Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
"This is my own decision according to the situation of my life": Perceptions of fertility and contraceptive use in Zanzibar

iii Acknowledgements . iv Abbreviations . v List of Tables . x List of Figures . x 1.0 Introduction . 1 1.1 Structure of the Thesis . 2 1.2 Definition of Terms . 2 2.0 Literature Review and Research Objective . 4 2.1 Methods Applied in the Review . 4 2.3 The Global Context of Family Planning Programs . 5 2.4 Family Planning in Sub-­‐ Saharan Africa . 7 2.5 Previous Studies and Rationale for This Study . 7 2.5.1 Supply – side factors . 8 2.5.2 Demand-­‐ side factors . 8 2.6 Research Objectives . 10 2.6. 1 Overall objective . 10 2.6. 2 Specific objectives . 10 3.0 Theoretical Position and Concepts . 11 3.1 Determinants of Fertility and Theories of Fertility Decline . 11 3.2 Family Planning and Quality of Care . 12 3.3 Gender and Power . 13 3.4 Definitions of Sexuality . 14 3.5 Power in Sexual Relationships . 15 3.6 Islamic Medical Traditions . 16 4.0 The Context of Fertility and Contraceptive Use in Zanzibar . 18 4.1 History . 18 4.2 Administration and legislation . 19 4.3 Religion and culture . 19 4.4 Economy . 20 4.5 Population and demography . 21 4.6 Maternal and child health in Zanzibar . 21 4.7 Fertility and contraceptive use in Zanzibar . 22 4.8 Health service delivery . 23 4.9 Family planning programs in Zanzibar . 24 4.10 Strategic and policy environment . 25 5.0 Methodology . 26 5.1 Research Design . 26 5.2 Rationale for Choice of Method . 26 5.3 Timeframe . 28 5.4 Research Assistant . 28 5.5 Study Site . 28 5.6 Sampling Strategy . 29 5.7 Recruitment of Informants . 30 5.8 Sample Characteristics . 32 5.8. 1 Family planning providers and other health professionals . 32 5.8. 2 Family planning clients . 32
Occupational choice of skilled workers in the presence of a large development sector: Evidence from Sierra Leone

Using data from Sierra Leone, I explore the role of cognitive ability in sorting across sectors and the importance of perceptions in the employment decision-making process. Crucial to the analysis is the introduction of the aid-industry/development sector as a 'third sector', which is shown to be attractive to skilled jobseekers. One of the key findings is that the largest share of skilled jobseekers opt for early-career employment working for a donor organisation, INGO, or NGO in the development sector.
Debt Uncertainty and Economic Growth in Emerging European Economies: Some Empirical Evidence

ABSTRACT This study investigates the effects of public debt uncertainty on economic growth in 10 emerging European economies over 2000–2015 period. Public debt uncertainty reflects fiscal policy volatility and macroeconomic instability. It also creates uncertainty about the characteristics of future fiscal policy, which further causes the rise of uncertainty in household and business incomes. Increasing the risk of future incomes leads to the reduction of household consumption and corporate investments, which negatively influences economic growth. An empirical analysis of public debt uncertainty impact on economic growth is performed by time series and panel data approaches based on quarterly data. Our key result indicates the significant detrimental effect public debt uncertainty has had on the GDP growth in emerging European economies, especially during the Great Recession episode that started in 2008. Robustness of our econometric findings is confirmed by different estimation methods and model specifications.
Profile of Tuberculosis in Paediatric patients

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is very important cause of infection related deaths worldwide and has been declared by WHO as a global health emergency. Around half million children fall ill with TB each year. Due to non-specific signs and symptoms TB in children may be overlooked. Aims and objectives: 1) To study the occurrence of TB in pediatric patients at tertiary care hospital KVG Medical College, Sullia, Karnataka. 2) To study the occurrence of TB in patients with and without BCG scar. 3) To study the occurrence of smear positive cases in pediatric age group. 4) To study the type of TB in pediatric patients. Material and methods: Specimens like sputum, bronchial lavage, lymph node aspirate, gastric lavage, CSF were collected depending on the site of disease. Specimens were stained by ZN staining method. Culture was done on LJ media. Tuberculin test was also done. Chest X rays of the patients were done presenting with pulmonary signs and symptoms. Result: In our study, 102 (0.98%) were positive. Age group of 5-9 years was the most commonly affected. Males (57.84%) were more affected than females (42.16%). BCG scar was found only in 20.59% cases. Smear positivity was seen in 22.89% cases. Extrapulmonary manifestations were more compared to pulmonary manifestations. Conclusion: As smear examination is negative in most of the patients, culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is important. This age group present with non-specific signs and symptoms and hence tuberculosis should always be considered as one of the differential diagnosis.
Does Community Social Capital Affect Asymmetric Cost Behaviour?

Abstract In this study, we examine the impact of community social capital on asymmetric cost behaviour. Community social capital captures the strength of social norms and the density of social networks in a region. As such, it is a socio-economic factor that might affect managerial resource adjustment decisions via different channels. We find that firms headquartered in U.S. counties with high social capital exhibit significantly less asymmetry in cost behaviour. Community social capital restrains managers from taking opportunistic resource adjustment decisions that would induce cost stickiness. This is in line with our additional finding, that cooperative norms acting in an ethical manner are the dominant channel for our setting, by which community social capital affects cost behaviour. Our results corroborate the important role of managerial discretion in cost behaviour and make a significant contribution in understanding how local environmental factors explain differences in firms’ sticky cost behaviour.
Diseases come from girls : perspectives of male learners in rural KwaZulu-Natal on HIV infection and AIDS

The rapid spread of HIV, particularly among young people, is a source of concern across disciplines focusing on HIV risk reduction interventions. Research indicates that while adolescents have knowledge about sexually transmitted infections, including HIV and AIDS, this knowledge does not necessarily translate into safe sexual behaviour. Such realisation calls for a move beyond knowledge-based approaches to exploring how youth experience, make meaning of and respond to HIV and AIDS. This article descriptionbes research conducted with a sample of rural male learners on their perspectives of the behaviour of men and women in relation to the spread and the prevention of the disease and perceptions of their personal risk for infection. An analysis of the discourses of the learners is presented and arising from this, implications for prevention are suggested.
Bedrock erosion due to hoeing as tillage technique in a hilly agricultural landscape, southwest China

Tillage on hillslopes may not only induce severe soil erosion, but may also cause bedrock erosion under certain conditions. Yet, little is known about bedrock erosion by tillage in a hilly agricultural landscape, southwest China. The aim of this study is to quantify the translocation of rock fragments derived from bedrock fragmentation by hoeing under different conditions, including slope gradient, hoeing depth and soil‐covered thickness using a gravel tracing method. The reliability of the gravel tracing method was confirmed by the bedrock dyeing tracing method. Hoeing depth is a significant factor affecting the translocation rate of rock fragments (Qr). Meanwhile, under the condition of overlying soil layers (0.06−0.10 m thick), the values of Qr were significantly smaller with a reduction of 20.7−25.6%, compared with rock fragmentation by hoeing for bare bedrock. However, slope gradient was found to have insignificant effects on Qr. Fractured bedrock moved as individual small fragments, which was mainly controlled by the hitting force of the hoe, while soil moved in the shape of lumps, which was dominated by both drag force of the hoe and gravity. This study suggests that hoeing into soil‐covered bedrock can diminish bedrock erosion while providing soil matrix for shallow soil layers. Our work presents a quantitative assessment of bedrock erosion by hoeing and an underlying insight into characteristics of bedrock erosion by tillage operations in hilly agricultural regions with mudstone and shale, southwest China. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Journal of Economics and Business

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are key to local economic development, occupying a worth mentioning function in job creation, poverty alleviation and economic growth, but they run into numerous entrepreneurial hurdles. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of entrepreneurial training, risk-taking and innovativeness on SMEs development in Nigeria, with specific reference to Abuja Federal Capital Territory. The study employed a quantitative approach. All items of the questionnaire were measured using a 5 point Likert scale. Data were collected from SME owners operating within Abuja Federal Capital Territory. A sample size of 339 was drawn from a population of 2825 SME operators. However, a response rate of 43 percent valid questionnaires was retrieved from the respondents. This research supported the positive effects of entrepreneurial training and innovativeness on SME development. In terms of contribution, entrepreneurial training contributed 49.1 percent while innovativeness contributed 20.1 percent to the model. In addition, risk-taking has an insignificant small negative relationship with SME development in the study context. The study, therefore, recommends that entrepreneurial training should be taken seriously by SMEs operators as the business world experience is much more than an academic exercise. Similarly, SMEs should find a way to innovate if they must survive the harsh and competitive business environment. Finally, the study recommends that the business owner should avoid uncalculated risk, as not all risks are worth taking. The experiential results are pertinent to policymakers in order to arouse, buoy up and provide support for SMEs' development through their policies.
Clinical Outcome and Prognostic Factors for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Single Institution Study in Iran

Background: Evidence about survival of the patients with nasopharyngeal cancer is scant in our region and the aim of the current study was to determine clinico-pathological factors influencing outcome of these patients. Methods: We reviewed all patients with a new diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma admitted between 2008 and 2014 to Jorjani cancer center, Tehran, Iran. Overall survival (OS) of the patients and their relation with demographic and clinico-pathological factors were analyzed. Results: Of 88 included patients, 56 were male and 32 were female with mean age of 46 years. With a median follow-up period of 31 months (range: 3 to 86 months), the overall survival of the whole patients and those without distant metastasis were 64% and 67% respectively. Tumor stage and presence or absence of distant metastasis at presentation were the only parameters that significantly influenced the patients’ OS. Conclusions: Our study provides some evidence on the outcome of Iranian patients with nasopharyngeal cancer and factors influencing it.
A study of the nasal index of Berom students in Plateau State Polytechnic, Jos

Introduction: The nasal index is a very important anthropometric assessment parameter for forensic anthropology and facial surgeries. This study was, therefore, aimed at determining the mean nasal index and its sexual dimorphism among the Berom ethnic group of Plateau State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: For this study, 500 subjects comprising 250 males and 250 females with ages from 18 years to 45 years were recruited. Informed consent was obtained. Nasal height was measured with a sliding Vernier caliper while the nasal width was measured with a transparent graded meter rule. The nasal index was then calculated as the ratio of nasal width and nasal height multiplied by 100. The data was subjected to statistical analysis using the software package Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 17.0. Results: The mean nasal index was found to be 93.09 ± 4.92 and the study also revealed statistically significant (P < 0.05) higher nasal index in males than in females of 93.66 ± 4.40 and 92.52 ± 5.34, respectively. Conclusion: The Berom ethnic group falls under the platyrrhine (broad nose) type that is the typical African nose type and have significant difference in male and female nasal index.
Feasibility of a second iteration wrist and hand supported training system for self-administered training at home in chronic stroke

Telerehabilitation allows continued rehabilitation at home after discharge. The use of rehabilitation technology supporting wrist and hand movements within a motivational gaming environment could enable patients to train independently and ultimately serve as a way to increase the dosage of practice. This has been previously examined in the European Supervised Care & Rehabilitation Involving Personal Telerobotics (SCRIPT) project using a first prototype, showing potential feasibility, although several usability issues needed further attention. The current study examined feasibility and clinical changes of a second iteration training system, involving an updated wrist and hand supporting orthosis and larger variety of games with respect to the first iteration. The paper is relevant for the conference, reporting a new telemedicine service, combining physical orthotic support with remote offline supervision, for telerehabilitation at home after stroke. Nine chronic stroke patients with impaired arm and hand function were recruited to use the training system at home for six weeks. Evaluation of feasibility and arm and hand function were assessed before and after training. Median weekly training duration was 113 minutes. Participants accepted the six weeks of training (median Intrinsic Motivation Inventory = 4.4 points and median System Usability Scale = 73%). After training, significant improvements were found for the Fugl-Meyer assessment, Action Research Arm Test and self-perceived amount of arm and hand use in daily life. These findings indicate that technology-supported arm and hand training can be a promising tool for self-administered practice at home
The Effect of Using WhatsApp Messenger in Learning English Language among University Students

This study aimed to find the effect of using "WhatsApp messenger" in learning English language among university students during the academic year 2015/2016. The participants of the study consisted of 40 first year university students. They were divided into two groups. The control group consisted of 21 students taught in a traditional way while the experimental group consisted of 19 students taught through using a combination between WhatsApp and traditional learning. The results of this study showed that there were differences in the achievements of the students in the experimental group and the control group. This difference was in favor of the experimental group. The differences between the two groups indicated that integrating the WhatsApp application in teaching English language improved the abilities of the learners of the experimental group.
Bêta-lactamines et pneumocoques multi-résistants isolés en France (1984-1994)

Les donnees epidemiologiques recueillies par le Reseau National de surveillance des Infections pneumococciques mettent en evidence un niveau eleve de resistance des pneumocoques aux antibiotiques : moins de 1% de souches de sensibilite diminuee a la penicilline avant 1986 et 32% en 1994. La frequence des souches de haut niveau de resistance a la penicilline (CMI > 1 mg/l), parmi les pneumocoques resistants a la penicilline (PRP), a augmente de 13% en 1988 a 64% en 1994 et 64,5% des PRP associent multi-resistance et resistance a la penicilline. Parmi les PRP isoles en 1994, les sero-groupes ou serotypes les plus frequents sont par ordre de frequence : 23, 9, 14, 6, 19. Les implications qui en resultent dans la conduite de l'antibiotherapie des pneumonies, des otites moyennes aigues et des meningites sont examinees.
Promoting Students’ Critical Thinking in Writing Persuasive Text through Explicit Direct Instruction (Edi)

Critical thinking is regarded as a critical issue to solve. Students should be equipped by critical thinking due to its pivotal position in developing students’ language competence. However, this issue remains unsolved for many obstacles occurring at classroom learning. Explicit Direct Instruction (EDI) is claimed as one of the methods contributing to successful critical thinking development. The present research aimed at portraying how EDI directed students to enhance their critical thinking and EDI implementation in writing persuasive essay. The present research employed qualitative approach with case study method. The subjects involved in this research were 20 of 3 rd -year students of a private college in East Jakarta. The instruments used to collect the data were observation, interview, and document analysis. The findings of the research indicated that: 1) EDI assisted the students with the promotion of their critical thinking in the argument analysis by the reinforcement provided by re-teaching and CFU with T-APPLE concept, and 2) EDI was implemented based on the seven components of its lesson design and in conjunction with a variety of learning strategies. To these extents, EDI implementation in writing class has specifically enlighten one of critical writing dimensions. Research on EDI effectiveness quantitatively is adjured.
Impact of Bimanual Vaginal Examination on Pap Smear Test Results

Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate the possible effects of the various conditions especially bimanual examination on the adequacy of pap smear test. Study Design: Presented here is a prospective controlled clinical trial carried out at Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital between November 2013 and March 2014. Total of 1771 patients seen at the gynecology outpatient clinic were included in the study. The technique described by the American Society of Cytopathology Criteria 2000 for the preparation of the specimen was followed. Updated Bethesda system 2014 was used for reporting the results. Results: Number of subjects in smear before examination group was 1194 and in the smear after examination group was 577. Two percent (n=36 subjects) of the cervicovaginal report was inadequate. When other clinical conditions were not taken into consideration, the likelihood ratio for inadequate smear in the smear after examination group was 2.64 compared to smear before examination group (p=0,004). Conclusions: In some conditions cervicovaginal smear sampling may be carried out after bimanual vaginal examination instead of missing the chance to screen the women. However, the patients have to be informed that cervicovaginal smear result might be inadequate so that a repeat test has to be carried out.
Heterosis analysis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) for Lycopene, TSS, titrable acidity and Ascorbic acid

Heterosis were estimated using ten lines and three testers and their thirty F1 combinations, crossed in line × tester fashion which were evaluated for four seasons for important quality traits viz., lycopene, ascorbic acid, titrable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS) and pericarp thickness. Some of the parents having good potentiality for generating superior F1 combinations for most of the quality characters under study have been identified. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significantly higher amount of differences among genotypes for all the five characters studied. In this study, among crosses, the cross NDTVR60 × Floradade exhibited positive desirable heterosis over best parent for lycopene (60.22%) and Selection7 × Floradade (25.12%) for ascorbic acid. The cross NDTVR60 × Floradade showed the highest positive heterosis over best parent for titrable acidity (31.37%) whereas cross CO3 × Azad T5 (30.65%) exhibited the significantly highest positive heterosis over best parent for TSS and cross combination DT2 × Azad T5 (56.82%) exhibited positive heterobeltiosis for pericarp thickness.
The Independent Directors in the Energy Utilities: An Empirical Analysis

Many commentators and institutional investors believe that independent directors are particularly effective in monitoring CEO and in avoiding managerial opportunistic behaviors. The role of independent directors may be particularly important in the case of public utilities where the government relations and the private-public ownership may divert CEO decisions from the maximization of firm performance. We conduct a study of whether independent directors and other board variables influence the performance, the growth and the dividend policy of European energy utilities. We find evidence that the relationship between firm performance and independent directors is negative and statistically significant. Using different econometric techniques and controlling for the type of control, our results show that independent directors are less concerned with the improvement of the shareholders’ value. This suggests that in the public utilities they may be a corporate mechanism that enhances stakeholders’ protection and social welfare rather than financial performance.
Greek Military Nurses Readiness to Provide Transcultural Care to Immigrants

Aim: The aim of this study is to explore the cultural competence of military linear regression analysis it was found that Military nurses with a master degree or a PhD rated 0.77 greater score in cognitive subscale, 1.09 greater score in affective subscale, those who had problem dealing with managing patients with different cultural backgrounds had scored 0.88 lower in cognitive subscale, 0.90 lower score in affective subscale, 0.90 lower score in practical subscale and those who thought that the resolution of problems arising with patients from different cultural environments is of medium or of much importance rated 0.80 higher in cognitive subscale, 1.18 higher in affective subscale, 1.01 higher in practical subscale. Military nurses who had been trained in transcultural care after graduation scored 1.09 higher in practical subscale. Conclusion: The ever growing population coming from different cultural backgrounds like immigrants in Greece is a challenge for nurses to provide care based on cultural needs of patients. This study highlights the need for transcultural education for military nurses.
Prefrontal Cortex Activity during Dual Task Performance in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

The purpose of this study was to compare changes in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) oxygenated hemoglobin (ΔO2Hb), accuracy of backwards spelling, and decrements in gait velocity during single and dual tasks in patients with COPD (n=8), and healthy younger (n=20) and older adults (n=20). Participants performed: (1) backwards spelling cognitive task (CT); (2) preferred paced walk (PPW); and (3) fast paced walk (FPW). The dual tasks then paired CT with PPW and FPW. In older adults, ΔO2Hb was significantly higher in left DLPFC compared to patients with COPD and bilaterally compared to younger adults during FPW+CT versus FPW. Furthermore, older and younger adults exhibited higher decrements of velocity during FPW+CT compared to PPW+CT. CT accuracy tended to be lower in older adults. Decrements in performance during dual tasking highlight the impact of increased cognitive load and need of cognitive-motor interventions to improve cognition and physical function.