Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SELF-ORGANIZATION IN MALE AND FEMALE HIGH LEVEL HANDBALL

The analysis of players and sports teams tries to reveal different performance nuances, and the understanding of the main attractors of the game is shown as a fundamental aspect for the structuring of training in team sports. This work aimed to analyze the handball’s self-organization and to compare male and female teams. Thirty-eight matches (19 of each gender) of the 2019 Handball World Championships were analyzed. T-test, ANOVA, and chi-square test were used to data analysis. No differences were found between genders and it was also revealed that there is a tendency of the attacks ending with a throw (> 55%, P < 001), followed by goal (> 34%, p < .001) for both genders. It was also noted the occurrence of defensive violations (> 25%, p < .001). The throws and goalkeepers’ saves are important in the handball games results, and that there is no difference between female and male handball games considering it self-organization.
Multi-Batch Experience Replay for Fast Convergence of Continuous Action Control

Policy gradient methods for direct policy optimization are widely considered to obtain optimal policies in continuous Markov decision process (MDP) environments. However, policy gradient methods require exponentially many samples as the dimension of the action space increases. Thus, off-policy learning with experience replay is proposed to enable the agent to learn by using samples of other policies. Generally, large replay memories are preferred to minimize the sample correlation but large replay memories can yield large bias or variance in importance-sampling-based off-policy learning. In this paper, we propose a multi batch experience replay scheme suitable for off-policy actor-critic-style policy gradient methods such as the proximal policy optimization (PPO) algorithm, which maintains the advantages of experience replay and accelerates learning without causing large bias. To demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method, we apply the proposed experience replay scheme to the PPO algorithm and various continuous control tasks. Numerical results show that our algorithm converges faster and closer to the global optimum than other policy gradient methods.
Critical Review of Two-dimensional Slope Stability Analysis by 1 Discontinuity Layout Optimization, Limit Equilibrium and 2 Strength Reduction Methods

8 While the limit equilibrium and finite element methods have been used by the engineers for a 9 variety of slope stability problems for many years, the use of limit analysis has started to 10 attract the attentions of engineers and researchers in recent years. In this paper, the 11 differences between these three major methods will be studied in terms of factors of safety and 12 the locations of critical failure surfaces. 13
Thermodynamic and hydrological drivers of the subsurface thermal regime in Central Spain

An assessment of the soil and bedrock thermal structure of the Sierra de Guadarrama, in Central Spain, is provided using subsurface and ground surface temperature data coming from four deep (20 m) monitoring profiles belonging to the Guadarrama Monitoring Network (GuMNet), and two shallow (1 m) from the Spanish Meteorology Service (AEMET), cov-ering the timespan of 2015-2021 and 1989-2018, respectively. An evaluation of air and ground surface temperature coupling shows soil insulation due to snow cover is the main source of seasonal decoupling, being especially relevant in winter at high 5 altitude sites. Temperature propagation in the subsurface is characterised by assuming a heat conductive regime, by considering apparent thermal diffusivity values derived from the amplitude attenuation and phase shift of the annual cycle with depth. For the deep profiles, the apparent thermal diffusivity ranges from 1 to 1.3 10 − 6 m 2 s − 1 , consistent with values for gneiss and granite, the major bedrock components in the Sierra de Guadarrama. However, thermal diffusivity is lower and more heterogeneous in the soil layers close to the surface (0.4-0.8 10 − 6 m 2 s − 1 ). An increase of diffusivity with depth is observed, being generally 10 larger in the soil-bedrock transition, at 4-8 m depth. A new method based on the spectral attenuation of temperature harmonics allows for analysing thermal diffusivity from high frequency changes in the soil near the surface at short timescales. The results are relevant for the understanding of soil thermodynamics in relation to other soil properties and suggest that changes in heat diffusivity are related to soil moisture content changes, which makes this method a potential tool in soil drought and water resource availability reconstruction from soil temperature data.
Identifying Unobserved Hazard Functions in Discrete-Time Survival Mixture Analysis

This Monte Carlo simulation adds to the growing body of enumeration index performance research in continuous response variable mixture models by addressing the issue of the performance of these indexes in discrete-time survival mixture analysis (DTSMA) models. Results showed that although all enumeration indexes performed very well in identifying a homogeneous DTSMA model (i.e., k = 1 hazard function in the sample data), the findings also showed that the enumeration indexes performed poorly in identifying the correct number of unobserved hazard functions present in a heterogeneous (i.e., k = 3) DTSMA model. More important, the performance of the enumeration indexes for the heterogeneous DTSMA models did not improve as the sample size, the effect of time-invariant covariates, or adjacent hazard function separation distance increased, which is inconsistent with some previous Monte Carlo simulation results. The limitations of this Monte Carlo simulation study and future empirical investigation possibilities are both discussed.
Soil moisture retrieval

High-resolution (HR (cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58) Very (cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58) high-resolution (cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58) ( ∼ 10 − 100 (cid:58)(cid:58) m) surface
Revisiting Intrinsic Reward for Exploration in Procedurally Generated Environments

Exploration under sparse rewards remains a key challenge in deep reinforcement learning. Recently, studying exploration in procedurally-generated environments has drawn increasing attention. Existing works generally combine lifelong intrinsic rewards and episodic intrinsic rewards to encourage exploration. Though various lifelong and episodic intrinsic rewards have been proposed, the individual contributions of the two kinds of intrinsic rewards to improving exploration are barely investigated. To bridge this gap, we disentangle these two parts and conduct ablative experiments. We consider lifelong and episodic intrinsic rewards used in prior works, and compare the performance of all lifelong-episodic combinations on the commonly used MiniGrid benchmark. Experimental results show that only using episodic intrinsic rewards can match or surpass prior state-of-the-art methods. On the other hand, only using lifelong intrinsic rewards hardly makes progress in exploration. This demonstrates that episodic intrinsic reward is more crucial than lifelong one in boosting exploration. Moreover, we find through experimental analysis that the lifelong intrinsic reward does not accurately reflect the novelty of states, which explains why it does not help much in improving exploration.
IMPROVING STUDENT LEARNING INDEPENDENCE THROUGH A PROJECT-BASED LEARNING MODEL: A CASE STUDY ON CREATING HERBARIUM NAME CARD PRODUCTS

The independence of student learning is a crucial factor in determining the success of students' educational journey. However, it is evident that many students still need to develop greater independence in their learning process. This research aims to assess the effectiveness of the project-based learning (PjBL) model in enhancing student learning independence (SLI). The study follows a quantitative research approach, employing a quasi-experimental method. The research design utilized a pretest-posttest group design. The participants in this study were students from year seven, specifically class B and D of LHI Islamic Junior High School during the first semester of the academic year 2022/2023. The selection process involved the use of the classroom random sampling technique. The findings indicate that implementing the PjBL model, specifically through a herbarium project in science learning, resulted in an improvement in SLI. This was primarily due to the requirement of independent work in completing individual projects. Moreover, future endeavors should consider incorporating additional activities that foster collaboration among students, allowing them to balance independence and teamwork in project completion.
The influence of positive news on rumor spreading in social networks with scale-free characteristics

We explore the impact of positive news on rumor spreading in this paper. It is a fact that most of the rumors related to hot events or emergencies can be propagated rapidly on the hotbed of online social networks. In Chinese words, it is better to divert rather than block. Therefore, we propose the spreading model [Formula: see text] in which positive news is a good factor to guide rumor spreading. Based on transition probability method, we have got the spreading parameters of the [Formula: see text] model by running the rumor spreading process in online social networks with scale-free characteristics. The results give a good proof that improving the activity of the positive news spreader [Formula: see text] derived from the [Formula: see text] model can guide and restrain the spreading speed of rumor smoothly.
Performance evaluation of timed Petri nets using heaps of pieces

What is the density of an infinite heap of pieces, if we let pieces fall down randomly, or if we select pieces to maximize the density? How many transitions of a safe timed Petri net can we fire per time unit? We reduce these questions to the computation of the average and optimal case Lyapunov exponents of max-plus automata, and we present several techniques to compute these exponents. First, we introduce a completed ``non-linear automaton'', which essentially fills incrementally all the gaps that can be filled in a heap without changing its asymptotic height. Using this construction, when the pieces have integer valued shapes, and when any two pieces overlap, the Lyapunov exponents can be explicitly computed. We present two other constructions (partly based on Cartier-Foata normal forms of traces) which allow us to compute the optimal case Lyapunov exponent, assuming only that the pieces have integer valued shapes.
Commutativity of Quantifiers in Varying-Domain

A possible-worlds semantics is defined that validates the main axioms of Kripke's original system for first-order modal logic over varying-domain structures. The novelty of this semantics is that it does not validate the commutative quantification schema ∀x∀yϕ →∀ y∀xϕ, as we show by constructing a counter-model.
Thermal infrared dust optical depth and coarse-mode effective diameter retrieved from collocated MODIS and CALIOP observations

In this study, we developed a novel algorithm based on the collocated Moderate Resolution Imaging 20 Spectroradiometer (MODIS) thermal infrared (TIR) observations and dust vertical profiles from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) to simultaneously retrieve dust aerosol optical depth at 10 µm (DAOD 10μm ) and the coarse-mode dust effective diameter (D eff ) over global oceans. The accuracy of the D eff retrieval is assessed by comparing the PSD corresponding to retrieved D eff with the in-situ measured dust particle size distributions (PSDs) from the AER-D, SAMUM-2 and SALTRACE field campaigns through case studies. The new 25 DAOD 10μm retrievals were evaluated first through comparisons with the collocated DAOD 10. 6μm retrieved from the combined Imaging Infrared Radiometer (IIR) and CALIOP observations from our previous study (Zheng et al
MOD p REPRESENTATIONS OF FINITE GROUPS OF LIE TYPE

In this note we aim to prove that if G is a connected reductive group over a finite field k of characteristic p and G is simply connected, then the irreducible k-representations of G(k) are precisely the restrictions to G(k) of the representations of the algebraic group Gk, all describable by “highest weight”. Recall the theorem of Brauer [Ser77, 18.2, Thm. 42] stating that the number of irreducible k-representations of G(k) is equal to the number of conjugacy classes of “p-regular” elements of G(k); these are precisely the semisimple elements of G(k) in the sense of algebraic groups. The first step, therefore, is to determine the number of conjugacy classes of semisimple elements in G(k), which we obtain in section 1 as ql, where l = rk(G). Next, we will describe a collection of ql representations of G(k) coming from irreducible algebraic representations of Gk and prove that they remain irreducible and distinct upon restriction to G(k). The proof of irreducibility involves some tricky calculations to make a connection with the irreducibility of representations of Frobenius kernels proved in [Jan03] (itself very nontrivial); the basic difficulty is to show that the space of fixed points for the action of U(k) on a simple representation of G is 1-dimensional, where U is the unipotent radical of a Borel subgroup of G. Once this is done, we prove distinctness by reducing to the relative rank 1 case, where distinctness can be detected by the k-points of the normalizer of a maximal torus lying in a Borel subgroup. Roughly speaking, the first section is an exposition of the proof of Lemma 3.9 in Steinberg’s paper [Ste63]. At several important points, our exposition is significantly more detailed than Steinberg’s. The arguments in the second section are inspired by [Hum06, Chap. 2] (itself following [Jan87, App. 1]), and they rely heavily on the results in [Jan03]. We ignore the Suzuki and Ree groups, though it seems that these can be treated similarly.
On the weak and strong convergence of the proximal point algorithm in reflexive Banach spaces

Abstract In this paper, some proximal point algorithms (PPAs) for maximal monotone operators in Banach spaces are considered. We obtain some results on the boundedness and the convergence of sequences generated by the PPAs with some assumptions. We can also get zero of maximal -expansive operator and maximal -monotone at zero operator using this method and then we apply it for finding a solution of the equilibrium problem.
The characteristics of stingless bee nests (Apidae: Meliponini) in the Cycloop Mountain Nature Reserve, Indonesia

Introduction: Stingless bees are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. In Indonesia, the distribution of stingless bees are grouped in three regions, namely Indo-Malayan, Wallacea, and Indo-Australian. Ten species of stingless bees have been recorded in Papua, seven of which are endemic. The Cycloop Mountains Nature Reserve (CMNR) is one of the conservation area in Papua, Indonesia, for flora and fauna. Unfortunately, the study of the diversity of stingless bees in Papua has been limited. Objective: To measure the diversity, nesting sites, nest entrance characteristics and nest architecture of sting- less bees. Methods: Observation of the stingless bee nests in the nature reserves and in the residential areas used a road sampling method and information from local people, respectively. A total of 22 colonies were studied. Results: Two species of stingless bee were found, namely Tetragonula sapiens (Cockerell, 1911) and Heterotrigona ( Platytrigona ) planifrons (Smith, 1865). The current study showed new distribution records for T. sapiens and H. planifrons in the CMNR. The nesting site of T . sapiens was commonly found in house founda- tion, while that of H . planifrons was in coconut palm cavities. The nest entrance of T. sapiens varied, i.e., ellipti-cal, oval, rounded, irregular, horizontally or vertically elongated. Meanwhile, the nest entrance of H. planifrons was vertically elongated. The brood cells of T. sapiens varied, i.e., vertical, horizontal, or semi-clusters, while in H. planifrons was layered vertically. Conclusions: Two species of stingless bees found, T. sapiens and H. planifrons, showed a new distribution records and T. sapiens was a dominant species in Papua. The nest entrance of the species varied in shape, color, and texture.
Consequences of Misspecifying Across-Cluster Time-Specific Residuals in Multilevel Latent Growth Curve Models

This Monte Carlo study evaluates, in the context of multilevel latent growth curve models, the consequences of under- and overspecifying across-cluster time-specific residuals (i.e., ) on the estimation of the fixed effects, their corresponding standard errors, the variances and covariances of the random effects, Type I error rates, and the statistical power of detecting fixed effects. The results show that underspecifying with all elements of fixed at zero results in a large underestimation of the between- and within-level random effect and standard errors of fixed effect estimates, which, in turn, leads to serious bias in significant testing. Underspecifying with diagonal elements of constrained to equality, or overspecifying with diagonal elements of constrained to equality or freely estimated and residual covariances fixed at zero also leads to bias in the estimation of the between- and within-level random effects. Implications of the compensatory relationship occurring at the covariance level are discussed.
Daytime isoprene nitrates under changing NOx and O3

Abstract. Organonitrates are important species in the atmosphere due to their impacts on NOx, HOx, and O3 budgets, and their potential to contribute to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass. This work presents a steady-state modelling approach to assess the impacts of changes in NOx and O3 concentrations on the organonitrates produced from isoprene oxidation. The diverse formation pathways to isoprene organonitrates dictate the responses of different groups of organonitrates to changes in O3 and NOx. For example, organonitrates predominantly formed from the OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene favour formation under lower-ozone and moderate-NOx concentrations, whereas organonitrates formed via daytime NO3 oxidation show the highest formation under high-O3 concentrations with little dependence on NOx concentrations. Investigating the response of total organonitrates reveals complex and nonlinear behaviour with implications that could inform expectations of changes to organonitrate concentrations as efforts are made to reduce NOx and O3 concentrations, including a region of NOx–O3 space where total organonitrate concentration is relatively insensitive to changes in NOx and O3. These conclusions are further contextualised by estimating the volatility of the isoprene organonitrates revealing the potential for high concentrations of low-volatility species under high-ozone conditions.
Comparison of Arctic and Antarctic stratospheric dynamics in chemistry versus no-chemistry climate models

Using nine chemistry-climate and eight associated no-chemistry models, we investigate the persistence and timing of cold episodes occurring in the Arctic and Antarctic stratosphere during the period 1980-2014. We ﬁnd systematic diﬀerences in behavior between members of these model pairs. In a ﬁrst group of chemistry models whose dynamical conﬁgurations mirror their no-chemistry counterparts, we ﬁnd an increased persistence of such cold polar vortices, such that these cold episodes both start earlier and last longer, relative to the times of occurrence of the lowest temperatures. Also the date of occurrence of the lowest temperatures, both in the Arctic and the Antarctic, is delayed by 1-3 weeks in chemistry models, versus their no-chemistry counterparts. This behavior exacerbates a widespread problem occurring in most or all models, a delayed occurrence, in the median, of the most anomalously cold day during such cold winters. In a second group of model pairs there are diﬀerences beyond just ozone chemistry. In particular, here the chemistry models feature more levels in the stratosphere, a raised model top, and diﬀerences in non-orographic gravity wave drag versus their no-chemistry counterparts. Such additional dynamical diﬀerences can completely mask the above inﬂuence of ozone chemistry. The results point towards a need to retune chemistry-climate models versus their no-chemistry counterparts.
Variability and properties of liquid-dominated clouds over the ice-free and sea-ice-covered Arctic Ocean

Abstract. Due to their potential to either warm or cool the surface, liquid-phase clouds and their interaction with the ice-free and sea-ice-covered ocean largely determine the energy budget and surface temperature in the Arctic. Here, we use airborne measurements of solar spectral cloud reflectivity obtained during the Arctic CLoud Observations Using airborne measurements during polar Day (ACLOUD) campaign in summer 2017 and the Arctic Amplification: FLUXes in the Cloudy Atmospheric Boundary Layer (AFLUX) campaign in spring 2019 in the vicinity of Svalbard to retrieve microphysical properties of liquid-phase clouds. The retrieval was tailored to provide consistent results over sea-ice and open-ocean surfaces. Clouds including ice crystals that significantly bias the retrieval results were filtered from the analysis. A comparison with in situ measurements shows good agreement with the retrieved effective radii and an overestimation of the liquid water path and reduced agreement for boundary-layer clouds with varying fractions of ice water content. Considering these limitations, retrieved microphysical properties of clouds observed over the ice-free ocean and sea ice in spring and early summer in the Arctic are compared. In early summer, the liquid-phase clouds have a larger median effective radius (9.5 µm), optical thickness (11.8) and effective liquid water path (72.3 g m−2) compared to spring conditions (8.7 µm, 8.3 and 51.8 g m−2, respectively). The results show larger cloud droplets over the ice-free Arctic Ocean compared to sea ice in spring and early summer caused mainly by the temperature differences in the surfaces and related convection processes. Due to their larger droplet sizes, the liquid clouds over the ice-free ocean have slightly reduced optical thicknesses and lower liquid water contents compared to the sea-ice surface conditions. The comprehensive dataset on microphysical properties of Arctic liquid-phase clouds is publicly available and could, e.g., help to constrain models or be used to investigate effects of liquid-phase clouds on the radiation budget.
A topographically controlled upwelling center off southern Vancouver Island

From January 1979 to June 1981 an oceanographic experiment off the west coast of Canada provided a unique view of a large annual upwelling event. The upwelling is driven by an interaction between the large scale coastal current systems and a narrow canyon that cuts the continental shelf. This interaction allows water to be raised from depths much greater than those normally expected from the classical wind-driven upwelling mechanisms. The water upwelled is dense, very low in dissolved oxygen and is rich in nutrients; it originates from the California Undercurrent. A nonlinear theoretical model of the canyon/ current interaction is developed including substantial stratification. The model succeeds in reproducing the salient observations.