Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genome codon bias analysis of dengue virus type 1

Dengue viruses (DENV) are the most common mosquito-borne RNA virus with high variation and adaptation in tropical and subtropical regions. Exploration of codon usage bias of DENV can be significant to understand their genetic variation and adaptation. In the study, the codon usage pattern of dengue virus type 1 (DENV-1) was analyzed by using codonW, CUSP and SPSS. The extent of codon preference of DENV-1 is weak with a 50.57 mean value of ENC, indicating that the DENV-1 genome has low codon bias. Of the 18 optimal codons of DENV-1, 13 end in A/U, with A ending in the majority. The result shows that DENV-1 prefers A-ended codons, and their codon bias is influenced more by natural selection than by mutations selection, as revealed by ENC-plot and neutrality analysis. Furthermore, comparison of codon usage bias between DENV-1 and host showed that codon usage pattern of DENV-1 is more similar to Home sapiens instead of Aedes aegypti or A. albopictus. Our findings contributed to understanding of the evolution of the DENV-1. Key words: Dengue virus type 1, Codon bias, RSCU, ENC-plot, neutrality-plot.
Influence of Body Condition Score on Milk Production Parameters of Murrah Buffaloes

The postpartum changes in Body Condition Score (BCS) studied from calving to four months of lactation in 40 Murrah buffaloes showed that BCS decreased from calving to two months of lactation and then gradually increased. Significant (P < 0.05) inverse relationship (r = -0.96) was observed between BCS and milk yield. The effect of BCS at calving (BCSc) on the milk production parameters were studied in 40 Murrah buffaloes divided into 4 groups of 10 buffaloes each based on BCSc (G1 – 2.5 to 2.99, G2- 3.0 to 3.49, G3- 3.5to 3.99 and G4- 4.0 to4.49). The total milk production (kg) upto 4 months of lactation, peak milk yield (kg), persistence, milk fat per cent, milk protein per cent and SNF per cent were 1030.93, 9.50, 1.65, 6.44, 3.39 and 8.99, respectively for G1 group, 1197.12, 11.60, 1.69, 7.54, 3.74 and 9.34 respectively for G2 group, 1658.67,16.50,1.77,8.62, 4.24 and 9.84, respectively for G3 and 1359.92, 13.75, 1.68, 9.37, 3.97 and 9.57, respectively for G4 group. Buffaloes of G3 group had significantly (p<0.01) more milk yield, peak milk yield, milk protein and SNF compared to the other groups where as buffaloes of G4 group had significantly (P<0.01) more milk fat.
The left and right periphery in native and non-native speech – A comparative study between French L1/L2, Spanish L1/L2 and Swedish L1

Abstract High-proficient Swedish users of L2 French and Spanish were compared with native speakers of French, Spanish and Swedish with regard to how the syntactic peripheries in natural colloquial speech are structured. Two different though interrelated aspects were included: thus a cross-linguistic analysis comparing the three native speaker groups is combined with an analysis addressing the question of the upper limits of L2 acquisition. All left peripheral (LP) and right peripheral (RP) constituents of a corpus of 110,759 words were classified in a taxonomy relying both on syntactic and functional-pragmatic criteria. The cross-linguistic analysis showed that French and Spanish L1 speakers produced significantly longer LP sequences than the Swedish L1 speakers, who, in turn, put conspicuously more weight on the RP. Significant differences between the three languages were also found with regard to several LP and RP constituent categories. The L2 acquisition-oriented analysis showed that with few exceptions the high-proficient L2 users behaved like L1 users. Although a few interlanguage-related phenomena could be observed, no instances of any clear transfer from the speaker’s L1 appeared in either L2 speaker group.
Effect of Carbon Dioxide in Seawater on Desalination: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract The two main methods of removing salt from ocean water currently in use for large scale applications are: distillation using thermal desalination and membrane reverse osmosis separation. A detailed knowledge of the CO2 solubility in the seawater at the conditions prevailing in the system is required for the modeling of CO2 release in the multi‐stage flash distillers. The measurement of the solubility of CO2 in pure water has been extensively studied in the literature, whereas there is a lack of saline solutions studies. Several studies have investigated the solubility of CO2 in seawater under different temperatures and pressures without covering the conditions that prevailed in the desalination plants for example low pressures and high temperatures. The gas solubility can be theoretically estimated by considering the ionic strength and the salting‐out parameter in the low‐pressure regime, i.e., near atmospheric pressure. The measurements of gas solubility can be made as a function of the seawater temperature and salinity at low pressure where effect of pressure can be considered negligible. Alkaline scale formation causes fouling in the MSF plants and it is known that the rate of formation of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide in seawater depends on a number of parameters such as temperature, pH, concentration of bicarbonate ions, rate of CO2 release, concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, and total dissolved solids. This review shows an overview of the carbon dioxide solubility in the high concentrated saline water, carbonate equilibriums in the seawater and the various correlations used to characterize the CO2‐seawater system.
Water activity, microbial and sensory evaluation of smoked fish (Mormyrus caschive and Oreochromis niloticus) stored at Ambient Temperature, Terekeka-South Sudan

The effect of smoking kilns on water activity, microbial load and sensory attributes was evaluated to adopt suitable technology that maintains the quality of fish in South Sudan. A total of 300 fresh Mormyrus caschive and Oreochromis niloticus were purchased, 36 fresh samples were iced and the remaining 264 fish samples were divided into two batches for pit and chorkor smoking. The experiment was done twice in a completely randomized design. Fish samples were analyzed for water activity using Lab-Swift Meter, microbial load using standard microbiological methods and sensory characteristics using 9-point hedonic grading scale. Result revealed that, water activity in pit smoked fish increased at a rate of 1.7 times faster than in chorkor smoked samples during storage. Corresponding to water activity, plate count equally increased at a rate of 1.7 times faster for pit smoked M. caschive and 1.1 times for O. niloticus than samples smoked using chorkor. Similarly, mould load increased at a rate of 1.5 times faster for pit smoked M. caschive and 2.2 times for O. niloticus than samples smoked using chorkor oven. Overall, chorkor smoked fish had significantly better sensory parameters than pit smoked samples after one month’s storage. Therefore, chorkor kiln produced quality smoked fish in terms of microbial load and organoleptic parameters, and the study recommends its adoption for artisan fisheries in South Sudan. However, microbial characteristics of smoked fish need to be further examined for a period exceeding a month to determine microbiological quality and establish fish self-life in order to maintain the quality and safety of fish and fisheries products. Key words: Water activity, microbial load, sensory attributes, smoking technologies, shelf life.
An efficient semantic segmentation method based on transfer learning from object detection

Nowadays, numerous semantic segmentation techniques were used to complex scenes such as urban streets. However, speed issues are not considered in most of these methods, and real-time methods do not mainly include enough accuracy. In this paper, an efﬁcient semantic segmentation method is proposed, using the feature extractor of a real-time object detection model, Darknet53, as the backbone of DeepLabv3 + . By the high accuracy of DeepLabv3 + structure and great efﬁciency of Darknet53, a mean intersection was obtained over union of 76.3% in Cityscapes test set, and fast inference speed simultane-ously (0.178 s per frame on one GTX 1080Ti GPU). A huge imbalance of objects was noticed on Cityscapes dataset. To solve this problem, a Focal Loss like loss function was proposed to concentrate more on the hard difﬁcult pixels. Moreover, an atrous convolution block was proposed to extract more high-level features. Based on the experimental results, it is proved that these changes contribute to a better result on the Cityscapes test set (77.8% mean Intersection over Union) and faster inference speed (0.171 s per frame). Authors’ model achieves state-of-art results on Cityscapes test set (79.1% mean Intersection over Union) after ﬁne-tuning on Cityscapes
Patterns of fertility in contemporary South Africa: Prevalence and associated factors

Abstract: Globally, there have been significant changes in women’s reproductive behaviour that have had profound effects on population growth. Despite declining fertility in South Africa in recent years, population growth is yet to slow down. This study examined patterns of childbearing in contemporary South Africa. Specifically, it investigated the prevalence of fertility among women of different relationship status and its associated social, economic, and cultural factors. Cross-sectional survey data from 6,124 responses of women in the reproductive age (15–49 years old) to the 2016 South African Demographic and Health Survey were used to decompose fertility into its constituent parts and analysed using binary logistic regression techniques. The findings showed that both marital and nonmarital childbirths significantly contribute to the overall fertility levels in South Africa. Moreover, the results showed that race, ethnicity, household size, age at first sex and contraceptive use were risk factors for childbearing among South African women of childbearing age, while younger age, increased education and wealth were found to be protective factors against childbearing. Policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Efficacy of spirometry in COPD patients with pulmonary hypertension: A study in a tertiary care unit

A B S T R A C T Background: Therapy for COPD patients, in particular those with advanced stage, is generally disappointing and frustrating for both the doctors and patient. Of the symptoms, dyspnea is an important and debilitating symptom for which most patient with COPD seek medical attention. For the evaluation of lung function test for pulmonary hypertension, arterial PO2 and FEV1 seem to be most reliable. Materials and Methods: COPD was diagnosed as per GOLD criteria. Baseline FEV 1 was measured by spirometer. The patient then received two puffs of salbutamol. 15 minutes later 3-5 forced expiratory maneuver was repeated and the best FEV 1 was recorded. Symptoms Score, and dyspnea grade were correlated with FEV 1 both pre and post bronchodilator. Results: The mean age of the 52 patients was 60 (cid:6) 10.6 Years. The mean symptom score was 4.07 with SD : (cid:6) 0.81. 7.69% patients were in MRC dyspnea scale grade 1, 21.15% patients had grade 2 dyspnea, 25% patients had grade 3 dyspnea, 40.38% patients had grade 4 dyspnea and 5.76% patients had dyspnea of grade 5. There was a strong signiﬁcance in the correlation of Symptom scale with Pre bronchodilator % predicted FEV 1 and with post bronchodilator % predicted FEV 1 : Conclusions: There was a high correlation between dyspnea and pulmonary hypertension measured by percentage predictive value. Spirometry was found to be very useful for the diagnosis and staging of COPD. This could be used in primary diagnosis of patients with COPD.
Cyclische ester in poly(alkylenterephthalaten)

Aus Poly(alkylenterephthalaten) mit Viskositatszahlen von 0,75–0,80 dl/g wurden die cyclischen Oligomeren mit x = 2,3,4 extrahiert und gelchromatographisch analysiert. Zum Vergleich mit den experimentellen Gleichgewichtsgehalten an cyclischen Oligomeren wurden die molaren Cyclisierungskonstanten Kx nach Jacobson und Stockmayer berechnet. Zur Beschreibung der statistischen Konformationen der entsprechenden offenkettigen Molekule (Fadenendenabstande) wurde das Rotationsisomerenmodell von Flory und Williams benutzt. From poly(alkylene terephthalates) (n = 2, 3, 4) with intrinsic viscosities of 0.75–0.80 dl/g the cyclic oligomers with x = 2, 3, 4 were extracted and analysed by gel permeation chromatography. For comparison with the experimental equilibrium contents of cyclic oligomers the molar cyclization constants Kx were calculated according to Jacobson and Stockmayer. To describe the statistical conformations of the corresponding open chain molecules (end-to-end distances) the rotational isomeric state model of Flory and Williams was used.
DNA BARCODING USING COI GENE SEQUENCES OF WILD BETTA FIGHTING FISH FROM INDONESIA: PHYLOGENY, STATUS AND DIVERSITY

The wild betta fish is a potential ornamental fish export commodity normally caught by traders or hobbyists in the wild. However, the population of wild betta in nature has declined and become a threat for their sustainability. This research was conducted to analyze the genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and molecular identification through DNA COI gene sequence of Indonesian wild betta fish. A total of 92 wild betta fish specimens were collected in this study. Amplification of COI genes was carried out using Fish F1, Fish R1, Fish F2, and Fish R2 primers. The genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed using MEGA version 5 software program. Species identification of the specimen was conducted using BLAST program with 98100% similarity value of the DNA sequences to indicate the same species. Phylogenetic tree construction showed seven monophyletic clades and showed that Betta smaragdina was the ancestral species of genus Betta in Indonesian waters. Genetic distance among species ranged from 0.02 to 0.30, whereas intra-species genetic distance ranged from 0 to 6.54.
Food Expenditure and Food Consumption before and during Ramadan in Moroccan Households

Fasting in the month of Ramadan is a religious, cultural, and social ritual for Muslims. The benefits it is supposed to provide to people who practice it are often impaired by unhealthy lifestyles including diet. The present research aimed to study risky eating behaviors and the variation in food expenditure of the Moroccan population during Ramadan. This study was conducted in 2018 in 340 households in urban and rural localities in the Rabat-Salé-Kenitra region of Morocco. Information on eating habits was collected by a nutritional survey using the method of dietary history; household food expenditure and sociodemographic characteristics were collected by a questionnaire. The average age of the population is 40 ± 14 years; the majority (40%) has a middle standard of living, and the average food expenditure increased by 50% during Ramadan. The food survey showed a significant increase in energy intake (p < 0.001), carbohydrate intake (p < 0.001), sucrose intake (p=0.02), sodium intake (p < 0.001), and calcium intake (p < 0.001) and a significant decrease in protein intake (p < 0.001) and lipid intake (p < 0.001), with no significant change in saturated fatty acid intake (p=0.86) during Ramadan. These results show that some dietary behaviors adopted during Ramadan could promote the development or worsening of overweight and chronic diseases. These data reveal the importance of nutritional education adapted to this sacred month.
Temporal Stability Analysis of Magnetized Hybrid Nanofluid Propagating Through an Unsteady Shrinking Sheet: Partial Slip Conditions

The unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow on a horizontal preamble surface with hybrid nanoparticles in the presence of the first order velocity and thermal slip conditions are investigated. Alumina (Al2O3) and copper (Cu) are considered as hybrid nanoparticles that have been dispersed in water in order to make hybrid nanofluid (Cu Al2O3/water). The system of similarity equations is derived from the system of partial differential equations (PDEs) by using variables of similarity, and their solutions are gotten with shooting method in the Maple software. In certain ranges of unsteadiness and magnetic parameters, the presence of dual solutions can be found. Further, it is examined that layer separation is deferred due to the effect of the hybrid nanoparticles. Moreover, the capacity of the thermal enhancement of Cu Al2O3/water hybrid nanofluid is higher as compared to Al2O3/water based nanofluid and enhancements in Cu are caused to rise the fluid temperature in both solutions. In the last, solutions stability analyzes were also carried out and the first solution was found to be stable.
Chemical composition dependences of the acoustical physical constants of LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 single crystals

We determined all the independent components of the acoustical physical constants (elastic constant, piezoelectric constant, dielectric constant, and density) of LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 crystals grown from the melts of three different starting materials with the Li2O contents set to 48.0, 48.5, and 49.0 mol %, and obtained the chemical composition dependences of the constants of each single crystal around the congruent composition. All the constants as well as the measured longitudinal, shear, and leaky surface acoustic wave (LSAW) velocities varied linearly with the composition ratios in the experimental range. The composition dependences of the LSAW velocities for the 128°YX-LiNbO3, X-112°Y-LiTaO3, and 36°YX-LiTaO3 substrates, previously obtained by line-focus-beam acoustic microscopy, were well matched with the calculated ones using the constants determined. Therefore the data of the composition dependences of the determined constants enable us to easily prepare the calibration lines for evaluating the cryst.
SEASONAL VARIATION AND THRESHOLD VALUES FOR CHLOROPHYLL METER READINGS ON LEAVES OF POTATO CULTIVARS

Chlorophyll meter readings below a threshold value would indicate the necessity to supply nitrogen (N) to the crop. This study aimed to determine threshold values for chlorophyll meter (SPAD) and nitrogen (N) rate effects on SPAD leaf measurements of potato cultivars through the crop cycle. Five N rates (0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha−1) were evaluated in a randomized block design, with four repetitions. SPAD index was measured on the oldest (OL) and on the fourth leaf from the apex (FL) at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 49 days after the emergence of 90% of the plants in the plots. SPAD values decreased with plant age and were influenced by N rates and leaf position. At 21 DAE, the SPAD threshold values on FL were 43.0, 44.6, 46.5, and 50.0 for ‘Agata’, ‘Monalisa’, ‘Atlantic’, and ‘Asterix’, respectively. The corresponding values were 41.9, 43.5, 49.9, and 49.9 on OL. Plant age and leaf position should be standardized for the assessment of SPAD threshold values to diagnose nitrogen status of potato cultivars.
IMPACT OF NON-INVASIVE VENTILATION IMMEDIATELY AFTER EXTUBATION ON CLINICAL AND FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS SUBMITTED TO CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING: CLINICAL TRIAL

Introduction: The application of non-invasive ventilation(NIV) after coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG) brings the possibility of reducing loss of functional capacity and complications in the patient. However, the evidence is controversial about immediate or conventional use. Objective: Assess the impact of immediate NIV after extubation on oxygenation and functional capacity of patients undergoing to CABG. Methods: Randomized clinical trial. Patients were assessed before and after surgery using the Functional Independence Measure(FIM), six-minute walk test(6MWT) and peripheral muscle strength(MRC). On the first day after the surgery, two groups formed immediate NIV(NIVI) and conventional NIV(NIVC). Hemogasometry was collected before and after NIV. Complication rates were also assessed. NIVI performed ventilation after one hour of orotracheal extubation, at NIVC performed NIV on the first postoperative day, 24 hours after extubation. After discharge, the above variables were reevaluated. Results: 79 patients were evaluated, 46(58.22%) men, mean age 65±9 years. NIVI reduced the reintubation rate, only 1 (3%) compared to NIVC with 5 (12%) patients, p=0.01. In the post-Intervention the inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2) was 0.43±0.07 in the conventional group and 0.30±0.10 in the intervention group, p=0.01. The post-intervention PaO2/FiO2 ratio was 191±45 and NIVI 266±29(p <0.001) and one day later in the NIVC it was 210±39 and NIVI 279±37(p <0.001). VNII lost 51±36 meters in the 6MWT compared to the NIVC that lost 95±40 meters(p <0.01). Conclusion: NIVI after extubation of patients undergoing to CABG, reduced the loss of functional capacity, improved blood gases and decreased the rate of reintubation.
Advantages of the coherent antistokes Raman scattering (CARS) in environmental monitoring and industrial process control

The objective of this investigation was to develop a fast method for the in-situ characterization of chemicals solved in water based on Coherent Antistokes Raman Scattering (CARS). In order to test the potential of CARS as a tool for the in-situ spectroscopy scanning and multiplex CARS techniques were investigated. Polarization CARS (PCARS) was used to reduce the nonvibrational resonant signal generated by the electron cloud of the solvent molecules. The spectra of some alcohols and pollutants such as pyridine, nitrate and sulfate were investigated. Computer simulations were applied for the evaluation of the CARS spectra. The most evident advantage of CARS in comparison with other Raman methods is the very short time to achieve a spectrum. The shortest time to get a spectrum is limited by the length of the laser pulse (e.g. 5 ns). In addition no sample preparation is necessary.
Animal minds: The case for emotion, based on neuroscience

ABSTRACT Do non-human animals have minds? This scientific question, with important ethical implications, can be answered differently depending on the criteria used: in particular, whether we conceptualise animal minds through the lens of intelligence, or of feelings. This paper surveys the animal minds literature, and related philosophical issues. We review four core components of mind (consciousness, affective valence, agency, and intelligence), and their neurobiology. We survey current scientific evidence for language, tool use, problem-solving, theory of mind, self-awareness, and the behavioural and neuroscientific aspects of emotion. In overview: some animal species have fairly impressive intellectual abilities, but these are found only in a few species, often only in some species members, and only after substantial practice. Therefore, if mind is defined strictly by intelligence, then most non-human animals might be argued not to have minds. However, this paper argues that intelligence is a poor proxy for mind, and that we are better placed to debate the case for mind based on emotion. Viewed this way, there is evidence from a vast array of vertebrate species, where emotion is universal within those species, with none of the practice needed for intelligence. Jeremy Bentham was indeed correct when he pointed out that the critical issue is not merely the evidence, but the question of how we frame our thinking about non-human animals: are we to decide about animals based on their rationality, or on their capacity for feeling?