Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Comprehensive Analysis of Motor and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Patients with Huntington’s Disease from China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by CAG repeats expansion. There is a paucity of comprehensive clinical analysis in Chinese HD patients due to the low prevalence of HD in Asia. We aimed to comprehensively describe the motor, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and functional assessment in patients with HD from China. A total of 205 HD patients were assessed by the Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS), the short version of Problem-Behavior Assessment (PBA-s), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the independent variables correlated with neuropsychiatric subscales. The mean age of motor symptom onset was 41.8 ± 10.0 years old with a diagnostic delay of 4.3 ± 3.8 years and a median CAG repeats of 44. The patients with a positive family history had a younger onset and larger CAG expansion than the patients without a family history (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in total motor score across disease stages (p < 0.0001). Depression (51%) was the most common neuropsychiatric symptom at all stages, whereas moderate to severe apathy commonly occurred in advanced HD stages. We found lower functional capacity and higher HAMD were independently correlated with irritability; higher HAMD and higher BDI were independently correlated with affect; male sex and higher HAMD were independently correlated with apathy. In summary, comprehensive clinical profile analysis of Chinese HD patients showed not only chorea-like movement, but psychiatric symptoms were outstanding problems and need to be detected early. Our study provides the basis to guide clinical practice, especially in practical diagnostic and management processes.
Hip Displacement After Triradiate Cartilage Closure in Nonambulatory Cerebral Palsy

Background: Recommendations with regard to the need for continued hip surveillance after skeletal maturity are based on expert opinion rather than evidence. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with progressive hip displacement in cerebral palsy (CP) after triradiate cartilage (TRC) closure. Methods: Patients who had spastic nonambulatory CP (Gross Motor Function Classification System IV to V) and hypertonic (spastic or mixed-type) motor type and follow-up of at least 2 years after TRC closure were included. The primary outcome variable was the hip migration percentage (MP). The secondary outcome variables included patient age at the time of TRC closure, prior preventative or reconstructive surgery, a prior intrathecal baclofen pump, history of scoliosis, history of epilepsy, a prior gastrostomy tube, a previous tracheostomy, and gender. An unsuccessful hip outcome was defined as a hip with an MP of ≥40% and/or requiring a reconstructive surgical procedure after TRC closure. Results: In this study, 163 patients met the inclusion criteria, with a mean follow-up of 4.8 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.4 to 5.1 years) after TRC closure at a mean patient age of 14.0 years (95% CI, 13.7 to 14.3 years). Of these hips, 22.1% (36 of 163) had an unsuccessful hip outcome. In multivariate analysis, the first MP at TRC closure (hazard ratio [HR] per degree, 1.04; p < 0.001) and pelvic obliquity (HR per degree, 1.06; p = 0.003) were independent risk factors for an unsuccessful hip outcome, but gender was not found to be significant (HR for male gender, 1.7 [95% CI, 0.8 to 3.58; p = 0.16]; female gender was the reference). However, the mean survival time for progression to an unsuccessful hip outcome was longer for female patients at 9.2 years [95% CI, 8.1 to 10.2 years]) compared with 6.2 years (95% CI, 5.6 to 6.9 years) for male patients (p = 0.02). There was also a significant improvement in survivorship for prior reconstructive surgical procedures (p = 0.002). The survivorship in patients who underwent reconstructive surgery performed at a patient age of ≥6 years was significantly higher compared with those who underwent surgery performed at <6 years of age (p < 0.05). A first MP at TRC closure of ≥35% was associated with an unsuccessful hip outcome, as determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis (p < 0.001; area under the ROC curve of 0.891, sensitivity of 81%, and specificity of 94%). Conclusions: The risk factors for the progression of hip displacement after TRC closure in patients with CP included a higher MP and increased pelvic obliquity; there was decreased survivorship for male patients and patients with no prior reconstructive surgery. Patients with these risk factors and/or an MP of ≥35% at TRC closure should have continued radiographic surveillance to detect late hip displacement. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Sexual Minority Status and Academic Achievement During the Transition to Adolescence Among Youth With Childhood Conduct Problems

Youth with conduct problems have poorer academic outcomes than their typically developing peers. The objective of the current study was to examine how sexual minority status was associated with trajectories of teacher-rated mathematics and language arts (i.e., reading and writing) achievement in seven consecutive years across the transition to adolescence among youth with childhood histories of conduct problems (N = 383). Sexual minority status (as assessed via indicators of identity, attraction, or behavior during adolescence in the eighth year of the study) was not associated with initial mathematics or language arts performance at time 1, but was associated with declining mathematics achievement during the transition to adolescence. These findings suggest that sexual minority status is linked to change in some aspects academic achievement among youth already at risk for poorer academic achievement (i.e., youth with conduct problems).
NUMERICAL STUDY OF LOW-FREQUENCY VIBRATIONS IN AMORPHOUS SILICON

Exact numerical vibrational eigenvectors and eigenvalues are studied for atomistic models of amorphous silicon (a-Si) with 216, 1000, and 4096 atoms in the periodic repeat unit. At the lowest frequencies, eigenvalues are sparse and eigenvectors are fairly plane-wave-like. However, some eigenvectors are {open_quotes}quasilocalized{close_quotes} or {open_quotes}resonant. {close_quotes} They are temporarily trapped in local regions of undercoordination. The present paper finds the following. (1) The {open_quotes}quasilocalized{close_quotes} modes are to a large extent artifacts of the finite size of the model systems. (2) The lower energy modes of realistic models in the harmonic approximation are broadened versions of the corresponding crystalline acoustic vibrations, with fairly well-defined wave vectors {ital Q}. The intrinsic broadening due to glassy disorder increases rapidly with {ital Q}, until at intermediate frequencies a meaningful {ital Q} can no longer be assigned. (3) The intrinsic broadening due to disorder is strong enough to suppress thermal conductivity to the level seen experimentally, with no need for special anharmonic effects or localization, except for the influence of two-level systems on the modes at very low frequencies. (4) There is no inconsistency between the broadened propagating-wave description of low-energy modes and the occurrence of {open_quotes}excess modes{close_quotes} in specific heat or in spectra. However, amorphousmore » silicon seems to have very few such excess modes. (5) {open_quotes}Excess modes{close_quotes} and the plateau in {kappa}(T) are not closely related, since the former is absent and the latter present in both experiment and in our calculations for {ital a}-Si. Our analysis agrees closely with the recent study of amorphous SiO{sub 2} by Dell{close_quote}Anna {ital et al.} {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
EMBEDDED PROTOSTELLAR DISKS AROUND (SUB-)SOLAR STARS. II. DISK MASSES, SIZES, DENSITIES, TEMPERATURES, AND THE PLANET FORMATION PERSPECTIVE

We present basic properties of protostellar disks in the embedded phase of star formation (EPSF), which is difficult to probe observationally using available observational facilities. We use numerical hydrodynamics simulations of cloud core collapse and focus on disks formed around stars in the 0.03–1.0 M☉ mass range. Our obtained disk masses scale near-linearly with the stellar mass. The mean and median disk masses in the Class 0 and I phases (Mmeand,C0 = 0.12 M☉, Mmdnd,C0 = 0.09 M☉ and Mmeand,CI = 0.18 M☉, Mmdnd,CI = 0.15 M☉, respectively) are greater than those inferred from observations by (at least) a factor of 2–3. We demonstrate that this disagreement may (in part) be caused by the optically thick inner regions of protostellar disks, which do not contribute to millimeter dust flux. We find that disk masses and surface densities start to systematically exceed that of the minimum mass solar nebular for objects with stellar mass as low as M* = 0.05–0.1 M☉. Concurrently, disk radii start to grow beyond 100 AU, making gravitational fragmentation in the disk outer regions possible. Large disk masses, surface densities, and sizes suggest that giant planets may start forming as early as in the EPSF, either by means of core accretion (inner disk regions) or direct gravitational instability (outer disk regions), thus breaking a longstanding stereotype that the planet formation process begins in the Class II phase.
55 YEARS OF THE SHELL MODEL: A CHALLENGE TO NUCLEAR MANY-BODY THEORY

Shell model calculations of nuclear energies and wave functions of nucleons outside closed shells interacting by effective two-body forces yield good agreement with much experimental data. Many attempts have been made to calculate nuclear energies ab initio, by starting from some form of an interaction between free nucleons. Recent results of such calculations claim to obtain reasonable agreement with measured energies. These results, however, are obtained for wave functions which are very complicated. It is difficult to see how such wave functions are consistent with independent nucleon motion, the very essence of the shell model. In some of those calculations, 3-body interactions play a very important role. This is puzzling since nuclear energies are accurately obtained in shell model calculations by using only effective two-body interactions. In this paper, some examples of simple shell model calculations are reviewed. They exhibit good agreement with experiment and the apparent absence of the need for effective 3-body interactions.
Poor countries and development: a critique of Nicole Hassoun and a defense of the argument for good institutional quality

If we agree that ‘institutions are the kinds of structures that matter most in the social realm: they make up the stuff of social life’ (Hodgson, 2006, p.2), and we also agree that they largely influence, either positively or negatively, even many of the decisions relative to our personal lives, then we should conclude that emphasis on quality institutions to a people should not be wished away. Drawing on the earlier stated, the present work critically responds to the position of Hassoun (2014) that making aid conditional on good institutional quality is not good for the poor. It may be true that giving aid to the poor without consideration of the quality status of their social institutions may serve their immediate purposes, but if the poor are not to be consigned and confined to the margins of perpetual dependence, then due attention should rather be shown to ensure better reforms for their institutions, given that quality institutions largely and positively influence and sustain, in spite of other considerations, human development in the final analysis.
Prediction of turbulent gas-solids flow in curved ducts using the Eulerian-Lagrangian method

The flow of particulate two-phase flow mixtures occur in several components of solid fuel combustion systems, such as the pressurised fluidised bed combustors (PFBC) and suspension-fired coal boilers. A detailed understanding of the mixture characteristics in the conveying component can aid in refining and optimising its design. In this study, the flow of an isothermal, dilute two-phase particulate mixture has been examined in a high curvature duct, which can be representative of that transporting the gas–solid mixture from the hot clean-up section to the gas turbine combustor in a PFBC plant. The numerical study has been approached by utilising the Eulerian–Lagrangian methodology for describing the characteristics of the fluid and particulate phases. By assuming that the mixture is dilute and the particles are spherical, the governing particle momentum equations have been solved with appropriately prescribed boundary conditions. Turbulence effects on the particle dispersion were represented by a statistical model that accounts for both the turbulent eddy lifetime and the particle transit time scales. For the turbulent flow condition examined it was observed that mixtures with small particle diameters had low interphase slip velocities and low impaction probability with the pipe walls. Increasing the particle diameters (>50 μm) resulted in higher interphase slip velocities and, as expected, their impaction probability with the pipe walls was significantly increased. The particle dispersion is significant for the smaller sizes, whereas the larger particles are relatively insensitive to the gas turbulence. The main particle impaction region, and locations most prone to erosion damage, is estimated to be within an outer duct length of two to six times the duct diameter, when the duct radius of curvature to the duct diameter ratio is equal to unity. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two-dimensional wave number spectra of small-scale water surface waves

Two-dimensional wave slope spectra have been measured in the large Delft wind-wave facility using an imaging optical technique and digital image processing. The data cover wavelengths from 0.4 to 24cm and wind speeds (U10) from 2.7 to 17.2 ms−1. The spectral densities of small gravity waves at higher wind speeds are proportional to k−3.5 and u*. Capillary-gravity and capillary waves show features which clearly manifest that the energy balance for these waves is much different from that for gravity waves. The degree of saturation is approximately constant at a given wind speed, but strongly increases with friction velocity (∝ u*2.5). A sharp cutoff, which is almost independent of the wind speed, occurs at a wavelength of about 7 mm.
Analysis of the Level of Understanding of the Concept of the Isoline Method of Linear Program Material Based on APOS Theory in terms of Learning Interest

One of the methods that can be used to find solutions to linear programming models is the Graphical Method. Graphical methods are divided into the isoline method and the extreme point method. Based on initial observations and interviews, it was found that around 54% of students still needed help understanding the isoline method material in solving linear programs, especially when given real problems related to everyday life. In addition, students' learning interest in linear programming courses also varies. So the purpose of research in this article is to describe the level of understanding of students who have high, medium, and low learning interest in linear programming material, precisely the isoline method material, in determining the optimum solution. The method in this study is a qualitative method with a sampling technique using purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire method for data on student learning interests and semi-structured test and interview methods to describe the level of student understanding based on APOS theory. The instruments in this study were questionnaires, written tests, and interview guidelines. Checking the validity of the data in this study used time triangulation. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis. The results of the research show that: (1) subjects with high learning interest are at the level of schematic understanding; (2) subjects with interest in learning are at the level of understanding objects; and (3) subjects with low interest in learning are at the level of understanding of Action.
In vitro evaluation of different fungicides against Rhizoctonia solani and Alternaria citri infecting citrus

Rhizoctonia solani and Alternaria citri are major plant pathogens of citrus, causing considerable production losses. Chemical fungicides are widely used for disease control. Using the food poisoning technique under in vitro conditions, an experiment was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of several fungicides against those pathogens. To evaluate the effect on Rhizoctonia solani mycelial growth, five different chemicals, viz. SAAF (Carbendazim 12% WP + Mancozeb 63% WP), Bavistin (Carbendazim 50% WP), VACOMIL PLUS (Metalaxyl 15% WP + Copper oxychloride 35% WP), and Raze (Copper oxychloride 50% WP) were used at 100 ppm and 200 ppm concentration each. Similar chemicals were used for Alternaria citri except for additional Mancozab (Mancozeb 75% WP). Mycelial growth inhibition was measured until the fungus nearly covered the plate in control. All fungicides reduced the fungal growth compared to control. After 96 hours of incubation with Rhizoctonia solani, maximum inhibition (100%) was achieved at both concentrations of Bavistin, followed by SAAF @ 200 ppm (97.59%) and SAAF @ 100 ppm (88.25%), whereas VACOMIL PLUS and Raze had the minimum effect on the mycelial growth. Similarly, after 8 days of incubation of Alternaria citri, SAAF @ 200 ppm showed the highest inhibition (70.86%), followed by SAAF @ 100 ppm (65.11%), Mancozab @ 200 ppm (64.39%), and Mancozab @ 100 ppm (47.48%), but the effect of Bavistin, Raze, and VACOMIL PLUS had the lowest impact. The chemical proven effective against the pathogens should be trialed in pot and field experiments for further verification.
Studies on the Penetration of Fuel Spray in a Diesel Engine

Regarding the penetrating distance of fuel spray in a diesel engine, the old theory dealing with the motion of a fuel droplet in still air is recognized not to coincide with the actual phenomenon in a diesel engine because of the extremely small size of atomized fuel droplets and the very high density of gas in cylinder. In this paper, the characteristics of spray penetration are discussed from the viewpoint of momentum theory based on the idea that the air induced into a fuel jet stream makes a kind of mixed gas together with fuel droplets. According to the results of experiment, the authors confirmed that the theory was satisfactory, that there existed the simple relations among several dimensionless numbers which indicate the effect of various factors on the spray penetration, that there is a close relationship between the spray cone angle and penetration, and others.
Superdisks in Radio Galaxies

We present evidence for a striking new feature of powerful radio galaxies: gigantic disklike structures of thermal gas and dust oriented roughly perpendicular to the radio jets and situated around the elliptical host galaxy. These superdisks, or fat pancakes, appear to have a typical diameter of at least 75 kpc and a width of ~25 kpc. Quite plausibly, they are tidally stretched remnants of gas rich disk galaxies, or damped Lyman-α clouds, captured by the massive elliptical, and heated by its hot coronal gas. Observational manifestations of the superdisks include the sharp, quasi-linear, edges of the radio lobes on the side facing the central elliptical, detected in at least a dozen well mapped radio galaxies at low to moderate redshifts. For radio galaxies with z > 1.8, evidence for superdisks is based on the apparent asymmetry of diffuse Lyα emission associated with the radio lobes, which is a very sensitive tracer of dust. This asymmetry can be understood if the brighter Lyα emission is associated with the radio lobe on the near side of the nucleus and hence not obscured by the dust in the superdisk. Superdisks can provide more consistent explanations for some of the best established correlations among the radio source properties: namely, the Laing-Garrington effect and the correlated radio-optical asymmetry. They are also likely to be responsible for part of the low-frequency flux variability of compact radio sources. We argue they may provide an improved explanation of Lyα absorption dips in the emission profiles of distant radio galaxies. Additional methods of searching for superdisks and testing this scenario are proposed.
Effects of GandhPaalashi (Hedychium spicatum) on the expression of hepatic genes associated with biotransformation, antioxidant and immune systems in WLH cockerels fed indoxacarb

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of Hedychium spicatum (HSRP) root powder, to ameliorate changes in gene expression in WLH cockerels fed indoxacarb. After 16 weeks of treatment, all birds from different groups were sacrificed humanly and collected the liver pieces in RNA later for expression study by RT-PCR to evaluate changes in the expression of genes involved in antioxidant function [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST)], biotransformation [cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1)], and the immune system [interleukins 6 (IL-6)]. Changes in gene expression were determined using the quantitative real-time PCR technique. There were significant upregulation of IL-6, CYP1A1 and GPx genes in indoxacarb treated groups. There was significant down regulation of CAT and SOD genes in indoxacarb treated groups in comparison to control. Simultaneous treatments with HSRP produce ameliorative effect and restore the gene activities at par with control. The current study demonstrates protective effects of HSRP on changes in expression of antioxidant, biotransformation, and immune system genes in cockerels fed indoxacarb.
Association between Motivation in Physical Education and Positive Body Image: Mediating and Moderating Effects of Physical Activity Habits

Concerns about body image might prevent adolescents from participating in physical education (PE) classes and physical activities during leisure-time. In this cross-sectional study, we assessed the relationships between teacher support of autonomy, student motivations for PE, and positive body image, in a sample of Lithuanian adolescents. A total of 715 adolescents (51.89% girls) participated in the study. Ages ranged from 14 to 18 years, with a mean age of 16.00 (SD = 0.79) for girls and 15.99 (SD = 0.75) for boys. The questionnaire consisted of demographic questions, the Learning Climate Questionnaire, the Revised Perceived Locus of Causality in Physical Education Questionnaire, the Body Appreciation Scale-2, the Self-Report Habit Index for Physical Activity (PA), perceived physical fitness (PPF), and Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire. The results showed that teacher support for students’ autonomy was associated with higher positive body image. In adolescent girls, autonomous motivation for PE was the mediator between teacher support of autonomy and positive body image. The associations between self-determined motivation in PE and positive body image were mediated by PPF on one hand, and through PA habits and PPF on the other hand of the structural equation model (in girls). PA habits moderated associations between PE motivation and PPF. Associations between PE motivation and PPF were stronger in girls with the lowest PA habits compared to girls with mean PA habits. These results suggest that PE classes are important for promoting students’ positive body images. PE teachers are advised to use pedagogical strategies that promote the self-determined motivation of students for PE. Increased self-determined motivation for physical education might be an effective strategy for physical self-perception and positive body image promotion in adolescent girls, especially those with low PA habits.