Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variability of the Surface Energy Balance in Permafrost Underlain Boreal Forest

Abstract. Boreal forests in permafrost regions make up around one-third of the global forest cover and are an essential component of regional and global climate patterns. Further, climatic change can trigger extensive ecosystem shifts such as the partial disappearance of near surface permafrost or changes to the vegetation structure and composition. Therefore, our aim is to understand how the interactions between the vegetation, permafrost, and the atmosphere stabilize the forests and the underlying permafrost. Existing model set-ups are often static or are not able to capture important processes such as the vertical structure or the leaf physiological properties. There is a need for a physically based model with a robust radiative transfer scheme through the canopy. A one-dimensional land surface model (CryoGrid) is adapted for the application in vegetated areas by coupling a multilayer canopy model (CLM-ml v0) and is used to reproduce the energy transfer and thermal regime at a study site (N 63.18946, E 118.19596) in mixed boreal forest in Eastern Siberia. We have in-situ soil temperature and radiation measurements, to evaluate the model and demonstrate the capabilities of a coupled multilayer forest-permafrost model to investigate the vertical exchange of radiation, heat, and water. We find that the forests exert a strong control on the thermal state of permafrost through changing the radiation balance and snow cover phenology. The forest cover alters the surface energy balance by inhibiting over 90 % of the solar radiation and suppressing turbulent heat fluxes. Additionally, our simulations reveal a surplus in longwave radiation trapped below the canopy, similar to a greenhouse, which leads to a comparable magnitude in storage heat flux to that simulated at the grassland site. Further, the end of season snow cover is three times greater at the forest site and the onset of the snow melting processes are delayed.
Self-confidence due to ability of Three Meter Smash in Volleyball

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kepercayaan diri atlet dalam smash tiga meter pada bolavoli. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah angket kepercayaan diri atlet sebanyak 20 pertanyaan. Subjek penelitian adalah 12 atlet ekstrakurikuler bola voli di SMA Negeri 1 Pundong Bantul. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah validitas yang diukur dengan menggunakan rumus Korelasi Product Moment dan reliabilitas diperoleh 0,428 dengan menggunakan Cronbach's Alpha. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kepercayaan diri atlet bola voli SMA Negeri 1 Pundong saat melakukan smash tiga meter berada pada kategori: Sangat Rendah, 5 orang (41,6%); Rendah, 3 orang (25%); Tinggi, 2 orang (16,7%); Sangat tinggi, 2 orang (16,7%). Kemampuan smash tiga meter hanya bisa dilakukan oleh terutama di spiker terbuka dan serba bisa. Hal itu diperlukan untuk mendukung kemampuannya dalam melakukan smash tiga meter. Kajian ini dibatasi dengan beberapa subjek penelitian bagi mereka yang mengkhususkan diri pada paku terbuka dan semua putaran yang biasanya melakukan semash tiga meter. Lebih banyak subjek penelitian dengan spesialisasi terbuka dan serba bisa direproduksi.
UTILITY OF PCR ASSAY FOR DETECTION OF BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS IN CLINICAL SAMPLES FROM PERSISTENTLY INFECTED CATTLE

In this study, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used for the detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) persistent infections in cattle. BVDV RNA's from individual serum, milk and semen clinical specimens from persistently infected (PI) cattle were transcribed to cDNA using reverse transcriptase. Using a set of oligonucleotide primers complementary to nucleotide sequence within the conserved 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the BVDV genome, a 246 base pair target sequence from BVDV cDNA from clinical samples was successfully amplified by PCR. The sensitivity of PCR detection of BVDV nucleic acid was 10 times more than that of BVDV isolation from serum of PI animals. The results suggest that PCR amplification assay may be a useful addition in developing new rapid and sensitive tests for detection of BVDV in clinical samples from PI animals. The speed and the sensitivity of this method might be of value for perusing studies on pathogenesis and epidemiology of persistent infection of cattle with BVD virus.
The Effectiveness of Using Breathing Exercise on Sleep Quality Among Hospitalized Patients

Sleep disturbance among hospitalized patients has many factors especially at critical care units. Daily breathing exercises as pursed lip breathing (PLB) and diaphragmatic breathing improves sleep quality and reduces the occurrence of delirium. Aim of the study Evaluate the effectiveness of using breathing exercise on sleep quality among hospitalized patients. Design quasi experimental design. Sample A purposive sample including 152 patients were divided into four equal groups two from the Medical ward (study and control) 38 patients each group and two form the Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) (study and control) 38 each group at Minia university hospital. Results majority of the groups were male; all patients were in the middle age. (39% and 44.7%) of the medical ward groups (study and control) and (52.6% and 44.7%) respectively of the MICU groups had sever sleep problem. But after applying breathing exercise for 5 continuous days, the study groups (44.7%) of the medical ward and (50%) of the MICU had great sleep quality. Majority of study group’s patients at the medical ward and MICU had no Confusion,” with percentage (60.5% and 52.6%) respectively which mean no presence of delirium. Conclusion breathing exercise had significance effect on improving sleeping quality and reduce the occurrence of delirium among the study groups than the control groups.
Comparison of Hydraulic Conductivity Values Obtained from Empirical Formulae and Laboratory Experiments

Hydraulic conductivity determination plays an essential role in the investigation of groundwater flow regime which can then influence many field problems such as pumping capabilities in the area, transport of contaminant or heat and soil internal erosion. Numerous equations based on dimensional analysis or experimental measurements have been published since the end of the 19th century for the determination of hydraulic conductivity. However, not all of these formulae are applicable for every material and all of them bring some uncertainty in the value of hydraulic conductivity. This paper contains a description of experimental research carried out concerning the determination of hydraulic conductivity for four types of sand with different grain size distribution curves and variable porosity. Obtained values of hydraulic conductivity ranged from 1 × 10-4 to 4 × 10-3 according to the sample porosity. The series of experiments consisted of 160 separate tests conducted in order to obtain relevant statistical sets. In this paper, the experimental data are discussed and compared with hydraulic conductivities obtained from 6 empirical formulae recommended in a previous study. The comparison showed that some empirical formulae provide a good agreement with the experimental data (the most precise were formulae published by Terzaghi and by Sauerbrey). However, some formulae showed high deviation from measured data (formula published by Zamarin).
Deciduous dentition and eruption pattern in late Miocene Pachyrukhinae (Hegetotheriidae, Notoungulata) from La Pampa Province, Argentina

Abstract The study of juvenile remains of Paedotherium Burmeister from Cerro Azul Formation (La Pampa Province, Argentina; late Miocene) is presented. Upper and lower deciduous dentition (or permanent molars supposed to be associated with non-preserved deciduous teeth) are recognised. Several ontogenetic stages are distinguished among juveniles, according to the degree of wear and the replaced deciduous teeth. Besides, some morphological and metrical differences are observed along the crown height. Deciduous cheek teeth are high-crowned and placed covering the apex of the corresponding permanent tooth. The height of the crown and the degree of wear allow establishing the pattern of dental replacement of deciduous and permanent premolars in a posterior–anterior direction (DP/dp4–2 and P/p4–2), as well as the eruption of M/m3 before DP/dp4 is replaced. Some of the studied remains are recognised as young individuals of Tremacyllus Ameghino, but with complete permanent dentition, which leads to propose a different timing in the dental replacement with respect to Paedotherium; they also allow the establishment of an opposite premolar eruption pattern, from P/p2 to P/p4. This knowledge of the deciduous dentition of Paedotherium suggests the need of revising the morphological and metrical characters previously used for defining species within this taxon.
LEPTIN GENE SNPS AND THEIR EFFECT ON MILK TRAITS IN EGYPTIAN BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS)

Leptin plays an important role in the regulation of development of the mammary gland and its polymorphisms were shown to be associated with milk quantity and quality in cattle. However, no SNP was detected and no association studies was conducted on leptin gene in Egyptian buffalo. Therefore, the objective of this study was to detect leptin gene polymorphisms and to determine associations between these polymorphisms and milk traits in Egyptian water buffalo. A PCR product of 400bp, including intron 2 of leptin gene was amplified using PCR and subsequently, subjected to sequence analysis to identify its different allelic patterns. Two novel SNPs,G247T at nucleotide number 963 and T282G at nucleotide number 998, were detected in LEP intron 2 in Egyptian buffaloes. The associations analysis revealed no significance association between these SNPs and milk traits(P>0.05) in all examined animals. Consequently, our results indicated that the LEPG247T and T282GSNPs does not influence milk yield or milk composition in Egyptian buffalo and these SNPs could not be used in a marker assisted selection program to improve milk traits in Egyptian buffalo
Calling and Spawning Seasons in a Mixed Population of Anurans

This work was done to learn the relation between the period in which male anurans vocalize. and the actual tinmes of spawning and to learn the reproductive seasons of a sympatric group of anuran species. Precise knowledge of the reproductive season, including environmentally induced variations, in a group of species that utilize the same breeding pools is important in assessing the possibilities of interspecific hybridization and in respect to possible interspecific competition, particularly in the larval stage. This report concerns primarily the 7 species of anuran amphibians that breed regularly in a farm pond ("tank") and in a few subsidiary catchments of temporary waters. These include one toad (Bufo valliceps), 3 hylids (Pseudacris
Personalized-medicine on carotid endarterectomy and stenting

Evidence based medicine (EBM) is the core of current clinical guidelines and is considered as the gold standard of clinical practice. Despite this, a number of limitations and criticisms are moved to EBM. The major one is that this method privileges randomized controlled trials (RCTs), in which the selection of patients is often based on rigid inclusion criteria. The lack of “pragmatism” of some RCTs sometimes makes it difficult to apply guidelines that derive from them to patients observed in clinical practice, who are often affected by comorbidities and disabilities. The new paradigm to overcome this limitation is personalized medicine (PM), which aims to take into account the particular characteristics displayed by the individual. In order to tailor the best treatment for the patient, PM uses EBM but emphasizes the person's specific information from the assessment of the clinic, lifestyle and risk/benefit scores. This narrative review tries to find the best evidence by analysing subgroups and risk scores of patients from meta-analysis and RCTs in order to try to apply PM and to provide good practice points (GPP) on grey aspects and open questions not fully covered by current guidelines on carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and stenting for stroke prevention.
Literature Review of Image Fusion

Image fusion is the technique of combining information from multiple images of the same scene, but either captured from different sensors, different view-points or different times. The fused result is a single image containing all important features of each original image thereby being more comprehensive and more suitable for further human operators or further machine processing tasks. A number of applications employ image fusion since they need complementary spatial and spectral information in a single image, but a capability of a single sonsor used in a single moment is limited by design or obsearvational constraints. Multiple images are therefore acquired in different manners. Several source modalities are utilised to exhibit various characteristics, such as type of degradation, texture properties, colours, spectral bands, etc. These applications include satellite imaging, medical imaging, robot vision, monitoring and surveillance. Multiview images are taken from the same modality, same time but from different positions to create a 3D image. Multifocus images are taken repeatly with various focal lengths to create one sharp image. Same camera at the same position captures images at different times is used to detect changes, to enhance nighttime scenery, or to restore an image from blurred and noisy image sequence. Multi-exposure is the superimposition of images captured from various exposures to create a single image used for context enhancement or for increasing dynamic range.
Organisational learning: A scale development study

Abstract This study aims to develop a scale in order to determine the organisational learning levels of educational organisations. The scale took its final form after the items were written, experts’ opinions were received and pilot applications were implemented. A survey was administered to 267 teachers using a simple random sampling method. An 18-item organisational learning scale (OLS) was obtained as a result of the exploratory factor analysis. OLS was prepared on the basis of frequency (never-always) to render a possible 5-point Likert type measurement. This 18-item scale was validated by confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs). The factor analyses carried out revealed an 18-item scale with a total of four subscales. These subscales are continuous learning, cognitive processes, transparency and issue orientation. The goodness of fit index values revealed by the results of the CFA carried out indicated that OLS is valid and acceptable. Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients of the factors ranged between 0.65 and 0.81. The overall Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient of the OLS was determined as 0.85 and its Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) value was determined as 0.87. In conclusion, OLS is proposed as a scale based on which the organisational learning levels of schools can be measured in four different subscales. Keywords: Organisational learning, organisational learning in school, scale development, continuous learning.
Round gobies in the third dimension – use of vertical walls as habitat enables vector contact in a bottom-dwelling invasive fish

Sessile invasive species often efficiently exploit anthropogenic structures, such as harbour walls and pontoons, which can lead to increased vector contact (i.e. contact with boats), and therefore spread rate. The round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) is a bottom-dwelling invasive fish species which was never documented on boats or habitats near the water surface. In this study, we wanted to find out if this fish makes use boat hulls and other vertical anthropogenic structures, which could act as invasion beachheads. We inspected boats close to harbour walls in the river Rhine in Basel, Switzerland, to search for gobies on them and documented the position of the boat and the ways the gobies could have reached the hull. We observed round goby presence on three different boats, with up to 28 goby sightings on one boat hull in the course of 45 minutes. Additionally, we recorded gobies on walls between one and five meters above the ground. Based on these observations, we investigated the behaviour of round gobies using vertical walls as habitat and compared the observed behaviours to those exhibited by gobies on the bottom. Gobies used the habitat along a wall in a generally similar fashion to the habitat on the bottom. However, they sat still for less time and moved more on walls than on the bottom, while feeding activity was similar in both habitats. The results raise questions about the drivers for using vertical structures as habitat in the usually bottom-dwelling round gobies and the plasticity of this behaviour. Our study documents round gobies in direct contact with boats for the first time. Potentially, gobies could find hiding places or suitable structures to nest on boats. This study therefore provides support for the theory that boat hulls are potential vectors for the translocation of round gobies. Our observations should lead to an increased awareness about fish and their eggs on boat hulls and stimulate efforts to implement measures like the check-clean-dry routine for commercial as well as private boats.
Trialing net illumination as a bycatch mitigation measure for sea turtles in a small-scale gillnet fishery in Ecuador

In Ecuador, one of the main hazards for threatened marine species, such as sea turtles, is small-scale fisheries bycatch. At a global scale, currently, bycatch reduction technologies (BRTs) are being tested in many coastal nations to mitigate this issue. Despite some advances in Ecuadorian efforts for wildlife protection, BRTs to reduce bycatch have yet to be assessed. The purpose of this study was to test the BRT of net illumination using violet light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a mitigation measure to reduce sea turtle interactions in the small-scale driftnet fishery operating from the ports of Santa Rosa, Puerto Lopez and Jaramijo. A total of 146 pairs of experimental sets (control and illuminated panes) were deployed in all ports. A generalized linear mixed-effect model (GLMM) was employed to analyze the bycatch per unit of effort (BPUE) for sea turtles, and the catch per unit of effort (CPUE) for target species; for both control and illuminated panes. Thirty-two sea turtles from three species were observed captured: olive ridley Lepidochelys olivacea (n=18), green Chelonia mydas (n=13) and leatherback turtles Dermochelys coriacea (n=1). Turtle species-specific modeling showed bycatch of green turtles declined by 93% in illuminated nets compared with control, non-illuminated nets, whereas no significant difference between control and illuminated nets was observed for olive ridley turtles. The catch per unit effort of the target pelagic fish species including skipjack tuna, yellowfin tuna, mahi-mahi, thresher shark and smooth hammerhead shark was not affected by net illumination. Our results represent the first evaluation of the effects of net illumination using LEDs on reducing marine turtle bycatch in Ecuadorian small-scale driftnet fisheries. Despite its relatively small sample size, these results could be used by fisheries managers to support the implementation or further testing of this BRT in gillnet fisheries along the Ecuadorian coast.
Understory Response to 50 Years of Management of a Northern Hardwood Forest in Upper Michigan

Herbaceous and woody understory layers on five silvicultural research plots at the Upper Peninsula Experimental Forest, Michigan, were surveyed in summer for up to 5 years after the studies began and again 50 years later. Species composition and diversity showed the greatest change 4 and 5 years after harvest and by 50 years they were similar to original conditions. After 50 years the understory was denser and had greater cover than originally. Early treatment differences among plots had diminished after 50 years.
A Preliminary Implementation Framework of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in the Algerian AEC Industry

The construction industry is one of the most growing sectors worldwide, it plays a great role in boosting the economy. The construction sector in Algeria has recently witnessed an upward growth, due to the Algerian government’s vision to develop economic activity and boost the residential construction market. On the other hand, the Algerian construction market is suffering from the lack of efficiency; projects delay and less quality of projects delivery. It becomes very necessary to find a way to improve these inefficiencies by adopting new approaches and technologies. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is becoming a widespread and common approach in the design, construction and maintenance of building facilities as BIM reduces waste, improves construction quality and enhance collaboration among the construction stakeholders. Hence, it becomes necessary to start gradually introducing BIM to the Algerian construction industry in order to improve its productivity. This paper addresses BIM implementation in the Algerian AEC industry and proposes a preliminary framework towards its implementation. Through a questionnaire survey, we explored the BIM capabilities, BIM awareness and BIM maturity of the Algerian AEC players. Based on the questionnaire findings and literature review, this paper proposes an effective BIM implementation based on both levels of macro-adoption and micro-adoption. The framework developed is based on three main aspects comprise of technology, process and policy. This study is considered as the first implementation framework of Building information modelling in the Algerian AEC industry. The framework proposed will be used as a reference for the Algerian researchers and professionals.
Public servant stereotypes: It is not (at) all about being lazy, greedy and corrupt

As stereotypes strongly influence social interactions, this study explores the stereotypical associations about public servants, and about various professions in the public sector as well as the for‐profit and non‐profit sectors. This leads to a better understanding of the theoretical and practical challenges, such as citizen behavior towards public servants, attractiveness, and political decisions about public service jobs. With a mixed‐method analysis of cognitive associations (7,470 associations by 415 respondents for 12 professions), the defining epithets of public servants are clarified, along with their positive or negative connotation. Despite the strongest associations for public servants being positive (caring, helpful, and dedicated), as an overall category, it has a less positive connotation, compared to some specific professions typical in the public sector (nurse, firefighter, and police). However, cognitive associations are substantially more positive for public servants, compared to politicians, lawyers, and salesmen.
THE STUDY ON MILLENNIALS CHINESE INDEPENDENT TRAVELER’S DECISION TO VISIT BANGKOK, THAILAND

The purpose of this study is to understand the factors that influence millennials Chinese traveler to Bangkok for independent travel. Based on the push-pull theory, the researcher selected three push (Escape, Get experiences & Knowledge, Socialization) and three pull factors (Nature, Culture, Activity). The researcher add if gender is a factor that influences people's decision to travel independently. In this study, 394 millennials Chinese who traveled independently in Bangkok are surveyed through questionnaires. The researcher use quota sampling and analyze 394 valid data. Independent samples t-test, correlation analysis, and multiple linear analysis methods are utilized to do hypothesis testing. Critical suggestions to improve Chinese independent traveler's decisions are followed accordingly.