Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Monitoring of Mountain Permafrost in the Central Andes, Cordon del Plata, Mendoza, Argentina

Sixty per cent of the Rio Blanco basin (54 km2), located between 32°54′ and 33°01′S and between 69°27′ and 69°15′W, in the Cordon del Plata, Frontal Cordillera, can be considered to be periglacial. The most important forms in the area are rock glaciers, two of which, Morenas Coloradas and El Salto, are active down to 3400 and 3600 m ASL respectively. The rock glaciers are not in equilibrium with the present climate since the mean annual air temperature is 1.6°C at 3560 m ASL and the 0°C air isotherm is calculated to be at 3860 m ASL. A third landform is the cryoplanation surface Lagunita del Plata which, at an elevation of approximately 4000 m ASL, has a mean annual temperature of −2°C and contains bodies of insular permafrost. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Soixante pour cent du bassin du Rio Blanco (54 km2), situe entre 32°54′ et 33°01′S et entre 69°27′ et 69°15′ ouest, dans le “Cordon del Plata, Frontal Cordillera” peuvent etre consideres comme periglaciaires. Les formes les plus importantes de la region sont des glaciers rocheux dont deux d'entre eux, “Morenas Coloradas” et “El Salto”, sont actifs respectivement jusqu'a 3400 m et 3600 m d'altitude. Les glaciers rocheux ne sont pas en equilibre avec le climat actuel bien que la temperature moyenne actuelle de l'air est de 1.6 °C a 3560 m et que l'isotherme de l'air est, par calcul, estimee se trouver a 3860 m d'altitude. Une troisieme forme est la surface de cryoplanation “Lagunita del Plata” qui, a une altitude d'approximativement 4000 m au dessus du niveau de la mer, a une temperature moyenne annuelle de −2°C et contient de ilots de pergelisol. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Requirements for the localization of nesprin-3 at the nuclear envelope and its interaction with plectin

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Climate change, 1995 : economic and social dimensions of climate change

Summary for policymakers 1. Introduction: scope of the assessment 2. Decision-making frameworks for addressing climate change 3. Equity and social considerations 4. Intertemporal equity, discounting and economic efficiency 5. Applicability of techniques of cost-benefit analysis to climate change 6. The social costs of climate change: greenhouse damage and the benefits of control 7. A generic assessment of response options 8. Estimating the costs of mitigating greenhouse gases 9. A review of mitigation cost studies 10. Integrated assessment of climate change: an overview and comparison of approaches and results 11. An economic assessment of policy instruments for combating climate change.
Three‐dimensional simulations of long‐lived tracers using winds from MACCM2

Three-dimensional simulations of the stratospheric constituents CH4, N2O, O3, SF6, and CO2 over an annual cycle have been performed using a semiLagrangian chemical transport model [Rasch and Williamson, 1990; Rasch et al., 1994] driven by archived wind data from the Middle Atmosphere version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model version 2 (MACCM2) general circulation model. The constituents undergo chemical production and loss at rates calculated by two-dimensional photochemical models. We compare these “off-line” simulations of CH4 and N2O with “on-line” simulations in which the trace constituent distributions are computed interactively within the MACCM2 general circulation model and find good agreement even when daily averaged wind data and no subgrid scale parameterized mixing are used in the off-line simulations. We also compare the model simulations to satellite, aircraft, and balloon measurements. In most regions and seasons, the zonally averaged model CH4, N2O, and O3 fields agree well with observations. Notable discrepancies are (1) a lack of a “double peak” structure in the zonally averaged mixing ratios of model CH4 and N2O at equinox, (2) an overall underestimate of CH4 and N2O in the upper stratosphere, and (3) an underestimate of the height of the mixing ratio peak in O3, particularly at high latitudes. We find good agreement between modeled CO2 and SF6 and recent aircraft observations in the lower stratosphere, and balloon measurements in the lower and middle stratosphere. From the SF6 distribution we determine the mean age of air in the model stratosphere, with values as old as 10 years in the wintertime polar upper stratosphere. In addition, we simulate the annual cycle of CO2, a stringent test of model transport, which supplements the mean age. We obtain good agreement with aircraft measurements in phase and magnitude at the tropical tropopause, and the vertical profiles of CO2 are similar to those observed. However, the amplitude of the cycle attenuates too rapidly with height in the model stratosphere, suggesting the influence of midlatitude air and/or the vertical diffusion are too large in the model tropics.
Stratigraphical analysis of island arc—continental margin collision in eastern Indonesia

Eastern Indonesia is a sinuous plate margin interpreted as a collision between the northern margin of the Australian continent and an Asian island arc. Detailed stratigraphical analysis of the collision zone in Timor reveals that pre-Pliocene deformation phases affected members of the allochthon before they were overthrust together onto the Australian margin in the middle Pliocene. The Australian facies para-autochthon below the thrust sheets was not involved in these pre-Pliocene deformations. The distinction within the collision zone of elements having different structural histories and opposite facies polarity permits identification of the plate margin which has been overthrust and folded after the initial collision. The lowest thrust sheet emplaced in Timor and other islands of the Outer Banda Arc appears to be part of an Asian outer arc ridge overthrust by fragments of a continental margin metamorphic basement and volcanic-sedimentary cover. Stratigraphical studies provide the basis for an explanation of the origin, transport and emplacement of a major olistostrome, for the sequence of allochthonous elements emplaced on the underthrusting continental margin and for post-collision deformation phases in the arc. A speculative model interprets a progressive Mio-Pliocene collision between the Australian margin and an island arc migrating away from SE. Asia by spreading of the marginal-type Banda Sea. The Asian arc was underthrust by the Australian continental margin but buoyancy probably restricted the process to overthrusting slivers of rocks from the trench and trench-arc gap. This model could be tested by seismic and magnetic studies of the Banda Sea region. The Indonesian
Wenlock (Silurian) oceanic episodes and events

Biotic and sedimentological cycles in the Wenlock are related to episodic changes in oceanic state. These may be explained by alternations between primo and secundo conditions, the former being characterized by cold oceanic bottom waters and high nutrient supply, and the latter by salinity-dense bottom waters and diminished nutrient supply. The lithological pattern, together with the turnover of conodont faunas and of other fossil groups, permits the identification of a sequence of episodes and events in the Wenlock, following the extinctions associated with the earliest Wenlock Ireviken Event: the Vattenfallet Secundo Episode, the Sanda Primo Episode, the Boge Event, the Lansa Secundo Episode, the Allekvia Primo Episode, the Valleviken Event, the Hellvi Secundo Episode, the Mulde Event and the Klinte Secundo Episode. The Mulde Event differs from others in separating two secundo episodes, and may represent an interval when deep waters remained saline and vertical circulation virtually ceased. The effects of the events and episodes were stronger in the early and late Wenlock than in the middle part of the epoch.
Revisiting viscoelastic effects on interseismic deformation and locking degree: A case study of the Peru‐North Chile subduction zone

Viscoelastic effects potentially play an important role during all phases of the earthquake cycle in subduction zones. However, most current models neglect such effects in the interseismic deformation pattern. Here we use finite element method (FEM) models to investigate the control of viscoelasticity on interseismic deformation and to highlight the pitfalls of interpreting the data with purely elastic models for both the forward and inverse problems. Our results confirm that elastic models are prone to overestimating the interseismic locking depth, a crucial parameter for estimating the maximum possible earthquake magnitude. The application of the viscoelastic model improves the fit to the interseismic deformation, especially in the inland area. Additionally, we construct 3‐D FEM models constrained by geophysical and GPS data and apply our methodology to the Peru‐North Chile subduction zone. Our results indicate that viscoelastic effects contribute significantly to the observed GPS data. The signals interpreted as back‐arc shortening in the elastic model can be alternatively explained by viscoelastic deformation, which, in turn, dramatically refines the interseismic locking pattern in both dip and strike directions. Our viscoelastic locking map exhibits excellent correlation with the slip distributions of previous earthquakes, especially the recent 2014 Mw 8.1 Iquique earthquake. The incorrect elastic assumptions affect the analysis of interseismic deformation with respect to slip deficit calculations. Our results thus suggest that it is necessary to thoroughly reevaluate existing locking models that are based on purely elastic models, some of which attribute viscoelastic deformation to different sources such as microplate sliver motions.
Scanning electron microscope evidence for offshore-onshore sand transport at Fire Island, New York, USA

Balancing the sediment budget of the Atlantic shoreline of Long Island has proved to be problematic because more sediment has been found to be moving westward in littoral drift than was estimated to be supplied by wave erosion of the Ronkonkoma terminal moraine at Montauk Point. There is a need for the existence of an additional, possibly offshore source. As part of a larger Atlantic shore study, 11 beach samples from Fire Island were compared with samples representing the known glacial source at Montauk Point, and also with four offshore samples to the south. Comparisons were based upon quartz sand grain surface texture patterns derived by scanning electron microscope checklist analysis. Initial evidence of an offshore-onshore link was provided by qualitative results examining surface texture variability between samples, illustrated by photographic evidence and written notes. This evidence was confirmed consistently during quantitative analysis. In particular, canonical variate analysis grouped two offshore samples representing deposits of buried glacial to fluvioglacial lobes with beach samples from Fire Island in adjacent onshore locations or slightly downdrift. In addition, canonical variate analysis and factor analysis using the spssx package, together with cluster analysis using the ARTHUR package, depicted the main factors and texture variables largely responsible for sample discrimination. The significance of both the offshore-onshore link and the associated factors influencing quartz grain surface texture was revealed by the fact that they are strongly related to each other and to the regional geomorphology.
Convective‐dispersive solute transport with a combined equilibrium and kinetic adsorption model

A given chemical may react at different rates with various soil constituents and be involved in several kinds of reactions. A combination of equilibrium and kinetic adsorption models is hypothesized to describe the nature of the overall reaction. An analytical solution to the one-dimensional convectivedispersive transport equation with a combination linear Freundlich isotherm and first-order reversible kinetic adsorption model is developed. The individual and combined effects of the model parameters on the breakthrough curves and retention profiles are examined. The combination equilibrium-kinetic model is shown to be applicable to pesticide, nutrient, and metal transport in soils.
Spatial relationship of equatorial plasma bubbles and field‐aligned irregularities observed with an all‐sky airglow imager and the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar

We report, for the first time, simultaneous two‐dimensional observations of 630‐nm airglow depletions and radar backscatter from field‐aligned irregularities (FAI) associated with equatorial plasma bubbles. Spatial distributions of backscatter were obtained by performing east‐west scans with the 47‐MHz Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) in West Sumatra, Indonesia. A 630‐nm airglow depletion, caused by a plasma bubble, was simultaneously observed with an all‐sky airglow imager. Both the airglow depletion and backscatter region appeared as band‐like structure elongated in the meridional direction with a zonal width of about 100 km. To compare the spatial structures of backscatter with that of airglow depletion, the backscatter was projected onto a horizontal plane at 250‐km altitude. Backscatter was found to occur within the entire airglow‐depleted region.
The Mammalian Radiations: An Analysis of Trends in Evolution, Adaptation, and Behavior

A familiar bestiary eyes us from the cover: big cats stand above a herd of galumphing herbivores. But the scene changes with the first page, and we’re reminded that most mammals are small, nondescript, and relatively unknown. Why are they interesting? Comparisons lead both to theories of social evolution and to ways of testing them. With this in mind John Eisenberg has collected data on every available species. In this massive, generous book he uses three perspectives to present his findings. The first, a descriptive review, reflects the author’s unique credentials. His twenty years of work with captive and wild mammals enables him to survey each Order with an astonishingly even hand. He covers the key features of their evolution, distribution, and natural history, all in about 10 pages per Order. The result accounts for half of the book. As a source of information and references it holds unprecedented value to anyone requiring an introduction to a particular group of mammals, or to the mammals as a whole. A principal contribution of comparative analysis is to show how far some characteristics are constrained by others. This is the second perspective, an examination of relationships among life-history variables and body size. The volume
Angioid Streaks Secondary to Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum: About Two Cases

This bilateral, often asymmetrical and usually progressive disease, was first described by Knapp in 1892. Angioid streaks are often observed in the context of general pathologies, in particular pseudoxanthoma elasticum, found in 53 to 65% of cases [1,2], an autosomal recessive disease caused by the mutation of the ABCC6 gene [3]. Other diseases with which angioid streaks may be associated include, Paget's disease (of unknown origin), sickle cell disease (autosomal recessive inheritance), senile elastosis of the skin, certain vascular disorders associated with arterial hypertension, and more rarely Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (autosomal dominant inheritance). Here, we report two cases of angioid streaks secondary to pseudoxanthoma elasticum.
Oxygen Isotopic Ratios for Ultramafic Xenoliths from the Korean Peninsula

This study examined the geochemical characteristics, equilibrium temperature and pressure conditions, and oxygen isotopic ratios of mantle xenoliths from the various geological sites of the Korean peninsula. The results are as follows: (1) The ultramafic xenoliths from the Korean peninsula mainly consist of typical high magnesium olivine (MgO : 49.12-50.95 wt.%, Mg value: 90.1-92.2), corresponding to worldwide Cenozoic ultramafic xenoliths in chemical compositions. (2) The pressure-temperature conditions of ultramafic xenoliths in the Korean peninsula are from 854 to and 4.6 to 24.4 kbar. (3) The oxygen isotopic ratios () for olivines in ultramafic xenoliths range from 5.06‰ to 5.51‰, which are relatively uniform oxygen isotopic values and overlapped by the values of N-MORB and upper mantle peridotite (: ‰). However, olivines of the ultramafic xenoliths from the Baegdusan and Chejudo have a relatively wide values ranging from 5.07 to 5.51‰ and 5.07 to 5.45‰, respectively. Based on the results, this study suggests that the high signature of the Baegdusan xenoliths give a hint that ~5% of the oxygen in typical EM2 sources originally derived from recycled sediments.
Impact of Climatic Factors on the Population Density of Spider Mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) Infesting Hedge Bamboos

: Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Raeusch. ex Schult. & Schult. f. is an easy to maintain, hedge bamboo, as well as being very hardy, clumping variety, it is by far the best bamboo for growing potted indoors. A study on the seasonal fluctuation in the population density of spider mites (Schizotetranychus spp.) on this bamboo was carried out in the Calicut University Campus from November, 2012 to October, 2013 in the Malappuram district of Kerala. Results of the study indicated that spider mites live on the undersides of leaves in colonies, being protected by silken webs and inducing damage by puncturing the leaf tissue and sucking the plant sap resulting in chlorosis of the infested leaves thereby decreasing the vigour of the plants. The population density of these mites was generally showing an increasing trend up to May and then due to the onset of rainfall it was decreased drastically. The average number of spider mites present per leaf of B. multiplex was 5.02. The effects of temperature, relative humidity and rainfall on the population density of these mites were discussed in the paper. Temperature showed a positive correlation (r = 0.77) with the population of spider mites whereas relative humidity showed a least negative correlation (r = -0.18). Rainfall exerted a tremendous negative impact on the population density of spider mites (r = 0.46).
Spectral indices for estimating photosynthetic pigment concentrations: A test using senescent tree leaves

Abstract The possibility of estimating the concentration of individual photosynthetic pigments within vegetation from reflectance spectra offers great promise for the use of remote sensing to assess physiological status, species type and productivity. This study evaluates a number of spectral indices for estimating pigment concentrations at the leaf scale, using samples from deciduous trees at various stages of senescence. Two new indices (PSSR and PSND) are developed which have advantages over previous techniques. The optimal individual wavebands for pigment estimation are identified empirically as 680nm for chlorophyll a, 635nm for chlorophyll b and 470nm for the carotenoids. These wavebands are justified theoretically and are shown to improve the performance of many of the spectral indices tested. Strong predictive models are demonstrated for chlorophyll a and b, but not for the carotenoids and the paper explores the reasons for this.
A New Model for Barberton Komatiites: Deep Critical Melting with High Melt Retention

The oldest well-preserved komatiites, and the type examples, are found in the Barberton Greenstone Belt in South Africa (3·5^3·3 Ga). All three komatiite types are present, commonly within the same stratigraphic unit. Al-depleted komatiites have low Al/Ti, relatively high concentrations of incompatible elements and depleted heavy rare earth elements (HREE); Al-undepleted komatiites have chondritic Al/Ti and flat HREE patterns; and Al-enriched komatiites have high Al/Ti, low concentrations of incompatible elements, enriched HREE and extremely depleted light rare earth elements. Based on a comprehensive petrological and geochemical study, we propose a new melting model for the formation of these magmas.The basis of the model is the observation, from published experimental studies, that at great depths ( 13 GPa) the density of komatiitic liquid is similar to that of solid peridotite. At such depths, melting in a rising mantle plume produces near-neutrally buoyant komatiite melt that does not escape from the residual peridotite. As the source ascends to shallower levels, however, the pressure decreases and the density difference increases, eventually making melt escape possible. Al-depleted komatiites form first at about 13 GPa by equilibrium melting under conditions in which a large proportion of melt (30^40%) was retained in the source and the residue contained a high proportion of garnet (15%). Al-undepleted and Al-enriched komatiites form by fractional melting at intermediate to shallow depths after the escape of a large proportion of melt and after exhaustion of residual garnet.This model reproduces the chemical characteristics of all komatiite types in the Barberton belt and can probably be applied to komatiites in other parts of the world.
RISK FACTORS FOR PRETERM LABOUR IN A RURAL COHORT

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of preterm birth and to identify its aetiological factors in a rural set up hospital. BACKGROUND: The rate of spontaneous preterm birth keep on rising and the exact cause is still unclear.Generalised approaches in screening for high risk status and interventions have failed to reduce preterm birth rates.Preterm birth presents a clinical dilemma due to it etiologic and pathophysiologic heterogeneities. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This prospective, descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Gynaecology & Obstetrics at Baqai Medical University from January 2006 to December 2007.A total of 136 of cases of preterm labour were evaluated. Information regarding past history, present symptoms and obstetrical history was collected followed by detailed examination. Investigation was done including Hb%, total leukocyte count, platelet count, urine D/R (microscopy, culture and sensitivity), high vaginal swab (gram staining, culture and sensitivity), and pelvic ultrasound. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS package for windows version 12.5. RESULTS: Frequency of preterm birth was 7.5 % (elective preterm births and twin pregnancies were excluded). Out of 136 cases 56.6% were < 25 years of age, 30.1% were primigravidas, and 91.2% were unbooked cases, 25% had a past history of preterm birth, and 8.8% had past history of > one second trimester abortion. Cause is multifactorial in almost half of the cases. Anemia was the most common cause 45.2%. Othercauses include bacterial vaginosis 16.9%, systemic infection 13.2%, urinary tract infection abruptio placenta and pregnancy induced hypertension 11% each, and fetal anomaly 10.3%, cervical incompetence 3.7% and medical disorders 2.9%. Majority 88.2% had a vaginal birth. There were 74 (40%) perinatal deaths, out of which 41 were intra uterine deaths and 33 neonatal deaths. CONCLUSION: Preterm labour and births are common in rural set up hospital.