Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Are El Niño and La Niña Events Improved in an Eddy-Resolving Ocean General Circulation Model?

Abstract The present study compares the performance of two versions of the LASG/IAP (State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics/Institute of Atmospheric Physics) Climate System Ocean Model (LICOM) in reproducing the interannual variability associated with El Niño and La Niña events in the tropical Pacific. Both versions are forced with the identical boundary conditions from observed or reanalysis data, in which one version has a finer spatial resolution of (1/10)° in the horizontal domain and 55 vertical layers, and the other version has a coarse resolution of 1° in the horizontal domain and 30 vertical layers. ENSO simulations form the two versions are compared with observations and, in particular, the improvements with regard to ENSO by the finer resolution ocean model are emphasized. As a result of the finer spatial resolution, both the vertical temperature gradient and vertical velocity are better represented in the equatorial Pacific than they are by the coarse resolution model; and thus, the corresponding vertical advections of temperature are more reasonable. Besides the mean climatology, simulated ENSO events and relevant feedbacks are much improved in the finer resolution model. A heat budget analysis suggests that both thermocline feedback and Ekman feedback are mainly responsible for the rapid increase in temperature anomalies during the developing and mature phases of ENSO events.
The premature fetus

Traditionally, it has been believed that the cardiovascular and hormonal responses to asphyxia in preterm fetuses are immature, and this immaturity contributes to their apparent vulnerability to neural injury. However, these data were derived from studies using relatively mild insults, which did not allow for the greater cardiac glycogen reserves and anaerobic capacity of the brain near midgestation. Here, we review the maturation of the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular and cerebral responses to asphyxia in experimental animals and how these relate to the apparent vulnerability of the human premature brain. Most such investigations have been performed in the chronically instrumental fetal sheep. Recent studies have demonstrated that the premature fetus has highly adaptive and relatively mature responses to asphyxia, and that in absolute terms the pre-term brain is very resistant to asphyxial injury. These data suggest that the premature fetus is able to survive much more prolonged periods of asphyxia than the near-term fetus, but that, paradoxically,
Stress-Induced Analgesia

For over 30 years, scientists have been investigating the phenomenon of pain suppression upon exposure to unconditioned or conditioned stressful stimuli, commonly known as stress-induced analgesia. These studies have revealed that individual sensitivity to stress-induced analgesia can vary greatly and that this sensitivity is coupled to many different phenotypes including the degree of opioid sensitivity and startle response. Furthermore, stress-induced analgesia sensitivity can vary a great deal depending on age, gender, and prior experience to stressful, painful, or other environmental stimuli. Stress-induced analgesia is mediated by activation of the descending inhibitory pain pathway. Pharmacological and neurochemical studies have demonstrated involvement of a large number of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. In particular, there are key roles for the
Molecular mapping of complex traits

The term “complex traits” relates to any phenotype which escapes from classical Mendelian single-locus type of inheritance (recessive or dominant). Many important biological characters, from grain yield or pathogen resistance to complex human diseases as asthma or diabetes, result from a segregation of numerous quantitative trait loci (QTL). The fact that total genetic variation underlying those phenotypes is divided into portions between a large number of loci greatly complicates attempts to identify regions related to that trait. An addition of environmental effects and interactions between those genes completes the picture. This chapter is devoted to molecular mapping of complex traits in plants. First, we review commonly used approaches to analyze the nature of genetic variation for quantitative traits, from the 1920s, when their basis was established, until today. The following two sections illustrate successes achieved to date on identifying QTLs related to morphology, fl owering time control, pathogen resistance, transformation and plant regeneration and nutrient composition in vegetable Brassicas. The last part focuses on recently introduced technologies such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), diversity arrays technology (DArT) or expression microarrays, which have not been extensively used for analysis of QTLs in Brassica species, yet are methods of choice for future projects concerning heterosis. Finally, analysis of the genetic basis of crop domestication and adaptation along with epigenetic regulation of crop development are discussed.
Sensitivity of Coulomb stress change to the parameters of the Coulomb failure model: A case study using the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake

The Coulomb stress change has been widely employed to interpret mainshock‐mainshock and mainshock‐aftershock triggering as well as interactions amongst earthquake faults and volcanoes. This quantitative index is computed based on the Coulomb failure criterion and is a function of fault parameters including the source and receiver fault geometries, the friction coefficient on the receiver fault, and Skempton's coefficient of the host rock. Thus, for the robust determination of the Coulomb stress change, the sensitivity of the Coulomb stress change to these model parameters should be thoroughly assessed. However, notwithstanding numerous case studies, almost no systematic investigation of the sensitivity of the Coulomb stress change has been performed. Here we present an error estimator for the Coulomb stress change and then quantitatively investigate the sensitivity of the Coulomb stress change to the fault model parameters for the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. Our results indicate that for this case the Coulomb stress change is the most sensitive to the uncertainty in the dip angle of the receiver fault, while the influences of the uncertainties in the slip model of the source fault, the strike, and rake angles of the receiver fault, and the friction and Skempton's coefficients cannot be neglected. Accordingly, it is crucial to perform a realistic estimate of the uncertainty in the Coulomb stress change. By performing such calculation, future Coulomb stress analyses such as the stress triggering of earthquake sequence and the likelihoods of potential earthquakes could be based on more robust Coulomb stress change maps.
Cooperatives in Africa: the age of reconstruction – synthesis of a survey in nine African countries

upon African cooperatives. The presence of cooperatives and people covered by them was found to be significant, though erratically documented. The current growth of the movement is largely driven by expansion of Savings and Credit Cooperatives. However, building and maintaining a movement’s structure presents a challenge. Federations often struggle with legitimacy and operate at a mere subsistence level. Cooperative colleges do not sufficiently cater for members and staff of primary cooperatives. The extent to which governments pursue a policy of actively creating an enabling environment for cooperatives proves to be the key factor in reconstructing the cooperative movements. The paper further discusses the significance of cooperatives for other policy domains and the position of cooperatives as a vehicle for development.
Point:Counterpoint: Supraspinal locomotor centers do/do not contribute significantly to the hyperpnea of dynamic exercise

This series of debates was initiated for the Journal of Applied Physiology because we believe an important means of searching for truth is through debate where contradictory viewpoints are put forward. This dialectic process whereby a thesis is advanced, then opposed by an antithesis, with a synthesis subsequently arrived at, is a powerful and often entertaining method for gaining knowledge and for understanding the source of a controversy. Before reading these Point:Counterpoint manuscripts or preparing a brief commentary on their content (see below for instructions), the reader should understand that authors on each side of the debate are expected to advance a polarized viewpoint and to select the most convincing data to support their position. This approach differs markedly from the review article where the reader expects the author to present balanced coverage of the topic. Each of the authors has been strictly limited in the lengths of both the manuscript (1200 words) and the rebuttal (400). The number of references to publications is also limited to 30, and citation of unpublished findings is prohibited.
ADEMU WORKING

In this paper, we analyze the effects of disclosing corporate tax reports on the performance of financial markets and the use of asset prices by the tax enforcement agency in order to infer the true corporate cash flows. We model the interaction between a firm and the tax auditing agency, and highlight the role played by the tax report as a public signal used by the market dealer and the role of prices as a signal used by the tax authority. We discuss the determinants of both the reporting strategy of the firm and the auditing policy of the tax authority. Our model suggests that, despite disclosure of the tax reports being beneficial for market performance (as the spreads and trading costs are smaller than under no disclosure), the tax agency might have incentives to not disclose the tax report when its objective is to maximize expected net tax collection.
Calorimetric and phase-diagram approaches to two-feldspar geothermometry; a critique

Two-feldspar geothermometers based on the thermodynamic properties of the limiting binaries Ab-An and Ab-Or are unsatisfactory because the ternary nature of the feldspar pairs cannot be accounted for and critical points are not generated. Ternary mixing data are mandatory. There are also serious shortcomings in the experimental ternary phase relation data available at present, and even ambiguities in the interpretation of the thermodynamic properties of the binaries, which preclude development of a practical geothermometer. Recent work on feldspar zoning patterns in rocks allows some deductions to be made concerning the geometry of the ternary system, but there are dilliculties in the interpretation of natural feldspar pairs. Framework order-disorder presents problems which may be insuperable.
This information is current as Correlate with Their Function Levels of Membrane Lipid Order That T Cells Have Diverse + Primary Human CD 4 Jury Liebig

Membrane lipid microdomains (lipid rafts) play an important role in T cell function by forming areas of high lipid order that facilitate activation. However, their role in regulating T cell differentiation and function remains controversial. In this study, by applying a new approach involving microscopy and flow cytometry, we characterize membrane lipid order in ex vivo primary human CD4 + T cells. We reveal that differential membrane lipid order dictates the response to TCR stimulation. T cells with high membrane order formed stable immune synapses and proliferated robustly, intermediate order cells had reduced proliferative ability accompanied by unstable immune synapse formation, whereas low order T cells were profoundly unresponsive to TCR activation. We also observed that T cells from patients with autoimmune rheumatic disease had expanded intermediate order populations compared with healthy volunteers. This may be important in dictating the nature of the immune response since most IFN-g + CD4 + T cells were confined within intermediate membrane order populations, whereas IL-4 + CD4 + T cells were contained within the high order populations. Importantly, we were able to alter T cell function by pharmacologically manipulating membrane order. Thus, the results presented from this study identify that ex vivo CD4 + T cells sustain a gradient of plasma membrane lipid order that influences their function in terms of proliferation and cytokine production. This could represent a new mechanism to control T cell functional plasticity, raising the possibility that therapeutic targeting of membrane lipid order could direct altered immune cell activation in pathology. C urrent evidence supports an important role for lipid microdomains (lipid rafts) in the formation of the im-munological synapse (IS) between T lymphocytes and APC; this process involves the segregation and reorganization of membrane lipids and proteins and is dependent on the actin cy-toskeleton (1, 2). Although the functional outcome of T cell/APC interactions depends on the nature of IS formation (3), the importance of membrane microdomains in the regulation of IS development , cell differentiation, and function of primary human T cells is not fully understood. The organization of plasma membrane sphingolipids and cholesterol into microdomains with relative liquid-order compared with the surrounding disordered membrane is the basis of the lipid raft hypothesis in mammalian cells (4). Some cell surface proteins preferentially associate with ordered lipid microdomains whereas others are excluded and diffuse freely in the more disordered membrane (5). A main issue when considering lipid microdomains …
Dolomitization and porosity evaluation of the Cretaceous Upper Qamchuqa (Mauddud) Formation, Khabbaz oil field, Kirkuk area, northern Iraq

The Khabbaz Field in northern Iraq produces oil and gas from the Albian Upper Qamchuqa Formation, which corresponds to the Mauddud Formation of southern and central Iraq and the Arabian Gulf. The Formation is layered into Units A, B and C, of which Unit A is the main reservoir zone characterized by correlatable flow units and barriers/baffles. Units B and C generally have lower overall reservoir quality compared to Unit A. A detailed examination of cuttings, cores, and wireline logs from ten wells in the field revealed an important link between sedimentary facies, dolomitization, and heterogeneity of reservoir characteristics. The wide range of dolomite fabrics include microcrystalline, planar-e, planar-s, planar-p, non-planar as well as saddle and cement types. These fabrics imply successive phases of dolomitization, which profoundly influence the enhancement of reservoir character. Intercrystalline, micromoldic, and microvuggy porosity are the most influential byproducts of this dolomitization. Fracturing and stylolitization, in addition to the uniform network of intercrystalline pore systems, especially of the fine- to medium-crystalline dolomite, effectively contributed to the collective porosity and permeability of the reservoir.
Chapter 16: Integrated Structural and Basinal Analysis of the Cesar–Rancheria Basin, Colombia: Implications for its Tectonic History and Petroleum Systems

Abstract The complex tectonic evolution of northwestern South America is recorded by a variety of deformed, onland basins ranging in age from Paleozoic to recent. We integrate the Mesozoic to recent structural geology and basinal history of the 12,000 km2, intermontane Cesar-Rancheria Basin (CRB) in northern Colombia to reconstruct the tectonic history of the basin and tectonic controls on its sedimentation, subsidence history, and petroleum systems. Methods and data used for this study include (1) interpretations of crustal structure using gravity and magnetic modeling; (2) subsurface mapping of key horizons using 3500 km (2175 mi) of two-dimensional (2-D) seismic reflection data tied to 16 wells; (3) construction of serial structural cross sections, which are balanced to the level of Late Cretaceous sedimentary rocks; and (4) construction of burial history graphs and development of a 2-D basin model showing predicted oil and gas windows. Basement-involved southeast-dipping reverse faults expose Jurassic to early Cretaceous rocks in the CRB and Paleozoic rocks in the Perija range (PR) east of the CRB. About 10% of shortening across the CRB is a consequence of motion along these faults driven by discrete interactions between the Caribbean and South America plates. Two major periods of NW-SE crustal, interplate shortening are identified: (1) an early–middle Eocene, west-to-east shortening event that produced east-dipping Cretaceous and Paleocene strata beneath a major unconformity that increases in erosional hiatus from east to west across the study area; this shortening and overlying unconformity is related to the collision of the Great Arc of the Caribbean with the northwestern continental margin of the South American plate; and (2) a late Miocene–Pliocene, west-to-east shortening event with major exhumation of the eastern CRB where faulting of recent sedimentary deposits are related to the collision between the Panama Arc and northwestern South America. The west-to-east migration of deformation during the Cenozoic controlled by the west-to-east, diachronous collision between the Great Arc of the Caribbean and northern South America also led the present-day distribution of preserved depocenters with a major thickness of the Paleocene-early Eocene section to the east of the study area, and a major Miocene depocenter to the west.
Working Paper 14 / 08 The Effects of News Events on Market Contagion : Evidence from the 2007-2009 Financial Crisis

In this paper, we use the quantile regression technique together with the coexceedance, a contagion measure, to assess the extent to which news events contribute to contagion in the stock markets during the crisis period between 2007 and 2009. Studies have shown that, not only the subprime crisis leads to a global recession, but the e ects on the global stock markets have also been significant. We track the news events, both in the UK and the US, using the global recession timeline. We observe that the news events related to ad hoc bailouts of individual banks from the UK have a contagion e ect throughout the period for most of the countries under investigation. This, however, is not found to be the case for the news events originating from the US. Our findings regarding the evidence of contagion e ects in the UK reinforce the argument that spreads and contagion — an outcome of the risk perception of financial markets — are solely a result of the behaviour of investors or other financial market participants. JEL : C01, C22, C31, C51, C58, G01
Securitization

We survey the literature on securitization and lay out a research program for its open questions. Securitization is the process by which loans, previously held to maturity on the balance sheets of financial intermediaries, are sold in capital markets. Securitization has grown from a small amount in 1990 to a pre-crisis issuance amount that makes it one of the largest capital markets. In 2005 the amount of non-mortgage asset-backed securities issued in US capital markets exceeded the amount of US corporate debt issued, and these securitized bonds—even those unrelated to subprime mortgages—were at center of the recent financial crisis. Nevertheless, despite the transformative effect of securitization on financial intermediation, the literature is still relatively small and many fundamental questions remain open.
Recommended implementation of arterial spin‐labeled perfusion MRI for clinical applications: A consensus of the ISMRM perfusion study group and the European consortium for ASL in dementia

This review provides a summary statement of recommended implementations of arterial spin labeling (ASL) for clinical applications. It is a consensus of the ISMRM Perfusion Study Group and the European ASL in Dementia consortium, both of whom met to reach this consensus in October 2012 in Amsterdam. Although ASL continues to undergo rapid technical development, we believe that current ASL methods are robust and ready to provide useful clinical information, and that a consensus statement on recommended implementations will help the clinical community to adopt a standardized approach. In this review, we describe the major considerations and trade‐offs in implementing an ASL protocol and provide specific recommendations for a standard approach. Our conclusion is that as an optimal default implementation, we recommend pseudo‐continuous labeling, background suppression, a segmented three‐dimensional readout without vascular crushing gradients, and calculation and presentation of both label/control difference images and cerebral blood flow in absolute units using a simplified model. Magn Reson Med 73:102–116, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomy of the garlic bulb and factors affecting bulb development

Abstract does not appear. First page follows. This investigation on the structure of garlic (Allium sativum L.) was undertaken to establish a background for cultural studies on garlic as a crop plant. While garlic is one of the oldest crops under cultivation, there have been few studies on either its structure or its development under field conditions. The data presented here are essentially descriptive; in only one or two instances were developmental studies made. All vegetative parts of the plant are described but not the seedstalks or flowers. Since any structural study should be closely related to the gross development of the plant in the field, data obtained on factors affecting plant development, especially bulbing and seedstalk formation, are included. As indicated above, the literature on garlic is limited. Several recent works have dealt with onion anatomy, and most of the references on this subject may be found in (Hoffman (1933)),3(Hector (1938)), and (Hayward (1938)). Other references dealing with the anatomy of the various species of Allium—in some cases specifically with garlic—which should be added to the above list include the papers by (Irmisch (1850)), (Falkenberg (1876)), (Tavel (1887)), (Baldrati (1897)), (Menz (1910), (1922), and (Braecke (1921)). General information on varieties of garlic and cultural problems is to be found in (Beattie (1937)), (McCallum and Knott (1942)), (Comin (1942)), (Altstatt and Smith (1942)), and (Smith et at. (1944)). About 80 per cent of the commercial garlic grown in the United States is produced in California (Rock, 1950). Here the crop is usually planted in fall or winter and begins growth with the fall rains. The plants grow slowly during the winter, more rapidly in the spring, and mature in June or July. All observations reported here were made on either the Early or Late varieties of garlic as described by (McCallum and Knott (1942)). There are few qualitative anatomical differences between the two varieties, so that, except in special cases, no varietal designations will be given. It should be noted that varietal names in garlic have mostly only local application, and it is difficult to determine from the literature any varietal synonymy for the different garlic-growing areas in the United States.
Carbon foils for space plasma instrumentation

Carbon foils have been successfully used for several decades in space plasma instruments to detect ions and neutral atoms. These instruments take advantage of two properties of the particle‐foil interaction: charge conversion of neutral atoms and/or secondary electron emission. This interaction also creates several adverse effects for the projectile exiting the foil, such as angular scattering and energy straggling, which usually act to reduce the sensitivity and overall performance of an instrument. The magnitude of these effects mainly varies with the incident angle, energy, and mass of the incoming projectile and the foil thickness. In this paper, we describe these effects and the properties of the interaction. We also summarize results from recent studies with graphene foils, which can be made thinner than carbon foils due to their superior strength. Graphene foils may soon replace carbon foils in space plasma instruments and open new opportunities for space research in the future.