Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Monitoring pink bollworm seasonal population through the use of gossyplure

Pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) is a major pest of cotton, remained active throughout the year with minimal population during June, when temperature crossed 40EC. For monitoring its population, delta traps baited with gossyplure (sex pheromone) were used. First smaller peak appeared in April and second peak the larger one in October. The moth population pattern was observed similar during the whole year for both the years of study i.e., 1995 and 1996. The results revealed that gossyplure is an effective attractant for male moths of pink bollworm and can be used successively for monitoring seasonal emergence and population development in future period, as a tool in pest management programme. The use of sex pheromone such as gossyplure result in a substantial reduction in the number of pesticide application required for the control of bollworms during the cotton growing season.
Dermocystidiosis–a gill disease of the carp due to Dermocystidium cyprini n.sp.

A new species of Dermocystidium is reported to be the causative agent of three outbreaks of gill disease in carp observed in recent years in Czechoslovakia. No other parasites or influences could be held responsible for the disease. It is suggested that at least some of gill disease of unknown aetiology in carp is due to dermocystidia, and the disease might be distributed in many regions of Europe. A description of a greater part of the developmental cycle of the species D. cyprini n.sp. Cervinka et Lom, is presented, supplemented by a discussion of other species of the genus. A summary of known facts on the host-parasite relation in these parasites is also given.
Fatigue Life Analysis of Ball Bearings and a Shaft System Considering the Combined Bearing Preload and Angular Misalignment

Bearing preload significantly affects the running performance of a shaft-bearing system including the fatigue life, wear, and stiffness. Due to the mounting error, the bearing rings are often angularly misaligned. The effects of the combined bearing preload and angular misalignment on the fatigue life of ball bearings and a shaft-bearing system are analyzed in this paper. The contact force distribution of angular contact ball bearings in the shaft-bearing system is investigated based on the system model. The system model includes the bearing model, and the shaft model is verified by comparing with the manufacturer’s manual and the results from other theoretical models, with the difference between the results from the present bearing model and manufacturer manual within 3%. The global optimization method is used to replace the Newton–Raphson algorithm to solve the ball elements’ displacements and friction coefficients, which improves the computation efficiency of the system model. The fatigue life of each bearing is evaluated with the consideration of the two preload methods and two angular misalignment cases. The fatigue life results show that the system life at the optimal angular misalignment is more than 1.5 times that without angular misalignment at the low preload value, and this ratio decreases as the preload value increases. The optimal angular misalignment of both the shaft-bearing system and the misaligned bearing is not always consistent, which depends on the preload value and bearing life. Both the constant-displacement preload and constant-force preload do not cause a significant difference in the highest system life. The different misaligned bearings can lead to different highest system lives as the preload value is low.
Effects of Forest Use on Aphyllophoraceous Fungal Community Structure in Sarawak, Malaysia

Aphyllophoraceous fungi are expected to reflect changes in the environmental conditions caused by forest use. To reveal the effects of forest uses on the fungal community structure, we performed a 3‐month survey of aphyllophoraceous species in five forest types (undisturbed primary forest, isolated patches of primary forest, old and young fallow forest, and rubber plantations) in Sarawak, Malaysia in 2005. We used a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to reveal the relationships between fungal community composition and the environmental variables (canopy openness, soil water potential, amount and composition of coarse woody debris, litter mass, basal area, plant species composition). A total of 155 samples from 67 species were collected during the study period. The fungal species density represented by the number of species in a transect differed significantly among forest types. The fungal species density increased significantly with increasing number of pieces of coarse woody debris (CWD), but decreased significantly with increasing the scores of second axis of principal component analysis (PCA) for plant species composition. In the CCA ordination, automatic forward selection revealed that only the number of pieces of CWD significantly affected the fungal species composition. The occurrences of Flabellophora licmophora, Coriolopsis retropicta, Microporus vernicipes, and Amauroderma subrugosum were positively correlated with the number of pieces of CWD. Our study clearly demonstrated that forest use negatively affected aphyllophoraceous fungal diversity and suggest that the quantity of CWD would be an important determinant of fungal diversity and composition.
Multiple sex chromosomes in the genus Hoplias (Pisces, Erythrinidae)

Cytogenetic studies were made in two populations of Hoplias sp. (Pisces, Erythrinidae) from the Lobo Reservoir, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and from the Aripuana River, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The two populations show evidences of multiple sex chromosomes. The animals from the Lobo Reservoir has an X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y mechanism, and those from the Aripuana River an XX/XY1Y2 mechanism, this representing the first such case described for fishes.
Rising Burdens of Proofs and the Grand Bargain of Workers’ Compensation Laws

Nearly every state has amended workers’ compensation laws in the last two decades and the national averages of cash and medical benefits paid per covered worker have declined. As a result, writers have suggested that the states might be cutting back on workers’ compensation benefits. We show that measures of the statutory benefits have been rising over time, a trend that work against the declining trend in average payouts per covered worker. A decline in accident rates at the national level has contributed to the decline in payouts. We then investigate the impact of specific state laws related to burdens of proof and limits on medical coverage after developing an annual panel data set for all states between 1997 and 2016. The results show that state laws that ban liberal construction of the rules and apportion benefits based on pre-existing conditions contribute to sharp declines in the states where they are enacted.
Measuring Compliance of Driver Yielding at Enhanced Pedestrian Crossings in Utah

In the 2000s, the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) began implementing technological enhancements to reduce the fatality rate of pedestrians involved in crashes. Although these enhancements appeared to be successful at improving safety, there was a need to evaluate their effectiveness. This research evaluates the safety impacts of several pedestrian crossing enhancements using Utah-specific compliance rates of drivers as a surrogate safety measure. This study analyzes enhanced pedestrian crossings to determine the factors that affect the compliance of driver yielding in Utah and provides a statistical analysis to prove the significance of each factor on compliance. The results show that the “High-intensity Activated crossWalK” (HAWK) is more effective at reducing the probability of a non-compliant event compared with an overhead flashing beacon (OFB), and that an OFB is more effective at reducing the probability of a non-compliant event compared with a rectangular rapid flashing beacon (RRFB) or an overhead rectangular rapid flashing beacon (ORRFB). The results show that adding a pedestrian enhancement to a marked crosswalk at a location with five lanes and speed limit between 35 mph and 45 mph can increase compliance rate by 97% for the HAWK, 77% for the OFB, and 57% for the RRFB and ORRFB.
Biodiversity: Where's Hot and Where's Not

The continuing rapid loss of biological diversity is leading conservationists to sharpen their priorities and to target the limited funds available so as to ensure the survival of as many different species as possible. An increasingly popular approach, which has captured the imagination of the general public and policymakers alike, is the identification of biological hotspots-areas containing an exceptional concentration of biodiversity, measured by species richness, species endemism, number of threatened species, degree of habitat loss, or some surrogate for one or more of these methods.
The Internal Cephalodia of the Genus Lobarial

The development and structure of internal cephalodia were investigated in the following representatives of Lobaria sect. Lobaria: L. amplissima, L. erosa, L. linita, L. lobulifera, L. oregana, L. pulmonaria, and L. quercizans. Cephalodia originate from Nostoc cells in contact with the lower cortex of the host thallus. The mycobiont actively envelopes the alga and in- corporates it into the thallus either by an intrusive or nonintrusive mechanism. The thickness of the thallus determines whether the developing cephalodium will be of the superior or the inferior type, the former growing upward through the medulla and inhibiting the green algae in the algal layer. Species with large, loosely attached, reticulately veined thalli have well developed superior and/or inferior cephalodia. Species with smaller, more closely attached thalli lack superior cephalodia and exhibit fewer, less well developed, inferior cephalodia. Cephalodial Nostoc may be of advantage to the host mycobiont by supplying nitrogenous compounds and an alternative carbohydrate source. In the lichen family Stictaceae, Lobaria is the only genus known to possess cephalodia. Forssell (1883) reported the presence of true cephalodia in L. sect. Lobaria and classified them as "cephalodia immersa. " Schneider (1897) recognized the cephalodia as being completely endotrophic and described the gross morphology of the mature cephalodia of Lobaria (Sticta) oregana. A description of maturation of internal cephalodia in Lobaria (Ricasoli) herbacea was presented by Moreau (1927), who interpreted cephalodial growth as a response by the lichen thallus to infection. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mode of origin and development of internal cephalodia in several species of L. sect. Lobaria. Although northern North American Lobariae were the prime object of study, cephalodia were observed in several exotic species. The presence of cephalodia within the genus Lobaria parallels their occurrence in genera of two closely related families, Peltigera in the Peltigeraceae (Thomson, 1950) and Nephroma in the Nephromataceae (Wetmore, 1960). All three genera have been similarly subdivided into subgeneric sections on the basis of algal associations. Those species having only a blue-green algal component comprise one subgeneric section, while those having a green alga as the primary phycobiont and a cephalodiate blue-green form another section. In L. sect. Lobarina the thalli have a continuous algal layer composed of the cyanophyte, Nostoc, and lack any association with a secondary phycobiont. However, all members
ELLERBECKIA BAILEYI (H. L. SMITH) CRAWFORD & SIMS COMB. NOV.: TYPIFICATION AND FRUSTULE MORPHOLOGY OF A RARE FRESHWATER FOSSIL DIATOM

The morphology and fine structure of the diatom Melosira baileyi (H. L. Smith) Wolle confirms that the taxon is closely related to other species of Ellerbeckia Crawford. These include the freshwater E. arenaria (Moore ex Ralfs) Crawford and the marine E. sol (Ehrenb.) Crawford &Sims and E. clavigera (Gran.) Crawford &Sims. In formally establishing the combination with Ellerbeckia, we recognise an important link between freshwater and marine habitats and a long fossil record for the genus.
Consequences of intraspecific seed‐size variation in Sparganium emersum for dispersal by fish

1. The potential for seed dispersal by fish (ichthyochory) is likely to vary within aquatic plant species, depending on intraspecific variation in phenotypic seed traits. 2. We studied the effect of seed size variation within the unbranched burreed (Sparganium emersum) on the potential for internal dispersal by the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), by feeding them light ( 20 mg) seeds, seed mass being positively related to seed size. 3. We hypothesized: (i) that ingestion, retention time, survival during gut passage and viability after gut passage of S. emersum seeds would be affected by seed size; and (ii) that this would translate into intraspecific variation in dispersal probability and dispersal distance among seed size categories. 4. Ingestion was negatively related to seed size, while survival during gut passage was positively related to seed size. Seed viability after gut passage was not affected by seed size. Since the negative effect of ingestion was counterbalanced by an equally strong but positive effect on seed survival, the probability of dispersal did not differ between the tested seed-size categories. 5. The time that seeds remained in the digestive tract of carp did not differ between seed sizes, suggesting equal potential dispersal distances for all seeds. Based on optimum swimming speeds of carp, ranging from 0·9 to 1·8 km h−1, maximum dispersal distances will most likely range from 13·5 to 27 km. 6. This study highlights the importance of studying all stages of the endozoochorous dispersal process in order to estimate the effect of a phenotypic seed trait on plant dispersal.
Karyotype Analysis with Differential Banding in Crinum pratense and Crinum defixum.

Although Crinum pratense and C. defixum have similar karyomorphology i.e. 2n=22 chromosomes, diffuse type of interphase nuclei and continuous type of prophase chromosomes when stained with orcein, yet a major variation, such as two CMA-positive bands in C. pratense and one in C. defixum at mataphase were found. The CMA-positive bands in both the species were found in in-terphase and as well as prophase. The GC-rich repetitive sequences seemed to keep their domain in-tact throughout the cell cycle. During counter staining with DAPI, the CMA-positive portions showed DAPI-negative bands. Reversible banding indicated that the amount of GC-rich bases was more abundant in the former species. Moreover, DAPI-positive bands appeared at the centromeric regions of 18 out of 22 chromosomes in C. pratense which were totally absent in C. defixum. It showed the AT-rich nature of C. pratense chromosome complements. Two species had different isozyme activity. Activities of esterase and acid phosphatase were higher in C. defixum. Thus the two species showed distinct variations in their fluorescent karyotypes and activities of isozymes. These features support their different species rank.
Habitat and phenology of the endangered riffle beetle Heterelmis comalensis and a coexisting species, Microcylloepus pusillus , (Coleoptera: Elmidae) at Comal Springs, Texas, USA

Habitat characteristics and seasonal distribution of the riffle beetles Heterelmis comalensis and Microcylloepus pusillus were studied at Comal Springs, Texas, during 1993-1994, to aid in developing sound recommendations for sustaining their natural populations. Comal Springs consists of four major spring outlets and spring-runs. The four spring-runs are dissimilar in size, appearance, canopy and riparian cover, substrate composition, and aquatic macrophyte composition. Habitat conditions associated with the respective populations of riffle beetles, including physical-chemical measurements, water depth, and current velocity, were relatively uniform and varied little among sampling dates and spring-runs. However, the locations of the beetles in the respective spring-runs were not well correlated to current velocity, water depth, or distance from primary spring orifices. Factors such as substrate size and availability and competition are proposed as possibly influencing their respective distributions. Maintaining high-quality spring-flows and protection of the physical habitat of Heterelmis comalensis presently are the only means by which to ensure the survival of this endemic species.
Foliar Epidermal and Pollen Characters of Some Species in the Genus Microcos Linn. in Nigeria

Microcos Linn. (Malvaceae s.l) is a genus made up of about 60 spp. distributed in Asia and Tropical Africa. In West Africa, 8 species have been recorded of which six species have been documented for Nigeria to occur in lowland rainforest. This study is designed to carry out preliminary foliar epidermal and pollen morphological studies with a view to advance the understanding of the taxonomic relationship between and among species in the genus using the Nigerian taxa. The foliar epidermal and pollen characters were investigated by light microscopy. The epidermises are composed of isodiametric, polygonal or irregular cells. Anticlinal walls are straight, curved or un-dulate. All taxa are hypostomatic with anisocytic, paracytic and staurocytic stomata types. The mean stomatal size varies from 13.8 × 13.5 μm in M. barombiensis to 16.0 × 18.0 μm in M. coriacea. The dense distribution of stellate trichomes on the abaxial surface of M. malacocarpa and the absence of crystals in M. oligoneura are diagnostic for these taxa. The pollen grains are small in size (10-25 μm), tricolporate with short colpi, subprolate or prolate. Mean colpi length varies from 15.7 μm in M. iodocarpa to 17.5 μm in M. malacocarpa. The ora size varies from 5.4 μm in M. barombiensis to 12.5 μm in M. malacocarpa. The ambient and ora size are significant in the delimitation of the studied taxa. The two groups obtained from epidermal and pollen characters correlate with those earlier obtained from morphological data.
Encoding of Terms in EMB-Based Mealy FSMs

A method is proposed targeting implementation of FPGA-based Mealy finite state machines. The main goal of the method is a reduction for the number of look-up table (LUT) elements and their levels in FSM logic circuits. To do it, it is necessary to eliminate the direct dependence of input memory functions and FSM output functions on FSM inputs and state variables. The method is based on encoding of the terms corresponding to rows of direct structure tables. In such an approach, only terms depend on FSM inputs and state variables. Other functions depend on variables representing terms. The method belongs to the group of the methods of structural decomposition. The set of terms is divided by classes such that each class corresponds to a single-level LUT-based circuit. An embedded memory block (EMB) generates codes of both classes and terms as elements of these classes. The mutual using LUTs and EMB allows diminishing chip area occupied by FSM circuit (as compared to its LUT-based counterpart). The simple sequential algorithm is proposed for finding the partition of the set of terms by a determined number of classes. The method is based on representation of an FSM by a state transition table. However, it can be used for any known form of FSM specification. The example of synthesis is shown. The efficiency of the proposed method was investigated using a library of standard benchmarks. We compared the proposed with some other known design methods. The investigations show that the proposed method gives better results than other discussed methods. It allows the obtaining of FSM circuits with three levels of logic and regular interconnections.
Uptake of Neutral Metal Complexes by a Green Alga: Influence of pH and Humic Substances

We have examined the influence of pH and a natural humic acid on the short-term uptake (<40 min) of a neutral, lipophilic metal complex by a unicellular freshwater alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Cadmium diethyldithiocarbamate ([Cd(DDC)2]0) was used as a model lipophilic metal complex and Suwannee River Humic Acid (SRHA) was chosen as a representative aquatic humic acid (6.5 mg C L−1). Under the experimental conditions virtually all the Cd was expected to be present as the lipophilic complex ([Cd]T = 0.38 nM; [DDC] 1 μM; [Cd2+] <10−15 M; pH 7.0, 6.0, or 5.5). Uptake of [Cd(DDC)2]0 proved to be sensitive to pH changes. It was lower at pH 6.0 and 5.5 than at pH 7.0. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of reduced uptake of a lipophilic metal complex at low pH. The presence of SRHA also affected uptake, either by binding the lipophilic complex in solution and reducing its bioavailability (pH 7.0) or by increasing the permeability of the algal membrane (pH 5.5).
Factors Affecting Growth of Perennial Wall Rocket and Annual Garden Rocket

Popularity of baby leaf salad crops has increased and is likely to continue. Despite their commercial importance, cultivation of these crops is limited by a lack of appropriate production systems. It is important to establish abiotic constraints for efficient production of these crops to improve supply and quality. In separate experiments, responses of perennial wall rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia [L.] DC.) and annual garden rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) to harvest number, seasonal conditions, and fertilizer level were measured. The yield of perennial wall rocket was influenced by the interaction between the cultivar, harvest number, and season. No clear response between these factors was identified, with the highest yields for the cvs. European wild rocket [DT1] and Apollo [DT2] for the first harvest summer crop (2.7 and 2.8 kg/m2, respectively) and the cv. Nature [DT3] for the second harvest summer and spring crops (2.5 kg/m2, respectively). For annual garden rocket, there was an interaction between the yield and season with the highest yield during summer (3.3 kg/m2), followed by winter (2.7 kg/m2) and spring (1.9 kg/m2). Nitrogen rate did not affect yield or dry weight for either crop, meaning that the species require only little additional nitrogen for efficient growth, and crops may currently be overfertilized. Optimal production is achieved during spring and summer for perennial wall rocket and summer and winter for annual garden rocket, allowing for the interchangeable use of species throughout the growing seasons. The growth of perennial wall rocket improves from first to second harvest but decreases for annual garden rocket, meaning that the perennial species is better suited to at least two harvests.
Improving the accuracy of permanent magnet rotor position estimation for stepper motors using magnetic induction and harmonic rejection

To improve the accuracy of permanent magnet (PM) rotor position estimation for a hybrid stepper motor (HSM), the authors propose a sensorless control design based on the back electromagnetic force (back-EMF) caused by magnetic induction and harmonic rejection via an orthogonal third-order phase-locked loop (PLL 3 rd) and an integral harmonic filter (IHF). The accuracy of estimation is analysed considering PM rotor position estimation errors. The harmonics of the back-EMF signal are eliminated by the IHF before entering the PLL 3 rd, which synchronises and decreases position estimation error. This technique is a simple, reliable, and effective method for implementing sensorless control of an HSM. An industrial test-bench was used to implement the proposed scheme. The experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed estimation method.