Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Baryon isocurvature constraints on the primordial hypermagnetic fields

It has been pointed out that hypermagnetic helicity decay at the electroweak symmetry breaking may have produced the observed baryon asymmetry of the Universe through the chiral anomaly in the standard model of particle physics. Although fully helical magnetic field that can adequately produce the observed baryon asymmetry is not strong enough to explain the origin of the intergalactic magnetic field inferred by the Fermi satellite, the mixture of helical and nonhelical primordial magnetic fields may explain both baryogenesis and the intergalactic magnetic fields simultaneously. We first show that such a scenario is ruled out by the constraint on the amplitude of baryon isocurvature perturbations produced by the primordial magnetic fields to avoid overproduction of deuterium at the big bang nucleosynthesis. Then we show that any attempt to explain the origin of intergalactic magnetic field by primordial magnetogenesis before the electroweak symmetry breaking does not work due to the above constraint irrespective of the helicity and baryogenesis mechanism.
Complexes of Molecular Oxygen with Organic Molecules

Molecular oxygen forms complexes with organic molecules. Evidence for such complex formation and its manifestations are described and criteria are formulated whereby one can distinguish the usual equilibrium complexes from impact (collision) complexes. The principal types of complexes and the electron orbitals with the aid of which the species combined in the complex come into contact are examined. The bibliography includes 30 references.
Refine and Imitate: Reducing Repetition and Inconsistency in Persuasion Dialogues via Reinforcement Learning and Human Demonstration

Persuasion dialogue systems reflect the machine's ability to make strategic moves beyond verbal communication, and therefore differentiate themselves from task-oriented or open-domain dialogue systems and have their own unique values. However, the repetition and inconsistency problems still persist in dialogue response generation and could substantially impact user experience and impede the persuasion outcome. Besides, although reinforcement learning (RL) approaches have achieved big success in strategic tasks such as games, they require a sophisticated user simulator to provide real-time feedback to the dialogue system, which limits the application of RL on persuasion dialogues. To address these issues towards a better persuasion dialogue system, we apply RL to refine a language model baseline without user simulators, and distill sentence-level information about repetition, inconsistency, and task relevance through rewards. Moreover, to better accomplish the persuasion task, the model learns from human demonstration to imitate human persuasion behavior and selects the most persuasive responses. Experiments show that our model outperforms previous state-of-the-art dialogue models on both automatic metrics and human evaluation results on a donation persuasion task, and generates more diverse, consistent and persuasive conversations according to the user feedback.
Abstractive Query Focused Summarization with Query-Free Resources

The availability of large-scale datasets has driven the development of neural sequence-to-sequence models to generate generic summaries, i.e., summaries which do not correspond to any pre-speciﬁed queries. However, due to the lack of training data, query focused summarization (QFS) has been studied mainly with extractive meth-ods. In this work, we consider the problem of leveraging only generic summarization resources to build an abstractive QFS system. We propose M ARGE , a Masked ROUGE Regression framework composed of a novel uniﬁed representation for summaries and queries, and a distantly supervised training task for answer evidence estimation. To further utilize generic data for generation, three attributes are incorporated during training and inference to con-trol the shape of the ﬁnal summary: evidence rank, query guidance, and summary length. Despite learning from minimal supervision, our system achieves state-of-the-art results in the distantly supervised setting across domains and query types. 1
Flavonóides glicosilados das folhas e flores de Bauhinia forficata (Leguminosae)

From the leaves of Bauhinia forficata kaempferol and four flavonoid glycosides, 3,7-di-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosylkaempferol, 3,7-di-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosylquercetin, 3-O-[a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1®6)-b-D-glucopyranosyl]-7-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosylkaempferol and 3-O-[a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1®6)-b-D-glucopyranosyl]-7-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosylquercetin were obtained. From the flowers only the flavonoid 7-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosylkaempferol was isolated. The structures were established by chemical and spectroscopic methods.
UNIMO: Towards Unified-Modal Understanding and Generation via Cross-Modal Contrastive Learning

Existed pre-training methods either focus on single-modal tasks or multi-modal tasks, and cannot effectively adapt to each other. They can only utilize single-modal data (i.e., text or image) or limited multi-modal data (i.e., image-text pairs). In this work, we propose a UNIfied-MOdal pre-training architecture, namely UNIMO, which can effectively adapt to both single-modal and multi-modal understanding and generation tasks. Large scale of free text corpus and image collections are utilized to improve the capability of visual and textual understanding, and cross-modal contrastive learning (CMCL) is leveraged to align the textual and visual information into a unified semantic space, over a corpus of image-text pairs augmented with related images and texts. With the help of rich non-paired single-modal data, our model is able to learn more generalizable representations, by allowing textual knowledge and visual knowledge to enhance each other in the unified semantic space. The experimental results show that UNIMO greatly improves the performance of several single-modal and multi-modal downstream tasks. Our code and pre-trained models are public at https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Research/tree/master/NLP/UNIMO.
Particle dual averaging: optimization of mean field neural network with global convergence rate analysis

We propose the particle dual averaging (PDA) method, which generalizes the dual averaging method in convex optimization to the optimization over probability distributions with quantitative runtime guarantee. The algorithm consists of an inner loop and outer loop: the inner loop utilizes the Langevin algorithm to approximately solve for a stationary distribution, which is then optimized in the outer loop. The method can thus be interpreted as an extension of the Langevin algorithm to naturally handle nonlinear functional on the probability space. An important application of the proposed method is the optimization of neural network in the mean field regime, which is theoretically attractive due to the presence of nonlinear feature learning, but quantitative convergence rate can be challenging to obtain. By adapting finite-dimensional convex optimization theory into the space of measures, we analyze PDA in regularized empirical/expected risk minimization, and establish quantitative global convergence in learning two-layer mean field neural networks under more general settings. Our theoretical results are supported by numerical simulations on neural networks with reasonable size.
Laser-induced fluorescence diagnostics of the cross-field discharge of Hall thrusters

This article presents a review of work performed over the past ten years in France, centered on the utilization of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy to diagnose the low-pressure magnetized dc discharge of a Hall thruster (HT). The latter is a gridless electric propulsion device in a crossed electric and magnetic field configuration, which is used onboard satellites and space probes for various types of maneuvers. Although the design of a HT is relatively simple, the physical mechanisms that govern thrust generation and efficiency are not yet fully understood. Characterization of the ion and atom velocity distribution function (VDF) appears to be a powerful way to obtain insights into the underlying physics. The VDF of xenon and krypton—the most common propellants—is therefore locally interrogated by means of LIF on excited levels. In this review emphasis is placed on time-averaged and time-resolved continuous-wave LIF measurements, associated quantities and recent outcomes. Results will be presented concerning a variety of phenomena: velocity vector field structuring, ion population interaction, electric field generation, ion magnetic drift, apparent atom acceleration, interaction of the plasma plume with background gas and low-frequency electric field oscillations, to name only a few.
Leakage and Swell in Emulsion Liquid-Membrane Systems: Batch Experiments

Emulsion liquid-membrane systems can provide effective systems for removal of impurities in a variety of applications. In these systems, removal efficiency and the ability to concentrate impurities can be impaired because of encapsulated-phase leakage and emulsion swell. This work describes the results of a factorial experimental procedure that measured the effects of several formulation and operating variables on emulsion liquid-membrane leakage and swell. The experimental variables studied were surfactant concentration, osmotic pressure, membrane type, internal-phase volume fraction, and extraction-vessel stir rate. Encapsulated-phase leakage is influenced by all of the variables in a complex fashion. Emulsion swell results are consistent with a simple water-transport mechanism.
Treatment of Simulated Wastewater Containing Chlorobenzene by Iron-Carbon Micro-Electrolysis Packing

Using iron filings, activated carbon power and clay as raw materials, the granular iron-carbon micro-electrolysis packing was made by the method of calcination. The influence of initial chlorobenzene (CB) concentration, pH value and reaction temperature on the removal rate of simulated wastewater containing CB were investigated. The results showed that the reaction followed the pseudo-ﬁrst-order kinetics model and the rate constants varied at a relatively low degree at various pH. Temperature is an important parameter and an increase in temperature could signiﬁcantly raise the reaction rates. The column packed with packing was designed to remove CB in wastewater. After running for 70 days, the packing still had good performance and there was no obvious decrease on the removal rate.
Condensate Gas Phase Behavior and Development

In this paper condensate gas and its main phase behavior, as well as the gas condensate field development characteristics and schemes in China are introduced. Most condensate gas reservoirs discovered in recent years in China are rich condensate gas and some with light oil ring or bottom oil, so their developments are more difficult. Because of commercial demand for gas, usually the blowdown was used in this type of reservoir. In recent years, there are gas cycling field pilots in both Tarim basin and Dagang area in China. The retrograde condensation and revaporization characteristics during depletion process of condensate gas reservoirs with or without oil ring ; displacement oil efficiency using the energy in condensate gas cap and the pilots effects of gas cycling are discussed in this paper. Finally, it is suggested that condensate oil should be produced first and then natural gas using gas cycling under the condition of lacking of both long distance gas pipeline system and downstream installation, which will bring better effects in the development of condensate gas reservoir.
Preparation and tribological properties of Ti3C2(OH)2 nanosheets as additives in base oil

The two-dimensional Ti3C2(OH)2 nanosheets were synthesized by exfoliation of laminated Ti3AlC2 in HF and characterized by X-ray diffractometry, SEM, TEM, and HRTEM. The results indicated that the Ti3C2(OH)2 compounds had 2D layer-like structures with a thickness of 10–20 nm, and the fabrication process of Ti3C2(OH)2 nanosheets was discussed on the basis of the experimental facts. The tribological properties of Ti3C2(OH)2 nanosheets as additives in base oil were investigated using a UMT-2 ball-on-disc tribotester. Under the determinate conditions, the friction coefficient of the base oil containing Ti3C2(OH)2 nanosheets was lower than that of the base oil under 15 N load with 200 rpm, and decreased with increasing mass fraction of Ti3C2(OH)2 nanosheets when it was <1.0 wt%. A combination of sliding friction, and stable tribofilm on the rubbing surface could explain the improved tribological properties of Ti3C2(OH)2 nanosheets as additives.
Fundamental studies of microscopic wetting on organic surfaces. 1. Formation and structural characterization of a self-consistent series of polyfunctional organic monolayers

Monolayers of a series of terminally substituted alkyl thiols, X(CH 2 ) 15 SH (X=CH 3 , CH 2 OH, CO 2 H, CO 2 CH 3 , and CONH 2 ), have been prepared by adsorption from solution onto evaporated gold substrates. The structures habe been characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ellipsometry, and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). The IR data shows the monolayer films to be densely packed, crystalline-like structures with all-trans conformation alkyl chains exhibiting average tilt angles of the chain axis in a range of 28-40° from the surface normal and an approximate 55° twist of the chain axis away from a configuration with the CCC plane perpendicular to the surface plane
An XPS and Scanning Polarization Force Microscopy Study of the Exchange and Mobility of Surface Ions on Mica

Potassium mica was treated with different ionic solutions to replace the naturally occurring K+ on the surface by Ca2+, Mg2+, and H+ ions. The extent of the exchange was monitored by variable emergence angle X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Scanning polarization force microscopy (SPFM) was used to measure the mobility of the surface ions as a result of water adsorption when the mica is exposed to different humidity levels.
An analysis of flow and heat transfer in separated flows over blocked surface

The flow and heat transfer characteristics of flat and blocked surfaces were experimentally examined under the influence of the free stream velocity of 3, 5, 10 and 15 m/s encompassing laminar, transitional and turbulent flows. A constant-temperature hot wire anemometer was used for the velocity and turbulent intensity measurements, and copper-constant thermocouples and a micro-manometer for temperature and static pressures measurements, respectively. The flow over blocked surface separated in front of the first block and attached on it, then circulated between blocks, and then reattached behind the last block. The results showed that the flow separation before the first block occurred earlier in laminar–laminar separated–reattached flow than the transitional and turbulent flows and turbulent–turbulent separated–reattached flow leading to a shorter reattachment region with high free-stream turbulence. The presence of the separation and reattachment caused the heat transfer enhancement, which was more pronounced in the laminar flow and new empirical equations were developed for the local Stanton numbers.
Chemical composition from volatile oil of the stem bark of Guarea macrophylla Vahl. ssp tuberculata Vellozo (Meliaceae)

The stem bark of Guarea macrophylla Vahl. ssp. tuberculata Vellozo (Meliaceae) was submitted to steam distillation and adsorption chromatographic separation. Seventeen sesquiterpenes, one diterpene and four fatty acids were identified using a combination of GC, GC–MS, 1H- and 13C-NMR. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Killing Range: Explaining Lethality Variance Within a Terrorist Organization

This paper presents an analysis of the Provisional Irish Republican Army's (PIRA) brigade level behavior during the Northern Ireland Conflict (1970-1998) and identifies the organizational factors that impact a brigade's lethality as measured via terrorist attacks. Key independent variables include levels of technical expertise, cadre age, counter-terrorism policies experienced, brigade size, and IED components and delivery methods. We find that technical expertise within a brigade allows for careful IED usage, which significantly minimizes civilian casualties (a specific strategic goal of PIRA) while increasing the ability to kill more high value targets with IEDs. Lethal counter-terrorism events also significantly affect a brigade's likelihood of killing both civilians and high-value targets but in different ways. Killing PIRA members significantly decreases IED fatalities but also significantly decreases the possibility of zero civilian IED-related deaths in a given year. Killing innocent Catholics in a Brigade's county significantly increases total and civilian IED fatalities. Together the results suggest the necessity to analyze dynamic situational variables that impact terrorist group behavior at the sub-unit level.
Hydrophobic Nanocrystals Coated with an Amphiphilic Polymer Shell: A General Route to Water Soluble Nanocrystals

A general strategy is described which allows for transferring hydrophobically capped nanocrystals from organic to aqueous solution by wrapping an amphiphilic polymer around the particles. In particular, high quality CoPt3, Au, CdSe/ZnS, and Fe2O3 nanocrystals have been water-solubilized in this way. Analysis with transmission electron microscopy, gel electrophoresis, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy demonstrates that monodispersity of the particles is conserved upon phase transfer to aqueous solution.
Electronic Structure of Oxo-Bridged Iron(III) Dimers

Magnetic susceptibility results and extensive electronic, infrared, and Mi:issbauer spectral data are presented for enH_2[(FeHEDT A)_2O]· 6H_2O_3, Na_4[(FeEDTA)_2O]· 12H_2O, FeHEDTA· H_2O, and NaFeEDT A· 3H_2O (HEDTA = N-hydroxoethylethylenediaminetriacetate, EDTA = ethylenediaminetetraacetate, and enH_2^(2+) = ethylenediammonium cation). The magnetic and spectral data establish an electronic structural model for the oxo-bridged dimers in which pairs of S = 5/2 Fe(III) ions interact antiferromagnetically, with J ≃ -95 cm^(-1). The oxo-bridged dimers show marked intensity enhancement of the one-center Fe(III) ligand-field bands. There are also several uv bands which are interpreted as arising from simultaneous electronic excitations of Fe(III) pairs. A simple high-spin ligand-field model modified by spin-spin interaction is judged to be considerably more appropriate than the Dunitz-Orgel molecular orbital approach as a vehicle for describing oxo-bridged Fe(IIl) dimers.
Adsorption of Copper, Zinc, and Cadmium on Goethite, Aluminum‐Substituted Goethite, and a System of Kaolinite–Goethite: Surface Complexation Modeling

Abstract Goethite, aluminum‐(Al)‐substituted goethite (GA2), and a system of kaolinite–goethite were examined for their ability to adsorb copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) as a function of pH, in two ionic strengths and two different metal concentrations. Specific surface area was determined by BET‐N2, whereas the charge development on the solid surface was studied in the pH range ∼3.5 to ∼10.0 by potentiometric titration under continuous flow of argon. Constant capacitance (CCM) and the double‐layer model (DLM) were used to fit the titration and adsorption data with the help of the least‐square optimization program FITEQL32. In both models, surface site density was fixed at Ns=2.31 sites nm−2, whereas for CCM capacitance density was set at C=1.06. Alternatively, bibliographic suggestions for these two parameters were examined. Aluminum‐substituted goethite exhibited higher specific surface area and adsorbed all three metals in lower pH values than the other solids. Moreover, GA2 exhibited point of zero salt effect (PZSE) higher than goethite, approaching that corresponding to Al2O3, possibly due to Al‐substitution, and the system exhibited PZSE values much higher than kaolinite, approaching that corresponding to goethite. The adsorption order for all three solids was Cu>Zn>Cd in any case, thus more Cu is adsorbed at a certain pH than Zn and even more than Cd, whereas the increase of metal concentration shifts the adsorption curve toward higher pH values. Constant capacitance described the titration data satisfactorily, but by altering the Ns and C values, the fit became worse. Adsorption data are described by CCM, by emphasizing the formation of monodentate surface complex. Bidentate complex, in most of the cases, was of no importance in describing the data despite the evidence of its presence in recent spectroscopic studies for Cu and Cd on goethite. Alteration of Ns and C values worsened the fit in any case, and bidentate complex vanished. The DLM exhibited the worse fit in any case.
X‐Ray diffraction of oriented amylose fibers. I. Amylose dimethyl sulfoxide complex

The amylose–dimethyl sulfoxide complex has been investigated with the aid of x‐ray diagrams of oriented fibers. The amylose occurs in a six‐residue helix with alternate “up” and “down” chains packed in a square array, that is, pseudo‐tetragonal. A unit cell is proposed with a = b = 19.21 A. and c = 8.12 A.
Biodegradable poly(L-lactic acid)/TiO2 nanocomposites: Thermal properties and degradation

Poly(L-lactic acid)-titanium dioxide nano- composites (with various loadings of TiO2: 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10 wt %) were produced by solution casting method. The influence of TiO2 on thermal properties and crystallinity of PLA was investigated by DSC and FTIR spectroscopy. The TiO2 nano filler has no significant influence on the charac- teristic temperatures (Tg ,T c, and Tm), but has high impact on the crystallinity of these systems. The degree of crystal- linity Xc significantly increases for PLA nanocomposites loaded with up to 5 wt % of TiO2, while for 10 wt % load of TiO2 it drops below Xc of the pure resin. The degrada- tion of the prepared composites was evaluated hydrolyti- cally in 1N NaOH, enzymatically in a-amylase solutions, and under UV irradiation. The catalytic effect of TiO2 nano particles on the degradation processes under UV light exposure (k ¼ 365 nm) and hydrolytic degradation was confirmed with the increase of the filler content. The opposite effect was identified in enzymatic degradation experiments. V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 2187-2193, 2012
Steady- and transient-state operation of a two-stage bioreactor for the treatment of a gaseous mixture of hydrogen sulphide, methanol and α-pinene

BACKGROUND: A two-stage bioreactor, comprising a biotrickling filter (BTF) as the first stage and a biofilter (BF) as the second stage, operated under steady- and transient-state conditions, was tested to remove gas-phase hydrogen sulphide, methanol and α-pinene. RESULTS: Hydrogen sulphide and methanol were removed in the first stage, while α-pinene, was removed predominantly in the second-stage fungal BF. The effect of the liquid trickling rate was evaluated in the BTF, while concentration-dependent synergistic and antagonistic interactions in both reactors were assessed by varying the concentration of one pollutant, and by maintaining 100% removal of other pollutants. Increasing the liquid trickling rate decreased methanol removal significantly, from >93% to 40%. Increasing the concentration of hydrogen sulphide from low to high loading rates did not affect the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), however, the reverse occurred. Under all the conditions tested, α-pinene removal in the second-stage biofilter still remained higher than 80%. CONCLUSIONS: The results show the maximum elimination capacities achievable for this complex ternary mixture, under a wide range of operating conditions. c � 2010 Society of Chemical Industry