Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Testing novel cytokinins for improved in vitro adventitious shoots formation and subsequent ex vitro performance in Pinus radiata

Summary The world-renowned Białowiez·a National Park (BNP) in Poland has long been the object of research that provides information on the status and development of the entire, relatively large area of well-preserved lowland forest. For that reason, the aim of the work presented here was to characterize the current structure and dynamics of natural forests in Strict Reserve of BNP (SR-BNP), which covers 4584 ha. The research material encompassed the results of measurements on 460 temporary and 160 permanent sample plots. Results revealed an increase in the level of regeneration, whereas the standing volume is seen to have decreased slightly. Changes occurred in volume of certain tree species, as well as in proportions in given size classes they accounted for. The most marked increase was noted for Carpinus betulus , followed by Alnus glutinosa , Tilia cordata , Betula spp. , Acer platanoides and Pinus sylvestris . Only in the case of Picea abies was a significant decrease noted. A decline of P. abies , mainly due to Ips typographus infestation, was revealed. Currently, only 6 of the 17 species of trees growing in the SR-BNP included specimens that were growing from the regeneration layer into the overstorey in more significant numbers. Due to a reduction of species diversity in ingrowth, a gradual depletion of species richness in the SR-BNP stands should be anticipated. was to assess the effect of cytokinins not commonly used for shoot induction from zygotic embryos of Pinus radiata D. Don. The influence of in vitro shoot and root induction treatments on the subsequent ex vitro development of the regenerated plants was also tested. Embryos were cultured with benzyladenine (BA), thidiazuron (T) and two cytokinins not previously assayed in radiata pine organogenesis ( meta -topolin (m-T) and zeatin (Z)) in a range of concentrations and induction periods. Shoot induction treatments were assayed in seeds from different geographical origins to obtain wider conclusions. We analysed the effect of these cytokinin treatments on in vitro rooting with different auxins ((indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1-naphtalene acetic acid (NAA)) and the traditionally used mixture. After in vitro rooting, the plantlets were acclimatized and their ex vitro behaviour was evaluated. Shoot induction treatments with 1 μ M BA for 2 weeks, 4.4 μ M BA for 3 weeks or 1 μ M Z for 3 weeks were more effective than the other treatments. An interaction between in vitro shoot and root induction treatments was observed. IBA was more efficient for plant production because the explants rooted in this auxin had better survival rates in the greenhouse.
First Report of Idiopterus nephrelepidis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Central America

Ferns are the second largest group of vascular plants in Costa Rica composing of approximately 12% of the flora (Moran 2003). Fern cultivation and exportation is one of the most important eco nomic activities in Central America, and especially in Costa Rica (Ocampo S? nchez 2007). Costa Rica has 31 companies dedicated to fern cultivation; they export 1,800 containers of ferns per year to 20 destinations, accounting for approximately 25.3 million dollars (El Financiero 2008). Blackman & Eastop (2006) document 62 spe cies of aphids that potentially can feed on ferns, although none of them have been reported as pests of ferns in Central America. However, they have the potential to become future pests consid ering their capacity to directly damage foliage or to transmit virus. A fern aphid, Idiopterus nephrelepidis Davis, 1909 (Aphidinae: Macrosiphini), was collected in Cariblanco (10? 16.192,N, 84o10.922W) on 27 Mar 2009 from Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presi. (Ole andraceae), and again in Coronado (10? 00.784'N 83? 57.10rW) on 12 Jul 2009 from Blechnum schiedeanum (Schltd. ex C. Presi) Hieron (Blech naceae). In both samples, wingless and winged indi viduals were abundant in the colonies located on
Circannual Gonad Activity in Two Species of the Genus Vestia P. Hesse (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Clausiliidae)

Abstract. Vestia gulo and V. turgida are iteroparous simultaneous hermaphrodites. In the wild they are active from April till October; they reproduce in the spring and summer (egg retention from May to August), and hibernate from November till March. Their gonads show the greatest activity in the spring and summer (maturation of oocytes, intensive vitellogenesis: March–May, numerous mature oocytes: May–July; production and maturation of spermatozoa: March–May; numerous packets of mature spermatozoa: May–October), which coincides with the reproductive season. The onset of reproduction is determined by the size of the pool of vitellogenic and mature oocytes; oocyte production starts in the summer of the previous vegetation season and lasts till next spring. Mature spermatozoa are present in the gonad from spring till autumn which indicates an ability to mate during the whole active period. During hibernation the gonads contain no spermatids, mature spermatozoa or advanced vitellogenic oocytes.
A Direct Test of Potential Roles for β3 and β5 Integrins in Growth and Metastasis of Murine Mammary Carcinomas

AvB 3o rAvB5 integrins are widely expressed on blood and endothelial cells. Inhibition of the functions of these integrins has been reported to suppress neovascularization and tumor growth, suggesting that they may be critical modulators of angiogenesis. However, mice lacking these integrins exhibit extensive angiogenesis. Tumors arising from s.c. injections of tumor cells into mice lacking one or both integrins show enhanced tumor growth compared with growth in control mice due to both increased angiogenesis and to altered innate immune response. Other data suggest additional roles for these integrins, on either platelets or the tumor cells themselves, in enhancing tumor progression and metastasis. Here, we investigate the involvement of B3 and B5 integrins in the development and progression of mammary carcinomas. We intercrossed mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-c-neu transgenic mice with B 3o rB 5o rB3B5 integrin-deficient mice and observed that multiple, large mammary tumors developed in 100% of mice on all genetic backgrounds. A statistically significant earlier onset of tumor growth was observed in the MMTV-c-neu/B3B5 integrin-null females compared with control mice. No major differences were observed in tumor size or number, vessel number or vessel structure and lung metastases were observed with similar frequency and size in all strains. MMTV-c-neu/B3B5 integrinnull mice had higher numbers of mammary acini, which may account for the earlier onset of tumors in this strain. These data indicate that AvB 3o rAvB5 integrins are not essential for tumor growth and progression, although they might play some role in mammary gland development. (Cancer Res 2005; 65(22): 10324-9)
How much sampling does it take to detect trends in coral‐reef habitat using photoquadrat surveys?

Coral-reef managers must detect and reverse collapses in habitat and evaluate the success of such interventions. Since these responsibilities must be met with limited time and resources, methods used should balance statistical power with practical and logistical constraints. Photoquadrat analysis is a commonly used method to survey coral habitats. This method, which involves photographing substratum along transects and digitally analysing habitat at points on the ‘photoquadrats’, affords efficiency in the field but is costly and requires extensive desk-based analysis. It remains unclear what is the optimal combination of sampling units (points, photoquadrats and transects) needed to detect important trends in coral habitat. Here, a dataset on Philippine coral-reef habitats, collected using intensive photoquadrat surveys, was used to explore the reliability of using different numbers of points per photoquadrat, photoquadrats per transect and transects per site to detect spatial differences in habitat. Results of leave-some-out analyses were compared with analysis of the complete dataset. Using fewer points per photoquadrat and fewer photoquadrats per transect caused little decline in ability to detect key trends, and lessened desk-based time; reducing the number of photoquadrats also lessened field time. Using fewer transects reduced time requirements but at the expense of statistical reliability. Prospective power analyses revealed that common rates of coral recovery could not be detected using even the most intensive photoquadrat protocols. This result implies that coral recoveries within protected areas might go undetected using standard surveying techniques. Using fixed rather than randomly placed photoquadrats, or more sensitive indicators of habitat recovery than coral cover (e.g. coral surface area) may improve power to detect coral recoveries. Finally, protocols that minimize desk time rarely also minimize field time and vice versa, which highlights the need to prioritize different logistical constraints when designing methods. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of the effects of autumn and spring sowing date on growth and yield of combining peas (Pisum sativutn L.)

Summary Experiments were conducted between 1978 and 1981 to investigate the effect of autumn and spring sowing on emergence, winter survival, growth and yield of combining peas (varieties ‘Frimas’, ‘Filby’ and ‘Vedette’). Effects of growth regulator PP 333 (Paclobutrazol, ICI pic) application and defoliation on winter survival of Filby were also investigated. Field emergence of autumn-sown Frimas (winter hardy) was less than Vedette or Filby but percentage winter survival was greater. PP 333 application, but not defoliation, increased percentage winter survival of Filby sown in September. Total dry-matter production and photosynthetic area of autumn- compared with spring-sown crops varied considerably between seasons. Yield data indicated that autumn-sown crops produce similar seed yields to spring sowings when winter survival is adequate. November sowings matured 2–4 weeks before March-sown crops, depending on variety and season. Optimum sowing dates were mid-November and early March. Large seed-yield reductions occurred when sowing was delayed until mid-April.
Effect of non-ionophore feed antibiotics on in vitro fermentation in the ovine rumen and rabbit caecum

Experiments were carried out at Uhříněves (Czech Republic) in 1996 and 1997 to evaluate the effects of avoparcin, bacitracin, flavomycin, tylosin and virginiamycin on in vitro fermentation of ovine ruminal contents and rabbit caecal contents. In incubations of the rumen contents supplied with starch, hemicellulose and pectin, all antibiotics at 20 μg/ml decreased production of fermentation gas and changed molar composition of fermentation products in favour of propionate. Flavomycin, tylosin and virginiamycin significantly decreased total production of volatile fatty acids (VFA). In incubations of the rabbit caecal contents, attempts to modify composition of microbial metabolites failed. Bacitracin was the only antibiotic which significantly increased the molar percentage of propionate and decreased acetate. This fermentation shift was accompanied by a decrease in total VFA production. The net production of propionate was thus similar in control and bacitracin-treated cultures. Rumen in vitro fermentation yielded more fermentation gas, methane and propionate than rabbit caecal fermentation of the same substrate. There was no apparent effect of antibiotics tested on methanogens in either microbial system, as the ratios of methane to VFA production were similar in control and treated cultures.
Induction of yeast cells from sporangiospores of Rhizopus stolonifer was inhibited by sodium fluoride

This study was aimed at determining the effect of the glycolytic inhibitor, sodium fluoride(NaF), on induced yeast cells. Rhizopus stolonifer was cultivated in synthetic broth for 120 h, at pH 4.5 and ambient temperature of 28 ± 1°C, using sporangiospores as inoculum.Growth was in discrete units, which were sedimented. Microscopic examination revealed induction of neoplasts, protoplasts and yeast cells, but biomass profiles (OD, 625nm) did not exhibit sigmoid pattern in control or glycolytic inhibitor-NaF incorporated broths. A two-way analysis of variance showed that NaF and its interaction with time significantly affected growth (p < 0.05). Means separation was into three subsets, with 20 mM (subset 1) having the highest biomass and least occurred at 5 mM, which was comparable to 30 mM, control and 10 mM (subset 3). A further study revealed effect of application time ofNaF at two levels (20 and 10 mM) on morphological expression. Three main effects were observed: (a) complete inhibition of yeast induction, (b) delayed induction of yeast cellsand (c) apoptosis of induced yeast cells. In the complete absence of yeast cells, protoplasts were copiously produced. However, when yeast cells were induced prior to NaF challenge, the inhibitor caused death of cells. Hence, it was suggested that induction of terminal budding yeast cells was closely associated with glycolysis. Further studies are recommended in order to examine the contribution of individual inductive enzymesincluding those of glycolysis, during the transformation process. Key words: Rhizopus stolonifer, sporangiospores, protoplasts, yeast induction, sodium fluoride, apoptosis.
Differences in juvenile phenotypes and survival between hatchery stocks and a natural population provide evidence for modified selection due to captive breeding

Juvenile phenotypes and fitness as indicated by survival were compared for naturally produced steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a new local hatchery stock, and an old nonlocal hatchery stock on the Hood River, Oregon, U.S.A. Although the new hatchery stock and the naturally produced fish came from the same parent gene pool, they differed significantly at every phenotype measured except saltwater age. The characteristics of the new hatchery stock were similar to those of the old hatchery stock. Most of the phenotypic differences were probably environmentally caused. Although such character changes would not be inherited, they may influence the relative fitness of the hatchery and natural fish when they are in the same environment, as selection responds to phenotypic distributions. A difference in fitness between the new hatchery stock and naturally produced fish was indicated by significant survival differences. Acclimation of the new hatchery stock in a "seminatural" pond before release was associated with a further decrease in relative smolt-to-adult survival with little increase in phenotypic similarity between the natural and hatchery fish. These results suggest that modified selection begins immediately in the first generation of a new hatchery stock and may pro- vide a mechanism for genetic change. Resume : Les phenotypes des jeunes et leur survie (comme mesure de fitness) ont pu etre compares chez des truites arc-en-ciel anadromes (Oncorhynchus mykiss) nees en nature, des truites d'un nouveau stock local de pisciculture et des truites d'un ancien stock non local de pisciculture dans la riviere Hood, Oregon, E. -U. Bien que le nouveau stock de pisciculture et le stock naturel proviennent du meme pool genetique parental, ils different significativement par tous les caracteres phenotypiques mesures, sauf l'âge en eau salee. Les caracteristiques du nouveau stock de pisciculture ressemblent a celles de l'ancien stock de pisciculture. La plupart des differences phenotypiques sont probablement attribuables a l'environnement. Bien que de tels caracteres ne soient pas transmis genetiquement, ils peuvent affecter le fitness relatif des poissons de pisciculture et des poissons sauvages quand ils cohabitent dans le meme milieu, puisque la selection reagit a la distribution des phenotypes. Il existe des differences significatives de survie, donc de fitness, entre le nouveau stock de pisciculture et le stock sauvage. L'acclimatation du nouveau stock de pisciculture dans un etang « semi-naturel » avant sa liberation en nature entraine une diminution additionnelle de la survie des saumoneaux jusqu'au stade adulte et augmente peu la ressemblance phenotypique entre les poissons de pisciculture et les poissons sauvages. Ces resultats indiquent que la selection modifiee agit immediatement des la premiere generation dans un nou- veau stock de pisciculture et qu'elle peut fournir un mecanisme pour le changement genetique. (Traduit par la Redaction) 589
Perennation and control of Pseudomonas tomato in Victoria.

Seed of tomato fruit affected by bacterial speck was examined for Pseudomonas tomato. The bacterium was isolated from seed taken directly from fruit, but not from seed extracted by the fermentation process. Acid and fermentation extraction processes appeared to eliminate P. tomato. Pulp containing natural and/or added populations of the bacterium was non-infective at 1 hr and 48 hr after commencement of the acid and fermentation processes respectively. Studies on the perennation of P. tomato showed that the bacterium survived in plant debris either on or 2 cm below the soil surface for the test period of 30 weeks; it also survived on Nylon mesh in soil for 25 weeks. The incidence of bacterial speck in seedlings was reduced significantly (P = 0.01) by cupric hydroxide sprays, two sprays per week being more effective (P = 0.05) than one. No heat-tolerant strain of P. tomato was detected, and thermal death points for isolates from green and ripe fruit were 48 and 49°C respectively.
Genome sequence of Vibrio sp. OULL4 isolated from shellfish

The members of Vibrionaceae family are Gram-negative bacterium are ubiquitous in marine and estuarine environments. This diverse group of bacteria include many pathogenic strains that potentially cause infection to human and aquaculture animals. Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus are among the few recognized as a major, worldwide cause gastroenteritis, particularly in countries where seafood consumption is high. The control of these vibrios has been a hurdle due to the rising numbers of antibiotic resistant strains in the environments. We report the genome sequence of Vibrio sp. OULL4 isolated from shellfish. The availability of this genome sequence will facilitate the study of its antimicrobial traits, as well as add our knowledge of Vibrio sp. diversity and evolution.
PLANT-MEDIATED INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE NORTHERN POCKET GOPHER, THOMOMYS TALPOIDES, AND ABOVEGROUND HERBIVOROUS INSECTS

Abstract We used reciprocal exclusions to test for indirect interactions between pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides) and aboveground insects. Sucking insects occurred at higher densities on plants that were protected from grazing by gophers (P < 0.05), whereas chewing insects damaged plants that were browsed by gophers more than plants that were protected from gopher herbivory (P < 0.05). Pocket gophers foraged more in areas treated with insecticide (P < 0.05). These results indicate that aboveground insects and the northern pocket gopher interacted through their shared plant hosts.
Comparison of coastal and river releases of Atlantic salmon smolts in the river Kokemäenjoki, Baltic Sea

Paired releases of Carlin tagged fish were carried out in the river Kokemaenjoki, Bothnian Sea, in 1991-1993, to compare the survival and migration of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts released at two different sites, off the estuary and at Nakkila, 55 km upstream. The eight different smolt groups, divided between the two sites, ranged in mean weight from 27 g (1 yr) to 260 g (2 yr). The size of the smolt groups were planned according to previous experience of the expected rate of recapture to allow the detection of a deviation of 20-25% from the initial 50:50 (coast:river) stocking ratio at a 5% significance level and 90% power, which requires 279 and 180 recaptures for each group, respectively. A 25% deviation corresponds to 40% mortality/55 km of river migration, which is somewhat less than reported in the literature. In all, 20 000 smolts were released.Tag recoveries were collected until the end of 1996 (total number 2544). For all six groups of 2 yr smolts (120-260 g), the numbers recaptured were as high or higher than expected, exceeding the limit of 279 recaptures. For the two groups of 1 yr smolts (27 and 34 g), the rates of recapture were lower than expected (only 20 and 14 recaptures, respectively), and therefore the planned statistical analysis was not possible for these groups.For all paired releases of 2 yr fish, the results were similar irrespective of the release site. First, the distribution of recoveries over the years was homogenous for coastal and river releases at the 5% significance level (G-test for independence), suggesting that it is appropriate to add up all recoveries over time. Secondly, the total amounts of recoveries did not differ significantly from the original stocking ratios (coast:river) at the 5% significance level (G-test for goodness of fit), indicating that the release site did not affect the survival of 2 yr smolts.Due to extremely intensive sea fishery, 99.5% of adult recoveries with a known location (total 1695) were reported from the sea area. Only eight fish (0.5%) were captured in the Kokemaenjoki, and none in other rivers. It was thus not possible to test properly for differences in homing and straying between the two release sites. The migration pattern in the sea area was not affected by the release site.To improve the survival rates and the cost effectiveness of sea ranching, salmon smolts are released directly into the sea in the vicinity of several Baltic rivers. The present study challenges the economic justification of such releases in the River Kokemaenjoki. For large 2 yr smolts, comparable survival rates in this river system may be attained in upstream releases as well.