Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of Thirteen Species of Sarcosaprophagous Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera) I. Bionomics

The species studied, representing nine genera in the two families, were: Wohlfartia opaca (Coq.), Sarcophaga cooleyi Park. , S. shermani Park. , S. bullata Park. , Protocalliphora avium (S. & D.), Phormia regina (Meig.), Protophormia terrae-novae (R. D.), Phaenicia sericata (Meig.), Eucalliphora lilaea (Walker), Cynomyopsis cadaverina (R. D.), Calliphora vomitoria (L.), C. vicina R. D. , and C. terrae-novae Macq. All except W. opaca and P. avium were reared successfully at 80 ±2° F. and 50±2 percent relative humidity; life history data on the other 11 species are tabulated and discussed. Controlled temperature and humidity, as employed here, accelerated the life cycle and shortened the adult life in comparison with results under fluctuating room temperature conditions. Beef liver was the most suitable rearing and oviposition medium. All species studied except E. lilaea avoided hog liver as a rearing medium, and all the calliphorids except E.lilaea (but none of the sarcophagids) required protein meal prior to copulation. Both protein and carbohydrates were required for oviposition. Severe competition for food prolonged the larval feeding period and gave rise to a large population of small-sized individuals; the sex ratio remained unaffected in underfed populations. Inherent ability to meet a critical shortage of food varies in different species; it is dependent upon whether the larvae has obtained the minimum food required to satisfy the physiological level of their metamorphosis and further their development. The possible significance of this inherent ability is in providing the mechanism of adaptation, which in turn influences distribution and population density of the species.
Influence of Temperature, Photoperiod and Trophic Conditions on the Seasonal Cycles of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton in Two Deep Subarctic Lakes of Northern Canada

The densities of phytoplankton and zooplankton were determined for 12 consecutive months (1978–1979) in two deep oligotrophic lakes in northern Canada. The lakes were situated on the same river system, about 5 km from one another. While they exhibited similar temperature conditions, there were slight differences in the ionic content of the water. Overall, changing temperature was the most important factor influencing the duration of the growth cycles of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Nutrients generally controlled the intensity but not the timing of algal blooms. A similar relationship was recorded for the effects of food supply on the development of the major species of herbivorous zooplankton. Although changing photoperiod likely initiated the growth of several important algal and zooplankton species in the spring and early summer, light had no measurable impact on the development of planktonic communities throughout the remainder of the growing season. The higher ionic content of the water in one lake may have promoted the growth of protozoans during the fall and early winter.
Economic Botany: Plants in Our World

Features of flowering plants and their products the nature of variation in plants origins of agriculture fruits and nuts of temperate regions fruits and nuts of warm regions grains and forage grasses legumes foods from leaves, stems and roots spices, herbs and perfumes vegetable oils and waxes hydrogels, elastic latexes and resins plants in medicine psychoactive drugs and poisons from plants stimulating beverages alcoholic beverages fibres, dyes and tannins wood, cork and bamboo ornamental plants algae the uses of plants in the future.
Linking phytoplankton phenology to salmon productivity along a north-south gradient in the Northeast Pacific Ocean

We investigated spatial and temporal components of phytoplankton dynamics in the Northeast Pacific Ocean to better understand the mechanisms linking biological oceanographic conditions to productivity of 27 pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) stocks. Specifically, we used spatial covariance functions in combination with multistock spawner-recruit analyses to model relationships among satellite-derived chlorophyll a concentrations, initiation date of the spring phytoplankton bloom, and salmon productivity. For all variables, positive spatial covariation was strongest at the regional scale (0-800 km) with no covariation beyond 1500 km. Spring bloom timing was significantly correlated with salmon productivity for both northern (Alaska) and southern (British Columbia) populations, although the correlations were opposite in sign. An early spring bloom was associated with higher productivity for northern populations and lower productivity for southern populations. Further- more, the spring bloom initiation date was always a better predictor of salmon productivity than mean chlorophyll a concen- tration. Our results suggest that changes in spring bloom timing resulting from natural climate variability or anthropogenic climate change could potentially cause latitudinal shifts in salmon productivity.
Morphology and life history of the Great Slave Lake ciscoes (Salmoniformes: Coregonidae)

The taxonomy of the North American ciscoes (Salmoniformes: Coregonidae) remains unresolved. We provide the first comprehensive description of the Great Slave Lake ciscoes. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that the Great Slave Lake cisco complex includes at least two nominate species (Coregonus artedi and Coregonus sardinella) and an adfluvial C. artedi morph that is distinct from its lacustrine conspecific in terms of life history, morphology, age, growth and mortality. Coregonus sardinella has previously been identified from Great Slave Lake, but we provide the first comprehensive description of this species in the lake and confirm a significant range extension for the species. The lacustrine C. artedi differs little from descriptions throughout its range. In addition to these three ciscoes, linear phenotypic traits, gillraker number and morphology, and growth data support the possible occurrence of two other, less-distinct morphs, the big-eye cisco and a shortjaw-like morph Coregonus zenithicus. Although the big-eye morph was not identified by body shape and linear phenotypic measures, it was visually identified on the basis of differences in traditional phenotypic proportions, such as orbital length, paired fin lengths, head and gillraker morphology expressed as thousands of standard length and showed different age and growth structure compared with the other lacustrine cisco morphs. Coregonus zenithicus was distinguished visually and by a statistical model of linear phenotypic traits as well as by gillraker number and morphology. Identifying, characterising and managing locally adapted cisco morphs that reflect important ecological and bioenergetic linkages are critical to conserving the ecological integrity of northern ecosystems.
Effect of Education and Telephone Counseling on Caregiver Strain and Unmet Needs in Family Caregivers and Self-care Behaviors in Patients with Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Cancer treatment has been increasingly fulfilled on an outpatient basis by family caregivers. The variety and severity of caregivers' responsibilities expose them to physical and mental risks. Investigating the effect of education and telephone counseling on patient and family outcomes requires performing further studies. Aim: This study aimed to determine the effect of education and telephone counseling on caregiver strain and unmet needs in family caregivers and self-care behaviors in cancer patients. Method: The present randomized controlled trial was conducted on 60 caregivers-cancer patients referred to urban health education clinics in northeastern Iran within 2018-2019. A 20-minute face-to-face training session was held for the caregivers of cancer patients, and seven training pamphlets were given to the caregivers. Moreover, the intervention group received four telephone counseling sessions during three courses of chemotherapy. The strain and unmet needs of caregivers were measured by the Zarit Burden Interview and Supportive Care Needs Survey-Partners and Caregivers questionnaires, respectively. The patient self-care was assessed by the Nail Self-care Diary questionnaire. The data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16) using an independent t-test and paired t-test. Results: The mean values of caregivers’ age were 38.9±12.7 and 37.7±8.6 years in the intervention and control groups, respectively. The results of the independent t-test showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P=0.42). The results also revealed that the mean scores of caregiver strain and unmet needs decreased following the intervention, and the mean scores of self-care behaviors increased in the intervention group after the intervention (P=0.001). Implications for Practice: Education and telephone counseling can simultaneously help to follow up problems, improve self-care behaviors in cancer patients, alleviate the caregiver strain, and meet the needs of family caregivers.
Cytoembryological aspects of reduced seed setting in Ranunculus ficaria L. subsp. bulbifer (Marsden-Jones) Lawalrée

Highly disturbed micro- and macro-sporogenesis in R. ficaria L. subsp. bulbifer gives rise to cytologically and genetically unbalanced reproductive cells. In plants from different papulatians, pollen degenerates in various percentages. The majority of apparently normal 7-nucleate ES's undergo abortion. Fertilization occurs sporadically only in ca 7% of ovules. Numerous young achenes undergo degeneration resulting from unviable genotypic combinations. Only 1% of seeds contain multicellular embryos, endosperm tissue and are capable of germination.
Delayed seed germination in whitebark pine and regeneration patterns following the Yellowstone fires

Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) seeds are dispersed by Clark's Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana), a bird that makes caches under 2-3 cm of soil. Cached seeds may delay germination for one or more years in part because of underdeveloped embryos at the time of seed dispersal. Consequently, whitebark pine may show a soil seed bank strategy
The Effect of Multimodal Presentation on EFL Learners' Listening Comprehension and Self-Efficacy

The objective of the present study was to determine whether multimodal presentation of listening materials had any significant effect on EFL learners' listening comprehension and self-efficacy. Fifty intermediate sophomore students who were majoring in English literature at a university in Iran participated in the study. The design was experimental according to which the participants were divided into two classes of 25 as the control and experimental groups. The intervention group received treatment on multimodal presentation of listening materials while the control group was taught conventionally. An interview was also conducted to investigate the experimental group perceptions of the multimodal presentation. The results revealed that multimodal presentation had an important role only in improving EFL learners' listening comprehension not their self-efficacy. It was also found that subtitled movies are more effective provided that the theme is interesting, the learners have enough practice and preparation at home, and the teacher gives sufficient background knowledge and feedback. The pedagogical implications for learners and teachers will be discussed.
Notes on the Leech Desserobdella picta (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae)

ABSTRACT The leech, Desserobdella picta (Verrill, 1872), is reported as a parasite of the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina. Records of other glossiphoniid leeches parasitizing freshwater turtles are summarized. The North American distribution of D. picta is summarized and its known Wisconsin distribution depicted.
STUDY OF PREOPERATIVE CLINICAL AND INVESTIGATIVE FACTORS PREDICTING DIFFICULT LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedure with the advantage of short hospital stay, cosmetic, less post-operative pain and early return to work and thus ultimately cost effective. However, certain factors can make the procedure difficult and such patients many do not enjoy benefit of laparoscopic procedure particularly longer hospital stay. Aim: To determine various factors on clinical, pathological and radiological grounds to predict difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Material and Method: 200 patients admitted in surgical ward with a diagnosis of Chronic Calculus cholecystitis to be selected for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were subject of this study. Age, Sex, BMI, number of previous attack, previous abdominal surgery, past history of pancreatitis and jaundice, signs of acute cholecystitis, leucocytosis, CRP, Liver function tests, serum amylase and lipase, GB wall thickness, presence of pericholecystic fluid , status of GB and anatomical variation were various factors studied. Results: Age > 50 years, male sex, BMI>30, more than 4 attacks, signs of cholecystitis, leucocytosis > 11,000/cu mm, increased GB wall thickness, presence of pericholecystic fluid and overdistended or contracted gall bladder are associated with difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
A simple laser photogrammetry technique for measuring Hector's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori) in the field

The ability to measure and age individuals within a population has many important applications, for example, for examining growth and determining size class. We developed a simple photogrammetric system using two parallel lasers and a digital camera, in order to measure dorsal fin dimensions of free-ranging Hector's dolphins. Laser dots were projected onto the fin, providing scale, thus allowing measurement as well as simultaneous photo-ID of 34 individuals from fin nicks and other marks. Multiple measurements (≥5) were available for six individuals; these resulted in mean CVs of 3.71% for fin length and 3.76% for fin height. Errors due to variations in angle and measurement were quantified via photography of a fiberglass Hector's dolphin model. Allometric measurements and age data were collated from 233 autopsied Hector's dolphins. Using these data, fin length was found to be a better predictor of total length (females r2= 0.732, males r2= 0.678) than fin height. Gompertz age/length growth curves were fitted to these individuals. Linear regressions were used to estimate total length for 34 individuals from laser-metrically estimated fin base length. Individuals were then assigned one of three age categories. This system shows promise as a noninvasive way of measuring individuals, while allowing simultaneous photographic identification.
The Moral Resilience of Young People Who Care

ABSTRACT This paper draws on findings from a qualitative study of the social wellbeing of young people caring for a close family member. The research makes a novel contribution to the international literature by examining the moral resilience of young adult carers. Focus groups or individual, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with fifteen young people in South-East England during 2018–2019. The paper explores whether young people with a seriously ill or disabled family member define and conduct themselves in moral terms and how they respond to the moral challenges of a caring life. It was found that the participants saw moral value in their caring role and their actions reflected a desire to provide compassionate care. Previous research into young adult carers had indicated that the caring role stimulated their political consciousness, but this study suggests that the role also strengthens their moral consciousness. However, designating girls as carers in early life shifts the moral responsibility to females and compounds gender inequity in caring. Hence, there is a need to address social and gender inequalities in care. In addition, healthcare professionals should recognise when statutory input is necessary to facilitate young people’s broader lifeplans.
Effects of hexavalent chromium on Mentha aquatica L.

ABSTRACT Plants of Mentha aquatica L. treated with chromium (VI) developed dark brown roots with black tips. The outermost layer of the root cap on treated roots had no statolytes and were collapsed. The cells in the central cylinder of treated roots were disorganized and the tangential cell walls were heavily thickened. Lateral roots developed in the root hair zone of cuttings treated with 20 and 40 mg/liter of chromium for four and seven days. Leaves of chromium treated cuttings had a loss of tissue organization, a change in palisade layer cell shape, and an increase in intercellular spaces with fewer cell layers in the mesophyll proportional to the concentration of chromium. The chloroplasts and starch granules were less developed in chromium treated plants as compared with non-treated control plants.
A Novel Gene ef1‐h Conferring an Extremely Long Basic Vegetative Growth Period in Rice

A late-heading mutant line, HS169, which was induced by gamma-ray irradiation to seeds of the japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar Gimbozu, has an extremely long basic vegetative growth (BVG) period. A genetic analysis using the F 2 population from the cross HS169 x Gimbozu showed that the late heading of HS169 is governed by a recessive mutant gene. The subsequent analysis of heading responses of HS169, Gimbozu, and six heading-time tester lines to five photoperiods (10, 13, 14, 15, and 16 h) revealed that the mutant gene confers an extremely long BVG period by itself. A recessive allele, ef1, at the heading-time locus Ef1 has been considered to confer an extremely long BVG period, but experimental results showed that the effect of efl is modified by the allelic constitution at the photoperiod sensitivity locus Sel. The allele ef1 increases the BVG period markedly only when coexisting with the nonfunctional allele Sel-e at the Sel locus. As a result of allelism test and subsequent trisomic analysis, the mutant gene was found to be a nonfunctional allele at the Ef1 locus on chromosome 10. We designated this mutant gene ef1-h. On the basis of the results, causal genetic pathways to flowering in rice and the significance of ef1-h in recent rice breeding in the low latitudes were discussed.
Advancing Participant-Oriented Research Models in Research-Intensive Universities: A Case Study of Community Collaboration for Students with Autism.

The purpose of this reflective essay is to advance the importance and value of participant-oriented research (POR) at research universities by providing lessons learned and best practices based on a case study of community collaboration as it relates to a strengths-based educational model for students with autism. This evidence-based program’s success centers on the inclusion of students, parents and community partners in the design, delivery and evaluation of the program. This program exemplifies how POR can effectively address complex social issues by emphasizing interactions with community partners and underserved populations who provide critical input on interventions, programs and services that are designed with and for them. We propose that it is time to engage with this viable research methodology that transcends service and offers a pragmatic and progressive approach to creating both trust and relevance with university and community partnerships. Bench science and experimental designs are complemented by the inclusion of POR to address complex social issues.
Combination of Stereotactic Radiosurgery with Immunotherapy: Is It a New Treatment Option for Brain Metastases?

Brain metastases (BMs) represent the commonest intracranial tumours which occur approximately 30% of all adult patients presenting with solid cancers. The BMs do not only reduce the survival expectations but negatively alter the quality of life measures as well. For decades, surgery and whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) constituted the traditional treatment options with limited efficacy for the BMs. However, the unsatisfactory local control and ultimate survival outcomes led to a paradigm change, and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has been executed as an alternative to surgery and WBRT or to augment the outcomes of each treatment when used in conjunction with them. In spite of the impressive improvements in the local control rates, yet the desired survival Review Article Kucuk et al.; IRJO, 3(1): 9-19, 2020; Article no.IRJO. 55909 10 results were not achieved with SRS mainly due to the deaths ascribed to the extracranial systemic disease progression or unavoidably fatal distant brain recurrences. In this regard, as of late, numerous immunotherapeutics have been shown to improve the outcomes of various cancers, such as the locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancers. Recognizing the fact that the immunotherapy is becoming one of the indispensable components of standard treatment protocols for many tumour primaries, this review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the use of novel immunotherapeutics with standard SRS for BMs.
A new heterodontosaurid dinosaur (Reptilia: Ornithischia) from the Upper Triassic Red Beds of Lesotho

A new species of ornithischian dinosaur (Lycorhinus consors sp. nov.) is established on a skull from the Upper Triassic Red Beds of Lesotho. This ornithischian is assigned to the family Heterodontosauridae of the suborder Ornithopoda. The dinosaurs of the family Heterodonto‐sauridae are reviewed: Geranosaurus atavus Broom (1911) is considered anomendubium and the genus name Heterodontosaurus Crompton & Charig (1962) is held to be a junior synonym for Lycorhinus Haughton (1924). Functional and palaeoecological implications of the heterodontosaurid dentition are discussed. The pattern of tooth wear may reflect a highly specialized jaw action which involved protraction and retraction of the mandible to produce a grinding effect between upper and lower cheek teeth. Lycorhinus consors is presumed to be a female heterodontosaurid because it differs from all other heterodontosaurids in lacking caniniform tusks. It is suggested that the tusks of heterodontosaurids were functionally analogous to those of tayassuids and tragulids and that they were employed as weapons for intra‐specific combat and defence. Dental peculiarities indicate that tooth replacement processes were suppressed in heterodontosaurids; replacement of the teeth seems to have been restricted to a brief period each year (presumably when heterodontosaurids underwent aestivation or hibernation). A new diagnosis is formulated for the family Heterodontosauridae. The relationships of early ornithopod dinosaurs are briefly reviewed and a new classification is proposed. Ten families of ornithopod dinosaurs are recognized; these are ranked in two grades‐one (named Dolichopoda) representing the conservative main stem of the ornithischian phylogenetic tree and the other (named Brachypoda) comprising the several more advanced lines of ornithopod evolution.
Leaf herbivory by Spodoptera litura increases arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in roots of soybean

The improvement of host plant growth resulting from mycorrhizal colonization often affects the viability of above-ground herbivorous insects. Conversely, the effects of herbivorous insects on plant growth may indirectly affect below-ground microorganisms. This study investigated the effects of herbivorous insects on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization of soybean (Glycine max Merr.). Seeds of soybean were sown in soil inoculated with the AM fungus Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall and grown in growth chambers. At 39 days after inoculation (DAI), a larva of the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) was placed on a leaf of each soybean plant for 5 days. AM colonization of soybean on 39 DAI was 21%. Although not evident by 62 DAI, by 77 DAI there was a statistically significant increase in AM colonization in plants subjected to herbivory by S. litura relative to control plants. Leaf removal at 46 DAI was also associated with increased AM colonization at 78 DAI. These results suggest that herbivory by chewing insect affects AM colonization and that the effect is likely caused by a decrease in leaf area.