Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Uplift and convergence along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust of India

Along the Himalayan thrust front in northwestern India, terrace deposits exposed 20 to 30 m above modern stream level are interpreted to have been uplifted by displacement on the underlying Himalayan Frontal Thrust. A radiocarbon age limits the age of the terrace to ≤1665±215 calendar BC (≤3663±215 radiocarbon years before present), yielding a vertical uplift rate of ≥6.9±1.8 mm/yr. In combination with published studies constraining the dip of the Himalayan Frontal Thrust fault to about 30° in the study area, the observed uplift rate equates to horizontal shortening across the Himalayan Frontal Thrust of ≥11.9±3.1 mm/yr and the slip rate of the Himalayan Frontal Thrust of ≥13.8±3.6 mm/yr. This is similar to previously reported rate estimates along the Himalayan arc based on displacement of older Plio‐Miocene age rocks, or the much shorter records of geodesy and historical seismicity. The similarity is consistent with the idea that convergence across the Himalayan front has occurred at a relatively steady rate through time. The seismic expression of this deformation includes several great (M∼8) historical earthquakes which, due to lack of surface rupture during those events, have been attributed to their occurrence on blind thrusts. Yet, the occurrence of a possible fault scarp in the field area indicates that past earthquakes have been sufficiently large to rupture to the surface and produce coseismic scarps. These observations suggest a potential for earthquakes along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust larger than those observed historically.
Initial observations of current, temperature and coastal sea level response to atmospheric and Gulf Stream forcing on the Georgia Shelf

Winter observations of winds, coastal sea level and currents on the Georgia shelf indicate that low frequency currents in the inner and outer shelf regions are governed by different dynamics. Large amplitude current and temperature fluctuations at the 100 m isobath (near the shelfbreak) result primarily from events spawned by the Gulf Stream, such as northward propagating, wavelike meanders of the Gulf Stream front and cyclonic, cold-core spin-off eddies. Subtidal coastal sea level fluctuations appear to be a direct response to local wind forcing in the manner predicted by a frictional equilibrium model, with no indication of southward propagating continental shelf waves. The relatively wide (120 km), shallow (≈90% of shelf <50 m deep) shelf effectively isolates the inner shelf from disturbances propagating along the shelfbreak. Low frequency current variability at the 50 m isobath appears to be a mixed response to wind and Gulf Stream forcing. A conceptual model combining frictional equilibrium concepts with a meandering Gulf Stream is proposed to explain a significant portion of the observations.
Late Cretaceous (Campanian—Maastrichtian) marine reptiles from the Adaffa Formation, NW Saudi Arabia

Abstract Marine reptile remains occur in the Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian to lower Maastrichtian) Adaffa Formation of NW Saudi Arabia. This is the first detailed report of late Mesozoic marine reptiles from the Arabian Peninsula. The fossils include bothremydid (cf. Taphrosphyini) turtles, dyrosaurid crocodyliforms, elasmosaurid plesiosaurs, mosasaurs (Prognathodon, plioplatecarpines) and an indeterminate small varanoid. The assemblage is compositionally similar to contemporary faunas from elsewhere in the Middle East/North Africa, and comprises taxa that are typical of the southern margin of the Mediterranean Tethys.
Dayside observations of thermal‐ion upwellings at 800‐km Altitude: An ionospheric signature of the cleft ion fountain

There is a growing body of evidence that energetic heavy ions observed at one or more Earth radii over the polar cap originate from the dayside ionosphere in the vicinity of the dayside cleft. The ions, consisting mostly of O+, are often characterized by conic pitch-angle distributions, suggesting that they have undergone acceleration transverse to geomagnetic field lines. This process of ion injection from a latitudinally localized source region in the dayside auroral oval followed by dispersal throughout the entire polar cap has been called the “cleft ion fountain. ” But, except for placement of the ion injection source somewhere in the vicinity of the dayside auroral oval, very little is known about the altitude regime in which the source operates and the nature of the process that transports ionospheric ions into the magnetosphere. Results are presented of upward thermal-ion flows measured at 800-km altitude in the dayside polar ionosphere by the Hilat satellite. The characteristics of these thermal-ion upwellings (TIU) are described and shown to be closely associated with the cleft ion fountain. We show that TIU events are latitudinally confined and spatially collocated with cleft electron precipitation, upward field-aligned currents, and velocity gradients in magnetospheric convection.
Phytoplankton chlorophyll a biomass, composition, and productivity along a temperature and stratification gradient in the northeast Atlantic Ocean

Relationships between sea surface temperature (SST, > 10 m) and vertical density stratification, nutrient concentrations, and phytoplankton biomass, composition, and chlorophyll a (Chl a) specific absorption were assessed in spring and summer from latitudes 29 to 63 N in the north- east Atlantic Ocean. The goal of this study was to identify re- lationships between phytoplankton and abiotic factors in an existing SST and stratification gradient. Furthermore, a bio- optical model was used to estimate productivity for five phy- toplankton groups. Nutrient concentration (integrated from 0 to 125 m) was inversely correlated with SST in spring and summer. SST was also inversely correlated with near-surface (0-50 m) Chl a and productivity for stratified stations. Near- surface Chl a and productivity showed exponential relation- ships with SST. Chl a specific absorption and excess light experiments indicated photoacclimation to lower irradiance in spring as compared to summer. In addition, Chl a specific absorption suggested that phytoplankton size decreased in summer. The contribution of cyanobacteria to water column productivity of stratified stations correlated positively with SST and inversely with nutrient concentration. This suggests that a rise in SST (over a 13-23 C range) stimulates produc- tivity by cyanobacteria at the expense of haptophytes, which showed an inverse relationship to SST. At higher latitudes, where rising SST may prolong the stratified season, hapto- phyte productivity may expand at the expense of diatom pro- ductivity. Depth-integrated Chl a (0-410 m) was greatest in the spring at higher latitudes, where stratification in the upper 200 m was weakest. This suggests that stronger stratification does not necessarily result in higher phytoplankton biomass standing stock in this region.
Surface deformation and coherence measurements of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, from SIR C radar interferometry

The shuttle imaging radar C/X synthetic aperture radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) radar on board the space shuttle Endeavor imaged Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, in April and October 1994 for the purpose of measuring active surface deformation by the methods of repeat-pass differential radar interferometry. Observations at 24 cm (L band) and 5.6 cm (C band) wavelengths were reduced to interferograms showing apparent surface deformation over the 6-month interval and over a succession of 1-day intervals in October. A statistically significant local phase signature in the 6-month interferogram is coincident with the Pu'u O'o lava vent. Interpreted as deformation, the signal implies centimeter-scale deflation in an area several kilometers wide surrounding the vent. Peak deflation is roughly 14 cm if the deformation is purely vertical, centered southward of the Pu'u O'o caldera. Delays in the radar signal phase induced by atmospheric refractivity anomalies introduce spurious apparent deformation signatures, at the level of 12 cm peak-to-peak in the radar line-of-sight direction. Though the phase observations are suggestive of the wide-area deformation measured by Global Positioning System (GPS) methods, the atmospheric effects are large enough to limit the interpretation of the result. It is difficult to characterize centimeter-scale deformations spatially distributed over tens of kilometers using differential interferometry without supporting simultaneous, spatially distributed measurements of refractivity along the radar line of sight. Studies of the interferometric correlation of images acquired at different times show that L band is far superior to C band in the vegetated areas, even when the observations are separated by only 1 day. These results imply longer wavelength instruments are more appropriate for studying surfaces by repeat-pass observations.
Nonadherence with antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: challenges and management strategies

: Nonadherence with medication occurs in all chronic medical disorders. It is a particular challenge in schizophrenia due to the illness’s association with social isolation, stigma, and comorbid substance misuse, plus the effect of symptom domains on adherence, including positive and negative symptoms, lack of insight, depression, and cognitive impairment. Nonadherence lies on a spectrum, is often covert, and is underestimated by clinicians, but affects more than one third of patients with schizophrenia per annum. It increases the risk of relapse, rehospitalization, and self-harm, increases inpatient costs, and lowers quality of life. It results from multiple patient, clinician, illness, medication, and service factors, but a useful distinction is between intentional and unintentional nonadherence. There is no gold standard approach to the measurement of adherence as all methods have pros and cons. Interventions to improve adherence include psychoeducation and other psychosocial interventions, antipsychotic long-acting injections, electronic reminders, service-based interventions, and financial incentives. These overlap, all have some evidence of effectiveness, and the intervention adopted should be tailored to the individual. Psychosocial interventions that utilize combined approaches seem more effective than unidimensional approaches. There is increasing interest in electronic reminders and monitoring systems to enhance adherence, eg, Short Message Service text messaging and real-time medication monitoring linked to smart pill containers or an electronic ingestible event marker. Financial incentives to enhance antipsychotic adherence raise ethical issues, and their place in practice remains unclear. Simple pragmatic strategies to improve medication adherence include shared decision-making, regular assessment of adherence, simplification of the medication regimen, ensuring that treatment is effective and that side effects are managed, and promoting a positive therapeutic alliance and good communication between the clinician and patient. These elements remain essential for all patients, not least for the small minority where vulnerability and risk issue dictate that compulsory treatment is necessary to ensure adherence.
Seasonal patterns of onshore/offshore sediment movement

Measurements of beach profiles from southern California spanning a 5-year period have been examined for temporal changes in beach configuration. On an annual time scale the data suggest two distinct seasonal pivotal points separating eroding and accreting regions. Empirical eigenfunction analysis of combined onshore and offshore profiles shows a pivotal point for seasonal onshore/offshore sediment movement at a depth of 2–3 m below mean sea level and suggests another at a 6-m depth. Analysis of accurate reference rod measurements at 4-, 6-, 10-, 14-, and 20-m depths supports the presence of the 6-m pivotal point. A simple model of depth-dependent seasonal sand movement suggests that during initial winter storms, sand is eroded from both the foreshore and from depths of 6–10 m and is deposited in water depths from 2 to 6 m. During less energetic periods, sediment migrates both shoreward (to the beach face) and seaward (to depths of 10 m) from its winter site of deposition (water depths from 2–6 m). This observation of depth-dependent motion contradicts the simple single pivotal point model previously suggested for nearshore seasonal onshore/offshore sediment motion and emphasizes the complexity of nearshore sediment transport. A sediment budget for seasonal onshore/offshore transport, based on the dual pivotal point model, consists of exchanges of 85 m3/m of beach length across the 3-m pivotal point and 15 m3/m across the 6-m pivotal point. Over a longer time scale (i.e., the entire 5 years of study) the beaches showed no net erosion or accretion, suggesting that this limited coastal region is stable over these short time scales.
Spectrally Resolved Energy Dissipation Rate and Momentum Flux of Breaking Waves

Abstract Video observations of the ocean surface taken from aboard the Research Platform FLIP reveal the distribution of the along-crest length and propagation velocity of breaking wave crests that generate visible whitecaps. The key quantity assessed is Λ(c)dc, the average length of breaking crests per unit area propagating with speeds in the range (c, c + dc). Independent of the wave field development, Λ(c) is found to peak at intermediate wave scales and to drop off sharply at larger and smaller scales. In developing seas breakers occur at a wide range of scales corresponding to phase speeds from about 0.1 cp to cp, where cp is the phase speed of the waves at the spectral peak. However, in developed seas, breaking is hardly observed at scales corresponding to phase speeds greater than 0.5 cp. The phase speed of the most frequent breakers shifts from 0.4 cp to 0.2 cp as the wave field develops. The occurrence of breakers at a particular scale as well as the rate of surface turnover are well correlated w.
Aggregate structure and stability linked to carbon dynamics in a south Chilean Andisol

The extreme vulnerability of soil organic carbon to climate and land use change empha-sizes the need for further research in di ﬀ erent terrestrial ecosystems. We have studied the aggregate stability and carbon dynamics in a chronosequence of three di ﬀ erent land uses in a south Chilean Andisols: a second growth Nothofagus obliqua forest 5 (SGFOR), a grassland (GRASS) and a Pinus radiata plantation (PINUS). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Al as soil organic matter stabilizing agent in this Andisol. In a case study, we linked di ﬀ erences in carbon dynamics between the three land use treatments to physical protection and recalcitrance of the soil organic matter (SOM). In this study, C aggregate stability and dynamics were studied using size and 10 density fractionation experiments of the SOM, δ 13 C and total carbon analysis of the di ﬀ erent SOM fractions, and mineralization measurements. The results showed that electrostatic attractions between and among Al-oxides and clay minerals are mainly responsible for the stabilization of soil aggregates and the physical protection of the enclosed soil organic carbon. Whole soil C mineralization rate constants were high- 15 est for SGFOR and PINUS, followed by GRASS. In contrast, incubation experiments of isolated macro organic matter fractions showed that the recalcitrance of the SOM decreased in another order: PINUS > SGFOR > GRASS. We concluded that physical protection of soil aggregates was the main process determining whole soil C mineralization. Land use changes a ﬀ ected soil organic carbon dynamics in this south Chilean 20 Andisol by altering soil pH and consequently available Al. Al-humus complexes, electrostatic-C binding and aggregate structure
The Determinants of U.S. State Economic Growth: A Less Extreme Bounds Analysis

This study investigates U.S. state economic growth from 1970 to 1999. I innovate on previous studies by developing a new approach for addressing “model uncertainty” issues associated with estimating growth equations. My approach borrows from the “extreme bounds analysis” approach of Leamer while also addressing concerns raised by Granger and Uhlig, Sala-i-Martin, and others that not all specifications are equally likely to be true. I then apply this approach to identify “robust” determinants of state economic growth. My analysis confirms the importance of productivity characteristics of the labor force and industrial composition of a state’s economy. I also find that policy variables such as (1) size and structure of government and (2) taxation are robust and economically important determinants of state economic growth. (JEL 040, 051, H10, H20, H30, H70, R11, R58, C51)
INFLUÊNCIA DA ÉPOCA DE ESTOCAGEM NA QUALIDADE DA BIOMASSA FLORESTAL PARA A GERAÇÃO DE ENERGIA

Este trabalho objetivou determinar a epoca de estocagem ideal para a melhoria da qualidade da biomassa florestal para geracao de energia. O experimento foi realizado em Lages, SC, entre outubro de 2003 e fevereiro de 2005. Foram avaliados 4 lotes de toras com casca de Pinus taeda e Eucalyptus dunnii , em pilhas, com amostragem nas seguintes condicoes: material recem-colhido, com dois, quatro e seis meses de estocagem. O lote 1 foi armazenado entre outubro (2003) e maio (2004), o lote 2, de janeiro a agosto de 2004, o lote 3, de maio a novembro de 2004 e o lote 4, de agosto de 2004 a fevereiro de 2005. As propriedades avaliadas foram: teor de umidade na base umida, poder calorifico superior e liquido. A epoca de estocagem teve influencia sobre a qualidade energetica da biomassa durante a estocagem, com alteracoes na umidade e poder calorifico liquido. Para ambas as especies, as melhores epocas de estocagem foram entre agosto e fevereiro (lote 4) e outubro e maio (lote 1), com as maiores perdas de umidade e maiores ganhos energeticos. Portanto, a biomassa florestal colhida na saida do inverno ou inicio da primavera, que permaneceu sob estocagem durante o verao ate o inicio do inverno, apresentou melhor qualidade energetica. Palavras-chave : Energia; Pinus taeda; Eucalyptus dunnii. Abstract Influence of the storage season over the quality of wood fuel . This study aimed to determine the optimal storage season for improving the quality of forest biomass for energy generation. The experiment was carried out in Lages, Brazil, between October 2003 and February 2005. 4 lots of Pinus taeda and Eucalyptus dunnii logs were stocked, in piles, with samples collected from the freshly harvested material, with two, four and six months of storage. The lot 1 was stored between October (2003) and May (2004), lot 2 (January-August (2004)), lot 3 (May-November (2204)) and 4 (August (2004)-February (2005)). The evaluated properties were as follows: moisture content on wet basis, gross and net calorific value. The storage season had influence on the biomass quality, with changes in moisture content and net calorific value. For both species, the best storage season was between August and February (lot 4) and from October to May (lot 1), with the greatest loss of moisture and higher energy savings. Therefore, forest biomass harvested in late winter or early spring, which remained in storage during the summer up to early winter had a better energy quality. Keywords : Energy; Pinus taeda; Eucalyptus dunnii
Three new palaeoniscoid fishes from the Bear Gulch Limestone (Serpukhovian, Mississippian) of Montana (USA) and the relationships of lower actinopterygians

ABSTRACT Three new palaeoniscoid fishes (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii), representing two new genera, Lineagruan judithi n. gen., n. sp. , L. snowyi n. gen., n. sp. , Beagiascus pulcherrimus n. gen., n. sp. , are described from the Bear Gulch Limestone Member of the Heath Formation (Serpukhovian) of Montana, a 318 million year old lagerstätte. Morphological, morphometric, and meristic data were analyzed and compared to data for other Paleozoic actinopterygians. Differences among the species were noted in character complexes that may have played a role in feeding or propulsive regimes and fine-scale niche partitioning. A matrix of 111 characters and 40 taxa was constructed using relatively complete taxa ranging from the Devonian to the Recent. Cladistic analysis using Hennig86 and Winclada resulted in two trees. Branch-and-bound treatment generated one tree, in which the palaeoniscoids were paraphyletic. In all instances, the relationships of the three new species were consistent. It is noted that a number of the palaeoniscoid clades proposed by the current cladistic analysis have also been generated in earlier analyses of Bear Gulch fishes and other independent analyses. This recurring pattern implies some robustness to these associations in spite of variations between the matrices generating them.
HF detection of slow long-lived E region plasma structures

During the equinox and winter seasons, and in the range 300–1000 km the Saskatoon Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radar often detects extended patches of coherent echoes with remarkably uniform properties and low Doppler speeds, in the range 0 to 200 m/s. Typically, these echoes last for ∼3 hours, and are observed between 1300 and 2300 MLT, at times of moderate to high Kp values. The echo Doppler shift changes systematically with azimuthal angle and a vector reconstruction of the implied drift indicates westward velocities in the range 150 to 250 m/s, well below the threshold speed associated with Farley-Buneman waves. When ionosonde observations are available, they invariably show the presence of a thick sporadic E layer. This feature, plus the facts that the IMF By is always negative and that the echoes are equatorward of the regions of discrete precipitation (as indicated by comparison with coincident DMSP satellite observations), indicate that the echoes are associated with the diffuse aurora in regions where the electric field is of the order of 10 mV/m or less. We infer from these echo properties that the irregularities are triggered by a primary gradient-drift mechanism which then cascades to the observed structures through weakly turbulent mode-coupling processes. Several events were observed during special multifrequency experiments using the Saskatoon SuperDARN radar. It was found that the Doppler speed, power, and spectral width all increase systematically with increasing radar frequency. The findings for Doppler speed and power appear to arise, at least in part, from the increase in height of the radar echoes with increasing frequency. The frequency dependence of spectral width may be related to instability lifetimes; it was found to agree well with the results of numerical simulations [Keskinen et al., 1979].
Salient factors controlling desiccation cracking of clay in laboratory experiments

This paper elucidates some of the controlling factors governing soil desiccation. The desiccation tests were conducted on three materials – clay, potato starch and milled quartz sand – all three featuring similar fracture energy. Two controlling factors were identified in desiccation cracking, regardless of the material. The first is the tensile stress and strain energy development within the material when the material is restrained against shrinkage. The distribution of the tensile stress will depend on the boundary conditions and material stiffness, and will dictate where cracks are likely to originate. The second factor is that the exact positions of crack initiations will be controlled by the flaws and/or pores within the material. For materials such as clay, with very fine particles, the cracking mechanism is governed by flaws, since the desaturation of fine pores would require very high suction stress, and this requirement leads to sequential cracking and orthogonal crack patterns. If the material h.