Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Intensive Care Unit in Veterinary Clinical Practice. Organization and Management

Η αρχική ιδέα για τη δημιουργία της Μονάδας Eντατικής Θeραπeίας (ΜEΘ) προήλθe από την eκτίμηση ότι οι ασθeνeίς σe κρίσιμη κατάσταση έχουν καλύτeρη αντιμeτώπιση και καλύτeρα ποσοστά eπιβίωσης όταν νοσηλeύονται χωριστά από τους υπόλοιπους ασθeνeίς, σe ξeχωριστό και eιδικά διαμορφωμένο χώρο του νοσοκομeίου. Η διαμόρφωση της ΜEΘ πeριλαμβάνeι καθορισμένο χώρο, eιδικά διαμορφωμένο και eξeιδικeυμένο προσωπικό και eξοπλισμό. Eιδικότeρα, το προσωπικό αποτeλeίται από eιδικeυμένους κτηνιάτρους, ικανούς να παρέχουν άμeση και eξeιδικeυμένη ιατρική βοήθeια σe ασθeνeίς που βρίσκονται σe κρίσιμη κατάσταση ή απeιλeίται άμeσα η ζωή τους. Στις ΜEΘ, στον άνθρωπο έχeι eπικρατήσeι το κλeιστό μοντέλο ΜEΘ, όπου η λeιτουργία της Μονάδας βασίζeται στον Eντατικολόγο και την ομάδα αυτού. Το ίδιο μοντέλο eπικρατeί πλέον και στις σύγχρονeς ΜEΘ στην Κτηνιατρική, όπου η λeιτουργία της Μονάδας ανήκeι στον Eντατικολόγο ή eίναι συνδυασμένη μe τη μονάδα Αναισθησιολογίας. Στον άνθρωπο, τα κριτήρια eισαγωγής eνός ασθeνή στην ΜEΘ ακολουθούν την παρακάτω οδηγία: «Στην ΜEΘ eισάγeται ο ασθeνής που θα ωφeληθeί από τις υπηρeσίeς της και eξέρχeται όταν οι υπηρeσίeς αυτές δeν eίναι πλέον χρήσιμeς». Έτσι οι ασθeνeίς που eισάγονται στη ΜEΘ χωρίζονται σe τρeις κατηγορίeς/προτeραιότητeς. Στην πρώτη ανήκουν eκeίνοι που χρeιάζονται eντατική θeραπeία, στη δeύτeρη eκeίνοι που χρeιάζονται eντατική παρακολούθηση και στην τρίτη οι ασθeνeίς που η ζωή τους eίναι σe κίνδυνο, αλλά έχουν λίγeς πιθανότητeς αποκατάστασης. Η βασική διαφορά που παρατηρeίται στους ασθeνeίς των ΜEΘ eίναι η eτeρογeνeια των καταστάσeων που συνοδeύουν αυτούς τους ασθeνeίς. Στον άνθρωπο, οι πιο συχνές καταστάσeις που απαντώνται στη ΜEΘ eίναι το shock (καρδιογeνeς, σηπτικό,υπογκαιμικό), οι αναπνeυστικές, καρδιαγγeιακές, νeυρολογικές ή μeταβολικές διαταραχές και τα τραύματα. Συχνά στη ΜEΘ νοσηλeύονται και ασθeνeίς μeτά από σοβαρές και eκτeταμένeς χeιρουργικές eπeμβάσeις για τις πρώτeς μέρeς τις αποθeραπeίαςτους. Τα συχνότeρα πeριστατικά που συναντώνται στις ΜEΘ στην Κτηνιατρική αφορούν στο σηπτικό shock ή στο σύνδρομο της σηπτικής φλeγμονώδους αντίδρασης, στο σύνδρομο της οξeίας αναπνeυστικής δυσχέρeιας ή σe σοβαρές μeταβολικές διαταραχές, όπως ο κeτοξικός σακχαρώδης διαβήτης, eνώ συχνή eίναι και η μeτeγχeιρητική νοσηλeία ζώων μeτά από eνδοθωρακικeςή σοβαρές eνδοκοιλιακeς eπeμβάσeις. Το βασικό μeιονέκτημα στις ΜEΘ στην Κτηνιατρική έγκeιται στη μeγάλη οικονομική eπιφόρτιση του ιδιοκτήτη. Ο μeγάλος χρόνος αποθeραπeίας, σe συνδυασμό μe τις μeιωμένeς πιθανότητeς eπιβίωσης που παρατηρούνται σe πολλές από τις παραπάνω παθολογικές καταστάσeις, το κόστος της νοσηλeίας στη ΜEΘ πολλές φορές καθιστά απαγορeυτικούς τους θeραπeυτικούς χeιρισμούς. Στην Κτηνιατρική, η πρόοδος και η eξέλιξη της λeιτουργίας των ΜEΘ έχeι κάνeι σημαντικά βήματα τα τeλeυταία 15 χρόνια. Καθώς ο σκύλος και η γάτα αποκτούν, όλο και πeρισσότeρο, οντότητα μέσα στην οικογένeια, τόσο αυξάνουν και οι απαιτήσeις, καθιστώντας eπιβeβλημένη τη γνώση, την eνημέρωση και την eξέλιξη στον τομέα της Eντατικής Θeραπeίας.
PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION AND IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENING OF SANTALUM ALBUM SEEDS EXTRACTS

Objective : Present study aimed phytochemical evaluation and antimicrobial screening of petroleum ether and ethanol extracts of Santalum album seeds. Methods : Petroleum ether and ethanol extracts were screened for presence of chemical constituents. Petroleum ether extract was investigated detail by using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. In vitro antimicrobial activity of both extracts were investigated using disc diffusion method on two gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus , gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and fungus Candida albicans. Results : Santalbic acid was identified in petroleum ether extract and content determined by HPTLC was 4.7%w/w. It was seen that petroleum ether extract have MIC value for B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and C. albicans were 78.125 µg/ml, 19.331 µg/ml, 625 µg/ml & 39.062 µg/ml respectively while MBC was 39.062 µg/ml, 4.882 µg/ml, 312.5 µg/ml & 9.765 µg/ml, respectively. Petroleum ether extract showed MIC and MBC values for S. aureus was similar as 156. 25µg/ml. So, the petroleum ether extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against both gram positive, gram negative and fungal strain. Conclusions : The results of present investigations were indicative of possible high potency of petroleum ether extract due to santalbic acid which could serve as chemotherapeutic agent.
Catecholamine function, brain state dynamics, and human cognition

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a nucleus in the brainstem, and projects widely to the forebrain where it releases norepinephrine (NE). Catecholamines such as NE do not have a unitary effect on their target neurons, but instead influence the function of other neurotransmitters, a process that is known known as neuromodulation. By virtue of the LC’s wide projection profile and the neuromodulatory properties of NE, the LC-NE system profoundly influences neural firing characteristics and associated cognitive processes. The work presented in this thesis addresses the role of the LC-NE system in various aspects of human cognition, and the modulation of brain state.
Isolation of four types of bacteria that cause kidney damage in broiler chickens.

Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aerogenoza , تممعهسا ذا ةيصيلشهلا ةدعلا api20E ؿزػعلا بسا تااك و 22.5 , 17.5 , 5 و 55 % ؿػكل لاوهلا مع اهام اببػس تااك ايكيرشما فوك ديكأهلو ـيمسلا جاجدلا يهيمك فم ايرهكب يأ ؿزعه ـل فيح يف ي ؿمعهػػسا ت يوػػمكلا ؼػػمهمل 48 تػػا ح فيهعوػػمجم ػػل يواػػسهلابو ايياوػػشع تمػػسا شيباػػسأ ةػػهأه رػػمعب اػػلرف ةعرجب لولأا 8.5 يواػحلا اػيرهكبلا ؽلاػع فػم ؿم 2 × 10 CFU ػيااهلا اػمأ يػجاد وػلا دػيرولاب تػا حف ة ةعرجب 8.5 اػهاأب ةػاو حملا ةػياولو لا ايكيرػشما ف ح يياها ترهظأ تةرطيس ةعومجم تدعو رط م ءام ؿم ؾأػ ػل تدأ ثيح ةديدش 78 % تفيػهيمكلا يػف ةػياايع ةيػيرم تا رػيغه ترػهظ و ةػاو حملا خا رػفلأا فػم يػف فيػهيمكمل ةيجيػسالا شطاػ ملا ةػسا رد دػاعو امهمليهو امهاا هحاب تمهمه دوػجو ظحوػل ةػاو حملا خا رػفما تداػػحلا يػػلأللا يوػػمكلا باػػههلما ػػممع ؽبػػس حاجدػػلا يػػهيمك فػػم اػػيريهكبلا عاوػػاا ؿزػػع تمكػػشو ي يػػف ـػػهم ذػ يػف اػهلزع ـػه يػهلا عرػلما ـيها رػجمل يػبيرجه يػمل ءا رجاػب يػصواو جاجدػلا يػف يوػمكلا يػمللا تماح يػ و ةسا ردلا Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aerogenoza , Klebsialla pneumonia ت ةيجيسالاو ةياايعلا تا ريغهلا ةفرعمل
Characterizing single neuron activity patterns and dynamics using multi-scale spontaneous neuronal activity recordings of cat and mouse cortex

Throughout most of the 20th century the brain has been studied as a reflexive system with ever improving recording methods being applied within a variety of sensory and behavioural paradigms. Yet the brains of most animals (and all mammals) are spontaneously active with incoming sensory stimuli modulating rather than driving neural activity. The aim of this thesis is to characterize spontaneous neural activity across multiple temporal and spatial scales relying on biophysical simulations, experiments and analysis of recordings from the visual cortex of cats and dorsal cortex and thalamus of mouse. Biophysically detailed simulations yielded novel datasets for testing spike sorting algorithms which are critical for isolating single neuron activity. Sorting algorithms tested provided low error rates with operator skill being as important as sorting suite. Simulated datasets have similar characteristics to in vivo acquired data and ongoing larger-scope efforts are proposed for developing the next generation of spike sorting algorithms and extracellular probes. Single neuron spontaneous activity was correlated to dorsal cortex neural activity in mice. Spike-triggered-maps revealed that spontaneously firing cortical neurons were co-activated with homotopic and mono-synaptically connected cortical areas, whereas thalamic neurons co-activated with more diversely connected areas. Both bursting and tonic firing modes yielded similar maps and the time courses of spike-triggered-maps revealed distinct patterns suggesting such dynamics may constitute intrinsic single neuron properties. The mapping technique extends previous work to further link spontaneous neural activity across temporal and spatial scales and suggests additional avenues of investigation. Synchronized state cat visual and mouse sensory cortex electrophysiological recordings revealed that spontaneously occurring activity UP-state transitions fall into stereotyped classes of events that can be grouped. Single visual cortex neurons active during UP-state transitions fire in a partially preserved order extending previous findings on high firing rate neurons in rat somatosensory and auditory cortex. The firing order for many neurons changes over periods longer than 30-minutes suggesting a complex non-stationary temporal neural code may underly spontaneous and stimulus evoked neural activity. This thesis shows that ongoing spontaneous brain activity contains substantial structure that can be used to further our understanding of brain function.
Studying nonproductive adsorption ability and binding approach of cellobiohydrolase to lignin during bioconversion of lignocellulose

Using fermentable sugars from lignocelluloses to produce chemicals and fuels was a way to resolve the energy crisis and environmental problems, but nonproductive adsorption of cellulase onto lignin is big challenge for bioconversion of cellulose to fermentable sugars. As cellobiohydrolase (CBH) is the main enzyme in cellulase mixture, understanding the adsorption mechanism of CBH onto lignin is important to enhance CBH catalytic efficiency by avoiding the nonproductive adsorption. This study suggested that CBH displayed high adsorption affinity to lignin, especially for the lignin isolated from liquid-hot-water pretreated substrate, and a stable combination of lignin-CBH was formed. The CBH adsorbed to lignin still had the catalytic ability on Avicel, although the ability was decreased. The possible reason, by molecular docking, was that the catalytic domain of CBH was irreversibly adsorbed onto lignin mainly through a hydrophobic cleft located oppositely to catalytic tunnel, not influencing the catalytic.
Temporal and multi-spatial environmental drivers of duck nest survival

ABSTRACT Nest survival is determined in part by a combination of large-scale environmental factors and local nest-site characteristics. Because predation is the primary cause of nest failure, those drivers likely operate by influencing predator abundance, behavior, and/or nest detectability. For example, fluctuations in landscape productivity have the potential to alter predator and prey abundance, whereas nest vegetation and patterns of nest spacing may influence predator behavior. We used 8 yr of site-specific environmental data coupled with data collected from 11,547 duck nests to evaluate the relative importance of large-scale and local factors on nest survival. We found that higher values of gross primary productivity, basins, and pond counts were associated with higher nest survival in a given year, but were associated with lower nest survival the following 2 yr. Taken in combination with the literature, our interpretation is that productive environmental conditions can result in time-lagged increases in predator abundance, leading to higher levels of nest predation in subsequent years. Local factors were generally less important than large-scale covariates in determining duck nest survival, but we found that nests laid earlier, in thicker vegetation, and with closer nearest neighbors had higher survival rates. However, as the season progressed, nests with closer nearest neighbors had lower survival rates (significant initiation date*distance interaction), suggesting predators may eventually aggregate in areas of higher nest density. Our results highlight the importance of both large-scale and local factors as they affect duck nest survival, and suggest several hypotheses about predator numerical and aggregative responses that are ripe for empirical testing.
How blind are they? Phototactic responses in stygobiont diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) from calcrete aquifers of Western Australia

Subterranean water beetles endemic to groundwater calcretes of Western Australia exhibit convergent traits typical of troglomorphic arthropods, including loss of eyes, pigmentation and wings. As these dytiscid species are estimated to have been isolated underground in permanent darkness for over three million years, it is predicted that they will completely lack phototactic responses. We tested this hypothesis by analysing the behaviour of six subterranean beetle species within an observational arena with dark and light hemispheres. Scan samples at 1 min intervals and total time spent on each hemisphere were recorded over a 20 min period, testing at least 15 individuals per species. We quantified behaviour as an index (dark ratio) so that individual species in this, and future, studies can be consistently compared. Results analysed as both categorical and absolute proportion of time spent in each hemisphere suggest negative phototaxis in Paroster macrosturtensis. The remaining five species did not display any preference for either light or dark hemispheres. These results raise the possibility that some ancestral Paroster species may have exhibited negative phototactic behaviour prior to subterranean colonization. The retention of such a behavioural trait in lightless environments could represent the maintenance for some unknown pleiotropic function. Alternatively, it is possible that insufficient time has passed for neutral processes to render photoreception genes and phototactic behaviours non‐functional. Our study adds to a growing body of evidence that implies highly troglomorphic animals may have evolved from ancestral species that exhibited negative phototaxis as a preadaptation to living in permanent darkness.
Source Attribution of Salmonella and Escherichia coli Contaminating Lake Victoria fish in Kenya

Escherichia coli and Salmonella are major contaminants of fish from Lake Victoria but the sources and possible reservoirs of these microbes have not been determined. Fish and environmental samples were collected from five locations in Kenya, along with human specimens and analysed for E. coli and Salmonella spp. E. coli was the most common isolate recovered in humans but it was lowest in freshly caught fish. Salmonella spp was recovered in soil, sundried fish, humans and domestic animals. Enterotoxigenic E. coli were detected among humans but no E. coli virulence genes were detected among fish isolates. Soil was the possible source of contamination of fish, based on closeness of Salmonella isolates recovered from soil and a 38% misclassification of E. coli isolates from fish as soil isolates. Phenotypic approaches employed in this study are promising tools for attibuting sources reponsible for fish contamination in the region. Keywords : Attributing sources, Domestic animals, Escherichia coli , Lake Victoria Salmonella
The role of AMARC and cytokeratin 5/6 in differentiation between carcinoma in situ and reactive urothelial atypia in comparison with previously studied markers

Background Histologic differentiation between carcinoma in situ (CIS) and non-CIS conditions including reactive atypia may be challenging because of possible overlapping morphologic features. Because this differentiation is critical as it carries therapeutic and prognostic implications, immunohistochemistry has increasingly been used in routine clinical practice to aid differentiation between the two entities. Purpose This study aimed to assess the role of AMARC and cytokeratin (CK)5/6 in the differentiation between CIS of the bladder and reactive atypical urothelium. Patients and methods This is a retrospective study that included 125 cases of bladder biopsy or cystectomy specimens diagnosed with CIS or reactive atypia. Cases with unequivocal diagnosis were included as the morphology was considered the gold standard. Cell blocks were stained with anti-AMARC and CK5/6. Cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for both markers was considered specific. Cell blocks were also stained with anti-CK20, P53, and CD44 for comparison with the two previously mentioned markers. The sensitivity and specificity of AMARC and CK5/6 were calculated and compared with those of CK20, P53, and CD44. The intensity and distribution of AMARC and CK5/6 were also assessed. Results CK5/6 achieved a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 91.4% for the diagnosis of reactive conditions, whereas AMARC had a sensitivity and a specificity of 89.7 and 100%, respectively. CK5/6 showed a strong and diffuse staining pattern in 48 (71.7%) reactive cases; the staining pattern for AMARC was strong and diffuse in 41 (70.7%) CIS cases. AMARC was expressed in 89.7% of CIS cases compared with 88% for CK20 and 77.6% for P53. However, CK5/6 was positive in 94% of reactive cases compared with 100% for CD44. Conclusion The two markers used in the current study, AMARC and CK5/6, can be used to differentiate between urothelial CIS and reactive atypia.
Parasite-Antibody Competition in Chagas Disease

A simple model for the parasite-antibody interaction that predicts all possible outcomes (healing, death, and chronic infection with both stationary and quasi-cyclic parasite populations) of the humoral reaction to Chagas infection is discussed. The model allows for the analysis of various interesting situations, such as the action of parasite-shed decoys, the possibility of delays in the immune reaction, and the effects of immune system ‘‘learning. ’’ The influence of various parameters is examined by the use of phase portraits that exhibit the evolution of the various populations. Comparison is made with available data, showing very good agreement. The implications of the model on the current discussion about the nature of Chagas disease are commented on.
Protective Efficacy of a Commercial Live Attenuated aroA mutant Vaccine Against Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Challenge in Broilers

Avian colibacillosis is an infectious disease of domestic poultry with economic importance. Among the tools available for the control avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), vaccines have received the most attention. In this research, comparative bacteriological examination between candidates of live aro A mutant E. coli vaccine and two virulent APEC strains (O78 and O125) was carried. Innate immunity (leukogram & Phagocytosis) as well specific cellular (CD4 & CD8) and humoral (agglutinins) immune response of vaccinated chickens were evaluated. Also the mortality rate, colibacillosis lesions and bacterial re-isolation were detected after challenge to stand upon their minimizing in vaccinated chickens. The comparative study demonstrated that the vaccinal and virulent strains were similar in respect of colony morphology, biochemical reactions, Congo red binding and motility but were differ in antimicrobial sensitivity pattern as well inability of vaccinal strain to grow on minimal agar medium. The immune correlate of aro A mutant E. coli vaccine protection is linked to cell mediated immunity not to circulating antibodies. Finally, it could concluded that spraying of aro A mutant vaccine provide virtually protective efficacy in broiler chickens against homologous APEC O78 challenge and had not a significant values against heterologous strain, although it is safe as alternative to chemotherapeutics.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviate abiotic stresses in potato plants caused by low phosphorus and deficit irrigation/partial root-zone drying

Abstract Deficit irrigation (DI) improves water use efficiency (WUE), but the reduced water input often limits plant growth and nutrient uptake. The current study examined whether arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could alleviate abiotic stress caused by low phosphorus (P) fertilization and DI. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with potato grown with (P1) or without (P0) P fertilization, with AMF (M1+: Rhizophagus irregularis or M2+: Glomus proliferum) or AMF-free control (M−) and subjected to full irrigation (FI), DI or partial root-zone drying (PRD). Inoculation of M1+ and M2+ maintained or improved plant growth and P/nitrogen (N) uptake when subjected to DI/PRD and P0. However, the positive responses to AMF varied with P level and irrigation regime. Functional differences were found in ability of AMF species alleviating plant stress. The largest positive plant biomass response to M1+ and M2+ was found under FI, both at P1 and P0 (25% increase), while plant biomass response to M1+ and M2+ under DI/PRD (14% increase) was significantly smaller. The large growth response to AMF inoculation, particularly under FI, may relate to greater photosynthetic capacity and leaf area, probably caused by stimulation of plant P/N uptake and carbon partitioning toward roots and tubers. However, plant growth response to AMF was not related to the percentage of AMF root colonization. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can maintain and improve P/N uptake, WUE and growth of plants both at high/low P levels and under FI/DI. If this is also the case under field conditions, it should be implemented for sustainable potato production.
Fungal community in chestnut orchards with different Hypholoma fasciculare aboveground abundance: potential implications for sustainable production

European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) trees have a significant impact in the Portuguese economy, due to the production of chestnuts and wood, and other related activities, such as mushroom collection and hunt. Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) is a saprophytic fungus widely distributed in Trás-os-Montes (northeast of Portugal) chestnut groves that displays an in vitro strong antagonistic activity against ectomycorrhizal (EMC) fungi. In this study, the aboveand belowground fungal diversity was evaluated in three chestnut orchards, containing distinct H. fasciculare sporocarps abundances in an attempt to better understand the potential of this fungus to attain an improved chestnut tree sustainable productivity. Aboveground analysis was performed based on macrofungi collection during fruiting seasons (spring and autumn) of two consecutive years. Belowground evaluation was based on the metabarcoding of chestnut orchards soil DNA, using the fungal barcode ITS1 and a high-throughput sequencing (454-sequencing) approach. Although all collected fruitbodies were identified as being produced by Basidiomycota fungi, a more diversified fungal community was revealed by the belowground approach. Both approaches have revealed a rich and abundant ECM community in all chestnut orchards. The correlation between the abundance of H. fasciculare fruitbodies and specific fungal guilds fruitbodies/reads suggests that this fungus may affect soil fungal community, mainly ECM and phytoparasites, as well as species composition of fungal communities. Although not conclusive, the results suggest that H. fasciculare presence could be critical for sustainable chestnut ecosystems.