Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deep-Sea Species Richness: Regional and Local Diversity Estimates from Quantitative Bottom Samples

The deep-sea communities of the continental slope and rise off the eastern coast of the United States have a remarkably high diversity-measured regionally or locally either as species richness or as the evenness of relative abundance among species. In a 1,500-2,500-m depth range off New Jersey and Delaware, 233 30 x 30-cm samples contained 798 species in 171 families and 14 phyla. Addition of stations from sites to the north and south approximately doubled the number of samples and doubled the number of species to 1,597. Species-area curves do not level off within stations or when stations are added together. Moreover, the proportion of species represented by single individuals is high at all scales of sampling, which indicates that much more sampling is needed to adequately represent the species richness either locally or regionally. Diversity changes very little through time at a single site or with distance along a 180-km transect at a depth of 2,100 m. Diversity is maintained by a combination of biogenic microhabitat heterogeneity in a system with few barriers to dispersal, disturbance created by feeding activities of larger animals, and food resources divided into patches of a few square meters to square centimeters initiated by specific temporally separated events.
Comparison of polymerase chain reaction based methods with plating on media to detect and identify verticillium wilt pathogens of potato

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assay that utilizes specific primers was compared with assays involving plating on selective agar media for its ability to detect and identify verticillium wilt pathogens of potato following artificial inoculations under field conditions. The common Verticillium species were detected in stem tissues and soil using both methods. The PCR assay was faster and efficient, requiring only 2 days for positive species identification, whereas the media-plating method required more than 4 weeks. Verticillium albo-atrum strain 1 (VA1) was the most frequently recovered species in soil and stems that were assayed using PCR and plating methods. However, the weakly pathogenic V. albo-atrum strain 2 (VA2) could not be differentiated from the more aggressive VA1 strain using the plating on media method. Verticillium tricorpus was detected at very low levels in plots that had been inoculated with this species, whereas VA2 was not detected in assayed potato stems using either method. H.
Characteristics of Low‐fat Ground Beef Containing Texture‐modifying Ingredients

Dietary fibers, starches, and Polydextrose® were incorporated unhydrated into 5 and 10% fat hamburger for texture modification and comparison to 5, 10, 20, and 30% fat controls. Levels for individual and total ingredients ranged from 0.5 to 4% and 3.5 to 6%, respectively. Treatments containing Polydextrose, starch, and fiber had cooking losses 20–40% less than controls. Patties containing three-way combinations of ingredients were more similar to 20% fat controls for texture traits than were those containing 1 or 2 ingredients: Patties with ingredients had less oily coating of the mouth, but were less juicy than controls. Beef flavor intensity scores were reduced slightly for low-fat patties with ingredients. Texture modification of low-fat ground beef is possible with food-grade ingredients.
Effect of phosphorylated acylglycerols on the oxidative stability of edible oils

Phosphorylated acylglycerols and their salts containing nitrogen inhibit the autoxidation of rapeseed, soybean, sunflowerseed, and hydrogenated rapeseed oils, similarly as natural soybean or rapeseed phospho-lipid concentrates (lecithins). The activity is moderate at low concentration levels (0.02–0.10%) but well pronounced at higher levels (0.5–2.0%), the protection factor being proportional to the concentration of phospholipids. Ammonium salts are more active than lysine and arginine salts which are more active than free phosphatidic acids. Zinc salts have only very low activity, and calcium and sodium salts are inefficient. The activity depends on the quality of oils, and in lesser degree, on the composition of phospholipids.
Nonlethal Assessment of Juvenile Pink and Chum Salmon for Parasitic Sea Lice Infections and Fish Health

Abstract Industrial salmon farming has been correlated with infestations of parasitic sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis in adjacent wild juvenile salmonids and declines of sympatric wild salmonid populations. Prohibitively large financial, human, and logistical resource requirements prevent the implementation of long-term, large-scale monitoring programs to assess the effect of farms on wild salmonids. We report a novel nonlethal sampling procedure for quantifying louse abundances and measures of fish health on wild juvenile pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and chum salmon O. keta during their early marine life history phase. The method significantly reduces the resource requirements of sampling programs and provides a desirable nonlethal alternative for studying depressed or threatened populations. The simplicity of the protocol facilitates public participation, further decreasing costs while increasing the potential spatiotemporal coverage and resolution of future research–monitoring programs.
Importance of larval migration (dispersal) for the survival of Ascia monuste (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Insect species whose larvae have high mobility, such as Ascia monuste (Godart), show a poor discriminatory oviposition behavior with respect to the quantity of food. Such behavior in A. monuste is influenced positively by the spatial and temporal abundance of kale (Brassica oleracea Var. acephala), its main host, in nature. A. monuste caterpillars frequently migrate in search of food to complete their development and even smaller larval clusters at about 20 individuals are not supported by the resources provided by a medium-size kale plant. Migration (dispersal) of 5th-instar larvae was necessary both in groups feeding on plants confined in cages and on plants growing in nature, and migration was successful when the plants were close to one another. The oviposition of A. monuste females on isolated plants was similar to the oviposition in clustered plants in nature. Ovipositing on isolated plants reduced the survival of immatures since larval migration was impaired by the absence of nearby host plants (experimental condition). Predation of larvae on the plant of origin was the major cause of A. monuste mortality in nature.
Seed Abortion in Japanese Persimmon 'Nishimurawase'

Embryo and endosperm development was histologically observed to seek the cause of seed abortion in Japanese persimmon 'Nishimurawase'. Four seeds each from 30 open-pollinated fruits were collected periodically from anthesis to 60 days later. Seeds were fixed and their sections studied microscopically.1. The fertilized egg which began to divide 16 days after anthesis developed into proembryos two weeks later. The embryos became globular 40 days after anthesis and then became torpedo-shaped 10 days later. Cotyledonary embryos were 3.0 mm in length 60 days after anthesis.2. The primary endosperm nucleus began to divide 4 days after anthesis; nearly all endosperms underwent cellular endosperm stage from a free nuclear division stage 30 days after anthesis.3. Three types of abnormality in seed developments were observed; a) the embryosac:b) abnormal free nuclear division in the endosperm: Free nuclear division of endosperm either did not occur or it was delayed (18%) ; and c) endosperm abortion.Embryosac abnormality fell into three categories; 1) degeneration (16%) ; 2) two or more embryosacs were formed (15%) ; and 3) incomplete embryosac at anthesis (3%). 4. Seeds with abnormal development of embryosac and abnormal free nuclear division of endosperm did not enlarge at the same rate as did those which were normal. Therefore, abnormal seeds were distinguishable from normal one by their lengths about 20 days after anthesis. Seeds (11%) in which the endosperm quit enlarging after cellular endosperm stage were smaller than normal ones but larger than those in which the embryosac or the endosperm aborted during its free nuclear division stage.
Morphological affinities of Japanese species of Laminaria (Phaeophyta)

Abstract The morphological relationships of Japanese species of Laminaria (Phaeophyta) were assessed using multivariate analyses. The 13 previously recognized species were represented by 19 population samples from Hokkaido. Analyses of these samples suggested the existence of five distinct morphological forms. The clustering of these forms and their specific composition were generally compatible with the more classical taxonomy of this genus. Each form had a distinctive distribution through the three biogeographical provinces, which are defined by temperature regimes, recognized for the Hokkaido shores.
Orchardgrass versus Alfalfa for Lactating Dairy Cattle: Production, Digestibility and Nitrogen Balance

Abstract Jonker, J.S. , Cherney, D.J.R. , Fox, D.G. , Chase, L.E. and Cherney, J.H. 2002. Orchardgrass versus alfalfa for lactating dairy cattle: production, digestibility and nitrogen balance. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 21: 81–92. Effects of forage fiber source on milk production, digestibility and nitrogen balance were studied for three hay forages: early bloom alfalfa (ALF), early bloom orchardgrass (OG-E) and late bloom orchardgrass (OG-L). Multiparous mid-lactation Holstein cows were used in a 3x3 Latin square design replicated four times (12 cows) for the production trial and replicated three times (9 cows) for in vivo digestibility and nitrogen balance. Cows were fed one of three isonitrogenous and isocaloric rations containing 9.5 g kg−1 NDF per kg BW from forage. Cows consumed similar quantities of NDF (14.7±0.8g kg−1 BW) and the ALF, OG-E and OG-L diets produced 29.1, 30.1 and 32.5 kg d−1 of milk, respectively. Apparent digestibility for NDF and DM was higher for the orchardgrass rations than the alfalfa based ration. Higher N intake resulted in higher N output in both urine and milk, but N excretion in feces was not different between diet treatments. Efficiency of conversion of N to milk was 25.9%. Home grown forage accounted for 78.8% of N in the ALF diets, while only 47.8% and 22.7% of N came from OG-E and OG-L, respectively. Balanced orchardgrass dairy rations can be well utilized by lactating dairy cattle and can clearly have a place in nutrient management systems, provided grass is harvested at a high yield and quality.
A nonpathogenic species of binucleate Rhizoctonia inhibits the formation of infection structures caused by Rhizoctonia solani on cucumber

Binucleate Rhizoctonia (BNR) W7 was evaluated for the efficacy to control damping-off disease in cucumber seedlings. Results revealed that Lobate appresoria and dome-shaped infection cushion were produced by virulent Rhizoctonia solani C9 AG4 on the surface of the cucumber seedling hypocotyls, causing damping-off, 12 h after inoculation. A significant positive correlation was observed between disease severity rating and number of infection cushions (r = 0.94) and appresoria (r = 0.97) on the hypocotyls of seedlings inoculated with virulent R. solani C9 alone. Inoculation of a nonpathogenic species of BNR prior to virulent R. solani significantly reduced the number of appresoria on hypocotyls surface and inhibited the formation of infection cushions that accompanied by highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) reduction in disease severity in comparison with seedling inoculated with R. solani C9 alone. Formation of mucilaginous material upon recognition of the nonpathogenic isolate of BNR followed by hyphal lysis of BNR W7 6 h after inoculation was responsible for reduction in appresorium formation and complete inhibition of infection cushion formation. However, the number of infection structures produced on cucumber was not significantly different for hypocotyls of seedlings inoculated with R. solani C9 with and without the nonpathogenic BNR W7.
Effects of Red Ginseng on Neonatal Hypoxia-induced Hyperacitivity Phenotype in Rats

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects 4-12% of chool-age children worldwide and is characterized by three core symptoms: hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity. Although standard pharmacological treatments, such as methylphenidate and atomoxetine, are available, concerns about drug-induced psychological and cardiovascular problems, as well as growth retardation and sleep disturbances, highlight the continuing need for new therapeutic interventions. Using a neonatal hypoxia-induced hyperactivity model in rats, the potential positive role that oral administration of red ginseng extract may have in relation to the hyperactive phenotype was investigated. Hypoxia was induced in 2-day-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat pups by placing them in a nitrogen chamber for 15 min. The neonatal hypoxia-induced rats showed a significant increase in hyperactivity phenotype, such as increased movement duration, movement distance, and rearing frequency, which was determined by monitoring their spontaneous locomotor activity using the Ethovision video tracking system. One week of oral treatment with red ginseng extract decreased the hyperactivity phenotype of the neonatal hypoxia-induced rats and increased the locomotor activity of the control rats. In the neonatal hypoxia-induced rats, expression of the norepinephrine transporter in the forebrain was increased, and red ginseng treatment partially prevented its up-regulation, while increasing its level in the control rats. Taken together, these results suggest that red ginseng extract decreased the neonatal hypoxia-induced hyperactivity phenotype, although it increased locomotor activity in normal animals.
The Relationship Between Laboratory Measures of Egg Shell Quality and Breakage in Commercial Egg Washing and Candling Equipment

Abstract Eggs from 494 hens of two White Leghorn strains were passed through egg-washing and candling equipment three times. At each cycle, the cracked and broken eggs were removed and a sample of the intact eggs obtained. Records were kept of the hen that laid each egg. Egg and shell quality measurements were obtained from additional eggs of the same hens; they were used to rank the birds as to the quality of their eggs by each measure. Breakage of eggs was high for the three cycles of washing and candling (7.8, 13, and 13.3%, respectively). The shell weight, percentage shell, shell thickness, specific gravity (by Archimedes’ method), and shell weight per unit surface area were significantly (P
Ultrastructural and Cytochemical Studies on Cellulose, Xylan and Pectin Degradation in Wheat Spikes Infected by Fusarium culmorum

The cell wall components cellulose, xylan and pectin in different tissues of noninoculated healthy and Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Smith) Sacc-infected wheat spikes were localized by means of enzyme-gold and immuno-gold labelling techniques. The cell walls in the ovary, lemma and rachis of the healthy wheat spike showed labellings in different patterns and densities with cellulase-gold and xylanase-gold probes, as well as with the antipectin monoclonal antibody JIM7. The inter- and intracellular growth of the pathogen in the ovary, lemma and rachis of the infected wheat spike, not only caused pronounced alterations of cell walls and middle lamella matrices, but also led to marked modifications of cell wall components. The enzyme-gold and immuno-gold labellings in the infected host tissues revealed that the labelling densities for cellulose, xylan and pectin were significantly reduced in the cell walls of infected ovary, lemma and rachis as compared with corresponding healthy host tissues. The host cell walls in contact with or close to hyphae of the pathogen showed more marked morphological changes and much greater reduction of the labelling density than those in distance from the hyphae. These results provide evidence that F. culmorum may produce cell-wall-degrading enzymes such as cellulases, xylanases and pectinases during infection and colonization of wheat spikes tissues. Furthermore, at the early stage of infection (e.g. 3 days after inoculation), the degradation of pectin was greater than that of cellulose and xylan in the cell walls of the same infected host tissues, indirectly suggesting that the pectinases may be secreted earlier or exert higher activities than cellulases and xylanases.
WHY RED FLOWERS ARE NOT INVISIBLE TO BEES

ABSTRACT A pervasive idea among pollination biologists is that bees cannot see red flowers. This idea has led many workers to assume that red coloration is an adaptation by which flowers exclude bees as visitors. However, recent empirical and theoretical evidence strongly supports the alternative view, that red flowers are visible to bees. Our purpose is to marshal this evidence from physiology, behavior, and ecology. First, we define the spectral boundary between orange and red, and show that the visual spectrum of all bee species studied to date extends enough into long wavelengths to provide sensitivity to red light. Such sensitivity differs from the ability to discriminate different monochromatic lights, and we argue that bees will be unable to discriminate such lights above about 550 nm. Second, we point out that flowers do not reflect monochromatic lights. Instead many of them, particularly those that appear red, orange, yellow, and white to humans, have reflectance patterns that are essentially ste.
Comparison of different treatments for LM and SEM studies and systematic value of pollen grains in Cyperaceae

The pollen grain morphology of 30 species of 27 genera from the four subfamilies of the Cyperaceae have been studied with LM and SEM. Several methods were tested in order to find the optimal treatment for the delicate Cyperaceae pollen grains. For LM, treatment with wetting agent Agepon and KOH yielded the best results, while critical point drying (CPD) after fixation with alcohol proved to be the best method for studying pollen grains of Cyperaceae with SEM. Our results show that the Mapanioideae have a pollen grain type (only one distal ulcus) clearly different from the other Cyperaceae. Representatives of the examined Sclerioideae and Caricoideae show a similar pollen grain type (mostly one distal ulcus and three lateral pores) while in the Cyperoideae different pollen grain types are found.
Comparative study of territoriality and habitat use in syntopic Jungle Crow (Corvus macrorhynchos) and Carrion Crow (C. corone)

Jungle Crows (Corvus macrorhynchos) and Carrion Crows (C. corone) are common species in Japan. They are closely related and considered ecological “generalists”. I carried out a comparative study on territory and habitat use of these crows in an area where they occur syntopically. The two species defended their territories both intra- and interspecifically. The feeding behavior on the ground and the microhabitats in the territories differed between the species. Jungle Crow territories contained more urban areas, and they foraged mainly at garbage stations. In contrast, Carrion Crows mainly foraged in natural or at least un-paved microhabitats and stayed longer on the ground. Differences in microhabitat use and feeding behavior seemed to contribute to ecological separation between the two species of crows.
Composition and Distribution of Caspian Fauna in the Light of Modern Data

The composition of the Caspian fauna is considered in the light of modern data. The number of autochthonous species known for the Caspian Sea has now reached 435 and the Caspian species in the Pontoazov basin and Lake Aral number 178 and 41 species, respectively, i. e. 25–30% more than stated in the lists in my previous review (1960, 1964). The distribution of the Caspian fauna outside the Caspian Sea is discussed and it is shown that the ranges of many species have diminised owing to unfavourable conditions. However, in some species, especially mysids, the ranges have become substantially larger on account of their artificial acclimatization.
Interspecific Allometries Are by-Products of Body Size Optimization

Many physiological and life-history traits correlate with body weight in interspecific comparisons. To explain these allometries, we assume that the parameters of within-species functions describing the size dependence of production and mortality rates differ between species of the same taxon and that natural selection has optimized body size through optimal allocation of resources to growth and reproduction independently in each species. In a simple simulation model, we obtain good interspecific allometries for respiration, assimilation, production rates, age at maturity, and life expectancy. Some correlations, for example, those between age at maturity and life expectancy, remain significant after the effect of body size is removed. The slopes of the allometries depend not only on the average values of the parameters but also on their coefficients of variation. We show analytically how these slopes are determined for a simplifed model and how body size distributions are determined. In our model, interspecific allometries emerge as a result of body size optimization and the distributions of intraspecific production and mortality parameters.
RELATION OF TEMPERATURE TO DEVELOPMENT OF THE MACROTHALLUS OF DESMOTRICHUM UNDULATUM 1, 2

Desmotrichum undulatum (J. Agardh) Reinke (Phaeophyta) was found in the winter months in the littoral zone of a tidal marsh in Virginia. When field collections were maintained in culture media at 21 C, most cells of the thallus developed into plurilocular sporangia. Released zoospores developed into microthalli from which clonal cultures were established. At 21 C microthalli produced sporangia which released zoospores, subsequently developing into more microthalli. However, microthalli at 6 C formed filaments which subsequently developed into thalloid plants. When the thalloid plants of Desmotrichum formed in culture were subjected to 21 C, plurilocular sporangia were formed. These results support the proposition that the seasonal periodicity of Desmotrichum is due to a temperature‐regulated phenomenon in the development of macrothalli.
Biomasses et croissance du pin maritime. Étude de la variabilité dans un peuplement de 16 ans

Ce travail s'integre dans un etude generale de l'ecosysteme forestier landais visant a juger l'effet de la sylviculture actuelle sur l'evolution de la fertilite minerale de l'ecosysteme (tendance a la recolte totale, fertilisation). L'approche globale utilisee est celle du cycle biogeochimique. Elle necessite l'evaluation des stocks (biomasse, mineralomasse, reserves du sol) et des principaux flux (prelevements, retours). Nous presentons les resultats concernant la morphologie et la biomasse d'un jeune peuplement (16 ans) de lande humide issu d'une experimentation representative de la sylviculture actuelle. L'echantillonnage est effectue suivant la methode stratifiee par classe de circonference: 20 arbres sont retenus, un echantillonnage important est effectue au niveau du houppier (375 branches). Une modelisation en cascade est necessaire pour determiner la biomasse du peuplement: 1) La modelisation de la biomasse des branches est etablie a partir d'un modele logarithmique prenant en compte le diametre de la branche et son âge. Les ecarts aux mesures montrent que ce modele, bien que tres satisfaisant, ne prend pas en compte l'effet «arbre». Notre echantillon ne permet pas de l'inclure dans le modele.