Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Filtration Process and Alternative Filter Media Material in Water Treatment

In drinking water treatment, filtration plays an important role in the multi-barrier approach employed for the removal of pathogens. The presence of suspended solids and other particulate matter in water increases the resistance of most microbes to disinfection. Therefore, high performance in the removal of particles achieved by granular filtration can increase the disinfection efficiency. Although sand is one of the major filter media, alternative media have been developed and used in recent years. In this review, the performance of alternative media is compared with traditional sand/anthracite for drinking water treatment. Advantages in the use of alternative media, especially glass media, have been found, including high filtration performance in removing residual particles and turbidity, minor modification requirements to the existing filtration configuration and slow head loss development. However, before the employment of them in industry, additional tests are recommended. In particular, full scale tests with variations in the operating conditions and analyses of pathogen removal should be performed. Moreover, this paper reviews the filtration processes and operating configurations which provide overall references to those who are studying and working in the field of water technology and treatment. In this paper, legislations/standards of safe drinking water are summarized as they are the driving force of developing new treatment technologies; mathematical modules for predicting the media filtration performance are briefed. Finally, future work on the application of alternative filter media is recommended.
Hydrogen Adsorption, Absorption, and Desorption at Palladium Nanofilms formed on Au(111) by Electrochemical Atomic Layer Deposition (E-ALD): Studies using Voltammetry and In Situ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Pd nanofilms were grown on Au(111) using the electrochemical form of atomic layer deposition (E-ALD). Deposits were formed by repeated cycles of surface-limited redox replacement (SLRR). Each cycle produced an atomic layer of Pd, allowing the reproducible formation of Pd nanofilms, with thicknesses proportional to the number of cycles performed. Pd deposits were formed with up to 30 cycles, in the present study, and used as a platform for studies of hydrogen sorption/desorption as a function of thickness. The SLRR cycle involved the initial formation of an atomic layer of Cu by underpotential deposition, followed by its galvanic exchange with PdCl42– ions at open circuit. The first three cycles were studied using in situ electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), which showed a consistent morphology from cycle to cycle and the monatomic steps indicative of layer-by-layer growth. Cyclic voltammetry was used to study the hydrogen sorption/desorption properties as a function of thickness in 0.1 .
Capability Development Efforts of Human Resources in Furniture Industry at Leilem Village Minahasa Regency

The main problem of research is the development of human resources to improve the ability of furniture industry workers at Leilem Village Minahasa Regency. The research objective is to find out the steps taken to improve the ability of workers as human resources to support work productivity of workers and to determine the obstacles faced in efforts to improve the ability of workers and to find out the efforts made to overcome obstacles related to develop resource capabilities in the furniture industry at Leilem village. The research method is qualitative. The technique of determining the data source sample namely, the main data collection procedures or techniques used were observation, interviews, documentation studies, and triangulation techniques. Data analysis uses steps from Milles and Huberman. Data analysis activities conducted in three stages, namely: first; data reduction, second; data display and third; drawing conclusions and verification. Data source: Government, furniture entrepreneurs, workers. Based on the results of the analysis and discussion of the results of the research, the following research conclusions can be put forward: 1) Important steps were taken by the manager of the furniture business unit at the village of Leilem to develop the ability of workers to plan development and develop workers. This is done due to workers are very important human resources and determine the progress of the business. 2) The obstacles are; lack of work motivation, the number of orders for goods from consumers, as a result, it is difficult to determine the time for worker coaching, and the length or, time to be spent by workers in doing furniture business jobs, consequently it is also difficult to determine the time for worker coaching. 3) Efforts made by the managers of the furniture industry business to overcome various obstacles encountered in increasing the ability of workers are by providing motivation to workers and managing work time for workers.
The Effects of a Group Counseling Program on the Self-Esteem of Children from Multicultural Families

This study is aimed to develop a group counseling program to promote the self-esteem of children from multicultural families and test its effects. To this end, an 11-session program was developed based on the reviewed literature on self-esteem improvement programs. The program was characterized by activities designed to facilitate interactions among children and increase their participation, encourage them to have a positive viewpoint of a multicultural environment, and accumulate success experiences. The program was applied to five fifth-graders from multicultural families twice per week. Its effects were tested with the self-esteem inventory and investigator's observation on participants' behaviors in each session. Based on the results of the study, the developed group counseling program was effective in promoting the self-esteem of children from multicultural families. Also, it showed that the program could be used in lessons at schools where it was difficult to secure counseling hours with children.
Transmission Electron Microscopy of Complex Fluids: The State of the Art

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is potentially one of the most useful techniques in the study of micro-structured fluid systems. It is the one technique that provides high resolution direct images, thus the interpretation of the data is not model-dependent. But at the same time electron microscopy is probably the most abused experimental technique, and as such, a rather problematic one. People have taken liberties with the technique as with no other. In a critical review of the field, the inherent limitations on TEM of liquid systems are described, together with the technical solutions that have been developed to overcome them. Sample results of recent data that illustrate the potential of the techniques, as well as novel technical extensions of the basic technique are described. Also, artifacts, the result of improper specimen preparation, are demonstrated.
Can film tourism experience enhance tourist behavioural intentions? The role of tourist engagement

ABSTRACT The development of film and television entertainment and overseas travel has stimulated the rapid growth of global film tourism. Although film tourism has been the focus of extensive research, few studies have explored the role of tourist engagement in film tourism experiences. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to examine the relationships among film tourism experiences, tourist engagement, and behavioural intentions. Structural equation modelling of survey data from 403 film tourists revealed that film tourism experiences increased tourist engagement, which in turn positively influenced behavioural intentions. In addition, tourist engagement mediated the relationship between film tourism experiences and behavioural intentions. This study focused on tourism psychology and film tourist behaviour it contributes to the literature by uncovering the mediating role of tourist engagement in the relationship between film tourism experiences and behavioural intentions. The findings can help managers of film tourism destinations arrange onsite environments and plan relevant activities. In addition, these findings serve as a reference for the design and packaging of film tourism products. Further research is warranted to determine whether these relationships are influenced by contingent factors (e.g. geographical and cultural proximity).
Connecting computational thinking in everyday reasoning and programming for elementary school students

Abstract Computational thinking (CT) has been advocated as an essential problem solving skill students need to develop. Emphasizing on CT applied in both programming and everyday contexts, we developed a humanoid robotics curriculum and a computerized assessment instrument. We implemented the curriculum with six classes of 125 fifth graders. Quantitative methods were used to compare students’ performance from pretest to posttest. Learning analytics techniques were applied to examine students’ problem solving processes. The results showed that students’ CT performance improved in both programming and everyday reasoning contexts and that the curriculum benefited students with varied initial performance. The study shed light on how to connect and assess CT in everyday reasoning and programming contexts.
Structure and Vibrational Spectra of the Zwitterion l-Alanine in the Presence of Explicit Water Molecules: A Density Functional Analysis

Ab initio B3LYP/6-31G* optimized geometries, vibrational frequencies, and absorption intensities have been calculated for the l-alanine zwitterion (ALAZW) structures stabilized by four neighboring water molecules. The ALAZW structures were stabilized by the addition of four neighboring water molecules because at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory the ALAZW is not stable in the absence of the water molecules and will be converted to the nonionized species. The ALAZW was not stable at this level of theory within the Onsager continuum model using the recommended cavity radius obtained from the solute volume calculations. Geometry optimization of the ALAZW in the presence of the explicit water molecules resulted in different optimized structures for the amino acid itself. The distributed origin gauge atomic axial tensors and the electric dipole−electric dipole polarizability derivatives calculated at the RHF level of theory were combined with the B3LYP normal modes, frequencies, and atomic polar tensors to calc.
The Effect of Nutrition Status and Occupancy Density Compliance with Home Contact Pulmonary TB Insidence in Specialized Hospital of Pulmonary

Pulmonary Tuberculosis is an important and serious public health problem throughout the world. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which attacks lungs and other body organs. This study aimed to determine the effects of nutritional status and dwelling density on the risk of pulmonary TB incidence in Medan, North Sumatera. This was a case control study conducted at Pulmonary Disease Hospital, Medan, North Sumatera, from January to June in 2018. A sample of 1 20 patients was selected for this study, consisting 60 patients with TB and 60 patients without TB. The dependent variable was TB incidence. Data were collected through observations and interviews using questionnaires. Data was analyzed by b ivariate using simple logistic regression test and multivariate by multiple logistic regression. The result showed poor nutritional status is closely associated with pulmonary TB infection. Impact of nutritional status and occupancy density on incidence of Pulmonary contact TB at Median Specialized Hospital in 2018.
Strong Influence of Changes in Terrestrial Water Storage on Flood Potential in India

Rapid groundwater depletion due to anthropogenic pumping for irrigation poses enormous challenges on socio‐economic, agricultural, and financial spheres of India. However, the role of groundwater depletion on flood potential in India remains unexplored. We examine the role of changes in terrestrial water and groundwater storage on flood potential using in situ and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites observations and the simulations from the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model. Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS) has declined significantly (p value <0.05) with a rate of −0.63 cm yr−1 during 2002–2016 in the Indian subcontinent. Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus, Brahmani, and Subernarekha river basins experienced a significant decline while Godavari, Mahi, Tapi, and Narmada basins witnessed a substantial increase in TWS during 2002–2016. The relative contribution of TWS on flood potential is higher than precipitation for the majority of the subcontinental river basins. The significant increase/decline in TWS in the subcontinental river basins is driven by the changes in groundwater storage either due to groundwater pumping or natural variability in climate. A significant decrease (increase) in the flood potential in Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Indus (Godavari, Narmada, and Tapi) is linked to the changes in groundwater storage, which shows the influence of groundwater storage variability beyond water and food security in the region.
Diffusive–Dispersive and Reactive Fronts in Porous Media: Iron(II) Oxidation at the Unsaturated–Saturated Interface

Diffusive–dispersive mass transfer is important for many groundwater quality problems as it drives the interaction between different reactants, thus influencing a wide variety of biogeochemical processes. In this study, we performed laboratory experiments to quantify O2 transport in porous media, across the unsaturated–saturated interface, under both conservative and reactive transport conditions. As reactive system we considered the abiotic oxidation of Fe2+ in the presence of O2. We studied the reaction kinetics in batch experiments and its coupling with diffusive and dispersive transport processes by means of one‐dimensional columns and two‐dimensional flow‐through experiments, respectively. A noninvasive optode technique was used to track O2 transport into the initially anoxic porous medium at highly resolved spatial and temporal scales. The results show significant differences in the propagation of the conservative and reactive O2 fronts. Under reactive conditions, O2, continuously provided from the atmosphere, was considerably retarded due to the interaction with dissolved Fe(II), initially present in the anoxic groundwater. The reaction between dissolved O2 and Fe2+ led to the formation of an Fe(III) precipitation zone in the experiments. Reactive transport modeling based on a kinetic PHREEQC module tested in controlled batch experiments allowed a quantitative interpretation of the experimental results in both one‐ and two‐dimensional setups.
Systemic chronic health risk assessment of residential exposure to Cd2+ and Cr6+ in groundwater

A health risk assessment was undertaken for residents of Ubeji community who consume groundwater contaminated with trace metals. A total of 96 composite groundwater samples were collected in the dry and wet seasons from 12 locally dug wells, which are major sources of groundwater to the community. Concentrations of the metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and were found to vary with season. Among the metals studied, Cd2+, Cr6+, and Pb2+ were detected at concentrations higher than maximum regulatory limits. Cd2+ concentrations (mg L−1) range from 0.03 to 0.06 and 0.02 to 0.05 in the dry and wet seasons, respectively, while Cr6+ levels (mg L−1) range from 0.59 to 0.67 and 0.34 to 0.53, respectively, for the two seasons. Also, Pb2+ levels (mg L−1) range from 2.8 to 3.4 and 2.7 to 3.1 in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. It is estimated that exposure to metals in the community drinking water results in carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks that are higher than the generally acceptable risks of drinking water. Therefore, the results indicate that the concentrations of the metals in the groundwater are high and the consumption of water from the community wells may result in systemic chronic health risk to the residents.
The Effects of Salts on the Solubilities of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Propylbenzene in Water

Salt effects on the solubilities of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and propylbenzene were studied by making use of the solute vapor. The salting coefficients were determined at 25 °C, and the results were compared with the literature values and with those estimated by means of theoretical equations. The McDevit-Long equation did not give satisfactory predictions until the equation was multiplied by a factor of 0.4. The scaled particle theory gave a favorable agreement with the observations in most cases if suitable pair-potential parameters of solutes were used in the calculations.
Gut Microbiome Composition Differs Extensively Between Indian Indigenous Chicken Breeds Originated in Different Geographical Locations and a Commercial Broiler Line, but Breed-specific as Well as Across-breed Core Microbiomes Are Found

Background: With increasing concern on antimicrobial resistance and given the key role of gut microbiome to the host’s nutrition, productivity, development and function of immune system and competitive exclusion of pathogens, characterization of the chicken gut microbiota of different breeds or lines holds high potential for providing clues for developing alternative to antibiotic growth promoters and reducing pathogen load. Methods: In this study, we analyse and compare the gut microbiome of indigenous Indian Nicobari, Ghagus and Aseel chicken breeds originated in Nicobari island, coastal area and Indian mainland, respectively and a global commercial broiler VenCobb400 line reared without antimicrobials using 16S rDNA V3-V4 hypervariable amplicon sequencing.Results: The dominant gut microbial Phyla were Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in native breeds whereas in VenCobb 400 the phylum Firmicutes was most dominant. Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio in Ghagus and Nicobari were similar but differed from that of Aseel. The Aseel, VenCobb 400, Ghagus and Nicobari breed or line presented 3461, 857, 1911 and 1767 distance (97% cutoff) based operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with > 2 members. Alpha diversity analysis indicated higher diversity as well as richness in indigenous breeds than in the broiler line. Beta diversity analysis indicated significant difference (P<0.001) in community structure between different breeds or line and clear separation of clusters at different taxonomic levels based on breeds or line. Differential abundance analysis using edgeR detected 88 phylotype OTUs with significant (P<0.05) difference in abundance between groups. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) revealed 82 breed or line specific phylotype OTU level biomarkers. Five phylotype OTUs occurred as core microbiome across all breeds or line representing 13% of total prokaryote count. Seven phylotype OTUs were core microbiome across the three native breeds representing 49.3% of total prokaryotic sequences of native breeds. Correlation analysis indicated existence of complex microbial networks in all breeds or line.Conclusion: The study indicated highest overlap in microbial community composition between the coastal breed (Ghagus) and the island breed (Nicobari) among indigenous breeds and very low overlap between the broiler line and all indigenous breeds. Despite extensive variation, breed specific as well as across breed or line core microbiomes were found. This study provides new insight into the comparative community structure of microbiome of chickens of 4 breeds or line of different genetic background or geographical origin and may facilitate development of breed specific feed additives and alternative to antibiotic growth promoters.
Heat‐treated softwood exposed to weathering

Scots pine samples, heat-treated (225°C under steam) and reference (kiln-dried), were exposed to natural weathering for 7 years in Espoo, Finland. The weathered and unweathered samples were examined with FTIR, UV resonance Raman, and 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopies. The spectroscopic results revealed that the lignin contents of the weathered heat-treated and especially of the weathered reference softwood samples diminished significantly. The surface of the weathered heat-treated sample was still rich in aromatic and conjugated carbonyl structures, whereas the surface of the reference sample was enriched with cellulose. These results indicated that weathering products of lignin were leached out with water from the reference sample, whereas in the heat-treated wood they were largely unleachable. The structure of the heat-treated wood was modified and degradation products did not leach out as easily as in the case of the reference sample. The weathering also resulted in a decreased content of amorphous polysaccharides of the reference sample, whereas the changes in the polysaccharide contents between weathered and unweathered heat-treated samples were not as dramatic because the amorphous carbohydrates were already degraded in the heat treatment. The results indicated that heat-treated wood is more resistant to natural weathering than untreated wood. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2128–2134, 2004
NMR Structural Characterization of Mg-Containing Nano-Apatite

Nanometer scale Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite (nanoapatite) is a potential candidate as artificial bone substitute materials owing to its similarity to the bone with respect to composition, morphology and osteoclastic degradation or adsorbent materials for blood purification therapy to remove pathogenic substances. The initial biodegradation behaviors, the initial cell-material interaction and the protein adsorption properties of nanoapatite must depend on the microstructure. The purpose of this study is the preparation of nanoapatite particles and their structural characterization by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The nanoapatite particles were prepared by precipitation processing method, and the effects of magnesium ions on the precipitation of calcium phosphate were examined, because Mg ions are well-known to play a role of inhibition of crystal growth. The addition of Mg ions led to the precipitation of nanometer scale Ca-deficient apatite crystals having 1.33-1.63 of the molar ratio (Mg+Ca)/P. NMR analyses showed that the microstructure of Mg•HAp particles can be explained by a crystalline HAp core covered with a thin amorphous hydrated calcium phosphate layer.
Kinetic Study of Hexenuronic and Methylglucuronic Acid Reactions in Pulp and in Dissolved Xylan during Kraft Pulping of Hardwood

During kraft pulping, the side group in the xylan backbone, 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid, is partly converted to hexenuronic acid. Simultaneously, degradation reactions of these side groups take place. The rates of these reactions were studied during the kraft pulping of hardwood and were shown to be strongly affected by the location of the xylan; dissolved xylan had markedly higher methylglucuronic acid and hexenuronic acid contents than pulp xylan did. The degree of substitution of methylglucuronic acid in dissolved xylan was found to be higher at reduced cooking temperatures; no such change was seen for pulp xylan. A kinetic model was developed that included the energies of activation for formation (129 kJ/mol) and degradation (143 kJ/mol) of hexenuronic acid and degradation (141 kJ/mol) of methylglucuronic acid and bulk delignification (118 kJ/mol, in accordance with earlier studies). Decreased cooking temperatures thus increase the number of acidic charged groups in the pulp and in dissolved xylan.