Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Características de Trichoderma harzianum, como agente limitante en el cultivo de hongos comestibles

El incremento dramatico de incidencia y severidad de los “mohos verdes” en la produccion de hongos comestibles se refleja en la aparicion de formas altamente agresivas de estos patogenos, como es el caso de los biotipos de Trichoderma harzianum (Th1, Th2., Th3 y Th4), que han sido encontrados en Europa y Norte America, donde la importancia de la patogenicidad de dicho “moho” se comprobo en 1995 con las perdidas del 30-100% en las plantas de hongos comestibles en Chester, Pennsylvania. En Mexico se han identificado diversos “mohos contaminantes”, entre los cuales Trichoderma spp. , se encuentra frecuentemente en la produccion de hongos comestibles (Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus y Lentinula edodes), en el 2004, un grupo de investigacion detecto la presencia de cepas altamente agresivas de T. aggressivum f. aggressivum, identificadas con tecnicas clasicas y moleculares, en muestras de substrato (compost) contaminado, proporcionado por la principal planta de hongos de Mexico. Actualmente se desconoce la situacion sobre la distribucion de Trichoderma harzianum y los problemas de contaminacion en la produccion de hongos comestibles, tanto de zonas rurales, como de zonas industrializadas en Mexico, puede causar serias disminuciones en la produccion de hongos comestibles y presentar perdidas economicas para los productores de la region. Palabras Claves: T. harzianum; T. aggressivum; patogenicidad; produccion de hongos comestibles. Abstract The dramatic increase of green mould incidence and severity in edible mushroom production has been reflected in the emergence of highly aggressive forms of these pathogens, such as Trichoderma harzianum biotypes (Th1, Th2, Th3 and Th4). These have been found in Europe and North America where the importance of the mould’s pathogenicity was discovered in 1995 leading to 30%-100% losses from Th4 in edible mushrooms from farms in Chester, Pennsylvania. Several contaminating moulds have been identified in Mexico, Trichoderma spp. frequently occurring in edible mushroom production (Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes). A research group detected the presence of highly aggressive strains of T. aggressivum f. aggressivum in 2004, identified by classical and molecular techniques on contaminated substrate (compost) samples provided by the main edible mushroom-growing farm in Mexico. The current situation regarding Trichoderma harzianum distribution and contamination problems in edible mushroom production in both rural and industrial areas in Mexico remains unknown. This can lead to a serious decrease in edible mushroom production lead to financial loss for the region’s producers. Key words: T. harzianum; T. aggressivum; pathogenicity; edible mushroom production.
GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF EURO-SEISTEST, USING FIELD, LABORATORY TESTS AND MODERATE STRONG MOTION RECORDINGS

EURO-SEISTEST is a European test site established in the Mygdonian basin, near Thessaloniki, in Northern Greece. Its aim is to allow detailed and well documented studies in many fields of engineering seismology, earthquake engineering, soil dynamics and seismology. Theoretical and experimental seismic ground response analysis along the valley is one of the most important tasks of the project. The very detailed knowledge of the geological and geotechnical structure of the site as well as numerous data from a continuous seismological and geodetical survey and dense semi-permanent and permanent instrumentation, offer the possibility of conducting detailed empirical and theoretical studies on the effects of surface geology on seismic ground motion. EURO-SEISTEST is a unique test site for checking the reliability of existing theoretical models of site effects, to develop new ones, and to interpret the physics of seismic ground response. The paper presents: (a) the general layout of the test site, (b) the main results of the extensive geophysical and geotechnical surveys, to determining the geometry and the dynamic properties of soil formations, and (c) the validation of valley's structure with instrumental estimates of the site effects along the valley. Emphasis is given to comparisons and correlations between results derived from different methods of seismic prospection (refraction, surface wave inversion, borehole seismics) and geotechnical in situ tests. In order to better constrain the structure of the valley and the dynamic properties of the soil formations, specific criteria and procedures are developed for soil characterisation.
Identi�cation of Mycoplasma Species and Related Organisms From Ruminants in England and Wales During 2005 – 2019

Background: Mycoplasma species have been associated with economically important diseases affecting ruminants worldwide and include contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and contagious agalactia, listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). The Mycoplasma Team at the Animal and Plant Health Agency provides an identi�cation service for Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma species of veterinary importance to the United Kingdom (UK), supporting the detection of new and emerging pathogens, as well as contributing to the surveillance of endemic, and the OIE listed diseases exotic to the UK. Mycoplasma and other Mollicutes species were identi�ed from diagnostic samples from farmed ruminants in England and Wales using a combination of culture and 16S rRNA gene-based PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, submitted between 2005 and 2019. Results: A total of 5578 mollicutes identi�cations, which include mycoplasmas and the related acholeoplasmas and ureaplasmas, were made from farmed ruminant animals during the study period. Throughout the study period, the pathogen Mycoplasma bovis was consistently the most frequently identi�ed species, accounting for 1411 (32%) of 4447 molecular identi�cations in cattle, primarily detected in the lungs of pneumonic calves, followed by joints and milk of cattle showing signs of arthritis and mastitis, respectively. M. arginini and Ureaplasma diversum, were also common. Mixed principally with were also prevalent, particularly respiratory samples. The non-cultivable blood-borne haemoplasmas wenyonii were cattle, the latter most
Ore mineralogy of nickel laterites: controls on processing characteristics under simulated heap-leach conditions

The mineral phases in more than 50 Ni laterite ores were determined before and after the ores were acid-leached in columns for more than 120 days. The selected ore samples have wide variations in initial chemical and mineralogical compositions and other properties, and their behaviour during treatment, including the proportions of Ni and Co extracted, exhibit similar extreme variations. Ores contain up to 13 quantifiable phases, including iron, manganese and chromium oxides, carbonates, kaolinite, serpentine, talc, chlorite, smectite, albite, hornblende and quartz. The highest Ni and Co concentrations were in the Mn-oxide phases that comprised <10 wt% in all test ores. Ores with high Ni grades (1.4–2.1 wt%) contained mainly smectite or chlorite, with low abundances of goethite and a variety of poorly crystalline phases. High Ni extractions (88–96%) during leaching were achieved mainly from low-goethite ores, but goethite abundance was not the only factor that influenced Ni extraction. Examination of the elements substituted in goethite indicated that greater Ni extraction was achieved from ores in which the Fe was partly replaced by Ni or Co. The cobalt grade in ores was related to the abundance of Mn-oxide phases, but the percentage of Co extracted during leaching did not correlate strongly with the abundance of any particular mineral phases. Cobalt extractions of >80% were achieved for only 12% of the ores tested in this study. While mineralogy ultimately determines the acid consumption of an ore, the mineral matrix in this suite of Ni laterites was sufficiently complex to prevent a simple predictive estimate.
Flood damage estimation beyond stage–damage functions: an Australian example

A number of factors influence the direct consequence of flooding. The most important are depth of inundation, velocity, duration of inundation and water quality and the interaction of these factors with human society. Although computer modelling techniques exist that can provide an estimate of these variables, this information is seldom used to estimate the impact of flooding on a community. This work describes the first step to improve this situation using data collected for the Swan River system in Perth, Western Australia. Here, it is shown that residential losses are underestimated when stage–damage functions or the velocity–stage–damage functions are used in isolation. This is because the functions are either limited to assessing partial damage or structural failure resulting from the movement of a house from its foundations. This demonstrates the need to use a combination of techniques to assess the direct cost of flooding.
Understanding the production and interconversion of the hydroxyl radical during the Tropospheric OH Photochemistry Experiment

The hydroxyl radical plays a critical role in the chemistry of the lower atmosphere. Understanding its production, interconversion, and sinks is central to modeling and predicting the chemistry of the troposphere. The OH measurements made during the 1993 Tropospheric OH Photochemistry Experiment provide a detailed look at these mechanisms since NOx, j(O3), RO2, HO2, nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC), and many other relevant species were measured simultaneously. The relationship of OH to NOx and to primary production is extensively examined. Close agreement with theory is shown in the NOx/OH relation with OH concentrations increasing with increasing NO to a maximum at 1–2 ppbv due to conversion of HO2 to OH, and then OH decreasing with further increasing NOx due to conversion of NO2 to HNO3. Close correlations of OH concentrations with primary production (water, ozone,j(O3)) are also shown both on average and on rapid timescales.
Hydrothermal alteration processes of the Tertiary lavas of Northern Ireland

Abstract The alteration mineralogy of two outcrops of basaltic lavas in northeast Ireland is studied with respect to the hydrothermal alteration history of basalts. Evidence for contact between basaltic flows and palaeorivers or palaeolakes is reported in both outcrops, which belong to two different formations: the Lower Basaltic Formation (LBF) and the Inter Basaltic Formation (Causeway Tholeiite Member, CTM). The secondary minerals consist of layer silicates (chlorite-smectite, C-S, di- and trioctahedral smectites), zeolites, calcite and silica minerals and there is a repetition of the sequence of alteration mineralogy in each formation. The mineralogy of phyllosilicates from the LBF (C-S) corresponds to hotter conditions of alteration than those of CTM (di/trioctahedral smectites), while the zeolite mineralogy is controlled by the fluid composition. In consequence, the mineralogy and the distribution of alteration minerals suggest that the crystallization of phyllosilicates and zeolites did not develop during burial of lavas a long time after the eruption, but reflects thermal gradients driven by lava heat flow and marked by local perturbation caused by regional water flow through the aquifer zone in the lava during the last cooling of each lava sequence.
Does habitual physical activity increase the sensitivity of the appetite control system ?

Background: It has been proposed that habitual physical activity (PA) improves appetite control; however the evidence has never been systematically reviewed. Objective: To examine whether appetite control (e.g. subjective appetite, appetite-related peptides, food intake) differs according to levels of PA. Data sources: Medline, Embase and SPORTDiscus were searched for articles published between 1996-2015 using keywords pertaining to PA, appetite, food intake and appetite-related peptides. Study selection: Articles were included if they involved healthy non-smoking adults (18-64 years) participating in cross-sectional studies examining appetite control in active and inactive individuals; or before and after exercise training in previously inactive individuals. Study appraisal and synthesis: Of 77 full-texts assessed, 28 studies (cross-sectional = 14; exercise-training = 14) met the inclusion criteria. Results: Appetite sensations and absolute energy intake did not differ consistently across studies. Active individuals had a greater ability to compensate for high-energy preloads through reductions in energy intake compared to inactive controls. When PA level was graded across cross-sectional studies (low, medium, high, very high), a significant curvilinear effect on energy intake (z-scores) was observed. Limitations: Methodological issues existed concerning the small number of studies, lack of objective quantification of food intake, and various definitions used to define active and inactive individuals.
The Tropical Atmospheric Energy Budget from the TRMM Perspective. Part II: Evaluating GCM Representations of the Sensitivity of Regional Energy and Water Cycles to the 1998–99 ENSO Cycle

Abstract The impact of clouds and precipitation on the climate is a strong function of their spatial distribution and microphysical properties, characteristics that depend, in turn, on the environments in which they form. Simulating feedbacks between clouds, precipitation, and their surroundings therefore places an enormous burden on the parameterized physics used in current climate models. This paper uses multisensor observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) to assess the representation of the response of regional energy and water cycles in the tropical Pacific to the strong 1998 El Nino event in (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project) AMIP-style simulations from the climate models that participated in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC’s) most recent assessment report. The relationship between model errors and uncertainties in their representation of the impacts of clouds and precipitation on local energy budgets is also explored. With the exception of cloud.
Late Holocene Neoglacial episodes in southern South America and southern Africa: a comparison

Palaeoenvironmental evidence from existing late-Holocene palaeoenvironmental sequences suggests that important atmospheric and oceanographic changes took place during the last 5000 years in southern South America and southern Africa. Several oscillations were contemporary with three well- known Neoglacial episodes that occurred between about 4500 and 4000 BP, between 3000 and 2000 BP and during the last 1000 years. The scale of change involved during these climatic episodes consisted of temperature departures of 1-2 °C, and sea-level oscillations of ± 1-2 m. In at least two winter rainfall regions, an increase in precipitation was concomitant with most of these Neoglacial episodes. Minor northward latitudinal shifts of frontal systems, and relatively strong atmospheric circulation, were probably involved in the detected climatological trends. Minor, but significant, expansions of polar waters into the Humboldt and Benguela Currents are probably additional, and important, role players during these Neoglacial phases. Further establishment of more palaeoenvironmental sequences is needed in order to generate and test explanatory models.
The Eo-Cimmerian (Late? Triassic) orogeny in North Iran

Abstract The Eo-Cimmerian orogen results from the Late Triassic collision of Iran, a microplate of Gondwanan affinity, with the southern margin of Eurasia. The orogen is discontinuously exposed along the northern side of the Alborz Mountains of North Iran below the siliciclastic deposits of the Shemshak Group (Late Triassic–Jurassic). A preserved section of the external part of the belt crops out in the Neka Valley (eastern Alborz) south of Gorgan. Here the Mesozoic successions (Shemshak Group–Upper Cretaceous limestones) overlay a pre-Jurassic Eo-Cimmerian thrust stack with a sharp unconformity. The stack includes the Gorgan Schists, an Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian low-grade metamorphic complex, overthrusted southward above a strongly deformed Late Palaeozoic–Middle Triassic succession belonging to north Iran. In the Talesh Mountains (western Alborz), the Shanderman Complex, previously interpreted as an ophiolitic remnant isolated along the Eo-Cimmerian suture, is considered an allochthonous nappe of deeply subducted continental crust. The new evidence for this is the occurrence of previously unknown eclogites dating to the Carboniferous, and probably related to the Variscan history of Transcaucasia. South of the Shanderman Complex, Upper Palaeozoic slates and carbonates occurring below the Lower Jurassic Shemshak Group also record the occurrence of an Eo-Cimmerian metamorphic event. Based on our new data, the Eo-Cimmerian structures exposed in the Alborz appear to be remnants of a collisional orogen consisting mainly of deformed continental crust where no ophiolites are preserved.
Geology, Geography, and Humans Battle for Dominance over the Delivery of Fluvial Sediment to the Coastal Ocean

Sediment flux to the coastal zone is conditioned by geomorphic and tectonic influences (basin area and relief), geography (temperature, runoff), geology (lithology, ice cover), and human activities (reservoir trapping, soil erosion). A new model, termed “BQART” in recognition of those factors, accounts for these varied influences. When applied to a database of 488 rivers, the BQART model showed no ensemble over‐ or underprediction, had a bias of just 3% across six orders of magnitude in observational values, and accounted for 96% of the between‐river variation in the long‐term (±30 years) sediment load or yield of these rivers. The geographical range of the 488 rivers covers 63% of the global land surface and is highly representative of global geology, climate, and socioeconomic conditions. Based strictly on geological parameters (basin area, relief, lithology, ice erosion), 65% of the between‐river sediment load is explained. Climatic factors (precipitation and temperature) account for an additional 14% of the variability in global patterns in load. Anthropogenic factors account for an additional 16% of the between‐river loads, although with ever more dams being constructed or decommissioned and socioeconomic conditions and infrastructure in flux, this contribution is temporally variable. The glacial factor currently contributes only 1% of the signal represented by our globally distributed database, but it would be much more important during and just after major glaciations. The BQART model makes possible the quantification of the influencing factors (e.g., climate, basin area, ice cover) within individual basins, to better interpret the terrestrial signal in marine sedimentary records. The BQART model predicts the long‐term flux of sediment delivered by rivers; it does not predict the episodicity (e.g., typhoons, earthquakes) of this delivery.
The Incremental Impact of Analyst Initiation of Coverage

I compare the return surrounding a sell-side analyst's initiation of coverage to the return surrounding a recommendation by an analyst who already covers the stock. The market responds more positively to analysts' initiations than to other recommendations. The incremental price impact of an initiation is 1.02% greater than the reaction to a recommendation by an analyst who already covers the stock. I examine whether the hypothesis that analyst coverage increases liquidity explains this incremental return. I find that liquidity improves after initiations, but that one must extend the liquidity hypothesis in order to fully explain the incremental price impact. Liquidity gains subsequent to analyst initiation depend on the analyst's recommendation. The more positive the initial recommendation, the greater the subsequent liquidity improvement. I also find that the initiation abnormal return correlates with the subsequent improvements in liquidity. Corporations should encourage analyst coverage to capture this liquidity benefit.
Sediment release and storage in early deglaciated areas: Towards an application of the exhaustion model from the case of Massif des Écrins (French Alps) since the Little Ice Age

Deglaciation in high mountain areas triggers a series of adjustments affecting the various geomorphic components of formerly glaciated catchments. Active processes, part of the ‘paraglacial’ open system, release and transport sediments from formerly glacierized sources to catchment sinks. Such cascade sedimentary systems may be disrupted by temporary sediments traps. To evaluate the consequences of such traps on sediment export, several test areas were selected, where former glacial geometries and glacial retreat chronology were reconstructed from field data. Special attention is given to the link between the glacial margins and the glacio-fluvial systems. During glacial retreat, the presence of morainic ridges may temporarily interrupt the sedimentary cascade system, thus forcing local aggradation and change in the glacio-fluvial pattern. The volume of trapped sediments is controlled by the volume and the position of morainic ridges, while the storage residence time is strongly dependent upon the rate of moraine erosion. The ice surface elevation and its lowering control ice-contact storages, as well as sedimentary and water fluxes. The time lag between the rate of sediment accumulation on the valley floor and the rate of glacial shrinking influences the pattern and behaviour of drainage many decades after the peak in glacial melting.
On Generalized Fourier Transform for Kaup-Kupershmidt Type Equations

Communicated by Ivaïlo M. Mladenov Abstract. We develop the Fourier transform interpretation of the inverse scattering method for nonlinear integrable evolution equations associated with a Z3 reduced Zakharov-Shabat system for the Lie algebra sl(3, C). A simple representative of this integrable hierarchy is the well-known Kaup-Kupershmidt equation. Our results admit a natural extention for nonlinear equations connected to a deeply reduced Zakharov-Shabat system related to an arbitrary simple Lie algebra.
Impact of Remote Reemergence of the Subtropical Mode Water on Winter SST Variation in the Central North Pacific

Abstract Using long-term datasets of sea surface temperature (SST), core-layer temperature (CLT) of the North Pacific subtropical mode water (NPSTMW), and the North Pacific index, an impact of remote reemergence of NPSTMW on winter SST variation in the central North Pacific is quantitatively investigated. A running correlation analysis between CLT and winter SST in the remote reemergence area clearly shows that an occurrence of remote reemergence of NPSTMW strongly depends on the specific time period: occurrence period and nonoccurrence period. It is found that background conditions, such as formation rate of NPSTMW, winter mixed layer depth, ocean heat content, and buoyancy flux, play a crucial role in the period-dependent remote reemergence. In the occurrence (nonoccurrence) periods, since a large positive (negative) upper-ocean heat content anomaly is located around the central North Pacific, a deeper (shallower) winter mixed layer is formed in both the formation area and the reemergence area of NPSTMW.