Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Farm level estimation of greenhouse gas emissions : A case study on a farm in the Central Upper Karoo

The livestock industry has a role to play in ensuring responsible agricultural practices to reduce Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because climate change also affects the sustainability of the industry itself. It is mostly at the production level that effective measures to reduce emissions can be taken. However, at the farm level, most farmers do not have the means or tools to evaluate their emissions so that they can adopt management strategies accordingly. The aim of this study therefore, was to evaluate the potential for farm level estimation of GHG emissions and develop a user-friendly, cost-effective and reliable tool that can be used at farm level. A case-study approach was followed and process mapping was conducted as a basis for the evaluation of the selected farm’s GHG emissions. Significant GHG aspects were identified from the inputs, processes and outputs on the farm. The equations, emission factors and other estimates from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2006) guidelines and Du Toit et al. (2013), were used for the estimation of the GHG emissions emanating directly from livestock activities on the farm. Other sources including data from Eskom, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the UK’s Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) were used for emissions resulting from energy use and fertiliser application. The results were used to evaluate the potential and practicality of developing an estimation tool for use at a farm situation. The synthetic nitrogen fertiliser, electricity and fuel were identified as the largest sources of emissions associated with on-farm feed/crop production. It can be concluded that greenhouse gas emissions can be managed at farm level using a simple and cost effective method that will contribute to more effective management of emissions on farms. In terms of overall emissions from the different emission aspects, enteric fermentation emission had the largest share of the total farm emissions followed by energy use. The Nguni cattle on the farm had the largest contribution of the total farm emissions from the animal categories on the farm. The different sources were categorised as energy use, enteric fermentation, managed soils, manure management and other sources to be included in the estimation model because of their significance on GHG emissions on the farm. The farm level approaches will go a long way towards meeting the national and even the global goal of reducing emissions from the livestock sector.
FLOSS Participants' Perceptions About Gender and Inclusiveness: A Survey

Background: While FLOSS projects espouse openness and acceptance for all, in practice, female contributors often face discriminatory barriers to contribution. Aims: In this paper, we examine the extent to which these problems still exist. We also study male and female contributors' perceptions of other contributors. Method: We surveyed participants from 15 FLOSS projects, asking a series of open-ended, closed-ended, and behavioral scale questions to gather information about the issue of gender in FLOSS projects. Results: Though many of those we surveyed expressed a positive sentiment towards females who participate in FLOSS projects, some were still strongly against their inclusion. Often, the respondents who were against inclusiveness also believed their own sentiments were the prevailing belief in the community, contrary to our findings. Others did not see the purpose of attempting to be inclusive, expressing the sentiment that a discussion of gender has no place in FLOSS. Conclusions: FLOSS projects have started to move forwards in terms of gender acceptance. However, there is still a need for more progress in the inclusion of gender-diverse contributors.
Dietary Fish Oil Suppresses Experimental Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy in Mice 1

Dietary fish oil (FO) supplementation reportedly retards the progression of renal disease in patients with immunoglobulin (Ig)A nephropathy (IgAN), the most common glomerulonephritis worldwide. Using an experimental mouse model in which early immunopathological hallmarks of IgAN are induced by the mycotoxin vomitoxin (VT), the ameliorative effects of FO ingestion on this disease were evaluated in two studies. In Study 1, the capacity of VT to induce IgAN was evaluated in mice fed for 12 wk AIN-76A diets containing 50 g/kg corn oil (CO), 50 g/kg CO plus 9 mg/kg tert butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), or 5 g/kg CO plus 45 g/kg menhaden FO that contained 200 mg/kg TBHQ. Serum IgA, serum IgA immune complexes and kidney mesangial IgA deposition were greater in mice fed VT CO compared with the CO control group, whereas all three variables were significantly attenuated in mice fed VT FO. Although TBHQ also had attenuating effects, these were significantly less than those for the VT FO group. In Study 2, the effects of feeding modified AIN 93G diets containing either 70 g/kg CO or 10 g/kg CO plus 60 g/kg FO for 20 wk on VT-induced IgAN were compared. Again, consumption of FO attenuated all three immunopathological variables. In addition, spleen cell cultures from the VT FO group produced markedly less IgA than those cultures from mice fed VT CO. Taken together, the results suggested that diets containing FO may impair early immunopathogenesis in VT-induced IgAN and that this was not totally dependent on the presence of the antioxidant TBHQ. J. Nutr. 132: 261–269, 2002.
Title Dipole source analysis of auditory P 300 response in depressiveand anxiety disorders

This paper is to study auditory event-related potential P300 in patients with anxiety and depressive disorders using dipole source analysis. Auditory P300 using 2-stimulus oddball paradigm was collected from 35 patients with anxiety disorder, 32 patients with depressive disorder, and 30 healthy controls. P300 dipole sources and peak amplitude of dipole activities were analyzed. The source analysis resulted in a 4-dipole configuration, where temporal dipoles displayed greater P300 amplitude than that of frontal dipoles. In addition, a right-greater-than-left hemispheric asymmetry of dipole magnitude was found in patients with anxiety disorder, whereas a left-greater-thanright hemispheric asymmetry of dipole magnitude was observed in depressed patients. Results indicated that the asymmetry was more prominent over the temporal dipole than that of frontal dipoles in patients. Patients with anxiety disorder may increase their efforts to enhance temporal dipole activity to compensate for a deficit in frontal cortex processing, while depressed patients show dominating reduction of right temporal activity. The opposite nature of results observed with hemispheric asymmetry in depressive and anxiety disorders could serve to be valuable information for psychiatric studies.
Relationship between biomass and enzymatic activity of a bloom-forming dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae) in southern Chile (41 S): a field approach

In a coastal area of southern Chile (41° S), the major ammonium assimilating enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) was detected in a green dinoflagellate bloom during April 2003. High chlorophyll a concentrations (1000 μg L -1 ) attributable to Gymnodinium cf. chlorophorum in surface waters were associated with high and very low nitrate reductase activities. Coincident with the bloom, dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations were near the detection limit (NO 3 - + NH 4 + <0.5 μM). Since GS correlates with the use of ammonium as an external nitrogen source, we suggest that GS activity seems to be a good indicator of ammonium utilization in a period dominated by a single dinoflagellate species.
Intra-individual change over time in psychological well-being and self- esteem among early and middle adolescents in Slovakia

The main aim of this longitudinal study was to explore intra-individual change over time in psychological well-being and self-esteem from early to middle adolescence and to investigate the roles played by gender and parental education. The sample consisted of 519 Slovak adolescents (mean age: 11.48 (SD ± 0.58) at baseline and 14.88 (SD ± 0.45) at follow-up). Two dimensions (depression/anxiety, social dysfunction) of the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ) and two components (negative and positive selfesteem) of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) were measured. The difference between proportions test was used to estimate differences in the prevalence rates of improved, deteriorated or stable in GHQ and RSES scores across boys and girls, and multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze associations between changes over time in GHQ and RSES across gender and parental education. Both genders deteriorated statistically in depression/anxiety with a substantially higher change over time among girls compared to boys (ES = 0.63 vs 0.25, respectively) and improved statistically in overall self-esteem and in negative self-esteem with a small ES. Statistically, only girls deteriorated in overall psychological well-being. Both gender (girls) and educational level (lower) of the mother were the strongest factors associated with depression/anxiety at the age of 15, adjusted for the baseline (depression/anxiety) scores. Our fi ndings challenge us to go deeper into relations of other potential socioeconomic factors associated with psychological status and to study pathways between psychological well-being and self-esteem from a domain-specifi c perspective in early to middle adolescence.
Adolescents’ psychological well-being and self-esteem in the context of relationships at school

Background: The school environment has shown itself to be an important factor in explaining adolescent behaviour. The relationships and experiences that pupils have at school have been found to influence their development, psychological well-being, self-esteem and social adjustment. Purpose: The aim of the study is to explore whether there is a relationship between pupil–peer and pupil–teacher relationships and psychological well-being and self-esteem, and whether this relationship varies according to pupils’ experience of bullying or being bullied. Sample: Data consisted of a sample of 3694 students (mean age ± SD 14.3 ± 0.62 years; 51% girls) from elementary schools in Slovakia. Design and method: Questionnaires were administered to the students. In terms of data analysis, linear regression was firstly used in the whole sample to explore pupil–peer and pupil–teacher relationships and psychological well-being (the depression/anxiety and social dysfunction subscales of GHQ-12) and self-esteem (positive and negative self-esteem subscales of RSE). Next, the whole sample was divided into four groups in terms of involvement in bullying (normative contrasts, passive victims, aggressive non-victims and aggressive victims). Linear regression was used to explore the associations between pupil–peer and pupil–teacher relationships with the two factors of psychological well-being and two factors of self-esteem in these four groups. Results: As findings showed, better pupil–peer relationships and also pupil–teacher relationships were significantly related statistically to less depression/anxiety and social dysfunction, as well as to more positive and less negative self-esteem. All bullying categories were significantly related to pupil–peer relationships and the four dependent variables. However, in the categories of aggressive victims and aggressive non-victims, the pupil–teacher relationship was not significantly related to their psychological well-being and self-esteem. Also, in all subgroups, better pupil–peer relationships were significantly related to less depression/anxiety and social dysfunction, as well as with more positive and less negative self-esteem. Conclusion: Given the differences found in the connections between pupil–teacher relationships and well-being and self-esteem, between those who bullied and those who were bullied, it would seem that the school environment can play an important role in implementing anti-bullying prevention strategies.
Pro-Environmental Intentions among Food Festival Attendees: An Application of the Value-Belief-Norm Model

Although festival organizers have significantly increased their adoption of green practices, there has been relatively little research on the pro-environmental decision-making process in festival settings. Drawing from the value-belief-norm-theory, the purpose of this study is to investigate the pro-environmental decision-making processes of attendees of eco-friendly food festivals. A structural analysis of responses collected from 601 surveys revealed that affective triggers and personal norms played critical roles in the development of respondents’ pro-environmental intentions in festival settings. This study provides discussions and implications for research and practices related to green festivals.
Hubble Tarantula Treasury Project – IV. The extinction law

We report on the study of interstellar extinction across the Tarantula nebula (30 Doradus), in the Large Magellanic Cloud, using observations from the Hubble Tarantula Treasury Project in the 0.3 - 1.6 micron range. The considerable and patchy extinction inside the nebula causes about 3500 red clump stars to be scattered along the reddening vector in the colour-magnitude diagrams, thereby allowing an accurate determination of the reddening slope in all bands. The measured slope of the reddening vector is remarkably steeper in all bands than in the the Galactic diffuse interstellar medium. At optical wavelengths, the larger ratio of total-to-selective extinction, namely Rv = 4.5 +/- 0.2, implies the presence of a grey component in the extinction law, due to a larger fraction of large grains. The extra large grains are most likely ices from supernova ejecta and will significantly alter the extinction properties of the region until they sublimate in 50 - 100 Myr. We discuss the implications of this extinction law for the Tarantula nebula and in general for regions of massive star formation in galaxies. Our results suggest that fluxes of strongly star forming regions are likely to be underestimated by a factor of about 2 in the optical.
Innovation performance in service companies and KIBS vis-à-vis manufacturing: the relevance of absorptive capacity and openness

Purpose – Th e present paper adds to the most recent current of literature that highlights the importance of innovation in services, analyzing a setting – Portugal – which is relatively backward in terms of innovation performance. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a sample of 4128 companies (including 1489 service companies) that answered the Community Innovation Survey 2008, we assessed, by resorting to logistic regressions, the determinants of innovation performance in Portuguese companies. Findings – 1) Workers who have the 1st cycle of higher education have a positive and signifi cant impact on the innovation of service companies whereas PhDs are detrimental to companies’ innovative performance; 2) Companies in the service sector in general, and in KIBS in particular, that eff ectively invest in external and (continuous) internal RD 3) External scientifi c sources of information for innovation are crucial (and much more than in manufacturing) to the innovation performance of service companies, especially of KIBS; 4) Similarly to manufacturing, participation in innovation activities in cooperation with foreign partners appears as a key factor in the innovative performance of service companies. Originality/value – The study demonstrates the influence of companies’ openness and the relative importance attributed to diff erent sources of information for innovation on innovation outcomes of service companies (and KIBS) compared to manufacturing industries.
A PECULIAR FAINT SATELLITE IN THE REMOTE OUTER HALO OF M31

We present Hubble Space Telescope imaging of a newly discovered faint stellar system, PAndAS-48, in the outskirts of the M31 halo. Our photometry reveals this object to be comprised of an ancient and very metal-poor stellar population with age ≳ 10 Gyr and [Fe/H] ≲ −2.3. Our inferred distance modulus (m − M)0 = 24.57 ± 0.11 confirms that PAndAS-48 is most likely a remote M31 satellite with a three-dimensional galactocentric radius of kpc. We observe an apparent spread in color on the upper red giant branch that is larger than the photometric uncertainties should allow, and briefly explore the implications of this. Structurally, PAndAS-48 is diffuse, faint, and moderately flattened, with a half-light radius pc, integrated luminosity MV = −4.8 ± 0.5, and ellipticity . On the size–luminosity plane it falls between the extended globular clusters seen in several nearby galaxies and the recently discovered faint dwarf satellites of the Milky Way; however, its characteristics do not allow us to unambiguously classify it as either type of system. If PAndAS-48 is a globular cluster then it is among the most elliptical, isolated, and metal-poor of any seen in the Local Group, extended or otherwise. Conversely, while its properties are generally consistent with those observed for the faint Milky Way dwarfs, it would be a factor of ∼2–3 smaller in spatial extent than any known counterpart of comparable luminosity.
Partial hominin tibia (StW 396) from Sterkfontein, South Africa

INTRODUCTION The fossil tibia StW 514a from the Sterkfontein Formation, Gauteng, South Africa, is argued to possess ape-like proximal tibial morphology (Berger & Tobias 1996). The specimen is regarded as belonging to an australopith from Member 4, which has been estimated to be 2.4–2.8 Ma (Vrba 1985; Delson 1988; Partridge & Watt 1991; McKee et al. 1995; Kuman & Clarke 2000; Pickering et al. 2004). Berger et al. (2002), in a revision of the Australopithecus-bearing deposits of Sterkfontein, interpreted Member 4 more likely to fall between 1.5–2.5 Ma. These revised age estimates have been refuted by Clarke (2002). StW 514a has a close association with large numbers of cranio-dental remains attributed to australopiths (MoggiCecchi et al. 2006), suggesting a high probability that the tibia should be assigned to this taxonomic group, and most probably to the species Australopithecus africanus (Berger & Tobias 1996). More recently we have analysed another proximal tibial fragment from Member 4 (StW 396) and we find that, in certain functionally important features, this specimen differs from StW 514a. Berger & Tobias (1996) described the convex anteroposterior curvature of the lateral tibial condyle of StW 514a as possibly being associated with a more chimpanzee-like locomotor function when compared to the flatter lateral tibial condyle of A. afarensis. Latimer et al. (1987) have observed that joints become flatter as size increases as a result of a response to increased transarticular loads accompanied by larger body mass. They suggest that variation observed among hominins, both within and between species, reflects size alone rather than function (Latimer et al. 1987). Recently, Organ & Ward (2006) in a detailed study, compared the three-dimensional surface areas of the lateral tibial condyle of humans and apes with those of A. afarensis (A.L. 129b, A.L. 288-1aq, A.L. 333–42, A.L. 333X-26) and A. africanus (StW 514a). Their results neither support the hypotheses that A. africanus and A. afarensis differ in condylar topology or that joint surfaces become flatter with increased transarticular load accompanying increased body size. Organ & Wards’ (2006) arguments are compelling and their methods would have been useful in solving the problem of the StW 396 proximal tibial fragment if a lateral condyle was present. However, the remainder of this specimen appears to vary enough from StW 514a to justify further consideration. Following is a description of StW 396 and a comparison of its morphology with that of StW 514a that highlights the morphological differences between these two specimens. The implications of the differences are discussed, with special reference to the claim of Clarke (1985, 1994, 2009) that two different hominin taxa may possibly be represented in Sterkfontein Member 4.
Stroke in the under-75 S : Expectations , concerns and needs L ’ accident vasculaire cérébral avant 75 ans : attentes et besoins

Most studies of functional outcomes in hemiplegic stroke patients use standard disability rating scales (such as the Barthel Index). However, planning the allocation of assistance and resources requires additional information about these patients’ expectations and needs. Aims of the study. – To assess functional independence in daily living and house holding, changes in home settings, type of technical aid and human helps, and expectations in hemiplegic patients 1 to 2 years after the stroke. Methods. – Sixty-one out of 94 patients admitted to the neurovascular unit of French university hospital for a first-ever documented stroke were consecutively enrolled. The study was restricted to patients under 75, since patients over 75 do not follow the same care network. Patients were examined at their homes or interviewed by phone 17 months (on average) after the stroke. Standard functional assessment tools (such as the Barthel Index and the instrumental activities of daily living [IADL] score) were recorded, along with descriptions of home settings and instrumental and human help. Lastly, patients and caregivers were asked to state their expectations and needs. Results. – Although only one person was living in a nursing home after the stroke, 23 (34%) of the other interviewees had needed to make home adjustments or move home. Seven patients (11%) were dependent in terms of the activities of daily living (a Barthel Index below 60) and 11 (18%) had difficulty in maintaining domestic activities and community living (an IADL score over 10). Although the remaining patients had made a good functional recovery, 23 were using technical aids and 28 needed family or caregiver assistance, including 23 patients with full functional independence scores. Twenty-five patients (42%) were suffering from depression as defined by the diagnosis and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edition, text revision, DSM IV-R). The patients’ prime concerns were related to recovery of independence, leisure activities and financial resources. Family members’ expectations related to the complexity of administrative matters, lack of information and the delay in service delivery. Discussion and conclusion. – In under-75 hemiplegic stroke patients, high scores on standard disability rating scales do not always mean that no help is required. # 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Bioaerosol Concentrations and Size Distributions during the Autumn and Winter Seasons in an Industrial City of Central China

The ambient bioaerosols were measured in PM2.5 and PM10 samples taken in Huangshi City, Hubei Province, China, during autumn and winter from November 2017 to February 2018. Both the bioaerosol number concentration and size distribution (0.37–16 µm) were obtained by direct fluorescent staining coupled with microscopic imaging. The bioaerosol number concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 3.4 # cm–3 for PM2.5 and from 0.17 to 5.7 # cm–3 for PM10, with averages of 0.90 # cm–3 and 1.9 # cm–3, respectively. In terms of particle number, the bioaerosols were dominated by fine particles (0.37–2.5 µm in diameter), with a larger proportion of submicron than supermicron particles. Assuming a unit density of 1 g cm–3 and a spherical shape for the particles, the mass abundances of the bioaerosols were estimated to be 2.4 ± 1.9% and 4.8 ± 3.2% of the PM2.5 and PM10, respectively, as measured by a nearby compliance monitor. Higher bioaerosol concentrations were observed in winter than autumn and on polluted than non-polluted days. During heavily polluted conditions, bioaerosols in the PM2.5 and PM10 were enriched by 6 and 3.7 times, respectively, compared to non-polluted days and contributed up to 15% of the PM10 mass. Rainfall and snowfall appeared to lower the bioaerosol levels. As enhanced emission controls on combustion and dust sources decrease PM levels in China, the bioaerosol fraction in measured PM concentrations will likely increase.