Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The velocity dispersion of giant molecular clouds. II - Mathematical and numerical refinements

The energy input to giant molecular clouds is recalculated, using the proper linearized equations of motion, including the Coriolis force and allowing for changes in the guiding center. Perturbation theory yields a result in the limit of distant encounters and small initial epicyclic amplitudes. Direct integration of the motion equations allows the strong encounter regime to be studied. The present perturbation theory result differs by a factor of order unity from that of Jog and Ostriker (1988). The result of present numerical integrations for the 2D (planar) velocity dispersion is presented. The accretion rate for a molecular cloud in the Galactic disk is calculated.
Predatory arthropods on alternative host plants in area surrounding by soybean-corn succession system

The objective of this work was to identify the diversity and abundance of predatory arthropods in three host plants over soybean and corn off-season. During the off-season harvest, from 2014 to 2018, Eustachys retusa, Andropogon bicornis and Saccharum angustifolium (Poales: Poaceae) plants were sampled in the area surrounding a soybean-corn succession system in the municipality of Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil. The number obtained for arthropods was sorted into species and number of individuals per species of host plant and clump diameter, used for statistical and SAD analysis. Over the five evaluation years, six species of predatory arthropods were identified, four coccinellids, one Carabidae and one spider (Lycosidae). The air temperature as well as the plant species and the clump diameter interfere in the population density of the sampled predatory arthropods. The analysis SAD showed prevalence for the Lycosa erythrognatha (Araneae: Lycosidae), followed by Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) for the host plants evaluated in the experiment. In conclusion, plants of E. retusa, A. bicornis and S. angustifolium shelter predatory arthropods in surrounding areas by soybean-corn succession system. The population density of these predatory arthropods is influenced by clump diameter of plants and air temperature during off-season.
On nonparametric estimation of density level sets

Let X 1 ,. ,X n be independent identically distributed observations from an unknown probability density f(.). Consider the problem of estimating the level set G = G f (λ) = {x ∈ R 2 : f(x) ≥ λ} from the sample X 1 ,. ,X n , under the assumption that the boundary of G has a certain smoothness. We propose piecewise-polynomial estimators of G based on the maximization of local empirical excess masses. We show that the estimators have optimal rates of convergence in the asymptotically minimax sense within the studied classes of densities. We find also the optimal convergence rates for estimation of convex level sets. A generalization to the N-dimensional case, where N > 2, is given.
‘We Inspire Each Other, Subconsciously’: The Circulation of Attitudes towards Difference between Polish Migrants in the UK and their Significant Others in the Sending Society

In this article, I explore how attitudes towards difference in terms of ethnicity, religion, sexuality and gender travel between Polish migrants to the UK and their significant others in Poland. In doing so, I bring together and critically engage with two disparate literatures—on social remittances and family and peer transmission of attitudes. I demonstrate that what occurs between Polish migrants and their non-migrant significant others is a complex process in which favourable and prejudiced attitudes are passed on, challenged, rejected or negotiated. While I stress that both migrants and non-migrants influence each other’s perceptions of difference, I show that non-migrants are more likely to assume the ‘correctness’ of migrant’s attitudes due to the construction of migrants as trusted experts. Acknowledging the multidimensionality and simultaneity of such mutual influences, in the article, I call for the use of the term ‘circulation’ to describe the mobility of ideas, values and attitudes between people and places.
Electric Fields of the Brain: The Neurophysics of Eeg

1. The physics-EEG interface 2. Fallacies in EEG 3. An overview of electromagnetic fields 4. Electric fields and currents in biological tissue 5. Current sources in a homogeneous and isotropic medium 6. Current sources in inhomogeneous and isotropic media 7. Recording strategies, reference issues, and dipole localization 8. High-resolution EEG 9. Measures of EEG dynamic properties 10. Spatial-temporal properties of EEG 11. Neocortical dynamics, EEG, and cognition APPENDICES A. Introduction to the calculus of vector fields B. Quasi-static reduction of Maxwell's equations C. Surface magnetic field due to a dipole at an arbitrary location in a volume conductor D. Derivation of the membrane diffusion equation E. Solutions to the membrane diffusion equation F. Point source in a five layered plane medium G. Radial dipole and dipole layer inside the 4-sphere model H. Tangential dipole inside concentric spherical shells I. Spherical harmonics J. The spline Laplacian K. Impressed currents and cross-scale relations in volume conductors L. Outline of neocortical dynamic global theory
Migration of Ethnic Groups within Cordoba Province (Argentina) during Political Crises Following the Colonial Period

This paper analyzes the composition and pattern of migration within Cordoba province during the period of the Argentinean wars of independence. Studied are the two largest ethnic groups (Spanish and Mixed) using information provided by the census of 1813. Correlations between migration estimates are analyzed. The results obtained indicate that migrants were predominately males, the rest consisting of women and children. Movement took place generally from town to distant localities and the proportion of Spanish and Mixed migrants entering both areas was similar. Men, women and children migrated in comparable numbers, thus suggesting a family migration pattern. Correlation between the proportions of migrants among geographic units indicates equivalent patterns of men, women and children as well as ethno-social categories (Spanish or Mixed). One of the main factors determining migration could be the political and economic instability of Cordoba following the Colonial Period.
Knowledge Extraction and Distillation from Large-Scale Image-Text Colonoscopy Records Leveraging Large Language and Vision Models

The development of artificial intelligence systems for colonoscopy analysis often necessitates expert-annotated image datasets. However, limitations in dataset size and diversity impede model performance and generalisation. Image-text colonoscopy records from routine clinical practice, comprising millions of images and text reports, serve as a valuable data source, though annotating them is labour-intensive. Here we leverage recent advancements in large language and vision models and propose EndoKED, a data mining paradigm for deep knowledge extraction and distillation. EndoKED automates the transformation of raw colonoscopy records into image datasets with pixel-level annotation. We validate EndoKED using multi-centre datasets of raw colonoscopy records (~1 million images), demonstrating its superior performance in training polyp detection and segmentation models. Furthermore, the EndoKED pre-trained vision backbone enables data-efficient and generalisable learning for optical biopsy, achieving expert-level performance in both retrospective and prospective validation.
An apparatus for measuring absolute electron scattering cross sections for molecular radicals

Electron collision cross sections for highly reactive CFx (x = 1–3) radicals are required to model technological plasmas. In spite of their importance to industry, experimental studies of electron interactions with CFx radicals are rarely reported in the literature. A new apparatus for measuring absolute elastic differential cross sections for molecular radicals is reported and a sample absolute cross section for the CF2 radical is presented to demonstrate the application of this experiment.
ESTABLISHMENT OF AN EFFICIENT PROTOCOL FOR PLANTLETS REGENERATION VIA DIRECT AND INDIRECT ORGANOGENESIS IN CITRUS RETICULATE BLANCO ( KINNOW MANDARIN )

Studies were initiated to explore the role of plant growth regulators and explant types on efficient plantlets regeneration via direct and indirect organogenesis in Kinnow mandarin [Citrus reticulata L. (Blanco)]. Explants were cultured on MS medium containing varying concentrations of phytohormones. The best callus induction response was obtained in MS medium containing 5 mg/l 2,4-D and 1 mg/l BAP where 90% from nucellus tissue, 58% from shoot apical meristem and 56% from nodal segments explants showed callogenic response after 2 weeks of inoculation.Best shoot induction medium via indirect organogenesis was found for nucellus tissue when MS medium was supplemented with 1.5 mg/l Kin and 500 mg/l malt extract which was 46% whereas for SAM and nodal segments, best response was obtained when MS medium was supplemented with BAP and NAA (3.0 + 0.5) mg/l which was 40% and 48% from SAM and nodal segments respectively after 11 weeks of inoculation.The shoot induction as well as multiplication were also studied by using different combinations and different concentrations of phytohormones in growth medium. The best medium for shoot induction percentage via direct organogenesis was [M3= MS + BAP (1.0 mg/l)] whereas 92%, 90% and 82% from nucellus tissue, SAM and nodal segments respectively showed organogenic response after 4 weeks of inoculation, whereas maximum number of shoots per explants was obtained in medium (M9)containing MS + Kin where 4, 7 and 6 average number of shoots were obtained from nucellus tissue,SAM and nodal segments respectively after 11 weeks of inoculation.Best rooting medium was found when MS medium was supplemented with 2 mg/l NAA where 88% from nucellus tissue and 80% from the nodal segments showed rooting response whereas for SAM best rooting response was obtained when supplemented with 1.5 mg/l NAA i.e 78%. The plantlets were successfully acclimatized in different potting mixtures and highest survival rate (100%) was achieved in potting mixture containing sand and peat moss (2:1).
Groups of galaxies in the SDSS Data Release 7 - Flux- and volume-limited samples

Aims. We extract groups of galaxies as flux-limited and volume-limited samples from the SDSS Data Release 7 (DR7) to study the supercluster-void network and environmental properties of groups therein. Volume-limited catalogues are particularly useful for a comparison of numerical simulations of dark matter halos and the large-scale structure with observations. Methods. The extraction of a volume-limited sample of galaxies and groups requires special care to avoid excluding too much observational data. We use a modified friends-of-friends (FoF) method with a slightly variable linking length to obtain a preliminary flux-limited sample. We take the flux-limited groups as the basic sample to include as many galaxies as possible in the volume-limited samples. To determine the scaling of the linking length we calibrated group sizes and mean galaxy number densities within groups by magnitude dilution of a nearby group sub-sample to follow the properties of groups with higher luminosity limits. Results. Our final flux-limited sample contains 78800 groups and volume-limited subsamples with absolute magnitude limits M r = -18, -19, -20, and -21 contain 5463, 12590, 18 973, and 9139 groups, respectively, in the DR7 main galaxy main area survey. The group catalogue is available at the CDS. Conclusions. The spatial number densities of our groups within the subsamples, as well as the mean sizes and rms velocities of our groups practically do not change from sub-sample to sub-sample. This means that the catalogues are homogeneous and well suited for a comparison with simulations.
Optimal control of the isomerization yield in bacteriorhodopsin using tailored light pulses

The all-trans to 13-cis isomerization of the retinal chromophore in bacteriorhodopsin (bR) plays an essential role in Nature (e.g., in photosynthesis of halobacteria). bR is a candidate for optical nanodevices driven by laser pulses, and a prospective material for optical memory storage devices and photoswitches. From the viewpoint of possible applications of bR in nanodevices we performed an experimental study of the isomerization yield by excitation with tailored laser pulses, using a coherent control approach. With specially shaped excitation pulses (found in optimization experiments) we are able to manipulate the 13-cis yield in bR over an absolute range of 60% (30% enhancement as well as 30% suppression in comparison to excitation with a transform-limited pulse) while keeping the absorbed excitation energy at a constant level.
Conditionally sampled measurements in a heated turbulent jet

Measurements of velocity fluctuations u (axial) and v (radial) and temperature fluctuations θ averaged over the turbulent zone have been made in a turbulent heated jet with a co-flowing stream and compared with the conventionally averaged results. The zone-averaged mean temperature and temperature fluctuation intensity appear to be nearly homogeneously distributed in the outer, intermittent region of the jet. This homogeneity does not apply to the u and v fluctuations. The flatness factor of the temperature within the turbulent part of the flow is remarkably constant throughout the intermittent region. Although the skewness of the turbulent θ fluctuations is non-zero, it is smaller than the skewness of the turbulent u and v fluctuations. The average $\overline{\theta v}$ of the heat flux over the turbulent zone increases in the intermittent region whereas the zone-averaged momentum flux $\overline{uv}$ and zone-averaged heat flux $\overline{\theta u}$ continuously decrease. This leads to the Prandtl number of the turbulent fluid being smaller than the conventional Prandtl number in the outer part of the flow. A budget for the square of the temperature fluctuations within the turbulent part of the flow indicates a constant distribution of temperature dissipation. The transport of heat by the large-scale structure of the flow is briefly discussed in the light of available experimental information on other turbulent shear flows.
LOCALIZATION OF A TYPE III RADIO BURST OBSERVED BY THE STEREO SPACECRAFT

Ray tracing calculations show that (1) emissions from a localized source escape as direct and reflected waves along different paths, (2) the reflected waves experience higher attenuation and group delay because they travel longer path lengths in regions of reduced refractive index, and (3) widely separated spacecraft “A” and “B” can detect the direct as well as reflected emissions escaping along different directions. It is proposed that the source of a radio burst observed by twin spacecraft “A” and “B” can be localized if at a given frequency the emission at one of them is identified as the direct emission and is identified at the other as the reflected emission by comparing the observed time delays ΔT, as well as intensity ratios IB/IA with the corresponding values of the direct and reflected emissions obtained for a given coronal model. A type III event observed by the STEREO spacecraft “A” and “B” shows that its characteristics are consistent with direct and reflected emissions by being less intense and delayed at “A” in comparison to that at “B. ” By applying the proposed technique to this event, the location of its source is found to lie between the turning point of the ray and the harmonic layer corresponding to fpe = f/2, where f and fpe are the frequency of the emission and the electron plasma frequency, respectively. The comparisons of the widths of the fundamental and harmonic emission cones with the angular separation of spacecraft “A” and “B” indicate that the mode of the observed emission is probably the harmonic.
A comprehensive experimental characterization of the iPIX gamma imager

The results of more than 280 different experiments aimed at exploring the main features and performances of a newly developed gamma imager, called iPIX, are summarized in this paper. iPIX is designed to quickly localize radioactive sources while estimating the ambient dose equivalent rate at the measurement point. It integrates a 1 mm thick CdTe detector directly bump-bonded to a Timepix chip, a tungsten coded-aperture mask, and a mini RGB camera. It also represents a major technological breakthrough in terms of lightness, compactness, usability, response sensitivity, and angular resolution. As an example of its key strengths, an 241Am source with a dose rate of only few nSv/h can be localized in less than one minute.
VcT: Visual Change Transformer for Remote Sensing Image Change Detection

Given two remote sensing images, the goal of visual change detection task is to detect significantly changed areas between them. Existing visual change detectors usually adopt convolutional neural networks (CNNs) or transformers for feature representation learning and focus on learning effective representation for the changed regions between images. Although good performance can be obtained by enhancing the features of the change regions, however, these works are still limited mainly due to the ignorance of mining the unchanged background context information. It is known that one main challenge for change detection is how to obtain the consistent representations for two images involving different variations, such as spatial variation and sunlight intensity. In this work, we demonstrate that carefully mining the common background information provides an important cue to learn the consistent representations for the two images which thus obviously facilitates the visual change detection problem. Based on this observation, we propose a novel visual change transformer (VcT) model for visual change detection problem. To be specific, a shared backbone network is first used to extract the feature maps for the given image pair. Then, each pixel of feature map is regarded as a graph node and the graph neural network (GNN) is proposed to model the structured information for coarse change map prediction. Top- $K$ reliable tokens can be mined from the map and refined by using the clustering algorithm. Then, these reliable tokens are enhanced by first utilizing self/cross-attention (CA) schemes and then interacting with original features via an anchor-primary attention (APA) learning module. Finally, the prediction head is proposed to get a more accurate change map. Extensive experiments on multiple benchmark datasets validated the effectiveness of our proposed VcT model. The source code and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/Event-AHU/VcT_Remote_Sensing_Change_Detection.
Quotients of coxeter complexes and p-partitions

Let $W$ be a finite reflection group acting on R$\sp n$. As $W$ preserves the unit sphere S$\sp{n-1}$, for any subgroup $G\ \subseteq\ \ W$, there is a quotient S$\sp{n-1} /G$ of this sphere under the action of $G$. We study the combinatorial (and topological) structure of these quotients as certain kinds of cell complexes (balanced simplicial posets). In particular, we give sufficient conditions on $G$ for the quotient to be Cohen-Macaulay or Gorenstein over a field $k$, and a simple characterization of those $G$ for which the quotient is a pseudomanifold, and when it is orientable as a pseudomanifold. We then look at quotients for particular classes of subgroups $G$, namely reflection subgroups, alternating subgroups of reflection subgroups, and their diagonal embeddings in the product groups $W\sp r$. For these groups, we show that the quotient is always partitionable, that in some cases it is shellable, and when shellable it is either a sphere or a disk. For all of these groups, the partitioning yields combinatorial interpretations for certain non-negative integers $\beta\sb J$ associated to the quotient known as the type-selected Mobius invariants. Applications to calculating invariant polynomials of permutation groups and their Hilbert series (as developed by Garsia and Stanton (GS)) are discussed. Our methods require an extension of some of the theory of P-partitions, and multi-partite P-partitions from the symmetric group $S\sb n$ to other finite reflection groups. In particular, for the hyperoctahedral group $B\sb n$, we work out analogues to almost all of the standard $P$-partition results. This yields hyperoctahedral analogues for the connection between posets and distributive lattices. These methods also suggest a new approach and generalization to the Neggers-Stanley conjecture. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690).
Management of first trimester miscarriage ; new insight in old dilemmas

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Stellar winds from hot stars in the Magellanic Clouds

O and B stars in the LMC and SMC have been observed with the IUE in order to compare their winds and mass loss rates with those of their galactic counterparts. It is found that while the wind terminal velocities are generally about 20 percent lower than in galactic stars of the same spectral type, it is not clear that the mass loss rates are significantly lower. This conclusion differs from the conclusions of other studies, and the reasons are discussed. The most important reason is that a less luminous set of stars with new spectral types determined from slit spectra is being examined. The discussion of stellar winds rests heavily on a comparison of relevant wind parameters observed in O stars using both high and low dispersion IUE spectra.
Ratio ergodic theorems for maps with indifferent fixed points

We study one-dimensional transformations $T$ with indifferent fixed points $p$ and $q$ ($p$ and $q$ are fixed points with $ T^{\prime}(p) = T^{\prime}(q) = 1 $). In the case when $T$ has a Lebesgue equivalent infinite invariant measure, we give the ratio ergodic theorems which describe the limit value of the ratio of the sojourn time of the trajectory $\{T^k(x)\}_{k=0}^n$ in a small neighborhood of $p$ to that in a small neighborhood of $q$.
Quinoa: In Perspective of Global Challenges

The global population is on the path of an increasing trajectory with a simultaneous decline in arable land resources through salinization and desertification that have resulted mainly from climate change and other anthropogenic activities. Rising temperatures will cause changes in the entire ecosystem, resulting in significant alterations in global climate paradigms and a threat to food security. This review focuses on how the highly resilient Chenopodium quinoa Willd. can sustainably mitigate some of the detrimental impacts, such as starvation, and support or provide ecosystem services. In comparison, compared with the traditional staple food crops, quinoa has remarkable tolerance to abiotic stresses and is highly nutritious, with a unique balance and higher amounts of nutrients, and can therefore be an important crop for food security and nutritional adequacy. This crop has the potential to ameliorate global challenges with respect to increase in global population, effects of climate change, desalinization, phytoremediation, satisfying nutrient deficiency, and alleviating poverty.