Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Multi-Pass Friction Stir Processing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Metastable Dual-Phase High Entropy Alloy

Studies on Multi-pass Friction Stir Processing (FSP) of Fe49.5Mn30Co10Cr10C0. 5, a metastable dual-phase High Entropy Alloy (HEA), were carried out with the aim to systematically investigate the microstructural changes occurring during different passes, and to evaluate the mechanical response of this alloy with progressive passes. A reduction in grain size and a change in HCP volume fraction was observed after each pass. Dynamic recrystallization, occurring during FSP, led to grain refinement, and the transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect resulted in observed changes in HCP phase fraction. One-pass FSPed material exhibits a higher work hardening rate and a higher ultimate tensile strength (UTS.) value, as compared to both, an annealed and two-pass FSPed material. This is due to a combination of two factors, a small grain size and a large fraction of metastable Face Centred Cubic (FCC) phase, in the microstructure of the one-pass material.
Determination of Employee Retention: Skills, Rewards and Relationship between Employees (Literature Review)

The Literature Review Article on Determination of Employee Retention: Skills, Rewards and Relationships between Employees is a scientific article that aims to build a research hypothesis on the influence between variables that will be used in further research, within the scope of Human Resource Management. The method of writing this Literature Review article is the library research method, which is sourced from online media such as Google Scholar, Mendeley and other academic online media. The results of this Literature Review article are that: 1) Skills are related to Employee Retention; 2) Rewards related to Employee Retention; and 3) Relationships between Employees related to Employee Retention. Apart from these 3 exogenous variables that affect the endogenous variable Employee Retention, there are still many other factors including performance, behavior and motivation variables.
Distribution Patterns of Chlorophyll-a and its Relationship with Phosphate, Nitrate in Banjir Kanal Barat and Banjir Kanal Timur, Semarang, Indonesia

Banjir Kanal Barat (BKB) and Banjir Kanal Timur (BKT) are widely used for various community activities such as residential areas, industry, fish cultivation, and auction. Community activity around BKB and BKT will affect N and P nutrient inputs, which further affects phytoplankton abundance. In this study, phytoplankton biomass was estimated through chlorophyll-a (chl-a) measurements. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of the chl-a and determine the influence of phosphate and nitrate in front of the estuary from BKB and BKT. Sampling was carried out at 8 stations from each estuary and was carried out in the dry season. The concentration of chl-a, phosphate, and nitrate is further described in the form of a distribution pattern based on the interpolation method with ArcGIS 10.2 software. The results showed that the average ± sd of chl-a, respectively was 15,781 ± 16.90 mg/m 3 and 17,710 ± 15.31 mg/m 3 , phosphate was 0.0174 ± 0.0057 ppm and 0.0096 ± 0.0164 ppm, nitrate was 2.9086 ± 1.1824 ppm and 1.6919 ± 1.6316 ppm. The distribution pattern of chlorophyll-a and phosphate de-creases in concentration towards the sea, while nitrate forms an irregular pattern and has a different pattern in each estuary. Nutrient phosphate has a positive correlation with chlorophyll-a.
Fingering in Hele-Shaw cells

A large class of explicit solutions for Hele-Shaw flow with a free surface is presented. The results are valid when surface-tension effects in the plane of the cell are negligible. Most of the solutions given produce fingers, both in channel flow and on a growing air bubble. Possible behaviour of these fingers is described, and a qualitative comparison with published experimental results is made.
Correlation between macroscopic transport parameters and microscopic electrical properties in GaN

In GaN layers grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy on sapphire substrates the temperature-dependent Hall (TDH) and photo-Hall-effect (PHE) measurements show essential differences between undoped and Si-doped GaN. In undoped GaN the maximum of the Hall mobility occurs at temperatures near 300K with a low value. In PHE, an illumination introduces an enhancement of the mobility and a decrease of the electron density. In contrast, in Si-doped GaN the maximum Hall mobility is higher by a factor of 10 and is observed at temperatures between 100 and 180K. The photoinduced changes in the mobility and electron density are only marginal. Intensity dependent PHE measurements suggest the existence of internal potential barriers caused by inhomogeneities in the undoped samples. These results are combined with the surface-potential roughness on a microscale, as determined by scanning surface-potential microscopy (SSPM). In SSPM the undoped layers show strong potential fluctuations while they are lower for the Si-.
Insights from the Infection Cycle of VSV-ΔG-Spike Virus

Fundamental key processes in viral infection cycles generally occur in distinct cellular sites where both viral and host factors accumulate and interact. These sites are usually termed viral replication organelles, or viral factories (VF). The generation of VF is accompanied by the synthesis of viral proteins and genomes and involves the reorganization of cellular structure. Recently, rVSV-ΔG-spike (VSV-S), a recombinant VSV expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, was developed as a vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2. By combining transmission electron microscopy (TEM) tomography studies and immuno-labeling techniques, we investigated the infection cycle of VSV-S in Vero E6 cells. RT-real-time-PCR results show that viral RNA synthesis occurs 3–4 h post infection (PI), and accumulates as the infection proceeds. By 10–24 h PI, TEM electron tomography results show that VSV-S generates VF in multi-lamellar bodies located in the cytoplasm. The VF consists of virus particles with various morphologies. We demonstrate that VSV-S infection is associated with accumulation of cytoplasmatic viral proteins co-localized with dsRNA (marker for RNA replication) but not with ER membranes. Newly formed virus particles released from the multi-lamellar bodies containing VF, concentrate in a vacuole membrane, and the infection ends with the budding of particles after the fusion of the vacuole membrane with the plasma membrane. In summary, the current study describes detailed 3D imaging of key processes during the VSV-S infection cycle.
Biological activities of Viscum tuberculatum aqueous leaf extract

Abstract Content Plant-based natural products have served as sources of remedies against pathogenic microorganisms. Although the biological activities of Viscum (Santalaceae) species are widely recognized, there is no scientific evidence for Viscum tuberculatum A. Rich. in Ethiopia. Objective To investigate the antimicrobial, acute toxicity, anti-inflammatory properties and phytochemical constituents of an aqueous extract of V. tuberculatum from Ethiopia. Materials and methods The antibacterial activity of the aqueous leaf extract of V. tuberculatum was tested against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of this extract were determined using the broth macrodilution method. The acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory effects of the extract were investigated using standard procedures on female and male white albino mice, aged 8 and 10 weeks, respectively. The phytochemical constituents of V. tuberculatum were determined using LC–MS QTOF. Results The MIC and MBC values against S. aureus were found to be 6.25 and 100 mg/mL. The LD50 value was more than 2000 mg/kg body weight of the mouse. The 400 mg/kg dose exerts 87% inhibition after 5 h of carrageenan injection. Twenty-five different metabolites, mainly flavonoids, phenolic acids and alkaloids, were identified. Conclusions These findings demonstrate the potential antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potential of the aqueous extract of V. tuberculatum.
Flow braking and the substorm current wedge

Recent models of magnetotail activity have associated the braking of earthward flow with dipolarization and the reduction and diversion of cross-tail current, that is, the signatures of the substorm current wedge. Estimates of the magnitude of the diverted current by Haerendel [1992] and Shiokawa et al. [1997, 1998] tend to be lower than results from computer simulations of magnetotail reconnection and tail collapse [Birn and Hesse, 1996], despite similar underlying models. An analysis of the differences between these estimates on the basis of the simulations gives a more refined picture of the diversion of perpendicular into parallel currents. The inertial currents considered by Haerendel [1992] and Shiokawa et al. [1997] contribute to the initial current reduction and diversion, but the dominant and more permanent contribution stems from the pressure gradient terms, which change in connection with the field collapse and distortion. The major effect results from pressure gradients in the z direction, rather than from the azimuthal gradients [Shiokawa et al., 1998], combined with changes in B y and B x . The reduction of the current density near the equatorial plane is associated with a reduction of the curvature drift which overcompensates changes of the magnetization current and of the gradient B drift current. In contrast to the inertial current effects, the pressure gradient effects persist even after the burst of earthward flow ends.
Partitioned Soil Water Balance and Its Link With Water Uptake Strategy Under Apple Trees in the Loess‐Covered Region

It is important, but challenging, to partition soil water balance (SWB) to understand the impacts of afforestation on soil hydrological processes. This study will investigate the partitioning of SWB by combining stable and radioactive water isotopes to quantify the effects of afforestation, and analyze the mechanism by which SWB changes through identifying the water uptake strategies of apple trees of 18 and 26 years old (A18 and A26). Compared to the reference farmland, apple orchards significantly increased evapotranspiration (ET) by 5%–10%, which in turn decreased soil water storage and deep drainage by 5%–14% and 50%–95%, respectively. Further, the partitioning of ET showed that apple tree planting increased transpiration by 15%–28% but decreased evaporation by 17%–30%. The above change in SWB appeared to be closely related to plant water uptake strategies. The apple trees shifted their water source from shallow (0–2 m) to deep soils (below 2 m), utilizing approximately 62% of deep soil water in the late growing season. In particular, 23% of source water may come from soil water older than 50 years. The older apple trees tended to extract more water from deeper soils (45% for A26 vs. 38% for A18). Therefore, the soil water deficit was the cumulative effects of root water uptake. The methods for SWB partitioning provides technical support for similar studies, and the findings are helpful to better understand the hydrological processes in the thick loess deposition.
Nutritional evaluation of top foliages for livestock feeding in semi arid region of India

Top foliages from 9 plants were evaluated for nutritional, anti-nutritional attributes and in vitro fermentation. Protein, NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin contents varied. Protein fractions (PA, PB1, PB2, PB3 and PC) and carbohydrate fractions (CA, CB1, CB2 and CC) varied among foliages. Foliages total carbohydrates, non-structural carbohydrates and structural carbohydrates were 69.53, 33.34 and 36.20%, respectively. Lignin bound/unavailable carbohydrate fraction (CC) was lowest in Securinega virosa (13.58) and highest in Cassia fistula (53.44). Free condensed tannin (6.40), protein bound condensed tannin (9.34) and fibre bound condensed tannin (101.12 mg/g) differed. Tree foliages differed in total digestible nutrients (TDN), digestible energy (DE), metabolisable energy contents and net energy efficiency for maintenance (NEM), lactation (NEL) and growth (NEG). Foliages differed in gas and CH4 production with mean values of 205.75 and 31.8 ml/g DDM, respectively. Methane% of gas ranged 12. 67â€“18.58, while loss of DE as CH4 varied from 6. 64â€“13.70. Partition factor, short chain fatty acids (SCFA), microbial protein and efficiency of microbial protein differed and their values were 5.15, 2.51, 292.5 and 0.55, respectively. Results revealed that Moringa oleifera and Cnidoscolus aconitifolius had more CP, low fibre, more energy, TDN and SCFA and less CH4% of total gas.
Vision Transformer With Contrastive Learning for Remote Sensing Image Scene Classification

Remote sensing images (RSIs) are characterized by complex spatial layouts and ground object structures. ViT can be a good choice for scene classification owing to the ability to capture long-range interactive information between patches of input images. However, due to the lack of some inductive biases inherent to CNNs, such as locality and translation equivariance, ViT cannot generalize well when trained on insufficient amounts of data. Compared with training ViT from scratch, transferring a large-scale pretrained one is more cost-efficient with better performance even when the target data are small scale. In addition, the cross-entropy (CE) loss is frequently utilized in scene classification yet has low robustness to noise labels and poor generalization performances for different scenes. In this article, a ViT-based model in combination with supervised contrastive learning (CL) is proposed, named ViT-CL. For CL, supervised contrastive (SupCon) loss, which is developed by extending the self-supervised contrastive approach to the fully supervised setting, can explore the label information of RSIs in embedding space and improve the robustness to common image corruption. In ViT-CL, a joint loss function that combines CE loss and SupCon loss is developed to prompt the model to learn more discriminative features. Also, a two-stage optimization framework is introduced to enhance the controllability of the optimization process of the ViT-CL model. Extensive experiments on the AID, NWPU-RESISC45, and UCM datasets verified the superior performance of ViT-CL, with the highest accuracies of 97.42%, 94.54%, and 99.76% among all competing methods, respectively.
Association of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors with Exclusive Smokeless Tobacco Use among US Males: Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES Data 2003-2018

Purpose To evaluate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among smokeless tobacco (ST) users. Exclusive ST users were compared to exclusive cigarette smokers and non-tobacco users. Design Cross-sectional study Sample Data were used from 16,336 adult males who participated in one of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) from 2003 to 2018. Measures Biochemically verified tobacco use, CVD risk factors (hypertension, cholesterol levels, BMI categories), physical activity, cotinine concentration, and sociodemographic variables. Analysis Weighted analysis of the aggregate data was performed. ST users were compared with cigarette smokers and nontobacco users for their association with CVD risk factors. Associations were examined using univariate and multiple logistic regression with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) reported. Results Prevalence of exclusive ST use was 4.4% whereas, exclusive smoking was 22.2%. Among ST users, 36.2% were hypertensive, 24.5% had high cholesterol levels, and most of them were overweight (31.1%) or obese (52.6%). ST users were more likely to have hypertension compared to smokers (aOR = 1.48, 95%CI: 1.12, 1.95) and nontobacco users (aOR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.09, 1.83) adjusted for other covariates. ST users were twice more likely to be obese than nontobacco users (aOR = 2.18, 95%CI: 1.52, 3.11). ST users had significantly higher cotinine concentration than smokers. Conclusion Study findings indicate substantial association of ST use among males with hypertension and obesity which are independent risk factors of CVD.
Shortcuts to Edge-of-Chaos Domains of Memristive Circuits and Historic Measurement of Contiguous Triple-Branch V - I Curve of Chua Corsage Memristor

Locally-active memristors blessed with an edge-of-chaos domain, which can be destabilized for generating action potentials, are natural candidates for emulating biological neurons. Pinpointing the edge-of-chaos domain, where neuromorphic behaviors may occur, is important for studying neuromorphic dynamics of memristors. This paper proposes a short-cut method for locating the edge-of-chaos domains in two kinds of generic memristors, and in several typical memristive 1-port circuits using only the Jacobian matrix in terms of their equations. Taking the Chua Corsage Memristor (CCM) and several CCM-based memristive 1-port circuits as examples, we verify the proposed new methods, and calculates their edge-of-chaos domains. Also, we carry out a complete classification of all the parameter regions of the CCM and several CCM-based memristive 1-port circuits, namely the locally-passive, locally-active but unstable, and edge-of-chaos domains, under both voltage and frequency control. Near the calculated edge-of-chaos domain, we uncover some new neuromorphic behaviors. To confirm the physical interpretations and predictions of the edge-of-chaos theorem, this paper presents an inexpensive electronic circuit realization of the complete set of equations defining the CCM using only off-the-shelf circuit components. When this poor-man’s memristor is connected to various linear passive R, L, C circuits, and a battery, the resulting circuit can be tuned to generate action potentials, and a garden variety of neuromorphic phenomena, including chaos. But the highlight of this paper is reserved for the CCM itself where the world’s first oscilloscope picture of a contiguous self-intersecting triple-branch DC V–I curve of the CCM is displayed in real time.
Assessment of Knowledge and Attitudes on Genetically Modified Foods Among Students Studying Life Sciences

Background: Genetic engineering has stimulated interest in a range of fields, including agribusiness, food technology, food product development, and nutrition. Even though the public opinion on genetically modified (GM) goods is polarizing, the majority of experts believe that the advantages outweigh any potential risks, if at all there are any. As a result, the role of science education is to prepare students to be citizens who have a fundamental understanding of genetic engineering. As the students of life sciences are the future scientific experts and scholars who progress in the subject of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), they need to have correct knowledge of GMOs, GM foods, and appropriate attitudes regarding the same. Methodology: To investigate the knowledge and attitudes of life-sciences university students (n= 203) concerning GM foods, a cross-sectional observational survey-based study was carried out by administering a structured questionnaire across three disciplines of life sciences - Biotechnology, Food Technology, and Nutrition for undergraduates, postgraduates, and post-graduate diploma students. The scores for knowledge and attitudes were divided into tertiles as high, moderate, and low scores. Results: 88.2% of the participants agreed to have read about GMOs in their curriculum and 76.8% had defined GM foods correctly. When the participants were categorized into tertiles, it was observed that out of all the high scorers, 45.5% were food technology majors and 43% were biotechnology majors and only 11.3% were nutrition majors. 63.1% of students were found to be in favor of GMOs and GM foods and had a positive attitude toward them. There was a moderately positive association of knowledge levels with attitudes toward GMOs and GM foods (p< 0.05). Conclusion: Although in general, the life-sciences students had the basic knowledge of GMOs and GM foods, the food technology, and biotechnology majors had better knowledge about GMOs and GM foods as compared to nutrition majors. The attitude scores were directly proportional to knowledge scores which emphasizes the need for robust science education on comprehending the topic better. Incorporating a GM-related curriculum for nutrition discipline can help students learn better about the issues surrounding transgenic technology, food safety, and nutrition.
The reduction of distant blazars’ inverse Compton cascade emission by plasma instability induced beam plateauing

The attenuation of TeV γ -rays from distant blazars by the extragalactic background light produces collimated relativistic electron–positron pair beams. The pair beams traversing the intergalactic medium are unstable to linear two-stream instabilities of both electrostatic and electromagnetic nature. We investigate the case of weak blazars where the back reaction of generated electrostatic turbulence leads to a parallel plateauing of the electron energy spectrum. We determine the inverse Compton cascade ﬂux reduction above a certain normalized energy x l resulting from the incorporation of plasma effects on the beam particles distribution functions. A rational function R S ( x l ) is presented, which gives the exact reduction factor in the steady-state case as well a good approximation in the ﬂaring case. For a typical blazar scenario, the cascade ﬂux reduction factor above 10 GeV is ∼ 0.1. Application of our ﬁndings to the spectrum of 1ES 0229 + 200 shows that the incorporation of plasma effects leads to a natural explanation of the reduced observed GeV ﬂux. Claims on the lower bound of the intergalactic magnetic ﬁeld strengths, made by several authors to explain the ﬂux reduction while neglecting plasma effects, are thus put into question.
Suicide Prevention Using Google Ads: Randomized Controlled Trial Measuring Engagement

Background Studies have shown that individuals may search for suicide-related terms on the internet prior to an attempt. Objective Thus, across 2 studies, we investigated engagement with an advertisement campaign designed to reach individuals contemplating suicide. Methods First, we designed the campaign to focus on crisis, running a campaign for 16 days in which crisis-related keywords would trigger an ad and landing page to help individuals find the national suicide hotline number. Second, we expanded the campaign to also help individuals contemplating suicide, running the campaign for 19 days with a wider range of keywords through a co-designed website with a wider range of offerings (eg, lived experience stories). Results In the first study, the ad was shown 16,505 times and was clicked 664 times (4.02% click rate). There were 101 calls to the hotline. In the second study, the ad was shown 120,881 times and clicked 6227 times (5.15% click rate); of these 6227 clicks, there were 1419 (22.79%) engagements with the site, a substantially higher rate than the industry average of 3%. The number of clicks on the ad was high despite a suicide hotline banner likely being present. Conclusions Search advertisements are a quick, far-reaching, and cost-efficient way of reaching those contemplating suicide and are needed despite suicide hotline banners being present. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN12623000084684; https://www.anzctr. org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx? id=385209