Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The 5-day wave in the Arctic and Antarctic mesosphere and lower thermosphere

[1] The 5-day planetary wave in the polar mesosphere and lower thermosphere has been investigated using meteor radars at Esrange (68°N, 21°E) in the Arctic and Rothera (68°S, 68°W) in the Antarctic. The measurements span the 9-year interval from October 1999 to December 2008 and the 4-year interval from February 2005 to December 2008, respectively. The height range covered is approximately 80–100 km. Horizontal wind variance within a wave period range of 4–7 days is used as a proxy for the activity of the 5-day wave. Strong wave activity is seen in winter and late summer. However, there is a high degree of interannual variability, and in some individual years wave activity is almost absent. The data are used to construct a representative climatology for the Arctic and Antarctic. The seasonal cycle of the 5-day wave is found to be very similar in both polar regions. Wave activity in winter is present across the entire height range observed. Wintertime wave variance can reach about 65 m2/s2. The wave is largely absent around the equinoxes. Wave activity is also very strong in late summer, reaching about 75 m2/s2, but occurs only for 1–2 months and is confined to heights above about 90 km and excluded from the stronger westward winds at lower heights. Summertime wave activity peaks at a height of about 95 km and decays rapidly above and below that height. During this summer maximum, the wave cannot have ascended to the mesosphere and lower thermosphere from below and so must have been generated in situ and/or ducted across the equator from the winter hemisphere. The seasonal cycle of the 5-day wave is remarkably similar to that observed for the 2-day wave at these latitudes.
Anthropogenic emissions of trichloromethane (chloroform, CHCl3) and chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC‐22): Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory

Anthropogenic emissions of trichloromethane (CHCl3, chloroform) in 1990 have been estimated with a variety of methods specific to the source category. The largest source category for CHCl3 was found to be pulp and paper manufacturing, responsible for an estimated 30±8 Gg yr−1 reactive chlorine in the form of CHCl3. Water treatment of various types was estimated to contribute another 19±12 Gg. Manufacturing facilities of products other than pulp or paper and other relatively minor sources were estimated to emit an additional 13±5 Gg yr−1, for a total of 62±25 Gg yr−1 reactive chlorine in the form of CHCl3. The global flux of chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) is well characterized from industrial and regulatory data to have been 195 Gg in 1990, equivalent to 80±0.6 Gg yr−1 as active chlorine. The fluxes of reactive chlorine from CHCl3 and HCFC-22, distributed globally in a 1° latitude times 1° longitude grid, revealed areas highest in emissions.
Emissions of volatile organic compounds from Quercus ilex L. measured by Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry under different environmental conditions

Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions of the Mediterranean holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) were investigated using a fast Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) instrument for analysis. This technique is able to measure compounds with a proton affinity higher than water with a high time resolution of 1 s per compound. Hence nearly all VOCs can be detected on-line. We could clearly identify the emission of methanol, acetaldehyde, ethanol, acetone, acetic acid, isoprene, monoterpenes, toluene, and C10-benzenes. Some other species could be tentatively denominated. Among these are the masses 67 (cyclo pentadiene), mass 71 (tentatively attributed to methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and metacrolein (MACR)), 73 (attributed to methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)), 85 (C6H12 or hexanol), and 95 (vinylfuran or phenol). The emissions of all these compounds (identified as well as nonidentified) together represent 99% of all masses detected and account for a carbon loss of 0.7–2.9% of the net photosynthesis. Of special interest was a change in the emission behavior under changing environmental conditions such as flooding or fast light/dark changes. Flooding of the root system caused an increase of several VOCs between 60 and 2000%, dominated by the emission of ethanol and acetaldehyde, which can be explained by the well described production of ethanol under anoxic conditions of the root system and the recently described subsequent transport and partial oxidation to acetaldehyde within the green leaves. However, ethanol emissions were dominant. Additionally, bursts of acetaldehyde with lower ethanol emission were also found under fast light/dark changes. These bursts are not understood.
Seasonal variations of midlatitude mesospheric Na layer and their tidal period perturbations based on full diurnal cycle Na lidar observations of 2002–2008

[1] The Na lidar facility at Colorado State University (41°N, 105°W) started the full diurnal cycle observations of mesopause region temperature and zonal and meridional winds as well as mesospheric Na density in May 2002. In this paper, monthly means and seasonal variations of the density of mesospheric Na based on lidar observations from May 2002 to December 2008 are reported along with the amplitude and phase of tidal period perturbations. The revealed seasonal behaviors of mesospheric Na layer are generally consistent with published nocturnal climatology, with thick layers and high abundance in winter but thin layers and low abundance near summer. Tidal amplitudes of Na density are large in February–April and August–November with a dominant peak between 85 and 90 km; they are weak in summer months (May–July). The Na density tidal phase profiles, while showing downward progression, show a significant and abrupt phase shift (ideally 180 degrees). The center altitude of this phase shifting (termed switching altitude) is found to coincide with the fractional tidal amplitude (tidal amplitude over diurnal mean) minimum about 2–4 km above the centroid altitude of the associated Na layer. Taking advantage of the established temperature tidal climatology deduced from the same data set, the tidal phase behaviors between temperature and Na density and associated fractional Na density tidal amplitudes are discussed in terms of the theoretical prediction by Gardner and Shelton (1985).
Bacterial community structure and denitrifier (nir-gene) abundance in soil water and groundwater beneath agricultural land in tropical North Queensland, Australia

We explored the microbial ecology of water draining through the soil (lysimeter samples) and in the shallow aquifers (bore samples) underlying sugarcane and banana fields near the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia. Lysimeter and bore water samples were collected and analysed chemically and with DNA fingerprinting methods (PCR-DGGE and clone library sequencing) to characterise the structure of the bacterial community. Bacterial communities in soil water and borewater weredistinct(P 80% of all rRNA gene sequences originated from proteobacteria. However, groundwater communities differed from those in soil water by greater occurrence of Neisseriales and Comamonadaceae (P <0.01). qPCR was used to measure copy numbers of the nirK and nirS genes encoding NO- forming nitrite reductases. Copy numbers of both genes were greater in soil water samples than groundwater (P=0.05), withthedifferenceinnirKbeinggreaterundersugarcanethanbanana.ThesedifferencesinnirK-geneabundanceshowthat there is greater potential for denitrification in soil water under sugarcane, leading to low concentrations of nitrate in the underlying groundwater. This knowledge can be used towards development of soil and land-use management practices promoting bacterial denitrification in groundwater to lessen the undesirable ecological consequences where groundwater discharges lower in the GBR catchment zones.
Two-dimensional individual and joint inversion of three- and four-electrode array dc resistivity data

In this paper, I suggest the use of combined inversion for three- and four-electrode array data. Two-dimensional (2D) inversion results calculated using Wenner (W), Schlumberger (S), Dipol–Dipol (DD), left- and right-side pole–dipole (PD-L and PD-R), synthetic data and their combined inversion results were compared with respect to the resolution and accuracy of the inverted models. This comparison showed that the combined inversion of data from any two sets of arrays (e.g. W + S, W + DD, PD-L + DD) gave better resolution than the individual inversion of data from each array compared with the real model. However, inversion of the PD-L, PD-R and DD data sets jointly gave a better result than the single use of any electrode array and the combined inversion of any two electrode arrays. Furthermore, model resolution matrices obtained for all individual and combined data inversions showed that the combined data set inversion can recover the block resistivities at both the beginning and the end of the profile. Field data inversions also support the synthetic data inversion result.
Sequence stratigraphy, structure, and tectonic history of the southwestern Ontong Java Plateau adjacent to the North Solomon Trench and Solomon Islands Arc

The Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) is the largest and thickest oceanic plateau on Earth and one of the few oceanic plateaus actively converging on an island arc. We present velocity determinations and geologic interpretation of 2000 km of two-dimensional, multi-channel seismic data from the southwestern Ontong Java Plateau, North Solomon Trench, and northern Solomon Islands. We recognize three megasequences, ranging in age from early Cretaceous to Quaternary, on the basis of distinct interval velocities and seismic stratigraphic facies. Megasequence OJ1 is early Cretaceous, upper igneous crust of the OJP and correlates with basalt outcrops dated at 122–125 Ma on the island of Malaita. The top of the overlying megasequence OJ2, a late Cretaceous mudstone unit, had been identified by previous workers as the top of igneous basement. Seismic facies and correlation to distant Deep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean Drilling Program sites indicate that OJ2 was deposited in a moderately low-energy, marine environment near a fluctuating carbonate compensation depth that resulted in multiple periods of dissolution. OJ2 thins south of the Stewart Arch onto the Solomon Islands where it is correlated with the Kwaraae Mudstone Formation. Megasequence OJ3 is late Cretaceous through Quaternary pelagic cover which caps the Ontong Java Plateau; it thickens into the North Solomon Trench, and seismic facies suggest that OJ3 was deposited in a low-energy marine environment. We use seismic facies analysis, sediment thickness, structural observations, and quantitative plate reconstructions of the position of the OJP and Solomon Islands to propose a tectonic, magmatic, and sedimentary history of the southwestern Ontong Java Plateau. Prior to 125 Ma late Jurassic and early Cretaceous oceanic crust formed. From 125 to 122 Ma, the first mantle plume formed igneous crust (OJ1). Between 122 and 92 Ma, marine mudstone (OJ2 and Kwaraae mudstone of Malaita, Solomon Islands) was deposited on Ontong Java Plateau. At 92 Ma a second mantle plume caused widespread volcanism on the plateau. From 92 to 15 Ma, pelagic carbonate sediment (OJ3) was deposited. At ∼15 Ma the southern Ontong Java Plateau was deformed by normal faults during its approach toward the North Solomon Trench. Finally, from 4 to 0 Ma, the Malaita Accretionary Prism formed during collision between a substantially thicker portion of the Ontong Java Plateau and the Solomon Islands arc. Flexure of the Ontong Java Plateau near the trench caused coeval normal faulting.
On Magnetic Susceptibility of Olivines

The magnetic susceptibility of several olivines, xFe2SiO4・(1-x)Mg2SiO4 with varying x has been measured. The results showed that the olivines are paramagnetic and that their molecular magnetic susceptibility xmol can be expressed empirically by xmol =2x •~ 10-2emn/mol at the room temperature. Using the accepted values of the Bohr magneton number of Fe+2 ion, and assuming that the Fe+2 ions are embedded isolatedly in the crystal, the paramagnetic susceptibility of olivines at the room temperature can be calculated as xmol=2.2 x•` 2.6x •~ 10-2 emn/mol, provided that the other constituents such as Mg+2 and SiO4 are only diamagnetic. The comparison of the empirical and the calculated values seems to justify the above simple calculation. We expect such calculation will also valid for other rock-forming paramagnetic minerals.
Early phase of lightning currents measured in a short tower associated with direct and nearby lightning strikes

[1] Records of natural lightning currents of negative downward strokes measured at the base of a 60 m high instrumented tower are presented to denote patterns of their early phase. Such patterns in the records of five flashes and two upward unconnected leaders are discussed. Typical profiles of this early phase, comprising the pre-return-stroke pulses of the current flowing upwards the tower in response to the downward stepped leader approaching the ground, the concavity in the initial rising part of the return-stroke waveform, and the abrupt rise around the half-peak of the first-stroke waveform, are remarked. Statistics are developed for the pre-return-stroke pulses of current to characterize their amplitude, duration, interval, and risetime for both the first stroke and upward unconnected leaders, which proved to be quite similar. The ratio of the maximum pulse peak to first stroke peak is typically in the range 0.7% to 2.2% of the analyzed currents, different from the value of around 10% found for the distant electric fields radiated by first-stroke currents.
Concentration of micronutrients in foliage of three coniferous tree species in British Columbia

Foliage samples were secured from the upper-one third of the crowns of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia P.), lodgepole pine. (Pinus contorta D.), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla R.) trees. Needles of the 1961, 1962, and 1963 growth were obtained with the exception of western hemlock samples at Gold River where only the current growth was collected. The needles were analyzed for the micronutrients B, Cl, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, and Zn and for the apparently nonessential elements Al and Si. The ranges in concentration of B, Cl, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn, Al, and Si encountered in the various needle samples were: 2.5–17.0, 73–170, 0.05–0.46, 2.1–5.6, 38.6–68.3, 293–1982, < 0.5–0.10, 3.0–52.3, 175–787, and <467–8700 ppm in the dry matter, respectively. Manganese occurred in greater amounts than any of the other 7 micronutrients. Concentration of Fe, Mn, Al, and Si generally increased with age of needles. Levels of Mn, and Al tended to be higher in needles of western hemlock than in Douglas fir. Western hemlock needles contained much less Si than Douglas fir needles.
Stemflow and Soil Water Redistribution in Intact and Disturbed Plants of Larrea divaricata in Southern Argentina

The interception of rainfall by the shrub canopy and its redistribution via stemflow to deep soil layers represents an important source of deep-soil-water. Therefore, reductions in stemflow caused by shrub canopy disturbance should be reflected in less moisture in the deeper layers of the soil. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) stemflow, (2) soil moisture next to the root crown at three depths (10–25 cm; 25–45 cm; 45–75 cm), and (3) predawn plant water potential in intact and sprout regrowth after mechanical clearing of Larrea divaricata in southern Argentina. Stemflow was collected and measured through funnels placed at the plant crowns. Soil moisture was measured by time-domain reflectometry and water potential with a pressure chamber. Stemflow was lower (P ≤ 0.01) in disturbed (3.6% precipitation) than in intact (7.2% precipitation) plants. Soil moisture next to the plant crown was similar or lower (P ≤ 0.05) in disturbed compared to intact plants, particularly at deep soil layers. Variations of predawn water potential in intact plants were accounted for (P ≤ 0.05) by variations in soil water content at the 45–75 cm depth, whereas variations of predawn water potential in disturbed plants were accounted for (P ≤ 0.05) by variations in soil water content at both the 45–75 cm depth and 10–25 cm soil depth. Sprouts of L. divaricata after mechanical clearing showed reduced stemflow, similar or lower soil moisture next to the root crown at different soil depths, and stronger association of predawn water potential with shallow water, compared to intact plants of the same species.
Part transformation-based spare parts inventory control model for the high-tech industries

Timely and cost-effective supply of spare parts is the main purpose of spare parts inventory management and substitution is an effective way to fulfill demand on time. However, direct substitution of spare parts is not suitable for the high-tech industries due to the ever-changing nature of the product structures. Hence, parts should be transformed to be used as substitutes. This paper provides a novel spare parts inventory control model for the high-tech industries. In the proposed model, part transformation-based substitution is considered and the near-optimal values of spare part inventory levels (s, S) that minimize total cost are determined by using a simulated annealing-based simulation optimization approach. Computational analyses are performed for a hypothetical inventory system by considering transformation and no-transformation cases. The results reveal that transformation is very useful for the companies who endure long production lead times and high penalty costs associated with backorders.
Petrology of High-Pressure Metapelites from the Adula Nappe (Central Alps, Switzerland)

High-pressure metamorphism in the Penninic Adula nappe (Central on eclogite lenses, which are abundant in the structurally Alps, Switzerland) reached eclogite facies conditions. Besides abundupper part of this nappe (Heinrich, 1986; Droop et al., ant mafic eclogite lenses, very few metapelitic rocks also preserved 1990; Meyre et al., 1997). As in many other high-pressure high-pressure relics, even though most of the felsic lithologies were terranes in the world (e.g. Dabie-Shan, China; Caleretrogressed during a later amphibolite facies overprint. Calculations donides, Norway), only very few relics of high-pressure of equilibrium phase diagrams of whiteschist and sodic whiteschist metamorphism have been reported within felsic lithassemblages reveal conditions of P>20 kbar at T ~650°C. ologies (metapelitic rocks, orthogneisses) until now. This Common metapelitic assemblages (garnet + phengite + kyanite led to discussions on whether the entire Adula nappe + quartz ± paragonite) are stable over a wide range in pressure underwent a high-pressure metamorphism under eclogite and temperature. Calculations of the peak pressure conditions in the facies conditions or only part of it, that is, the eclogite investigated metapelite samples are in good agreement with analogue lenses, which were buried to great depths and later calculations of eclogite samples. These results combined with strucemplaced in amphibolite facies country rocks. This latter tural investigations support a single P–T loop for this area with assumption would presume two different pressure– a Tertiary high-pressure event (Late Eocene) that affected the entire temperature loops: first an Eo-Alpine or even a preAdula nappe. Alpine high-pressure event (e.g. Biino et al., 1997), later overprinted by the Alpine ‘Lepontine’ metamorphic event under amphibolite facies conditions. In contrast, the assumption that the entire Adula nappe underwent eclogite facies conditions presumes
Field Observations of Instantaneous Cross-Shore Free Surface Profiles and Flow Depths in the Swash Zone

Observations of instantaneous and spatial mean water surface slopes and flow depths in the surf and swash zone are presented. With the assumption of hydrostatic pressure and small shear stress at the free surface, the surface slope is equivalent to the horizontal pressure gradient which is directly proportional to the total fluid acceleration. In the swash, the water surface slope is observed to be positive (dipping seaward/rising landward) and the total fluid acceleration to be negative for the majority of the uprush and the entire backwash, contrary to some recent suggestions. Intantaneous swash depth profiles show that the uprush lens is weakly convex in shape, consistent with previous work and friction effects at the run-up tip. In addition, a simple method is presented for obtaining rapid inter-swash bed level measurements and hence the cross-shore variation in net total sediment flux for individual swash events. Copyright ASCE 2006.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Status of Boreholes in Calabar South Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria

Although, many heavy metals are necessary in small amounts for the normal development of the biological cycles, most of them become toxic at high concentrations. The major sources of heavy metal pollution in urban areas of Nigeria are anthropogenic, while contamination from natural sources predominates in the rural areas. The study examined heavy metal status of boreholes in Calabar South, Cross River of Nigeria. Four functional boreholes in the area were sampled. Result showed that the concentrations of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and Manganese (Mn) were within WHO maximum permissible limit with mean values of 0.065ml -1 g, 0.015mgl -1 and 0.002mgl -1 respectively. The proportion of copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) in the sampled boreholes was zero, indicating the absence of these metals in the sampled boreholes. The absolutely low levels of heavy metal contents across the sampled boreholes showed they were not polluted and as such suitable for human consumption. The low content also revealed that boreholes in the area were located far away from dumpsites; soak away pits, automobile shops and other forms of heavy metal contaminants. In order to maintain quality status of boreholes in the area, routine monitoring and assessment of boreholes mostly the indiscriminate sinking of boreholes in the area by sanitary inspection officers was suggested. Keywords: Heavy Metal, Borehole Water, Functional Boreholes, Proportion, Quality Status