Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
L'EROSION ET DU TRANSPORT SOLIDE EN ALGERIE SEPTENTRIONALE

Resume : Les pertes en sols des terres, leur transport et leur atterrissement dans les infrastructures hydraulique , hydro-agricoles, portuaires, routieres ? ont laisse les pouvoirs publics tres soucieux sur la gravite du phenomene de l? erosion hydrique . des outils d? investigation ont ete mis en oeuvre pour tenter de maitriser le phenomene, malheureusement les sols continent a de degrader malgre une lutte anti erosive intensive entreprise a tous les niveaux en commencant par le traitement des bassins versant des barrages en exploitation . Abstract: The soil losses, their transport and their deposition in the hydraulic infrastructures, hydroagricultural, harbor and roads have left the public authorities very worried on the gravity of the phenomenon of hydric erosion. Tools of investigation were implanted to try to master the phenomenon, unfortunately the soils continue to degrade in spite of intensive treatment catchments The gravity of phenomenon reaches a phase where it is impossible to find solution in some areas
Issues in Developing the San Joaquin River Deep Water Ship Channel DO TMDL

In 1994, the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board (CVRWQCB) classified the San Joaquin River (SJR) Deep Water Ship Channel (DWSC) as “impaired” because dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations routinely fell below the water quality objective (standard) (WQO) in the late fall. This listing requires that a total maximum daily load (TMDL) be developed to control the loads/conditions that cause violations of the DO WQO.
Evaluation of four ground-based retrievals of cloud droplet number concentration in marine stratocumulus with aircraft in situ measurements

Abstract. Cloud droplet number concentration (Nd) is crucial for understanding aerosol–cloud interactions (ACI) and associated radiative effects. We present evaluations of four ground-based Nd retrievals based on comprehensive datasets from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Aerosol and Cloud Experiments in the Eastern North Atlantic (ACE-ENA) field campaign. The Nd retrieval methods use ARM ENA observatory ground-based remote sensing observations from a micropulse lidar, Raman lidar, cloud radar, and the ARM NDROP (Droplet Number Concentration) value-added product (VAP), all of which also retrieve cloud effective radius (re). The retrievals are compared against aircraft measurements from the fast cloud droplet probe (FCDP) and the cloud and aerosol spectrometer (CAS) obtained from low-level marine boundary layer clouds on 12 flight days during summer and winter seasons. Additionally, the in situ measurements are used to validate the assumptions and characterizations used in the retrieval algorithms. Statistical comparisons of the probability distribution function (PDF) of the Nd and cloud re retrievals with aircraft measurements demonstrate that these retrievals align well with in situ measurements for overcast clouds, but they may substantially differ for broken clouds or clouds with low liquid water path (LWP). The retrievals are applied to 4 years of ground-based remote sensing measurements of overcast marine boundary layer clouds at the ARM ENA observatory to find that Nd (re) values exhibit seasonal variations, with higher (lower) values during the summer season and lower (higher) values during the winter season. The ensemble of various retrievals using different measurements and retrieval algorithms such as those in this paper can help to quantify Nd retrieval uncertainties and identify reliable Nd retrieval scenarios. Of the retrieval methods, we recommend using the micropulse lidar-based method. This method has good agreement with in situ measurements, less sensitivity to issues arising from precipitation and low cloud LWP and/or optical depth, and broad applicability by functioning for both daytime and nighttime conditions.
Command Selection

Command selection is probably one of the most ubiquitous and important tasks with interactive systems. It consists in offering to the users one or several methods to select a command among a set of commands. These methods include menus, toolbars, keyboard shortcuts, etc. In this chapter, we ﬁrst categorize and describe the main methods for selecting commands. We then discuss how certain platforms introduce opportunities and constraints regarding command selection. After that, we detail key features that designers should consider when designing methods for selecting commands and how these features can be adapted during the interaction. We then review how to improve performance when selecting commands. Finally, we highlight three main challenges for future work on command selection.
UvA-DARE (

Early-life adversity (ELA) is a major risk factor for developing later-life mental and metabolic disorders. However, if and to what extent ELA contributes to the comorbidity and sex-dependent prevalence/presentation of these disorders remains unclear. We here comprehensively review and integrate human and rodent ELA (pre-and postnatal) studies examining mental or metabolic health in both sexes and discuss the role of the placenta and maternal milk, key in transferring maternal effects to the offspring. We conclude that ELA impacts mental and metabolic health with sex-specific presentations that depend on timing of exposure
Climate tipping point interactions and cascades: a review

Abstract. Climate tipping elements are large-scale subsystems of the Earth that may transgress critical thresholds (tipping points) under ongoing global warming, with substantial impacts on the biosphere and human societies. Frequently studied examples of such tipping elements include the Greenland Ice Sheet, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), permafrost, monsoon systems, and the Amazon rainforest. While recent scientific efforts have improved our knowledge about individual tipping elements, the interactions between them are less well understood. Also, the potential of individual tipping events to induce additional tipping elsewhere or stabilize other tipping elements is largely unknown. Here, we map out the current state of the literature on the interactions between climate tipping elements and review the influences between them. To do so, we gathered evidence from model simulations, observations, and conceptual understanding, as well as examples of paleoclimate reconstructions where multi-component or spatially propagating transitions were potentially at play. While uncertainties are large, we find indications that many of the interactions between tipping elements are destabilizing. Therefore, we conclude that tipping elements should not only be studied in isolation, but also more emphasis has to be put on potential interactions. This means that tipping cascades cannot be ruled out on centennial to millennial timescales at global warming levels between 1.5 and 2.0 ∘C or on shorter timescales if global warming surpassed 2.0 ∘C. At these higher levels of global warming, tipping cascades may then include fast tipping elements such as the AMOC or the Amazon rainforest. To address crucial knowledge gaps in tipping element interactions, we propose four strategies combining observation-based approaches, Earth system modeling expertise, computational advances, and expert knowledge.
Computers in Human Behavior

Despite decades of research concerning social conformity and its effects on face-to-face groups, it is yet to be comprehensively investigated in online contexts. In our work, we investigate the impact of contextual determinants (such as majority group size, the number of opposing minorities and their sizes, and the nature of the task) and personal determinants (such as self-confidence, personality and gender) on online social conformity. In order to achieve this, we deployed an online quiz with subjective and objective multiple-choice questions. For each question, participants provided their answer and self-reported confidence. Following this, they were shown a fabricated bar chart that positioned the participant either in the majority or minority, presenting the distribution of group answers across different answer options. Each question tested a unique group distribution in terms of the number of minorities against the majority and their corresponding group sizes. Subsequently, participants were given the opportunity to change their answer and reported confidence. Upon completing the quiz, participants undertook a personality test and participated in a semi-structured interview. Our results show that 78% of the participants conformed to the majority’s answers at least once during the quiz. Further analysis reveals that the tendency to conform was significantly higher for objective questions, especially when a participant was unsure of their answer and faced an opposing majority with a significant size. While we saw no significant gender differences in conformity, participants with higher conscientiousness and neuroticism tended to conform more frequently than others. We conclude that online social conformity is a function of majority size, nature of the task, self-confidence and certain personality traits.
The interaction effects of age, APOE and common environmental risk factors on human brain structure.

Mounting evidence suggests considerable diversity in brain aging trajectories, primarily arising from the complex interplay between age, genetic, and environmental risk factors, leading to distinct patterns of micro- and macro-cerebral aging. The underlying mechanisms of such effects still remain unclear. We conducted a comprehensive association analysis between cerebral structural measures and prevalent risk factors, using data from 36,969 UK Biobank subjects aged 44-81. Participants were assessed for brain volume, white matter diffusivity, Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes, polygenic risk scores, lifestyles, and socioeconomic status. We examined genetic and environmental effects and their interactions with age and sex, and identified 726 signals, with education, alcohol, and smoking affecting most brain regions. Our analysis revealed negative age-APOE-ε4 and positive age-APOE-ε2 interaction effects, respectively, especially in females on the volume of amygdala, positive age-sex-APOE-ε4 interaction on the cerebellar volume, positive age-excessive-alcohol interaction effect on the mean diffusivity of the splenium of the corpus callosum, positive age-healthy-diet interaction effect on the paracentral volume, and negative APOE-ε4-moderate-alcohol interaction effects on the axial diffusivity of the superior fronto-occipital fasciculus. These findings highlight the need of considering age, sex, genetic, and environmental joint effects in elucidating normal or abnormal brain aging.
Measurement properties of performance-based instruments to assess mental function during activity and participation in persons who have survived a stroke: A systematic review protocol

Abstract Background A frequent consequence of stroke is impaired mental function, which often affects the ability to perform activities and participate in life situation. In occupational therapy practice, performance-based instruments during activity and participation are often used. However, it is important to assess if the instruments used are valid, reliable and responsive. Objective The objective of this systematic review is to investigate measurement properties of performance-based instruments to assess mental function during activity and participation in persons who have survived stroke. Material and methods Systematic database searches of PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and OTseeker will be conducted. COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist will be used to evaluate methodological quality of the included articles. Measurement properties of the included studies will be rated against criteria for good measurement properties. The overall evidence of each measurement property per instrument is graded using a modified GRADE approach. Results Results will be presented in text and tables. Conclusions Conclusion will be drawn up-on the overall evidence to give recommendations on the most suitable instrument. Significance It is expected that findings of the review will provide evidence to guide professionals in the selection of a performance-based instruments to measure mental function in practice and research. Trial registration number PROSPERO CRD42018086744
Perception is key? Does perceptual sensitivity and parenting behavior predict children’s reactivity to others’ emotions? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

When interacting with other people, both children’s biological pre- dispositions and past experiences play a role in how they will process and respond to social–emotional cues. Children may partly differ in their reactions to such cues because they differ in the threshold for perceiving such cues in general. Theoretically, per- ceptual sensitivity (i.e., the amount of detection of slight, low-intensity stimuli from the external environment independent of visual and auditory ability) might, therefore, provide us with speciﬁc information on individual differences in susceptibility to the environment. However, the temperament trait of perceptual sensitivity is highly understudied. In an experiment, we tested whether school-aged children’s ( N = 521, 52.5% boys, M age = 9.72 years, SD = 1.51) motor (facial electromyography) and affective (self- report) reactivities to dynamic facial expressions and vocalizations is predicted by their (parent-reported) perceptual sensitivity. Our results indicate that children’s perceptual sensitivity predicts their motor reactivity to both happy and angry expressions and vocal- izations. In addition, perceptual sensitivity interacted with positive (but not negative) parenting behavior in predicting children’s motor reactivity to these emotions. Our ﬁndings suggest that perceptual sensitivity might indeed provide us with information on individual differences in reactivity to social–emotional cues, both alone and in interaction with parenting behavior. Because of of the per condition and per perceptual sensitivity group.
A THEORY OF CONGESTED TRAFFIC FLOW

Based on recent results on observations of traffic flow dynamics, new hypotheses about properties of congested flow are proposed. In particular, it is proposed that: 1) there are no fundamental diagrams which may describe the whole multitude of homogeneous states of traffic flow; 2) there are no unstable homogeneous states of traffic flow with respect to infinitesimal fluctuations, i.e., there is no critical density for traffic flow - in the whole possible range of the vehicle density homogeneous states of traffic flow can exist; 3) the characteristic line of the jam's downstream front separates the whole multitude of states of traffic in the flow-density plane into two different classes: (i) states below this line are stable with respect to any fluctuations and (ii) states above this line are metastable states where the nucleation effect leading to local phase transitions can occur. It is also noted that there is a reserve in the increasing of the highway capacity of about 50%, if an occurrence of any jams would be prevented.
Discussing the democratic deficit: effects of media and interpersonal communication on satisfaction with EU democracy

The perception of a democratic deficit in the European Union (EU) is widespread. In which circumstances is this perception affected by mass media and interpersonal communication? To answer this question, we analyze data from representative samples of citizens in 21 EU member states (N = 22,806) and linked to news items (N = 36,881) these citizens were exposed to in the 2009 European election campaign. Our results indicate that theoretically expected interpersonal communication effects exist in all countries. We find media effects in countries with a one-sided message flow that is positive about EU democratic performance. In these countries, the media have a positive effect on EU democratic performance perceptions, and the effect is larger among less sophisticated citizens. Negative interpersonal communication effects are stronger among sophisticated citizens. Furthermore, among less sophisticated citizens, we find a positive reinforcement effect of mass media and interpersonal communication. These findings suggest that the EU has more possibilities to positively affect public opinion than has been assumed.
Physiological effects of temperature on Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides shows high vulnerability of Arctic stenotherms to global warming

Global warming affects the metabolism of ectothermic aquatic breathers forcing them to migrate and undergo high-latitudinal distribution shifts to circumvent the temperature-induced mismatch between increased metabolic demand and reduced water oxygen availability. Here the authors examined the effects of temperature on oxygen consumption rates in an Arctic stenotherm, the Greenland halibut Reinhard-tius hippoglossoides , and calculated the optimal temperature for maximum aerobic scope, AS( T opt,AS ), which was found to be 2.44 (cid:1) C. They also investigated cardiac performance as limiting the oxygen transport chain at high temperatures by measuring maximum heart rate ( f Hmax ) over acute temperature increases and found various metrics related to f Hmax to be at least 3.2 (cid:1) C higher than T opt,AS . The authors ’ measured T opt,AS closely reflected in situ temperature occurrences of Greenland halibut from long-term tagging studies, showing that AS of the species is adapted to its habitat temperature, and is thus a good proxy for the species' sensitivity to environmental warming. The authors did not find a close connection between f Hmax and T opt,AS , suggesting that cardiac performance is not limiting for the oxygen transport chain at high temperatures in this particular Arctic stenotherm. The authors ’ estimate of the thermal envelope for AS of Greenland halibut was from (cid:3) 1.89 to 8.07 (cid:1) C, which is exceptionally narrow compared to most other species of fish. As ocean temperatures increase most rapidly in the Arctic in response to climate change, and species in these areas have limited possibility for further poleward-range shifts, these results suggest potential severe effects of global warming on Arctic stenotherms, such as the Greenland halibut. The considerable economic importance of the species raises concerns for future fisheries and species conservation of Arctic stenotherms in the Northern Hemisphere
SİYASET BİLİMİ DERGİSİ

In the history of democratic politics, following elections many triumphant executive politicians proposed tolerance as a cure for detrimental effects of fractionalization. Moreover, tolerance level in the society and its level of fractionalization are suggested to have counter implications for a series of macro-political and macro-economic features, including level of democracy, quality of institutions and economic growth. Nevertheless, up to now far too little attention has been paid to understand the relationship between the two. This research aims to solve this puzzle and asks the question whether tolerance level of the society decreases the fractionalization of the voters and the legislative body. This research used quantitative modes of inquiry to gain insights into this relationship. A final dataset, which consists of system-level data derived from Comparative Political Data Set and aggregated individual -level data extracted from World Values Survey for 12 Western democratic countries, was used for the analyses of this research. Counter to expectations, findings revealed that out-group tolerance and fractionalization of the political party system on both votes and seats levels are statistically significantly and positively associated.
Molecular gas in NUclei of GAlaxies (NUGA) - VI. Detection of a molecular gas disk/torus via HCN in the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 6951?

Context. Several studies of nearby active galaxies indicate significantly higher HCN-to-CO intensity ratios in AGN (e.g., NGC 1068) than in starburst (e.g., M 82) environments. HCN enhancement can be caused by many different effects, such as higher gas densities and/or temperatures, UV/X-ray radiation, and non-collisional excitation. As active galaxies often exhibit intense circumnuclear star formation, high angular resolution/high sensitivity observations are of paramount importance to disentangling the influence of star formation from that of nuclear activity on the chemistry of the surrounding molecular gas. The tight relation of HCN enhancement and nuclear activity may qualify HCN as an ideal tracer of molecular gas close to the AGN, providing complementary and additional information to that gained via CO. Aims. NGC 6951 houses nuclear and starburst activity, making it an ideal testbed in which to study the effects of different excitation conditions on the molecular gas. Previous lower angular resolution/sensitivity observations of HCN(1-0) carried out with the Nobeyama Millimeter array by Kohno et al. (1999a, ApJ, 511, 157) led to the detection of the starburst ring, but no central emission has been found. Our aim was to search for nuclear HCN emission and, if successful, for differences of the gas properties of the starburst ring and the nucleus. Methods. We used the new A, B, C and D configurations of the IRAM PdBI array to observe HCN(1-0) in NGC 6951 at high angular resolution (1" ≡96 pc) and sensitivity. Results. We detect very compact (≤50 pc) HCN emission in the nucleus of NGC 6951, supporting previous hints of nuclear gas structure. Our observations also reveal HCN emission in the starburst ring and resolve it into several peaks, leading to a higher coincidence between the HCN and CO distributions than previously reported by Kohno et al. (1999a). Conclusions. We find a significantly higher HCN-to-CO intensity ratio (≥0.4) in the nucleus than in the starburst ring (0.02-0.05). As for NGC 1068, this might result from a higher HCN abundance in the centre due to an X-ray dominated gas chemistry, but a higher gas density/temperature or additional non-collisional excitation of HCN cannot be entirely ruled out, based on these observations. The compact HCN emission is associated with rotating gas in a circumnuclear disk/torus.
Highly Sensitive Sensing of Refractive Index Using Surface Lattice Resonance in Capacitive Metal Meshes at Millimeter Wave Frequencies

We propose the use of surface lattice resonance (SLR) in capacitive metal meshes (CMMs) to permit highly sensitive measurement of the refractive index (RI) in the millimeter wave (MMW) range. CMMs, which comprise 2-D periodic arrays of square metal patches on thin quartz substrates, are one of the simplest and most classical metasurfaces. Experiments and numerical simulations performed at frequencies around 0.1 THz show that SLRs in such CMMs have extraordinarily high unloaded <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${Q}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> factors of greater than 1000, when the ratio of the length of the metal patch to the mesh period of the CMM and the thickness of the quartz substrate are optimized. An intense and sharp dip in transmission in excess of −60 dB at the SLR frequency with this high unloaded <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${Q}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> factor was produced in a CMM. Using a CMM as an RI sensor, a figure of merit (FoM) of greater than 340 for frequency interrogation and an RI resolution of better than <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.9\times 10^{-{6}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> RI units for phase interrogation were experimentally demonstrated. These results indicate that CMMs are superior sensors with high performance in the MMW region.