Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Aortobifemoral Bypass and Endovascular Treatment for Chronic Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Occlusion From the CHAOS (CHronic Abdominal Aortic Occlusion, ASian Multicenter) Registry

Purpose: To directly compare the clinical outcomes of aortobifemoral bypass surgery (ABF) and endovascular treatment (EVT) for chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the infrarenal abdominal aorta (IAA). Materials and Methods: In this retrospective, multicenter study, we used an international database of 436 patients who underwent revascularization for CTO of the IAA between 2007 and 2017 at 30 Asian cardiovascular centers. After excluding 52 patients who underwent axillobifemoral bypass surgery, 384 patients (139 ABFs and 245 EVTs) were included in the analysis. Propensity score-matched analysis was performed to compare clinical results in the periprocedural period and the long-term. Results: Propensity score matching extracted 88 pairs. Procedure time (ABF; 288 [240–345] minutes vs EVT; 159 [100–205] minutes, p<0.001) and length of hospital stay (17 [12–23] days vs 5 [4–13] days, p<0.001) were significantly shorter in the EVT group than in the ABF group, while the proportions of procedural success (98.9% versus 96.6%, p=0.620), complications (9.1% versus 12.3%, p=0.550), and mortality (2.3% versus 3.8%, p=1.000) were not different between the groups. At 1 months, ABI significantly increased more in the ABF group for both in a limb with the lower (0.56 versus 0.50, p=0.018) and the higher (0.49 versus 0.34, p=0.001) baseline ABI, while the change of the Rutherford category was not significantly different between the groups (p=0.590). At 5 years, compared with the EVT group, the ABF group had significantly better primary patency (89.4±4.3% versus 74.8±4.3%, p=0.035) and survival rates (86.9±4.5% versus 66.2±7.5%, p=0.007). However, there was no significant difference between the groups for secondary patency (100.0%±0.0% versus 93.5%±3.9%, p=0.160) and freedom from target lesion revascularization (TLR) (89.3±4.3% vs 77.3±7.3%, p=0.096). Conclusion: Even with recent advancements in EVT, primary patency was still significantly better for ABF in CTO of the IAA. However, there was no difference between the groups in terms of secondary patency and freedom from TLR at 5 years. Furthermore, there was no difference in procedural success, complications, mortality, and improvement in the Rutherford classification during the periprocedural period, with significantly shorter procedure time and hospital stay in the EVT group.
Venous volume and compliance in the calf and forearm does not change after acute endurance exercise performed at continuous or interval workloads

Short‐term endurance exercise training for 6–8 weeks leads to increases in venous volume and compliance in the limbs. However, it is not known whether these venous vascular properties are improved by acute endurance exercise. We examined the effects of acute endurance exercise involving continuous or interval workloads on venous volume and compliance in the exercising (calf) and non‐exercising (forearm) limbs. Sixteen healthy young volunteers performed cycling exercise involving a continuous workload of 60% heart rate (HR) reserve or an interval workload of 40% HRreserve and 80% HRreserve, alternating every 2 min, for a total of 32 min each. Before and 60 min after acute cycling exercise, venous volume in the calf and forearm was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography during a cuff‐deflation protocol with a venous collecting cuff wrapped to the thigh and upper arm and strain gauges attached to the calf and forearm. The cuff pressure was maintained at 60 mmHg for 8 min and was then deflated to 0 mmHg at a rate of 1 mmHg/s. Venous compliance was calculated as the numerical derivative of the cuff pressure–limb venous volume curve. In both the calf and forearm, the cuff pressure–venous volume curve and the cuff pressure–venous compliance relationship did not differ between before and 60 min after exercise involving continuous or interval workloads. These results suggest that acute exercise does not improve venous volume and compliance in both the exercising and non‐exercising limbs.
Expendable Current Profiler for Measuring the Electric Field Induced by Ocean Currents

In this study, an expendable current profiler sensor is developed to satisfy the actual requirements of an expendable current profiler for measuring electric fields induced by ocean currents. The electric field induced by ocean currents is an important process variable for investigating the motion characteristics of ocean currents; however, accurate measurement thereof is affected by various factors. Amplitude modulation is used to modulate the measured signals into narrow-band, single-frequency signals, thereby reducing the noise level of the sensor when measuring the electric field induced by ocean currents and for extracting ocean current signals in the nanovolt range under high background noise. In this study, front-end weak signal processing circuits are designed, strong interfering signals induced by the descent of the expendable current profiler probe are partially offset by a compensation circuit for the in-phase electric field component, and useful signals are extracted using a filter circuit. System on a programmable chip technology is used for the digital processing module of the expendable current profiler probe, thereby achieving rapid development, rapid optimization, and software/hardware integration of the digital processing module, as well as enhancing the overall performance of the system. In addition, dynamic data transmission technology using an enameled wire with a diameter of 0.1 mm and a length of 2 km is developed to achieve dynamic data transmission requirements for the expendable current profiler surface float. Finally, the ocean current electric field data and ocean temperature data are acquired through experiments.
The Making of a Heterocyst in Cyanobacteria.

Heterocyst differentiation that occurs in some filamentous cyanobacteria, such as Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, provides a unique model for prokaryotic developmental biology. Heterocyst cells are formed in response to combined-nitrogen deprivation and possess a microoxic environment suitable for nitrogen fixation following extensive morphological and physiological reorganization. A filament of Anabaena is a true multicellular organism, as nitrogen and carbon sources are exchanged among different cells and cell types through septal junctions to ensure filament growth. Because heterocysts are terminally differentiated cells and unable to divide, their activity is an altruistic behavior dedicated to providing fixed nitrogen for neighboring vegetative cells. Heterocyst development is also a process of one-dimensional pattern formation, as heterocysts are semiregularly intercalated among vegetative cells. Morphogens form gradients along the filament and interact with each other in a fashion that fits well into the Turing model, a mathematical framework to explain biological pattern formation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews. org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Genetic insight into primary glomerulonephritis

Primary glomerulonephritis is a major global health concern and a disorder with significant heritable components. Rapid advances in sequencing technologies have led to genome‐wide, high‐throughput investigations of the genetic basis of complex human traits. Genetic studies have successfully mapped several susceptibility loci and disease‐causing genes for different subtypes of primary glomerulonephritis. These studies have revealed that IgA nephropathy–associated genes have a highly complex, polygenic and pleiotropic genetic architecture and that genetic susceptibility to membranous nephropathy may be driven by a few large‐effect loci. Furthermore, both susceptibility genes and high‐penetrant gene mutations reportedly contribute to the development of the most heterogeneous phenotype of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The genetic heterogeneity between each glomerular disease type and within different populations has indicated disease‐specific and ethnicity‐specific underlying molecular mechanisms for the disorders. The findings from genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have mainly included variants on or near the major histocompatibility (MHC) loci, highlighting the molecular basis for the shared pathogenesis of the immune‐mediated disease. Recent studies with increased sample sizes and higher resolutions of genome‐wide imputation have provided novel insights into the pathogenesis of glomerular disorders. Further integration of results from genomic studies with functional genomics datasets can indicate novel targets for drug discovery as well as potential tools for patient diagnosis and stratification. However, larger GWASs and sequencing studies in independent cohorts and more standardized inclusion of phenotypes across studies are required for each subtype of glomerular disease.
Adverse experiences resulting in emergency medical treatment seeking following the use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

Background: Recreational lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) use is growing in popularity amid increasing research interest on psychedelics and their possible therapeutic potential yet; the potent psychotropic effects of LSD may result in adverse reactions and behaviour. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the 12-month incidence and nature of LSD-related adverse experiences resulting in emergency medical treatment (EMT) seeking in an international sample of people reporting LSD use. Methods: We use data from the 2017 Global Drug Survey – a large anonymous online survey on patterns of drug use conducted between November 2016 and January 2017. Results: Out of 10,293 past-year LSD users, 102 (1.0%) reported seeking EMT, with a per-event risk estimate of 0.2%. Younger age, comorbid mental health conditions and higher frequency of use were associated with increased risk of EMT seeking. The most common symptoms were psychological, including anxiety, panic and confusion, with the most common explanatory factors cited by respondents being poor ‘setting’ and ‘mindset’. Most responders reported feeling back to normal within 24 h, but 11 participants experienced persistent issues after 4 weeks. Conclusion: The results suggest that LSD is a relatively safe drug in recreational settings. Adverse reactions are typically short-lived, self-limiting and psychological in nature. Sub-optimal set and setting were commonly reported as suspected contributory factors. Within clinical settings, patient screening, preparatory sessions and supervision should reduce these acute risks considerably.
Three months of combination therapy with nano‐curcumin reduces the inflammation and lipoprotein (a) in type 2 diabetic patients with mild to moderate coronary artery disease: Evidence of a randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled clinical trial

Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. Systemic inflammation (high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP)) and lipid metabolism disruption (lipoprotein A, LipoPr (a)) play a critical role in developing and progressing atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndrome in diabetic patients. The anti‐oxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects of curcumin have been emphasized previously. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the impact of nano‐curcumin on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients with mild to moderate coronary artery disease (CAD). We performed a randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled clinical trial with type 2 diabetic patients (n = 64), and mild to moderate CAD (<70% stenosis in angiography). The patients received nano‐curcumin (80 mg/day) or placebo along with optimal medications for 90 days. The biofactors, including hs‐CRP and LipoPr (a), and lipid profile, were measured at the admission of patients and end of the study. Nano‐curcumin significantly mitigated the hs‐CRP and LipoPr (a) levels following 90 days of treatment (P < 0.001 and P = 0.043, respectively). In addition, the mean percentage of change (%Δ) in the hs‐CRP and LipoPr (a) levels were meaningfully reduced in the nano‐curcumin group compared to the placebo group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.007, respectively). Surprisingly, nano‐curcumin notably propagated the number of patients with mild (34.35%) and moderate (62.5%) hs‐CRP level category and strikingly diminished the number of patients with severe hs‐CRP level category (3.125%) compared to the placebo group (P = 0.016). Nano‐curcumin (80 mg/day) might prevent atherosclerosis progression and, in terms of attenuating hs‐CRP levels as an inflammation index, succedent cardiovascular events in diabetic heart patients.
Formant‐invariant voice and pitch representations are pre‐attentively formed from constantly varying speech and non‐speech stimuli

The present study investigated whether listeners can form abstract voice representations while ignoring constantly changing phonological information and if they can use the resulting information to facilitate voice change detection. Further, the study aimed at understanding whether the use of abstraction is restricted to the speech domain or can be deployed also in non‐speech contexts. We ran an electroencephalogram (EEG) experiment including one passive and one active oddball task, each featuring a speech and a rotated speech condition. In the speech condition, participants heard constantly changing vowels uttered by a male speaker (standard stimuli) which were infrequently replaced by vowels uttered by a female speaker with higher pitch (deviant stimuli). In the rotated speech condition, participants heard rotated vowels, in which the natural formant structure of speech was disrupted. In the passive task, the mismatch negativity was elicited after the presentation of the deviant voice in both conditions, indicating that listeners could successfully group together different stimuli into a formant‐invariant voice representation. In the active task, participants showed shorter reaction times (RTs), higher accuracy and a larger P3b in the speech condition with respect to the rotated speech condition. Results showed that whereas at a pre‐attentive level the cognitive system can track pitch regularities while presumably ignoring constantly changing formant information both in speech and in rotated speech, at an attentive level the use of such information is facilitated for speech. This facilitation was also testified by a stronger synchronisation in the theta band (4–7 Hz), potentially pointing towards differences in encoding/retrieval processes.
Evaluation of ELISA-Based Multiplex Peptides for the Detection of Human Serum Antibodies Induced by Zika Virus Infection across Various Countries

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne Flavivirus with a positive-sense RNA genome, which are generally transmitted through the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito. ZIKV infections could be associated with neurological sequelae that, and otherwise produces similar clinical symptoms as other co-circulating pathogens. Past infection with one member of the Flavivirus genus often induces cross-reactive antibodies against other flaviruses. These attributes complicate the ability to differentially diagnose ZIKV infection from other endemic mosquito-borne viruses, making it both a public health issue as well as a diagnostic challenge. We report the results from serological analyses using arbovirus-specific peptides on 339 samples that were previously collected from 6 countries. Overall, we found that our multiplexed peptide-based ELISA was highly efficient for identifying ZIKV antibodies as early as 2 weeks post infection, and that it correlates with microneutralization, plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs) and commercial tests for ZIKV in previously characterized samples. We observed that seropositivity varied by patient cohort, reflecting the sampling period in relation to the 2015–2016 ZIKV outbreak. This work evaluates the accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of our peptide-based ELISA method for detecting ZIKV antibodies from geographically diverse regions. These findings can contribute to ongoing serological methods development and can be adapted for use in future studies.
Sparse genetically defined neurons refine the canonical role of periaqueductal gray columnar organization

During threat exposure, survival depends on defensive reactions. Prior works linked large glutamatergic populations in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) to defensive freezing and flight, and established that the overarching functional organization axis of the PAG is along anatomically-defined columns. Accordingly, broad activation of the dorsolateral column induces flight, while activation of the lateral or ventrolateral (l and vl) columns induces freezing. However, the PAG contains diverse cell types that vary in neurochemistry. How these cell types contribute to defense remains unknown, indicating that targeting sparse, genetically-defined populations may reveal how the PAG generates diverse behaviors. Though prior works showed that broad excitation of the lPAG or vlPAG causes freezing, we found in mice that activation of lateral and ventrolateral PAG (l/vlPAG) cholecystokinin-expressing (CCK) cells selectively caused flight to safer regions within an environment. Furthermore, inhibition of l/vlPAG-CCK cells reduced predator avoidance without altering other defensive behaviors like freezing. Lastly, l/vlPAG-CCK activity decreased when approaching threat and increased during movement to safer locations. These results suggest CCK cells drive threat avoidance states, which are epochs during which mice increase distance from threat and perform evasive escape. Conversely, l/vlPAG pan-neuronal activation promoted freezing, and these cells were activated near threat. Thus, CCK l/vlPAG cells have opposing function and neural activation motifs compared to the broader local ensemble defined solely by columnar boundaries. In addition to the anatomical columnar architecture of the PAG, the molecular identity of PAG cells may confer an additional axis of functional organization, revealing unexplored functional heterogeneity.
Adeno-Associated Virus Receptor-Binding: Flexible Domains and Alternative Conformations through Cryo-Electron Tomography of Adeno-Associated Virus 2 (AAV2) and AAV5 Complexes

With 150 clinical trials for 30 diseases under way, AAV is a leading gene therapy vector. Immunotoxicity at high doses used to overcome inefficient transduction has occasionally proven fatal and highlighted gaps in fundamental virology. ABSTRACT Recombinant forms of adeno-associated virus (rAAV) are vectors of choice in the development of treatments for a number of genetic dispositions. Greater understanding of AAV’s molecular virology is needed to underpin needed improvements in efficiency and specificity. Recent advances have included identification of a near-universal entry receptor, AAVR, and structures detected by cryo-electron microscopy (EM) single particle analysis (SPA) that revealed, at high resolution, only the domains of AAVR most tightly bound to AAV. Here, cryogenic electron tomography (cryo-ET) is applied to reveal the neighboring domains of the flexible receptor. For AAV5, where the PKD1 domain is bound strongly, PKD2 is seen in three configurations extending away from the virus. AAV2 binds tightly to the PKD2 domain at a distinct site, and cryo-ET now reveals four configurations of PKD1, all different from that seen in AAV5. The AAV2 receptor complex also shows unmodeled features on the inner surface that appear to be an equilibrium alternate configuration. Other AAV structures start near the 5-fold axis, but now β-strand A is the minor conformer and, for the major conformer, partially ordered N termini near the 2-fold axis join the canonical capsid jellyroll fold at the βA-βB turn. The addition of cryo-ET is revealing unappreciated complexity that is likely relevant to viral entry and to the development of improved gene therapy vectors. IMPORTANCE With 150 clinical trials for 30 diseases under way, AAV is a leading gene therapy vector. Immunotoxicity at high doses used to overcome inefficient transduction has occasionally proven fatal and highlighted gaps in fundamental virology. AAV enters cells, interacting through distinct sites with different domains of the AAVR receptor, according to AAV clade. Single domains are resolved in structures by cryogenic electron microscopy. Here, the adjoining domains are revealed by cryo-electron tomography of AAV2 and AAV5 complexes. They are in flexible configurations interacting minimally with AAV, despite measurable dependence of AAV2 transduction on both domains.
Disparity in Occupational Health Risk During the Pandemic

Policymakers should be aware of misunderstanding of occupational risk brought by simple dichotomy of essential and non-essential occupations. There are potential overestimation of risk faced by some essential occupations and underestimation of risk faced by some non-essential occupations during the pandemic. Objective This study clarifies potential misestimation of occupational risk caused by the dichotomy of frontline essential and nonessential occupations in prior studies. Methods The linear regression is used to investigate the occupational risk in terms of incidence rate, hospitalization, and mortality on community level during the pandemic. Results Overall, frontline essential occupations were positively associated with incidence rate, hospitalization, and mortality (156.06, 18.47, and 3.49; P < 0.01). Among essential occupations, however, education, training, and library occupations were negatively associated with them, whereas transportation, protective service, food preparation, and serving occupations were insignificantly associated with them. Moreover, among nonessential occupations, building and grounds cleaning, construction, and extraction occupations were positively associated with them. Conclusion The dichotomy of frontline essential and nonessential occupations can bring overestimation and underestimation of occupational risk during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Arterial stiffness indices in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A meta‐analysis

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the most frequent cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Our aim was to review the evidence and conduct a meta‐analysis assessing measures of arterial stiffness by pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx) in children and adolescents with T1DM compared to healthy controls.