Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Tropical Squall Line Observed during the COPT 81 Experiment in West Africa. Part III: Heat and Moisture Budgets

Abstract The role of moist convective processes in the heat and moisture budgets of the 22 June 1981 tropical squall line is investigated. Detailed kinematic structure from Doppler radar observations, and thermodynamic and microphysical fields diagnosed from a steady-state model respectively presented in Parts I and II of this paper, are used to estimate the total apparent heat source and moisture sink. The relative contributions of the system components (the convective-scale component associated with the leading convective region, and the mesoscale component of the trailing stratiform region) and of the physical processes (latent heat release and eddy transports) are examined. Consistent results are examined which are obtained in qualitative agreement with those of previous studies. Condensation and evaporation, through the release of latent heat, are the dominant terms in the total apparent heating profile although the melting process is also important. The total apparent moisture sink is also dominated.
How Cosmic Web Detachment Drives Galaxy Quenching

We present the Cosmic Web Detachment (CWD) model, a conceptual framework to interpret galaxy evolution in a cosmological context, providing a direct link between the star formation history of galaxies and the cosmic web. The CWD model unifies several mechanism known to disrupt or stop star formation into one single physical process and provides a natural explanation for a wide range of galaxy properties. Galaxies begin accreting star-forming gas at early times via a network of primordial highly coherent filaments. The efficient star formation phase ends when non-linear interactions with other galaxies or elements of the cosmic web detach the galaxy from its network of primordial filaments, thus ending the efficient accretion of cold gas. The stripping of the filamentary web around galaxies is the physical process responsible of star formation quenching in gas stripping, harassment, strangulation and starvation. Being a purely gravitational/mechanical process CWD acts at a more fundamental level than internal feedback processes. We introduce a simple and efficient formalism to identify CWD events in N-body simulations. With it we reproduce and explain, in the context of CWD, several key observations including downsizing, the cosmic star formation rate history, the galaxy mass-color diagram and the dependence of the fraction of red galaxies with mass and local density.
The stability of an interface between viscous fluids subjected to a high-frequency magnetic field and consequences for electromagnetic casting

The stability of an interface between inviscid fluids subjected to a high-frequency magnetic field has been examined previously by Garnier & Moreau (1983). The present paper extends that study to include the viscosity of both fluids in order to estimate the damping rates of the perturbations. Furthermore, Garnier & Moreau made an assumption that the frequency of oscillation of the interface could be neglected compared to the frequency of the applied field; they concluded that the applied field was not destabilizing. That (apparently reasonable) assumption has been lifted in the present work and the consequence is that the magnetic field is seen to lead to instability over a significant range of wavelengths. Application of this analysis to the electromagnetic casting of aluminium is discussed.
Doomed drones? Using passage experiments and mathematical modelling to determine Deformed wing virus population dynamics in male honeybees

Varroa destructor is an ectoparasitic mite of honeybees which vectors a range of pathogenic viruses, the most notable being Deformed wing virus (DWV). Mites parasitise bees during pupal development and male honeybees, drones, have a longer development cycle than female workers (24 versus 21 days), allow for more progeny mites to develop per foundress (1.6–2.5 compared to 0.7–1.45). How this longer exposure time influences evolution of the transmitted virus population is unknown. Using uniquely tagged viruses recovered from cDNA we investigated the replication, competition and morbidity of DWV genotypes in drones. Assays examining virus replication and morbidity revealed drones are highly susceptible to both predominant genotypes of DWV. In virus passage studies using an equimolar inocula of major DNA genotypes and their recombinants, the recombinant form dominated but did not reach 100% of the virus population within 10 passages. Using an in-silico model of the virus–mite–bee system we examined bottlenecks during virus acquisition by the mite and subsequent injection of viruses into the host, which may play a significant role in shaping virus diversity. This study furthers our understanding of the variables influencing DWV diversity changes and provides insight into areas of future research in the mite–virus–bee system.
A fluid–solid momentum exchange method for the prediction of hydroelastic responses of flexible water entry problems

Abstract The paper presents a Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) method for hydroelastic water entry. The method assumes that the momentum exchange between the fluid and solid body can be used for the calculation of pressure, deformation and stresses arising during impact. The flexible fluid–structure interactions of flat plates entering water are solved using a computational code that employs the finite volume method to discretise both fluid and solid equations. This provides a better matching of momentum on the fluid–solid interface. The momentum arising in the solid body that emerges after the impact is defined as the momentum exchange, and is shown to increase linearly under the increase of non-dimensional impact speed. The ratio of the maximum pressure arising in an elastic body entering water to that of a rigid body is termed relative pressure and is shown to decrease linearly as a function of momentum exchange. The latter verifies the main hypothesis of this paper, namely that ‘the pressure acting on an elastic body can be predicted using an unsophisticated equation that uses the momentum exchange. ’ The deformation and stresses arising in elastic plates entering water are demonstrated to be functions of momentum exchange and can be found using simple equations formulated via parametrisation of data. It is concluded that subject to further validation, the method could be extended for the prediction of hydroelastic response of other sections/bodies entering water.
Evidence of cospeciation between termites and their gut bacteria on a geological time scale

Termites host diverse communities of gut microbes, including many bacterial lineages only found in this habitat. The bacteria endemic to termite guts are transmitted via two routes: a vertical route from parent colonies to daughter colonies and a horizontal route between colonies sometimes belonging to different termite species. The relative importance of both transmission routes in shaping the gut microbiota of termites remains unknown. Using bacterial marker genes derived from the gut metagenomes of 197 termites and one Cryptocercus cockroach, we show that bacteria endemic to termite guts are mostly transferred vertically. We identified 18 lineages of gut bacteria showing cophylogenetic patterns with termites over tens of millions of years. Horizontal transfer rates estimated for 16 bacterial lineages were within the range of those estimated for 15 mitochondrial genes, suggesting that horizontal transfers are uncommon and vertical transfers are the dominant transmission route in these lineages. Some of these associations probably date back more than 150 million years and are an order of magnitude older than the cophylogenetic patterns between mammalian hosts and their gut bacteria. Our results suggest that termites have cospeciated with their gut bacteria since first appearing in the geological record.
Harmonizing spatial scales and ecological theories to predict avian richness and functional diversity within forest ecosystems

Classic ecological theory has proven that temperature, precipitation and productivity organize ecosystems at broad scales and are generalized drivers of biodiversity within different biomes. At local scales, the strength of these predictors is not consistent across different biomes. To better translate these theories to localized scales, it is essential to determine the links between drivers of biodiversity. Here we harmonize existing ecological theories to increase the predictive power for species richness and functional diversity. We test the relative importance of three-dimensional habitat structure as a link between local and broad-scale patterns of avian richness and functional diversity. Our results indicate that habitat structure is more important than precipitation, temperature and elevation gradients for predicting avian species richness and functional diversity across different forest ecosystems in North America. We conclude that forest structure, influenced by climatic drivers, is essential for predicting the response of biodiversity with future shifts in climatic regimes.
Chimpanzees prepare for alternative possible outcomes

When facing uncertainty, humans often build mental models of alternative outcomes. Considering diverging scenarios allows agents to respond adaptively to different actual worlds by developing contingency plans (covering one's bases). In a pre-registered experiment, we tested whether chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) prepare for two mutually exclusive possibilities. Chimpanzees could access two pieces of food, but only if they successfully protected them from a human competitor. In one condition, chimpanzees could be certain about which piece of food the human experimenter would attempt to steal. In a second condition, either one of the food rewards was a potential target of the competitor. We found that chimpanzees were significantly more likely to protect both pieces of food in the second relative to the first condition, raising the possibility that chimpanzees represent and prepare effectively for different possible worlds.
Family firms, Regional Competitiveness and Productivity: A Multilevel Approach

ABSTRACT As not all firms benefit to the same extent from regional competitiveness, this article investigates the influence of the regional context on the productivity of a sample of family and non-family manufacturing firms in Spain. Using a multilevel approach to account for the nested structure of the data, and a composite indicator of regional competitiveness, to capture the spatial endowment of tangible and intangible resources, we found family firms to be more sensitive to the regional context than non-family businesses. Cross-level interactions show that family firms achieve higher productivity gains from their location in more competitive regions than their non-family counterparts. This result is in line with our theoretical arguments postulating the unique social capital of family firms which allows them to benefit most from location advantages. Implications for regional and family business studies, as well as policymakers, are discussed.
Output-feedback tracking control of random high-order nonlinear systems

In this paper, we investigate the output-feedback tracking problem of random high-order nonlinear systems. Compared with most of the existing results where only a wiener process is considered, we consider systems with a second-order moment process. A new high-gain homogeneous domination design technique is developed to deal with the coupling terms between nonlinear functions and the second-order moment process. A new output tracking controller is designed to ensure that the mean-square of the tracking error can be made arbitrarily small while all the states of the closed-loop system are bounded in probability. Finally, a simulation example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of our control scheme.
Inferring the Direction of Introgression Using Genomic Sequence Data

Genomic data are informative about the history of species divergence and interspecific gene flow, including the direction, timing, and strength of gene flow. However, gene flow in opposite directions generates similar patterns in multilocus sequence data, such as reduced sequence divergence between the hybridizing species. As a result, inference of the direction of gene flow is challenging. Here we investigate the information about the direction of gene flow present in genomic sequence data using likelihood-based methods under the multispecies-coalescent-with-introgression (MSci) model. We analyze the case of two species, and use simulation to examine cases with three or four species. We find that it is easier to infer gene flow from a small population to a large one than in the opposite direction, and easier to infer inflow (gene flow from outgroup species to an ingroup species) than outflow (gene flow from an ingroup species to an outgroup species). It is also easier to infer gene flow if there is a longer time of separate evolution between the initial divergence and subsequent introgression. When introgression is assumed to occur in the wrong direction, the time of introgression tends to be correctly estimated and the Bayesian test of gene flow is often significant, while estimates of introgression probability can be even greater than the true probability. We analyze genomic sequences from Heliconius butterflies to demonstrate that typical genomic datasets are informative about the direction of interspecific gene flow, as well as its timing and strength.
Leveraging the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study to improve behavioral prediction from neuroimaging in smaller replication samples

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a popular and useful non-invasive method to map patterns of brain structure and function to complex human traits. Recently published observations in multiple large scale studies cast doubt upon these prospects, particularly for prediction of cognitive traits from structural and resting state functional MRI, which seems to account for little behavioral variability. We leverage baseline data from thousands of children in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM (ABCD®) Study to inform the replication sample size required with both univariate and multivariate methods across different imaging modalities to detect reproducible brain-behavior associations. We demonstrate that by applying multivariate methods to high-dimensional brain imaging data, we can capture lower dimensional patterns of structural and functional brain architecture that correlate robustly with cognitive phenotypes and are reproducible with only 41 individuals in the replication sample for working memory-related functional MRI, and ∼100 subjects for structural MRI. Even with 100 random re-samplings of 50 subjects in the discovery sample, prediction can be adequately powered with 98 subjects in the replication sample for multivariate prediction of cognition with working memory task functional MRI. These results point to an important role for neuroimaging in translational neurodevelopmental research and showcase how findings in large samples can inform reproducible brain-behavior associations in small sample sizes that are at the heart of many investigators’ research programs and grants.
The Candida albicans reference strain SC5314 contains a rare, dominant allele of the transcription factor Rob1 that modulates biofilm formation and oral commensalism

Candida albicans is a diploid human fungal pathogen that displays significant genomic and phenotypic heterogeneity over a range of virulence traits and in the context of a variety of environmental niches. Here, we show that the effects of Rob1 on biofilm and filamentation virulence traits is dependent on both the specific environmental condition and the clinical strain of C. albicans. The C. albicans reference strain SC5314 is a ROB1 heterozygote with two alleles that differ by a single nucleotide polymorphism at position 946 resulting in a serine or proline containing isoform. An analysis of 224 sequenced C. albicans genomes indicates that SC5314 is the only ROB1 heterozygote documented to date and that the dominant allele contains a proline at position 946. Remarkably, the ROB1 alleles are functionally distinct and the rare ROB1946Sallele supports increased filamentation in vitro and increased biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo, suggesting it is a phenotypic gain-of-function allele. SC5314 is amongst the most highly filamentous and invasive strains characterized to date. Introduction of the ROB1946Sallele into a poorly filamenting clinical isolate increases filamentation and conversion of an SC5314 laboratory strain to a ROB1946S homozygote increases in vitro filamentation and biofilm formation. In a mouse model of oropharyngeal infection, the predominant ROB1946P allele establishes a commensal state while the ROB1946S phenocopies the parent strain and invades into the mucosae. These observations provide an explanation for the distinct phenotypes of SC5314 and highlight the role of heterozygosity as a driver of C. albicans phenotypic heterogeneity. Importance Candida albicans is a commensal fungus that colonizes human oral cavity and gastrointestinal tracts but also causes mucosal as well as invasive disease. The expression of virulence traits in C. albicans clinical isolates is heterogenous and the genetic basis of this heterogeneity is of high interest. The C. albicans reference strain SC5314 is highly invasive and expresses robust filamentation and biofilm formation relative to many other clinical isolates. Here, we show that SC5314 derivatives are heterozygous for the transcription factor Rob1 and contain an allele with a rare gain-of-function SNP that drives filamentation, biofilm formation, and virulence in a model of oropharyngeal candidiasis. These finding explain, in part, the outlier phenotype of the reference strain and highlight the role of heterozygosity plays in the strain-to-strain variation of diploid fungal pathogens.
Effects of dopamine and opioid receptor antagonism on the neural processing of social and nonsocial rewards

Rewards are a broad category of stimuli inducing approach behavior to aid survival. Extensive evidence from animal research has shown that wanting (the motivation to pursue a reward) and liking (the pleasure associated with its consumption) are mostly regulated by dopaminergic and opioidergic activity in dedicated brain areas. However, less is known about the neuroanatomy of dopaminergic and opioidergic regulation of reward processing in humans, especially when considering different types of rewards (i.e., social and non-social). To fill this gap of knowledge, we combined dopaminergic and opioidergic antagonism (via amisulpride and naltrexone administration) with functional neuroimaging to investigate the neurochemical and neuroanatomical bases of wanting and liking of matched non-social (food) and social (interpersonal touch) rewards, using a randomized, between-subject, placebo-controlled, double-blind design. While at the behavioral level no drug effect was observed, brain activity was modulated by the administered compounds. In particular, opioid antagonism, compared to placebo, was associated with reduced activity in the medial orbitofrontal cortex during consumption of the most valued social and non-social rewards. Dopamine antagonism, however, had no clear effects on brain activity in response to rewards anticipation. These findings provide insights into the neurobiology of human reward processing and suggest a similar opioidergic regulation of the neural responses to social and non-social reward consumption.
Evolutionary graph generation system with transmigration capability and its application to arithmetic circuit synthesis

The paper presents a novel graph-based evolutionary optimisation technique called evolutionary graph generation (EGG) and its application to the design of fast constant-coefficient multipliers using parallel counter-tree architecture. A unique feature of EGG is its capability to handle the general graph structures directly in the evolution process instead of encoding the graph structures into indirect representations, such as bit strings and trees. The paper also demonstrates that the evolution process of EGG can be accelerated by a simple operation, called 'transmigration', which is to import previously generated good solutions (constant-coefficient multipliers) for creating multipliers with different target coefficients. The authors' observation shows that transmigration accelerates a typical evolutionary run by an average of 8.7 times. This implies that the EGG system can acquire and reuse useful subcircuit structures contained in the previously generated multipliers during the evolution process.
Monte Carlo Tree Search Planning for Continuous Action and State Spaces (short paper)

Sequential decision-making in real-world environments is an important problem of artificial intelligence and robotics. In the last decade reinforcement learning has provided effective solutions in small and simulated environments but it has also shown some limits on large and real-world domains characterized by continuous state and action spaces. In this work, we aim to evaluate some state-of-the-art algorithms based on Monte Carlo Tree Search planning in continuous state/action spaces and propose a first version of a new algorithm based on action widening. Algorithms are evaluated on a synthetic domain in which the agent aims to control a car through a narrow curve for reaching the goal in the shortest possible time and avoiding the car going off the road. We show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques.
"The Page Is an Image Again:" Bleedmapping as an Analysis Technique for Historical Newspapers

Analysis of historical periodicals through digital tools is still a predominantly text-based field. This paper seeks to expand the toolbox of researchers of these sources, and addresses the observed capability gap, by proposing a new technique for the discovery of appearance patterns in historical newspaper collections. It calls this technique Bleedmapping after the effect it produces, making it seem as if a multitude of pages have “bled through” each other and showing the greatest concentration of articles matching a chosen search parameter visually in an intuitive and easy to interpret manner. This approach greatly extends the toolbox of scholars by providing them a method to explore the metatextual and spatial context of the texts they study. Using a case study on Reynolds' Newspaper this article shows the value of Bleedmapping when used alongside a text-based LDA analysis, showing the prevalence of the British Empire in the paper's “Notices to Correspondents”.