Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fire emissions from C 3 and C 4 vegetation and their influence on interannual variability of atmospheric CO 2 and Î´ 13 CO 2

eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic research platform to scholars worldwide. Abstract: Measurements of atmospheric trace gases provide evidence that fire emissions increased during the 1997/1998 El Niño event and these emissions contributed substantially to global CO 2 , CO, CH 4 , and δ 13 CO 2 anomalies. Interpretation and effective use of these atmospheric observations to assess changes in the global carbon cycle requires an understanding of the amount of biomass consumed during fires, the molar ratios of emitted trace gases, and the carbon isotope ratio of emissions. Here we used satellite data of burned area, a map of C 4 canopy cover, and a global biogeochemical model to quantitatively estimate contributions of C 3 and C 4 vegetation to fire emissions during 1997–2001. We found that although C 4 grasses contributed to 31% of eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic research platform to scholars worldwide. [ 1 ] Measurements of atmospheric trace gases provide evidence that fire emissions increased during the 1997/1998 El Nin˜o event and these emissions contributed substantially to global CO 2 , CO, CH 4 , and d 13 CO 2 anomalies. Interpretation and effective use of these atmospheric observations to assess changes in the global carbon cycle requires an understanding of the amount of biomass consumed during fires, the molar ratios of emitted trace gases, and the carbon isotope ratio of emissions. Here we used satellite data of burned area, a map of C 4 canopy cover, and a global biogeochemical model to quantitatively estimate contributions of C 3 and C 4 vegetation to fire emissions during 1997–2001. We found that although C 4 grasses contributed to 31% of global mean emissions over this period, they accounted for only 24% of the interannual emissions anomalies. Much of the drought and increase in fire emissions during the 1997/1998 El Nin˜o occurred in tropical regions dominated by C 3 vegetation. As a result, the d 13 CO 2 of the global fire emissions anomaly was depleted ( (cid:1) 23.9 % ), and explained approximately 27% of the observed atmospheric decrease in d 13 CO 2 between mid-1997 and the end of 1998 (and 61% of the observed variance in d 13 CO 2 during 1997–2001). Using fire emissions that were optimized in an atmospheric CO inversion, fires explained approximately 57% of the observed atmospheric d 13 CO 2 decrease between mid-1997 and the end of 1998 (and 72% of the variance in d 13 CO 2 during 1997–2001). The severe drought in tropical forests during the 1997/1998 El Nin˜o appeared to allow humans to ignite fires in forested areas that were
IFN-lambda Exerts Opposing Effects on T cell Responses Depending on the Chronicity of the Virus Infection 1,,2

IFN-lambda (IFN- λ ) induces an antiviral state in many cell types and may contribute to the overall inflammatory environment following infection. Either of these effects may influence adaptive immune responses, but the role of type-3 interferons in the development of primary and memory T cell responses to infection has not been evaluated. Herein, we examined T cell responses to acute or persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in IFN- λ R1-deficient mice. Following acute infection, we find that IFN- λ R1-deficient mice produced normal levels of interferon, robust NK cell responses, but greater than normal CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses compared to WT Balb/c mice. There were more T cells that were IL-7R hi and, correspondingly, the IFN- λ R-deficient mice showed a 2–3-fold increase in memory T cell number. The inhibitory effect of IFN- λ R expression was independent of direct cytokine signaling into T cells. In contrast to acute infection, the IFN- λ R-deficient mice generated markedly diminished T cell responses and had greater weight loss compared to WT mice when confronted with a highly disseminating variant of LCMV. These data indicate that IFN- λ R limits T cell responses and memory following transient infection but augments T cell responses during persisting infection. Thus, the immune regulatory functions for IFN- λ R are complex and vary with the overall inflammatory environment. Thus, a mixture of in vitro and in vivo data show that IFN- λ mediated signals can exert positive or negative effects on T cells. The overall influence of IFN- λ on innate and adaptive immune responses against systemic virus infections is not understood. Herein, we explored the role of IFN- λ using IFN- λ R-deficient mice (24) that were given either acute LCMV-Armstrong infection or the highly disseminating variant, LCMV-Clone13. We evaluated the effects of λ R-deficiency on interferon induction, NK cell frequencies, virus-specific B cell responses, and primary & memory T cell responses. We found that λ R-deficient mice efficiently induced type-1 interferons and eliminated acute infection with kinetics indistinguishable from those of WT mice. Virus-specific memory B cell responses and antibody also appeared normal without IFN- λ signals. However, λ R-deficient mice showed a 3-fold increase in primary & memory T cell responses compared to WT mice. In contrast, λ R-deficient mice were unable to sustain T cell responses when exposed to persistent virus infection. Thus, IFN- λ R signals limit T cell responses during acute infection but support T cell responses during persisting virus infection.
Allows Cross-presentation and Specific Carbohydrate Processing Microvesicle Cargo of Tumor-Associated MUC1 to Dendritic Cells

Tumor-associated glycoproteins are a group of antigens with high immunogenic interest: The glycoforms generated by the aberrant glycosylation are tumor-speci ﬁ c and the novel glycoepitopes exposed can be targets of tumor-speci ﬁ c immune responses. The MUC1 antigen is one of the most relevant tumor-associated glycoproteins. In cancer, MUC1 loses polarity and becomes overexpressed and hypoglycosylated. Changes in glycan moieties contribute to MUC1 immunogenicity and can modify the interactions of tumor cells with antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells that would affect the overall antitumor immune response. Here, we show that the form of the MUC1 antigen, i.e., soluble or as microvesicle cargo, in ﬂ uences MUC1 processing in dendritic cells. In fact, MUC1 carried by microvesicles translocates from the endolysosomal/HLA-II to the HLA-I compartment and is presented by dendritic cells to MUC1-speci ﬁ c CD8 þ T cells stimulating IFN- g responses, whereas the soluble MUC1 is retained in the endolysosomal/HLA-II compartment independently by the glycan moieties and by the modality of internalization (receptor-mediated or non – receptor mediated). MUC1 translocation to the HLA-I compartment is accompanied by deglycosylation that generates novel MUC1 glycoepitopes. Microvesicle-mediated transfer of tumor-associated glycoproteins to dendritic cells may be a relevant biologic mechanism in vivo contributing to de ﬁ ne the type of immunogenicity elicited. Furthermore, these results have important implications for the design of glycoprotein-based immunogens for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(2); 177 – 86. (cid:2) 2013 AACR.
Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by Interleukin-6 in rat skeletal muscle: Association with changes in cAMP, energy state, and endogenous fuel mobilization

This is an uncopyedited electronic version of an article accepted for publication in Diabetes. The American Diabetes Association, publisher of Diabetes, is not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version derived from it by third parties. The definitive publisher-authenticated version will be available in a future issue of Diabetes in print and online at http://diabetes.diabetesjournals. org. Diabetes Publish Ahead of Print, published online June 5, 2009
in is associated with activation of the JNK pathway and impaired insulin signaling in skeletal muscle.

Insulin resistance non-obese subjects Abstract Background: The pathogenesis of insulin resistance in the absence of obesity is unknown. In obesity, multiple stress kinases have been identified that impair the insulin signaling pathway via serine phosphorylation of key second messenger proteins. These stress kinases are activated through various mechanisms related to lipid oversupply locally in insulin target tissues and in various adipose depots. Methodology/Principal Findings: To explore whether specific stress kinases that have been implicated in the insulin resistance of obesity are potentially contributing to insulin resistance in non-obese individuals, twenty healthy, non-obese, normoglycemic subjects identified as insulin sensitive or resistant were studied. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies obtained during euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp were evaluated for insulin signaling and for activation of stress kinase pathways. Total and regional adipose stores and intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) were assessed by DXA, MRI and 1 H-MRS. In muscle of resistant subjects, phosphorylation of JNK was increased (1.36 6 0.23 vs. 0.78 6 0.10 OD units, P , 0.05), while there was no evidence for activation of p38 MAPK or IKK b . IRS-1 serine phosphorylation was increased (1.30 6 0.09 vs. 0.22 6 0.03 OD units, P , 0.005) while insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation decreased (10.97 6 0.95 vs. 0.89 6 0.50 OD units, P , 0.005). IMCL levels were twice as high in insulin resistant subjects (3.26 6 0.48 vs. 1.58 6 0.35% H 2 O peak, P , 0.05), who also displayed increased total fat and abdominal fat when compared to insulin sensitive controls. Conclusions: This is the first report demonstrating that insulin resistance in non-obese, normoglycemic subjects is associated with activation of the JNK pathway related to increased IMCL and higher total body and abdominal adipose stores. While JNK activation is consistent with a primary impact of muscle lipid accumulation on metabolic stress, further work is necessary to determine the relative contributions of the various mediators of impaired insulin signaling in this population.
The effectiveness of an intervention in reducing risk of dioxin exposure in Da Nang: Changes in community knowledge, attitudes and prevention practices after 2.5 years

Introduction: Environmental and biological samples taken around Da Nang Air Base have shown elevated levels of dioxin over many years [1-3]. A pre-intervention knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) survey (2009), a risk reduction program (2010) and a post intervention KAP survey (2011) were undertaken in four wards surrounding Danang Airbase. A follow-up evaluation was undertaken in 2013. Methods: A KAP survey was implemented among 400 randomly selected food handlers. Eleven indepth interviews and four focus group discussions were also undertaken. Results: The knowledge of respondents remained positive and/or improved at 2.5 years follow-up. There were no significant differences in attitudes toward preventing dioxin exposure across surveys; most respondents were positive in all three surveys. An increase in households (69.5%) undertaking measures to prevent exposure was observed, which was higher than in the pre-intervention survey (39.6%) and post- intervention survey (60.4%) ( χ 2 = 95.6; p < 0.001). The proportion of respondents practicing appropriate preventive measures was also significantly improved. Conclusions: Despite most of the intervention program’s activities ceasing in 2010, the risk reduction program has resulted in positive outcomes over the longer-term, with many knowledge and attitude measures remaining stable or imporving. Some KAP indicators decreased, but these KAP indicators were still significantly higher than the pre-intervention levels.
Effect of Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia on bioﬁltration of heavy metals from secondary treated efﬂuent

The present work deals with a promising approach for the removal of heavy metals from secondary treated wastewater using aquatic plants, which are economic and effective in separating metals from polluted water. Since the conventional sewage treatment processes were inefﬁcient to remove heavy metals from wastewater, batch experiments of Phragmites australis , Typha latifolia and P. australis and T. latifolia grown in association and reference (unplanted) were carried out for 15 days of retention time for the removal of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) from the secondary treated efﬂuent. Signiﬁcantly, higher removal of the heavy metals in planted set than the reference revealed role of plants in their removal (analysis of variance, p \ 0.05). Higher removal of Cr, Fe, and Zn (66.2 ± 3.5, 70.6 ± 1.2, and 71.6 ± 3.9 %) in the combination of the P. australis and T. latifolia than their individual culture suggested synergistic effect of both the plants in the removal of these metals. Positive relationship was observed between retention time and the removal of heavy metals. Mass balance equation has revealed that the loss of heavy metals in wastewater was equivalent to the net accumulation of heavy metals in plant and loss of heavy metals in natural degradation. P. australis showed higher accumulative capacities for Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, and Pb than those of T. latifolia. The P. australis and T. latifolia grown in association might be utilized for the heavy metal removal in the tropical environment. Removal (cid:2) Retention time (cid:2) Synergistic effect
Autoantibodies in Psoriatic Disease.

BACKGROUND Psoriasis (Ps) is an inflammatory skin disease affecting over 8 million people in the USA and Canada. Approximately a quarter of patients with Ps have an inflammatory arthritis termed psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Psoriatic disease encompassing both Ps and PsA is regarded as an immune-mediated inflammatory disease, exhibiting both autoimmune and autoinflammatory features. Innate immune cell activation promotes inflammation and the cellular infiltrate in inflamed tissue is predominantly lymphocytic. CONTENT A narrative review of the current literature on the presence and clinical significance of autoantibodies found in psoriatic disease are presented. The frequency of several autoantibodies in Ps and PsA patients as well as their association with disease diagnosis, disease activity, and treatment response are reviewed. SUMMARY Despite historically described as a rheumatoid factor negative (seronegative) disease, an array of autoantibodies has been identified in patients with psoriatic disease. Many of the autoantibodies reviewed are elevated in Ps and PsA patients and are associated with disease activity, treatment response, and cardiovascular disease risk. The identification of autoantibodies in Ps and PsA patients points to an autoimmune component potentially playing a role in psoriatic disease; however, additional evidence is needed to determine the clinical utility of these autoantibodies and their contribution to disease pathogenesis.
Responses by the Suppression of T Cell Help Long-Term Control of Alloreactive B Cell

Alloantibodies can play a key role in acute and chronic allograft rejection. However, relatively little is known of factors that control B cell responses following allograft tolerance induction. Using 3-83 Igi mice expressing an alloreactive BCR, we recently reported that allograft tolerance was associated with the sustained deletion of the alloreactive B cells at the mature, but not the immature, stage. We have now investigated the basis for the long-term control of alloreactive B cell responses in a non-BCR-transgenic model of C57BL/6 cardiac transplantation into BALB/c recipients treated with anti-CD154 and transfusion of donor-speciﬁc spleen cells. We demonstrate that the long-term production of alloreactive Abs by alloreactive B cells is actively regulated in tolerant BALB/c mice through the dominant suppression of T cell help. Deletion of CD25 (cid:1) cells resulted in a loss of tolerance and an acquisition of the ability to acutely reject allografts. In contrast, the restoration of alloantibody responses required both the deletion of CD25 (cid:1) cells and the reconstitution of alloreactive B cells. Collectively, these data suggest that alloreactive B cell responses in this model of tolerance are controlled by dominant suppression of T cell help as well as the deletion of alloreactive B cells in the periphery. The Journal of Immunology, 2008, 180: 6077–6084.
Main Manuscript for 1 Diversification of mammalian deltaviruses by host shifting

40 Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is an unusual RNA agent that replicates using host machinery but 41 exploits hepatitis B virus (HBV) to mobilize its spread within and between hosts. In doing so, HDV 42 enhances the virulence of HBV. How this seemingly improbable hyper-parasitic lifestyle emerged 43 is unknown, but underpins the likelihood that HDV and related deltaviruses may alter other host- 44 virus interactions. Here, we show that deltaviruses diversify by transmitting between mammalian 45 species. Among 96,695 RNA sequence datasets, deltaviruses infected bats, rodents and an 46 artiodactyl from the Americas, but were absent from geographically overrepresented Old World 47 representatives of each mammalian order, suggesting a relatively recent diversification within the 48 Americas. Consistent with diversification by host shifting, both bat and rodent-infecting 49 deltaviruses were paraphyletic and co-evolutionary modeling rejected co-speciation with 50 mammalian hosts. In addition, a two-year field study showed common vampire bats in Peru were 51 infected by two divergent deltaviruses, indicating multiple introductions to a single host species. 52 One vampire bat-associated deltavirus was detected in the saliva of up to 35% of individuals, 53 formed phylogeographically compartmentalized clades, and infected a sympatric bat, illustrating 54 horizontal transmission within and between species on ecological timescales. Consistent absence 55 of HBV-like viruses in two deltavirus-infected bat species indicated acquisitions of novel viral 56 associations during the divergence of bat and human-infecting deltaviruses. Our analyses support 57 an American zoonotic origin of HDV and reveal prospects for future cross-species emergence of 58 deltaviruses. Given their peculiar life history, deltavirus host shifts will have different constraints 59 and disease outcomes compared to ordinary animal pathogens.
A randomized controlled trial of Kundalini yoga in mild cognitive

Background: Global population aging will result in increasing rates of cognitive decline and dementia. Thus, effective, low-cost, and low side-effect interventions for the treatment and prevention of cognitive decline are urgently needed. Our study is the ﬁrst to investigate the effects of Kundalini yoga (KY) training on mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: Older participants ( ≥ 55 years of age) with MCI were randomized to either a 12-week KY intervention or memory enhancement training (MET; gold-standard, active control). Cognitive (i.e. memory and executive functioning) and mood (i.e. depression, apathy, and resilience) assessments were administered at baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks. Results: At baseline, 81 participants had no signiﬁcant baseline group differences in clinical or demographic characteristics. At 12 weeks and 24 weeks, both KY and MET groups showed signiﬁcant improvement in memory; however, only KY showed signiﬁcant improvement in executive functioning. Only the KY group showed signiﬁcant improvement in depressive symptoms and resilience at week 12. Conclusion: KY group showed short- and long-term improvements in executive functioning as compared to MET, and broader effects on depressed mood and resilience. This observation should be conﬁrmed in future clinical trials of yoga intervention for treatment and prevention of cognitive decline (NCT01983930).
The Cellular Pathway of Short-distance Transfer of Photosynthates and Potassium in the Elongating Stem of Phaseolus vulgaris L. A Structural Assessment

The potential cellular pathway of radial transfer of photosynthate and potassium delivered in the phloem to the elongation zone (apical 0 (cid:177) 5–2 (cid:177) 5 cm) of internode 2 of Phaseolus (cid:138) ulgaris L. seedlings was elucidated. This was achieved using ultrastructural observations of the cell types that constitute the radial pathway and estimates of potential sucrose and potassium ﬂuxes through the cross-sectional area of interconnecting plasmodesmata and across the plasma membrane surface areas of selected cell types. The investigation relied on predicting the relative roles of the mature and developing sieve elements as conduits for the axial delivery of solutes to the elongation zone. In turn, these predictions led to formulation of two transport models which were subsequently evaluated. It was found that unloading of sucrose and potassium from the protophloem sieve elements cannot be through the symplast due to the absence of plasmodesmata. On the other hand, mature metaphloem sieve element-companion cell complexes have the potential capacity to unload either through the stem symplast or apoplast. The potential symplastic route is proposed to be via the companion cells to the adjacent large phloem parenchyma cells. Continued radial transfer could occur either by exchange to the stem apoplast from the large phloem parenchyma cells or continue in the symplast to the ground tissues. It was further predicted that sucrose utilized for the development of the procambial (cid:125) small phloem parenchyma cells could be delivered axially by them and not by the mature sieve elements.
ACTIVITY OF TWO GREEN ALGAE ( ZYGNEMASTELLINUM AND HYDRODICTYON RETICULATUM) EXTRACTS AGAINST SOME PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI

Two species of the fresh water green algae, namely Zygnema stellinum and Hydrodictyon reticulatum (belong to class Chlorophyta) have been assayed for antifungal against three of phytopathogen Alternaria alternate , Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonita solani. The results showed that the hot chloroform extracts of Z.stellinum was more efficiency than the hot chloroform extracts of H. reticulatum ,which showed antifungal activity against the species of fungi at concentrations 50mg/ml as percentage inhibition (68.8,66.63 and 58.18%) and (53.71,45.8 and 37.41% ) respectively. Primary detection of active compounds showed the Z. stellinum extracts containing Tannins, Terpenoid Flavonoids, Phenols and Alkaloids. While H. reticulatum containing Terpenoid Flavonoids and Alkaloids only . In this study the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry was used to know the compounds which responsible of antifungal activity in Z. stellinum extracts which had antifungal activity more than H.