Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of small roughness elements on thermal statistics of a turbulent boundary layer at moderate Reynolds number

A zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer flowing over a transitionally rough surface (24-grit sandpaper) with $k^{+}\approx 11$ and a momentum-thickness Reynolds number of approximately 2400 is studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS). Heat transfer between the isothermal rough surface and the turbulent flow with molecular Prandtl number $Pr=0.71$ is simulated. The dynamic multiscale approach developed by Araya et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 670, 2011, pp. 581–605) is employed to prescribe realistic time-dependent thermal inflow boundary conditions. In general, the rough surface reduces mean and fluctuating temperature profiles with respect to the smooth surface flow when normalized by Wang & Castillo (J. Turbul., vol. 4, 2003, 006) inner/outer scaling. It is shown that the Reynolds analogy does not hold for $y^{+}<9$ . In this region the value of the turbulent Prandtl number departs substantially from unity. Above this region the Reynolds analogy is only approximately valid, with the turbulent Prandtl number decreasing from 1 to 0.7 across the boundary layer for rough and smooth walls. In comparison with the smooth-wall case, the turbulent transport of heat per unit mass, $\overline{v^{\prime }v^{\prime }{\it\theta}^{\prime }}$ , towards the wall is enhanced in the buffer layer, but the transport of $\overline{v^{\prime }v^{\prime }{\it\theta}^{\prime }}$ away from the wall is reduced in the outer layer for the rough case; similar behaviour is found for the vertical transport of turbulent momentum per unit mass, $\overline{v^{\prime }u^{\prime }v^{\prime }}$ . Above the roughness sublayer (3 $k$ –5 $k$ ) it is found that most of the temperature field statistics, including higher-order moments and conditional averages, are highly similar for the smooth and rough surface flow, showing that the Townsend’s Reynolds number similarity hypothesis applies for the thermal field as well as the velocity field for the Reynolds number and $k^{+}$ considered in this study.
Evolution of clusters of sedimenting low-Reynolds-number particles with Oseen interactions

A theoretical framework is developed to describe, in the limit of small but finite Re, the evolution of dilute clusters of sedimenting particles. Here, Re =aU/ν is the particle Reynolds number, where a is the radius of the spherical particle, U its settling velocity, and ν the kinematic viscosity of the suspending fluid. The theory assumes the disturbance velocity field at sufficiently large distances from a sedimenting particle, even at small Re, to possess the familiar source--sink character; that is, the momentum defect brought in via a narrow wake behind the particle is convected radially outwards in the remaining directions. It is then argued that for spherical clusters with sufficiently many particles, specifically with N much greater than O(R0U/ν), the initial evolution is strongly influenced by wake-mediated interactions; here, N is the total number of particles, and R0 is the initial cluster radius. As a result, the cluster first evolves into a nearly planar configuration with an asymptotically small aspect ratio of O(R0U/N ν), the plane of the cluster being perpendicular to the direction of gravity; subsequent expansion occurs with an unchanged aspect ratio. For relatively sparse clusters with N smaller than O(R0U/ν), the probability of wake interactions remains negligible, and the cluster expands while retaining its spherical shape. The long-time expansion in the former case, and that for all times in the latter case, is driven by disturbance velocity fields produced by the particles outside their wakes. The resulting interactions between particles are therefore mutually repulsive with forces that obey an inverse-square law. The analysis presented describes cluster evolution in this regime. A continuum representation is adopted with the clusters being characterized by a number density field (n(r, t)), and a corresponding induced velocity field (u (r, t)) arising on account of interactions. For both planar axisymmetric clusters and spherical clusters with radial symmetry, the evolution equation admits a similarity solution; either cluster expands self-similarly for long times. The number density profiles at different times are functions of a similarity variable η = (r/t1/3), r being the radial distance away from the cluster centre, and t the time. The radius of the expanding cluster is found to be of the form Rcl (t) = A (ν a)1/3 N1/3 t1/3, where the constant of proportionality, A, is determined from an analytical solution of the evolution equation; one finds A = 1.743 and 1.651 for planar and spherical clusters, respectively. The number density profile in a planar axisymmetric cluster is also obtained numerically as a solution of the initial value problem for a canonical (Gaussian) initial condition. The numerical results compare well with theoretical predictions, and demonstrate the asymptotic stability of the similarity solution in two dimensions for long times, at least for axisymmetric initial conditions.
Bridging the Privacy Gap: Enhanced User Consent Mechanisms on the Web

—In the age of the General Data Protection Regula- tion (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), privacy and consent control have become even more apparent for every-day web users. Privacy banners in all shapes and sizes ask for permission through more or less challenging designs and make privacy control more of a struggle than they help users’ privacy. In this paper, we present a novel solution expanding the Advanced Data Protection Control (ADPC) mechanism to bridge current gaps in user data and privacy control. Our solution moves the consent control to the browser interface to give users a seamless and hassle-free experience, while at the same time offering content providers a way to be legally compliant with legislation. Through an extensive review, we evaluate previous works and identify current gaps in user data control. We then present a blueprint for future implementation and suggest features to support privacy control online for users globally. Given browser support, the solution provides a tangible path to effectively achieve legally compliant privacy and consent control in a user-oriented manner that could allow them to again browse the web seamlessly.
Thermal conductivity of Fe nanofluids depending on the cluster size of nanoparticles

Nanofluids have been attractive for the last few years with the enormous potential to improve the efficiency of heat transfer fluids. This work focuses on the effect of the clustering of nanoparticles on the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Large enhancement of the thermal conductivity is observed in Fe nanofluids sonicated with high powered pulses. The average size of the nanoclusters and thermal conductivity of sonicated nanofluids are measured as time passes after the sonication stopped. It is found from the variations of the nanocluster size and thermal conductivity that the reduction of the thermal conductivity of nanofluids is directly related to the agglomeration of nanoparticles. The thermal conductivity of Fe nanofluids increases nonlinearly as the volume fraction of nanoparticles increases. The nonlinearity is attributed to the rapid clustering of nanoparticles in condensed nanofluids. The thermal conductivities of Fe nanofluids with the three lowest concentrations are fitted to a linear function. The Fe nanofluids show a more rapid increase of the thermal conductivity than Cu nanofluids as the volume fraction of the nanoparticles increases.
Ferroptosis inhibition protects vascular endothelial cells and maintains integrity of the blood-spinal cord barrier after spinal cord injury

Maintaining the integrity of the blood-spinal cord barrier is critical for the recovery of spinal cord injury. Ferroptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury. We hypothesized that ferroptosis is involved in disruption of the blood-spinal cord barrier. In this study, we administered the ferroptosis inhibitor liproxstatin-1 intraperitoneally after contusive spinal cord injury in rats. Liproxstatin-1 improved locomotor recovery and somatosensory evoked potential electrophysiological performance after spinal cord injury. Liproxstatin-1 maintained blood-spinal cord barrier integrity by upregulation of the expression of tight junction protein. Liproxstatin-1 inhibited ferroptosis of endothelial cell after spinal cord injury, as shown by the immunofluorescence of an endothelial cell marker (rat endothelium cell antigen-1, RECA-1) and ferroptosis markers Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 and 15-lipoxygenase. Liproxstatin-1 reduced brain endothelial cell ferroptosis in vitro by upregulating glutathione peroxidase 4 and downregulating Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 and 15-lipoxygenase. Furthermore, inflammatory cell recruitment and astrogliosis were mitigated after liproxstatin-1 treatment. In summary, liproxstatin-1 improved spinal cord injury recovery by inhibiting ferroptosis in endothelial cells and maintaining blood-spinal cord barrier integrity.
Mixed-mode high-power impulse magnetron sputter deposition of tetrahedral amorphous carbon with pulse-length control of ionization

High-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) is used to deposit amorphous carbon thin films with sp3 fractions of 13% to 82%. Increasing the pulse length results in a transition from conventional HiPIMS deposition to a “mixed-mode” in which an arc triggers on the target surface, resulting in a large flux of carbon ions. The films are characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, ellipsometry, nanoindentation, elastic recoil detection analysis, and measurements of stress and contact angle. All properties vary in a consistent manner, showing a high tetrahedral character only for long pulses, demonstrating that mixed-mode deposition is the source of the high carbon ion flux. Varying the substrate bias reveals an “energy window” effect, where the sp3 fraction of the films is greatest for a substrate bias around −100 V and decreases for higher or lower bias values. In the absence of bias, the films' properties show little dependence on the pulse length, showing that energetic io.
Effects of Velocity Contrast on the Quality of Crosswell Traveltime Tomography and an Improved Method

The quality of tomographic results is not good as expected because of uneven ray coverage caused by increasing velocity contrast of neighboring geological bodies and inappropriate grid discretization in cross-well seismic first-break traveltime tomography. Tomographic results of physical and numerical models prove that when the velocity contrast is greater than 30.0%, the tomographic result will be deformed significantly, when between 30.0% and 15.0%, it will be acceptable, and when less than 15.0%, it will be very good. The multi-scale cross-well traveltime tomography is proposed on the above basis. This method is a simultaneous traveltime tomography using various schemes of grid discretization for the same model to obtain the velocity image of a study area. The multi-scale tomographic results of numerical and physical models show that this method compromises the resolution and accuracy of tomography and can significantly improve the quality of crosswell tomography. Even if the velocity contrast is more than 30.0%, the multiscale tomographic results are still good. Therefore, this method can be applied to real cross-well seismic data tomography.
Dynamics of photoexcited carriers in ZnO epitaxial thin films

Optical gain spectra of ZnO epitaxial thin films have been measured by using a pump–probe technique. The optical gain is thought to be due to electron–hole plasma. In the differential absorption spectra, we observed saturation of the exciton absorption, band-gap renormalization, as well as the optical gain. From the temporal changes of these structures, the dynamical properties of the photoexcited carriers are discussed.
Enzymatic Conversion of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) By-Products in Functional and Bioactive Products

ABSTRACT The bioconversion of red tilapia by-products in protein hydrolysates using neutrase and papain demonstrated a high degree of hydrolysis and yield. Tilapia protein hydrolysates (TPH) contained high content in minerals, essential amino acids, and low-molecular-weight peptides. TPH showed water solubility and emulsifying capacity at neutral and alkaline conditions but low foam stability. TPH are also able to scavenge DPPH and ABTS free radicals and high efficiency for bacterial growth. Therefore, TPH represent an interesting source of functional and bioactive products to be added in food formulations, a high-performance bacterial culture media, and a sustainable way to reduce tilapia-processing wastes.
Geographic isolation and environmental heterogeneity contribute to genetic differentiation in Cephalotaxus oliveri

Abstract Evaluating the contributions of geographic distance and environmental heterogeneity to the genetic divergence can inform the demographic history and responses to environmental change of natural populations. The isolation‐by‐distance (IBD) reveals that genetic differentiation among populations increases with geographic distance, while the isolation‐by‐environment (IBE) assumes a linear relationship between genetic variation and environmental differences among populations. Here, we sampled and genotyped 330 individuals from 18 natural populations of Cephalotaxus oliveri throughout the species' distribution. Twenty‐eight EST‐SSR markers were applied to analyze population genetics, for the investigation of the driving factors that shaped spatial structure. In addition, we identified the outlier loci under positive selection and tested their association with environmental factors. The results showed a moderate genetic diversity in C. oliveri and high genetic differentiation among populations. Population structure analyses indicated that 18 populations were clustered into two major groups. We observed that the genetic diversity of central populations decreased and the genetic differentiation increased towards the marginal populations. Additionally, the signatures of IBD and IBE were detected in C. oliveri, and IBE provided a better contribution to genetic differentiation. Six outlier loci under positive selection were demonstrated to be closely correlated with environmental variables, among which bio8 was associated with the greatest number of loci. Genetic evidence suggests the consistency of the central‐marginal hypothesis (CMH) for C. oliveri. Furthermore, our results suggest that temperature‐related variables played an important role in shaping genetic differentiation.
SER: An R package to characterize environmental regimes

Abstract Environmental regimes (or environmental legacy or historical legacy) are the dynamics of environmental characteristics over a given (either long or short) time period, such as frequency of mean or extreme events and rate of change, which might be absent by using only contemporary variables. We present SER, an R package for estimating environmental regimes for different environmental variables. Using the data included in the package, several examples are shown. SER is suitable for any type of environmental or biotic variables, including nutrient concentration, light, and dissolved oxygen. In addition, by changing the argument “days_bf,” it is possible to compute environmental regimes over any time period, such as days, months, or years. Our case study showed that the inclusion of environmental regimes increased the explained variation of temporal β‐diversity and its components. Environmental regimes are expected to advance the “environment–community” relationships in ecological studies. They can further be implemented in other subjects such as social science, socioeconomics, and epidemiology.
Co-axial electrospinning of PLLA shell, collagen core nanofibers for skin tissue engineering

The main functions of wound dressing biomaterials are to promote a moist environment in the wound while protecting the area from mechanical injury and microbial contamination. Furthermore, the scaffold used for skin tissue engineering must mimic epidermal and dermal layers as well as support the growth of keratinocytes and fibroblasts. In this study, PLLA (shell) and EGF-encapsulated collagen (core) nanofibers were produced by coaxial electrospinning at 25 kV potential, 12 cm collector distance, and 0.125 mL/h flow rate of PLLA (15%) and collagen (4%). The bilayer structure was produced by gelling GeIMA in between two nanofiber membranes to imitate the epidermal and dermal layers of skin. Cytocompatibility properties of nanofiber membrane and bilayer structure were characterized by mono- and coculture of keratinocytes (HaCaT) and fibroblasts (3T3), respectively. TEM revealed that the PLLA shell and collagen core thicknesses were about 60 and 115 nm, respectively. Oxygen and water vapor could pass through the GeIMA- integrated bilayer nanofiber membranes. The presence of EGF in nanofibers could increase cell proliferation. Fluorescence and SEM imaging showed that HaCaT and 3T3 could cover the membrane after 14 days of monoculture. Cocultures showed a reduction in the proliferation of cells in the first week and a recovery during the second and third weeks. In a mechanical bioreactor, cocultured bilayer membranes formed interlocked polygonal keratinocyte cells. These results showed that the bilayer nanofiber membrane and GeIMA combination provided cell compatibility. Furthermore, the use of a mechanical reactor was found to be effective in the formation of a functional keratinocyte layer by stimulating cells.
Clinical controversies in the management of acute pulmonary embolism: evaluation of four important but controversial aspects of acute pulmonary embolism management that are still subject of debate and research

ABSTRACT Introduction Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a disease with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations. While some patients can be treated at home or may even be left untreated, other patients require an aggressive approach with reperfusion treatment. Areas covered (1) Advanced reperfusion treatment in hemodynamically stable acute PE patients considered to be at high risk of decompensation and death, (2) the treatment of subsegmental pulmonary embolism, (3) outpatient treatment for hemodynamically stable PE patients with signs of right ventricle (RV) dysfunction, and (4) the optimal approach to identify and treatpost-PE syndrome. Expert opinion Outside clinical trials, hemodynamically stable acute PE patients should not be treated with primary reperfusion therapy. Thrombolysis and/or catheter-directed therapy are only to be considered as rescue treatment. Subsegmental PE can be left untreated in selected low-risk patients, after proximal deep vein thrombosis has been ruled out. Patients with an sPESI or Hestia score of 0 criteria can be treated at home, independent of the presence of RV overload. Finally, health-care providers should be aware of post-PE syndrome and diagnose chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease (CTEPD) as early as possible. Persistently symptomatic patients without CTEPD benefit from exercise training and cardiopulmonary rehabilitation.
Association of Fermented Products with Risk of Cancer Recurrence and Mortality among Breast Cancer Survivors: A Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract We hypothesized that the intake of fermented soy and dairy products, but not fermented vegetable products, was associated with reduced cancer recurrence and mortality in breast cancer survivors. Women (n = 606) who underwent dietary survey using a 24-h recall within 3 years of breast cancer surgery were recruited, and were followed up for a mean of 89 mo,. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that the risk of cancer recurrence was inversely associated with the intake of fermented soy products (Hazard ratios (HRs):0.976, 95% confidence intervals (CI):0.95–0.99) and fermented dairy products (HRs:0.992, 95% CI:0.98–0.99). Furthermore, the risk of cancer recurrence was inversely associated with the intake of fermented soy products in hormone receptor-positive (HRs:0.296, 95% CI:0.11–0.79), estrogen receptor-positive (HRs:0.971, 95% CI:0.94–0.99), and progesterone receptor-positive (HRs:0.972, 95% CI:0.94–0.99) patients. Mortality was inversely associated with the intake of fermented soy products (HRs:0.967, 95% CI:0.93–0.99). Disease-free survival (P = 0.001) and overall survival (P = 0.004) were positively associated with intake of fermented soy products. Intake of fermented vegetable products had no significant effect on cancer recurrence or mortality. This study suggests that the intake of fermented soy and dairy could be beneficial in preventing cancer recurrence.
Alpha 7‐nicotinic cholinoceptor regulation of pericyte‐containing retinal capillaries

Local blood flow regulation relies on the coordination between neurons and pericyte‐containing capillaries. Pericyte relaxation and contraction are influenced by vasoactive substances and regulated by neurotransmitters. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7‐nAChRs), involved in the regulation of vascular function and inhibitory γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems, have neuroprotective effects against CNS diseases. Although α7‐nAChRs are found throughout the retina, their contribution to the retinal capillary tone remains unknown. Here, we investigated the neurovascular coupling mechanism underlying α7‐nAChR‐mediated retinal capillary tone regulation.
Evaluation of Phenotypic Tests to Detect Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Klebsiella oxytoca Complex Strains

Klebsiella oxytoca complex (KoC) species may overproduce their chromosomal class A OXY β-lactamases, conferring reduced susceptibility to piperacillin-tazobactam, expanded-spectrum cephalosporins and aztreonam. Moreover, since clavulanate maintains its ability to inhibit these enzymes, the resulting resistance phenotype may falsely resemble the production of acquired extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). ABSTRACT Klebsiella oxytoca complex (KoC) species may overproduce their chromosomal class A OXY β-lactamases, conferring reduced susceptibility to piperacillin-tazobactam, expanded-spectrum cephalosporins and aztreonam. Moreover, since clavulanate maintains its ability to inhibit these enzymes, the resulting resistance phenotype may falsely resemble the production of acquired extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). In this work, a collection of 44 KoC strains of human and animal origin was characterized with whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and broth microdilution (BMD) susceptibility testing. Comparison of ESBL producers (n = 11; including CTX-M-15 [n = 6] and CTX-M-1 [n = 5] producers) and hyperproducers of OXYs (n = 21) showed certain phenotypic differences: piperacillin-tazobactam (MIC90s: 16 versus >64 μg/mL), cefotaxime (MIC90s: 64 versus 4 μg/mL), ceftazidime (MIC90s: 32 versus 4 μg/mL), cefepime (MIC90s: 8 versus 4 μg/mL) and associated resistance to non-β-lactams (e.g., trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: 90.9% versus 14.3%, respectively). However, a clear phenotype-based distinction between the two groups was difficult. Therefore, we evaluated 10 different inhibitor-based confirmatory tests to allow such categorization. All tests showed a sensitivity of 100%. However, only combination disk tests (CDTs) with cefepime/cefepime-clavulanate and ceftazidime/ceftazidime-clavulanate or the double-disk synergy test (DDST) showed high specificity (100%, 95.5%, and 100%, respectively). All confirmatory tests in BMD or using the MIC gradient strip did not perform well (specificity, ≤87.5%). Of note, ceftazidime/ceftazidime-avibactam tests also exhibited low specificity (CDT, 87.5%; MIC gradient strip, 77.8%). Our results indicate that standard antimicrobial susceptibility profiles can raise some suspicion, but only the use of cefepime/cefepime-clavulanate CDT or DDST can guarantee distinction between ESBL-producing KoC strains and those hyperproducing OXY enzymes.