Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comment on “Parent body depth‐pressure‐temperature relationships and the style of the ureilite anatexis” by P. H. Warren (MAPS 47:209–227)

Ureilites are carbon‐rich ultramafic (olivine + dominantly low‐Ca pyroxene) achondrites with poorly understood petrogenesis. One major problem concerns the origin of extensive variation in FeO content (olivine core Fo values ranging from approximately 75 to 95) among the individual ureilites. The two main competing hypotheses to explain this variation are: (1) equilibrium smelting, in which ureilite Fo values were established by pressure‐dependent (depth‐linked) carbon redox reactions on the ureilite parent body during partial melting; or (2) nebular inheritance, in which the variation in FeO contents was derived from ureilite precursors and was preserved during partial melting. The paper “Parent body depth‐pressure‐temperature relationships and the style of the ureilite anatexis” by Warren (2012) discusses a series of topics related to ureilite petrogenesis. In each case, an argument is presented within the context of smelting versus nonsmelting models. Collectively, these arguments create the impression that there are many valid arguments against smelting. The purpose of this comment is to point out flaws in some of these arguments, and/or to show that the issues they address are independent of smelting versus nonsmelting models. Both equilibrium smelting and nebular inheritance (simple anatexis) models face challenges in explaining all the properties of ureilites, but both remain viable.
Numerical modeling of a gravity-driven instability of a cold hanging glacier: reanalysis of the 1895 break-off of Altelsgletscher, Switzerland

Abstract The Altels hanging glacier in Switzerland broke off on 11 September 1895. The ice volume of this catastrophic rupture was estimated as 4 × 106 m3, the largest icefall event ever observed in the Alps. However, the causes of this collapse are not entirely clear. Based on previous studies, we reanalyzed this break-off event, with the help of a new numerical model, initially developed by Faillettaz and others (2010) for gravity-driven instabilities. The simulations indicate that a break-off event is only possible when the basal friction at the bedrock is reduced in a restricted area, possibly induced by the storage of infiltrated water within the glacier. Further, our simulations reveal a two-step behavior: (1) a first quiescent phase, without visible changes, with a duration depending on the rate of change in basal friction; (2) an active phase with a rapid increase of basal motion over a few days. The general lesson obtained from the comparison between the simulations and available observations is that detectable precursors (crevasse formation and velocity increase) of the destabilization process of a hanging glacier, resulting from a progressive warming of the ice/bed interface towards a temperate regime, will appear only a few days prior to the break-off.
Identification of subannual patterns in microbial community signatures from individual sedimentary laminae using a freeze‐coring approach

Discrete biological community signatures were identified in individual sub‐annually deposited sedimentary laminae of anoxic lake sediments from two lakes in the Minneapolis–St. Paul (Minnesota, U.S.A.) urban area. Recognizing variation in microbial communities associated with discrete millimeter scale sedimentary horizons was made possible using a freeze‐coring method to recover bacterial DNA for amplicon iTag sequencing and Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analyses. Variation in 16S rRNA gene composition between laminae suggests that seasonal changes in cell transport from the water column impart a residual molecular signature on subsurface communities. Direct comparison of frozen‐in‐situ core samples to ambient temperature sediment indicates that freeze coring methodology imposes no significant bias on DNA‐based community fingerprints. This work further supports previous observations demonstrating the efficacy of freeze coring for high‐resolution analysis of microbial communities, but here it is applied to resolving molecular signatures derived from sedimentary laminae.
Society and Health: Sociology for Health Professionals

I. Introduction to the Sociology of Health and Illness. II. The Language of Healthcare. III. The Societal Context of Healthcare. IV. The Cultural Dimension of Healthcare. V. The U.S. Healthcare Institution. VI.Social Groups in Society and Healthcare. VII.Occupations and Professions in Healthcare. VIII. Social Epidemiology. IX. The Social Dimension of Health Status. X. The Social Dimension of Sickness Behavior. XI. Social Stratification in Society and Healthcare. XII. Deviance and Control in Society and Healthcare. XIII. The Sociology of Mental Illness. XIV. Social Change, Technology and Healthcare. Glossary. Index.
Evidence from a cluster of small earthquakes for a fault at 18 km depth beneath Oak Ridge, southern California

A swarm of about 50 small earthquakes (M ∼ 1.5) occurred for a month during 1989 beneath Oak Ridge, southern California. Location accuracy using conventional analysis of arrival-time picks is limited for these events by the weak, emergent nature of arrivals on the available seismograms. However, waveform cross-correlation techniques are found to provide precise relative event locations due to the similarity of the waveforms recorded at individual stations. The relocated events form a small cluster about 1 km across at a depth of ∼ 18 km and are aligned along a plane that dips 35° to the northwest. Estimated standard errors for the locations are generally less than 50 m. The time evolution of the sequence shows a gradual migration of activity away from its initiation point. Three additional events occurred several months later; these align along the same plane but are displaced about 500 m to the southeast from the main swarm. Reliable fault-plane solutions are difficult to obtain for these events due to the small number of station records available, the limited range of takeoff angles, and the weak initial arrivals on many of the seismograms. Stacking the records at each station over the different events greatly reduces prearrival noise levels and assists in resolving the average P first motions. Analysis of these first-motion data indicates that the slip planes of probable focal mechanisms are not in agreement with the plane defined by the seismicity. The seismicity alignment may represent the extension of the Simi fault, in which case some shallowing of the fault dip would be required to match the observed 35° dip at 18 km.
Risk Shocks

We augment a standard monetary DSGE model to include a Bernanke-Gertler-Gilchrist financial accelerator mechanism. We fit the model to US data, allowing the volatility of cross-sectional idiosyncratic uncertainty to fluctuate over time. We refer to this measure of volatility as &apos;risk&apos;. We find that fluctuations in risk are the most important shock driving the business cycle.
IMPLEMENTASI PERANGKAT DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING UNTUK SISTEM VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION

In order to realize a high-speed visible light communication (VLC) system, digital signal processing (DSP) device is required, including the main processing unit, DAC, and ADC. This paper discusses the interface design of the DSP processing unit to 10-bit DAC and 12-bit ADC for VLC applications. The systems in DAC and ADC modules have been designed with a SoC- based approach by using processing unit based on FPGA Xilinx Zynq xc7z010-1CLG400C on the Avnet MicroZed board. The design of hardware-level-design (H/W SoC) is done by utilizing IP blocks from Xilinx using Vivado 2014.2. While the hardware-level-design (S/W SoC) is designed using Xilinx SDK 2014.2. The DSP receiver has been tested in several scenarios, the DAC module is able to convert 10-bit digital signals into analog signals in sinusoidal form and can adjust its output frequencies, while the ADC module is capable of processing the analog signals into 12-bit digital signals with two's complement format. Keywords: ADC, DAC, DSP, system on-chip, visible light communications Untuk mewujudkan sistem visible light communication dengan kecepatan tinggi , diperlukan perangkat DSP yang memadai, mencakup unit pemroses utama, DAC, dan ADC. Pada makalah ini dirancang interface dari pemroses utama terhadap DAC 10-bit dan ADC 12-bit untuk aplikasi sistem VLC. Sistem pada modul DAC dan ADC, dirancang dengan pendekatan system-on-chip (SoC) dengan menggunakan unit pemroses berbasis FPGA Xilinx Zynq xc7z010-1CLG400C pada board Avnet MicroZed. Perancangan H/W SoC dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan blok-blok IP dari Xilinx menggunakan Vivado 2014.2. Sementara pada S/W SoC dirancang dengan menggunakan Xilinx SDK 2014.2. Penerima DSP telah diuji dengan beberapa skenario, modul DAC mampu mengkonversi sinyal digital 10-bit menjadi analog dalam bentuk sinusioda l dan dapat diatur frekuensi outputnya, sedangkan modul ADC mampu mengolah sinyal analog menjadi sinyal digital 12-bit dengan format bilangan two’s c omplemen t. Kata kunci: ADC, DAC, DSP, S i stem on-Chip , visible light communication
Shear modulus at small strain of normally consolidated peat

This paper describes the characteristics of shear modulus at small strain in a normally consolidated region of peat and organic clay. When the seismic response of the ground is analyzed, the shear modulus at small strain (G0) of soil is an important parameter. However, previous studies on peat in this area are fewer than on inorganic soils such as sand and clay. Therefore, it is impossible to obtain a highly accurate G0 for peat. Due to the above, although some large earthquakes in Hokkaido, Japan, have caused great damage to earth structures on peat, the results of seismic response analysis cannot be expected to be highly credible under the current conditions. Therefore, a series of cyclic torsional shear tests were conducted on normally consolidated samples with a wide range of physical properties, from organic clay to fibrous peat, and the influence of effective confining pressure and physical index on G0 was studied.
Bank concentration, competition and financial stability

Using data on 76 countries from 1990 – 2007 this paper provides evidence that concentrated banking systems are less likely to experience episodes of systemic banking crises. Besides that, the results also support the competition-fragility hypothesis. Especially banking sectors that are (almost) perfectly competitive are prone to financial crises. Although competition negatively affects financial stability, policy makers should not curtail competition. Instead they should adopt an incentive compatible financial safety net and monitor banks more closely.
Comparison of a structural model with a Fung-type model using a carotid artery: issues of material stability

The goals of this contribution are (i) to re-examine the constitutive law for the description of the (passive) highly nonlinear and anisotropic response of healthy elastic arteries introduced recently by the authors, (ii) to show how the mechanical response of a carotid artery under inflation and extension predicted by the structural model compares with that for a three-dimensional form of Fung-type strain-energy function, (iii) to show that the model has certain mathematical features that are important from the point of view of material and numerical stability.
MACQUARIE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT MGSM WORKING PAPERS IN MANAGEMENT AUDIT QUALITY DIFFERENCES AMONG BIG 4 AUDITOR: CASES FROM MALAYSIA

Audit quality can be defined as relates to the level of assurances or probability that financial statements contain no material omissions or misstatements. Previous research on audit quality relies on the assumption that big audit firm provided high audit quality. There is evidence that large audit firms provide higher quality audits and offer greater credibility to clients’ financial statements than small auditor. However, the collapse of Arthur Anderson has undermined the assertion that large auditors are associated with high audit quality. Recent study had an attempt to distinguish audit quality services among big audit firm as to question the assumption that the quality of audit services provided by big audit firms has been assumed to be treated as homogenous. Thus, this paper examined the audit quality pertaining to the disclosure requirement under the new FRS 136 in the transition period. The data were from the 2006 annual report for 34 large Malaysian listed corporations and all companies were clients of “Big 4” auditors. The result found that the audit firm identity appear to be a substantial proportion of observed cross sectional variation. Which, the quality of disclose pertaining to impairment testing process were significantly varies among Big 4 audit firms.
Why don't young people want to become engineers? Rational reasons for disappointing decisions

The quest for engineers during the past boom and predictions of future shortages have focused attention on the low enrolment figures in science and technology (S&T) subjects. Normally, it is assumed that young people shy away from ‘tough majors’ or make irrational choices, based on an absence of information. While not denying the fundamental necessity that a higher proportion of the population should have a background in S&T, this paper pursues a different approach. Only by identifying potentially valid reasons for the lack of interest in S&T will it be possible to change not just some ‘misguided’ perceptions among the younger generation, but to categorise the facts and make targeted recommendations for necessary changes. Therefore, this article will discuss the importance of image and status, the influence of society and peer groups, as well as financial rewards and career aspects. It will be shown that the universally observable trend away from S&T is not due to a dislike of technology on the part of the younger generation, but is caused by the fact that careers in this field do not seem attractive enough, especially in comparison with alternatives available in developed countries. Some recommendations to improve this situation are offered.
Framing Deservingness to Win Support for Welfare State Retrenchment

Recent studies of welfare state retrenchment have argued that policy makers can win public support for welfare state reform by framing the issue in terms of deservingness of welfare recipients. However, this literature has not tested the argument at the individual level. Using a Scandinavian context, this experimental study investigates how alternative framing of a welfare state retrenchment proposal affects citizens’ perception of welfare recipients’ deservingness, policy support and whether perceptions of deservingness mediate policy opinion. A news story was manipulated to present welfare recipients as either deserving or undeserving of welfare benefits. This issue framing affected citizens’ perception of deservingness as well as support for retrenchment policy. Opinion change was partly explained by differences in perceptions of deservingness. These results provide strong support for the effectiveness of the deservingness frame.
Bi‐directional air‐surface exchange of atmospheric ammonia: A review of measurements and a development of a big‐leaf model for applications in regional‐scale air‐quality models

[1] The air-surface exchange of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) and measurements of the canopy and stomatal compensation points (χcp and χst, respectively) and the stomatal and soil emission potentials (Γst and Γg, respectively) are reviewed. A database of these values has been developed, to be used for the development of input parameters and for model evaluation. The compensation points are dependent on canopy type, nitrogen (N) status, temperature, growth stage, and meteorological conditions. Canopies that receive high atmospheric nitrogen input generally have high χcp values. χcp values also tend to be higher over intensively managed vegetated surfaces than semi-natural vegetation, due to the higher nitrogen content in these surfaces. Increased nitrogen concentrations from fertilization and cutting practices have been observed to increase the compensation points and therefore the emission from these canopies. The decomposition of litter leaves has been found to play a dominant role and significantly increase the values of χcp over agricultural vegetation and fertilized grasslands. By modifying an existing big-leaf dry deposition model to allow NH3 emission from leaf stomata and soil surfaces, a bi-directional air-surface exchange model has been developed for applications in regional-scale air-quality models. The model predicts χcp values that vary with canopy type, nitrogen content, and meteorological conditions. χcp values predicted by the model are around 1–2 μg m−3 over forest canopies and 4–10 μg m−3 over grasslands and agricultural canopies during a typical summer daytime; χcp values are ∼10 and ∼3 times lower over forests and agricultural lands, respectively, in nighttime and/or winter conditions. These results are similar to the range of measured values. The new bi-directional air-surface exchange model will reduce the dry deposition fluxes by 20–100 ng m−2 s−1 compared to the original dry deposition model over low-N forests and agricultural lands during typical summer daytime conditions, which can be the difference between whether deposition or emission occurs. For example, this new model produces emissions fluxes of 0–90 ng m−2 s−1 over croplands when the atmospheric NH3 concentrations are below 10 μg m−3.
Phanerozoic Paleoclimate: An Atlas of Lithologic Indicators of Climate

This publication combines the interpretations of two major sets of data. One is the geophysical data that is used to interpret the position of the tectonic plates through geologic time. The other is based on a long time search of the geological literature to find, record and evaluate the lithologic descriptions of countless reports around the globe; paying careful attention to those lithologies that have climatic implications. The introduction to this volume includes a detailed discussion of the lithologies, mineralogies and biogeographies that are considered to be the most reliable in identifying the climatic conditions existing during their formation and how they are used or not used in this compilation. These include coal, cyclothems, laterite, bauxite, lateritic manganese, oolitic ironstone, kaolin, glendonite, tilites, dropstones, calcretes, evaporites, clay minerals, palms, mangroves, and crocodilians. Additionally, several others are discussed but not used for specified reasons. These include eolian sandstone, silcrete and some specific paleobotanical methodologies. Global paleoclimatic zones based on the climatically interpreted data points are identified during twenty-eight time periods from Cambrian to Miocene using paleotectonic reconstructed maps. The paleoclimate of each time period is summarized and includes a discussion of the specific referenced data points that have been interpreted to be the most reliable available for that time period and location.
Phrase-Final Pitch Discrimination in English

We investigate the discrimination of phrase final pitch contours within a continuum from statement to question in English. Previous work in German [14] and Dutch [13] has raised questions about the relationship between discrimination sensitivity and category structure within this continuum. To clarify the relationship between linguistic category and simple auditory discrimination, we employ both speech and non-speech stimuli. For all stimuli, we find a discrimination peak at the point in the continuum where a pitch fall changes to a pitch rise. This peak does not appear to be related to the category boundary for speech stimuli, as revealed in a labeling task. Discrimination was somewhat better for non-speech stimuli than speech.
Journal of Mathematical Psychology Categorization with Limited Resources: a Family of Simple Heuristics

In categorization tasks where resources such as time, information, and computation are limited, there is pressure to be accurate, and stakes are high – as when deciding if a patient is under high risk of having a disease or if a worker should undergo retraining –, it has been proposed that people use, or should use, simple adaptive heuristics. We introduce a family of deterministic, noncompensatory heuristics, called fast and frugal trees, and study them formally. We show that the heuristics require few resources and are also relatively accurate. First, we characterize fast and frugal trees mathematically as lexicographic heuristics and as noncompensatory linear models, and also show that they exploit cumulative dominance (the results are interpreted in the language of the paired comparison literature). Second, we show, by computer simulation, that the predictive accuracy of fast and frugal trees compares well with that of logistic regression (proposed as a descriptive model for categorization tasks performed by professionals) and of classification and regression trees (used, outside psychology, as prescriptive models).
Retrieving co‐occurring cloud and precipitation properties of warm marine boundary layer clouds with A‐Train data

In marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds the formation of precipitation from the cloud droplet distribution in the presence of variable aerosol plays a fundamental role in determining the coupling of these clouds to their environment and ultimately to the climate system. Here the degree to which A‐Train satellite measurements can diagnose simultaneously occurring cloud and precipitation properties in MBL clouds is examined. Beginning with the measurements provided by CloudSat and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (including a newly available microwave brightness temperature from CloudSat), and a climatology of MBL cloud properties from past field campaigns, an assumption is made that any hydrometeor volume could contain both cloud droplet and precipitation droplet modes. Bayesian optimal estimation is then used to derive atmospheric states by inverting a measurement vector carefully accounting for uncertainties due to instrument noise, forward model error, and assumptions. It is found that in many cases where significant precipitation coexists with cloud, due to forward model error driven by uncertainties in assumptions, the uncertainty in retrieved cloud properties is greater than the variance in the prior climatology. It is often necessary to average several thousand (hundred) precipitating (weakly precipitating) profiles to obtain meaningful information regarding the properties important to microphysical processes. Regardless, if such process level information is deemed necessary for better constraining predictive models of the climate system, measurement systems specifically designed to accomplish such retrievals must be considered for the future.