Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estabilidade dimensional e resistência à tração perpendicular de painéis fabricados com partículas termorretificadas oriundas de embalagens de Pinus sp.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on some properties of particle boards produced with Pinus sp. packing residues. Eight percent of urea-formaldehyde base adhesive was used. The experiment was conducted in a factorial 4x3x3, being 4 proportions of heat-treated particles (25, 50, 75 and 100%), three temperatures of heat treatment (180, 200 and 220 oC) and three replications, totaling 36 boards. Three additional boards were made with particles without heat treatment (controls), totaling 39 boards. Water absorption, thickness swelling and resistance to perpendicular tension were determined according to ABNT/NBR 14810-3 (2002). The results of these tests were compared with the values established by ABNT/ NBR 14810-3 (2002) and DIN 68 761 (1) (1961). The dimensional stability of the boards has increased with the addition of heat-treated particles, whereas mechanical properties were reduced. The effect of adding heat-treated particles on the properties of the boards was higher when using higher temperatures in heat treatment.
Body form differences between the Enos Lake species pair of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus complex)

Two ecologically and morphologically divergent species of the Gasterosteus aculeatus (threespine stickleback) species complex occur in Enos Lake, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The limnetic species swims in open water most of the time and feeds on plankton, and the benthic species lives near the shore in a structurally complex environment where it eats larger benthic prey. Based on design criteria inferred from hydrodynamic considerations, from other fishes, or from other populations of Gasterosteus, and on ecological differences between the two species, we expected that limnetic sticklebacks would have a more fusiform body, longer pectoral fins and snout, and larger eyes. Although some of these expected differences had been observed in a previous study of this species pair, others were verified for the first time in this study. Shape divergence between our samples results both from allometric trends coupled with differences in overall mean size and from size-free shape differences. Standard length i.
Distribution of birds in natural landscape mosaics of old‐growth forests in northern Sweden: relations to habitat area and landscape context

We censused breeding birds for three years in natural landscape mosaics of virgin old-growth spruce forest and mire in a large protected forest area in northern Sweden. Twenty forest patches, ranging from 0.2 to 17.8 ha in size, were selected in two matrix types, dominated by forest and mire, respectively. Patches were very similar with regards to habitat features. There was a strong effect of patch area on species richness, but no effect of matrix type. Standardization of species richness by rarefaction revealed that small patches ( 10 ha) more species than expected. Overall distribution of species across patches showed a highly significant nested pattern, indicating that a few habitat generalists occupy all size classes, whereas more demanding species avoid small patches regardless of landscape composition. Individual species tended to be distributed evenly across patch classes and no significant edge effect in terms of density of birds was found. Our results have bearings on actions to preserve avian diversity in northern boreal forests: small patches ( 10 ha) patches should be preserved.
Field Tests of Formulated Products Containing EitherVerticillium chlamydosporiumorArthrobotrys dactyloidesfor Biological Control of Root-knot Nematodes☆

Abstract Granular formulations containing either Verticillium chlamydosporium or Arthrobotrys dactyloides were applied at 55–880 kg/ha in seven field trials on a range of soils in Queensland, Australia. Granules were incorporated into soil prior to planting tomatoes and the effectiveness of the formulated fungi in reducing damage caused by root-knot nematodes was compared to an untreated control and a granular formulation of fenamiphos. Formulations of V. chlamydosporium were used in three experiments but the fungus did not increase egg parasitism or reduce galling or nematode numbers at harvest. Formulations containing A. dactyloides were more effective, as galling was reduced 4–8 weeks after planting in four of five experiments. However, these effects generally disappeared later in the season, as significant reductions in galling were only observed in one of seven experiments at harvest. Fenamiphos generally reduced galling both at 4–8 weeks and at harvest. Yield increases due to fenamiphos or any of the biological treatments were not obtained in any experiment. The results suggested that formulations of A. dactyloides applied at 220–440 kg/ha substantially reduced the number of nematodes present in roots 4–8 weeks after planting. Since tomato is relatively tolerant of nematode damage under the crop management systems used in northeastern Australia, such formulations could provide useful nematode control, particularly if used in conjunction with other control measures. However, formulations with greater biological activity will be needed if the level of nematode control obtained with chemical nematicides is to be achieved with A. dactyloides.
Regulation and Trust: A Social Science Perspective on COVID-19 Mortality

Background: The outbreak of COVID-19 has dramatically changed societies in 2020. Since the end of February, Europe has been hit particularly hard by COVID-19, but there are major country differences in both the spread of the virus and measures taken to stop the virus. Social psychological factors such as institutional trust could be important in understanding the development of the epidemic. The aim of our study was to examine country-variation in COVID-19 mortality in Europe by analyzing 1) social risk factors explaining the spread of the disease, 2) restrictions and control measures and 3) institutional trust. Methods: The present study was based on a background analysis of European Social Survey data on 25 European countries (N = 47,802). Multilevel mixed effects linear regression models focused on 68 days of the COVID-19 epidemic (January 23 – March 31, 2020) and modelled the daily COVID-19 mortality. Analysis focused on the impact of social relations, restrictions and institutional trust within each country. Additional analyses showed differences between low and high institutional trust countries. Findings: The spread of the COVID-19 epidemic has been fast everywhere, but our findings reveal significant differences between countries in COVID-19 mortality. Perceived sociability predicted higher COVID-19 mortality. Major differences between the 25 countries were found in reaction times to the crisis. Late reaction to the crisis predicted later mortality figures. Institutional trust was associated with lower COVID-19 mortality. Increase in mortality was more rapid in countries with low institutional trust compared to those with high institutional trust. Interpretation: The analyses demonstrated the importance of societal and social psychological factors in the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic. By considering multiple perspectives, our study showed that country differences in Europe are major and this will have an impact on how countries will cope with the ongoing crisis in the following months. The results underline the role of high institutional trust which is important when health authorities and governments are instructing people to keep distance from each other. Our results indicate the importance of timely restrictions and cooperation with people. Without institutional trust it is very difficult to regulate epidemics such as COVID-19 in European democratic societies. Funding Statement: None. Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
CHITOSAN AND LEMON PEEL EXTRACT COATING ON QUALITY AND SHELF LIFE OF YELLOWFIN TUNA (THUNNUS ALBACARES) MEAT STORED UNDER REFRIGERATED CONDITION

The present study investigated the effect of chitosan combined with lemon peel extract coating on the quality and shelf life of refrigerated yellowfin tuna meat using physicochemical, microbial and sensory assessments. Fresh yellowfin tuna meat as chunks were divided into five lots and coated with lemon peel extract (LPE) and chitosan (CH) at different concentrations viz., control, C (0%), LPE 1%, CH 1%, LPE+CH 1% and LPE+CH 2% (w/v). Sensory, biochemical and microbial quality of the samples were observed for 12 days during 4°C refrigerated storage. Sensory evaluation revealed that shelf life of yellowfin tuna under the study was 6 days for control, 8 days each for LPE (1%) and CH (1%), 10 and 12 days for LPE+CH (1%) and LPE+CH (2%) respectively. Significantly higher pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), tri-methyl amino nitrogen (TMA-N), peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were recorded in control samples than coated samples (p<0.05). Significant reduction in microbial counts were recorded in CH+LPE treated samples (p<0.05) compared to the LPE or CH coating alone, in the later stages of storage. Coated samples with combination of LPE+CH 1% and 2% indicated better storage qualities compared to other treatments. The present study revealed that LPE along with chitosan edible coating enhanced the shelf life of yellowfin tuna meat.
Rhizocephalans (Crustacea: Cirripedia) from Taiwan

One species of shrimp and sixteen species of brachyuran crabs are parasitized by rhizocephalans in Taiwanese waters. Ten of the crabs have never before been recorded as hosts of rhizocephalans. Eight species of rhizocephalans occur in Taiwan. Four species, Diplothylacus taiwanensis, D. calappae, Sacculina scutigera and S. docleae are new to science. The paper records the first example of simultaneous infection of the same host individual by two rhizocephalan species, and provides further evidence of successive moulting of the external mantle cuticle in several species of sacculinids.
Indigenous generalist predators and plant residues: conservation biological control of pests in an organically managed cabbage field

Plant residues are viewed as an important source for organic matter in farmlands. We studied if wheat straw and weed residues applied to an organically managed cabbage field by favoring alternative prey may improve the suppression of lepidopteran pests by indigenous generalist predators. The trophic characteristics of predators were determined by a stable isotope approach (δ13C and δ15N). The relative contribution of alternative prey in predators species' (i.e. wolf spiders) diet was estimated using a mixed model based on their stable isotope signatures. As expected, densities of alternative prey became significantly higher in the plots with added plant residues. Consequently, population densities of predators (wolf spiders, predacious carabids and Japanese tree frogs) also became relatively higher and pest densities lower in these plots. We also note that, besides lepidopteran pests, alternative prey accounted for approximately 80% of predator diets. This finding suggests that they may play an important role in population persistence of generalist predators. The application of organic matter to the field for the enhancement of natural enemies’ impacts through increased alternative preys, which might be useful to manage lepidopteran pests in organic cultivation of cabbage.
Predation by Age-0 Bluefish on Age-0 Anadromous Fishes in the Hudson River Estuary

Abstract We examined the diets of 374 age-0 bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix collected in the Hudson River estuary from July to October 1989. Fish were the primary prey, accounting for 96–99% of the diet by weight. Anadromous fishes, including striped bass Morone saxatilis, blueback herring Alosa aestivalis, American shad Alosa sapidissima, and Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod, constituted a large portion of the diet of bluefish of all sizes. There was a positive linear relationship between prey size and predator size, Small and medium-sized bluefish consumed mostly bay anchovies Anchoa mitchilli, striped bass, and white perch Morone americana, whereas the largest bluefish primarily preyed on Atlantic tomcod. Bluefish fed opportunistically on the most abundant prey (bay anchovies, striped bass, and white perch) but larger bluefish exhibited a preference for Atlantic tomcod. We also detected an ontogenetic shift in prey type that may have been determined by changes in the size and relative abundance of prey t.
Teachers’ Strategies to Implement Higher-Order Thinking Skills in English Instruction

This study investigated English teachers’ strategies to implement HOTS (Higher-Order Thinking Skills) during the learning process. To prepare students for education 4.0, Indonesian government has mandated that HOTS are taught in every level of education. The research aimed to discover how English teachers implemented HOTS in their teaching strategies. HOTS are promoted in the 2013 curriculum in which English teachers should develop their strategies to implement these skills through student-centered learning instead of teacher-centered learning that may be a common phenomenon for teachers in Indonesia. The participants of the study were fifteen senior high school English teachers in Salatiga, and five of whom were interviewed and observed. The data were obtained through questionnaire, interview, and observation. The data analysis involved counting the percentage for the questionnaire and reading collected transcripts from the interviews and the observation notes. The data analysis was processed using descriptive statistics for the questionnaire and coding for eliciting the transcripts and observation notes. The results of the study showed that the effective teaching strategies in using HOTS were asking open-ended questions and encouraging students to give their critical opinion, while also acting as a facilitator.
A second complete chloroplast genome sequence of Fagus multinervis Nakai (Fagaceae): intraspecific variations on chloroplast genome

Abstract Fagus multinervis is an endemic plant found in Ulleungdo Island in Korea. We present a second complete chloroplast genome of Fagus multinervis. The length of chloroplast genome is 158,349 bp, consisting of four subregions: 87,660 bp of LSC and 18,903 bp of SSC regions separated by a pair of 25,893 bp of IR regions. It includes 128 genes (83 protein-coding genes, eight rRNAs, and 37 tRNAs). There are two SNPs and two INDELs between two accessions of F. multinervis. The phylogenetic tree shows that the two accessions of F. multinervis form a clade, sister to F. engleriana.
Some Properties of Finite Populations Experiencing Strong Selection and Weak Mutation

Some general properties of populations experiencing strong selection (α = 2NS ≫ 1) and weak mutation (Θ = 4NU ≪ 1) with k ≪ ∞ alleles are described. Under these assumptions a true boundary layer dynamics emerges with rare alleles remaining near zero for an exponentially distributed length of time; thereafter they enter the interior of the allelic frequency space where natural selection alone operates at a much faster time scale than occurs in the boundary layer. This structure allows a much simpler description of the evolutionary process than by the conventional diffusion analysis. Particular models examined include overdominant selection and selection in a randomly fluctuating environment. For the latter model it is shown that drift and mutation can have a profound effect on the number of polymorphic alleles as suggested earlier by Nei and Takahata. The analysis indicates that a fundamental parameter is the product αΘ. If this quantity is very small, evolution effectively stagnates. If αΘ is moderate, the above described boundary layer dynamics emerge, whereas if αΘ is very large, drift does not effectively inhibit the progress of evolution. In the time scale of the process the rate of evolution is directly proportional to the population size.
Evaluation of Egg Quality Traits in the Wholesale Market in Sri Lanka during the Storage Period

The objective of this study was to assess the external and internal quality traits of eggs in wholesale egg market in Colombo, Sri Lanka and the effect of storage period in egg quality traits in the same market after receiving the eggs. First, a total of 482 fresh eggs were randomly collected from the above market and external egg quality traits were determined and recorded according to the definitions given in the Specification for Chicken Egg SLS 959:1992. After that, a total of 288 fresh eggs were randomly collected and various external and internal egg quality traits were measured and recorded according to the standard procedures over a storage period of 1, 3 and 5 d after receiving the fresh eggs to the wholesale market. Information about the shops was also collected using a pretested questionnaire. Using the recorded data, shape index, Haugh unit, albumen index and yolk index were calculated for each egg. Average weight, width, length and shape index of the eggs in the sample was 59.96 g, 4.33 cm, 5.78 cm and 75.03, respectively. Average shape index value was much closer to the standard value of 74. From the total sample 80.5% eggs had a normal and sound shape. However only 60.37% of the eggs are in the desirable quality range specified in SLS 959:1992, when the overall shell quality of the sample is considered based on shell cleanliness, defects and shape. The results of the current study indicated that eggs had significant (p 0.05) between the storage periods of 3 and 5 d after receiving eggs except for yolk color and yolk height. Desirable category of eggs had reduced and rejections had increased with the storage period. Main problems associated with the particular market were less space availability, higher percentages of dirty eggs, unavailability of proper packaging materials, no standard packaging system for eggs, and not implementing a standard grading system for eggs. Therefore the results of this study suggest that proper egg handling and storage conditions such as low temperature storage may be implemented to increase the proportion of desirable quality eggs in the above market.
Acquiring knowledge workers in organizations

orcid.org/0000-0002-3130-1100 Abstract Motivation: In modern enterprises, the basic meaning — in connection with the depletion of other capital resources, and especially natural resources — is the knowledge that determines the value of human capital used in organizations. Very often, therefore, we are currently meeting the term economy based on knowledge, which means the ability of the economy to absorb and simultaneously generate processes related to shaping the competencies of human resources. It is extremely important to verify the relationship between the organization and the labor market as a source of knowledge workers acquisition. The importance of knowledge management in contemporary organizations is the result of the appearance of people with such a unique level of knowledge that they usually decide about the success of the organization’s activities. They are known as knowledge workers. Acquiring knowledge workers is now a must for all organizations, and their management. Aim: The main objective of the study is to present the category of knowledge workers in the context of knowledge management and the possibility of acquiring such employees by modern organizations. The method used in the study is a study review of the literature and statistical analysis of databases. Results: The added value of the analysis is the indication of the relationship between the situation on the labor market and the availability of knowledge workers for management JEL: L1;
Leaf and stem properties of alfalfa entries

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has been considered as a biofuel feedstock. A system has been proposed to produce electricity from the stems and utilize the leaves as a livestock feed. We determined the effects of harvest regimes on yield and quality of leaf, stem, and total herbage of six alfalfa entries. We applied three harvest regimes involving three harvests per year at bud stage or early flower, or two harvests per year at late flower. An early flower harvest regime had the highest leaf yield (average of 5.6, 4.5, and 4.5 Mg ha -1 for the early flower, late flower, and midbud regimes, respectively), and the late flower harvest regime had the highest stem yield (average of 5.8, 5.3, and 3.9 Mg ha -1 for the late flower, early flower, and midbud regimes, respectively). Leaf concentration decreased with increased herbage maturity (average of 540, 517, and 458 g kg -1 for the midbud, early flower, and late flower regimes, respectively) and was associated with total herbage crude protein (CP) (r = 0.65, P < 0.05) and acid-detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) (r = -0.76, P < 0.05). Harvest regime did not affect total seasonal herbage yield or stand persistence. Alfalfa entries differed in herbage quality, leaf concentration, and leaf yield, but did not consistently differ in total herbage or stem yield. Herbage yield and quality differences among entries were similar for all harvest regimes. Producers can affect stem and leaf yields by selection of harvest regime.
Jumping to Conclusion? A Lévy Flight Model of Decision Making

The diffusion model is one of the most prominent response time models in cognitive psychology. The model describes evidence accumulation as a stochastic process that runs between two boundaries until a threshold is hit, and a decision is made. The model assumes that information accumulation follows a Wiener diffusion process with normally distributed noise. However, the model’s assumption of Gaussian noise might not be the optimal description of decision making. We argue that Lévy flights, incorporating more heavy-tailed, non-Gaussian noise, might provide a more accurate description of actual decision processes. In contrast to diffusion processes, Lévy flights are characterized by larger jumps in the decision process. To further examine this proposal, we compare the fit of the basic diffusion model and the full diffusion model (including inter-trial variability of starting-point, drift rate and non-decisional processes) to the fit of a simple and a complex version of a Lévy flight model. In the latter model, the heavy-tailedness of noise distributions was estimated by an additional free stability parameter alpha. Participants completed 500 trials of a color discrimination task and 400 trials of a lexical decision task. Results indicate that a complex Lévy flight model – including inter-trial variability parameters and alpha – shows the best fit in both tasks. Importantly, alpha-values correlated across tasks, indicating a trait-like nature of this parameter.
Pollen load, capsule weight, and seed production in three orchid species

Relationships between pollen load, seed production, and capsule weight in orchids are important both theoretically and pragmatically. It has been hypothesized that pollen packets (pollinia) evolved in orchids because of selection to produce packages capable of fertilizing all ovules in an ovary; testing this hypothesis requires information about the relationship between pollen load and seed production. As well, because capsules contain thousands to millions of seeds, an easily measured correlate of seed number, such as capsule weight, would be valuable for studies of reproductive success. We hand-pollinated Cypripedium calceolus, Amerorchis rotundifolia, and Calypso bulbosa with different pollen loads, weighed capsules, and estimated seed number by subsampling from liquid suspension. Pollen load affected seed number in Calypso but had no significant effect in Cypripedium or Amerorchis. Capsule weight was positively associated with seed number in all species, but there was considerable variation in R2 acro.