Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring cognitive and affective outcomes following bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substance nigra or striatum in rats

Purpose: The majority of animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD) focus on motor symptoms that are induced by unilateral injections of such neurotoxins as 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways. However, motor changes that are induced by unilateral 6-OHDA injections may interfere with the identi�cation of cognitive and affective dysfunction induced by dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Material and Methods: To select an appropriate method for studying nonmotor symptoms of PD and potential neuroprotective treatments, the present study compared behavioral effects of bilateral 6-OHDA infusions directly in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) or striatum in rats. A battery of behavioral tests, including affective and cognitive tasks, was performed for 22 days after nigrostriatal lesions. Results:The massive degeneration of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons was observed in the SNpc, striatum, and ventral tegmental area with 6-OHDA infusions in either the SNpc or striatum. With regard to functional outcomes, 6-OHDA infusions in the striatum decreased general exploratory activity 7 days after the lesion. Rats that received 6-OHDA in the SNpc exhibited cognitive impairments and despair-like behavior. A decrease in the number of newborn neurons was found in the hippocampus in rats that received 6-OHDA in the striatum, indicating a decrease in neurogenesis. 6-OHDA infusions in both the SNpc and striatum impacted the maturation of newborn hippocampal neurons. Conclusions: These results indicate that bilateral injections of 6-OHDA in the SNpc might be appropriate for studying nonmotor symptoms of PD.
EFFICIENCY OF SURVEILLANCE OF TCP PACKET IN IOT IN REDUCING THE RISK OF RANSOMWARE ATTACKS

Introduction: In recent times, up-to-date IoT systems have implemented the open standards of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) practices in order to accommodate the heterogeneity of applications and devices from various sellers. The study aims to understand the efficiency of surveillance of TCP packets in IoT in reducing the risk of ransomware attacks. More specifically, the study is focused on determining the efficiency of surveillance of TCP packet used in IOT. Meanwhile, investigating the effectiveness in reducing the risk of ransomware attacks through surveillance TCP in IOT has also been one of the present investigation's objectives. Findings : The findings of the study suggests that IoTSDN-RAN is proven as effective surveillance technique used in reducing the risk of ransomware attacks. The technique has been considered as efficient when is compared with the IoT SVM and IoT ML techniques. In terms of detection, precision and accuracy, the technique was proven as efficient in comparison to the other most frequently utilised techniques. The challenge in SVM is to find the support vectors, to classify unknown traffic to the attacks. Recommendations: The users need to understand that IoT tends to be a complex and thus, they need to have a better understanding with regards to the TCP and ransomware attacks and avoid them through the TCP implications.The implications of TCP by the IT users is important to ensure that there is effectiveness and efficiency addressed among the entire system and there pertains no risk of ransomware attacks.
AUTOMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF MOSQUITO GENERA USING TRANSFER LEARNING

Certain species of mosquitoes are the main vectors of arboviruses that cause Dengue, Yellow fever, Chikungunya, Zika and Japanese encephalitis. These species are contained in the genera Anopheles, Culex, Aedes. Mosquito-borne diseases pose significant threat to public health. Therefore, vector surveillance and vector control strategies are crucial. Automation of genera identification is essential to implement effective vector control strategies. In the past decade several machine learning and deep learning models have been investigated for image-based automatic and accurate classification of vector mosquitoes. Such applications also aid entomologists in insect identification task. In this study, a deep convolutional neural network technique to classify two genera of mosquitoes: Aedes and Culex based on the morphological features is proposed. In our work, an optimization technique i.e., transfer learning using the pretrained deep learning models has been employed. Transfer learning saves the model training time and addresses the problem of low performance due to insufficient amount of training data. This paper presents the architecture of three state of the art pretrained neural networks, including VGGNet, ResNet and GoogLeNet. The models were trained with our own dataset of images of the two genera of mosquitoes. Classification performance of the models is evaluated in terms of classification accuracy and loss during training and validation phases of model building.
University of Birmingham Synchrotron X-ray radiography studies of pitting corrosion of stainless steel: Extraction of pit propagation parameters

In situ synchrotron X-ray radiography was used to observe the evolution of 2D pits growing at the edge of stainless steel foils in chloride solutions of varying concentrations under current and potential control. A method was developed for measuring the local anodic current density along the perimeter of pits from the rate of advance of the pit into the metal. Pit depth tends to increase with time with kinetics consistentwithdiffusioncontrol(underasaltlayer),whereaslateraldevelopment(onﬁlm-freesurfaces) isinﬂuencedbysolutionconductivity. Perforatedcoversformedonpitscontroltheirgrowthandstability. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Labeling of Dopamine Transporter Transmembrane Domain 1 with the Tropane Ligand N -[4-(4-Azido-3-[ 125 I]iodophenyl)butyl]-2 (cid:1) -carbomethoxy-3 (cid:1) -(4-chlorophenyl)tropane Implicates Proximity of Cocaine and Substrate Active Sites

The novel photoaffinity ligand N -[4-(4-azido-3- 125 I-iodophenyl)-butyl]-2- (cid:1) -carbomethoxy-3 (cid:1) -(4-chlorophenyl) tropane ([ 125 I]MFZ 2-24) was used to investigate the site for cocaine binding on the dopamine transporter (DAT). [ 125 I]MFZ 2-24 irreversibly labeled both rat striatal and expressed human DAT with high affinity and appropriate pharmacological specificity. Tryptic proteolysis of [ 125 I]MFZ 2-24 labeled DAT followed by epitope-specific immunoprecipitation demonstrated that the ligand becomes adducted almost exclusively to transmembrane domains (TMs) 1–2. Further localization of [ 125 I]MFZ 2-24 incorporation achieved by proteolyzing labeled wild-type and methionine mutant DATs with cyanogen bromide identified the sequence between residues 68 and 80 in TM1 as the ligand adduction site. This is in marked contrast to the previously identified attachment of the photoaffinity label [ 125 I]RTI 82 in TM6. Because [ 125 I]MFZ 2-24 and [ 125 I]RTI 82 possess identical tropane pharmacophores and differ only in the placement of the reactive azido moieties, their distinct incorporation profiles identify the regions of the protein adjacent to different aspects of the cocaine molecule. These findings thus strongly support the direct interaction of cocaine on DAT with TM1 and TM6, both of which have been implicated by mutagenesis and homology to a bacterial leucine transporter as active sites for substrates. These results directly establish the proximity of TMs 1 and 6 in DAT and suggest that the mechanism of transport inhibition by cocaine involves close interactions with multiple regions of the substrate permeation 80 kDa was ex-cised, and the was extracted by electroelution as described previously (Vaughan, 1995). Electroeluted samples were dialyzed for 18 h at 22°C against Milli Q water in a 10-kDa cut-off Slide-A-Lyzer dialysis cassette (Pierce, Rockford, IL) and evaporated to dryness in a SpeedVac concentrator (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). Cyanogen Bromide Digestion. Dried electroeluted DAT ex-tracts were incubated for 24 h at 22°C in the dark in 0.1 ml of 70% formic acid with or without inclusion of 1 M cyanogen bromide (CNBr). Reactions were quenched with 0.9 ml of Milli Q water (Millipore, Billerica, MA) followed by drying in a SpeedVac concen- trator, and the resulting pellets were subjected to three additional rounds of suspension in water and drying to remove volatile acidity. Dried samples were either prepared directly for electrophoresis by solubilization in 1 (cid:3) sample buffer or were resuspended in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, for immunoprecipitation.
Electromagnetic disturbances observed near the dip region ahead of dipolarization front

Dipolarization front (DF) is a thin magnetic structure embedded in fast flows in the magnetotail, which plays an important role in particle acceleration, flow braking, wave excitation, and other related processes. Electromagnetic disturbances near the magnetic dip region in front of DFs are investigated using Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms probe observations in this paper. Strong magnetic field and electric field fluctuations, with several wave bands below and around the lower hybrid frequency, are found in an event on 21 March 2008. The properties of the wave are similar to that of magnetosonic wave. Detailed analyses show that the phase space density for ions in the perpendicular direction has a positive slope near the local Alfvén speed, which is a possible free‐energy source for the generation of the wave. This type of ion distribution could result from the earthward reflected ions ahead of DF, though other forming mechanism could not be fully ruled out.
Persuasive Polite Robots in Free-Standing Conversational Groups

Politeness is at the core of the common set of behavioral norms that regulate human communication and is therefore of significant interest in the design of Human-Robot Interactions. In this paper, we investigate how the politeness behaviors of a humanoid robot impact human decisions about where to join a group of two robots. We also evaluate the resulting impact on the perception of the robot's politeness. In a study involving 59 participants, the main (Pepper) robot in the group invited participants to join using six politeness behaviors derived from Brown and Levinson's politeness theory. It requests participants to join the group at the furthest side of the group which involves more effort to reach than a closer side that is also available to the participant but would ignore the request of the robot. We evaluated the robot's effectiveness in terms of persuasiveness, politeness, and clarity. We found that more direct and explicit politeness strategies derived from the theory have a higher level of success in persuading participants to join at the furthest side of the group. We also evaluated participants' adherence to social norms i.e. not walking through the center, or o-space, of the group when joining it. Our results showed that participants tended to adhere to social norms when joining at the furthest side by not walking through the center of the group of robots, even though they were informed that the robots were fully automated.
Designing an Expert System for Ranking Facial Attractiveness Based on Deep Learning and Fuzzy Inference System

Objective: A wide range of social consequences is attributed to face preferences, from mate choices and decisions about social relationships to hiring decisions, including fashion modeling and marketing issues. This paper aims to design and develop an expert system based on the fuzzy inference system (FIS) for ranking facial attractiveness. Methods: Firstly, we reviewed the research on facial attractiveness and found that most papers do not use an expert system to rate the facial attractiveness of people. Therefore, this study used a deep learning method using a convolutional neural network (CNN) to recognize attractive faces. Then, with the help of the rules of the fuzzy inference system, an expert model was designed for ranking facial attractiveness. Results: We demonstrated that the combination of FIS and CNN is highly effective and excellent at ranking facial attractiveness. Our method performs better than other methods we have investigated in a small amount of data. The mean and standard deviation values of sensitivity, specificity, precision, and accuracy of the proposed model for detecting attractive and unattractive faces were 99.46±0.03%, 99.35±0.01%, 98.99±0.02%, and 99.7±0.01%, respectively. In addition, we have obtained a mean prediction accuracy for ranking facial attractiveness as 99.53+0.06%. Conclusion: We designed an expert ranking system for facial attractiveness to rank different faces according to facial structure features. As a result of our approach, we could also provide a deeper understanding of how FIS and CNN can recognize ranking facial attractiveness.
The structural equation model of variables influencing Chinese tourists consumer’s purchase intentions of black-bone chicken snack products in Thailand

The purpose of this research was to study the Structural Equation Model (SEM) of variables influencing Chinese Tourists Consumer’s P urchase Intentions of Black-Bone Chicken (BBC) Snack Products in Thailand. Black-Bone Chicken is the rare chicken breed which is completely black inside with dry production, packed in a vacuum bag, developed by Kai-Au-Mong Researcher Team and now was widely known as the Thai Food Industrial especially in products value for healthy. However, there was a lack of research concerning the marketing and consumer aspects. The research methodology uses both quantitative and qualitative methods. The instruments used in this research were both interview and questionnaire. The 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was used for the population and sample are Chinese Tourists Consumer, who intend to purchase Black-Bone Chicken Snack Products and using the sample 620 respondents by the SPSS program was used to analyze the statistics and LISREL version 9.2 was used for confirmatory analysis. Causal analysis and analysis of structural equations from all sample data. The results revealed that all five factors influenced consum ers’ purchase intention that (1) Product Knowledge positively influenced the Perceived Value, Perceived Risk and affected Purchase Intentions. (2) Perceived Quality positively influenced the Perceived value, Perceived Taste, Trust and affected Purchase Intentions. (3) Perceived the Taste positively influenced the Perceived Value and affected Purchase Intentions. (4) Perceived Risk positively influenced the Perceived Value and affected Purchase Intentions and (5) Trust positively influenced Perceived Value and affected Purchase Intentions. (6) Perceived Value positively affected Purchase Intentions. The study found that direct effects and indirect effects of BBC Snack Products on Perceived Value and Purchase Intentions at the 0.05 level of significance, Factors at high level are consumer expectations. Findings provided by this study will be helpful for marketers and others relevant to this business for improving theirs related marketing activities. The survey was acceptable as all hypothesis.
Deformation and Metamorphism Sequence of Bikou Terrane in the Northwest Margin of Yangtze Plate:Implications for Extension Collapse and Transition of Songpan-Garze Orogenic Belt

The Bikou terrane lies at the junction of Qinling orogenic belt,Songpan-Garze orogenic belt and Yangtze Plate.Three tecton-stratigraphic units have been identified within this terrane:① the Neoproterozoic basement complex,composed mainly of volcanic rocks of Bikou Group and turbidite of Hengdan Group,has weak deformation in the core but strong ductile shear deformation along the margin.The basement is separated from its overlying strata by a detachment fault composed of ultramylonite.Metamorphic grade ranges from blueschist facies to lawsonite-albite-chlorite facies within the basement complex. ② the Paleozoic middle ductile slab is composed of Silurian-Devonian mylonite and phyllonite,in which develops three stages of foliations(S_1,S_2,S_3). The middle ductile slab underwent metamorphism of mid-greenschist facies. ③ the Mesozoic sedimentary cover,including Triassic Guanjiagou Formation to the north of Bikou terrane and Jurassic-Cretaceous in some small areas,is characterized by brittle fault and fracture belt without metamorphism.The geometry and kinematics features of up to-the-SSE shear within the detachment fault and strata prove that regional extension collapse developed in Bikou area in Mesozoic,206~154Ma.In conclusion,detachment fault and middle ductile slab resulted from the regional extension during the Mesozoic orogenesis in Songpan-Garze,which caused thinning and selective removal of the strata,as well as the uplift and exhumation of the basement complex in the hinterland of orogenic belt.
capture and inhibition (of return): the effect on perceptual sensitivity.

The present study was designed to determine the spatial distribution of attention in displays in which an irrelevant color singleton was present. The results show that at the location of an irrelevant singleton, there is, first, an increased sensitivity ( d ′ ), followed later by a reduced sensitivity. The increased sensitivity implies that, first, the irrelevant singleton captured spatial attention, producing an increased sensory gain for input at the irrelevant distractor location. The later-occurring, reduced sensitivity implies the operation of inhibitory processes, possibly related to inhibition of return.
Emerging socio-cultural perspectives of implicit leadership theories related to Indo-Pak enterprises

India and Pakistan, which historically shared a common territory under British India and rulers before this, more or less have a similar social structure stemming from cultural myths, the ruling of various empires, princely states and war lords. Yet all these narratives are nuanced to shape these countries unique body politic and have created their own social construct of perceptions of ‘qualities’ attributed to leaders. The research aims at arriving at those implicit leadership theories (ILTs) that resonate these perceptions, thus aiming to clarify the host of misconceptions associated with various forms of leadership such as charismatic, transformational, transactional, etc. The discourse focusses on examining the content of multiple ILTs in varied social context related to Indo-Pak business enterprises, thus recording the systematic variation of ILTs across leader’s engendered ‘stimuli’ to be perceived in a particular way and a perceiver identified ‘characteristics’ of the same leader.
University of Birmingham Oral Anticoagulant Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation Patients at High Stroke and Bleeding Risk

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with a 5-fold greater risk of ischemic stroke or systemic embolism compared with normal sinus rhythm. Cardioembolic AF-related strokes are often more severe, fatal or associated with greater permanent disability and higher recurrence rates than strokes of other aetiologies. These strokes may be effectively prevented with oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy, using either vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) or non-vitamin K antagonist oral OACs (NOACs) such as the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran or direct factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban, apixaban or edoxaban. Most AF patients have a positive net clinical benefit from OAC, excluding those with AF and no conventional stroke risk factors. Balancing the risks of stroke and bleeding is necessary for optimal use of OAC in clinical practice, and modifiable bleeding risk factors must be addressed. Concerns remain over ‘non-changeable’ bleeding risk factors such as older age, significant renal or hepatic impairment, prior stroke(s) or prior bleeding event(s) and active malignancies. Such AF patients are often termed ‘special’ AF populations, due to their ‘special’ risk profile that includes increased risks of both thromboembolic and bleeding events, and due to fear of bleeding complications these AF patients are often denied OAC. Evidence shows, however, that the absolute benefits of OAC are the greatest in patients at the highest risk, and NOACs may offer even a greater net clinical benefit compared to warfarin particularly in these high risk patients. In this review article, we summarize available data on stroke prevention in AF patients at increased risk of both stroke and bleeding and discuss the use of NOACs for thromboprophylaxis in these ‘special’ AF populations.
Assessing variation in suitability curves and electivity profiles in temporal studies of fish habitat use

Under experimental conditions, we tested whether variations in preference curves, weighted usable areas, and electivity profiles for velocity of 0+ juvenile barbel Barbus barbus could be attributed to environmental variables (discharge, water depth, time of day) and/or time of sampling. We elaborated preference curves and weighted usable areas according to the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology, as well as electivity profiles. Variation among preference curves, weighted usable areas and electivity profiles was always observed, regardless of time of day, water depth, or discharge combinations. Our results support published concerns that the shape of preference curves is highly dependent on the time of data collection, and that curves derived from a single field sampling excursion can be viewed as representative for that moment in time only, whereas curves generated as composites from typological or time‐series samples may provide an approximation for a study area, but at the expense of between‐site and/or between‐date variation. Spatial/temporal variation is an important aspect of fish habitat studies and should be incorporated as a (layered) component into descriptive/predictive models. To this end, we illustrate how a PCA‐based technique and log‐linear modelling can be used to assess temporal patterns in collections of preference curves and electivity profiles, respectively. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Edinburgh Research Explorer A Bayesian Model of Diachronic Meaning Change

Word meanings change over time and an automated procedure for extracting this information from text would be useful for historical exploratory studies, information retrieval or question answering. We present a dynamic Bayesian model of diachronic meaning change, which infers temporal word representations as a set of senses and their prevalence. Unlike previous work, we explicitly model language change as a smooth, gradual process. We experimentally show that this modeling decision is beneﬁcial: our model performs competitively on meaning change detection tasks whilst inducing discernible word senses and their development over time. Application of our model to the SemEval-2015 temporal classiﬁcation benchmark datasets further reveals that it performs on par with highly optimized task-speciﬁc systems.
Country and crying

Results of a cross-cultural study of adult crying across 37 countries are presented. Analyses focused on country differences in recency of last crying episode and crying proneness and relationships with country characteristics. Three hypotheses on the nature of country differences in crying were evaluated: (a) distress due to exposure to taxing conditions, (b) norms regarding emotional expressiveness, and (c) personality (at country level). Individuals living in more affluent, democratic, extraverted, and individualistic countries tend to report to cry more often. These indicators relate to freedom of expression rather than to suffering; therefore, our data provide support for a model that views country differences in crying as being connected with country differences in expressiveness and personality rather than in distress. Gender differences in crying proneness were larger in wealthier, more democratic, and feminine countries. Differences in the meaning of crying at individual level (usually viewed as a sign of distress) and country level (as a sign of expressiveness and personality) are