Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Perinatal Exposure of Bisphenol A Differently Affects Dendritic Spines of Male and Female Grown-Up Adult Hippocampal Neurons

Perinatal exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) at a very low dose may modulate the development of synapses of the hippocampus during growth to adulthood. Here, we demonstrate that perinatal exposure to 30 μg BPA/kg per mother’s body weight/day significantly altered the dendritic spines of the grownup rat hippocampus. The density of the spine was analyzed by imaging of Lucifer Yellow-injected CA1 glutamatergic neurons in adult hippocampal slices. In offspring 3-month male hippocampus, the total spine density was significantly decreased by BPA exposure from 2.26 spines/μm (control, no BPA exposure) to 1.96 spines/μm (BPA exposure). BPA exposure considerably changed the normal 4-day estrous cycle of offspring 3-month females, resulting in a 4∼5 day estrous cycle with 2-day estrus stages in most of the subjects. In the offspring 3-month female hippocampus, the total spine density was significantly increased by BPA exposure at estrus stage from 2.04 spines/μm (control) to 2.25 spines/μm (BPA exposure). On the other hand, the total spine density at the proestrus stage was moderately decreased from 2.33 spines/μm (control) to 2.19 spines/μm (BPA exposure). Thus, after the perinatal exposure to BPA, the total spine density in males became lower than that in females. Concerning the BPA effect on the morphology of spines, the large-head spine was significantly changed with its significant decrease in males and moderate change in females.
Ultra-Short Duration Hypothermia Prevents Intracranial Pressure Elevation Following Ischaemic Stroke in Rats

There is a transient increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) 18–24 h after ischaemic stroke in rats, which is prevented by short-duration hypothermia using rapid cooling methods. Clinical trials of long-duration hypothermia have been limited by feasibility and associated complications, which may be avoided by short-duration cooling. Animal studies have cooled faster than is achievable in patients. We aimed to determine whether gradual cooling at a rate of 2°C/h to 33°C or 1°C/h to 34.5°C, with a 30 min duration at target temperatures, prevented ICP elevation and reduced infarct volume in rats. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was performed, followed by gradual cooling to target temperature. Hypothermia to 33°C prevented significant ICP elevation (hypothermia ΔICP = 1.56 ± 2.26 mmHg vs normothermia ΔICP = 8.93 ± 4.82 mmHg; p = 0.02) and reduced infarct volume (hypothermia = 46.4 ± 12.3 mm3 vs normothermia = 85.0 ± 17.5 mm3; p = 0.01). Hypothermia to 34.5°C did not significantly prevent ICP elevation or reduce infarct volume. We showed that gradual cooling to 33°C, at cooling rates achievable in patients, had the same ICP preventative effect as traditional rapid cooling methods. This suggests that this paradigm could be translated to prevent delayed ICP rise in stroke patients.
Characterizing Differences in Thymic Function in Women With and Without Vulvodynia: A Community-Based Study

Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between vulvodynia and thymic function. Materials and Methods In this case-control study of 200 clinically confirmed cases of vulvodynia and 205 general population controls residing in the Minneapolis/Saint Paul metropolitan area, we used DNA extracted from whole blood to measure levels of signal joint T-cell receptor excision circles (sjTRECs), a measure of thymic output. We used logistic regression to evaluate the association between vulvodynia and thymic function. Results In 405 participants (aged 18–40 years), we observed an association between decreasing thymic function and increasing age. Women with vulvodynia had a steeper decline in sjTREC values across age categories compared with women without vulvodynia. In addition, at younger ages, women with vulvodynia had higher sjTREC values compared with women without vulvodynia. In older women, those with vulvodynia had lower sjTREC than those without vulvodynia. When accounting for recency of vulvar pain onset, women with a shorter time since pain onset had higher thymic function compared with women with a longer time since vulvar pain onset. Conclusions These findings suggest that at younger ages, women with vulvodynia have higher thymic output and a more precipitous decline of thymic function than those without vulvodynia. It also seems that a strong immune inflammatory response is present proximate to the onset of vulvar pain and may wane subsequently over time.
Complementary Lipidomic, Proteomic, and Mass Spectrometry Imaging Approach to the Characterization of the Acute Effects of Radiation in the Non-human Primate Mesenteric Lymph Node after Partial-body Irradiation with Minimal Bone Marrow Sparing

Abstract Radiation sequelae is complex and characterized by multiple pathologies, which occur over time and nonuniformly throughout different organs. The study of the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) due to its importance in the gastrointestinal system is of particular interest. Other studies have shown an immediate post-irradiation reduction in cellularity due to the known effects of irradiation on lymphoid cell populations, but the molecular and functional mechanisms that lead to these cellular alterations remain limited. In this work, we show the use of lipidomic, proteomic, and mass spectrometry imaging in the characterization of the effects of acute radiation exposure on the MLN at different time points after ionizing radiation (IR) from 4 d to 21 d after 12 Gy partial body irradiation with 2.5% bone marrow sparing. The combined analyses showed a dysregulation of the lipid and protein composition in the MLN after IR. Protein expression was affected in numerous pathways, including pathways regulating lipids such as LXR/RXR activation and acute phase response. Lipid distribution and abundance was also affected by IR in the MLN, including an accumulation of triacylglycerides, a decrease in polyunsaturated glycerophospholipids, and changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Those changes were observed as early as 4 d after IR and were more pronounced for lipids with a higher concentration in the nodules and the medulla of the MLN. These results provide molecular insight into the MLN that can inform on injury mechanism in a non-human primate model of the acute radiation syndrome of the gastrointestinal tract. Those findings may contribute to the identification of therapeutic targets and the development of new medical countermeasures.
Policymaking through opposing ideas? Framing conditionality and unconditionality in Finnish parliamentary discourse

In the ideational branch of institutionalist literature, policy outcomes are often explained in terms of a single idea or a set of ideas prevailing over others. This article explores a unique case where the Finnish government simultaneously introduced policies grounded in the ideas of unconditionality – in the form of a basic income experiment – and conditionality, reinforced through reforms concerning unemployment benefits. The study focuses on the ways in which political actors, in their framing strategies, connected their arguments to cognitive paradigms and normative public sentiments located in the background of policy debates. Through a thematic analysis of documentary data, the study finds that the seemingly contradictory unconditional and conditional measures were made compatible by framing them in connection to the prevailing cognitive activation paradigm. However, the framing of stricter conditionality additionally made use of normative arguments, connecting to public sentiments on what may be considered appropriate.
Chemical reactivity and supramolecular susceptibility of hardwood celluloses towards succinic anhydride

In order to understand the chemical reactivity and the relative susceptibility of I α and I β cellulose allomorphs of some tropical hardwoods with coupling agents bearing succinic moiety, their cellulose fibers were isolated and esterified by succinic anhydride molecule heated at 120 °C for 4 h in dimethylformamide(DMF)/pyridine(Py) used as swelling solvent. The morphological structure of Testulea gabonensis ( T. gabonensis ), Julbernardia pellegriniana ( J. pellegriniana ), Aucoumea klaineana ( A. klaineana ) and Tieghemella africana ( T. africana ) fibers were characterized by the MORFI® apparatus. The fibers were the longest for T. africana (769 μ m), J. pellegriniana (717 μ m) and T. gabonensis (700 μm) while those from A. klaineana were the shortest (624 μ m). No difference was found between T. gabonensis , A. klaineana and T. africana fibers width which varied from 24.0 to 24.2 μ m while J. pellegriniana cellulose exhibited the smallest width (18.6 μ m). The cellulose fibers of T. gabonensis , T. africana and J. pellegriniana displayed the better reactivity as revealed by their respective weigh per cent gains: 16.57 ± 1.11%, 14.16 ± 0.67% and 12.96 ± 0.77% compared with A. klaineana (11.85 ± 0.62%). The latter exhibited the lowest decrease of crystallinity among those cellulose esters. Nevertheless, solid state 13 C NMR showed a strong reactivity of amorphous cellulose and chains exposed on crystal surfaces than interior crystallite chains. Any evidence of I α and I β allomorphs esterification was found in those cellulose fibers with the exception of T. africana which displayed a decrease of I α and I β allomorphs without a preferential reactivity of I α cellulose. The trend of heterogeneous phase esterification of cellulose fibers with succinic anhydride in DMF/Py at 120 °C for 4 hours to be merely controlled by amorphous phase and chains exposed on crystal surface was discussed. © 2017 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Cellulose allomorphs, Esterification, Solid state NMR, X-ray diffraction
Distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc content in mango grown acidic soils of Jharkhand

The mango orchards grown in acidic soils of Jharkhand were evaluated for pH, organic carbon (OC), available macro- (N, P and K) and DTPA-micronutrient (Zn) content in the soil profile. Soil samples were collected from 27 different mango orchards comprised of three health levels (unhealthy, medium and healthy) and three age groups (1-3 year, 4-5 year and 6-7 year). The pH of the surface soil was low and gradually increased with increase in depth of soil profile. The pH was lowest in unhealthy (4.96) as well as in 1-3 year old orchard (4.72). The organic carbon content was highest of 5.40 and 5.57 g kg-1 in healthy and 6-7 year old orchard, respectively in 0-30cm depth. The available nitrogen content varied from 67.2-139.4 kg ha-1 among the health levels of orchard. Among the age levels of orchard, the available nitrogen content varied from 82.8-128.2 kg ha-1. The available phosphorus content varied from 1.8-7.3 and 0.8-5.7 kg ha-1 among health levels and age levels of orchard, respectively. The exchangeable potassium content was highest of 309.5 and 334.3 kg ha-1 in healthy and 6-7 year old orchards, respectively in 0-30cm depth. The DTPA-extractable Zn content varied from 0.27-0.48 and 0.24-0.40 mg kg-1 among health levels and age levels of orchard, respectively. The soils of different orchards were low in organic carbon, available nitrogen and available phosphorus; sufficiency in exchangeable K and DTPA-extractable zinc was critically low.
Author response to: Discussion of Towards using state-of-the-art climate models to help constrain estimates of unprecedented UK storm surges

This paper proposes using climate model simulations to aid with still water level return level estimation and address problems that arise with the statistical approach when tide gauges have short record lengths. The model they present is the HadGEM3-GC3-MM to generate a dataset of 483-year present-day storm surges at sites on the UK tide gauge network. They compare the skew surge simulations to using only observations when fitting extreme value models by estimating parameters. The spatial distribution of the parameters for each dataset are generally well correlated. However, there is a negative bias in the simulation approach in the shape parameter estimate of the generalised Pareto distribution (GPD); the authors discuss this in detail and suspect it is due to a pitfall in the shelf sea model (CS3). The paper also investigates the interaction between skew surge and peak tide at Sheerness. They study the effect that changes in timing between atmospheric forcings and tide has on skew surge. Additionally, they review the independence assumption of skew surge and peak tide used in the JPM. Using their model simulations, they show that extreme skew surges are more likely to occur on neap tide this agrees with the results of Williams et al. (2016) (supplementary material).
Assessment Of Human-Wildlife Conflict And Its Implication For Conservation at sundarpur, Udayapur, Eastern Nepal

This study was carried out to document the prevailing situation of humanwildlife conflict in Sundarpur of Udayapur district, Nepal where significant numbers of sloth bear along with other troublesome wildlife species occur. Data about conflict and people's perception towards wildlife conservation was collected using household surveys supplemented by key informant interviews and direct observation method. Monkeys (93%) and elephants (86%) were found to be major animals involved in conflict mostly resulting into crop raiding, which was the major form of conflict as reported by (95%) of respondents. Livestock depredation cases were mostly by common leopard (84%) and sloth bear was involved in majority of human attack cases (90%). According to respondents, the trend of conflict was found to be increasing for elephants (63%) and monkeys (73%) while it was found to be decreasing for sloth bear (64%), wild boar (85%), and leopard (46%), where people believed natural attraction of wildlife towards crops/livestock to be the major driving factor of conflict. Despite the prevalence of conflict most of the respondents showed positive attitude towards wildlife conservation in Sundarpur. This implies a better future for wildlife conservation in this area if the issues associated with human-wildlife conflict are addressed effectively.
Prevalence of hyperandrogenism in Iraqi women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a mainly common endocrine disorder. Hyperandrogenism is the major standard in the diagnosisof PCOS development.Eighty women diagnosed with PCOS and twenty healthy women(aged 20-40 years)were enrolled in this study which was conducted at the infertility clinic of Kamal AL-Samaraay Hospital/ Baghdad. The diagnosis of PCOS was made according to the Rotterdam criteria. Body mass index (BMI, Kg/m 2 )was calculated by a specific formula. History of menstrual irregularity, hirsutism, acne, and alopecia was taken. Hormone levels in serum, namely luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone were measured in all patients and control subjects.There was a statistically significant difference (P <0.05) in the BMI between the PCOS and control women.Also, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was much higher in PCOS women than in their matching control. The serum levels of LH, FSH, and testosterone were significantly different (P <0.05) in PCOS as compared to healthy women. Clinical hyperandrogenism (hirsutism and alopecia) were present in most of PCOS women, while acne wasa less useful clinical sign of hyperandrogenism.Inaddition, the prevalence of hirsutism and alopecia was increased in obese when compared with overweight and lean PCOS women.
Spectrum of Pediatric Malignancies: An Observational Single Center Study from Western India

Cancer is a leading cause of death for children and adolescent worldwide. The cure rates in low middle-income countries are dismal (20%) in comparison to high income countries (80%). The first move is to assemble precise data on epidemiology of pediatric cancer across the country and its region wide variation. This study attempts to provide spectrum of pediatric malignancies from a tertiary care hospital in the state of Rajasthan, India. A total of 140 cases were studied retrospectively over a period of two years (April 2018-March 2020). Patients, 0-18 years of age that are diagnosed as a case of malignancy were included in this study. The records of these patients were retrieved and analyzed. Patients were stratified in 4 groups; 0-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years and 15-18 years. Most of the patients fell in 15-18 year group (35.7%), followed by 5-9 year group (28.5%). Majority of cases, 67.8% were male. The male to female ratio is 2.1:1. Leukemia (40%) was the most common malignancy followed by lymphoma, retinoblastoma and malignant bone tumors. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia comprises majority (35/56) of leukemia. Retinoblastoma was predominant malignancy among <5-year children. In all other groups, leukemia was predominant. This study gauges the trend of pediatric malignancies at one of the largest tertiary care hospitals in Rajasthan, which is important in the planning and evaluation of health strategies. As we lack a dedicated pediatric cancer registry, such epidemiological studies play a significant part for this small but distinguished group of patients.
Asymptomatic COVID-19 in the elderly: dementia and viral clearance as risk factors for disease progression.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals ≥60 years old have the highest hospitalization rates and represent >80% fatalities. Within this population, those in long-term facilities represent >50% of the total COVID-19 related deaths per country. Among those without symptoms, the rate of pre-symptomatic illness is unclear, and potential predictors of progression for symptom development are unknown. Our objective was to delineate the natural evolution of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in elders and identify determinants of progression. Methods: We established a medical surveillance team monitoring 63 geriatric institutions in Buenos Aires, Argentina during June-July 2020. When an index COVID-19 case emerged, we tested all other eligible asymptomatic elders ≥75 or >60 years old with at least 1 comorbidity. SARS-CoV-2 infected elders were followed for 28 days. Disease was diagnosed when any COVID-19 manifestation occurred. SARS-CoV-2 load at enrollment, shedding on day 15, and antibody responses were also studied. Results: After 28 days of follow-up, 74/113(65%) SARS-CoV-2-infected elders remained asymptomatic. 54% of pre-symptomatic patients developed hypoxemia and ten pre-symptomatic patients died. Dementia was the only clinical risk factor associated with disease(OR 2.41(95%CI=1.08, 5.39). In a multivariable logistic regression model, dementia remained as risk factor for COVID-19 severe disease. Furthermore, dementia status showed a statistically significant different trend when assessing the cumulative probability of developing COVID-19 symptoms(log-rank p=0.027). On day 15, SARS-CoV-2 was detectable in 30% of the asymptomatic group while in 61% of the pre-symptomatic(p=0.012). No differences were observed among groups in RT-PCR mean cycle threshold at enrollment(p=0.391) and in the rates of antibody seropositivity(IgM and IgG against SARS-CoV-2). Conclusions: In summary, 2/3 of our cohort of SARS-CoV-2 infected elders from vulnerable communities in Argentina remained asymptomatic after 28 days of follow-up with high mortality among those developing symptoms. Dementia and persistent SARS-CoV-2 shedding were associated with progression from asymptomatic to symptomatic infection.
Zoledronate and ibandronate treatments provide a significant improvement in BMD values in osteoporosis patients

Objective: In this study, we aimed to make a comparative analysis of short term clinical effectivity and side effects of intravenous zoledronate administration as single dose yearly and intravenous ibandronate administration as four doses per year. Methods: The patients whom were included in our study had osteoporosis according to WHO criteria and were treated with either parenteral zoledronate or ibandronate. 43 patients were treated with single dose of 5mg intravenous zolendronat which was applied once in a year; whereas in 39 patients were treated with 3 mg intravenous ibandronate which was applied four times in a year in three months intervals. Biochemical tests were performed in all patients before intravenous drug infusion. Side effects during drug administration and also in the first three months of the treatment were noted for all patients. Clinical effectivity was analyzed according to changes in bone mineral density (BMD) at the end of two year after treatment. Results: Eighty-two patients who were followed-up and evaluated for the effectivity and side effects of the treatment were included in our study. The compliance of patients were 100% in both groups. Mean age was 75.23±6.9 years and mean body mass index (BMI) was 26.94±7.2. In zoledronate group in which there were 23 females and 20 males. Mean age was 73.64±8.7 years and mean BMI was 27.34±4.4. In ibandronate group in which there were 39 females. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of gender (p=0.000) Mean age, BMI and rate of diagnosed side effects were not statistically significant in between the groups. According to a one-year follow-up in both groups comparison with before application had a statistically significant increase in BMD (p<0.01). However, a one-year follow-up between the two groups in terms of mean values of bone mineral density did not differ significantly (p>0.05). Conclusion: Choice of medical treatment is decided according to bone mineral density and personal risk factors in osteoporosis. Parenteral agents in the treatment of osteoporosis may be the preferred choice for the patients with comorbid diseases, using multiple drug therapies, or having trouble in using oral drug therapy. However, it should always be kept in mind that drug related side effects may be seen more commonly with parenteral agents. Clinicians should be aware of the probable side effects during and after application.
Pediatric nursing diagnoses in light of the essential needs of children

1University of São Paulo – São Paulo (SP), Brazil. E-mails: nadia.melo16@usp.br, mdlorver@usp.br 2Federal University of Goiás – Catalão (GO), Brazil. E-mail: jumartins2005@gmail.com 3Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo – São Paulo (SP), Brazil. E-mail: samara.cordeiro@fcmsantacasasp.edu. br 4Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health – Boston (MA), United States. E-mail: clarivitoria@gmail.com
On Engagement With ICT Standards and Their Implementations in Open Source Software Projects

This paper presents novel results concerning engagement with ICT standards and their implementations in open source software (OSS). Specifically, findings draw from observations and analysis related to standards and implementations in the multimedia field. The first part of the study reports on experiences and insights from engagement with standards in the multimedia field and from implementation of such standards in OSS projects. The second part of the study focuses on the case of the ITU-T H.264 standard and the two OSS projects OpenH264 and x264 that both implement the standard, and reports on a characterisation of organisations that engage with and control the H.264 standard, and organisations that engage with and control OSS projects implementing the H.264 standard. Further, projects for standardisation and implementation of H.264 are contrasted with respect to mix of contributing organisations, and findings are related to organisational strategies of contributing organisations and previous research.