Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detection of a crack‐like conduit beneath the active crater at Aso Volcano Japan

To constrain the source of long period tremors (LPTs), we deployed a very dense broadband seismic network consisting of totally twenty‐four stations around the active crater of Aso volcano in Kyushu, Japan. The spatial variation of the observed signal amplitudes reveals that the source of LPTs consists of an isotropic expansion (contraction) and an inflation (deflation) of an inclined tensile crack with a strike almost parallel to the chain of craters. The detected crack has a dimension of 1 km and its center is located a few hundred meters southwest of the active crater, at a depth of about 1.8 km. The extension of the crack plane meets the crater chain including the active fumarole at the surface, suggesting that the crack has played an important role in transporting gasses and/or lava to the craters from below. This work also demonstrates a powerful usage of broadband seismometers as geodetic instruments to constrain subsurface structures at active volcanoes.
Obtención de aceite de semilla de mango manila (Mangifera indica L.) como una alternativa para aprovechar subproductos agroindustriales en regiones tropicales

The use of agricultural waste products in Mexico, and specifically in tropical regions is an area with great economic potential. In some tropical regions in Mexico it is necessary to generate new products with added value to increase regional development. In this work, two different solvents were evaluated (petroleum ether and ethyl ether) and two different size sample (3 and 6 g) using a factorial design 22 in order to optimize the extraction of fat from the mango. Additionally the chemical characterization of fat obtained was carried out. The results showed significant difference in the type of solvents used, ethyl ether showed better results; however in the size of sample no significant differences were appeared (= 0.01), extraction percent on average of samples were of 5.5%. Chemical characteristics of mango seed kernel oil were found to have a higher ratio of unsaturated fats (53.7%) than saturated fats (45.2%). Oleic acid had the highest proportion (45.6%). The oil obtained showed less than 0.2% moisture and free fatty acid concentration of 2%.
Modelling suspended sediment concentration using artificial neural networks for Gangotri glacier

The dynamics of suspended sediment involves inherent non‐linearity and complexity because of existence of both spatial variability of the basin characteristics and temporal climatic patterns. This complexity, therefore, leads to inaccurate prediction by the conventional sediment rating curve (SRC) and other empirical methods. Over past few decades, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have emerged as one of the advanced modelling techniques capable of addressing inherent non‐linearity in the hydrological processes. In the present study, feed‐forward back propagation (FFBP) algorithm of ANNs is used to model stage–discharge–suspended sediment relationship for ablation season (May–September) for melt runoff released from Gangotri glacier, one of the largest glaciers in Himalaya. The simulations have been carried out on primary data of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) discharge and stage for ablation season of 11‐year period (1999–2009). Combinations of different input vectors (viz. stage, discharge and SSC) for present and previous days are considered for development of the ANN models and examining the effects of input vectors. Further, based on model performance indices for training and testing phase, a suitable modelling approach with appropriate model input structure is suggested. The conventional SRC method is also used for modelling discharge–sediment relationship and performance of developed models is evaluated by statistical indices, namely; root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and coefficient of determination (R2). Statistically, the performance of ANN‐based models is found to be superior as compared to SRC method in terms of the selected performance indices in simulating the daily SSC. The study reveals suitability of ANN approach for simulation and estimation of daily SSC in glacier melt runoff and, therefore, opens new avenues of research for application of hybrid soft computing models in glacier hydrology. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating spatio-temporal environmental models for planning ski runs

The establishment of ski runs and ski lifts, the action of skiing and maintenance of ski runs may cause considerable environmental impact. Clearly, for improvements to be made in the planning of ski runs in alpine terrain a good understanding of the environmental system and the response of environmental factors and processes to a new development is necessary. This requires the identification of environmental factors and processes that have a direct or indirect relation with a ski piste, such as hydrological processes, hazardous processes and vegetation, and the acquisition of knowledge about them. Moreover, to find the best ski run alternative with respect to environmental concerns, we need to explore potential ski run locations distributed over the area feasible for a new development. Taking into account these issues, this thesis addresses four aspects, 1) the identification of environmental criteria that are important in the planning of environmental sound ski run, 2) the generation of potential alternatives that meet the conditions of feasible ski runs, 3) the development and application of spatio-temporal environmental models to evaluate alternative scenarios, in particular to describe the mechanism at a potential ski run location for the current situation and to analyse the response of the environmental system to the new development of a ski run, and 4) the integration of the environmental criteria by means of multicriteria analysis. While spatiotemporal environmental models generate maps for a certain number of time steps, traditional multicriteria analysis requires a value for each environmental criterion. Therefore emphasis is put on the integration of spatio-temporal models in multicriteria decision making (MCDM) and how the spatial and temporal model output can be translated into meaningful indicators. The presented methods and tools are used to evaluate ski run scenarios in the ski area of Solden, Austria, mainly based on the hydrologic behavior, hazardous processes and vegetational changes caused by each alternative.
The Coastal Batholith and other aspects of Andean magmatism in Peru

Abstract The opening of the South Atlantic ocean at 110 Ma triggered the inversion of the Casma basin and the switch from marine volcanicity to plutonism, which evolved through three distinct phases. The first was the intrusion of the Coastal Batholith which forms a well-defined linear structure over the whole coastal region and which, in the Lima segment, endured from 100 to 60 Ma, and was terminated by the formation of the ring complexes. The second was the post Incaic development of the andesitic terrestrial plateau volcanics, the Calipuy group with associated scattered plutons of tonalite and granodiorite, which extended from perhaps 50 Ma to 20 Ma, and the third was the emplacement of the high level stocks and associated ignimbrite sheets from 20 to 6 Ma. Of these the Cordillera Blanca batholith which is of trondhjemitic affinity is the most important, and it is the intrusives of this zone which are the most important economically. Many plutons within the Batholith were emplaced into the brittle crust by processes of magmatic stoping and some of the evidence for this process is presented.
Distribución del psílido asiático de los cítricos (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) y presencia de Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) en Venezuela.

Se discute la dispersion del psilido asiatico de los citricos, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) en Venezuela, desde su primer registro en Punto Fijo, Peninsula de Paraguana, Estado Falcon en abril de 1999 hasta el presente. Se suministra la lista de localidades, fecha de coleccion y plantas hospederas a partir de su introduccion. Se cita la presencia de Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) en el Oriente del pais y su distribucion actual en Venezuela. La amplia distribucion del parasitoide en el pais, a la par de su huesped, y una observacion del mismo en el ano 2002, hacen pensar que su introduccion pueda ser coincidente con el psilido asiatico
Lean thinking in the highways construction sector: motivation, implementation and barriers

Abstract The interest in lean thinking in the UK’s civil construction industry is on the rise. The research presented in the paper evaluates the adoption of lean thinking in the highways construction sector by investigating 7 motivation factors, 20 lean techniques and 16 barriers through in-depth interviews with 20 sector managers and a questionnaire survey of 110 responses. The findings show the existence of strong external motivational factors for lean thinking such as clients’ push and companies’ expectation of winning more contracts alongside lean’s operational benefits. Limited adoptions of the lean techniques, mostly in the stepwise process improvement cycle, the Last Planner System and Visual Management, were determined. This raises concerns about ‘pseudo-lean’ practices in the sector. Lack of standardisation, insufficient benefit capturing, insufficient know-how, insufficient control of the entire value stream and limited view to the techniques were found as the top barriers.
Learning and Living Overseas: Exploring Factors that Influence Meaningful Learning and Assimilation: How International Students Adjust to Studying in the UK from a Socio-Cultural Perspective

There is a considerable amount of research investigating students’ transition from college to university but it is important this focus is directed specifically towards the transition of international students, as the difficulties they face are profound. The literature surrounding international students seems to lack an in-depth understanding of how multiple contextual factors influence how students adjust to Higher Education. Therefore, the present study utilizes Bronfenbrenner’s (2009) ecological theory of human development in order to understand both immediate and distal environmental influences and how they interact to impact on the individual’s development from a holistic perspective. Five international students participated in a time line interview. Findings suggest that international students face a number of challenges when transitioning from their home country to study in higher education in the UK, particularly in the areas of language competence; cultural assimilation and social relationships. This in turn prevented meaningful learning occurring. Applying Bronfenbrenner’s theory, the participants’ broader environment was analysed, which encouraged an examination of the challenges they faced which regards to cultural influences, government influences and university policies, as well as influences from within their immediate environment.
Haploidentical CD3 1 TCR ab /CD19 1 –depleted HSCT for MHC class II deﬁciency and persistent SARS-CoV-2 pneumonitis

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leads to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which can range from a mild illness to a severe phenotype characterized by acute respiratory distress needing mechanical ventilation. Children with combined immunodeﬁciencies might be unable to mount a sufﬁcient cellular and humoral immune response against COVID-19 and have persistent disease. Objective
Observations of the atmospheric boundary layer height under marine upstream flow conditions at a coastal site

We investigate several lidar‐type instruments and methodologies for boundary layer height (BLH) estimation during 2 days at a coastal site for winds that experience marine upstream flow conditions. Wavelet and profile fitting procedures on the aerosol backscatter signals from a ceilometer and an aerosol lidar reveal similar BLHs, but their agreement depends on the presence of clouds and the instrument signal, among others. BLHs derived by a threshold on the carrier‐to‐noise profiles of a wind lidar agree well with those derived by using a threshold on the backscatter profile of the ceilometer and are used as reference for a 10 day BLH intercomparison. Furthermore, the BLHs from the aerosol analysis are comparable to those derived from wind speed and direction profiles from combined mast/wind lidar measurements. The BLH derived from simulations performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model shows similar behavior compared to the lidar observations. The seasonal diurnal variation of the BLH for 2010, derived from the wind lidar and ceilometer thresholds, shows similar BLHs but generally higher values compared to that from WRF. No clear BLH diurnal variation is observed neither from the observations nor from the WRF model outputs, except in summer for the latter. Both observations and WRF model simulations reveal higher BLHs during autumn compared to spring time. These BLHs are used to evaluate the intra‐annual variation and show high peaks in September, November, and February.
Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine effective against influenza A(H3N2) variant viruses in children during the 2014/15 season, Japan

The 2014/15 influenza season in Japan was characterised by predominant influenza A(H3N2) activity; 99% of influenza A viruses detected were A(H3N2). Subclade 3C.2a viruses were the major epidemic A(H3N2) viruses, and were genetically distinct from A/New York/39/2012(H3N2) of 2014/15 vaccine strain in Japan, which was classified as clade 3C.1. We assessed vaccine effectiveness (VE) of inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in children aged 6 months to 15 years by test-negative case–control design based on influenza rapid diagnostic test. Between November 2014 and March 2015, a total of 3,752 children were enrolled: 1,633 tested positive for influenza A and 42 for influenza B, and 2,077 tested negative. Adjusted VE was 38% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 28 to 46) against influenza virus infection overall, 37% (95% CI: 27 to 45) against influenza A, and 47% (95% CI: -2 to 73) against influenza B. However, IIV was not statistically significantly effective against influenza A in infants aged 6 to 11 months or adolescents aged 13 to 15 years. VE in preventing hospitalisation for influenza A infection was 55% (95% CI: 42 to 64). Trivalent IIV that included A/New York/39/2012(H3N2) was effective against drifted influenza A(H3N2) virus, although vaccine mismatch resulted in low VE.
Low‐frequency electrical properties of peat

Electrical resistivity/induced polarization (0.1–1000 Hz) and vertical hydraulic conductivity (Kv) measurements of peat samples extracted from different depths (0–11 m) in a peatland in Maine were obtained as a function of pore fluid conductivity (σw) between 0.001 and 2 S/m. Hydraulic conductivity increased with σw (Kv ∝ σw0.3 between 0.001 and 2 S/m), indicating that pore dilation occurs due to the reaction of NaCl with organic functional groups as postulated by previous workers. Electrical measurements were modeled by assuming that “bulk” electrolytic conduction through the interconnected pore space and surface conduction in the electrical double layer (EDL) at the organic sediment‐fluid interface act in parallel. This analysis suggests that pore space dilation causes a nonlinear relationship between the “bulk” electrolytic conductivity (σel) and σw (σel ∝ σw1.3). The Archie equation predicts a linear dependence of σel on σw and thus appears inappropriate for organic sediments. Induced polarization (IP) measurements of the imaginary part (σ″surf) of the surface conductivity (σ*surf) show that σ″surf is greater and more strongly σw‐dependent (σ″surf ∝ σw0.5 between 0.001 and 2 S/m) than observed for inorganic sediments. By assuming a linear relationship between the real (σ′surf) and the imaginary part (σ″surf) of the surface conductivity, we develop an empirical model relating the resistivity and induced polarization measurements to σw in peat. We demonstrate the use of this model to predict (a) σw and (b) the change in Kv due to an incremental change in σw from resistivity and induced polarization measurements on organic sediments. Our study has implications for noninvasive geophysical characterization of σw and Kv with potential to benefit studies of carbon cycling and greenhouse gas fluxes as well as nutrient supply dynamics in peatlands.
Cessation of exclusive breastfeeding and predictors among infants aged 0–6 months in Ararso district of the Somali region, Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study

Background Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is the gold standard of child feeding practice in which the infant only receives breast milk without any additional food or drink, not even water and it lasts up to 6 months after delivery. In the study area, there is a lack of data on the prevalence of cessation of EBF. Methods Community-based cross-sectional study design was used among 292 mothers of infants aged 0–6 months. The data was collected using a pretested structured questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out. An odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was used to measure the strength of the association. Statistical significance was declared at P-value <0.05. Results The prevalence of cessation of EBF was 57.3% with 95% CI [50.9–62.6]. This study showed being employed (working outside the home) (AOR = 2.44; 95% CI [1.32–4.53]), being rural residence (AOR = 1.87; 95% CI [1.05–3.32]), and inadequate knowledge of EBF (AOR = 2:02; 95% CI [1.19–3.43]) were independent predictors of cessation of EBF. Conclusion and Recommendation Our data identified a higher prevalence of cessation of EBF in the study area compared to most studies in Ethiopia and elsewhere. Efforts on improving knowledge of the importance of EBF particularly in rural areas and support for breastfeeding-employed women are recommended.
Permian Stratigraphy of the Leach Mountains, Elko County, Nevada

Abstract The Permian stratigraphic sequence in the Leach Mountains, northeastern Nevada, is more than 3,275 m thick, and consists primarily of carbonate rock with subordinate chert and fine-grained clastic rock. This Permian sequence is latest Wolfcampian, Leonardian, and Guadalupian in age, and includes the Third Fork Formation, the Badger Gulch Formation, the Trapper Creek Formation, the Grandeur Formation of the Park City Group, the Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale Tongue of the Phosphoria Formation, and the Murdock Mountain Formation and Gerster Limestone of the Park City Group. The Permian strata disconformably overlie the Mississippian–Pennsylvanian Diamond Peak Formation, and disconformably underlie undifferentiated Triassic clastic and carbonate rocks lithologically similar to the Dinwoody Formation and the Thaynes Limestone. The Permian rocks are lithologically and temporally correlative with those in the Cassia Mountains to the north and to those in the northern Pilot Range and Hogup-Terrace Mountains to the east. Permian rocks in the Leach Mountains were deposited in a variety of marine. environments that developed during three major marine cycles: (1) Rocks beneath the upper Grandeur represent a regressive sequence in which the sediments were deposited successively in subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal marine environments. (2) Following a marine transgression that began during deposition of the uppermost Grandeur Formation, sediments of the Meade Peak and Murdock Mountain accumulated during a depositional phase characterized by repetitive onlap and offlap episodes. (3) Subsequently, open-marine conditions were restored with the deposition of shallow-subtidal sediment of the Gerster Limestone. The Permian sequence has been deformed by both low-angle and high-angle faults. Post-Triassic thrust faulting in the southern Leach Mountains emplaced Permian rocks southeastward and eastward over Triassic rocks. In the north-central part of the range thrust faulting emplaced Mississippian–Pennsylvanian rocks eastward over Permian rocks. Post-Triassic younger-over-older low-angle faulting possibly related to the thrusting juxtaposed Triassic and Permian rocks in the north-central part of the range and juxtaposed fault slices of Permian rocks in the southern part of the range. Numerous high-angle normal faults cut the Permian, Triassic, and overlying Cenozoic rocks in the Leach Mountains. Most of the faults resulted from late Cenozoic Basin-and-Range extension. Phosphate, which occurs in the Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale Tongue of the Phosphoria Formation, is the most significant mineral resource in the Leach Mountains.
Grounding line migration and high‐resolution calving dynamics of Jakobshavn Isbræ, West Greenland

We performed three field campaigns in 2004, 2007, and 2010 at the southern margin of the Jakobshavn Isbræ, West Greenland, in order to infer flow velocities and their changes from photogrammetric time‐lapse imagery with a temporal resolution of 20 min and a spatial spacing of about 30 m on the glacier surface. Area‐wide analysis of more than 3000 three‐dimensional trajectories at individual glacier positions allow for both the mapping of the grounding line and the detailed observation of flow variations during major calving events. From 2004 to 2010, the grounding line of Jakobshavn Isbræ retreated 3.5 ± 0.2 km. Considering previously published results, the grounding line retreat amounts to 6 km since 1985. The glacier has an ephemeral floating tongue that can establish during the readvance of the glacier front and break apart after large calving events. Observations of a major calving event show that an acceleration of flow velocities coincides with the onset of the break up during which flow velocities of up to 70 m/d can be reached. Moreover, large vertical displacements of the glacier front in the order of 15 m and lowering of 8 m at positions 500 m beyond the calving front were observed 2 days before the calving event. After the break up, the glacier slowly adjusts to the new boundary conditions within the next 4–5 days. Flow velocity variations caused by calving were detected up to 1 km upstream only which indicates that individual calving events have no immediate effect on the large‐scale glacier dynamics.
Secrecy Rate Analysis and Active Pilot Attack Detection for IRS-Aided Massive MIMO Systems

The active pilot contamination attacks in intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) aided massive multiple-input multiple-output systems are investigated. By proposing a statistical channel state information based IRS phase-shift optimization technique, an achievable secrecy rate is derived in the presence of practical impediments, including erroneously estimated composite channels via linear minimum mean square error estimation criterion, residual interference due to active pilot contamination, artificial noise (AN) generation, and spatially correlated fading at the base-station antennas and IRS elements. A transmit power allocation technique is also proposed. Two active pilot attack detectors are designed based on the Neyman-Pearson and generalized likelihood ratio test criteria. The performance of these detectors is investigated by deriving the probability of detection, probability of false alarm, and receiver operating characteristics. Our secrecy rate analysis reveals that the rate leaked into the eavesdroppers by active pilot contamination attacks can be considerably high. The proposed power allocation algorithm jointly assigns transmit powers for the legitimate signals and AN sequences for maximizing the minimum secrecy rate of the weakest legitimate user to ensure user-fairness. The proposed detectors of active pilot attacks may be useful in designing remedial techniques to mitigate detrimental effects of active eavesdropping.