Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Winter Atmospheric Response to Sea Ice Anomalies in the Barents Sea

AbstractThe atmospheric response to sea ice anomalies over the Barents Sea during winter was determined by boundary forcing the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) with daily varying high and low sea ice concentration (SIC) anomalies that decreased realistically from December to February. The high- and low-SIC anomalies produced localized opposite-signed responses of surface turbulent heat flux and wind stress that decreased in magnitude and extent as winter progressed. Responses of sea level pressure (SLP) and 500-mb height evolved from localized, opposite-signed features into remarkably similar large-scale patterns resembling the negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Hilbert empirical orthogonal function (HEOF) analysis of the composite high-SIC and low-SIC SLP responses uncovered how they differed. The hemispheric pattern in the leading HEOF was similar for the high-SIC and low-SIC responses, but the high-SIC response cycled through the pattern once per winter, whereas the low-SIC respon.
Garnet re‐equilibration by coupled dissolution–reprecipitation: evidence from textural, major element and oxygen isotope zoning of ‘cloudy’ garnet

The analysis of texture, major element and oxygen isotope compositions of cloudy garnet crystals from a metapelite sampled on Ikaria Island (Greece) is used to assess the model of growth and re‐equilibration of these garnet crystals and to reconstruct the pressure–temperature–fluid history of the sample. Garnet crystals show complex textural and chemical zoning. Garnet cores (100–200 μm) are devoid of fluid inclusions. They are characterized by growth zoning demonstrated by a bell‐shaped profile of spessartine component (7–3 mol.%), an increase in grossular from 14 to 22 mol. % and δ18O values between 9.5 ± 0.3‰ and 10.4 ± 0.2‰. Garnet inner rims (90–130 μm) are fluid inclusion‐rich and show a decreasing grossular component from 22 to 5 mol. %. The trend of the spessartine component observed in the inner rim allows two domains to be distinguished. In contrast to domain I, where the spessartine content shows the same trend as in the core, the spessartine content of domain II increases outwards from 2 to 14 mol. %. The δ18O values decrease towards the margins of the crystals to a lowest value of 7.4 ± 0.2‰. The outer rims (<10 μm) are devoid of fluid inclusions and have the same chemical composition as the outermost part of domain II of the inner rim. Garnet crystals underwent a four‐stage history. Stage 1: garnet growth during the prograde path in a closed system for oxygen. Garnet cores are remnants of this growth stage. Stage 2: garnet re‐equilibration by coupled dissolution–reprecipitation at the temperature peak (630 < T < 650 °C). This causes the creation of porosity as the coupled dissolution–reprecipitation process allows chemical (Ca) and isotopic (O) exchange between garnet inner rims and the matrix. The formation of the outer rim is related to the closure of porosity. Stage 3: garnet mode decreases during the early retrograde path, but garnet is still a stable phase. The resulting garnet composition is characterized by an increasing Mn content in the inner rim’s domain II caused by intracrystalline diffusion. Stage 4: dissolution of garnet during the late retrograde path as garnet is not a stable phase anymore. This last stage forms corroded garnet. This study shows that coupled dissolution–reprecipitation is a possible re‐equilibration process for garnet in metamorphic rocks and that intra‐mineral porosity is an efficient pathway for chemical and isotopic exchange between garnet and the matrix, even for otherwise slow diffusing elements.
Culture-Based Identification of Causative Organisms in Ascitic Fluids of Patients with Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Secondary to Decompensated Liver Disease and their Sensitivities to Ceftriaxone as an Empiric Therapy

OBJECTIVES To identify the pathogens in the ascitic fluids of patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and then to determine their sensitivity pattern to ceftriaxone. METHODOLOGY The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Medical Unit-A, Department of Medicine, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, from November 2021 to April 2022. Before ceftriaxone treatment was started, a minimum of 10 ml of ascitic fluid was introduced into a blood culture vial. Only patients with a positive culture were registered, and their information was gathered using a proforma. For statistical analysis, SPSS version 23 was used. RESULTSA total of 96 patients were enrolled in our study. There were 62 (59.52%) male and 34 (40.48%) female patients. Based on the isolation and identification of bacteria, the most prevalent bacteria isolated was Escherichia coli in 36 (37.5%) patients, followed by Acinetobacter Spp in 13 (13.54%) patients, Streptococcus spp in 14 (14.58%), Enterococcus spp in 11 (11.45%), Staphylococcus aureus in 9 (9.39%), MRSA in 8(8.33%) and K. Pneumonia in 5(5.21%) patients. The overall sensitivity of ceftriaxone to gram-positive bacteria was observed in 12 (42.85%) isolates, whereas the overall sensitivity of ceftriaxone to gram-negative bacteria was observed in 25 (36.76%) isolates. (p=0.091) (Figure 6). CONCLUSION Our study concludes that gram-negative bacteria were more prevalent than gram-positive bacteria in ascitic fluids of patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. The most common isolated pathogen was E.coli. Gram-negative was more resistant to ceftriaxone as compared to gram-positive bacteria.
REEFS IN THE BASINAL FACIES OF THE ZECHSTEIN LIMESTONE (UPPER PERMIAN) OF WESTERN POLAND: A NEW GAS PLAY

Zechstein (Upper Permian) reefs have long been known to occur along the margins of the Polish Zechstein Basin where they host important gas reserves. During the last decade, reefal build‐ups have also been found in the centre of the basin on pre‐Zechstein highs such as the Wolsztyn Ridge in Western Poland. Here, early 2D seismic and subsequent more detailed 3D seismic studies and integrated geophysical and geological interpretations have led to a number of major gas discoveries. The reef complexes in the Koscian– Wielichowo region are thought to have recoverable gas reserves of more than 32B cu m.
A research synthesis on successful educational practices and student outcomes for physical education in schools

Although successful educational practices (SEPs) in higher education institutions have well-established student outcomes, the vast majority do not meet physical education standards in schools. Despite the promising nature of policy initiatives supporting schools, there is scant evidence of how these SEPs affect student outcomes. This review aimed to determine the status of the literature and the type of evidence regarding school SEPs. Several studies have demonstrated that these SEPs contribute directly or indirectly to improving student outcomes. Three objectives were examined and synthesized in our review of SEP research findings. The first goal is to identify different types of impacts on students in schools. The second goal is to provide educators, principals, and policymakers with a unified and comprehensive framework. Lastly, we provide suggestions for future SEP research. The review identified 45 studies that met our inclusion criteria. Our reviewed studies documented impacts on the individual level. It encompasses both students' instrumental abilities and their sense of self-esteem and motivation. Secondly, improving interpersonal relationships, reducing conflict, and increasing group cohesion are important components at the group level. Finally, there are factors at the community level, including absenteeism reduction, parental involvement, and changes in attitudes toward school. Current research supports the effectiveness of successful school practices. It stresses the importance of implementing policies to maximize student outcomes. Finally, the review concludes by discussing findings implications and future research directions.
Cloud detection system in the Netherlands

A cloud observational system, which combines ground and satellite measurements, is used to characterize cloud fields over a central area in the Netherlands. The results will be used for the improvement of parameterizations in climate models. In the Netherlands a ground-based cloud detection network of 11 stations is installed. Each station consists of a lidar-ceilometer and an upward looking narrow beam infrared radiometer. The observations of the network are combined with cloud parameters derived from NOAA/AVHRR and Meteosat. Information on the actual atmospheric conditions like standard rawinsonde data, and numerical weather forecast analysis data are also used. The system aims at a detailed quantitative description of cloud cover, cloud structure and radiative properties in an area of 120 by 120 km2, the typical size of a general circulation model (GCM) grid box. The cloud detection system (CDS) will be operated for a period of two years. A first analysis of the measurements from the CDS for September 11, 1994 is presented. The ground based measurements are combined with the satellite measurements. It is concluded that this combination of measurements gives a good description of the temporal and spatial variability of the clouds over the TEBEX area. The concept, to use the lidar-ceilometer measurements to derive cloud characteristics for meteorological purposes, has much potential. Thousands of lidar ceilometers are already installed all over the world. The investiments needed to use these measurements for meterological applications would be limited.
An Error Model for Uncertainty Quantification in High-Time-Resolution Precipitation Products

AbstractThis study proposes a new framework, Precipitation Uncertainties for Satellite Hydrology (PUSH), to provide time-varying, global estimates of errors for high-time-resolution, multisatellite precipitation products using a technique calibrated with high-quality validation data. Errors are estimated for the widely used Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B42 product at daily/0.25° resolution, using the NOAA Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Unified gauge dataset as the benchmark. PUSH estimates the probability distribution of reference precipitation given the satellite observation, from which the error can be computed as the difference (or ratio) between the satellite product and the estimated reference. The framework proposes different modeling approaches for each combination of rain and no-rain cases: correct no-precipitation detection (both satellite and gauges measure no precipitation), missed precipitation (satellite records a zero, but the gaug.
Preparing pre-service agricultural education teachers to teach agricultural mechanics: Are we doing enough?

Agricultural mechanics is a technical skill area that poses numerous challenges for teacher preparation programs due to safety, time needed to learn technical skills, and credit hour requirements. The skills required to manage a laboratory are crucial for instructors of agricultural mechanics curriculum. Agricultural mechanics is a popular course in secondary schools, but studies found that pre-service teachers were ill-equipped to teach the courses effectively. Determining the level of readiness of graduates of teacher preparation programs to teach agricultural mechanics was the purpose of this study. Certifying institutions for agricultural education teachers across the nation comprised our target population. A questionnaire was used to collect data for this study, resulting in 48% response rate (n = 52). Of the nine agricultural mechanics curriculum content areas most teachers reported they had five in their state curriculum. The nine content areas were determined to be “Important” by the teachers in this study. Hand/Power Tools (M = 3.69) was the only content area that institutions ranked their graduates as “Prepared” to teach. The remaining content areas were ranked as “Somewhat” or “Poorly” prepared. Most institutions stated that they required at least one course in agricultural mechanics in their program, with the average requirement being five to eight hours. It can be concluded that agricultural mechanics course requirements have decreased since 2005, even though the content is heavily taught at the secondary level. This study has shown that we must re-evaluate how we prepare students to be competent to teach agricultural mechanics.
A re‐assessment of the faulting in the 1967 Mogod earthquakes in Mongolia

Summary The 1967 January 5 Mogod earthquake (Ms 7.5, Mw 7.1) in Mongolia produced spectacular surface faulting and has been the subject of several previous seismological and field reports. However, early field accounts were sketchy, and existing seismological analyses preceded the detailed field descriptions that are now available. In this paper we synthesize information on surface ruptures (both published and supplemented by our own observations), geomorphology and satellite imagery with a new seismological analysis of long-period P and SH waveforms and aftershock relocations to produce a description of the faulting in the Mogod earthquake sequence that is self-consistent and compatible with all this information. The main shock ruptured in three subevents occurring sequentially from north to south, all of them associated with segments of coseismic surface faulting. The first and second subevents involved predominantly N–S right-lateral strike slip, with the second, larger one occurring on a fault dipping steeply east with a significant reverse component of slip. The third subevent involved thrust faulting with a NW–SE strike at the southern end of the strike-slip faulting. A large (Mw 6.4) aftershock on January 20 was associated with a different thrust fault segment, which terminates the southern end of the strike-slip rupture in the first subevent. The association of the surface faulting and seismology with the geomorphology gives some insight into how the faulting in this region evolves with time.
Control of the seasonal and longitudinal occurrence of equatorial scintillations by the longitudinal gradient in integrated E region Pedersen conductivity

An enigma of equatorial research has been the observed seasonal and longitudinal occurrence patterns of equatorial scintillations (and range-type spread F). We resolve this problem by showing that the seasonal maxima in scintillation activity coincide with the times of year when the solar terminator is most nearly aligned with the geomagnetic flux tubes. That is, occurrence of plasma density irregularities responsible for scintillations is most likely when the integrated E-region Pedersen conductivity is changing most rapidly. Hence the hitherto puzzling seasonal pattern of scintillation activity, at a given longitude, becomes a simple deterministic function of the magnetic declination and geographic latitude of the magnetic dip equator. This demonstrated relationship is consistent with equatorial irregularity generation by the collisional Rayleigh-Taylor instability and irregularity growth enhancement by the current convective and (wind-driven) gradient drift instabilities. Some discrepancies in this relationship, however, have been found in scintillation data obtained at lower radio frequencies (below, say, 300 MHz) that suggest the presence of other irregularity-influencing processes. The role of field-aligned currents, associated with the longitudinal gradient in integrated E-region Pedersen conductivity produced at the solar terminator, in equatorial irregularity generation via the current convective instability has not been discussed previously.
Stable carbon- and hydrogen-isotope ratios of subfossil oaks in southern Germany: methodology and application to a composite record for the Holocene

The &D and δ13C values of tree rings from dendrochronologically dated subfossil Holocene oaks have been studied for palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimate reconstructions. The wood material mainly originates from fluvial deposits of the river Main and to a lesser extent from the Danube and Rhine regions in southern Germany. The chronology consists of the isotope records of 82 trees that cover a large part of the Holocene. The periods 8230 BC to AD 905 are represented by 6'13C values; AD values exist for the time interval 6470 BC to AD 905. Not all records have the same time resolution and not all of them were prepared in the same way for isotope analysis. However, investigations on the influence of the preparation technique on the isotope values and on the isotope composition of different wood compartments (latewood and earlywood, respectively) allowed us to homogenize the records. The comparison of δD values of wood with different cambial ages showed that hydrogen-isotoperatios were affected by growth trends. The uniformity of the trends implies physiological rather than microclimatic causes of these δD growth trends. The growth trends were corrected by subtracting a standardized trend curve, which in most cases resulted in a higher conformity in the overlap of tree-ring sequences. The δ13C records showed no uniform trends. However, the differences between δ13C values of overlapping trees in several cases were markedly offset, making it difficult to interpret the δ13C long-term trends in some sections of the chronology. Despite that, there are some characteristics common to both isotope chronologies. Most noticeable is the occurrence of comparatively high values in the interval 4500 to 2000 BC indicating higher temperatures (δD) and possibly lower water availability (δ13C), and a decrease in both isotope chronologies since about 2000 BC.
Mixing‐height differences between land use types: Dependence on wind speed

[1] Mixing height and its spatial variation are important for a variety of issues and applications. In a previous study in the region around Nashville, Tennessee, we found a significant difference in the daytime mixed-layer inversion height zi between the area to the north and west of the city and the area to the south and east. These observations were from 3 days of very light daytime winds. The subregion to the north and west is deciduous forest, and that to the south and east is agricultural and mixed forest land. The differences in zi, which we are referring to as Δ zi, were attributed to differences in surface heat flux characteristics arising from the land use variation. In the present study we investigate the effects of increasing wind speed on Δ zi between the subregions, using a sample of 15 dry days from Southern Oxidants Study 1995. As convective boundary layer (CBL) wind speeds increased from ≲1 to 6 m s−1, Δ zi decreased from 600 m to negligible. We found that an increase in shear-generated turbulence in the CBL was a probable factor in this decline. Two light-wind days that followed days with widespread rainfall were also noted. The Δ zi on these days were small. Thus either strong winds or widespread surface moisture availability were able to nullify the effects of the land use/surface heat flux differences on Δ zi between the two subregions.
Holocene forest dynamics in northwestern Romnania

Pollen analyses and AMS radiocarbon measurements were carried out on peat deposits from the former crater lake Preluca Tiganului, located in a mid-altitude area of the Gutaiului Mountains (NW Romania), in order to reconstruct the postglacial vegetation history. At the Lateglacial/Holocene transition the open vegetation was replaced by forest, suggesting a fast response to climatic warming. The rapid expansion of Pinus, Betula and later Picea may be due to their existence in the area during the Lateglacial. At approximately 11 250 cal. yr BP, the dense forest was composed primarily of Ulmus and some Picea, Betula and Pinus. A small population of Ulmus might also have survived in the area during the Lateglacial. At 10750 cal. yr BP, Quercus, Tilia and Fraxinus, followed by Corylus at c. 10200 cal. yr BP, expanded significantly in the forest. The delay of approximately 550 years in their establishment, as compared to the expansion of Ulmus, was probably due to their immigration from more distant localities. Between 9300 and 5750 cal. yr BP, the forest became denser and was composed of Corylus (dominating), Ulmus, Quercus, Tilia, Fraxinus and Picea. At 5750 cal. yr BP Carpinus became established and expanded, possibly as a response to higher temperatures. At 5200 cal. yr BP, Fagus became locally established, and expanded from about 4800 cal. yr BP, possibly as a result of moist climatic conditions, although human activities cannot be excluded. From 4000 cal. yr BP to the present, Fagus dominated the woodlands, and all other deciduous trees (except for Carpinus and Quercus) became greatly reduced. Evidence of human influence on the local vegetation is low for this time period, but becomes more evident in the pollen stratigraphy around 2300 cal. yr BP. This is reflected by a decrease in forest diversity and an increase in pasture and forest grazing.
Vertically traveling shock waves in the ionosphere

Vertically traveling shock waves generated by atomic explosions at or near the earth's surface provide an excellent tool for studying hydromagnetic phenomena in the ionosphere. By the time such a wave has reached ionospheric levels, the relative overpressure, which at first decreases because of the inverse distance effect, will have increased to the point where the wave has once more become a strong shock. This conclusion can be drawn from the expression for the relative overpressure of a shock wave traveling upward in an atmosphere of constant scale height. Reed [1959] derived a similar expression for a wave traveling downward, and, if his derivation is modified by reversing the assumed direction of travel, we find that Π(R)/Π(R0)=R0exp⁡[(R−R0)/2Hs]RL(R)/L(R0)where Π is the relative overpressure, L is the length of the positive pressure phase, Hs is the scale height, R is the distance from the source, and R0 is the distance at which the relative overpressure has a numerical value of 0.075.
Effect of Bacterial Amyloid Protein Phenol−Soluble Modulin Alpha 3 on the Aggregation of Amyloid Beta Protein Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease

Since the proposal of the brainstem axis theory, increasing research attention has been paid to the interactions between bacterial amyloids produced by intestinal flora and the amyloid β−protein (Aβ) related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and it has been considered as the possible cause of AD. Therefore, phenol−soluble modulin (PSM) α3, the most virulent protein secreted by Staphylococcus aureus, has attracted much attention. In this work, the effect of PSMα3 with a unique cross−α fibril architecture on the aggregation of pathogenic Aβ40 of AD was studied by extensive biophysical characterizations. The results proposed that the PSMα3 monomer inhibited the aggregation of Aβ40 in a concentration−dependent manner and changed the aggregation pathway to form granular aggregates. However, PSMα3 oligomers promoted the generation of the β−sheet structure, thus shortening the lag phase of Aβ40 aggregation. Moreover, the higher the cross−α content of PSMα3, the stronger the effect of the promotion, indicating that the cross−α structure of PSMα3 plays a crucial role in the aggregation of Aβ40. Further molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have shown that the Met1−Gly20 region in the PSMα3 monomer can be combined with the Asp1−Ala2 and His13−Val36 regions in the Aβ40 monomer by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, which prevents the conformational conversion of Aβ40 from the α−helix to β−sheet structure. By contrast, PSMα3 oligomers mainly combined with the central hydrophobic core (CHC) and the C−terminal region of the Aβ40 monomer by weak H−bonding and hydrophobic interactions, which could not inhibit the transition to the β−sheet structure in the aggregation pathway. Thus, the research has unraveled molecular interactions between Aβ40 and PSMα3 of different structures and provided a deeper understanding of the complex interactions between bacterial amyloids and AD−related pathogenic Aβ.