Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Malaria outbreak facilitated by engagement in activities near swamps following increased rainfall and limited preventive measures: Oyam District, Uganda

In April 2019, the District Health Office of Oyam District, Uganda reported an upsurge in malaria cases exceeding expected epidemic thresholds, requiring outbreak response. We investigated the scope of outbreak and identified exposures for transmission to inform control measures. A confirmed case was a positive malaria rapid diagnostic test or malaria microscopy from 1 January—30 June 2019 in a resident or visitor of Acaba Sub-county, Oyam District. We reviewed medical records at health facilities to get case-patients. We conducted entomological and environmental assessments to determine vector density, and identify aquatic Anopheles habitats, conducted a case-control study to determine exposures associated with illness. Of 9,235 case-patients (AR = 33%), females (AR = 38%) were more affected than males (AR = 20%) (p<0.001). Children <18 years were more affected (AR = 37%) than adults (p<0.001). Among 83 case-patients and 83 asymptomatic controls, 65 (78%) case-patients and 33 (40%) controls engaged in activities <500m from a swamp (ORMH = 12, 95%CI 3.6–38); 18 (22%) case-patients and four (5%) controls lived <500m from rice irrigation sites (ORMH = 8.2, 95%CI 1.8–36); and 23 (28%) case-patients and four (5%) controls had water pools <100m from household for 3–5 days after rainfall (ORMH = 7.3, 95%CI 2.2–25). Twenty three (28%) case-patients and four (5%) controls did not sleep under bed nets the previous night (ORMH = 20, 95%CI 2.7–149); 68 (82%) case-patients and 43(52%) controls did not wear long-sleeved clothes during evenings (ORMH = 9.3, 95%CI 2.8–31). Indoor resting vector density was 4.7 female mosquitoes/household/night. All Anopheles aquatic habitats had Anopheles larvae. Weekly rainfall in 2019 was heavier (6.0±7.2mm) than same period in 2018 (1.8±1.8mm) (p = 0.006). This outbreak was facilitated by Anopheles aquatic habitats near homes created by human activities, following increased rainfall compounded by inadequate use of individual preventive measures. We recommended awareness on use of insecticide-treated bed nets, protective clothing, and avoiding creation of Anopheles aquatic habitats.
University of Birmingham Methods Used in Economic Evaluations of Testing and Diagnosis for Ovarian Cancer

Objective: There are multiple tests available which can help diagnose ovarian cancer, and the cost effective analysis of these diagnostic interventions is essential for making well informed decisions regarding resource allocation. There are multiple factors that can impact on the conclusions drawn from economic evaluations including test accuracy, the impact of the testing pathway on patient costs and outcomes, and delays along the ovarian cancer test-treat pathway. The objective of this study was to evaluate how test accuracy, the choice of perspective, and delays along the testing and diagnostic pathway have been incorporated in economic evaluations of testing for ovarian cancer. Method: A systematic review of published literature was undertaken to identify economic evaluations (e.g. cost-effectiveness, cost-utility analysis) focused on testing and diagnosis for ovarian cancer. Results: Seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Six studies incorporated test accuracy and its impact on patients to some extent. Four studies adopted a societal perspective, but only one considered the costs incurred by patients on the testing and diagnosis pathway. Where delays on the testing pathway were incorporated into the analysis, these were frequently due to false negative test results leading to delays in patients accessing treatment. Any anxiety that patients might experience as a result of a positive test was not considered in these studies. Conclusion : The impact on patients of receiving a positive test in terms of anxiety, and the costs incurred by patients having to attend for testing and diagnosis are rarely considered. Delays along the testing and diagnosis pathway can have a major effect on patient outcomes, and it is important that these are acknowledged in economic evaluations focused on testing. Future economic analysis should incorporate these key determinants in order that diagnostic tests for ovarian cancer can be robustly evaluated.
Body mass index and glucose level among type 2 diabetic patients

Background and Aim: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that can affect nearly all organ systems in the body. Obesity and insulin resistance are risk factors for type II diabetes; while the amount of insulin the body produces in obese people is normal, it may not be enough to meet the body's needs. The study aimed to compare glycosylated hemoglobin among obese and non-obese diabetic patients. Method and Material: A case-control study design was conducted on (80) type II diabetic patients who attended Al-Wafaa Specialized Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology by purposive sampling at Mosul city in Northern Iraq for a period extended from 25th December 2021 to 10th February 2022. The estimation of HbA1c was done by using BS230 Mindray. Results: Patients with type II diabetes who are obese exhibit a considerable rise in HbA1c levels, with a mean of (9.50 ± 1.90) compared to (8.10 ± 1.90) in non-obese type II diabetic patients at P-value = 0.002 (t-test =3.191). Conclusions: The HbA1c levels are higher in obese type II diabetes patients than in non-obese diabetic patients.
Representation and invariance of scientific structures

A fundamental reason for using formal methods in the philosophy of science is the desirability of having a fixed frame of reference that may be used to organize the variety of doctrines at hand. This book - distinguished philosopher Patrick Suppes's groundbreaking and essential text - examines how set-theoretical methods provide such a framework, covering issues of axiomatic method, representation, invariance, probability, mechanics and language, including research on brain-wave representations of words and sentences.
Heat tolerance of marine ectotherms in a warming Antarctica

Global warming is affecting the Antarctic continent in complex ways. Because Antarctic organisms are specialized to living in the cold, they are vulnerable to increasing temperatures, although quantitative analyses of this issue are currently lacking. Here we compiled a total of 184 estimates of heat tolerance belonging to 39 marine species and quantified how survival is affected concomitantly by the intensity and duration of thermal stress. Species exhibit thermal limits displaced toward colder temperatures, with contrasting strategies between arthropods and fish that exhibit low tolerance to acute heat challenges, and brachiopods, echinoderms, and molluscs that tend to be more sensitive to chronic exposure. These differences might be associated with mobility. A dynamic mortality model suggests that Antarctic organisms already encounter temperatures that might be physiologically stressful and indicate that these ecological communities are indeed vulnerable to ongoing rising temperatures.
A Chemical Reaction-Fluid Dynamics Coupled Model for Al Reoxidation in Tundish by Open Eye Formation

Reoxidation of liquid steel deteriorates the cleanliness of steel, even though the steelmakers put in a great deal of effort to improve the cleanliness of steel. Reoxidation of the steel can take place at several locations where the refined steel contacts with other phases including air, slag, flux, and refractories. One of the most well-recognized locations is Tundish Open Eye (TOE). Often the tundish flux fails to cover the surface of the steel, and the TOE forms. The liquid steel then contacts with the outer atmosphere so they might interact. [1-5] Among the interactions between the liquid steel and air, the infiltration of O2 gas into the liquid steel and the generation of oxide inclusion are most concerned, as it generates suspending inclusions in the liquid steel. [4,5] Some researchers reported their prediction of the behavior of inclusion via growth and agglomeration, and removal. [68] Also, the others focused on the mechanical movement of inclusions suspending in the liquid steel,[9,10] but those studies are generally insufficient for the quantitative evaluation of inclusions considering the deoxidation reaction. In the present study, a model was developed to predict the reoxidation behavior, in view of alumina inclusion generation due to the TOE by combining chemical reaction and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). This model targets not only to describe the infiltration rate of O2 in the air, but also to foresee the amount of oxide inclusion originating from the reoxidation phenomena.
Gene and lncRNA expression patterns associated with Qfhs.ndsu-3AS Fusarium head blight resistance QTL in durum wheat

Abstract To identify the transcriptional mechanisms underpinning Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance in durum wheat, an RNA-seq comparative transcriptome analysis was conducted on spikes 72 h after inoculation of a resistant line Langdon(Dic-3A)10 and a susceptible cultivar ‘Langdon’. Previously, 14 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mapped in the region of the quantitative trait locus Qfhs.ndsu-3AS, associated with type II resistance to FHB. Here, we focused on the global response of durum wheat to Fusarium graminearum (Fg) infection, identifying the molecular pathways in which DEGs are involved and lncRNAs with roles in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. A set of 921 DEGs was identified using the reference genome of the cultivar ‘Svevo’. Relative to the susceptible cultivar, the resistant line Langdon(Dic-3A)10 showed 452 up-regulated genes and 469 down-regulated genes. Upregulated genes in the resistant line included fungal cell-wall degrading enzymes, transcription factors, and genes involved in kinase signalling, phytohormone pathways, calcium signalling, secondary metabolite biosynthesis and toxin sensitivity. Differentially expressed lncRNAs showed different genome locations: 12 cis intergenic (6 up-regulated in Langdon(Dic-3A)10), 4 trans intergenic (one up-regulated in Langdon(Dic-3A)10), 4 intronic (two up-regulated in Langdon(Dic-3A)10) and 2 putative miRNAs precursors. Possible target genes were predicted for 14 lncRNAs, indicating potential regulative effects on wax and lignin synthesis and ankyrines in the resistant line. In a context where resistance sources against Fg are scarce in durum germplasm, the transcriptomic characterization of a valuable genotype contributes to the understanding of the genetic basis and regulatory network involved in the resistance conferred by Qfhs.ndsu-3AS.
Structural Properties of US Flight Network

We analyse the directed, weighted and evolutionary US flight network, in which vertices are the airports and the flights connecting two airports represent the edges. It is shown that such a network displays two important features recently found in small-world networks. First, the average shortest-path length is 2.4 s, the clustering coefficient of the entire network, 0.618, is greatly larger than that of the random networks with the same N (system size) and ⟨k⟩ (average degree), 0.065. We study the detailed flight information both in a week and on a whole. In both the cases, using the Pareto distributions, we find the degree distributions follow two-segment power laws. The weight distributions have power-law tails with the exponents of around 2, and the clustering coefficient distributions follow linear distributions.
The Epidemiology of Youth Sport-Related Shoulder Injuries: A Systematic Review

Background. Youth around the globe place their shoulders at risk for injury when participating in sports. Shoulder injuries may vary in severity, produce the potential for time-loss from sport, and result in functional disability. We sought to explore sport-related shoulder injuries in youth by identifying injury rates, risk factors, injury mechanisms, and injury prevention strategies. Methods. All relevant full-text articles were identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Sport Discus, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry. No date restrictions were used. All full-text studies reporting original research describing sport-related shoulder injury among female and/or male youth from 5 to 18 years old were included. Results. Of 3,889 studies screened, 97 described shoulder injury in youth sports. Shoulder injuries were identified in 24 unique sports. The median seasonal prevalence of shoulder injury was 10.9% (range 1.2–28.2%). The most common injury mechanisms identified were contacted with another player, contact with the playing environment, and falling to the ground. Risk factors for shoulder injury identified were side-to-side strength imbalances, weak external rotator muscles, and scapular dyskinesia. One study evaluated a successful training strategy to prevent shoulder injuries, but two other interventions demonstrated no effect. Conclusions. Sport-related shoulder injuries are prevalent among youth athletes. Injury risk factors identified included modifiable intrinsic factors such as strength, range of motion, and training load. The most common injury mechanism was direct contact with either another person or an object in the playing environment. Innovative shoulder-specific strategies are needed to reduce shoulder injuries in this population. Trial Registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD42020189142.
Graphene Nanoplatelets-Based Lightweight Flexible Nanocomposites for EMI Shielding Application

Lightweight, flexible, and thin nanocomposite structures providing enhanced electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding in the desired frequency band are required for future generations of curved and bendable electronic devices. The present work deals with designing and developing such types of nanocomposite structures based on 2–8 wt% graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) embedded in the polyurethane matrix. The GNP in the present situation is synthesized through the microwave intercalation technique followed by ultrasonication. It is observed that the 6 wt% of GNP (GNP6) having a density of 0.74 g/cc provides enhanced conductive and dielectric properties in the specified frequency band. The maximum value of total shielding effectiveness (SET) achieved here is 22.11 dB for GNP6 at 0.35 mm thickness. The strength of the proposed flexible structure is ascertained by measuring the SET of GNP6 after mechanically bending it for 500 cycles. The mechanism contributing to the high SET is explained based on their microstructure and frequency-dependent dielectric profile. The SET is numerically analyzed by simulation using the CST microwave studio in 8–18 GHz for broadband electromagnetic shielding application. The fabricated lightweight flexible nanocomposite structures show high EMI shielding, making them appropriate for conformal electronic packaging and thin coating in military and space applications.
The Role of CD40, CD86, and Glutathione S-Transferase Omega 1 in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Objective The aim of the study was to explore the relevance of CD40, CD86, and GSTO1 with the pathogenesis of COPD. Methods Patients with acute exacerbation of COPD were contrasted with the healthy and nonsmoking ones and smoking but without COPD ones. The changes of CD40, CD86, and GSTO1 in the peripheral blood, collected from different groups, were detected by flow cytometry and western blotting, respectively. Results Compared with the nonsmoking group and smoking but without the COPD group, the expression of CD40 and CD86 of the patients with COPD increased significantly, but the expression of GSTO1 decreased. CD40 and CD86 were negatively correlated with FEV1%, while GSTO1 was positively correlated with FEV1% and negatively correlated with CD40 and CD86. Conclusion CD40, CD86, and GSTO1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of COPD, and they are related to the severity of COPD and the degree of changes in the lung function.
Characterizing the extent human milk folate is buffered against maternal malnutrition and infection in drought‐stricken northern Kenya

Abstract Objectives Folate is an essential nutrient fundamental to human growth and development. Human milk maintains high folate content across the maternal folate status range, suggesting buffering of milk folate with prioritized delivery to milk at the expense of maternal depletion. We investigated whether and how the extent of this buffering may diminish under prolonged nutritional and/or disease stress, while taking into consideration infants' varying vulnerability to malnutrition‐related morbidity/mortality. Methods A cross‐sectional study analyzed milk specimens from northern Kenyan mothers (n = 203), surveyed during a historic drought and ensuing food shortage. Multiple regression models for folate receptor‐α (FOLR1) in milk were constructed. Predictors included maternal underweight (BMI < 18.5), iron‐deficiency anemia (hemoglobin <12 g/dl and dried‐blood‐spot transferrin receptor >5 mg/L), folate deficiency (hyperhomocysteinemia, homocysteine >12 or 14 μmol/L), inflammation (serum C‐reactive protein >5 mg/L), infant age and sex, and mother‐infant interactions. Results In adjusted models, milk FOLR1 was unassociated with maternal underweight, iron‐deficiency anemia and inflammation. FOLR1 was positively associated with maternal folate deficiency, and inversely associated with infant age. There was interaction between infant age and maternal underweight, and between infant sex and maternal folate deficiency, predicting complex changes in FOLR1. Conclusions Our results suggest that mothers buffer milk folate against their own nutritional stress even during a prolonged drought; however, the extent of this buffering may vary with infant age, and, among folate‐deficient mothers, with infant sex. Future research is needed to better understand this variability in maternal buffering of milk folate and how it relates to folate status in nursing infants.
Iron Deficiency Anemia and Associated Factors Among Adolescent Girls and Women in a Rural Area of Jatinangor, Indonesia

Background Iron deficiency anemia is a common problem among adolescent girls and women, with significant consequences on personal health. One of the causes of iron deficiency anemia is inadequate nutritional intake. This study explores iron-deficiency anemia and associated factors among adolescent girls and women in a rural area of Jatinangor, Indonesia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 95 adolescent girls and 85 women between April and November 2018. Cluster random sampling was used to select the participants from seven villages in the Jatinangor district. After obtaining informed consent, we collected sociodemographic data, menstrual histories, and related data, including nutritional intake using 24-hour dietary recall. Anthropometrics were gathered to determine the body mass Index (BMI), and venous blood samples were analyzed for complete blood count and hemoglobin levels. Descriptive statistics followed by bivariate and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify anemia-associated factors. Results The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among the girls was 21.1% and 9.4% among women, with an average hemoglobin level in adolescents of 10.75 g/dL (± 0.79) and in adults 11.20 g/dL (± 0.61), whereas MCV was 74.49±8.22 fL in adolescents and 7.61±8.62 fL in adults. The majority of our samples were not stunted in growth and were also within a normal weight range. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that protein intake (OR=0.25; 95% CI 0.11–0.58) was a positively associated factor with anemia. Conclusion The prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia in this study represents a mild public health problem in the study sample. Based on the hemoglobin level, anemia, can be classified as moderate in adolescents and mild in adults. Low levels of MCH indicate iron-deficiency anemia. Sufficient protein intake did not prevent anemia due to macronutrient and micronutrient intake.
Dynamic Maritime Traffic Pattern Recognition with Online Cleaning, Compression, Partition, and Clustering of AIS Data

Maritime traffic pattern recognition plays a major role in intelligent transportation services, ship monitoring, route planning, and other fields. Facilitated by the establishment of terrestrial networks and satellite constellations of the automatic identification system (AIS), large quantities of spatial and temporal information make ships’ paths trackable and are useful in maritime traffic pattern research. The maritime traffic pattern may vary with changes in the traffic environment, so the recognition method of the maritime traffic pattern should be adaptable to changes in the traffic environment. To achieve this goal, a dynamic maritime traffic pattern recognition method is presented using AIS data, which are cleaned, compressed, partitioned, and clustered online. Old patterns are removed as expired trajectories are deleted, and new patterns are created as new trajectories are added. This method is suitable for processing massive stream data. Experiments show that when the marine traffic route changes due to the navigation environment, the maritime traffic pattern adjusts automatically.
Analysis of Visitors’ Satisfaction on the Quality of Omah Salak Agro Tourism Services

The development of the agricultural sector into agro tourism is carried out to realize the desires of people who wish for educational and environment-friendly tourism activities. Omah Salak Agro Tourism provides a variety of reservation packages, culinary packages, and souvenirs of processed zalacca products. Consumer satisfaction to the services is an important factor to be considered. This study aimed to analyze visitor satisfaction with the quality of services including physical evidence, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and care given by Omah Salak Agro Tourism. The study used a case study method with a sample size of 100 respondents. The sampling method used was purposive sampling technique. The measurement scale used was the Likert scale. Data analysis methods used were the customer satisfaction index (CSI), gap analysis, and importance performance analysis (IPA). The results of the analysis showed a CSI value of 77.44%, meaning that overall visitors were satisfied with the service performance at the Omah Salak Agro Tourism. The results of the gap analysis showed the performance <importance with a value of 3.87 <4.33, the average gab was -0.46, meaning that the Omah Salak Agro Tourism service has not met the wishes of the visitors. The results of the IPA analysis showed that the top priority attributes for the improvement of Omah Salak Agro Tourism are the availability of worship facilities, bathroom facilities, adequate parking facilities, timely events, friendly and courteous guides and company staff to make visitors feel safe