Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Turbulent Erosion of Persistent Cold-Air Pools: Numerical Simulations*

AbstractHigh-resolution idealized numerical simulations are used to examine the turbulent removal of cold-air pools commonly observed in mountain valleys and basins. A control simulation with winds aloft increasing from 0.5 to 20 m s−1 over 20 h combined with typical cold-air pool stratification illustrates the interplay over time of lowering of the top of the cold-air pool, spillover downstream of the valley from the upper reaches of the cold-air pool, wavelike undulations affecting the cold-air pool’s depth and stratification across the valley, and smaller temporal- and spatial-scale Kelvin–Helmholtz waves within the uppermost layers of the cold-air pool. The heat budget within the cold-air pool demonstrates the nearly compensating effects of vertical and horizontal advection combined with turbulent heating of the upper portion of the cold-air pool and cooling in the layers immediately above the cold-air pool. Sensitivities of turbulent mixing in cold-air pools to stratification and upstream terrain are.
Semi-supervised Method to Detect Fraudulent Transactions and Identify Fraud Types while Minimizing Mounting Costs

—Financial fraud is a complex problem faced by financial institutions, and existing fraud detection systems are often insufficient, resulting in significant financial losses. Researchers have proposed various machine learning-based techniques to enhance the performance of these systems. In this work, we present a semi-supervised approach to detect fraudulent transactions. First, we extract and select features, followed by the training of a binary classification model. Secondly, we apply a clustering algorithm to the fraudulent transactions and use the binary classification model with the SHAP framework to analyze the clusters and associate them with a particular fraud type. Finally, we present an algorithm to detect and assign a fraud type by leveraging a multi-fraud classification model. To minimize the mounting cost of the model, we propose an algorithm to choose an optimal threshold that can detect fraudulent transactions. We work with experts to adapt a risk cost matrix to estimate the mounting cost of the model. This risk cost matrix takes into account the cost of missing fraudulent transactions and the cost of incorrectly flagging a legitimate transaction as fraudulent. In our experiments on a real dataset, our approach achieved high accuracy in detecting fraudulent transactions, with the added benefit of identifying the fraud type, which can help financial institutions better understand and combat fraudulent activities. Overall, our approach offers a comprehensive and efficient solution to financial fraud detection, and our results demonstrate its effectiveness in reducing financial losses for financial institutions.
Ne ISOTOPES IN INDIVIDUAL PRESOLAR GRAPHITE GRAINS FROM THE MURCHISON METEORITE TOGETHER WITH He, C, O, Mg-Al ISOTOPIC ANALYSES AS TRACERS OF THEIR ORIGINS

Ne isotopes measured in individual presolar graphite grains, solid samples of extinct stars preserved in primitive meteorites, provide information on the type of stellar sources of the grains and on nucleosynthetic mixing and ion-trapping processes which were operating. We present Ne and He isotope analyses of single presolar graphite grains from the KFB1 density fraction extracted from the carbonaceous chondrite Murchison. In addition, we measured isotopes of C, O, and Mg-Al with the NanoSIMS ion microprobe to better constrain the origin of the grains. Eleven out of 51 presolar graphite grains contain nucleosynthetic 22Ne above our detection limit. This fraction of 22Ne-rich grains is similar to the one reported by Nichols et al. although we have a lower 22Ne detection limit. We detected rare He-shell 20Ne in one 22Ne-rich grain and obtained the 20Ne/22Ne ratio (0.03 ± 0.02) of the He-shell of an Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) star with 1.5–2 M☉ and subsolar metallicity. We also detected 4He in this grain, while in the other grains, which originally acquired He, He-loss seems to be significant. We found unequivocal evidence for radiogenic 22Ne (Ne-R) in another graphite grain, which likely condensed in a core-collapse supernova and which incorporated live radioactive 22Na (t1/2 = 2.6 yr). For the other grains, a clear assignment to a stellar source is more difficult to make. Putative stellar sources are supernovae, AGB stars, born-again AGB stars, J-type carbon stars, and CO novae.
Characterization of modes in coaxial vircator

Modes' character of high-power microwave (HPM) pulses generated in coaxial vircator is discussed. The electromagnetic (EM) field gains due to beam-wave interaction for TM/sub 01/ and TE/sub 11/ modes are derived according to the E-field distribution pattern inside the anode cavity. Two-and-a-half dimensional (2.5-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) computer simulations are carried out to determine the main mode under different numerical simulation coordinate systems. Finally, the experimental verification is obtained by two different diagnostic methods. The results indicate that for most cases, the TE/sub 11/ mode dominates the output power in the coaxial vircator studied.
Quatrain form in English folk verse

Quatrains in English folk verse are governed by laws that regulate the patterns of truncation (nonfilling of metrical positions) at the ends of lines. Each truncation pattern (we claim 26) is adhered to consistently through multiple stanzas and defines a verse type. Our descriptive goal is to account for why these and only these truncation patterns exist. Our crucial hypothesis is that the function of truncated lines is to render SALIENT certain layers in the natural constituency of the quatrain: the line, the couplet, or the quatrain as a whole. All three cannot be rendered salient at once, so the saliency constraints conflict. Each saliency constraint also conflicts with metrical constraints, which require that metrical positions be filled with appropriate syllables and stresses. The twenty-six well-formed quatrain types each represent a particular prioritization of the conflicting constraints.We formalize this in optimality theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993): the inventory of types is derived as the factorial typology of our constraint set; namely, the set of outputs of all grammars obtained by freely ranking the violable constraints. We also account for differing text frequencies in our data corpus by assigning each constraint a range of possible strengths, and from this develop an optimality-theoretic account of gradient well-formedness judgments.
Can conditional cash transfers reduce vulnerability to climate change?

ABSTRACT In the last decades several Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) have been implemented to interrupt the intergenerational transmission of poverty. More recently, they have also been used as a policy response to provide support to households hit by the COVID crisis. CCTs are being deployed as a development tool to reduce local communities’ vulnerability, increasing their resilience and capacity to adapt. In this context, this paper investigates if CCTs can reduce vulnerability to climate change by increasing the adaptative capacity of local communities. Indeed, while some literature has found that CCTs can reduce specific dimensions of vulnerability to socio-economic shocks, we argue that more research is necessary to understand their impact on vulnerability to climate change. Empirically, we use a panel of household survey data collected in Colombia in 2002 and 2006. We employ a difference-in-differences approach to analyse the impact of the CCT programme Familia en Acción (FA) CCTs on rural households. We consider seven components of vulnerability linked to climate change aggregated in an index: wealth, health, access to information, access to basic facilities, financial vulnerability, resilience to natural disasters, and nutrition. Our results differ from previous research and indicate that CCTs provided by the FA program do not decrease vulnerability to climate change. This finding suggests that CCTs are not a universal solution to reducing vulnerability to climate change and may be ineffective in specific contexts. Key policy insights The literature often assumes that CCTs can have a mitigating effect on vulnerability to climate change. Our research shows that in the context of Colombia, this assumption is incorrect. The idea that providing monthly payments to households can reduce vulnerability to climate change should be considered with caution, given limited empirical evidence. Policy makers and scholars should consider the multidimensional nature of vulnerability and design targeted interventions and avoid considering CCTs as a panacea to all aspects of vulnerability to climate change. Our models show that the FA programme failed to have a significant impact in reducing vulnerability to climate change using several different specifications. We show that CCTs do not have an impact on numerous essential components such as wealth, health, access to infrastructure, information and knowledge, financial coping mechanisms, food consumption, and exposure to natural disasters.
Simulation à l'Échelle atomique des Phénomènes de Diffusion et d'Agglomération des défauts Ponctuels Sous Irradiation: Création et Croissance des Boucles de Dislocation

Using the Monte Carlo technique, we have developed a model for the Atomic Scale Simulation of the formation of extended defects under irradiation by means of a personal computer. Three types of reactions are assumed to take place: vacancy-interstitial recombination, association of point defects to form a new extended defect, point defect-extended defect reaction leading to the growth of extended defects. Periodic boundary conditions are used to simulate an infinite lattice and the surface effect is not considered. The results are compared with those obtained by using the chemical rate theory and with experimental data on CdTe. It is shown that atomic scale simulation may leads to microscopic results that cannot be reached by solving the usual sets of equations. In particular, the spatial distribution of dislocation loops, in agreement with TEM experimental observations, and the indications about the distribution of vacancies around the dislocation loops. It is also shown that a strong correlation exists between the relative positions of extended defects and point defects and that they influence one another.
Using Deep Learning Algorithms to Diagnose Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

—With the rapid development in the area of Machine Learning (ML) and Deep learning, it is important to exploit these tools to contribute to mitigating the effects of the coronavirus pandemic. Early diagnosis of the presence of this virus in the human body can be crucially helpful to healthcare professionals. In this paper, three well-known Convolutional Neural Network deep learning algorithms (VGGNet 16, GoogleNet and ResNet50) are applied to measure their ability to distinguish COVID-19 patients from other patients and to evaluate the best performance among these algorithms with a large dataset. Two stages are conducted, the first stage with 14994 x-ray images and the second one with 33178. Each model has been applied with different batch sizes 16, 32 and 64 in each stage to measure the impact of data size and batch size factors on the accuracy results. The second stage achieved accuracy better than the first one and the 64 batch size gain best results than the 16 and 32. ResNet50 achieves a high rate of 99.31, GoogleNet model achieves 95.55, while VGG16 achieves 96.5. Ultimately, the results affect the process of expediting the diagnosis and referral of these treatable conditions, thereby facilitating earlier treatment, and resulting in improved clinical outcomes.
Short-term outcomes of drug-coated balloon versus drug-eluting stent for de novo saphenous vein graft lesions in coronary heart disease

Background As a device for percutaneous coronary intervention, drug-coated balloon (DCB) is widely used to treat in-stent restenosis. However, data regarding the use of DCB in treating de novo saphenous vein graft (SVG) lesions are limited. This study aimed to explore the outcomes of using the DCB in the treatment of de novo SVG lesions of coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods This retrospective and observational study analyzed CHD patients with de novo SVG lesions treated with DCB or the new-generation drug-eluting stent (DES) between January 2018 and December 2020. Restenosis was the primary endpoint, whereas target lesion revascularization (TLR), major adverse cardiac events, restenosis, cardiac death, target vessel revascularization, and myocardial infarction were the secondary outcomes. Results We enrolled 31 and 23 patients treated with DCB and DES, respectively. The baseline clinical data, lesion characteristics, and procedural characteristics were similar between the two groups. Twenty-eight (90.3%) patients in the DCB group and 21 (91.3%) in the DES group completed follow-up angiography after 1 year. The quantitative coronary angiography measurements at angiographic follow-up showing late lumen loss were −0.07 ± 0.95 mm for the DCB group and 0.86 ± 0.71 mm for the DES group (P = 0.039), and the rates of restenosis were 13.3% and 21.7% for the DCB and DES groups, respectively (P = 0.470). No significant differences were observed in the rates of MACE (16.7% vs. 26.1%, P = 0.402) and TLR (13.3% vs. 4.3%, P = 0.374) during clinical follow-up. Conclusion Our findings suggest that when pre-dilatation was successful, DCB might be safe and effective in treating de novo SVG lesions.
Convective blueshift strengths for 242 evolved stars

Context. Extreme precision radial velocity (RV) surveys seeking to detect planets at RV semi-amplitudes of 10 cm/s are facing numerous challenges. One of those challenges is convective blueshift caused by stellar granulation and its suppression through magnetic activity which plays a significant role in hiding planetary signals in stellar jitter. Aims. Previously we found that for main sequence stars, convective blueshift as an observational proxy for the strength of convection near the stellar surface strongly depends on effective temperature. In this work we investigate 242 post main sequence stars, covering the subgiant, red giant, and asymptotic giant phases and empirically determine the changes in convective blueshift with advancing stellar evolution. Methods. We used the third signature scaling approach to fit a solar model for the convective blueshift to absorption-line shift measurements from a sample of coadded HARPS spectra, ranging in temperature from 3750 K to 6150 K. We compare the results to main sequence stars of comparable temperatures but with a higher surface gravity. Results. We show that convective blueshift becomes significantly stronger for evolved stars compared to main sequence stars of a similar temperature. The difference increases as the star becomes more evolved, reaching a 5x increase below 4300 K for the most evolved stars. The large number of stars in the sample, for the first time, allowed for us to empirically show that convective blueshift remains almost constant among the entire evolved star sample at roughly solar convection strength with a slight increase from the red giant phase onward. We discover that the convective blueshift shows a local minimum for subgiant stars, presenting a sweet spot for exoplanet searches around higher mass stars, by taking advantage of their spin-down during the subgiant transition.
Electromagnetic plane wave scattering by a system of two parallel conducting prolate spheroids

By means of modal series expansions of electromagnetic fields in terms of prolate spheroidal vector wave functions, as exact solution is obtained for the scattering by two perfectly conducting prolate spheroids in parallel configuration, the excitation being a monochromatic plane electromagnetic wave of arbitrary polarization and angle of incidence. Using the spheroidal translational addition theorems recently presented by the authors which are necessary for the two-body (or multibody) scattering solution, an efficient computational algorithm of the translational coefficients is given in terms of spherical translational coefficients. The field solution gives the column vector of the series coefficients of the scattered field in terms of the column vector of the series coefficients of the incident field by means of a matrix transformation in which the system matrix depends only on the scatterer ensemble. This eliminates the need for repeatedly solving a new set of simultaneous equations in order to obtain the scattered field for a new direction of incidence. Numerical results in the form of curves for the bistatic and monostatic radar cross sections are given for a variety of prolate spheroid pairs having resonant or near resonant lengths.
Human CD8+ T-Cell Populations That Express Natural Killer Receptors

CD8+ T cells are activated by TCRs that recognize specific cognate Ags, while NK-cell activation is regulated by a balance between signals from germline-encoded activating and inhibitory NK receptors. Through these different processes of Ag recognition, CD8+ T cells and NK cells play distinct roles as adaptive and innate immune cells, respectively. However, some human CD8+ T cells have been found to express activating or inhibitory NK receptors. CD8+ T-cell populations expressing NK receptors straddle the innate-adaptive boundary with their innate-like features. Recent breakthrough technical advances in multi-omics analysis have enabled elucidation of the unique immunologic characteristics of these populations. However, studies have not yet fully clarified the heterogeneity and immunological characteristics of each CD8+ T-cell population expressing NK receptors. Here we aimed to review the current knowledge of various CD8+ T-cell populations expressing NK receptors, and to pave the way for delineating the landscape and identifying the various roles of these T-cell populations.
A Surface Reference Technique for Airborne Doppler Radar Measurements in Hurricanes

Abstract The operational algorithm for rainfall retrieval from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar data requires a measurement of the path-integrated attenuation (PIA) as a constraint. This constraint is derived via the surface reference technique, whereby a measurement of the ocean surface in a raining area is compared with the ocean surface backscatter in a neighboring clear area. This method assumes that the surface backscatter difference is due only to the presence of rain, although variation in surface winds could also cause differences in the reference and rain measurements. An alternative surface reference method is to use a measurement of the surface winds and a backscatter model to predict the rain-free, or reference, cross section. Such an approach is developed here for airborne Doppler radar measurements in hurricanes. This approach provides an independent measurement of the reference backscatter, which is compared with the standard clear-air reference. The mean d.
Applicability of SWOT data in calibrating WRF-Hydro hydrological model over the Tawa River basin

Abstract Freshwater is considered an essential natural resource that must be monitored effectively. The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission scheduled for launch in December 2022 will enable river discharge estimation from surface water extents, elevations, and slopes. However, the SWOT-based discharges will be inconsistent due to infrequent temporal sampling (TS) of SWOT orbit. This study explores the potential of unique TS of SWOT to determine whether it influences the calibration of hydrological model. The Weather Research and Forecast Hydrological system (WRF-Hydro) has been used to simulate river discharge. Further WRF-Hydro model has been calibrated using proxy SWOT data based on a dynamically dimensioned search algorithm. Results show that more than 90% of parameter iterations have KGE values with less than 20% absolute percent difference when only SWOT TS alone has been considered. The results suggest that model calibration using SWOT-based discharge performs similarly to daily in-situ discharge.
A Symmetric Galerkin Formulation of the Boundary Element Method for Acoustic Radiation and Scattering

A symmetric Galerkin formulation of the Boundary Element Method for acoustic radiation and scattering is presented. The basic integral equations for radiation and scattering of sound are derived for structures, which may consist of a combination of a three-dimensional closed part and thin-walled parts. For the numerical solution of these integral equations a Galerkin-type numerical solution scheme is proposed. The evaluation of the weakly-singular and the hypersingular integrals, occurring in this formulation, is addressed briefly. An improved CHIEF-method is employed in order to prevent the singularity of the coefficient matrix of the algebraic system of equations at so-called irregular frequencies. Subsequently, an algorithm for the automatic determination of the number of nodal unknowns at intersections of thin-walled parts of a structure, or of thin-walled parts and the three-dimensional closed part of a structure, is described. The numerical study contains comparisons of analytical solutions for simple academic examples with the numerical results. In addition, a comparison of measured and computed results is presented for a structure, consisting of both a three-dimensional closed part and a thin-walled part.
Ethnic Minorities’ Experiences of Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review

Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) can improve cardiovascular risk factors, decrease cardiac mortality, and promote healthy lifestyle behaviours. However, services remain underutilized by groups of ethnic minorities. The purpose of the study was to identify patients’ personal CR experiences to identify the differences CR makes towards minorities’ lifestyle. An initial electronic search was performed in 2021 for papers ranging from 2008–2020 across specific databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, APA PsycINFO, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), and Medline. Google Scholar was also used to supplement the search process and to identify studies performed within grey literature. A total of 1230 records were screened, of which 40 were assessed for eligibility. The final sample consisted of seven qualitative design studies that were identified for inclusion in this review. Based on patient personal experiences, this review identified that ethnic minorities continue to remain disadvantaged when accessing healthcare interventions, primarily as a result of cultural behaviours, linguistic barriers, socioeconomic status, religious and fatalistic beliefs, and low physician referral rates. More research is needed to elucidate this phenomenon and address these factors faced by ethnic minorities.
Distinct Roles of SELENOF in Different Human Cancers

SELENOF, previously known as SEP15, is a selenoprotein that contains selenium in the form of the amino acid selenocysteine. Like other selenoproteins, the role for SELENOF in carcinogenesis has been investigated due to its altered expression compared to the corresponding normal tissue, its molecular function, and the association of genetic variations in the SELENOF gene to cancer risk or outcome. This review summarizes SELENOF’s discovery, structure, cellular localization, and expression. SELENOF belongs to a new family of thioredoxin-like proteins. Published data summarized here indicate a likely role for SELENOF in redox protein quality control, and in the regulation of lipids, glucose, and energy metabolism. Current evidence indicates that loss of SELENOF contributes to the development of prostate and breast cancer, while its loss may be protective against colon cancer. Additional investigation into SELENOF’s molecular mechanisms and its impact on cancer is warranted.