Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hepialidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera)

New Zealand's ghost moths and porina moths are revised. Seven genera are recognised: Aenetus, Aoraia, Cladoxycanus, Dioxycanus, Dumbletonius, Heloxycanus new genus, and Wiseana . Twenty-seven species are recognised, of which Aoraia aspina, A. flavida, A. hespera, A. insularis, A. lenis, A. macropis, A. oreobolae, A. orientalis, A. rufivena , and Heloxycanus patricki are new. Dumbletonius sylvicola Dugdale, 1988 is reduced to synonymy with D. unimaculatus (Salmon, 1948). Morphology of adult, pupa, larva, and male genital musculature is reviewed, along with relationships and biology, including phenology and biotopes. Keys to taxa are given for all life stages authenticated to species, and each genus and species is defined. Habitus and structures are illustrated for each species, and distributions are mapped. Four lineages are represented : Aenetus , shared with Australia; Aoraia and Cladoxycanus , two unrelated terminal taxa; and the 'Oxycanus' group, or porina moths, with an Australian sister-group. Wiseana includes significant pasture pests, and recognition of species has been supported by electrophoretic studies conducted elsewhere; W. fuliginea has been 'rediscovered' through these studies. CHECKLIST OF TAXA Genus Aenetus Herrich-Schāffer, 1855 Charagia Walker, 1856 virescens Doubleday, 1843 rubroviridans Walker, 1856 fischeri Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874 hectori Butler, 1877 Genus Aoraia Dumbleton, 1966 Trioxycanus Dumbleton, 1966 aspina new species aurimaculata Philpott, 1914 dinodes Meyrick, 1890 enysii Butler, 1877 leonina Philpott, 1927 flavida new species hespera new species insularis new species lenis new species macropis new species oreobolae new species orientalis new species rufivena new species senex Hudson, 1908 annulata Hamilton, 1909 Genus Cladoxycanus Dumbleton, 1966 minos Hudson, 1905 autumnata Hudson, 1920 Genus Dioxycanus Dumbleton, 1966 fuscus Philpott, 1914 oreas Hudson, 1920 ascendens Meyrick, 1921 descendens Hudson, 1923 gourlayi Philpott, 1931 Genus Dumbletonius Dugdale, 1988 Trioxycanus Dumbleton, 1966 characterifer Walker, 1865 impletus Walker, 1865 unimaculatus Salmon, 1948 enysii not Butler, 1877 but Meyrick, 1890 sylvicola Dugdale, 1988 n.syn. Heloxycanus new genus patricki new species Genus Wiseana Viette, 1961 Philpottia Viette, 1950 cervinata Walker, 1865 despecta Walker, 1865 vexata Walker, 1865 variolaris Guenee, 1868 copularis Meyrick, 1922 despecta of authors, not Walker, 1865 fuliginea Butler, 1879 jocosa Meyrick mimica Philpott, 1923 signata Walker, 1856 novaezealandiae Walker, 1856 umbraculata Guenee, 1868 Incertae sedis: Porina mairi Buller, 1873
A STUDY OF FUNDAMENTAL BARS IN FEATHERS

The structure and development of feathers have been studied by many investigators. The pigments of feathers have also been the subject of a very great number of researches. In spite, however, of these numerous studies of feather structures and pigments, we know almost nothing of structural differences be tween pigmented and non-pigmented areas, and nothing at all of the causes which lead to the orderly and definite distribution of pigment into the often complex color-patterns commonly found in birds. In connection with a research directed to these two points it was thought advisable to make a study of certain defects which were known to appear occasionally in feathers. It is a preliminary account of my results in this more restricted field â€”? which, however, proved to be a rather significant one â€”? that is to be found in this paper. The work was undertaken in
Características dos frutos de cultivares de pessegueiros e nectarineira, no município de Botucatu – SP.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar caracteristicas de tamanho e qualidade dos frutos de pessegueiros ‘CP-9553 CYN’, ‘CP-951 C’, ‘Tropic Beauty’, ‘Cascata 953’, ‘Cascata 797’, ‘Cascata 587’, ‘Precocinho’, ‘Conserva 693’, ‘Diamante Mejorado’, ‘Turmalina’ e ‘Marli’, e da nectarineira ‘Sun Blaze’, no municipio de Botucatu/SP. Foram mensurados o diâmetro, peso e altura media dos frutos, bem como a epoca de maturacao. Tambem foram avaliados atributos fisico-quimicos dos frutos, por meio das analises de textura, pH, acidez titulavel e solidos soluveis. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram algumas variacoes significativas entre os cultivares, na qual o peso dos frutos variou de 68,64 (‘CP-9553 CYN’) a 141,35g (‘Cascata 953’); a altura de 50,32 (‘Marli’) a 72,12 mm (‘Conserva 693’) e o diâmetro de 50,50 (‘CP-9553 CYN’) a 62,90 mm (‘Cascata 953’). Tambem houve diferencas significativas entre os cultivares com relacao a textura que variou de 517,00 (‘Marli’) a 168,47 gf (‘Precocinho’); o teor de solidos soluveis variou de 9,73 (‘CP-951 C’) a 16,30 o Brix (‘Marli’); o pH de 3,36 (‘Diamante Mejorado’) a 4,48 (‘CP-9553 CYN’) e a acidez de 0,32 (‘Cascata 587’) a 0,96g de acido citrico.100g-1de polpa (‘Tropic Beauty’). O periodo de colheita dos diferentes cultivares variou do final do mes de setembro ate meados de novembro, sendo que os cultivares Tropic Beaty, CP-951 C e CP-951 CYN foram os mais precoces e ‘Marli’ o mais tardio.
Identity and recovery of seed-borne fungal pathogens of field peas in Western Australia

Abstract Plating of field pea seed sampled from 13 locations in Western Australia revealed the presence of Mycosphaerella pinodes and, to a lesser extent, Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella. In an experiment aimed at determining the effect of surface sterilisation on the frequency of occurrence of M. pinodes and the location of this fungus within the seed, it was found that surface sterilisation underestimates the level of seed infection by the fungus, as infection localised on the surface of the seed is eliminated by the treatment. Unsterilised seed would therefore be more suitable for the testing of infection levels of this fungus than seed which is routinely surface sterilised. Seedlots from locations with less than 350 mm rainfall were free of the pathogens. These sites may be suitable for producing disease-free seed.
Heterologous Hybridization of Cotton Microarrays with Velvetleaf (Abutilon Theophrasti) Reveals Physiological Responses Due to Corn Competition

Abstract Microarray analysis was used to identify changes in gene expression in velvetleaf that result from competition with corn. The plants were grown in field plots under adequate N (addition of 220 kg N ha−1) to minimize stress and sampled at the V6 growth stage of corn (late June). Leaf area, dry weight, and N and P concentration were similar in velvetleaf plants grown alone or with corn. Competition, however, did influence velvetleaf gene expression. Genes involved in carbon utilization, photosynthesis, red light signaling, and cell division were preferentially expressed when velvetleaf was grown in competition with corn. A less clear picture of the physiological impact of growth in monoculture was provided by the data. However, several genes involved in secondary metabolism and a gene preferentially expressed in response to phosphate availability were induced. No differences were observed in genes responsive to water stress or sequestering/transporting micronutrients. Nomenclature: Velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti L. ABUTH; corn, Zea mays L. ; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.
Studies on the species, density, frequency and sociability of sunflower weeds in Erzurum

This study was carried out in order to determine the species, density, frequency and sociability of weeds in sunflower in Pasinler and Koprukoy districts of Erzurum in 1990 and 1995. In the study, 85 different weed species belonging to 27 families were identified with a density of 65.57 weeds per square meter on average. The number of species recorded in Pasinler and Koprukoy was 67 and 60 with a density of 63.35 and 67.78 weeds per meter square respectively. Sinapis arvensis was a predominant species in both areas. The most common species in Pasinler were Convolvulus arvensis, S. arvensis, Cirsium arvense whereas S. arvensis, C. arvensis, Chenopodium album, C. arvense were prevalent in Koprukoy. The main weed species forming sociability with others was C. arvensis and S. arvensis in Pasinler and Koprukoy respectively
Supporting Learning Across Working Life: Models, Processes and Practices (Preface)

Worldwide, in countries with advanced industrial economies, there is a growing interest in sustaining all kinds of workers’ employability and advancing their careers across their now lengthening working lives. This interest is articulated by the poli-cies of governments, exercised in the mandates of professional bodies, requirements of employers and actions of workers (Field, 2000). Much of this interest is driven by key social and economic imperatives associated with sustaining individuals’ employability (Edwards, 2002), advancement in the context of changing require-ments of work and working life (Billett, 2010; Department of Education Science and Training, 2002; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2010) and responding to changes or more fully meeting societal expectations (National Health Service, 2010). Signiﬁ cant transformations are occurring within most, if not all occupations, and will continue in frequency and amplitude across people’s lengthening working lives (Cofﬁ eld, 2000; OECD, 2006). These changes include the kinds of work which are available, changes in the requirements for that work, how it is enacted and who is undertaking that work (Billett, 2006). For instance, in many countries, there is a growing polarisation in labour markets. On the one hand, there is a shift towards service-related occupations that are often contingent in their employment conditions and precarious in their duration, with limited prospects for continuity and advancement. On the other hand, there is a growing demand for technical, paraprofessional and professional occupa-tions requiring high levels of educational achievement, and is in constant need of ongoing development, such as that required in the ﬁ eld of healthcare (National Health Service, 2010; O’Keefe, McAllister, & Stupans, 2011).
The Cellular Effects of Nicotine and Tobacco Particulate Matter on Monoamine Transporters

Cigarette smoking causes nearly 6 million deaths worldwide every year (WHO, 2011). Current smoking cessation therapies available to the public are only marginally effective (Jorenby, 2006; Balfour et al., 2000), partly due to our incomplete understanding of the molecular biology of smoking addiction. The majority of studies examining the molecular biology of smoking addiction have focused on nicotine alone. However, there is a growing body of evidence that non-nicotinic components of cigarette smoke contribute to smoking addiction. Nicotine has previously been shown to modulate the function of the monoamine transporters, but studies in the literature are often contradictory and this effect is not completely understood (see Danielson et al., 2011 for review). Furthermore, very few studies have examined the effects of non-nicotinic components of tobacco smoke on the monoamine transporters. This thesis has examined the effects of nicotine and a tobacco extract (TPM) on the dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transporters (DAT, NET, and SERT). Changes in monoamine transporter function, protein expression, and mRNA expression were measured ex vivo in discrete regions of the rat brain following chronic and acute in vivo nicotine and TPM treatment, and in vitro nicotine and TPM treatment. We found that nicotine and TPM affect monoamine transporter function, in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and that intact whole brain circuitry is required for these effects to be seen. In particular, nicotine (0.35 mg/kg) and TPM (containing 0.35 mg/kg nicotine) significantly decreased DAT function in the NAc at 30 min. This effect did not result in a corresponding decrease in DAT protein expression and was mediated by nicotinic receptors containing β2 subunits. Furthermore, TPM caused some changes in monoamine transporter function and mRNA expression that were not observed with nicotine alone. In functional studies this effect was particularly seen in the striatum of rats treated with nicotine (0.35 mg/kg) or TPM (containing 0.35 mg/kg nicotine). Overall these data demonstrate that nicotine affects monoamine transporter function in a nicotinic receptor-dependent manner, and that nicotine and TPM have different effects on monoamine transporter function and expression. This is the first study to examine the effects of TPM on monoamine transporter function, and supports previous evidence of a contribution of non-nicotinic components of cigarette smoke to neuroadaptations related to smoking. Findings from this study contribute to knowledge on the molecular biology of smoking addiction, which could in future lead to the development of more effective smoking cessation therapies.
The setae of parasitic Liphyra brassolis butterfly larvae form a flexible armour for resisting attack by their ant hosts (Lycaenidae: Lepidoptera)

Caterpillars of the lycaenid butterfly, Liphyra brassolis, live inside the nests of arboreal weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, and eat their brood. Observations of mature larvae suggest that they are impervious to relentless ant molestation, yet they lack sclerotized cuticular plates. We document a novel form of integumental defence that imparts protection from ant attack whilst maintaining the flexibility necessary to walk with a hydraulic skeleton. Analysis of the trunk integument and cuticular structures of early and late instars of L. brassolis using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and histology revealed three new setae types (disc, clavate, and lanceolate), as well as three new cuticular structures (pored sockets, cuticular pores, and cuticular domes). The unique cuticle is covered with lanceolate setae, which act as endocuticular struts, and overlapping scale-like sockets, which form a hard, flexible integument. The imperfect armour of the early-instar larvae suggests that abundant, putatively secretory pores are likely to be homologous to pore cupola organs (PCOs) found in other lycaenid larvae and thus may exude semiochemicals to allay ant aggression. The importance of these pores presumably wanes as structural (setal) cuticular defenses are reinforced in later instars, when adult ants have been observed attacking caterpillars to no avail. The caterpillar's antennae are unusual and seem to be involved in manipulating ant larvae into the caterpillar's mouth. Behavioural observations indicate that the dexterity of these structures is associated with eating ants (myrmecophagy).
Interaction of fire-related cues in seed germination of the potentially invasive species Paulownia tomentosa Steud

The Empress tree (Paulownia tomentosa Steud.) is a fast growing deciduous tree originating from East Asia. It is grown as an ornamental plant, but can also be used as industrial wood. However, in some parts of North America, this species is considered invasive, with high impact on autochthonous populations. We have investigated whether post-fire expansion of this species can be explained at the germination level by analyzing the interaction between physical (light and temperature) and chemical (smoke and nitrogenous compounds) fire-related cues in the regulation of P. tomentosa germination. Light is the key environmental signal in the induction of germination of positively photoblastic P. tomentosa seeds. Smoke, applied in the form of extract (liquid smoke [LS]), stimulates light-induced germination if applied during imbibition, or shortly after the inductive irradiation. This stimulatory effect of LS can be effectively prevented by far-red light, suggesting that the mechanism of smoke action is phytochrome related. The LS had no effect on the germination percentage when applied during the phase of radicle protrusion. However, LS reduced radicle elongation and slowed its protrusion. The LS had no effect on the optimal temperature range of germination (23–27°C). The combined action of LS and KNO3 in light-induced germination was more effective then when each chemical was applied separately. It can be concluded that all tested components of fire, except elevated temperature, operate to stimulate germination of P. tomentosa seeds, suggesting that the post-fire invasive potential of this species can, at least in part, be explained at the germination level.
Effect of Pod Removal on Abscisic Acid Levels in Soybean Tissue 1

The seasonal profiles of free and conjugated abscisic acid (ABA) in seed, pod wall, and leaf tissue were determined using field-grown control and depodded ‘Clay’ soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. ) plants. Total seed ABA was initially high (13.0 /µg/g fresh weight) but decreased to 0.4 µg/g at maturity. The pod wall contained much less ABA than did seeds (ca. 0.5 µg/g). Pod wall ABA level was constant during development except for a twofold increase during final pod maturation. Leaves also contained much less ABA (< 1 µg/g) than did seeds. Upper canopy leaves contained more ABA than did lower canopy leaves. Depodding had no consistent effect on leaf ABA levels. Water stress caused an increase in ABA content in leaf tissue with no effect on pod wall tissue, while senescence increased ABA content hi pod walls with little effect on leaf tissue.
Root growth, developmental changes in the apex, and hydraulic conductivity for Opuntia ficus‐indica during drought

SUMMARY Developmental changes in the root apex and accompanying changes in lateral root growth and root hydraulic conductivity were examined for Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller during rapid drying, as occurs for roots near the soil surface, and more gradual drying, as occurs in deeper soil layers. During 7 d of rapid drying (in containers with a 3-cm depth of vermiculite), the rate of root growth decreased sharply and most root apices died; such a determinate pattern of root growth was not due to meristem exhaustion but rather to meristem mortality after 3 d of drying. The length of the meristem, the duration of the cell division cycle, and the length of the elongation zone were unchanged during rapid drying. During 14 d of gradual drying (in containers with a 6-cm depth of vermiculite), root mortality was relatively low; the length of the elongation zone decreased by 70 %, the number of meristematic cells decreased 30 %, and the duration of the cell cycle increased by 36 %. Root hydraulic conductivity (L,) decreased to one half during both drying treatments; L, was restored by 2 d of rewetting owing to the emergence of lateral roots following rapid drying and to renewed apical elongation following gradual drying. Thus, in response to drought, the apical meristems of roots of 0. ficus-indica near the surface die, whereas deeper in the substrate cell division and elongation in root apices continue. Water uptake in response to rainfall in the field can be enhanced by lateral root proliferation near the soil surface and additionally by resumption of apical growth for deeper roots.
Variación del contenido foliar de nutrimentos de Alnus acuminata

Se encontro que la posicion de las muestras en la copa provenientes de arboles de 3 y 5 anos de A. acuminata no afecta la concentracion foliar para la mayoria de los nutrimentos de manera significativa. La unica excepcion la constituye el Ca en arboles de 5 anos, cuya concentracion en la parte alta fue menor que en la parte media de la copa. Aunque no significativa, se observo que la concentracion de Fe, Mn y Zn tiende a ser mayor en la seccion alta externa de la copa a los 3 anos; mientras que, a la edad de 5 anos tiende a ser mayor en la parte media externa de la copa. No se observo diferencias significativas en la concentracion foliar de los nutrimentos con la edad de la plantacion entre 2 y 8 anos, en ninguna de las epocas comparadas, excepto para el Mn, elemento que tiende a disminuir con la edad de las plantaciones (86 a 26 mg kg-1). La concentracion foliar de Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu y B fue mayor durante la epoca seca que durante la epoca lluviosa, mientras que los contenidos foliares de N y P fueron mas elevados durante la epoca lluviosa y no se observo variacion alguna en las concentraciones foliares de Ca, K y S debidas la epoca de muestreo. Con base a lo encontrado, se define en forma tentativa los niveles criticos foliares para la especie A. acuminata.
Biases, gaps, and opportunities in mammalian extinction risk research

A subdiscipline of conservation science involves the study of differences between threatened and non-threatened species. The relevance of multispecies analyses of extinction risk to conservation practice has been questioned, but there has been no synthesis of the allocation of research effort to different regions and groups of mammals to assess whether or not sufficient knowledge is available to support conservation science where it is most needed. I reviewed 68 comparative studies of mammalian extinction risk to test whether existing research reflects our concern for threatened species. Additionally, I examined the variables used and various methodological issues that can lead to uninformative results. Known spatial and taxonomic biases in conservation science persisted in extinction risk research, leaving large proportions of globally threatened taxa unstudied. Primates and carnivores had more dedicated studies, whereas small mammals such as rodents and the Eulipotyphla (true shrews, talpids, solenodons, gymnures, and hedgehogs) lack research effort despite their high diversity, threat, and extinction record. Except for the Australian mammal fauna (a clear priority given the number of threatened, extinct, and endemic taxa), most areas of conservation importance remain underrepresented in these types of studies. Detailed country-level analyses can provide applicable results for understudied regions. I propose Southeast Asia and the Caribbean for further research, given their high levels of extinction, threat and endemism, and their unique biogeographic histories. Finally, I offer suggestions for general methodological improvements to avoid problems with missing data and statistical circularity in order to maximise conservation relevance.
Genetic variability in the European bison (Bison bonasus) population from Bialowieza forest over 50 years

The aim of this study was to assess potential post-bottleneck temporal genetic differentiation following the reintroduction of the species into the Bialowieza Forest. Variability of 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers was analysed for 178 individuals born between 1955 and 2005, divided by birth year into five temporal groups. Low overall allelic richness (AR) per locus (AR = 2.0) and a low overall expected heterozygosity (HE = 0.28) were observed. The overall FIS was not significantly different from zero. The mean FIS values were, however, significantly different from zero for individuals born between 1955 and 1965 (FIS = 0.19). A Bayesian computation was used to estimate effective population size (Ne) for each temporal group. We observed relatively small values of Ne ranging from 7.9 to 28.4. The low Ne values confirm that, despite a rapid growth of the bison population following the founder event, Ne increased only slowly. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 97, 801–809.
Biochemical and microbiological changes of pink perch (Nemipterus japonicus) surimi stored at different temperatures

Investigations on factors responsible for spoilage of frozen surimi of pink perch (Nemipterus japonicus) stored at ambient (25 to 280 C), refrigerator (6.5 to 7.50 C) and at deep freezer temperatures (-8 to -100 C), in terms of organoleptic quality, bacterial load and biochemical indices indicated that at ambient temperature, frozen surimi can be preserved for about 8 hrs, while at refrigerator temperature up to 5 days and at deep freezer temperature up to 60 days. Bacterial count, trimethylamine and total volatile nitrogen values increased with storage time while, organoleptic score decreased. Nutrient contents and gel strength of surimi decreased while, moisture and whiteness increased with storage period.