Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Forced versus Coupled Dynamics in Earth System Modeling and Prediction

We comparecouplednonlinearclimate models andtheir simplified forcedcounterpartswith respectto predictability andphasespacetopology. Varioustypesof uncertainty plagueclimate changesimulation,which is, in turn, a crucialelementof EarthSystemmodelling.Sincethecurrentlypreferredstrategy for simulatingtheclimatesystem,or theEarthSystematlarge,is thecouplingof sub-systemmodules(representing, e.g.,atmosphere, oceans,global vegetation), this paperexplicitly addressesthe errorsandindeterminaciesgeneratedby thecouplingprocedure.Thefocusis on a comparisonof forceddynamicsasopposedto fully, i.e. intrinsically, coupleddynamics.Theformerrepresentsaparticular type of simulation,wherethe time behaviour of one complex systemscomponentis prescribedby dataor some otherexternalinformationsource.Sucha simplifying techniqueis oftenemployedin EarthSystemmodelsin orderto savecomputingresources, in particularwhenmassi vemodel inter-comparisonsneedto be carriedout. Our contribution to thedebateis basedon theinvestigationof two representative modelexamples,namely(i) a low-dimensionalcoupled atmosphere-ocean simulator, and(ii) a replica-likesimulator embracingcorrespondingcomponents. Whereasin generaltheforcedversion(ii) is ableto mimic its fully coupledcounterpart(i), we show in this paperthat for a considerablefraction of parameter and state-space, the two approachesqualitatively differ. Herewe take up a phenomenonconcerningthepredictabilityof coupledversus forcedmodelsthat wasreportedearlier in this journal: the observationthatthetime seriesof theforcedversiondisplay artificial predictiveskill. We presentanexplanationin terms of nonlineardynamicaltheory. In particularwe observe an intermittent versionof artificial predictive skill, which we call on-off synchronization,andtraceit backto the appear anceof unstableperiodicorbits. We alsofind it to be governedby a scalinglaw that allows us to estimatethe probability of artificial predictive skill. In addition to artificial Correspondence to: Brigitte Knopf (knopf@pikpotsdam.de) predictabilitywe find artificial bistability for theforcedversion,which hasnot beenreportedsofar. Theresultssuggest thatbistability andintermittentpredictability, whenfoundin aforcedmodelset-up,shouldalwaysbecross-validatedwith alternati vecouplingdesignsbeforebeingtakenfor granted.
Regional Convergence in the European Comunity

This paper assesses convergence in output per head across regions in the European Community (EC), for the period 1975 90. We use three alternative methodologies to measure convergence, which yield consistent results. We observe that there are strong differences in the pattern of convergence across sub-periods and across subsets of regions. If Southern Europe seemed to catch up in the early 1980s, it stagnated, at best, in the second part of the 1980s. The regions in Northern Europe, on the other hand, tended to stagnate or diverge in the first part of the 1980s but converge strongly thereafter. This pattern is consistent with the view that North European countries have adjusted better to the main change in policy regimes which occurred in the mid-1980s, namely the implementation of the Single Market programme and the entry of Spain and Portugal into the EC in 1985. This evidence also lends support to the view that trade liberalization can exacerbate disparities. Finally, our evidence indicates that the distinction between the North and the South of the EC is likely to be more relevant in the analysis of growth patterns than the distinction between the centre and the periphery. Preliminary evidence on migration indicates that the population in the Southern regions responds much more slowly to wage and unemployment differences. This may partly explain why Southern regions have not converged after 1985. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Temperature Dependence of the Dielectric, Elastic and Piezoelectric Material Constants of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

Smart structures based on piezoelectric materials are now finding applications in a wide variety of environmental conditions. We have used the impedance resonance technique to measure the impedance spectra of lead zirconate titanate ceramic specimens over temperatures ranging between 0oC and 100oC. The analysis of the radial, thickness, thickness shear and length extensional modes of resonance have allowed us to determine the temperature dependence of the complete reduced matrix of material constants, [s E , e T , d], and our results are presented. We have also studied the effect of multiple heating cycles on the material and have observed the occurrence of thermal hysteresis. The causes and the significance of this hysteresis are analysed.
Considérations sur l'origine et la mise en place des ophiolites des Alpes Occidentales : apport de la connaissance des structures océaniques

Nous proposons que certaines ophiolites des Alpes occidentales aient pour origine d'anciens edifices oceaniques structures precocement in situ. Ces edifices auraient ete rabotes et incorpores aux sediments avoisinants lors des stades initiaux de la compression, l'ensemble formant ainsi la nappe composite des schistes lustres ophiolitiferes. Ces considerations sont developpees a partir de donnees de terrain et d'informations sur les oceans actuels.
Deep representation learning of electrocardiogram reveals novel insights in cardiac structure and functions and connections to cardiovascular diseases

Background Conventional approaches to analysing electrocardiograms (ECG) in fragmented parameters (such as the PR interval) ignored the high dimensionality of data which might result in omission of subtle information content relevant the cardiac biology. Deep representation learning of ECG may reveal novel insights. Methods We finetuned an unsupervised variational auto-encoder (VAE), originally trained on over 1.1 million 12-lead ECG, to learn the underlying distributions of the median beat ECG morphology of 41,927 UK Biobank participants. We explored the relationship between the latent representations (latent factors) and traditional ECG parameters, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)-derived structural and functional phenotypes. We assessed the association of the latent factors with various cardiac and cardiometabolic diseases and further investigated their predictive value for cardiovascular mortality. Finally, we studied genetic components of the latent factors by genome wide association study (GWAS). Results The latent factors showed differential correlation patterns with conventional ECG parameters with the highest correlations observed in factor 8 and PR interval (r=0.76). Multivariable analyses of the ECG latent factors recapitulated CMR-derived parameters with a better performance for the left ventricle than the right. We saw higher performance in models for structural parameters than functional parameters and observed the highest adjusted R2 of 0.488 for left ventricular LV end-diastolic mass (LVEDM). The latent factors showed strong association with cardiac diseases. This included bundle branch block and latent factor 28 (OR= 2.72 [95% confidence interval CI,2.46-3.01] per standard deviation, SD change); per SD change of latent factor 27 was associated with cardiomyopathy (OR=2.38, 95%CI 1.97-2.89) and heart failure (OR=1.94, 95%CI 1.71-2.21). In the GWAS of the latent factors, we identified 170 genetic loci with 29 not previously associated with electrocardiographic traits. Following up with bioinformatic analyses, we found the genetic signals involved in cardiac development, contractility and electrophysiology. Conclusions Deep representation learning of 12-lead ECG provided not only clinically meaningful but also novel insights into cardiac biology and cardiovascular health.
Radio echo-sounding of the Antarctic ice sheet.

氷床流動の観測に基づいて, 南極氷床の変動 (例えば, 氷床域の拡大, 縮小) を明らかにすることを目的として, 東南極の東経35度から東経45度に至るみずほ高原地域において, 過去20年にわたって観測が続けられてきた. その結果, 白瀬氷河流域では. 年間約70cmもの氷厚の減少が観測された. この氷厚減少から, 白瀬氷河流域の氷床が不安定状態にあることが示唆され, 原因として, 氷床底面での“底面すぺり”が指摘された。 そこで, 氷床底面の物理的状態を調べるために電波氷厚計を用いての電波探査が氷床上の流動測定・雪氷観測ルートに沿って, 1982年以降実施された. これまでの電波観測では, 送信時刻と基盤からの反射時刻の時間間隔から氷厚のみを求めていたが, この研究では, 氷床氷の厚さを測定するだけでなく, 氷床内部からの電波反射 (内部反射層), 基盤からの電波反射を記録し, それぞれ, 氷床氷の誘電的性質, 氷床底面及び基盤岩の誘電的性質に対応した情報を得ることができた. これらの観測, 解析をもとに, 基盤および底面氷の物理状態を表わす種々の氷床底面モデルを構築し, 各底面モデルの電波反射係数を計算した. 氷床底面に水膜が存在するようなモデルでは, 底面氷/水膜及び, 水膜/基盤岩の境界面での多重反射を考慮した. このモデル計算値と氷床内の電波減衰量を補正した底面反射強度を比較し, モデル計算値でレベルスライスして氷床底面状態を決定した. この結果, 白瀬氷河主流線の中下流域では, 氷床底面が融けて, 水膜が存在しているが, あるいは, 底面氷が, 水を含んだ湿潤状態であることが定量的に示された. また, これらの地域は, 氷床流動が不安定な状態 (氷厚が異常に減少し, 又, 氷の流速が異常に速い状態) にある地域と一致することが明かとなった.
Contributions of authigenic iron compounds to fluvial suspended sediment concentrations and fluxes in the Nete sub-basin, Belgium

In the Nete Basin (Flanders, Belgium), there are indications that the chemical precipitates derived from groundwater-associated Fe(II) seeping into the overlying surface water significantly contribute to the composition, concentration, and fluxes of suspended sediment. For purposes of evaluation, model-derived concentrations were compared with those determined from actual samples. Missing suspended sediment concentrations were estimated from a site-specific rating curve (a stepwise linear regression model) generated from log-transformed data for suspended sediment concentration, gauge height, baseflow, and interflow). Based on various estimates of the concentration of Fe(II) in groundwater, as well as several other factors, authigenic iron compounds may constitute from 36 to 97% of the sediment load in the basin. However, the best current estimate, based on a rating curve model relating groundwater flow to authigenic mineral formation is 70%.
Discrimination of suspended sediment concentrations using multispectral remote sensing techniques

The objective of this study was to use the spectral characteristics of inorganic suspended sediment to estimate suspended sediment concentrations using less expensive multispectral remote sensing systems and techniques. Identification of suspended sediment was achieved by digitally processing multispectral video and photographic imagery utilizing spectral bands which optimized sediment discrimination. After imaging variable suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs) concurrent with surface sampling, the relative behavior of discrete spectral bands were used to develop procedures and techniques for identifying and quantifying SSC. Spectral characteristics of suspended sediment in varying concentrations were examined in a controlled laboratory study under natural light conditions. These results were then compared with previously collected field data obtained in the Fraser River sediment plume in the Strait of' Georgia. Additionally, airborne multispectral video and photographic imagery were taken at varying scales t,o examine the influence of atmospheric factors 011 target radiance. Extraneous factors contributing t o the suspended sediment signal, such as shallow water bottom reflection and lit.tora1 vegetation, were
Roles of GRK and PDE4 Activities in the Regulation of (cid:2) 2 Adrenergic Signaling

An important focus in cell biology is understanding how different feedback mechanisms regulate G protein – coupled receptor systems. Toward this end we investigated the regulation of endogenous (cid:2) 2 adrenergic receptors ( (cid:2) 2ARs) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs) by measuring cAMP signals in single HEK-293 cells. We monitored cAMP signals using genetically encoded cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels. This high resolution approach allowed us to make several observations. (a) Exposure of cells to 1 μ M isoproterenol triggered transient increases in cAMP levels near the plasma membrane. Pretreatment of cells with 10 μ M rolipram, a PDE4 inhibitor, prevented the decline in the isoproterenol-induced cAMP signals. (b) 1 μ M isoproterenol triggered a sustained, twofold increase in phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) activity. (c) The decline in isoproterenol-dependent cAMP levels was not signifi cantly altered by including 20 nM PKI, a PKA inhibitor, or 3 μ M 59-74E, a GRK inhibitor, in the pipette solution; however, the decline in the cAMP levels was prevented when both PKI and 59-74E were included in the pipette solution. (d) After an initial 5-min stimulation with isoproterenol and a 5-min washout, little or no recovery of the signal was observed during a second 5-min stimulation with isoproterenol. (e) The amplitude of the signal in response to the second isoproterenol stimulation was not altered when PKI was included in the pipette solution, but was signifi cantly increased when 59-74E was included. Taken together, these data indicate that either GRK-mediated desensitization of (cid:2) 2ARs or PKA-mediated stimulation of PDE4 activity is suffi cient to cause declines in cAMP signals. In addition, the data indicate that GRK-mediated desensitization is primarily responsible for a sustained suppression of (cid:2) 2AR signaling. To better understand the interplay between receptor desensitization and PDE4 activity in controlling cAMP signals, we developed a mathematical model of this system. Simulations of cAMP signals using this model are consistent with the experimental data and demonstrate the importance of receptor levels, receptor desensitization, basal adenylyl cyclase activity, and regulation of PDE activity in controlling cAMP signals, and hence, on the overall sensitivity of the system.
Net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs (NANI) into the Yangtze River basin and the relationship with riverine nitrogen export

This study investigated net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs (NANI, including atmospheric nitrogen deposition, nitrogenous fertilizer use, net nitrogen import in food and feed, and agricultural nitrogen fixation) and the associated relationship with riverine dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) export in the Yangtze River basin during the 1980–2012 period. The total NANI in the Yangtze River basin has increased by more than twofold over the past three decades (3537.0 ± 615.3 to 8176.6 ± 1442.1 kg N km−2 yr−1). The application of chemical fertilizer was the largest component of NANI in the basin (51.1%), followed by net nitrogen import in food and feed (26.0%), atmospheric nitrogen deposition (13.2%), and agricultural nitrogen fixation (9.7%). A regression analysis showed that the riverine DIN export was strongly correlated with NANI and the annual water discharge (R2 = 0.90, p < 0.01). NANI in the Yangtze River basin was estimated to contribute 37–66% to the riverine DIN export. We also forecasted future variations in NANI and riverine DIN export for the years 2013 to 2030, based on possible future changes in human activities and the climate. This work provides a quantitative understanding of NANI in the Yangtze River basin and its effects on riverine DIN export and helps to develop integrated watershed nitrogen management strategies.
CORRELATION BETWEEN NUTRIENTS OF RECLAIMED SOIL IN ANTAIBAO OENCAST MINE

In the case of An Taibao Opencast coal mine in Pingshuo, this paper discusses organic matter, total N, rapidly available P, rapidly available K and their correlation in soil developed from gangue and loess parent material on dumping site. The results show that the effect of gangue and loess parent material on organic matter and total N is significant. but its effect on rapidly available P and K is not significant; there are evident correlation between organic matter and total N of soil developed from loess parent mateial, and evident ant - correlation between organic matter and rapidly available K of material weathered from gangue , but organic matter and other nutrient indexes are less evident correlated.
New Mexico Geological Society

the taos trough is a structurally-controlled basin formed from stresses related to the ancestral rocky Mountain orogeny. Pennsylvanian sediments derived locally from Precambrian-cored uplifts fill the basin. However, structural models proposed for the development of the basin conflict. One model proposes flexure from emplacement of crustal load via a thrust fault to the west of the basin. the other model invokes intrabasinal strain manifested in thrusts with Precambrian-cored hanging walls and a strike-slip bounding fault to the west. to test these competing models, we have accumulated detailed sedimentologic and stratigraphic data from a location within the axis of the Taos trough. Specifically, we construct a detailed composite stratigraphic column for the Holman grade area using a series of road cuts along Highway 518. Construction of the column accounts for along strike duplication of strata, covered section and broad folding in the area. the composite section is ~950 m thick and is primarily composed of shallowing upward cycles that grade upward from offshore marine mudstone to a cycle cap of lower shoreface facies, upper shoreface facies, or nonmarine facies. These cycles are best characterized as fluvio-deltaic cycles. The persistent occurrence of shallow marine and nonmarine facies at the base of the section are difficult to reconcile with a flexural basin model, which often predicts a long-term, gradual shallowing as flexural accommodation that is progressively filled. Our analysis appears to show the opposite trend, albeit inconclusive, as the interval studied does not represent the entire section.
New Mexico Geological Society

U-Pb ages for individual detrital zircons in sandstone record the ages of igneous source rocks in which zircon and accompanying quartz crystals formed because zircon U-Pb ages are not reset by either sedimentary or diagenetic processes. Ages of detrital zircons reflect ultimate sand sources in basement rocks but allowance must be made in provenance interpretations for potential recycling of resistant zircon grains from more proximate sources in sedimentary assemblages. Our database for Mesozoic strata in the Four Corners region includes 2213 concordant or nearly concordant U-Pb ages of detrital zircons from 24 samples (Triassic to Cretaceous). Chinle channel sands were derived largely from the Ouachita orogen where uplifted on the northern shoulder of the pre-Gulf of Mexico rift system, from which Ouachita-derived sand was carried westward by paleoriver systems ~1500 km long with headwaters in the Ouachita foreland. Southern tributaries of central Chinle paleorivers contributed detritus from Precambrian basement and the Cordilleran magmatic arc lying south of the Colorado Plateau. Eolian dune sands of Glen Canyon and San Rafael ergs were derived largely from pre-Atlantic rift highlands along the Appalachian belt, transported to deltas or floodplains in the northern Rocky Mountains region by a transcontinental paleoriver system ~2000 km long carrying Appalachian-derived sediment, and delivered southward to the Colorado Plateau ergs by the paleowinds recorded by dune crossbedding. Salt Wash (Morrison) and Burro Canyon (including Jackpile) fluvial sands were largely reworked from older Jurassic eolianites forming sedimentary cover over the Mogollon paleohighlands, but Westwater Canyon (Morrison), Cretaceous (Toreva-Gallup-Menefee ) fluvial and fluviodeltaic sands contain prominent components of detrital zircon derived from Proterozoic Mogollon basement and its sedimentary cover, and from the Mesozoic Cordilleran magmatic arc lying still farther south.
New Mexico Geological Society

The La Madera travertine and CO2-rich spring system of northern New Mexico provides a linked data set to lineament. Water chemistry modeling shows that most of the CO2 is endogenic (derived from deep geologic sources), with subordinate amounts from dissolution of carbonate and from organic sources. Spring waters are high in arsenic, salts, and metals that mix with and detract from water quality in the regional aquifers, potentially including the Buckman wells near Santa Fe. 3He/4He data from CO2-rich hot and cool springs have values ranging from 6.16 to 0.09 RA (77 to 1% mantle helium), with highest values in the Valles caldera, approaching MORB values (8 RA). Mantle degassing is interpreted as a neotectonic signal of active upwelling of asthenospheric mantle beneath the Jemez low seismic velocity mantle anomaly. These CO2 vents align along the NEand N-trending, tectonically active, extensional faults and fault jogs that parallel the Jemez lineament. The regional continuity and neotectonic activity along these structures suggest an active Embudo-Jemez transfer zone that extends ! " # $ & ' is driven by geothermal pressure gradients. Travertines are deposited by CO2-rich waters that ascend along faults and hence they provide a record of past and ongoing mantle 3He and CO2 degassing. U-series dating so far, with ages back to >500 ka, ' * * ' + + + head. Abundant deposition in the 200-100 ka range may provide a local record of the transition from the penultimate glaciation (135 ka) to the ensuing interglacial (125 ka) that is documented globally by the transition from marine oxygen isotope stage 6 to oxygen isotope stage 5. U-series dates on travertine-cemented terraces also provide precise river incision rates that vary :<< =<< ? Q * ' climate change.
Instant availability of patient records, but diminished availability of information: a multi-method study of GPs use of electronic patient records

Background In spite of successful adoption of Norwegian GP EPR records; what constitutes the actual benefits and effects of the use of EPRs in the perspective of the GPs and patients has not been fully characterized. We wanted to study primary care physicians’ use of electronic patient record (EPR) systems in terms of use of different EPR functions and the time spent on using the records, as well as the potential effects of EPR systems on the clinician–patient relationship. Methods A combined qualitative and quantitative study that uses data collected from focus groups, observations of primary care encounters and a questionnaire survey of a random sample of general practitioners to describe their use of EPR in primary care.
Calculation of canopy resistance with a recursive evapotranspiration model.

The calculation of hourly and daily crop evapotranspiration (ETc) from weather variables when using the combination method, e.g. Penman-Monteith, requires a corresponding hourly or daily value of canopy resistance (rc). An iterative method first proposed by MI Budyko to calculate ETc finds the surface canopy temperature (Ts) that satisfies the crop’s energy balance. This method was used to calculate both hourly and daily values of rc over a well-watered and established alfalfa crop for 26 days during the 1999-growing season in Bushland Texas. Hourly values of rc were obtained using a graphical procedure from first, values of ETc measured with a large weighing lysimeter; and second, from values of Ts measured with a radiometer. Results show that the daily seasonal average alfalfa rc was 45 ± 12 s/m for both methods of calculating rc. In the absence of a lysimeter installation to measure ETc the measurement of Ts with a radiometer provides an alternative and practical means to calculate rc provided that other required weather input variables are also measured over the crop canopy.