Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the occurrence of open ocean particle production and growth events

We present new results from the Mace Head coastal station illustrating that open ocean new particle production and growth events occur frequently during periods of high oceanic productivity over the N.E. Atlantic. For the first time, we report events during which a recently‐formed nucleation mode (∼15 nm diameter) is detected and is observed to grow into an Aitken mode (∼50 nm diameter) over periods up to 48 hours. A growth rate of 0.8 nm hour−1 is estimated in a typical case study, pointing to a source region ∼700 km off‐shore. The duration of the growth also suggests the particle production events are occurring over large spatial scales. Analysis of seven years of data show occurrence of extended growth events (lasting at least 24 hours) from March to September, with a peak occurrence in May. The events suggest that secondary marine boundary layer aerosol formation contributes to the marine aerosol population.
Quality issues, measures of interestingness and evaluation of data mining models

Most often, association rules are parameterized by lower bounds on their support and confidence, even though many other measures exist that evaluate the intensity of implication of a single association rule. We remain within the support-and-confidence framework in an attempt at studying a complementary notion, to be employed jointly with the standard bounds, which has the goal of measuring a relative form of objective novelty or surprisingness of each individual rule with respect to other rules that hold in the same dataset. To do this, we propose to measure the extent to which the confidence value is robust, taken relative to the confidences of logically stronger rules, as opposed to the absolute consideration of the single rule at hand. Consider a statement such as: “any dataset in which this first rule holds must obey also that second rule”; if the confidences are the same, the second rule becomes redundant. It may still be nonredundant, though, if its confidence is considerably higher than the confidence of the first rule, whereas, if these quantities are very similar, the second rule is not really contributing novel knowledge. We formalize and characterize this intuition, show how it can be computed reasonably efficiently, and study some of the properties of this parameter on two public datasets.
Microanalysis Techniques to Study Atmospheric Ice Nucleation and Ice Crystal Growth

The prediction of how ice crystals form represents one of the great conundrums in the atmospheric sciences with important implications for the hydrological cycle and climate. Ice-nucleating particles (INPs), typically consisting of sub-and supermicrometersized aerosol particles which can be inorganic, organic, biogenic, or biological, initiate heterogeneous ice nucleation processes leading to ice crystal formation. Heterogeneous ice nucleation commences on the nanoscale at the substrate surface and depends on ambient temperature and humidity. Microanalysis techniques are uniquely suited to examine the physicochemical features of the INPs under relevant atmospheric conditions thereby advancing our understanding of the principal processes that promote ice nucleation. In the atmosphere ice crystals experience growth and sublimation resulting in complex microscopic morphologies which, in turn, impact the ice crystal’s properties. This chapter provides an overview of microanalysis techniques employed in either a multimodal or in situ manner, which shed light on the atmospheric heterogeneous ice nucleation process and how these techniques are applied to explore the complex morphologies of ice crystals. The first section introduces the various atmospheric ice nucleation pathways, provides a brief outline of the underlying nucleation theory demonstrating that nucleation proceeds on the nanoscale, and describes the different ice crystal habits of growth. Section two provides an overview of the microanalysis techniques and experiments to study INPs or ice-nucleating substrates including multimodal instrument approaches followed by in situ ice nucleation studies. Examples of techniques include Raman, atomic force, electron, and X-ray microscopy with discussion of the techniques’ unique capabilities to examine the physical and chemical properties of the ice-nucleating substrate. The third section presents electron microscopy studies of ice crystals during growth and sublimation displaying the morphological complexities of ice crystals. Lastly, section four discusses typical experimental requirements including sample sizes, radiation effects, and the role of standard INPs.
Changing rainfall-runoff relationships in the urbanizing peachtree creek watershed, Atlanta, Georgia

: Peachtree Creek is a gaged watershed that has experienced a substantial increase in urbanization. The relationships of runoff to rainfall were studied for total annual flows, low flows, and peak flows. For each type of flow the relationship in the later, more urbanized period was compared to that in the earlier, less urbanized period. An increase in total runoff in wet years was observed as urbanization increased, but a decrease occurred during dry years. For low flows a similar decrease of runoff in dry years was found. An increase in peak runoff was observed over most of the range of precipitation. Increasing peak flows and declining low flows can be adequately explained by urban hydrologic theoryshed. which focuses on the effects of urban impervious surfaces upon direct runoff and infiltration. However, a decline of total runoff in dry years can be explained only by taking into account evapotranspiration as well. The concept of advectively assisted urban evapotranspiration, previously discovered by climatologists, is needed to explain such a loss of total runoff. Urban hydrologic theory must take into account vegetation and evapotranspiration, as well as impervious surfaces and their direct runoff, to explain the magnitude of total annual flows and low flows. Urban stormwater management should address the restoration of low flows, as well as the control of floods.
Spectral composition and quanta‐to‐energy ratio of diffuse photosynthetically active radiation under diverse cloud conditions

[1] Accurate and detailed modeling of vegetation photosynthesis and ecosystem-atmosphere CO2 exchange, particularly for forests, requires data on the diffuse and global fluxes of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (400–700 nm). Such ecosystem process models typically employ PAR data in quantum units (photosynthetic photon flux density, Qp, μmol m−2 s−1), although PAR is often reported in energy units (irradiance, Rp, W m−2). Reliable conversion of diffuse PAR data from energy units (Rp,d, W m−2) to quantum units (Qp,d, μmol m−2 s−1) requires knowledge of how the conversion factor β*p,d (quanta-to-energy ratio for diffuse PAR at an arbitrary timescale, μmol J−1) varies across a broad range of sky conditions that includes variations in cloudiness, including broken clouds. This study employs spectral measurements of the diffuse irradiance of PAR to examine the influence of a diverse range of observed sky conditions on the spectral composition of Rp,d and the value of β*p,d at 1-minute and daily timescales. The results indicate that the enhanced contribution of green-to-red (550–700 nm) radiation to the spectral composition of Rp,d, induced by atmospheric scattering and diffuse reflectance by clouds, causes β*p,d at the daily timescale (β′p,d) to increase nonlinearly by up to 7% relative to clean, cloudless sky conditions. The relation is explained well (R = 0.98) by the equation β′p,d = (4.5886 × f′p,d)/(0.010773 + f′p,d), where f′p,d is equal to the diffuse fraction of the daily total irradiation of global PAR. These results may be useful for conversion of diffuse PAR data between energy and quantum units for environments where clouds are the dominant agent of atmospheric scattering. The observed quanta-to-energy ratio for global PAR at the daily timescale (β′p,g), while not strictly constant, is relatively insensitive to atmospheric scattering, and a representative value of 4.56 μmol J−1 may be employed for a wide range of cloud conditions with little or no error.
Avian Predation on Juvenile Salmonids in the Lower Columbia River: 1997 Annual Report.

The authors initiated a field study in 1997 to assess the impacts of fish-eating colonial waterbirds (i.e., terns, cormorants, and gulls) on the survival of juvenile salmonids in the lower Columbia River. Here the authors present results from the 1998 breeding season, the second field season of work on this project. The research objectives in 1998 were to: (1) determine the location, size, nesting chronology, nesting success, and population trajectories of breeding colonies of fish-eating birds in the lower Columbia River; (2) determine diet composition of fish-eating birds, including taxonomic composition and energy content of various prey types; (3) estimate forage fish consumption rates, with special emphasis on juvenile salmonids, by breeding adults and their young; (4) determine the relative vulnerabilit2048 different groups of juvenile salmonids to bird predation; (5) identify foraging range, foraging strategies, and habitat utilization by piscivorous waterbirds; and (6) test the feasibility of various alternative methods for managing avian predation on juvenile salmonids and develop recommendations to reduce avian predation, if warranted by the results.
Multi-platform integration approach for IEC61499 and Robot Operating System

of the master’s thesis Author Marcus Myllyviita Title Multi-platform integration approach for IEC61499 and Robot Operating System Degree programme Automation and Electrical Engineering Major Control, Robotics and Autonomous Systems Code of major ELEC3025 Supervisor Prof. Valeriy Vyatkin Advisors DI Ronal Bejarano, PhD Udayanto Dwi Atmojo Date 29.7. 2022 Number of pages 54 Language English
Initiation zone characterization of debris flows in November, 2006, Mount Hood, Oregon

i Acknowledgments . iii LIST OF TABLES . ix LIST OF FIGURES . xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 Aims and Objectives: . 3 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND . 5 GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF MOUNT HOOD . 5 Prehistory: . 6 Polallie Eruptive Period: . 6 Timberline Eruptive Period: . 8 Zigzag Eruptive Period: . 10 Old Maid Eruptive Period: . 10 Recent Geologic History: . 12 Summary: . 16 PREVIOUS DEBRIS FLOW RESEARCH . 17 CHAPTER 3: METHODS . 22 Field Methods: . 22 v Initial Reconnaissance:. 22 Detailed Mapping of the Initiation Zone: . 26 Sample Collection . 27 Data Processing: . 29 Laboratory Sieve Analysis: . 29 Rainfall Data . 30 Drainage Basin Attributes: . 32 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS . 40 INTRODUCTION . 40 ELIOT CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN: . 41 Reconnaissance & Sample Collection: . 41 Data Processing:. 47 SANDY RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN: . 49 Reconnaissance & Sample Collection: . 50 Data Processing:. 55 WHITE RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN: . 57 Reconnaissance & Sample Collection: . 58 Data Processing:. 61 NEWTON CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN: . 62
Effectiveness of cattle manure and nitrogen fertilizer application on the agronomic and economic performance of maize

The effects of N fertilizer and aerobically composted cattle manure, applied separately or in combination, on maize (Zea mays L.) grain yields and net benefits were determined over three seasons. A field experiment was established on a moderately leached sandy loam soil (Typic Kandiustalf). Manure was a poor source of N. In the first year, increase in grain yield was much higher when manure (12.51 ha−1 and 37.51 ha−1) was combined with the 60 kg N ha−1 mineral N rate (40% and 25.1%, respectively), and a relatively smaller further increase of 17.5% was recorded for the 37.5 t ha−1 rate while there was a decrease of 3.7% for the 12.5 t ha−1 rate, when mineral N rate was doubled to 120 kg N ha−1. In the third season increase in grain yield was also much higher when manure (12.51 ha−1 and 37.51 ha−1) was combined with the 60 kg N ha−1 mineral N rate (66.2% and 16%, respectively) and relatively smaller further increases were recorded when the mineral N rate was doubled to 120 kg N ha−1 (21.4% and 15.1 %, respectively). Net benefit indications are that residual effects of cattle manure last for at least three seasons and thus farmers could apply up to 40 t ha−1 in the first season and benefit from its residual fertility in subsequent seasons. It was concluded that smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe and other countries of Sub-Saharan Africa could positively exploit the combined application of manure and N fertilizer to increase maize yield and net benefits.
Biogeochemistry of Microbial Coal-Bed Methane

Microbial methane accumulations have been discovered in multiple coal-bearing basins over the past two decades. Such discoveries were originally based on unique biogenic signatures in the stable isotopic composition of methane and carbon dioxide. Basins with microbial methane contain either low-maturity coals with predominantly microbial methane gas or uplifted coals containing older, thermogenic gas mixed with more recently produced microbial methane. Recent advances in genomics have allowed further evaluation of the source of microbial methane, through the use of high-throughput phylogenetic sequencing and fluorescent in situ hybridization, to describe the diversity and abundance of bacteria and methanogenic archaea in these subsurface formations. However, the anaerobic metabolism of the bacteria breaking coal down to methanogenic substrates, the likely rate-limiting step in biogenic gas production, is not fully understood. Coal molecules are more recalcitrant to biodegradation with increasing thermal m.
The Role of Gender and Caste in Climate Adaptation Strategies in Nepal

Abstract Despite the growing number of studies and research projects on climate change adaptation, only a few have examined the gender and cultural dynamics of the adaptation process. Inequality has been identified as a major indicator of the vulnerability of individuals and groups; nevertheless, the gender and cultural aspects of inequality have not received much emphasis. The present article attempts to analyze the influence of gender and cultural relations on the process of climate change adaptation by presenting a study of Dalit and Lama households in the mountainous Humla District of Nepal. The inhabitants of Humla have been experiencing a shift in the monsoon season, a decrease in snowfall, and longer dry periods, with adverse effects on their livelihoods. The main focus of this article is to highlight the cultural, social, and economic dependency of the Lama and Dalit ethnic groups and to examine whether processes of adaptation exacerbate or alter gender inequalities and intercaste dependencies.
Phylogeny-wide analysis of G-protein coupled receptors in social amoebas and implications for the evolution of multicellularity [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven-transmembrane proteins and constitute the largest group of receptors within eukaryotes. The presence of a large set of GPRCs in the unicellular Amoebozoa was surprising and is indicative of the largely undiscovered environmental sensing capabilities in this group. Evolutionary transitions from unicellular to multicellular lifestyles, like we see in social amoebas, have occurred several times independently in the Amoebozoa, and GPCRs may have been co-opted for new functions in cell-cell communication.
Lichenometric and Radiocarbon Dating of Holocene Glaciation, Cordillera Blanca, Perú

Measurements of Rhizocarpon subgenus Rhizocarpon thalli on moraines the ages of which are constrained by six radiocarbon dates, two pre-Colombian structures, and one historically-dated flood deposit indicate that lichenometry can be used to estimate the age of stabilization of glacial deposits that date to the last c. 7 ka on the west side of the Cordillera Blanca, Perú (8°40′-9°40'S; 77°00′-77°40'W). The preliminary growth curve for subgenus Rhizocarpon resembles those derived for alpine areas in Alaska and Colorado, and can be subdivided into an initial, rapid phase of growth (c. 0.4 mm yr-1) that lasts c. 100 years, a c. 500-to 1000-year-long phase of decelerating growth, and a period of slow linear growth (0.016 mm yr-1) that commences after c. 1000 years. Size clustering of subgenus Rhizocarpon thalli supports a four-fold subdivision of cirque moraines at altitudes between 4200 and 4650 m. The oldest moraines stabilized between c. 7000 and 6000 BP, and the three younger groups between c. 3350 and 1800 BP, between c. 1250 and 400 BP. and within the last 100 years. This subdivision is supported by limiting radiocarbon dates from the Cordillera Blanca and from several cordilleras in southern Perú, and indicates that the Holocene glacial chronology of the Cordillera Blanca is the most complete heretofore recognized in the tropical Andes.
Leukopenia and leukocytosis as strong predictors of COVID‐19 severity: A cross‐sectional study of the hematologic abnormalities and COVID‐19 severity in hospitalized patients

Predicting severe disease is important in provocative decision‐making for the management of patients with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19); However, there are still some controversies about the COVID‐19's severity predicting factors. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between clinical and laboratory findings regarding COVID‐19's severity in patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in Mashhad, Iran.
A role for cortical interneurons as adversarial discriminators

The brain learns representations of sensory information from experience, but the algorithms by which it does so remain unknown. One popular theory formalizes representations as inferred factors in a generative model of sensory stimuli, meaning that learning must improve this generative model and inference procedure. This framework underlies many classic computational theories of sensory learning, such as Boltzmann machines, the Wake/Sleep algorithm, and a more recent proposal that the brain learns with an adversarial algorithm that compares waking and dreaming activity. However, in order for such theories to provide insights into the cellular mechanisms of sensory learning, they must be first linked to the cell types in the brain that mediate them. In this study, we examine whether a subtype of cortical interneurons might mediate sensory learning by serving as discriminators, a crucial component in an adversarial algorithm for representation learning. We describe how such interneurons would be characterized by a plasticity rule that switches from Hebbian plasticity during waking states to anti-Hebbian plasticity in dreaming states. Evaluating the computational advantages and disadvantages of this algorithm, we find that it excels at learning representations in networks with recurrent connections but scales poorly with network size. This limitation can be partially addressed if the network also oscillates between evoked activity and generative samples on faster timescales. Consequently, we propose that an adversarial algorithm with interneurons as discriminators is a plausible and testable strategy for sensory learning in biological systems.
Thermal relations of large crocodiles, Crocodylus porosus, free—ranging in a naturalistic situation

We monitored behaviour and environmental and body temperatures (Tb) in summer and winter in 11 salt–water crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus), of body mass 32–1010kg, free–ranging in naturalistic captivity in northern Australia. We found pronounced daily cycles in air and water temperatures in both winter (16–33 °C and 20–31 °C, respectively) and summer (21–45 °C and 24–36 °C, respectively). In winter, crocodiles exposed themselves to the sun during the day and stayed in the water at night. In summer, they remained in the water during the day and emerged onto land at night. Body temperature showed a daily cycle the amplitude of which decreased with increasing mass, from 3.5 °C (mass 32kg) to 1.0 °C (660kg) in summer, and from 3.5 °C (42kg) to 1.4 °C (1010kg) in winter. Underlying the daily cycles in Tb were intermediate (10–13 day, tidal? ) and seasonal cycles. Overall, values of modal Tb ranged from 25.1–28.7 °C in winter and from 28.4 to 33.6 °C in summer, trending upwards with body size. This pattern of continuous oscillations in Tb, with no daily plateau, is conspicuously different from that seen in crocodilians of small sizes and from the pattern usually regarded as typical of reptiles in general.
Complete continuum of maternity care and associated factors among mothers who gave birth in the last twelve months in Mekane Selam town North-East Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study,2021

Background Complete continuum of maternity care has significant value in improving the health and wellbeing of mothers and newborns. Assessing the complete continuum of maternity care is a global priority, particularly in developing countries. Despite the fact that the complete continuum of maternity care prevents more than half of all maternal and neonatal deaths, Ethiopia remains one of the largest contributors to the global burden of maternal and neonatal deaths due to the low implementation of the complete continuum of maternity care. Thus, this study aimed to assess the coverage of the complete continuum of maternity care and associated factors among mothers who gave birth in the last 12 months in the study area. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study with a multistage sampling technique was conducted among 479 mothers who gave birth in the last 12 months in Mekane Selam town. Data were collected from September 1 to November 30/2021 using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Binary logistic regression analysis was computed. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and a P- value< 0.05 were used to identify significantly associated factors. Results The coverage of a complete continuum of maternity care was 42.4% (95% CI: 37.9%, 47%). Respondents with higher educational status (AOR = 4.17, 95% CI: 1.52, 11.44), pre-pregnancy contraception utilization (AOR = 3.53, 95% CI: 1.80, 6.92), planned pregnancy (AOR = 2.97, 95% CI: 1.27, 6.97) and early initiation of antenatal care (AOR = 4.57, 95% CI: 2.86, 7.31) were significantly associated with complete continuum of maternity care. Conclusion The coverage of complete continuum of maternal care was low in the study area. The coverage could be expanded by making the necessary interventions on the associated factors. It is essential for women to acquire education, utilize contraception, plan their pregnancies, and begin antenatal care at an early age in order to enhance the coverage of complete continuum of maternity care.
Lexical competition in the flankers task revisited

We investigated the impact of flanking stimuli that are orthographic neighbors of central target words in the reading version of the flankers task. Experiment 1 provided a replication of the finding that flanking words that are orthographic neighbors of central target words (e.g., BLUE BLUR BLUE) facilitate lexical decisions relative to unrelated word flankers (e.g., STEP BLUR STEP). Experiment 2 tested the hypothesis that this facilitatory effect might be due to the task that was used in Experiment 1 and in prior research–the lexical decision task. In Experiment 2 the task was perceptual identification, and here we observed that orthographic neighbor flankers interfered with target word identification. Experiment 2 also included a bigram flanker condition (e.g., BL BLUR UE), and here the related bigram flankers facilitated target word identification. We conclude that when the task requires identification of a specific word, effects of lexical competition emerge over and above the facilitatory effects driven by the sublexical spatial pooling of orthographic information across target and flankers, and that the inhibitory influence of lexical competition has an even stronger impact when flankers are whole words.