Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Organic carbon fluxes from the upper Yangtze basin: an example of the Longchuanjiang River, China

To investigate the effects of anthropogenic activity, namely, land use change and reservoir construction, on particulate organic carbon (POC) transport, we collected monthly water samples during September 2007 to August 2009 from the Longchuanjiang River to understand seasonal variations in the concentrations of organic carbon species and their sources and the yield of organic and inorganic carbon from the catchment in the Upper Yangtze basin. The contents of riverine POC, total organic carbon and total suspended sediment (TSS) changed synchronously with water discharge, whereas the contents of dissolved organic carbon had a small variation. The POC concentration in the suspended sediment decreased non‐linearly with increasing TSS concentration. Higher molar C/N ratio of particulate organic matter (average 77) revealed that POC was dominated by terrestrially derived organic matter in the high flows and urban wastewaters in the low flows. The TSS transported by this river was 2.7 × 105 t/yr in 2008. The specific fluxes of total organic carbon and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were 5.6 and 6 t/km2/yr, respectively, with more than 90% in the high flow period. A high carbon yield in the catchment of the upper Yangtze was due to human‐induced land use alterations and urban wastes. Consistent with most rivers in the monsoon climate regions, the dissolved organic carbon–POC ratio of the export flux was low (0.41). Twenty‐two percent (0.9 t/km2/yr) of POC out of 4 t/km2/yr was from autochthonous production and 78% (3.1 t/km2/yr) from allochthonous production. The annual sediment load and hence the organic carbon flux have been affected by environmental alterations of physical, chemical and hydrological conditions in the past 50 years, demonstrating the impacts of human disturbances on the global and local carbon cycling. Finally, we addressed that organic carbon flux should be reassessed using adequate samples (i.e. at least two times in low‐flow month, four times in high‐flow month and one time per day during the flood period), daily water discharge and sediment loads and appropriate estimate method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Novarupta-Katmai eruption of 1912 - largest eruption of the twentieth century; centennial perspectives

1 Chapter 1. The 1912 Eruption and its Importance . 3 Overview of the Eruption . 3 Volcanological Significance of the 1912 Eruption . 3 Chapter 2. The Context of the 1912 Eruption . 13 Geographic Setting . 13 Cultural Setting: Katmai Before 1912 . 13 Cultural Setting: The World in 1912 . 14 Scientific Context of the Early Katmai Investigations . 15 Geologic Setting of the Katmai Volcano Cluster . 17 Chapter 3. 1912 Eruption Narrative: What Was Actually Recorded in 1912 . 19 Chronology of Observations in 1912 . 19 Environmental Impact of the Eruption . 22 Recovery of Flora and Fauna . 22 Chapter 4. History of Investigations and Interpretations . 25 Chronology of Geologic Investigations at Katmai . 25 Principal Contributors to the Early Geologic Investigations at Katmai . 42 Chapter 5. Products of the 1912 Eruption . 45 Eruptive Episode I . 48 Layer A . 49 All-Rhyolite Ignimbrite . 51 Layer B . 56 Compositionally Heterogeneous (Main) Valley-Filling Ignimbrite (VFI) . 57 Compositionally Heterogeneous High-Energy Proximal Ignimbrite (HEPI) . 62 Time Constraints for Episode I . 66 Eruptive Episodes II and III . 68 Layer C.70 Layer D . 71 Layer E . 71 Layer F . 73 Layer G . 74 Layer H . 76 Proximal Pyroclastic Density Currents . 77 Proximal Fall Deposits: Contrasting Facies . 77 Eruptive Episode IV: Dacitic Phantom Dome and Block Bed . 78 Eruptive Episode V: Novarupta Rhyolite Dome . 80 Chapter 6. Volcanological Aspects of the Primary Eruption Products . 87 Volumes Erupted . 87 Coignimbrite Ash and Coplinian Ash . 87
Bone Mineral Density Evaluation Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Rural Haryana, India: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study

Background and objective Diabetes is one of the most prevalent diseases globally, affecting almost all organ systems. The relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and bone mineral density (BMD) has been a matter of controversy, and data from developing countries in this regard is highly scarce. Early detection of low BMD in diabetic patients will help prevent further bone loss and risk of fragility fracture. In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of T2DM on BMD among the rural population of Haryana, India. Materials and methods This was a cross-sectional study involving 850 patients between 25 and 60 years of age, including 425 diabetic and 425 non-diabetic subjects (as controls). Calcaneus BMD was measured by using quantitative ultrasound (QUS), and the data were compared against matched parameters in both groups. Results The mean age of diabetics was 42.21 ± 10.5 years and that of non-diabetics was 42.18 ± 10.4 years. The mean BMI was 27.8 ± 4.17 kg/m2 in diabetics and 21.6 ± 3.32 kg/m2 in the non-diabetic control group. BMD values significantly differed between the groups: -4.3 ± 1.23 vs. -2.6 ± 0.34 in diabetics and non-diabetics, respectively (p=0.002). Conclusion A significant difference in BMD was observed between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups. Based on our findings, We recommend that all type 2 diabetics be screened for osteoporosis so that this silent bone loss can be detected in the early phase itself and appropriate preventive measures can be promptly initiated.
E-Learning for ESL Learners in India: Its Benefits and Drawbacks As Perceived by Teachers and Students

: This article focuses on the perception of teachers and students on e-learning as a tool to teach and learn English as a second language in India. The study based on pre-arranged interviews with some teachers and students brings into light the potential benefits and drawbacks of e-learning in Barak Valley, North East of India. The study uses qualitative and interpretive approaches to determine its findings. Although there are many studies available on this subject, it is significant to do a new investigation to learn more about the views and experiences of e-learning users in the study area. The study reveals important beneficial aspects and some serious issues related to successful implementation of e-learning for development of English language skills with some recommendations to use technology properly to meet the demand of the present time and to overcome the problems that affect online education.
Global Innovation Networks: what are they and where can we find them? (Conceptual and Empirical issues)

The rapid move of China and India from low-cost producers to innovators has triggered an increasing interest in the globalization of innovation activities and more specifically, on the surge of global innovation networks (GINs). However, hitherto most of the literature is either theoretical or based on a handful of cases. We do not know what are the different forms of GINs in which firms participate, both in terms of the various degrees of globalness, innovativeness and neworkedness as well as their main characteristics. In this paper, we propose a taxonomy of global innovation networks that takes into account these different dimensions. This paper provides empirical evidence about the characteristics of the different variants of global innovation networks, observed in seven European countries as well as Brazil, China, India and South Africa. It relies on firm-level data collected through a survey in 2010 and provides for the first time a theoretical and empirical overview of the different forms of global innovation networks.
Phenotypic Classification and Clinical Examination of Anemia in Iraqi Water Buffalo in Nasiriyah Governorate

This research aims to classify anemia cases in the Iraqi water buffalo population by collecting 140 blood samples from buffaloes in Nasiriyah Governorate pastures. These samples were collected randomly from three age groups: > 1 year, 1-4 years, and < 5 years. Blood sample analysis revealed 45 anemia cases (32.12%) and 95 healthy cases (67.88%). Phenotypic classification of anemia encompassed microcytic hypochromic (12.14%), macrocytic hypochromic (7.85%), normocytic hypochromic (6.42%), and normocytic normochromic (5.71%) cases. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) notably increased in anemic buffaloes, displaying a statistically significant disparity (P< 0.05) compared to healthy counterparts. Anemia cases exhibited higher neutrophil counts in white blood cell relative differentials. For the three age groups, hemoglobin (Hb), packed blood cell volume (PCV), and total red blood cell count (RBC) values indicated significant decreases from normal levels, showcasing statistical significance (P< 0.05) between healthy and anemic buffaloes. While anemia cases generally displayed normal iron concentrations, microcytic anemia demonstrated lower iron levels in the 1-4 and >5 years age groups, with iron levels reaching the minimum global normal range in the <1 year age group. Copper concentrations remained normal in all healthy cases and anemia cases, except for microcytic anemia, which showed reduced levels across age groups. In conclusion, this study comprehensively characterizes anemia in Iraqi water buffaloes through clinical, hematological, and elemental analyses. The findings underscore the prevalence of various anemia types, their age-related variations, and significant hematological deviations in anemic buffaloes compared to healthy counterparts. This research enhances our understanding of anemias' impact on this population and provides valuable insights for future diagnostic and management strategies.
The biogeochemistry of meltwater habitats in the Darwin Glacier region (80°S), Victoria Land, Antarctica

Abstract Meltwater habitats in the Darwin Glacier region, Victoria Land (80°S), were sampled in December 2007 and January 2009 to characterize their microbial and metazoan ecology, nutrient status and geochemistry. Targeted areas included terrestrial ponds of the Grant Valley, Lake Wellman, Tentacle Ridge and Diamond Hill, and supraglacial ponds and cryoconite holes of the lower Darwin Glacier. Geochemistry ranged from Na-Cl dominated terrestrial ponds to Na-HCO3 dominated, dilute supraglacial ponds and cryoconites. All showed the nitrate enrichment typical of inland ponds of Victoria Land (up to 13 g.l-1 NO3-N), with some precipitating nitratine (NaNO3) salt. Elevated pH indicated ongoing photosynthetic processes. Benthic microbial mats were thin and poorly developed, dominated by oscillatoriacean cyanobacteria. Nitrogen-fixing genera were generally absent and diatoms were rare. A large (20 μm long) Cyanothece species was the most abundant cyanobacterium in the water and in sediments of the cryoconites. DNA finger-printing identified distinct differences in cyanobacterial and bacterial community structure between the cryoconites, terrestrial ponds and ponds on glacial margins. Eleven metazoan species were identified, with rotifers being the most abundant. Pond substrate (terrestrial rock, ice-cored moraine or supraglacial ice) proved to be a more significant influence on biogeochemistry than other aspects of geography or climatic conditions.
Understanding voluntourism: A Glaserian grounded theory study

Volunteer Tourism is one of the major growth areas in contemporary tourism, where tourists for various reasons seek alternative goodwill experiences and activities. To meet this demand there has been a surge in volunteer programmes offered in range of destinations organized by a variety of charities and tour operators which is predicted to continue to grow in the future. Volunteer Tourism provides an in-depth analysis of the complex issues associated with traditional and contemporary volunteer tourism. Reflecting the growth in this phenomenon, this book provides a cohesive collection of chapters written from a range of international expert scholars and researchers. The theoretically rich, practically applied and empirically grounded contributions are based on current and diverse research in the area. This groundbreaking volume explores topics which have not been addressed in the literature before, such as the impact on host communities, introducing new areas and ideas to the field. The diverse range of themes are identified and addressed, including volunteer tourism and sustainability to, uniquely, the examination of volunteer tourism stakeholders – volunteers themselves, the host-to-guest exchange, and the organizations – and management of volunteers. These themes are examined in a range of international case studies, demonstrating the wide range of issues associated with volunteer tourism.
Sea surface pCO2 cycles and CO2 fluxes at landfast sea ice edges in Amundsen Gulf, Canada

[1] In late fall, spring, and early summer, we measured the surface ocean and atmospheric partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2sw and pCO2atm, respectively) to calculate CO2 gradients (ΔpCO2 = pCO2sw − pCO2atm) and resulting fluxes along the landfast ice regions of southern Amundsen Gulf, Canada. In both the fall and spring seasons we observed positive ΔpCO2caused by wind-driven upwelling. The presence of a landfast ice edge appeared to be an important factor in promoting this upwelling in some instances. Despite the potential for significant CO2 evasion, we calculated small fluxes during these periods due to high sea ice concentration. In summer, ΔpCO2 became strongly negative across the entire study area. Primary production no doubt played a role in the pCO2swdrawdown, but we found evidence that sea ice melt and dissolution of ice-bound calcium carbonate crystals may also have been contributing factors. The seasonal ΔpCO2 cycle suggests a net annual sink of atmospheric CO2 for these landfast ice regions, since calculated summer uptake by the ocean was much stronger than fall/spring outgassing and occurred over a longer time period. However, we hypothesize that this balance is highly dependent on the strength of upwelling and the timing of ice formation and decay, and therefore may be influenced by interannual variability and the effects of climate change.
Long-Tailed Macaque Reliance on Anthropogenic Food with Potential Conflicts toward Humans in the Campus of Universiti Malaysia Sabah

Abstract. Human-macaque interactions and conflicts were examined at the main campus of Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS). The study observed the behavior of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and their dependence on both natural and anthropogenic food sources. Results revealed that the macaques' diet primarily consisted of young leaves (40.6%) from the natural environment within the UMS campus, but anthropogenic food discarded by students in garbage cans (27.6%) also contributed a major component in their diet. The availability of anthropogenic food positively correlated with the macaques' consumption, indicating that they consumed more of such foods when they were more abundant, particularly during the semesters when students were present. A questionnaire survey further highlighted that while the presence of macaques on the UMS campus was not considered a major concern, it still posed a problem that necessitated immediate attention. The main driving factor behind these interactions, as perceived by the students, was the macaques accessing anthropogenic food waste in garbage cans located in human-dominated spaces. To mitigate conflicts, it is suggested to implement macaque-proof garbage cans, reduce the amount of leftover anthropogenic food, and improve waste management practices. Additionally, educational activities should be considered to discourage direct feeding of macaques by students.
Measurements of the Orbital Velocities of Sea Waves and their Use in Determining the Directional Spectrum

The three components of orbital velocity in sea waves approaching a shore have been measured using an electromagnetic flowmeter. The spectra of these components have been compared with the spectrum of the pressure oscillations recorded at the same time. From these data, the relations between the pressure and velocity components at various heights above the bottom have been investigated and have been compared with those given by first order potential wave theory. The spectra of the wave pressure and two horizontal velocity components have then been combined so as to yield an estimate of the directional spectrum of the waves. The method was found to work satisfactorily but, because of the complicated bottom topography near the site of these experiments (off the Gladstone Dock, Liverpool), the results obtained cannot be related to the properties of the waves in deeper water.
Food and Feeding Habits of Syndontis ocellifer (Boulenger, 1900) From River Adofi, Southern Nigeria

Food and feeding habits of the mochokid fish, Syndontis ocellifer from River Adofi was studied. The food items in the stomach of S. ocellifer covered a wide spectrum, ranging from various types of algae, detritus, sand and mud to invertebrates. Thus, the species exhibited an omnivorous feeding. The absolute and relative importance indices indicated that detrital materials were the most important of all the various food categories consumed by S. ocellifer . There was seasonal variation in the feeding habit of the fish. The rainy season feeding intensity was quite higher than the dry season. The percentage of empty stomach was highest during the dry season months of February and November. The diet distribution of percentage empty stomach showed that this species was a day light feeder in this river. Keywords : Mochokids, Southern Nigeria, River Adofi Tropical Freshwater Biology Vol. 17 (1) 2008: pp. 1-12
Late Devonian–early Permian accretionary orogenesis along the North Tianshan in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt

The Palaeozoic orogenic process in the North Tianshan of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt is controversial. Systematic field study indicates that the ophiolitic fragments of the North Tianshan are mainly thrust slices and blocks of a late Palaeozoic accretionary complex, which was intruded by granitoids. U-Pb zircon dating of plagiogranites from the North Tianshan ophiolite yielded a mean age of 343.1 ± 2.7 Ma. These are typical oceanic plagiogranites but with a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) signature. Ophiolitic basalts display N-MORB, E-MORB, and OIB compositions. One gabbro with an age of 301.9 ± 2.2 Ma shows E-MORB geochemistry mixed with N-MORB and OIB. Some andesites show clear island arc characters indicated by enrichment of LILEs relative to HFSEs. Mean ages of 344.9 ± 4.2 and 298.7 ± 2.4 Ma were obtained for a granite porphyry and a mylonitic granite, respectively. The two granitoids display an island arc geochemical signature evidenced by enrichment of LILEs and depletion of HFSEs. Combined with an eastward migration of Late Devonian to Carboniferous arc magmatism and related Cu-Au-Mo deposits, we propose that trench retreat and slab roll-back took place during subduction of the Junggar Ocean spreading ridge beneath the North Tianshan arc, and that the accretion may have lasted into early Permian time, an important late stage of the long-lived accretionary orogenesis in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt.
Évaluation du niveau de pollution par les métaux lourds des lacs Bini et Dang, Région de l'Adamaoua, Cameroun

La presente etude a pour objectif principal d’evaluer le niveau de pollution metallique des lacs Bini et Dang (Ngaoundere, Cameroun) a travers l’analyse des eaux et des sediments de surface. La concentration des metaux lourds (Ni, Cr, Fe, Pb, Cd, Zn) a ete mesuree par spectrophotometrie d’absorption atomique. Des resultats obtenus, il ressort que les elements Ni, Fe, Cr, Pb et Cd ont des teneurs elevees dans les eaux des deux lacs compares aux normes OMS sur les eaux de boisson et aux normes canadiennes sur la protection de la vie aquatique. Afin d’evaluer le niveau de contamination des sediments des deux lacs, le facteur d’enrichissement (FE) et l’indice de geoaccumulation ( I-geo ) ont ete calcules. Ainsi, le cadmium presente des FE forts a tres forts alors que le plomb affiche des FE moderes a forts. L’Igeo varie d’une forte contamination a une contamination extreme pour le cadmium. Cet index est modere a fort pour le plomb et modere pour le fer. Les sediments du lac de Dang sont dans l’ensemble les plus contamines en metaux lourds par rapport a ceux du lac Bini. Les activites agricoles, les rejets des eaux usees domestiques et les decharges incontrolees sont consideres comme principales sources de pollution des deux lacs. Mots-cles : bini, dang, metaux lourds, lac, sediment.
Affordable Housing Needs Assessment Methodology: The Adaptation of the Florida Model to Brazil

This paper presents the adaptation of the ? Florida Affordable Housing NeedsAssessment Methodology? (Noll et al., 1997) to Brazil. This was a task developedjointly by the Florida team with researchers from IPEA and the World Bank. TheAffordable Housing Needs Assessment Methodology, developed by the ShimbergCenter for Affordable Housing for the State of Florida, is based on householdestimates calculated from household formation rates and population-by-ageprojections. The Brazilian Model was developed for four regions: the country of Brazil as awhole, the Integrated Development Region of the Federal District (RIDE of DF),and the Metropolitan Regions of Recife and Curitiba. This paper describes theadaptation process, presents the newly developed Brazilian Affordable HousingNeeds Assessment and analyzes output from the model.
Analysis of sedimentation rates in the Densu River channel: the result of erosion and anthropogenic activities in the Densu basin

Sediment is important in determining the morphology of river systems. The Densu basin has come under intense anthropogenic activities such as farming, sand winning, bushfires, among others, which are impacting on the fluvial processes, forms and channel morphology of the river. The study investigated sedimentation of the river channel in the light of these human activities along its banks. Fluvial processes include erosion and deposition particularly at the lower and middle courses, which is fashioning the morphology of the river channel. Data on river sedimentation was determined through sediment load analysis. The results of bed load show well-graded particles, particularly results of low flows throughout the river’s course. Generally, the percentage of coarser materials (gravels, sediments > 5 mm) was low, while the percentage of sand in the bed material was high in all the stations at high flows, over 80% in Ashalaja, 70% in Mangoase and moderate at Akwadum (about 50%). Clay particles were low or absent in the sampled stations during high flows. Fluvial sediment transport for suspended load during high flows was high and low for the low stages. The highest suspended sediment discharge was 475.641 tonnes/day at Akwadum at 2.18 m and the lowest was 0.492 tonnes/day at 0.53 m also at Akwadum. Sediment discharge increased downstream from Akwadum to Ashalaja at both low and high flows, which was attributed to a number of variables such as a reduction in vegetative cover and increase in discharge downstream. The middle course experienced active channel erosion whilst deposition (channel braiding) was prevalent at the lower course.