Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Machine dependence and reproducibility for coupled climate simulations: the HadGEM3-GC3.1 CMIP Preindustrial simulation

Abstract. When the same weather or climate simulation is run on different high-performance computing (HPC) platforms, model outputs may not be identical for a given initial condition. While the role of HPC platforms in delivering better climate projections is to some extent discussed in the literature, attention is mainly focused on scalability and performance rather than on the impact of machine-dependent processes on the numerical solution. Here we investigate the behaviour of the Preindustrial (PI) simulation prepared by the UK Met Office for the forthcoming CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6) under different computing environments. Discrepancies between the means of key climate variables were analysed at different timescales, from decadal to centennial. We found that for the two simulations to be statistically indistinguishable, a 200-year averaging period must be used for the analysis of the results. Thus, constant-forcing climate simulations using the HadGEM3-GC3.1 model are reproducible on different HPC platforms provided that a sufficiently long duration of simulation is used. In regions where El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnection patterns were detected, we found large sea surface temperature and sea ice concentration differences on centennial timescales. This indicates that a 100-year constant-forcing climate simulation may not be long enough to adequately capture the internal variability of the HadGEM3-GC3.1 model, despite this being the minimum simulation length recommended by CMIP6 protocols for many MIP (Model Intercomparison Project) experiments. On the basis of our findings, we recommend a minimum simulation length of 200 years whenever possible.
A comparative study of carbon dioxide absorption capacity of seven urban forest plant species of Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Abstract. Daud M, Bustam BM, Arifin B. 2019. A comparative study of carbon dioxide absorption capacity of seven urban forest plant species of Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3372-3379. Global warming has been a major issue affecting all parts of the world in recent years. One method of reducing the impact of global warming is through supporting the green open space. The city government of Banda Aceh, Indonesia has targetted as much as 30% of its area to the formation of green open space. The BNI urban forest is one example of the green open spaces in Banda Aceh. This research was conducted to know the carbon dioxide absorption capacity in seven selected tree species found in the urban forest. The method that has been applied was the explorative survey method with purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using linear regression and correlation analysis. The results showed that the highest ability of carbon dioxide absorption per leaf per hour was found in the Terminalia catappa (0.511 g/leaf/hour) and the lowest was found in the Calophyllum inophyllum (0.056 g/leaf/hour). While the highest carbon dioxide absorption per tree per hour was found in Pterocarpus indicus (4,642,293 g/tree/hour) and the lowest was found in Calophyllum inophyllum (162,640 g/tree/hour). The results of linear regression analysis showed that there was no strong correlation and no significant effect between leaf surface area and mass of carbohydrate, to capacity of carbon dioxide absorption in urban forest plants.
Quantitative analysis of orthopedic metal artifact reduction (O-MAR) in 64-slice computed tomography scans caused by large head metal-on-metal total hip replacement, a phantom study

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ePubWU Institutional Repository

This study analyzes the impact of transfer pricing on multinational enterprises’ R&D investment decisions. Specifically, I examine the effects of two commonly used contract designs to exchange and develop intangible assets across group affiliates: licensing and cost sharing agreements. Whilst serving as a tool to allocate taxable income between group affiliates, the economic implications of licensing and cost sharing agreements differ. Whereas licensing agreements provide for a sharing rule on the intangible’s profits, cost sharing agreements on the other hand provide a sharing rule on R&D development costs. This difference matters when firms simultaneously use internal transfer prices to allocate taxable income and provide local management with sufficient investment incentives. Using a multiple-agent, moral hazard investment framework I model a multinational firm with comparable group affiliates in two countries that delegates the R&D investment decision to a local risk and effort averse affiliate manager. The results suggest that the optimal contract not only depends on available tax benefits, but also on R&D investment and manager specific characteristics. A licensing agreement provides management with larger incentives to invest in R&D mitigating agency concerns associated with R&D. On the other hand, using a cost sharing agreement the firm can cater different risk preferences among managers potentially increasing investment. The arm’s length principle however may distort an efficient allocation of R&D costs when using a cost sharing agreement. JEL Classification: H21, H25
Strategic Behavior in Contests with Ability Heterogeneous Agents: Evidence from Field Data

We investigate two forms of strategic behaviors of agents with heterogeneous ability in large contests: sabotage and self-promotion. We test predictions from a theoretical model in a large dataset of more than 38 million observations of peerratings by around 75,000 individuals from 511 real world contests over a ten year period. We find that strategic behaviors might influence the outcome of up to 12% of all contests and 25% of close contests. We find the use of strategic behavior is ability-dependent: While self-promotion is the dominant form of strategic behavior of low ability agents, high ability agents are both culprits and targets of sabotage. We test additional predictions concerning the prevalence of strategic behavior in contests of different sizes. We find more sabotage in larger contests, but more selfpromotion in smaller contests. We leverage a natural experiment to rule out that self-promotion is the result of overconfidence and a second natural experiment to support that sabotage ratings are strategic rather than a result of endogenous entry into contests. JEL Codes: J22, J3, J24, D82.
Two essays on trade and quality upgrading

PINTO, Victor Henrique Lana, M.Sc., Universidade Federal de Viçosa, October, 2019. Two essays on trade and quality upgrading. Advisor: Fernanda Aparecida Silva. International trade represents an important driver to the development of nations. It raises living standards, creates employment, and enables consumers to enjoy a greater variety of products. However, countries do not pursue to engage in international trade solely targeting higher trade flow levels. Many economies seek to raise the quality of their products in order to gain improved access to the importing market, enhance competitiveness in international trade, increase productivity, pay higher wages, and raise product prices. Given the importance of quality upgrading, this master’s thesis aimed to investigate the relationship between differing levels of economic integration agreements (EIAs) and the quality of exports as well as the link connecting import competition, quality upgrading and wages paid in the destination country. This research is comprised of two chapters. The first of them entitled ‘Economic trade agreements and quality upgrading: does depth matter? ’ and the second of them ‘Import competition induced quality change? The impact of imports on Brazilian wages’. The investigation conducted in the first chapter intended to contribute to the debate with respect to the quality of exports and how it is affected by the most varied types of EIAs. The main results collected evidence that regardless of the exporter or importer income structure, there exists a positive association between most levels of EIAs and the quality of exports. On the other hand, the analyses documented in the second chapter of this thesis sought to establish a relationship between the quality of imports and wages paid in Brazil. The main findings suggested that as the quality of imports increases, products facing foreign competition lead to a rise in wages paid in Brazil. In order to fight international competition, local firms might resort to quality upgrading by hiring skilled workers who, in turn, earn higher wages.
The Effectiveness of Using Digital Game towards Students’ Academic Achievement in Small and Large Classes: A Comparative Research

The reduced engagement of students in large classes is one concern that may have an impact on the low level of students' academic achievement. The use of a digital game is one proven teaching media that increase students’ engagement in learning. This research seeks to compare the effectiveness of using digital games towards students' academic achievement in small and large classes. This quasi-experimental research uses a pretest-posttest nonequivalent multiple group design involving 58 pre-service physics teachers in two classes, namely small class and large class. Both classes use the same digital game application to study the nature of light. Data were collected through a paper and pencil test consisting of multiple-choice questions. The result showed that the use of a digital game could increase students' academic achievement. The students’ game score achievement and the increase in academic achievement were positively correlated. The use of a digital game in large classes can significantly increase students' academic achievement compared to small classes. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.18. 12.12
Influence of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Source on Sustainable Production of Succinic Acid from Miscanthus Hydrolysates

This study presents sustainable succinic acid production from lignocellulosic hydrolysates, using A. succinogenes, which consumes CO2 during succinic fermentation. Optimal combination of carbon source (gaseous and/or solid MgCO3, 15-30 g/dm ) and nitrogen source (mixtures of yeast extract and hydrolyzed rapeseed cakes: 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 50:50 and 40:60 % w/w) were experimentally determined. Obtained results stated that simultaneous addition of gaseous CO2 and MgCO3 (20-30 g/dm ) resulted in the highest sugar conversion (89-95%) and succinic yields (66-74%). Additionally, CH4 content in biogas, used as CO2 source, was increased by 21-22% and reached 91-92% after succinic fermentation with addition of MgCO3 (20 g/dm ). The course of succinic fermentation confirmed that 50% of nitrogen dosage can be added as rich in amino acids rapeseed cakes, originated from biodiesel production. Succinic fermentation with gaseous CO2 as the only CO2 or after replacing more than 50% of nitrogen dosage as rapeseed cakes, resulted in increased acetic and formic acids production (by-products of succinic fermentation). Optimal conditions of succinic fermentation (CO2 source and dosage, waste nitrogen source) identified in this study can pave the way towards sustainable production of succinic acid from lignocellulosic biomass.
Systemic-Theoretical Instruction Vs. Discovery Learning: The Case of Iranian EFL Learners’ Acquisition of Grammar

Although there is a myriad of theoretical and pedagogical research studies into L2 grammar, the instruction in this area remains traditional and there have been calls for more usage-based approaches that can fill the gap between theory and practice. Accordingly, this quasi-experimental compared the effects of two pedagogical frameworks, namely Systemic-Theoretical Instruction (STI), derived from Vygotsky’s ideas and proposed by Gal’perin and discovery learning (DL), derived from Piaget’s ideas mainly proposed by Bruner, on learning English tense-aspect system. To this end, 71 Iranian low-intermediate EFL learners, aged 12 to 19, were instructed in three groups through STI, DL (experimental) and traditional method (comparison). They took a pretest, a posttest and a delayed posttest consisting of grammar tests checking their receptive and productive grammar knowledge. Results of one‐way repeated‐measures analyses of ANOVA revealed that all groups improved significantly in both the entire test and its subcomponents in the immediate posttest, suggesting that the three kinds of form-focused intervention were efficient in creating immediate progress. However, significant differences were identified among the groups in the delayed posttest accounting for the inadequacy of traditional method of instruction in the long run, and for the superiority of STI over DL. These findings can have significant implications for materials developers and teacher education programs in considering the tenets of more innovative approaches such as STI through systematic representations of target language features by taking advantage of materialized tools and verbalization in teaching.
The PPP View of Multihorizon Currency Risk Premiums

Exposures of expected future depreciation rates to the current interest rate differential violate the UIP hypothesis in a distinctive pattern that is a non-monotonic function of horizon. Conversely, forward, or risk-adjusted expected depreciation rates are monotonic. We explain the two patterns jointly by incorporating the weak form of PPP, aka stationarity of the real exchange rate, into a joint model of the stochastic discount factor, the nominal exchange rate, inflation differential, domestic and foreign yield curves. Short-term departures from PPP generate the first pattern. The risk premiums for these departures generate the second pattern. Thus, the variance of the stochastic discount factor must be related to the real exchange rate deepening the exchange rate disconnect. We illustrate the challenge in the context of workhorse consumption-based models. JEL Classification Codes: F31, F47, G12, G15.
The Uneven Distribution of Discretion: Parent Monitoring and the Rationing of School Resources

Social policies target scarce resources through tags–categorical labels like “low-income” or “disability” that reflect moral notions about who deserves help. The present paper begins with three gaps in what we know about how tags shape resource allocations. First, while past research focuses on how policymakers ration resources by changing which tags a policy targets, organizations may also ration resources by using discretion to decide which individuals belong to a tagged category. Second, this discretion may be unevenly distributed. Potential recipients who engage in more intensive monitoring of professionals and bureaucrats may reduce discretion to ration. Third, this uneven distribution of discretion may help explain why the same cost pressure has heterogeneous effects on rationing; a policy change might have larger effects on organizations where professionals have more discretion to ration resources. The paper uses school districts’ allocation of tags identifying students as having a disability, and parent monitoring of school districts’ decisions, as a case study to examine these dynamics. The paper first shows that despite federal prohibitions on letting cost impact who receives a tag, districts ration disability tags in response to cost pressure. Then, focusing on New Jersey, the state with the largest drop in tagging, I ask: is this drop evenly distributed amongst districts? If not, what role might parent monitoring of resource decisions, monitoring that reduces the discretion of district professionals, play in explaining unequal rationing? Using unique data gleaned from an Open Records Act request of database metadata that logs parent complaints, I find that districts with a history of more intensive parental monitoring of professional decisions experience a significantly lower probability of school professionals rationing resources by rationing tags. ⇤Princeton University, Department of Sociology and Office of Population Research. raj2@princeton.edu. The author would like to thank the following persons for helpful feedback at various stages of the project: Todd Honeycutt, Sara McLanahan, Betsy Armstrong, Dalton Conley, and Paul Starr; Heather Kugelmass, Chelsea Wahl, and members of the Center for the Study of Social Organization workshop; Jason Beckfield and members of the Joint Degree in Social Policy Workshop; Brandon Stewart and members of the Stewart lab. Thanks also to John Paff for help navigating the OPRA request process. Partial support for this research was provided by the Mathematica/Social Security Administration Disability Research Consortium (DRC), the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program, and The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development of the National Institutes of Health (Award # T32HD007163).
Effect of Genotypes and Sugar Type on Callus Formation and Plant Regeneration Derived from Mature Grains of Egyptian Rice (Oryza sativa L.)Varieties

The main objective of the present study was to determine the highest regenerable Egyptian rice cultivars and the best source of carbohydrates. Three medium protocols had been used to determine the in vitro culture response of mature dehusked grains in five Egyption rice cultivars. Factorial experiment in CRD design with ten replications was used to analyze the data. The obtained results showed that in vitro traits were highly significantly affected by genotypes and the interaction between medium protocols and genotypes. Whereas, medium protocols had different effects on the in vitro traits. The results also indicated that the shoot formation (%) and number of shoots per callus traits were highly significantly affected by genotypes, medium protocols and the interaction between medium protocols and genotypes. In conclusion, the cultivars, Sakha 103 and Sakha 104 could be successfully utilized in breeding programs for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance at the cellular level, because of their high frequency of shoot formation on the medium protocol C.
Beyond Likert Scales: Exploring Designers' Perceptions through Visual Reflection Activities

When it comes to the assessment of design behaviors and outcomes, direct observations by external viewers and subjective reflections by the participants themselves can all yield important information. External viewers, for example, may code video evidence or apply design metrics to a designer’s solutions, both of which can lead to interesting statistical analyses and detailed insights. In collecting and analyzing designers’ personal reflections and perceptions, researchers often utilize Likert-type scales, multiple choice questions, or short open-ended prompts. While these modes of data collection are useful and valid, they also constrain participants’ responses to fixed options in the case of Likert-type scales and multiple-choice questions, and to verbal expressions in the case of open-ended prompts. Few examples of other types of reflection activities (e.g., graphing, sketching) have been presented or studied in the engineering education literature. In this project, which is part of a larger investigation into high performance design teams, we explored the use of graphing and other visual techniques for recording designers’ perceptions of their design processes and products. Our primary aim was to introduce greater richness into the evaluation of designers’ behaviors and outcomes as we posed research questions about their relationship to cognitive variables. In this paper, we will discuss two of these reflection activities— an emotional state plot and a graphical assessment of a design solution’s feasibility, usefulness, and novelty—in the context of a team design challenge. While the designers under study worked as teams, each individual designer provided her/his perceptions of the team process and design solutions using these reflection activities. Our analysis of individual perceptions from seven design teams of 4-5 designers each will be reported here. This investigation also includes the cognitive style of each participant (as measured by Kirton’s Adaption-Innovation inventory—KAI ® ) as a potential mediating variable on the individual perceptions of emotions and outcomes. This paper will provide details of the two reflection activities, our associated methods of analysis, key findings related to the designers’ perceptions and cognitive styles, benefits and limitations of these two reflection activities, and implications for design educators.
Degradation Cost Analysis of Li-Ion Batteries in the Capacity Market with Different Degradation Models

Increased deployment of intermittent renewable energy plants raises concerns about energy security and energy affordability. Capacity markets (CMs) have been implemented to provide investment stability to generators and secure energy generation by reducing the number of shortage hours. The research presented in this paper contributes to answering the question of whether batteries can provide cost effective back up services for one year in this market. The analysis uses an equivalent circuit lithium ion battery model coupled with two degradation models (empirical and semi-empirical) to account for capacity fade during battery lifetime. Depending on the battery’s output power, four de-rating factors of 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h and 4 h are considered to study which de-rating strategy can result in best economic profit. Two scenarios for the number of shortage hours per year in the CM are predicted based on the energy demand data of Great Britain and recent research. Results show that the estimated battery profit is maximum with 2 h and 1 h de-rating factors and minimum with 4 h and 0.5 h. Depending on the battery degradation model used, battery degradation cost can considerably impact the potential profit if the battery’s temperature is not controlled with adequate thermal management system. The empirical and semi-empirical models predict that the degradation cost is minimum at 5 °C and 25 °C respectively. Moreover, both models predict degradation is minimum at lower battery charge levels. While the battery’s capacity fade can be minimized to make some profits from the CM service, the increased shortage hours can make providing this service not economically viable.
Comparing Role Playing Model And Group Guidance To Improve Students’ Entrepreneurship Skills

This study compares the effectiveness of learning model use role playing and group guidance in improving entrepreneurial skills. This study applied true experimental design with postest-only control design model and pretest-postest control group design. The study was conducted on undergraduate students in FPIPS IKIP PGRI Jember as an experimental class with undergraduate students of economic pedagogy in FKIP University Jember as a control class. The finding showed that the role-playing games learning are more effective model instead of group counseling-based learning to improve students’ entrepreneurial skills and spirits. For this findings, it is suggested to the lecturer of this course to not only provides theoretical basis but also required to portray the entrepreneurial spirit.