Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiple consequences of the changing educational input to our immune systems

The idea that diminishing exposure to microorganisms in the environment might play a role in the rising incidence of allergies was put forward nearly 30 years ago. Soon after the same idea was suggested for autoimmune disease. We would now add inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis) to this list, and place all three groups of disorder (allergies, autoimmunity, IBD) under a common umbrella title of “diseases of immunodysregulation”, all attributable to a failure of maturation of immunoregulatory cell populations and networks. Meanwhile it has become clear that some behavioural and mood disorders are also increasing at a worrying rate in the rich, developed countries, and some of these are epidemiologically associated with the immunoregulatory disorders, and accompanied by cytokine changes that permit a tentative unifying hypothesis involving regulatory roles of interleukin 10 (IL-10) in the immune system and central nervous system. Recent laboratory and clinical studies suggest that microorganisms can influence the “diseases of immunodysregulation” without causing overt infections. Changes in commensal flora (such as gut flora) or exposure to immunogenic but harmless saprophytes or vaccines, or alteration of our microbial exposure by antibiotics and hygiene can all exert significant effects. This information provides us with some extraordinary challenges, because although hygiene, vaccines and antibiotics are the three most useful and cost-effective achievements of medicine, the next decade will see us trying to discover how to improve vaccines so that they more closely mimic the “educational” input that the immune system requires, and how to supplement the effects of conventional vaccines with probiotics, and how to devise novel vaccines that are used, not to combat a specific infection, but rather to exploit their nonspecific immunoregulatory properties.
The first visible indication of the initiation of odontogenesis is the appearance of a local thickening of the oral ectoderm, which subsequently grows into the underlying neural crest-

The first visible indication of the initiation of odontogenesis is the appearance of a local thickening of the oral ectoderm, which subsequently grows into the underlying neural crestderived mesenchyme of the first branchial arch to form epithelial buds. Ectomesenchymal cells condense around the epithelial buds to form the dental mesenchyme. The primary enamel knot, a tooth signaling center (Vaahtokari et al., 1996; Jernvall et al., 1998), becomes prominent at the cap stage. At the bell stage, the tooth consists of an epithelial enamel organ (EEO) and a dental mesenchyme. The EEO components include proliferating preameloblasts and their progenitors, the cells of the inner dental epithelium (IDE), the secondary enamel knots at the tip of nascent cusps, the stellate reticulum (SR), the outer dental epithelium (ODE) and the stratum intermedium (SI). The latter consists of squamous cells adjacent to the IDE and preameloblasts. Later-arising secondary enamel knots, which form in the developing molars, are thought to control cuspal morphogenesis and terminal differentiation of odontoblasts (Thesleff et al., 2001). Mesenchymal cells of the dental papilla that lie adjacent to the IDE form the preodontoblast layer of proliferating cells; the rest of the dental papilla cells contribute to the later d velopment of the dental pulp. Finally, dental mesenchyme that surrounds the tooth germ forms the dental sac, which gives rise to periodontal tissues. During the cytodifferentiation stage, the terminal differentiation of odontoblasts is accomplished by their withdrawal from the cell cycle, elongation, polarization and secretion of a predentin matrix. This, in turn, triggers terminal differentiation of ameloblasts (Slavkin and Bringas, 1976; Frank and Nalbandian, 1989). Differentiation of the ameloblast into a highly-polarized complex secretory cell involves considerable growth, elongation of the cytoplasm, a change in nuclear polarity, a sequential development and change in 5323 Development 129, 5323-5337 © 2002 The Company of Biologists Ltd doi:10.1242/dev.00100
Influence of packaging materials on storability of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

A laboratory experiment was conducted at Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Bheemarayangudi, UAS, Raichur to know the influence of specialized packaging material on storability of groundnut. In this experiment the freshly harvested seeds of K-9 variety groundnut kernel and pods were stored in specialized packing material of super grain bag, purdue improved crop storage(PICS) bag and polylined (700 gaues) gunny bags (PLGB) with (4) replication. The results revealed that, pods stored in PICS bags recorded significantly higher germination percentage (90.0 %), shoot length (6.0 cm), root length (18.3 cm), seedling vigour index (2130), seed infection (2.61%), no seed infestation and moisture content (7.03%) at initial month of storage whereas after nine months of storage it was observed that germination percentage was (78.0 %), shoot length (3.3 cm), root length (11.8 cm), seedling vigour index (1173), seed infection (28.03%), seed infestation (13.05%) and moisture content (6.41%). Both kernel and pods which are stored in PICS bag showed best result compared to other bags. Compared to kernel and pods storage, pods showed best result due to kernel is protected by shell and seed coat kernel is very delicate so that embryo loss is more hence, seed quality parameter affected. In packaging material PICS bag is a three layer hermitic storage bag which is air tight moisture impervious bag compared to other bags. From these results it can be concluded that PICS bag when found best storage bag for groundnut pods then that of other bags.
Staining techniques for ageing tope shark, Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758), from the Azores : a comparison based on precision analysis.

A vertebrae sample of tope shark, Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758), stratified by sizeclasses, was used to test between different staining techniques of enhancing vertebral growth ring visibility. Four techniques were tested: alizarin red, silver nitrate and cobalt nitrate staining, and the “deep-coned vertebrae” technique. The latter was discarded due to its unsuitability for tope shark vertebrae. The cobalt nitrate original protocol was modified. Upon staining, each vertebra was subject to three replicated independent readings, by a single reader. Within-reader consistency and bias of growth ring counts determination were evaluated using four different precision indices: percent of agreement (PA), average percent error (APE), coefficient of variation (V) and index of precision (D). Results indicated that the vertebrae stained with the cobalt nitrate technique showed both better optic enhancement of growth rings and higher degree of count consistency, comparatively to the alizarin red and silver stained vertebrae. Conclusively, the cobalt nitrate was the most efficient staining technique upon tope shark vertebrae, among the methods tested herein.
Designing a multi-layered surveillance approach to detecting SARS-CoV-2: A modelling study

Background:Countries achieving control of COVID-19 after an initial outbreak will continue to face the risk of SARS-CoV-2 resurgence. This study explores surveillance strategies for COVID-19 containment based on polymerase chain reaction tests.Methods:Using a dynamic SEIR-type model to simulate the initial dynamics of a COVID-19 introduction, we investigate COVID-19 surveillance strategies among healthcare workers, hospital patients, and community members. We estimate surveillance sensitivity as the probability of COVID-19 detection using a hypergeometric sampling process. We identify test allocation strategies that maximise the probability of COVID-19 detection across different testing capacities. We use Beijing, China as a case study.Results:Surveillance subgroups are more sensitive in detecting COVID-19 transmission when they are defined by more COVID-19-specific symptoms. In this study, fever clinics have the highest surveillance sensitivity, followed by respiratory departments. With a daily testing rate of 0.07/1000 residents, via exclusively testing at fever clinic and respiratory departments, there would have been 598 [95% eCI: 35, 2154] and 1373 [95% eCI: 47, 5230] cases in the population by the time of first case detection, respectively. Outbreak detection can occur earlier by including non-syndromic subgroups, such as younger adults in the community, as more testing capacity becomes available.Conclusions:A multi-layer approach that considers both the surveillance sensitivity and administrative constraints can help identify the optimal allocation of testing resources and thus inform COVID-19 surveillance strategies.
Evidence of transfer of miRNAs from the diet to the blood still inconclusive

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding, single-strand RNA molecules that act as regulators of gene expression in plants and animals. In 2012, the first evidence was found that plant miRNAs could enter the bloodstream through the digestive tract. Since then, there has been an ongoing discussion about whether miRNAs from the diet are transferred to blood, accumulate in tissues, and regulate gene expression. Different research groups have tried to replicate these findings, using both plant and animal sources. Here, we review the evidence for and against the transfer of diet-derived miRNAs from plants, meat, milk and exosome and their assimilation and putative molecular regulation role in the consuming organism. Some groups using both miRNAs from plant and animal sources have claimed success, whereas others have not shown transfer. In spite of the biological barriers that may limit miRNA transference, several diet-derived miRNAs can transfer into the circulating system and targets genes for transcription regulation, which adds arguments that miRNAs can be absorbed from the diet and target specific genes by regulating their expression. However, many other studies show that cross-kingdom transfer of exogenous miRNAs appears to be insignificant and not biologically relevant. The main source of controversy in plant studies is the lack of reproducibility of the findings. For meat-derived miRNAs, studies concluded that the miRNAs can survive the cooking process; nevertheless, our evidence shows that the bovine miRNAs are not transferred to human bloodstream. The most important contributions and promising evidence in this controversial field is the transference of milk miRNAs in exosomes and the finding that plant miRNAs in beebread regulate honeybee caste development, and cause similar changes when fed to Drosophila. MiRNAs encapsulated in exosomes ensure their stability and resistance in the harsh conditions presented in milk, bloodstream, and gastrointestinaltract to reinforce the idea of transference. Regardless of the model organism, the idea of source of miRNAs, or the approach—bioinformatics or in vivo—the issue of transfer of miRNAs from the diet remains in doubt. Our understanding of the cross-kingdom talk of miRNAs needs more research to study the transfer of “xenomiRs” from different food sources to complement and expand what we know so far regarding the interspecies transfer of miRNAs.
Halotolerant bacterial diversity isolated from sodic soil samples of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh

The present research work was conducted to screen the diversity of salinity tolerant heterotrops, Azotobacters and phosphate solubilizing bacterial isolates to be used as bio-fertilizer. In present study, sodic soil samples were collected from different villages of Allahabad District was analyzed for their physicochemical properties and isolation of halotolerant bacterial diversity. Results of the study showed that out of 10 soil samples, 8 samples were sodic in nature (ESP ≥ 15 & pH ≥ 8.5) and 2 samples were saline sodic (EC ≥ 4.0, ESP ≥ 15 & pH ≥ 8.5). All samples are low in their available phosphate content and most are recorded low level of available nitrogen content. The maximum cfu/g soil was obtained in Village Panwari which was 74.0 cfu x10/g soil in Nutrient agar medium, 8.6 cfu x10/g soil in Ashbey agar medium and 63.0 and cfu x10/g soil in Pikovaskay agar medium and minimum cfu/g soil was recorded from Pawar, 36.0 cfu x10/g soil in Nutrient agar medium, 3.00, cfu x10/g soil in Ashbey agar medium and 29.0 cfu x10/g soil in Pikovaskaya agar medium. From the results of the study it is concluded that microorganisms are cosmopolitan in nature and can be isolated and applicable for their specific use in nature.
Metformin Attenuates Brain Injury by Inhibiting Inflammation and Regulating Tight Junction Proteins in Septic Rats

Objective Metformin has a potent inhibitory activity against inflammation and oxidative stress, which inevitably occur in sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). The precise mechanisms underlying neuroprotective effects of metformin in SAE, are still unclear. In the present work, the protective effect of metformin on SAE using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis, was assessed. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, CLP procedure was performed in Wistar rats and 50 mg/kg metformin was administered immediately. Specific markers of sepsis severity, inflammation, blood brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and brain injury, were investigated. Specific assay kits and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used. Histopathological assessment was also carried out. Results Treatment with metformin decreased murine sepsis score (MSS), lactate, platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and high mobility group box (HMGB1) levels. The expression levels of claudin 3 (Cldn3) and claudin 5 (Cldn5) were increased following treatment with metformin. Metformin decreased the expression of S100b, neuron specific enolase (Nse), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap). Conclusion Our study suggests that metformin may inhibit inflammation and increase tight junction protein expressions which may improve BBB function and attenuate CLP-induced brain injury. Hence, the potential beneficial effects of metformin in sepsis, should be considered in future.
Uncovering hidden spatial structure in species communities with spatially explicit joint species distribution models

Modern species distribution models account for spatial autocorrelation in order to obtain unbiased statistical inference on the effects of covariates, to improve the model's predictive ability through spatial interpolation and to gain insight in the spatial processes shaping the data. Somewhat analogously, hierarchical approaches to community‐level data have been developed to gain insights into community‐level processes and to improve species‐level inference by borrowing information from other species that are either ecologically or phylogenetically related to the focal species. We unify spatial and community‐level structures by developing spatially explicit joint species distribution models. The models utilize spatially structured latent factors to model missing covariates as well as species‐to‐species associations in a statistically and computationally effective manner. We illustrate that the inclusion of the spatial latent factors greatly increases the predictive performance of the modelling approach with a case study of 55 species of butterfly recorded on a 10 km × 10 km grid in Great Britain consisting of 2609 grid cells.
Effect of pinching and growth regulators on vegetative and floral parameters Chrysanthemum cv. Pusa Kesari

The present investigation entitled “Effect of pinching and growth regulators on vegetative and floral parameters of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema morifolium) cv. Pusa Kesari” was carried out at College of Horticulture, Venkataramannagudem, Dr. Y.S. R Horticultural University, during Kharif 2017. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with Fifteen treatment combinations comprising of 3 levels of pinching i.e. No pinching, Single pinching and Double pinching and 5 levels of growth regulators i.e., GA3 @ 100 ppm, GA3 @ 200 ppm, Triacontanol @ 50 ppm, Triacontanol @ 100 ppm and Water spray) replicated thrice and the observations were recorded for vegetative and floral parameters of chrysanthemum among all treatment combinations the maximum plant spread, number of leaves plant-1, leaf area plant-1, leaf area index, leaf area duration, number of flowers plant-1, plot-1, hecteare-1 and flower yield plant-1, plot-1, hecteare-1 were recorded in double pinched plants sprayed with triacontanol @ 50 ppm. The minimum number of days taken for first flower bud appearance, days taken for 50% flowering, days taken for first harvest of flowers and maximum plant height was recorded in plants without pinching and sprayed with GA3 @ 200 ppm. Among the floral parameters single pinched plants sprayed with GA3 @ 200 ppm recorded the maximum flower stalk length and vase life. Hence on the basis of results obtained from the present investigation it can be concluded that the double pinched plants sprayed with triacontanol @ 50 ppm was found effective with respect to vegetative and floral parameters.
Lunch Programme Management And Their Influence On Educational Outcomes In Public Day Secondary Schools In Mombasa And Kilifi Counties, Kenya

School feeding programs are primarily intended to enhance educational outcomes with a view to achieving Kenya's educational objectives of free and compulsory basic education. School feeding initiatives have the ability to increase access to primary education, minimize dropout rates, especially at lower primary school levels, and boost pupils ' academic achievement. The purpose of the study was to assess lunch program management and its influence on educational outcomes at Mombasa and Kilifi Counties, Kenya’s public day secondary schools. Many of the findings were done in elementary schools but not in secondary schools on the impact of school feeding programmes. The research objectives were to analyze the strategies of food safety control used in public day secondary schools and to figure out the monitoring and evaluation methods of the school lunch programme The sample community consisted of all the Counties' 49 day high schools, 940 teachers, 49 superintendent, 49 lunch coordinators, and 18,847 students. The study utilized simple random sampling and random stratified sampling. Stratified random sampling was used in the following lines The survey range would cover 17 high schools, 17 head teachers, 17 meal coordinators, 289 teachers and 377 students. For data collection, the analysis employed mixed sample style, questionnaires and schedules for interviews. Data were described using counts, frequency tables for distribution, bar graphs and piemaps. The study's key results on the achievement of educational outcomes; there were shortcomings in tracking and assessing educational outcomes because most schools have a food safety plan because improved educational outcomes.
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on the productivity of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum L.) in South-West Punjab

A field experiment entitled “Effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) in South West Punjab” was conducted during rabi season of 2017-18 at experimental field, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Punjab. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with two levels of nitrogen (15 and 30 kg N/ha) in main plots and five levels of phosphorus (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg P2O5/ha) in sub plots, replicated thrice. The results indicated that highest plant height, number of branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length, seed yield, straw yield and biological yield were found in 30 kg N/ha and 40 kg P/ha. The application of 30 kg N/ha gave significantly higher (1441 kg/ha) seed yield as compare to 15 kg N/ha treatment. Increasing levels of phosphorus up to 40 kg/ha phosphorus (P2O5) significantly increased the seed yield of fenugreek over 0, 10, 20 and 30 kg P2O5/ha. There was 39.1, 21.2, 12.5 and 5.7% increase in seed yield due to application of 40 kg P2O5/ha over 0, 10, 20 and 30 kg P2O5/ha, respectively. Thus it can be concluded that nitrogen application at 30 kg/ha and phosphorus @ 40 kg/ha were found more effective than rest of the treatments.
Structure and cytology of the testes of Labeo victorianus (Pisces: Cyprinidae)

Testes macromorphology and histomorphology together with sperm cytology are described for a potamodrometic cyprinid fish, Labeo victorianus, from Lake Victoria. Testes were found to be paired and elongate, suspended by a mesorchium on either side of the swim bladder. A sperm duct ran along the medial surface of each testis before fusing caudally to form the common sperm duct that terminated at the urogenital pore. Main sperm ducts were lined by simple columnar epithelium supported by a wall with elastic connective tissue and a few smooth muscle cells. The tunica albuginea divided the testes into lobules, which contained spermatogenetic cell types. The lobules, released spermatozoa into an anastomosing tubule network that emptied directly into the main sperm duct. Valve like structures were present along the length of the sperm duct and are proposed to regulate milt flow. Three types of somatic cells were observed at the onset of gonadal recrudescence; plasma and intralobular somatic cells were within the lobules, while Leydig cells were close to the blood vessels in the interstitium. Maturing testes were characterized by the dominance of spermatocytes and spermatids, both contained in cysts. Spermatozoa, arising from the spermatids, filled the lobular lumen in mature testes after spermatocyst rupture. In post spawned testes, Type A spermatogonia dominated. Testicular regression was not characterized by spermatozoa phagocytosis, rather via apoptosis.