Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of Indomethacin on Steroid Metabolism: Endocrine Disruption and Confounding Effects in Urinary Steroid Profiling of Anti-Doping Analyses

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are prohibited as doping substances in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Concentrations and concentration ratios of endogenous AAS (steroid profile markers) in urine samples collected from athletes are used to detect their administration. Certain (non-prohibited) drugs have been shown to influence the steroid profile and thereby sophisticate anti-doping analysis. It was shown in vitro that the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin inhibits selected steroid-biotransformations catalyzed by the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1C3, which plays a key role in the endogenous steroid metabolism. Kinetic parameters for the indomethacin-mediated inhibition of the AKR1C3 catalyzed reduction in etiocholanolone were determined in vitro using two comparing methods. As NSAIDs are very frequently used (not only) by athletes, the inhibitory impact of indomethacin intake on the steroid metabolism was evaluated, and steroid profile alterations were detected in vivo (one male and one female volunteer). Significant differences between samples collected before, during or after the intake of indomethacin for selected steroid profile markers were observed. The presented results are of relevance for the interpretation of results from doping control analysis. Additionally, the administration of NSAIDs should be carefully reconsidered due to their potential as endocrine disruptors.
The effect of participatory supervision program for nurses on patients’ satisfaction in medical- surgical wards

two groups (p=0.06). Conclusion: The results showed that the participatory supervision program for nurses improves patients’ satisfaction. Therefore, it is recommended that nurse managers include this program in their plans for improving quality of nursing cares in hospitals. Because, it’s contain is nursing process implementation, supervision, feedback and nurse performance appappraisal.
A multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy study on prefrontal activation during the graded Tower of London in schizophrenia

Objective To investigate the executive function as well as the characteristics of the activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of schizophrenia patients during the graded Tower of London test. Methods Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to assess hemoglobin concentration changes in the bilateral PFCs during the TOL tasks (at different levels of difficulty) in 30 schizophrenia patients and 30 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess the psychiatric symptoms of the patients. Results (1) The numbers of the correct answers of all the three difficulty levels of TOL in the schizophrenia group were less than that of the control group, while the response time were longer than that of the latter. （2） The majority of the prefrontal areas of the normal controls were significantly activated during TOL task. And compared with the controls, the patients were characterized by significant decreased activation in the bilateral PFC during all levels of the TOL tasks (P easy > difficult (the Δoxy-Hb of easy, medium and difficult were 4.05±4.89，5.93±3.94 and 2.12±1.78 respectively，P 0.05). There was no differences on activations in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the normal controls among the different levels of TOL (P>0.05), while for the patients, with the increasing of the difficulty of the TOL tasks, the activations were reduced instead (the Δoxy-Hb of easy, medium and difficult were 5.19±9.12,3.14±6.74 and 0.01±0.82 respectively，P<0.05). Conclusion Schizophrenia patients have executive dysfunction, which may be explained by PFC dysfunction. The results further support that schizophrenia patients have hypofrontality, and different activation model during executive tasks. Key words: Schizophrenia; Prefrontal cortex; Spectroscopy，near-infrared; Tower of London
Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research

This on-station study evaluated the effects of whole cotton seed supplementation on the carcass and meat qualities of Djallonke sheep. Twelve sheep of similar age and weight were randomly selected and supplemented with whole cotton seed (WCS) for fifteen weeks in a completely randomized design. Three treatment levels of 0 g, 200 g and 400 g were offered with four replicates. Supplementation had no adverse effect on carcass quality but significantly (P<0.001) improved juiciness and overall liking of the meat. The results suggest that whole cotton seed could be used as a supplementary feed with 200 g being enough to ensure the survival and to improve the productivity and meat quality of the Djallonke sheep.
Knowing when to ask: sound scheduling of name resolution in type checkers derived from declarative specifications

There is a large gap between the specification of type systems and the implementation of their type checkers, which impedes reasoning about the soundness of the type checker with respect to the specification. A vision to close this gap is to automatically obtain type checkers from declarative programming language specifications. This moves the burden of proving correctness from a case-by-case basis for concrete languages to a single correctness proof for the specification language. This vision is obstructed by an aspect common to all programming languages: name resolution. Naming and scoping are pervasive and complex aspects of the static semantics of programming languages. Implementations of type checkers for languages with name binding features such as modules, imports, classes, and inheritance interleave collection of binding information (i.e., declarations, scoping structure, and imports) and querying that information. This requires scheduling those two aspects in such a way that query answers are stable—i.e., they are computed only after all relevant binding structure has been collected. Type checkers for concrete languages accomplish stability using language-specific knowledge about the type system. In this paper we give a language-independent characterization of necessary and sufficient conditions to guarantee stability of name and type queries during type checking in terms of critical edges in an incomplete scope graph. We use critical edges to give a formal small-step operational semantics to a declarative specification language for type systems, that achieves soundness by delaying queries that may depend on missing information. This yields type checkers for the specified languages that are sound by construction—i.e., they schedule queries so that the answers are stable, and only accept programs that are name- and type-correct according to the declarative language specification. We implement this approach, and evaluate it against specifications of a small module and record language, as well as subsets of Java and Scala.
Predictive Modelling of Human - Elephant Conflicts in Shimba Hills Ecosystem

Human-elephant conflict (HEC) is a key example of the growing competition between people and wildlife for space and resources in Kenya. To effectively implement mitigation measures, understanding of the underlying factors that determine HEC is required. This study mapped the conflict prone areas in Shimba Hills (SH) Ecosystem. The study used questionnaires, group discussions and available Shimba Hills National Reserve (SHNR) conflict records to gather information on the nature, type and conflict locations (presence data). GIS-based stepwise logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship between the conflict areas and the selected habitat factors including distance to roads, distances to fenced and unfenced areas, distance to water, distance to settlements, slope, elevation and the land cover types. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the presence data of conflict sites and absence data (non-conflict sites). Random points were generated in the study area to represent absence data of conflicts. Results showed that distances to water (β= -0.0012, P=0.000), fence (β= -0.0006, P=0.000), roads (β=0.0005, P=0.016) and settlements (β=0.0002, P=0.037) were significant determinants of HEC. Areas near water, near fence, away from road and settlements were prone to conflicts. The four significant variables were used to generate conflict prone area map. The study successfully identi fied and mapped prone areas for elephant. Such maps are of practical and strategic use to wildlife managers in the SHNR. The study recommended community awareness programs. The programs will educate and involve the community on early detection of HEC and the necessary mitigation measure required
Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungi against Red Tef Worm, Mentaxya Ignicollis (Walker) (Lepdoptera: Noctuidae)

Red tef worm (M. ignicollis) is a serious pest of tef (Eragrostics tef (Zucc.), Trotter: Poaceae) grown on black soils. Hence the present study was conducted to identify the effective isolate and conidial concentration of the entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliea isolates) and to measure the larval mortality of M. ignicollis caused by the entomopathogenic fungi and, thereby controlling RTW to increase the production of tef on black soils. Laboratory studies were carried out in completely randomized design of with four fungal isolates at four conidial concentrations against 3rd instar larvae of red tef worm. The green house study were carried out in randomized complete block design with the four isolates at the concentration of 1x109 spores/ml. Percent mortality increased from 46.67 to 83.33% and 43.33 to 73.33% when larvae were treated with M. anisopliae isolate, MM and PPRC-2, respectively, whereas, B. bassiana isolates PPRC-56 and PPRC-9609 caused mortality ranging from 43.33 to 66.67% and 43.33 to 50%, respectively when applied at the conidial concentration of 1x106 to 1x109spores/ml under laboratory condition. Percent mortality under greenhouse condition showed that MM (70%) was the most virulent isolate; however, PPRC-2, PPRC-56 and PPRC-9609 caused larval mortality of 60%, 53.33% and 46.67% respectively. It was concluded that all tested isolates can cause infection on 3rd instar larvae of red tef worm and able to cause delayed effect to the next stages after application; however, in both laboratory and greenhouse studies, isolate MM was the most effective at conidial concentration of 1x109 spores/ml. In general, MM (1x109spores/ml) isolate was found to be effective and potency against 3rd instar larvae of red tef worm under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Therefore, since this agent is safe to the environment and other beneficial organisms and it is recommended to be verified for usage under open and large field conditions for the control of red tef worm.
Audit Quality of the Integrated Supply Chain – Evidence from Taiwan Electronic Industry

Many suppliers and their major customers share a common audit firm or even common auditors in endorsing financial statements (i.e., supply chain audit). Yet, accompanying with the benefits stemmed from enhanced information corroboration and expertise spillover, supply chain audit faces the challenge of potential information collusion and fee dependence. We find supply chain audit alone is not associated with high audit quality. However, supply chain audit, coupled with firm-level industry expertise, results in low discretionary accruals and weakly reduction in restatement probability. Further, sharing a common audit at firm, lead auditor, or concurring auditor-level might have differential implications for audit quality. We find sharing either a staggered common lead or concurring auditor decreases the likelihood of restatement; in contrast, sharing them simultaneously increases it. Moreover, our analyses suggest supply chain audit contributes more to audit quality for up than for middle and down stream firms. Our study is motivated by recent audit failures divulged along the supply chain, and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board’s (PCAOB) initiatives on mandatory audit firm rotation and engagement partner’s signature.
Escherichia Coli from Day Old Chicks of a Selected Breeder Farm in Bangladesh

E. coli infection is a very common problem encountered among newly hatched chicken in Bangladesh. The aim of present study was to detect and characterize E. coli in the gut, liver and lungs of Day-Old Chicks (DOC). Total viable count (TVC) in gut, liver and lung was the highest among “C” grade chicks compared to those of “A” and “B” grade chicks. The isolated E. coli were sensitive to Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin but resistant to Cloxacillin, Nalidixic acid and Erythromycin. The result indicated that load of E. coli was higher among the lower grade chicks.
Effect of Chelating Agents on the Growth of Blue-Green Algae and the Release of Geosmin

The effect of chelating agents on the growth of Anabaenamacrospora, a planktonic blue-green algae, and on its production of geosmin was studied. When A.macrospora was cultured in CT medium containing EDTA (an artificial chelator), the maximum cell numbers were about 1×10 6 cells/ml. However, in an EDTA-free CT medium, the maximum cell numbers were a tenth of the normal growth level in the complete medium. In addition the chlorophyll-a content was reduced almost a fourth and the color of the algal cell bodies changed from green to yellow. These results showed that growth of this alga in a chelator-free medium was not healthy. At this time, though the geosmin content was constant and in the same range of 1.0-4.0×10 −5 ng/cell as in the complete medium, the ratio of the extracellular geosmin concentration in the medium to the gross concentration was 2:10 to 3:10 and 2 to 3 times its normal level. It was considered that the deterioration of alga9s physiological condition increased the release of geosmin to the medium. These results suggested that the extracellular concentration of geosmin produced by A.macrospora was affected by the alga9s physiological condition. Finally EDTA can be substituted by humic acid. When this alga was grown in a medium containing humic acid instead of EDTA, the maximum cell numbers and the release ratio of geosmin was of the same level as in the case of the complete medium.
The structure of mycelial cords and rhizomorphs of fungi: A minireview

Fungi are ubiquitous – they are found in any conceivable environment, i.e., both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. They remain one of the most diverse groups of organisms on Earth. Because fungi are heterotrophic, they obtain their nutrients by colonizing their substrates with a vegetative mass of hyphae called mycelium. These hyphae secrete enzymes that digest nutrients locked in colonized substrates, after which the nutrients are then absorbed by the hyphae. Not only do hyphae constitute the mycelium of fungi, but they also form other structures – mycelial strand, mycelial cords, and rhizomorphs – through which fungi are able to spread in their environment in search of new substrates to colonize. The aim of this present paper is to explore the structure of mycelial cords and rhizomorphs. Rhizomorphs are among the most complex organs produced by fungi. They are root-like structures constituted by a series of differentiated tissues each with distinctive hyphal type, orientation, size, and function. Thus, rhizomorphs are produced as a result of a coordinated growth of millions of bundled hyphae. Rhizomorph-forming fungi thrive in nutrient-poor environment and are known to cause devastating destruction to homes and plantations. Because rhizomorphs serve as exploratory organs, and they enhance the survival of rhizomorph-forming fungi in plantations and homes, farmers, homeowners, attorneys, and even mycologists and plant pathologists, need to understand and appreciate their potential to wreak havoc that results in huge annual financial losses.
Exploring EFL Students ’ Attitudes Toward Internet-based Courses in Comparison to On-site Courses

In spite of its ubiquity, the role of technology in education has been challenged and characterized by skepticism; however, the present critical situation in the world (Covid 19) reaffirmed its paramount importance in several aspects of the present life especially in educational arenas. Utilizing a focused essay technique, this study aimed to explore the college students ’ attitude toward the four-month internet-based courses offered by their university instead of on-site courses due to the Corona pandemic. The participants of the study were MA (N=7) and undergraduate (N= 21) ELT (English Language Teaching) male and female students within the age range of 19-32. Two themes a) advantages and b) disadvantages of internet-based synchronous and asynchronous courses emerged as a result of content analysis. The findings may provide courseware designers, faculty in higher education and administrators with insights to pinpoint the barriers and enhance the efficiency of these forums to promote learning in the changing world.
Rotation, Convection, Activity and Lithium in Single G and K giants

We studied the activity and evolutionary stage of 14 low and intermediate mass single giants that should meet the conditions for dynamo action and Li-enrichment. Only small part of them exhibit either moderate to fast ro- tation and evidences for magnetic activity and/or high Li abundance. There are also intermediate-mass giants with fast rotation, but no evidences for magnetic activity was found in them and their Li-content is low one. On the other hand, no fast rotation and activity were observed in some of the Li-rich giants. There is a large difference in the activity properties and Li content in stars with similar masses and evolutionary stage.
Heat shock protein (HSP) expression and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation during early embryonic developmental stages of the Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

Both heat shock proteins (HSPs), which have key roles in vital cell functions, as well as members of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which adjust gene expression by transducing cellular signals to the nucleus, are necessary for normal embryonic development in vertebrates. Therefore, protein expression levels of HSP70 and HSP90 and the activation of members of the MAPK protein family, such as p38 MAPK, ERKs, and JNKs were studied in the early developmental stages of the Gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758. The protein expression of HSP70 and the phosphorylation ratio of JNKs remained at equal levels at all examined developmental stages, while the other examined proteins exhibited a differential profile. HSP90 levels were mostly increased at the 16-cell stage and towards the morula stages, and the lowest values were observed at the two- to four-cell and one-half epiboly stages. While p38 MAPK phosphorylation ratio exhibited increased values mostly in the early developmental stages, the opposite was observed concerning ERK phosphorylation ratio, where increased values were observed in the later embryonic stages (high blastula to one-half epiboly stages). These differential profiles of the examined protein expression levels highlight the importance of these proteins during embryogenesis and pave the way for further research to unveil their distinct role in early development.
MERCURY ANALYSIS WITH PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS FOR WATER, SEDIMENT, AND BIOTA SAMPLES IN ACEH, INDONESIA

The analysis of Mercury (Hg) in the water, sediment, and biota collected from the watershed area of Krueng Sabee (KS), Panga (P) and Teunom (T) has been conducted. Hg concentration was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Meanwhile, the water pH, temperature, and salinity were determined with in-situ method. The in-situ determinations suggest that the qualities of KS, P and T waters are still under the standard threshold. Based on the analysis, the highest Hg concentration was found during the dry season, specifically in the sediment samples from the upstream area of River Krueng Sabee. On contrary, the lowest concentration was found during the rainy season, in the sediment samples from River Teunom. The evaluation of Hg distribution pattern in the water, sediment, and biota was conducted with Principal Component Analysis (PCA). It suggests the strong correlation between Hg concentration in the sediment with the one in the water and biota.
EFFECT OF IRRIGATION FREQUENCY UNDER HAND MOVE LATERAL AND SOLID SET SPRINKLER IRRIGATION ON WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND YIELD OF WHEAT

The water-use characteristics of wheat were studied in the field under sprinkler irrigation system. Treatments consisted of two sprinkler irrigation systems, solid set sprinklers (S1) and hand move laterals (S2), and three irrigation frequencies (IF1: once per week; IF2: twice per week, IF3: three times per week). Total irrigation amount values varied from 4558.160 to 5094.992 m3.ha-1 in 2009-2010 and 4792.457 to 5471.243 m3.ha-1 in 2010-2011. The highest seasonal ET was obtained from the S2IF3 treatment in 2010-2011 (5417.073 m3.ha-1); the lowest value was observed in the S1IF1 treatment in 2009-2010 (4513.029 m3.ha-1). On average, the S1IF3 treatment gave the highest grain yield (6000 kg.ha-1), whereas S2IF1 treatment gave the lowest grain yield (3332.500 kg.ha-1). The highest irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values were obtained from S1IF3 1.179 kg.m-3 and 1.151 kg.m-3 in 2009-2010 and 2010-2011, respectively, while the lowest values were obtained from S2IF1 0.710 kg.m-3 and 0.699 kg.m-3 in 2009-2010 and 2010-2011, respectively. The highest water use efficiency (WUE) values were obtained from S1IF3 1.191 kg.m-3 and 1.163 kg.m-3 in 2009-2010 and 2010-2011, respectively, while the lowest values were obtained from S2IF1 0.717 kg.m-3 and 0.706 kg.m-3 in 2009-2010 and 2010-2011, respectively. The highest nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), phosphor use efficiency (PUE) and potassium use efficiency (KUE) were obtained under S1IF3 and the lowest value was obtained under S2IF1.Soil water content varied apparently in the 0–40-cm soil layer. For winter wheat in the El-Nubaria, the recommended sprinkler system and irrigation frequency for each event is solid set sprinkler (S1) and irrigation three times per week (IF3).
Agronomic Impact of Water Treatment Residual Co-applied with Phosphorus Sources to Florida Sands

Aluminum-rich water treatment residuals (WTR) are being suggested as amendments to immobilize excessive P in Florida soils that sorb P poorly. One of the negative impacts of land application of WTR could be excessive P immobilization that can reduce plant available P. This study evaluated the influence of application rates of WTR and various P-sources on soil and plant available P. In a glasshouse study, bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were grown sequentially in a P-deficient top soil of (Immokalee sand [sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Arenic Alaquods]) amended with four sources of P at two application levels (N- and P-based rates) and three WTR rates (0, 1 and 2.5% oven dry basis). Soils were sampled at planting of each grass and were tested for water extractable P (WEP), iron strip P (ISP), Total recoverable P (TP), and degree of P saturation (DPS). Plant dry matter (DM) accumulation and P uptake were also determined. Soil soluble P as measured by WEP and ISP, was reduced by WTR application. Phosphorus sorption capacity of the sand was improved by more than 75% by applying 2.5% WTR, and DPS reduced below 25% threshold value suggested for Florida soil. Co-applied WTR to N-based rate treatment reduced soil soluble P at planting of each plants, but plants DM yield was not reduced below that observed at P-based rate without WTR treatment. Ryegrass DM accumulation was similar for treatments with and without WTR, but P uptake was reduced with WTR. Thus, WTR has potential to improve P sorption capacity of Florida sand and reduce P loss to the environment with little or no reduction in plant growth, but plant P uptake may be affected.