Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Viability of Ovenbird and Kentucky Warbler Populations in Forest Fragments

Breeding habitats for birds in deciduous forests of the eastern and central United States are becoming increasingly fragmented by human activities. Avian communities in small, isolated forest tracts are generally subsets of the communities present in larger forests (Blake & Karr 1987; Hayden et al. 1985); species that are intolerant of habitat area reduction are frequently termed "area-sensitive. " Severe declines in songbird populations, particularly those of forest-interior-breeding neotropical migrants, have been linked to the destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats (Lynch & Whigham 1978; Robbins 1979; Whitcomb et al. 1981). Detailed studies of the dynamics and constitution of small populations in relict habitats are needed (Lande 1988). Data on the presence of species over a range of patch sizes of suitable habitat have been analyzed to estimate the minimum patch size at which an area-sensitive species commonly occurs (Blake 1983; Diamond 1978; Galli et al. 1976), which is known as its "minimum area" requirement (Robbins 1979). However, tract sizes corresponding with incidence-curve inflection points (Diamond 1978) or areas of minimum occurrence (Blake 1983; Galli et al. 1976) may fall in the range of marginal rather than preferred habitats for area-sensitive species. Forest fragments may represent marginal habitat for
Mean-field games of finite-fuel capacity expansion with singular controls

We study Nash equilibria for a sequence of symmetric $N$-player stochastic games of finite-fuel capacity expansion with singular controls and their mean-field game (MFG) counterpart. We construct a solution of the MFG via a simple iterative scheme that produces an optimal control in terms of a Skorokhod reflection at a (state-dependent) surface that splits the state space in action and inaction region. We then show that a solution of the MFG of capacity expansion induces approximate Nash equilibria for the $N$-player games with approximation error $\varepsilon$ going to zero as $N$ tends to infinity. Our analysis relies entirely on probabilistic methods and extends the well-known connection between singular stochastic control and optimal stopping to a mean-field framework.
Effects of a Herd Health Program on Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cows

Abstract One hundred forty-four dairy cows of five breeds with a total of 184 parturitions were assigned randomly by breed and parity to a reproductive herd health program and control group for 2 yr. Animals of herd health program averaged 1.85, 1.73, 73.1, and 99.24 for number of inseminations, inseminations per conception, days to first insemination, and days open compared to 2.59, 2.37, 86.82, and 140.07 for control animals. Controls averaged 255kg of solids-corrected milk more per lactation on a standardized basis than cows in the herd health program. For experimental day, animals of herd health program produced 20.59 and 20.63kg of mature equivalent and solids-corrected milk compared to 20.60 and 20.37kg for controls. Total yearly reproductive veterinary costs per cow for each group were $16.94 and $15.34 for herd health and controls. For economical aspects of the two programs, the reproductive herd health group returned $. 16 more per cow per experimental day than controls.
The investigation of factors potentially affecting thesusceptibility of native Plutella xylostella populations toBacillus thuringiensis cry toxins

Despite the prominent and worldwide use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal toxins in agriculture, knowledge of the mechanism by which they kill pests remains incomplete, therefore the aim of this research was to investigate on recently identify factors that affect the susceptibility of insects to Bt (protein levels, midgut bacteria and mutations on the ABCC2 transporter) in five brazilian populations of Plutella xylostella larvae and to overcome the mechanism of resistance. The analyses were made in about 60 guts extracts in 1 ml of 50% glycerol solution using the following process: gut analysis (total protein, total proteas, toxin digestion and esterase activities); gut bacteria analysis; and ABCC2 gene analysis. There were not differences in the amount of esterases between the populations, therefore we cannot associate esterase level with resistance. Differences in composition of the larval gut microbiota were not correlated with resistance. It is unclear whether similar interactions occur in the field where the intestinal micrbiotas of lepidopteran larvae may be more complex than the apparent mono-associations described here. However it is possible that gut bacteria may present a novel target for the management of P. xylostella. The nature of the protective effect of gut bacteria is also unclear. Previous studies suggested that lactic acid bacteria may acidify the gut thereby decreasing host susceptibility to alkali-soluble Cry toxins such as CrylAc. There are no mutation in the ABCC2, accordingly there is no association of ABCC2 with Bt resistance.
The vegetation of three localities of the threatened butterfly species Chrysoritis aureus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

The vegetation and habitat characteristics of three localities of Chrysoritis aureus at theAlice Glockner Nature Reserve, Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve and Malanskraal farmnear Heidelberg in South Africa, were compared. A numerical classification technique,TWINSPAN, was used and refined by using Braun Blanquet procedures to classify thevegetation at the different localities. A DCA ordination was applied to confirm theresults of the classification. Although the general vegetation structure at the three habitats of Chrysoritis aureus were found to be similar, marked differences in the floristiccomposition were evidenced. A different sub-community, compared to the vegetation atSuikerbosrand and Alice Glockner Nature Reserve, was recorded at the Malanskraalhabitat of Chrysoritis aureus. These differences in floristic composition, but with similarities in vegetation structure, indicate the possible importance of fire for the ultimatesurvival of these butterflies in the Rocky Highveld Grassland. The host plant ofChrysoritis aureus, Clutia pulchella, collected at Malanskraal differed markedly andconsistently in their morphology, compared to the individuals from the habitats atSuikerbosrand and Alice Glockner Nature Reserve. These differences in the floristiccomposition of one of the habitats compared to the others, raise research questions concerning the butterfly metapopulation structure, since the subpopulations seem to beadapted to slightly different habitat conditions. The variation in the habitat suggests thatthe “last remaining locality scenario” for other localised butterflies in South Africa, suchas Orachrysops niobe, needs to be redressed. Management strategies are addressedwhile the importance of conserving rare, localised ecosystems are highlighted by thephytosociological study
Chemical composition, physico-chemical properties, antifungal and herbicidal activities of Pinus halepensis Miller essential oils

The chemical composition, physico-chemical properties, and antifungal and herbicidal activities of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from needles, stems and cones of Pinus halepensis Miller were investigated. The chemical composition analysed by GC and GC/MS varied significantly among organs. Among the 67 identified components, α-pinene (63% and 51.7%, respectively, in stems and cones) and (Z)-caryophyllene (33.9% in needles) were found to be the major ones. Moreover, it was found that chemical composition of essential oils extracted from different organs of P. halepensis Miller growing in Tunisia showed noteworthy differences with the same species cultivated in Algeria, Morocco, Greece and Italy based on a comparison with published results. In addition, the physico-chemical properties of essential oils from different organs of P. halepensis were analysed. The analysis of the refraction index, density and acid index of different oil samples showed a weak variability among organs. The in vitro antifungal activity of the essential oil samples evaluated against 10 cultivated crop fungi was found to be low, probably due to the low level of oxygenated compounds in P. halepensis oils. In contrast, the herbicidal activity investigated towards three common weeds in Tunisian cereal crops was very strong and seed germination was inhibited at 2 μl ml− 1. Thus, P. halepensis essential oil appears to have more value as a bioherbicide than as a biofungicide.
Meiotic disturbances related to human male sterility

severe oligospermy or azoospermy. In a small number of cases (about 5 p. 100), various meiotic abnormalities were found in sterile subjects with a normal somatic karyotype. These abnormalities were characterized by a high frequency of polyploid cells, related abnormalities and a smaller number of chiasmas, degeneration and a high frequency of univalent X and Y chromosomes during metaphase I. Although their origin was unknown, some abnormalities, chiasmatic in character, probably represented the first example of a meiotic mutant owing to an inbreeding factor in two azoospermic subjects.
Emergent Multi-Agent Communication in the Deep Learning Era

The ability to cooperate through language is a defining feature of humans. As the perceptual, motory and planning capabilities of deep artificial networks increase, researchers are studying whether they also can develop a shared language to interact. From a scientific perspective, understanding the conditions under which language evolves in communities of deep agents and its emergent features can shed light on human language evolution. From an applied perspective, endowing deep networks with the ability to solve problems interactively by communicating with each other and with us should make them more flexible and useful in everyday life. This article surveys representative recent language emergence studies from both of these two angles.
Chemical Composition in the IRAS 16562–3959 High-mass Star-forming Region

We have analyzed the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array cycle 2 data of band 6 toward the G345.4938+01.4677 massive young protostellar object (G345.5+1.47 MYSO) in the IRAS 16562–3959 high-mass star-forming region with an angular resolution of ∼0. ″3, corresponding to ∼760 au. We spatially resolve the central region, which consists of three prominent molecular emission cores. A hypercompact H ii region (Core A) and two molecule-rich cores (Core B and Core C) are identified using the moment zero images of the H30α line and a CH3OH line, respectively. Various oxygen-bearing complex organic molecules, such as (CH3)2CO and CH3OCHO, have been detected toward the positions of Core B and Core C, while nitrogen-bearing species, CH3CN, HC3N, and its 13C isotopologues, have been detected toward all of the cores. We discuss the formation mechanisms of H2CO by comparing the spatial distribution of C18O with that of H2CO. The 33SO emission, on the other hand, shows a ring-like structure surrounding Core A, and it peaks on the outer edge of the H30α emission region. These results imply that SO is enhanced in a shock produced by the expanding motion of the ionized region.
Second-order stochastic comparisons of order statistics

We study the problem of comparing ageing patterns of lifetimes of k-out-of-n systems with i.i. d. components. Mathematically, this reduces to being able to decide about a stochastic ordering relationship between different order statistics. We discuss such relationships with respect to second-order stochastic dominance, obtaining characterizations through the verification of relative convexity with respect to a suitably chosen reference distribution function. We introduce a hierarchy of such reference functions leading to classes, each expressing different and increasing knowledge precision about the distribution of the components lifetimes. Such classes are wide enough to include popular families of distributions, such as, for example, the increasing failure rate distributions. We derive sufficient dominance conditions depending on the identification of the class which includes the component lifetimes. We discuss the applicability of this method and characterize a test for the relative convexity, as this notion plays a central role in the proposed approach.
Towards Identifying Human Actions, Intent, and Severity of APT Attacks Applying Deception Techniques - An Experiment

Attacks by Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) have been shown to be difficult to detect using traditional signature- and anomaly-based intrusion detection approaches. Deception techniques such as decoy objects, often called honey items, may be deployed for intrusion detection and attack analysis, providing an alternative to detect APT behaviours. This work explores the use of honey items to classify intrusion interactions, differentiating automated attacks from those which need some human reasoning and interaction towards APT detection. Multiple decoy items are deployed on honeypots in a virtual honey network, some as breadcrumbs to detect indications of a structured manual attack. Monitoring functionality was created around Elastic Stack with a Kibana dashboard created to display interactions with various honey items. APT type manual intrusions are simulated by an experienced pentesting practitioner carrying out simulated attacks. Interactions with honey items are evaluated in order to determine their suitability for discriminating between automated tools and direct human intervention. The results show that it is possible to differentiate automatic attacks from manual structured attacks; from the nature of the interactions with the honey items. The use of honey items found in the honeypot, such as in later parts of a structured attack, have been shown to be successful in classification of manual attacks, as well as towards providing an indication of severity of the attacks
Nutritional Relationship between Nitrogen and Sulfur in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.)

Cabbage plants were grown in nutrient solutions containing 3 levels of nitrogen (as NaNO3; 10, 100, 500ppm N) combined with 3 levels of sulfur (as Na2SO4; 1, 10, 50ppm S), and the effects of the nitrogen and sulfur supply on the growth and the chemical composition of the plants were studied.Total plant dry weight increased with an increase in the S supply when the N supply was 100 or 500ppm, but was always small when the N supply was 10ppm, irrespective of the S supply. The highest cabbage-head yield was obtained at 100ppm N and 10ppm S, while little cabbage-head yield was obtained at 10ppm N or 1ppm S. The total N content in each organ increased greatly with an increase in the N supply and decreased slightly with an increase in the S supply. The total S content incresased greatly with an increase in the S supply and decreased slightly with an increase in the N supply. A total N content below 2% and a total S content below 0.1% on a dry basis in the outer leaves was found to be insufficient for cabbage-head formation. Cabbage-head development was most efficiently when the total N/S content ratio was between 10 and 20, although the ratio fluctuated widely, from 4 to 235. N-deficient plants contained less sugars and more starch as compared with the N- and S-sufficient plants. S-deficient plants contained less sugars and 80% ethanol -insoluble protein N and more 80% ethanol-soluble non-protein N.
Efficient refinements on YOLOv3 for real-time detection and assessment of diabetic foot Wagner grades

Currently, the screening of Wagner grades of diabetic feet (DF) still relies on professional podiatrists. However, in less-developed countries, podiatrists are scarce, which led to the majority of undiagnosed patients. In this study, we proposed the real-time detection and location method for Wagner grades of DF based on refinements on YOLOv3. We collected 2,688 data samples and implemented several methods, such as a visual coherent image mixup, label smoothing, and training scheduler revamping, based on the ablation study. The experimental results suggested that the refinements on YOLOv3 achieved an accuracy of 91.95% and the inference speed of a single picture reaches 31ms with the NVIDIA Tesla V100. To test the performance of the model on a smartphone, we deployed the refinements on YOLOv3 models on an Android 9 system smartphone. This work has the potential to lead to a paradigm shift for clinical treatment of the DF in the future, to provide an effective healthcare solution for DF tissue analysis and healing status.
Endophytic bacteria from Ethiopian coffee plants and their potential to antagonise Meloidogyne incognita

Summary – Endophytic bacteria were isolated from coffee roots in Ethiopia and identified by Fatty Acid Methyl Ester-Gas Chromatography (FAME-GC). A total of 201 and 114 endophytic bacteria were isolated and identified during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The most abundant genera were Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Agrobacterium, Stenotrophomonas and Enterobacter. Population densities were higher during the wet season than the dry season ranging from 5.2 × 10 3 to 2.07 × 10 6 cfu (g fresh root weight) −1 . Culture filtrates of the bacterial isolates showed nematicidal effects of between 38 and 98%. The most active strains were Agrobacterium radiobacter, Bacillus pumilus, B. brevis, B. megaterium, B. mycoides, B. licheniformis, Chryseobacterium balustinum, Cedecea davisae, Cytophaga johnsonae, Lactobacillus paracasei, Micrococcus luteus, M. halobius, Pseudomonas syringae and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Bacillus pumilus and B. mycoides were most effective in reducing the number of galls and egg masses caused by M. incognita by 33 and 39%, respectively.
Effectiveness and Safety of Using Chatbots to Improve Mental Health: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background The global shortage of mental health workers has prompted the utilization of technological advancements, such as chatbots, to meet the needs of people with mental health conditions. Chatbots are systems that are able to converse and interact with human users using spoken, written, and visual language. While numerous studies have assessed the effectiveness and safety of using chatbots in mental health, no reviews have pooled the results of those studies. Objective This study aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of using chatbots to improve mental health through summarizing and pooling the results of previous studies. Methods A systematic review was carried out to achieve this objective. The search sources were 7 bibliographic databases (eg, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO), the search engine “Google Scholar,” and backward and forward reference list checking of the included studies and relevant reviews. Two reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted data from the included studies, and assessed the risk of bias. Data extracted from studies were synthesized using narrative and statistical methods, as appropriate. Results Of 1048 citations retrieved, we identified 12 studies examining the effect of using chatbots on 8 outcomes. Weak evidence demonstrated that chatbots were effective in improving depression, distress, stress, and acrophobia. In contrast, according to similar evidence, there was no statistically significant effect of using chatbots on subjective psychological wellbeing. Results were conflicting regarding the effect of chatbots on the severity of anxiety and positive and negative affect. Only two studies assessed the safety of chatbots and concluded that they are safe in mental health, as no adverse events or harms were reported. Conclusions Chatbots have the potential to improve mental health. However, the evidence in this review was not sufficient to definitely conclude this due to lack of evidence that their effect is clinically important, a lack of studies assessing each outcome, high risk of bias in those studies, and conflicting results for some outcomes. Further studies are required to draw solid conclusions about the effectiveness and safety of chatbots. Trial Registration PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42019141219; https://www.crd. york.ac. uk/prospero/display_record. php? ID=CRD42019141219
From Mendeleev to Seiberg-Witten via Madelung

The Bertrand theorem permits closed orbits in 3d Euclidean space onlyfor 2 types of central potentials. These are of Kepler- Coulomb andharmonic oscillator type. Volker Perlick recently extended the Bertrandtheorem. He designed new static spherically symmetric (Bertrand)spacetimes supporting closed orbits. In this work we use these spacetimesto solve the quantum many-body problem for any atom of periodicsystem exactly. Our results significantly improve previous results byDemkov and Ostrovsky (D-O) who wanted to obtain the analytical proofof the empirical Madelung rule controlling the filling of the periodic systemof elements. The obtained improved solution is not universal thoughsince the Madelung rule has exceptions happening in some transitionmetals, lantanide and actinide atoms. Quantum mechanically theseexceptions as well as the rule are treated thus far with help of therelativistic Hartree-Fock calculations. However, the results of this paperindicate that the developed new methods are capable of describinganalytically the exceptions as well as the rule. To describe the exceptions,the developed methods extend previously obtained results relativistically.Since this extension is fundamentally nontrivial, it is nonperturbative innature. The nonperturbativity is linked with the topological nature oftransition describing quantum mechanically the atoms exibiting standardand anomalous Madelung rule behavior.
Large optical tunability from charge density waves in 1T-TaS2 under incoherent illumination.

Strongly correlated materials possess a complex energy landscape and host many interesting physical phenomena, including charge density waves (CDWs). CDWs have been observed and extensively studied in many materials since their first discovery in 1972. Yet, they present ample opportunities for discovery. Here, we report a large tun-ability in the optical response of a quasi-2D CDW material, 1T-TaS2, upon incoherent light illumination at room temperature. We hypothesize that the observed inability is a consequence of light-induced rearrangement of CDW stacking across the layers of 1T-TaS2. Our model, based on this hypothesis, agrees reasonably well with experiments suggesting that the interdomain CDW interaction is a vital potentially knob to control the phase of strongly correlated materials.
The Art of Modeling Stellar Mergers and the Case of the B[e] Supergiant R4 in the Small Magellanic Cloud

Most massive stars exchange mass with a companion, leading to evolution which is altered drastically from that expected of stars in isolation. Such systems result from unusual binary evolution pathways and can place stringent constraints on the physics of these interactions. We use the R4 binary system’s B[e] supergiant, which has been postulated to be the product of a stellar merger, to guide our understanding of such outcomes by comparing observations of R4 to the results of simulating a merger with the 3D hydrodynamics code FLASH. Our approach tailors the simulation initial conditions to observed properties of R4 and implements realistic stellar profiles from the 1D stellar evolution code MESA onto the 3D grid, resolving the merger inspiral to within 0.02 R⊙. We map the merger remnant into MESA to track its evolution on the H-R diagram over a period of 104 yr. This generates a model for a B[e] supergiant with stellar properties, age, and nebula structure in qualitative agreement with those of the R4 system. Our calculations provide evidence to support the idea that R4's B[e] supergiant was originally a member of a triple system in which the inner binary merged after its most massive member evolved off the main sequence, producing a new object of similar mass but significantly more luminosity than the A supergiant companion. The code framework presented in this paper, which was constructed to model tidal encounters, can be used to generate accurate models of a wide variety of merger stellar remnants.