Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determining the Relative Contributions of Runoﬀ and Coastal Processes to Flood Exposure across the Carolinas during Hurricane Florence

Estimates of ﬂood inundation from tropical cyclones (TCs) are needed to better understand how exposure varies inland and at the coast. While reduced-complexity ﬂood inundation models have been previously shown to eﬃciently simulate the drivers of TC ﬂooding across large regions, a lack of detailed validation studies of these models, which are being applied globally, has led to uncertainty about the quality of the predictions of inundation depth and extent and how this translates to exposure. In this study, we complete a comprehensive validation of a reduced-complexity hydrodynamic model (SFINCS) for simulating pluvial, ﬂuvial, and coastal ﬂooding. We hindcast Hurricane Florence (2018) ﬂooding in North and South Carolina, USA using high-resolution meteorologic data and coastal water level output from an ocean recirculation model (ADCIRC). We compare modeled water levels to traditional validation datasets (e
No detectable inﬂuence of the carbonate ion effect on changes in stable carbon isotope ratios ( � 13 C) of shallow dwelling planktic foraminifera over the past 160 kyr

Laboratory experiments showed that the isotopic fractionation of � 13 C and of � 18 O during calcite formation of planktic foraminifera are species-speciﬁc functions of oceanic CO 2 � 3 -concentration. This effect became known as the carbonate ion effect (CIE), whose role during the interpretation of marine sediment data will be investigated here in an in-depth analysis of the 13 C cycle. For that effort we compiled new 160 kyr-long mono-speciﬁc stacks of changes in both � 13 C and � 18 O from either the planktic foraminifera G. ruber (rub) or T. sacculifer (sac) from 112 and 40 non-polar marine records, respectively. 5 Both mono-speciﬁc time series �( � 13 C rub ) and �( � 13 C sac ) are very similar to each other and a linear regression through a scatter plot of both data sets has a slope of ⇠ 0.99 — although the laboratory-based CIE for both species differ by nearly a factor of two, implying that they should record distinctly different changes in � 13 C , if we accept that the carbonate ion concentration changes on glacial/interglacial timescales. For a deeper understanding we use the global carbon cycle model BICYCLE-SE to calculate how surface ocean CO 2 � 3 should have varied over time in order to be able to calculate the potential 10 corrections which would follow the laboratory-based CIE. Our simulations are forced with atmospheric reconstructions of CO 2 and � 13 CO 2 derived from ice cores to obtain a carbon cycle which should at least at the surface ocean be as close as possible to expected conditions and which agrees in the deep ocean in the carbon isotope of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), � 13 C DIC , with reconstruction from benthic foraminifera. We ﬁnd that both �( � 13 C rub ) and �( � 13 C sac ) agree better with changes in simulated � 13 C DIC when ignoring the CIE than those time series which where corrected for the CIE. The combination of 15 data-and model-based evidence for the lack of a role for the CIE in �( � 13 C rub ) and �( � 13 C sac ) suggests to us that the CIE as measured in laboratory experiments is not directly transferable to the interpretation of marine sediments records. We hypothesise that both foraminifera species can optimise their light environments via vertical motion and therefore calcify
Implications of governance structures on urban climate action: Evidence from Italy and Spain

Cities are widely recognised as being pivotal to fight climate change. Cities magnify the drivers of climate change, experience the impacts and also concentrate the highest room for action. Given the 70% of the global emissions that cities are responsible for, national governments are unable to meet their international commitments for addressing mitigation and adaptation without the action and cooperation of cities. In turn, the capacity of local governments to address climate change is largely determined by the institutional architecture within which they are integrated. As a result, the relationship between the different arenas of authority and the integration of cities in national and international networks is considered critical in shaping the global capacity to govern climate change. This work aims to understand how multi-level climate governance and alliances of cities (national and international) are influencing the climate change capacity and performance of municipalities. This has been done by focusing on two national contexts of the European Union, Italy and Spain, in which climate policy, multi-level governance frameworks, the effects of the national and international networks of cities, and the climate response of cities are analysed through an extensive review of scientific and grey literature, and institutional documents. The results concur with existing literature on the importance of constructing collaborative multi-level climate frameworks at the national scale, that fully integrate the local level, in order to support cities to develop consistent climate action and raise awareness of the responsibility they have in this policy field.
A radiative-convective model computing precipitations with the maximum entropy production hypothesis.

What do we need to compute the pertinent variables for climate? Some highly detailed models exist, called Earth System Models, where all the relevant components of climate are present: the atmosphere, the ocean, the vegetation and the ice sheets. As many as possible phenomena are represented, and for accuracy, there are two ways of doing it. The ﬁrst is to solve dynamics equations with a grid size as small as possible. This method induces high economic and computational costs. The second 5 method is to compute the sub-grid processes with smart parameterizations adapted to the grid size. This method induces a massive amount of parameterizations. Some simpler models exist, e.g. 1D radiative-convective model, but like the other models, they use parameterizations. For example, to compute the material energy ﬂuxes provoked by temperature gradients, one may use a Fourier law, saying that energy ﬂuxes are locally proportional to temperature gradients. While this law has a well-deﬁned parameter value at the microscopic scale, the parameter needs to be better deﬁned for the climate scale. More 10 than that, the button for this parameter can be turned to
Three-Dimensional Structure of the Wind-Driven Circulation in the Subtropical North Pacific

Abstract The subduction rate is calculated for the North Pacific based on Levitus climatology data and Hellerman and Rosenstein wind stress data. Because the period of effective subduction is rather short, subduction rates calculated in Eulerian and Lagrangian coordinates are very close. The subduction rate defined in the Lagrangian sense consists of two parts. The first part is due to the vertical pumping along the one-year trajectory, and the second part is due to the difference in the winter mixed layer depth over the one-year trajectory. Since the mixed layer is relatively shallow in the North Pacific, the vertical pumping term is very close to the Ekman pumping, while the sloping mixed layer base enhances subduction, especially near the Kuroshio Extension. For most of the subtropical North Pacific, the subduction rate is no more than 75 m yr−1, slightly larger than the Ekman pumping. The water mass volume and total amount of ventilation integrated for each interval of 0. 2σ unit is computed. The corre.
Deriving a long paleoseismic record from a shallow-water Holocene basin next to the Alpine fault, New Zealand

A sedimentary sequence that was highly sensitive to fault rupture–driven changes in water level and sediment supply has been used to extract a continuous record of 22 large earthquakes on the Alpine fault, the fastest-slipping fault in New Zealand. At Hokuri Creek, in South Westland, an 18 m thickness of Holocene sediments accumulated against the Alpine fault scarp from ca. A.D. 800 to 6000 B.C. We used geomorphological mapping, sedimentology, and paleoenvironmental reconstruction to investigate the relationship between these sediments and Alpine fault rupture. We found that repeated fault rupture is the most convincing mechanism for explaining all the features of the alternating peat and silt sedimentary sequence. Climate has contributed to sedimentation but is unlikely to be the driver of these cyclical changes in sediment type and paleoenvironment. Other nontectonic causes for the sedimentary alternations do not produce the incremental increase in basin accommodation space necessary to maintain the shallow-water environment for 6800 yr. Our detailed documentation of this near-fault sedimentary basin sequence highlights the advantages of extracting paleoearthquake records from such sites—the continuity of sedimentation, abundance of dateable material, and pristine preservation of older events.
Long-term ecological and biodiversity monitoring in the western Himalaya using satellite remote sensing

The IPCC in its Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) described the Himalayan Region as data-deficient in terms of climate monitoring. This is a serious impediment to global research initiatives and thus necessitates long-term ecological monitoring (LTEM) across the Himalaya. Being governed by low temperature conditions, the high-altitude regions in Himalaya are more responsive to changing environmental conditions and hence serve as better indicators. We identified few Protected Areas (PAs) and selected forest core area and ecotones along the temperate, sub-alpine, alpine and cold desert ecosystems in Himachal Pradesh to establish a network of permanent monitoring plots (PMPs). Land and vegetation cover map of three selected PAs has been prepared using Landsat TM satellite data. Among the 10 PMPs, the temperate and tree line forests in the GHNP were found to have the highest tree diversity with Taxus wallichiana showing good stand density and regeneration. The soil pH was found to be higher for cold desert and lower for tree line forests and alpine meadows. Soil total carbon and nitrogen contents ranged from 1.08% to 13.37% and 0.094% to 1.14% respectively. It was observed that the herbs diversity showed a positive trend with increasing soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations. Satellite remote sensing proves to be a useful tool in an LTEM study, including biodiversity assessment and climate change research in complex terrains such as the Himalaya.
Societal Risks in SMEs: The Current Covid-19 Pandemic Perspective

: This paper is focused on the global risks and its categories faced by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). World Economic Forum (WEF) has monitored as well as emphasized major global risks and categorized them into five main factors that are; societal, economic, geopolitical, environmental and technological. Therefore, a literature review was conducted to identify the most studied risks in SMEs and it was found that the societal risks received minor attention, particularly in pandemic perspective. Currently, SMEs are massively vulnerable to the pandemic outbreak of Corona 2019 (Covid-19) as it is now called. This study has discussed the impacts of this pandemic on SMEs and how the SMEs should manage this crisis.
Strength and deformation characteristics of shredded rubber tire - sand mixtures

The volume of scrap tires, an undesired urban waste, is increasing every year. One of the possible alterna- tives for this waste is to use shredded tires alone or mixed with soil as a lightweight backfill. This paper presents the results of triaxial tests on compacted shredded rubber tire - sand mixtures. The tests were carried out with different mixing ratios of shredded rubber tires and sand. With an increasing proportion of sand in the mixture, the density, unit weight, and shear strength of the mixture increased, but the compressibility decreased. The dilatancy characteristics of shredded rubber tires mixed sand were relatively similar to a cohesionless material and can be explained within a criti- cal state framework. A proposed constitutive model broadly captures the strength and deformation characteristics of a shredded rubber tire - sand mixture at different mixing ratios. Resume : Les pneus de rebut constituent un residu urbain indesirable dont le volume s'accroit chaque annee. Un des usages possibles de ce residu est l'utilisation des pneus dechiquetes seuls ou melanges avec le sol comme remblai le- ger. Cet article presente les resultats d'essais triaxiaux sur les pneus de caoutchouc dechiquetes melanges ou non avec du sable. Les essais ont ete realises avec differents rapports de melange de pneus de caoutchouc dechiquetes et de sable. Avec une portion croissante de sable dans le melange, la densite et le poids volumique du melange ont aug- mente, mais la compressibilite a diminue et la resistance au cisaillement a augmente. Les caracteristiques de dilatance des pneus de caoutchouc avec un melange de sable ont ete relativement similaires a un materiau pulverulent et peuvent etre expliquees dans le cadre d'un etat critique. Un modele constitutif tel que propose peut englober en gros les carac- teristiques de resistance et de deformation d'un melange de pneus de caoutchouc dechiquetes et de sable a divers rap- ports de melange. Mots cles : pneus de caoutchouc dechiquetes, essai triaxial, modele constitutif. (Traduit par la Redaction) Youwai and Bergado 264
Solid-state NMR reveals a structural deviation from cellulose Ibeta in bacterial cellulose

Solid-state 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for identifying the various polymorphs of cellulose, for example quantifying the proportions of cellulose I α and I β polymorphs in the crystalline domains of various native celluloses. While marine invertebrate animals known as tunicates produce nearly pure cellulose I β , solid-state NMR reveals that bacterial cellulose is dominated by the I α polymorph, but also has additional signals arising from a secondary crystalline form that are normally attributed to cellulose I β . However, in this paper we show that the 13 C chemical shifts and correlation patterns in 2D NMR spectra for this secondary crystalline form in bacterial cellulose are not the same as those found in cellulose I β spectra reported for tunicate cellulose. In order to reach this conclusion, it was necessary to ensure all spectra were correctly set to the same chemical shift scale. In doing so, it became apparent there were spectral features for bacterial cellulose that were entirely consistent with previously reported spectra of bacterial cellulose but did not match those of the I β polymorph found in tunicate cellulose. Through a careful and detailed analysis of the 1D and 2D NMR spectra of three 13 C-enriched bacterial cellulose samples, two sets of correlated 13 C chemical shifts for this secondary crystalline form were identi�ed. The fact that these chemical shifts and correlation patterns are different than those of tunicate cellulose suggests that there exists some sort of structural deviation from the I β polymorph in bacterial cellulose since the 13 C NMR spectrum closely resembles, but is not identical to, the 13 C spectrum of the I β polymorph found in tunicate cellulose.
Examining the Effect of Different Solvents on Fatty acid Profile and Nutritional Properties of Oil Extracted from TWO Wild almond Species of Amygdalus Scoparia and Amygdalus Lycioides

In the present study, we examined the effect of changing different solvents in the process of extracting oil from two species of wild almond: Amygdalus Lycioides (A.Ly) and Amygdalus Scoparia (A.Sc). The effect of these changes on the profile of fatty acids and their nutritional value was further investigated. These almonds were collected from some regions of Kohgiluyeh Province, Iran. The level of total unsaturated fatty acids (TUFA) in the extracted oils was more than 89%, which included oleic acid and linoleic acid. The highest level of unsaturated fatty acids belonged to palmitic acid and stearic acid. In the present study, three types of solvents, including hexane, diethyl ether, and petroleum ether, were used in the process of oil extraction from almond kernels. The effect of these solvents alone and the interaction effect on the extraction process of fatty acid profiles were examined. The nutritional quality indices such as atherogenic (AI), thrombogenic (TI), and hypocholesterolemic:hypercholesterolemic FA ratio (HH) were also calculated in differtent solvent extraction procedures. The process of extracting oil from almond A.Ly with the help of petroleum ether (100%) solvent showed the lowest amount of AI (0.05) and TI (0.15). In this regard, the highest amount of HH (17.32) was observed in the same extraction process. In the present study, the best solvent for the extraction of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids was identified and the iodine value was determined for each process. Selecting a suitable solvent for the selective extraction of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and specifying indices for assessing the nutritional value of oils may be conducive to producing high-quality almond oil in the future .
Primary Hyperparathyroidism [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]

Over the past several generations, primary hyperparathyroidism (PHTP) has undergone a change in its clinical presentation in many countries from a symptomatic disease to an asymptomatic one. The reasons for this change in clinical presentation are related to the widespread use of biochemical screening tests, to the measurement of PTH more routinely in the evaluation of metabolic bone disease and to the status of vitamin D sufficiency in the population. Along with recognition of a broader clinical spectrum of disease, including a more recently recognized normocalcemic variant, has come an appreciation that the evaluation of classic target organs that can be affected in PHPT, such as the skeleton and the kidneys, require more advanced imaging technology for complete evaluation. It is clear that even in asymptomatic patients, evidence for microstructural disease in the skeleton and calcifications in the kidneys can be demonstrated often. Potential non-classical manifestations of PHPT related to neurocognition and the cardiovascular system continue to be of interest. As a result of these advances, revised guidelines for the management of asymptomatic PHPT have been recently published to help the clinician determine whether surgery is appropriate or whether a more conservative approach is acceptable.
BRONZE AGE AND EARLY SAXON ACTIVITY AT DAGENHAM HEATHWAY, LONDON BOROUGH OF BARKING AND DAGENHAM

SUMMARY Excavations by Pre-Construct Archaeology Ltd in advance of development of a former school playing field at Dagenham Heathway, in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham, revealed prehistoric archaeology, dominated by two phases of Late Bronze Age activity. This comprised a series of ditched fields with possible stock management elements, which was superseded by an enclosed settlement containing three roundhouses. The site was not reoccupied again until the Early Saxon period, when a different type of agrarian settlement was established. During either the Middle or Late Saxon period the site was abandoned and another series of field ditches was laid out.
Changes in Mechanical Properties of Fabrics Made of Standard and Recycled Polyester Yarns Due to Aging

Over the years, the demands on the durability and quality of polyester fabrics used for sportswear have increased, as these fabrics contribute to athletes’ performance. At the same time, the use of recycled polyester material is increasingly being promoted for environmental reasons. This study focused on investigating the properties of standard and recycled polyester fabrics before and after aging according to the developed aging protocol. The surface morphology, thickness, elongation at break, force at break, bursting force, mass loss due to abrasion and moisture management of the fabrics were tested. The results showed that the aging process had no influence on the surface changes in the fabrics. More specifically, there were neither surface cracks on the fibre surface nor chemical changes. The highest decrease in force at break for standard polyester fabrics with elastane was up to 26%, and up to 15% for fabrics made of recycled polyester. The loss of mass due to abrasion was greater for recycled polyester than for standard polyester fabrics. The average ability of the fabrics to absorb moisture decreased by up to 23% after aging, while the wetting time increased by up to 30%, with the highest increase observed in recycled fabrics.
Seamless Seafloor Topography Determination From Shallow to Deep Waters Over Island Areas Using Airborne Gravimetry

We study the role of airborne gravimetry for seamless bathymetry modeling over the Paracel Islands in the northern South China Sea (SCS) and investigate the possibility of using Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) data and Satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB) to evaluate bathymetry models over shallow waters. We use ICESat-2 data for training Sentinel-2 imagery and derive the SDB data with a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of 0.29–0.50 m, which is lower than 10% of the maximum depths. The local bathymetry is modeled by using a modified version of the S&S bandpass filter, and a partition-wise scheme is applied for determining the scaling factors. Numerical experiments verify the feasibility of using ICESat-2 and SDB data to assess bathymetry models. By utilizing the airborne gravity data, the fit between the computed bathymetry and the SDB data is significantly improved, by 18.7%–58.0% over different shallow waters compared with recently released bathymetry models. The bathymetry predicted from the airborne data has also higher performance in deep water areas, which performs best in all these depth ranges from 500 to 3000 m. In comparison with the existing models, the RMSEs of the misfits between the computed bathymetry and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration depths are reduced by tens to hundreds of meters in different depth ranges. Our study highlights that using airborne gravimetry for bathymetry modeling over island areas is advantageous, in both shallow and deep waters, and that ICESat-2 and SDB data can largely alleviate the lack of in situ depths over shallow waters.
The (Un)Scalability of Informed Heuristic Function Estimation in NP-Hard Search Problems

The A* algorithm is commonly used to solve NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. When provided with a completely informed heuristic function, A* can solve such problems in time complexity that is polynomial in the solution cost and branching factor. In light of this fact, we examine a line of recent publications that propose fitting deep neural networks to the completely informed heuristic function. We assert that these works suffer from inherent scalability limitations since — under the assumption of NP ̸⊆ P/poly — such approaches result in either (a) network sizes that scale super-polynomially in the instance sizes or (b) the accuracy of the fitted deep neural networks scales inversely with the instance sizes. Complementing our theoretical claims, we provide experimental results for three representative NP-hard search problems. The results suggest that fitting deep neural networks to informed heuristic functions requires network sizes that grow quickly with the problem instance size. We conclude by suggesting that the research community should focus on scalable methods for integrating heuristic search with machine learning, as opposed to methods relying on informed heuristic estimation.