Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rotavirus vaccine administration patterns in Italy: potential impact on vaccine coverage, compliance and adherence

ABSTRACT Acceptance of rotavirus (RV) vaccination may be impacted by several factors including the feasibility of the full schedule administration within the fixed immunization timelines. The human RV vaccine Rotarix (GSK) and the human bovine reassortant vaccine RotaTeq (Merck & Co.) were developed with different posologies (2 doses vs 3 doses respectively), which have both scientific and technical implications. A non-systematic literature review revealed that, in the Italian context, topics such as time to achieve RV protection in children, number of preventable cases and administration time window, compatibility/ease of inclusion in the national vaccination calendar, potential overlaps with the peak of natural history of intussusception and adherence to posology could be impacted by the RV vaccine posology. Results suggest that a shorter schedule would allow for greater flexibility of use as well as a greater documented ease of inclusion in the vaccination calendar, thereby reducing potential direct healthcare costs. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY What is the context? Rotavirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis across the world. In 2017, universal mass vaccination against rotavirus was introduced in Italy. The vaccine is offered free of charge for all new-borns. The human rotavirus vaccine (HRV; GSK) and the human bovine reassortant vaccine (HBRV; Merck & Co.) are the two available vaccines against rotavirus. They differ in the number of doses and timelines to be administered to achieve a full vaccination series (two for HRV and three for HBRV). Previous studies reported the difficulty in improving rotavirus vaccination coverage due to various causes, including misperception of the severity of the disease, fears about the safety of the vaccines and the fixed time ranges for starting and completing the full series. What is new? We conducted a literature review to look at the clinical and economic implications of the differences between both recommended dosing schedules. Our review suggests that a 2-dose schedule may allow: an easier inclusion in existing vaccination calendars a higher adherence to the recommended dosing schedule a higher vaccination coverage, as seen in other countries such as Mexico, the USA, Belgium and Italy. What is the impact? The posology of rotavirus vaccines results in a series of technical and scientific differences that may affect the time to achieve rotavirus protection in children. The higher coverage and earlier protection should result in fewer cases, and thereby decreased direct medical costs, and a reduced burden on families and the Italian National Health System.
Different fatty acids composition of fat globule core and membrane in ewe's milk

Most studies investigating the fatty acid composition of milk are carried out on its total fat content. Aim of this work was to demonstrate the difference in fatty acid composition of the core and the fat membrane of fat globule. After separating triglycerides from phospholipids of milk fat globule, both samples were analyzed by GLC as methyl esters. This differential extraction showed that in ewe's milk the composition of fatty acid derived from the hydrolysis of triglycerides was different from that of fatty acids derived from phospholipids. The long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids were present to a greater degree within the phospholipids, compared to the triglycerides: the C20:4 is absent in the core, while no short-chain C4:0 and C8:0 were detected in the membrane of fat globules. The C14:0, C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1 fatty acids are present in greater amount in the cream, while the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and the fatty acids precursors of the latter are better represented within the globule membrane. The unsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio was 0.56 in the fat globule core and 0.86 in the fat globule membrane.
The Role of Targeted Therapy in the Management of High-Risk Resected Kidney Cancer

Abstract The primary treatment for localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is surgical resection with curative intent. Despite this, many patients, especially those with high-risk features, will develop recurrent or metastatic disease. Antiangiogenic therapies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor have been a mainstay of treatment of advanced RCC for more than 10 years. Evidence supporting the use of these therapies in the adjuvant setting is mixed, although one clinical trial, S-TRAC, has shown improvements in disease-free survival with 1 year of adjuvant sunitinib among patients with clear cell histology and high-risk features, leading to the first US Food and Drug Administration approval of an adjuvant therapy for high-risk RCC patients. Further investigation into combination therapies with immunotherapy, neoadjuvant approaches, and patient selection will be key to determining optimal adjuvant therapy regimens to improve outcomes and increase cure rates for patients with localized RCC.
Activity Metabolism of Anuran Amphibians: Tolerance to Dehydration

I measured the oxygen consumption and total body lactate concentration of normally hydrated and dehydrated frogs (Rana pipiens) and toads (Bufo americanus) at rest, during 4 min of induced exercise, and during recovery from exercise at 25 C. Dehydration produced no change in resting oxygen consumption but significantly diminished the rate of oxygen uptake during exercise, more sharply in frogs than in toads. As a consequence, equal levels of desiccation produced a larger decline in aerobic scope in frogs than in toads. Water loss elicited no change in resting lactate level or in the amount of lactate generated during activity. Oxygen consumption returned to resting levels within 15 min after exercise ceased, whereas lactate values did not reach a plateau until 2 h after the end of activity. Dehydration produced no change in the rate of return of oxygen consumption or lactate concentration toward resting levels after exercise ceased. The major energetic consequences of water loss were a decline in the ability to synthesize ATP by aerobic means and a rise in the relative importance of glycolysis during locomotion.
Timing of Fluid Overload and Association With Patient Outcome.

OBJECTIVES To determine if the timing of excess fluid accumulation (fluid overload) is associated with adverse patient outcomes. DESIGN Secondary analysis of a prospectively collected dataset. SETTING PICU of a tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS Children 3 months to 25 years old admitted to the PICU with expected length of stay greater than or equal to 48 hours. INTERVENTIONS Patients were dichotomized by time of peak overload: peak fluid overload from ICU admission (Day0) to 48 hours (Day3-7) and peak fluid overload value after 48 hours of ICU admission, as well as time of first-time negative daily fluid balance: net fluid out greater than net fluid in for that 24-hour period. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS There were 177 patients who met inclusion criteria, 92 (52%) male, with an overall mortality rate of 7% (n = 12). There were no differences in severity of illness scores or fluid overload on Day0 between peak fluid overload from ICU admission (Day0) to 48 hours (Day3-7) (n = 97; 55%) and peak fluid overload value after 48 hours of ICU admission (n = 80; 45%) groups. Peak fluid overload value after 48 hours of ICU admission was associated with a longer median ICU course (8 [4-15] vs 4 d [3-8 d]; p ≤ 0.001], hospital length of stay (18 [10-38) vs 12 [8-24]; p = 0.01], and increased risk of mortality (n = 10 [13%] vs 2 [2%]; χ = 7.6; p = 0.006]. ICU length of stay was also longer in the peak fluid overload value after 48 hours of ICU admission group when only patients with at least 7 days of ICU stay were analyzed (p = 0.02). Timing of negative fluid balance was also correlated with outcome. Compared with Day0-2, a negative daily fluid balance on Day3-7 was associated with increased length of mechanical ventilation (3 [1-7] vs 1 d [2-10 d]; p ≤ 0.001) and increased hospital (17 [10-35] vs 11 d [7-26 d]; p = 0.006) and ICU (7 [4-13] vs 4 d [3-7 d]; p ≤ 0.001) length of stay compared with a negative fluid balance between Day0-2. CONCLUSIONS Our results show timing of fluid accumulation not just peak percentage accumulated is associated with patient outcome. Further exploration of the association between time and fluid accumulation is warranted.
The Dioscorea Genus (Yam)—An Appraisal of Nutritional and Therapeutic Potentials

The quest for a food secure and safe world has led to continuous effort toward improvements of global food and health systems. While the developed countries seem to have these systems stabilized, some parts of the world still face enormous challenges. Yam (Dioscorea species) is an orphan crop, widely distributed globally; and has contributed enormously to food security especially in sub-Saharan Africa because of its role in providing nutritional benefits and income. Additionally, yam has non-nutritional components called bioactive compounds, which offer numerous health benefits ranging from prevention to treatment of degenerative diseases. Pharmaceutical application of diosgenin and dioscorin, among other compounds isolated from yam, has shown more prospects recently. Despite the benefits embedded in yam, reports on the nutritional and therapeutic potentials of yam have been fragmented and the diversity within the genus has led to much confusion. An overview of the nutritional and health importance of yam will harness the crop to meet its potential towards combating hunger and malnutrition, while improving global health. This review makes a conscious attempt to provide an overview regarding the nutritional, bioactive compositions and therapeutic potentials of yam diversity. Insights on how to increase its utilization for a greater impact are elucidated.
Immunogenic Cell Death and Elimination of Immunosuppressive Cells: A Double-Edged Sword of Chemotherapy

Simple Summary The aim of this review is to detailed immunological effects of chemotherapies focusing on 2 main effects: immunogenic cell death and depletion of suppressive cells. It provides a strong rational for combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Abstract Chemotherapy is initially used to kill proliferative cells. In the current area of emerging immunotherapy, chemotherapies have shown their ability to modulate the tumor micro environment and immune response. We focus here on two main effects: first, immunogenic cell death, defined as a form of regulated cell death (RCD) that is sufficient to activate an adaptive immune response in immunocompetent hosts; and second, the depletion of suppressive cells, known to play a major role in immune escape and resistance to immunotherapy. In this review, we present a review of different classically used chemotherapies focusing on this double effect on immunity. These immunological effects of chemotherapy could be exploited to promote efficacy of immunotherapy. Broadening our understanding will make it possible to provide rationales for the combination of chemoimmunotherapy in early clinical trials.
Chemokine Signatures of Pathogen-Specific T Cells II: Memory T Cells in Acute and Chronic Infection

Key Points Pathogen-specific TM are a prodigious source of chemokines. The chemokine-expression patterns of TM largely resemble those of TE. Unique TM chemokine signatures in acute/chronic infection are of diagnostic value. Pathogen-specific memory T cells (TM) contribute to enhanced immune protection under conditions of reinfection, and their effective recruitment into a recall response relies, in part, on cues imparted by chemokines that coordinate their spatiotemporal positioning. An integrated perspective, however, needs to consider TM as a potentially relevant chemokine source themselves. In this study, we employed a comprehensive transcriptional/translational profiling strategy to delineate the identities, expression patterns, and dynamic regulation of chemokines produced by murine pathogen-specific TM. CD8+TM, and to a lesser extent CD4+TM, are a prodigious source for six select chemokines (CCL1/3/4/5, CCL9/10, and XCL1) that collectively constitute a prominent and largely invariant signature across acute and chronic infections. Notably, constitutive CCL5 expression by CD8+TM serves as a unique functional imprint of prior antigenic experience; induced CCL1 production identifies highly polyfunctional CD8+ and CD4+TM subsets; long-term CD8+TM maintenance is associated with a pronounced increase of XCL1 production capacity; chemokines dominate the earliest stages of the CD8+TM recall response because of expeditious synthesis/secretion kinetics (CCL3/4/5) and low activation thresholds (CCL1/3/4/5/XCL1); and TM chemokine profiles modulated by persisting viral Ags exhibit both discrete functional deficits and a notable surplus. Nevertheless, recall responses and partial virus control in chronic infection appear little affected by the absence of major TM chemokines. Although specific contributions of TM-derived chemokines to enhanced immune protection therefore remain to be elucidated in other experimental scenarios, the ready visualization of TM chemokine-expression patterns permits a detailed stratification of TM functionalities that may be correlated with differentiation status, protective capacities, and potential fates.
Declining Medicare Reimbursement in Orthopedic Trauma Surgery: 2000-2020.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate monetary trends in Government (Medicare) reimbursement rates for 20 commonly utilized orthopedic trauma surgical procedures over a twenty-year period. METHODS The Physician Fee Schedule Look-Up Tool from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) was queried for 20 common Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes in orthopedic trauma, and reimbursement data was extracted. All monetary data was adjusted for inflation to 2020 US dollars (USD) utilizing changes to the United States consumer price index (CPI). Both the average annual and the total percentage change in reimbursement, and in Relative Value Units (RVUs) were calculated for all included procedures. RESULTS After adjusting for inflation, the average reimbursement for all procedures decreased by 30.0% from 2000 to 2020. Total RVUs during this time increased by 4.4% on average. Procedures about the foot and ankle demonstrated the greatest decrease in mean adjusted reimbursement at -42.6%, while procedures about the shoulder and upper extremity demonstrated the smallest mean decrease at 23.7% during the study period. From 2000 to 2020, the adjusted reimbursement rate for all included procedures decreased by an average of 1.5% each year. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to comprehensively evaluate trends in procedural Medicare reimbursement for orthopedic trauma. When adjusted for inflation, Medicare reimbursement for included procedures has steadily decreased from 2000 to 2020. Increased awareness and consideration of these trends will be important for policy-makers, hospitals, and surgeons in order to assure continued access to meaningful surgical orthopedic trauma care in the United States. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Economic and Decision Analysis Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Grape berry development: a review

Grape berry development is reviewed with special focus on berry growth, structure, substances imported, organic acid and sugar metabolism. Berry growth is divided into two growth periods. Berry structure and ultra structure are adapted to sink function. Exocarp cells are characterized by intensive metabolic capacities, flesh cells by a storage role. Early growth is highly sensitive to internal and external parameters. Berry size is largely defined during the first growth period. After "veraison", the berry becomes a major storage sink. Many changes occur in berry metabolism and gene expression. Genomic researches are promising to elucidate the mechanisms of berry development.
Pathways to anterior open bite after changing of pacifier sucking habit in preschool children: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND Pacifiers use is a major cause of anterior open bite (AOB), which negatively impacts the quality of life of children affected. AIM Assess the direct and indirect pathways related to pacifier sucking habit and AOB in preschool children. DESIGN This 2-year cohort study evaluated a random sample of preschool children (2 to 5 years of age) from Southern Brazil. Caregivers answered a questionnaire addressing socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics. AOB was recorded following the criteria recommended by Foster and Hamilton. Structural equation model was performed to assess the direct and indirect pathways among variables at baseline (T1) to predict the AOB at follow-up (T2). RESULTS Regarding the AOB, 407 children were evaluated at T1 and 187 at T2. The prevalence of AOB was 32.9% at baseline and 16.0% at follow-up. The presence of AOB at follow-up was directly affected by the change in pacifier sucking habit from T1 to T2. Considering the indirect paths, the AOB at T1 influenced the AOB in T2 via a change of pacifier sucking habit. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the non-habit of sucking pacifiers is a fundamental strategy for the prevention of AOB as well as the promotion of health in childhood.
Development of Bionanocomposites Based on Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate)/PolylActide Blends Reinforced with Cloisite 30B

In the present study, poly(3-hydroxybuturate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and plasticized polylactide acid (PLA) blends were processed by melt extrusion with different weight ratio (up to 20 wt.% of PHBV). Bionanocomposites were obtained through the incorporation of an organomodified montmorillonite (C30B) at 3 wt. %. The main features of the processing and physico-chemical characterization of films and injected samples were assessed and the influence of the components on the chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of the bionanocomposites was investigated. The results indicated that plasticized PLA/PHBV/C30B bionanocomposites present optimal mechanical properties for sanitary applications. Moreover, plasticized PLA/PHBV could lead to finely tuned biomaterials able to form electrospun nanofibers.
Study on degradation behaviour, residue distribution and dietary risk assessment of propiconazole in celery and onion under field application.

BACKGROUND Propiconazole is widely used to control fungal diseases in field crops including celery and onion. The potential risk to the environment and human health has aroused much public concern. Therefore, it is significant to investigate the degradation behaviour, residue distribution and dietary risk assessment of propiconazole in celery and onion. RESULTS A sensitive analytical method for determination of propiconazole residue in celery and onion was established and validated through high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The average recovery rate of propiconazole ranged from 85.7% to 101.8% with the relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.1-6.3%. For the dissipation kinetics, the data showed that propiconazole in celery and onion was degraded with the half-lives of 6.1-6.2 days and 8.7-8.8 days, respectively. In the terminal residue experiments, the residues of propiconazole were below 4.66 mg/kg in celery after application of 2-3 times and were below 0.029 mg/kg in onion after application of 3-4 times with an interval of 14 days under the designed dosages. The chronic and acute dietary exposure assessment for propiconazole were valued by risk quotient (RQ) and the result manifested that all of the RQ values were lower than 100%. CONCLUSION Propiconazole in celery and onion was rapidly degraded following first-order kinetics models. The dietary risk of propiconazole through celery or onion was negligible to consumers. The study could not only offer a valuable reference for reasonable usage of propiconazole on celery and onion, but also facilitate the establishment of maximum residue limits (MRLs) in China. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Neo-Sagittal Suture Formation After Cranial Vault Remodeling in Sagittal Craniosynostosis

Abstract Craniosynostosis is a condition where the cranial sutures are early fused. Sagittal suture synostosis is found to be the most prevalent. Many techniques ranging from simple suture excision to wide suturectomy have been developed for treating this condition. While repeated fusion of previously excised involved sutures is common, neosuture formation has been identified in many recent reports after craniosynostosis surgery. In this case report, the authors present a finding of the neosuture formation in a patient presented with sagittal craniosynostosis after wide suturectomy with total cranial vault remodeling so that the pathologically fused suture can be reversed.
Breaking paradigms in the treatment of psoriasis: Use of botulinum toxin for the treatment of plaque psoriasis

Some studies have demonstrated that neurotransmitters are involved in the pathogenesis of numerous skin conditions, including psoriasis, addressing the close correlation between the skin and the central nervous system. There are reports showing psoriasis improvement after peripheral nervous system injury. In addition, botulinum toxin has been reported as a treatment for several diseases, including psoriasis. This is a proof‐of‐concept study of botulinum toxin and psoriasis, involving eight patients with stable and recalcitrant plaques of psoriasis vulgaris. The lesions were 5 cm2 at the maximum. Botulinum toxin Dysport (Ipsen Biopharm, Wrexham, UK), 5 units per cm2, was administered in one subcutaneous application. Patients were then evaluated at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment. Our results indicated a substantial improvement in all patients, 4 weeks after treatment, with no significant side effects. Our preliminary conclusion is that botulinum toxin represents a novel mechanism for interfering with the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis and improving the quality of life of our patients.
Computed tomographic comparison of esophageal hiatal size in brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic breed dogs.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether an anatomical difference in esophageal hiatus (EH) size exists between brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective clinical study. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs (n = 87). METHODS Clinical records and images of dogs that underwent computed tomography between June 2015 and September 2018 were reviewed. For the first part of the study, EH and aortic (Ao) cross-sectional surface areas were measured in brachycephalic (group 1) and nonbrachycephalic dogs of similar body size (<15 kg) without respiratory or gastroesophageal (GE) signs (group 2) by using multiplanar reconstruction. Esophageal hiatus:aortic ratio was calculated. In the second part of the study, absolute EH measurements were also compared in weight-matched (WM) dogs (8-10 kg) from groups 1 and 2. RESULTS Mean (±SD) of EH:Ao values for group 1 (8.1 ± 2.8) were higher (P < .0001) than those for group 2 (3.7 ± 1.1). In addition, EH measurements of 20 WM dogs in group 1 were higher than those of 20 dogs in group 2 (P < .05). CONCLUSION Esophageal hiatus cross-sectional surface area (directly and indirectly measured) in brachycephalic dogs was considerably larger than that in nonbrachycephalic dogs of generally similar body size. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Results of this study provide evidence to support the existence of a specific anatomical factor that could likely correlate to functional GE alterations (eg, regurgitation, gastroesophageal reflux, and sliding hiatal hernia) commonly seen in brachycephalic dogs.