Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
One-Dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage (OTIS): A Solute Transport Model for Streams and Rivers

1.0 Introduction . 1.1 Model Enhancements . 2 1.2 Report Organization . 3 1.3 Acknowledgments . 3 2.0 Theory . 2.1 Background Transient Storage Models . 4 2.2 Governing Differential Equations . 5 2.2.1 Processes Considered / Model Assumptions . 5 2.2.2 Time-Variable Equations . 6 2.2.3 Steady-State Equations . 7 2.3 The Conceptual System . 8 2.4 Numerical Solution Time-Variable Equations . 8 2.4.1 Finite Differences . 8 2.4. 2 The Crank-Nicolson Method . 10 2.4. 3 Main Channel Solute Concentration . 10 2.4. 4 Storage Zone and Streambed Sediment Concentrations . 12 2.4. 5 Decoupling the Main Channel, Storage Zone, and Streambed Sediment Equations . 2.5 Numerical Solution Steady-State Equations . 14 2.6 Boundary Conditions . 15 2.6. 1 Upstream Boundary Condition . 15 2.6. 2 Downstream Boundary Condition . 15 2.7 Parameter Estimation . 16 3.0 User’s Guide . 2 3.1 Applicability . 20 3.2 Model Features . 20 3.2.1 Simulation Modes: Time-Variable and Steady-State . 20 3.2.2 Conservative and/or Nonconservative Solutes . 21 3.2.3 Flow Regimes . 21 3.2.4 Parameter Estimation using OTIS-P . 22 3.3 Conceptual System, Revisited . 22 3.4 Input/Output Structure . 24 3.4.1 OTIS . 24 3.4. 2 OTIS-P . 25 3.5 Input Format . 26 3.5. 1 Units . 26 3.5. 2 Internal Comments . 27 3.5. 3 The Control File . 27 3.5. 4 The Parameter File . 29 3.5. 5 The Flow File . 35 3.5. 6 The Data File (OTIS-P only) . 40 3.5. 7 The STARPAC Input File (OTIS-P only) . 41 3.6 Model Execution . 43 3.6. 1 OTIS . 44 3.6. 2 OTIS-P . 44 3.7 Output Analysis . 45 3.7. 1 The Solute and Sorption Output Files . 45 3.7. 2 The Post-Processor . 46 3.7. 3 Plotting Alternatives . 47 4.0 Model Applications . 48 4.1 Application 1: Conservative Transport (OTIS) . 48
The lithospheric thinning of the North China Craton inferred from Rayleigh waves inversion

SUMMARY Joint inversion of interstation phase and group velocity dispersion data of Rayleigh waves provides the regional shear-wave velocity structure of the lithosphere across the central and eastern block of the North China Craton (NCC). Both the velocity dispersion curves and V s structure show strong lateral variation across the NCC, which correlates well with the regional tectonic evolution. At the lower crustal level, the characteristics of V s structure reveal differences in composition of the two blocks. In the upper mantle, the lithospheric removal in the eastern NCC is more severe than in the central NCC. The V s differences between the central NCC and the eastern NCC imply that multistage reactivation of the NCC occurred in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic time.
Thorium‐uranium ratios in the theory of genesis of lead Ores

Thorium and uranium determinations by the thoron and radon methods have been made on 19 composite samples from 1500 granitic and intermediate type rocks from various parts of North America. Average Th/U ratios of 3.4 and 4.0 were found for granitic and intermediate type rocks respectively. Such ratios lend no support to Arthur Holmes' theory that lead ores are derived from a source in the substratum below the zone of ordinary magmatic activity. Some regional variations in average Th/U ratios were noted, relatively more uranium being found in the northern part of the continent.
Periphyton and invertebrate response to wood placement in large pacific coastal rivers

Wood abundance in aquatic systems has been dramatically reduced compared to historical levels due to anthropogenic activities that led to wood removal and stream simplification. As a result, reintroduction of wood to aquatic systems is now a widely used and relatively well‐studied restoration technique for increasing habitat complexity. Although stream periphyton (biofilm) and invertebrates serve as food sources for a variety of predators including fish, birds and bats, data on how lower trophic levels respond to wood placement are relatively scarce. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that periphyton biomass and aquatic invertebrate density were higher on Engineered Log Jams (ELJs) than on inorganic substrates in two large Pacific Northwest river systems. Among years and rivers, periphyton biomass and invertebrate densities were significantly higher on ELJs than on cobbles within the same reach. Invertebrate communities on ELJs were dominated by meiofauna (<500 µm), whereas cobbles were dominated by larger chironomids. We attribute these trophic level differences to substrate type, as we did not detect taxonomic differences between cobbles in reaches with and without ELJs. We show that adding wood to reaches with little or no naturally occurring wood increased overall habitat surface area and thereby the potential for increased productivity relative to reaches with low levels of wood. Finally, wood supports a unique community of invertebrates that are often overlooked in lotic system studies but may be contributing substantially to overall biological diversity. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ground temperature variability on a glacier foreland, Storbreen, Jotunheimen, Norway

Two-years of ground temperatures (10 cm and 50 cm depths) from the foreland of Storbreen in the Jotunheimen Mountains of Norway demonstrate that seasonal and annual ground temperature differences induced by microtopographic position at a constant elevation are comparable to differences stemming from ∼ 100 m to ∼ 300 m in elevation. Between ∼ 1460 m a.s. l. and ∼ 1150 m a.s. l. , mean annual lapse rates calculated for soil depths of 10 cm were≤0.8°C per100m beneath tundra, moraine crests, and moraine proximal base positions, each of which was calculated independently. Seasonal lapse rates were often larger,≥1.0°C per 100m in both summer and winter. The calculated ground temperature lapse rates compare favorably with those already reported in the literature for the region. Categorical data in the form of Thawed, Freeze-Thaw, Isothermal, and Frozen Days also showed considerable variability by elevation and microtopographic position. Variability in growing conditions was examined by calculating Thawing Degree Days and Growing Degree Days. These values sometimes, but not always, mimic ground temperature patterns. Although no wintertime field observations are available, the depth and duration of seasonal snow cover appears to be the primary source of variability.
Dapoxetine: an evidence-based review of its effectiveness in treatment of premature ejaculation

: Premature ejaculation (PE) is a major issue in male sexual health. The global prevalence of PE is estimated to be between 20% and 40%, making it the most common sexual dysfunction in men. PE causes distress and reduced quality of life for patients and has a negative impact on interpersonal relationships. Historically, it has been treated with cognitive therapy, behavioral methods, and off-label use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors usually used to treat depression and other psychological disorders. Dapoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor specifically designed to treat PE. This paper reviews the current evidence for use of dapoxetine in the treatment of PE in adult men. There is substantial evidence that dapoxetine 30 mg or 60 mg taken “on-demand” results in a significant increase in intravaginal ejaculatory latency time when compared with placebo. Patient-reported outcomes are clearly improved relative to placebo following dapoxetine therapy, indicating greater control over ejaculation, more satisfaction with intercourse, less ejaculation-related distress, and, importantly, significantly reduced interpersonal difficulty. These data were supported by consistent reports of improvement in Clinical Global Impression of change in PE following treatment with dapoxetine. Further studies are needed to evaluate long-term efficacy and health economics. The unique pharmacology of dapoxetine makes it ideal for on-demand dosing, and the clinical evidence shows dapoxetine to be an efficacious and tolerable Core Evidence is an international, peer-reviewed open-access journal evaluating the evidence underlying the potential place in therapy of drugs throughout their development lifecycle from preclinical to post- launch. The focus of each review is to evaluate the case for a new drug or class in outcome terms in specific indications and patient groups.
Fission-track dating of lower Paleozoic volcanic ashes in British stratotypes

R . J . R o s s i J r . i C . W . N a e s e P / and G. A. Izett, U.S. Geological Survey Ass i s t od by_ Professor H . B . winttington/ Chairman/ D e p t . of Geology/ Cambridge University C. P. Hughes/ R. B. Rickards/ Jan Zalasievnczf P. R. Sheldon/ a n d C . J . J e n k i n s i Cambridge University L . R . H . Cocks. British Museum (Natural History) London M. G. Bassett. National Museum of Wales* Cardiff Peter T o g h i I I , University of Birmingham/ Church Stretton W . T . Dean/ Geological Survey of Canada/ Ottawa J . K . I n g h a m i H u n t e r i a n \-\ u s e u m » Glasgow
The Alteration of Soil Chemistry through Shell Deposition on a Georgia (U.S.A.) Barrier Island

Abstract St. Catherines Island, located off the coast of Georgia (United States), has been inhabited by humans for close to 5000 years. The island's long-term habitation and varied history of land use has left a legacy of anthropogenic impacts that has strongly influenced the composition and function of the current vegetation communities and underlying soils. In this study, we examined the chemistry of surface soils collected from 32 sites representing five historical land uses (old cotton plantations, longleaf pine savanna, hickory forest, maritime forests, and shell middens) to determine how human activities have affected the island's surface soils. We found that shell deposition left a strong chemical signal, significantly increasing soil pH, cation exchange capacity, and concentrations of Ca, total nitrogen, and several micronutrients. Soils under the hickory-dominated forest had chemical characteristics that were intermediate between the middens and the other three cover types. Despite a wide range in pH, all sites had very high concentrations of extractable P, possibly because of retention by Ca and Fe. Shell deposition has altered soil chemistry in numerous areas across the island, and this has important implications for soils and the resultant vegetation patterns currently seen along St. Catherine's coastlines as well as other coastlines throughout the world.
Light fraction of soil organic matter under different management systems in Abeokuta, a derived Savanna, Nigeria

A study on light fraction organic matter was carried out on the soil from three different management systems namely; Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis and Leucaena leucocephala plantations in the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta Nigeria. Soil samples were collected in each of the three management site at five auger points within the site at 0 – 10cm and 10 – 15cm depths with the aim of investigating the influence of soil management practices on the light fraction content of soil organic matter. The result showed that (Light fraction) LF nitrogen was highest in Leuceana stand (0.14g/kg) and lowest in Gmelina stand (0.12g/kg) at 0 – 10cm depth. Similar trend was recorded for LF carbon; Results showed no significant (P<0.05) difference in Total Carbon in the 10 – 15cm depth. High organic carbon in light fraction and microbial population of 0-10cm depth in all the three land management systems probably reflects the distribution of plants and microbial debris within the soil profile as reflected. High LF nitrogen and LF organic matter in Leuacaena stand was probably due to the ability Leuacaena to fix nitrogen to the soil and which could also be responsible for high microbial population (8.06 x 106). This is further enhanced by the significant positive correlation between organic matter and microbial population. Overall, the study revealed that light fraction contents provide a sensitive and reasonably precise measure of organic matter indices in the study area
Probability of moraine survival in a succession of glacial advances

Emplacement of glacial moraines normally results in obliteration of any older moraines deposited by less extensive glacial advances, a process we call “obliterative overlap. ” A probability analysis of the likely impact of obliterative overlap on the completeness of the glacial record assumes that moraines were deposited at various distances from their glacial source areas randomly over time. Assuming randomness and obliterative overlap, after 10 glacial episodes, the most likely number of surviving moraines is only three. The record of the Pleistocene is in agreement with the probability analysis: the 10 glaciations during the past 0.9 m.y. inferred from the deep-sea record resulted in moraine sequences in which only two or three different-aged moraine belts can generally be distinguished.
The meaning and measurement of race in the U.S. census: Glimpses into the future

The 1996 Racial and Ethnic Targeted Test (RAETT) was a “mail-out mail-back” household survey with an experimental design of eight alternative questionnaire formats containing systematic variations in race, instructions, question order, and other aspects of the measurement. The eight different questionnaires were administered to random subsamples of six “targeted” populations: geographic areas with ethnic concentrations of whites, blacks, American Indians, Alaskan natives, Asian and Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics. The major conclusion is that allowing multiple responses to the “race” question in the 2000 census (and other variations in measurement that were considered in RAETT) had only a slight impact on the measured racial composition of the population. Another finding was a dramatic reduction in nonresponse to the combined race/Hispanic-origin question relative to all other questionnaire formats. We conclude that the concept of “origins” may be closer to the popular understanding of American diversity than is the antiquated concept of race.
Characterization of transport in an acidic and metal-rich mountain stream based on a lithium tracer injection and simulations of transient storage

Physical parameters characterizing solute transport in the Snake River (an acidic and metal-rich mountain stream near Montezuma, Colorado) were variable along a 5.2-km study reach. Stream cross-sectional area and volumetric inflow each varied by a factor of 3. Because of transient storage, the residence time of injected tracers in the Snake River was longer than would be calculated by consideration of convective travel time alone. Distributed inflows along the stream were a significant source of in-stream chemical variations. These transport characteristics of the Snake River were established on the basis of the assumption of lithium as an ideally conservative tracer and use of simulations of advection, dispersion, and transient storage. Evaluations of the validity of this combined tracer and simulation approach lend confidence to the estimation of the physical transport parameters, but further development is warranted for methods of onsite transport experimentation in hydrologically complex, chemically reactive environments.
Glacier-dammed lake outburst events of Gornersee, Switzerland

Abstract Gornersee, Switzerland, is an ice-marginal lake, which drains almost every year, subglacially, within a few days. We present an analysis of the lake outburst events between 1950 and 2005, as well as results of detailed field investigations related to the lake drainage in 2004 and 2005. The latter include measurements of lake geometry, water pressure in nearby boreholes and glacier surface motion. A distributed temperature-index melt model coupled to a linear-reservoir runoff model is used to calculate hourly discharge from the catchment of Gornergletscher in order to distinguish between the melt/precipitation component and the outburst component of the discharge hydrograph. In this way, drainage volume and timing are determined. From 1950 there is a clear trend for the outburst flood to occur earlier in the melt season, but there is no trend in lake discharge volumes. Peak discharges from the lake lie significantly below the values obtained using the empirical relation proposed by Clague and Mathews (1973). The shapes of the 2004 and 2005 lake outflow hydrographs differ substantially, suggesting different drainage mechanisms. From water balance considerations we infer a leakage of the glacier-dammed lake in 2005, starting 1 week prior to the lake outburst. During the drainage events, up to half of the lake water is temporarily stored in the glacial system, causing substantial uplift of the glacier surface.
The coupled physical‐new production system in the equatorial Pacific during the 1992–1995 El Niño

We investigate the coupling between the physics and new production variability during the period April 1992 to June 1995 in the equatorial Pacific via two cruises and simulations. The simulations are provided by a high-resolution Ocean General Circulation Model forced with satellite-derived weekly winds and coupled to a nitrate transport model in which biology acts as a nitrate sink. The cruises took place in September-October 1994 and sampled the western Pacific warm pool and the upwelling region further east. The coupled model reproduces these contrasted regimes. In the oligotrophic warm pool the upper layer is fresh, and nitrate-depleted, and the new production is low. In contrast, the upwelling waters are colder, and saltier with higher nitrate concentrations, and the new production is higher. Along the equator the eastern edge of the warm pool marked by a sharp salinity front, also coincides with a “new production front”. Consistent with the persistent eastward surface currents during the second half of 1994, these fronts undergo huge eastward displacement at the time of the cruises. The warm/fresh pool and oligotrophic region has an average new production of 0.9 mmol NO3 m−2 d−1, which is almost balanced by horizontal advection from the central Pacific and by vertical advection of richer water from the nitrate reservoir below. In contrast, the upwelling mesotrophic region shows average new production of 2.1 mmol NO3 m−2 d−1 and the strong vertical nitrate input by the equatorial upwelling is balanced by the losses, through westward advection and meridional divergence of nitrate rich waters, and by the biological sink.
Indian Monsoon Depression: Climatology and Variability

The monsoon climate is traditionally characterized by large seasonal rainfall and reversal of wind direction (e.g., Krishnamurti 1979). Most importantly this rainfall is the major source of fresh water to various human activities such as agriculture. The Indian subcontinent resides at the core of the Southeast Asian summer monsoon system, with the monsoon trough extended from northern India across Indochina to the Western Tropical Pacific (WTP). Large fraction of annual rainfall occurs during the summer monsoon season, i.e., June - August with two distinct maxima. One is located over the Bay of Bengal with rainfall extending northwestward into eastern and central India, and the other along the west coast of India where the lower level moist wind meets the Western Ghat Mountains (Saha and Bavardeckar 1976). The rest of the Indian subcontinent receives relatively less rainfall. Various weather systems such as tropical cyclones and weak disturbances contribute to monsoon rainfall (Ramage 1971). Among these systems, the most efficient rain-producing system is known as the Indian monsoon depression (hereafter MD). This MD is critical for monsoon rainfall because: (i) it occurs about six times during each summer monsoon season, (ii) it propagates deeply into the continent and produces large amounts ofmore » rainfall along its track, and (iii) about half of the monsoon rainfall is contributed to by the MDs (e.g., Krishnamurti 1979). Therefore, understanding various properties of the MD is a key towards comprehending the veracity of the Indian summer monsoon and especially its hydrological process. « less
The economy and environment of the 4th and 3rd millennia BC in the northern Alpine foreland based on studies of animal bones

Abstract The economic and environmental data presented here are based on identifications of more than 275000 animal bones from 126 Neolithic lake shore settlements dated to between 4300 cal. BC and 2500 cal. BC. Due to the excellent state of preservation of all organic material and the consequent precise dating, mostly by dendrochronology, only results from lake shore sites in the Swiss alpine foreland and the area of the Bodensee (Lake Constance) have been considered. Marked fluctuations in the importance of game animals can be recognised throughout the Neolithic lake dwelling period. These fluctuations coincide with climatically induced economic crises which, because of starvation, forced people to intensify hunting and gathering. Looking at the relative importance of the different domestic animals we notice chronologically and geographically influenced differences more than the effects of climatic factors. These differences are mainly due to the environmental evolution resulting from human impact. However, cultural factors may also have had an impact. A comparison of archaeozoological data from the Neolithic lake dwelling sites dated to between 4300 and 2500 cal. BC in the northern Alpine foreland shows a very complicated mosaic of factors influencing the economy of these sites. These include climatic conditions, the state of the environment, human impact and the topography, and all must be taken into account if an economic interpretation of a site, region or period is to be arrived at.