Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determinants of mussel diversity in Lake Erie tributaries

Abstract We examined recent faunal changes in freshwater mussels (Unionidae) in northern Ohio. We assessed species diversity in 2 agricultural watersheds, the Vermilion and Huron Rivers, and compared these faunas among 7 neighboring rivers within the Lake Erie watershed that varied in levels of human impact, geological structure, and fish diversity. We found 19 mussel species in each of the Huron and Vermilion Rivers, and 89% of species overlapped between the 2 rivers. Museum records suggested that as many as 4 species might now be missing from each river, and across the 9 tributaries in the region, species loss has been common. The total number of species once present in each river was positively correlated with watershed area, but the size of watersheds no longer provides a significant estimate of mussel or fish diversity. Current mussel faunas also were weakly correlated with the fish species present, suggesting that mussel species ranges have not been limited by a lack of available fish hosts.
Consumer Interest in Fresh, In-shell Edamame and Acceptance of Edamame-based Patties

Two studies were conducted to determine consumer interest in fresh, in-shell edamame (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) and acceptance of two edamame-based patties. An in-store consumer research study was conducted in metropolitan Philadelphia to determine consumer demand for and interest in fresh, in-shell edamame. In fall 2004, plastic clamshells of edamame were placed in the produce department of four super- markets. Consumers who purchased the clamshells were asked to return a survey that was attached to the container. Of the 480 clamshells that were delivered to the four selected supermarkets, 312 (65.0%) were purchased and 33 (10.6%) of the surveys were returned. All respondents indicated that they had heard of or were familiar with edamame before purchasing the container, and 81.2% had previously purchased edamame. Results indicate that 51.6% of respondents were more likely to purchase the edamame because it was grown in Pennsylvania, and 84.4% were more likely to purchase it because it was grown without the use of pesticides. In addition, a friend's recommendation, price, and sample of the product at the supermarket were rated highest among factors likely to affect respondents' purchasing decisions regarding new produce items. Based on the total number of packages sold and conversations with produce department managers, there appears to be a demand for fresh, in-shell edamame among supermarket consumers in metropolitan Philadelphia. A second study involving a consumer sensory evaluation was conducted in Feb. 2005 to determine consumer acceptance of two edamame-based patties. A total of 209 adults were involved, with 106 participants sampling the edamame-based patties on the first day and 103 sampling on the second day. Participants were asked to rate the patty they sampled on overall appeal, appearance, and flavor on a scale of 1 to 9 points (1 point being ''dislike extremely'' and 9 points being ''like extremely''). Overall mean liking for the two patties was 6.38 points and 6.58 points, and mean liking for flavor was 6.44 points and 6.83 points on days 1 and 2 respectively. Based on the sample evaluated, 43.4% and 35.9% of participants, each day, indicated that they ''probably would buy'' or ''definitely would buy'' this item from a supermarket. Results suggest that consumers found the two edamame-based patties acceptable, indicating the potential for commercial production. Across the two studies, consumers expressed interest in purchasing fresh, in-shell edamame and edamame-based patties from a supermarket.
Reactive oxygen species regulate insulin-induced VEGF and HIF-1α expression through the activation of p70s6K1 in human prostate cancer cells

: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) are important regulators of angiogenesis. HIF-1 is composed of HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta subunits, and regulates VEGF expression at transcriptional level. In this study, we demonstrated that insulin induced H2O2 production and p70S6K1 activation in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. The inhibition of H2O2 production by catalase abolished insulin-induced p70S6K1 activation. H2O2 production is also required for insulin-induced VEGF and HIF-1alpha expression in the cells. Over-expression of p70S6K1 or HIF-1alpha reversed catalase- and rapamycin-inhibited VEGF transcriptional activation. These results suggest that insulin induced HIF-1alpha and VEGF expression through H2O2 production and p70S6K1 activation in prostate cancer cells. In addition, we found that inhibition of p70S6K1 by rapamycin decreased prostate tumor angiogenesis, suggesting that p70S6K1 plays an important role in tumor angiogenesis. These results provide some useful information for prostate cancer therapy in the future.
Latin as a Practical Study

This question is frequently asked. Parents, directors, pupils and even teachers ask it. Dr. Thomas March, one of the High School Inspectors of PenllS,'lvania has made . a careful analvsis of its utilitaria~ value and has stated it succinctly as follows. -r"There are few studies taught in the high school of more value than Latin. This is due not only to the fact that a study of the language gives excellent mental discipline but because it is of great assistance in connection with the study of English. "Few people know how intimate is the relation between Latin and our mother tongue. As members of the same family of languages, English and Latin have similar inflexional forms and the same roots for manv of their most common words. Originally An'glo-Saxon had nothing hut simple sentences. After . the contact between the Romans and our English ancestors had been made, all sorts of sentence clause and phrase relations were taken bodily into our language from the more cultured language of the South. "It has been the experience of many that they never really understood English grammar until they had studied Latin, There is something in the perfect inflection of the classic tongue which forces a sense of the relation of words and phrases into the minds of young people. A knowledge of these relations gives its possessor a power which enables him to express himself with a clearness, accuracy, and effectiveness not easily obtainable in any other way. "If one were to examine the vocabulary of the ordinary person of culture, he would find' that a large percentage of the words which he uses are of classic origin, in fact the greater the education of the individual, the greater. will be the number of such words in his vocabulary. Our great English dictionaries also contain more than seventy per cent. of words derived from the Latin and the Greek. Words connected with government, science. philosophy and religion-words which are connected with the progress of the race, are for the most part. from the classic languages. "When we consider the fact that there are hundreds of thousands of such derivatives. while there September 24, 1'14 JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 26J
Foraging Behavior of a Central-Place Forager: Field Tests of Theoretical Predictions

This study reports on field tests of the Schoener (1979) and Orians-Pearson (1979) models of central-place foraging for single-prey loaders. Solitary pine squirrels defend territories and harvest the cones of lodgepole pine for storage at a central midden site. Squirrels forage differentially among the trees in their respective territories because the cones of different trees differ significantly in size, shape, and number of seeds per cone. Cone choice was investigated as a function of distance from the central cache and as a function of whether cones were harvested for immediate or later use. The results are as follows. 1. The positive relationship between prey size (i.e., prey quality) and distance predicted by both the Schoener and Orians-Pearson models is strongly supported. Two measures of prey quality (the percentage of total cone weight attributable to seeds and the number of seeds per cone) correlate positively with distance from the central place, not only for the cones harvested by squirrels but also for the cones remaining on trees. 2. The Orians-Pearson prediction that prey selectivity should be minimal at intermediate distances receives qualified support. Not all data sets reveal the predicted pattern, however, and it is not certain that some of the assumptions underpinning the theoretical development of the model are valid in this system. All results indicate that variation in prey taken declines as the distance from the central place increases. 3. The Orians-Pearson prediction that prey superiority hinges on relative handling time rather than on energy content when traveling time is small appears to be supported by the data. Cone width, a variable positively correlated with prey handling time, is positively correlated with distance from the central place. Squirrels appear to minimize handling time for cones taken near the central place. 4. Pine squirrels forage nonrandomly in distinguishing between cones harvested for immediate consumption and those harvested for caching relative to numbers of seeds per cone, distance from the cache, and serotiny of cones.
Assessment of antimicrobial resistance of cultivable Helicobacter-like organisms in asymptomatic dogs

Summary This study was performed to detect cultivable canine gastric Helicobacter-like organisms (GHLO's) and to evaluate their sensitivity to common antibiotics in two groups of naturally infected dogs (pets and stray dogs). Gastric samples were taken from the body and antrum of 30 pets and 30 stray dogs. From each part of canine gastric mucosa, four gastroscopic samples were used for impression smear, rapid urease test (RUT), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture examination. 88.5% and 95% of gastric samples were positive for the presence of GHLO's in cytological and PCR examination, respectively. From 60 canine gastric cultures, successful growth happened in 17 cases. Antimicrobial sensitivity test was performed by disk method. All isolates of helicobacters were highly susceptible to polymyxin B, ampicillin, tetracycline, clarithromycin, erythromycin and gentamicin. Two isolated GHLO's were resistant to metronidazole. One strain also was resistant to amoxiclav, ceftriaxone, norfloxacin and oxytetracycline. This matter could show the resistance of some strains of helicobacters to different antimicrobials in veterinary medicine. With regards to the results of this study, it is recommended that antibiotic sensitivity test or use of concurrent different antibiotics be tried in the case of treatment resistance.
Predicting xylem phenology in black spruce under climate warming

In the next century, the boreal ecosystems are projected to experience greater rates of warming than most other regions of the world. As the boreal forest constitutes a reservoir of trees of huge ecological importance and only partially known economic potential, any possible climate‐related change in plant growth and dynamics has to be promptly predicted and evaluated. A model for assessing xylem phenology in black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.] using daily temperatures and thermal thresholds was defined and applied to predict changes in onset, ending and duration of xylem growth under different warming scenarios with temperatures rising by up to 3 °C. This was achieved by collecting and analyzing a dataset obtained from a 7‐year monitoring of cambium phenology and wood formation on a weekly time‐scale in trees growing in four sites at different latitudes and altitudes in the Saguenay‐Lac‐Saint‐Jean region (Quebec, Canada). The onset of xylem growth occurred between mid‐May and early June while the end ranged between mid‐September and early October, resulting in a growing season of 101–141 days. The model predicted longer duration of xylem growth at higher temperatures, with an increase of 8–11 days/ °C, because of an earlier onset and later ending of growth. With an increase of 3 °C in the mean temperature during the year, the duration of xylem growth changed on average from 125 to 160 days. The predicted changes in cambial phenology could significantly affect future wood production of the boreal ecosystems.
Parsimony analysis of endemicity as a panbiogeographical tool: an analysis of Caribbean plant taxa

To demonstrate that parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) can be a method implementing the panbiogeographic approach, we analyzed two data matrices of 40/38 biogeographic provinces ¥ 148 plant species from the Caribbean subregion of the Neotropical region, one where taxa are represented by individual tracks and the other where taxa are represented by single sample localities. We obtained six generalized tracks resulted from the PAE of the areas ¥ individual tracks matrix, and one generalized track from the PAE of the areas ¥ single sample localities matrix, with the latter nested within the former tracks. The results obtained show that PAE works as a panbiogeographical tool if it is based on an areas ¥ individual tracks matrix. When performed in this way, PAE retrieves spatial information that is lost when it is based on an areas ¥ single sample localities matrix, raising doubts regarding the conclusions derived from this latter type of analysis. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101, 961–976.
Female mimicry in garter snakes: behavioural tactics of "she-males" and the males that court them

Red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) in central Manitoba court and mate in early spring soon after emerging from communal overwintering dens. Some males ("she-males") produce female-like skin pheromones, and hence attract courtship from other males. Studies at a den near Inwood, Manitoba, support and extend results from work at other dens. She-males were males that had recently emerged from hibernation and had not yet regained full locomotor capacity or muscle strength. She-males resembled "he-males" rather than females in their antipredator responses, including the thermal threshold at which they fled from a simulated predator (a plastic crow) rather than remaining stationary and displaying. Males courting she-males were cooler than those courting females; nonetheless they were more likely to flee when we approached them. Compared with courting groups focussed on females, groups around she-males were smaller, consisted predominantly of smaller he-males, and were found over a more rest.
Nomenclatural changes in Spilanthes and Blainvillea with remarks and a key to the species of Spilanthes in the Malay Archipelago

There has been considerable confusion over the name Verbesina pseudoacmella and V. acmella published by Linnaeus in the Species Plantarum (1753, p. 901). He applied these names to definitions taken from his earlier work, Flora Zeylanica (1748, p. 144, 145, nos. 308 and 309), with only one unimportant alteration. The title page of the Flora Zeylanica shows that the book is intended as an account of Hermann’s plants, and this is confirmed for the two species concerned by the close agreement between the descriptions published and the specimens in Hermann’s Herbarium preserved in the Department of Botany of the British Museum. These two Linnean species must, therefore, be interpreted by reference to Hermann’s specimens, regardless of the fact that figures cited by Linnaeus in the synonymy of each species (viz. Seba, Thesaur. 1, t. 10, 11; Plukenet, Alm. t. 159, f. 4) are of the plant which generally has been known as Spilanthes acmella. In 1888, Trimen published notes on Hermann’s Herbarium (Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Bot.) vol. 24, p. 129); he identified the specimens representing these two species as follows: No. 308, Verbesina pseudo-acmella, as possibly a young specimen of Wedelia biflora DC. ; and No. 309, Verbesina acmella, as Blainvillea latifolia DC. A drawing included in the herbarium he identified as “Spilanthes acmella”. As this drawing was not mentioned by Linnaeus, it must not be considered when interpreting the species. In his revision of the genus Spilanthes, A. H. Moore (Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 42, 1907, p. 521) rejected the name Verbesina pseudoacmella L. as referring to a mixture of genera, but retained “Verbesina acmella L. ” as the basis of a species of Spilanthes.
The Excellence of Pharmacy Practice

Abstract Over the past 50 years, the role of pharmacists has evolved along with the health care needs of our population. In addition to dispensing medications and ensuring patient safety, today’s pharmacists are taking a larger role as medical counselors, educators and advocates. They are integral part of the health care team, and are among the most trusted and accessible health care professionals. This accessibility allows them to perform more patient care activities, including counseling, medication management, and preventive care screenings. Beyond the care provided to individual patients, pharmacists have expanded their reach to influence the public health of communities. A pharmacist is uniquely positioned to provide disease state management through appropriate medication therapy management that has been demonstrated to improve patient outcomes and decrease overall health care costs. This role is more important than ever as the environment is demanding new practice and payment models that are required to further optimize care and outcomes while addressing the unsustainable increases in health care costs.
Flight behaviour of Encarsia formosa in response to plant and host stimuli

The flight behaviour of Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasitoid of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) has been studied in response to the following natural components: bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) infested with T. vaporariorum (PHC, plant host complex), host damaged bean plant from which whiteflies were removed (HDP, host damaged plant), T. vaporariorum third instar larvae (H, host), uninfested bean plant (P, plant) and T. vaporariorum empty pupal cases (EPC, empty pupal cases). A combination of chemical and visual stimuli is necessary in host location from a distance by E. formosa and seems to deeply affect the dispersal of this parasitoid. The presence of host (PHC, H) or of its parts (EPC) led to a substantial increase of oriented flights suggesting the occurrence of host derived chemicals. At a closer range, a combination of visual and chemical stimuli deriving from all the components of the plant host complex elicited the transition flying‐landing and the following landing on the source.
Development of a Computer-aided-design-based Geometry and Mesh Movement Algorithm for Three-dimensional Aerodynamic Shape Optimization

Development of a Computer-Aided-Design-Based Geometry and Mesh Movement Algorithm for 3D Aerodynamic Shape Optimization Anh Hoang Truong Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Aerospace Science and Engineering University of Toronto 2014 This thesis focuses on the development of a Computer-Aided-Design (CAD)-based geometry parameterization method and a corresponding surface mesh movement algorithm suitable for three-dimensional (3D) aerodynamic shape optimization. The geometry parameterization method includes a geometry control tool to aid in the construction and manipulation of a CAD geometry through a vendor-neutral application interface, CAPRI. It automates the tedious part of the construction phase involving data entry and provides intuitive and effective design variables that allow for both the flexibility and the precision required to control the movement of the geometry. The surface mesh movement algorithm, on the other hand, transforms an initial structured surface mesh to fit the new geometry using a discrete representation of the new CAD surface provided by CAPRI. Using a unique mapping procedure, the algorithm not only preserves the characteristics of the original surface mesh, but also guarantees that the new mesh points are on the CAD geometry. The new surface mesh is then smoothed in the parametric space before it is transformed back into three-dimensional space. The procedure is efficient in that all the processing is done in the parametric space, incurring minimal computational cost. The geometry parameterization and mesh movement tools are integrated into a three-dimensional shape optimization framework, with a linear-elasticity volumemesh movement algorithm, a Newton-Krylov flow solver for the Euler equations, and a gradient-based optimizer. The validity and accuracy of the CAD-based optimization algorithm are demonstrated through a number of verification and optimization cases.
Meta‐analysis of postoperative pain using non‐sutured or sutured single‐layer open mesh repair for inguinal hernia

Chronic postoperative pain occurs in up to 21·7 per cent of patients undergoing open inguinal hernia repair. Several mesh fixation techniques using glue or self‐gripping meshes have been developed to reduce postoperative pain. The aim of this meta‐analysis was to evaluate RCTs comparing adhesional/self‐gripping and sutured single‐layer open mesh fixations in the repair of inguinal herniation, with postoperative pain as endpoint.
Expression, Purification, and Functional Analysis of Murine Ectodomain Fragments of CD8αα and CD8αβ Dimers*

Soluble mouse CD8αα and CD8αβ dimers corresponding to the paired ectodomains (CD8f) or their respective component Ig-like domains (CD8) were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells or the glycosylation variant Lec3.2. 8.1 cells as secreted proteins using a leucine zipper strategy. The affinity of CD8ααf for H-2Kb as measured by BIAcore revealed a ∼65 μm K d , similar to that of CD8αβf. Consistent with this result, CD8ααf as well as CD8αβf blocked the effector function of N15 T cell receptor transgenic cytolytic T cells in a comparable, dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, both Lec3.2. 8.1-produced and Chinese hamster ovary-produced CD8 homodimers and heterodimers were active in the inhibition assay. These results suggest that the Ig-like domains of CD8 molecules are themselves sufficient to block the requisite transmembrane CD8-pMHC interaction between cytolytic T lymphocytes and target cells. Moreover, given the similarities in co-receptor affinities for pMHC, the findings suggest that the greater efficiency of CD8αβ versus CD8αα co-receptor function on T cells is linked to differences within their membrane-bound stalk regions and/or intracellular segments. As recently shown for sCD8αα, the yield, purity and homogeneity of the deglycosylated protein resulting from this expression system is sufficient for crystallization and x-ray diffraction at atomic resolution.
Chromosome Numbers in Zamia (Cycadales)

SUMMARYChromosome numbers of 14 species of Zamia range from 2n = 16 to 2n (3n? ) = 27. West Indian zamias have the most symmetrical karyotype (12M + 4S) and probably are the least primitive members of the genus. Most Central and South American zamias have higher- numbered karyotypes (2n = 18 to 2n = 27). The greatest variation in chromosome numbers for any species within the genus occurs in Zamia chigua (2n = 22, 24, 25, 26), the latter being 4S + 22T. Those species judged to be the most primitive on morphological and ecological bases also possess the higher numbers of telocentric chromosomes; those judged the most ecologically and morphologically specialized (West Indian forms and the epiphytic Z. pseudo-parasitica) have the more symmetrical, lower-numbered karyotypes. In consequence, it is suggested that the trend in karyotype evolution in Zamia has been in the direction of increasing symmetry produced by fusion of telocentric chromosomes.