Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Description, Circumscription and Phylogenetics of the Diglyphosematini Belizin 1961, and the Description of a New Genus (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae)

Abstract. The genera comprising the Diglyphosematini Belizin (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae) are redescribed, all of the valid species are cataloged, and a key to all Diglyphosematini genera is provided. To determine the monophyly of each of the included genera, a phylogenetic analysis of 1060 ribosomal characters, 392 mitochondrial characters, and 169 morphological/biological characters was conducted for 18 ingroup taxa in both a parsimony and Bayesian framework. Based on the results presented here and elsewhere, the Diglyphosematini are comprised of the following genera: Banacuniculus Buffington, Diglyphosema Förster, Disorygma Förster, Ealata Quinlan, Ganaspidium Weld, Gronotoma Förster, Microstilba Förster, Nordlanderia Quinlan, Paradiglyphosema Lin, and Tobiasiana Kovalev. Disorygma was not recovered as monophyletic; Sinatra Buffington, new genus, also included in Diglyphosematini, is described to accommodate S. pacifica (Yoshimoto). Nordlanderia, revised status, is removed from synonymy with Tobiasiana. Characters and character states applicable specifically to Diglyphosematini are defined and illustrated. Characters supporting the monophyly of each genus are discussed. All species of Diglyphosematini whose biology has been studied in depth are parasitoids of leafmining and stem-mining Agromyzidae (Diptera), or rarely, of fruit infesting Tephritidae (Diptera). New host records for Diglyphosema and Ealata, as well distributions and known type repositories for each species of Diglyphosematini, are reported. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:603275DE-9AE3-40C6-8AD7-6A2AF7485F35 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DAC4DBAE-18A1-494B-91AF-8E96C09D2433
Life Cycle and Larval Morphology of Diomus Terminatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and its Potential as a Biological Control Agent of Melanaphis Sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

ABSTRACT The life cycle, morphology, and potential of Diomus terminatus Say (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to control the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), were examined in the laboratory. The morphologies of first and fourth instars are described and illustrated, with emphasis on characters of first instar that differ from those of later instars. Dramatic differences exist in the relative size and abundance of specialized setae between early and late instars. Field-collected late instars of D. terminatus were successfully reared to adult stage at 26°C by using M. sacchari feeding on small pieces of sugarcane {Saccharum, spp. ) leaves. The eggs laid on the sugarcane leaves hatched in 4.5 ± 0.1 d. Larval and pupal stages lasted an average of 6.8 ± 0.6 and 4.9 ± 0.2 d, respectively. D. terminatus required 12.1 ± 0.6 d from egg hatch to adult emergence. The adult longevity test with single adults in petri dishes revealed that D. terminatus remained alive for 26 ± 1.9 d when feeding on aphids of mixed ages. The larvae consumed a total of 30 ± 1.8 aphid nymphs, with a daily consumption rate of 4.7 ± 0.4. The adult voracity test showed that D. terminatus could consume as many as 19 ± 0.9 aphids per d. These results are discussed with respect to their implications for aphid control in Louisiana sugarcane.
Tolerance of Bell Pepper to Herbicides Applied through a Drip Irrigation System

Drip irrigation is installed under polyethylene mulch to supply irrigation and nutrients to vegetables grown in plasticulture. This irrigation system also provides an alternative method for application of herbicides into the plant bed for control of yellow and purple nutsedge. Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to determine bell pepper tolerance to halosulfuron, imazosulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron applied POST (over the top of pepper in greenhouse study, POST-directed in the field study) or soil applied (applied by hand with water in greenhouse study or through drip irrigation in the field study). In greenhouse studies, pepper injury from halosulfuron, imazosulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron applied POST was similar at 14 and 21 d after treatment (DAT; 21 to 35% and 54 to 60%, respectively). Halosulfuron, imazosulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron soil applied in greenhouse studies caused 6 to 8% and 13 to 20% injury to pepper at 14 and 21 DAT, respectively. Pepper injury in greenhouse studies increased as rate of halosulfuron, imazosulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron increased regardless of application method (soil or POST applied). Dry pepper weight at 28 DAT followed an inverse linear response to increasing rates of halosulfuron, imazosulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron. In field studies, bell pepper height among herbicide treatments ranged from 32 to 37 cm at 14 DAT and was not different from the nontreated check (36 cm). Number one grade (7.8 to 14.7 MT ha−1) and fancy grade (2.1 to 2.8 MT ha−1) pepper fruit yield was not different in herbicide-treated pepper compared with yield of pepper in the nontreated check (10.0 to 26.6 MT ha−1, respectively). Based on these studies, pepper has excellent crop tolerance to halosulfuron, imazosulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron applied through drip irrigation or POST-directed but is not tolerant to POST applications. Nomenclature: Halosulfuron; imazosulfuron; trifloxysulfuron; purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L. ; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. ; bell pepper, Capsicum annuum L.
Osmoadaptation and plant growth promotion by salt tolerant bacteria under salt stress

Establishment of biofilm, production of exopolysacharides (EPS) and accumulation of endogenous osmolytes under varying stress conditions are significant strategies adopted by bacterial strains for their successful survival in plant rhizosphere. Our studies focus on determining the osmoadaptation strategies used by two native salt-tolerant strainsOceanobacillus profundus (Pmt2) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (ST1) and their plant growth promoting abilities. The ability of these strains to be used as inoculants forLens esculenta Var. masoor 93 under salt stress was tested in the laboratory. We found that unlike the bacterial growth, biofilm formation, exopolysaccharide production and endogenous osmolyte (proline and glycine betaine) accumulation increased at higher salt stress. Biofilm formation and endogenous osmolytes increased with increasing salt concentrations. The maximum increase in EPS accumulation was observed at maximum NaCl stress for ST1. Bacterial inoculation improved growth parameters and endogenous osmolytes accumulation of plants under salt stress compared to noninoculated control plants. The ST1 strain in this work efficiently produced biofilm and exopolysacharide and accumulated osmolytes in response to NaCl stress. It could be speculated that these strategies reverse the detrimental effects of high osmolarity in soil and helpful for improving crop under salt stress. Key words: Biofilm, exopolysaccharide, endogenous osmolytes, Lens esculenta, salinity.
Detection of Mycoplasma agalactiae by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods from Iranian goats

Mycoplasma agalactiae is the etiological agent of contagious agalactia that is a serious disease affecting sheep and goats. It is characterized by mastitis and subsequent failure of milk production, arthritis and keratoconjunctivitis. The aim of the study was to detection of M. agalactiae by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods from infected Iranian goats. For detection, a total of 57 samples were taken from conjunctiva (n=11), joint exudates (n=35) and milk secretion (n=11). After enrichment in PPLO broth media, identification of the Mycoplasma species was carried out by cultured and PCR method. Of the 57 samples in 9 samples (16%) fried egg colony appeared on the agar media. The PCR with mycoplasmal 16S rRNA was applied for detection of a variety of Mycoplasma species. PCR identification of genus was successful in 31 isolates (54%) and showed specific amplicon at 163 bp. From this positive samples, 19 isolates were examined (61%) were positive for M. agalactiae that showed specific amplicon at 375 bp. Of the total samples, only in 3 samples both culture and genus PCR tests were positive and in 20 samples were negative. Whereas in 6 PCR negative samples Mycoplasma colony appeared on the agar media and this colonies did not observed in 28 PCR positive samples. This paper reported detection of M. agalactiae from goats for the first time in Iran. PCR can be used as trusty and supersede test in the detection of M. agalactiae from affected goats. Among different collecting sites, milk secretion samples are suitable for PCR detection of M. agalactiae.
FECUNDITY, REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY, AND INFLUENCE OF PRECIPITATION ON CLUTCH SIZE IN THE WESTERN SLIMY SALAMANDER (PLETHODON ALBAGULA)

We investigated the reproductive ecology of the western slimy salamander (Plethodon albagula) in an abandoned mine shaft in the Ouachita National Forest of south-central Arkansas. The mine habitat provided an opportunity to observe nesting behavior, quantify reproductive output, and evaluate the influence of precipitation on fecundity for a population of P. albagula that utilize this particular mine shaft to brood and defend egg clutches. We collected reproductive data on 372 clutches between 1982 and 2004. There was no relationship between the number of eggs per egg clutch versus egg size; snout–vent length, body mass, and tail length were not correlated with clutch size. Thirteen females were found to exhibit nest site fidelity, and 10 females exhibited nest securing. Neither nest site fidelity nor nest securing was found to influence reproductive output by females. The amount of precipitation one year prior to oviposition was correlated with the average number of eggs per clutch. It appears, therefore, that precipitation influences fecundity in this population.
Potential impact of increased temperature and CO2 on particulate dimethylsulfoniopropionate in the Southeastern Bering Sea

The potential impact of elevated sea surface temperature (SST) and pCO2 on algal community structure and particulate dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSPp) concentrations in the southeastern Bering Sea was examined using a shipboard “Ecostat” continuous culture system. The ecostat system was used to mimic the conditions projected to exist in the world's oceans by the end of this century (i.e. elevated pCO2 (750 ppm) and elevated SST (ambient + 4°C). Two experiments were conducted using natural phytoplankton assemblages from the high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) central basin and from the middle domain of the southeastern continental shelf. At the HNLC site, the relative abundances of haptophytes and pelagophytes were higher and the relative abundance of diatoms lower under “greenhouse” conditions (i.e. combined 750 ppm CO2 and elevated temperature) than control conditions (380 ppm CO2 and ambient temperature). This shift in algal community structure was accompanied by increases in DMSPp (2–3 fold), DMSPp:Chl a (2–3 fold) and DMSP:PON (2 fold). At the continental shelf site, the changes in the relative abundances of haptophytes, pelagophytes and diatoms under “greenhouse” conditions were similar to those observed at the HNLC site, with 2.5 fold increases in DMSPp, 50–100% increases in DMSPp:Chl a and 1.8 fold increases in DMSP:PON. At both locations, changes in community structure and the DMSPp parameters were largely driven by increasing temperature. The observed changes were also consistent with the phytoplankton-DMS-albedo climate feedback mechanism proposed in the Charlson-Lovelock-Andreae-Warren (CLAW) hypothesis.
Mechanisms of Telomere Protection and Deprotection in Human Cells

Telomeres, the nucleo-protein complexes at the ends of linear chromosomes, have critical roles in genome stability, cancer, and aging. Early work by B. McClintock and H.J. Muller demonstrated that eukaryotic chromosome ends contain specialized structures that prevent recognition and processing by the DNA repair machinery. The importance of these structures is illustrated by studies showing that loss of chromosome end protection results in massive genome instability and cell death. Although Muller and McClintock’s initial observations were made several decades ago, little progress has been made in understanding the molecular markers that distinguish naturally occurring chromosome ends from de novo DNA double strand breaks, especially in humans. Using a novel system to specifically target proteins of interest to human telomeres, we have uncovered a role for hRAP1 in protecting telomeres from non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). We find that telomeric DNA containing hRAP1, but not TRF2, is protected from NHEJ in vitro. Furthermore, we show that telomeres containing TRF2 but not hRAP1 can be fused by NHEJ in vivo, and we also demonstrate that targeting hRAP1 to telomeres in vivo, even when TRF2 is not detected, is sufficient to protect telomeres from NHEJ. These results identify hRAP1 as a critical mediator of telomere protection and genome stability in humans. Related to this work, we have also identified a new type of telomere dysfunction associated with semi-conservative replication stress at human telomeres. This new type of telomere dysfunction is telomerase and NHEJindependent and may require the RecQ helicase WRN for its formation, suggesting
E Antigen: A Cell-Surface Antigen of C57BL Leukemias

SUMMARY Antisera were prepared in (C3H/An X ! )F! mice against a transplanted leukemia (E9SL2) that had arisen spontaneously in C57BL/6 mice. After removal of cytotoxic antibodies to normal alloantigens by absorption in vivo in C57BL/6 mice, the antisera detected an antigen, designated E, which is distinct from the four previously recognized cell-surface antigens (G, FMR, TL, and ML) associated with mouse leukemias. E antigen was detected on two other spontaneous leukemias of C57BL/6 origin and on the long-transplanted chemically induced leukemia, EL4. It was not found on any normal C57BL/6 tissues nor on radiation-induced or on virus-induced (Gross, Moloney, Rauscher) C57BL/6 leukemias. Thirty-nine solid tumors and leukemias from strains other than C57BL/6 lack E antigen. By the indirect immunoferritin technique, E antigen was seen to occupy discrete patches on the surface of E+ leukemia cells. Murine leukemia virus (type C or enveloped A) was not observed in E+ leukemias. Intracisternal A particles were present, but, as these are found also in Eâ€”leukemias and solid tumors, it is unlikely that they are related to E antigen. Thus, the origin of E antigen, whether from cellular genes or from viral genes, is unknown.
Varietal susceptibility of potatoes to wireworm herbivory

1 Wireworms, the soil dwelling larvae of click beetles, Agriotes spp. , have recently become a more prevalent pest of potatoes. The present study investigated whether potato varieties showed variable susceptibility to wireworm herbivory, and also tested whether increased susceptibility was associated with lower concentrations of glycoalkaloids. Twelve varieties were originally screened across a range of experimental scales, including laboratory and tunnel experiments and a large‐scale field trial involving over 2000 tubers.
Effect of Dried Poultry Excreta on Growth, Intake, and Digestion of Corn Stover Silage Diets by Yearling Dairy Heifers

Abstract Four complete diets, 1) 88.4% whole corn plant and 11.6% dried poultry excreta, 2) 71.6% whole corn plant and 28.4% dried poultry excreta, 3) 61.0% whole corn plant, 27.9% corn stover, and 11.1% dried poultry excreta; and 4) 49.7% whole corn plant, 25.0% corn stover, and 25.3% dried poultry excreta, were stored for 45 days above ground in sealed . 02 cm plastic bag silos 2.4 m wide × 16.8 m long. Resulting silages were fed ad libitum to four groups of 7 yearling Holstein heifers for 140 days. Heifers were housed in an open free stall shed and fed individually via electronic feed-gates. Average daily intakes of dry matter and body weight gains (kg) by the growth trial heifers were: 8.85, . 81; 8.95, . 73; 8.99, . 72; and 9.58, . 69, respectively. Four additional heifers were fed diets in a 4 × 4 Latin square digestion trial. Dry matter, energy, and crude protein digestibilities were: 66.1, 69.2, 56.6; 62.8, 69.1, 58.8; 61.6, 70.2, 54.2; and 61.1, 71.3, 62.4%, respectively. Whole corn plant diluted with 25% corn stover provides for gains equal to all corn silage diets, and there is no advantage to adding more than 11% dried poultry excreta or that amount required to provide for 12% crude protein in silage diets from whole corn plant or from whole corn plant + 25% corn stover for growing yearling dairy heifers.
Some Serum Biochemical Changes in Yankassa Sheep Experimentally Infected with Single and Mixed Trypanosoma Congolense and Haemonchus Contortus

Serum biochemical profile was determined in Yankassa Sheep experimentally infected with single and mixed infection of Trypanosoma congolense and Haemonchus contortus over a period of sixty days. An upward trend was observed in serum globulin concentration for trypanosoma congolense and heamonchus contortus (TcHc) and haemonchus contortus and Trypanosoma congolense( HcTc) infected animals at Day 14 post infection (PI). Thereafter a significant decrease (P>0.05) was observed. Hypoalbuminaemia occurs in TcHc infected animals (P> 0.05) and it may be attributed to high level of parasitaemia in the group. There was fluctuation in the level of total protein, the increase or decrease may have been caused by the severity of the infection. There was an increase in the serum bicarbonate level in TcHc and HcTc infected animals, (P> 0.05), this may be due to generation of bicarbonate ions by the kidney which may increase in trypanosome infection. While the drop can be due to acidosis associated with anaemia, renal malfunction and release of toxic metabolites such as free-fatty acids by trypanosomes. The observed decrease in Serum Potassium (K + ) level in trypanosome-infected groups may be as a result of red blood cell (RBC) destruction, which is a source of extra serum K + and that a rise in K + level coincides with a fall in RBC level. There was a decreased in Serum Sodium(Na + ) level, which agrees with the known physiological observation that increases in plasma K + levels, is always accompanied by subsequent fall in plasma levels of Na + . The mechanism of Na + removal from the plasma is believed to be partly intracellular among other serum components. This theory is supported by significant increase in Serum Potassium (K + ) in the plasma, since any movement of Na + intracellularly is accompanied by the displacement of K + from the intracellular compartment into the plasma, while K + movement out of the cell may lead to the retention of Na + intracellularly. A coresponding fall in Serum Chloride (Cl - ) level was also observed in TcHc and HcTc groups (P> 0.05). It is generally believed that a fall in Cl - level always follows a fall in Na + level which was observed in the same infected groups.
Validation of Porogramme albocincta and new records of Polyporales from the Brazilian Amazonia1

Abstract The validation of the fungal name Porogramme albocincta and five new records of poroid fungi to the Brazilian Amazonia are presented: Coriolopsis aspera, Coriolopsis hostmannii, Microporellus iguazuensis, Nigroporus macroporus, and Porogramme albocincta. A key to Porogramme species known for the Neotropics is provided.
Management Practices Influencing Herbicide Resistance in Wild Oat1

A 3-yr study was conducted in Wheatland County, Alberta to determine if agronomic practices of growers influenced the occurrence of herbicide resistance in wild oat. Wild oat seeds were collected in 33 fields in 1997 and in 31 fields in each of 1998 and 1999 (one field per grower). Seedlings were screened for resistance to two acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, imazamethabenz, an acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor, and triallate, a thiocarbamate herbicide. A questionnaire on herbicide resistance awareness and management practices was completed by each grower. Both ACCase and ALS inhibitor resistance in wild oat were linked to a lack of crop rotation diversity. In addition, ALS inhibitor–resistant wild oat was associated with conservation-tillage systems and recent use of herbicides with that mode of action. Results of this study suggest that timely tillage and inclusion of fall-seeded and perennial forage crops in rotations will effectively slow the selection of resistance in this grass species. Nomenclature: Imazamethabenz; triallate; wild oat, Avena fatua L. #3 AVEFA. Additional index words: Herbicide rotation, integrated weed management, survey, fenoxaprop, sethoxydim. Abbreviations: ACCase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; ALS, acetolactate synthase.
Development and Emergence of the Orchard Pollinator Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Abstract The solitary bee Osmia lignaria Say has been developed as an orchard pollinator in the western United States. Immatures develop through the spring and summer. By late summer, bees become adults and remain in this stage inside their cocoons throughout the winter. In this study, we reared O. lignaria at various temperature regimes in the laboratory and outdoors. Developmental rates increased with temperature: bees reared at 18°C took >120 d to complete development, whereas bees reared at 29°C took half that long. Bees reared outdoors under fluctuating ambient conditions took ≈95 d. At 18°C, some bees were unable to complete prepupal dormancy. Different developmental stages responded differently to the various temperature regimes. Fluctuating temperatures averaging 22°C significantly shortened the dormant prepupal stage, and, as a result, bees developed faster than at the equivalent constant temperatures. Bees that developed faster (29°C and fluctuating temperatures) could be wintered as early as August and incubated for emergence in March, 1 mo ahead of bees exposed to natural conditions. These results can be applied to field populations for pollination of early-blooming crops such as almonds, Prunus amygdalus Batsch.
Effects of Sex, Pregnancy and Season on some Haematological and Biochemical Blood Values in Angora Rabbits

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of sex, season and pregnancy on some blood parametersÂ in Angora rabbits. A total of 45 Angora rabbits (15 males, 15 females and 15 pregnant rabbits), weighingÂ 3.6- 5.3 kg were used in this study. Blood samples were collected from female rabbits in January, April, JulyÂ and October, and male and pregnant rabbits in January. Â Erythrocyte counts and haemoglobin concentrations of pregnant rabbits were lower (p 0.05) in theÂ other haematological values between pregnant and non-pregnant rabbits. Total protein, albumin triglyceride,Â cholesterol, calcium, and (Inorganic) phosphorus were significantly lower (p<0.05) in pregnant rabbitsÂ than the other females, while the mean glucose level was significantly higher (p<0.05). It was determinedÂ that male rabbits had higher erythrocyte, haemoglobin and glucose values and lower total cholesterol levelÂ than females (p<0.05). Erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular haemoglobin andÂ mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration of female rabbits were lower (p<0.05) in July, whereas hematocritÂ level and mean corpuscular volume were higher (p<0.05) in the same month. Leukocyte count andÂ lymphocyte ratio were significantly lower (p<0.05) in July and October. Albumin level was significantlyÂ higher (p<0.05) in July. Sex and pregnancy as well as season variously affected most haematology andÂ serum biochemistry variables. Â