Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Corotating MeV/amu ion enhancements at 1 AU or less from 1978 to 1986

The properties of MeV/amu ions in 64 corotating streams at and inside 1 AU associated with corotating high-speed streams from 1978 to 1986 during presolar maximum to near solar minimum conditions are discussed. Around 50 percent of the streams include significant ion intensity enhancements not associated with solar particle events or traveling interplanetary shocks. The ions stream nearly along the E x B drift direction in the spacecraft frame, corresponding to a weak sunward field-aligned streaming in the solar wind frame. The sunward streaming is consistent with particle acceleration in the outer heliosphere followed by diffusion into the inner heliosphere. The ion intensity is not correlated with the stream solar wind speed or with the increase in solar wind speed at the leading edge of the high-speed stream, suggesting that the local shock strength alone may not play a dominant role in determining the intensity.
TROPIX plasma interactions group report

The purpose is to summarize the spacecraft charging analysis conducted by the plasma interactions group during the period from April 1993 to July 1993, on the proposed TROPIX spacecraft, and to make design recommendations which will limit the detrimental effects introduced by spacecraft charging. The recommendations were presented to the TROPIX study team at a Technical Review meeting held on 15 July 1993.
Scaling in Rayleigh–Bénard convection

Abstract We consider the Nusselt–Rayleigh number problem of Rayleigh–Bénard convection and make the hypothesis that the velocity and thermal boundary layer widths, $\delta _u$ and $\delta _T$, in the absence of a strong mean flow are controlled by the dissipation scales of the turbulence outside the boundary layers and, therefore, are of the order of the Kolmogorov and Batchelor scales, respectively. Under this assumption, we derive $Nu \sim Ra^{1/3}$ in the high $Ra$ limit, independent of the Prandtl number, $\delta _T/L \sim Ra^{-1/3}$ and $\delta _u/L \sim Ra^{-1/3} Pr^{1/2}$, where $L$ is the height of the convection cell. The scaling relations are valid as long as the Prandtl number is not too far from unity. For $Pr \sim 1$, we make a more general ansatz, $\delta _u \sim \nu ^{\alpha }$, where $\nu$ is the kinematic viscosity and assume that the dissipation scales as $\sim u^3/L$, where $u$ is a characteristic turbulent velocity. Under these assumptions we show that $Nu \sim Ra^{\alpha /(3-\alpha )}$, implying that $Nu \sim Ra^{1/5}$ if $\delta _u$ were scaling as in a Blasius boundary layer and $Nu \sim Ra^{1/2}$ (with some logarithmic correction) if it were scaling as in a standard turbulent shear boundary layer. It is argued that the boundary layers will retain the intermediate scaling $\alpha = 3/4$ in the limit of high $Ra$.
Phase modeling based on the /spl alpha/-factor in bulk semiconductor optical amplifiers

Different approaches based on the /spl alpha/-factor to model the phase of the optical fields in bulk semiconductor optical amplifiers are analyzed. Our time-domain numerical model is presented and it is calibrated by means of experimental characterizations of the device gain, of the amplified spontaneous emission spectra, and of the effective /spl alpha/-factor. We then compare the phase modulation at the SOA output for three cases. In the first one, the /spl alpha/-factor is always taken as constant. In the second case, the /spl alpha/-factor is set according to the SOA working point and then kept fixed. In the last case, we take into account the dependence of the /spl alpha/-factor on the carrier density and on the wavelength for every simulated time step. We shall identify when the first two approximations listed above deliver reliable results. In particular cases, the use of a constant value for the /spl alpha/-factor can lead to phase errors up to 50%.
Siberian Crane Migration: Individuals Repeat Timing and Route in Spring Migration

Abstract. Stopover habitats in long-distance migrants such as Siberian Cranes (Leucogeranus leucogeranus) are subject to dynamic changes, both seasonally and spatially. Due to the difficulty in conserving stopover habitats across vast geographies, it is necessary to clarify the timing and route patterns of stopover sites in order to take practical measures to protect habitats. From 2014 to 2018, we successfully tracked n = 10 Siberian Cranes by satellite tracking and obtained data for n = 26 complete migrations. We obtained the annual cycle of cranes and analyzed the repeatability between seasons and individuals. According to tracking data, Siberian Cranes started and ended autumn migration on 23 September and 19 November, respectively. Spring migration started on 8 April and ended on 4 June. The migration routes between seasons showed spatial similarity but less repeatability. There is significant repeatability in migration routes from 48°N to 58°N (Russian areas) between individuals in spring. Our results provide support for some seasonal plasticity in the timing of migration and flexibility in routes taken by migrating Siberian Cranes. Other than rigid patrol and guardianship for the entire spring, we also propose strengthening monitoring and protection in the identified stopover areas from the end of March to the beginning of May each year.
On the Gamma-convergence of some polygonal curvature functionals

We study the convergence of polygonal approximations of two variational problems for curves in the plane. These are classical Euler’s elastica and a linear growth model which has connections to minimizing length in a space of positions and orientations. The geometry of these minimizers plays a role in several image-processing tasks, and also in modelling certain processes in visual perception. We prove Gamma-convergence for the linear growth model in a natural topology, and existence of cluster points for sequences of discrete minimizers. Combining the technique for cluster points with a previous Gamma-convergence result for elastica, we also give a proof of convergence of discrete minimizers to continuous minimizers in that case, when a length penalty is present in the functional. Finally, some numerical experiments with these approximations are presented, and a scale invariant modification is proposed for practical applications.
Do associations of physical activity and sedentary behaviour with cardiovascular disease and mortality differ across socioeconomic groups? A prospective analysis of device-measured and self-reported UK Biobank data

Objective To examine if individual-level and area-level socioeconomic status (SES) modifies the association of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), domain-specific physical activity and sedentary behaviour with all-cause mortality (ACM) and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods We used self-reported (International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form) and accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour data from the UK Biobank. We created an individual-level composite SES index using latent class analysis of household income, education and employment status. The Townsend Index was the measure of area-level SES. Cox proportional hazards regression models stratified across SES were used. Results In 328 228 participants (mean age 55.9 (SD 8.1) years, 45% men) with an average follow-up of 12.1 (1.4) years, 18 033 deaths and 98 922 incident CVD events occurred. We found an increased ACM risk of low physical activity and high sedentary behaviour and an increased incident CVD risk of low accelerometer-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (ACCEL_MVPA) and high sitting time. We observed statistically significant interactions for all exposures in ACM analyses by individual-level SES (p<0.05) but only for screen time in area-level SES–ACM analysis (p<0.001). Compared with high self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (IPAQ_MVPA), adjusted ACM HRs for low IPAQ_MVPA were 1.14 (95% CI 1.05 to .25), 1.15 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.24) and 1.22 (95% CI 1.13 to 1.31) in high, medium and low individual-level SES, respectively. There were higher detrimental associations of low ACCEL_MVPA with decreasing area-level SES for both outcomes and of high screen time with ACM in low area-level SES. Conclusion We found modest evidence suggesting that the detrimental associations of low MVPA and high screen time with ACM and incident CVD are accentuated in low SES groups.
Enhancing Relationships Through Online Brand Communities: Comparing Posters and Lurkers

ABSTRACT This study establishes the importance of considering both posters (interactive members) and lurkers (non-interactive members) for a clearer understanding of online brand communities. Based on organizational support theory and social identity theory, this study proposes a model a model that illustrates the impacts of perceived brand support in brands’ online communities upon members’ community identity and brand trust, leading to their positive behaviors toward the brand (i.e., purchase intention, resistance to negative information, and positive word of mouth) and how these effects differ between posters and lurkers. Using structural equation modeling, results reveal that in firm-hosted online brand communities, perceived brand support (i.e., recognizing contributions, encouraging interactions, and providing quality information) relates to members’ satisfaction by fulfilling their socioemotional needs (community identity) and increases their brand trust. Furthermore, multigroup analyses indicate significant differences in the paths to brand trust between posters and lurkers. Brand knowledge, providing quality information, and encouraging members to interact drive brand trust for lurkers. For posters, trust is driven by their sense of community identity and encouraging members to interact. This research advances the literature on online brand communities by shedding light on the scant knowledge of lurkers in online communities. It demonstrates how perceived support from brands can improve both posters’ and lurkers’ relationships with the community and the brand itself. The findings provide actionable managerial recommendations regarding how brands can manage their relationships with all members (both posters and lurkers) in their online communities.
The Use of Inside-Out and Outside-In Big Data Analytics on E-Platforms: Performance Impacts and Heterogeneity Analysis

ABSTRACT Big data has brought unprecedented opportunities and challenges, prompting global firms to grow big data analytics (BDA) investments, especially in a turbulent business environment. However, there is insufficient empirical evidence in scholarly research on whether and how using BDA functions of various types creates business value. The current study divides BDA into inside-out and outside-in types and explores whether and how firms can create value by using functions of these two types of BDA. Then, the knowledge-based view (KBV) is applied as a theoretical foundation to investigate the independent and combined impacts of inside-out and outside-in BDA usage on firms’ sales performance. Furthermore, we build a quantile regression model to analyze the heterogeneity of independent and combined impacts among firms with different performance levels. The empirical study is based on a unique dataset collected on one of the largest electronic platforms (e-platforms) in China from 785 firms in 35 weeks. The results of the benchmark model based on two-way fixed effects show that both inside-out and outside-in BDA usage, as well as their interactions, are positively related to the sales performance of firms on e-platforms. The heterogeneity analysis indicates that inside-out (outside-in) BDA functions have a greater degree of impact on firms with lower (higher) sales performance. Through the theoretical and empirical analysis of the complex performance impacts of BDA usage, this study enriches the understanding of value creation in using multiple BDA functions and extends the theoretical account of KBV in the field of BDA.
Decoding of intracellular calcium spike trains

Cells respond to external signals, such as hormonal stimuli, by generating repetitive spikes in the intracellular free-calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). These [Ca2+]i spikes, which can be modulated in their frequency and amplitude, regulate diverse cellular processes. Experimentally, [Ca2+]i can be assessed continuously in contrast to cellular responses represented by the activation of proteins. We propose a mathematical model that allows for the on-line decoding of [Ca2+]i spike trains into cellular responses represented by the activation of proteins.
Evidence for a sensorimotor prediction process in action observation

The mirror neurons network in the human brain is activated both during the observation of action and the execution of the same action, facilitating thus the transformation of visual information into motor representations, to understand the actions and intentions of others. How this transformation takes place, however, is still under debate. One prevailing theory, direct matching, assumes a direct correspondence between the visual information of the actor’s movement and the activation of the motor representations in the observer’s motor cortex that would produce the same movement. Alternatively, the predictive coding theory postulates that, during action observation, motor predictions (e.g., position, velocity) are generated and compared to the visual information of the actor’s movement. Here, we experimentally interrogate these two hypotheses during a locomotion task. The motor prediction process was assessed by measuring the timing of imagined movements: the participants had to imagine walking, forward or backward, for 9 m (linear path). Action observation was assessed by measuring time estimation in an inference locomotor task (the same 9 m linear path): after perceiving an actor walking forward or backward for 3 m, the vision of the observer was occluded and he/she had to estimate when the actor would reach the end of the 9 m path. We manipulated the timing processes during the two tasks by creating sensory illusions via peripheral mechanical muscle vibration on leg muscles, which has provided consistent results in the literature (acceleration of forward and deceleration of backward locomotion). We found that sensory illusions specifically affected the timing processes of both locomotion inference and mental locomotion, suggesting the involvement of sensorimotor predictions, common to both tasks. These findings seem to support the predictive coding hypothesis.
Spectroscopic data for atomic tungsten transitions of interest in fusion plasma research

Transition probabilities for W I lines of potential interest for fusion plasma diagnostics are reported in this paper. They have been obtained using the relativistic Hartree–Fock approach including core-polarization effects. The accuracy of the results has been assessed through comparison between two different physical models and through detailed comparison with available experimental lifetimes and transition probabilities. These results represent the first complete set of spectroscopic parameters computed for a very complex tungsten atomic system. The new data are expected to be useful for plasma modelling in fusion reactors such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor.
Macrodomain Mac1 of SARS-CoV-2 Nonstructural Protein 3 Hydrolyzes Diverse ADP-ribosylated Substrates

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for a global pandemic that resulted in more than 6-million deaths worldwide. The virus encodes several non-structural proteins (Nsps) that contain elements capable of disrupting cellular processes. Among these Nsp proteins, Nsp3 contains macrodomains, e.g., Mac1, Mac2, Mac3, with potential effects on host cells. Mac1 has been shown to increase SARS-CoV-2 virulence and disrupt ADP-ribosylation pathways in mammalian cells. ADP-ribosylation results from the transfer of the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD+ to various acceptors, e.g., proteins, DNA, RNA, contributing on a cell’s biological processes. ADP-ribosylation is the mechanism of action of bacterial toxins, e.g., Pseudomonas toxins, diphtheria toxin that disrupt protein biosynthetic and signaling pathways. On the other hand, some viral macrodomains cleavage ADP-ribose-acceptor bond, generating free ADP-ribose. By this reaction, the macrodomain-containing proteins interfere ADP-ribose homeostasis in host cells. Here, we examined potential hydrolytic activities of SARS-CoV-2 Mac1, 2, and 3 on substrates containing ADP-ribose. Mac1 cleaved α-NAD+, but not β-NAD+, consistent with stereospecificity at the C-1” bond. In contrast to ARH1 and ARH3, Mac1 did not require Mg2+ for optimal activity. Mac1 also hydrolyzed O-acetyl-ADP-ribose and ADP-ribose-1”-phosphat, but not Mac2 and Mac3. However, Mac1 did not cleave α-ADP-ribose-(arginine) and ADP-ribose-(serine)-histone H3 peptide, suggesting that Mac1 hydrolyzes ADP-ribose attached to O- and N-linked functional groups, with specificity at the catalytic site in the ADP-ribose moiety. We conclude that SARS-CoV-2 Mac1 may exert anti-viral activity by reversing host-mediated ADP-ribosylation. New insights on Nsp3 activities may shed light on potential SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic targets. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, encodes 3 macrodomain-containing proteins, e.g., Mac1, Mac2, Mac3, within non-structural proteins 3 (Nsp3). Mac1 was shown previously to hydrolyze ADP-ribose-phosphate. Inactivation of Mac1 reduced viral proliferation. Here we report that Mac1, but not Mac2 and Mac3, has multiple activities, i.e., Mac1 hydrolyzed. α-NAD+ and O-acetyl-ADP-ribose. However, Mac1 did not hydrolyze β-NAD+, ADP-ribose-serine on a histone 3 peptide (aa1-21), and ADP-ribose-arginine, exhibiting substrate selectivity. These data suggest that Mac1 may have multi-function as a α-NAD+ consumer for viral replication and a disruptor of host-mediated ADP-ribosylation pathways. Understanding Mac1’s mechanisms of action is important to provide possible therapeutic targets for COVID-19.
Library preparation method and DNA source influence endogenous DNA recovery from 100‐year‐old avian museum specimens

Museum specimens collected prior to cryogenic tissue storage are increasingly being used as genetic resources, and though high throughput sequencing is becoming more cost-efficient, whole genome sequencing (WGS) of historical DNA (hDNA) remains inefficient and costly due to its short fragment sizes and high loads of exogenous DNA, among other factors. It is also unclear how sequencing efficiency is influenced by DNA source. We aimed to identify the most efficient method and DNA source for collecting WGS data from avian museum specimens. We analyzed low-coverage WGS from 60 DNA libraries prepared from four American Robin (Turdus migratorius) and four Abyssinian Thrush (Turdus abyssinicus) specimens collected in the 1920s. We compared DNA source (toepad versus incision-line skin clip) and three library preparation methods: 1) double-stranded, single tube (KAPA); 2) single-stranded, multi-tube (IDT); and 3) single-stranded, single-tube (Claret Bioscience). We found that the multi-tube ssDNA method resulted in significantly greater endogenous DNA content, average read length, and sequencing efficiency than the other tested methods. We also tested whether a predigestion step reduced exogenous DNA in libraries from one specimen per species and found promising results that warrant further study. The ~10% increase in average sequencing efficiency of the best performing method over a commonly implemented dsDNA library preparation method has the potential to significantly increase WGS coverage of hDNA from bird specimens. Future work should evaluate the threshold for specimen age at which these results hold and how the combination of library preparation method and DNA source influence WGS in other taxa.
A critical analysis of plant science literature reveals ongoing inequities

The field of plant science has grown dramatically in the past two decades, but global disparities and systemic inequalities persist. Here, we analyzed ~300,000 papers published over the past two decades to quantify disparities across nations, genders, and taxonomy in the plant science literature. Our analyses reveal striking geographical biases—affluent nations dominate the publishing landscape and vast areas of the globe having virtually no footprint in the literature. Authors in Northern America are cited nearly twice as many times as authors based in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, despite publishing in journals with similar impact factors. Gender imbalances are similarly stark and show remarkably little improvement over time. Some of the most affluent nations have extremely male biased publication records, despite supposed improvements in gender equality. In addition, we find that most studies focus on economically important crop and model species and a wealth of biodiversity is under-represented in the literature. Taken together, our analyses reveal a problematic system of publication, with persistent imbalances that poorly captures the global wealth of scientific knowledge and biological diversity. We conclude by highlighting disparities that can be addressed immediately and offer suggestions for long-term solutions to improve equity in the plant sciences. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We analyzed ~300,000 papers published over the past two decades to quantify global, gender, and taxonomic disparities in plant science. Our analyses reveal striking geographical biases that are correlated with national affluence. Gender imbalances were also evident, with far more papers led by authors with masculine names than authors with feminine names. Lastly, we identified substantial taxonomic sampling gaps. The vast majority of surveyed studies focused on major crop and model species and the remaining biodiversity accounted for only a fraction of publications. Taken together, our analyses represent an important addition to the growing conversation about diversifying and decolonizing science.
Analytical and Level Set Method-Based Numerical Study for Two-Phase Stratified Flow in a Pipe

A nondimensional analytical study for fully developed and three-dimensional numerical study of developing viscosity stratified flow is presented, at various values of viscosity ratio η, inlet area fraction of the less viscous fluid α 1,in , and Reynolds number. With increasing α 1,in , a change in the trend of axial variation in interface–from inlet to the fully developed region–is found at α 1,in = α 1,in,c . With increasing η, development length is found to asymptotically decrease for α 1,in = 0.2 and increase for α 1,in = 0.5 and 0.8. A physical model for flow development is also presented for single- and two-fluid flow. A favorable operating condition to reduce the cost of transportation of more viscous fluids by pipe is proposed.
Intertwining Operators for Twisted Modules of a Colored Vertex Operator Superalgebra

Abstract In this paper we introduce intertwining operators for twisted modules of a colored vertex operator superalgebra, which are natural generalizations of those for untwisted modules. In particular, we construct adjoint intertwining operators as in the untwisted case, which were mathematically introduced by Frenkel, Huang, and Lepowsky. The fusion rules for certain twisted modules of a colored vertex operator superalgebra associated with an integral lattice are found.