Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Behavior of Granulated Coal Ash during Earthquakes

AbstractCoal ashes discharged from coal-fired power plants have recently been gaining attention as a new form of geomaterials. They have been popularly used as ground materials for the improvement of unsuitable soil and for foam-mixed solidified soil. However, development of more applications is needed in light of the enormous amount of coal ash generated. The current study was performed to confirm the applicability of granulated coal ash (GCA) as reclamation material with adequate resistance against liquefaction during an earthquake. In this study, the liquefaction characteristics of GCA were investigated through cyclic triaxial tests and online pseudodynamic response tests, and the results were compared with those of natural sands to examine the cyclic shear properties of the material. The triaxial test results revealed that the slope of the cyclic shear strength curve of GCA was gentle under high confining pressure, but it was still higher than those of natural sands. It was observed that GCA underwent.
Effects of mycorrhizae on sorghum growth, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance under drought conditions.

Abstract In this study, we determined whether inoculating sorghum (Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench cv NK‐367) seedlings with a vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus (Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith) would enhance plant yield under drought conditions. Seven‐day‐old seedlings were inoculated with the fungus and irrigated to field capacity for an additional 7 days. Daily irrigation treatments of I1 (dry, ‐0.56 to ‐1.4 MPa), I2 (moderately dry, ‐0.15 to ‐0.48 MPa), and I3 (wet, ‐0.03 to ‐0.06 MPa) were then imposed with a line‐source sprinkler. Under moderately dry soil conditions, growth, photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance of G. intraradices‐colonized sorghum plants were significantly greater than in uncolonized plants. Results indicate that the VAM fungus enhanced yield of sorghum plants under drought conditions.
Measurement of High pT Single Electrons from Heavy Flavor Decays in p+p Collisions

The momentum distribution of electrons from decays of heavy flavor (charm and bottom) for midrapidity absolute value of y < 0.35 in p + p collisions at square root of s = 200 GeV has been measured by the PHENIX experiment at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider over the transverse momentum range 0.3 < pT < 9 GeV/c. Two independent methods have been used to determine the heavy-flavor yields, and the results are in good agreement with each other. A fixed-order-plus-next-to-leading-log perturbative QCD calculation agrees with the data within the theoretical and experimental uncertainties, with the data/theory ratio of 1.71+/-0.02stat+/-0.18sys for 0.3 < pT < 9 GeV/c. The total charm production cross section at this energy has also been deduced to be sigma cc = 567+/-57stat+/-193sys microb.
Mesoscale variability of phytoplankton and of new production: Impact of the large-scale nutrient distribution

[1] Concomitance at the mesoscale between doming isopycnals and phytoplankton maxima is often observed. A different situation is sometimes revealed by satellite images, where chlorophyll varies at the submesoscale. These two situations are rationalized using numerical simulations of interactive oceanic eddies, in the standard situation where they result from baroclinic instability. The driving parameter is found to be the nutrient distribution in the region where the eddies are formed. It is shown that the existence of a large-scale horizontal gradient is a sufficient condition for observing phytoplankton maxima within the eddies. The proposed mechanism is based on the direct horizontal cascade and involves horizontal transport. This mechanism is different from eddy pumping, which involves vertical transport, but leads to similar distributions of nutrients, phytoplankton, and density at the eddy scale. When vertical gradients are dominant, the regime is that of small-scale nutrient injection. In this regime, eddy-induced upwelling and associated nutrient transport occur on a scale one order of magnitude below the eddy scale. In both regimes, new production resembles vorticity and displays energetic small-scale features. On the contrary, phytoplankton distribution shows different characteristics depending on the regime. In the absence of horizontal gradients, submesoscale upwelling and subsequent stirring lead to enhanced phytoplankton in vorticity filaments. Otherwise, when horizontal gradients prevail, phytoplankton is primarily driven by the horizontal cascade and resembles the mesoscale temperature field. Another important result is that small-scale subduction can contribute to the export and decrease new production.
Tidal variability in the lower thermosphere: Comparison of Whole Atmosphere Model (WAM) simulations with observations from TIMED

The upper atmosphere and ionosphere exhibit variability on spatial and temporal scales characteristic of tides and planetary waves originating in the lower atmosphere. To study their generation, vertical propagation, possible nonlinear interactions and effects a new Whole Atmosphere Model (WAM) has been developed as part of the Integrated Dynamics through Earth's Atmosphere (IDEA) project. WAM is a 150‐layer general circulation model based on the US National Weather Service's operational Global Forecast System (GFS) model extended upward to cover the atmosphere from the ground to about 600 km. First simulations reveal the presence of migrating and nonmigrating tides modulated at planetary wave periods in the upper atmosphere. Comparisons with observations from the TIMED satellite in the lower thermosphere show that WAM reproduces the seasonal variability of tides remarkably well, including the diurnal eastward harmonic with zonal wavenumber 3 (DE3) recently implicated in the observed spatial morphology of the ionosphere.
A vessel transit assessment of sea ice variability in the Western Arctic, 1969–2002: implications for ship navigation

Recent investigations have shown reduced sea ice extents in Arctic regions and subsequently suggested that the Northwest Passage (NWP) might be able to sustain a prolonged shipping season. To date, no scientific evidence has been presented, within a ship navigation framework, to support increased marine traffic. The Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System (AIRSS) ice numeral (IN), which controls shipping activity in Canadian Arctic waters, was spatially assimilated with the Canadian Ice Service (CIS) historical digital database utilizing a geographic information system (GIS). INs provide a quantifiable framework for examining historical ice states in the context of ship navigation. Results provide a spatial and temporal assessment of ship navigation variability, within a ship transit framework from 1969 to 2002 for the western portion of the NWP. Feasible routes through the NWP experience extreme interannual variability in INs over the past 34 years. Yearly fluctuations of the IN can be attributed to the frequency of multiyear ice (MYI) encounters. The western coast of Banks Island experienced lower INs since 1991 and may be a potential barrier to completely navigating the NWP. Decreases in INs were also found to be associated with the positive signal of the arctic oscillation (AO) index. High-latitude MYI invasions into NWP shipping lanes appear be a major pitfall of future navigation routing in the face of climate warming.
Emplacement, rapid burial, and exhumation of 90-Ma plutons in southeastern Alaska

In southeastern Alaska, granodioritetonalite plutons of the AdmiraltyRevillagigedo belt intruded the JurassicCretaceous Gravina belt along the eastern side of the Alexander terrane around 90 Ma. These plutons postdate some deformation related to a major contractional event between the previously amalgamated Wrangellia and Alexander terranes and the previously accreted terranes of the North American margin. We studied the aureole mineral assemblages of these plutons near Petersburg, Alaska, determined pressure and temperature of equilibration, and examined structures that developed within and adjacent to these plutons. Parallelism of magmatic and submagmatic fabrics with fabrics in the country rock indicates synchroneity of pluton emplacement with regional deformation and suggests that magma transport to higher crustal levels was assisted by regional deformation. Replacement of andalusite by kyanite or sillimanite indicates crustal thickening soon after pluton emplacement. Regional structural analysis i.
Creating the virtual seismologist: Developments in ground motion characterization and seismic early warning

The Virtual Seismologist method for earthquake early warning uses a Bayesian approach to find the most probable magnitude and location estimates given the incoming ground motions envelopes from a rupturing earthquake. Ground motion ratios and ground motion envelope attenuation relationships are used to estimate magnitude and epicentral location as early as 3 seconds after the initial P wave detection. The use of prior information distinguishes this method from other proposed methods for seismic early warning. The state of health of the seismic network, previously observed seismicity, fault locations, and the Gutenberg-Richter relationship are the types of prior information useful in resolving trade-offs in the initial source estimates which are unresolved by the limited data. Short-term earthquake forecasts are ideal priors for seismic early warning. Having a high density of stations with real-time telemetry reduces the complexity involved in finding the most probable source estimates and communicating these estimates to early warning subscribers. The benefits of prior information are most evident for regions with low station density. Most early warning studies are focused exclusively on either the source estimation problem, or how subscribers use the warning information. The inclusion of prior information ultimately requires a level of coordination and communication between the network broadcasting the early warning information and the subscribers that is not consistent with this divide. The need for a more integrated approach to seismic early warning which considers the source estimation and user response as interacting and interrelated parts of a single problem is discussed. A parameterization that decomposes observed ground motion envelopes into Pwave, S-wave, and ambient noise envelopes is developed and applied to a large suite of observed ground motion envelopes recorded within 200 km of 2 ! M ! 7.3 Southern California earthquakes. Separate attenuation relationships are developed to describe vi the magnitude, distance, and site dependence of various channels of P- and S-wave envelopes. The P-wave relationships allow the early warning source estimates to be obtained from observed P-wave amplitudes. Aside from early warning applications, these envelope attenuation relationships are used to investigate the average properties of ground motions recorded by the Southern California Seismic Network. Stationspecific amplification factors for 150 Southern California Seismic Network stations were obtained for horizontal and vertical acceleration, velocity, and displacement amplitudes, and are included (Excel format) as external multimedia objects.
Microbial Community Comparisons as a Function of the Physical and Geochemical Conditions of Galápagos Island Fumaroles

Microbial communities at six fumarole fields on Sierra Negra and Alcedo volcanoes in the Galápagos Islands were examined to test how extreme geochemical conditions affect microbial biodiversity. The geologic substrates consist of basalt and rhyolite with varying amounts of alteration and sulfur precipitates. Collected samples of substrates varied in pH from 0–6, and substrate temperatures were within the mesophilic, thermophilic, and hyperthermophilic temperature ranges. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analyses were done to assess the relationship of communities to each other as a function of geologic substrate, pH, and temperature. Comparative analyses of community diversity define two distinct clusters showing that the relationship between spatially separated microbial communities at the fumaroles is most influenced by the pH of the local environment.
Three‐dimensional structure of western Mediterranean cyclones

As many studies reveal, the western Mediterranean exhibits a high frequency of cyclone centres. Most of them are small and weak, but in some cases they are related to heavy rain and/or strong wind events. The climatological study of Mediterranean cyclones is the first crucial step to the better understanding and forecasting of such events.
Diurnal Cycles of Clouds and How They Affect Polar-Orbiting Satellite Data

Abstract Diurnal cycles of clouds were investigated using the NOAA series of polar-orbiting satellites. These satellites provided four observations per day for a continuous 11-yr period from 1986 to 1997. The High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) multispectral infrared data were used from the time trend analysis of Wylie et al. The previous study restricted its discussion to only the polar orbiters making observations at 0200 and 1400 LT because gaps in coverage occurred in the 0800 and 2000 LT coverage. This study shows diurnal cycles in cloud cover over 10% in amplitude in many regions, which is very similar to other studies that used geostationary satellite data. The use of only one of the polar-orbiting satellites by Wylie et al. caused biases up to 5% in small regions but in general they were small (e.g., ≤2% for most of the earth). The only consistently large bias was in high cloud cover over land in North America, Europe, and Asia north of 35°N latitude in the summer season where the 02.
Image, Satisfaction and Loyalty—The Case of Cape Town

ABSTRACT This study investigated the relationship between destination image, overall satisfaction, and visitors' loyalty. Specifically, the influence of overall image on these constructs is examined. A total of 585 international visitors completed a questionnaire at six of the most popular tourist attractions in Cape Town. Multiple regression was used to assess the influence of destination attributes on evaluative factors and structural equation modelling was used to test the hypothesised model. The results indicated that destination image had both a direct and an indirect influence on visitors' loyalty. Both overall satisfaction and overall image seem to mediate the relationship between visitors' image and their behavioural loyalty. These results provide important theoretical implications for destination image research and direction for destination marketing. Specific image attributes can be used for destination promotion, positioning and enhancement of competitiveness.
Mixed-layer illite/smectite diagenesis in Upper Jurassic claystones from the North Sea and onshore Denmark

Abstract Claystones of Kimmeridgian-Volgian(-Ryazanian) age are the main source rocks for oil in the Central Trough, North Sea, but they are too immature for oil generation in the Norwegian-Danish Basin. This paper describes the diagenesis of mixed-layer illite/smectite (I/S) in these source rocks as investigated by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution electron microscopy, interpretation for both methods being supported by computer simulations. Randomly-ordered I/S with ∼70% illite layers, together with discrete illite, kaolinite, and traces of chlorite and vermiculite, are detrital. The clay mineralogical data suggest the existence of an island at Gassum during part of the Upper Jurassic. Mixed-layer illite/smectite originating from volcanic ash is found in two wells in the Central Trough. The volcanism may be related to a period of stretching in the North Sea graben system during Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous time. Diagenesis has not altered the I/S in the Norwegian-Danish Basin. In the Central Trough, however, the amount of illite layers in I/S increases from ∼70% to ∼90% and the I/S becomes ordered. The volcanic clays have been changed to randomly ordered I/S with ∼50% illite layers. These changes occurred in the Central Trough simultaneously with oil generation.
Parameter Study of a Continuously Stratified Model of the Ideal-Fluid Thermocline*

The parameter sensitivity of a continuously stratified model of the ideal-fluid thermocline in the subtropical gyre interior is studied. A one-dimensional advection‐diffusion model is used to set up a background stratification that can provide both the potential vorticity function for the unventilated thermocline and the mixed layer depth used in the ideal-fluid thermocline model. The wind-driven circulation is treated as a perturbation to this background stratification. Although the perturbation solution excludes mixing/diffusion, the dynamic effect of diapycnal mixing is included in the unperturbed solution; therefore, the ideal-fluid solution should correspond to a nonzero diffusion solution for the wind-driven and thermohaline circulation in the ocean. It is shown that the model can reproduce the thermocline structure, which corresponds to either finite or infinitely weak mixing. Under the extreme weak diffusion limit, the model produces a thermocline that looks like a step function in the stratification, which separates the wind-driven gyre above it and the stagnant abyssal water underneath it. It is shown that the subduction rate and production of mode water with low-potential vorticity are closely related to the stratification (or the potential vorticity) of the unventilated thermocline, the geometry of the mixed layer, the Ekman pumping rate, and the orientation of the intergyre boundary. Changes in the structure of the thermocline in response to different upper boundary conditions are explored. It is found that cooling and southward migration of the jet stream induce the production of low potential vorticity mode water, while changes in the vertical density profile have an appearance like the second baroclinic mode.
Changes in the critical erosion velocity for sediment colonized by biofilm

In flowing water the incipient motion of sediment can be affected by the presence of microbial biofilm growth. This article documents a series of flume experiments using non‐uniform sediments, in which sediment entrainment was investigated for cases where the sediment was immersed in deionized water, so that no biofilm developed, and for cases where a bio‐sediment was cultivated by placing the sediment in a mixture of natural water and nutrient solution. Differences in entrainment and the velocity at incipient motion were measured over an eight week period, as biofilm grew. It was found that the incipient motion phenomena were quite distinct between the two kinds of sediment. Sediment with biofilm was more stable and, over time, incipient velocity increased to a threshold level, before declining. Biofilm development is clearly an important control on the stability of sediments, especially in eutrophic water bodies. Two incipient velocity formulas were derived for sliding and rolling conditions. Film water theory was utilized to describe the cohesive force between sediment particles and the adhesive force generated by biofilm was introduced into the formula derivation; the time variation characteristics of biofilm strength and the features of the substrate were also taken into consideration. Such analyses can help to predict sediment transport changes due to biofilm presence in nutrient‐rich water bodies.
A Comparison of the Meal, Ready-to-Eat, Ration, Cold Weather, and Ration, Lightweight Nutrient Intakes during Moderate Altitude Cold Weather Field Training Operations

Abstract : In January 1988, an 11-day field test comparing the Improved Meal, Ready-To-Eat (IMRE), the Ration, Cold Weather (RCW), and the Ration, Lightweight (RLW) was conducted during the second two weeks of a six week Marine Mountain Leaders Course taught at the Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Center, Bridgeport, CA. This testing site was selected because the environmental conditions and physical training regimen required substantial energy expenditures. Twenty-eight Marines, including instructors, were separated into three groups and consumed one of three rations exclusively for 11 consecutive days. The first five days were spent in the field. Both the RCW and RLW groups were required to carry their entire rations (5 days) into the field while the IMRE group was resupplied in the field midweek. Food and water intakes, hydration status, body weight changes, blood chemistries, and ration acceptability were recorded. Although all three groups lost a significant amount of body weight (3.3-4.4%), the differences between groups were not significant. For these highly motivated, well equipped Marines all three rations were adequate to sustain field operations for 11 days in this type of moderate altitude, cold weather environment. As has been seen in other field studies, soldiers consumed insufficient calories to maintain their body weight and the approximately 1500 kcal/day caloric deficit observed cautions against the use of these rations beyond 10-14 consecutive days under conditions of heavy physical activity.
Morphometric indices as indicators of tectonic, fluvial and karst processes in calcareous drainage basins, South Menorca Island, Spain

This study proposes using morphometric indices to discriminate the processes that shape calcareous drainage basins. To illustrate this, a DEM of the southern part of Menorca Island (Migjorn) was created and basin slope, drainage density, hypsometric curve and integral, and the area occupied by open and closed dolines were extracted from it. These indices show an important dependence on tectonics, which govern the morphology of these drainage basins and encourage the predominance of karst and/or fluvial processes in the different sectors. The morphometric indices are clearly influenced by the geological Migjorn structure, a carbonate Upper Miocene reef platform gently folded as an asymmetrical anticline. The hypsometric integral and curve discriminate the influence of tectonics and structure whilst the drainage density and the proportion of open dolines are associated with basins with more pronounced fluvial processes. A cluster analysis based on these indices discriminated three sectors where different forms and processes are found. In the western and eastern sectors, rounded basins without major fractures predominate. The basins slope at less than 5°, and karst processes outweigh fluvial processes. The central sector, however, has steeper slopes, a clearly defined drainage system, and a predominance of fluvial over karst processes. Greater uplift in this sector has facilitated the formation of elongated basins that follow the main fracture lines. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.