Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy : A review of the current literature and its potential utility in veterinary oncology

Advanced imaging of veterinary cancer patients has evolved in recent years and modalities once limited to human medicine have now been described for diagnostic purposes in veterinary medicine (positron emission tomography/computed tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, whole body magnetic resonance imaging). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive and non-ionizing technique that is well described in the human medical literature and is most frequently used to evaluate the metabolic activity of tissues with questionable malignant transformation. Differentiation of neoplastic tissue from surrounding normal tissue is dependent on variations in cellular metabolism. Positive identification of malignancy can be made when neoplastic alterations are occurring at the cellular level prior to gross anatomic changes. This improved, early detection of cancer occurrence (or recurrence) can improve patient survival and direct medical therapy. MRS techniques are largely underutilized in veterinary medicine, with current research predominantly limited to the brain (both evaluation of normal and diseased tissue). Given the clinical utility of MRS in humans, the technique may also be useful in the staging of cancer in veterinary medicine. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Excavations at Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar

Gorham's Cave is one of a group of seven which lie at the base of the cliffs on the east side of Gibraltar, below Europa Advance Road, which is about two hundred feet above them. There is now a beach in front of the five southern caves but this has only been in existence for a few years, and arose from the depositing of tunnel spoil over the cliff edge. Four of the caves are named, starting from the south end of the beach, Bennett's, Gorham's, Vanguard and Boathoist; the remaining three have local names which change from time to time. The beach, which is now called Anderson Beach, will probably disappear in a few years and the sea will again reach the base of the cliffs. The cave is named after Major A. Gorham who explored a fissure at the back of the main cave in 1907, and for convenience both have been called by his name. The finding of an archaeological deposit was due originally to two members of R.E. M.E. , when temporary access had been made to the beach from the cliffs above, and excavations were carried out in the upper level by Captain G. B. Alexander, R.E. , and Lieut. Monke, R.E. In 1948 the Governor of Gibraltar asked that full scale excavations should be carried out and two seasons' work have now been devoted to the cave under his patronage and with the help of funds supplied by the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund.
Recent Changes in Downward Longwave Radiation at King Sejong Station, Antarctica

Abstract Effects of cloud, air temperature, and specific humidity on downward longwave irradiance and their long-term variabilities are examined by analyzing the measurements made at the King Sejong Station in the Antarctic Peninsula during the period of 1996–2006. It has been shown that the downward longwave irradiance (DLR) is significantly correlated with three variables: air temperature, specific humidity, and cloudiness. Based on the relationship of the three variables with DLR, a multiple linear regression model has been developed in order to evaluate the relative contribution of each of the variables to the variation of DLR. The three variables together explained 75% of all the variance in daily mean DLR. The respective contribution from specific humidity and cloudiness to the variation of DLR was 46% and 23%; thus most of the DLR variability can be explained by the variations in the two variables. The annual mean of longwave cloud forcing shows 52 W m−2 with no remarkable seasonal cycle. It is als.
Brief contributions to zoology from the Museum of Yale College; No. XVII, Descriptions of North American fresh-water leeches

Oystobmnchus vividus, sp. nov. Figure 1. Body elongated, somewhat depressed, tapering both ways, but most so anteriorly. Surface smoothish, but with minute hemispherical hyaline vesicles. Fil(". 1. ~ , Length in extension about one inch; breadth in middle '10 to '12 of an inch. Head excentrically pedicellate upon a slender neck, small, disk-like, rounded in front, or somewhat heart-shaped with the rounded point forward. Ocelli four, small, brownish, placed near the attachment of the neck, on each side, those in the anterior pair farther apart. Acetabulum large, well-rounded, as wide as the body, disk-shaped, and attached nearly centrally. Male organ, when protruded, elongated, conical, acute, placed just behind the fourth pair of large lateral white spots. Color of back dusky brown or purplish brown, finely specked with stellate points of darker brown, and with three irregular rows of conspicllous, small, round, opaque white spots along the upper surface of the back. Sides with a row of about 16, larger and more conspicuous, semicircular, white spots along the margin, each consisting of a cluster of 3 to 9 small round spots, enclosing a more transparent area in which a diaphanous pulsating vesicle or enlarged vessel may be seen to protrude at each dilation. Lower surface of body light grayish, specked with darker and often with obscure transverse bands of whitish; acetabulum similar in color to the body, with small round white spots, the margin more or less radiated with lighter and darker. Upper surface of head similar to the back, the sides and front lighter. West River, near New Haven, on Fundulus piscutentus, November and December, 1871,-F. S. Smith; Savin Rock, in salt water, among eel"grass,-Prof. J. E. Todd_ This very active species lives in both fresh and salt water. The transparent lateral vesicles referred to are probably organs of respiration, analogous to the much more highly developed branchial appendages of Branchiobdella.
INFLUENCE OF SOWING DATE AND CROP VARIETY ON PHENOLOGY, GROWTH AND YIELD OF RAINFED GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.) IN SOUTHERN ZONE OF ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA

An experiment was conducted with four dates of sowing (Second fortnight of May, First fortnight of June, Second fortnight of June and First fortnight of July) and four Varieties (TMV-2, JL-24, Narayani and Abhaya). There was wide variation in the weather conditions that prevailed over the cropping periods between the two years of experimentation. During the first year (2006) a continuous dryspell of 51 days prevailed which coincided with different growth stages of groundnut under different dates of sowing. This dry spell has not favoured the growth and development of crop, instead, it has increased the crop duration of different varieties of groundnut studied under the present investigation. The crop duration was 139-146 days in early sown crop to 110-125 days in normal sown crop compared to normal duration of 105 to 120 days. However, the second year (2007) is normal with better temporal distribution of rains and the crop duration ranged from 104-120 days in early sown crop to 108-121 days under normal sown crop. The length of growth period in 2006 is due to receipt of continuous rains after dry spell of 51 days from seed development phase to physiological maturity. In 2007,the crop which received heavy rains (22 June sown crop ) from 90 DAS to harvest was adversely affected resulting poor filling and low yields. The results revealed that Sowing during July first fortnight was found to be optimum time for groundnut during drought year, while during normal year advancing the sowing date by one month may also favour good crop provided there were good rains. The performance of Abhaya cultivar was better than the Narayani, TMV-2 and JL-24 under different kinds of environments like extreme moisture stress, stress free or even under moderate stress conditions. However, in normal year TMV-2 and JL-24 performance was also good compared to drought year.
Provenance of materials employed in the construction of Orvieto Cathedral (Umbria, Italy)

A multivariate analytical approach was carried out in order to characterize travertine and «basaltina» which are the main building sto nes employed in the construction of Orvieto Cathedral. Results indicate the existence in the monument of three different lithotypes of «basalti na», «fine­ grained», «coarse-grained» and «very fine-grained» distinguished on the basis of the size of leucite phenocrysts, and three distinct lithotypes of travertine, stromatolitic, phytohermal and detrital, distinguished on a textural basis. The multivariate approach was a powerful tool in checking historical sources on the provenance of the materials. Comparisons between samples from the Cathedral and homologous samples from ancient quarrie s and zones of excav ation reve aled a prov enance from a quite narrow zone, bet ween Orvieto and Bagnoregio, for all lithotypes. Comparisons, between homologous samples from different zones in the Cathedral shows that the areas of excavation of «basaltina» and travertine did not change with time.
Corticotropin‐releasing hormone receptor‐1 is increased in mast cells in psoriasis and actinic keratosis, but not markedly in keratinocyte skin carcinomas

Corticotropin‐releasing hormone receptor‐1 (CRH‐R1) is expressed in human mast cells, but its role in skin diseases is unknown. By using a sequential double‐staining technique, the mast cell expression of CRH‐R1 was investigated in biopsies from lesional and non‐lesional skin samples of patients with actinic keratosis (AK), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and psoriasis. Dermal tryptase+ mast cells expressed CRH‐R1 immunoreactivity in the non‐lesional skin in all patient groups. The CRH‐R1 expression was significantly increased in the lesional skin of AK (p = 0.03) and psoriasis (p = 0.02), non‐significantly in BCC (p = 0.129), but not increased in SCC. To investigate the regulation of CRH‐R1, the LAD2 mast cell line was irradiated with UVB or stimulated with CRH or 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25‐(OH)2D3]. Consequently, UVB at 90 mJ/cm2 (p = 0.041) and 120 mJ/cm2 (p = 0.039) decreased CRH‐R1 expression. Instead, CRH at 100 and 1000 nM increased CRH‐R1 immunostaining, but did not affect the proliferative response. The treatment with 10 and 100 nM 1,25‐(OH)2D3 led to a noticeable increase in CRH‐R1 staining. After irradiating with UVB, the concentration of CRH increased in the conditioned medium, but not in sonicated LAD2 mast cells. In conclusion, the lack of sufficient levels of CRH‐R1 in mast cells may be related to diminished antitumoural response in SCC and possibly in BCC.
Influence of the Ocean on North Atlantic Climate Variability 1871–1999

The influence of changing ocean conditions on the variability of climate in the North Atlantic region is studied by analyzing ensemble simulations with an atmospheric GCM forced with reconstructed sea surface temperature (SST) data for the period 1871‐1999. The ocean influence on multidecadal variability is analyzed separately from the influence on interannual variability. SST-forced variability on multidecadal timescales is shown to be dominated by a single mode that, in wintertime, resembles the North Atlantic Oscillation. The principal forcing for this mode is from variations in North Atlantic SST. In addition, however, evidence is found that SST variations in other ocean basins were influential during some sections of the time period studied, in particular during the most recent 50 yr. Variations in North Atlantic climate on interannual timescales are influenced by the Pacific ENSO phenomenon and also by Atlantic SST. There appears to be competition, with differing outcomes in different regions, between these two influences. Furthermore, it is shown that during the period studied the relative importance of these influences varied; that is, the oceanic influence on North Atlantic climate was nonstationary. The consequences of these results for seasonal forecasting efforts are discussed.
Neoliberalism,Compulsory Education and Compulsion to Pay: Magnitude, Patternsand Determinants of Household Expenditurein Indian Punjab

Based on a recent primary survey, this study aims to examine the magnitude, patterns and determinants of household expenditure on compulsory schooling in Punjab. Our findings suggest that the increasing presence of private schools in the education marketplace, particularly in the contemporary era of neoliberalism, has commodified the education in the state, and these education providers offer compulsory schooling in diverse forms, with varying costs depending on the demand of their student clientele. Parents who enroll their children in elite private schools pay approximately seven times more than those choosing low-fee private schools. Private schools exert undue financial burden on their parent clientele (particularly those from low- and middle-income groups). This situation highlights the concept of ‘compulsion to pay’, especially in the absence of an acceptable quality of service provided by state-owned schools. Our regression analysis results on determinants of household expenditure reveal that households from socially and economically marginalised sections (for example, scheduled castes and the poor) spend significantly less than their more affluent counterparts. We recommend that the state take a more stringent approach to regulating these non-state education providers, particularly in terms of exorbitant fees, which would prevent further widening of the existing socio-economic inequality in the state.
Surface strong motion associated with a stick-slip event in a foam rubber model of earthquakes

In this paper, we present and interpret dynamic displacement data for a stick-slip event in a foam rubber model of earthquake faulting. Static displacement data are used to infer the stress drop of about 0.016 μ, where μ is the shear modulus. The rupture velocity 0.7 β, where β is the shear-wave speed, is also inferred from the data. The observed particle displacement and particle velocity data are compared with analytical and numerical predictions. Doppler focusing of energy by rupture propagation is clearly observed. No large transverse displacement pulse such as that observed at Station 2 of the Parkfield earthquake is observed. In addition to its value for testing analytical and numerical predictions, the laboratory model provides much needed information on the distribution of strong ground motion in the neighborhood of a fault and thus helps in the problem of microzonation for earthquakes.
Oman in the Twentieth Century: Political Foundations of an Emerging State

This reviewer has difficulty in remembering the last time that he was able to understand every word in a book by an American academic. This is not a complaint that can be made against Dr Peterson whose style is clear, straightforward and pleasant and entirely free from pseudo-scientific jargon and ponderous verbiage. Dr Peterson has decided against a chronological approach in favour of discussion of a series of topics, and despite some inevitable repetition, his method works very well. It is clear that he has not confined himself to libraries and record offices and such chapters as that on the Sultans and the ruling family show that he must have spent much of his time in the field. He knows the scene well and can give the details that make so much difference in such a work. We are told, for example, that one of the ruling family worked as a wireless operator while another was a school teacher and that Said bin Taymur manifested his displeasure with an incompetent governor, who happened to be his uncle, by cutting off the water supply to his house. He is very fair to this Sultan who does not emerge as the reactionary ogre of so much propagandist writing. Dr Peterson shows that the Sultan's first task was to extricate his country from crippling debts and so administer it free from British interference in every detail of government. From the budgets from 1921 onwards, which are given as an appendix, we can see how little money there was available for grand projects of development. Dr Peterson is very good, too, on the changes in the nature of tribal society that have taken place in this century. Seventy years ago there were Tamimas (paramount shaykhs) who could lead more warriors into the field than could most of the supposedly independent chiefs of the Trucial States. Even in the 1950s, the turbulent Sulayman bin Himyar could strut the international stage and negotiate with the King of Saudi Arabia. By 1970 such shaykhs were outdated as central government from Muscat spread throughout the Sultanate, and in a series of case-studies Dr Peterson shows how these events affected individual tribes. An amusing feature of modern life that he records is the use by an oil company of shaykhs as shop-stewards and the maintenance of a 'duty shaykh' who is responsible for handling disputes as they arise. There are useful appendices which give genealogies, lists of officials and a comprehensive bibliography. There is also a good index which is of particular importance in such a book where one constantly needs to refer to previous appearances of the various characters. Robin Bidwell
Lithological control of land subsidence induced by groundwater withdrawal in new urban AREAS (Granada Basin, SE Spain). Multiband DInSAR monitoring

Ground subsidence in the southeastern border of the Granada Basin (SE Spain) has been studied using remote sensing techniques. Over the last decades, the region has experienced a huge urban expansion, which has caused a substantial increase in water supply requirements. Water needs are exclusively met by groundwater by means of numerous pumping wells, which exploit a confined detrital aquifer of alluvial fan deposits with a heterogeneous facies distribution. A general piezometric level decline (up to 50 m) has been recorded in the aquifer during the past 30 years that has induced the generation of a subsiding area with oval shape oriented WNW‐ESE just where the new urban areas and pumping wells are located. Subsidence has been monitored by exploiting synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from ENVISAT (2003–2009) and Cosmo‐SkyMed (2011–2014). A new approach, which combines A‐DInSAR and small‐area persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) analysis, has been applied obtaining a good accuracy regarding temporal and spatial dimension of the subsidence. ENVISAT data (2003–2009) reveal subsidence rates up to 10–15 mm/year, and Cosmo‐SkyMed (2011–2014) values slightly lower; up to 10 mm/year. Temporal variations in the subsidence velocity are in accordance with the rainfall pattern and piezometric fluctuations in the aquifer. The sector with highest rates of subsidence does not correspond to the area with more intense groundwater exploitation but to the area with greater presence of clays in the confining layer of the aquifer. There is a clear lithological control in the spatial distribution of the ground subsidence. This work integrates detailed geological and hydrogeological data with differential SAR interferometry monitoring with the aim to better understand subsidence processes in detrital aquifers with small‐scale heterogeneity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Design of Policy Frameworks and the Role of the Policy Advisor

* The author served in policy advisory positions with the government of Botswana, and the central bank of Botswana. The discussion of the Botswana case draws heavily on that experience, but views expressed are solely those of the author. He wishes to thank Salkin for helpful comments on an earlier draft. The usual caveats about responsibility of the author apply with special force in this case. 1 For example, there is wide agreement on the appropriate functions of the state. Few contemporary economists would disagree with the list of such functions put forward by the World Bank (1997, p. 27). * " [I]t is very important indeed that economists, inside government and out, get things right. When we are wrong, we do a lot of harm. When we are right-and have the clarity to prevail against special interests and the quacks-we make an extraordinary contribution to the amelioration of poverty and the progress of humanity. " Mancur Olson (1996)
Resource Conflicts and Conflict Resolution in Nepal

Abstract Resource conflicts are an inevitable part of Nepalese society. Their causes include hierarchical and patron–client social relations, the incompatibility of formal laws, conflicts of interest, perception and belief, competition over scarce resources, ambiguity over roles and responsibilities, the unwillingness of the state to respond to social, economic, political and technological changes, corruption, and bad governance. The present study analyzes resource conflicts and practices used to resolve them in Nepal. It was conducted in 6 districts of Nepal, representing the mountain, hill and terai regions, using focus groups and informal discussions, semi-structured and key informant interviews, observation, life histories, and a questionnaire survey. It concludes that existing, legally engineered formal conflict resolution systems are administratively complicated, expensive, elitist, heavily influenced by money and power, non-transparent, and inaccessible to the poor, and are therefore hardly adequate to address growing conflicts in Nepal. Likewise, informal systems are also distorted and inherently biased towards those with power. Hence modernization of existing formal conflict resolution systems is urgently needed in Nepal.
Tectonic and Hydrologic Controls on Cyclic Alluvial Fan, Fluvial, and Lacustrine Rift-Basin Sedimentation, Jurassic-Lowermost Cretaceous Todos Santos Formation, Chiapas, Mexico

ABSTRACT The nonmarine Upper Jurassic-lowermost Cretaceous Todos Santos Formation of central Chiapas, Mexico, was deposited in half-graben basins formed during the early rifting stage of the southern Gulf of Mexico Basin. This formation consists of alluvial-fan, fluvial, and lacustrine sequences that were deposited under arid climatic conditions. Alluvial fans were built outwardly from the elongate basin margins by runoff that flowed transverse to the basin axis, whereas fluvial units were deposited by rivers that flowed parallel to the basin axis. Lacustrine deposition took place in a topographic depression adjacent to the basin margin. The presence of alluvial-fan and fluvial or lacustrine deposits in vertically stacked, cyclic megasequences hundreds of meters thick indicates that the basin opography changed through time. This cyclicity denotes that periodically fluvial or lacustrine environments occupied the basin-margin position and at other times alluvial-fan sedimentation occurred there. Cyclicity was caused by periodic changes from high to low rates of basin subsidene. The response of these three depositional environments to basin subsidence differed due to the unique hydrologic controls on sediment transport and deposition in each environment. Lakes were maintained by springs that emanated from the fractured fault margin and by fluvial discharge. Fluvial discharge and deposition resulted from precipitation or annual snowmelt anywhere in the river's expansive drainage basin, whereas alluvial-fan sedimentation occurred only when there was infrequent, significant precipi ation in the small drainage basin from which fan sediment was derived. As a result of these hydrologic controls, the lacustrine or fluvial environments responded more quickly to periods of active tectonic subsidence and migrated over the fans to occupy the basin-margin depression. Aided by a decrease in basin subsidence, alluvial fans eventually prograded and displaced the fluvial or lacustrine environments away from the basin margin.