Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing quantum theory from diagrammatic postulates

A reconstruction of quantum theory refers to both a mathematical and a conceptual paradigm that allows one to derive the usual formulation of quantum theory from a set of primitive assumptions. The motivation for doing so is a discomfort with the usual formulation of quantum theory, a discomfort that started with its originator John von Neumann. We present a reconstruction of finite-dimensional quantum theory where all of the postulates are stated in diagrammatic terms, making them intuitive. Equivalently, they are stated in category-theoretic terms, making them mathematically appealing. Again equivalently, they are stated in process-theoretic terms, establishing that the conceptual backbone of quantum theory concerns the manner in which systems and processes compose. Aside from the diagrammatic form, the key novel aspect of this reconstruction is the introduction of a new postulate, symmetric purification. Unlike the ordinary purification postulate, symmetric purification applies equally well to classical theory as well as quantum theory. Therefore we first reconstruct the full process theoretic description of quantum theory, consisting of composite classical-quantum systems and their interactions, before restricting ourselves to just the ‘fully quantum’ systems as the final step. We propose two novel alternative manners of doing so, ‘no-leaking’ (roughly that information gain causes disturbance) and ‘purity of cups’ (roughly the existence of entangled states). Interestingly, these turn out to be equivalent in any process theory with cups & caps. Additionally, we show how the standard purification postulate can be seen as an immediate consequence of the symmetric purification postulate and purity of cups. Other tangential results concern the specific frameworks of generalised probabilistic theories (GPTs) and process theories (a.k.a. CQM). Firstly, we provide a diagrammatic presentation of GPTs, which, henceforth, can be subsumed under process theories. Secondly, we argue that the ‘sharp dagger’ is indeed the right choice of a dagger structure as this sharpness is vital to the reconstruction.
A general functional equation and its stability

Suppose that V and B are vector spaces over Q, R or C and α 0 , β 0 ,. ,α m ,β m are scalar such that α j β k -α k β j ¬= 0 whenever 0 < j < k < m. We prove that if fk: V → B for 0 < k < m and formula math. then each f k is a generalized polynomial map of degree at most m - 1. In case V = R and B = C we show that if some f k is bounded on a set of positive inner Lebesgue measure, then it is a genuine polynomial function. Our main aim is to establish the stability of (*) (in the sense of Ulam) in case B is a Banach space. We also solve a distributional analogue of (*) and prove a mean value theorem concerning harmonic functions in two real variables.
Turbulent convection in the Sun: modeling in unstructured meshes

We adopted an unstructured hydrodynamical solver CharLES to the problem of global convection in the Sun. With the aim to investigate the properties of solar turbulent convection and reproduce differential rotation pattern. We performed simulations in two spherical shells, with 1.3 and 10 million cells. In the first, coarse mesh, the solution does not reproduce realistic convection, and is dominated by numerical effects. In the second mesh, thermal conduction leads to cooling of bottom layers, that could not be compensated by solar irradiance. More simulations in the 10M cells mesh should be performed to investigate the influence of transport coefficients and numerical effects. Our estimate of the code performance suggests, that realistic simulations in even finer grids could be performed for reasonable computational cost.
Is simultaneous resection of Meckel's diverticulum beneficial or harmful in bariatric and metabolic surgery?

Aim: To investigate whether complications are different with respect to resection or non-resection of Meckel's diverticulum (MD) detected incidentally during two bariatric and metabolic surgery (BMS) procedures, open sleeve gastrectomy with transit bipartition (SG-TB) with resection of MD (MDR) and open one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) without MDR. Materials and Methods: This case-control study included patients who received treatment between December 2015 and January 2022. A total of 24 obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosed with MD during open SG-TB surgery (and underwent concurrent MDR) were defined as the MDR positive (MDR-P) group. Ten obese patients without type 2 diabetes mellitus who were found to have MD during open OAGB surgery but did not undergo MDR were defined as the MDR negative (MDR-N) group. Results: The mean age of the MDR-P group was 54.42 ± 10.83, while the MDR-N group had a mean age of 39.50 ± 9.77 years (p = 0.001). 66.7% of the MDR-P group was male, 100.0% of the MDR-N group was female (p < 0.001). Median follow-up time was 24 (IQR = 24 - 36) months for both groups. None of the patients developed intraoperative or postoperative complications related to diverticulectomy (for the MDR-P group) or related to MD (for the MDR-N group). Conclusion: Resection of incidental MD during SG-TB and non-intervention in OAGB did not cause any complications in short and mid-term follow-up. We still think that patients should be informed about the risks of all possibilities and the intervention for MD should be determined according to the patient's decision.
The Effect of Network Delays on Distributed Ledgers Based on Direct Acyclic Graphs: A Mathematical Model

We present a new stochastic model for the evolution of Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG)-based distributed ledgers (DL), under the presence of heterogeneous delay. This model is used to analyse the performance metrics of the DL, showing in particular that the number of unapproved messages does not diverge to infinity, even under the presence of delay. We propose an analysis based on conveniently defined sets, as well as an alternative drift-based analysis. The former allows to get a bound on the number of unapproved messages, while the latter, through a simpler analysis, allows to probe the existence of such bound. For particular scenarios, we are able to derive the expected value of the drift of unapproved messages, through a Markov process-based approach. State-of-the-art mathematical models trying to capture the impact of delays on the performance of such DLs rely on some particular simplifications. In contrast, through our model, we are able to analytically derive similar performance guarantees, in a more realistic set-up. In particular, we focus on IOTA foundation’s tangle, while our results can be extended to other DAG-based distributed ledgers. We compare our results to results obtained in a real testbed, showing good accordance between them.
Magnetization plateaux in N -leg spin ladders

In this paper we continue and extend a systematic study of plateaux in magnetization curves of antiferromagnetic Heisenberg spin-1/2 ladders. We first review a bosonic field-theoretical formulation of a single $\mathrm{XXZ}$ chain in the presence of a magnetic field, which is then used for an Abelian bosonization analysis of $N$ weakly coupled chains. Predictions for the universality classes of the phase transitions at the plateaux boundaries are obtained in addition to a quantization condition for the value of the magnetization on a plateau. These results are complemented by and checked against strong-coupling expansions. Finally, we analyze the strong-coupling effective Hamiltonian for an odd number $N$ of cylindrically coupled chains numerically. For $N=3$ we explicitly observe a spin gap with a massive spinon-type fundamental excitation and obtain indications that this gap probably survives the limit $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{N}\ensuremath{\infty}$.
Rapport and Relationship Building in a Therapeutic Community: Examining the Dynamic Between Correctional Officers and Incarcerated Persons

Correctional officers (COs) are vital to prison safety. While focused on security, some believe COs should also be trained to engage in the rehabilitation of incarcerated persons by offering motivation and support. This study examined incarcerated persons’ perceptions of COs working in a prison-based therapeutic community (TC). Data were gathered through qualitative interviews with individuals detained in a state correctional system for men. Findings revealed several themes related to incarcerated persons’ perceptions of COs’ knowledge toward treatment, their experiences and interactions with COs, and recommendations about how to improve the role of COs as therapeutic agents of change. Practical opportunities for implementing correctional research and practice using a positive criminology perspective are considered.
Crystallographic features and state stability of the decagonal quasicrystal in the Al-Co-Cu alloy system

In the Al-Co-Cu alloy system, both the decagonal quasicrystal with the space group of $P\overline{10}m2$ and its approximant Al$_{13}$Co$_4$ phase with monoclinic $Cm$ symmetry are present around 20 at. % Co-10 at. % Cu. In this study, we examined the crystallographic features of prepared Al-(30-x) at. % Co-x at. % Cu samples mainly by transmission electron microscopy in order to make clear the crystallographic relation between the decagonal quasicrystal and the monoclinic Al$_{13}$Co$_4$ structure. The results revealed a coexistence state consisting of decagonal quasicrystal and approximant Al$_{13}$Co$_4$ regions in Al-20 at. % Co-10 at. % Cu alloy samples. With the help of the coexistence state, the orientation relationship was established between the monoclinic Al$_{13}$Co$_4$ structure and the decagonal quasicrystal. In the determined relationship, the crystallographic axis in the quasicrystal was found to be parallel to the normal direction of the (010)$_{\rm m}$ plane in the Al$_{13}$Co$_4$ structure, where the subscript m denotes the monoclinic system. Based on data obtained experimentally, the state stability of the decagonal quasicrystal was also examined in terms of the Hume-Rothery (HR) mechanism on the basis of the nearly-free-electron approximation. It was found that a model based on the HR mechanism could explain the crystallographic features such as electron diffraction patterns and atomic arrangements found in the decagonal quasicrystal. In other words, the HR mechanism is most likely appropriate for the stability of the decagonal quasicrystal in the Al-Co-Cu alloy system.
Spectrum and electromagnetic transitions of bottomonium

Stimulated by the exciting progress in the observation of new bottomonium states, we study the bottomonium spectrum. To calculate the mass spectrum, we adopt a nonrelativistic screened potential model. The radial Schr\"{o}dinger equation is solved with the three-point difference central method, where the spin-dependent potentials are dealt with non-perturbatively. With this treatment, the corrections of the spin-dependent potentials to the wave functions can be included successfully. Furthermore, we calculate the electromagnetic transitions of the $nS$ ($n\leq 4$), $nP$ ($n\leq 3$), and $nD$ ($n\leq 2$) bottomonium states with a nonrelativistic electromagnetic transition operator widely applied to meson photoproduction reactions. Our predicted masses, hyperfine and fine splittings, electromagnetic transition widths and branching ratios of the bottomonium states are in good agreement with the available experimental data. Especially, the EM transitions of $\Upsilon(3S)\to \chi_{b1,2}(1P)\gamma$, which were not well understood in previous studies, can be reasonably explained by considering the corrections of the spin-dependent interactions to the wave functions. We also discuss the observations of the missing bottomonium states by using radiative transitions. Some important radiative decay chains involving the missing bottomonium states are suggested to be observed. We hope our study can provide some useful references to observe and measure the properties of bottomonium mesons in forthcoming experiments.
Environmental variability in aquatic ecosystems: Avenues for future multifactorial experiments

The relevance of considering environmental variability for understanding and predicting biological responses to environmental changes has resulted in a recent surge in variability‐focused ecological research. However, integration of findings that emerge across studies and identification of remaining knowledge gaps in aquatic ecosystems remain critical. Here, we address these aspects by: (1) summarizing relevant terms of variability research including the components (characteristics) of variability and key interactions when considering multiple environmental factors; (2) identifying conceptual frameworks for understanding the consequences of environmental variability in single and multifactorial scenarios; (3) highlighting challenges for bridging theoretical and experimental studies involving transitioning from simple to more complex scenarios; (4) proposing improved approaches to overcome current mismatches between theoretical predictions and experimental observations; and (5) providing a guide for designing integrated experiments across multiple scales, degrees of control, and complexity in light of their specific strengths and limitations.
COVID-19 Virus and Vaccination Attitudes among Healthcare Workers in Michigan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Defining the characteristics of healthcare worker (HCW) attitudes toward the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine can provide insights into vaccine hesitancy. This study’s goal is to determine HCWs’ attitudes regarding the COVID-19 vaccination and reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Methods: This cross-sectional study surveyed HCWs working in institutions in Saginaw, Sanilac, and Wayne counties in Michigan (N = 120) using tipping-scale questions. Analysis of variance and t-test were used to measure HCWs’ attitudes toward the COVID-19 virus and vaccines. Results: Most HCWs received (95.9%) and recommended (98.3%) a COVID-19 vaccine. The top three factors that HCWs cited for recommending a COVID-19 vaccine were: (1) efficacy of the vaccine, (2) current exposure to patients with active COVID-19 infection and risk of virus spread, and (3) safety of vaccine and long-term follow-up. Female HCWs or HCWs aged 25–54 years were more concerned about contracting COVID-19. Physicians or HCWs aged 55–64 were less concerned regarding the effectiveness and side effects of the vaccine. Conclusions: Gender, age, ethnicity, provider type, and medical specialty showed statistically significant differences among COVID-19 attitudes. Focusing educational efforts on HCW demographics who are more likely to have negative attitudes can potentially decrease vaccine hesitancy.
Statistical Physics and Spatial Statistics: The Art Of Analyzing And Modeling Spatial Structures And Pattern Formation

Spatial Statistics and Point Processes. - Basic Ideas ofSpatial Statistics. - Stationary Models in Stochastic Geometry - Palm Distributions as Distributions of Typical Elements. An Approach Without Limits. - Statistical Analysis of Large-Scale Structure in the Universe. - Dynamics ofStructure Formation in Thin Liquid Films: A Special Spatial Analysis. - Integral Geometry and Morphology of Patterns. - Mixed Measures and Inhomogeneous Boolean Models. - Additivity, Convexity, and Beyond: Applications of Minkowski Functionals in Statistical Physics. - Considerations About the Estimation ofthe Size Distribution in Wicksell's Corpuscle Problem. - Local Porosity Theory and Stochastic Reconstruction for Porous Media. - Stochastic Models as Tools for the Analysis of Decomposition and Crystallisation Phenomena in Solids. - Phase Transitions and Simulations of Hard Particles. - Phase Transition and Percolation in Gibbsian Particle Models. - Fun with Hard Spheres. - Finite Packings and Parametric Density. - A Primer on Perfect Simulation. - Grand Canonical Simulations ofHard-Disk Systems by Simulated Tempering. - Dynamic Triangulations for Granular Media Simulations.
Effects of formic acid and glycerol monolaurate on weanling pig growth performance, fecal consistency, fecal microbiota, and serum immunity

Abstract A total of 350 weanling pigs (DNA 400 × 200; initially, 5.67 ± 0.06 kg BW) were used in a 42-day study with 5 pigs per pen and 14 replicate pens per treatment. At weaning, pigs were allotted to pens in a completely randomized design and pens of pigs were randomly assigned to one of five dietary treatments: 1) negative control (CON; standard nursery diet containing only 150 ppm Zn from trace mineral premix and no acidifier); 2) control diet with 3,000 ppm added zinc from ZnO included in phase 1 and 2,000 ppm added zinc from ZnO included in phase 2 (ZnO); 3) control diet with 0.70% formic acid (FA; Amasil NA; BASF, Florham, NJ); 4) control diet with 0.18% glycerol monolaurate (GML; Natural Biologics GML, Natural Biologics, Newfield, NY); and 5) control diet with a 1.0% blend of formic acid and glycerol monolaurate (FORMI; FORMI 3G, ADDCON GmbH, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany). Pigs were fed treatment diets from d 0 to d 28 and were then fed a common diet from d 28 to d 42. From days 0 to 7, pigs fed ZnO or FORMI had increased (P = 0.03) ADG compared to pigs fed CON, with no difference in feed intake (P > 0.05). Overall, pigs fed GML had reduced (P < 0.0001) ADG compared with those fed the CON, ZnO, or FORMI diets. Fecal DM was evaluated from days 7 to 28 and there was a treatment × day interaction (P = 0.04). Pigs fed GML had a lower fecal DM % on day 7, but a higher fecal DM % on days 14 and 21; however, no differences in fecal DM were observed on day 28. Fresh fecal samples were collected from the same randomly selected pig on days 0 and 14 (70 pigs total;14 pigs per treatment) for analysis of fecal microbial populations using 16S rDNA sequencing. Dietary treatment did not significantly impact fecal microbiota at the phyla level, but pigs fed ZnO had an increased relative abundance (P < 0.01) of the family Clostridiaceae. A blood sample was also collected from one pig per pen on days 0 and 14 for analysis of serum IgA, IgG, and TNF-α. There was no evidence that dietary treatment effected IgA, IgG, or TNF-α concentrations. The effect of sampling day was significant (P < 0.05), where circulating IgA and TNF-α was increased and IgG was decreased from days 0 to 14. In summary, there is potential for a blend of formic acid and GML to improve growth performance immediately post-weaning without negatively impacting fecal consistency. Formic acid and GML alone or in combination did not impact fecal microbial populations or serum immune parameters.
Three Types of Antarctic Intermediate Water Revealed by a Machine Learning Approach

The subduction and export of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) is important for the heat, freshwater, carbon, and nutrient budgets of the world's oceans. Three types of AAIW are identified by applying an unsupervised machine learning approach to individual Argo profiles. The likely sources and pathways of these AAIWs are indicated by the locations and magnitudes of the salinity and oxygen extrema. The Southeast Pacific AAIW forms north of the Subantarctic Front (SAF) in the west corner of the Drake Passage and is exported north into the subtropical gyre. The South Pacific AAIW forms in the South Pacific along the SAF and is transported through the Drake Passage, thereby becoming a saliter and denser AAIW. The circumpolar AAIW, the coldest and freshest AAIW, has a circumpolar source and is injected into the ocean interior in the Brazil‐Malvinas confluence. The results clarify different types of AAIW have different origins.
Product Markets, Competition and Corporate Finance: A Review and Directions for Future Research

We review the literature that examines how product markets and competition interact with corporate finance, and provide some ideas for future research. The main takeaway from more than forty years of research is that product market considerations have first-order effects on our understanding of firms’ decisions. The nature and intensity of firms’ interactions in the product market influence their ability to obtain financing, impacts their investment, acquisition, and innovation decisions, as well as affects their organizational and governance structure. Firms’ decisions are not only influenced by their product market environment, but their decisions also directly shape the structure of product markets and the resulting competition. The academic literature in this area is now mature, rich, and complex. It spans multiple areas in finance and economics, builds upon various fundamental economic forces, studies a large array of corporate decisions, and highlights that conclusions are often nuanced and depend heavily on the type and extent of competition. We also discuss practical issues related to the measurement of markets and competition that are relevant for future researchers, as well as recent changes in the nature of competition and markets’ boundaries. Overall, the literature delivers many important lessons to better understand the determinants and consequences of firms’ decisions.
Unified Field Theories: in the first third of the 20th century

1 The Electromagnetic Program for the Synthesis of Physics. - 2 The General Theory of Relativity: The Core of the Program of Unified Field Theories. - 3 Weyl's Theory: The First Truly Geometrized Unified Field Theory. - 4 1921: The Pivotal Year of Unified Geometrized Field Theories. - 5 Einstein's Decade of Hopes and Disappointments. - 6 The Role of Unified Geometrized Field Theories in the Genesis and Development of Quantum Theory. - Concluding Remarks.
AN EVALUATION OF TWO PROPOSALS FOR TRAFFIC RESTRAINT IN CENTRAL LONDON

THE PAPER CONSIDERS SOME OF THE LIKELY EFFECTS OF TWO PROPOSALS FOR RESTRAINING THE USE OF CARS AND MOTORCYCLES IN CENTRAL LONDON. ONE PROPOSAL IS TO SELL DAILY LICENSES TO ENTER THE AREA. THE OTHER IS TO TAX PARKING IN THE AREA. BOTH PROPOSALS THEREFORE AIM TO RAISE THE PRICE OF MOTORISTS AND CYCLISTS, AND THE EFFECTS ARE STUDIED AS A PROBLEM OF EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY. THE DEMAND FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF TRAFFIC ARE EXAMINED IN THE LIGHT OF SUCH DATA AS ARE AVAILABLE BUT THE RESULTS MUST BE REGARDED CAUTIOUSLY AS A FIRST ATTEMPT TO TACKLE AN IMPORTANT BUT DIFFICULT PROBLEM. THE SUPPLY FUNCTION (OF ROAD SPACE) IS ANALYSED BY A NEW METHOD. THE POSITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM, I.E. THE TRAFFIC VOLUMES AND SPEEDS, ARE THEN CALCULATED FOR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF LICENSE FEE OR PARKING TAX, AND THE NET BENEFITS OF EACH POSITION ARE WORKED OUT. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE OPTIMUM CHANGES WOULD BE 6S. FOR A DAILY LICENSE OR 9D. FOR AN HOURLY PARKING TAX, BUT THE NET BENEFIT FROM THE DAILY LICENSE -- AT LEAST 6-7 MILLION POUNDS A YEAR -- WOULD BE MORE THAN DOUBLE THAT ARISING FROM PARKING TAX. THE BENEFIT WOULD ACCRUE LARGELY TO BUS PASSENGERS. /AUTHOR/
The Temporal (In)Stability of Violent Crime Hot Spots Between Months and The Modifiable Temporal Unit Problem

Research on the concentration and stability of crime patterns at micro-places primarily examines years as the temporal unit of observation. This study examines temporal patterns between months to explore the impact of the modifiable temporal unit problem (MTUP). We analyzed 26,555 violent crime incidents reported to the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department from a 60-month observation period and geocoded these incidents to 14,106 street segments. Street segments with crime experienced these incidents across a small number of months and there is much variability in which locations are hot spots between months. Only a small number of street segments experienced a seasonal pattern between months with most locations having complete instability or unpredictability in the months when crime does occur.