagnetization).
Taming a non-convex landscape with dynamical long-range order: memcomputing the Ising spin-glass

Recent work on quantum annealing has emphasized the role of collective behavior in solving optimization problems. By enabling transitions of large clusters of variables, such solvers are able to navigate their state space and locate solutions efficiently despite having only local connections between elements. However, collective behavior is not exclusive to quantum annealers, and classical solvers that display collective dynamics should also possess an advantage in navigating a non-convex landscape. Here, we propose a simple model that demonstrates this effect, based on the recently suggested digital memcomputing machines (DMMs), which utilize a collection of dynamical components with memory connected to represent the structure of the underlying optimization problem. This model, when applied to finding the ground state of the Ising spin glass, undergoes a transient phase of avalanches which can span the entire lattice. We then show that a full implementation of a DMM exhibits superior scaling compared to other methods when tested on the same problem class. These results establish the advantages of computational approaches based on collective dynamics.
Student Project: Assessing the effects of drought and temperature on the establishment of Juniperus seravschanica saplings in northern Oman

Climate change poses a serious threat to the survival and distribution of Juniperus seravschanica in the northern mountains of Oman. A better understanding of this species’ responses to environmental changes is essential if the potentially harmful effects of climate change are to be mitigated. One such step is to understand how changes in climate may influence the growth of juniper saplings. Two- and five-year-old saplings were grown under different temperature and watering regimes to determine effects on establishment and growth. Under an optimum growing temperature, reducing water to 50 per cent and 25 per cent of the optimal irrigation regime significantly decreased the growth of juniper saplings. In field studies, saplings re-introduced to three different altitudinal locations showed varying rates in establishment success and growth. Both two-yearold and five-year-old saplings established better at higher altitude. Overall, survival rates were considerably better with the transplantation of five-year-old rather than two-year-old saplings. Applying irrigation improved the survival of two-year-old stock when grown at the lowest altitude, but rates were not always significantly different from other treatments. Apical extension growth was found to be reduced at higher altitude, indicating that temperature influences the growth of juniper saplings. However, it was the combination of drought and high temperatures that reduced the growth of non-irrigated saplings at lower altitudes. These preliminary results suggest there is potential to artificially re-introduce juniper saplings to their natural habitat as part of a conservation programme, but more time is required to judge the success of the transplanting initiative when dealing with slow-growing trees such as juniper.
Estimating Classification Consistency and Accuracy for Cognitive Diagnostic Assessment.

This article introduces procedures for the computation and asymptotic statistical inference for classification consistency and accuracy indices specifically designed for cognitive diagnostic assessments. The new classification indices can be used as important indicators of the reliability and validity of classification results produced by cognitive diagnostic assessments. For tests with known or previously calibrated item parameters, the sampling distributions of the two new indices are shown to be asymptotically normal. To illustrate the computations of the new indices, we apply them to the real diagnostic data from a fraction subtraction test (Tatsuoka). We also use simulated data to evaluate their performances and distributional properties.
CONCRETIONS AS SOURCES OF EXCEPTIONAL PRESERVATION, AND DECAY AS A SOURCE OF CONCRETIONS: EXAMPLES FROM THE MIDDLE DEVONIAN OF NEW YORK

ABSTRACT Carbonate concretions (N = 18) from the Middle Devonian Hamilton Group were studied using CT X-ray imaging and with computerized 3-D reconstructions. Pyritized burrows and/or body fossils appear causally related to these concretions. When pyritization was noted on the outside of the specimen (N = 15), corresponding networks of pyritized full relief burrow traces could be demonstrated internally. Even when not noted externally, some evidence of pyritic, full relief burrows was noted in all specimens. Because of pyrite opacity, and density contrasts between the limestone concretions and pyrite, these burrows can be tracked through serpentine pathways using 3-D techniques. A brachiopod at the nucleus of one concretion displays X-ray evidence of a possible three-dimensional pedicle preserved in pyrite. This would then be one of the few known pedicles preserved in an articulate brachiopod in the fossil record. Halo formation around the shell edge suggests decaying visceral organic tissue as a probable source of a microbial biofilm, which, in turn, could have served as the nucleus of the concretion. A sequential mechanism is proposed in which both the mucous of burrowing organisms and the decay of visceral tissue served to localize pyritic crusts and concretions near the site of decay, followed by carbonate concretionary growth as pH increased, and available sulfide and iron decreased further from the decay source. These processes comprise end-members in a diagenetic continuum, based on a gradually changing local microbial and chemical environment. Increased bioturbation in studied concretions compared with surrounding sediment suggests increased residence time within the sulfate reduction zone due to sediment starvation following initial rapid burial. This diagenetic observation is suggested to apply to many other cases of concretion formation.
Geochemistry of pelagic and hemipelagic carbonates: criteria for identifying systems tracts and sea-level change

The elemental (Si, Ti, Al, Mn, Ca, Zr) and carbon stable-isotope (δ13C) geochemistry of a biostratigraphically well-constrained Cenomanian–Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) Chalk succession on the Isle of Wight, southern England, shows systematic variation that corresponds closely to a published sequence stratigraphic model for the Cenomanian. Six sequences and their constituent systems tracts, defined elsewhere using sedimentological criteria, are clearly distinguishable from bulk-sediment elemental profiles, and an additional Upper Cenomanian sequence previously identified in Spain is recognized in England from these geochemical data. The manganese curve is particularly instructive, exhibiting minima around sequence boundaries and through lowstands, rising values from the transgressive surfaces through transgressive systems tracts, maxima around maximum flooding surfaces, and declining values through highstands. Silica and trace-element (Ti, Zr) aluminium ratios peak around transgressive surfaces and maximum flooding surfaces, indicating pulses of increased siliciclastic input. Positive δ13C excursions are confirmed at the base of the Middle Cenomanian and spanning the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary but are not evident in other sequences. Variation in Mn is related to bulk sedimentation rate and detrital versus biogenic supply, which control the Mn flux and the efficiency of the diagenetic Mn ‘pump’ that leads to elevated Mn contents in sediments. Manganese peaks do not generally correlate with positive δ13C excursions, and although near-coincident Mn and δ13C peaks occur around the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary, the former is not necessarily linked to the oceanic anoxic event occurring at that time. The global oceanic Mn flux may have been enhanced during the Cenomanian as a result of hydrothermal activity during rapid sea-floor spreading and oceanic plateau formation. Elemental chemostratigraphy provides a new tool for developing sequence stratigraphic models in pelagic and hemipelagic carbonate successions.