Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effet des pr (cid:1) etraitements post-r (cid:1) ecolte des amandes de Pentadesma butyracea (Sabine) sur la technologie d’extraction en milieu r (cid:1) eel et la qualit (cid:1) e du beurre

: Pentadesma butter is still traditionally extracted starting from pretreated almonds by traditional techniques of heating. The aim of this work was to study the effect of the almonds post-harvest pretreatments on the physicochemical characteristics, the extraction yield and the quality of the Pentadesma butter. In addition, the effect of the various unit operations of the extraction technology on the quality of the extracted butter from pretreated almonds was studied. According to the same traditional process of extraction, two various butters of Pentadesma were extracted starting from almonds differing only by the post-harvest pretreatment applied (roasting or boiling). The color, the aspect and the breaking strength of the almonds were different. The butter extraction yield varied according to the pretreatment applied. The best yields (33.5 (cid:1) 4.1%) were obtained from boiled almonds, but their transformation was more difﬁcult than that of roasted. The analysis of the samples at different stages of the transformation allowed the appreciation of the effect of the almonds pretreatments on the acidity and the peroxide value variations at each unit operation of the butter extraction. The fatty acid composition and the tocopherol content of the two extracted butters varied with the almonds pretreatments. The roasted almonds provided a richer butter in stearic acid, a and d -tocopherols and less rich in oleic acid than that provided by the boiled almonds. The pretreatments allowed a total loss of the contained linolenic acid, b and d - tocopherols in the butters and decreased the oleic acid and a - tocopherol contents. The physico-chemical characteristics of the Pentadesma butter varied according to the almonds pretreatments. Thus, it would be interesting to make a reasoned choice of the most suitable post-harvest pretreatment in order to obtain a butter with a good quality and an acceptable extraction yield.
DEVELOPMENT OF TWO RANGELAND GRASSHOPPERS AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURES: DEVELOPMENT THRESHOLDS REVISITED

Abstract A study was conducted to examine the relationship between development rate and constant temperatures (14, 21, 24, 27, 33, 36, 40, and 45°C) for the rangeland grasshoppers Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) and Aulocara elliotti (Thomas). Non-linear regression was used to generate estimates of lower development thresholds. The chosen model provided for a concave-shaped development rate function at temperatures above the lower threshold and required fewer parameters than previous models. Although experimental results suggested that no precise estimates of upper development thresholds could be obtained, previous field studies indicate that preferred body temperatures may be lower than ambient temperatures and probably are related in part to the thermoregulatory abilities of the two species studied. Results will be of interest to insect ecologists and those studying grasshopper biology as well as researchers and pest managers interested in predicting grasshopper development. Résumé On a effectué une étude pour examiner la relation entre le taux de développement et la température constante (14, 21, 24, 27, 33, 36, 40, et 45°C) chez les criquets de prairie Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) et Aulocara elliotti (Thomas). La régression non-linéaire a été utilisée pour générer des estimés des seuils inférieurs de développement. Le modèle retenu permet une fonction de forme concave aux températures dépassant le seuil inférieur et requiert moins de paramètres que les modèles précédents. Quoique les résultats indiquaient qu’il est impossible d’estimer précisément les seuils thermiques supérieurs, des études antérieures sur le terrain indiquent que les températures corporelles préférées sont possiblement inférieures aux températures ambiantes, et probablement dépendantes en partie des capacités de thermorégulation des deux espèces étudiées. Les résultats pourront intéresser les entomologistes, écologistes ou acridologistes, ainsi que les chercheurs et phytoprotectionnistes intéressés aux prévisions du développement des criquets.
Chlorpromazine oligomer is a potentially active substance that inhibits human D-amino acid oxidase, product of a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia

D-Amino acid oxidase (DAO), a potential risk factor for schizophrenia, has been proposed to be involved in the decreased glutamatergic neurotransmission in schizophrenia. Here we show the inhibitory effect of an antipsychotic drug, chlorpromazine, on human DAO, which is consistent with previous reports using porcine DAO, although human DAO was inhibited to a lesser degree (Ki = 0.7 mM) than porcine DAO. Since chlorpromazine is known to induce phototoxic or photoallergic reactions and also to be transformed into various metabolites, we examined the effects of white light-irradiated chlorpromazine on the enzymatic activity. Analytical methods including high-resolution mass spectrometry revealed that irradiation triggered the oligomerization of chlorpromazine molecules. The oligomerized chlorpromazine showed a mixed type inhibition with inhibition constants of low micromolar range, indicative of enhanced inhibition. Taken together, these results suggest that oligomerized chlorpromazine could act as an active substance that might contribute to the therapeutic effects of this drug.
Expression of NCAM-H and S100 Protein in the Rostral Migratory Stream of the Adult Guinea Pig Forebrain

We demonstrated a double-labeled immunofluorescent cytochemistry under confocal laser scanning microscope, using antibodies against highly polysialylated isoform of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM-H), and Ca++ binding astroglial marker in the brain, S100 protein (S100) in the rostral migratory stream (RMS) of the subependymal layer (SEL) of the adult guinea pig forebrain. In the adult olfactory system, NCAM-H is considered to be associated with the continuous generation and growth of granule cells. In the whole length of germinal SEL, varied populations of blast like, beaded, clustered NCAM-H positive elements were densely intermingled with typical astrocytic subpopulations of S100 protein. Some especialized phenotypes of S100 immunopositive ependymoglial tanycytes gave off their basal processes into NCAM-H immunopositive clusters in the rostral extention of subependymal zone (SEZ-re). Our results evinced the complex morphological multitude of neuro-glial (neuronal and neuroglial) coherence in the course of tangential migration of neuronal progenitors in the young adult guinea pig RMS.
Modeling the effects of tidal resuspension and deposition on early diagenesis of contaminants

Abstract In order to better understand the effects of tidal resuspension on contaminant cycling in coastal waters, coupled physical and biogeochemical 1-D time and depth dependent numerical models were developed. The physical model calculates sediment resuspension and deposition in response to imposed tidal current forcing and passes time series of erosion rate, deposition rate, suspended sediment load, and shear velocity to the biogeochemical water quality model. The water quality model simulates interactions between a water column, a resuspendable floc layer, and the underlying sediments through multiple resuspension and deposition cycles induced by regular tides. It includes advection and diffusion of both particulate and dissolved contaminant phases, organic carbon biodegradation, and linear-reversible contaminant sorption. Pyrene and particulate organic carbon cycling were simulated simultaneously for this study. The model was used to explore the responses of relatively clean sediments to contaminated input loadings under different levels of hydrodynamic forcing. Model results confirm influences of resuspension found in previous field and model studies, and show some unexpected effects on porewater fluxes. The results indicate that tidal resuspension 1) accelerates organic carbon degradation rate in the water column; 2) affects porewater fluxes by increasing mass transport, but decreasing the concentration difference between the water column and sediments, with unexpected results; 3) decreases accumulation (burial fluxes) in the sediments; 4) prolongs particle residence time in the water column and allows greater diagenesis and sorption/desorption to take place. Sensitivity analyses using a Monte Carlo simulation technique indicate that sediment porosity is the most critical parameter for the model, indicating further development and testing. Enhancing the prognostic skill of the model will require comparison to specific data sets from laboratory experiments and field measurements, but it is clear that resuspension may influence the sites and rates of organic matter mineralization in shallow environments and therefore affect distributions of particulate organic carbon and organic contaminants.
The influence of bigleaf maple on chemical properties of throughfall, stemflow, and forest floor in coniferous forest in the Pacific Northwest

It is predicted that bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum Pursh) will almost double in frequency in British Columbia by 2085 due to climate change. We address whether its frequency increase could influence chemical properties of throughfall, stemflow, and forest floor due to species-specific effects. Eight plots with a single bigleaf maple tree in the centre of conifers were paired with eight Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) plots without bigleaf maple. Compared with conifer plots, bigleaf maple throughfall and stemflow had higher pH and K concentration. The under-canopy and near-trunk forest floor associated with bigleaf maple showed higher pH, total exchangeable bases, cation-exchange capacity, and concentrations of exchangeable Ca and Mg. In addition, the near-trunk forest floor had higher base saturation and concentrations and contents of NO3-N and contents of total N and S. Throughfall and stemflow beneath bigleaf maple appear to contribute to higher pH and N availability in the forest .
Composition and Longitudinal Patterns of Aquatic Insect Emergence in Small Rivers of Palawan Island, the Philippines

This study presents the first emergence trap samples from streams in the Philippines and Greater Sunda. Aquatic insect emergence from two small rivers and longitudinal patterns including estuaries are compared. A decline of total emergence towards estuaries was observed, affecting all major orders. Diptera, namely Chironomidae, dominated all sites. High abundances in Ceratopogonidae, Odonata, and Coleoptera were found, compared to other emergence studies from tropical and temperate latitudes. Ephemeroptera displayed a highly variable contribution to the emergence from Palawan as well as in other comparative studies either supported by the appropriate conditions for certain functional groups or limited by environmental variables such as pH. Trichoptera are likely to tolerate a wider range of environmental conditions and they are consequently able to fill further niches where Ephemeroptera are under-represented. Except for scarce abundances of Plecoptera observed in this and other studies from the tropics, no substantial differences in emergence composition at order level existed between temperate and tropical rivers, however, with a remarkable local variation. Components of riparian and non-aquatic insects and non-emergent fauna contributing to the collections are discussed based on trap features.
Situação e perspectivas da fruticultura de clima temperado no Brasil

Fruticulture is present in all Brazilian states, and as economic activity, involves around five million people, directly and indirectly. Brazil is the third largest fruit producer, with output of around 40 million tons a year, but has only 2% of global trade industry, which demonstrates the high domestic consumption. The Brazilian fruit growing area is approximately 1.9 million hectares of which 1,034,708 hectares of tropical fruits, 928,552 ha of subtropical fruits and 135,857 ha of temperate species. Among the fruits of temperate climate, are table and wine grapes (81,677 ha), apples (39,081 ha), peaches, plums and nectarines (19,102 ha), persimmons (8,740 ha), strawberries, blackberries, raspberries , blueberries (3,560 ha), figs (3,072 ha), pears (1,404 ha) and quinces (211 ha). Even with a smaller area than the species of tropical and subtropical climate, the temperate fruits have a social importance, highlighted in several regions of southern Brazil, which corresponds to the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Parana, of southeastern Brazil, Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais, and in the Sao Francisco Valley region, in northeasten Brazil, either as fresh crops, agribusiness and/or agrotourism. Brazilian exports of fruits in recent years have been very positive, both in volume and in value. In 1998 Brazil exported 294,222 tons of fruits, whereas in 2008 exported 887,978 tons, representing a 201.8% increase in export volume. The main fruits that contributed to this significant increase were melon, mango, banana, apple and grape, with an increase in export volume between 1998 and 2008 of 226, 242, 91, 948 and 1766% respectively. The production of quality fruits in the temperate regions of southeastern Brazil needs genetic and breeding programs and studies on agricultural management, as well as on plant physiology to adapt them to the mild winter and to the range of temperatures, very frequent in major Brazilian regions. The long summers and precipitation excess cause many diseases and pests, which often requires pesticide treatments in excess. The management of the orchards with integrated fruit production is enabling the production of high quality fruits and at the same time is reducing the environmental impact of the activity. The challenges are related to climate changes, the necessity of pesticide use reduction and supplies, the fruit handling pre-and post-harvest, and to the need for logistics to suit the different markets, the control of pests and diseases and the breeding programs, in order to meet the new demands of each temperate species.
LYSOSOMAL CHANGES IN RAT HEPATIC PARENCHYMAL CELLS AFTER GLUCAGON ADMINISTRATIONI

Ultrastructural as well as ultracytochemical observations were made On rat hepatic parenchymal cells after glucagon perfusion (200-600μg/50ml of Krebs-Ringer's bicarbonate solution) via portal vein. The irregularly shaped lysosomes, such as rod-shaped, dumbbell-shaped or the ones with tails, were observed even 5 min after glucagon perfusion. The acid phosphatase ctivity was clearly positive in the matrix of these unusual structures.These irregularly shaped lysosomes were considered to be the sheet-like extensions from the original body of the pre-existing lysosomes. In connection with the presence of the irregularly shaped lysosomes an autophagic process was evident and the double-membraned (inner and outer) autophagolysosomes were frequently observed. Results obtained in the present investigation indicate that the autophagolysosomes are formed by the wrapping mechanism of the irregularly shaped lysosomes in the hepatic parenchymal cells of the rat following glucagon administration.
Relationship between pH-values and nutrient availability in forest soils - the consequences for the use of ecograms in forest ecology

Summary Measurements of the soil pH are often used to characterize the nutritional conditions for the vegetation at a particular site, for example in ecograms describing the ecological behaviour of a (tree) species. In spite of this use and interpretation of pH measurements, certain prerequisites must be fulfilled when pH-values are to be used as an expression of the nutritional conditions for plants. Our study in deciduous forests of northern Germany shows that in strongly acid soils (pH
Utility of In Vitro Methods in Drug–Drug Interaction Assessment and Prediction for Therapeutic Biologics

Due to the long half-life of commonly used therapeutic proteins (TPs) such as mAbs and the difficulty in many cases to recruit patients for trial enrollment, the conduct of well-designed clinical interaction studies is generally costly and difficult. Therefore, there is astrong desire to develop in vitro approaches allowing predictions of whether significantinteractions between TPs and small molecules are likely. This chapter providesan overview of the current literature on the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) genes in vitro and provides a perspective on the current challenges and future opportunities to establish improved in vitro systems. Keywords: therapeutic proteins; drug-drug interactions; cytochrome P450 enzymes; tumor necrosis factor; interleukins; oncostatin M
Status and longevity of the tuatara, Sphenodon guntheri, and Duvaucel's gecko, Hoplodactylus duvaucelii, on North Brother Island, New Zealand

Abstract A herpetological survey in January 1988 of North Brother Island, Cook Strait, New Zealand, found populations of the tuatara (Sphenodon guntheri) and three species of lizards (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii, Hoplodactylus maculatus, and Leiolopisma lineoocellatum). Tuatara on North Brother I. are significantly smaller than Sphenodon punctatus on nearby Stephens Island, and the estimated density of 134/ha in good habitat is lower than reported on Stephens I. The total adult population size of tuatara is estimated at <300 adults. Two of the captured tuatara had been toe-clipped, one in 1957 and one in 1959. One H. duvaucelii, toe-clipped in 1958, had not grown in the 29 years since first capture; it was probably at least 36 years old. This may represent the longest documented survivorship of a lizard in nature.
Antihyperglycemic, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of the Butanol Extract from Spirulina Platensis

The butanol extract of Spirulina was found to have potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 23.0 ± 0.4 μg/mL. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were estimated to be 121.0 ± 3.5 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g and 27.4 ± 1.2 mg rutin equivalent/100 g of Spirulina biomass. The butanol extract also exhibited rat intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 37.5 ± 2.8 μg/mL. The butanol extract had showed antioxidant activities with DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical), reducing power, hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide scavenging activity and showed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The present results indicate that Spirulina can be used for nutraceutical applications.
Negative association between type 1 diabetes and HLA DQB1*0602-DQA1*0102 is attenuated with age at onset: Negative association between type 1 diabetes and HLA DQB1*0602-DQA1*0102 is attenuated with age at onset

HLA-associated relative risks of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus were analysed in population-based Swedish patients and controls aged 0-34 years. The age dependence of HLA-associated relative risks was assessed by likelihood ratio tests of regression parameters in separate logistic regression models for each HLA category. The analyses demonstrated an attenuation with increasing age at onset in the relative risk for the positively associated DQB1*0201-A1*0502/B1*0302-A1*0301 (DQ2/8) genotype (P = 0.02) and the negatively associated DQB1*0602-A1*0102 (DQ6.2) haplotype (P = 0.004). At birth, DQ6.2-positive individuals had an estimated relative risk of 0.03, but this increased to 1.1 at age 35 years. Relative risks for individuals with DQ genotype 8/8 or 8/X or DQ genotype 2/2 or 2/X, where X is any DQ haplotype other than 2, 8 or 6.2, were not significantly age-dependent. An exploratory analysis of DQ haplotypes other than 2, 8 and 6.2 suggested that the risk of type 1 diabetes increases with age for DQB1*0604-A1*0102 (DQ6.4) and that the peak risk for the negatively associated DQB1*0301-A1*0501 haplotype is at age 18 years. There was also weak evidence that the risk for DQB1*0303-A1*0301 (DQ9), which has a positive association in the Japanese population, may decrease with age. We speculate that HLA-DQ alleles have a significant effect on the rate of beta cell destruction, which is accelerated in DQ2/8-positive individuals and inhibited, but not completely blocked, in DQ6.2-positive individuals.
Reproductive ecology of the Puerto Rican frog Eleutherodactylus coqui

We studied the reproductive phenology and ecology, and patterns of male and female reproductive success of Eleutherodactylus coqui, a frog with terrestrial reproduction, direct development, and male parental care. Reproductive activity (calling and oviposition) occurred during every month of our two-year study, although it was distinctly seasonal, with the lowest activity during the dry season and the highest during the wet season. Male chorus density and female clutch deposition were temporally associated with temperature and rainfall. Female breeding was asynchronous, with at least one female mating on 63% of all wet season nights. The mean interclutch interval was about 8 weeks during the wet season. Clutch size was correlated with female body size, but also showed a significant seasonal effect with clutch size increasing in the wet season. In contrast, ovipositing female body size declined from dry to wet season. Male mating success was variable, with some males mating up to five times over one six- month period. Mating success was not correlated with male body size and we found no evidence of size- assortative mating. Mating success was correlated with calling effort measured as chorus attendance. Variance in hatching rate comprised most (89%) of the total variation in female reproductive success, measured as number of hatchlings per clutch. Our results suggest that female coquies should be strongly selected to exercise mate choice based on variables that correlate with hatching rate, i.e., male parental care quality and nest site quality.
Extensive local-scale gene flow and long-term population stability in the intertidal mollusc Katharina tunicata (Mollusca: Polyplacophora)

The dispersal capabilities of intertidal organisms may represent a key factor to their survival in the face of global warming, as species that cannot adapt to the various effects of climate change will have to migrate to track suitable habitat. Although species with pelagic larval phases might be expected to have a greater capacity for dispersal than those with benthic larvae, interspecies comparisons have shown that this is not always the case. Consequently, population genetic approaches are being increasingly used to gain insights into dispersal through studying patterns of gene flow. In the present study, we used nuclear single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing to elucidate fine-scale patterns of genetic variation between populations of the Black Katy Chiton, Katharina tunicata, separated by 15–150 km in south-west Vancouver Island. Both the nuclear and mitochondrial data sets revealed no genetic differentiation between the populations studied, and an isolation-with-migration analysis indicated extensive local-scale gene flow, suggesting an absence of barriers to dispersal. Population demographic analysis also revealed long-term population stability through previous periods of climate change associated with the Pleistocene glaciations. Together, the findings of the present study suggest that this high potential for dispersal may allow K. tunicata to respond to current global warming by tracking suitable habitat, consistent with its long-term demographic stability through previous changes in the Earth's climate. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 106, 589–597.