Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fahlore as a petrogenetic indicator: Keno Hill Ag-Pb-Zn District, Yukon, Canada

Abstract Fahlores [~(Cu5Ag)10(Zn5Fe)2Sb4S13] from the Keno Hill mining district, central Yukon, Canada record virtually the entire petrogenetic history of a Cretaceous hydrothermal system extending over 40 km outward from the Mayo Lake granitic pluton. These fahlores are an essential constituent of polymetallic sulphide veins developed in a graphitic Mississippian quartzite, where they occur in association with sphalerite, pyrargyrite, galena and siderite. Fahlores exhibit pronounced east-west zoning in average Ag/(Ag+Cu) and Zn/(Zn+Fe) values, with these simultaneously increasing and decreasing from east to west over 20 km of hydrothermal activity. These zonations are coupled with average Ag/(Ag+Cu) and Zn/(Zn+Fe) values in fahlore roughly paralleling the 300℃ isotherm for fahlores in equilibrium with pyrargyrite, miargyrite and sphalerite in the simple system Ag2S-Cu2S-ZnS-FeS-Sb2S3. Early high-Ag, high-Zn fahlores from the eastern and western mines have Ag/(Ag+Cu) and Zn/(Zn+Fe) values requiring temperatures ≥400℃, in agreement with temperatures established from the As-content of arsenopyrite coexisting with pyrite, pyrrhotite and sphalerite. Ag/(Ag+Cu) and Zn/(Zn + Fe) values in later, main-stage fahlores are consistent with the 250-310℃ range of temperatures established for boiling of Keno Hill fluids. Finally, Ag- and Fe-rich fahlores were produced by retrograde Fe-Zn exchange with sphalerite or crystallized from late-stage epithermal fluids which produced polybasite, stephanite, acanthite and wire silver. One such fahlore exhibits unmixing into high-Ag and low-Ag varieties. This is the first reported miscibility gap for freibergite fahlores and confirms the earlier prediction of such gaps.
Spray droplet modeling: 1. Lagrangian model simulation of the turbulent transport of evaporating droplets

The investigation of aerosol production and transport over the world's oceans is of importance in studies concerning cloud physics, air pollution, atmospheric optics, and air-sea interaction in general. However, the contribution of sea spray droplets to the transfer of moisture and latent heat from the sea to the atmosphere is not well known. In light of this, the Humidity Exchange Over the Sea Experiment in Simulation Tunnel and Couche Limite Unidimensionelle Stationnaire d'Embrums (one dimensional stationary droplet boundary layer) programs were designed to investigate the generation, turbulent transport, and evaporation of droplets ejected by bursting bubbles within the air-sea simulation tunnel at Institut de Mecanique Statistique de la Turbulence (IMST), Luminy, France. This first part describes the Lagrangian model developed as part of these programs to simulate the turbulent transport of evaporating droplets. The model relies on a form of the Langevin equation, which has been modified to account for the effects of gravity and the inertia of the droplets. The comparisons between the model and measurements show good agreement, particularly within the surface layer at IMST. Part 2 will describe the coupling of the model with an Eulerian k-e model, which allows for improved simulation of the velocity and scaler fields, as well as a means for interaction between the droplets and these fields. The model is designed to provide a better understanding of the influence of these droplets on the near surface energy budget.
Classification of precipitation series using fuzzy cluster method

The identification of hydrologically homogeneous regions is one of the most important steps of regional frequency analysis. The hydrologically homogeneous regions should be determined using cluster analysis instead of the geographically close regions or stations. In this study, fuzzy cluster method (Fuzzy C‐Means: FCM) is applied to classify the precipitation series and identify the hydrologically homogeneous groups. The choice of appropriate cluster method and the variables that will be used according to the data of the basin is also very important. In the context of this study, total precipitation data of stations operated by National Meteorology Works (DMI) in Turkish basins for cluster analysis are used. The optimal number of groups is determined as six, based on different performance evaluation indexes. Regional homogeneity tests based on L‐moments method are applied to check homogeneity of these six regions identified by cluster analysis. Regional homogeneity test results show that regions defined by FCM method are sufficiently homogeneous for regional frequency analysis. According to the results, FCM method is recommended for classifying the precipitation series and for identifying the hydrologically homogenous regions. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects

This book which is prepared in the format of a Critical Review, contains 23 chapters of which 14 deal with one or a related group of toxic compounds. These include asbestos, benzene, carbon monoxide, diesel exhaust, dioxin, by-products of water disinfection, environmental tobacco smoke (involuntary exposure), formaldehyde, lead, NO,,, ozone, SO,, and trace elements. Three chapters deal with radiation, including radon, and the rest
Population Growth in the Border Villages of Srem, Serbia

Population growth in the border villages of Srem (Vojvodina, Serbia) has been analysed in this paper, with the goal of explaining how and why it differed from other areas in the region. Special attention has been paid to the 1990s, because these villages became part of a border region and a high level of migration on the territory of the former Yugoslavia occurred, much of it through this territory. The results of the research are derived from literary resources and applying mathematical and statistical procedures in the processing of data received from the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. They were checked on the field via a questionnaire. This paper is significant because it enriches knowledge about villages of Srem, the municipality of Sid and population trends at the end of the 20th century.
Application of a snow cover energy and mass balance model in a balsam fir forest

The objective of this study was to adjust the parameters of the point energy and mass balance model of a snow cover developed by E. Anderson in 1976 when applied to a balsam fir forest. This physically based model was used to simulate the snow cover energy and mass balance during spring at Lac Laflamme (47°N, 71°W). The calibration of the model was done with the physical properties of snow and hourly outflow observed at a snow lysimeter in 1985 and 1986; the validation was performed with the 1987 data. For the three seasons simulated, the model yielded accurate predictions, particularly of hourly and daily outflows. As expected, the forest canopy limits latent and sensible heat transfers to the snow cover because of its effect on wind speed. The prediction of outflow was almost insensitive to variations to the roughness parameter and to the critical Richardson number but was moderately sensitive to most parameters related to liquid water retention and transmission. Lack of fit between predicted and observed outflows, densities and temperatures at various levels in the snowpack occurred when ice layers or ice lenses were suspected to be present in the snow.
Erosion Damage Mapping: Assessing Current Soil Erosion Damage in Switzerland

Within the scope of a comprehensive assessment of the degree of soil erosion in Switzerland, common methods have been used in the past including test plot measurements, artificial rainfall simulation, and erosion modelling. In addition, mapping guidelines for all visible erosion features have been developed since the 1970s and are being successfully applied in many research and soil conservation projects. Erosion damage has been continuously mapped over a period of 9 years in a test region in the central Bernese plateau. In 2005, two additional study areas were added. The present paper assesses the data gathered and provides a comparison of the three study areas within a period of one year (from October 2005 to October 2006), focusing on the on-site impacts of soil erosion. During this period, about 11 erosive rainfall events occurred. Average soil loss rates mapped at each study site amounted to 0.7 t ha-1, 1.2 t ha-1 and 2.3 t ha-1, respectively. About one fourth of the total arable land showed visible erosion damage. Maximum soil losses of about 70 t ha-1 occurred on individual farm plots. Average soil erosion patterns are widely used to underline the severity of an erosion problem (e.g. impacts on water bodies). But since severe rainfall events, wheel tracks, headlands, and other “singularities” often cause high erosion rates, analysis of extreme erosion patterns such as maximum values led to a more differentiated understanding and appropriate conclusions for planning and design of soil protection measures. The study contains an assessment of soil erosion in Switzerland, emphasizing questions about extent, frequency and severity. At the same time, the effects of different types of land management are investigated in the field, aiming at the development of meaningful impact indicators of (un-)sustainable agriculture/soil erosion risk as well as the validation of erosion models. The results illustrate that conservation agriculture including no-till, strip tillage and in-mulch seeding plays an essential role in reducing soil loss as compared to conventional tillage.
Relation of Usage to the Occurrence of Cotton and Rice Herbicides in Three Streams of the Mississippi Delta

During the 1995 growing season water samples were collected from three streams in the Mississippi delta and were analyzed for selected cotton and rice herbicides and metabolites. The purpose of the study was to relate the use of these herbicides to their occurrence in streams of the delta, to describe how the geochemistry of these herbicides affects their occurrence, and to report the occurrence of selected metabolites. The total concentration of eight herbicides and their metabolites exceeded 5 μg/L throughout most of the growing season with a median total of 15 μg/L. The order of occurrence was molinate > fluometuron > cyanazine > metolachlor > norflurazon > atrazine > prometryn > propanil. The distribution and duration of the total herbicide concentration found in this study are much different from that found in regional studies of herbicides in the U.S. Midwest. In the Midwest, the total herbicide concentration in surface water showed a sharp peak during the spring immediately after application of her.
Comparison of oak and sugar maple distribution and regeneration in central Illinois upland oak forests

Changes in disturbance frequencies, habitat fragmentation, and other biotic pressures are allowing sugar maple (Acer saccharum) to displace oak (Quercus spp.) in the upland forest understory. The displacement of oaks by sugar maples represents a major management concern throughout the region. We collected seedling microhabitat data from five upland oak forest sites in central Illinois, each differing in age class or silvicultural treatment to determine whether oaks and maples differed in their microhabitat responses to environmental changes. Maples were overall more prevalent in mesic slope and aspect positions. Oaks were associated with lower stand basal area. Both oaks and maples showed significant habitat partitioning, and environmental relationships were consistent across sites. Results suggest that management intensity for oak in upland forests could be based on landscape position. Maple expansion may be reduced by concentrating mechanical treatments in expected areas of maple colonization, while using prescribed fire throughout stands to promote oak regeneration.
Methane emissions from wetlands, southern Hudson Bay lowland

Methane emissions were measured by a static chamber technique at 39 sites along a transect from the James Bay coast at the southeastern tip of Hudson Bay to Kinosheo Lake, northwest of Moosonee, Ontario, Canada. These sites represented five major wetland ecosystems along a successional gradient from the coast inland. Measurements were made at ≈ 10-day intervals from early June to mid-August, and once in mid-September and mid-October 1990. Seasonal CH4 fluxes were small (<2 g m−2) at the recently emerged coastal marsh, coastal fen, tamarack fen, and interior fen ecosystems, except where there were shallow ponds and pools, which emitted 2–5 g CH4 m−2. At the more complex bog ecosystem locations, CH4 fluxes were small (0.3–2.0 g m−2) from hummock/hollow microtopography in the raised bogs and from the forested margin. The largest CH4 fluxes were recorded from the degrading peat sections forming shallow pools and the moss/sedge mats which were always close to saturation (1.8–16.6 g m−2). A deeper (1-m water depth) pool emitted less CH4 (1.4 g m−2). In terms of ecological succession along the transect, covering emergence over ≈ 4000 yr, CH4 emission rates increase from marsh to fen and bog, primarily through the development of peat degradation and the formation of moss/sedge lawns and pools. There were very weak statistical relationships at each site between the daily CH4 flux and peat temperature and water table. However, there was a significant (r2 = 0.44, p < 0.001) correlation between the seasonal CH4 flux and the mean position of the water table over the complete range of sites, emphasizing the overall importance of hydrology in determining CH4 flux. Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to determine the capacity of the surface (0–20 cm depth) peat samples to produce CH4 anaerobically and consume CH4 aerobically. They revealed that many samples exhibited high CH4 consumption rates, suggesting that although CH4 production in the subsurface peat is high, CH4 emissions from these wetlands to the atmosphere are limited to a large extent by CH4 oxidation in the surface layers of the peat. Trophic status of the peat appeared to have little influence on emission rates, with the highest fluxes in the most acid (pH < 3.5) samples.
Therian mammals from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) Dakota Formation, southwestern Utah

ABSTRACT A diverse therian fauna is present in the Dakota Formation of Cenomanian age. Two pediomyid-like taxa are described on the basis of upper molars, but may be deciduous molars of nonpediomyid taxa. A new genus and species of marsupial-like tribothere is described and named (Dakotadens morrowi). A new family of marsupials (Alphadontidae) is established for Alphadon-like genera. The range of Alphadon is extended back into the Cenomanian, two new species are named (A. clemensi, A. lillegraveni), and a possible third new species is described. The range of Protalphadon is also extended back into the Cenomanian. Possible upper molars of Pariadens kirklandi are described and the diagnosis of the genus is revised based on unsheared lower molars; placement of this taxon in the Stagodontidae remains problematic. Upper molars of all therians recovered from the Dakota Formation have relatively broad stylar shelves; collectively, they include a wide range of stylar cusp configurations, although a cusp or cusps .
Remote sensing observatory validation of surface soil moisture using Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer E, Common Land Model, and ground based data: Case study in SMEX03 Little River Region, Georgia, U.S.

Optimal soil moisture estimation may be characterized by intercomparisons among remotely sensed measurements, ground‐based measurements, and land surface models. In this study, we compared soil moisture from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer E (AMSR‐E), ground‐based measurements, and a Soil‐Vegetation‐Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) model for the Soil Moisture Experiments in 2003 (SMEX03) Little River region, Georgia. The Common Land Model (CLM) reasonably replicated soil moisture patterns in dry down and wetting after rainfall though it had modest wet biases (0.001–0.054 m3/m3) as compared to AMSR‐E and ground data. While the AMSR‐E average soil moisture agreed well with the other data sources, it had extremely low temporal variability, especially during the growing season from May to October. The comparison results showed that highest mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) were 0.054 and 0.059 m3/m3 for short and long periods, respectively. Even if CLM and AMSR‐E had complementary strengths, low MAE (0.018–0.054 m3/m3) and RMSE (0.023–0.059 m3/m3) soil moisture errors for CLM and soil moisture low biases (0.003–0.031 m3/m3) for AMSR‐E, care should be taken prior to employing AMSR‐E retrieved soil moisture products directly for hydrological application due to its failure to replicate temporal variability. AMSR‐E error characteristics identified in this study should be used to guide enhancement of retrieval algorithms and improve satellite observations for hydrological sciences.
Estimating riparian area extent and land use in the Midwest.

This report quantifies the amount and land use/land cover of riparian area in the seven-State Midwest Region of the continental United States. We estimate that riparian areas cover 8.9 to 13.2 million hectares in the region and that approximately 72 percent of riparian areas support natural or semi-natural land cover.
WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE THAT SCARCITY AND SHOCKS IN FRESHWATER RESOURCES CAUSE CONFLICT INSTEAD OF PROMOTING COLLABORATION

Anthropogenic activities such as the combustion of fossil fuels, land-use change and intensive agriculture are increasingly influencing the Earth‘s climate and exerting pressure on ecosystems. These changes have amplified the risk of scarcity and shocks (discrete and sudden events) in natural renewable resource (henceforth, NRR) scarcity across the spectrum of spatial scales. The interplay between freshwater scarcity and conflict/collaboration is the most prominent and referenced of the environment-conflict issues in the Third and Fourth Assessment Reports of the IPCC. Discussions with the review user-group, confirmed that a systematic mapping of the literature in this particular field was a priority.
DOWNSCALED CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND RAINFALL DEFICITS IN PUERTO RICO

The purpose of this study was to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ET o) and rainfall excess (rainfall – ET o) under climate change condition s for three locations in Puerto Rico: Adjuntas, Mayaguez and Lajas. Reference evapotranspiration was estimated by the Penman -Monteith method. Rainfall and temperature data were statistically downscaled from predictions obtained from the DOE/NCAR PCM global circulation model. The B1 (low), A2 (mid -high) and A 1fi (high) emission scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emission Scenarios were evaluated. Results from the analysis indicate that the rainy season will become wetter and the dry season will become drier. The ave rage estimated rainfal l excess (i.e., rainfall – ET o > 0) for all scenarios and locations increased in September (the wettest month) to 356.4 mm for the year 2090 relative to an average rainfall excess of 149.8 mm for 2000. The average rainfall deficit (i .e., rainfall – ETo < 0) in February increased to 72.1 mm for the year 2090 relative to an average rainfall deficit of -26.1 mm for 2000. The implications of these results suggest that additional water could be saved during the wet months, which would be needed to offset increased irrigation requirements during the dry months.
Altitudinal and temporal variability of four macroinvertebrate communities in Andean streams, Sangay National Park, Ecuador

Aquatic invertebrates are important indicators of water quality, however we need to better understand natural rhythms in order to adequately interpret macroinvertebrate data. Here we present intra-annual variation of four dominant macroinvertebrate families: Baetidae, Hyalellidae, Elmidae and Chironomidae, in high-altitude streams in central Ecuador. Additional analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests show that altitude and therefore, vegetation, are important factors when analyzing macroinvertebrate distribution. We sampled 40 sites between January and December 2011 within Achupallas parish, which lies partially within Sangay National Park. The four aforementioned dominant families were most abundant in February/March and in September, with a pronounced midyear minimum. Life cycles and flow regimes play an important role in forming this pattern, but effects of altitude need be considered.
Mediterranean snapshots of accelerated slab retreat: subduction instability in stalled continental collision

Abstract This review of Mediterranean geodynamics highlights that the Mediterranean region captures at a fortuitous moment in time, a picture of the fate of foundering, old, cold oceanic lithosphere of limited area due to being landlocked in an all-but-stalled continental collision (Africa with Europe). We synthesize the geological spatial and temporal data for stretched crust as well as the 3D distribution of old abyssal plains and new oceanic lithosphere segments in concert with heat flow, palaeomagnetic data, geodetic velocity data, earthquake hypocentre distributions and seismic tomography. We use three Mediterranean subduction system settings (the western Mediterranean, the Hellenic and the Pannonian–Carpathian) that nicely reflect the slab instability and retreat. We assume that mantle slab dynamics best explains the observations. The dispersal and segmentation of the foundering landlocked ocean results in a series of discontinuous subduction zones whose individual lengths gradually diminish while retreat accelerates as slab progressively narrow and tear (i.e. along-strike laterally-propagating slab break-off) due to imminent total consumption of available oceanic lithosphere. We suggest that the Mediterranean region offers a lucid series of snapshots of accelerated slab retreat that, additionally, is globally unique as the only present day example of what we term intra-collisional landlocked ocean subduction.
Wave-driven variability in the ionosphere-thermosphere-mesosphere system from TIMED observations: What contributes to the wave 4 ?

[1] Numerous observations and model studies made during the past 5 years have unequivocally revealed that the ionosphere and thermosphere owe a considerable amount of their longitudinal, local time, seasonal latitudinal and day-to-day variability to waves originating in the lower part of the atmosphere. The most prominent pattern is the four-peaked (“wave 4”) longitudinal structure frequently observed by (quasi-) Sun-synchronous satellites in a variety of ionospheric and thermospheric parameters. The “wave 4” has often been attributed to the diurnal, eastward, wave number 3 (DE3), nonmigrating tide alone. A more detailed analysis of TIMED observations, supported by physics-based empirical modeling and data from the CHAMP satellite, now indicates that this interpretation needs to be revised. Secondary wave generation due the nonlinear interaction between the migrating diurnal tide and the DE3 leads to a large stationary planetary wave 4 (SPW4) and a large semidiurnal, eastward wave number 2 (SE2) tide in the equatorial zonal wind at E-region heights. Combined amplitudes can equal those of the DE3. SE2 penetrates into the upper thermosphere with transequatorial wind speeds in excess of 10 m/s. This paper discusses the resulting implications for electric field generation in the E-region and tidal-ionosphere coupling in the F-region and provides observational constraints for future modeling efforts.