Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Eigenvector Centrality Mapping for Analyzing Connectivity Patterns in fMRI Data of the Human Brain

Functional magnetic resonance data acquired in a task-absent condition (“resting state”) require new data analysis techniques that do not depend on an activation model. In this work, we introduce an alternative assumption- and parameter-free method based on a particular form of node centrality called eigenvector centrality. Eigenvector centrality attributes a value to each voxel in the brain such that a voxel receives a large value if it is strongly correlated with many other nodes that are themselves central within the network. Google's PageRank algorithm is a variant of eigenvector centrality. Thus far, other centrality measures - in particular “betweenness centrality” - have been applied to fMRI data using a pre-selected set of nodes consisting of several hundred elements. Eigenvector centrality is computationally much more efficient than betweenness centrality and does not require thresholding of similarity values so that it can be applied to thousands of voxels in a region of interest covering the entire cerebrum which would have been infeasible using betweenness centrality. Eigenvector centrality can be used on a variety of different similarity metrics. Here, we present applications based on linear correlations and on spectral coherences between fMRI times series. This latter approach allows us to draw conclusions of connectivity patterns in different spectral bands. We apply this method to fMRI data in task-absent conditions where subjects were in states of hunger or satiety. We show that eigenvector centrality is modulated by the state that the subjects were in. Our analyses demonstrate that eigenvector centrality is a computationally efficient tool for capturing intrinsic neural architecture on a voxel-wise level.
Oxides and Heavy Metals Concentration around a Cement Plant at Yandev, Central Nigeria

Aims: To determine the level of concentration of oxides (chemicals) and heavy metals in 6 soil samples. To further compare the results with acceptable soil quality standards to ascertain the status of soil quality within the study area. Study Design: Collection and analyses of soil samples from the vicinity of Dangote Cement factory, Yandev. Place and Duration of Study: A total of 6 soil samples were collected: using a 2kilometer interval, five samples were collected within the study area starting from the center of the Cement factory while the sixth soil sample was collected from a Control Community (Tarhembe) located 12 kilometers from the Cement factory in a part of Benue State, Nigeria. The total of six soil samples was collected in May 2013. Methodology: Laboratory analyses were conducted for 27 soil parameters. Mean, maximum and minimum values and standard deviation, coefficient of determination (R) and ANOVA for all 27 parameters was derived using SPSS Version 15 software. Using guidelines applied in various soil quality studies, the concentration levels of pollutants in soils samples were determined for all 27 parameters to establish whether or not their level of concentration at the study area constitute significant health problems. Results: The mean values indicate high concentration levels above permissible limits for Iron (III) oxides, Calcium oxides, Magnesium oxides, Sodium oxides and Potassium oxides. Although the permissible limit values for other oxides could not be obtained, their Original Research Article Ujoh & Alhassan; IJPSS, Article no. IJPSS.2014. 6.019 778 mean concentration values appear to be generally higher in all soil samples closer to the factory than the Control sample. Heavy metals content in the 6 soil samples indicate that the mean values recorded for Iron, Lead, Manganese, Zinc, Copper and Conductivity exceed the permissible limits while the mean values for Organic Carbon, Calcium, Magnesium and pH occur below the permissible limit. Furthermore, the control sample reveals concentration below the permissible limits for Organic Carbon, Lead, Calcium and Magnesium, whereas samples 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (2km, 4km, 6km, 8km and 10km from factory) contain concentration levels above the permissible limit. Conclusion: Analysis indicates that the soils are polluted with some oxides and heavy metals originating from limestone mining and cement production. Therefore, the study concludes by recommending ameliorative strategies including consistent monitoring of the soil quality status, adoption of specialized technologies to curtail the rate of plume emission from stacks and the development of a phased environmental management plan (EMP) and/or impact mitigation plan (IMP) by local planning authorities.
The Middle Cambrian Kalby and Borregård Members of Bornholm, Denmark

Abstract The Middle Cambrian Kalby Member of the Exsulans Limestone Formation exposed at the Laesa rivulet on the island of Bornholm, Denmark, consists of a lower marl bed (previously known as the Kalby clay) and an upper pyritic bed. The marl bed in its present development is an unconsolidated unit; it has abundant trilobite moulds, mainly phosphatic microfossils, and contains about 35 wt. % CaCO3 in the form of finely dispersed, non-cementing calcite grains. The marl bed is interpreted as a weathering residue of a former limestone corresponding to the Exsulans Limestone. In a consolidated state and soon after its deposition it was subjected to tectonic movements taking place in the Middle Cambrian. Its present lithology represents local decay of the carbonate rocks, including the overlying Andrarum Limestone Formation, in the Laesa area. The faunal analysis of both beds of the Kalby Member is much extended, the fauna showing great similarity to that of the Borregard Member of the Olea section, which sugge.
Reconnection at the dayside low‐latitude magnetopause and its nonrole in low‐latitude boundary layer formation during northward interplanetary magnetic field

On 2001‐12‐02 Wind crossed the dayside magnetopause (MP) at ∼15 MLT and traversed the adjacent low‐latitude boundary layer (LLBL) over a period of 2 hours. The IMF was steady (northward and dawnward) during the MP/LLBL encounter. Reconnection flows were observed in the MP that were directed 130° away from the magnetosheath flow direction. In contrast, the LLBL flow was aligned with the magnetosheath flow. The counterstreaming field‐aligned and anti‐field‐aligned electrons have different energies and their fluxes are unbalanced in the open MP whereas they are precisely balanced throughout most of the LLBL indicative of a closed LLBL. These observations indicate that reconnection occurs at the low‐latitude MP during northward IMF (with a significant By), but low‐latitude reconnection is not responsible for the creation of the LLBL. Instead, reconnection appears to be in the process of eroding a pre‐existing LLBL that was created either by diffusive entry or by non‐simultaneous double‐cusp reconnection.
The Gran San Bernardo nappe in the Aosta valley (western Alps): a composite stack of distinct continental crust units

In the Aosta Valley, the Gran San Bernardo nappe, which comprises the basement sequences classically referred to as Ruitor Massif and Zona Interna, appears to be a stack of distinct basement units with distinct lithological features and contrasting tectono-metamorphic evolution piled up during the Eocene. In the former Zona Interna, two different units (Gran Nomenon and Leverogne) have been distinguished. The Gran Nomenon unit is a polymetamorphic basement unit, with a pre-Alpine epidote-amphibolite facies metamorphic imprint, intruded by granitoid rocks during the early Mississippian. It bears the evidence of a pervasive Alpine metamorphic overprint under greenschist facies conditions, and does not share common characters with any other basement sequence exposed in the Gran San Bernardo nappe. The Leverogne unit is a monometamorphic basement unit, with some analogies with the Mont Pourri basement sequence, intruded by granophyric rocks of Middle Cambrian age. It suffered epidote-blueschist and greenschist facies metamorphism during the Alpine orogenesis, and shows a deformation history partly different with respect to the Gran Nomenon unit. These units are bounded by tectonic melanges that represent Alpine shear zones, and have been juxtaposed under greenschist facies conditions during the late stages of exhumation of the belt. The Gran Nomenon unit, which does not show a significant HP/LT overprint, was probably not as deeply buried as the Leverogne and the Ruitor units during Alpine orogenesis.
The ecology and management of aquatic-terrestrial ecotones.

Ecological importance of ecotones external processes influencing origin and maintenance internal processes influencing maintenance ecotones as tests of theories and models landscape processes and ecotones lotic ecotones lentic ecotones wetland ecotones groundwater ecotones principles and practices of ecotone conservation socio-economic values conclusions and recommendations.
Water Yield of Xitiaoxi River Basin Based on InVEST Modeling

Abstract: Water yield calculation and mapping are of great importance to water resource planning and management and hydropower station construction. A water yield model based on InVEST was employed to estimate water runoff in the Xitiaoxi River basin. The data included land use and land cover, average annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, soil depth, and plant available water content. In order to test model accuracy the natural runoff of Xitiaoxi River was estimated based on linear regression relation of rainfall—runoff in a ‘reference period’. After repeated validation, when the Z value was 6.5 the water yield was 8.30 E+8 m3 and this was a smaller difference with natural runoff. From the distribution of water yield, south and southwestern areas of the watershed had higher water yield volumes per hectare.
Structure of the magnetic pileup boundary at Mars and Venus

[1] The magnetic pileup boundary (MPB) is a sharp, thin, and well-defined plasma boundary located between the bow shock and the inner ionospheric boundary at comets, Mars, and Venus. This boundary separates the magnetosheath, a region of low magnetic fields with a conspicuous wave activity, from the magnetic pileup region dominated by strong, highly organized magnetic fields as a result of the pileup and draping of the interplanetary magnetic field. In the present paper we study the magnetic structure of the magnetic pileup boundary at Mars and Venus by means of the technique of minimum variance of the magnetic field. For each one of the crossings analyzed, we obtain a very well defined minimum variance vector. At Mars the direction of this vector agrees with the normal to the MPB fit obtained from Mars Global Surveyor crossings. The results confirm that the MPB is a well-defined plasma boundary. According to empirical criteria based on minimum variance analysis results, the Martian and Venusian MPB crossings would resemble an MHD tangential discontinuity rather than a rotational discontinuity. However, spacecraft observations suggest that the nature of the MPB could be far more complex. We compare our results with similar studies at the MPB of comets and the magnetic tail boundary of Titan, and we discuss the nature of the boundary from a general perspective.
Geochronology of granulite‐facies gneisses in the western Musgrave Block, Central Australia

Abstract Rubidium‐strontium total‐rock geochronology of granulite‐facies gneisses in the western Musgrave Block, Central Australia records distinct metamorphic and earlier events. The Tomkinson Ranges are subdivided into two regions with similar relative geological sequences of events, but different primary ages and lithologies; the boundary between the regions is the latitudinally‐trending Hinckley Fault. A 90‐km traverse along regional strike in the northern region produces consistent 1550 m.y. ages. Sampling at several structural levels over a slight range of metamorphic grade in the southern region reveals a single regional isochron with a 1330 m.y. age. Both ages are interpreted as the time of supracrustal genesis of the rocks. Subsequently, granulite‐facies metamorphism occurred throughout the area at 1200 m.y. : attribution of this age to the metamorphism is based upon evidence for outcrop scale isotopic homogenization, and the dating of a granitoid intrusion contemporaneous with the metamorphism.
THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE

A frican American/Black college students are less likely to utilize mental health services, when compared to other races or ethnicities in the United States. It must be noted that in general, Black college students have unique experiences that affect their mental health. However, there is paucity of published research and information in the literature on the utilization of mental health services by this population of college students. This study was conducted to gain a better understanding and appreciation of the shared barriers and facilitators that affect Black students in seeking and utilizing mental health services at the main campus of California State University San Marcos. Primary data collection involved two qualitative focus group discussions with a total of 20 self-identified Black/African American undergraduate students who are enrolled for classes during the Fall of 2018 semester. Semi-structured interviews were administered on separate days to the two focus groups. The participants were asked questions that assessed their mental health knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, and personal experiences in accessing and utilizing mental health services on campus. Results from the study identified a total of 4 themes as being barriers to accessing and utilizing mental health services: racism/discrimination on campus, lack of Black mental health counselors on campus, cultural perceptions of mental health, and stigma. There were no facilitators identified in utilizing mental health services on campus. The results of the study suggest a greater need to: (1) employ more providers who are Black mental health counselors/psychologists, (2) explore the necessity for additional alternative mental health treatments for Black students, such as group discussions, or group therapy, etc., (3) train faculty members and campus staff on cultural competencies to minimize potential biases and discrimination, and (4) promote inclusiveness through mental health outreach for Black students. It is hoped that these findings may play a significant role in increasing mental health service utilization and treatment for Black students at CSUSM.
Boundary mixing in lakes: 1. Modeling the effect of shear‐induced convection

[1] Recent studies in lakes have shown evidence for a strong influence of shear-induced stratification on mixing in turbulent bottom boundary layers (BBLs) on sloping topography. These observations suggest that the periodic near-bottom shear resulting from internal wave motions may lead to alternating periods of gravitationally stable and unstable stratification in the BBL with relevant implications for turbulence and mixing in the entire basin. The impact of these processes for basin-scale mixing is investigated here in a three-dimensional processes-oriented modeling study, using a well-investigated system (Lake Alpnach, Switzerland) as an example. Consistent with available observations, our results indicate that the BBL becomes gravitationally unstable in areas with upslope flow, covering a substantial fraction of the total bottom area of the lake. While near-bottom convection associated with the unstable stratification in these areas results in strong turbulence, its contribution to net mixing is negligible since the BBL is already well mixed. Conversely, in areas with downslope flow the near-bottom shear generates stable stratification, leading to a suppression of turbulence but also to larger mixing rates due to an enhanced mixing efficiency. Overall, BBL mixing is found to dominate basin-scale mixing. These mechanisms are likely to be important for a large class of stratified natural waters, in which boundary layer mixing is energized by periodic internal waves or basin-scale motions.
On the coupling between vegetation and rainfall inter‐annual anomalies: Possible contributions to seasonal rainfall predictability over land areas

It's well known that rainfall affects vegetation through its effect on soil moisture content, but the extent to which vegetation could in turn impact precipitation occurrence is poorly understood. Here we focus on the assessment, from observations, of the reciprocal forcing of seasonal‐mean vegetation and rainfall interannual anomalies over land areas using the coupled manifold technique. Considering global lands, we estimate at the 1% significance level that 19% (12%) of the vegetation (precipitation) variance is forced by precipitation (vegetation). Our analysis reveals that the dominant component of the vegetation‐forced rainfall variability is a delayed response to ENSO cycles. Vegetation appears to provide a biophysical memory of ENSO and is supposed to act through delayed feedbacks on rainfall. As ENSO cycles are currently well predicted by dynamical seasonal forecasting systems, this result displays the potential for a reliable soil moisture‐vegetation initialization to improve rainfall prediction over lands.
ASTER spectral analysis of ultramafic lamprophyres (carbonatites and aillikites) within the Batain Nappe, northeastern margin of Oman: a proposal developed for spectral absorption

We developed a scientific proposal on spectral absorption in remote sensing and a new image-processing method that is purely based on multispectral satellite image spectra to map ultramafic lamprophyre and carbonatite occurrences. The proposed method provides a simple, yet efficient, tool that will help exploration geologists. In this proposal, in which the spectral absorption is applicable to all satellite images obtained in visible, reflected infrared, and thermal infrared spectral wavelength regions, we found that the carbonatites appear white in colour on a greyscale or RGB thermal infrared image obtained in the thermal infrared wavelength region (3–15 μm) due to molecular emission of thermal energy by such carbonate content, particularly the wavelength recorded by the sensor and that the variation of absorption in spectral bands of an outcrop is due to the differences in percentage of carbonate content or the spectral, spatial, radiometric, or temporal resolution of satellite data or the occurrences of carbonatites to incident energy. The results were confirmed by studying the spectral absorption characteristics of carbonatites in selected world occurrences including parts of Batain Nappe, Oman; Fuerteventura (Canary Islands), Spain; Mount Homa, Kenya; Ol Doinyo Lengai, Tanzania; Mount Weld region, (Laverton), Australia, and Phalaborwa region, South Africa, using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite data. A subsequent study of visible near-infrared (VNIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) ASTER spectral bands of Early Cretaceous alkaline ultramafic rocks of Batain Nappe, along the northeastern margin of Oman to map for the occurrences of carbonatite and aillikite (ultramafic lamprophyres) dikes and plugs, showed their detection mainly by the diagnostic CO3 absorption (2.31–2.33 μm) in ASTER SWIR band 8. The results of image interpretations were verified and confirmed in the field and were validated through the study of laboratory analyses. A few more carbonatite dike occurrences were interpreted directly over the greyscale image of ASTER bands and true-colour interpretations of a Google Earth image along this margin. The carbonatites and aillikite occurrences of the area are rich in apatite, iron oxide, phlogopite, and REE-rich minerals and warrant new exploration projects.
Diurnal behavior of the carbon dioxide flux and change in the isotopic ratio δ13C in surface and near-bottom water in littoral of Lake Baikal

Lake Baikal is one of the unique natural environments in Siberia which, to a large extent, affects the state of the nature in this region. The processes of gas exchange in the “water-atmosphere” system have been studied in Lake Baikal since 2002. The main purpose of the integrated investigations of exchange of carbon-containing gases in the water-atmosphere system in Lake Baikal is to study the contribution of physical, chemical, and biological components of the process and their interrelation with the intensity and rhythms of the fluxes. In 2013, the integrated measurements in the littoral area of Baikal were complemented with studies of the diurnal dynamics of isotopic ratio δ 13C in the surface and near-bottom water, which were not yet performed in Baikal before. In this work, we analyze first results of the joint analysis of СО2 fluxes in the “atmosphere - water surface” system and δ 13C, obtained in August 2013 in the littoral area of South Baikal. It is shown that d13C markedly increases in the surface waters at daylight time. In nighttime period, there takes place a reverse process, when δ 13C of the surface water approaches δ 13C, which is recorded for near-bottom water.
A stratigraphy of marine bioerosion

Abstract About 65 ichnogenera and a number of bioerosional trace fossils that are unnamed are catalogued with respect to their stratigraphic ranges. In most cases, corresponding stratigraphic studies of the trace-makers are not possible because (1) the rank of taxonomic ascription is too high to be meaningful and (2) not all members of a high taxon are bioeroders. For example, radulation traces of chitons are known from Jurassic to Recent, whereas chitons have a body fossil record back to the Early Palaeozoic. Similarly, whereas the round drill-hole Oichnus paraboloides is known from Cambrian to Recent, the only identified makers of this trace fossil, naticid gastropods, range from Cretaceous to Recent. The stratigraphic ranges of bioerosion ichnotaxa emphasize the two marine revolutions of the Phanerozoic: there is marked increase in diversification during the Ordovician-Devonian interval and since the Triassic.
Geochemical and isotopic study of a plutonic suite and related early volcanic sequences in the southern Mariana forearc

The forearc of the southern Mariana arc preserves igneous suites formed during the initiation of subduction between the Pacific and Philippine Sea plates about 50 Ma ago. We have studied rare suites of gabbroic to tonalitic plutonic rocks dredged from two locations in the Mariana forearc by cruise by University of Hawai'i cruise KK81‐06‐26. Comparison of the chemical and isotopic (Sr, Nd, Pb, and Hf) characteristics of these rocks with well‐studied volcanics from the forearc reveals that the plutonics from dredge RD63 and RD64 are chemically related to boninites erupted at 48–43 Ma. This is the first report of boninite‐like plutonics in the southern Mariana trench. These suites have trace element characteristics consistent with island arc settings (U/Th: 0.58–1.44, Nb/La: 0.18–0.79) and other features uniquely connected with boninites: TiO2 < 0.15 wt % and Zr/Sm > 25. RD63 plutonics resemble nearby boninite volcanics and were likely derived from differentiated boninite magma with 58% SiO2, forming gabbro by crystal accumulation, diorite and quartz diorite by crystallization, and tonalite by crystallization and/or partial melting. The RD64 suite (gabbro through tonalite) may have had a more depleted magma source and formed by accumulation and crystallization only. Although the physical dimensions of the plutonic body are unknown, the relationship with boninites indicates that felsic intrusives can form during early stages of island arc development. Such rocks could form part of midcrustal low‐velocity layers detected in arc crust by seismic studies. Tonalites similar to those studied here are also found in some ophiolites.