Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efisiensi Penggunaan Faktor Produksi pada Usahatani Cabai Merah di Kecamatan Wuluhan Kabupaten Jember

Cabai merah merupakan komoditas hortikultura unggulan yang bernilai ekonomis tinggi dan banyak dibudidayakan petani di Indonesia. Usahatani cabai merah di Indonesia masih menghadapi berbagai kendala, baik kendala yang bersifat teknis maupun kendala ekonomis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan faktor produksi serta menganalisis efisiensi penggunaan faktor produksi pada usahatani cabai merah di Kecamatan Wuluhan, Kabupaten Jember. Survey dilakukan pada 60 petani sampel yang melakukan usahatani cabai merah pada musim tanam April-September 2017. Sampel dipilih menggunakan metode simple random sampling. Alat analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah fungsi produksi dengan pendekatan frontier stokastik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai efisiensi teknis masih di bawah 1 yaitu 0,92. Artinya usahatani cabai di Kecamatan Wuluhan, Kabupaten Jember tidak efisien secara teknis. Nilai efisiensi harga sebesar 1,63 yaitu lebih dari 1 artinya belum efisien secara harga. Sedangkan nilai efisiensi ekonomi sebesar 1,49 yaitu lebih besar dari 1artinya belum efisien, ini menunjukkan bahwa usahatani cabai di Kecamatan Wuluhan Kabupaten Jember belum efisien secara ekonomi. Nilai return to scale pada usahatani cabai merah adalah sebesar 1,94, yang menunjukkan bahwa usahatani cabai merah di Kecamatan Wuluhan Kabupaten Jember berada pada posisi skala hasil yang meningkat atau increasing return to scale.
On 1G Slope Failure Model Tests due to Rainfalls: Difference of Failure Patterns due to Difference of Densities of a Subsurface Sand Layer

Damages of sediment disasters like slope failures due to heavy rainfalls become more serious and result in the loss of many lives every year. In order to investigate failure behavior of typical natural slopes, rainfall model tests were conducted in 1G field. Each model consists of a subsurface shallow sand layer and a relatively hard foundation like a typical natural slope. The model tests were conducted to clarify the difference of failure behavior due to different relative densities of the sand layer: Dr = 0%, 25% and 50%, and different rainfall intensities: I = 25, 50 and 100 mm/hr. This paper describes the difference of failure behavior due to different relative densities of the sand layer. During the model tests, pore water pressures and displacements of the slopes were measured. It was found from the tests that difference of the subsurface sand layer densities induced remarkably the difference of failure patterns. In Case 3 (Dr = 0%), the sand mass moved along the slope and a large but shallow failure finally occurred. It was a typical surface failure. The horizontal deformations of the sand mass were dominant in Case 5 (Dr = 50%). After the first slip surface appeared at the toe of the slope, in sequence the slip surfaces appeared and they progressed to the upper parts of the slope. The failure was a typical progressive failure. The sand mass moved intermediate direction between Cases 3 and 5 in Case 4 (Dr = 25%). Moreover, pore water pressures rose up faster with an increase in the relative densities.
An investigation into the management of electronic records in the public sector in Lesotho.

Government computers are generating enormous volumes of e-records such as e-mails, word processed documents and databases. The immediate challenge of the public sector is therefore to preserve these digital records and make them accessible to future generations. The present study was conducted to investigate the management of e-records in the public sector in Lesotho. The objectives of the study guided the researcher to find out what IT infrastructure and resources existed. The study looked at which records were currently being created and strategies and policies used in managing those records. The archjval legislation was reviewed to assess how it affected e-records. An e-records model suitable for managing e-records in Lesotho was suggested. The study adopted the descriptive research by utilizing the case study approach. Interview schedules were employed for data gathering, together with observations. The literature review guided the content of the interview schedule. Data was analyzed according to the objectives of the study. The overall findings revealed that the public sector in Lesotho was not managing its e­ records satisfactorily. The public sector did not have legislation that specifically dealt with managing e-records, there were no written policies, strategies and guidelines were non-existent. The study also revealed that there were no qualified personnel with expertise and skills in the management of e-records in the public sector. The study's conclusions and recommendations were that the public sector be allocated more resources and IT infrastructure. Staff should be trained, policies should be formulated, legislation should be amended to accommodate e-records and, lastly, the study recommended that the public sector in Lesotho should adopt the South African e­ records management model .
Chemical Modification of Uniform Soils and Soils with High/Low Plasticity Index

Lime and/or cement are used to treat weak subgrade soils during construction of highways. These chemicals are mixed with the soil to improve its workability, compactability and engineering properties. INDOT (Indiana Department of Transportation) has been using chemical modification of native soils for the past 20 years. In fact, 90% of current subgrade is treated, typically with quick lime, lime byproducts or cement. For pavement design, it is customary to not include any improvement of the subgrade for the design of the pavement layers. Recent research completed through JTRP (Joint Transportation Research Program) recommends a higher stiffness modulus for chemically modified soils, which has resulted in a significant reduction in pavement thickness and cost. Despite the large experience accumulated with chemical soil modification, there are no guidelines to treat the following soils, which are relatively common in Indiana: Low plasticity clays (PI < 10); High plasticity clays (PI≥ 25, density < 95 pcf); and Dune sand, sugar sand and other uniform soils. Current knowledge does not provide information about stabilization of these soils. The primary objective of the research is to explore combinations of lime and lime by products with cement to treat the soils. A comprehensive laboratory testing program has been completed to classify the native soils that will be used for treatment. The tests include Atterberg Limits, Proctor and Sieve Analysis. A preliminary investigation, based on an extensive literature review, shows that the three soils considered in the research can be successfully treated with percentages of lime ranging between 4% and 8%. Laboratory tests are on-going to ascertain the optimum chemical dosage and the increase of strength of the treated soils with time.
Trends in pregnancies and pregnancy rates by outcome: estimates for the United States, 1976-96.

OBJECTIVES This report presents national estimates of pregnancies and pregnancy rates according to women's age, race, and Hispanic origin, and by marital status, race, and Hispanic origin. Data are presented for 1976-96. Data from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) are used to show information on sexual activity, contraceptive practices, and infertility, as well as women's reports of pregnancy intentions. METHODS Tables of pregnancy rates and the factors affecting pregnancy rates are presented and interpreted. Birth data are from the birth-registration system for all births registered in the United States and reported by State health departments to NCHS; abortion data are from The Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI) and the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); and fetal loss data are from pregnancy history information collected in the NSFG. RESULTS In 1996 an estimated 6.24 million pregnancies resulted in 3.89 million live births, 1.37 million induced abortions, and 0.98 million fetal losses. The pregnancy rate in 1996 was 104.7 pregnancies per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years, 9 percent lower than in 1990 (115.6), and the lowest recorded since 1976 (102.7). Since 1990 rates have dropped 8 percent for live births, 16 percent for induced abortions, and 4 percent for fetal losses. The teenage pregnancy rate has declined considerably in the 1990's, falling 15 percent from its 1991 high of 116.5 per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years to 98.7 in 1996. Among the factors accounting for this decline are decreased sexual activity, increases in condom use, and the adoption of the injectable and implant contraceptives.
Ensemble flood forecasting considering dominant runoff processes – Part 1: Set-up and application to nested basins (Emme, Switzerland)

Abstract. Flash floods evolve rapidly during and after heavy precipitation events and represent a potential risk for society. To predict the timing and magnitude of a peak runoff, it is common to couple meteorological and hydrological models in a forecasting chain. However, hydrological models rely on strong simplifying assumptions and hence need to be calibrated. This makes their application difficult in catchments where no direct observation of runoff is available. To address this gap, a flash-flood forecasting chain is presented based on (i) a nowcasting product which combines radar and rain gauge rainfall data (CombiPrecip); (ii) meteorological data from state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction models (COSMO-1, COSMO-E); (iii) operationally available soil moisture estimations from the PREVAH hydrological model; and (iv) a process-based runoff generation module with no need for calibration (RGM-PRO). This last component uses information on the spatial distribution of dominant runoff processes from the so-called maps of runoff types, which can be derived with different mapping approaches with increasing involvement of expert knowledge. RGM-PRO is event-based and parametrised a priori based on the results of sprinkling experiments. This prediction chain has been evaluated using data from April to September 2016 in the Emme catchment, a medium-sized flash-flood-prone basin in the Swiss Prealps. Two novel forecasting chains were set up with two different maps of runoff types, which allowed sensitivity of the forecast performance to the mapping approaches to be analysed. Furthermore, special emphasis was placed on the predictive power of the new forecasting chains in nested subcatchments when compared with a prediction chain including an original version of the runoff generation module of PREVAH calibrated for one event. Results showed a low sensitivity of the predictive power to the amount of expert knowledge included for the mapping approach. The forecasting chain including a map of runoff types with high involvement of expert knowledge did not guarantee more skill. In the larger basins of the Emme region, process-based forecasting chains revealed comparable skill to a prediction system including a conventional hydrological model. In the small nested subcatchments, although the process-based forecasting chains outperformed the original runoff generation module, no forecasting chain showed satisfying skill in the sense that it could be useful for decision makers. Despite the short period available for evaluation, preliminary outcomes of this study show that operational flash-flood predictions in ungauged basins can benefit from the use of information on runoff processes, as no long-term runoff measurements are needed for calibration.
Stream Restoration in Dynamic Fluvial Systems: Scientific Approaches, Analyses, and Tools

Eos: What are the primary forces that lead to river degradation, such that rivers need to be restored? Bennett: Many of the restoration projects in the United States today are centered on the Chesapeake Bay region, the Pacific Northwest, the upper Mississippi, and the lower Mississippi. In general, anthropogenic activities, such as land use change or changing land management practices, are the primary causes of stream degradation and water quality and ecological impairment. One can envision the conversion of for-ested, pasture, or fallow land into an urban center. When this happens, it markedly changes the hydrologic characteristics of the watershed. This usually results in shorter but stronger flows following precipitation, increased rates of erosion, bank destabilization , and the inundation of riverbank vegetation. And, of course, it tends to increase the levels of nutrients or contaminants flowing into the water from urban runoff. All these factors then affect not only the function and form of a river but also the water quality and ecological factors. A lot of restoration projects within urban areas are, in fact, trying to address the deficiencies within these stream systems in hopes of improving them or making them more natural. As we look toward the future, these issues will become much more important because of increasing population and the rising demand for water and water resources. Eos: The focus of river restoration and management has changed substantially in the past few decades. What is the modern goal of most river restoration projects, and how does that differ from historical motivations? Bennett: I teach a course in stream restoration , and I often ask my students what the difference is between river engineering from 10–20 years ago, or even longer, and river restoration projects today. I think the primary issue that differentiates river engineering from river restoration is the emphasis that is placed on ecosystem services. Federal and environmental agencies have been actively engaged in improving channel stability and water con-veyance and addressing flood issues for decades. But now there is a much greater emphasis placed on ecological attributes. There was an approach that was taken within federal agencies 40, 50, even 60 years ago to simply make channels stable and navigable and to convey water as efficiently as possible from upstream to downstream. Doing this may have created instabilities within the system that actually resulted in the erosion that then caused the current degraded rivers. …
System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Its Implications over Food Security and Farmer Sovereignty

Better is the technology; better is the livelihood of farmers’ community. The correlation between technology and rural development is highly positive. An agrarian technology apart from ensuring better production should also lead to better remuneration. SRI is one such technology that not only augments rice production but also reduces cost of cultivation. In this context, the present study has been undertaken to understand the impact of SRI over resource use efficiency and technical efficiency of rice cultivation. Upper velar basin in Salem district of Tamil Nadu was chosen for study as in this area SRI method of rice cultivation is practiced in great extent. The factors influencing the adoption of SRI are also determined. The cost involved in the adoption of SRI is also studied through partial budgeting analysis to show how far SRI is better than conventional rice cultivation practices. It was found that 98 % of SRI farmers are technically efficient against 54 % of the traditional farmers. The study revealed that per hectare cost of cultivation is around five per cent lower in SRI than the conventional method. Moreover adoption of SRI has led to 84 per cent increase in net income than conventional method. Net gain from adopting SRI technology was Rs.17045. It was also found out that SRI ensures farmers’ sovereignty by low quantum of water usage, improvement in soil health, decreased in cost of production and low seed requirement.
Modeling multiattribute utility, risk, and belief dynamics for new consumer durable brand choice

This paper proposes a brand choice model to aid in the prelaunch management of a new consumer durable entry in an existing category. The model contributes to theory by integrating the critical phenomena of multiattribute preference, risk, and dynamics in an individual level expected utility framework. The integration is based on established theoretical constructs in utility, Bayesian decision analysis, and discrete choice theory. Measurement and estimation procedures are presented, an application is described, and the managerial relevance of this work as a planning and forecasting tool is examined.
A KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ELDERLY GAIT WHILE STEPPING OVER OBSTACLES OF VARYING HEIGHT

The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinematics of elderly people who had experienced a fall stepping over obstacles of varying height. Six elderly non-fallers and six elderly fallers stepped over obstacles of height 0, 2.5, 5.1, 15.2cm. The longest stance duration was found in the highest obstacle 15.2cm, which might reflect relatively fast degrading gait function of the faller group. It was found that fallers took a longer time to cross the obstacles, which resulted in slower crossing speeds than when non-fallers stepped over the obstacles. We concluded that elderly persons who had experienced falling tend to step over obstacles conservatively as characterized.
Carbon Sequestration under Irrigated Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) Production

Perennial herbaceous crops such as switchgrass are important sources of cellulosic biomass for the developing bioenergy industry. Assessments of how much C will be lost or sequestered into soil and the turnover rates of that C are needed to assist producers and policymakers in determining the long-term sustainability of biomass production. We used the natural 13 C abundance of soils to calculate the quantity and turnover of C 4 -C inputs in irrigated fields cropped to switchgrass monocultures. Soil profile root biomass produced after three seasons averaged 3.9 Mg C ha -1 m -1 . Five years of cropping showed a 1200 kg ha -1 increase in soil organic C (SOC) in the 0- to 15-cm depth increment, with no change below 15 cm. The surface 15 cm of soil cropped to 'Kanlow' and 'Shawnee' had a δ 13 C enrichment of 3%o above the native uncultivated soil, with 3.6‰ for 'Cave in Rock,' with an average 2‰ enrichment compared with the soil collected before switchgrass establishment. Enrichment in the 30- to 60- and 60- to 90-cm depths averaged 1.7 and 0.9‰, respectively. The amount of soil profile C 4 -C determined by δ 13 C analysis showed a greater C input than determined by the difference in total C mass between the uncultivated native and cropped soils. The average accrual rate of C 4 -SOC was estimated at 1.0 Mgha -1 yr -1 . Estimates of the mean residence time of the C 3 -C under the irrigated C 4 monocultures of swiuhgrass were >60 yr in the 0- to 15-cm and 30 to 55 yr in the 15- to 30-cm depth increments. On average, 24% of SOC in the 0- to 15-cm depth was derived from C 4 cropping.
The Ins and Outs of Organic Farming

Goklany stated that 20 % lower crop yields in organic farming would require 25 % more land use to produce the same amount of crop biomass, offsetting some of the advantages of organic agriculture with respect to biological diversity, inputs, and soil erosion, and that the experimental yields are not typical. Furthermore, he indicates that organic farming might not be sufficient to feed the world.
NUMERICAL SOLUTION ON NON-UNIFORM MESH OF DARCY-BRINKMAN-FORCHHEIMER MODEL FOR TRANSIENT CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER OVER FLAT PLATE IN SATURATED POROUS MEDIUM

A numerical investigation is performed to analyze the transient laminar free convection over an isothermal inclined plate embedded in a saturated porous medium with the viscous dissipation effects. The flow in the porous medium is modeled with the Darcy-BrinkmanForchheimer model, taking into account the convective term. The dimensionless nonlinear partial differential equations are solved numerically using an explicit finite difference method. The effects of different parameters: (1 ≤ Re ≤ 10 ; 10−2 ≤ Da ≤ 10 ; 0 ≤ Gr ≤ 50 ; 0 ≤ Fr ≤ 3 ; 0 ≤ Ec ≤ 1 ; 0 ≤ φ ≤ 90 and Pr = 0.71) that enter into the problem on the dimensionless streamlines of the velocity field, the isothermal lines distributions and the local Nusselt number are examined. Also, the physical aspects of the problem are discussed in details. It is found that the viscous dissipation and the inertial forces have a significant effect on the temperature field whereas the wall heat transfer rate is optimal for the vertical position of the plate.
Ground Water Sampling -- A Workshop Summary

Selected ground-water sampling and field-filtration methods were evaluated to determine their effects on trace metal concentrations in ground-water samples. The study focused on conditions where traditional approaches may produce samples with high particle concentrations and concomitant elevated metals concentrations. These samples are often filtered to remove suspended particles before laboratory chemical analysis; however, filtration may also remove colloidal particles that may be important to the transport of trace metals. Two filtration variables were evaluated in this study: (1) collecting samples without filtration, and (2) filtering samples with 0.45μm pore size filters. Samples were collected with a bailer, a submersible pump at a “low” rate of 0.3 L/min, and a submersible pump at a “moderate” rate of 1.0 L/min. Pump discharge rates were controlled by pump speed rather than by flow restrictors or valves. The results showed that some sampling methods entrained large quantities of particles greater than 0.45 μm in size. The quantities and sizes of these particles suggested that they were not mobile in ground water under natural flow conditions but were primarily artifacts of well construction, development, and purging. Analysis of unfiltered samples containing high concentrations of these artifactual particles and associated metals resulted in metal concentrations that were often orders-of-magnitude higher than in corresponding 0.45μm-filtered samples. This effect was most consistent and pronounced in bailed samples, because operation of the bailer caused the greatest agitation in the sampling zone. The use of pumps at low to moderate rates resulted in minimal concentration differences between unfiltered and 0.45μm-filtered samples in all but the most turbid wells, and reflected the entrainment of only minor amounts of artifactual particles larger than 0.45 μm in size. The three sample collection methods produced similar results when samples from less turbid wells were filtered, however, the pumping methods produced the most consistent overall results. Little variation was evident between filtered and unfiltered pumped samples, reflecting minimal agitation in the sampling zone and sample during purging and sample collection. Use of submersible pumps at low speeds may reduce the uncertainty in results when collecting samples of inorganic ground-water constituents that have the potential to associate with particles in ground water.