Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Late Permian to Cainozoic tectonics of the New England Orogen

Abstract The development of the New England Orogen, until the middle Permian, was divided into three tectonic periods by Harrington and Korsch (Aust. J. Earth Sci. 32, 163–179,1985). These tectonic periods were dominated firstly by W‐facing volcanic arc systems which in tectonic period (TP) 3 were replaced by the E‐facing Gympie arc system. In TP4 the upper marine beds and coal measures of the Sydney, Gunnedah and Bowen basins were deposited and were covered by Early Triassic strata. In the W there was little structural disturbance in TP4 except in the Gunnedah Basin near the Mooki Fault where the Lower Triassic is unconformable on the Permian coal measures, but in the E there was a fundamental change with the formation of the major Late Permian and Early Triassic TP4 magmatic arc in Zone B and in the Yarrol Orogen. During TP5, in the Middle and Late Triassic, the Stanthorpe Plutonic Suite was intruded and the Ipswich Basin was formed and filled with volcanics and coal measures. A deformation in the Late .
Imprint of the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age on stratigraphic and carbon isotopic patterns in marine carbonates of the Orogrande Basin, New Mexico, USA

The Permian records one of the most extreme climate transitions of the Phanerozoic, yet the climatic and environmental dynamics of this interval and their effects on neritic carbonate systems remain poorly constrained. New stratigraphic and carbon isotope records from uppermost Pennsylvanian to Lower Permian strata of the Orogrande Basin in south‐central New Mexico, USA, provide fresh insights into the response of palaeotropical carbonate systems to the growth and demise of ice sheets on Gondwana. The earliest Permian acme of glaciation is recorded in the Orogrande Basin as a series of subaerial exposure surfaces marked by highly variable δ13C values that tend toward values as low as −6‰. These stratigraphic and isotopic patterns are interpreted to reflect the retreat of the sea from the basin during glacial expansion. Younger (Lower Sakmarian to Kungurian) strata, deposited during the long decline of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age, are characterized overall by higher and more uniform δ13C values (+2 to +5‰) and show no evidence of long‐term subaerial exposure. However, these strata record two short‐lived excursions toward more negative δ13C values. These excursions occur through intervals that record shifts toward shallower and more restricted conditions in the Orogrande Basin. The timing of these shifts corresponds to two periods of glacial expansion across eastern Australia during Late Sakmarian to Early Artinskian and Kungurian time. These relationships suggest that pulses of glacial expansion in eastern Gondwana were of sufficient magnitude to have caused relative sea‐level fall, and possibly environmental change, in the Orogrande Basin. The results from this study suggest that marine chemistry, depositional environments and sea‐level in the Orogrande Basin were profoundly influenced by epochs of Gondwanan glaciation. These inferences help improve the understanding of how palaeotropical carbonate systems responded to the effects of cryospheric changes during the acme and waning stages of the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age.
Quaternary Stress Regime Change along the Eastern North Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey

The North Anatolian fault zone (NAFZ) is a major dextral strike-slip fault extending about 1400 km from Karliova in the east to Saros Gulf in the northern Aegean domain. Fault kinematic inversion results from the easternmost segment show two distinct strike-slip stress regimes with consistent NNW-trending (σ1) and ENE-trending (σ3) axes: the mean arithmetic Rm ratios are 0.68 and 0.17 for the older transpressional and the younger transtensional stress regimes, respectively. This change in strike-slip regime is confirmed by different R values and the chronologies of cross-cutting striations. Both strike-slip stress regimes reflect dextral movement along the major trace of the NAFZ. Together with the sinistral East Anatolian fault zone, this motion contributes to the westward extrusion of Anatolia as a consequence of northward motion of the Arabian plate. A change in stress regime from transpressional to transtensional was related to the combined effects of continental collision in the east, the westward motion of the Anatolian block, and subduction along the Aegean zone in southwestern Anatolia.
Potential of soil as a sink for atmospheric nitrous oxide

Recent articles concerning the potential effect of nitrous oxide (N2O) on stratospheric ozone have emphasized the need for research to identify sources and sinks of atmospheric N2O. Work reported shows that soils have a significant capacity for uptake of N2O and may represent an important natural sink for atmospheric N2O. Uptake of N2O by soils is a microbial process involving reduction of N2O to N2. It is promoted by anaerobic conditions and by organic substances that promote growth of soil microorganisms, and it is retarded by nitrate. Studies with nine Iowa surface soils showed that their capacity for uptake of N2O under conditions favorable for denitrification of nitrate was much greater than their capacity for release of this gas.
Diagnosis of Acute Aortic Dissection by D-Dimer: The International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection Substudy on Biomarkers (IRAD-Bio) Experience

Background— D-dimer has been reported to be elevated in acute aortic dissection. Potential use as a “rule-out” marker has been suggested, but concerns remain given that it is elevated in other acute chest diseases, including pulmonary embolism and ischemic heart disease. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of D-dimer testing in a study population of patients with suspected aortic dissection. Methods and Results— In this prospective multicenter study, 220 patients with initial suspicion of having acute aortic dissection were enrolled, of whom 87 were diagnosed with acute aortic dissection and 133 with other final diagnoses, including myocardial infarction, angina, pulmonary embolism, and other uncertain diagnoses. D-dimer was markedly elevated in patients with acute aortic dissection. Analysis according to control disease, type of dissection, and time course showed that the widely used cutoff level of 500 ng/mL for ruling out pulmonary embolism also can reliably rule out aortic dissection, with a negative likelihood ratio of 0.07 throughout the first 24 hours. Conclusion— D-dimer levels may be useful in risk stratifying patients with suspected aortic dissection to rule out aortic dissection if used within the first 24 hours after symptom onset.
Social Support and Achievement for Young Adolescents in Chicago: The Role of School Academic Press

This study explores whether the social support that young adolescents may draw on for their academic activities is related to how much they learn in mathematics and reading over the course of a year. Data came from 1997survey reports collected by the Consortium for Chicago School Research from 30,000 sixth and eighth graders in 304 Chicago public elementary schools about the support these students receive from their teachers, their parents, their peers, and their neighborhoods and from annual standardized tests conducted by the Chicago Public Schools. Using hierarchical linear modeling methods, we found that, on average, social support is positively but modestly related to learning. However, both learning and the relationship between social support and learning are contingent on the academic press of the school students attend. Findings are discussed within the context of school reform policies focusing on increasing social support.
Reflections from raindrops in case of turbulence: phenomenological analysis and signal processing

This paper presents the developed model description and the calculation results of the joint influence that both rain intensity and turbulence produce on the spectrum width of the reflected signal in microwave frequency band. The model provides the possibility to calculate backscattered signal parameters at wide variety of the initial data. Then the inverse problem is considered. The results of modelling are used for the development of the signal processing algorithms to derive information on rain rate and turbulence intensity from the reflected signals.
Diagnostic utility of flow cytometry in low-grade myelodysplastic syndromes: a prospective validation study

The diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes is not always straightforward when patients lack specific diagnostic markers, such as blast excess, karyotype abnormality, and ringed sideroblasts. This article proposes a flow cytometry protocol that can be used in the diagnostic work-up of low-grade myelodysplastic syndrome patients who lack specific diagnostic markers. See related perspective article on page 1041. Background The diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes is not always straightforward when patients lack specific diagnostic markers, such as blast excess, karyotype abnormality, and ringed sideroblasts. Design and Methods We designed a flow cytometry protocol applicable in many laboratories and verified its diagnostic utility in patients without those diagnostic markers. The cardinal parameters, analyzable from one cell aliquot, were myeloblasts (%), B-cell progenitors (%), myeloblast CD45 expression, and channel number of side scatter where the maximum number of granulocytes occurs. The adjunctive parameters were CD11b, CD15, and CD56 expression (%) on myeloblasts. Marrow samples from 106 control patients with cytopenia and 134 low-grade myelodysplastic syndromes patients, including 81 lacking both ringed sideroblasts and cytogenetic aberrations, were prospectively analyzed in Japan and Italy. Results Data outside the predetermined reference range in 2 or more parameters (multiple abnormalities) were common in myelodysplastic syndromes patients. In those lacking ringed sideroblasts and cytogenetic aberrations, multiple abnormalities were observed in 8/26 Japanese (30.8%) and 37/55 Italians (67.3%) when the cardinal parameters alone were considered, and in 17/26 Japanese (65.4%) and 42/47 Italians (89.4%) when all parameters were taken into account. Multiple abnormalities were rare in controls. When data from all parameters were used, the diagnostic sensitivities were 65% and 89%, specificities were 98% and 90%, and likelihood ratios were 28.1 and 8.5 for the Japanese and Italian cohorts, respectively. Conclusions This protocol can be used in the diagnostic work-up of low-grade myelodysplastic syndromes patients who lack specific diagnostic markers, although further improvement in diagnostic power is desirable.
Experimental crystallization of anhydrous granite at high pressures and temperatures

Pressures up to 40 kb at temperatures of 950°C and 1100°C have been applied to a glass of granitic composition (adamellite). The experiments at 950°C demonstrate that the adamellite crystallizes to quartz + plagioclase + alkali feldspar + orthopyroxene ± clinopyroxene at pressures less than 13¾ kb, but at higher pressures garnet and clinopyroxene form at the expense of orthopyroxene and plagioclase. However, even at pressures sufficiently high (above 20 kb at 950°C) to eliminate plagioclase and produce an eclogite mineralogy in basaltic rocks, the adamellite contains plagioclase as a major phase. At higher pressures a quartz + sanidine + Jadeite + garnet assemblage is formed. The incoming of garnet at moderate pressures could cause increasing seismic velocity with depth in the continental crust. The data indicate the probable mineralogy of acid gneisses or granulites under conditions of eclogite facies metamorphism.
Modeling the behavior of the continental mantle lithosphere during plate convergence

In studying orogenic processes, the mechanism of viscous Rayleigh-Taylor–type removal of gravitationally unstable lithosphere is often invoked to explain the behavior of the mantle lithosphere. Using numerical models, we consider this mechanism and explore alternate styles of deep lithospheric deformation during tectonic convergence. The numerical experiments incorporate a mix of viscous and plastic rheologies to model the mechanical evolution of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system. Our results suggest that there are a number of deformational modes of the model mantle lithosphere: (1) a dripping or Rayleigh-Taylor–type instability; (2) an asymmetric underthrusting or subduction; (3) symmetric, ablative plate consumption; (4) slab breakoff, the failure and detachment of the strong lithosphere; and (5) mixed modes with combinations of these processes. The development of the modes is controlled by the rate of convergence associated with the background tectonic regime, the density field, and the rheology of the mantle lithosphere. It is important to determine whether these modes occur in the Earth beneath collisional orogens.
Rare-earth elements in the top samples of the cores from the Pacific Ocean floor

Abundances of the rare-earth elements (REE) in nine pelagic sediments from the Pacific Ocean floor were determined. Gross features of the REE patterns for the studied samples are similar to those of the North American shale composite (HASKIN et al., 1966), but rather small but clear differences from this shale composite can be discerned. Namely, the North American shale composite appears to have no europium anomaly, whereas all of the studied samples show negative europium anomaly. Besides, there appears to be a difference in the position of the break of the curve between the shale composite in question and the Pacific pelagic sediments. A sample from. near the equator shows the highest REE content. A fact that, despite the considerable difference in longitude, three samples from latitudes of 38-44°N show almost the same REE contents, is considered to reflect ocean current and westerly wind being parallel with the latitude for this belt. The REE contents of these three samples are similar to those in a Japanese granodiorite (JG-1). In addition to REE abundances, the major chemical constituents are also presented for each sample.
Late Quaternary Sedimentation on the Outer and Middle New Jersey Continental Shelf: Result of Two Local Deglaciations?

High resolution seismic profiles show two prominent late Quaternary sediment wedges on the outer and middle New Jersey continental shelf. An extensive wedge along the outermost shelf and upper slope, up to 50 m thick, appears to have been deposited on the Hudson Apron during an early melting of the late-Wisconsin Laurentide ice sheet; subsequent southward transport of this sediment occurred during sea level regression, still-stand, and transgression. A mid-shelf sediment wedge, which forms the Fortune shore, probably was deposited during a second melt event, 11 to 12 ka, as sea level was transgressing over the shelf.
Geostationary satellite detection of bio mass burning in South America

Abstract This paper presents the results of using Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Visible Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) data to monitor biomass burning associated with deforestation and grassland management in South America. The technique of Matson and Dozier has been adapted to GOES VAS short-wave and long-wave infrared window data to determine ihe size and temperature of fires associated with these activities. Although VAS data do not offer the spatial resolution available with Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data (7 km versus I km) this decreased resolution does not seem to hinder the ability of the VAS instrument to delect fires; in some cases it proves to be advantageous, in that saturation does not occur as often. Sequences of VAS visible data are helpful in verifying that the hot spots sensed in the infrared are actually related to fires. Furthermore, the smoke of the fires can be tracked in time to determine their motion and traje.
Oceanographic conditions east of Iceland

Circulation and hydrography on the shelf east of Iceland and on the western portion of the Iceland-Faeroe Ridge is described by a series of surveys using temperature-salinity profilers, moored current meters and satellite-tracked drifters. The dominant surface current of the region is the northeastward flow of North Atlantic Water at the shelf break southeast of Iceland as it leaves the shelf to join the Iceland-Faeroe Front. On the bottom beneath it flowing in the opposite direction is a strong, steady current composed of water from the Nordic Seas that has overflowed the ridge and followed along bathymetric contours. North of the front, three comparatively weak currents are identified, formed by splitting of the North Icelandic Irminger Current after it has rounded the northeast corner of Iceland. One branch, the East Icelandic Current, is confined to the shelf and produces a mean, southward flow until it turns eastward to join the Iceland-Faeroe Front. Another leaves the shelf to form the shallow, southeastward flowing Icelandic Current. The third follows deeper contours of the continental slope and renews waters on the northern flank of the Iceland-Faeroe Ridge.
Seismic pullout capacity of vertical anchors in sand

The horizontal pullout capacity of vertical anchors embedded in sand in the presence of pseudo static horizontal earthquake body forces has been determined by using the lower bound finite element limit analysis. The variation of the pullout factor Fγ with changes in embedment ratio of the anchor plate for different values of horizontal earthquake acceleration coefficient (αh) has been established. The effect of the anchor-soil interface friction angle on the results has also been examined. The pullout capacity decreases quite significantly with an increase in αh. The pullout capacity becomes higher for greater values of embedment ratio and interface friction angle. The normal pressure distribution along the front surface of the anchor plate and the development of failure patterns have also been examined.
Coconut Shell Charcoal Adsorption to Remove Methyl Orange in Aqueous Solutions

Activated charcoal was prepared and characterized from residues of coconut peel (CACC) to remove by adsorption the Methyl Orange (AM) dye in aqueous solution. The charcoal was activated with phosphoric acid. The morphology and structure of the pores of the carbon obtained were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and a surface analyzer. The adsorption data were evaluated by the BET, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, finding the Langmuir type I model. The surface area of the activated carbon was 526 m/g with a pore volume of 0.234 cm/g and an average pore diameter of 1.78 nm, according to BET, which indicates the presence of micropores. The calculated thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption of the AM dye in CACC is a spontaneous process at room temperature and that physisorption and chemisorption are probably involved. The adsorption tests were followed by UV–visible spectrophotometry. The effects of the adsorbate concentration (AM) and the heat treatment (450–500°C) with an air atmosphere were investigated, keeping constant the stirring time and the H3PO4/sample weight ratio. The results obtained indicate that the activated carbon obtained could be used as an alternative low-cost adsorbent in the removal of AM from effluents in aqueous solution.
Hydraulic Characteristics of Gabion-Stepped Weirs

Experimental studies on the hydraulics of flow through and over gabion-stepped weirs are presented. Two flow components were observed, i.e., base flow through the void between filled stones and overflow on the gabions. The energy loss ratios in the gabion-stepped weirs are greater than those in the corresponding horizontal stepped weirs by approximately 7, 10, and 14% for weir slopes of 30, 45, and 60°, respectively. As a result, the velocity at the outlet is lower. Stone size and shape have little influence on the energy loss and flow velocity as compared to the increasing effect of the weir slope. The pressure acting on the step face for the gabion-stepped weirs is less than that of the horizontal steps owing to the cushioning effect generated by filled stones. To reduce pressure on a step face at a fixed discharge for different weir slopes, the void ratio of the filled stones should be low to allow a small amount of base flow. The pressure distribution pattern on the horizontal face of a step is provided.
On the nature of P n

Pn phases are observed along many refraction seismic profiles and are common in earthquake records. Their velocities usually range from 7.8 to 8.2 km s−1. Classical ray theory used to interpret these observations implies a positive upper mantle velocity gradient. However, a wide spread positive velocity gradient in the lithospheric mantle is not expected from petrological and petrophysical data. Laboratory velocity measurements at elevated temparatures and pressures suggest positive velocity gradients only for very low heat flow values (≤40 mW m−2). Higher heat flow causes negative gradients. Consequently, petrological models of the upper mantle would restrict Pn observations to Precambrian shields and old platforms, contrary to observations. We overcome this contradiction by considering media that contain random velocity fluctuations superimposed on positive or negative velocity gradients. In both cases, these structures generate Pn phases by wide-angle scattered waves. Short-wavelength random velocity fluctuations of only 0.5–1% superimposed on negative velocity gradients are sufficient for generating Pn phases. Consequently, this implies that an observed Pn wave does not necessitate a positive upper mantle velocity gradient. For a peridotitic upper mantle, fluctuations of this size can be explained by slightly varying the relative proportions of its mineralogical constituents. Anisotropy is likely to contribute to the inferred fluctuations.
Atmospheric transport of mineral dust from the Indo‐Gangetic Plain: Temporal variability, acid processing, and iron solubility

Atmospheric transport of chemical constituents from the Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP) to the Bay of Bengal is a conspicuous seasonal feature that occurs during the late NE‐monsoon (December–March). With this perspective, aerosol composition and abundance of mineral dust have been studied during November 2009 to March 2010 from a sampling site (Kharagpur: 22.3°N, 87.3°E) in the IGP, representing the atmospheric outflow to the Bay of Bengal. The chemical composition of PM2.5 suggests the dominance of nss‐ SO42− (6.9–24.3 µg m−3); whereas the abundance of mineral dust varied from 3 to 18 µg m−3. The concentration of aerosol iron (FeTot) and its fractional solubility (Fews % = Fews/FeTot *100, where Fews is the water‐soluble fraction of FeTot) varied from 60 to 1144 ng m−3 and from 6.7 to 26.5%, respectively. A striking similarity in the temporal variability of total inorganic acidity (TIA = NO3− + nss‐ SO42− ) and Fews (%) provides evidence for acid processing of mineral dust (alluvium) during atmospheric transport from the IGP. The contribution of TIA to water‐soluble inorganic species [(nss‐ SO42− + NO3− )/ΣWSIS], mass ratios of Ca/Al and Fe/Al, and abundance of dust (%) and Fews (%) in the IGP‐outflow are similar to the aerosol composition over the Bay of Bengal. With the rapid increase in anthropogenic activities over south and south‐east Asia, the enhanced fractional solubility of aerosol iron (attributed to acid processing of mineral dust) has implications to further increase in the air‐sea deposition of Fe to the Ocean surface.