Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Probing the origin of giant radio haloes through radio and γ‐ray data: the case of the Coma cluster

We combine for the first time all available information about the spectral shape and morphology of the radio halo of the Coma cluster with the recent γ-ray upper limits obtained by the Fermi-Large Area Telescope (LAT) and with the magnetic field strength derived from Faraday rotation measures. We explore the possibility that the radio emission is due to synchrotron emission of secondary electrons. First, we investigate the case of pure secondary models that are merely based on the mechanism of continuous injection of secondary electrons via proton–proton collisions in the intracluster medium. We use the observed spatial distribution of the halo's radio brightness to constrain the amount of cosmic ray protons and their spatial distribution in the cluster that are required by the model. Under the canonical assumption that the spectrum of cosmic rays is a power law in momentum and that the spectrum of secondaries is stationary, we find that the combination of the steep spectrum of cosmic ray protons necessary to explain the spectrum of the halo and the very broad spatial distribution (and large energy density) of cosmic rays result in a γ-ray emission in excess of present limits, unless the cluster magnetic field is relatively large. However, this large magnetic field required to not violate present γ-ray limits appears inconsistent with that derived from recent Faraday rotation measures. Secondly, we investigate more complex models in which the cosmic rays confined diffusively in the Coma cluster and their secondary electrons are all reaccelerated by magnetohydrodynamics turbulence. We show that under these conditions it is possible to explain the radio spectrum and morphology of the radio halo and to predict γ-ray fluxes in agreement with the Fermi-LAT upper limits without tension with present constraints on the cluster magnetic field. Reacceleration of secondary particles also requires a very broad cosmic ray spatial profile, much flatter than that of the intracluster medium, at least provided that both the turbulent and magnetic field energy densities scale with that of the intracluster medium. However, this requirement can be easily alleviated if we assume that a small amount of (additional) seed primary electrons is reaccelerated in the cluster's external regions, or if we adopt flatter scalings of the turbulent and magnetic field energy densities with distance from the cluster centre.
Modelling Dust Scattering in our Galaxy

I have used Monte Carlo models with multiple scattering to predict the dust scattered light from our Galaxy and have compared the predictions with data in two UV bands from the GALEX spacecraft. I find that 90\% of the scattered light arises from less than 1000 stars with 25\% from the 10 brightest. About half of the diffuse radiation originates within 200 pc of the Sun with a maximum distance of 600 pc. Multiple scattering is important at any optical depth with 30\% of the flux being multiply scattered even at zero reddening. I find that the global distribution of the scattered light is insensitive to the dust distribution with grains of $0.3 < a < 0.5$ and $g < 0.6$. There is an offset between the model and the data of 100 and 200 ph cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ sr$^{-1}$ \AA$^{-1}$ in the FUV and NUV, respectively, at the poles rising to 200 --- 400 ph cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ sr$^{-1}$ \AA$^{-1}$ at lower latitudes. The Monte Carlo code and the models of diffuse radiation for different values of the optical constants are available for download.
Computation of Unsteady and Non-equilibrium Turbulent Flows Using Reynolds Stress Transport Models

In this work the predictive capability of a number of Reynolds stress transport(RST) models was first tested in a range of non-equilibrium homogeneous flows,comparisons being drawn with existing direct numerical simulation (DNS) resultsand physical measurements. The cases considered include both shear and nor-mally strained flows, in some cases with a constant applied strain rate, and inothers where this varied with time. Models were generally found to perform well in homogeneous shear at lowshear rates, but their performance increasingly deteriorated at higher shear rates.This was attributed mainly to weaknesses in the pressure? strain rate models,leading to over? prediction of the shear stress component of the stress anisotropytensor at high shear rates. Performance in irrotational homogeneous strains was generally good, and wasmore consistent over a much wider range of strain rates. In the experimentalplane strain and axisymmetric contraction cases, with time-varying strain rates,there was evidence of an accelerated dissipation rate generation. Significant im-provement was achieved through the use of an alternative dissipation rate gen-eration term, P? , in these cases, suggesting a possible route for future modellinginvestigation. Subsequently, the models were also tested in the inhomogeneous case of pul-sating channel flow over a wide range of frequencies, the reference for these casesbeing the LES of Scotti and Piomelli (2001). A particularly challenging featurein this problem set was the partial laminarisation and re-transition that occurredcyclically at low and, to a lesser extent, intermediate frequencies. None of themodels tested were able to reproduce correctly all of the observed flow features,and none returned consistently superior results in all the cases examined. Finally, models were tested in the case of a plane jet interacting with a rect-angular dead-end enclosure. Two geometric configurations are examined, corre-sponding a steady regime, and an intrinsically unsteady regime in which periodicflow oscillations are experimentally observed (Mataoui et al., 2003). In the steadycase generally similar flow patterns were returned by the models tested, with somedifferences arising in the degree of downward deflection of the impinging jet, whichin turn affected the level of turbulence energy developing in the lower part of thecavity. In the unsteady case, only two of the models tested, a two-equation k? model and an advanced RST model, correctly returned purely periodic solutions.The other two RST models, based on linear pressure? strain rate terms, returnedunsteady flow patterns that exhibited complex oscillations with significant cycle-to-cycle variations. Unfortunately, the limited availability of reliable experimentaldata did not allow a detailed quantitative examination of model performance.
Work-family conflict from the perspective of the family: Introduction to the Special Issue

Objective: To introduce the readers to the Journal of Family Research's Special Issue (4/2022) about "work-family conflict from the perspective of the family". Background: Research on work-family conflict rooted in family research and with an explicit focus on family issues has been comparatively rare compared to a more work-centered view. Method: Except for the review article, all contributions of this Special Issue are quantitative analyses of large-scale data from Germany, i.e., the "pairfam"-study, the "LEEP-B3"-study, and the "Growing up in Germany"-survey. Results: The seven studies are innately heterogeneous and show the range in which family research may contribute to the understanding of work-family conflict, and vice versa. Work-family conflict was studied in the context of the transition to parenthood, parenting practices, the composition of working environments, scaling back, mental health, and fertility preferences. Conclusion: Explicitly discussing family issues and their implications for work-family conflict is necessary to understand the interdependencies between family and work, and to pave the way towards a much broader understanding of the antecedents and consequences of work-family conflict in the context of family living.
Systematic error due to isotropic inhomogeneities

Usually the effects of isotropic inhomogeneities are not seriously taken into account in the determination of the cosmological parameters because of Copernican principle whose statement is that we do not live in the privileged domain in the universe. But Copernican principle has not been observationally confirmed yet in sufficient accuracy, and there is the possibility that there are non-negligible large-scale isotropic inhomogeneities in our universe. In this paper, we study the effects of the isotropic inhomogeneities on the determination of the cosmological parameters and show the probability that non-Copernican isotropic inhomogeneities mislead us into believing, for √ ¯
Foundations of Topology: An Approach to Convenient Topology

Preface. Introduction. 0. Preliminaries. 1. Topological constructs. 2. Reflections and coreflections. 3. Topological universes. 4. Completions of semiuniform convergence spaces. 5. Connectedness properties. 6. Function spaces. 7. Relations between semiuniform convergence spaces and merotopic spaces (including nearness spaces). Appendix: Some algebraically topological aspects in the realm of Convenient Topology. Exercises. Implication scheme for various SUConv-invariants. Table: Preservation properties of some SUConv-invariants. Diagram of relations between various subconstructs of SUConv (including their relations to merotopic and nearness spaces). Bibliography. List of axioms. List of symbols. Index.
Observer-based formation tracking control for feedforward nonlinear multi-agent systems with dead-zone input

In this paper, the formation tracking control problem is addressed for feedforward nonlinear multi-agent systems with dead-zone input. For each follower, a dynamic observer is constructed by the output information of itself and its neighbours. Based on the observer, a distributed control protocol is designed with a bounded time-varying gain to achieve the formation tracking between each follower and the leader. It should be pointed out that the control protocol has fewer communication variables and simpler structure, while improving the convergence speed and transient performance of system. In addition, the results are extended to the feedback nonlinear multi-agent systems. Finally, a practical example is performed for nonlinear liquid level resonant circuit system to demonstrate the feasibility of the control protocol proposed.
Rotor blades and ground effect

This thesis uses numerical, asymptotic and flow structural techniques to examine various aspects of rotor blade flows and ground effect. It explores twoand threedimensional flows, generally concentrating upon regimes that have a degree of relevance to typical rotor blade flows. Chapter 2 considers, as a first step towards understanding a general rotor blade system in ground effect, a finite rotating disc near horizontal ground. More specifically, it concentrates on determining the layer shape beyond the disc rim that, due to the presence of the ground, cannot remain flat without violating a pressure condition across it. Chapter 3 examines the flow past many blades in ground effect using both a numerical approach and considering various limits of interest to illuminate some of the important features such as enhanced lift and sheltering effects. Chapter 4 then extends this by exploring the many blade limit, whereby the flow develops a periodic structure once sufficiently many blades have been passed. We then move on to three-dimensional configurations. Chapter 5 takes the previous work further by considering the interactive case that arises after a very large number of blades have been passed, generating a pressure-displacement interaction in the boundary layer. We examine the case of three-dimensional blades, considering the full triple deck problem and then the short blade limit, investigating the flow structure for this physically relevant case. Chapter 6 considers the flow past a three-dimensional hump on a blade of a rotor, examining the flow structure and solution and tentatively using this to propose a description of the flow past the trailing corner of a typical rotor blade. Finally Chapter 7 returns to ground effect, exploring the flow past a single, three-dimensional blade near the ground. It uses a compact difference technique to examine the flow solution for a particular blade shape and investigates the idea of change-over points, where the effective leading edge becomes a trailing edge switching the boundary conditions, these points being generally unknown in advance.
Simplified scheme for entanglement preparation with Rydberg pumping via dissipation

Department of Physics, College of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, ChinaInspired by recent work [A. W. Carr and M. Saﬀman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 033607 (2013)], weproposed a simpliﬁed scheme to prepare the two-atom maximally entangled states via dissipative Ry-dberg pumping. Compared with the previous scheme, the simpliﬁed one only requires one Rydbergstate rather than two in each atom. Thus, the four Rydberg interactions in the previous scheme aresimpliﬁed to one and the asymmetric Rydberg interactions are avoided. And the required numberof classical laser ﬁelds are reduced to two. Master equation simulations demonstrate the maximallyentangled state ﬁdelity F = 0.999 in theory under certain conditions. Furthermore, we generalizethe scheme to prepare the three-dimensional entangled state, and the numerical simulations showthat the ﬁdelity of the desired three-dimensional entanglement could be higher than 0.997.
Comprehensive Phytohormone Profiling of Kohlrabi during In Vitro Growth and Regeneration: The Interplay with Cytokinin and Sucrose

The establishment of an efficient protocol for in vitro growth and regeneration of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) allowed us to closely examine the phytohormone profiles of kohlrabi seedlings at four growth stages (T1–T4), additionally including the effects of cytokinins (CKs)—trans-zeatin (transZ) and thidiazuron (TDZ)—and high sucrose concentrations (6% and 9%). Resulting phytohormone profiles showed complex time-course patterns. At the T2 stage of control kohlrabi plantlets (with two emerged true leaves), levels of endogenous CK free bases and gibberellin GA20 increased, while increases in jasmonic acid (JA), JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-acetamide (IAM) peaked later, at T3. At the same time, the content of most of the analyzed IAA metabolites decreased. Supplementing growth media with CK induced de novo formation of shoots, while both CK and sucrose treatments caused important changes in most of the phytohormone groups at each developmental stage, compared to control. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that sucrose treatment, especially at 9%, had a stronger effect on the content of endogenous hormones than CK treatments. Correlation analysis showed that the dynamic balance between the levels of certain bioactive phytohormone forms and some of their metabolites could be lost or reversed at particular growth stages and under certain CK or sucrose treatments, with correlation values changing between strongly positive and strongly negative. Our results indicate that the kohlrabi phytohormonome is a highly dynamic system that changes greatly along the developmental time scale and also during de novo shoot formation, depending on exogenous factors such as the presence of growth regulators and different sucrose concentrations in the growth media, and that it interacts intensively with these factors to facilitate certain responses.
Adaptive output feedback stabilization of a class of nonlinear systems

The problem of (adaptive) stabilization by means of output feedback of a class of nonlinear systems is addressed and solved. The proposed method relies on the asymptotic reconstruction of a stabilizing state feedback control, does not require stable zero dynamics nor the construction of a Lyapunov function for the closed loop system, and treats in a unified way unknown parameters and unmeasured states. The applicability of the method to the problem of adaptive output feedback regulation for a DC-to-DC power converter is discussed in detail.
The Use of Procalcitonin in the Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis: A Systematic Review

Background: Acute appendicitis (AA) is one of the most common surgical pathologies. Its diagnosis is often carried out based on clinical signs and symptoms, with additional minimally invasive tests (i.e., blood testing) done to support the diagnosis. Procalcitonin (PCT) is a relatively novel biomarker that is starting to be used by clinicians for patients admitted into hospitals with a variety of infections. Its level can be used to identify the presence of infection. The aim of this review is to assess how useful PCT is as a biomarker in supporting clinicians' assessment of patients with suspected appendicitis. Methods: A systematic literature search was carried out, yielding a total of 16 primary research papers deemed appropriate for appraisal. Results: The usefulness of PCT in aiding the diagnosis of AA depends on the severity of appendicitis. Patients who experience complicated appendicitis (CAA) such as perforation, gangrene, or necrosis have a significantly raised PCT level (p<0.05) compared to those with uncomplicated appendicitis (UAA) and a variety of other non-appendiceal intra-abdominal pathologies. Conclusions: The use of PCT in UAA is weak, however, PCT was deemed useful in helping predict CAA, thus helping portray the severity of infection. This, in turn, will help ensure patients are taken to the operating theatre in a timely and safe manner for subsequent appendicectomy.
Characterizing Terrestrial Planet Formation with Young Debris Disks

11 CHAPTER 1 ABC (Attribution, Background, and Context) . 13 1.1 Birth Environment of Terrestrial Planets . 13 1.2 Background Physics and Techniques . 15 1.2. 1 Dating Young Stars . 15 1.2. 2 Fate of Small Dust Particles . 18 1.2. 3 Spectral Analysis of Dust Mineralogy . 20 1.3 Current Progress and Organization of This Dissertation . 22 CHAPTER 2 Persistence of Debris Disks During Terrestrial Planet Formation 24 2.
INSTABILITY OF MAGNETIZED IONIZATION FRONTS SURROUNDING H ii REGIONS

An ionization front (IF) surrounding an H ii region is a sharp interface where a cold neutral gas makes the transition to a warm ionized phase by absorbing UV photons from central stars. We investigate the instability of a plane-parallel D-type IF threaded by parallel magnetic fields, by neglecting the effects of recombination within the ionized gas. We find that weak D-type IFs always have the post-IF magnetosonic Mach number . For such fronts, magnetic fields increase the maximum propagation speed of the IFs, while reducing the expansion factor α by a factor of 1 + 1/(2β1) compared to the unmagnetized case, with β1 denoting the plasma beta in the pre-IF region. IFs become unstable to distortional perturbations owing to gas expansion across the fronts, exactly analogous to the Darrieus–Landau instability of ablation fronts in terrestrial flames. The growth rate of the IF instability is proportional linearly to the perturbation wavenumber, as well as the upstream flow speed, and approximately to α1/2. The IF instability is stabilized by gas compressibility and becomes completely quenched when the front is D-critical. The instability is also stabilized by magnetic pressure when the perturbations propagate in the direction perpendicular to the fields. When the perturbations propagate in the direction parallel to the fields, on the other hand, it is magnetic tension that reduces the growth rate, completely suppressing the instability when . When the front experiences an acceleration, the IF instability cooperates with the Rayleigh–Taylor instability to make the front more unstable.
Association between ERCC1 Gene Polymorphism (rs11615) and Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility: A Meta-Analysis of Medical Image Fusion and Safety Applications

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant tumor of the colorectal mucosa epithelial tissue transformed. The fusion of data for medical imaging has become a central issue in such biomedical applications as image-guided surgery and radiotherapy. Currently, CRC has been one of the most threatening tumors affecting people's health worldwide. The excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1) is a key enzyme for nucleotide excision repair (NER). Emerging epidemiological studies have indicated that the presence of colorectal cancer (CRC) may be relevant to the ERCC1 rs11615 genetic polymorphism. However, the results of ERCC1 rs11615 on CRC in these studies are controversial. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, and CBM databases for the effects of ERCC1 rs11615 variant on CRC development. There was no meta-analysis focused on the diagnosis of colorectal cancer with ERCC1 rs11615 variant. We creatively carried out a meta-analysis of nine case-control studies and used Stata (version 12.0) software to integrate the pooled odds ratios (ORs) corresponding to a 95% confidence interval (CI) of overall and subgroup analysis. Our results suggest that a significant correlation was observed between rs11615 and the susceptibility of CRC OR 95% CI = 1.13 (1.04-1.23) under an allele genetic model and OR 95% CI = 1.14 (1.01-1.30) under a dominant genetic model for overall CRC. Significant statistical difference was also noted in Asians rather than Caucasians based on the ethnicity subgroups. These results suggested that there is a certain association between rs11615 and the susceptibility of colorectal cancer in the Asian populations.
Importance of Minor‐Looking Treatments in Global Climate Models

It is very well known that parameter tuning can have a major impact on the performance of Global Climate Models. However, parameter tuning is not the only implementation detail that can drastically affect model performance and the representation of various phenomena in models. “Minor‐looking treatments” often exert a critical control on model performance; they include lower and upper limits of physical variables, thresholds of variables that control the enabling or disabling of a specific process, whether two schemes can work together or only one scheme works exclusively, and numerical methods including the order of calling various physics schemes. The impacts of such minor‐looking treatments are sometimes comparable to or even larger than those obtained by introducing advanced parameterizations based on theory and observation. Because the importance of these treatments is often overlooked and not discussed in the literature, we comprehensively summarize examples of various minor‐looking treatments that can considerably affect model performance.
Caught in the act: measuring the changes in the corona that cause the extreme variability of 1H 0707−495

The X-ray spectra of the narrow line Seyfert 1 galaxy, 1H0707 495, obtained with XMM-Newton, from time periods of varying X-ray luminosity are analysed in the context of understanding the changes to the X-ray emitting corona that lead to the extreme variability seen in the X-ray emission from active galactic nuclei (AGN). The emissivity profile of the accretion disc, illuminated by the X-ray emitting corona, along with previous measurements of reverberation time lags are used to infer the spatial extent of the X-ray source. By fitting a twice-broken power law emissivity profile to the relativistically-broadened iron Kα fluorescence line, it is inferred that the X-ray emitting corona expands radially, over the plane of the accretion disc, by 25 to 30 per cent as the luminosity increases, contracting again as the luminosity decreases, while increases in the measured reverberation lag as the luminosity increases would require also variation in the vertical extent of the source above the disc. The spectrum of the X-ray continuum is found to soften as the total X-ray luminosity increases and we explore the variation in reflected flux as a function of directly-observed continuum flux. These three observations combined with simple, first-principles models constructed from ray tracing simulations of extended coronae self-consistently portray an expanding corona whose average energy density decreases, but with a greater number of scattering particles as the luminosity of this extreme object increases.