Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exclusion probabilities for single‐locus paternity analysis when related males compete for matings

The statistical power of single‐locus paternity analyses has previously been assessed by calculating an expected exclusion probability (E), the probability of excluding a randomly chosen nonfather. This E‐statistic assumes that putative sires are a random selection of individuals from a panmictic study population. In species that display male natal philopatry, closely related individuals may be the principal competitors for paternity. In such structured populations, the E statistic will overestimate exclusion probability because males competing for paternity are more closely related than males chosen randomly from the population. A suite of loci thought to be sufficient for a panmictic population may frequently incorrectly assign paternity to close relatives of true sires. This study provides equations for calculating the expected probability of excluding a close male relative of the genetic sire (Erel) for any genotyping system that uses codominant markers. We also describe the use of Monte Carlo modelling to estimate exclusion probabilities when multiple male relatives compete for paternity. We show that the utility of a set of codominant markers will depend on the breeding behaviour and social system of the species in question.
Improved Seed Production of Goldstriped Amberjack Seriola lalandi under Hatchery Conditions by Injection of Triiodothyronine (T3) to Broodstock Fish

Survival of the seed of goldstriped amberjack Seriola lalandi was consistently enhanced by intramuscular injection of triiodothyronine (T3) to the broodstock fish at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. Survival rates at the time of transfer to net cages (35 d after hatching) were 2.6–5.0% for the T3 treatment while only 0.3–2.1% for the control. Survival rates 36 mo after hatching was estimated to be 12 times higher in the T3-treated group (1.1%) than in the control (0.09%). T3 concentration in newly spawned eggs increased from control levels of 0.3–1.0 ng/g to 68–127 ng/g 2 d after injection and subsided with successive spawns. T3 concentration in the treated larvae was about 360 times higher than in the control upon hatching (29 np/p vs 0.08 ng/g), but became indistinguishable from the control 6 d after hatching. These results indicate injection of T3 to the broodstock of S. lalndi to be of practical value in aquaculture of the species.
Poverty Status and Factors Affecting Household Poverty in Southern Punjab: An Empirical Analysis

The strategies expected to mitigate poverty tend to identify factors that are closely related to poverty and that could have influenced the policy implications. A household level data was collected to examine the poverty status and factors affecting poverty in Southern Punjab. A logistic regression technique was employed for the present analyses. The findings show that age and education of the household head, own house, spouse participation, remittances, number of earners in the household and physical assets reduces the probability of being poor in Southern Punjab. However, large household size, occupation in the primary sector, high dependency ratio and mental disability are associated with an increased probability of being poor in Southern Punjab. Government should adopt effective policy measures to generate employment and encourage the attainment of education for the poor households for the mitigation of poverty in this region.
ENHANCEMENT OF COLOUR FUNDUS IMAGES USING HISTOGRAM MATCHING

A new method to enhance the visual appearance of blood vessels in colour fundus images is presented. This method is based on combining the information from both red and green channels of colour images instead of using the intensity information from only one of these channels. The histogram matching is used to match the histogram of the green channel with the histogram of the red channel to obtain the advantages of both channels. This method can be used to enhance the retinal images either for human interpretation or as a pre-processing step in the automatic analysis of retinal images. Although the advantages of our method can be easily discerned by comparing the three images (red, green channels, and histogram matched image) visually, we evaluate the proposed method using a database of 20 images publicly available [1] to compare the effect of using the intensity information extracted from red, green, or both channels on the detection of the blood vessel network in retinal images. Results show that the use of the histogram matched image instead of the green channel image gives better results when using the two-dimensional matched filter introduced in [2].
Formation of Annuli in Otoliths of Bluegills

Abstract Hatchery-spawned bluegills Lepomis macrochirus were reared in controlled laboratory conditions to evaluate the effects of water temperature, photoperiod, and feeding rates on opaque and translucent band formation in otoliths. Opaque bands were associated with periods of slow growth, and translucent bands were associated with periods of fast growth. Marginal increments (translucent bands distal to opaque bands) formed at 22°C or higher water temperatures. Although opaque bands formed, no marginal increments formed when water temperature was below 22°C. Fish exposed to a cycle of warm water (≥22°C), cool water (<17°C), and warm water formed a second opaque band and marginal increment. Opaque bands and marginal increments formed in bluegill otoliths at similar temperatures in outdoor tanks, in two lakes, and in the laboratory. Opaque bands also were induced by changes in photoperiod and feeding rate; however, the effects of photoperiod and feeding rate were inconsistent, and the opaque bands formed .
Composition of fish communities in German lakes as related to lake morphology, trophic state, shore structure and human‐use intensity

Summary 1. Previous comparative analyses of fish communities in European lakes have mainly focused on the response of community composition to eutrophication. In addition, frequently only one or two lake habitats have been sampled. 2. Here, we present fish community data from 67 lakes in north-east Germany. Fish abundance was estimated in littoral, benthic and pelagic habitats from which a composite parameter indicating lake-wide relative species abundances was derived. This parameter was used in group comparisons and non-metric ordination procedures to explore, among 40 lake habitat descriptors sampled, those most important in structuring community composition. 3. Fish community composition was mainly determined by maximum and mean depth, chlorophyll a content and lake volume. The impact of anthropogenic alterations of shore structure and human-use intensity of lakes were of minor importance. The dominant fish species were vendace Coregonus albula, perch Perca fluviatilis, smelt Osmerus eperlanus and several cyprinids (roach Rutilus rutilus, bream Abramis brama, white bream Abramis bjoerkna and bleak Alburnus alburnus). 4. A response of relative species abundance to lake productivity could be demonstrated for small perch, ruffe and bream. However, when the relationship between lake morphology and productivity was controlled for, differences in species abundances were not longer attributable to differences in productivity, but to maximum lake depth. 5. This suggests that there are two distinct fish community types in Germany, namely the cold-water community with vendace and perch inhabiting deeper lakes, and the warm-water cyprinid community inhabiting more shallow lakes. The previously established conceptual model of a community succession from salmonids through perch to cyprinids with increasing eutrophication is hence not continous, but includes a switch between two lake and fish community types.
Seasonal accumulation of ultraviolet-B screening pigments in needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)

Conifer needles are highly effective in screening ultraviolet-B radiation (280–320 nm). This ability is mainly attributed to the presence of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in the epidermal tissue. In two field cabinet experiments with two different clones of Norway spruce we assessed the seasonal accumulation of UV-B screening pigments under near-ambient, and close-to-zero UV-B irradiation. At the beginning of needle development, i.e. in June, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside was the dominant UV-B screening pigment. It was replaced during needle differentiation by the more effective diacylated flavonol glucosides, particulary kaempferol 3-O-(3",6"-O-di-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside, which reached highest concentrations in July. In addition to the soluble pool of diacylated flavonol glucoside derivatives, a cell wall-bound UV-B screen in the epidermal cell walls was formed during needle differentiation, consisting mainly of p-coumaric acid and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside. An effect of UV-B radiation on the accumulation of diacylated flavonol glucosides was only observed in 1996 with clone 2, when the concentrations of kaempferol 3-O-(3",6"-O-di-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside were significantly higher in July and August under field, and near-ambient than under close-to-zero UV-B irradiance. For wall-bound p-coumaric acid and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside UV-B radiation enhanced the concentrations of these compounds by approximately 20% in relation to the concentrations in close-to-zero UV-B-treated plants in both field cabinet experiments.
Water Uptake by Different Regions of the Barley Root. Pathways of Radial Flow in Relation to Development of the Endodermis

The water uptake by different lengths of lateral roots and 1-0 cm or 5-0 cm lengths of the seminal axes from different regions of the root were measured in potometers with the shoot in air at two humidity regimes. A model of the contribution by these different regions of the root to the total water absorption by the plant agreed well with measurements of water uptake by the whole root system. According to this model, about one half of the water taken up by the main axis came from the older suberized regions further than 10 cm from the tip, and together with its associated lateral roots this region provided 75% of the total water transpired. The development of State III endodermal cells was correlated with decreases in both the water uptake by the older regions of the root and the translocation of calcium. Thus in the younger regions of the root where water uptake is maximal, the flow of water is principally apoplastic although there is also likely to be flow via the symplast. Despite a 43% difference in transpirational demand between the two humidity treatments, the leaf water potentials remained constant, implying a change in root resistance. This change in resistance might be explained if there were an apoplastic pathway within the suberin lamellae of State III endodermal cells. The response to the increased transpirational demand is met by the older regions of the root, in particular by the zone of lateral emergence where an apoplastic pathway is known to exist as the Casparian band in the endodermis breaks down with the emergence of the lateral roots.
Photosynthesis: Limited Yields, Unlimited Dreams

In the process of photosynthesis, light energy is transformed into chemical potential energy. In all photosynthetic organisms except bacteria, the final products are molecular oxygen and reduced organic carbon. The partial reactions can be conceptually divided into two categories-'photo" and "synthetic. " The photochemical reactions split water into its elements; oxygen is released into the atmosphere, and the hydrogen is retained in a useful form as reduced nicotiamide adenine dinucleotide (NADPH). During this transit of the reducing equivalent from H20 to NADP, additional light energy is conserved in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In the dark "synthetic" reactions, CO2 is taken up from the atmosphere and reduced at the expense of the light-generated NADPH and ADP.
firm‟s future profitability, and that accounting information helps to reduce information asymmetries between management and investors. FR leads to both a decrease in the expected future earnings and an increase in the cost of equity

682 Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication Retrieval Number: F11260986S319/2019©BEIESP DOI: 10.35940/ijeat.F1126. 0986S319 Abstract: This study examines the relationship between financial restatement and firm value in Malaysian public listed firms. In addition, it assesses the moderating effects provided by corporate governance mechanisms on the relationship of financial restatements and firm value. The study covers the period 2009-2015 and involves 142 public listed companies in Bursa Malaysia with financial restatements. The findings reveal that financial restatements do adversely impact firm value and that financial restatements negatively and significantly affect firm value. In terms of moderating variables, we find that the interaction between financial restatement and family ownership is negatively associated with firm value. In addition, this study also finds that the interaction between financial restatement and institutional ownership is positively and significantly associated with firm value. In conclusion, in the Malaysian context, this study establishes that financial restatement has a negative impact on firm value.
The ecology of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on is lands

Ants are nearly ubiquitous on islands. Species may re ch oceanic islands by three mechanisms: (1) mati ng flights of reproductives, (2) rafting, and (3) human-assisted di spersal. Past land bridge connections may be import ant for continental shelf islands. Patterns of species accumulation may be similar even when primary mechanisms of dis persal differ. Colonizing propagules are limited primarily by the p r sence of suitable habitat and interspecific compe tition or predation from other ants. Although island area is usual ly significant predictor of species richness, the diversity of habitat types is often a better predictor. Distance, or iso lati n, has often been found to be only a weak pred ictor of ant species richness, probably because many islands that have b een studied are not very distant relative to most s pecies' dispersal abilities. Interspecific competition appears to res ult in mutually exclusive distributions within isla nds for some of the more aggressive species, although the effects of ha bitat affinities have not been well studied. With t he exception of very small islands, competition does not appear to resul t in exclusions of species from entire islands, and robust patterns of nestedness have been observed. Populations go extin ct from and immigrate to small islands in ecologica l time, although such turnover appears to be relatively low compared with other arthropods. Only a few archipelagoes, h owever, have been the focus of turnover studies. Some species may rea ch xtremely high population abundances on islands but ubsequently decline. The exact mechanisms underlying these popu lation fluctuations are not known with certainty, a lthough the presence of honeydew-producing insects has often be associated with the most dramatic cases. Endemic ity varies greatly and ranges from 0 to > 96%, peaking at inte rmediate distances in the Pacific and reaching the highest levels on islands in the Indian Ocean. Anthropogenic disturba nces appear to present the greatest driver of chang e to insular ant communities and result in increasing numbers and ab undances of exotic ant species, which may have dele terious effects on the rest of the community.
Immunohistochemical and Morphometrical Studies on the Distribution of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)-immunoreactive Cells in the Chicken Intestine

The distribution of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-containing endocrine cells was investigated in the chicken intestine by using imunohistochemical and morphometrical techniques. GLP-1-immunoreactive cells were mainly distributed in the whole jejunum and ileum, and rarely found in ascending duodenum, but not in other intestinal regions. These cells had pyramidal or spindle-like shape and a cytoplasmic process reaching to the intestinal lumen. In jejunum immunoreactive cells were mainly observed in the middle part of villi, and in ileum they were mainly found in the lower part of villi and crypts. The frequencies of occurrence of GLP-1-immunoreactive cells in the proximal, middle and distal jejunum were 16.69±7.47, 22.06±10.13 and 35.88±15.17, respectively (cell numbers per mucosal area : cells/mm2, mean±SD), and those in the proximal, middle and distal ileum were 41.37±15.05, 53.84±17.57 and 73.12±18.46. There were significant differences between two adjacent regions in jejunum and ileum of small intestine. These data shows that GLP-1-immunoreactive cells are distributed more densely in the distal small intestine, and GLP-1 may play an important role in this intestinal region.
Energy and protein requirement of yearling Thai native cattle

Four experiments were conducted at Ubon Ratchathani University and Khon Kean Animal Feed Research Center during 2006-2009. The summary results of each experiment are as follow. Experiment 1, study on protein requirement for maintenance of yearling Thai native cattle. It was found that the daily N requirement for maintenance (Y = 0 or N retention = 0) Y = -0.1101 + 0.1582 N intake (R = 0.92, SE = 0.002, P<0.05). From the regression, it can be estimated that the N requirements for maintenance of yearling Thai native cattle was 0.70 gN/kgBW/d or equivalent to 4.36 gCP/kgBW /d, Experiment 2, study on nutritive value of Mulato II and 15 hybrid Brachiaria grasses. The results showed that Mulato II grass is high quality forage. The top five of hybrid Brachiaria grasses ranked were BR02/1718, BR02/1485, BR02/1794, BR02/1423 and BR02/0768, respectively. Experiment 3, study on nutrients digestibility and energy content of Mulato II. The results found that dry matter intake was 1.54% BW or 64.6 g/kgBW. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF and TDN were 60.9, 64.1, 53.0, 63.1 and 58.8%, respectively. Nitrogen retention was 11.4 g/d and ME content was 8.18 MJ ME/kg DM. Experiment 4, study on energy requirement for growth of yearling Thai native cattle. In the feeding trial, the cattle were fed 3 different levels of energy above requirement for maintenance (M) for 84 days, (T1 = 1.3 M, T2 = 1.6 M and T 3 = 1.9 M). The results showed that the average daily gain (ADG) was 0.61, 0.73 and 0.85 kg/d and feed conversion ratio was 3.40, 3.64 and 3.86, respectively. The metabolizable energy intake (MEI) estimated by simple linear regression was MEI (kJ/kgBW/d) = 311.7 + 34.92 (ADG).
Ethnopharmacological Survey and Physiological Evaluation of Nutritional and
Phytochemical Contents of Indigenous Plants Used for Treatment of Toothache and Mouth Odour in Ijebu Ode Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria

The use of herbs for improvement of oral hygiene is increasing in many communities in Nigeria despite the usage of other dental care products. On the basis of this the present study was conducted to assess indigenous plants used to manage dental condition and mouth odour and to evaluate nutritional, phytochemicals and antinutrient content of the plants. A survey was conducted to document plants used for treatment of toothache and mouth odour in Ijebu-Ode Local Government Area. Using random sampling technique, a total of one hundred structured questionnaire was administered to Traditional Health Practitioners in three major markets of the study area. Nutritional, phytochemical and anti-nutrient contents of most used plants were evaluated. Data were analyzed using Statistical Analysis System. Means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at 5% level of significance (p < 0.05). A total of twenty-three (23) plants belonging to sixteen families were enumerated out of which Capsicum frutescens, Piper guineense fruits and Zanthoxylum zanthoxloides roots were the most exploited for management of the conditions. Crude fibre (8.86 %), fat (1.12%) and ash contents (4.73%) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in Z. zanthoxloides roots while moisture (25.75 %) was significantly higher (p <0.05) in C. frutescens fruits. Calcium (192.10 mg/100g), phosphorus (108.50 mg/100g), sodium (51.33 mg/100g), iron (4.85 mg/100g), Zinc (3.94 mg/100g), manganese (1.15 mg/100g) and copper (2.12 mg/100g) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in Z. zanthoxloides roots compared C. frutescens and P. guineense fruits. Vitamin A (600.00 μ/100g), vitamin B (0.07.00 mg/100g), vitamin C (94.54 mg/100g) and vitamin E (720.00) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in C. frutescens than Z. zanthoxloides and P. guineense. Results also showed that tannin (6.40 %), oxalate (30.00%), phytate (0.40%) and trypsin inhibitor (20.00 %) were significantly higher in frutescens than Z. zanthoxloides roots. Similar significant (p<0.05) increase were observed in the quantity of flavonoid (3.25%), saponnis (1.30%), phenol (0.60%) and anthocyaninns (0.23%) in Z. zanthoxloides compared with C. frutescens and P. guineense.
Metabolism of Carotenoids in Salmonids. Part 3. Metabolites of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in the skin of atlantic salmon (salmo salar, L.)

Diets supplemented with astaxanthin and canthaxanthin, respectively, and a control diet without carotenoid additions, were fed to 1½-year-old Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L.) for one year. The integuments were investigated as to their quantitative and qualitative carotenoid composition. Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin deposited in the skin amounted to 20 and 14% of the total carotenoids only. Seventy % must be considered as metabolites of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin and 10% as basic xanthophylls also present in the control groups. Astaxanthin apparently underwent the following metabolic pathway: astaxanthinidoxanthinadonixanthinzeaxanthinzeaxanthin 5,6-epoxides. Reduction of the 4′-carbonyl group was stereospecific leading to the (4′R)-idoxanthin. Canthaxanthin was obviously converted to β,β-carotene via 4′-hydroxyechinenone, echinenone, and 4-hydroxy-β,β-carotene.
Gold and Trade: An empirical simulation approach

The network externalities from international trade to the choice of exchange rate regimes have been invoked to explain the rise of the classical gold standard. In particular, gravity regressions have consistently shown large trade gains for countries on the same monetary regime (especially gold). However, causality probably runs in both directions, since more open economies would have a greater incentive to adopt stable exchange rate regimes, especially if they traded more with other countries already on gold. This raises an endogeneity issue for which conventional identification methods are not suitable. This paper uses empirical network analysis to model the co-evolution of trade and exchange rate regimes. Preliminary results suggest that the network externalities from trade were indeed strong and conditioned the choice of monetary regimes. The monetary regime of trade partners also influenced the configuration of each country’s trade network. However, common monetary standards per se did not increase the likelihood that two countries traded, contrary to the existing estimates in the literature. Early stage work *Please do not cite without permission*