Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
αv Integrin subunit is predominantly located in nervous tissue and skeletal muscle during mouse development

αv integrin subunit can dimerize with different β subunits to form receptors for several matrix proteins. The function of these receptors in vivo is still largely unknown. We examined the localization of αv integrin during mouse development and showed that its distribution is dynamically regulated in the glia of the central nervous system and in skeletal muscle. Immunoreactivity in the neural tube was firstly localized at embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) around cell bodies lining the lumen and along tiny fibers extending towards the outer margin. At E12.5 αv distribution follows the highly defined pattern of the radial glia: fascicles of immunoreactive fibres form parallel palisades, in particular along the hindbrain and the spinal cord. At E15.5, although with weaker intensity, αv was still detectable in radial glia fibres, and it codistributed with glial fibrillary acidic protein positive fascicles. After birth (P8) αv immunoreactivity in the brain and spinal cord decreased dramatically, but remained high in the radial glia of the cerebellum. In adult mice αv reactivity in the central nervous system disappeared. During myogenesis αv appears at E10.5 in myotomal cells and from E12.5 αv was evident in myoblasts and in myotubes. In the developing skeletal muscle of E15.5 embryos, immunoreactivity became more concentrated in the apical portion of the myotubes. In adult striated muscle the amount of αv subunit dramatically declined and immunostaining was no longer detectable. During development, αv was weakly evident in other sites including heart and endothelia of blood vessels, mesonephric tubula, smooth muscle of the digestive tract, and bronchia. Comparative analysis of the localization of αv, α3, and α5 integrin subunits indicated that αv has a unique and highly regulated distribution pattern. The distribution in the nervous system is consistent with a role of αv in neuron‐glia interaction during the organization of the neuronal layers in the brain cortex and in the cerebellum. Moreover, αv is likely to be involved in the myotendinous junction during embryonic life, suggesting a dual functional role of this integrin in muscle and nervous tissue. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The composition of the arthropod fauna of Bornean lowland rain forest trees

ABSTRACT Data on the laxonomic composition of the arboreal arthropod fauna of 10 Bornean lowland rain forest trees are presented, based on samples obtained using insecticide fogging. Combined samples from all trees comprised 23,874 individuals of at least 3000 species. The mean number of species on each tree was 616.7 with one tree sample containing more than 1007 species. The relative rank of the major orders of arthropods in terms of both species and individuals was remarkably constant across the trees. Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Hemiptcra were the orders with the most species and individuals. Formicidae, though not particularly species rich, was the most abundant family in terms of individuals and the commonest species in six of the 10 trees was an ant. Refogging of one of the trees 10 days after initial sampling showed that the arthropod fauna had not completely recovered. What many arthropods are doing in the canopy is discussed.
Ecological land classification and mapping based on vegetation-environment hierarchical analysis - a case study of Buldan forest district (Turkey)

Distinction of the geographic areas intended for hierarchical sequence of vegetation classes involves the hierarchical classification of ecosystems. In this context, it is essential to determine the effective environmental characteristics at each hierarchical level of vegetation distinction. The study was carried out in order to classify and hierarchical mapping the Buldan forest district (area 190,000 km2, altitude 400–1400 m a.s.l. covered in 40% with Mediterranean pine and oak forest, in 60% – by arable and pasture land). 56 sample plots (20 m × 20 m) were taken. At each sample plot, environmental characteristics (56 variables) and vascular plant species (108 species in total) were recorded. The relationships between environmental variables and the distribution of plants (presence/absence) were investigated by two hierarchical approaches for both of floristic data matrix and environment matrix by using cluster analysis, stepwise discriminate analysis and chi square test. Interspecific correlation analysis was also applied to determine the indicator species at each level of divisions. Two subdistricts were distinguised: Ortakcı-Cagir subdistrict (characteristic species association with Pinus brutia, Pistacia terebinthus, Nerium oleander, Ficus carica, Olea europea) and Suleymanli subdistrict (species association with Pinus nigra, Cistus laurifolius, Prunus divarcata and Rosa canina). Two sections in Suleymanli subdistrict were distinguished: Kocaalan section with characteristic association of Pinus nigra, Cistus laurifolius, Drypteris pallida and Ericek section – characterized with an association of Creategus monogina, Astragalus sp. and Pistacia terebintus. The altitude was the fundamental variable affecting on site classification at the level of subdistrict. Longitude was the most important variable affecting on discrimination of the sections of Suleymanli subdistrict. This local study offers a model including statistical processes which can be applied to the other forest areas for large scale classification of vegetation and environmental relations. Application of this model based on hierarchical classification of ecosystem units is also important for estimation of the changes of natural vegetation in ecosystems in the future due to global climatic change.
Morphological differentiation among local trout (Salmo trutta) populations

The trout (Salmo trutta) has been divided into three forms: sea-run trout, lake-run brown trout, and resident brown trout. They differ in their living environment, migratory behaviour, growth and appearance. As local trout populations are often isolated, and gene flow between them is minimal, differentiation between populations can be expected. The morphology of 1-year-old trout from ten populations representing all three forms was studied in a common-garden experiment. The fish were reared under similar environmental conditions, and 20 morphometric characters were measured from each individual fish. Marked morphological differentiation was found, and differences between populations were greater than differences between forms. The results suggest that the differences have a genetic basis, and they are likely to indicate adaptation to local environmental conditions in the native habitat of the trout.
Influence of seed source upon phenology of flowering of Spartina alterniflora Loisel and the likelihood of cross pollination

Seedlings of Spartina alterniflora Loisel. , from seed harvested from nine marshes ranging from Maine to Virginia, were grown for three seasons in plots established on two different soils in Delaware and were flooded regularly with water from two estuarine sources. Substantial differences in the time of flowering were observed. Each year plants from Maine seed flowered first and were followed by those from Connecticut and New York. Last to flower were plants from Virginia seed. The latter initiated flowering after flowering of the Maine source had been completed. These two would not cross-pollinate under this circumstance. The phenology of anthesis and number of seeds set on inflorescences enclosed in bags indicate that this species is largely open pollinated. SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA LOISEL. is the dominant grass of many tidemarshes of eastern United States. Reproduction occurs both by means of rhizomes and seed. It is observed commonly that more vigorous, tall stands along stream banks flower more abundantly than do short stands on the same marsh. These two growth forms, which have been considered to be ecophenes (Mooring, Cooper and Seneca, 1971; Shea, Warren and Niering, 1975; Valiela, Teal and Deuser, 1978), appear to flower more or less simultaneously. However, it has been observed that plants grown from seed collected
Control of a coypu Myocastor coypus population in northern Italy and management implications

The effects of removal on the structure of a coypu population were investigated during a three‐year trapping program in the Val Campotto wetlands (northern Italy). The investigation was conducted on 267 specimens collected from March to December 1996. Winter severity index values indicated a sequence of cold winters, which may explain the unusual lack of individuals in the 0–4 months age class. Nevertheless, the demographic changes due to cold winters were counterbalanced by a high birth rate, the presence of pregnant females throughout the year and a low rate of embryo resorption (suggesting a high recruitment rate). Despite the intensive trapping campaign from 1994 to 1996 (8600 animals removed), no reduction of coypus was observed. Control campaigns and cold winters temporarily affected the sex ratio and age structure of the population, but did not limit coypu abundance. These results were compared with data collected during similar coypu control programs carried out in Italy and abroad.
Purified human brain calmodulin does not alter the bicarbonate permeability of the ANO1/TMEM16A channel

Jung and Lee have responded in this issue to our recent paper (Yu et al., 2014b) in which we concluded that calmodulin (CaM) does not alter anion permeability of the mouse ANO1/TMEM16A Ca-activated Cl channel. In our paper, we suspected that the Ca-CaM (abbreviated as CaM) effect observed by Jung et al. (2013) may result from technical complications such as series resistance and/or ion accumulation problems. One important observation in Jung et al. (2013) that supported the CaM modulation of TMEM16A’s anion permeability was that the bi-ionic potentials in whole-cell patchclamp recordings were different at low and high intracellular [Ca]. However, comparing bi-ionic potentials between currents of vastly different amplitudes could be problematic. For example, series resistance (Rs in the circuit of Fig. 1 A) in patch-clamp recordings should not be a significant problem if the membrane resistance (Rm) is relatively high. However, as Rm is reduced substantially (such as activating large numbers of channels or increasing the leak current), the battery power (and thus the membrane voltage Vm) is shunted away significantly (see Fig. 1 A), and a higher Rs exacerbates the effect. This voltage-shunting problem exists whether the measurement is made by the voltage-clamp or current-clamp method. Jung and Lee (2015) use Fig. 1 D in their Letter to the Editor (abbreviated as “Letter”) to argue that they did not have such a problem. However, the Vm at low conductance in that figure is already near 0 mV, which would preclude the Vm reduction from being observed. Ion accumulation may also be a problem in bi-ionic potential measurements. A significant change of ion concentrations adjacent to the membrane can occur in 10 s with merely 1 nA of current in whole-cell recordings (Vocke et al., 2013). Jung and Lee (2015) argue that accumulation of intracellular HCO3 in their wholecell recordings cannot explain the increase of PHCO3/PCl because an increase of intracellular [HCO3] should have decreased the PHCO3/PCl ratio. However, in their recording conditions (with low extracellular [Cl]), a large TMEM16A conductance would not only accumulate intracellular HCO3 but also deplete intracellular Cl. As both HCO3 and Cl gradients across the membrane
Effects of Nitrogen Application and Planting Density on Morphological Traits, Dry Matter Production and Yield of Large Grain Type Rice Variety Bekoaoba and Strategies for Super High-Yielding Rice in the Tohoku Region of Japan

Abstract To achieve super high yield of more than 10 t ha-1 in the Tohoku region (colder area of Japan), we conducted a two-year field experiment using a large grain type high-yielding rice variety Bekoaoba. Although high nitrogen application (HN) increased the top dry weight at the full heading stage only slightly, it increased the sink size (single grain weight x the number of spikelets per area), leaf area index and nitrogen content at the full heading stage and accordingly the dry matter production during the ripening period. As a result, the gross hulled rice yield was higher under HN than under standard nitrogen application (SN). Under HN, early topdressing increased not only the number of differentiated spikelets but also the number of degenerated spikelets. As a result, the sink size and gross hulled rice yield of the plants were not changed by the early topdressing. Under HN, the higher planting density increased the number of panicles per area but decreased the number of spikelets per panicle. As a result, the sink size and gross hulled rice yield were not changed with the planting density. In conclusion, HN produced the gross hulled rice yield of more than 9 t ha-1. However, the gross hulled rice yield could not be increased more than 10 t ha-1 by regulation of the timing of topdressing and /or the planting density. We discussed the strategies for super high-yielding rice in the Tohoku region.
Effect of soil and foliar applications of zinc on cadmium concentration in wheat grain

Summary. The effectiveness of foliar applications of zinc sulfate to decrease cadmium (Cd) concentration in wheat grain was assessed at 3 field sites in South Australia—Tumby Bay, Cummins and Keppoch. Foliar zinc (Zn) treatments were found to significantly (P<0.001) decrease Cd concentrations in grain at only 1 site, Tumby Bay. At this site the highest foliar Zn treatment (0.67 kg Zn/ha), which consisted of 2 applications of 0.33 kg Zn/ha applied early and late, decreased the mean Cd concentration in grain from 0.025 mg/kg for the nil treatment to 0.017 mg/kg. Timing of application of foliar Zn had no significant effect on Cd concentration in wheat grain. The effect of soil applications of zinc sulfate on grain Cd concentration was assessed at Tumby Bay only. There was no significant difference in grain Cd concentration between the soil Zn treatments. The results from this study suggested that the current recommended rates of foliar applications of Zn to ameliorate Zn deficiency are not high enough to decrease Cd concentration in wheat grain. This is most likely due to the recommended foliar rate of 0.33 kg Zn/ha not providing excess Zn to the plant such that there is enough Zn to be translocated to the root, which is the site of Cd uptake by the plant. The results suggest that the benefits of foliar Zn to minimise Cd concentration in grain are variable or that the rates used to correct Zn deficiency under field conditions are too low to decrease Cd uptake. Further work is required to distinguish between the 2 possibilities.
Controle pós-colheita da antracnose da banana -prata anã tratada com fungicidas e mantida sob refrigeração

A antracnose e uma das principais doencas apos a colheita da banana, causada pelas diferentes racas fisiologicas do fungo Colletotrichum musae, e que se manifesta na maioria das vezes na fruta madura, comprometendo a sua qualidade. Seu aparecimento esta relacionado ao manuseio inadequado, ausencia de controle quimico em campo e de refrigeracao. A aplicacao de produtos quimicos e efetuada durante o beneficiamento, sendo importante salientar que pode iniciar com a fruta ainda no campo. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, verificar o efeito de fungicidas utilizados apos a colheita, visando o controle da antracnose em bananas, cultivar Prata Ana, armazenadas a 20oC e 12oC. Para isso, foi testada a acao dos fungicidas tiabendazol e imazalil no controle de Colletotrichum musae. No teste, foram empregados isolados das cultivares Prata Ana, FHIA 02 e ST 4208, inoculados em bananas-prata ana. As avaliacoes foram efetuadas a cada 3 dias, por meio de medicoes do tamanho das lesoes (mm2), sendo as frutas inoculadas descartadas no estadio de maturacao 7 (amarelo com pontas marrom). Os tratamentos mais eficientes no controle da doenca foram aqueles em que as bananas foram tratadas com o fungicida tiabendazol. No estudo, tambem foi verificada diferenca em relacao a patogenicidade dos isolados utilizados, que demonstraram especificidade quanto a cultivar.
Comparing vegetative compatibility and protein banding patterns for identification of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. apii race 2

Vegetative compatibility grouping and electrophoretic separation of total proteins were compared as possible techniques for identifying isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. apii race 2, the cause of fusarium yellows of celery. Vegetative compatibility grouping was determined by pairing chlorate-tolerant, nitrate-nonutilizing mutants on a minimal medium containing nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. Heterokaryon formation, which resulted in wild-type growth, occurred only between mutants from vegetatively compatible isolates. All isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. apii race 2 examined were placed within a unique vegetative compatibility group that excluded F. oxysporum f.sp. apii race 1 and the 11 other formae speciales of F. oxysporum tested. Few differences were observed in protein banding patterns among isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. apii race 2, F. oxysporum f.sp. apii race 1, 11 other formae speciales of F. oxysporum, and 2 formae speciales of F. solani on 12% polyacrylamide gels. No banding pattern uniq.
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS. FATTY ACID PROFILES AND MINERAL CONTENTS OF MEATS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to compare chemical parameters, fatty acid composition and mineral contents of farm animal meats which are marketed in Turkey. Different kinds of meats were purchased from the meat market including beef, lamb, broiler, turkey, ostrich and quail meat, which are mostly preferred for different reasons by consumers. However, little information exists about the composition of meats of different farm animal species. The results of proximate analysis showed that the high level of protein (24.38%) and low level crude fat (1.19 ± 0.13%) were found in turkey meats, while the low level of protein (18.75%) and high level fat (8.79%) were found in lamb meats. The fatty acid compositions of meats were in the range of 22.68–48.37% for saturated, 21.38–42.45% for monounsaturated and 3.75–47.47% for polyunsaturated acids. The highest micro mineral was determined as zinc (5.7417 ppm) in lamb and ostrich (5.0923 ppm). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Consumers attitudes toward meat “safety” greatly affect their overall choices and the variety of meat types available for sale. Some meats are more likely to cause heart disease – saturated fats and trans fats. These fats are usually found in foods from animals such as meat milk, cheese and butter. The dietary saturated fatty acids elevate serum cholesterol concentrations, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce serum cholesterol concentrations and monounsaturated fatty acids have little or no effect. Therefore, knowledge concerning the exact fatty acid composition of the meat is extremely important for the consumer and processing sector. This study provides comparative information to consumer and processing sector about proximate and fatty acid compositions and mineral contents of beef, lamb, broiler, turkey, ostrich and quail meats.
OPERCULAR ACTIVITY AND TEMPORAL ORGANIZATION OF SURFACING BEHAVIOUR IN INDIAN CATFISHES, CLARIAS BATRACHUS AND HETEROPNEUSTES FOSSILIS

Opercular and surfacing activity were observed in the Indian catfish Clarias batrachus and Heteropneustes fossilis. In the series A experiments, the opercular activity was monitored under two experimental conditions, viz., (1) surfacing allowed and (2) surfacing prevented. A statistically significant elevation of the rate of opercular activity was observed when air breathing was prevented in both species. In addition, a significant prevention effect and a time of day dependence of that were noticed in both species. In the series B experiments, temporal patterns of surfacing and air-gulping activities were examined under an artificial LD 12:12 schedule at 2-h intervals over a period of 48 h. The inter air-gulping interval in minutes between two consecutive bouts was also recorded four times each day in both species. A significant 24-h rhythm was found for the rate of surfacing activity and length of the inter air-gulping interval in both species. However, the overall activity appears to be much higher in H.
Are the moth larvae able to withstand tree fall caused by wind storm

Wind storms play an important role in structuring European forests, however, the direct effects of strong wind on insects roosting in tree cano- pies are poorly known. In this study we assess the proportion of moth larvae which remain on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. ) trees which have fallen during high winds. Next, we contribute to the knowledge of potential importance of such larvae in forests fragmented by local wind damage. We studied the effects of wind in spruce forest in the West Carpathians in March 2013. Branches were sampled from randomly chosen fallen and standing (undamaged) spruce trees in April 2013. Larvae or emerged moths were ob- tained from branches in the laboratory using photoeclectors. Assemblages of larvae were analysed at community level using several approaches. In total, 11 species of Lepidoptera were found on the branches, 10 of them overwinter as larvae and one as eggs. No differences were observed between abundance and species richness of larval assemblages on fallen and standing trees. As- semblages were very similar; there was no difference detected between stand- ing and fallen trees. Overwintering larvae can successfully complete their development on wind-felled trees; hence, the emerged moths may contribute to greater infestation of standing spruce trees surviving wind disturbance. Keywords Norway spruce, moth larvae, wind storm, mountain forest, forest protection, Central Europe.
Density measurements in Pinus sylvestris sawlogs combining X-ray and three-dimensional scanning

Abstract Wood density is an important quality variable, closely related to the mechanical properties of the wood. Precise wood density measurements in the log sorting would enable density sorting of logs for products such as strength-graded wood and finger-jointed wood. Density sorting of logs would also give more homogeneous drying properties and thus improve the quality of the final products. By compensating the radiographs from an X-ray log scanner for the varying path lengths using outer shape data from a three-dimensional (3D) scanner, it is possible to make precise estimates of both green and dry density. Measurements on simulated industrial data were compared with densities measured in computed tomographic (CT) images for 560 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) logs. It was found that green sapwood density could be measured with predictability R 2=0.65 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 25 kg m−3. Green and dry heartwood densities were measured with similar precision: R 2=0.79 and RMSE=32 kg m−3 for green density and R 2=0.83 and RMSE=32 kg m−3 for dry density.