Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trisomic Inheritance in the Poinsettia Mutant of Datura

(1) The (2n + 1) mutant Poinsettia in Datura Stramonium is briefly described. (2) The frequency of its new occurrence in offspring of 2n parents is about once in two to three thousand individuals. (3) The extra chromosome responsible for the peculiarities of the Poinsettia mutant, (a) is not transmitted through the pollen or to only a slight extent; (b) is transmitted through only about 30 per cent. of the egg cells; (c) is transmitted to a slightly larger proportion of the offspring when the Poinsettia parent is pollinated from a normal or from another Poinsettia than when it is selfed. (4) It is, therefore, concluded: (a) that the condition in the Poinsettia is similar to that previously found for the Globe mutant in that gametes with the extra chromosome are less viable than those with the normal (n) number, and (b) that crossing the mutant with a normal or with another Poinsettia in comparison with selfing probably gives increased vigor and therefore increased survival value to the (2n + 1) zygotes which result. (5) The theoretical ratios are given for trisomic inheritance based upon non-transmission of the extra chromosome through the pollen and upon the assumption of random assortment of chromosomes within the trisome. (6) Both the phenotypic and genetic ratios for the inheritance of purple pigmentation in the offspring of Poinsettia parents agree closely with the theoretical ratios. (7) It is therefore concluded: (a) that Poinsettia has its extra chromosome in the set which carries the genes for purple and white flower color, and (b) that the three chromosomes in this set assort at random.
Fixação biológica de nitrogênio em cultivares de feijão-caupi recomendadas para o Estado de Roraima

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a fixacao biologica de nitrogenio (FBN) em cinco cultivares de feijao-caupi: BR 17 Gurgueia, BRS Guariba, BRS Mazagao, UFRR Grao Verde e Pretinho Precoce 1. Em 2007, foram conduzidos um experimento em casa de vegetacao e outro em campo, em esquema fatorial com cinco cultivares de feijao-caupi e quatro fontes de nitrogenio: adubacao com ureia (50 kg ha-1 de N), inoculacao com a estirpe de Bradyrhizobium BR 3262 ou BR 3267 e um controle absoluto. Aos 35 dias apos a emergencia das plantas, foram avaliados numero e massa de nodulos secos, massa de materia seca e N total da parte aerea, eficiencia nodular em casa de vegetacao e rendimento de graos na colheita em campo. Em casa de vegetacao, foi observada alta nodulacao e eficiencia nodular para ambas as estirpes em todas as cultivares. Em campo, a nodulacao e o N total foram menores para todas as cultivares, comparativamente a casa de vegetacao, o que indica interferencia de fatores edafoclimaticos na FBN. Ocorreu aumento no rendimento de graos em todas as cultivares em decorrencia da inoculacao, especialmente com a estirpe BR 3262.
Variations and changes in habitat, productivity, composition of aquatic biota and fisheries of the Kyoga lake system: lessons for management

The Kyoga lake system, which is c. 4 m deep, originally had a diverse fish fauna, extensive macrophytes and wetlands. Most (82%) of its water comes from Lake Victoria, is controlled through three dams and has a short residence time of c. 3 months. Physical and chemical factors, plankton productivity and composition vary across the lake from east to west. The macrophyte cover decreased after the heavy El Niño rains of 1961, and the area of wetlands decreased by 48.5% between 1994 and 2008 mainly because of their conversion to agriculture. The main lake was infested with water hyacinth in the 1990s but subsequently this was brought under control. The native fishes were overexploited and non-native fishes, including a top piscivore, Nile perch Lates niloticus L. , were introduced and boosted fish production, but they also were overexploited. Nile perch also preyed upon and decimated native species, which survived only in satellite lakes. Populations of some of these species recently have started to recover in the main lake. Efforts should be made to control habitat loss and water-level fluctuations, wetland loss, overexploitation of the fishes, conserve the surviving fish species and address the emerging challenge of climate change.
Association of a Lower Molecular Weight Protein to the μ‐Opioid Receptor Demonstrated by 125I‐β‐Endorphin Cross‐Linking Studies

Abstract : Cross‐linking experiments using the 125I‐β‐endorphin revealed the presence of several receptor‐related species in cell lines expressing endogenous opioid receptors, including a small molecular mass protein (~22 kDa). Previous reports have suggested that this 22‐kDa 125I‐β‐endorphin cross‐linked protein could be the degradative product from a higher molecular mass species, i.e., a fragment of the receptor. To determine if this protein is indeed a degraded receptor fragment, 125I‐β‐endorphin was cross‐linked to the (His)6 epitope‐tagged μ‐opioid receptor (His‐μ) stably expressed in the murine neuroblastoma Neuro2A cells. Similar to earlier reports with cell lines expressing endogenous receptors, two major bands of 72‐ and 25‐kDa proteins were specifically cross‐linked. Initial cross‐linking experiments indicated the absolute requirement of the high‐affinity 125I‐β‐endorphin binding to the μ‐opioid receptor prior to the appearance of the low molecular weight species, suggesting that the 22‐kDa protein could be a degraded fragment of the receptor. However, variations in the ratios of these protein bands being cross‐linked by several homo‐ or heterobifunctional cross‐linking agents were observed. Although neither the carboxyl terminus μ‐opioid receptor‐specific antibodies nor the antibodies against the epitope at the amino terminus of the receptor could recognize the 22‐kDa protein, this 125I‐β‐endorphin cross‐linked species could be coimmunoprecipitated with the receptor antibodies or could be isolated with a nickel resin affinity chromatography. The direct physical association of the 22‐kDa protein with the receptor was demonstrated also by the observation that the 22‐kDa protein could not bind to the nickel resin alone, but that its binding to the nickel resin was restored in the presence of the His‐μ. Taken together, these results suggest that the 22‐kDa protein cross‐linked by 125I‐β‐endorphin is not a degradative product, but a protein located within the proximity of the μ‐opioid receptor, and that it is tightly associated with the receptor.
Mating system parameters in a natural population of Abies borisii regis Mattfeld

Les isoenzymes ont ete utilises pour estimer les parametres du regime de reproduction d'une population naturelle d'Abies borisii regis issue de la foret de Pertouli, region de Thessalie, en Grece. Les descendances issues de fecondation libre d'un sous-echantillon de 17 arbres parmi les 30 recoltes ont ete analysees par electrophorese horizontale sur gel d'amidon selon la methode classique du « mixed mating model ». Sur un total de 14 loci (neuf systemes enzymatiques reveles), sept loci polymorphes ont ete utilises dans cette etude. Le taux d'autofecondation est apparu significativement different de zero bien que 94 % des zygotes formes etaient issus d'allofecondation. L'index de fixation parental etait significativement negatif, indiquant un exces d'heterozygotes dans la population. Un nombre limite de parents participent effectivement a la reproduction.
Effect of tillage and crop rotation on root and foliar diseases of wheat and pea in Saskatchewan from 1991 to 1998: Univariate and multivariate analyses

Disease severity and incidence of fungal species on wheat and pea were evaluated under zero, minimum, and conventional tillage in three rotations with increasing broad-leaved crop diversity from 1991 to 1998 at Indian Head, SK. The objective was to determine whether differences in crop rotation and crop residue at the soil surface would increase crop disease problems. Rotation and tillage had little impact on disease relative to the environment. Reduced tillage did not substantially increase disease severity from leaf spot diseases of wheat or on diseases of field pea. However, the relative importance of root pathogens of wheat was affected; under reduced tillage Bipolaris sorokiniana and Gaeumannomyces graminis decreased, but Fusarium spp. increased on wheat roots. These changes did not affect overall root severity or yield. Rotations had limited impact on wheat disease severity and the prevalence of fungal species, but wheat grown in diversified crop rotations using cereal, pea and flax had consistently.
Nine-year results on maize and processing tomato cultivation in an organic and in a conventional low input cropping system

Nine-year results on yields and apparent balances of organic matter and nitrogen (N) are reported for maize and processing tomato cultivated in a long term comparison trial between an organic and a conventional low-input system in Central Italy. In every year, above ground biomass and N accumulation of each cash crop and green manure, including weeds, and the partitioning between marketable yield and crop residues were determined. Apparent dry matter and nitrogen balances were calculated at the end of each crop cycle by taking into account the amounts of dry matter and ex-novo N supplied to the system as green manure legume Ndfa ( i.e. an estimate of N derived from the atmosphere via symbiotic fixation) and fertilizers, and those removed with marketable yield. Processing tomato complied with organic cultivation better than maize. As compared to the conventional crop cultivation, organic tomato provided similar yields, used supplied N more efficiently and left lower residual N after harvest, with lower related risks of pollution. Organic maize yielded less than conventional one. The main limitation for organic maize was the low N availability during initial growth phases, due to either low N supply or low rate of N release from incorporated green manure biomass. In both organic and conventional cultivation the system sustainability could be improved by an appropriate crop rotation: wheat in fall winter likely prevented leaching loss of mineral N in both systems; green manure crops in the organic system allowed to either trap and recycle soil mineral N or supply ex novo legume Ndfa to the soil, with benefits in mitigation of N pollution and improvement in self-sufficiency of the system.
Untersuchungen zur präzäkalen und gesamtintestinalen Nährstoffverdaulichkeit und Aminosäurenresorption von Futterhefen beim Schwein

: In a difference experiment the apparent precaecal (pc) and total intestinal (tot) nutrient digestibility and amino acid (AA) absorption of 5 yeasts (n-alkane yeasts Fermosin and Paprin, molasses/molasses distillers residue yeast, two sulfite waste liquor yeasts) were studied. The two n-alkane yeasts were very highly digested pc, the difference to tot digestibility is only small in most cases. In contrast to this, the pc and tot digestibility values of molasses/molasses distillers residue yeast differed considerably more. The probable reason for this is too hot drying due to which pc digestibility, particularly of the crude protein, and pc AA absorption are considerably reduced. In the two sulfite waste liquor yeasts, sulfite waste liquor residues containing lignin impair especially the crude carbohydrate digestibility and the energetic feed value; the better processing conditions of origin A, however, reduced considerably the negative effects. The results confirm that each yeast origin has its specific particularities, which have to be taken into consideration when they are used in feeding.
Heavy metals in outflows from a sewage treatment plant and in waters and sediments of ponds supplied with them

Abstract The examination of total amounts of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn) was conducted in the outflow from a sewage treatment plant and in the waters and sediments of ponds supplied with them. As the water passed through the pond system, a decrease of heavy metal concentrations in the post-treatment sewage water supplying the ponds was observed. The highest concentrations of heavy metals were found in the outflow from the sewage treatment plant and lower concentrations were observed in the water of pond 1 (except for Zn), which was the direct receiver of post-treatment sewage, while the lowest values were noted in the final pond. The concentration of heavy metals in the sediments decreased in consecutive ponds. The highest concentrations were determined in the sediment of pond 1 that received the post-treatment sewage directly from the sewage treatment outflow, whereas the lowest values were estimated in the sediments of pond number 4, which was the final pond in the system.
Avaliação de cultivares de arroz de terras altas sob condições de sequeiro em Cassilândia, MS

O uso de cultivares selecionadas e uma das tecnologias de mais facil adocao pelo agricultor, pois alem de incrementar a produtividade, e um dos insumos de menor custo na producao agricola. Assim, e fundamental obter informacoes sobre o desempenho de novas cultivares, nas mais diversas regioes de cultivo. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho avaliar o comportamento de cultivares de arroz de terras altas (Oryza sativa L.) (BRS Aroma, BRS Bonanca, BRS Colosso, BRSMG Conai, BRSMG Curinga, BRS Soberana, BRS Talento e IAC 202), sob condicoes de sequeiro, na regiao de Cassilândia, MS. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repeticoes. A semeadura foi realizada em 30 de novembro de 2005, no espacamento de 0,40 m entre linhas e 70 sementes viaveis por metro. As cultivares BRS Talento, IAC 202 e BRS Soberana apresentaram comportamento superior. As cultivares BRS Soberana, BRS Bonanca, BRS Colosso, IAC 202 e BRS Talento apresentaram maior rendimento de graos inteiros. E possivel obterse boa produtividade (acima de 3.000 kg ha-1), na cultura do arroz de terras altas sob condicoes de sequeiro no municipio de Cassilândia, MS, desde que sejam utilizadas cultivares adequadas.
The dual nature of community variability

Author(s): Micheli, Fiorenza; Cottingham, Kathryn L. ; Bascompte, Jordi; Bjornstad, Ottar N. ; Eckert, Ginny L. ; Fischer, Janet M. ; Keitt, Timothy H. ; Kendall, Bruce E. ; Klug, Jennifer L. ; Rusak, James A | Abstract: Community variability has a dual nature. On the one hand, there is compositional variability, changes in the relative abundance of component species. On the other hand, there is aggregate variability, changes in summary properties such as total abundance, biomass, or production. Although these two aspects of variability have received much individual attention, few studies have explicitly? related the compositional and aggregate variability of natural communities. In this paper, we show how simultaneous consideration of both aspects of community variability might advance our understanding of ecological communities.We use the distinction between compositional and aggregate variability to develop an organizational framework for describing patterns of community variability. At their extremes, compositional and aggregate variability combine in four different ways: (I) stasis, low compositional and low aggregate variability; (2) synchrony, low compositional and high aggregate variability; (3) asynchrony, high compositional and high aggregate variability; and (4) compensation, high compositional and low aggregate variability. Each of these patterns has been observed in natural communities, and can be linked to a suite of abiotic and biotic mechanisms. We give examples of the potential relevance of variability patterns to applied ecology, and describe the methodological developments needed to make meaningful comparisons of aggregate and compositional variability across communities. Finally, we provide two numerical examples of how our approach can be applied to natural communities.
Expression of c-myc, bcl-2 and survivin in cutaneous and oral squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and actinic keratosis

Genes involved in apoptosis are important and over expression of these genes are thought to contribute to carcinogenesis. Aim: to evaluate the expression of anti-apoptotic factors in a series of epithelial malignancies and actinic keratosis using immunohistochemistry. Design: Laboratory microscopy of stained biopsy specimen. Materials and methods : Sections of specimens diagnosed as cutaneous-SCCs (CSCC), oral-SCCs (OSCC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and actinic keratosis (AK) were stained by using c-myc, bcl-2 and survivin antibodies. Results : In AK, c-myc expression was found in the nuclei of epithelium mostly in basal cell layers. In BCC, CSCC and OSCC, c-myc expression was found in both the nuclear and cytoplasmic regions of the tumor cells. Among all the cancer tissues, OSCC showed the strongest positive staining for c-myc. The expression of bcl-2 and survivin in AK were also found mostly as nuclear staining in the basal cell layer areas, while in the other cancer tissues, positive staining were found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of the tumor cell. Conclusion: c-myc expressions correspond to the survivin expressions. c-myc expression was stronger in OSCC than in CSCC and BCC, and weaker in AK than in other malignant tumors. Key Words: c-myc, bcl-2, suvivin, cancer, immunohistochemistry.
Cytotaxonomic studies on Indian Commelinaceae: A review*

The review summarizes the progress achieved in the revision of the Indian species of Commelinaceae and analyses how far the synthetic approach coupled with orthodox taxonomy has helped to clarify the many ambiguities prevalent in the family. Cytotaxonomic studies have definitely contributed to a proper understanding of such genera as Commelina, Cyanotis (sensu lato) and Pollia, and also the various ‘species complexes’ in the above genera, though the evidence is not as forthright with reference to Aneilema and Murdannia. In the genus Commelina, polyploidy has played a rather prominent role in speciation, and intra-specific aneuploidy is relatively of minor significance. The main evolutionary trend follows the pattern with predominantly x= 15 for a majority of both the Indian and African species and even though a few African species do exhibit x= 14, this basic number is infrequent and at any rate not encountered in any of the Indian species analysed so far. In sharp contrast to this, in the genus Cyanotis, both inter- and intra-specific polyploidy is very much restricted, but judging from the recent trends both in Indian and African populations, intra-specific aneuploidy has to be reckoned as a factor for further speciation within the genus. All the Indian species of Cyanotis analysed so far share a common basic number x= 12, but nevertheless there is an increasing evidence of secondary basic numbers such as, x= 8, 11 and 13 in at least a few random populations involving three species of Cyanotis. Moreover, both taxonomic and cytological data favour the splitting up of Cyanotis (sensu lato) into three distinct genera, Amischophacelus Holla Rao et Kammathy, Belosynapsis Hassk. and Cyanotis D. Don (sensu stricto). There is ample data to justify the separation of Murdannia Royle from Aneilema (sensu lato). The evolutionary trend in Murdannia seems to follow two different patterns, one with a basic number of x= 10 and the other with x= 6, both the patterns probably arising from a common extinct ancestor with x= 5. Preliminary observations on the Indian species of Aneilema R.Br, (sensu stricto) suggest a basic number of x= 14 (7? ) in sharp contrast to x= 13, widely prevalent in a majority of the African species of Aneilema. In Murdannia and Aneilema, polyploidy and also aneuploidy are quite common and these two genera offer a fertile field for further study. There does not seem to be any justification for the separation of Aclisia from Pollia. In Streptolirion, intraspecific aneuploidy coupled with structural differentiation of chromosomes Seems to be responsible for further evolution of new varieties within the species. Cytological data favour the retention of Floscopa in tribe Tradescantieae rather than in Commelineae where Bruckner has placed it. The various species complexes that had baffled the taxonomists especially in Commelina, Cyanotis and Murdannia have been critically analysed and their affinities clarified, on the basis of the present observations and study, 80 species under ten genera have so far been established, representing the Indian sub-continent.
Ecologia da comunidade de metazoários parasitos do acará Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy e Gaimard, 1824) (Perciformes: Cichlidae) do rio Guandu, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v28i4.406

Fifty specimens of acar・ Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) from Guandu River, (22ｰ48’32”S, 43ｺ37’35”W), Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil were studied for their metazoan parasites during December 2004 and November 2005. A total of nine species of metazoan parasites were collected. Posthodiplostomum macrocotyle Dubois, 1937 (metacercariae) found in the eyes, was the most prevalent species (88%) with the highest mean intensity value (12.4), followed by the metacercariae of Austrodiplostomum compactum (Lutz, 1928) and the hirudinean Glossiphoniidae gen. sp. showing prevalence of 14% and 10%, respectively. No parasite species showed significant correlation between the total body length of the host and their prevalence. Posthodiplostomum macrocotyle showed significant correlation between the total body length of the host and their abundance. The sex of the hosts influenced the abundance of P. macrocotyle , A. compactum and Glossiphoniidae gen. sp. being the females the most parasited. The parasite species’ richness showed a mean value of 1. 24ｱ0. 69 (0-3). The parasite species showed an aggregated distribution pattern.
Forests dominated by hemlock (Tsuga canadensis): distribution as related to site and postsettlement history

Along a transect of mature forests from Wisconsin to Nova Scotia, hemlock attains dominance most frequently where soil is thin or low in stored nutrients. Very probably, soil is also dependably moistened either by climate or seepage. The inability of shade-tolerant competitors to survive suppression on thin or infertile soil may explain hemlock's success, even though hemlock maintains understory populations at very low densities. Hemlock also grows well on moist uplands with richer soil but does not often attain dominance or form large aggregates in a continuously varying mixed forest. This is in contrast to hemlock's codominance on a wide variety of upland sites in the presettlement forest. Recent history, then, may best explain the rarity of hemlock-dominated stands on richer sites: (1) hemlock is sensitive at all stages of its life cycle to disturbances that were intensified after European settlement as well as to the kinds of animal consumption that increase with disturbance; (2) disturbance has been .