Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why a bibliographic review on free fat in dairy powders

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Why a bibliographic review on free fat in dairy powders? Pierre Schuck
Nitrogen dynamics in floating and non-floating peatlands in the Western Boreal Plain

The overall objective of this study was to measure the major nitrogen pools and fluxes in nutrient- and peat-rich, vegetated marshes and fens surrounding shallow ponds in the Western Boreal Plain (WBP) of Canada. Within the same peatland-pond complex, marshes and fens did not differ from each other in major N fluxes and pool sizes; however, significant differences in N dynamics were measured between different peatland-ponds. Specifically, N cycling rates (gross and net mineralization) were much greater in a floating peatland than in a non-floating peatland. Gross N mineralization rates were 59 and 453 mg N m-2 d-1 in the non-floating and floating peatlands, respectively. Gross ammonification rates were approximately 4–10 times net rates while gross nitrification rates were 500–800 times net rates, indicating rapid turnover of extractable inorganic N pools. Increased moisture and carbon in the floating peat supported higher microbial biomass and activity, however net primary production values were lower, p.
Structural Approach to the Problem of Oxygen Content in Alpha Silicon Nitride

The crystal structure of α-Si3N4 was reinvestigated by an X-ray method using a single-crystal specimen prepared by chemical vapor deposition. The oxygen content of the specimen (0.05 ± 0.03%) was determined by 14 MeV neutron activation analysis. The α form crystallizes in the space group P31c with uniteell dimensions a=7.818 ± 0.003 A and c= 5.591 ± 0.004 A. The structure was refined by the full-matrix least-squares method using 1143 observed structure factors. The Si-N distances determind ranged from 1.715 to 1.759 A, and the final value of R was 0.041. Structural evidences indicated that the α form is essentially pure Si3N4.
Photoelectron spectra and bonding of (N–B)-2,8,9-trioxa-5-aza-1-borabicyclo[3.3.3]undecane (boratran) and some 2,8,9-trioxa-5-aza-1-silabicyclo[3.3.3]undecanes (silatrans)

The He(I) photoelectron spectra of silatrans [N(CH2CH2O)3]SiR, (I: R = H, Me, or OEt), and boratran [N-(CH2CH2O)3]B, (II), are compared with those of the non-cage triethoxy-compounds and with that of the parent tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine. The shifts observed in the N 2p lone-pair band are discussed in relation to internal σ-donation to the empty p orbital of boron or d orbitals of silicon and to interaction with oxygen lone-pair levels.
Deposição de resíduos vegetais, matéria orgânica leve, estoques de Carbono e Nitrogênio e Fósforo remanescente sob diferentes sistemas de manejo no cerrado Goiano

O sistema plantio direto (SPD), em funcao de seu tempo de estabelecimento, pode promover aumento na quantidade de residuos vegetais adicionados a superficie do solo e, consequentemente, modificacoes nos seus atributos quimicos e fisicos. O trabalho teve por objetivo quantificar a deposicao de residuos vegetais na superficie do solo (RVS) e as modificacoes nos teores de materia orgânica leve (MOL), nos estoques de carbono e nitrogenio, nos teores de fosforo remanescente (Prem) e nos atributos fisicos do solo - densidade de particulas (Dp), densidade do solo (Ds) e volume total de poros (VTP) -, bem como avaliar a origem do carbono por meio de tecnicas isotopicas (13C). Para isso, em Montividiu (GO) foram selecionadas areas sob SPD com diferentes tempos de implantacao: SPD com tres anos de implantacao (SPD3), SPD com 15 anos de implantacao (SPD15) e SPD com 20 anos de implantacao (SPD20), as quais foram comparadas a uma area de Cerrado nativo stricto sensu (CE) e a uma area de pastagem plantada de Brachiaria decumbens (PA). Em cada uma das areas, foram coletadas amostras nas profundidades de 0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm. O solo das areas de estudo foi classificado como Latossolo Vermelho distroferrico. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado. Foi observado aumento nos teores de RVS, MOL, VTP, Prem, C e N em funcao do tempo de implantacao do SPD. A area de SPD com 20 anos apresentou maiores valores de C e N e valores semelhantes de Ds e MOL, em relacao ao CE. As analises de 13C demonstraram que as leguminosas estao contribuindo de forma significativa para a composicao da materia orgância nas areas sob SPD. Nas areas sob SPD, verificou-se aumento dos valores de estoque de C e de N em funcao do tempo de implantacao em todas as profundidades analisadas; as areas SPD15 e SPD20 apresentaram nas camadas superficiais valores semelhantes e, ou, superiores aos da area de CE. A area de PA apresentou os piores valores dos atributos analisados, demonstrando estar em estadio mais avancado de degradacao.
Soil and Plant Property Differences Across a Chronosequence of Humid-Temperate Tallgrass Prairie Restorations

The potential effects of grassland restoration in the warm-temperate humid zone of the midsouthern United States have received much less attention than that in the upper midwest or Great Plains. Restoration response will likely differ from that observed in other regions under different climate regimes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of prairie restoration on near-surface soil properties and vegetation characteristics across a chronosequence of tallgrass prairie restorations (i.e., 3, 4, 5, and 26 years old) and a local native tallgrass prairie in the Ozark Highlands. Soil bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity, extractable P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu, organic matter, and total N and C in the top 10 cm, aggregate stability, soil surface carbon dioxide flux, and aboveground and belowground plant dry matter and N and C contents were determined along a 60-m transect established in the soil mapping unit most similar among each ecosystem between Fall 2005 and Fall 2006. All soil properties evaluated differed (P < 0.05) among the prairie ecosystems. Most extractable soil nutrients decreased, whereas soil organic matter and total C increased with restoration age and tended toward that observed in the native prairie. Soil surface carbon dioxide flux did not differ systematically (P = 0.20) among prairie ecosystems, but maximum fluxes were observed at approximately 50% water-filled pore space. Neither aboveground biomass nor necromass dry matter differed, although root biomass and C and N contents late in the 2006 growing season differed among prairie ecosystems. The known historic presence of tallgrass prairie throughout the Ozark Highlands suggests that current and future tallgrass prairie restorations can be ecologically successful in the region, but the combination of topographic, edaphic, and climatic conditions of the region may also provide unforeseen challenges to restoration managers.
The Phase Diagrams of the Binary Systems Li2SO4—Na2SO4, Li2SO4—Rb2SO4, and Li2SO4—Cs2SO4

Abstract The phase diagrams of the systems Li2SO4 - Rb2SO4 and Li2SO4 - Cs2SO4 have been determined by means of differential thermal analyses and electrical conductivity measurements. We have also modified our previously published phase diagram of the system Li2SO4 - Na2SO4 , especially in the region near the equimolar mixture.
Comparison between Gelled Culture and Temporary Immersion System for Somatic Embryos Proliferation of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Oil palm in vitro propagation was developed using both solid (gelled) and liquid media. Many restrictive factors remain in oil palm in vitro propagation such as long culture duration, a high degree of genotype dependence, somaclonal variation, low rate of somatic embryogenesis and also followed by low rate of somatic embryos proliferation. Therefore, it is necessary to find alternative ways to increase somatic embryo proliferation to obtain more shoots without compromising the quality of in vitro plantlets. In this study, somatic embryos proliferation and germination were evaluated through Temporary Immersion System (TIS) in comparison with gelled culture. Globular primary somatic embryos were selected and cultured in TIS and gelled culture. After six months of culture, somatic embryos in TIS were multiplied and germinated on solid medium. Parameters observed were fresh weight and number of somatic embryos and shoots production amount. The results shown that TIS produced more clumps (186 clumps) and fresh weight (12.79g) of somatic embryos compared to gelled culture (81 clumps; 3.60 g). TIS also produced more shoots and therefore resulting in more plantlets. The quality of plantlets derived from TIS was not different from gelled culture.
Composition of the Essential Oil and the Headspace Sample of Mandragora autumnalis Bertol. Fruits

Abstract Fresh ripe fruits of Mandragora autumnalis were subjected to water distillation and headspace trapping. Both products were analyzed by GC/MS. In the essential oil, 100 compounds were characterized representing 92% of the oil with ethyl decanoate (14.2%), ethyl dodecanoate (13–1%) and decyl acetate (10.7%). Forty nine headspace constituents were identified making up of 99–2% of the total components detected. The main components were ethyl hexanoate (34.6%) and ethyl butyrate (25.5%).
Modal Analysis to Estimate the Composition of Single Superphosphates

Better knowledge of the composition of acidulated phosphorus (P) fertilizers will provide useful information to properly manage these P sources. Single superphosphate is one of the major P sources utilized by some countries to increase the amounts of bioavailable P to commercial crops. This study was conducted to estimate the composition of single superphosphates produced from gross, fine and refloatable Araxá phosphate rock (SSP 1, SSP 2, and SSP 3, respectively) and also one produced from Patos de Minas phosphate rock (SSP 4). The original fertilizer and its water-insoluble residue (WIR) were analyzed for P, silicon (Si), iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), titanium (Ti), barium (Ba), strontium (Sr), zinc (Zn), fluorine (F), free water, water of hydration and citrate insoluble P. Modal analysis was used to estimate the composition of the SSP products. This analysis was based on 1) qualitative information on the type of compounds provided by x-ray diffraction, 2) quantitative chemical information on total elemental content, 3) solubility index of the compounds, and 4) chemical composition of the compounds or minerals. The modal analysis, proposed in this study, was adequate to estimate the composition of the four SSP fertilizers. The results indicated that Fe3(K,Na,H)H8(PO4)6·6H2O was the main water insoluble phosphate impurity in the three SSP from Araxá PR, with an increase of this compound in the order SSP 1SSP 2>SSP 3. CaAlH(HPO4)2-F2·2H2O was present in the SSP 4 in a significant amount. Results of the modal analysis can help to further understand the agronomic effectiveness of SSP fertilizers in experiments conducted in different crop systems.
Specific resistance to traction in the operation of simultaneous chiseling of the soil layers

O aumento do trafego de maquinas agricolas maiores e mais robustas agrava a compactacao do solo afetando, direta e indiretamente, a produtividade das culturas. Para solucionar este problema tem-se realizado a escarificacao; contudo, esta operacao apresenta elevada demanda de tracao. Neste contexto e visando a uma operacao de escarificacao mais eficiente, desenvolveu-se e se avaliou uma ferramenta para o rompimento do solo em camadas, de forma simultânea. O experimento foi conduzido no Municipio de Capao Bonito do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, em um solo de textura muito argilosa. Como objetivo geral buscou-se verificar se existe diferenca significativa entre a escarificacao em unica camada ou convencional, e em mais de uma camada, de forma simultânea, considerando-se a resistencia especifica como criterio para tres niveis de velocidade. Foram testadas configuracoes com escarificacao do solo em uma, duas e tres camadas. Em duas camadas simultâneas de 15 cm e distância longitudinal entre as pontas das ponteiras, tanto de 30 quanto de 40 cm observou-se que a escarificacao e aquela realizada em camadas de 10 e avanco de 30 cm, se apresentaram mais promissoras.
Estimativa do escoamento superficial em uma bacia hidrográfica com base em modelagem dinâmica e distribuída

Knowledge on the surface runoff in watersheds is very important for a good conservation of natural resources. However, surface runoff is a complex and dynamic process, especially in the context of spatial variability. An application of the Geographical Information System (GIS) tools in small grid cells is therefore adequate. This way, it is possible to consider the spatial behavior of variables associated to the origin of surface runoff. This study aimed to program the Hydrological Models SCS-CN (SCS-Curve Number) and CN - MMS (CN - Modified) based on the PC Raster Programming Language and a reduced dataset, in distributed and dynamic approaches, to estimate the direct surface runoff in a watershed of Oxissols, in the county of Nazareno, region of Campos das Vertentes, Minas Gerais State. SCS-CN model was applied structuring a CN-map linked to the soil infiltration capacity in the PCRaster GIS format. For the CN - MMS model, we used other maps: saturated volumetric soil moisture content, initial volumetric soil moisture content and soil depth. For the simulation and evaluation of both models, 18 rainfall events that produced surface runoff in the hydrologic year 2004-2005 were used, and their respective surface runoff depths observed. The model performance was evaluated by sensitivity analyses, based on the mean error and Root Square Error. Based on these accuracy statistics, the calibration of the CN - MMS model was better than in the original SCS-CN model, since the initial soil moisture was taken into account. Nevertheless, the adjustment of the models in the SIG PCRaster allowed the development of an effective and useful computer tool to simulate surface runoff, due to the possibility of establishing computer routines considering the problems elated to the spatial variability of data entries of the model.
Essential Oils of Twelve Eucalyptus Species from Ethiopia

Abstract The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from the leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. , E. citriodora Hook. , E. dalrympleana Maiden, E. deanei Maiden, E. delegatensis R. Baker, E. globulus Labill, E. grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, E. nitens (Deane et Maiden) Maiden, E. saligna Smith, E. tereticornisSmith, E. urophylla S.T. Wake and E. vtminalis Labill, growing in Ethiopia were examined by capillary GC and GC/MS. The oil of E. camaldulensis was found to contain β-phellandrene (18.9%) and p-cymene (17.8%) while the oil of E. citriodora was rich in citronellal (73.3%) and citronellol (11.9%). E. dalrympleana oil contained α-pinene (26.2%), 1,8-cineole (19.3%) and α-terpineol (12.1%) and E. deanei oil contained 1,8-cineole (41.6%) and cryptone (17.6%); E. delegatensis oil contained α-pinene (28.3%), 1,8-cineole (26.4%) and γ-terpinene (18.0%), E. grandis oil contained α-pinene (44.7%) and β-pinene (30.5%) and E. saligna oil contained α-pinene (38.5%), β-phellandrene (12.2%) and 1,8-cineole (10.6%). Oils of the other Eucalyptus species contained α-pinene (13.2–44.7%) and 1,8-cineole (34.5–57.5%) as major constituents.
The automatic searching for chemical bonds in inorganic crystal structures

The program S I N D B A D is described; it provides a chemical description of an inorganic compound from its crystallographic data by selecting those interatomic distances that correspond to chemical bonds. It has been used to check all the entries in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database, to create a bond file for systematic studies of crystal chemistry and to construct a bond index to the database.
Drug Release from Lipogels According to Gelling Conditions and Mechanical Treatment

The release rate of a drug dissolved in the liquid phase of lipogels may be greatly affected by the type and concentration of gelling agent and by processing conditions and mechanical treatment of the ointment. These differences in release rate are reduced after application of mechanical stress comparable with the strain exerted on the ointment during application to the skin. Therefore, changes in the concentration of gelling agents used to achieve suitable consistency and manufacturing and packing processes that meet industrial and marketing requirements do not appear to exert a practical influence on drug availability after application to the skin.
X-Ray and Thermoanalytical Investigations on Two Isomeric n-Pentylphenyl Cyano-Thiolbenzoates

Abstract The isomeric compounds 4-n-pentylphenyl 4′-cyanothiolbenzoate (NCSS) and 4-cyanophenyl 4′-n-pentylthiolbenzoate (5SCN) have been studied by X-ray diffraction and thermoanalytical methods. The crystal data are (NCSS): a = 31.020 (8), b = 8.366(2), c = 15.043(4) A, β = 114.15(2)°; monoclinic, space group C2/c with eiet molecules in the unit cell and (5SCN): a = 37.128 (10), b = 6.055(2), c = 24.325(8) A, β = 107.39(2)°; monoclinic, space group P2,/c with twelve molecules in the unit cell. The crystal structure of NCS5 has been solved by direct methods and refined to an R-value of 0.086. The molecule is in an extended form. The torsion angle between the two phenylrings is 69.0(5)°. The molecules are arranged parallel to each other, and perpendicular to [010], with y ∼ 0 or y ∼ ½ in a head-to-tail configuration. X-ray investigations have established different semibilayer structures for the nematic phases of the two isomeric compounds. The nematic phase of NCS5 has coexisting mass-density fluctuations.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Zanthoxylum avicennae (Lam.) DC Leaves (Rutaceae) from Vietnam

Abstract The volatile components of the essential leaf oil of Zanthoxylum avicennae (Lam.) DC (Rutaceae) from Nghean province (Vietnam) were analyzed by means of capillary GC and GC-MS as well as in some cases by background subtraction of co-eluting compounds. Out of more than fifty identified compounds, the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons β-caryophyllene (17.01 %) and α-humulene (10.38 %) as well as the monoterpene hydrocarbons α-pinene (10.07 %) and β-phellandrene, were determined to be the major individual constituents of the essential oil. Further mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, such as α-terpinene, (E)-β-ocimene, λ-terpinene, germacrene D and β-selinene, were found in concentrations higher than 3.0 %.
Langmuir probe study of plasma expansion in femtosecond pulsed laser ablation of silver

A time-resolving Langmuir probe has been used to study the plasma plumes produced by ablation of silver with 200 femtosecond laser pulses at fluences of 1-12 J cm-2 at a central wavelength of 775 nm. Initial results have shown that surface contamination, and subsequent recontamination, can significantly influence the time of flight (TOF) signals obtained using the Langmuir probes. Surface conditioning techniques have been developed to overcome these influences. The TOF signals have been used to establish that the threshold fluence for the laser produced plasma in silver, under the present operating conditions, occurs at 1.04 J cm-2. The angular dependence of the magnitude of the ion yields and energies, at the time when the ion flux is maximized, agree with the predictions of Anisimov’s self-similar isentropic model of the plasma expansion.
Symmetry and site selectivity in molecular chemisorption: Benzene on Ni{111}

We discuss the results of large-scale density functional calculations for (7×7) benzene adsorption on the ferromagnetic substrate Ni{111}. Adsorption at the bridge site, with C–C bonds parallel to the [211] direction, is found to be energetically preferred over the [110]-oriented hcp site suggested by electron diffraction experiments. We discuss the roles of intermolecular forces and anisotropic molecular vibrations in accounting for this apparent discrepancy. Furthermore, our analysis of charge and spin densities clarifies the relationship between preferred adsorption sites and the symmetry of frontier molecular orbitals.
Methane Production and Its Fate in Paddy Fields : III. Effects of Percolation on Methane Flux Distribution to the Atmosphere and the Subsoil

Special attention is being paid to methane fluxes from paddy fields in relation to the greenhouse effect. However, the flux to the atmosphere is not the sole flux direction of methane produced in paddy soils. A pot experiment where rice plants were grown was conducted to analyze the effects of the percolation rate and rice straw application on the methane fluxes both to the atmosphere and subsoil. The amount of methane carbon percolated to the subsoil was evaluated in comparison with other forms of organic carbon in the leachate. The increase of the percolation rate accelerated the methane fluxes to the subsoil, while it did not affect the methane fluxes to the atmosphere. Application of rice straw increased the methane fluxes in both directions until the panicle initiation stage of rice plants. The total amount of methane flux to the subsoil accounted for 8.6% of the sum of the amount of emitted and leached methane under 15 mm/d percolation condition. The amount of methane carbon in the leachate.
The perceived appeal, challenge, and learning choice for gifted and talented students in advanced placement mathematics courses

xiii Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 Background of the Study . 1 Statement of the Problem . 8 Purpose of the Study . 9 Research Question and Hypotheses . 9 Theoretical Framework . 11 Definition of Terms . 13 Acceleration. 13 Advanced Placement (AP). 13 Common Formative Assessments (CFAs). 13 Differentiation. 13 Essential Skills. 13 Professional Learning Community (PLC). 13 Response to Intervention (RtI). 13 Operational Definitions . 14 Appeal. 14 Challenge. 14 Gifted and Talented (GT). 15 Learning Choice. 15
Polyxanthylic acid: structures of the ordered forms

We present evidence for structures of two ordered forms of polyxanthylic acid based on ir spectroscopy, pH titrations, and thermal transitions. Over the pH range ∼6–9.5, the structure is a four‐stranded helix with alkali metal ions specifically complexed in the central channel. These internal counterions stabilize the structure by complexing with carbonyl oxygens and by partial screening of electrostatic repulsion caused by ionization of the xanthine residues in this pH range. Below pH 5, the structure is quite different and much more stable. Our data are consistent with a six‐stranded helix in which both carbonyl oxygens and both NH protons are hydrogen bonded.
The Role of Unmixedness and Chemical Kinetics in Driving Combustion Instabilities in Lean Premixed Combustors

Abstract This paper presents the results of a study of the potential causes of frequently observed combustion instabilities in low NOx gas turbines (LNGT) that burn gaseous fuels in a premixed mode. The study was motivated by indications that such systems are highly sensitive to equivalence ratio perturbations. An unsteady well-stirred reactor model was developed and used to determine the magnitude of the reaction rate and heat release oscillations produced by periodic flow rate, temperature or equivalence ratio perturbations in the combustor's inlet flow at different mean equivalence ratios. This study shows that the magnitudes of the reaction rate and heat release oscillations produced by these perturbations remains practically unchanged, decreases, and significantly (i.e., by a factor of 5-100) increases, respectively, as the equivalence ratio decreases. These results strongly suggest that equivalence ratio perturbations, which are an indication of reactants unmixedness, playa key role in the driving o.