Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimating impervious surfaces from medium spatial resolution imagery: a comparison between fuzzy classification and LSMA

Impervious surfaces are important environmental indicators and are related to many environmental issues, such as water quality, stream health and the urban heat island effect. Therefore, detailed impervious surface information is crucial for urban planning and environment management. To extract impervious surfaces from remote sensing imagery, many algorithms and techniques have been developed. However, there are still debates over the strengths and limitations of linear versus nonlinear algorithms in handling mixed pixels in the urban landscapes. In the meantime, although many previous studies have compared various techniques, few comparisons were made between linear and nonlinear techniques. The objective of this study is to compare the performance between nonlinear and linear methods for impervious surface extraction from medium spatial resolution imagery. A linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) and a fuzzy classifier were applied to three Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images acquired on 5 April 2004, 16 June 2001 and 3 October 2000, which covered Marion County, Indiana, United States. An aerial photo of Marion County with a spatial resolution of 0.14 m was used for validation of estimation results. Six impervious surface maps were yielded, and an accuracy assessment was performed. The root mean square error (RMSE), the mean average error (MAE), and the coefficient of determination (R 2) were calculated to indicate the accuracy of impervious surface maps. The results show that the fuzzy classification outperformed LSMA in impervious surface estimation in all seasons. For the June image, LSMA yielded a result with an RMSE of 13.2%, while the fuzzy classifier yielded an RMSE of 12.4%. For the April image, LSMA yielded an accuracy of 21.1% and the fuzzy classifier yielded 17.0%. For the October image, LSMA yielded a result with an RMSE of 19.8%, but the fuzzy classifier yielded an RMSE of 17.5%. Moreover, a subset image of the commercial, high-density and low-density residential areas was selected in order to compare the effectiveness of the developed algorithms for estimating impervious surfaces of different land use types. The result shows that the fuzzy classification was more effective than LSMA in both high-density and low-density residential areas. These areas prevailed with mixed pixels in the medium resolution imagery, such as ASTER. The results from the tested commercial area had a very high RMSE value due to the prevalence of shade in the area. It is suggested that the fuzzy classifier based on the nonlinear assumption can handle mixed pixels more effectively than LSMA.
ESTIMATES FOR MARCINKIEWICZ INTEGRALS IN BMO AND CAMPANATO SPACES

Abstract In this paper, the authors consider the behavior on BMO( $\mathbb R^n$ ) and Campanato spaces for the higher-dimensional Marcinkiewicz integral operator which is defined by \begin{equation*} \mu_{\Omega}(f)(x)=\left (\int^{\infty}_0\Big |\int_{|x-y|\leq t}\frac{\Omega(x-y)}{|x-y|^{n-1}}f(y)\,dy\Big |^2\,\frac{dt}{t^3}\right)^{1/2}, \end{equation*} where Ω is homogeneous of degree zero, has mean value zero and is integrable on the unit sphere. Under certain weak regularity condition on Ω, the authors prove that if f belongs to BMO( $\mathbb R^n$ ) or to a certain Campanato space, then [μΩ(f)]2 is either infinite everywhere or finite almost everywhere, and in the latter case, some kind of boundedness is also obtained. The corresponding Lusin area integral is also considered.
Time-resolved imaging of anodic arc root behavior during fluctuations of a DC plasma spraying torch

The fluctuating behavior of a Sulzer Metco F4 DC plasma gun has been investigated by simultaneous measurement of the time dependencies of the are voltage and of images from the nozzle interior. An end-on imaging arrangement using a mirror and a mask in the optical path from the are to the camera allows visualization of the anodic arc attachment by strongly attenuating the bright emission from the are column. With the torch operating in the restrike mode, sequences of images have been acquired in synchronization with several typical features of the are voltage fluctuations showing that the attachment nature changes during a restrike cycle. Multiple attachments which coexist at least during the 1 /spl mu/s exposure time of the camera have been evidenced and are interpreted as a continuous process of creation/vanishing of successive arc roots with a smooth transfer of the current from one to the other. The anode wear is shown to have a strong effect on the root position over the anode periphery, with a preference for attachment in eroded regions. The effects of operation parameters such as current, gas flow and injector type on the attachment nature and position are also presented.
Locating Large Solar Power Satellites in the Geosynchronous Laplace Plane

Designs for geostationary solar power satellites are extremely large in scale, more than an order of magnitude larger than the International Space Station. A detailed study of solar power satellites’ orbit dynamics is performed, obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the effect of perturbations on orbits of large solar power satellite structures over a time frame commensurate with proposed solar power satellites’ lifetimes (30–40 years). Analytical equations derived by the process of averaging of the solar power satellites’ equations of motion are used to determine the long-term orbital behavior. Previous solar power satellite studies have simply assumed geostationary Earth orbit, then designed control systems for maintaining it thus. It is found that an alternative solar power satellite orbital location, known as the geosynchronous Laplace plane, is superior to geostationary in many aspects. A solar power satellite in the geosynchronous Laplace plane requires virtually no fuel to maintain its orbit, .
Chaos and oscillations in a loaded plasma-filled diode

A plasma-filled diode can be used as a model for the interaction space in a virtual cathode oscillator (VCO) (vircator). It is shown that depending on the separation of the electrodes x/spl circ//sub L/, the initial ion/electron ratio /spl alpha//spl circ/, and the load Z/spl circ//sub l/, the system may exhibit a cascade of bifurcations leading to chaos. The positioning and extent of chaos can be controlled by a judicious choice of the above parameters. It is also shown that for a range of values of x/spl circ//sub L/,/spl alpha//spl circ/, and Z/spl circ//sub l/ the system is capable of generating oscillations of a well-defined frequency. For other ranges, it reaches a stable state or becomes unstable.
Papers from the Institute of Archaeology

In 1990 a group of Institute postgraduates produced the first issue of a new in-house journal. It was intended mainly to provide an outlet for papers by Institute research students, but it has since widened its remit to include more varied items and also contributions from outside the Institute. The Senior Editor of PIA describes its present aims.
Use of surveillance colonoscopy among individuals with removal of high‐risk polyps according to the US Multi‐Society Task Force recommendations

Individuals with colorectal polypectomy are recommended to undergo surveillance colonoscopies at certain intervals to prevent subsequent colorectal cancer. Use of postpolypectomy surveillance according to the 2006 US Multi‐Society Task Force (USMSTF) recommendations in an integrated health care system was investigated.
An investigation of the magnetosphere–ionosphere response to real and idealized co-rotating interaction region events through global magnetohydrodynamic simulations

This study investigates the role of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz fluctuations periodicity in the transfer of solar wind mass and energy to the magnetosphere during the co-rotating interaction region/high-speed stream event of 10 November 2003 through global modelling simulations using the space weather modelling framework. To do so, we used both solar wind observations and a variety of idealized inputs as upstream boundary conditions, describing different solar wind configurations for which relative contribution of the peak-to-noise ratio in the input Bz power spectrum to the periodicity transfer is examined. Fast Fourier transforms of both input to and the response of the magnetosphere reveal that the transfer of IMF Bz periodicity to the magnetosphere is unaltered by other solar wind parameters, although the size of the peak-to-noise ratio of the input signal is the controlling factor that determines this transfer. The global magnetosphere simulation suggests that a threshold amount of power (peak-to-noise ratio) of approximately 10 in the input signal is needed for the magnetosphere to react to the periodicity in the input Bz, while for the cross-polar cap potential, the threshold amount is significantly smaller.
The flow over a backward-facing step under controlled perturbation: laminar separation

The flow over a backward-facing step with laminar separation was investigated experimentally under controlled perturbation for a Reynolds number of 11000, based on a step height h and a free-stream velocity UO. The reattaching shear layer was found to have two distinct modes of instability: the ‘shear layer mode’ of instability at Stθ ≈ 0.012 (Stθ ≡ fθ/UO, θ being the momentum thickness at separation and f the natural roll-up frequency of the shear layer); and the ‘step mode’ of instability at Sth ≈ 0.185 (Sth ≡ fh/U0). The shear layer instability frequency reduced to the step mode one via one or more stages of a vortex merging process. The perturbation increased the shear layer growth rate and the turbulence intensity and decreased the reattachment length compared to the unperturbed flow. Cross-stream measurements of the amplitudes of the perturbed frequency and its harmonics suggested the splitting of the shear layer. Flow visualization confirmed the shear layer splitting and showed the existence of a low-frequency flapping of the shear layer.
A BEM‐level set domain‐decomposition strategy for non‐linear and fragmented interfacial flows

A domain‐decomposition algorithm has been developed to handle two‐phase flows with large deformation, breaking and fragmentation of the interface. The strategy couples a boundary element method with a Navier–Stokes solver combined with a level‐set technique for the tracking of the interface. The former is used in the fluid region where the interface can be modelled as a smooth surface. In the rest of the domain the field solver is applied. This results in an efficient and accurate method. In this paper, the features of the used strategy are described and the challenges connected with the coupling are deeply discussed. The numerical investigation highlighted the importance of a proper rational study when CFD methods are considered. In the present case, a crucial aspect is represented by the domain‐composition step, that is when the information from one solver to the other have to be properly reconstructed and made consistent with the receiver sub‐domain. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating and interpolating a Markov chain from aggregate data

Given aggregated longitudinal data generated by a Markov chain, which may be nonhomogeneous, the problem considered is that of modelling, estimating and interpolating the logarithms of partial odds and hence the transition probabilities. By partial odds is meant the probability of a transition to another state divided by the probability of no transition. A result establishing asymptotic normality leads to vector weighted least squares estimation of parameterised partial odds using standard regression methods. It is shown how to obtain estimates of one-step transition probabilities from widely or irregularly spaced data. The methods are illustrated on an example concerning competing causes of death. Copyright Biometrika Trust 2002, Oxford University Press.
MESSENGER observations of multiscale Kelvin‐Helmholtz vortices at Mercury

Observations by the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft in Mercury's magnetotail demonstrate for the first time that Na+ ions exert a dynamic influence on Mercury's magnetospheric system. Na+ ions are shown to contribute up to ~30% of the ion thermal pressure required to achieve pressure balance in the premidnight plasma sheet. High concentrations of planetary ions should lead to Na+ dominance of the plasma mass density in these regions. On orbits with northward‐oriented interplanetary magnetic field and high (i.e., >1 cm−3) Na+ concentrations, MESSENGER has often recorded magnetic field fluctuations near the Na+ gyrofrequency associated with the Kelvin‐Helmholtz (K‐H) instability. These nightside K‐H vortices are characteristically different from those observed on Mercury's dayside that have a nearly constant wave frequency of ~0.025 Hz. Collectively, these observations suggest that large spatial gradients in the hot planetary ion population at Mercury may result in a transition from a fluid description to a kinetic description of vortex formation across the dusk terminator, providing the first set of truly multiscale observations of the K‐H instability at any of the diverse magnetospheric environments explored in the solar system.
Experimental and numerical investigation of the dynamics of an underwater explosion bubble near a resilient/rigid structure

This paper deals with an experimental and numerical study of the dynamics of an underwater explosion and its associated fluid–structure interaction. Experimental studies of the complex fluid–structure interaction phenomena were carried out in a specially designed test pond. The pond is equipped with a high-speed camera and pressure and displacement sensors. The high-speed camera was used to capture the expansion and collapse of the gas bubble created by the explosion. Several different structures were used in the experiments, including both rigid and resilient plates of circular shape. The deformation of the plate was measured with a non-contact laser telemetry device. The numerical simulations of the explosion bubble interacting with a submerged resilient structure were performed using a three-dimensional bubble dynamics code in conjunction with a structural code. The bubble code is based on the boundary-element method (BEM) and has been coupled to a structural finite-element code (PAM-CRASH$^{\rm TM})$. The experimental results were compared against the numerical results for different bubble–structure configurations and orientations. Several physical phenomena that have been observed, such as bubble jetting and bubble migration towards the structure are discussed.
Attitude Parameterizations as Higher-Dimensional Map Projections

A class of vectorial attitude parameterizations that are formulated as a product of the unit rotation vector and various functions of the rotation angle is examined. When related to a four-dimensional unit quaternion, these vectorial parameterizations are shown to be analogous to higher-dimensional azimuthal projections from a threedimensional unit hypersphere. Several types of these projections are examined. Singularities are identified and numerical accuracy is evaluated based on the singular value decomposition of the attitude kinematics. It is shown how shadow parameterizations can be constructed in order to alleviate the kinematical singularities. It is also shown that the kinematical passivity and optimality of the Rodrigues and modified Rodrigues parameters are special cases of themore general result that holds for awider range of vectorial parameterizations. This result is used to formulate and compare passivity-based control laws using various parameterizations.
Interfacial periodic waves of permanent form with free-surface boundary conditions

In a two-fluid system where the upper surface of the upper fluid is free, there are two independent modes of oscillation about the state of equilibrium, an ‘internal’ mode and an ‘external’ mode, which are described by two distinct dispersion curves. An efficient numerical scheme based on Fourier series expansions is used to calculate periodic waves of permanent form and of finite amplitude. Three kinds of waves are calculated: combination waves resulting from the interaction between an ‘internal’ mode and an ‘external’ mode with the same phase speed but wavelengths in a ratio of 2 (1:2 resonance), combination waves resulting from the interaction between a long ‘internal’ mode and a short ‘external’ mode with the same phase speed, and pure ‘external’ waves. It is shown that the 1:2 resonance, which is well-known for capillary – gravity surface waves and can profoundly affect wave field evolution, can affect pure gravity waves in a two-fluid system, but not in oceanic conditions. On the other hand, it is shown that the long/short wave resonance can occur in ocean-type conditions. Finally it is confirmed that pure external waves of finite amplitude behave like surface waves.
Improving Seasonal Forecasting in the Low Latitudes

Abstract Seasonal forecast of climate anomalies holds the prospect of improving agricultural planning and food security, particularly in the low latitudes where rainfall represents a limiting factor in agrarian production. Present-day methods are usually based on simulated precipitation as a predictor for the forthcoming rainy season. However, climate models often have low skill in predicting rainfall due to the uncertainties in physical parameterization. Here, the authors present an extended statistical model approach using three-dimensional dynamical variables from climate model experiments like temperature, geopotential height, wind components, and atmospheric moisture. A cross-validated multiple regression analysis is applied in order to fit the model output to observed seasonal precipitation during the twentieth century. This model output statistics (MOS) system is evaluated in various regions of the globe with potential predictability and compared with the conventional superensemble approach, which .
The Effect and Possible Mechanism of Cardiac Rehabilitation in Partial Revascularization Performed on Multiple Coronary Artery Lesions

Purpose To observe the effect of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in patients with partial revascularization performed on multiple coronary artery lesions and explore its possible mechanism. Patients and Methods A total of 400 patients with multiple coronary artery lesions were enrolled and randomly divided into a complete revascularization group and a CR group, with 200 cases in each group. Target lesion revascularization was performed radically in the complete revascularization group, while it was partially completed in the CR group, and postoperative CR was performed. All the patients were put under conventional treatment. Left ventricular end diastolic dimension (LVEDD), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), 6-minute walking distance (6-MWD), quality-of-life scores, safety and levels of serum nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were evaluated and compared between two groups before and after training. Results There was no significant difference in LVEDD, LVEF, 6-MWD, quality-of-life scores, levels of serum NO, NOS, SOD, and VEGF between two groups before training (p>0.05). 1 year later, compared with the complete revascularization group, the occurrence of major adverse events in the CR group declined (p>0.05); the measurements of LVEDD decreased and LVEF increased (p>0.05), 6-MWD increased significantly (p<0.05), quality-of-life scores were higher (p<0.05), the levels of serum NO, NOS, and SOD increased noticeably, and the levels of serum VEGF decreased significantly in the CR group (p<0.05). There were significant differences within the same group, before and after training (p<0.05). Conclusion Cardiac rehabilitation training, not increase in the incidence of adverse events, is effective and safe after partial revascularization in patients with multiple coronary artery lesions, which has notable clinical advantages in promoting patients’ exercise endurance and quality-of-life by improving the nitric oxide synthase system and antioxidant system and reducing the level of VEGF.
Towards an Object-Oriented Organization Theory: The Role of Entrepreneurial Objects in Organizational Emergence

Avant-garde entrepreneurship studies have contributed to organization theory through a strong process ontology on the creation of new potentialities for organizing; however, this has also further diminished scholarly attention to organizations as objects. It follows that the core entities of organization theory—real organizations—matter very little for theorizing organizational emergence. Based on Graham Harman’s object-oriented ontology (OOO), we develop the argument that objects, not unlike processes, can be entrepreneurial. Laying the ground for an object-oriented organization theory (OOOT), we posit that increased attention to viewing entrepreneurship as a quality invites organization theory into the weird reality of organizations as emergent autonomy-seeking objects. This becomes possible by way of a non-literal knowledge sustained by the commitment of another object that is neither reduceable to its components (including process itself) nor actions (including all forms of the relational determination of organizations). We close by discussing the uniqueness of OOOT through the example of Sun Ra and the Arkestra.
Some non-embedding theorems for the Grassmann manifolds G2,n and G3,n

In recent years, the problem of embedding the projective spaces in Euclidean spaces was studied very much, by different methods. Usually, the negative results on the embedding problem are proved by using suitable homotopy invariants. The best known example of such homotopy invariants is given by the Stiefel–Whitney classes.
High-speed black-hole encounters and gravitational radiation

Encounters between black holes are considered in the limit that the approach velocity tends to the speed of light. At high speeds, the incoming gravitational fields are concentrated in two plane-fronted shoch regions, which become distorted and deflected as they pass through each other. The structure of the resulting curved shocks is analyzed in some detail, using perturbation methods. This leads to calculations of the gravitational radiation emitted near the forward and backward directions. These methods can be applied when the impact parameter is comparable to Gc/sup -2/M.gamma. /sup 2/, where M is a typical black-hole mass and . gamma. is a typical Lorentz factor (measured in a center-of-mass frame) of an incoming black hole. Then the radiation carries power/solid angle of the characteristic strong-field magnitude c/sup 5/G/sup -1/ within two beams occupying a solid angle of order . gamma. /sup -2/. But the methods are still valid when the black holes undergo a collision or close encounter, where the impact parameter is comparable to Gc/sup -2/M.gamma. In this case the radiation is apparently not beamed, and the calculations describe detailed structure in the radiation pattern close to the forward and backward directions. The analytic expressions for strong-field gravitational radiation indicate that a significantmore » fraction of the collision energy can be radiated as gravitational waves. « less
Solar wind properties obtained from the study of the 11‐year cosmic‐ray cycle: 1

On the basis of investigations of the 11-year cosmic-ray cycle, the dimensions of the region filled with the solar wind, the scattering transport paths of particles of various energies, and the change in spectrum of magnetic inhomogeneities with respect to solar activity are studied. Using comparatively high-energy cosmic rays and taking account of the time lag of interplanetary space conditions relative to processes on the sun, these properties of the solar wind and others, such as the true cosmic-ray intensity beyond the region filled with the solar wind, are evaluated.