Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Double-probe measurements of convection electric fields with the Injun-5 satellite

This paper reports on the initial results of the double-probe direct-current electric-field experiment on the low-altitude polar-orbiting Injun-5 satellite. With this experiment magnitudes of naturally occurring magnetospheric electric fields can be measured to an accuracy of ±30 mv/m, and under favorable conditions, to ±10 mv/m. At high latitudes, convection electric fields greater than 30 and sometimes greater than 100 mv/m are frequently observed in the auroral zone. A common feature of these high-latitude convection fields is the occurrence of abrupt reversals or discontinuities in the east-west convection velocity at auroral-zone latitudes. The reversals have been observed at both dawn and dusk local times and at magnetically conjugate points in both hemispheres. For dusk-dawn local times, these reversals correspond to an east-west flow away from the sun on the high-latitude side of the reversal and toward the sun on the low-latitude side. Over the polar region above the auroral zone the convection fields are usually not greater than ±30 mv/m, in contrast to the larger field magnitudes observed at the auroral zone. At the boundary of the plasmapause and the light ion trough small 10- to 20-mv/m electric-field perturbations are sometimes observed, corresponding to generally westward convection outside the plasmasphere. At high altitudes, above about 1500 km, over the auroral-zone and polar-cap regions, irregular electric-field ‘noise’ with amplitudes from 10 to 30 mv/m is often observed. Among the possible explanations of the high-altitude electric-field noise is the presence of significant (>0.5 mv/m) electric fields parallel to the geomagnetic field. The results presented are consistent with measurements made by using the barium cloud drift technique. The observed convection is also compared with models of magnetospheric structure and with models of substorms and auroras.
Notch Signaling in Acute Inflammation and Sepsis

Notch signaling, a highly conserved pathway in mammals, is crucial for differentiation and homeostasis of immune cells. Besides, this pathway is also directly involved in the transmission of immune signals. Notch signaling per se does not have a clear pro- or anti-inflammatory effect, but rather its impact is highly dependent on the immune cell type and the cellular environment, modulating several inflammatory conditions including sepsis, and therefore significantly impacts the course of disease. In this review, we will discuss the contribution of Notch signaling on the clinical picture of systemic inflammatory diseases, especially sepsis. Specifically, we will review its role during immune cell development and its contribution to the modulation of organ-specific immune responses. Finally, we will evaluate to what extent manipulation of the Notch signaling pathway could be a future therapeutic strategy.
Microbe‐mediated, marine authigenic formation of ooidal chamosite: Insights from upper Ordovician carbonates of the South‐Western Yangtze platform (China)

Chamosite is a common marine authigenic mineral and microbial involvement has been often assumed during its formation. However, the fossil record of such microbial activity is ambiguous. Chamosite oolitic ironstones widely occur in the Upper Ordovician of the Yangtze Platform, but their origin remains unclear. In this study, detailed sedimentological and mineralogical investigations on ironstones from the Haima section (south‐western Yangtze Platform) helped unravel the critical role of cyanobacterial activity during marine chamosite authigenesis. Stratigraphically, deposition of the Haima oolitic ironstones corresponded with an early Katian transgression, temporally equivalent to many other early Palaeozoic counterparts worldwide. Petrographic observations revealed that different chamosite forms (ooids, peloids and matrix) all developed in close association with calcified cyanobacteria, suggesting that cyanobacteria‐involved chamosite formation existed across a wide range of hydrodynamic conditions from above fair‐weather wave base to below storm wave base. Further mineralogical characterization (backscatter imaging and electron‐microprobe analyses) at single‐grain scale revealed clear mineral zonation from the matrix (dispersed iron oxide and microquartz) through the calcified cyanobacterial sheaths (dispersed chamosite) to the ooid (chamosite). This zonation is best explained by cyanobacterial microbial mats that created benthic reducing and high‐pH conditions. These conditions drove near‐seafloor, dispersed iron oxide and microquartz (primary precipitates formed in oxic seawater) to form chamosite. The authigenic chamosite, originally dispersed within and surrounding the microbial mats, could be reworked to develop other chamositic grains. It is proposed here that the early Katian transgression was responsible for the chamosite–oolitic–ironstone development. The marine transgression submerged earlier‐exposed lands and likely supplied Fe‐Al‐rich colloidal materials to an open marine setting for the chamosite authigenesis. Moreover, transgression likely triggered upwelling, delivered ferruginous deeper water as an extra Fe source and provided nutrients for the cyanobacterial microbial‐mat development, which was essential for the widespread chamosite authigenesis across the south‐western Yangtze Platform.
Interface properties of magnetic tunnel junction La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/SrTiO3 superlattices studied by standing-wave excited photoemission spectroscopy

The chemical and electronic-structure profiles of magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) La0.7Sr0. 3MnO3/SrTiO3 (LSMO/STO) superlattices have been quantitatively determined via soft and hard x-ray standing-wave excited photoemission, x-ray absorption and x-ray reflectivity, in conjunction with x-ray optical and core-hole multiplet theoretical modeling. Epitaxial superlattice samples consisting of 48 and 120 bilayers of LSMO and STO, each nominally four unit cells thick, and still exhibiting LSMO ferromagnetism, were studied. By varying the incidence angle around the superlattice Bragg condition, the standing wave was moved vertically through the interfaces. By comparing experiment to x-ray optical calculations, the detailed chemical profile of the superlattice and its interfaces was quantitatively derived with angstrom precision. The multilayers were found to have a small ∼6% change in periodicity from top to bottom. Interface compositional mixing or roughness over ∼6 A was also found, as well as a significant change in the soft x-ray optical coefficients of LSMO near the interface. The soft x-ray photoemission data exhibit a shift in the position of the Mn 3p peak near the interface, which is not observed for Mn 3s. Combined with core-hole multiplet theory incorporating Jahn-Teller distortion, these results indicate a change in the Mn bonding state near the LSMO/STO interface. Our results thus further clarify the reduced (MTJ) performance of LSMO/STO compared to ideal theoretical expectations.
GSC realisations using the two-dimensional transform-domain LMS algorithm

The authors propose two new realisations of the broadband generalised sidelobe canceller (GSC) which are based on a two-dimensional (2D) extension of the transform-domain LMS algorithm. In the first realisation, the tap-input matrix of the GSC (following the blocking network) is mapped into the transform-domain via a 2D unitary image transform. Following this step, the transformed data are weighted and summed to produce the GSC output and the processor weights are updated via the self-orthogonalising LMS algorithm in the transform-domain. The second realisation uses a separable 2D transform and provides a narrowband decomposition of the GSC. The computational complexity of these new GSC realisations is analysed and shown to be comparable to that of the fast FLMS-GSC recently proposed by Chen and Fang (see J. Acoust. Sec. Am., vol.91, p.3354, 1992). However, as demonstrated by computer simulations, the new GSC realisations have a much faster convergence rate than the FLMS-GSC when the eigenvalue spread of the tap-input correlation matrix is large.
Software as a Service-based Integrated Interactive Online Course System

Several online learning platforms use recorded videos as a medium for delivering their material. In addition, several applications, such as Zoom, Google Meet, and WhatsApp, can help communicate interactively during this learning process. However, because the application is still separate from the existing online learning platform, users must switch applications and make the necessary data settings. Another obstacle experienced is that not all online learning service providers can have the infrastructure to use online learning systems, especially if the providers are individuals. This research uses a simple sequential method and aims to build an integrated online course system equipped with an interactive learning management system that many online courses, in general, can use. The main features are submissions of new courses by teachers, ordering courses by students, classes can be held using live video streams, the interaction between teachers and students in real-time with live chat, and a learning management system that includes sending and receiving assignments and quizzes. The test results show that as many as 73.2% of respondents gave the highest score for the built system.
On the Toroidal Quantization of Periodic Pseudo-Differential Operators

On the torus, pseudo-differential operators can be presented globally by Fourier series, without local coordinate charts. Periodization of partial differential equations leads to investigating the correspondence between toroidal and Euclidean symbols of operators. Fourier series operators—the analogues of Fourier integral operators—are introduced, and formulae for their compositions with pseudo-differential operators are presented. The L 2 boundedness of pseudo-differential and Fourier series operators follows from certain conditions on phases and amplitudes.
Clinical Validation of GenBody COVID-19 Ag, Nasal and Nasopharyngeal Rapid Antigen Tests for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in European Adult Population

Accurate and rapid identification of COVID-19 is critical for effective patient treatment and disease outcomes, as well as the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Rapid antigen tests (RATs) for identifying SARS-CoV-2 are simpler, faster and less expensive than molecular assays. Any new product to be considered a medical device is subject to evaluation and data analysis to verify the in vitro diagnostic ability to achieve its intended purpose. Clinical validation of such a test is a prerequisite before clinical application. This study was a clinical validation on adult Europeans of GenBody COVID-19 Ag, nasal and nasopharyngeal RATs. A set of 103 positive and 301 negative from nose and nasopharynx samples confirmed by RT-qPCR were examined. The tests were safe to use and showed 100% specificity in both specimens, and high sensitivity of 94.17% (95%CI 87.75% to 97.83%) and 97.09% (95%CI 91.72% to 99.4%), respectively. The parameters were significantly better for samples with higher virus loads (the highest for CT ≤ 25). The GenBody COVID-19 Ag RATs are inexpensive (compared to RT-qPCR), reliable and rapid with high sensitivity and specificity, making them suitable for diagnosis and timely isolation and treatment of COVID-19 patients, contributing to the better control of virus spread.
Superconducting properties and rapid heating condition in transformed jelly-roll Nb/sub 3/Al multifilamentary wires as a function of maximum ohmic-heating temperature

Jelly-roll Nb/sub 3/Al wires with a Nb matrix were ohmically-heated to maximum temperatures ranging from 1800 to 2300/spl deg/C in vacuum in order to optimize the ohmic-heating conditions and to investigate the superconducting properties for this transformation method. The diameters of these wires were 0.80-1.34 mm. Surface temperature at the central point of the sample was measured by a photodiode during rapid ohmic-heating. After the surface temperature reached a maximum, the sample was quenched in liquid gallium. All the samples were annealed at 800/spl deg/C for 3-25 hours after the rapid heating process to transform the bcc-phase to the A15 phase. Critical currents were measured up to 23 T. The samples heated to 2000/spl deg/C showed a maximum critical current density of 64 A/mm/sup 2/ at 20 T. The critical current density decreased with increasing maximum temperature during rapid heating. This paper describes the superconducting properties, the rapid heating conditions and the achievement of high critical current density at high magnetic fields.
A systematic satellite approach for estimating central surface pressures of mid‐latitude cold season oceanic cyclones

During the past 5 years, the National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS) has undertaken a major operationally-focused study of mid-latitude ocean cyclones in support of various National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Department of Defense (DoD) programs. The intent was to develop techniques for improving the accuracy of surface pressure analyses over ocean areas where conventional surface data is limited. The study focused on the North Atlantic Ocean initially. Current research has included North Pacific Ocean cyclones, as well. We examined more than 5 dozen storms and developed conceptual models which described their growth and decay. We then incorporated the work of Smigielski, Junker and Haller and Dvorak to develop a set of operationally-focused, user friendly, decision trees. The technique (referred to as the SMB technique, for its originators) has been applied operationally in the Atlantic for about 3 years, and in the Pacific for slightly more than 1 years. Results suggest that the technique provides very reliable estimates of central pressure for certain categories of storms. Errors are typically ± 4mb from in-situ data (when such data is available). DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1995. 00126.x
Asteroid Trails in Hubble Space TelescopeWFPC2 Images: First Results☆☆☆

Careful examination of 28,460 selected Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) long exposures from 1994, 1995, and early 1996 has revealed trails of 96 distinct moving objects. They have been reported to the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) Minor Planet Center for their asteroid database and a few have been identified with known asteroids and used to update their orbits. Most of the objects are new, as they are too faint to show up on ground-based surveys. The trails often show a characteristic curvature due to the parallax induced by HST's orbital motion during the exposures. Using ephemerides for HST, the distance to each object can be directly determined from the parallax contribution to the trail shapes. Based on these distances, constraints on the orbits, and photometry of the trails (16 <V< 24), most of the moving objects appear to be small, main-belt asteroids a few km in diameter. A few are known objects—three are potential Mars crossers. Modern wide-field CCD surveys detect asteroids nearly as faint as these (V< 21), but the corresponding absolute magnitudes are uncertain unless their orbits have been established. The detected objects span the absolute magnitude range 13.6 <H< 19.3 (His the symbol for absolute magnitude, not H-band). Statistics of the detections imply a reservoir of (3.1 ± 0.6) × 10^5such asteroids within 25° of the ecliptic. We find that the slope of the cumulative distribution of absolute magnitudes follows a power law N ∝ H^(0.2)to N ∝ H^(0.3)over this absolute magnitude range in the three distance ranges defined by the Palomar–Leiden survey. These are significantly shallower slopes than those inferred by the Palomar–Leiden survey or extrapolated from population studies of larger asteroids.
Microwave absorbing performances of multiwalled carbon nanotube composites with negative permeability

The permittivity and permeability behaviors of composites made from the multiwalled carbon nanotubes with magnetic impurity Ni and the wax have been studied in 3–18GHz. The unusual permittivity dispersion behaviors have been explained based on the Cole-Cole model and the conductivity contribution model. Permeability is found to have negative imaginary parts within 3–11GHz. The composites are found to show good microwave absorbing performances (reflection loss <−20dB): matching thickness is 1.5mm and absorbing frequency band is 11.6–12.4GHz, and the absorbing performance can be explained by the “geometrical effect. ”
The knowledge domain of cognitive neuroscience of aging: A Scientometric and bibliometric analysis

Cognitive neuroscience of aging (CNA) is a relatively young field compared with other branches of cognitive aging (CA). From the beginning of this century, scholars in CNA have contributed many valuable research to explain the cognitive ability decline in aging brains in terms of functional changes, neuromechanism, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, very few studies have systematically reviewed the research in the domain of CAN, with regard to its primary research topics, theories, findings, and future development. Therefore, this study used CiteSpace to conduct a bibliometric analysis of 1,462 published articles in CNA from Web of Science (WOS) and investigated the highly influential and potential research topics and theories of CNA, as well as important brain areas involved in CAN during 2000–2021. The results revealed that: (1) the research topics of “memory” and “attention” have been the focus of most studies, progressing into a fMRI-oriented stage; (2) the scaffolding theory and hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults model hold a key status in CNA, characterizing aging as a dynamic process and presenting compensatory relationships between different brain areas; and (3) age-related changes always occur in temporal (especially the hippocampus), parietal, and frontal lobes and the cognitive declines establish the compensation relationship between the anterior and posterior regions.
An Algorithm for the Constraining of Radiative Transfer Calculations to CERES-Observed Broadband Top-of-Atmosphere Irradiance

AbstractNASA’s Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) project is responsible for operation and data processing of observations from scanning radiometers on board the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), Terra, Aqua, and Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (NPP) satellites. The clouds and radiative swath (CRS) CERES data product contains irradiances computed using a radiative transfer model for nearly all CERES footprints in addition to top-of-atmosphere (TOA) irradiances derived from observed radiances by CERES instruments. This paper describes a method to constrain computed irradiances by CERES-derived TOA irradiances using Lagrangian multipliers. Radiative transfer model inputs include profiles of atmospheric temperature, humidity, aerosols and ozone, surface temperature and albedo, and up to two sets of cloud properties for a CERES footprint. Those inputs are adjusted depending on predefined uncertainties to match computed TOA and CERES-derived TOA irradiance. Because CERES i.
Magnetic properties of zero magnetostrictive amorphous Fe‐Co‐Si‐B alloys

The metalloid content dependence of zero magnetostrictive composition of an amorphous (FexCo1−x)100−y(Si0.4B0.6)y alloy in an as‐quenched state is experimentally determined. The iron content (x) of the zero magnetostrictive composition was found to decrease with an increase in the metalloid content (y). The Curie temperature and saturation magnetization decrease with an increase in the metalloid content, while crystallization temperature increases. With an increase in the saturation magnetization of the present alloys the coercive force increases as Hc∝M3s.
General parameterization of Auger recombination in crystalline silicon

A parameterization for band-to-band Auger recombination in silicon at 300 K is proposed. This general parameterization accurately fits the available experimental lifetime data for arbitrary injection level and arbitrary dopant density, for both n-type and p-type dopants. We confirm that Auger recombination is enhanced above the traditional free-particle rate at both low injection and high injection conditions. Further, the rate of enhancement is shown to be less for highly injected intrinsic silicon than for lowly injected doped silicon, consistent with the theory of Coulomb-enhanced Auger recombination. Variations on the parameterization are discussed.
Hydrogen-inclusion-induced variation of critical current in Nb–AlOx–Nb Josephson junctions

The critical current density (Jc) of Nb–AlOx–Nb Josephson-junction (JJ) arrays was found to depend on their wiring structure. The Jc values of all JJs wired with a niobium electrode covered with a palladium layer increased by about 20%, while the Jc values of those with electrodes without palladium coverage stayed unchanged (except for that of the two junctions directly connected to the pads of an electrical probe covered with palladium.) To explain this Jc increase, we propose a “hydrogen mechanism,” that is, the hydrogen inclusion into niobium electrodes occurs during fabrication, and its desorption occurs after fabrication. Hydrogen atoms incorporated in the electrodes are thought to influence the mechanical and the electronical properties of niobium, resulting in the deviation of critical current density. Hydrogen desorption analysis and measurements on niobium-film properties verified the occurrence of hydrogen incorporation into the niobium films during the fabrication process for superconducting JJ.
Outstanding Separation Performance of Oil-in-Water Emulsions with TiO2/CNT Nanocomposite-Modified PVDF Membranes

Membrane filtration is an effective technique for separating micro- and nano-sized oil droplets from harmful oil-contaminated waters produced by numerous industrial activities. However, significant flux reduction discourages the extensive application of this technology; therefore, developing antifouling membranes is necessary. For this purpose, various titanium dioxide/carbon nanotube (TiO2/CNT) nanocomposites (containing 1, 2, and 5 wt.% multi-walled CNTs) were used for the modification of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrafilter (250 kDa) membrane surfaces. The effects of surface modifications were compared in relation to the flux, the filtration resistance, the flux recovery ratio, and the purification efficiency. TiO2/CNT2% composite modification reduced both irreversible and total filtration resistances the most during the filtration of 100 ppm oil emulsions. The fluxes were approximately 4–7 times higher compared to the unmodified PVDF membrane, depending on the used transmembrane pressure (510, 900, and 1340 L/m2h fluxes were measured at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 MPa pressures, respectively). Moreover, the flux recovery ratio (up to 68%) and the purification efficiency (95.1–99.8%) were also significantly higher because of the surface modification, and the beneficial effects were more dominant at higher transmembrane pressures. TiO2/CNT2% nanocomposites are promising to be applied to modify membranes used for oil–water separation and achieve outstanding flux, cleanability, and purification efficiency.