Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Digestion kinetics of leaf, stem and inflorescence from five species of mature grasses

The objective of this study was to measure the digestion kinetics for mature (green and non-senescent) components of five grass species using in sacco and in vitro incubations to define rates of degradation and nutrient release. Mature perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, Yorkshire fog, phalaris and paspalum were hand separated into leaf blade, stem and inflorescence (flower head) for incubations. Concentrations of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in fractions were in the ranges 492–677 (leaf), 626–718 (stem) and 501–677 (inflorescence) g kg−1 dry matter (DM). Crude protein concentrations in the DM of the respective fractions were 70–236 (leaf blade), 35–77 (stem) and 75–120 (inflorescence) g kg−1 DM. Soluble DM (% of the total) determined after mincing accounted for 31–54% of leaf, 26–56% of stem and 20–49% of inflorescence and fractional degradation of the insoluble DM was very slow, in the ranges 0.04–0.11 (leaf), 0.03–0.05 (stem) and 0.03–0.08 (inflorescence) h−1. After 24 h of in vitro incubation, plant nitrogen content became limiting for fermentation in most instances, especially with tall fescue and paspalum. Volatile fatty acid (VFA) production appeared to be similar for leaf, stem and flower fractions, but the proportion of plant DM released as VFA after 48 h was only 7–12%, with a higher value (19%) for tall fescue. Nitrogen concentration in forage DM was not directly related to VFA yield in vitro. In conclusion, the in sacco kinetics suggested slow colonisation of all components, but especially stem, which will limit the rate of nutrient production. Effective degradability was highest for leaf but rates in vivo will depend on the speed and extent of particle size reduction by chewing during eating and ruminating. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
INFLUENCE OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER ON SULFATE RETENTION IN TWO PODZOLS IN QUEBEC, CANADA

The role of soil organic matter (OM) on SO4 retention was investigated by comparing OM content, SO4 retention, and the distribution of Fe, Al and Si compounds in OM-poor (Grands-Jardins, PGJ) and OM-rich (Hermine, HER) Podzols from Quebec, Canada. At both sites, four pedons were sampled by horizon; soil pH in H2O, organic C, phosphate-extractable SO4 and, sodium pyrophosphate, acid ammonium oxalate and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) extractable Fe, Al and Si were measured for each mineral horizon. The mineralogy of the clay (<2 µm) and fine silt (2–20 µm) fractions of selected horizons was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). Weighted mean organic C and pyrophosphate extractable Fe and Al contents were significantly higher in the HER than in the PGJ sola, while the PGJ soils were richer in amorphous inorganic Al. No trends were observed for inorganic Fe compounds. Chemical dissolution and IR allowed the identification of short-range ordered aluminosilicates, probably.
The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis. XXV. Plant and Algal Growth Responses to Glycopyranosides

ABSTRACT Substituted glycopyranosides were applied to various plant species as foliar and root treatments, with and without nutrient supplements, and growth was compared to untreated or nutrient controls. When formulated with specific fertilizers, particularly available nitrogen, methyl and ethyl glycopyranosides significantly enhanced the overall growth of vascular plants compared to controls provided with the same nutrients. In contrast, vascular plants treated with alkylglycopyranosides without nutrients showed growth equivalent to that of untreated controls. Nitrogen-supplemented alkylglycopyranosides provided as foliar applications of 100 mM, or as root treatments between 35 and 50 mM, consistently enhanced root and shoot productivity. In addition to the vascular plant species tested, the brown alga Laminaria saccharina exhibited significant growth enhancement over nutrient controls when treated with alkylglycopyranosides supplemented with nutrients, especially under low irradiance. Overall, these results indicate that growth of photosynthetic organisms is enhanced by exogenous alkylglycopyranosides supplemented with nitrogen and micronutrients, but not by alkylglycopyranosides alone.
Deposition and Filtration of Nanoparticles in the Composites of Nano- and Microsized Fibers

Filtration of aerosol particles using composites of nano- and microsized fibrous structures is a promising method of effective separation of nanoparticles from gases. The multiscale physical system describing the flow pattern and particles deposition in it requires other than a continuous approach for the process analysis. The lattice-Boltzmann method was used for the calculation of deposition efficiency on nanosized particles for the system consisting of two nano- and microsized fibers. The proposed method allows to calculate the deposition efficiency of nanoparticles on both fibers for a very wide range of Knudsen numbers in the case of each nanofiber considering molecular, slip, and continuous flow patterns. The nanofiber is a significant attractor for collecting particles as an element of multiscale fibers of the filtration composite. The results of particle deposition efficiency calculated for the microfiber, using proposed method, are similar to those obtained from the classical continuum approach (Filippova and Hanel 1997; Przekop et al. 2003). The proposed model was extended to calculate the performance of bilayer filter structures consisting of a nanofibrous front layer and a microfibrous backing layer of the filter. Filtration efficiency, pressure drop and quality factors for uniform and non-uniform distributions of nanofibers in the front filter layer were calculated for a wide range of Knudsen and Peclet numbers.
The importance of surface adsorption and pH in metal accumulation by chironomids

Metal body burdens of larval and adult chironomids varied nonlinearly with H+. Metal loss during emergence was an indicator of metal adsorption to the exoskeleton. This adsorbed portion was lower for chironomids collected from lakes of pH 4.4 or 6.1 than for those from lakes of pH 5.1 to 5.5. Pb accumulation was inversely proportional to pH, but Cd, Al, Cu and Ni body burdens were lower at pH 4.4 than at pH greater than 5.1. Short-term larval transplant experiments supported the field observations that surface adsorption can be an important component of the total metal burden of larval chironomids and that adsorption processes may be suppressed at low pH. Changes in metal content in live and dead chironomids exposed to different sediment types were not significantly different. Larvae from a lake of pH 4.4 showed an initial rapid phase of accumulation of Cd, Al, Mn, Ni, Zn and Cu when transplanted to sediments from a lake of pH 5.1. Laboratory and field data supported the hypothesis that surface adsorption contributes to total metal content in chironomids and is responsive to lake pH.
Microscopic diffusion model applied to C60 fullerene fractals in carbon disulphide solution

Using Positronium (Ps) atom as a fundamental probe that maps changes in the local electron density of the microenvironment and high resolution transmission electron microscopy, C60 aggregation in neat CS2 solvent is reported over a concentration range 0.02 to 2.16 g/dm3. Spontaneous formation of stable spherical C60 aggregates in the colloidal range (∼90–125 nm) was observed over a critical concentration range of 0.06–0.36 g/dm3, beyond which the clusters broke. Specific interactions of the Ps atom with the surrounding revealed the onset concentration for stable aggregate formation in this solvent to be 0.06 g/dm3. The solution phase C60 structure in the critical concentration range was analyzed to be a spherical fractal aggregate with a fractal dimension of 1.9 and the growth mode followed a diffusion limited cluster aggregation mechanism. At concentrations beyond 0.36 g/dm3, an entropy driven phase change was noticed leading to the formation of irregular, but oriented crystalline components. A microscop.
Biologically active compounds from bryophytes

Abstract Liverworts produce a great variety of lipophilic terpenoids, aromatic compounds, and acetogenins. Many of these constituents have characteristic scents, pungency, and bitterness, and display a quite extraordinary array of bioactivities and medicinal properties. These expressions of biological activity are summarized and discussed, and examples are given of the potential of certain lead compounds for structure-activity studies and synthesis.
Modelling and Optimization Mechanism of Bougainvillea glabra Flower Extracton Zinc in 2 M Aqueous HCl using Response Surface Methodology

Modeling and Optimization mechanism of flower extract of Bougainvillea glabra (GBF) on inhibition of zinc corrosion in 2 M aqueous HCL was studied using weight loss and Response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of temperature (303 -343K), time (2–10 hr), acid concentration (1.0 – 3.0 mols), and inhibitor concentration (0.2 – 1.0g/l) on inhibition efficiency was carried out using Response Surface Methodology. The rate of corrosion of zinc in aqueous acid solution was successfully hindered by BFE. The predicted values was validated by applying the optimum settings of 0.025g/l inhibitor concentration, time of 6.250 hr and temperature of 313K. The predicted model was quiet in agreement with the obtained experimental data of 87.23%. The activities of BFE as readily available, low cost and as good corrosioe n inhibitor of zinc in acid media was shown is this study.
Colloid mobilization and transport in undisturbed soil columns: I Pore structure characterization and tritium transport.

While it is recognized that preferential flow may increase the transport of colloids, less is known about the actual influence of preferential flow on colloid mobilization in situ. Changes in pore structure upon soil exposure to drying and rewetting may additionally affect colloid mobilization. Information about the pore structure and the active flow volume, as well as the changes in these properties, are therefore important when investigating colloid mobilization. We investigate the pore structure characteristics and the transport of tritium ( 3 H 2 O) during steady unsaturated flow conditions. A total of 54 soil columns sampled along a natural clay gradient representing six clay contents (12, 18, 24, 28, 37, and 43% clay) were equilibrated to three different initial matric potentials (IMP), ψ = −2.5, −100, and −15500 hPa. Pore structure characteristics were deduced from water retention characteristics and measurements of air-filled porosity and air permeability. Tracer experiments were conducted at 1 mm h −1 and with a suction of 5 hPa. A mobile–immobile region model (MIM) and a three-region model (2MIM) with two mobile and one immobile region were used for describing the breakthrough curves (BTCs). The 2MIM model was able to fit the data well and predicted the existence of two mobile flow regions, most pronounced at higher clay content. The 12% clay soil exhibited matrix-dominated flow behavior, which is probably attributable to a large fraction of drained pores disconnecting the rapidly conducting flow system. Soils with ≥18% clay exhibited asymmetrical BTCs with early breakthrough and tailing and an increasing amount of immobile water, indicating preferential flow. Drying and rewetting, because of associated changes in the pore structure, significantly reduced the degree of preferential flow.
Surface analysis of the adhesive bond between various Cu, Sn, and Fe bronze alloys and rubber

Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) was used to characterize laboratory produced bronze plated steel sheets and AES and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to investigate the interphase layer between these sheets and rubber. These sheets were produced to simulate bronze coated steel wire used in tire beads. The AES analysis showed that different bead wire production conditions could be reproduced in the laboratory. The bronze–rubber interface was prepared for investigation by peeling the steel sheet from the rubber and also by depth profiling to the interface through the steel sheet which had been electrochemically thinned to a thickness of <1 μm. The Cu was found to have formed a copper sulfide layer on top of a copper oxide layer. Layers of Sn, Fe, and Zn (from the rubber) were observed in the adhesive layer.
Effect of soil conditioner enriched with biofertilizers to improve soil fertility and maize (Zea mays L.) growth on andisols Sinabung area

Andisol soil contains a lot of heavy metals Al and Fe, which results in P being unavailable to plants and can cause low soil pH, this will inhibit plant growth. One effort that can be made to increase the availability of nutrients in the soil is by utilizing soil enhancing ingredients enriched with biological fertilizers. The research design used was factorial randomized block design (RBD) consisting of: Factor I: (biological fertilizers) M0 = without application, M1 = Talaromyces pinophilus (Hedgecock), M2 = Azotobacter sp, M3 = Mycorrhizae, M4 = Talaromyces pinophilus + mycorrhizae + Azotobacter sp. Factor II Soil enhancing ingredients, namely P0 = Without Soil Improvement, K1 = Zeolite 50 g, K2 = Humic acid 50 ml, K3 = compost / manure fertilizer for agriculture 50 g. From the results the combination of microbial treatment and soil conditioner can increase nitrogen in the soil by 2-40.81 %, cation exchange capacity by 1.7-44.29 % and P available by 1.3-49.36 %. Soil conditioner combined with biological fertilizers can improve soil quality in general, the best treatment is a combination treatment of T. pinophilus + mycorrhizae + Azotobacter sp. with coffee skin (M4P4).
A compact, transportable, thermoelectrically cooled cold stage for reflection geometry X-ray powder diffraction

A cold stage for Bragg–Brentano geometry X-ray powder diffraction is described for use in the temperature range from about 250 to 300 K. The stage is constructed in such a way that it may be removed from the diffractometer and pre-cooled to its base temperature before the sample is loaded. After loading, thermoelectric cooling maintains the specimen at low temperature (ice free) whilst the body of the stage is allowed to return to room temperature prior to remounting on the diffractometer.
From Present Subjunctive to Present Indicative: evidence of transition in writing from Santa Catarina

Received on: 08/31/2019 Accepted on: 04/01/2020 Abstract: This paper is based on a theoretical interface between the theory of variation and change an linguistic functionalism, and revisits Pimpão’s (2012) work to examine the variable context of the present subjunctive (PS) and present indicative (PI) tenses in a diachronic sample composed by letters to the editor published in newspapers from de cities of Florianópolis and Lages (SC) between the late 19th and the late 20th century, looking for contextual evidence of transition. A more refined investigation of the data focusing on historical periodization allowed us to identify, in addition to the increase in frequency of PI from de 1960s, the favorable contexts for the expansion of this verbal form (epistemic sub-mode with spreading temporal projection and direct objective substantive sentences with cognitive verbs, notably the lexical item achar (think/guess)) and constraint contexts (deontic submode with future projection and sentences with formal triggers, such as talvez (perhaps) and concessive conjunctions). The results of these factors that act in an imbricated way co-occurring with PS and PI in each period and over time support the idea that PI is slowly spreading to the functional domain of PS in gradual transition, in Santa Catarina writing.
Fifty Years of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) – a Bibliometric Analysis of Publication Activity and General Content of the Publications

The aim of this article is to analyze the development of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as a research domain over the period 1966-2016. Using bibliometric methods, the publication pattern will be analyzed with a focus on journal articles and sources. Furthermore, we will analyze the development of clinical research and map the general content of the publications. The data set consist of 105 216 publications, that have Complementary Therapies as their MeSH major topic, in the Medline database. The expansion of CAM research took place in the late 1990s. At the end of the time period about 20 percent of the publications were classified as clinical trials, but relatively few according to clinical phase. A majority of the core journals, defined by the Bradford law of scattering, showed a focus on CAM. The impact of these journals, measured by SNIP values, were close to the average. The analysis of MeSH terms revealed that the dominating therapies were Muscoskeletal manipulations, Acupuncture Therapy and Mind Body Therapies. The co-word analysis of author keywords showed that Acupuncture were the largest single node. Furthermore, it was possible to detect a specific CAM cluster. CAM has developed to a small but distinct research domain. There are signs of specialization in/about CAM as well as integration in other medical sub-fields. Furthermore, there are signs of a young medical domain, characterized by small and exploratory clinical studies.
DWM model calibration using nacelle-mounted lidar systems

Inga Reinwardt1, Levin Schilling1, Peter Dalhoff1, Dirk Steudel2, and Michael Breuer3 1Dep. Mechanical Engineering & Production, HAW Hamburg, Berliner Tor 21, D-20099 Hamburg, Germany 2Dep. Turbine Load Calculation, Nordex Energy GmbH, Langenhorner Chaussee 600, D-22419 Hamburg, Germany 3Dep. of Fluid Mechanics, Helmut-Schmidt University Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, D-22043 Hamburg, Germany Correspondence: Inga Reinwardt (inga.reinwardt@haw-hamburg.de)
THE EFFECT OF INTRAMUSCULAR FAT CONTENT ON THE MEAT QUALITY OF PLW X PL PIGS

This study aimed to determine the effect of intramuscular fat content (IMF) on the quality of meat from PLW x PL pigs. Meat was evaluated in terms of intramuscular fat content (n=80), technological properties, visual and tactile aspects, and colour measurements. It was demonstrated that meat containing more IMF was characterised by higher tenderness and marbling, but lower water content and a lower proportion of the yellow b* colour. Furthermore, it had a lower C* saturation, a lower h° hue, and lower muscle pigment content.
Aerial Transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus through Environmental E-Cigarette Aerosols: Implications for Public Policies

We discuss the implications of possible contagion of COVID-19 through e-cigarette aerosol (ECA) for prevention and mitigation strategies during the current pandemic. This is a relevant issue when millions of vapers (and smokers) must remain under indoor confinement and/or share public outdoor spaces with non-users. The fact that the respiratory flow associated with vaping is visible (as opposed to other respiratory activities) clearly delineates a safety distance of 1–2 m along the exhaled jet to prevent direct exposure. Vaping is a relatively infrequent and intermittent respiratory activity for which we infer a mean emission rate of 79.82 droplets per puff (6–200, standard deviation 74.66) comparable to mouth breathing, it adds into shared indoor spaces (home and restaurant scenarios) a 1% extra risk of indirect COVID-19 contagion with respect to a “control case” of existing unavoidable risk from continuous breathing. As a comparative reference, this added relative risk increases to 44–176% for speaking 6–24 min per hour and 260% for coughing every 2 min. Mechanical ventilation decreases absolute emission levels but keeps the same relative risks. As long as direct exposure to the visible exhaled jet is avoided, wearing of face masks effectively protects bystanders and keeps risk estimates very low. As a consequence, protection from possible COVID-19 contagion through vaping emissions does not require extra interventions besides the standard recommendations to the general population: keeping a social separation distance of 2 m and wearing of face masks.
Superheated Steam Drying of Distillers' Spent Grains on a Single Inert Particle

The article presents the results of drying a distillers’ spent grain fraction (DSG) of a stillage in superheated steam (SS). The study aimed at determination of the effect of SS parameters on drying kinetics of DSG deposited as a pasty layer on the 50-mm solid Teflon sphere. Drying was conducted at approximately 2 to 4 kPa above the atmospheric pressure, with steam temperature ranging from 110 to 160°C and steam velocity of 1 m/s. Samples were dried with SS at different processing times ranging from 60 to 360 min, depending on the SS temperature. During the initial warmup period of SS processing, the pasty DSG gained moisture due to steam condensation on its surface, which further evaporated at constant material temperature (apparent constant rate period). That period ended as soon as the condensate evaporated and temperature of the product passed the saturation point of steam. Only the falling drying rate period was observed. The drying rates increased from 0.02 to 0.83 L/min with the increase in steam temperature from 110 to 160°C, respectively. The effective diffusivity of moisture in DSG increased with the increase in steam temperature according to the Arrhenius-type relationship. The values of the effective diffusivity ranged between 3.24 × 10−10 and 2.48 × 10−9 m2/s, with the activation energy of 53.74 kJ/mol.
Effects of salt and alkali stresses on germination, growth, photosynthesis and ion accumulation in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Abstract Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most important forage crops and has high protein and highly digestible fibre contents. It can be cultivated in moderate salt-alkaline soils and has been widely cultivated as an economic crop worldwide. We quantified the effects of salt (1:1 molar ratio of NaCl to Na2SO4, pH 7.01–7.05) and alkali (1:1 molar ratio of NaHCO3 to Na2CO3, pH 9.80–10.11) stresses on germination, growth, photosynthesis and ion accumulation in alfalfa. The results showed that both stresses significantly reduced germination and radicle elongation, indicating that alfalfa was relatively sensitive to both stresses during seed germination and early seedling growth stages. The relative growth rate, water content, chlorophyll content, intercellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate (PN) and transpiration rate decreased slightly with increasing salinity under salt stress, but were markedly reduced under alkali stress. Conversely, water use efficiency increased with increasing salinity under both stresses. The Na+ content increased and the K+ content decreased with increasing salinity under both stresses, indicating competitive inhibition between the absorption of Na+ and K+. Intracellular imbalance of Na+ and K+ caused by high pH of alkali stress might be one of the reasons for the visible decrease in PN. Both Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents decreased with increasing salinity under both stresses. Our study found that the deleterious effects of alkali stress were more severe than those of salt stress.