Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The magnetohydrodynamics of current sheets

A universal phenomenon in cosmic plasmas is the creation of sheets of intense current near X-type neutral points (where the magnetic field vanishes). These sheets are important as sites where the magnetic-field energy is converted efficiently into heat and bulk kinetic energy and where particles can be accelerated to high energies. Examples include disruptions in laboratory Tokamaks, substorms in the Earth's magnetosphere and flares on the Sun. During those phenomena the antiparallel magnetic-field lines on both sides of a current sheet can be cut and reconnect with each other, so changing the global topology of the field. The author summarises the examples of current sheets and describes how they are formed. Then the basic behaviour of a one-dimensional sheet is presented, together with an account of the linear tearing-mode instability that can cause the field lines in such a sheet to reconnect. Such reconnection may develop in different ways: it may arise from a spontaneous instability or it may be driven, either from outside by motions or locally by a resistivity enhancement. The last three sections describe the various processes that may occur during the non-linear development of tearing as well as the many numerical and laboratory experiments that are aiding the understanding of this intriguing cosmical process.
Systematic review of aspects of DDoS attacks detection

Distributed Denial of Service attacks (DDoS) are one of the biggest problems facing the Internet. To eliminate this type of attack, the number of which has increased in the period under study, various methods of defense have been proposed. However a detection mechanism that is able to completely counteract the attacks has not yet been found. Therefore, detection and defense against DDoS attacks is of great importance for specialists engaged in computer security. This paper presents a systematic review of the scientific literature on methods of detecting DDoS attacks. From the literature the main aspects related to detection have been formulated. Six aspects for analysis in this investigation were identified: techniques, variables, tools, deployment location, point in time and detection accuracy. It was found that each technique used for the detection of attacks exploits certain characteristics of the network traffic, user requests and specific tools. Finally, it managed to identify the mechanisms that have the highest detection accuracy, such as the datasets they use. It has been concluded that an adequate analysis of the above aspects of detection of DDoS attacks can make a useful contribution to designing an appropriate strategy for neutralizing the attacks.
Workplace spirituality and organizational commitment : A study on the public schools teachers in Menoufia (Egypt)

Due to its significant impact on organizations’ survival and success, workplace spirituality has gained popularity in both academic and work environments over the last decade. This popularity has been created and maintained because of employees’ feeling of hyper stress and anxiety stemming from the very high demands and expectations imposed by their organizations. In reaction to such high targets, employees tend to increase their levels of absenteeism, leave their jobs with less provocation, raising rates of turnover, and yield very poor results in terms of work performance. This study tried to investigate the relationship between workplace spirituality dimensions and organizational commitment approaches in the Egyptian public primary schools where teachers show low level of organizational commitment. The authors distributed 200 questionnaires to collect their data and found a 75% response rate of their respondents. By analyzing their data using the statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS) (version 13), they discovered that only meaningful work and sense of community had a significant correlation relationship with organizational commitment approaches (affective, continuance and normative), whereas organizational values had very weak effect on the three approaches of commitment. Key words: Workplace spirituality, organizational commitment, affective commitment, continuance commitment, normative commitment.
Attentive Models in Vision 3 Input Image Human Fixation Map Loss Function Final Convolutional Layers Learned Prior Low , Medium and High Level Features Predicted Saliency Map Fully Convolutional Network

Estimating the focus of attention of a person looking at an image or a video is a crucial step which can enhance many vision-based inference mechanisms: image segmentation and annotation, video captioning, autonomous driving are some examples. The early stages of the attentive behavior are typically bottom-up; reproducing the same mechanism means to find the saliency embodied in the images, i.e. which parts of an image pop out of a visual scene. This process has been studied for decades both in neuroscience and in terms of computational models for reproducing the human cortical process. In the last few years, early models have been replaced by deep learning architectures, that outperform any early approach compared against public datasets. In this paper, we discuss the effectiveness of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) models in saliency prediction. We present a set of Deep Learning architectures developed by us, which can combine both bottom-up cues and higher-level semantics, and extract spatio-temporal features by means of 3D convolutions to model task-driven attentive behaviors. We will show how these deep networks closely recall the early saliency models, although improved with the semantics learned from the human ground-truth. Eventually, we will present a use-case in which saliency prediction is used to improve the automatic description of images.
ENTROPY AND EVOLUTION: GROUND RULES FOR DISCOURSE

Prior to Darwin, the evolutionary vision had always looked for the unity of life with nature's overall dynamics. Darwin had to truncate this connectivity to establish evolution as a science, as opposed to a philosophic perspective on change. An autonomy-of-biology men- tality has grown from this separation that is now antithetical to the evolutionary project. As the science of macroscopic process, thermodynamics is essential to bringing life back to nature. The entropic drive to randomness underlies the phenomena of both variation and speciation; com- petition between thermodynamic flow patterns underlies the phenomenon of selection; the dissipative structure schema provides basic constraints on morphological transformation. Se- mantic problems regarding the meaning of entropy obstruct delivery on these promises. I dis- cuss some of those problems in the first sections of this paper, then consider a possible way in which principles drawn from statistical thermodynamics can be extended into the biological realm to illuminate the phenomena of variation and speciation. (Evolution; thermodynamics; information theory; configurational entropy.) Everyone is aware of the bones of con- tention that fracture contemporary evo- lutionary thinking and provide for some of science's most acrimonious disputes. To no small extent, this state of affairs owes to the fact that there is no "discipline" of evolution, with a set of common under- standings shared by a community of prac- titioners. It is rather an enterprise in which many new disciplines are being focused- each with its own limitations and under- standings, and each with increasing in- sistance on official representation in the orthodoxy. A new, more open synthesis is inevitable. A new synthesis must engage more than the advocates of one's own field, and gen- erate sufficient force to nucleate the kind of real collaborative work that lauched the first synthesis. The architects of that syn- thesis had certain advantages in this re- gard, since battle lines were clearly drawn
A Correction Formula for Wall Effects on Unsteady Forces of Two-Dimensional Bluff Bodies

In wind tunnel studies on the flow around bluff bodies accompanying a large separated wake, the walls of the test section severely effect the flow characteristics around them. Proposed in this paper is a correction formula for the wall effects upon two-dimensional (2-D) unsteady separated flow of incompressible fluid around bluff bodies. The proposed formula is derived from numerical results with the discrete vortex method on 2-D separated flows around an inclined flat plate, a square cylinder, and also an elliptic cylinder located between two parallel walls. It is found that the present correction formula estimates reasonably well the wall effects upon the mean and fluctuating force coefficients over a wide range of blockage ratio and angle of attack through comparing the present calculated results with numerous experimental ones by several authors.
Coalescence of two viscoelastic droplets connected by a string

A new type of coalescence of viscoelastic droplets is described and analyzed. A viscoelastic drop of polyisobutene (PIB) containing high molar mass PIB (HPIB), suspended in polydimethylsiloxane, is separated into two droplets connected by a string, which is called “bead-string-bead” (BSB), through repeated elongation and relaxation in a four-roll mill rheometer. Upon flow cessation, the two drops are pulled to approach each other by the string and eventually coalesce. This process exhibits interesting features: The string remains stable like a rod without capillary breakup; the string length and the merging force decay exponentially with time; the string diameter may not change significantly through the approach. The string in BSB is more stable than that of the capillary thinning process of beads on string in jet or fixed-end rheometer. These phenomena are modeled based on the force balance of the viscoelasticity of HPIB systems, viscous drag, and the Laplace force. The model prediction agrees with the e.
2 0 O ct 2 01 3 Integrable Scalar Cosmologies II . Can they fit into Gauged Extended Supergavity or be encoded in N = 1 superpotentials ?

The question whether the integrable one-field cosmologies classified in a previous paper by Fré, Sagnotti and Sorin can be embedded as consistent one-field truncations into Extended Gauged Supergravity or in N = 1 supergravity gauged by a superpotential without the use of D-terms is addressed in this paper. The answer is that such an embedding is very difficult and rare but not impossible. Indeed we were able to find two examples of integrable models embedded in Supergravity in this way. Both examples are fitted into N = 1 Supergravity by means of a very specific and interesting choice of the superpotential W (z). The question whether there are examples of such an embedding in extended Gauged Supergravity remains open. In the present paper, relying on the embedding tensor formalism we classified all gaugings of the N = 2 STU model, confirming, in the absence on hypermultiplets, the uniqueness of the stable de Sitter vacuum found several years ago by Fré, Trigiante and Van Proeyen and excluding the embedding of any integrable cosmological model. A detailed analysis of the space of exact solutions of the first Supergravity–embedded integrable cosmological model revealed several new features worth an in depth consideration. When the scalar potential has an extremum at a negative value, the universe necessarily collapses into a Big Crunch notwithstanding its spatial flatness. The causal structure of these universes is quite different from that of the closed, positive curved, universe: indeed in this case the particle and event horizons do not coincide and develop complicated patterns. The cosmological consequences of this unexpected mechanism deserve careful consideration. Prof. Fré is presently fulfilling the duties of Scientific Counselor of the Italian Embassy in the Russian Federation, Denezhnij pereulok, 5, 121002 Moscow, Russia.
Decomposing the Gini Inequality Index

The aim of this article is to propose a new breakdown of the Gini inequality ratio into three components (within-group inequality, between-group inequality, and intensity of transvariation between groups to the total inequality index). The between-group inequality concept computes all the differences in salaries between men and women. The main contribution is to show this relationship when dealing with noninteger frequency data appearing on survey data. This article also proves the relationship between the very intuitive Gini concentration ratio and the very commonly used Gini index in the case of discrete distributions with a finite number of observations. The former refers to the relationship between the cumulative proportion of population and income, while the latter is the absolute mean difference divided by twice the arithmetic mean. This article complements the inequality decomposition literature that has stemmed from Gini’s work. The research is applied to analyze gender income inequality in a Spanish region using Spanish Structure of Earnings Survey data from 2010.
Analysis of the Transformation of Mechanical Impact Energy to Electric Energy Using Piezoelectric Vibrator

We propose a new mechanism of electric power generation in which mechanical impact energy is transformed to electric energy by a piezoelectric transducer. To clarify the relationship between the input mechanical impact energy and the output electric energy in this method, we measured the electric output of a piezoelectric vibrator stimulated by an impact with a steel ball. An electrical equivalent model of the phenomenon is proposed to analyze the transformation efficiency as functions of the electromechanical coupling coefficient, the mechanical loss and the dielectric loss of the vibrator.
Variation of the Recirculation Length of Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Power-Law Fluids in Laminar Flow Through a Suddenly Expanded Axisymmetric Geometry

A numerical study has been carried out for the laminar flow of Newtonian and non-Newtonian power-law fluids through a suddenly expanded axisymmetric geometry. Mathematical correlations are proposed for the prediction of the length of the recirculating eddy in terms of Reynolds number, expansion ratio and rheological parameters. A wide range of expansion ratios (1.25 ≤ER≤8.0) has been covered for the Newtonian fluid and both the shear-thinning and shear-thickening flow characteristic fluids have been considered for the non-Newtonian fluids.
Exactly calculable field components of electric dipoles in planar boundary

The Sommerfeld integrals for the electromagnetic fields in the planar boundary between air and a homogeneous, isotropic medium, due to a horizontal and a vertical electric dipole each lying along the interface, are examined in detail. In the case of the horizontal dipole, the tangential electric field is given in terms of series that involve confluent hypergeometric functions, namely, the Fresnel and exponential integrals. A similar exposition is presented for the magnetic and vertical electric fields of the vertical dipole. When the index of refraction of the adjacent space is of a sufficiently large magnitude, the derived series converge rapidly and uniformly with the distance from the source. Specifically, their rates of convergence are shown to be independent of distance. It is pointed out that the corresponding formulas of King et al. are valid down to any distance close to the source, where they smoothly connect to known “quasi-static” approximations.
Microstructures and Electrical Properties of (Pb, La)TiO3 Thin Films Grown on the Pt Electrodes with a Percolating Network Structure

We have investigated the microstructures and electrical properties of Pb0.95La0. 05TiO3 (PLT) thin films deposited on the (100)-oriented Pt/(100)MgO substrates by rf magnetron sputtering and have fabricated a thin film infrared sensor. The (100)-oriented Pt film is formed via a coalescence of Pt islands and the Pt layer goes through a transition from nonconducting islands to a conductive percolating network as the Pt deposition time increases. The highly c-axis oriented PLT thin film has been successfully grown on the Pt bottom electrode with a network structure. The PLT thin film on the interconnected percolating Pt network exhibits a well saturated ferroelectric hysteresis loop with the remanent polarization of 1.6 µ C/cm2 and the coercive field of 70 kV/cm. The responsivity and detectivity of the thin film infrared sensor are 700 V/W and 6×108 cm√ Hz/W at 10 Hz, respectively, without any poling treatment.
Assessing the mediating role of lean manufacturing practices in the relationship between TQM practices and operational performance

44 Assessing the mediating role of lean manufacturing practices in the relationship between TQM practices and operational performance Hana Arrfou M *, Amlus M.H. , Jusoh M.S. University Malaysia Perlis Abstract: Achieving high operational performance has been considered as the best way to compete, survive, and gain market share in the hyper competitive market. To do so, companies need to enhance and build its lean manufacturing practices which represent the main antecedents of operational performance. In response to the aforementioned issue, this study aims to investigate the effect of TQM as an effective organizational philosophy that enhances operational performance and lean manufacturing practices, and in turn, operational performance. To this end, a primary data is collected from the manufacturing companies in Jordan. Then, data is analyzed through Partial Least Square PLS-SEM technique. The obtained results support all the formulated hypotheses.
The cross section for the J = 0 → 2 rotational excitation of hydrogen by slow electrons

The results of electron drift and diffusion measurements in parahydrogen have been analysed to determine the cross sections for momentum transfer and for rotational and vibrational excitation. The limited number of possible excitation processes in parahydrogen and the wide separation of the thresholds for these processes make it possible to determine uniquely the J = 0 → 2 rotational cross section from threshold to 0.3 eV. In addition, the momentum transfer cross section has been determined for energies less than 2 eV and it is shown that, near threshold, a vibrational cross section compatible with the data must lie within relatively narrow limits. The problems of uniqueness and accuracy inherent in the swarm method of cross section analysis are discussed. The present results are compared with other recent theoretical and experimental determinations; the agreement with the most recent calculations of Henry and Lane is excellent.
NUMERICAL STUDY OF NATURAL CONVECTION FROM A VERTICAL SURFACE DUE TO COMBINED BUOYANCIES

The phenomenon of natural convection caused by combined heat and mass transfer from a vertical surface situated in a binary mixture is numerically studied. A control volume based finite element method with vorticity-stream function formulation is used (as a test method) to solve the transport equations. Excellent consistency is obtained between the results available in the literature and the present numerical solutions. A range of values is considered for thermal Grashof number, buoyancy and concentration ratios, and Prandtl and Schmidt numbers. Both aiding and opposing flows are investigated. The results indicate that for a concentration ratio Cr » 1, the average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers at the vertical surface are independent of Cr, and the complex trends of the transport are profoundly influenced by the buoyancy ratio and the Prandtl and Schmidt numbers. The applicability of Ackermann's classical theory is pointed out, and comprehensive results of the average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are presented.
First-order Statistics of Stokes Parameters in Speckle Fields

The polarization properties of scattered monochromatic light fields are described by stochastic Stokes parameters S 0, S 1, S 2 and S 3 which fluctuate in space. We determine the theoretical first-order probability density functions of these Stokes parameters assuming a chi-square density for the intensity of orthogonal linear polarized field components, a uniform density for the relative phase between the corresponding fields and statistical independence of these stochastic quantities. If these assumptions hold, the density of S 0 equals the probability density of a sum of two speckle fields and S 1, S 2 and S 3 are Laplace variates.
Exploration of the vortex wake behind of wind turbine rotor

The present paper describes a wind tunnel study of flow downstream a small horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT). The experimental investigations were carried out with the use of particle image velocimetry (PIV). To obtain the flow field in the rotating frame of reference, the phase-locked technique was applied. Explorations were carried out in azimuth planes with different angles. The 3D velocity field was reconstituted by processing the images resulting from the explored azimuth planes. In addition to PIV investigations, hot-wire measurements were also carried out immediately behind the wind turbine rotor at different radial and axial distances. The obtained results are very useful to analyze wind turbine wake and to constitute a reference for CFD computation.
Duality between Quasi-Symmetrical Functions and the Solomon Descent Algebra

Abstract The ring QSym of quasi-symmetric functions is naturally the dual of the Solomon descent algebra. The product and the two coproducts of the first (extending those of the symmetric functions) correspond to a coproduct and two products of the second, which are defined by restriction from the symmetric group algebra. A consequence is that QSym is a free commutative algebra.
Bonding Social Capital and Corruption: A Cross-National Empirical Analysis

This paper considers the relationship between corruption and bonding social capital, which is characterised by high level of particularised trust and reciprocity amongst families and close friends. The main conjecture is that bonding social capital is likely to increase corruption and that it affects corruption not only directly, but also indirectly through other factors. Empirical results from the third wave of the World Value Survey confirm that bonding social capital leads to higher level of perceived corruption, particularly public and political corruption, when it discourages trust and cooperation towards outsiders. Bonding social capital also increases corruption indirectly by reducing opportunistic behaviour and imposing peer pressure on the ingroup members to reciprocate in a corrupt exchange i.e. to ‘return the favour’. This mechanism makes a corrupt transaction more predictable, i.e. increasing the confidence that the ‘goods’ will be delivered as promised and thus, leads to high level of corruption.
Branch-point energies and band discontinuities of III-nitrides and III-/II-oxides from quasiparticle band-structure calculations

Using quasiparticle band structures based on modern electronic-structure theory, we calculate the branch-point energies for zinc blende (GaN, InN), rocksalt (MgO, CdO), wurtzite (AlN, GaN, InN, ZnO), and rhombohedral crystals (In2O3). For InN, CdO, ZnO, and also In2O3 the branch-point energies are located within the lowest conduction band. These predictions are in agreement with observations of surface electron accumulation (InN, CdO) or conducting behavior of the oxides (ZnO, In2O3). The results are used to predict natural band offsets for the materials investigated.