Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Title: SEX DIFFERENCES IN MOTIVATION TO SELF-ADMINISTER ALCOHOL AFTER TWO WEEKS OF ABSTINENCE IN YOUNG-ADULT HEAVY DRINKERS

Background: Studies in animal models document that forced abstinence from usual consumption of alcohol changes subsequent seeking and consumption; with increases or decreases depending on the species, duration of abstinence, number of deprivations, and sex. Human laboratory-based alcohol deprivation studies are rare. Methods: We conducted a 2-session, within-participant, randomized-order comparison of intravenous, progressive ratio, alcohol self-administration during 2.5 hours of progressive work f+or alcohol and/or vehicle; once while the participants’ pursued their usual drinking habits and once after 2 weeks of closely monitored, voluntary outpatient abstinence from alcohol. The schedule of work for rewards and the incremental increases in breath alcohol concentration following completion of an alcohol work-set were identical across participants. Fifty young-adult (27 men), heavy-drinking participants completed both sessions. Our primary hypothesis was that motivation to work for alcohol after 2 weeks of abstinence would be greater in participants with a weekly binge pattern of drinking, compared to those who regularly drink heavily, and we intended to explore associations with biological family history of alcoholism and sex. Results: We detected no change in work for alcohol associated with recent drinking history. However, females, on average, increased their work for alcohol upon resumption after 2 weeks of abstinence (mean ± sem = +16.3 ± 9.6 %) while males decreased that work (-24.8 ± 13.8 %). The sex difference was substantial and significant (p <.03), with a medium effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.63). Conclusion: We believe a more comprehensive study of mechanisms underlying the sex-differences in the human post abstinence response is warranted. A cc ep te d A rt ic le This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Prolonged nitrate exhaustion and diatom mortality : a comparison of polar and temperate Thalassiosira species

The survival of two diatom species. Thalassiosira amaraica Comber isolated from the South- ern Ocean and Thalassiosira rolula Meunier isolated from the North Sea. was investigated during a 21 day nitrate-exhaustion period, both in the light and in darkness. Both species endured 3 weeks of nitrate exhaustion in the light by forming a physiological resting state, characterized by the development of shrunken, chlorotic protoplasts, a decrease in photosynthetic capacity and the accumulation of panicu- late organic carbon (POC). These resting cells of both species still resumed growth after 21 days of nitrate exhaustion, although the viability of the cells decreased with time of nitrate exhaustion. Growth rates during subsequent growth experiments decreased with lengthening pre-incubation time in nitrate exhaustion. The viability of T.amarctica resting cells was lower than that of T.rotula. After 21 days in nitrate exhaustion, T.antarctica grew at 31% of the initial division rate, whereas the growth rate of T.rotula was 61%. When growth was resumed, accumulated POC decreased and paniculate organic nitrogen (PON), chlorophyll a and photosynthetic carbon assimilation increased during the subsequent 5 day growth periods, but never reached initial values. Darkness had no effect on cellular POC. PON and chlorophyll a content of both species. In T.rolula, the capacity for photosynthetic carbon assimi- lation decreased to almost zero during the 21 day dark period, although survival capacity was not affec- ted. After a lag phase of 1-5 days, growth was resumed at initial growth rates, indicating that the bulk of cells of both diatom species were still viable. Thus, in the dark, both Thalassiosira species survived nutrient exhaustion without physiological impairment.
Salinity Trends, Variability, and Control in the Northern Reach of the San Francisco Estuary

Abstract The State and federal water projects decoupled long-term trends in annual mean outflow and salinity from long-term trends in precipitation. The water projects also dampen seasonal and annual outflow and salinity variability. Despite this, both seasonal and annual timescale outflow and salinity are generally more variable in the water project era concordant with watershed precipitation. We re-constructed monthly time series of precipitation, outflow, and salinity for the northern reach. These include salinity at Port Chicago (since 1947), Beldons Landing (since 1929), and Collinsville (since 1921), Delta outflow (since 1929), and a San Francisco Estuary watershed precipitation index (since 1921). We decomposed data into seasonal, decadal, and trend components to clarify the superposition of variability drivers. With the longest time series over 1000 months, these are the longest data records in the estuary save for Golden Gate tide. We used the precipitation index to compare trends and variability in climate forcing to outflow and salinity trends before and after construction of the water projects and the Suisun Marsh Salinity Control Gate. We test the widely held conceptual model that water project reservoir and Delta export operations reduce seasonal and annual outflow variability. We found that the water projects influence the trend of the annual and some monthly means in outflow and salinity, but exert far less influence on variability. We suggest that climate is the primary variability driver at timescales between one-month and ~20 years. We underscore the understanding that identifying trends and mechanisms requires data sets that are longer than the timescale of the lowest frequency forcing mechanism.
Reproductive patterns of the hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata in sandy beaches of the Yucatan Peninsula

Daily censuses of the hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata were taken during the nesting seasons 1995–2001 in three sandy beaches of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico (Celestun, El Cuyo and Isla Holbox), to evaluate aspects of its reproductive biology. A total of 9059 hawksbill turtle clutches was estimated for the study period. Nesting seasons began in mid-April and ended in early September, peaking in May–June. No significant differences were detected in the mean number of clutches per km among beaches. The largest number of clutches was observed in the supralittoral zone (6341: 70%), followed by the dune (2491: 27.5%) and the intertidal (227: 2.5%) zones. Variation in number of clutches showed a main peak in 1999, decreasing in 2000 and 2001. A significant decrease (3 cm) in body size of nesting females was detected between 1995 and 2001. Mean clutch size was 140 eggs/clutch, and a significant positive relationship between curved carapace length and mean clutch size was found at the three beaches. Incubation period, hatching success and emergence success varied between years (lowest values in 1998) and beaches (highest values at Isla Holbox), with no significant differences between the supralittoral and dune zones. Even though there was no evidence of a decreasing trend in nesting activity for the study period, the decrease in 2000–2001 suggests that additional beach monitoring is necessary to identify long-term trends, and to reduce potential losses of nests by human and natural causes in this globally important region for the hawksbill turtle.
Hepatotoxicity of Methanol Seed Extract of Aframomum melegueta (Roscoe) K. Schum. (Grains of paradise) in Sprague-Dawley Rats

The hepatotoxic effects of the seeds of Aframomum melegueta (Grains of paradise), a spice were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. Individual rat groups received sub-chronic exposure of the methanol seed extract at 300 mg/kg for 7, 14 and 21 days respectively. Liver toxicity was evaluated with assay of circulating serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin, total bilirubin concentrations and histopathology of the liver of treated experimental rats. Serum levels of AST significantly (p<0.05) increased progressively in extract-treated rats compared to the control from day 7 till the termination of the study (day 21). However, serum ALT, ALP and total bilirubin levels of test rats were only significantly (p<0.05) elevated relative to the normal on days 14 and 21 of the investigation. The dose (300 mg/kg) of extract produced AST value of 55.8±3 µL-1 while the control was 32.2±1.9 µL-1; and ALT value became 16.8±1.1 µL-1 when control was 8.6±1.1 µL-1 on day 21; Total bilirubin was 1.4±0.1 mgdL-1 relative to control value of 0.5±0.2 mgdL-1. The serum albumin levels of extract-treated rats were however, comparable with that of the normal rats throughout the study period. Histopathology of the rat livers revealed mild focal necrosis of hepatocytes at day 7, moderate multifocal areas of hepatic necrosis at day 14 and severe, diffused necrosis of hepatocytes at day 21 of treatment with the extract. The results demonstrated that the methanol seed extract of A. melegueta was potent in inducing liver toxicity at the tested dose (300 mg/kg). Maximal caution should therefore be imbibed in prolonged excessive use of the plant seeds as spice in delicacies.
Examination of some factors affecting selection of fish prey by otters (Lutra lutra) living by eutrophic fish ponds

In this study the predation and fish prey selection of otters Lutra lutra L. living by eutrophic fish ponds on agricultural land and in a protected area of temperate climate in Hungary were investigated. The correlations between fish in the diet of the otters (by spraint analysis involved 1942 and 1280 samples for the two habitats) and the fish stock available (by harvest and sample fishing) were generally close. Prey selection was significantly related to selected species of a particular size range (p < 0.01). The preference calculations were performed with Ivlev's index of preference (E-i, minimum - 1. maximum +1). Regardless of species, the otters avoided (E-i= -0.51) fish heavier than 1000 g, with a preference for individuals weighing between 500 and 1000 g (E-i = 0.79). No substantial or clear preference was observed in the weight range below 500 g (E-i = - 0.02-0.38). The preference for fish in accordance with their characteristic sites of occurrence within the body of water was also significant (P < 0.0 1). They avoided fish living primarily in open water (E-i= -0.64) and to a lesser degree those occurring near the pond bed (E-i= -0.22). They favoured fish inhabiting the area with a covering of aquatic plants (E-i = 0.46), and showed a preference to a lesser degree for fish living in the shallow littoral regions (E-i = 0. 14). With the cessation of fish farming and the effect of the drastic changes which occurred in the vegetation, the otters fed substantially on the stock of alternative sources of prey such as amphibians and water insects as well as terrestrial animals, and at such times, depending on season, fish became a secondary source of prey.
Re‐epithelialization of normal human excisional wounds is associated with a switch from αvβ5 to αvβ6 integrins

Summary During cutaneous wound repair, keratinocytes move laterally across the wound surface. For this lateral movement epidermal cells must disassemble their tenacious connections to the basement membrane and their neighbouring cells, and express surface receptors that permit translocation over the wound surface extracellular matrix. If the basement membrane is disrupted, the epidermis migrates over a provisional matrix that contains fibrinogen, fibronectin, vitronectin and tenascin. Although α5β1 integrin, a fibronectin receptor, is expressed by human epidermis during reepithelialization of excisional and incisional wounds, the spatial and temporal patterns of vitronectin, tenascin, and other fibronectin receptors are less clear. Other potential receptors include αvβ5 for vitronectin and αvβ6 for fibronectin and tenascin. To study provisional matrix integrin expression during human wound healing, full‐thickness 4‐mm punch biopsies were performed on the inner surface of the upper arm in adult volunteers. At 3, 7 and 14 days after injury wound sites were excised, bisected, quick frozen in liquid nitrogen, and examined for the expression of α5, β1, αv, β5 and β6. At 3 days, α5β1 and αvβ5, but not αvβ6, appeared around the basal and suprabasalar cells of the migrating epidermis. At 7 days, α5β1, αvβ5, and αvβ6 appeared around the perimeter of the basal cells of the migrating epidermis. By 14 days, when re‐epithelialization was complete, all basal and suprabasalar cells overlying the wound expressed α5β1 and αvβ6, but not αvβ5. Thus, αv appeared to switch its heterodimeric association from β5 to β6 subunit during re‐epithelialization.
Empathy and Mindfulness

When Frieda Fromm-Reichmann was asked to summarize the basic personality and professional requirements of a psychotherapist she replied: &dquo;The psychotherapist must be able to listen [Fromm-Reichmann, 1959]. &dquo; Although this requirement appears to be extraordinarily easy to accomplish, in reality it continually slips through our fingers. We all seem to know how to listen, yet many of us (even trained psychotherapists) fail to listen correctly. The ability to listen appears to be an essential part of the ability to be empathetic (i.e., to understand and grasp the client’s experience of his or her world). Empathy is a fundamental characteristic of effective therapists (Truax & Mitchell, 1971). If therapists cannot experientially understand their clients, it is doubtful whether they can provide the conditions for enhancement of being.
Morphogenic variability of some autochthonous plum cultivars in western Serbia

A study conducted over a period of two years in a Western Serbian valley included in situ identification of autochthonous plum cultivars. Observation and recording of their phenological and pomological traits were performed using IBPGR and UPOV methodologies. Fifteen cultivars derived from Prunus domestica L. and two cultivars derived from P. insititia L. were identified. Flowering started between 24 March and 7 April and fruit ripening between 12 July (Petrovaca) and 16 September (Trnovaca). Fruit weight ranged from 6.79± 0.018 to 36.62± 0.251 g and stone weight from 0.14± 0.002 to 1.95± 0.023 g. The cultivars were classified as being extremely small in terms of fruit size. Rounded fruit shape and light-yellow ground colour were dominant. Skin colour ranged from amber to black. Yellow green was a dominant flesh colour and medium flesh firmness predominated. The fruits of the above cultivars could be processed, particularly into plum brandy, or they could be used fresh or dried. The selected plum cultivars can be used both in breeding programmes and as rootstocks as well as in further disease-related systematic studies under field and laboratory conditions.
Partitioning of primary production among giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera), understory macroalgae, and phytoplankton on a temperate reef

We experimentally investigated the response of phytoplankton and understory macroalgae to canopies of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, by following changes in their biomass and net primary production over 17 months in 600‐m2 plots where giant kelp was continually removed or left intact and allowed to vary naturally. Production by phytoplankton was two times greater and understory algae five times greater where Macrocystis was removed relative to the intact forest. Understory biomass, but not phytoplankton biomass, was suppressed inside the forest, leading to a higher magnitude of effect on net primary production (NPP) by understory relative to phytoplankton. Following a natural decline of the Macrocystis canopy by winter storms, understory macroalgae and phytoplankton increased production in the Macrocystis control plot. This response was delayed for both groups, with phytoplankton production increasing in spring and understory increasing later during summer. The longer delay for understory macroalgae was likely due to restrictions in the timing of macroalgal recruitment and their slower growth rates compared with phytoplankton and with increased competition for light resulting from greater light absorption by the spring phytoplankton bloom. Surprisingly, total ecosystem production that included NPP by Macrocystis, phytoplankton, and understory algae did not differ between the Macrocystis control and removal plots for much of the study. NPP by understory algae, which comprised the bulk of the ecosystem NPP in the Macrocystis removal plot, can compensate to varying degrees for the loss of Macrocystis production following its removal by winter storms.
Effect of a fluctuating thermal regime on adult and larval reef corals

We compared responses of adults and larvae of the brooding corals Pocillopora damicornis and Seriatopora hystrix to 12-h exposures to constant temperature treatments (21°C, 28°C, or 30°C) and a treatment in which temperature fluctuated from 28° to 21°C, simulating daily temperature variation generated by tidally driven upwelling in their natural habitat (Nanwan Bay, southern Taiwan). In all treatments, the maximum dark-adapted quantum yield of photosystem II (FV/FM) of the larvae was ∼49% lower than that of adult corals; FV/FM in the larvae also differed among temperature treatments, with the highest values in the fluctuating treatment. These results show that the larvae of at least P. damicornis are more sensitive to temperature than adults, and suggest that larvae are physiologically well suited to fluctuating temperature regimes. To assess whether the timing of larval release affected their performance, larvae of P. damicornis were compared among release days within a single reproductive event. Groups of larvae released on nine consecutive days differed significantly in size, Symbiodinium content, and FV/FM. This demonstration of functional differences among coral larvae that are released on different dates within a single reproductive event creates the potential for advantages to accrue from the coincidence of larval phenotypes with temporally varying conditions. Adult colonies may experience selective advantages by producing broods of functionally variable larvae, in order to match extreme phenotypes to unusual environmental conditions.
Factors affecting food comminution during chewing in ruminants: a review

A review is presented of the chewing effectiveness of herbivorous mammals dealing with the relationship between food comminution (i.e. reduction of particle size), morphological features of teeth, chewing behaviour (i.e. time spent chewing and chewing rate), and the chemical and physical properties of plant tissues. Chewing is the main food processing mechanism in herbivores, increasing the surface/volume ratio of the food, which is a key factor affecting the efficiency of digestion and, therefore, body condition, reproductive success and life history. Chewing effectiveness (CE) is defined as the reduction of a pre-determined amount and particle size of a given food after a known, but not necessarily determined, number of chews. The two main animal-centred factors influencing CE are tooth effectiveness and chewing behaviour. The most frequently used predictors of tooth effectiveness are molar occlusal surface area, molar occlusal contact area (defined as any surface of the upper and lower teeth in or near contact during occlusion) and the length of the enamel cutting edges of the occlusal surface. There is expected to be a direct positive relationship between the predictors of tooth effectiveness and chewing effectiveness. Chewing behaviour has particular importance to food particle reduction in ruminants, because they spend long periods chewing during both initial ingestion and ruminating. The majority of studies find significant unexplained variance when CE is predicted using tooth features or chewing behaviour parameters. There is also little agreement as to what is the key morphological factor determining tooth effectiveness, or what is the relationship between tooth effectiveness and chewing behaviour. The type, maturity stage and physical presentation of the food also contribute to the final particle size after food has been chewed, because of the involvement of the concentration of chemical components of the cell walls (acid detergent and neutral detergent fibres, lignin) and the architectural structure of the plant tissues in particle breakdown. The relationships between body mass and tooth effectiveness, chewing behaviour and CE are also discussed.
Thermal ecology of subadult and adult muskellunge in a thermally enriched reservoir

The movement of adult muskellunge, Esox masquinongy Mitchill, has been investigated in a variety of systems, but temperature selection by muskellunge has not been examined where well-oxygenated waters were available over a range of temperatures for much of the year. Thirty subadult and adult muskellunge tagged internally with temperature-sensing radio tags were tracked from March 2010 to March 2011 in a Tennessee reservoir. Mean tag temperatures were 18.9 °C in spring (March to May), 22.1 °C in summer (June to August), 16.5 °C in autumn and 9.8 °C in winter (December to February). When the greatest range in water temperatures was available (7.1-33.3 °C; May to early August 2010), their realised thermal niche (mean � 1 SD) was 22.3 °C � 1.8; the realised thermal niche was affected by fish size (smaller fish selected slightly warmer temperatures) but not sex. An electric generating steam plant discharging warm water resumed operation in January 2011, and most (86%) tagged fish occupied the plume where temperatures were � 10 °C warmer than ambient water temperatures. No mortalities were observed 15 days later when plant operations ceased. Their affinity for the heated plume prompted concerns that muskellunge will be too easily exploited when the plant operates during winter.
The Early Evolutionary History and Adaptive Radiation of the Pterosauria

Phylogenetic analyses of early pterosaur species are relatively new and contradictory. However, they imply a similar evolutionary history for early pterosaurs: a large divergence of all major early groups of pterosaurs before the first named pterosaur species appeared in the fossil record. This large, unsampled divergence may be a record of the initial adaptive radiation of the pterosaurs, but a recent comprehensive phylogenetic analysis reconstructs named Triassic pterosaur species grouped together in a monophyletic clade with all other major groups diverging later. Ten patterns that characterize adaptive radiations put forward by Gavrilets and Losos (2009) are assessed for congruence with the comprehensive phylogeny and two previous phylogenies to determine which are consistent with our notions of an adaptive radiation. Of the eight patterns that can be applied to pterosaurs, only six vary between pterosaur phylogenies. Of these six patterns, all apply to the three phylogenies with varying amounts of support For many patterns, however, the comprehensive phylogeny has a greater magnitude, shorter time span, or is the only topology within which they can be assessed. Pterosaurs are characterized by an adaptive radiation no matter which phylogeny is considered, but congruence with the fossil record increases the support and information content of a phylogeny by reducing the time and area within which to reconstruct evolutionary history.