Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
REPRODUCTION IN A MOOSE POPULATION

Moose (Alces alces) in Wells Gray Park, British Columbia, have been under study by the authors since 1950. Part of this study has included the examination of uteri and their contents. The purpose of this part of the program was to obtain information on reproduction in this moose population. Some results of this work are presented in this paper. Early in our studies it was apparent that counts of calves at heel in summer and fall
Direct and indirect effects of shoot- and/or root-chilling stress ongrowth, photosynthesis, and osmotic root water uptake in Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln. ‘Molly’

Summary Kalanchoe blossfeldiana is the most extensively cultivated flowering potted plant for indoor use in Europe, and it is also used outdoors as a patio and bedding plant. Increased chilling tolerance in K. blossfeldiana is desirable, as it would enhance the marketing potential for outdoor use and allow more energy-efficient greenhouse production. In this study, the effects of shoot-chilling, root-chilling, or whole plant-chilling (4°C/20°C, 20°C/4°C, or 4°C/4°C air temperature /root-zone temperature, respectively) on K. blossfeldiana Poelln. ‘Molly’ were compared in order to identify the most sensitive physiological processes related to the impairment of growth under low temperatures. As controls, plants were grown at 20°C/20°C. All three chilling treatments severely inhibited plant growth and decreased the net photosynthetic rate (Pn). Inhibition of Pn in root-chilled plants was due to stomatal closure, while in shootchilled plants it was related both to stomatal and non-stomatal effects. A low air temperature also caused the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates and cellular membrane damage in the leaves. Root- or whole plant-chilling significantly reduced the composite root hydraulic conductance (CRHC), whereas the decrease in osmotic root water uptake of shoot-chilled plants was unrelated to changes in CRHC. Impaired water uptake led to partial leaf wilting of root-chilled plants at 20°C/4°C. We conclude that the sensitivity of Kalanchoe to low temperatures is linked to both direct and indirect effects of shoot-and/or root-chilling on photosynthetic carbon metabolism and osmotic water uptake by the roots.
Multi-timescale reverberation mapping of Mrk 335

Time lags due to X-ray reverberation have been detected in several Seyfert galaxies. The different traveltime between reflected and directly observed rays naturally causes this type of lag, which depends directly on the light-crossing time-scale of the system and hence scales with the mass of the central black hole. Featureless ‘hard lags’ not associated with reverberation, and often interpreted as propagating mass accretion rate fluctuations, dominate the longer time-scale variability. Here we fit our reltrans model simultaneously to the time-averaged energy spectrum and the lag-energy spectra of the Seyfert galaxy Mrk 335 over two time-scales (Fourier frequency ranges). We model the hard lags as fluctuations in the slope and strength of the illuminating spectrum, and self-consistently account for the effects that these fluctuations have on the reverberation lags. The resulting mass estimate is $1.1^{+2.0}_{-0.7} \times 10^6~\mathrm{ M}_\odot$, which is significantly lower than the mass measured with the optical reverberation mapping technique (14–26 million M⊙). When we add the correlated variability amplitudes to the time lags by fitting the full complex cross-spectra, the model is unable to describe the characteristic reverberation Fe K α line and cannot constrain the black hole mass. This may be due to the assumption that the direct radiation is emitted by a point-like source.
SEM Studies on Vessels in Ferns. 1. Woodsia obtusa

ABsT1cT. —Circular to oval pores are present in primary walls (pit membranes) of end walls of tracheary elements in roots and rhizomes of Woodsici obtusa (Spreng.) Torr, (Dryopteridaceae). The pores are at least as abundant in rhizomes as in roots. We regard tracheary elements with end walls bearing these pores as vessel elements (such pores are absent on lateral walls). Pores occur in thin areas of the primary wall of pit membranes; thicker portions of pit membranes, both on lateral and end walls, occur in the form of striations oriented parallel to the long axis of the cell. These striations, recently demonstrated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for pri mary xylem of Nymphaeales and the monocotyledon Acorus, are likely widespread in vascular plants. Pore formation in W obtusa is only moderate compared to that in Nymphaeales and Acei-us, and may correlate with the fact that W obtusa occupies habitats relatively more mesic than those in which other species of Woodsia grow. The presence of vessel elements in ferns was Claimed over a century ago by Russow (1872), who cited only two species, Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn and Nephrodium fihix-mas Rich. (= Dryopteris fihix-mas (L.) Schott), as having true perforations in the end walls. White (1962), who reviewed the history of claimed vessel presence in ferns, demonstrated that opinions varied widely: De Bary (1884) agreed with Russow (1872), whereas Gwynne-Vaughan (1908) thought that vessels could be found in Cyatheaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Hymen ophyllaceae, Marattiaceae, Ophioglossaceae, Polypodiaceae, and Schizaeaceae. Bancroft (1911), using a variety of techniques, thought that vessels exist in ferns only in Pteridium aquilinum, a conclusion shared by Duerden (1940). White (1961, 1962) presented clear evidence for the presence of vessels in roots of Marsilea. In addition, White (1962, 1963) suspected vessel presence in two other species of ferns, Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. and Astrolepis sin uata (Lag. ex Sw.) D.M. Benham & Windham (= Notholaena sin uata (Lag. ex Sw.) Kaulf. ), although he did not demonstrate perforations. White’s (1962, 1963) reason for suspecting vessels in Astrolepis sin uata and Woodsia ilvensis was marked differentiation (as indicated by distribution of pits and therefore sec ondary wall) between the lateral walls and the end walls of tracheary elements. In addition, moderate differences between pits of lateral walls and pits (or perforations) of end walls of tracheary elements were claimed by White (1962, p. 75) for 10 other species of Woodsia, and one hybrid Woodsia. The species we have elected to study here, W. obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. , was cited by White (1962) as having “slight” differentiation of end walls as compared to lateral
Finite-Sample Guarantees for Wasserstein Distributionally Robust Optimization: Breaking the Curse of Dimensionality

Wasserstein distributionally robust optimization is a recent emerging modeling paradigm for decision making under data uncertainty. Because of its computational tractability and interpretability, it has achieved great empirical successes across several application domains in operations research, computer science, engineering, and business analytics. Despite its recent empirical success, existing performance guarantees for generic problems are not yet satisfactory. In this paper, we develop the first finite-sample guarantee without suffering from the curse of dimensionality, which describes how the out-of-sample performance of a robust solution depends on the sample size, dimension of the uncertainty, and the complexity of the loss function class in a nearly optimal way.
Fate of Listeria monocytogenes during the Manufacture, Ripening and Storage of Feta Cheese.

The ability of Listeria monocytogenes to grow during the Feta cheese-making process, and to survive during ripening, and storage of the cheese was examined. Pasteurized whole cow's milk was inoculated to contain ca. 5.0 × 103 L. monocytogenes [strain Scott A or California (CA)] cfu/ml and made into Feta cheese according to standard procedure. Lactobacillus bulgaricus , and Streptococcus thermophilus (1:1, v/v) were used as starter culture (1%, v/v). Fresh cheese was placed into sterile 12% salt brine and was held at 22°C for 24 h. Then it was placed into sterile 6% salt brine and held 4 d at 22°C after which it was stored in the same brine at 4°C. Milk, curd, whey, cheese, and brine were tested for numbers of L. monocytogenes and pH. Duplicate samples were used to enumerate L. monocytogenes by surface-plating on McBride Listeria Agar. Selected Listeria colonies were confirmed biochemically, L. monocytogenes was entrapped in curd during cheese-making with the population in curd being 0.92 Log10 cfu/g greater than in the inoculated milk; the whey contained an average of 3.2% of the initial inoculum. L. monocytogenes in cheese increased in numbers by ca. 1.5 Log10 cfu/g during the first 2 d of ripening, the population was 2.33 (S.D. ± 0.12) Log10 cfu/g greater in cheese than in the inoculated milk, with a maximum number of 1.5 × 106 cfu/g. The pH value of 2-d-old cheese decreased to 4.6 and then growth of L. monocytogenes ceased. Both strains of L. monocytogenes survived in Feta cheese for more than 90 d even at the low pH of 4.30 (S.D. ± 0.05) that Feta cheese had after ripening. Strain CA was significantly (P<0.006) less tolerant than strain Scott A, of conditions in the cheese during storage at 4°C.
The Unbalanced Gromov Wasserstein Distance: Conic Formulation and Relaxation

Comparing metric measure spaces (i.e. a metric space endowed with a probability distribution) is at the heart of many machine learning problems. This includes for instance predicting properties of molecules in quantum chemistry or generating graphs with varying connectivity. The most popular distance between such metric measure spaces is the Gromov-Wasserstein (GW) distance, which is the solution of a quadratic assignment problem. This distance has been successfully applied to supervised learning and generative modeling, for applications as diverse as quantum chemistry or natural language processing. The GW distance is however limited to the comparison of metric measure spaces endowed with a \emph{probability} distribution. This strong limitation is problematic for many applications in ML where there is no a priori natural normalization on the total mass of the data. Furthermore, imposing an exact conservation of mass across spaces is not robust to outliers and often leads to irregular matching. To alleviate these issues, we introduce two Unbalanced Gromov-Wasserstein formulations: a distance and a more computationally tractable upper-bounding relaxation. They both allow the comparison of metric spaces equipped with arbitrary positive measures up to isometries.
Learning-Based Distributionally Robust Model Predictive Control of Markovian Switching Systems with Guaranteed Stability and Recursive Feasibility

We present a data-driven model predictive control scheme for chance-constrained Markovian switching systems with unknown switching probabilities. Using samples of the underlying Markov chain, ambiguity sets of transition probabilities are estimated which include the true conditional probability distributions with high probability. These sets are updated online and used to formulate a time-varying, risk-averse optimal control problem. We prove recursive feasibility of the resulting MPC scheme and show that the original chance constraints remain satisfied at every time step. Furthermore, we show that under sufficient decrease of the confidence levels, the resulting MPC scheme renders the closed-loop system mean-square stable with respect to the true-but-unknown distributions, while remaining less conservative than a fully robust approach.
VARIATIONS IN THE LARVAL STAGES OF A DECAPOD CRUSTACEAN, PLEURONCODES PLANIPES STIMPSON (GALATHEIDAE)

1. The young of Pleuroncodes planipes pass through a series of five morphologically discrete zoeal larval stages after hatching, and, except in Stage IV, the larvae change from one stage to the next by a single molt. Larvae in Stage IV may molt from four to eight times without greatly altering their basic morphology. There is evidence from laboratory culturing that the number of these sub-stages may be influenced by the temperature at which the larvae develop, with higher temperatures causing more sub-stages.2. The duration of the larval phase is influenced by the temperature at which the larvae are reared, and the rate of development follows a Q10 of about 1.9. The larval duration is also influenced by rearing conditions other than temperature, for the size of the larval rearing container or the presence of other larvae in the container has also been shown to influence the duration of the larval phase.3. A larval stage was seen in the laboratory which has not been found in nature, and it is probable that.
Comparison of results for the electromagnetic form factors of the proton at low $Q^2$

The goal in this work is the comparison of five parameterisations of the Sachs form factors of the proton $G^p_E$ (electric) and $G^p_M$ (magnetic) at low $4$-momentum transfer $Q^2$. It will be shown that a simple model, based on two dipoles which admit as parameters the rms electric charge radius $r_{E;p}$ and the rms magnetic radius $r_{M;p}$ of the proton, suffices for the purposes of the phase-shift analyses (PSAs) of the low-energy pion-nucleon ($\pi N$) data. The replacement of the electromagnetic form factors, currently used in the ETH model of the $\pi N$ interaction, by the parameterisation of this work will enable the removal from the PSAs of this research programme of the largest part of the dependence on extraneous sources.
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT LACTATION CURVE MODELS IN HOLSTEIN COWS RAISED ON A FARM IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ANATOLIA REGION

Abstract. The objective of this study was to compare the goodness of fit of seven mathematical models (including the gamma function, the exponential model, the mixed log model, the inverse quadratic polynomial model and their various modifications) on daily milk yield records. The criteria used to compare models were mean R 2 , root mean squared errors (RMSE) and difference between actual and predicted lactation milk yields. The effect of lactation number on curve parameters was significant for models with three parameters. Third lactation cows had the highest intercept post-calving, greatest incline between calving and peak milk yield and greatest decline between peak milk yield and end of lactation. Latest peak production occurred in first lactation for all models, while third lactation cows had the earliest day of peak production. The R2 values ranged between 0.590 and 0.650 for first lactation, between 0.703 and 0.773 for second lactation and between 0.686 and 0.824 for third lactation, depending on the model fitted. The root mean squared error values of different models varied between 1.748 kg and 2.556 kg for first parity cows, between 2.133 kg and 3.284 kg for second parity cows and between 2.342 kg and 7.898 kg for third parity cows. Lactation milk yield deviations of Ali and Schaeffer, Wilmink and Guo and Swalve Models were close to zero for all lactations. Ali and Schaeffer Model had the highest R2 for all lactations and also yielded smallest RMSE and actual and predicted lactation milk yield differences. Wilmink and Guo and Swalve Models gave better fit than other three parameter models.
Anacacumisporium, a New Genus Based on Morphology and Molecular Analyses from Hainan, China

Abstract The anamorphic taxon Anacacumisporium appendiculatum gen. et sp. nov. is described and illustrated from fallen branches of decaying wood in Hainan, China. Anacacumisporium is characterized by pigmented, transversely septate, appendaged conidia and conidiophores that are brown, macronematous, mononematous and that bear one (or more ) integrated phialide at the tip. Complete sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and partial sequences of nuc 28S rDNA (28S) genes are provided. The new fungus is compared with morphologically similar genera of hyphomycetes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed its placement in the Chaetosphaeriaceae. A key to the novel genus and morphologically similar genera is given.
Fruit structure in two neotropical mistletoes and its consequences for seed dispersal

Many species of tropical mistletoes have fruits with either hard exocarps visited by a particular taxon of birds, like the New World euphonias and the Old World flowerpeckers, or soft exocarps visited by a greater diversity of bird species. A comparative study of two species of Neozropical mistletoes in the Republic of Panama suggests that predation might be important in selecting for these fruit characters. Fruits of Phoradendron quadrangulare with hard exocarps have minimal predispersal predation but suffer from postdispersal predation due to clumped deposition of seeds. Fruits of Oryctanthus alveolatus with soft exocarps suffer less postdispersal predation of seeds but have high predispersal fruit loss. HEMIPARASITIC MISTLETOES OCCURRING IN TROPICAL regions of the world are mostly dispersed by birds (Kuijt 1969). Often a single taxon of frugivorous birds are implicated in seed dispersal (Ali 1931; Docters van Leeuwen 1954; Davidar 1978, 1983). Observations in India and in Central America indicated that fruits dispersed only by "mistletoe specialist" birds have hard exocarps that are discarded by the birds. The pulp and seed are swallowed, and the seeds are excreted in slimy masses by the bird (Davidar 1978, 1983). The seeds often stick onto a branch, the ideal substrate for these hemiparasitic plants. Other mistletoe species in these areas were dispersed by a wider variety of bird species (Davidar 1978, 1983). These species had fruits with soft exocarps, and the seeds were either discarded prior to ingesting the pulp or swallowed whole and excreted or regurgitated. The seeds were more often voided in smaller clumps by these birds (Davidar 1983). This study tests the hypotheses that (1) mistletoes with hard exocarps have lower fruit predation levels than mistletoes with soft exocarps, and (2) fruits with hard exocarps have higher seed dispersal success than fruits with soft
Observations on the Vegetation of Screes in Canterbury, New Zealand

In the drier mountains of the eastern and north-eastern regions of the South Island of New Zealand, there occurs very commonly a type of scree inhabited by a community of plants rarely found in any other situation. Although belonging to several different families, these plants have many characters, in common which distinguish them from plants of other alpine associations. This paper deals mainly with observations made on a large scree near the Canterbury University College Mountain Biological Station at Cass, 70 miles inland on the midland railway from Christchurch, New Zealand. This particular scree forms the northern slope, from 3000 to 6000 ft. above sea-level, of Mount Bailey, the northernmost peak of the Craigieburn Range not far from the main ranges of the Southern Alps (P1. 13, phot. 1). During the summer in this region, fine days are common, and while the brilliant sunlight of the high clear atmosphere raises the stony surfaces of the screes to a temperature such that they are unbearable to touch, blustering hot dry winds frequently sweep across the slopes from the west. In winter, snow may cover the ground for several weeks at a time. The annual rainfall of the district is 50 in. , distributed fairly evenly throughout the year. The vegetation of the region consists of a tussock grassland association dominated by Poa caespitosa and Festuca novae-zealandiae, modified in local areas by variations in conditions. In sheltered situations small stands of beech (Nothofagus cliffortioides) replace the tussocks, while a shrubland association (Cassinia fulvida, Discaria toumatou, Leptospermum scoparium, etc.) occurs in many exposed places. At higher altitudes (above 3500 ft.) the short-tussock association (Poa-Festuca) gives way to a narrow belt of the tall-tussock, Danthonia raoulii, which forms the uppermost border of the grassland vegetation. Other high-mountain plants are found on rocks and in other stable situations above this altitude, usually including species of Hebe and Celmisia. Around the edges of the screes several small-leaved shrubs are the first unspecialized plants to enter the partially stabilized debris, e.g. Podocarpus nivalis and various members of the Epacridaceae, including species of Dracophyllum. Vegetation of screes outside New Zealand appears to be of two kinds. On very unstable soils certain specialized plants sometimes occur, which can survive movements of the surrounding stones. On slightly less mobile soils, plants are recruited from the surrounding stable soil associations of heath or rock. Such vegetation is often in a state of flux, since large areas may be buried by scree movements (Schroeter, 1926; Harshberger, 1929; Tansley, 1939). Very few papers dealing with the ecology of unstable screes appear to have been published, and those dealing with screes in Britain, Europe and America are mainly concerned with the successive phases of vegetation as consolidation takes place
Why do we SLIP to the basic level? : a formal model

6 TABLE OF CONTENT.8 PREAMBLE. 12 THE 20-QUESTION GAME. 12 CATEGORY FEATURE-STRUCTURE VS. CATEGORY TREE. 13 BASIC-LEVEL PHENOMENOLOGY, SHORT VERSION. 14 THE AIM OF THIS DISSERTATION . 15 BASIC TERMINOLOGY. 15 CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION: BASIC-LEVEL PHENOMENOLOGY, LONG VERSION . 17 1.1 BEFORE ROSCH AND COLLEAGUES. 17 1.1.1 BROWN’S LEVEL OF USUAL UTILITY. 17 1.1.2 COGNITIVE ANTHROPOLOGY AND THE FOLK-GENERIC LEVEL. 19 1.2 ROSCH AND COLLEAGUES’ BASIC-LEVEL . 25 1.3 AFTER ROSCH AND COLLEAGUES. 33 1.3.1 TESTS OF THE DIFFERENTIATION MODEL. 33 1.3. 2 OTHER DOMAINS WITH A BASIC-LEVEL. 37 1.3. 3 IMPORTANCE OF SHAPES FOR BASIC-LEVELNESS. 40 1.3. 4 EXPERTISE AND BASIC-LEVELNESS. 43 1.3. 5 THE DEVELOPMENTAL LITERATURE. 47 CHAPTER 2. STRATEGY LENGTH & INTERNAL PRACTICABILITY. 52 2.1 TWO PRINCIPLES OF ORGANISATION OF INFORMATION IN HIERARCHIES . 52 2.2 SLIP: AN INTUITIVE ACCOUNT. 55 2.3 SLIP: A FORMAL MODEL . 56 2.3.1 SUMMARY. 60 2.3. 2 THE PASCAL DENSITY FUNCTION. 61 2.3. 3 DISJUNCTIONS . 64 2.3. 3.1 Negative verification items . 65 2.3. 4 NAMING. 68 2.4 GENERALISATION TO OTHER CORRELATES OF BASIC-LEVELNESS . 72
Reconstructing the State: Personal Networks and Elite Identity in Soviet Russia

Preface 1. Introduction: explaining state-building outcomes and the Soviet Russian case Part I. Structure and Identity in the Post-Revolutionary State Elite: 2. Anatomy of a regional elite: the rise of the provincial Komitetchiki 3. Constructing an elite identity: images of self, service and state Part II. Informal Sources of Power in the Post-Revolutionary State: 4. Extending the reach of the state: personal networks and territorial administration 5. The constraints of power: personal networks and central rulership Part III. Intrastate Conflict and the Constraints of Power Redefined: 6. Center and regions in conflict I: collectivization and the crisis of regional leadership 7. Center and regions in conflict II: the fall of the provincial Komitetchiki 8. Conclusion: state building and the Soviet Russian case reconsidered Notes Bibliography Index.