Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ATTEMPT: Parameter-Efficient Multi-task Tuning via Attentional Mixtures of Soft Prompts

This work introduces a new multi-task, parameter-efficient language model (LM) tuning method that learns to transfer knowledge across different tasks via a mixture of soft prompts—small prefix embedding vectors pre-trained for different tasks. Our method, called ATTEMPT (ATTEntional Mixtures of Prompt Tuning), obtains source prompts as encodings of large-scale source tasks into a small number of parameters and trains an attention module to interpolate the source prompts and a newly initialized target prompt for every instance in the target task. During training, only the target task prompt and the attention weights, which are shared between tasks in multi-task training, are updated, while the original LM and source prompts are intact. ATTEMPT is highly parameter-efficient (e.g., updates 2,300 times fewer parameters than full fine-tuning), while it overcomes instability of prompt tuning and achieves high task performance using learned knowledge from high-resource tasks. Moreover, it is modular using pre-trained soft prompts, and can flexibly add or remove source prompts for effective knowledge transfer. Our experimental results across 21 diverse NLP datasets show that ATTEMPT significantly outperforms prompt tuning and outperforms or matches fully fine-tuned or other parameter-efficient tuning approaches that use 10 times more parameters. Finally, ATTEMPT outperforms previous work in few-shot learning settings.
Improved Lower Bound for Frankl's Union-Closed Sets Conjecture

We verify an explicit inequality conjectured recently by Gilmer, thus proving that for any nonempty union-closed family $\mathcal F \subseteq 2^{[n]}$, some $i\in [n]$ is contained in at least $\frac{3-\sqrt{5}}{2} \approx 0.38$ fraction of the sets in $\mathcal F$. One case, an explicit one-variable inequality, is checked by computer calculation.
Optimal semi-Latin squares with side six and block size two

An (n x n)/k semi-Latin square is like an n × n Latin square except that there are kletters in each cell. Each of the nkletters occurs once in each row and once in each column. Designs for experiments are assessed according to the statistical concept of efficiency factor. A high efficiency factor corresponds to low variances of within-block estimators. There are four widely used measures of the efficiency factor of a design: for each, any design which maximizes the value of the efficiency factor among a given class of designs is said to be optimal in that class. Previous theory gives optimal semi-Latin squares for various values of k for all values of n except for n=6. In this paper we therefore examine (6 x 6)/2 semi-Latin squares. We restrict attention to those semi-Latin squares whose quotient block designs are regular-graph designs, because a plausible and widely believed conjecture is that optimal regular–graph designs are optimal overall. For each of the four measures of efficiency factor, we find the optimal (6 × 6)/2 semi–Latin square among regular–graph semi–Latin squares of that size.
NIRSpec detectors: noise properties and the effect of signal dependent inter-pixel crosstalk

NIRSpec (Near Infrared Spectrograph) is one of the four science instruments of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and its focal plane consists of two HAWAII-2RG sensors operating in the wavelength range 0.6−5. 0μm. As part of characterizing NIRSpec, we studied the noise properties of these detectors under dark and illuminated conditions. Under dark conditions, and as already known, 1/f noise in the detector system produces somewhat more noise than can be accounted for by a simple model that includes white read noise and shot noise on integrated charge. More surprisingly, at high flux, we observe significantly lower total noise levels than expected. We show this effect to be due to pixel-to-pixel correlations introduced by signal dependent inter-pixel crosstalk, with an inter-pixel coupling factor, α, that ranges from ~ 0.01 for zero signal to ~ 0.03 close to saturation.
A GCM Parameterization for the Shortwave Radiative Properties of Water Clouds

Abstract A new parameterization is presented for the shortwave radiative properties of water clouds, which is fast enough to be included in general circulation models (GCMs). It employs the simple relationships found by Slingo and Schrecker for the optical depth, single scatter albedo and asymmetry parameter of cloud drops as function of the cloud liquid water path and equivalent radius of the drop size distribution. The cloud radiative properties are then obtained from standard two-stream equations for a homogeneous layer. The effect of water vapor absorption within the cloud is ignored in this version, leading to a small underestimate of the cloud absorption. The parameterization is compared with other schemes and with aircraft observations. It performs satisfactorily even when only four spectral bands are employed. The explicit separation of the dependence of the derived cloud radiative properties on the liquid water path and equivalent radius is new, and should prove valuable for climate change invest.
Sensitive Period Diversity: Insights From Evolutionary Models

Recent models of the evolution of sensitive periods in response to informative stimuli (i.e., cues) provide insights into reasons why empiricists within and across disciplines might observe variation in the patterns they observe when they study sensitive periods. We consider what an evolutionary perspective can tell us about the appropriate age to begin and end a study of sensitive periods, and how the experimental design and the predispositions of the subjects in an empirical study might affect its results. Using models based on Bayesian updating, we show how several factors, including the protocol used to study sensitive periods, the relative reliability of the information provided to the subjects, and the predispositions of the subjects, are expected to affect the presence and shapes of sensitive periods that occur in response to information-only cues. Our results suggest that investigators will observe considerable variation in the patterns reported in empirical studies of sensitive periods simply based on the protocol they use to study them; this is relevant because investigators working in different disciplines tend to rely on different protocols. We show how theory can help shed light on the adaptive significance of patterns reported by empiricists, e.g., why we might expect to observe heightened sensitivity to particular cues during adolescence. We describe existing empirical support for some of the models’ predictions, e.g., that the duration of sensitive periods will be extended if subjects are first maintained in noninformative conditions before they are first exposed to informative stimuli. We highlight novel predictions of these models that can be readily tested by empiricists, e.g., that the effects of deprivation treatments on sensitive periods will vary, depending on their timing. More generally, we show how an evolutionary approach to sensitive periods reveals that at least some of the considerable variation observed in the results reported in empirical studies of sensitive periods may be attributable to variation in the methods that are used to study them.
Biotribocorrosion—an appraisal of the time dependence of wear and corrosion interactions: II. Surface analysis

Metal-on-metal joint replacements have been considered an effective alternative to metal-on-polyethylene bearings. Various electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques have been used in studying the corrosion behaviour and surface compositions of these implant materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is one of the most popular methods of obtaining details regarding the near surface layers of metallic components. This paper is focused on the metal–protein interaction and the change of candidate material (HC CoCrMo, LC CoCrMo and UNS S31603) surfaces under tribological contact in simulated biological fluids. The relationship between wettability and corrosion (specifically tribocorrosion) in a protein-rich environment is also discussed. As a general conclusion, a metal–protein complex was found on the surfaces which grew and developed with the metal oxides (Cr2O3/CoO etc) as sliding progressed. It is believed that wettability, which is affected by the nature of the protein adsorption at the metal interface, can influence material corrosion and tribocorrosion behaviour.
Reduction of noise in cold and hot supersonic jets using active flow control guided by a genetic algorithm

Abstract This study demonstrates an experimental platform for active jet noise reduction comprising of an automated system that performs a search for the optimal actuator locations and parameters, powered by a genetic algorithm (GA). Sideline noise reduction levels of 7.3 dB were achieved for a cold overexpanded (nozzle pressure ratio, $NPR=2.8$) jet, beyond the state-of-the-art for jet noise reduction with air injection. The reduction in noise was achieved at a mass flow rate of 1.4 % of the main jet, requiring no prior knowledge of the flow physics to inform the placement of the actuators. The same actuator pattern was tested in hot conditions (nozzle temperature ratio, $NTR=1.88$), achieving 4.7 dB sideline noise reduction. Detailed examination of the solutions obtained unveils some of the mechanisms leveraged by the GA to accomplish these high levels of noise reduction through microphone measurements and schlieren flow visualization. The GA found that actuating at the diverging wall of the convergent–divergent nozzle, where flow is supersonic, is very effective when combined with air injection near the nozzle lip, outside of the nozzle. Although the external actuation is effective at eliminating the screech tone, it is by actuating inside the nozzle at the diverging wall that sufficient disruption of the shock cell train can be achieved in order to reduce the broadband shock-associated noise.
Autologous and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation as Salvage Treatment Options for Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A Single-center Experience over 20 Years

Background/Aim: Despite multiple treatment options, multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable disease with poor outcome. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the outcome of MM patients undergoing an allogeneic (allo-SCT; n=34) or autologous stem cell transplantation (auto-SCT; n=41) as salvage treatment for relapsed/refractory (r/r) disease. Results: After a median observation period of 79.9 months in the auto group and 15.7 months in the allo group, the 5- and 10-year OS rates were 54% and 44% in the auto group and 17% and 4% in the allo group (p=0.0002), respectively. The 5- and 10-year disease-free survival in the auto group was 21% and 8%, and 14% and 5% in the allo group (p=0.0142), respectively. The 5- and 10-year cumulative incidence of relapse/progression in the auto group was 69% and 82%, and 64% and 69% in the allo group (p=0.0759), respectively. The 5- and 10-year non-relapse mortality in the auto group was significantly lower than that in the allo group [5% versus 45% (p=0.0001)]. Conclusion: A second autotransplant in selected r/r patients offers an acceptable long-term outcome partly because of the significantly lower treatment-related morbidity and mortality.
Compiling packet programs to dRMT switches: theory and algorithms

A critical step in P4 compilation is finding an efficient mapping of the high-level P4 source code constructs to the physical resources exposed by the underlying hardware, while meeting data and control flow dependencies in the program. In this paper, we take a new look at the algorithmic aspects of this problem, with the motivation to understand the fundamental theoretical limits and obtain better P4 pipeline embeddings in the dRMT (disaggregated Match-Action Table) switch architecture. We report mixed results. We find that optimizing P4 program embedding for maximizing throughput is computationally intractable even when some architectural constraints are relaxed, and there is no hope for a tractable approximation with arbitrary precision unless P = NP. At the same time, we find that the maximal throughput embedding is approximable in quasi-linear time with a small constant bound. Our evaluations show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the heuristics of prior work both in terms of throughput and compilation speed.
Evaluating the Quality of Student-Written Software Tests with Curated Mutation Analysis

An important learning outcome in software engineering education is the ability to write an effective test suite that rigorously tests a target application. The standard approach for assessing test suites is to check coverage which can be problematic because coverage rewards code invocation, without checking test assertion correctness. Mutation Analysis (injecting a small fault into a clone of a codebase) has been used in both industry and academia to check test suite quality. A mutant is killed if any tests in the test suite fail on the clone. More mutants killed indicates a stronger suite, as it is more sensitive to defects. Mutation Analysis has been limited in an educational setting because of the prohibitive cost in both time and compute power to run the students’ suites over all generated clones. We employed Mutation Analysis to assess test suite quality in our upper-year Software Engineering course at a large research intensive university. This paper makes two contributions: (1) We show that it is feasible and effective to use a small sample of hand-written mutants for grading, and (2) We assess effectiveness for promoting student learning by comparing students graded with coverage to those graded with Mutation Analysis. We found that mutation graded students write more correct tests, check more of the behaviour of invoked code, and more actively seek to understand the project specification.
The Principles of the Flix Programming Language

We present the design values and design principles of the Flix programming language, a functional-first, imperative, and logic programming language. We explain how these values and principles came into being and how they have influenced the design of Flix over the last several years. The principles cover most facets of the Flix language and its ecosystem, including its syntax, semantics, static type and effect system, and standard library. We present each principle in detail, including its origin, rationale, and how it has shaped Flix. We believe that codifying a language's design values and principles can serve as a powerful medium for discussing and comparing programming language designs and we hope our presentation will inspire future language designers to document their languages' design values and principles.
Pelta: shielding transformers to mitigate evasion attacks in federated learning

The main premise of federated learning is that machine learning model updates are computed locally, in particular to preserve user data privacy, as those never leave the perimeter of their device. This mechanism supposes the general model, once aggregated, to be broadcast to collaborating and non malicious nodes. However, without proper defenses, compromised clients can easily probe the model inside their local memory in search of adversarial examples. For instance, considering image-based applications, adversarial examples consist of imperceptibly perturbed images (to the human eye) misclassified by the local model, which can be later presented to a victim node's counterpart model to replicate the attack. To mitigate such malicious probing, we introduce Pelta, a novel shielding mechanism leveraging trusted hardware. By harnessing the capabilities of Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs), Pelta masks part of the back-propagation chain rule, otherwise typically exploited by attackers for the design of malicious samples. We evaluate Pelta on a state of the art ensemble model and demonstrate its effectiveness against the Self Attention Gradient adversarial Attack.
Association of geographic distribution and birth weight with sociodemographic factors of the maternal and newborn child of hilly and mountain regions of eastern Nepal: a cross-sectional study

Objectives To determine the association of geographic distribution, and birth weight with sociodemographic factors of the maternal and newborn child of hilly region (lower altitude) and mountain region (high altitude) of eastern Nepal as well as the prevalence of low birth weight (LBW) and large for gestational age (LGA) among term singleton deliveries in eastern Nepal. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted in the district-level hospitals of Dhankuta, Tehrathum, Solukhumbu and Taplejung districts of eastern Nepal of Province 1. Mothers with preterm or post-term delivery, multiple pregnancies, stillbirth/intrauterine fetal death and incomplete records were excluded from the study with only 1386 term pregnancies (37–42 weeks) delivered at the respective facilities between 17 July 2019 and 16 July 2020 were included. The appropriate data were entered in Microsoft Excel 2019 V.16. 0 and statistical analysis was performed by using the statistical package for social sciences, IBM SPSS V.29. Results The low maternal age, Dalit ethnic group, low gravidity, low parity, higher antenatal care (ANC) visits (≥4), incomplete deworming and dT vaccination status, breech deliveries and LBW newborns were significantly attributed to hilly region (lower altitude) (p value <0.05). Similarly, the hilly region, lower and/or no ANC visits and early term gestation had significant negative association with birth weight at the lower quantiles only. Meanwhile, the female newborn had significant and negative association with birth weight distribution at all seven quantiles. The prevalence of the LBW, average for gestational age and LGA newborn child among term singleton deliveries in Eastern Nepal is 6.6%, 85.8% and 7.6%, respectively. Conclusions The local organisations should focus on adequate antenatal care visits in mountain region and coverage of dT vaccine and deworming medications in hilly region. Appropriate measures and programmes should be initiated to bring down LBW in hilly region.
Photometric Variability of the B8Iae Supergiant Variable HD 199478 (HR 8020)

We have obtained differential uvby and UBV photometry of the B8Iae variable HD 199478 (HR 8020) over 2500 days, in order to study the photometric variability of this star, and to compare it with various aspects of the spectroscopic variability. The total peak-to-peak amplitude was about 0.15 mag in each filter. Color variability was present, but complex. The photometric data were analyzed using self-correlation and Fourier analysis; the latter was hampered by the complexity of the variability, and by the presence of two annual seasonal gaps in the data. Although the variability was not strictly periodic, there are characteristic time scales of 20 days, and occasionally 50 days, in many seasons. These are consistent with the time scales of spectroscopic variability. There was no obvious photometric counterpart to the unusual spectroscopic behavior in 2000 October. We discuss the results in the context of recent theoretical studies of hot supergiant variability.
Target detection using integrated hyper spectral sensing and processing

The concept of Integrated Sensing and Processing (ISP) suggests that a sensor should collect data in a manner that is consistent with the end objective. Thus ISP seeks to minimize the collection of redundant data, reduce processing time and improve overall performance. We present a case study of ISP using a multi-spectral camera which allows the spatial resolution of the data to be varied in addition to selecting spectral bands that enable the detection of targets in background clutter. This paper is a preliminary description of work in progress, and illustrates the basic concepts by means of several examples.
Analysing the Adoption of Intelligent Agent Technology in Food Supply Chain Management: An Empirical Evidence

This article aims to identify and analyse the factors that impact the adoption of intelligent agent technology (IAT) in the food supply chain (FSC). The research was conducted based on 329 respondents from various hotels and the theoretical framework adopted in this study, that is, technological, organizational and environmental (TOE) framework. The findings indicated that multiple factors in TOE contribute significantly to the adoption of IAT. We have validated the proposed framework by structural equation modelling utilizing AMOS 22.0. This research offers a new and vital paradigm for adopting this innovation in the FSC, thereby increasing the overall efficiency of a hotel. The proposed TOE framework has identified several factors like relative advantage, reliability, complexity, cost, innovation adoption, top management support, skilled employees, IT awareness, environmental uncertainty, competitive pressure, information intensity and supplier’s pressure, which helps in the adoption process of IAT in the FSC. It also provides a foundation for future research and significant insights to adopt this new technology in the hotel industry.
Review of Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Depression

Depression, a mental illness that is receiving increasing attention, is caused by multiple factors and genes and adversely affects social life and health. Several hypotheses have been proposed to clarify the pathogenesis of depression, and various synthetic antidepressants have been introduced to treat patients with depression. However, these drugs are effective only in a proportion of patients and fail to achieve complete remission. Recently, herbal medicines have received much attention as alternative treatments for depression because of their fewer side effects and lower costs. In this review, we have mainly focused on the herbal medicines that have been proven in clinical studies (especially randomized controlled trials and preclinical studies) to have antidepressant effects; we also describe the potential mechanisms of the antidepressant effects of those herbal medicines; the cellular and animal model of depression; and the development of novel drug delivery systems for herbal antidepressants. Finally, we objectively elaborate on the challenges of using herbal medicines as antidepressants and describe the benefits, adverse effects, and toxicity of these medicines.
Spectroscopic studies of O-type binaries.1 BD +40 4220 : an enigma ripe for resolution.

A new orbit for BD+40degree4220(V729 Cygni, Cyg OB2 No 5) is calculated from coude spectra. While the mass ratio is unchanged from that of Wilson and Abt, the masses (M/sub 1/ sin/sup 3/ i=47 +- 7M/sub sun/, M/sub 2/ sin/sup 3/ i=11 +- 5 M/sub sun/) and the scale of the system (a/sub 1/ sini=7.6 +- 0.7 x 10/sup 6/ km, a/sub 2/ sin i=3.3 +- 0.2 x 10/sup 7/ km) are larger because the absorption lines of each star can be resolved. The system is composed of two OF supergiants with equally high luminosity, M/sub V/approx. =-7.1. The less massive stars, which is called the secondary, is very overluminous for its mass. It has by far the stronger emission lines of the two stars. Some emission also comes from material surrounding the system. The BD+40degree4220 system is compared with classical Wolf-Rayet (W-R) binaries, and it is found that the secondary has all of the physical properties of a W-R star in a binary system except for the spectrum. It is suggested that BD+40degree4220 is on the way to becoming a Wolf-Rayet binary system. (AIP)