Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Energetic electron precipitation from the inner zone

Energetic electron precipitation flux from the Earth's inner radiation belt (L≤2) is usually below the detection threshold of current satellite instrumentation. Theoretical estimates of the longitudinally and interhemispherically averaged rate of precipitation have been obtained by evaluating the equilibrium electron pitch angle distribution in the loss cone due to pitch angle scattering. The results are normalized to CRRES MEA measurements of the trapped flux. An energy deposition code is employed to evaluate ion production rates in the middle atmosphere. We demonstrate that inner zone electron precipitation is an important mesospheric energy source for L≥1.35 and that it can be the dominant ionization source at altitudes between 60 and 80 km. For E≳1MeV the energetic electron deposition declines monotonically with decreasing L, in agreement with the trend implied by observations at L≥2.
Searching of Individual Vortices in Experimental Data

The turbulent flows consist of many interacting vortices of all scales, which all together self-organize being responsible for the statistical properties of turbulence. This chapter describes the searching of individual vortices in velocity fields obtained experimentally by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method. The vortex model is directly fitted to the velocity field minimazing the energy of the residual. The zero-th step (which does not a priori use the vortex model) shows the velocity profile of vortices. In the cases dominated by a single vortex, the profile matches the classical solutions, while in turbulent flow field, the profile displays velocity decrease faster than 1=r. The vortices fitted to measured velocity field past a grid are able to describe around 50 % of fluctuation energy by using 15 individual vortices, and by using 100 vortices, the fluctuating field is reconstructed by 75 %. The found vortices are studied statistically for different distances and velocities.
Volcanic Dilemma--Flow or Blow?

Volcanic eruptions can be either slow outpourings of lava or explosive ejections of fragmented rock. In his Perspective, Dingwell discusses the physical and chemical properties of magma that lead to these two styles of eruption. New experiments and computer simulations are pointing to the involvement of solidlike behavior of liquid magma when it makes a transition to a glass.
Determination of solar cycle variations of midlatitude ELF/VLF chorus and hiss via automated signal detection

[1] An automated algorithm for detecting chorus and hiss emissions in ground-based extremely low frequency/very low frequency (ELF/VLF) wave receiver data is developed and applied to 10 years of data collected at Palmer Station, Antarctica (L = 2.4, 50°S invariant latitude). The algorithm consists of three major processing steps. First, sferics and power line hum are removed from the broadband data. Second, individual events are detected and a set of 19 scalar event parameters are determined. Finally, on the basis of the parameters, detected events are categorized by a sequential pair of neural networks as either chorus, hiss, or noise. The detector runs on a modern 8-core computer at a speed of 350x real time. Results of training indicate that the neural networks are capable of differentiating between noise and emissions with a 92% success rate and between chorus and hiss with an 84% success rate. Data collected at Palmer from May 2000 to May 2010 were processed, and yearly and seasonal trends of chorus and hiss are analyzed. Yearly occurrence rates of chorus and hiss are strongly dependent on the geomagnetic disturbance level, as measured by Kp and AE, whereas seasonal occurrence rates are more strongly dependent on variations of the day/night terminator and associated variations in ionospheric absorption.
Fourier Representation of Quadratic Friction

If a current is composed of a number of constituents with different frequencies, then quadratic friction may be analyzed at the same frequencies. The ratios of the constituents of the friction differ from the ratios for the current itself, with a classic result being that for unidirectional flow a very weak current constituent experiences proportionately 50% more friction than a strong constituent. Here, exact results for the magnitude of the friction constituents are derived and confirmed numerically. The results are applied to the tidal currents in Juan de Fuca Strait and the Strait of Georgia, showing that minor constituents experience proportionately more friction than the main constituent by an amount that varies spatially but is typically less than the classic result of 50%. For two-dimensional currents it is shown that, if there are two current constituents with the same ellipticity and major axis direction, the friction coefficients are separable functions of the current constituent ratio and the ellipticity. Some results are derived for two constituents with different ellipticity and major axis direction. For the case of two constituents with rectilinear but misaligned currents, each constituent experiences friction inclined at an angle to its current. Last, the effect of a tidal current on the bottom friction experienced by a steady flow is investigated for arbitrary relative magnitudes and directions of the tide and steady flow. In particular, the inclination of the mean friction to the mean flow is quantified.
A remotely sensed image fusion method based on non-subsampled contourlet transform and human visual system

Focusing on the fusion problem of the multispectral (Ms) and panchromatic (Pan) images from the same scene, a novel image fusion method is proposed based on nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) and human visual system (HVS). The most traditional fusion methods are IHS, PCA and Brovey transforms, which can bring the phenomenon of spectral distortion. Avoiding this problem, the wavelet transform is usually used in image fusion in recent years, but it only can capture limited directional information. Compared with the wavelet and other transforms, the contourlet transform has the characteristics of multi-scale, time-frequency localization and multi-directions. However, due to the lack of translation invariance of the contourlet transform, this paper uses the nonsubsampled contourlet transform. The basic procedure consists of four steps. Firstly, the NSCT is performed on Pan image and the intensity component I of Ms image with HIS transform, which can obtain the low frequency subband and highpass directional coefficients of each image. Then a new fusion rule is presented based on HVS: corresponding low frequency and highpass components are divided into several blocks, and contrast variance of every block is calculated, followed by a selection of an adaptive threshold which can be used to construct the new low frequency and highpass components. The blocks with higher contrast variance will be chosen. Thirdly, the new intensity component Inew with high spatial resolution is obtained by performing the inverse NSCT on the attained coefficients. Finally, the inverse IHS using Inew component is performed and the new fused multispectral image is obtained. According to the quantitative evaluation criteria, it is shown that the proposed method can effectively preserve spectral information, improve spatial information of the fused image, and outperform the traditional IHS, PCA, Brovey, wavelet and contourlet methods.
Treatment Standards and Individualized Therapy of Myasthenia Gravis

A wide range of established treatment options is currently available for myasthenia gravis. These include cholinesterase inhibitors for symptomatic treatment and a broad spectrum of immunosuppressive, immunomodulating or cell-depleting options to modify the underlying immunological process. Appropriate use allows the great majority of patients to lead a normal life. Specialized centers integrating outpatient and in-hospital resources as well as interdisciplinary competences offer important advantages for optimum individualized therapy. pain, hypotension, lumbar pain, anaphy lactic reactions ( Caution IgA deficiency), anemia, arthritis, failure, heart failure, arterial hypertension,
Observational investigation of relationships between moisture surges and mesoscale‐ to large‐scale convection during the North American monsoon

This article consists of a comprehensive climatological study of moisture surges (MSs) in the North American monsoon (NAM) core region using a multiyear (1990–2006) set of surges, surface and upper air data, satellite‐estimated mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), and North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) products. Composites of surges are created with respect to MCSs occurrence in the NAM core region. MSs are further stratified based on co‐occurrence with tropical easterly waves and tropical storms/tropical cyclones. These results provide new insights into the nature of the Gulf of California (GoC) moisture flux variability and describe the influence of these multi‐scale processes on the occurrence and intensity of surges and the GoC diurnal circulations – especially the Gulf of California low‐level jet (GCLLJ). Results show that over the GoC Coastal Plain, MCSs modulate the diurnal cycle of the GoC low‐level circulation during ‘major surge’, ‘minor surge’, and ‘non‐surge’ environments. We found that MCS activity enhances the offshore flow along the eastern GoC coast, which then enhances the GCLLJ. On the other hand, immediately before major surges onset, the occurrence of MCSs over the southern GoC produces more intense surges. It is also shown that this relationship holds regardless of the intensity and type of tropical synoptic‐scale disturbance forcing the surge.
Thermal modeling of the geometry of subduction with implications for the tectonics of the overriding plate

The path which subducting lithosphere follows can be broken into three zones: zone I, a subhorizontal region of nearly constant dip near the trench; zone II, a region of rapidly increasing dip; and zone III, a region generally deeper than 125 km, again of nearly constant dip. We have modeled the thermal evolution of slabs as they pass through these three zones using the method of lines, a numerical technique well suited to the solution of time dependent partial differential equations. By use of appropriate initial conditions and time dependent boundary conditions we can simulate subduction with variations in age of subducting lithosphere, slab velocities, and paths followed by the slab. Thermal modeling results indicate that the geometry of the slab in region II can be empirically related directly to the thermal structure of the slab in that region and thus indirectly to age and velocity. It follows that low angle subduction can extend several hundred kilometers inland only in cases of high convergent velocities (>15 cm yr−1) and old (>120 m.y.) lithosphere. We further suggest that rapid variations in the convergence velocities can provide an enabling mechanism for back arc spreading while slow changes in convergence velocities and/or age variations in the subducting lithosphere lead to migration of volcanic arcs.
Predicting the Gas Diffusion Coefficient in Undisturbed Soil from Soil Water Characteristics

The gas diffusion coefficient in soil (D P ), and its dependency on soil physical characteristics, governs the diffusive transport of oxygen, greenhouse gases, fumigants, and volatile organic pollutants in agricultural, forest, and urban soils. Accurate models for predicting Dp as a function of air-filled porosity (e) in natural, undisturbed soil are needed for realistic gas transport and fate simulations. Using data from 126 undisturbed soil layers, we obtained a high correlation (r 2 = 0.97) for a simple, nonlinear expression describing D P at -100 cm H 2 O of soil water potential (D P,100 ) as a function of the corresponding air-filled porosity (e 100 ), equal to the volume of soil pores with an equivalent pore diameter >30 μm. A new D P (e) model was developed by combining the D P,100 (e 100 ) expression with the Burdine relative hydraulic conductivity model, the latter modified to predict relative gas diffusivity in unsaturated soil. The D P,100 and Burdine terms in the D P (e) model are both related to the soil water characteristic (SWC) curve and, thus, the actual pore-size distribution within the water content range considered. The D P (e) model requires knowledge of the soil's air-filled and total porosities and a minimum of two points on the SWC curve, including a measurement at -100 cm H 2 O. When tested against independent gas diffusivity data for 21 differently textured and undisturbed soils, the SWC-dependent D P (e) model accurately predicted measured data and gave a reduction in root mean square error of prediction between 58 and 83% compared to the classical, soil type-independent Penman and Millington-Quirk models. To further test the new D P (e) model, gas diffusivity and SWC measurements on undisturbed soil cores from three 0.4-m soil horizons (sandy clay loam, sandy loam, and loamy sand) within the 4 to 7 m depth below an industrially polluted soil site were carried out. For these deep subsurface soils the SWC-dependent model best predicted the measured gas diffusivities.
Stratigraphy of mid-Paleozoic island-arc rocks in part of the northern Sierra Nevada, Sierra and Nevada Counties, California

New stratigraphic data for the mid-Paleozoic island-arc succession in the northern Sierra Nevada are presented from a well-exposed area in Sierra and Nevada Counties. The Grizzly Formation of Diller is shown to be a laterally discontinuous but regionally extensive epiclastic unit at the base of the arc succession. Newly discovered macrofossils and conodonts date the formation as Late Devonian (Frasnian–mid-Famennian), and it records a widespread erosional episode that affected the underlying Shoo Fly Complex prior to the onset of arc volcanism. The Grizzly Formation is conformably overlain by the Sierra Buttes Formation, a sequence of silicic to andesitic submarine ash-fall tuffs; tuffaceous turbidites; and thick, nonwelded, subaqueous volcaniclastic mass-flow deposits intercalated with radiolarian cherts. Coeval hypabyssal intrusions show evidence of rapid chilling against wet, unlithified sediment, and some consist of complex masses of intrusive hyaloelastite breccia and pillows. Newly discovered conodonts, together with previously described fossils, show that the Sierra Buttes Formation was deposited largely or entirely in the mid-Famennian. Andesitic tuffs and tuff-breccias of the Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian(? ) Taylor Formation abruptly overlie the Sierra Buttes Formation, with no evidence for an intervening Elwell Formation. Like the Sierra Buttes Formation, the Taylor Formation contains abundant coarse-grained subaqueous volcaniclastic mass-flow deposits interbedded with finer-grained rocks. The two formations together constitute a thick sequence of volcaniclastic debris that accumulated rapidly below storm-wave base in an active island-arc setting.
Multipole logging in a formation with stress-relief-induced anisotropy

The stress relief associated with the drilling of a borehole may induce a mechanically damaged zone with radial transverse isotropy (RTI), where the properties in the radial direction differ from those in the axial and tangential directions. The effect of such a zone on multipole acoustic full‐waveform logging is investigated using a numerical model based on the frequency‐axial‐wavenumber method. Calculations of the spectral behavior show that the fundamental mode associated with the multipole source behaves the same way in an RTI zone as it does in a damaged zone with isotropic properties. In a slow virgin formation, calculations of full waveforms show that the presence of a damaged zone with RTI is more difficult to detect than a damaged zone with isotropic elasticity because the refracted P‐wave encounters an isotropic zone but not an RTI zone. The results indicate that a damaged zone with RTI, which is a precursor to destructive events such as borehole instability and sand production, can be detected .
Drought Impacts in Mexico: Climate, Agriculture, Technology, and Land Tenure in Sonora and Puebla

Abstract This paper shows how vulnerability to natural hazards can be measured and analyzed and how drought vulnerability might relate to new agricultural technologies and land tenure in Mexico. Several authors have suggested that the impacts of drought on agricultural systems are determined as much by the technological, economic, and political characteristics of a region as by the severity of meteorological events. But the literature on natural hazards and cultural ecology lacks both detailed quantitative assessments of drought impacts at the regional scale and empirical measures of vulnerability to drought and climate change. In Mexico, agricultural losses from natural hazards are severe, varying widely between regions and between different farm sectors. This study analyzes the pattern and severity of drought losses in municipios in the states of Sonora and Puebla, using data from the 1970 Mexican agricultural census. These states represent a range of physical conditions, technological and economic reso.
Determination of the Transitional Fines Content of Mixtures of Sand and Non-Plastic Fines

Sand-silt mixtures show different behavior with different fines content. The transitional fines content (TFC) is a key parameter which can indicate if the soil behaves as a sand-dominated or as a fines-dominated material. The determination of the TFC for a sand-silt mixture and the possible ways of obtaining the TFC from index data and the triaxial test results are discussed in this study.
Enhanced seasonality of precipitation in the Mediterranean during the early part of the Last Interglacial

The deposition of sapropels in the eastern Mediterranean Sea is thought to occur during intervals of intensified African monsoon and increased precipitation in the Mediterranean borderlands. Speleothem and pollen records, however, reveal conflicting evidence for a Mediterranean-wide precipitation increase, suggesting that seasonal changes in the hydrological regime may be important. Using a multiproxy record, we present the first independent evidence for seasonality of precipitation during the early Last Interglacial (ca. 130–119 ka) from the Tenaghi Philippon peatland in northeast Greece. During the early part of the interglacial, mineralogical, macrofossil, and pollen records from the same core show a shift from mire to lacustrine conditions simultaneous with an expansion of sclerophyllous vegetation and the presence of acicular aragonite, indicating the onset of highly evaporative summer conditions. This indicates enhanced seasonality of precipitation and reconciles the apparent incongruity between Mediterranean pollen and speleothem records. It also provides evidence for significantly increased winter precipitation coeval with the deposition of sapropel S5, one of the most prominent sapropels of the Pleistocene. We suggest that in addition to the summer African monsoon component, increased winter precipitation from the northern Mediterranean borderlands may have contributed to maintaining reduced surface-water salinities in the Mediterranean Sea over the entire year.
Evaluation of Juvenile Salmonid Bypass Facilities and Passage at Water Diversions on the Lower Umatilla River; 1991-1995 Final Report.

Outdated juvenile and adult fish passage facilities were recently reconstructed at the five major irrigation dams on the lower Umatilla River, Oregon to meet National marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) design standards. Changes in design at juvenile fish bypass facilities included reduced mesh size on the rotating drum screens, larger screening area, a more oblique orientation of the drum screens to canal flow, improved screen seals, replacement of bypass portals with vertical slot bypass channels, and increased bypass pipe diameters. Weir-and-pool adult fish ladders and jump pools were replaced with vertical-slot ladders. From 1991--1995, they investigated injury and travel rate of juvenile fish moving through the facilities, and efficiency of screens in preventing fish entry into the canals. Water velocities in front of canal screens, at bypass channel entrances, and at ladder diffusers were measured to assess adherence to NMFS criteria and identify hydraulic patterns. Biological evaluations were conducted by releasing and recapturing marked yearling summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), yearling spring chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), and subyearling fall chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) in varying locations within the fish passage facilities.
Warm water advection in the Southern Beaufort Sea August‐September 1971

Oceanographic features of the southern Beaufort Sea were studied during August-September 1971. The data indicate the presence of a relatively warm (0.1°–5.0°C) layer in the continental shelf waters. This situation has only been reported once previously. The layer, averaging 25 meters in thickness, was traced from 154°30′W, where the warmest temperature (5.0°C) was recorded, to 143°42′W. The layer decreased in temperature toward the east, but the salinity (30.0–32.0‰) remained relatively constant. The core of the warm layer was found to parallel the continental shelf edge. Some spatial fluctuations were observed in the heat content along the core of the warm layer. Direct current measurements in the warm water layer indicate an eastward flow, suggesting a Bering Sea-Chukchi Sea origin. This hypothesis is supported by a water mass analysis. An eastward flowing current along the Beaufort Sea coast has not been previously described in the literature. Investigation of all available data indicated the presence of the warm water layer in the southern Beaufort Sea during the summer in 10 of the 16 years examined.
Taupo-Rotorua Depression: an ensialic marginal basin of North Island, New Zealand

Summary New Zealand lies on the boundary between the Pacific and Indian plates. In the vicinity of North Island, oceanic crust of the Pacific plate is subducted obliquely beneath continental crust of the Indian plate to form the Taupo-Hikurangi arc-trench system. The volcanic component of this system is the Taupo Volcanic Zone which comprises a young (<50,000 yr) andesite-dacite arc, to the west of which is the Taupo-Rotorua Depression, a basin filled with approximately 2 km of low-density volcanics. Most of these volcanics are rhyolitic (total volume > 10,000 km3) and have been erupted in the last 0.6 Ma from the Rotorua, Okataina, Maroa and Taupo Volcanic Centres. Approximately 2 km3 of high-alumina basalt has also been erupted from the Depression. Normal faults are common in the Taupo-Rotorua Depression and some have been active in historic time when open fissures formed. No strike-slip movement has been recorded. This evidence, together with the presence of basalt dykes, suggests the area is an extensional ensialic marginal basin. A change in orientation of the faults, from 040° at Taupo to 090° at the N end of the Okataina Volcanic Centre, is considered to be a result of dextral strike-slip movement within the North Island Shear Belt superimposed on the extensional tectonics of the marginal basin. The resultant oblique extension would also account for the en échelon basalt dykes in the 1886 Tarawera rift. Crustal thickness in the marginal basin is estimated to be 15 km compared to 30–35 km outside the basin. This may account for the high heat flow recorded (average may be up to 1575 mW m−2) and for partial melting of the base of the crust to produce the voluminous rhyolitic volcanics. The high-alumina basalts are considered to be derived from the upper mantle. They form dykes in the crust which in places reach the surface to form a series of vents aligned parallel to the regional fault pattern. The basalts are considered to be intruded and extruded mainly as a response to the extensional tectonics.