Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric oxidation of new “green” solvents – Part 2: methyl pivalate and pinacolone

Abstract. Lab-based experimental and computational methods were used to study the atmospheric degradation of two promising “green” solvents: pinacolone, (CH3)3CC(O)CH3, and methyl pivalate, (CH3)3CC(O)OCH3. Pulsed laser photolysis coupled to pulsed laser-induced fluorescence was used to determine absolute rate coefficients (in 10−12 cm3 molec.−1 s−1) of k1(297 K) = (1.2 ± 0.2) for OH + (CH3)3CC(O)CH3 (Reaction R1) and k2(297 K) = (1.3 ± 0.2) for OH + (CH3)3CC(O)OCH3 (Reaction R2), in good agreement with one previous experimental study. Rate coefficients for both reactions were found to increase at elevated temperature, with k1(T) adequately described by k1(297–485 K) = 2.1 × 10−12 exp(-200/T) cm3 molec. −1 s−1. k2(T) exhibited more complex behaviour, with a local minimum at around 300 K. In the course of this work, k3(295–450 K) was obtained for the well-characterised reaction OH + C2H5OH (ethanol; Reaction R3), in satisfactory agreement with the evaluated literature. UV–Vis spectroscopy experiments and computational calculations were used to explore cross-sections for (CH3)3CC(O)CH3 photolysis (Reaction R4), while (CH3)3CC(O)OCH3 showed no sign of absorption over the wavelengths of interest. Absorption cross-sections for (CH3)3CC(O)CH3, σ4(λ), in the actinic region were larger, and the maximum was red-shifted compared to estimates (methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) values) used in current state-of-science models. As a consequence, we note that photolysis (Reaction R4) is likely the dominant pathway for removal of (CH3)3CC(O)CH3 from the troposphere. Nonetheless, large uncertainties remain as quantum yields φ4(λ) remain unmeasured. Lifetime estimates based upon Reactions (R1) and (R4) span the range 2–9 d and are consequently associated with a poorly constrained estimated photochemical ozone creation potential (POCPE). In accord with previous studies, (CH3)3CC(O)OCH3 did not absorb in the actinic region, allowing for straightforward calculation of an atmospheric lifetime of ≈ 9 d and a small POCPE ≈ 11.
Mineralization Characteristics and Prospecting Potential in the Qinling Metallogenic Belt

The Qinling metallogenic belt is an important mining site for base and precious metals and also one of the most potential mineralization areas in China. The recent integrated studies show that the Qinling Mountains is a collisional orogen with polycyclic evolution and composite formations as well as mineralization. The characteristics of tectonic setting, lithological formation, association of ore deposits and metallogenic epoch indicate seven major minerogenetic systems and 18 minerogenetic series governing mineralization of Co, Mo, Pb, Zn, Ag, Au, Hg and Sb in the belt. This paper discusses the geological features for each minerogenetic series and its corresponding ore deposit, reviews the new discoveries in recent exploration and establishes the regional models for Cu, Au, Pb, Zn and Ag series. The study of the spectrum of ore deposits in the belt demonstrates that the regional mineralization is temporally characterized by polycycling, inheritance, neoformation and superimposition. The Variscan, late Indosinian to Yanshanian epochs are favorable periods to form large and giant ore deposits. Spatially, mineralization zoning in both vertical and lateral direction has been observed. Also, this study evaluates the Qinling metallogenic belt in terms of ore-forming potential and prospecting areas and concludes that prospective deposits are SEDEX and MVT types of Pb and Zn, vienlet-disseminated type and quartz vein altered type Au, porphyry type of Mo, W and Cu and epithermal Hg and Sb in the belt. Finally, 5 regional prospecting zones and 17 important potential areas have been determined.
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance

Entrepreneurs often struggle to find sufficient funding for their start-ups. A relatively new way for companies to attract capital is via an internet platform, locating investors who in return receive something in return for their ventures. Equity crowdfunding is one of several types of crowdfunding, and is also known as crowdinvesting in the German-speaking realm. This article predominantly advances the scientific knowledge regarding the success factors of equity crowdfunding for German start-ups. The study conducted nine qualitative interviews with start-ups and crowdinvesting platforms. Its first result is that German start-ups select crowdinvesting because (1) it is a funding opportunity and (2) it has an expected marketing effect. To organize the results of relevant success factors, the Crowdinvesting Success Model was designed by the researchers. This supports German entrepreneurs by presenting 20 important success elements that help to increase the capital collected during a campaign. The key finding is that an attractive business model, an appropriate preparation in the pre-campaign period, ongoing activities during the campaign, and corresponding advertising activities have a positive impact on a German start-up’s crowdinvesting campaign’s chances of success. The article closes with implications for theory and practice, as well as further research suggestions.
Fluid mixing forms basement-hosted Pb-Zn deposits: Insight from metal and halogen geochemistry of individual fluid inclusions

Fluid mixing across unconformities between crystalline basement and overlying sedimentary basins is commonly invoked as an efficient chemical mechanism for ore deposition, but the origin of basement brines and the process of ore formation have rarely been linked by direct evidence. Using laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry microanalysis of individual fluid inclusions with an improved detection approach for anion components, we determined simultaneously the ore metal concentrations and the Cl/Br ratio in texturally well constrained inclusion assemblages from a basement-hosted quartz-fluorite-barite-Pb-Zn vein system. An inverse correlation between the Pb + Zn concentrations and the Cl/Br mass ratios in the fluid inclusions provides clear evidence for mixing of a basement-derived metal-rich brine and a metal-poor formation water that acquired its salinity from halite dissolution in Triassic evaporites of the sedimentary cover. This mixing of two distinct brines with comparable salinity is recorded during the growth of individual quartz crystals containing small galena inclusions, demonstrating the transient and episodic nature of fluid mixing during mineral deposition.
Controls on large‐scale patterns of fluvial sandbody distribution in alluvial to coastal plain strata: Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation, Wasatch Plateau, Central Utah, USA

Current models of alluvial to coastal plain stratigraphy are concept‐driven and focus on relative sea‐level as an allogenic control. These models are tested herein using data from a large (ca 100 km long and 300 m thick), continuous outcrop belt (Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation, central Utah, USA). Many channelized fluvial sandbodies in the Blackhawk Formation have a multilateral and multistorey internal character, and they generally increase in size and abundance (from ca 10% to ca 30% of the strata) from base to top of the formation. These regional, low‐resolution trends exhibit much local variation, but are interpreted to reflect progressively decreasing tectonic subsidence in the upper Blackhawk Formation and overlying Castlegate Sandstone. The trend may also incorporate progressively more frequent channel avulsion during deposition of the lower Blackhawk Formation. Laterally extensive coal zones formed on the coastal plain during shallow‐marine transgressions, and define the high‐resolution stratigraphic framework of the lower Blackhawk Formation. Large (up to 25 m thick and 1 to 6 km wide), multistorey, multilateral, fluvial channel‐complex sandbodies that overlie composite erosion surfaces occur at distinct stratigraphic levels, and are interpreted as fluvial incised valley fills. Low amplitude (<30 m) relative sea‐level variations are interpreted as the dominant control on stratigraphic architecture in the lower Blackhawk Formation, which was deposited up to 50 km inland from the coeval shoreline. In contrast, the high‐resolution stratigraphy of the upper Blackhawk Formation is poorly defined, and channelized fluvial sandbodies are poorly organized. Vertical and laterally offset stacking of a small proportion (<10%) of sandbodies produced ‘clusters’ that are not confined by ‘master’ erosion surfaces. Avulsion is interpreted to dominate the stratigraphic architecture of the upper Blackhawk Formation. This data‐driven analysis indicates that alluvial to coastal plain stratigraphic architecture reflects a combination of various allogenic controls and autogenic behaviours. The relative sea‐level control emphasized in sequence stratigraphic models is only rarely dominant.
Spatial relationship of field‐aligned currents, electron precipitation, and plasma convection in the auroral oval

A technique has been developed that allows the analysis of magnetometer data from Atmosphere Explorer C during those periods when the spacecraft is spinning and eclipsed (not sunlit). The utilization of these magnetometer measurements to determine field-aligned current structure in conjunction with energetic particle and plasma convection measurements from AE-C enables us to determine relationships between these phenomena in the nighttime auroral zone. From a study of some 18 auroral oval crossings in the sectors 1800–2200 MLT and 0100–0600 MLT it is observed that, in general, the regions of energetic electron precipitation (>1 keV) span both region 1 and region 2 currents with the poleward boundary of the region 1 currents approximately coincident with the poleward kilovolt electron boundary. Simultaneous observations of plasma convection indicate that the reversal from sunward to antisunward convection is also, in general, collocated to within a degree of invariant latitude to the poleward field-aligned current boundary in both the evening and morning sectors. It is seen that the low conductivity in the winter polar cap implies the absence of field-aligned currents in that region. The data indicate that the region 1 currents in the late evening and early morning sectors lie on closed field lines extending earthward from the inner edge of the magnetospheric boundary layer.
Partitioning evapotranspiration based on the concept of underlying water use efficiency

Evapotranspiration (ET) is dominated by transpiration (T) in the terrestrial water cycle. However, continuous measurement of transpiration is still difficult, and the effect of vegetation on ET partitioning is unclear. The concept of underlying water use efficiency (uWUE) was used to develop a new method for ET partitioning by assuming that the maximum, or the potential uWUE is related to T while the averaged or apparent uWUE is related to ET. T/ET was thus estimated as the ratio of the apparent over the potential uWUE using half‐hourly flux data from 17 AmeriFlux sites. The estimated potential uWUE was shown to be essentially constant for 14 of the 17 sites, and was broadly consistent with the uWUE evaluated at the leaf scale. The annual T/ET was the highest for croplands, i.e., 0.69 for corn and 0.62 for soybean, followed by grasslands (0.60) and evergreen needle leaf forests (0.56), and was the lowest for deciduous broadleaf forests (0.52). The enhanced vegetation index (EVI) was shown to be significantly correlated with T/ET and could explain about 75% of the variation in T/ET among the 71 site‐years. The coefficients of determination between EVI and T/ET were 0.84 and 0.82 for corn and soybean, respectively, and 0.77 for deciduous broadleaf forests and grasslands, but only 0.37 for evergreen needle leaf forests. This ET partitioning method is sound in principle and simple to apply in practice, and would enhance the value and role of global FLUXNET in estimating T/ET variations and monitoring ecosystem dynamics.
International Journal of School and Cognitive Psychology

In an experiment, we systematically tested the risk tolerance for trading stock shares that vary in the initial price of the shares. Persons inexperienced with the stock market had to set the selling points for 60 stocks in the case of (a) decreasing or (b) rising prices. First, a stronger risk aversion for falling compared to rising prices was obtained. Second, the experiment revealed a dramatic increase in risk tolerance the lower the buying prices of the stocks were; nearly perfectly following a power function (Pearson-R’s>.93). Furthermore, it seemed very difficult for persons to grasp the consequences of share price neglect, namely that the initial share price has a significant impact on the readiness to take higher risks, whether in a positive or negative direction. Therefore, we are also referring to it as a “hidden risk tolerance”. This paper offers insights into irrational decision making in trading stocks. It allows the formation of estimates regarding trading volume and share price potential on the basis of the initial share price. Furthermore, it provides clues for the consequent reduction of risk-seeking behavior.
Salmon and sustainability : the biophysical cost of producing salmon through the commercial salmon fishery and the intensive salmon culture industry

Technologies play a critical role in mediating the impact o f the human enterprise on the ecosphere. Consequently, the adoption of more biophysically efficient technologies is essential i f the sustainability o f the human enterprise is to improve as populations and per capita consumption demands increase. Within this context, the biophysical efficiency o f two salmon production technology systems were analysed and compared using ecological footprint and energy analysis. The two systems evaluated are the vessel-based commercial salmon fishery and the salmon farming industry, as both exist in Bri t ish Columbia, Canada. In addition, the relative efficiency o f the three harvesting technologies employed within the commercial fishery were also evaluated. The ecological footprint analyses entailed quantifying the marine and terrestrial ecosystem support areas needed to grow salmon, sustain labour inputs, and assimilate CO2 equivalent to the greenhouse gases that result from industrial energy and material inputs. The energy analyses focussed exclusively on the direct and indirect industrial energy inputs to both systems. The results o f both the ecological footprint and energy analyses indicate that salmon farming is the least biophysically efficient, and hence least sustainable system for producing salmon currently operating in Brit ish Columbia. On a speciesspecific basis, farmed chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) appropriated . the largest total area o f ecosystem support at 16 ha/tonne. This was followed by farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at 12.7 ha/tonne, and commercially caught chinook and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) at 11 ha/tonne and 10.2 ha/tonne, respectively. Commercially caught sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka), chum (Oncorhynchus ketd), and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) had the smallest total ecological footprints at 5.7, 5.2 and 5 ha/tonne, respectively. Results o f the energy analyses followed a similar pattern. Farmed chinook salmon required a total fossil fuel equivalent industrial energy input o f about 117 GJ/tonne while at the other extreme, total energy inputs to commercially harvested pink salmon amounted to only 22 GJ/tonne. Within both systems, however, opportunities exist to improve the biophysical efficiency o f salmon production. Final ly , amongst the three commercial fishing technologies evaluated, purse seining was approximately twice as efficient at harvesting an average tonne o f salmon as were either gillnetting or trolling.
Observations of the Directional Spectrum of Fetch-Limited Waves

Abstract Estimates of the wave directional spectrum of fetch-limited sea states are made from measurements made with a heave–pitch–roll buoy at the Maui location off the west coast of New Zealand. The fetch-limited sea states have significant wave heights between 0.5 and 4.5 m and are observed during persistent southeast wind events, which have a well-defined fetch of 200 km. The integrated properties of the estimated angular spreading distributions are in general agreement with those observed in previous studies. However, the angular distributions estimated for the Maui location are bimodal at frequencies greater than the spectral peak frequency. This result for deep water ocean waves is in contrast to the generally accepted unimodal angular distribution for wind seas, but it supports recently reported measurements of the angular distribution of fetch-limited waves in Lake George, Australia. Parametric relationships that describe the characteristics of the bimodal distributions are derived, and the impor.
Neural representations of the content and production of human vocalization

Significance Speech research is largely bound to the study of humans and, thus, suffers from methodological limitations. Therefore, key mechanisms of speech production remain unclear. One central question is whether neural representations of speech content and motor production can be dissociated. We addressed this with an innovative paradigm where we combined magnetoencephalography, advanced multivariate pattern analysis, and a rule-based vocalization task. We could dissociate neural representations of content and production and further describe their temporal and spatial dynamics. Our results suggest that content has an abstract representation that allows to generalize across different production forms. With this study, we answer some essential questions of speech research and provide a fruitful framework for further noninvasive research.
Change Mining and Analysis for Data Streams

In 2015, it is estimated that around 500 million Tweets are generated each day and more than 300 hours of video are uploaded to YouTube every minute. Characterized by large volume and fast speed of arrival, these data, arriving in the form of data streams, contain valuable knowledge that data scientists and businesses across the globe are desperately trying to gain access to. Mining these data using traditional techniques designed for databases is no longer feasible and new algorithms must be developed to overcome the constraints. Data streams are dynamic and fast changing and adapting the learning models to react to the presence of change is essential. Currently, change mining only discovers when changes occur and does not consider further characteristics such as how frequently changes occur and how severe or drastic the changes are. This thesis first studies change mining in combination with supervised classification learning and discovers additional change characteristics to further improve how the learning models adapt to the changes in the data stream. Second, the thesis studies change mining in combination with unsupervised association rule mining to find changes in rare association rules. In the first part, we propose a novel change detector, SEED, that finds when changes occur 8 times faster than the current state-of-the-art technique. We then propose and find stream volatility which characterizes how frequently changes occur and also discover the magnitude and slope of the changes which characterizes how severe or drastic the changes are. Further, we show, both empirically and theoretically, that we can use these additional characteristics to establish a more effective change detection approach with more than 90% false positive reduction and build a better learning model in the presence of changes in data streams. Change mining is traditionally studied in combination with supervised classification learning. Currently, there is limited research that investigates when changes occur in data streams in combination with unsupervised learning techniques such as association rule mining. Due to the inherent differences between supervised and unsupervised learning, current change detection methods cannot be directly applied to discover changes in association rules. In the second part, we propose a tree-structured technique that finds rare association rules in data streams and we further define the problem of finding changes
Improved Variance Function in Cluster Sampling

: In the present article, we suggest nonlinear regression models for variance function in cluster sampling. The estimates of parameters of suggested and existing models have been obtained. The suggested and existing models have been fitted to data sets given in Sukhatme et al (1984) and Zakkula Govindarajulu (1999). An improvement has been shown over existing models in the sense of best fitting, that is having lesser residual mean Square S 2 for the relationship between variance within cluster 2 w s and size of the cluster M .
Engineering Properties of Bentonite Modified with Lime and Gypsum

This paper presents the engineering properties such as compaction, unconfined compressive strength, consistency limits, free swell index, California bearing ratio and consolidation of bentonite stabilized with lime and modified with gypsum. The content of lime and gypsum was varied from 0 to 10% and from 0.5 to 8%, respectively, to check the improvement in the engineering properties. The results of this study revealed that the dry unit weight and optimum moisture content of bentonite + 8% lime increased with the addition of 4% gypsum. The unconfined compressive strength of bentonite did not change with the increase in curing period. The unconfined compressive strength of bentonite + 8% lime increased with the addition of 4% gypsum. Beyond 4%, the unconfined compressive strength decreased. The unconfined compressive strength of bentonite-lime-gypsum mix increased with the increase in curing period. The liquid limit, plastic limit and free swell index of bentonite + 8% lime decreased; whereas the plasticity index increased with the addition of 4% gypsum. The California bearing ratio and modulus of subgrade reaction increased for bentonite stabilized with 8% lime and modified with 4% gypsum leading to reduction in earth work and required thickness of subgrade bentonite. The coefficient of consolidation of bentonite increased with the addition of 8% lime and did not change with the addition of 4% gypsum. The swell potential of bentonite + 8% lime increased with the addition of 4% gypsum. The improved behaviour of the bentonite-lime-gypsum mixture will boost the construction of road pavements on such problematic soils.