Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wave-in-ice: theoretical bases and field observations

There has been a significant increase of studies on wave–ice interactions in the past decades. Through a close look at a representative set of theories, this paper investigates different physical processes that have produced different wave dispersion and attenuation. The existing theories have considered four major processes: scattering, flexural damping, viscoelastic damping and basal friction. Each theory looked into one of these processes and used a different mathematical formulation to model these processes. The low-frequency behaviours of the resulting spectral attenuation in these theories are fundamentally different from each other. Recent field observations have produced a large amount of data to calibrate and validate these theories. The uncertainties in using field measurements to determine attenuation due to ice covers are discussed. Both observational data and applications of these theories in field conditions suggest a multi-physics approach. A number of studies to further the theoretical development are recommended. It will take time for wave-in-ice models to reach the same level of performance as wave models for the open ocean, relying on the combined effort of theoretical, modelling and observational studies. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks’.
Color--absolute magnitude relation for E and S0 galaxies. III. Fully corrected photometry for 405 galaxies: comparison of color distributions for E and S0 field and cluster galaxies. [Virgo, coma, centaurus, and fornax clusters]

Colors in u - V and V - r, corrected for color-aperture gradient, galactic reddening, K dimming, and color--absolute magnitude effect, together with corrected V magnitudes, are listed for 405 galaxies, mostly of E and S0 types, using the data and precepts of Paper II. Color distributions are compared for E and S0 galaxies, divided into field and cluster members so as to test for effects of environment on stellar content and for color differences between the E and S0 types. No differences were found, either between the E and S0 types or between the cluster and field memberships: The colors are independent of the environments represented here, whether the galaxies are disk (S0) or halo (E) systems. There is no change of fully corrected u - V colors with the apparent flattening of S0 galaxies over the range of inclinations from 10/sup 0/ less than or approx. = to i < 90/sup 0/. The limit of . delta. (u - V) < 0.03 mag over these inclinations shows that the optical depth in V for dust extinction is less than tau = 0.01 for an average S0 galaxy. The equality of color distributions for E and S0 systems in and outmore » of clusters is a necessary condition that the stellar content of S0 galaxies is similar to that of E systems, that there has been no significant upper-main-sequence star formation in S0 galaxies within the past 10/sup 9/ years, and that the environment of the clusters studied here (Virgo, Coma, Centaurus, and Fornax) is not the determining factor in the formation and evolution of S0 systems. Arguments are adduced that most S0 galaxies form along the Hubble sequence rather than change into such forms as a consequence of some environmental process. 6 figures, 1 table. « less
Wave propagation in the marginal ice zone: connections and feedback mechanisms within the air–ice–ocean system

The propagation of ocean surface waves within the marginal ice zone (MIZ) is a defining phenomenon of this dynamic zone. Over decades of study, a variety of methods have been developed to observe and model wave propagation in the MIZ, with a common focus of determining the attenuation of waves with increasing distance into the MIZ. More recently, studies have begun to explore the consequences of wave attenuation and the coupled processes in the air–ice–ocean–land system. Understanding these coupled processes and effects is essential for accurate high-latitude forecasts. As waves attenuate, their momentum and energy are transferred to the sea ice and upper ocean. This may compact or expand the MIZ, depending on the conditions, while simultaneously modulating the wind work on the system. Wave attenuation is also a key process in coastal dynamics, where land–fast ice has historically protected both natural coasts and coastal infrastructure. With observed trends of increasing wave activity and retreating seasonal ice coverage, the propagation of waves within the MIZ is increasingly important to regional and global climate trends. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks’.
Modelling the Arctic wave-affected marginal ice zone: a comparison with ICESat-2 observations

We evaluate marginal ice zone (MIZ) extent in a wave–ice 25 km-resolution coupled model, compared with pan-Arctic wave-affected sea-ice regions derived from ICESat-2 altimetry over the period December 2018–May 2020. By using a definition of the MIZ based on the monthly maximum of the wave height, we suggest metrics to evaluate the model taking into account the sparse coverage of ICESat-2. The model produces MIZ extents comparable to observations, especially in winter. A sensitivity study highlights the need for strong wave attenuation in thick, compact ice but weaker attenuation as sea ice forms, as the model underestimates the MIZ extent in autumn. This underestimation may be due to limited wave growth in partially covered ice, overestimated sea-ice concentration or the absence of other processes affecting floe size. We discuss our results in the context of other definitions of the MIZ based on floe size and sea-ice concentration, as well as the potential impact of wave-induced fragmentation on ice dynamics, found to be minor at the climate scales investigated here. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks’.
Entropy as a measurement of cognitive load in translation

In view of the “predictive turn” in translation studies, empirical investigations of the translation process have shown increasing interest in studying features of the text which can predict translation efficiency and effort, especially using large-scale experimental data and rigorous statistical means. In this regard, a novel metric based on entropy (i.e., HTra) has been proposed and experimentally studied as a predictor variable. On the one hand, empirical studies show that HTra as a product-based metric can predict effort, and on the other, some conceptual analyses have provided theoretical justifications of entropy or entropy reduction as a description of translation from a process perspective. This paper continues the investigation of entropy, conceptually examining two ways of quantifying cognitive load, namely, shift of resource allocation and reduction of entropy, and argues that the former is represented by surprisal and ITra while the latter is represented by HTra. Both can be approximated via corpus-based means and used as potential predictors of effort. Empirical analyses were also conducted comparing the two metrics (i.e., HTra and ITra) in terms of their prediction of effort, which showed that ITra is a stronger predictor for TT production time while HTra is a stronger predictor for ST reading time. It is hoped that this would contribute to the exploration of dependable, theoretically justifiable means of predicting the effort involved in translation
Few-Shot Regularization to Tackle Catastrophic Forgetting in Multilingual Machine Translation

Increasing the number of tasks supported by a machine learning model without forgetting previously learned tasks is the goal of any lifelong learning system. In this work, we study how to mitigate the effects of the catastrophic forgetting problem to sequentially train a multilingual neural machine translation model using minimal past information. First, we describe the catastrophic forgetting phenomenon as a function of the number of tasks learned (language pairs) and the ratios of past data used during the learning of the new task. Next, we explore the importance of applying oversampling strategies for scenarios where only minimal amounts of past data are available. Finally, we derive a new loss function that minimizes the forgetting of previously learned tasks by actively re-weighting past samples and penalizing weights that deviate too much from the original model. Our work suggests that by using minimal amounts of past data and a simple regularization function, we can significantly mitigate the effects of the catastrophic forgetting phenomenon without increasing the computational costs.
A Neural Machine Translation Approach to Translate Text to Pictographs in a Medical Speech Translation System - The BabelDr Use Case

The use of images has been shown to positively affect patient comprehension in medical settings, in particular to deliver specific medical instructions. However, tools that automatically translate sentences into pictographs are still scarce due to the lack of resources. Previous studies have focused on the translation of sentences into pictographs by using WordNet combined with rule-based approaches and deep learning methods. In this work, we showed how we leveraged the BabelDr system, a speech to speech translator for medical triage, to build a speech to pictograph translator using UMLS and neural machine translation approaches. We showed that the translation from French sentences to a UMLS gloss can be viewed as a machine translation task and that a Multilingual Neural Machine Translation system achieved the best results.
Proficiency and External Aides: Impact of Translation Brief and Search Conditions on Post-editing Quality

This study investigates the impact of translation briefs and search conditions on post-editing (PE) quality produced by participants with different levels of translation proficiency. We hired five Chinese student translators and seven Japanese professional translators to conduct full post-editing (FPE) and light post-editing (LPE), as described in the translation brief, while controlling two search conditions i.e., usage of a termbase (TB) and internet search (IS). Our results show that FPE versions of the final translations tend to have less errors than LPE ver- sions. The FPE translation brief improves participants’ performance on fluency as compared to LPE, whereas the search condition of TB helps to improve participants’ performance on accuracy as compared to IS. Our findings also indicate that the occurrences of fluency errors produced by experienced translators (i.e., the Japanese participants) are more in line with the specifications addressed in translation briefs, whereas the occurrences of accuracy errors pro- duced by inexperienced translators (i.e., our Chinese participants) depend more on the search conditions.
Boosting Neural Machine Translation with Similar Translations

This presentation demonstrates data augmentation methods for Neural Machine Translation to make use of similar translations, in a comparable way a human translator employs fuzzy matches. We show how we simply feed the neural model with information on both source and target sides of the fuzzy matches, and we also extend the similarity to include semantically related translations retrieved using distributed sentence representations. We show that translations based on fuzzy matching provide the model with “copy” information while translations based on embedding similarities tend to extend the translation “context”. Results indicate that the effect from both similar sentences are adding up to further boost accuracy, are combining naturally with model fine-tuning and are providing dynamic adaptation for unseen translation pairs. Tests on multiple data sets and domains show consistent accuracy improvements.
Becoming A Native Listener

Xhe syllables, words, and sentences used in all human languages are formed from a set of speech sounds called phones. Only a subset of the phones is used in any particular language. Adults can easily perceive the dif ferences among the phones used to contrast meaning in their own language, but young infants go much farther: they are able to discriminate nearly every phonetic con trast on which they have been tested, including those they have never before heard. Our research has shown that this broad-based sensitivity declines by the time a baby is one year old. This phenome_ non provides a way to describe basic abilities in the young infant and ex plore the effects of experience on hu man speech perception. To put infants' abilities in per spective, adult speech perception must be understood. The phones that distinguish meaning in a partic ular language are called phonemes. There is considerable acoustic variability in the way each individual phoneme is realized in speech. For example, the phoneme Ibi is very different before the vowel led in "beet" from the way it is before the vowel /oo/ in "boot. " How do adults handle this variability? As first demon strated in a classic study by Liberman and his colleagues (1967), they treat these acoustically distinct instances of a single phoneme as equivalent. This equivalency is dem onstrated in the laboratory by presenting listeners with a series of pairs of computer-synthesized speech stimuli that differ by only one acoustic step along a physical continuum and asking them first to label and then to try to discriminate between the stimuli. Adult listeners are
Limitations and Challenges of Unsupervised Cross-lingual Pre-training

Cross-lingual alignment methods for monolingual language representations have received notable attention in recent years. However, their use in machine translation pre-training remains scarce. This work tries to shed light on the effects of some of the factors that play a role in cross-lingual pre-training, both for cross-lingual mappings and their integration in supervised neural models. The results show that unsupervised cross-lingual methods are effective at inducing alignment even for distant languages and they benefit noticeably from subword information. However, we find that their effectiveness as pre-training models in machine translation is severely limited due to their cross-lingual signal being easily distorted by the principal network during training. Moreover, the learned bilingual projection is too restrictive to allow said network to learn properly when the embedding weights are frozen.
Discounted optimal stopping problems in first-passage time models with random thresholds

Abstract We derive closed-form solutions to some discounted optimal stopping problems related to the perpetual American cancellable dividend-paying put and call option pricing problems in an extension of the Black–Merton–Scholes model. The cancellation times are assumed to occur when the underlying risky asset price process hits some unobservable random thresholds. The optimal stopping times are shown to be the first times at which the asset price reaches stochastic boundaries depending on the current values of its running maximum and minimum processes. The proof is based on the reduction of the original optimal stopping problems to the associated free-boundary problems and the solution of the latter problems by means of the smooth-fit and modified normal-reflection conditions. We show that the optimal stopping boundaries are characterised as the maximal and minimal solutions of certain first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations.
PfSRPK1 Regulates Asexual Blood Stage Schizogony and Is Essential for Male Gamete Formation

Plasmodium sexual stages represent a critical bottleneck in the parasite life cycle. Gametocytes taken up in an infectious blood meal by female anopheline mosquito get activated to form gametes and fuse to form short-lived zygotes, which transform into ookinetes to infect mosquitoes. ABSTRACT Serine/arginine-rich protein kinases (SRPKs) are cell cycle-regulated serine/threonine protein kinases and are important regulators of splicing factors. In this study, we functionally characterize SRPK1 of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. P. falciparum SRPK1 (PfSRPK1) was expressed in asexual blood-stage and sexual-stage gametocytes. Pfsrpk1− parasites formed asexual schizonts that generated far fewer merozoites than wild-type parasites, causing reduced replication rates. Pfsrpk1− parasites also showed a severe defect in the differentiation of male gametes, causing a complete block in parasite transmission to mosquitoes. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of wild-type PfNF54 and Pfsrpk1− stage V gametocytes suggested a role for PfSRPK1 in regulating transcript splicing and transcript abundance of genes coding for (i) microtubule/cilium morphogenesis-related proteins, (ii) proteins involved in cyclic nucleotide metabolic processes, (iii) proteins involved in signaling such as PfMAP2, (iv) lipid metabolism enzymes, (v) proteins of osmophilic bodies, and (vi) crystalloid components. Our study reveals an essential role for PfSRPK1 in parasite cell morphogenesis and suggests this kinase as a target to prevent malaria transmission from humans to mosquitoes. IMPORTANCE Plasmodium sexual stages represent a critical bottleneck in the parasite life cycle. Gametocytes taken up in an infectious blood meal by female anopheline mosquito get activated to form gametes and fuse to form short-lived zygotes, which transform into ookinetes to infect mosquitoes. In the present study, we demonstrate that PfSRPK1 is important for merozoite formation and critical for male gametogenesis and is involved in transcript homeostasis for numerous parasite genes. Targeting PfSRPK1 and its downstream pathways may reduce parasite replication and help achieve effective malaria transmission-blocking strategies.
GpsB Promotes PASTA Kinase Signaling and Cephalosporin Resistance in Enterococcus faecalis

Enterococci are opportunistic pathogens that can cause severe bacterial infections. Treatment of these infections is challenging because enterococci possess intrinsic and acquired resistance to commonly used antibiotics. ABSTRACT Enterococci are opportunistic pathogens that can cause severe bacterial infections. Treatment of these infections is challenging because enterococci possess intrinsic and acquired mechanisms of resistance to commonly used antibiotics, including cephalosporins. The transmembrane serine/threonine PASTA kinase, IreK, is an important determinant of enterococcal cephalosporin resistance. Upon exposure to cephalosporins, IreK becomes autophosphorylated, which stimulates its kinase activity to phosphorylate downstream substrates and drive cephalosporin resistance. However, the molecular mechanisms that modulate IreK autophosphorylation in response to cell wall stress, such as that induced by cephalosporins, remain unknown. A cytoplasmic protein, GpsB, promotes signaling by PASTA kinase homologs in other bacterial species, but the function of enterococcal GpsB has not been previously investigated. We used in vitro and in vivo approaches to test the hypothesis that enterococcal GpsB promotes IreK signaling in response to cephalosporins to drive cephalosporin resistance. We found that GpsB promotes IreK activity both in vivo and in vitro. This effect is required for cephalosporins to trigger IreK autophosphorylation and activation of an IreK-dependent signaling pathway, and thereby is also required for enterococcal intrinsic cephalosporin resistance. Moreover, analyses of GpsB mutants and a ΔireK gpsB double mutant suggest that GpsB has an additional function, beyond regulation of IreK activity, which is required for optimal growth and full cephalosporin resistance. Collectively, our data provide new insights into the mechanism of signal transduction by the PASTA kinase IreK and the mechanism of enterococcal intrinsic cephalosporin resistance. IMPORTANCE Enterococci are opportunistic pathogens that can cause severe bacterial infections. Treatment of these infections is challenging because enterococci possess intrinsic and acquired resistance to commonly used antibiotics. In particular, enterococci are intrinsically resistant to cephalosporin antibiotics, a trait that requires the activity of a transmembrane serine/threonine kinase, IreK, which belongs to the bacterial PASTA kinase family. The mechanisms by which PASTA kinases are regulated in cells are poorly understood. Here, we report that the cytoplasmic protein GpsB directly promotes IreK signaling in enterococci to drive cephalosporin resistance. Thus, we provide new insights into PASTA kinase regulation and control of enterococcal cephalosporin resistance, and suggest that GpsB could be a promising target for new therapeutics to disable cephalosporin resistance.
Changes in autumn arrival of long-distance migratory birds in Southeast Asia

Climate-change-induced phenological changes in migratory birds are predicted from ecological theory and have been well-documented in temperate-zone breeding areas. By contrast, changes in arrival date on tropical wintering grounds have not been reported. To address this gap, we analysed birdwatchers' records of first arrival dates of 9 species of long-distance migratory birds in Singapore from 1987 to 2009. The study species included 1 raptor, 3 waders and 5 passerines. We compared the relative influence of year, Southern Oscillation Index and observer effort on arrival date. There was strong evidence for an arrival delay of approximately 2 d yr �1 (95% confidence intervals of 1�3 d) in Japanese sparrowhawk Accipiter gularis and curlew sand- piper Calidris ferruginea, but there was no change in arrival date for the other 7 species. We hypothesise that climate change is causing a shift in migration timing for some birds in Southeast Asia. A mechanism for the delay in these long-distance migrants may be that warmer tempera- tures enable species to remain on northern breeding grounds longer. Delayed arrival on the win- tering grounds may have cascading effects on a migratory species' annual cycle, for example by influencing the arrival date at the breeding grounds, which can impact fitness. These potential impacts underscore the need for further work on the effects of climate change on migratory species in the tropics.
A Characterization of Clouds and Precipitation Over the Southern Ocean From Synoptic to Micro Scales During the CAPRICORN Field Campaigns

The persistent Southern Ocean (SO) shortwave radiation biases in climate models and reanalyses have been associated with the poor representation of clouds, precipitation, aerosols, the atmospheric boundary layer, and their intrinsic interactions. Capitalizing on shipborne observations collected during the Clouds Aerosols Precipitation Radiation and atmospheric Composition Over the Southern Ocean 2016 and 2018 field campaigns, this research investigates and characterizes cloud and precipitation processes from synoptic to micro scales. Distinct cloud and precipitation regimes are found to correspond to the seven thermodynamic clusters established using a K‐means clustering technique, while less distinctions are evident using the cyclone and (cold) front compositing methods. Cloud radar and disdrometer data reveal that light precipitation is common over the SO with higher intensities associated with cyclonic and warm frontal regions. Multiple lines of evidence suggest the presence of diverse microphysical features in several cloud regimes, including the likely dominance of ice aggregation in deep precipitating clouds. Signatures of mixed phase, and in some cases, riming were detected in shallow convective clouds away from the frontal conditions. Two of the K‐means clusters with contrasting cloud and precipitation properties are observed over the high‐latitude SO and coastal Antarctica, suggesting distinct physical processes therein. Through a single case study, in‐situ and remote‐sensing data collected by an overflight of the Southern Ocean Clouds Radiation Aerosol Transport Experimental Study were also evaluated and complement the ship‐based analysis.