Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bacterial Contamination of Broiler Chickens before Scalding.

The bacterial load on the feathers (breast, thigh, and drum), skin (breast, thigh, and drum), and feet of a total of 40 broiler chickens from four different production units was characterized after the chickens were exsanguinated but before the carcasses were scalded. Each broiler carcass contained a mean of aerobic bacteria at or near 8log10/g, a level at which the carcasses would be considered spoiled. Escherichia coli counts ranged from 6.3 to 8.0 log10/g, with the highest presence on the feathers and breast skin and lower levels on the thigh and drum skin, and feet. Contamination of the carcasses followed a similar pattern for Salmonella spp. , which ranged between 5.8 and 7.2 log10/g, and Campylobacter jejuni/coli which ranged between 6.1 and 7.5 log10/g. The incidence of potential pathogens was higher on the feathers, breast skin, and feet than on the thigh and drum skin. The incidence of E. coli ranged from 42.5 to 100%, Salmonella spp. ranged from 27.5 to 75%, and C. jejuni/coli ranged from 45 to 82.5%. The mean counts of microorganisms on broilers from the four different grow-out farms were significantly different (P > 0.05) from one another immediately after killing, although the magnitude of the differences was small in most cases. The means ranged from 7.3 to 8.0 log10/g for total colony-forming units (CFU), 6.7 to 7.6 log10/g for E. coli , 5.4 to 6.9 for Salmonella spp. , and 5.7 to 7.9 for C. jejuni/coli . All birds were contaminated with E. coli , 60 to 100% with Salmonella spp. , and 80 to 100% with C. jejuni/coli , depending on grow-out farm. C. jejuni/coli counts and incidences were higher than those of Salmonella spp. , and usually lower than those of E. coli . This research demonstrates that broilers entering the processing plant are highly contaminated. Although processing seems to decrease the number and incidence of microorganisms on the carcasses, additional modifications in production, transportation, and processing are warranted to reduce the microbial population on the birds before they are slaughtered.
Global representation of threatened amphibians ex situ is bolstered by non‐traditional institutions, but gaps remain

Ambitious global conservation targets have been set to manage increasing threats to amphibians. Ex situ institutions (broadly, ‘zoos’) are playing an expanding role in meeting these targets. Here, we examine the extent to which zoos house species representing the greatest overall conservation priority by testing how eight variables relating to extinction risk – International Union for the Conservation of Nature status, habitat specialization, obligate stream breeding, geographic range size, body size and island, high‐altitude and tropical endemism – vary between amphibian species held in zoos and their close relatives not held in zoos. Based on 253 species found in zoos that could be confidently paired with close relatives not in zoos, and in contrast to reported patterns for birds and mammals, we find that amphibians currently held in zoos are equally as threatened as their close relatives not found in zoos. This result is entirely driven by the inclusion of data on species holdings from Amphibian Ark (AArk), an organization that helps to coordinate conservation activities in many ‘non‐traditional’ institutions, as well as in ‘traditional’ commercial zoos. Such networks of small non‐traditional institutions thus make meaningful contributions to ex situ conservation, and the establishment of other taxa‐specific organizations modelled on AArk might be considered. That said, our results indicate that the ex situ network is still not prioritizing range‐restricted habitat specialists, species that possess greater overall extinction risk in the near future. We strongly encourage zoos to continue increasing their holdings of amphibian species, but to pay greater attention to these species of particular conservation concern.
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) Models of Mutagens and Carcinogens

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Local adaptation to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Lobelia siphilitica (Lobeliaceae)

LOCAL ADAPTATION TO ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN LOBELIA SIPHILITICA (LOBELIACEAE) Phil Rekret Advisor: University of Guelph, 2015 Dr. Hafiz Maherali Root inhabiting arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can promote the acquisition of nutrients, particularly phosphorus, as part of their resource-based symbiosis with plants, and in turn, may have an effect on plant fitness and adaptation to nutrient levels. We hypothesized that plant populations adapt to their local soil nutrient environment by adapting to their local AM fungi for the purpose of phosphorus acquisition. We tested this hypothesis by manipulating the presence of AM fungi in soil biota and levels of soil-phosphorus in a reciprocal transplant experiment using two populations of Lobelia siphilitica from nutrient poor soils. We found evidence of adaptation to local AM fungi only when soil-phosphorus was low, suggesting that when soil-phosphorus is limiting, AM fungal communities are the primary cause of plant adaptation to soil biota.
Interspecific competition and coexistence between wood ants

Competition among or within species has long been considered one of the most fundamental processes shaping ecological communities, affecting distributions and the evolution of species. While its importance and detectability are strongly debated (Schaffer et al . 1979; Schoener 1982; Connell 1983; Schoener 1983), its role in structuring ant assemblages has often been uncritically accepted and competition is even referred to as ‘the hallmark of ant ecology’ (Holldobler and Wilson 1991). Competition between species, i.e. interspecific competition, has been a major theme in the study of wood ants and their role in species assemblages. This chapter considers interspecific competition as it relates to wood ants, including the behavioural interactions with other ant species and mechanisms of coexistence. Theories regarding the competitive structuring of ant assemblages by wood ants through dominance hierarchies (see below) and the observational and experimental evidence for this are discussed. Factors that regulate competition from wood ants, competitive interactions with other taxa and avenues for advancing our understanding of this topic are also considered. Behavioural interactions Interspecific competition arises through two main non-exclusive mechanisms: interference and exploitation. Interference competition includes direct aggressive encounters between individuals over food resources, reproduction or survival. Wood ants are territorial and defend both nest sites and food resources (Savolainen and Vepsalainen 1988). The relatively large workers (up to 8 mm) spray formic acid from the gaster and bite, as a means of attack or defence, in direct encounters with other ant species (Chapter 5). Exploitation competition (scramble competition) occurs indirectly through a shared limited resource. Here, the use of a resource (usually food) by wood ants depletes the amount available to other species. Wood ants excel at both discovering and recruiting to resources that they subsequently defend aggressively (Parr and Gibb 2012), leaving little opportunity for other species. Savolainen (1991) showed that, even when co-occurring Formica fusca are first to discover and collect a resource, it is often co-opted by aggressive biting wood ants before it can be transported back to the nest. Other taxa may also be affected, e.g. carabid beetles within wood ant territories are attacked, but not eaten, suggesting interference competition (Reznikova and Dorosheva 2004). Wood ants may also use colony-level behaviours to protect valued resources: for example, in Formica integroides , larger workers forage at more distant trees.
Controle biológico natural de pulgões (Hemiptera: Aphididae) em lavoura de trigo por parasitóides (Hymenoptera, Aphidiinae), no município de Medianeira, PR, Brasil Natural biological control of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in a wheat field by parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Aphidiinae) in Medianeira, PR,

Aphids constitute one of the main phytosanitary problems in wheat crops in southern Brazil, and are the target of a biological control program with parasitoids implemented in Brazil since the 1970’s. In spite of the initial success quickly achieved, no recent study exists for the west region of the State of Parana that evaluates the current status of aphid biological control; therefore, this was the object of the present work. Weekly surveys were conducted in a commercial wheat crop in Medianeira, PR. The aphids were identified and, when parasitization was verified, they were analyzed until emergence of the parasitoid. The population of aphids did not reach the mean value of 1 insect/tiller, with predominance of Rhopalosiphum padi (53%), followed by Sitobium avenae and R. maidis (19.5%) and Metopolophium dirhodum (8%), which were verified mostly from the wheat elongation stage. The parasitoids were observed starting at the wheat flowering season (about 3 months after planting), and only two species of braconids, Lysiphlebus testaceipes (97.3%) and Diaeretiella rapae (2.7%), were identified, whose population growth followed the aphids population of, keeping the same trend after the number of aphids in the field was reduced.
Growth of the Mouse Coat VI. Distribution and Number of Vibrissae in the House Mouse

The vibrissae of l-day-old mice were classified into major and minor groupings. The presence of many poorly developed vibrissae in the major groups made counting difficult. The minor groups were small isolated collections of large vibrissae. They were easily counted by the naked eye in 4- to 8-day-old mice.
Unusual Mode of Symbiont Repopulation after Bleaching in Anthosigmella varians: Acquisition of Different Zooxanthellae Strains

Several Hadromerid sponge species harbor intracellular zooxanthellae, and these associations appear to be more stable than coral-zooxanthellae symbioses. In a series of transplant experiments, we observed bleaching and symbiont recovery in the sponge Anthosigmella varians. Six individuals of A. varians were transplanted from 20 m reefs in the Florida Keys to 1 m depth in Florida Bay. After 12 d, three sponges lost all pigmentation (the other half were obviously paler). Zooxanthellae were absent from sponge tissue in totally bleached individuals based on zooxanthella cell counts. Approximately 40 d after bleaching, we observed small localized circles of pigmentation. The circles continued to increase in diameter until the entire sponge surface had regained normal pigmentation. After recovery, algal densities were close to values recorded from healthy sponges. Recovered sponges harbored a zooxanthellae strain distinct from typical algal populations as evidenced by different RFLP patterns from amplified lsRNA gene sequences. It appears that repopulation did not occur from remnant algae, instead sequences from the novel symbiont matched sequences from a type of zooxanthellae commonly found Presented at the Second International Congress of Symbiosis, April 13-18, 1997, Woods Hole, MA *The author to whom correspondence should be sent. 0334-5114/98/$05.50 ©1998 Balaban 280 M. HILL AND T. WILCOX in association with an anemone. Anthosigmella varians may provide a model system to test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses concerning the specificity and stability of algal-invertebrate associations.
Drift of larval and juvenile fishes, especially Rhodeus sericeus and Rutilus rutilus, in the River Morava (Danube basin)

Drift of larval and juvenile fishes in the lower stretch of the River Morava, a tributary of the River Danube, was monitored bi-weekly from late May until early August 1992. Six species of early stages of fish were recorded with bitterling Rhodeus sericeus (PALLAS) and roach Rutilus rutilus (L.) being the most abundant (88.9 and 9.1%, respectively). The abundance of drifting fishes peaked during the second half of June (843/100 m 3 ) and markedly decreased in early August (8/100 m 3 ). Roach larvae drifted earlier, with a maximum in late May, followed by bitterling, which peaked in late June. Larvae almost always migrated at night (day-twilight-night ratio was 1.0:0.5:110.3), in spite of low water transparency in the river. Drift was more abundant near the surface (maximum intensity was at 23:00-3:00 hrs), than in bottom samples. Drifting roach larvae were significantly larger in early June than in late May. Bitterling larvae drifting in June tended to be larger than those drifting later. Size distribution of fish with depth showed no regular pattern.
Ostéologie céphalique de deux poissons perroquets (Scaridae: Teleostei)

Chez les Scaridae, le complexe pharyngien atteint un haut degre de specialisation (pharyngiens superieurs hypertrophies, etroitement accoles et coulissant dans une gouttiere du parasphenoide, surface ventrale du neurocrâne tres modifiee, avec un developpement concomitant et hypertrophie de certains muscles, etc.) dont la fonction premiere est la mastication de la nourriture avant son ingestion. La fonction secante, impliquee lors de la capture de la nourriture, est remplie en avant par le bec maxillo-dentaire mis en mouvement par un systeme mecanique complexe (streptognathie). Comme chez les rongeurs, un diasteme separe les structures qui assurent les deux fonctions, coupante et triturante
Ameliorative Effect of Propolis Extract on Hepatotoxicity Induced by Methotrexate in Mice

Propolis, rich in natural antioxidant flavonoids. It is produced by honey bee (Apis melifera ligutica). Our study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative effects of Propolis water extract on liver toxicity induced by methotrexate. The study used thirty-five male albino mice randomly divided into five groups. The first is control (C); the second, Methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity (MTX, single dose 20 mg/kg IP); Third, Propolis water extract (PWE, 100 mg/kg PO for 7 days) and both fourth and fifth groups are Proplis Before/After Methotrexate, PBM and PAM; respectively). Serum aspartate aminotransferase (ASTA), alanine aminotransferase (ALTA), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyle transferase (γ-GT), C-reactive protein (CRP) and hepatic histopathology estimated the protective effect of Propolis against the liver injury induced by MTX. Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) evaluated the antioxidant activities in liver tissue. In additions, the immune efficacy of Propolis were determined by liver interleukins levels (IL4, IL10, IL1 and IL6). The results revealed that Propolis treatment before injection of Methotrexate have significant hepatoprotective, antioxidant and enhancing immune liver response compared to PAM groups. The study, assumes in line with the fact that Propolis is a natural, low cost and nontoxic product possesses ameliorative activities against hepatic alterations induced by MTX.
Impacts of participatory forest management on forest conditions: Evidences from Gebradima Forest, southwest Ethiopia

ABSTRACT This study examines a participatory forest management program and its impacts on forest conditions in Gebradima Forest, southwest Ethiopia. Vegetation data were collected from both participatory forest management (PFM) and nonparticipatory forest management (non-PFM) forest blocks. A total of 54 plots (27 from each forest block) measuring 20 m × 20 m were employed to collect species composition and structural data. Results indicated that a total of 51 different woody plant species (49 at PFM and 43 at non-PFM blocks), representing 31 families were recorded, with 41 species were shared for both forest sites. Species diversity and evenness were higher in the forest with PFM (H´ = 3.29, E = .85) compared to the forest without PFM (H´ = 2.97, E = .79). The overall mean values of tree/shrub and seedling density per hectare, diameter class (≤ 20 cm) were also significantly (p < .05) higher in PFM forest than non-PFM forests. However, no significant variations were observed in sapling density per hectare and basal area between the two studied forest blocks. It can be concluded that PFM had a positive effect on forest conditions compared with a similar forest without PFM. Hence, it is important to scaling up PFM in neighboring forests.
Field evaluation of a new insect growth regulator, pyriproxyfen, against Anopheles farauti, the main vector of malaria in the Solomon Islands

Hiroshi suzurr,2) Takao oKazewe,s) Nathan KrREa) and Hitoshi Kaweoe,5) 2t'3> Entomology Section, Ministry ol Health and Medical Seruices, Honiara, Solomon Islands n) Solomon Islands Malaria Training and Research Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Seruices, Honiara, Solomon Islands 5) Agricultural Science Research Laboratory, Takarazuka Research Center, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Takarazuka 665, Japan
Lipid oxidation and quality parameters of sausages marketed locally in the town of São Paulo (Brazil)

Lipid oxidation constitutes one of the most important causes of the chemical deterioration of foods, especially meats. Many harmful effects on human health are associated with lipid oxidation. During a period of six weeks, samples were bought at random on city hall food markets (CHFMs) and were analysed for lipid oxidation (TBARS-test) and some quality factors - redox potential (Eh), pH and water activity (a w ). The mean of Eh was X ′ σ n - 1 = 39.03 ′ 26.30 mV, ranging from -86.00 to 92.00 mV. pH mean value was X ′ σ n - 1 = 5.97 ′ 0.27, ranging from 5.08 to 6.48. Comparing the CHFMs, no statistically significant differences were observed between them in respect to pH, Eh, and a w values. TBARS mean value was X ′ σ n - 1 = 0.44 ′ 0.23 mg/kg, ranging from 0.38 ′ 0.19 mg/kg (CHFM-6) to 0.58 ′ 0.31 mg/kg (CHFM-2), with extreme values of 0.22 mg/kg and 1.08 mg/kg. No statistically significant correlations between TBA test values and all tested variables were detected. According to the sensorial analysis criteria of GREENE and CUMUZE (1981), 16.67% of sausage samples could be rejected and 11.11% revealed critical TBARS values.
Aroma profile and consumer liking of salted and dried chicken meat: Effects of desalting and cooking methods

ABSTRACT Twenty-four dried and salted broiler breasts, a chicken charqui–like muscle food, were submitted to desalting in cold water and different cooking methods (grilling, roasting, frying with olive oil, and sous-vide cooking). Samples were assessed by levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, volatile compounds, and odor-liking analysis. Desalted and sous-vide cooked samples presented the highest levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and volatile compounds derived from lipid oxidation. Grilling, roasting, and frying promoted an increase of Maillard-derived volatiles in dried salted broiler meat. This difference in aromatic profile led to a high odor acceptability of samples submitted to more intense thermal treatments such as grilling, roasting, and frying. In contrast, prolonged cooking (sous-vide technique) and desalting in cold water led to a marked decline in consumers’ liking due the rise in volatile compounds derived from lipid oxidation. In conclusion, based on the results, it seemed to be reasonable to hypothesize that dried and salted broiler meat submitted to high temperatures during cooking (≈180–200°C) tended to generate high Maillard-derived volatiles, while long cooking times led to a great thermal degradation/oxidation of lipids, which generates high content of lipid-derived volatile components.
PASSALUS COARCTATUS PERCHERON, 1835 (COLEOPTERA: PASSALIDAE): REDESCRIPTION AND NEW DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORDS

Passalus (Passalus) coarctatus Percheron, 1835 was described from Brazil without precise locality data; except for its inclusion in catalogues, nothing is known of this species and only one publication has provided specific locality data. We provide precise localities for P. coarctatus in Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Brazil and Bolivia, we describe the third instar larva, discuss its taxonomic status and correct errors of previous publications.
Étude Morphologique et Phylogénétique des Organes Tympaniques des Pyraloidea. 2 — Pyralidae; Crambidae première partie. (Lepidoptera Glossata)

Les structures tympaniques sont decrites par les sous-familles de Pyralidae et pour 6 sous-familles de Crambidae, avec figuration de celles-ci pour divers genres choisis a titre d'exemple. Les autapomorphies des deux familles considerees, ainsi que celles de certaines de leurs subdivisions sont signalees
Évaluation de la diversité ichtyologique d'un bassin ouest-africain après la construction d'un barrage

La richesse specifique des poissons du bassin de la Bia (Cote d'Ivoire), sur lequel est construit depuis 1959 un lac de barrage hydroelectrique, etait estimee a 44 especes dulcaquicoles, y compris les especes introduites. Ce travail a permis de recenser 65 especes dont deux especes introduites (l'osteoglosside Heterotis niloticus et le cichlide Oreochromis niloticus) et un cichlide hybride (Tilapia guineensis x T. zillii). Les distichodontides, Distichodus rostratus et Citharinus eburneensis, supposes initialement presents dans le bassin peuvent desormais etre consideres comme n'appartenant plus ou pas a celui-ci. Au moins pour Citharinus eburneensis, la disparition semble etre due a la construction du barrage. Contrairement a l'Agnebi, un bassin voisin sans lac de barrage hydroelectrique mais avec plusieurs petits lacs de retenue, la diversite ichtyologique de la Bia parait assez bien preservee. Le lac d'Ayame, sur la Bia, est la seule retenue du pays ou, du point de vue production, Oreochromis niloticus est supplantee par un autre tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron.
Effect of dietary fat supplements on levels of n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids, trans acids and conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk

The effects of three fat supplements on milk yield and composition were measured using 12 mid-lactation in-calf Hoistein-Friesian cows in a balanced incomplete change-over design over three periods each of 3 weeks. All cows received a basal diet consisting of 36 kg/day grass silage (dry matter (DM) 270 g/kg, metabolizable energy (ME) 11·6 MJ/kg DM) and 7 kg/day o f a concentrate mixture containing (g/kg) rolled barley (501), molassed sugar-beet pulp shreds (277), soya-bean meal (208) and a standard cow mineral supplement (14). Treatments were CON (control-no supplement); LIN and FISH (250 gl day of either linseed oil or marine oil, providing approximately 0·046 of ME intake) or TOA (95 glday of tuna orbital oil, providing 0·018 of total ME intake). There were no significant effects on silage DM intake or milk yield (means 9·25 and 17·2 kg/day respectively). The FISH and TOA treatments depressed (F The concentrations (g/100 g) of short-chain fatty acids (
Orchard Floor Management: An Overview

One of the authors (Skroch) has been asking himself since the early years of a long-term study initiated in 1966 (77) “What is a weed to a tree? ” Apple trees in the mowed grass check plots grew less than in plots with woody vines. In another test comparing mowed sod, contact herbicide, and residual plus contact herbicide, trees having an herbicide program yielded 400 bushels/acre more fruit in the 5th year than those without. Apples in another orchard were of higher grade in plots with over 50% trailing blackberry (Rubus sp.) and poison ivy (Rhus radicans L.) ground covers than those from an area with a mowed-lawn appearance. The practice of frequent mowing, which increased grass covers in the 1960s, may have been a factor in the small fruit problem of the 1970s.