Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Photons as Probes of Gluon Saturation in DiluteDense Collisions

We use the Color Glass Condensate (CGC) effective field theory (EFT) to calculate inclusive photon production to leading order q g → q γ , (LO), and next-to leading order g g → q q ¯ γ (NLO) at LHC energies. These processes dominate the photon production at small-x , where x ≲ 0 . 01 in the target and projectile protons. We show that the NLO contribution dominates at values of x typical at the LHC, since its cross-section is sensitive to the gluon distributions in both protons. We perform a comparison of our results to the available inclusive photon data, from ATLAS and CMS at center-of-mass energies of 2 . 76 and 7 TeV . This data lies in the range k ⊥ > 20 GeV . We show that for this range, the k ⊥ -factorized cross-section converges to the full CGC EFT result, and can be used for the comparison. We find that it gives good agreement with experimental results. Our results are to be considered as a first step towards constraining unintegrated gluon distributions, which will be continued for larger systems, where coherent scatterings are enhanced.
Lie triple and Jordan derivable mappings on nest algebras

Let 𝒩 be a nontrivial nest on a Banach space X over the complex field ℂ, assume that there exists a nontrivial element in 𝒩 which is complemented in X. Let Alg 𝒩 be the associated nest algebra. In this article, we show that if δ is a Lie triple derivable mapping from Alg 𝒩 into B(X) then for any A, B ∈ Alg 𝒩 there exists a λ A,B (depending on A and B) in ℂ such that δ(A + B) = δ(A) + δ(B) + λ A,B I, and δ = D + τ, where D is an additive derivation from Alg 𝒩 into B(X) and τ is a mapping from Alg 𝒩 into ℂI such that τ(A + B) = τ(A) + τ(B) + λ A,B I and τ([[A, B], C]) = 0 for all A, B, C ∈ Alg 𝒩. We also show that if δ is a Jordan derivable mapping from Alg 𝒩 into B(X) then δ is an additive derivation.
Relative Accuracy of Systematic and Stratified Random Samples for a Certain Class of Populations

1. Summary. A type of population frequently encountered in extensive samplings is one in which the variance within a group of elements increases steadily as the size of the group increases. This class of populations may be represented by a model in which the elements are serially correlated, the correlation between two elements being a positive and monotone decreasing function of the distance apart of the elements. For populations of this type, the relative efficiencies are compared for a systematic sample of every kth element, a stratified random sample with one element per stratum and a random sample. The stratified random sample is always at least as accurate on the average as the random sample and its relative efficiency is a monotone increasing function of the size of the sample. No general result is valid for the relative efficiency of the systematic sample. In fact, there are populations in the class in which the systematic sample is more accurate than the stratified sample for one sampling rate, but is less accurate than the random sample for another sampling rate. If, however, the correlogram is in addition concave upwards, the systematic sample is on the average more accurate than the stratified sample for any size of sample. Some numerical results are given for the cases in which the correlogram is (i) linear (ii) exponential.
Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Anatomy Education During COVID-19 Pandemic

The pandemic of COVID-19 has radically changed the anatomy education approaches. This happens because medical students, due to the necessity of remote education, didn’t have access to cadavers, which was the principal method of dissection training. Circumstances like these encouraged the health care providers to innovate new teaching methods with the help of virtual and augmented reality to outdistance the restrictions. This review aims to examine the pioneer technological and educational tools and their usage in the future. Detailed research was performed via the PubMed database using the following keywords “Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Anatomy Education, and COVID-19”. No further filters were used. All the existing evidence suggests that the vast majority was negatively affected by the COVID-19 era. Using new technological methods in anatomy training could not effectively replace the absence of the traditionally used teaching methods like dissection, prosection, and lectures by physical presence. Although the new digital anatomy teaching approaches seem to be very promising, it is not clear if they can fully replace the traditional anatomy education methods.
The Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect in Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe data

Using Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) five year data, we look for the average Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (SZE) signal from clusters of galaxies by stacking the regions around hundreds of known X-ray clusters. We detect the average SZE at a very high significance level. The average cluster signal is spatially resolved in the W band. This mean signal is compared with the expected signal from the same clusters calculated on the basis of archival ROSAT data. From the comparison, we conclude that the observed SZE seems to be less than the expected signal derived from X-ray measurements when a standard β-model is assumed for the gas distribution. This conclusion is model dependent. Our predictions depend mostly on the assumptions made about the core radius of clusters and the slope of the gas density profile. Models with steeper profiles are able to simultaneously fit both X-ray and WMAP data better than a β-model. However, the agreement is not perfect and we find that it is still difficult to make the X-ray and SZE results agree. A model assuming point source contamination in SZE clusters provides a better fit to the one-dimensional SZE profiles, thus suggesting that contamination from point sources could be contributing to a diminution of the SZE signal. Selecting a model that better fits both X-ray and WMAP data away from the very central region, we estimate the level of contamination and find that on average, the point source contamination is on the level of 16 mJy (at 41 GHz), 26 mJy (at 61 GHz) and 18 mJy (at 94 GHz). These estimated fluxes are marginally consistent with the estimated contamination derived from radio and infrared surveys, thus suggesting that the combination of a steeper gas profile and the contribution from point sources allows us to consistently explain the X-ray emission and SZE in galaxy clusters as measured by both ROSAT and WMAP.
Transfer of Training: A Review and New Insights

Even successful training programs cannot guarantee that newly learned knowledge and skills will be transferred to the workplace. This has led to researchers interests in understanding the transfer process. Notwithstanding that transfer issues have been studied for several decades, the recent emphasis on workplace learning, especially the so-called situated learning approach, suggests that conventional training transfer research may be inadequate to understand the dynamics of performance improvement through training. Against this, the authors point to the increased policy emphasis on the development of transferable generic skills, which underscores the ongoing importance of training transfer. This review paper suggests that the role of trainees themselves has not been dealt with sufficiently in research, which leads to a new direction for studying the transfer of training.
Model-Based Versus Empirical Equating of Test Forms

Model-based equating was compared to empirical equating of an Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) test form. The model-based equating was done using item pretest data to derive item response theory (IRT) item parameter estimates for those items that were retained in the final version of the test. The analysis of an ASVAB test form indicated that the model-based equatings were nearly as accurate as the preliminary empirical equating, using the final empirical equating as a standard against which to judge the equatings. The fact that the model-based equatings so closely forecast the final ones suggests some indirect support for the assumptions commonly made in IRT analyses—that IRT models reasonably approximate human behavior when confronted by multiple-choice test items and a normal distribution for the latent trait being measured.
Protective Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Galega officinalis and Cornus mas on Spermatogenesis and Oxidative Stress Associated With Diabetes in the Testes of Adult Rats: An Experimental Study

Objectives: In this research, we evaluated the protective effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of Galega officinalis and Cornus mas on spermatogenesis and oxidative stress associated with diabetes in the testes of adult rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, a total of 64 adult male Wistar rats were divided into eight equal groups (n=8 in each) as follows: (1) control group, (2) diabetic control group, (3) diabetic group receiving Galega extract daily at a dose of 50 mg/kg, (4) healthy group receiving Galega extract daily at a dose of 50 mg/kg for 14 days, (5) diabetic group receiving Cornus mas extract daily at a dose of 100 mg/kg, (6) healthy group receiving Cornus mas extract daily, (7) diabetic group receiving Cornus mas and Galega daily, and (8) healthy group receiving Galega and Cornus mas extract daily. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). At the end of treatment period, all animals were anesthetized and blood samples were taken to measure the serum levels of insulin, glucose, and oxidative stress markers. Finally, the testicles and epididymis were removed and sperm parameters were assessed. Results: Galega and Cornus mas extract significantly reduced the oxidative stress, sperm parameters, glucose, and insulin plasma levels (P=0.001). Furthermore, the malondialdehyde (MDA) level was increased in diabetic rats. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes decreased in testicular tissue (P=0.001). Administering Galega and Cornus mas extract significantly improved these parameters (P<0.05). Conclusions: Our results confirmed the antioxidant effect of administering Galega extract and Cornus mas extract on improving the sperm parameters and testicular oxidative damage caused by diabetes.
Fast drug rotation reduces bacterial resistance evolution in a microcosm experiment

Drug rotation (cycling), in which multiple drugs are administrated alternatively, has the potential for limiting resistance evolution in pathogens. The frequency of drug alternation could be a major factor to determine the effectiveness of drug rotation. Drug rotation practices often have low frequency of drug alternation, with an expectation of resistance reversion. Here we, based on evolutionary rescue and compensatory evolution theories, suggest that fast drug rotation can limit resistance evolution in the first place. This is because fast drug rotation would give little time for the evolutionarily rescued populations to recover in population size and genetic diversity, and thus decrease the chance of future evolutionary rescue under alternate environmental stresses. We experimentally tested this hypothesis using the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens and two antibiotics (chloramphenicol and rifampin). Increasing drug rotation frequency reduced the chance of evolutionary rescue, and most of the finally surviving bacterial populations were resistant to both drugs. Drug resistance incurred significant fitness costs, which did not differ among the drug treatment histories. A link between population sizes during the early stages of drug treatment and the end‐point fates of populations (extinction vs survival) suggested that population size recovery and compensatory evolution before drug shift increase the chance of population survival. Our results therefore advocate fast drug rotation as a promising approach to reduce bacterial resistance evolution, which in particular could be a substitute for drug combination when the latter has safety risks.
Is regional variability in environmental conditions driving differences in the early body condition of endemic Australian fur seal pups?

ABSTRACT Context. Good body condition in juvenile marine mammals is crucial for survival and, therefore, population demography. Australian fur seals, endemic to Australia, recently established a breeding colony at the southern edge of their range, at The Needles, a small group of islands in south-west Tasmania (43.6614°S) and a significant distance from their core breeding range in Bass Strait. Aims. We aimed to compare pup body condition at two breeding colonies, distinct in time since establishment and latitude. Specific aims were to: (1) establish the timing of peak pupping, to compare condition of known-age pups, and determine a baseline at The Needles; (2) investigate pup body condition over time at an established colony; and (3) gain insight into the effects of environmental conditions on pup body condition. Methods. We conducted a colony comparison of pup body condition using condition indices at The Needles and an established breeding colony in Bass Strait, Tenth Island, for the 2019/20 and 2020/21 breeding seasons. Pup body condition was quantified at Tenth Island over 18 years (2003–2020) using a long-term morphometric dataset. To establish breeding phenology at these two colonies, we determined peak pupping date for the 2019/20 breeding season using daily pup counts. We assessed the effect of environmental parameters on body condition for the long-term dataset. Key results. Pups from The Needles displayed significantly higher body condition than those from Tenth Island, despite similar peak pupping date. Breeding phenology was consistent with published timing for Australian fur seals. Pup body condition at Tenth Island over the 2-year colony comparison was comparable to the historical average. Environmental drivers that affect maternal foraging efficiency are linked to pup body condition. Conclusions. Higher pup body condition at The Needles is likely underpinned by better foraging conditions resulting in increased pup provisioning levels. Our results indicate that south-west Tasmania is a region of foraging and emerging breeding importance for Australian fur seals. Implications. Future research to monitor pup body condition, maternal foraging behaviour and ecosystem productivity at The Needles will help to provide greater understanding of likely population trajectories at this southernmost breeding site for Australian fur seals.
A New Model for Predicting Fretting Fatigue Crack Initiation Life Based on Effective Slip Amplitude

In this study, a new model has been developed for fretting fatigue crack initiation life prediction based on the slip amplitude as a macroscopic feature of the contact interfaces. The main difference between the presented model and many other fretting fatigue life prediction models is the focus on the fretting specific characteristics. In this model, a damage parameter is combined with a damage severity factor to obtain a new fretting fatigue crack initiation life prediction parameter. To investigate the accuracy of this new parameter, a series of fretting fatigue tests have been conducted. Also, crack initiation life data from the literature were added to enhance parameter accuracy investigation. It is shown that the effective slip amplitude is an unbiased geometric-independent parameter in fretting fatigue crack initiation life prediction. Also, comparing prediction results from the effective slip amplitude with those of Smith-Watson-Topper and Ruiz parameters showed that the new parameter can outperform available fretting fatigue life prediction parameters.
Emission color control from blue to red with nanocolumn diameter of InGaN/GaN nanocolumn arrays grown on same substrate

A novel technology for controlling the In composition of InGaN quantum wells on the same wafer was developed, which paved the way for the monolithic integration of three-primary-color nano-light-emitting diodes. In the experiment, InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well nanocolumn arrays with nanocolumn diameters from 137 to 270 nm were prepared on the same substrate with the Ti-mask selective area growth by rf-plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The emission color changed from blue to red (from 479 to 632 nm in wavelength) with increasing nanocolumn diameter. The emission color change mechanism was clearly explained by the beam shadow effect of the neighboring nanocolumns.
Observation of a quasi‐periodic oscillation due to gravity waves in a shallow radiation fog

Quasi-periodic oscillations with a period of about 40 min are observed in visibility, temperature, water vapour, wind speed and long-wave radiation during the fully developed stage of a shallow radiation fog. These oscillations were observed up to a height of about 60 m, whereas the fog extended up to a height of about 30 m. An interpretation of the oscillations is given in terms of gravity waves, which are rather typical under these very stable conditions.
An implicit time‐marching algorithm for shallow water models based on the generalized wave continuity equation

Wave equation models currently discretize the generalized wave continuity equation with a three‐time‐level scheme centered at k and the momentum equation with a two‐time‐level scheme centered at k+1/2; non‐linear terms are evaluated explicitly. However in highly non‐linear applications, the algorithm becomes unstable at even moderate Courant numbers. This paper examines an implicit treatment of the non‐linear terms using an iterative time‐marching algorithm. Depending on the domain, results from one‐dimensional experiments show up to a tenfold increase in stability and temporal accuracy. The sensitivity of stability to variations in the G‐parameter (a numerical weighting parameter in the generalized wave continuity equation) was examined; results show that the greatest increase in stability occurs with G/τ=2–50. In the one‐dimensional experiments, three different types of node spacing techniques—constant, variable, and LTEA (Localized Truncation Error Analysis)—were examined; stability is positively correlated to the uniformity of the node spacing. Lastly, a scaling analysis demonstrates that the magnitudes of the non‐linear terms are positively correlated to those that most influence stability, particularly the term containing the G‐parameter. It is evident that the new algorithm improves stability and temporal accuracy in a cost‐effective manner. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of a distributed feedback laser with air/semiconductor gratings embedded by the wafer fusion technique

Wafer fusion between patterned or structured wafers is very useful in the construction of new optical materials and/or devices that have submicrometer-order structures inside semiconductors. In order to investigate the feasibility of wafer fusion for this purpose, a distributed feedback (DFB) laser wafer developed which has air/semiconductor gratings that are embedded using the wafer fusion technique. In this paper, the characteristics of the newly developed DFB laser and the coupling coefficient are investigated. Single-longitudinal-mode oscillation at 1.28 /spl mu/m is achieved under pulsed conditions at room temperature with a low threshold current density of 1.3 kA/cm/sup 2/, and the coupling coefficient is estimated to he approximately 100 cm/sup -1/. In addition, high-power surface emission (over 6 mW) is demonstrated due to the large difference between the refractive index of air and that of InP. These results indicate the feasibility of applying wafer fusion techniques to form submicrometer structures in semiconductors, and several other applications are expected.
The generalised sequentially rejective Bonferroni test applied to non-stationary, random signal classification

We present a new non-stationary signal classification algorithm based on a time-frequency distribution and multiple hypothesis testing. The time-frequency distribution is used to construct a time-dependent quadratic discriminant function. At selected points in time we evaluate the discriminant function and form a set of statistics which are used to test multiple hypotheses. We show that the statistics are a linear combinations of chi square random variables with constant coefficients and hence are not normally distributed. The multiple hypotheses are treated simultaneously using the generalised sequentially rejective Bonferroni test to control the probability of incorrect classification of one class. Finally, we show the results of classifying time-varying AR(1) processes which have identical expected instantaneous power and power spectral densities but different time-frequency representations.
Transverse-jet shear-layer instabilities. Part 1. Experimental studies

This study provides a detailed exploration of the near-field shear-layer instabilities associated with a gaseous jet injected normally into crossflow, also known as the transverse jet. Jet injection from nozzles which are flush as well as elevated with respect to the tunnel wall are explored experimentally in this study, for jet-to-crossflow velocity ratios R in the range 1 ≲ R ≤ 10 and with jet Reynolds numbers of 2000 and 3000. The results indicate that the nature of the transverse jet instability is significantly different from that of the free jet, and that the instability changes in character as the crossflow velocity is increased. Dominant instability modes are observed to be strengthened, to move closer to the jet orifice, and to increase in frequency as crossflow velocity increases for the regime 3.5 < R ≤ 10. The instabilities also exhibit mode shifting downstream along the jet shear layer for either nozzle configuration at these moderately high values of R. When R is reduced below 3.5 in the flush injection experiments, single-mode instabilities are dramatically strengthened, forming almost immediately within the shear layer in addition to harmonic and subharmonic modes, without any evidence of mode shifting. Under these conditions, the dominant and initial mode frequencies tend to decrease with increasing crossflow. In contrast, the instabilities in the elevated jet experiments are weakened as R is reduced below about 4, probably owing to an increase in the vertical coflow magnitude exterior to the elevated nozzle, until R falls below 1.25, at which point the elevated jet instabilities become remarkably similar to those for the flush injected jet. Low-level jet forcing has no appreciable influence on the shear-layer response when these strong modes are present, in contrast to the significant influence of low-level forcing otherwise. These studies suggest profound differences in transverse-jet shear-layer instabilities, depending on the flow regime, and help to explain differences previously observed in transverse jets controlled by strong forcing.