Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Metabolomics analyses of cancer tissue from patients with colorectal cancer

The alteration of metabolism is essential for the initiation and progression of numerous types of cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Metabolomics has been used to study CRC. At present, the reprogramming of the metabolism in CRC remains to be fully elucidated. In the present study, comprehensive untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed on the paired CRC tissues and adjacent normal tissues from patients with CRC (n=35) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Subsequently, bioinformatic analysis was performed on the differentially expressed metabolites. The changes in these differential metabolites were compared among groups of patients based on sex, anatomical tumor location, grade of tumor differentiation and stage of disease. A total of 927 metabolites were detected in the tissue samples, and 24 metabolites in the CRC tissue were significantly different compared with the adjacent normal tissue. The present study revealed that the levels of three amino acid metabolites were increased in the CRC tissue, specifically, N-α-acetyl-ε-(2-propenal)-Lys, cyclo(Glu-Glu) and cyclo(Phe-Glu). The metabolites with decreased levels in the CRC tissue included quinaldic acid (also referred to as quinoline-2-carboxilic acid), 17α- and 17β-estradiol, which are associated with tumor suppression activities, as well as other metabolites such as, anhydro-β-glucose, Asp-Arg, lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine (lysoPE), lysophosphatidylinositol, carnitine, 5′-deoxy-5′-(methylthio) adenosine, 2′-deoxyinosine-5′-monophosphate and thiamine monophosphate. There was no difference in the levels of the differential metabolites between male and female patients. The differentiation of CRC also showed no impact on the levels of the differential metabolites. The levels of lysoPE were increased in the right side of the colon compared with the left side of the colon and rectum. Analysis of the different tumor stages indicated that 2-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, P-sulfanilic acid and quinoline-4-carboxylic acid were decreased in stage I CRC tissue compared with stage II, III and IV CRC tissue. The levels of N-α-acetyl-ε-(2-propenal)-Lys, methylcysteine and 5′-deoxy-5′-(methylthio) adenosine varied at different stages of tumorigenesis. These differential metabolites were implicated in multiple metabolism pathways, including carbohydrate, amino acid, lipid, nucleotide and hormone. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that CRC tumors had altered metabolites compared with normal tissue. The data from the metabolic profile of CRC tissues in the present study provided supportive evidence to understand tumorigenesis.
Magnitudes of departures from equilibrium during regional metamorphism of porphyroblastic rocks

Numerical models of diffusion‐controlled nucleation and growth of garnet crystals, which successfully replicate diverse textures in 13 porphyroblastic rocks, yield quantitative estimates of the magnitudes of departures from equilibrium during crystallization. These estimates are derived from differences in chemical potential between subvolumes containing stable product assemblages and those containing persistent but metastable reactant assemblages. The magnitude of disequilibrium is evaluated in terms of the thermal overstepping, which is commonly referenced to the garnet‐in isograd; the reaction affinity in the intergranular fluid at the site and time of each nucleation event, and on average throughout the rock, and the ‘latent energy of reaction’ per unit volume, a measure of the average unreacted capacity of the bulk rock, which describes its overall metastability. Across all of the models, the first crystals nucleate after 5–67 °C of thermal overstepping (correspondingly, 0.7–5.8 kJ mol−1 of 12‐oxygen garnet); the maximum reaction affinity averaged across the intergranular fluid is between 4.7 and 16.0 kJ mol−1 of 12‐oxygen garnet; and the maximum latent energy of reaction ranges from 7.3 to 51.7 J cm−3. These results demonstrate that impediments to crystallization significantly delay nucleation and retard reaction, with the consequence that nucleation of new crystals extends throughout nearly the entire crystallization interval. This potential for protracted reaction during prograde metamorphism, with reactions continuing to temperatures and pressures well beyond equilibrium conditions, suggests the likelihood of overstepping of multiple – possibly competing – reactions that can progress simultaneously. Isograds and ranges of stability for metamorphic assemblages along a metamorphic field gradient may therefore be significantly offset from the positions predicted from calculations based on equilibrium assumptions, which poses a substantial challenge to accurate interpretations of metamorphic conditions and processes.
The Tenacity of Ethnicity: A Siberian Saga in Global Perspective

Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer combines extensive field research with historical inquiry to produce a dramatic study of a minority people in Russia, the Khanty (Ostiak) of Northwest Siberia. Although First Nations, indigenous peoples, have often been victims of expansionist state-building, Balzer shows that processes of acquiring ethnic identity can involve transcending victimhood. She brings Khanty views of their history and current life into focus, revealing multiple levels of cultural activism. She argues that anthropological theory and practice can derive from indigenous insights, and should help indigenous peoples.Balzer brings to life the saga of the Khanty over several centuries. She analyzes trends in Siberian ethnic interaction that strongly affected minority lives: colonization, Christianization, revitalization, Sovietization, and regionalization. These processes incorporate suprastate and state politics, including recent devastations stemming from the energy industry's land thefts. Balzer documents changes that might seem to foreshadow the demise of indigenous ethnicity. Yet the final chapters reveal ways some Khanty have preserved cultural values and dignity in crisis. Khanty identity has varied with the politics of individuals, groups, and generations. It has been shaped by recent grass-roots mobilization, ecological activism, and religious revival, as well as older historical memory, language-based solidarity, and loyalty to a homeland. "The Tenacity of Ethnicity" demonstrates how at each historical turn, Siberian experiences shed new light on old debates concerning colonialism, conversion, revitalization, ethnicity, and nationalism. This volume will be important for political scientists, historians, and regional specialists, as well as anthropologists and sociologists.
The Horizontal E‐region Experiment: Evidence for inertial instability on the evening side of the auroral oval?

The Horizontal E‐region Experiment (HEX) sounding rocket experiment deployed a nearly horizontal trimethyl aluminum trail over a horizontal distance that extended more than 200 km in the meridional direction. The trail was released in the upper part of the E region between 135 and 150 km during quiet conditions with a pair of narrow auroral arcs located near the northern end of the trail. A surprising result was that large zonal winds, exceeding 250 m s−1, were present over most of the southern half of the region in spite of the fact that the auroral forcing was very localized in meridional extent. We show that the flow was inertially unstable and suggest that the instability can account for the observed winds by significantly broadening the meridional extent of the winds generated within narrow channels in the auroral oval. The analysis focuses on the HEX observations but has broader implications since it suggests that narrow discrete arcs can generate channels of enhanced flow that are much wider than the arcs themselves. Narrow arcs can therefore have a much larger effect on the neutral circulation than would otherwise be expected.
Correction: An analysis of the ENSO signal in the tropical Atlantic and Western Indian oceans

This article examines the time-space evolution of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signal in the tropical Atlantic and western Indian Oceans, using harmonic analysis. Composites of sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) and other variables are examined for a 24-month period beginning 6 months prior to the year of maximum warming in the Pacific (termed year 0). An ENSO signal is apparent in the Atlantic in six out of eight Pacific episodes and in the Indian Ocean in all eight episodes. Warming begins along the south-eastern Atlantic coast early in year 0, some months later elsewhere in the Atlantic and in the Indian Ocean. Maximum warming occurs in the Atlantic in October-December of year 0, but in the following January-March in the Indian Ocean. In these oceans a 'cold' phase occurs synchronously with the first half of the Pacific episode (July of year 1 to June of year 0, in the Rasmusson-Carpenter terminology), a 'warm' phase with the second half. Maximum cooling is 1 year prior to maximum warming in both oceans. In the Atlantic the cold phase occurs most consistently; in the Indian Ocean the warm phase occurs most consistently. There is a season-by-season reversal of SST anomalies and, to a lesser extent, pressure anomalies between the cold and warm phases. This is the basis for the biennial component of the ENSO signal. Our results indicate that the ENSO signal in African rainfall variability is a manifestation of ENSO's influence on SSTs in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and, in turn, their influence on rainfall. The cold and warm phases correspond roughly to enhanced and reduced rainfall over the African continent, respectively. A similar reversal of rainfall anomalies is apparent season-by-season during these phases. The timing of the warming and cooling is relatively constant in the Indian Ocean. However, the onset of the warming and cooling in the south and equatorial Atlantic occurs progressively later from south to north, thus the signal 'propagates' northward. A similar propagation, synchronous in timing and latitude, is evident in ENSO induced rainfall anomalies over southern and equatorial Africa during the 'cold' phase but not during the 'warm' phase. This may be indicative of a switch in the control of rainfall from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean during these phases. 1997 by the Royal Meteorological Society. Int. J. Climatol. 17, 345-375 (1997)
Bioassessment of mercury, cadmium, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides in the upper Mississippi River with zebra mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha )

Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) were sampled from artificial substrates deployed from May 30 to October 19, 1995, at 19 locks and dams from Minneapolis, MN, to Muscatine, IA. Analyses of composite tissue samples of zebra mussels (10−20-mm length) revealed accumulation of mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) during a 143-d exposure period. Concentrations of total Hg ranged from 2.6 to 6.1 ng/g wet weight and methylmercury (CH3Hg) from 1.0 to 3.3 ng/g wet weight. About 50% (range 30−70%) of the mean total Hg in zebra mussels was CH3Hg. Cadmium ranged from 76 to 213 ng/g wet weight. Concentrations of total PCBs (Aroclor 1254) in zebra mussels varied longitudinally (range 1000−7330 ng/g lipid weight), but the composition of PCB congeners (total of 21 measured) was similar throughout the river. Chlordane and dieldrin were the only two pesticides detected of the 15 analyzed. Zebra mussels are sentinels of contaminant bioavailability in the Upper Mississippi River and may be an i.
Photodissociation of acetone: Atmospheric implications of temperature‐dependent quantum yields

We have used a photochemical box model to investigate the effect of temperature‐dependent quantum yields of acetone on the chemistry in the upper troposphere. The T‐dependent quantum yields produce a photolysis (J) rate up to factor 3–10 slower than room temperature values. This reduced J rate significantly reduces the contribution of acetone to the mid‐latitude and tropical UT HOx budgets by factors of 4 and 2 respectively, when constrained with location‐specific aircraft observations. The calculated lifetime of acetone in the UT increases from ∼75 to ∼250 days at mid‐latitudes and from ∼10 to ∼20 days in the tropics, for the conditions used here. This will significantly affect studies aimed at balancing the atmospheric acetone budget. Overall, these new quantum yields have large implications for our understanding of the role of acetone in the chemistry of the UT.
Coordinated Control of Three Single–Phase BESS Inverters Using Local Measurements to Mitigate Voltage Unbalance

This article proposes a control algorithm for single-phase battery inverters to provide voltage unbalance compensation in distribution networks with high penetration of photovoltaic panels and electric vehicles. A typical distribution system is studied to quantify the impact of single-phase loads and generating units on voltage unbalance levels, and identify the conditions that lead to the highest voltage unbalance. Voltage unbalance compensation is then performed by regulating active and reactive power exchange between three single-phase battery energy storage units and the power grid. The proposed control strategy consists of an upper level control system to coordinate the three units by sending active and reactive power reference signals, and a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) control system to regulate active and reactive power exchange between each single-phase inverter and the grid. Simulation results show that the effectiveness of this approach depends on the location where the energy storage units are installed. The positive impact of the proposed methodology on balancing the power flow and reducing the transformer zero-sequence current is also demonstrated. Finally, Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL) experiments are carried out to provide validation of the control algorithm in real-time.
P–T–t path of the Hercynian low‐pressure rocks from the Mandatoriccio complex (Sila Massif, Calabria, Italy): new insights for crustal evolution

The tectono‐metamorphic evolution of the Hercynian intermediate–upper crust outcropping in eastern Sila (Calabria, Italy) has been reconstructed, integrating microstructural analysis, P–T pseudosections, mineral isopleths and geochronological data. The studied rocks belong to a nearly complete crustal section that comprises granulite facies metamorphic rocks at the base and granitoids in the intermediate levels. Clockwise P–T paths have been constrained for metapelites of the basal level of the intermediate–upper crust (Umbriatico area). These rocks show noticeable porphyroblastic textures documenting the progressive change from medium‐P metamorphic assemblages (garnet‐ and staurolite‐bearing assemblages) towards low‐P/high‐T metamorphic assemblages (fibrolite‐ and cordierite‐bearing assemblages). Peak‐metamorphic conditions of ∼590 °C and 0.35 GPa are estimated by integrating microstructural observations with P–T pseudosections calculated for bulk‐rock and reaction‐domain compositions. The top level of the intermediate–upper crust (Campana area) recorded only the major heating phase at low‐P (∼550 °C and 0.25 GPa), as documented by the static growth of biotite spots and of cordierite and andalusite porphyroblasts in metapelites. In situ U–Th–Pb dating of monazite from schists containing low‐P/high‐T metamorphic assemblages gave a weighted mean U–Pb concordia age of 299 ± 3 Ma, which has been interpreted as the timing of peak metamorphism. In the framework of the whole Hercynian crustal section the peak of low‐P/high‐T metamorphism in the intermediate‐to‐upper crust took place concurrently with granulite facies metamorphism in the lower crust and with emplacement of the granitoids in the intermediate levels. In addition, decompression is a distinctive trait of the P–T evolution both in the lower and upper crust. It is proposed that post–collisional extension, together with exhumation, is the most suitable tectonic setting in which magmatic and metamorphic processes can be active simultaneously in different levels of the continental crust.
Assessment of Climate Change over South America under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 Downscaling Scenarios

Four sets of downscaling simulations based on the Eta Regional Climate Model forced by two global climate models, the HadGEM2-ES and the MIROC5, and two RCP scenarios—8.5 and 4.5, have been carried out. The objective of this work is to assess the climate change over South America based on the Eta simulations. The future changes are shown in timeslices of 30 years: 2011-2040; 2041-2070 and 2071-2100. The climate change response of the Eta simulations nested in HadGEM2-ES is larger than the Eta nested in MIROC5. Major warming area is located in the central part of Brazil. In austral summer, the reduction of precipitation in the central part and the increase in the southeastern part of the continent are common changes in these simulations, while the EtaHadGEM2-ES intensifies the decrease of precipitation in central Brazil, the Eta-MIROC5 expands the area of increase of precipitation in southern Brazil toward the end of the century. In austral winter, precipitation decrease is found in the northern part of South America and in most of Central America, whereas the reduction in southeastern South America is limited to near coastal region. The time series of temperatures show that warming trends are larger in the Eta-HadGEM2-ES than in the Eta-MIROC5 simulations. Heavier precipitation rates are projected in the Central-South of Brazil toward the end of the century. Increase in the length of consecutive dry days (CDD) in Northeast of Brazil and the decrease of consecutive wet days (CWD) in the Amazon region are common features in these simulations.
Optimized Surface Radiation Fields Derived from Meteosat Imagery and a Regional Atmospheric Model

Abstract High-quality fields of surface radiation fluxes are required for the development of Land Data Assimilation Systems. A fast offline integration scheme was developed to modify NWP model cloud fields based on Meteosat visible and infrared observations. From the updated cloud fields, downward shortwave and longwave radiation at the surface are computed using the NWP radiative transfer model. A dataset of 15 months covering Europe was produced and validated against measurements of ground stations on a daily basis. In situ measurements are available for 30 stations in the Netherlands and two Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) stations in Germany and France. The accuracy of shortwave surface radiation is increased when the integration system is applied. The rms error in the model forecast is found to be 32 and 42 W m−2 for the period from October 1999 to December 2000 for the two BSRN stations. These values are reduced to 21 and 25 W m−2 through the application of the integration scheme. During t.
Simulation of the Indian summer monsoon regional climate using advanced research WRF model

In this study, the performance of the weather research and forecasting (WRF) ARW regional model was evaluated for simulating the regional scale precipitation during Indian summer monsoon (ISM) at 30 km resolution over seven different homogeneous rainfall zones falling under different climatic (perhumid, humid, dry/moist subhumid, dry/moist semiarid, arid) regions of India. Seasonal scale simulations were made for ten summers (JJAS months) over 2000‐2009 using the boundary conditions derived from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data. Sensitivity experiments were conducted with three convection schemes (Kain‐Fritsch, KF; Betts‐Millor‐Janjic, BMJ; Grell‐Devenyi, GD). Simulated regional climate was evaluated by comparison of precipitation with 0.5° India Meteorological Department (IMD) gridded rainfall data over land, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) rainfall data over the ocean and atmospheric circulation fields with 1° NCEP global final analysis (FNL). Although all the simulations showed spatio‐temporal rainfall patterns, BMJ had least bias towards dryness whereas KF had moist bias and GD had higher dry bias. BMJ could simulate low, moderate and high rainfall reasonably well with relatively higher correlations and threat scores, lower bias and mean absolute errors in most zones as compared to better simulation of heavy precipitation events with KF and low rainfall days alone with GD scheme. The better performance of BMJ scheme is evident owing to better simulation of surface pressure, temperature, and geopotential, lower and upper atmospheric flow fields. Simulations revealed a relatively less intensive heat, weaker low‐level westerly winds, weaker north‐south geopotential gradients, weaker subtropical easterlies in the El Niño years than in the La Niña years, which indicate the model is able to simulate the interannual variations in monsoon characteristics. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
An investigation of the effect of street lighting on pedestrian reassurance in residential environments

Two studies are used to demonstrate the effect of street lighting on pedestrian reassurance in residential environments. Study 1 - Three Stage Interview, asked 53 participants what mattered to them when walking alone after dark asking them to recall their feelings from memory with and without reference to places of their own choosing. The most common combination of reasons for reassurance were perceived access to help, lighting and spatial features. The presence of threatening others was added to this combination in areas participants found unreassuring. An image study demonstrated the resounding effect of lighting and drew attention to the possible simplification of the issue of reassurance in an experiment with tightly controlled variables. Therefore Study 2 took participants into real environments to see what matters there. Study 2 - Residential Street Surveys, took 77 participants to 9 residential streets in Sheffield and asked them to rate their perception of safety among other factors such as the presence of hiding places and perceived access to help. Photometric measurements revealed that the pattern of light expressed in the length and level of areas of low luminance matters to reassurance, as does vertical illumination and the lit appearance of the whole surroundings, not just the path ahead. It was found that low uniformity is acceptable in some circumstances. However street lighting cannot always be presented as a solution to the problem of the fall of darkness as it had less of an effect in environments with low perceived access to help and who else is on the street matters to reassurance regardless of lighting. An effect of seasonal variation in lighting conditions was also found. To summarise, Study 1 found that people think lighting matters, and Study 2 reaffirmed that it does, indicating possible minimum acceptable lighting conditions, which may be different to good practice. Further research is necessary to further explore the circumstances in which these minimum acceptable conditions apply and to define good lighting practice.