Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Insights into the consequences of chromosome gains and losses in S. cerevisiae

When cells divide, they must properly duplicate and segregate their genome to generate two identical daughter cells with faithful transmission of the genomic content. Errors in chromosome segregation lead to aneuploidy, a state of chromosomal imbalance where the karyotype is not an exact multiple of the haploid complement. At an organismal level, aneuploidy is the leading cause of miscarriage and developmental defects, while at a cellular level, aneuploidy causes proliferative defects and is detrimental to cell fitness. However, aneuploidy is also associated with cancer, a disease of uncontrolled proliferation. Understanding the effects of aneuploidy on cellular physiology has broad implications for many areas of human health. Here, I have characterized the G1 delay in aneuploid S. cerevisiae. Aneuploid yeast exhibited a growth defect in G1. Additionally, aneuploid cells displayed a cell cycle entry delay due to delayed accumulation of G1 cyclins. Like other cellular stresses, aneuploidy interferes with the cell’s ability to grow and to enter the cell cycle. I also developed a novel method to systematically examine the immediate consequences of gaining and—for the first time—losing single or multiple chromosomes. Using this system, I found that phenotypes wide-spread among aneuploid cells develop immediately following chromosome mis-segregation. Also, phenotypes common to chromosome gains are also wide-spread among cells that lost chromosomes, indicating that chromosome gains and losses fundamentally affect cells in similar ways. Finally, cell cycle analyses following chromosome mis-segregation revealed a surprising phenotypic variability among cells harboring the same aneuploidies. Together, these results provide insights into the mechanisms for the observed consequences of chromosome gains and losses on cellular physiology. Thesis Supervisor: Angelika Amon Title: Kathleen and Curtis Marble Professor of Cancer Research Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute
An examination of the role of silage juice on the intake of silage

The study examines the effects of extracting juice from ensiled forage, and its partial or complete reconstitution, on the ad libitum intake of sheep. Sixty ewes were offered one of six treatments in a randomised block design experiment lasting 3 weeks. The treatments included grass silage (TI), silage from which juice was removed and then added back (T2), silage from which juice was removed and 50% added back (T3), silage from which juice was removed (T4), silage from which juice was removed and 50% juice/50% water mixture added back (T5) and silage from which juice was removed and 100% water, by weight, added back (T6). Juice was removed using a purpose-built hydraulic press and added back using a tumble mixer. The removal of silage juice increased the dry matter (DM) concentration of silage and reduced its nitrogen, ammonia N, lactic and acetic acid concentration. Silage juice extraction led to an increase in mean intakes of the fibrous residue of silage over the experiment (TI, 1.04; T2,1.10; T3, 1.21; T4, 1.23; T5, 1.18; T6, 1,28 kg DM/day, s.e. 0.056) but had no effect on whole silage intakes by sheep (TI, 1.27; T2, 1.33; T3, 1.33; T4, 1.23; T5, 1.30; T6, 1.28 kg DM/day, s.e. 0.056). The results indicate that total silage DM intake in this study was not controlled by physical mechanisms.
Mince from Tilapia-Backbone: Effects of Washing and Cryoprotectant Addition during Frozen Storage

Mince obtained from tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) (backbone) was evaluated; the effect of washing and the addition of a commercial cryoprotectant on the quality of the mince obtained were also assessed. Physicochemical, microbiological and sensorial analyses were carried out at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 180 days of frozen storage (-20 oC). During washing treatment 91% of lipids was removed from the mince (p 0.05). Parameters such as L* and “θ” increased while a*, b*, chroma and TBARS decreased due to the washing treatment (p<0.05). The cryoprotectant effect resulted in a decrease of L*, “θ” (Hue) and TBARS (p<0.05). The addition of the cryoprotectant caused a significant decrease of L*, “θ” and TBARS. During the storage period, the proximate composition was stable and the microbial load remained below the official limits. The panelists detected changes on the odor, color and texture in the mince evaluated. Results suggest that the washing treatment improved the stability of the mince compared to the addition of cryoprotectant.
Industry 4.0 Performances of OECD Countries: A Data Envelope Analysis

Industry 4.0 is one of the most popular concepts studying in the literature in recent years. Industry 4.0 has also been an important agenda topic at the Davos Summit held by the World Economic Forum in 2016. With globalization, it has become inevitable to adapt the increasing competition and respond to rapidly changing consumer demands and desires on time. This makes it necessary to reevaluate perhaps all processes of production activities. These revolutions are aimed to reduce the need for labor factor especially in production processes and convert production processes to autonomous. It is also expected to increase competitiveness, decrease the costs, use resources effectively and, reduce human-induced errors in the production and operations process. For all these reasons, the integration of countries into Industry 4.0, which is a digital transformation, is notably important. The aim of this study is to make a comparative analysis of Industry 4.0 performances of OECD countries.
Characterizing resistance of the grapevine powdery mildew Erysiphe necator to fungicides belonging to quinone outside inhibitors and demethylation inhibitors

Practical resistance of Erysiphe necator to quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) is now widespread, and resistance to demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) has also developed. The goal of this research was to characterize fungicide resistance by elucidating resistance mechanisms and determining its stability. QoI resistance persisted for several years in a field population after QoI application ended. Resistant isolates were highly competitive in mixed populations in competition assays under laboratory conditions, indicating a lack of fitness cost. In one competition trial under field conditions, resistance frequency declined, possibly due to spore migration and influx of background inoculum, but in a second trial, it did not decline. Double resistance to QoI and DMI was detected and DMI application may have been partially responsible for maintaining QoI resistance in the field. One isolate with QoI resistance but an undetectable level of the major QoI mutation was shown to be heteroplasmic – resistant strains could be selected from this isolate. DMI resistance mechanisms in E. necator included the Y136F mutation in CYP51 and cyp51 over-expression. The first mechanism was present in almost all isolates with substantial levels of resistance, and cyp51 expression level was correlated with resistance level. Three cyp51 genotypes were detected. Wildtype isolates with the TAT genotype were sensitive to DMIs, while isolates with increased resistance had either a TTT or TWT genotype; TWT indicated the presence of both wildtype and mutant alleles. Cyp51 was expressed 1.4 to 19 times more in mutants than in wildtype. It is not known whether the significant differences in cyp51 expression level among isolates and among genotype groups are due to gene copy number variation. DMI resistance was found to decline after years of subculturing, and the decline appeared to occur after a few culture transfers of field samples on fungicide-free host leaves. The observed decline, together with the finding that isolates could be “trained” to increase resistance, and may be slightly induced in cyp51 expression when successively challenged to grow in increasing fungicide concentration, indicate instability of DMI resistance.
Using elemental profiling to determine intrinsic markers to track the dispersal of Prostephanus truncatus, a pest of stored grain with alternative natural hosts

Detecting sources of insects attacking grain stores can help to develop more effective pest management tools. This study considers combinations of chemical elements as intrinsic markers for tracing resource use by Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), a pest of stored maize (Zea mays L., Poaceae) which occurs in natural environments where alternative hosts may support reservoirs of infestation. Prostephanus truncatus were laboratory‐reared on maize or field‐caught in pheromone‐baited flight‐traps. Beetles and hosts were screened for multiple elements using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES). For elements above detection limits, we tested relationships between determinations for various host plants, and for beetles according to environment where captured. An alternative host, Spondias purpurea L. (Anacardiaceae), contained more Al, B, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Si, and Sr than maize, and less P and Zn. Elemental profiles of beetles were associated with environment, with significantly lower Al, Ca, Cu, Cr, Fe, P, S, Si, Sr, Ti, and Zn determinations in maize‐reared beetles than in beetles captured in agricultural or natural environments. Additionally, Al, Ba, K, P, Sr, and Ti determinations of field beetles captured in agricultural vs. natural environments were significantly different. This suggests Al, Sr, and Ti as candidate markers for environment, and possibly others as elemental concentrations (except B, Ba, Ni, and P) were significantly different in comparisons of all field‐collected vs. maize‐reared beetles. We present a robust practical solution which successfully identified combinations of elemental markers for remotely tracing resource use and dispersal by P. truncatus. We discuss the application of chemical characterisation for identifying intrinsic markers of pests, particularly species with alternative hosts. We discuss how to manage the low replication and unbalanced sample sizes inherent in insect elemental screening, particularly when rarer elements are potential markers.
Effect of Esterified Glucomannan in Amelioration of Aflatoxin Induced Microscopic Changes in Broiler Chicks

A biological experiment was conducted to evaluate t he efficacy of esterified glucomannan in counteracting aflatoxicos isin broiler chicks. The chicks were given aflatoxin (AF) free diet oraflato xin (1ppm) containing diet or aflatoxin (1ppm) with esterified glucomanna n (EG, 0.1%) containing diet continuously from day-old to six we eks of age. At the end of the study, the liver, kidneys, spleen and bursa of Fabricius were collected for histopathological studies. Microscopically, the liver of the AF fed broilers showed fatty change, degeneration and necr osis of hepatocytes and the cellular infiltration around the portal triads and blood vessels. Kidneys of AF intoxicated birds revealed degeneration and n ecrosis of tubular epithelial cells along with cellular infiltration, congestion and haemorrhages in the parenchyma, severe fatty change and mild inf iltration of lymphoid cells in the interstitial spaces. In spleen, conges tion, multifocal areas of haemorrhages and mild lymphocytic activity of peria rteriolar lymphatic tissue with increased number of histiocytes were ob served in AF fed birds. Mild to moderate degree of congestion, increased nu mber of histiocytes with heterophil infiltration, connective tissue pro liferation, sparse cellularity of the follicles with presence of large number of histiocytes containing cellular debris were observed in bursa o f Fabricius of AF treated birds. Feeding of EG along with AF showed milder bile duct hyperplasia and hypertrophy in liver and lowered the severity o f tubular necrosis in kidneys. However, supplementation of EG has no recognizable counteracting effect on histopathology of spleen. M oderate degree of lymphoid hyperplasia in bursa of Fabricius in broil ers receiving both AF and EG compared to AF alone treated group is indicative of ameliorative action of EG.
Growth-curve analysis: a critical reevaluation

Growth-curve analysis (Ricklefs 1967) has long enjoyed an ardent following. Recentlyß Brisbin et al. (1987) predicted a bright future for this methodology, but failed to address critical shortcomings of growthcurve analysis and of the Richards (1959) model in particular. They also completely ignored alternatives. Growth-curve analysis is a tool onlyß and not an end in itself. The main question is not which model to use, but whether to use growth-curve analysis at all. For many studies growth-curve analysis is inappropriateß and alternativesß such as simple observedgrowth statistics, may be more effective growth indicators. Although the Richards model with its variable sigmoid shape is intuitively attractiveß other simpler models can be superior for studying growth. There are many reasons growth-curve analysis may not be an ideal methodology. Growth-curve analysis is labor intensive because numerous data are required to satisfy models with several fitted parameters. For passerines, with their short nestling timeß this usually means daily measurement on a rigid schedule so that each nestling is always measured at about the same time. Alternatively, variable time must be taken into account during curve fitting. Growth-curve analysis requires numerous precise data. Small changes in only a single measurement can profoundly affect parameter estimates. Sensitivity depends on the type of model employed, however. High data requirements of growth-curve analysis can stress both parents and nestlings. Frequent disturbances can cause nest abandonment and conse-
The b -Adrenoceptor

The human b -adrenoceptor is a member of the seven-transmembrane family of receptors, encoded by a gene on chromosome 5. b -Adrenoceptors have been classified into b 1 , b 2 , and b 3 subgroups, with b 2 -receptors being widely distributed in the respiratory tract, particularly in airway smooth muscle. Intracellular signaling following b 2 -adrenoceptor activation is largely affected through a trimeric Gs protein coupled to adenylate cyclase. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) induces airway relaxation through phosphorylation of muscle regulatory proteins and attenuation of cellular Ca 2 1 concentrations. Alternative cAMP-independent pathways involving activation of membrane maxi-K 1 channels and coupling through Gi to the MAP kinase system have also been described. Site-directed mutagenesis has identified Asp 113 and Ser 204/207 within the third and fourth membrane domains as the active site of the b 2 -receptor, critical for b 2 -agonist binding and activity. b 2 -Agonists have been characterized as those that directly activate the receptor (albuterol), those that are taken up into a membrane depot (formoterol), and those that interact with a receptor-specific auxiliary binding site (salmeterol). These differences in mechanism of action are reflected in the kinetics of airway smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation in patients with asthma. b -Adrenoceptor desensitization associated with b 2 -agonist activation is a consequence of phosphorylation by b -ARK and uncoupling of the receptor from Gs following b -arrestin binding, of internalization and recycling of the receptor through processes of sequestration and resensitization and downregulation, modulated by an effect on receptor gene expression. The degree of receptor desensitization appears to differ, depending on the cell or tissue type, and is reflected in the different profiles of clinical tolerance to chronic b 2 -agonist therapy. A number of polymorphisms of the b 2 -receptor have been described that appear to alter the behavior of the receptor following agonist exposure. These include Arg-Gly 16, Glu-Gln 27, and Thr-lle 164. The Gly 16 receptor downregulates to a greater extent and is associated with increased airway hyperreactivity, nocturnal symptoms, and more severe asthma. The Glu 27 form appears to protect against downregulation and is associated with less reactive airways. An individual can be homozygous or heterozygous for given polymorphisms, and large populations will have to be studied to determine their importance to the asthma phenotype. Johnson M. The b -adrenoceptor.
Promiscuous pollination of Australia’s baobab, the boab, Adansonia gregorii

Australia’s native baobab, Adansonia gregorii (F.Muell., Malvaceae: Bombacoideae) is the only baobab outside the African continent. Baobabs of the African continent have shades either of red, orange and yellow coloured flowers and are pollinated by insects, especially by hawkmoths of the Sphingidae family, or have white flowers and are pollinated by small mammals (e.g. bats and lemurs). In contrast, the Australian baobab, with white, erected flowers, was found to be mostly pollinated by hawkmoths. It is possible that for this white-flowered species, small mammals play a role in pollination. Therefore, the aim of the study was to identify major pollinators of the Australian baobab. Motion cameras were used in December 2013 and ground observations were performed in the flowering season of 2015–2016 to observe (potential) pollinators. Results show observations of hawkmoths and other insects, birds and sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps) pollinating the flowers. The major pollinator found in this study was, however, the black flying fox (Pteropus alecto): it was observed foraging in groups and consuming the anthers of the Australian baobab flowers. Pollination by megabats, as the black flying fox, could have played an important role in the evolution of the white, erect flower of Australian baobabs.
Chemical and protein quality parameters of heat processed sunflower oilcake for dairy cattle

The effect of heat processing on chemical and protein quality parameters of sunflower oilcake (SFOC) was evaluated. SFOC was processed in a drum roaster at six temperature settings and five time intervals. Chemical analysis included: N-solubility (N-sol.), percent pepsin insoluble nitrogen (% PIN), percent acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (% ADIN). These methods were used as screening tests to select six processed and one control sample for in situ evaluation. The in situ polyester bag and mobile bag techniques were used to determine the effective rumen protein degradability and undegradable protein (UDP) digestibility, respectively. Heat processing significantly influenced UDP digestibility. The relationship between total tract crude protein (CP) disappearance and % ADIN (R* = 0.88), and between digestibility of UDP and % ADIN (R* = 0.88) was linear (P < 0.05), indicating the potential of % ADIN to indicate heat damage. Optimum heat processing was assumed to occur at 12 to 15% of total N as ADIN. Heat processing, decreased the concentrations (P < 0.05) of the amino acids (AA) Arg, His, Lys and Ser in the unincubated samples. The AA Arg, His, Lys, Met, Ala, Ser and Tyr were (P < 0.05) less resistant to microbial degradation compared with the control, whereas Lys, Asp, Gly and Ser were less absorbable (P < 0.05). The largest amount of AA from UDP theoretically available in the small intestine (SI) occurred at 15O”C/30 min, which agreed with the optimum level of ADIN. Results demonstrated the usefulness of ADIN as an indicator of heat damage for SFOC.
Influence on the performance of broilers with the Garlic (Allium sativum) and Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) leaf powder supplementation in the basal diet

Present experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of supplementing different levels of garlic and holy basil leaf powder in the broilers diet on their growth performance and nutrient metabolizablity during a period of 6 weeks. A total of 280-day-old commercial broiler chicks (Vencobb-400) were procured and randomly distributed into seven treatments, each treatment had four replicates with ten chicks in each replicate. Growth trial was conducted in a complete randomized design comprising seven dietary treatments. T1 was served as control and fed a basal diet formulated as per BIS (2007) standards. T2 and T3 were fed with garlic powder @ 0.5, 1% feed, respectively. T4 and T5 were given with holy basil leaf powder @ 0.5, 1% feed, respectively. T6 was fed with garlic powder and holy basil leaf powder @ 0.5% each. T7 was treated with garlic powder and holy basil leaf powder @1.0% each. The body weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) higher in combination of garlic powder and holy basil leaf powder @ 0.5% each and 1.0% each supplemented groups as compared to rest of the treatment groups. Feed intake was not affected significantly. While, feed conversion ratio (P<0.05) improved in T6 (1.70) & T7 (1.73) as compared to T1 (2.09), T3 (1.96) and T5 (1.95). The dry matter metabolizablity (%) was (P<0.05) higher in T5, T6 and T7 as compared to T1 (control). The nitrogen retention per cent was significantly higher in T6 as compared to control group. The gross energy metabolizablity was significantly higher in T6 and T7 as compared to T1, T3 and T5. Thus, the present study revealed that supplementation of garlic powder and holy basil leaf powder @ 0.5% each or 1.0% each in the broilers diet significantly improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and nutrient metabolizablity without affecting feed intake.
The defensive tail display of Anilius scytale (Serpentes: Aniliidae)

contexts, including intraspecific signals for courtship or territorial behavior, luring preys (e. g. Sazima, 1991; Sazima and Puorto, 1993; Hartmann and Almeida, 2001; Martins, Marques and Sazima, 2002), diverting attacks to the tail and/or disorienting predators, warning or intimidating signaling, or more than one of these (Greene, 1973). Most reports mention that tail display in snakes is a response to stress, such as tactile stimulus; if so, it could be suggested that it is usually a response to attack, and has a defensive function (Greene, 1973). The snakes show elaborate antipredator mechanisms and the defensive tail display is widespread throughout the group (Greene, 1988; Sazima and Abe, 1991; Marques, 2000). But in most cases, this behavior is only mentioned or briefly described. For Anilius scytale the defensive tail display is already recorded, but it is only briefly mentioned or illustrated (e.g. Greene, 1973, 1988; Martins and Oliveira, 1999; Maschio et al., 2010). Here, I report in detail and illustrate the defensive tail display of Anilius scytale. Anilius scytale is a monotypic species of the family Aniliidae that dwells Amazonian forests (Peters and Orejas-Miranda, 1986), and gallery forests in northward Brazilian Cerrado. It is a medium sized fossorial snake (206-1184 mm in total length), also found on the ground or in the water (Martins and Oliveira, 1999). It is reddish orange dorsally, with irregular black bands that could form a checkered pattern (Figure 1). It is yellowish cream ventrally, with ventral extensions of some black bands. The tail is short with a blunt tip. On 13th October 2004, a captive female specimen of A. scytale (405 mm snout-vent length, and 15 mm tail length) kept at the Laboratorio de Herpetologia of Instituto Butantan performed a defensive tail display, while it was being photographed in a plastic tray with leaf litter. The display was observed repeatedly after tactile stimulus on that occasion, but the duration of each behavioral sequence was not recorded. The snake was collected around 21:00 h on the street, next to the sidewalk in an urban area of “Bairro Francisca Mendes Herpetology Notes, volume 3: 249-250 (2010) (published online on 24 August 2010)