Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NmF2 enhancement during ionospheric F2 region nighttime: A statistical analysis based on COSMIC observations during the 2007–2009 solar minimum

In this paper the global features of NmF2 enhancement occurring during ionospheric F2 region nighttime (the period when the sunlight is occulted by the Earth in the altitudinal range of ionospheric F2 region) and lasting for more than 2 h were investigated based on Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) measurements during the 2007–2009 solar minimum. This nighttime enhancement of NmF2 mainly appears at the latitudes with dips larger than 45° in the winter hemisphere in solstice seasons. The magnitude of NmF2 enhancement reaches latitudinal maxima (minima) at the geomagnetic latitudes of about 40°–50° (60°–70°), with larger magnitudes in the northern winter hemisphere than in the southern winter hemisphere. The longitudinal variation of nighttime enhancement is also evident; especially the magnitude of NmF2 enhancement shows a significant longitudinal modulation in the southern winter hemisphere. The controlling factors of the spatial variations of NmF2 nighttime enhancement were analyzed. The longitudinal variation of NmF2 nighttime enhancement is suggested to be related to the longitudinal differences in background NmF2, thermospheric density, and interhemispheric plasma transport, and the latitudinal variation of NmF2 nighttime enhancement is possibly related to the latitudinal variations of geomagnetic inclination and the plasma storage in the topside ionosphere and the plasmasphere. The configuration of the geomagnetic field plays an important role in the longitudinal and latitudinal variations of NmF2 nighttime enhancement.
New insights into crowd density analysis in video surveillance systems

Crowd analysis has recently emerged as an increasingly important problem for crowd monitoring and management in the visual surveillance community. In this thesis, our objectives are to address the problems of crowd density estimation and to investigate the usefulness of such estimation as additional information to other applications. Towards the first goal, we focus on the problems related to the estimation of the crowd density using low level features in order to avert typical problems in detection of high density crowd. We demonstrate in this dissertation, that the proposed approaches perform better than the baseline methods, either for counting people, or alternatively for estimating the crowd level. Afterwards, we propose a novel approach, in which local information at the pixel level substitutes the overall crowd level or person count. It is based on modeling time-varying dynamics of the crowd density using sparse feature tracks as observations of a probabilistic density function. The second goal is to use crowd density as additional information to complement other tasks related to video surveillance in crowds. First, we use the proposed crowd density measure which conveys rich information about the local distributions of persons to improve human detection and tracking in videos of high density crowds. Second, we investigate the concept of crowd context-aware privacy protection by adjusting the obfuscation level according to the crowd density. Finally, we employ additional information about the local density together with regular motion patterns as crowd attributes for high level applications such as crowd change detection and event recognition.
Where did Gustav Steinmann see the trinity? Back to the roots of an Alpine ophiolite concept

In 1905, Gustav Steinmann noted the close association of serpentinites, diabase and radiolarite and considered this "greenstone" or ophiolitic association as characteristic for the axial part of the "geosyncline" and the deep ocean floor. Although Steinmann considered diabase, spilite and "variolite" as intrusive rocks distinctly younger than the associated sediments, he stressed their association with deep-sea sediments, notably radiolarian cherts and pelagic limestones. In his view, the "consanguineous" association of ultramafic and mafic material was typical for suboceanic environments from where these magmas had ascended during folding of the oceanic sediments. Eventually, the importance of Steinmann's discovery was recognized, and the association of serpentinites, pillow lavas and radiolarites became known as the Steinmann trinity and, finally, a synonym for ophiolitic associations in general. Ironically, it appears that Steinmann never saw a completely developed ophiolite like those in Oman or Troodos. In the type-area of the trinity, in the Penninic zone of the Alps where Steinmann worked, the Jurassic ophiolites are dominated by serpentinites, pillow lavas, and oceanic sediments, whereas gabbros appear to play a subordinate role and no relics of a sheeted dike complex are found. Instead, oceanic sediments, radiolarian cherts, and pelagic limestones stratigraphically overlie serpentinized mantle rocks of subcontinental origin that were exhumed along concave-downward detachment faults and exposed on the sea floor. The gabbros intruded the partially serpentinized peridotites at a shallow depth. Undeformed basaltic dikes cut across gabbros deformed at high temperatures, and pillow lavas directly overlie the exhumed peridotites and gabbros. Both types of mafic rocks are characterized by eNd values typical for an asthenospheric mid-ocean ridge-type source. They may be the products of a steady process, which combined extensional deformation with magma generation and emplacement, and appear to record the onset of sea floor spreading across an exhumed subcontinental mantle during the earliest phases of the development of a slow spreading ridge. This situation is conspicuously similar to that of the early Cretaceous ocean-continent transition along the west-Iberian passive margin where subcontinental mantle was exhumed to the sea floor prior to the onset of sea floor spreading.
The Neural Correlates of Sensory Processing Sensitivity – a Systematic Review

Sensory processing sensitivity is an innate temperament trait characterized by deeper cognitive processing of stimuli, increased empathy and emotionality, ease of overstimulation, and heightened awareness of subtleties in the environment. This systematic review aims to review the literature that has investigated the neural correlates of sensory processing sensitivity. A systematic search was conducted in Web of science and Scopus resulting in seven studies included in systematic review. Five studies are functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, one magnetic resonance imaging study and one near-infrared spectroscopy study. Results show that sensory processing sensitivity is associated with enhanced activation of neural regions involved in higher order visual processing, attention, awareness, memory, emotion processing, action planning and information integration (e.g., insula, precuneus, IFG, PFC, claustrum, amygdala, and hippocampus). An increased understanding of this temperament trait is essential as it is an important factor for mental health and well-being.
NEON GAS SEEDED RADIATIVE IMPROVED MODE IN ADITYA-U

Neon impurity injection into the tokamak plasma has been found to improve the plasma confinement, known as radiative improved (RI) mode in many tokamaks. It is believed that improved confinement in the RI mode is mostly based on the reduction of growth characteristics of the toroidal ion temperature gradient (ITG) mode due to the increase of Z eff and also because of the suppression of turbulence due to increase of E × B shear rotation in the impurity injected plasma. During the last phase of operation of Aditya tokamak neon gas was puffed at the plasma current flattop region to obtain RI mode. In that experiment, the time for the gas puff to start, time gap between gas puffs, number of gas puffs, amount of gas injection by varying pulse width and voltage level in the gas fuelling system were varied. It was found that line average electron density, n e and central electron temperature were increased after the neon puff. Substantial change in plasma edge properties was observed with the increase of radiation and reduction of hydrogen recycling, which led to better particle confinement. The energy confinement time, τ e , is increased by a factor of 2 from 6.5 to 13 ms. This is almost same to the H-mode scaling law of ITER93 ELM-free and 1.4 times the neo-alcator scaling for ohmically heated tokamak plasma. In Aditya-u tokamak, experiment with neon gas puff was carried out to obtain the RI mode and similar results are obtained showing lower particle recycling, higher electron density and improved confinement.
Measurements of surf zone sand bed dynamics under irregular waves

Measurements of velocity profiles, sediment concentration, pore-pressure and sheet flow layer dynamics are analysed in order to better assess the relative importance of the processes that contribute to destabilise the bed of a sandy beach. These measurements were conducted in the surf zone of irregular waves, in a 30 m × 30 m wave tank. The effects of flow acceleration, excess pore-pressure vertical gradients across the bed and infiltration/exfiltration seepage flow are studied. The appearance of a sheet flow layer is apparently initiated by the strong accelerations in the wave fronts. These results are compared to field measurements at Truc-Vert beach (Atlantic coast of France). Probably due to the partial saturation of the bed made of finer sand in the wave tank experiments, the upwards-directed excess pore-pressure gradient could enhance the bed destabilisation compared to that observed in the field. Des mesures de profil de vitesses, de concentration en sédiment, de pressions intersticielles et de la dynamique de la couche de fond sont analysées afin de mieux juger de l’importance relative des processus susceptibles de déstabiliser le lit d’une plage. Ces mesures ont été réalisées en laboratoire, dans un bassin de 30 m × 30 m, dans la zone de déferlement de vagues irrégulières et sur la plage du Truc Vert (côte Aquitaine, France). Les effets d’accélération, du gradient vertical de pression à travers le lit et de l’écoulement d’infiltration/exfiltration sont étudiés. L’apparition d’une couche mobile et fortement concentrée semble initiée par les fortes accélérations précédant le passage de la crête des vagues. Probablement dû à un lit partiellement saturé et constitué de grains plus fins dans les expériences en bassin, la déstabilisation du lit par un gradient de pression interstitielle orienté vers le haut n’apparaît pas négligeable comme dans les mesures de terrain.
PEER COUNSELING TRAINING TO IMPROVE THE COMPETENCE OF SOPHOMORE PEER COUNSELORS

Counseling training programs need to be held because there is still a lack of student skills related to this program. Thus the competence of peer counselors needs to be improved. This training program's purposes are to provide participants with new knowledge and insight regarding the treatment of peer counselors. The research sample was 47 students undergraduate. The experimental design used is One Group Pre-test and Post-test Design. This training was held in two days with different durations. The research methods used here were mixed methods. The qualitative data were gained through a self-reflection form. Then, the quantitative data were taken through a knowledge test. The result of the Quantitative test was based on the analysis of the Paired sample T-Test, the result is p = 0.00 (p < 0.01). This implies that there is a clear difference before and after the training program. As can be seen from the qualitative results, the majority of the participants have experienced positive changes which can be detected in the self-reflection form exclusively in the section of new skills, skill upgrades, insights, and impressions. In the end, this article discusses findings, limitations, and recommendations for further peer counselor research and training program.
Risk Factors and Angiographic Profile in Young Individuals with Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)

Coronary artery disease (CAD) represents the leading cause of death in adults and Myocardial infarction (MI) is the lethal manifestation of that. Although males and females beyond certain age are prone to CAD, young men and/or women also suffer from MI. Apart from the rare case reports of non-athermatous coronary artery disease including hyper-coagulable states, spontaneous dissections and/or substance abuse in young MI, the prevalence of conventional risk factors are on rise in young adults and children. The protection offered by young age has been overshadowed by the increased prevalence of these risk factors. To evaluate the prevalence of such conventional risk factors and angiographic pattern in young MI, we did an observational, retrospective study at our tertiary care center. It was observed that one-fourth of young MI had no conventional risk factors and among the rest, obesity (48%) was most common, followed by diabetes mellitus (DM) (32%), Hypertension (29.5%), smoking (15.5%), alcoholism (11%), and a family history of premature CAD (3%). Among the participants, 35.5%, 22.5%, 12%, 4%, and 1% of patients had one, two, three, four, and five risk factors, respectively. On angiography, Left Anterior Descending (LAD) was the most commonly diseased coronary artery (77%) followed by Right Coronary Artery (RCA) (30.5%) and Left Circumflex (LCx) (29.5%). Single-vessel disease (SVD) (69.5%) was the most frequent observation on CAG, whereas 24% and 6.5% of patients had double-vessel and triple-vessel disease (DVD, TVD), respectively.
Mineralization of Nitrogen from Nitrogen‐15 Labeled Crop Residues Under Field Conditions

The management of crop residues and their contribution to the supply of plant nutrients is intimately tied with N cycling in the soil. Any attempt to utilize crop residues to the fullest extent requires an understanding of how the system functions. The objective of this research was to determine the extent and rate of N mineralization from ¹⁵N-labeled winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] residues. In addition, the influence of soil texture and fertilizer N on net N mineralization also was evaluated. Nitrogen mineralization from decomposing crop residues was followed by means of plant and soil sampling during subsequent cropping seasons. Plant N uptake and soil inorganic N data showed that 12 to 15% of wheat residue N and 12 to 33% of sorghum residue N were mineralized after one cropping season. Net mineralization differences between crop residues may be attributed to both the C/N ratios and chemical composition of these plant materials. Soil texture and the addition of fertilizer N mainly influenced the initial rate of mineralization, particularly with the wheat residue. There was also evidence of N immobilization of the recently mineralized ¹⁵N followed by remineralization later in the growing season for wheat and sorghum residues decomposing in the medium-textured soils. This immobilization occurred during a period of rapidly increasing soil temperatures. On avg, 79% of the mineralized wheat residue N and 82% of the mineralized sorghum residue N were utilized by wheat and sorghum plants, respectively. Based on these results, the greatest proportion of N mineralized from decomposing wheat and sorghum residues appears to coincide with plant N demand by the subsequent crop, irrespective of differences between C/N ratios of these residues or soil texture.
Rockfall activity in the Kangchenjunga area, Nepal Himalaya

Rockfall activity and related environmental factors (i.e. bedrock thermal regime and precipitation) were monitored through most of one year at elevations between 4600 m and 6800 m in the Kangchenjunga valley of the Nepal Himalaya to identify rockfall dynamics, estimate rockfall frequency for different aspects, and assess temporal and spatial variations in rockfall activity. Rockfall activity on north‐facing slopes is mainly controlled by insolation relating to solar elevation and showed an abrupt increase in the pre‐monsoon season. Rockfall activity on east‐, west‐ and south‐facing slopes is controlled by the duration and effectiveness of sunshine and accumulation of snow. The north‐facing slope has a small diurnal range of rock surface temperatures and exhibits seasonal freeze‐thaw, whereas the other aspects show frequent diurnal freeze‐thaw. These differences result in seasonal rockfall activity on the north‐facing slope and the infrequent release of large debris and year‐round rockfall activity on the other aspects. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tuning Intrinsic Spin Hall Effect in Platinum/Ferrimagnetic Insulator Heterostructure in Moderately Dirty Regime

Studying the mechanisms of the spin Hall effect (SHE) is essential for the fundamental understanding of spintronic physics. By now, despite the intensive studies of SHE on heavy metal (HM)/metallic magnet heterostructures, the SHE on HM/ferrimagnetic insulator (FMI) heterostructures still remains elusive. Here, we study the mechanism of SHE in the Pt/Tm3Fe5O12 (TmIG) heterostructure. We first tune the crystallinity and resistivity of Pt by an annealing method, and then study the spin–orbit torque (SOT) in the tuned-Pt/TmIG devices. The SOT generation efficiency per unit electric field and spin Hall angle were obtained, which are insensitive to the annealing temperature. We further demonstrate that the intrinsic contribution in the moderately dirty regime is responsible for the SHE in our Pt/TmIG bilayer. Our study provides an important piece of information for the SHE in FMI-based spintronic physics.
Effectiveness of University-Provided Individual Counselling for Healthcare Students: A Systematic Review

Medical, nursing, and other healthcare students undergo specific stressors. Their mental health represents a priority for universities and the entire community. This review aimed to gather evidence about the effectiveness of individual psychological counselling offered by universities to healthcare students. A systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed, Scopus, and APA PsycInfo. A total of 1906 records were identified. The selection resulted in six studies published between 1994 and 2014. The most common design was quasi-experimental. Half focused on medical students and often interventions comprised other elements. Outcomes were related to mental health issues, academic performance, or both. The results showed statistically significant improvements, with some exceptions. The present review highlighted some specific characteristics that must be considered in order to fill the existing gap in this field, such as widening the range of studied outcomes, improving the description of the intervention, and planning randomized controlled trials (RCT) to compare strategies.
Permeability and hydraulic diffusivity of Waste Isolation Pilot Plant repository salt inferred from small-scale brine inflow experiments

Brine seepage to 17 boreholes in salt at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) facility horizon has been monitored for several years. A simple model for one-dimensional, radial, darcy flow due to relaxation of ambient pore-water pressure is applied to analyze the field data. Fits of the model response to the data yield estimates of two parameters that characterize the magnitude of the flow and the time scale over which it evolves. With further assumptions, these parameters are related to the permeability and the hydraulic diffusivity of the salt. For those data that are consistent with the model prediction, estimated permeabilities are typically 10-22 to 10-21 m2. The relatively small range of inferred permeabilities reflects the observation that the measured seepage fluxes are fairly consistent from hole to hole, of the order of 10-10 m/s. Estimated diffusivities are typically 10-10 to 10-8 m2/S. The greater scatter in inferred hydraulic diffusivities is due to the difficulty of matching the idealized model history to the observed evolution of the flows. The data obtained from several of the monitored holes are not consistent with the simple model adopted here; material properties could not be inferred in these cases.
Comparisons of atmosphere–ocean simulations of greenhouse gas-induced climate change for pre-industrial and hypothetical ‘no-anthropogenic’ radiative forcing, relative to present day

We compare climate simulations for Present-Day (PD), Pre-Industrial (PI) time, and a hypothetical (inferred) state termed No-Anthropogenic (NA) based upon the low greenhouse gas (GHG) levels of the late stages of previous interglacials that are comparable in time (orbital configuration) to the present interglacial. We use a fully coupled dynamical atmosphere–ocean model, the CCSM3. We find a consistent trend toward colder climate (lower surface temperature, more snow and sea-ice cover, lower ocean temperature, and modified ocean circulation) as the net change in GHG radiative forcing trends more negative from PD to PI to NA. The climatic response of these variables becomes larger relative to the changed GHG forcing for each step toward a colder climate state (PD to PI to NA). This amplification is significantly enhanced using the dynamical atmosphere–ocean model compared with our previous results with an atmosphere–slab ocean model, a result that conforms to earlier idealized GHG forcing experiments. However, in our case this amplification is not an idealized result, but instead helps frame important questions concerning aspects of Holocene climate change. This enhanced amplification effect leads to an increase in our estimate of the climate’s response to inferred early anthropogenic CO2 increases (NA to PI) relative to the response to industrial-era CO2 increases (PI to PD). Although observations of the climate for the hypothetical NA (inferred from observations of previous interglacials) and for PI have significant uncertainties, our new results using CCSM3 are in better agreement with these observations than our previous results from an atmospheric model coupled to a static slab ocean. The results support more strongly inferences by Ruddiman concerning indirect effects of ocean solubility/sea-ice/deep ocean ventilation feedbacks that may have contributed to a further increase in late-Holocene atmospheric CO2 beyond that caused by early anthropogenic emissions alone.
Exogenous crisis and the resilience of SMEs: exploring Open Innovation in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Open innovation is one of the most discussedthemes in managerial literature. However, there are still many questions that scholars have not yet answered. A research question of particular relevance today is: How can open Innovation help SMEs overcome and manage the economic crises caused by a pandemic? In 2020, a global coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) emerged that has damaged several sectors, particularly by weakening the economy of small and medium-sized businesses. This paper addresses this issue by examining the literature available to date and provides a theoretical answer by investigating the influence of open innovation on the resilience of SMEs during the COVID-19 outbreak. The paper shows that several companies have leveraged open innovation to address the economic crisis caused by the pandemic. Moreover, open innovation can represent a winning strategy for SMEs in surviving extremely uncontrollable turbulences. A collaborative approach and an open mindset can be the right innovative strategy for SMEs to overcome a crisis caused by unpredictable exogenous factors.