Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Basic physical processes and reduced models for plasma detachment

The divertor of a tokamak reactor will have to satisfy a number of critical constraints, the first of which is that the divertor targets not fail due to excessive heating or sputter-erosion. This paramount constraint of target survival defines the operating window for the principal plasma properties at the divertor target, the density nt and temperature, Tt. In particular Tet < 10 eV is shown to be required. Code and experimental studies show that the pressure–momentum loss by the plasma that occurs along flux tubes in the edge, between the divertor entrance and target, (i) correlates strongly with Tet, and (ii) begins to increase as Tet falls below 10 eV, becoming very strong by 1 eV. The transition between the high-recycling regime and the detached divertor regime has therefore been defined here to occur when Tet < 10 eV. Simple analytic models are developed (i) to relate (Tt, nt) to the controlling conditions ‘upstream’ e.g. at the divertor entrance, and (ii) in turn to relate (Tt, nt) to other important divertor quantities including (a) the required level of radiative cooling in the divertor, and (b) the ion flux to the target in the presence of volumetric loss of particles, momentum and power in the divertor. The 2 Point Model, 2PM, is a widely used analytic model for relating (Tt, nt) to the controlling upstream conditions. The 2PM is derived here for various levels of complexity regarding the effects included. Analytic models of divertor detachment provide valuable insight and useful approximations, but more complete modeling requires the use of edge codes such as EDGE2D, SOLPS, SONIC, UEDGE, etc. Edge codes have grown to become quite sophisticated and now constitute, in effect, ‘code-experiments’ that—just as for actual experiments—can benefit from interpretation in terms of simple conceptual frameworks. 2 Point Model Formatting, 2PMF, of edge code output can provide such a conceptual framework. Methods of applying 2PMF are illustrated here with some examples.
Old Age and Frailty in Deceased Organ Transplantation and Allocation–A Plea for Geriatric Assessment and Prehabilitation

Due to demographic ageing and medical progress, the number and proportion of older organ donors and recipients is increasing. At the same time, the medical and ethical significance of ageing and old age for organ transplantation needs clarification. Advanced age is associated with the frailty syndrome that has a negative impact on the success of organ transplantation. However, there is emerging evidence that frailty can be modified by suitable prehabilitation measures. Against this backdrop, we argue that decision making about access to the transplant waiting list and the allocation of donor organs should integrate geriatric expertise in order to assess and manage frailty and impairments in functional capacity. Prehabilitation should be implemented as a new strategy for pre-operative conditioning of older risk patients’ functional capacity. From an ethical point of view, advanced chronological age per se should not preclude the indication for organ transplantation and the allocation of donor organs.
Examining the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines among Adults with Intellectual Disability: A Pilot Study

The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the extent to which adults with intellectual disability (ID) met the 2020 Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines. Fifteen adults (six females and nine males) participated in this nine-day observational study (age = 20–64 years) in 2021–2022, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary time, and total sleep time were measured with a smartwatch to compare to the guidelines. A diary subjectively tracked physical activity. Of the 15 participants, 11 met the MVPA guidelines (73%), 4 met the sedentary behaviour guidelines (27%), 7 met the sleep guidelines (47%), and only 1 participant met all 3 of the guidelines (7%). There were no differences in physical activity or sleep between weekends and weekdays, or between males and females. Walking, cleaning dishes, and swimming were the most common types of physical activity performed by the participants. The findings of this pilot study indicate the need to improve sleep and reduce sedentary time in adults with ID. As most participants met the MVPA guidelines, few met the sedentary behaviour guidelines, and nearly half met the sleep guidelines, these data also demonstrate how important it is to assess all three aspects of the movement guidelines. All these behaviours have independent health benefits and risks, which interact to influence overall health.
Prolonged Record of Hydroclimatic Changes at Antoniadi Crater, Mars

The first billion years of Martian geologic history consisted of surface environments and landscapes dramatically different from those seen today, with flowing liquid water sculpting river channels and ponding to form bodies of water. However, the hydro‐climatic context, the frequency, and the duration under which these systems existed remain uncertain. Addressing these fundamental questions may improve our understanding of early Mars climate. Here, we reconstruct a long‐lived archive consisting of an array of fluvial systems inside the Antoniadi crater––one of the largest lake basins on Mars (9.58 × 104 km2). We found that the fluvial activity occurred throughout four major intermittent active intervals during the Late Noachian to Early Amazonian (∼3.7 to >2.4 Ga). This resulted in at least two major lakes, which formed during periods of markedly increased surface runoff production. The record of these four riverine phases is preserved in fluvial ridges, valley networks, back‐stepping or down‐stepping fan‐shaped landforms, and terrace‐like formations within an outlet canyon. These morphologies point to lake‐controlled base‐level fluctuations suggestive of episodic precipitation‐fed surface runoff punctuated by intermittent catastrophic floods that were capable of breaching crater‐lake rims and incising outlet canyons. Fluvial‐deposit thickness, junction angles of channels, and lake morphometry suggest that riverine systems lasted at least 103–106 years and episodically occurred under primarily arid and semi‐arid climates. These findings place new regional constraints on the fluvial frequency, longevity, and climatic regime of one of the largest Martian lakes, thereby bolstering the hypothesis that episodic warming likely punctuated the planet's early history.
Explainable Artificial Intelligence (EXAI) Models for Early Prediction of Parkinson’s Disease Based on Spiral and Wave Drawings

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a rapidly growing neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the elderly population. Until now, there has been no antidote for PD. However, diagnosing Parkinson’s disease in its early stages is difficult. Early treatment will help people with Parkinson’s disease improve their quality of life. The primary goal of this work is to increase the early diagnostic accuracy of Parkinson’s disease using deep learning models and to make the models more transparent and trustworthy. It proved challenging to comprehend the methods by which the classifiers made predictions about Parkinson’s disease. It would be valuable if the outcomes generated by these classifiers could be clarified in a reliable and trustworthy manner. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (EXAI) focuses on enhancing clinical health practises and bringing transparency to predictive analysis, both of which are critical in the healthcare arena. We proposed a new hybrid deep transfer learning model to distinguish PD patients from healthy individuals. The proposed architecture combines the advantages of both VGG19 Net and Google Net. This study also shows the experimental outcomes of various pre-trained models such as Alex Net, DenseNet-201, VGG-19 Net, Squeeze Net1.1, and ResNet-50. The VGG19-INC model predicts PD with an accuracy of 98.45%, which is greater than other state-of-the-art approaches, demonstrating the proposed work’s superiority and robustness. To demystify the VGG19-INC model, explainable AI approaches such as LIME are used to identify the specific parts of the spiral and wave drawings that contribute most to the model’s prediction. These methods provide local interpretation, making it easier to understand how the model arrives at its conclusions.
Bispecific antibodies targeting EGFR/Notch enhance the response to talazoparib by decreasing tumour-initiating cell frequency

Poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are mainly used in treating BRCA-mutant cancers, and their application in novel therapies to expand their benefit is of interest in personalized medicine. A recent report showed that pharmacological targeting of PARP increases the sensitivity of cancer cells to EGFR inhibition, but the therapeutic value of this combination has not been fully determined. We propose a strategy of combining PARP inhibitors with bispecific antibodies that target both EGFR and Notch signalling, highlighting the difficulties posed by deregulation of Notch signalling and the enrichment of cancer stem cells (CSCs) during therapy. In the present study, we showed that although PARP plus EGFR targeting led to more penetrant and durable responses in the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) PDX model, it influenced the enrichment of stem-like cells and their relative proportion. Stem-like cells were significantly inhibited in vitro and in vivo by EGFR/Notch-targeting bispecific antibodies. These bispecific antibodies were effective in PDX models and showed promise in cell line models of NSCLC, where they delayed the development of acquired resistance to cetuximab and talazoparib. Moreover, combining EGFR/Notch-targeting bispecific antibodies and talazoparib had a more substantial antitumour effect than the combination of talazoparib and cetuximab in a broad spectrum of epithelial tumours. EGFR/Notch bispecific antibodies decrease the subpopulation of stem-like cells, reduce the frequency of tumour-initiating cells, and downregulate mesenchymal gene expression. These findings suggest that combining EGFR and Notch signalling blockade can potentially increase the response to PARP blockade.
FLASH DROUGHTS A Review and Assessment of the Challenges Imposed by Rapid-Onset Droughts in the United States Want to make a valuable contribution to your local library or community college?

Satellite Studies, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; SvObOda—National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska; Hunt—Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts; FOrd—Department of Geography and Environmental Resources, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois; anderSOn—Agricultural Research Services, Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland; Hain—Earth Science Branch, Marshall Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Huntsville, Alabama; baSara—School of Meteorology, and Oklahoma Climatological Survey, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Jason A. Otkin, jason.otkin@ssec.wisc. edu
Ignition of detonation in accreted helium

Sub-Chandrasekhar CO white dwarfs accreting helium have been considered as candidates for Type Ia supernova(SNIa) progenitors since the early 1980s (helium shell mass $> 0.1 M_\odot $). These models, once detonated did not fit the observed spectra and light curve of typical SNIa observations. New theoretical work examined detonations on much less massive ($< 0.05 M_\odot $) envelopes. They find stable detonations that lead to light curves, spectra and abundances that compare relatively well with the observational data. The exact mechanism leading to the ignition of helium detonation is a key issue, since it is a mandatory first step for the whole scenario. As the flow of the accreted envelope is unstable to convection long before any hydrodynamic phenomena develops, a multidimensional approach is needed in order to study the ignition process. The complex convective reactive flow is challenging to any hydrodynamical solver. To the best of our knowledge, all previous 2D studies ignited the detonation artificially. We present here, for the first time, fully consistent results from two hydrodynamical 2D solvers that adopt two independent accurate schemes. For both solvers an effort was made to overcome the problematics raised by the finite resolution and numerical diffusion by the advective terms. Our best models lead to the ignition of a detonation in a convective cell. Our results are robust and the agreement between the two different numerical approaches is very good.
Development of a new multi-criteria decision-making method

Choosing the best option out of the many available options is always the goal to be achieved in all areas. However, the parameters (criteria) in each alternative are not the same, sometimes contradictory. In this situation, choosing the best option is an extremely difficult decision for the decision maker. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) is the ranking of alternatives based on the criteria of each alternative. More than one hundred multi-criteria decision-making methods have been proposed by the inventors. They are being used in many different fields. However, for decision makers, choosing an appropriate method to use in each specific case is a difficult task. CURLI (Collaborative Unbiased Rank List Integration) is a multi-criteria decision making method that distinguishes it from all others. That difference is reflected in the fact that when applying this method, the decision maker does not need to normalize the data nor determine the weights for the criteria. However, it will take a long time for decision makers to apply this method, especially when the number of options to rank is large. This study carried out the development of a new MCDM method based on the CURLI method. This new method is named CURLI-2. Many different examples are presented to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method. In each example, the result of ranking the alternatives using the CURLI-2 method has been compared with those using other different MCDM methods. The best alternative determined when using the CURLI-2 method always coincides with the use of existing MCDM methods. Using CURLI-2 method to rank alternatives will be much faster and simpler than using CURLI method. This is the advantage of CURLI-2 method compared with CURLI method
Time-domain Hydroelasticity Theory of Ships Responding to Waves

A time-domain linear theory of fluid-structure interaction between floating structures and the incident waves is presented. The structure is assumed to be elastic and represented by general separation of variables, whereas the fluid is described as an initial boundary value problem of potential free surface flow. The general interface boundary condition is used in the mathematical formulation of the fluid motion around the flexible structure. The general time-domain theory is simplified to a slender-body theory for the analysis of wave-induced global responses of monohull ships. The structure is represented by a nonuniform beam, while the generalized hydrodynamic coefficients can be obtained from two-dimensional potential flow theory. The linear slender body theory is generalized to treat the nonlinear loading effects of rigid motion and structural response of ships traveling in rough seas. The nonlinear hydrostatic restoring force and hydrodynamic momentum action are considered. A numerical solution is presented for the slender body theory. Numerical examples are given for two ship cases with different geometry features, a warship hull and the S175 containership with two different bow flare forms. The predicted results include linear and nonlinear rigid motions and structural responses of ships advancing in regular and irregular waves. The results clearly demonstrate the importance and the magnitude of nonlinear effects in ship motions and internal forces. Numerical calculations are compared with experimental results of rigid and elastic material ship model tests. Good agreement is obtained.
A Branching Protocol for Cardiac Patients: A Feasible Alternative for Exercise Tolerance Testing

&NA; The viability of the Wilmore Branching (WB) treadmill protocol, a graded exercise stress test that places individuals at different levels of exertion with respect to fitness level, was investigated as an alternative means of evaluating cardiac patients and compared to the traditional modified Bruce (BR) and Balke (BA) protocols. Twenty coronary patients who gave informed consent, ten taking no medications (non‐drug) and ten taking beta or calcium channel blockers (drug), were compared to ten apparently healthy age‐matched controls (C). Each patient was tested on three different occasions using each of the protocols supervised by a cardiologist. The order of protocols was randomized and assigned to patients depending upon their entry into the study. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio (R), ventilation threshold (Tvent) and test duration were determined for each of the protocols. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were obtained to determine if patients’ perceptions differed between protocols and groups. Correlational analysis indicated that the measurement of VO2 peak, VE, R, “Tvent, and test duration were reproducible and not significantly different between the BR, BA, and WB protocols. Further, neither the physiological parameters measured nor the RPE responses obtained were significantly influenced by protocol or group membership as analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures. As expected, coronary group responses to the three protocols were consistently and significantly lower (p < .05) than the agematched controls. These results suggest that the WB protocol may be used as a plausible alternative to either the BR or BA protocols in predicting peak VO2 in a coronary population.
A note on generalized quasi-contraction

In this paper we give a short proof of the main results of Kumam, Dung and Sitthithakerngkiet (P. Kumam, N.V. Dung, K. Sitthithakerngkiet, A Generalization of Ćirić Fixed Point Theorems, FILOMAT 29:7 (2015), 1549–1556). To the memory of Professor Lj. Ćirić (1935–2016)
Sampled-Data State Feedback Control for the Set Stabilization of Boolean Control Networks

This paper studies the set stabilization of Boolean control networks (BCNs) under sampled-data state feedback control (SDSFC). The main research content is divided into two parts. First, the topological structure of BCNs under given SDSFC is investigated. The fixed point and sampled cycle are defined, respectively. It is found that sampled cycles allow elements to be repeated and not every element can be regarded as an initial state, and this is quite different from conventional cycles of BCNs. A theorem is presented to calculate the number of fixed points and an algorithm is given to find all fixed points and sampled cycles. Second, the set stabilization problem of BCNs by SDSFC is investigated based on the sampled point set and the sampled point control invariant set (SPCIS). A necessary and sufficient condition is derived for the global set stabilization of BCNs by SDSFC, and further sampled-data state feedback controllers are also designed. The interesting thing is that if a state enters the SPCIS as an unsampled point, then it may run out of the given set again, which is in sharp contrast to conventional BCNs. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the efficiency of the obtained results.
2017 Atlantic Hurricane Forecasts from a High-Resolution Version of the GFDL fvGFS Model: Evaluation of Track, Intensity, and Structure

The 2017 Atlantic hurricane season had several high-impact tropical cyclones (TCs), including multiple cases of rapid intensification (RI). A high-resolution nested version of the GFDL finite-volume dynamical core (FV3) with GFS physics (fvGFS) model (HifvGFS) was used to conduct hindcasts of all Atlantic TCs between 7 August and 15 October. HifvGFS showed promising track forecast performance, with similar error patterns and skill compared to the operational GFS and HWRF models. Some of the larger track forecast errors were associated with the erratic tracks of TCs Jose and Lee. A case study of Hurricane Maria found that although the track forecasts were generally skillful, a right-of-track bias was noted in some cases associated with initialization and prediction of ridging north of the storm. The intensity forecasts showed large improvement over the GFS and global fvGFS models but were somewhat less skillful than HWRF. The largest negative intensity forecast errors were associated with the RI of TCs Irma, Lee, and Maria, while the largest positive errors were found with recurving cases that were generally weakening. The structure forecasts were also compared with observations, and HifvGFS was found to generally have wind radii larger than the observations. Detailed examination of the forecasts of Hurricanes Harvey and Maria showed that HifvGFS was able to predict the structural evolution leading to RI in some cases but was not as skillful with other RI cases. One case study of Maria suggested that the inclusion of ocean coupling could significantly reduce the positive bias seen during and after recurvature.
Finite-Horizon $H_\infty$ State Estimation for Time-Varying Neural Networks with Periodic Inner Coupling and Measurements Scheduling

This paper investigates an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${H}_\infty $ </tex-math></inline-formula> estimator design for time-varying coupled neural networks (NNs) over a finite-horizon. In order to reduce the information exchanged among the NNs, a periodic inner-coupling strategy is proposed. In addition, a Markov driven transmission scheme is introduced to overcome the communication capacity constraint between the NNs and the estimators, where an inner-coupling-dependent Markov chain is used to improve the efficiency of the communication channel. Subsequently, the time-varying Markov estimators are designed to enhance the performance of the estimators. A recursive matrix inequality (RMI)-based sufficient condition is established to ensure that the time-varying estimation error system meets the finite-horizon <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${H}_\infty $ </tex-math></inline-formula> performance. Afterward, the estimator gains are designed by transforming the RMIs into linear RMIs. Finally, a numeral example is used to illustrate the developed results.
Finite-time estimation for linear time-delay systems via homogeneous method

ABSTRACT This paper presents a finite-time observer for linear time-delay systems with commensurate delay. Unlike the existing observers in the literature which converge asymptotically, the proposed observer provides a finite-time estimation. This is realised by using the well-known homogeneous technique, and the results are also extended to investigate the estimation problem for linear time-delay systems with unknown inputs. Simulation results are presented in order to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method.
On a Noncompact Minimization Problem of Hardy-Sobolev Type

Abstract In this paper we discuss the existence and nonexistence of minimizer for the constraint minimization problem where r = |x′| for x = (x′, z) ∊ ℝk × ℝn-k , 2 ≤ k ≤ n, 1 < p < n, 0 ≤ s < p, s < k and . We obtain conditions under which the above problem admits a minimizer.
Equation of state and pulsar death line

Abstract In this proceeding, we are going to introduce our recent work about the dependence of pulsar death line on the equation of state (Zhou et al. 2017). The results show that the equation of state affects the location of the pulsar death line in the P-Ṗ diagram. We offer another point of view to understand the pulsar death line and multiple observational facts would help us to reveal the nature of pulsars.