Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Solitary Confinement—Effects and Practices from the Nineteenth Century until Today

This chapter traces the history of solitary confinement practices and their effects in prisons and places of detention from the rise of the modern penitentiary in the United States and Europe during the nineteenth century and up until present day, examining methods used in different countries around the world. It discusses how various forms of isolation have been employed for very different purposes and demonstrates how the effects of solitary confinement have been discovered in different contexts during the last two centuries. Nevertheless, these effects have been forgotten or neglected at several important junctures during the history of imprisonment. Today, few doubt that solitary confinement often has powerful consequences for the mind and body of prisoners, but the degree to which lawmakers and prison administrators acknowledge this varies greatly.
Transforming Into Men Who Matter: Increasing Empathy in Domestic Abuse Treatment

ABSTRACT Men referred to domestic abuse treatment are typically involuntary clients, ranging from being legally mandated to being under significant pressure from others to attend. Such treatment programs have mixed results in achieving change in abusive behaviours. Most programs emphasise taking responsibility for abusive behaviour by examining the precursor thinking beliefs and values, with less attention paid to learning new interpersonal skills that replace antisocial behaviours with prosocial alternatives. Empathy provides a measurable moderator of moving beyond simply acknowledging responsibility for past abuse into learning and applying prosocial relationship enhancement skills with their treatment cohort, families, and significant others. This paper describes a program that builds empathy skills through a series of program and mentalisation tasks that include routine client feedback using the Partners for Change Outcome Management System (PCOMS). Evidence of increased retention and statistically significant changes in empathy using the Social Empathy Index are provided from a previous study examining the same program. The practice and research implications for domestic abuse clients and other involuntary populations are discussed. IMPLICATIONS Involuntary clients continue to have high dropout rates across a range of client populations and are a challenge to engage in the change process. With the application of the client feedback tools and relationship enhancement skills described in this paper professionals can more effectively engage other types of involuntary clients in their change efforts. The focus on empathy and relationship enhancement skills can lead to reduced treatment dropout across involuntary client populations referred for substance use, domestic violence, or other offender behaviours.
A preliminary survey on software testing practices in Khyber PakhtunKhwa region of Pakistan

: Conducted to ensure the quality of software products, the software testing process has a great significance in the software development and is the vital step of the verification and validation process. For conforming a software feature to the end user requirements, organizations rely on extensive testing procedures. Despite being the key factor, many of the software development industries/companies do not define/follow a systematic testing process. In this paper, we analyze/learn from the conducted surveys in the past and formulate a questionnaire for a survey in the northern region of Pakistan. To the best of our knowledge, no such survey has ever been conducted in Pakistan. Thus, our work can be used as a baseline for such surveys in other regions or for a survey at the country level. This survey focuses on various aspects of testing methodologies and techniques. With the analyses of the survey findings, we conclude that a testing “maturity” model (based on the cultural/organizational/political values/constraints) should be devised for the improvement of current testing practices to ensure the production of quality software. The survey is regional but the results and knowledge obtained are in line with the related surveys conducted in other regions of the globe.
Abundances of transcripts, proteins, and metabolites in the cell cycle of budding yeast reveals coordinate control of lipid metabolism

Establishing the pattern of abundance of molecules of interest during cell division has been a long-standing goal of cell cycle studies. In several systems, including the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cell cycle-dependent changes in the transcriptome are well studied. In contrast, few studies queried the proteome during cell division, and they are often plagued by low agreement with each other and with previous transcriptomic datasets. There is also little information about dynamic changes in the levels of metabolites and lipids in the cell cycle. Here, for the first time in any system, we present experiment-matched datasets of the levels of RNAs, proteins, metabolites, and lipids from un-arrested, growing, and synchronously dividing yeast cells. Overall, transcript and protein levels were correlated, but specific processes that appeared to change at the RNA level (e.g., ribosome biogenesis), did not do so at the protein level, and vice versa. We also found no significant changes in codon usage or the ribosome content during the cell cycle. We describe an unexpected mitotic peak in the abundance of ergosterol and thiamine biosynthesis enzymes. Although the levels of several metabolites changed in the cell cycle, by far the most significant changes were in the lipid repertoire, with phospholipids and triglycerides peaking strongly late in the cell cycle. Our findings provide an integrated view of the abundance of biomolecules in the eukaryotic cell cycle and point to a coordinate mitotic control of lipid metabolism.
Prevalence of Articulation Errors among Jordanian Gifted Students with Dyslexia

This research aimed at investigating the prevalence of articulation errors among Jordanian gifted students with dyslexia at Al-Khourah Directorate of Education. 33 gifted students with dyslexia aged 6–12 years participated in this research. The resource room teachers applied the articulation errors checklist to the participants to detect the prevalence of these errors according to gender, type of articulation errors, and the position of the error in the word. The results indicated that the prevalence of articulation errors among Jordanian gifted students with dyslexia was 36.36%; 75% of the articulation errors appeared among male students; the most prevalent type of articulation errors was substitution 66.67%, and 75% of the articulation errors in the word position appeared at the beginning of the word.
The Impact of Divergence Tilt and Meridional Flow for Cross-Equatorial Eddy Momentum Transport in Gill-Like Settings

This work investigates the sensitivity of the cross-equatorial eddy momentum flux and its rotational and divergent components to Hadley cell strength in simple variants of the Gill problem. An expression is derived linking the divergent momentum flux to the mean meridional wavenumber weighted by the spectrum of divergent eddy kinetic energy, supporting the relation between divergence phase tilt and momentum flux suggested by a previous study. Newtonian cooling makes the divergence tilt eastward moving away from the equator as observed, but this tilt is also sensitive to the Hadley cell. As the divergence tilt is enhanced in the downstream direction of the flow, wave propagation increases along that direction when the Hadley cell strengthens. The meridional flow also plays a second, important role for cross-equatorial propagation. With no Hadley cell, inviscid Sverdrup balance requires perfect compensation between the divergent and rotational momentum fluxes at the equator. The model can only produce cross-equatorial propagation when Sverdrup balance is violated, which in the linear, nearly inviscid limit requires vorticity advection by the mean flow. As the Hadley cell attenuates the geopotential tilt imparted by the divergent forcing, the compensation by the rotational momentum flux is reduced. The linear model can reproduce reasonably well previous nonlinear results by Kraucunas and Hartmann when linearized about their zonal-mean climatologies. The sensitivity of the cross-equatorial momentum fluxes to Hadley cell strength in these solutions is dominated by changes in the divergent flux and consistent with diagnosed changes in the divergence tilt.
Phenomenal effect of body mass index on VO2max in medical students

Background: Decrease in VO2max and/or increase in body mass index can be used as early marker for the alteration of cardiovascular physiology. Still, the debate over fat or fit for the early predictor of cardiovascular disease risk factor exists. Aims and Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of body mass index on VO2max. Materials and Methods: Sixteen female students, group I, normal weight (n=16) and group II, overweight (n=16) were enrolled as participants. The Queen’s College step test was performed on a stool of 16.25 inches (or 41.3 cm) height for a total duration of 3 min at the rate of 22 cycles/min set by a metronome. Results: The average age, BMI, VO2max and sleep duration for normal weight and overweight female participants were 19.25±0.73 years vs 19.43±0.92 years, 20.87±1.17 kg/m2 vs 26.1±0.31 kg/m2; 36.98±0.76 ml/kg/min vs 36.55±0.78 ml/kg/min; 7.81±0.53 hours/day vs 6.23±0.16 hours/day respectively. Conclusion: The relative lower value of aerobic capacity (VO2max) in overweight female as compared to normal weight females may not be an indicator of cardio-respiratory dysfunction, and it is imperative not to make the early extrapolation that all overweight individuals suffer from cardio-respiratory dysfunction and are physically unfit. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(5) 2017 80-82
Coordination Tracking of Multiagent Systems With Active Replacement Strategy Under Node Failures

Coordination tracking problem of multiagent systems is studied for the application of threat defense in a monitored area. When targets intrude this area, agents which are nearby to them are set to track the targets. Modified nonsingular terminal sliding mode controller is proposed for the agents. We design a novel continuous function in the controller to eliminate the singularity, which makes it able to estimate the finite tracking time. Based on the estimated time, generalized Voronoi diagram considering the velocity of second-order agents and targets is presented. During the tracking process, the event of node failures will trigger a designed coordination strategy. The event that the target enters a new generalized Voronoi cell triggers active replacement coordination strategy. With the proposed active replacement strategy, the tracking time is reduced even under node failures. Comparison lemma is utilized to deal with the agent switching issue caused by node failures or active replacements under new event-triggered coordination strategies.
An Essential Membrane Protein Modulates the Proteolysis of LpxC to Control Lipopolysaccharide Synthesis in Escherichia coli

The outer membrane is a major determinant of the intrinsic antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria. It is composed of both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phospholipid, and the synthesis of these lipid species must be balanced for the membrane to maintain its barrier function in blocking drug entry. In this study, we identified an essential protein of unknown function as a key new factor in modulating LPS synthesis in the model bacterium Escherichia coli. Our results provide novel insight into how this organism and most likely other Gram-negative bacteria maintain membrane homeostasis and their intrinsic resistance to antibiotics. ABSTRACT Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by a complex cell envelope that includes two membranes. The outer membrane prevents many drugs from entering these cells and is thus a major determinant of their intrinsic antibiotic resistance. This barrier function is imparted by the asymmetric architecture of the membrane with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer leaflet and phospholipids in the inner leaflet. The LPS and phospholipid synthesis pathways share an intermediate. Proper membrane biogenesis therefore requires that the flux through each pathway be balanced. In Escherichia coli, a major control point in establishing this balance is the committed step of LPS synthesis mediated by LpxC. Levels of this enzyme are controlled through its degradation by the inner membrane protease FtsH and its presumed adapter protein LapB (YciM). How turnover of LpxC is controlled has remained unclear for many years. Here, we demonstrate that the essential protein of unknown function YejM (PbgA) participates in this regulatory pathway. Suppressors of YejM essentiality were identified in lpxC and lapB, and LpxC overproduction was shown to be sufficient to allow survival of ΔyejM mutants. Furthermore, the stability of LpxC was shown to be reduced in cells lacking YejM, and genetic and physical interactions between LapB and YejM were detected. Taken together, our results are consistent with a model in which YejM directly modulates LpxC turnover by FtsH-LapB to regulate LPS synthesis and maintain membrane homeostasis. IMPORTANCE The outer membrane is a major determinant of the intrinsic antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria. It is composed of both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phospholipid, and the synthesis of these lipid species must be balanced for the membrane to maintain its barrier function in blocking drug entry. In this study, we identified an essential protein of unknown function as a key new factor in modulating LPS synthesis in the model bacterium Escherichia coli. Our results provide novel insight into how this organism and most likely other Gram-negative bacteria maintain membrane homeostasis and their intrinsic resistance to antibiotics.
The Environment Significance of Aerinite — First Discovered in the UBC Cliffs

To analyze the composition and structure of the pale blue outcrop from the UBC Cliffs and research the environmental significance of aerinite recorded in the sediments, mineral composition, bulk chemical composition and structural analyses were carried out by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and X‐ray fluorescence spectra (XRF). Quartz, feldspar, mica, chlorite and aerinite as well as a small amount of amphibole, calcite, clinopyroxene, rutile, perovskite and apatite are recorded in the sediments. It is reported for the first time that the aerinite occurs in a high latitude area and in sediments paragenetic with mica and chlorite. The large span in grain size shows a typical characteristic of fluvioglacial sediments. Geochemistry characteristics (CIA, CIW, PIA, WIP and ICV) verify that there is virtually no chemical weathering. Mineralogy and geochemistry features of the UBC Cliffs sediments indicate that aerinite is accommodate to the high latitude and cold, dry climate. As the sediments show high similarity to those of their provenance, they have great significance in the identification of the forming condition and origin of the aerinite.
Simulating the Early Holocene demise of the Laurentide Ice Sheet with BISICLES (public trunk revision 3298)

Abstract. Simulating the demise of the Laurentide Ice Sheet covering Hudson Bay in the Early Holocene (10–7 ka) is important for understanding the role of accelerated changes in ice sheet topography and melt in the 8.2 ka event, a century long cooling of the Northern Hemisphere by several degrees. Freshwater released from the ice sheet through a surface mass balance instability (known as the saddle collapse) has been suggested as a major forcing for the 8.2 ka event, but the temporal evolution of this pulse has not been constrained. Dynamical ice loss and marine interactions could have significantly accelerated the ice sheet demise, but simulating such processes requires computationally expensive models that are difficult to configure and are often impractical for simulating past ice sheets. Here, we developed an ice sheet model setup for studying the Laurentide Ice Sheet's Hudson Bay saddle collapse and the associated meltwater pulse in unprecedented detail using the BISICLES ice sheet model, an efficient marine ice sheet model of the latest generation which is capable of refinement to kilometre-scale resolutions and higher-order ice flow physics. The setup draws on previous efforts to model the deglaciation of the North American Ice Sheet for initialising the ice sheet temperature, recent ice sheet reconstructions for developing the topography of the region and ice sheet, and output from a general circulation model for a representation of the climatic forcing. The modelled deglaciation is in agreement with the reconstructed extent of the ice sheet, and the associated meltwater pulse has realistic timing. Furthermore, the peak magnitude of the modelled meltwater equivalent (0.07–0.13 Sv) is compatible with geological estimates of freshwater discharge through the Hudson Strait. The results demonstrate that while improved representations of the glacial dynamics and marine interactions are key for correctly simulating the pattern of Early Holocene ice sheet retreat, surface mass balance introduces by far the most uncertainty. The new model configuration presented here provides future opportunities to quantify the range of plausible amplitudes and durations of a Hudson Bay ice saddle collapse meltwater pulse and its role in forcing the 8.2 ka event.
Short term outcome of patients with radial head fracture treated with operative management

Aim: To evaluate the result of different operative procedures in radial head fracture based on mayo elbow perfomance index score. Assesment of elbow function and functional abilities of patient in follow up studies. Results and Discussion: The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 82.16 points; the score was classified as good or excellent for twenty six elbows (87%) and as fair for four. These results were quite comparable to those observed by Broberg et al, in their study.
Droplet size impact on lactofen and acifluorfen efficacy for Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) control

Abstract Herbicide applications performed with pulse width modulation (PWM) sprayers to deliver specific spray droplet sizes could maintain product efficacy, minimize potential off-target movement, and increase flexibility in field operations. Given the continuous expansion of herbicide-resistant Palmer amaranth populations across the southern and midwestern United States, efficacious and cost-effective means of application are needed to maximize Palmer amaranth control. Experiments were conducted in two locations in Mississippi (2016, 2017, and 2018) and one location in Nebraska (2016 and 2017) for a total of 7 site-years. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of a range of spray droplet sizes [150 (Fine) to 900 µm (Ultra Coarse)] on lactofen and acifluorfen efficacy for Palmer amaranth control. The results of this research indicated that spray droplet size did not influence lactofen efficacy on Palmer amaranth. Palmer amaranth control and percent dry-biomass reduction remained consistent with lactofen applied within the aforementioned droplet size range. Therefore, larger spray droplets should be used as part of a drift mitigation approach. In contrast, acifluorfen application with 300-µm (Medium) spray droplets provided the greatest Palmer amaranth control. Although percent biomass reduction was numerically greater with 300-µm (Medium) droplets, results did not differ with respect to spray droplet size, possibly as a result of initial plant injury, causing weight loss, followed by regrowth. Overall, 900-µm (Ultra Coarse) droplets could be used effectively without compromising lactofen efficacy on Palmer amaranth, and 300-µm (Medium) droplets should be used to achieve maximum Palmer amaranth control with acifluorfen. Nomenclature: Acifluorfen; lactofen; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. AMAPA
Flow–acoustic resonance in a cavity covered by a perforated plate

To explain the large-scale hydrodynamic instability along a cavity-backed perforated plate in a flow duct, a two-dimensional multimodal analysis of flow disturbances is performed. First, a hole-by-hole description of the perforated plate shows a spatially growing wave with a wavelength close to the plate length, but much larger than the period of perforation. To better understand this problem and also cavity flow oscillations, we then combine the travelling mode and global mode analyses of the flow where the plate is represented by a homogeneous impedance. The spatially growing wave is, from a homogeneous point of view, essentially a Kelvin–Helmholtz instability wave, strongly distorted by evanescent acoustic waves near the cavity downstream edge. The phase difference of the unstable hydrodynamic mode at the two edges is found to be a bit larger than $2\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}$, whereas the upstream-travelling evanescent waves reduce the total phase change around the feedback loop, so that the phase condition of the global mode can still be satisfied. This particular case indicates the significant effects of those evanescent waves on both the amplitude and phase of cavity flow disturbances. The criterion of the global instability is discussed: the loop gain being larger or smaller than unity determines whether the global mode is unstable or stable. A global mode in the stable regime, which has so far received little attention, is explored by investigating the system response to external forcing. It is shown that sound can be produced when a lightly damped flow–acoustic resonance is excited by a vortical wave.
Features of sonographic parameters of liver in practically healthy men of different somatotypes, in the Podilski region of Ukraine

Abstract The analysis of liver sonographic parameters of healthy men of the Podilski region of Ukraine who are of different somatotypes has revealed significant differences only in the thickness of the right lobe of the liver on inhalation, as well as in the width of the caudate lobe of the liver and the densitometry of the left lobe of the liver parenchyma on exhalation and during inhalation. No significant differences or trends between healthy men of different somatotypes were seen in the rest of the sonographic parameters of liver (oblique vertical size of the right lobe of the liver on exhalation and on inhalation, the thickness of the right lobe of the liver on exhalation, the cranio-caudal size of the left lobe of the liver on exhalation and inhalation, the thickness of the left lobe of the liver on exhalation and in inhalation, as well as the length of the caudate particle of the liver and densitometry of right lobe of liver parenchyma on exhalation and inhalation).