Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NCAR Release of CAM‐SE in CESM2.0: A Reformulation of the Spectral Element Dynamical Core in Dry‐Mass Vertical Coordinates With Comprehensive Treatment of Condensates and Energy

It is the purpose of this paper to provide a comprehensive documentation of the new NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) version of the spectral element (SE) dynamical core as part of the Community Earth System Model (CESM2.0) release. This version differs from previous releases of the SE dynamical core in several ways. Most notably the hybrid sigma vertical coordinate is based on dry air mass, the condensates are dynamically active in the thermodynamic and momentum equations (also referred to as condensate loading), and the continuous equations of motion conserve a more comprehensive total energy that includes condensates. Not related to the vertical coordinate change, the hyperviscosity operators and the vertical remapping algorithms have been modified. The code base has been significantly reduced, sped up, and cleaned up as part of integrating SE as a dynamical core in the CAM (Community Atmosphere Model) repository rather than importing the SE dynamical core from High‐Order Methods Modeling environment as an external code.
Pulse Shape Discrimination of CsI(Tl) with a Photomultiplier Tube and MPPCs

In this study, we evaluate and compare the pulse shape discrimination (PSD) performance of multipixel photon counters (MPPCs, also known as silicon photomultiphers - SiPMs) with that of a typical photomultiplier tube (PMT) when testing using CsI(Tl) scintillators. We use the charge comparison method, whereby we discriminate different types of particles by the ratio of charges integrated within two time-gates (the delayed part and the entire digitized waveform). For a satisfactory PSD performance, a setup should generate many photoelectrons (p.e.) and collect their charges efficiently. The PMT setup generates more p.e. than the MPPC setup does. With the same digitizer and the same long time-gate (the entire digitized waveform), the PMT setup is also better in charge collection. Therefore, the PMT setup demonstrates better PSD performance. We subsequently test the MPPC setup using a new data acquisition (DAQ) system. Using this new DAQ, the long time-gate is extended by nearly four times the length when using the previous digitizer. With this longer time-gate, we collect more p.e. at the tail part of the pulse and almost all the charges of the total collected p.e. Thus, the PSD performance of the MPPC setup is improved significantly. This study also provides an estimation of the short time-gate (the delayed part of the digitized waveform) that can give a satisfactory PSD performance without an extensive analysis to optimize this gate.
Modeling and forecasting age-specific drug overdose mortality in the United States.

Solving analytically intractable partial differential equations (PDEs) that involve at least one variable defined on an unbounded domain arises in numerous physical applications. Accurately solving unbounded domain PDEs requires efficient numerical methods that can resolve the dependence of the PDE on the unbounded variable over at least several orders of magnitude. We propose a solution to such problems by combining two classes of numerical methods: (i) adaptive spectral methods and (ii) physics-informed neural networks (PINNs). The numerical approach that we develop takes advantage of the ability of PINNs to easily implement high-order numerical schemes to efficiently solve PDEs and extrapolate numerical solutions at any point in space and time. We then show how recently introduced adaptive techniques for spectral methods can be integrated into PINN-based PDE solvers to obtain numerical solutions of unbounded domain problems that cannot be efficiently approximated by standard PINNs. Through a number of examples, we demonstrate the advantages of the proposed spectrally adapted PINNs in solving PDEs and estimating model parameters from noisy observations in unbounded domains.
Developing Teacher Understanding of Early Algebraic Concepts Using Lesson Study.

This paper reports on the use of lesson study as a professional development tool. In particular the paper focuses on the way in which the teachers increased their understanding of how tasks, classroom activity and teacher actions scaffolded student learning of early algebraic reasoning of equivalence and the commutative principle. Teacher voice is used to illustrate how lesson study cycles caused the teachers to reflect and review their own understandings of early algebraic concepts and how their students considered the concepts.
FairFace: Face Attribute Dataset for Balanced Race, Gender, and Age

Existing public face datasets are strongly biased toward Caucasian faces, and other races (e.g., Latino) are significantly underrepresented. This can lead to inconsistent model accuracy, limit the applicability of face analytic systems to non-White race groups, and adversely affect research findings based on such skewed data. To mitigate the race bias in these datasets, we construct a novel face image dataset, containing 108,501 images, with an emphasis of balanced race composition in the dataset. We define 7 race groups: White, Black, Indian, East Asian, Southeast Asian, Middle East, and Latino. Images were collected from the YFCC-100M Flickr dataset and labeled with race, gender, and age groups. Evaluations were performed on existing face attribute datasets as well as novel image datasets to measure generalization performance. We find that the model trained from our dataset is substantially more accurate on novel datasets and the accuracy is consistent between race and gender groups.
Effect of resveratrol on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled, clinical trials

ABSTRACT Introduction: Results of previous clinical trials evaluating the effect of resveratrol supplementation on blood pressure (BP) are controversial. Purpose: We aimed to assess the impact of resveratrol on BP through systematic review of literature and meta-analysis of available randomized, controlled clinical trials (RCTs). Methods: Literature search included SCOPUS, PubMed-Medline, ISI Web of Science and Google Scholar databases up to 17th October 2017 to identify RCTs investigating the impact of resveratrol on BP. Two review authors independently extracted data on study characteristics, methods and outcomes. Overall, the impact of resveratrol on BP was reported in 17 trials. Results: Administration of resveratrol did not significantly affect neither systolic BP [weighted mean difference (WMD): −2.5 95% CI:(-5.5, 0.6) mmHg; p=0.116; I2=62.1%], nor diastolic BP [WMD: −0.5 95% CI:(-2.2, 1.3) mmHg; p=0.613; I2=50.8], nor mean BP [MAP; WMD: −1.3 95% CI:(-2.8, 0.1) mmHg; p=0.070; I2=39.5%] nor pulse pressure [PP; WMD: −0.9 95% CI:(-3.1, 1.4) mmHg; p=0.449; I2=19.2%]. However, significant WMDs were detected in subsets of studies categorized according to high resveratrol daily dosage (≥300 mg/day) and presence of diabetes. Meta-regression analysis revealed a positive association between systolic BP-lowering resveratrol activity (slope: 1.99; 95% CI: 0.05, 3.93; two-tailed p= 0.04) and Body Mass Index (BMI) at baseline, while no association was detected neither between baseline BMI and MAP-lowering resveratrol activity (slope: 1.35; 95% CI: −0.22, 2.91; two-tailed p= 0.09) nor between baseline BMI and PP-lowering resveratrol activity (slope: 1.03; 95% CI: −1.33, 3.39; two-tailed p= 0.39). Resveratrol was fairly well-tolerated and no serious adverse events occurred among most of the eligible trials. Conclusion: The favourable effect of resveratrol emerging from the current meta-analysis suggests the possible use of this nutraceutical as active compound in order to promote cardiovascular health, mostly when used in high daily dose (≥300 mg/day) and in diabetic patients.
Batch Size Matters: A Diffusion Approximation Framework on Nonconvex Stochastic Gradient Descent

In this paper, we study the stochastic gradient descent method in analyzing nonconvex statistical optimization problems from a diffusion approximation point of view. Using the theory of large deviation of random dynamical system, we prove in the small stepsize regime and the presence of omnidirectional noise the following: starting from a local minimizer (resp.~saddle point) the SGD iteration escapes in a number of iteration that is exponentially (resp.~linearly) dependent on the inverse stepsize. We take the deep neural network as an example to study this phenomenon. Based on a new analysis of the mixing rate of multidimensional Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes, our theory substantiate a very recent empirical results by \citet{keskar2016large}, suggesting that large batch sizes in training deep learning for synchronous optimization leads to poor generalization error.
SMALL SAMPLE POWER CHARACTERISTICS OF GENERALIZED MIXED MODEL PROCEDURES FOR BINARY REPEATED MEASURES DATA USING SAS

Researchers in the agricultural and biological sciences often conduct experiments with repeated measures and categorical response variables. Recent advances in statistical computing have made several options available to analyze data from these experiments. For example, SAS has several procedures based on generalized mixed model theory. These include PROC GENMOD, MIXED, NLMIXED, and the GLIMMIX macro. Inference for these procedures depends on asymptotic theory. While statistics literature contains some information about the small-sample behavior, there is much that remains unknown. This presentation will focus on Bernoulli response variables. Power characteristics are compared via simulation for several scenarios involving relatively small repeated measures experiments.
Comparison of theory of mind abilities in adolescents with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder

Öz Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare the theory of mind skills among children and adolescents diagnosed with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. Materials and Methods: Two groups of patients aged between 12-16 years who were diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder diagnostic criteria were included in the study. A detailed form was used for evaluating sociodemographic characteristics and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WISCR) for assessing cognitive functions of patients. In order to evaluate psychopathologies, Schedule For Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia For School-Age Childrenpresent and lifetime version was applied. Theory of mind skills were examined with false belief tests, reading the mind in the eyes task and hinting task. Results: Adolescents with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder group showed poorer performance than adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder in the first and second level theory of mind tests adolescents with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder group had significantly lower scores of reading the mind in the eyes task than adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder. Conlusion: Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder had differences in theory of mind skills and that theory of mind skills should be reviewed with new methods in addition to the existing methods for diagnosis and treatment. Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı dikkat eksikliği-hiperaktivite bozukluğu ve obsesif kompulsif bozukluğu tanısı olan çocuk ve ergenlerde zihin kuramı yeteneklerini karşılaştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Dikkat eksikliği-hiperaktivite bozukluğu ve obsesif kompulsif bozukluk tanısı alan 12-16 yaş arası iki hasta grubu çalışmaya dahil edildi. Sosyodemografik özellikleri değerlendirmek için ayrıntılı bir form ve hastaların zeka seviyelerini değerlendirmek için Wechsler Zeka Ölçeği (WISC-R) kullanılmıştır. Okul Çağı Çocukları için Duygulanım Bozuklukları ve Şizofreni Görüşme Çizelgesi-Şimdi ve Yaşam Boyu Şekli-DSM-5 psikopatolojileri değerlendirmek için kullanılmıştır. Zihin kuramı yetenekleri yanlış inanç testleri, Gözlerden zihin okuma testi ve İma testi ile değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Dikkat eksikliği-hiperaktivite bozukluğu olan ergenler, birinci ve ikinci seviye zihin kuramı testlerinde obsesif kompulsif bozukluğu olan ergenlere göre daha düşük performans göstermiştir. Dikkat eksikliğihiperaktivite bozukluğu olan ergenler gözlerden zihin okuma testlerinde obsesif kompulsif bozukluğu olan ergenlere göre anlamlı olarak daha düşük skorlar elde etmiştir. Sonuç: Dikkat eksikliği-hiperaktivite bozukluğu ve obsesif kompulsif bozukluğunun zihin kuramı becerileri üzerinde farklılıklara neden olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır ve zihin kuramı yeteneklerinin mevcut teşhis ve tedavi yöntemlerine ek olarak yeni yöntemlerle gözden geçirilmesi gerekmektedir.
REVIEW OF PARTICLE PHYSICS

Phys. Rev. D 86, 010001 REVIEW OF PARTICLE PHYSICS* Particle Data Group Abstract This biennial Review summarizes much of particle physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 2658 new measurements from 644 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on Heavy-Quark and Soft-Collinear Effective Theory, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Event Generators, Lattice QCD, Heavy Quarkonium Spectroscopy, Top Quark, Dark Matter, V cb & V ub , Quantum Chromodynamics, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Astrophysical Constants, Cosmological Parameters, and Dark Matter. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website: http://pdg.lbl. gov. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.86. 010001 The 2012 edition of Review of Particle Physics is published for the Particle Data Group as article 010001 in volume 86 of Physical Review D. This edition should be cited as: J. Beringer et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 86, 010001 (2012). c 2012 Regents of the University of California ∗ The publication of the Review of Particle Physics is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, the Division of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE–AC02–05CH11231; by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Agreement No. PHY-0652989; by the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN); by an implementing arrangement between the governments of Japan (MEXT: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) and the United States (DOE) on cooperative research and development; and by the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN).
Visualizing the action of steroid hormone receptors in living cells

Transcription controlled by Steroid Hormone Receptors (SHRs) plays a key role in many important physiological processes like organ development, metabolite homeostasis, and response to external stimuli. Understandably, the members of this family have drawn a lot of attention from the scientific community since their discovery, four decades ago. Still, after many years of research we are only beginning to unravel the complex nature of these receptors. The pace at which we do has improved significantly in recent years with the discovery of genetically encoded fluorescent probes, and the accompanying revival of biophysical approaches that allow more detailed study of SHRs. Here, we will look into the different aspects of SHR signalling, and discuss how biophysical techniques have contributed to visualizing their function in their native context, the living cell.
Deformation of bichromatic wave groups based on third order side band solution of Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation

This paper concerns on propagation of Benjamin Bona Mahony (BBM) wave groups. The previous results, experimental, analytical and numerical, show that nonlinear effects will deform wave groups and may lead to large waves with wave heights larger than twice the original input; the deformation may show itself as peaking and splitting. To investigate this, especially at which location the waves will achieve their maximum amplitude, and to determine the amplitude amplification factor, a concept called Maximal Temporal Amplitude (MTA) is applied. This quantity is a tool that can be used to measure the maximum amplitude of the waves over time. In this paper we will use Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (BBM) model and third order side band approximation theory to investigate the peaking and splitting phenomena of the wave groups which is initially in bichromatic signal. The bichromatic signal here is a signal that is described by superposition of two monochromatic signals with the same value in amplitude but slightly different in frequencies. We present that the waves undergo deformation in their propagation.
Section Ii‐ Exercise Physiology & Sports Medicine Altitude Training and Its Influence on Physical Endurance in Swimmers

It is possible to plan an altitude training (AT) period in such a way that the enhanced physical endurance obtained as a result of adaptation to hypoxia will appear and can be used to improve performance in competition. Yet finding rationales for usage of AT in highly trained swimmers is problematic. In practice AT, in its various forms, is still controversial, and an objective review of research concentrating on the advantages and disadvantages of AT has been presented in several scientific publications, including in no small part the observations of swimmers. The aim of this article is to review the various methods and present both the advantageous and unfavourable physiological changes that occur in athletes as a result of AT. Moreover, AT results in the sport of swimming have been collected. They include an approach towards primary models of altitude/hypoxic training: live high + train high, live high + train low, live low + train high, as well as subsequent methods: Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure (IHE) and Intermittent Hypoxic Training (IHT). Apnoea training, which is descended from freediving, is also mentioned, and which can be used with, or as a substitute for, the well‐known IHE or IHT methods. In conclusion, swimmers who train using hypoxia may be among the best‐trained athletes, and that even a slight improvement in physical endurance might result in the shortening of a swimming time in a given competition, and the achievement of a personal best, which is hard to obtain by normal training methods, when the personal results of the swimmer have reached a plateau.
Physical and Physiological Characteristics of Various-Sided Games in Elite Women's Soccer.

PURPOSE To investigate the physical and physiological response to different formats of various-sided games. METHODS Eighteen elite women's soccer players wore 15-Hz global positioning system devices and heart-rate (HR) monitors during various-sided games (small, 4 vs 4 and 5 vs 5; medium, 6 vs 6 and 7 vs 7; large, 8 vs 8 and 9 vs 9). RESULTS Players covered more relative sprinting distance during large-sided games than in small-sided (P < .001, d = 0.69) and medium-sided (P < .001, d = 0.54) games. In addition, a greater proportion of total acceleration efforts that had a commencement velocity <1 m/s were observed in small-sided games (44.7% ± 5.5%) than in large-sided games (36.7% ± 10.6%) (P = .018, d = 0.94). This was accompanied by a greater proportion of acceleration efforts with a final velocity equivalent to the sprint threshold in large-sided games (15.4% ± 7.7%) than in small-sided games (5.2% ± 2.5%) (P < .001, d = 1.78). The proportion of time spent in HR zone 4 (>85% maximum HR) was greater during small-sided games (69.8% ± 2.5%) than in medium- (62.1% ± 2.8%, d = 2.90) and large-sided games (54.9% ± 3.1%) (P < .001, d = 5.29). CONCLUSIONS The results from this study demonstrate that coaches can use small-sided games as an aerobic conditioning stimulus and to develop players' explosiveness and repeat-sprint ability over short durations. Large-sided games can be used to maintain aerobic capacity and develop maximum speed over longer distances.
Prevalence of stress urinary incontinence and its associated risk factors amongst females attending tertiary referral centre

The most common reason of its occurrence in women is: stress urinary incontinence, i.e. exerting pressure on the abdominal region, sneezing, coughing, laughing or doing sports; in cases of overactive bladder, with urgeincontinence, it occurs with a strong, uncontrollable urge to urinate, with a high chance of losing urine if a restroom is not found; and mixed incontinence, when there is loss of urine associated to both situations, i.e. it is preceded by efforts and symptoms of urgency.
Effectiveness of injury prevention programs in female youth soccer: a systematic review

Introduction There is growing evidence on the higher vulnerability of the knee in young female soccer players. In adult female soccer populations injury prevention programs had demonstrated positive effects on injury incidence. Beside this functional component it is not only common sense but neuroscientific knowledge from motor learning studies that exercises which include a playful and joyful character are more suitable for young people and may support an enduring effect of prevention. Purpose The aim of the study was (1) to assess the effectiveness of injury prevention programs in female youth soccer and on the other hand to see (2) if prevention programs have been adapted to this specific adolescent population. Methods A systematic literature search was performed in relevant databases (PubMed, PEDro, BioMedLib) to identify injury prevention programs. Randomised controlled trials comparing the effects in female youth soccer players (<18) on the incidence of injuries were screened by two independent reviewers. Results Five studies were included, reporting investigations of injury prevention programs in female youth soccer. Four studies demonstrated an effect on the incidence of different injuries. All programs consist of multi-component exercises categorised by the authors as related to strength, flexibility, plyometrics, agility and balance. In four studies a functional adult prevention program was applied to the young soccer players whereas one study adopted the program to adolescents in terms of the higher variability of exercises to avoid boredom. Conclusion On the basis of the results of five high-quality studies, this review help to demonstrate the effectiveness of injury prevention programs in female youth soccer players. However, the number of studies investigating such intervention programs should be increased. To strengthen the enduring effect of injury prevention the development of joyful and playful programs especially for female youth soccer players may be an option to construct successful intervention programs. This project was supported by the Youth Soccer Foundation (http://www.stiftung-jugendfussball.de).