Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Uniqueness of Entire Functions With Respect To Their Shifts Concerning Derivatives

In this paper, we study the uniqueness of entire function that sharing small functions with their shifts concerning its $k-th$ derivatives. We prove that: Let $f(z)$ be a transcendental entire function of finite order, let $c$ be a nonzero finite value, $k$ be a positive integer, and let $a(z)\not\equiv\infty, b(z)\not\equiv\infty$ be two distinct small functions of $f(z+c)$ and $f^{(k)}(z)$. If $f^{(k)}(z)$ and $f(z+c)$ share $a(z)$ CM, and share $b(z)$ IM, then $f^{(k)}(z)\equiv f(z+c)$. The result improves some conclusions due to Qi and Yang \cite {qy}.
Photoelectric heating effects on the evolution of luminous disc galaxies

Photoelectric heating (PEH) influences the temperature and density of the interstellar medium (ISM), and potentially also affecting star formation. PEH is expected to have a stronger effect on massive galaxies, as they host larger dust reservoirs compared to dwarf systems. Accordingly, in this paper, we study PEH effects in Milky Way-like galaxies using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) code which self-consistently implements the evolution of the gas, dust, and interstellar radiation field (ISRF). Dust evolution includes dust formation by stars, destruction by SNe, and growth in dense media. We find that PEH suppresses star formation due to the excess heating that reduces the ISM density. This suppression is seen across the entire range of gas fractions, star formation recipes, dust models, and PEH efficiencies investigated by our code. The suppression ranges from negligible values to approximately a factor of five depending on the specific implementation. Galaxy models having higher gas fraction experience higher star formation suppression. The adopted dust model also alters the extent of star formation suppression. Moreover, when PEH is switched on, galaxy models show higher gas outflow rates and have higher loading factors indicative of enhanced SNe feedback. In gas-rich models (i.e. a gas fraction of 0.5), we also find that PEH suppresses the formation of disk clumps via violent disk instabilities, and thus suppresses bulge formation via clumps migration to the central regions.
TAIL BEHAVIOR OF STOPPED LÉVY PROCESSES WITH MARKOV MODULATION

This article concerns the tail probabilities of a light-tailed Markov-modulated Lévy process stopped at a state-dependent Poisson rate. The tails are shown to decay exponentially at rates given by the unique positive and negative roots of the spectral abscissa of a certain matrix-valued function. We illustrate the use of our results with an application to the stationary distribution of wealth in a simple economic model in which agents with constant absolute risk aversion are subject to random mortality and income fluctuation.
Label Smoothing and Adversarial Robustness

Recent studies indicate that current adversarial attack methods are flawed and easy to fail when encountering some deliberately designed defense. Sometimes even a slight modification in the model details will invalidate the attack. We find that training model with label smoothing can easily achieve striking accuracy under most gradient-based attacks. For instance, the robust accuracy of a WideResNet model trained with label smoothing on CIFAR-10 achieves 75% at most under PGD attack. To understand the reason underlying the subtle robustness, we investigate the relationship between label smoothing and adversarial robustness. Through theoretical analysis about the characteristics of the network trained with label smoothing and experiment verification of its performance under various attacks. We demonstrate that the robustness produced by label smoothing is incomplete based on the fact that its defense effect is volatile, and it cannot defend attacks transferred from a naturally trained model. Our study enlightens the research community to rethink how to evaluate the model's robustness appropriately.
Incorporation of Selenium into Egg Proteins After Feeding Selenomethionine or Sodium Selenite

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine if selenium incorporation into egg proteins could be predicted on the basis of methionine or cystine content. Chickens in egg production were fed a basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with . 2 or . 4 ppm selenium from selenite or . 2 or . 4 ppm selenium from selenomethionine. Eggs were collected from each group after feeding the diet 18 days. All of the egg white proteins and yolk fractions prepared contained selenium, and all of them increased in selenium when more was fed. The increase in selenium in egg white proteins after feeding selenite did not appear to be related to the cystine content of the proteins. However, the increase in selenium in egg white proteins after feeding selenomethionine appeared to parallel the methionine content of the proteins. The selenium level of yolk fractions was more closely related to the cystine content. Livetin fractions had the highest selenium level, and low density fractions had the lowest. The data suggest that proteins synthesized in a tissue will have predictable amounts of selenium but that proteins from different tissues will have different patterns of selenium incorporation.
Bit-Exact ECC Recovery (BEER): Determining DRAM On-Die ECC Functions by Exploiting DRAM Data Retention Characteristics

Increasing single-cell DRAM error rates have pushed DRAM manufacturers to adopt on-die error-correction coding (ECC), which operates entirely within a DRAM chip to improve factory yield. The on-die ECC function and its effects on DRAM reliability are considered trade secrets, so only the manufacturer knows precisely how on-die ECC alters the externally-visible reliability characteristics. Consequently, on-die ECC obstructs third-party DRAM customers (e.g., test engineers, experimental researchers), who typically design, test, and validate systems based on these characteristicsTo give third parties insight into precisely how on-die ECC transforms DRAM error patterns during error correction, we introduce Bit-Exact ECC Recovery (BEER), a new methodology for determining the full DRAM on-die ECC function (i.e., its parity-check matrix) without hardware tools, prerequisite knowledge about the DRAM chip or on-die ECC mechanism, or access to ECC metadata (e.g., error syndromes, parity information). BEER exploits the key insight that non-intrusively inducing data-retention errors with carefully-crafted test pat-terns reveals behavior that is unique to a specific ECC functionWe use BEER to identify the ECC functions of 80 real LPDDR4 DRAM chips with on-die ECC from three major DRAM manufacturers. We evaluate BEER’s correctness in simulation and performance on a real system to show that BEER is effective and practical across a wide range of on-die ECC functions. To demonstrate BEER’s value, we propose and discuss several ways that third parties can use BEER to improve their design and testing practices. As a concrete example, we introduce and evaluate BEEP, the first error profiling method-ology that uses the known on-die ECC function to recover the number and bit-exact locations of unobservable raw bit errors responsible for observable post-correction errors.
Real-Time Streaming Anomaly Detection in Dynamic Graphs

Given a stream of graph edges from a dynamic graph, how can we assign anomaly scores to edges in an online manner, for the purpose of detecting unusual behavior, using constant time and memory? Existing approaches aim to detect individually surprising edges. In this work, we propose MIDAS, which focuses on detecting microcluster anomalies, or suddenly arriving groups of suspiciously similar edges, such as lockstep behavior, including denial of service attacks in network traffic data. We further propose MIDAS-F, to solve the problem by which anomalies are incorporated into the algorithm's internal states, creating a 'poisoning' effect which can allow future anomalies to slip through undetected. MIDAS-F introduces two modifications: 1) We modify the anomaly scoring function, aiming to reduce the 'poisoning' effect of newly arriving edges; 2) We introduce a conditional merge step, which updates the algorithm's data structures after each time tick, but only if the anomaly score is below a threshold value, also to reduce the `poisoning' effect. Experiments show that MIDAS-F has significantly higher accuracy than MIDAS. MIDAS has the following properties: (a) it detects microcluster anomalies while providing theoretical guarantees about its false positive probability; (b) it is online, thus processing each edge in constant time and constant memory, and also processes the data 130 to 929 times faster than state-of-the-art approaches; (c) it provides 41% to 55% higher accuracy (in terms of ROC-AUC) than state-of-the-art approaches.
Measurement of changes in urinary neopterin and total neopterin in body builders using SCX HPLC

Abstract Body building is a sport where ultrastructual damage to muscle fibres aids the development of dense muscle layers. Using a new strong cation exchange (SCX) based chromatography technique to measure neopterin and 7,8-dihydroneopterin, we investigated whether this muscle damage caused increased levels of inflammation. Urine samples were collected over eight consecutive mornings from 10 natural competitive body builders. Samples were analysed using SCX high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with urine volume corrected for creatinine and specific gravity (SG). The majority of subjects showed large changes in both neopterin and total neopterin (7,8-dihydroneopterin+neopterin) levels, though the mean data for the group showed no significant change over the week. There was no evidence of the high intensity resistance training causing an accumulation of inflammation as the values for all the body builders returned to close to the starting values after 2 days rest. The SCX analysis had an intra-specific viability of 3.04% and the inter-specific viability was 5.42%. Urine volume correction with SG was found to give the same values as using creatinine. Creatinine and specific gravity are both reliable methods for correcting for urine volume while SCX HPLC provides a new means of measuring urinary neopterin and total neopterin.
Reading Skills Acquisition in English: A Comparison of Monolingualism and Bilingualism in Foundation Phase

This study is based on the findings from a study conducted to examine acquisition of reading skills of monolingual English and bilingual Sesotho-English third grade learners by evaluating their phonological and reading skills. The sample consisted of 80 monolingual English and 80 bilingual Sesotho-English pupils in Motheo District, Free State. Tasks of Phonological Awareness (PA) were correlated with reading measures in English as an L1 and L2, but significant differences were found on all of the measures; implying overall support for use of PA measures for reading achievement in L1-English monolinguals and in the English (L2) of bilingual children, but with the understanding that L1 Sesotho spoken proficiency and L2 English-only instruction influences the underlying repertoire of PA skills used for L2 English reading acquisition, different from that of the L1 English reading acquisition process. The educational implications of these observations are discussed.
Human Resource Management of an MNC in an Emerging Market

This study aims to determine how human resource management strategies have influenced Huawei’s development. The study employs theoretical analysis and a case study approach to test several propositions. The results show that taking special measures in terms of recruitment, training, compensation and incentives, career support, HRBP, and organizational culture, have as much a positive impact on competitive advantage, employee motivation, and reinforcement of the internal labor market, as systematic and effective human resource systems. Study limitations and topics for future research are also discussed.
A Cross-Sectional Study on Articulatory Working Space Area in Mandibulectomy or Maxillectomy

Introduction: There has always been a challenge in providing a clear understanding of the critical features of the articulatory movements involved in speech production of individuals who undergo mandibulectomy or maxillectomy. Identifying the articulatory working space area can help the surgeons and the speech pathologists aware of what extend the speech of the patients get affected after surgery. Hence, the present study was aimed at identifying the articulatory working space area in mandibulectomy or maxillectomy. Methods: Sustained production of vowel /a/, /i/, and /u/ by participants with a digital sound recorder (Sony ICD-PX240 MP3 Digital) kept at a distance of 15cm. Analysis carried out using Praat software (Praat, Version 6.0.21). Results & Analysis: The formant values obtained for the pre and post-operative groups were statistically analysed using SPSS paired t-test for comparison of pre and post-operative groups, and Independent sample t-test for comparison of control group vs pre/post-operative group. The result revealed a reduced F2 value for the high vowel /i/, reflecting that the anterior movement of the tongue can be restricted due to mandibulectomy. Increased F1 was obtained for the low back vowel /a/ in individuals who underwent maxillectomy, and mandibulectomy indicated reduced mouth opening and reduced elevation of tongue in both clinical groups. Discussion: Overall, the articulatory working space area was reduced significantly in individuals who underwent mandibulectomy compared to maxillectomy. Thus, when deciding on the prosthesis or reconstructive surgery, efforts should focus on maintaining the coordination and integrity of the tongue and mandible.
The Relation between Visual Motor Integration and Cognitive Development in Full Term versus Preterm Infants

Background: Preterm children present more often than children born at term with neurological problems that include severe neurological handicaps, such as cerebral palsy or severe mental retardation, or more subtle cognitive impairments. Purpose of the study: To investigate the relation between visual motor integration and cognitive development in full term versus preterm infants. Subjects: One hundred and twenty infants (full term & preterm infants) from both sexes, their ages ranged from 6 to 24 months. They were selected from Saray El-kobba Medical Center & Sawa Academy Nursery in Cairo (Ain shams area). Methods: Children were divided into 2 groups of equal number, Group A: Included sixty full term infants and Group B: Included sixty preterm infants (low risk preterm). Within the 2 groups children were subdivided into 3 subgroups according to their chronological age for full term and corrected age for preterm. The participants of both groups were assessed by the following tools to assess their visual motor integration and cognition by The Peabody Developmental Motor Scales–Second Edition (PDMS-2) and the Portage Guide to early childhood education: (Arabic version) respectively. Results: The results revealed that there was a strong positive correlation between PDMS-2 and Portage scale in full term sub groups (6-12months), (12-18 months) and (18-24 months) scores [( r= 0.48, p=0.03), (r=0.84, p=0.0001) and (r=0.75, p=0.0001) respectively]. There was strong positive correlation between PDMS-2 and Portage scale in preterm subgroups (6-12 months), (12-18 months) and (18-24 months) scores [(r=0.84, p=0.0001) – (r=0.63, p=0,003) –(r=0.88, p=0.0001) respectively]. Conclusion: Based on this study, it could be concluded that there is a relation between visual motor integration and cognitive development in full term versus preterm infants.
Effect of Seed Priming Treatment with Nitrate Salt on Phytotoxicity and Chlorophyll Content Under Short Term Moisture Stress in Maize (Zea mays L.)

An experiment was carried out to appraise the effect of seed priming treatment with Mg(NO3)2 against various levels of externally imposed moisture stress by polyethylene glycol-6000 on phytotoxicity in shoot and root and chlorophyll content in maize plant under laboratory conditions. The phytotoxicity of shoot and root was increased as the elevated levels of PEG-6000 towards T1 to T4 (i.e. 1.5 to 4.5 %, Set-I) as compared to control set (T0, i.e. without treated set), while the least values of phytotoxicity were recorded in T5 and onwards increased slowly up to T8 (i.e. 1.5 to 4.5 % of PEG-6000 + primed seed, Set-II). The same trend of phytotoxicity was recorded for both the plant parts at both the times of observations, i.e. shoot and root 120 and 240 hours. The chlorophyll content of shoot was recorded in decreasing trend onwards from T1 to T4 in treatment set-I as compared to T0, i.e. control. While the highest amount of chlorophyll content was recorded in T5 followed by T6 as compared to the rest of the treatments.
The Level and Sources of Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety among Saudi EFL University Students

This study aims to investigate the level and the sources of Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety (FLSA). To achieve this aim, a mixed-method approach was used by implementing a questionnaire and interviews. Eighty-five female Saudi EFL university students completed the questionnaire. Six of the most highly anxious students were identified according to the questionnaire results and interviewed. The findings revealed that the participants experienced a moderate level of FLSA in their English class. In addition, there are several sources of FLSA, which can be listed in the following order: fear of making mistakes, forced participation, lack of vocabulary, lack of practice, lack of grammar. Participants also reported other sources of anxiety such as fear of making pronunciation mistakes, the negative attitude of teachers and the need to give oral presentations. Based on the results, the study reached a conclusion and constructed a set of recommendations.
IMPACTS OF QUIZLET USE ON YOUNG ENGLISH LEARNERS’ VOCABULARY ACQUISITION

This 10-week research investigated the impacts of Quizlet, an online tool, on young English learners’ vocabulary acquisition. 29 students, aged from 7 to 8, were the subjects of the research. In the first five weeks, students followed normal program without Quizlet implementation, while throughout five weeks of the second phase, Quizlet was relied on to facilitate vocabulary learning. Pretest, posttest and questionnaires were employed to collect data for analysis. The divergence between pretest and posttest results showed significant gains made by students after Quizlet was introduced. Besides, responses to the questionnaires displayed students’ positive attitudes toward Quizlet use.
Long-Term Economic Consequences of Hedge Fund Activist Interventions Ed deHaan Foster School of Business University of Washington David Larcker Graduate School of Business, Stanford University Rock Center for Corporate Governance

We examine the long-term effects of interventions by activist hedge funds. Prior papers document positive equal-weighted long-term returns and operating performance improvements following activist interventions, and typically conclude that activism is beneficial. We extend prior literature in two ways. First, we find that equal-weighted long-term returns are driven by the smallest 20% of firms with an average market value of $22 million. The larger 80% of firms experience insignificant negative long-term returns. On a value-weighted basis, which likely best gauges effects on shareholder wealth and the economy, we find that pre-to-post activism long-term returns are insignificantly different from zero. For operating performance, we find that prior results are a manifestation of abnormal trends in pre-activism performance. Using an appropriately matched sample, we find no evidence of abnormal post-activism performance improvements. Overall, our results do not strongly support the hypothesis that activist interventions drive long-term benefits for the typical shareholder. JEL Classification: G34; G38; G14; M41; M48 We thank Ian Gow, Jon Karpoff, and Eric So for helpful advice, and Alon Brav for kindly sharing data on hedge fund activism. We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Stanford Rock Center for Corporate Governance, the Centers & Initiatives for Research, Curriculum and Learning Experiences (CIRCLE), the University of Washington’s Foster School of Business, the FMC Faculty Research Fund, and the University of Chicago’s Booth School of Business.
Seminal Fluid Mediates Ejaculate Competition in Social Insects

Sperm Wars Some female insects mate on only one day of their life, but then they may mate with multiple males and store the sperm, sometimes for years. But as the mates compete for mates, so their sperm compete for ova, and competition between ejaculates can result in the destruction of sperm inside multiply mated females. But females need to select the sperm they want and to maintain stores of viable sperm to ensure a lifetime's fertility. Den Boer et al. (p. 1506) compared species of bees and ants with queens that either mate once or mate multiple times, and found that sperm competition has driven the evolution of compounds in the male accessory gland that protect a male's own sperm while damaging another male's sperm. To counteract the male effect, queens produce compounds that mitigate sperm destruction and maximize the number of her offspring. Substances produced by rival male social insects destroy sperm, and females produce compounds to counteract sperm loss. Queens of ants and bees normally obtain a lifetime supply of sperm on a single day of sexual activity, and sperm competition is expected to occur in lineages where queens receive sperm from multiple males. We compared singly mated (monandrous) and multiply mated (polyandrous) sister groups of ants and bees and show that seminal fluid of polyandrous species has a more positive effect on the survival of a male’s own sperm than on other males’ sperm. This difference was not observed in the monandrous species, suggesting that incapacitation of competing sperm may have independently evolved in both bees and ants. In Atta leafcutter ants, the negative effect of the seminal fluid of other males was negated by secretion from the queen sperm-storage organ, suggesting that queens may control ejaculate competition after sperm storage.
Self-confident, Inside and Out: Exploring the Antecedents of Internal and External Self-Confidence in Women Leaders

This study was conducted to examine levels of internal and external selfconfidence in women leaders. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to explore the antecedents of self-confidence levels in women leaders, predicting that benevolent sexism would lower self-confidence through stereotype threat. 150 female leaders filled out an online survey. The results did not provide support for six out of the seven proposed hypotheses. The results found that benevolent sexism was negatively related to external self-confidence, but overall did not impact selfconfidence. An exploratory analysis was conducted to further examine potential mediators and moderators in the relationship between hostile and benevolent sexism and internal and external self-confidence. Results of the exploratory analysis found stereotype threat and sensitivity to sexism as mediators and moderators in different relationships than hypothesized. Specifically, hostile sexism is related to lower levels of external self-confidence in women leaders. This has major implications for career growth and emotional strain on women leaders. Theoretical implications, practical implications, and limitations are then discussed. iv