Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regional hydrological drought in north‐western Europe: linking a new Regional Drought Area Index with weather types

Links between severe hydrological droughts and weather types (WTs) were explored to improve the understanding of hydroclimatological processes involved in the development of regional hydrological drought in north‐western Europe. A new Regional Drought Area Index (RDAI) was developed, using daily streamflow, to represent the drought‐affected area. Daily RDAI series (1964–2001) were created for two regions with homogeneous drought behaviour in Denmark and four regions in Great Britain. An objective version of the Hess–Brezowsky Grosswetterlagen yielding 29 WTs was used. Regional drought characteristics, including duration and frequency, were found to vary considerably between regions. However, in 1976 and 1996, all regions experienced severe events, and these years were found to be the most severe drought years across the study region as a whole. The hydrological response time (i.e. the time over which WTs influence drought development) was found to vary markedly (45–210 days) between regions according to basin storage properties. WT‐frequency anomalies (FAs) before and during the onset of the five most severe droughts were identified for each region. The dominant drought‐yielding WTs changed between regions and between events within each region. High‐pressure systems centred over the respective region were most frequently associated with droughts as well as WTs with a northern (N, NE or NW) or a southern (S, SE or SW) airflow over the Danish and British regions. Five of the six WTs associated with drought for all regions represented a northern high‐pressure system (i.e. over Great Britain, Fennoscandia or the Norwegian Sea). This article demonstrates (1) hydrological response time to be fundamental in moderating drought response to mesoscale climatic drivers and (2) severe hydrological droughts may be caused by a complex set of hydroclimatological processes that vary between regions and events. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiance assimilation shows promise for snowpack characterization

We demonstrate an ensemble‐based radiance assimilation methodology for estimating snow depth and snow grain size using ground‐based passive microwave (PM) radiance observations at 18.7 and 36.5 GHz. A land surface model (LSM) was used to develop a prior estimate of the snowpack states, and a radiative transfer model was used to relate the modeled states to the observations within a data assimilation scheme. Snow depth bias was −53.3 cm prior to the assimilation, and −7.3 cm after the assimilation. Snow depth estimated by a non‐assimilation‐based retrieval algorithm using the same PM observations had a bias of −18.3 cm. Our results suggest that assimilation of PM radiance observations into LSMs shows promise for snowpack characterization, with the potential for improved results over products from instantaneous (“snapshot”) retrieval algorithms or the assimilation of those retrievals into LSMs.
Many-Body Methods in Chemistry and Physics: MBPT and Coupled-Cluster Theory

1. Introduction 2. Formal perturbation theory 3. Second quantization 4. Diagrammatic notation 5. Diagrammatic expansions for perturbation theory 6. Proof of the linked-diagram theorem 7. Computational aspects of MBPT 8. Open-shell and quasidegenerate perturbation theory 9. Foundations of coupled-cluster theory 10. Systematic derivation of the coupled-cluster equations 11. Calculation of properties in coupled-cluster theory 12. Additional aspects of coupled-cluster theory 13. The equation-of-motion coupled-cluster method for excited, ionized and electron-attached states 14. Multireference coupled-cluster methods.
Tectonic inversion in the Caribbean‐South American plate boundary: GPS geodesy, seismology, and tectonics of the Mw 6.7 22 April 1997 Tobago earthquake

On 22 April 1997 the largest earthquake recorded in the Trinidad‐Tobago segment of the Caribbean‐South American plate boundary zone (Mw 6.7) ruptured a shallow (~9 km), ENE striking (~250° azimuth), shallowly dipping (~28°) dextral‐normal fault ~10 km south of Tobago. In this study, we describe this earthquake and related foreshock and aftershock seismicity, derive coseismic offsets using GPS data, and model the fault plane and magnitude of slip for this earthquake. Coseismic slip estimated at our episodic GPS sites indicates movement of Tobago 135 ± 6 to 68 ± 6 mm NNE and subsidence of 7 ± 9 to 0 mm. This earthquake was anomalous and is of interest because (1) its large component of normal slip and ENE strike are unexpected given the active E‐W dextral shearing across the Caribbean‐South American plate boundary zone, (2) it ruptured a normal fault plane with a low (~28°) dip angle, and (3) it reactivated and inverted the preexisting Tobago terrrane‐South America ocean‐continent (thrust) boundary that formed during early Tertiary oblique plate convergence.
Release of dissolved organic carbon from upland peat

This study examines the release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from upland peat during the period of the autumn flushing. Hydroclimatic conditions were monitored in conjunction with measurements of absorbance and the E4/E6 ratio of the stream draining an 11·4 km2 upland peat catchment in northern England. During two months of monitoring the effects of 67 separate rainfall events were examined showing that: The peat behaves hydrologically as if it were a two end‐member system consisting of old, interevent, and new, event, water. Runoff is initiated by percolation excess of new water at the acrotelm–catotelm interface. The discharge of dissolved organic matter behaves like a three end‐member system with the between‐event water being low in DOC and storm events being characterized by two types of water. Initial runoff being characterized by new water rich in DOC that gives way to new water depleted in DOC. This transition can be ascribed to the runoff progressing from throughflow within the acrotelm progressing to saturation‐excess overland flow. Depletion of DOC during storm events is accompanied by a change in the character of the DOC as the E4/E6 ratio changes. This suggests that the decrease in DOC during events is the result of exhaustion of reserves rather than changes in the flowpaths being utilized by runoff. The amount of carbon released in any event is critically dependent upon the time between events during which oxidation processes generate a reservoir of available carbon. Production of available carbon in the catchment is as high as 4·5 g C per day per m3 of peat, suggesting a turnover rate of peat of the order of 42 years. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The monsoon aerosol extinction properties at Goa during INDOEX as measured with lidar

[1] The aerosol extinction properties in the framework of the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) are documented over the Goa area (western coast of India, 15.45°N, 73.08°E) between 1 and 15 March 1999. The temporal evolution and the vertical distribution of the aerosol trapped inside the winter monsoon plume have been studied using a ground-based lidar system (micropulse lidar (MPL) emitting at 523 nm). Both the vertical structure and the optical properties of the particles have been assessed from the inversion of the lidar signals. A statistical approach has been used to determine the backscatter-to-extinction ratio (Φp), a key parameter to invert the lidar signal. Sun photometer-retrieved optical thickness at 523 nm is used to constrain the inversion in daytime and leads to a mean value of Φp close to 0.03 sr−1 with a standard deviation of ∼0.010 sr−1. Black carbon concentration (BC) is shown to be a representative tracer of the surface scattering coefficient of aerosols (αs), the relative humidity (RH) effect seeming to be of a second order. A statistical linear relationship between BC and αs has been found and then used to constrain the lidar inversion during nighttime. During nighttime, about the same mean Φp has been assessed. The lidar-derived optical thickness is shown to be more important during nighttime over the entire measurement period (a mean value of 0.76 ± 0.15 for nighttime instead of 0.55 ± 0.09 for daytime). A significant contribution to the optical thickness is shown to be due to an aerosol layer within 0.7 km above sea level (ASL). A second aerosol layer is found between 0.7 and ≈3.5 km ASL with an important diurnal variability in both its altitude extension and its optical thickness. Such a variability seems to be due to the sea breeze cycle. In the upper aerosol layer, optical thickness is 0.49 ± 0.14 during nighttime whereas it is only about 0.25 ± 0.07 during daytime.
Constraints on the P–T conditions and age of emplacement of the Lizard ophiolite, Cornwall: amphibole–plagioclase thermobarometry and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of basal amphibolites

The basal slice of the Lizard Complex incorporates strongly foliated amphibolitic metabasites (Lower Landewednack Schists), interpreted as the remnants of a dynamothermal aureole formed beneath the ophiolite during intraoceanic thrusting. Structurally overlying the basal slice and occurring predominantly within the overlying Lizard peridotite is the Kennack Gneiss, a controversial, banded and gneissose unit comprising intimately mixed amphibolitic and granitic components, interpreted to represent commingled melts. Thermobarometry of hornblende–plagioclase pairs indicates that both the Landewednack Schists and the mafic component of the Kennack Gneiss recrystallized synkinematically at ca. 600 °C and 300–400 MPa. Three amphiboles, two from the Kennack Gneiss and one from the Landewednack Schists, yield disturbed 40Ar/39Ar age spectra characterized by low-temperature overprinting, but with good high-temperature plateaux with ages of 366.1 ± 4.2, 364.2 ± 4.8, and 359.8 ± 7.4 Ma, respectively. Theoretical dif.
C ENTRE FOR A PPLIED M ACROECONOMIC A NALYSIS

The Calvo pricing model that lies at the heart of many New Keynesian business cycle models has been roundly criticized for being inconsistent both with time series data on in(cid:135)ation and with micro-data on the frequency of price changes. In this paper I develop a new pricing model whose structure can be interpreted in terms of menu costs and information gathering/processing costs, that usefully addresses both criticisms. The resulting Phillips curve encompasses the partial-indexation model, the full-indexation model, and the Calvo model, and can speak to micro-data in ways that these models cannot. Taking the Phillips curve to the data, I (cid:133)nd that the share of (cid:133)rms that change prices each quarter is about 60 percent and, re(cid:135)ecting the importance of information gathering/processing costs, that most (cid:133)rms that change prices use indexation. Exploiting an isomorphism result, I show that these values are consistent with estimates implied by the partial-indexation model.
Seasonal changes in ground‐penetrating radar signature observed at a polythermal glacier, Bylot Island, Canada

In recent years, ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) has been increasingly used for characterization of subglacial and englacial environments at polythermal glaciers. The geophysical method is able to exploit the dielectric difference between water, air, sediment and ice, allowing delineation of subsurface hydrological, thermal and structural conditions. More recent GPR research has endeavoured to examine temporal change in glaciers, in particular the distribution of the cold ice zone at polythermal glaciers. However, the exact nature of temporal change that can be identified using GPR has not been fully examined. This research presents the results of three GPR surveys conducted over the course of a summer ablation season at a polythermal glacier in the Canadian Arctic. A total of approximately 30 km of GPR profiles were collected in 2002 repeatedly covering the lower 2 km of Stagnation Glacier, Bylot Island (72°58′ N 78°22′ W). Comparison between profiles indicated changes in the radar signature, including increased noise, appearance and disappearance of englacial reflections, and signal attenuation in the latter survey. Further, an area of chaotic returns in up‐glacier locations, which was interpreted to be a wet temperate ice zone, showed marked recession over the course of the ablation season. Combining all the temporal changes that were detected by GPR, results indicate that a polythermal glacier may exhibit strongly seasonal changes in hydrological and thermal characteristics throughout the ice body, including the drainage of 17 000 m3 of temporarily stored intra‐glacial meltwater. It is also proposed that the liquid water content in the temperate ice zone of polythermal glaciers can be described as a fraction of a specific retention capacity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suspended sediment transport in the Deepwater Navigation Channel, Yangtze River Estuary, China, in the dry season 2009: 2. Numerical simulations

[1] A three-dimensional wave-current-sediment coupled numerical model with wetting and drying process is developed to understand hydrodynamics and sediment transport dynamics in the Deepwater Navigation Channel (DNC), the North Passage of the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE), China. The model results are in good agreement with observed data, and statistics show good model skill scores and correlation coefficients. The model well reproduces the spring-neap variation between a well-mixed estuary and a highly stratified estuary. Model results indicate that the estuarine gravitational circulation plays the most important role in the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) formation in the DNC. The upstream nonlocal sediment intrusion through the spillover mechanism is a major source of sediment trapping in the North Passage after the morphological changes. Numerical studies are conducted to show scenarios in the YRE under the effects of different forcings (river discharges, waves, and winds). Between these study cases, surface-wave-breaking relieves the sediment trapping and bottom-wave-current-interaction aggravates the bed erosion and elevates the SSC in the ETM; the former and the latter have the least and largest influence on the suspended sediment transport in the DNC. The wind effects have a greater influence on sediment trapping than the river discharges, and the steady northwesterly wind condition favors the siltation in the DNC most. The significance of density-driven turbidity current is also assessed, which can enhance the saline-water intrusion and suppress the turbulent mixing in the bottom boundary layer.
Initiation of the Southern Elsinore Fault at ∼1.2 Ma: Evidence from the Fish Creek–Vallecito Basin, southern California

Strike‐slip faults west of the San Andreas fault (SAF) accommodate more than half of the modern Pacific–North America plate motion in southern California, yet their age, kinematic evolution and long‐term slip rates are incompletely understood. The southern Elsinore fault is part of this zone and occupies the boundary between Mesozoic crystalline rocks of the Peninsular Ranges and Late Cenozoic sedimentary rocks of the Salton Trough depocenter. The Fish Creek–Vallecito Basin, a recently inverted western sub‐basin of the Salton Trough, contains a thick succession of Plio‐Pleistocene sedimentary rocks that preserve a record of crustal subsidence and uplift in response to evolving tectonic controls. Deposits older than ∼1.2 Ma accumulated during transtension and subsidence in the hanging wall of the low‐angle West Salton detachment fault. A fanning‐dip interval high in the section, dated at 1.2–1.0 Ma, accumulated during tilting caused by earliest motion on the Elsinore and Earthquake Valley faults. Total offset of 1–2 km yields a lifetime slip rate of about 1–2 mm/yr for the southern Elsinore fault, similar to a late Pleistocene rate in the Coyote Mountains but slower than published estimates for the northern Elsinore fault. This difference likely results from long‐term transfer of slip from the northern Elsinore fault to the San Felipe and San Jacinto fault zones farther east. Initiation of the Elsinore fault at 1.2 Ma coincides with a major tectonic reorganization that terminated slip on the detachment fault and formed the modern network of strike‐slip faults west of the SAF.
Plume-lithosphere interaction in generation of the Emeishan flood basalts at the Permian-Triassic boundary

The Emeishan flood volcanism that erupted at Permian-Triassic boundary time produced a large igneous province of at least 2.5 X 10 5 km 2 in the western margin of the Yangtze craton, southwestern China. The volcanic successions, suggested to have resulted from a starting mantle plume, comprise thick piles of basaltic flows and subordinate picrites and pyroclastics. The picrites, which have high magnesian contents (MgO ≊ 20–16 wt%), variable degrees of light rare earth element enrichment [(Ce/Yb) N ≊ 4–25] and heterogeneous isotope ratios [ϵ Nd ≊ (T) +4 to −4], are proposed to have been generated by mixing between the dominant plume-derived magmas and small amounts of lamproitic liquids from the continental lithospheric mantle.
Seismic noise-based methods for soft-rock landslide characterization

In order to better understand the mechanics and dynamic of landslides, it is of primary interest to image correctly their internal structure and their slip surface. Several active geophysical methods are able to provide the geometry of a given landslide, but were rarely applied in 3 dimensions in the past. The main disadvantages of methods like seismic reflection and electrical tomography are that there are heavy to set up and/or to process, and they consequently are expensive and time consuming. Moreover, in the particular case of soft-rock landslides, their respective sensitivity and resolution are not always adequate to locate the potential slip surfaces. Passive methods may represent an interesting alternative particularly for landslides difficult to access, as they require lighter instrumentation and easier processing tools. Among them, the seismic noise based methods have shown increasing applications and developments, in particular for seismic hazard mapping in urban environment. In this paper, we present seismic noise investigations carried out on two different sites, the "Super Sauze" mudslide and the "Saint Guillaume" translational clayey landslide (France), where independent measurements (geotechnical and geophysical tests) were performed earlier. Our investigations were composed of electrical tomography profiles, seismic profiles for surface-wave inversions, H/V measurements, which are fast and easy to perform in the field, in order to image shear wave contrasts (slip surfaces), and seismic noise array method, which is heavier to apply and interpret, but provides (S)-waves velocity profile versus depth. For both sites, landslide bodies are characterized by lower S wave velocity (Vs 550 m.s-1; {rho} > 150 ohm.m). Their thickness vary from a few m to 50 m. Comparison between geophysical investigations and geotechnical data proved the applicability of such passive methods in 3D complex structures, with however some limitations.
Observations palynologiques dans le Couvinien (Emsien terminal et Eifélien) du bord oriental du Synclinorium de Dinant, Belgique.

Le Couvinien (unite chronostratigraphique equivalente a l'Emsien terminal et a l'Eifelien) a fait l'objet d'observations palynologiques, portant tant sur les Acritarches que sur les Spores, au bord oriental du synclinorium de Dinant, Belgique. Les prelevements sont localises au sein d'une succession lithologique dont certaines des unites sont nouvelles et definies ici pour la premiere fois. Leurs relations biostratigraphiques avec les couches types du bord sud du bassin sont etablies sur la base des brachiopodes. Vingt-trois especes de spores sont identifiees, Grandispora velata et les hystricospores font leur premiere apparition a l'interieur de la sequence analysee; la premiere au Couvinien Superieur, les secondes probablement dans l'Emsien Superieur (pre-Couvinien). Leur absence permet d'autre part de dater une partie des poudingues situes a la base des sequences etudiees. Trente-cinq especes d'Acritarches sont identifiees. Certaines sont remaniees de sediments aussi anciens que le Cambro-Ordovicien, la plupart sont ubiquistes deja connues au Devonien Inferieur voire meme au Silurien, quelques-unes correspondent a des especes decrites ailleurs dans le Devonien Moyen ou le Devonien Superieur. Sur la base de ces dernieres un essai de subdivision du Couvinien en 4 associations est propose.
Endolithic Bacterial Communities in Dolomite and Limestone Rocks from the Nanjiang Canyon in Guizhou Karst Area (China)

Phylogenetic diversities of the endolithic bacterial communities in dolomite and limestone rocks from a karst canyon (Nanjiang Canyon), China, were analyzed based on the 16S rRNA gene analysis. In the dolomite endolithic bacterial communities, members of Cyanobacteria were the most abundant followed in abundance by members of Alphaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria. Members of Betaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Chloroflexi were also present. Large percentages of bacterial clones in the limestone were related to the Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria. In addition, members of Deltaproteobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, and Candidate division TM7 were identified. Slight differences in endolithic bacterial abundance and community structure existed between the dolomite and limestone rocks. These rock microorganisms are inferred to have played an important role in the formation of Karst soil from carbonate rocks during a long geological history.
On the structure of the wave operators in one dimensional potential scattering

In the framework of one dimensional potential scattering we prove that, modulo a compact term, the wave operators can be written in terms of a universal operator and of the scattering operator. The universal operator is related to the one dimensional Hilbert transform and can be expressed as a function of the generator of dilations. As a consequence, we show how Levinson’s theorem can be rewritten as an index theorem, and obtain the asymptotic behaviour of the wave operators at high and low energy and at large and small scale.
Optimal Management of a Coastal Aquifer in Southern Turkey

Seven ground-water management models were developed to determine the optimal planning and operating policies of a coastal aquifer in southern Turkey threatened by saltwater intrusion. Steady-state and transient finite-element simulation models, representing the response of the system, are linked to linear and quadratic optimization models using response functions. Optimal pumpage policies were determined for 94 wells under three management objectives that maximized agricultural water withdrawals and minimized drawdowns and pumping costs, subject to constraints related to the system’s response equations; demand requirements; drawdown limitation in saltwater intrusion control locations and pumping wells; and discharge bounds. The results are shown in the form of trade-off curves relating optimal pumpage rates and pumping costs to basinwide drawdowns and saltwater containment. Modeling results indicate that significant increases in total aquifer yield are possible with controlled drawdowns so that infringement of saltwater is prevented. Optimal pumping schedules differed, depending on the type of objective function used. The best policy appears to be the one in which the excess water pumped from the most productive wells is transported overland to meet local demands at less productive wells.