Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of years, locations and sowing date on the spring wheat yield performance

Understanding the environmental factors that influence genotype performance is an important step in a breeding program because large interactions can complicate the identification and recommendation of superior cultivars. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of years, locations and sowing dates on the performance of wheat genotypes in two growing regions of the State of Parana, Brazil. The grain yield data for 17 wheat genotypes at two locations (Cascavel and Palotina, PR) over five years (2007 to 2011) for three sowing dates at each location in each year were used. Analyses of joint variance were performed, and the repeatability, adaptability and stability statistics of the genotypes were calculated for the different sowing dates. The effects of years (24.3%) and locations (12.5%) had greater contributions to the genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI), and the effect of the sowing dates contributed less (7.0%) to the GEI. To identify superior wheat genotypes with regard to grain yield with 80% precision, a total of 21 trials distributed across different years, locations and sowing dates must be used. The trials for the evaluation of wheat genotypes must include a greater number of years and lower numbers of sowing dates and locations. The CD 105, CD 114 and CD 150 cultivars at Cascavel and the CD 150, Onix and CD 119 cultivars at Palotina were shown to be stable and broadly adapted across different sowing dates, with high grain yield.
Sobrevivência e crescimento inicial de plântulas de Euterpe edulis Mart. transplantadas para clareiras e sub-bosque em uma Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, em Viçosa, MG

RESUMO – Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a sobrevivencia e crescimento inicial de plântulas de Euterpe edulis Mart. transplantadas para duas condicoes de luz: clareira e sub-bosque, alem de discutir seu comportamento ecofisiologico. Foram transplantadas 90 plântulas com altura entre 5 e 25 cm em seis parcelas: tres em subbosque e tres em clareiras, no espacamento 2 x 2 m em tres linhas de plantio, com cinco plântulas cada. A porcentagem de sobrevivencia (geral) no periodo do estudo foi de 36,7%, enquanto nas clareiras foi de 53,3% e no sub-bosque, 20%. Uma regressao nao linear mostrou relacao positiva entre abertura de dossel e sobrevivencia de plântulas de E. edulis. A maior taxa de sobrevivencia das plântulas no ambiente de clareira em relacao ao sub-bosque pode ser explicada pelo excesso de sombreamento no ultimo, causada pela baixa porcentagem de abertura do dossel (4,78%). A abertura do dossel nao influenciou significativamente no crescimento das plântulas. Palavras-chave: Regeneracao, Restauracao florestal, Euterpe edulis e Reserva Mata do Paraiso.
Effect of supplementation with saponins from Yucca schidigera on ruminal methane production by Pelibuey sheep fed Pennisetum purpureum grass

The aim of the work was to determine the effect of increasing concentrations of saponins from Yucca schidigera in the diet on voluntary intake, rumen fermentation and methane (CH4) production in Pelibuey sheep fed a tropical grass Pennisetum purpureum. Five male sheep (32.2 ± 1.1 kg liveweight) were fed chopped P. purpureum grass in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Sheep were supplemented with 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 or 6.0 g per day of saponins from Y. schidigera mixed with ground corn, before the grass was offered. Feed intake, feed refusal and total faecal output were recorded for 20 days of the adaptation period and 5 days of the experimental period. Apparent digestibility of dry matter (DMD), organic matter (OMD), neutral detergent fibre (NDFD) and acid detergent fibre (ADFD) were determined. Ruminal methane emission was estimated using stoichiometric balance and the molar proportion of volatile fatty acids was determined by gas chromatography. Voluntary intake, DMD, OMD, NDFD, ADFD, volatile fatty acids and CH4 emission were not affected (P > 0.05) by increasing inclusion levels of saponins in the ration of sheep. Nonetheless, CH4 production increased as the voluntary intake of NDF augmented. Addition of 6 g of saponins per day as a supplement to Pelibuey sheep fed a tropical grass did not affect voluntary intake and digestibility of DM, OM, NDF and ADF, or ruminal methane production.
Isolation and characterization of NaCl resistant callus culture of field pea (Pisum sativum, L.) to salinity

Callus cultures were initiated from epicotyls of field pea (Pisum sativum, L. cv. Solara). Growing cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of NaCl on modified PC L2 basal medium. A callus culture were exposed to different concentration of NaCl from 0 - 400 mol m -3 . The concentration of 400 mol m -3 NaCl proved completely inhibitory to the growth of calli. After incubation the cell suspensions for 28 days cells which tolerate this concentration of NaCl grew to form cell clones. Selected clones were characterized with regard to their growth behavior, K + , Na + and free proline contents when callus grown under stress as well as on normal media were compared with the normal sensitive callus. Under normal conditions, however, the amounts of free proline in selected and non selected calli were compared. Salt selected cells accumulated higher levels of free proline under NaCl stress compared to wild type cells. The selected callus was capable of growing on medium containing NaCl at the inhibitory concentration. The K + content of the selected callus was lower in the case of the NaCl medium than for the normal medium. However, with increasing salinity concentrations however, the selected clones maintained higher K + and Na + levels, compared with the wild type cells.
Optimising exclusion screens to control exotic carp in an Australian lowland river

Carp exclusion screens (CES) are used to restrict adult common carp from entering wetlands, thereby minimising their ecological impacts and spawning and recruitment potential, but there is marked variation in current CES design and management. We quantified current CES designs, dimensions and locations within the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. Directional fyke nets at inlets of six permanently inundated wetlands were used to identify fish using wetlands and therefore potentially vulnerable to CES. Morphometric data from captured fish were then used to design CES that excluded sexually mature carp. The ability of optimised and existing CES designs to exclude large-bodied fishes that used wetlands was then assessed. Fifty-four CES with eight mesh designs and varied dimensions were identified. We recorded 18 species comprising 212 927 fish in the wetland inlets. Two optimised meshes to exclude sexually mature carp were developed: a 44-mm square grid mesh and a ‘jail bar’ mesh with 31.4-mm gaps. Modelling revealed that up to 92% of carp could be excluded by either optimised mesh design, although few young-of-year carp were caught. Optimised and existing CES designs would also exclude 2–65% of large-bodied native fishes. Optimised CES may allow localised carp control without restricting passage of some key native fishes.
Effect of 5-Ammo-7-Hydroxy-lH-v-Triazolo (d) Pyrimidine on Growth and Development of the Chick Embryo.∗

Summary The guanine analogue, 5-amino-7 - hydroxy - lH - v - triazolo (d) pyrimidine (guanazolo), which has been reported to be relatively non-toxic for adult mice, wras found to be toxic for the developing chick embryo. This was manifested by a high mortality rate, inhibition of growth, and the occurrence of developmental abnormalities. The toxic effects of guanazolo were inhibited by the simultaneous injection of guanine HCl.
Produtividade da mandioquinha-salsa em resposta ao espaçamentos entre plantas e peso de mudas = Productivity peruvian carrot in response to plant spacings and average masses of seedlings

Objetivou-se pelo presente estudo avaliar a producao agroeconomica da mandioquinha-salsa ‘Amarela de Carandai’, cultivada em dois espacamentos entre plantas no canteiro (20 e 25 cm) e cinco massas medias de mudas (12,26 g; 7,76 g; 5,58 g; 3,98 g e 2,73 g). Os dez tratamentos resultaram do arranjo no esquema fatorial 2 x 5, no delineamento experimental blocos casualizados, com quatro repeticoes. Aos 249 dias apos o plantio, foi efetuada a colheita das plantas, quando as plantas apresentavam mais de 70% de senescencia foliar. As maiores produtividades de massa fresca de folhas, coroas e rebentos foram observados com o espacamento de 25 cm entre plantas. Os incrementos de producoes foram de 25,27% (folhas), 12,68% (coroas) e 18,05% (rebentos), em relacao a 20 cmentre plantas. A massa das mudas de 7,76g foi a que promoveu as maiores produtividades de massa fresca e de raizes comerciais, com aumentos de 2,32 t ha -1 (44,70%) e de 5,33 t ha -1 (36,26%), respectivamente, em relacao ao M5 e M3, que foram os tratamentos com as menores produtividades. As mudas de 12,26 e 7,76g foram as que induziram as maiores massas frescas de coroas e rebentos, com medias de aumentos de 1,46 t ha -1 e de 2,18 t ha -1 , respectivamente, em relacao aos tratamentos com as menores produtividades. Para se obterem maiores produtividades de raizes comerciais o cultivo da mandioquinha-salsa deve ser feito com espacamento de25 cm entre plantas dentro da fileira e propagadas com mudas com massa media de 7,76 g. O menor custo de producao correspondeu ao cultivo da mandioquinha-salsa com espacamento de 25 cm entre plantas e massa media de mudas de 2,73 g, porem as maiores rendas bruta e liquida foram obtidas no cultivo com 25 cm entre plantas e massa media de mudas de 7,76 g.
Growth and survival of Icelandic capelin Mallotus villosus larvae

Otolith increment analysis was used to reconstruct daily growth of 2 year-classes of capelin larvae, from hatch until 4 mo of age. Larvae were sampled on the continental shelf around Iceland during August 2001 and 2002. Mean hatch dates were not different between years, but hatching started earlier and lasted longer in 2002. Somatic growth was significantly faster in 2001 (0.4 mm d -1 ) than 2002 (0.3 mm d -1 ). Larvae shared a common otolith growth trajectory both within and between year-classes, described by 3 different growth phases: an initial latency period followed by a period of accelerating growth before reaching an asymptote. Daily otolith growth of the 2001 year-class was significantly faster in the age ranges 21 to 50 d and 61 to 100 d, with larvae having an average asymptotic growth of 2.1 µm d -1 in 2001 and 2.0 µm d -1 in 2002. Average daily otolith growth for calendar day increased from June to mid-July each year, decreased until early August, and then increased again. Average sea surface temperature on the capelin nursery ground increased from March to August, and was higher in 2001 than 2002. The decrease in growth during increasing ambi- ent temperature indicates that other environmental factors have significant effects on seasonal growth. Survival rate of larvae from hatch until August was 3 times higher in 2001 when larvae grew faster. Faster growth and higher survival during the first 4 mo of the 2001 year-class did not carry over to higher absolute recruitment at maturity.
Biology of Creiis lituratus Froggatt: (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), pest on Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden in plantations: morphology, life cycle and parasitism

Summary The psyllid Creiis lituratus Froggatt is the most significant defoliating pest of young Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden plantations growing in north-eastern New South Wales. This paper describes aspects of the life history of C. lituratus, information required to monitor psyllid populations and develop management strategies. The psyllid has five nymphal instars. Feeding by these nymphs causes considerable damage to the foliage of host trees. The different nymphal instars are distinguishable on the basis of body and lerp dimensions, colouration and wing bud morphology. Mean fecundity in captive populations was 95 eggs per female (observed range 130–148). Egg and juvenile development had threshold temperatures of 3°C and 10°C respectively, and the relationship between development rate and temperature was determined for both stages. Adult longevity was reduced at high temperatures, which affected fecundity and may account for the low psyllid population densities observed in plantations over summer. Parasitism of the nymphal instars by two species of Psyllaephagus wasps was observed. While parasitism may exceed 90% in field surveys it is uncertain what role it plays in regulating populations. No specialised parasitism or predation of eggs or adults was observed.
Near future changes of compound extreme events from an ensemble of regional climate simulations

Das gleichzeitige Auftreten mehrerer Extremereignisse, z.B. einer Durre und einer Hitzewelle hat eine geringe Auftrittswahrscheinlichkeit, aber potentiell grose Auswirkungen auf z.B. Gesellschaft und Okosysteme. In dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene Aspekte von kombinierten Temperatur- und Niederschlagsextremen und ihre zukunftigen Klimaanderungssignale anhand eines Ensembles regionaler Klimasimulationen untersucht.
Effects of Basal Resources, Predation, and Alternative Prey in Microcosm Food Chains

Ecological theorists propose that the species composition of trophic levels can influence the relative strengths of top-down (predation) or bottom-up (nutrient) effects in food chains. We tested this by constructing two- and three-level food chains of bacteria and protists. Bacteria made up the first trophic level. The second level contained Chilomonas paramecium alone, Colpidium cf. striatum alone, or both together. Predatory Euplotes patella occupied the third trophic level. These assemblages were cultured in microcosms containing either low- or high-nutrient medium. Manipulating nutrients and predation produced comparable changes in the abundance of bacteria. In the second trophic level, Chilomonas was usually driven extinct by predation, but Colpidium was affected more by nutrients than predation because it had a partial size refuge from predation. Both species survived more poorly with predatory Euplotes if the other was present, because the predator was more abundant and persistent when both prey were available. The predator was less persistent in high-nutrient microcosms, because additional nutrients boosted the proportion of Colpidium populations within the size refuge. This type of mechanism could limit trophic cascades in food chains where resources affect prey vulnerability.
Condições higiênico-sanitárias de máquinas de moer carne, mãos de manipuladores e qualidade microbiológica da carne moída

Foram avaliadas condicoes higienico-sanitarias de maquinas de moer carne e maos de manipuladores e observou-se a interferencia na qualidade microbiologica da carne moida. Nas maquinas de moer carne e maos de manipuladores, realizaram-se analises de microrganismos aerobios mesofilos, fungos filamentosos e leveduras, coliformes totais e termotolerantes, Escherichia coli e estafilococos coagulase positiva. Nenhuma das maquinas enquadrou-se nos padroes da APHA. Para manipuladores, as contagens de aerobios mesofilos, estafilococos coagulase positiva, fungos filamentosos e leveduras, coliformes totais e termotolerantes apresentaram-se elevadas. Nas amostras de carne inteira e moida, realizaram-se, alem das citadas acima, analises de Salmonella sp. aerobios psicrotroficos e clostridios sulfito-redutores. Comparando-se os resultados das analises microbiologicas das carnes antes e apos a moagem e manipulacao, constatou-se aumento da contagem microbiana na maioria das amostras analisadas, indicando higienizacao inadequada das maquinas de moer e mao dos manipuladores.
Susceptibility of Metarhizium spp. and other entomopathogenic fungi to dodine-based selective media

Abstract The fungicide dodine has been widely used in selective media to isolate entomopathogenic fungi (EF) from contaminating microorganisms, primarily bacteria and non-entomopathogenic fungi. In order to isolate the fungus Metarhizium acridum from soil for grasshopper and Mormon cricket control in the western USA, the susceptibility of M. acridum was compared with two Metarhizium spp. and other EF species. The isolates were inoculated onto mycological media with concentrations of dodine ranging from 0.0001 to 0.03% active ingredient (A.I.). In addition, susceptibilities of five Metarhizium spp. isolates to two sources of dodine, Syllit® commercial fungicide (65% A.I.) and Sigma® reagent grade (99% A.I.), were compared using Czapek agar medium. Responses to the two dodine sources were virtually identical. Accordingly, subsequent experiments used the less expensive Syllit dodine. Three media [Czapek, potato dextrose agar plus yeast extract (PDAY) and oatmeal agar] were evaluated for appropriateness as the base in selective media. Germination of all three of the M. acridum isolates tested was almost completely inhibited by dodine concentrations of 0.002% A.I. in Czapek or 0.006% A.I. in PDAY. On the other hand, M. robertsii and M. anisopliae isolates were considerably more tolerant, with germination not being inhibited until 0.010% A.I. in Czapek or 0.030% A.I. in PDAY. The higher vulnerability of the isolates to low concentrations of dodine in Czapek medium suggests that this medium would be less effective than PDAY in a selective medium. Oatmeal agar greatly improved fungal growth, but the levels of inhibition were lower. Therefore, PDAY was selected as the best selective basal medium. The lowest concentration that inhibited a common soil-inhabiting fungus, Aspergillus nidulans, was 0.001% A.I. Dodine tolerances were highest with M. robertsii, M. anisopliae, and Beauveria bassiana, followed by Isaria fumosorosea and Lecanicillium spp. The least tolerant EF isolates were M. acridum.
Decline in Bee Diversity and Abundance from 1972-2004 on a Flowering Leguminous Tree, Andira inermis in Costa Rica at the Interface of Disturbed Dry Forest and the Urban Environment

Abstract Long-term monitoring of bees in specific sites provides information on changes in species diversity and abundance, especially in areas close to human habitation. Evaluations of this monitoring data combined with relevant measures of anthropogenic activity can aide in interpreting emerging patterns of bee pollinators. In 1972, we sampled bees visiting flowers of a population of the leguminous tree, Andira inermis (W. Wright) DC in a dry forest site adjacent to the town of Liberia, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. Slightly more than 800 bees were recorded on the average per tree site, with an overall bee diversity among the trees of approximately 70 species. Standardized bee samples were taken again from the same population of A. inermis in 1996, 1999, and 2004. In each of these years average abundance level per tree was greatly reduced, as was overall species diversity. Andira inermis trees were also observed to have variable attraction for large anthophorid bees versus honey bees. Some trees attracted significantly more anthophorids than honey bees, whereas other trees attracted the opposite. Since 1972 there were many changes in land use that were directly related to a rapidly growing human population in Liberia. These changes, which greatly modified the natural landscape and vegetation, are believed to have caused a major decline in species diversity and abundance of bees to a low but consistent level. Concurrently, increased urban growth has resulted in many more residential neighborhoods that have a wide variety of ornamental flowering plant species, many of which are native to Costa Rica, that attract a wide variety of native bee species. Evidence is offered to suggest that urban residential areas represent a source of bees that continue to visit A. inermis at low levels in and immediately around Liberia.
Capacidade produtiva local de Tectona grandis em Monte Dourado, Estado do Pará, Brasil

The study aims to determine the local productive capacity of teak in Monte Dourado, Para State, Brazil, with the analysis of site index curves. The data were obtained by stem analysis of ten dominant trees in a stand with 26 years of age. Were adjusted ten regression models and the criterion for selection followed the lowest standard error of estimate, the highest adjusted coefficient of determination, the significance of F test and of regression coefficients and graphical analysis of the residuals. The site index curves were built by the guide-curve method. The Spillman model present the best fit, by which were generated three curves of site index from 16m to 24m, at 26 years of index-age. The region of Monte Dourado - PA showed a productive potential for the development of teak.
Carbon flux by suspended and sinking particles around the barrier reef of Palau, western Pacific

Suspended and sinking particles were studied around a barrier reef of the Palau Islands in the western Pacific. Concentrations of particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic nitrogen (PON), and chlorophyll a were high in reef waters and decreased toward the open ocean. At the reef edge, concentrations of organic particles in outgoing waters were higher than those in incoming waters, indicating net export of organic matter. Sediment trap observations conducted off the barrier reef showed a larger vertical flux of POC at an inshore station (2.5 km off the reef edge) than that at an offshore station (20 km), attributable to the net export of organic particles. Organic/inorganic carbon ratios of particles trapped at a depth of 45 m in the lagoon were smaller than those of suspended particles in surface water, suggesting a rapid decomposition of organic matter during sedimentation and a resuspension of carbonate‐dominant bottom sediments.
Free and Bound Sialic Acid in Rat and Hamster Epididymal Fluid/Freie und gebundene Sialinsäure in der Nebenhodenflüssigkeit der Ratte und des Hamsters

Summary: Total, free and bound sialic acid concentrations were determined in sperm‐free luminal fluid removed by micropuncture from different regions of the rat and hamster epididymides. In the rat, total sialic acid concentrations (mean ± s.e.m.) in the proximal caput, the mid corpus and the proximal cauda were, respectively, 25.7 ± 1.3, 23.9 ± 1.7 and 28.8 ± 1.9 mM compared to 4.4 ± 0.1 mM in blood plasma. In the hamster, total sialic acid concentrations in the distal corpus, the proximal cauda and the distal cauda were, respectively, 32.9 ± 3.8, 26.4 ± 1.4 and 26.6 ± 3.2 mM compared to 4.7 ± 0.5 mM in blood plasma. Free sialic acid accounted for approximately 70–80% of total sialic acid present in the epididymal plasma of the rat. Similarly, 82% of sialic acid in the rat blood plasma was in free form. The levels of free and bound sialic acid were not changed in different regions of the rat epididymis. Unilateral ligation of the rat efferent ducts had no effect on total, free or bound sialic acid concentrations in all regions except in the proximal cauda in which a transient increase (P < 0.01) in free sialic acid was observed on Day‐3 after EDL.