Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scientific research impact and data mining applications in hydrogeology

This dissertation focuses on the use of citation data to evaluate the impactfulness of research in hydrogeology. This study not only explores research impact, but also applies one of the most useful information technologies: data mining techniques on textual data and a practical hydrogeological problem. Following the Schwartz, Fang and Ibaraki (2002) paper in Ground Water, I examined the citation data from ISI in order to check the stability of the bibliometric data and validation of use of this information. I looked at the citation growth patterns of highly-cited papers from the 80s and used that pattern to predict the citation growth for the highly-cited papers in the next decade. This exercise ensures me the use of citation data and gives us an overview of evolution of science in hydrogeology. “Innovation” of the research is another important key to create its impact besides research topics. Water Resources Research papers from 1991 are selected to compare with papers before and follow-on. The most highly cited papers in 1991 appear to be unique in that there are relatively few papers like them that were published previously. Moreover, these papers were sufficiently influential to produce a relatively large number of similar follow-on papers. However, the citation pattern of some classic papers shows that the activities and impact of follow-on papers gradually decline with time. The results of this study reinforce the importance of being a pioneer in a research strand, strategically shifting research strands, adopting strategies that can facilitate really major research shifts. Applications of data mining techniques on two types of data show the advantage of information technology. I evaluated two general strategies and several variants thereof on the one type of database: textual data. The first strategy is based on Naive Bayes, a popular text classification algorithm. The second strategy is based on Principle Direction Divisive Partitioning, an unsupervised document clustering algorithm. While the performance of both approaches is quite good, some of the new variants that I examined including one, which involves a combination of these two approaches yield even better results. The other type of database is digital photo images. Statistics information (texture) of digital images (in grayscale) and spatial information along with measured hydraulic conductivities for some area in the outcrop are important attributes in the database. Self Organizing Maps (SOM) clustering with these attributes is applied to cluster small images extracted from the outcrop along with 122 sampling points and successfully predict the hydraulic conductivities for the whole section of the outcrop.
Direct Fixed-Bed Biological Perchlorate Destruction Demonstration

Abstract : In February 2007, a 10-month demonstration study was initiated in Rialto, California to treat perchlorate-contaminated groundwater using fixed-bed (FXB) bioreactor technology. Two first-stage, parallel FXB bioreactors (F120 with a 3.9-ft bed depth and a 2-ft diameter, and F130 with a 4.7-ft bed depth and a 2-ft diameter) treated groundwater to remove perchlorate. Effluent from these reactors was dosed with hydrogen peroxide (i.e., reoxygenate + oxidize residual organics and hydrogen sulfide). The reoxygenated water was then passed through a FXB biofilter (F150) to oxidize any remaining organics and sulfide and to remove turbidity. Chlorine was then dosed to the effluent of the biofilter as a final disinfection step. In parallel with the pilot testing, a mathematical model was developed and calibrated, which can be used to elucidate observed phenomena during pilot testing and to predict the perchlorate removal performance of a FXB bioreactor system at other sites. Additionally, molecular microbiological analyses were performed to quantify the relative abundance of specific bacteria within the mixed microbial community in the bioreactor bed. A bench-scale FXB bioreactor was also constructed to test how nutrient addition and intermittent electron donor addition patterns affect the performance and microbial community of a bioreactor. Tests were run using the bench-scale bioreactor that could not be easily conducted using the demonstration-scale system.
Speculative Decoding: Exploiting Speculative Execution for Accelerating Seq2seq Generation

We propose Speculative Decoding (SpecDec), for the first time ever, to formally study exploiting the idea of speculative execution to accelerate autoregressive (AR) decoding. Speculative Decoding has two innovations: Spec-Drafter -- an independent model specially optimized for efficient and accurate drafting -- and Spec-Verification -- a reliable method for verifying the drafted tokens efficiently in the decoding paradigm. Experimental results on various seq2seq tasks including machine translation and abstractive summarization show our approach can achieve around $5\times$ speedup for the popular Transformer architectures with comparable generation quality to beam search decoding, refreshing the impression that the draft-then-verify paradigm introduces only $1.4\times$$\sim$$2\times$ speedup. In addition to the remarkable speedup, we also demonstrate 3 additional advantages of SpecDec, revealing its practical value for accelerating generative models in real-world applications. Our models and codes are available at https://github.com/hemingkx/SpecDec.
on the safety of astaxanthin-rich ingredients ( AstaREAL A 1010 and AstaREAL L 10 ) as novel food ingredients

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of astaxanthin-rich ingredients AstaREAL A1010 and AstaREAL L10 as novel food ingredients (NFIs) in the context of Regulation (EC) No 258/97. The NFIs are produced from astaxanthin-rich alga Haematococcus pluvialis. Astaxanthin content is 5.0–5.6 % in AstaREAL A1010 powder, 10.0–12.0 % in AstaREAL L10 oil and 2.5–2.7 % in AstaREAL L10 encapsulated oil. Sufficient information was provided regarding the composition, specification, manufacture and stability of the NFIs. The NFIs are intended to be used in fermented liquid dairy products, non-fermented liquid dairy products, fermented soya products and fruit drinks for healthy adults. The applicant recommends a maximum consumption of astaxanthin from the NFIs of 4 mg/day. Mean and high-level (95 th percentile) daily intakes of 0.106 mg/kg bw and 0.256 mg/kg bw astaxanthin from the NFIs were estimated, based on European consumption data of the proposed food categories. The consumption of the NFIs is not considered to be nutritionally disadvantageous. There are no safety concerns regarding genotoxicity. There is no indication from the available toxicological data that the NFIs would be more toxic than astaxanthin. Therefore, the Panel bases the evaluation of the NFIs on the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.034 mg/kg bw for astaxanthin derived by the FEEDAP Panel. The Panel notes that the maximum recommended intake of 4 mg astaxanthin per day (0.06 mg/kg bw) and the estimated mean intake based on the use levels in the proposed food categories (0.106 mg/kg bw per day) exceed the ADI by approximately twoand three-fold, respectively. The Panel therefore concludes that the safety of the NFIs at the proposed use and use levels has not been established. © European Food Safety Authority, 2014
Cosmic ray exposure and pre‐atmospheric size of the Gebel Kamil iron meteorite

Cosmogenic He, Ne, and Ar as well as the radionuclides 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl, 41Ca, 53Mn, and 60Fe have been determined on samples from the Gebel Kamil ungrouped Ni‐rich iron meteorite by noble gas mass spectrometry and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), respectively. The meteorite is associated with the Kamil crater in southern Egypt, which is about 45 m in diameter. Samples originate from an individual large fragment (“Individual”) as well as from shrapnel. Concentrations of all cosmogenic nuclides—stable and radioactive—are lower by a factor 3–4 in the shrapnel samples than in the Individual. Assuming negligible 36Cl decay during terrestrial residence (indicated by the young crater age <5000 years; Folco et al. ), data are consistent with a simple exposure history and a 36Cl‐36Ar cosmic ray exposure age (CRE) of approximately (366 ± 18) Ma (systematic errors not included). Both noble gases and radionuclides point to a pre‐atmospheric radius >85 cm, i.e., a pre‐atmospheric mass >20 tons, with a preferred radius of 115–120 cm (50–60 tons). The analyzed samples came from a depth of approximately 20 cm (Individual) and approximately 50–80 cm (shrapnel). The size of the Gebel Kamil meteoroid determined in this work is close to estimates based on impact cratering models combined with expectations for ablation during passage through the atmosphere (Folco et al. , ).
Gatekeeping Tim Groseclose and

Collective choice bodies throughout the world use a diverse array of codified rules that determine who may and may not exercise what procedural rights, and in what order may they may act. This paper analyzes several two-stage decision-making models, focusing on ones in which the first-moving actor has a unique, unilateral, procedural right to enforce the status quo, i.e., to exercise gatekeeping. Normative analysis using Pareto-dominance criteria reveals that the institution of gatekeeping is inferior to many other institutional arrangements within this framework. The analytical results raise an empirical puzzle: When and why would self-organizing collective choice bodies adopt gatekeeping institutions? A qualitative survey of governmental institutions suggests that—contrary to an entrenched modeling norm within political science—empirical instances of codified gatekeeping rights are rare or nonexistent. To be presented at the Conference on Political Parties and Legislative Organization in Parliamentary and Presidential Regimes, Yale University, March, 2002. We are grateful to David Primo for research assistance and to John Huber and Nolan McCarty for helpful discussions. Additional comments are welcome.
Testing models of Tibetan Plateau formation with Cenozoic shortening estimates across the Qilian Shan–Nan Shan thrust belt

Competing models that account for the construction of the Tibetan Plateau include continental subduction, underthrusting, distributed shortening, channel flow, and older crustal-structure inheritance. Well-constrained estimates of crustal shortening strain serve as a diagnostic test of these plateau formation models and are critical to elucidate the dominant mechanism of plateau development. In this work we estimate the magnitude of Cenozoic shortening across the northern Qilian Shan–Nan Shan thrust belt, along the northeastern plateau margin, based on detailed analysis and reconstruction of three high-resolution seismic reflection profiles. By integrating surface geology, seismic data, and the regional tectonic history, we demonstrate that this thrust system has accumulated >53% Cenozoic strain (∼50 km shortening), accommodated by several south-dipping thrust faults. Based on the observed strain distribution across northern Tibet, including lower strain (30%–45%) within the interior of the Qilian Shan–Nan Shan thrust belt, we suggest that a combination of distributed crustal shortening and minor (
A possible southeastern extension of the Midcontinent Rift System located in Ohio

In 1988 a stratigraphic test core drilled in southwestern Ohio penetrated a previously unknown structure and sedimentologic unit. Core analyses disclosed a sequence of lithic arenite and siltstone of probable pre-Phanerozoic age, deposited within an alluvial-fluvial environment. A seismic reflection profile across the core site shows a sequence of strong, horizontal Paleozoic reflectors unconformably overlying eastward dipping, layered units of poor reflectivity. Beyond the core hole total depth, a regime of excellent reflectors is seen. The pre-Mount Simon (Upper Cambrian) sedimentary sequence encountered has been defined as the type section of the Middle Run Formation. Point counter analyses of typical Middle Run Formation samples indicate that this sequence is similar in composition to middle Proterozoic units associated with the Midcontinent Rift System in the Lake Superior region. The newly discovered structure in Ohio is also similar to half-graben structures composing the Lake Superior Basin portion of the Midcontinent rift. On the basis of similarities in lithology, stratigraphy, structure, and proximity to regional gravity anomalies, the Middle Run Formation and its apparent half-graben basin is proposed as evidence for the probable extension of the Midcontinent Rift System southward, from its normally accepted termination in southeastern Michigan, into southwestern Ohio.
Integrated assessment of climate change and human activities impacts on water resources and quality

With the rapid increase of world population, the global water shortage is set to be the major crises of the twenty-first century; that is, population dynamics (growth, age distribution, urbanization and migration) create pressures on freshwater resources due to the increased water demands and pollution. Moreover, water resources management faces a new uncertaintyi.e. the potential for longer-term and more persistent climate change nowadays, which, in coming years, may significantly affect the availability of supply and patterns of water demand. Evidence for climate change impacts on the hydro-climatology of Japan is plentiful. The possibility of frequent occurrence of extremely low rainfall, decrease in snowfall, and earlier thaw will tend to increase the vulnerability of water resources. Meanwhile, extreme rainfall and temperature tend to cause hydrological disasters including floods, water quality incidents, and so on. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the changes of water quality incidents, extreme precipitation events for whole Japan, and then give more details about precipitation variations in Hokkaido because Hokkaido is typically the most affected by climate change compared to other places in Japan, and finally explore the relationship between aquatic environment, water sources and climate change in the Ishikari River basin. Water quality improvement and pollution incident risk reduction have become urgent priorities for water resources management. Analysis of water pollution incidents is necessary to describe and assess a country’s water quality conditions and to establish governmental priorities pertaining to development of indicators of water quality and implementation of prevention rules. So, from aspects of incident numbers, incident causes, pollutant categories, and pollution effects, a spatiotemporal evaluation of the trend and distribution of water quality incidents was presented for whole Japan from 1996 to 2007, using a combination of Geographic Information System (GIS) and statistical methods. The nationwide trend for Japan and that the total number of water quality incidents fluctuated between 400 and 1600 per year, and the average from 1996-2007, from 1996 to 1999, from 2000 to 2003 and from 2004 to 2007 are 962, 499, 902 and 1487, separately. Natural disasters are threatening water quality and will likely remain important for water pollution. Increasing trends in precipitation climate extremes in Japan have been found in many researches, but information of changes in precipitation amounts and precipitation climate
Seasonal Distribution Characteristics and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs) in Water Samples from the Yellow River Estuary

Eight surface water samples from the Yellow River estuary were collected in May and September 2005 and filtered by GF/ F glass fiber filter.Particulate and dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) during the flood and dry seasons were analyzed quantitatively with Shimadzu GCMS-QP2010.The seasonal distribution characteristics and sources of PAHs were investigated.The total PAHs concentrations vary from 473.7 to 1 190.1 ng/L and 1 681.8-6 014.4 ng/L in the flood and dry season,respectively.Compared with the PAHs distribution in other estuarine environments and bays,the contents of PAHs in the Yellow River estuarine water samples were relatively higher and the PAH concentrations in the dry season were higher than those in the flood season.The dominant the PAHs are Naphthalene,2-Methylnaphthalene and 1-Methylnaphthalene in the flood and dry seasons,which exist mainly in dissolved and particulate phases in the dry season and mainly in dissolved phase in the flood season.The ratio of specific PAHs indicated that PAHs in the dry season mainly came from high-temperature combustion processes and PAHs in the flood season mainly came from high-temperature combustion processes and oil spill.
Zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotope characteristics and their geological significance of the Shahewan, Caoping and Zhashui granitic plutons in the South Qinling orogen.

Shahewan, Caoping and Zhashui granitic plutons are located in the center of the South Qinling orogenic belt, Central China These three plutons have A1_2O_3 contents ranging 14.08%～15.85% , and relatively high contents of SiO_2, MgO and alkali, with similar contents of K_2O and Na_2O, showing petrochemical features of metaluminous I-type granites of shoshonitic or high-K calcalkaline series. This is supported by enrichment in LREE and LILE (e. g. Rb, Sr, Ba) , slightly negative Eu anomaly (δEu =0.62～ 0. 91) , and depletion in HREE, Y and HFSE (e. g. Nb, Ta) , which suggest a similar magma source. Analysis using LA-MC-ICPMS yields zircon U-Pb ages of 212±0.93 Ma, 224.1±1.1 Ma and 224.8±1.1 Ma for Shahewan, Caoping and Zhashui plutons respectively, with The e_(Hf)(t) values are - 1.7～+5. 0 for Shahewan (212 Ma) , - 1.7～+5.0 for Caoping (224 Ma) and -5.8～ + 4. 4 for Zhashui (224 Ma) , with the former slightly higher than two latter. The two-stage Hf-isotope model ages (t_(DM2)) of all three plutons range from 791 to 1366 Ma, and average 1075 Ma. This suggests that they were products of two end-member mixing magmas respectively sourced from depleted mantle and from lower crust of Neoproterozoic or earlier ages. Combined with regional investigation, we argue that these Late Triassic granites were formed by lithospheric delamination during tectonic transition from compression to extension, which followed the continental collision between North China and South China plates. Thus, the Late Triassic tectonic nature of lithosphere in Qinling orogenic belt must be characterized by transition from compression to extension; and the tectonic transition possibly occurred in the period of 224～210Ma.
Ecology, cognition, and cultural transmission of Tzeltal Maya medicinal plant knowledge

dissemination of knowledge. While humoral classification and cultural interpretations of taste and morphology may be important for expert curers, they do not significantly affect the dissemination of knowledge among novices. Species that are more accessible tend to be used more often, and frequency of use is weakly correlated with knowledge distribution. Emic perception of efficacy is the variable that most accounts for the distribution of knowledge. But social organization, individual cognition, and random processes in cultural transmission shape and bias the flow of information, and knowledge about many species that fit emic conceptions of efficacy is not distributed throughout the populations. INDEX WORDS: Chiapas, cognitive anthropology, cultural transmission, cultural models, goal-derived categories, prototypicality, distributed cognition, discourse, efficacy, ecological anthropology, ecology, ethnoecology, ethnopharmacology, ethnopharmacognosy, human ecosystems, humoral classification, indigenous knowledge, information, Maya, medical anthropology, medical ethnobotany, medicinal plants, Mexico, organoleptics, phytosociology, social networks, Tseltal, Tzeltal, variation, migration ECOLOGY, COGNITION, AND CULTURAL TRANSMISSION OF TZELTAL MAYA MEDICINAL PLANT KNOWLEDGE
Ammonite faunas from condensed Cenomanian-Turonian sections (‘Tourtias’) in southern Belgium and northern France*

Abstract In southern Belgium (Mons Basin and Tournai region) and northern France (area between Lille, Valenciennes and Maubeuge), condensed sequences have been referred to as ‘tourtias’ since the start of the nineteenth century. These levels correspond to a succession of trangressive systems tracts and generally appear as dark green, glauconitic and microconglomeratic facies. They are distributed all along the base of the more important transgressive systems tracts of the Cenomanian and basal Turonian from the Boulonnais (northwest France) to the Mons Basin (southern Belgium), through the Artois and Douaisis. Their age can now be determined more accurately by identification of their ammonite content, as housed in museums such as the Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique (IRScNB, Brussels) and the Musée d'Histoire naturelle de Lille (MHNL). Here material from the IRScNB collections is described, illustrated and discussed; specimens contained in the MHNL collections were described in a previous paper.
Ask Nature to Protect and Build-up Beaches

The Belgian coast is protected for 50% by hard constructions including slanting seawalls and groins. Most of them were built after the extremely severe 1953 storm. The other 50% of the coast consist of dune-belts and beaches. More than a century ago a groin field was implanted in front of the dune barrier protecting the coastal plain. But both nature and man's activities encroached on this natural defense and by the forties several east coast resorts were left without a beach at high water. Hard structures did not provide adequate protection, they even seemed to worsen problems, and yet, some new techniques like the use of the HARO were welcome innovations. The extension of Zeebrugge harbor provided an opportunity to consider artificial nourishment using the dredgings. The approach provided some satisfaction but recharges were necessary. Meanwhile the west coast started to show signs of erosion. Various beach protection and restoration methods were tested but discarded for a variety of reasons. Then nourishment with a feeder berm was decided upon for the De Haan sector and has yielded excellent results. The paper, while focusing on Belgian approaches, reviews alternative approaches such as artificial reefs and dewatering, but also methods that call upon Nature to rebuild beaches, among which Berosin and Beachbuilder.
Production of Snap Beans as Affected by Soil Tillage Method and Row Spacing

Conventional tillage (CT), no-tillage (NT), and rotary strip-tillage (RT) methods were combined with row spacings of 0.46 m (28 plants/m2) and 0.92 m (56 plants/m2) in 1985 and 1986 snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tests with a split-plot factorial arrangement of treatments. Yields were lowest with NT and 0.92-m row spacings both years, while plant stands were lowest with NT and RT. Plant lodging was lowest with NT and highest with CT each year. Pod clustering and broken pods following machine harvest were lowest with NT both years, while rotten pods and percentage no. 2 to 4 sieve-size pods were lowest with NT in 1986. Incidence of broken pods was higher with the 0.46-m row spacing than with the 0.92-m row spacing in 1985 and the incidence of rotten pods was greatest with the 0.46-m row spacing in 1986. The 0.46-m row spacing improved yields over the 0.92-m spacing, with minimal difference in pod quality. Weed control was less effective with NT than with CT and RT methods.