Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Economics of Wildlife Tourism and Its Challenges: A Case Study of Nimule National Park, South Sudan

Wildlife tourism plays an important role in the generation of foreign revenues in many developing countries, although its role is becoming increasingly less feasible. This study sought to determine the economics of wildlife tourism between 2009-2014 and the communities’ perception of Nimule National Park (NNP). A randomly collected cross-sectional survey data of 300 participants were used and the descriptive and inferential analyses were done using PAST statistical software program. The results showed total income generated between 2009 and 2014 was 21,548.15 USD, with 2012 earning the largest share (10,319 USD). 92% of tourists who visited NNP were foreigners, majorly for wildlife watching (48%) and photographing. Local communities’ benefits were wild fruits and fuelwood collection. About 60% of respondents opposed park entry charges, although most were subjective. Human-wildlife conflicts (73.8%) and poor infrastructure (66.4%) were the communities’ and park’s challenges. Notwithstanding the unexpected conflict in 2013, the tourism sector can still be promising with genuine peace or security in the country.
Coarsening Algorithm Based on Multi-Label Propagation for Knowledge Discovery in Bipartite Networks

Complex machine learning tasks for knowledge discovery in networked data, such as community detection, node categorization, network visualization, and dimension reduction, have been successfully addressed by coarsening algorithms. It iteratively reduces the original network into a hierarchy of smaller networks, resulting in informative simplifications of the original network at various degrees of detail. Few of these algorithms, however, have been specially built to cope with bipartite networks. Besides of this, current coarsening algorithms present the following theoretical limitations that should be addressed: 1) A high-cost search strategy in dense networks; 2) current coarsening algorithms are usually based on label propagation, which is limited to propagate single-labels; and 3) the synchronous label propagation scheme yields the cyclic oscillation problem. To overcome such limitations, we propose a coarsening algorithm based on multi-label propagation, which is more suitable for large-scale bipartite networks and allows a time-effective implementation. Furthermore, our proposal improves the standard semi-synchronous strategy and simultaneously propagates multiple labels to create the coarsened network representation. The empirical analysis of synthetic and real-world networks provides evidence that our coarsening strategy leads to significant gains regarding accuracy and runtime against standard techniques.
Enhancing plant growth in biofertilizer-amended soil through nitrogen-transforming microbial communities

Biofertilizers have immense potential for enhancing agricultural productivity. However, there is still a need for clarification regarding the specific mechanisms through which these biofertilizers improve soil properties and stimulate plant growth. In this research, a bacterial agent was utilized to enhance plant growth and investigate the microbial modulation mechanism of soil nutrient turnover using metagenomic technology. The results demonstrated a significant increase in soil fast-acting nitrogen (by 46.7%) and fast-acting phosphorus (by 88.6%) upon application of the bacterial agent. This finding suggests that stimulated soil microbes contribute to enhanced nutrient transformation, ultimately leading to improved plant growth. Furthermore, the application of the bacterial agent had a notable impact on the accumulation of key genes involved in nitrogen cycling. Notably, it enhanced nitrification genes (amo, hao, and nar), while denitrification genes (nir and nor) showed a slight decrease. This indicates that ammonium oxidation may be the primary pathway for increasing fast-acting nitrogen in soils. Additionally, the bacterial agent influenced the composition and functional structure of the soil microbial community. Moreover, the metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) obtained from the soil microbial communities exhibited complementary metabolic processes, suggesting mutual nutrient exchange. These MAGs contained widely distributed and highly abundant genes encoding plant growth promotion (PGP) traits. These findings emphasize how soil microbial communities can enhance vegetation growth by increasing nutrient availability and regulating plant hormone production. This effect can be further enhanced by introducing inoculated microbial agents. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of biofertilizers on soil properties and plant growth. The significant increase in nutrient availability, modulation of key genes involved in nitrogen cycling, and the presence of MAGs encoding PGP traits highlight the potential of biofertilizers to improve agricultural practices. These findings have important implications for enhancing agricultural sustainability and productivity, with positive societal and environmental impacts.
Topical Hydroquinone for Hyperpigmentation: A Narrative Review

Topical hydroquinone (HQ) has been used for decades to treat disorders of hyperpigmentation such as melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, and solar lentigines. Additionally, it has been used as a skin-lightening agent for cosmetic purposes. Multiple studies have shown it to be effective in treating hyperpigmentation, though it is not without side effects. Currently, HQ is not approved for over-the-counter use in the United States. Its use is also banned in other countries, including Japan, Australia, and the European Union. Hyperpigmentation disorders affect individuals worldwide. Patients with these disorders are frequently seen in medical practices. Hyperpigmentation disorders can significantly negatively impact a person's quality of life, and agents that treat hyperpigmentation can improve patient outcomes. A comprehensive literature search was performed on HQ as a treatment for skin hyperpigmentation disorders. A literature review revealed that HQ is an effective compound for treating hyperpigmentation disorders and can be combined with other therapies for enhanced results. Evidence exists to support HQ as a topical therapy for skin hyperpigmentation. HQ is not without side effects and should be prescribed by trained professionals who can educate patients on usage. HQ can be used in pharmaceutical regimens to treat hyperpigmentation disorders.
Effects of degradation on carbon stocks and structure of miombo woodlands: a case study of Mapogoro woodlands

Miombo woodlands fonn an integral part of the rural landscape in Tanzania and play crucial role in providing wide range of products and ecological services including carbon sequestration. Woodlands and forests in Tanzania are going through great changes due to encroachment which cause a loss of approximately 420 OOOha of forests and woodlands per year. This study aimed at assessing the effects of degradation on carbon stocks and stand structure ofmiombo woodlands in southern Tanzania. Data were collected from 100 rectangular plots (40mx20m), 50 plots in Manga Reserve and 50 in Mapogoro General land. Tree stump diameter, diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height and local and botanical names were recorded. Analysis was done by using Excel spread sheet and R software. Results showed that gradual tree removal from the woodland contributed to a loss of 3A±0.9 t C ha-' equivalent to 12.S±3.3 tC02e ha-' and 3.91±0.1 t C ha-' equivalent to 14.3±OA t C02e ha-' in Manga Reserve and Mapogoro general land, respectively. There was no significant difference in carbon loss between the two woodlands (p=O.OS) despite being under different management regimes. Standing volume was 33±0.3 m3ha-' and 28±2.9 m3 ha-' in Manga Reserve and Mapogoro general Land respectively. Basal area was S.0±0.3 m2ha-' and 4A±2.9 m2ha-' in the Manga reserve and Mapogoro General land respectively. Stem size distribution showed a reverse J shape implying active regeneration of the miombo woodlands. The annual wood removal was estimated at 6.63±3.0 m3 ha-' and 8.2±2.2 m3 ha-' in Manga reserve and Mapogoro general land, respectively which exceeds the mean annual increment (MAl) of miombo 1.88-4.35 m ha-' year'. There is a substantial carbon emission from the Miombo woodlands resulting from anthropogenic activities which is a threat to climate change mitigation through forest management. Managing the miombo woodland carbon stocks in Tanzania and elsewhere for reduction of CO2 emissions and climate change mitigation requires rigorous effort to reduce human related degradation.
Experimental Investigation on Machinability of α/β Titanium Alloys with Different Microstructures

In the current study, Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) and Ti-6Al-7Nb (Ti67) alloys were prepared by vacuum arc melting. The produced samples were then subjected to different heat treatment regimes. The evolved microstructures and their corresponding hardness were investigated. Computerized drilling tests using TiAlN-coated high-speed steel bits were performed to assess the machinability of the prepared specimen regarding cutting force, tool wear, and thickness of the deformed layer. It was observed that Ti64 specimens that were water quenched from either α/β or β range contained martensitic phase. In Ti67, samples showed martensite only when water quenched from the β-phase range (1070 °C). Formation of martensite resulted in higher hardness and hence led to higher cutting forces and increased tool wear during the drilling process. Machined samples with higher hardness formed a thicker subsurface deformation area (white layer) and increased burr heights. Surface roughness in Ti64 workpieces was generally higher compared to Ti67 specimens. The coat of the drilling bit was partially attacked in the as-cast specimens, which was evident by elemental N on the machining chips. The machining tool deteriorated further by increasing the workpiece hardness through martensitic formation, where elements such as Cr, V, Fe, etc. that came from the tool steel were detected.
Measurement of soil moisture content under physical crust by millimetre‐wave backscattering

This paper presents a multi‐sensor remote sensing study of physically crusted soil with various moisture contents by using millimetre‐wave backscatter radiation. The backscattered radiation was used to generate an empirical model to estimate soil moisture at the thin surface crust scale by using a set of soils with known moisture content as a reference. The model was then used to assess the moisture content of a new set of soils from the same group. Real‐time measurement of soil moisture in the top layer beneath the soil crust is impractical at best and impossible using traditional methods. The proposed method, therefore, paves the way to assessing soil moisture content immediately beneath the surface crust as well as in a micro‐profile at depths of 0–3 cm. It can be combined with other active and passive remote sensing methods to provide a micro‐profile measurement of soil moisture to the depth of the entire upper root zone (0–30 cm) and of the plough layer (0–20 cm) under undisturbed conditions. The method is based on the emerging technology of millimetre waves, which provide improved spatial resolution of the subsurface concurrent with surface mapping. Further development and use of the method described herein will make it simple and practical to analyse and understand the processes governing the soil–water interface. The major processes for which this information is important are soil crusting, water budgets (infiltration, runoff and evaporation) and soil erosion.
Metabolomics of Cerebrospinal Fluid Amino and Fatty Acids in Early Stages of Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating and neurodegenerative autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) damaging myelin and axons. Diagnosis is based on the combination of clinical findings, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Metabolomics is a systematic study that allows us to track amounts of different metabolites in a chosen medium. The aim of this study was to establish metabolomic differences between the cerebrospinal fluid of patients in the early stages of multiple sclerosis and healthy controls, which could potentially serve as markers for predicting disease activity. We collected CSF from 40 patients after the first attack of clinical symptoms who fulfilled revised McDonald criteria of MS, and the CSF of 33 controls. Analyses of CSF samples were performed by using the high-performance liquid chromatography system coupled with a mass spectrometer with a high-resolution detector. Significant changes in concentrations of arginine, histidine, spermidine, glutamate, choline, tyrosine, serine, oleic acid, stearic acid and linoleic acid were observed. More prominently, Expanded Disability Status Scale values significantly correlated with lower concentrations of histidine. We conclude that these metabolites could potentially play a role as a biomarker of disease activity and predict presumable inflammatory changes.
Thrusting in Huerfano Park, Colorado, and related problems of orogeny in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains

INTRODUCTION Huerfano Park, in south-central Colorado, is bounded on the west by the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and on the east by the southern end of the Wet Mountains (Pl. 1). At its south end, the park opens onto the plains near the termination of the bordering Wet Mountains uplift, but, at the north, it merges across a low divide into the Wet Mountain Valley, with which it is, in part, structurally continuous. Huerfano Park itself is of particular geologic interest, because there are Eocene sedimentary deposits of Green River and lower Bridger age, equivalents of which are not found elsewhere along the eastern front of the southern Rocky Mountains. Thrusts of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains intersect these remnants of Eocene sedimentary rocks along the western border of the park, and thus record some later stages of mountain-building that might, otherwise, be scarcely distinguishable from much earlier stages of .
Review of Soil Water Research at River Basin Scale

About 60% of all food globally is produced under non-irrigated rainfed conditions.The soil water flux of China counts for 67.2% of total precipitation.However,of all water resources,soil water is probably the most under-valued resource.After the concept of soil water resources and green water was introduced,a plenty of research has been focused on soil water study.This article states the processes of relevant theories and methodologies,reviews scaling in soil moisture and discusses soil water study at river basin scale.It indicates that currently soil water study in China has been restricted at small catchment scale,focusing on estimation of soil moisture heterogeneity and development of soil water prediction model.In future,it is essential to develop a distributed land surface model based on remote sensing and GIS at river basin scale.Because soil water is a crucial part of water balance and water cycle at a river basin scale,it should be a significant component of integrated water resources management.
The Influence of Jc(B) and n-Value on Magnetization Loss and Dynamic Loss in REBCO Coated Conductors

REBCO coated conductors (CCs) carry dc currents under ac magnetic fields in many high temperature superconducting (HTS) applications, such as field windings of rotating machines, flux pumps and persistent current switches. In such operating conditions, magnetization loss due to the shielding currents, and dynamic loss arising from the dynamic resistance in CCs, are critical issues which need to be taken into considerations for the machine design. In this work, magnetization loss and dynamic resistance/loss in a 4-mm-wide REBCO CC were calculated using the 2D <italic>H</italic>-formulation finite element method (FEM) based on the <italic>E</italic>-<italic>J</italic> power law of the CC. Constant <italic>J</italic><sub>c</sub>, and field-dependent <italic>J</italic><sub>c</sub>(<italic>B</italic>) are used in the <italic>E</italic>-<italic>J</italic> power law. The influence of <italic>n</italic>-values on both loss behaviors is also studied when <italic>n</italic>-values vary from 10 to 100. Our results show that magnetization loss increases with increasing <italic>n</italic>-value at low magnetic fields while decreases at high magnetic fields. Such opposite <italic>n</italic>-dependence is attributed to the changing saturation region of the shielding currents when the current-reversal region shrinks. On the contrary, dynamic loss increases with increasing <italic>n</italic>-value due to the extended dc current flowing region. Furthermore, the high dc current level has a strong influence on the <italic>n</italic>-dependence of magnetization loss.
Immune regulatory potentials of coconut water and Vitamin C in broiler chicken exposed to varying housing temperature

The ambient temperature has been found to affect the performance and immune response of broiler, hence the need for determination of immunoglobulin level routinely to evaluate their state of immunity call for concern. This study determines the effects of housing temperature and coconut water (CW) on serum immuglobulins of broiler chickens. A total of 600 Marshall broiler chickens were used, with 200 birds in different housing temperature: Cold (CHT, 18.3-22.1°C), Natural (NHT, 26.3-26.6°C), and Hot (HHT, 34.9-36.1). Each housing temperature was partitioned into five treatment groups: Ordinary water (T 1 ), 0.5 g of Vitamin C/L of water (T 2 ), 0.5% CW/L of water (T 3 ), 1% CW/L of water (T 4 ) and 1.5% CW/L of water (T 5 ), with four replicates and 10 birds per replicate. Immunoglobulin IgG, IgM and IgA were determined. Data collected were subjected to factorial arrangements with one-way Analysis of Variance. Housing temperature significantly (p<0.05) influenced immunoglobulin value for IgG and IgM. Birds under natural housing temperature had the highest IgG (1.62±0.07 mg/dl) compared to others under cold housing temperature (1.39±0.15 mg/dl) and hot housing temperature (0.38±0.07 mg/dl). The IgM level showed a negatively changing trend with birds under hot housing temperature having the highest value (1.95±0.07 mg/dl), followed by cold housing temperature (1.49±0.01 mg/dl), and natural housing temperature (1.06±0.11 mg/dl). Upon administration of coconut water and vitamin C to birds, there is a significant (p<0.05) influence on immunoglobulin values (IgG, IgM and IgA) across the three housing temperatures. It was therefore, concluded that change in ambient temperature can cause variation in immune response of birds and immune responses could be ensured by regulated administration of coconut water and vitamin C in broiler production.
The development of a consensus-based framework for a sustainable urban planning of the city of Riyadh

In the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the field of sustainable urban planning and it is in constant evolution across the world. Cities in developing countries, including the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, are experiencing rapid and in many cases unsustainable growth. Since its establishment seventy years ago the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been transformed into a modern, developing country. This transformation has placed a great deal of pressure on many of the available resources, including oil and natural gas, and has introduced a number of serious issues, such as environmental degradation. Therefore, sustainable urban planning has emerged as a pressing concern that must be addressed by both governments and nongovernment authorities. The overall aim of this thesis is to assess the urban planning of the city of Riyadh, in terms of sustainability, and to develop a comprehensive consensus-based framework for the sustainable urban planning of Riyadh. The research is carried out to answer the following main question: can the urban planning of the city of Riyadh be managed sustainably through an adapted sustainable urban planning framework? The research highlights the significance of sustainable urban planning for cities and gives an inclusive review of important issues in terms of underpinning concepts, principles and challenges. The research aims to critically evaluate the most common and established frameworks of sustainable cities. The thesis provides a review of the existing urban fabric of the city of Riyadh and critically discusses its urban planning phases during the last few decades. This critical review is based on a proposed framework of sustainable urban planning. The proposed framework is evaluated based on the opinion of 35 experts, familiar with the local context of the city, through the use of the Delphi technique and the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Through the testing process of the proposed framework in different parts of the City of Riyadh, the results have proven the hypothesis of the research, which indicates that a comprehensive consensus-based framework for sustainable urban planning, supported by understanding the key issues of sustainability and supported by clear and comprehensive guidelines, can benefit and manage the urban planning for the City of Riyadh sustainably.
Caracterización de solutos inorgánicos lixiviables en los Gelisoles del Cabo Lamb, Isla Vega (Península Antártica)

El notable calentamiento observado en al norte de la Peninsula Antartica en las ultimas decadas ha activado su ciclo hidrologico superficial y subterraneo. Esto a causado la puesta en circulacion de solutos organicos e inorganicos, que en condiciones mas frias estarian retenidos en el permafrost y probablemente transferidos a la capa activa en verano, pero no incorporados al sistema general de circulacion hidrica. En este trabajo se caracteriza el suelo y se cuantifica el contenido en especies inorganicas lixiviables en areas del cabo Lamb, en la Isla Vega. Se trata de suelos del suborden Gelisoles, orden Orthel, con bajo contenido en materia organica y N Kjeldhal, muy bajo pH y contenido minimo en especies carbonaticas. El analisis de los extractos muestra que la principal contribucion al flujo de solutos es SO2-4, Ca2+ y Na+. El hallazgo mas relevante ha sido el elevado contenido en metales pesados que se incorporan a la circulacion general, se han detectado elevadas concentraciones de Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn y V, su impacto en el medio ambiente habra de ser valorado en posteriores trabajos.
Problem Based Learning and Their Effect on Learning Outcomes Estimation of Calculation Operations Number in Elementary School

Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and other operations on numbers are referred to as arithmetic operations. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the impact of problem-based learning (PBL) on primary school students’ learning outcomes related to guessing the outcomes of mathematical operations. A quasi-experimental design was used for this study. Class IVC was acquired as the experimental class and class IVB as the control class thanks to the sample selection’s usage of a straightforward random sampling technique. Additionally, SPSS 26 was used to aid in data analysis for this investigation. The data analysis produced the results tcount>ttable, which are 2.423>1.669. If H0 is rejected and H1 is true, then learning through utilizing the model has a large impact. The suggestion of this study put forward to improve learning outcomes in mathematics learning process in elementary schools, specifically on the topic of estimating the results of arithmetics operations.