Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multi-modal Fusion for Video Sentiment Analysis

Automatic sentiment analysis can support revealing a subject's emotional state and opinion tendency toward an entity. In this paper, we present our solutions for the MuSe-Wild sub-challenge of Multimodal Sentiment Analysis in Real-life Media (MuSe) 2020. The videos in this challenge are collected from YouTube about emotional car reviews. In the scenarios, the speaker's sentiment can be conveyed in different modalities including acoustic, visual, and textual modalities. Due to the complementarity of different modalities, the fusion of the multiple modalities has a large impact on sentiment analysis. In this paper, we highlight two aspects of our solutions: 1) we explore various low-level and high-level features from different modalities for emotional state recognition, such as expert-defined low-level descriptors (LLD) and deep learned features, etc. 2) we propose several effective multi-modal fusion strategies to make full use of the different modalities. Our solutions achieve the best CCC performance of 0.4346 and 0.4513 on arousal and valence respectively on the challenge testing set, which significantly outperforms the baseline system with corresponding CCC of 0.2843 and 0.2413 on arousal and valence. The experimental results show that our proposed various effective representations of different modalities and fusion strategies have a strong generalization ability and can bring more robust performance.
Evaluation of the CDOM Absorption Coefficient in the Arctic Seas Based on Sentinel-3 OLCI Data

Our work’s primary goal is to reveal the problematic issues related to estimates of the colored organic matter absorption coefficient in the northern seas from data of the Ocean and Land Color Instrument (OLCI) installed on the Sentinel-3 satellites, e.g., a comparison of the OLCI standard error assessment ADG443_NN_err relating to the measurement and the retrieval of the geophysical products and the uncertainties in the northern seas’ real situation. The natural conditions are incredibly unfavorable there, mainly due to frequent cloudiness and low sun heights. We conducted a comprehensive multi-sensor study of the uncertainties using various approaches. We directly compared the data from satellites (OLCI Sentinel-3 and four other ocean color sensors) and field measurements in five sea expeditions (2016–2019) using the different processing algorithms. Our analysis has shown that the final product’s real uncertainties are significantly (≥100%) higher than the calculated errors of the ADG443_NN_err (~10%). The main reason is the unsatisfactory atmospheric correction. We present the analysis of the various influential factors (satellite sensors, processing algorithms, and other parameters) and formulate future work goals.
Detection of Longhorned Borer Attack and Assessment in Eucalyptus Plantations Using UAV Imagery

Eucalyptus Longhorned Borers (ELB) are some of the most destructive pests in regions with Mediterranean climate. Low rainfall and extended dry summers cause stress in eucalyptus trees and facilitate ELB infestation. Due to the difficulty of monitoring the stands by traditional methods, remote sensing arises as an invaluable tool. The main goal of this study was to demonstrate the accuracy of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral imagery for detection and quantification of ELB damages in eucalyptus stands. To detect spatial damage, Otsu thresholding analysis was conducted with five imagery-derived vegetation indices (VIs) and classification accuracy was assessed. Treetops were calculated using the local maxima filter of a sliding window algorithm. Subsequently, large-scale mean-shift segmentation was performed to extract the crowns, and these were classified with random forest (RF). Forest density maps were produced with data obtained from RF classification. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) presented the highest overall accuracy at 98.2% and 0.96 Kappa value. Random forest classification resulted in 98.5% accuracy and 0.94 Kappa value. The Otsu thresholding and random forest classification can be used by forest managers to assess the infestation. The aggregation of data offered by forest density maps can be a simple tool for supporting pest management.
Permeability of Compacted Clay

The effects of molding water content, density, degree of saturation, method of compaction, and thixotropic hardening on the permeability of compacted silty clay have been determined. The formation of a dispersed structure in samples compacted wet of optimum may result in a coefficient of permeability two or three orders of magnitude less than for the same soil compacted dry of optimum. The actual decrease in permeability wet of optimum appears to correlate well with the degree of shear strain applied to the soil during compaction. In line with this, it was found that for samples compacted wet of optimum kneading compaction gave significantly lower values of permeability than did static compaction. Thixotropic hardening was accompanied by an increase in permeability, a result compatible with the concept that thixotropic hardening involves a change to a more flocculent structure. As much as a five-fold increase in permeability may accompany an increase in saturation from the as-compacted state to the fully saturated condition. Because of the great variability in permeability with compaction conditions, selection of an appropriate value for use in problems involving seepage or pore pressure dissipation will be difficult.
Generating the Baseline in the Early Detection of Bud Rot and Red Ring Disease in Oil Palms by Geospatial Technologies

Oil palm cultivation in Ecuador is important for the agricultural sector. As a result of it, the country generates sources of employment in some of the most vulnerable zones; it contributes 0.89% of the gross domestic product and 4.35% of the agricultural gross domestic product. In 2017, a value of USD $252 million was generated by exports, and palm contributed 4.53% of the agricultural gross domestic product (GDP). It is estimated that 125,000 hectares of palm were lost in the Republic of Ecuador due to Red Ring Disease (RRD) and specifically Bud Rot (BR). The current study aimed to generate an early detection of BR and RRD in oil palm. Image acquisition has been performed using Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) with Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) cannons, and multispectral cameras, in study areas with and without the presence of the given disease. Hereby, we proposed two phases. In phase A, a drone flight has been conducted for processing and georeferencing. This allowed to obtain an orthomosaic that serves as input for obtaining several vegetation indices of the healthy crop. The data and products obtained from this phase served as a baseline to perform comparisons with plantations affected by BR and RRD and to differentiate the palm varieties that are used by palm growers. In phase B, the same process has been applied three times with an interval of 15 days in an affected plot, in order to identify the symptoms and the progress of them. A validation for the diseases detection has been performed in the field, by taking Global Positioning System (GPS) points of the palms that presented symptoms of BR and RRD, through direct observation by field experts. The inputs obtained in each monitoring allowed to analyze the spatial behavior of the diseases. The values of the vegetation indices obtained from Phase A and B aimed to establish the differences between healthy and diseased palms, with the purpose of generating the baseline of early responses of BR and RRD conditions. However, the best vegetation index to detect the BR was the Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI).
The Activity of Certain Arctic Insects at Low Temperatures

THE work described in this paper was done at Inari in Finnish Lapland during June 1939. Inari is approximately 690 north latitude and 18? east longitude. A grant received from the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society made the expedition possible. Recent work (Mellanby, 1939) has indicated that the results of many of the older experiments on insect activity at low temperatures are liable to be inaccurate because the investigators have disregarded the effects of previous conditions on their insects. I have shown that in a number of cases, the "chill-coma temperature" (i.e. the temperature at which the insect is immobilized by cold) is considerably higher for insects of the same species which have been kept for 24 hr. under warm conditions that it is for other individuals from a cooler environment. This means that insects which have been for a short time under cool conditions are in some way acclimatized and therefore able to move actively at considerably lower temperatures than those from warm. Acclimatization is a fairly rapid process, for after less than 24 hr. the position of the chill-coma temperature may be completely altered. Under fluctuating temperature conditions the chill-coma temperature fluctuates also. When an insect is cooled even slightly below its chill-coma temperature and kept there for a period, no acclimatization takes place, for these processes only occur in that zone of temperature in which activity is possible. The "cold death-point" (i.e. the temperature where cold proves rapidly fatal) is similarly affected by tlie previous conditions of temperature.
Cellular localization of neuroglobin expression in rat brain

Objective To study the cellular localization of neuroglobin(NGB)protein expression in rat brain.Methods Frozen sections of SD rat brain tissues were prepared.Using NSE and GFAP as control protein,the cellular localization of NGB protein in adult rat brain was detected by double immunofluorescence staining technique,followed by confocal microscopic analysis.Results The double immunofluorescence staining and image analysis showed that NGB protein co-expressed with neuron specific enolase (NSE) in neurons.Meanwhile,NGB protein and GFAP were expressed in different cells. Conclusion The cellular expression of NGB protein was found in neurons in adult rat brain,which was closely associated with the functional activities of neurons.
Animal or Algal Materials: Food Toughness, Food Concentration, and Competitor Density Influence Food Choice in an Omnivorous Tadpole

Abstract: Little is known about behavioral aspects of tadpole feeding ecology. Resource protein is by far the most studied factor assumed to govern food choice in tadpoles, whereas other factors such as resource toughness and competition have received less attention. Here, we tested the food choice of an omnivorous pond-dwelling tadpole when exposed to animal and algal materials at different toughnesses and concentrations (1× and 2× amount of food per volume), used as a proxy indicator of energy gain per bite. We subsequently tested how tadpole feeding behavior and food choice change with competitor density (when alone, in pairs, or in a group). We found that type, toughness, and concentration of the food influenced choice by the tadpoles; however, a three-way interaction among these variables was absent. The tadpoles did not feed randomly and preferred the algal materials when these were softer than, or as tough as, the animal materials. The tadpoles discriminated among foods of different concentrations and readily fed on the high-concentration food materials. Tadpole feeding behavior was density dependent. In a group, the tadpoles nearly doubled their feeding activities and increased their feeding on animal materials, here the less-preferred foods. Food toughness, energy gain per bite, and the presence of competitors influence tadpole feeding behavior, and could be factors used as proximate cues for determining food quality in tadpole foraging strategies.
Foraging by roe deer in agricultural areas and impact on arable crops

(1) The pattern of use of farmland and of different arable crops by roe deer Capreolus capreolus (L.), in relation to use of other 'natural' habitats available, was assessed for two populations of roe in southern Hampshire from April 1983 to March 1985. Use of all crops was highly seasonal with kale and fodder roots used primarily during autumn and early winter, and cereals exploited mainly from March to early June. (2) Even during periods of peak use, root crops and cereal fields (winter and spring wheat, spring barley) rarely supported more than 25% of the population at any time; wooded areas and rides and glades within woodland remained extremely important habitats at all times of year, and only in March-April and October-November did use of woodlands fall below 40% of habitat use overall. (3) Pastures were used extensively during spring and early summer (March-May), but analyses of habitat preference suggest that at no time did roe show positive selection for open agricultural land (pasture or cereals); woodland habitats by contrast showed positive preference throughout the year, and there was a slight selection for fodder root crops in winter. (4) Cereal crops subjected to damage by roe were surveyed, and resultant yield of damaged areas compared with that of control blocks. Damage to cereals was restricted to March, April and May, leaving considerable opportunity for recovery; in no instance was a significant loss of yield at harvest recorded due to roe damage. (5) Results are compared with published data on habitat use, and crop damage caused by deer in the more extensive agrocenoses of Eastern Europe.
Water Permeability of the Skin of the Amphibious Snake, Agkistrodon piscivorus

The cottonmouth (A. piscivorus) is a semi-aquatic fresh water snake which is closely related to the terrestrial copperhead (A. contortrix). Despite the differences in habitat preference, both species have similarly low integumentary water permeability in the summer. Influx and efflux of water measured between tritiated distilled water and a 1 M NaCl solution were about 20-50 gtmoles/cm2 h. These are fairly typical values for terrestrial snakes, but abnormally low for fresh water species. A. piscivorus were caught soon after emergence from hibernation, and successive shed skins tested under constant conditions over a five month period showed significant declines in water permeability with a minimum of about 20 pmoles/cm2-h in June-September. Newborn A. piscivorus placed in water for three weeks had significantly lower cutaneous water permeabilities than those dehydrated by about 27% of their initial body mass in air. Thus integumentary perme- ability may vary in response to the state of body fluid hydration. Skin water permeability appears to be controlled by lipids since their extraction causes an enormous increase in influx and efflux. The lipid extracted shed skin of A. piscivorus demonstrated a marked asymmetry in downhill water diffusion, with influx exceeding efflux.
On the Embryology of the Isopod Irona

Although Rathke (1834), Dohrn (1867), van Beneden (1869), and Roule (1889, 1890, 1891, 1894, 1896) have studied the embryology of Isopoda, the first detailed account and the one that is ordinarily quoted in text-books is that of Bobretzsky (1874) on Oniscus murarius . This work is informative in a general way, though the details of segmentation and germ layer formation are not accurate. Bullar9s (1878) work on the parasitic isopods was largely influenced by the generalizations of Bobretzsky. Nusbaum (1891 a , 1898) and McMurrich (1892, 1895) have contributed considerably to our knowledge of segmentation and post-mandibular growth in isopods but their accounts of the different fates of the germ layers left several problems of embryology unsolved. Goodrich9s (1939) studies on Porcellio and Armadillidium were confined mainly to the origin and fate of the endoderm elements. Manton9s (1928) paper on the development of Hemimysis serves as a landmark in the history of Crustacean embryology.
Sugarcane leaf scald distribution, symptomatology, and effect on yield in Louisiana

Sugarcane leaf scald, caused by Xanthomonas albilineans, was first observed in Louisiana in November 1992. During 1993, surveys were conducted to determine the geographic distribution of the disease and which cultivars were affected. Symptomatology was monitored in fields with diseased plants, and the effect on yield was studied. Leaf scald was detected in commercial fields of five of seven commercial cultivars. The number of fields of cultivars CP 70-321, CP 72-370, and LHo 83-153 affected and the incidence of plants within fields were low. A greater number of affected fields and higher disease incidence within fields were observed for cultivars CP 74-383 and LCP 82-89
TROCAS GASOSAS E RELAÇÕES HÍDRICAS EM LARANJEIRAS COM CLOROSE VARIEGADA DOS CITROS

The citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) is an anomaly, possibly caused by the xylem limited bacterial group of Xylella fastidiosa. The leaves of CVC affected orange trees showed water deficiency symptoms that were associated to decreases of photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and water potential, as compared to leaves of unaffected trees. The decreases of photosynthesis might be related to the lower values of leaf stomatal conductance affected plants. On the other hand, decreases of conductance appears to be related to CVC induced water deficiency. Considering that stomatal functioning was not affected, it is suggested that the water deficiency symptoms of CVC affected plants occurs due to increases of water flow resistence through xylem vessels. Additional index terms: Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, Xylella fastidiosa, Citrus sinensis.
Monochamus sartor (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) contributes to alpha diversity of Uropodina mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) in first stage of wood decay in Białowieża Primeval Forest

ABSTRACT During the process of slow decay, dead wood is colonized by a diverse group of invertebrates. Pioneer communities of insects are composed of representatives of two families of beetles: Cerambycidae and Curculionidae, which may be carriers for mites. In this paper, we check which species of mites are carried by Monochamus sartor (Fabricius, 1787) in the largest natural forest complex in the North European Plain – The Białowieża Primeval Forest. Individuals of the species were collected in June and July 2012 with 64 intercept traps. In the context of the previous studies on phoresy of mites on the bark beetle Ips typographus (Linnaeus, 1978) in Białowieża Primeval Forest, we conclude that the process of colonization of decaying wood by diverse species of insects entails increase in mite species diversity in this habitat (merocenosis). Our research indicates that mites travel on elytra and pronota of M. sartor; however, dimensions (width and length) of these parts of body as well as the sex of the beetle are not significant for phoretic deutonymphs.
The Impact of Seasonal Flowering on the Biology of Some Tropical Hummingbirds

In most parts of the Neotropics the annual cycle of climate usually is broken into two distinct phases, wet and dry seasons. Characteristically many of the woody plants undergo sexual reproduction during the dry season while vegetative growth occurs during the rainy season (Janzen 1967). This seasonal flowering has a marked effect on organisms which are directly dependent on vegetative or reproductive phases of plant growth. One group of tropical birds, the hummingbirds (family Trochilidae), are thought to be closely tied to flowers through most or all of their life cycle. Plants are presumed to be the most important food source for many species, even though evidence is accumulating that many species are to some degree insectivorous. Even these species may be tied to flowering seasons through the increased feeding efficiency of visiting flowers as rich, localized sources of insect food. If flowering is important in the economy of hummingbirds, and if this flowering is limited largely to a single season of the year, it would follow that, to cope with this, there must be some major adjustments in the ecology and behavior of the birds. The present study was undertaken to discover two things about the habits of several species of hummingbirds living in such a wet-dry seasonal climate. It was hoped, first, to discover the relative importance of flowers as food sources for the birds, and, second, to understand the importance of seasonal flowering activity in the evolution of techniques for biological exploitation of the dry lowlands of Middle America, and especially the influence on the territorial systems of the hummingbirds.
Rapid kudzu eradication and switchgrass establishment through herbicide, bioherbicide and integrated programmes

ABSTRACT Among the most important and visible weeds in the Southeastern USA is the exotic invasive vine, kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata). Efforts to eradicate it typically involve many years of application of restricted-use pesticides. Recent availability of effective, non-restricted-use pesticides and developments with the application of the bioherbicide Myrothecium verrucaria has made possible new control programmes for kudzu management. Field trials at three sites over two years with aminocyclopyrachlor, aminopyralid, fluroxypyr, metsulfuron methyl and combinations of these herbicides achieved 99–100% reduction in aboveground kudzu biomass. Additionally, programmes were developed that eradicated kudzu while simultaneously establishing native vegetation. One of these successful programmes integrated bioherbicide application, mechanical removal of kudzu biomass and planting switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) in an entirely chemical herbicide-free system. These field tests demonstrate a variety of methods that can be used independently or in an integrated approach for rapid kudzu eradication.