Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Etude du comportement granulaire en transport par charriage basée sur un modèle Eulérien-Lagrangien

Turbulent bedload transport represents the main contribution to the riverbed morphological evolution, and associates the non-trivial collective granular behavior with a turbulent fluid flow. Therefore, its description is both a scientific challenge and a societal issue. The present numerical approach focuses on the granular phase characterization, and considers idealized steady uniform bedload transport, with monodisperse spherical beads and a unidirectional fluid flow. This simplified configuration allows to study the underlying physical mechanisms.A minimal coupled numerical model is proposed, associating a three dimensional discrete element method with a one-dimensional volume-averaged fluid momentum balance resolution. The model is compared with classical experimental results of dimensionless sediment transport rate as a function of the Shields number. The comparison is extended to granular depth profiles of solid volume fraction, solid velocity and sediment transport rate density in quasi-2D bedload transport configurations. Parameter sensitivity analysis evidenced the importance of the fluid-particle phase coupling, and showed a robust agreement of the model with the experiments. The validated model is further used to analyze the granular depth structure in bedload transport. Varying the channel inclination angle and the specific density, it is shown that the classical Shields number and dimensionless sediment transport rate formulations do not take appropriately into account the effects of these two parameters. Analyzing the solid depth profiles and the continuous two-phase flow equations, the neglected fluid flow inside the granular bed is identified as the missing contribution. Its importance is enhanced near the transition to debris flow. A rescaling of the Shields number is proposed and is shown to make all the data collapse onto a master curve when considering the dimensionless sediment transport rate as a function of the modified Shields number. Lastly, the bedload transport granular rheology is characterized by computing locally the stress tensor as a function of the depth. The lowermost part is shown to follow a creeping regime and exhibits signature of non-local effects. The dense granular flow on the top of it, is well described by the mu(I) rheology and is observed to persist up to unexpectedly high inertial numbers. It is characterized by the co-existence of frictional and collisional contributions. The transition from dense to dilute granular flow is controlled by the Shields number, the slope and the specific density. Saltation is observed in the uppermost granular layer. These findings improve the understanding of bedload transport granular mechanisms and challenge the existing granular rheologies.
I ABDOMINAL CHARACTERIZATION UNDER LAP BELT LOADING

The phenomenon of submarining is of major interest in the design and optimization of restraint systems. A biofidelic finite element human body model can be more useful for investigating this phenomenon than the existing dummy. For the validation of finite element human body models, belt pull tests were performed to characterize thoracic and abdominal regions of the PMHS, and the 50%tile male Hybrid III dummy was tested for comparison with the PMHS. The spines of subjects were rigidly mounted to a test fixture through a mounting system to minimize the influence of the spinal motion during the test. The pelvis of the subjects were positioned close to the normal driving posture, but the torso angle was more reclined than the average driving posture due to the difficulty of adjusting the torso angle during the mounting process. This torso angle led to the belt being positioned more rearward with respect to anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) in the longitudinal direction. The subjects were loaded under lap belt only configurations with two levels of load limits, 1 kN and 3 kN. The lap belt was positioned in various vertical offsets with respect to ASIS and belt angles. The vertical offset of the belt from ASIS was determined based on volunteer test data. Belt pulling distance, belt cable force, spine reaction force, and belt kinematics were documented for the human body model validation. During the lap belt tests, both belt sliding over the pelvis and belt staying in front of the pelvis were observed, and a large amount of abdominal compression was observed during the submarining cases. After finishing the test series, autopsies were performed on the PMHS, and both PMHS showed no injuries in the abdominal region. One of the PMHS also showed a pelvic fracture at the iliac crest, but the PMHS had a pre-existing healed pelvic fracture at the same location. It was believed that this pre-existing fracture had not healed completely prior to death. Note that its ASIS region was intact so it should not have affected the occurrence of the submarining-like belt kinematics. Although only two PMHS were tested, the biomechanical responses collected through the belt pull test can be used to validate the computational human body model for further investigation on the submarining phenomenon.
Snow grain size retrieved from near‐infrared radiances at multiple wavelengths

A comprehensive forward radiative transfer model is used to construct a snow grain size retrieval algorithm that relies on the use of NIR radiances. Data collected by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) at the wavelengths 0.86, 1.05, 1.24 and 1.73 µm are used to retrieve snow grain size. Based on a single‐layer (homogeneous) snow model, the retrieved snow grain size appears to depend on wavelength. The photon penetration depth defined as the e‐folding flux attenuation depth has be computed for different snow grain sizes and different wavelengths. It reveals that this apparent wavelength dependence occurs because (i) the snow grain size generally increases with depth, and (ii) the photon penetration depth decreases with increasing wavelength. The results show that the wavelength dependence of the photon penetration depth can be used to retrieve the depth dependence of the snow grain size.
Seasonal particulate carbon flux in the coastal northwestern mediterranean-sea, and the role of zooplankton fecal matter

During a six-year (1978-1984) sediment trap study in the northwestern Mediterranean off the coast of Monaco, large variations in mass flux and carbon flux through 100 and 150 m were observed with maximum flux values occurring in late winter or early spring and minimum flux in late summer. Total particulate carbon flux was linearly related to mass flux. During March through October total particulate carbon flux represented, on average, approximately 7 % of the mass flux, whereas from November through February it averaged about 4.7 %. From recent organic carbon content data collected in the same region, it was estimated that approximately 5 % of the total mass flux through 100 and 150 m in calm seas was organic carbon (calm seas were prevalent during March through October). Organic carbon export out of the euphotic zone ( new production ) ranged from 17 to 42 % of primary production. Zooplankton fecal pellets were always an abundant component of the sinking particles and the pellet carbon flux was linearly related to the total carbon flux at the three depths (50, 150 and 250 m) examined. Higher pellet fluxes were always observed at the greater depths. Pellet carbon fluxes were calculated to be roughly 25, 29 and 33 % of total particulate carbon fluxes through 50, 150 and 250 m, respectively. These estimates suggested that zooplankton fecal pellet deposition is a significant contributor to the downward particulate carbon flux in this region of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea.
EFFECTIVENESS OF STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA) IN SOUTH AFRICA

South Africa is regarded as a leading developing country in terms of SEA practice. However, the lack of empirical research to evaluate and learn from this wealth of practical experience can be considered a major lost opportunity not only for South Africa but also for the development of our understanding of SEA in the developing world. This paper provides the research results of an effectiveness review of six high profile SEA case studies within the South African context. Measured against four key performance areas (KPAs) and nine key performance indicators (KPIs) the research results show a high degree of ineffectiveness across all six cases in terms of 'direct outputs'. The main areas of weakness were the inability to influence the contents of plans and programmes as well as decision making in general. It can thus be concluded that based on the 'poor' direct effectiveness results SEA is not achieving its objectives within the South African context. However, certain 'indirect outputs' also emerged such as.
Celestine-Bearing Geodes from Wayne and Emery Counties, Southeastern Utah: Genesis and Mineralogy

Geodes containing celestine with associated quartz, calcite, chlorite, and other minerals occur in the Jurassic Curtis Formation of Emery and Wayne counties off the east and south flanks of the San Rafael Swell in southeastern Utah. The two areas discussed in this article produce geodes to 25 cm wide containing bladed to tabular celestine crystals that are as much as 4.5 cm in length. An evaporative littoral system resulting in the formation of anhydrite nodules is proposed as the initial environment for this deposit. Subsequent silicification of the nodules and, in some cases, the formation of hollow spaces within the silicified nodules, provided a geode structure for the eventual crystallization of celestine and associated minerals. Celestine-Bearing Geodes
A Comparison of Sea-Floor and On-Land Seismic Ambient Noise in the Campi Flegrei Caldera, Southern Italy

The Campi Flegrei (southern Italy) is one of the most active calderas in the world. This caldera is characterized by episodes of slow vertical ground move- ment, called bradyseism. With several hundred thousand people living within its bor- ders, this area is in a high-risk category should there be an eruption. The seismological monitoring system in the Campi Flegrei is based on nine seismic stations, eight of which are equipped with short-period seismometers (1 Hz), and one with a broadband seismometer (60 sec-50 Hz). While all of the seismic stations are located on land, part of the seismic activity occurs in the undersea area of the Pozzuoli Gulf (Campi Fle- grei), where there are no seismic stations. This gap in the data coverage produces a biased and incomplete image of the volcanic area. We carried out an experiment in the Pozzuoli Gulf with the installation of two broadband seismic stations on the seafloor with remote and continuous data acquisition for a duration of 31 days between January and March 2005. Using the data acquired, we have computed the power spectral den- sity (PSD) to characterize the background seismic noise, and to evaluate the true noise variation, we have generated the seismic noise probability density functions from the computed PSD curves. The results of our analysis show that the broadband seismic noise is high when compared with the Peterson noise model (land model), but for periods less than 0.3 sec, the seismic noise on the seafloor is lower than the recordings on land over the same period range. The last bradyseismic crisis (1982-1984) high- lights the importance of this frequency range, where most of the spectral content of the recorded earthquakes was observed. Finally, we evaluate the detection threshold of a new seismic station located on the seafloor of the Campi Flegrei caldera consider- ing the characteristics of the local seismicity. This analysis shows that the detection threshold for the sea-floor stations (Mw ∼ 0:2) is less than that for land stations (Mw ∼ 0:8).
Charged-particle distributions in s=13 TeV pp interactions measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

the ATLAS detector at the LHC Aad, G; Abbott, B; Abdallah, J; Abdinov, O; Abeloos, B; Aben, R; Abolins, M; AbouZeid, OS; Abraham, NL; Abramowicz, H; Abreu, H; Abreu, R; Abulaiti, Y; Acharya, BS; Adamczyk, L; Adams, DL; Adelman, J; Adomeit, S; Adye, T; Affolder, AA; Agatonovic-Jovin, T; Agricola, J; Aguilar-Saavedra, JA; Ahlen, SP; Ahmadov, F; Aielli, G; Akerstedt, H; Åkesson, TPA; Akimov, AV; Alberghi, GL; Albert, J; Albrand, S; Alconada Verzini, MJ; Aleksa, M; Aleksandrov, IN; Alexa, C; Alexander, G; Alexopoulos, T; Alhroob, M; Aliev, M; Alimonti, G; Alison, J; Alkire, SP; Allbrooke, BMM; Allen, BW; Allport, PP; Aloisio, A; Alonso, A; Alonso, F; Alpigiani, C; Alvarez Gonzalez, B; Álvarez Piqueras, D; Alviggi, MG; Amadio, BT; Amako, K; Amaral Coutinho, Y; Amelung, C; Amidei, D; Amor Dos Santos, SP; Amorim, A; Amoroso, S; Amram, N; Amundsen, G; Anastopoulos, C; Ancu, LS; Andari, N; Andeen, T; Anders, CF; Anders, G; Anders, JK; Anderson, KJ; Andreazza, A; Andrei, V; Angelidakis, S; Angelozzi, I; Anger, P; Angerami, A; Anghinolfi, F; Anisenkov, AV
Risk factors , outcome and management survey of placenta accreta in 153 cases : a five-year experience from a hospital of Shanghai , China

Objectives: To assess risk factors, outcomes and provide combinations of treatment for placenta accreta in our hospital of Shanghai, China. Methods: Clinical data of 153 women with placenta accreta and 149 controls between January 2010 and January 2015 were retrospectively collected. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: The maternal age (OR = 1.268, 95% CI: 1.143-1.406), gravidity (twice, OR = 3.435, 95% CI: 1.413-8.350; 3 times, OR = 9.643, 95% CI: 3.901-23.838) and low-lying placenta (OR = 15.952, 95% CI: 4.701-54.127) were independent risk factors for placenta accreta. Postpartum hemorrhage was the main complication in patients with placenta accreta, leading to the requirement for conservative treatments by intrauterine packing with gauze (15, 33.3%)/water bag (15, 9.8%), B-Lynch suture (9, 5.9%), uterine arterial embolization (14, 9.2%), ligation of the ascending branch of the uterine artery (4, 2.6%) intraoperatively, and injection of MTX (105, 68.6%) postoperatively. Neonates born to women with placenta accreta had significantly lower birth weight, Apgar scores at 5 min and higher rates of neonatal asphyxia, but no deaths occurred. Conclusion: Planned delivery and intervention is necessary for women with placenta previa, multiple gravidity and advanced maternal age to prevent adverse outcomes.
Association of Women Surgeons Prognostic impact of mechanical ventilation after liver transplantation : a national database study

0002-9610/$ see front matter 2014 http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.amjsurg. 20 Abstract BACKGROUND: The impact of mechanical ventilatory support (MCVS) on mortality and graft loss after liver transplantation (LT) is not well described. METHODS: Multivariate analysis of a novel database linking national transplant registry and Medicare claims data was used to assess the impact of early MCVS on mortality and graft survival following LTs performed between 2002 and 2008. RESULTS: Among 10,517 LT recipients, 6.9% (n 5 726) required postoperative MCVS, 25.6% of whom required less than 96 hours, 24.2% required 96 hours or longer, and 50.1% received an unspecified duration. Significant predictors of prolonged MCVS included older age, female sex, pretransplant dialysis requirement, and ascites. After multivariate adjustment, MCVS of 96 hours or longer was associated with nearly 3 times the adjusted hazard ratio of mortality (2.95, P, .001), while MCVS less than 96 hours was not significantly associated with mortality (adjusted hazard ratio .88, P 5 .55). CONCLUSIONS: Recognition of LT patients at risk for prolonged MCVS may help to reduce the incidence and consequences of this complication. 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Adverse Health Impacts of Outdoor Air Pollution, Including from Wildland Fires, in the United States: “Health of the Air,” 2018–2020

Rationale Adverse health impacts from outdoor air pollution occur across the United States, but the magnitude of these impacts varies widely by geographic region. Ambient pollutant concentrations, emission sources, baseline health conditions, and population sizes and distributions are all important factors that need to be taken into account to quantify local health burdens. Objectives To determine health impacts from ambient air pollution concentrations in the United States that exceed the levels recommended by the American Thoracic Society. Methods Using a methodology that has been well established in previous “Health of the Air” reports, this study provides policy-relevant estimates for every monitored county and city in the United States for the adverse health impacts of outdoor pollution concentrations using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency design values for years 2018–2020. Additionally, for the first time, the report includes adverse birth outcomes as well as estimates of health impacts specifically attributable to wildland fires using an exposure dataset generated through Community Multiscale Air Quality simulations. Results The adverse health burdens attributable to air pollution occur across the entire age spectrum, including adverse birth outcomes (10,660 preterm and/or low-weight births; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3,180–18,330), in addition to mortality impacts (21,300 avoidable deaths; 95% CI, 16,180–26,200), lung cancer incidence (3,000 new cases; 95% CI, 1,550–4,390), multiple types of cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity (748,660 events; 95% CI, 326,050–1,057,080), and adversely impacted days (52.4 million days; 95% CI, 7.9–92.4 million days). Two different estimates of mortality impacts from wildland fires were created based on assumptions regarding the underlying toxicity of particles from wildland fires (low estimate of 4,080 deaths, 95% CI, 240–7,890; middle estimate of 28,000 deaths, 95% CI, 27,300–28,700). Conclusions This year’s report identified sizable health benefits that would be expected to occur across the United States with compliance with more health-protective air quality standards such as those recommended by the American Thoracic Society. This study also indicates that a large number of excess deaths are attributable to emissions from wildland fires; air quality management strategies outside what is required by the Clean Air Act will be needed to best address this important source of air pollution and its associated health risks.
Modélisation de la dynamique des sédiments fins dans l'estuaire de la Seine

Dans les estuaires, tel l'estuaire de la Seine, l'asymetrie de la propagation de l'onde de maree et les differences de densite entre eau douce et eau de mer produisent une accumulation de particules en suspension, couramment appelee bouchon vaseux. Un modele bidimensionnel horizontal de calcul hydrodynamique et de transport des sediments fins reproduit la formation et le comportement des structures sedimentaires, tant en suspension que deposees, dans des conditions variables de maree et de debit fluvial. Les processus de consolidation peuvent etre pris en compte. En depit de formulations sedimentologiques simplifiees, les deplacements du bouchon vaseux sont reproduits, a partir d'une condition initiale irrealiste, a differentes echelles (journaliere, en fonction du cycle tidal, bimensuelle en fonction du cycle morte eau/vive eau, et saisonniere suivant le debit fluvial). Il y a une bonne adequation entre depots simules et observes la ou les fonds sont partiellement ou majoritairement vaseux, en particulier autour de l'engainement. Un bilan sedimentaire est propose pour des periodes de quatre mois. Une etude de la sensibilite du modele aux differents parametres de depot et d'erosion est realisee. Le modele tridimensionnel permet de mettre en evidence un effet tridimensionnel important, relatif a la presence simultanee de courants forts et de concentrations faibles en surface (et inversement au fond), ce qui reduit les depots excessifs simules le long des rives par le modele bidimensionnel horizontal. Les sediments sont alors transportes vers l'aval et ne peuvent plus re-alimenter le bouchon vaseux en matieres en suspension lors des phases d'erosion. Une hierarchisation des processus de formation du bouchon vaseux est obtenue : l'asymetrie de la propagation de la maree est predominante tandis que les effets de densite semblent avoir une influence secondaire, n'agissant que sur la structure du maximum de turbidite.
Electric field values observed near lightning flash initiations

From a dataset of about 250 soundings of electric field (E), nine were adversely affected by lightning. These soundings are interpreted as ending near lightning initiation locations. Scaled to standard pressure, the largest observed E was 626 kV m−1 and the largest estimated E was 929 kV m−1. E exceeded runaway breakdown threshold, RBth, by factors of 1.1–3.3 before each flash, and overvoltages were 1.4–4.3. Seven cases had rapid E increases (rates of 11–100 kV m−1 s−1) in the few seconds before the flash, and in three the maximum E occurred 3 s or more before the flash. A tenth sounding with E > RBth for 38 s had subsequent lightning initiate 2 km from the balloon; one channel came within 400 m, but the flash and large E did not adversely affect the instruments. The findings suggest that E > RBth is a necessary condition for lightning initiation, but it is not sufficient.
Geological relationships in high-grade basement gneiss of the northern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica

High‐grade gneiss in the northern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica, has a complex intrusive and deformational history. Outcrop is dominated by homogeneous felsic orthogneiss, which encloses boudinaged mafic and ultramafic units. These boudins preserve structures (S1, F2) not seen in the host gneiss, and are interpreted as transposed and boudinaged dykes. A sedimentary protolith is inferred for less homogeneous felsic gneiss interlayered with semi‐pelite, calc‐silicate and rare pelite. These basement lithologies were deformed into a series of flat‐lying structures (S3, F4) consistent with progressive horizontal shear, and then into a series of upright structures (F5) culminating in the development of regional synforms, antiforms and monoclines (F6) separated by zones of intense upright fabric (S6). The D3 to D6 time interval was associated with several episodes of partial melting which produced discordant Ieucogneiss bodies, and with the emplacement of mafic dykes and charnockite plutons correlate.
Recurrent infections and use of antibiotics Higher rates of rifaximin use in patients with recurrent infections

License. The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. Permissions beyond the scope of the License are administered by Dove Medical Press Limited. Information on how to request permission may be found at: http://www.dovepress. com/permissions.php Patient Preference and Adherence 2014:8 331–338 Patient Preference and Adherence Dovepress