Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Convergence of ICCG method in FEM using edge elements without gauge condition

In the quasi-static magnetic field calculation, the equation is indefinite when we use edge elements without the gauge condition by the tree and co-tree decomposition. The convergence property of the incomplete Cholesky conjugate gradient (ICCG) method is investigated in the FEM of the A-/spl phi/ formulation using edge elements. Even when the continuity of the source current density is not satisfied strictly, we can obtain converged solutions including the error of the discontinuity by the ICCG. Also a method by two scalar potentials to impose divergence-free current density in the FEM mesh is proposed.
On the Influence of the Combustion Model on the Result of Turbulent Flames Numerical Simulations

The paper is aimed at evaluating the impact of the combustion model on the accuracy of the results of the numerical simulations of turbulent reactive flows. For this, two numerical simulations of the well known Sandia Flame D case are carried out: a three-dimensional RANS integration of the Navier–Stokes equations using the Eddy Dissipation combustion Model (EDM), and a one-dimensional one, where simplified reaction–diffusion equations are numerically integrated over the radial direction, while the axial convection is modeled by empirical laws. The one-dimensional simulation, however, is based on a more physics related combustion model, the Linear Eddy Mixing model, which also controls the radial turbulent mixing and the large scale radial convection.The results of the two numerical simulations are compared to experimental data in the literature, showing a significantly better accuracy of the Linear Eddy Mixing (LEM) numerical simulation.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Recent developments of the conditional stability of the homomorphism equation

The issue of Ulam’s type stability of an equation is understood in the following way: when a mapping which satisfies the equation approximately (in some sense), it is “close” to a solution of it. In this expository paper, we present a survey and a discussion of selected recent results concerning such stability of the equations of homomorphisms, focussing especially on some conditional versions of them.
Validation of a New Soccer Shooting Test Based on Speed Radar Measurement and Shooting Accuracy

Due to poor results, the German talent identification and development of the German soccer association DFB no longer performs a shooting test since a few years. The aim of this study was to create and validate a new soccer shooting test that allows valid conclusions to be drawn from the shooting quality of youth soccer players about their overall soccer skills. The shooting test was performed with a total of 57 male club players (age: 15.24 ± 0.864 years) from four different teams from the first, second, fifth, and the seventh division of the respective age group (under 15-year-olds until under 17-year-olds). Each subject took one shot at maximum shot speed and eight target shots, measuring accuracy and the shot speed. A multivariable linear regression analysis with forward selection revealed significant values for the variables average shot speed nondominant leg (p < 0.001) and total score (p = 0.004; accuracy × speed of every target shot). Based on these two variables, the soccer skills could be derived from the shooting skills of the adolescents in 57.4% of the cases. The study shows the importance of a good technique with the nondominant leg and of the ability to shoot accurately as well as fast simultaneously.
Stochastic modeling of groundwater flow by unconditional and conditional probabilities: 2. The solute transport

The problem of solute transport in a heterogeneous formation whose transmissivity or hydraulic conductivity are subject to uncertainty is studied for two- and three-dimensional flows. Approximate closed form solutions are derived for the case of a solute pulse in an average uniform flow through a formation of unconditional stationary random transmissivity. The solute concentration, regarded as a random variable, is determined in terms of its expectation and variance and is found to be subject to a high degree of uncertainty. The uncertainty is greatly reduced if the solute input zone is large compared to the transmissivity integral scale. In any case the concentration expectation does not obey a diffusion type equation in the case of two-dimensional flows, unless the solute body has traveled a distance larger than a few tens transmissivity integral scales. This distance may be exceedingly large in many conceivable applications.
Complete acoustic band gaps in periodic fibre reinforced composite materials : the carbon/epoxy composite and some metallic systems

We present results of elastic band structure for two-dimensional composite materials, composed of periodical square arrays of parallel cylinders in a background. We reveal, for the first time, the existence of several very large complete band gaps in the band structure of a material of practical interest such as a C fibre reinforced epoxy composite. Within these gaps the propagation of acoustic waves is forbidden. The influence of the geometry of the cylinders and the effect of the composition of the composite material on the band structure are studied. We also compare these results with those obtained for metallic composites such as W (Al) cylinders in an Al (W) matrix. The complete band gaps are observed in the cases of C cylinders in epoxy or W cylinders in Al, but not in the opposite situations. We discuss the existence of these gaps in relation to the physical parameters of the materials involved.
Concurrent Program Schemes and their Interpretations

Schemes of concurrent programs are considered. The result of a scheme is defined as a set of traces, where each trace is a partially ordered set of symbol occurrences. It is shown that to each scheme corresponds a set of equations determining the result of the scheme; it is shown how these equations can be solved and that the solutions of these equations are regular trace languages. Next, a notion of action systems is introduced; an action consists of its resources and its transformation. Some properties of action systems are shown. Interpretations of schemes are defined as mappings which assign actions to scheme symbols. Interpreted schemes can be regarded as concurrent programs. It is shown how the results of schemes can be lifted (via interpretations) to the results of programs. Some examples of applications of the described methods to prove concurrent programs correct are given.
Ionospheric refraction effects in slant range profiles of auroral HF coherent echoes

The theory of auroral coherent echoes developed for VHF scattering by Uspensky et al. (1988, 1989) is applied to the interpretation of intensity and Doppler velocity slant range profiles of HF radar aurora. The theoretical model includes the effects of irregularity aspect sensitivity, ionospheric refraction of the radar beam, and the reception of signals from different heights. The predicted profiles of HF radar aurora are compared with Schefferville HF radar observations in the frequency interval of 9–18 MHz. Satisfactory agreement is found between theory and experiment for the intensity profiles. However, there are significant discrepancies for the Doppler velocity profiles. We discuss this lack of agreement in light of other recent observations.
Pressure-induced ferromagnet to spin-glass transition in Gd 2 Mo 2 O 7

${\mathrm{R}}_{2}{\mathrm{Mo}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ compounds show a ferromagnetic metal-insulator spin-glass transition tuned by the radius of the rare earth ion ${R}^{3+}$. We have studied ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{2}{\mathrm{Mo}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ located on the verge of the transition, by neutron diffraction on a $^{160}\mathrm{Gd}$ isotopic sample, $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{SR}$ and x-ray diffraction using the synchrotron radiation. All measurements were done both at ambient and under applied pressure. At ambient pressure, a ferromagnetic state is observed below the Curie temperature $({T}_{\mathrm{C}}=70\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$. The ordered magnetic moments at $1.7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ are parallel and equal to $5.7(5)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ and $0.8(2)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ for Gd and Mo, respectively. The relaxation rate measured by $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{SR}$ evidences strong spin fluctuations below ${T}_{\mathrm{C}}$ and down to the lowest temperature $(6.6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$. A spin reorientation occurs in the range $20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}lTl{T}_{\mathrm{C}}$. The ferromagnetic state is strongly unstable under pressure. ${T}_{\mathrm{C}}$ sharply decreases (down to $38\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ at $1.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$) and Bragg peaks start to coexist with mesoscopic ferromagnetic correlations. The ordered moments decrease under pressure. At $2.7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ long range magnetic order completely breaks down. In this spin-glass state, Gd-Gd spin correlations remain ferromagnetic with a correlation length limited to the fourth neighbor, and Gd-Mo spin correlations turn to antiferromagnetic. The unique combination of three microscopic probes under pressure provides a detailed description of the magnetic transition, crucial for further theories.
Initiation of underwater granular avalanches: Influence of the initial volume fraction

We experimentally investigate how a layer of granular material fully immersed in a liquid starts to flow when suddenly inclined from a horizontal position. The flow is shown to strongly depend on the initial volume fraction, its initiation being dramatically delayed by a slight initial compaction. A model, which takes into account the dilatant behavior of the granular material and the coupling with the interstitial fluid, captures the main experimental features.
OBSERVATIONS OF ISOTROPIC INTERSTELLAR PICK-UP IONS AT 11 AND 17 AU FROM NEW HORIZONS

We report new observations by the Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP) instrument on the New Horizons spacecraft of an energy-per-charge (E/q) spectrum of interstellar pick-up ions (PUIs) from an unprecedented heliocentric distance of 17 AU. This E/q spectrum is fit well by an isotropic PUI distribution function combined with the detailed response of the SWAP instrument. In contrast to earlier work, we are also able to fit an isotropic PUI model to an E/q spectrum measured by SWAP at 11.3 AU by explicitly including two additional effects. These are (1) the E/q-dependent geometric factor of SWAP, which increases with decreasing E/q owing to effects associated with the post-acceleration of particles exiting the electrostatic analyzer portion of the instrument; and (2) a solar wind distribution, the model spectrum of which contributes significantly to the low-E/q part of the overall model owing, presumably, to secondary particles produced within the instrument.
Face Mask: As a Source or Protector of Human Exposure to Microplastics and Phthalate Plasticizers?

Wearing masks has become the norm during the Coronavirus disease pandemic. Masks can reportedly interface with air pollutants and release microplastics and plastic additives such as phthalates. In this study, an experimental device was set up to simulate the impact of five kinds of masks (activated-carbon, N95, surgical, cotton, and fashion masks) on the risk of humans inhaling microplastics and phthalates during wearing. The residual concentrations of seven major phthalates ranged from 296 to 72,049 ng/g (median: 1242 ng/g), with the lowest and the highest concentrations detected in surgical (median: 367 ng/g) and fashion masks (median: 37,386 ng/g), respectively. During the whole inhalation simulation process, fragmented and 20–100 μm microplastics accounted for the largest, with a rapid release during the first six hours. After one day’s wearing, that of 6 h, while wearing different masks, 25–135 and 65–298 microplastics were inhaled indoors and outdoors, respectively. The total estimated daily intake of phthalates with indoor and outdoor conditions by inhalation and skin exposure ranged from 1.2 to 13 and 0.43 to 14 ng/kg bw/d, respectively. Overall, surgical masks yield a protective effect, while cotton and fashion masks increase human exposure to microplastics and phthalates both indoors and outdoors compared to no mask wearing. This study observed possible risks from common facemasks and provided suggestions to consumers for selecting suitable masks to reduce exposure risks from microplastics and phthalate acid.
Effect of nanoclay and nano-calcium carbonate content on the properties of polybutylene succinate/nanoparticle composites

How nanoparticle type and content affect polybutylene succinate (PBS) properties were investigated by varying nanoclay and calcium carbonate nanoparticles (nanoCaCO3) from 0 to 15 wt%. PBS/nanoparticle composites were prepared by compounding with a co-rotating twin-screw extruder and forming them with a compression molding machine. Their mechanical properties, filler dispersion, crystallinity, and permeability were evaluated using tensile testing, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and water vapor and gas permeability measurements. The results showed that adding nanoclay and nanoCaCO3 enhanced the PBS stiffness. In comparison to neat PBS, the highest tensile moduli were 46% higher at 15 wt% nanoclay and 30% higher at 15 wt% nanoCaCO3. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) for the PBS/nanoclay composites tended to decrease as the nanoclay content increased. Nanoclay dispersion was poor in composites containing more than 5 wt% nanoclay. Surface treating the nanoCaCO3 particles with a fatty acid resulted in similar UTS values and reduced the elongation at break to 15% from 225% for the neat PBS. The decrease in ductility resulted from PBS chain scission. The nanoclay and nanoCaCO3 at low content enhanced the PBS crystallization. The nanoplatelet-shaped nanoclay led to greater agglomeration than the cubic-shaped nanoCaCO3, but the nanoclay was more effective than the nanoCaCO3. The water vapor barrier properties improved with the added nanoclay, with about a 52% reduction in water vapor permeability as compared to neat PBS. The water vapor and oxygen barrier properties of nanoclay were more effective than the nanoCaCO3.
3D magnetic field analysis using special elements

Three-dimensional special elements, called the gap element, the expanding element, and the shielding element, have been conceived for discretizing narrow gaps in an iron core, the long legs of a transformer core, and thin shielding plates. The concept of the 3D special element and its finite-element formulation are described. The special elements are applied to several models, and the effects of the elements on accuracy and CPU time are discussed. It is shown that CPU time can be reduced by using the special elements. >
Spatiotemporal structure of a millimetric annular dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator

The spatiotemporal structure of a millimetric annular dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator is investigated using a photomultiplier tube, a high-sensitivity camera, particle image velocimetry, and electrohydrodynamics simulations. Plasma actuators have typically demonstrated their utility in flow separation control, but on a millimetric scale they have also shown to be promising in the control of crossflow instabilities in crossflow-dominated laminar-turbulent boundary-layer transition. In view of the subtleties associated with creating an initial disturbance to excite subcritical wavelengths, it is desirable to characterize the local plasma discharge structure, body force organization, and induced velocity field in detail. The results show that, similar to their linear centimetric counterpart, the plasma discharge has a highly dynamic and somewhat organized spatiotemporal structure. Under quiescent flow conditions, the actuator induces a velocity field that consists of two counter-rotating vortice.
One terabit per square inch perpendicular recording conceptual design

Analysis based on the use of a high-gradient shielded pole write head indicates that a one terabit per square inch perpendicular recording system can be realized. System features include the following: BPI/TPI=7; H/sub k/=21 kOe; 4/spl pi/M/sub s/=7 kg; weak exchange coupling to cancel self demagnization; 20 grains per bit cell; side shields on writer; and low-skew writing.
Nonlinear maps on von Neumann algebras preserving the star order

Star order is defined on a C*-algebra in the following way: a ⪯ b if a*a = a*b and aa* = ba*. Let 𝒜 be a von Neumann algebra without Type I2 direct summand. Let 𝒜 n be the set of all normal elements of 𝒜. Suppose that ϕ: 𝒜 n → 𝒜 n is a continuous bijection that preserves the star order on 𝒜 n in both directions. Further, let there is a function f : ℂ → ℂ and an invertible central element c in 𝒜 such that ϕ(λ1) = f(λ)c for all λ ∈ ℂ. We show that there is a unique Jordan *-isomorphism ψ: 𝒜 → 𝒜 such that Ramifications of this result as well as optimality of the assumptions are discussed.
Template-directed convective assembly of three-dimensional face-centered-cubic colloidal crystals

We demonstrate that square two-dimensional grating templates can drive the growth of three-dimensional, face-centered-cubic (fcc) colloidal crystals by convective assembly. The square symmetry [i.e., (100) planes parallel to the substrate] of the underlying template was transferred to the colloidal crystal and maintained throughout its growth of ∼50 layers. We characterized crystals grown on flat and on templated substrates using electron microscopy and small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). SAXS measurements of the templated samples clearly show fourfold diffraction patterns that arise from fcc domains without stacking faults.
Difference in Methylation and Expression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment

Due to the increasing number of progressive dementias in the population, numerous studies are being conducted that seek to determine risk factors, biomarkers and pathological mechanisms that could help to differentiate between normal symptoms of aging, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association of levels of BDNF and COMT gene expression and methylation in peripheral blood cells with the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Our results revealed higher expression levels of BDNF (p < 0.001) in MCI subjects compared to individuals diagnosed with AD. However, no difference in COMT gene expression (p = 0.366) was detected. DNA methylation of the CpG islands and other sequences with potential effects on gene expression regulation revealed just one region (BDNF_9) in the BDNF gene (p = 0.078) with marginally lower levels of methylation in the AD compared to MCI subjects. Here, we show that the level of BDNF expression in the periphery is decreased in subjects with AD compared to individuals with MCI. The combined results from the gene expression analysis and DNA methylation analysis point to the potential of BDNF as a marker that could help distinguish between MCI and AD patients.
Quality and stability evaluation of Guizhou spicy chicken treated with gamma irradiation during the storage period

Abstract Irradiation has become a mature processing approach for the quality control of many agricultural products. The effects of gamma irradiation at four different doses (2, 4, 6, and 8 kGy) on microbial quality, Hunter's parameter, lipid oxidation, hydrolyzed amino acids (HAAs), and flavor in spicy chicken were investigated. After treatment, all samples were stored at 4°C. The microbiological results showed that the total viable bacteria (TVB) and total coliform count (TCC) were significantly decreased dose dependently. Values of Δa*, Δb*, and ΔE* of the irradiated specimens were lower compared with the control samples, whereas the ΔL* of the irradiated specimens was higher compared with the controls. The peroxide value (POV) was increased by dose augmentation. Contents of HAAs were gradually decreased in both irradiated and control groups. The odor was affected by both doses of irradiation and storage time. Hence, we conclude that irradiation at a dose of 4.0 kGy barely affected physicochemical properties during storage and extended the shelf life of spicy chicken. This approach could be an alternative to control the quality of spicy chicken during storage.
Reconstruction of the 2007 May 22 Magnetic Cloud: How Much Can We Trust the Flux-Rope Geometry of CMEs?

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are often assumed to be magnetic flux ropes, but direct proof has been lacking. A key feature, resulting from the translational symmetry of a flux rope, is that the total transverse pressure as well as the axial magnetic field has the same functional form over the vector potential along any crossing of the flux rope. We test this feature (and hence the flux-rope structure) by reconstructing the 2007 May 22 magnetic cloud (MC) observed at STEREO B, Wind/ACE, and possibly STEREO A with the Grad-Shafranov (GS) method. The model output from reconstruction at STEREO B agrees fairly well with the magnetic field and thermal pressure observed at ACE/Wind; the separation between STEREO B and ACE/Wind is about 0.06 AU, almost half of the MC radial width. For the first time, we reproduce observations at one spacecraft with data from another well-separated spacecraft, which provides compelling evidence for the flux-rope geometry and is of importance for understanding CME initiation and propagation. We also discuss the global configuration of the MC at different spacecraft on the basis of the reconstruction results.
Monkeypox (MPOX)-Related Knowledge and Vaccination Hesitancy in Non-Endemic Countries: Concise Literature Review

In May 2022, the world witnessed the emergence of human monkeypox (MPOX), a new zoonotic viral disease in multiple non-endemic countries. This health threat has been associated with increased anxiety, especially after the COVID-19 catastrophe. In addition, people are exposed to an unprecedented amount of information, making them vulnerable to misinformation that may lead to embracing conspiracy theories. This literature review was conducted to evaluate the levels of MPOX-related knowledge and attitudes toward its vaccination by reviewing studies indexed in MEDLINE® until 15 November 2022. A total of 16 studies conducted in non-endemic countries were included in this review, predominantly in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. Nine studies investigated exclusively MPOX-related knowledge and awareness, and two studies were exclusively related to MPOX vaccines, while five studies dealt with both topics. The target populations were mainly healthcare professionals and the general adult population. The results revealed an unsatisfactory level of knowledge and awareness among certain groups. Regarding vaccination, the results showed that vaccine hesitancy is still common for healthcare professionals except among Chinese healthcare professionals, where the rate of vaccine acceptance was estimated at 90.1%. This review could help understand the MPOX-related knowledge and awareness and vaccine hesitancy in the first months of the emergence of the MPOX by comparing their evolution in recent studies.