Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RNA processing of the ccmFn-rps1 and rpl5-Psirps14-cox3 loci in wheat mitochondria during seedling development

Plant mitochondria possess a gene expression system in which post-transcriptional events, such as transcript end maturation and turnover mechanisms play a key role in regulating the transcriptome. In addition, during early developmental stages of embryo germination, differing transcript profiles have been seen. This research focuses on two loci in wheat mitochondria, ccmFn-rpsl and rpl5-¥rpsl4-cox3', to elucidate the transcription and post-transcriptional events involved in their expression. Northern analysis of the ccmFN-rpsl genes during early seed-to-seedling development reveals a 3.2 kb primary transcript and a 2.7 kb bicistronic mRNA. A 0.7 kb monocistronic rpsl mRNA is detectable up to 2d but there is no detectable monocistronic ccmFN transcript during the stages examined. Transcript ends were mapped using circular-RT-PCR and phosphatase treatment at three different developmental stages and revealed two processing sites as well as a single 3' end common to all three transcripts. The 5' ends of the processed rpsl transcripts are heterogeneous and do not always include the start codon, questioning the rpsl transcript functionality. Gene order varies between plant species due to the high recombination rate in mitochondrial genomes, as is seen for rpl5-*¥rpsl4 in wheat and rice. In both plants, the functional rpsl 4 gene is encoded in the nucleus and the mitochondrial rpsl 4 copy is a pseudogene. In wheat, rpl5-^rpsl4 are co-transcribed with cox3 as two RNA species of 3.5 kb and 2.7 kb at 24hr post-imbibition and exhibit developmentally-specific differences in abundance in seedlings. Two promoter regions were mapped in wheat upstream of rpl5 and both transcripts have the same 3' end. In rice 24hr and 6d however, rptf-^PrpsM are cotranscribed as a 1.4 kb bicistronic mRNA. This presumably reflects the different regulatory signals used in different species. In addition, rpl5 has been subject to several independent gene transfers to the nucleus in the cereal lineages. For example, there is a functional copy of rpl5 in the mitochondria and the nucleus in wheat but it is absent from the mitochondria in rye and maize. In oat mitochondria, rpl5 appears to be a pseudogene and in barley, rearrangements at the 3' end and low transcript levels question its functionality. The characterization of transcription initiation sites, processing sites and 3' ends for these two loci reflect the relaxed nature and flexibility of signals exploited by plant mitochondria. This research supports the significant role of post-transcriptional events in the regulation of gene expression in plant mitochondria.
Effect of algal antimicrobials on selected aquatic pathogens and characterization of bioactive compounds

Subilal George1, Ajan Chellappan1, EnildaRexy Antonykennady1, Praba Thangamani1, Shyni Markose1, Gopal Ponuswamy1, Citarasu Thavasimuthu2, Selvaraj Thangaswami1, Mariavincent Michaelbabu1* 1Planktology and Aquaculture Division, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmanium Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, India. 2Aquatic Animal Health Lab, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, India.
Length-Weight relationship and Condition factor of Parluciosoma daniconius (Hamilton) from the upper Assam, India

Length-weight relationship of Parluciosoma daniconius (Ham.) had been carried out from two different waterbodies of upper Assam during 2011-2013. The co-efficient of regression (b) was recorded as 1.104 in juveniles; 1.86 in males; 2.12 in females. The result reveals that females have better growth than males and juvenile. Again, the ‘b’ value of male was found to be highest (1.348) in 7-8 cm and its lowest (1.087) in 4-5 cm. The highest ‘b’ value (2.427) of female was recorded in 3-4 cm while the lowest (1.393) in 5-6 cm. Further, the ‘b’ value of male was found to be highest (1.051) in monsoon while lowest (1.004) in post-monsoon. In female, it was ranged from 1.145 (monsoon) and 1.033 (pre-monsoon). In overall, both the sexes of P. daniconius also did not follow the cube law (b=3) and show allometric growth. The lowest Condition factor ‘K’ for male (1.010) was recorded in 6-7 cm and highest (1.578) in 3-4 cm while, for female the lowest (1.019) was in 7-8 cm and highest (1.952) in 3-4 cm. Again, the highest ‘K’ (1.242) was found in post-monsoon and lowest (1.019) in winter for male while, for females ‘K’ value fluctuated from 1.099 to 1.186 during monsoon and winter. Coefficient of correlation (r) shows more or less similar trend in all length groups as well as in seasons for male and female.
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester from Waste Edible Oil: Combustion Characteristics

Original Research Article Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is the most attractive alternative fuel for diesel engines which could resolve ongoing concerns about environmental issues and sustainable energy due to its carbon-neutral characteristic. The main objective of this research was to generate fundamental data on ignition delay and combustion characteristics of FAME. Experiments were carried out in a constant-volume combustion vessel under diesel-engine conditions to study the effects of temperature and pressure on ignition delay and combustion characteristics. Several kinds of BDF fuels (biodiesel fuel or FAME) produced from waste edible oil and having different properties were tested and compared to a standard gas-oil. The experimental results show the strong influence of temperature and pressure on the ignition and combustion processes for the tested fuels. It is shown that (i) the fresh BDF exhibits a longer ignition delay than the gas-oil (conventional diesel fuel), (ii) a small amount of isopropyl alcohol as an additive in BDF promotes the ignition, (iii) the oxidized BDF with acid value changed from 0.1 for the fresh one to 0.22 (KOHmg/g) has a shortened ignition delay, to almost the same as standard gas-oil, and (iv) the blend of BDF with twenty percent by volume to gas-oil results in a reasonable ignition delay. Additionally, the results at pressure 2MPa, which simulates conditions of PCCI (premixed charge compression ignition) engine operations in future engine trends, present two-stage ignition and lowtemperature combustion characteristics for both BDF and gas-oil. These findings help improve considerations for the optimal design and operation of diesel engines fuelled with FAME.
A numerical study of third-order equation with time-dependent coefficients: KdVB equation

In this article we present a numerical analysis for a third-order differential equation with non-periodic boundary conditions and time-dependent coefficients, namely, the linear Korteweg-de Vries Burgers equation. This numerical analysis is motived due to the dispersive and dissipative phenomena that government this kind of equations. This work builds on previous methods for dispersive equations with constant coefficients, expanding the field to include a new class of equations which until now have eluded the time-evolving parameters. More precisely, throughout the Legendre-Petrov-Galerkin method we prove stability and convergence results of the approximation in appropriate weighted Sobolev spaces. These results allow to show the role and trade off of these temporal parameters into the model. Afterwards, we numerically investigate the dispersion-dissipation relation for several profiles, further provide insights into the implementation method, which allow to exhibit the accuracy and efficiency of our numerical algorithms.
Morphological Changes of the Muscovy Duckling Small Intestine during Development

The morphology of the small intestine was investigated in Muscovy ducklings before and after the hatching period using light micoscopy. The villi, crypt depth, villi: crypt (V:C) ratio, were measured in embryos on days 24 and 30 of development, on the day of hatching, and in neonates on days 2, 9 and 13 post-hatching. The height, width and perimeter (girth of villi) of small intestinal villi significantly increased with age (P < 0.05). Villi number (per transverse section of small intestine) decrease from 2 to 13 days post-hatching (P < 0.05). The crypt depth and width were significantly affected by age from hatching to 2 days of age (P < 0.05). The number of crypts increased significantly in the duodenum and jejunum between hatching and 9 days of age (P < 0.05). In the duodenum and jejunum, the V:C ratio peaked at hatching, and decreased from hatching to 2 days of age (P < 0.05). The parameters of villi and crypt of the small intestine rapidly changed between hatching and 9 days post hatch suggesting that the first week of life is a crucial step in physiological changes.
Internal ∞-Categorical Models of Dependent Type Theory : Towards 2LTT Eating HoTT

Using dependent type theory to formalise the syntax of dependent type theory is a very active topic of study and goes under the name of "type theory eating itself" or "type theory in type theory. " Most approaches are at least loosely based on Dybjer’s categories with families (CwF’s) and come with a type Con of contexts, a type family Ty indexed over it modelling types, and so on. This works well in versions of type theory where the principle of unique identity proofs (UIP) holds. In homotopy type theory (HoTT) however, it is a long-standing and frequently discussed open problem whether the type theory "eats itself" and can serve as its own interpreter. The fundamental underlying difficulty seems to be that categories are not suitable to capture a type theory in the absence of UIP.In this paper, we develop a notion of ∞-categories with families (∞-CwF’s). The approach to higher categories used relies on the previously suggested semi-Segal types, with a new construction of identity substitutions that allow for both univalent and non-univalent variations. The type-theoretic universe as well as the internalised (set-level) syntax are models, although it remains a conjecture that the latter is initial. To circumvent the known unsolved problem of constructing semisimplicial types, the definition is presented in two-level type theory (2LTT). Apart from introducing ∞-CwF’s, the paper explains the shortcomings of 1-categories in type theory without UIP as well as the difficulties of and approaches to internal higher-dimensional categories.
Spray Deposition of Fenoxaprop and Imazamethabenz on Wild Oat (Avena fatua) as Influenced by Environmental Factors

The effect of soil moisture, temperature, and light intensity on the spray deposition of fenoxaprop and imazamethabenz applied to wild oat plants was examined by using fluorescent tracer dye. Based on either biomass or total leaf area, the apparent deposition of the two herbicides diminished in the following order: shading > low temperature ≥ drought ≥ “optimum” > high temperature. The enhanced phytotoxicity of both herbicides under shading could be associated with increased spray deposition; and reduced fenoxaprop phytotoxicity under high temperature stress could be related to reduced deposition. Changes in spray deposition were attributed mainly to differences in herbicide interception due to altered plant morphology. Reduced retention for both herbicides was exhibited only in the plants grown at high temperature. Under “optimum” conditions, fenoxaprop phytotoxicity was directly associated with leaf orientation and thus with the proportion of projected leaf area at the time of herbicide spraying. Given similar application conditions, spray deposition of fenoxaprop and imazamethabenz on wild oat could be estimated by determining the ratio of the projected leaf area, as measured by an image analyzer, to the total leaf area.
Learning to Infer User Hidden States for Online Sequential Advertising

To drive purchase in online advertising, it is of the advertiser's great interest to optimize the sequential advertising strategy whose performance and interpretability are both important. The lack of interpretability in existing deep reinforcement learning methods makes it not easy to understand, diagnose and further optimize the strategy.In this paper, we propose our Deep Intents Sequential Advertising (DISA) method to address these issues. The key part of interpretability is to understand a consumer's purchase intent which is, however, unobservable (called hidden states). In this paper, we model this intention as a latent variable and formulate the problem as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) where the underlying intents are inferred based on the observable behaviors. Large-scale industrial offline and online experiments demonstrate our method's superior performance over several baselines. The inferred hidden states are analyzed, and the results prove the rationality of our inference.
Conifer terpene synthases : functions in induced plant defense, phylogenetic analyses, & molecular modeling

Terpenes and terpene biosynthesis play major roles in conifer secondary metabolism. Oleoresin, a combination of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes, is produced by conifers in copious quantities and stored in specialized anatomical structures. These chemicals serve as toxic protectants and mechanical barriers against invading herbivores and pathogens. Norway spruce, Picea abies, is capable of constitutive and inducible terpenebased defenses. Following insect attack or biological elicitation, Norway spruce is induced to form traumatic resin ducts. The studies presented here describe the complex changes induced after methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment in this species. Terpene defenses are characterized in a tissue specific manner on anatomical, chemical, biochemical, and molecular levels. The formation of traumatic resin ducts in the developing xylem is initiated after MeJA treatment. Similarly, the accumulation of monoterpenes in both bark and wood and the accumulation of diterpenes in wood begin rapidly after MeJA treatment. Terpene accumulation is preceded temporally by the increase in GGPP synthase, monoterpene synthase (mono-TPS) and diterpene synthase (di-TPS) activities in wood. Mono-TPS and di-TPS transcripts increase in abundance in stem tissue and mono-TPS transcripts increase in foliage following MeJA treatment. MeJA treatment also induces the release of large amounts of volatile oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, compounds that are not emitted from untreated control plants. This emission of volatile terpenes coincides with a two-fold accumulation on terpenes in foliage and a five-fold increase in TPS activities. Ten Norway spruce TPS genes, involved in these constitutive and inducible defenses, were cloned, functionally expressed and characterized. This suite of TPS contains members of the mono-TPS, sesqui-TPS and di-TPS biochemical classes including several of previously not characterized functions. Furthermore, these TPS have provided a new basis to re-examine the phylogeny of the gymnosperm TPS-d subfamily and the TPS family overall. A model of gymnosperm TPS evolution is discussed as are some striking parallels between gymnosperm and angiosperm TPS evolution.
Chaos-Chaos Intermittency Synchronization Induced by Feedback Signals and Stochastic Noise in Coupled Chaotic Systems

Various types of synchronization phenomena have been reported in coupled chaotic systems. In recent years, the applications of these phenomena have been advancing for utilization in sensor network systems, secure communication systems, and biomedical systems. Specifically, chaos–chaos intermittency (CCI) synchronization is a characterized synchronization phenomenon. Previously, we proposed a new chaos control method, termed as the “reduced region of orbit (RRO) method,” to achieve CCI synchronization using external feedback signals. This method has been gathering research attention because of its ability to induce CCI synchronization; this can be achieved even if internal system parameters cannot be adjusted by external factors. Further, additive stochastic noise is known to have a similar effect. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of the RRO method and the method that applies stochastic noise, both of which are capable of inducing CCI synchronization. The results showed that even though CCI synchronization can be realized using both control methods under the induced attractor merging condition, the RRO method possesses higher adoptability and accomplishes a higher degree of CCI synchronization compared to additive stochastic noise. This advantage might facilitate the application of synchronization in coupled chaotic systems. key words: chaos, synchronization, control, reduced region of orbit method
Weeds in Sunflowers

The topic is weed infestation of sunflower crops in North Dakota in 1972. Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) are considered to be good competitors with weeds. However, in 1972, many sunflower fields in North Dakota had well-established weed infestations and the sunflowers appeared stressed. This article addresses research performed to alleviate sunflower infestations. Several studies were conducted to determine the yield losses from weed competition in sunflowers. Research was conducted on the competition of wild mustard, foxtail (green and yellow), and natural weed infestations with sunflowers. Most of the competition from weeds occurred within four weeks after emergence. Presently registered herbicides gave good foxtail, redroot pigweed, and common lambsquarters control but poor wild mustard control.
Individual differences in the tendency to see the expected

Prior knowledge has been shown to facilitate the incorporation of visual stimuli into awareness. We adopted an individual differences approach to explore whether a tendency to 'see the expected' is general or method-specific. We administered a binocular rivalry task and manipulated selective attention, as well as induced expectations via predictive context, self-generated imagery, expectancy cues, and perceptual priming. Most prior manipulations led to a facilitated awareness of the biased percept in binocular rivalry, whereas strong signal primes led to a suppressed awareness, i.e., adaptation. Correlations and factor analysis revealed that the facilitatory effect of priors on visual awareness is closely related to attentional control. We also investigated whether expectation-based biases predict perceptual abilities. Adaptation to strong primes predicted improved naturalistic change detection and the facilitatory effect of weak primes predicted the experience of perceptual anomalies. Taken together, our results indicate that the facilitatory effect of priors may be underpinned by an attentional mechanism but the tendency to 'see the expected' is method-specific.
Characterisation of the Musca domestica (Diptera) homologue of the Drosophila melanogaster segment polarity gene patched, and the cloning of a cDNA fragment, PD, from Acheta domesticus

The Drosophila segment polarity gene, patched (ptc), encodes a transmembrane protein that is the receptor for the hedgehog intercellular signalling molecule. The hedgehog pathway plays a part in many developmental processes, ranging from Drosophila segmentation and appendage patterning, to vertebrate neural tube patterning and limb development. ptc null mutations in Drosophila are embryonic lethal and display a segment polarity phenotype. Mutations in the human ptc gene, however, have been shown to be responsible for Gorlin's syndrome and a predisposition to nevoid basal cell carcinomas. In this study, partial clones of patched homologues were isolated from the long germ band developing house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera), and the intermediate germ band developing house cricket, Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera). Sequence data obtained from the Musca doinestica clones showed a high degree of similarity with the Drosophila ptc gene sequence, indicating that the Musca domestica clones contain real ptc homologues. The Acheta p/c fragment was cloned using degenerate PCR, and sequence data has shown it has a high degree of similarity to the comparable regions of other ptc homologues. Two phagemid clones were also isolated from an Acheta cDNA library using a strategy designed to isolate Ache/a ptc. One of these clones, PD, was used to create RNA in situ hybridization probes, and its expression was examined during Acheta embryogenesis, although it was later shown that PD was not an Achetaptc homologue. Expression of the Muscaptc homologue was examined during early development using RNA in situ hybridisation, and immunohistochemistry. These studies have shown that the expression of p/c during Musca domestica development is very similar to ptc expression patterns seen during the early development of Drosophila, suggesting that ptc may be fulfilling a similar role in both species.
HYBRID VIGOUR AND INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN BHENDI{ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS (L) MOENCH.}

In the present investigation, relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis were estimated for assessing the hybrid Value for eight characters namely days to first flower, number of branches, plant height, number of nodes, fruit length, single fruit weight, fruit yield by number and weight. The cross Arka Abhay × Punjab Padmini showed significant positive heterosis over better parent and standard parent for number of nodes per plant (15.7 per cent, 26.25 per cent), single fruit weight (5.9 per cent, 14.36 per cent), fruit length (13.5 per cent, 16.75 per cent), fruit yield by number (6.77 per cent, 13.99 per cent) and weight (14.48 per cent, 31.40 per cent). The same cross gave heterosis over better parent and standard parent even in F2 generation might be due to low inbreeding depression. Presence of hybrid vigour for fruit yield per plant in F2 can be attributed to mainly additive and additive × additive interaction. Such cross is expected to give superior segregants which may be handled through pedigree method.
Leaffooted Bug (Hemiptera: Coreidae) and Epicarp Lesion of Pistachio Fruits

A leaffooted bug, Leptoglossus clypealis L. , was capable of reproducing epicarp lesion symptoms on developing pistachio ( Pistacia vera L.) fruits. In all caged fruit clusters, the leaffooted bug feeding for 48 h produced typical symptoms of zonate, brown, necrotic lesions and subsequent premature dropping of fruits. The fruits exposed for feeding in June were more prone to expression of epicarp lesion symptoms than those exposed in July. L. clypealis was found in all of the major pistachio production areas in California, at the time natural symptoms were observed in the field. Epicarp lesion was suspected as being the result of an enzyme(s) injected into the fruit during feeding, as typical symptoms of epicarp lesion were reproduced by applying commercial pectinase. Pectin-degrading enzymes, however, have not been extracted from L. clypealis at this time.