Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Income Changes and Intimate Partner Violence: Theory and Evidence from Unconditional Cash Transfers in Kenya∗

In a previous study, we found an improvement in female empowerment after randomized unconditional cash transfers in Kenya (Haushofer and Shapiro 2016). Here we report detailed impacts of these transfers on physical and sexual intimate partner violence, and construct a theory to explain them. Transfers to women averaging USD 709 reduced physical and sexual violence (−0.26, −0.22 standard deviations). Transfers to men reduced physical violence (−0.18 SD). We find spillovers: physical violence towards non-recipient women in treatment villages decreased (−0.16 SD). We show theoretically that transfers to both men and women are needed to understand why violence occurs. Our theory suggests that for the average household, husbands use physical violence to extract resources, but dislike it, while sexual violence is not used to extract resources, but is pleasurable. However, there is substantial heterogeneity among households. Thus, policies should account for both the type of violence and the composition of couples being targeted in order to be effective. JEL codes: O12, C93, D13 ∗We are deeply grateful to Justin Abraham, Faizan Diwan, Conor Hughes, Victoria Isika, and James Reisinger for outstanding project management and data analysis. We further thank the study participants for generously giving their time; Marie Collins, Chaning Jang, Bena Mwongeli, Joseph Njoroge, Kenneth Okumu, James Vancel, and Matthew White for excellent research assistance; Allan Hsiao and Emilio Dal Re for data and code auditing; the team of GiveDirectly (Michael Cooke, Michael Faye, Raphael Gitau, Piali Mukhopadhyay, Paul Niehaus, Joy Sun, Carolina Toth, Rohit Wanchoo) for fruitful collaboration; Petra Persson for help in designing the intrahousehold bargaining and domestic violence module; Arun Chandrasekhar, Claire Cullen, Melissa Hidrobo, Chaning Jang, Ura Krenk, Michala Riis-Vestergaard, Christopher Roth, Anna Tompsett, and seminar participants at various institutions for comments and discussion. All errors are our own. This research was supported by NIH Grant R01AG039297 and Cogito Foundation Grant R-116/10 to Johannes Haushofer. †Peretsman Scully Hall 427, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; National Bureau of Economic Research; Busara Center for Behavioral Economics, Nairobi, Kenya; and Max Planck Institute for Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany. haushofer@princeton.edu ‡CREED, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; FAIR The Choice Lab, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway; and Busara Center for Behavioral Economics, Nairobi, Kenya. C.Ringdal@uva.nl §Busara Center for Behavioral Economics, Nairobi, Kenya. jeremy.shapiro@busaracenter.org ¶Social Sciences 320, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; National Bureau of Economic Research. xy.wang@duke.edu
A Cross Sectional Study on the Coprological Prevalence of Ovine Fasciolosis in Amhara Sayint District, Ethiopia

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of fasciolosis in local breeds of sheep in Amhara Sayint district from November 2016 to April 2017. Fecal samples from 383 sheep, 164 from males and 219 from females, were collected and examined by standard sedimentation technique. The overall prevalence rate of fasciolosis was found to be 41.3%. The prevalence was compared among different risk factors. Additionally, month specific prevalence was recorded for comparison. The highest prevalence was recorded on November and March being 58.4 and 61.2 respectively. There was no statistical difference (p>0.05) between sexes of animals. However, there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) according to age, body condition, origin and the history of deworming. The results revealed that the infection was significantly higher in adult animals than in the young ones. The infection rate in poor body conditioned animals was highest and lowest in good body conditioned animals. Animals originated from high land were most affected by the infection than those from low land. In a similar way, dewormed animals were found to be less challenged by the infection than the non-dewormed ones. The present investigation indicated that fasciolosis is a prevalent disease of sheep in the study area. Hence, it demands further studies on its economic significance. Fasciolosis is the important disease in the study area. Therefore, strategic and tactical control measures need to be implemented.
Capital Market Performance and Economic Development in Nigeria

The objective of this study was to empirically analyze the impact of the Nigeria capital market performance and her socio-economic development in the Country. The socio-economic development was proxy by the gross domestic product (GDP). While the capital market variable considered include stock market capitalization (SMC), stock market index (SMI), trade share (TS) and capital market saving ratio (CMRS). To ease understanding, the research is divided into five chapters. The study solely employed secondary source of data collection using the ordinary multiple regression analysis it was found that the capital market indices have not impacted significantly on the GDP. The government therefore advised to out up measures to stem up investors‟ confidence and activities in the market performance so that if could contribute significantly to the Nigerian socio-economic development, allocates these funds to projects of best return to fund owners. This allocative function is critical in determining the overall growth and development of the economy. The functioning of the capital market affects liquidity, acquisition of information about firms, risk diversification, savings mobilization and cooperate control. Therefore, by altering the quality of these services, the functioning of stock markets can alter the rate of economic development. Many efforts have been towards understanding the relationship between capital and the economic development of Nigeria. The capital market of every economy is setup for the attainment of specific objective which includes economic growth and stability; Data were collected and analyzed using multiple regression analysis. These include F-test to determine the significance of the individual variables and the second order test, which include test for autocorrelation, normality test and heteroscedasticity. The result of the study shows that the capital market has a positive and significant impact on the country‟s economic development. On the strength of this evidence, this work recommends that government should introduce policies to motivate and encourage the market. If these recommendations are efficiently implemented, the effectiveness of the Nigerian capital market will be enhanced.
Role of Personalization in Continuous Use Intention of Mobile News Apps in India: Extending the UTAUT2 Model

The aim of this study was to empirically examine the extended unified theory of acceptance and use of technology 2 (UTAUT2) model by adding “personalization” as one of the antecedents, as well as a moderator to determine the key factors for the continuous use intention of mobile news applications (apps). For this study, an online and manual sample survey of 309 respondents, who had used the news app earlier, was collected and analyzed, using quantitative methods such as explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling, and Hayes process for finding moderating effects among variables. The findings of the direct effect demonstrated that performance expectancy (PE) has the most influential effect on continuous use intention, followed by habit (HT), hedonic motivation (HM), and facilitating conditions (FC). Furthermore, the outcome of tests for the moderating effect of personalization between UTAUT2 constructs and continuous use intention (CUI) showed that personalization has a significant moderating effect on performance expectancy and habit. Therefore, this research establishes the key role of PE, HT, HM, and FC as main factors that trigger the users’ continuous use intention of news apps and provides an integrated framework to assess the moderating effect of personalization on technology acceptance. The findings of the research expand the existing literature on news applications and provide foundation for future research studies in the area of mobile news apps.
Comparing Hypothetical and Realistic Privacy Valuations-Submitted to FTC PrivacyCon2019

To protect users’ privacy, it is important to understand how they value personal information. Prior work identifed how framing effects alter users’ valuations and highlighted the difculty in eliciting real valuations through user studies under hypothetical circumstances. However, our understanding of users’ valuations remains limited to specifc entities, information types, and levels of realism. We examined the efects of realism and purpose of use on users’ valuations of their personal information. Specifcally, we conducted an online study in which participants (N=434) were asked to assign monetary value to their personal information in the context of an information marketplace involving diferent receiving parties, while we experimentally manipulated the level of realism of the scenario and the timing of eliciting valuations. Among our fndings is a nuanced understanding of valuation biases, including when they may not apply. For example, we fnd that, contrary to common belief, participants’ valuations are not generally higher in hypothetical scenarios compared to realistic ones. Importantly, we fnd that while absolute valuations vary greatly between participants, the order in which users prioritize information types (i.e., users’ relative valuations of diferent attributes) remains stable across the levels of realism we study. We discuss how our fndings inform system design and future studies.
A Quantitative Theory of Political Transitions

We develop a quantitative theory of repeated political transitions driven by revolts and reforms. In the model, the beliefs of disenfranchised citizens play a key role in determining revolutionary pressure, which in interaction with preemptive reforms determine regime dynamics. We study the quantitative implications of the model by fitting it to data on the universe of political regimes existing between 1946 and 2010. The estimated model generates a process of political transitions that looks remarkably close to the data, replicating the empirical shape of transition hazards, the frequency of revolts relative to reforms, the distribution of newly established regime types after revolts and reforms, and the unconditional distribution over regime types.
Who’s Afraid of Third Wave Feminism? ON THE USES OF THE ‘THIRD WAVE’ IN BRITISH FEMINIST POLITICS

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------This article addresses some issues related to the question of the ‘third wave’ within contemporary British feminism, situating British debates within an international context. My argument is that existing accounts of third wave feminism treat it either in terms of what the term means to the author, or it is treated as a coherent and easily recognizable movement or set of positions within contemporary feminism. By contrast, I adopt an approach drawn from poststructuralist discourse theory which emphasizes the diverse and overlapping ways in which the notion of a ‘third wave’ is appropriated by academics and activists alike. From this theoretical base, I trace two different conceptions of the ‘third wave’ – one referring to a poststructuralist and postcolonial critique of the second wave – and another referring to a specific generational cohort of young feminists. I argue that the latter conception has become dominant in the contemporary British context and to a lesser extent elsewhere. The second half of the article develops a critique of the ‘generational paradigm’ of third wave feminism, drawing on interviews with activists and postcolonial academic perspectives. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Factors influencing consumer behaviours via web personalization and information content on social media

The goal of this study was to investigate the strategic effect of personalized marketing on online businesses in Thailand based on individuals' behavioural intentions towards the Information Technology Use Theory, Information Search Theory and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The theoretical models listed have been constructed using variables concerning information content, website optimization and e-shopping channels that ultimately influence consumer behaviour in the use of personalized services. Data collection used a questionnaire containing four factors and 12 signs to perform an empirical survey of online users who answered the questions. The sample group was selected from online shopping users in Thailand using a convenient sampling method. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the effects of these factors. Research results are useful for online entrepreneurs in providing a model for improving operations. The findings show that strategic marketing for online businesses must improve the quality of e-commerce and keep users online, and that it should involve creating more effectively targeted personalized services.
Exploring the Role of Vacation Motives and Technology Acceptance Motivations in Travel Web Site Usage

Tourism is one of the major service industries today and it is necessary for travel marketers to take advantage of the huge opportunities generated by Internet technology for online promotions and purchases. Under increasingly competitive situations, effective tourism marketing is impossible without an understanding of consumers‟ motives. Motive is explained as why an individual does something (Hawkins et al., 1998). Moreover, vacation motives or travel motivation is one of the least researched areas of tourism empirically and conceptually in Malaysia. To have better understanding about the travel motivation, this study was designed to identify the current underlying dimensions of the vacation motives as perceived by Malaysian travelers/internet users. This paper explores the vacation motives as well as intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and their relationships with the Technology Acceptance. Using factor analysis, this study identified five vacation motives factors, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, primary & secondary future intention dimensions to use travel web sites activities. In testing the model with 556 usable responses, multiple regression results as well as marketing implications on the findings were discussed.
Internationalization of professional service firms: an exploratory study of key choices and challenges of establishing operations abroad

Professional service firms (PSFs) are a significant and growing part of the economy of modern countries, yet internationalization of PSFs is under-researched compared with the internationalization of other types of firms. Also, existing research concerning PSF internationalization largely focuses on the perspective of the entire firm, not an individual subsidiary established in the new market. This thesis addresses the topic by exploring key choices and challenges a PSF should take into account when founding a new subsidiary abroad. The choices are client-following, entry strategy, partnerships, customization of service offering, roles & structure, as well as governance. The challenges are transferring tacit knowledge, legitimacy, integration, access to talent, learning from internationalization, and knowledge codification. The research was conducted as a qualitative multiple case study, examining internationalization activities of five case companies. Data was collected through semi-structured theme interviews of six professionals heavily involved in the internationalization activities of their respective companies. Data collection, analysis, and theoretical research were all performed simultaneously, using the systematic combining method. The results of the study include a multitude of methods and practices which the case companies utilize to approach the choices and alleviate the challenges covered in this study. The results suggest that PSFs would benefit from a more committed approach to internationalization than companies tend to take. In practice this can mean starting recruitment of a local manager immediately after the decision to expand to the market, building the staff of the subsidiary with both expatriates and local hires, as well as supporting the subsidiary through effective integration, informal governance, and sufficient transfer of tacit knowledge. Firms may also benefit from avoiding deviation of the subsidiary’s service offering from the firm’s offering, working to gain access to local talent as early as possible, and building effective mechanisms for spreading and codifying knowledge accumulated to the managers of international expansions.
Lambda Encoding, Types and Confluence

We review lambda encoded data in both untyped and typed forms. Several methods to prove confluence are surveyed. To address the problems of Church encoding arise in dependent type, we propose a novel type system called Selfstar, which not only enable us to type both Scott encoding and Church encoding data, but also allow us to derive corresponding induction principle and case analysis principle.
The impact of a higher leverage ratio on the South African economy

We employ a micro-founded and stock-and-flow-consistent model to study the impact of a higher leverage ratio on the South African economy. The model provides a rich representation of institutional balance sheets. The relationship between bank capital, risk-taking behaviour, lending spreads, and economic activity is highlighted. The financial accelerator mechanism operates through the balance sheets of all economic institutions. The introduction of a higher leverage ratio is likely to generate negative economic impacts in the short run.
Synthesis of an Adamantane-Based Tetralactam and Its Association with Dicarboxamides

Tetralactam macrocycles are suitable candidates to be employed as synthetic receptors for charged or neutral guests. In the sensing of neutral molecules, nonpolar solvents such as chloroform or dichloromethane are usually employed so the hydrogen-bonded interactions can be established. Thus, one of the main limitations of the studied macrocycles is their low solubility in those solvents. Herein, we describe the synthesis of an adamantane-based tetralactam macrocycle that is soluble in chlorinated solvents. For this purpose, by following a clipping methodology, we firstly synthesized a kinetically stable pseudorotaxane, constituted by a removable tetraalkylfumaramide thread and the desired macrocycle. A subsequent thermal dethreading straightforwardly yielded the adamantane-based macrocycle. Afterwards, the affinity of this receptor for a series of fumaramide and succinamide guests was studied, calculating the association constants when the corresponding [2]pseudorotaxanes are assembled.
An examination of perceived gender images of wine

Design/methodology/approach: The data were collected through telephone interviews. The sample was selected from a list-assisted database of U.S. telephone numbers through random digit dialing. To qualify for participation, individuals had to be of legal drinking age and be wine consumers. Trained interviewers guided the participants through a structured telephone interview script. Four hundred competed interviews were entered into the data analysis.
GrSMBMIP: intercomparison of the modelled 1980–2012 surface mass balance over the Greenland Ice Sheet

Abstract. Observations and models agree that the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) surface mass balance (SMB) has decreased since the end of the 1990s due to an increase in meltwater runoff and that this trend will accelerate in the future. However, large uncertainties remain, partly due to different approaches for modelling the GrIS SMB, which have to weigh physical complexity or low computing time, different spatial and temporal resolutions, different forcing fields, and different ice sheet topographies and extents, which collectively make an inter-comparison difficult. Our GrIS SMB model intercomparison project (GrSMBMIP) aims to refine these uncertainties by intercomparing 13 models of four types which were forced with the same ERA-Interim reanalysis forcing fields, except for two global models. We interpolate all modelled SMB fields onto a common ice sheet mask at 1 km horizontal resolution for the period 1980–2012 and score the outputs against (1) SMB estimates from a combination of gravimetric remote sensing data from GRACE and measured ice discharge; (2) ice cores, snow pits and in situ SMB observations; and (3) remotely sensed bare ice extent from MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Spatially, the largest spread among models can be found around the margins of the ice sheet, highlighting model deficiencies in an accurate representation of the GrIS ablation zone extent and processes related to surface melt and runoff. Overall, polar regional climate models (RCMs) perform the best compared to observations, in particular for simulating precipitation patterns. However, other simpler and faster models have biases of the same order as RCMs compared with observations and therefore remain useful tools for long-term simulations or coupling with ice sheet models. Finally, it is interesting to note that the ensemble mean of the 13 models produces the best estimate of the present-day SMB relative to observations, suggesting that biases are not systematic among models and that this ensemble estimate can be used as a reference for current climate when carrying out future model developments. However, a higher density of in situ SMB observations is required, especially in the south-east accumulation zone, where the model spread can reach 2 m w.e. yr−1 due to large discrepancies in modelled snowfall accumulation.
Essays on Insurance Regulation

Insurance industry is an important component of the US economy. In 2013, the industry sold policies worth $ 1.8 trillion and employed 2 million people. Most of the US population has exposure to different kinds of insurance like automobile, health, life etc. which makes the sector politically sensitive. The incentives that various stakeholders face will be critical for the sector. Hence I use my dissertation as an opportunity to explore how the political and regulatory processes affect the policy outcomes. In the first chapter, I examine how two different selection systems for state insurance regulators, election and appointment, affect policy outcomes in a market with multiple competing firms. In the United States, in some states, insurance regulators are elected (by ballot) while in other states they are appointed (by the Governor). Traditional theory suggests that elected regulators are pro-consumers while appointed regulators are pro-industry. I collected data on premiums paid by an individual on an auto insurance policy across 48 states to show that elected regulators choose policies salient for most consumers (e.g. lower premiums) in contrast to appointed regulators (higher premiums). This impact is larger and statistically significant in the counties where a majority of state’s population is concentrated. This is because the marginal cost of reaching out to voters is much lower in areas with higher concentration of population. State level data confirms that premiums per capita written by auto in-