Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HF radar polar patch and its relation with the cusp during BY‐dominated IMF: Simultaneous observations at two altitudes

[1] Recent studies have shown that the motion of the cusp can be deduced from the energetic neutral atom signals detected in the magnetosphere by the Low Energy Neutral Atom (LENA) imager on the IMAGE spacecraft. We use this approach to understand the characteristics of the formation of a polar patch seen in the dayside ionosphere. During a period of the 28 March 2001 LENA cusp signal event, the SuperDARN radars at Syowa East, Syowa South, and Kerguelen Island identified large-scale features of a polar patch. A region of high backscatter power observed by the radars separates into two parts around 77°, and its high-latitude part moves in the poleward and duskward direction. The separation latitude is about 5° higher than the equatorward boundary of the cusp, which is deduced from the LENA cusp signal. We interpret these observations, including features obtained with other SuperDARN radars in the northern hemisphere, as being due to the IMF BY-controlled zonal jet flow that occurred during a period of increase in ∣BY/BZ∣, without requiring the change in BY polarity that has been often invoked in previous studies. The sharp equatorward boundary of the radar signatures of the polar patch would be an interface between the preexisting flow generally in the antisunward direction and the enhanced zonal flow. The flow enhancement appears to be a fundamental process that forms the large-scale polar patch at latitudes several degrees higher than the cusp.
ANALISIS SIFAT KIMIA TANAH GAMBUT YANG DIKONVERSI MENJADI PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT DI KABUPATEN KAMPAR

The research was conducted on February to agustus 2013 in the Tambang and Tapung Districk, Kampar Regency, Riau Province. The purpose of this research was to observe changes of soil chemical properties from secondary peat forests wich was converted to oil palm plantations at 6th and 26th years. This study is conducture by observation and survey at 50 cm and 100 cm of depth. Chemical analysis of the soil included pH, total-N, P-bray, C-organic, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), and Basa Cations (K, Ca, Mg and Na). Results of the analysis showed converted of peat land to oil palm plantation cause an increase in pH (1.19%), reduction in C-organic (17.94%), N-total (62.54%), Mg-dd (62.54%) and Na-dd (0.13%). Increase occurred oil palm at 6th years for CEC by (11.87%), P-bray (3.35%), K-dd (0.05%) and Ca-dd (13.89%). Decline occurred oil palm at 26th years for the by CEC by (3.35%), P-bray (10.91%), K-dd (0.09%) and Ca-dd (63.2%).
Noble gases in the Kobe CK4 carbonaceous chondrite

The Kobe CK4 carbonaceous chondrite is depleted in spallogenic and radiogenic He as well as trapped noble gases. The loss of spallogenic and radiogenic He is likely due to heating by solar radiation. Concordant cosmic-ray exposure ages are obtained from spallogenic 21Ne, 38Ar and 83Kr. The 21Ne-basis exposure age is 42.3 Myr, using the production rate for CV chondrites which are compositionally similar to CK chondrites. We have 3.3 Ga for K-Ar age. Kobe contains neutron-induced 80Kr, 82Kr and 128Xe. The neutron-induced 80Kr/82Kr ratio agrees with that for Kr produced by epithermal neutron captures on 79Br and 81Br. From the slowing-down density and the Fermi age of epithermal neutrons, we have the minimum radius (or mass) of 24 cm (or 200 kg with the density of 3.5 g/cm3) for the precursor meteoroid during neutron-capture reactions. Kobe was also analyzed for He, Ne and Ar by laser-microprobe techniques. The preliminary result shows heterogeneous distribution of noble gas components. A barred olivine chondrule is highly enriched in spallogenic gases and radiogenic He and Ar. It is suggested that a potential source for these components in the chondrule is mesostasis, because it is usually enriched in target elements O, Na and Ca for spallogenic gases and parent nuclides K and U for radiogenic gases, though the chondrule has never been analyzed for concentrations of these elements. A search for carriers of the trapped noble gas component, including matrix minerals, magnetite and also sulfides, olivine and mesostasis of chondrules did not yield positive results.
Near tropopause water vapor content and exchange processes

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION Introduction Thesis Organization References CHAPTER 2. Comparison of Aura-MLS water vapor measurements with GFS and NAM analyses in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere Abstract Introduction Data and methodology Results Discussion Summary and conclusion Acknowledgements References Figures CHAPTER 3. Upper troposphere and lower stratosphere water vapor and transport processes in the vicinity of deep convection Abstract Introduction Numerical model configuration and experimental design Description of convective system activities Results Summary and conclusions Acknowledgements References Figures Tables CHAPTER 4. Sensitivity of Aura-MLS data to algorithm choice General Discussion Figures CHAPTER 5. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii 1 1 3 4 7 7 8 10 16 24 26 28 29 34 45 45 46 47 48 49 56 57 58 60 75 80 80 82 85 88
Proterozoic history of the Borborema province (NE Brazil): Correlations with neighboring cratons and Pan‐African belts and implications for the evolution of western Gondwana

Geological and geochronological correlations between Borborema province (NE Brazil) and neighboring cratons and Brasiliano/Pan‐African belts indicate that the Amazonian, West African, and São Francisco/Congo cratons and the basement of the Araguaia, Borborema, Nigerian, and Cameroon provinces were part of the Atlantica supercontinent. This continent was established at the end of the Transamazonian/Eburnean cycle (∼2.0 Ga) and, apart from ubiquitous taphrogenesis in the 1.8–1.7 Ga interval, remained largely unaffected for the following 1 Ga. Around 1 Ga an important magmatic event in Borborema province correlates with rifting episodes and anorogenic magmatism in the São Francisco, Congo, and Amazonian cratons. These events are interpreted as failed attempts to break up Atlantica, which at this time may have been part of the larger Rodinia supercontinent. Renewed extensional conditions in Borborema province during the middle and late Neoproterozoic are attributed to far‐field stresses transmitted to the interior of Atlantica by outwardly dipping subduction zones that encircled its northern (present day coordinates) portion. The rarity of petrotectonic assemblages typical of subduction zone environments indicates that extension did not evolve enough to form large oceans basins and thus that the Borborema province essentially includes reworked intracontinental domains. Regional deformation and metamorphism, starting at 650–640 Ma, and shear zone development, beginning at 590–595 Ma, were continuously developed through time and were synchronous throughout most of the Borborema, Araguaia, Cameroon, and Nigerian provinces. Postorogenic conditions were reached 540–530 Myr ago, while active deformation was still occurring in other belts that accreted around Atlantica to form western Gondwana.
Advances in Planetary Geology

The surface of Mars displays a broad range of channel and valley features. There is as great a range in morphology as in scale. Some of the features of Martian geography are examined. Geomorphic mapping, crater counts on selected surfaces, and a detailed study of drainage basins are used to trace the geologic evolution of the Margaritifer Sinus Quandrangle. The layered deposits in the Valles Marineris are described in detail and the geologic processes that could have led to their formation are analyzed.
Accretion and exhumation structures formed by deeply subducted seamounts in the Kamuikotan high‐pressure/temperature zone, Hokkaido, Japan

The Lower Cretaceous Iwashimizu complex in the southern Kamuikotan zone, Japan, was formed by accretion of seamounts, which subducted to the lawsonite‐albite to blueschist facies. The complex is a pile of four nappe units. Each unit comprises a duplex with horses of seamount volcanics ± sedimentary rocks and ramp shear zones, suggesting a thin‐skinned peeling of subducted seamounts. Each unit‐bounded fault is regarded as the floor thrust of an overlying duplex and the roof thrust of an underlying duplex, reflecting a downward progression of underplating accretion. The structurally upper Pirashuke unit was metamorphosed at higher pressure than the structurally lower units. This inverted arrangement of metamorphic grade can be explained by shallowing of progressively younging subducted slab. Structurally upper units were exhumed synchronously with growth of the structurally lower units. This synaccretionary exhumation can be explained by repetition of undercritical duplex‐forming compression and overcritical extensional unroofing during seamounts subduction.
Geochemical and palynological signals for palaeoenvironmental change in south west England

This thesis evaluates the utility of a geochemical technique for the investigation of paiaeoenvironmental change in south west England. The method, EDMA (Energy Dispersive X-ray Micro Analysis), is a rapid, non-destructive analysis tool, capable of detecting a large range of geochemical elements. This research examines the most appropriate method of sample preparation for organic soils and peats, and investigates the reliability of results gained from EDMA with respect to conventional bulk geochemical techniques. A detailed study focused on a range of different sedimentary sites in south west England where a variety of palaeoenvironmental changes were thought to occur. Pollen analysis was undertaken on the same sedimentary material, and provided complementary information on the nature and scale of vegetation change through time. Sediments from a coastal valley mire near North Sands, Salcombe, revealed information relating to the processes of sea-level change in this part of south Devon and the subsequent autogenic processes as the sediment accumulated through time. A range of sites were located on the granitic upland of Dartmoor. A raised bog, Tor Royal, provided data relating to the changing nature of the central upland landscape from late Mesolithic times to the present day. Two soligenous sites. Upper Merrivale and Piles Copse, sought to investigate the activities of postulated anthropogenic activity at a much smaller spatial scale, with particular interest placed upon the evidence for deforestation activity and the utilisation of the local mineral resources. The last site, Crift Down, a lowland spring fed valley mire utilised geochemical and palynological fluxes within the peat to investigate processes and activities associated with archaeological evidence for Medieval tinworking in this area of Cornwall. The results from the EDMA investigations, and comparable studies using other geochemical methods including EMMA, AAS and flame photometry, suggest the technique to have greatest applicability as a first stage tool in the analysis of general activities of past environmental change. The technique was found to yield reliable results for the major elements (Si, Al, S, Fe, Ca, K, Na and Mg), but is generally incapable of providing useful data on heavy metal elements. The data from south west England suggest the method to reflect activity at a range of different scales, and as part of a structured programme of analysis may contribute information to allow a more holistic environmental reconstruction to be made.
Nitrous oxide and methane fluxes in six different land use systems in the Peruvian Amazon

The contribution of different land‐use systems in the humid tropics to increasing atmospheric trace gases has focused on forests, pastures, and crops with few measurements from managed, tree‐based systems that dominate much of the landscape. This study from the Peruvian Amazon includes monthly nitrous oxide and methane fluxes from two cropping systems, three tree‐based systems, and a 23‐year secondary forest control. Average N2O fluxes from the cropping systems were two to three times higher than the secondary forest control (9.1 μg N m−2 h−1), while those of the tree‐based systems were similar to the secondary forest. Increased fluxes in the cropping systems were attributed to N fertilization, while fluxes from the tree‐based systems were related to litterfall N. Average CH4 consumption was reduced by up to half that of the secondary forest (−30.0 μg C m−2 h−1) in the tree‐based and low‐input cropping systems. There was net CH4 production in the high‐input cropping system. This switch to net production was a result of increased bulk density and increased soil respiration resulting in anaerobic conditions. Reduced rates of N2O emissions, similar CH4 consumption, and high C sequestration rates in these tree‐based systems compared with mature forests, coupled with the large area of these systems in the humid tropics, may partially offset the past effects of deforestation on increased atmospheric trace gas concentrations. In contrast, cropping systems with higher N2O emissions, substantially reduced CH4 consumption or even net CH4 emissions, and little C sequestration exacerbate those effects.
Why Cultivation of Azolla as Cattle Feed Not Sustainable

A study on azolla cultivation was conducted in the coastal areas of the Villupuram district of Tamilnadu to analyse the reasons for adoption and non adoption of azolla cultivation by the dairy farmers. The local NGO (REAL) promoted azolla cultivation to reduce the cost of milk production in six adopted villages in this district. The NGO has selected a total of 100 dairy farmers to cultivate and feed azolla to their cattle. Initially these selected farmers were given training on azolla cultivation and feeding azolla to cattle. All these trained dairy farmers were given azolla seeds and this project was continued for one year. Data collected from 47 of these farmers revealed that azolla cultivation is not sustainable as it was built around subsidies and not on the basis of the felt needs of the dairy farmers.
Effects of plantation forest clearfelling on stream temperatures in the Plynlimon experimental catchments, mid-Wales

Abstract. Hourly stream temperatures monitored over 28 months, which spanned a 3 month period of environmentally sensitive plot-scale harvesting of 20 ha. (20%) of the Nant Tanllwyth catchment (0.89 km2) on the south side of the main stream in early 1996, resulted in a 0.58°C (p Monthly mean maximum stream temperatures, also highest in July and August in the year before and the year after the clearfelling, showed a marked increase of 7.0°C: in July and 5.3°C in August from the pre- to the post-clearfelling years, while monthly mean minimum air temperatures actually showed a slight decrease for the same months. The likely effects on stream fauna are discussed, as are suggestions for, and likely effects of, buffer strips alongside the streams. Keywords: stream temperature; air temperature; ground surface temperature; clearfelling; Plynlimon
River stream flows in the northern Québec Labrador region: A multivariate change point analysis via maximum likelihood

Spring stream flows of six rivers that flow in the northern Québec Labrador region are modeled in a multivariate Gaussian framework and have been analyzed for possible change points in their average flows. The multivariate formulation takes into account correlations among the flows of the six rivers that flow in the same region. Significant change was detected in the multivariate mean vector, and the unknown change point is estimated by the method of maximum likelihood estimation. We then establish the asymptotic distribution of the change point maximum likelihood estimate, wherein we show that the multivariate case can be transformed into an equivalent univariate problem. A simulation study is carried out to investigate the robustness of the asymptotic distribution to departures from normality and independence as well as its closeness to finite samples. The asymptotic distribution allowed us to compute confidence interval estimates of the change point in the river flows. A decrease in the mean river flows in 1984 identified by the methodology may have been a consequence of a sharp decline in the region's snow cover that occurred about a year or two ahead.
The Zonal Classification of the Salopian Rocks of Cautley and Ravenstonedale

I. Introduction and Literature. We were induced by Dr. Marr to undertake the examination of the Salopian rocks of the area under consideration. He had failed in former years to obtain any zonal succession of the rocks of Wenlock age in the Lake District, owing to the cleaved nature of the rocks of that age above the lowest beds containing Cyrtograptus murchisoni. An examination of the less cleaved representatives of the Wenlock Beds near Cautley had convinced him that a succession might be established there, similar to that described in Scania by Tullberg, and in Wales and the Welsh borderland by Mrs. Shakespear and Miss Elles. Our study of the Wenlock and Ludlow rocks of the Cautley and Ravenstonedale area has convinced us that these beds are capable, of a division into zones, although some of the zones recognized farther south apparently do not persist when traced northwards to this district. The Cautley and Ravenstonedale area is situated north of Sedbergh; its northern and eastern limits are defined by Carboniferous rocks, but on the west it is continuous with the Salopian of the Lake District. The physiography of the district and the features due to ice-action have recently been described by Dr. Marr & Mr. Fearnsides: it will suffice, therefore, to mention here that the area is a very hilly one, the fells often rising steeply from the 600- to the 1750-foot contour-line. North-west of the Rawthey the hilltops are everywhere formed of hard grits of Ludlow age, while on
Principal component analysis of ULF geomagnetic data for Izu islands earthquakes in July 2000

The purpose of this report is to find out any ULF signature for the earthquakes in Izu islands in July 2000 (associated with volcanic activity) by means of a new signal processing method. The ULF data observed at closely-spaced three stations in Izu peninsula, are subjected to the principal component analysis (PCA), and we have found that this PCA is very effective in distinguishing among different sources of ULF emissions (geomagnetic variation, man-made noise, and seismogenic emission). While, the first and second principal components are found to be associated with geomagnetic variation and man-made activity, respectively, the third principal component (residual noise like seismogenic emission if it exists) at night has indicated a significant temporal evolution; an enhancement for about 1.5 months (from early May to middle June) and a conspicuous minimum about ten days before the first earthquake on July 1 (magnitude 6.4), followed by a sharp increase a few days before the quakes. Furthermore, this component is found to be back to the background level a few months later than the quakes. This temporal pattern is in good agreement with those for previous large earthquake (Spitak, Loma Prieta, Guam and Biak earthquakes), so that this temporal evolution for the third principal component found by PCA is likely to be a precursory ULF signature of those Izu islands earthquakes with its intensity of the order of 5% of the first principal component.
New evidence of agricultural activity and environmental change associated with the ancient Loulan kingdom, China, around 1500 years ago

The ancient kingdom of Loulan on China’s Silk Road has disappeared for about 1500 years. Historical records have documented widespread cultivation in Loulan which supported the kingdom’s prosperity for hundreds of years. However, no farmland ruins have been found although the ancient Loulan city was discovered more than 100 years ago. In this study, remotely sensed, geomorphic and geological observations of possible farmlands in Loulan were analyzed. A wide distribution of partly preserved plots with recognizable regular and straight boundaries, the existence of crossed canals, the occurrence of a gypseous incrustation layer (GIL) overlying on the surface of farmland-like blocks, and extracted large-sized pollen grains of cultivated grass from GIL samples provide new evidence for the ancient farmlands. Field observations revealed that the upper cultivated soil layer overlaid on GIL, i.e. soil horizon A, had been wind-eroded and GIL is the ruined soil horizon B. These new findings point to a well-developed agriculture of the ancient Loulan kingdom. The size and distribution of the farmlands and the thickness of the GIL suggests that irrigation for cultivation in this currently exceedingly arid area had lasted for a long time. Fluvial and lacustrine sediments in Loulan area deposited during the about 4 to ~ 8 ka BP period, revealing that the wet Holocene optimum and two arid events of about 4 and 8 ka BP occurred in the westerlies-dominated northwest China. The Loulan kingdom period was another wet stage when the ecological environment was the typical cultivated grass of oasis near wetland. The insufficiency of water during the late period of the Loulan kingdom led the decline of irrigation agriculture and finally the renunciation of the kingdom.
World Soil Erosion and Conservation

Land degradation from soil erosion has been considered by many to be a problem of significant proportion, affecting some 30 50% of the earth's land surface. At the time of the first publication of this book in 1993, estimates indicated that 10 15 million hectares of land were being lost each year through erosion and salinisation from irrigation and that at such a rate of loss, topsoil reserves on most sloping lands would be depleted within two hundred years. Since humankind's dependency on the land for food is almost total, soil erosion represents a real threat to the security of our food supply. The need for the immediate conservation of the world's soil resources is therefore clear. As part of the response to this need, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's Commission on Ecology convened a special working group to consider the problem of world soil erosion and to propose practical solutions for soil conservation. This important book presents the outcome of their work. "
Circulation and Energetics of a Model of the California Current System

Abstract Data from an eight-layer FNOC wind-driven eddy-resolving limited-area quasi-geostrophic numerical model have been used to study the dynamics of the California Current System (CCS). with particular emphasis on the energetics. The model includes quasi-realistic bottom topography and the true coastline, and is embedded in a coarser resolution model occupying almost all of the North Pacific Ocean. The model simulates the main components of the CCS, such as the California Current (CC), the Davidson Current, the California Undercurrent, and the Southern California Eddy. The simulated CC is both an active eddy-mean flow interaction area and an effective wave source for the North Pacific Ocean. Making use of the mean potential vorticity field of the different layers, four different regimes are described for the mean circulation: “inertial”, “intermediate”, “beta”, and “bottom topographic”. Overall, the new-surface circulation is energetically dominated by the mean flow whereas the deep simulation is ener.