Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of δ15N of nitrate, surface suspended and deep sinking particulate nitrogen to seasonal nitrate depletion in the Southern Ocean

We report measurements of the δ15N of nitrate, suspended particulate nitrogen (PN), and sinking PN from cruises and moored sediment traps in the Subantarctic Zone (SAZ) and Polar Frontal Zone (PFZ) south of Australia. As expected, surface water nitrate δ15N increased as nitrate was consumed during the spring/summer bloom. In contrast, the seasonal cycles of surface water suspended and sinking PN δ15N did not fit expectations from nitrate assimilation alone. Rather than increasing, the δ15N of surface suspended PN was relatively constant in the SAZ (at ∼1‰), and decreased during the summer in the PFZ (from ∼0 to ∼−4‰), most likely due to the production of low 15N PN by summertime ammonium recycling. Deep sediment trap PN δ15N also displayed seasonal decreases (from ∼4 to ∼1‰ in the SAZ, and from ∼3.5 to ∼0.5‰ in the PFZ), which correlated with PON flux magnitude. During high‐flux periods, exported PN δ15N values were close to expectations from nitrate‐based export, but low‐flux periods exhibited higher δ15N, consistent with either a reduction in the isotope effect of nitrate assimilation or more extensive isotopic alteration of the sinking material during low‐flux periods. The mass balance between net nitrate supply and exported PN that links sinking flux δ15N to nitrate utilization requires only that the annually integrated (rather than the seasonally varying) sinking flux of PN δ15N correlates with nitrate depletion. While a correlation between annually integrated sinking PN δ15N to nitrate depletion was observed in both the SAZ and PFZ, the sensitivity of sinking PN δ15N to nitrate depletion was lower than expected. Moreover, the seasonal observations raise the possibility that loss of the summertime high‐flux period represents an alternative explanation to increased nitrate utilization for the high sedimentary PN δ15N observed during glacial periods.
Determination of the Diffusion Coefficient of Oxygen for a Cover System Including a Pulp and Paper By-Product

Among the several solutions that have been proposed to curb the problem posed by the generation of acid rock drainage (ARD), the placement of covers with capillary barrier effect (CCBE) has received particular attention. With the creation of a capillary barrier, oxygen has to migrate through a nearly saturated layer, a much slower process than in air. As a consequence, its availability is drastically reduced, reducing ARD generation. An experimental procedure was developed to obtain the diffusion coefficient of oxygen through compacted deinking residues, an organic matter-rich by-product of paper recycling. With the oxygen concentrations obtained as a function of time, it was possible to deduce the diffusion coefficients based on the best reproductions of laboratory results, using the computer code POLLUTE v.6. As expected, it was found that the diffusion coefficient—and the associated flux—is highly influenced by the degree of saturation of the sample. Beyond a threshold in the vicinity of 85%, a one order of magnitude drop in the diffusion coefficient was observed. A comparison of the results obtained with previously published data shows that deinking residues constitute a very effective oxygen barrier material due both to its ability to maintain a high degree of saturation and to rapidly consume oxygen. Given the latter, special care was needed in defining the most appropriate equipment design, sample preparation method, and testing procedure.
Trends and variability in vertical ozone and temperature profiles measured by ozonesondes at Lauder, New Zealand: 1986–1996

A first analysis of trends in vertical ozone and temperature profiles from ozonesonde flights made at Lauder (45.045°S, 169.684°E) between August 1986 and July 1996, is presented. To calculate the trends and determine the magnitude of the forcing mechanisms underlying the variability in ozone and temperature, a linear least squares regression model was applied to ozone mixing ratios, ozone number densities, and temperatures, interpolated onto 100 pressure levels from the surface (969 hPa/370 m) to 12.1 hPa (∼30.1 km), ∼300 geopotential meters apart. Ozone trends indicate wintertime upper tropospheric decreases of more than -30±24% per decade (2σ), post vortex breakup trends in a narrow altitude region above the tropopause of -20±20% per decade (2σ), and positive trends of up to 30±14% per decade (2σ) in the lower stratosphere during late winter, spring, and early summer. The predominant temperature trend is +1.5% per decade and greater above the ∼50 hPa level during winter. Derived trends were sensitive to inclusion of tropopause height forcing which was found to influence ozone and temperature at a high level of statistical significance. Ozone at Lauder shows significant QBO dependence throughout the lower stratosphere during winter, spring, and early summer, but little or no dependence on the solar cycle. Temperatures, however, show little dependence on QBO but were influenced by the solar cycle. The Mt. Pinatubo eruption had little influence on Lauder ozone but significantly cooled the troposphere. The ENSO cycle in ozone and temperature was weak except at the uppermost analysis levels.
Coupled oscillations in Antarctic sea ice and atmosphere in the South Pacific Sector

Interannual oscillations with period of about 3–6 years have dominated the winter atmospheric and ice variability in the Ross, Amundsen, and Bellingshausen Seas, Antarctica, during 1979–1998. Anomalies in sea ice concentration and drift propagate eastward in the winter ice pack, coupled to sea level pressure anomalies. This signal accounts for the ice and atmospheric components of the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave during its eastward passage through the Pacific sector of Antarctica. Sea ice concentration anomalies at the ice margin seem to result from air‐ice‐sea interactions which involve both the dynamic effect of the anomalous, wind‐driven ice motion, and the thermodynamic ice growth and melting due to surface air and ocean temperature anomalies.
Holocene climatic change in Swedish Lapland inferred from an oxygen-isotope record of lacustrine biogenic silica

Holocene climatic variability was studied in a 9500-year lake-sediment sequence from the Abisko region in Swedish Lapland, using the oxygen-isotope ratio in diatom biogenic silica (d18Osi). Oxygen-and hydrogen-isotope ratios of waters from the Abisko area suggest that in this region the evaporative flux is small and the isotopic composition of most lakes reflects that of the local precipitation. The hydrological setting of the region and sensitivity analysis of isotopic response to changing climatic parameters such as humidity, inflow and evaporation show that the downcore diatom d18Osi record is primarily controlled by changes in the summer isotopic composition of the lake water. The overall 3.5‰ depletion in d18Osi since the early Holocene is interpreted as an increase in the influence of the Arctic polar continental air mass that carries depleted precipitation. We estimate that this change is associated with a 2.5–4°C cooling that has occurred since the early Holocene. In general, the diatom d18Osi record resembles the average annual air temperature reconstructed for the Greenland ice core GISP2, especially during the past 4000 years, with a pronounced cooling starting at 2000 years BP.
Soil Compaction Induced by Small Tractor Traffic in Northeast China

With the introduction of the small four-wheel tractors (ST), agricultural mechanization has developed rapidly in China. In this study, we investigated the impact of these relatively small tractors on soil compaction of a silty clay loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiboroll) in northeast China using soil penetration resistance (PR) and bulk density as soil compaction indicators. The relationship between soil water content and PR, the comparison of soil compaction induced by ST and the medium power tractor (MT), the effect of tractor mass on compaction, the effect of number of tractor passes and tillage on PR, and the effect of compaction on crop yield were studied. Compared with MT-powered tillage, the ST-powered tillage system created a more compacted plow layer due to increased passes required with this system. Small four-wheeled tractors had a statistically significant higher PR than MT in the topsoil and subsoil. The PR had a significant negative correlation (r = - 0.640, P < 0.01) with soil water content at time of PR measurement. After trafficking in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) field, the highest PR values were found in the 5- to 14-cm depth interval. Crop yield decreased with increasing numbers of tractor passes. There were different yield-loss responses to compaction for spring wheat and corn (Zea mays L.). With the development of mechanical tillage in China, the problem of soil compaction may be significantly increased, causing potential yield reductions.
Malaria among indigenous peoples on the Brazil-French

Objective: to describe the profile and incidence of malaria cases among indigenous and non-indigenous people on the Brazil-French Guiana border, between 2007 and 2016. Methods: this is a descriptive study based on analysis of cases notified on the Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (SIVEP-Malaria), organized using Tableau 10.3. Results: a total of 21,729 cases were notified in the period; the highest annual number of notifications was 3,637 (16.7%) in 2009, 1,956 (53.8%) of which related to indigenous people, representing annual parasite incidence (API) of 261/1,000; higher risk of infection was found in the Kumenê base area (API between 13 and 534/1,000) and the Manga base area (API between 55 and 448/1,000); children accounted for 20.0 to 40.0% of notified cases, while pregnant women accounted for 2.0% among non-indigenous people and 1.0% among the indigenous. Conclusion: malaria case distribution was unequal between indigenous and non-indigenous people, with greater occurrence among the indigenous.
WEST EDMONTON MALL AS A TOURIST ATTRACTION

Recent years have seen the mega-phenomenon assume increasing significance in tourism; it is not surprising, therefore, that West Edmonton Mall, the world's first mega-mall, should be viewed as a tourist attraction. This article discusses the role of shopping as a tourist activity and the opportunity to shop as a facet of the appeal of a location to tourists. It examines the relative attractiveness of West Edmonton Mall as a tourist destination in this context and concludes that it has few outstanding characteristics beyond its unique size and range of leisure facilities. The permanence of its appeal beyond the regional scale is therefore unikely. The long-term appeal of shopping and related facilities is discussed in the context of a model of tourism development.
Seismic and mineralogical structures of the lower mantle from probabilistic tomography

[1] One of the most powerful approaches for understanding the 3-D thermo-chemical structure of the lower mantle is to link tomographic models with mineral physics data. This is not straightforward because of strong trade-offs between thermal and chemical structures and their influence on seismic structures. They can be reduced by mapping simultaneously perturbations of wave speeds and density anomalies and by the quantitative assessment of the accuracy and uniqueness of seismic and mineralogical data. Here, we present new tomographic maps of low order even-degree seismic structures which are an improvement on earlier models. They satisfy constraints from body wave, surface wave and normal mode data simultaneously, thereby enhancing the spatial resolution. Furthermore, the seismic structure at a given location is represented by a probability density function (pdf) which takes into account the uncertainty and non-uniqueness of the solution due to modeling and data restrictions. Following a robust statistical procedure, we fit heterogeneity of wave speeds and density from hypothetical thermo-chemical models to those of our tomographic maps. We thereby constrain lateral variations of temperature as well as iron, silica and post-perovskite concentration in terms of pdfs. Our work shows that large scale chemical variations are likely everywhere in the lower mantle. In most of the D″ region post-perovskite is most abundant in the Circum-Pacific belt, but near the core its lateral variation is more complex. Furthermore, post-perovskite concentration trades off with the amplitudes of temperature and silicate variations, but not with their lateral distribution. This might be the reason why temperature and silicate variations appear not constrained by our data in the lowermost few hundred km of the mantle.
BRIGHTNESS DISCRIMINATION AS A FUNCTION OF THE DURATION OF THE INCREMENT IN INTENSITY BY C. H. GRAHAM AND E. H. KEMP

Recent discussions of intensity discrimination in vision have focussed attention on initial events in the process. Hecht (1935), in particular, has proposed a theory which states that brightness discrimination is due to the photochemical processes which take place at the initial moment when the eye, already adapted to a given intensity, is exposed to a just discriminahly higher intensity. Results of recent observations by Smith (1936) and Steinhardt (1936) lend support to the hypothesis. An important question which arises when we consider a theory in terms of initial events is the problem of how such a formulation may be related to the Bunsen-Roscoe law. This law states that, for brief flashes of light, the product of intensity and duration is constant for the production of a constant photochemical effect. I t has been found to apply within well marked limits of exposure to both the fovea and periphery of the human eye, for threshold (Graham and Margaria, 1935; Karn, 1936) and supraliminal excitation (McDougall, 1904; Blondel and Rey, 1911; Graham and Cook, 1937). Adrian and Matthews (1927) and Hartline (1928) have demonstrated the law for the eyes of lower organisms, and Hartline's findings for the single fiber of Limulus (1934) give adequate evidence on the nature and limitations of its application. The strict reciprocity relation fails for exposures longer than a "critical duration" beyond which, in the Limulus eye and probably in the human eye (Karn, 1936), the relation I . t = Constant is superseded by the relation I = Constant. These considerations have led us to perform the experiments reported here. I t has seemed important to us, because of the emphasis on initial events in brightness discrimination, to determine the effect 635
Testing the Effect of Fuel Consumption on Fire Spread Rate

It has been theorized that the amount of fuel involved in a fire front can influence the rate of spread of the fire. Three data sets are examined in an attempt to prove this relationship. The first, a Canadian Forest Service database of over 400 experimental, wild, and prescribed fires showed a weak relationship in some fuel complexes. The second, a series of field experimental fires conducted to isolate the relationship, showed a small effect. The final data set, from a series of 47 small plots (3m x 3m) burned with a variety of fuel loadings, also show a weak relationship. While a relationship was shown to exist, it is debatable whether it should be included in a fire behavior prediction system. Inherent errors associated with predicting fuel consumption can be compounded, causing additional, more critical, errors with the derived fire spread rate.
Decomposition rate of cereal straw as affected by soil placement

Decomposition rates for crop residues have generally been estimated based on data obtained using buried litter bags. Because of limited soil–residue contact, the litter bag technique may not adequately simulate decomposition when residues are mixed through the soil. In field microplots, decomposition of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) straw (autumn-incorporated at a rate of 7 t/ha) mixed through the 0–0.20 m soil layer was compared with straw decomposition in fibreglass bags (4-mm mesh) buried at a depth of 0.20 m. A surface-placed straw treatment and a no-straw control were included for comparison. Emissions of CO2 were monitored from the incorporated straw treatments and undecomposed straw was recovered after 158 days (mean soil temperature during the trial period was 8°C at 0.10 m). Emissions of CO2 from the soil-mixed straw treatment were generally greater than from the buried bag treatment in the 2 months following incorporation. Output of CO2-C over the first 73 days averaged 83 g/m2 for the soil-mixed straw treatment compared with 61 g/m2 for the litter bag treatment and 34 g/m2 for the no-straw control. Over the entire trial, CO2-C attributable to straw (CO2-C output from straw-treated plots minus CO2-C emitted from the control) was 66% greater for soil-mixed straw than for litter bag straw, indicating that within soil placement can have a strong and persistent effect on straw decomposition. Straw type had a small but significant (P wheat). Straw mass loss during the trial averaged 66% for soil-mixed straw, 32% for litter bag straw, and 13% for straw placed on the soil surface. The low recovery of soil-mixed straw is partly due to difficulty of extracting small (<2 mm) residue fragments from the soil; however, such fragments could legitimately be considered part of the soil organic matter. The results confirm that straw that is well distributed through the soil may decompose more rapidly than would be anticipated from litter bag measurements.
The Košice meteorite fall: Atmospheric trajectory, fragmentation, and orbit

The Košice meteorite fall occurred in eastern Slovakia on February 28, 2010, 22:25 UT. The very bright bolide was imaged by three security video cameras from Hungary. Detailed bolide light curves were obtained through clouds by radiometers on seven cameras of the European Fireball Network. Records of sonic waves were found on six seismic and four infrasonic stations. An atmospheric dust cloud was observed the next morning before sunrise. After careful calibration, the video records were used to compute the bolide trajectory and velocity. The meteoroid, of estimated mass of 3500 kg, entered the atmosphere with a velocity of 15 km s−1 on a trajectory with a slope of 60° to the horizontal. The largest fragment ceased to be visible at a height of 17 km, where it was decelerated to 4.5 km s−1. A maximum brightness of absolute stellar magnitude about −18 was reached at a height of 36 km. We developed a detailed model of meteoroid atmospheric fragmentation to fit the observed light curve and deceleration. We found that Košice was a weak meteoroid, which started to fragment under the dynamic pressure of only 0.1 MPa and fragmented heavily under 1 MPa. In total, 78 meteorites were recovered in the predicted fall area during official searches. Other meteorites were found by private collectors. Known meteorite masses ranged from 0.56 g to 2.37 kg. The meteorites were classified as ordinary chondrites of type H5 and shock stage S3. The heliocentric orbit had a relatively large semimajor axis of 2.7 AU and aphelion distance of 4.5 ± 0.5 AU. Backward numerical integration of the preimpact orbit indicates possible large variations of the orbital elements in the past due to resonances with Jupiter.
A comparative study in modelling runoff and its components in two mountainous catchments

In mountainous catchments the quality of runoff modelling depends strongly on the assessment of the spatial differences in the generation of the various runoff components and of the flow paths as coupled with the amount and intensity of precipitation and/or the snow melting. These catchments are also suitable for the intercomparison of different kinds of hydrological models, particularly of different approaches for the simulation of runoff generation. Two differently structured catchment models were applied on the pre‐alpine Rietholzbach research catchment (3·2 km2) within the period 1981–98 and on the high‐alpine Dischmabach catchment (43 km2) within the period 1981–96 for the simulation of hydrological processes and of the runoff hydrographs. The models adopted are the more physically based WaSiM‐ETH model, with grid‐oriented computation of the water balance elements, and the rather conceptual PREVAH model, based on hydrological response units. The simulation results and the differences resulting from the application of the two models are discussed and compared with the observed catchment discharges, with measurements of evapotranspiration, soil moisture, outflow of a lysimeter, and of groundwater levels in three access tubes. The model intercomparison indicates that the two approaches for determining runoff generation with different degrees of complexity performed with similar statistical efficiency over a period longer than 15 years. The analysis of the simulated runoff components shows that the interflow is the main runoff component and that the portion of the runoff components depends strongly on the approach used. The snowmelt model component is of decisive importance in the snowmelt season and needs to take into account the role of air temperature and radiation for simulating runoff generation in a spatially distributed manner. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Flushing on Morphometry (Body Measurements) of Corriedale ewes during Breeding Season and Various Stages of Pregnancy

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of Flushing supplementation on morphometry (body measurements) of the Corriedale ewes. Forty (40) Corriedale ewes were divided into four treatment groups (TC, T1, T2 and T3) with 10 ewes in each group (n=10). At the beginning of the breeding season extra feeding (Flushing regime) was started for approximately 34 days such that two estrus cycles are covered. First group i.e. TC (Control) received no Concentrate supplement, only grazing for 6-8 hrs was practiced. The treatment groups were fed concentrate supplement @300g/ewe/day (T1), 400g/ewe/day (T2) and 500g/ewe/day (T3) for 34 days in addition to grazing for 6-8 hrs. Five parameters i.e. Height at wither (H), Body length (BL), Pelvic girth (PG), Pin bone to pin bone distance (P-P), Teat to Teat distance (T-T) were measured. The nutritional flushing produced significant effect on Height at wither (H), (p≤ 0.05) and Pelvic girth (PG), (p≤ 0.05), however the Body length (BL), Pin bone to pin bone distance (P-P) and Teat to Teat distance (T-T) also showed improved measurements but their values did not differ significantly. It was concluded that the flushing regime had a definite effect on morphometry of Corriedale ewes and there exists a relationship between body measurements and performance traits.