Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sweep Samples of Tropical Foliage Insects: Effects of Seasons, Vegetation Types, Elevation, Time of Day, and Insularity

Detailed data (numbers of species, numbers of individuals, measures of species diversity, evenness, dry weight) are presented on the adult beetles, adult bugs, or all arthropods, in sweep samples from Costa Rican secondary vegetation and primary forest understory during night and day, over a 3,340—m elevational transect, during the wet and dry seasons, and from Caribbean Island secondary vegetation. Adult bugs were found to be reduced much more severely than adult beetles in moving from secondary vegetation to primary forest understory. The number of species and individuals of insects is severely reduced in this transition, though the reduction in number of species is probably an artifact of inadequate samples from the forest understory. There is a strong movement of insects into moist refugia during the dry season, and a strong reduction in numbers of species and individuals during the dry season in areas with a severe dry season. In areas with a very mild dry season, the numbers and species of insects appear to rise during the dry season. There is very low overlap in insect species composition between secondary vegetation and the adjacent forest understory. The numbers of insects and species above intermediate elevations show a general decrease, and intermediate elevations appear to have the highest insect density. This is believed due to a higher harvestable productivity from the plant community at intermediate elevations owing to lowered plant maintenance costs on cool nights.The insect community changes little from day to night, except during the dry season in areas that have a severe dry season. Here there is a dramatic increase in individuals and numbers of species at night, in dry sites with nearby moist refugia. It appears that a high proportion of the insect community passes the dry season as active adults in reproductive diapause. The islands have dramatically reduced numbers of individuals as well as species of insects in both the wet and dry seasons. Part of the large insectivorous" lizard community supported by these depauperate islands may be due to the lizards turning vegetarian. In order to digest vegetable matter, lizards probably have to bask in the sun; this exposes them to predators, but lizard predators are absent from the islands.
Vertical distribution and feeding of Thalia democratica on the Agulhas Bank during march 1994

Diel vertical migration (DVM) and in situ feeding of Thalia democratica (Tunicata: Thaliacea) was studied in the field (Agulhas Bank, South Africa) over a 48 h period in March 1994. Thalia democratica did not display DVM, and both aggregates and solitaires were mostly confined to the upper layers of the water column throughout the study period. Thalia democratica did not display any discernible diel feeding rhythm, and pigment content increased with salp size. Individuals with greatest pigment content were found at the chlorophyll maximum. Estimates of grazing impact varied with salp abundance and gut passage time, ranging from less than 1% to greater than 100% of phytoplankton productivity.
Topographic study of the sphenomandibular muscle

The temporal muscle is housed in the fossa of the bone bearing its name – the temporal bone. Its origin, body, and insertion have been well studied, and it has been described as a muscle consisting of three bundles and responsible for various functions. The advancement of technology has allowed the observation of yet another muscle next to this bundle of fibers and above the temporal muscle, namely the sphenomandibular muscle. The present study was designed to study the topography of the sphenomandibular muscle. Ten anatomical sets (five cadavers) were dissected with the intention of displaying the topography of the temporal and sphenomandibular muscles using the techniques of cutting and folding and conventional cross cuts. The folding of the structures and mapping of the muscles was carried out on four cadavers, analyzing their origins and describing their bodies and insertions. On another cadaver, cross-sectional (horizontal), 2 mm-thick slices were made in a sequential manner. We observed the topography of the muscle and its relationship with adjacent structures. The sphenomandibular muscle was found to be independent of the temporal muscle, for its origin is in the zygomatic-frontal complex, lateral to the orbit and overlaying the fiber of the anterior bundle of the temporal muscle. Its body is separated from the body of the temporal muscle by a thin fascia and is inserted on an oblique line external to the mandible presenting, therefore, its origin, body, and insertion independent of the origin, body, and insertion of the temporal muscle.
On the cranial anatomy of some gorgonopsids and the synapsid middle ear.

SUMMARY. 1 Part of a collection of gorgonopsids from Upper Permian rocks of the Ruhuhu Valley in Tanganyika is described. Detailed accounts are given of the quadrate-articular hinge mechanism and the reflected lamina of the angular from fragmentary remains, and skulls of Scylacops capensis Broom and Dixeya quadrata Haughton are described. 2 An attempt is made to restore the jaw musculature of gorgonopsids. It is concluded that the posterior pterygoideus muscle was inserted on the ventro-medial surface of the articular and that a masseter was present and was inserted on the reflected lamina of the angular. 3 The evolution of the masseter muscle is discussed and it is concluded that it arose in captorhinomorph cotylosaurs, and that it was inserted on the deep Made of the angular in primitive pelycosaurs, and on the reflected lamina of the angular in all more advanced synapsids except the most advanced theriodonts. 4 The mechanics of retroarticular processes are examined. It is concluded that the deflected articular process present among synapsid reptiles generally was a true retroarticular process, giving attachment to a depressor mandibuli muscle, and that its ventral deflection was a modification to permit the wide gape necessary in forms having large canine teeth. 5 The nature of the typical synapsid middle ear is discussed. It is concluded that the available data are best accounted for by assuming that an external auditory meatus, a post-quadrate tympanum and an extra-stapes were present, and that the ear was sensitive to airborne sound.
Phylogeny and Biogeography of Corylus (Betulaceae): Inferences from ITS Sequences

Abstract Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were used to address questions about the taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeography of the hazelnut genus, Corylus (Betulaceae). The ITS phylogeny supports the recognition of two sections within the genus: section Acanthochlamys comprising the basal extant lineage Corylus ferox, and section Corylus consisting of the remainder of the genus. Within section Corylus, recognition of three subsections is supported: subsection Corylus (species with leafy, more or less bell-shaped involucres), subsection Colurnae (tree species with deeply dissected involucres), and subsection Siphonochlamys (species with tubular involucres). The ITS sequence divergence among species within Corylus is low, corresponding with that of most other North Temperate disjunct taxa. A few morphological characters were added to the analysis to boost support for branches. Migration between Asia and North America via the Bering land bridge is suggested by subsection Siphonochlamys while long distance dispersal from Europe to North America during the late Tertiary is suggested by the close relationship and lack of sequence divergence among members of subsection Corylus. A close biogeographic relationship among areas of eastern Asia, the Himalayas, and the Mediterranean region is suggested by the subsection Colurnae clade. Communicating Editor: Matt Lavin
Anthropogenic influence on Amazonian forests in pre‐history: An ecological perspective

An important debate has been re‐invigorated by new data concerning the size and environmental impacts of human populations in the Amazon Basin during pre‐history. Here, we review the history of debates concerning pre‐historic human occupation of the Amazon Basin along with the presentation of empirical data from archaeological and palaeoecological research. The combined evidence suggests that human occupation and resulting influence on Amazonian ecosystems were heterogeneous on both regional and local scales. Pre‐historic occupation sites are more likely to have been located in forests with a pronounced dry season or in forests that are within 15 km of a river floodplain, rather than in ever‐wet forests or in interfluvial regions far removed from large rivers. Forest enrichment of preferred species and game depletion through hunting are most probable within 15 km of an occupation site. Given the spatial and temporal patterning of these data, views of significant Amazonian‐wide cultural impacts on riverine and interfluvial forest are not supported at this time.
Atividade antibacteriana, antifúngica e moduladora da atividade antimicrobiana de frações obtidas de Lygodium venustum SW

O tradicional uso das plantas na medicina popular vem indicando um caminho na busca de agentes farmacologicos. A necessidade de novos farmacos e evidenciada pela acentuada resistencia dos microorganismos. A samambaia Lygodium venustum teve neste trabalho seu potencial antimicrobiano avaliado atraves do metodo de microdiluicao em caldo. Tambem foi testada a sua capacidade de modular a acao de antibioticos. Foram ensaiadas suas fracoes hexânica, diclorometano e metanolica obtidas a partir do extrato etanolico das folhas frescas. A Concentracao Inibitoria Minima foi avaliada frente as linhagens padroes de Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, Candida krusei e Candida tropicalis. Na verificacao da atividade moduladora de antibioticos foram utilizadas linhagens multirresistentes de P. aeruginosa, E. coli e S. aureus e as mesmas linhagens fungicas utilizadas na CIM. As drogas usadas na modulacao foram antifungicos e aminoglicosideos. Todos os resultados da CIM demonstraram atividade ≥ 1024µg/mL. As fracoes nao potencializaram a acao dos antifungicos contra as linhagens de Candida, nem dos aminoglicosideos frente a P. aeruginosa. Porem, interessantes resultados potencializando a acao destes foram obtidos frente a E. coli e S. aureus. Tais resultados sugerem que metabolitos secundarios existentes no vegetal poderao ser utilizados para constituicao de novas drogas em associacao com aminoglicosideos. Este foi o primeiro relato de atividade modificadora da acao de antibioticos por fracoes obtidas de uma pteridofita da familia Lygodiaceae.
EVALUATION OF BIOCONTROL EFFICIENCY OF PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS UTPF61 IN DIFFERENT NITROGEN SOURCES

Understanding the environmental factors and their impediments to commercialization of microbial biocontrol agents is an essential step for improving biocontrol efficiency. One of these impediments is the lack of liquid culture technology for cost-effective mass production of biocontrol agents and their insufficient longevity during storage. Pseudomonas fluorescens UTPF61 is a biocontrol agent against sclerotinia wilt of sunflower, an important disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This strain was originally isolated from rice rhizosphere and was selected out of 47 strains. In this work liquid culture assays were made to identify nitrogen sources that had a differential influence on the biocontrol activity of UTPF61. Rapid growth in flask was observed in media containing M1+peptone, M1+2-ammonium hydrogen phosphate, M1+ammonium sulfate and M1+ urea+ammonium sulfate, respectively. Medium containing M1+urea or M1+ammonium phosphate had the best effect on the antagonistic efficiency. The best effect on plant growth was observed in treatments with M1+2- ammonium hydrogen phosphate under greenhouse conditions since, compared to the control, it significantly increased the length of roots and stems by 124.18% and 168.25%, respectively, as well as the wet weight (by 222.3%) and dry weight (by 246.15%) of the plants.
Two New Species of the Afrotropical Sac Spider Genus Afroceto Lyle & Haddad, 2010 (Araneae: Trachelidae)

ABSTRACT Two new species of trachelids of the Afrotropical genus Afroceto Lyle & Haddad, 2010 are described. Both species, A. ansieae sp. n. and A. dippenaarae sp. n. , are endemic to South Africa. An updated identification key to males of the genus is provided.
Crab gatherers perceive concrete changes in the life history traits of Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763), but overestimate their past and current catches

The mangrove crab Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) is an important resource for the livelihood of several poor families living on the Brazilian coast. However, this species is in the Brazilian list of threatened aquatic species, although not much is known about its stock situation. This study aimed to assess the situation of U. cordatus fisheries, comparing biological data, obtained through crab landing sampling, to information provided by crab gatherers. For that, data sampled along 12 years in a coastal municipality on the Brazilian northeast (Canguaretama, Rio Grande do Norte) were compared to interviews with 30 crab gatherers from the same municipality regarding changes in fishing and in the crab life history traits during the same 12 years. Long temporal analyses and intense data collection like these are relatively rare in developing countries. Therefore, comparing their efficiency to the data obtained through interviews could confirm the efficacy of this last method in obtaining quality data in a quick and inexpensive way. The crab landing sampling indicated an increase in catch and a decline in the Catch per Unit of Effort (CPUE), while the biological data showed an increase in male crab proportion in the sex ratio and a decrease in the carapace length of both sexes. Crab gatherers were able to provide accurate information on crab life history traits, but overestimated their catch. This suggests that information provided by gatherers and probably by resource users in general may have some limitations, although it could provide cheap and reliable information, depending on the topic investigated.
Response characteristics of four wide-field motion-sensitive descending interneurones in Apis mellifera.

The anatomical projections and directional tuning of four descending interneurones sensitive to wide-field motion over the compound eyes are described. The cells are slow to adapt, resistant to habituation and their responses are dependent on the contrast frequency of the periodic patterns used as stimuli. Two of the cells (DNIV 2 and DNIV 4 ) are maximally stimulated by movement around the longitudinal axis of the bee (simulated roll), one (DNII 2 ) by movement around the horizontal axis (simulated pitch) and one (DNVI 1 ) by movement around the vertical axis (simulated yaw). The cells are binocular, their directional response being shaped by the interaction of the inputs from each eye. The cells which respond predominantly to roll (DNIV 2 and DNIV 4 ) have their arborizations restricted to the ipsilateral side of the brain and thoracic ganglia, i.e. the side which contains the cell soma. The cell responding to pitch (DNII 2 ) has its arborizations distributed bilaterally, invading similar regions of the neuropile in both sides of the brain and thoracic ganglia. The cell which responds to yaw (DNVI 1 ) has its major dendritic field in the ipsilateral side of the brain and descends into the thoracic ganglia in the contralateral side. The majority of its arborizations in the thoracic ganglia are confined to the contralateral neuropile.
Acholeplasma bactoclasticum sp. n., an Anaerobic Mycoplasma from the Bovine Rumen

A strain of a strictly anaerobic, filterable, bacteriolytic microorganism has been isolated from the bovine rumen. It has the microscopic and colonial morphology characteristic of mycoplasmas and is resistant to penicillin G. Sterols are not required for growth, and physiological properties show it to be distinct from Acholeplasma laidlawii, A. granularum, and A. axanthum. It is proposed that the organism be named Acholeplasma bactoclasticum sp. n. The type strain is ATCC 27112.
HRD1 partners in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation

HRD1 PARTNERS IN ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM-ASSOCIATED DEGRADATION by AARON ALEXANDER BURR August 2015 Advisor: Dr. Sokol V. Todi Major: Cancer Biology Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Protein Quality Control (PQC) comprises cellular pathways that regulate the turnover of short-lived, misfolded proteins. A main component of PQC is Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)-Associated Degradation (ERAD), which controls the degradation of proteins synthesized in the ER. Aberrations in ERAD have been linked to malignancies such as sarcomas, breast, and pancreatic carcinomas, as well as neurodegenerative disease. The machinery in this system is complex and while significant progress has been made to understand ERAD, it is not clear how the different components come together, or how they are regulated. HRD1 is a resident ubiquitin ligase that has been proposed as a metastasis suppressor. My goal is to understand how HRD1 is regulated during normal states and in disease, particularly because my own work suggests complex mechanisms that regulate this protein and, more generally, ERAD. " We found that HRD1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that functions in ERAD, along with other PQC components are differentially expressed in various cancer cell lines and in different mouse tissues, suggesting that specific types of ubiquitin chains are formed in ERAD under varying conditions. These findings led us to wonder whether HRD1 makes 120
Oxidation of NADH by plant mitochondria: Kinetics and effects of calcium ions

The kinetics of NADH oxidation by the outer membrane electron transport system of intact beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) mitochondria were investigated. Very different values for Vmax and the Km for NADH were obtained when either antimycin A-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c activity (Vmax= 31 ± 2.5 nmol cytochrome c (mg protein)−1 min−1; Km= 3.1 ± 0.8 μM) or antimycin A-insensitive NADH-ferricyanide activity (Vmax= 1.7 ± 0.7 μmol ferricyanide (mg protein)−1 min−1; Km= 83 ± 20 μM) were measured. As ferricyanide is believed to accept electrons closer to the NADH binding site than cytochrome c, it was concluded that 83 ± 20 μM NADH represented a more accurate estimate of the binding affinity of the outer membrane dehydrogenase for NADH. The low Km determined with NADH-cytochrome c activity may be due to a limitation in electron flow through the components of the outer membrane electron transport chain. The Km for NADH of the externally-facing inner membrane NADH dehydrogenase of pea leaf (Pisum sativum L. cv. Massey Gem) mitochondria was 26.7 ± 4.3 μM when oxygen was the electron acceptor. At an NADH concentration at which the inner membrane dehydrogenase should predominate, the Ca2+ chelator, ethyleneglycol-(β-aminoethylether)-N,N,-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), inhibited the oxidation of NADH through to oxygen and to the ubiquinone-10 analogues, duroquinone and ubiquinone-1, but had no effect on the antimycin A-insensitive ferricyanide reduction. It is concluded that the site of action of Ca2+ involves the interaction of the enzyme with ubiquinone and not with NADH.
DIFERENÇAS SAZONAIS NO APORTE DE SERRAPILHEIRA EM UMA ÁREA DE CAATINGA EM PERNAMBUCO

Objetivou-se realizar uma avaliacao sazonal da deposicao da serrapilheira em uma area de caatinga antropizada e em processo de regeneracao natural ha 16 anos. O estudo foi realizado na estacao do Instituto Agronomico de Pernambuco - IPA, Caruaru-PE. A serrapilheira foi coletada mensalmente, durante um ano, em uma area amostral total de 5,48 m2. O total de serrapilheira foi de 9.158,93 kg ha ano-1, sendo constituida por 28,90% de folhas, 16,82% de gravetos, 16,95% de sementes e 37,33% de miscelâneas. Houve diferenca sazonal na deposicao de serrapilheira, com maior deposicao na estacao seca. Todavia, nao houve variacao mensal na deposicao da serrapilheira entre os meses das estacoes e, com excecao da fracao miscelânea, a precipitacao nao manteve relacao com a deposicao da serrapilheira. O estudo concluiu que depois de 16 anos de regeneracao, a area antropica apresenta padrao de deposicao de serrapilheira similar ao registrado em outras areas de caatinga preservada e que outros fatores atuam associados a sazonalidade, modelando a deposicao de serrapilheira e influenciando a ciclagem da materia em ambientes secos.
Changes in the stand structure on permanent Picea abies plots managed with single‐tree selection

Eleven permanent plots, established in central and northern Sweden during the years 1913–59, were repeatedly treated with single‐tree selection for between 30 and 67 years. The plots were all dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. ), soil moisture was mesic, and the ground vegetation was dominated by Vaccinium myrtillus L. All trees higher than 1.3 m were numbered and cross‐calipered at the time of plot establishment, and at following treatments. In the study trees with DBH < 8.5 cm were excluded from the calculations. Stand densities generally decreased as a result of harvests and mortality together exceeding increment and ingrowth. The number of trees was generally declining over DBH at the time of plot establishment. Six plots maintained such distributions during the whole observation period. Changes in stand structure were mainly caused by the harvests being concentrated to trees with DBH less than 30 cm, and low levels of ingrowth. The low ingrowth was probably an effect of over cutting o.
ANÁLISE DO POTENCIAL DE ISOLADOS DE Beauveria bassiana Vuill. (ASCOMYCETES: CLAVICIPITACEAE) PARA O CONTROLE DE Thaumastocoris peregrinus CARPINTERO & DELLAPÉ (HEMIPTERA: THAUMASTOCORIDAE)

1 Engenheiras Florestais. Alunas de pósgraduação d o I Curso de Especialização em Controle Biológico, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos. E-mail: grasilorencetti@hotmail.com 2 Alunos do curso de Engenharia Florestal, Universid ade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Doi Vizinhos 3 Pesquisador da EMBRAPA FlorestasColombo-PR 4 Professores Drs. da Universidade Tecnológica Feder al o Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, Paraná. E-mail: michelepotrich@gmail.com 5 Bolsista PET – Programa de Educação Tutorial. *Autor para correspondência
Landscape features and crustacean prey as predictors of the Southern river otter distribution in Chile.

Understanding the processes that affect freshwater ecosystems at the watershed level is fundamental for the conservation and management of river otters. During 2 consecutive years, we surveyed the occurrence of the Southern river otter Lontra provocax and its main prey (crustaceans) in a watershed of 9900 km2 in the Chilean temperate forest. We modeled predator and prey distributions with a variety of statistical techniques by relating a set of environmental predictors to species occurrence records. Otter and crustaceans were associated with areas of intermediate to low human disturbance with a mosaic of riparian vegetation densities, mainly at low altitudes. The singularity of the Andean Range, with a very marked elevation gradient and oligotrophic watercourses in the higher areas, created more vulnerable conditions for otter presence because prey abundances were limited in those areas. Human impacts affected otter populations at a landscape scale through the presence of main roads, as these were mostly located in lower parts of the watershed where otters have their primary habitat. These results point to the importance of land management and protection of low‐elevation areas where otters still occur to ensure the long‐term viability of its freshwater populations.