Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Validation of Iranian EFL Teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) Scale

The present study reports the process of developing and validating a self-report questionnaire that can be employed to examine technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) perceptions of Iranian EFL teachers. To conduct the study, a survey instrument consisting of items adapted from two existing TPACK-based survey instruments was generated. The content validity of the items was evaluated by two ELT experts who were experienced in teaching English with technology. The resulting survey was then administered to a group of participants (N = 206), its construct validity was established using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha method. The results of statistical analyses indicated that responding teachers could distinguish six out of seven constructs in the original TPACK framework. Moreover, items associated with the knowledge required for teaching with the Web and the Internet loaded on a separate factor. Therefore, a seven-factor solution comprising of 31 items was proposed, and it was concluded that the constructed survey instrument was a valid and reliable tool for measuring perceived level of technology integration literacy among Iranian English instructors. Implications for validating future TPACK surveys and planning ICT courses in Iran’s EFL settings are discussed.
PERFIL E INTERRELACIÓN MINERAL EN AGUA, FORRAJE Y SUERO SANGUÍNEO DE BOVINOS DURANTE DOS ÉPOCAS EN LA HUASTECA POTOSINA, MÉXICO

En la Huasteca Potosina no se han realizado diagnosticos integrales sobre los minerales en los bovinos de doble proposito en pastoreo a traves del ano, por lo cual el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la concentracion e interrelacion de minerales en agua, forraje y suero de bovinos de doble proposito. Para ello, se recolectaron 84 muestras de agua, 99 muestras de forraje y suero de 463 bovinos en 17 unidades de produccion de la Huasteca Potosina, en la epoca humeda (agosto y septiembre) y seca (abril y mayo) del 2008. Las concentraciones de Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu y Mn se midieron en agua, forraje y suero. El diseno experimental fue completamente al azar y los datos se analizaron con el modelo lineal general. Los efectos de unidad de produccion (UP), epoca (Ep), edad de los bovinos (Ed) y sus interacciones fueron evaluados. En el agua hubo mayor (p<0.01) contenido de Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe y Zn en la epoca seca que en la humeda. En los forrajes, las concentraciones de Ca, P, Mg, K y Zn fueron deficientes en ambas epocas. En el suero el contenido de Ca, Mg, K, Na y Cu fue mayor en la epoca seca que en la humeda, y en el suero de los bovinos jovenes hubo mas P (p<0.05) que en los adultos. La interaccion UP*Ep afecto (p<0.01) el contenido de Ca, P, Mg, K, Na y Cu en el suero; la interaccion UP*Ed influyo (p<0.01) en la concentracion de Ca; y los bovinos tuvieron deficiencia de Ca, Na, Cu, Fe y Zn durante la epoca de lluvias. Con excepcion del P en la epoca seca (R2 = 0.64; p< 0.01), el R2 fue mayor a 0.90 (p< 0.01) para predecir las concentraciones sericas de Ca, Mg, K, Na y Cu en ambas epocas y de P, Fe y Zn en la epoca humeda. Los bovinos de doble proposito de la Huasteca Potosina presentan desequilibrios minerales, principalmente durante la epoca de lluvias, y las areas de pastoreo no proveen los minerales suficientes para cubrir sus necesidades
An instructional definition and assessment rubric for bioinformatics instruction

The lack of an instructional definition of bioinformatics delays its effective integration into biology coursework. Using an iterative process, our team of biologists, a mathematician/computer scientist, and a bioinformatician together with an educational evaluation and assessment specialist, developed an instructional definition of the discipline: Bioinformatics is “an interdisciplinary field that is concerned with the development and application of algorithms that analyze biological data to investigate the structure and function of biological polymers and their relationships to living systems. ” The field is defined in terms of its two primary foundational disciplines, biology and computer science, and its interdisciplinary nature. At the same time, we also created a rubric for assessing open‐ended responses to a prompt about what bioinformatics is and how it is used. The rubric has been shown to be reliable in successive rounds of testing using both common percent agreement (89.7%) and intraclass correlation coefficient (0.620) calculations. We offer the definition and rubric to life sciences instructors to help further integrate bioinformatics into biology instruction, as well as for fostering further educational research projects.
The “Infodemic” of COVID‐19

Some in the medical publishing world have observed an "infodemic" occurring alongside the pandemic. One might define an infodemic as a contagious disease infecting our information culture. As the Editors of A&R, tasked with conducting, reviewing, reporting, and translating science to the rheumatic disease community, we agree with this diagnosis. Herein, we reflect on how the pandemic has impacted A&R, the medical publishing world, and how we may best engage our community to navigate current challenges.
TNF-Alpha Blockers in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Practical Recommendations and a User’s Guide: An Update

Background: Anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNF) antagonists have been the mainstay in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) for over 20 years. Summary: This review article aimed to provide an update on recent advances in TNF antagonist therapy for IBDs. Key Messages: Their position in the treatment algorithm has evolved to “rapid step-up therapy” or “top-down therapy” according to disease severity and patients’ characteristics. Limitations of anti-TNF antagonists include loss of response in up to 30–50% of patients with or without the development of antibodies. Therapeutic drug monitoring should provide a tailored, personalized approach to this scenario. Recently, biosimilar agents have been approved for IBDs and are considered equivalent in efficacy to the originator.
Associations of Vitamin D Levels and Asthma in Children

This paper addresses studies from the scientific literature that explored the associations of levels of vitamin D in women during pregnancy and their children with the development and improvement of childhood asthma. Over the past decade the interest in associations between levels of vitamin D and onset of childhood asthma has been on the rise. Because of growing scientific evidence based on epidemiological studies examining the associations between vitamin D levels and onset of childhood asthma, methodology of the previous studies can be roughly divided in three separate concepts to better appreciate the available data: 1) asthma outcomes relative to maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy; 2) asthma outcomes relative to maternal vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy; 3) asthma outcomes relative to vitamin D levels in children. Studies pertaining to each of the groups are reviewed and critically discussed. Conclusion – While current evidence of the association between vitamin D levels and development of childhood asthma is inconsistent, we cannot consider that inadequate levels of vitamin D in pregnancy and in children are causally related to onset of asthma and/or asthma exacerbations. Suggested serum levels of vitamin D of >75 nmol/L should be the goal concentration for optimum physiologic functioning.
Effects of light pollution on seasonal estrus and daily rhythms in a nocturnal primate

Mammals use variations in the length of day to anticipate environmental changes and time their reproduction. Light pollution, which affects day length perception, could lead to changes in biological functions. To explore the effects of light pollution on seasonal reproduction, we conducted an experimental study on a strict long-day breeder, the nocturnal gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Twelve females were randomly exposed to either a moonlight treatment or a light pollution treatment for 5 weeks during the transition from a short- to long-day photoperiod. Daily rhythms of locomotor activity and core temperature were recorded, and the occurrence of estrus and urinary 17-&bgr;-estradiol concentrations were monitored. In females exposed to light pollution, the first seasonal estrus occurred while they were still in a short-day photoperiod, 2 weeks earlier than in females exposed to moonlight. Moreover, the daily rhythms profiles of females exposed to light pollution showed significant changes that mimicked long-day acclimatization. This study demonstrates that light pollution can affect daily rhythms and the timing of seasonal estrus in a primate and suggests that functional changes in the circadian system may underlie the adverse effects of light pollution that are observed in wildlife.
The fatty acid composition of small and large naturally occurring milk fat globules

Native milk fat globules of various mean diameters, ranging from d 43 = 1.5 to 7.3 pm, were obtained using microfiltration of raw whole milk acquired in winter and spring. After total lipid extraction, fatty acid composition was characterized by methyl and butyl ester analysis using gas chromatography. The oleic and linoleic acid content of milk obtained in winter increased with fat globule size, whereas myristic and palmitic acid decreased. There was significantly more lauric, myristic and palmitoleic acid, and less stearic acid in small fat globules compared to large fat globules in milk obtained in both winter and spring. The relative content of oleic and linoleic acids were found to depend on fat globule size and season. Results are interpreted on the basis of the relative content of milk fat globule membrane depending on fat globule size, and on consequences of compositional variations on milk fat globule melting behavior.
Lichen community change over a 15-year time period: effects of climate and pollution

Abstract Over the last decades, levels of sulphur deposition from air pollution have been substantially reduced in Norway, whereas levels of nitrogen deposition have been stable or somewhat increased. In parallel, a clear trend of increasing annual temperatures, as well as precipitation, is evident. Human impact on natural ecosystems is predicted to reduce biodiversity at regional scales through facilitating a few generalist species at the expense of species with narrow habitat requirements. In this study, we investigate changes in community composition and the abundance of dominant lichen species on birch in subalpine forests over a 15-year period. The study is based on repeated measurements in five monitoring sites in Norway, representing regional gradients in temperature and precipitation as well as in deposition of nitrogen and sulphur compounds. Two dominant species are studied in particular; the generalist Hypogymnia physodes and the subalpine birch specialist Melanelia olivacea. The largest change in species composition was found in the site with the biggest reduction in sulphur deposition during the 15-year period, whereas the site with low precipitation and low pollution loads had small changes in species composition. The abundance of the generalist H. physodes increased in all sites and the specialist M. olivacea decreased in abundance, especially in sites with both high precipitation and heavy nitrogen deposition. Our study thus suggests that a warmer, humid climate is beneficial for the generalist H. physodes.
Comparative Effects of Graphene and Molybdenum Disulfide on Human Macrophage Toxicity.

Graphene and other 2D materials, such as molybdenum disulfide, have been increasingly used in electronics, composites, and biomedicine. In particular, MoS2 and graphene hybrids have attracted a great interest for applications in the biomedical research, therefore stimulating a pertinent investigation on their safety in immune cells like macrophages, which commonly engulf these materials. In this study, M1 and M2 macrophage viability and activation are mainly found to be unaffected by few-layer graphene (FLG) and MoS2 at doses up to 50 µg mL-1 . The uptake of both materials is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Notably, both 2D materials increase the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in M1 macrophages. At the highest dose, FLG decreases CD206 expression while MoS2 decreases CD80 expression. CathB and CathL gene expressions are dose-dependently increased by both materials. Despite a minimal impact on the autophagic pathway, FLG is found to increase the expression of Atg5 and autophagic flux, as observed by Western blotting of LC3-II, in M1 macrophages. Overall, FLG and MoS2 are of little toxicity in human macrophages even though they are found to trigger cell stress and inflammatory responses.
The Power of Single‐Cell Analysis for the Study of Liver Pathobiology

Single cell transcriptomics has emerged as a powerful lens through which to study the molecular diversity of complex tissues such as the liver, during health and disease, both in animal models and in humans. The earliest gene expression methods measured bulk tissue RNA, but the results were often confusing because they derived from the combined transcriptomes of many different cell types in unknown proportions. To better delineate cell‐type‐specific expression, investigators developed cell isolation, purification, and sorting protocols, yet still, the RNA derived from ensembles of cells obscured recognition of cellular heterogeneity. Profiling transcriptomes at the single‐cell level has opened the door to analyses that were not possible in the past. In this review, we discuss the evolution of single cell transcriptomics and how it has been applied for the study of liver physiology and pathobiology to date.
Temporal evolution of biochar's impact on soil nitrogen processes – a 15N tracing study

Biochar addition to soils has been proposed as a means to increase soil fertility and carbon sequestration. However, its effect on soil nitrogen (N) cycling and N availability is poorly understood. To gain better insight into the temporal variability of the impact of biochar on gross soil N dynamics, two 15N tracing experiments, in combination with numerical data analysis, were conducted with soil from a biochar field trial, 1 day and 1 year after application of a woody biochar type. The results showed accelerated soil N cycling immediately following biochar addition, with increased gross N mineralization (+34%), nitrification (+13%) and ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) immobilization rates (+4500% and +511%, respectively). One year after biochar application, the biochar acted as an inert substance with respect to N cycling. In the short term, biochar's labile C fraction and a pH increase can explain stimulated microbial activity, while in the longer term, when the labile C fraction has been mineralized and the pH effect has faded, the accelerating effect of biochar on N cycling ceases. In conclusion, biochar accelerates soil N transformations in the short‐term through stimulating soil microbial activity, thereby increasing N bio‐availability. This effect is, however, temporary.
Whole body coordination patterning in volleyball spikes under various task constraints: exploratory cluster analysis based on self-organising maps

ABSTRACT Task and environment-related constraints can influence spike performance in volleyball players. This study was designated to investigate the impact of awareness of the presence or absence of a defensive block by the opponents on the performance and coordination pattern of spikes in elite volleyball attackers. Simulating a real-game scenario, 10 elite youth attackers (aged 15.5 ± 0.7 years) executed six spikes each with prior notification about the presence/absence of defences and six spikes without any notification. In each condition, they were blocked by two opponents in three trials. The coordination patterning of the attackers was explored using cluster analysis based on a Self-Organising Map (SOM). The SOMs and the cluster analysis showed that the coordination pattern of the spike execution was very individual-specific; however, in the third layer of the cluster analysis, it was revealed that the movement pattern of spike execution had similarities in the scenario wherein the players had prior awareness of the defences. Providing the attackers with information on the opponents’ condition or performance could shift the attackers’ focus from a game-oriented condition to the rivals’ behaviour, which consequently resulted in deterioration of their spike performance.
Alelopatia de espécies vegetais com importância farmacêutica para espécies cultivadas

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar possiveis efeitos alelopaticos de extratos aquosos foliares de Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. , Pilocarpus pennatifolius Lem. , Cyperus rotundus L. , Morus rubra L. , Casearia sylvestris Sw. e Plectranthus barbatus Andr. sobre a germinacao e o crescimento inicial de Lactuca sativa L. , Brassica oleracea L. cv. capitata, B. oleracea L. cv. italica, B. pekinenses L. , B. campestris L. , Lycopersicum esculentum Miller e Eruca sativa L. Para obtencao dos extratos aquosos foram utilizadas folhas previamente secas na concentracao de 1g.10mL -1 , diluida em seis solucoes (10, 30, 50, 70, 90 e 100%) e comparadas com o controle, agua destilada, com cinco repeticoes de 10 sementes para todas as especies olericolas. Os extratos aquosos de todas as especies evidenciaram potencialidades alelopaticas sobre a germinacao das sementes, o indice de velocidade de germinacao e o crescimento inicial da parte aerea e do sistema radicular das hortalicas. Os extratos aquosos de C. rotundus e P. barbatus exerceram menores e maiores efeitos alelopaticos, respectivamente, e a estrutura vegetal mais afetada pelos extratos foi a raiz primaria. Os resultados indicam a existencia de potencial alelopatico das especies testadas, sendo necessarios cuidados quando se cultiva hortalicas com elas.
Effect of active versus passive recovery on performance-related outcome during high - intensity interval exercise: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION It has been suggested that recovery mode may contribute to performance during high - intensity interval exercise. However, there is no consensus regarding the effects of active and passive recovery modes on subsequent performance. To compare the effect of active versus passive recovery on performance during repeated high - intensity interval exercise. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Two reviewers independently conducted a search using the PRISMA systematic approach in three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane CENTRAL) searching for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of recovery mode on performance (until February 2020). EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Twenty - six studies were included for analysis (17 for power output, nine for repeated-sprint ability and two for distance covered). Four studies found higher mechanical performance for passive recovery compared with active recovery. Six out of nine studies reported faster sprinting performance with passive recovery compared to active recovery. Two studies demonstrated that passive recovery resulted in a greater distance covered during intermittent sprint exercise. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review suggests that performing high - intensity interval exercise with passive recovery results in greater performance when compared with active recovery.
Genetic dissection of bread wheat diversity and identification of adaptive loci in response to elevated tropospheric ozone.

Rising tropospheric ozone affects the performance of important cereal crops thus threatening global food security. In this study, genetic variation of wheat regarding its physiological and yield responses to ozone was explored by exposing a diversity panel of 150 wheat genotypes to elevated ozone and control conditions throughout the growing season. Differential responses to ozone were observed for foliar symptom formation quantified as leaf bronzing score (LBS), vegetation indices and yield components. Vegetation indices representing the carotenoid to chlorophyll pigment ratio (such as Lic2) were particularly ozone-responsive and were thus considered suitable for the non-invasive diagnosing of ozone stress. Genetic variation in ozone-responsive traits was dissected by a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Significant marker-trait associations were identified for LBS on chromosome 5A and for vegetation indices (NDVI and Lic2) on chromosomes 6B and 6D. Analysis of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in these chromosomal regions revealed distinct LD blocks containing genes with a putative function in plant redox biology such as cytochrome P450 proteins and peroxidases. This study gives novel insight into the natural genetic variation in wheat ozone response, and lays the foundation for the molecular breeding of tolerant wheat varieties. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Effect of culinary education curriculum on Mediterranean diet adherence and food cost savings in families: a randomised controlled trial

Abstract Objective: Diet-related diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the USA. While the critical aspects of a healthy diet are well known, the relationship between community-based, teaching kitchen education and dietary behaviours is unclear. We examined the effect of a novel culinary medicine education programme on Mediterranean diet adherence and food cost savings. Design: Families were randomised to a hands-on, teaching kitchen culinary education class (n = 18) or non-kitchen-based dietary counselling (n = 23) for 6 weeks. The primary outcome was adherence to the validated nine-point Mediterranean diet score, and the secondary outcome was food cost savings per family. Setting: The Goldring Center for Culinary Medicine, a community teaching kitchen in New Orleans. Participants: Families (n = 41) of at least one child and one parent. Results: Compared with families receiving traditional dietary counselling, those participating in hands-on, kitchen-based nutrition education were nearly three times as likely to follow a Mediterranean dietary pattern (OR 2·93, 95% CI 1·73, 4·95; P < 0·001), experiencing a 0·43-point increase in Mediterranean diet adherence after 6 weeks (B = 0·43; P < 0·001). Kitchen-based nutrition education projects to save families $US 21·70 per week compared with standard dietary counselling by increasing the likelihood of consuming home-prepared v. commercially-prepared meals (OR 1·56, 95% CI 1·08, 2·25; P = 0·018). Conclusions: Community-based culinary medicine education improves Mediterranean diet adherence and associates with food cost savings among a diverse sample of families. Hands-on culinary medicine education may be a novel evidence-based tool to teach healthful dietary habits and prevent chronic disease.