Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COPD_A_269001 2433..2440

1Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK; 2PROMISE Department of Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; 3FLUIDDA, Kontich, Belgium; 4Chiesi Farmaceutici, SpA, Parma, Italy Introduction: There is a clear correlation between small airways dysfunction and poor clinical outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and it is therefore important that inhalation therapy (both bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory) can deposit in the small airways. Two single-inhaler triple therapy (SITT) combinations are currently approved for the maintenance treatment of COPD: extrafine formulation beclomethasone dipropionate/formoterol fumarate/glycopyrronium bromide (BDP/FF/GB), and nonextrafine formulation fluticasone furoate/vilanterol/umeclidinium (FluF/VI/UMEC). This study evaluated the lung deposition of the inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), long-acting β2-agonist (LABA), and long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) components of these two SITTs. Materials and Methods: Lung deposition was estimated in-silico using functional respiratory imaging, a validated technique that uses aerosol delivery performance profiles, patients’ high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) lung scans, and patient-derived inhalation profiles to simulate aerosol lung deposition. Results: HRCT scan data from 20 patients with COPD were included in these analyses, who had post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) ranging from 19.3% to 66.0% predicted. For intrathoracic deposition (as a percentage of the emitted dose), deposition of the ICS component was higher from BDP/FF/GB than FluF/VI/UMEC; the two triple therapies had similar performance for both the LABA component and the LAMA component. Peripheral deposition of all three components was higher with BDP/FF/GB than FluF/ VI/UMEC. Furthermore, the ratios of central to peripheral deposition for all three components of BDP/FF/GB were <1, indicating greater peripheral than central deposition (0.48 ±0.13, 0.48±0.13 and 0.49±0.13 for BDP, FF and GB, respectively; 1.96±0.84, 0.97±0.34 and 1.20±0.48 for FluF, VI and UMEC, respectively). Conclusions: Peripheral (small airways) deposition of all three components (ICS, LABA, and LAMA) was higher from BDP/FF/GB than from FluF/VI/UMEC, based on profiles from patients with moderate to very severe COPD. This is consistent with the extrafine formulation of BDP/FF/GB.
Assessment of carbon sequestration under different age of bamboo plantation

The study in relation to “Assessment of carbon sequestration under different age of bamboo plantation” was conducted during the year 2019-20 at Agro-forestry farm, College of Agriculture, Nagpur. The carbon stock in the soil ranges between 13.52 to 22.97 Mg ha -1 (surface) and 12.44 to 22.34 Mg ha -1 (sub-surface), the soil carbon stock were highest in 1990 year of bamboo plantation and was found lowest in fallow land. The carbon sequestration potential increases in order to 2014, 2008, 1997, 1994, 1992 and 1990 year of bamboo plantation respectively. The carbon sequestration potential increases with the age of bamboo plantation, more the age of bamboo plantation higher value of carbon sequestration potential, whereas lower value of carbon sequestration potential was recorded in fallow land.
Amending Traditional Substrate Rice Straw with Agroforestry Tree Foliage Increases Production Cycle and Nutritional Value of Pleurotus floridanus

The recent heightened attention on mushrooms has not considered shortening the production time and increasing nutritional value using substrates from agroforestry trees in addition to traditionally used residues. This study therefore, examined harvesting time, protein and essential minerals of Pleurotus floridanus grown on rice straw amended with Gliricidia sepium foliage in Morogoro, Tanzania. Mushrooms were cultivated in 30 x 40 cm 4 kg dry weight polythene bags in randomized complete block design (RCBD) experiment. Results showed that the addition of 5% G. sepium into rice straw reduced total time between spawning and first harvest of P. floridanus . Gliricidia sepium increased significantly ( P < 0.05) protein contents of the mushrooms by up to 40%. The addition of 5–10% G. sepium into rice straw increased significantly ( P < 0.05) manganese, copper and zinc in the mushrooms. The decrease in production time and high increase in protein and mineral contents indicate that agroforestry trees have the potential to increase production cycles and nutritional value of P. floridanus . Therefore, use of foliage from agroforestry trees in combination with traditional substrates for mushroom production could help fight malnutrition, improve food security and enhance income.
Design and Implementation of Bio-inspired Underwater Electrosense

As humans are moving forward to the deep ocean for resource and adventure, building more flexible, robust and energy-saving sensory systems for future underwater robots is an urgent challenge. Underwater electrosense, manipulating underwater electric field for sensing purpose, is a fast developing technology that is bio-inspired by weakly electric fish. Compared to widely used computer vision and sonar systems, the omnidirectionality and feasibility in turbid and cluttered water enable it to be a significant complementary sensing technology. In this thesis, we aimed to develop active underwater electrosense for closerange sensing in turbid waters. To achieve this aim, we proposed the following specific objectives: (1) Model the underwater field using proper physical theory and formulate the sensing problem; (2) Design sensing algorithms to localize an object in a 3-dimensional underwater space and to identify objects with similar volume but different edges; (3) Implement the sensor with simulations and prototypes to evaluate sensing algorithms. We formulated the underwater electric field using electroquasistatic theory and divided the sensing problem into forward and inverse procedures. The environmental impedance distribution is the system parameter, whereas measurements taken on the sensor boundary are observations. To predict observations from parameters is a physically well-posed forward problem. But to infer the parameters of the model from observations is an ill-posed inverse problem, which can be formulated using a probabilistic way that allows for a unified and consistent view. The first approach used techniques from electrical impedance tomography (EIT) for sensing modeling. The EIT uses versatile finite element method (FEM) as a forward model to calculate observations and representing the environment. An eel-like electrosensor was designed and simulated using proposed techniques. This work explored the feasibility of EIT methods for electrosensor. The second approach targets on reducing the computational burden of the
A COMPARISON OF ETHYL GLUCURONIDE AND ETHANOL TESTING IN ARIZONA’S STATE PHYSICIAN HEALTH MONITORED AFTERCARE PROGRAM

Aftercare monitoring programs for health care professionals with documented substance abuse problems are man-aged differently by various states and their respective licensing boards. Many programs have reported surreptitious alcohol use as a significant concern, yet there is no clear indication of the best methods for detecting alcohol use since the detection of ethanol is difficult due to its limited half-life in saliva, urine and serum. Ethyl glucuronide (EtG), a minor metabolite of alcohol metabo-lism, is only present in urine when alcohol has been con-sumed. EtG testing may therefore improve the detection of alcohol use by health care professionals in monitored aftercare programs. This study compared urine ethanol (Medpro B panel) and urine EtG in specimens from 126 clients enrolled in Arizona’s physician health aftercare monitoring program. Each client was tested twice per month for a two-month period in 2004. Of the 504 tests, there were no positive urine ethanol results using a standard, lab determined minimum cutoff level of 20mg/dL. There were four positive EtG results (one percent positive rate) using a minimum cutoff level of 100ng/mL. The four positive EtG results imply the presence of four false negative urine ethanol results. Therefore, the results suggest that the EtG test is more sensitive for alcohol detection and should be considered for future improvements in the testing and monitoring of health care providers enrolled in aftercare programs.
Defect Repair Cost and Home Warranty Deposit, Korea

Defects in the home cause inconvenience to homeowners and loss to the developer or builder due to cost and damage to reputation. A home warranty deposit exists to protect consumers from home defects. However, it is unclear how much it costs to repair a defect and whether the standard for calculating the warranty deposit is reasonable. This study analyzed the litigation details of 290 home complexes in Korea to investigate defect repair costs and factors affecting them. According to the analysis results, the defect repair cost was 0.538% of the construction cost on average. This is far below 3% of the construction cost, the prevailing standard in the relevant acts. Additionally, there was no case where the defect repair cost ratio exceeded 3%. The actual repair cost for defects was considerably lower than the warranty deposit standard stipulated by the Act. Therefore, this study proposes a method to adjust the warranty deposit collectively and a means to apply it differentially according to the size of the construction cost. This proposal benefits everyone because it protects homeowners and keeps the costs affordable. In addition, it is expected that the warranty deposit can be used as a standard for home construction and post-quality improvement. After analyzing the factors affecting the repair cost, it was found that there was a difference in the repair cost according to the home construction implementor and the construction purchase order method. The warranty deposit system prepares for the possibility that a project owner or builder, who is the project implementor, becomes insolvent. It was found that there was no difference in the repair cost for defects depending on whether the project owner was insolvent. Nonetheless, the possibility of insolvency in the case of a developer was far higher than in the case of a builder.
Determinants of open innovation in low-tech SMEs: the influence of the top management team and employees’ human capital

This article aims to analyze the influence of top management team (TMT) characteristics and employees’ human capital on the adoption of open innovation practices in low-tech SMEs. The empirical study is based on the use of structural equations from the data derived from a questionnaire applied to 95 companies in the agro-industrial sector located in the northeastern region of Colombia. The results indicate that both the TMT’s diversity and coordination have a significant and positive influence on the adoption of open innovation practices. On the other hand, regarding human capital, the results indicate that the experience of the employees is a more decisive feature when implementing open innovation strategies than their level of education and training. This paper contributes to the literature by providing part of the missing microfoundations of open innovation and more strongly connecting open innovation, human capital, and TMT configuration. en la adopción de prácticas de innovación abierta. Por otro lado, en cuanto al capital humano, los resultados indican que la experiencia de los empleados es un rasgo más determinante a la hora de implementar estrategias de innovación abierta que su nivel de educación y formación. Este artículo contribuye a la literatura al proporcionar parte de los microfundamentos faltantes de la innovación abierta y al conectar de manera más sólida la innovación abierta, el capital humano y la configuración de TMT.
Efficient stabilization of imprecise statistical inference through conditional belief updating

Statistical inference is the optimal process for forming and maintaining accurate beliefs about uncertain environments. However, human inference comes with costs due to its associated biases and limited precision. Indeed, biased or imprecise inference can trigger variable beliefs and unwarranted changes in behavior. Here, by studying decisions in a sequential categorization task based on noisy visual stimuli, we obtained converging evidence that humans reduce the variability of their beliefs by updating them only when the reliability of incoming sensory information is judged as sufficiently strong. Instead of integrating the evidence provided by all stimuli, participants actively discarded as much as a third of stimuli. This conditional belief updating strategy shows good test-retest reliability, correlates with perceptual confidence, and explains human behavior better than previously described strategies. This seemingly suboptimal strategy not only reduces the costs of imprecise computations, but counter-intuitively increases the accuracy of resulting decisions.
University of São Paulo “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture Potential productive of Brazilian agricultural soils

Potential productive of Brazilian agricultural soils The main issue for the world's good is food security. Brazil plays an important role in global agriculture and can help meet global food demand in the future. The chemical, physical and biological properties of the soil directly influence the production of cultivated plants. Understanding the productive potential of Brazilian agricultural land is of great importance. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a strategy to map and quantify the productive potential of Brazilian agricultural soils through digita l soil mapping techniques. Approximately 70,000 soil samples (0 1.0m) georeferenced with information on chemical, physical and biological properties of Brazilian agricultura l soils were used. Each soil attribute was evaluated using literary information. Then, a weighted artifice equation was developed through the analysis of principal components of the soil samples. Therefore, each sample received a score ranging from 0 to 100 referring to its soil potential to produce plant biomass, that is, the higher the score, the higher its potential. Sample scores were spatialized via machine learning. 80% (205 million hectares) of Brazilian agricultural areas were mapped, considering areas of cultivated plants and pastures. Through the territorial quantification of the productive potential of soils, the possibility of seeing the best and worst categories of agricultura l soils in each Brazilian biome. The best agricultural soils in Brazil that belong to the “very high and high” SoilPP categories were found in the Atlantic Forest (11.8 Mha), Ama zon (7.6 Mha) and Cerrado (4.4 Mha) biomes. On the other hand, soils that varied from medium/high to very low potential were found in the Cerrado (77.9 Mha), Caatinga (28.9 Mha) and Atlantic Forest (34.5 Mha) biomes. Through the evaluation of agricultural land and average productivity values, we observed that of 2304 soybean producing municipalities, 896 have the capacity to increase average soybean productivity to a certain level. For sugarcane, out of 2468 municipalities evaluated, 1056 can increase their average productivity. Therefore, this technique can assist in the development of global food and soil security policies and be replicated in other countries, regions, municipalit ies or farms. The SoilPPmap for Brazilian agricultural areas had as main limitations the spatial representativeness for all types of agricultural soils in Brazil and also the low accuracy of the prediction model, possibly related to the evaluation of soil chemica l attributes. However, the strategy used was effective in mapping and quantifying the productive potential of Brazilian agricultural soils.
Circularly polarised integrated filtering antenna with polarisation reconfigurability

A new design of circularly polarized (CP) integrated filtering antennas with reconfigurable polarization is proposed in this paper. Two phase-reconfigurable coupled λ/2-resonator pairs have been used to feed the antenna and generate the 2nd-order filtering response and the circular polarization simultaneously. By switching the PIN diodes inserted in the feeding network, a phase difference of +90° or - 90° can be realized at the outputs of the feeding network. This renders the antenna’s capability of switching its polarization from right hand circular polarization (RHCP) to left hand circular polarization (LHCP) or vice versa. The use of the coupled-resonator pairs significantly improves the frequency selectivity and out-of-band rejection of the CP antenna. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of a multifunctional antenna which has integrated filtering performance, circular polarization and polarization reconfigurability. To verify the design concept, a reconfigurable CP antenna operating at 2.45 GHz is implemented. The simulated and measured results agree well with each other and show that the antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 4.5 %, an average in-band gain of 6.0 dBic (LHCP)/6.1 dBic (RHCP), out-of-band rejections of greater than 10.8 dB, and 3-dB AR bandwidth of 9.4 %/10.5 %.
Model-Based Meta Automatic Curriculum Learning

Curriculum learning (CL) has been widely explored to facilitate the learning of hard-exploration tasks in reinforcement learning (RL) by training a sequence of easier tasks, often called a curriculum . While most curricula are built either manually or automatically based on heuristics, e.g. choosing a training task which is barely beyond the current abilities of the learner, the fact that similar tasks might benefit from similar curricula motivates us to explore meta-learning as a technique for curriculum generation or teaching for a distribution of similar tasks. This paper formulates the meta CL problem that requires a meta-teacher to generate the curriculum which will assist the student to train toward any given target task from a task distribution based on the similarity of these tasks to one another. We propose a model-based meta automatic curriculum learning algorithm ( MM-ACL ) that learns to predict the performance improvement on one task when the student is trained on another, given the current status of the student. This predictor can then be used to generate the curricula for different target tasks. Our empirical results demonstrate that MM-ACL outperforms the state-of-the-art CL algorithms in a grid-world domain and a more complex visual-based navigation domain in terms of sample efficiency.
Specification by Example for Hardware Design and Verification

—A specification is a key piece of work that contributes towards the successful delivery of the design and verification effort within project timescales. Specifications are most commonly written using natural language, the style and format of which can result in incomplete definitions and/or suffer from poor accuracy. Natural language specification can be costly to maintain and seen as a low priority if timescales are tight, which can result in outdated or incorrect material by the end of the project. Even well written and well maintained specifications can be misinterpreted causing delays and bugs. This paper presents how principles of Specification by Example can solve these common specification issues and how acceptance test-driven development can be utilised within a test automation framework to document hardware accurately using tests and use cases as examples together with model code.
A. Ablations on Video Classification

model pre-train top-1 top-5 FLOPs×views Param SlowFast 16×8 +NL [14] 81.8 95.1 234×3×10 60 X3D-XL [13] 81.9 95.5 48×3×10 11 MoViNet-A6 [22] 84.8 96.5 386×1×1 31 MViT-B-24, 32×3 [12] 84.1 96.5 236×1×5 53 Swin-B, 16×2 [26] Sup. , IN-21K 84.0 96.5 282×3×4 88 Swin-L↑384, 32×2 [26] Sup. , IN-21K 86.1 97.3 2107×5×10 200 ViViT-H [1] Sup. , JFT-300M 85.8 96.5 3981×3×4 654 Florence↑384 [37] Text, FLD-900M 87.8 97.8 N/A×3×4 647 MViTv2-L, 16×4 [24] Sup. , IN-21K 85.8 97.1 377×1×10 218 MViTv2-L, 16×4 [24] MaskFeat, K600 86.4 97.4 377×1×10 218 MViTv2-L↑312, 40×3 [24] Sup. , IN-21K 87.5 97.8 2828×3×4 218 MViTv2-L↑312, 40×3 [24] MaskFeat, K600 88.3 98.
Dynamics and Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Testing on Symptomatic Individuals Attending Healthcare Centers during 2020 in Bahia, Brazil

RT-PCR testing data provides opportunities to explore regional and individual determinants of test positivity and surveillance infrastructure. Using Generalized Additive Models, we explored 222,515 tests of a random sample of individuals with COVID-19 compatible symptoms in the Brazilian state of Bahia during 2020. We found that age and male gender were the most significant determinants of test positivity. There was evidence of an unequal impact among socio-demographic strata, with higher positivity among those living in areas with low education levels during the first epidemic wave, followed by those living in areas with higher education levels in the second wave. Our estimated probability of testing positive after symptom onset corroborates previous reports that the probability decreases with time, more than halving by about two weeks and converging to zero by three weeks. Test positivity rates generally followed state-level reported cases, and while a single laboratory performed ~90% of tests covering ~99% of the state’s area, test turn-around time generally remained below four days. This testing effort is a testimony to the Bahian surveillance capacity during public health emergencies, as previously witnessed during the recent Zika and Yellow Fever outbreaks.
The W-type Multi-Fold Hypothesis and The Quantum Physics Interpretation of Wave Functions and QFT

: In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model (SM) without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hints at a even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model. The E/G duality, between entanglement and gravity, opens the door to postulate additional gravity-like effects and multi-fold mechanisms among spacetime points covered by a quantum wave functions or by Quantum Fields. These are plausible by-products of the multi-fold mechanisms, not necessarily mandated, or derived by our work so far, captured in an hypothetical new class of multi-fold universe denoted as W-type. It is the W-type hypothesis. In a W-type of multi-fold universe, we argue that we can explain the Born rule (on a discrete spacetime) without discussing measurements, or instantaneous wave function collapses as well as address the measurements problem, Wigner’s friend paradoxes, and the classical aspects of macroscopic Physics vs. the quantum Physics at microscopic level. It amounts to positioning a new candidate for interpretation of Quantum Physics, while still remaining compatible with existing interpretations (unfortunately as it does not exclude any). The W-type hypothesis leads also to a better understanding of the irreversibility of Physics, confirms it and indicate that W-Type multi-fold models, including the Multi-fold reconstruction, seem candidates to a more fundamental theory from which Quantum Physics emerges. It motivates also the duality between Entropy and