Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A survey on topological properties of $P(K)$ spaces

Given a compact space $K$, we denote by $P(K)$ the space of all Radon probability measures on $K$, equipped with the $weak^\ast$ topology inherited from $C(K)^\ast$. For nonmetrizable compacta $K$ even basic properties of $P(K)$ spaces depend of additional axioms of set theory. We discuss here older and quite recent results on the subject.
Phase transition in Random Circuit Sampling

Quantum computers hold the promise of executing tasks beyond the capability of classical computers. Noise competes with coherent evolution and destroys long-range correlations, making it an outstanding challenge to fully leverage the computation power of near-term quantum processors. We report Random Circuit Sampling (RCS) experiments where we identify distinct phases driven by the interplay between quantum dynamics and noise. Using cross-entropy benchmarking, we observe phase boundaries which can deﬁne the computational complexity of noisy quantum evolution. We conclude by presenting an RCS experiment with 70 qubits at 24 cycles. We estimate the computational cost against improved classical methods and demonstrate that our experiment is beyond the capabilities of existing classical supercomputers.
Defining wake characteristics from scanning and vertical full- scale lidar measurements

This paper describes the use of lidar to capture full-scale wake characteristics. Measuring wake characteristics such as velocity deficit, wake width and asymmetry as well as wake meander with scanning Doppler lidar requires an efficient scan geometry in which wake volumes are comprehensively scanned while ‘empty’ volumes are excluded and also requires optimization for maximum spatial and temporal coverage. Some examples are given from a field experiment in Prince Edward Island in 2015 that show wake characterization from both scanning and vertical lidar.
Justification of headscarf bans in Europe and Turkey: A comparative analysis

ABSTRACT This study aims to descriptively analyze public debates in Europe and Turkey on Muslim women's head coverings in the context of similarities and differences. The main question the study attempts to answer is: How are the headscarf bans in Europe and Turkey discursively constructed and justified after 9/11 in Europe and the 28 February 1997 era in Turkey and what differences and parallels can be observed? With this question in mind, I first summarize the practices regarding the headscarf in Europe and Turkey and the policies adopted by the states. I also examine how headscarf bans are justified in public discourses in European countries and in Turkey. What the study ultimately reveals is that despite their differences in cultural, religious, and socio-political backgrounds, the European countries and Turkey have developed comparable perspectives and procedures regarding the representation of Muslim women in the public sphere during the historical eras compared.
Reversal of pathologic changes in fibroblasts from Niemann-Pick type C disease patients by inhibition of bromodomain and extraterminal proteins

Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPCD) is a lysosomal disorder whith patients presenting highly variable onset, neurovisceral symptoms and life spans due to defective lipid homeostasis. At present, therapeutic options are limited to palliative and disease-modifying drugs, and there is a continued need for new approaches. Here, we explored bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins as new drug target for NPCD using patient-derived fibroblasts. Treatment of cells with JQ1, a prototype BET inhibitor, enhanced the level of NPC1 protein and increased its presence in lysosomes, diminished lysosomal expansion and cholesterol accumulation and induced extracellular release of lysosomal components in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The reversal of pathologic changes in an established cell model suggest inhibition of BET protein as new therapeutic approach for NPCD.
Predicting distributional change, with application to bird distributions in northeast Scotland

Methods for modelling distributional change over time of birds in a heterogeneous environment are illustrated using data from north- east Scotland. Ten species of bird that are currently undergoing changes in their range are selected to demonstrate the methods. Habitat suitability is estimated using bird presence/absence data at one particular time as the dependent variable, and by carrying out a logistic regression in which the covariates are principal component scores obtained from environmental data. It is assumed that some environmental variables are available at the same resolution as the bird distributional data, while others are available at higher resolution. A two step procedure is used, to allow estimation of habitat suitability at the
The cryo-EM structure of ASK1 reveals an asymmetric architecture allosterically modulated by TRX1

Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a crucial stress sensor, directing cells towards apoptosis, differentiation and senescence via the p38 and JNK signaling pathways. ASK1 dysregulation has been associated with cancer and inflammatory, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, among others. However, our limited knowledge of the underlying structural mechanism of ASK1 regulation hampers our ability to target this member of the MAP3K protein family towards developing therapeutic interventions for these disorders. Nevertheless, as a multidomain Ser/Thr protein kinase, ASK1 is regulated by a complex mechanism involving dimerization and interactions with several other proteins, including thioredoxin 1 (TRX1). Thus, the present study aims at structurally characterizing ASK1 and its complex with TRX1 using several biophysical techniques. As shown by cryo-EM analysis, in a state close to its active form, ASK1 is a compact and asymmetric dimer, which enables extensive interdomain and interchain interactions. These interactions stabilize the active conformation of the ASK1 kinase domain. In turn, TRX1 functions as a negative allosteric effector of ASK1, modifying the structure of the TRX1-binding domain and changing its interaction with the tetratricopeptide repeats domain. Consequently, TRX1 reduces access to the activation segment of the kinase domain. Overall, our findings not only clarify the role of ASK1 dimerization and inter-domain contacts but also provide key mechanistic insights into its regulation, thereby highlighting the potential of ASK1 protein-protein interactions as targets for antiinflammatory therapy.
Morphology of some key species of Nummulites from the Indian Eocene

Nummulites acutus (Sowerby), N. bagelensis Verbeek, N. beaumonti d'Archiac and Haime, and N. perforatus (de Montfort) are described from the Lutetian of Kutch, northwestern India. The specimens include some topotypic material, and except for N. bagelensis, of which only the megalospheric form was found, the internal morphology of both the generations is discussed in detail. All of these species are useful in local and interregional correlations of the Indo-Pacific marine Eocene strata. stratigraphic analysis and correlation of the lower Tertiary of the Indo-Pacific region is widely known, but, in the case of many of these species, identifications are difficult to make and intraspecific variations have not been investi- gated. The author had the opportunity of study- ing some important Nummulites from Kutch (western India), an area which has remained significant for Tertiary fossils since Sowerby's pioneering work of 1840. Of the Eocene species discussed in the present paper, Nummulites bagelensis has not been hitherto described from India, but the other three have been frequently
Holdings of type specimens of plants in herbaria of China

Species diversity is one of the central topics of biodiversity. Type specimens are the permanent vouchers of taxonomic names, and are irreplaceable as a means to safeguard the stability of the nomenclatu- ral system. Holdings of common specimens and type specimens are indices reflecting historical accumulation of botanical studies for a certain country or region. This paper reviews holdings of common specimens and type specimens in herbaria worldwide and those native to China. Overall, we conclude that type collections in herbaria of China are relatively less than the world on average, because plants from China were studied by western botanists for over 400 years before Chinese botanists started to collect specimens and study plants in the early twentieth century. Based on digitization of type specimens housed in native herbaria, it is now ur- gent to digitize not only type specimens of Chinese herbaria, but also those held in herbaria abroad. In addi- tion, the number of collections per species in Chinese herbaria is much less than the world average. For Chi- nese botanical researchers, it is important to conduct investigations in poorly studied areas in China and overseas, and to enhance the overall number and representation of specimens for each species.
Ediacaran Medusoids from the Krol formation, Naini Tal Syncline, Lesser Himalaya

Late Precambrian Ediacaran medusoid coelenterates, viz., Tirasiana sp. , Medusinites sp, and Beltanella sp. are reported from the upper part of the Krol Formation in the Naini Tal Syncline, Lesser Himalaya in association with other Ediacaran fossils, viz., Beltanelliformis sp. , Pteridinium sp, and Ichnogenus Gordia sp.
Paléobiodiversité et paléoenvironnements: l'exemple des gisements de poissons téléostéens du Messinien préévaporitique d'Oran et du bassin du Chélif (Algérie)

Re-examination ofArambourg's collection ofMessinian fossil fishes from Oran and the Chelif Basin, Western Algeria and the study of Dr Leopold Geslin's material collected at Oran-Ravin Blanc (Gambetta-Saint-Eugene) old quarry has allowed an improvement of the paleoecological interpretation of the fish faunas from this region. The importance of upwellings was demonstrated in this locality because myctophids, which have a mesopelagic way of life, are by far the dominant components (62%). At Sig, their influence was less important, although myctophids are still relatively abundant (29%). In contrast, the fish fauna from Oran-Raz-el-Ain is indicative of a shallow water nearshore environment in which neritic, littoral and pelagic fishes where living together, whereas the occurrence of rather scarce myctophids suggests that a deep sea was present in the vicinity. The study of the fish fauna from Sidi Brahim is based on an abundant material in which more taxa were identified. However, a detailed geological field work would be useful for a better understanding of its paleoecological significance. The same remarks can be applied to the locality called Renault (Sidi M'hamed Ben Ali) which was not sufficiently sampled.
Influence of Alnus subcordata, Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum on Poor Drainage Soil, Northern Iran

This study was conducted to choose the best species for plantation on a poor drainage soil in southern coast of Caspian Sea, Iran. Nutrient concentrations in live and senescent leaves and soil properties were compared among Alnus subcordata C.A. Mey (N-fixing tree), Populus deltoides Marsh. (Non N-fixing tree) and Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. (Coniferous tree) plantations. In each of these plantations and an adjacent natural forest, six 20×20m plots have been selected according to a 100m × 100m randomly systematic grid. Leaf samples of green trees were collected from the bottom one-third of the tree crown by clipping two small twigs located on opposite sides of the crown (six representative trees were sampled in each plot). Senescence leaves have been collected inside wooden trap-based in each stand. Results revealed different effects of species on soil nutrients. Alnus subcordata increased soil N (%) whereas Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum reduced it. The results of nutrition, litter quality, retranslocation and soil properties indicated that Alnus improve soil quality in comparison with the two others.
Shifts in the community structure and activity of anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria along an estuarine salinity gradient

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a major microbial pathway for nitrogen (N) removal in estuarine and coastal environments. However, understanding of anammox bacterial dynamics and associations with anammox activity remains scarce along estuarine salinity gradient. In this study, the diversity, abundance, and activity of anammox bacteria, and their potential contributions to total N2 production in the sediments along the salinity gradient (0.1–33.8) of the Yangtze estuarine and coastal zone, were studied using 16S rRNA gene clone library, quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay, and isotope‐tracing technique. Phylogenetic analysis showed a significant change in anammox bacterial community structure along the salinity gradient (P < 0.01), with the dominant genus shifting from Brocadia in the freshwater region to Scalindua in the open ocean. Anammox bacterial abundance ranged from 3.67 × 105 to 8.22 × 107 copies 16S rRNA gene g−1 and related significantly with salinity (P < 0.05). The anammox activity varied between 0.08 and 6.46 nmol N g−1 h−1 and related closely with anammox bacterial abundance (P < 0.01). Contributions of anammox activity to total N loss were highly variable along the salinity gradient, ranging from 5 to 77% and were significantly negatively correlated with salinity (P < 0.01). Sediment organic matter was also recognized as an important factor in controlling the relative role of anammox to total N2 production in the Yangtze estuarine and coastal zone. Overall, our data demonstrated a biogeographical distribution of anammox bacterial diversity, abundance, and activity along the estuarine salinity gradient and suggested that salinity is a major environmental control on anammox process in the estuarine and coastal ecosystems.
Geology, Geochemistry and Zircon U‐Pb Geochronology of Porphyries in the Dabate Mo‐Cu Deposit, Western Tianshan, China: Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications

The Dabate Mo‐Cu deposit is a medium‐sized porphyry‐type deposit in the Sailimu Lake region, western Tianshan, China. We present the geology, geochemistry and zircon U‐Pb geochronology of granite porphyries from the Dabate district with the intent to constrain their tectonic setting and petrogenesis. Porphyries in the Dabate district include granite porphyry I (gray white color with large phenocrysts), granite porphyry II (pink color with small phenocrysts) and quartz porphyry. Granite porphyry II is the Cu and Mo ore‐bearing granitoid in the Dabate deposit. LA‐ICPMS zircon U‐Pb analyses indicate that granite porphyry II was emplaced at 284.2±1.8 Ma. Granite porphyry I and II have similar geochemical features and are both highly fractionated granites: (1) They have high SiO2 content (70.93–80.18 wt% and 72.14–72.64 wt%, respectively), total alkali (7.58–8.95 wt% and 9.35–9.68 wt%, respectively), mafic index (0.95–0.98 and 0.93–0.94, respectively) and felsic index (0.79–0.94 and 0.89–0.91, respectively); (2) They are characterized by pronounced negative Eu anomaly, “seagull‐style” chondrite‐normalized REE patterns and “tetrad effect” of REE; (3) They are rich in Rb, K, Th, Ta, Zr, Hf, Y and REE, but depleted in Sr, P, Ti and Nb. The magma of granite porphyries in Dabate can be interpreted to have been generated by partial melting of the upper crust due to mantle‐derived magma underplating in a post‐collisional extensional setting.
Deficits in mitochondrial function and glucose metabolism seen in sporadic and familial Alzheimer’s disease derived Astrocytes are ameliorated by increasing hexokinase 1 expression

Background Astrocytes have multiple roles including providing neurons with metabolic substrates and maintaining neurotransmitter synaptic homeostasis. Astrocyte glucose metabolism plays a key role in learning and memory with astrocytic glycogen a key substrate supporting memory encoding. The neuronal support provided by astrocytes has a high metabolic demand. Deficits in astrocytic mitochondrial metabolic functioning and glycolysis could impair neuronal function. Changes to cellular metabolism are seen early in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Understanding cellular metabolism changes in AD astrocytes could be exploited as a new biomarker or synergistic therapeutic agent when combined with anti-amyloid treatments in AD. Methods In this project, we characterised mitochondrial and glycolytic function in astrocytes derived from patients with sporadic (n=6) and familial (PSEN1, n=3) forms of AD. Astrocytes were derived using direct reprogramming methods. Astrocyte metabolic outputs: ATP, and extracellular lactate levels were measured using luminescent and fluorescent protocols. Mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic function were measured using a Seahorse XF Analyzer. Hexokinase deficits identified where corrected by transfecting astrocytes with an adenovirus viral vector containing the hexokinase 1 gene. Results There was a reduction of total cellular ATP of 20% (p=0.05 in sAD astrocytes) and of 48% (p<0.01) in fAD. A 44% reduction (p<0.05), and 80% reduction in mitochondrial spare capacity was seen in sAD and fAD astrocytes respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased in both AD astrocyte types (p=0.05). Mitochondrial complex I and II was significantly increased in sAD (p<0.05) but not in fAD. Astrocyte glycolytic reserve and extracellular lactate was significantly reduced when compared to controls in both sAD and fAD (p<0.05). We identified a deficit in the glycolytic pathway enzyme hexokinase, and correcting this deficit restored most of the metabolic phenotype in sAD but not fAD astrocytes. Conclusion AD astrocytes have abnormalities in functional capacity of mitochondria and the process of glycolysis. These functional deficits can be improved by correcting hexokinase expression deficits with adenoviral vectors. This suggests that hexokinase 1 deficiency could potentially be exploited as a new therapeutic target for AD.
Pollen, Phytolith and Starch Analyses of Dryland Soils from Easter Island (Rapa Nui) Show Widespread Vegetation Clearance and Polynesian-Introduced Crops

ABSTRACT To investigate the extent of ancient agriculture on Easter Island, this study examines pollen, phytoliths and starch preserved in dryland soils at 11 sites across the island. Taxa are variably represented by different types of microfossils, with Arecaceae and Poaceae over-represented, and dicotyledons, Cyperaceae and ferns under-represented. Phytoliths show better preservation than pollen. The identification of four Polynesian-introduced cultigens, at seven sites, provides botanical evidence for island-wide horticulture. The cultigens identified, Broussonetia papyrifera, Colocasia esculenta, Ipomoea batatas and Musa sp. , have differential representation in microfossil spectra, partly because of variable production of microfossil types and amounts, which could give a false impression of the importance of past species. The identification of phenolic inclusions represents a new microfossil type for C. esculenta. Large differences in microfossil proportions at one of the two high-altitude sites compared with lowaltitude sites provide evidence for impact of the higher altitude climatic conditions on cropping across Easter Island.
TRIASSIC CONODONTS FROM NEVADA

A conodont fauna, consisting of 17 species representing 11 genera, is described from the upper part of the Lower Triassic in Nevada. At least the more common genera have a long range and are identical with those in the Upper Paleo- zoic. All species, however, are previously undescribed and are quite distinct from those of the Permian as well as those from the Middle Triassic. A new family, Hibbardellidae, for compound bilaterally symmetrical forms is proposed, and a determination key is given. A new genus, Ellisonia, is described with E. triassica, n. sp. , as type; its known range is Upper Devonian to Middle Triassic.
Biogeochemical properties of eddies in the California Current System

The California Current System (CCS) has intense mesoscale activity that modulates and exports biological production from the coastal upwelling system. To characterize and quantify the ability of mesoscale eddies to affect the local and regional planktonic ecosystem of the CCS, we analyzed a 10 year‐long physical‐biological model simulation, using eddy detection and tracking to isolate the dynamics of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies. As they propagate westward across the shelf, cyclonic eddies efficiently transport coastal planktonic organisms and maintain locally elevated production for up to 1 year (800 km offshore). Anticyclonic eddies, on the other hand, have a limited impact on local production over their ~6 month lifetime as they propagate 400 km offshore. At any given time ~8% of the model domain was covered by eddy cores. Though the eddies cover a small area, they explain ~50 and 20% of the transport of nitrate and plankton, respectively.
Land use and cover classification using airborne MASTER and spaceborne GeoEye-1 sensors: Focus on coffee-banana agroforestry systems near Turrialba, Costa Rica.

Agroforestry is an old practice. Despite the increasing attention paid in the last decades to its ecological and economical benefits, little is known so far on the actual spatial extend. One major problem for spectral identification of agroforestry systems through remote sensing is the wide range of species and structure composition. The focus of this thesis is limited to coffee-banana mixed cropping due to the work frame constrain. This is a particularly common though threatened agroforestry system in Central America, the main reasons being intensive production and specific disease spread. The objective is to find an efficient methodology for identification of coffee-banana agroforestry in the context of land use and cover (LUC) classification. The pilot study site is located near Turrialba, Costa Rica; nevertheless a further goal is to discuss the methodology for larger areas as well. Hyperspectral visible-near and short wave infrared MASTER and spaceborne high spatial resolution GeoEye-1 data will be used as basis for image processing and analysis. A number of feature selection techniques including orthogonal transformations, FLAASH atmospheric correction and classification algorithms are tested. The results show that Maximum Likelihood (ML) algorithm lead to the best LUC classification overall accuracy (77%) as compared to Gaussian Mixture and Support Vector Machine (SVM) for the selected study site. Shade coffee agroforestry systems were classified with similar degree of confidence though it was still not possible to detect with certainty the presence of bananas and plantains.
Identifying the Social, Urban, and Environmental Co-Benefits of Coworking Spaces in Irish Towns

Coworking spaces are shared workplaces in which desk space is available to remote workers, freelancers, and small enterprises. They offer the social, technological, and networking advantages of an office while allowing workers the freedom to reside in a location of their choice. Remote working has become a common work practice in recent years, accelerated by restrictions introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic, and Irish Government policy strongly supports coworking spaces across the island to support employment diversity and retain populations in towns and villages. Along with the provision of viable workplaces, coworking spaces can provide a range of co-benefits to their localities, such as stimulating local economies and reducing commuting-related emissions. This paper describes a mixed-method study seeking to identify this range of co-benefits through a survey of coworking space users and semi-structured interviews with coworking space founders, managers, and coordinators. The study uses an integrative process to categorise the findings into social, urban, and environmental co-benefits. The research finds that locating a coworking space in a central rather than peripheral urban area can support and optimise many of these co-benefits.