Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
P-V-VP-VS-T MEASUREMENTS ON WADSLEYITE TO 7 GPA AND 873 K: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE 410-KM SEISMIC DISCONTINUITY

The compressional (P) and shear wave (S) velocities for Mg2SiO4 wadsleyite have been measured to 7 GPa and 873 K using simultaneous ultrasonic interferometry and in situ X-ray diffraction techniques. From the velocity measurements we obtained the pressure and temperature derivatives for the elastic shear (G) and adiabatic bulk (KS) moduli, (∂G/∂P)T=1.5(1), (∂G/∂T)P=−0.017(1) GPa/K, KS=173(2) GPa, (∂Ks/∂P)T=4.2(1), and (∂Ks/∂T)P=−0.012(1) GPa/K; for the P and S waves, we obtained (∂Vs/∂P)T=0.021(1) (km/s)/GPa, (∂Vs/∂T)P=−0.035(2) (km/s)/K, (∂VP/∂P)T=0.065(2) (km/s)/GPa, and (∂VP/∂T)P = −0.038(2) (km/s)/K (values in parentheses are standard deviations, e.g., 1.5(1)=1.5±1). Independent equation of state analysis of P-V-T data provided an estimation of the temperature dependence for the isothermal bulk modulus of (∂KT/∂T)P=−0.022(12) GPa/K and thermal expansion (α=a+bT) coefficients of a=2×10−5 K−1 and b=2.5×10−8 K−2. Using these data along with elastic properties for other mantle phases, a velocity-depth profile for a pyrolite model to 670 km depth is constructed using a finite strain method along a 1673 K adiabat. In the transition zone the pyrolite model has a smaller gradient between 410 and 660 km than the body wave models from synthetic waveform analyses but converges with the seismic profiles at the bottom of the transition zone just above the 660-km discontinuity. The pyrolite model has velocity jumps of 6.9% and 7.9% for P and S waves, respectively, over a thickness of ∼10 km for the phase transformation from olivine to wadsleyite, which is in good agreement with short-period P wave reflection data and a recent fine structure model (C4) for both the velocity jumps and the thickness of the 410-km seismic discontinuity.
Mineralogy of the Martian Surface: Crustal Composition to Surface Processes

The main results have been published in the refereed literature, and thus this report serves mainly to summarize the main findings and indicate where the detailed papers may be found. Reflectance spectroscopy has been an important tool for determining the mineralogic makeup of the near surface materials on Mars. Analysis of the spectral properties of the surface have demonstrated that these attributes are heterogeneous from the coarse spatial but high spectral resolution spectra obtained with telescopes to the high spatial but coarse spectral resolution Viking data (e.g. Arvidson et al., 1989; McEwen et al., 1989). Low albedo materials show strong evidence for the presence of igneous rock forming minerals while bright materials are generally interpreted as representing heavily altered crustal material. How these materials are physically and genetically related has important implications for understanding martian surface properties and processes, weathering histories and paths, and crustal composition. The goal of this research is to characterize the physical and chemical properties of low albedo materials on Mars and the relationship to intermediate and high albedo materials. Fundamental science questions to be pursued include: (1) the observed distributions of soil, rock, and dust a function of physical processes or weathering and (2) different stages of chemical and physical alteration fresh rock identified. These objectives will be addressed through detailed analyses and modelling of the ISM data from the Phobos-2 mission with corroborating evidence of surface composition and properties provided by data from the Viking mission.
Observations of hydrography and downflow of brine-enriched shelf water in the Storfjorden polynya, Svalbard

[1] Observations of hydrography and currents in the active Storfjorden polynya during fieldwork in April 2004 and 2006 are presented. The polynya adds salt from its efficient ice production, usually increasing the density ∼0.15 kg m−3. Downflow of dense water from the coastal polynya to the deeper basin enclosed by the Storfjorden sill was captured in both years. April 2006 had a period of strong heat loss and intense frazil ice growth in the polynya. This created downflow of brine-enriched shelf water (BSW) with a maximum salinity of 35.25, i.e., an increased density ∼0.4 kg m−3 above that of the source water. In April 2004, the salinity remained lower than BSW (S > 34.8), reflecting the fresh source water in fall 2003 due to the heavy ice conditions in the western Barents Sea that year. A portion (0.05 Sv) of such source water probably enters Storfjorden through Freemansundet where the mean current transports less saline and warmer water from the northwestern Barents Sea. Freemansundet has additionally a strong tidal current peaking at 53 cm s−1, dominated by the M2 component. The tidal wave propagates through the narrow sound producing shallow water components and a locally well-mixed water column. The estimated ice production in winter 2004, twice as large as that of winter 2006, could not overcome this less saline well-mixed source water. BSW downflow within Storfjorden was both observed and modeled to occur in areas with steep bathymetry. Our observations show that high-resolution hydrographical data, spacing less than 0.5 km, are necessary to resolve such downflow. Consistent with the observed polynya water salinity, current data at the sill showed weaker overflow in 2004 than in 2006. Overflow of BSW was observed on the eastern part of the Storfjorden sill in April 2006, indicating that overflow occurs across the entire sill width during the freezing period. Current, temperature, and salinity data from the overflow indicate a time lag of 12–18 days between the BSW production and the sill. This downflow–overflow link is confirmed by a numerical experiment and analytical scaling, making results applicable to other polynyas.
RepISD-Net: Learning Efficient Infrared Small-Target Detection Network via Structural Re-Parameterization

Infrared small-target detection is a challenging task for deep learning-based methods, because targets tend to disappear in the deep layers. To handle this problem, the existing deep neural networks usually apply various dense and skip connections for feature maintenance. Although these well-designed networks have achieved good detection performance, the complex network structures reduce their efficiency. In this article, we propose a simple yet efficient network (RepISD-Net) for infrared small-target detection. The core of our RepISD-Net is to use different network architectures but equivalent model parameters for training and inference, respectively. Specifically, in the training phase, we design a parallel multibranch edge compensation block (ECB) to enhance the local salient features and capture finer contour characteristic of infrared small targets. In the inference phase, the multibranch topology structures are merged into a single branch with only cascaded $3 \times 3$ convolutions for fast inference. We conduct extensive experiments on several public datasets to validate the effectiveness of our method. Experimental results demonstrate that our RepISD-Net can achieve comparable or even better detection performance with significant acceleration in inference speed as compared with state-of-the-art infrared small-target detection methods. Our code is available at https://github.com/dalinlin-Wu/RepISD-Net.
Modulation and amplification of climatic changes in the Northern Hemisphere by the Indian summer monsoon during the past 80 k.y

High-frequency suborbital variations (Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles) characterize the climatic history of the Northern Hemisphere as observed in Greenland ice cores, deep-sea sediments of the North Atlantic, the Californian borderland, the Arabian Sea, the South China Sea, and the Chinese loess area. Paleoceanographic data from core KL126 from the Bay of Bengal in combination with data from the other Asian monsoonal areas indicate that the feedback processes involving snow and dust of the Tibetan Plateau vary the summer monsoon capacity to transport moisture into central South Asia and into the atmosphere. We postulate that the summer monsoon initiates, amplifies, and terminates these cycles in the Northern Hemisphere.
Sediment suspension dynamics and a new criterion for the maintenance of turbulent suspensions

The vertical component of the turbulent flow acceleration term, , is used to determine the net positive vertical force that may support a suspended sediment load. A dimensionless criterion, Λ, is proposed for the maintenance of suspension, defined as the ratio of the maximum vertical turbulent stress to immersed weight of the suspended load above a unit bed area. In order that a suspension be maintained:
Structure and Secondary Production of a Soft Bottom Macrobenthic Community in a Brackish Lagoon (Sacca di Goro, north-eastern Italy)

Abstract The composition and distribution of the macrobenthic community in a lagoon in the Po River delta was investigated by taking monthly samples at three sites during 1994. A total of 38 macroinvertebrate taxa, representing five phyla, were identified. Gastropods, amphipods, and chironomid larvae dominated the macrofauna in term of abundance, while in terms of biomass bivalves were the dominant taxon. Monthly total invertebrate abundance showed considerable fluctuations, depending on the season and on the presence of the red macroalgae Gracilaria verrucosa . In the central area of the lagoon, a significant relationship was demonstrated between macrobenthic community parameters and amount of macroalgal cover. Taking the most important species, i.e. those that contributed most to similarity within sites, only Cerastoderma glaucum was found to be negatively related to the amount of macroalgal biomass. Mean annual secondary production varied between 50 and 75 g AFDW m −2 yr −1 depending on the site, yielding P/B ratios between 1·02 and 1·08. Confinement and moderate disturbance due to the presence of algal cover are hypothesized to determine structure, composition, and production of the macrobenthic community in the Sacca di Goro.
“I Can Definitely Find Ways to Entertain Myself. Like Listening to Music, I Listen to a Lot of Music”: Children’s Musical Assemblages During COVID-19

This paper explores children’s engagements with music during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. We draw on repeated, qualitative, online interviews with children that explored their experiences during the pandemic. During these interviews, the topic of music came up many times and was present in the children’s lives in many ways. Inspired by Christopher Small’s concept of musicking to understand music as an action, and grounded in new-materialist emphasis on the interweaving of human and nonhuman entities, we examine children’s musical assemblages to discuss how they engaged with music to express themselves and connect to others early in the pandemic in ways that helped them through a difficult time.
Geology, isotope geochemistry, and ore genesis of the Yindonggou Ag–Au(–Pb–Zn) deposit, Hubei Province, China

The Yindonggou Ag–Au(–Pb–Zn) deposit is hosted by metamorphosed volcanic rocks of the ca. 740–760 Ma Wudangshan Group in the Proterozoic Wudang Block of the southern part of the Qinling Orogen, central China. The deposit consists of a series of mineralized quartz veins located in the Yindongyan Anticline. Based on the mineral assemblages and cross‐cutting relationships of quartz veins, the deposit can be divided into: (1) early fine‐grained quartz–sphalerite–galena veins; (2) fine‐grained quartz–silver–gold veins containing minor amounts of pyrite; (3) coarse‐grained quartz veins with minor amounts of galena, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite; and (4) late ankerite–quartz veins. Most of the Pb–Zn mineralization formed during the early (Stage 1) veins followed by the deposition of Ag–Au mineralization in the Stage 2 veins. The δ18O value for the ore‐forming fluids decreases from 6.6–9.4‰ in the Stage 1 veins through 3.6–4.9‰ in the Stage 2 veins to −1.2‰ to 0.4‰ in the Stage 3 veins (the δ18O values could not be determined for the Stage 4 veins). Furthermore, the δD values are −74‰ for the Stage 1 veins, −95‰ to −56 ‰ for the Stage 2 veins, and −48‰ to −73‰ for the Stage 3 veins. The δ13C values for ankerite in the Stage 4 veins are between −2.9‰ and −1.1‰. The δD vs. δ18OH2O plot for these values indicates that there was a shift from metamorphic fluids during the formation of the early veins to meteoric fluids during the formation of the later veins at the deposit. The H–O–C isotope systematics also indicate that the ore fluids forming the deposit were probably initially sourced from metamorphic dehydration of volcanic‐carbonate rocks in the ca. 740–760 Ma Wudangshan Group and with time gradually mixed with meteoric water by Stage 4. The δ34S values for sulphides from the deposit range from −0.9‰ to 7.1‰ in the Stage 1 veins, 3.8‰ to 5.0‰ in the Stage 2 veins, and 2.4‰ to 11.3‰ in the wallrocks. Sulphides from the mineralized Stage 1 veins yield 206Pb/204Pb ratios of 16.44–16.6, 207Pb/204Pb ratios of 15.25–15.5, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of 36.4–36.98. Five pyrite samples from the Stage 2 veins yield 206Pb/204Pb ratios of 16.475–16.529, 207Pb/204Pb ratios of 15.346–15.395, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of 36.49–36.616. Both the S and Pb isotope ratios are between the ratios for units in the Wudangshan Group and mantle but differ from other lithological units in the Wudang Block, which suggest that the mineralized fluids interacted with both the Wudangshan Group and deep‐seated sources. Thus, we suggest that the original ore‐forming fluids are metamorphic in origin, and the metal deposition resulted from fluid mixing. From the characteristics observed, the Yindonggou Ag–Au(–Pb–Zn) deposit can be classified as an orogenic‐type deposit generated during the Triassic Qinling Orogeny resulting from northward oceanic plate subduction along the Mian‐Lue Suture. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Waveform Parsimonious Refraction Interferometry

A physics-based approach called waveform parsimonious refraction interferometry (WPRI), which interpolates head or refraction waveform, is introduced in this work. WPRI yields a significant advantage in exploration and engineering applications, as it mitigates the excessive time and labor cost in 2-D field acquisitions that require dense receivers and shots while improving coverage in refraction seismic imaging processes. Our proposed method generates the virtual seismic refraction waveform, which involves kinematic and dynamic information with near-perfect accuracy for near-surface seismic waveform inversion and migration. To achieve this, we record data from two shot locations situated at opposite ends of the seismic profile, as well as a handful of near-offset traces along the profile. The virtual head or refraction wavefield is then determined through the convolution and cross correlation of the recorded wavefields with the objective of eliminating common wavepath. Furthermore, we introduce a source wavelet deconvolution step to correct dynamic discrepancies present in the virtual waveform. By implementing this type of technique, we are able to produce virtual seismic data that are highly accurate and can be effectively employed in near-surface seismic imaging applications.
Densification of polar snow: Measurements, modeling, and implications for altimetry

Density profiles in the upper 10–14 m of snow have been measured along a 500 km traverse across the Greenland ice sheet, using a neutron scattering technique. Repeat measurements, over periods ranging from a few days to 5 years, allow strain rates to be determined as a function of depth. Very large strain rates are observed in the surface layer of snow over summer periods. In the underlying multiyear snow, strain rate decreases with decreasing porosity. However, once this effect has been removed, the effect of increasing overburden pressure is counteracted by increasing strength of the material. There are fluctuations in strain rate associated with the annual layering, which indicate that winter and summer snow have different strengths. Based on these observations, we derive a new densification equation which includes the effect of snow density and snow type, and the effect of temperature, described by an Arrhenius expression with activation energy of the order of 110 kJ mol−1 and an exponential prefactor determined simply by the temperature history of the snow. For multiyear snow and meteorological conditions that do not vary from year to year, our equation reduces to a form similar to the Herron and Langway equation for first‐stage densification. Using the new equation, we calculate the sensitivity of compaction rate to short‐term fluctuations in temperature and accumulation as 0.11–0.20 m a−1 K−1 and 0.33–0.95 m a−1(meters water equivalent)−1, respectively, and discuss the consequent uncertainty in satellite measurements of the long‐term elevation trend in this area of the Greenland ice sheet.
Satellite infrared observation of the kinematics of a warm-core ring

Detailed satellite observations of anticyclonic ring 81-D interacting with the Gulf Stream were collected as part of the August-September 1981 Warm Core Rings Experiment. Position of the ring centre, magnitude of the semimajor and semiminor axes and orientation are computed for 42 atmospherically corrected satellite images taken over a 2-month period in August, September and October 1981. Ring interaction with the Gulf Stream causes marked changes in shape, size, orientation and location of the ring. A longer history of 81-D is determined by using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Gulf Stream analyses. Results of this analysis when compared with the precision estimates obtained above show good agreement in east-west location but relatively poorer correspondence in north-south position. Mean westward translation speeds are found for several rings to be ~0.05 m s-1. Steady westward translation is punctuated by periods of Gulf Stream interaction when a ring is observed to remain either stationary or propagate eastward with the mean Gulf Stream. Ring asymmetries of two types are noted. The first occurs when the ring is outside of the direct influence of the Gulf Stream. During these periods, the ring exhibits a spatially fixed or slowly counter- rotating mode, which is either D-shaped or elliptical. During interaction with the Gulf Stream, a more elliptical asymmetry, which rotates rapidly with the anticyclonic flow around the ring, is observed.
A Study of Illite Kiibler Indexes and Chlorite “Crystallinities” with Respect to Shear Deformation and Alterations, Jinshan Gold Deposit, East China

Abstract. This paper presents a measurement and study of Kübler Indexes (KI) of illite, “crystallinities” of chlorite (ChC), and apparent mean crystallite sizes and lattice strain of both illite and chlorite of the Jinshan ductile shear zone in the Jinshan gold deposit of East China. It is found that the KI values and apparent mean crystallite sizes of illite decrease and the lattice strain of chlorite apparently increase, whereas the apparent mean crystallite sizes of chlorite and the lattice strain of illite remain constant, from altered mylonite to altered and higher‐strained ultramylonite in the shear zone. Only slight decrease of ChC is observed.
Correlation between breast cancer and osteocalcin levels, and risk of hypertension in postmenopausal women: Implications for pharmacological intervention

Purpose: To investigate the correlation between breast cancer (BC), osteocalcin (OC) and hypertension risk in postmenopausal women.Methods: Two hundred patients with BC and 200 non–BC women who visited The First People's Hospital of Wenling Hospital, Wenling, China from June 2018 to March 2021 were included in the study. Fifty-three patients with hypertension and 157 non-hypertensive patients were included in the hypertension studies. The enrolled postmenopausal women were divided into control, BC, hypertensive and non–hypertensive groups and risk factors for hypertension were analyzed. Pearson's correlation coefficient was performed to correlate OC levels with clinical indices. The incidence of hypertension in each group was counted and its correlation with OC levels was determined using Chi–square test.Results: Age, BMI, OC, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, PTH and FPG levels were risk factors for the progression of hypertension in postmenopausal women (OR > 1, p < 0.05). Serum levels of OC in postmenopausal women had negative correlation with age, BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, PTH, 25–(OH)D3 and FPG levels (r < 0, p < 0.05), but had positive correlation with HDL–C, CTX and PINP levels (r > 0, p < 0.05). With the elevation of OC levels, the incidence of hypertension showed a decreasing trend in postmenopausal women (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Menopause is a risk factor for BC in women, while low OC levels are significantly related to elevated risk of hypertension in postmenopausal women. These findings suggest that armacological intervention to increase OC levels may have potential benefits in mitigating the risk of hypertension in postmenopausal women.
Kupletskite polytypes from the Lovozero massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia: Kupletskite-1A and kupletskite-Ma2b2c

The crystal structures of two kupletskite [K 2 NaMn 7 Ti 2 Si 8 O 26 (OH) 4 F] polytypes, (1) triclinic, space group P 1, and (2) monoclinic, space group C 2/ c , from nepheline syenite pegmatites of the Lovozero massif, Russia, have been determined. The two structures differ in the slacking sequence of an identical HOH layer (where H = heterophyllosilicate and O = octahedral): in the triclinic structure, individual HOH layers are related by a centre of symmetry, resulting in a + HOHI/+HOHI/+HOH stacking sequence with a one-layer period; in monoclinic kupletskite, adjacent HOH layers are related by a two-fold axis parallel to b , resulting in a +HOHI/−HOHI/+HOH stacking sequence with a two-layer period. The resultant relationship between the unit cell parameters of monoclinic kupletskite- Ma 2 b 2 c and triclinic kupletskite-L A are as follows: a monoclinic = a triclinic , b monoclinic = 2( b sinγ) triclinic , and c monoclinic spans two HOH layers. These results represent the first single-crystal X-ray structure determination of polytypes in the astrophyllite group.
Consumer protective behaviors at wellbeing tourism destinations: the function of norm activation model and reasoned action theory

ABSTRACT This research discusses the COVID-19 protective behaviour of Chinese nationals by examining the formation of protective behaviors of Chinese outbound travelers in Thailand as a wellbeing tourism destination. The study successfully explores intention generation for protective behaviors at wellbeing tourism destinations, while investigating perceived risk as a control variable. The developed conceptual model was supported by the norm activation model and reasoned action theory, and protection motivation variables. Performing confirmatory analysis, structural analysis, and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, this research successfully demonstrated how travellers’ protective behaviours are formed and are influenced by the perceived risk of wellbeing tourism.