Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Potential Stale Seedbed Herbicide Combinations for Cotton

Field experiments were conducted in 1992 and 1993 at Brooksville and Newton, MS to evaluate combinations of the selective herbicides cyanazine, diuron, fluometuron, lactofen, and MSMA with the nonselective herbicides glufosinate, glyphosate, and paraquat for stale seedbed cotton weed control. All herbicide applications were made immediately after planting. Sicklepod control 2 weeks after treatment (WAT) at Newton was more than 80%, but at Brooksville, control was less than 70% for all nonselective herbicides applied alone. Diuron plus any nonselective herbicide controlled sicklepod more than 80% with no antagonism. MSMA was antagonistic to all nonselective herbicides for sicklepod control both 2 WAT and 4 WAT. At 4 WAT, glyphosate activity was antagonized by most selective herbicides at Brooskville. Diuron antagonized glyphosate at Newton. Diuron in combination with glufosinate controlled sicklepod more than 80%. Pitted morningglory control 2 WAT was antagonized when glyphosate was in combination with any selective herbicide; however, response was additive when paraquat was in combination with a selective herbicide, as was glufosinate in comination with diuron, cyanazine, or MSMA. At 4 WAT, antagonism of pitted mroningglory control occurred for most combinations in 1992; less antagonism occurred in 1993. At each location, a followup postemergence application would be necessary to obtain adequate season-long control of sicklepod and pitted morningglory. Cotton injury at Newton was more than 10% for cyanazine both years of the study, and lactofen injured cotton 23% in 1992. Cotton injury was less than 10% for all selective herbicides at Brooksville.
Sharing Norms and Saving Behaviour

We run a field experiment in Kenya and provide empirical evidence of the existence of sharing norms in rural poor communities and their impact on individual savings. Using the Krupka-Weber (2013) norm-elicitation method we show that these communities live by social norms that prescribe extensive sharing of income at the expense of own savings. For women, these norms are weaker if information about income is private rather than publicly known by the community. Using information on subjects’ bank account usage we show that these norms, and their interaction with public information, systematically affect actual saving behaviour. * School of Economics, University of Nottingham.
Sexual Behavior and its Association with Knowledge Regarding HIV/AIDS Among Migrant Road Construction Workers in a Rural Setting of Cameroon

Background: Despite several measures that have been put in place to curb the spread of HIV/AIDS in Cameroon, available statistics shows that the scourge has continued unabated. Road construction workers in Cameroon are at a high risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. However, the current HIV prevention programs in Cameroon have primarily not targeted road construction workers. This research is conducted to investigate the association between sexual behaviors and knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS among migrant road construction workers in rural Cameroon.
How does STICS crop model simulate crop growth and productivity under shade conditions?

Most crop models have been developed with crops growing under full sunlight conditions and they commonly use daily cumulated global radiation as part of the climatic input data. This approach neglects the spatio-temporal dimension of the light reduction experienced by the crop in agroforestry systems. In this study, we evaluate the ability of the crop model STICS to predict winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and yield under three distinct light conditions using field observations from a two year artificial shade experiment. The shade structure induced a continuous shade (CS) treatment characterized by a reduction of the proportion of light during the entire day and a periodic shade (PS) treatment defined by an intermittent shade varying on the plot throughout the day. These two shade conditions were compared to a no shade treatment (NS) receiving 100% of the available light. The model accurately predicted the timing of the grain maturity stage under the PS treatment by reducing the daily global radiation only. A correct prediction of this growth stage in the CS treatment required a decrease of the daily maximum air temperature in addition to the reduction of global radiation. Overall, the model accurately reproduces the total aboveground dry matter dynamics under the CS and NS treatments, but did not simulate the reduction observed under the PS treatment correctly. Three parameters (nbjgrain, cgrain and cgrainvo) involved in the determination of the number of grains have been calibrated with the NS treatment data and were then used to predict the crop behavior under the shaded treatments. Using this adjusted parameter set, the STICS model gave a good prediction of the grain number under all treatments. Nevertheless, the simulation of final grain yield under the shade treatments was not satisfactory yet, presumably due to an overestimation of the reallocation of the biomass between shoots and grains. Improving the prediction of these reallocation processes is challenging and critical to improve the simulation of crop behavior under fluctuating light environments such as encountered in agroforestry systems.
Comparison between rolling and surgical treatment of uterine torsion in buffaloes (Bubalis bubalis) in Basrah province

A number of 30 buffaloes with uterine torsion were described in a period of 2010 to 2011 in our clinic in Basrah Province Alnashwa. All animals were treated first by rolling but only four cases responded and were corrected by this method, 86.67% of cases were corrected by caesarian section (CS). We found that the right uterine torsion was more incidence 73.33% than left uterine torsion, from the result, we found 4 cases of uterine torsion with malprsentation. The fetus survivability after caesarian section was only 46.51%. The study concluded that caesarian operation in early diagnosed uterine torsion in buffaloes is the best method for saving the fetal and maternal life in case of rolling failure. Key words: Buffaloes, Basrah Province, uterine torsion.
Technological Catch-up and the Role of Multinationals

This paper investigates the importance of productivity catch-up, as an indicator of technology spillovers, to productivity growth. We find evidence that productivity catch-up is statistically and quantitatively important. Establishments in industries where high productivity firms have pushed out the technological frontier grow faster, indicating that leading firms generate positive externalities to non-frontier establishments. We find that both domestic and foreign-owned establishments play a leadership role. We quantify the contribution of affiliates of US multinationals to UK productivity growth by advancing the frontier. We also demonstrate that our empirical approach can encompass productivity dispersion in addition to technological catch-up between lagging and leading establishments. Acknowledgements: This work was funded by the Gatsby Charitable Foundation, the ESRC Centre for Microeconomic Analysis of Public Policy at the Institute for Fiscal Studies and the ESRC/EPSRC AIM initiative. The paper has been produced under contract to the ONS. We are grateful to conference and seminar participants at CEPR, the Institute for Fiscal Studies, the Royal Economic Society Conference, and the University of Nottingham for helpful comments. This work contains statistical data from ONS which is Crown Copyright and reproduced with the permission of the controller of HMSO and Queen’s Printer for Scotland. The use of the ONS statistical data in this work does not imply the endorsement of the ONS in relation to the interpretation or analysis of the statistical data. Responsibility for any results, opinions, and errors lies with the authors alone. JEL Classification: F23, O33, O47
Creating a Reliable Data Type Framework for the OSRA Using Modern C++

Ever increasing demands on the complexity of onboard software has lead the European Space Agency to define the On­Board Software ReferenceArchitecture (OSRA) creating a common framework formodeling onboard software for space applications. OSRA provides tools for the description of onboard software (OSW) in a component­centric way, but leaves the implementation of the OSW itself or related auto­coding tools to other institutions. As a first step towards a code­generation framework from high level softwaremodels, we present source codemappings from the OSRA data type model to a C++ type system. The goal of the framework is to take care of type safety and value consistency issues and to provide an intuitive interface to the application developer for defining and working with data types, while at the same time having the target of auto­coding in mind. We use language features introduced with the modern C++ standards to allow for extensive validity checks at compile­time and additional checks at runtime. For the integration with OSRA tools, we take an intermediate step transforming the graphically declared types of OSRA into an ASN.1 representation before generating the corresponding C++ source code. The integration is bidirectional, i.e. data types, which have been constructed solely in ASN.1 notation, can also be used inside OSRA models which helps maintaining more complex data structures in a textual format and enables us to use existing complex data sets from previous projects and from The Assert Set of Tools for Engineering (TASTE) project to test the feasibility and the limitations of the type system. In the end, we present a type system which can be auto­generated and automatically avoids common sources of error like faulty initialization, out­of­bound access and accidental range overflows. Such errors cause compile­time errors if possible and runtime errors otherwise. In order to provide developers with a practical solution, efforts were made to facilitate integration with existing code bases or third party libraries which allows an iterative process of adaption. We strive to generate complete onboard software projects from the OSRA component model. The data type system defined here provides therefore the basis for that endeavor as it determines the way components will exchange data and how developers will need to interact with them.
The Aspirations Gap and Human Capital Investment: Evidence from Indian Adolescents ‡

The occupation aspirations of adolescents play an important role in their human capital investment decisions. Using a sample of adolescents in India, this paper shows new empirical evidence that the relationship between the size of an adolescent’s aspirations gap and human capital investment levels in young adulthood has an inverse-U shape. I quantify the aspirations gap as the distance between an adolescent’s aspiration level, defined as the average wage associated with their occupation aspiration, and their household’s current state, defined as the average wage associated with the occupation and education of the primary economic earner. A large aspirations gap at age 12, when compared with a moderate gap, is associated with fewer years of completed education and lower cognitive test scores at age 19. I exploit geographic variation in the timing of India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme between ages 8 and 12 to show that the program led to higher aspiration levels. JEL Classifications: O15, D03, J24
Risk-related effects of cash transfers on modern inputs demand

Risk avoidance in the face of incomplete insurance and credit markets pushes households, especially poorer ones, to opt for less risky technologies, giving up at the same time the possibility for higher returns and trapping themselves in persistent poverty. This paper focuses on the role of Unconditional Cash Transfer in helping smallholder overcome risk-induced poverty traps by reducing their degree of risk aversion and inducing greater investments in yield increasing modern inputs. We use data from a Randomized Controlled Trial collected for the evaluation of the Child Grant Program (CGP) Zambia's flagship social protection cash transfer program. We employ a moments-based method to estimate farmers’ risk attitudes from revealed preferences through production decisions. We also estimate the impact of cash transfers on modern input demand by simultaneous equations methods. We find that the program significantly contributes to helping farmers breaking the poverty cycle by tapering risk aversion and pushing towards higher-risk higher-returns production choices.
CMAR_A_214405 7621..7630

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Purpose: Multidrug resistance (MDR) and the subsequent disease relapse are the major causes of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) related death. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway can contribute to cancer MDR. In the current study, Smoothened (Smo) was selected as the experimental target due to its importance in the Hh pathway in order to evaluate its probable role in pediatric B-ALL drug resistance. Patients and methods: The study included 27 pediatric B-ALL and 16 control bone marrow samples. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to investigate the expression levels of Smo and miR-326 as the key players of the Hh pathway. Western blot analysis was performed. The presence of minimal residual disease was studied using PCR-SSCP. The association between Smo expression and drug resistance was analyzed statistically. Results: Results showed a significant increase in the Smo expression levels in drug-resistant patients in comparison with drug-sensitive children with B-ALL (P=0.0128, AUC=0.82). A considerable negative association between miR-326 and Smo expression levels was identified (r=−0.624, P=0.002). A binomial test confirmed the regulatory role of miR-326 on the translational repression of Smo (P=0.031). Statistics showed no association between Smo and ABCA2 expression levels. However, a significant positive correlation was observed between the Smo and ABCA3 transcripts in the resistant ALL children (r=0.607, P=0.016). Conclusion: Data revealed the possible oncogenic impact of Smo on leukemogenesis and drug resistance in pediatric B-ALL. Upregulation of Smo was introduced, for the first time, as a prognostic factor for drug resistance in childhood B-ALL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that shows a positive correlation between Smo and ABCA3 expression levels in pediatric B-ALL, explaining a possible mechanism for the development of drug resistance in this cancer. Moreover, the current project revealed a negative modulatory effect of miR-326 on the expression levels of Smo.
Accessible Inclusive Learning: Foundations

One of the most persistent themes in discussions around technology in education is the idea that technology can affect access to learning. This can be seen as positive or negative, and it is often more complex than it seems. If computers can convert the text in a web page into spoken word, or the spoken words on a video into captions, have we made the learning accessible to deaf or blind students? Most likely we have made an important step in the right direction, but this might be only one challenge in the wider pedagogy and student experience. If MOOCs can teach thousands for free without any cost or entry requirements, does that mean they are increasing access? Perhaps, but are they also creating barriers for some through the pedagogical and technical design? In this chapter we will unpack how these issues have been tackled through research.
EVALUATION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF Aplotaxis auriculata RHIZOME USING UV-VIS, FTIR AND HPLC

INTRODUCTION Nature provides everything for the wellbeing of human and its expensive gifts of medicinal plants are used traditionally over the thousands of years around the world [1]. Traditional medicine possess immense source of potentially useful compounds as therapeautic agents [2]. Now a days, natural formulations as medicines plays invaluable role in health problems in global level due to its continual production of valuable therapeutic agents with less adverse effects compared to synthetic drugs [3]. The therapeutic value of the medicinal plants based on some bioactive phytochemical constituents that produce a definite physiological action on the human body [4]. Even today, medicinal plants play a vital role in the development of drugs and its evaluation is ABSTRACT
Factors Associated with Apgar Score among Newborns Delivered by Cesarean Sections at Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa

Background Newborns can be assessed clinically using the Apgar score test to quickly and summarily assess the health of newborn physical condition immediately after delivery and to determine any immediate need for extra medical or emergency care. This study is aimed at assessing factors associated with Apgar score among newborns delivered by cesarean sections and factors associated with Apgar score. Method Institutional-based cohort study design was conducted. All eligible study participants were included. Training was given for data collectors and supervisors. Regular supervision and follow-up was made. Data was entered into Epi Info version 7 computer software by investigators and was transported to SPSS version 20 computer program for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was used to identify factors associated with Apgar score. Result A total 354 newborn babies were included into the study. Majority of baby had low Apgar score at one minute and high Apgar score at five minutes. About 30.2% of newborn baby had Apgar score below seven minutes. On the other hand, about 12.8% of all newborns had low Apgar score at five minutes. It had been found that those neonates who were born when skin incision to delivery time is greater than three minutes were about fourfolds more likely to have low Apgar score than those who were born when skin incision to delivery time is less than three minutes (AOR 3.645) (95% CI (0.116-26.421)). Conclusion Newborn babies have a low Apgar score at one minute as compared to five minutes. But low Apgar score at five minutes has long-term sequel. Therefore, it is very important to reduce factors associated with low Apgar score at both minutes.
Learning to Approximate Industrial Problems by Operations Research Classic Problems

Operations research (OR) practitioners are accustomed to dealing with variants of classic OR problems. Indeed, an industrial problem often looks like a traveling salesman problem, a vehicle routing problem, a shortest path problem, etc., but has an additional constraint or a different objective that prevent the use of the powerful algorithms produced by decades of research on the classic OR problems. This situation can be frustrating, notably when we realize that the classic problem catches most of the structure of the variant. In “Learning to approximate industrial problems by operations research classic problems,” Axel Parmentier introduces a machine learning approach to use the algorithms for the classic OR problems on the variant. The idea is to leverage structured learning to obtain a mapping that approximates an instance of the variant by an instance of the classic problem.
OSSE-BASED ASSESSMENT OF THE NWP IMPACT OF SPACE- BASED WIND LIDARS

The absence of vertically resolved wind observations over large portions of the globe is a wellrecognized gap in the Global Observing System. One of the most promising paths toward closing this gap is to deploy one or more space-based Doppler Wind Lidars. The European Space Agency is planning to launch its ADM/Aeolus technology demonstration mission in 2013, and the US is planning to deploy its first DWL as one of NASA’s Decadal Survey missions sometime after 2020. In support of the US mission definition effort, a testcbed has been established under the NASA-NOAA Joint OSSE collaboration to assess the NWP impact of various possible configurations of such a mission. Based on a comprehensive series of OSSEs we show the expected impact on NCEP forecast skill of simulated observations from various configurations of a space-borne hybrid (coherent and direct detections) lidar system. The experiments demonstrate the impacts of measuring one or two wind components, respectively as well as the impact of doubling the amount of data available.
Humpty Dumpty: Controlling Word Meanings via Corpus Poisoning

Word embeddings, i.e., low-dimensional vector representations such as GloVe and SGNS, encode word "meaning" in the sense that distances between words’ vectors correspond to their semantic proximity. This enables transfer learning of semantics for a variety of natural language processing tasks.Word embeddings are typically trained on large public corpora such as Wikipedia or Twitter. We demonstrate that an attacker who can modify the corpus on which the embedding is trained can control the "meaning" of new and existing words by changing their locations in the embedding space. We develop an explicit expression over corpus features that serves as a proxy for distance between words and establish a causative relationship between its values and embedding distances. We then show how to use this relationship for two adversarial objectives: (1) make a word a top-ranked neighbor of another word, and (2) move a word from one semantic cluster to another.An attack on the embedding can affect diverse downstream tasks, demonstrating for the first time the power of data poisoning in transfer learning scenarios. We use this attack to manipulate query expansion in information retrieval systems such as resume search, make certain names more or less visible to named entity recognition models, and cause new words to be translated to a particular target word regardless of the language. Finally, we show how the attacker can generate linguistically likely corpus modifications, thus fooling defenses that attempt to filter implausible sentences from the corpus using a language model.
A Novel Method of Emergency Situation D...G Signals with Surrounding Information

In this paper, to address the safety of braincontrolled vehicles under emergency situations, we propose a novel method of emergency situation detection by fusing driver electroencephalography (EEG) signals with surrounding information. We first build a novel EEG-based detection model of driver emergency braking intention. We then recognize emergency situations by fusing the result of the proposed EEGbased intention detection model with that of the obstacle detection model based on surrounding information. The real-time detection system of driver emergency braking intention is implemented on an embedded system, and the driver-and-hardware-in-the-loopexperiment of the proposed detection method of emergency situations is performed. Experimental results show that the proposed method can detect emergency situations with the system accuracy of 94.89%, false alarm rate of 0.05%, and response time of 540 ms. This study has important values in the future development of brain-controlled vehicles, human-centric advanced driver assistant systems, and self-driving vehicles and opens a new avenue on how cognitive neuroscience may be applied to human-machine integration.