Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Calcite Dissolution Behaviour During Low Salinity Water Flooding in Carbonate Rock

Low salinity water flooding (LSF) has been proved to be a promising enhanced oil recovery method for sandstone reservoirs. The efficiency of LSF in carbonate reservoirs has not been proven completely yet, because there are still uncertainties about the LSF recovery mechanism in carbonate. From experimental studies, it was shown that wettability alteration, due to salinity reduction, is able to mobilize the remaining oil. Some studies attributed the wettability alteration by LSF to Calcite dissolution. Furthermore, Calcite dissolution can influence the salinity and pH of injected brines, and hence the oil recovery. However, there is a lack of experimental data on the Calcite dissolution effect of LSF in carbonate rock. The objective of this experimental study was to get a better understanding of the Calcite dissolution behaviour and how it might affect the oil recovery. Bulk and coreflood experiments have been performed; the experimental data was history matched with the use of PHREEQC. Calcite dissolution decreased with decreasing PCO2 and increased with decreasing pH and increasing NaCl salinity from 500-2000PPM. Increasing the injection rate reduced the interaction time and therefore Calcite dissolution did not reach equilibrium in coreflood at high rates. Calcite dissolution from chalk matched with the Calcite dissolution from pure Calcite, while Calcium concentration in effluent from limestone was higher. The two-phase coreflood experiment confirmed that Calcite dissolution occurs as well if oil is present in the porous media, but showed lower values than in single-phase coreflood experiment. pH increased from 5-6 to 9.5 due to Calcite dissolution, which might have an effect on the rock and oil surface charges, and hence oil recovery improvement. The effluent of the two-phase coreflood showed that an emulsion was formed, which suggested formation of in-situ surfactants. From CT scans, micro-CT scans and material mass balance calculations an increase in porosity around 1 % was observed. The increase in the total dissolved species due to Calcite dissolution was not significant, which will not harm LSF effect.
Sea Level, Storm, or Tsunami: Enigmatic Sand Sheet Deposits in a Sheltered Coastal Embayment from Southeastern New South Wales, Australia

Abstract An extended period of marine-dominated back-barrier sedimentation, truncated by the deposition of two large-volume, laterally extensive sand sheets that extend up to 3 km inland from the modern coastline, is present at Minnamurra in southeastern Australia. The sand sheets are anomalous as they drape the entire back-barrier succession and infill the estuary. The lower sand sheet contains mud clasts and significant amounts of organic matter including coastal dune grasses indicating that significant overwash and erosion incorporated material from both the barrier and estuary into the lower sand sheet deposit. The first sand sheet is overlain by a poorly developed soil that records a time break before the now infilled system was inundated once more. The second sand sheet covers the poorly developed soil and incorporates a number of erosional features, such as ripped-up soil clasts, cobbles, and organic-rich sand. Along this part of the coast, large laterally extensive sand sheets are spatially and sedimentologically unique, occurring only in embayments that face southeast. This, along with a lack of evidence of wave action or beach structures, suggests that the deposits are not evidence for higher Holocene sea level but are the result of overwash sedimentation from the southeast. The sand sheets share many of the characteristics of those emplaced by tsunami waves, although the possibility of exceptionally large storm events cannot be entirely discarded. However, such a storm would have to be several orders of magnitude higher than those in recorded history.
Mesopause temperature variability above a midlatitude station in Europe

More than 2000 mean night temperatures (1987–1995) were derived from OH* near-infrared emissions in the upper mesosphere (around 87 km) above Wuppertal (51°N, 7°E) from ground-based measurements. Variations of 4–50 days' period were analyzed using maximum entropy and wavelet methods. A climatology showing the seasonal dependence of occurrence and long-term evolution of the strength of these variations is presented. While longer period oscillations (greater than ∼10 days' period) are observed to be more frequent during local winter and almost absent during local summer. There is an opposite behavior for the shorter period oscillations. Temperature oscillation amplitudes are found to be modulated with a quasi 2 year oscillation. It is believed that the quasi-biennal oscillation is responsible for these modulations. A long-term trend showing an increase of about 16% per decade is found in the temperature variability. Furthermore, positive and negative long-term trends are found in the temporal evolution of temperature oscillation amplitudes. A possible relationship to solar activity is investigated. Evidence is found that shorter period oscillations (smaller than ∼20–25 days) are anticorrelated while longer period oscillations are correlated with solar activity.
Late Ordovician (Katian) brachiopods from the Southern Uplands of Scotland: biogeographic patterns on the edge of Laurentia

ABSTRACT Some 40 brachiopod species are known from the localities of Kilbucho and Wallace’s Cast in the Kirkcolm Formation in the Northern Belt of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. The fauna is diverse despite the relatively small numbers of brachiopod specimens (c. 180) available for study. Much of the fauna was transported downslope and is locally preserved in obtrution deposits. It represents a broad census of outer shelf and upper slope palaeocommunities around this part of the Laurentian margin during the early Katian, and is dominated by relatively small plectambonitoid brachiopods. When compared with other circum-Iapetus assemblages, the brachiopods from the Southern Uplands compare most closely with those from the Bardahessiagh Formation, Pomeroy, Northern Ireland, rather than with adjacent, well-known faunas from the Girvan district, SW Scotland. These new data suggest that this part of the Southern Uplands was located in closer proximity to Pomeroy than Girvan, and located in deep-water environments similar to those in the upper parts of the Bardahessiagh Formation.
Continuous, diurnally fluctuating turbidity currents in Kluane Lake, Yukon Territory

Modern sedimentary processes were studied in Kluane Lake, Yukon Territory, to determine the spatial and temporal patterns of sediment distribution in a large, dynamic, glacier-fed lake. Data from a river monitoring station, moored instruments, sediment traps, and water-column profiles in the lake were used to document lacustrine sedimentary processes in 2006 and 2007. During the peak melt season, the suspended sediment concentration of Slims River is weakly dependent on river discharge and can reach up to 5 g L–1, although a diurnal range between 1 and 2 g L–1 is more commonly observed. The high suspended sediment load in the river generates continuous, diurnally fluctuating turbidity currents in Kluane Lake with maximum velocities up to 0.6 m s–1. During times of peak flow, variations in velocity can be traced to beyond 4 km from the river mouth. The vertical concentration profiles, mass accumulation rates, and suspended sediment loads show distinctive longitudinal variations; the highest rate of accumul.
Variations of Sea Surface Temperature, Wind Stress, and Rainfall over the Tropical Atlantic and South America.

Abstract Empirical orthogonal functions (E0Fs) and composite analyses are used to investigate the development of sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly patterns over the tropical Atlantic. The evolution of large-scale rainfall anomaly patterns over the equatorial Atlantic and South America are also investigated. The EOF analyses revealed that a pattern of anomalous SST and wind stress asymmetric relative to the equator is the dominant mode of interannual and longer variability over the tropical Atlantic. The most important findings of this study are as follows. Atmospheric circulation anomalies precede the development of basinwide anomalous SST patterns over the tropical Atlantic. Anomalous SST originate off the African coast simultaneously with atmospheric circulation anomalies and expand westward afterward. The time lag between wind stress relaxation (strengthening) and maximum SST warming (cooling) is about two months. Anomalous atmospheric circulation patterns over northern tropical Atlantic are phase .
Factors influencing changes in rainwater composition from urban versus remote regions of the Yellow Sea

Rainwater samples were collected from three stations at the Yellow Sea in 1992–1993 and analyzed for some major species (Ca2+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, NO3−, NH4+, pH, PO43−, and SO42−). Absolute concentrations and element-to-sodium ratios show clear seasonal variations with higher levels in winter and lower levels in summer for most of the species. Levels of major species from urban areas can be twice as high as those of remote regions, in terms of both absolute concentration and element-to-sodium ratio. The contrasts between urban and remote and between low and high elevations can be explained by proximity to the ocean, local pollution sources, and scavenging processes. Comparison with other world areas shows rather high levels of chemical species in rainwater from the Yellow Sea relative to remote world oceans or even some other coastal urban areas. Using sodium as a sea-salt tracer, it was estimated that more than 50% of major species in rainwater could come from non-marine contributions, and for some species like NH4+, NO3−, and SO42−, anthropogenic emissions are definitely the major source. The high concentration of nitrogen species and elevated N/P ratio of rainwater, as compared to riverine input, suggest the significance of atmospheric wet deposition to the marine production and biogeochemical circulation of nutrients in this region.
Nitrogen-15 uptake by eggplant under sodium chloride stress

Plant growth and nutrient uptake are adversely affected under salt stress conditions. This study was conducted to examine the effects of NaCl stress on growth of eggplant (Solanum melongena L., cv. Syria), and 15 N uptake and distribution in plant shoots and roots. Absorption pattern of 15 N by eggplant from normal (-0.03 MPA osmotic potential) and NaCl salinized (-0.3 and -0.6 MPa osmotic potentials) nutrient solutions was investigated in a growth chamber. (.)
Transborder relations between territorial units in the Polish-German borderland

The aim of the study was to analyse transborder relations at the local level in the Polish -German borderland. In order to describe the character of the relations, all the communes (gmina) in the Polish part of the borderland and all the districts (Kreise) in the German part have been examined. An additional aim of the analysis was to answer the question as to whether, in the relations between Polish and German territorial units, a co -operative or competitive attitude is prevailing. To this end, a questionnaire survey was conducted (in April 2011) among the local -government authorities in the Polish-German borderland. The area under investigation is comprised of communes (NUTS5) belonging to the districts neighbouring the Polish side of the border, and districts (NUTS3) situated along the German side of the border. On the basis of empirical data, the intensity of the level of co -operation has been evaluated. The study also allowed us to determine the impact of co -operation on borderland areas. Furthermore, the effects in different fields (i.e. socio -cultural, economic, infrastructural), have been analyzed. The selected results that were obtained were then compared to analogous research conducted in 2003.
Plant geographical and morphological evidences in the evolution of the Mediterranean flora (with particular reference to the Italian representatives)

Summary The author discusses a large number of taxonomical groups from the Mediterranean flora in which it seems possible to identify regular patterns in distribution, ecology and length of the life-cycle. On the basis of these observations the author recognizes in the recent evolution of the Mediterranean flora a general tendency to a sort of reduction of the vegetative apparatus correlated to the occupation of seminatural and anthropogenous habitats and diffusion on broad geographical areas. This tendency is interpreted as a consequence of man's action on the environment.
Seasonal cycle and interannual variability of the Sahelian rainfall at hydrological scales

[1] Sahelian rainfall is characterized both by a strong interannual variability and by periods of long-lasting droughts, such as the years 1970-1997. The controlling factors of this variability have been the subject of a significant amount of research, but most of this research is carried out using low-resolution averages, typically, monthly to seasonal in time and over 5° x 5° grid boxes (or larger) in space. This paper is an attempt at characterizing the Sahelian rainfall regime at finer scales, with the objective of establishing links between the seasonal cycle and the interannual variability. To that end, high space-time resolution data sets are analyzed. One is composed of around three hundred daily rain gauges covering a 1,700,000 km 2 area for the period 1951-1990. The second is a set of full resolution Meteosat images covering the years 1989-1999, allowing for a systematic tracking of the mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). The third data set was produced from an experimental network of recording rain gauges covering 16,000 km 2 in the region of Niamey, Niger, during the years 1990-2000. The analysis of the regional daily rainfall data set tends to revisit the common vision of the seasonal cycle of the Sahelian rainfall. It is shown that the average regime is in fact composed of two subregimes. One is an oceanic regime characterized by a progressive increase of the moist air flow from the ocean into the continent, associated with the seasonal migration of the ITCZ from its southern position in the boreal winter to its northern position in the boreal summer. The second regime is a continental regime in which rain is mostly produced by large convective systems embedded in the easterly circulation. This continental regime sets in abruptly during the second half of June, and 90% of the Sahelian rainfall is then produced by a small number (12% of the total number) of large and organized mesoscale convective systems. The mean event rainfall associated with these systems is larger than the mean event rainfall observed in the oceanic regime. The average proportion of the Sahelian rainfall occurring during the continental regime represents between 75% and 90% of the total annual rainfall. It is thus necessary to study this regime in order to understand the interannual rainfall variability of the region better. It is shown, for instance, that the main factor of interannual variability is the variability of the number of the large convective systems from year to year. It is also shown, using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, that the easterly waves, which are a major synoptic feature of the region, are not systematically associated with rain-efficient convective systems and that further studies are needed to understand the differences between wet and dry waves.
Ion microprobe zircon U–Pb age and geochemistry of the Myanmar jadeitite

Combined geochemistry and geochronology of the Myanmar jadeitite were determined. Bulk-rock trace element compositions display U-shaped REE patterns with pronounced positive Eu anomalies. The total REE abundances are very low, less than half chondritic, and the high field strength elements and some large ion lithophile elements are moderately enriched. These features indicate a metasomatic origin. There are three groups of zircons with different interior characteristics, cathodoluminescence, mineral inclusions, chemical compositions and sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe U–Pb ages. Group-I zircons, with a mean age of 163.2 ± 3.3 Ma, mostly have distinct oscillatory zoning, highest U and Th contents, and Na-free, Mg-rich mineral inclusions, and thus indicate an igneous (formation of oceanic crust) or hydrothermal (serpentinization and/or rodingitization) event in the Middle Jurassic. Group-II zircons, with a mean age of 146.5 ± 3.4 Ma, have bright luminescence without oscillatory zoning and include jadeite and jadeitic pyroxene inclusions, suggesting that formation of the Myanmar jadeitites, as well as subduction of the eastern Indian oceanic plate, occurred in the Late Jurassic. Group-III zircons have an age of 122.2 ± 4.8 Ma, which represents a later unknown thermal event. Discovery of the Middle Jurassic zircons provides geochronological constraint on the tectonic evolution of the eastern Indo-Burman Range.
The complex exposure history of the Jiddat al Harasis 073 L‐chondrite shower

Abstract— We measured the concentrations and isotopic compositions of He, Ne, and Ar in 29 bulk samples from 11 different strewn field fragments of the large Jiddat al Harasis (JaH) 073 L6 chondrite shower, including 7 samples from known locations within the main mass. In addition, we measured the concentrations of cosmogenic 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl, and 41Ca in 10 samples. All fragments of this shower are characterized by low 10Be concentrations (7.6–12.8 dpm/kg), high 26Al/10Be ratios (3.5‐5), large contributions of neutron capture 41Ca (200–1800 dpm/kgCa), low 3He/21Ne ratios (1.5‐3.0), large variations in cosmogenic 21Ne (1.2–12) × 10−8cm3STP/g, and significant contributions of neutron‐capture 36Ar. Stepwise heating experiments show that neutron‐capture produced 36Ar is predominantly released between 1000–1200 °C. All these results are consistent with a first‐stage exposure of ˜65 Ma within ˜20 cm of the surface of the L‐chondrite parent body, followed by ejection of a 1.5‐2 m large object, which was then delivered to Earth within about 0.5 and 0.7 Ma. The cosmogenic nuclide data in JaH 073 thus corroborate the trend that many of the large chondrites studied so far experienced a complex exposure history. The observed 3He/21Ne ratios of 2.5‐3.0 in the most shielded samples (including those of the main mass) are lower than predicted by model calculations, but similar to the lowest values found in the large Gold Basin L‐chondrite shower. The Bern plot, which gives a linear correlation for 3He/21Ne versus 22Ne/21Ne, is evidently not valid for very high shielding. Some of our measured 22Ne/21Ne ratios in JaH 073 are lower than 1.06, which is not well understood, but might be explained by loss of cosmogenic neon from shocked sodium‐rich plagioclase during terrestrial weathering. The amount of trapped atmospheric argon in the JaH 073 fragments varies by almost two orders of magnitude and shows only a weak correlation with the size of the fragments, which range from <100 g to >50 kg. Finally, low concentrations of radiogenic 4He and 40Ar indicate incomplete degassing < 1 Ga ago, probably at the main collision event on the L‐chondrite parent body ˜480 Ma ago.
Some features of lightning flashes observed in Sweden

Characteristics of lightning flashes in Sweden were measured by recording the electric fields generated by the whole flash in microsecond resolution. The results were gathered from five thunderstorms occurring within 50–100 km from the measuring site. For negative ground flashes the geometric and arithmetic mean of the interstroke intervals were 48 ms and 65 ms, respectively. The corresponding values for the positive ground flashes were 64 ms and 92 ms, respectively. It was found that about 24% of the negative multiple-stroke ground flashes had at least one subsequent stroke with a peak electric field larger than that of the first return stroke. Furthermore, about 15% of the subsequent strokes had peak electric field amplitudes larger than those of the first return strokes. The geometric mean of the ratio of the subsequent stroke peak field to the first return stroke peak field was 0.5. The mean number of strokes per flash was 3.4 and 18% of the flashes were single-stroke flashes.
Factors associated with mandibular function impairment in people with Parkinson’s disease during social isolation due to COVID-19

Purpose: to analyze factors associated with mandibular function impairment in people with Parkinson’s disease during social isolation due to COVID-19. Methods: this cross-sectional, quantitative, analytical study used a database with 115 records of patients presented with this condition (obtained via telemonitoring in a research conducted in 2020) and assessed sociodemographic aspects and the Mandibular Function Impairment Questionnaire (MFIQ). The variables addressed in the associations were sex, age, marital status, denture use, disease duration, and daily levodopa dose. Results were obtained with the Fisher´s exact test, with the significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: after analyzing the database, the final sample comprised 62 eligible records – 61% were males, 79% were above 60 years old, 63% wore dentures, and 93% had low severity of mandibular function impairment, according to MFIQ. No significant associations were found between the study variables and MFIQ (p < 0.05). Conclusion: the degree of mandibular impairment was low, and the study variables were not associated with mandibular function impairment in patients presented with Parkinson´s disease, during social isolation, due to COVID-19.
Regional temperature variability in the European Alps: 1760–1998 from homogenized instrumental time series

This paper investigates temperature variability in the Alps and their surroundings based on 97 instrumental series of monthly mean temperatures. A discussion of the initial homogenizing procedure illustrates its advantages and risks. A comparison of the homogenized series with the original series clearly shows the necessity to homogenize. Each of the original series had breaks (an average of five per series) and the mean of all series was systematically biased by non‐climatic noise. This noise has subdued the long‐term amplitude of the temperature evolution in the region by 0.5 K. The relatively high spatial resolution of the data enabled a regionalization within the study area of 680 000 km2 into six sub‐regions based on principal component analysis of the monthly series. Long‐term temperature evolution proved to be highly similar across the region—thus making a mean series (averaged over all 97 single series) representative of the study area. Trend analysis (based on progressive forward and backward Mann–Kendall statistics and on progressive analysis of linear regression coefficients) was performed on seasonal and annual series. The results diverge from those of global datasets. This is mainly due to the extension of the 240‐year Alpine dataset by 100 years prior to the mid‐19th century, and also due to the advantages of a dense and homogenized regional dataset. The long‐term features include an initial decrease of the annual and seasonal series to a minimum followed by a positive trend until 1998. The minima are 1890 for the entire year and winter, 1840 for spring and 1920 for summer and autumn, respectively. The initial decreasing trend is more evident in spring and summer, less in autumn and smallest in winter. The mean annual temperature increase since 1890 in the Alps is 1.1 K, which is twice as much as the 0.55 K in the respective grid boxes of the most frequently used global dataset of the Climatic Research Unit (CRU), University of East Anglia. To enable an easier and more systematic handling of the dataset, these data have been interpolated to a 1°×1° longitude–latitude grid. The 105 low‐elevation and 16 high‐elevation grid point series are widely available without restrictions for scientific research and can be obtained from the authors. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society