Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Perceived impact of COVID-19 on sexual health and access to sexual health services among university students in Canada

Abstract:We examined the perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sexual health, sexual behaviour, well-being, and access to sexual health services among university students in Canada. Between December 2020 and January 2021, 1504 university students across Canada completed an online survey focused on overall sexual health, well-being, solitary sexual behaviours, partnered sexual interactions, and access to sexual health services. The survey was designed by the Sex Information & Education Council of Canada and administered by the Leger polling company. Reported levels of overall sexual health were high. Cisgender women reported significantly greater scores of COVID-19—related stress compared to cisgender men; LGBQ+ students had higher levels of stress compared to heterosexual participants. Overall, solitary sexual behaviours (i.e., masturbation, porn use, vibrator use) remained unchanged or were perceived to increase compared to the time before the pandemic. Cisgender men reported higher scores (i.e., greater perceived increases) on masturbation and porn use than cisgender women. Frequency of sex with casual partners was perceived as similar or lower than what was usual before the pandemic, and most participants did not engage in sex where the close personal contact put them or their partner at risk for COVID-19. Declines in access were reported for all sexual health care services surveyed, with cisgender women and students of colour more likely to report decreased access to services. Results highlight the need for targeted public health messaging regarding sexual behaviour, investment in sexual health services, and supports tailored to the needs of women, LGBTQ+ individuals, and people of colour.
RNNS: Representation Nearest Neighbor Search Black-Box Attack on Code Models

Pre-trainedcodemodels aremainly evaluatedusingthein-distribution test data. The robustness of models, i.e., the ability to handle hard unseen data, still lacks evaluation. In this paper, we propose a novel search-based black-box adversarial attack guided by model behaviours for pre-trained programming language models, named Representation Nearest Neighbor Search(RNNS), to evaluate the robustness of Pre-trained PL models. Unlike other black-box adversarial attacks, RNNS uses the model-change signal to guide the search in the space of the variable names collected from real-world projects. Specifically, RNNS contains two main steps, 1) indicate which variable (attack position location) we should attack based on model uncertainty, and 2) search which adversarial tokens we should use for variable renaming according to the model behaviour observations. We evaluate RNNS on 6 code tasks (e.g., clone detection), 3 programming languages (Java, Python, and C), and 3 pre-trained code models: CodeBERT, GraphCodeBERT, and CodeT5. The results demonstrate that RNNS outperforms the state-of-the-art black-box attacking methods (MHM and ALERT) in terms of attack success rate (ASR) and query times (QT). The perturbation of generated adversarial examples from RNNS is smaller than the baselines with respect to the number of replaced variables and the variable length change. Our experiments also show that RNNS is efficient in attacking the defended models and
Soil organic matter and aggregates affected by wildfire in a Pinus halepensis forest in a Mediterranean environment

et Abstract. Three Mediterranean soils located in the north of the Province of Alicante (Spain) were studied for a year after a forest fire. The percentage of water-stable aggregates (between 0.2 and 4 mm) and organic matter content were measured. Microaggregates (< 0.2 mm) were observed using electron microscopy. The results showed the importance of type of forest fire on soil organic matter and aggregates. Soil structure was more affected by surface fire (which affects mainly brushwood and soil surface) than crown fire (which burns the tops of trees and some brushwood). Accumulation of organic matter from burnt trees and brushwood in areas affected by crown fire and alterations in organic matter content through the soil profile were observed. Surface forest fire affected soil structure more negatively than crown fire as observed using electron microscopy. Soils affected by surface fire may be more easily eroded and recovery of vegetation may be delayed because of effects on soil structure. Organic matter content through the soil profile comparing burnt and adjacent unburnt soil could be used to determine the type of fire. Additional keywords: Forest fire; calcareous soil; Spain; Mediterranean type-areas.
Good Enough

A decision maker may not perfectly maximize her preference over the feasible set. She may feel it is good enough to maximize her preference over a sufficiently large consideration set; or just require that her choice is sufficiently well-ranked (e.g., in the top quintile of options); or even endogenously determine a threshold for what is good enough, based on an initial sampling of the options. We introduce and investigate a class of theories, Order-k Rationality, encompassing heuristics such as these.
Forecasting Smartphone Application Chains: an App-Rank Based Approach

Research indicates that smartphone users reuse the same applications throughout the day. This study aimed to forecast a list of probable applications to be launched on a smartphone based on prior usage patterns, without the use of contextual information. We proposed a ranked-based algorithm that considers the sequential behavior of application usage history and presents usage sessions as "application chains". We evaluated the algorithm using datasets from 397 users, comprising 433,663 application chains with a minimum of three applications and 174 applications for the longest chains, averaging 40.91 ± 18.76 applications per chains, recorded over varying time periods and across multiple countries. Our results indicate that the proposed algorithm outperforms alternative approaches, achieving a significantly higher F1 score of 62 ± 6% without the use of contextual information. The ability to predict application launch can enable the provision of additional services such as digital wellness and improved application’s Quality of Experience.
Origin of saline waters distributed along the Median Tectonic Line in southwest Japan

To identify of metamorphic dehydrated fluid as source fluid of hot spring water, we conducted chemical and isotopic analyses of water and accompanied gas samples collected from hot-spring wells along the Median Tectonic Line (MTL) in the forearc region of the southwestern part of Japan. As a result, we found the hot spring waters having anomalous δD and δ18O compositions as compared with modern seawater and shallow groundwater in Wakayama and Shikoku regions. Judging from data in relative B–Li–Cl composition and He isotopic systematics, the source fluid of the hot springs in Shikoku could be identified to be one of diagenetic fluids. On the other hand, the source fluid of the hot springs of Wakayama had different B–Li–Cl composition and higher 3He/4He ratio in comparison with diagenetic dehydrated fluids and then the fluid was thought to be originated from metamorphic dehydrated fluid as well as Oita plain. There was another striking contrast between the source fluid of Wakayama and Oita and that of Shikoku and Miyazaki; accompanied gases by the former were rich in CO2, whereas those with the latter were rich in CH4, and CO2 in the accompanied gases of Wakayama and Oita is mostly derived from marine carbonate like volcanic gases in subduction zones. Moreover, the Li–B–Cl compositions of them showed transitive values between the relative composition of diagenetic fluids and those of volcanic thermal waters. Consequently, the source fluid of hot springs in Wakayama and Oita was likely to be dehydrated metamorphic fluids released from the subducting Philippine-Sea plate.
Enhancing Professional Training with Single-User Virtual Reality: Unveiling Challenges, Opportunities, and Design Guidelines

An immersive single-user virtual reality system possesses the potential to induce a paradigm shift in the realm of professional training, particularly within safety-intensive and complex procedural domains. This innovative system offers a safe, adaptable, engaging, and efficacious training experience, thereby fostering better task performance, reduced errors, and more favorable outcomes. Our goal is to delve into the opportunities and challenges associated with such training programs, while also providing guidelines for their seamless integration into educational curricula. Three case studies were conducted to gauge the efficacy of single-user VR training: the electricians’ scenario (N=30), a spatial orientation scenario (N=20), and a medical trolley scenario (N=21). Employing mixed methodologies, encompassing workshops, semi-structured interviews, and observatory data collection, insights were gathered. The core objective of this investigation was to assess the perceptions of potential users, notably those partaking in apprenticeships or vocational training, toward prototypes of single-user VR training. The study’s findings emphasize the inherent value and constructive attributes of integrating single-user VR training within the realm of professional development. This integration fosters practical experiential learning in procedures and essential competencies for ensuring safety, resulting in enhanced training outcomes. The study showcased augmented individualized learning tempos, expanded opportunities for repetition, heightened concentration, and deeper engagement within the VR-based instructional environment. Moreover, the study underscored the crucial role of personalized design enhancements and continuous content evolution to maximize the effectiveness of VR-based training methodologies. Integral to the comprehensive evaluation was the significance of user experience and the perceived value of the VR system. In parallel with the empirical investigation, foundational design principles were derived from the challenges and prospects unveiled across all three case studies.
Social Transparency in Network Monitoring and Security Systems

System administrators (sysadmins) are key to keeping computer networks safe. As networks grow in size and complexity, partial workflow automation with the help of AI has been introduced to assist them. However, AI-aided tools often lack transparency, which may lead to the sysadmin’s reluctance to use the new software, slower response time in case of a security breach, and increasing errors. Related work suggests that the concept of social transparency (ST), when applied to the IT-security context, enables peer support and could provide the missing knowledge to the user facilitating explainability of the system and improving human-AI trust. In this paper, we investigate the profile of sysadmins and confirm that ST can indeed yield benefits for them but only when coupled with relevant contextual information and only when it adheres to the sysadmins’ quality standards. Finally, we contribute design recommendations for incorporating ST into the existing workflows of sysadmins.
Diagnosability verification with Petri net unfoldings

Complex systems increasingly require safety and robustness with regards to faults occurrences, and diagnosability is a key property to ensure this at design stage. This paper demonstrates how Petri net unfoldings, which have been proven to elevate the state explosion problem, can be applied to verify diagnosability by adapting the twin plant method.
Correction to “The Swiss Alps and their peripheral foreland basin: Stratigraphic response to deep crustal processes” by O. A. Pfiffner, F. Schlunegger, and S. J. H. Buiter

[1] In the paper ‘‘The Swiss Alps and their peripheral foreland basin: Stratigraphic response to deep crustal processes’’ by O. A. Pfiffner, F. Schlunegger, and S. J. H. Buiter (Tectonics, 21(2), 1009, doi:10.1029/2000TC900039, 2001), distorted versions of Figure 1 and Figure 2 were published in the print issue. The correct figures with their captions appear below. TECTONICS, VOL. 21, NO. 6, 1054, doi:10.1029/2002TC001465, 2002
Evaluation of Salinity Intrusion through Periyar River Estuaries using Mathematical Models

The salinity dispersals of estuaries display novel attributes as a result of the effects of diverse outside forces including freshwater discharges and topographic effects. To perceive the salinity intrusion of Periyar River Estuary, Kerala the surface salinity of Aluva Head works area were seen from 2008 to 2010. Monthly variations of salinity were studied. In addition, the salinity firmly lessened when additional freshwater was discharged in appreciation to the dry period. The characteristics of the salinity flow in the Periyar estuaries were considered using data from the Water Resources Department and Central Water Commission. The salinity intrusion length was computed based on the measure of freshwater discharge, and topographic effects. An association between's the saltwater intrusion length at the Periyar River, the freshwater discharge rate was imparted using an observational scientific proclamation. The salinity intrusion length was workedout using Brockway model (2006) and Byuing II Yoon model (2013) and found that the intrusion length was inversily proportional to the estuarine river discharge. The two mathematical models utilized were evaluated to opt on the best suitability. The developed relationship between river discharge and salinity intrusion length was verified and conducted regression analysis which provides better strength between its variables. KeywordsDischarge, Empirical Model, Estuaries, Evaluation, Intrusion Length, Periyar River, Salinity Intrusion
Concurrent and antecedent soil moisture relate positively or negatively to probability of large wildfires depending on season

Measured soil moisture data may improve wildfire probability assessments because soil moisture is physically linked to fuel production and live fuel moisture, yet models characterising soil moisture–wildfire relationships have not been developed. We therefore described the relationships between measured soil moisture (concurrent and antecedent), as fraction of available water capacity (FAW), and large (≥405 ha) wildfire occurrence during the growing (May–October) and dormant (November–April) seasons from 2000 to 2012 in Oklahoma, USA. Wildfires were predominantly grass and brush fires but occurred across multiple fuel types including forests. Below-average FAW coincided with high wildfire occurrence each season. Wildfire probability during the growing season was 0.18 when concurrent FAW was 0.5 (a threshold for plant water stress) but was 0.60 when concurrent FAW was 0.2 (extreme drought). Dormant season wildfire probability was influenced not only by concurrent but also by antecedent FAW. Dormant season wildfire probability was 0.29 and 0.09 when FAW during the previous growing season was 0.9 (near ideal for plant growth) and 0.2, respectively. Therefore, although a wet growing season coincided with reduced wildfire probability that season, it also coincided with increased wildfire probability the following dormant season, suggesting that the mechanisms by which soil moisture influences wildfire probability are seasonally dependent.
Weekend effect: Anthropogenic or natural?

Human activities have been suggested to result in weekly changes of meteorological variables, called the “weekend effect. ” Recent debates on its statistical significance, however, reveal that there still remain huge uncertainties as to the anthropogenic origin of the weekend effect. We show that atmospheric Rossby waves induce the “natural” weekend effect, which is much stronger than the “anthropogenic” weekend effect. The “natural” weekend effect does not completely disappear even with averaging over 61 years of data; as a result, true “anthropogenic” weekend effect is obscured by the natural component. We attempted to remove the “natural” component in the diurnal temperature range and the resulting pattern is an overall positive weekend effect over North America.
Energy Efficiency Premium Issues and Revealing the Pure Label Effect

Following the European Union’s implementation of Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) for buildings, the capitalization of energy efficiency in transaction prices and rents has been subject to much research. This paper uses different identification strategies for the Norwegian residential sales (N = 750,000) and rental (N = 670,000) markets to highlight the endogeneity and methodological limitations associated with assessing the price effects of energy efficiency and the signaling effect of label adoption. We find that the valuation of energy efficiency is subject to unobserved location and quality bias, that labeling has immediate, short-run, and long-run price effects and that different effects are observed in different submarkets. We provide evidence that sample selection issues related to location and time, with methodological and data limitations, are essential factors that must be considered when assessing the effects of the EPC implementation.
Media skepticism and reactions to political scandals: An analysis of the Trump–Ukraine case

While the discussion on the individual level variables that affect responses to political scandals has focused mainly on variables such as partisan identity or political cynicism, we suggest that media skepticism could also moderate whether and how individuals respond to political scandals. To test this relationship, we rely on panel data from the United States gathered before and after the Trump–Ukraine scandal occurred (Wave 1 in June 2019, Wave 2 in October 2019). Our results show that individuals who rank higher on media skepticism hold comparatively more positive views of Trump after the scandal, even when previous evaluations and alternative explanations are controlled for. Conversely, we find no effect of media skepticism in trust toward the US political system and government. We believe our findings have significant consequences to understanding the relationship between the governed and those governing in times of widespread media skepticism.
Reciprocating to the bottom: Is there negative diffuse reciprocity in social economic human rights

Is reciprocity possible in human rights agreements? This article argues that human rights agreements can create negative diffuse reciprocity if there is reliable information about countries’ compliance levels. The article analyses the link between information on countries’ non-compliance with the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on the one hand, and countries’ efforts to protect social economic rights on the other. It finds that the more information is published on violations of rights, the lower the levels of countries’ efforts to protect these rights. This means that countries practice negative diffuse reciprocity with regard to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This is a notable finding since there are several factors working against the practice of reciprocity in human rights agreements. The article draws theoretical conclusions regarding the conditions for reciprocity in human rights agreements and sheds new light on the concept of reciprocity and its link with information.
Inscrutable OPEC ? Behavioral Tests of the Cartel Hypothesis *

We show that standard statistical tests of OPEC behavior have very low power across a wide range of alternative hypotheses regarding market structure. Consequently, it is difficult, given the current availability and precision of data on demand and costs, to distinguish collusive from competitive behavior in the world oil market. This, along with other factors, may account for the largely inconclusive nature of findings so far reported in the empirical literature on OPEC. We apply a new approach for examining alternative hypotheses and find strong evidence of cooperative behavior among OPEC members. Our results also suggest that OPEC’s formal quota mechanism, introduced in 1982 to replace a system based on posted prices, increased transactions costs within the organization. We do not find strong evidence to support the view that Saudi Arabia has played the role of dominant producer within the cartel. (JEL: D43, L11, L13, Q41)
The sharks and the fishermen: An exploratory content analysis of police officers who abused their positions for a sexual purpose

Abuse of position for a sexual purpose (APSP) in police officers is a serious form of corruption that often re-victimises highly vulnerable people such as victims of domestic abuse and rape. It is thought to be underreported by victims because they fear disbelief and negative repercussions. As a consequence, such behaviour may go undetected for a long time. Using a content analysis of 10 completed APSP investigations conducted by an English police force, the research explored the characteristics and behaviour of both the police officers and victims involved. The results suggest that there may be differences in behaviours and victim selection within APSP perpetrators. Two perpetrator types are tentatively suggested: the shark and the fisherman. The shark is characterised by those who make rapid sexual contact with a specifically targeted highly vulnerable victim, often causing lasting harm. The fisherman uses a more tentative approach, casting a wide net to many potential victims (with similarities to grooming) but often failing to make sexual contact. The behaviour of both offending styles, and the implications for internal police investigations, is discussed.
From fish and bushmeat to chicken nuggets: the nutrition transition in a continuum from rural to urban settings in the Colombian Amazon region

The current contribution of wild animal proteins has been poorly quantified, particularly in the rapidly growing urban centers of tropical forests. Lack of such evidence impairs food security strategies to include the diversity of food supply inherent to traditional food systems. In this study we focus on wild sources of animal protein: wild fish and bushmeat, which have traditionally been important in peopleA¢â‚¬â„¢s diets in the Amazon. We analyze their consumption frequencies as compared to domestic and processed meat in a rural to urban gradient in Amazonas, Colombia. Our results show that, despite its geographical position, the region is increasingly dependent on domestic and industrialized sources of animal protein. The frequency of wild fish and bushmeat consumption decreases from rural to urban areas to the advantage of domestic and processed meat/fish. Patterns of animal protein consumption for indigenous children indicate that indigenous families adopt non-indigenous consumption patterns when they move to town. Bushmeat consumption in urban areas is more frequent in wealthier families and could be considered as a luxury product. In urban areas, chicken is the protein of the poor and beef replaces chicken for the families that can afford it. In rural settings, chicken replaces wild sources of animal protein as people increase their income and move away from forest/agriculture dependent livelihoods. The increased consumption of industrial chicken in rural communities poses important food security and ecologic concerns. Despite, the low importance of bushmeat and wild fish in urban areas measured in terms of consumption, we show that these foods continue to play an important role in terms of dietary diversity, which is fundamental to eradicate energy and micronutrient deficiencies. In conclusion our results call for a better attention to the changes observed in diets in the Amazon, given their potential health and nutrition consequences.