Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Examination of various-order adjoint-based approximations of observation impact

The necessity, and potential implications, of considering higher-than-first-order approximations of the impact of observations on numerical weather forecasts are investigated. In particular, clarification is sought on issues raised by ERRICO (2007) concerning the interpretation of an adjoint-based measure of observation impact developed by LANGLAND and BAKER (2004). Various-order adjoint-based approximations of observation impact are examined in this context using adjoint versions of the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) atmospheric data assimilation system. Attention is given to examining the effects of nonlinearity on partial sums used to estimate the impact of particular subsets of observations, and especially whether contributions to these sums from observations outside a particular subset might cloud their interpretation. It is shown that higher-than-first-order accuracy (in terms of innovations) is required to capture adequately the impact of observations measured by the change in an energy-based metric of forecast error. When accounting for the impact of the entire set of observations, the error of the first-order approximation is roughly four times larger than that of the second- or third-order approximations. Just as importantly, no substantial evidence is found to suggest that nonlinear approximations of the impacts of selected subsets of observations, in this case corresponding to specific satellite and conventional observing systems assimilated in GEOS-5, are altered in any discernible way by cross terms with different observation types. An explanation for this is offered based on the relative contributions from linear and nonlinear terms in these approximations.
Information Theory Opens New Dimensions in Experimental Studies of Animal Behaviour and Communication

Simple Summary An information theory approach provides new methods for experimental studying and analysis of animals’ communication and behavioural sequences. One of the main problems in studying animal behaviour at different levels of the organisation, from individual to collective behaviour, is searching for a reliable criterion for evaluating the variability and complexity of patterns. The data-compression method based on ideas of Kolmogorov complexity allows us to spot regularities that are difficult to detect otherwise, and that can influence the complexity of behavioural sequences. The information-theory approach allows for a comparative analysis of ethograms and provides a quantitative way to distinguish between innate and experienced behaviour. This approach is focused on studying natural communications by measuring information transmission rates without attempting to decode signals. It has made it possible, in particular, to discover the existence of a developed symbolic “language” in leader-scouting ant species, based on the ability of these ants to transfer abstract information about remote events. Abstract Over the last 40–50 years, ethology has become increasingly quantitative and computational. However, when analysing animal behavioural sequences, researchers often need help finding an adequate model to assess certain characteristics of these sequences while using a relatively small number of parameters. In this review, I demonstrate that the information theory approaches based on Shannon entropy and Kolmogorov complexity can furnish effective tools to analyse and compare animal natural behaviours. In addition to a comparative analysis of stereotypic behavioural sequences, information theory can provide ideas for particular experiments on sophisticated animal communications. In particular, it has made it possible to discover the existence of a developed symbolic “language” in leader-scouting ant species based on the ability of these ants to transfer abstract information about remote events.
Bright Molecular Strain Probe Templates for Reporting Protein–Protein Interactions

Imaging protein–protein interactions (PPIs) is a hot topic in molecular medicine in the postgenomic sequencing era. In the present study, we report bright and highly sensitive single-chain molecular strain probe templates which embed full-length Renilla luciferase 8.6-535SG (RLuc86SG) or Artificial luciferase 49 (ALuc49) as reporters. These reporters were deployed between FKBP-rapamycin binding domain (FRB) and FK506-binding protein (FKBP) as a PPI model. This unique molecular design was conceptualized to exploit molecular strains of the sandwiched reporters appended by rapamycin-triggered intramolecular PPIs. The ligand-sensing properties of the templates were maximized by interface truncations and substrate modulation. The highest fold intensities, 9.4 and 16.6, of the templates were accomplished with RLuc86SG and ALuc49, respectively. The spectra of the templates, according to substrates, revealed that the colors are tunable to blue, green, and yellow. The putative substrate-binding chemistry and the working mechanisms of the probes were computationally modeled in the presence or absence of rapamycin. Considering that the molecular strain probe templates are applicable to other PPI models, the present approach would broaden the scope of the bioassay toolbox, which harnesses the privilege of luciferase reporters and the unique concept of the molecular strain probes into bioassays and molecular imaging.
Holistic Analysis of Conformal Antennas Using the Cylindrical TLM Method

The impact of deformations on wearable antenna performance has been analyzed both experimentally and computationally. The reported results have been inconsistent and often contradictory. This article highlights how the choice of computational mesh, namely, cubic and curvilinear cylindrical mesh, applied to the problem of a cylindrically bent antenna can affect the results and subsequent conclusions. Deploying both meshes within the same time-domain numerical algorithm means that the differences in results can only be attributable to the discretization method used. Finally, a cylindrical mesh is used to further characterize the impact of bending on antenna resonant frequency, bandwidth, and radiation pattern. Bending in both E- and H-plane is considered.
Reducing the Ionospheric Contamination Effects on the Column O/N2 Ratio and Its Application to the Identification of Non‐Migrating Tides

Prior investigations have attempted to characterize the longitudinal variability of the column number density ratio of atomic oxygen to molecular nitrogen ( Σ ${\Sigma }$ O/N2) in the context of non‐migrating tides. The retrieval of thermospheric Σ ${\Sigma }$ O/N2 from far ultra‐violet (FUV) emissions assumes production is due to photoelectron impact excitation on O and N2. Consequently, efforts to characterize the tidal variability in Σ ${\Sigma }$ O/N2 have been limited by ionospheric contamination from O+ + e radiative recombination at afternoon local times (LT) around the equatorial ionization anomaly. The retrieval of Σ ${\Sigma }$ O/N2 from FUV observations by the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) provides an opportunity to address this limitation. In this work, we derive modified Σ ${\Sigma }$ O/N2 datasets to delineate the response of thermospheric composition to non‐migrating tides as a function of LT in the absence of ionospheric contamination. We assess estimates of the ionospheric contribution to 135.6 nm emission intensities based on either Global Ionospheric Specification (GIS) electron density, International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model output, or observations from the Extreme Ultra‐Violet imager (EUV) onboard ICON during March and September equinox conditions in 2020. Our approach accounts for any biases between the ionospheric and airglow datasets. We found that the ICON‐FUV data set, corrected for ionospheric contamination based on GIS, uncovered a previously obscured diurnal eastward wavenumber 2 tide in a longitudinal wavenumber 3 pattern at March equinox in 2020. This finding demonstrates not only the necessity of correcting for ionospheric contamination of the FUV signals but also the utility of using GIS for the correction.
Relations in Categories

This thesis investigates relations over a category C relative to an (E,M)-factorization system of C. In order to establish the 2-category Rel(C) of relations over C in the first part we discuss sufficient conditions for the associativity of horizontal composition of relations, and we investigate special classes of morphisms in Rel(C). Attention is particularly devoted to the notion of mapping as defined by Lawvere. We give a significantly simplified proof for the main result of Pavlovic, namely that C ' Map(Rel(C)) if and only if E ⊆ RegEpi(C). This part also contains a proof that the category Map(Rel(C)) is finitely complete, and we present the results obtained by Kelly, some of them generalized, i. e. , without the restrictive assumption that M ⊆ Mono(C). The next part deals with factorization systems in Rel(C). The fact that each set-relation has a canonical image factorization is generalized and shown to yield an (Ē, M)-factorization system in Rel(C) in case M ⊆ Mono(C). The setting without this condition is studied, as well. We propose a weaker notion of factorization system for a 2-category, where the commutativity in the universal property of an (E,M)-factorization system is replaced by coherent 2-cells. In the last part certain limits and colimits in Rel(C) are investigated. Coproducts exist in Rel(C) and are given as in C provided that C is extensive. However, finite (co)completeness fails. Finally we show that colimits of ω-chains do not exist in Rel(C) in general. However, it turns out that a canonical construction with a 2-categorial universal property exists if C has well-behaved colimits of ω-chains. For the case E ⊆ Epi(C) we give a necessary and sufficient condition that forces our construction to yield colimits of ω-chains in Map(Rel(C)).
A Test for Extreme Value Domain of Attraction

Abstract A simple statistic is proposed to test the hypothesis that a sample comes from a distribution in the domain of attraction of the Gumbel distribution. It is based on the top k order statistics and is a generalization of the Shapiro–Wilk goodness-of-fit statistic. The critical region of the test and its power against the alternative that the sample comes from a distribution in another domain of attraction are studied theoretically and by simulation. The power turns out to be superior to that of other tests previously proposed.
Small-Scale Structure of the Circumstellar Gas around the Very Young Outflow-Driving Source L483-FIR

A remarkable young stellar object in L483 numbers among the fewer than a dozen known youngest protostars, those with "class 0" spectral energy distributions. We report high angular and spectral resolution images of bright NH3(1,1) and NH3(2,2) line emission arising from the molecular gas near this object. Along the ridge of dense gas traced by the NH3 (1,1) emission there is a velocity gradient of ~4 km s-1 pc-1. We also report images of dust emission at λ450 μm and λ850 μm. The images correspond well over scales of thousands of AU. Near the star, however, the ammonia map corresponds in detail more closely with an image taken at λ3. 4 μm than to the submillimeter images in that absorption in the near infrared corresponds to an emission deficit in the ammonia maps. In the region of the deficit, the ammonia (1,1) line displays high optical depths, and its velocity is blueshifted relative to nearby gas and to other molecular lines emanating from the region. We offer a specific model incorporating infall from the surrounding core onto the region within 3000 AU of the protostar.
Examples of motion trapped modes in two and three dimensions

The term “motion trapped mode” (MTM) was introduced by Phil McIver at the 20th Worskhop to distinguish it from the conventional trapped mode describing the local oscillation of a fluid around a fixed body in an unbounded fluid. An example of an MTM is the motion which can occur in the Venice gates as described by C.C. Mei at the 19th Workshop. He showed that a persitent free motion of N buoyant bottomhinged gates could occur in the absence of a incident wave field. In McIver & McIver (2006) two conditions are provided which must be satisfied for an MTM to exist at a given frequency in either two or three dimensions. First the wave damping should vanish at that frequency and secondly, the inertia forces, involving the body’s inertia (including its added inertia) should balance any spring restoring force such as the hydrostatic force at the same frequency. Phil went on to use an inverse method devised originally by Maureen McIver (1996) in producing examples of fixed body trapped modes, to construct a pair of ‘mirror image’ surface-piercing cylindrical sections (cylinders, for short) in two dimensions which exhibited the phenomenon of an MTM in heave motions at a particular frequency. The idea was also extended to produce an example of a partly immersed axisymmetric MTM. If such a body, or pair of cylinders in two dimensions, were displaced initially from equilibrium and then released, they would ultimately settle down into a continuing harmonic oscillation at that frequency. Of course in practice viscous damping, neglected in the theory, would ensure a slow decay in time. In this paper we present three examples of bodies exhibiting MTMs, two in two dimensions including, as far as we are aware, for the first time an example involving submerged cylinders, and one in three dimensions being an axisymmetric heaving motion. In contrast to the inverse methods used to date, each of the examples involve simple geometrical shapes and the search for MTMs was prompted by heuristic arguments.
A Reconfigurable FeFET Content Addressable Memory for Multi-State Hamming Distance

Pattern searches, a key operation in many data analytic applications, often deal with data represented by multiple states per dimension. However, hash tables, a common software-based pattern search approach, require a large amount of additional memory, and thus, are limited by the memory wall. A hardware-based solution is to use content-addressable memories (CAMs) that support fast associative searches in parallel. Ternary CAMs (TCAMs) support bit-wise Hamming distance (HD) based searches. Detecting the HD of vectors with multiple states per dimension (i.e., multi-state Hamming distance (MSHD)) can be implemented on TCAMs with one-hot encoding, but requires one TCAM cell per state, leading to a higher area, latency, and energy overhead. We propose a Ferroelectric FET (FeFET)-based multi-state CAM design, MHCAM, which implements MSHD searches in a dense FeFET-based memory array. MHCAM only uses <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lceil log_{2} s \rceil ~2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>FeFET CAM cells to represent <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$s$ </tex-math></inline-formula> states or symbols per dimension, and can be reconfigured to 2-bit/4-bit/6-bit/8-bit dimensions. A low-cost sensing circuit with matchline voltage scaling technique is introduced to perform both exact match and threshold match. We use DNA and protein pre-alignment filtering as application case studies to evaluate the application-level benefit of MHCAM. DNA and protein pre-alignment filtering achieve <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3.8\times /4.7\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> speedup and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.7\times /1.8\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> energy improvement compared with the state-of-the-art 2FeFET TCAM-based implementation.
A Novel Insertion in the Hepatitis B Virus Surface Protein Leading to Hyperglycosylation Causes Diagnostic and Immune Escape

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health threat. Mutations in the surface antigen of HBV (HBsAg) may alter its antigenicity, infectivity, and transmissibility. A patient positive for HBV DNA and detectable but low-level HBsAg in parallel with anti-HBs suggested the presence of immune and/or diagnostic escape variants. To support this hypothesis, serum-derived HBs gene sequences were amplified and cloned for sequencing, which revealed infection with exclusively non-wildtype HBV subgenotype (sgt) D3. Three distinct mutations in the antigenic loop of HBsAg that caused additional N-glycosylation were found in the variant sequences, including a previously undescribed six-nucleotide insertion. Cellular and secreted HBsAg was analyzed for N-glycosylation in Western blot after expression in human hepatoma cells. Secreted HBsAg was also subjected to four widely used, state-of-the-art diagnostic assays, which all failed to detect the hyperglycosylated insertion variant. Additionally, the recognition of mutant HBsAg by vaccine- and natural infection-induced anti-HBs antibodies was severely impaired. Taken together, these data suggest that the novel six-nucleotide insertion as well as two other previously described mutations causing hyperglycosylation in combination with immune escape mutations have a critical impact on in vitro diagnostics and likely increase the risk of breakthrough infection by evasion of vaccine-induced immunity.
Evaluation of endotracheal intubations in the emergency department of a tertiary care facility

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the performance of emergency department intubations for 1 year. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. The collected variables were patient demographics, indication for intubation, preintubation hemodynamics, preoxygenation methods, medications used for premedication, induction and paralysis, type of laryngoscope used, Cormack-Lehane (C-L) grades, number of intubation attempts, and peri-intubation adverse events. RESULTS: A total of 194 patients were included. The median age of the population was 66.5 years (53.75–79); 61.9% of the patients were male. The majority of the patients were intubated due to medical conditions. The main indication for endotracheal intubation was respiratory failure in 38.6% of the patients. Preoxygenation before intubation was performed in 87.2% of the patients. Fifty-eight percent of the population were hemodynamically stable before the intubation. Fentanyl was the agent used for premedication, induction agents of choice were ketamine and midazolam, and rocuronium was the neuromuscular blocking agent. The C-L grades 1 and 2 were detected in 87.6% of the patients. The first-pass success rate was 72.8%. The peri-intubation adverse events were mainly hypotension and desaturation observed in 82 (42%) patients. The patients with higher C-L grades needed more intubation attempts (P < 0.001). Peri-intubation adverse events were associated with the increased number of intubation attempts (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This and similar studies or an airway registry on a national level may help improve the quality of service given and delineate the deficiencies of the airway-related procedures in the emergency department.
Global and Regional Characteristics of Radially Outward Propagating Tropical Cyclone Diurnal Pulses

The radially outward propagating, cloud top cooling, diurnal pulse (DP) is a prominent feature in tropical cyclones (TCs) that has important implications for changes in TC structure and intensity. By using an objective identification algorithm, this study characterizes DPs over various ocean basins and examines their environmental conditions and convective structures. DPs occur on 52% of TC days globally and the occurrence frequency exhibits significant regional variability. The Northwest Pacific (NWP) has the highest DP frequency (60%) and shares the largest fraction of DPs worldwide (34%). The median duration and propagation distance of DPs are 12–15 hr and 500–600 km, respectively. Although the mean propagation speed of DPs is 11–13 m s−1, persistent DPs (lasting >15 hr) mostly propagate at speeds similar to internal inertial gravity waves (5–10 m s−1). Additionally, the longer the pulse duration, the stronger the pulse amplitude. Further, most DPs initiate in the inner core overnight, in phase with inner‐core deep convection. Inner‐core cold clouds, precipitation, and lightning are all markedly enhanced on DP days compared to non‐DP days. Interestingly, the DP signal significantly weakens and becomes slower while propagating through the 200–400‐km annulus during 09–12 local time (LT). Finally, DPs are more likely to occur over warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs), in low shear, and with a moist mid‐to‐upper troposphere. SST plays an important role in DP development over all basins, while shear and humidity are less important in the Northeast Pacific (NEP) and North Atlantic (NA) basins.
Inflammatory Markers in Women with Infertility: A Cross-Sectional Study

Purpose Infertility is highly correlated with inflammation. We sought to evaluate the independent relationships between each inflammatory marker in women with infertility. Patients and Methods This cross-sectional study included 1028 infertile patients who were hospitalized at Jining Medical University between January 2016 and December 2022. NLR and PLR were the independent and dependent variables measured at baseline, respectively. Age, body mass index (BMI), and menstrual status were covariates. Based on BMI, the study population was split into two groups: Low-BMI and High-BMI. Results A stratified analysis revealed that the overweight group had significantly higher levels of WBC, platelet count, lymphocyte count, neutrophil count and NLR. Comparing the overweight group to the normal weight group, the levels were noticeably higher in the overweight group. Significantly positive correlations between NLR and PLR were found in both univariate and multiple regression analyses. Conclusion There was a significant positive correlation between NLR and PLR in infertility patients. These results will help in the search for biomarkers of infertility and in the development of infertility prediction models.
Long-term outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft with or without surgical ventricular reconstruction in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction

Background Patients with chronic myocardial infarction (MI) and severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction have poor clinical outcomes. This study aimed to determine whether coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) with surgical ventricular reconstruction (SVR) leads to further improvement in long-term patient outcomes compared with isolated CABG (I-CABG). Methods From April 2010 to June 2013, 140 consecutive patients with chronic MI and severe LV dysfunction who received contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CE-CMR) within 1 month before surgery were enrolled in this study. The cardiovascular events (CVEs) and long-term survival of patients who underwent CABG and SVR were compared with those who met the criteria for SVR but received I-CABG. Results A total of 140 patients were included in the final analysis, including 70 patients who underwent CABG and SVR and 70 patients who underwent I-CABG. No differences were observed in the baseline characteristics, LV function, and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) between the two groups. CABG+SVR patients experienced a longer cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time (116.0±35.0 vs. 100.2±23.8 minutes, P=0.002) and ventilation time [median (interquartile range): 22.0 (17.0, 37.0) vs. 20.0 (15.0, 24.0) hours, P=0.019] than I-CABG patients. During a mean follow-up of 123.1±12.7 months (range, 102–140 months), the CABG+SVR group had fewer rehospitalizations for congestive heart failure (CHF) (4.3% vs. 19.1%, P=0.007), but no statistical difference in the mortality rate was observed (2.9% vs. 4.4%, P=0.987). The cumulative CVE-free survival rate was significantly higher in CABG+SVR patients (87.0% vs. 67.6%, P=0.007). Conclusions Our findings indicated that patients with chronic MI and severe LV dysfunction experienced similar perioperative outcomes after CABG+SVR or I-CABG. However, the CABG+SVR group resulted in fewer rehospitalizations for CHF and a higher cumulative CVE-free survival rate.