Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Über die Entwicklung und stoffliche Zusammensetzung der Hoftüpfelmembranen von Längstracheiden in Coniferen

Casperson, G. and A. Zinsser. 1965. Über die Bildung der Zellwand bei Reaktionsholz. III. Zur Spaltenbildung im Druckholz von Pinus sylvestris L. Holz als Rohu. WerkStoff, 23, 49—55Goto, W. A. and A. C. Day. 1965. Anatomy and ultrastructure of reaction wood. In "Cellular Ultrastructure of Woody Plants" (W. A. Cote, ed.). Syracuse Univ. Press. Syracuse, N. Y. , pp. 391—418. Cote, W. A. , A. C. Day, and T. E. Timell. 1968. Studies on compression wood. VII. Distribution of lignin in normal and compression wood of tamarack [Larix laridna (Du Roi) K. Koch]. Wood Science and Technology, 2,13—37. Cote, W. A. , P. A. Pickard, and T. E. Timell. 1967. Studies on compression wood. IV. Fractional extraction and preliminary characterization of polysaccharides in normal and compression wood of balsam fir. Tappi, 50, 350—356. Cöte, W. A. , N. P. Kutscha, B. W. Simson, and T. E. Timell. 1968. Studies on compression wood. VI. Distribution of polysaccharides in the cell wall of tracheids from compression wood of balsam fir, Abies bahamea (L.) Mill. Tappi, 51, 33—40. Frey-Wyssling, A. and K. Mühlethaler. 1965. Ultrastructural Plant Cytology. Elsevier Publ. Co. New York. Hepton, C. E. L. , R. D. Preston, and G. W. Ripley. 1956. Electron microscopic observations on the secondary wall of the protoxylem of Cucurbita. Nature, 177, 660—661. Heyn, A. N. 1966. The macrocrystalline structure of cellulose in cell walls of cotton, ramie, and jure fibers as revealed by negative staining of sections. J. Cell. Biol. 29, 181—197. Low, A. J. 1964. Compression wood in conifers — A review of literature. Parts i, 2. Forestry Abstr. Vol. 25, No. 3; 4; 35—43; 45—51· Meyer, R. 1967. Ultrastructural ontogeny of tyloses in Quercus alba L. Ph. D. Dis. 5 New York State College of Forestry. Syracuse, N. Y. Reynolds, E. S. 1963. The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron-opaque stain in electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 17, 208—212. Scurfield, G. and A. B. Wardrop. 1962. The nature of reaction wood. VI. The reaction anatomy of seedlings of woody perennials. Austral. J. Botany, 10, 93—105. Sinnott, E. W. 1952. Reaction wood and the regulation of tree form. Am. J. Botany, 39, 69—78. War drop, A. B. 1964. Reaction anatomy of arborescent angiosperms. In "Formation of Wood in Forest Trees", (M. H. Zimmermann, Ed.) Academic Press, Inc., New York, N. Y. , pp. 405—456. Wardrop, A.B. and G. W. Davies. 1964. The nature of reaction wood. VIII. The structure and differentiation of compression wood. Australian J. Botany, 12, 24—38. Wergin, W. and G. Casperson. 01961. ber Entstehung und Aufbau von Reaktionsholzzellen. II. Morphologie der Druckholzzellen von Taxus baccata L. Holzforschung, 15, 44—50. Westing, A. H. 1965, 1968. Formation and function of compression wood in gymnosperms. I, II. Botan. Rev. 31, 381—480; 34, 51—78-
Discovery of natural fungicidal principles from the plant sources for effective management of chilli anthracnose

Abstract Anthracnose of chilli causes pre- and post-harvest fruit decay, resulting in significant yield losses. We surveyed major chilli growing regions in India and identified six Colletotrichum sp. viz., Colletotrichum truncatum, C. gloeosporioides, C. siamense, C. fructicola, C. karstii and C. cliviicola based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of 115 pure cultures isolated from symptomatic fruits. Antifungal potential of aqueous, acetone, ethyl acetate and methanol extract of 52 plant parts comprising 28 families were evaluated against all identified Colletotrichum sp. Out of these, aqueous extracts (30%) of Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Allium sativum and Phyllanthus emblica completely inhibited mycelial growth and conidial germination and solvent extracts (5 mg) showed a clear growth inhibition zone in vitro against Colletotrichum sp. Aqueous extract of S. aromaticum and ethyl acetate extract of C. zeylanicum was strongest as observed shrinking of cell components and maximum zone of inhibition (60 mm) of Colletotrichum sp. , respectively. Graphical Abstract
Boron Diffusion in Silicon‐Concentration and Orientation Dependence, Background Effects, and Profile Estimation

Boron is almost universally used as a p‐type dopant in Si devices. Since this dopant is introduced into the Si lattice under a wide range of diffusion conditions, effects are often observed which appear anomalous because the mechanism of B diffusion is not completely understood. Anomalous effects that have been observed include a concentration‐dependent diffusion coefficient, orientation‐dependent diffusion under oxidizing conditions, and retarded or accelerated diffusion in the presence of n‐type impurities. This paper discusses a model of B diffusion which can be used to explain these observed effects. Data and arguments are presented which show that B diffuses via a monovacancy mechanism when the diffusion is performed in a nonoxidizing ambient. A donor‐type vacancy is responsible which has a presumed energy level of as suggested from the quenching experiments of Elstner and Kamprath. High concentration B diffusions into Si over a 550°C temperature range in neutral ambients result in profile data that fit a normalized universal curve which is a polynomial approximation to the solution of the diffusion equation with concentration‐dependent diffusivity. From this result, useful curves of surface concentration vs. resistivity and junction depth are presented.
Genetic and Non-Genetic Effects on Semen Characteristics of Bali Cattle (Bos javanicus)

The objective of this study was to evaluate effect of genetic and non-genetic factors on semen characteristics including ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, total sperm number and sperm moetility of Bali cattle. Semen data were collected from the National Centre of Artificial Insemination at Singosari, Malang, East Java, Indonesia. A total of 3,847 ejaculates of 17 Bali bulls from 2014 to 2016 were collected and evaluated. Data were analyzed by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method using mixed models which the bull was a random effect, while age of bull, season of collection, frequency of ejaculation and collection intervals were the fixed effects. Results showed that age significantly affected all semen characteristics (P<0.01). Season affected only on sperm motility (P<0.01). Effect of frequency of ejaculation and collection intervals was significant on all studied variables (P<0.01), except sperm motility. Repeatability of ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, total sperm number and sperm motility was 0.43; 0.35; 0.32 and 0.31, respectively. It is concluded that age, frequency of ejaculation and collection intervals were the most factors affected semen characteristics of Bali cattle. Repeatability estimations of semen characteristics were moderate to high.
Numerical Study of Wind-Tunnel Wall Effects on Lift and Drag Characteristics of NACA 0012 Airfoil

Article history: Received 23 September 2020 Received in revised form 21 November 2020 Accepted 25 November 2020 Available online 30 November 2020 Possible interference effects of the wind tunnel walls play an important role especially for measurements in closed-wall test sections. In this study, a numerical analysis of two-dimensional subsonic flow over a NACA 0012 airfoil at different computational domain heights, angles of attack from 0o to 10o, and operating Reynolds number of 6×106 is presented. The work highlights the role of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the investigation of wind tunnel wall effect on lift curve slope correction factor (Ka). The flow solution is obtained using Ansys Fluent software by solving the steady-state continuity and momentum governing equations combined with turbulence model k- shear stress transport (SST-Kω). The numerical results are validated by comparing with the available experimental measurements. Calculations show that the lift curve slope correction results are very close to the published data.
Cu2X(OH)3 (X = Cl−, NO3−): synthesis of nanoparticles and its application for room temperature deposition/printing of conductive copper thin-films

Uniform Cu2Cl(OH)3 and Cu2(NO3)(OH)3 nanoparticles are firstly prepared and characterized based on various analytical tools (i.e. DLS, SEM, XRD, FT-IR, UV-Vis, and DTA-TG). Accordingly, Cu2Cl(OH)3 and Cu2(NO3)(OH)3 exhibit mean diameters of 51 nm and 37 nm, respectively. Both nanomaterials show a bright green colour with the maxima of absorption at 505 nm (Cu2Cl(OH)3) and 503 nm (Cu2(NO3)(OH)3). Thermally Cu2Cl(OH)3 and Cu2(NO3)(OH)3 decompose below 600 °C and 240 °C, respectively, to form CuO. In addition, as-prepared Cu2Cl(OH)3 and Cu2(NO3)(OH)3 nanoparticles can be reduced to form copper metal at room temperature. While depositing/printing suspensions of the as-prepared nanoparticles in ethanol on silicon wafers, glass plates or paper, NaBH4-driven reduction leads to highly conductive copper thin-films. Namely these thin-films exhibit sheet resistances of 3–10 Ω□ and specific resistances of 1.3–4.3 × 10−3 Ω cm, which matches with the resistivity of bulk copper metal (1.7 × 10−3 Ω cm).
Comparative Technical Process and Product Assessment of Catalytic and Thermal Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Availability of sustainable transportation fuels in future hinges on the use of lignocellulosic resources for production of biofuels. The process of biomass pyrolysis can be used to convert solid biomass resources into liquid fuels. In this study, laboratory experiments and process simulations were combined to gain insight into the technical performance of catalytic and thermal pyrolysis processes. Waste pinewood was used as a feedstock for the processes. The pyrolysis took place at 500 °C and employs three different catalysts, in the case of the catalytic processes. A process model was developed with Aspen Plus and a wide range of representative components of bio-oil were used to model the properties of the bio-oil blend. The results of the process model calculations show that catalytic pyrolysis process produces bio-oil of superior quality. Different technical process scenarios were explored based on the properties of the bio-oil after separation of water-soluble components, with the intention of producing a blendable or stand-alone product. It was found that—depending on the bio-oil requirements—sufficient hydrogen can be made available from the aqueous fraction to further treat the organic fraction to the desired extent. The resulting organic fractions are suitable candidates for blending with conventional fuels. The analysis results are used to provide guidance for catalyst development.
The Importance of the Phytoplankton “Middle Class” to Ocean Net Community Production

The net balance between photosynthesis and respiration in the surface ocean is a key regulator of ocean‐atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO2) partitioning, and by extension, Earth's climate. The slight excess of photosynthesis over community respiration in sunlit waters, known as net community production (NCP), sets the upper bound on the sequestration of carbon via biologically mediated export. Prevailing paradigms suggest a high/low binary where net primary production (NPP), NCP, and export are highest in ecosystems characterized by microplankton (>20 μm) and lowest in ecosystems dominated by picoplankton (<2 μm). This bifurcation model neglects the potential importance of nanoplankton (2–20 μm)—i.e., the “middle” size class—toward global biological pump functioning. Here, we show a relationship between the biomass of nanoplankton and oxygen‐based estimates of NCP across natural ecological gradients in the North Pacific Ocean. Using a suite of high‐resolution optical imaging approaches including SeaFlow, Imaging FlowCytobot, and laser‐based scattering, nanoplankton dynamics are observed to dominate the particle size distribution throughout an ~1,000 km transition between the subtropical and subpolar North Pacific, where NCP rates are threefold to fivefold higher than subtropical values. Based on ecological theory applied to the Darwin size‐based ecosystem model, we hypothesize that intermediate size class organisms are capable of high rates of production via an optimization of bottom‐up and top‐down control inherent to the “middle class. ” More broadly, the model indicates the global importance of nanoplankton for ocean biological production.
Climate Change–Driven Regime Shifts in a Planktonic Food Web

Predicting how food webs will respond to global environmental change is difficult because of the complex interplay between the abiotic forcing and biotic interactions. Mechanistic models of species interactions in seasonal environments can help understand the effects of global change in different ecosystems. Seasonally ice-covered lakes are warming faster than many other ecosystems and undergoing pronounced food web changes, making the need to forecast those changes especially urgent. Using a seasonally forced food web model with a generalist zooplankton grazer and competing cold-adapted winter and warm-adapted summer phytoplankton, we show that with declining ice cover, the food web moves through different dynamic regimes, from annual to biennial cycles, with decreasing and then disappearing winter phytoplankton blooms and a shift of maximum biomass to summer season. Interestingly, when predator-prey interactions were not included, a declining ice cover did not cause regime shifts, suggesting that both are needed for regime transitions. A cluster analysis of long-term data from Lake Baikal, Siberia, supports the model results, revealing a change from regularly occurring winter blooms of endemic diatoms to less frequent winter bloom years with decreasing ice cover. Together, the results show that even gradual environmental change, such as declining ice cover duration, may cause discontinuous or abrupt transitions between dynamic regimes in food webs.
Study in Japan and the Motivation of Japanese Language Learners in Higher Educational Institutions in Indonesia

The number of Japanese learners in Indonesia ranks the second largest in the world after China. In addition to great interest in Japanese popular culture products, such as anime and manga, Japanese learners’ enthusiasm to study in Japan has become one of the main motivations for learning the Japanese language. The changes in educational policy implemented by the Japanese government have also offered a new possibility for study in Japan. This study aims to explain how the motivation to study in Japan was cultivated through Japanese language learning in higher educational institutions in Indonesia. Researchers collected data using questionnaires distributed to Japanese language learners at designated universities and interviews with some of the respondents. This study focused on three issues: factors that motivate students to choose Japanese language study programs in university, language skills that learners want to develop in university, and their interest in studying in Japan. The result showed that interest in the Japanese language was the primary motivation for many learners to continue studying in higher educational institutions. The ability to communicate with native Japanese speakers was a significant achievement for a Japanese learner, but at the same time, it was a difficult task to achieve. Study in Japan provided learners with an opportunity to improve their Japanese language skills and gain experience in Japan. These things were expected to increase the value of learners’ cultural capital and access to previously unobtainable resources.
Impact of Land Cover Change Due to Armed Conflicts on Soil Erosion in the Basin of the Northern Al-Kabeer River in Syria Using the RUSLE Model

Due to armed conflicts, the sudden changes in land cover are among the most drastic and recurring shocks on an international scale, and thus, have become a major source of threat to soil and water conservation. Throughout this analysis, the impact of land cover change on spatio-temporal variations of soil erosion from 2009/2010 to 2018/2019 was investigated using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model. The goal was to identify the characteristics and variations of soil erosion under armed conflicts in the basin of the Northern Al-Kabeer river in Syria. The soil erosion rate is 4 t ha−1 year−1 with a standard deviation of 6.4 t ha−1 year−1. In addition, the spatial distribution of erosion classes was estimated. Only about 10.1% of the basin is subject to a tolerable soil erosion rate and 79.9% of the study area experienced erosion at different levels. The soil erosion area of regions with no changes was 10%. The results revealed an increase in soil erosion until 2013/2014 and a decrease during the period from 20013/2014 to 2018/2019. This increase is a result of forest fires under armed conflict, particularly toward the steeper slopes. Coniferous forest as well as transitional woodland and scrub are the dominant land cover types in the upper part of the basin, for which the average post-fire soil loss rates (caused by factor C) were 200% to 800% higher than in the pre-fire situation. In the period from 2013/2014 to 2019/2020, soil erosion was mitigated due to a ceasefire that was agreed upon after 2016, resulting in decreased human pressures on soils in contested areas. By comparing 2009/2010 (before war) with 2018/2019 (at the end of the war stage), it can be concluded that the change in C factors slowed down the deterioration trend of soil erosion and reduced the average soil erosion rate in more than half of the basin by about 10–75%. The area concerned is located in the western part of the basin and is relatively far from the centers of armed conflicts. In contrast, the areas with increased soil erosion by about 60–400% are situated in the northeast and east, with shorter distances to armed conflict centers. These findings can be explained by forest fires, after which the burned forests were turned into agricultural land or refugee camps and road areas. Understanding the complex biophysical and socio-economic interactions of exposure to land loss is a key to guarantee regional environmental protection and to conserve the ecological quality of soil and forest systems.
Application of Intermittent Drying of Cyclic Temperature and Step-Up Temperature in Enhancing Textural Attributes of Dehydrated Manilkara zapota

Uneven hardness and difficulty in masticating dried fruits are common product quality problems. The product rejection rate is relatively high due to these problems. This study found that the textural attributes of dried fruits can be controlled or standardized by applying novel drying techniques, viz. intermittent hot air–dehumidified air drying. In addition, identification of the critical moisture content that contributes to case hardening of dried product is presented in this article. A textural attributes comparison was conducted for the continuous hot air, continuous dehumidified air, and intermittent hot air–dehumidified drying techniques. It was found that samples subjected to 5 h dehumidified air and 19 h hot air (5C-19H) intermittent drying gave the best hardness and chewiness attributes.
Evaluating sociometer theory in children’s everyday lives: Inclusion, but not exclusion by peers at school is related to within-day change in self-esteem

Sociometer theory proposes that a person’s self-esteem is a permanent monitor of perceived social inclusion and exclusion in a given situation. Despite this within-person perspective, respective research in children’s everyday lives is lacking. In three intensive longitudinal studies, we examined whether children’s self-esteem was associated with social inclusion and exclusion by peers at school. Based on sociometer theory, we expected social inclusion to positively predict self-esteem and social exclusion to negatively predict self-esteem on within- and between-person levels. Children aged 9–12 years reported state self-esteem twice per day (morning and evening) and social inclusion and exclusion once per day for two (Study 1) and four weeks (Studies 2–3). Consistently across studies, we found that social inclusion positively predicted evening self-esteem on within- and between-person levels. By contrast, social exclusion was not associated with evening self-esteem on the within-person level. On the between-person level, social exclusion was negatively linked to evening self-esteem only in Study 1. Multilevel latent change score models revealed that children’s self-esteem changed from mornings (before school) to evenings (after school) depending on their perceived daily social inclusion, but not exclusion. The findings are discussed in light of sociometer theory and the bad-is-stronger-than-good phenomenon.
Multiparametric Monitoring of Hypnosis and Nociception-Antinociception Balance during General Anesthesia—A New Era in Patient Safety Standards and Healthcare Management

The development of general anesthesia techniques and anesthetic substances has opened new horizons for the expansion and improvement of surgical techniques. Nevertheless, more complex surgical procedures have brought a higher complexity and longer duration for general anesthesia, which has led to a series of adverse events such as hemodynamic instability, under- or overdosage of anesthetic drugs, and an increased number of post-anesthetic events. In order to adapt the anesthesia according to the particularities of each patient, the multimodal monitoring of these patients is highly recommended. Classically, general anesthesia monitoring consists of the analysis of vital functions and gas exchange. Multimodal monitoring refers to the concomitant monitoring of the degree of hypnosis and the nociceptive-antinociceptive balance. By titrating anesthetic drugs according to these parameters, clinical benefits can be obtained, such as hemodynamic stabilization, the reduction of awakening times, and the reduction of postoperative complications. Another important aspect is the impact on the status of inflammation and the redox balance. By minimizing inflammatory and oxidative impact, a faster recovery can be achieved that increases patient safety. The purpose of this literature review is to present the most modern multimodal monitoring techniques to discuss the particularities of each technique.
Phase diagram for the interaction of oxygen with SiC

We report on experimental studies of the interactions of oxygen with the 4H– and 6H–SiC surfaces at high temperatures. It is observed that these interactions lead to the growth of passivating SiO2 layers at high O2 pressures, etching of the surfaces at lower pressures, and enhancements of the surface segregation of carbon at still lower pressures. A pressure–temperature phase diagram for the oxidation of SiC containing these three experimentally observed regions is presented.