Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alternative Treatment for Infants – a Qualitative Study about General Practitioners Experiences and Attitudes in Northern Jutland

Background: The popularity of alternative and complementary medicine (CAM) is increasing in most countries, including Denmark. A study from 2017 showed that every fifth infant in Denmark received chiropractic treatment. Aim: This study aims to explore experiences and attitudes of Danish general practitioners (GPs) towards CAM for infants. Methods: This study was performed as a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews of GPs in Northern Jutland. The GPs were selected to maximise variation among the GPs. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using systematic text condensation. Results: Overall, three main topics occurred during the analysis; medical education and how that contributes to both scepticism and powerlessness, requirements in relation to alternative treaters and the development in CAM use for infants over time. Firstly, the GPs generally want to be open-minded towards CAM, but due to the limited evidence-based research on the area they are also very sceptical. Secondly, the GPs have specific requirements for the qualifications of alternative treaters. If the treaters are to perform CAM on infants, the GPs expect special education of the treaters and treatments adapted to this specific age group. Lastly, the GPs point out a change in the attitude towards CAM both in society and among doctors. The GPs experience normalisation of alternative manual therapies for infants. The GPs generally wish for more information among GPs about experiences and attitudes with CAM use in infants to give better information to parents. Conclusion: The use of CAM in infants is increasing in Denmark. This study contributes to clarify the GPs experiences and attitudes towards CAM use in infants. Generally, GPs in Northern Jutland have limited experience with this apart from manual therapies. The GPs address several attitudes about CAM use in infants, among others: concerns, requirements, thoughts about advantages and disadvantages.
Lithospheric Structure underneath the Archean Tanzania Craton and Adjacent Regions from a Joint Inversion of Receiver Functions and Rayleigh-Wave Phase Velocity Dispersion

Lithospheric structure beneath the Archean Tanzania craton and adjacent regions, including segments of the East African rift system (EARS) and the Proterozoic–early Paleozoic orogenic belts between the EARS and the craton, is imaged by a joint inversion of receiver functions and Rayleigh wave dispersion measurements derived from ambient seismic noise for shorter periods and teleseismic data for longer periods. Our resulting crustal thickness, crustal VP/VS measurements and 3D shear-wave velocity model for the upper 120 km show a clear spatial correspondence with major surficial geological features. The new results suggest the presence of a mafic layer in the bottom of the crust of the entire Archean craton, which is previously only identified beneath the southern portion of the craton. High crustal VP/VS values measured in the Rungwe Volcanic Province and most areas of the Kenya and Tanganyika rift segments can be attributed to a combined result of basaltic sediments atop the crust, magmatic intrusion, and crustal partial melting. The Kivu Volcanic Province and parts of the Kenya rift segment are characterized by localized lower-than-normal crustal VP/VS values and shear velocities in the lower crust and uppermost mantle, which, given the presence of large volume of CO2 from surficial observations, can be best interpreted by CO2-filled fractures or conduits. Lower-than-normal shear velocities in the uppermost mantle are revealed beneath almost the entire study region with the lowest values found in all the three volcanic provinces. The low velocities are indicative of an underplated layer formed by mantle-derived magmatic materials trapped below the Moho. The relatively low velocities beneath the volcanic provinces might be caused by a higher degree of partial melting in the uppermost mantle.
Integrating attentional modulation with attentional selection

Various models of the neural mechanisms of attentional modulation in the visual cortex have been proposed. In general, these models assume that an 'attention' parameter is provided separately. Its value as well as the selection of neuron(s) to which it applies are assumed, but its source and the selection mechanism are unspecified. Here we show how the Selective Tuning model of visual attention can account for the modulation of the firing rate at the single neuron level, and for the temporal pattern of attentional modulations in the visual cortex, in a self-contained formulation that simultaneously determines the stimulus elements to be attended while modulating the relevant neural processes.
Distributions of Raindrop Sizes and Fall Velocities in a Semiarid Plateau Climate: Convective versus Stratiform Rains

Joint size and fall velocity distributions of raindrops were measured with a Particle Size and Velocity (PARSIVEL) precipitation particle disdrometer in a field experiment conducted during July and August 2007 at a semiarid continental site located in Guyuan, Ningxia Province, China (368N, 1068169E). Data from both stratiform and convective clouds are analyzed. Comparison of the observed raindrop size distributions shows that the increase of convective rain rates arises from the increases of both drop concentration and drop diameter while the increase of the rain rate in the stratiform clouds is mainly due to the increase of median and large drop concentration. Another striking contrast between the stratiform and convective rains is that the size distributions from the stratiform (convective) rains tend to narrow (broaden) with increasing rain rates. Statistical analysis of the distribution pattern shows that the observed size distributions from both rain types can be well described by the gamma distribution. Examination of the raindrop fall velocity reveals that the difference in air density leads to a systematic change in the drop fall velocity while organized air motions (updrafts and downdrafts), turbulence, drop breakup, and coalescence likely cause the large spread of drop fall velocity, along with additional systematic deviation from terminal velocity at certain raindrop diameters. Small (large) drops tend to have superterminal (subterminal) velocities statistically, with the positive deviation from the terminal velocity of small drops being much larger than the negative deviation of large drops.
Comparison of particle number size distribution trends in ground measurements and climate models

Abstract. Despite a large number of studies, out of all drivers of radiative forcing, the effect of aerosols has the largest uncertainty in global climate model radiative forcing estimates. There have been studies of aerosol optical properties in climate models, but the effects of particle number size distribution need a more thorough inspection. We investigated the trends and seasonality of particle number concentrations in nucleation, Aitken, and accumulation modes at 21 measurement sites in Europe and the Arctic. For 13 of those sites, with longer measurement time series, we compared the field observations with the results from five climate models, namely EC-Earth3, ECHAM-M7, ECHAM-SALSA, NorESM1.2, and UKESM1. This is the first extensive comparison of detailed aerosol size distribution trends between in situ observations from Europe and five earth system models (ESMs). We found that the trends of particle number concentrations were mostly consistent and decreasing in both measurements and models. However, for many sites, climate models showed weaker decreasing trends than the measurements. Seasonal variability in measured number concentrations, quantified by the ratio between maximum and minimum monthly number concentration, was typically stronger at northern measurement sites compared to other locations. Models had large differences in their seasonal representation, and they can be roughly divided into two categories: for EC-Earth and NorESM, the seasonal cycle was relatively similar for all sites, and for other models the pattern of seasonality varied between northern and southern sites. In addition, the variability in concentrations across sites varied between models, some having relatively similar concentrations for all sites, whereas others showed clear differences in concentrations between remote and urban sites. To conclude, although all of the model simulations had identical input data to describe anthropogenic mass emissions, trends in differently sized particles vary among the models due to assumptions in emission sizes and differences in how models treat size-dependent aerosol processes. The inter-model variability was largest in the accumulation mode, i.e. sizes which have implications for aerosol–cloud interactions. Our analysis also indicates that between models there is a large variation in efficiency of long-range transportation of aerosols to remote locations. The differences in model results are most likely due to the more complex effect of different processes instead of one specific feature (e.g. the representation of aerosol or emission size distributions). Hence, a more detailed characterization of microphysical processes and deposition processes affecting the long-range transport is needed to understand the model variability.
Looking to GROW: The absence of goal setting in post-lesson mentoring conversations on work-integrated learning placements

The post-lesson mentoring conversation on work-integrated learning placements in teacher education is an opportunity for students to critically reflect on their practice. The potential for this learning to take place is diminished however, if the mentor is unskilled in the art of leading these conversations. This skill involves creating a dialogue where the mentee can discuss their practice in relation to learning goals. This study analyzed the transcripts of 54 post-lesson mentoring conversations. The study found that goals were rarely mentioned when conversations were closer to monologues than dialogues. If this is representative of the larger sample, then the mentoring monologue constitutes a waste of the latent learning potential of the post-lesson mentoring conversation. The implications of the study center on the post-lesson mentoring conversation requiring more scaffolding in the way of protocols that promote growth through a critical dialogue of the professional learning goals of the teacher education student.
Michelson’s analysis of errors in his 1881/87 experiments of the two swimmers contest; Necessity of correcting college textbooks

The Paper highlights discovery from 2000 of two Errors (ERM81/87) by Michelson in analysis of his experiments ME81/87. ERM81/87 has also been addressed in series of previous articles by the authors. ERM81/87 consisted of assuming the transverse path of light ray 2 or of SW2 swimmer, to be an isosceles triangle (Error 1) inclined with angle β’ in referential frame (RF) ether/water (E/W), or a double orthogonal path (in RF device/bank (D/B)), thus calculating the wrong result, t2 < t1, or Δt = t1-t2 > 0, (Error 2), states SW2 wins the contest. In ERM81/87 it is proven firstly, by Demonstration 1, based on logic, starting from the non-observance in Michelson’s analysis, of rules of correctness and fair play, in development of the two swimmers contest (TSC). Rresulted in correct transversal path as a right triangle, with t2 = t1 (in RF, E/W), the correct contest result is a draw. Demonstration 2 consists, in correction of SW2 route, resulting under fair play conditions, for transversal path, a right triangle with hypotenuse inclined at angle 2β (in RF, E/W) and t2 = t1 or Δt = 0, with the contest result in a tie. Demonstration 3 is based on a new Generalised Case (GC) of the TSC where the orientation of the starting path of SW1 can be inclined at any angle α, always one obtains, t1 = t2, the correct result. Evidence provided shows Michelson designed his interferometer by analogy with TSC, Michelson considered SW2 the winner. Evidence provided in 1892 by Lorenz expressed doubts about the correctness of Michelson’s analysis of ME81/87, without finding errors. We show, an initial error (ERM81) was committed by Michelson in ME81analysis, erroneously superposing paths for SW2 (in RF, D/B), and in incorrect calculations of t2 and Δt obtaining t2 < t1, an error communicated to him by Potier, which also mentioned the correct result Δt = 0, without any demonstration. In analysis of ME87, Michelson acknowledged the error, modified the path of SW2 to isosceles triangle (in RF, E/W), and made new t2 calculation. But he reduced by only half, the Δt compared to Δt in ME81, meaning the basic error in Δt (ERM87) has persisted, until today. We emphasize that errors ERM81/87 in TSC are repeatedly printed, and appear in all college physics textbooks around the world, exemplifying by presenting four such excerpts from college textbooks from the US and Canada. Thus, a correction of ERM81/87 is required, starting with the correction of the TSC, by admitting the correct result of equality of SW1 and SW2, in all college physics textbooks. As result the ether can be reintroduced into physics with multiple consequences including re-evaluation of the Special Relativity Theory.
Elastic Indexes: Dynamic Space vs. Query Efficiency Tuning for In-Memory Database Indexing

In-memory database management systems (DBMSs) are important elements of data pipelines, wherein they store data produced over a sliding (or periodic) time window by real-time data sources for analytics and monitoring purposes. These pipelines produce vastly different amounts of data across time windows, dictating that some memory over-provisioning is required for the DBMS. A major source of DBMS memory overhead—which stresses memory provisioning demands—is storage of indexed keys by the DBMS index data structures. However, such internal-key storage is crucial for fast scans, which are important in these workloads. This paper proposes an elastic index design framework, which transforms an index with internal-key storage into an elastic index that adjusts its memory overhead to the data size. Under typical conditions, the elastic index offers the same performance as the original index. When large amounts of data are ingested, the elastic index temporarily shrinks so that the DBMS does not exceed its memory budget. Shrinking is performed by dynamically converting index nodes to a compact representation with indirect key storage. We demonstrate our design with an elastic B + -tree , whose compact nodes use a novel blind trie representation. We show that the elastic B + -tree can store 2 × –5 × the number of keys (depending on key size) than a B + -tree with only moderate ( < 25%) degradation of index throughput. We also integrate the elastic B + -tree into the MCAS in-memory storage system. Compared to MCAS’ default B + -tree index, the elastic B + -tree can consume 3 × less space with 1 . 8%–2 . 6% throughput degradation on a workload modeling analysis and monitoring of cloud log data.
Deriving Subgoals Using Network Distillation

—Sparsely rewarded environments can be challenging for deep reinforcement learning to understand and even harder to master. Hierarchical reinforcement learning shows promising ways of constructing subgoals, that are more understandable to the agent. Subgoal construction is a slow process to do autonomously, we therefore propose a new method of ﬁnding and constructing subgoals. We present a more time-efﬁcient comparison method for subgoal creation. We propose a novel distributed training framework to increase the throughput of the agent. The framework indicates increased data gathering but decreased learning compared to a non-distributed counterpart.
Role of C - Reactive Protein as an Inflammatory Marker in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Case – Control Study in Erbil- Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Background and aim: Inflammation has been long regarded as a key contributor to atherosclerosis. Recent decades have provided extensive and mounting evidence concerning the pivotal interplay between inflammation and CAD, reinforcing the concept of inflammation not only as a risk marker but also as a risk factor for the development and progression of atherosclerotic disease. Methods: This was a case control study that has been enrolled among 404 patients, divided into two different groups (case-CAD patients and control group-Patients with Normal Coronary Angiography) that presented to Catheterization unit of Surgical Specialty Hospital- Cardiac Center/ Erbil City-Iraq from 1 Sept 2021 to 1 Jan 2022. Results: A total of 404 patients of case and control group was included from both genders, the mean age was 55.9 ±10.6, ranging from 30 to 77 years of age, based on their coronary angiographic profile 57.4% of them were Coronary Artery Disease cases and 42.6% were controls. (58.4%) of the study population were males and (41.6%) were females. The mean of CRP level amongst cases were higher (6.2 ± 10) than the controls (3.5 ± 4.7), and this was significant with a P = 0.022. In our study we found that Highly Sensitive-CRP was high amongst Case Group (Patients with CAD) by 70% while comparing to only 30% of Control group who had High CRP levels. And this was statistically significant with a P value of 0.003. Conclusion: The level of CRP was higher among patients with Coronary Artery Disease, than those with Normal Coronary Angiography. The level was higher among.
Prediction models with survival data: a comparison between machine learning and the Cox proportional hazards model

Recent years have seen increased interest in using machine learning (ML) methods for survival prediction, chiefly using big datasets with mixed datatypes and/or many predictors Model comparisons have frequently been limited to performance measure evaluation, with the chosen measure often suboptimal for assessing survival predictive performance. We investigated ML model performance in an application to osteosarcoma data from the EURAMOS-1 clinical trial (NCT00134030). We compared the performance of survival neural networks (SNN), random survival forests (RSF) and the Cox proportional hazards model. Three performance measures suitable for assessing survival model predictive performance were considered: the C-index, and the time-dependent Brier and Kullback-Leibler scores. Comparisons were also made on predictor importance and patient-specific survival predictions. Additionally, the effect of ML model hyper- parameters on performance was investigated. All three models had comparable performance as assessed by the C-index and Brier and Kullback-Leibler scores, with the Cox model and SNN also comparable in terms of relative predictor importance and patient-specific survival predictions. RSFs showed a tendency for according less importance to predictors with uneven class distributions and predicting clustered survival curves, the latter a result of tuning hyperparameters that influence forest shape through restrictions on terminal node size and tree depth. SNNs were comparatively more sensitive to hyperparameter misspecification, with decreased regularization resulting in inconsistent predicted survival probabilities. We caution against using RSF for predicting patient-specific survival, as standard model tuning practices may result in aggregated predictions, which is not reflected in performance measure values, and recommend performing multiple reruns of SNNs to verify prediction consistency.
Detection of a BA.1/BA.2 recombinant in travelers arriving in Hong Kong, February 2022

We studied SARS-CoV-2 genomes from travelers arriving in Hong Kong from November-2021 to February-2022. Apart from detecting Omicron (BA.1, BA1.1. and BA.2) and Delta variants, we detected a BA.1/BA.2 recombinant in two epidemiologically linked cases. This recombinant has a breakpoint near the 5' end of Spike gene (nucleotide position 20055-21618).
Cancer diagnosis in primary care after second pandemic year in Catalonia: a time-series analysis of primary care electronic health records covering about 5 million people

Background: During COVID-19 pandemic, incidence of chronic disease had drastically been reduced due to health care interruptions. The aim of this study is to analyze cancer diagnosis during the two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Time-series study of malignant neoplasms, using data from the primary care electronic health records from January 2014 to December 2021. We obtained the expected monthly incidence using a temporary regression adjusted by trend and seasonality. We additionally compared cancer incidence in 2019 with those of 2020 and 2021 using the T-Test. We performed analysis globally, by sex and by type of cancer. Results: During 2020, the incidence of cancer had reduced by -21% compared to 2019 (p-value <0.05). Greater reductions were observed during lockdown in early 2020 (>40%) and with some types of cancers, especially prostate and skin cancers (-29.6% and -26.9% respectively, p-value<0.05). Lung cancers presented statistically non-significant reductions in both years. Cancer diagnosis returned to expected around March 2021, and incidence in 2021 was similar to that of 2019 (overall difference of 0.21%, p=0.967). However, -11% reduction still was found when comparing pandemic months of 2020-2021 with pre-pandemic months (2019-2020) Conclusions: Although primary care cancer diagnostic capacity in 2021 has returned to pre-pandemic levels, missing diagnoses during the last two years have not been fully recovered.
Global Systems Engineering at Rolls-Royce: Using Stories to Explore Ambiguous Standards and Emergent Architecture Implications of System Architecture on Roles and Certification Compliance Processes

This paper discusses Rolls-Royce’ experience in implementing a standardized set of roles and control system requirements for its product development projects. It reviews the responsibilities of systems and software engineers, the task of system architecture and its implications on documentation structures. Industry guidelines allow for the definition of more detailed item-level requirements arising from the system architecture process. However, there is considerable ambiguity in the information transfers to the component life cycle processes and the distinction between these “item/ derived requirements” and “system requirements” in general. A review of projects shows that Rolls-Royce programs have developed different approaches to the system architecting process. This demonstrates the variety of interpretations for the industry standards such as DO-178B and ARP-4754. It also provides a broad set of potential resources for a globally managed development program. However, the ambiguity in the industry standards means that the system architecting process is not always straightforward (as evidenced by its varying Rolls-Royce embodiments). The paper concludes by developing stories and use cases that help to address differing cultural perspectives, and to replace existing local stories with a new set of stories that can be globally recognized and adopted.