Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Enhanced Binary Particle Swarm Optimization for Structural Topology Optimization

Particle swarm optimization (PSO), a heuristic optimization method, has been successfully applied in solving many optimization problems in real-value search space. The original binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) uses the concept of bit flipping of the binary string to convert the velocity from a real code into a binary code. However, the conversion process cannot be reversed, and it is difficult to extend this framework to solve certain discrete optimization problems. An enhanced binary particle swarm algorithm is proposed in this study based on pure binary bit-string frameworks to deal with structural topology optimization problems. Further, two enhancement strategies, stress-based strategy and pair-switched strategy, were developed to improve the performance of the proposed algorithm for topology optimization of structure. The results of experimental cases demonstrated in this study show that the proposed enhanced binary particle swarm optimization (EBPSO) with two developed strategies is an efficient population-based approach for finding the optimal design for structural topology optimization problems of minimum compliance design and minimum weight design.
Large-eddy simulation of transition to turbulence in a boundary layer developing spatially over a flat plate

It is well known that subgrid models such as Smagorinsky's cannot be used for the spatially growing simulation of the transition to turbulence of flat-plate boundary layers, unless large-amplitude perturbations are introduced at the upstream boundary: they are over-dissipative, and the flow simulated remains laminar. This is also the case for the structure-function model (SF) of Métais & Lesieur (1992). In the present paper we present a sequel to this model, the filtered-structure-function (FSF) model. It consists of removing the large-scale fluctuations of the field before computing its second-order structure function. Analytical arguments confirm the superiority of the FSF model over the SF model for large-eddy simulations of weakly unstable transitional flows. The FSF model is therefore used for the simulation of a quasi-incompressible (M∞ = 0.5) boundary layer developing spatially over an adiabatic flat plate, with a low level of upstream forcing. With the minimal resolution 650 × 32 × 20 grid points covering a range of streamwise Reynolds numbers Rex1 ε [3.4 × 105, 1.1 × 106], transition is obtained for 80 hours of time-processing on a CRAY 2 (whereas DNS of the whole transition takes about ten times longer). Statistics of the LES are found to be in acceptable agreement with experiments and empirical laws, in the laminar, transitional and turbulent parts of the domain. The dynamics of low-pressure and high-vorticity distributions is examined during transition, with particular emphasis on the neighbourhood of the critical layer (defined here as the height of the fluid travelling at a speed equal to the phase speed of the incoming Tollmien–Schlichting waves). Evidence is given that a subharmonic-type secondary instability grows, followed by a purely spanwise (i.e. time-independent) mode which yields peak-and-valley splitting and transition to turbulence. In the turbulent region, flow visualizations and local instantaneous profiles are provided. They confirm the presence of low- and high-speed streaks at the wall, weak hairpins stretched by the flow and bursting events. It is found that most of the vorticity is produced in the spanwise direction, at the wall, below the high-speed streaks. Isosurfaces of eddy viscosity confirm that the FSF model does not perturb transition much, and acts mostly in the vicinity of the hairpins.
The Nature of Biological Species

Although it is possible to regard a species as a set with a special internal structure, it is preferable to regard a species as an individual precisely to emphasize this internal structure. It is necessary to recognize, moreover, that two organisms that are part of a single entity with respect to one process need not be part of a single entity with respect to another process. Furthermore, choosing to regard two entities (with respect to one process) as conspecific is not to deny that there are two entities within this species. Thus, the systematist need not propose formal names for every entity he discovers, but the names he proposes ought to be as faithful to the relationship among the entities as is possible.
On the Distribution of Sea Salt over the United States and its Removal by Precipitation

Average maps for summer and winter of the distribution of chloride concentration in rain water over the United States are presented, and an attempt is made to explain them quantitatively. From various considerations, it must be concluded that the essential features of these maps - the drop in the Cl − concentration along the coast and a constant level inland - are determined by large scale vertical mixing in the troposphere rather than by washout. Large scale washout appears to be rather inefficient, so that even large and hygroscopic particles, such as sea spray, can move across continents without being effectively removed from the atmosphere. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1957. tb01869.x
Inhibition of TRPV4 attenuates ferroptosis against LPS-induced ALI via Ca2+ pathway

Acute lung injury (ALI) is an inflammation of the lungs with high incidence rate and mortality. Ferroptosis is a new cell death, which has influence in body organs. Transient receptor potential vanillin-4 (TRPV4) channel is a key mediator of Ca2+, its activation induces ferroptosis. The purpose of the study is to investigate the function of TRPV4 on ferroptosis in ALI mice induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In vitro, the regulation of TRPV4 on Ca2+ and ferroptosis was detected by CCK-8, fluorescent probe, and western blot in BEAS-2B cells. In vivo, the role of TRPV4 antagonists on ALI mice was analyzed by determination of pulmonary inflammation, pulmonary edema, and ferroptosis. In vitro, ferroptosis was induced in ALI. TRPV4 expression and intracellular Ca2+ concentration were up-regulated in ALI, and TRPV4 antagonist suppressed LPS-induced ferroptosis in BEAS-2B cells, including decreased MDA and ROS levels, increased GPX4 protein level and cell viability. In vivo, ALI mice showed activated ferroptosis compared with the control group, and administration of TRPV4 inhibition had protective effects on ALI mice, including improving lung pathological characteristics, and reducing the degree of pulmonary edema, inflammation, and ferroptosis. The results manifested that ferroptosis mediated lung injury in LPS-induced ALI, and TRPV4 antagonists might moderate LPS-induced damage by suppressing ferroptosis.
Constraints on the timing of the India‐Asia collision and unroofing history of the Himalayan orogen using detrital zircon U‐Pb‐Hf and whole‐rock Sr‐Nd isotopes in Cretaceous‐Miocene Lesser Himalayan sedimentary rocks

Cretaceous‐Miocene sedimentary rocks in the Nepalese Lesser Himalaya provide an opportunity to decipher the timing of India‐Asia collision and unroofing history of the Himalayan orogen, which are significant for understanding the growth processes of the Himalayan‐Tibetan orogen. Our new data indicate that detrital zircon ages and whole‐rock Sr‐Nd isotopes in Cretaceous‐Miocene Lesser Himalayan sedimentary rocks underwent two significant changes. First, from the Upper Cretaceous‐Palaeocene Amile Formation to the Eocene Bhainskati Formation, the proportion of late Proterozoic‐early Palaeozoic zircons (quantified by an index of 500–1200 Ma/1600–2800 Ma) increased from nearly 0 to 0.7–1.4, and the percentage of Mesozoic zircons decreased from ca. 14% to 5–12%. The whole‐rock 87Sr/86Sr and εNd(t = 0) values changed markedly from 0.732139 and −17.2 for the Amile Formation to 0.718106 and −11.4 for the Bhainskati Formation. Second, from the Bhainskati Formation to the lower‐middle Miocene Dumri Formation, the index of 500–1200 Ma/1600–2800 Ma increased to 2.2–3.7 and the percentage of Mesozoic zircons abruptly decreased to nearly 0. The whole‐rock 87Sr/86Sr and εNd(t = 0) values changed significantly to 0.750124 and −15.8 for the Dumri Formation. The εHf(t) values of Early Cretaceous zircons in the Taltung Formation and Amile Formation plot in the U‐Pb‐εHf(t) field of Indian derivation, whereas εHf(t) values of Triassic‐Palaeocene zircons in the Bhainskati Formation demonstrate the arrival of Asian‐derived detritus in the Himalayan foreland basin in the Eocene based on available datasets. Our data indicate that (1) the timing of terminal India‐Asia collision was no later than the early‐middle Eocene in the central Himalaya, and (2) the Greater Himalaya served as a source for the Himalayan foreland basin by the early Miocene. When coupled with previous Palaeocene‐early Eocene provenance records of the Tethyan Himalaya, our new data challenge dual‐stage India‐Asia collision models, such as the Greater India Basin hypothesis and its variants and the arc–continent collision model.
Individual and Psychological Characteristics of Law Enforcement Officers as a Basis for Effective Psychological Selection of Personnel for Modern Police Organizations

The distinguishing features of a specific type of modern law enforcement activities (criminal police, patrol police, security police, pre-trial investigation bodies, district police officers) require a law enforcement officer to have certain individual and psychological characteristics, the absence of which make it impossible to successful perform their service tasks. Individual and psychological characteristics must be taken into account during the psychological selection of personnel for law enforcement agencies. The aim of the research is to undertake the comparative analysis of the individual and psychological characteristics of law enforcement officers who carry out various types of law enforcement activities. 986 law enforcement officers engaged in various types of law enforcement activities took part in the research. The research was carried out on the basis of a systematic approach using an optimal set of psychodiagnostic techniques. Professionally significant individual and psychological characteristics of law enforcement officers who undertake various types of service activities were singled out. It was found that the representatives of the criminal police and security police units are emotionally more stable compared to other categories of police officers. On the other hand, high levels of confidence, independence and leadership are expressed among patrol officers and investigators. Police officers in all types of law enforcement activities are particularly characterized by high self-control, responsibility, conscientiousness, thoroughness, and discipline. The obtained data will contribute to the improvement of the mechanism of psychological selection of personnel for modern police organizations.
Adjuvant Radiotherapy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Purpose: Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare form of malignancy comprising only 5% of urothelial cancers. The mainstay of treatment is radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) with bladder cuff excision. Neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy is often used in locally advanced disease. The role of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT), however, remains controversial. To further explore the potential role of adjuvant RT, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature from 1990 to present. Methods and Materials: We identified 810 candidate articles from database searches, of which 67 studies underwent full-text review, with final inclusion of 20 eligible studies. Among the included studies, there were no randomized controlled trials and a single prospective trial, with the remainder being retrospective series. We performed quantitative synthesis of the results by calculating the pooled odds ratios (OR) for the primary outcome of locoregional recurrence (LRR) and secondary outcomes of overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS) and distant recurrence (DR). Results: Adjuvant RT, which was mostly prescribed for locally advanced or margin-positive disease following RNU, significantly reduced locoregional recurrence risk OR 0.43 (95% CI: 0.23–0.70), and the effect remained significant even following subgroup analysis to account for adjuvant systemic therapy. The effect of adjuvant RT on 3-year OS, 5-year CSS and DR was non-significant. However, 5-year OS was unfavourable in the adjuvant RT arm, but study heterogeneity was high, and analysis of small-study effects and subgroups suggested bias in reporting of outcomes. Conclusions: Adjuvant RT in the setting of locally advanced UTUC improves locoregional control following definitive surgery, but does not appear to improve OS. Higher-quality studies, ideally randomized controlled trials, are needed to further quantify its benefit in this setting, and to explore multi-modal treatments that include systemic agents given concomitantly or sequentially with RT, which may offer an OS benefit in addition to the locoregional control benefit of RT.
Solutions of the Force-Free Duffing-van der Pol Oscillator Equation

A new approximate method for solving the nonlinear Duffing-van der pol oscillator equation is proposed. The proposed scheme depends only on the two components of homotopy series, the Laplace transformation and, the Pade approximants. The proposed method introduces an alternative framework designed to overcome the difficulty of capturing the behavior of the solution and give a good approximation to the solution for a large time. The Runge-Kutta algorithm was used to solve the governing equation via numerical solution. Finally, to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method, the response of the oscillator, which was obtained from approximate solution, has been shown graphically and compared with that of numerical solution.
Exploring challenges of teenage pregnancy and motherhood from beneficiaries and providers’ perspectives: A qualitative study in a rural area of Purba Bardhaman District, West Bengal

ABSTRACT Context: Teenage pregnancy and motherhood are globally important public health concerns. In India, 6.8% women between 15 and 19 years were already mothers or pregnant, whereas in Purba-Bardhaman district of West Bengal it was 21.9% (National-Family-Health-Survey-5). Challenges of teenage pregnancy and motherhood needs to be understood from beneficiaries’ and providers’ perspectives. Aims: This study aimed at exploring the various challenges faced by teenagers during their pregnancies and motherhood and understanding the barriers of service delivery to them in a block of West Bengal. Settings and Design: A qualitative study with phenomenological approach was conducted between January and June 2021 in Bhatar community development block of Purba-Bardhaman district, West Bengal. Methods and Material: In-depth interview (IDI) of 12 purposively selected teenage mothers and two sessions of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) among 17 Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs) were conducted. Data was collected by audio recording the IDI and FGD sessions as well as by taking notes. Analysis Used: Inductive thematic analysis was done by using NVIVO software (Release 1.0, QSR International). Results: Throughout teenage pregnancy and motherhood, subjects were found to face various types of medical problems, lack of awareness, and non-supportive family environment. Various social constraints and psychosocial stressors emerged as significant challenges. Communication gaps, behavioural barriers, socio-cultural issues, and administrative issues were major themes emerged as barriers of service delivery. Conclusions: Lack of awareness and medical problems were important challenges faced by the teenage mothers whereas behavioural barriers were the most important service level barriers perceived by the grass root level service providers.
Approximate controllability of stochastic equations in a Hilbert space with fractional Brownian motions

In this paper, the approximate controllability for semilinear stochastic equations in Hilbert spaces is studied. The additive noise is the formal derivative of a fractional Brownian motion in a Hilbert space with the Hurst parameter in the interval (½, 1). Sufficient conditions are established. The results are obtained by using the Banach fixed point theorem.
Modern physics and students' conceptions

The learning of modern physics is made more difficult for students because teaching often uses semi‐classical models (e.g. Bohr) and concepts (e.g. dualism). An introduction to quantum physics was designed which omits all analogies to classical physics. In the evaluation of the teaching unit, students’ conceptions were recorded both at the beginning and the end of the teaching. Students in the test groups dispensed with visualized conceptions and reached an understanding which is more suitable to modern physics.
Opinion Dynamics in Gossiper-Media Networks Based on Multiagent Reinforcement Learning

In social networks, to increase the number of followers, media express their opinions through posts, articles, and published content to cater to public preferences. Meanwhile, the evolution of public opinions is affected by both the media and peers. In this work, we investigate how the interactions between media affect the dynamics of public opinions in social networks. We propose a reinforcement learning framework to model the interactions between the public (gossipers) and media agents. We model each gossiper as an individually rational agent, which updates its opinion using the bounded confidence model (BCM). Media agents are interested in maximizing the number of following gossipers competitively, and an algorithm, i.e., WoLS-CALA, is proposed to achieve that goal. We analyze and experimentally verify that WoLS-CALA can learn Nash equilibria (NE) for games with continuous action space. In addition, the opinion dynamics of gossipers are theoretically analyzed, which shows that the existence of media will strengthen the consistency of gossipers' opinions. We then evaluate the framework in two synthetic networks, i.e., a fully connected network and a small-world network, and one real data network from Facebook. Extensive empirical simulation reveals that our framework facilitates the consensus of opinions and confirms the theoretical analysis.
On the shearing flow of foams and concentrated emulsions

Shearing flow of an idealized, two-dimensional foam with monodisperse, spatially periodic cell structure is examined. Viscous effects are modelled by the film withdrawal mechanism of Mysels, Shinoda & Frankel. The primary flow occurs where thin films with inextensible interfaces are withdrawn from or recede into quasi-static Plateau borders, film junctions that contain most of the liquid. The viscous flow induces an excess tension that varies between films and alters the foam structure. The instantaneous structure and macroscopic stress for a foam of arbitrary orientation are determined for simple shearing and planar extensional flow. As the foam flows, the Plateau borders coalesce and separate, which leads to switching of bubble neighbours. The quasi-steady asymptotic analysis of the flow is valid for small capillary numbers Ca based on the macroscopic deformation rate. This requires the foam to be wet, i.e. the liquid volume fraction must be large enough that structure varies continuously with strain. The viscous contribution to the instantaneous stress is $O(Ca^{\frac{2}{3}})$ and depends on the foam orientation and liquid content. Viscometric functions are determined by time averaging the instantaneous stress. When these functions are scaled by surface tension over cell size, the shear stress is $O(Ca^{\frac{2}{3}})$; by contrast, the first normal stress difference is O(1). Even though wet foams are elastic for small but finite deformations, the time-averaged shear stress does not evidence a yield stress.
Nonblocking supervisory control of nondeterministic systems via prioritized synchronization

Shayman and Kumar (1995) showed that supervisory control of nondeterministic discrete-event systems, in the presence of driven events, can be achieved using prioritized synchronous composition as a mechanism of control, and trajectory models as a modeling formalism, first introduced by Heymann (1990). The specifications considered in this earlier work were given by prefix-closed languages. In this paper, we extend this work to include markings so that nonclosed specifications and issues such as blocking can be addressed. It is shown that the usual notion of nonblocking, called language model nonblocking, may not be adequate in the setting of nondeterministic systems, and a stronger notion, called trajectory model nonblocking, is introduced. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of language model nonblocking as well as trajectory model nonblocking supervisors are obtained for nondeterministic systems in the presence of driven events in terms of extended controllability and relative-closure conditions and a new condition called the trajectory-closure condition.
Numerical simulations of uniformly stratified fluid flow over topography

We use a high-resolution spectral numerical scheme to solve the two-dimensional equations of motion for the flow of a uniformly stratified Boussinesq fluid over isolated bottom topography in a channel of finite depth. The focus is on topography of small to moderate amplitude and slope and for conditions such that the flow is near linear resonance of either of the first two internal wave modes. The results are compared with existing inviscid theories: the steady hydrostatic analysis of Long (1955), time-dependent linear long-wave theory, and the fully nonlinear, weakly dispersive resonant theory of Grimshaw & Yi (1991). For the latter, we use a spectral numerical technique, with improved accuracy over previously used methods, to solve the approximate evolution equation for the amplitude of the resonant mode. Also, we present some new results on the modal similarity of the solutions of Long and of Grimshaw & Yi. For flow conditions close to linear resonance, solutions of Grimshaw & Yi's evolution equation compare very well with our fully nonlinear numerical solutions, except for very steep topography. For flow conditions between the first two resonances, Long's steady solution is approached asymptotically in time when the slope of the topography is sufficiently small. For steeper topography, the flow remains unsteady. This unsteadiness is manifested very clearly as periodic oscillations in the drag, which have been observed in previous numerical simulations and tow-tank experiments. We explain these oscillations as mainly due to the internal waves that according to linear theory persist longest in the neighbourhood of the topography.
A study of Foulkes modules using semistandard homomorphisms

We establish relationships between constituents of Foulkes modules. Given a constituent of the Foulkes module $H^{(m^n)}$, for any natural numbers $m$ and $n$ with $m$ even, we prove the existence of related constituents in $H^{(m^{n+a})}$ where $a\in\mathbb{N}$ and determine a lower bound on the multiplicity with which these constituents appear. Where appropriate, we prove analogues of the results for twisted Foulkes modules.