Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stimulus Specific to Age-Related Audio-Visual Integration in Discrimination Tasks

Age-related audio-visual integration (AVI) has been investigated extensively; however, AVI ability is either enhanced or reduced with ageing, and this matter is still controversial because of the lack of systematic investigations. To remove possible variates, 26 older adults and 26 younger adults were recruited to conduct meaningless and semantic audio-visual discrimination tasks to assess the ageing effect of AVI systematically. The results for the mean response times showed a significantly faster response to the audio-visual (AV) target than that to the auditory (A) or visual (V) target and a significantly faster response to all targets by the younger adults than that by the older adults (A, V, and AV) in all conditions. In addition, a further comparison of the differences between the probability of audio-visual cumulative distributive functions (CDFs) and race model CDFs showed delayed AVI effects and a longer time window for AVI in older adults than that in younger adults in all conditions. The AVI effect was lower in older adults than that in younger adults during simple meaningless image discrimination (63.0 ms vs. 108.8 ms), but the findings were inverse during semantic image discrimination (310.3 ms vs. 127.2 ms). In addition, there was no significant difference between older and younger adults during semantic character discrimination (98.1 ms vs. 117.2 ms). These results suggested that AVI ability was impaired in older adults, but a compensatory mechanism was established for processing sematic audio-visual stimuli.
Determinants of Ethiopian Agricultural Exports: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis

Although the share of developing countries in international trade has been growing over the last two decades, the share of Africa and Ethiopia in international trade has remained below 3 and 0.3 per cent, respectively. More importantly, despite the colossal effort that has been made by the Ethiopian government to remedy the problem of the export sector over the last two decades, the country has faced a twin deficit: trade deficit and fiscal deficit. As a result, the trade balance of Ethiopia has been worsening through time due to the widening gap between export and import values. Therefore, this study examined the determinants of Ethiopian agricultural exports using the imperfect substitutes’ model as a theoretical framework and system generalised moment method as an analytical model for the period 1998–2018. The regression result of the two-step system generalised moment method showed that gross domestic product, exchange rate, road network, corruption index of Ethiopia, lagged export value, indirect tax revenue and domestic saving are the major determinants of agricultural exports in Ethiopia. However, foreign direct investment and labour force are negatively and significantly related to Ethiopian agricultural exports. Hence, rapid economic growth, currency devaluation, encouraging domestic saving, reducing the tariff on export and better control of corruption would boost Ethiopian agricultural exports. Besides, controlling rapid population growth and directing foreign direct investment to the agricultural sector will also surge Ethiopian agricultural exports.
Temporal Aspects in Air Quality Modeling—A Case Study in Wrocław

Anthropogenic environmental pollution is a known and indisputable issue, and the importance of searching for reliable mathematical models that help understanding the underlying process is witnessed by the extensive literature on the topic. In this article, we focus on the temporal aspects of the processes that govern the concentration of pollutants using typical explanatory variables, such as meteorological values and traffic flows. We develop a novel technique based on multiobjective optimization and linear regression to find optimal delays for each variable, and then we apply such delays to our data to evaluate the improvement that can be obtained with respect to learning an explanatory model with standard techniques. We found that optimizing delays can, in some cases, improve the accuracy of the final model up to 15%.
The smoking-dyslipidaemia dyad: A potent synergistic risk for atherosclerotic coronary artery disease

Background Smoking and dyslipidaemia are known individual risk factors of coronary artery disease (CAD). The present study examined the combined risk of smoking and dyslipidaemia on coronary atherosclerosis. Methods Coronary artery calcium (CAC), measured by cardiac CT, was used to assess the extent of CAD, which was related to smoking and dyslipidaemia using logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, BMI and family history of ischaemic heart disease. Results Seventy-one patients (46 men, 25 women: median age of 53.7yrs; IQR = 47.0–59.5) were recruited. The mean log10 CAC score in never-smokers without dyslipidaemia (reference group) was 0.37 (SD = 0.73), while the value in those with a history of smoking was 0.44 ± 0.48 (mean difference: 0.07, 95%CI:–0.67 to 0.81, p = 0.844), dyslipidaemia was 1.07 ± 1.08 (mean difference: 0.71, 95%CI: 0.24 to 1.17, p = 0.003), and both risk factors was 1.82 ± 0.64 (mean difference: 1.45, 95%CI:0.88 to 2.02, p < 0.001). For individuals in the reference group, the proportions with none, one and multiple vessel disease were 80.6%, 16.1% and 3.2%; for those with a history of smoking or with dyslipidaemia were 50.0%, 25.0% and 25.0%; and for those with both risk factors were 8.3%, 25.0% and 66.7%. Patients with a history of both risk factors had greater adjusted risks of having one- vessel disease - OR = 14.3 (95%CI = 2.1–98.2) or multiple vessel disease: OR = 51.8 (95%CI = 4.2–609.6). Conclusions Smoking and dyslipidaemia together are associated with high coronary artery calcification and CAD, independent of other major risk factors.
Changes in the Properties of Light-Irradiated Wood with Heat Treatment. Part 1. Effect of Treatment Conditions on the Change in Color

Summary The effect of heat treatment on changing the color of light-irradiated wood was investigated. The change in the lightness, ∆L*, of light-irradiated wood with heat treatment was much greater than that of unirradiated wood. The chroma coordinates, ∆a*, of irradiated wood increased with treatment temperature and time. ∆b* decreased after showing a sharp increase with a short period of heat treatment. It is thought that the changes are related to a change in the chemical composition which was accelerated by heat. With low temperature treatment, the color of irradiated wood changed remarkably with high relative humidity. Little change in color was observed with low relative humidity. Therefore, heat and the presence of water accelerated the change in the color of irradiated wood. This treatment is available as a new coloring method.
People Experience Different Emotions from Melancholic and Grieving Music

Two behavioral studies are reported that ask whether listeners experience different emotions in response to melancholic and grieving musical passages. In the first study, listeners were asked to rate the extent that musical passages made them feel positive and negative, as well as to identify which emotion(s) they felt from a list of 24 emotions. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that listeners experience different emotions when listening to melancholic and grieving music. The second study asked listeners to spontaneously describe their emotional states while listening to music. Content analysis was conducted in order to find any underlying dimensions of the identified responses. The analysis replicated the finding that melancholic and grieving music led to different feelings states, with melancholic music leading to feelings of Sad/Melancholy/Depressed, Reflective/Nostalgic, Rain/Dreary Weather, and Relaxed/Calm, while grieving music led to feelings of Anticipation/Uneasy, Tension/Intensity, Crying/Distraught/Turmoil, Death/Loss, and Epic/Dramatic/Cinematic.
Analyzing Response Times and Other Types of Time-to-Event Data Using Event History Analysis: A Tool for Mental Chronometry and Cognitive Psychophysiology

In this Methods article, we discuss and illustrate a unifying, principled way to analyze response time data from psychological experiments—and all other types of time-to-event data. We advocate the general application of discrete-time event history analysis (EHA) which is a well-established, intuitive longitudinal approach to statistically describe and model the shape of time-to-event distributions. After discussing the theoretical background behind the so-called hazard function of event occurrence in both continuous and discrete time units, we illustrate how to calculate and interpret the descriptive statistics provided by discrete-time EHA using two example data sets (masked priming, visual search). In case of discrimination data, the hazard analysis of response occurrence can be extended with a microlevel speed-accuracy trade-off analysis. We then discuss different approaches for obtaining inferential statistics. We consider the advantages and disadvantages of a principled use of discrete-time EHA for time-to-event data compared to (a) comparing means with analysis of variance, (b) other distributional methods available in the literature such as delta plots and continuous-time EHA methods, and (c) only fitting parametric distributions or computational models to empirical data. We conclude that statistically controlling for the passage of time during data analysis is equally important as experimental control during the design of an experiment, to understand human behavior in our experimental paradigms.
Toward Improved Conductivity of Sulfonated Aromatic Proton Exchange Membranes at Low Relative Humidity

Three sulfonated aromatic polymers with different sequence lengths were studied in order to better understand the relationship between molecular structure, morphology, and properties of proton exchange membranes as a function of relative humidity. A random copolymer with a statistical distribution of sulfonic acid groups had very small domain sizes, whereas an alternating polymer with sulfonic acid groups spaced evenly along the polymer chain was found to have larger, but quite isolated, domains. The multiblock copolymer studied herein showed highly phase-separated hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains, with good long-range connectivity. Scanning force microscopy as a function of relative humidity was used to observe water absorption and swelling of the hydrophilic domains in each of the three membranes. The conductivity, water sorption kinetics, and fuel cell performance, especially at low relative humidity, were found to be highly dependent upon the morphology. The multiblock copolymer outperformed both t.
Characterization of ammonioleucite (NH4)[AlSi2O6] and ND4 -ammonioleucite (ND4)[AlSi2O6] using IR spectroscopy and Rietveld refinement of XRD spectra

Abstract Ammonioleucite, (NH4)[AlSi2O6], and its deuterated analogue ND4- ammonioleucite (ND4)[AlSi2O6] have been synthesized in 20−150 mg amounts at 300ºC and 500 MPa in 5 mm wide, 4 cm long Au capsules using Rene’ metal hydrothermal autoclaves. The resultant product consists of 20−30 μm-size single tetragonal crystals as well as 50−100 μm wide clumps of ingrown crystals. Infrared (IR) spectra obtained from powdered samples are assigned on the basis of Td symmetry for both the ammonium and deutero-ammoniumion. They show triply degenerate vibrational bands (i.e. n3 and n4), some overtones, and combination modes from NH+4 and ND4+. While Td symmetry for NH+4 in ammonioleucite is not strictly correct due to distortion of the NH+4 molecule, the non-cubic field is not large enough at room temperature to cause a substantial splitting in the bands. However, this perturbation is documented in the IR spectra by a substantial increase in the FWHH as well as the occurrence of shoulders on the broadened bands. In contrast, at lower temperatures, the observed band splittings in the former triply degenerated states of ν3 and ν4 could be explained by an effective local field with D2 symmetry. Rietveld refinement indicates that ammonioleucite, like leucite, has a tetragonal structure with space group symmetry I41/a. Here the NH+4 molecule replaces the K+ cation on the 8-fold co-ordinated W site, which has m symmetry. Substitution of NH+4 for K+ in the leucite structure results in an increase of the cell parameter a, whereas c is slightly reduced. The mean bond length of ammonioleucite is increased in comparison to leucite from 3.00 to 3.12 A whereas the mean bond length of 1.65 Å remains unchanged. This results in an increase in the volume of the polyhedron hosting the NH+4 molecule as well as a decrease in distortion for structural channels parallel to the <111> direction, formed by the arrangement of the six-fold rings, on which the W cations are located. The same effect is also observed, in general, when Rb+ or Cs+ is substituted for K+ in leucite.
REALIMENTATION OF CULL BEEF COWS. I. LIVE PERFORMANCE, CARCASS TRAITS AND MUSCLE CHARACTERISTICS

The objective of this study was to determine whether culled beef cows fed a high-concentrate diet (FED) would have improved live performance, carcass traits and muscle characteristics compared with forage fed (CON) cows. In addition, ractopamine (RAC) supplementation was evaluated for added benefits over high concentrate alone. Live weight, average daily gain, hot carcass weight, ribeye area, marbling, quality grade and carcass fat measurements increased (P ≤ 0.05) by realimentation. As a percent of hot carcass weight, muscle yields did not differ (P > 0.05). Lipid content increased (P ≤ 0.05) in 5 out of the 10 muscles from FED cows. Cows fed ractopamine showed some numeric improvements over feeding alone, but few statistical differences (P > 0.05). This may result from variability associated with cull cows, and warrants investigation into the best dose/duration for ractopamine. However, realimentation by itself was able to improve cull cow quality. PRACTICAL APPLICATION The U.S. beef industry continues to explore new avenues to enhance undervalued sectors of the production system. Through realimentation, cull cow quality can be improved. The data presented herein demonstrate that feeding a high-concentrate diet to cull cows increases both live and carcass weights. In addition, high concentrate-fed cull cows display more marbling and whiter fat cover than those fed at maintenance level. Qualification for premium programs, heavier weights and overall higher quality may lead to increased value for this underutilized sector of the beef industry.
Endodermal Cysts of the Central Nervous System: Review of the Literature and a Case Report

Context: Endodermal cysts are rare benign developmental cysts lined by mucin-secreting and/or ciliated, cuboidal, or columnar epithelium of probably endodermal origin. Aims: Endodermal cysts are rarely intracranial, frequently located in the posterior fossa. Supratentorial location is the most infrequent and only few cases are reported in the literature, included our case. Settings and Design: The authors report a case of intracranial supratentorial endodermal cyst with a review of the literature. Subjects and Methods: A 40-year-old woman was admitted to our department because of progressive gait disorder for 3 months due to right brachial and crural motor deficit associated to right crural sensory disorder (tactile hypesthesia) and right Babinski response at neurological examination due to an endodermal cyst located in the left frontoparietal convexity. Discussion: Total resection of endodermal cysts is recommended, despite their location and adhesion to the surrounding structures, due to its high risk of recurrence. Fenestration of the cystic content into the subarachnoid cistern may cause obstructive hydrocephalus or chemical meningism. Results: Although rare, surgeons should be aware that these lesions must be differentiated clinically, radiologically, and histologically from other supratentorial cystic lesions.
Community based study of the influence of social class on the prevalence and clinical profile of adolescent facial acne vulgaris

Background: Facial acne vulgaris is the most common disease of the skin in adolescents. In Nigeria, studies of the prevalence of adolescent facial acne vulgaris, lesion type and distribution, and influence of social class on prevalence are few. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of adolescent facial acne vulgaris, clinical characteristics, and the influence of social class on this prevalence. Methods: This was a community-based cross-sectional study. One thousand and seventy-nine students from four secondary schools (two private and two public) were assessed. Students were clinically examined for facial acne vulgaris, and acne severity was graded. A structured questionnaire for sociodemographic variables was administered to the students. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16. Results: One thousand and seventy-nine students were studied; 52% were male, and 47.9% were female. The students were aged 9–20 years with a mean age of 14 ± 2.1 years. The prevalence of facial acne vulgaris was found to be 53.2%. More females (56.7%) had acne than males (50%), the prevalence was found to increase from 28% in the 9–11 years age group to 71.1% in the 18–20 years age group and more prevalent in adolescents from the high social class (60.7%). The severity of acne was mild in 67.2%, moderate in 28.9%, and severe in 4.9%. Conclusion: Prevalence of adolescent facial acne vulgaris increases with age, more prevalent in adolescents from a high social class. Male gender, age, a family history of acne, and previous treatment of acne contribute to the severity of acne.
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Study of a Monomolecular Water Layer on Octahedral and Tetrahedral Kaolinite Surfaces

The structure and dynamics of a monomolecular water layer on the octahedral and tetrahedral surfaces of the kaolinite layer have been investigated using short-time ab initio molecular dynamics. The arrangement and the structure of the water layer differ significantly on both surfaces. On the octahedral side the water layer forms relatively strong hydrogen bonds with the surface hydroxyl groups. This interaction significantly influences the layout of the water molecules in this case. On the other hand, the water molecules on the tetrahedral surface have the tendency to aggregate, forming hydrogen bonds among themselves. Only weak hydrogen bonds with the basal oxygen atoms of the tetrahedral surface are formed. Thus, the octahedral and tetrahedral surfaces of the kaolinite layer are of different chemical nature and can be considered as hydrophilic and hydrophobic, respectively.
Nonlinear stability, rupture, and morphological phase separation of thin fluid films on apolar and polar substrates

The total free energy (per unit area) of a thin film on a substrate depends on the film thickness, and the apolar (Lifshitz-van der Waals) and polar (acid-base) spreading coefficients for the system. The free interface of the film becomes unstable and deforms when the second derivative of the free energy (i.e., force per unit volume) is negative. The film stability, kinetics of surface deformation, and the resulting morphology are investigated based on numerical solutions of a nonlinear, dynamic equation for the film thickness. A true rupture of the film always occurs when both the apolar (SLW) and polar (SP) components of the spreading pressure, S are negative; i.e., the equilibrium contact angle of the corresponding macroscopic drop is finite. However, the true time of rupture evaluated from the nonlinear formalism may be several orders of magnitude larger or smaller than the results of the linear stability analysis, depending on the mean film thickness, relative magnitudes of the apolar and polar forces, and amplitude and wavelength of initial perturbations. When one of the components of the total force is repulsive (either SLW or SP is positive), the film breakup occurs only if some localized, narrow regions of the film develop sufficient pent-up kinetic energy to penetrate the (positive) force barrier. Failing this, the thin film undergoes a "morphological phase separation," where nanodrops of the fluid attain equilibrium with relatively flat thin films. Some of the interesting observations that emerge are: (a) Films thicker than a certain critical thickness show true breakup, whereas thinner films may merely undergo a morphological phase separation, but a true dewetting of the substrate does not occur; (b) a thin film may be unstable to the extent of rupturing, even when a macroscopic drop of the same system is predicted to be completely wetting from the Young equation; and (c) a thin film may be stable despite a finite contact angle for the corresponding macrodrop. The underlying physics of observations is constructed by selective use of numerical simulations. Comparisons with predictions of the linear theory reveal that the latter fails, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in accounting for the stability and dynamics of thin films.
Analysis between Retromandibular and Periangular Transmasseteric Approach for Fixation of Condylar Fracture - A Prospective Study

Introduction: Condylar fractures make up for an average of 17.5%–52% of all mandibular fractures. The aim of the present study was to compare the ease, success, and complications between retromandibular and periangular transmasseteric approaches when used for open reduction and internal fixation of condylar fractures. Materials and Methods: A total 20 cases with condylar fracture, ten each for retromandibular and periangular transmasseteric approach, were included in the study. Patients were evaluated at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. Postoperative occlusion, maximum mouth opening, range of movement, facial nerve function, visibility, convenience of plating, and time taken for exposure, fixation, and closure were recorded. Incidence of complications such as wound dehiscence, wound infection, hematoma, sialocele formation, Frey's syndrome, and hypertrophic scars were also evaluated. Results: The mean exposure time in the retromandibular approach was 10 min 31 s and 9 min 17 s in the periangular transmasseteric approach. The incidence of facial nerve injury was 2 of 10 patients in the retromandibular group and 3 of 10 patients in the periangular transmasseteric group, all of which resolved within 6 months. The incidence of sialocoele was 2 of 10 in the retromandibular group. The time taken for exposure of the fracture site was statistically significant between the two approaches (P = 0.048) with longer time required for retromandibular approach. Discussion: It can be summarized that both the approaches are comparable and well suited for surgical management of condylar fractures. It was observed that in displaced condylar neck fractures, greater difficulty was experienced in the periangular transmasseteric approach than the retromandibular approach.