Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Access to quality health resources and environmental toxins affect the relationship between brain structure and BMI in a sample of pre and early adolescents

Background Environmental resources are related to childhood obesity risk and altered brain development, but whether these relationships are stable or if they have sustained impact is unknown. Here, we utilized a multidimensional index of childhood neighborhood conditions to compare the influence of various social and environmental disparities (SED) on body mass index (BMI)-brain relationships over a 2-year period in early adolescence. Methods Data were gathered the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study® (n = 2,970, 49.8% female, 69.1% White, no siblings). Structure magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), anthropometrics, and demographic information were collected at baseline (9/10-years-old) and the 2-year-follow-up (11/12-years-old). Region of interest (ROIs; 68 cortical, 18 subcortical) estimates of cortical thickness and subcortical volume were extracted from sMRI T1w images using the Desikan atlas. Residential addresses at baseline were used to obtain geocoded estimates of SEDs from 3 domains of childhood opportunity index (COI): healthy environment (COIHE), social/economic (COISE), and education (COIED). Nested, random-effects mixed models were conducted to evaluate relationships of BMI with (1) ROI * COI[domain] and (2) ROI * COI[domain] * Time. Models controlled for sex, race, ethnicity, puberty, and the other two COI domains of non-interest, allowing us to estimate the unique variance explained by each domain and its interaction with ROI and time. Results Youth living in areas with lower COISE and COIED scores were heavier at the 2-year follow-up than baseline and exhibited greater thinning in the bilateral occipital cortex between visits. Lower COISE scores corresponded with larger volume of the bilateral caudate and greater BMI at the 2-year follow-up. COIHE scores showed the greatest associations (n = 20 ROIs) with brain-BMI relationships: youth living in areas with lower COIHE had thinner cortices in prefrontal regions and larger volumes of the left pallidum and Ventral DC. Time did not moderate the COIHE x ROI interaction for any brain region during the examined 2-year period. Findings were independent of family income (i.e., income-to-needs). Conclusion Collectively our findings demonstrate that neighborhood SEDs for health-promoting resources play a particularly important role in moderating relationships between brain and BMI in early adolescence regardless of family-level financial resources.
Squeezed-State Generation by a DC Pumped Degenerate Josephson Parametric Amplifier

Squeezed-states of the radiation field can be generated by degenerate parametric amplification. In this paper, an analysis of a DC pumped degenerate Josephson parametric amplifier is presented. The quantum Langevin equations for the fully quantized system are derived. The degree ofsqueezing that could be obtained below the threshold for parametric oscillations is calculated by linearizing the corresponding quantum Langevin equations. Die Erzeugung von Squeezed-States durch gleichspanuungsgepumpte degenerierte parametrische Verstiirker mit Josephsonelement Mit Hilfe von degenerierten parametrischen Verstarkern ist es miiglich neuartige rauscharme Zustande des Strahlungsfeldes, sogenannte Squeezed-States zu erzeugen. In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht inwieweit dies mit einem gleichspannungsgepumpten degenerierten parametrischen Ver starker mit Josephsonelement miiglich ist. Dazu werden die Quanten-Langevin-Gleichungen welche die Dynamik des Verstarkers beschreiben abgeleitet. Diese nichtlinearen Langevin-Gleiehungen werden Iinearisiert. Fur den Unterhalb der Schwelle zur parametrisch angeregten Schwingung betriebenen Verstarker wird der Grad der Rauschunterdruekung berechnet.
A simple study of gas heating effect for argon lamp

The electrical properties of an argon glow discharge are simulated by a one-dimensional fluid model. Plane-parallel electrodes place at a distance of 1.5 cm are sustained with direct current (dc) voltage (0 < V < 350 V). The gas temperature is calculated by solving the one-dimensional heat transport equation in the Joule heating approximation and without including the reflected particles effect. Using the empirical Townsend ionisation coefficient current-voltage characteristics, ionic and electronic power are compared by adding or omitting the gas heating effect. Finally, the present model provides a simple quantitative analysis of the gas heating effect and its influence on the electrical properties of plasma.
On the symplectic geometry of deformations of a hyperbolic surface

Let R be a Riemann surface. In this manuscript we consider a geometry on the moduli space X(R) for R, which we regard as the space of equivalence classes of constant curvature metrics on the underlying smooth manifold of R. Classically the space of flat metrics for a torus is the locally symmetric space 0(2) \ SL(2; R)/SL(2; Z). We shall describe a symplectic geometry for the space of hyperbolic metrics on a surface of negative Euler characteristic. The Teichmiiller space T(R), a covering of the moduli space, is a complex Kihler manifold. A KUhler metric for T(R), defined in terms of the Petersson product for automorphic forms, was introduced by Weil, [1]. The Weil-Petersson metric is invariant under the covering transformations and so projects to the moduli space X(R). The metric provides a link between the function theory of R and the geometry of X(R). In the Fenchel-Nielsen manuscript [8] a deformation, based on an amalgamation construction for Fuchsian groups, is introduced. The deformation is defined geometrically by cutting the surface along a simple closed geodesic, rotating one side of the cut relative to the other, and attaching the sides in their new position. The hyperbolic metric in the complement of the cut extends to a hyperbolic metric on the new surface. Choose a free homotopy class [a] on the surface R; then for each marked surface R realize [a] by the closed geodesic aR. The Fenchel-Nielsen deformations for the athen define a 1-parameter group of diffeomorphisms of T(R), whose infinitesimal generator by definition is the Fenchel-Nielsen vector field ta. In [21] the Fenchel-Nielsen deformation was described in terms of quasiconformal mappings and an investigation of the vector fields t * was begun. The Fenchel-Nielsen vector fields were found to be related to the geodesic length functions 1*, introduced by Fricke-Klein to provide coordinates for T(R).
Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates from Asian Green Mussel: Molecular Characteristics, Virulence and Their Inhibition by Chitooligosaccharide-Tea Polyphenol Conjugates

Fifty isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were tested for pathogenicity, biofilm formation, motility, and antibiotic resistance. Antimicrobial activity of chitooligosaccharide (COS)-tea polyphenol conjugates against all isolates was also studied. Forty-three isolates were randomly selected from 520 isolates from Asian green mussel (Perna viridis) grown on CHROMagarTM Vibrio agar plate. Six isolates were acquired from stool specimens of diarrhea patients. One laboratory strain was V. parahaemolyticus PSU.SCB. 16S.14. Among all isolates tested, 12% of V. parahaemolyticus carried the tdh+trh− gene and were positive toward Kanagawa phenomenon test. All of V. parahaemolyticus isolates could produce biofilm and showed relatively strong motile ability. When COS-catechin conjugate (COS-CAT) and COS-epigallocatechin-3-gallate conjugate (COS-EGCG) were examined for their inhibitory effect against V. parahaemolyticus, the former showed the higher bactericidal activity with the MBC value of 1.024 mg/mL against both pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. Most of the representative Asian green mussel V. parahaemolyticus isolates exhibited high sensitivity to all antibiotics, whereas one isolate showed the intermediate resistance to cefuroxime. However, the representative clinical isolates were highly resistant to nine types of antibiotics and had multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.64. Thus, COS-CAT could be used as potential antimicrobial agent for controlling V. parahaemolyticus-causing disease in Asian green mussel.
The Large-Scale Circulation and Heat Sources over the Tibetan Plateau and Surrounding Areas during the Early Summer of 1979. Part I: Precipitation and Kinematic Analyses

Abstract The time evolution of the large-scale precipitation, low-level (850 mb) wind, moisture and vertical motion fields over the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas during a 40-day period from late May to early July 1979 is studied based on the objectively analyzed FGGE Level II-b data set. During this period the general circulation over East Asia undergoes a distinct change characterizing the onset of the summer monsoon circulation. The Tibetan Plateau exerts profound orographic and thermal influences upon the low-level wind field. The inflow towards the eastern part of the Plateau with a marked diurnal change in its intensity is the most prominent feature of the low-level wind field. The areas of organized precipitation are well related to synoptic systems seen in the 850 mb flow: the quasi-stationary Burma-India trough, the disturbances forming on the trough, the “Mei-yu (Baiu)” front, and the “transverse trough” extending eastward from the Plateau. There is a sharp contrast between the western an.
Weighted-Correct Empirical likelihood for Linear EV Models

The empirical likelihood inference based weighted correction in linear EV model with missing responses is studied. A weighted-correct empirical likelihood method is developed. It can be shown that the weighted-correct empirical likelihood ratio is asymptotically standard chi-square. The results can be used directly to construct the asymptotic confidence regions of the unknown parameters. The estimation procedure is relatively simple and the estimated efficiency has been greatly improved.
Parameterization of Subgrid Scale Barotropic and Baroclinic Eddies in Quasi-geostrophic Models: Anticipated Potential Vorticity Method

Abstract A lateral diffusion scheme designed to efficiently parameterize the subgrid scale lures associated with barotropic and baroclinic transients is presented and tested on a quasi-geostrophic, two layer model, with law-scale thermal forcing. The scheme is based on formal energy conservation and potential enstrophy dissipation. At very coarse resolutions, where the cutoff scale is of the order of the internal radius of deformation, the diffusion scheme is shown to produce a realistic amount of potential-to-kinetic energy conversions, and realistic amplitudes of the large-scale barotropic modes.
Bi3Fe5O12: Dy2O3 composite thin film materials for magneto-photonics and magneto-plasmonics

Large Faraday rotations, when achieved simultaneously with low optical losses, lead to obtaining high magneto-optic (MO) figures of merit in bismuth-substituted garnet-type material systems. Demonstrating high MO figures of merit typically requires the synthesis of garnet materials with high bismuth substitution levels (close to 3 Bi atoms per stoichiometric formula unit). In our previous experiments, garnet layers sputtered from a target of nominal stoichiometry Bi3Fe5O12 in pure argon atmosphere showed negligible amounts of specific Faraday rotation after annealing, in contrast with results reported typically for pulsed laser deposition of this material in plasma chemistries containing oxygen. We co-sputter Bi3Fe5O12 together with Dy2O3 in pure argon plasma, and obtain the garnet-type composite thin films on glass substrates possessing a specific Faraday rotation in garnet-Dy2O3 composite films in excess of 14°/µm at 532 nm and a coercive force as low as 100 Oe.
Relativistic Nonlinear Propagation of Laser Beams in Cold Overdense Plasmas

The nonlinear propagation of a very intense laser beam in a cold overdense plasma is analytically investigated; the laser beam is assumed to be intense enough to cause the directed component of electron velocity to be comparable to the velocity of light. Special attention has been given to the case when coupled longitudinal‐cum‐transverse modes propagate in the plasma. An interesting result is that the beam can readily propagate through the overdense plasma, in contrast to what would be expected on the basis of a linear theory of laser propagation.
Imaging Spectroscopy of a Sunspot: Thermal and Velocity Structure

The purpose of this paper is (1) to confirm and establish the working of a dual-etalon Fabry-Pérot imaging spectroscopy system at the National Solar Observatory/Sacramento Peak Dunn Solar Telescope and (2) to use this system to extend previous work by many authors and understand the structure and dynamics of sunspots. A detailed investigation of the thermal and velocity structure in an isolated sunspot, using the Fe I 5576 Å spectral line, is presented. The concept of flowless maps is incorporated, to separate velocity and intensity effects. The resulting intensities are used to generate thermal maps of the sunspot along the height of formation of a spectral line, followed by a thermal span map. The thermal span in penumbral regions is in the range of 1350-1580 K. It is a factor of 2 smaller in the umbra. Using spectral line bisectors, we extend the concept of a velocity span to a sunspot, following Gray. The velocity span is used to study the velocity gradients across a sunspot. The velocity span maximizes in the middle of the sunspot penumbra and falls off on either side. The Doppler-neutralized mean bisectors from the disk-side and limb-side penumbra show more sharply inclined gradients, when compared with the C-shaped photospheric bisectors. The mean umbral bisectors show sharp, <-shaped profiles. In most of the penumbra, the individual bisectors are sharply inclined, with a shape of "/" or "\," indicative of a highly suppressed convective flow. The intensity and velocity data show that a new family of penumbral filaments rises in the middle penumbra. Bisector intensity-velocity relationships display opposite gradients in the inner and outer penumbra, showing the rising and falling parts of curved penumbral flux tubes. Some clustering of the bisector intensity-velocity relationship is perhaps due to the fluted nature of flux tubes.
Rain Duration in Hawaiian Trade-Wind Rainbands—Aircraft Observation

Abstract Data obtained from aircraft observations conducted around the island of Hawaii during the 1985 Joint Hawaii Warm Rain Project was analyzed pertaining to the microphysical, thermodynamic and dynamic characteristics of rainbands. Analysis focused upon rain duration and rain accumulation. The most outstanding feature of long-lasting trade-wind rainbands is that unlike other storm systems, dry air does not intrude into the main cloud system at low levels. A certain rainwater accumulation process seems to occur that produces heavy rainfall. This is accompanied by the production of a large amount of drizzle in the middle levels of the cloud. An increase in the drop growth rate within cloud cells above zones of low level convergence, as well as drop recirculation, influence efficient production of a “drizzle pool”.
Adaptive Output Feedback Based on Closed-Loop Reference Models for Hypersonic Vehicles

This paper presents a new method of synthesizing an output feedback adaptive controller for a class of uncertain, nonsquare multi-input/multioutput systems that often occur in hypersonic vehicle models. The main challenge that needs to be addressed is the determination of a corresponding square and strictly positive real transfer function. This paper proposes a new procedure to synthesize two gain matrices that allow the realization of such a transfer function, thereby allowing a globally stable adaptive output feedback law to be generated. The unique features of this output feedback adaptive controller are a baseline controller that uses a Luenberger observer, a closed-loop reference model, manipulations of a bilinear matrix inequality, and the Kalman–Yakubovich lemma. Using these features, a simple design procedure is proposed for the adaptive controller, and the corresponding stability property is established. The proposed adaptive controller is compared to the classical multi-input/multioutput adaptiv.
Computer simulation of non-Newtonian fluid rheology

Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) is a new simulation technique that focuses on intermediate time and length scales. With this technique it is possible to simulate the essential aspects of the rheological behavior of polymeric liquids quite efficiently. Model studies show that DPD reveals the expected shear thinning and normal stress effects. We also show that the effects of thermodynamic solvent quality on the configurations and rheological behavior of dissolved polymers can be studied with the DPD model.
Two-fluid equilibrium with flow: FLOW2

The effects of finite macroscopic velocities on axisymmetric ideal equilibria are examined using the two-fluid (ions and electrons) model. A new equilibrium solver, the code FLOW2, is introduced for the two-fluid model and used to investigate the importance of various flow patterns on the equilibrium of tight aspect ratio (NSTX) and regular tokamak (DIII-D) configurations. Several improvements to the understanding and calculation of two-fluid equilibria are presented, including an analytical and numerical proof of the single-fluid and static limits of the two-fluid model, a discussion of boundary conditions, a user-friendly free-function formulation, and the explicit evaluation of velocity components normal to magnetic surfaces.
A Central Limit Theorem for Contractive Stochastic Dynamical Systems

If (F n ) n∈ℕ is a sequence of independent and identically distributed random mappings from a second countable locally compact state space 𝕏 to 𝕏 which itself is independent of the 𝕏-valued initial variable X 0, the discrete-time stochastic process (X n ) n≥0, defined by the recursion equation X n = F n (X n−1) for n∈ℕ, has the Markov property. Since 𝕏 is Polish in particular, a complete metric d exists. The random mappings (F n ) n∈ℕ are assumed to satisfy ℙ-a.s. Conditions on the distribution of l(F n ) are given for the existence of an invariant distribution of X 0 making the process (X n ) n≥0 stationary and ergodic. Our main result corrects a central limit theorem by Łoskot and Rudnicki (1995) and removes an error in its proof. Instead of trying to compare the sequence φ (X n ) n≥0 for some φ : 𝕏 → ℝ with a triangular scheme of independent random variables our proof is based on an approximation by a martingale difference scheme.
The Abundances of Methane and Ortho/Para Hydrogen on Uranus and Neptune: Implications of New Laboratory 4-0 H2 Quadrupole Line Parameters

Abstract The tropospheric methane molar fraction (ƒ CH 4. t ) and the ortho/para hydrogen ratio are derived for Uranus and Neptune based on new determinations of spectroscopic parameters for key hydrogen features as reported by D. W. Ferguson et al . (1993, J. Mol. Spec. 160, 315-325). For each planet, the relatively weak laboratory linestrengths (approximately 30 and 15% less than the theoretical 4-0 S (0) and S (1) linestrengths, respectively) results, when compared to analyses adopting theoretical values, in a ∼30% decrease in the tropospheric methane ratio and a comparable increase in the pressure level of the optically thick cloudtop marking the bottom of the visible atmosphere ( P cld ). The increase in the ratio of S (1)/ S (0) linestrengths from 4.4 (theoretical) to ∼5.9 (measured) results in a decrease in the range of viable ortho/para ratios; an equilibrium hydrogen distribution is now the best fit for both planets. For Uranus, we find ƒ CH 4. t = 0.016 +0.007 -0.005 , P cld = 3.1 +1.1 -0.2 bars, and 0.85 eH 2 ≤ 1.00 (where ƒ eH 2 and 1 - ƒ eH 2 denote the fraction of H 2 in the equilibrium and normal state, respectively) compared to the K. H. Baines and J. T. Bergstralh (1986, Icarus 56, 543-559) values of ƒ CH 4. t = 0.030 +0.016 -0.010 , P cld = 2.7 +0.5 -0.4 bars, and 0.63 eH 2 CH 4. t = 0.022 +0.005 -0.006 , P cld = 3.8 +0.7 -0.3 bars, and 0.89 eH 2 ≤ 1.0 compared to the K. H. Baines and W. H. Smith (1990, Icarus 85, 65-108) values of ƒ CH 4. t = 0.03 ± 0.007, P cld = 3.3 +0.5 -0.1 bars, and 0.85 eH 2 ≤ 1.0. The methane mixing ratios reported here are in agreement with the value of 0.023 derived by the Voyager Radio Occulatation Experiment (G. F. Lindal 1992, Astron. J. 103, 967-982) for Neptune, but slightly lower than the Voyager Uranus measurement of 0.023 reported by G. F. Lindal et al . (1987, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 14987-15001). The relative carbon-to-hydrogen abundances of 20 +9 -6 and 28 +7 -8 times the solar value of 4.7 × 10 -4 derived by D. L. Lambert (1978, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 192, 249-272) for Uranus and Neptune support planetary formation mechanisms involving the dissolution of carbon-bearing planetesimals in the atmospheres of both planets during their early stages of formation (e.g., J. B. Pollack et al ., 1986, Icarus 67, 409-443).
A new near-infrared imaging study of AFGL 2688

The object AFGL 2688 is a bipolar nebula surrounding a post-asymptotic giant branch star and is in transition toward becoming a planetary nebula. We present new NIR images in the I, J, H, and K bandpasses. These images reveal a wealth of structure in the nebula not previously seen. We find that the northern lobe is not smooth, but clumpy. There is evidence in the I-band image for periodic variations in mass-loss rate. In addition, we present narrowband images centered on the V = 1 - 0 S(1) line of molecular hydrogen and nearby continuum. The narrowband images reveal that broadband flux found in the equatorial region is dominated by line emission from vibrationally excited molecular hydrogen. H2 emission is also present in the lobes. Our K-band images show the equatorial emission to be in the form of a ring or torus extending around the object at a distance R about 7 x 10 exp 16 (D/1 kpc) cm. Mechanisms for exciting the equatorial H2 emission are discussed; we conclude that shocks are the only plausible source. We have analyzed the broadband images using models which assume single scattering of photons from the central star. We find that the bipolar axis is inclined to the plane of the sky by i about 5 deg. The images are best reproduced by models in which the density of scattering dust decreases fairly rapidly with increasing stellar latitude, with little or no dust near the poles. Furthermore, the optical depth is found to have very little wavelength dependence, which implies that the dust in AFGL 2688 is different from that in the interstellar medium.
Teacher Motivation, Incentives and Working Conditions

 Direct monetary incentives typically refer to salary and allowances that teachers receive for their work. Indirect monetary incentives include release time for professional development, provision of professional resource materials, and adequate infrastructure, classroom learning environment and teaching materials, personal support such as free and/or subsidized housing, food and transportation. Non-monetary incentives such as public recognition, respect from peers and supervisors, and promises of preferential next assignments, have also proven effective. Incentives are not always positive. Some incentives can have unintended consequences.