Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seed morphobiometry of wild and cultivated taxa of Phaseolus L. (Fabaceae)

A morphobiometric analysis of seeds of Phaseolus L. from 50 populations belonging to 31 wild and cultivated taxa was carried out. Based on the outcome of the study an identification key was developed comprising 25 morphotypes of which 23 related to individual taxa [P. angustissimus Gray, P. filifomis Benth. , P. acutifolius Gray var. latifolius Freeman, P. lunatus L. var sylvester Baudet, P. polyanthus Greenm. , P. lunatus L. var lunatus cv. -gr “Sieva”, P. lunatus L. var. lunatus cv. -gr. “Big Lima”, P. lunatus L. var. lunatus cv. -gr. “Potato”, P. maculatus Scheele, P. lunatus L. , P. microcarpus Mart. , P. leptostachyus Benth. var. leptostachyus, P. grayanus Woot. & Standl. , P. vulgaris L. var. aborigeneus (Burk.) Baudet, P. marechalii Delgado, P. vulgaris L. var. vulgaris, P. ritensis Jones, P. polystachios (L.) Britt. , Sterns & Pogg. var. polystachios, P. hintonii Delgado, P. pauciflorus Don, P. parvulus Greene, P. pluriflorus Marechal, Mascherpa & Stainer, P. micranthus Hook. & Arn. ) and two that refer to several taxa (P. vulgaris morphotype with P. vulgaris L., P. coccineus L., P. glabellus Piper, P. oligospermus Piper and P. acutifolius var. tenuifolius morphotype with P. acutifolius Gray var. tenuifolius (Woot. & Standl.) Gray, P. acutifolius Gray var. acutifolius, P. xanthotrychus Piper, P. zimapanensis (Delgado) Jaaska). The different patterns of seminal tegument allowed 31 taxa to cluster into three groups: (1) Phaseolus angustissimus Gray group (wrinkled seed coat) with two morphotypes, (2) Phaseolus lunatus L. group (smooth tegument with striae) with ten morphotypes and (3) Phaseolus vulgaris L. group (smooth tegument without striae) with 13 morphotypes. All the taxa exhibited uniformity in size and variability in tegument colour of seeds irrespective of the source of population and the type of habitat. Characterization of taxa into definite morphotypes and the groups could be useful for biosystematic investigations and the marker-based genetic selection approaches in this important leguminous crop.
Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia, Plesiomonas, and Other Enterobacteriaceae

This chapter talks about the new species of Enterobacteriaceae that have been added to or transferred between existing genera. Most common gram-negative organisms isolated from respiratory tract, urinary tract, and bloodstream infections from intensive care unit patients in the United States were K. pneumoniae (15%), E. cloacae (9%), Serratia marcescens (6%), Enterobacter aerogenes (4%), Proteus mirabilis (4%), Klebsiella oxytoca (3%), and Citrobacter freundii (2%). The organisms are, in general, readily isolated from clinical material, and few of the clinically relevant strains covered present difficulties in isolation from sterile body sites. Isolation from nonsterile body or environmental sites may require specialized media such as CHROMagar Orientation and chromID CPS, which perform similarly for the detection of urinary tract pathogens covered in the chapter and can reliably replace MacConkey and blood agars. The chapter also discusses diarrheal pathogens that are easily isolated, and about biochemical tests most useful for separating members. Even when unusual enterobacteria covered in the chapter are included in commercial system databases, the number of strains available to use in challenge studies is very limited; therefore, the ability of these systems to accurately identify these organisms is really unknown. General antimicrobial susceptibility and specialized phenotypic testing procedures are also discussed in the chapter.
Maternal behaviour in the Merino ewe.

Low lamb marking percentages are a feature of the Australian sheep industry; the national average for Merinos is about 65 per cent. (Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 1957). This low figure is partly the result of a high mortality amongst lambs (Kelley 1946; Morley 1948; Watson 1957). Starvation is one of the most important causes of lamb deaths (Moule 1954; Alexander, Peterson and Watson 1959)) and it is important to know whether this is the fault of the lambs or their mothers. The present paper is a progress report on the materna,l aspect of studies designed to answer this question.
Disinfection of Cryptosporidium parvum WITH polychromatic UV light

Bench‐scale experiments determined the germicidal effects of varying dosages of polychromatic ultraviolet (UV) radiation on oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum. C. parvum oocysts suspended in treated surface water were irradiated with polychromatic light emitted by either a medium‐pressure, continuous‐wave UV lamp or a pulsed‐UV lamp then assayed with human cell culture techniques. Experiments conducted using pulsed‐UV doses of ≥ 16 mJ/cm2 provided > 2‐log inactivation of suspended oocysts of C. parvum. Experiments at lower UV dosages established a dose‐response relationship with both the medium‐pressure and pulsed‐UV lamps. When disinfection results from both light sources were compared on an equivalent dosage basis, no statistical difference in disinfection power was found between the medium‐pressure and pulsed‐UV lamps. Results from both lamps showed that UV doses as low as 7.5 and 11 mJ/cm2 provided inactivation of infectious oocysts of C. parvum at rates of 1 log (90%) and 2 log (99%), respectively. The authors also examined UV disinfection of heterotrophic bacteria and Escherichia coli. They found the response of heterotrophic bacteria to be statistically different from that of C. parvum, whereas E. coli's response to UV light did not statistically differ from that of C. parvum. This suggests that E. coli may be a surrogate organism for C. parvum disinfection provided by UV technologies.
The algae of Jamaica

The earliest reference to the algae of Jamaica, and very nearly the earliest reference to the algae of America, appears to be by Sloane ; * in the chapter on submarine plants 43 species are named and described, among which, however, are a few aquatic phanerogams, and a considerable number of corals ; of the remainder most are too vaguely described to be now identified, but by the help of the plates, we can give with fair cer tainty the modern names for four. Vol. I. p. 57, PL XX. Fig. 2, Corallina opuntioides, ramulis den sioribus, et filis magis sinuatis atque corrugatis, is Halimeda Opuntia. P. 58, PL XX. Fig. 3, Corallina major, nervo crassiore fuciformi, inter nodia breviora nectente, White Bead Bandstring dicta, is Cymopolia bar bata. P. 61, PL XX. Fig. 9, Fucus minimus denticulatus triangularis, is Bryothamnion triangulare. P. 58, PL XX. Fig. 6, Fucus marinus vesi culas habens membranis extantibus alatas, is Turbinaria trialata. P. 58, PL XX. , Corallina minima capillacea, is probably our present Corallina capillacea, but neither plate nor description is characteristic enough to make this certain. P. 51, PL XVIIL, Corallium album pumi lum nostras, seems to be some species of Lithothamnion. The other de scriptions are too uncertain to hazard any identifications. A few algae are mentioned by Browne,f apparently mostly copied from Sloane ; some plants undoubtedly belonging to the genus Sargassum are mentioned, and from the description of the great floating masses, S. bacciferum is undoubtedly meant, but it is probable that other species are included under this name.
Attraction between words as a function of frequency and representational distance: Words in the bilingual brain

Abstract Bilingual speakers store cognates from related languages close together in their mental lexicon. In the case of minority languages, words from the dominant language often exert influence on their cognates in the minority language. In this article, we present a model describing that influence or force of attraction as a function of frequency and of (dis)similarity (representational distance). More specifically, it is claimed that the strength of the force of attraction of one word upon another is (among others) a function of their frequencies divided by their formal dissimilarity. The model is applied to the distribution of nouns derived from adjectives in Frisian, where the suffix -ens competes with -heid. Of these two suffixes, Frisian -heid is similar to Dutch -heid, whereas Frisian -ens does not have a similar counterpart in Dutch. The model predicts that Frisian derived nouns of which the adjectival bases are similar in form and meaning to Dutch will occur more often with -heid and less often with -ens. It also predicts that this effect will be stronger as the words involved are more frequent. Our findings make it possible to verify the model’s quantification of the influence of Dutch words on their cognates.
A Mechanistic Examination of APOBEC3-Mediated LINE-1 Inhibition.

Transposable elements (TEs), once disparaged as “junk DNA,” are now recognized as a biologically and evolutionarily significant component of mammalian genomes. The known active TEs in the mouse and human genomes are retrotransposons, which mobilize through an RNA intermediate by a process termed retrotransposition. Unlike retroviruses, which also mobilize through an RNA intermediate, retrotransposons are endogenous elements that generally lack the capacity for transmission between individuals, and consequently rely on a vertical mode of transmission. In order to generate heritable insertions, retrotransposons must mobilize in cells that will contribute to the next generation. Key opportunities for retrotransposon mobility arise during developmentally critical rounds of genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming in the early embryo, prior to germline specification, and in the primordial germline. Unchecked, heritable retrotransposition events are potentially deleterious to the host. Thus, mammalian genomes have evolved a battery of defense mechanisms against retrotransposition. This chapter provides a brief background on retroelement
Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana): possible source of a molluscicide.

Pokeweed, a plant abundant in Appalachia, exhibits some chemical similarities to a related species that has shown molluscicidal properties. Because this suggests that pokeweed, Phytolacca americana L. (P. decandra L.), has potential for controlling fresh-water snails, we have compiled this report of its chenlical composition, uses, propagation methods, and other potentially useful species of the genus Phytolacca.
Expression of nuclear-acting early-response genes in the rat heart : implications for cardiac hypertrophy

Post-natal growth of the mammalian heart is characterized by an increase in size of pre-existing cardiomyocytes (hypertrophy) rather than an increase in their number (hyperplasia). The primary stimuli for this growth process are not clearly understood but seem to involve both hemodynamic and hormonal factors. A major challenge to researchers has been to clearly define the signals that activate and regulate cardiac hypertrophy and to elucidate the intracellular transducing mechanisms which couple the hypertrophic stimuli to the long term changes in cardiac phenotype and function. Of the most likely candidate molecular signals the nuclear-acting early-response genes are of particular interest since their protein products are thought to play key roles in linking extracellular signals with terminal patterns of gene expression during growth and differentiation. The work in this thesis has examined the ability of various hypertrophic stimuli to modulate the expression of nuclear acting early response genes in the rat heart both in vivo and in vitro. A single injection of norepinephrine (2.5 ug/kg to 2.5 mg/kg) transiently increased mRNA levels of the nuclear acting early-response genes c-myc, c-fos, c-jun, fra-1 and fra-2 in the rat heart. Similar responses were also observed following chronic infusion of norepinephrine (100 ug/kg/h) but not in response to treatment with the hypertrophic hormone triiodo-L-thyroxine. Hybridization histochemistry and immunocytochemistry techniques were used to localize early response genes to particular cell types and regions of the heart. Following norepinephrine administration (2.5 mg/kg) Fos protein transiently accumulated in the cardiac myocytes and to a much lesser extent other cell types. In direct contrast, little Myc immunostaining was observed in the cardiac myocytes with greatest expression being localized to the cardiac non-myocyte population, presumably fibroblasts and cells of the vasculature system. The observed responses for both genes was not uniform but appeared greatest in the left atrium and left ventricle with lesser expression elsewhere. In order to differentiate the complex systemic interactions of norepinephrine from its direct actions upon the heart an isolated perfused heart system was employed. Both elevated perfusion pressure (60-120 mmHg) and the inclusion of norepinephrine (1 nM to 1 uM) in the perfusion buffer (60 mmHg) led to elevated mRNA levels of c-myc , c-fos, fra-1 and fra-2. These findings demonstrate the utitlity of the isolated perfused heart system as a model to study separately the effects of pressure load and NE on gene expression during the early stages of cardiac hypertrophy. Taken together with the in vivo results they lend further support to the notion that the products of early-response genes structurally or functionally related to c-fos may mediate the hypertrophic actions of norepinephrine and pressure overload. In contrast, c-myc expression may be associated with the proliferation of cardiac non-myocyte cells which occurs concomitant with cardiac hypertrophy.
SOIL ZYGOMYCETOUS FUNGI IN BIEBRZA NATIONAL PARK (NORTHEAST POLAND)

Although zygomycetous fungi are frequently isolated from forest soils, little is known about their diversity in peatland soils. We assessed the diversity of soil zygomycetes in Biele Suchowolskie fen after a long-lasting fi re and com- pared it with previous reports on peatland soil fungi. The zygomycetous assemblage of the Biebrza mires appeared to be diverse and unique, due to the absence of some common species and the accumulation of species sharing specifi c characters of sporangia morphology.
Lengua B Inglés: Un estudio transversal sobre la comprensión oral para la interpretación

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el valor pedagógico de los ejercicios tradicionales de comprensión oral, especialmente los de elección múltiple y de rellenar huecos, en el desarrollo de la comprensión oral con vistas a la interpretación. Con frecuencia, esta tipología de ejercicios centra la atención en la comprensión de información concreta del discurso como, por ejemplo, determinadas ideas o palabras aisladas, mientras que la actividad de interpretación requiere una comprensión plena del discurso. Para el análisis propuesto, se han aunado teorías propias de la enseñanza general de lenguas, concretamente de la enseñanza de inglés como lengua extranjera, y de la interpretación con el fin de poder analizar sus exigencias y encontrar puntos de confluencia y dispersión entre ambas prácticas. Asimismo, presentaremos los resultados de un estudio empírico llevado a cabo con estudiantes de segundo curso de Traducción e Interpretación. Los datos se han obtenido a través de dos canales diferentes: una serie de pruebas diagnósticas y una encuesta para conocer la opinión de los participantes. Los resultados de este estudio confirman la necesidad de desarrollar la destreza de comprensión oral teniendo en cuenta no solo las exigencias lingüísticas, sino también cognitivas a las que un intérprete debe hacer frente en su quehacer profesional.
A unified perspective on convex structured sparsity: Hierarchical, symmetric, submodular norms and beyond

In this paper, we propose a unified theory for convex structured sparsity-inducing norms on vectors associated with combinatorial penalty functions. Specifically, we consider the situation of a model simultaneously (a) penalized by a set-function defined on the support of the unknown parameter vector which represents prior knowledge on supports, and (b) regularized in p-norm. We show that each of the obtained combinatorial optimization problems admits a natural relaxation as an optimization problem regularized by a matching sparsity-inducing norm. To characterize the tightness of the relaxation, we introduce a notion of lower combinatorial envelope of a set-function. Symmetrically, a notion of upper combinatorial envelope produces the most concise norm expression. We show that these relaxations take the form of combinatorial latent group Lassos associated with min-cover penalties also known as block-coding schemes. For submodular penalty functions, the associated norm, dual norm and the corresponding proximal operator can be computed efficiently using a generic divide-and-conquer algorithm. Our framework obtains constructive derivations for the Lasso, group Lasso, exclusive Lasso, the OWL, OSCAR and SLOPE penalties, the k-support norm, several hierarchical penalties considered in the literature for chains and tree structures, and produces also new norms. It leads to general efficient algorithms for all these norms, recovering as special cases several algorithms proposed in the literature and yielding improved procedures for some cases. For norms associated with submodular penalties, including a large number of non-decomposable norms, we generalize classical support recovery and fast rates convergence results based respectively on generalization of the irrepresentability condition and the restricted eigenvalue condition .
Effect of Egg Size on Predation by White-Footed Mice

We compared predation by wild-trapped, caged white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) on eggs of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix) and Zebra Finches (Poephila guttata) to test the effect of egg size. Nine male and nine female mice were weighed, acclimated to cages for 24 h, and presented with two wicker nests, one containing a Japanese Quail egg (33 X 23 mm) and the other a Zebra Finch egg (16 X 12 mm). Nests were checked at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 24 h; after 24 h, no quail eggs were depredated, but 16 of 18 finch eggs were destroyed. Given their ability to consume small eggs and their ubiquity and abundance, white-footed mice are potentially significant nest predators.
Effect of Dietary Mulberry Leaves on Productive Per- formance, Egg Quality and Blood Biochemistry in Laying Hens

[Objective] The aim was to provide more information about the possible use of mulberry leaves in hen diets. [Method] Two hundred ninety two Hyline Gray laying hens,48 wk old,were randomly allotted into four groups with 73 chickens per group.Each group was fed for 6 wk with diets that contained dried mulberry leaves at 0,5,10,or 15%. [Result] The rate of egg production,egg weight,egg mass,feed intake,body weight,blood glucose level,total blood cholesterol,and triglyeride,and cholesterol of egg yolk in the dietary mulberry leaf groups were lower than the 0% mulberry leaves group.Compared with the 0% group,the feed required to produce 1 kg of eggs was 12.8% more in the 15% dietary mulberry leaf group.Body weight and cholesterol of egg yolk decreased significantly in this group (P0.05). Blood glucose and triglyerides in the 15% dietary mulberry leaf group were significantly lower than in the 0 and 5% dietary mulberry leaf groups (P0.05). Yolk color in all treatments was higher than in the 0% group (P0.05),and Roche pigmentation score increased by 2-2.9. One-deoxynojirimycin was detected from egg white in all treatments,and its content varied significantly between groups (P0.05). [Conclusion] This study reflected the hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects of mulberry leaves on productive performance and egg quality in laying hens.The suggested proportion of dietary mulberry leaves was 5%-10%.
Triterpene Production in Centella Asiatica (L.) Urban (Pegaga) Callus and Cell Suspension Cultures

Centella asiatica or locally known as ‘Pegaga’ is one of the most common medicinal plants used by diverse ancient cultures and tribal groups. Its medicinal values are mainly attributed to the presence of the triterpene constituents. As there is still no information available on the triterpene production in cultured tissues, studies were carried out in determining the triterpene distribution particularly asiatic acid, madecassic acid, asiaticoside and madecassoside in intact plants of the twelve accessions of C. asiatica collected throughout Malaysia as well as in the callus and cell suspension cultures. Results obtained from the studies revealed that twelve accessions of C. asiatica differed both in their morphologies and their triterpene contents. The triterpenes constituents were detected at a range of 0.134 to 1.655 mg/g dry weight in the whole plant intact tissues. Triterpenes were also successfully detected in the callus (0.014 to 0.773 mg/g dry weight) and cell suspension cultures (0.005 to 0.084 mg/g dry weight), the amount that were lower than that produced in the intact tissues. However, manipulating the physical culture conditions, feeding of precursor, elicitation as well as amino acid addition managed to increase the triterpenes content in cultured tissues. Studies on the effects of the medium composition show that full strength of the basal Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with B5 vitamins and sucrose (3-4%) increased the triterpenes content in both callus and cell suspension cultures. An interaction of auxincytokinin has observed being important for both callus and cell suspension cultures in enhancing triterpenes production. Higher triterpenes content was obtained in callus treated with 2,4-D and kinetin while the combination of kinetin and dicamba enhanced the triterpenes production in cell suspension cultures. The precursor-feeding studies revealed that lower concentrations of squalene (0.16 mg/L in callus and 0.8 mg/L in cells) were preferred for triterpenes production. Squalene at 0.16 mg/L had successfully triggered the production of madecassoside, asiaticoside and madecassic acid in callus cultures while asiatic acid and madecassic acid content was increased in cells treated with 0.8 mg/L squalene. The elicitor studies exhibited that the different elicitors showed distinctive effects on triterpenes production. Nevertheless, supplementation of succinic acid at 3 and 4 mg/L was found the best in increasing the triterpenes production in callus and cell suspension cultures, respectively. Addition of amino acid into the culture media was also found to promote the triterpenes production in in vitro cultures. The study further concluded that the combinations of the optimized factors namely medium composition, precursor feeding, elicitation and amino acid addition is a very useful strategy in enhancing the triterpenes production particularly the asiatic acid and madecassic acid in in vitro cultures of C. asiatica.