Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phylogeography of the forest‐dwelling European pine marten (Martes martes): new insights into cryptic northern glacial refugia

The role of southern European peninsulas as glacial refugia for temperate species has been widely established, but the role of cryptic northern refugia has only recently been addressed. Here, we describe the phylogeographic pattern of the forest-dwelling European pine marten (Martes martes), using a 1600-bp mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragment from 287 individuals sampled across the entire distribution range of the species. To clarify the relationships between M. martes and its sister species the sable (Martes zibellina) in Fennoscandia and Russia, ten M. zibellina samples were also included in the analyses. Our results reveal the presence of 69 different haplotypes for M. martes and ten haplotypes for M. zibellina, which are split into three major assemblages: Mediterranean, central–northern European, and Fennoscandian–Russian clades, showing a global pattern of spatial segregation, with some area of overlap and genetic admixture. It is apparent that the Mediterranean phylogroup did not significantly contribute to the postglacial recolonization of most of the Palaearctic range of the species. Instead, most of Europe was colonized by the central–northern European phylogroup, which probably survived the last glaciations in northern cryptic refugia, as has previously been suggested by palaeontological studies. A highly divergent phylogroup has been discovered in Fennoscandia–Russia, which includes specimens from both Martes species. Calculations of divergence times suggest that the phylogroups split during the Pleistocene. Overall, our study indicates a complex phylogeographic history for M. martes, indicating a mixed pattern of recolonization of northern Europe from both Mediterranean and non-Mediterranean refugia, providing new insights into the existence of cryptic northern glacial refugia for temperate species in Europe. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 109, 1–18.
Broccoli yield and its quality in spring growing cycle as dependent on nitrogen fertilization.

The results of a three-year experiment with broccoli ‘Lord F1’ grown under field conditions in the spring growing cycle are presented. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of mineral nitrogen fertilization and foliar urea nutrition on the yield and content of some compounds in broccoli heads. Four different levels of mineral nitrogen (Nmin) in the soil were used: natural content (12-25.5 mg N dm ), fertilization with half of the full rate supplemented to the level of 75 mg N dm, fertilization with the full rate divided into halves (75 + 75 mg N dm), and with the single full rate of N supplemented to the level of 150 mg N dm. In each Nmin treatment additionally two combinations were applied: without and with foliar application of 2% urea solution. According to the investigation, generally no significant effect of the mineral nitrogen rate on the biological and marketable yield of broccoli as well as on its quality was observed. The foliar urea application Renata Wojciechowska, Stanislaw RoŜek, Agata Rydz 142 significantly lowered concentration of nitrates in broccoli heads in comparison with the plants not treated with urea. Additionally, irrespective of the year of study the foliar nutrition increased soluble sugar content in all Nmin treatments. Moreover in each year of the experiment the increase of ascorbic acid content in broccoli heads treated with urea was showed.
Effect of Storage Conditions on Physico-Chemical, Microbial and Sensory Quality of Ready-to-Serve Banana Beverage

The average world production ofbanana during the year 2010 was about 102.0 millionmetric tones (FAO STAT Agriculture Data 2010). Indiaranks first in production (29.8 million metric tones)followed by Brazil, China, Equador and Philippines(FAO STAT Agriculture Data 2010). In India,Tamilnadu is the largest banana producing statefollowed by Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, AndhraPradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, WestBengal, Kerala and others (Quarterly AgriculturalOutlook Report April-June 2012). In India the rate ofconsumption of banana has been reported as 12.7kg/capita/annum (FAO 2000). Banana has 8.7 mgof the vitamin-C, 358 mg of potassium and 2.6 mgof dietary fibre per 100 gm for good health. It alsohelps in protein metabolism, red blood cellformation and function of the central nervous system.The vitamin-C in banana also helps to heal anddefend against infection. Bananas contain moredigestible carbohydrates than any other fruit. Theadvantage is that the body burns off calories fromcarbohydrates more quickly and easily than caloriesfrom protein or fat. Eating two bananas providesenough energy to see one through a strenuous 90minute gym workout. Banana contains no fat,cholesterol or sodium. The New England Journalof Medicine reported that eating a banana per daycan cut the risk of death from a stroke by as muchas 40 per cent.Beverages are consumed by all groups associal drinks. In India, cold drinks are in demand for
Systematics and population genetics of the South African freshwater crab fauna (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes)

In the present study, the systematic status, aspects of the evolutionary biology and phylogenetic relationships among species of the African freshwater crab genus Potamonautes in South Africa are examined. Systematic research between allopatric populations of P. brincki, using allozyme and morphometric data has revealed the existence of a new undescribed freshwater crab species occurring in mountain streams of the Cape Peninsula. This species is described in the present study. In addition, the diagnostic value of carapace dentition patterns in the taxonomy of freshwater crabs is explored among two toothed river crab species from South Africa. The latter study utilized P. warreni and P. unispinus where considerable variation in the dentition pattern of the former species has been recorded. Fixed differences in allozyme loci demonstrated that these two taxa should indeed be considered separate, yet closely related species, while the morphometric data failed to reveal this taxonomic separation. The holotype of P. warreni is re-described. The relationship of hybrid taxa between P. depressus and P. clarus populations are investigated. Evident from this study is that populations that occur equidistant from the two parental taxa have undergone extensive introgressive hybridization. Considering the pronounced sequence divergence and the occurrence of fixed allozyme loci between populations, it is postulated that the hybrid populations should be considered to be on a unique evolutionary trajectory worthy of conservation. The population genetic structure of P. calcaratus is examined as this species is unique in its occupation of water holes. Results demonstrate that the genetic population structure is the result of recent colonization and moderate gene flow among populations. Phylogenetic relationships between the southern African freshwater crab fauna is investigated with the use of sequence data from two mitochondial genes (12 S rRNA and 16 S rRNA), allozymes and morphology in an attempt to firstly, test the usefulness of freshwater crabs as biogeographic indicators, secondly to explore 111 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za
Endogenous Nitrogen Excretion and Non-fecal Energy Losses in Carp and Rainbow Trout

This series of studies on nutritional energetics in carp and rainbow trout aims to provide basic data necessary for standardization of feed quality evaluation for fish in captivity. At the outset, endogenous nitrogen excretion (ENE) through the gills and in the urine was determined by feeding a non-protein diet which is essential for calculation of metabolizable energy. The amounts of ENE in carp of 21-289 g were 5.6-9.3mg/l00 g body weight/day and decreased
Phenotypic fitness effects of the chromosome, paternal sex ratio wasp Nasonia vitripennis selfish B (PSR) in the

Summary B chromosomes are often considered genomic parasites. Paternal sex ratio (PSR) is an extreme example of a parasitic B chromosome in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis. PSR is transmitted through the sperm of carrier males and destroys the other paternal chromosomes in early fertilized eggs. PSR disrupts the normal haplodiploid sex determination in this wasp by converting diploid (female) eggs into haploid (male) eggs that bear PSR. In this study I compare a number of phenotypic fitness aspects of PSR and standard (nonPSR) males. In general, PSR males were as fit as standard males. No significant differences were found in longevity (with one exception), ability to compete for mates and sperm depletion rates. PSR males produced 11-22% larger family sizes and developed slightly faster than standard males. Under conditions of sperm competition, females who mated with both types of males fertilized a constant proportion of eggs with each sperm type over their lifetime. PSR males produced fewer offspring among progenies from doubleinseminated females. Phenotypic fitness effects are believed to play a minor role in determining PSR frequencies in natural populations.
Genetic differentiation and phylogenetic relationships among six Abies species from European and Turkish areas

The phylogenetic relationships of the Abies species in European and Turkish regions have frequently been an object of controversial conclusions. Therefore, we compared the genetic structures of 21 populations belonging to six Abies species which are native to Â entral, eastern and south-eastern European regions and Â different areas in the Turkey (Asia minor). We used the allele frequency distribution of five isozyme gene locialready showing a high discriminatory power to assess the genetic differentiation among the Abies populations. The UPGMA-dendrogram based on genetic distances showed a clear discrimination between the Turkish Abies species and A. alba from Europe. The particular allele frequency distributions at the isozyme loci PGI-A and 6PGDH-Aconfirmed a great genetic dissimilarity between A. alba and the Turkish Abies species.These results contradict the phylogenetic relationships of the Abies species postulated inother studies.
Organelles and signals controlling vacuolar sortingreceptor trafficking in plants

The maintenance of vacuoles/lysosomes is essential for the physiology of all eukaryotic life. In plants, sorting of soluble protein cargo to the lytic vacuoles/lysosomes is controlled by a family of type-I membrane spanning proteins, the Vacuolar Sorting Receptors (VSRs). Whilst the large lumenal domain mediates conditional ligand binding and release, the short cytosolic tail differentiates between anterograde and retrograde transport machinery in the cytosol. In this thesis, experimental tools and techniques are developed and used to characterise the sorting cycle of plants. In contrast to previous studies, work presented here suggests that the different isoforms are not transported in an identical manner. In particular, one VSR member was characterised to have increased leakage to the vacuole, partitioning to the late-prevacuolar compartment rather than the prevacuolar compartment. Both the cytosolic C-terminus and the cargo interacting lumenal domain of this unique receptor were shown to interact differentially with partners when compared to the canonical receptor. In addition, the techniques developed here are used to characterise the sorting route of the canonical receptor. A region of the receptor important for export from the endoplasmic reticulum mediating its entry into COPII vesicles has been identified. Furthermore, this model receptor is also used to understand the general sorting of membrane spanning proteins within the secretory pathway, showing that the presence of a tyrosine motif within the C-terminus prevents default leakage towards the plasma membrane. Finally, it is shown here that the VSR does not traffic via the plasma membrane by default and thus probably traffics in clathrin coated vesicles from the Golgi apparatus/trans-Golgi network towards the late secretory pathway, despite containing a functional endocytic motif.
Barnacles: Structure, function, development and evolution

Preface. Understanding barnacles morphology. Form, function and feeding. Muscles and circulation. Digestion, respiration and circulation. Digestion, respiration and excretion. Control functions and environmental interactions. Reproductive system, mating and oviposition. Gametes, fertilization and embryonic development. Larval development and metamorphosis. Growth. Modes of life: phylogeny. Appendix: A taxonomic synopsis of cirripedes. Index.
Estimating local stream fish assemblage attributes: Sampling effort and efficiency at two spatial scales

As part of a wider study to develop an ecosystem-health monitoring program for wadeable streams of south-eastern Queensland, Australia, comparisons were made regarding the accuracy, precision and relative efficiency of single-pass backpack electrofishing and multiple-pass electrofishing plus supplementary seine netting to quantify fish assemblage attributes at two spatial scales (within discrete mesohabitat units and within stream reaches consisting of multiple mesohabitat units). The results demonstrate that multiple-pass electrofishing plus seine netting provide more accurate and precise estimates of fish species richness, assemblage composition and species relative abundances in comparison to single-pass electrofishing alone, and that intensive sampling of three mesohabitat units (equivalent to a riffle-run-pool sequence) is a more efficient sampling strategy to estimate reach-scale assemblage attributes than less intensive sampling over larger spatial scales. This intensive sampling protocol was sufficiently sensitive that relatively small differences in assemblage attributes ( 0.95) and that relatively few stream reaches (<4) need be sampled to accurately estimate assemblage attributes close to the true population means. The merits and potential drawbacks of the intensive sampling strategy are discussed, and it is deemed to be suitable for a range of monitoring and bioassessment objectives.
On Efficient Collision Schemes in the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC): From micro/nano flows to hypersonic flows

The motivation of this review paper is to present a detailed summary of different collision models developed in the framework of the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. The emphasis is put on a newly developed collision model, i.e., the Simplified Bernoulli trial (SBT), which permits efficient low-memory simulation of rarefied gas flows. The paper starts with a brief review of the governing equations of the rarefied gas dynamics including Boltzmann and Kac master equations and reiterates that the linear Kac equation reduces to a non-linear Boltzmann equation under the assumption of molecular chaos. An introduction to the DSMC method is provided, and principles of collision algorithms in the DSMC are discussed. A distinction is made between those collision models that are based on classical kinetic theory (time counter, no time counter (NTC), and nearest neighbor (NN)) and the other class that could be derived mathematically from the Kac master equation (pseudo-Poisson process, ballot box, majorant frequency, Null collision, Bernoulli trial and its variants). To provide a deeper insight, the 2 derivation of both collision models, either from the principles of the kinetic theory or the Kac master equation, is provided with sufficient details. Some discussions on the importance of subcells in the DSMC collision procedure are also provided and different types of subcells are presented. The paper then focuses on the simplified version of the Bernoulli trials algorithm (SBT) and presents a detailed summary of validation of the SBT family collision schemes (SBT on transient adaptive subcells: SBT-TAS, and intelligent SBT: ISBT) for a broad spectrum of rarefied gas-flow test cases, ranging from low speed, internal nano flows to external hypersonic flow, emphasizing first the accuracy of these new collision models and second, demonstrating that the SBT family scheme, if compared to other conventional and recent collision models, requires small number of particles per cell to obtain sufficiently accurate solutions.
Composition of a virgin stand of longleaf pine in south Alabama.

The Flomaton Natural Area is a virgin stand of longleaf pine located in Escambia County, Alabama. Fire has been absent for at least the past 45 years from the stand. Efforts are underway to restore this fire-dependent ecosystem through the re-introduction of fire. This paper presents data collected in advance of the re-introduction of fire. A substantial hardwood understory and midstory have developed and a thick litter layer has accumulated in the absence of fire. Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) regeneration and herbaceous vegetation are almost nonexistent. Considering all trees >1.25 cm DBH, longleaf pine averages 309 stems/ha and 19 m2/ha, or 65% of total stand basal area. The predominant hardwood species are water oak (Quercus nigra), laurel oak (Q. laurifolia), southern red oak (Q. falcata), and black cherry (Prunus serotina). Together these hardwoods average 929 stems/ha and 6.5 m2/ha, or 22% of the total stand basal area. Other pines and hardwoods comprise 8% and 5% of total stand basal area, respectively. Considering only saplings (1.25 to 12.7 cm DBH), longleaf accounts for only 11% and the four major hardwoods 64% of total sapling basal area.
Effect of Spacing and Nitrogen on Gladiolus under Nagaland Condition

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of spacing and nitrogen on growth, conn and cormel production in gladiolus cv. Red Beauty in a factorial RBD. Corms of 4.5 cm diameter were planted at 15 × 30, 20 × 30, 25 × 30 and 30 × 30 cm and nitrogen was applied at four levels i.e. 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha−1 at Horticulture Experimental Farm, Medziphema during 1998–99. Spacing 25 × 30 cm and N 200 kg ha−1 resulted into maximum number of leaves per plant, length of leaf, width of scape, plant height, number and weight of corms per plant. Width of leaf and yield of cormels/ha were significantly influenced with application of 200 kg N ha−1 while spacing had no significant effect on both parameters. However, spacing and N levels failed to exert any significant effect on days to sprouting, percentage of sprouting, and no. and weight of cormels per plant. Interaction of spacing and nitrogen levels gave conspicuous effect on length of leaf and height of plant with 25 × 30 cm spacing and 200 kg N ha−1. Thus, a spacing of 25 × 30 cm with nitrogen dose of 200 kg ha−1 is beneficial in gladiolus cultivation under high rainfall areas of low hills of Nagaland.
Trade Credit Insurance: Operational Value and Contract Choice

Trade credit insurance (TCI) is a risk management tool commonly used by suppliers to guarantee against payment default by credit buyers. TCI contracts can be either cancelable (the insurer has the discretion to cancel this guarantee during the insured period) or noncancelable (the terms cannot be renegotiated within the insured period). This paper identifies two roles of TCI: the (cash flow) smoothing role (smoothing the supplier’s cash flows) and the monitoring role (tracking the buyer’s continued creditworthiness after contracting, which enables the supplier to make efficient operational decisions regarding whether to ship goods to the credit buyer). We further explore which contracts better facilitate these two roles of TCI by modeling the strategic interaction between the insurer and the supplier. Noncancelable contracts rely on the deductible to implement both roles, which may result in a conflict: a high deductible inhibits the smoothing role, whereas a low deductible weakens the monitoring role. Under cancelable contracts, the insurer’s cancelation action ensures that the information acquired is reflected in the supplier’s shipping decision. Thus, the insurer has adequate incentives to perform its monitoring function without resorting to a high deductible. Despite this advantage, we find that the insurer may exercise the cancelation option too aggressively; this thereby restores a preference for noncancelable contracts, especially when the supplier’s outside option is unattractive and the insurer’s monitoring cost is low. Noncancelable contracts are also relatively more attractive when the acquired information is verifiable than when it is unverifiable. This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management.
AGREGAÇÃO FAMILIAR NOS NÍVEIS DE ATIVIDADE FÍSICA: UM RESUMO DO ESTADO DA ARTE

objetivo: Rever o estado atual do conhecimento sobre os efeitos geneticos na variabilidade dos niveis de atividade fisica, a partir de uma analise centrada em estudos agregacao familiar, com base na Genetica Quantitativa. Metodos: Realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados Pubmed e Scopus, incluindo os estudos com base em delineamentos com familias nucleares e/ou pedigrees extensos e estimativas de heritabilidade. Tais pesquisas deveriam apresentar questionarios, acelerometros e pedometros como tecnicas de avaliacao dos niveis de atividade fisica, e a publicacao deveria estar em formato de artigo ou relatorio de pesquisa. Resultados: Presenca de grande variabilidade inter e intra fenotipos sugerindo que os fatores geneticos sao responsaveis por 6 a 62% da variacao total dos niveis de atividade fisica, em muitos casos, com forte presenca do envolvimento ambiental comum, partilhado pela familia. A discrepância dos resultados pode ser condicionada por diferentes aspectos estruturais de cada pesquisa, bem como pela variabilidade dos instrumentos utilizados, dos fenotipos avaliados e das populacoes envolvidas. conclusoes: Os fenotipos da atividade fisica sao complexos, de natureza poligenica e multifatorial. Os fatores geneticos sao responsaveis por efeitos reduzidos a moderados da variabilidade desses fenotipos. Os dados relatados sao signifi cativos e constituem a base genetica, ainda pouco explorada, para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas em Genetica Molecular. Dessa forma, estabelecem um suporte relevante na defi nicao de investigacoes e intervencoes futuras no territorio da Epidemiologia Genetica aplicada a atividade fisica.
Screening of different okra genotypes against major sucking pests

The present investigation was carried out during rabi season (March June) 2017 at central research farm of SHUATS, Allahabad in RBD with three replications. The ten okra genotypes viz. HRB-55, H14-A, JPM-20-16-32, IIVR-10, IC-14-934, IC-45862, JC-034-1124-A, VRO-6, 317-10-1, 326-10-1 were taken to know their response on incidence of major sucking pests viz., Aphid (Aphis gossypii), Jassid (Amrasca biguttula biguttula) and Red cotton bug (Dysdercus cingulatus). Among these ten genotypes VRO-6 showed the lowest mean population of aphid (1.57) and IIVR-10 showed the lowest mean population jassid (1.82) and red cotton bug (2.23). The highest population of all pests was recorded in genotype 31710-1. It is observed that the population of all sucking pests reached the peak level on 22 standard week.
Tempo and Mode of Speciation

Separate species can arise by allopatric evolution after one population is forced into two by a natural event such as glaciation. This has been the classic explanation of the existence of numerous sister species of birds in the eastern and western regions of North America. In this issue, Klicka and Zink show that molecular data derived from mitochondria are not compatible with this scenario. Rosenzweig tells us in his Perspective how many of our previous beliefs about mechanisms of evolution are called into question by these results and how many are still valid.