Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An existence time estimate for Kähler–Ricci flow

Fix a complete non‐compact Kähler manifold (Mn,h0) with bounded curvature. Let g(t) be a bounded curvature solution to the Kähler–Ricci flow starting from some g0 that is uniformly equivalent to h0 . We estimate the existence time of g(t) together with C0 bounds and curvature bounds, where the estimates depend only on h0 and the C0 distance between g0 and h0 . We also generalize these results to cases when g0 may have unbounded curvature.
Positivite et discretion des points algebriques des courbes

We prove the discreteness of algebraic points (with respect to the Neron-Tate height) on a curve of genus greater than one embedded in his jacobian. This result was conjectured by Bogomolov. We also prove the positivity of the self intersection of the admissible dualizing sheaf.
On the origin and growth of cosmic magnetic fields

An analytical model predicting the growth rates, the absolute growth times and the saturation values of the magnetic field strength within galactic haloes is presented. The analytical results are compared to cosmological MHD simulations of Milky Way-like galactic halo formation performed with the N -body/SPMHD code GADGET. The halo has a mass of ≈ 3 · 10 M⊙ and a virial radius of ≈ 270kpc. The simulations in a Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmology also include radiative cooling, SF, SN feedback and the description of non-ideal MHD. A primordial magnetic seed field ranging from 10 to 10 G in strength agglomerates together with the gas within filaments and protohaloes. There, it is amplified within a couple of hundred million years up to equipartition with the corresponding turbulent energy. The magnetic field strength increases by turbulent small-scale dynamo action. The turbulence is generated by the gravitational collapse and by SN feedback. Subsequently, a series of halo mergers leads to shock waves and amplification processes magnetizing the surrounding gas within a few billion years. At first, the magnetic energy grows on small scales and then self-organizes to larger scales. Magnetic field strengths of ≈ 10G are reached in the centre of the halo and drop to ≈ 10G in the IGM. Analysing the saturation levels and growth rates, the model is able to describe the process of magnetic amplification notably well and confirms the results of the simulations.
Two-dimensional viscous accretion disk models. I - On meridional circulations in radiative regions

It has been suggested that thin Keplerian disks, like rotating stars, cannot attain hydrostatic and thermal equilibrium simultaneously if the angular velocity is a function of radius only. To address the problem of vertical structure and stability of thin accretion disks, we performed 2D axisymmetric calculations by solving the set of fully nonlinear hydrodynamic equations, including radiation transport. The results indicate that the variation of the rotational velocity with height is too small to sustain hydrostatic equilibrium. Instead, the variation of the radial (inflow) velocity with height suffices to establish a stationary state. In particular, we find that for low values of the viscosity parameter alpha, there is mass outflow in the central parts of the disk close to the equatorial plane, and inflow only near the surface. Only for modestly high values of alpha, the flow throughout the disk is directed inward. Thus, the flow within the disk is the result of viscous radial inflow plus a circulatory flow directed outward in the midplane and inward near the surface.
Adaptive Observer for Charge-State and Crossover Estimation in Disproportionation Redox Flow Batteries undergoing Self-Discharge

This article considers a model formulation and an adaptive observer design for the simultaneous estimation of the state of charge and crossover flux in disproportionation redox flow batteries. This novel nonaqueous battery chemistry allows a simple isothermal lumped parameter model to be formulated. The transport of vanadium through the porous separator is a key unknown function of battery variables and it is approximated in the space of continuous functions. The state and parameter observer adaptation laws are derived using Lyapunov analysis applied to the estimation error, the stability and convergence of which are proved. Numerical values of observer gains are calculated by solving a polytopic linear matrix inequality and equality problem via convex optimization. The performance of this design is evaluated on a laboratory flow battery prototype, and it is shown that the crossover flux can be considered a linear function of state of charge for this battery configuration during self-discharge.
A powerful finite mixture model based on the generalized Dirichlet distribution: unsupervised learning and applications

This paper presents a new finite mixture model based on a generalization of the Dirichlet distribution. For the estimation of the parameters of this mixture we use a GEM (generalized expectation maximization) algorithm based on a Newton-Raphson step. The experimental results involve the comparison of the performance of Gaussian and generalized Dirichlet mixtures in the classification of several pattern-recognition data sets.
Microscope studies of symptomless growth of Botrytis cinerea in Lactuca sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana

Abstract The grey mould pathogen Botrytis cinerea forms systemic associations in some hosts, spreading into plant organs produced a considerable time after initial infection. These infections may have no macroscopic symptoms during much of the hosts' lifetime and are at least partially within the host tissue. The aim of the studies reported here was to locate and visualize these infections at a cellular level in Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Arabidopsis thaliana. Symptomless but infected plants were produced by dry spore inoculation of plants growing in conditions previously shown to result in fungal spread from the initial inoculation site to newly developing plant organs. Tissue taken from inoculated plants was examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Two B. cinerea isolates were used: B05.10 and its GFP‐labelled derivative Bcgfp1‐3. Spore germination on leaf surfaces was followed by development of subcuticular inclusions and plant cell damage in single infected epidermal cells and sometimes a few nearby cells. Sparsely branched long hyphae arose and spread from the inclusions, mostly on the outer surface of the epidermal layer but occasionally below the cuticle or epidermal cells, where further inclusions formed. This was consistent with the pattern in time of recovery of B. cinerea from surface‐sterilized leaf tissue. In the late symptomless phase, mycelium arising from internal fungal inclusions formed mycelial networks on the surface of leaves. Symptomless exterior mycelium grew on the roots in A. thaliana.
On a Gröbner bases structure associated to linear codes

Abstract We present a structure associated to the class of linear codes. The properties of that structure are similar to some structures in the linear algebra techniques into the framework of the Gröbner bases tools. It allows to get some insight in the problem of determining whether two codes are permutation equivalent or not. Also an application to the decoding problem is presented, with particular emphasis on the binary case.
Asymptotic gaussianity of some estimators for reduced factorial moment measures and product densities of stationary poisson cluster processes

The main purpose of this paper is to present cer~trai limit tileoreins including functional limit theorems for empirical factorial moment measures and kernel-type product density estimators when the underlying point process is a regular infinitely divisible one.The requied moment conditions are minimal, they are necessary to ensure finite variances of the estimators under consideration. In the special case of a stationary poisson process the obtained results are used to construct a goodness-of-fit test for the function λK(t), 0≤t≤T, denoting the mean number of points within a sphere with radius t around a typical point of the process.
The two-dimensional hydrogen atom revisited

The bound-state energy eigenvalues for the two-dimensional Kepler problem are found to be degenerate. This “accidental” degeneracy is due to the existence of a two-dimensional analog of the quantum-mechanical Runge–Lenz vector. Reformulating the problem in momentum space leads to an integral form of the Schrodinger equation. This equation is solved by projecting the two-dimensional momentum space onto the surface of a three-dimensional sphere. The eigenfunctions are then expanded in terms of spherical harmonics, and this leads to an integral relation in terms of special functions which has not previously been tabulated. The dynamical symmetry of the problem is also considered, and it is shown that the two components of the Runge–Lenz vector in real space correspond to the generators of infinitesimal rotations about the respective coordinate axes in momentum space.
Collaborative Optimization of PV Greenhouses and Clean Energy Systems in Rural Areas

As an important infrastructure supporting rural development, an integrated energy system plays an irreplaceable role in China's rural revitalization strategy. The deployment of rural energy projects is an effective way for rural areas to achieve double carbon goals and accelerate agricultural modernization. Based on the actual rural energy systems in northern China, this paper takes the rural energy system with photovoltaic greenhouses as the research object. Both the agrometeorological and energy meteorological models are established considering the meteorological sensitivity of agricultural production and photovoltaic generation. We propose a novel method for optimizing the collaboration between photovoltaic greenhouse load control and rural energy systems. The combined coordination model of agriculture and energy networks is established, and the combined model involves carbon, electrical energy, and thermal energy. Supplemental greenhouse lighting and greenhouse heating consume most of the energy and are finely modeled with focused attention on photosynthesis. Finally, a real-world 47-bus distribution network and three photovoltaic greenhouses in northern China are simulated as an analytical example. The simulation results showed that by using the proposed optimization method, a 3996 m2 greenhouse with a 25% photovoltaic coverage ratio can save 15% on energy costs.
Fast and Sensitive Determination of Cadmium and Selenium in Rice by Direct Sampling Electrothermal Vaporization Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

In this work, a direct solid sampling device based on modified graphite furnace electrothermal vaporization (GF-ETV) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was established for the simultaneous detection of trace selenium and cadmium in rice samples. A bypass gas was first designed in GF-ETV to improve the device’s analytical sensitivity and precision. The ashing and vaporization conditions, the flow rates of the Ar carrier and the bypass gases of ICP-MS were all investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) for Se and Cd were 0.5 μg kg−1 and 0.16 μg kg−1, respectively; the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of repeated measurements were within 8% (n = 6). The recoveries of Cd and Se in rice samples were in the range of 89–112% compared with the microwave digestion ICP-MS method, indicating good accuracy and precision for the simultaneous detection of Se and Cd in rice matrix. The whole analysis time is <3 min without the sample digestion process, fulfilling the fast detection of Se and Cd in rice samples to protect food safety.
Asymptotic Behavior of a Nonlocal KPP Equation with a Stationary Ergodic Nonlinearity

We consider a space-inhomogeneous Kolmogorov-Petrovskii-Piskunov (KPP) equation with a nonlocal diffusion and a stationary ergodic nonlinearity. By employing and adapting the theory of stochastic homogenization, we show that solutions of this equation asymptotically converge to its stationary states in regions of space separated by a front that is determined by a Hamilton-Jacobi variational inequality.
Sub-tree counts on hyperbolic random geometric graphs

Abstract The hyperbolic random geometric graph was introduced by Krioukov et al. (Phys. Rev. E 82, 2010). Among many equivalent models for the hyperbolic space, we study the d-dimensional Poincaré ball ( $d\ge 2$ ), with a general connectivity radius. While many phase transitions are known for the expectation asymptotics of certain subgraph counts, very little is known about the second-order results. Two of the distinguishing characteristics of geometric graphs on the hyperbolic space are the presence of tree-like hierarchical structures and the power-law behaviour of the degree distribution. We aim to reveal such characteristics in detail by investigating the behaviour of sub-tree counts. We show multiple phase transitions for expectation and variance in the resulting hyperbolic geometric graph. In particular, the expectation and variance of the sub-tree counts exhibit an intricate dependence on the degree sequence of the tree under consideration. Additionally, unlike the thermodynamic regime of the Euclidean random geometric graph, the expectation and variance may exhibit different growth rates, which is indicative of power-law behaviour. Finally, we also prove a normal approximation for sub-tree counts using the Malliavin–Stein method of Last et al. (Prob. Theory Relat. Fields 165, 2016), along with the Palm calculus for Poisson point processes.
Integro-differential equations of Volterra type

The aim of this paper is concerned with studying the stability properties of an integro-differential system by reducing it into a scalar integro-differential equation. A theorem is stated about the existence of a maximal solution of such systems and a basic result on integro-differential inequalities. Utilizing these results we obtain sufficient conditions for uniform asymptotic stability of the trivial solution of the integro-differential system of the form where , with , , C(J) denotes the space of continuous functions, A a continuous operator such that A maps C(J) into C(J). The fruitfulness of the results of the paper are illustrated with two applications.
Survey of Electron Heating and Implications for Wave‐Particle Interactions Near the Lunar Surface: ARTEMIS Observations

Interactions between the incident solar wind plasma and lunar crustal magnetic fields can lead to modifications in electron and ion dynamics that can result in the generation of electrostatic and electromagnetic waves. The resulting waves can then interact with the ambient electrons, leading to perpendicular and/or parallel electron heating. We analyze 10 years of data from the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of Moon's Interaction with the Sun mission, when the spacecraft was within 200 km of the dayside lunar surface and within the solar wind, in order to characterize the near‐Moon plasma environment. We find that as the reflected ion density increases, electrostatic waves associated with plasma conditions favorable for the electron cyclotron drift instability play an increasingly important role in perpendicular electron heating, while electromagnetic interactions display the opposite trend. Additionally, we find that electrostatic waves associated with parallel heating exhibit plasma characteristics that are consistent with both the electron two‐stream instability and the modified two‐stream instability.
Alternative algebras admitting derivations with invertible values and invertible derivations

We prove an analogue of the Bergen-Herstein-Lanski theorem for alternative algebras: describe all alternative algebras that admit derivations with invertible values. We also prove an analogue of Moens' theorem for alternative algebras (a finite-dimensional alternative algebra over a field of characteristic zero is nilpotent if and only if it admits an invertible Leibniz derivation).
Heat Traces and Spectral Zeta Functions for p-adic Laplacians

In this article we initiate the study of the heat traces and spectral zeta functions for certain p-adic Laplacians. We show that the heat traces are given by p-adic integrals of Laplace type, and that the spectral zeta functions are p-adic integrals of Igusa-type. We find good estimates for the behaviour of the heat traces when the time tends to infinity, and for the asymptotics of the function counting the eigenvalues less than or equal to a given quantity.
Experimental stark widths of xenon II spectral lines

Stark widths of many prominent 6s-6p and 5d-6p transitions have been measured and compared with theoretical results. A high current pinched discharge was used as a spectroscopic source. Electron density and temperature were estimated in 2.65 × 1022m−3 and 1.45 × 104 K respectively. Experimental Stark widths agree well with previous theoretical results. Our data are compared with those of other authors concerning to the homologous ions Ne II, Ar II, Kr II and Xe II.
Solving the simplicity constraints for spinfoam quantum gravity

General relativity can be written as topological BF theory plus a set of second-class constraints. Classically the constraints provide the geometric interpretation of the B variables and reduce BF to general relativity. In the quantum theory these constraints do not commute and thus cannot be imposed strongly. We use SU(2) coherent states to develop a notion of semiclassical states for the quantum geometry which allows to implement them weakly, i.e. on average with minimal uncertainty. Using the spinfoam formalism, this leads to a background independent regularized path integral for quantum gravity whose variables have a transparent geometric interpretation.
Regular algebras of dimension 4 and their $A_\infty$-Ext-algebras

We construct four families of Artin-Schelter regular algebras of global dimension four. Under some generic conditions, this is a complete list of Artin-Schelter regular algebras of global dimension four that are generated by two elements of degree 1. These algebras are also strongly noetherian, Auslander regular and Cohen-Macaulay. One of the main tools is Keller's higher-multiplication theorem on A-infinity Ext-algebras.
A Separate Calibration Method of Laser Pointing and Ranging for the GF-7 Satellite Laser That Does Not Require Field Detectors

Satellite laser altimeters have been widely used in the surveying, mapping, forestry, and polar regions and by other industries due to their excellent elevation measurement accuracy. Satellite laser on-orbit geometry calibration is a necessary means to ensure elevation accuracy. This study proposes an iterative geometry calibration method for satellite laser altimeter pointing and ranging separation that does not require the use of field detectors. The DSM data were first used to complete the laser pointing calibration, and then the laser footprint elevation was measured accurately to complete the laser ranging calibration. The iterative calibration experiment was repeated until the convergence condition (i.e., the laser point difference was less than 1 × 10-5 degrees and the laser ranging difference was less than 0.01 m) was met, with the calibrated laser pointing angle and ranging separation used as the input parameters. In this work, the GaoFen-7 (GF-7) satellite laser was used as the test object and the actual laser pointing and ranging values derived from ground detector calibrations. The results verified that the pointing accuracy of the GF-7 beam 1 was 2 arcsec and that the ranging accuracy was 2 cm after applying the calibration method presented in this paper. The pointing accuracy of the GF-7 beam 2 was 2.2 arcsec, and the ranging accuracy was approximately 1 cm. This analysis demonstrated that the GF-7 laser mission exceeded its pointing angle requirement of 3 arcsec after laser pointing and ranging separation iterative calibrations were applied. Finally, ground control points were used to verify the calibrated elevation accuracy of the GF-7 satellite laser, and its accuracy on flat terrain was 0.18 m. In summary, it was proven that the satellite laser geometry calibration method proposed in the article is effective.
GEOMETRIC CONSERVATION LAW OF THE FINITE-VOLUME METHOD FOR THE SIMPLER ALGORITHM AND A PROPOSED UPWIND SCHEME

The geometric conservation taw for the diffusive terms is Shyy and Vu's explanation of the geometric conservation law for the convective terms. The finite-volume method for the SIMPLER algorithm using a staggered grid system with curvilinear coordinates is revisited on the physical domain. The classical three-point, second-order upwind (CSOV) scheme for the convective terms and the classical central-difference (CA) scheme for the diffusive terms are found to introduce false flux error on a generalized grid system. Higher-order schemes [an upwind (PSOU) scheme for the convective terms and a higher-order (HA) scheme for the diffusive terms] without this error are proposed in order to check the influence of false flux error in these classical schemes. Comparison of the errors of the present numerical experiments shows that satisfaction of the present geometric conservation law for the diffusive as well as the convective terms is more important in reducing error than is canceling the false fluxes. If the pres.
Evaluation of Effectiveness and Safety of Microcin C7 in Weaned Piglets

Simple Summary The bactericidal mechanisms and immunomodulatory effects of Microcin C7 (C7) have been confirmed by many studies. However, most studies were performed in vitro and need to be substantiated with in vivo data. We showed that C7 supplementation can improve growth performance, reduce diarrhea rate, and that the diarrhea-alleviating effect of C7 may be related to its selective regulation of specific microbial taxa. C7 improved the intestinal morphology of the duodenum and ileum and enhanced diet digestibility. The recommended C7 dosage is 250–500 mg/kg. Supplementation with 5000 mg/kg had no adverse effect on all indices; thus, this is a safe threshold for C7 usage in clinical practice. Overall, these data indicate that C7 is safe and effective for use as a potential alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in weaned piglets. Abstract The effects and safety of dietary supplementation with Microcin C7 (C7) were evaluated in 216 weaned piglets. The pigs were given a control corn–soybean meal basal diet or C7 diet (control diet supplemented with 250, 500, 750, 1000, or 5000 mg C7/kg diets). Compared with the control group, the 500 mg/kg C7 supplementation group had better intestinal morphological indicators (p < 0.05), which may help maintain intestinal epithelial function and increase the growth performance (p < 0.05) and apparent total tract digestibility (p < 0.05). The diarrhea indexes of the 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg groups were significantly lower than that of the control group at 0–28 d (p < 0.05), and the 500 mg/kg group had the lowest diarrhea indexes (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05). A comprehensive analysis showed that microbial structure was significantly correlated with the degree of diarrhea, and the diarrhea-alleviating effect of C7 may be related to its selective regulation of specific microbial taxa. The 250 and 500 mg/kg C7 supplementation also significantly improved several immune indices of piglets (p < 0.05). Compared with the control diet, 5000 mg/kg C7 supplementation had no significant adverse effect on all parameters. Overall, the 250–500 mg/kg dose had the best effect, and the highest dose (5000 mg/kg) posed no toxicity risk. Therefore, C7 appears safe for use as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in weaned piglets.