Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics: How to teach special relativity

I have for long thought that if I had the opportunity to teach this subject, I would emphasize the continuity with earlier ideas. Usually it is the discontinuity which is stressed, the radical break with more primitive notions of space and time. Often the result is to destroy completely the confidence of the student in perfectly sound and useful concepts already acquired. If you doubt this, then you might try the experiment of confronting your students with the following situation. Three small spaceships, A, B, and C, drift freely in a region of space remote from other matter, without rotation and without relative motion, with B and C equidistant from A (Fig. 1). On reception of a signal from A the motors of B and C are ignited and they accelerate gently (Fig. 2). Let ships B and C be identical, and have identical acceleration programmes. Then (as reckoned by an observer in A) they will have at every moment the same velocity, and so remain displaced one from the other by a fixed distance. Suppose that a fragile thread is tied initially between projections from B and C (Fig. 3). If it is just long enough to span the required distance initially, then as the rockets speed up, it will become too short, because of its need to Fitzgerald contract, and must finally break. It must break when, at a sufficiently high velocity, the artificial prevention of the natural contraction imposes intolerable stress.
Association of Circulating Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Activity With Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in the Community

Background— Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration is related inversely to the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Inhibiting cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and may be cardioprotective, but an initial clinical trial with a CETP inhibitor was stopped prematurely because of increased CVD in treated patients, raising concerns about this approach. Data relating circulating CETP concentrations to CVD incidence in the community are conflicting. Methods and Results— Plasma CETP activity was measured in 1978 Framingham Heart Study participants (mean age, 51 years; 54% women) who attended a routine examination in 1987–1990 and were free of CVD. On follow-up (mean, 15.1 years), 320 participants experienced a first CVD event (fatal or nonfatal coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, or heart failure). In multivariable analyses adjusted for standard risk factors including high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, plasma CETP activity was related inversely to the incidence of CVD events (hazard ratio for activity, at or above the median of 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.57 to 0.90; P=0.004 [compared with below median]; hazard ratio per SD increment, 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.76 to 0.97; P=0.01). The inverse association of CETP activity with CVD incidence remained robust in time-dependent models updating standard risk factors every 4 years and was maintained in analyses of incident “hard” CVD events (myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure). Conclusions— In our prospective investigation of a community-based sample, lower plasma CETP activity was associated with greater CVD risk. These observations, if confirmed, challenge the concept that CETP inhibition may lower CVD risk.
Statin Therapy within the Perioperative Period

STATINS are highly effective in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations through 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibition and thus are central to the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. More than 50% of patients undergoing major vascular surgery and 80% undergoing cardiac surgery are on chronic statin therapy. 1,2 Statins also exert numerous lipid-independent or “pleiotropic” effects (effects that were not expected during drug development) as a result of their ability to inhibit the inflammatory response, reduce thrombosis, enhance fibrinolysis, decrease platelet reactivity, inhibit cell growth, reduce ischemia–reperfusion injury, and restore endothelial function. These beneficial effects result predominantly from the modulation of the complex interplay between the pathologic triad of inflammation, dynamic obstruction, and thrombosis. 3 This triad is integral to the surgical stress response and central to postoperative outcomes. However, recent reports noted that patients who undergo postoperative statin withdrawal experience increased cardiac morbidity when compared with patients who undergo early postoperative readministration of statins or with patients not treated with statins. 1,4 These facts raise several important questions for the anesthesiologist regarding statin therapy during the perioperative period: (1) Do statins modify perioperative risk? (2) Is continuation or discontinuation of statin therapy during the perioperative period associated with additional risk? (3) Do the potential benefits of statin therapy outweigh the potential risks? This review of the literature explores the risks and benefits associated with perioperative statin therapy.
Bibliometric Analysis of Indian Forester: 1991-2000

Bibliometric analysis of Indian Forester is done for 1991-2000. Different parameters of the journal viz. Year wise distribution of papers, distribution of papers among different types of organization, Institute wise distribution among the ICFRE (Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education) institutes, state wise distribution of papers in Indian territory and the foreign contributions, authorship pattern, number of citation and the length of the articles are studied. Inferences and findings are shown with relevant data analysis.
Quality of biomarker defined subgroups in FDA approvals of PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors 2014 to 2020

PD‐L1 expression is associated with differential response in cancers treated with checkpoint inhibitors. Clinical trials for Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of programmed death receptor‐1 (PD‐1)/programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) inhibitors include limited subgroup analyses based on PD‐L1 expression. We aimed to define the characteristics of PD‐L1 defined subgroups of clinical trials leading to FDA approvals for new indications of PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors. FDA approvals for PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors from January 2014 to December 2020 were identified and the clinical trials leading to each drug approval were reviewed. We collected key variables from publicly available information on FDA website and peer‐reviewed publications of clinical trials. We assessed regulatory characteristics (approval date, approved drug[s], cancer type, line of therapy and biomarker‐restricted approval criteria) of each approval. Clinical trials leading to approvals were reviewed for trial design (RCT vs single arm study, primary endpoint) and PD‐L1 defined subgroup design (no subgroup analysis, single threshold 2‐group analysis, nested subgroups and adjacent subgroups). We then compared regulatory and trials characteristics (trial design, primary endpoint and biomarker approval criteria) between studies with nested and adjacent subgroups. There were 60 approvals for PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors between January 2014 and December 2020. Twelve of 60 (20%) did not include any PD‐L1 subgroups. Twenty‐five of 60 (42%) approvals reported only two subgroups, 14 (23%) included adjacent subgroups and 9 (15%) had nested subgroups. Twenty‐five of 60 trials (42%) are single arm studies. Comparison of characteristics between trials with nested subgroup design and adjacent subgroup design did not show differences. We conclude that approvals for new indications of PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors are based on studies that do not include comprehensive reporting of outcomes by PD‐L1 biomarker subgroups.
Near‐surface solute redistribution during evaporation

We present results from solute transport experiments in an evaporating composite porous medium consisting of a cylindrical inner core with coarse sand that was surrounded by a mantle with fine sand. Small volumes of dye and salt tracer were applied at the surface of the fine material of the evaporating column. The pressure head at the bottom boundary was kept constant using a hanging water table ensuring liquid phase continuity to top surface in both fine and coarse material, whereby the latter was hydraulically less conductive at these pressure conditions. Contrary to the expectation that solute accumulation at an evaporating surface is proportional to local cumulative evaporation, high concentration spots developed at the surface of the coarse material, for which IR surface temperature measurements did not indicate higher evaporation fluxes. 3D unsaturated flow and transport simulations and a second tracer experiment monitored with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated that preferential upward water flux in the fine sand deeper in the column and near‐surface lateral water flow from the fine into the coarse sand in combination with a downward diffusive flux are responsible for the local solute accumulation. We propose that at the wet regions of a soil surface, solute accumulation is largely decoupled from local evaporation fluxes and strongly governed by relative differences of the hydraulic conductivities. The possible formation of high solute concentration spots at the surface of coarser regions usually representing preferential flow pathways during strong precipitation may have an accelerating effect on the leaching of solutes.
The spatial economy of North American trade fairs

The version of record [Bathelt, H. , & Spigel, B. (2012). The spatial economy of North American trade fairs. The Canadian Geographer/Le Geographe Canadien, 56(1), 18-38. ] is available online at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley. com/doi/10.1111/j.1541-0064.2011. 00396.x/full
Long non-coding RNAs as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets in gastric cancer

Aim: This study aimed to find lncRNAs and mRNAs that were expressed differently by combining microarray datasets from different studies. This was done to find important target genes in gastric cancer for anti-cancer therapy. Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most frequent and second-most deadly malignancy worldwide. Thus, genetic diagnosis and treatment should focus on genetic and epigenetic variables. Based on several studies, disordered expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as lncRNAs, regulate gastric cancer invasion and metastasis. Besides, lncRNAs cooperatively regulate gene expression and GC progression. Methods: We obtained differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) from three GC tissue microarray datasets by meta-analysis and screened genes using the "Limma" package. Then, using the RNAInter database, we allocated DEmRNAs to each DElncRNA. ClusterProfiler and GOplot programs were used to analyze function enrichment pathways and gene ontologies for final DEmRNAs. Results: A total of 9 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) (5 up-regulated and 4 down-regulated), and 856 DEmRNAs (451 up-regulated and 405 down-regulated) between tumor and adjacent normal samples were found. Finally, 117 differentially expressed mRNAs were predicted as interactors of six DElncRNAs (H19, WT1-AS, EMX2OS, HOTAIR, ZEB1-AS1, and LINC00261). Conclusion: In order to promote cancer therapeutics and give knowledge on the process of carcinogenesis, our study projected a network of drug-gene interactions for discovered genes and presented relevant prospective biomarkers for the prognosis of patients with stomach cancer.
Using the SWAT model to assess impacts of land use changes on runoff generation in headwaters

The upstream regions of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) have undergone significant changes in land use during recent years, and these changes have strongly influenced runoff generation downstream. In this study, the relationships between land use changes and corresponding hydrological responses in the Dong and Puli River basins in the upstream region of the TGR were quantified using the runoff coefficient. Empirical regression equations between the runoff coefficient and the percentage of land use types were developed for the study area using partial least squares regression (PLSR). The Soil and Water Assessment Tool was used to simulate the runoff generation processes in the two basins, and land use maps developed using Landsat Thematic Mapper images from 2000, 2005, and 2010 were compared to extract information on changes in land use. The results showed that the total area of forest and pasture decreased over the 10‐year study period, while paddy fields and upland increased in both basins. These land use changes dramatically affected hydrological processes. Evapotranspiration decreased by 2.13% and 2.41% between 2000 and 2010 in the Dong and Puli River basins, respectively, whereas quickflow, infiltration, and baseflow increased to varying degrees. The PLSR modeling results showed that upland had a negative effect on the runoff coefficient and was the most influential land use type in the study area. In contrast, a positive effect of forest on runoff generation was found in most of the regression models. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk-behaviour in adolescence : drug-use and sexual activity in Italy and the Netherlands

Within an interactionistic and constructivistic theoretical framework, and considering adolescence as one of the key periods for the development of healthier or riskier life-styles, the present cross-national research is aimed at investigating the similarities and the differences for the prevalence and the patterns of involvement in psychoactive substances and sex, and the relation between these risk behaviours and the individual and environmental resources and vulnerabilities. It also evaluates the buffering effect on the impact of risk factors by the protective ones. Finally, the possible positive functions of risk behaviours in normal developmental paths are investigated.
Future Climate Scenarios for the Indus Basin

Citation Yu, Winston, Yi-Chen Yang, Andre Savitsky, Donald Alford, Casey Brown, James Wescoat, Dario Debowicz, and Sherman Robinson. “Future Climate Scenarios for the Indus Basin. ” The Impacts of Climate Risks on Water and Agriculture (April 18, 2013): 77–93. © International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank As Published http://dx.doi. org/10.1596/9780821398746_CH04 Publisher The World Bank
On the relation between large‐scale circulation pattern and heavy rain events over the Hawaiian Islands: Recent trends and future changes

The aim of this paper is to present a statistical downscaling method in which the relationships between present‐day daily weather patterns and local rainfall data are derived and used to project future shifts in the frequency of heavy rainfall events under changing global climate conditions. National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data from wet season months (November to April) 1958–2010 are composited for heavy rain days at 12 rainfall stations in the Hawaiian Islands. The occurrence of heavy rain events (days with amounts above the 90th percentile estimated from all wet season rain days 1958–2010) was found to be strongly correlated with upper level cyclonic circulation anomalies centered northwest of Hawai‘i and south‐to‐north transport of water vapor in the middle troposphere. The statistical downscaling model (SD) developed in this study was able to reproduce the observed interannual variations in the number of heavy rain events based on cross‐validation resampling during the more recent interval 1978–2010. However, multidecadal changes associated with the mid‐1970s' climate shift were not well reproduced by the SD using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, likely due to inhomogenities in the presatellite period of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. Application of the SD to two model scenarios from the CMIP3 database indicates a reduction of heavy rain events in the mid‐ to late 21st century. Based on these models, the likelihood of a widespread increase in synoptic heavy rain events in Hawai‘i as a result of anthropogenic climate change is low over the remainder of the century.
PARTICLE-TURBULENCE INTERACTION OF SUSPENDED LOAD BY A FORCED JET IMPINGING ON A MOBILE SEDIMENT BED

Title of dissertation: PARTICLE TURBULENCE INTERACTION OF SUSPENDED LOAD BY A FORCED JET IMPINGING ON A MOBILE SEDIMENT BED Rahul Mulinti, Doctor of Philosophy, 2014 Dissertation directed by: Professor Ken Kiger Department of Mechanical Engineering Phase-resolved two-phase flow experiments have been conducted to predict particle suspension and sedimentation within coupled particle-laden flows relevant to rotorcraft brownout conditions. Single phase and dual-phase PIV experiments have been conducted to study the interaction of a mobile sediment bed with characteristic flow structures similar to those within a rotor wake. Even though sediment transport has been extensively studied in the past, the rapidly evolving transient nature of brownout calls many of the simplifying assumptions that have been made to understand sediment transport mechanisms into question. Image intensity based phase-separation and a hybrid PIV/PTV techniques have been implemented to identify the gas and solid phases as well as to the resolve multi-valued velocity displacements within a given interrogation region. A calibration technique to identify the measurement volume using size-brightness as well as PIV correlation based criteria has been outlined. Simultaneous velocity measurements of the fluid and dispersed phase in two vertical co-planar planes are analyzed to examine the role of vortex interaction and its subsequent breakdown on sediment transport process. The mobilization conditions and wall-normal flux of particulates by the vortex-wall interaction are reported and are correlated to the local vortex conditions such as proximity to the wall and subsequent decay. The e↵ect of the changing sediment bed profile on sediment transport rates is also studied. Modulation of mean and stochastic fluid flow properties due to the presence of particles and the e↵ect of turbulent coupling between the particle and fluid momentum, as based on a modified drag law with dependence on particle Reynolds number as well as local volume fraction has been examined. A mesoscopic Eulerian formalism has been implemented to study the e↵ect of particle inertia on the suspension process.
Determination of Monthly Mean Humidity in the Atmospheric Surface Layer over Oceans from Satellite Data

Abstract A simple statistical technique is described to determine monthly mean marine surface-layer humidity, which is essential in the specification of surface latent heat flux, from total water vapor in the atmospheric column measured by space-borne sensors. Good correlation between the two quantities was found in examining the humidity sounding from radiosonde reports of mid-ocean island stations and weather ships. The relation agrees with that obtained from satellite (Seasat) data and ship reports averaged over 2° areas and a 92-day period in the North Atlantic and in the tropical Pacific. The results demonstrate that, by using a local regression in the tropical Pacific, total water vapor can be used to determine monthly mean surface layer humidity to an accuracy of 0.4 g kg−1. With a global regression, determination to an accuracy of 0.8 g kg−1 is possible. These accuracies correspond to approximately 10 and 20 W m−2 in the determination of latent heat flux with the bulk parameterization method, prov.
The potential of digital surface models based on aerial images for automated vegetation mapping

Segmentation of vegetation patches was tested using canopy height models (CHMs) representing the height difference between digital surface models (DSMs), generated by matching digital aerial images from the Z/I Digital Mapping Camera, and a digital elevation model (DEM) based on airborne laser scanner data. Three different combinations of aerial images were used in the production of the CHMs to test the effect of flight altitude and stereo overlap on segmentation accuracy. Segmentation results were evaluated using the standard deviation of photo-interpreted tree height within segments, as well as by visual comparison to existing maps. In addition, height percentiles extracted from the CHMs were used to estimate tree heights. Tree height estimation at the segment level yielded root mean square error (RMSE) values of 2.0 m, or 15.1%, and an adjusted coefficient of determination (adjusted R2) of 0.94 when using a CHM from images acquired at an altitude of 1200 m above ground level (agl) and with an along-track stereo overlap of 80%. When a CHM based on images acquired at 4800 m agl and an overlap of 60% was used, the corresponding results were an RMSE of 2.2 m, or 16.0%, and an adjusted R2 of 0.92. Tree height estimation at the plot level was most accurate for densely forested plots dominated by coniferous tree species (RMSE of 2.1 m, or 9.8%, and adjusted R2 of 0.88). It is shown that CHMs based on aerial images acquired at 4800 m agl and with 60% along-track stereo overlap are useful for the segmentation of vegetation and are at least as good as those based on aerial images collected at a lower flight altitude or with greater overlap.