Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Near‐field measurements on contrail properties from fuels with different sulfur content

Microphysical properties of jet exhaust aerosol and contrails were studied in the near field of the emitting aircraft for different fuel sulfur contents. Measurements were performed behind two different aircraft (ATTAS test aircraft of type VFW 614 and Airbus A310-300) using fuels with sulfur contents of 6 ppm and 2700 ppm, respectively. At closest approach (plume age ‹ 1 s), the total number concentrations exceeded the measuring range of the condensation particle counter, i.e., N › 10 5 cm -3 . The concentration of the dry accumulation mode aerosol, i.e., predominantly soot particles, was not affected by the fuel sulfur content. At a plume age of 10 s, an increase in total number concentration (D p › 0.01 µm) by a factor of 3.5 in the high sulfur case compared to the low sulfur case was observed. The ultrafine condensation nuclei fraction (0.007 µm ‹ D p ‹ 0.018 µm) contributed at maximum 70% to the total aerosol in the plume while this fraction was much less outside the plume. The high fuel sulfur content also caused an increase in the typical number concentrations of contrail particles by about one third with respect to low sulfur fuel, while the effective diameter of the size distribution was lowered at a fuel sulfur independent ice water content. The major differences in accumulation mode aerosol and microphysical contrail properties between the used aircraft were an increased number concentration of both the accumulation mode aerosol and the contrail particles in the Airbus A310-300 plume relative to the ATTAS plume. Part of the difference in contrail particles may be caused by different ambient conditions, but the major differences are assumed to be caused by different engine and wake properties.
Influence of forest litter on reclamation of semiarid sodic soils

Litter fall and forest floor organic detritus mass were estimated in a 36‐year old rehabilitated forest on sodic soils at Lucknow, north India (26°45’ N, 80° 53’ E). Of the 11.9 ± 1.7 Mg ha‐1 yr‐1 of litter input, 63% leaf, 22% twig, and 15% flower‐fruit were determined. Monthly litter fall declined exponentially (from 330 to 25 g m‐1) from spring to autumn. The forest floor was differentiated into L, F, and H organic layers, ranging from 3 to 5 Mg ha‐1 in detritus mass. Litter decomposition was from 43% to 47% per year. Leaf litter contained the largest quantities of ash, N, and P. Conversely, woody litter contained a higher amount of C. Carbon concentrations decreased from the L to the H layer as the trend of ash content increased. Throughputs of C and nutrient contents across the forest floor significantly altered some of the soil properties. Bulk density, EC, and pH were reduced in the forested soil. Additionally, increases in C and N contents enriched the fertility of the sodic soil. However, concent.
Long‐term trends of biogenic sulfur aerosol and its relationship with sea surface temperature in Arctic Finland

Forty‐seven years of week‐long total suspended particle samples from Kevo Finland were analyzed for methane sulfonic acid (MSA) and sulfate. Kevo is located 350 km north of the Arctic Circle. MSA and non‐sea‐salt sulfate (NSS‐SO4) showed clear seasonal trends. MSA peaks from May to July, coinciding with warmer waters and increased biogenic activity in the surrounding seas. NSS‐SO4 peaks in March with a minimum during the summer, the typical pattern for Arctic haze. MSA concentrations were found to be positively correlated (p < 0.001) with sea surface temperature anomalies in the surrounding seas. MSA showed a trend of 0.405 ng/m3/yr (0.680%/yr) for June and July. NSS‐SO4 concentrations at Kevo declined dramatically in the early 1990s, probably as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union. The decline has continued since the mid‐1990s.
Quaternary geology of the Buchans area, Newfoundland: implications for mineral exploration

Mineral exploration for volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits in the Buchans area of central Newfoundland is hindered by thick and widespread Quaternary overburden comprising glacial, glaciolacustrine, glaciofluvial, and resedimented deposits. Mapping of striations and indicator erratics suggests that the area was affected by four ice-flow events: I, southward; II, northeastward and westward to southwestward; III, southward; and IV, northeastward and southwestward. Vertical and areal distributions of lead, copper, and zinc indicate that till and glaciolacustrine sediments overlying sulphide deposits can be enriched in mineralized debris. Near mines at Buchans surficial debris-flow deposits contain much material derived from the Topsails igneous terrane and are generally impoverished in mineralized debris. Southwest of Buchans, however, they can be enriched. Mineral exploration in the Buchans area must take into account that (i) sulphide-rich debris in till does not reflect only the youngest ice-flow even.
Complex microstructures preserved in rocks with a simple matrix: significance for deformation and metamorphic processes

Schists from the foothills of the Central Sierra Nevada contain one dominant matrix foliation and yet four phases of growth of both cordierite and andalusite porphyroblasts can be distinguished. These occurred early during four separate deformation events that formed successive steep and shallow foliations. A fifth deformation event pre‐dates the growth of all porphyroblasts studied. The multiple phases of porphyroblast growth allow correlation of structures across and along the region. A repeated pattern of deformation, in terms of the curvature of earlier foliations against the overprinting one, allows samples containing porphyroblasts with simpler inclusion trail geometries to be interpreted with confidence. The large‐scale fold structures in this region formed before or during the second of the five deformation events recorded by the porphyroblasts. However, the matrix foliation is predominantly a product of the fourth deformation, which has commonly reactivated or re‐used older foliations, and is dominated by east‐side‐up shear. The intervening third deformation produced locally intense foliations and was accompanied by top‐to‐the‐east shear. The very weak fifth deformation produced weak crenulations with subhorizontal axial planes and was coaxial. Multiple phases of episodic but synchronous growth of cordierite and andalusite were produced by the KFMASH univariant equilibrium Ms+Chl+Qtz=And+Crd+Bt+H2O. The rocks crossed this reaction at a pressure just below the intersection with the KFMASH divariant equilibrium Ms+Chl+Qtz=Crd+Bt+H2O; the latter being overstepped in favour of the former as there is no evidence for cordierite growth prior to andalusite in these rocks. Subsequent multiple episodes of synchronous growth of cordierite and andalusite indicate that the possible variation in P–T during subsequent deformations was not large. This requires the high‐amplitude macroscopic fold to form prior to porphyroblast growth and then be simply tightened and modified by the younger deformations.
The use of coal fly ash in sodic soil reclamation

An experiment was conducted for two years in northwest India to explore the feasibility of using coal fly ash for reclamation of waterlogged sodic soils and its resultant effects on plant growth in padi–wheat rotation. The initial pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium percentage and sodium adsorption ratio of the experimental soil were 9.07, 3.87 dS m−1, 26.0 and 4.77 (me l)−1/2, respectively. The fly ash obtained from electrostatic precipitators of thermal power plant had a pH of 5.89 and electrical conductivity of 0.88 dS m−1. The treatments comprised of fly ash levels of 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 per cent, used alone as well as in combination with 100, 80, 60, 40, 20 and 10 per cent gypsum requirement of the soil, respectively. There was a slight reduction in soil pH while electrical conductivity of the soil decreased significantly with fly ash as measured after padi and wheat crops. The sodium adsorption ratio of the soil decreased with increasing fly ash levels, while gypsum treatments considerably added to its favourable effects. Fly ash application increased the available elemental status of N, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, B, Mo, Al, Pb, Ni, Co, but decreased Na, P and Zn in the soil. An application of fly ash to the soil also increased the concentrations of above elements except Na, P and Zn in the seeds and straw of padi and wheat crops. The available as well as elemental concentrations in the plants was maximum in the 0 per cent fly ash + 100 per cent gypsum requirement treatment except Na and heavy elements like Ni, Co, Cr. The treatment effects were greater in the fly ash + gypsum requirement combinations as compared to fly ash alone. Saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil water retention generally improved with the addition of fly ash while bulk density decreased. Application of fly ash up to 4.5 per cent level increased the straw and grain yield of padi and wheat crops significantly in both years. The results indicated that for reclaiming sodic soils of the southwest Punjab, gypsum could possibly be substituted up to 40 per cent of the gypsum requirement with 3.0 per cent acidic fly ash. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON STREAMS USING INDICATORS OF GEOMORPHIC STABILITY

Understanding the response of a watershed to urbanization is important for future land use management and preserving or restoring aquatic habitat. Previous geomorphic studies of urbanization primarily consist of case studies documenting changes in hydrologic response and channel morphology, but offer limited predictive capabilities. However, channel-stability assessment methods have been developed to distinguish between stable and degrading or aggrading sites. Such measures allow possible prediction of urbanization impacts and offer possibilities of better preservation tools. Preservation or restoration of urban channels may be approached using stability measures as preliminary guidelines, and their applicability to various scenarios is important to assess. Seven stream-channel sites, with drainage areas between 15.9 and 72.1 km2 and high density urbanization ranging from 0% to 32%, were studied for geomorphic stability. Two qualitative and seven quantitative stability measures were tested for distinguishing between stable and degrading sites; quantitative measures were generally more successful than qualitative measures. Urbanization was not a distinguishable causal factor in channel instability, although some measures of channel instability were associated with higher levels of urbanization. [Key words: urbanization, channel stability, stream restoration. ]
ECC ozonesonde performance at high altitudes: Pump efficiency

The ECC ozonesonde sampling behavior was examined at pressures ranging from 60 to 6 hPa with the objective of evaluating uncertainties in high altitude ozone data caused by variations in pumping efficiency. The averaged pump efficiency correction curve for a 43 sample set of 3A type ECC pumps showed a 2-3% bias from the curve provided by the manufacturer. In addition, random pump to pump variations (2 sigma) + or - were 5% at 6 hPa. These values probably represent minimum errors since the pumps were from the same production batch. A seven sample set of the newer 4A type ECC pumps was examined, with similar findings as for the 3A types.
On the theory of electromagnetic induction in the Earth by ocean currents

of the electrical conductivity structure of the earth. TM modes are closely associated with the Coriolis force deflection of water currents and with coastline effects that limit the source currents to the ocean basin. PM modes are induced by nondivergent electric currents that are fully contained within the ocean. Surface gravity waves and a Kelvin wave are examined in detail. The Kelvin wave result of Larsen (1968) is reevaluated, and because the upper lithosphere was modeled as an insulator, significant errors in his magnetic induction values, caused by neglect of the TM mode, are revealed. The sensitivity of the TM mode magnetic field to lithospheric electrical conductivity suggests the use of tidal induced electromagnetic fields to probe the earth's conductivity structure. Electromagnetic fields are induced in the earth by exter- nal, ionospheric and magnetospheric, current systems and have long been used to investigate the electrical conduc- tivity structure of the earth by the geomagnetic depth sounding or magnetotelluric methods. An additional natural source, the dynamo interaction of ocean currents with the ambient geomagnetic field, is important in the world oceans. Since the crust and mantle of the earth are electrical conductors that couple to the ocean both conduc- tively and inductively, observations of low-frequency elec- tromagnetic fields in the ocean contain information about both the electrical conductivity of the earth and the circu- lation of the oceans. Electromagnetic fields produced by ocean flows are dis- cussed by Cox et al. (1971), Sanford (1971), and Larsen (1973). Solutions of the Maxwell equations for surface gravity waves were obtained by Weaver (1965) for an infinitely deep ocean and were extended to long waves in a finite depth ocean by Larsen (1971). The surface and internal wave problem was also investigated by Podney (1975), who presented a general method for solving fluid induction problems using a magnetic vector potential when the flow is incompressible. All of these studies indicate that the induced electromagnetic fields are small, amount- ing to fractions of a/xV/m or a few nanoteslas (nT) near the sea surface. At lower frequencies, tidal signals have been detected in both seafloor- and island-based elec- tromagnetic data (Larsen, 1968). Low-frequency, meso- scale and large-scale, ocean-induced electromagnetic fields are discussed by Cox (1980, 1981), who emphasized the influence of shallow electrical conductivity structure on the observed fields.
Downlink CSI Sensing from Heterogeneous User Feedbacks: A Constrained Phase Retrieval Approach

The paper investigates the downlink channel state information (DL CSI) sensing in 5G heterogeneous networks consisting of user equipment (UE) with different CSI feedback capabilities. The goal is to enhance the DL CSI accuracy at the base station (BS) for the UE that can only afford low-resolution CSI feedback with Type I codebook. The existing works have shown that such a task can be accomplished by solving a phase retrieval (PR) problem at the BS based on the precoding matrix indicator and channel quality indicator feed-backs. However, they require a large number of feedbacks to achieve a high CSI accuracy. In this paper, we propose a new CSI sensing scheme that can significantly reduce the feedback overhead. The key ingredients are exploiting the spatial consistency of wireless channels so that the problem dimension can be considerably reduced by utilizing high-resolution CSI feedbacks of nearby UEs, and the introduction of inequality constraints that characterize the feasible region of the target CSI. An efficient primal-dual algorithm is proposed to solve the formulated constrained PR problem. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can achieve promising performance and greatly outperform the existing methods.
Comparison of two techniques for ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus blockade in cats

Axillary blockade of the brachial plexus (BP) is advocated in humans and dogs for surgical procedures carried out on the foot, carpus and elbow as it provides complete analgesia distally from above the elbow joint. The aim of this study was to develop an ultrasound (US)-guided approach to block the BP in cats. Two groups of 12 feline cadavers each were used to compare two different techniques to block the BP at the axillary level. The reliability of the techniques was assessed by anatomical and computed tomography (CT) studies. Cadavers of the first group were positioned in dorsal recumbency with the forelimb to be blocked adducted (thoracic limbs flexed and orientated caudally) (FAD technique). The second group was positioned in dorsal recumbency with the forelimb abducted 90° (FAB technique). The accuracy of the techniques was determined by US after injecting 1 ml blue ink along the BP nerves, and by CT after injecting 1 ml of an iodinated contrast medium. The anatomical and CT studies confirmed the accuracy of the US location of the BP nerves. Staining of the axillaris, musculocutaneous, radialis, medianus and ulnaris nerves was observed in 100% of cats using the FAB technique and in 66% of the cats using the FAD technique. Rate of complications was higher in the FAD technique. In conclusion, a US-guided axillary approach to the BP by the use of a FAB technique is a safe and feasible procedure to block the BP in the cat. Further studies are needed to ascertain whether the technique can be applied in a clinical setting.
Soil hydrology: Recent methodological advances, challenges, and perspectives

Technological and methodological progress is essential to improve our understanding of fundamental processes in natural and engineering sciences. In this paper, we will address the potential of new technological and methodological advancements in soil hydrology to move forward our understanding of soil water related processes across a broad range of scales. We will focus on advancements made in quantifying root water uptake processes, subsurface lateral flow, and deep drainage at the field and catchment scale, respectively. We will elaborate on the value of establishing a science‐driven network of hydrological observatories to test fundamental hypotheses, to study organizational principles of soil hydrologic processes at catchment scale, and to provide data for the development and validation of models. Finally, we discuss recent developments in data assimilation methods, which provide new opportunities to better integrate observations and models and to improve predictions of the short‐term evolution of hydrological processes.
Electromagnetic images of crustal structures in southern and central Canadian Cordillera

Data from more than 400 magnetotelluric soundings, made since the early 1980's in the Canadian Cordillera over a 300 000 km2 area between 49 and 53.5°N, are used to image qualitatively regional three-dimensional crustal variation in electrical conductivity by means of phase maps, phase–frequency sections, and maps of resistivity at depth. Two hundred of the soundings were acquired as part of Lithoprobe Southern Canadian Cordillera Transect activities, and their locations were coordinated with the seismic reflection and refraction experiments. The lower crust has a generally pervasive, low resistivity (1–100 Ω·m) throughout the Cordillera west of the Foreland Belt. Within this "Canadian Cordilleran Regional" conductor, the magnetotelluric data reveal both two-dimensional structures, with highest conductivities along the Coast Belt and Omineca Belt, and three-dimensional variation along geological strike. This conductor, mapped over a volume in excess of 106 km3, is most probably caused by fluids–saline wat.
Importance of location for describing typical and extreme wind speed behavior

Several recent studies have considered the potential impact of climate change on regional wind intensity. However, previous wind speed studies in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) present conflicting results for wind speed trends in relation to climate drivers. This study analyzes the percentiles (50th, 75th, and 95th) of the strongly positively skewed distributions for PNW maximum daily wind speeds from 92 meteorological stations, and reveals different behaviors for average and extreme wind speeds. Considerably stronger winds are found at coastal locations compared with sites further inland. Extreme wind speeds at these coastal locations appear to follow an eight to nine‐year cyclic pattern, while mainland sites have a small, linear downward wind speed trend. This finding of a behavioral dependence on location helps reconcile previous, apparently contradictory results and has important global implications for wind research and infrastructure planning, such as wind energy feasibility studies and air quality management activities.
Observed crustal uplift near the Southern Patagonian Icefield constrains improved viscoelastic Earth models

Thirty‒one GPS geodetic measurements of crustal uplift in southernmost South America determined extraordinarily high trend rates (> 35 mm/yr) in the north‒central part of the Southern Patagonian Icefield. These trends have a coherent pattern, motivating a refined viscoelastic glacial isostatic adjustment model to explain the observations. Two end‒member models provide good fits: both require a lithospheric thickness of 36.5 ± 5.3 km. However, one end‒member has a mantle viscosity near η =1.6 ×1018 Pa s and an ice collapse rate from the Little Ice Age (LIA) maximum comparable to a lowest recent estimate of 1995–2012 ice loss at about −11 Gt/yr. In contrast, the other end‒member has much larger viscosity: η = 8.0 ×1018 Pa s, half the post–LIA collapse rate, and a steadily rising loss rate in the twentieth century after AD 1943, reaching −25.9 Gt/yr during 1995–2012.
Concerns of the application of lightning protection risk assesment for small structures

International Standards on lightning protection risk assessment (IEC 62305-2: 2010) are well accepted and applied in many parts of the world. During the last few years a large number of lightning related accidents, especially due to direct strikes, have been reported from Asia and Africa where the lightning struck objects are small structures. Information gathered from several investigations done on these cases have been used to determine the level of protection needed for these structures as per the standard risk assessment. In many cases the outcome was the none-requirement of any LPS for such structures or a risk factor for direct strike probability which is less than the critical value. As there are millions of similar structures in these regions, we propose the development of a separate risk assessment algorithm for such structures, especially in underdeveloped countries.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERN OF ROAD ACCIDENTS AND CASUALTIES IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Road traffic accidents are often found to follow some spatial and temporal patterns as the factors that influence road accident changes with space and time. Knowledge on spatial and temporal variability of accident can be helpful for optimizing resources in order to improve traffic security management. The objective of the present study is to assess the spatial and temporal variation in the incidence of road traffic accidents and casualties across the states of peninsular Malaysia. Recent trends in number of accidents, casualties and fatalities are also accessed using non-parametric statistical method. The results show more accidents but lower fatalities in more urbanized and developed states, and lower accident levels but more serious fatalities in less urbanized or developed states of Peninsular Malaysia. Trend analysis reveals increasing number of accidents, but decreasing number casualties in recent years in most of the states of Peninsular Malaysia. The temporal analysis shows clear seasonal pattern in accident in some states of Malaysia. Most of the accidents are found to occur in festive month of Hari Raya Puasa festival followed by the month of mid-year school holiday. It is expected that the finding of the study will help in making recommendations in order to improve road safety and reduce road traffic accident in Malaysia.