Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Importance of Pre-Milking Udder Hygiene to Reduce Transfer of Clostridial Spores from Teat Skin to Raw Milk

Butyric acid producing clostridia (BAPC) cause the so-called late-blowing defect, a serious quality problem in semi-hard and hard cheeses. Late-blown cheeses are characterized by undesired slits and cracks, irregular eyes, and off-flavors due to excessive amounts of gas and organic acids produced by clostridia. Clostridial transfer to raw milk can occur during milking through dirty teats. Therefore, teat cleaning before milking is a key factor in preventing clostridial contamination of the milk. However, different cleaning methods are used, and little information is available on the efficacy of routine teat cleaning in reducing clostridial endospores. The main objectives of this study were to assess the extent of udder contamination with BAPC spores and to investigate the efficacy of routine teat cleaning on BAPC spore counts in milk. In a longitudinal study, eight dairy farms were visited during five sampling events. Clostridial spore counts were quantified from teat skin before and after routine teat cleaning, in pooled quarter milk samples from individual cows, and in bulk tank milk samples using a most probable number method. In addition, farm management data were collected periodically through a survey, and average cow cleanliness was assessed by a veterinarian. On average, teat cleaning resulted in a 0.6 log unit reduction in BAPC spores on teat skin, and a strong positive correlation was found between BAPC spore concentrations on teat skin after cleaning and in pooled quarter milk samples. Seasonal variations and the potential influence of differences in farm management were also noted. Interestingly, average cow cleanliness correlated strongly with BAPC spore levels in milk, suggesting the potential for a quick and rough estimation method of clostridial contamination that could be implemented by farmers.
General Relativity and Gravitation: A Centennial Perspective

To commemorate the 100th anniversary of general relativity, the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation (ISGRG) commissioned a Centennial Volume, edited by the authors of this article. We jointly wrote introductions to the four Parts of the Volume which are collected here. Our goal is to provide a bird's eye view of the advances that have been made especially during the last 35 years, i.e., since the publication of volumes commemorating Einstein's 100th birthday. The article also serves as a brief preview of the 12 invited chapters that contain in-depth reviews of these advances. The volume will be published by Cambridge University Press and released in June 2015 at a Centennial conference sponsored by ISGRG and the Topical Group of Gravitation of the American Physical Society.
Statistical Survey of Magnetic Forces Associated With Earthward Bursty Bulk Flows Measured by MMS 2017–2021

We investigate the magnetic forces (the magnetic pressure gradient force, the curvature force, and their sum the j × B‐force) associated with earthward bursty bulk flows (BBFs) using Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) data from five tail seasons (2017–2021). For the first time, the magnetic forces are inferred downtail of XGSM = −20 RE and in the GSM XY and YZ planes. The results suggest that BBFs tend to be accelerated earthward by the magnetic pressure gradient force tailward of ∼19 RE and decelerated closer to that distance in the 2017–2018 data. The force magnitudes increase with distance. This is in accordance with earlier Cluster results. In the 2019–2021 data, the pressure gradient force magnitudes are generally smaller and no clear distance for the acceleration reversal can be determined. The curvature forces for both 2017–2018 and 2019–2021 BBFs indicate earthward acceleration independent of distance, consistent with the Cluster measurements. The sum, the j × B‐force, suggests for the 2017–2018 BBFs earthward acceleration tailward of XGSM ∼15 RE and deceleration within that distance, also consistent with Cluster. In contrast, the 2019–2021 BBFs show general earthward acceleration by j × B independent of distance. In the GSM XY plane, the average (j × B)xy vectors are earthward, and in the premidnight and postmidnight dawnward for the 2017–2018 BBFs. For 2019–2021, the average (j × B)xy vectors have components toward the tail center. In the GSM YZ plane, the average (j × B)yz vectors are toward the neutral sheet.
Electronic, Structural, Optical, and Electrical Properties of CsPbX3 Powders (X = Cl, Br, and I) Prepared Using a Surfactant-Free Hydrothermal Approach

Recently, several strategies have been adopted for the cesium lead halide, CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, and/or I), crystal growth with a perovskite-type structure, paving the way for the further development of innovative optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications. The optoelectronic properties of advanced materials are controlled, in principle, by effects of morphology, particle size, structure, and composition, as well as imperfections in these parameters. Herein, we report a detailed investigation, using theoretical and experimental approaches to evaluate the structural, electronic, optical, and electrical properties of CsPbX3 microcrystals. The microcrystals are synthesized successfully using the hydrothermal method without surfactants. This synthetic approach also offers an easy upscaling for perovskite-related material synthesis from low-cost precursors. Lastly, in this direction, we believe that deeper mechanistic studies, based on the synergy between theory and practice, can guide the discovery and development of new advanced materials with highly tailored properties for applications in optoelectronic devices, as well as other emergent technologies.
Quantum dot optofluidic lasers and their prospects for biochemical sensing

We achieved four types of laser emissions with quantum dots (QDs) using the same high-Q-factor optofluidic ring resonator (OFRR) platform. In the first type, 2 μM QDs dissolved in toluene that filled the entire OFRR cavity volume were employed as the gain medium. The lasing threshold was 15-22 μJ/mm2. In the second type, 2 μM aqueous QDs were in bulk buffer solution that filled the entire OFRR cavity volume. The lasing threshold was 0.1 μJ/mm2, over 3 orders of magnitude lower than the state-of-the-art. In the third type, the aqueous QDs were immobilized as a single layer on the interface between the OFRR inner wall and buffer solution with a surface density as low as 3×109 − 1010cm−2. The lasing threshold of 60 μJ/mm2 was achieved. In the fourth type, we achieved optofluidic FRET lasing using aqueous QDs as FRET donors and Cy5 dye molecules as acceptors. We observed lasing from Cy5 emission band in QD-Cy5 pair when excited at QD absorption band, far away from Cy5 absorption maximum. We also report a comprehensive theoretical analysis of optofluidic FRET lasers that was performed based on a Fabry-Perot microcavity using a rate equation model. By comparing FRET lasingbased sensors with conventional sensors using FRET signals obtained by spontaneous fluorescence emission, we show that for optimal pump fluence and FRET pair concentration, FRET lasing can lead to more than 20-fold enhancement in detection sensitivities of conformation changes for linker lengths in the Förster radius range.
Gender and Liver Steatosis Discriminate Different Physiological Patterns in Obese Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery: Obesity Center Cohort

Background: Obesity is a major public health problem worldwide. Bariatric surgery can reduce body weight, and it is one of the better ways to improve metabolic disease and lifestyle. The aim of this study was to explore a new cohort of patients with obesity and evaluate the gender differences and the steatosis status within the gender group. Methods: A cohort of 250 adult obese patients with BMI ≥ 30 and age >18 years, eligible for gastric bariatric surgery at Pineta Grande Hospital, Castel Volturno (Italy) was studied. Results: The prevalence in women was higher (72.40%) than men (27.60%). Overall, results indicated many statistically significant gender differences in hematological and clinical parameters. Analysis of the subcohorts based on the severity of steatosis revealed differences of this condition between the genders. Steatosis was more prevalent in the male subcohort, but female patients revealed greater within-group differences. Conclusions: Many differences were found not only in the total cohort but also between the gender subcohorts, both in the presence and absence of steatosis. We can conclude that the pathophysiological, genetic, and hormonal patterns affecting these patients delineate different individual profiles.
Number Theory III: Diophantine Geometry

From the reviews: "Between number theory and geometry there have been several stimulating influences, and this book records of these enterprises. This author, who has been at the centre of such research for many years, is one of the best guides a reader can hope for. The book is full of beautiful results, open questions, stimulating conjectures and suggestions where to look for future developments. This volume bears witness of the braod scope of knowledge of the author, and the influence of several people who have commented on the manuscript before publication. Although in the series of number theory, this volume is on diophantine geometry, the reader will notice that algebraic geometry is present in every chapter. The style of the book is clear. Ideas are well explained, and the author helps the reader to pass by several technicalities. Mededelingen van het wiskundig genootschap
Prevalence of Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Registered in the EUROTMJ Database: A Prospective Study in a Portuguese Center

Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) are characterized by their multifactorial etiology and pathogenesis. A 3-year prospective study was conducted in a Portuguese TMDs department to study the prevalence of different TMDs signs and symptoms and their association with risk factors and comorbidities. Five hundred ninety-five patients were included using an online database: EUROTMJ. Most patients were female (80.50%), with a mean age of 38.20 ± 15.73 years. The main complaints were: (1) temporomandibular joint (TMJ) clicking (13.26%); (2) TMJ pain (12.49%); (3) masticatory muscle tension (12.15%). The main clinical findings were myalgia (74%), TMJ clicking (60–62%), and TMJ arthralgia (31–36%). Risk factors such as clenching (60%) and bruxism (30%) were positively associated with TMJ pain and myalgia. Orthodontic treatment (20%) and wisdom tooth removal (19%) were positively associated with TMJ clicking, while jaw trauma (6%), tracheal intubation (4%) and orthognathic surgery (1%) were positively associated with TMJ crepitus, limited mandibular range of motion, and TMJ pain, respectively. In total, 42.88% of TMDs patients had other associated chronic diseases, most of them were mental behavioral or neurodevelopmental disorders (33.76%), namely, anxiety (20%) and depression (13%). The authors also observed a positive association of mental disorders with the degree of TMJ pain and myalgia. The online database seems to be a relevant scientific instrument for healthcare providers who treat TMDs. The authors expect that the EUROTMJ database can serve as a milestone for other TMDs departments.
Impact of nitrogen and phosphorus on the growth and microcystin‐related gene expression of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have incurred numerous health problems through drinking water or exposure. A better understanding of the growth kinetics and toxin production under different environmental conditions will help develop tools for early‐warning indicators for predicting HABs. Lab‐scale experiments were performed with Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 under varying N:P ratios and temperatures. We observed different growth behaviors for cultures growing at the three temperatures (20, 25, and 30°C). M. aeruginosa exhibited higher growth rates at higher N:P ratios during the incubation at 25 and 30°C. Microcystis 16S rRNA gene abundance correlated well with the cell growth parameters. Based on RT‐qPCR data, the transcripts of mcyA, mcyD, and mcyE were occasionally detected with N:P of 76.86 showing highest detections of all gene transcripts. Intracellular microcystin (MC) production corresponded well with the presence of gene transcripts, while no extracellular MC was detected. These findings would provide valuable insights and beneficial guidance to further explore and predict the impacts of cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater systems.
The Collaborative Effort and Efficiency of Inquiry-Based Learning: Effect on the Teacher Performance - The Role of Student Performance

This study investigates the effect on the teacher's performance of collaborative effort and efficiency of inquiry-based learning. It also determines the impact of the mediating role of student performance. The research framework was constructed based on the unified technology acceptance and use of technology theory. A quantitative analysis was done with surveys to collect primary data from the teacher and lecturers of Malaysia. The researcher used a Likert scale of 7 to evaluate elements of the building. This study focuses on the top 10 public university students in Malaysia. The universities are University Malaya (UM), University Kembangan Malaysia, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), University Since Malaysia (USM), University Technology Malaysia (UTM), Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), University Technology Mara (UiTM), University Malaysia Perlis (UniMap), and University Tun Hossain (UTHM). Finally, researchers selected the total number of students, 368,881, which is the population of this study. Using systematic random sampling with an interval, researchers sent students an electronic link to respond to a Google Doc questionnaire. This is a unique study in the field of teacher performance that used a diverse and necessary variable known as teaching pedagogy. Therefore, it uniquely integrates leading pedagogy variables into teacher performance. The result of this study helps to meet the education qualification requirement (EQR), and the newly acquired knowledge from this study may help spur the development of the education sector. In addition, it may provide an extensive understanding of making government policies for educational institutions.
STM Study of the Initial Stage of Gold Intercalation of Graphene on Ir(111)

In this paper, we present a study of the sub-monolayer gold intercalation of graphene on Ir(111) using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). We found that Au islands grow following different kinetics than growth on Ir(111) without graphene. Graphene appears to increase the mobility of Au atoms by shifting the growth kinetics of Au islands from dendritic to a more compact shape. Graphene on top of intercalated gold exhibits a moiré superstructure, with parameters significantly different from graphene on Au(111) but almost identical to graphene on Ir(111). The intercalated Au monolayer shows a quasi-herringbone reconstruction with similar structural parameters as on Au(111).
Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Diagnostic Evaluation of Pulmonary Diseases- An Institutional Experience

Background: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a widely accepted investigative tool for the diagnosis of pulmonary lesions. This study was done to find out the usefulness of BAL in diagnosis of pulmonary lesions from central Indian patient population. Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was performed over a period of three years. All the BAL specimens of patients presenting to Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Tuberculosis during a period of January 2017 to December 2019 were included in the study. Cyto-histopathologic correlation was done, wherever available. Results: Of total 277 cases, there were 178 (64.5%) males and 99 (35.5%) females. The age of patients ranged from 4 years to 82 years. In 92 (33%) cases, specific infective etiology could be identified on BAL cytology, the most common being tuberculosis (26%) followed by fungal infections (2%). Rarely, infections like nocardia, actinomycosis, and hydatidosis were also identified. Eight cases (3%) of malignancy were identified which included two cases of adenocarcinoma, one case of small cell carcinoma, three cases of poorly differentiated carcinoma, and two cases suspicious for malignancy. Some rare diagnoses like diffuse alveolar damage, pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis could be identified on BAL. Conclusion: BAL is useful in primary diagnosis of infections and malignancies of lower respiratory tract. BAL may aid in diagnostic workup of diffuse lung diseases. A combination of clinical information, high-resolution computed tomography, and BAL analysis may furnish an assured diagnosis to the clinician and obviate need for invasive procedures.
The effect of Reynolds number on the dynamics and wakes of freely rising and falling spheres

In this paper, we study the effect of the Reynolds number (Re) on the dynamics and vortex formation modes of spheres rising or falling freely through a fluid (where Re = 100–15000). Since the oscillation of freely falling spheres was first reported by Newton (University of California Press, 3rd edn, 1726, translated in 1999), the fundamental question of whether a sphere will vibrate, as it rises or falls, has been the subject of a number of investigations, and it is clear that the mass ratio m* (defined as the relative density of the sphere compared to the fluid) is an important parameter to define when vibration occurs. Although all rising spheres (m* < 1) were previously found to oscillate, either chaotically or in a periodic zigzag motion or even to follow helical trajectories, there is no consensus regarding precise values of the mass ratio (m*crit) separating vibrating and rectilinear regimes. There is also a large scatter in measurements of sphere drag in both the vibrating and rectilinear regimes. In our experiments, we employ spheres with 133 combinations of m* and Re, to provide a comprehensive study of the sphere dynamics and vortex wakes occurring over a wide range of Reynolds numbers. We find that falling spheres (m* > 1) always move without vibration. However, in contrast with previous studies, we discover that a whole regime of buoyant spheres rise through a fluid without vibration. It is only when one passes below a critical value of the mass ratio, that the sphere suddenly begins to vibrate periodically and vigorously in a zigzag trajectory within a vertical plane. The critical mass is nearly constant over two ranges of Reynolds number (m*crit ≈ 0.4 for Re = 260–1550 and m*crit ≈ 0.6 for Re > 1550). We do not observe helical or spiral trajectories, or indeed chaotic types of trajectory, unless the experiments are conducted in disturbed background fluid. The wakes for spheres moving rectilinearly are comparable with wakes of non-vibrating spheres. We find that these wakes comprise single-sided and double-sided periodic sequences of vortex rings, which we define as the ‘R’ and ‘2R’ modes. However, in the zigzag regime, we discover a new ‘4R’ mode, in which four vortex rings are created per cycle of oscillation. We find a number of changes to occur at a Reynolds number of 1550, and we suggest the possibility of a resonance between the shear layer instability and the vortex shedding (loop) instability. From this study, ensuring minimal background disturbances, we have been able to present a new regime map of dynamics and vortex wake modes as a function of the mass ratio and Reynolds number {m*, Re}, as well as a reasonable collapse of the drag measurements, as a function of Re, onto principally two curves, one for the vibrating regime and one for the rectilinear trajectories.
Bddc domain decomposition algorithms: methods with three levels and for flow in porous media

Two inexact coarse solvers for Balancing Domain Decomposition by Constraints (BDDC) algorithms are introduced and analyzed. These solvers help remove a bottleneck for the two-level BDDC algorithms related to the cost of the coarse problem when the number of subdomains is large. At the same time, a good convergence rate is maintained. BDDC algorithms are also developed for the linear systems arising from flow in porous media discretized with mixed and hybrid finite elements. Our methods are proven to be scalable and the condition numbers of the operators with our BDDC preconditioners grow only polylogarithmically with the size of the subdomain problems.
Education as an international export

A growing portion of international schools are franchised branches of schools originally founded in other countries. The first of such schools opened in 1996 and there are now almost 100 globally. Expansionist schools are primarily elite, English private schools, with concentrations of their franchises developing in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and East Asia over the past quarter of a century—particularly in mainland China over the past decade. This study explores how such schools adapt the language and focus of their marketing and, in doing so, sustain their privilege across various contexts. A qualitative textual analysis is conducted of the websites of 11 schools run by Dulwich College and Harrow School, the first brands to expand overseas and with the most extensive networks of schools today. A lens of international schools as enclosures of privilege is used to demonstrate how schools adapt themselves and their framing. The study finds the promotional focus of the schools depends not just on whether they are the founding school or a franchise, but also on their relative ages, and on their varying locations within specific sociocultural contexts. An emergent hybrid model, catering to both local and international curricula, blends the local with the global and complicates the conventional notion of the international school. Finally, the study suggests that further research is focused on the franchising of elite education, particularly as the focal point of expansion begins to shift away from the mainland Chinese boom of the past decade.