Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
4 Exchangeability and conditional independence

so that the exact order of the results Xi does not matter because the resulting probability will be the same as long as the sum ∑ Xi is the same. Hence, the binomial distribution becomes de ned for the sum of 'successful events' in a series of N trials. This is a special case, in which the true proportion r encapsulates all 'essential' background knowledge. In order to calculate the probability, we need to know (or assume) a value for r. But in practice, of course, we cannot know what r is.
Evidence from well- water arsenic testing

Access to information about environmental quality may facilitate low cost preventive measures. In this paper, we study demand for information about environmental quality and the behavioral response to the information provided. With a field experiment conducted in Bihar (India), we estimate the price sensitivity of demand for diagnostic testing of drinking water wells for arsenic of natural origin a serious threat to the health of tens of millions of villagers across South and Southeast Asia. Demand is substantial, but highly sensitive to price; uptake falls from 69% to 22% of households over our price range (Rs. 10 to Rs. 50 – about equivalent to daily per capita income). We further assess how households respond to information regarding the contamination level in their wells. We find that about one-third of households with unsafe wells switch to a safer water source. There is no indication that households who bought the test at higher prices were more likely to respond by switching to a neighboring well. Finally, we demonstrate that households that received adverse test outcomes are more likely to selectively forget test results and proactively remove evidence of their wells’ status. Our results highlight the importance of enabling households to take action on information in an effective and socially acceptable way. JEL Codes: D12; I12; O12; Q50
Infrastructure Dilemma and Alternative Funding: Evidence from Nigeria

This study examined infrastructure dilemma (ID) and the need for alternative funding in Nigeria. ID was proxied by capital finances to social and community, economic and, administrative capital finances; while domestic debt represents alternative funding. Time series data from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin, economic reports of various issues, National Bureau of Statistics and Debt Management Office DMO from 1970 to 2013 were used. Descriptive statistical tools, OLS, Phillip Perron (PP) unit root test, Johansen co integration and the Error Correction model (ECM) were analysed. The result shows that all the explanatory variables were statistically insignificant as indicated by their p= 0.90(Sconfin), 0.82(Ecofin) and 0.19(Admnfin). This result is a proof of infrastructure dilemma in Nigeria and urgently calls for attention. The study recommends a project tied based financing, and the exploration of the potentials of the capital market.
A Novel Approach to Pain Management for the Nuss Procedure using Erector Spinae Plane Blockade and Cryoanalgesia

Copyright: Casey R Stondell© 2020. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. A Novel Approach to Pain Management for the Nuss Procedure using Erector Spinae Plane Blockade and Cryoanalgesia Research Article
Impact of Corporate Governance on the Credit Rating in Latin American Firms

The aim of the research was to verify how corporate governance impacts the credit rating of Latin American firms. The credit rating used as the dependent variable was granted by Standard and Poor’s. Using a sample composed of 162 open firms, it was possible to conclude by the results from the logit multinomial ordinal model, that the credit rating is positively impacted by the payment of dividends, financial transparency, and by the presence of a governance committee. In addition, the rating of these firms was negatively influenced by the participation of institutional investors and the size of the governance committee.
The Effect of Interventions Targeting Tobacco Consumption: a Review of Literature Reviews

T obacco consumption is a major public health issue in France and throughout the world: prolonged smoking is effectively responsible for deaths from lung cancer (26 378 in France in 2009) and also cancers of the mouth and larynx. It increases the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases or certain cancers of the digestive tract. Prolonged smoking furthermore includes the risk of disability (tracheotomy for example) and deteriorates the health of survivors. Finally, what makes it a severe public health problem is that a large number of individuals continue to smoke regularly into middle age (past 40 years old) even if the harmful effects of so doing have been empirically established, the first studies dating back to the 1950’s (Hill, 1954; Luther, 1964). The reason for this paradox comes from the fact that tobacco is highly addictive. Public interventions aimed at preventing prolonged smoking, either by dissuading teenagers from starting the habit, or by helping smokers quit the habit, are thus completely justified.
Less-invasive subdural electrocorticography for investigation of spreading depolarizations in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage

Introduction Wyler-strip electrodes for subdural electrocorticography (ECoG) are the gold standard for continuous bed-side monitoring of pathological cortical network events, such as spreading depolarizations (SD) and electrographic seizures. Recently, SD associated parameters were shown to be (1) a marker of early brain damage after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), (2) the strongest real-time predictor of delayed cerebral ischemia currently known, and (3) the second strongest predictor of patient outcome at 7 months. The strongest predictor of patient outcome at 7 months was focal brain damage segmented on neuroimaging 2 weeks after the initial hemorrhage, whereas the initial focal brain damage was inferior to the SD variables as a predictor for patient outcome. However, the implantation of Wyler-strip electrodes typically requires either a craniotomy or an enlarged burr hole. Neuromonitoring via an enlarged burr hole has been performed in only about 10% of the total patients monitored. Methods In the present pilot study, we investigated the feasibility of ECoG monitoring via a less invasive burrhole approach using a Spencer-type electrode array, which was implanted subdurally rather than in the depth of the parenchyma. Seven aSAH patients requiring extraventricular drainage (EVD) were included. For electrode placement, the burr hole over which the EVD was simultaneously placed, was used in all cases. After electrode implantation, continuous, direct current (DC)/alternating current (AC)-ECoG monitoring was performed at bedside in our Neurointensive Care unit. ECoGs were analyzed following the recommendations of the Co-Operative Studies on Brain Injury Depolarizations (COSBID). Results Subdural Spencer-type electrode arrays permitted high-quality ECoG recording. During a cumulative monitoring period of 1,194.5 hours and a median monitoring period of 201.3 (interquartile range: 126.1–209.4) hours per patient, 84 SDs were identified. Numbers of SDs, isoelectric SDs and clustered SDs per recording day, and peak total SD-induced depression duration of a recording day were not significantly different from the previously reported results of the prospective, observational, multicenter, cohort, diagnostic phase III trial, DISCHARGE-1. No adverse events related to electrode implantation were noted. Discussion In conclusion, our findings support the safety and feasibility of less-invasive subdural electrode implantation for reliable SD-monitoring.
Efficient Targeting in Childhood Interventions

Many targeted childhood interventions such as the Perry Preschool Project select eligible children based on a risk score. The variables entering the risk score and their corresponding weights are usually chosen ad hoc and are unlikely to be optimal. This paper develops a simple economic model and exploits Danish administrative data to address the issue of efficient targeting in childhood interventions. We define children to be in need of an intervention if they suffer from an socially undesirable outcome, such as criminal behavior, at around age 30. Because interventions are most effective very early in life, we then test if and to what extent indicators available at birth can predict the emergence of these outcomes. We find fair to good levels of prediction accuracy for many outcomes, especially educational attainment, criminal behavior, placement in foster care as well as combinations of these outcomes. Logistic regressions perform as well as other machine learning methods. A parsimonious set of indicators consisting of sex, parental education and parental income predicts almost as accurately as using the full set of predictors. Finally, we derive optimal weights for the construction of risk scores. Unlike the ad hoc weights used in typical childhood interventions, we find that optimal weights vary with the outcome of interest, differ between father and mother for the same predictor and should be disproportionately large when parents are at the bottom of the education and income distribution.
Post earnings announcement drift in Sweden

The post earnings announcement drift is a market anomaly causing a firms cumulative abnormal returns to drift in the direction of an earnings surprise. By measuring quarterly earnings surprises using two measures. The first based upon a times series prediction and the other based upon on analyst forecast errors. This study finds evidence that the drift exists in Sweden and that investor’s systematically underreacts towards positive earnings surprises. Further this study shows that the cumulative average abnormal returns is larger for surprises caused by analyst forecast errors. While previous studies have tried to explain the drift by taking on additional risk or illiquidity in the stocks. This study provides evidence supporting that investors limitations in weighting new information causes an underreaction, hence a drift in the stock prices.
Haze and inbound tourism: Empirical evidence from China

The impact of climate change on tourism has always been an important topic for research in the field of international tourism, and haze has been widely recognized as the primary negative factor affecting the development of inbound tourism in China. In this study, we first conduct a theoretical analysis of the mechanism through which haze influences the tourism industry, and then we empirically analyze the impact on China’s inbound tourism using surface particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations as a proxy for haze, based on provincial panel data from 1998 to 2016. The empirical results show that haze not only has an inhibitory effect on inbound tourism, but also significantly reduces the average length of stay of international tourists. In addition, while there are significant regional differences in the crowding-out effect of haze pollution on inbound tourism, the effect varies depending on the origin of inbound tourists, exhibiting the greatest negative impact on inbound tourism from Taiwan and the smallest from foreign countries. Our research highlights that haze pollution can led to the change of human tourism behavior which enrich the literature on tourism and haze.
Conventional dendritic cells type 1 are strongly enriched, quiescent and relatively tolerogenic in local inflammatory arthritis

Introduction Dendritic cells (DC) are crucial for initiating and shaping immune responses. So far, little is known about the functional specialization of human DC subsets in (local) inflammatory conditions. We profiled conventional (c)DC1, cDC2 and monocytes based on phenotype, transcriptome and function from a local inflammatory site, namely synovial fluid (SF) from patients suffering from a chronic inflammatory condition, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) as well as patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Paired PB and SF samples from 32 JIA and 4 RA patients were collected for mononuclear cell isolation. Flow cytometry was done for definition of antigen presenting cell (APC) subsets. Cell sorting was done on the FACSAria II or III. RNA sequencing was done on SF APC subsets. Proliferation assays were done on co-cultures after CD3 magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS). APC Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation was done using Pam3CSK4, Poly(I:C), LPS, CpG-A and R848. Cytokine production was measured by Luminex. Results cDC1, a relatively small DC subset in blood, are strongly enriched in SF, and showed a quiescent immune signature without a clear inflammatory profile, low expression of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), chemokine and cytokine receptors, and poor induction of T cell proliferation and cytokine production, but selective production of IFNλ upon polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid exposure. In stark contrast, cDC2 and monocytes from the same environment, showed a pro-inflammatory transcriptional profile, high levels of (spontaneous) pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and strong induction of T cell proliferation and cytokine production, including IL-17. Although the cDC2 and monocytes showed an overlapping transcriptional core profile, there were clear differences in the transcriptional landscape and functional features, indicating that these cell types retain their lineage identity in chronic inflammatory conditions. Discussion Our findings suggest that at the site of inflammation, there is specific functional programming of human DCs, especially cDC2. In contrast, the enriched cDC1 remain relatively quiescent and seemingly unchanged under inflammatory conditions, pointing to a potentially more regulatory role.
Real-time optimization of wind farms using modifier adaptation and machine learning

Abstract. Coordinated wind farm control takes the interaction between turbines into account and improves the performance of the overall wind farm. Accurate surrogate models are the key to model-based wind farm control. In this article a modifier adaptation approach is proposed to improve surrogate models. The approach exploits plant measurements to estimate and correct the mismatch between the surrogate model and the actual plant. Gaussian process regression, which is a probabilistic nonparametric modeling technique, is used in the identification of the plant–model mismatch. The efficacy of the approach is illustrated in several numerical case studies. Moreover, challenges in applying the approach to a real wind farm with a truly dynamic environment are discussed.
Stochastic Proximal Algorithms with SON Regularization: Towards Efficient Optimal Transport for Domain Adaptation.

We propose a new regularizer for optimal transport (OT) which is tailored to better preserve the class structure of the subjected process. Accordingly, we provide the first theoretical guarantees for an OT scheme that respects class structure. We derive an accelerated proximal algorithm with a closed form projection and proximal operator scheme thereby affording a highly scalable algorithm for computing optimal transport plans. We provide a novel argument for the uniqueness of the optimum even in the absence of strong convexity.Our experiments show that the new regularizer does not only result in a better preservation of the class structure but also in additional robustness relative to previous regularizers.
The Arabic version of the modified-abbreviated math anxiety scale: Psychometric properties, gender differences, and associations with different forms of anxiety and math achievement

Background This study examined the psychometric properties (factor structure, measurement invariance, convergent and criterion validity, inter-correlations, and reliabilities) of an Arabic version of the modified-Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale (m-AMAS) and gender differences in math anxiety in an Arabic speaking Middle Eastern country, Qatar. Methods A large sample of students in grade 7 to 10 (N = 731) completed the m-AMAS, three different scales to measure science anxiety, test anxiety, and general anxiety, as well as a scholastic math achievement test. Results The two-factor structure of the m-AMAS was confirmed, with good to adequate reliabilities, and its compositional measurement invariance was established across girls and boys in the four grades. In addition, math anxiety correlated positively with science anxiety, test anxiety, and general anxiety. Regression analyses showed that math anxiety was negatively associated with math achievement, even when test anxiety, science anxiety, and general anxiety were considered. Furthermore, girls showed higher math anxiety than boys. Conclusion These adequate psychometric properties of the Arabic m-AMAS suggest that the construct of math anxiety has a cross-cultural similarity.
Pre-existing Toxoplasma gondii infection increases susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures independent of traumatic brain injury in mice

Introduction Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a debilitating chronic outcome of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and neuroinflammation is implicated in increased seizure susceptibility and epileptogenesis. However, how common clinical factors, such as infection, may modify neuroinflammation and PTE development has been understudied. The neurotropic parasite, Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) incurably infects one-third of the world’s population. Thus, many TBI patients have a pre-existing T. gondii infection at the time of injury. T. gondii infection results in chronic low-grade inflammation and altered signaling pathways within the brain, and preliminary clinical evidence suggest that it may be a risk factor for epilepsy. Despite this, no studies have considered how a pre-existing T. gondii infection may alter the development of PTE. Methods This study aimed to provide insight into this knowledge gap by assessing how a pre-existing T. gondii infection alters susceptibility to, and severity of, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures (i.e., a surrogate marker of epileptogenesis/PTE) at a chronic stage of TBI recovery. We hypothesized that T. gondii will increase the likelihood and severity of seizures following PTZ administration, and that this would occur in the presence of intensified neuroinflammation. To test this, 6-week old male and female C57BL/6 Jax mice were intraperitoneally injected with 50,000 T. gondii tachyzoites or with the PBS vehicle only. At 12-weeks old, mice either received a severe TBI via controlled cortical impact or sham injury. At 18-weeks post-injury, mice were administered 40 mg/kg PTZ and video-recorded for evaluation of seizure susceptibility. Fresh cortical tissue was then collected for gene expression analyses. Results Although no synergistic effects were evident between infection and TBI, chronic T. gondii infection alone had robust effects on the PTZ-seizure response and gene expression of markers related to inflammatory, oxidative stress, and glutamatergic pathways. In addition to this, females were more susceptible to PTZ-induced seizures than males. While TBI did not impact PTZ responses, injury effects were evident at the molecular level. Discussion Our data suggests that a pre-existing T. gondii infection is an important modifier of seizure susceptibility independent of brain injury, and considerable attention should be directed toward delineating the mechanisms underlying this pro-epileptogenic factor.
The total mass and spatial–temporal variability of aerial cryosphere over the Tibetan Plateau from 2003 to 2020

Changes in snow, ice, and ecological system over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are extremely sensitive to local precipitation and radiation budget, which are largely modulated by the atmospheric ice. However, how much ice is there in the atmosphere over the TP and how it is distributed are still unclear. The total mass, spatial distributions, and long-term trends of atmospheric ice over the TP were evaluated by using four sets of satellite retrieval data (Aqua, Terra, the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP), and NOAA-20) and ERA5 reanalysis data from 2003 to 2020. Based on the estimations using multiple satellite datasets, we concluded that the total mass of atmospheric ice could be up to 0.26 ± 0.03 Gt over the TP from 2013 to 2020. The spatial distributions of atmospheric ice derived from various datasets were highly consistent. In general, the southwest and northeast areas of the TP were the low-concentration areas (0.05 kg/m2 in average), while the southeast area was the high-concentration area (0.09 kg/m2 in average), and this spatial pattern was most evident in summer. The high values around (0.15 kg/m2) were centered over Linzhi and its surrounding areas. The plentiful water vapor transported by southwest summer monsoon and steep topography jointly led to rapid growth of atmospheric ice in Southeast Tibet, which was the dominant reason for the higher ice concentration in this area.
Editorial: Prevention, assessment and treatment of clinical issues related to endurance exercise and sports

Sport Injury Clinic (Rehab&Readapt), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica, Núcleo de Estudios para el Alto Rendimiento y la Salud (CIDISAD-NARS), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica, Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Pierre-Benite, France, School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica Athens, Athens, Greece, Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Separate and combined effects of advanced age and obesity on mammary adipose inflammation, immunosuppression and tumor progression in mouse models of triple negative breast cancer

Introduction Advanced age and obesity are independent risk and progression factors for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which presents significant public health concerns for the aging population and its increasing burden of obesity. Due to parallels between advanced age- and obesityrelated biology, particularly adipose inflammation, we hypothesized that advanced age and obesity each accelerate mammary tumor growth through convergent, and likely interactive, mechanisms. Methods To test this hypothesis, we orthotopically transplanted murine syngeneic TNBC cells into the mammary glands of young normoweight control (7 months), young diet-induced obese (DIO), aged normoweight control (17 months), and aged DIO female C57BL/6J mice. Results Here we report accelerated tumor growth in aged control and young DIO mice, compared with young controls. Transcriptional analyses revealed, with a few exceptions, overlapping patterns of mammary tumor inflammation and tumor immunosuppression in aged control mice and young DIO mice, relative to young controls. Moreover, aged control and young DIO tumors, compared with young controls, had reduced abundance ofcytotoxic CD8 T cells. Finally, DIO in advanced age exacerbated mammary tumor growth, inflammation and tumor immunosuppression. Discussion These findings demonstrate commonalities in the mechanisms driving TNBC in aged and obese mice, relative to young normoweight controls. Moreover, we found that advanced age and DIO interact to accelerate mammary tumor progression. Given the US population is getting older and more obese, age- and obesity-related biological differences will need to be considered when developing mechanism-based strategies for preventing or controlling breast cancer.