Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STAIR: High Reliable STT-MRAM Aware Multi-Level I/O Cache Architecture by Adaptive ECC Allocation

Hybrid Multi-Level Cache Architectures (HCAs) are promising solutions for the growing need of high-performance and cost-efficient data storage systems. HCAs employ a high endurable memory as the first-level cache and a Solid-State Drive (SSD) as the second-level cache. Spin-Transfer Torque Magnetic RAM (STT-MRAM) is one of the most promising candidates for the first-level cache of HCAs because of its high endurance and DRAM-comparable performance along with non-volatility. However, STT-MRAM faces with three major reliability challenges named Read Disturbance, Write Failure, and Retention Failure. To provide a reliable HCA, the reliability challenges of STT-MRAM should be carefully addressed. To this end, this paper first makes a careful distinction between clean and dirty pages to classify and prioritize their different vulnerabilities. Then, we investigate the distribution of more vulnerable pages in the first-level cache of HCAs over 17 storage workloads. Our observations show that the protection overhead can be significantly reduced by adjusting the protection level of data pages based on their vulnerability. To this aim, we propose a STT-MRAM Aware Multi-Level I/O Cache Architecture (STAIR) to improve HCA reliability by dynamically generating extra strong Error- Correction Codes (ECCs) for the dirty data pages. STAIR adaptively allocates under-utilized parts of the first-level cache to store these extra ECCs. Our evaluations show that STAIR decreases the data loss probability by five orders of magnitude, on average, with negligible performance overhead (0.12% hit ratio reduction in the worst case) and 1.56% memory overhead for the cache controller.
Overexpression and characterisation of non-stereospecific haloacid Dehalogenase E (DehE) of Rhizobium sp.

The Rhizobium sp. dehalogenase enzyme (DehE) produced by heterologous expression of the cloned gene in E.coli was purified and characterised. The K m , K cat and the Specificity Constants were determined. The enzyme shows non- stereospecific and could act on D- and L- isomer of 2-chloropropionate. The derived amino acid sequence of DehE showed little identity to Pseudomonas putida 113 DL-DEX (39% homology) but there was significant identity to two other dehalogenases (DehI and DhlIV) - 72% homology, that act non-selectively on 2-chloropropionate. The amino acid sequence of dehE contains 4 cysteine residues but their involvement in the mechanism of catalysis is still unclear based on their end product configuration. The K m , K cat and Specificity Constants values for brominated compound suggested that this compound is a better substrate for growth and for the DehE enzyme.
Does frugivory by European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) facilitate germination in invasive plants?1

Abstract Fleshy-fruited plants are an important component of the invasive flora of the northeastern United States, but few studies have examined how avian frugivory may benefit such plants. European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) are one of the most abundant avian frugivores in New England, and if effective seed dispersers for fleshy-fruited invasive plants, starlings may participate in a mutualistic interaction which benefits both the invasive plants and birds involved. Here, we investigate the role of European starlings in facilitating the germination of three invasive, fleshy-fruited plants with which they co-occur: Elaeagnus umbellata, Celastrus orbiculatus, and Rosa multiflora. For each plant species examined, less than 20% of the seeds ingested by captive starlings were not voided, and assumed to be destroyed as the result of passage through the digestive system. Starlings retained the seeds of E. umbellata 29 (mean) ± 19 (SD) min, C. orbiculatus 43 ± 20 min, and R. multiflora 27 ± 9 min. We also examined whether ingestion of seeds by starlings affected the germination of E. umbellata and C. orbiculatus seeds. Seeds that were cleaned by hand or regurgitated by birds had the same likelihood of germinating, and were significantly more likely to germinate than were seeds contained in intact fruit. Defecated C. orbiculatus seeds germinated significantly less well than hand-cleaned or regurgitated seeds, but better than those that were contained in intact fruits. We also found that C. orbiculatus seeds ingested by starlings required significantly less time to germinate than those contained in intact fruits. This study shows ingestion by starlings improves germination for both E. umbellata and C. orbiculatus seeds, and that starlings retain seeds long enough for seed dispersal to occur. Studies to determine the extent to which starlings feed on these plants, and the distances which seeds are moved, are needed.
Between-year variation in climate-related growth of circumarctic populations of the moss Hylocomium splendens.

1. The correlation between climatic variables and past (up to 20 years) growth was studied in seven circumarctic populations of the moss Hylocomium splendens, using retrospective analyses of growth. We hypothesized that relationships between growth and climate would be simpler in an ectohydric moss than in higher plants and that the moss could provide high signal-to-noise ratios of responses to climatic variation. 2. Growth parameters of the moss were strongly correlated with early summer temperatures and with the length of the growing season. Annual segment mass, growth rates and degeneration rates were highest at the mildest subarctic sites and lowest at the high arctic site. In contrast, ‘longevity’ (age of the oldest segment) increased at the climatically harsher sites. 3. Between-year growth variations at two contrasting sites were significantly correlated with June and July temperatures and, to a lesser extent, with early-season precipitation at one of the sites. 4. The moss currently tolerates a wide range of climates and large interannual variations in temperature and is likely to be at risk from climatic change only at the southern edge of its range. 5. The climate-change component most likely to affect the growth of H. splendens in the Arctic and Subarctic will be a lengthening of the growing season and in increase in early summer temperatures provided that moisture is not limiting. 6.Hylocomium splendens is a suitable species for monitoring climatic change at a circumarctic scale.
Genetic study of Murgese horse from genealogical data and microsatellites

Abstract The black or rarely roan Murgese is a mesomorph horse, mainly reared in Apulia, recently selected for the saddle. The first official registry of Murgese was established in 1926. All the existing Murgese horses can be traced back to a small number of founders (46 founder mares and 9 stallions). This work aims to monitor the genetic structure of the actual population by analysing the available genealogical information from 2708 animals and a data-set containing 563 typing records of twelve microsatellites. Inbreeding coefficients were estimated for the whole sample and for the animals born from 1992 to 1999. A total of 23 generations were found. The average inbreeding coefficient was 0.0165 for the last three generations, whereas inbreeding was below 2% in animals born in the 92-99 period. The contribution of founders was unbalanced. The overall Fis coefficient estimation was 0.025 and suggests that mating is generally at random in the population. However, some statistics obtained from this study, i.e. the inbreeding coefficient higher than 0.015 in the 70 animals of the 19th, 20th, and 21st generations, should induce breeders to more attention in planning mating.
Global primary production of lakes: 19th Baldi Memorial Lecture

Abstract Global primary production of lakes is controlled by factors that are mainly deterministic (incident irradiance, temperature, ice cover) or mainly stochastic (nonalgal light attenuation, mixing depth, nutrient supply) with respect to latitude. The combined effect of these factors on the global lake population was estimated by Monte Carlo simulation based on lakes sampled randomly from the global lake size and latitudinal abundance density functions. Incident irradiance and temperature have strong and approximately equal effects globally on potential production. Ice cover has an additional effect that is approximately half as great as temperature or irradiance at latitudes where ice cover occurs. Together these 3 variables explain about half of the total constraint on global primary production. Among the stochastic factors, mixed layer thickness has a substantially stronger effect than nonalgal light attenuation. When nutrients and relative light availability in the water column (mixing depth, transparency) are considered together, nutrient limitation is the dominant control on algal biomass and production for about 80% of lake area. Estimated global net primary production per unit area for lakes averages 160 gC/m2/y (gross, 200 gC/m2/y; algal respiration 40 gC/m2/y) under background nutrient conditions, but under current conditions it is 260 gC/m2/y (gross, 360 gC/m2/y; algal respiration 100 gC/m2/y) because of eutrophication. Global totals of net primary production for current conditions are 1.3 PgC/y gross, 1.0 PgC/y net, 0.3 PgC/y algal respiration.
Methods to overcome of the dormancy in murici (Byrsonima verbascifolia Rich) seeds

The great agricultural development in the Brazilian savannah brought with it the reduction of its natural vegetation, which has been quickly lost, especially due to extractive exploitation by man. Murici ( Byrsonima verbascifolia Rich) is a fruit bearing plant of great medicinal importance in the savannah; however, its propagation is hindered by the fact that the seeds have low germination and seedling emergence in the field is slow. This study evaluated the effect of different dormancy breakage methods in murici seeds. Therefore, were evaluated effect of different temperatures; soaking in gibberellic acid and water; chemical and mechanical scarification and two types of substrate (distilled water and KNO 3 ). Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design. Records made daily on the number of germinated seeds were used to determine the germination percentage and germination speed index. Among the methods evaluated, giberellic acid at 2,309.46 ? M gave the greatest seed germination percentage, especially when the germination paper was moistened with KNO 3 .
Septal Structure and Mating Behaviour of Common A Diploid Strains of Coprinus lagopus

SUMMARY: Conversion of dolipore septa to simple septa in monokaryotic mycelia of Coprinus lagopus facilitates nuclear migration and is controlled by the B incompatibility gene. In a common A heterokaryon, which has two kinds of haploid nuclei with different alleles of the B gene, both dolipore septa and simple septa were observed. A common A diploid mycelium, derived from this heterokaryon and therefore of identical genotype, had no simple septa. This difference between the heterokaryon and the diploid is attributed to a different distribution of the two B alleles in the cells of the mycelia. When all the cells contain two different B alleles, as occurs in the diploid, the dolipore septa are not broken down. Moreover, in matings with other haploid and diploid strains, nuclei cannot migrate through the mycelium of the diploid. It is suggested that the septa in the diploid are no longer susceptible to enzymic degradation.
Detection of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica and Erwinia chrysanthemi in potato tubers using polymerase chain reaction

Soft rot erwiniae are a group of notorious plant pathogens for which currently available detection methods are inadequate. Based on the polymerase chain reaction, specific and sensitive detection of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica and E. chrysanthemi in potato tubers has been achieved. The composition of the PCR primers used in two specific detection systems is based on identification of the consensus of sequences of metalloprotease-coding genes present in soft rot erwiniae. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the potato tuber matrix by differential centrifugation in order to avoid interference of potato-derived compounds with the performance of the PCR assay. The PCR assay performed with the E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica specific primer set was found to be capable of distinguishing E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica from all other Erwinia species and the closely related subspecies E. carotovora subsp. carotovora. With the E. chrysanthemi specific primer set, agarose gel electrophoresis is required for unequivocal differentiation between E. chrysanthemi and other erwiniae. Combined with the efficient extraction procedure, the assay allowed specific detection of less than 10 3 culturable erwiniae per tuber. The specificity and sensitivity of the assay were not reduced in the presence of a 100-fold excess of DNA from both related and unrelated bacteria. This PCR-based method for detection of erwiniae in potato tubers provides a relatively fast and sensitive alternative to routinely applied serological methods.
Effects of zidovudine on auditory functions: enzymology and oxidative stress perspectives.

The biochemical effects of chronic administration of Zidovudine (commonly used as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) type-1) therapy on the intracranial auditory relay centres, namely the inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body, of adult Wister rats were studied. The objective is to investigate whether oxidative stress indicated by malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzymes is increased in the tissues of zidovudine treatment compared to non-treated group. The rats of both sexes (N=40), with an average weight of 200g were randomly assigned into treatment (n1=20) and control (n2=20) groups. The rats in the treatment group received 300mg/70kg (0.857mg/200g) body weight of AZT being the dosages required twice daily dissolved in distilled water daily and given for thirty days through orogastric tube administration While the control rats received equal volume of distilled water through the same route and for the same period. Catalase, G6PD, glutathione peroxidase, lactate dehydrogenase and SOD; as well as malondialdehyde were tested in the inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body tissues. At p<0.05, most antioxidant enzymes activities and oxidative stress levels are increased in the AZT-treated group. There is a confounding observation of MDA levels and SOD activities being significantly lower in the AZT-treated IC, but higher in MGB tissues compared to their control groups. Given that the tissues studied are the intracranial auditory relay tissues, it could be inferred that there is a potential of zidovudine to impair hearing function. Further studies are required to investigate whether laboratory evaluation of enzymes and oxidative stress tests could be useful in the determination and monitoring of hearing defects during zidovudine therapy.
Effect of algal deposition on acetate and methane concentrations in the profundal sediment of a deep lake (Lake Constance)

In the profundal sediment ot Lake Constance (143 m depth) the temperature is constant at 4 °C. Despite the constant temperature, CH4 concentrations changed with season between about 120 μM in winter and about 750 μM in summer, measured down to 30 cm depth. The acetate concentration profiles also varied between seasons. In summer, acetate concentration reached a maximum at about 100 μM in 2 or 4 cm depth. In winter, maximal concentrations of about 5 μM were observed over the entire depth. Input of organic material in late spring may be the reason for the seasonal change of both compounds. To simulate such a sedimentation event, intact sediment cores were covered with suspensions of Porphyridium aerugenium or Synechococcus sp. The addition of the phytoplankton material resulted in a drastic increase of acetate concentrations with a maximum at 2 cm depth, similar to in situ acetate concentrations measured in summer. The same applies for CH4 for which increased concentrations were observed down to 6 cm depth. H2 concentrations, on the other hand, showed no distinct increase. Treatment of intact sediment cores with 14C-labeled Synechococcus cells resulted in the formation of 14C-acetate, 14CH4 and 14CO2. Maximum concentrations of 14CH4 were found at 4 cm depth, i.e. just above the depth to which 14C-acetate penetrated. The results show that phytoplankton blooms may cause a seasonal variation of acetate and CH4 in profundal sediments of deep lakes despite the constant low temperature. They also indicate that acetate is the dominant substrate for methanogenic bacteria in the profundal sediments of Lake Constance.
Fatty acid composition of wild and cultured northern pike (Esox lucius)

Summary The aim of the study was to determine the effect of diet on the fatty acids composition of cultured northern pike (Esox lucius) fillet (mean body weight, 620 g; age, 2.5 years; commercial feed) profiles when compared with wild pike caught in Lake Dgal Wielki in northern Poland (mean body weight, 570 g; age 3.5 years). Cultured pike fillets contained several times more fat (2.40%) compared with wild fish (0.19%, P < 0.01). The total relative quantity of saturated fatty acids (SFA; % of total fatty acids) and unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) in cultured and wild pike were similar. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content differed in wild and cultured fish. Cultured pike contained nearly two times more MUFA (30.90% compared with 15.97%; P < 0.01) but less PUFA (42.04% compared with 58.33%; P < 0.01), n-3 PUFA (32.42% compared with 41.26%; P < 0.01), and n-6 PUFA (6.47% compared with 15.79%; P < 0.01). The largest differences were noted with regard to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA), the levels of which in cultured and wild pike were 18.93% vs 27.96% and 0.73% vs 8.60%, respectively (P < 0.01). Quality compositions of the commercial feed and the cultured pike fillets were identical.
Sealed lysimeters for the direct estimation of dinitrogen fixation by grain legume crops

Abstract A new technique has been devised for the direct estimation of the contribution of N2-fixation to the total nitrogen of a legume crop. Sealed lysimeters and ancillary equipment are described by which it is possible to enclose in a gas-tight system the roots of some of the plants within the crop, together with their associated core of soil. The normal soil atmosphere can then be replaced by one containing 15N2, thus allowing, from the 15N content of the resulting plants direct calculation of the N2-fixation. Regular monitoring is necessary to ensure that soil O2, CO2 and moisture contents are maintained at normal field levels. The results indicate that the technique is capable of achieving its objectives and, provided the seedlings establish well initially, the resultant plants fully match the field average at final harvest. It has been possible to maintain the labelling of the soil atmosphere sufficiently constant to ensure that reliable and highly reproducible estimates of N2-fixation are obtained. Using Pisum sativum cv. Meteor at densities of 160 plants m−2, fixation accounted for about 90% of the total nitrogen uptake. The limitations and merits of the method are compared with those of the 15N-fertilizer dilution method.
Analysis of students’ mistakes in solving system of linear equation in three variables: A case on HOTS problems

One of the serious mathematics problem faced by students happen when it relates to Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) type which is compulsary of 2013 Curriculum. The purpose of this research is to describe the analysis of these types of students’ mistakes in solving mathematics problem of linear equation in three variables which used Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) at SMAN Rambipuji Jember. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive which describe the analysis' result on type of students mistakes based on Newman error indicator in terms of the students' cognitive level. The results showed that students with high cognitive level experiencing all kinds of errors with tendency to make a mistake on process error and writing the final answer. While students with moderate cognitive level is experiencing four types of errors, they are errors to understand the problem, transform problem, process error, and writing the final answer. Students with low cognitive level experience three types of errors, they are transformation problem errors, process errors, and error in writing final answer with tendency to experiencing these three types of errors in problem completion.
β‐Adrenergic receptor trafficking by exercise in rat adipocytes: roles of G‐protein‐coupled receptor kinase‐2, β‐arrestin‐2, and the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway

The effect of exercise on β‐adrenergic receptor (β‐AR) trafficking was investigated in rat adipocytes. The binding sites of a hydrophilic ligand, [3H]CGP12177, increased immediately (0 h) and at 3 h after exercise (3 h) but decreased at 24 h after exercise (24 h). The data of immunoblotting revealed that the alterations in the binding sites mainly paralleled the alterations in the β2‐AR proteins in membrane fractions. The protein expressions of both G‐protein‐coupled receptor kinase (GRK)‐2 and β‐arrestin‐2 were reduced, with a decline in β2‐AR ubiquitination at 0 h and 3 h. The protein expressions of β2‐AR, GRK‐2, β‐arrestin‐2, the β2‐AR/β‐arrestin‐2 complex, and β2‐AR ubiquitination returned to their respective control levels at 24 h, whereas the β2‐AR mRNA level was reduced. Administration of either lactacystin or propranolol did not alter GRK‐2 and β2‐AR protein expressions after exercise. Thus, the mechanism underlying the increased density of β2‐AR up to at least 3 h may involve alterations in a multistep event involving the coordinate interaction among proteins mediating β2‐AR trafficking, in which both the receptor‐agonist interactions and ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway have a key role. However, the decreased protein expression of β2‐AR at 24 h might be due to some change occurring at the translational levels.