Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE OF 'REDCOAT' STRAWBERRY FRUIT

Strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) CV. Redcoat were stored at several temperatures and for various intervals in controlled atmospheres (CA) containing 0% to 18% CO 2 and 15% to 21% 02. Bioyield point forces recorded on the CA-stored fresh fruit indicated that the addition of CO 2 to the storage environment enhanced fruit firmness. Fruit kept under 15% CO2 for 18 hours was 48% firmer than untreated samples were initially. Response to increasing CO2 concentrations was linear. There was no response to changing 0 2 concentrations. Maximum en- hancement of firmness was achieved at a fruit temperature of 0C; there was essentially no enhancement at 21C. In some instances, there was a moderate firmness enhancement as time in storage increased. Carbon dioxide acted to reduce the quantity of fruit lost due to rot. Fruit that was soft and bruised after harvest became drier and firmer in a CO2-enriched environment. The 'Redcoat' strawberry, widely grown in Ontario, is soft and does not retain good quality during marketing. A means of retaining fruit quality and enhancing firmness would make the berries more acceptable to retailers and consumers. Harris and Harvey (1973) and Li and Kader (1989) reported that CO2 helps prevent softening in fresh fruit in storage. Investigations con- ducted in Poland (Lange et al., 1978; Ptocharski, 1982) and preliminary investigations conducted in this laboratory (R. B.S., unpublished data) indicated that CO2 actually will induce firm- ing in strawberries, causing them to become firmer than they were at harvest. The objectives of this investigation were to 1) test whether storage in CO 2 = enriched atmospheres using various tempera- tures and exposure intervals enhances firmness of 'Redcoat' strawberry fruit and 2) determine whether any firmness enhance- ment is lost once the fruit is removed from the CO 2 environ- ment. Other quality characteristics were observed to determine whether the CO2 exposure caused any deleterious changes to the fruit.
Temporal and farm-management-associated variation in the faecal-pat prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in ruminants

SUMMARY In a 2-year longitudinal study of adult animals on 15 dairy farms and four sheep farms in Lancashire, UK. C. jejuni was isolated from all farms, although not on every occasion. Faecal samples were collected and cultured using standard techniques for isolation of Campylobacter. Assignment to species was via PCR assays. Peak prevalence of C. jejuni in both cattle and sheep was observed during the summer and in cattle this apparent seasonality was associated with grazing pasture [odds ratio (OR) 2 . 14], while in sheep it was independent of grazing. Increased prevalence was associated with increased milk yield (OR 1 . 05) and herd size (OR 1 . 01) in dairy cattle, and with increased stocking density (OR 1 . 29) and pasture quality (OR 2 . 16) in sheep. There was considerable variation in prevalence between farms but no evidence of large-scale spatial variation. The association between C. jejuni prevalence and diet in dairy cattle deserves further investigation.
Production of a Forage-Marking Pheromone by the Honeybee

SummaryA volatile pheromone left at a food source by foragers induced others to alight. Pheromone from the dorsal surface of the abdomen was more effective than from the head and thorax. The response of bees to a food source with an artificial scent was increased with the addition of the forage-marking pheromone. When extracted from the substrate with dichloromethane it retained its biological activity.
Influence of Composition of Emulsifier Blends on the Rheological Properties of Salad Dressing-Type Emulsions

This paper deals with the influence that composition of emulsifier blends exerts on the rheological properties of low-in-fat salad dressing-type emulsions. Binary blends of egg yolk and different types of amphiphilic molecules (low-molecular weight and macromolecules) were used in several proportions to stabilize emulsions by keeping constant the total amount of emulsifier. The different emulsifiers added to egg yolk were pea protein, sodium caseinate, polyoxyethylene(20)-sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20) and sucrose distearate. Steady state flow tests and small-amplitude oscillatory measurements within the linear viscoelasticity region were carried out. Rheological tests were complemented with droplet size distribution measurements and observation of physical stability against creaming of these emulsions. It was pointed out that rheological properties, droplet size and physical stability of the emulsions studied depended on the weight ratio of emulsifiers in the binary blends, although the emulsifier total concentration remained constant, as well as the nature of the substance blended with egg yolk. These results have been explained on the basis of the relationship among rheological properties, droplet size distribution, continuous phase characteristics and interactions among different emulsifier molecules.
Microsatellite and mitochondrial haplotype differentiation in blue mackerel (Scomber australasicus) from the western North Pacific

Tzeng, C-H. , Chen, C-S. , Tang, P-C. , and Chiu, T-S. 2009. Microsatellite and mitochondrial haplotype differentiation in blue mackerel (Scomber australasicus) from the western North Pacific. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 000–000. Blue (Scomber australasicus) and chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) occur sympatrically in the western North Pacific. Blue mackerel were previously classified as a subspecies of S. japonicus based on morphological similarities. The practical management unit for blue mackerel is contentious owing to incomplete resolution by biological analyses. We used rapidly evolving microsatellites and slowchanging mitochondrial cytochrome b (mtCyt-b) markers to examine the phylogeographic relationships of the two species across four major hydrographic regions of the western North Pacific. Genetic variability was high in each hydrographic region and in the putative species unit, and Hardy– Weinberg equilibrium tests confirmed that blue and chub mackerel are separate genetic components. Population genetic and multiple-dimensional scaling analyses of the genotypes indicated clear genetic differences, and phylogenetic analyses of the mtCyt-b haplotypes showed a level of genetic divergence (FST ¼ 0.038, p , 0.001) consistent with separation of the two species. Based on the coalescence theory, the difference in mtCyt-b genes was small, indicating incipient speciation between blue and chub mackerel, with a diversification time of 1.9 million years ago (mya) during the Pleistocene when the East China Sea (ECS) and the South China Sea (SCS) were separated physically. Significant differences between populations of blue mackerel in the ECS and SCS were also found. Our findings confirm that blue mackerel is a valid biological species and that its populations in the ECS and SCS should be considered separate fishery stocks and conservation units for management.
Effects of Automobile Commute Characteristics on Affect and Job Candidate Evaluations

The current study assesses the effects of the commuting environment on affective states and hiring decisions. A total of 136 undergraduate females were randomly assigned to one of four conditions based on the length (10 km vs. 30 km) and level of congestion (low vs. high) during a commute. Multivariate analyses of variance indicate that affective states were differentially influenced before and during the commute between the conditions. Even the anticipatory prospect of encountering congestion led to elevations of anxiety. Subjective impedance was also found to act as a partial, and at times full, mediator that contributed to negative emotional states. Hiring decisions for unqualified candidates were determined in part by the commute that a person drove, indicating that commuting can influence subsequent work behavior.
The Effect of Growth Temperature on Wax Ester Content and Composition of Euglena gracilis

A streptomycin-bleached mutant of Euglena gracilis strain Z, a non-photosynthetic mutant, was grown aerobically in the dark at 33, 26 and 15°C respectively. The content of wax esters was greater at higher growth temperatures, whereas the content of paramylon was greater at lower temperatures. The highest temperature (33°C) caused the greatest accumulation of wax esters. Wax esters synthesized at the highest temperature had carbon chain lengths of C24-32 and the predominant chain lengths were C27 and C28. The constituent fatty acids and alcohols ranged from C11 to C18 with myristic acid and myristyl alcohol being the main components. At the lowest temperature (15°C) the mean chain length of wax esters decreased. The most abundant wax ester was C26, and the most abundant fatty acids and fatty alcohols of wax esters were C13. A considerable amount (44-48% of the total) of odd-carbon-numbered wax esters were present. The effect of temperature on odd-carbon-numbered wax formation is discussed in relation to possible sources of propionate or methylmalonate units.
Hb questembert is due to a base substitution (T→C) in codon 131 of the α 2‐globin gene and has an α‐thalassemia biosynthetic ratio

To the Editor: We describe here a family with a well tolerated hemolytic anemia associated with a thalassemia due to a single-base substitution, TCT CCT, in codon 131 of the a,-glohin gene. This mutation which is in exon 3, leads to the synthesis of an unstable a variant, a2I3l Ser + previously reported as Hb Questembert [l]. However, unlike the previous case, individuals heterozygous for this mutation do not have a p thalassemic biosynthetic ratio, but clearly have a phenotype of a thalassemia. The propositus, I11 (Table I) is a 45-year-old French woman of Yugoslavian origin who was found to be anemic at the age of 20 years during an antenatal follow-up. She received occasional blood transfusions during the first pregnancy but remained well otherwise. Recent hematological investigations of the propositus, an affected daughter (1111) and anon affected one (1112) are summarized in Table I. In both individuals I11 and 1111, blood film examination showed a moderate degree of hypochromic microcytosis of the red cells with polychromasia and basophilic stippling. Heinz bodies were not detected after 1 hr incubation at 37°C but HbH inclusions could be demonstrated in the occasional red cell (1 : 1 ,OOO). The isopropanolol test was positive on several occasions. This abnormal Hb could be demonstrated as a smear between HhS and HbA, on electrophoresis of red cell lysate at pH 8.6. An additional band representing an Hb A, variant was also observed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis at alkaline pH between Hb A, and carbonic anhydrase which indicated that this Hb variant was likely to be an a variant. The different hemoglobin components were purified by preparative DEAE-chromatography followed by chain analysis (Reverse Phase HPLC). It was found that while the Hb A, variant accounted for 35% of the total Hb A,, the Hb A variant accounted for 11% of the total Hb A. This result can be explained by factors such greater instability of the Hb A variant in comparison to the A, variant or an electrostatic effect in subunit assembly leading to a greater affinity of the a chain variant for 6 chains than p chains [2]. Separation of in vitro labeled globin chains showed an abnormal a chain at all time points of incubation in both I11 and 1111 (Table I and Fig. 1). The labelling of the variant a chain corresponded to about 20% of the total a pool and its optical density was variable from 10 to 15%. At 15 and 60 min incubation results showed a reduction in total a chain synthesis to about 15 to 20% of normal. Lower ainon a ratios at 3 and 5 min are consistent with E N
Amino acid and ammonium utilization by heterotrophic marine bacteria grown in enriched seawater

The nitrogen metabolism of natural bacterial assemblages was studied in seawater cultures enriched with the dissolved materials released by the mussel Myths edulis. The mussel released dissolved organic C, NH,‘, and dissolved organic N (DON), mostly in the form of combined amino acids (-70-100%) that constituted 30% of the total N released. lsNH4+ techniques showed that the contribution of NH,+ to total microbial N demand during growth ranged from 50 to 88% even when large amounts of DON were utilized (-70-260% of total bacterial N produced). An average of 80% of the DON used was converted to NH,+, showing simultaneous assimilation and regeneration of NH,+ by the natural microbial population and contradicting the idea that NH,’ assimilation occurs only when organic N is limiting. The dynamics of dissolved amino acids, i.e. conversion of the N and C into cellular and respiratory products, are key in understanding the role of marine bacteria in the transfer of energy and matter to other trophic levels and have been a subject of study for almost two decades (Andrews and Williams 197 1; Fuhrman 1987). Kirchman and Hodson (1986) reported that heterotrophic marine bacteria utilize amino acids largely for protein synthesis and, in certain cases, bacterial uptake of amino acids was determined to be a large fraction of total bacterial biomass production (Ferguson and Sunda 1984). Recently, however, it has been suggested that ambient concentrations of amino acids are insufficient in meeting microbial N requirements and that NH4+ is used as the supplement to fulfill such demands (Wheeler and Kirchman 1986; Kirchman et al. 1989). In shallow coastal ecosystems, benthic marine organisms are sources of nitrogenous nutrients that are used by microorganisms in their vicinity (Flint 1985). The mussel Mytilus edulis, commonly distributed in temperate and tropical regions, has been reported to release large amounts of Acknowledgments We thank T. Saino and J. Kanda for instructions in the use of the mass spectrometer, T. Shiba and H. Iizumi for assistance at the Otsuchi Marine Research Center, Ocean Research Institute, and M. Ohmori for helpful discussions. NH4+ and amino acids as well as other classes of dissolved organic C (DOC) (Bayne and Scullard 1977; Famme and Kofoed 1982). We report here the N metabolism of natural bacteria assemblages cultured with the dissolved materials released by this mussel. Using l 5NHq+, we estimated the contribution of NH4+ to bacterial N demand and the partitioning of dissolved organic N (DON) into cellular N and regenerated NH4+. Our results show that DON and NH4+ can be taken up at the same time, contrary to the idea that NH,+ assimilation occurs only as a supplementary N source and that regeneration and utilization of NH,+ can occur simultaneously in marine bacterial assemblages.
Fluorescence-aided composite removal during lingual bracket debonding.

OBJECTIVE This report describes the fluorescence-aided composite removal during lingual bracket debonding with an ultraviolet light emitting diode flashlight. The purpose of this technique is to help clinicians in composite removal without enamel surface damage. CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS The bracket debonding requires clinical attention in order to remove all composites and resins without enamel surface damage. Different protocols can be used in order to minimize the enamel damages and the excess bonding remnants. The fluorescence-aided composite removal permits to have an immediate visualization of the composites and adhesives, especially for the uneven lingual surfaces, of which the interindividual morphological variability is greater than the buccal surfaces. CONCLUSIONS The fluorescence-aided composite removal during lingual brackets debonding minimizes the risks described in literature and it is an easier, more accurate, reliable, noninvasive, inexpensive, and time-saving method. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The application of this technique allows, with inexpensive flashlights, to remove all the composite on the lingual surfaces during debonding, without damaging the tooth and saving time.
Cellular and extracellular white matter alterations indicate conversion to psychosis among individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis

Abstract Objectives It is important to find biomarkers associated with transition to illness in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR). Here, we use free-water imaging, an advanced diffusion MRI technique, to identify white matter alterations in the brains of CHR subjects who subsequently develop psychosis (CHR-P) compared to those who do not (CHR-NP). Methods Twenty-four healthy controls (HC) and 30 CHR individuals, 8 of whom converted to schizophrenia after a mean follow-up of 15.16 months, received baseline MRI scans. Maps of fractional anisotropy (FA), FA of cellular tissue (FAT), and extracellular free-water (FW) were extracted using tract-based spatial statistics after which voxel-wise non-parametric group statistics and correlations with symptom severity were performed. Results There were no significant differences between HCs and the combined CHR group. However, prior to conversion, CHR-P showed widespread lower FA compared to CHR-NP (p FWE < 0.05). FA changes in CHR-P were associated with significantly lower FAT and higher FW, compared to CHR-NP. Positive symptoms correlated significantly with diffusion parameters in similar regions as those discriminating CHR-P from CHR-NP. Conclusions Our study suggests that cellular (FAT) and extracellular (FW) white matter alterations are associated with positive symptom severity and indicate an elevated illness risk among CHR individuals.
Anti-attachment Function and Biomimetic Application of Slippery Zone in Nepenthes Pitcher

Carnivorous plants of Nepenthes species have evolved particular organs named pitchers at the tips of their conspicuous leaves, allowing slippery trapping and effective digesting prey to acquire sufficient growing nutrients. Nepenthes pitchers are generally distinguished by several morphological regions exhibiting distinct functions in prey capturing, and combined effect of the several zones results in great trapping efficiency. Depending on specific micro-structures, slippery zone performs an important role in efficiently preying arthropods, and this prey ability inspires an idea for biomimetic development of slippery trapping plate used in controlling agricultural pests. In this paper, combined with our latest results, the authors introduced the recent studies of the slippery zone, including surface structures and anti-attachment functions. They also highlighted the biomimetic application of slippery zone in developing slippery trapping plate for controlling agricultural pest.
The Effects of Water Restriction on Performance of Broiler Chickens in the Hot Humid Tropics

Abstract The performance of broiler chickens as measured by feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency, body weight gain, and other traits was studied in an experiment in which three groups of chickens received 85, 70, and 55%, respectively, of the amount of water supplied to a control group which had water ad libitum to 8 weeks of age. Each level of water restriction caused a significant depression in feed consumption and body weight gain. As feed consumption appears to be a function of water availability, differences in feed conversion efficiency were not statistically significant (P>.05). Treatments did not have adverse effects on mortality.
Apparent digestibility of mixed feed with increasing levels of false flax (Camelina sativa L.) seeds in rabbit diets

Thirty crossbred rabbits were randomly allocated to three groups each with ten animals (five male and five female rabbits each), and kept individually in separate cages. Three diets were formulated with increasing levels (0, 10 or 15%) of false flax (Camelina sativa L.) seeds (FFS). The experimental period lasted 7 weeks. No obvious health problems were encountered during the experiment. The measured parameters were growth performance and digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE), nitrogen-free extract (NFE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and gross energy (GE). The weekly live weight and weight gain did not differ significantly (P>0.05) for among the dietary treatments. Nevertheless, the growth curves of the rabbits showed a major difference between the diet without FFS and the diets with supplementary FFS; the inclusion of 10 and 15% FFS in the rabbit diets decreased the total weight gain by 3.6 and 2.7% compared to the control group, respectively. The digestibility coefficients were calculated according to standard procedures following the indirect digestibility method, using acid-insoluble ash as an inert marker. The digestibility of the DM, OM, NFE and EE significantly increased as the proportion of the FFS increased. Conversely, the ADF digestibility decreased as the proportion of the FFS increased, while the CF and NDF digestibility showed the same trend, but without any statistical differences. The CP digestibility of the two mixed feeds with FFS inclusion level of 10 and 15% were 69.5 and 66.2%, respectively, while in the diet without FFS it was intermediate. It can be concluded that false flax seed can be given to rabbits at levels of up to 15% in the diet without any adverse effects on growth performance and with a better digestibility of DM, OM, EE, NFE and GE than in the control diet.
Detecting the Egg Parasitoid Anaphes iole (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in Tarnished Plant Bug (Heteroptera: Miridae) Eggs by Using a Molecular Approach

Abstract Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to develop a specific molecular marker for detection of immature stages of the egg parasitoid Anaphes iole Girault developing within its host, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois). Ribosomal DNA sequences for the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) were cloned and sequenced from adult A. iole and L. lineolaris. PCR amplification of genomic DNA using primers designed on the basis of these rDNA sequences, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis, successfully detected eggs and larvae of the parasitoid within L. lineolaris eggs. This molecular method is highly specific and sensitive. A 661-bp wasp DNA fragment was consistently amplified from pure DNA extracted from a single wasp, from a DNA mixture prepared from a wasp and an L. lineolaris egg, and from a DNA mixture prepared from a wasp, an L. lineolaris egg, and alfalfa tissue. The presence of plant tissue did not hinder detection of A. iole within host eggs. With this PCR technique, as low as 5 × 10−6 wasp DNA equivalent (1.2 pg DNA) could be easily detected. The PCR technique provided more rapid detection of parasitism rates than observed by rearing parasitized host eggs in artificial oviposition packets. PCR technology shows promise for early and sensitive detection and identification of single and multiple species of egg parasitoids in agricultural and natural systems.