Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global distributions of suprathermal electrons observed on THEMIS and potential mechanisms for access into the plasmasphere

[1] Statistical results on the global distribution of suprathermal electron (0.1–10 keV) fluxes are shown both outside and inside the plasmasphere separately, using electron data from THEMIS. Significant electron fluxes are found within the plasmasphere, although they are nevertheless smaller than the populations outside the plasmasphere. Electron fluxes outside of the plasmapause increase with stronger magnetic activity on the nightside and decrease as a function of increasing magnetic local time (MLT). Inside the plasmasphere, electron fluxes increase just inside of the plasmapause, particularly from the midnight to the dawn sector during active times, while electron distributions are less MLT-dependent during quiet times. Inside the plasmasphere, electron fluxes are larger and more stable at smaller L shells at higher energy (a few to 10 keV), while electron fluxes decrease at smaller L shells at lower energy (less than a few keV). Our new statistical results on the suprathermal electron distribution both inside and outside the plasmasphere provide essential information for the evaluation of wave propagation characteristics. Case analyses have been performed in order to understand potential mechanisms responsible for electron access into the plasmasphere. The first case analysis shows that during a relatively quiet time following a disturbed interval, deeply injected suprathermal electrons remain trapped at low L shells during the refilling of the plasmasphere and eventually form the plasmaspheric population. The second case analysis suggests that a combination of locally enhanced electric field and subsequent energy-dependent azimuthal magnetic drift may be able to trap the suprathermal electrons inside the plasmasphere during a geomagnetically active period.
Bilinearization of N = 1 supersymmetric Korteweg–de Vries equation revisited

We consider the N = 1 supersymmetric Korteweg–de Vries (sKdV) equation within the framework of Hirota's bilinear method. We construct a Bäcklund transformation which may be interpreted as the modified sKdV equation. Also, we find a Lax representation and a nonlinear superposition formula. By direct applications of the nonlinear superposition formula, we calculate soliton solutions for the sKdV equation.
Precise Measurements of Lattice Compression of Al, Si and Al-Si Alloys by High Pressure X-Ray Diffractometry

By making use of a cubic anvil press equipped with a rotating-target type X-ray generator and a goniometer, lattice compression in Al, Si and Al–Si alloys was precisely measured up to 90 kbar. The experimental precision was greatly improved by newly-devised treatments such as correctioning for off-centering of a sample and for peak shifts due to stacking faults, and the adoption of an extrapolation method and a hydrostatic pressure medium. The accuracy as high as ±0.02% in the lattice constant measurement was attained. It was found that the lattice compression in Si under hydrostatic pressure was appreciably inconsistent either with the lattice compression in a solid pressure medium or bulk compression previously measured by Bridgman.
ERGODIC THEOREMS OF WEAK MIXING TYPE

Given a linear contraction T on a Banach space X and x G X, the convergence Vx'ex'N-*? Kx*,T x>| -» 0 lU'iKi y-i for every subsequence with fc// bounded. A sufficient condition is that, for some {/i,}, T"'x -* 0 weakly. The following theorem gives a characterization of weak mixing for operators in general Banach spaces, generalizing the well-known results for measure preserving transformations. For more details see [2]. Theorem. Let T be a linear operator on a Banach space with supn>0||T"|| n-x 2 KxT.TJxX-^O. ||x*|| |, we have by (i) that A"1 2/-1 AJg —* 0 pointwise. Hence for p G C(s) satisfying A* ii = 'u we have <p,g) = 0, Received by the editors March 21, 1975. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 47A35; Secondary 28A65, 60J05.
Built-in field electroabsorption spectroscopy of polymer light-emitting diodes incorporating a doped poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) hole injection layer

We report electroabsorption measurements of polymer light-emitting diodes, (LEDs), fabricated with poly(4-4′-diphenylene diphenylvinylene), PDPV, as the emissive layer, Ca–Al cathodes, and indium tin oxide (ITO) anodes, with and without a doped conducting polymer hole injection/transport layer, namely poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene), PEDOT, doped with poly(styrene sulfonate), PSS−. In these structures, the bias at which the electroabsorption signal is null corresponds to the difference between the electrodes’ work functions. We find that such a built-in voltage increases by 0.5 V when a PEDOT:PSS film is incorporated between the ITO electrode and the emissive layer. This leads to a marked reduction of the anode barrier height at the hole-injecting interface, and accounts for a variety of improvements brought about by the PEDOT insertion, namely: (a) the increase of luminescence efficiency, (b) the reduction of the turn-on voltage, and (c) the increase of the device lifetime.
Computing cavity modes using the p-version of the finite element method

We compare, theoretically and numerically, a standard edge finite element scheme for computing resonant modes of a cavity with two p-version finite element methods. In the p-version of the finite element method, accuracy is obtained by using a high-order polynomial space. For the example problem considered here, we show that both p-version methods offer significant advantages over the h-version edge code.
SPECTROSCOPY OF GIANT STARS IN THE DRACO AND URSA MINOR DWARF GALAXIES.

Giant stars in Draco reveal a wide range of metal abundance as measured by the strengths of Ca II H and K. These range from abundances intermediate between M3 and M92 to abundances much more metal-poor than M92. Draco is found to contain some stars that are much cooler than the giant-branch tip in M92 while being much more metal-poor than stars in M3. On the average, Draco and Ursa Minor giants reveal a systematic enhancement of the G band of CH relative to globular-cluster stars of comparable metallicities and temperatures; some individual stars, however, show G bands appropriate to their metallicities. The systemic radial velocities of Draco and Ursa Minor are determined to be near -296 and -255 km/s, respectively. One star in the Draco field is determined to be a nonmember. All the other stars observed in the Draco field, among them a UV-bright K giant and a blue suprahorizontal-branch star, together with all the stars observed in Ursa Minor, have velocities consistent with membership. The new radial velocities furnish weak evidence against an internal velocity dispersion as great as 10 km/s in Draco.
Free-space measurement of dielectric properties of cereal grain and oilseed at microwave frequencies

Principles of dielectric property measurement by microwave free-space transmission measurements are presented, and the important sources of errors in such measurements are discussed. A system, including a vector network analyser, horn/lens antennas, holder for grain and oilseed samples and a radiation absorbing enclosure that was used for such measurements is described, and the techniques and procedures followed to obtain reliable permittivity data for wheat, shelled corn (maize) and soybeans are outlined. Data illustrating linear relationships between microwave attenuation and phase shift per unit sample thickness, each divided by the bulk density of the granular materials, and frequency and moisture content are presented graphically. The linear dependence of calculated permittivity components, dielectric constant and loss factor, on bulk density is also shown, and permittivity components for wheat, corn and soybeans are listed for reference at frequencies from 5 to 17 GHz at different densities and moisture levels at about 23 °C. Permittivity values are also listed for the same three commodities, adjusted to a medium density value through use of the Landau and Lifshitz, Looyenga dielectric mixture equation, for the total range of moisture contents at 10 GHz and at the same temperature.
Is your QSAR/QSPR descriptor real or trash?

The sign change problem in quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR), quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) and related studies is the controversy related to the signs of correlation coefficients and regression coefficients of a descriptor in univariate and multivariate regressions, before and after the data split. Among 50 investigated regression models with 227 descriptors extracted from the literature, the sign change problem was shown to have a very high frequency, according to four new criteria proposed in this work for its assessment. The sign change problem can be substantially reduced and even eliminated for a given dataset by statistically based variable selection and by checking for the sign change problem before model validation and interpretation. Knowing the fundamentals of statistics related to the sign change problem, its identification and understanding aid in finding effective means to remedy regression models with this deficiency. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relativistic Thermodynamics, Thermofield Statistics and Superfluids

Introduction aux formulations covariantes de la thermodynamique phenomenologique et statistique. La theorie est ensuite appliquee au developpement de la forme relativiste du modele a 2 fluides de Landau et de sa validation microscopique en termes de condensation de Bose Einstein dans les champs quantifies
Nonlinear optical absorption of antimony and lead oxyhalide glasses

Nonlinear optical properties and optical limiting behavior of antimony and lead oxyhalide glasses were studied using laser pulses of 80 ps at 532 nm. The standard Z-scan technique was used to determine large nonlinear absorption coefficients which range from 11 to 20 cm/GW, using intensities of 100 MW/cm2. Photodarkening was observed when intensities larger than ≈200 MW/cm2 were incident on the samples.
The Doppler Effect for Sound in a Moving Medium

An alternate derivation of the Bateman formula for Doppler's principle is described. A method is given for the evaluation of the direction cosines which appear in this formula, so that in the special case of constant velocities of sound, and of the medium ν′ν = u[a2−(v2+w2)]12+a2−v2−w2−[a2−(v2+w2)]12U1+vV1+wW1u[a2−(v2+w2)]12+a2−v2−w2−[a2−(v2+w2)]12U0+vV0+wW0 where u, v, w are component velocities of the medium, a is the velocity of sound, U0, V0, W0 the component velocities of the source, and U1, V1, W1 those of the observer. The x‐axis here connects source and observer, and ν and ν′ are, respectively, the original and observed frequencies. The case of a stratified medium is also considered.
POLYNOMIAL IDENTITIES OF

ABSTRACT We describe an efficient way to use the Sn -module structure in the computation of the multilinear identities of degree n of a given algebra. The method was used to show that (where G is the Grassmann algebra) has identities of degree 8, but of no smaller degree. Explicit identities of degree 8 are given. It was also checked that and that has no identities of degree ≤ 8 apart from the consequences of the standard identity .
Electron beam charging of insulators: A self-consistent flight-drift model

Electron beam irradiation and the self-consistent charge transport in bulk insulating samples are described by means of a new flight-drift model and an iterative computer simulation. Ballistic secondary electron and hole transport is followed by electron and hole drifts, their possible recombination and/or trapping in shallow and deep traps. The trap capture cross sections are the Poole-Frenkel-type temperature and field dependent. As a main result the spatial distributions of currents j(x,t), charges ρ(x,t), the field F(x,t), and the potential slope V(x,t) are obtained in a self-consistent procedure as well as the time-dependent secondary electron emission rate σ(t) and the surface potential V0(t). For bulk insulating samples the time-dependent distributions approach the final stationary state with j(x,t)=const=0 and σ=1. Especially for low electron beam energies E0<4keV the incorporation of mainly positive charges can be controlled by the potential VG of a vacuum grid in front of the target surface. For.
A STOCHASTIC TIMETABLE OPTIMIZATION MODEL IN SUBWAY SYSTEMS

With fixed running times at sections, cooperative scheduling (CS) approach optimizes the dwell times and the headway time to coordinate the accelerating and braking processes for trains, such that the recovery energy generated from the braking trains can be used by the accelerating trains. In practice, trains always have stochastic departure delays at busy stations. For reducing the divergence from the given timetable, the operation company generally adjusts the running times at the following sections. Focusing on the randomness on delay times and running times, this paper proposes a stochastic cooperative scheduling (SCS) approach. Firstly, we estimate the conversion and transmission losses of recovery energy, and then formulate a stochastic expected value model to maximize the utilization of the recovery energy. Furthermore, we design a binary-coded genetic algorithm to solve the optimal timetable. Finally, we conduct experimental studies based on the operation data from Beijing Yizhuang subway line. The results show that the SCS approach can save energy by 15.13% compared with the current timetable, and 8.81% compared with the CS approach.
Energy transfer process between exciton and surface plasmon: Complete transition from Forster to surface energy transfer

The energy transfer process between surface plasmons and excitons was studied by varying the filling fraction of gold (Au) nano-clusters (NCs) and by placing a spacer of different thickness between Au NC and organic semiconductor layer. The intensity enhancement has occurred for 10%-50% filling fractions and 4-14 nm spacer thicknesses. Energy transfer mechanism was found to switch from Forster type to surface type by increase in filling fraction. Transverse electric field for Au NCs was simulated and we observed that for filling fraction 60%, they behave like 2-dimensional dipoles.
Determination of fish number density by a statistical analysis of backscattered sound

A theory is presented for estimating the density of fish aggregations from the second normalized moment of intensity of overlapping backscattered acoustic pulses. The chief advantage over the normal echo‐integration method is that no knowledge of fish target strength is required. The model assumes that the probability distribution function (PDF) of backscattered amplitudes from the individual fish is Rician, and that within regions of constant density the fish have a Poisson volume distribution. Problems arising from variations in density can largely be overcome by grouping together intensity values from regions of like density and estimating the density for each region separately. It is shown theoretically that the error in estimated density increases with the number of scatterers per resolution cell, which implies that the method is most useful at low fish densities. The theory has been tested at sea on 38‐kHz backscattered pulses from two nonhomogeneous layers of small pelagic fish. The results are enc.
On the density waves developed in gravity channel flows of granular materials

This paper provides insight to the transient development of density waves generated in gravity-driven flows of granular materials. The evolution of three modes of dominant linear instabilities (predicted in a previous work by Wang, Jackson & Sundaresan 1997) is examined by FFT analysis. For the first symmetric density wave (SDW1) mode, the evolution is governed by the linear instability. The second symmetric density wave (SDW2) mode undergoes a few stages of temporal development; as a result, large particle clusters gradually degenerate into a series of smaller clusters in the flow direction. For the anti-symmetric (ASDW) mode, the corresponding particle distribution shows significant development in the direction perpendicular to the flow. The present study indicates that the wall roughness may affect the structure of the density waves, but these density waves need not be triggered by the wall roughness. All the three modes of instabilities reported in this work are of inertial nature and occur only when the particle–particle collisions are significantly inelastic.
Thermal Analysis for Package Cooling Technology Using Phase-Change Material by Using Thermal Network Analysis and CFD Analysis With Enthalpy Porosity Method

This paper describes a transient cooling technology for electronic equipments using phase-change material (PCM). The module is made of low-cost materials, yet it is designed to achieve a reasonably high level of heat transfer performance. Paraffin is used as the PCM. In previous our report, we can estimate the cooling performance of PCM by using a thermal network method, which cannot calculate melted PCM flow. In this paper, we consider the heat transfer phenomena of PCM module more deeply by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis with an enthalpy porosity method. By using this method, we can calculate phase-change phenomena and flow phenomena of melted PCM with CFD analysis. First, we briefly explain the results of the experiment and the thermal network analysis. Then we describe the details of CFD analysis with the enthalpy porosity method. In this calculation, melted PCM flow and heat absorption of latent heat can be analyzed. Therefore, we can discuss the reason why the thermal network analysis can estimate cooling performance of PCM module without dealing with melted PCM flow. The calculation results showed that natural convective flow of melted PCM affects the cooling performance of the PCM module. In the case where the PCM module is set vertically, high temperature and low temperature locations exist on the substrate. If several devices are cooled with the PCM module, device consuming the most power must be set in the lower part of the PCM module. From these results, we can conclude that no natural convective flow occurs in our experiment due to the shape of the PCM module.
White noise quantum time shifts

Abstract In the present paper, we extend the notion of quantum time shift, and the related results obtained in [Accardi, Barhoumi and Ouerdiane, Infin. Dimens. Anal. Quantum Probab. Relat. Top. 9: 215–248, 2006], from representations of current algebras of the Heisenberg Lie algebra to representations of current algebras of the Oscillator Lie algebra. This produces quantum extensions of a class of classical Lévy processes much wider than the usual Brownian motion. In particular, this class of processes includes the Meixner processes and, by an approximation procedure, we construct quantum extensions of all classical Lévy processes with a Lévy measure with finite variance. Finally, we compute the explicit form of the action, on the Weyl operators of the initial space, of the generators of the quantum Markov processes canonically associated to the above class of Lévy processes. The emergence of the Meixner classes in connection with the renormalized second order white noise, is now well known. The fact that they also emerge from first order noise in a simple and canonical way comes somehow as a surprise.
Reversing exchange fields in CoFe/PtMn and CoFe/IrMn bilayers by carbon field irradiation

C-ion irradiation was performed in CoFe/PtMn and CoFe/IrMn systems with an applied field during irradiation to investigate the effects of the energy transfer between C ions and antiferromagnetic atoms (AF) on the exchange field Hex. The irradiated CoFe/PtMn samples showed reduced exchange fields and coercivity, which was attributed to the lattice distortion of PtMn. When samples were irradiated with an applied field antiparallel to the original exchange-bias direction, a partially reversed Hex was found in CoFe/PtMn, while a fully reversed Hex in CoFe/IrMn was observed at the dose of 2×1014 ions/cm2. Rapid energy transfer and temperature increase, originating from the interaction between C ions and AF atoms, resulted in spin reversal and formation of reversed AF domains when samples were irradiated in antiparallel fields. In addition, the thermal relaxation of Hex in CoFe/IrMn was suppressed by ion irradiation.
Controlling the Pointing Angle of a Relativistic Electron Beam in a Weakly-Nonlinear Laser Wakefield Accelerator

Advanced laser wakefield accelerators offer electron beams which could be useful for many applications. However, the problem of stabilizing the electron beam parameters has not been resolved yet. Here, we report the generation of a relativistic electron beam with a stabilized pointing angle of 2 mrad (rms). This was achieved by using asymmetric nonrelativistic laser pulses interacting with low-density helium gas. In such a weakly-nonlinear regime, symmetric laser pulses were neither able to generate reproducible nor stable electron beams. Thus, we propose asymmetric laser pulses for generating electron beams having stable and small pointing angles from laser–plasma accelerators.
A COLOR-MAGNITUDE DIAGRAM FOR THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD CLUSTER NGC 1847.

Star counts to V ≈ 21 in and around the LMC cluster NGC 1847 compare well with King models. A core radius of 1.2 pc and a tidal radius of 12 pc are derived. The counts indicate that the mass of stars in the cluster brighter than MV = +1m.0 is ̃104 Msun. A color-magnitude diagram shows a well-populated main sequence and sparsely-populated but well-defined giant branch. The authors derive an age for the cluster of 25 ± 10 million years and find that it has a heavy element abundance of Z ̃ 0.01.
Optically pumped intersubband emission of short-wave infrared radiation with GaN/AlN quantum wells

Optically pumped pulsed emission of short-wave infrared radiation based on intersubband transitions in GaN/AlN quantum wells is demonstrated. Nanosecond-scale pump pulses are used to resonantly excite electrons from the ground states to the second-excited subbands, followed by radiative relaxation into the first-excited subbands. The measured room-temperature output spectra are peaked near 2 μm with integrated powers of a few hundred nanowatts. The intersubband origin of the measured luminescence is confirmed via an extensive study of its polarization properties and pump wavelength dependence, as well as simulations of the quantum well subband structure.