Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Climate instabilities under strong solar forcing

Water rich planets, such as Earth, are virtually certain to lose most of their water if only the total solar irradiance (TSI) becomes large enough. There are two potential pathways which could lead to the loss of an ocean of water, but there is controversy on which pathway an Earth-like planet would take. Therefore, in this thesis, I investigate different aspects of the response of an Earth-like planet to strong solar forcing with a variety of different models. One of the pathways leading to the loss of water is the so called Runaway Greenhouse, a process in which all oceans are evaporated due to a self-sustaining water vapor feedback loop. The influence of clouds on the onset of a Runaway Greenhouse has not been systematically investigated. Therefore I take up the topic in this thesis. I use a single-column version of the general circulation model ECHAM6, which includes an appropriate representation of clouds for this task. My results suggest that the TSI necessary to trigger a Runaway Greenhouse is substantially increased if clouds are included in the radiative transfer calculations. Cloud thickness increases with TSI and the associated increase in cloud albedo allows the column to remain in a steady-state for large values of TSI. Furthermore, the increase in cloud albedo allows the column to attain steady states with surface temperatures larger than 360 K. The other pathway to the loss of water leads to a Moist Greenhouse, a regime of steady states in which an ocean is present at the surface, but water vapor becomes abundant enough in the upper atmosphere for the planet to lose water at a fast rate. At present-day it is uncertain whether a planet would attain the Moist Greenhouse regime or whether it would go into a Runaway Greenhouse before. Therefore, I investigate the fate of an aqua-planet under strong solar forcing with the three-dimensional version of ECHAM6. I find that the planet encounters a climate instability as the TSI is increased to a value between 1.06 and 1.08 time the present-day TSI on Earth (S0). However, the planet does not go into a Runaway Greenhouse, but attains a new steady state with a global-mean surface temperature of 339 K. The planet remains in the same regime of warm steady states for a TSI of at least up to 1.2 S0, because the cloud albedo increases with the TSI allowing the planet to remain in equilibrium. The warm states lie in the Moist Greenhouse regime and therefore the aqua-planet would lose substantial amounts of water in this regime. In the last part of the thesis I focus again on the Runaway Greenhouse. Previous studies have shown that a limitation of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) can cause a Runaway Greenhouse. However, these previous studies have made specific assumptions on the temperature profiles, and the proposed mechanisms leading to a limitation of
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Early Mobility Program: Impact on Patient Functional Status

Introduction Patients admitted to the pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) are frequently sedated, restrained, and placed on bed rest. These practices have known negative impacts including prolonged hospital stay and diminished functional status after discharge. The authors’ objective was to investigate the impact of a PICU early mobility protocol on the frequency of orders for physical, occupational, and speech therapy (PT, OT, ST) and improvement in patient functional status. Methods Patients admitted in 2019 prior to the development of the PICU early mobility protocol were compared to those admitted in 2020 who underwent the protocol. Differences in clinical characteristics; PICU length of stay; rates of PT, OT, and ST orders; rates of bedside mobility activities; and functional status scores (FSSs) were assessed in bivariate and multivariate analyses. The protocol included early PT, OT, and ST order placement and frequent in-room mobility activities. Results Of the 384 patients included in the study, 216 (56%) were preprotocol patients, and 168 (44%) underwent the protocol. Patients in 2020 were more likely to receive a physical therapy order compared to their 2019 counterparts (79% vs 47%, p < 0.001). Patients in 2020 had a higher daily incidence of mobility activities compared to those in 2019 (4.88 activities vs 4.1 activities, p < 0.001). Changes in functional status scores were similar between the 2 groups. Conclusion PICU early mobility was associated with increased physical, occupational, and speech therapy orders and daily mobility activities but was not associated with a reduction in functional morbidity at discharge or 3 months post-discharge.
Measuring flexibility in autistic adults: Exploring the factor structure of the flexibility scale self report

Cognitive flexibility differences are common for autistic individuals and have an impact on a range of clinical outcomes. However, there is currently a lack of well validated measurement tools to assess flexibility in adulthood. The Flexibility Scale was originally designed as a parent‐report measure of real‐world flexibility challenges in youth. The original Flexibility Scale provides a total score and five subscales: Routines and Rituals, Transitions and Change, Special Interests, Social Flexibility, and Generativity. In this study, we evaluate the factorial validity of the Flexibility Scale as a self‐report (Flexibility Scale Self Report) measure of cognitive flexibility, adapted from the original Flexibility Scale, for use by autistic adults. This study includes both a primary sample (n = 813; mean age = 40.3; 59% female) and an independently recruited replication sample (n = 120; mean age = 32.8; 74% female) of individuals who completed the Flexibility Scale Self Report. The analysis consisted of an initial confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the original Flexibility Scale structure, followed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and factor optimization within a structural equation modeling framework to identify the optimal structure for the questionnaire in adults. The identified structure was then replicated through CFA in the replication sample. Our results indicate an alternative optimal scale structure from the original Flexibility Scale, which includes fewer items, and only three (Routines/Rituals, Transitions and Change, Special Interests) of the five subscales contributing to the flexibility total score. Comparisons revealed no structural differences within the scale based on sex assigned at birth. Here the Generativity and Social Flexibility scales are treated as independent but related scales. The implications for measurement of cognitive flexibility in clinical and research settings, as well as theoretical underpinnings are discussed.
Reproduction of Detail Rainfall Distribution in the Mekong River Basin

2which is more than double of total area of Japan. The tropical monsoon delivers the rainfall that is 1,000mm/year to more than 4,000mm/year to the Mekong river basin. The lower part of Mekong river basin has paddy field of 3,000,000ha. However, living in the Mekong river basin means living with flood. In flood season, the water level of Mekong river especially Tonle Sap lake increase more than 10m from dry season. Especially, the lower part from Cambodia has usual flood. The rainfall information for them is highly expected. Currently, the rainfall information in the Mekong river basin is much courser than required one. The rainfall distribution in the Mekong river basin is thought to be no uniform. We will show the rainfall distribution of very short time in the Mekong river basin by this project. Therefore, this paper is intended as an introduction of investigation of making the rainfall distribution data by using numerical meteorological model and evaluating the result of rainfall distribution data. We would like to show a new method to evaluate the result of rainfall distribution and we show the necessity of analysis the statistical structure to considering the long-term trend of rainfall distribution that must be affected by global warming.
On the evolution of random integer compositions

We explore how the asymptotic structure of a random $n$-term weak integer composition of $m$ evolves, as $m$ increases from zero. The primary focus is on establishing thresholds for the appearance and disappearance of substructures. These include the longest and shortest runs of zero terms or of nonzero terms, longest increasing runs, longest runs of equal terms, largest squares (runs of $k$ terms each equal to $k$), as well as a wide variety of other patterns. Of particular note is the dichotomy between the appearance and disappearance of exact consecutive patterns, with smaller patterns appearing before larger ones, whereas longer patterns disappear before shorter ones.
Re-Reading Improves Reasoning in Large Language Models

To enhance the reasoning capabilities of off-the-shelf Large Language Models (LLMs), we introduce a simple, yet general and effective prompting method, Re2, i.e., \textbf{Re}-\textbf{Re}ading the question as input. Unlike most thought-eliciting prompting methods, such as Chain-of-Thought (CoT), which aim to elicit the reasoning process in the output, Re2 shifts the focus to the input by processing questions twice, thereby enhancing the understanding process. Consequently, Re2 demonstrates strong generality and compatibility with most thought-eliciting prompting methods, including CoT. Crucially, Re2 facilitates a"bidirectional"encoding in unidirectional decoder-only LLMs because the first pass could provide global information for the second pass. We begin with a preliminary empirical study as the foundation of Re2, illustrating its potential to enable"bidirectional"attention mechanisms. We then evaluate Re2 on extensive reasoning benchmarks across 14 datasets, spanning 112 experiments, to validate its effectiveness and generality. Our findings indicate that, with the exception of a few scenarios on vanilla ChatGPT, Re2 consistently enhances the reasoning performance of LLMs through a simple re-reading strategy. Further analyses reveal Re2's adaptability, showing how it can be effectively integrated with different LLMs, thought-eliciting prompting, and ensemble strategies. Our code is available at \url{https://github.com/Tebmer/Rereading-LLM-Reasoning/}
Stellar Cruise Control: Weakened Magnetic Braking Leads to Sustained Rapid Rotation of Old Stars

Despite a growing sample of precisely measured stellar rotation periods and ages, the strength of magnetic braking and the degree of departure from standard (Skumanich-like) spin-down have remained persistent questions, particularly for stars more evolved than the Sun. Rotation periods can be measured for stars older than the Sun by leveraging asteroseismology, enabling models to be tested against a larger sample of old field stars. Because asteroseismic measurements of rotation do not depend on starspot modulation, they avoid potential biases introduced by the need for a stellar dynamo to drive starspot production. Using a neural network trained on a grid of stellar evolution models and a hierarchical model-fitting approach, we constrain the onset of weakened magnetic braking (WMB). We find that a sample of stars with asteroseismically measured rotation periods and ages is consistent with models that depart from standard spin-down prior to reaching the evolutionary stage of the Sun. We test our approach using neural networks trained on model grids produced by separate stellar evolution codes with differing physical assumptions and find that the choices of grid physics can influence the inferred properties of the braking law. We identify the normalized critical Rossby number Rocrit/Ro⊙ = 0.91 ± 0.03 as the threshold for the departure from standard rotational evolution. This suggests that WMB poses challenges to gyrochronology for roughly half of the main-sequence lifetime of Sun-like stars.
Classifying preaisles of derived categories of complete intersections

Let $R$ be a commutative noetherian ring. Denote by $\operatorname{mod}R$ the category of finitely generated $R$-modules, by $\operatorname{D^b}(R)$ the bounded derived category of $\operatorname{mod}R$, and by $\operatorname{D_{sg}}(R)$ the singularity category of $R$. The main result of this paper provides, when $R$ is a complete intersection, a complete classification of the preaisles of $\operatorname{D^b}(R)$ containing $R$ and closed under direct summands, which includes as restrictions the classification of thick subcategories of $\operatorname{D_{sg}}(R)$ due to Stevenson, and the classification of resolving subcategories of $\operatorname{mod}R$ due to Dao and Takahashi.
Relating Electric Vehicle Charging to Speed Scaling with Job-Specific Speed Limits

Due to the ongoing electrification of transport in combination with limited power grid capacities, efficient ways to schedule electric vehicles (EVs) are needed for intraday operation of, for example, large parking lots. Common approaches like model predictive control repeatedly solve a corresponding offline problem. In this work, we present and analyze the Flow-based Offline Charging Scheduler (FOCS), an offline algorithm to derive an optimal EV charging schedule for a fleet of EVs that minimizes an increasing, convex and differentiable function of the corresponding aggregated power profile. To this end, we relate EV charging to mathematical speed scaling models with job-specific speed limits. We prove our algorithm to be optimal. Furthermore, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for any EV charging profile to be optimal.
Towards an Understanding of Developers' Perceptions of Transparency in Software Development: A Preliminary Study

Software applications play an increasingly critical role in various aspects of our lives, from communication and entertainment to business and health care. As these applications become more pervasive, the importance of considering human values in software development has gained significant attention. In this preliminary study, we investigate developers' perceptions and experiences related to human values, with a focus on the human value of transparency. We interviewed five experienced developers and conducted thematic analysis to explore how devel-opers perceive transparency, violations of transparency, and the process of fixing reported violations of transparency. Our findings reveal the significance of transparency as a fundamental value in software development, with developers recognising its importance for building trust, promoting accountability, and fostering ethical practices. Developers recognise the negative consequences of the violation of the human value of transparency and follow a systematic process to fix reported violations. This includes investigation, root cause analysis, corrective action planning, collaborative problem-solving, and testing and verification. These preliminary findings contribute to the understanding of transparency in software development and provide insights for promoting ethical practices.
Prompting4Debugging: Red-Teaming Text-to-Image Diffusion Models by Finding Problematic Prompts

Text-to-image diffusion models, e.g. Stable Diffusion (SD), lately have shown remarkable ability in high-quality content generation, and become one of the representatives for the recent wave of transformative AI. Nevertheless, such advance comes with an intensifying concern about the misuse of this generative technology, especially for producing copyrighted or NSFW (i.e. not safe for work) images. Although efforts have been made to filter inappropriate images/prompts or remove undesirable concepts/styles via model fine-tuning, the reliability of these safety mechanisms against diversified problematic prompts remains largely unexplored. In this work, we propose Prompting4Debugging (P4D) as a debugging and red-teaming tool that automatically finds problematic prompts for diffusion models to test the reliability of a deployed safety mechanism. We demonstrate the efficacy of our P4D tool in uncovering new vulnerabilities of SD models with safety mechanisms. Particularly, our result shows that around half of prompts in existing safe prompting benchmarks which were originally considered"safe"can actually be manipulated to bypass many deployed safety mechanisms, including concept removal, negative prompt, and safety guidance. Our findings suggest that, without comprehensive testing, the evaluations on limited safe prompting benchmarks can lead to a false sense of safety for text-to-image models.
Reference frames and black hole thermodynamics

In the context of the absolute parallelism formulation of General Relativity, and because of the fact that the scalar curvature can be written in purely torsional terms, it was known for a long time that a surface term based solely on the torsion tensor appears in the action. It was subsequently suggested that this term might play the role of the Gibbons-Hawking-York boundary term which, in turn, is associated to the free energy in the path integral approach, and then, to the black hole entropy by standard thermodynamic arguments. We show that the identification of the two boundary terms is rather incomplete, and that it strongly depends on the choice of the tetrad (frame) field used to reproduce a given metric. By considering variations of the tetrad field not necessarily subjected to Dirichlet-like conditions on the boundary surface, we find a class of frames adapted to the Schwarzschild spacetime in which the Gibbons-Hawking-York/torsion link is actually established, and conducing to the right black hole entropy without the need of any background subtraction. Remarkably, these frames are also responsible for the correct value of the gravitational energy as computed from the teleparallel energy-momentum pseudo-current.
High-tolerance antiblockade SWAP gates using optimal pulse drivings

Position error is treated as the leading obstacle that prevents Rydberg antiblockade gates from being experimentally realizable, because of the inevitable fluctuations in the relative motion between two atoms invalidating the antiblockade condition. In this work we report progress towards a high-tolerance antiblockade-based Rydberg SWAP gate enabled by the use of {\it modified} antiblockade condition combined with carefully-optimized laser pulses. Depending on the optimization of diverse pulse shapes our protocol shows that the amount of time-spent in the double Rydberg state can be shortened by more than $70\%$ with respect to the case using {\it perfect} antiblockade condition, which significantly reduces this position error. Moreover, we benchmark the robustness of the gate via taking account of the technical noises, such as the Doppler dephasing due to atomic thermal motion, the fluctuations in laser intensity and laser phase and the intensity inhomogeneity. As compared to other existing antiblockade-gate schemes the predicted gate fidelity is able to maintain at above 0.91 after a very conservative estimation of various experimental imperfections, especially considered for realistic interaction deviation of $\delta V/V\approx 5.92\%$ at $T\sim20$ $\mu$K. Our work paves the way to the experimental demonstration of Rydberg antiblockade gates in the near future.
Rock of Ages: South Molle Island Quarry, Whitsunday Islands: Use and Distribution of Stone through Space and Time

There is evidence to suggest that the South Molle Island stone quarry in the Whitsunday Islands, central Queensland coast, has been used by the indigenous inhabitants of the region from at least 9,000 BP to the present. Distribution of stone from the quarry extends for at least 170km along the coast, from Abbott Point in the north to the Repulse Islands in the south. A comprehensive technological characterisation of the quarry has demonstrated that a range of manufacturing behaviours was conducted on-site, from the initial extraction of the raw material, through to the final stages of artefact retouch. The systematic production of backed artefacts is included among this suite of technological practices. This research has demonstrated that the antiquity of backed artefacts and the timing of high production rates of backed artefacts occurs earlier in the Whitsunday region than elsewhere in southern Australia. In the Whitsunday Islands backed artefact production has been shown to be present from the beginning of the Holocene and to have been an important technological element in the early Holocene. Another understanding of backing technologies in Australia can be developed in light of this recognition of regional variation.
Textbooks Are All You Need II: phi-1.5 technical report

We continue the investigation into the power of smaller Transformer-based language models as initiated by \textbf{TinyStories} -- a 10 million parameter model that can produce coherent English -- and the follow-up work on \textbf{phi-1}, a 1.3 billion parameter model with Python coding performance close to the state-of-the-art. The latter work proposed to use existing Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate ``textbook quality"data as a way to enhance the learning process compared to traditional web data. We follow the ``Textbooks Are All You Need"approach, focusing this time on common sense reasoning in natural language, and create a new 1.3 billion parameter model named \textbf{phi-1.5}, with performance on natural language tasks comparable to models 5x larger, and surpassing most non-frontier LLMs on more complex reasoning tasks such as grade-school mathematics and basic coding. More generally, \textbf{phi-1.5} exhibits many of the traits of much larger LLMs, both good -- such as the ability to ``think step by step"or perform some rudimentary in-context learning -- and bad, including hallucinations and the potential for toxic and biased generations -- encouragingly though, we are seeing improvement on that front thanks to the absence of web data. We open-source \textbf{phi-1.5} to promote further research on these urgent topics.
Optimizing Reported Age of Information with Short Error Correction and Detection Codes

Timely sampling and fresh information delivery are important in 6G communications. This is achieved by encoding samples into short packets/codewords for transmission, with potential decoding errors. We consider a broadcasting base station (BS) that samples information from multiple sources and transmits to respective destinations/users, using short-blocklength cyclic and deep learning (DL) based codes for error correction, and cyclic-redundancy-check (CRC) codes for error detection. We use a metric called reported age of information (AoI), abbreviated as RAoI, to measure the freshness of information, which increases from an initial value if the CRC reports a failure, else is reset. We minimize long-term average expected RAoI, subject to constraints on transmission power and distortion, for which we obtain age-agnostic randomized and age-aware drift-plus-penalty policies that decide which user to transmit to, with what message-word length and transmit power, and derive bounds on their performance. Simulations show that longer CRC codes lead to higher RAoI, but the RAoI achieved is closer to the true, genie-aided AoI. DL-based codes achieve lower RAoI. Finally, we conclude that prior AoI optimization literature with finite blocklengths substantially underestimates AoI because they assume that all errors can be detected perfectly without using CRC.