Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Morpho-physiological studies, management and screening of tomato germplasm against Alternaria solani, the causal agent of tomato early blight.

Early blight (Alternaria solani) is a potential disease of tomato that reduces its production globally both in conventional and tunnel cultivations. Due to variability in pathogenic isolates, prolonged active disease cycle phase and broad host range early blight is very difficult to manage. A. solani isolate collected from tunnel grown under vegetable area, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan was subjected to different temperature range, pH levels, light intensity and growth media (in vitro). The results indicated that A. solani grew the maximum at 25°C (7.50 cm) on PDA medium at 6.5 pH (8.34 cm) under continuous light condition (9.00 cm). On PDA medium the pigmentation varied from creamy yellow, brown black to olivacious brown while on HLEA medium it was light brown. Varietal screening of six tomato varieties was carried out against early blight disease. No variety was found resistant. Concerning severity, out of six tomato varieties Roma showed maximum susceptibility (70.50%) while in Nagina it was least (29.38%). Efficacy of three fungicides (Topsin M, Bavistin and Ridomil Gold MZ) at 1 g/L, 2 g/L and 3 g/L concentration and two bio-agents (Trichoderma harzianum and T. viridae) was evaluated against A. solani in vitro and under tunnel cultivation. In in vitro assay Ridomil Gold MZ inhibited A. solani (47.06%) at 2 g/L, while at 3 g/L concentration Topsin M was more effective (64.71%) as compared to control. Comparing both bioagents inhibition percentage (67.78%) was recorded in T. harzianum whereas T. viridae showed less inhibition (59.63%). Under tunnel cultivation, early blight of tomato was significantly reduced by foliar applications of Topsin M and T. harzianium at 3 g/L and 10 8 conidia/mL concentration, respectively comparing with untreated plants. In the light of present study farmers could be suggested the practice of resistance source, combination of management practices and avoidance of environmental conditions favoring the pathogen, thus result in significant production of tomato. © 2015 Friends Science Publishers
Bactericidal effect of the sesquiterpene T‐cadinol on Staphylococcus aureus

The antimicrobial effects of the sesquiterpene T‐cadinol, isolated from the Somalian traditional remedy, scented myrrh (resin of Commiphora guidottii Chiov., Burseraceae), were investigated. The compound was found to be active toward Staphylococcus aureus and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The minimum inhibitory concentration of T‐cadinol on S. aureus was 24 μg/mL and the lowest concentration exerting fungicidal effect on T. mentagrophytes was 2.3 μg/mL. The influence of T‐cadinol cell viability in S. aureus, both in different growth‐phases, and in the absence and presence of chloramphenicol, was studied. It could be concluded that T‐cadinol has a bactericidal rather than a bacteriostatic effect, which acts also in the absence of growth. Furthermore, the effect of T‐cadinol on S. aureus was analysed and documented with transmission electron microscopy. The electron micrographs clearly showed that T‐cadinol interacted with the cell envelopes, causing bacterial lysis and subsequent fatal loss of intracellular material. The effect of the substance was thus characterized as bacteriolytic. The use of scented myrrh in traditional medicine as a remedy for wounds may then be in congruence with this bactericidal effect of T‐cadinol toward the common wound pathogen S. aureus.
Fish ladders select fish traits on migration–still a growing problem for natural fish populations

We investigated the potential selective effect of fish ladders on physiological and morphological profiles of the curimbatá, Prochilodus lineatus, during reproductive migration in Brazil. We registered sex, body weight and length, plasma glucose, hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic indices (HSI and GSI, respectively), hematocrit, leucocrit, blood cell and nucleus areas, and the diameter of white and red muscle fibers in fish sampled at the bottom (downstream) and at the top (upstream) of a fish ladder at a hydroelectric dam. Males and females at the top of the ladder showed higher size (weight and length), white muscle fiber diameters, plasma glucose levels and lower hematocrit when compared with those at the bottom. These size and muscle traits assist fish to overcome the ladder barrier and bypass the dam, an effort that might be reflected in the glucose levels. Females also showed higher GSI at the top of the fish ladder, a trait possibly facilitating their reproduction upstream. These results indicate that a dam system favors fish with specific morphological–physiological profile. This may have a strong influence upon upstream fish populations over generations and implies the presence of artificial selective pressure.
Identifying the default mode network structure using dynamic causal modeling on resting-state fMRI

• Resting-state data of 64 subjects from the 1000 Functional Connectomes Project was analyzed (http://fcon_1000.projects.nitrc.org/) (21 male, mean age 21.2 years)5. • 230 images were acquired for each subject using a TR of 2s. Scanning parameters can be found in the project website. • Preprocessing using SPM8 included motion correction, spatial normalization of the functional images via normalizing the anatomical image, and spatial smoothing using an 8mm Gaussian kernel. • Spatial independent component analysis was conducted to define the DMN using GIFT6. Modeling low-frequency fluctuations using Fourier Series
Genetic polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) -511 and +3954 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Malaysian systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder whereby the immune system's components act upon our body's self-antigens. The pathogenesis is mainly due to the hyperactivity of T helper cells and B lymphocytes, as well as an abnormal apoptosis pathway. SLE has been linked to several genes, including the interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), as it is primarily involved in the stimulation of B cells proliferation and differentiation, as well as costimulation of T cell activation, together with activation of natural killer (NK) cells. This study aims to examine the distribution pattern and association of IL-1β single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with SLE. A total of 100 SLE patients and 100 matched normal healthy controls were sampled. The analysis of IL-1β -511 C/T and +3954 E1/E2 SNPs were carried out via polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLPs). A significant association was observed between the IL-1β -511 C/T polymorphisms and the Malaysian SLE samples (p<0.05), with the C allele showing a higher risk to SLE compared to the T allele. The IL-1β +3954 E1/E2 polymorphisms were also significant to SLE (p<0.05), with the E1 allele exhibiting a relatively higher disease penetration compared to the E2 allele. Both SNPs analysed were found to be significantly corelated with Malaysian SLE samples.
17β-Estradiol Receptor and Progesterone and 20α-Hydroxy-4-Pregnen-3-one Content of the Developing Corpus Luteum of the Rabbit

Rabbits were rendered pseudopregnant with a single injection of hCG (Day 0) and then sacrificed at 18 h through 8 days after injection. The corpora lutea were dissected free from adhering tissue, weighed, and homogenized. After an aliquot was taken for radioimmunoassay of progesterone and 20α-hydroxy- 4-pregnen-3-one (20α-dihydroprogesterone) content, a high speed supernatant (cytosol) was prepared centrifically for quantification of cytoplasmic 17β-estradiol binding. The luteal 17β-estradiol binding proved to be specific to estrogens and was of high affinity and low capacity. Cytosol preparations from endometrium, ovarian interstitium, and corpus luteum contained significant estrogen binding activity while other tissues including spleen, kidney, liver, and muscle had only low activity. When cytoplasmic estrogen receptor was measured in corpora lutea obtained daily over the first 8 days of pseudopregnancy, activity was found to be low on Days 1 to 3, increased abruptly between Days 3 and 4, and thereafter.
Exigências térmicas e tabela de vida de fertilidade de Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Thermal requirements of Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) fed with Tetranychus urticae Koch at five constant temperatures (18, 20, 23, 26 and 30°C), and the effect of three constant temperatures (20, 23 and 26°C) on the adult stage were studied. The data were used to produce the fertility life tables. The stages of egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult egg corresponded to the temperature thresholds of 12.6, 13.1, 11.6, 13.4 and 12.7°C, respectively, and thermal constants of 26.65, 10.27, 16.04, 13.31 and 66.04 DD, respectively. The average duration of a generation (T) varied from 24.3 to 18.5 days at the temperatures from 20°C to 26°C. The highest net reproduction (R0 = 35,3) and the intrinsic rate of increase (rm = 0,19) were obtained at 23oC. The highest fecundity rate was registered at 26oC.
Seasonal Patterns of Terrestrial and Aquatic Prey Abundance and Use by Oncorhynchus mykiss in a California Coastal Basin with a Mediterranean Climate

Abstract Terrestrial invertebrates are a major source of prey for salmonids in many streams. Their importance as prey appears to be related to (1) the seasonal timing of terrestrial inputs relative to the abundance of aquatic prey and (2) water temperature, which affects food demand by fish. Most studies of seasonal patterns of terrestrial inputs have come from temperate systems, and patterns in most other systems are unknown. We measured monthly biomass of aquatic invertebrates, input of terrestrial invertebrates, and diets of Oncorhynchus mykiss (non-anadromous and juvenile anadromous life history forms) for 15 months in two streams in a basin with a Mediterranean-type climate on the Big Sur coast of California. Biomass of aquatic invertebrates and terrestrial inputs followed a similar seasonal pattern; highest levels occurred in summer and early autumn and were highly correlated with water temperature. Total annual input of terrestrial invertebrates was 8.7 g·m−2·year−1, and terrestrial inputs provided.
Colony Density and Wing Development in Toxoptera citricida (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Abstract Factors influencing the development of the alatoid form of the brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy), were investigated in the laboratory using Carrizo citrange as a host plant. No evidence of maternal influences on wing development was observed and nymphs were not irreversibly committed to wing development until the late second or early third instar. Both alatae and apterae were significantly larger when they developed on young, flushing terminals citrus than on older, hardening terminals. Similar numbers of late second/early third instars from high-density colonies developed wings when transferred to young and old citrus terminals, but mortality was significantly higher among aphids on the older shoots. When all adults were harvested daily from high-density colonies the percentage of aphids maturing into alatae reached a peak after about 4 d and then declined with aphid density, despite the advancing age of the plant tissues. The density of aphids in a colony was positively correlated with the proportion maturing into alatae.
The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature

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The Case Study of Aid Effectiveness in Bangladesh: Development with Governance Challenges

This paper provides a critical review of aid effectiveness in Bangladesh. Focusing on the contributions of major donors, the paper uses a qualitative triangulation approach to assessing aid effectiveness, based on the subjective judgments of donors and recipients. This approach was motivated by the deficiencies of the currently available quantitative methods as well as by a lack of adequate and reliable quantitative data. Foreign aid has had a mixed performance in Bangladesh. The responsibility for the failure lies with both the government and donors. Donors’ current approach to aid delivery has many shortcomings; addressing them would require changes that (a) allow for greater flexibility in the delivery of aid; (b) provide recipient countries with more policy space; and (c) emphasize results. However, these steps, by themselves, will be insufficient, unless followed with complementary measures by the recipient country — to ensure good governance and to enhance domestic capacity to implement sophisticated projects.In the past, despite infrastructural constraints, policy deficiencies and weak governance, the Bangladesh economy achieved considerable success in many areas. This success — reflected in exports of garments and textiles, remittances from overseas workers and breakthrough in agricultural production — is a testament to people’s entrepreneurial abilities. If the country can maintain its current growth momentum, it would soon join the ranks of the middle-income countries, but the path to this middle-income status is paved with many obstacles — of policy and infrastructure as well as of weak governance. Even though Bangladesh made a transition from authoritarianism to democracy, it shares many of the flaws of a fledgling illiberal democracy. Although the system allows for institutions of representations such as elections and parliament, it lacks institutions of restraint, as provided by an independent judiciary, by separation of powers to maintain law and order and to ensure the rule of law etc. An illiberal democracy can be a breeding ground for corruption and crony capitalism.These governance problems notwithstanding, the country did well in the past. However, it would be wrong to extrapolate the past into the future. In the process of economic development, the role of institutions varies from one stage to another; many aspects of governance that were less critical in the past will become more central in the future — as the economy makes a transition from a predominantly rural and agricultural phase to one that is urban and industrial. The hope is that the political leadership will initiate changes in policies and institutions in synchrony with the evolving exigencies of the economy. If that happens, foreign aid could be an enormous catalyst for economic development — and poverty may soon become a thing of the past.
Host plant toxicity affects developmental rates in a polyphagous fruit fly: experimental evidence

Various, non-exclusive mechanisms have been invoked to explain the observed association between host plant use and speciation in insect species. In the Afrotropical genus Ceratitis (Diptera: Tephritidae), morphological, molecular, and biochemical data suggest that evolutionary radiation of stenophagous clades originates from their ability to exploit toxic hosts. To test whether, and to what extent, the development and fitness of Ceratitis fasciventris, a polyphagous congener known to infest over 43 host species, is adversely affected by host plant toxicity, we compared the rates of development, survival, and reproduction of captive bred individuals in four media that differ in alkaloid concentration. Despite reduced pupal and adult sizes, C. fasciventris larvae developing under low alkaloid concentrations successfully developed to the adult stage, probably as a result of accelerated pupation and ensuing restricted exposure to the toxic environment. High alkaloid concentrations, however, impaired their developmental process and prevented subsequent reproduction. The adverse effects of host plant toxicity on larval development in polyphagous fruit flies indicate that high alkaloid concentrations pose a significant constraint on host use by polyphagous Ceratitis species.
Functional significance of crayfish in stream food webs: roles of omnivory, substrate heterogeneity and sex

Heterogeneity of species interactions in food webs can result from characteristics of substrates as well as attributes of top consumers. We performed a streamside channel experiment to evaluate the impact of crayfish on lower trophic levels in detritus-based (leaf packs) and algal-based food webs (hard-bottoms). After 43 days, both male and female crayfish had dramatically promoted leaf decomposition, with males processing material at a faster rate. However, the difference in leaf processing rates was not related to a greater level of male activity. Despite the sex-related difference in residual leaf dry mass, densities of invertebrates in leaf packs were similarly low in the presence of crayfish of either sex, due to resource consumption, physical dislodgment (bioturbation) and/or predation. No trophic cascade was evident in the leaf pack assemblage. In the hard-bottom assemblage, the results confirmed circumstantial field evidence that crayfish reduce predatory Tanypodinae and indirectly increase collector-gatherer Chironominae following the prediction of a trophic cascade. However, no other taxa were indirectly facilitated, because of strong direct effects of crayfish on algal abundance (through direct consumption and bioturbation). Overall, impacts of crayfish on lower trophic levels were more pronounced in the structurally complex, detritus-based assemblages than in its hard-bottom, algal-based counterpart. This conflicts with the expectation that net predation effects should be weaker where structural complexity is greater but is mainly a consequence of the profound engineering effects of crayfish in reducing colonisable substrate when they shred and disturb detrital material. Effects of crayfish may therefore propagate differently and with varying strength depending on substrate. Moreover, engineering activities and predation by crayfish appear to have been of overwhelming significance with subtle sex differences in leaf processing rates failing to lead to differences in invertebrate densities.
Efeito de doses reduzidas de oxyfluorfen em cultivares de algodoeiro

Cotton agribusiness is a very important economic activity in Brazil, occupying a prominent position in the productive process of the state of Mato Grosso. For cotton crop to express its maximum productive potential, it is necessary to adopt handling techniques and agronomic practices seeking the control of weeds. For farming to stay clean and free from weed competition, chemical control is the most frequently used method. The herbicides registered for cotton crop should be applied when the culture is established in driven jet. The contact of products, such as oxyfluorfen, on the leaves may incur in plant intoxication and losses to the farmer. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of oxyfluorfen on five cotton cultivars at the initial development phase. The cotton cultivars were treated with 90 and 180 g ha-1 of the herbicide applied 15 and 30 days after sowing. For the analyzed variables (phytointoxication, plant height, number of leaves, plant dry mass), no difference was found among the cotton cultivars, with the smaller plants suffering more than the older plants, leading to increased damages, as doses increased.
Willingness to Pay For Contract Health Care Services in Dairy Animals: A Payment Card Study

A study was undertaken in southern peninsular state of India, the Tamil Nadu State, to assess the farmers’ “Willingness to pay” (WTP) for receiving annual health care services to their dairy animals. The districts of the state were categorized as “Livestock developed” (LD) and “Livestock under developed” (LUD) based on initial base line developed. Contingent valuation (CV) approach was used to study the farmers’ maximum WTP value for two types of health care services: (a) providing health care services at government veterinary centres (in-centre) and (b) extending health care services at farmers’ doorsteps (farm gate). A payment card (PC) format was used to assess the farmers’ maximum WTP for receiving health care services to cows and buffaloes. The Maximum Likelihood Interval technique was used on interval midpoints. Overall mean WTP value for annual health care services in cows was INR 202.34 for in-centre services, while it was INR 261.66 for home services. Similarly, overall mean WTP value for annual health care services in buffaloes was INR 135.78 for in-centre services and INR 186.20 for farm gate services. The mean stated WTP values for both in-centre and at home services in the LD districts were highest as compared to LUD districts, leaving a scope for increased cost recovery. These WTP estimates exhibited the scope of cost recovery measure that can be implemented in lieu of free services extended currently, besides presenting a clue for designing a “vet-claim” policy in line with “medi-claim” policy for humans.
Interspecific relationships of Caragana microphylla, C.davazamcii and C. korshinskii (Leguminosae) based on ITS and trnL-F data sets

The taxonomic treatment of Caragana davazamcii Sancz. has been a controversial matter, as its relationship with C. microphylla Lam. and C. korshinskii Kom. is not clear. It was treated as an independent species, or a variety under C. microphylla or C. korshinskii. This study is to examine the interspecific relationship of these three species and the origin of C. davazamcii based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and non-coding region of chloroplast trnL-F, combined with morphological data and geographical distribution. The trnL-F sequence of C. davazamcii is identical to that of C. microphylla but differs distinctly from that of C. korshinskii. The high congruence of ITS copies through both direct and cloning sequencing rejects the recent hybridization hypothesis of C. davazamcii between C. microphylla and C. korshinskii. In contrast, two different ITS sequence copies were found respectively in each individual of C. microphylla and C. korshinskii. One of the two ITS sequences in C. microphylla is identical to that of C. davazamcii. This result indicates that C. davazamcii might have taken part in the hybridization of C. microphylla as one parent , or that extensive gene flow might have occurred between these two species, thus resulting in the morphological similarity of them. However, the similarity of some morphological characters of C. davazamcii to those of C. korshinskii might result from the convergent adaptation to their common ecological environment.
On the migration of common predatory species from Egyptian clover to adjacent maize fields in Egypt.

ABSTRACT A study aimed to monitoring the migration of common predatory species from the Egyptian clover fields to adjacent maize fields was carried out at Giza region, Egypt during the two successive seasons 2007 and 2008. Sampling was undertaken using a standard insect sweeping net in case of Egyptian clover and direct counts on maize plants. Migration rate (m. r.) from Egyptian clover field to maize field was calculated as a ratio between the difference in populations due to migration and the recorded populations in experimental fields. Coccinellids were the most important group (highest m. r. 43.4 - 94.7 %) migrated from Egyptian clover fields into adjacent maize fields; particularly Coccinella undecimpunctata L. and Scymnus interruptus Goez. followed by Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) but with relatively less m. r. value (11.5 - 58.3 %), then came Orius spp. , Paedrus alferii Koch. and the true spiders. Key Words: Migration, predators, Egyptian clover, Maize . INTRODUCTION Egyptian clover (