Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efeito do fogo na fenologia de Syagrus glaucescens Glaz. ex Becc. (Arecaceae)

EnglishAbstract Syagrus glaucescens is an endemic and threatened palm from the rupestrian field of the Espinhaco Range, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the fire effect on the vegetative and reproductive phenology of S. glaucescens. It was tested the hypothesis that the occurrence of fire can affect the phenological patterns exhibited by this species. The study began after six months of fire occurrence. A total of 40 individuals were marked and observed monthly, 20 in a burned area (Queimado group) and 20 in an unburned adjacent area (Controle group), located in rupestrian fields areas of Serra do Cipo (MG). The analysis of phenophases was performed using the index of activity and the Fournier’s percent index of intensity. Leaf flushing and leaf fall were synchronous among the individuals of the two populations, during the studied period. The production of flowers and fruits on S. glaucescens was asynchronous for the most part of the time. However, in both studied areas most individuals were blooming during the dry season and fruiting in the rainy season. Rainfall seems to be the main factor determining the observed phenological patterns, and was significantly correlated with some phenophases of both burned and control groups. The burned plants flowered and fruited before the control group, and also produced a higher number of flowers and fruits, suggesting that fire may affect the phenology of this palm. portuguesSyagrus glaucescens e uma palmeira de pequeno porte, ameacada de extincao e endemica dos campos rupestres da Cadeia do Espinhaco, em Minas Gerais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do fogo na fenologia vegetativa e reprodutiva de S. glaucescens. Foi testada a hipotese de que a ocorrencia do fogo altera os ritmos fenologicos exibidos por esta especie. O estudo teve inicio seis meses apos a ocorrencia do fogo. Foram marcados e observados, mensalmente, 20 individuos na area queimada (grupo Queimado) e 20 em uma area de controle adjacente (grupo Controle), localizados em areas de campo rupestre da Serra do Cipo (MG). A analise das fenofases foi feita pelos metodos de indice de atividade e percentual de intensidade de Fournier. O brotamento e a senescencia foliar foram constantes e sincronicos entre os individuos das populacoes em praticamente todo o periodo estudado. A producao de flores e frutos em S. glaucescens foi assincronica na maior parte do tempo. Entretanto, de uma forma geral, nos dois grupos avaliados, pode-se observar maior percentual de individuos florescendo na estacao seca e frutificando na estacao chuvosa. A precipitacao parece ser o principal fator determinante na definicao dos padroes fenologicos, pois obteve correlacao significativa com varias fenofases em ambos os grupos, Controle e Queimado. O grupo Queimado floresceu e frutificou antes do grupo Controle, alem de ter produzido maior numero de flores e frutos, sugerindo que o fogo afeta a fenologia desta palmeira.
A CONTRIBUTION TO SOME ETHNOBOTANICAL ASPECTS OF BIRJAND FLORA (IRAN)

Birjand is located near the Afghanistan border in eastern part Iran at the 57° 45´ to 50° 60´ latitude and 10° 31´ to 33° 15´ northern longitude with an altitude of 1419 m, and a surface area of 31704 Km. In this contribution some floristic and ethnobotanical aspects of the area are given according to the conventional methods used in taxonomical and ethnobotanical studies. All collected plants were identified using available flora. A total of 37 families, 128 genera and 160 species were identified from the area. The largest family is Asteraceae with 16 genera and 22 species and the largest genera are Salsola and Acanthophyllum with 4 species. About 40% of plants are used as medicinal plants, 47/8% pastural, 8/3% poisonous and 4% with industrial uses. The life form of plant species was determined using the Raunkier's method. Phanerophytes comprised 11/45%, chamaephytes 20%, hemicryptophytes 27%, chryptophytes 5/7% and therophytes 33% of the flora of the area. The most important medicinal plants of the area are: Achillea tenuifolia (Asteraceae), Berberis vulgaris (Berberidaceae), Ephedra procera(Ephedraceae), Crocus sativus (Iridaceae), Hymenocrater calycinus, Teucrium polium, Ziziphora clinipodiodes (Lamiaceae), Ziziphus jojoba (Rhamnaceae) and Pistacia atlantica (Anacardiaceae). The most important industrial species are: Ferula assa-foetida and Dorema ammoniacum (Apiaceae).
Mapping interorganisational collaboration within biomedicine : collaboration in infection and immunity research

iii Preface . v Table of contents . vi List of tables . x List of figures . xi Acknowledgements . xii 1 Chapter 1: Introduction, literature review, and methodology . 1 1.2 Introduction . 1 1.3 Related theoretical concepts . 4 1.3. 1 Systems level approaches . 4 1.3. 1.1 Innovation systems . 4 1.3. 1.2 Organisational fields . 5 1.3. 1.3 Bourdieu’s social field . 6 1.3. 1.4 Actor network theory . 6 1.3. 1.5 Systems compared . 7 1.3. 2 System boundaries . 10 1.3. 3 Proximity . 11 1.3. 4 Institutions . 14 1.3. 5 Capital . 16 1.3. 6 Social network analysis and theory . 18 1.4 Research questions . 22 1.5 Study focus . 22 1.5. 1 Vancouver as a case study . 24 1.5. 2 Organisations and institutions . 26 1.6 Overview of design and methodology . 27 1.6. 1 Reflexivity . 31 1.7 Structure of the dissertation . 32 2 Chapter 2: Proximity at a distance in I research . 33 2.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS IN HYDROPHYLLACEAE BASED ON NDHF SEQUENCE DATA

An analysis of evolutionary relationships within the angiosperm family Hydrophyllaceae was completed. A parsimony search using DNA sequence data from the chloroplast gene ndhF from 65 accessions yielded 3,227 most parsimonious trees distributed over six tree islands. Hydrophyllaceae, excluding Hydrolea and Codon, are nested within a paraphyletic Boraginaceae sensu lato. These "core" Hydrophyllaceae are restricted to the New World and have the derived feature of capsular fruits with parietal placentation and many small seeds. Two large clades can be recognized-a clade of annual and perennial herbs including Phacelia, tribe Hydrophylleae, and related genera, and a clade containing Nama and the woody, shrubby gen- era Eriodictyon, Turricula, and Wigandia. The second clade corresponds to the tribe Nameae sensu Gray, but the first has not been formally recognized. Evolutionary relationships based on ndhF are compared to current clas- sification systems and inferences about evolution based on published morphological and anatomical studies.
Longevity and Fecundity of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Exposed to Tomato Foliage and Honeydew in the Laboratory

Adult female Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) lived significantly longer when confined on tomato leaves than when confined on glass plates and starved. Males survived similar numbers of days on both substrates. Continuous exposure of adults to aphid honeydew on tomato leaflets resulted in increased longevity for both sexes and increased fecundity of females relative to adults exposed to tomato foliage without honeydew. When adults were exposed initially to aphid honeydew on leaflets for 24 h and transferred to leaflets without honeydew, fecundity was still increased, but longevity was not.
Inhibition of Grape Seed Tannin Aggregation by Wine Mannoproteins: Effect of Polysaccharide Molecular Weight

Polysaccharides are important in colloidal stabilization-destabilization phenomena. In a previous study, three different trends were observed upon addition of wine polysaccharides to procyanidin suspensions: rhamnogalacturonan II monomers had no impact, the MP0 mannoprotein fraction strongly inhibited aggregation, and rhamnogalacturonan II dimers increased aggregation. After molecular weight fractionation of MP0 mannoprotein, the molecular weight effect on polyphenol particle size was investigated. Low molecular weight macromolecules are the stabilizing species, while high molecular weight molecules have no impact in “standard” wine conditions (pH 3.4 buffers containing 2 gL−1 tartaric acid and 12% ethanol). At high ionic strengths or low ethanol concentrations, all mannoprotein fractions prevented tannin aggregation and precipitation.
Karyotypes of 10 Species of Neotropical Cichlids (Pisces, Perciformes)

SUMMARYTen neotropical species of family Cichlidae (Pisces: Perciformes) were analyzed cytogenetically. The results obtained also support the indications that the chromosomal evolution of this group was more conservative than divergent from the numerical point of view. All species showed a chromosome number of 2n = 48, although differences in chromosome morphology were observed. The species Chaetobranchopsis australe exhibited a karyotype consisting of 48 subtelo-acrocentric chromosomes, which is possibly of a more primitive type in relation to the karyotypes of the remaining species investigated. No chromosome differences were detected between males and females, indicating the absence of morphologically differentiated sex chromosomes.
Some New or Little-Known Neotropical Sarcophagidae (Diptera), with a Review of the Genus Oxysarcodexia

New taxa are described, new information (including generic reassignments) is given for some previously known, and genitalia are figured for 39 species (marked here with asterisks), as follows: Aulacophyto sp. * (Chile) ; Blaesoxipha dolosa* (Chile), B . ebi* ( Sarcophaga e . Hall), B . quaesita* ( S. q . Hall); Boettcheria dentata* (El Salvador), B . marstoni* (Rio de Janeiro); Chloronesia aragua* (Venezuela), C . calliphorina* ( Robineauella c . Enderlein; redescribed), C . sp. * (Costa Rica); Dexosarcophaga bidentata* (Trinidad, W. I.), D . itaqua* and D . quecetuba* (State of Sao Paulo) ; Emdenimyia biseriata* (Venezuela); Helicobia Coquillett (= Anaravinia Townsend, n.syn.), H . biplagiata* (Peru, Ecuador), H . lagunicola* ( Johnsonia l . Hall, = Anaravinia hondunrona Townsend, n.syn.); Oxysarcodexia Townsend (= Hybopygia Enderlein, = Apelophyla Hall, n.synn.), O . artigasi* (Chile), O . aura* ( Sarcophaga a . Hall), O . bikini* (Chile), 0. comparilis* (Reinhard), O . cuernavaca* (Mexico), O . culmiforceps (Rio de Janeiro; = Sarcophaga culminata Lopes, nec Curran), O . lopesi (Amazonas; = S. fringidea Lopes, nee Curran & Walley), O . marina* ( Apelophyla m . Hall), O . meridionalis ( Sarcophaga ventricosa var. m . Engel, = S. illatu Lopes, n.syn.), O . orbitalis* (Martinique), O . pallisteri* (Peru), O. ramosa * (Reinhard), O . terminalis* ( Sarcophaga t . Wiedemann), O . varia* ( S. varia Walker), O. villosa * Lopes; Oxyvinia , type O . piliventris* (Venezuela), O . grata* ( Dexosarcophaga g . Lopes); Peckia villegasi* (Venezuela), P . irwini* (El Salvador), P . retrocita* ( Sarcophaga r . Hall; redescribed); Peckiamyia , type P . pacorensis* (Panama), P . abnortnalis ( Sarcophaga a . Hall), P . calx ( S. c . Hall); Petriana nigricornis* (Venezuela), P . antennata* (Peru); Promayoa , type P . peculiaris* (Paramaribo); Squamatodes stahli* (Misiones, Argentina); Tricharaea engeli* (Bolivia; = Sarothromyia femoralis Engel, nee Schiner), T . bilineata (Peru); Villegasia , type V . difficilis* (Venezuela), V . postuncinata ( Sarcophaga p . Hall); Metopia pauciseta (Peru). Keys are given to the species of Emdenimyia, Oxysarcodexia, and Petriana, and there is a synonymic check-list of names in Oxysarcodexia .
In vitro Studies on the Effects of Tubificids on the Biological, Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Submerged Ricefield Soil and Overlying Water

Measurements of chemical, physical and biological attributes of submerged ricefield soil in vitro with and without tubificids showed that the tubificid worms destroyed the oxidized superficial soil layer by mixing the soil, altered the size composition of soil particles by their selective feeding on the small size fraction and allowed a free exchange of dissolved substance between soil and the overlying water. The results indicated that the presence of tubificids descreased the number of aerobes in the soil and increased the number of sulfate-reducing bacteria and the ammonia content of soil. The results also suggested that the tubificids inhibited nitrification in the submerged ricefield soil system in the earlier stages of incubation.
Pennsylvanian Ostracoda; A Continuation of the Study of the Ostracoda Fauna from the Wayland Shale, Graham, Texas

The Pennsylvanian sediments of north Texas are essentially shallow water deposits. The period began in the region with conditions favorable for the deposition of the petroliferous limestones and carbonaceous shales which make the Bend Group. At the end of the first epoch there was an elevation of the Llano Mountain area and an uplift of the old land masses to the east. Then followed a deposition of thick beds of sand and gravel interbedded with shale, which are now known as the Strawn Group. These coarse sediments were succeeded largely by calcareous oozes and marls, making up the series of strata forming the Conyon Group. The latter part of the period was marked by a long epoch of oscillating levels of the sea during which beds of clay, sand, and limestone were deposited in somewhat rhythmic succession to form the series of strata which are included in the Cisco Group. The Graham formation has been assigned to the basal formation of the Cisco Group.
Sodium chloride and moisture changes in Romano-type cheese during salting

SUMMARY The apparent diffusion coefficients for NaCl in Romano-type cheese salted by brining or dry salting were ∼0·23 cm2/d. A plot of the natural logarithm of % salt-in moisture against distance was almost linear, the slope of which is the distance over which the salt concentration decreases by a factor of 1/e (0·368). Such plots may be useful in predicting the concentration of NaCl at any point in the cheese after any period of brining. After 9 d brining, the water to salt flux (ratio of outflow of water to inflow of NaCl) decreased from 2·42 at the surface to ∼0·5 in the middle zone of the cheese and increased again to > 1 at greater distances from the cheese/brine interface.
PHYLOGENETIC HYPOTHESES FOR THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN KINOSTERNINE TURTLES

Cladograms of kinosternine turtles were generated based on a phylogenetic analysis of the distribution of character states within 27 morphological characters. These cladograms were compared to those of Seidel et al. (1986), which were based on binary coding of 34 protein electromorph products, those based on multistate coding of the presumptive loci responsible for those products, and those based on the combined protein and morphology data sets. The analyses resolve the relationships of most kinosternine taxa very well, with taxa with small plastrons generally being the most primitive, and those with large plastrons being the most derived. However, the morphologic data set may be biased because of character redundance, in this case due to high correlation of at least 16 of the characters with relative plastron size. The two remaining controversies concern the monophyly of the genus Sternotherus (here considered a subgenus of Kinosternon) and the determination of the nearest relatives of K. leucostomum.
Activity Patterns of Inhibitory Motoneurones and their Impact on Leg Movement in Tethered Walking Locusts

A preparation is described which permits intracellular recording of neural activity in tethered walking locusts. Minimal dissection is required, leaving the animal nearly intact. In this preparation, the activities of the three common inhibitory motoneurones (CIs) supplying the muscles of the middle leg were recorded. CIs were completely or almost completely silent in quiescent locusts but often produced a tonic spike discharge during walking activity. This tonic discharge was modulated in the step cycle, bursts of action potentials being generated in conjunction with the swing phase of the leg movement. The bursts peaked at around the start of leg protraction. They were remarkably similar in all three CIs and in a variety of different walking situations (forward and backward walking, searching, etc.). The only notable difference was that bursts of CI 1 normally peaked some 40 ms before those of CI 2 . These results indicate that CI activity is timed according to the muscle group innervated but that no further functional specializations exist. Activity of CI 1 was manipulated by current injection. For example, decreasing CI spike discharge by the application of hyperpolarizing current reduced the velocity of leg protraction in the walking animal. This demonstrates that CI 1 plays an important role in determining the speed of the swing movement.
Larval Hysterothylacium (=Thynnascaris) (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from Fishes and Invertebrates in the Gulf of Mexico

Numerous fishes and invertebrates in the northern Gulf of Mexico contain larvae of four forms of Hysterothylacium: ? //. reliquens (=type MA, Mississippi A), type MB, H.fortalezae (=type MC), and type MD. The third-stage larvae (possible second-stage larva of type MB) of all are described and illustrated; furthermore, corresponding fourth-stage larvae of all but type MB are described. A key to all these inshore and nearshore larvae is included. Biological differences among related species are exemplified using H. reliquens and Iheringascaris inclines. The second-stage larva of /. inclines survives much longer in cold water than that of H. reliquens, and the fourth-stage larva of /. inclines is unique because it invades alimentary tissue of the final host. Adult nematodes of the genus Hysterothylacium Ward and Magath, 1917 are restricted to the digestive tract, with one exception (Machida et al., 1978), of fishes, whereas their larvae parasitize various tissues of numerous fishes and invertebrates (e.g., Norris and Overstreet, 1976). Deardorff and Overstreet (1981) reviewed the genus, previously known as Thynnascaris Dollfus, 1933 or Contra- caecum sensu lato, and examined adults of six species from the Gulf of Mexico. In this paper, we describe the larvae of four forms of Hysterothylacium fol- lowing the nomenclature initiated by Norris and Overstreet (1976) and provide a listing of hosts. The number of species in the inshore northern Gulf of Mexico may be greater because more than one species could have morphologically similar larvae. However, some known adults from the Gulf of Mexico are rare and not found in inshore northern regions where most larval specimens were collected. On the other hand, two forms may be different phases of the same species, and we may have included larvae of the related Iheringascaris inquies (Linton, 1901) Deardorff and Overstreet, 1981 which is not Hysterothylacium sensu stricto, even though placed in the genus Thynnascaris by most recent workers (see Deardorff and Overstreet, 1981). Our studies of the ascaridoid fauna in the Gulf of Mexico have differentiated at least one species that is a potential public health hazard. Norris and Overstreet (1976) established that Hysterothylacium type MB rapidly penetrated the alimen- tary tract of white mice. That study has been expanded (Ebert and Norris, per- sonal communication), and the worm also causes lesions and diffuse mucosal hemorrhaging in the rhesus monkey (Overstreet and Meyer, 1981). Fetter (1969a, b) hypothesized that H. aduncum (Rudolphi, 1802) Deardorff and Overstreet, 1981 (as Thynnascaris adunca) from Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum) was the caus- ative agent for several cases of anisakiasis in man; however, Vermeil et al. (1975) determined that the suspected nematode did not penetrate the rabbit stomach and questioned the hypothesis. Under stated experimental conditions, Hysterothy- lacium type MA did not penetrate tissues in mice (Norris and Overstreet, 1976).
An Arrangement of the Subspecies of the Horned Toad, Phrynosoma Orbiculare (Iguanidae)

The horned toads, Phrynosoma orbiculare, locally known as "camaleones" or "tapayaxin" are known to occur from northwestern Chihuahua and northeastern Sonora southward through the western mountains of Mexico to the southern end of the Mexican Plateau, and from the northern Sierra Madre Oriental of Nuevo Leon southward to Vera Cruz and the southern edge of the Central Plateau. The range may be stated as, the southern central plateau and adjacent eastern and western mountains. In this area the camaleon has become differentiated into five distinguishable subspecies. The Mexican horned toad, type of the genus, was first mentioned in print by Hernandez (1651), 107 years before the 10th edition of the Systema Naturae. Despite this long history, there are relatively few synonyms for the name orbiculare assigned by Lirnaeus. However, a brief historical review is essential to an understanding of the origin of some of the names used herein.
A Synopsis of the Fern Genus Pteris in Japan, Ryukyu, and Taiwan

Pteris is an old genus which Linnaeus (1753, Sp. Pl. 2: 1073) established to include 12 species. According to Copeland (1947, Gen. Fil. 60), there are about 280 species predominantly distributed in the tropics and subtropics of the world. I have studied taxonomically the species of this genus indigenous in the chain of islands from Hokkaido to Taiwan which includes Honsyu, Sikoku, Kyusyu, Yakusima, Amami-Osima, Okinawa, and many other islands, and attempted to set up a new arrangement of infra-generic grouping of the species. In my opinion the most stable and important character to divide this genus is the branching manner of the frond, namely pinnating or triparting. The venation, on the contrary, is unstable in some extent. The traditional classification of this genus has long been based on this character. Presl (1836, Tent. Pter. 143) divided it into three genera-Pteris characterized by free venation, Cam~teria by forming a single series of costal areoles, and Lithobrochia by showing a more ample reticulate venation. Christensen (1906, Ind. Fil.) also used the same criterion and divided it into three subgenera-Eupteris, Campteria, and Lithobrochia. However, later, he (1932, Pter. Madagasc. 126) recognized that such division is unnatural and suggested that the venation must be used as a character for species, not for super specific groups. Walker (1962, Evolution 16: 27) 'commented that Christensen's division had certain practical uses, but it was purely artificial and in no way truly represented the biological situation, because the distinction among the three subgenera is liable to break down. Walker's view may be correct, although he did not propose any new classification, as he mentioned the costal arches are inconstant in Pteris biaurita. I also observed furthermore the same case in P. linearis and P. tokioi. In connection with P. linearis, Ching (1933, Lingnan Sci. Journ. 12: 568) illustrated the range of variation in venation of this species. Besides these two characters, the followings are also important, and accepted in my study. They are : the scales, margin of the pinnae, relation between the vein tips and the margin, presence or absence of the false-veins in mesophyll, dimorphism of the frond, base of the pinnae, etc. For the purpose of studying, I have examined all the herbarium specimens of Pteris available in the Botanical Institute, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto (KYO), Botanical Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo (TI), and Botanical Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo (TIA). This work was carried out under the direction of Prof. H. Ito of Tokyo University of Education, to whom I wish to express my sincere appreciation for his kind guidance and encouragement. I am much obliged to the directors and curators of all the abovecited herbaria for permitting me to use their facilities. A special debt of thanks is owed to Dr. M. Tagawa of Kyoto University for his valuable suggestions. Grateful acknowlegement is due to National Council on Science Department of Chinese Government for