Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enraizamiento de estacas de semeruco (Malpighia emarginata Sessé & Moc. ex DC)

Con el proposito de establecer una metodologia de propagacion por estacas destinada a multiplicar fenotipos sobresalientes de semeruco (Malpighia emarginata) se llevo a cabo una investigacion que presento como objetivos: 1) evaluar el efecto del tipo de sustrato: cachaza de cana de azucar + abono de rio (S1); humus de lombriz + abono de rio (S2); concha de coco + abono de rio (S3) y capa vegetal + abono de rio (S4), y del acido indolbutirico (AIB) a 5000 mg kg-1 sobre el enraizamiento de estacas apicales y 2) determinar la formacion de primordios a traves del analisis histologico en estacas tratadas y no tratadas con AIB. Los tratamientos se dispusieron en disenos completamente al azar utilizando cinco repeticiones por tratamiento. La unidad experimental estuvo representada por cinco estacas para el primer objetivo y diez estacas para el segundo. En el enraizamiento se evaluaron las variables: porcentaje de estacas vivas (PV), porcentaje de estacas enraizadas (PE), porcentaje de estacas con primordios (PP), numero y longitud de raices (NR y LR, respectivamente), las cuales fueron evaluadas a los 60 dias despues de establecido el ensayo. Para la determinacion de primordios se realizaron cortes histologicos semanalmente. Los cortes fueron efectuados en cinco estacas por tratamiento, los cuales se examinaron en un microscopio optico. Con relacion a los resultados se demos tro que el factor tipo de sustrato afecto PE y LR (P
Marine Protected Area monitoring in the nearshore waters of Grenada, Eastern Caribbean: benthic cover and fish populations

Grenada is highly dependent on coral reefs as a source of food and to support tourism. Local and global environmental stressors threaten these reefs. Legislation was created for this MPA in 2001, permanent mooring buoys were deployed in 2009 and enforcement of fishing restrictions began in 2010. Initiatives to address point and nonpoint source pollution from the land have recently begun, aimed at reducing stress on reef area. This study documents benthic cover and fish populations associated with reefs in a Marine Protected Area (MPA) along Grenada's southwest coast from 2008 through 2012. Both Point Line Intercept and Photo Quadrat methods were used to assess benthic cover along permanent 30m transects (8 in and 12 outside the area) annually. Fish and Diadema antillarum urchin relative abundance were determined based on 2m wide belt surveys along the same transects. The predominant substrate cover was algae, ranging from 41% in 2009 to 74.2% in 2011. A general trend of increasing algal cover was noted. Combined annual survey results prior (2008-2010) and after controls were implemented (2011-2012) showed a significant increase in algal cover. The predominant algal form was macroalgae comprising 65.4% - 90.8% of total algae. Live hard coral percent cover ranged from 8.7% to 21.1%. Little annual variation was observed in percent live coral cover. Branching corals (34.1% - 52.3% of total living hard coral) were the most common. Of the 19 living hard coral species identified, Porites porites (21%-23%) and Porites astreoides (20%) dominated percentage composition. Madracis mira- bilis contributed 21% of total live hard coral outside the MPA but only 8.7% in the MPA. Of the 63 species of fish identified in the study areas Chromis spp. (71.5% - 46%) was the dominant group. Wrasse had a significant increase from 6.9% in 2008 to 21.5% in 2010 inside the MPA with a similar increase peaking in 2011 outside the MPA. There was a noticeable (though not statistically significant) increase in piscivorous fishes in the MPA in 2012. This is a promising indication that fishing restrictions in the MPA may be having an effect. Diadema antil- larum density was low, ranging from 4.58 to 0.21 urchins/100m 2 outside and 0.28 to 0.10 urchins/100m 2 inside despite a stocking attempt in the area in 2011. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 3): 273-286. Epub 2014 September 01.
Application of an Expert System Approach for Assessing Grassland Status in the U.S.- Mexico Borderlands: Implications for Conservation and Management

Abstract Grasslands around the world have experienced dramatic decline for more than a century. The spatial extent and condition of grasslands in many regions of the world are poorly understood because they lack conservation priority relative to other ecological systems. We developed a simple, yet broadly applicable rapid assessment expert system approach that can be used to assess these aspects of grassland status for improved conservation planning and management. Here we apply our approach to the semi-arid grasslands of the Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico borderlands. We specifically used a combination of expert input and field verification. The accuracy of the expert input was 71%–77%. Native grasses dominate nearly 50% of identified grasslands. However, over two-thirds of these grasslands have experienced a moderate level of shrub encroachment. These areas may be restorable to open grassland with use of prescribed fire. Non-native perennial grasses are common to dominant on 12% of the study area. More than 67% of native grasslands occur on private and state land where there is little legal protection. In a region experiencing substantial development pressure, grasslands are at risk of becoming increasingly fragmented and vulnerable to non-native species invasion. Now, with our approach to assessing grassland status, conservation practitioners and partners are better positioned to protect and restore the remaining grasslands in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands and elsewhere.
Correlation Analyses on Body Size Traits, Carcass Traits and Primal Cuts in Hanwoo Steers

This study was conducted to estimate the correlation structure between body size traits, carcass traits, and primal cuts in Hanwoo steers. Hanwoo progeny test data (body weight and body measurements) were collected from 2008 to 2010 from a total of 882 steers at the Hanwoo Improvement Main Center (NACF). Carcass traits considered were cold carcass weight, eye muscle area, backfat thickness, and marbling scores evaluated at the time of carcass grading. Correlation analyses were performed with observed scales of the traits and with residuals considering fixed environmental effects in generalized linear models. The correlation coefficient estimated between loin weight and chest girth was high at 0.74. The shank negatively correlated with pelvic width (-0.23) and hipbone width (-0.27). In addition, rib weight and chest girth was highly correlated (0.80). The correlation between carcass weight and chest girth was 0.86 in observed scale. Residual correlation between these traits was estimated at 0.65. Correlation between carcass weight and loin was 0.87 in the observed scale. Residual correlation was estimated at 0.83. The correlation coefficient estimated between shank weight and brisket and flank weight was negative at -0.69. Chest girth had a high correlation between primal cuts weight and body measurements. Thus, we believe that these results will provide a greater understanding on the relationship of primal cuts and other phenotypes, thus enabling valid production models for Hanwoo steers.
Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae in the Chenopodiaceae and Cruciferae: do they occur?

Members of the Chenopodiaceae and Cruciferae were reported to be nonmycorrhizal by early investigators; more recently, some species in these families have been reported to have low or in some cases high levels of vesicular–arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal infection. In our experiments, a sparse vesicular (chlamydospore) infection by Glomus fasciculatus was found in four species of Chenopodiaceae and two species of Cruciferae but only when grown in the presence of a mycorrhizal companion plant, citrus or onion. No arbuscules were observed in infected roots. Chenopodium album had the highest incidence of infection (5%). Infection was restricted to older tissue and penetration of the vascular cylinder was common, which is atypical of VA mycorrhizae. As hyphae from mycorrhizal companion plants grew through the soil, they encountered older roots of the test plants which probably offered little or no resistance to infection. In documenting the occurrence of VA mycorrhizae in any species, it is important to observe w.
Separated viscous flows via multigrid

A multigrid code is developed to solve general systems of convection-diffusion equations when the diffusion terms are small, i.e., when the Reynolds number is large. Various upwinding, artificial viscosity and defect correction schemes are considered and compared. The code is applied to the Navier-Stokes equations for various flow configurations and used to study boundary layer separation from a leading edge, with ensuing formation of a downstream eddy. The asymptotic ("triple deck") theory of separation is developed for this case, following Sychev, and compared to the numerical calculations at Reynolds numbers of up to 5000. Much better qualitative agreement is obtained than has been reported previously. Together with a plausible choice of two free parameters, the data can be extrapolated to infinite Reynolds number, giving quantitative agreement with triple deck theory with errors of 20% or less. The development of a region of constant vorticity is observed in the downstream eddy, and the global infinite Reynolds number limit is a Prandtl-Batchelor flow; however, when the plate is stationary, the occurrence of secondary separation suggests that the limiting flow contains an infinite sequence of eddies behind the separation point. Secondary separation can be averted by driving the plate, and in this case the limit is a single-vortex Prandtl-Batchelor flow of the type found by Moore, Saffman and Tanveer (1988); we make detailed, encouraging comparisons of the vortex sheet strength and position. By altering the boundary condition on the plate we obtain viscous eddies that approximate different members of the family of inviscid solutions. The code is also used to calculate the flow over a finite flat plate aligned with a uniform free stream; in that case, earlier conflicting results about higher-order corrections to the boundary layer are explained, and the triple deck generally believed to be established around the trailing edge is found to be consistent with the numerical results. There remains a large displacement-like effect in the boundary layer, whose exact origin is unclear.
Geochemical changes in white seabream (Diplodus sargus) earth ponds during a production cycle

The knowledge of geochemical processes in ¢shponds is important in de¢ning farming strategies and the carrying capacity of these systems, and is therefore essential for the management and sustainability of semi-intensive aquaculture in earth ponds. The main purpose of the present work, developed in the Aquaculture Research Station located in Ria Formosa, was to study the geochemical changes in semiintensive earth ponds of white seabream Diplodus sargus L. during a production cycle, and relate it to farming conditions (¢sh biomass and feeding rate). Settled material and sediment samples were collected in a ¢sh production pond and in a non-¢sh production pond during 2 years. The results obtained showed that particle-settling rates (S ,g m � 2 day � 1 ) increased linearly with time (t ,d ays):S 5 0.7t^34, in the ¢shpond. Increasing deposition of particulate material increased the organic matter content of bottom sediments, particularly during the second production year. Organic matter mineralization, during periods of high temperatures, led to high nutrient concentrations in porewater (NH4 ,9 65mM; NO3 � , 40 mM; HPO4 2 � ,3 9mM) and subsequently to an increase in benthic primary production in the ¢shpond. The geochemical similarities between ¢shpond sediments and shallow coastal system’s sediments, along with the high ¢sh survival rate (94%), suggest that for the assayed farming conditions there were no environmental constraints within the pond. However, some impact on bottom sediments, namely, an increase in settled material, organic matter deposition, nutrients in porewater and microphytobentos production, was evident above a ¢sh biomass of 500 g m � 3 and a feeding rate of 150 kg month � 1 , indicating that pond environmental conditions should be carefully monitored from this point on.
Morphological and cytoskeletal characterization of hemocytes in stick insects (Phasmatodea)

Abstract The cell content of the hemolymph from the two species of stick insects Bacillus rossius and Carausius morosus was characterized in morphology and cytoskeletal distribution by flow cytometric analysis, phase‐contrast microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. In in vitro cultured hemocytes, the cytoplasmic distribution of F‐actin microfilaments was revealed with Rhodamine‐labelled phalloidin, and that of microtubules by indirect im‐munofluorescence with a monoclonal anti α‐tubulin. The results show that both stick insects possess peculiar hemocyte sub‐populations, as detected by flow cytometry, composed of plasmatocytic and granulocytic cells. Carausius morosus has a hemocyte subtype, the spherulocyte, that appears to be lacking in Bacillus rossius. The results of cytoskeletal analysis show that the plasmatocytes of both species, smeared on glass coverslips and compared with cultured mammalian epithelial control cells, possess a regular cytoskeletal network, with F‐actin microfilaments organiz.
An Evaluation of Segregation Distortion in Wide Crosses of Safflower

Segregation distortion (SD) which is defined as a significant deviat ion of the observed genotypic frequencies of a locus from the expected Mendelian ratios is a common phenomenon in most mapping studies. This study was conducted to evaluate the occurrence, of the nature and level of the segregation distortion in three wide crosses of Carthamus tinctorius L. and C. oxyacanthus Bieb. using ISSR fingerprinting. Like other interspecific crosses, and since these two species have characters which could be capable of distorting segregation, we expected the segregation distortion could possibly occur. Our results showed that only one population (C4110 × Isf2) deviated fro m the expected ratio of 1:1 and the other two populations (Isf2 × C4110 and C111 × Isf2) exh ibited no distortion. Moreover, the heterogeneity chi square test over the populations indicated that the populations were homogeneous and showed no distortion. It seems that the observed distortion in population C4110 × Isf2 may be due to both genotyping errors and self-incompatib ility and, other expected distorting factors could not induce any deviations. This proportion of d istortion is the lowest range of distortion in interspecific crosses seen yet. Surprisingly, cyto-nuclear interactions could significantly increase the inherited maternal-specific markers. In addit ion, our results confirm that the two species of C. tinctorius and C. oxyacanthus have strongly close relationships and interspecific hybridizat ion between two species could directly be exploited in broadening the genetic base of safflower and improving the crop for biotic and environmental ab iotic stresses. Also, our result suggests that ISSR molecu lar markers can be an effective and promising marker system allowing for the establishment of a linkage map along with other molecular markers.
No major effect of the leptin gene polymorphism on porcine production traits

Summary Porcine leptin gene (LEP) and its association with production traits was analysed in the Polish Large White (PLW, n = 135), Polish Landrace (PL, n = 120) and synthetic line 990 (L990, n = 184). Two fragments of exon 3 of LEP were studied with the use of RFLP and SSCP techniques. The frequencies of C allele for the T3469C polymorphic site were 0.11, 0.10 and 0.11 in PLW, PL and L990, respectively. Phenotypic data were collected for the average daily weight gain, the feed conversion ratio, the weight of abdominal fat, backfat thickness (five measurements), intramuscular fat, meat content, loin weight, loin muscle area, ham weight and ham cut weight. The contrasts between TT and TC genotypes at the T3469C polymorphic site were estimated in the unitrait Animal Model with genotype at the RYR1 locus included. The lowest p values occurred for association test between T3469C polymorphism and intramuscular fat content in PLW (0.26 ± 0.14%, p = 0.05) and loin weight in L990 (−0.32 ± 0.13 kg, p = 0.01). We conclude that the detected associations are population-specific and the analysed polymorphism of the LEP gene does not contribute directly to genetic variability of growth and carcass traits in pigs. Zusammenfassung Das porcine Leptin-Gen (LEP) und Assoziationen mit Produktionsmerkmalen wurden in der Polnischen Large White (PLW, n = 135), Polnischen Landrasse (PL, n = 120) und der Synthetischen Linie 990 (L990, n = 184) analysiert. Dazu wurden zwei Fragmente von Exon 3 des LEP mittels RFLP- und SSCP-Techniken untersucht. Die Frequenzen des C-Alleles fur die polymorphe Stelle T3469C betrugen 0,11, 0,10 beziehungsweise 0,11 in PWL, PL und L990. Phanotypische Daten wurden gesammelt fur die durchschnittliche Tageszunahme, die Futterverwertung, das Gewicht des abdominalen Fetts, die Ruckenspeckdicke (5 Messpunkte), das intramuskulare Fett, den Fleischanteil, das Lendengewicht, die Lendenmuskelflache, das Schinkengewicht (abgespeckt) und das Gesamtschinkengewicht. Die Gegensatze zwischen dem TT- und dem TC-Genotyp an der polymorphen Stelle T3469C wurden in einem Ein-Merkmal-Tier-Modell unter Einbeziehung des Genotyps am RYR1-Locus geschatzt. Die niedrigsten P-Werte traten beim Assoziationstest zwischen dem T3469C-Polymorphismus und dem intramuskularem Fettgehalt bei PWL (0,26 ± 0,14 %, p = 0,05) sowie dem Lendengewicht bei L990 (−0,32 ± 0,13 kg, p = 0,01) auf. Wir schliesen daraus, dass die nachgewiesenen Assoziationen populationsspezifisch sind und der analysierte Polymorphismus des LEP-Gens nicht direkt zur genetischen Variabilitat der Wachstums- und Schlachtkorpermerkmale in Schweinen beisteuert.
Endocytobionts of Triatoma infestans : distribution and transmission

Abstract Endocytobionts from Triatoma infestans are described (from salivary glands, ganglia, visceral muscles, hemocytes, pericardial cells, nephrocytes, ovaries, testes, and dorsal vessel). They are determined as gram-negative bacteria and they resemble other intracellular symbionts found in insects. Tissue distribution was similar in all specimens. The glial cells in CNS ganglia and salivary glands are the most heavily infected tissues. Even massive infections do not cause any apparent pathogenic effect. The nurse cells and oocytes are without endocytobionts. Nonetheless, transovarial transmission of endocytobionts is deduced from their presence in embryonic gut lumen. In the embryo and first larval stage the organs are without endocytobionts. Their dispersal begins after the first blood meal and molting. Virus-like particles were observed in both the endocytobionts and the host cells. The possible influence of endocytobionts on the host is discussed.
Microbial hydroxylation of steroids. 11. Hydroxylation of A-nor-, B-homo-Δ1-, and Δ1-testosterone acetates by Rhizopusarrhizus

The testosterone derivatives A-nortestosterone acetate and B-homo-Δ1-testosterone acetate have been incubated with Rhizopusarrhizus, a fungus which hydroxylates testosterone at the C-6β and C-11 α positions. These modes of hydroxylation were also observed for the A-nor steroid. The B-homo steroid, however, was oxidized at C-2β and concurrently hydroxylated at C-6β and C-7aβ (but not at C-11) by R. arrhizus. Δ1 steroids of conventional skeleton were hydroxylated at C-11α by R. arrhizus; in addition, Δ1-androstenedione was epoxidized at the 1,2β position. No C-6 hydroxylation of conventional Δ1,4-3-ketosteroids was observed.
Vegetative compatibility groups of Fusarium proliferatum from asparagus and comparison of virulence, growth rates, and colonization of asparagus residues among groups

Nitrogen metabolism mutants were selected from 110 isolates of Fusarium proliferatum isolated from four asparagus plantings during 1985 and 1987-1989. These nitrogen metabolism mutants were used in complementation tests for vegetative compatibility. Twenty vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were identified, but most (88) isolates fell into six VCGs that were found at more than one location. Isolates in the three most common VCGs (VCGs 5, 7, and 8) contained 19, 15, and 10% of the isolates, respectively, and were found at all locations (.)
Restoration of Zooplankton Communities in Industrially Damaged Lakes: Influences of Residual Metal Contamination and the Recovery of Fish Communities

The Sudbury, Ontario, Canada area offers a unique opportunity to develop our understanding of biotic and abiotic lake recovery processes in industrially damaged natural systems. In recent decades, lakes in the Sudbury area have shown improvements in water quality due to decreases in sulfur (S) and metal emissions from area smelters, and reduced acid deposition from more distant sources. However, biological recovery is lagging and mechanisms controlling the lag are not yet clear. Our study examines the roles of two factors, residual metal contamination and altered fish predation, on zooplankton community recovery. Data collected over three decades on six study lakes were analyzed using redundancy analysis (RDA) and partial RDA's to assess historical and present relationships of water chemistry and fish abundance with zooplankton community recovery. Continuing metal toxicity appears to be the primary cause of the absence of some zooplankton species, particularly Daphnia spp. from metal‐contaminated lakes. Conversely, once water quality is suitable and abundant planktivores reestablish, fish planktivory becomes a factor affecting Daphnia spp. establishment. The introduction of piscivores into these lakes may be necessary to facilitate the return of many Daphnia species. Further reductions in metal toxicity will also assist with the complete recovery of zooplankton communities. Studying natural systems over several decades allows us to better understand the intricate steps involved with recovery of industrially damaged lakes, and this knowledge will greatly benefit future restoration efforts in other industrially damaged systems.
Separating the respiration rates of embryos and brooding females of Daphnia magna: Implications for the cost of brooding and the allometry of metabolic rate

Rates of oxygen consumption were measured in eggs, embryos, and neonates, as well as in adults of Daphnia magna with or without their broods. There was no detectable energetic cost of carrying a brood, and there was no apparent effect of brooding on the respiration of eggs and 1–2-d-old embryos. The respiration rates of eggs and early embryos were only about a third of those of neonates and adults and thus accounted for very little respiration in brooding females.
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis for Subspecies Differentiation ofSerpulina pilosicoli

Abstract Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) were compared for their ability to differentiate between 50 porcine Serpulina pilosicoli isolates. Both techniques were highly sensitive, dividing the isolates into 36 and 38 groups, respectively. Due to the low workload and high capacity and sensitivity of AFLP, this technique is recommended for future studies of S. pilosicoli. S. pilosicoli isolates were genetically diverse, and generally, identical subtypes were only identified in cultures from the same herd.
Genetic Parameters of Beef Production Traits and Disease Incidence of Growing Bulls

Wassmuth, R. , Boelling, D. , Madsen, P., Jensen, J. and Andersen B.B. (Institute of Animal Husbandry and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany and Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark). Genetic parameters of beef production traits and disease incidence of growing bulls. Accepted August 17, 1999. Acta Agric. Scand. , Sect. A, Animal Sci. 50: 103–110, 2000. © 2000 Taylor & Francis.