Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The potential of electronic cigarette technology to deliver small molecular weight drugs to the central nervous system

Drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) by passing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is limited to a small number of lipophilic and small molecule drugs. As a consequence, many brain-related conditions leading to neurodegeneration remain untreatable. This project investigates new modes of brain delivery, which improve the shortcomings of conventional dosage forms and avoid undesired side effects. Such is the case of the nasal route of administration, which is fast and non-invasive. It is proposed that small molecular weight drugs would reach the brain and avoid the BBB, by being transported through the olfactory and respiratory regions, in the upper part of the nasal cavity. Vaporised drugs could be transported intra or extracellularly through this pathway and address neurodegenerative diseases. The specific objectives of this study were to explore i) if Non-Steroidal AntiInflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) can be produced in vapour form by sublimation (the change from solid to gas without passing through the liquid phase) or vaporisation (the change from liquid to gas) using electronic cigarette technology, to potentially administer it to the CNS via the upper region of the nose, and ii) the effect of NSAIDs on microglial activation which can be used to measure neuroinflammation and potentially prevent neurodegeneration. For the first objective, thermogravimetric and calorimetric analyses investigated if the test compounds (nambumetone, ibuprofen, indomethacin, and salicylic acid) could sublime. Microscopic observations of these compounds before, during, and after heating were recorded along with an evaluation of their crystallinity. Then, compound solubility in e-cigarette liquid was assessed by spectrophotometry. For the second objective, the toxicity and inflammatory response of these NSAIDs
Biosorption of Copper by a Natural Byproduct Material: Pressed Black Cumin Cakes

Abstract A natural waste material, pressed black cumin cake, was characterized as an adsorbent for copper (II) ions. The pressed black cumin cake waste was obtained after the cold pressing of black cumin seeds in order to extract black cumin oil. The press cake was used as an adsorbent after washing with cold water for the removal of copper (II) ions. The effects of pH and adsorbent dose on the removal efficiencies were investigated. The point of the zero charge was determined. Isotherm studies were performed using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. The adsorption of the copper (II) was found to comply with the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir isotherm was found to be 106.38 mg/g. Thermodynamic studies were also carried out. Furthermore, three kinetic models, the pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order, and intraparticle diffusion, were investigated. The adsorption adhered to the pseudo second order kinetic model. The regeneration of the adsorbent was also investigated. An environmentally friendly, low cost, fast, and easily accessible adsorbent was developed for the efficient removal of copper (II). It is advantageous in terms of stability for long-term use.
Analysis and design of buckling resistant thin-walled structures via computationally efficient 3D stress analysis

Performing detailed structural analysis of beam-like or thin-walled structures can be a complex task, especially if three dimensional stress profiles are required. Depending on the nature of the problem, i.e. geometry, dimensions, loading and boundary conditions, it may be possible to use simplified (numerical or analytical) beam or shell models. Nevertheless, their accuracy is limited to certain regions and far from singularities. Due to this limitation, three-dimensional finite element methods (FEM) are commonly employed. FEM is a robust methodology, but it may come with a high computational cost. Therefore, when analysing complex structures, it is common practice to split the problem in parts. A coarse mesh and/or a simplified model is used to describe the overall and global behaviour of the structure. After identifying regions (or scales) where more detail is needed, a more refined model is employed. This submodelling process can be cumbersome and time consuming. In this work, a new framework for solving this duality is proposed. A model, based on the Serendipity Lagrange (SL) polynomial space, extends the capabilities of the Unified Formulation (UF) model to perform non-linear and large-deflection analyses of non-prismatic and curved beam-like structures. Special attention is given to the modelling of buckling and post-buckling of beams and thin-walled structures. The capability in recovering localised displacement and stress fields, numerical stability and efficiency of the proposed model (UF-SL) are presented, discussed and compared with reference models. In addition, two new and novel methodologies for the design of buckling-resistant structures are presented. The first, the Localised Nominal Stiffness Method (LNS), exploits the accuracy and efficiency of the UF-SL model to identify and map regions of potential insensitivity to localised low stiffness variations. The result is then used to tailor the structure and improve its buckling and post-buckling performance. The second approach, Eigenstress Method, uses the resultant stress, recovered from the first eigenvector of a linear buckling analysis, as baseline for a new topology. The resulting geometry closely resembles that of the structure that optimises the buckling load, with a given structural weight. This method provides a method that is fast and intuitive for designing buckling-resistant structures.
Individual health perspective, income protection insurance coverage and human capital growth

Health insurance in poor developing countries has long been a hot topic. Income protection insurance (IPI) is a specific form of health insurance. In an overlapping generation economy without long time saving, we compared the attitudes of individuals with different health perspective towards IPI and analyzed the impact of IPI on human capital growth. We have the following findings: (i) from the healthiest to the most unhealthy, we can divide all individuals into 4 types: the healthiest, the second healthiest, the third healthiest, and the most unhealthy, each with different attitude towards IPI and IPI will influence their human capital accumulation differently; (ii) the healthiest individuals will choose no IPI, and IPI will not influence their human capital growth; (iii) the second healthiest individuals will choose partial IPI, and IPI will decrease their human capital accumulation; (iv) the third healthiest individuals will choose full IPI and IPI will decrease their human capital accumulation, and people will choose full life insurance when the net return from education is less than zero; (v) the individuals with the worst health will choose full IPI and IPI will increase their human capital accumulation; (vi) the impact of IPI on the human capital growth of the whole economy depends on health distribution, if more individuals have extreme health, especially extreme bad health, IPI tend to enhance human capital growth of the whole economy.
THE EVALUATION OF THE RATE AND THE TYPE OF MEDICATION ERRORS AMONG NURSES

ABSTRACT Objective: Since medication instructions are an important part of patients’ treatment process, neglecting the correct principles of medication instructions application can result in numerous problems such as unsuccessful treatment or failure and the emergence of lawsuit and complaint issues. The survey and the determination of the medication error types is the first step in preventing them and since the medication errors are common among the nurses according to the various studies and due to their importance the researchers decided to perform a study aiming at the survey of the rate and the type of the medication errors common among the nurses. Methods: This study is a descriptive research performed on 119 nurses from Zahedan training hospitals all of whom have been selected based on a random method in 2016. To gather the necessary information required for the current study, a two-part questionnaire was taken advantage of the first part of which was related to the demographic characteristics, and the second part was connected to the evaluation of the type of medication errors and reporting them. Finally, after the questionnaires were collected, the data were analyzed based on SPSS 19 software and descriptive statistics. Results: The participants average age was 28.86±6.45; 101 individuals were women and 87 individuals had passed courses on ethics. Furthermore, 86 nurses had had an experience of medication error at least for 1 time. The highest mean score in the type of the medication error was related to “wrong infusion rate, wrong dosage, and administering several drugs without paying attention to the drug interferences. ” Conclusion: In this study, the results indicated that the rate of the medication errors is a very high among the nurses. Therefore, to reduce the medication errors, there is a need for making serious decisions. Keywords: Medication error, Nurses, Zahedan.
Comparative study on the performance of iron-amended cassava pulp feed bio-methanation in CSTRs

In recent years, the advances in the biogas related technology and plant design open new possibilities in biogas production from various biomasses other than activated waste sludge from a waste water treatment plant. Although, the anaerobic digestion (AD) process offers sustainable and environmental friendly energy to curb heavy reliance on fossil fuels to a certain extent, the low methane (CH4) content of biogas remains as a challenge. Using selected pieces of scrap iron with the properties of zero valent iron (ZVI), this paper attempts to enhance the biomethane content of biogas in terms of quality and quantity. The characteristics of scrap iron were verified using XPS and SEM. The optimum iron level was observed at 20 g/L where COD removal reached 95%. This represents a 20% enhancement over than that a of control reactor with 75% removal. Bio‑methane production could further be improved using iron with superior characteristics (particularly zero valent iron, ZVI). Nevertheless, by means of the current iron amendments in cassava pulp feed CSTRs with an optimum organic loading rate (OLR) of 3.25 g VSS L‑1 day-1, methane was enriched from 50% to 75% with 10% to 35% additional gas yield over that of the control reactor. VFA/TA levels are a critical control factor. Inhibition starts when iron addition exceeds 20 g/L. The outcome of iron addition is seen immediately, making the process easier to control with better stability during digestion. The presence of iron cut the frequency of re-buffering and thus reduced chemical consumption for pH control and provided for a longer buffer resistance period. Iron amendment during anaerobic digestion of cassava pulp was shown to promote higher levels of bio-methane production.
Justice in health care: Beyond the treatment/enhancement distinction

I contend that the treatment/enhancement distinction is inherently only able to provide limited aid to arguments in bioethics concerning ethically controversial issues of resource distribution. Rather, normative assumptions about concepts such as human functioning, normality, health, and/or disease that the treatment/enhancement distinction relies on are the primary ethical motivators in distributive justice arguments that consider some medical intervention to be treatment and some medical intervention to be enhancement. Therefore, if arguments are to use the treatment/enhancement distinction to draw conclusions about justice in health care, they must make additional normative assumptions about human functioning and the role of health care. These distributive justice arguments then rely on the additional normative assumptions about human functioning and the role of health care to draw conclusions about treatment and enhancement. Arguments using the treatment/enhancement distinction have not, however, acknowledged these additional normative assumptions. In this dissertation, I make the argument that the treatment/enhancement distinction is not an independent concept. Additionally, I examine ways to cohesively fit consideration for individuals
Analisis Butir Soal Semester Ganjil Mata Pelajaran Matematika pada Sekolah Menengah Pertama

Abstract The results of the initial interview, it was revealed that every time the final school exam was conducted, the questions tested had not been analyzed as a whole, so the quality of the questions was unknown. Therefore this study aims to analyze the odd semester final exam items in mathematics in SMP Negeri 4 Pineleng in the 2018/2019 school year in terms of reliability, validity, distinguishing features, level of difficulty and effectiveness of deceivers (specifically multiple choice questions). This type of research is a descriptive analysis with a quantitative approach. The number of subjects in this study were 97 students consisting of all VIII grade students of SMP Negeri 4 Pineleng in the 2018/2019 school year. The data collection technique used is documentation. The data is processed manually with the help of the excel program and uses the help of the Anatest Version 4 program specifically to analyze effectiveness. From the results of the analysis it can be concluded that the final semester exams for the mathematics students of SMP Negeri 4 Pineleng in the 2018/2019 school year: (1) Types of multiple choice questions, 5 questions or 16.67% have very good quality so they can be stored in the question bank for reuse , 15 questions or 50.00% still need to be revised and 10 questions or 33.33% have very poor quality so that they cannot be stored in the question bank. (2) The types of description questions, 2 questions or 40.00% have good quality, 2 questions or 40.00% need to be revised, 1 problem or 20.00% have bad quality. Abstrak Hasil wanwancara awal, terungkap bahwa setiap pelaksanaan ujian akhir sekolah, soal yang diujikan belum dianalisis secara keseluruhan, sehingga kualitas soal tersebut tidak diketahui. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis butir soal ujian akhir semester ganjil mata pelajaran matematika SMP Negeri 4 Pineleng tahun ajaran 2018/2019 ditinjau dari reliabilitas, validitas, daya pembeda soal, tingkat kesukaran dan efektifitas pengecoh (khusus soal pilihan ganda). Jenis penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Jumlah subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah 97 siswa terdiri dari seluruh siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 4 Pineleng tahun ajaran 2018/2019. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah dokumentasi. Data diolah secara manual dengan bantuan program excel dan menggunakan bantuan program Anatest Versi 4 khusus untuk menganalisis efektifitas. Dari hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa ujian akhir semester ganjil mata pelajarn matematika SMP Negeri 4 Pineleng tahun ajaran 2018/2019 : (1) Jenis soal pilihan ganda, 5 soal atau 16.67% memiliki kualitas sangat baik sehingga dapta disimpan di bank soal untuk dapat digunakan kembali, 15 soal atau 50.00% masih perlu direvisi dan 10 soal atau 33.33% memiliki kualitas sangat tidak baik sehingga tidak dapat disimpan di bank soal. (2) Jenis soal uraian, 2 soal atau 40.00% memiliki kualitas baik, 2 soal atau 40.00% perlu direvisi, 1 soal atau 20,00% meiliki kualitas tidak baik.
A Time-Saving Approach for the Thermal Lifetime Evaluation of Low-Voltage Electrical Machines

Modern electrical machines, such as those employed in transportation applications are required to provide very high performance in terms of power (and torque) density and efficiency. The reality, however, is that the more these machines are “pushed” in relation to power density, the more is the probability of failure of their insulation systems, through enhanced electrical and thermal stresses. On the other hand, regardless the power density level, the electrical machine still needs to respect the certification processes set by the international standards and procedures. Unfortunately, today reliability and lifetime are still not considered as main design objective functions right from the start of the design process. This is a direct result of a gap in knowledge in terms of the precise understanding of failure mechanisms. If physics of failure models are available, then reliability can be included at all design stages. Therefore, this article proposes a method that shortens the time demanded for the thermal lifetime evaluation procedure or qualification of low-voltage electrical machines. The theory behind the method is presented and, then, experimentally validated on custom designed specimens.
FAN-C: A Feature-rich Framework for the Analysis and Visualisation of C data

Chromosome conformation capture data, particularly from high-throughput approaches such as Hi-C and its derivatives, are typically very complex to analyse. Existing analysis tools are often single-purpose, or limited in compatibility to a small number of data formats, frequently making Hi-C analyses tedious and time-consuming. Here, we present FAN-C, an easy-to-use command-line tool and powerful Python API with a broad feature set covering matrix generation, analysis, and visualisation for C-like data (https://github.com/vaquerizaslab/fanc). Due to its comprehensiveness and compatibility with the most prevalent Hi-C storage formats, FAN-C can be used in combination with a large number of existing analysis tools, thus greatly simplifying Hi-C matrix analysis.
Evaluation of Students’ Consumption of Beer in Higher Institutions of Learning in Nigeria: Propelling Factors for Choice

: The several brands of beer in Nigeria, with brand extensions, provide the opportunity for consumers to have more options to choose their brands from, and the brewing companies contend with how to make their products the preferred choice among consuming public. Although empirical studies in institutions of higher learning in Nigeria report that some factors influence the choice of beer brand in different places, there is, however, a paucity of information on the propelling factors for choice of beer brand. It is against this backdrop that this study appraised the choice of beer brand in the Nigerian higher institutions. A total number of 166 undergraduate and postgraduate students studying at the Enugu Campus of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, participated in this study. The study adopted survey design, questionnaire was used and consent was obtained from all the participants before carrying out the study. Questions posed to them were whether social group, price and emotion significantly determine their choice of brand of beer. The result indicated that social group has the greatest percentage of significance propelling factor of 78.9% (agreed and strongly agreed); then emotion, 74.1% (agreed and strongly agreed) and the price of beer 53% (agreed and strongly agreed) which is also significant. Students’ social group, emotion and price of beer showed statistical significance when compared in relation to choice of beer. Therefore, students always align with the type of products (beer inclusive) consumed by their social group that has moderate price and emotional appeals when making choice.
Design of Waveguide Filters With Cascaded Singlets Through a Synthesis-Based Approach

In this article, we introduce a synthesis-based design approach for waveguide filters, including singlets. As is known, a singlet block comprises one resonator coupled to source and load plus an additional coupling between source and load. In this way, a pole–zero pair is produced, thus allowing the introduction of a transmission zero in the frequency response. Structure making that uses cascaded singlets (especially implemented in waveguide technology) has been successfully used to realize compact and quasi-in-line pseudoelliptic filters. The design of this configuration suffers, however, from a severe drawback; while an isolated singlet can be exactly synthesized, when these blocks are put in cascade, nonresonating nodes (NRNs) are required to allow the cascade connection. Consequently, the resulting topology includes both cross couplings and NRNs, for which no exact synthesis solution is till now available (all the design solutions proposed in the literature are based on optimization). The new design procedure here proposed overcomes this drawback, allowing the synthesis of the equivalent circuit of the cascaded-singlet topology. Once this circuit is obtained, the dimensioning of the singlets can be carried out by exploiting a full-wave simulator according to the procedure described in the article. The proposed design approach allows a very accurate initial dimensioning of the filter, which represents an excellent starting point for final adjustments/optimizations. A detailed design example is presented in the article showing how to practically implement the novel procedure. This new approach is also experimentally validated by a waveguide filter prototype, previously designed by optimization and fabricated. It is shown how this filter can be redesigned with the novel procedure, obtaining very similar physical dimensions in a noticeably shorter time.
Current treatment approaches for ankle ligament injuries: what has changed? -

Because of inadequate and unsuccesful management of ALI, undesired chronic disabilities may unluckily be observed. Treatment of these patients should be planned comprehensive and detailed depending on patientâ€™s diagnosis, injuryâ€™s severity and stage. Program should not only be focused on to solve edema. An integrated treatment covering injuryâ€™s acute and subacute period and a comprehensive algorithm including an early rehabilitation program would provide better recovery times.
Initial boundary value problem for a inhomogeneous pseudo-parabolic equation

This paper deals with the global existence and blow-up of solutions to a inhomogeneous pseudo-parabolic equation with initial value \begin{document}$ u_0 $\end{document} in the Sobolev space \begin{document}$ H_0^1( \Omega) $\end{document} , where \begin{document}$ \Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^n $\end{document} ( \begin{document}$ n\geq1 $\end{document} is an integer) is a bounded domain. By using the mountain-pass level \begin{document}$ d $\end{document} (see (14)), the energy functional \begin{document}$ J $\end{document} (see (12)) and Nehari function \begin{document}$ I $\end{document} (see (13)), we decompose the space \begin{document}$ H_0^1( \Omega) $\end{document} into five parts, and in each part, we show the solutions exist globally or blow up in finite time. Furthermore, we study the decay rates for the global solutions and lifespan (i.e., the upper bound of blow-up time) of the blow-up solutions. Moreover, we give a blow-up result which does not depend on \begin{document}$ d $\end{document} . By using this theorem, we prove the solution can blow up at arbitrary energy level, i.e. for any \begin{document}$ M\in \mathbb{R} $\end{document} , there exists \begin{document}$ u_0\in H_0^1( \Omega) $\end{document} satisfying \begin{document}$ J(u_0) = M $\end{document} such that the corresponding solution blows up in finite time.