Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mapping and energization in the magnetotail: 1. Magnetospheric boundaries

A set of boundaries was chosen to model the principal observed magnetospheric regions. Those regions which extended out to the distant magnetotail were defined at xsm = −20 RE. The Tsyganenko (1989) magnetic field model (T89) was used to project the boundaries down to the ionosphere. It was found that all field lines which passed within 3 RE of the magnetopause projected to the dayside ionosphere. Dayside arcs therefore generally map to the low-latitude boundary layer, the cusp/cleft, or the entry layer. The nightside auroral zone, and therefore field lines associated with the substorm current diversion process, primarily traced to portions of the plasma sheet that do not come in direct contact with flowing solar wind plasma. Several mapping problems were encountered. The first involved identifying certain boundaries in the magnetosphere model. The flanks of the magnetotail are not modeled realistically. As a result, we had difficulty in defining a T89 magnetopause in the equatorial plane. Other problems were that some magnetotail boundaries may have no ionospheric signature, and that some boundaries are influenced by cross-field plasma drift. Plasma boundaries are not tangent to field lines when drift is present, but all mapping was done by following field lines. Uncertainties of about 1° of latitude in the resulting ionospheric projections were found for each 1 RE of drift near midnight at xsm = −20 RE. The steady state magnetotail then was subdivided out to xsm = −22 RE according to the expected characteristics of charged particle orbits. Orbits were traced in the modified Harris magnetic field model, with parameters adjusted to approximate the shapes of T89 magnetic field lines. The one-dimensional Harris model was used to eliminate some drift effects. This permitted a detailed study of each separate subregion. Curves defining various orbit types were projected to the ionosphere. It is suggested that low- or middle-altitude satellites may be able to detect regions of quasi-adiabatic and nonadiabatic equatorial orbits by monitoring the loss cones. For these highly field aligned loss cone particles, we found that the net effect of the complex interaction with the current sheet can be explained by an extremely simple model. The model involves shifting all generally field-aligned ions as a block through an energy-dependent “scatter” angle. When viewed microscopically, the resulting pitch angle changes are highly structured. Macroscopically it may be possible to describe the process in terms of pitch angle diffusion.
The development of tests to measure mathematical creativity

The Mathematical Creativity Test was developed to identify mathematical talent at the middle‐class stage (11 + to 13 + years). Item validity and factor validity were calculated on both urban and rural samples. Test‐retest reliabilities of the factor scores and the total mathematical creativity scores were found to be highly satisfactory. The test was used by the investigator with General Creativity Tests Verbal and Non‐verbal, Hindi adaptation of Thorndike Dimensions of Temperament Test, and Biographical Inventory. Some useful results were obtained.
A simple representation of a developing contaminant concentration field

Chatwin & Sullivan (1990) have demonstrated that, for a wide range of self-similar scalar fields, the moments of the probability density function of concentration have a very simple form. Here, an extension to this simple form which takes account of the source distribution is developed. This extension has two effects. Firstly it modifies the values of the two parameters appearing in the original theory and in particular explains the observed behaviour of these parameters very near to a line source of heat in grid tubulence. Secondly, it introduces an additional parameter in the description of each moment beyond the second. It is shown that these additional parameters are necessary in order to describe measurements of the first four central moments throughout the concentration field from a continuous line source of heat in grid-generated turbulence.
Convolution Properties of -Valent Functions Associated with a Generalization of the Srivastava-Attiya Operator

Let denote the class of functions analytic in the open unit disc and given by the series . For , the transformation defined by , has been recently studied as fractional differintegral operator by Mishra and Gochhayat (2010). In the present paper, we observed that can also be viewed as a generalization of the Srivastava-Attiya operator. Convolution preserving properties for a class of multivalent analytic functions involving an adaptation of the popular Srivastava-Attiya transform are investigated.
Frequency of Binaries in the Open Cluster Trumpler 14

We present new spectroscopic data for nine objects among the brightest stars in the field of the open cluster Trumpler 14. Radial velocities were measured from around 80 new spectrograms in order to provide more information about the binary nature of these objects. From this material, we conclude that at least two of the stars in the sample are radial‐velocity variables, one of them showing double He i features.
Enhancing trappable antiproton populations through deceleration and frictional cooling

CERN currently delivers antiprotons for trapping experiments with the Antiproton Decelerator (AD), which slows the antiprotons down to about 5 MeV. This energy is currently too high for direct trapping, and thick foils are used to slow down the beam to energies which can be trapped. To allow further deceleration to $\sim 100 \;\mbox{keV}$, CERN is initiating the construction of ELENA, consisting of a ring which will combine RF deceleration and electron cooling capabilities. We describe a simple frictional cooling scheme that can serve to provide significantly improved trapping efficiency, either directly from the AD or first using a standard deceleration mechanism (induction linac or RFQ). This scheme could be implemented in a short time. The device itself is short in length, uses accessible voltages, and at reasonable cost could serve in the interim before ELENA becomes operational, or possibly in lieu of ELENA for some experiments. Simple theory and simulations provide a preliminary assessment of the concept and its strengths and limitations, and highlight important areas for experimental studies, in particular to pin down the level of multiple scattering for low-energy antiprotons. We show that the frictional cooling scheme can provide a similar energy spectrum to that of ELENA, but with higher transverse emittances.
Preferential site occupancy observed in coexpanded argon-krypton clusters

Free heterogeneous argon-krypton clusters have been produced by coexpansion and investigated by means of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. By examining cluster surface and bulk binding energy shifts, relative intensities, and peak widths, we show that in the mixed argon-krypton clusters the krypton atoms favor the bulk and argon atoms are pushed to the surface. Furthermore, we show that krypton atoms in the surface layer occupy high-coordination sites and that heterogeneous argon-krypton clusters produced by coexpansion show the same surface structure as argon host clusters doped with krypton. These observations are supported by site-dependent calculations of chemical shifts.
Ray tracing, wavefronts, and caustics: use of Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor for analyzing light propagation

Wavefront measurements are a key point in the development of imaging techniques. Nowadays, a common tool for these measurements is the Shack-Hartmann sensor, where the results are often given in terms of the Zernike polynomials. The interpretation of the results, as one moves the Shack-Hartmann sensor in the axial zone, is sometimes difficult as it involves the task of visualizing the geometrical propagation of the wavefront. We present a numerical tool based on ray tracing that visualizes wavefronts and caustics as the beam propagates and enables the calculation of the Zernike polynomials at any intermediate stage.
How many compartments do we really need? [LTI systems]

This paper tackles the problem of assessing the compartmental nature of a system. As a first step, it is shown that this problem is strictly related to that of positive realizability, and that of determining the minimum number of compartments involved in a process is related to the problem of minimality for positive realizations. Then, necessary and sufficient conditions for a given transfer function to be that of a compartmental system of some finite order are provided. Finally, necessary and sufficient conditions for a given third order transfer function with distinct real poles to be that of a compartmental system with three compartments are provided.
Evaluation of combination rules for maximum response calculation in multicomponent seismic analysis

The existing rules for combining peak response to individual components of ground motion are evaluated. The response values re to two horizontal components of ground motion estimated by four multicomponent combination rules—SRSS‐, 30%‐, 40%‐ and simplified‐SRSS‐rules—are compared with the critical response, rcr, obtained by the CQC3‐rule, which takes into account the direction of the principal ground components with respect to the structural axes and provides the largest response over all possible seismic incident angles. The following results are obtained in the first part of the paper and are valid for any elastic structure and any earthquake design response spectrum: For realistic values of the ratio γ of the design spectra for the two principal components of ground motion the SRSS‐rule estimate lies between 0.79rcr and 1.00rcr, the Simplified‐SRSS‐rule estimate lies between 1.00rcr and 1.26rcr, the 40%‐rule estimate lies between 0.99rcr and 1.25rcr, and the 30%‐rule estimate lies between 0.92rcr and 1.16rcr. None of the multicomponent combination rules account for the increase in response of systems if the vibration periods of the two modes that contribute most to the response to the x‐ and y‐components of ground motion are close to each other.
Shape model, reference system definition, and cartographic mapping standards for comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko Stereo-photogrammetric analysis of Rosetta/OSIRIS image data

We analyzed more than 200 OSIRIS NAC images with a pixel scale of 0.9−2.4 m/pixel of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P) that have been acquired from onboard the Rosetta spacecraft in August and September 2014 using stereo-photogrammetric methods (SPG). We derived improved spacecraft position and pointing data for the OSIRIS images and a high-resolution shape model that consists of about 16 million facets (2 m horizontal sampling) and a typical vertical accuracy at the decimeter scale. From this model, we derive a volume for the northern hemisphere of 9.35 km3 ± 0.1 km3. With the assumption of a homogeneous density distribution and taking into account the current uncertainty of the position of the comet’s center-of-mass, we extrapolated this value to an overall volume of 18.7 km3 ± 1.2 km3, and, with a current best estimate of 1.0 × 1013 kg for the mass, we derive a bulk density of 535 kg/m3 ± 35 kg/m3. Furthermore, we used SPG methods to analyze the rotational elements of 67P. The rotational period for August and September 2014 was determined to be 12.4041 ± 0.0004 h. For the orientation of the rotational axis (z-axis of the body-fixed reference frame) we derived a precession model with a half-cone angle of 0.14◦, a cone center position at 69.54◦/64.11◦ (RA/Dec J2000 equatorial coordinates), and a precession period of 10.7 days. For the definition of zero longitude (x-axis orientation), we finally selected the boulder-like Cheops feature on the big lobe of 67P and fixed its spherical coordinates to 142.35◦ right-hand-rule eastern longitude and –0.28◦ latitude. This completes the definition of the new Cheops reference frame for 67P. Finally, we defined cartographic mapping standards for common use and combined analyses of scientific results that have been obtained not only within the OSIRIS team, but also within other groups of the Rosetta mission.
EFFECT OF LABELS ON MEMORY IN THE ABSENCE OF REHEARSAL1

Nursery school children were shown two pictures and then asked to pick those they had seen from an array of 10 possibilities. Half the subjects labeled the pictures as they were shown; the remaining half observed without labeling. For all subjects there was a 20-second delay between presentation and recall, during which the tester conversed with the child to prevent rehearsal. Subjects who labeled showed recall superior to that of subjects who did not, indicating that the facilitating effect of labels in short-term memory is not solely attributable either to an increased tendency to rehearse or to the strengthening of a “primary” memory trace.
Statistical Properties of Molecular Clouds in the Galactic Center

The data from the Nobeyama Radio Observatory 45 m telescope Galactic Center CO survey have been analyzed to generate a compilation of molecular clouds with intense CO emission in this region. Clouds are identified in an automated manner through the main part of the survey data for all CO emission peaks exceeding 10 K (T). The measured parameters of identified clouds are analyzed and cross-correlated to compare with those of clouds in the Galactic disk. For the clouds in the Galactic center (GC), we find the scaling laws of the type σV ∝ S0.40 and MVT ∝ (LCO)0.88, which are similar to those of clouds in the Galactic disk. All the GC clouds identified have larger velocity widths and virial theorem masses each above the σV-S and LCO-MVT lines of the disk clouds. We diagnosed gravitational stabilities of identified clouds assuming that the disk clouds are nearly at the onset of gravitational instability. All the clouds and cloud complexes in the GC are gravitationally stable, indicating they are in equilibrium with high pressure in the GC environment. Gravitationally less stable clouds follow the main ridge of intense CO emission, part of which define two rigidly rotating molecular arms. The velocity dispersion of a cloud correlates inversely with the degree of gravitational instability. It is concluded that mechanisms such as orbit crowding at the inner Lindblad resonance may promote gravitational instability and subsequent star formation.
Statistical analysis of diffuse ion events upstream of the Earth's bow shock

A statistical study of diffuse energetic ion events and their related waves upstream of the Earth's bow shock was performed using data from the Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers/Ion Release Module satellite over two 5-month periods in 1984 and 1985. The data set was used to test the assumption in the self-consistent model of the upstream wave and particle populations by Lee (1982) that the particle acceleration through hydromagnetic waves and the wave generation are directly coupled. The comparison between the observed wave power and the wave power predicted on the observed energetic particle energy density and solar wind parameters results in a high correlation coefficient of about 0.89. The intensity of diffuse ions falls off approximately exponentially with the distance upstream from the bow shock parallel to the magnetic field with e-folding distances which vary from ∼ 3.3 RE to ∼ 11.7 RE over the energy range from 10 keV/e to 67.3 keV/e for both protons and alpha particles. After normalizing the upstream particle densities to zero bow shock distance by using these exponential variations, a good correlation (0.7) of the density of the diffuse ions with the solar wind density was found. This supports the suggestion that the solar wind is the source of the diffuse ions. Furthermore, the spectral slope of the diffuse ions correlates well with the solar wind velocity component in the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field (0.68 and 0.66 for protons and alpha particles) which concurs with the notion that the solar wind plays an important role in the acceleration of the upstream particles.
Improvement of current gain of C-doped GaAsSb-base heterojunction bipolar transistors by using an InAlP emitter

Large conduction band edge discontinuity (ΔEc) at the emitter/base interface in InP∕GaAs0.51Sb0. 49∕InP heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) is one of the possible reasons that the recombination process in the emitter/base depletion region dominates the characteristics of this HBT. We fabricate an InAlP emitter∕GaAs0.51Sb0. 49base∕InP collector HBT for reducing the ΔEc at the emitter/base interface. It is demonstrated that a HBT with an InAlP emitter shows a relatively lower recombination current than one with an InP emitter, resulting in the higher current gain. It is also found that the decrease of recombination current depends on the Al content of InAlP emitter. Additionally, the ideality factor of the emitter-base current is smallest at the Al content of 0.15 in the InAlP emitter. These results indicate that using an InAlP emitter is effective for improving the current gain of GaAsSb-base HBTs.
A time-of-flight spectrometer for fission fragment identification

Fission fragment and product inventories play a key role in many areas of nuclear science from simulation of fissioning systems to diagnostics for optimal reactor operation and waste disposal. New experimental data are needed to further reduce the uncertainty in the current standard data as well as investigating fission fragment distributions for incident neutron energies where no data currently exist. To accomplish these goals the Spectrometer for Ion Detection in Fission Research (SPIDER) project is intended to be a multi-armed, high-efficiency, highresolution time-of-flight spectrometer for event-by-event fission fragment identification. As a contribution to the project, a single module timing detector was designed and constructed to be fielded at the LANSCE facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory at a later date. The development and performance of the prototype single module, timing detector has shown improved efficiency (68%-70%) and sharper microchannel plate vs. surface barrier coincidence event time-resolution (6.38 ns) than previous, similar experiments.
Crystallization of Amorphous CoFeB Ferromagnetic Layers in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB Magnetic Tunnel Junctions

We demonstrate that the crystallization of ferromagnetic CoFeB layers originates at the interface with a MgO layer in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions by annealing using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. The CoFeB layers, which are amorphous in the as-deposited state, crystallize with a (001) out-of-plane texture by annealing at 360 °C. Crystal grains of 15–20 nm in the CoFeB layers are observed at the interface with the MgO layer, but not at the interface with a Ta or Ru layer. Much smaller crystal grains with random crystal orientations are formed in a region away from the MgO interface in the CoFeB layers. The depth profiles obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy show that boron diffuses from the crystallized region at the interface into the MgO layer and the rest of the region in the CoFeB layers during crystallization, indicating that crystal grains have much lower B contents than the original composition.
Ewma charts for multivariate time series

In this paper a muIt,ivariat.e EWMA chart for time series is introduced. In principle, it is a generalization of the control scheme of Lowry et al. (I992) for multivarite indendent observations. The autocovariances of the EWMA recursion are derived for stationary multivariate time series. IYsing tllese reslllts a co11t.rol chart hased or1 t11 illt.ivariate EWMA recursion is proposed. For a multivariate autoregressive process of order 1, a sufficient. condition is given such that the in-control average run length (ARL) is invariant, withrespect to the covariance of the White Noise process. This scheme is compared with the MEWMA control chart of Lowry et al. (1992) applied to the residuals. By an extensive Monte carlo study the ARL of both charts are determined for several multivariate autoregressive processses.
Study of the motions contributing to the Reynolds stress in high and low Reynolds number turbulent boundary layers

Physical experiments are used to explore the properties of the motions contributing to the Reynolds stresses in high and low Reynolds number turbulent boundary layers. The low Reynolds number smooth wall measurements (Rθ=1010, Rθ=2870, and Rθ=4850) were acquired in a large-scale low speed wind tunnel, while the high Reynolds number measurements [Rθ∼O(106)] were acquired at the Surface Layer Turbulence and Environmental Science Test site, Dugway, Utah. These high Reynolds number turbulent boundary layer data were acquired over nearly hydraulically smooth and rough walls. At each Reynolds number and surface roughness, data comparisons were made at approximately yp/2 and 2yp, where yp is the peak position of the Reynolds shear stress. Scale separation effects associated with increasing Rθ are analyzed via spectral measurements (u, v, and u-v cospectra), and by segregating the streamwise and wall-normal velocities according to their frequency content using simultaneous high- and low-pass filtering. A primary .
Direct determination of the ionic charge distribution of helium and iron in He-3-rich solar energetic particle events

The first direct measurement of the ionic charge distribution of the helium isotopes and of iron in (He-3)-Fe-rich solar energetic particle events is reported. No significant contribution of singly ionized helium to the events is found. The two-sigma upper limits for the He-3(+)/He-3(2+) and He-4(+)/He-4(2+) ratios are 0.02 and 0.03, respectively. The mean charge state of iron found by averaging five (He-3)-Fe-rich solar energetic particle events is 19 + or -2, significantly larger than the iron charge state for energetic solar particles in normal composition events. These results appear to favor the resonant heating model proposed by Fisk (1978). It is concluded that temperatures in the source region exceed 5 million K in the events under study.
A lower bound of genus of amalgamations of Heegaard splittings

Abstract In the paper, we give a lower bound on the genus of an amalgamation of two Heegaard splittings V1, ∪S1, W1 for M1 and V2, ∪S2, W2 for M2 along boundary components F1 and F2 under some conditions on the distances of the factor Heegaard splittings. A direct consequence is that under some circumstances, g(M) = g(M1) + g(M2) − g(F) holds, and another is that under some circumstances we have a better lower bound.
Microstructure–critical current density model for MgB2 wires and tapes

MgB2 wires and tapes were prepared by the powder in tube method using different processing technologies and thoroughly characterized for their superconducting properties. Either prereacted MgB2 (ex situ) or a mixture of Mg+2B (in situ) was used as the precursor powder. In some wires the precursor powder was mixed with SiC. The critical current density (Jc) of these wires was found to differ by orders of magnitude, the highest Jc being 104 A cm−2 at 10.5 T and 4.2 K. The microstructure of these wires was investigated using quantitative electron microscopy and spectroscopy methods [B. Birajdar, N. Peranio, and O. Eibl, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 21, 073001 (2008)]: combined scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and transmission electron microscopy analysis with artifact-free sample preparation, elemental mapping, and advanced chemical quantification. Wires with prereacted MgB2 (ex situ) show oxygen-poor MgB2 colonies (a colony is a dense arrangement of several MgB2 grains) embedded in a .