Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Photo‐sieving: A method for grain‐size analysis of coarse‐grained, unconsolidated bedding surfaces

The photo-sieving method enables the grain-size analysis of particles > 10 mm from unconsolidated openwork bedding surfaces. The accuracy is equal to the machine-sieving method. The sediment surface is photographed in the field using a camera stand. The enlarged print is digitized for computer processing by tracing the outlines of the pebbles. From the size and shape of the projection area of the individual pebble images the computer determines the ellipsoids of revolution, classifies these ellipsoids, and establishes their grain-size distribution in percentage by weight. Thus photo-sieving differs distinctly from point-counting techniques. With the aid of photo-sieving, the surface grain-size distributions of larger sedimentary systems may be regularly mapped. Alluvial fans, braided rivers, both onshore and offshore coasts or areas of relict sediments and manganese nodules are suitable for this method.
Practice Guidelines for the Perioperative Management of Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

1 February 2014 P RACTICE guidelines are systematically developed recommendations that assist the practitioner and patient in making decisions about health care. These recommendations may be adopted, modified, or rejected according to clinical needs and constraints, and are not intended to replace local institutional policies. In addition, practice guidelines developed by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) are not intended as standards or absolute requirements, and their use cannot guarantee any specific outcome. Practice guidelines are subject to revision as warranted by the evolution of medical knowledge, technology, and practice. They provide basic recommendations that are supported by a synthesis and analysis of the current literature, expert and practitioner opinion, open-forum commentary, and clinical feasibility data. This document updates the “Practice Guidelines for the Perioperative Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: a Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea,” adopted by the ASA in 2005 and published in 2006. *
Seasonal variations of the electron density distribution in the polar region during geomagnetically quiet periods near solar maximum

[1] Meridional electron density distributions above 45° invariant latitude (ILAT) during geomagnetically quiet periods are statistically studied. Electron density data were obtained from plasma waves observed by the Akebono satellite from March 1989 to February 1991 (near solar maximum) in an altitude range of 274–10,500 km. Field-aligned electron density profiles were fitted by the sum of exponential and power law functions. The transition height, where the power law term equals the exponential term, is highest in the summer (at low solar zenith angle (SZA)) at ∼4000 km and lowest in the winter (at high SZA) at ∼1800 km in a region of ILAT ≥ 70°; this is caused by the larger scale height in the summer (∼550 km) than that in the winter (∼250 km). The largest seasonal variation and SZA dependence of the electron density are found at an altitude of ∼2000 km with a factor of ∼50 (∼104 /cc in the summer, ∼103 /cc in the winter) in the trough, auroral, and polar cap regions. The seasonal variation and SZA dependence are smaller, about a factor of 5–10, above ∼5000 km. Day-night asymmetries in each season (within a factor of 5) are smaller than the seasonal variation. The scale height is larger in the dayside than in the nightside in each season. These results indicate that photoionization processes in the ionosphere strongly control electron density distributions up to at least ∼5000 km in the trough, auroral, and polar cap regions.
University of Birmingham Fine-grained generalization analysis of inductive matrix completion

In this paper, we bridge the gap between the state-of-the-art theoretical results for matrix completion with the nuclear norm and their equivalent in inductive matrix completion : (1) In the distribution-free setting, we prove sample complexity bounds improving the previously best rate of rd 2 to d 3 { 2 ? r log p d q , where d is the dimension of the side information and r is the rank. (2) We introduce the (smoothed) adjusted trace-norm minimization strategy, an inductive analogue of the weighted trace norm, for which we show guarantees of the order O p dr log p d qq under arbitrary sampling. In the inductive case, a similar rate was previously achieved only under uniform sampling and for exact recovery. Both our results align with the state of the art in the particular case of standard (non-inductive) matrix completion, where they are known to be tight up to log terms. Experiments further conﬁrm that our strategy outperforms standard inductive matrix completion on various synthetic datasets and real problems, justifying its place as an important tool in the arsenal of methods for matrix completion using side information.
Observations and analysis of self‐similar branching topology in glacier networks

Glaciers, like rivers, have a branching structure which can be characterized by topological trees or networks. Probability distributions of various topological quantities in the networks are shown to satisfy the criterion for self-similarity, a symmetry structure which might be used to simplify future models of glacier dynamics. Two analytical methods of describing river networks, Shreve's random topology model and deterministic self-similar trees, are applied to the six glaciers of south central Alaska studied in this analysis. Self-similar trees capture the topological behavior observed for all of the glaciers, and most of the networks are also reasonably approximated by Shreve's theory.
Wage Risk and Employment Risk over the Life Cycle

We specify a structural life-cycle model of consumption, labour supply and job mobility in an economy with search frictions that allows us to distinguish between different sources of risk and to estimate their effects. The sources of risk are shocks to productivity, job destruction, the process of job arrival when employed and unemployed and match level heterogeneity. Our model allows for four main social insurance programmes. In contrast to simpler models that attribute all income fluctuations to shocks, our framework allows us to disentangle the effects of the shocks from the responses to these shocks. Estimates of productivity risk, once we control for employment risk and for individual labour supply choices, are substantially lower than estimates that attribute all wage variation to productivity risk. Increases in productivity risk impose a considerable welfare loss on individuals and induce substantial precautionary saving. Increases in employment risk have large effects on output and, primarily through this channel, affect welfare. The welfare value of government programs such as food stamps which partially insure productivity risk is greater than the value of unemployment insurance which provides (partial) insurance against employment risk and no insurance against persistent shocks.
Cognitive Illusions Intriguing Phenomena in Thinking, Judgment, and Memory

The causality bias, also known as the illusion of causality, occurs when people believe that two events that occur together by mere chance are causally related. This happens in many situations in our daily life. Just think, for instance, of your friend in school wearing a “lucky wristband” and obtaining a good grade. You may also think of days when you had a headache, you took a remedy that your neighbor recommended
Radial diffusion coefficient for electrons at low L values

An empirical evaluation of the diffusion coefficient for trapped electrons diffusing across low L shells is obtained by adjusting the coefficient to account for the observed radial profile and the long-term decay rate of the trapped electron flux. The diffusion mechanism is not identified, but it is assumed that the adiabatic invariants µ and J are conserved. The average value of the coefficient for electrons > 1.6 Mev energy is found to decrease monotonically from ∼4 × 10−6 RE²/day at L = 1.16 to ∼2 × 10−7 RE²/day at L = 1.20.
The Model Minority Stereotype as a Prescribed Guideline of Empire: Situating the Model Minority Research in the Postcolonial Context

It has been 50 years since the term, model minority, first appeared in the United States to describe Asian Americans as an ethnic group that overcame the image of the “yellow peril” and successfully climbed the social ladder. Scholars have tried to debunk the myth and reveal racism behind the notion. However, the “over-education” view has flourished in Asian American Studies as the most popular research direction, serving the socioeconomic self-interest of professors with highly educated Asian Americans as research subjects (Sakamoto, Takei, & Woo, 2012). To refute the “over-education” view and meet the contextual need to generate a new paradigm of research, this article reviews major themes of the MMS through the lens of postcolonialism based on the discourse of Empire by Hardt and Negri (2000). In the domain of Empire , the model minority stereotype (MMS) is defined as a strategy for imperial control that integrates, differentiates, and manages. Asian American intellectuals and professionals are analyzed from the perspective of Empire with suggestions for future research directions.
Variation of crustal thickness in the Philippine Sea deduced from three‐dimensional gravity modeling

Abstract Crustal thickness of the northern to central Philippine Sea was gravimetrically determined on the simple assumption of four layers: seawater, sediments, crust and lithospheric mantle, with densities of 1030, 2300, 2800 and 3300 kg/m3, respectively. As for the correction of the regional gravity variation, a 15 km difference of the lithospheric thickness with a density difference of 50 kg/m3 against the asthenosphere below between both sides of the Kyushu‐Palau Ridge was taken into consideration. Mantle Bouguer anomalies were calculated on the assumption of constant crustal thickness of 6 km, and then the crustal thickness was obtained by three‐dimensional gravity inversion method. The results show occurrence of thin crust areas with a thickness of approximately 5 km in the southern part and at the western margin of the Shikoku Basin and also of thick crust areas in the northwestern and northeastern parts of the Parece Vela Basin. We suggest that these are because of the variation of magma supply at the time of sea floor spreading in the Shikoku and Parece Vela Basins, which is possibly related to the variation of spreading rate and enhanced magmatism near the past arc volcanic fronts. The results further show the occurrence of crust thinner than 5 km in the northeastern part of the West Philippine Basin, of crust thicker than 15 km in the Amami Plateau, the Daito and Oki‐Daito Ridges, and also in the northern part of Kyushu‐Palau Ridge, whereas the southern part of the Kyushu‐Palau Ridge the crust is thicker than 10 km. It was also inferred that small basins in the Daito Ridge province have the thinnest oceanic crust of less than 5 km in the Kita‐Daito Basin.
Dissolved iron in the Arctic Ocean: Important role of hydrothermal sources, shelf input and scavenging removal

Arctic Ocean waters exchange with the North Atlantic, and thus dissolved iron (DFe) in the Arctic has implications for the global Fe cycle. We present deep water (>250 m) DFe concentrations of the Central Arctic Ocean (Nansen, Amundsen and Makarov Basins). The DFe concentration in the deep waters varies considerably between these basins, with the lowest DFe concentrations (0.2-0.4 nM) in the Makarov Basin, higher concentrations (similar to 0.45 nM) in the Amundsen Basin and highest concentrations (similar to 0.6-0.7 nM) in the Nansen Basin. Atlantic input from the shelf seas and slopes enhances the DFe concentration in the Nansen Basin. Moreover, hydrothermal activity at the Gakkel Ridge causes a significant and widespread enrichment of DFe in the Eurasian Basins, at a depth of 2000-3000 m. Below this maximum, the important role of scavenging and absence of input sources are reflected in a strong relation with dissolved Mn (DMn) and in very low ( 3000 m) Amundsen and Makarov Basins. The depth profiles of DFe in the Arctic Ocean, notably in the Makarov Basin, deviate from the DFe distribution pattern observed in other parts of the world ocean.
A possible explanation on the changes in the spatial structure of ENSO from CMIP3 to CMIP5

This study examines changes in the structure of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude using the historical climate simulations of the World Climate Research Program Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) phase‐3 and phase‐5 coupled general circulation models (CGCMs). The analysis focuses on the “so‐called” Bjerknes feedback. The Bjerknes feedback affects the sea surface temperature (SST) variability differently between the CMIP3 and CMIP5 models. In the CMIP5 models, the strength of the Bjerknes feedback is associated with the amplitude of ENSO, whereas the changes in the strength of Bjerknes feedback are not associated with changes in ENSO amplitude in CMIP3 CGCMs. The relationship between the Bjerknes feedback and the SST anomaly variance is suggested as a possible explanation for the eastward shift in the SST anomaly variance in CMIP5 relative to CMIP3.
Effects of solar cycle variability on the lower stratosphere and the troposphere

The effects of solar irradiance variability on the lower stratosphere and the troposphere are investigated using observed and general circulation model (GCM)-generated 30 and 100 mbar geopotential heights. The GCM includes changes in UV input (+ or −5% at wavelengths below 0.3 micron and no ozone photochemistry and transport) to roughly approximate the combined effects of UV and ozone changes associated with the solar variability. The annual and seasonal averages of the height differences between solar maximum and solar minimum conditions are evaluated. In the subtropics, observations indicate statistically highly significant increased geopotential heights during solar maximum, compared to solar minimum, in composite annual and seasonal averages. The model simulates this feature reasonably well, although the magnitude and statistical significance of the differences are often weaker than in observations, especially in summer. Both the observations and the model results show a strong dipole pattern of height differences when the data are partitioned according to the phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), with the pattern reversing itself with the change in the phase of the QBO. The connection between solar variability and lower atmospheric changes are interpreted as follows: The solar changes directly affect the stratosphere by changing the vertical gradients of temperature and zonal wind. This leads to changes in propagation conditions for planetary waves resulting in changes of E-P flux divergence and then by the downward control principle, affecting the circulation in the lower stratosphere and the troposphere.
Gestational Diabetes Diet: Alternative Approaches

Obesity and type 2 diabetes, which is rapidly increasing prevalence worldwide, are the most common subunits and potential risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The diet plan is very important in the treatment of diabetes, but it has more importance during pregnancy due to fetal and maternal outcomes. Those patients who suffer from GDM need to have a well-planned diet plan and consultations with a dietitian to learn how to feed themselves during this period. This review emphasizes the effects of diet types on GDM. Most suggested diet types are low glycemic index (GI), low carbohydrate intake, calorie-restricted diet, and Mediterranean diet (MD). They all have specific, individualized points to apply and are effective in GDM treatment. Lastly, when a healthy diet plan and well-done consultation are mixed, the patient will start a new life with a healthy body and baby. The most important macronutrient in diabetes, carbohydrates, was clearly described in the study. The study aimed to investigate the beneficial diet types for GDM.
Aalborg Universitet Hybrid Active Filter with Variable Conductance for Harmonic Resonance Suppression in Industrial Power Systems

Unintentional series and/or parallel resonances, due to the tuned passive filter and the line inductance, may resul t in severe harmonic distortion in the industrial power system. This paper presents a hybrid active filter to suppress harmonic resonance and reduce harmonic distortion as well. The propo sed hybrid filter is operated as variable harmonic conductance according to the voltage total harmonic distortion, so harmonic distortion can be reduced to an acceptable level in response to load change or parameter variation of power system. Since th e hybrid filter is composed of a seventh-tuned passive filter an d an active filter in series connection, both dc voltage and kVA rating of the active filter are dramatically decreased compared with the pure shunt active filter. In real application, this f eature is very attractive since the active power filter with fully power electronics is very expensive. A reasonable trade-off betw een filtering performances and cost is to use the hybrid active fil ter. Design consideration are presented and experimental resul ts are provided to validate effectiveness of the proposed meth od. Furthermore, this paper discusses filtering performances o n line impedance, line resistance, voltage unbalance and capacit ive filters.
Sensitivity study of forecasted aftershock seismicity based on Coulomb stress calculation and rate‐ and state‐dependent frictional response

[1] We use the Dieterich (1994) physics-based approach to simulate the spatiotemporal evolution of seismicity caused by stress changes applied to an infinite population of nucleating patches modeled through a rate- and state-dependent friction law. According to this model, seismicity rate changes depend on the amplitude of stress perturbation, the physical constitutive properties of faults (represented by the parameter Aσ), the stressing rate, and the background seismicity rate of the study area. In order to apply this model in a predictive manner, we need to understand the impact of physical model parameters and the correlations between them. First, we discuss different definitions of the reference seismicity rate and show their impact on the computed rate of earthquake production for the 1992 Landers earthquake sequence as a case study. Furthermore, we demonstrate that all model parameters are strongly correlated for physical and statistical reasons. We discuss this correlation, emphasizing that the estimations of the background seismicity rate, stressing rate, and Aσ are strongly correlated to reproduce the observed aftershock productivity. Our analytically derived relation demonstrates the impact of these model parameters on the Omori-like aftershock decay: the c value and the productivity of the Omori law, implying a p value smaller than or equal to 1. Finally, we discuss an optimal strategy to constrain model parameters for near-real-time forecasts.
Lipophilicity but not stereospecificity is a major determinant for local anaesthetic-induced cytotoxicity in human T-lymphoma cells

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Tidal modulations of mesospheric gravity wave kinetic energy observed with MF radar at Poker Flat Research Range, Alaska

The interactions between gravity waves and atmospheric tidal waves have been observationally studied, although the phase relation between them has not been fully understood. In this study, the long‐term wind velocity data observed with the Poker Flat MF radar (65∘N, 147∘W) were analyzed for the period of 1999–2008 to show local time dependence and seasonal climatologies of the 12 h and 24 h components in the mesospheric winds and their modulations of gravity wave kinetic energy. We made climatological 1 day composite plots of the kinetic energy of gravity waves for wave periods of 1–4 h and harmonic components of horizontal wind for each month. The results show that the kinetic energy of gravity waves peaks twice at 3–6 LT and 18–21 LT, which tend to coincide with the transition of the 12 h component of zonal wind from westward to eastward flow. On the other hand, a 2 month case study revealed that the gravity wave kinetic energy and the 12 h components of zonal wind appear to keep their phase difference constant (like a “phase locked”) for more than 10 days. Events of this kind are also found in other years. To examine whether this relation can be explained by interaction between the 12 h component of zonal wind and gravity waves, we applied a gravity wave drag model to the background state defined as the sum of observed monthly mean and harmonic components of zonal wind. It is suggested that the orographic gravity wave drag has a 12 h periodicity and that the time of the drag enhancement changes in time following change in the phase of harmonic components of winds.
The process of organizational change in Food Waste Management in the Food and Beverage production industry in Thailand: Through the lens of loop learning

Thailand is called the kitchen of the world; the country produces food and beverage products and exports around the globe. According to previous studies, there is not enough data on food waste in Thailand and worldwide. This study aims to analyse the characteristic of the loop of learning in assisting the process of organizational change and explain how it can support sustainable change in Food Waste Management. Even though a loop of learning is used frequently to develop changes in organizations, the relationship between organisational learning methods and organisational change is still not yet identified. The qualitative method, particularly a case study, was used to accomplish the aim. The case study focuses on how production companies develop their organisational change toward sustainable Food Waste Management in Thailand by aligning the management's thinking level with a loop of learning themes analysed by thematic analysis. The data collection method is a semi-structured interview with 12 managers of different food and beverage manufacturing companies. The results show that current actions are 1) following the existing regulation and finding solutions for challenges, 2) developing better methods and re-using waste, and 3) setting new strategies to achieve sustainable Food Waste Management. Thus, those actions have the quality of single, double and triple-loop learning. Furthermore, the research findings indicate that changing norms with environmental concerns can influence other factors, such as laws and stakeholder expectations. The organizational change process must involve continually thinking in the loop of learning from an individual and organisational perspective. These authors conclude that the nature of loop learning is a process that individuals and organizations can use to identify and reclaim problems; this process assists organization to realise the need for changes and continue developing solutions for those matters. The outcomes of continuous thinking will present changes in action which reach organisational change.