Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cross‐scale observations of the 2015 St. Patrick's day storm: THEMIS, Van Allen Probes, and TWINS

We present cross‐scale magnetospheric observations of the 17 March 2015 (St. Patrick's Day) storm, by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS), Van Allen Probes (Radiation Belt Storm Probes), and Two Wide‐angle Imaging Neutral‐atom Spectrometers (TWINS), plus upstream ACE/Wind solar wind data. THEMIS crossed the bow shock or magnetopause 22 times and observed the magnetospheric compression that initiated the storm. Empirical models reproduce these boundary locations within 0.7 RE. Van Allen Probes crossed the plasmapause 13 times; test particle simulations reproduce these encounters within 0.5 RE. Before the storm, Van Allen Probes measured quiet double‐nose proton spectra in the region of corotating cold plasma. About 15 min after a 0605 UT dayside southward turning, Van Allen Probes captured the onset of inner magnetospheric convection, as a density decrease at the moving corotation‐convection boundary (CCB) and a steep increase in ring current (RC) proton flux. During the first several hours of the storm, Van Allen Probes measured highly dynamic ion signatures (numerous injections and multiple spectral peaks). Sustained convection after ∼1200 UT initiated a major buildup of the midnight‐sector ring current (measured by RBSP A), with much weaker duskside fluxes (measured by RBSP B, THEMIS a and THEMIS d). A close conjunction of THEMIS d, RBSP A, and TWINS 1 at 1631 UT shows good three‐way agreement in the shapes of two‐peak spectra from the center of the partial RC. A midstorm injection, observed by Van Allen Probes and TWINS at 1740 UT, brought in fresh ions with lower average energies (leading to globally less energetic spectra in precipitating ions) but increased the total pressure. The cross‐scale measurements of 17 March 2015 contain significant spatial, spectral, and temporal structure.
Potassium fertilization in rice (Olyza sativa) on vertisols of Godavari flood plains

A 2-year field investigatpn was carried out at wetland farm of Maruteru during the winter (rabi) 1993-95 on th great Godavari plains. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) IR 64 responded to 60 kg &O/ha. Application of 40 at 40 kglha did not influence the yield and yield attributes when applied either as basal or at active tillering or in 2 equal splits (basal and panicle-initiation stages). However, 40 kg YOIha applied at panicle- initiation stage remarkably enhanced the yield over no K. This treatment was on a par with 60 kg \O/ha, irrespective of method of application. In general, K fertilization showed beneficial effect on grain filling and hawest index and reduced the duration of crop.
Multiday evolution of convective bursts during western North Pacific tropical cyclone development and nondevelopment using geostationary satellite measurements

Tropical cyclones (TCs) develop through latent heating from a series of deep convection. To investigate the evolution of diurnal convective burst (CB) activities prior to TC formation, we analyzed 463 tropical disturbances that developed (80) or not developed (383) into TCs over the western North Pacific during the 2007–2009 period. Geostationary satellite data allowed defining deep convection where infrared (IR) brightness temperature is lower than that of water vapor (WV). Diurnal expansions from time series of IR minus WV < 0 areas near disturbance vortex centers for 5 days are defined as CB events. Combined analysis with the Modern Era Retrospective‐Analysis shows that the multiday convective‐environmental evolution for TC formation is entirely different from nonformation processes in terms of the occurrence of two consecutive diurnal CB events. Multiday CBs (mCB) are observed in 67.5% of the 80 TC formation cases and in 13.8% of the 383 nonformation cases. Intensities of the middle‐to‐low tropospheric relative vorticity of these two groups are comparable on 4 to 5 days prior to TC formation. However, vorticity intensification is weak for nondeveloping disturbances in environments of strong vertical wind shear; these disturbances eventually decay. The vorticity of developing disturbances continuously intensifies to TC strengths. The remaining 32.5% of the TC cases without mCB show weaker initial vorticity, but rapid intensification over 3 day periods before TC formation. The present results reveal that mCB is a common feature in pre‐TC stages, and large‐scale environments of weak vertical wind shear are critical for the formation of TC‐strength circulations.
Caracterização de pequenas unidades produtoras de leite na região Centro e Noroeste do estado do Rio de Janeiro Characterization of small milk-producing units in the Central and Northwest of the state of Rio de Janeiro

The state of Rio de Janeiro has a large amount of milk producers that manufacture less than 150 liters/day. These producers have limited autonomy in the flow of the production process, and limitations regarding the possibility of investments, since they operate with very low profit to allow the capitalization of their production units. The goal of this study was to characterize the production of milk in small production units in the state of Rio de Janeiro, for a better understanding of the problems experienced and verify the conditions of the production itself. The study was conducted in the northwest and central regions of the state between February and September 2009. 122 small producers were interviewed about socioeconomic and cultural issues, and topics related to the operational procedures of the milk production chain. The results were evaluated by frequency, and the effect of the regions evaluated by chi-square test at 5% probability. The results highlighted the need for greater commitment to improving the quality of raw milk related to milking hygiene, as well as the awareness of producers about the importance of more efficient sanitary and production controls, next to the need for empowerment of people involved with the milking activity.
Kiezdeutsch as a multiethnolect

This paper deals with Kiezdeutsch, a way of speaking that emerged among adolescents in multiethnic urban neighbourhoods of Germany. We argue for a view of Kiez­deutsch as a multiethnolect, based on a recognition study that tested the acceptability and evaluation of such features by adolescents from a multiethnic and a monoethnic neighbourhood of Berlin. Our results support a view of Kiez­deutsch as a linguistic system of its own, with features that establish a distinct way of speaking that is associated with multiethnic neighbourhoods, where it cuts across ethnicities, including speakers of non-migrant background.
Body Composition as a Predictor of Performance on the Army Combat Fitness Test Total Score for ROTC Cadets

Introduction: Body composition characteristics vary between soldiers and could affect performance outcomes. The study aims to determine whether %body fat (%BF) and fat-free mass (FFM) can predict performance outcomes of the Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) in ROTC cadets. Methods: ROTC cadets (54 males, 17 females; aged 21.40 ± 3.79 years) completed the 6-event ACFT (3-repetition maximum trap-bar deadlift [MDL], standing power toss [SPT], hand-release pushups [HRPU], sprint-drag-carry shuttle run [SDC], plank [PLK], and 2-mile run [2MR]). The ability of body composition to predict ACFT performance was determined with a linear regression model. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: %BF was significantly and negatively correlated to HRPU (r = -.467, p < .001) SDC (r = -.367, p = .002), PLK (r = -.453, p < .001), 2MR (r = -.384, p < .001), and overall ACFT score (r = -.483, p < .001). FFM was significantly correlated to MDL (r = .310, p = .008), SPT (r = .424, p < .001) SDC (r = .388, p < .001), PLK (r = .363, p = .002), and overall ACFT score (r = .423, p < .001). Conclusion: It is shown that evaluating body composition is a reliable predictor of performance in the ACFT. Consequently, there is a need to reevaluate the Army's body composition standards to align them with the significance of FFM in determining ACFT outcomes. Recognizing that body composition can be modified, soldiers can utilize this information to develop tailored strategies for enhancing their ACFT performance.
Révision chronostratigraphique de la séquence paléobotanique de Bernasso (Escandorgue, Midi de la France)

The revision of the volcano-sedimentary formation of Bernasso allows attribution of its well-established flora to the «Tiglien». This formation is indeed representative of the first volcanic phase of the Escandorgue (2Ma) and belongs to the end of the Matuyama palaeomagnetic chron anterior to the Olduvai sub-chron which is displayed for the first time in Languedoc
HIV Epidemiology in Africa: Weak Variables and Tendentiousness Generate Wobbly Conclusions

Douglas G. Altman Editors of medical journals accept that published research should be open to comment and correction in published correspondence ([1]; Box 1). “Post-publication peer review” enables comments on, clarifi cations of, and corrections to published research. All journals should have a correspondence page for this purpose. I previously criticised the effective “statute of limitations” in several leading general medical journals “whereby authors of papers are immune to disclosure of methodological weaknesses once some arbitrary (short) period has elapsed” [2]. Such a time limit discourages post-publication peer review, with potential correspondents deterred by the short and unambiguous deadline. I suggested that journals with such a policy should reconsider. The word limit on that article precluded additional adverse comments on journals’ word limits for letters, although they were presented in Table 2 of that article [2]. Subsequently, three of the six journals did revise their instructions [3–5], but each imposed tougher restrictions on letters, reducing either the maximum time limit, the maximum length, or both. The strictest current requirements are a two-week limit by The Lancet and a 175-word limit by the New England Journal of Medicine. Editors are seemingly falling over themselves to speed up and shorten letters, but this behaviour is inappropriate for a scientifi c journal. The key characteristic of science is not its infallibility, a quality it clearly does not and cannot have, but its self-correcting ability. The decision by medical editors to stifl e debate is misguided [2,6]. A time limit, especially a very short one, signals that speed is more important than content, that convenience takes precedence over science. While it is reasonable to encourage early comments, there should be no time limit on comments aimed at clarifying or criticising study methodology. Likewise, it will often be impossible to explain the subtleties of methodological problems in 400 words, and impossible in only 175. Additional restrictions on the number of authors and references are also questionable. I am disappointed that PLoS Medicine has imposed a time limit of four weeks on correspondence. As explained above, I believe that such a limit is mistaken. The word limit of 750 words is generous by comparison to established general medical journals, but even this should be open to fl exibility should the circumstances merit it. In this world of Web-based journals and Web pages for print journals there is no real cost to permitting longer and later letters on the web while keeping the print version timely and terse.
A minimal PBPK model to accelerate preclinical development of drugs against tuberculosis

Introduction: Understanding drug exposure at disease target sites is pivotal to profiling new drug candidates in terms of tolerability and efficacy. Such quantification is particularly tedious for anti-tuberculosis (TB) compounds as the heterogeneous pulmonary microenvironment due to the infection may alter lung permeability and affect drug disposition. Murine models have been a longstanding support in TB research so far and are here used as human surrogates to unveil the distribution of several anti-TB compounds at the site-of-action via a novel and centralized PBPK design framework. Methods: As an intermediate approach between data-driven pharmacokinetic (PK) models and whole-body physiologically based (PB) PK models, we propose a parsimonious framework for PK investigation (minimal PBPK approach) that retains key physiological processes involved in TB disease, while reducing computational costs and prior knowledge requirements. By lumping together pulmonary TB-unessential organs, our minimal PBPK model counts 9 equations compared to the 36 of published full models, accelerating the simulation more than 3-folds in Matlab 2022b. Results: The model has been successfully tested and validated against 11 anti-TB compounds—rifampicin, rifapentine, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, isoniazid, moxifloxacin, delamanid, pretomanid, bedaquiline, OPC-167832, GSK2556286 - showing robust predictability power in recapitulating PK dynamics in mice. Structural inspections on the proposed design have ensured global identifiability and listed free fraction in plasma and blood-to-plasma ratio as top sensitive parameters for PK metrics. The platform-oriented implementation allows fast comparison of the compounds in terms of exposure and target attainment. Discrepancies in plasma and lung levels for the latest BPaMZ and HPMZ regimens have been analyzed in terms of their impact on preclinical experiment design and on PK/PD indices. Conclusion: The framework we developed requires limited drug- and species-specific information to reconstruct accurate PK dynamics, delivering a unified viewpoint on anti-TB drug distribution at the site-of-action and a flexible fit-for-purpose tool to accelerate model-informed drug design pipelines and facilitate translation into the clinic.
SVR Chemometrics to Quantify β-Lactoglobulin and α-Lactalbumin in Milk Using MIR

Protein content variation in milk can impact the quality and consistency of dairy products, necessitating access to in-line real time monitoring. Here, we present a chemometric approach for the qualitative and quantitative monitoring of β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin, using mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR). In this study, we employed Hotelling T2 and Q-residual for outlier detection, automated preprocessing using nippy, conducted wavenumber selection with genetic algorithms, and evaluated four chemometric models, including partial least squares, support vector regression (SVR), ridge, and logistic regression to accurately predict the concentrations of β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin in milk. For the quantitative analysis of these two whey proteins, SVR performed the best to interpret protein concentration from 197 MIR spectra originating from 42 Cornell University samples of preserved pasteurized modified milk. The R2 values obtained for β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin using leave one out cross-validation (LOOCV) are 92.8% and 92.7%, respectively, which is the highest correlation reported to date. Our approach introduced a combination of preprocessing automation, genetic algorithm-based wavenumber selection, and used Optuna to optimize the framework for tuning hyperparameters of the chemometric models, resulting in the best chemometric analysis of MIR data to quantitate β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin to date.
Cultures of Human Skin Mast Cells, an Attractive In Vitro Model for Studies of Human Mast Cell Biology

Studies of mast cell biology are dependent on relevant and validated in vitro models. Here, we present detailed information concerning the phenotype of both freshly isolated human skin mast cells (MCs) and of in vitro cultures of these cells that were obtained by analyzing their total transcriptome. Transcript levels of MC-related granule proteins and transcription factors were found to be remarkably stable over a 3-week culture period. Relatively modest changes were also seen for important cell surface receptors including the high-affinity receptor for IgE, FCER1A, the low-affinity receptor for IgG, FCGR2A, and the receptor for stem cell factor, KIT. FCGR2A was the only Fc receptor for IgG expressed by these cells. The IgE receptor increased by 2–5-fold and an approximately 10-fold reduction in the expression of FCGR2A was observed most likely due to the cytokines, SCF and IL-4, used for expanding the cells. Comparisons of the present transcriptome against previously reported transcriptomes of mouse peritoneal MCs and mouse bone marrow-derived MCs (BMMCs) revealed both similarities and major differences. Strikingly, cathepsin G was the most highly expressed granule protease in human skin MCs, in contrast to the almost total absence of this protease in both mouse MCs. Transcript levels for the majority of cell surface receptors were also very low compared to the granule proteases in both mouse and human MCs, with a difference of almost two orders of magnitude. An almost total absence of T-cell granzymes was observed in human skin MCs, indicating that granzymes have no or only a minor role in human MC biology. Ex vivo skin MCs expressed high levels of selective immediate early genes and transcripts of heat shock proteins. In validation experiments, we determined that this expression was an inherent property of the cells and not the result of the isolation process. Three to four weeks in culture results in an induction of cell growth-related genes accompanying their expansion by 6–10-fold, which increases the number of cells for in vitro experiments. Collectively, we show that cultured human skin MCs resemble their ex vivo equivalents in many respects and are a more relevant in vitro model compared to mouse BMMCs for studies of MC biology, in particular human MC biology.
Diversity and Religious Moderation: The Relationship between Diversity Knowledge and Religious Moderation Awareness

The objective of this study is to enhance understanding of variety, knowledge, and awareness of religious moderation among potential Islamic religious education teachers. The present study employs a quantitative methodology and utilizes correlational analysis as the primary research tool. This study aims to investigate the potential correlation between diversity in one variable and diversity in other variables. The empirical findings of the study provide evidence supporting the premise that there exists a significant positive correlation between awareness of variety and religious moderation. The statistical analysis reveals that the F value is 47.523, indicating a significant relationship. The associated probability value (sig.) is 0.000, further supporting the significance of the findings. The multiple linear regression model is deemed significant and the research hypothesis is accepted due to the probability value (sig.) of 0.000, which is significantly smaller than the conventional threshold of 0.05.
Red Blood Cell Distribution Width, Erythrocyte Indices, and Elongation Index at Baseline in a Group of Trained Subjects

Background: Regular exercise elicits adaptive changes in several organs and physiological processes, including erythrocyte properties. Methods: In a group of 79 subjects (62 men and 17 women; mean age 31.37 ± 10.19 years) who trained several times a week as they practiced amateur sports, we evaluated the elongation index, markers of erythrocyte deformability, red blood cell distribution width (RDW), indicators of erythrocyte anisocytosis, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and the main erythrocyte indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC) in basal conditions. Results: In comparison with a group of healthy, but not training, volunteers, the values of the elongation index, and not the RDW, are increased, and this datum is accompanied by an increase in MCV and MCHC, likely related to an increased presence of circulating young erythrocytes in training subjects. We also divided the same group according to the median of the VO2max, observing that the subgroup above the median shows both an increase in the elongation index values and a decrease in MCH and MCHC. Conclusions: In trained subjects, there is no correlation between the values of the elongation index and the RDW, while the interrelations among the elongation index, RDW, and main erythrocyte indices appear to be of particular interest and of a certain complexity.
Improving indigenous Vietnamese Black Rabbit frozen sperm quality: the role of glycine and sperm selection methods

Rabbit sperm are known to undergo damage during both cryopreservation and thawing, leading to decreased viability, motility and membrane integrity. Glycine can protect sperm and reduce damage during freezing. Swim-up is a simple semen processing method for selecting good motile sperm. The study evaluated the effect of the swim-up method and glycine with different concentrations supplemented to the frozen medium. Three indigenous black rabbits were selected for semen collection by artificial vagina. Next, semen was selected by swim-up method and diluted with glycine-added frozen medium. The samples were then transferred to 0.5 mL straws, cooled to 15°C and 5°C, placed in liquid nitrogen vapour, and finally placed directly into liquid nitrogen (-196°C). The samples were thawed and evaluated for sperm quality. The results showed that the medium supplemented with 10mM glycine in combination with swim-up method for 30 min gave the best results and was significantly different from the remaining concentrations (P<0.01), with viability rate, overall mobility and membrane integrity of 68.0%, 58.7% and 49.7%, respectively. In conclusion, 10 mM glycine concentration combined with swim-up for 30 min is the optimal choice for freezing local black rabbit semen. The study highlights the importance of optimising freezing protocols to improve the quality of frozen rabbit sperm, which can have important implications for animal breeding and conservation efforts.
Encapsulation of Bioactive Compounds from Germinated Mung Bean by Freeze-Drying, Release Kinetics, and Storage Stability

This research explores the application of germinated mung bean extract, rich in GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) and polyphenols, in enhancing human health. Recognizing the instability of these bioactive compounds in environmental conditions, encapsulation emerges as a pivotal technique to broaden their applications in food and pharmaceuticals. Utilizing response surface methodology and Box–Behnken design, the freeze-drying formulation for encapsulating the aqueous extract was optimized. Second-order polynomial models were developed, exhibiting statistical adequacy in predicting key variables such as encapsulation efficiency for GABA (EE-GABA) and total polyphenol content (EE-TPC), as well as encapsulation yield for GABA (EY-GABA) and total polyphenol content (EY-TPC). The established optimal formulation was validated, resulting in predicted values for EE-GABA, EE-TPC, EY-GABA, and EY-TPC. The release kinetics of encapsulated particles were investigated, highlighting the suitability of the Korsmeyer–Peppas and Higuchi models. Assessing the stability of the encapsulated powder under varying temperatures and humidities revealed degradation rates, half-life, and activation energy, with moisture equilibrium established at 4.70%, indicative of long-term stability. In conclusion, the encapsulated germinated mung bean powder demonstrates high stability, making it a promising candidate for integration into food products and functional ingredients.