Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Application of the BERT Transformer Model for Phishing Email Classification

Phishing attacks pose serious challenges to users, commercial institutions and governments alike including identity theft, companies and government secrets. The weakest link in any computer security system is the people and the success of phishing attacks is substantially based on manipulating human emotions. Therefore, we cannot solely rely on humans to detect phishing attacks as phishing attacks are becoming more and more sophisticated and can bypass filters set by anti-phishing techniques. More effective and automatic phishing detection mechanisms are required and many detectors have been proposed. However, the high number of phishing emails and attacks urges additional efforts. In this study, the effectiveness of word embedding in classifying phishing emails is investigated. Pre-trained transformer model BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) is fine-tuned to execute the task of classifying emails into phishing and non-phishing. The results show that transformer technology is accurate enough to improve phishing emails detection and can complement existing classifiers.
Nanoscale investigation of platinum nanoparticles on SrTiO3 grown via physical vapor deposition and atomic layer deposition

This dissertation examines growth of platinum nanoparticles from vapor deposition on SrTiO 3 using a characterization approach that combines imaging techniques and X-ray methods. The primary suite of characterization probes includes atomic force microscopy (AFM), grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The vapor deposition techniques include physical vapor deposition (PVD) by evaporation and atomic layer deposition (ALD). For the PVD platinum study, AFM/XRF showed ~10 nm nanoparticles separated by an average of 100 nm. The combination of AFM, GISAXS, and XRF indicated that the nanoparticles observed with AFM were actually comprised of closely spaced, smaller nanoparticles. These conclusions were supported by high-resolution SEM. The unusual behavior of platinum nanoparticles to aggregate without coalescence or sintering was observed previously by other researchers using transmissision electron microscopy (TEM). Platinum nanoparticle growth was also investigated on SrTiO 3 (001) single crystals using ALD to nucleate nanoparticles that subsequently grew and coalesced into granular films as the ALD progresses. The expected growth rate for the early stages of ALD showed a twofold increase which was attributed to the platinum deposition occurring faster on the bare substrate. Once the nanoparticles had coalesced into a film, steady state ALD growth proceeded. The formation of nanoparticles was attributed to the atomic diffusion of platinum atoms on iv the surface in addition to direct growth from the ALD precursor gases. The platinum ALD nanoparticles were also studied on SrTiO 3 nanocube powders. The SrTiO 3 nanocubes average 60 nm on a side and the cube faces have a {001} orientation. The ALD proceeded in a similar fashion as on the single crystal substrates where the deposition rate was twice as fast as the steady state growth rate. The Pt nanoparticle size increased linearly starting at ~0.7 nm for 1 ALD cycle to ~3 nm for 5 ALD cycles. The platinum chemical state was also investigated using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Platinum nanoparticles ~1 nm or smaller tended to be oxidized. For larger nanoparticles, the platinum state systematically approached that of bulk platinum metal as the size (number of ALD cycles) increased. The platinum loading was exceptionally low, ~ 10-3 mg cm-2. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The counsel to " do something difficult for my posterity " was once given to me. This work would not have been possible without the help from many collaborators, friends, and loved ones. I will …
Detection of Small Moving Ground Vehicles in Cluttered Terrain Using Infrared Video Imagery

The detection of small moving targets in cluttered infrared imagery remains a difficult and challenging task. Conventional image subtraction techniques with frame-to-frame registration yield very high false alarm rates. Furthermore, state of the art deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) such as YOLO and Mask R-CNN also do not work well for this application. We show however, that it is possible to train a CNN to detect moving targets in a stack of stabilized images by maximizing a target to clutter ratio (TCR) metric. This metric has been previously used for detecting relatively large stationary targets in single images, but not for the purposes of finding small moving targets using multiple frames. Referred to as moving target indicator network (MTINet), the proposed network does not rely on image subtraction, but instead uses depth-wise convolution to learn inter-frame temporal dependencies. We compare the performance of the MTINet to state of the art DCNNs and a statistical anomaly detection algorithm, and propose a combined approach that offers the benefits of both data-driven learning and statistical analysis.
Privacy Budgeting for Growing Machine Learning Datasets

The wide deployment of machine learning (ML) models and service APIs exposes the sensitive training data to untrusted and unknown parties, such as end-users and corporations. It is important to preserve data privacy in the released ML models. An essential issue with today’s privacy-preserving ML platforms is a lack of concern on the tradeoff between data privacy and model utility: a private datablock can only be accessed a finite number of times as each access is privacy-leaking. However, it has never been interrogated whether such privacy leaked in the training brings good utility. We propose a differentially-private access control mechanism on the ML platform to assign datablocks to queries. Each datablock arrives at the platform with a privacy budget, which would be consumed at each query access. We aim to make the most use of the data under the privacy budget constraints. In practice, both datablocks and queries arrive continuously so that each access decision has to be made without knowledge about the future. Hence we propose online algorithms with a worst-case performance guarantee. Experiments on a variety of settings show our privacy budgeting scheme yields high utility on ML platforms.
Stylolites and stylolite networks as primary controls on the geometry and distribution of carbonate diagenetic alterations

There is an ongoing debate on whether stylolites act as barriers or conduits for fluids, or even play no role in terms of fluid transport. This problem can be tackled by examining the spatial and temporal relationships between stylolites and other diagenetic products at multiple scales. Using the well-known Lower Cretaceous Benicàssim case study (Maestrat Basin, E Spain), we provide new field and petrographic observations of how bedding-parallel stylolites can influence different diagenetic processes during the geological evolution of a basin. The results reveal that stylolites can serve as baffles or inhibitors for different carbonate diagenetic reactions, and act as fronts for dolomitization, dolomite recrystallization and calcitization processes. Anastomosing stylolites, which pre-date burial dolomitization, likely acted as a collective baffle for dolomitization fluids in the study area, resulting in stratabound replacement geometries at the metre-to-kilometre scale. The dolomitization front weaves up and down following consecutive anastomosing stylolites, which are typical of mud-dominated facies that characterize limestone-dolostone transition zones. Contrarily, dolostone bodies tend to correspond to grain-dominated facies characterized by parallel (non-anastomosing) stylolites. The same stylolites subsequently acted as fluid flow conduits and barriers again when the burial and stress conditions changed. Stylolites within dolostones close to faults are found corroded and filled with saddle dolomite riming the stylolite pore, and high-temperature blocky calcite cements filling the remaining porosity. The fluids responsible for these reactions were likely released from below at high pressure, causing hydraulic brecciation, and were channelised through stylolites, which acted as fluid conduits. Stylolites are also found acting as baffles for subsequent calcitization reactions and occasionally appear filled with iron oxides released by calcitization. This example demonstrates how the same type of stylolites can act as barriers/inhibitors and/or conduits for different types of diagenetic reactions through time, and how important it is to consider their collective role when they form networks.
Ju l 2 02 1 WELL-POSEDNESS FOR THE STOCHASTIC ELECTROKINETIC FLOW

We consider the stochastic electrokinetic flow in a smooth bounded domain D, modelled by a Nernst-Planck-Navier-Stokes system with a blocking boundary conditions for ionic species concentrations, perturbed by multiplicative noise. Several results are established in this paper. In both 2d and 3d cases, we establish the global existence of weak martingale solution which is weak in both PDEs and probability sense, and also the existence and uniqueness of the maximal strong pathwise solution which is strong in PDEs and probability sense. Particularly, we show that the maximal pathwise solution is global one in 2d case without the restriction of smallness of initial data.
Superspreaders: Quantifying the Role of IoT Manufacturers in Device Infections

The inﬂux of insecure IoT devices into the consumer market can only be stemmed if manufacturers adopt more secure practices. It is unlikely that this will happen without government involvement. Developing effective regulation takes years. In the meantime, governments have an urgent need to engage manufacturers directly to stop the damage from getting worse. The problem is that there are many thousands of companies that produce IoT devices. Where to start? In this paper, we focus on identifying the most urgent class: the manufacturers of IoT devices that get compromised in the wild. To identify the manufacturers of infected IoT, we conducted active scanning of Mirai-infected devices. Over a period of 2 months, we collected Web-UI images and banners to identify device types and manufacturers. We identiﬁed 31,950 infected IoT devices in 68 countries produced by 70 unique manufacturers. We found that 9 vendors share almost 50% of the infections. This pattern is remarkably consistent across countries, notwithstanding the enormous variety of devices across markets. In terms of supporting customers, 53% of the 70 identiﬁed manufacturers offer ﬁrmware or software downloads on their websites, 43% provide some password changing procedure, and 26% of the manufacturers offer some advice to protect devices from attacks. Our ﬁndings suggest that targeting a small number of manufacturers can have a major impact on overall IoT security and that governments can join forces in these efforts, as they are often confronted with the same manufacturers.
Phosphorus Separation from Steelmaking Slag by High Temperature Reduction with Mechanical Stirring

The effects of temperature (1473–1873K) and slag composition (CaO/SiO2=1.2–4.0) on reduction of (FexO) and (P2O5) in steelmaking slag by carbon with mechanical stirring were investigated in laboratory-scale experiments. The results were summarized as follows.1) The reduction ratios of (FexO) and (P2O5) in steelmaking slag obtained in this research were 0–98% and 3–98%, respectively. These values were highly dependent on both slag basicity and the reduction temperature.2) (P2O5) was reduced by carbon and concentrated in iron, which was obtained by reduction of (FexO). Higher reduction ratios of (P2O5) exceeding 50% were obtained under the condition that the activity of (FexO) in the slag was less than 0.01. The (P2O5) reduction ratio decreased as the equilibrium phosphorus partition ratio between slag and metal calculated by slag composition and temperature increased.3) From the phosphorus mass balance before and after experiments, 1–29 mass% of unidentified phosphorus was confirmed. The ratio of unidentified phosphorus increased as the equilibrium P2 gas partial pressure calculated with an equation for the gaseous dephosphorization reaction increased. The mechanism of (P2O5) reduction in steelmaking slag was discussed based on the results of phosphorus distribution and observation of the reduced slag by EPMA analysis.
Facing A New Normal: Uncovering the Psychological Effects of Loneliness on Student Mental Health

In anticipation of the burden loneliness will have in combination with distressing psychological and emotional burdens carried over from the COVID-19 prevention strategies (i.e., social distancing, quarantine measures, and lockdowns) colleges and universities are facing a broad spectrum of challenges as they shift to adapt to a new normal. Besides the physical health impact of COVID-19, this global pandemic has unleashed a psychological toll on society that has yet to be fully realized for its potential long-lasting effects. As campuses navigate the broader impacts of COVID-19, understanding the psychological effects of loneliness will be a primary focus in understanding its exacerbating effect on student mental health as the connection between loneliness and mental health outcomes are especially relevant among college students, a high-risk population for developing mental health conditions. PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LONELINES ON STUDENT MENTAL HEALTH 4
Chemistry and Technology of Elastomeric Polysulfide Polymers

Abstract The first synthetic rubber manufactured in the United States was of the polysulfide type. In 1927 Patrick and Mnookin had obtained the first of a series of patents on the products from the reaction of organic dihalides and inorganic polysulfides. Production was started in Kansas City in 1929 with the first of the polysulfide elastomers, the ethylene tetrasulfide polymer, under the trademark name Thiokol A. Thus, the Thiokol Chemical Corporation started its long association with the polysulfide polymers. Interest developed in many countries because of the potential cheapness and availability of the raw materials required. In the case of Thiokol A, these were sulfur, caustic soda, and ethylene dichloride from ethylene and chlorine. The most interesting property of these polymers was the unusual inertness to solvents and hydrocarbon fuels in contrast to the easy swelling of natural rubber. In this respect, Thiokol A was more inert than the polysulfide polymers to follow, but it had also some less de.
Factors controlling stable isotope composition of precipitation in arid conditions: an observation network in the Tianshan Mountains, central Asia

Approximately one-third of the Earth's arid areas are distributed across central Asia. The stable isotope composition of precipitation in this region is affected by its aridity, therefore subject to high evaporation and low precipitation amount. To investigate the factors controlling stable water isotopes in precipitation in arid central Asia, an observation network was established around the Tianshan Mountains in 2012. Based on the 1052 event-based precipitation samples collected at 23 stations during 2012–2013, the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of δD and δ18O in precipitation were investigated. The values of δD and δ18O are relatively more enriched in the rainfall dominant summer months (from April to October) and depleted in the drier winter months (from November to March) with low D-excess due to subcloud evaporation observed at many of the driest low elevation stations. The local meteoric water line (LMWL) was calculated to be δD=7. 36δ18O – 0.50 (r2=0.97, p<0.01) based on the event-based samples, and δD=7. 60δ18O+2.66 (r2=0.98, p<0.01) based on the monthly precipitation-weighted values. In winter, the data indicate an isotopic rain shadow effect whereby rainout leads to depletion of precipitation in the most arid region to the south of the Tianshan Mountains. The values of δ18O significantly correlate with air temperature for each station, and the best-fit equation is established as δ18O=0.78T – 16.01 (r2=0.73, p<0.01). Using daily air temperature and precipitation derived from a 0.5° (latitude)×0.5° (longitude) gridded data set, an isoscape of δ18O in precipitation was produced based on this observed temperature effect.
Addition of OH to Acetylene and Consecutive Reactions of the Adduct with O2

The reaction of hydroxyl with acetylene (proceeding mainly by addition), and reactions of the adduct with 02 are studied, using the VUV flash photolysis/resonance fluorescence technique in Ar at 127 mbar and temperatures between 294 and 353 and between 16 and 260 mbar at room temperature. The rate constant for the reaction of OH with acetylene is determined to be k(T) = (1.2 ± 0.2) · IO"12 exp(-(204 ± 41) K/T) cm3 s_1 at 127 mbar in good agreement with literature data, and the pressure dependence is confirmed. Although the adduct is thermally stable, biexponential decays of OH are observed throughout, even at the lowest levels of 02 attained. This can be explained by the occurrence of two reaction channels of the adduct with 02, one of them regenerating OH. The rate constants derived, using the analytical solution of the corresponding rate equations for OH and the adduct, are partly degenerate. The OH-regenerating channel predominates with a rate constant of (42 ± 5) · 10"13 cm3 s~' at room temperature with a slightly negative temperature coefficient, independent of pressure (where the error limits include the uncertainty introduced by the degeneracy). Upper limits between 17
Tl-bearing sulfosalt from the Lengenbach quarry, Binn Valley, Switzerland: Philrothite, TlAs3S5

Abstract Philrothite, ideally TlAs3S5, is a new mineral from the Lengenbach quarry in the Binn Valley, Valais, Switzerland. It occurs as very rare crystals up to 200 mm across on realgar associated with smithite, rutile and sartorite. Philrothite is opaque with a metallic lustre and shows a dark brown streak. It is brittle; the Vickers hardness (VHN25) is 128 kg/mm2 (range: 120-137) (Mohs hardness of 3-3½). In reflected light philrothite is moderately bireflectant and weakly pleochroic from dark grey to light grey. Under crossed polars it is anisotropic with grey to bluish rotation tints. Internal reflections are absent. Reflectance percentages for the four COM wavelengths (Rmin and Rmax) are: 26.5, 28.8 (471.1 nm), 25.4, 27.2 (548.3 nm), 24.6, 26.3 (586.6 nm) and 24.0, 25.1 (652.3 nm), respectively. Philrothite is monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 8.013(2), b = 24.829(4), c = 11.762(3) Å , b = 132.84(2)°, V = 1715.9(7) Å3, Z = 8. It represents the N = 4 homologue of the sartorite homologous series. In the crystal structure [R1 = 0.098 for 1217 reflections with I > 2σ(I)], Tl assumes tricapped prismatic sites alternating to form columns perpendicular to the b axis. Between the zigzag walls of Tl coordination prisms, coordination pyramids of As(Sb) form diagonally-oriented double layers separated by broader interspaces which house the lone electron pairs of these elements. The eight strongest calculated powder-diffraction lines [d in Å (I/I0) (hkl)] are: 12.4145 (52) (020); 3.6768 (100) (1̄61); 3.4535 (45) (131); 3.0150 (46) (1̄53); 2.8941 (52) (1̄81); 2.7685 (76) (230); 2.7642 (77) (2̄34); 2.3239 (52) (092). A mean of five electron microprobe analyses gave Tl 26.28(12), Pb 6.69(8), Ag 2.50(4), Cu 0.04(2), Hg 0.07(2), As 32.50(13), Sb 3.15(3), S 26.35(10), total 97.58 wt. %, corresponding, on the basis of a total of nine atoms, to (Tl0.789Pb0.198)∑=0.987 (As2.662Sb0.159Ag0.142Cu0.004Hg0.002)∑=2.969S5. 044. The new mineral has been approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) of the International Mineralogical Association (2013-066) and named for Philippe Roth (b. 1963), geophysicist and well known mineral expert on the Lengenbach minerals for more than 25 years.
Investigation of relevant phase diagrams for high temperature solder materials

Die binaren Systeme von Cu-Sn und Cu-Sb wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit mittels mehrerer experimenteller Methoden untersucht (DTA, PXRD, HTPXRD, ESEM, EPMA). Zusatzlich wurde fur das Cu-Sn-System die vorhandene Literatur seit 1894 aufgearbeitet und in einer detaillierten Zusammenfassung dargestellt. Die kontroverse Diskussion uber die Art des Ubergangs zwischen den Hochtemperaturphasen von Cu-Sn, namentlich die β-Phase (W-Typ) und die γ-Phase (BiF3-Typ), wurde wieder aufgegriffen. Die Messdaten der HTPXRD unterstutzten die Theorie einer diffusionslosen und daher spontanen β-γ-Umwandlung, die Existenz eines β-γ-Zweiphasenmischgebiets wurde als unwahrscheinlich angesehen (siehe Abb. 55 und 56). Weiters erlaubte die Interpretation der Daten aus der thermischen Analyse (DTA) die Annahme zweier degenerierter invarianter Reaktionen bei 566 und 758°C, die aus dem β-γ-Ubergang resultierten und in den Zweiphasengebieten (Cu)-β bzw. β-liquidus als schwache Signale aufscheinten (siehe Tabelle 21). Einige weitere invariante Reaktionen wurden bei geringfugig abweichenden Temperaturen, im Vergleich zur Literatur [15], beschrieben. Das Cu-Sb-System wurde mit denselben Methoden, mit Ausnahme der HTPXRD, untersucht. Es wurde versucht das vorliegende Phasendiagramm [43] zu bestatigen und die als ungesichert betrachteten Annahmen zu uberprufen (siehe Abb. 59 und 60). Die thermische Analyse stimmte gut mit der Literatur uberein, nichtsdestotrotz mussten fur einige Temperaturen, bei denen invariante Reaktionen beschrieben wurden, Anpassungen getroffen werden. Besonders die Reaktionen, welche die Hochtemperaturphase β (BiF3-Typ) entlang der kupferreichen Seite betrafen, liesen Interpretationsspielraum zu und bedurfen weiterer Beforschung. Die Loslichkeit von Kupfer in der δ-Phase (Cu78Sb21-Typ) war bei Temperaturen uber 340°C erhoht. Das δ-ζ-Zweiphasenmischgebiet wurde in einem schmaleren Konzentrationsbereich und bei niedrigerem Sb-Gehalt gefunden. Der eutektoide Punkt bei 427°C (Zersetzung der β-Phase) wurde an einen um 3 at% Antimon erhohten Wert angepasst. Zusatzlich wurde die η-Phase bei einer um 1-2 at% Sb erhohten Zusammensetzung gefunden. Die Probe mit der Zusammensetzung Cu60Sb40, welche bei 600°C gegluht (Flussig- Fest-Mischgebiet) und anschliesend abgeschreckt wurde, zeigte im Rontgendiffraktogramm die bis dato unbekannte Phase ι (Ge7Ir3-Typ) mit einer angenommenen Zusammensetzung Cu3Sb7. Dieser Befund muss allerdings noch durch weitere Untersuchungen uberpruft werden.
Sex chromosome evolution among amniotes: is the origin of sex chromosomes non-random?

Sex chromosomes are a great example of a convergent evolution at the genomic level, having evolved dozens of times just within amniotes. An intriguing question is whether this repeated evolution was random, or whether some ancestral syntenic blocks have significantly higher chance to be co-opted for the role of sex chromosomes owing to their gene content related to gonad development. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the evolutionary history of sex determination and sex chromosomes in amniotes and evaluate the hypothesis of non-random emergence of sex chromosomes. The current data on the origin of sex chromosomes in amniotes suggest that their evolution is indeed non-random. However, this non-random pattern is not very strong, and many syntenic blocks representing putatively independently evolved sex chromosomes are unique. Still, repeatedly co-opted chromosomes are an excellent model system, as independent co-option of the same genomic region for the role of sex chromosome offers a great opportunity for testing evolutionary scenarios on the sex chromosome evolution under the explicit control for the genomic background and gene identity. Future studies should use these systems more to explore the convergent/divergent evolution of sex chromosomes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)’.