Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Risk perception & strategic decision making :general insights, a framework, and specific application to electricity generation using nuclear energy.

The objective of this report is to promote increased understanding of decision making processes and hopefully to enable improved decision making regarding high-consequence, highly sophisticated technological systems. This report brings together insights regarding risk perception and decision making across domains ranging from nuclear power technology safety, cognitive psychology, economics, science education, public policy, and neural science (to name a few). It forms them into a unique, coherent, concise framework, and list of strategies to aid in decision making. It is suggested that all decision makers, whether ordinary citizens, academics, or political leaders, ought to cultivate their abilities to separate the wheat from the chaff in these types of decision making instances. The wheat includes proper data sources and helpful human decision making heuristics; these should be sought. The chaff includes ''unhelpful biases'' that hinder proper interpretation of available data and lead people unwittingly toward inappropriate decision making ''strategies''; obviously, these should be avoided. It is further proposed that successfully accomplishing the wheat vs. chaff separation is very difficult, yet tenable. This report hopes to expose and facilitate navigation away from decision-making traps which often ensnare the unwary. Furthermore, it is emphasized that one's personal decision making biases can be examined, and tools can be provided allowing better means to generate, evaluate, and select among decision options. Many examples in this report are tailored to the energy domain (esp. nuclear power for electricity generation). The decision making framework and approach presented here are applicable to any high-consequence, highly sophisticated technological system.
Mosasaur bite marks on a plesiosaur propodial from the Campanian (Late Cretaceous) of southern Sweden

Although plesiosaurs and mosasaurs co-existed for about 35 million years at the end of the Cretaceous, the fossil record documenting interactions between these two groups of marine reptiles is meagre. The discovery of deeply incised scars on a limb bone of an immature polycotylid plesiosaur from the latest early Campanian (in the European two-fold division of the Campanian Stage) of the Kristianstad Basin, southern Sweden, is thus significant because it represents a rare example of predation or scavenging on an immature polycotylid plesiosaur by a large mosasaur.
Symmetries in Jump-Diffusion Models with Applications in Option Pricing and Credit Risk

It is a well known fact that local scale invariance plays a fundamental role in the theory of derivative pricing. Specific applications of this principle have been used quite often under the name of 'change of numeraire', but in recent work it was shown that when invoked as a fundamental first principle, it provides a powerful alternative method for the derivation of prices and hedges of derivative securities, when prices of the underlying tradables are driven by Wiener processes. In this article we extend this work to the pricing problem in markets driven not only by Wiener processes but also by Poisson processes, i.e. jump-diffusion models. It is shown that in this case too, the focus on symmetry aspects of the problem leads to important simplifications of, and a deeper insight into the problem. Among the applications of the theory we consider the pricing of stock options in the presence of jumps, and Levy-processes. Next we show how the same theory, by restricting the number of jumps, can be used to model credit risk, leading to a 'market model' of credit risk. Both the traditional Duffie-Singleton and Jarrow-Turnbull models can be described within this framework, but also more general models, which incorporate default correlation in a consistent way. As an application of this theory we look at the pricing of a credit default swap (CDS) and a first-to-default basket option.
Alterações no padrão alimentar de adolescentes com adequação pôndero-estatural e elevado percentual de gordura corporal

OBJECTIVES: alterations in the feeding patterns of adolescents as related to weight-height adequacy and high body fat percentage (%BF). METHODS: a cross-sectional study was carried out with 99 adolescents, 70% females. The body mass index was applied to diagnose weight-height adequacy, according to the cut-off point established by the World Health Organization. %BF was obtained by the sum of skinfolds, according to Durnin and Rahaman, considering the values >25% (females) and >20% (males) high. A questionnaire was applied to investigate the feeding pattern. RESULTS: the median of daily meals was four. Dinner was the most skipped main meal, however, the majority replaced it by a snack. Skipping dinner and having a snack in the afternoon were more common among girls (p <0.01). About 11% skipped breakfast. In the last years, meal frequency and food intake, except for vegetables, were reduced by the majority. On weekends, about 81% and 31% of the adolescents, respectively, modified the fat and sugar class and the vegetable class intake, consuming more sweets, fat foods and less vegetables. The most rejected food class consisted of vegetable. About 40.5% used diet/light food. CONCLUSIONS: despite the weight-height adequacy and apparent concern related to weight control, these adolescents are under nutritional risk because of the high %BF and important feeding inadequacies.
Measurement of the Born Cross Sections for $e^+e^-\to D_s^+ D_{s1}(2460)^- +c.c.$ and $e^+e^-\to D_s^{\ast +} D_{s1}(2460)^- +c.c.$

The processes $e^+e^-\to D_s^+ D_{s1}(2460)^- +c.c. $ and $e^+e^-\to D_s^{\ast +} D_{s1}(2460)^- +c.c. $ are studied for the first time using data samples collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider. The Born cross sections of $e^+e^-\to D_s^+ D_{s1}(2460)^- +c.c. $ at nine center-of-mass energies between 4.467\,GeV and 4.600\,GeV and those of $e^+e^-\to D_s^{\ast +} D_{s1}(2460)^- +c.c. $ at ${\sqrt s}=$ 4.590\,GeV and 4.600\,GeV are measured. No obvious charmonium or charmonium-like structure is seen in the measured cross sections.
Seismic structure of Cocos and Malpelo Volcanic Ridges and implications for hot spot‐ridge interaction

[1] The Cocos and Malpelo Volcanic Ridges are blocks of thickened oceanic crust thought to be the result of the interaction between the Galapagos hot spot and the Cocos-Nazca Spreading Center during the last 20 m.y. In this work we investigate the seismic structure of these two aseismic ridges along three wide-angle transects acquired during the Panama basin and Galapagos plume—New Investigations of Intraplate magmatism (PAGANINI)-1999 experiment. A two-dimensional velocity field with the Moho geometry is obtained using joint refraction/reflection travel time tomography, and the uncertainty and robustness of the results are estimated by performing a Monte Carlo-type analysis. Our results show that the maximum crustal thickness along these profiles ranges from ∼16.5 km (southern Cocos) to ∼19 km (northern Cocos and Malpelo). Oceanic layer 2 thickness is quite uniform regardless of total crustal thickness variations; crustal thickening is mainly accommodated by layer 3. These observations are shown to be consistent with gravity data. The variation of layer 3 velocities is similar along all profiles, being lower where crust is thicker. This leads to an overall anticorrelation between crustal thickness and bulk lower crustal velocity. Since this anticorrelation is contrary to crustal thickening resulting from passive upwelling of abnormally hot mantle, it is necessary to consider active upwelling components and/or some compositional heterogeneities in the mantle source. The NW limit of the Malpelo Ridge shows a dramatic crustal thinning and displays high lower crustal velocities and a poorly defined crust-mantle boundary, suggesting that differential motion along the Coiba transform fault probably separated Regina and Malpelo Ridges.
Soil microbial activity in opencast coal mine restorations

A number of restored areas, a soil store and undisturbed areas on opencast coal mine sites, all of similar soil type, were sampled. The microbiological activity (dehydrogenase assay), nitrogen mineralization and nitrifying potentials and physico-chemical characteristics of the soils were determined. Dehydrogenase activities ranged from 140 to 580 μg TPF g-1 24 h-1 in undisturbed control soils, whereas the disturbed soils had activities of 10 to 220 μg g-1 24 h-1, with the smallest activities being recorded in the stored and most recently reinstated soil, indicating that disturbance has depressed microbial activity. Nitrogen mineralization potential was significantly affected by disturbance, with a value of 18 to 26 μg inorganic N g-1 21 d-1 in the soil store and 38 μg-1 21 d-1 in a soil reinstated for six months, although the values were less than this in soils reinstated for up to six years. Nitrifying potential was not significantly less in the stored soils, being within the range of 60 to 135 μg nitrate N formed g-1 soil 21 d-1, which was similar to that found in the undisturbed control soil. The water-holding capacity was less in the stored soil than the undisturbed controls, and was significantly less in soil reinstated for 1.5 to 2.5 years, being only 65% of the undisturbed value (0.66 g water g-1 soil). Ammonium content of the soil store was one hundred fold larger in the soil store than in the controls (0.6 to 1.7 μg ammonium N g-1). The carbon contents in the control soils ranged from 4.5 to 7.2%, whereas the stored and reinstated soils had generally less amounts ranging from 1.6 to 5.8%. There was a significant and positive correlation between water-holding capacity and nitrifying potential. The implications for long-term restoration are discussed.
Dense Baryonic Matter in Strong Coupling Lattice Gauge Theory

We investigate the strong coupling limit of lattice QCD in the Hamiltonian formulation for systems with non-zero baryon density. In leading order the Hamiltonian looks like an antiferromagnet that is invariant under global U(N_f)xU(N_f) and local SU(N_c). Physically it describes meson dynamics with a fixed background of baryon density. We study this Hamiltonian with several baryon number distributions, and concentrate on the global symmetries of the ground state and on the properties of low lying excitations. In particular, for uniform non-zero baryon density we write the partition function as a path integral that is tractable in the limit of large N_c. We find that the ground state spontaneously breaks chiral symmetry as well as discrete lattice rotations in a way that depends on N_f and the density. The low energy excitations include type I and type II Goldstone bosons. The energies of the latter are of order 1/N_c, and are quadratic in momentum. Bosons of either type can develop anisotropic dispersion relations.
Comparison of Stratospheric Zonal Winds and El Niño–Southern Oscillation in Recent Decades

A comparison of the plots of the monthly and yearly values indicates that stratospheric winds and El Niño–southern oscillation (ENSO) parameters evolve differently and probably have no relationship with each other. The sharp commencement of the 1997–98 El Niño in February–March 1997 was not accompanied by any particular deviation from the general trend of the wind variation in those months. Spectral analysis for 1979 up to the present indicates that winds have only a quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) near 2.40 years as a prominent variation, whereas ENSO has main periodicities near 3.7 and 5.0 years and a small QBO near 2.50 years, slightly but significantly different from the wind QBO. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Pyroxenes from the Dawros Peridotite and some comments on their nature

Abstract The paper contains eight analyses of primary and recrystallized pyroxenes from the layered ultramafic peridotite at Dawros. The assemblages in which these pyroxenes occur are compared to those from other peridotites and some comments are made on the pyroxene sequence. Consideration is also given to the problems arising as the result of the metamorphism of the primary igneous accumulate at Dawros.
Effects of gouge fragment shape on fault friction: New 3D modelling results

The friction of granular fault gouge plays an important role in governing the mechanical behavior and hence earthquake potential of faults. Using numerical modelling, significant progress has recently been made towards understanding the micro‐mechanics that drive fault gouge evolution. Despite these insights, many previous numerical models have predicted unrealistically low macroscopic frictional strength. Here we describe modified 3D discrete element simulations of fault gouge evolution. Our particle‐based simulations, modelled on laboratory experiments, include breakable bonds between individual particles (or particle clusters) allowing fracture of aggregate grains. With accumulated strain, grains break up, evolving in size and shape to produce a textural signature reminiscent of natural faults. Cluster‐simulations, producing pseudo‐angular daughter fragments yield realistic frictional strength (0.6). Non‐cluster simulations, producing angular and spherical daughter fragments, have much lower friction levels. We therefore demonstrate that gouge fragment shape and resulting interactions dominate the frictional strength of faults.
On the penetration of anthropogenic CO2 into the North Atlantic Ocean

The penetration of anthropogenic or “excess” CO2 into the North Atlantic Ocean was studied along WOCE-WHP section A2 from 49°N/11°W to 43°N/49°W using hydrographic data obtained during the METEOR cruise 30–2 in October/November 1994. A backcalculation technique based on measurements of temperature, salinity, oxygen, alkalinity, and total dissolved inorganic carbon was applied to identify the excess CO2. Everywhere along the transect surface water contained almost its full component of anthropogenic CO2 ( ∼62 μmol kg−1). Furthermore, anthropogenic CO2 has penetrated through the entire water column in the western basin of the North Atlantic Ocean. Even in the deepest waters (5000 m) of the western basin a mean value of 10.4 μmol kg−1 excess CO2 was calculated. The maximum penetration depth of excess CO2 in the eastern basin of the North Atlantic Ocean was ∼3500 m with values falling below 5 μmol kg−1 in greater depths. These results compare well with distributions of carbontetrachloride. They are also in agreement with the current understanding of the role of the “global ocean conveyor belt” for the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 into the deep ocean.
Temperature variability over Africa during the last 2000 years

A growing number of proxy, historical and instrumental data sets are now available from continental Africa through which past variations in temperature can be assessed. This paper, co-authored by members of the PAGES Africa2k Working Group, synthesises published material to produce a record of temperature variability for Africa as a whole spanning the last 2000 years. The paper focuses on temperature variability during the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’ (MCA), ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA) and late 19th–early 21st centuries. Warmer conditions during the MCA are evident in records from Lake Tanganyika in central Africa, the Ethiopian Highlands in northeastern Africa, and Cango Cave, the Kuiseb River and Wonderkrater in southern Africa. Other records covering the MCA give ambiguous signals. Warming appears to have been greater during the early MCA (c. ad 1000) in parts of southern Africa and during the later MCA (from ad 1100) in Namibia, Ethiopia and at Lake Tanganyika. LIA cooling is evident in Ethiopian and southern African pollen records and in organic biomarker data from Lake Malawi in southeastern tropical Africa, while at Lake Tanganyika the temperature depression appears to have been less consistent. A warming trend in mean annual temperatures is clearly evident from historical and instrumental data covering the late 19th to early 21st centuries. General warming has occurred over Africa since the 1880s punctuated only by a period of cooling in the mid 20th century. The rate of temperature increase appears to have accelerated towards the end of the 20th century. The few long high-resolution proxy records that extend into the late 20th century indicate that average annual temperatures were 1–2°C higher in the last few decades than during the MCA.
ISAR imaging using coherent random noise radar techniques

The University of Nebraska has developed an ultra-wideband (UWB) coherent random noise radar that accomplishes phase- coherent processing of the received data. The system operates over the 1 - 2 GHz frequency range and achieves phase coherence using heterodyne correlation of the received signal with the time delayed replica of the transmitted signal. The system coherence allows for extraction of a targets polarimetric amplitude and phase characteristics. Collecting data from a rotating target over a series of range bins may be interpreted as construction of projections of a targets reflectivity function. This paper describes ISAR imaging with this system using tomographic methods. This paper gives a brief overview of the theory of image reconstruction from projections, the theory of random noise radar polarimetry, and presents simulations and initial experimental results.
Bed forms created by simulated waves and currents in a large flume

[1] The morphology and evolution of bed forms created by combinations of waves and currents were investigated using an oscillating plate in a 4-m-wide flume. Current speed ranged from 0 to 30 cm/s, maximum oscillatory velocity ranged from 20 to 48 cm/s, oscillation period was 8 s (except for one run with 12 s period), and the median grain size was 0.27 mm. The angle between oscillations and current was 90°, 60°, or 45°. At the end of each run the sand bed was photographed and ripple dimensions were measured. Ripple wavelength was also determined from sonar images collected throughout the runs. Increasing the ratio of current to wave (i.e., oscillatory) velocity decreased ripple height and wavelength, in part because of the increased fluid excursion during the wave period. Increasing the ratio of current to waves, or decreasing the angle between current and waves, increased the three-dimensionality of bed forms. During the runs, ripple wavelength increased by a factor of about 2. The average number of wave periods for evolution of ripple wavelength to 90% of its final value was 184 for two-dimensional ripples starting from a flat bed. Bed form orientations at the end of each run were compared to four potential controlling factors: the directions of waves, current, maximum instantaneous bed shear stress, and maximum gross bed form normal transport (MGBNT). The directions of waves and of MGBNT were equally good predictors of bed form orientations, and were significantly better than the other two factors.
Seasonality in precipitation variability over Europe

[1] A gridded monthly and pentad precipitation for 1979–2001 from the Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) data set and terrestrial monthly gauge-based precipitation for 1958–1998 from the Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia (CRU), data set are used to investigate seasonality in the long- and short-term precipitation variability over Europe. Prominent seasonal differences are detected both in precipitation climatologies and in characteristics of precipitation variability. It is shown that over western Europe the summer precipitation climatology and its year-to-year variability (expressed by standard deviations) are lower than those of the winter precipitation. Major seasonal differences are found over central eastern Europe. In this region the summer precipitation climatology and magnitudes of its interannual variability exceed respective winter characteristics by a factor of 2–3.5. Similar relationships are found for the summer and winter magnitudes of intraseasonal fluctuations of precipitation. The first empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes of both summer and winter seasonal mean precipitation over Europe are associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). However, they explain very different (42% for winter and 25% for summer) fractions of total precipitation variability and form principally different spatial patterns. Temporal behavior of the respective principal components is also essentially different. The first EOF mode of the winter magnitudes of intraseasonal precipitation fluctuations is also associated with the NAO. The second EOF mode of the winter precipitation is linked to the East Atlantic teleconnection pattern. However, the respective mode in the magnitudes of intraseasonal fluctuations was not detected. The second EOF mode of the summer precipitation is associated with the 500 hPa heights pattern, which is characterized by four anomaly centers. Two major centers of opposite polarity are located over western Europe and Scandinavia-northeastern European Russia.
Kinematics and morphology of the Narrow-Line Region in the Seyfert galaxy NGC1386

We present a high spatial and spectral resolution 2-D echelle spectrogram of the Narrow-Line Region in the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC1386. This Seyfert galaxy was observed with CASPEC in the wavelength range 5270-7725 Angstrom which covers the H-alpha and the [N II] lines. With the use of spatially high resolved images taken with the WFPC2 aboard the Hubble Space Telescope we could identify individual components of the Narrow-Line Region in our spectra. A Gaussian decomposition of the spectra revealed 9 distinct emission-line complexes. The brightest component is blue-shifted by -120+-10 km/s with respect to the systemic velocity and shows an offset of -1.6" relative to the nucleus of the galaxy. The true nucleus of NGC1386 has a much lower apparent H-alpha luminosity than this component. The nucleus is probably highly absorbed. Although the majority of the Narrow-Line Region components follows a regular velocity field, we find evidence for a separate kinematic component. The Narrow-Line Region is aligned anti-parallel to the radio-jet which propagates from the center of NGC1386 to the south.
Trends in United States Tidal Datum Statistics and Tide Range

Yearly tidal datum statistics and tide ranges for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service long-term stations in the United States tide gauge network were compiled and used to calculate their trends and statistical significance. At many stations, significant changes in the tide range were found, either in the diurnal tide range @mean higher high water ~MHHW! 2mean lower low water ~MLLW! #, or mean tide range @mean high water ~MHW! 2mean low water ~MLW! #. For example, at San Francisco, the diurnal tide range increased by 64 mm from 1900 to 1998, while at Wilmington, N.C. , the mean tide range increased at a rate of 542 mm per century from 1935 to 1999. This analysis suggests that any studies concerned with present or future water levels should take into account more tidal datum statistics than just mean sea level ~MSL! For example, coastal flooding and storm damage studies should consider trends in high water levels, since it is the peak values that cause flooding and determine the design of coastal structures. For habitat restoration planning, mean low water and tide range changes should be considered.