Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changes of Organic Acids and Free Fatty Acids During the Ripening of Emmental Cheese

The objective of this study was to characterize the lactate metabolism and lipolysis in Emmental cheese made of Korean raw milk throughout the ripening periods; 14 d at 10 C, 42 d at 23 C, and 30 d at 4 C. Emmental cheese was made using a commercial starter culture with propionic acid bacteria (PAB) and without PAB as a control on the pilot plant scale. Changes in the contents of five organic acids (citric, lactic, formic, acetic, and propionic acid) and individual free fatty acids (FFAs) were measured using HPLC/PDA and GC/FID. As a result of propionic fermentation by PAB, the concentration of acetic acid and propionic acid increased up to 1.5 and 6.1 g/kg, respectively and the most dramatic increased occurred when incubated in the hot room (23 C). Lactic, citric, and formic acid contents were 2.6, 2.5 and 0.8 g/kg at the end of ripening, respectively. As a result of lipolysis, the amount of total FFAs was 6,628.2 mg/kg. Compared to the control, levels of individual FFAs from butyric (C6:0) to linoleic (C18:2) acids increased significantly (p<0.05) during the ripening period. Especially, 65.1% of total FFAs was released in the 23 C room and the most abundant FFAs were palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1). These results demonstrated that the lipolysis of Emmental cheese was strongly affected by bacterial lipase from PAB.
Correlation and Path Coefficient Analyses in Sugarcane

This study was conducted to determine the contribution of different traits to cane yield in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L). Sixty-five clones were evaluated in a replicated field experiment at Sugarcane Research Programme, Jitpur, Nepal in 2003 for six morphological characters under irrigated conditions. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for all the characters studied. Cane yield showed positively and highly significant correlation with single cane weight, stalk length and millable cane number. There was also positively significant correlation of cane diameter and number of internode with cane yield. Length of internode had positive non-significant correlation with cane yield. Single cane weight had the highest positive direct effect on cane yield followed by millable cane number. Stalk diameter and stalk length was positively and significantly correlated with cane yield, which was due to indirect effect of single cane weight. Results indicate that the genotypes should be selected on the basis of single cane weight and millable cane number for getting higher sugarcane yield.
Mapping perceptions of linguistic variation in Qassim, Saudi Arabia, using GIS technology

Abstract This study explores perceptions held by speakers of Qassimi Arabic (a variety of Najdi Arabic, spoken in central Saudi Arabia) about linguistic variation in their own dialect, and the sociocultural evaluations associated with their perceptions. Drawing on perceptual dialectology research methods, respondents completed the draw-a-map and labeling tasks. The maps were collected and then analyzed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping software to aggregate, query, and create a composite heat map. Findings indicate that Qassimi speakers perceive regional variation to be associated with urban centers, particularly Buraydah and Unayzah, which were identified as the most salient dialect areas. Analysis of the labeled maps generated six categories of evaluative comments: drawl, influences from other regional dialects, heavy accent, old vocabulary, fast, and affrication. These findings point to the need for further exploration of the underlying ideologies and social values that Arabic speakers have about their own dialects and other dialects in Arabic-speaking communities.
Abiotic factors influencing diversity and abundance of congregating fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia

ABSTRACT Records of fireflies are numerous in Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah although little is known regarding the firefly population in Sarawak. Thus, the aim of this study is to document the diversity and abundance of the congregating fireflies and their display trees in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia and to investigate the possible significance of several abiotic factors in relation to the abundance of fireflies. The study was conducted in February 2019 at Sungai Raan, Sungai Sibuti and Sungai Niah in Sarawak using the sweep net at eleven display trees selected randomly along each river. A total of 296 firefly individuals representing two species, namely Pteroptyx bearni (Olivier 1909) and Pteroptyx malaccae (Gorham, 1880) were recorded. Both species occurred at Sungai Niah with a total of 146 individuals, however, only P. bearni was recorded at Sungai Sibuti (97 individuals) and Sungai Raan (53 individuals). Most fireflies were observed to congregate on the mangrove tree species, Rhizophora apiculata. There was significant negative correlation (r = - 0.164, p<0.05) between the total dissolved solids in the river water and firefly abundance at Sungai Sibuti. However, there were no significant correlations (p>0.05) between the firefly abundance and other abiotic factors at all the study rivers. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A42D2F63-DBB-4376-BAIC-83ABA4A9A537
A dyadic approach to attachment anxiety and avoidance, marital conflict, and drinking

In this research, we integrate attachment theory and dyadic methodology to examine how attachment anxiety and avoidance might interact with marital conflict to influence alcohol consumption, drinking motives, and alcohol-related problems in a sample of 280 married and cohabiting couples over 3 years. Both husband and wife attachment anxiety were related to higher levels of own drinking to cope and alcohol-related problems. Additionally, both husband and wife reports of marital conflict were associated with own alcohol-related problems. For wives, significant interactions between anxiety and marital conflict suggested that anxiety was more strongly associated with alcohol consumption, coping, and problems at higher levels of conflict. For husbands, significant interactions between avoidance and conflict indicated that avoidance was more strongly associated with coping and problems at lower levels of conflict. This research suggests two main patterns of attachment and alcohol use, both exacerbated by marital conflict and different for husbands and wives.
Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) affects yield and quality of wheat

The effect of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), feeding on yield and quality of winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L. , was studied in the greenhouse and field. Cages were used to contain the aphids and to exclude natural enemies. Greenhouse experiments showed that plant height, shoot weight, and number of spikes were significantly reduced by Russian wheat aphid feeding through the jointing stage. Yield per plant was significantly reduced by infestation through the heading stage. In 1987-1988 and in 1988-1989, field study yields were significantly reduced by fall and spring periods of infestation. Yield was significantly affected by fall and spring infestations in 1987-1988 but not in 1988-1989. The economic injury levels for the spring infestations of 1988 and 1989 were 0.9 and 2.4 aphids per seven plants, respectively; those for the fall period of infestation were higher at 2.2 and 4.0, respectively. Tested only following the spring period of infestation, both protein content and mixing time of the resulting flour were reduced by the Russian wheat aphid. However, mixing time was still within the acceptable range (1.5-3.0 min) for bread-making.
Economics of harvesting uneven-aged forest stands in Fennoscandia

This study analyzes the optimal harvesting of uneven-aged Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. ), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and birch (Betula pendula Roth. and B. pubescens Ehrh.) stands. The analysis is based on an economic description of uneven-aged forestry using a size-structured transition matrix model and a single-tree model. The optimization problem is solved in its general dynamic form using gradient-based interior point methods. Increasing the harvesting interval decreases the annual volume yield. Assuming natural regeneration, this suggests that volume yield is maximized by uneven-aged rather than even-aged management. The present value of stumpage revenues is maximized after saw timber and pulpwood prices, interest rate, and a 15-year harvesting interval are included. The economically optimal solution with a 3% interest rate produces an annual yield of 1.9, 6.2, and 3.1 cubic meters for Scots pine, Norway spruce, and birch, respectively. Both the optimal volume yield and net present value maximization solutions converge to unique species- and site-type-specific steady states with constant harvests. The transition matrix model typically used in optimization studies is computationally less demanding than the single-tree model, but the differences in optimal solutions are more remarkable than earlier studies suggest.
Bi‐directional soil/atmosphere N2O exchange over two mown grassland systems with contrasting management practices

Nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from soil under mown grassland were monitored using static chambers over three growing seasons in intensively and extensively managed systems in Central Switzerland. Emissions were largest following the application of mineral (NH4NO3) fertilizer, but there were also substantial emissions following cattle slurry application, after grass cuts and during the thawing of frozen soil. Continuous flux sampling, using automatic chambers, showed marked diurnal patterns in N2O fluxes during emission peaks, with highest values in the afternoon. Net uptake fluxes of N2O and subambient N2O concentrations in soil open pore space were frequently measured on both fields. Flux integration over 2.5 years yields a cumulated emission of +4.7 kgN2O‐N ha−1 for the intensively managed field, equivalent to an average emission factor of 1.1%, and a small net sink activity of −0.4 kg N2O‐N ha−1 for the unfertilized system. The data suggest the existence of a consumption mechanism for N2O in dry, areated soil conditions, which cannot be explained by conventional anaerobic denitrification. The effect of fertilization on greenhouse gas budgets of grassland at the ecosystem level is discussed.
Identifying costs: The case of refractive error, strabismus, and ptosis amongst children in Vietnam

ABSTRACT Background: Vietnamese children older than six are not covered by Health Insurance Scheme for strabismus, ptosis, refractive error. Consequently, they are not getting appropriate treatment. Health insurance law is being revised to widen its coverage. Facilitating this advocacy, this study estimates costs of strabismus surgery, ptosis surgery, refractive error correction amongst children under 16. Methods: This retrospective study on healthcare costs of 3 eye diseases was estimated from the provider's perspective employing a standard costing approach. Results: Average costs of diagnosis, treatment, follow-up services for a case of refractive error were US$ 13.2; US$ 12.4; US$ 7.3, and US$ 1.5 at the central, provincial, district, and communal level, respectively. These figures for a strabismus case were US$ 183.2; US$ 154.1 at the central and provincial levels, respectively. These figures of a ptosis case at the central, provincial, district hospitals were US$ 201.2; US$ 155.7; US$ 6.5, respectively. Total annual costs for 03 pediatric eye diseases as % of the total amount of health insurance revenue from children under 16 years old were 4.23%; 0.07%; 0.02%, respectively and as of GDP were 0.0129%; 0.0002%; 0.0001%, respectively Conclusion: The costs should be covered by health insurance scheme as a result of medical necessity, cost-effectiveness interventions, within the scope of a payable health insurance fund.
(What) Can Journalism Studies Learn from Supervised Machine Learning?

ABSTRACT In recent years, scholars have explored the applicability of supervised machine learning (SML) within journalism studies. While such computational methods could be of added value to the field, the rationale for employing these supervised models harbors some assumptions that deserve further inspection. This paper seeks to specify under which conditions SML could be useful for journalism scholars and where the field stands in exploiting its potential benefits. We start with an introduction to SML and give an overview of its applications within journalism studies. Next, we identify challenges for the field in its adoption of such techniques. These include overstating the time and financial savings caused by automatic coding, neglecting proper sampling methods, the danger of algorithmic determinism and the limited generalizability of predictive modeling across different domains, contexts and time periods. At the same time, we distinguish several opportunities. These include sharing classifiers, standardizing coding schemes and adopting general purpose techniques. Most importantly, in order for SML to contribute to the epistemological advancements in the field, SML could be used to explain how long-standing theories in journalism are changing. In turn, this might help us to disentangle the inner workings of our contemporary complex news ecosystem.
Disseminated Leishmaniasis: Clinical, immunological, and therapeutic aspects

Disseminated leishmaniasis (DL) is a distinct, severe, and emerging form of American tegumentary leishmaniasis. DL has been characterized by more than 10 multiple and pleomorphic cutaneous lesions, distributed in more than two noncontiguous parts of the body. Mucosal involvement is detected in up to 44% of cases. The development of the DL involves a complex and poorly understood network involving parasite, host immune response, and the environment, where L. braziliensis polymorphism plays a major role. A decrease in the type 1 immune response in the peripheral blood of DL patients appears to be caused by the attraction of Leishmania‐activated T cells to the multiple cutaneous lesions. DL is a difficult to cure disease and failure to pentavalent antimony therapy is observed in at least 60% of cases. Drug Dev Res 72:437–441, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ecophysiology of the Cyanobacterium Dactylococcopsis salina: Effect of Light Intensity, Sulphide and Temperature

SUMMARY: Dactylococcopsis salina is a planktonic gas-vacuolated cyanobacterium that forms a distinct bacterial plate at the metalimnion of Solar Lake, Sinai. Temperature, light intensity and sulphide concentration were examined as possible limiting factors determining the distribution of D. salina during the annual limnological cycle of Solar Lake. Both laboratory cultures and in situ samples were examined for their photosynthetic activity at a wide range of temperature, light intensity and sulphide concentrations. The cyanobacterium showed a considerable light adaptation and a capacity for photosynthetic activity at high light intensities. It also showed anoxygenic photosynthesis using H2S as an alternative electron donor, but this activity was only 4% of oxygenic photosynthesis. Furthermore, F2S was highly toxic to D. salina and no CO2 photoassimilation could be detected at pH 7 and 1 mM-sulphide. Temperature is the primary environmental factor governing the distribution of D. salina in Solar Lake.
Abundance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus having tdh and/or trh genes in an area of Seto-Inland Sea, Japan

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important etiological agent of gastroenteritis associated with seafood consumption in Japan and many parts of the world. Thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH)and TDH-related hemolysin (TRH), encoded by the tdh and trh genes respectively, are the most recognized pathogenic factors of this bacterium. During this study a high percentage of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from an area was found to be positive for the tdh and/or trh genes by PCR, although almost all of the isolates lacked the ability to produce active hemolysin. Such tdh and/or trh positive strains were isolated from a specific coastal area, but not isolated from four other areas of the Seto-Inland Sea. This particular area, Kojima Bay, receives freshwater from several adjacent rivers, and such influx of water may have special effects on the growth V. parahaemolyticus, as evidenced by the high density of this bacterium in water samples (2300 to 4600 per 100 ml). V. parahaemolyticus of various sero-groups were isolated from each area; however, Kojima Bay samples were dominated by 01, 03, and 04 sero-groups.
Predicting modes of toxic action from chemical structure: Acute toxicity in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)

In the field of aquatic toxicology, quantitative structure‐activity relationships (QSARs) have developed as scientifically credible models for predicting the toxicity of chemicals when little or no empirical data are available. In recent years, there has been an evolution of QSAR development and application from that of a chemical‐class perspective to one that is more consistent with assumptions regarding modes of toxic action. The objective of this research was to develop procedures that relate modes of acute toxic action in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) to chemical structures and properties. An empirically derived database for diverse chemical structures of acute toxicity and corresponding modes of toxic action was developed through joint toxic action studies, the establishment of toxicodynamic profiles, and behavioral and dose‐response interpretation of 96‐h LC50 tests. Using the results from these efforts, as well as principles in the toxicological literature, approximately 600 chemicals were classified as narcotics (three distinct groups), oxidative phosphorylation uncouplers, respiratory inhibitors, electrophiles/proelectrophiles, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, or central nervous system seizure agents. Using this data set, a computer‐based expert system has been established whereby chemical structures are associated with likely modes of toxic action and, when available, corresponding QSARs.
Habitat preferences of breeding Water Rail Rallus aquaticus

Capsule Surveys using broadcast vocalizations during the breeding season found that Water Rail were significantly more abundant at sites that contained the most wet reed Phragmites sp. Aim To field test a survey method for estimating the abundance of breeding Water Rail and to provide an assessment of coarse-scale habitat selection. Methods Water Rails were surveyed in 1996–97 at 77 wetland sites across Wales using broadcast vocalizations from a handheld cassette player. Volunteers were recruited to allow maximum geographical coverage during the month-long survey period, generally making three early morning visits to each site. Basic habitat characteristics were recorded for all sites and more detailed information, including freshwater invertebrate samples, were taken from a subset of 22 sites. Results A minimum of 43 to 49 breeding pairs of Water Rail were counted. Numbers of individuals differed significantly between the two survey years, but estimates of the number of pairs were consistent. Water Rail occurrence at a site was significantly related to the presence of wet reed Phragmites sp. Dry sites with low vegetation cover were the least occupied. Water Rail abundance was positively correlated with the abundance of Odonata, Plecoptera and Diptera larvae, but lack of data on actual dietary composition prohibits concluding a causal relationship. Conclusion We hypothesize that increased Water Rail abundance associated with expanses of wet reed reflects a combination of nest safety, reduced risk of predation, and increased food availability. Current reed-bed management to maintain wetland conditions, often standard procedures for such systems, are probably beneficial to Water Rail. This work demonstrates that useful information on ecological preferences for otherwise secretive birds can be obtained from vocalization surveys.
Assessing vitamin D status of callitrichids: Baseline data from wild cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia

Bone disease related to vitamin D deficiency is an insidious problem in captive colonies of callitrichids. Currently a diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency may be made after the appearance of clinical pathology, usually bone deformities or fractures. The development of assays for vitamin D metabolites suggests it may be possible to detect incipient vitamin D deficiency before animals are adversely affected. However, there are few data on normative levels of these metabolites in any nonhuman primates. We collected blood samples from 18 wild cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) from Colombia and assayed them for 25-hydroxy vitamin D(25-OH-D), the major circulating form of the vitamin, which is believed to be a good indicator of status. Serum concentrations of 25-OH-D averaged 76.4 ng/ml (range 25.5–120 ng/ml). This is high compared with human norms (10–55 ng/ml), but the range is lower than that reported in the literature for captive callitrichids. Juveniles had higher serum concentrations than did adults, and pregnant females had lower concentrations than did nonpregnant females. These data confirm that healthy callitrichids have higher circulating levels of 25-OH-D than do humans, but they suggest that the extremely high levels found in some captive animals (300–600 ng/ml) may be above normal. We propose that serum concentrations of 25-OH-D of 50–120 ng/ml can be considered normal for cotton-top tamarins and perhaps other callitrichids. If serum values much below 50 ng/ml are found during clinical evaluation, the possibility of incipient vitamin D deficiency should be considered. Zoo Biol 16:39–46, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Abundancia, distribución en los forófitos y producción de frutos de la primera población de Telipogon helleri (Orchidaceae) descubierta en México

Se estudio la distribucion en los forofitos y se detalla la produccion de frutos de las 46 plantas de Telipogon helleri, recientemente registradas en Mexico por Solano et al. (2011). Se caracterizo el cafetal, se determinaron las clases de vida de cada planta de orquidea, inmaduras y adultas, distribucion vertical; tronco, horquetas, ramas y ramillas; y orientacion que tenian en los forofitos. De las plantas de T. helleri, 97.83% son adultas, lo que sugiere limitacion en el reclutamiento. Sobre cafetos crecian 10 plantasde T. helleri, 21.74% del total y 36 ocupaban arboles de sombra (78.26%). Incluyendo cafetos y arboles, 73.92% de la poblacion (34 plantas) crecia en el tronco. Entre 2.1-4 m de altura estaba 78.26% de las plantas. Se contabilizaron 51 inflorescencias con 181 flores, de las cuales 23.76% formaron frutos (43 frutos). Telipogon helleri aun tiene una poblacion muy incipiente y localizada, siendo imprescindible monitorearla para ver su comportamiento a largo plazo y evaluar su relacion con las demas especies de epifitas vasculares presentes en el agroecosistema cafetalero.