Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spanwise localized control for drag reduction in flow passing a cylinder

Abstract Active and passive controls for drag reduction in flow around a cylinder are obtained by computing the sensitivity of drag with respect to surface velocity perturbations and roughness, respectively. Both controls are concentrated around the separation line and localized in the spanwise direction, producing suction effects to the separating boundary layers. In the wake, the control induces localized vertical displacements and streamwise stretches of the upper and lower vorticity sheets, and subsequently delay the vortex shedding and push the local pressure minimum away from the cylinder. Instead of suppressing separation and recirculation as commonly observed in two-dimensional controls, the present three-dimensional control extends the recirculation zone to produce a virtual surface converting the bluff body flow to a streamlined body flow. Through this mechanism, the control reduces drag by 20 % at maximum control velocity 2 % of the free-stream velocity (or momentum coefficient $10^{-4}$) at Reynolds number $Re=190$. The control is much more efficient than the previously tested spanwise uniform suction or periodic suction/blowing, both requiring maximum control velocity above 8 % (or momentum coefficient above $10^{-3}$) to achieve similar drag reduction effects. The power savings ratio, defined as the ratio of the control-reduced drag power and the maximum input power, is above 20, up to $Re=1000$, the highest Reynolds number considered in this work. This ratio reduces slightly to 17.8 when the control is simplified to spanwise localized suction around the separation lines in order to facilitate practical implementations.
The hidden side of the work: Teacher knowledge and learning to teach. A perspective from north American educational research on teacher education in English language teaching

This paper argues that teachers' mental lives represent the ‘hidden side’ of teaching. It examines how teacher learning and teacher knowledge, as central attributes of those mental lives, have been conceptualized and studied since 1975 and traces connections to similar work in English language teaching (ELT) In this paper, I use the phrase ‘English language teaching,’ or (ELT), to refer to the teaching of English as a second, additional, or foreign language, known in the US as TESOL. I recognize that the phrase ELT is a bit problematic in that in the United States it can be taken to refer to English as mother tongue or first language instruction (language arts), while in Europe it would seem to be more accurately applied in this case. While the majority of literature reviewed is drawn from the north American perspective, parallels are sketched in some of the emerging research in ELT teacher education. The analysis examines four broad families of issues: how teachers learn content and teaching practices, how teachers' mental processes are conceived, the role of prior knowledge in learning to teach, and the role of social and institutional context. Taken together, research in these areas suggests implications for the design and practice of teacher training and professional development in Second language teacher education.
LC–ESI‐MS/MS analysis for the quantification of morphine, codeine, morphine‐3‐β‐D‐glucuronide, morphine‐6‐β‐D‐glucuronide, and codeine‐6‐β‐D‐glucuronide in human urine

A liquid chromatographic-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric method for the quantification of the opiates morphine, codeine, and their metabolites morphine-3-b-D-glucuronide (M-3-G), morphine-6-b-D-glucuronide (M-6-G) and codeine-6-b-D-glucuronide (C-6-G) in human urine has been developed and validated. Identification and quantification were based on the following transitions: 286 to 201 and 229 for morphine, 300 to 215 and 243 for codeine, 644 to 468 for M-3-G, 462 to 286 for M-6-G, and 476 to 300 for C-6-G. Calibration by linear regression analysis utilized deuterated internal standards and a weighting factor of 1/X. The method was accurate and precise across a linear dynamic range of 25.0 to 4000.0 ng/ml. Pretreatment of urine specimens using solid phase extraction was sufficient to limit matrix suppression toless than40% for allfive analytes. Themethod proved to be suitable for thequantification of morphine, codeine, and their metabolitesin urine specimens collected from opioid-dependent participants enrolled in a methadone maintenance program. Copyright  2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential Oils of Mint between Benefits and Hazards

Abstract The history of local Egyptian mint dates back to at least 1,000 BC, when the ancient Egyptians used it as part of their herbal medicine as found in Ebers papyrus. Our study focused on essential oil composition of local and recently introduced Mentha sp. and either suitability or toxicity for humans as traditional medicines. Leaf oils composition of four different Mentha sp. ; spicata L. “mint”, longifolia L. “wild mint”, suaveolens “apple mint” and piperita “chocolate” of Egypt were analyzed using GC and GC-MS. The antibacterial (agar disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentrations methods) and antioxidant activities (2,2- diphenypicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays) were examined. Main oils constituent were 1-carvone (53.90 %), pulegone (56.43 %), piperitenone oxide (35.14 %) and L-menthol (30.84 %) in Mentha sp. ; spicata L. , longifolia L. , suaveolens “Apple Mint” and piperita “Chocolate”; respectively. The essential oil from M. longifolia demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against all tested plant and human bacterial pathogens, followed by apple mint. The highest total antioxidant activity was found in M. Spicata (79-85 %); supporting ancient Egyptians believes and traditional folk. M. longifolia and M. piperita leaves essential oils enclosed toxic compounds and possible to use of Mentha oils as alternative of antibiotics.
Kinetics of Adsorption of β-Carotene from Soy Oil with Activated Rice Hull Ash

In the present study, adsorption of β-carotene from soy oil with acid-activated rice hull ashes was conducted under vacuum. Concentrations of β-carotene in the oils before and after adsorption were measured by a UV-vis spectrophotometer. The adsorption rate was found to be increased by increasing the ratio of activated rice hull ash/soy oil or bleaching temperature and by decreasing the particle size of activated rice hull ash. Furthermore, an adsorption rate expression has been determined.
Calorimetric investigations of the two ternary systems Al–Sn–Zn and Ag–Sn–Zn

Abstract Using a Calvet type calorimeter, the enthalpy of mixing in the two ternary systems, Al –Sn–Zn and Ag–Sn–Zn was determined at 973 K. In the Al –Sn –Zn system, the investigations were carried out along three cross-sections with constant molar ratios of Sn : Zn = 1 : 2, 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 and an aluminium content between 0 and 100 at. %. For the Ag–Sn –Zn system, the measurements have been done at constant molar ratios of Ag : Sn = 1 : 3, 1 : 1 and 3 : 1 with zinc contents between 0 and 50 at. %. The substitutional solution model of Redlich – Kister according to the CALPHAD method was used for a least-square fit of the experimental data in order to get an analytical expression for the integral enthalpy of mixing. The ternary extrapolation models of Kohler, Muggianu, and Toop were applied on the binary data to compare measured, fitted, and extrapolated values.
How should you measure your excitonic solar cells

The research field of photovoltaics is booming due to the recognised imperative to realise a long term solutions to clean and inexpensive power generation. With this rapid growth in activity, new concepts and new directions, it is becoming more and more important to be able to effectively compare technological advances made in different research groups, and between the different competing technologies. In this article it is illustrated how challenging it can be to fairly asses the efficiency of a solar cell. Specific examples of how much of an influence a range of measurement practices can have on the estimated short-circuit photocurrents and efficiencies are shown for a number of the most commonly researched excitonic solar cell concepts. In the worst case scenario, systematic overestimations by a factor of 5 can be made. For completeness, the influence of the light source, and the correct method to properly calibrate a solar simulator and estimate the spectral mismatch factor is also described. The error in calibrating the light source is actually likely to lead to a much smaller variance than the definition of the active area of the solar cell. The undeniable implication is that it is essential for excitonic solar cells to be correctly masked to define the active area, if the measured efficiency is to bear a true resemblance of the device performance. Adoption of standard protocols across the field will enable a much better comparison between literature values of efficiency and more rapid and well directed technological advancement will occur.
Influence of autogenous seeding on densification and microstructure in processing of γ-alumina nanopowders

The effect of α-Al2O3 seeds and MgO on the densification behavior and microstructure of the nanocrystalline γ-Al2O3 powder was investigated. The required α-Al2O3 seeds were produced by ‘autogenous seeding’ where the seeds were obtained by calcination of the initial nanosized γ-Al2O3 powders above its transformation temperature and incorporated into γ-Al2O3 matrix. The seeds were characterized by means of laser particle size analyzer, X-ray diffraction, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface analyzer. The simultaneous influence of α-Al2O3 seeds and MgO on γ-Al2O3 behavior was evaluated by differential thermal analysis, densitometry, and electron microscopy. The results showed that simultaneous presence of MgO and seeds in γ-Al2O3 matrix has a great impact on densification and microstructural evolution. The main role of MgO and the seeds are densification enhancement and grain refinement, respectively. The grain morphology is more equiaxed and desirably finer by using smaller seeds prepared using shorter calcination times.
Singularity of the water strider propulsion mechanisms

Abstract Our understanding of animal locomotion in air and water has progressed considerably, based on studies of their wakes. Wake vortices are the hallmarks of momentum transfer and enable an inverse inference of the forces applied by animals. Such approach has recently been extended to locomotion at the air–water interface, focusing on the familiar water striders and their dual hallmarks, surface capillary waves and bulk water vortices, produced by their paddling legs. However, the principal mechanisms of propulsion used in this type of locomotion remain a matter of debate. We confirm that the main force driving propulsion is the capillary force resulting from surface tension, and that interface relaxation makes a major contribution to the increase in vorticity of the water bulk. There is therefore no one-to-one mapping between forces and hallmarks in the fluid. Locomotion at the air–water interface for animals with virtual oars much larger than the size of their legs thus requires specific treatment outside the existing framework based on immersed propulsive appendices.
A Reduced Order Approach for Probabilistic Inversions of 3D Magnetotelluric Data II: Joint Inversion of MT and Surface‐Wave Data

Joint probabilistic inversions of magnetotelluric (MT) and seismic data have great potential for imaging the thermochemical structure of the lithosphere as well as mapping fluid/melt pathways and regions of mantle metasomatism. In this contribution, we present a novel probabilistic (Bayesian) joint inversion scheme for 3D MT and surface‐wave dispersion data particularly designed for large‐scale lithospheric studies. The approach makes use of a recently developed strategy for fast solutions of the 3D MT forward problem (Manassero et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa415) and combines it with adaptive Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms and parallel‐in‐parallel strategies to achieve extremely efficient simulations. To demonstrate the feasibility, benefits and performance of our joint inversion method for imaging the temperature and conductivity structures of the lithosphere, we apply it to two numerical examples of increasing complexity. The inversion approach presented here is timely and will be useful in the joint analysis of MT and surface wave data that are being collected in many parts of the world. This approach also opens up new avenues for the study of trans‐lithospheric and trans‐crustal magmatic systems, the detection of metasomatized mantle, and the incorporation of MT into multi‐observable inversions for the physical state of the Earth's interior.
Zinc Aluminate (ZnAl2O4) by XPS

Zinc aluminate (ZnAl4O4, also known as zinc aluminum oxide) is a material that has applications as a catalyst and catalyst support. This paper presents the XPS spectra of the major Zn, Al, and O photoelectron lines, and the major x‐ray induced Zn LMM Auger lines for ZnAl2O4.
Quantitative Description of the Facial Discrimination of Molecules Containing a Prochiral Group by NMR in a Chiral Liquid Crystal

The quantitative description of the facial discrimination in molecules containing a prochiral group oriented in a polypeptide liquid crystalline system is reported. From the analysis of proton, carbon-13, and deuterium NMR spectra of ethanol dissolved in an organic solution of poly-γ-(benzyl-l-glutamate) (PBLG), the full molecular order matrix and the principal axis system were determined. It is shown that five nonzero independent order parameters are necessary to describe correctly the molecular ordering of ethanol in this medium, which clearly demonstrates that in this chiral liquid crystal, the symmetry of the ordering in a prochiral molecule is broken. Due to the nonequivalence in terms of the dipolar couplings of the two enantiotopic protons of ethanol, it is possible to determine the sign and the magnitude of geminal scalar couplings between them. This new approach to obtain the geminal 2JHH constants is tested on a series of linear alcohols and compared to values derived from 2JHD of the same molec.
The World Economy

• Euroland will start in 1999 with interest rates around 3.75 per cent, growth of 2.6 per cent and subdued inflation. • Economies on the periphery of the Euro-zone are diverging sharply from those in the core. • Japan's Y16 trillion fiscal package will lift output by under 1 per cent in 1998 and 0.5 per cent in 1999. • A clean-up of the Japanese financial sector is needed to restore consumer confidence and allow a sustained recovery. • Asian export recovery has been delayed because of the Japanese downturn and difficulties in restoring trade finance. • US interest rates will remain on hold as buoyant domestic demand is offset by the disinflationary impact of the Asian crisis.
Quality response of twelve hard red winter wheat cultivars to foliar disease across four locations in central Kansas

ABSTRACT Twelve hard red winter wheat cultivars were grown at four locations in central Kansas to evaluate the role of foliar fungal diseases on wheat end-use quality in 1995. Disease was allowed to develop naturally on control plots and was controlled partially on plots treated with a systemic fungicide. After harvest, wheat samples were evaluated for the impact of the disease complex (leaf rust, tan spot, speckled leaf blotch) on physical grain quality, grain protein, milling properties, flour absorption, and peak mixing time. Data were analyzed using a mixed model to account for random (location and block) and fixed (cultivar and fungicide) effects. Location significantly influenced quality characteristics except kernel size and peak mixing time. The magnitudes of variation among random effects on all quality characteristics were larger for location than for the interactions between location × cultivar and location × fungicide. The fixed effects portion of the analysis revealed that the cultivar × fung.
Fractionation of stable calcium isotopes in tissues of date palm trees

Calcium is an important element in animal and plant tissues, but nothing is known with regard to the fractionation of its stable isotopes in biological systems. In this work the results of calcium isotope fractionation in date palms are reported. The palm is a dioecious tree, and thus its pollen is easily collected. A comparison was made between leaves and pollen from two trees that are approximately 70 km apart, growing in different geographical locations. Fruit pulp and seeds from the same fruit were also compared. The results of this work imply preferential depletion of the heavy calcium isotopes in tissues associated with reproduction.
Lawyers as Trusted Agents in Nineteenth-Century American Commerce: The Influence of Fiduciary Law and Norms on Economic Development

The role of fiduciary law in the development of North American capitalism has been overlooked by institutional economists, who interpret fiduciary law as a form of contract and make the judicial enforcement of contract central to the transaction-cost theory of economic development. This article argues that the emergence of distinctive, equity-based fiduciary laws and norms significantly influenced the development and growth of early-nineteenth-century American markets. Our historical research identifies lawyers as important economic actors, who served as catalysts for the emergence of this governance culture. Lawyers adopted fiduciary principles that allowed them to become trusted intermediaries, thereby addressing the agency-cost problems inherent in complex economic exchange that vex the institutionalists’ contractual account of economic development.
Fluorochrome in Monitoring Indoor Bioaerosols

In this study total concentration, viability, culturability of indoor and outdoor bioaerosols in ten residential environments were studied by using a cultivating method and an epifluorescence microscopy method with fluorochrome (EFM/FL) using four different dyes (AO, DAPI, PI, and YOPRO-1). Results from the EFM/FL were then compared with those from the traditional cultivating method. The total indoor microbial cell concentrations measured by EFM/FL was 630 to 5200 times higher than that measured by the cultivating method; ranging from 1.38 × 106 to 4.48 × 106cells/m3 (microbial cells per cubic meter) with AO staining, and from 7.84 × 105 to 2.75 × 106 cells/m3 with DAPI staining, compared with the average concentration of 721 CFU/m3 for bacteria and 587 CFU/m3 for fungi by the cultivating methods. The viability of bioaerosols ranged from 0.63 to 0.92 by EFM/FL with PI staining, from 0.19 to 0.72 by EFM/FL with YOPRO-1 staining, and from 0.0002 to 0.0015 by the cultivating method. The viability determined by EFM/FL was much higher than the culturability. In summary, the total microbial cell concentration and viability were highly underestimated by the cultivating method. In conclusion, EFM/FL method can effectively assess the total concentration and viability of bioaerosols in indoor samples.
Investigations on the Effect of Ozone as a Disinfectant of Egg Surfaces

The feasibility of gaseous ozone to reduce the number of microorganisms on the shell surface, of Salmonella Enteritidis (S.E.) in particular, of avian hatching eggs was investigated. Shell eggs were externally contaminated with S.E. to contain either 102–104 or 105–106 cfu/shell. Subsequently, the eggs were exposed to several ozone concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 5% wt/wt in combination with two relative humidities (< 30, > 70%) at room temperature. Exposure times varied between 20 minutes and 24 hours. A complete inactivation of 102–104cfu S.E. /egg shell was reached by using an ozone concentration of 1% (wt/wt) for 120 min. Considering higher concentrations of S.E. on the shell ozone treatment caused approximately a 6 log10 reduction. This demonstrates that gaseous ozonation is suitable for applications in hatcheries provided that high-power ozone generators are available. The parameters should be verified in large ozone cabinets.
Experimental Study of the Effect of Catalyst Properties on Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer in a Slurry

This work was devoted to study the influence of wellknown catalyst carriers (activated utilized in catalytic reactions carbon and silica) on the hydrodynamic parameters and mass transfer rate in a slurry reactor. The influence of silica and activated carbon particles concentration up to 20% v/v on regime transition, average gas holdup, mass transfer coefficient, and CO2 removal was studied in a semibatch slurry bubble column reactor (SBC) with a porous gas sparger. The effects of hydrophobicity and surfactant were also investigated. It was concluded the gas holdup is reduced and the point of transition from laminar to turbulent regime is shifted to less gas velocity when the hydrophobic and hydrophilic particles concentration was larger than 3% (v/v). The Particle hydrophobicity, gas velocity, and electrolyte concentration have positive impacts on gas holdup while slurry concentration gave a different trend. Experimental results show that the optical fiber probe is valid to use in a slurry bubble column and can also generate useful data such as bubble rise velocity and bubble distribution. The optical fiber probe was proved to be good technique for estimation of volumetric mass transfer coefficient within an error of ±18%. Mass transfer experiments with gaseous CO2 showed a behavior of removal in the same trend of increasing gas holdup with gas velocity. A noticeable removal of gaseous pollutants was observed for non-wettable particles at solid loading of 3%v/v. Mathematical correlations were formulated for CO2 removal as function of studied operating variables with correlation factors of 0.95-0.98. The present study depicts the effect of catalyst carrier on the hydrodynamic characteristics and mass transfer in a slurry reactor.
Mechanisms of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Can Be Predicted by the Magnetic Isotope Effect

Magnetic isotope effect can cause mass-independent isotope fractionation, which can be used to predict the mechanisms of chemical reactions. In this critical paper, the isotope fractionation caused by magnetic isotope effect is used to understand detailed mechanisms of oxidation-reduction reactions for some previously published experimental data. Due to the rule that reactions are allowed for certain electron spin state, and forbidden for others, magnetic isotopes show chemical anomalies during these reactions due to the hyperfine interaction of the nuclear spin with the electron spin. It is demonstrated that compound or complex in paramagnetic (triplet) state accepts electrons during the reactions of electron transfer. Also, ligand field strength is responsible for the magnitude and the sign of the mass-independent fractionation. From another side, magnetic isotope effect can be used to predict the ligand strength. According to the proposed mechanism, the following parameters are important for the sign and magnitude of mass-independent isotope fractionation caused by magnetic isotope effect (due to predominant either singlet-triplet or triplet-singlet evolution): (i) the arrangement of the ligands around the metal ion; (ii) the nature (strength) of the ligands surrounding the metal ion; (iii) presence/absence of light. The suggested approach is applied to understand Hg reduction by dissolved organic carbon or by Sn(II).