Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing coastal plain wetland composition using advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer imagery

Establishing wetland gains and losses, delineating wetland boundaries, and determining their vegetative composition are major challenges that can be improved through remote sensing studies. We used the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) to separate wetlands from uplands in a study of 870 locations on the Virginia Coastal Plain. We used the first five bands from each of two ASTER scenes (6 March 2005 and 16 October 2005), covering the visible to the short-wave infrared region (0.52-2.185μm). We included GIS data layers for soil survey, topography, and presence or absence of water in a logistic regression model that predicted the location of over 78% of the wetlands. While this was slightly less accurate (78% vs. 86%) than current National Wetland Inventory (NWI) aerial photo interpretation procedures of locating wetlands, satellite imagery analysis holds great promise for speeding wetland mapping, lowering costs, and improving update frequency. To estimate wetland vegetation composition classs, we generated a classification and regression tree (CART) model and a multinomial logistic regression (logit) model, and compared their accuracy in separating woody wetlands, emergent wetlands and open water. The overall accuracy of the CART model was 73.3%, while for the logit model was 76.7%. The CART producer’s accuracy of the emergent wetlands was higher than the accuracy from the multinomial logit (57.1% vs. 40.7%). However, we obtained the opposite result for the woody wetland category (68.7% vs. 52.6%). A McNemar test between the two models and NWI maps showed that their accuracies were not statistically different. We conducted a subpixel analysis of the ASTER images to estimate canopy cover of forested wetlands. We used top-ofatmosphere reflectance from the visble and near infrared bands, Delta Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, and a tasseled cap brightness, greenness, and wetness in linear regression model with canopy cover as the dependent variable. The model achieved an adjusted-R of 0.69 (RMSE = 2.7%) for canopy cover less than 16%, and an adjusted-R of 0.04 (RMSE = 19.8%) for higher canopy cover values. Taken together, these findings suggest that satellite remote sensing, in concert with other spatial data, has strong potential for mapping both wetland presence and type.
National Centre of Competence in Research Financial Valuation and Risk Management Working Paper No . 241 Testing for Stochastic Dominance Efficiency

We consider consistent tests for stochastic dominance efficiency at any order of a given portfolio with respect to all possible portfolios constructed from a set of assets. We justify block bootstrap approaches to achieve valid inference in a time series setting. The test statistics are computed using linear and mixed integer programming formulations. Monte Carlo results show that the bootstrap procedure performs well in finite samples. The empirical application reveals that the Fama and French market portfolio is first and second order stochastic dominance efficient, although it is meanvariance inefficient.
ARE RADIO ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI POWERED BY ACCRETION OR BLACK HOLE SPIN?

We compare accretion and black hole spin as potential energy sources for outbursts from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs). Based on our adopted spin model, we find that the distribution of AGN power estimated from X-ray cavities is consistent with a broad range of both spin parameters and accretion rates. Sufficient quantities of molecular gas are available in most BCGs to power their AGNs by accretion alone. However, we find no correlation between AGN power and molecular gas mass over the range of jet power considered here. For a given AGN power, the BCG's gas mass and accretion efficiency, defined as the fraction of the available cold molecular gas that is required to power the AGN, both vary by more than two orders of magnitude. Most of the molecular gas in BCGs is apparently consumed by star formation or is driven out of the nucleus by the AGN before it reaches the nuclear black hole. Bondi accretion from hot atmospheres is generally unable to fuel powerful AGNs, unless their black holes are more massive than their bulge luminosities imply. We identify several powerful AGNs that reside in relatively gas-poor galaxies, indicating an unusually efficient mode of accretion, or that their AGNs are powered by another mechanism. If these systems are powered primarily by black hole spin rather than by accretion, spin must also be tapped efficiently in some systems, i.e., \dot{M}c^2$? >, or their black hole masses must be substantially larger than the values implied by their bulge luminosities. We constrain the (model-dependent) accretion rate at the transition from radiatively inefficient to radiatively efficient accretion flows to be a few percent of the Eddington rate, a value that is consistent with other estimates.
Finding errors in .net with feedback-directed random testing

We present a case study in which a team of test engineers at Microsoft applied a feedback-directed random testing tool to a critical component of the . NET architecture. Due to its complexity and high reliability requirements, the component had already been tested by 40 test engineers over five years, using manual testing and many automated testing techniques. Nevertheless, the feedback-directed random testing tool found errors in the component that eluded previous testing, and did so two orders of magnitude faster than a typical test engineer (including time spent inspecting the results of the tool). The tool also led the test team to discover errors in other testing and analysis tools, and deficiencies in previous best-practice guidelines for manual testing. Finally, we identify challenges that random testing faces for continued effectiveness, including an observed decrease in the technique's error detection rate over time.
Row Sport Context in PISA Like Mathematics Problem

The aim of research was to produce valid, practical and had potential-effect to mathematic literacy ability in PISA like mathematics problem in using row sports context at Asian Games 2018. The research method used development research with development studies type. The subjects of the research were the students with 15 years old of class X SMAN 10 Palembang. The techniques of collecting data were used documentation, walkthrough, test, and interview. This research produced the problem about how the students determined how many benches could be made by only knowing length and width of the boats. The results showed that the problem developed (1) valid from the suitability with the framework PISA regarding content, context, literacy process and level of questions that was connected problems with daily life accordance experts review and one to one stage (2) practical because the problem could be understood by students accordance small group stage, and (3) had a potential effect from the result of analyze the student’s answer in mathematical literacy ability with representation and reasoning ability as dominant accordance field test stage.
Is Spot Mapping Missing Important Aspects of Golden-Winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera) Breeding Habitat?

The Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera) is an imperiled migratory songbird that nests in young forest habitats of eastern North America. As such, this species has recently been the focus of an intensive multi-year, range-wide, breeding ecology study. A major focus of this research involved spot-mapping color banded males to examine relationships between nesting success and territory-scale habitat variables. I compared differences in space and habitat use of individual male Golden-winged Warblers that were monitored using both spot mapping and radio telemetry. An individual's telemetry delineated use area was on average 3.6 times larger than its spot-mapped territory. Almost half (46%) of all telemetry locations were located outside their respective male's spot-mapped territory. Number of saplings was higher in telemetry use areas (22.49 ± 2.14) than spot-mapped territories (11.80 ± 1.86). Although the exact motive for extra-territorial movements is unknown, foraging and/or suggestive observations of extra-pair copulation are likely motivating factors. The results of my study suggest Golden-winged Warblers are seeking resources outside their spot-mapped delineated territories. Furthermore, Golden-winged Warblers were found to have more telemetry locations in mature forest than found through spot-mapping. Ultimately, spot mapping alone does not accurately reflect Golden-winged Warbler space use and habitat needs.
Improved spike inference accuracy by estimating the peak amplitude of unitary [Ca2+] transients in weakly GCaMP6f‐expressing hippocampal pyramidal cells

The amplitude of unitary, single action potential‐evoked [Ca2+] transients negatively correlates with GCaMP6f expression, but displays large variability among hippocampal pyramidal cells with similarly low expression levels. The summation of fluorescence signals is frequency‐dependent, supralinear and also shows remarkable cell‐to‐cell variability. The main source of spike inference error is variability in the peak amplitude, and not in the decay or supralinearity. We developed two procedures to estimate the peak amplitudes of unitary [Ca2+] transients and show that spike inference performed with MLspike using these unitary amplitude estimates in weakly GCaMP6f‐expressing cells results in error rates of ∼5%.
Rates and processes of crystal growth in the system anorthite-albite. [magmatic liquids in igneous rock formation]

Rates of plagioclase crystal growth at constant temperature have been measured for a series of compositions in the system CaAl2Si2O8(An)—NaAlSi3O8 (Ab). A microscope heating stage was used at temperatures near the liquidus to observe and photograph the growing crystals, and a resistance furnace quenching technique was used at larger degrees of undercooling with observations and measurements made on quenched samples of heat-treated glasses. Results from the two techniques agree within the temperature range of overlap. Growth rates are independent of time and increase (at either constant temperature or constant undercooling) with increasing An content. The crystal morphologies for all compositions are faceted near the liquidus and become progressively skeletal, dendritic, and fibrillar with increasing undercooling. Even the spherulitic or fibrillar crystals may be faceted at the growing interface. Maximum growth rates vary from about 5×10−1cm/min at an undercooling of 150°C (T = 1400°C) for pure CaAl2Si2O8 (An100) to about 2 × 10−5 cm/min at an undercooling of 380°C (T = 960°C) for An20.
Neurobiology of disaster exposure: fear, anxiety, trauma, and resilience

To date, clinical and research approaches to disaster mental health have focused primarily on the psychological experience of disaster survivors, and the development and effectiveness of psychological treatments. While these studies have contributed greatly to our understanding of the human response to disaster, it has become clear in recent years that, in addition to psychological approaches, neurobiological approaches to disaster-related psychopathology and resilience are also potentially informative. Multiple neurobiological systems are involved in the human response to threat. Simultaneous activation of various brain regions and neurotransmitter systems allows the organism to assess and appropriately respond to potential dangers. This dynamic process contributes to the development of anxiety, fear, and the “fight or flight” response that allows the organism to protect itself by either fleeing from, or actively confronting, danger. Fear triggers the familiar “fight or flight” response, characterized by acute increased heart rate, breathing, and muscle tension, which facilitate escape from danger or defense against danger (e.g., predator). Based on a complex process of recognition and appraisal of internal and external stimuli, the brain regulates the strength and duration of this coping mechanism, and generally turns it off when it is appropriate to do so. Malfunction of regulatory systems, however, can lead to excessive fear, anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and significant impairment and disability in vulnerable individuals. Most neurobiological research in PTSD as well as in the neurobiology of resilience has been concentrated on two systems that are critical for survival: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. In this chapter, we will begin by reviewing the findings of human and animal studies which have characterized normal function in the SNS and the HPA axis, and then briefly describe PTSD-associated abnormalities seen in each system. We will then present several evolving models of PTSD, which attempt to explain abnormalities in these two systems. Next, we will review three key neuroanatomic structures/regions involved in the fear response: the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the prefrontal cortex.Wewill then describe neuroimaging findings associated with PTSD-related changes in structure and function in these three areas. Data on the genetics of risk for PTSD will also be discussed briefly. Finally, the focus on pathology will be supplemented by a brief review of recent findings, elucidating some of the key neural circuits and neurochemical systems that may underlie human resilience in the face of uncontrollable stress. Although the current review focuses on the noradrenergic system and the HPA axis, it is important to emphasize that numerous neurobiological systems, such as the serotonin system, the opiate
Factors influencing productivity in sympatric populations of Mountain Reedbuck and Grey Rhebok in the Sterkfontein Dam Nature Reserve, South Africa

Productivity of grey rhebok and mountain reedbuck was studied at Sterkfontein Dam Nature Reserve (eastern Free State) between September 1999 and May 2002. Within a study area of 550 ha, all herds of grey rhebok and all territorial male mountain reedbuck were identified, and general population dynamics were monitored. Lambs of both species were born seasonally between September and February, while most deaths occurred between June and November. Population levels appeared to be controlled in both species mainly by the eviction of young males, but the effects of extreme weather conditions were significant, being demonstrated by the deaths of 27 % and 51 % of the grey rhebok and mountain reedbuck populations respectively during heavy snow in September 2001. Disease and predation played no role in population control. Grey rhebok formed stable harem herds with home ranges varying between 23 ha and 104 ha (95 % MCP), with an average of 57.9 ha. Home ranges in University of Pretoria etd – Taylor, W A (2005)
Role of polarizability of a CN fullerene cage in A@CN photoionization and e−–CN scattering: the size effect

We show that, in contradiction to intuitive perception, the impact of polarization of a CN cage by the outgoing photoelectron on photoionization of a A@CN endohedral atom decreases as the size of CN increases. This is counter-intuitive, owing to the fact that the polarizability of CN drastically increases with the increase of N. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this is also in contrast to the polarization impact on elastic electron scattering off empty fullerenes; for the latter, the bigger the CN cage (the greater its polarizability), the greater the polarization impact is on the scattering process. We provide researchers with a ‘relative frame of reference’ for understanding how the increase in the size of the cage affects the polarization impact on the corresponding photoionization and electron scattering processes. Our findings are supported by the direct calculations of the photoionization and electron scattering cross sections for selected fullerene cages from ‘dwarf’ C20 to ‘giant’ C240. The calculations are performed in the framework of a semi-empirical modeling of CN and A@CN fullerene systems obtained with and without account for the dipole static polarizability of a fullerene cage.
Mapping the development of students’ ideas in order to understand learning in a collaborative programming environment

Mapping Students’ Ideas to Understand Learning in a Collaborative Programming Environment Danielle Boyd Harlow and Anne Emerson Leak Department of Education, Gevirtz School of Education, University of California – Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Contact: dharlow@education.ucsb. edu, (805) 893-8139
Evaluating the Impact of Brazil?s Bolsa Família: Cash Transfer Programmes in Comparative Perspective

allege that it has a negative impact on labour force participation. However, the participation rate of [beneficiary] adults was, in fact, 2.6 percentage points higher, and 4.3 percentage points higher for women. " The text and data in this publication may be reproduced as long as the source is cited. Reproductions for commercial purposes are forbidden. The International Poverty Centre's Evaluation Notes disseminate the findings of recent evaluations of poverty-reduction programmes and policies. The notes are signed by the authors and should be cited and referred to accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this note are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Poverty Centre, IPEA or the United Nations Development Programme (or its Administrator, Directors, or the countries they represent).
Verification of MM5 Cloud Microphysics Schemes for East Asia

Abstract : This research compares biases of the Reisner Mixed-Phase Explicit Moisture Microphysics graupel and non-granpel schemes to determine if including graupel and riming processes within the Fifth Generation Mesoscale Model (MM5) will lead to improved forecasts of winter precipitation for Korea and Japan. MM5 forecasts were generated every 12 hours for a 20 days case period from January 1998. Model derived meteorological fields were interpolated to the station coordinates of four verification sites within the East Asian domain and radiosonde observations were used to compare the differences between the average temperature and water vapor errors of the two cloud microphysics schemes. Analysis of the results shows significant differences between the schemes in the magnitude of humidity errors within the lower atmosphere of the model and provides evidence that the more complicated graupel and riming scheme will not increase the skill of the MM5 in forecasting winter precipitation for Japan and Korea. The underlying conclusion of this research is that AFWA should not alter the cloud microphysics scheme currently employed to determine winter precipitation type for its East Asian forecast window.
Meniscal Fibrocartilage Repair Based on Developmental Characteristics: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Background: Unlike the adult meniscus, the fetal meniscus possesses robust healing capacity. The dense and stiff matrix of the adult meniscus provides a biophysical barrier for cell migration, which is not present in the fetal meniscus. Inspired by developmental characteristics, modifying the matrix of the adult meniscus into a fetal-like, loose and soft microenvironment holds opportunity to facilitate repair, especially in the avascular zone. Hypothesis: Modifying the dense and stiff matrix of the adult meniscus into a fetal-like, loose and soft microenvironment could enhance cell migration to the tear interface and subsequent robust healing capacity. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Fresh porcine menisci were treated with hyaluronidase or collagenase. The density and arrangement of collagen fibers were assessed. The degradation of proteoglycans and collagen was evaluated histologically. Cell migration within the meniscus or the infiltration of exogenous cells into the meniscus was examined. Dendritic silica nanoparticles with relatively large pores were used to encapsulate hyaluronidase for rapid release. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles with relatively small pores were used to encapsulate transforming growth factor–beta 3 (TGF-β3) for slow release. A total of 24 mature male rabbits were included. A longitudinal vertical tear (0.5 cm in length) was prepared in the avascular zone of the medial meniscus. The tear was repaired with suture, repaired with suture in addition to blank silica nanoparticles, or repaired with suture in addition to silica nanoparticles releasing hyaluronidase and TGF-β3. Animals were sacrificed at 12 months postoperatively. Meniscal repair was evaluated macroscopically and histologically. Results: The gaps between collagen bundles increased after hyaluronidase treatment, while collagenase treatment resulted in collagen disruption. Proteoglycans degraded after hyaluronidase treatment in a dose-dependent manner, but collagen integrity was maintained. Hyaluronidase treatment enhanced the migration and infiltration of cells within meniscal tissue. Last, the application of fibrin gel and the delivery system of silica nanoparticles encapsulating hyaluronidase and TGF-β3 enhanced meniscal repair responses in an orthotopic longitudinal vertical tear model. Conclusion: The gradient release of hyaluronidase and TGF-β3 removed biophysical barriers for cell migration, creating a fetal-like, loose and soft microenvironment, and enhanced the fibrochondrogenic phenotype of reparative cells, facilitating the synthesis of matrix and tissue integration. Clinical Relevance: Modifying the adult matrix into a fetal-like, loose and soft microenvironment via the local gradient release of hyaluronidase and TGF-β3 enhanced the healing capacity of the meniscus.
SDO/HMI observations of the average supergranule are not compatible with separable flow models

Aims. Despite extensive studies carried out since its discovery half a century ago, the nature of supergranulation remains an open question in solar physics. Separability of flow models is a common assumption made in the literature to shed light on the properties of supergranules. This paper studies the ability of separable mass-conserving flow models to reproduce photospheric observations from the Helioseismic Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board of the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) spacecraft corresponding to an average supergranule. Methods. For a steady mass-conserving separable flow model to be compatible with the observations, there is an integral relation between the horizontal and vertical components of the flow. We test this relation directly on observations and compare the results with the proportionality relationship for a separable model. Results. Observations of an average supergranule do not satisfy the condition for separability. Selecting a narrower range of horizontal scales of supergranules when performing the average does not change this result. Separable models are not consistent with observations of an average supergranule.