Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Artificial Neural Network Models for Rainfall Prediction

Rainfall prediction is an important meteorological problem that can greatly affect humanity in areas such as agriculture production, flooding, drought, and sustainable management of water resources. The dynamic and nonlinear nature of the climatic conditions have made it impossible for traditional techniques to yield satisfactory accuracy for rainfall prediction. As a result of the sophistication of climatic processes that produced rainfall, using quantitative techniques to predict rainfall is a very cumbersome task. The paper proposed four non-linear techniques such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for rainfall prediction. ANN has the capacity to map different input and output patterns. The Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN), Cascade Forward Neural Network (CFNN), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), and Elman Neural Network (ENN) were used to predict rainfall. The dataset used for this work contains some meteorological variables such as temperature, wind speed, humidity, rainfall, visibility, and others for the year 2015-2019. Simulation results indicated that of all the proposed Neural Network (NN) models, the Elman NN model produced the best performance. We also found out that Elman NN has the best performance for the year 2018 (having the lowest RMSE, MSE, and MAE of 6.360, 40.45, and 0.54 respectively). The results indicated that NN algorithms are robust, dependable, and reliable algorithms that can be used for daily, monthly, or yearly rainfall prediction.
Introduction to Information Theory and Data Science.

The ﬁeld of information theory—dating back to 1948—is one of the landmark intellectual achievements of the 20th century. It provides the philosophical and mathematical underpinnings of the technologies that allow accurate representation, eﬃcient compression, and reliable communication of sources of data. A wide range of storage and transmission infrastructure technologies, including optical and wireless communication networks, the internet, and audio and video compression, have been enabled by principles illuminated by information theory. Technological breakthroughs based on information-theoretic concepts have driven the “information revolution” characterized by the anywhere and anytime availability of massive amounts of data and fueled by the ubiquitous presence of devices that can capture, store, and communicate data. The existence and accessibility of such massive amounts of data promise immense opportunities, but also pose new challenges in terms of how to extract useful and actionable
Sovereign Debt Standstills

As a response to economic crises triggered by COVID-19, sovereign debt standstill proposals emphasize debt payment suspensions without haircuts on the face value of debt obligations. We quantify the effects of standstills using a standard default model. We find that a one-year standstill generates welfare gains for the sovereign equivalent to a permanent consumption increase of between 0.1% and 0.3%, depending on the initial shock. However, except when it avoids a default, the standstill also implies capital losses for creditors of between 9% and 27%, which is consistent with their reluctance to participate in these operations and indicates that this reluctance would persist even without a free-riding or holdout problem. Standstills also generate a form of “debt overhang” and thus the opportunity for a “voluntary debt exchange”: complementing the standstill with haircuts could reduce creditors’ losses and simultaneously increase welfare gains. Our results cast doubts on the emphasis on standstills without haircuts.
Rounding Up Performance Measures in German Firms: Earnings Cosmetics or Earnings Management on a Larger Scale?

To the extent that cognitive thresholds are relevant in the investors’ decision process, managers have an incentive to report earnings that exceed the given critical value. If the net income is below this threshold, managers might simply use accounting discretion to round up the earnings number. As a consequence, the second digits of the net income in a sample of firms rounding up do not follow Benford’s Law. However, the magnitude of rounding up (i.e., the difference between the (unobservable) pre-managed and the reported earnings) is important in assessing whether rounding up reduces the decision usefulness of financial statements. Rounding up reduces the financial reporting quality only if the earnings manipulation is material but not in cases of non-material “earnings cosmetics”. To differentiate between these cases, we investigate whether deviations from the Benford distribution are more likely in subsamples of firms with lower earnings quality. We find deviations of earnings numbers from the Benford distribution for firms that maximize their earnings via discretionary accruals, for firms with a non-Big 4 audit firm, and for firms with an auditor who is not an industry specialist. We do not find divergences for the subsamples of firms with higher financial reporting quality as approximated by these metrics. In contrast, earnings smoothing and overstepping investors’ cognitive thresholds seem to be opposing goals because only firms with low degrees of earnings smoothing deviate from the Benford distribution. Taken together, we find evidence for the materiality of the manipulations used to round up the net income.
Perspectives of Students Labeled Intellectually Disabled at College: Using Disability Studies in Education as a Lens to Contemplate Inclusive Postsecondary Education

This study reports on the experiences of students with intellectual disability labels who participated in inclusive postsecondary education (ipse) at a public university. A disability studies framework is employed to discern and critique the aims of ipse programs and forefront the perspectives of persons who are identified as intellectually disabled. Qualitative participant-observation data was gathered and analyzed to describe how participants narrate ways they understand and value reciprocal relationships and working towards in(ter)dependence as productive and key aspects of their experience at a college. Implications of attending to student voice to guide our program development is discussed along with broader implications for the field.
Partial decay widths of 
ϕ(2170)
 to kaonic resonances

In this work, we study the strong decays of $\ensuremath{\phi}(2170)$ to final states involving the kaonic resonances $K(1460)$, ${K}_{1}(1270)$, and ${K}_{1}(1400)$, on which experimental data have recently been extracted by the BESIII Collaboration. The formalism developed here is based on interpreting $\ensuremath{\phi}(2170)$ and $K(1460)$ as states arising from three-hadron dynamics, which is inspired by our earlier works. For ${K}_{1}(1270)$ and ${K}_{1}(1400)$, we investigate different descriptions, such as a mixture of states belonging to the nonet of axial resonances, or the former one as a state originating from the vector-pseudoscalar dynamics. The ratios among the partial widths of ${K}^{+}(1460){K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${K}_{1}^{+}(1400){K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and ${K}_{1}^{+}(1270){K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ obtained are compatible with the experimental results, reinforcing the three-body nature of $\ensuremath{\phi}(2170)$. Within our formalism, we can also explain the suppressed decay of $\ensuremath{\phi}(2170)$ to ${K}^{*}(892){\overline{K}}^{*}(892)$, as found by the BESIII Collaboration. Furthermore, our results can be useful in clarifying the properties of $K(1460)$, ${K}_{1}(1270)$, and ${K}_{1}(1400)$ when higher statistics data are available.
Variational technique for gauge boson masses

In this work, a novel mechanism for spontaneous symmetry breaking is presented. This mechanism incorporates gravity in the generation of masses for gauge fields, showing that the Higgs mechanism can take place even without a quartic self-interaction at the fundamental level. Using the scale-dependent effective action ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{k}$ minimally coupled to a gravitational sector, a variational parameter setting is applied. This provides a mass and vacuum expectation value as a function of the constants arising in the low-scale expansion of Newton and cosmological couplings. A comparison with experimental data, such as the Higgs mass, allows putting restrictions on these constants. This generic approach can be compared with explicit candidates for an effective field theory of gravity. As an example, we use the asymptotic safety scenario, where we find restrictions on the matter content of the theory.
A Newly Constant-Thrust Control Method Based on Parameter Estimation

Finite-thrust control technology is widely applied to space missions such as orbital transfer and rendezvous. However, traditional low-thrust method requires time-varying acceleration for achieving transfer and rendezvous. In this study, a newly piecewise constant thrust method is proposed for orbital transfer problems considering J 2 perturbation. To rapidly obtain the solution, UKF parameter estimation method is adopted, which transform the original problem into a parameter estimation problem. Numerical simulations are conducted to demonstrate the validation of the proposed method. It proves to be a practical choice for engineering applications.
Strong Amplification of ELF/VLF Signals in Space Using Neutral Gas Injection from a Satellite Rocket Engine

By transferring energy from pickup ions in a rocket exhaust plume to EM waves in the ionosphere, the first demonstration of rocket exhaust driven amplification (REDA) of whistler mode waves was achieved on 26 May 2020. The source of coherent VLF waves was the Navy NML Transmitter at 25.2 kHz located in La Moore, South Dakota. A region of the topside ionosphere at 480 km altitude was converted into an amplifying medium with a 60 second firing of the Cygnus BT-4 engine. The rocket exhaust was injected as a neutral cloud moving perpendicular to field lines that connected the NML transmitter to the VLF Radio Receiver Instrument (RRI) on e-POP/SWARM-E at 1080 km altitude. Charge exchange between the ambient O+ ions and the hypersonic water molecules in the exhaust produced an active plasma media with H2O+ ions in a ring-beam velocity distribution. The 25.2 kHz VLF signal from NML was amplified by 30 dB for a period 87 seconds as observed with the electric fields measurements by the RRI. A secondary source of coherent ELF waves was amplified by 50 dB relative to a 300 Hz signal before the engine burn. The 300 Hz ELF waves are of unknown origin but they were related to harmonics of 100 Hz recorded by the RRI more the 600 seconds before the Cygnus burn. Extremely strong coherent emissions and quasi-periodic bursts were observed in the 300 to 310 Hz frequency range for 200 seconds after the release. The excitation of a ELF whistler cavity may have lasted longer but the orbit of the SWARM-E/e-POP moved the RRI sensor away from the wave emission region. Propagation analysis suggests that the 25.2 kHz VLF waves are less likely to be trapped in plasmaspheric ducts than the 300 Hz ELF band. The 50 dB amplification of the ELF modes may be the result of multi-hop whistler modes echoing between geomagnetic-conjugate hemispheres, gaining energy by cyclotron resonance with the radiation belt electrons.
Thermo-physiological comfort of half bleached woven fabrics made from different cotton yarns parameters

ABSTRACT Thermo-physiological comfort of apparel clothing must be suitable for the wearer both in winter and summer seasons. Poor thermo-physiological properties can lead to discomfort, fluctuation in body temperature, poor sweat management during wear and can affect human health as well as work efficiency. For this reason, optimum thermo-physiological comfort of clothing is a prerequisite by users for any given weather. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cotton yarn parameters on the thermo-physiological comfort of woven fabrics. Four types of woven fabrics were developed from cotton yarn with different counts, twist, coefficient of variation of mass (CVm), neps, hairiness, thin places, thick places, strength, and elongation. Yarn samples were produced separately by carding and rotor span before they were woven on an air jet machine with the same settings. Finally, the woven fabrics were finished in a combined finishing treatment process. Thermo-physiological properties of fabrics were measured and analyzed. Statistically analyzed results showed that thermal resistance, thermal conductivity, thermal absorptivity, and air permeability of fabrics had statistically significant change with P values of 0.029, 0.035, 0.005, and 0.000, respectively. Model equations were developed based on the results to predict the comfort of the fabric.
Effects of defects in the XY chain with frustrated boundary conditions

It has been recently proven that new types of bulk local order can ensue due to frustrated boundary condition, that is, periodic boundary conditions with an odd number of lattice sites and antiferromagnetic interactions. For the quantum XY chain in zero external fields, the usual antiferromagnetic order has been found to be replaced either by a mesoscopic ferromagnet or by an incommensurate AFM order. In this work we examine the resilience of these new types of orders against a defect that breaks the translational symmetry of the model. We find that, while a ferromagnetic defect restores the traditional, staggered order, an AFM one stabilizes the incommensurate order. The robustness of the frustrated order to certain kinds of defects paves the way for its experimental observability.
The LOHAS (Lifestyle of Health and Sustainability) Scale Development and Validation

LOHAS (Lifestyle of Health and Sustainability) describes an emerging lifestyle that is defined by attention to health, well-being, and environmental sustainability. Discussions of the LOHAS lifestyle have moved faster than any of the research to support it. Originally developed in South Korea, it has been picked up in the U.S. and other cultures worldwide. However, researchers have proceeded as if one scale fits all. The implications of LOHAS can only proceed if there is a reliable and valid measure for LOHAS and empirical evidence that the scale is effective for diverse groups. The current research focuses on the development of a psychometrically reliable and valid scale to measure the multi-dimensional nature of LOHAS. By following generally accepted scale development procedures, a LOHAS scale is created and tested for its reliability, dimensionality, construct, and nomological validity. Finally, theoretical and managerial implications are outlined.
Do all, or only some personality types engage in spreading negative WOM? An experimental study of negative WOM, big 5 personality traits and brand personality

ABSTRACT The focus of this research is on examining the interrelationships among brand personality, human personality traits, and the propensity to spread online negative word of mouth (WOM). The results across two studies show that consumers with higher levels of neuroticism (or lower emotional stability) have a greater propensity to spread negative WOM for a sincere brand than for an exciting brand. Conversely, consumers with higher levels of emotional stability exhibit no significant differences in negative WOM across sincere and exciting brands. Implications of these findings for theory are discussed, along with directions for future research.
Using fisheries observation data to develop a predictive species distribution model for endangered sea turtles

The Eastern Pacific leatherback turtle population (Dermochelys coriacea) has declined precipitously in recent years. One of the major causes is bycatch from coastal and pelagic fisheries. Fisheries observations are often underutilized, despite strong potential for this data to affect policy. In this study, we created a spatiotemporal species distribution model that synthesizes fisheries observations with remotely sensed environmental data. The model will be developed into a dynamic management tool for the Eastern Pacific leatherback population. We obtained leatherback observation data from multiple fisheries that have operated in the Southeast Pacific (2001–2018). A dynamic Poisson point process model was applied to predict leatherback intensity (observation per unit area) as a function of dynamic environmental covariates. This model serves as a tool for application by managers and stakeholders toward the reduction of leatherback turtle bycatch and provides a modeling framework for analyzing fisheries observations from other vulnerable populations and species.
The Role of Na2SiO3 Loading in the Synthesis of Fe3O4-Fe2O3@SiO2 Composite

Mesoporous silica on the surface of nanoparticles’ magnetic Fe3O4-Fe2O3 has been synthesized in one pot reaction method by using Sijunjung iron sand and Na2SiO3 as raw materials. The influence of Na2SiO3 mole as raw materials on the existence of silica pore size on the surface of Fe3O4-Fe2O3 composite product has been studied. The product were characterized by X-ray diffraction. The results showed that mesoporous silica start to form on the surface of the Fe3O4-Fe2O3 composite when Na2SiO3 was used 8 times moles of iron sand. The increasing of Na2SiO3 mole lead to increase of OH−concentration and transformed some Fe3O4 into Fe2O3
Genetic variability, heritability and yield components of waterlogging-tolerant hybrid maize

Waterlogging is one of the abiotic stresses which can be one of the most important constraints for maize production. The objective of this study is to estimate genetic variability, heritability, correlations for grain yield and yield component of waterlogging-tolerant maize. This research was conducted in two locations, laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The research material consisted of 8 hybrids and 2 check varieties. The L19/MR14 hybrids had the highest grain yield (9.64 t ha−1), followed by L15/MR14 hybrids (9.30 t ha−1) and L12/MR14 (9.20 t ha−1). Genotypic variants ranged from 0.00 to 15.98, while phenotypic variants ranged from 0.06 to 20.43. Broad sense heritability estimates were moderately high for days to 50% silking, thousand kernel weight, ear length, number of kernel rows per ear. The characters observed generally showed a positive correlation with grain yield, except for plant height and ear height. The thousand kernel weight has a positive and large direct effect on the grain yield and it is almost the same as the correlation value. Therefore, the character could be considered as important selection criteria for grain yield improvement of waterlogging tolerant maize breeding program.
Twins: Revisiting the Design of Spatial Attention in Vision Transformers

Very recently, a variety of vision transformer architectures for dense prediction tasks have been proposed and they show that the design of spatial attention is critical to their success in these tasks. In this work, we revisit the design of the spatial attention and demonstrate that a carefully-devised yet simple spatial attention mechanism performs favourably against the state-of-the-art schemes. As a result, we propose two vision transformer architectures, namely, Twins-PCPVT and Twins-SVT. Our proposed architectures are highly-efficient and easy to implement, only involving matrix multiplications that are highly optimized in modern deep learning frameworks. More importantly, the proposed architectures achieve excellent performance on a wide range of visual tasks, including image level classification as well as dense detection and segmentation. The simplicity and strong performance suggest that our proposed architectures may serve as stronger backbones for many vision tasks. Our code is released at https://github.com/Meituan-AutoML/Twins .
Coagent Networks Revisited

Coagent networks formalize the concept of arbitrary networks of stochastic agents that collaborate to take actions in a reinforcement learning environment. Prominent examples of coagent networks in action include approaches to hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL), such as those using options, which attempt to address the exploration exploitation trade-off by introducing abstract actions at different levels by sequencing multiple stochastic networks within the HRL agents. We first provide a unifying perspective on the many diverse examples that fall under coagent networks. We do so by formalizing the rules of execution in a coagent network, enabled by the novel and intuitive idea of execution paths in a coagent network. Motivated by parameter sharing in the hierarchical option-critic architecture, we revisit the coagent network theory and achieve a much shorter proof of the policy gradient theorem using our idea of execution paths, without any assumption on how parameters are shared among coagents. We then generalize our setting and proof to include the scenario where coagents act asynchronously. This new perspective and theorem also lead to more mathematically accurate and performant algorithms than those in the existing literature. Lastly, by running nonstationary RL experiments, we survey the performance and properties of different generalizations of option-critic models.
Nonlinear Hall effect in Weyl semimetals induced by chiral anomaly

We predict a nonlinear Hall effect in certain Weyl semimetals with broken inversion symmetry. When the energy dispersions about pairs of Weyl nodes are skewed---the Weyl cones are ``tilted''---the concerted actions of the anomalous velocity and the chiral anomaly give rise to the nonlinear Hall effect. This Hall conductivity is linear in both electric and magnetic fields and depends critically on the tilting of the Weyl cones. We also show that this effect does not rely on a finite Berry curvature dipole, in contrast with the intrinsic quantum nonlinear Hall effect that was recently observed in type-II Weyl semimetals.
Tutors do not facilitate rapid resource exploitation in temporary tadpole aggregations

The utilization of social cues is usually considered an important adaptation to living in social groups, but recent evidence suggests that social information use may be more prevalent in the animal kingdom than previously thought. However, it is debated whether such information can efficiently diffuse in temporary aggregations of non-grouping individuals where social cohesion does not facilitate information transmission. Here, we provide experimental evidence that a simple social cue, the movement of conspecifics in a structured environment affected individuals' spatial decisions in common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles and thereby facilitated the discovery rate of a novel food patch. However, this was true only in those tadpole collectives that consisted solely of untutored individuals. In those collectives where tutors with prior experience with the presented food type were also present, this social effect was negligible most probably due to the difference in activity between naive and tutor individuals. We also showed that the proportion of tadpoles that discovered the food patch was higher in the control than in the tutored collectives, while the proportion of feeding tadpoles was only marginally higher in the latter collectives. Our findings indicate that social information use can influence resource acquisition in temporary aggregations of non-grouping animals, but individual differences in satiety may hinder effective information spread associated with exploitable food patches.