Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of lactated Ringer's solution infusion on cardiac output changes after spinal anesthesia.

We evaluated the effects of an infusion of lactated Ringer’s (LR) solution on changes in cardiac output (CO) after spinal anesthesia. Seventy-five patients scheduled for lower extremity surgery under spinal anesthesia were studied. We measured CO (impedance cardiography method) and blood pressure for 25 min before and 30 min after spinal anesthesia. Patients were randomly assigned to three groups. In the No Infusion group, no LR solution was given during the period of measurements. The LR Before group received 12 mL/kg of LR solution within 20 min before spinal anesthesia. The LR After group received 12 mL/kg of LR solution within 20 min starting immediately after spinal anesthesia. After spinal anesthesia, CO decreased by 13.9% in the No Infusion group. In the LR Before group, CO increased after the infusion by 20% and returned to baseline value 30 min after spinal anesthesia. In the LR After group, CO increased after spinal anesthesia, and 30 min after spinal anesthesia, CO was 11.3% above baseline. We conclude that the decrease in CO after spinal anesthesia can be prevented by the infusion of an LR solution, with CO reaching the highest value while the infusion is running. (Anesth Analg 2001;92:710 ‐4)
The first sunrise : an experience of cultural immersion and community health needs assessment by undergraduate medical students in New Zealand

Context Cultural factors in health and illness, and an awareness of community health needs analysis, are important issues for medical education. Both have received relatively little recognition in the medical education literature. This paper describes the development of an educational attachment to remote predominantly Maori rural communities in New Zealand. The twin purposes of the programme were to encourage students to adopt broad public health approaches in assessing the health needs of defined communities, and to increase their awareness of the importance of cultural issues. Methods During a one week attachment, 51 students from the Wellington School of Medicine were hosted in six small communities in the East Cape region of New Zealand. Students gained an insight into the health needs of the communities and were encouraged to challenge their own attitudes, assumptions and thinking regarding the determinants of health and the importance of cultural factors in health and illness. The programme included both health needs assessment and cultural immersion. Students made visits with primary health care professionals and were also introduced to Maori history and cultural protocol, and participated in diverse activities ranging from the preparation of traditional medicines to performing their own songs in concert. Conclusions The students evaluated the course extremely highly. Attachments of this sort provide an opportunity for students to appreciate how cultural values have an impact on health care, and how they also make the teaching and learning of topics such as community health needs analysis an enjoyable and dynamic experience.
The efficacy of esophageal detector devices in verifying tracheal tube placement: a randomized cross-over study of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients.

We performed this prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of esophageal detector devices (EDDs), both the bulb and the syringe-type, to indicate positioning of endotracheal tubes (ETTs) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Forty-eight adult patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were enrolled. Immediately after tracheal intubation and ETT cuff inflation in the emergency department, the patients were allocated randomly to two cross-over groups. In Group 1 (n = 24), patients underwent a bulb test and a syringe test in sequence. In Group 2 (n = 24), patients underwent a syringe test and a bulb test in sequence. End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ) was also monitored. In 56 attempts at tracheal intubation, the bulb, the syringe, and ETCO 2 indicated all eight esophageal intubations. In 48 tracheal intubations, the bulb test correctly indicated 34 tracheal intubations (sensitivity, 70.8%). The syringe test identified 35 tracheal intubations (sensitivity, 72.9%). The results of both tests agreed in 33 tracheal intubations. ETCO 2 was detected in 31 tracheal intubations (sensitivity, 64.6%). No statistical difference was found among the tests. EDDs were less sensitive in detecting tracheal intubation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Therefore, proper clinical judgment in conjunction with these devices should be used to confirm ETT placement in these difficult situations.
Effects of water stress on morphology,biomass allocation and photosynthesis in Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings

A water gradient experiment with four different water supply levels was conducted by artificial water control in the rainout shelters to study the plasticity of morphological architecture,photosynthetic characters,biomass accumulation and allocation in one-year-old Robinia pseudoacacia L. seedlings in response to diverse water stress. The results showed that morphological variables decreased with an increase in water stress. Seedlings could introduce different strategies based on the intensity and duration of drought stress,which can be proved by the analysis of allometric trajectory. Consistent with the increasing leaf water saturation deficit in water stress,net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate also decreased. Factors that limited photosynthesis shifted from stomatal limitations to non-stomatal limitations. Reduced light use efficiency,as well as weak photoprotective effect in photosystem,caused more serious photoinhibition. Biomass accumulations in each organ were restricted by the deficit of soil water content. More photosynthetic products were transferred to belowground parts,especially to lateral roots. Carbon allocation patterns were altered by an increase in root mass ratio at the expense of decreased leaf mass ratio,and it therefore led to higher root to shoot ratio,lower leaf area ratio and lower specific leaf area. Plasticity index analysis indicates that the seedlings of R. pseudoacacia could adapt to diverse water stress through plastic responses in morphology and photosynthesis,whereas the differences of biomass accumulation and allocation might be partly affected by the allometry.
RAPD analysis for space-induced mutant lines of Brassica Parachinensis Bailey

To study the effects of space induction on the hereditable mutations in Brassica Parachinensis Bailey,the seeds of two Brassica Parachinensis Bailey cultivars Youlv 50 and Youlv 80 were sent into the space by satellite to induce some mutation then sent back and planted on earth.6 mutant lines were obtained after directive breeding for 5～6 generations.Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) method was employed to detect the genetic variation between the 6 mutant lines and un-induced control.The results of the amplification with 16 random primers showed that genetic variation existed between all the mutant lines of two cultivars and control in which the mutant line 50-2 and 80-2 showed the greatest variation.Intraspecific genetic variation also existed between the 3 mutant lines of Youlv 80 as well as the 3 mutant lines of Youlv 80.The intraspecific variation between 3 mutant lines of Youlv 80 was greater than that of Youlv 50.It was concluded that space mutation might provide a new route for the breeding of Brassica Parachinensis Bailey.
WORKING PAPER SERIES MONETARY POLICY AND ASSET PRICE OVERSHOOTING : A RATIONALE FOR THE WALL / MAIN STREET DISCONNECT

We analyze optimal monetary policy when asset prices influence aggregate demand with a lag (as is well documented). In this context, as long as the central bank's main objective is to minimize the output gap, the central bank optimally induces asset price overshooting in response to the emergence of a negative output gap. In fact, even if there is no output gap in the present but the central bank anticipates a weak recovery dragged down by insufficient demand, the optimal policy is to preemptively support asset prices today. This support is stronger if the acute phase of the recession is expected to be short lived. These dynamic aspects of optimal policy give rise to potentially large temporary gaps between the performance of financial markets and the real economy. One vivid example of this situation is the wide disconnect between the main stock market indices and the state of the real economy in the U.S. following the Fed's powerful response to the Covid-19 shock. Ricardo J. Caballero Department of Economics, E52-528 MIT 50 Memorial Drive Cambridge, MA 02142 and NBER caball@mit.edu Alp Simsek Department of Economics, E52-552 MIT 50 Memorial Drive Cambridge, MA 02142 and NBER asimsek@mit.edu A dynamic link to most recent draft is available at https://www.dropbox. com/s/e92ev3owfw286fy/overshooting_public. pdf? dl=0public.pdf? dl=0 Figure 1: The disconnect between Wall Street and Main Street. Data: S&P500 index and continued jobless claims (seasonally adjusted). Source: FRED.
Interactive Effects of Paternalistic Leadership and Islamic Work Ethics on Employees’ Psychological Safety: Evidence from Pakistan

Received: 21 March 2020 Accepted: 17 April 2020 Abstract. The current study is a contribution in a research area of paternalistic leadership. It examines the relationship between paternalistic leadership and employees’ psychological safety with the moderating role of Islamic work ethics. A sample of 359 employees was selected to collect the data from the banking sector of Pakistan by using convenient sampling technique. Time lag design was used to get the data to reduce the common method bias. The results of the study confirmed the positive main effects of paternalistic leadership style and Islamic work ethics on employee psychological safety. However, no support was found for the interactive effects of Islamic work ethics in relationship between paternalistic leadership and psychological safety. Study limitations have also been discussed along with future research directions. In addition, this study includes some useful theoretical as well as practical implications.
The Evolution and Genetics of Herbicide Resistance in Weeds

The importance of various factors influencing the evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds is critically examined using population genetic models. The factors include gene mutation, initial frequency of resistance alleles, inheritance, weed fitness in the presence and absence of herbicide, mating system, and gene flow. Where weed infestations are heavy, the probability of selecting for resistance can be high even when the rate of mutation is low. Subsequent to the occurrence of a resistant mutant, repeated treatments with herbicides having the same mode of action can lead to the rapid evolution of a predominantly resistant population. At a given herbicide selection intensity, the initial frequency of resistance alleles determines the number of generations required to reach a specific frequency of resistant plants. The initial frequency of resistance alleles has a greater influence on the evolutionary process when herbicides impose weak selection, as opposed to very strong selection. Under selection, dominant resistance alleles increase in frequency more rapidly than recessive alleles in random mating or highly outcrossing weed populations. In highly self-fertilizing species, dominant and recessive resistance alleles increase in frequency at approximately the same rate. Gene flow through pollen or seed movement from resistant weed populations can provide a source of resistance alleles in previously susceptible populations. Because rates of gene flow are generally higher than rates of mutation, the time required to reach a high level of resistance in such situations is greatly reduced. Contrary to common misconception, gene flow from a susceptible population to a population undergoing resistance evolution is unlikely to slow the evolutionary process significantly. Accurate measurements of many factors that influence resistance evolution are difficult, if not impossible, to obtain experimentally. Thus, the use of models to predict times to resistance in specific situations is markedly limited. However, with appropriate assumptions, they can be invaluable in assessing the relative effectiveness of various management practices to avoid, or delay, the occurrence of herbicide resistance in weed populations.
Maxmin Expected Utility on a Subjective State Space: Convex Preferences under Risk JOB MARKET PAPER

We study convex preferences over lotteries and over menus of lotteries. We consider a set of consequences C and we characterize complete, transitive, and convex binary relations over lotteries on the set C. We prove that convex preferences correspond to a decision criterion in which the Decision Maker reveals pessimism and a lack of con dence in the evaluation of consequences or his future tastes. We show in a context of choice over menus of lotteries how convex preferences translate into Maxmin Expected Utility on a Subjective State Space. Finally, we show how convex preferences can be interpreted as a cautious criterion of completion. JEL classi cation: D81
Multi-ﬁdelity zero-shot HPO

Zero-shot hyperparameter optimization (HPO) is a simple yet eﬀective use of transfer learning for constructing a small list of default hyperparameter (HP) conﬁgurations that complement each other. That is to say, for any given dataset, at least one of them is expected to perform well. We provide an overview of the approach and introduce a novel multi-ﬁdelity technique that decreases the number of model evaluations, and thus cost and time, required to compute zero-shot conﬁgurations. This speedup is vital in environments where the space of HPs is regularly changing due to new algorithms being introduced. We benchmark our algorithm experimentally on two diﬀerent tasks and in both cases show an improvement in accuracy compared to standard zero-shot HPO with the same oﬄine evaluation budget.
Interpreting Visual Culture: Explorations in the Hermeneutics of the Visual

Interpreting Visual Culture brings together original writings from leading experts in art history, philosophy, sociology and cultural studies. Ranging from an analysis of the role of vision in current critical discourse to discussion of specific examples taken from the visual arts, ethics and sociology, it presents the latest material on the interpretation of the visual in modern culture. Among topics covered are: * the visual rhetoric of modernity * the drawings of Bonnard * recent feminist art * practices and perception in arts and ethics.
Monetary Policy and the Performance of the Nigerian Capital Market ( 1986 – 2017 )

The significant of monetary policy as it relates to economic growth is of great interest to scholars and decision makers to understand how activities in the capital market would be influence by adjustments in monetary policy both in emerging and advanced economies. This study utilized time series data to examine the effect of monetary policy on the performance of the Nigerian capital market. The study was motivated by the inconclusive debate on the effect of monetary policy on capital market performance. Specifically, this study ascertained the effect of monetary policy rate, cash reserve ratio, liquidity ratio and loan to deposit ratio on performance of Nigerian capital market measured by all share index. Secondary data for the period 1986 to 2017 were collected from the Nigerian Stock Exchange Factbooks and Central Bank of Nigeria Annual Reports. The study applied the Auto-regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) regression technique in which variations in all share index were regressed on monetary policy rate, cash reserve ratio, liquidity ratio and loan to deposit ratio. The results revealed that monetary policy tools have no significant effect on capital market performance. The findings also suggest that monetary policy rate, cash reserve ratio and loan to deposit ratio negatively and significantly correlate with capital market performance, while liquidity ratio positively relates with performance of the capital market. Considering the findings emanating from this study, the Central Bank of Nigeria should reduce the current double digit monetary policy rate to a single digit to attract investments in the capital market. Cash reserve ratio which as at the time of this study is at 22.5% should be lowered to the range: 10%-12% to cause an upsurge in money supply which will in turn improve capital market performance through upward movement in all share index.
MHD Stagnation Point Flow of Viscoelastic Nanofluid Past a Circular Cylinder with non-Fourier heat Flux and Variable Fluid Properties

Abstract-Stagnation point MHD flow of a viscoelastic nanofluid over a stretching cylinder with temperaturedependent dynamic viscosity is studied. Heat transfer is characterized by Cattaneo-Christov heat flux and temperature dependent thermal conductivity. The nonlinear governing equations with velocity slip and thermal slip boundary conditions are redacted and transmuted into dimensionless forms by similarity transformations to obtain a set of coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations which are accordingly solved via the Spectral Quasi-linearization method (SQLM). The usual heat source parameter is used and a new one emerges from the heat generation/absorption body force through mathematical derivation from first principle. The upshots of the engrafted flow parameters on the dimensionless velocity and temperature profiles, as well as on the skin friction coefficient are analysed. Obtained outcome shows that increasing values of the curvature parameter and viscoelastic parameter enhances fluid velocity but nanoparticle volume fraction slows it down. Temperature quashes for larger values of thermal relaxation parameter, indicating that the nonFourier heat flux model produces lower temperature within the flow system than that of the Fourier law. However, the nanofluid temperature is raised by increasingly varying values of heat generation parameter. The skin-friction coefficient exhibits an increasing behaviour against both curvature and viscoelastic parameters.
The Lipidemic and Antioxidant Role of Moringa oleifera Leave Extract Following Salt Loading

DOI: 10.21276/sjm.2018. 3.1. 2 Abstract: Salt consumption is essential but has a negative health impact when taken in excess. Therefore, this research is aimed at investigating the possible role of Moringa oleifera leave extract on lipids and antioxidant enzymes following salt loading. 24 male albino Wistar rats weighing between 180-240g were used for this study and were divided into four groups (n=6). They were given either normal rat feed and drinking water, high salt diet (8% NaCl diet) + 1% NaCl drinking water and/or Moringa oleifera extract (600 mg/kg b.w., orally, once daily). After six weeks of feeding, the animals were sacrificed and blood collected through standard method for analysis. The salt fed untreated rats had significant (p<0.05) increase in Triglycerides (TG) level, Atherogenic indices (P<0.05), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P<0.01). These parameters were significantly (p<0.05) reduced to near control values following extract treatment. Salt fed untreated rats were also observed to have significant (P<0.05) reduction in High density lipoprotein (HDL), Catalase (CAT) (P<0.01), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (P<0.05), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Albumin (ALB) (P<0.01), but the reverse was the case following extract treatment. In conclusion, consumption of Moringa oleifera leaf extract ameliorates the adverse effects of salt loading on the atherogenic, antioxidants and other indices thereby preventing possible outcome of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis and other related ailment. It is therefore being recommended for further research and possible use in the manufacture of drugs that are necessary in management of cardiac and other related ailments.
Bayesian Modeling of Viral Phylodynamics

Author(s): Gill, Mandev Singh | Advisor(s): Suchard, Marc A. | Abstract: Viral phylodynamics is the study of how immunodynamics, epidemiology, and evolutionary processes act and interact to shape viral phylogenies. We build upon the foundation of Bayesian phylogenetic inference to develop statistical tools to address phylodynamic problems. First, we present a flexible nonparametric Bayesian framework to infer the effective population size as a function of time directly from molecular sequence data. The effective population size is an abstract quantity that characterizes a population's genetic diversity, and it is of fundamental interest in population genetics, conservation biology, and infectious disease epidemiology. Our model is based on the coalescent, a stochastic process that relates phylogenies to population dynamics. We enforce temporal smoothing of inferred trajectories via a Gaussian Markov random field prior. Notably, our framework incorporates data from multiple genetic loci to achieve improved inference of population dynamics. Next, we turn to phylogenetic trait evolution. Modeling the processes giving rise to nonsequence traits associated with molecular sequence data is crucial in comparative studies of phenotypic traits as well as in phylogeographic analyses that reconstruct the spatiotemporal spread of viruses. A popular, yet restrictive approach to modeling such processes is Brownian diffusion along a phylogeny. We relax a major restriction by introducing a nontrivial estimable drift vector into the Brownian diffusion. Importantly, we implement a relaxed drift process that permits the drift vector to vary along the phylogeny. We showcase improved trait evolutionary inference in three viral examples. Finally, we return to effective population size inference and extend our framework to include covariates, enabling modeling of associations between past population dynamics and external factors. We apply our model to four examples. We reconstruct the demographic history of raccoon rabies in North America and find a significant association with the spatiotemporal spread of the outbreak. Next, we examine the effective population size trajectory of the DENV-4 virus in Puerto Rico along with viral isolate count data and find similar cyclic patterns. We compare the population history of the HIV-1 CRF02_AG clade in Cameroon with HIV incidence and prevalence data and find that the effective population size is more reflective of incidence rate. Finally, we explore the hypothesis that the population dynamics of musk ox during the Late Quaternary period were related to climate change. Incorporating covariates into the demographic inference framework enables the modeling of associations between the effective population size and covariates while accounting for uncertainty in population histories. Furthermore, it can lead to more precise estimates of population dynamics.