Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Broadband solar radiances from visible band measurements: A method based on ScaRaB observations and model simulations

Using simultaneous and co-located broadband and narrowband observations of solar radiation from the Scanner for Radiation Budget (ScaRaB) instrument on Meteor-3 during 1994-1995, empirical relationships between ScaRaB visible band and broadband solar radiances are derived for different surface types, cloud amounts, solar zenith angles and satellite viewing angles. Relationships between ScaRaB visible channel and National Ocean and Atmosphere Administration (NOAA) Advance Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) visible channel radiances are derived from radiation transfer model simulations for different surface types and cloud cover. Combining the narrow-to-broadband (NTB) and narrowband-to-narrowband (NTN) relationships, broadband solar radiance can be derived from narrowband radiances measured by the AVHRR on operational meteorological satellites. The derived NTB conversion coefficients are evaluated against independent data. Radiances are converted to fluxes by the application of angular distribution models. Typical differences between fluxes derived from ScaRaB narrowband and broadband channels are of the order of 1 W m-2 with standard deviations of the order 15 W m-2.
Drastic change of bivalves and gastropods caused by the huge reclamation projects in Japan and Korea

In this study, I compared faunal change of bivalves and gastropods after the construction of the reclamation dike in case studies in Japan (Isahaya Bay) and South Korea (Saemangeum). In April 1997, the inner part of Isahaya Bay was isolated from the rest of Ariake Bay by a reclamation dike. In the inner part of this bay, 15 species of marine bivalves and gastropods were collected in large numbers before the dike was completed. These species were still alive in May 1997, but most of them had died by August 1997. However, a brackish bivalve species, Potamocorbula sp. that was not found prior to isolation of this bay, replaced the pre-isolation bivalve community from August 1997. In the outer part of Isahaya Bay, hypoxic water masses appeared around the mouth of the bay in June 1997, and most of the bivalve species distributed near the hypoxic regions decreased rapidly from 1997 to 1999. Thereafter, only a few bivalve species such as Modiolus (M.) comptus increased rapidly in abundance from June 2002. These faunal changes were strongly influenced by environmental changes, such as occurrence of hypoxic water and decrease of grain size of bottom sediments, and those are caused by isolation of Isahaya Bay. In Saemangeum area, Potamocorbula sp. and a few other species of bivalves and gastropods also increased temporarily after the dike construction. These results suggest that drastic changes of bivalves and gastropods after isolation are very similar in the Yellow Sea and Ariake Bay.
Multiaxial Cyclic Plasticity Model for Clays

A total stress‐based bounding surface plasticity model for clays is developed to accommodate multiaxial stress reversals. The model is constructed based on the idea of a vanishing elastic region undergoing pure translation inside a bounding surface, and an interpolation function for hardening modulus which varies with stress distance of the elastic region from the unloading point. Central to the development of the model are the general criteria for loading and unloading, which are phrased based upon the simple argument that with continued loading the hardening modulus should decrease monotonically with deformation. Combined with numerical integration of the elastoplastic constitutive equations in a form suitable for a robust computer implementation, the model is applied to cohesive soils undergoing undrained stress reversals and cyclic loading. With a suitable choice of the interpolation function for the hardening modulus, it is shown that existing one‐dimensional nonlinear laws for soils can be replicate.
Plant growth promotion of wheat inoculated with Penicillium radicumsp. nov.

A phosphate-solubilising isolate of Penicillium radicum (sp. nov.) was used to inoculate wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Dollarbird) in a glasshouse experiment and a field trial, using low pH soils at 5 levels of phosphate application. When data for all phosphate application levels were combined, inoculation by P. radicum resulted in 14% increases in wheat yield in the field trial and increases in both phosphate uptake (10%) and yield (9%) in the glasshouse. In the glasshouse, the response to inoculation was higher at the nil phosphate application level (17%) than for the combined phosphate application levels (9%). This negative interaction indicates that growth promotion could be partially due to soil phosphate solubilisation by the fungus, with a greater response for soils with lower available P. However, other plant-growth promotion mechanisms may also be involved.
SHRIMP zircon age for an Early Cambrian dolerite dyke: An intrusive phase of the Antrim Plateau Volcanics of northern Australia

The Antrim Plateau Volcanics, Australia's largest Phanerozoic flood‐basalt province, originally covered an area of at least 300 000 km2 across northern Australia. Stratigraphic constraints indicate that the Antrim Plateau Volcanics are of Early Cambrian age (ca 545–509 Ma), although previous attempts to date the Antrim basalts by radiometric methods have been inconclusive. We present an ion microprobe U–Pb zircon age of 513 ± 12 Ma for the ∼250 km‐long Milliwindi dolerite dyke in the west Kimberley. The dolerite is geochemically identical to basalts of the Antrim Plateau Volcanics, and was probably a feeder dyke for basalts that have since been eroded. It is suggested that the Antrim Plateau Volcanics extended hundreds of kilometres further to the west than recognised previously and may have once covered part of the Kimberley block.
Some effects of bioturbation by earthworms (Oligochaeta) on archaeological sites

Abstract An experiment was devised to assess the extent to which small mammal bones may be dispersed in soil profiles by earthworm activity. The results indicate that certain species of earthworms, notably Lumbricus terrestris , displace small mammal bones considerable distances, both vertically and horizontally. These bones may also be broken and abraded and become mixed with bones from other sources. Other small objects are also likely to be moved in this way, so the stratigraphic integrity of biological and cultural remains retrieved from soils where earthworms have been active should be cautiously appraised. Some features associated with earthworm activity are also described.
The flow of glaciers and ice-sheets as a problem in plasticity

A calculation is made of the distribution of stress and velocity in an ideal glacier and in an ideal ice-sheet. The ice is assumed to have a constant yield stress and to obey, like other polycrystalline plastic aggregates, the Levy-Mises equations of flow and either the Mises or the Tresca criterion of yielding. The solution obtained for an ideal glacier represents the two-dimensional flow of a long slab of ice down a gently undulating rough slope. The addition of ice to the upper surface by snowfall and the removal of ice by ablation are allowed for, but the frictional resistance of the sides of the glacier valley is neglected. Two states of flow are possible, ‘active’ and ‘passive’, corresponding to the active and passive Rankine states in soil mechanics. Which of these states occurs at a given place depends upon the relative magnitudes of the curvature of the bed and the rate of snowfall or ablation; a simple algebraic expression of this dependence is obtained. In both states of flow the velocity is greatest at the surface and decreases with depth according to an elliptical law. It is shown that, in accordance with observation, crevasses of limited depth can open in active flow but not in passive flow. The slip-line field for the problem has a close connexion with the directions and positions of shear faults (although the laminated structure of a glacier is doubtless also an important factor here). In passive flow the faults to be expected are similar to the ‘thrust planes’ often seen on glaciers. The theory suggests that in active flow a complementary sort of shear fault with the opposite direction of movement may occur—and there is some observational evidence for this. The tendency of glaciers to accentuate hollows in their beds is connected with the suggestion that erosion should proceed faster under passive flow than under active flow. The second solution obtained is formally similar but represents the two-dimensional flow of a large ice-sheet, such as the Greenland ice-cap. If a horizontal bed is assumed the profile is calculated to be formed from parts of two parabolas, the maximum height being given by the yield stress of ice. In the accumulation area flow is active. The maximum velocity is every where at the surface while the maximum shear rate is on the bed. The solution thus gives no support to the belief that the weight of ice above squeezes out the underlying ice at a faster rate.
Determination of an Applicable FRAX Model in Korean Women

We investigated which of the three FRAX fracture risk assessment tool models is most applicable to Korean women. For 306 postmenopausal women (mean age, 77 yr) with a hip fracture, fracture probabilities were calculated using FRAX models from Japan, Turkey and China. Data on bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck were available for 103 patients. Significant differences existed among the models, independent of the inclusion of BMD in the calculation of fracture probabilities. The probabilities of both major osteoporotic fractures and hip fractures were significantly higher in the Japanese model than in the Turkish or Chinese models. In all of the models, the probabilities of a major osteoporotic fracture, but not of a hip fracture, decreased significantly if calculated without BMD values. By applying the Japanese model, the ten-year probabilities for major osteoporotic and hip fractures increased significantly with age. Our results suggest that the Japanese FRAX model might be the most appropriate for Korean women.
FLOW PATTERN AROUND THE RIGID CEPHALIC SHIELD OF THE DEVONIAN AGNATHAN ERRIVASPIS WAYNENSIS (PTERASPIDIFORMES: HETEROSTRACI)

Abstract: Palaeozoic armoured agnathans (or ostracoderms) are characterised by having an external, bone shield enclosing the anterior part of their bodies, which demonstrate great diversity of both forms and sizes. The functional significance of these cephalic shields remains unclear (they may have been a functional analogue of the vertebral column, or merely afforded protection). Here we assess the importance of the cephalic shield in terms of locomotion. In order to do this, we have studied flow patterns of the Devonian heterostracan Errivaspis waynensis ( White, 1935 ), using an anatomically correct model of E. waynensis positioned at different pitching angles. The fluid flow was visualised in a wind tunnel, using planar light sheet techniques, adding vaporised propylene glycol to the fluid. The flow pattern over the cephalic shield of Errivaspis is dominated by the formation of leading‐edge vortices (LEVs). When the model was positioned at angles of attack of ‐2 degrees or higher a pair of nearly symmetrical, counter‐rotating primary vortices were produced, which flowed downstream over the upper surface of the cephalic shield. At moderate angles of attack, LEVs remained attached to the dorsal surface, but, as the angle of attack increased above 7 degrees, vortices began to separate from the surface at posterior locations. At a high angles of attack (around 12 degrees or 13 degrees), vortex breakdown (or vortex burst) occured. The body‐induced vortical flow around the cephalic shield is very similar to the that described over delta wing aircraft. This strategy generates lift forces through vortex generation (vortex lift). Based on this analogue and knowing that Errivaspis lacked pectoral fins or any other obvious control surfaces, vortex lift forces added through this mechanism may have played a major role in the locomotion of these primitive fishes, not only to counteract the negative buoyancy of the fish, but also as a means of manoeuvring.
Geochemical and geochronological constraints on Late Jurassic volcanic rocks at Tuen Mun, Hong Kong, with implications for the Palaeo-Pacific subduction

Widespread Mesozoic igneous rocks in Hong Kong form part of the giant Mesozoic igneous province in Southeastern China. The Tuen Mun Formation in the Northwestern New Territories is the oldest volcanic unit known in Hong Kong. This formation contains a lower unit composed of dominantly volcanic breccia, minor dacite, rhyolite, and tuff, and an upper unit of basaltic andesitic to andesitic lava. The volcanic rocks from the lower unit contain zircon grains with a mean U–Pb age of 163.4 ± 0.9 Ma, synchronous with the adjacent Tsuen Wan Volcanic Group in the region. Good inter-correlations between different elements in the Harker diagrams indicate that the volcanic rocks with high SiO2 (e.g. >65 wt.%) are essentially physical mixtures of intermediate magmas and various xenoliths of country rocks, characterizing the palaeo-volcanic plug facies. Preservation of large amounts of xenoliths of sandstone and marble in the volcanic rocks, which is revealed both in field and under microscopic observation, further supports this hypothesis. The original andesitic magma, represented by the intermediate volcanic rocks with SiO2 <65 wt. %, exhibit enrichments of LILEs and LREEs compared with N-MORB, but have negative Nb–Ta–Ti anomalies in the primitive-mantle normalized diagram, similar to those derived from metasomatized mantle wedge in an arc environment. Large ranges of SiO2, MgO, and CaO contents, and negative Eu and Ce anomalies are consistent with significant fractional crystallization of likely olivine/pyroxene and plagioclase. We propose that during the Late Jurassic subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific Plate underneath the coastal continental arc in Southeast China generated prolonged and cyclic volcanism in the northern part of Hong Kong.
Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironments of Richards Island and the eastern Beaufort Continental Shelf during the last glacial‐interglacial cycle

The Pleistocene lithostratigraphy exposed on northern Richards Island comprises seven units that correlate with the offshore seismostratigraphy of the eastern Beaufort Continental Shelf. Land‐sea correlations, cryostratigraphic observations and proxy indicators of environmental change provide a record of palaeoenvironmental history that commences before the last glacial‐interglacial cycle. After the high sea‐level stand of the Last (Sangamonian) Interglaciation, marine regression exposed a large area of the eastern Beaufort Shelf to cold subaerial conditions and permafrost aggradation. Northward progradation of a braided river system was abruptly replaced by aeolian activity, probably as a result of diversion of the palaeo‐Porcupine River by the advancing Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Late Wisconsinan. Glaciation of Richards Island by the Mackenzie palaeo‐ice stream was brief (sometime between ∼22 000 and 16 000 cal. yr BP), and deglaciation had certainly commenced by 14 300 cal. yr BP and perhaps by ∼16 000 cal. yr BP or earlier. Major fluvial erosion during the Last Glacial‐Interglacial Transition incised cross‐shelf valleys and formed a regional erosion surface. The Holocene marine transgression trimmed some of the erosion surface and offshore, covered it with marine deposits. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geostatistical study of annual and seasonal mean rainfall patterns in southwest Saudi Arabia / Distribution géostatistique de la pluie moyenne annuelle et saisonnière dans le Sud-Ouest de l’Arabie Saoudite

Abstract Abstract The spatial and temporal variability of rainfall is a major problem in its description and prediction. Saudi Arabia has an extremely dry climate, but in the southwest region comparatively more rainfall events occur within the effects of topography and seasonality. Sixty-three representative stations were selected for a 21-year period covering different micro-climate conditions. Geostatistical methods were used to reflect the regional and seasonal rainfall patterns throughout the southwest region. The results indicate that high variations in regional rainfall estimation occur in the mountainous areas, while the variance decreases in shadow areas in all seasons. The variation of the rainfall estimation accuracy decreases from winter to autumn.
Variability of foF2 over Rome and Gibilmanna during three solar cycles (1976-2000)

[1] Hourly validated values of the F2-layer critical frequency (foF2) recorded at Rome, Italy (geographic coordinates 41.8°N, 12.5°E; geomagnetic coordinates 42.0°N, 93.8°E), and Gibilmanna, Italy (geographic coordinates 37.6°N, 14.0°E; geomagnetic coordinates 38.1°N, 93.6°E), along with the hourly quiet time reference values of foF2 (foF2QTRV) were considered around periods of minimum and maximum solar activity over the years 1976–2000. The foF2 data set was specifically organized in order to obtain an overall trend both for low and high solar activity, and different dispersion indices were used. The results obtained show that (1) at Rome, the foF2 variability is always greater during periods of high solar activity (HSA) in the hourly ranges 00:00–02:00 UT and 20:00–23:00 UT during winter months, and in the hourly ranges 00:00–10:00 UT and 04:00–16:00 UT during equinoctial and summer months respectively; (2) on the whole, around midday, for low solar activity (LSA), the foF2 variability is smaller at the equinoxes than at the solstices; for HSA, it is greater at equinoxes than at solstices; (3) for LSA, at Gibilmanna the foF2 variability is in general larger than at Rome, especially in summer, and it is characterized by a number of relative minimums and maximums greater than those observed at Rome; (4) at Rome, for both LSA and HSA, the passage of solar terminator at sunset significantly affects ionospheric variability in January, April, August, and November, at Gibilmanna in August, September, and November; (5) several variability peaks before sunrise and after sunset are observed in both stations; (6) on a monthly basis, for both LSA and HSA, a semiannual variation of foF2 variability is observed at both Rome and Gibilmanna; and (7) evidence of ionospheric variability at the typical heights of the F region, connected to upward propagating gravity waves triggered by solar terminator, is observed at Rome during some days characterized by HSA in the equinoctial months.
The nature of the propagation of sea breeze fronts in Central California

Abstract : An examination is made of the nature of propagation of sea breeze fronts in central California. From 15 to 30 September, 1987, the Land/Sea Breeze Experiment (LASBEX) provided a series of meteorological observations including sodar, lidar, rawinsonde, radiosonde and surface observations. Surface observations of opportunity were also available from local marine labs and airports. Using a very simple linear model, the speed and direction of the sea breeze front is investigated. The speed of frontal propagation varied from 1 m/s to 3 m/s. A correlation between the speed of frontal propagation and estimated surface heat flux is observed. The direction of frontal propagation tends to be up valley. Comparison of the frontal propagation vector with stations in the southern portion of Monterey Bay shows that the front is curved on the mesoscale.
Tropical gradient influences on Caribbean rainfall

[1] Interbasin and intrabasin gradients play an important role as a part of a regional system of Caribbean climate drivers, which include the Atlantic warm pool (AWP) and the Caribbean low-level jet (CLLJ). When the Caribbean is conditioned to be wet between May and November, near-surface geopotentials in the Caribbean are lower than in the nearby eastern tropical Pacific and east tropical Atlantic. As a result, there is vertical ascent in the Caribbean through to the middle troposphere which connects to zonal circulations with both the eastern tropical Pacific and the eastern tropical Atlantic. The Caribbean Sea is also warm, and there is a moderate easterly flow regime, indicating a weakening of the trade winds. Deviations from this state caused by changes in one or both sides of the Pacific-Caribbean and Caribbean-Atlantic circulations (and diagnosed by changes in their geopotential gradients) reasonably track the transition of the Caribbean from wet to dry and vice versa on intraseasonal and interannual time scales. The study also uses changes to the gradients to offer insight into why the Caribbean region is projected to be drier during its traditional rainy season in the face of warmer surface temperatures under global warming. The Caribbean seemingly enters into a “July” mode, which persists for the duration of the boreal summer. The mode is characterized by higher (lower) geopotentials in the Caribbean (Pacific and Atlantic), a stronger CLLJ, and anomalous descent in the Caribbean in spite of the warmer surface temperatures.
Accuracy of absolute precipitable water vapor estimates from GPS observations

We present GPS, radiosonde and microwave radiometer (MWR) estimates of precipitable water vapor (PW) at Cape Grim, Tasmania, during November and December 1995. The rms differences between GPS and radiosonde, MWR and radiosonde and GPS and MWR estimates of PW were 1.5 mm, 1.3 mm and 1.4 mm, respectively, whilst the biases between the three systems were ∼0.2 mm. However, there are occasions when the amount of PW was underestimated by GPS whilst at other times was over-estimated by MWR. The average overlap error of the GPS estimates of PW between adjacent daily solutions is related to the orbit overlap error and we removed a 2 mm bias introduced using International GPS Service orbits by estimating more accurate global orbits. The discrepancies of up to 3–4 mm between the MWR and GPS systems are not caused by rain, waveguide losses, varying waveguide temperature, detector non-linearity or inaccurate estimates of the mean radiating temperature of the atmosphere. However, small differences between mapping functions at low elevations can produce biases comparable with the bias between the two systems. Consequently, we suspect that the biases arise because the mapping functions do not represent the localized atmospheric conditions at Cape Grim. The most accurate GPS estimates are achieved when the GPS analysis contains station separations of more than 2000 km, an elevation cutoff angle of 12° is used and the CFA2.2 wet mapping function is used to map the wet delay at any angle to the delay in the zenith.
The structure of the mid- and high-latitude ionosphere during the November 2004 storm event obtained from GPS observations

GPS data from the International GNSS Service (IGS) network were used to study the development of the severe geomagnetic storm of November 7–12, 2004, in the total electron content (TEC) on a global scale. The TEC maps were produced for analyzing the storm. For producing the maps over European and North American sectors, GPS measurements from more than 100 stations were used. The dense network of GPS stations provided TEC measurements with a high temporal and spatial resolution. To present the temporal and spatial variation of TEC during the storm, differential TEC maps relative to a quiet day (November 6, 2004) were created.The features of geomagnetic storm attributed to the complex development of ionospheric storm depend on latitude, longitude and local time. The positive, as well as negative effects were detected in TEC variations as a consequence of the evolution of the geomagnetic storm. The maximal effect was registered in the subauroral/auroral ionosphere during substorm activity in the evening and night period. The latitudinal profiles obtained from TEC maps for Europe gave rise to the storm-time dynamic of the ionospheric trough, which was detected on November 7 and 9 at latitudes below 50°N. In the report, features of the response of TEC to the storm for European and North American sectors are analyzed.