Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Illustrating the critical role of human dimensions research for understanding and managing recreational fisheries within a social-ecological system framework.

Effective management of recreational fishing requires understanding fishers and their actions. These actions constitute critical links between social and ecological systems that result in outcomes that feedback and influence recreational fishers' actions and the management of these actions. Although much research exists on recreational fishers and their actions, this research is often disconnected from management issues. One way to help to overcome this disconnect is to illustrate how past research on the social component of recreational fishing fits within an emerging coupled social-ecological system (SES) framework. Herein, a conceptual SES is first developed with specific attention to recreational fisheries. This SES is then used to illustrate the importance of considering human dimensions research for articulating, studying and ultimately managing key outcomes of recreational fisheries (e.g. fish population conservation, fisher well-being) using the example of harvest regulations and a brief review of past interdisciplinary research on recreational fishing. The article ends by identifying key research needs including understanding: how factors such as management rules affect the diversity of actions by recreational fishers; how governance and management approaches adapt to changing social and resource conditions; and how recreational fishers learn and share information.
The analysis relationship of poverty, unemployment and population with the rates of crime using geographically weighted regression (GWR) in Riau province

In the last decades, crime has become a major issue against local decision-makers in the Pekanbaru city region. The incidence of criminality in a region depends not only on local socio-economic conditions, but also on the ones in nearby regions, due to significant population mobility. Understanding the relationship between crime and its surrounding environment can reveal possible strategies that can reduce crime in a neighborhood. Techniques account for such territorial correlations, such as use of spatial weights that capture the influence of each region upon its neighbors. Among the spatial methods, the geographically weighted regression (GWR) is a valuable instrument that allows estimating local coefficients, specific to each location, thus providing useful information for appropriate policy design at the regional level. In this context we employed a criminality GWR model in an attempt to find the local determinants, both economic and demographic, that explain the spatial distribution of criminal offenses in Pekanbaru city region. The results indicated that the incidence of this phenomenon in Pekanbaru is linked to factors largely acknowledged in the literature, such as poverty, unemployment, and population. Thirty novelty brought about by the GWR model compared to previous 292 Risa Wara Elzati et al. research is that it also revealed important spatial variations in the impacts of the variables and indicated which region is more vulnerable to specific factors. From a modeling perspective the GWR model represents a better fit than the classic OLS model, in addition to capturing the spatial variation in coefficients’ estimation.
Characterization of α-Galactosidase from Cucumber Leaves

Two forms of α-galactosidase (α-d-galactoside galactohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.22) which differed in molecular weight were resolved from Cucumis sativus L. leaves. The enzymes were partially purified using ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephadex gel filtration, and diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex chromatography. The molecular weights of the two forms, by gel filtration, were 50,000 and 25,000. The 50,000-dalton form comprised approximately 84% of the total α-galactosidase activity in crude extracts from mature leaves and was purified 132-fold. The partially purified 25,000-molecular weight form rapidly lost activity unless stabilized with 0.2% albumin and accounted for 16% of the total α-galactosidase activity in the crude extract. The smaller molecular weight form was not found in older leaves. The two forms were similar in several ways including their pH optima which were 5.2 and 5.5 for the 50,000- and 25,000-dalton form, respectively, and activation energies, which were 15.4 and 18.9 kilocalories per mole for the larger and smaller forms. Both enzymes were inhibited by galactose as well as by excess concentrations of p -nitrophenyl-α-d-galactoside sub-strate. K m values with this substrate and with raffinose and melibiose were different for each substrate, but similar for both forms of the enzyme. With stachyose, K m values were 10 and 30 millimolar for the 50,000- and 25,000- molecular weight forms, respectively.
Effect of nitrogen fertiliser applications on cadmium concentrations in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) grain

Abstract The effect of different rates of nitrogen (N) fertiliser application on cadmium (Cd) concentrations in the grain of two durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) cultivars was investigated at three different field trial sites in Canterbury, New Zealand. The mean Cd concentration in this study was 66 μg kg−1 fresh weight (FW), which is 30% below the maximum level (ML). Uptake of Cd was higher in ‘CRDW17’ compared with ‘Waitohi’ at all three sites. Also increasing amounts of calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) fertiliser increased the Cd concentration in durum wheat grain at all three sites. Wheat grain Cd concentrations were not found to be related to any measured soil properties. Grain Cd concentrations were in most instances positively correlated with total biological yield (TBY). This response may be the result of the combined effects of fertiliser salts on ionic composition of the soil solution, and increased root interception and enhanced mass flow of Cd related to increased TBYs. The evidence suggests that it is TBY rather than grain yield that is more important with regards to Cd uptake in durum wheat.
Impact of Cheiracanthium pelasgicum (Araneae: Miturgidae) and Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) intraguild predation on the potential control of cotton pest Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Antagonist interactions such as intraguild predation (IGP) or cannibalism among predatory arthropods can reduce the impact of these invertebrates on pest limitation in agroecosystems. Here, the effects of IGP between two major natural enemies of cotton pests, the cursorial spider Cheiracanthium pelasgicum (C.L. Koch) and the common green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), were studied under laboratory conditions. First, a feeding preference test was carried out to determine the degree of C. pelasgicum preference for lacewing larvae, using second-instar Helicoverpa armigera larvae as alternative prey. In a second bioassay, the effects of predator interactions on potential predation of H. armigera larvae were analysed using three treatment combinations (plus a control with no predator): (1) spider alone, (2) lacewing larvae alone, (3) spider + lacewing larvae. Potential predation by C. pelasgicum on lacewing eggs was also studied. C. pelasgicum showed no significant preference for either of the two species, indicating that this spider may impact negatively on the green lacewing population. Findings revealed no additive effects and an antagonist interaction between C. pelasgicum and green lacewing larvae, which adversely affected H. armigera suppression; both predators displayed lower predation rates when kept together than either predator alone. However, presence of lacewing larvae and subsequent unidirectional IGP did not affect the predation capacity of C. pelasgicum. Finally, predation rates of C. pelasgicum on lacewing eggs were very low (mean 2.35 ± 0.71 eggs, 24 h after offering) indicating that the impact of C. pelasgicum on lacewing populations may be limited.
The clinical link of preschoolers’ picky eating behavior with their growth, development, nutritional status, and physical activity in Iraq/Kurdistan region

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of picky eating among preschoolers and to estimate the clinical association between eating behavior and growth, physical activity, development, and health status. Methods: In this study, a structured questionnaire was used to perform a cross-sectional descriptive study of 800 parents of preschoolers aged 2–4 years in Kurdistan/ Iraq. Data collected included: demographics, food preferences, eating behavior, body weight, BMI, height, development, physical activity, and records of medical illness. Data from children defined as picky or non-picky eaters responses were analyzed and compared using standard statistical tests according to parental’ questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the children was 2.85 years; among 800 participants, 620 (77%) were picky eaters. Compared with non-picky eaters 180 (23%), z-score of weight-for-age, height-for-age, and body mass index (BMI)-for-age in picky eaters was 0.91, 0.73, and 0.44 SD lower, respectively. There were significant variations of rates in the weight-for-age, height-forage, and BMI-for-age percentiles <15, between picky and non-picky eaters (P = 0.04, 0.023, and 0.005, respectively). Certain findings were higher in picky as compared to non picky preschoolers including negative social communication such as afraid of unfamiliar places 65% vs 13.3%, afraid of being lonely 14.6% vs 12.1%, poor physical activity 36.8% vs 17.7%, learning disability 16.2% vs 7%, attention deficit 11.8% vs 4.3%, speech delay 4.6% vs 3.3%, respectively). Conclusion: The prevalence of picky eaters in preschool children was high, resulting in significant detrimental impacts on growth, nutritional status, development, physical activity, and health status. *Correspondence to: Khajik Sirob Yaqob Qazaryan, Department of pediatrics, Associate membership of the RCPCH, FRCPCH, membership of Oxford university hospitals, member of American academy of nutrition and dietetics, Zakho General Hospital, Kurdistan, Iraq, Tel: 0627331707; Fax: (062) 7330113; E-mail: khajikyaqob@yahoo.com
Synergic effect of N and moisture on biochemical property of nodules and seed yield in chickpea

Water stress often has a negative effect on nodulation and seed yield in legumes but this effect can be minimized through N management. This study determined the synergic effect of water stress and N fertilization on the biochemical property of nodules, biomass partitioning among shoot, roots and nodules, and seed yield in chickpea. The cultivar ‘CDC-Frontier’ inoculated with and without Mesorhizobium cicer was grown at various rates of N fertilizer under high (90% field capacity), medium (60%) and low (30%) moisture levels in controlled environments. There was a significant synergic effect of N and moisture on nodulation and productivity. The seed yield of non-inoculated chickpea receiving zero N (0N) was reduced by 174% at high, 90% at medium, and 50% at low moisture levels compared to chickpea receiving 60 kg N ha -1 (60N). As soil moisture declined from high to low, the seed yield of inoculated chickpea supplied with 20 to 40N were reduced by 25%, significantly less than the yield loss of 58% for the plants supplied with 0N. Presence of N allowed a lower accumulation of amides in nodules and more N were kept in the nodules. The use of N fertilizer reduced the negative effect of water stress by partitioning more biomass to roots. Stronger root systems allowed plants to absorb more water for the transport of fixed N. In practice, yield losses from ineffective nodulation due to water stress can be minimized with the use of low doses of fertilizer N in chickpea.
L1 Use in L2 Teaching: The Amount, Functions, and Perception towards the Use of L1 in Turkish Primary School Context.

The employment of the mother tongue or first language (L1) in foreign (FL) or second language (L2) teaching is a controversial issue and still continues to take considerable attention from researchers. Hence, the current study attempted to shed light into the use of L1 in Turkish EFL classes. In particular, it focused on the amount and the functions of L1 used by primary school EFL teachers in Turkish context. Moreover, it also aimed to investigate EFL teachers’ perceptions towards the use of L1 and compare it with their actual classroom practices. Three EFL teachers participated in the study. The data of the study were collected through observations and semi-structured interviews. The data of the study were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The findings revealed that the three Turkish EFL teachers used comparable amount of L1 in their classes, ranging from 21% to 30% of all classroom instruction. The current study seemed to indicate that Turkish EFL teachers were inclined to use more L1 in lower grades. The findings also revealed that EFL teachers used Turkish in 9 different functions such as giving instruction, translation of unknown words, classroom management, checking understanding, eliciting, drawing attention, giving feedback, grammar instruction, and translation of sentences, respectively. The results also demonstrated that the perceptions of EFL teachers towards the use of L1 comply with their actual practices with minor differences.
Do Performance Ranks Increase Productivity? Evidence from a Field Experiment

While performance-based ranking may induce workers to increase effort because of status concerns, such information may also demotivate them or make them wary of outperforming peers. This paper disentangles the effects of demotivation, social conformity, and status associated with ranking. I implement a randomized experiment at a Bangladeshi sweater factory that pays employees on piece rates. Treated workers receive monthly information on their relative performance either in private or in public. A simple theoretical framework shows that intrinsic status concerns induce Private Treatment workers to increase or decrease effort depending on the feedback they receive from the intervention. Workers in Public Treatment respond similarly but face two additional incentives social status (positive effect) and social conformity (negative effect). Empirical evidence shows that Private Treatment workers increased (decreased) effort upon receiving positive (negative) feedback. Public ranking led to lower net effort relative to Private Treatment because of a strong preference not to outperform friends. The negative effects from demotivation and social conformity may explain why the existing literature finds mixed evidence of impact of ranking workers.
Radiation and Human Capital: Long-run Evidence from Exposure outside the Womb

This paper studies the impact of long-run exposure to radiation on cognitive skills. We focus on Germany, which received a large amount of fallout after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in 1986, resulting in a permanent increase in radiation levels in the soil. For identification, we exploit the unequal distribution of the fallout due to idiosyncratic rainfall, and the fact that the population had no knowledge of the local level of contamination. Our results show that people who lived in a more contaminated area in 1986 perform significantly worse in standardized cognitive tests 25 years later. This effect is driven by older cohorts (aged 10-35 in 1986), while we find no effect for people who were first exposed during early childhood. These findings suggest that radiation accelerates the decline in cognitive skills at older ages. JEL-Classification: J24, Q53
Effects of Zn, Fe and Mn on Leaf Litter Breakdown by Aquatic Fungi: a Microcosm Study

We investigated the effects of heavy metals on leaf litter decomposition in streams. Leaves were immersed (10 days) at a reference (R) and a metal-impacted (I) site and exposed in microcosms with increased Zn, Mn or Fe content, and to stream water from site R or I. Fungal biomass was higher in microcosms with leaves colonized at I and water from R. Fungal sporulation was higher in microcosms with leaves and water from R. Concentrations of 4.9, 9.6 and 5 ppm of Zn, Mn and Fe decrease fungal sporulation. The number of fungal species (spore counts and DGGE fingerprints) was lower in leaves colonized at site I. Cluster analyses of DGGE showed that Fe was the metal that most altered the structure of fungal community. Our results suggest that metal pollution affect leaf-associated fungi depending on metal identity and concentration, and effects appear to be less pronounced in metal-adapted communities. (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nesting ecology of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)

UMMARY Nesting ecology of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) was studied in a seasonal river in southeastern Zimbabwe from July 1983 to October 1985 (28 months). Ovarian follicle growth and vitellogenesis occurred from April to mid-August. Courtship and mating occurred from late June to mid-August, which was in the dry season when crocodiles were confined to pools, with ovulation during the latter half of August. Female crocodiles nested on the higher sand ridges in the dry river bed from early September to early October. Eggs were due to hatch during December, but because of monitor lizard predation and flooding no nests survived. Some females tended their nests, some visited their nests irregularly and some abandoned their nests. Nests that were more than 20 m from water were most likely to be abandoned, and abandoned nests were destroyed by monitor lizards. Some adult females did not nest in consecutive years. Resume On a etudie ecologie de la nidification du crocodile du Nil (Crocodylus niloticus) dans une riviere saisonniere du sud-est du Zimbabwe de juillet 1983 a octobre 1985 (28 mois). La croissance ovarienne du follicule et la vitellogenese se produisent ? avril a la mi-aout, et la parade et accouplement, de la fin juin a la mi-aout, c-a-d. en saison seche, quand les crocos sont confines dans les mares. ovulation se passe durant la seconde moitie du mois ? aout. Les femelles font leur nid sur des buttes de sable plus elevees dans le lit de la riviere assechee, de debut septembre a debut octobre. Les oeufs devaient eclore en decembre, mais a cause des vacanes du Nil et de ľimmersion, aucun oeuf ne survecut. Quelques femelles s'occupaient de leur nid, ? autres le visitaient irregulierement et certaines abandonnaient le leur. Les nids situes a plus de 20 m de ľeau etaient les plus susceptibles ? etre abandones et les nids abandones etaient la proie des vacanes. Certaines femelles adultes n'ont pas fait de nis, plusieurs annees de suite.
Effect of organic acid salt on the performance and gut health of broiler chicken

An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of organic acid salt supplementation on the performance and gut health of broiler chickens. One hundred and twenty day old commercial Vencobb-100 broiler chicks were randomly distributed into three groups having four replicates of 10 birds in each group. Control (C) birds were offered standard basal diet and treatment 1 and 2 (T1 and T2) were having diets with ammonium formate or calcium propionate (3gm/kg diet). Organic acid salt supplementation increased (P 0.05). Ammonium formate supplementation lowered (P 0.05). Histology of intestinal parts revealed that organic acid salt supplementation increased (P<0.05) villus height of different segment of small intestine compared with control. pH of different segments of gastrointestinal (GI) tract was unaffected by organic acid salt supplementation. Results of present experiment indicated that use of single organic acid salt i.e. ammonium formate or calcium propionate in the diet lowered feed intake but body weight gain was comparable as control birds, and thus improved feed conversion ratio. It also reduced bacterial and fungal count in feed and gut which improved villus height and helped in better nutrient utilization.
Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Serum Glucose, Insulin, Glucagon, Glucose-6-Phosphatase, and Mineral Levels in Diabetics

Twenty inpatients suffering from diabetes mellitus were given prescribed therapeutic diets containing 1,000-1,500 kcal/day and supplemented with 28 mg zinc phosphate for 3 weeks. Twenty outpatients were untreated and were advised to consume specified diets. The results indicated good response for the inpatient group. Elevated levels for insulin and serum zinc were shown, which proved to be statistically significant. Blood glucose, glucagon, and glucose-6-phosphatase levels were reduced significantly due to the diet management and zinc supplementation, while calcium showed no difference. The control group did not show any significant difference in any parameter throughout the study. Our findings suggest that a controlled dietary regimen together with supplementation with zinc might be useful to suppress plasma glucose and to regulate insulin secretion of diabetics.
A simplified approach for estimating age-0 gizzard shad prey supply and predator demand

Gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum (Lesueur), often compose a majority of the prey biomass in southern US reservoirs. Previous studies suggest prey limitation frequently occurs in these systems, suggesting that fisheries managers need tools to evaluate the production potential of the populations they manage. Bioenergetics modelling was used to quantify the abundance of age-0 gizzard shad necessary to sustain multiple piscivore species with diverse growth rates, population sizes, mortality rates and diets. Gizzard shad biomass at the 50th percentile of published values was insufficient to support seven piscivore species in 69% of the simulations, suggesting that above-average prey biomass is required to support multiple piscivore populations at high abundance and growth rates. To help guide management, estimates of the gizzard shad biomass needed to sustain piscivore communities are provided for management situations in which coarse-scale (low, medium or high) growth, population size and percent of shad in diet data are available.
Length–weight and length–length relationships of the bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus L., in the Turkish part of the eastern Mediterranean Sea

Summary This study describes length–weight (LWR) and length–length relationships (LLR) of bluefin tuna (BFT), Thunnus thynnus, in the eastern Mediterranean (Levantine Sea). Fulton’s condition factor (K) was also calculated for each standard length class for both sexes. A total of 363 specimens, 175 males and 188 females, were caught by purse-seine from late winter to early summer 2003 off Antalya Bay, Turkey. Fork length values of 175 BFT males were between 114 and 250 cm with an average of 159.3 cm ± 2.14, and between 116 and 256 cm with an average of 163 cm ± 2.26 in 188 females. LWRs indicated positive allometric growth in both males and females. The coefficient b ranged from a minimum 3.32 for males to a maximum of 3.35 for females. Results indicated that the LLRs were highly correlated (r2 > 0.99, P < 0.001). K values ranged from 1.45 to 2.11 (mean: 1.56 ± 0.12) in males and from 1.43 to 2.14 (mean: 1.69 ± 0.06) in females.
Improving Past Tense Pronunciation of Regular Verbs through the Use of Audacity: A Case Study of EFL Undergraduate Students in Ecuador.

This study examined the use of Audacity software to improve the pronunciation of regular verbs in the past tense. The participants were 30 advanced English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students of the English major of Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Ecuador. A mixed-method approach was used to gather qualitative and quantitative data from the participants by means of surveys, tests and audio recordings through Audacity. The intervention process took eight weeks. During this time, students were first instructed on the use of Audacity. Then they were taught the three pronunciation rules of regular verbs in the past tense and were asked to record a total of 10 audios per student in isolation and in context. Three-hundred audios were analyzed in total. After analyzing the data, the results indicate that Audacity is an effective tool that not only improves learners’ pronunciation, but also favors the practice of English language in a free and relaxed environment.