Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE Observations of Galactic Globular Cluster Cores. II. NGC 6273 and the Problem of Horizontal-Branch Gaps

We present observations of the center of the Galactic globular cluster NGC 6273, obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 as part of the snapshot program GO-7470. A BV color-magnitude diagram (CMD) for ∼28,000 stars is presented and discussed. The most prominent feature of the CMD, identified for the first time in this paper, is the extended horizontal-branch blue tail (EBT) with a clear double-peaked distribution and a significant gap. The EBT of NGC 6273 is compared with the EBTs of seven other globular clusters for which we have a CMD in the same photometric system. From this comparison, we conclude that all the globular clusters in our sample with an EBT show at least one gap along the horizontal branch, which could have similar origins. A comparison with theoretical models suggests that at least some of these gaps may be occurring at a particular value of the stellar mass, common to a number of different clusters. From the CMD of NGC 6273 we obtain a distance modulus (m - M)V = 16.27 ± 0.20. We also estimate an average reddening E(B-V) = 0.47 ± 0.03, though the CMD is strongly affected by differential reddening, with the relative reddening spanning a ΔE(B-V) ∼ 0.2 mag in the WFPC2 field. A luminosity function for the evolved stars in NGC 6273 is also presented and compared with the most recent evolutionary models.
Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Galactic Globular Cluster Cores. I. NGC 6362 and NGC 6934

We present observations of the centers of the Galactic globular clusters NGC 6362 and NGC 6934 obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope/Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 as part of the snapshot program GO-7470. The B, V color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) are presented for 4104 stars in NGC 6362 and for 8187 stars in NGC 6934. From the CMDs, we obtain (m - M)V = 14.67 ± 0.20 and E(B-V) = 0.06 ± 0.03 for NGC 6362 and (m - M)V = 16.37 ± 0.20 and E(B-V) = 0.05 ± 0.02 for NGC 6934. Each cluster shows a well-defined sequence of blue stragglers. Both the CMD and the luminosity function (LF) of the blue stragglers differ in the two clusters, suggesting two different origins for these stars. NGC 6362 has a strikingly narrow blue straggler sequence. The data have also been used to derive a complete LF, which extends from the red giant branch tip to 2–3 mag below the turnoff. In the case of NGC 6362, which has the deepest LF, the theoretical LF cannot match both the evolved LF and that of the main sequence with any reasonable mass-function slope. The LF has also been used to estimate the ages of the two clusters. A comparison with the theoretical LF, the more classical isochrone fitting, and the ΔV suggest an age between 13 and 16 Gyr for both clusters. No significant age difference between NGC 6362 and NGC 6934 is observed.
Sedimentation of the Upper Jurassic Koike Limestone, Somanakamura district, northeastern Japan

The middle Jurassic to lowermost Cretaceous Somanakamura Group crops out in an area along the eastern margin of the Abukuma Mountains, Fukushima Prefecture, northeast Japan. Shallow marine carbonates, 35-meter thick, constitute the upper part of the Nakanosawa Formation, one of the constituent formations of the group. The carbonate sequence named the Koike Limestone is Tithonian in age. Stratigraphical and sedimentological investigations reveal that the carbonate sequence is divisible into five sedimentary units, each of which consists of the grainstone/packstone/wackestone with abundant oncoids and/or peloids and skeletal and non-skeletal grains with micrite coatings, that grades upward into the coral floatstone. The former is thought to have been formed in open, high-energy marine environment while the latter in restricted low-energy one. These data are taken to suggest that relative transgressions intermittently occurred five times during the deposition of the Koike Limestone. The pattern of sea-level changes inferred from the depositional sequence of the middle to upper Somanakamura Group agrees well with the long term eustatic curve derived from coastal onlap.
USE OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL HYDRODYNAMICS MODEL FOR TIDAL INLETS STUDIES

This study utilizes a multi-dimensional hydrodynamics model originally developed by Sheng (1989) and later modified by Sheng et.al (1992) to first quantify the flow field in Little Sarasota Bay in Florida, USA with a closed (present condition) and an opened (proposed condition) Midnight Pass, and then to produce a closure curve of the Midnight Pass. This study demonstrates that robust multi-dimensional hydrodynamics models can be used to provide more quantitative analysis of tidal inlet stability. INTRODUCTION Tidal inlets connect various bays and lagoons to coastal oceans. As such, tidal inlets can have significant effects on circulation and transport in the bays/lagoons as well as longshore sediment transport in the coastal oceans. For example, tidal inlets can affect the location of nodal zones and flushing of materials into and out of the bays/lagoons (e.g. Sheng et.al, 1992). Tidal inlets can also affect longshore sediment transport by causing erosion on the downstream side of the inlet while causing deposition on the upstream side of the inlet (Dean and Dalrymple, 1994). Tidal inlets, however are not very stable and often require dredging to keep them open. Since the closing and opening of tidal inlets can significantly affect the circulation and transport within bays/lagoons, it is essential to be able to predict the stability of tidal inlets. Escoffier (1940) performed a simple analysis to study the stability of a tidal inlet, van de Kreeke (1985) analyzed the stability of multiple inlet 1 Graduate Student, 2 Professor, Coastal & Oceanographic Eng. Dept., University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
DID BROWN FAIL?

In 2004, the United States elaborately “celebrated” the fiftieth anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education. The country's mass media acclaimed May 17 as the date of a great national achievement while paying scant attention to the present racial scene in education. Yet those who believed in and fought for the racial desegregation of the nation's public schools found the widespread “celebration” grossly overstated and at best premature. With effective opposition to school desegregation unrelenting during the entire past half century, with the U.S. Supreme Court continually narrowing Brown's scope, and with African American and Hispanic American children still largely attending segregated schools, the nation's unmitigated self-congratulatory stance seemed unwarranted.
Company determinants of capital structure on the JSE Ltd and the influence of the 2008 financial crisis

The optimal capital structure and value of a company is in constant evolution, taking into account both the external and internal environment. This study examines company-related determinants of capital structure and investigates whether the 2008 financial crisis exerted any significant influence on the capital structure and the identified determinants in a sample of top 40 JSE Ltd listed companies in South Africa. A panel regression model was applied to identify the most significant capital structure determinants and variance in them. Panel regression accounts for cross-sectional data and time series data simultaneously. It was found that the 2008 financial crisis did not exert a significant difference on the capital structures of the sample companies. The most significant company-related determinants of capital structure before the 2008 financial crisis were risk, tangibility and profitability. Risk and tangibility had a stronger influence on capital structure after the 2008 financial crisis but profitability became insignificant. The significant factors should be closely monitored to detect change in capital structure and the valuation of a company.
Investing in Health: The Long-Term Impact of Head Start on Smoking

"Head Start is a comprehensive, early childhood development program designed to augment the human capital and health capital levels of disadvantaged children. Evaluations of Head Start have tended to focus on cognitive outcomes; however, there is increasing recognition that other important outcomes can be influenced by participation. This article evaluates the long-term impact of Head Start participation on smoking behavior in young adulthood by comparing the behavior of adults who attended Head Start with those of siblings who did not. We find that participation in Head Start reduces the probability that an individual smokes cigarettes as a young adult. " ("JEL" I12, I28, I38) Copyright (c) 2009 Western Economic Association International.
A Universe of Strictly Positive Families

In order to represent, compute and reason with advanced data types like lists with a fixed length, finite sets or well scoped λ-terms one must go beyond the traditional treatment of data types as being inductive types and, instead, consider them as inductive families, or more precisely Strictly Positive Families (SPFs). We have previously shown that the grammar of strictly positive types (SPT) can be given as an inductively defined family. In the present paper we go one step further an show that the universe of SPFs can be encoded as an SPF. We show that SPFs can be used to represent and compute with a variety of advanced data types and that generic programs can be naturally written over the universe of SPFs.
Influence of soil properties on active layer thermal propagation along the western Antarctic Peninsula

The rate of energy transfer through soils is an important factor governing the active layer (seasonal thaw layer) in polar regions. Energy is transferred through conductive and convective means, which are primarily influenced by the bulk density and water content of soils. With global temperatures changing, it becomes important to understand how soil properties influence heat transfer and active layer depths in climatically sensitive regions, such as the Antarctic Peninsula. In this study we analyzed conductive energy transfer through several soil types on Amsler Island and Cierva Point in the central region of the western Antarctic Peninsula. Active layer temperatures on Amsler Island were monitored every three hours using iButton thermistors installed at regular depth intervals down to 2 m. Soil textures were loamy to sandy with water contents between 5 and 27%. Freezing and thawing transmission rates for all soils ranged from 1.4 to 6.9 cm/day. Thermal transmission rates were fastest in sandy soils with low water contents, indicating that the large, interconnected pores of the sandy soils facilitated the quick movement of heat with water flow through the soil profile. Snow accumulation differences also played a significant role on winter thermal propagation by providing a thermal barrier between the ground surface and atmosphere. Although there was a wide range in thermal transmission among the soils, active layer depths had little variation (7.8–9.7 m). This consistency derives from the greater dependence of very thick active layers on long‐term climatic conditions rather than on soil properties. The presence of thick moss significantly slowed thermal transmission and decreased active layer thicknesses. These effects primarily are due to the high heat capacity of water and air retained within the moss, slowing thermal transmission rates, acting as a thermal buffer between atmospheric conditions and the underlying soils. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deceased Kidney Donor Suitability Guidelines

Guidelines No recommendations possible based on Level I or II evidence. • Non-Heart Beating (NHB) donors should be considered as an extra source of deceased donor kidneys for transplantation, with acceptable patient and graft survival, in spite of an increased incidence of delayed graft function. • Results using kidneys from NHB donors may be improved by using 'controlled' donors younger than 60 years of age and by minimising warm and cold ischaemic times (? use kidneys locally). • Transplant Centres are encouraged to develop protocols which satisfy local and regional ethical and legal requirements. • All NHB donation procedures occur as an emergency and require a team including transplant coordinators and surgeons available urgently 24 hours a day.
Where Facebook Meets Plagiarism: An Investigation and an Intervention

BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE Closed (student only) Facebook groups are commonplace amongst students and the social and academic benefits of such groups are well studied. The exclusion of staff from these Facebook groups could conceivably lead to inappropriate behaviour such as plagiarism but the occurrence of this is unknown. Many students have a poor understanding of what constitutes plagiarism, or the rationale for its avoidance (other than to avoid penalty). In this study we sought to explore the behaviours of students on Facebook groups, focusing on plagiarism. We also broadened our analysis to encompass an investigation of general plagiarism awareness in order to use the findings to inform the co-creation of a simple plagiarism intervention tool for use on Facebook groups. METHODS Our mixed methods approach encompassed seven student focus groups and a survey of 273 students at one UK University, as well as consultation of 11 HEI staff. Information and ideas drawn from the investigative phase of the project informed the design and co-creation of a plagiarism avoidance video resource. RESULTS AND LESSONS LEARNED We did not find plagiarism on Facebook to be a major concern despite wide use by students of closed groups to support learning. We did, however, find that interactive discussion on Facebook was minimal, and that membership was non-inclusive, and therefore suggest caution towards formal use of Facebook in learning. We also found that >40% of our students held misconceptions and anxieties about what constitutes plagiarism and about how to avoid it, and that University guidelines on plagiarism are not improving understanding. Plagiarism confusion was heightened for students new to our University, although further research into the generality of this observation is required. We advocate good scholarship education that actively engages, but is not limited to, students in their first year of study, and present our own anti-plagiarism tool that is suitable for deployment via Facebook groups.
Velocity-effective stress laws and hysteresis in Carnarvon Basin sandstones

P-wave and S-wave velocities, attenuation and the Vp/Vs ratio show different responses in saturated and dry Carnarvon basin sandstones under increasing differential pressures. At low differential pressures, Vp/Vs ratios are high under oil saturation but low in the same rocks under dry (gas-saturated) conditions. Velocities and attenuation are also shown to be sensitive to pore pressure, not just differential pressure. Under identical low differential pressure conditions, velocity is higher in sandstones when pore pressure is high during simulation of inflationary overpressure conditions. Thus the velocity- differential pressure relationship is not unique. However, the use of the measured Biot effective stress coefficient results in a unique relationship. It is postulated that higher velocity and different Vp/Vs ratios are caused by loss of compliance in microfractures due to stiffening by increasing fluid pressure.
LocTree3 prediction of localization

The prediction of protein sub-cellular localization is an important step toward elucidating protein function. For each query protein sequence, LocTree2 applies machine learning (profile kernel SVM) to predict the native sub-cellular localization in 18 classes for eukaryotes, in six for bacteria and in three for archaea. The method outputs a score that reflects the reliability of each prediction. LocTree2 has performed on par with or better than any other state-of-the-art method. Here, we report the availability of LocTree3 as a public web server. The server includes the machine learning-based LocTree2 and improves over it through the addition of homology-based inference. Assessed on sequence-unique data, LocTree3 reached an 18-state accuracy Q18 = 80 ± 3% for eukaryotes and a six-state accuracy Q6 = 89 ± 4% for bacteria. The server accepts submissions ranging from single protein sequences to entire proteomes. Response time of the unloaded server is about 90 s for a 300-residue eukaryotic protein and a few hours for an entire eukaryotic proteome not considering the generation of the alignments. For over 1000 entirely sequenced organisms, the predictions are directly available as downloads. The web server is available at http://www.rostlab. org/services/loctree3.
Chapter 10 Engineering design and construction

The desert can provide a harsh environment for engineering construction. Potential hazards are discussed in earlier Chapters, particularly Chapters 2 and 3, and include extreme temperature and humidity fluctuations, aggressive ground and groundwater conditions, wind-blown sand and dust, and flash floods. The major influence that water has on the behaviour of the ground and the performance of engineering structures in hot deserts is often not appreciated or is underestimated. Rainstorms, although infrequent, can be of high intensity. It may not rain for months and then the annual average may fall in 1 day, leading to flows in normally dry wadis, flash floods and the filling of ephemeral lakes. In addition to water from rainstorms and runoff, construction and urbanization may introduce infiltration of water into soils that are normally dry. This can lead to changes in strength or volume that would not have occurred naturally. The response of normally dry soils to wetting, and the identification and assessment of ‘collapsible’ and ‘expansive’ soils, is discussed in Chapter 8. Approaches to mitigating the effect of volume changes associated with wetting on the performance of engineering structures are discussed in this Chapter (Sections 10.2.3, 10.2.4 & 10.6). Groundwater allows the movement of salts within the ground and, particularly where it occurs within a few metres of the ground surface, this can give rise to salt damage to structures and adversely affect roads and earthworks. The factors affecting salt accumulation, leading to aggressive ground and groundwater conditions, are described in Chapter 3. Design and construction to mitigate salt damage to buried concrete structures and roads are discussed in this chapter (Sections 10.2.7 & 10.3.4). The desert can also be a fragile environment and easily damaged by poorly planned or controlled construction activity, leading to problems such as erosion and increased wind-blown sand and …
Determination of the spatial structure of vegetation on the repository of the mine “Fryderyk” in Tarnowskie Góry, based on airborne laser scanning from the ISOK project and digital orthophotomaps

The purpose of this study was to determine the spatial structure of vegetation on the repository of the mine “Fryderyk” in Tarnowskie Gory. Tested area was located in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region (a large industrial region in Poland). It was a unique refuge habitat – Natura2000; PLH240008. The main aspect of this elaboration was to investigate the possible use of geotechniques and generally available geodata for mapping LULC changes and determining the spatial structure of vegetation. The presented study focuses on the analysis of a spatial structure of vegetation in the research area. This exploration was based on aerial images and orthophotomaps from 1947, 1998, 2003, 2009, 2011 and airborne laser scanning data (2011, ISOK project). Forest succession changes which occurred between 1947 and 2011 were analysed. The selected features of vegetation overgrowing spoil heap “Fryderyk” was determined. The results demonstrated a gradual succession of greenery on soil heap. In 1947, 84% of this area was covered by low vegetation. Tree expansion was proceeding in the westerly and northwest direction. In 2011 this canopy layer covered almost 50% of the research area. Parameters such as height of vegetation, crowns length and cover density were calculated by an airborne laser scanning data. These analyses indicated signifi cant diversity in vertical and horizontal structures of vegetation. The study presents some capacities to use airborne laser scanning for an impartial evaluation of the structure of vegetation.
Rainfall variability and crop production in the North-western semi-arid zone of Nigeria

This research work examined the implications of rainfall variability on some major food crops of the semi - arid region of northern Nigeria in a changing climate. Fifty years of daily rainfall data (1963 - 2012) were collected from the Meteorological unit of the Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria and the data were processed using VISUAL-BASIC.NET programme. The concept developed by Ashok Raj (1979), "onset of effective monsoon and dry spells” was adopted in the present study. Grain yield data were also sourced from states’ agricultural development projects. Correlation analysis was employed to assess the relationship between crop yield and dry spells. The result indicated about 10 days shift from the normal planting period. The result also showed negative relationship which is significant at 1% level of confidence for sorghum and maize and significant at 5% level of confidence for cowpea and rice. The smallholder farmers and policy makers were advised on the implications of the reduced and erratic rainfall pattern to agricultural productivity and science-based mitigation and adaptation strategies (such as water conservation techniques, genetic improvement of crops and improved irrigation techniques, water harvesting, etc.) were suggested. Key words: Agriculture, evapotranspiration, rainfall, temperature, variability.
Concepts Learned from a 3D Outcrop of a Sinuous Slope Channel Complex: Beacon Channel Complex, Brushy Canyon Formation, West Texas, U.S.A.

Abstract Sinuous channels are common bathymetric features on Earth’s continental margins. Until now, the 3D stratigraphy of these features has primarily been inferred from 3D seismic studies and from limited 2D outcrop exposures of ancient successions. The Beacon Channel Complex of the Permian upper Brushy Canyon Formation is an exceptionally well-exposed example of a 3D exposure of a sinuous slope channel system. The Beacon Channel Complex crops out on five cliff facies in an area of approximately 1 km2 (0.625 mi2). Nearly one complete wavelength of sinuosity is recorded in the outcrop.
The Developing World is Poorer than We Thought, But No Less Successful in the Fight Against Poverty

The paper presents a major overhaul to the World Bank's past estimates of global poverty, incorporating new and better data. Extreme poverty-as judged by what"poverty"means in the world's poorest countries-is found to be more pervasive than we thought. Yet the data also provide robust evidence of continually declining poverty incidence and depth since the early 1980s. For 2005 we estimate that 1.4 billion people, or one quarter of the population of the developing world, lived below our international line of $1.25 a day in 2005 prices; 25 years earlier there were 1.9 billion poor, or one half of the population. Progress was uneven across regions. The poverty rate in East Asia fell from almost 80 percent to under 20 percent over this period. By contrast it stayed at around 50 percent in Sub-Saharan Africa, though with signs of progress since the mid 1990s. Because of lags in survey data availability, these estimates do not yet reflect the sharp rise in food prices since 2005.