Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Meal and snack frequency in relation to diet quality in Japanese adults: a cross-sectional study using different definitions of meals and snacks

Epidemiological evidence on the association between eating frequency and overall diet quality does not represent a consistent picture. This cross-sectional study examined the associations of meal frequency and snack frequency with diet quality, using different definitions of meals and snacks. Based on 4-d weighed dietary record data obtained from 639 Japanese adults aged 20–81 years, all eating occasions were divided into meals or snacks based on either the participant-identified or time-of-day definitions. Diet quality was assessed by the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) and Nutrient-Rich Food Index 9.3 (NRF9.3). One additional meal per d increased the HEI-2015 total score by 3·6 and 1·3 points based on the participant-identified and time-of-day definitions, respectively. A higher meal frequency was also associated with higher values of some of the HEI-2015 component scores (total vegetables, greens and beans, and total protein foods), irrespective of how meals were defined. Additionally, one additional participant-identified snack per d increased the HEI-2015 total score by 0·7 points. The frequency of participant-identified snacks also showed positive associations with some of the HEI-2015 component scores (total fruits, whole fruits, total vegetables, greens and beans, dairy products, and Na). However, the frequency of time-of-day defined snacks was not associated with the total scores of HEI-2015, although there were some associations for its components. Similar findings were obtained when the NRF9.3 was used. In conclusion, higher meal frequency was consistently associated with higher diet quality, while associations between snack frequency and diet quality varied depending on the definition of snacks.
REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR OF KARI SHEEP UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS

Reproductive behaviour of Karisheepwas studied duringa three years period comprisingtwo consecutives phases . 726 sheep spread in thirty shepherds flocks at the three harbouringvalleysi.e. ,Garam-Chashma (GC), Karimabad (KD) and Arkari (AR),were studiedfollowinga reproductivetrialunder controlled conditions near Chitral city . Kariewes exhibitedoestrousseasonality. November to January conceded 43% of total recordedconceptions. Lambings although, spread over the year, were concentrated in spring and autumn with two distinct peaks, around April and October. Twinning was uncommon.During controlled experiment ,255 copulation events were recorded in 13 days during the controlled trial . Majority (50%) of copulation happened in the morning followed by those in the evening (36%), noon (14%) and afternoon (<1%) and their frequency was conversely proportional to the lower ambient temperature recorded during that part of the day. Only three out of 25 mated ewes could successfully develop the foetus and deliver. Ewes lost 16% bodyweightinparturition.It is suggested that Kari sheep tend to exhibit seasonal breeding,whereas lambing is spreaded throughout the year. Copulative activi ty almost cease whenever temperature raises up to 25 0 C. Mating frequency, during different parts of the day, negatively correlated with the minimum ambient temperature. Ewes lost 16% of their body weight as a result of parturition.
Role of cathepsin S-dependent epithelial cell apoptosis in IFN-γ-induced alveolar remodeling and pulmonary emphysema

Sugiyama T. , M. Gursel, F. Takeshita, C. Coban, J. Conover, T. Kaisho, S. Akira, D. M. Klinman, and K. J. Ishii. 2005. CpG RNA: identification of novel single-stranded RNA that stimulates human CD14 CD11c monocytes. J. Immunol. 174: 2273–2279. In References, an error was made in Reference 22. The correct citation is shown below. 22. Scaringe, S. A. 2001. RNA oligonucleotide synthesis via 5 -silyl-2 -orthoester chemistry. Methods 23: 206–217.
Stimulation of increased short‐term growth and development of mayflies by pulp mill effluent

To determine the food-dependent effects of biologically treated, bleached-kraft pulp mill effluent on mayfly (Baetis tricaudatus Dodds) growth and development, mayflies were exposed to effluent for 2 weeks within artificial streams arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design (two periphyton food levels - low, high; three concentrations - control river water, 1% effluent, 10% effluent). Although survival was not affected, the effluent had a significant stimulatory effect on growth (resulting in 20 to 50% greater body weights) and development of the wing pads. Furthermore, the initial growth and development trajectories suggest that effluent-exposed mayflies may emerge sooner and at a larger size than nonexposed individuals. A key result was that the stimulatory effects occurred within both the low- and high-food treatments. Thus, the effluent-exposed mayflies grew-faster than even the high-food control animals, which already had access to more food than they could eat throughout the experiment. This shows that the stimulatory effect of the effluent on the mayflies involved more than just an increase in food-availability due to enhanced algal growth in response to nutrients in the effluent. Three possible mechanisms for this growth-enhancement effect are that the effluent (a) increased the nutritive value of the food, (b) enhanced the palatability of the periphyton, inducing increased mayfly feeding, and/or (c) directly stimulated increased mayfly growth via hormonal or other growth-stimulation effects. Further work is required to determine whether the growth stimulation occurred at the expense of future reproductive output.
Endocrine Resistance in Breast Cancer

Around 70% of all breast cancers are estrogen receptor alpha positive and hence their development is highly dependent on estradiol. While the invention of endocrine therapies has revolusioned the treatment of the disease, resistance to therapy eventually occurs in a large number of patients. This paper seeks to illustrate and discuss the complexity and heterogeneity of the mechanisms which underlie resistance and the approaches proposed to combat them. It will also focus on the use and development of methods for predicting which patients are likely to develop resistance.
Chronic Ethanol Ingestion in Rats Decreases Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Receptor Expression and Downstream Signaling in the Alveolar Macrophage1

Although it is well recognized that alcohol abuse impairs alveolar macrophage immune function and renders patients susceptible to pneumonia, the mechanisms are incompletely understood. Alveolar macrophage maturation and function requires priming by GM-CSF, which is produced and secreted into the alveolar space by the alveolar epithelium. In this study, we determined that although chronic ethanol ingestion (6 wk) in rats had no effect on GM-CSF expression within the alveolar space, it significantly decreased membrane expression of the GM-CSF receptor in alveolar macrophages. In parallel, ethanol ingestion decreased cellular expression and nuclear binding of PU.1, the master transcription factor that activates GM-CSF-dependent macrophage functions. Furthermore, treatment of ethanol-fed rats in vivo with rGM-CSF via the upper airway restored GM-CSF receptor membrane expression as well as PU.1 protein expression and nuclear binding in alveolar macrophages. Importantly, GM-CSF treatment also restored alveolar macrophage function in ethanol-fed rats, as reflected by endotoxin-stimulated release of TNF-α and bacterial phagocytosis. We conclude that ethanol ingestion dampens alveolar macrophage immune function by decreasing GM-CSF receptor expression and downstream PU.1 nuclear binding and that these chronic defects can be reversed relatively quickly with rGM-CSF treatment in vivo.
Proteasome Activator PA28γ-Dependent Nuclear Retention and Degradation of Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein

ABSTRACT Hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein plays an important role in the formation of the viral nucleocapsid and a regulatory protein involved in hepatocarcinogenesis. In this study, we have identified proteasome activator PA28γ (11S regulator γ) as an HCV core binding protein by using yeast two-hybrid system. This interaction was demonstrated not only in cell culture but also in the livers of HCV core transgenic mice. These findings are extended to human HCV infection by the observation of this interaction in liver specimens from a patient with chronic HCV infection. Neither the interaction of HCV core protein with other PA28 subtypes nor that of PA28γ with other Flavivirus core proteins was detected. Deletion of the PA28γ-binding region from the HCV core protein or knockout of the PA28γ gene led to the export of the HCV core protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Overexpression of PA28γ enhanced the proteolysis of the HCV core protein. Thus, the nuclear retention and stability of the HCV core protein is regulated via a PA28γ-dependent pathway through which HCV pathogenesis may be exerted.
Short‐term changes in the biology of a warm‐core ring: Zooplankton biomass and grazing1

Gale force winds in September 198 1 deepened the mixed layer and introduced nutrients to the surface waters of Gulf Stream warm-core ring 8 1 D. Phytoplankton nitrate uptake rates, primary productivity, and chlorophyll a in the mixed layer of ring 8 1 D increased after the mixing event. Microzooplankton biomass (64-333 pm) doubled after the storm, with the cyclopoid copepods having the largest numerical increase. Data on zooplankton biomass, numbers of naupliar and copepodite stages of copepods, zooplankton grazing rates inside the ring, and measurements of high egg production rates by ring copepod species suggest that enhanced phytoplankton production and biomass in ring 8 1 D was utilized by the ring zooplankton. The data support the hypothesis that in situ processes dominate the biological dynamics of warm-core rings. Our findings also indicate that oceanic zooplankton respond to physical events on relatively brief time scales (< 10 d) and that such events may enhance secondary production. Gulf Stream warm-core rings (WCRs) are formed in the North Atlantic when northward meanders of the Gulf Stream separate from it. These anticyclonic eddies, often 100-200 km across, usually contain a core of oligotrophic Sargasso Sea water surrounded by a remnant of the Gulf Stream. Typical rotation speeds of WCRs in the Slope Water are 0.5-2.0 m s-l (Joyce et al. 1983), with general southwestward translation of 3-5 km d- ’ (Joyce and Wiebc 1983). Warmcore rings may at times account for more than 50% of the total surface area of the
Release of Phenolic Acids and Amino Acids during Mashing Dependent on Temperature, pH, Time, and Raw Materials

In this study the ideal mashing-in conditions for wheat beer were examined. The parameters concerning temperature, pH value, and time should guarantee an optimal activity of arabinoxylan- and protein-degrading enzymes and thus a high release of ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid as well as amino acids. These phenolic acids are precursors of the flavor-and aroma-active volatile phenols 4-vinylguiacol and 4-vinylphenol. Together with higher alcohols and esters, e.g., phenyl ethanol and isoamyl acetate, formed among others by amino acids, they make a decisive contribution to the typical aroma and taste profile of wheat beer. In addition to the maximized release of ferulic, p-coumaric acid, and amino acids, the investigated mashing-in conditions should reduce the amount of cinnamic acid. This phenolic acid, which is naturally prevalent in cereals, is converted by thermal and enzymatic decarboxylation into the harmful substance styrene during the brewing process. The studied parameters, especially the mashing-in pH, afford the realization of the set targets. Besides the determination of the effects of different mashing-in parameters, various colored malts and raw materials were investigated for their contents of phenolic acids and amino acids.
Effect of Metal Cations on the Swelling and Gelatinization Behaviour of Large Wheat Starch Granules

The effect of metal cations on the swelling and gelatinization behaviour of large wheat starch granules has been studied by observing their behaviour in the presence of 24 different chlorides in aqueous solutions. With most salts, increasing concentration results in gelatinization temperatures being first raised, then depressed, and then raised again. Increasing salt concentration may also cause the initial loss of anisotropy to occur at the granule surface instead of at the hilum, and result in an apparent solution of starch rather than swollen granules. The gelatinization phenomena have been classified into three major types, and these are described in detail. It is suggested that both water and partially hydrated salts can act as gelling agents for starch granules, and that the interplay of these two agencies can explain the observed complex relation between gelatinization temperature and salt concentration.
Response of Processing Tomato to Simulated Bromoxynil Drift Followed by In-Crop Metribuzin Application

Abstract Simulated drift rates of bromoxynil followed by an in-crop application of metribuzin were applied to processing tomato in eight field studies conducted from 2008 to 2010 in Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada, to determine if a synergistic interaction occurred due to the cumulative herbicide application. A transient synergistic response was observed 7 d after treatment (DAT) when bromoxynil drift rates of 8.5, 17, and 34 g ai ha−1 were followed 3 to 5 d later by metribuzin at 250 g ai ha−1. By 28 DAT, visible injury ratings were additive for 8.5, 17, and 34 g ha−1 bromoxynil followed by metribuzin treatments. However, when bromoxynil at 68 g ha−1 (20% of field rate) was followed by metribuzin, a synergistic interaction was evident and remained through harvest. Based on Colby's equation there was greater visible injury than expected at 7, 14, and 28 DAT when bromoxynil at 68 g ha−1 was followed by metribuzin. A corresponding synergistic reduction of plant dry weight and marketable tomato yield, compared with the nontreated control, was identified. Marketable yields were expected to be 65% of the control according to Colby's equation, but observed yield reductions were 49% when bromoxynil at 68 g ha−1 was followed by metribuzin. In general, tomato plants sprayed with metribuzin after bromoxynil drift had greater injury than treatments sprayed with bromoxynil alone. Nomenclature: Bromoxynil; metribuzin; tomato; Solanum lycopersicon L. Resumen Se aplicaron dosis de deriva simulada de bromoxynil seguidas de una aplicación de metribuzin dentro del cultivo de tomate para procesamiento en ocho estudios de campo realizados desde 2008 a 2010 en Ridgetown, Ontario, Canadá, para determinar si ocurrió una interacción sinérgica como consecuencia de la aplicación acumulada de herbicidas. A 7 d después del tratamiento (DAT) se observó una respuesta sinérgica transitoria cuando las dosis de bromoxynil 8.5, 17, y 34 g ai ha−1 fueron seguidas 3 a 5 d después por metribuzin a 250 g ai ha−1. A 28 DAT, las evaluaciones de daño visual fueron aditivas para 8.5, 17, y 34 g ha−1 de bromoxynil seguidas de tratamientos de metribuzin. Sin embargo, cuando bromoxynil a 68 g ha−1 (20% de la dosis de campo) fue seguido de metribuzin, la interacción sinérgica fue evidente y esta se mantuvo hasta la cosecha. Con base en la ecuación Colby, hubo un daño visible mayor que el esperado a 7, 14, y 28 DAT cuando bromoxynil a 68 g ha−1 fue seguido de metribuzin. Se identificó una reducción sinérgica correspondiente de peso seco de planta y de rendimiento de tomate comercializable, al compararse con el testigo sin tratamiento. Según la ecuación Colby se esperaba que los rendimientos comercializables fueran 65% en comparación con el testigo, pero las reducciones de rendimiento observadas fueron 49% cuando bromoxynil a 68 g ha−1 fue seguido de metribuzin. En general, las plantas de tomate tratadas con metribuzin después de la deriva de bromoxynil tuvieron un daño mayor que los tratamientos aplicados con solamente bromoxynil.
Prediction of goat litter size using body measurements

SUMMARY Changes in abdominal circumference (total and right half), live weight and vulva-cervix distance were used to predict the number of fetuses under range conditions. Total body weight gain during gestation was 5.49 ±2.3 and 6.9 ±2.9kg (mean ±standard error) for single and twin-bearing does, respectively. The increment in abdominal circumference was 9.3 ±2.9 and 10.6 ±3.3cm for single and twin-bearing does, respectively. At the end of pregnancy the vulva cervix distance was 3.0 ±1.6 and 3.3 ±1.2cm for single and twin-bearing does, respectively. Discriminant analyses on records of 97 goats indicated that at 6890 days of pregnancy, live weight change was the best predictor variable, with 62% being correctly classified as twin-bearing does. At 91-114 days of gestation abdominal circumference on average identified two thirds of twin-bearing does. At 115-142 days of pregnancy live weight gain was again the best predictor variable for separation of does according to number of fetuses. In all stages of pregnancy, the vulva-cervix distance was an erratic variable for discriminating between single-and twin-bearing does. Little precision in predicting litter size was gained by combining pairs of variables. It is concluded that change in abdominal circumference at around 100 days of gestation is of moderate practical significance for predicting multiple fetuses in goats under field conditions.
Trimethylation of the R5 Silica‐Precipitating Peptide Increases Silica Particle Size by Redirecting Orthosilicate Binding

The unmodified R5 peptide from silaffin in the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis rapidly precipitates silica particles from neutral aqueous solutions of orthosilicic acid. A range of post‐translational modifications found in R5 contribute toward tailoring silica morphologies in a species‐specific manner. We investigated the specific effect of R5 lysine side‐chain trimethylation, which adds permanent positive charges, on silica particle formation. Our studies revealed that a doubly trimethylated R5K3,4me3 peptide has reduced maximum activity yet, surprisingly, generates larger silica particles. Molecular dynamics simulations of R5K3,4me3 binding by the precursor orthosilicate anion revealed that orthosilicate preferentially associates with unmodified lysine side‐chain amines and the peptide N terminus. Thus, larger silica particles arise from reduced orthosilicate association with trimethylated lysine side chains and their redirection to the N terminus of the R5 peptide.
Prodynorphin (PDYN) gene polymorphisms in Turkish patients with methamphetamine use disorder, changes in PDYN serum levels in withdrawal and the relationship between PDYN, temperament and depression

Abstract Aim of the study is to compare prodynorphin (PDYN) rs1997794, rs1022563, rs6045819, rs2235749 polymorphisms in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder (MD) to that of healthy controls (HC), and to investigate the differences in serum PDYN levels in methamphetamine withdrawal. It is also aimed to explore the temperament characteristics and depression and their relationship with PDYN polymorphisms and PDYN serum levels in MD group. PDYN gene and serum levels were studied in 134 patients with MD and 97 HC. Patients with MD were administered Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). For rs1022563 polymorphism, TT and CT genotype frequency and T allele frequency were significantly higher in the MD group than the frequencies in HC. It was found that rs2235749 polymorphism AA genotype was associated with increased risk of MD. PDYN rs1997794 CT genotypes had significantly higher scores of TEMPS-A irritable than CC genotypes and PDYN rs1022563 CC genotypes had significantly higher scores of TEMPS-A irritable than TT genotypes. PDYN levels among persons with MD were significantly higher than among the HC group when the withdrawal level increased and withdrawal symptoms improved. During the period in which the withdrawal level increased, there was a negative correlation between PDYN level and BDI and a positive relationship between PDYN level and TEMPS-A hyperthymic. It may be beneficial to screen temperament characteristics associated with increased risk of addiction in patients with MD and develop interventions based on temperament characteristics and the effects of PDYN.
Callous-unemotional traits in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): replication of prevalence estimates and associations with gaze patterns when viewing fearful faces

Abstract Research suggests an increased prevalence of callous-unemotional (CU) traits in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and a similar impairment in fear recognition to that reported in non-ASD populations. However, past work has used measures not specifically designed to measure CU traits and has not examined whether decreased attention to the eyes reported in non-ASD populations is also present in individuals with ASD. The current paper uses a measure specifically designed to measure CU traits to estimate prevalence in a large community-based ASD sample. Parents of 189 adolescents with ASD completed questionnaires assessing CU traits, and emotional and behavioral problems. A subset of participants completed a novel emotion recognition task (n = 46). Accuracy, reaction time, total looking time, and number of fixations to the eyes and mouth were measured. Twenty-two percent of youth with ASD scored above a cut-off expected to identify the top 6% of CU scores. CU traits were associated with longer reaction times to identify fear and fewer fixations to the eyes relative to the mouth during the viewing of fearful faces. No associations were found with accuracy or total looking time. Results suggest the mechanisms that underpin CU traits may be similar between ASD and non-ASD populations.
Northern map turtles (Graptemys geographica) derive energy from the pelagic pathway through predation on zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha)

1. Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) derive their energy from the pelagic energy pathway by filtering plankton. Because zebra mussels occur in high densities in littoral habitats, they potentially constitute an important trophic link between littoral consumers and pelagic energy sources. Northern map turtles (Graptemys geographica) are widespread in North America and consume zebra mussels. 2. We used stable isotopes analyses to quantify the flow of energy from the pelagic pathway to northern map turtles and to infer the contribution of zebra mussels to map turtle biomass. We then built a bioenergetic model to estimate the annual intake of zebra mussels by northern map turtles in Lake Opinicon, Ontario, Canada. 3. Stable isotopes analyses indicated that zebra mussels constitute between 0% and 14% of the diet of males and between 4% and 36% of the diet of females. Assuming that zebra mussels account for all of the pelagic contribution, we estimated that map turtles consume 3200 kg of zebra mussels annually. Because female map turtles are much larger than males and consume more zebra mussels, they are responsible for 95% of the zebra mussel biomass ingested annually. 4. The pelagic pathway supports an important part of the standing crop biomass of map turtles in Lake Opinicon. We highlight the importance of freshwater turtles in lake ecosystems. Unravelling the trophic interactions mediated by freshwater turtles will lead to a more integrated picture of lake ecosystems.
Drug-induced liver injury in a COVID-19 patient: potential interaction of remdesivir with P-glycoprotein inhibitors

Abstract We report a case of a male with COVID-19 who developed acute hepatotoxicity related to remdesivir with probable interaction of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors. Until further details upon this interaction become available, we recommend physicians to be cautious with the prescription of P-gp inhibitors in patients receiving remdesivir therapy.