Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cell Groups Reveal Structure of Stimulus Space

An important task of the brain is to represent the outside world. It is unclear how the brain may do this, however, as it can only rely on neural responses and has no independent access to external stimuli in order to “decode” what those responses mean. We investigate what can be learned about a space of stimuli using only the action potentials (spikes) of cells with stereotyped—but unknown—receptive fields. Using hippocampal place cells as a model system, we show that one can (1) extract global features of the environment and (2) construct an accurate representation of space, up to an overall scale factor, that can be used to track the animal's position. Unlike previous approaches to reconstructing position from place cell activity, this information is derived without knowing place fields or any other functions relating neural responses to position. We find that simply knowing which groups of cells fire together reveals a surprising amount of structure in the underlying stimulus space; this may enable the brain to construct its own internal representations.
Scaling up liquid state machines to predict over address events from dynamic vision sensors

Short-term visual prediction is important both in biology and robotics. It allows us to anticipate upcoming states of the environment and therefore plan more efficiently. In theoretical neuroscience, liquid state machines have been proposed as a biologically inspired method to perform asynchronous prediction without a model. However, they have so far only been demonstrated in simulation or small scale pre-processed camera images. In this paper, we use a liquid state machine to predict over the whole 128×128 event stream provided by a real dynamic vision sensor (DVS, or silicon retina). Thanks to the event-based nature of the DVS, the liquid is constantly fed with data when an object is in motion, fully embracing the asynchronicity of spiking neural networks. We propose a smooth continuous representation of the event stream for the short-term visual prediction task. Moreover, compared to previous works (2002 Neural Comput. 2525 282–93 and Burgsteiner H et al 2007 Appl. Intell. 26 99–109), we scale the input dimensionality that the liquid operates on by two order of magnitudes. We also expose the current limits of our method by running experiments in a challenging environment where multiple objects are in motion. This paper is a step towards integrating biologically inspired algorithms derived in theoretical neuroscience to real world robotic setups. We believe that liquid state machines could complement current prediction algorithms used in robotics, especially when dealing with asynchronous sensors.
Cyberkids : children in the information age

1. Introduction 2. The Information Society: Geographies of Social Inclusion and Exclusion 3. Computer Whiz or Technophobe? 4. On-line Spaces and 'Virtual Worlds' 5. Forming Friendships and Constructing Communities 6. Multiple Temporalities 7. Strategies of Control and Resistance 8. Conclusion
Predicting Utility Under Satiation and Habit Formation

We introduce a modification of the discounted utility model that accounts for both satiation and habit formation in intertemporal choice. Preferences depend on the satiation level and the habitual consumption level. These two state variables, together with the shape of the value function, drive the properties of the model. One unique feature of our model is that it addresses the trade-off between seeking variety and maintaining acquired habits. We examine several properties of our model, such as the nontrivial patterns of desirability (willingness to pay) for an additional unit of consumption, or the effect of abstaining from consumption (craving). We explore the shape of optimal consumption patterns in discrete and continuous choice settings. If subjects underestimate the changes in satiation and habituation levels, as occurs under projection bias, our model explains why people buy more when hungry, or prefer variety in advance of consumption but stay with the same consumption good in actual use.
Detection of clinically actionable gene fusions by next‐generation sequencing‐based RNA sequencing of non–small cell lung cancer cytology specimens: A single‐center experience with comparison to fluorescence in situ hybridization

Genomic profiling is needed to identify actionable alterations in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Panel‐based testing such as next‐generation sequencing (NGS) is often preferred to interrogate multiple alterations simultaneously. In this study, we evaluate the utility of an RNA‐based NGS assay to detect genomic alterations in NSCLC cytology specimens and compare these results to fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) testing.
Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia at high risk of serious infections: Exploring pros and cons

The use of fluoroquinolones to prevent infections in neutropenic patients with cancer or undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a controversial issue, with international guidelines providing conflicting recommendations. Although potential benefits are clear, concerns revolve around efficacy, potential harms, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) implications.
eCommons@AKU eCommons@AKU Intimate Partner Violence and Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Intimate Partner Violence and Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Interventions Interventions

Background. Intimate partner violence (IPV) among adolescents is common worldwide, but our understanding of perpetration, gender differences and the role of social-ecological factors remains limited. Objectives. To explore the prevalence of physical and sexual IPV perpetration and victimisation by gender, and associated risk and protective factors. Methods. completed a self-administered
Spillane, N. and Dolean Maini, Victorita and Hauret, P. and Nataf, F. and Pechstein, C. and Scheichl, R. (2013) Abstract robust coarse spaces for systems of PDEs via generalized eigenproblems in the overlaps

robust coarse spaces for systems of PDEs via generalized eigenproblems in the overlaps N. Spillane · V. Dolean · P. Hauret · F. Nataf · C. Pechstein · R. Scheichl Received: 31 October 2011 / Revised: 17 December 2012 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract Coarse spaces are instrumental in obtaining scalability for domain decomposition methods for partial differential equations (PDEs). However, it is known that most popular choices of coarse spaces perform rather weakly in the presence of heterogeneities in the PDE coefficients, especially for systems of PDEs. Here, we introduce in a variational setting a new coarse space that is robust even when there are such heterogeneities. We achieve this by solving local generalized eigenvalue problems inCoarse spaces are instrumental in obtaining scalability for domain decomposition methods for partial differential equations (PDEs). However, it is known that most popular choices of coarse spaces perform rather weakly in the presence of heterogeneities in the PDE coefficients, especially for systems of PDEs. Here, we introduce in a variational setting a new coarse space that is robust even when there are such heterogeneities. We achieve this by solving local generalized eigenvalue problems in N. Spillane (B) · F. Nataf Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, CNRS UMR 7598, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France e-mail: spillane@ann.jussieu. fr F. Nataf e-mail: nataf@ann.jussieu. fr V. Dolean Laboratoire J.-A. Dieudonné, CNRS UMR 7351, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex 02, France e-mail: dolean@unice.fr P. Hauret Centre de Technologie de Ladoux, Manufacture des Pneumatiques Michelin, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 09, France e-mail: patrice.hauret@fr.michelin. com C. Pechstein Institute of Computational Mathematics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria e-mail: clemens.pechstein@numa.uni-linz.ac. at R. Scheichl Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA27AY, UK e-mail: r.scheichl@bath.ac. uk
Identification of Staphylococcus aureus Factors Required for Pathogenicity and Growth in Human Blood

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus is a human commensal but also has devastating potential as an opportunistic pathogen. S. aureus bacteremia is often associated with an adverse outcome. To identify potential targets for novel control approaches, we have identified S. aureus components that are required for growth in human blood. An ordered transposon mutant library was screened, and 9 genes involved specifically in hemolysis or growth on human blood agar were identified by comparing the mutants to the parental strain. Three genes (purA, purB, and pabA) were subsequently found to be required for pathogenesis in the zebrafish embryo infection model. The pabA growth defect was specific to the red blood cell component of human blood, showing no difference from the parental strain in growth in human serum, human plasma, or sheep or horse blood. PabA is required in the tetrahydrofolate (THF) biosynthesis pathway. The pabA growth defect was found to be due to a combination of loss of THF-dependent dTMP production by the ThyA enzyme and increased demand for pyrimidines in human blood. Our work highlights pabA and the pyrimidine salvage pathway as potential targets for novel therapeutics and suggests a previously undefined role for a human blood factor in the activity of sulfonamide antibiotics.
Impact of gene expression profiling tests on breast cancer outcomes.

OBJECTIVES To assess the evidence that three marketed gene expression-based assays improve prognostic accuracy, treatment choice, and health outcomes in women diagnosed with early stage breast cancer. REVIEW METHODS We evaluated the evidence for three gene expression assays on the market; Oncotype DX, MammaPrint and the Breast Cancer Profiling (BCP or H/I ratio) test, and for gene expression signatures underlying the assays. We sought evidence on: analytic performance of tests, clinical validity (i.e., prognostic accuracy and discrimination), clinical utility (i.e., prediction of treatment benefit), harms, impact on clinical decision making and health care costs. RESULTS Few papers were found on the analytic validity of the Oncotype DX and MammaPrint tests, but these showed reasonable within-laboratory replicability. Pre-analytic issues related to sample storage and preparation may play a larger role than within-laboratory variation. For clinical validity, studies differed according to whether they examined the actual test that is currently being offered to patients or the underlying gene signature. Almost all of the Oncotype DX evidence was for the marketed test, the strongest validation study being from one arm of a randomized controlled trial (NSABP-14) with a clinically homogeneous population. This study showed that the test, added in a clinically meaningful manner to standard prognostic indices. The MammaPrint signature and test itself was examined in studies with clinically heterogeneous populations (e.g., mix of ER positivity and tamoxifen treatment) and showed a clinically relevant separation of patients into risk categories, but it was not clear exactly how many predictions would be shifted across decision thresholds if this were used in combination with traditional indices. The BCP test itself was examined in one study, and the signature was tested in a variety of formulations in several studies. One randomized controlled trial provided high quality retrospective evidence of the clinical utility of Oncotype DX to predict chemotherapy treatment benefit, but evidence for clinical utility was not found for MammaPrint or the H/I ratio. Three decision analyses examined the cost-effectiveness of breast cancer gene expression assays, and overall were inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS Oncotype DX is furthest along the validation pathway, with strong retrospective evidence that it predicts distant spread and chemotherapy benefit to a clinically relevant extent over standard predictors, in a well-defined clinical subgroup with clear treatment implications. The evidence for clinical implications of using MammaPrint was not as clear as with Oncotype DX, and the ability to predict chemotherapy benefit does not yet exist. The H/I ratio test requires further validation. For all tests, the relationship of predicted to observed risk in different populations still needs further study, as does their incremental contribution, optimal implementation, and relevance to patients on current therapies.
Sense discovery via co-clustering on images and text

We present a co-clustering framework that can be used to discover multiple semantic and visual senses of a given Noun Phrase (NP). Unlike traditional clustering approaches which assume a one-to-one mapping between the clusters in the text-based feature space and the visual space, we adopt a one-to-many mapping between the two spaces. This is primarily because each semantic sense (concept) can correspond to different visual senses due to viewpoint and appearance variations. Our structure-EM style optimization not only extracts the multiple senses in both semantic and visual feature space, but also discovers the mapping between the senses. We introduce a challenging dataset (CMU Polysemy-30) for this problem consisting of 30 NPs (~5600 labeled instances out of ~22K total instances). We have also conducted a large-scale experiment that performs sense disambiguation for ~2000 NPs.
Will China Eat Our Lunch or Take Us to Dinner? Simulating the Transition Paths of the United States, the European Union, Japan, and China

This paper develops a dynamic, life-cycle, general equilibrium model to study the interdependent demographic, fiscal, and economic transition paths of China, Japan, the United States, and the European Union. Each of these countries/regions is entering a period of rapid and significant aging that will require major fiscal adjustments. Understanding how national aging and the fiscal reaction to national aging will affect the macroeconomies of these regions is important. If the macroeconomic response is favorable, governments can do less and take more time to deal with what’s coming. If the opposite is true, governments must do more and do it more quickly. Our past research (Fehr, Jokisch, and Kotlikoff 2004a, 2004b, 2005) suggested an unfavorable macroeconomic response to national aging arising from a growing shortage of physical capital relative to human capital. This long-term capital shortage sufficed to reduce the model’s real wage per unit of human capital by 20 percent over the course of the century. The model’s predicted major decline in capital per unit of human capital connects to the model’s predicted major rise in payroll and income tax rates. These tax
The Economics of Museums

Museums fulfill many important functions in the art world and visits to museums are becoming an important leisure and holiday activity. This chapter surveys research about the functioning of museums from an economic point of view. Museum services are shaped by demand and supply factors and by the institutional setting constraining the decision makers in a museum. This chapter argues that the institutional factors, e.g., whether a museum is private or public, influence greatly how the museum is run with respect to the management of the collection, price setting, or the focus on commercial activities. Two current trends, the evolution of superstar museums and the growing importance of special exhibitions, are analysed from an economic point of view.
Event-Triggered $H_\infty$ Load Frequency Control for Multiarea Power Systems Under Hybrid Cyber Attacks

This paper investigates the problem of event-triggered <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${H_\infty }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> load frequency control (LFC) for multiarea power systems under hybrid cyber attacks, including denial-of-service (DoS) attacks and deception attacks. An event-triggered transmission scheme is developed under the DoS attacks to lighten the load of network bandwidth while preserving a satisfactory system performance. Then, a new switched system model accounting for the simultaneous presence of DoS attacks and stochastic deception attacks is established with respect to the LFC for multiarea power system. On the basis of the new model, sufficient conditions ensuring multiarea power system exponentially mean-square stable with prescribed <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${H_\infty }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> performance are obtained by using Lyapunov stability theory. Furthermore, criteria for simultaneously designing the weighting matrix in event-triggered scheme and the controller gain matrix are derived by utilizing the linear matrix inequality technique. Finally, a three-area power system is simulated to demonstrate the usefulness of the approaches proposed in this paper.
Is There Really a Foreign Ownership Wage Premium? Evidence from Matched Employer-Employee Data

Numerous studies on firm-level data have reported higher average wages in foreign-owned firms than in domestically-owned firms. This, however, does not necessarily imply that the individual worker’s wage increase with foreign ownership. Using detailed matched employer-employee data on the entire Swedish private sector, we examine the effect of foreign ownership on individual wages, controlling for individual and firm heterogeneity as well as for possible selection bias in foreign acquisitions. We distinguish between foreign greenfields and takeovers and compare foreign owned firms with both domestic multinationals and local firms. Our results show a considerably smaller wage premium in foreign owned firms than what has been found in studies conducted at a more aggregate level. Moreover, foreign takeovers of Swedish firms tend to have no or even a negative effect on wages.
Should we Teach Primary Pupils about Chemical Change?

Thirty‐six pupils from three sixth‐grade classes (ages 11/12, n = 75) in Greece were interviewed pre‐ and post‐intervention in a piece of research on explanations of chemical phenomena. Software concerning chemical phenomena was incorporated in a teaching scheme, where the particle theory was used. After a 13 hour intervention, pupils’ explanations were categorized in five discrete categories. Only a few pupils could give satisfactory explanations, involving the integration of particle ideas at the level of atoms. The idea of chemical change seemed to be very difficult for the majority of pupils. Implications for the teaching of chemical phenomena at young ages are discussed.
Monocular Depth Ordering Using Occlusion Cues

English: This project proposes a system to relate the objects in an image using occlusion cues and arrange them according to depth. The system does not rely on a priori knowledge of the scene structure and focus on detecting special points, such as T-junctions and high convexity regions, to infer the depth relationships between objects in the scene. The system makes extensive use of the Binary Partition Tree (BPT) as the segmentation tool jointly with a new approach for T-junction candidate point estimation. In a BPT approach, as a bottom-up strategy, regions are iteratively merged and grown from pixels until only one region is left. At each step, our system estimates the junction points, where three regions meet. When the BPT is constructed and the pruning is performed, this information is used for depth ordering. Since many images may not have occlusion points formed by junctions, occlusion is also detected by examining convex shapes on region boundaries. Combining T-junctions and convexity lead to a system which only relies on low level depth cues and does not involve any learning process. However, it shows a similar performance with the state of the art.
GSK‐3β inhibition suppresses instability‐induced osteolysis by a dual action on osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation

Currently, there are no medications available to treat aseptic loosening of orthopedic implants. Using osteoprotegerin fusion protein (OPG‐Fc), we previously blocked instability‐induced osteoclast differentiation and peri‐prosthetic osteolysis. Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, which regulates OPG secretion from osteoblasts, also modulates the bone tissue response to mechanical loading. We hypothesized that activating Wnt/β‐catenin signaling by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) would reduce instability‐induced bone loss through regulation of both osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. We examined effects of GSK‐3β inhibition on regulation of RANKL and OPG in a rat model of mechanical instability‐induced peri‐implant osteolysis. The rats were treated daily with a GSK‐3β inhibitor, AR28 (20 mg/kg bw), for up to 5 days. Bone tissue and blood serum were assessed by qRT‐PCR, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA on days 3 and 5, and by micro‐CT on day 5. After 3 days of treatment with AR28, mRNA levels of β‐catenin, Runx2, Osterix, Col1α1, and ALP were increased leading to higher osteoblast numbers compared to vehicle‐treated animals. BMP‐2 and Wnt16 mRNA levels were downregulated by mechanical instability and this was rescued by GSK‐3β inhibition. Osteoclast numbers were decreased significantly after 3 days of GSK‐3β inhibition, which correlated with enhanced OPG mRNA expression. This was accompanied by decreased serum levels of TRAP5b on days 3 and 5. Treatment with AR28 upregulated osteoblast differentiation, while osteoclastogenesis was blunted, leading to increased bone mass by day 5. These data suggest that GSK‐3β inactivation suppresses osteolysis through regulating both osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation in a rat model of instability‐induced osteolysis.
Ships from the Depths: Deepwater Archaeology

Deepwater archaeology uncovers secrets from the ancient maritime past . Thousands of shipwrecks and archaeological sites lie undiscovered in deep water, potentially holding important clues to our maritime past. Scientists have explored only a small percentage of the oceans' depths, as 98 percent of the seabed lies well beyond the reach of conventional diving. "Ships from the Depths"""surveys the dramatic advances in technology over the last few years that have made it possible for scientists to locate, study, and catalogue archaeological sites in waters previously inaccessible to humans. Researcher and explorer Fredrik Soreide presents the development of deepwater archaeology since 1971, when Willard Bascom designed his "Alcoa Seaprobe" to locate and raise deepwater wrecks in the Mediterranean. Accompanied by descriptions and color photographs of deepwater projects and equipment, this book considers not only techniques that have been developed for location and observation of sites but also removal and excavation methods distinctive to these unique locations, far beyond the reach of scuba gear. Soreide provides an introduction to and survey of the history, development, and potential of this exciting branch of nautical archaeology. Scholars and field archaeologists will appreciate this handy compendium of the current state of the discipline and technology, and general readers will relish this comprehensive look at the challenges and opportunities associated with locating and studying historical and ancient shipwrecks in some of the world's deepest waters.
Human Capital in a global and knowledge-based economy, part II: assessment at the EU country level

This report is an extension and partial update of de la Fuente and Ciccone (2002). It constructs estimates of the private and social rates of return on schooling for fourteen EU countries using microeconometric estimates of Mincerian wage equations, the results of crosscountry growth regressions and OECD data on educational expenditures, tax rates and social benefits. The results are used to draw some tentative conclusions regarding the optimality of observed investment patterns and educational subsidy levels.