Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observations of the quasi-2-day wave in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over Yamagawa and Wakkanai

[1] Mesospheric/lower thermospheric (MLT) winds observed at Yamagawa (31.2°N, 130.6°E) and Wakkanai (45.4°N, 141.7°E), using the spaced-antenna technique, have been analyzed to study features of the quasi-2-day oscillations. We have used 4–5 years (1996–2000) of near-continuous data for the analysis. Our results are consistent with the reports at other midlatitude sites. The analysis reveals that the wave features observed at these two stations are similar. The occurrence of the wave event (probably the same) is seen at both stations during the same days. The wave is found every year with the maximum amplitude in the summer months. The meridional component has larger amplitudes than the zonal component. Comparing the amplitudes at the two stations, we find that the values observed at Yamagawa are larger than those at Wakkanai. The amplitude appears to attain its maximum value at around 90 km at both stations. Substantial year-to-year variations are observed in the 2-day wave amplitude. The average wave period observed at Yamagawa and Wakkanai is approximately 48 hours. The study also explores the dependence of the 2-day wave on the background atmospheric circulation. However, further analysis on wave events is needed to obtain a better understanding of this aspect. The results of the present study are also compared with the earlier meteor radar observations in Kyoto, Japan, and some other midlatitude observations. Further coordinated studies are suggested to investigate horizontal structure and generating mechanism of the 2-day wave.
Archaeological Survey of Eastern Inglefield Land, Northwest Greenland

Archaeological survey by foot, boat, and helicopter was undertaken in the eastern portion of Inglefield Land, northwestern Greenland. Although the research interests of the Inglefield Land Archaeology Project (ILAP) are focused on the late Thule-early Historic contact period, all cultural features were documented. A total of 1376 features, including winter houses, tent rings, fox traps, caches, hearths, kayak stands, and burials were recorded during pedestrian survey of three broad regions, which represent the entire culture history of the High Arctic from ca. 4200 years ago to modern use of the region by Inughuit hunters. Settlement pattern analysis suggests greater use of easternmost Inglefield Land by Paleoeskimo inhabitants compared to Thule/Historic groups and overall more short-term occupation (i.e., hunting forays) during the Paleoeskimo period. Thule winter houses are concentrated in the Glacier and Marshall Bay regions and secondarily at Cape Grinnell.
Pump‐and‐Treat Remediation of Heterogeneous Aquifers: Effects of Rate‐Limited Mass Transfer

The analytical solution for the radial mass flux in a stratified aquifer is presented. The solution refers to a simple case of the remediation by the pump-and-treat method using one extraction well. Initially, the contaminant mass is distributed in the mobile phase and subsurface sources, from which mass is transferred to the ground water by a rate-limited process. The transport of the dissolved contaminants is assumed to be by advection only. The results show that both hydraulic conductivity and the mass transfer process have an impact on the predicted cleanup times. The rate of transfer and the mass distribution are concluded to be the most important parameters and, therefore, the mass transfer should be the prime subject of further investigations.
Optical progression characteristics of an interesting natural downward bipolar lightning flash

Using high‐speed cameras, Lightning Attachment Process Observation Systems, and fast and slow electrical antennas, we documented a downward bipolar lightning flash that contained one first positive stroke with a peak current of 142 kA and five subsequent negative strokes hitting on a 90 m tall structure on 29 July 2010 in Guangzhou City, China. All the six strokes propagated along the same viewed channel established by the first positive return stroke. The leader which preceded the positive return stroke propagated downward without any branches at a two‐dimensional (2‐D) speed of 2.5 × 106 m/s. An upward connecting leader with a length of about 80 m was observed in response to the downward positive leader. The 10–90% risetimes of the return strokes' optical pulses ranged from 2.2 µs to 3.2 µs, while the widths from the 10% wavefront to the 50% wave tail ranged from 56.5 µs to 83.1 µs, and the half peak widths ranged from 53.4 µs to 81.6 µs. All the return strokes exhibited similar speeds, ranging from 1.0 × 108 m/s to 1.3 × 108 m/s. Each of the return strokes was followed by a continuing current stage (CC). The first positive stroke CC lasted more than 150 ms, much larger than all the subsequent negative stroke CC, ranging from 13 ms to 70 ms.
Imaging results from Dynamics Explorer 1

We provide an overview of several of the most significant results from the global imaging instrumentation on board the Earth-orbiting spacecraft Dynamics Explorer 1. These topics include (1) the evolution of the auroral oval during substorms, (2) fluctuations of polar cap area encircled by the auroral oval during a magnetic substorm, (3) the mapping of poleward arcs of the auroral oval into the plasma sheet boundary layer, (4) the theta aurora, (5) atmospheric holes, (6) the geocorona, and (7) the rates of water loss from comet Halley.
Equations of state of dense hydrous magnesium silicates: results from single-crystal X-ray diffraction

Abstract The equations of state of dense hydrous magnesium silicates (DHMS), determined from high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction are reviewed, including hydroxylchondrodite, hydroxylclinohumite, phase A, phase B (anhydrous and hydrous), superhydrous phase B and phase E. The phases along the forsterite-brucite join, Mg2SiO4-Mg(OH)2, display near (increasing) linearity in compressibility with respect to water content and increasing bulk moduli (KT) with density. Such trends allow prediction of the as yet unknown bulk moduli of phases such as OH-Mg norbergite. The addition of water also reduces the bulk modulus of the B-phases and the anisotropy observed in axial compression. The alternating layers of octahedra and octahedra + tetrahedra completely control compression of the B phases, with the stacking direction becoming more compressible with addition of water. The enigmatic Phase E has the highest KT’ yet measured for a hydrous silicate and one of the lowest KT. In contrast with other DHMS, Phase E is only slightly anisotropic in axial compression and we attribute this to the role of the intralayer cations in the structure. The degree of hydration and the vacancy concentration appear to be coupled in Phase E.
2-D electromagnetic modeling by finite‐element method with a dipole source and topography

I present a method for calculating frequency‐domain electromagnetic responses caused by a dipole source over a 2-D structure. In modeling controlled‐source electromagnetic data, it is usual to separate the electromagnetic field into a primary (background) and a secondary (scattered) field to avoid a source singularity, and only the secondary field caused by anomalous bodies is computed numerically. However, this conventional scheme is not effective for complex structures lacking a simple background structure. The present modeling method uses a pseudo‐delta function to distribute the dipole source current, and does not need the separation of the primary and the secondary field. In addition, the method employs an isoparametric finite‐element technique to represent realistic topography. Numerical experiments are used to validate the code. Finally, a simulation of a source overprint effect and the response of topography for the long‐offset transient electromagnetic and the controlled‐source magnetotelluric me.
Tectonics of the western part of the Polish Outer Carpathians

The western part of the Polish Outer Carpathians is built up from the thrust, imbricated Upper Jurassic-Neogene flysch deposits. The following Outer Carpathian nappes have been distinguished: Magura Nappe, Fore-Magura group of nappes, Silesian, Subsilesian and Skole nappes. Interpretation of seismic and magnetotelluric survey from the region South of Wadowice, allows observation of relationship between basement and flysch nappes in the Outer Carpathians. It also allows identification of dislocation cutting both flysch nappes and their basement. All the Outer Carpathian nappes are thrust over the southern part of the North European Platform. The platform basement is composed of older Precambrian metamorphic rocks belonging to the Bruno-Vistulicum terrane. Sedimentary cover consists of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Neogene sequences. The characteristic features of this boundary are horsts and troughs of general direction NW-SE, turning W-E. Faults cutting only the consolidated basement and the Paleozoic cover were formed during the Hercynian Orogeny in the Carboniferous and the Early Permian. Most of the older normal faults were covered by allochtonous flysch nappes forming thus the blind faults. During the last stage of the geodynamic development the Carpathians thrust sheets moved towards their present position. Displacement of the Carpathians northwards is related to development of dextral strike-slip faults of N—S direction. The orientation of this strike-slip fault zones zone more or less coincides with the surface position of the major faults perpendicular to the strike of the Outer Carpathian thrustsheets. The huge fault cuts formations from the Paleozoic basement through the flysch allochton between the boreholes in Sucha Beskidzka area. The displacement of nappes of the Carpathian overthrust and diapiric extrusion of plastic formations of the lower flysch units occurred along this fault.
Historical changes in soil acidification inferred from the dendrochemistry of a Tateyama cedar at Bijodaira, Mt. Tateyama, Japan

Copyright © 2013 by The Geochemical Society of Japan. ants, which have been transported from the Asian continent, than urban areas on the Pacific side (Ohizumi et al., 1997; Osada et al., 2003; Nakano et al., 2006; Honoki et al., 2007; Watanabe et al., 2010, 2011; Mizoguchi et al., 2012). Higher concentrations of acidic pollutants such as nss-SO4 2– (non-sea salt SO4 2–) and NO3 – are observed in both spring and winter snow layers on Mt. Tateyama, implying acidic pollutants are delivered by westerly jets and northwesterly winter monsoons (Watanabe et al., 2011). Further, highly acidic fogs that are characterized by high concentrations of SO4 2– have been often observed at Mt. Tateyama (Watanabe et al., 2010). In the 1990s, it was clear that nearly all large Fagus crenata individuals, growing near the Tateyama-Kurobe Alpine route at Bijodaira, Mt. Tateyama, showed significant visible injury and symptoms of decline. It was debated whether the NO2 and SO2 emitted from highland buses caused these harmful effects on F. crenata (Kawano, 1999). Kume et al. (2009) compared atmospheric NO2 Historical changes in soil acidification inferred from the dendrochemistry of a Tateyama cedar at Bijodaira, Mt. Tateyama, Japan
Effects of refraction on photochemical calculations

A general method for the calculation of refracted ray paths through the atmosphere is developed and adapted for photochemical modeling applications. The adapted method is then used to study the effect of refraction on the twilight radiation field and stratospheric photochemistry. We show that refraction has the effect of increasing the amount of solar flux available for photodissociation in the atmosphere. This is caused by both the reduction of the optical path of the direct solar beam and a significant lengthening of the sunlit day. It is also shown that for polar conditions, concentrations of O(3P), NO3, and NO are significantly affected by refraction.
Fossil Seals from Late Neogene Deposits in South America: A New Pinniped (Carnivora, Mammalia) Assemblage from Chile

A new monachine phocid pinniped assemblage from the north–central coast of Chile is described. The material was recovered from a marine bonebed of the Bahía Inglesa Formation which, based on macro– and microfossil evidence, is probably Late Miocene–Early Pliocene in age. At least two genera, Acrophoca and Piscophoca (both originally described from the Pisco Formation of Peru), are present. The Chilean material is significantly different from that of the two described species from the Pisco Formation and probably represents new species, though these are not named pending description of new material reported from Peru. The postcrania are morphologically intermediate between the northern Phocini and southern Lobodontini. The Bahía Inglesa Formation pinniped assemblage represents the first occurrence of fossil seals in Chile, and provides valuable information regarding the late Neogene radiation of monachines in the Southern Hemisphere. The occurrence of Acrophoca sp. in beds underlying a condensed Mio–Pliocene bonebed suggests that these strata are no older than Late Miocene.
Episodic potassic diagenesis of Ordovician tuffs in the Mississippi Valley area

Cambrian-Ordovician strata of the Mississippi Valley have been extensively modified by potassic diagenesis. Ordovician vitric tuffs are altered to K-feldspar and illite-rich, mixed-layer illite-smectite (I/S), both of which have been dated by K/Ar. Rb/Sr dates for K-feldspar support its reliability as a K/Ar clock, despite a dislocation density of 10/sup 9/-10/sup 10/ cm/sup -2/. Age data document three Paleozoic episodes of potassic diagenesis, which have mean ages of 396 Ma (Early Devonian) for K-feldspar of the upper Mississippi Valley (UMV), 362 Ma (Late Devonian) for I/S of the UMV, and 265 Ma (Permian) for I/S of Missouri. Devonian dates from the UMV correspond to times of wide-spread epeirogeny in the US midcontinent, and diagenetic episodes are attributed to regional flow of basinal brines caused by ground-water recharge on uplifted arches. Potassium for K-feldspar may have come from the Michigan basin, and K for illite may have come from the east-central Iowa basin. K-feldspar and I/S of the UMV are in oxygen-isotopic disequilibrium, indicating that the K-feldspar crystallized from fluid that was either warmer or had lower . delta. /sup 18/O values than that of the I/S. Permian illitization apparently records northward movement of warm saline fluid as a result of the Ouachitamore » orogeny. « less
Currents off the east coast of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea, and their relevance to regional undercurrents in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean

In the Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean a coastal undercurrent lying within 40 km of the east coast of New Ireland was in May 1988 found to be transporting high-salinity, low dissolved oxygen, high-nutrient thermocline waters northwestwards towards the equator. Acoustic doppler current profiler measurements showed the peak alongshore current speeds of approximately 60 cm s−1 occurred at 235 m depth and the volume transport between the 24.5 and 26.5 kg m3 isopycnals (approximately 176 to 320 m) was 2.0±0.1×106 m3 s−1. We suggest that this current be called the New Ireland Coastal Undercurrent (NICU). Just to the east of 149°E, the NICU was diverted to the north and forced to interact with the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). Transport budgets in the region bounded by 149°E, 153°E, 2°S and the equator, between the 24.5 and 26.5 kg m−3 isopycnals show that approximately 5×106 m3 s−1 of water originating from east of New Ireland, including the NICU was added to the EUC system. This accounted for approximately half of the southern hemisphere thermocline waters in the EUC system at 153°E.
Sedimentary record of late-Holocene relative sea-level change and tectonic deformation from the Guerrero Seismic Gap, Mexican Pacific Coast

Studies of the coastal sedimentary record have allowed both the reconstruction of relative sea-level changes and the determination of local rates and magnitudes of tectonic deformation, particularly in tectonically active areas. Despite their successful use elsewhere, studies of this type are much less common for the Mexican Pacific coast, which parallels the Cocos-North America subduction plate boundary. Stratigraphic, geochemical and microfossil data from sediments in Laguna Mitla, the Pacific coast of Guerrero, Mexico, document late-Holocene sea-level changes induced by tectonic activity in the Mexican subduction zone. Three major events are identified. First, the formation of the lagoon by c. 4630 yr BP, as indicated by a freshwater to brackish peat. Second, a relative sea-level rise, or land subsidence, as indicated by a shift from a freshwater marginal lagoon environment to a marine setting, preceded by a marine inundation represented by a sand unit (possibly a tsunami deposit), by c. 3400 yr BP. And finally, a return to lagoonal conditions indicating a drop in relative sea level or coastal uplift by c. 2300 yr BP. The Laguna Mitla stratigraphy indicates general coastal subsidence or relative sea level rise of c. 1 mm/yr. We argue that these relative sea-level (land-level) changes have been induced by tectonic activity associated with the Mexican megathrust. A plausible explanation for the 3400 yr BP marine inundation is probably a tsunami produced by a large seismic event accompanied by coastal subsidence. Discrete fining upward, fine to coarse, sand units with an erosional basal contact, medium to poor sorting, and clay/mud rip-up clasts; an increase in Na and Sr elemental concentrations, indicative of a marine origin; and the landward extent of the sands support a tsunamigenic source for these deposits. However, these apparent tsunami deposits require further study to determine their lateral extent and to assess whether they can be correlated from one site to another. This study demonstrates the applicability of a multiproxy sedimentary approach in interpreting relative sea-level (land-level) changes and to derive data on related earthquake and tsunami events in tropical coastal lagoons.
Pleistocene Brawley and Ocotillo Formations: Evidence for Initial Strike‐Slip Deformation along the San Felipe and San Jacinto Fault Zones, Southern California

We examine the Pleistocene tectonic reorganization of the Pacific–North American plate boundary in the Salton Trough of southern California with an integrated approach that includes basin analysis, magnetostratigraphy, and geologic mapping of upper Pliocene to Pleistocene sedimentary rocks in the San Felipe Hills. These deposits preserve the earliest sedimentary record of movement on the San Felipe and San Jacinto fault zones that replaced and deactivated the late Cenozoic West Salton detachment fault. Sandstone and mudstone of the Brawley Formation accumulated between ∼1.1 and ∼0.6–0.5 Ma in a delta on the margin of an arid Pleistocene lake, which received sediment from alluvial fans of the Ocotillo Formation to the west‐southwest. Our analysis indicates that the Ocotillo and Brawley formations prograded abruptly to the east‐northeast across a former mud‐dominated perennial lake (Borrego Formation) at ∼1.1 Ma in response to initiation of the dextral‐oblique San Felipe fault zone. The ∼25‐km‐long San Felipe anticline initiated at about the same time and produced an intrabasinal basement‐cored high within the San Felipe–Borrego basin that is recorded by progressive unconformities on its north and south limbs. A disconformity at the base of the Brawley Formation in the eastern San Felipe Hills probably records initiation and early blind slip at the southeast tip of the Clark strand of the San Jacinto fault zone. Our data are consistent with abrupt and nearly synchronous inception of the San Jacinto and San Felipe fault zones southwest of the southern San Andreas fault in the early Pleistocene during a pronounced southwestward broadening of the San Andreas fault zone. The current contractional geometry of the San Jacinto fault zone developed after ∼0.5–0.6 Ma during a second, less significant change in structural style.
Validation of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder radiative transfer algorithm

[1] Comparisons between observed AIRS radiances and radiances computed from coincident in situ profile data are used to validate the accuracy of the AIRS radiative transfer algorithm (RTA) used in version 4 processing at Goddard Space Flight Center. In situ data sources include balloon-borne measurements with RS-90 sensors and frost point hygrometers and Raman lidar measurements of atmospheric water vapor. Estimates of the RTA accuracy vary with wave number region but approach 0.2 K in mid- to lower-tropospheric temperature and water vapor sounding channels. Temperature channel radiance biases using ECMWF forecast/analysis products are shown to be essentially identical to those observed with coincident sonde observations, with somewhat higher biases in water vapor channels. Some empirical adjustments to the RTA channel-averaged absorption coefficients were required to achieve these stated accuracies.
The theoretical underpinnings of customer asset management: A framework and propositions for future research

Most research in customer asset management has focused on specific aspects of the value of the customer to the company. The purpose of this article is to propose an integrated framework, called CUSAMS (customer asset management of services), that enables service organizations (1) to make a comprehensive assessment of the value of their customer assets and (2) to understand the influence of marketing instruments on them. The foundation of the CUSAMS framework is a careful specification of key customer behaviors that reflect the length, depth, and breadth of the customer-service organization relationship: duration, usage, and cross-buying. This framework is the starting point for a set of propositions regarding how marketing instruments influence customer behavior within the relationship, thereby influencing the value of the customer asset. The framework and propositions provide the impetus for a research agenda that identifies critical issues in customer asset management.
Effect of pulse release date and soil characteristics on solute transport in a combined vadose zone‐groundwater flow system: Insights from numerical simulations

The transport of a conservative tracer (bromide) in a three‐dimensional, heterogeneous combined vadose zone‐groundwater flow system was analyzed through a series of detailed numerical simulations. The scope of the present study was to analyze the effect of both the soil type and the pulse application date on solute movement and spreading in the combined flow system subject to time‐dependent, external forcing conditions, F(t) (characterized by a time period, ), imposed on a flat soil surface. Of particular interest were the suitability of the time‐invariance assumption of the solute travel time distribution and the related issue of the capability of an equivalent, steady state vadose zone flow model to describe solute transport in a realistic flow system. Considering flow systems in which the water table is located at sufficiently large distance from the flat soil surface, the main results of this study suggest that the velocity associated with the wetting front position, which may be considered as an “effective” velocity, is soil‐ and calendar date‐dependent. Consequently, characteristics of the transport (i.e., solute displacement and spreading, first‐ and peak‐arrival times) are soil‐ and pulse release date‐dependent. The soil‐dependent solute travel time PDF at a CP located in the vicinity of the water table, however, may be considered as essentially independent of the pulse release date, particularly in the fine‐textured (clay) soil associated with mean travel time, that substantially exceeds . Furthermore, for , the equivalent steady state definition of the flow problem may be quite effective in describing the solute travel time PDF of the actual transport process occurring under nonmonotonous, transient flow conditions.