Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of Northward-Propagating Intraseasonal Oscillation—A Comparison between the Indian Ocean and the Western North Pacific

Abstract Mechanisms of northward-propagating intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) over the Indian Ocean (IO) and the western North Pacific (WNP) are examined for the possibility of their existence in observations. They include the following: 1) the vorticity advection effect, which is associated with the advection of anomalous baroclinic vorticity by mean baroclinic meridional winds; 2) the vertical wind shear effect, which is the vertical advection associated with the meridional gradient of baroclinic divergence and mean easterly vertical wind shear; 3) the moisture advection effect induced by mean flow; and 4) the air–sea interaction via surface latent heat flux. Because of differences in mean state, the influence of each mechanism on the northward-propagating ISOs is different between the IO and the WNP. The vorticity advection effect is consistently found over both the IO and the WNP, while the air–sea interaction has different impacts on the northward-propagating ISOs over the IO and the WNP. The vertic.
Ekofisk Field Overburden Modelling

In weak formations, significant pressure depletion may lead to compaction. Transmission of compaction through the rock layers overlying the depleted formation may, in turn, cause subsidence. At the Ekofisk field, a large producing oil and gas reservoir located in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, subsidence of the seabed due to reservoir compaction led to extensive facilities modifications in the mid-1980's and has significantly contributed to the need for the on-going Ekofisk II field redevelopment project. While reservoir compaction is the source of the volume loss that leads to subsidence, transmission of compaction through the overburden strata often is a critical governing factor on its impact. Theoretical modelling work has shown, for example, the relationship between reservoir depth or width to the transmission of compaction to subsidence. Building upon the theoretical work and utilizing available field data, a numerical study was conducted to evaluate the impact that overburden behavior at Ekofisk field has on compaction and subsidence. For the study, available field data for validating the modelling of the overburden were reviewed, including reservoir compaction data, platform subsidence data from the center as well as the edges of the subsidence bowl, data from eight bathymetry surveys providing information on the extent and change of the subsidence bowl with time, and overburden core and log data. The results of the study shed light on the impact of overburden stiffness, the extent, nature, and development of reservoir compaction, and the compaction to subsidence transfer ratio (C/S ratio) for the field.
Along‐strike variability of rupture duration in subduction zone earthquakes

Subduction zone earthquakes exhibit a wide spectrum of rupture times that reflect conditions on the megathrust fault. Tsunami earthquakes are examples of slower than expected ruptures that produce anomalously large tsunamis relative to the surface‐wave magnitude. One model explaining tsunami earthquakes suggests slip within patches of low rigidity material at shallow depths. Heterogeneous fault conditions, such as having patches of low rigidity material surrounded by higher strength material, should produce heterogeneous earthquake rupture parameters. Here we investigate along‐strike variation in rupture duration for 427 shallow thrust earthquakes (Mw = 5.0–7.0) in the Peru, Chile, Alaska, Tonga, Kuril, Izu, and Java‐Sumatra subduction zones to explore how heterogeneous seismic and tectonic characteristics, such as differences in sediment type, thickness, and roughness of subducting bathymetry, affect earthquake properties. Earthquake source parameters, including rupture durations, are estimated using multi‐station deconvolution of teleseismic P and SH waves to solve for earthquake source time functions, and all events are relocated using additional depth phase information. We classify events into shallow (≤26 km) and deep (>26 km and ≤61 km) groups based on the overall mean depth and focus on the longest duration events with moment normalized rupture durations of >1 standard deviation above the mean duration for each group. We find long‐duration events at all depths within the study regions except Peru and Chile. We find no correlation with incoming sediment thickness or type, and limited spatial correlation with regions of past tsunami earthquakes, regions of observed afterslip, and subducting bathymetric features.
Well-being in competitive sports – the feel-good factor?: A review of conceptual considerations in well-being research

This paper summarizes the topic of well-being as it applies to competitive athletes, with a particular focus on definitional and conceptual issues. Established definitions within research on human happiness and flourishing based on the hedonic and eudaimonic perspectives are contrasted against definitions applied within sport psychology. The majority of the reviewed sport psychology studies either failed to define well-being or used a variety of labels to describe the construct (e.g., subjective well-being, psychological well-being, mental well-being). A large number of assessments have been used to assess well-being among athletes, but most were applied with only a weak theoretical rationale and did not distinguish between well-being at the global and sport levels. It is concluded that well-being studies within sport psychology have been hampered by conceptual ambiguity, which makes it difficult to compare results across studies and generalize findings in order to develop a sound theoretical base of knowledge. Future research needs to more explicitly define the conceptual framework of well-being and the level (global or context-specific) on which the construct is investigated. Toward this goal, an integrated model is presented to provide a conceptual well-being structure in sport studies, and future directions for research are discussed.
Genome-Wide Identi cation and Expression Analysis of The BHLH Transcription Factor Family and Its Response to Abiotic Stress in Sorghum [Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench]

Yu Fan Guizhou University Hao Yang Guizhou University Dili Lai Guizhou University Ailing He Guizhou University Guoxing Xue Guizhou University Liang Feng Chengdu Food and Drug Inspection Institute, Chengdu Long Chen Department of Nursing, Sichuan Tianyi College, Mianzhu Xiao-bin Cheng Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Sichuan MinZu College Jingjun Ruan Guizhou University Jun Yan School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu Jianping Cheng (  chengjianping63@qq.com ) Guizhou University
Using Experimental Economics to Measure Social Capital and Predict Financial Decisions

Economic theory suggests that market failures arise when contracts are difficult to enforce or observe. Social capital can help solve these failures. The more individuals trust each other, the more they are able to contract with each other. 1 Hence, many believe trust is a critical input for both macro-and microeconomic outcomes. The Trust Game has become a popular tool, with many researchers conducting it in both university laboratories and field locations These studies have found that behaviors in the Trust Game correlate intuitively with individual attitudes and the relationships between players. These are not, however, outcomes of real interest, but rather proxies (or correlates) for the ability to overcome market failures and complete otherwise difficult-to-enforce contracts. Historically, experimental economics has limited itself to testing theories in a controlled, laboratory environment, where behavior in the game is the outcome of interest. Exceptions exist, but are limited. 2 The Trust Game presents an excellent opportunity to examine whether experimental economic games can predict non-laboratory decisions. The game is conducted between two players and an administrator, and purports to measure how much one player (A) trusts another player (B) and how trustworthy Player B is with respect to Player A. This paper tests these characterizations: I conduct the game with borrowers in a Peruvian microcredit program, Foundation for International Community Assistance (FINCA). I find that Player Bs identified as more trustworthy in the game are more likely to repay their loans one year later. However, I find that Player As identified as more " trusting " save less and have higher repayment problems. I put the term " trusting " in quotes specifically because this paper calls into question whether Player As' behavior in the game is driven by trust or merely a propensity to gamble. Many studies have found that answers to the General Social Survey (GSS) questions on trust, fairness, and helping others correlate as predicted with real financial outcomes. I also examine whether these GSS survey questions can predict real financial decisions on a micro-level, and they do. More positive answers to the GSS questions predict higher repayment and higher savings. In a third test, I find that individuals who contribute more in a Public Goods Game are no more (or less) likely to repay their loans. The current literature examines the link between College pursuant to a grant from the Social Security Administration. All views and errors are …
Winter nitrification contributes to excess NO3− in groundwater of an agricultural region: A dual‐isotope study

Conventional thinking is that bacterial nitrification leading to labile nitrate in fertilized agricultural soils of northern regions greatly diminishes during winter. We have carried out seasonal water sampling over 2 years to understand the fate of nitrate present in a rapidly responding groundwater/surface water system. Nitrate results show no seasonal δ15N trend. Significant δ18O downward shifts were observed between the spring‐summer and autumn‐winter periods of 2003–2004 (10.0‰) and 2004–2005 (1.3‰). Using mass‐balance mixing calculations of soil leachate with groundwater and assuming seasonal nitrification, we reproduce the observed water and nitrate oxygen‐isotope trends. These calculations suggest that nitrification takes place throughout all seasons. We also use a hydroclimatic index to establish a relationship between δ18O values in nitrate and recharge weighted by temperature. Our findings imply that nitrifying activities occur all year long and that winter nitrate production is high. This conclusion has important implications for modeling the nitrogen cycle of regions where seasonal changes in soil water mark the oxygen isotopes of nitrate.
U-Pb geochronology of exposed basement rocks in Oklahoma

U-Pb measurements on zircons separated from Precambrian basement rocks from Oklahoma yield the following: (1) the Spavinaw Granite, which appears in outcrops in Mayes County, northeastern Oklahoma, is 1,370 ± 20 m.y. old; (2) the ages of rocks exposed in the eastern Arbuckle Mountains in southeastern Oklahoma are: Tishomingo Granite, 1,374 ± 15 m.y. ; Troy Granite, 1,399 ± 95 m.y. ; and Blue River Gneiss, 1,396 ± 40 m.y. The granophyric Spavinaw Granite is associated with rhyolitic volcanic rocks and was clearly emplaced in the shallow crust; rocks of similar age and petrography occur in the subsurface in southeastern Kansas. The rocks exposed in the eastern Arbuckles, although of similar age, have textures suggesting emplacement at deeper crustal levels.
Crustal structure and active tectonics in the Eastern Alps

During the last decade, a series of controlled source seismic experiments brought new insight into the crustal and lithospheric structure of the Eastern Alps and their adjacent tectonic provinces. A fragmentation of the lithosphere into three blocks, Europe (EU), Adria (AD), and the new Pannonian fragment (PA), was interpreted and a triple junction was inferred. The goal of this study has been to relate these deep crustal structures to active tectonics. We used elastic plate modeling to reconsider the Moho fragmentation. We interpret subduction of EU below AD and PA from north to south and underthusting of AD mantle below PA from southwest to northeast. The Moho fragmentation correlates well with major upper crustal structures and is supported by gravity, seismic, and geodetic data. An analysis of crustal thickening suggests that active convergence is associated with continued thrusting and lateral extrusion in the central Eastern Alps and thickening of the Adriatic indenter under the Southern Alps. According to the velocity relations at the triple junction, PA moves relative to EU and AD along ENE and SE striking faults, mainly by strike slip. An eastward directed extensional component is compensated by the lateral extrusion of the central Eastern Alps. The Periadriatic (Insubric) line east of the triple junction and the mid‐Hungarian fault zone have relatively recently lost their role as first‐order active structures. We favor the idea that the Pannonian fragment and the TISZA block merged to a “soft” microplate surrounded by the Eastern and Southern Alpine, Carpathian, and Dinaric orogens.
On the suitability of baked clay for archaeomagnetic studies as deduced from detailed rock-magnetic studies

SUMMARY Extensive rock-magnetic investigations have been carried out on baked clays from four kilns (two from Bulgaria and two from Switzerland) found in archaeological sites of different age. Knowledge of the magnetic characteristics of the grains responsible for the archaeomagnetic signal enables us to determine which baked clays have the stablest magnetization and why this is so. This is important in directional studies, but even more so in painstaking palaeointensity studies that require a very careful evaluation of the suitability of the burnt clay material. The proposed rock-magnetic experiments enable the identification of the carriers responsible for the remanence and an adequate interpretation of the experimental results connected with the palaeointensity evaluation. The experimental methods employed are illustrated with the particular results obtained from each of the four kilns studied. The preliminary elucidation of the magnetic mineralogy of the archaeological samples helps first by obtaining a more reliable palaeointensity result, and secondly by explaining some of the discrepancies in the palaeodirectional results. Examples of successful and failed palaeointensity experiments are given in relation to the magnetic properties previously established for each oven. The burnt-clay materials in this present study satisfy the essential condition of carrying a thermoremanence. In spite of that, it is shown that there are many factors that can produce undesirable magnetic properties and thus restrict the suitability of these materials for archaeomagnetic analysis. The most important factors influencing the magnetic behaviour during magneto-diagnostic experiments are: the degree of heating in antiquity, the initial composition of the unbaked material and the burial conditions. The large difference in heating temperatures within a particular archaeological feature is a major cause of variation in magnetic behaviour amongst individual specimens, and so preventing a successful pre-selection of specimens for palaeointensity experiments. Nevertheless, the study has shown a very good coincidence between the determined rock-magnetic characteristics and the success rate in palaeointensity evaluation.
Birth of a major strike‐slip fault in SW Japan

A 500 km‐long strike‐slip fault, the North Chugoku Shear Zone (NCSZ) is identified in SW Japan, responsible for four M > 7 earthquakes in the past 130 years. A new geodynamic mechanism of increased interplate coupling above an obliquely subducting flat slab is presented to explain the transfer of trench parallel motion 400 km inland from the Nankai Trough, to the level of the Quaternary adakitic volcanic arc. While Quaternary dextral strike‐slip motion is widely believed to have occurred along the Median Tectonic Line (MTL), near the Miocene volcanic arc, the central segment in Shikoku has shown little seismicity for the last 1000 years. Pure dextral strike‐slip focal mechanisms for 15 modern and historical events indicate that part of the transcurrent motion is being transferred from the MTL to the NCSZ.
On the q2l equation by Mellor and Yamada (1982)

Abstract This short paper focuses on the problems caused by the equal contribution of shear and buoyancy production in the length scale equation transporting the product of turbulent kinetic energy q2 and macro length scale l as suggested by Mellor and Yamada. It is shown that this model has no steady-state solutions for homogeneous shear flows. The concept of the steady-state Richardson number is used for estimating the adequate contribution of the buoyancy production to the equation for q2l. In a simple wind entrainment experiment, the failure of the q2l equation in the case of unlimited l is shown. With the new estimate for the buoyancy production contribution to q2l, physically sound results are obtained even for the unlimited case. In applications of the modified q2l equation to three oceanic test cases in the northern North Sea and the northern Pacific, the results of the wind entrainment experiment are confirmed.
Burden of Care of Family Caregivers for People Diagnosed with Serious Mental Disorders in a Rural Health District in Kwa-Zulu-Natal, South Africa

An estimated 6% of the world population has serious mental illness, with one in four families having a member with some form of psychiatric disorder, who is mostly cared for by their relatives within a family setting. Although care-giving in a home setting is reported to be associated with significant mental distress, the burden of such distress is rarely measured. The purpose of this study was to quantify the burden of care among family caregivers of relatives with serious mental disorders, as well as to explore possible associations between the caregiver burden of care and a range of caregiver and Mental Health Care User (MHCU) variables in a rural district in Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa. The Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) scale was used to collect data from 357 caregivers, and STATA 14 was used to analyze data. The ages of the sample ranged from 18 to 65 years, with a mean of 50.29, and the majority (86%) were female and unemployed (83%). The ZBI scores ranged from 8 to 85, with a mean of 41.59. The majority (91%) were found to be affected by family caregiver burden, which ranged from mild to severe. Using the Pearson Chi-square test of association (p = 0.05), variables that were significantly associated with the burden of care were clinically related (caregiver self-reported depression, MHCU diagnosis, recent relapse of the MHCU), socio-economic (caregiver family monthly income, MHCU disability grant status and MHCU employment status) and socio-demographic (MHCU gender and MHCU level of education). The prevalence of the burden of care is high and severe, and the scarcity of resources in families and communities contributes to the high burden of care in these rural communities.
Blood-Based Markers for Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Function in Eventing Horses before and after Cross-Country Rides and How They Are Influenced by Plasma Volume Shift

Simple Summary Horses participating in cross-country tests are subjected to high physical stress. In this study, the blood values of 20 horses were examined before and after cross-country rides. The aim was to determine whether blood-based markers of muscle function change after cross-country rides. Parameters that provide information about fluid balance, muscle enzymes, metabolites and cardiac muscle-specific markers were investigated. We developed an approach to eliminate the concentration changes caused by shifts in fluid balance. Parameters were measured before, 10 and 30 min after exercise and the next morning and were evaluated using a mixed model. At 30 min post exercise, most parameter concentrations changed in an exercise-dependent manner. The next morning, most exercise-dependent markers recovered rapidly; creatine kinase (CK) (26% increase; p = 0.008) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (15% increase; p < 0.001) showed a declining but sustained increase. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) increased above the reference range in 40 of the 55 rides (73%) and in 18 of 20 horses in the morning after exercise. Abstract Horses competing in cross-country tests are subjected to high physical demands. Within the scope of this prospective longitudinal study, blood values of 20 elite eventing horses were examined before and after two- to four-star cross-country rides. The aim was to find out whether blood-based markers for skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle function change after cross-country exercise. Parameters that provide information about fluid balance, muscle enzymes, metabolites and cardiac muscle-specific markers were investigated. We developed an approach to eliminate the concentration changes caused by reduced plasma volume. Parameters were measured pre, 10 and 30 min post exercise and the next morning and were evaluated using a mixed model. Thirty minutes after exercise, most parameter concentrations changed in an exercise-dependent manner. The next morning, most exercise-related markers recovered rapidly, while creatine kinase (CK) (26% increase; p = 0.008) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (15% increase; p < 0.001) showed a declining but sustained increase. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) increased above the reference range in 40 of the 55 rides (73%) and in 18 of 20 horses in the morning after exercise.
Fluid dynamics of the 1997 Boxing Day volcanic blast on Montserrat, West Indies

[1] Directed volcanic blasts are powerful explosions with a significant laterally directed component, which can generate devastating, high-energy pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). Such blasts are an important class of eruptive phenomena, but quantified understanding of their dynamics and effects is still incomplete. Here we use 2-D and 3-D multiparticle thermofluid dynamic flow codes to examine a powerful volcanic blast that occurred on Montserrat in December 1997. On the basis of the simulations, we divide the blast into three phases: an initial burst phase that lasts roughly 5 s and involves rapid expansion of the gas-pyroclast mixture, a gravitational collapse phase that occurs when the erupted material fails to mix with sufficient air to form a buoyant column and thus collapses asymmetrically, and a PDC phase that is dominated by motion parallel to the ground surface and is influenced by topography. We vary key input parameters such as total gas energy and total solid mass to understand their influence on simulations, and we compare the simulations with independent field observations of damage and deposits, demonstrating that the models generally capture important large-scale features of the natural phenomenon. We also examine the 2-D and 3-D model results to estimate the flow Mach number and conclude that the range of damage sustained at villages on Montserrat can be reasonably explained by the spatial and temporal distribution of the dynamic pressure associated with subsonic PDCs.