Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
End effects in a falling-sphere viscometer

The calculations of Stimson and Jeffery of the force on two spheres moving coaxially through a very viscous liquid are extended to the case when the spheres move at different rates. This result is used to calculate the effect of the bottom of the vessel in a falling sphere viscometer and that of the upper surface of the liquid. Approximate solutions are also found in a form suitable for practical use.
All‐solid‐state chloride‐selective electrode with poly(pyrrole) solid contact

The responses of all-solid-state potentiometric chloride sensors with an internal poly(pyrrole) contact and a plastic membrane with methyltridodecylammonium chloride were investigated. The influence of the poly(pyrrole) doping anion was studied. Chloride-selective electrodes with a poly(pyrrole) solid contact were characterized by good stability. The selectivity coefficients for this electrode are slightly better than for the internal solution electrode.
Effect of exchange of terminal substituents on the mesophase behaviour of some azo/ester compounds

Six homologous series of 4-(4′-alkoxy phenylazo) phenyl 4″-substituted benzoates (Ina-f) were prepared in which, within each homologous series, the length of the terminal alkoxy chain varies between 6, 8, 10, and 12 carbons, while the other terminal substituent, X, is a polar group that alternatively changed from CH3O, CH3, H, Br, NO2 and CN. Compounds prepared were characterised by spectroscopic methods, and their mesophase behaviour investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarised optical microscopy (POM). The results were discussed in terms of mesomeric and polarisability effects. In each group of compounds, bearing the same alkoxy substituent, the nematic-to-isotropic transition temperatures (TC) were successfully correlated with the polarisability anisotropy of bonds to the substituent X. A comparative study was made between the investigated compounds and their previously prepared isomers, namely, 4-(4′-substituted phenylazo) phenyl 4″-alkoxybenzoates (IIna-f) in which the two terminal (alkoxy- and X) groups are exchanged.
Towards a Socio-ecological view of emergence: The reflexive turn

In this paper we explore the role and meaning of the concept of emergence in organization studies. We take the position of Tsoukas and Chia that Change is ontologically prior to organization (Tsoukas & Chia, 2002: 570) as a starting point. However if organizations are to be understood as emergent there is a need to specify the mechanisms through which this occurs. A brief recount of the history of the concept of emergence illustrates a general failure to distinguish between the mechanisms of emergence present in systems comprised of simple material or biological agents and those associated with systems comprised of human actors. We argue that it is reasonable to expect that what can emerge changes as the fundamental characteristics of the agent changes. Human agents are distinctive in the ability to distinguish ‘self’ from ‘other’ and in so doing to reflexively interact with our environment. We examine the implications of this observation and propose the definition of distinct forms of emergence. If we are to understand organizations as emergent properties of change then we must understand the nature of emergence itself.
Emergence of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli as a common causative agent in urinary tract infection in Bangladesh

Detection of resistance pattern of pathogens to frequently prescribed antibiotics is vital and supportive in improving the quality of empirical treatment. Hence, the aim of this study was to explore the pattern of antibiotic resistance of E. coli isolated from patient with Urinary tract infections (UTIs). In this retrospective and observational study, 366 test reports of antibiotic sensitivity of bacterial isolates were used for data analyses which were collected from 9 districts of Bangladesh between June 2017 and August 2018 from the UTI patients. It was found that Escherichia coli (79.51%) was the most common causative agent in UTIs in both male and female patients. The females (>25 years old) and aged male (> 50 years) were more prone to UTIs than other gorups. Among the 34 tested antibiotics, only 4 antibiotics viz. Meropenem, Netilmicin, Imipenem and Amikacin were highly sensitive to E. coli. But, 25 of tested antibiotics were resistant or intermediate to more than 50% isolates of E. coli. It can be concluded that the E. coli isolates which are resistant to the most of the antibiotics except Meropenem, Netilmicin, Imipenem and Amikacin are emerging as a common causative agent of UTIs in female and aged male in Bangladesh.
Clustering with Deep Neural Networks – An Overview of Recent Methods

—The application of clustering has always been an important method for problem-solving. As technology advances, in particular the trend of Deep Learning enables new methods of clustering. This paper serves as an overview of recent methods that are based on Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). The approaches are categorized depending on the underlying architecture as well as their intended purpose. The classiﬁcation highlights and explains the four categories of Feedforward Networks, Autoencoders (AEs) as well as the generative setups of Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). Subsequently, a comparison of the concepts points out the advantages and disadvantages while evaluating their suitability in the area of image clustering.
What Do We Know About Audit Failure so Far?

This article presents a comprehensive review of academic research pertaining to audit failure. This literature review is based on auditing-related articles published in leading journals during the 1976-2019 period. We organize our review around three main groups, namely (a) proxy measures of audit failure, (b) causes of audit failure, and (c) effects of audit failure. We observe that the literature uses a variety of proxies to capture audit failure, such as auditors’ going concern opinions (GCOs), material misstatements, auditor communication, financial reporting quality, and perceptions. We find that there are three signals of audit failure: non-issuance of a GCO prior to a business failure, material misstatements in the last audited financial statements, and violation of the code issued by regulators. We find that audit failures reduce clients’ market value and the auditor’s ability to retain clients. There is also evidence that larger penalties for audit failure result in higher audit fees and overinvestment in audit effort and that increased liability decreases audit failure and reduces auditor shirking. A related objective of this paper is to shed light on audit failure by Big N and non-Big N auditors separately. We observe that the audit failure rate is lower for Big N auditors than for non-Big N auditors. Our findings have implications for government policies, regulators, auditors, investors, and academics.
Structural characterization and tensile properties of Borassus fruit fibers

The chemical and instrumental analysis of alkali-treated Borassus fibers is carried out to explore the possibility of their use as reinforcement in green composites. The chemical analysis shows presence of α-cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. This is further confirmed by FTIR and high-resolution solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. The influence of alkali treatment on morphology and mechanical properties is attempted by SEM and UTM techniques, respectively. The wide-angle X-ray diffraction analysis of the native and treated fibers shows that alkali treatment influences the crystallinity of the fibers. The efficacy of the Borassus fibers (native and treated) as a component of green composites is discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Factors associated with the risk of developing moderate to severe acute postoperative pain following primary total knee replacement: Results from the PAIN OUT registry

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Phase transitions in two-dimensional trafBc-flow models

We introduce two simple two-dimensional lattice models to study tra%c flow in cities. We have found that a few basic elements give rise to the characteristic phase diagram of a first-order phase transition from a freely moving phase to a jammed state, with a critical point. The jammed phase presents new transitions corresponding to structural transformations of the jam. We discuss their relevance in the infinite-size limit.
Perception and Utilization of Cervical Cancer Screening Services among Female Students in Public Tertiary Institutions in Owerri Metropolis, Imo State

Cervical cancer is an important reproductive health problem. In order reduce the incidence of cervical cancer, this study was considered important to ensure that female students develop good understanding of utilization of cervical cancer screening. Some related literatures were reviewed. Objective: This study aimed to determine the perception and utilization of cervical cancer screening among female students in tertiary institutions in Owerri Metropolis, Imo State. A descriptive research design was adopted for the study. Analysis of data was done using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0. The results showed that majority 380(79%) of the students have heard about cervical cancer and 120(32%) reported through health personnel; 200(41.7%) of the students were aware of cervical cancer screening and 160(33%) utilized cervical cancer screening. Though, 50% of them reported they were motivated to go for the cervical cancer screening by doctors. In terms of the factors that affect the utilization of cervical cancer screening; 69.8% said lack of awareness of the test, 10.4% said lack of time, 8.3% said lack of awareness about where to do the test, 4.2% said fear of the result and cost consideration, 2.1% said procedure is cumbersome and only 1% reported not sexually active to go for the test. Then, majority (140) of them between 20-24 years agreed on utilization of cervical cancer screening and pearson chi-square (x2) test showed significant relationship (x2=214.154; df=4 at p<0.001). In conclusion, the findings from this study showed that few numbers of students were aware and able to utilize cervical cancer screening in the study area. Therefore, there is need for female undergraduate students to be educated on the impact of cervical cancer and encouraged to go for screening test for prevention of the disease. ARTICLE HISTORY Received: January 20, 2021 Accepted: February 03, 2021 Published: February 10, 2021
INFLUENCE OF SPIKES ON THE PULLOUT BEHAVIOUR OF BIAXIAL GEOGRID IN REINFORCED SOIL

Pullout tests were conducted on polymer biaxial geogrid fitted with rigid aluminium studs (herein referred to as spikes) on the nodes. The number, height, and arrangement of the spikes were varied to optimise the pullout resistance. The pullout tests were conducted using silica sand number 5 as the backfill soil at relative density of 90%. Many factors affecting the pullout resistance due to addition of spikes were identified. It was found that adding spikes does not eliminate the need for good compaction of backfill in reinforced soil construction. Also, that the spikes generate higher pullout resistance when attached in equal heights on both sides of the geogrid. Furthermore, that the pullout resistance depends on the proximity of the spikes to each other; in the transverse and longitudinal direction. Closer longitudinal spacing leads to higher peak pullout strength. For transverse spacing, there is an optimum spacing associated with the height of the spikes which results into maximum peak pullout resistance. However, closer transverse and longitudinal spacing result into rapid strain softening in the post peak state and low residual strength. The number and height of spikes was also found to play important roles in the pullout performance of geogrid. Increase in the number and height of spikes led to increase in the pullout strength. However, there was an optimum number and height of spikes beyond which the pullout resistance did not increase.
Spatio-Seasonal Variations of Salinity and Associated Chemical Properties in the Middle Section of Karnaphuli River Water, Chittagong, Bangladesh Using Laboratory Analysis and GIS Technique

This research was performed to assess the concentration of cations and anions associated with salinity of different sampling locations (SL) in the middle section of Karnaphuli river (KR) water in two seasons. The mean values of pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of all the SL were found to be 7.23 and 3.74 mS/cm in pre-monsoon while 6.87 and 1.04 mS/cm in monsoon. The average values of chloride, bi-carbonate, sulfate and phosphate were found to be 3.50, 1.31, 3.85 and 1.08 folds higher in pre-monsoon compared to monsoon as confirmed through the laboratory analysis. In contrast, the mean contents of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium in pre-monsoon were found to be 2.16, 3.13, 2.54 and 2.84 times higher compared to monsoon period. The values of all parameters among the SL differed significantly (p<0.05) in the two seasons. In the ArcGIS Spatial analyst tool, Surface interpolation technique of Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method was further utilized to get the variations of KR water. Moreover, the results of this study will be helpful for river management planners to take early protection from further deterioration of the quality of KR water to certain extent.
Raman spectroscopy of selected borate minerals of the pinakiolité group

The Raman spectra of a series of related minerals of the pinakiolite group have been collected and the spectra related to the mineral structure. These minerals are based upon an isolated BO33− ion. The site symmetry is reduced from D3h to C1. Intense Raman bands are observed for the minerals takeuchiite, pinakiolite, fredrikssonite and azoproite at 1084, 1086, 1086 and 1086 cm−1. These bands are assigned to the ν1 BO33− symmetric stretching mode. Low-intensity Raman bands are observed for the minerals at 1345, 1748; 1435, 1748; 1435, 1750; and 1436, 1749 cm−1, respectively. One probable assignment is to ν3 BO33− antisymmetric stretching mode. Intense Raman bands of the studied minerals at 712 cm−1 are attributed to the ν2 out-of-plane bending mode. Importantly, through the comparison of the Raman spectra, the molecular structure of borate minerals with ill-defined structures can be obtained. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Floquet engineering of Mott insulators with strong spin-orbit coupling

We propose a method for controlling the exchange interactions of Mott insulators with strong spinorbit coupling. We consider a multiorbital system with strong spin-orbit coupling and a circularly polarized light field and derive its effective Hamiltonian in the strong-interaction limit. Applying this theory to a minimal model of α-RuCl3, we show that the magnitudes and signs of three exchange interactions, J , K, and Γ, can be changed simultaneously. Then, considering another case in which one of the hopping integrals has a different value and the other parameters are the same as those for α-RuCl3, we show that the Heisenberg interaction J can be made much smaller than the anisotropic exchange interactions K and Γ.
A New Family of Holomorphic Homogeneous Regular Domains and Some Questions on the Squeezing Function

We revisit the phenomenon where, for certain domains $D$, if the squeezing function $s_D$ extends continuously to a point $p\in \partial{D}$ with value $1$, then $\partial{D}$ is strongly pseudoconvex around $p$. In $\mathbb{C}^2$, we present weaker conditions under which the latter conclusion is obtained. In another direction, we show that there are bounded domains $D\Subset \mathbb{C}^n$, $n\geq 2$, that admit large $\partial{D}$-open subsets $\mathscr{O}\subset \partial{D}$ such that $s_D\to 0$ approaching any point in $\mathscr{O}$. This is impossible for planar domains. We pose a few questions related to these phenomena. But the core result of this paper identifies a new family of holomorphic homogeneous regular domains. We show via a family of examples how abundant domains satisfying the conditions of this result are.
Generating Interpretable Counterfactual Explanations By Implicit Minimisation of Epistemic and Aleatoric Uncertainties

Counterfactual explanations (CEs) are a practical tool for demonstrating why machine learning classifiers make particular decisions. For CEs to be useful, it is important that they are easy for users to interpret. Existing methods for generating interpretable CEs rely on auxiliary generative models, which may not be suitable for complex datasets, and incur engineering overhead. We introduce a simple and fast method for generating interpretable CEs in a white-box setting without an auxiliary model, by using the predictive uncertainty of the classifier. Our experiments show that our proposed algorithm generates more interpretable CEs, according to IM1 scores, than existing methods. Additionally, our approach allows us to estimate the uncertainty of a CE, which may be important in safety-critical applications, such as those in the medical domain.
Conserved chemical properties of young humic acid fractions in tropical lowland soil under intensive irrigated rice cropping

Increasing cropping intensity (i.e. number of crops per year) of irrigated rice seems to cause an accumulation of phenolic compounds in the soil organic matter (SOM). We have studied the chemical nature of SOM in a broad range of soil types at different sites with long‐term double‐ and triple‐crop irrigated rice trials. Accumulation of phenols, as measured by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, was found in both the mobile humic acid (MHA) and calcium humate (CaHA) fractions at all sites, regardless of soil type, hydrology during the fallow, and with and without inorganic fertilizer or green manures. Although phenols accumulated consistently in MHA and CaHA, the C, N and hydrolysable amino acid concentrations, degree of humification and amounts of MHA and CaHA were significantly altered by crop management, and they varied from site to site. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the accumulation of phenols is a characteristic of the anaerobic, or nearly anaerobic, soil conditions that exist at the initial stages of SOM formation in submerged irrigated rice soils. By contrast, other SOM properties are additionally influenced by soil conditions that govern the degradation and turnover of existing SOM. The chemical properties of MHA and CaHA indicated that they are labile, and the quantities of these HA fractions were more sensitive to recent management than were total soil C or N.
Measurement-induced entanglement transitions in the quantum Ising chain: From infinite to zero clicks

Xhek Turkeshi,1, 2, 3, ∗ Alberto Biella,4, 5, 3 Rosario Fazio,2, 6 Marcello Dalmonte,1, 2 and Marco Schiró3 SISSA, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy ICTP, strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy JEIP, USR 3573 CNRS, Collège de France, PSL Research University, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75321 Paris Cedex 05, France Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, LPTMS, 91405 Orsay, France INO-CNR BEC Center and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Italy Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Napoli "Federico II", Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy (Dated: March 17, 2021)
Emerging Dimming as Coronal Heating Episodes

Emerging dimming occurs in isolated solar active regions (ARs) during the early stages of magnetic flux emergence. Observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly, it features a rapid decrease in extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) emission in the 171 Å channel images, and a simultaneous increase in the 211 Å images. Here, we analyze the coronal thermodynamic and magnetic properties to probe its physical origin. We calculate the time-dependent differential emission measures for a sample of 18 events between 2010 and 2012. The emission measure (EM) decrease in the temperature range is well correlated with the EM increase in over eight orders of magnitude. This suggests that the coronal plasma is being heated from the quiet-Sun, sub-MK temperature to 1–2 MK, more typical for ARs. Potential field extrapolation indicates significant change in the local magnetic connectivity: the dimming region is now linked to the newly emerged flux via longer loops. We conclude that emerging dimming is likely caused by coronal heating episodes, powered by reconnection between the emerging and the ambient magnetic fields.
Efficient Computation of Linear Response of Chaotic Attractors with One-Dimensional Unstable Manifolds

This paper presents the space-split sensitivity or the S3 algorithm to transform Ruelle's linear response formula into a well-conditioned ergodic-averaging computation. We prove a decomposition of Ruelle's formula that is differentiable on the unstable manifold, which we assume to be one-dimensional. This decomposition of Ruelle's formula ensures that one of the resulting terms, the stable contribution, can be computed using a regularized tangent equation, similar to in a non-chaotic system. The remaining term, known as the unstable contribution, is regularized and converted into an efficiently computable ergodic average. In this process, we develop new algorithms, which may be useful beyond linear response, to compute i) a fundamental statistical quantity we introduce called the density gradient, and ii) the unstable derivatives of the regularized tangent vector field and the unstable direction. We prove that the S3 algorithm, which combines these computational ingredients that enter the stable and unstable contribution, converges like a Monte Carlo approximation of Ruelle's formula. The algorithm presented here is hence a first step toward full-fledged applications of sensitivity analysis in chaotic systems, wherever such applications have been limited due to lack of availability of long-term sensitivities.
Cosmic Evolution of the H2 Mass Density and the Epoch of Molecular Gas

We present new empirical constraints on the evolution of , the cosmological mass density of molecular hydrogen, back to z ≈ 2.5. We employ a statistical approach measuring the average observed 850 μm flux density of near-infrared selected galaxies as a function of redshift. The redshift range considered corresponds to a span where the 850 μm band probes the Rayleigh–Jeans tail of thermal dust emission in the rest frame, and can therefore be used as an estimate of the mass of the interstellar medium. Our sample comprises of ≈150,000 galaxies in the UK InfraRed Telescope Infrared Deep Sky Survey Ultra-Deep Survey field with near-infrared magnitudes K AB ≤ 25 mag and photometric redshifts with corresponding probability distribution functions derived from deep 12-band photometry. With a sample approximately 2 orders of magnitude larger than in previous works we significantly reduce statistical uncertainties on to z ≈ 2.5. Our measurements are in broad agreement with recent direct estimates from blank field molecular gas surveys, finding that the epoch of molecular gas coincides with the peak epoch of star formation with at z ≈ 2. We demonstrate that can be broadly modeled by inverting the star formation rate (SFR) density with a fixed or weakly evolving star formation efficiency. This “constant efficiency” model shows a similar evolution to our statistically derived , indicating that the dominant factor driving the peak star formation history at z ≈ 2 is a larger supply of molecular gas in galaxies rather than a significant evolution of the SFR efficiency within individual galaxies.