Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predictive Value and Therapeutic Significance of Somatic BRCA Mutation in Solid Tumors

Ten percent of patients with breast cancer, and probably somewhat more in patients with ovarian cancer, have inherited germline DNA mutations in the breast and ovarian cancer genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. In the remaining cases, the disease is caused by acquired somatic genetic and epigenetic alterations. Targeted therapeutic agents, such as poly ADP-ribose polymerases (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi), have emerged in treating cancers associated with germline BRCA mutations since 2014. The first PARPi was FDA-approved initially for ovarian cancer patients with germline BRCA mutations. Deleterious variants in the BRCA1/BRCA2 genes and homologous recombination deficiency status have been strong predictors of response to PARPi in a few solid tumors since then. However, the relevance of somatic BRCA mutations is less clear. Somatic BRCA-mutated tumors might also respond to this new class of therapeutics. Although the related literature is often controversial, recently published case reports and/or randomized studies demonstrated the effectiveness of PARPi in treating patients with somatic BRCA mutations. The aim of this review is to summarize the predictive role of somatic BRCA mutations and to provide further assistance for clinicians with the identification of patients who could potentially benefit from PARPi.
Marine Heatwaves in the Red Sea and their Relationship to Different Climate Modes: A Case Study of the 2010 Events in the Northern Red Sea

In the context of climate change, the oceans are progressively warming, leading to an increase in the occurrence of marine heatwaves (MHWs). This warming trend is particularly striking in the Red Sea and has a significant impact on its ecosystem. The current study focuses on the characteristics of MHWs in the Red Sea in recent decades and examines their spatial patterns in the Red Sea sub-regions. In addition, the relationships between MHWs frequency and different climate modes are 15 investigated. The extreme MHW events that occurred in the northern region in 2010 were analyzed. Through the analysis of satellite-derived sea surface temperatures (SST), a warming trend was observed that began in 1994 and has intensified significantly since 2016. This rise in temperature is accompanied by an increase in the frequency and total number of MHW days in the basin. In the last four decades (1982-2021), there have been 78 MHW events with a total of 1016 heat days. It is noteworthy that 46% of the events and 58% of the heat days occurred in the last decade. The spatial analysis of MHW 20 characteristics in the Red Sea shows high variability, with longer and more intense MHWs occurring in the northern Red Sea (NRS), while they were more frequent in the southern Red Sea (SRS). The annual MHW frequency in the NRS peaked in 2010, 2018, 2019 and 2021, while it was highest in the SRS in 1998 and from 2017 to 2021. When comparing the annual mean values of atmospheric variables with the annual frequency
Dark under the Lamp: Neglected Biological Pollutants in the Environment Are Closely Linked to Lung Cancer

Environmental pollutants are closely linked to lung cancer. The different types of environmental pollutants can be classified as chemical, physical, and biological. The roles of common chemical and physical pollutants such as PM2.5, smoking, radon, asbestos, and formaldehyde in lung cancer have been extensively studied. Notably, the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic raised awareness of the strong link between biological pollution and human health. Allergens such as house dust mites and pollen, as well as bacteria and viruses, are common biological pollutants. A few biological pollutants have been reported to promote lung cancer via inducing inflammatory cytokines secretion, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TGF-β, as well as suppressing immunosurveillance by upregulating regulatory T (Treg) cells while dampening the function of CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells. However, the correlation between common biological hazards, such as SARS-CoV-2, human immunodeficiency viruses, Helicobacter pylori, and house dust mites, and lung cancer is not fully elucidated, and the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Moreover, the majority of studies that have been performed in lung cancer and biological carcinogens were not based on the perspective of biological pollutants, which has challenged the systematicity and coherence in the field of biological pollutants in lung cancer. Here, in addition to reviewing the recent progress made in investigating the roles of allergens, viruses, and bacteria in lung cancer, we summarized the potential mechanisms underlying biological pollutants in lung cancer. Our narrative review can shed light on understanding the significance of biological pollutants in lung cancer, as well as inspire and broaden research ideas on lung cancer etiology.
Making Anomalies More Anomalous: Video Anomaly Detection Using a Novel Generator and Destroyer

We propose a novel approach for video anomaly detection. Existing video anomaly detection methods train only on normal frames, with the expectation that the quality of the abnormal frames will decrease, and utilize the reconstruction error with the ground truth to detect anomalies. However, a challenge exists owing to the powerful generalization capability of deep neural networks, as they tend to proficiently generate abnormal frames. To address this issue, we introduce a novel method to make anomalies more anomalous by destroying abnormal areas in abnormal frames. Accordingly, we propose the frame-to-label and motion (F2LM) generator and Destroyer. The F2LM generator predicts a future frame by utilizing the label and motion information of the input frames, thereby degrading the quality of abnormal regions. The Destroyer destroys abnormal regions by transforming low-quality areas into zero vectors. Both models were trained individually, and during testing, the F2LM generator degraded the quality of abnormal regions, and the Destroyer subsequently destroyed these areas. Our proposed video anomaly detection method demonstrated superior performance compared to state-of-the-art models with three benchmark datasets (UCSD Ped2, CUHK Avenue, Shanghai Tech.). Our code and models are available online at https://github.com/SkiddieAhn/Paper-Making-Anomalies-More-Anomalous.
Current Status and Perspectives of the Molecular Farming Landscape

CHO Chinese hamster ovary, CPMV Cowpea mosaic virus, CRISPR clustered regularly interspersed palindromic repeats, CTB cholera toxin B‐subunit, EMA European Medicines Agency, FDA Food and Drug Administration, GMP good manufacturing practice, HBV Hepatitis B virus, HIV Human immunodeficiency virus, HSV Herpes simplex virus, ICM immune complex mimic, IgA immunoglobulin A, IgG immuno­ globulin G, PMP plant‐made pharmaceutical, RNAi RNA interference, scFv single‐chain variable fragment, TALEN transcription activator‐like effector nuclease, TMV Tobacco mosaic virus, USDA US Department of Agriculture, VLP virus‐like particle.
Lercanidipine’s Antioxidative Effect Prevents Noise-Induced Hearing Loss

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a prevalent form of adult hearing impairment, characterized by oxidative damage to auditory sensory hair cells. Although certain dihydropyridines, the L-type calcium channel blockers, exhibit protective properties against such damage, the ability of third-generation dihydropryidines like lercanidipine to mitigate NIHL remains unclear.We utilized glucose oxidase (GO)-treated OC1 cell lines and cochlear explants to evaluate the protective influence of lercanidipine on hair cells. To further investigate its effectiveness, we exposed noise-stimulated mice in vivo and analyzed their hearing thresholds. Additionally, we assessed the antioxidative capabilities of lercanidipine by examining oxidation-related enzyme expression and levels of oxidative stress markers, including 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE). Our findings demonstrate that lercanidipine significantly reduces the adverse impacts of GO on both OC-1 cell viability (0.3 to 2.5 µM) and outer hair cell (OHC) survival in basal turn cochlear explants (7 µM). These results are associated with increased mRNA expression of antioxidant enzyme genes (HO-1, SOD1/2, and Txnrd1), along with decreased expression of oxidase genes (COX-2, iNOS). Crucially, lercanidipine administration prior to, and following, noise exposure effectively ameliorates NIHL, as evidenced by lowered hearing thresholds and preserved OHC populations in the basal turn, 14 days post-noise stimulation at 110 dB SPL. Moreover, our observations indicate that lercanidipine’s antioxidative action persists even three days after simultaneous drug and noise treatments, based on 3-nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxynonenal immunostaining in the basal turn. Based on these findings, we propose that lercanidipine has the capacity to alleviate NIHL and safeguard OHC survival in the basal turn, potentially via its antioxidative mechanism. These results suggest that lercanidipine holds promise as a clinically viable option for preventing NIHL in affected individuals.
A Narrative Review Comparing Nutritional Screening Tools in Outpatient Management of Cancer Patients

Malnutrition during cancer has a negative impact on prognosis and quality of life. Therefore, it is important to identify those patients at higher nutritional risk to prevent its development. There are nutritional screening tools, such as MUST and NRS-2002, that focus on the patient on admission to hospital. However, most patients will develop malnutrition in the outpatient or ambulatory setting. This study aims to determine which nutritional screening tool is most effective in assessing nutritional risk in the outpatient oncology patient, highlighting the parameters analysed by these tools. Seventeen articles were reviewed, with the most important variables being tumour location, tumour stage, age, and gender, as well as recent weight loss, dietary intake, and digestive disorders. The Nutriscore, NRS-2002, and MUST tools are considered suitable, but the choice varies depending on these parameters. MNA is suitable for elderly patients, while SNAQ was not considered reliable in this population. In conclusion, MUST, NRS-2002, and Nutriscore are suitable tools, but their choice depends on specific characteristics. There is currently no universal tool for nutritional risk assessment in outpatients.
Bacteriological Quality and Antibiogram of Isolates Obtained from Creek Town River, Odukpani L.G.A., Cross River State, Nigeria

The bacteriological quality and antibiogram of isolates from Creek Town River were investigated to determine the quality of the river water and sensitivity patterns of the bacterial isolates. The bacteriological assessment was studied using pour plate and membrane filtration techniques. There was significant difference (P=.05) in total heterotrophic bacterial count, E. coli and coliform counts. The total heterotrophic bacterial and total coliform counts were shown to be highest in the CTR3 (8.0x10 6 cfu/ml) and CTR2 (3.0x10 5 cfu/ml). The total E. coli counts ranged from 1.5x10 2 cfu/ml to 5.8x10 2 cfu/ml. Bacterial counts were higher than the acceptable limit of the WHO standards. The bacteria isolated and characterized included eleven (11) bacterial genera: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. , Pseudomonas spp. , Bacillus spp. , Enterobacter faecalis, Streptococcus spp. , Original Research Article Akubuenyi et al.; AJEE, 8(2): 1-11, 2018; Article no.AJEE. 44505 2 Salmonella spp. , Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus spp. , Shigella spp. and Citrobacter spp. Out of these organisms, Ent. faecalis, Staph. aureus, Klebsiella spp. , E. coli and Proteus spp. are the most prevalent (100%) in the samples. The antibiogram result indicated that there was significant statistical variation (P= .05) in the sensitivity profile of the test organisms to antibiotics. Moreover, E. coli and Proteus spp had the highest sensitivity of 90% while S. aureus had the lowest sensitivity of 30%. Result also revealed that chloramphenicol was the most effective antibiotic with 100% sensitivity, and there was significant difference (P=.05) in the effective of each antibiotic against test organisms. These findings indicated that the water from Creek Town River was not suitable for direct human consumption and it poses a serious threat to the health of the consumers. Water treatment is therefore recommended before it can be used for domestic purposes.
An empirical study of the impact of human activity on long‐term temperature change in China: A perspective from energy consumption

[1] Human activity is an important contributor to local temperature change, especially in urban areas. Energy consumption is treated here as an index of the intensity of human induced local thermal forcing. The relationship between energy consumption and temperature change is analyzed in China by Observation Minus Reanalysis (OMR) method. Temperature trends for observation, reanalysis and OMR are estimated from meteorological records and 2 m-temperature from NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 for the period 1979–2007. A spatial mapping scheme based on the spatial and temporal relationship between energy consumption and Gross Domestic Production (GDP) is developed to derive the spatial distribution of energy consumption of China in 2003. A positive relationship between energy consumption and OMR trends is found in high and mid energy consumption region. OMR trends decline with the decreasing intensity of human activity from 0.20°C/decade in high energy consumption region to 0.13°C/decade in mid energy consumption region. Forty-four stations in high energy consumption region that are exposed to the largest human impact are selected to investigate the impact of energy consumption spatial pattern on temperature change. Results show human impact on temperature trends is highly dependent on spatial pattern of energy consumption. OMR trends decline from energy consumption center to surrounding areas (0.26 to 0.04°C/decade) and get strengthened as the spatial extent of high energy consumption area expands (0.14 to 0.25°C/decade).
Influence of Artisanal fishing Gears on Physico-Chemical Parameters of Ferguson’s Gulf in Lake Turkana, Kenya

The influence of gill net, purse seine and beach seine gears was assessed on the basis of water physicochemical parameters. The study considered a total of seven water quality parameters viz. Dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, Secchi depth and water temperature. Longitudinal study design was used representing dry and wet seasons. The sampling sites were selected on the basis of their relevance as exclusive gill net, purse seine and beach seine fishing sites and control where no fishing activity was taking place. Physicochemical parameters were determined in situ. The data generated was analyzed using one-way ANOVA at p<0.05 and Student’s t-Test at p<0.05 to establish spatial and seasonal mean variation of physico-chemical parameters respectively. Correlational analysis was done to establish the relationship among physico-chemical parameters (p<0.05). Results indicated that temperature, DO, salinity, conductivity, TDS, pH, and Secchi depth were significantly different in sites where gill net, purse seine and beach seine gears were used including control sites (ANOVA, p<0.05). Salinity, conductivity, TDS, pH and Secchi depth varied seasonally (Student’s t-Test, p<0.05) but not dissolved oxygen and temperature. Correlational analysis showed significant correlation of salinity to Total Dissolved Solids (p<0.01, r=0.830) and conductivity (p<0.01, r=0.927). This study revealed that salinity and conductivity values decreased spatially and seasonally towards the mouth of Ferguson’s gulf. The use of purse seine gears led to increased dissolved osygen while gill net sites had high Total dissolved solids. The study recommends monitoring of water quality parameters for fish survival and ecosystem health.
The Impact of Makeshift Oil Refining Activities on the Physico-Chemical Parameters of the Interstitial Water of the Nun River Estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Sampling was done in six sampling stations for one year (August, 2014- July, 2015) to investigate the impacts of makeshift oil refineries physico- chemistry of the interstitial water of the Nun River estuary of the Nun River estuary in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria after over 3 years of chronic pollution of this estuary by the makeshift refinery activities. The results of the analysis revealed that the Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC) of the estuary was exceptionally high (ranged from 632.4mg/l - 1996.5mg/l), the pH was acidic (ranged from 5.27 to 6.56), the DO was very low (ranged from 0.59 mg/l to 2.76mg/l), the BOD was high (ranged from 8.66 mg/l to 10.37 mg/l), and the sulphate, phosphate, and nitrate concentrations were high- ranging from 214.7mg/l to 935.87mg/l, 0.03mg/l to 1.65mg/l, and 0.12mg/l- 2.08mg/l, respectively. Temperature, salinity, pH, DO, BOD, SO 4 , PO 3 - , NO - exhibited significant differences between stations and between months- P 0.05).
Current Knowledge of Enterococcal Endocarditis: A Disease Lurking in Plain Sight of Health Providers

Enterococcus faecalis is a bacterial pathogen that can cause opportunistic infections. Studies indicate that initial biofilm formation plays a crucial regulatory role in these infections, as well as in colonising and maintaining the gastrointestinal tract as a commensal member of the microbiome of most land animals. It has long been thought that vegetation of endocarditis resulting from bacterial attachment to the endocardial endothelium requires some pre-existing tissue damage, and in animal models of experimental endocarditis, mechanical valve damage is typically induced by cardiac catheterisation preceding infection. This section reviews historical and contemporary animal model studies that demonstrate the ability of E. faecalis to colonise the undamaged endovascular endothelial surface directly and produce robust microcolony biofilms encapsulated within a bacterially derived extracellular matrix. This report reviews both previous and current animal model studies demonstrating the resilient capacity of E. faecalis to colonise the undamaged endovascular endothelial surface directly and produce robust microcolony biofilms encapsulated in a bacterially derived extracellular matrix. The article also considers the morphological similarities when these biofilms develop on different host sites, such as when E. faecalis colonises the gastrointestinal epithelium as a commensal member of the common vertebrate microbiome, lurking in plain sight and transmitting systemic infection. These phenotypes may enable the organism to survive as an unrecognised infection in asymptomatic subjects, providing an infectious resource for subsequent clinical process of endocarditis.
Thellier paleointensity theory and experiments for multidomain grains

[1] We extend theories of thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) and partial TRM (pTRM) in multidomain (MD) grains to model thermal demagnetization and pTRM acquisition steps in Thellier paleointensity determination. Because of the interleaving of zero-field and in-field heating-cooling steps to increasing temperatures the initial state for any step is complex, and theoretical modeling is more intricate than for pTRM production or thermal demagnetization separately. At low to moderate temperature T, TRM lost exceeds pTRM regained, causing convex down Arai plots sagging below the ideal single-domain (SD) line. At moderate to high T, pTRM acquisition outweighs TRM loss. As T approaches TCurie, pTRM gain exactly equals TRM loss, and the Arai plot becomes ideal. When pTRMs are produced perpendicular to the original TRM and measured directly rather than by differencing field-on and field-off results, there is less deviation from ideality at low to moderate T. Our theory agrees semiquantitatively with results for parallel and perpendicular pTRMs for large MD magnetites (135 μm). Smaller MD magnetites (6 and 20 μm) have less curved Arai plots, and the smallest magnetites (0.6 and 1 μm) have almost linear plots. Positive pTRM checks demonstrate that curved Arai plots of MD grains are reproducible, unlike curved plots for rocks that alter physicochemically in the Thellier experiment, while negative pTRM tail checks indicate undemagnetized pTRM residuals. Low-temperature demagnetization improves linearity only slightly. Practical applications of this work include using the predicted threshold T below which no net pTRM is produced in a parallel Thellier experiment to screen data used for paleointensity fits. Straight line fits through low- and medium-T points in Arai plots of MD (135 μm) grains overestimated the paleofield by as much as 100% and for small pseudo-single-domain (PSD) (0.6 and 1 μm) grains overestimated by about 25%. However, by using linear segments of medium- to high-T data with f values ≥0.5 it may be possible to obtain reasonable paleointensity estimates even for larger PSD (6 and 20 μm) and MD grains. Middle- to high-T fits for 0.6 μm grains gave paleointensities within 4% of the correct value, utilizing essentially the entire data set (f > 0.9). Perpendicular data always gave superior linear fits. Orienting samples with their natural remanent magnetizations perpendicular to the laboratory field is therefore recommended for rocks containing PSD and MD grains. However, double heatings are preferable to single heatings because they allow pTRM tail checks to be carried out.
Atmospheric water vapor and the aerosol direct radiative effect: Remote sensing and global model studies

In this study we examine the performance of 31 global model radiative transfer schemes in cloudfree conditions with prescribed gaseous absorbers and no aerosols (Rayleigh atmosphere), with prescribed scatteringonly aerosols, and with more absorbing aerosols. Results are compared to benchmark results from high-resolution, multiangular line-by-line radiation models. For purely scattering aerosols, model bias relative to the line-by-line models in the top-of-the atmosphere aerosol radiative forcing ranges from roughly −10 to 20 %, with overand underestimates of radiative cooling at lower and higher solar zenith angle, respectively. Inter-model diversity (relative standard deviation) increases from∼10 to 15 % as solar zenith angle decreases. Inter-model diversity in atmospheric and surface forcing decreases with increased aerosol absorption, indicating that the treatment of multiple-scattering is more variable than aerosol absorption in the models considered. Aerosol radiative forcing results from multi-stream models are generally in better agreement with the line-by-line results than the simpler two-stream schemes. Considering radiative fluxes, model performance is generally the same or slightly better than results from previous radiation scheme intercomparisons. However, the inter-model diversity in aerosol radiative forcing remains large, primarily as a result of the treatment of multiple-scattering. Results indicate that global models that estimate aerosol radiative forcing with two-stream radiation schemes may be subject to persistent biases introduced by these schemes, particularly for regional aerosol forcing.