Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hydrodynamics and reaction characteristics of gas-liquid flow in circular microchannels

This dissertation mainly deals with the fundamental knowledge of hydrodynamics and reaction characteristics in gas-liquid microreactors. Extensive experimental investigations have been performed in horizontal circular microchannels with diameter from 302 µm to 916 µm. Gas-liquid two-phase flow patterns in the microchannel have been systematic experimental investigated, in which the influence of channel diameters, liquid viscosities and surface tension were considered. Flow pattern regime maps in the present microchannels were developed, and the comparison with existing regime maps and flow pattern transition models in literature implied that transitions in present work could not be well predicted. As a result, a new transition model taking the effects of channel size, liquid physical properties into account was proposed. The gas-liquid two-phase pressure drop characteristics in microchannels were studied. It has been found that the pressure drop was highly flow patterns dependent, and the main trend can be divided into three regions: surface tension-dominated region, transitional region and inertia-dominated region. The pressure drop characteristics in surface tension-dominated and inertia-dominated region were discussed respectively. A modified Lockhart-Martinelli separated flow model in which the effects of channel diameter and liquid properties on the C-value are taken into account was proposed, and it showed a good agreement with respect to our experimental data and others' reported in literature. Hydrodynamics characteristics of Taylor flow have been examined. It was shown that the formation of Taylor flow was dominated by squeezing mechanism, on which the effects of liquid viscosity and surface tension were dramatically. The two-phase pressure drop of Taylor flow could be well predicted with the Kreutzer's model modified by Walsh et al., when capillary number was relatively low. Oxidation of hydrogenated 2-ethyltetrahydroanthraquinone (THEAQH2) in a horizontal circular microchannel have been experimental investigated. Results of visualization study on oxygen-anthraquinone working solution two-phase flow in microchannel showed that the flow pattern transition model and pressure drop model for inertia-dominated region proposed in this dissertation had good predicting accuracy. It was indicated that the gas-liquid interfacial area and space-time yield of hydrogen peroxide in the microchannel are at least one to two orders of magnitude higher than those in the conventional gas-liquid reactors. Keywords: microchannel, two-phase flow pattern, pressure drop, gas-liquid reaction, Taylor flow.
Characterization of extracted oil from seeds of terebinth (Pistacia Terebinthus L.) growing wild in Turkey

Elazig’dan temin edilen menengic tohumlarinin kullanildigi bu calismada, elde edilen yagin fiziksel ve kimyasal ozellikleri incelenmistir. Cunku bu ozellikler yagin kalitesi uzerinde oldukca etkili ve belirleyicidir. Ilk olarak menengicin besin ogeleri acisindan (ham yag, ham protein, ham seluloz v.b.) bilesimi belirlenmistir. Soxhlet metoduna gore, menengic tohumlarinin yag icerigi % 47 olarak tespit edilmistir. Farkli cozucu turleri kullanmak sureti ile elde edilen yag orneklerinin serbest asitlik, peroksit degeri, sabunlasma sayisi, iyot sayisi, sabunlasmayan madde miktari, tortu, viskozite, ozgul agirlik ve kirilma indisi gibi bir takim fiziksel ve kimyasal ozellikleri tayin edilmistir. Petrol eteri ile ekstrakte edilen menengic yaginin peroksit degeri acisindan farklilik gosterdigi ve elverisli olmadigi sonucuna varilmistir. Son olarak GC-FID kullanmak sureti ile yag asidi bilesimi belirlenmis ve menengic yaginin yaklasik olarak % 74 oraninda doymamis, % 26 oraninda ise doymus yag asitlerinden ibaret oldugu tespit edilmistir. Ortalama degerler uzerinden menengic yaginin % 45.8 oleik, % 23.93 linoleik (ω-6), % 0.47 linolenik (ω-3), % 3.78 palmitoleik, % 24.27 palmitik ve % 1.7 stearik asit icerdigi saptanmistir. Oleik asit, linoleik asit ve palmitik asit menengic yaginin ana yag asitleri olarak dikkate alinmistir.
Oil Shale Pyrolysis: Conversion Dependence of Kinetic Parameters

Oil can be recovered from kerogen in oil shale by pyrolysis. The devolatilization kinetics of the pyrolysis of oil shale from the Irati Formation in Brazil was studied. Kinetic parameters were determined from dynamic thermogravimetric analysis over the temperature range 323–1173 K, using different model-free methods. Evaluation and validation were performed by pyrolysis at 673 K for 3 hours. It was found that the activation energy depended on the extent of conversion. Activation energy increased over the range 215–255 kJ/mol for conversion in the range 0.15 ≤ α ≤ 0.55, where α = 1 for pyrolysis at 1173 K. When the reaction rate was high, the conversion calculated using kinetic parameters derived by the Friedman method was more accurate than those calculated from the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa and the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose methods. The latter two methods performed better when the reaction rate was lower, i.e., at higher conversion. Isothermal kerogen pyrolysis approached an incomplete conversion limit that could .
EFFECT OF DIAMOND INTERLAYER ON THE TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF TiAlN FILM SLIDING AGAINST CARBON STEEL

In this study, the effect of diamond interlayer on the tribological properties of titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN) film sliding against medium carbon steel is investigated in dry rotary friction tests, by evaluating the coefficients of friction (COFs), wear rates, worn surfaces and element transitions of the contacted surfaces in the cemented carbide (WC-Co)-steel, TiAlN-steel, microcrystalline diamond (MCD)-steel, TiAlN/MCD-steel, micro- and nano-crystalline diamond (MNCD)-steel and TiAlN/MNCD-steel contacting pairs. It is found that compared with the TiAlN monolayer, the TiAlN/MCD bilayer film shows 57% higher COF, while the COF of TiAlN/MNCD multilayer inversely drops as much as 54%, due to the distinguished surface diamond grain morphologies of the MCD and MNCD interlayers as well as the copied effect of the TiAlN layer with relatively small thickness. Meanwhile, the diamond interlayer can provide robust load support for the top TiAlN layer, induce the wear mechanism transform from the abrasive wear to adhesive wear, and result in the mild wear of TiAlN/MCD and TiAlN/MNCD multilayers compared to the TiAlN monolayer. Moreover, the softer TiAlN top layer on MCD and MNCD interlayers can effectively improve the storage capacity of element oxygen and worn steel ball debris as well as accelerating the surface chemical reactions to form a smoother continuous ionic metal oxides tribofilm in the contacted zones due to its good self-lubricating property. Among all the hard coatings discussed when sliding against medium carbon steel, the TiAlN/MNCD coating shows the lowest COF and mild wear, due to the robust load support capacity of the beneath MNCD layer as well as the good self-lubricated and tribofilm formation capacity of the top TiAlN layer, which shows broad application potential in carbon steel machining.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hybrid Mg(OH)2 and CeCO3OH Composite with Improved Activity Towards Henry Reaction

: A new approach was developed for carbon-carbon bond formation via Henry reaction using mixed of Mg(OH)2 and CeCO3OH (MgCe-HD). The MgCe-HD was synthesized using co-precipitation method and was characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR, TGA-DTA which suggested that solid catalyst containing magnesium hydroxide and cerium carbonate hydroxide. The effects of temperature, solvent, and the amount of catalyst were investigated to find the most optimize reaction conditions. The highest yield of nitro-aldol product, 92 % was achieved over the reusable solid base catalyst in solvent-free conditions at 20 °C.
Fabrication of tailorable pH responsive cationic amphiphilic microgels on a microfluidic device for drug release

Cationic, amphiphilic microgels of differing compositions based on hydrophilic, pH, and thermoresponsive 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and hydrophobic, nonionic n-butyl acrylate (BuA) are synthesized using a lab-on-a-chip device. Hydrophobic oil-in-water (o/w) droplets are generated via a microfluidic platform, with the dispersed (droplet) phase containing the DMAEMA and BuA, alongside the hydrophobic cross-linker, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and a free radical initiator in an organic solvent. Finally, the hydrophobic droplets are photopolymerized via a UV light source as they traverse the microfluidic channel to produce the cationic amphiphilic microgels. This platform enables the rapid, automated, and in situ production of amphiphilic microgels, which do not match the core-shell structure of conventionally prepared microgels but are instead based on random amphiphilic copolymers of DMAEMA and BuA between the hydrophobic cross-links. The microgels are characterized in terms of their swelling and encapsulation abilities, which are found to be influenced by both the pH response and the hydrophobic content of the microgels. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 59–66.
Growth and Flowering of Marigold as Influenced by Pinching and Spraying of Nitrogen

Marigold is a leading loose flower crop of India which can be grown all over the world. It occupies special importance due to its hardiness, easy cultivation and wider adaptability to wide range of agro-climatic conditions. In India, the total area under marigold cultivation is 42.88 thousand hectares with production of 501.87 thousand tonnes (Anon., 2015). It is a very popular annual flower crop widely grown as garden plant, pots plant, bedding plant and herbaceous border for beautification and commercially used for making garlands, wreaths, religious offering, cut flowers and other purposes such as oil extraction and pigment extraction mainly xanthophyll. In most of the flower crops, the flowering and yield is mainly dependent on number of flower bearing branches which can be manipulated by checking vertical growth of plants and encouraging side shoot by means of pinching apical bud (Sasikumar et al.,., 2015). The main purpose of pinching is to encourage branching to produce a bushy growth and or the production of more flowers and flower yield. Nitrogen is well known for its influence on growth, flower production and quality of flower in marigold (Mahornar International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 7 (2017) pp. 2283-2287 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
Enhanced Sono-Fenton-Like Oxidation of PAH-Contaminated Soil Using Nano-Sized Magnetite as Catalyst: Optimization with Response Surface Methodology

ABSTRACT In the current study, Fe3O4 NPs were synthesized and used as catalysts in a sono-Fenton-like process for remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soil. The effects of operational variables were studied using central composite design (CCD) optimization approach. Results indicated that the effects of H2O2 concentration, Fe3O4 NPs dosage, ultrasonic power and pH were significant for pyrene removal as a contaminant model. In optimum experimental conditions, including H2O2 concentration of 78 mM, Fe3O4 NPs dosage of 18 mM, ultrasonic power of 313 W and pH value of 3.46, the observed pyrene removal was obtained 98.37%, which was verified through the additional experimental tests (99.33%). Pseudo first-order kinetic model was well fitted with the experimental data of pyrene removal with significant coefficient of correlation (R2: 0.9672). Accordingly, an unwashed real soil sample containing diffident PAHs (pyrene, flurene, acenaphthylene, phenenthrene, chrysene, etc) was subjected to sono-Fenton-like process based on optimized conditions. The obtained findings revealed that the removal (%) ranged between 37.7% and 85.19% for different PAHs.
The effect of the backbone structure on the thermoelectric properties of donor–acceptor conjugated polymers

Three donor–acceptor (D–A)-structured conjugated polymers with different backbones, poly((9,9-dioctylfluorene)-2,7-diyl-alt-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT), poly((9,9-dioctylfluorene)-2,7-diyl-alt-(4,7-bis(3-hexylthien-5-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-2′,2′′-diyl) (F8TBT), and poly(N-9′-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-(4,7-bis(3-hexylthien-5-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-2′,2′′-diyl) (C8TBT), were synthesized via conventional Suzuki polymerization. All three polymers showed good thermal and electrochemical stabilities. The UV-vis absorption spectra indicated that the introduction of thiophene units into the polymer backbone decreased the bandgap of the polymers. When the three polymer films were doped with FeCl3, different thermoelectric properties were observed. F8TBT and C8TBT, which contained thiophene units, showed a higher electrical conductivity than F8BT. As the temperature increased, C8TBT exhibited the highest Seebeck coefficient of 335 μV K−1 at 90 °C and a maximum power factor of 13.11 μW m−1 K−2. These results demonstrated that the polymer backbone structure greatly influences the thermoelectric properties and the inclusion of thiophene and carbazole units can effectively improve the thermoelectric properties. Therefore, this work is a novel and important reference to design and synthesize high-performance thermoelectric conjugated polymers.
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SOME FAST PRODUCTS MADE FROM SILVER CARP FISH, IN LAKE WADI EL-RAYAN, EL-FAYOUM, EGYPT

This study evaluates the nutritive value of some fast products made from silver carp fish ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ), in Lake Wadi El-Rayan, El-Fayoum, Egypt. The average weight (M± SD) of three fish samples during February, 2012 was 17.5 ± 0.300 kg and the edible part was 53%. Fast silver fish products such as fish fingers, patties, kofta and chips were nutritionally and sensory evaluated. The obtained results indicated that protein level in fish fingers was higher than other ones, fish patties had a high fat content and energy valueو while, kofta and chips had a high content of carbohydrates. Essential amino acids (EAA) content (g/16gN) of all products was much higher than FAO/WHO (1985) reference protein pattern. Also, amino acids score (AAS) for all EAA was higher than 100. Therefore, the best nutritional protein quality was found in fish fingers followed by patties, kofta and chips products respectively. However, fish patties had been obtained high scores of sensory evaluation followed by fish fingers, kofta and fish chips respectively. The mean scores of odor and acceptability were significantly higher (P≤0.05) in all products. In conclusion, silver carp fish in Lake Wadi El-Rayan can be reaching to unacceptable sizes for fresh marketing, so, it could be utilized to produce some fast products. The nutritional protein quality of studied products varied markedly as affected by fish mince percent in formula used for each product.
Effect of the Minor Principal Stress on Crack Initiation Stress Threshold

The rapid expansion of urban and mining infrastructures worldwide over the last two decades has seen an escalation of development in hard rock, including urban tunnels, deep open pits, and underground mines. However, despite many success stories, the pervasiveness of rock burst and spalling remains yet a major unresolved ground control problem in many deep mines and tunnels. Spalling is characterised as a sudden explosion-like rock failure that occurs spontaneously and could affect both the short-term and long-term viability of mining operations. Previous studies strongly show that the spalling strength in low-porosity rocks can be associated with the initiation of internal cracks in the sample. However, very limited studies are available that looks at the effect of all the principal stresses on rock crack initiation stress threshold. This paper investigates the previously ignored effect of the minor principal stress on the crack initiation stress level of sandstone cubes tested under true triaxial loading conditions. The results reveal that the minor principal stress has a profound effect on the crack initiation point. As a result of this study, a new crack mode-changing stress (CMCS) concept is also introduced which is defined as the corresponding minimum principal stress required to change rock fracturing from splitting to a sliding failure mode.
Crystal structure, microstructure, thermal expansion and electrical conductivity of CeO2–ZrO2 solid solution

CeO2–ZrO2 solid solution was synthesised by mechanical activation solid-state chemical reaction method and characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal dilatometer, Hebb–Wagner method and DC van der Pauw method. The effects of CeO2 content on the crystal structure, microstructure, thermal expansion coefficient (TEC), electronic conductivity and total conductivity were investigated. XRD analysis showed that (25 and 75 mol-%) CeO2–ZrO2 solid solutions corresponded to tetragonal and cubic phase, and 50 mol-% CeO2–ZrO2 belonged to the mixture of tetragonal and cubic phases. SEM analysis showed that doping CeO2 was helpful to the sinterability of CeO2–ZrO2 samples. The TECs increased from 13.27 × 10−6 to 14.72 × 10−6 K−1 with increasing CeO2 content. The electronic and total conductivities of 75 mol-% CeO2–ZrO2 were largest, reaching 1.02 × 10−4 S cm−1 and 1.02 × 10−2 S cm−1 at 850°C, respectively.
Synthesis of NaOH-Modified TiOF2 and Its Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Performance on RhB

NaOH-modified TiOF2 was successfully prepared using a modified low-temperature hydrothermal method. Scanning electron microscopy shows that NaOH-modified TiOF2 displayed a complex network shape with network units of about 100 nm. The structures of NaOH-modified TiOF2 have not been reported elsewhere. The network shape permits the NaOH-modified TiOF2 a SBET of 36 m2∙g−1 and a pore diameter around 49 nm. X-ray diffraction characterization shows that TiOF2 and NaOH-modified TiOF2 are crystallized with a pure changed cubic phase which accords with the SEM results. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characterization shows that NaOH-modified TiOF2 has more O–H groups to supply more lone electron pairs to transfer from O of O–H to Ti and O of TiOF2. UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) shows that the NaOH-modified TiOF2 sample has an adsorption plateau rising from 400 to 600 nm in comparison with TiOF2, and its band gap is 2.62 eV, lower than that of TiOF2. Due to the lower band gap, more O–H groups adsorption, network morphologies with larger surface area, and sensitization progress, the NaOH-modified TiOF2 exhibited much higher photocatalytic activity for Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation. In addition, considering the sensitization progress, O–H groups on TiOF2 not only accelerated the degradation rate of RhB, but also changed its degradation path. As a result, the NaOH-modified TiOF2 exhibited much higher photocatalytic activity for RhB degradation than the TiOF2 in references under visible light. This finding provides a new idea to enhance the photocatalytic performance by NaOH modification of the surface of TiOF2.
Plastic Pollution by COVID-19 Pandemic: An Urge for Sustainable Approaches to Protect the Environment

COVID-19 pandemic has created a prolonged impact globally and destructed the life all over the world. The necessary use of personal protective equipments, masks, gloves and other plastic products has to some extent reduced transmission of virus. However, the impact of plastic waste generated worldwide due to the pandemic has affected the environment globally. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has destructed and altered every part of life and environment globally. Potential impacts on the environment are seen due to the transmission of virus as well as a slowdown in economic activities as lockdown prevails. Increased biomedical waste, improper usage and disposal of surgical masks, disinfectants, gloves, and increasing plastics wastes from domestic households continuously endangers environment. Not only it has an impact on environment, but also deteriorates human health in the future. Global environmental sustainability is necessitated to overcome the plastic pollution problem and facilitate strategies to recycle and reuse plastics products. This review highlights the influence of COVID-19 on wastes generated by plastic products along with environmental challenges and repercussions. Also, measures to combat the plastic pollution problem have to be implemented for future protection and safety of the environment.
Nanostructured Photocatalysts Based on Different Oxidized Graphenes for VOCs Removal

The use of graphene-based materials as co-catalysts are explored in the production of active filter media for methanol gas-phase photo-oxidation. The present work is intended to show the relationship between the composition and the morphology of the photocatalytic systems with the performance of nanostructured mats. Three different graphene-based co-catalysts have been used (graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and few-layer graphene) and the effect of the different degrees of oxidation has been explored. The comparison of the obtained results has revealed that the structure of the media united with the affinity of the graphene-based co-catalysts with the polymer matrix, strongly affect the photocatalytic efficiency. The reduced graphene oxide has given the best performance, in terms of a higher rate of gas-phase methanol degradation, thanks to the enhanced electron mobility ensured by its deep contact with the photocatalyst itself.
Dental evidence for the peopling of Guam

The morphology of fifty-six dental casts from preto early European contact Chamorro skeletal remains from Guam, Micronesia is described based on eighteen tooth crown traits. Chi-square tests for sex dimorphism do not indicate significant differences between males and females. Observer error was found for two traits on the upper first molar and one on the upper canine. The Chamorro dentition exhibits a simplified crown morphology typical of the Sundadont dental pattern. Comparisons of trait frequencies from this study with other Asian and non-Asian samples selected from the literature support Turner's (1990b) suggestion that the Chamorro likely originated in southern Island Southeast Asia.
Introduction to Seismology second edition

Buku ini memberikan pengantar teori seismik yang mudah didekati dan ringkas, yang dirancang sebagai mata kuliah pertama bagi mahasiswa sarjana. Ini dengan jelas menjelaskan konsep fundamental, menekankan pemahaman intuitif atas derivasi yang panjang. Menggabungkan lebih dari 30% materi baru, edisi kedua ini mencakup semua topik yang dibutuhkan untuk kursus satu semester di bidang seismologi. Materi tambahan telah ditambahkan termasuk metode numerik, penelusuran sinar 3-D, lokasi gempa, atenuasi, mode normal, dan fungsi penerima. Bab tentang gempa bumi dan teori sumber telah direvisi dan diperbesar secara ekstensif, dan sekarang mencakup rincian tentang sumber non-pasangan ganda, skala gempa, energi radiasi, dan inversi slip hingga. Setiap bab mencakup soal yang dikerjakan dan latihan rinci yang memberi siswa kesempatan untuk menerapkan teknik yang telah mereka pelajari untuk menghitung hasil yang diminati dan untuk menggambarkan sifat seismik bumi. Subrutin komputer dan kumpulan data untuk digunakan dalam latihan tersedia di www.cambridge. org/shearer. Buku ringkas dan mudah dibaca untuk kelas pengantar seismologi yang menjelaskan konsep-konsep kunci tanpa kewalahan oleh teori Menggabungkan latihan di akhir setiap bab dengan solusi yang tersedia secara online Termasuk contoh data seismik nyata, yang membantu menghubungkan konsep dengan observasi