Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measuring the Impact of Climate Change on Indian Agriculture

The set of studies in this report explores farm performance across climates in India. The goal of the study is to examine farm behavior and test if there is any evidence that farmers in developing countries, such as India, currently adjust to their local climates. The reported studies measure the climate sensitivity of low-capital agriculture. They test whether actual farm performance is as sensitive to climate as agronomic models predict assuming no adaptation.
Glacier mass balance in southern norway modelled by circulation indices and spring‐summer temperatures ad 1781–2000

Abstract By stepwise regression analysis the accumulation, ablation, and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) were modelled by circulation indices and spring‐summer temperature on six Norwegian glaciers (Ålfotbreen, Nigardsbreen, Rembesdalsskåka, Storbreen, Hellstugubreen and Gråsubreen). The circulation indices were derived from a gridded monthly mean sea level pressure (MSLP) data set, whereas temperature series were derived from instrumental and proxy data. Analyses showed that accumulation on the western glaciers was strongly related to western airflow perpendicular to the main mountain range releasing precipitation on the glaciers. No other airflow variable significantly improved the regression. For the continental glaciers, circulating air in connection with low pressure systems was also found to be important. This may explain the lack of synchronicity in the glaciers' development in southern Norway during the Holocene. Accumulation was better modelled using the MSLP data set than by using the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index as predictor. The decadal variations of accumulation, ablation, and ELA were analysed by a Gaussian low pass filter. The well‐known abundant accumulation on Norwegian glaciers during the early 1990s turned out to be unprecedented during the entire series (since 1781), whereas the accumulation of the 1960s has not been lower since the early 19th century according to model results. Ablation increased significantly from the mid‐19th century to the 1930s. The ablation maximum during the 1930s has not yet been exceeded. Also the 1930s show extremely high ELA values.
A hydrologic‐economic modeling approach for analysis of urban water supply dynamics in Chennai, India

In this paper, we discuss a challenging water resources problem in a developing world city, Chennai, India. The goal is to reconstruct past system behavior and diagnose the causes of a major water crisis. In order to do this, we develop a hydrologic‐engineering‐economic model to address the complexity of urban water supply arising from consumers' dependence on multiple interconnected sources of water. We integrate different components of the urban water system: water flowing into the reservoir system; diversion and distribution by the public water utility; groundwater flow in the aquifer beneath the city; supply, demand, and prices in the informal tanker‐truck‐based water market; and consumer behavior. Both the economic and physical impacts of consumers' dependence on multiple sources of water are quantified. The model is calibrated over the period 2002–2006 using a range of hydrologic and socio‐economic data. The model's results highlight the inadequacy of the reservoir system and the buffering role played by the urban aquifer and consumers' coping investments during multiyear droughts.
Murihiku Supergroup (Triassic—Jurassic) of Southland and South Otago

Abstract The name “Murihiku Supergroup” is proposed for those rocks, in general of older Mesozoic age, which overlie the Permian Bryneira, Productus Creek, Arthurton, and Kuriwao Groups in the Southland Syncline and underlie the erosion surface on which Cretaceous and Tertiary beds were deposited with major unconformity. North Etal and Taringatura Groups are introduced; North Range and Wairuna Peak Groups are given formal status. All are included in the Murihiku Supergroup.
Rapid detection and characterization of large earthquakes using quasi‐finite‐source Green's functions in continuous moment tensor inversion

Large earthquakes along subduction zones have the potential to generate tsunamis along local coasts, as well as traveling far across oceans. By continuously inverting for moment tensors we show that it is possible with a single procedure to automatically detect, locate and determine source parameters of any earthquake, from magnitude 3.5 to larger than 8 located in both the near‐ and far‐field. We find that the detection and characterization of large earthquakes is improved when quasi‐finite‐source Green's functions are used in a point‐source moment tensor approach as they represent to some extent the rupture's finiteness and directivity. Solutions can be obtained within several minutes after the origin time of the earthquake, and could therefore be used as part of a near‐source tsunami early warning system, capable of providing tens of minutes of possible warning depending on the distance of the earthquake rupture from the coast.
Heating experiments simulating atmospheric entry heating of micrometeorites: Clues to their parent body sources

Abstract— Depending on their velocity, entry angle and mass, extraterrestrial dust particles suffer certain degrees of heating during entry into Earth's atmosphere, and the mineralogy and chemical composition of these dust particles are significantly changed. In the present study, pulse‐heating experiments simulating the atmospheric entry heating of micrometeoroids were carried out in order to understand the mineralogical and chemical changes quantitatively as well as to estimate the peak temperature experienced by the particles during entry heating. Fragments of the CI chondrites Orgueil and Alais as well as pyrrhotites from Orgueil were used as analogue material. The experiments show that the volatile elements S, Zn, Ga, Ge, and Se can be lost from 50 to 100 μm sized CI meteorite fragments at temperatures and heating times applicable to the entry heating of similar sized cosmic dust particles. It is concluded that depletions of these elements relative to CI as observed in micrometeorites are mainly caused by atmospheric entry heating. Besides explaining the element abundances in micrometeorites, the experimentally obtained release patterns can also be used as indicators to estimate the peak heating of dust particles during entry. Using the abundances of Zn and Ge and assuming their original concentrations close to CI, a maximum heating of 1100–1200 °C is obtained for previously analyzed Antarctic micrometeroites. Thermal alteration also strongly influenced the mineralogy of the meteorite fragments. While the unheated samples mainly consisted of phyllosilicates, these phases almost completely transformed into olivine and pyroxene in the fragments heated to ≥800 °C. Therefore, dust particles that still contain hydrous minerals were probably never heated to temperatures ≥800 °C in the atmosphere. During continued heating, the grain size of the newly formed silicates increased and the composition of the olivines equilibrated. Applying these results quantitatively to Antarctic micrometeorites, typical peak temperatures in the range of 1100–1200 °C during atmospheric entry heating are deduced. This temperature range corresponds to the one obtained from the volatile element concentrations measured in these micrometeorites and points to an asteroidal origin of the particles.
Olya, Hossein and Jung, Timothy and tom Dieck, M and Ryu, Kisang (2020) Engaging Visitors of Science Festivals Using Augmented Reality: Asymmet-

Purpose: This empirical study explores a complex combination of four realms of the experience economy in formulating memories and satisfaction among festival visitors using augmented reality (AR), thus engaging visitors in the physical science experience. This study also identifies necessary conditions to achieve desired responses from visitors. Design/methodology/approach: Asymmetrical modelling with fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was used to investigate causal recipes of two configurations of the experience economy and evaluation of experience leading to both high and low scores from visitor engagement. Necessary condition analysis (NCA) was applied to examine necessary predictors in visitor engagement. The proposed configuration model was tested using data obtained from visitors to science festivals in the UK. Findings: Five causal recipes explained the complex conditions in which visitors were more likely engaged in AR. Aesthetics, education, entertainment, and satisfaction were necessary for high engagement among festival visitors. Research limitations/implications: Results from fsQCA and analyses of necessary conditions help festival organizers improve visitor satisfaction and engagement in a memorable AR experience. Originality/value: This empirical study deepens current festival understanding of how visitors experience AR by exploring combinations of complex configurations of the experience economy and evaluations of visitor experience based on memories and satisfaction. Unlike symmetrical approaches, asymmetrical modeling using fsQCA can explore recipes for both high and low
Impact of the sea surface temperature rise on storm‐track clouds in global nonhydrostatic aqua planet simulations

Aqua planet experiments were conducted to investigate storm‐track cloud change due to sea surface temperature (SST) rise. Fourteen kilometer mesh global nonhydrostatic model was employed with an explicit cloud microphysical process, and the model output data were composited to the cyclone center. Both the column‐integrated liquid and ice cloud contents are significantly increased around the cyclone center due to the SST rise. The occurrence of low‐level liquid clouds becomes more frequent not only near the cyclone center but also for all of the higher latitudes, which cannot be seen in low‐resolution models. This as well as thicker liquid clouds enhances shortwave cooling. Upper level ice clouds occur more frequently on the east side of the cyclone center, and they partly offset the enhanced shortwave cooling through longwave warming. These results may imply an importance of the cloud‐scale process with cloud microphysics on the storm‐track clouds and their radiative forcing.
Sequence stratigraphy of the upper Millstone Grit (Yeadonian, Namurian), North Wales

The upper Millstone Grit strata (Yeadonian, Namurian) of North Wales have been studied using sedimentological facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy. These strata comprise two cyclothems, each containing prodelta shales (Holywell Shale) that pass gradationally upwards into delta‐front and delta‐plain deposits (Gwespyr Sandstone Formation). The deltas formed in shallow water (<100 m), were fluvial‐dominated, had elongate and/or sheet geometries and are assigned to highstand systems tracts. Two delta complexes with distinctive sandstone petrographies are identified: (1) a southerly derived, quartzose delta complex sourced locally from the Wales‐Brabant Massif, and (2) a feldspathic delta complex fed by a regional source(s) to the north and/or west. The feldspathic delta complex extended further south in the younger cyclothem. A multistorey braided‐fluvial complex (Aqueduct Grit, c. 25 m thick) is assigned to a lowstand systems tract, and occupies an incised valley that was eroded into the highstand feldspathic delta complex in the younger cyclothem. A candidate incised valley cut into the highstand feldspathic delta complex in the older cyclothem is also tentatively identified. Transgressive systems tracts are thin (<5 m) and contain condensed fossiliferous shales (marine bands). The high‐resolution sequence stratigraphic framework interpreted for North Wales can be readily traced northwards into the Central Province Basin (‘Pennine Basin’), supporting the notion that high‐frequency, high‐magnitude sea‐level changes were the dominant control on stratigraphic architecture. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AN investigation of interannual rainfall variability in Africa

Abstract Interannual variations in African rainfall are examined using rotated principal component analysis (PCA) applied to anomalies from the annual mean as well as seasonal anomalies. The rotated PCA loading patterns suggest several “preferred” continental-scale rainfall anomaly patterns. The dominant features of year-to-year variations in African rainfall appear to be the high spatial coherence of rainfall anomalies over large portions of the continent. In addition, several dipole regions, that is, adjacent regions which tend to experience rainfall anomalies of opposite sign, are found and discussed. One dipole region, the sub-Saharan region, appears to have a relationship with a characteristic Atlantic sea surface temperature anomaly pattern during boreal summer. During austral summer, the tendency for a large-scale dipole pattern in southeast Africa is apparent, as is an association of this pattern with the warm and cold phases of the El Nin/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Normalized rainfal.
Automatic Fitting of Spiking Neuron Models to Electrophysiological Recordings

Spiking models can accurately predict the spike trains produced by cortical neurons in response to somatically injected currents. Since the specific characteristics of the model depend on the neuron, a computational method is required to fit models to electrophysiological recordings. The fitting procedure can be very time consuming both in terms of computer simulations and in terms of code writing. We present algorithms to fit spiking models to electrophysiological data (time-varying input and spike trains) that can run in parallel on graphics processing units (GPUs). The model fitting library is interfaced with Brian, a neural network simulator in Python. If a GPU is present it uses just-in-time compilation to translate model equations into optimized code. Arbitrary models can then be defined at script level and run on the graphics card. This tool can be used to obtain empirically validated spiking models of neurons in various systems. We demonstrate its use on public data from the INCF Quantitative Single-Neuron Modeling 2009 competition by comparing the performance of a number of neuron spiking models.
ALE Meta-Analysis Workflows Via the Brainmap Database: Progress Towards A Probabilistic Functional Brain Atlas

With the ever-increasing number of studies in human functional brain mapping, an abundance of data has been generated that is ready to be synthesized and modeled on a large scale. The BrainMap database archives peak coordinates from published neuroimaging studies, along with the corresponding metadata that summarize the experimental design. BrainMap was designed to facilitate quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging results reported in the literature and supports the use of the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) method. In this paper, we present a discussion of the potential analyses that are possible using the BrainMap database and coordinate-based ALE meta-analyses, along with some examples of how these tools can be applied to create a probabilistic atlas and ontological system of describing function–structure correspondences.
Water Quality and Chemical Mass Balance of Tropical Freshwater Wetlands, Beriah Swamp,Perak

Satu kajian imbangan jisim kimia dijalankan di kawasan paya Beriah, iaitu paya air tawar di utara Perak bermula dari bulan Jun hingga Oktober 1998. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji peranan dan fungsi tanah bencah dalam menjalankan penurasan endapan dan mengekalkan endapan dan/atau nutrien. Fluks nutrien dan endapan dari dua input sungai (Beriah Kanan dan Beriah Kiri) dibandingkan dengan sebatang sungai output (Beriah) yang keluar dari sistem paya tersebut. Pensampelan dilakukan setiap dua minggu ditambah dengan satu kajian intensif melibatkan pensampelan selama 48 jam semasa musim basah pada 10–11 Oktober 1998. Keputusan menunjukkan tiada perbezaan yang signifikan (p>0.05) dalam kepekatan semna parameter kecuali SRP antara kedua–dua input. Namun perbezaan yang siginifikan (p 0.05) in concentrations of almost all parameters except for SRP between two input rivers, but were significant different (p<0.05) between inputs and output during the fortnightly sampling. A very marked difference was observed during the intensive sampling, indicating an increase in phosphate concentration coming from the swamp. Generally, nutrients and suspended sediment are trapped in the swamp, showing the efficient role of the wetland as a nutrient and sediment trap. Based on this limited sampling, the retentions for nitrate, phosphate, TSS and TDS were 81, 58, 23 and 42%, respectively. Key words: Chemical mass balance, nutrient retention, tropical freshwater swamp, Beriah, Perak
A central difference method with low numerical dispersion for solving the scalar wave equation

In this paper, we propose a nearly‐analytic central difference method, which is an improved version of the central difference method. The new method is fourth‐order accurate with respect to both space and time but uses only three grid points in spatial directions. The stability criteria and numerical dispersion for the new scheme are analysed in detail. We also apply the nearly‐analytic central difference method to 1D and 2D cases to compute synthetic seismograms. For comparison, the fourth‐order Lax‐Wendroff correction scheme and the fourth‐order staggered‐grid finite‐difference method are used to model acoustic wavefields. Numerical results indicate that the nearly‐analytic central difference method can be used to solve large‐scale problems because it effectively suppresses numerical dispersion caused by discretizing the scalar wave equation when too coarse grids are used. Meanwhile, numerical results show that the minimum sampling rate of the nearly‐analytic central difference method is about 2.5 points per minimal wavelength for eliminating numerical dispersion, resulting that the nearly‐analytic central difference method can save greatly both computational costs and storage space as contrasted to other high‐order finite‐difference methods such as the fourth‐order Lax‐Wendroff correction scheme and the fourth‐order staggered‐grid finite‐difference method.
Tasting Pictures: Viewing Images of Foods Evokes Taste-Quality-Specific Activity in Gustatory Insular Cortex

Previous studies have shown that the conceptual representation of food involves brain regions associated with taste perception. The specificity of this response, however, is unknown. Does viewing pictures of food produce a general, non-specific response in taste-sensitive regions of the brain? Or, is the response specific for how a particular food tastes? Building on recent findings that specific tastes can be decoded from taste-sensitive regions of insular cortex, we asked whether viewing pictures of foods associated with a specific taste (e.g., sweet, salty, sour) can also be decoded from these same regions and if so, are the patterns of neural activity elicited by the pictures and their associated tastes similar? Using ultra-high resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging at high magnetic field strength (7-Tesla), we were able to decode specific tastes delivered during scanning, as well as the specific taste category associated with food pictures within the dorsal mid-insula, a primary taste responsive region of brain. Thus, merely viewing food pictures triggers an automatic retrieval of specific taste quality information associated with the depicted foods, within gustatory cortex. However, the patterns of activity elicited by pictures and their associated tastes were unrelated, thus suggesting a clear neural distinction between inferred and directly experienced sensory events. These data show how higher-order inferences derived from stimuli in one modality (i.e. vision) can be represented in brain regions typically thought to represent only low-level information about a different modality (i.e. taste). Significance Statement Does a picture of an apple taste sweet? Previous studies have shown that viewing food pictures activates brain regions involved in taste perception. However, it’s unclear if this response is actually specific to the taste of depicted foods. Using ultra-high resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging and multi-voxel pattern analysis, we decoded specific tastes delivered during scanning, as well as the dominant tastes associated with food pictures within primary taste cortex. Thus, merely viewing pictures of food evokes an automatic retrieval of information about the taste of those foods. These results show how higher-order information from one sensory modality (i.e. vision) can be represented in brain regions thought to represent only low-level information from a different modality (i.e. taste).
Modernizing irrigation management: the MASSCOTE approach. Mapping system and services for canal operation techniques

This publication describes the MASSCOTE methodology, illustrated by several applications in Asia. MASSCOTE is a comprehensive methodology for analysing the modernization of canal operation. The aim is to enable experts to work together with users in determining improved processes for cost-effective service-oriented management. It is based on previous tools and approaches widely used in Asia by FAO in its modernization training programme (rapid appraisal procedures and benchmarking). From diagnosis through the formulation of operational units and the planning of a service MASSCOTE entails a systematic, ten-step, mapping exercise.
Proterozoic lithospheric mantle source for the Prairie Creek lamproites: Re-Os and Sm-Nd isotopic evidence

Geochemical and isotopic studies of the Cretaceous (106 Ma) Prairie Creek olivine lamproites in southwestern Arkansas indicate that these diamond-bearing ultrapotassic magmas were derived from metasomatized Proterozoic subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Re-Os isotopic data yield a nonradiogenic initial γOs = –3.2 to –3.6 (percent deviation in 187Os/188Os from chondritic mantle) and mantle model ages ( T MA) of 0.9 to 1.2 Ga. Sm-Nd isotopic data yield a nonradiogenic initial ϵNd = –10 and a depleted mantle model age (T(DM)) of 1.2 Ga. These data are consistent with initial stabilization of low-density lithospheric mantle at ∼1.2 Ga, followed closely in time by reenrichment in incompatible trace elements. This Middle Proterozoic lithospheric mantle source is younger than overlying Early Proterozoic crust of the southern U.S. midcontinent. Pre-Grenville subduction of oceanic lithosphere may have juxtaposed 1.2 Ga mantle beneath 1.6 to 2.0 Ga crust and imparted the necessary slab-derived chemical components for the growth of diamonds.