Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Name changes in Podostemaceae

While preparing a review of the family Podostemaceae, we have found it necessary to change the name of some species. Following rules of priority, Crenias K. P. J. Sprengel replaces Mniopsis Martius. No convincing reasons can be found to maintain the monotypic genera Hydrobryopsis, Malaccotristicha, Synstylis and Torrenticola; they are merged in their sister genera Zeylanidium, Tristicha, Hydrobryum and Cladopus, respectively. On morphological grounds Polypleurella micranthera is transferred to Hydrobryum and Polypleurum submersa is transferred to Saxicolella.
Microhabitat selection of bark-foraging birds in response to fire and fire surrogate treatments.

We examined the short-term response of the bark-foraging bird community to mechanical thinning, prescribed fire, and thinning/prescribed fire combination treatments designed to reduce fuel loads at study sites throughout the continental United States as part of the national Fire and Fire Surrogate (FFS) project. We modeled the effects of study site, treatment, treatment category, and time since treatment on the foraging encounter rate of four individual species (red-breasted nuthatch (Sitta canadensis), mountain chickadee (Poecile gambeli), hairy woodpecker (Picoides villosus), and brown creeper (Certhia americana)) and assessed the relative importance of several tree and snag characteristics in the selection of foraging trees by these same species. The foraging encounter rate of all four species responded inconsistently across both treatment categories and study sites. Substrate diameter was the strongest and most consistent characteristic positively influencing the selection of foraging habitat structures for all species across all treatment categories. Other influential variables included the presence of bark beetles for red-breasted nuthatches, hairy woodpeckers, and brown creepers in control and burn-only treatment areas and tree species for brown creepers in burn-only and thin-only treatment areas. Although this study did not detect any major negative treatment response by any species, our results suggest that there is substantial variability in the reaction of this particular bird community to fuel reduction treatments and that managers may need to evaluate the effects of these treatments on a site-by-site and species-by-species basis. FOR . S CI. 56(1):100-111.
Relative growth-rate: its range and adaptive significance in a local flora.

Laboratory experimentation in plant ecology has evolved very largely as an attempt to pursue investigations which began with fieldwork. With the widespread development of plant growth-room facilities an alternative approach is possible. This is to measure the characteristics of plants under a variety of controlled conditions, and to use the results to predict their field ecology (Grime & Hodgson 1969). One advantage of this approach is that predictions can be tested against descriptions of the field ecology obtained by independent field investigation. In the long term, however, the most important advantage of the predictive approach is that many growth-room investigations can be reproduced or extended wherever there are adequate facilities: hence data collected on different species or genotypes and in various laboratories can be compared directly. When comparable data are available for a large number of species drawn from a wide range of habitats it may be possible to estimate the limits of variation of a particular plant attribute, to place an individual measurement in context and to attempt to judge its ecological significance. The investigation described in this paper is an attempt to examine the range and pattern of variation in a local flora of one particular plant attribute-the maximum potential rate of dry matter production. Although most data have been obtained from only one field population per species the number of species is large and includes representatives from all the major dry terrestrial habitats of the area. Uncertainty concerning the extent to which each sample is representative of the species does not, therefore, invalidate the exercise either as an estimate of the range of variation or as an attempt to recognize differences between groups of species of contrasted ecology.
Sensitivity analysis to guide population recovery : Prairie-chickens as an example

Calculation of elasticities in matrix population models is a formal type of sensitivity analysis that is used increasingly to guide recovery of declining populations. Results presumably allow recovery efforts to focus on the life stage most responsible for change in population growth, as indexed by the highest elasticity. Specifically, the highest elasticity denotes the vital rate whose proportionate change exerts the largest proportionate effect on the finite rate of increase (λ). We examined the utility of this analysis given uncertainty in parameter estimates and random variation in vital rates. We modeled these conditions to test the hypothesis that nest success and brood survival exert the greatest effect on population growth of greater prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus). We calculated elasticity associated with each age-specific vital rate contained in 1,000 randomly-generated replicates of a Leslie matrix model, and regressed λ on each randomly-varying rate. Age 0 survival (S o ) was associated with highest elasticity for 100% of the replicates and accounted for most of the variation in λ (r 2 = 0.95). Within S o , nest success and brood survival accounted for more variation in λ than other life stage combinations. These results demonstrate the utility of sensitivity analysis, but additional results point to its limitations. For example, the vital rate consistently associated with the second highest elasticity (S 1 ) accounted for minuscule variation in λ (r 2 = 0.0009), implying that rank of elasticities can fail to index the magnitude of a vital rate's effect on λ when vital rates vary simultaneously and disproportionately. To ensure that results are reliable, we recommend that sensitivity analysis be performed across the range of plausible vital rates, that simulations involve randomization of values within these ranges, and that elasticities be calculated in tandem with regression analysis to fully illuminate potential relations of vital rates with λ. A critical assumption is that variance of vital rates is estimated accurately.
Acrostichum in Florida

This article is the result of field study of several Acrostichum aureum L. and A. danaeifolium Langsd. & Fisch. populations in the swamps of South Florida. It was made with the object of establishing consistently applicable diagnostic differences between these oftimes confused species. Our observations will facilitate field identification, and we also have found some pertinent ecological differences between the two species. No attempt has been made to resolve the possibly more complex problem of Acrostichum in the Asian tropics, where in addition to two distinct and widely distributed species (Troll, 1933), there may be locally differentiated forms which have remained insufficiently examined, as in New Caledonia. The differential characteristics which our study has elucidated are summarized in the following key:
The Withdrawal Feed of Broilers: Carcass Responses to Dietary Phosphorus

Abstract During the period of three to six weeks, broiler males received growing feeds that were either adequate or deficient in phosphorus (P). This regimen was followed by withdrawal feeds during weeks six and seven, either including or excluding dicalcium phosphate (CaP). Birds were then caught, cooped, livehauled, on-line processed, and cone deboned to stress the skeletal system as would occur in practice. Consequences to product yield, meat quality, and leg bone integrity were examined. Low P growing feed decreased live performance, and superimposing a withdrawal feed without CaP did not accentuate problems nor did its inclusion enable recovery. Processing revealed reduced abdominal fat and reduced percentage carcass yield attributable to low P during week's three to six, but the subsequent omission of CaP had no influence. Carcass bruising decreased whenever P was low; however, a corresponding increase in skeletal problems balanced total defects, and similar proportions of grade A's occurred among treatments.
Fossil plants as palaeoenvironmental proxies - some remarks on selected approaches

All methods and approaches used for the reconstruction of palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic information have inherent shortcomings, limitations, and problems. Consequently there is no optimal, univer- sally applicable and absolutely reliable technique for deriving these from fossil plants. Recent data on the pres- ervation and taphonomic history of fossil plant remains (i.e., permineralized wood and charcoal), the anatomy and morphology of fossil leaves (i.e., cuticular adaptations and leaf physiognomy), as well as the interpretation of Nearest Living Relatives (NLR) are summarised. Although there is undoubtedly information loss through taphonomy, and taphonomical biases must be taken into account, especially when using quantitative methods, the analysis of taphonomic processes also may be used to obtain informations about the palaeoenvironment, whereas preservational modes may allow for the reconstruction of different and, sometimes complementary, pal- aeoenvironmental information. It is clear that the accuracy of quantitative methods, not only the accuracy of the NLR approach, decreases with an increasing age of a palaeofl ora. Consequently, all quantitative methods may be applied most reliably to Cenozoic fl oras. Based on the results presented here, it is suggested that a combination of different, independent techniques and proxies should be used, not only to overcome the shortcomings, limita- tions and problems associated with the application of individual methods, but also to combine the advantages of individual methods. Such an integrated analysis of different proxies can lead to more reliable information about palaeoenvironmental conditions and improve our knowledge about the comparability and applicability of these methods.
Chromosomal Effects on In Vitro Morphogenesis in Wheat Intervarietal Substitution Lines

The effect of individual chromosomes on in vitro morphogenic ability of immature embryos was studied using a Chinese Spring/Timstein substitution series. For this purpose 20 wheat lines of Chinese Spring with consequently substituted chromosome pairs from the cultivar Timstein together with the two parental cultivars were investigated. The regeneration ability of the studied lines was quantified by two parameters: frequency of regenerative calli and coef- ficient of propagation. The influence of the 5A, 1B and 4D chromosomes on in vitro morphogenesis was determined and the effect of 2A, 3A, 3B, 4B, 6B and 1D chromosomes, reported by other authors, was confirmed. The data indicated that the intervarietal substitutions of certain chromosomes caused significant variation in the number of morphogenic calli and recovered regenerants, in spite of the fact that the two parental cultivars were of similar morphogenic ability. This probably reflects the allele variation in a given locus on these chromosomes and/or background effect. The data suggest that the chromosome substitutions may have different compensatory effects depending on the similarity of the corresponding chromosomes and also on the possibilities of their expression in an alien genetic background.
Growth and Energetics in a Larval Population of Potamophylax cingulatus (Steph.) (Trichoptera) in a South Swedish Stream

The importance of allochthonous energy for stream animal communities was early recognized by Nelson & Scott (1962). In a North American stream they found that 6600 of the food of the primary consumers was of allochthonous origin. Other studies demonstrating the role of energy derived from surrounding systems for stream communities are those by Hynes (1963) and Minshall (1967). The influence of plant detritus on the distribution and abundance of stream organisms was examined by Egglishaw (1964). The terrestrial vegetation around streams was assumed by Ross (1963) to affect the distribution of certain caddisfly species via, among other things, the leaf-fall used as food during the larval stages. However, quantitative studies of the energetics of stream detritivores are very few. Significant contributions include McDiffett (1970) on the stonefly Pteronarcys scotti Ricker, and Trama (1957) on the mayfly Stenonema pulchellum Walsh which according to McDiffett (1970) is largely a detritivore, even though Trama used 32P-labelled algae as food in his experiments. In a previous paper I have described the annual life cycle in terms of the succession of larval instars of the caddisfly Potamophylax cingulatus Steph. (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae) (Otto 1971). In this paper the purpose is to examine the growth, energy content and energy flow (metabolism) in larvae of the same species.
Investigations Into the Mechanical Properties of Alpine Snow-Packs

Data on the physical properties of seasonal alpine snow have been collected from the Beartooth Mountains near Cooke City, Montana (elevation ≈3000 m) and the Bridger Range near Bozeman, Montana (elevation ≈2200 m). Systematic measurements of snow density, temperature, structure, ram and Canadian hardness, centrifugal tensile strength and shear strength measured with a shear box and several types of shear vanes are included. Test results were grouped according to gross snow types (cohesive fine-grained “winter” snow. depth hoar, new snow, etc.) and whether the snow was wet or dry. Then interrelations between the different test parameters were studied. A plot of ram number versus density for winter snow gave a log-linear relation similar to that suggested for polar snows. Both shear-vane and centrifugal-tensile results when plotted as a function of porosity are well described by the negative exponential relation suggested by Ballard and Feldt. Depth hoar and wet snow invariably have lower strength values at any given density. There is an excellent one-to-one agreement between values obtained with the shear vane and the shear box. Several field experiments were performed to study the sources of error in making in-situ mechanical tests on snow without utilizing a pit wall. Statistical analysis of the results shows that the main factor contributing to the experimental scatter is lateral inhomogeneity in the snow cover. There was no significant difference between the results of different operators. The standard deviation of a group of strength tests is shown to be directly proportional to the mean value of the group. This indicates that a logarithmic transformation should be made in handling snow strength results in order to stabilize the variance. It is emphasized that the systematic relations between snow properties invariably become obscured when different snow “types” are indiscriminately grouped together.
Discovery of Segmental Extranephridial Podocytes in Harpacticoida (Copepoda) and Bathynellacea (Syncarida)

ABSTRACT Segmental podocytes are reported for the first time to occur in the basal part of the pereiopods of different harpacticoid copepod species. In yet another species, segmental podocytes lie in the pleural folds, but also in closest vicinity to the pereiopods. The ultrastructure of these cells resembles not only that of other Crustacea (Isopoda, Cephalocarida, Decapoda), but also that of podocytes of the crustacean maxillary gland, as well as that of the nephrocytes of the Insecta. These results, together with the confirmation that the segmentally arranged so-called "nephrocytes" in the Bathynellacea (Syncarida) are in fact podocytes, support the view of a crustacean ancestor with segmental nephridial organs.
Molecular phylogeny of Artemisia section Tridentatae (Asteraceae) based on chloroplast DNA restriction site variation

Chloroplast DNA restriction site variation was used to examine phylogenetic relationships in Artemisia sect. Tridentatae, a complex of eleven species of woody shrubs, which are dominant components of sagebrush communities of western North America. Twenty-seven endonucleases were utilized to identify 82 variable site mutations, 27 of which were phylogenetically informative. The resulting cpDNA phylogeny indicates that sect. Tridentatae is monophyletic, with the exception of A. palmeri and A. bigelovii, two historically anomolous species. A sister-group relationship between A. palmeri and species of subg. Artemisia supports the exclusion of A. palmeri from sect. Tridentatae (subg. Seriphidium), and its inclusion within subg. Artemisia. Artemisia bigelovii, a species with heterogamous capitula, is nested within the Tridentata clade, supporting its inclusion within the section. Introgression and subsequent chloroplast capture of the Tridentatae genome by two unrelated species, A. californica and A. fihlifolia, may explain the unexpected placement of these two species in the Tridentata clade. Low cpDNA sequence divergence provides only limited resolution of phylogenetic relationships within sect. Tridentatae, indicative of a recently differentiated and/or hybridizing polymorphic species complex. In addition, the cpDNA data provide only equivocal evidence for either of two competing hypotheses regarding the origin and phylogenetic relationship of sect. Tridentatae within Artemisia s.l.
Phylogenetic relationships among Asian gekkonid lizards formerly of the genus Cyrtodactylus based on cladistic analyses of allozymic data: Monophyly of Cyrtopodion and Mediodactylus

The phylogenetic relationships of geckos formerly regarded as Cyrtodactylus are estimated using allozymic data from 18 loci. Three genera are used as potential outgroup taxa, Gekko, Nactus, and Teratoscincus (three species). Allozymic data are coded in two ways for phylogenetic inference. Phylogenetic analysis of the data, when coded for the presence or absence of alleles, produces a robust phylogenetic hypothesis depicting sampled species of Cyrtopodion and Mediodactylus as separate monophyletic groups. A similar topology is recovered from analysis of the data when allele combinations are coded as character states and step matrices are used. Full generic status of Cyrtopodion and Mediodactylus is recommended. Mediodactylus russowi from the Iii River Valley of Kazakhstan and the Junggar Depression of China may represent a distinct species, based on a number of fixed and frequency differences when compared with Mediodactylus russowi from the Kara Rum Desert of Turkmenistan, but further work is needed. Phylogenetic relationships within Cyrtopodion and Mediodactylus suggest hypotheses of area relationships for the fauna of Central Asia.
A second note on recent research in geometrical probability

Many problems in geometrical probability have been surveyed in the monograph by Professor M. G. Kendall and myself (Kendall and Moran (1963)). In 1966 I published a note in J. Appl. Frob. 3 describing researches which had either been carried out since that book appeared, or which had escaped our notice. The present paper attempts to describe still further investigations classified roughly as to whether they are concerned with points, lines, planes, estimation of area and length, and coverage.
Immunocontraception limits foal production in free-roaming feral horses in Nevada

We determined contraceptive effectiveness and duration of effect after porcine zona pellucida (PZP) vaccination in free-roaming feral horses in Nevada. We captured, freeze-branded, treated and subsequently released 132 adult feral mares. Treatment consisted of 1 or 2 injections (1 month apart) of vaccine emulsion consisting of aqueous PZP and Freund's complete adjuvant (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.; FCA; inj. 1) or Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA; inj. 2). We gave controls saline and Freund's adjuvant as above. Among 1-injection mares, we gave one group a single dose of raw antigen, and we gave the other group raw antigen plus a second dose of antigen sequestered in controlled-release microspheres. We also studied 63 untreated mares. We administered inoculations in December 1992, and monitored the mares via fecal analysis for pregnancy and via helicopter and ground survey for foal production through September 1994. We determined pregnancy via measurement of estrone sulfate, progesterone metabolites and total estrogens, in fresh feces collected from the ground. Among antigen-treated mares, reproductive success across 1 year was 4.5% (2-inj.), 20.0% (1-inj. + microspheres) and 28.6% (1-inj., no microspheres). Reproductive success in placebo (55.0%) and untreated (53.9%) mares was significantly greater than in treated groups. The following year, without further treatment, reproductive success was 44.0% (2-inj.), and 54.5% (untreated) and these values were not different. Data from other groups were insufficient for comparison. The results of this study confirm the feasibility of capturing large numbers of mares in the'field for treatment and demonstrate: (1) 1-year contraceptive efficacy of several PZP vaccine protocols, (2) greater effectiveness in 2-injection protocols than in 1-injection protocols, and (3) a return to fertility in the second year after vaccination.
Reproduction in the Female Brown Bear

Reproduction in the female brown bear (Ursus arctos) was studied by gross examination of 96 reproductive tracts, including 16 from known-age animals, obtained from Kodiak Island and the Alaska Peninsula during 1959-1965. Additional data were obtained incidental to livetrapping 165 bears and from aerial surveys made within the same period. Gross features of reproductive tracts indicated females attained sexual maturity when 3 to 6 years of age and commonly during the fourth year of life. The breeding season extended from May through mid-July as evidenced by condition of genitals, follicle maturation, and observations of actual breedings. The gestation period was estimated to be approximately 245 days. Corpora lutea counts disclosed a mean of 2.10 ovulations. Placental scar counts disclosed a 2.53 mean conception rate. Litter size averaged 2.23 cubs. Young bears are weaned prior to or during the second winter of denning. Lactation probably inhibited reproduction during first and second summers following parturition. The hypothesis is advanced that brown bears normally breed at 3-year intervals as opposed to the common belief that young are produced on alternate years. This paper presents information on reobtained through the cumulative efforts of production in female brown bears found on the authors, who marked bears and censused Kodiak Island and the Alaska Peninsula. them with aircraft. We are indebted to M. The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Talifson, W. Pinnell, and other guides who cooperated with the Alaska Department of supplied many of our specimens. We also Fish and Game by combining specimen and appreciate the efforts of R. L. Rausch and data collections made during 1959-1965. C. M. Loveless who kindly offered suggesThe physiological aspects of reproduction tions concerning the manuscript. The photowere based on the gross examination of regraphs used in this paper are credited to productive tracts. Other information was M. C. Zahn. i atio o reobtained through the cumulative e forts of l ears found on the authors, who marked bears and censused This content downloaded from 157.55. 39.59 on Sat, 15 Oct 2016 04:14:54 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor. org/terms 358 Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 33, No. 2, April 1969