Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Construction of Novel Brain-Targeting Gene Delivery System by Natural Magnetic Nanoparticles

The main objective in gene therapy of brain tumors is to develop efficient, low toxic, and brain-targeting gene delivery systems which can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and deliver therapeutic gene to the brain cancerous tissues. In this study, we designed and constructed a novel gene delivery systems (Tat-MS-PAMAM) by modifying the magnetosome (MS) with polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers and Tat peptides for the first time. Tat-MS-PAMAM readily formed polyplexes with the luciferase reporter plasmid (pGL-3) and improved plasmid complexation and stability against polyanion and DNase I. Transfection efficiencies of Tat-MS-PAMAM polyplexes with pGL-3 were studied using U251 human glioma cells in vitro. The result showed that the incorporation of external magnetic field and Tat peptides could significantly improve transfection efficiency of delivery system. Furthermore, biodistribution in vivo demonstrated that Tat-MS-PAMAM could efficiently transport across the BBB and assemble at brain tissue of rat detected by single photo emission computed tomography. Thus, with the multifunction of magnetic targeting, BBB transporting, and efficient gene transfecting, Tat-MS-PAMAM might be a novel nonviral delivery system for gene therapy of brain tumors. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Chemical Properties of Bone Mineral

The calcium phosphate mineral in bone is so finely divided and in such intimate contact with collagen and other organic components that an adequate understanding of its properties has not been achieved despite their great importance. In fact, few crystalline or cryptocrystalline materials have greater physiological and medical importance. As a result, a prodigious amount of research has been carried out to define the structure and properties of bone mineral, and a rather substantial number of reviews have been written (1-3). Progress in the recent past, however, has been relatively. slow, and many uncertainties and differences of opinion remain. In those areas where questions exist, we provide our own assessment, clearly indicating that it is an opinion. Most recent reviews on bone mineral have concentrated on physical and structural properties. The main focus of the present review is on chemical properties, with emphasis on the two major chemical properties-solubility and surface. These properties are vital, because calcium and phosphate ions have many very important physiological functions, because they may be related in as yet undetermined ways to diseases of bone such as osteoporosis, periodontitis, and Paget's disease, and because bone is in a continual dynamic state of formation and destruction. To provide a structural basis for understanding the properties of these extremely fine crystallites, one must refer to the ideal compounds and then to the morphological, compositional, and structural modifications that bone crystallites are known or implied to have. The general pattern used in this review is to describe the properties of ideal or synthetic materials first, and then to discuss the ·implications of these properties relative to bone.
Sampling of diisocyanates (HDI, TDI) in air by derivatisation with secondary amines as reagentsPart 1. Partial rate factors (PRF) of reagents

Relative differences in reactivity between reagents (all of which are secondary amines) particularly affect polyfunctional isocyanates, such as hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and tolylene diisocyanate (TDI), compared with monoisocyanates. Thus, in 1994–1995, we carried out a programme of work to study the relative reactivity of the standard reagents, and of two alternative derivatising agents, by performing comparison tests on reaction rates. In the meantime, the reactivity of standard reagents used internationally for the determination of isocyanates in workplace atmospheres, as compared with some proposed “more reactive” alternative competitors, has been addressed by various authors. We measured the relative rates of reactions (partial rate factors) using the monomeric diisocyanates HDI and TDI and the monoisocyanate phenylisocyanate (PHI) separately in absorber solutions containing twin mixtures of different reagents. The partial rate factors of the reactions were found to vary by orders of magnitude using the diisocyanates HDI and TDI. They show a dependence on the chemical structure. Using the monoisocyanate PHI, our experimental results are consistent with literature data. Furthermore, our results clearly demonstrate that the proposed “most reactive” reagent dibutylamine (DBA) is less reactive towards HDI and TDI than is the reagent 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (2-MP). In spite of the different reaction rates found, in our experience, up to now, there is “no-effect” on the analytical results when comparison tests are performed by monitoring isocyanates in air using DBA and the well known standard reagents. Work continues and results will be given in a following paper.
Thermal expansion and crystal structure of cementite, Fe3C, between 4 and 600 K determined by time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction

The cementite phase of Fe3C has been studied by high-resolution neutron powder diffraction at 4.2 K and at 20 K intervals between 20 and 600 K. The crystal structure remains orthorhombic (Pnma) throughout, with the fractional coordinates of all atoms varying only slightly (the magnetic structure of the ferromagnetic phase could not be determined). The ferromagnetic phase transition, with Tc ≃ 480 K, greatly affects the thermal expansion coefficient of the material. The average volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion above Tc was found to be 4.1 (1) × 10−5 K−1; below Tc it is considerably lower (< 1.8 × 10−5 K−1) and varies greatly with temperature. The behaviour of the volume over the full temperature range of the experiment may be modelled by a third-order Gruneisen approximation to the zero-pressure equation of state, combined with a magnetostrictive correction based on mean-field theory.
The NCO + NO Reaction Revisited: Ab Initio MO/VRRKM Calculations for Total Rate Constant and Product Branching Ratios

The mechanism for the NCO + NO reaction has been studied using a high-level ab initio molecular orbital G2M method in conjunction with variational RRKM calculations. The results indicate that the reaction occurs primarily via the following singlet potential energy surface: (1) NCO + NO h OCNNO f N2O + CO; (2) NCO + NO h OCNNO f c-OC(O)NN- f N2 + CO2. Cis-OCNNO is the main intermediate to form these products. The decomposition of cis-OCNNO to the products N2O + CO is energetically less favorable than the cyclization process forming c-OC(O)NN- by 8.2 kcal/mol, but both processes take place via tight transition states. These tight transition states coupling with the loose association channel give rise to the experimentally observed strong negative temperature dependence. Calculated results also indicate that the total and individual rate constants have a strong angular-momentum dependence. The calculated values are in good agreement with experimental data both for the rate constant and product branching ratios. These results are qualitatively consistent with those predicted previously by the conventional RRKM calculations based on the energetics computed at the BAC-MP4 level of theory.
Field‐Scale Evaluation of Bioaugmentation Dosage for Treating Chlorinated Ethenes

A field demonstration was performed to evaluate the impacts of bioaugmentation dosage for treatment of chlorinated ethenes in a sandy‐to‐silty shallow aquifer. Specifically, bioaugmentation using a commercially available Dehalococcoides (DHC)‐containing culture was performed in three separate groundwater recirculation loops, with one loop bioaugmented with 3.9 × 1011 DHC, the second loop bioaugmented with 3.9 × 1012 DHC, and the third loop bioaugmented with 3.9 × 1013 DHC. Groundwater monitoring was performed to evaluate DHC growth and migration, dechlorination rates, and aquifer geochemistry. The loop inoculated with 3.9 × 1012 DHC showed slower dechlorination rates and DHC migration/growth compared with the other loops. This relatively poor performance was attributed to low pH conditions. Results for the loops inoculated with 3.9 × 1011 and 3.9 × 1013 DHC showed similar timeframes for dechlorination, as evaluated at a monitoring well approximately 10 feet downgradient of the DHC injection well. Application of a recently developed one‐dimensional bioaugmentation fate and transport screening model provided a reasonable prediction of the data in these two loops. Overall, these results suggest that increasing bioaugmentation dosage does not necessarily result in decreased dechlorination timeframes in the field. The ability to predict results suggests that modeling potentially can serve as an effective tool for determining bioaugmentation dosage and predicting overall remedial timeframes.
Novel properties of new type conducting and insulating polymers and their composites

Novel properties of recently developed conducting and insulating polymers and their composites are discussed. Properties of conducting polymer whose main chains are composed of unsaturated /spl pi/-bonds depend strongly on the main chain structure, substituent and also molecular dopants. Various applications of conducting polymers such as electroluminescence (EL) elements, electrolyte capacitors, photoconductors, photovoltaic cells, superconductors and insulators at cryogenic temperature, are discussed by taking effects of molecular dopants such as C/sub 60/ into consideration. A new type of insulating polymer, syndiotactic polypropylene prepared by newly developed metallocene catalysts has been studied and found to exhibit much superior electrical, thermal and mechanical characteristics compared with those of conventional isotactic polypropylene, atactic polypropylene and polyethylene. These excellent characteristics originate from lower crystallinity, smaller spherulites and different crystal lattice than in isotactic polypropylene. Negligible degradation of syndiotactic polypropylene by contact with copper is interpreted in terms of difference of catalysts and suppression of diffusion of copper cation. New types of conducting polymer, insulating polymer composites were prepared. Their conductivity was controlled over more than 10 orders of magnitude by small amounts of a conducting polymer, polypyrrole, which can be interpreted in terms of the percolation model depending on the shape and density of polypyrrole coated insulating polymer particles. Nonlinear current-voltage characteristics were also studied.
Evaluation of Residual Pesticides in Fresh Ginseng Collected in Seoul

This study was performed to analyze 48 kinds of pesticide residues using gas chromatography (GC)/nitrogen phosphorous detector, GC/micro electron capture detector, GC/mass selective detector, and high performance liquid chromatograph/diode array detector in 186 fresh ginseng samples collected in the Seoul area from 2010 to 2011. Fresh ginseng dietary intakes were estimated using the data from the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition examination survey. Residual pesticides were detected in 79 samples (42.5%) with eight different fungicides. Only 20 samples (10.8%) exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides registered by the Korea Food & Drug Administration. Among them, tolclofos-methyl residues (10.2%) exceeded the MRL for fresh ginseng in 18 ginseng seedlings and one of the two-year old fresh ginseng plants, and the residual level in just one ginseng seedling violated the MRL for pyrimethanil. The results showed that residual pesticides levels in marketable fresh ginseng around Seoul were relatively safe. The percent acceptable daily intake (%ADI) was calculated using pesticide residues in fresh ginseng and dietary intakes of fresh ginseng. The risk caused by pesticide residues in fresh ginseng was very low.
EFFECT OF LONG-TERM DIFFERENTIATED FERTILIZATION WITH FARMYARD MANURE AND MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON THE CONTENT OF AVAILABLE FORMS OF P, K AND Mg IN SOIL

The investigations were carried out in 20022005, on proper grey-brown podsoilic soil originating from light loam (class IIIa in the soil valuation system, very good rye complex), on the basis of a two-factor experiment established in 1986 according to the random block design with four replications. The arable horizon of the soil, before the experiment, was characterized by slightly acidic reaction (pH 1 mol KCl dm-3 was 6.2) and the concentrations of available nutrients were as follows: 100.0 mg K, 53.2 mg Mg and 41.3 mg P kg-1 of soil. Soil samples for chemical tests were collected from the arable layer after harvesting crops grown in a rotation: sugar beet, spring barley, maize and spring wheat. The content of available forms of phosphorus and potassium were determined by Egner-Riehm method (DL), and that of manganese using Schachtschabel’s method. The purpose of the study has been to determine the influence of mineral fertilization with or without FYM on the content of available macronutrients in soil. The statistical analysis of the results have shown a significant influence of manure on the level of available P, K and Mg in the tested soil. When both FYM and mineral fertilizers were introduced to soil, its abundance in available magnesium was 2.6-fold higher than after mineral fertilization alone had been applied. FYM raised nearly 3-fold the content of available forms of potassium in soil compared to the content found when only mineral fertilization was used.
Complexation Thermodynamics of Cucurbit[6]uril with Aliphatic Alcohols, Amines, and Diamines

Using the isothermal calorimetric titration technique, we determined the stability constants (K), reaction enthalpy (ΔH°), and entropy (ΔS°) for complexation of cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) with a series of aliphatic alcohols, mono- and diamines, as well as spermidine and spermine, in aqueous solutions of alkali metal chlorides. The K for spermine reached 5.4 × 1010 M− 1 in 0.2 M LiCl, which is the largest amongst the values reported for CB[6]. Propylamine forms the strongest 1:1 complex with CB[6] (K = 21000 M− 1) in 0.1 M Na acetate buffer, which is driven exclusively by entropy. A comparison of K for 1,3-propanediamine versus 1,4-butanediamine reveals an extraordinary >60000-fold enhancement in affinity, which is the largest increment/CH2 ever observed in supramolecular chemistry. The present results in combination with our ESI-MS data reported recently unambiguously demonstrate that CB[6] exists in aqueous solution of alkali metal salts exclusively as a dicationic species, e.g. [CB[6]·2Na]2+.
Iron-catalyzed graphitization of biomass

This paper reports the direct transformation of raw lignocellulosic biomass into nanostructured graphitic carbon in a single step. Catalytic iron carbide nanoparticles are generated in situ by thermal decomposition of absorbed iron nitrate followed by carbothermal reduction. The Fe3C particles then etch through the biomass to generate intertwined graphitic tubules through catalytic graphitization. The materials are mesoporous with the pore size dependant on the iron content. Conversion of raw biomass into stable graphitic carbon at relatively low temperatures (800 °C) offers a promising route to large-scale and sustainable synthesis of carbons for electrode or filtration applications. This facile method can also be used to produce nanocomposites of Fe3C/graphite combined with nanoparticles of metal oxides such as CaO or MgO, again from a one-pot precursor, giving potential for a wide range of applications.
Efeitos do nitrogênio sobre o milho cultivado em consórcio com Brachiaria brizantha

This work aimed at evaluating the effects of nitrogen (N) applied to topdressing on corn nutrient contents and yield, as well as intercropped Brachiaria brizantha biomass and mineral composition. Five N concentrations (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha -1 ) applied to topdressing were evaluated, together with a corn sole crop control, fertilized with N at 120 kg per ha -1 . Twenty days after corn emergence (DAE), the herbicides (nicosulfuron and atrazine) were applied in order to minimize the competition between the intercropped species, and fertilization as topdressing occurred at 25 DAE. Corn nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and chlorophyll contents were assessed, as well as one thousand kernels' yield and weight. B. brizantha biomass and mineral composition were measured at the corn harvest 50 days after harvest (DAC), and 40 days after B. brizantha graze period (DAP). An increase in chlorophyll and organic N contents, yield and weight of the thousand-corn-kernels sample was verified, proportional to the N doses increase. When the 120 kg ha -1 N proportion was applied in the sole crop and intercrop, no difference was observed among the characteristics. N doses increase engendered a larger forage production and organic N content in the B. brizantha shoots.
The chemistry of allanite from the Daibosatsu Pass, Yamanashi, Japan

Abstract The crystal structure of allanite from granitic pegmatite, the Daibosatsu Pass, Yamanashi, Japan, has been refined under the constraint of chemical composition determined by electron microprobe analysis of rare earth elements. Back-scattered-electron images and X-ray element maps of the allanites show that each of their crystal grains has chemically homogeneous distribution of major elements. A typical formula for the chemistry is: (Ca0.920 ⃞0.080)∑1.000(La0.238Ce0.443Pr0.048Nd0.100Sm0.019Th0.042Mn0.008 ⃞0.102)∑1.000(Al0.607Fe3+0.317Ti0.076)∑1.000(Al1.000)(Fe2+0.543Fe3+0.365Mn0.055Mg0.037)∑1.000(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH). The crystal structure of allanite, monoclinic, a 8.905 (1), b 5.7606 (5), c 10.123 (1) Å, β 114.78°(1), space group P21/m, Z = 2, has been refined to an unweighted R factor of 3.46% for 1459 observed reflections. Although the H atom position was not determined on the Difference-Fourier map, inspection of the bond valence sums demonstrates that the H atom is uniquely located at the O10 atom and involved in a hydrogen bond to O4. A systematic examination as to crystal chemistry of allanites suggests that the isolated SiO4 tetrahedron has the largest distortion of three kinds of the tetrahedron containing Si2O7 groups in the allanite structure. This observation is common to the epidote group minerals, while the larger distortion of A2 sites caused by occupancy by REE in allanites contrasts with the smaller one of A sites in other epidote group minerals. In the allanite groups the bond angles between the O10−H bond and hydrogen bond H…O4 are found to range from 170 to 180°. Compilation of the chemical compositions of the title allanite and the others from granitic rocks, Japan, which reveals Th-incorporation as the coupled substitution of 3Th4+ + ⃞ (vacancy) ⇌ 4REE3+, provides an explanation for the observation that higher Th concentrations characterize allanites from the island arcs. The ternary Al2O3-Fe2O3-∑REE diagram illustrates that allanites are grouped, according to their origins, into three classes suggestive of tectonic backgrounds for the crystallization localities; (1) intracontinental, (2) island arc and (3) continental margin.
The effect of hydrostatic pressure on streamer inception and propagation in insulating oil

This paper investigates the pressure dependence of streamer inception and propagation in highly purified insulation oil (Shell Diala D) stressed with impulse and AC voltage. In a point-to-plane electrode configuration the hydrostatic pressure was varied from 0.1 to 1.5 MPa. For both polarities, the minimum breakdown voltage increases with pressure. The time to breakdown and the propagation velocity of all streamer types are pressure-independent as well as the secondary streamer inception. The most obvious pressure-dependent effect is the change of the primary streamer pattern. At atmospheric pressure the highly ramified primary streamer propagates in a sector wider than 180 degrees. With increasing pressure the sector angle diminishes and the ramification reduces. <<ETX>>
SPIN-TUNNELING IN FERROMAGNETIC JUNCTIONS

▪ Abstract Based on the spin conservation in electron tunneling across an insulator (I) and the spin polarization of conduction electrons in ferromagnets (FM) established by Meservey and Tedrow, Julliere put forward a quantitative model (1975) showing that tunneling in FM-I-FM junctions should lead to a large junction magnetoresistance (JMR). This conjecture was realized with repeatable results only in 1995, and since then JMR values >30% have been achieved at room temperature. This phenomenon has tremendous potential for applications as nonvolatile magnetic memory elements, read heads, and picotesla field sensors. We review the experimental results and the current theoretical understanding of FM-I-FM tunneling and its dependence on bias, temperature, and barrier characteristics. The influence of inelastic tunneling processes and material properties on the JMR is extensively discussed. Early theories are reviewed and their relationship to the linear response theory is presented. Future directions, both fr.
A Comparison of Replicate Field Samples Collected with the Bi-Air, Air-O-Cell, and Graesby-Andersen N6 Bioaerosol Samplers

The Bi-Air (BA) and Air-O-Cell (AOC) cassettes have been compared for the collection of Aspergillus/Penicillium (Asp/Pen) and Chaetomium spores based on replicate and/or duplicate samples collected under typical field conditions. Total culturable Asp and Pen concentrations were also compared for the BA and the N6 impactor based on duplicate field samples. When single Asp/Pen spores or small chains were dominant, the average BA:AOC concentration ratio was 2.1 (11,260 spores/m3 v 5,400 spores/m3) for six duplicate samples collected in a well-mixed room. This ratio was consistent with previous studies performed under controlled conditions. However, the average BA:AOC concentration ratio was 54 (765,00 spores/m3 v 36,800 spores/m3) for four replicate samples in which small Asp/Pen spores and clusters of Asp/Pen spores were dominant. The average BA:AOC concentration ratio for Chaetomium was typically 8.6, with a high of 100 for the four replicate samples in which Asp/Pen clusters were dominant. It was concluded that the performance of the BA and the AOC, except for a reasonably constant 2:1 ratio of concentrations, were similar for the detection of single Asp/Pen spores or small chains. However, the BA generally detected higher concentrations of Asp/Pen spores when clusters were dominant; and detected Chaetomium spores in more of the replicate field samples and at a higher average concentration. The average concentrations of culturable Aspergillus and Penicillium were not statistically different for six duplicate N6 and BA samples collected in a well-mixed room. For nine duplicate field samples with N6 concentrations of total culturable fungi greater than 1,000 cfu/m3, the N6 and BA were moderately correlated (r = 0.76). It was concluded that the ability of the BA to collect culturable fungi was similar to that of the N6 for short-term samples.
Phonon Dispersions of fcc δ-Plutonium-Gallium by Inelastic X-ray Scattering

We report an experimental determination of the phonon dispersion curves in a face-centered cubic (fcc) δ-plutonium–0.6 weight % gallium alloy. Several unusual features, including a large elastic anisotropy, a small-shear elastic modulus C′, a Kohn-like anomaly in the T1[011] branch, and a pronounced softening of the [111] transverse modes, are found. These features can be related to the phase transitions of plutonium and to strong coupling between the lattice structure and the 5f valence instabilities. Our results also provide a critical test for theoretical treatments of highly correlated 5f electron systems as exemplified by recent dynamical mean field theory calculations for δ-plutonium.