Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The determination of bloomery furnace mass balance and efficiency

Abstract A technique for the graphical solution of the ore:furnace lining:fuel ash mixture in the melt and the yield of the reaction during bloomery iron smelting is presented. The technique focuses on the so-called immobile elements, particularly the rare earth elements, but employs a wide range of elements. Previous attempts to determine ore sources from iron slag chemistry have generally examined the major and minor elements of the slags, but are complicated both by the significant, but variable, concentrations of some of these elements in charcoal and by the mobility of some major elements during weathering. The new approach has been developed to aid the provenancing of slags from the smelting of iron-ores from the Bristol Channel Orefield, which is characterized by high purity goethite/haematite ores with extremely low trace element concentrations. It is thus particularly important to understand the involvement of furnace lining in the melt, for this material will have the dominant contribution to the trace element chemistry. The mass balance approach is illustrated using smelting slags, furnace lining and roasted ore fragments from the Roman iron making town of Ariconium (near Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire) and a good degree of compatibility of these materials is demonstrated.
Count: evolutionary analysis of phylogenetic profiles with parsimony and likelihood

SUMMARY Count is a software package for the analysis of numerical profiles on a phylogeny. It is primarily designed to deal with profiles derived from the phyletic distribution of homologous gene families, but is suited to study any other integer-valued evolutionary characters. Count performs ancestral reconstruction, and infers family- and lineage-specific characteristics along the evolutionary tree. It implements popular methods employed in gene content analysis such as Dollo and Wagner parsimony, propensity for gene loss, as well as probabilistic methods involving a phylogenetic birth-and-death model. AVAILABILITY Count is available as a stand-alone Java application, as well as an application bundle for MacOS X, at the web site http://www.iro. umontreal.ca/ approximately csuros/gene_content/count.html. It can also be launched using Java Webstart from the same site. The software is distributed under a BSD-style license. Source code is available upon request from the author.
Aberrant EPHB4 gene methylation and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The present study aimed to investigate the association between aberrant DNA methylation of the promoter region of the ephrin type-B receptor 4 (EPHB4) gene and the development of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Bisulfite sequencing polymerase chain reaction (BSP) was performed to determine the methylation density of cytosine-guanine pair islands in the promoter region of EPHB4, in bone marrow samples from 40 children with ALL. The mRNA and protein expression levels of EPHB4 were detected using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. A total of 10 children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) were recruited as controls. The results revealed that the average methylation density of the bone marrow samples from the patients with ALL was significantly higher, compared with the patients with ITP (P=0.046). The relative mRNA expression levels of EPHB4 in the patients with ITP (25.08±4.03) and the patients with ALL without methylation (12.33±2.16) were significantly higher, compared with that observed in the patients with ALL with methylation (6.48±2.73; P<0.01). Pearson analysis revealed a significant negative linear correlation between EPHB4 gene methylation and its expression levels (r=−0.957; P<0.01). Western blot analysis indicated that EPHB4 protein expression levels were low in the methylated ALL samples. An evaluation of the two-year disease-free survival (DFS) of the patients with ALL was performed, which revealed that the patients with unmethylated ALL exhibited a significantly higher two-year DFS rate, as compared with patients with methylated ALL (P=0.036). These results suggest that the methylation of the EPHB4 gene is prevalent in childhood ALL and may result in expressional inactivation, which consequently promotes ALL pathogenesis and is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Therefore, the EPHB4 gene may function as a potential tumor suppressor in childhood ALL.
Variability and scaling of hydraulic properties for 200 Area soils, Hanford Site

Over the years, data have been obtained on soil hydraulic properties at the Hanford Site. Much of these data have been obtained as part of recent site characterization activities for the Environmental Restoration Program. The existing data on vadose zone soil properties are, however, fragmented and documented in reports that have not been formally reviewed and released. This study helps to identify, compile, and interpret all available data for the principal soil types in the 200 Areas plateau. Information on particle-size distribution, moisture retention, and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K{sub s}) is available for 183 samples from 12 sites in the 200 Areas. Data on moisture retention and K{sub s} are corrected for gravel content. After the data are corrected and cataloged, hydraulic parameters are determined by fitting the van Genuchten soil-moisture retention model to the data. A nonlinear parameter estimation code, RETC, is used. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity relationship can subsequently be predicted using the van Genuchten parameters, Mualem`s model, and laboratory-measured saturated hydraulic conductivity estimates. Alternatively, provided unsaturated conductivity measurements are available, the moisture retention curve-fitting parameters, Mualem`s model, and a single unsaturated conductivity measurement can be used to predict unsaturated conductivities for the desired range of field moisturemore » regime. « less
Air circulation and its impact on microclimatic variables in the Císařská Cave (Moravian Karst, Czech Republic)

Airflows and their impact on microclimatic parameters were studied in the two‐entranced Císařská Cave (Moravian Karst, Czech Republic). Basing on the airflow direction with respect to the upper entrance (UE) and lower entrance (LE), three ventilation modes were distinguished: upward airflow one (UAF mode), downward airflow one (DAF mode), and transitional mode. A switching between the UAF and DAF happens in the transitional mode, in the range of external temperatures from 9.5 to 11.1 °C. Basing on the extent of cave ventilation, a period of active ventilation and period of stagnant ventilation were recognised. The cave air is intensively exchanged with external airs during the active ventilation period when the cave persists in either the DAF or UAF mode. During the stagnant ventilation period, the single airflow modes switch during diurnal cycle and only cave entering passages are vented (impacted). The airflows were found to depend (i) linearly on the differences in cave‐outdoor air densities, (ii) nonlinearly on the external temperature, and (iii) both linearly (LE) and non‐linearly (UE) on the temperature gradient. Majority of the airflows showed high‐frequency oscillations with the period from tens of seconds to minutes and with the amplitude up to 0.1 m3 s−1. Different airflow spectra were found at the individual entrances. The highest spectral densities were registered at low driving forces. The air circulation changed the pattern of temperature distribution depending on the ventilation mode and ventilation period. The cave relaxation length varied in the extreme range from 1 to 69.6 m. The asymptotic temperature and asymptotic specific humidity varied from 7.5 to 11.8 °C, and from 5.47 to 7.15 kg kg−1, respectively. The impact of airflows on the cave CO2 levels is discussed based on a dynamic model. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Briófitos de los yesos de la Comunidad Valenciana (este de España)

espanolEn este trabajo se estudia la flora briologica de los principales afloramientos yesiferos de la Comunidad Valenciana. Se ha elaborado un catalogo de 66 taxones, algunos de ellos poco citados hasta ahora en nuestro territorio. Se incluyen datos sobre las caracteristicas del suelo (CE, pH y concentraciones de Mg+2,Ca+2,Na+, K+). EnglishIn this work, the bryophyte flora of gypsiferous soils in Valencia region (eastern Spain) is studied. A list of 66 taxa is given. Soil characteristics (CE, pH and concentrations of Mg+2,Ca+2,Na+, K+) are included.
Structure of the Dingle Peninsula, SW Ireland: evidence for the nature and timing of Caledonian, Acadian and Variscan tectonics

Abstract The Palaeozoic rocks of the Dingle Peninsula provide a record of the evolution of the Caledonides, Acadides and Variscides. The succession ranges from Early Ordovician deep-water sediments, through Silurian shallow marine to non-marine sediments and volcanic rocks to an Old Red Sandstone (ORS) succession topped by Carboniferous marine shales. Comparison of structural styles in the unconformity-bounded groups, together with a detailed analysis of fault zones, allows the tectonic history to be deduced. The older rocks record Caledonian processes on the margin of Avalonia during Early Ordovician time and convergence then soft collision with Laurentia during Silurian time. The Dingle Basin was developed during the late Silurian – Early Devonian transtension in the Iapetus suture zone and was inverted in the latest Emsian Acadian orogenic episode. Post-Dingle Group ORS groups in the north of the peninsula were deposited in a syn-rift footwall block to the main Munster Basin. The Acadian transpressional and Munster Basin extensional structures were reactivated or overprinted in the Variscan deformation such that Acadian folds are transected by Variscan cleavage in both plan and vertical views. After Iapetus closure, changes in the tectonic regime are believed to be a result of adjustments in the geometry of subduction of the Rheic Ocean.
Aspects of the petroleum geology of the Junggar Basin, Northwest China

Abstract The Junggar Basin is one of a family of productive interior basins in Northwest China. These are generally referred to as ‘flexural’ or ‘orogenic’ basins nucleated by Variscan orogenic episodes. Their uniqueness is enhanced by later rejuvenation and reactivation in the successive orogenic phases affecting Central Asia. The northwest margin of the Junggar Basin has been productive since the discovery of the Karamay-Wuerhe group of fields in the 1950s. The source rocks are generally considered to be Permian lacustrine sediments which provide mostly liquid hydrocarbons to basin margin alluvial fan reservoirs of Permian, Triassic and Jurassic age. The Karamay Thrust Belt, which forms the northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin, was initially formed during Variscan movements and re-activated during several subsequent structural episodes. According to KOC work there are many trap permutations associated with the Thrust Belt in ‘hanging-wall’ and ‘footwall’ situations. Recent studies have focused on the southwestern part of the Junggar Basin. Here marginal production from Himalayan periclinal structures adjacent to the Tien Shan, dates back to the beginning of the century. More recently Carboniferous ‘basement’ rocks on the southward extension of the Karamay Thrust Belt, the Hong Che Fault Belt, have proved productive. The stratigraphy shows the fairly continuous existence of lacustrine conditions in the mid basin since the Late Palaeozoic. Other studies have shown that ‘black mudstone’ conditions are prevalent in the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic and Early Tertiary and that oil-prone algal-rich intervals, indicating permanent or semi-permanent anoxia, are most likely in the Permian. The stratigraphic development also demonstrates the occurrence of suitable reservoir units in marginal alluvial fan-fluviatile clastics at most stratigraphic levels. The source-reservoir spatial relationships demonstrate favourable conditions for primary and secondary migration. The maturation history shows ‘deep’ Permian source rocks becoming mature for oil generation in the Triassic and for gas-generation from Cretaceous times. More gas-prone higher level source rocks generated hydrocarbons progressively from the Cretaceous through the Tertiary. The structural history shows migration routes controlled by regional tilting into the Tien Shan foredeep, and local migration and entrapment by re-activation of the Karamay Thrust Belt along the northwestern basin margin, and of intra-basinal late Variscan transpressional trends. Late Himalayan structuring along the southern margin and basin-wide tilt has effected a phase of re-migration and further funnelling of hydrocarbons to the productive zones of the northwest.
Soft–part preservation in heteromorph ammonites from the Cenomanian–Turonian Boundary Event (OAE 2) in north–west Germany

Abstract: From thinly laminated marlstones of the Hesseltal Formation, representing the Late Cenomanian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE) 2, at Lengerich in the Teutoburger Wald (Westfalen, north‐west Germany), 17 sediment‐compacted baculitid ammonites with carbonised and partially phosphatised soft parts are recorded. Some preserve remains of the buccal mass, including jaws (occasionally articulated) and radulae, as well as of the cephalic cartilage, such as eye capsules. Such have not yet been recorded previously for the order Ammonoidea. In addition, originally unmineralised parts found preserved in these specimens include extensive portions of the digestive tract, the siphonal tube, false colour patterns (megastriae), as well as traces of what would appear to be the oviduct. At the same levels, patches with numerous isolated horny upper and rarer lower jaws as well as radulae occur; these may represent regurgitates or faeces of larger predators. The cephalopod remains described were deposited in an epicontinental setting, possibly at palaeodepths between 200 and 600 m. In this particular Late Cretaceous fossil Lagerstätte, upper jaws and anaptychi of ammonites rank among the commonest fossils.
Effects of Adult Education Vouchers on the Labor Market: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment

Lifelong learning is often promoted in ageing societies, but little is known about its returns or governments’ ability to advance it. This paper evaluates the effects of a large-scale randomized field experiment issuing vouchers for adult education in Switzerland. We find no significant average effects of voucher-induced adult education on earnings, employment, and subsequent education one year after treatment. But effects are heterogeneous: Low-education individuals are most likely to profit from adult education, but least likely to use the voucher. The findings cast doubt on the effectiveness of existing untargeted voucher programs in promoting labor market outcomes through adult education.
Particle shape evolution in natural carbonate granular wear material

A fundamental yet still unresolved puzzle provided by cataclasis is whether particle size reduction mostly progresses through time by the same fragmentation mechanism or not. Available field, laboratory and numerical modelling results on the evolution of cataclastic rocks are still controversial. The evidence that cataclastic rocks exert a primary control on the frictional strength, stability, seismic velocity and permeability properties of fault zones encourages further research on cataclasis. Here, we report data on particle shape from natural cataclastic rocks in poorly layered carbonates in the Apulian foreland of the Southern Apennines of Italy. Particle shape analyses show that particle angularity decreases with increasing size and, for a given size class, it decreases with increasing fractal dimension of the particle size distribution. These results offer support to the temporally and spatially variable nature of rock comminution.
Innovative military mapping using aerial photography in the first world war: Sinai, Palestine and Mesopotamia 1914-1919

AbstractThe First World War generated an unprecedented requirement for up-to-date medium and large scale maps of operational areas, largely for artillery use. While on the Western Front this demand could, in part, be met by enlarging and revising existing topographic maps, away from the Western Front there were operational areas which were either previously unmapped or only covered by small scale maps which were not suitable for planning and controlling military operations. The required maps had to be produced quickly and were often of areas which were inaccessible on the ground. In these areas aerial photography came to play an important role in the map making process. This paper describes some of the work undertaken and discusses how the lessons learnt were not always readily applied in Britain after the War.
Antigen-Specific B Cells Reactivate an Effective Cytotoxic T Cell Response against Phagocytosed Salmonella through Cross-Presentation

Background The eradication of facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens, like Salmonella typhi, requires the concerted action of both the humoral immune response and the cytotoxic CD8+ T cell response. Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered to orchestrate the cytotoxic CD8+ T cell response via cross-presentation of bacterial antigens onto MHC class I molecules. Cross-presentation of Salmonella by DCs however, is accompanied by the induction of apoptosis in the DCs. Besides antibody production, B cells are required to clear Salmonella infection for other unknown reasons. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show that Salmonella-specific B cells that phagocytose Salmonella upon BCR-ligation reactivate human memory CD8+ T cells via cross-presentation yielding a Salmonella-specific cytotoxic T cell response. The reactivation of CD8+ T cells is dependent on CD4+ T cell help. Unlike the DCs, B cell-mediated cross-presentation of Salmonella does not coincide with apoptosis. Conclusions/Significance B cells form a new player in the activation of the cytotoxic effector arm of the immune response and the generation of effective adaptive immunity in Salmonella infection.
Water repellency as run‐off and soil detachment controlling factor in a dry‐Mediterranean hillslope (South of Spain)

This study examines the effect of water repellency on controlling temporal variability of runoff generation mechanisms and soil detachment on metamorphic derived soils under dry‐Mediterranean climate. The research is carried out in an unburnt Mediterranean hillslope in souther Spain characterized by a patchy vegetation pattern and shallow soils. The Water Drop Penetration Time test (WDPT) is applied to measure water repellency at the end of summer (Sep‐2008), mid autumn (Nov‐2008) and mid winter (Feb‐2009). Rainfall simulations were used to obtain runoff generation and soil detachment in the same periods of time. The main shrub specie is Cistus monspeliensis which leaves a load of litter during the summer due to the lack of water. This great amount of organic material is accumulated under the shrubs triggering an extreme water repellence (WDPT > 6,000 s) that limits infiltration processes. This process is enforced due to the low soil water content at the end of dry season. Certain water repellency (WDPT > 1,500 s) is also observed on bare soil as consequence of their sandier texture and the accumulation of annual plants which die at the end of the wet season. Soil moisture increases during the autumn and water repellency disappears in both shrub and bare soil at the middle of the wet season (WDPT < 5 s). The main consequence is that the temporal trend of water repellency controls the mechanism and frequency of runoff generation and, hence, soil detachment. At the end of the summer, Hortonian mechanisms predominates when water repellency is extreme, even in soils under Cistus monspeliensis where runoff generation can reach higher peaks of overland flow and sediment concentration. Conversely, only the saturation of soil could generate runoff during the wet season being this quite less frequent in bare soil and absent in shrub. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Winter Road Safety: Effects of Weather, Maintenance Operations, and Road Characteristics

This paper presents an original modeling methodology to analyse the impact of weather conditions, maintenance operations and site-specific effects on accident occurrence. For this purpose, a unique dataset was prepared and used for model calibration. This dataset integrates different sources of data from 31 highway routes of different classes and geometric characteristics over six winter seasons (2000–2006). Different accident prediction models were then developed to identify contributing factors associated with road safety during winter seasons. Several modeling techniques were used, including the Negative Binomial (NB), generalised NB (GNB), and Poisson lognormal (PLN) model. After controlling for traffic exposure, the effect of weather, road surface conditions and site characteristics were determined. Results from different models with varied modeling schemes show a remarkably consistent association between road surface conditions and road safety.
Remote sensing and geological studies of the Hadley‐Apennine region of the Moon

Abstract— We have used data from the Clementine and Lunar Prospector spacecraft in conjunction with reflectance spectra collected with Earth‐based telescopes to study the geology of the Hadley‐Apennine portion of the lunar Imbrium basin. The Apennine Mountains and the Imbrium backslope are composed of Imbrium basin ejecta with a noritic or anorthositic norite composition. We find that the two major facies of Imbrium ejecta, the Apenninus material and the Alpes Formation, differ in iron and titanium content. “Pure” anorthosite has tentatively been identified in the ejecta of the crater Conon, based on low‐iron content. A difference in Th and rare earth element (REE) abundance between the northeast Apennine Mountains (lower) and the southwest Apennines (higher) is noted. Pyroclastic deposits are common in the region and are dominated by mare basalt material, probably plug rock ejected in vulcanian eruptions. The Apennine Bench Formation, which is likely to be a deposit of non‐mare volcanic material, has an Fe, Ti and Th composition consistent with that of Apollo 15 KREEP basalt samples thought to be fragments of the Bench. Aristillus crater is a Th and REE hot spot, and the stratigraphy of the impact target site has been reconstructed from knowledge of the composition of the crater interior and exterior deposits. We infer that the target consisted of highland basement, KREEP plutonics and volcanics, and both high‐ and low‐Ti mare basalt.
Banksprocyclicality behavior: Does provisioning matter?

A panel of 186 European banks is used for the period 1992-2004 to determine if banking behaviors, induced by the capital adequacy constraint and the provisioning system, amplify credit uctuations. Our nding is consistent with the bank capital channel hypothesis, which means that poorly capitalized banks are constrained to expand credit. We also nd that loan loss provisions (LLP) made in order to cover identi ed credit losses (non discretionary LLP) amplify credit uctuations. Indeed, non discretionary LLP evolve cyclically. This leads to a misevaluation of expected credit risk which a¤ect banksincentives to grant new loans since lending costs are misstated. By contrast, LLP use for management objectives (discretionary LLP) do not a¤ect credit uctuations. The ndings of our research are consistent with the call for the implementation of dynamic provisioning in Europe. JEL classi cation: G21