Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation on Flow Characteristics of Generic Car Body with Different Boundary Conditions

In automotive aerodynamics, it is not common to focus on a specific vehicle due to restricted access to the CAD geometries, their short life span, and limited validation data. For this reason, researchers prefer generic bodies that look like automobiles such as Ahmed Body in their investigations. However, the absence of moving ground and rotating wheels makes these generic bodies unrealistic for aerodynamic studies. In this context, including wheels in CFD simulations, varying ground, and wheel boundary conditions, and comparing their qualitative and quantitative flow parameters with the original Ahmed Body experiment is the main objective of this paper. Results have shown that changing stationary ground and wheel boundaries into moving and rotating boundaries do have minor effects on wake characteristics and drag coefficients. However, just the presence of wheels on the model increases force coefficients significantly (increment in drag and lift coefficients by 27.32% and 188.5 counts, respectively.) even though these boundaries are stationary. As a result, the absence of moving ground and rotating wheels can be tolerated to some extent (especially for experimental studies in which inclusion of moving and rotating boundaries may have difficulties). However, a study cannot be evaluated exactly with a model without wheels.
Predictive modeling for infectious diarrheal disease in pediatric populations: A systematic review

Abstract Introduction Diarrhea is still a significant global public health problem. There are currently no systematic evaluation of the modeling areas and approaches to predict diarrheal illness outcomes. This paper reviews existing research efforts in predictive modeling of infectious diarrheal illness in pediatric populations. Methods We conducted a systematic review via a PubMed search for the period 1990–2021. A comprehensive search query was developed through an iterative process and literature on predictive modeling of diarrhea was retrieved. The following filters were applied to the search results: human subjects, English language, and children (birth to 18 years). We carried out a narrative synthesis of the included publications. Results Our literature search returned 2671 articles. After manual evaluation, 38 of these articles were included in this review. The most common research topic among the studies were disease forecasts 14 (36.8%), vaccine‐related predictions 9 (23.7%), and disease/pathogen detection 5 (13.2%). Majority of these studies were published between 2011 and 2020, 28 (73.7%). The most common technique used in the modeling was machine learning 12 (31.6%) with various algorithms used for the prediction tasks. With change in the landscape of diarrheal etiology after rotavirus vaccine introduction, many open areas (disease forecasts, disease detection, and strain dynamics) remain for pathogen‐specific predictive models among etiological agents that have emerged as important. Additionally, the outcomes of diarrheal illness remain under researched. We also observed lack of consistency in the reporting of results of prediction models despite the available guidelines highlighting the need for common data standards and adherence to guidelines on reporting of predictive models for biomedical research. Conclusions Our review identified knowledge gaps and opportunities in predictive modeling for diarrheal illness, and limitations in existing attempts whilst advancing some precursory thoughts on how to address them, aiming to invigorate future research efforts in this sphere.
Prevalence and Factors Associated With Poor Sleep Quality Among Visitors of Primary Healthcare Centers in Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction Poor sleep quality can predict poor health and is associated with mortality risk. Many factors are associated with sleep quality such as gender, health, education, socioeconomic status, and stress. The objective of this study was to estimate the magnitude of poor sleep quality among visitors of Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCCs) in Al-Ahsa and to identify factors associated with poor sleep quality. Methods This is an analytical cross-sectional study. A multistage cluster sampling technique was used to recruit 461 visitors to PHCCs in Al-Ahsa Governorate in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. A structured questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews. The questionnaire includes demographics, a validated Arabic version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Arabic version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Arabic version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2), the Arabic version of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2), the Arabic version of Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10), and a translated Mobile Related Sleep Risk Factors (MRSRF). Univariate analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous data, the chi-square test (χ²) or Fishers's exact test (as appropriate) for categorical data, and logistic regression for multivariable analysis. A P-value of less than or equal to 0.05 was considered significant. Results The study included 433 participants, with 72.5% of them being poor sleepers (PSQI global score of over 5). The highest percentage of poor sleepers was found among those aged 18 - 28 years (81.7%), with no significant difference between genders (p = 0.676). The study's multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that poor sleep is associated with smoking four hours before bedtime (OR = 2.9, CI = 1.2 - 6.7), consuming caffeine (drinks or pills) three hours before sleep (OR = 2.3, CI = 1.23 - 4.12) or immediately before bedtime (OR = 3.2, CI = 1.02 - 9.9), using mobile phones right before bedtime (OR = 2.6, CI = 1.5 - 4.5), having anxiety (OR = 5.8, CI = 1.3 - 26.2), and depression symptoms (OR = 6.5, CI = 2.9 - 14.5), among other risk factors. Conclusion The prevalence of poor sleep quality in our sample was notably high at 72.5%. Many factors are strongly associated with poor sleep quality including experiencing symptoms of anxiety and depression. Longitudinal studies are needed to explore this crucial health issue further. Healthcare providers in Al-Ahsa should pay particular attention while assessing patients who suffer from sleep disturbance by screening them for depression and anxiety and raising public awareness of the importance of good quality sleep and the factors that affect it.
Mendelian Randomization with Poor Instruments: a Bayesian Approach

We propose a Bayesian approach to Mendelian Randomization studies based on a set of instruments, $Z$. The approach allows some instruments to violate the (untestable) no-pleiotropy condition, that $Z$ be independent of the (continuous) response $Y$, conditional on the (continuous) exposure $X$ and on the confounders of the relationship between $X$ and $Y$. However, it assumes that no instrument be associated with the confounders. Our approach introduces a vector $\beta$ representing the unknown pleiotropic associations between $Z$ and $Y$. This makes the model unidentifiable from the likelihood. We make the posterior distribution proper by imposing on $\beta$ a biologically justified prior that assumes some pleiotropic associations to be zero. This we do by imposing on $\beta$ Carvalho's horseshoe shrinkage prior, which will shrink the components of this vector towards zero, but to different degrees, adaptively, without requiring the user to specify numerical values for the hyperparameters. Conditional on a particular value of the causal effect of interest, $\theta$, this prior will allow instruments irreconcilable with the no-pleiotropy hypothesis to have their corresponding components of $\beta$ unshrunk, so as to prevent the estimate of $\theta$ from being corrupted by their presence. The components of $\beta$ for the remaining instruments will be heavily shrunk towards zero, so that the information they provide will be used to estimate $\theta$. Computational aspects of the method are discussed. We perform a simulation study to assess the type-I error probability and the power of our method to detect the causal effect of interest, relative to those of the weighted median estimator. Next we generalize the model by allowing instrument-exposure interactions, and assess performance in this case, too.
Cooperative robust containment control for general discrete-time multi-agent systems with external disturbance

This study investigates the cooperative containment control problem for heterogeneous discrete-time linear multi-agent systems. The structures of the systems are uncertain, and there exists more than one leader in the authors' systems. For these leaders, it is unnecessary to establish links exchanging information between them. Instead, the authors assume that at least one leader has directed paths to all the follower nodes. A distributed discrete-time compensator is presented to estimate the convex hull information of the leaders. Then, based on the estimation of the convex hull information of the reference outputs, they design a novel distributed internal model compensator to tackle the uncertain parts of the dynamics. Finally, a distributed dynamic output feedback approach is utilised to study the distributed systems with external disturbance under the directed communication topology. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the validity of the theoretical results.
Does the Truth Come Naturally? Time Pressure Increases Honesty, Especially Among Women

Many interactions require people to act quickly, and are characterized by asymmetric information. Since asymmetric information makes people tempted to misreport their private information for their own benefit, it is important to understand whether time pressure interferes with honest behavior. Previous studies suggest that time pressure increases dishonesty. However, these studies have the limitation that subjects knew beforehand that their payoff-maximizing strategy was to deceive, and thus it remains unclear whether time pressure increases dishonesty or simply increases payoff maximization. Here we report two studies aimed at filling this gap. In Study 1, subjects were given an information and were asked to report it within 5 seconds vs after 30 seconds. Crucially, participants did not know their payoff maximizing strategy before knowing the private information. We find that time pressure increases honest behavior. Moreover, we find that this effect disappears when the same economic scenario is presented as a simple choice between two allocations of money, with no lying involved, demonstrating that our results are driven by honesty, and not by a potential conflict between self-regarding and other-regarding preferences. Study 2 explores the psychological mechanisms behind this result and finds that low scores in a Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) predict honesty. Since both time pressure and low CRT scores make people more likely to rely on their automatized strategies, our results support the Truth-Default Theory, which assumes that people have internalized true-telling as their default strategies.
Multi-proxy reconstruction of climate changes in the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary, Canada, during the Middle and Late-Holocene

The micropaleontological and palynological content, and geochemical and isotopic composition of a marine sediment core collected off Pointe-des-Monts in eastern Québec, Canada, reveal regional palaeoclimatic and paleoceanographic conditions in the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary over the last ~8200 years. The pollen and spore content allows comparison with the terrestrial palynostratigraphy, whereas dinoflagellate cysts and benthic foraminifera are used to reconstruct sea-surface conditions and bottom water properties, respectively. The dinocyst-based reconstructions indicate shifts between estuarine and oceanic conditions with important changes in sea-surface temperature, salinity, and primary productivity. Both the dinocyst assemblages and the quantitative sea-surface estimates highlight a distinct transition at ca. 4200 cal years BP. It is notably marked by a change towards higher salinity, which suggests reduced freshwater discharge, hence lower precipitation in the watershed, during the Late-Holocene. The isotopic composition (δ18O and δ13C) and assemblages of the benthic foraminifera indicate centennial to millennial frequency variability of bottom water properties, over a general trend towards decreasing temperatures and increasing ventilation from the beginning of the Middle Holocene until the last century. Since then, reverse trends with abrupt warming and decreasing dissolved oxygen content in bottom water have been observed.
Growth parameters of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacépède, 1803) and Chrysichthys maurus (Valenciennes, 1840) in Buyo Lake (Middlee - West: Côte d’Ivoire)

The growth parameters of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus and Chrysichthys maurus were estimated in Buyo Lake. The study covered 1070 individuals collected monthly between August 2019 and July 2020, including 630 Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus with sizes between 4 cm Ls and 55 cm Ls and 440 Chrysichthys maurus individuals with sizes between 12 cm Ls and 59 cm Ls. The values of L∞, K and Φ' are 69.35 cm; 0.78 yr-1 and 3.57 yr for Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus respectively. The longevity is 3.84 years with a To equal to -0.16 while in Chrysichthys maurus, the longevity is 4.68 years with a To equal to -0.21. The values of L∞, K and Φ' for this species are 61.42 cm; 0.68 yr-1 and 3.38 yr, respectively. Both species exhibit long lifetimes.
You can't always get what you want? Estimator choice and the speed of convergence

We propose theory-based Monte Carlo simulations to quantify the extent to which the estimated speed of convergence depends on the underlying econometric techniques. Based on a theoretical growth model as the data generating process, we find that, given a true speed of convergence of around 5%, the estimated values range from 0.2% to 7.72%. This corresponds to a range of the half life of a given gap from around 9 years up to several hundred years. With the exception of the (very inefficient) system GMM estimator with the collapsed matrix of instruments, the true speed of convergence is outside of the 95% confidence intervals of all investigated state-of-the-art estimators. In terms of the squared percent error, the between estimator and the system GMM estimator with the non-collapsed matrix of instruments perform worst, while the system GMM estimator with the collapsed matrix of instruments and the corrected least squares dummy variable estimator perform best. Based on these results we argue that it is not a good strategy to rely on only one or two different estimators when assessing the speed of convergence, even if these estimators are seen as suitable for the given sources of biases and inefficiencies. Instead one should compare the outcomes of different estimators carefully in light of the results of Monte Carlo simulation studies.
CFD, potential flow and system-based simulations of fully appended free running 5415M in calm water and waves

Serge Toxopeus a,∗, Hamid Sadat-Hosseini , Michel Visonneau , Emmanuel Guilmineau , Tin-Guen Yen , Woei-Min Lin , Gregory Grigoropoulos f and Frederick Stern g a Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN), Wageningen, The Netherlands E-mail: s.l. toxopeus@marin.nl b Mechanical and Energy Engineering Department, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA E-mail: hamid.sadat@unt.edu c CNRS, LHEEA (École Centrale de Nantes), Nantes, France d Leidos, USA e Formerly SAIC, Currently ONR, USA f National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece g IIHR, Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
Effect of Hole Size on Flow Structure and Mixing Characteristic in a Multi-Hole Baffled Micro Combustor

Flow structure and mixing properties by the baffle shape are numerically studied for a baffled micro combustor. The baffle shape is changed by various fuel and hole sizes. The numerical simulations based on different geometric conditions are performed by using the Reynolds Stress Model. The fuel-air mixing is greatly affected by flow recirculations. The centrally located flow recirculation has an important role for the entire mixing performance. The results show that this feature depends on the baffle configurations, and the baffle with small air holes represents efficient characters.
Epidemiologic Survey Around Dog Bites in Plateau State, Central Nigeria

Rabies is a zoonotic viral fatal disease of warm-blooded animals and occurs due to the bites of animals like dogs, cats, hyenas, jackals against their victims. Rabies remains threat to more than half of the world’s population, killing more than 59,000 people yearly mostly in Asia and Africa whilst most of the victims are children. Domestic dogs are responsible for causing over 99% of all human cases. Rabies can be transmitted through biting, scratching wounds, licking of broken skin and mucous membrane from rabid animal saliva to humans and other animals. In this study, ten farmers were randomly chosen and participated from the list of willing farmers from 5 local government areas LGAs, making a total of 50 farmers from the Berom, Tarok and Fulani communities in Plateau state. The population of those farmers who had no form of education combine with those who had least form of education 29(58%) are higher than those who attended secondary and tertiary 21(42%). 36(72%) revealed that ruminants have been the major victim of dog bites cases in the various communities and only 8(16%) said dogs are the most victims. 25(50%) of the respondents says animal can survive and live a normal life after bitten by a dog and 40(80%) believe that human can survive and live a normal life after bitten by a dog. Only 25(50%) of the respondents take their human victims of dog bites to the hospital for proper medical attention; 13(52%) of them had no idea on what to do with their human victims to dog bites before visits to the hospital, 5(20%) wash and dress the wounds of dog bites only and 6(28%) of the respondents’ resorts to using traditional methods of caring to dog bites wounds before hospital visits. In conclusion, this present study revealed that dog bite is an indiscriminate public health menace in both humans and animals, with ruminants being the most affected. Majority of the farmers had no idea on what to do with the wounds of dog bite on humans and their animals and this require for more public enlightenment/awareness about the fatality of the disease, its transmission and how the virus persists amongst human and animal populations. The dangers and risks, dog bites pose to the public health in any given community must be clearly explained to the public across all communities in the state and the whole country
Stochastic Comparisons of Series and Parallel Systems with Kumaraswamy-G Distributed Components

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACT This article deals with stochastic comparisons of the series and parallel systems comprising Kumaraswamy generalized family of distributions. The results are established in two directions. We consider systems with different model parameters, and obtain some ordering results under the condition of multivariate chain majorization. Next, we use the notion of vector majorization and other related orders to establish various stochastic orders, such as the usual stochastic order, the likelihood ratio order, and the dispersive order. Further, results are obtained when components of two systems have independent and heterogeneous Kumaraswamy generalized family of distributions with different parent distribution functions. Numerical examples and counterexamples are provided to illustrate the established results.
Study on Salinity Reduction and Changes in Chemical Properties in Saline Soil

Background: The aim of the work was to evaluate the effects of different treatments viz manure as organic amendments, gypsum as amendments and nitrogen resources on salinity of saline soil. Methods: The research was conducted using a 2×4×3 factorial design. The first factor was manure (non-manure and manure), the second factor was the addition of gypsum, @ 0, 0.75, 1.5 and 3.0 ton ha-1) and third factor was source of nitrogen i.e. without N, nitrate and ammonium fertilizer. These three factors were repeated 3 times. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by the Duncan multiple range test for comparisons among means with a significance level of 5%. Result: This research markedly reduced pH, EC, Na and markedly increased sulfate, K content. But CEC, SAR, ESP, total N, nitrate, ammonium were not significant. The highest Ca content was in the 1.5 tons ha-1 gypsum treatment and non manure. Meanwhile, in the interaction between gypsum and N resources, the highest Mg content was 3 tons ha-1 of gypsum and nitrate.
Management of School-Community Conflicts in Selected Primary Schools of Livingstone District of Zambia

The purpose of this study was to analyse school-community conflict management strategies in selected primary schools of Livingstone district. The objectives of the study were to find out if conflicts existed between the school and the community, to establish the types of conflicts that existed and to find out the strategies which management used in resolving these conflicts between school and community in selected primary schools of Livingstone district. The study embraced a qualitative descriptive design and homogenous purposive sampling was used to select a total number of 102 participants. Twenty four teachers were subjected to semi structured interviews while 18 members of the parent teacher committee (PTC) and 60 pupils were subjected to focus group discussions. Data was analyzed qualitatively using thematic analysis. The findings of the study showed that there were conflicts between schools and communities. The common types of school-community conflicts were government policy related, land boundaries, partisan political inclination, school fees , social life, matters of faith, pride, immorality, academic failure, unruliness, technological, material and property acquisition. The conflict management strategies included; home visitations for conflict mediation and arbitration, annual general meetings, admission of guilty on both sides, intervention of government authorities, disciplinary measures and involving civic, traditional and church leaders. This study recommended that there was need for the schools and the communities to understand the types of conflicts which existed between them. The government should set up periodic training in conflict management strategies tailored specifically to the school management and PTC. Parents and teachers should have more regular meetings to resolve the conflicts.