Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nitrous oxide emission and methane consumption following compaction of forest soils

Fluxes of the greenhouse gases, N 2 O and CH 4 , were measured across a skid trail at three beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest sites with soils of different texture. At each site three skid trails were established by applying two passes with a forwarder. Soil compaction in the middle of the wheel track caused a considerable increase of N 2 O emissions with values elevated by up to 40 times the uncompacted ones. Compaction reduced the CH 4 consumption at all sites by up to 90%, and at the silty clay loam site its effect was such that CH 4 was even released. These changes in N 2 O and CH 4 fluxes were caused by a reduction in macropore volume and an increase of the water-filled pore space (WFPS). Additionally, the slipping of the forwarder's wheels led to a mixing of the humus layer with the mineral soil, which resulted in a new layer. This layer reduced gas exchange between the soil and the atmosphere. Trace gas fluxes were altered in the trafficked soil and in the adjacent areas. Despite the significant changes in the trace gas fluxes on the skid trails, the cumulative effect of the two gases on the atmosphere was small with respect to total emissions. However, if soil trafficking is not restricted to the established skid trail system the area of compaction and consequently the atmospheric load by greenhouse gases may increase with every harvesting operation.
Effects of High Pressure Treatment and Chitosan Coating on Selected Enzymatic Activities and Quality Indices of Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) Muscle

ABSTRACT Three different treatments: pressurization at 200 MPa for 3 min (HPP), chitosan coating and then pressurization (CHPP), and chitosan coating (CHI) were used on barramundi muscle to investigate quality indices and enzymatic activities during chilled storage (4 ± 1°C). HPP significantly improved texture and reduced proteolytic activity and drip loss of barramundi muscle compared to CHI. Chitosan coating significantly reduced microbial growth as compared to HPP. CHPP treatment improved texture and reduced protease activity, total volatile basic nitrogen formation, drip loss, and microbial growth, but it accelerated lipid oxidation. Thus, HPP is the most favorable for improving barramundi muscle quality during chilled storage up to 23 days.
Geologic Interpretation of Space Shuttle Radar Images of Indonesia

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) space shuttle mission in November 1981 acquired images of parts of the earth with a synthetic aperture radar system at a wavelength of 23.5 cm (9.3 in.) and spatial resolution of 38 m (125 ft). This report describes the geologic interpretation of 1:250,000-scale images of Irian Jaya and eastern Kalimantan, Indonesia, where the all-weather capability of radar penetrates the persistent cloud cover. The inclined look direction of radar enhances subtle topographic features that may be the expression of geologic structures. On the Indonesian images, the following terrain categories are recognizable for geologic mapping: carbonate, clastic, volcanic, alluvial and coastal, melange, and metamorphic, as well as undifferentia ed bedrock. Regional and local geologic structures are well expressed on the images. In the Vogelkop region of Irian Jaya, the major tectonic elements (Tamrau Mountains, Sorong fault, Kemum block, Bintuni basin, and Lengguru foldbelt) are readily mapped. On the image of the Sorong fault, geomorphic features (offset drainage, shutterridges, aligned notches) provide clear evidence for left-lateral strike-slip displacement. Several lineaments on the image correlate with previously mapped faults. Other lineaments may be the expression of previously unrecognized faults. On the image of the mainland of Irian Jaya, a belt of metamorphic and melange terrain marks the zone of collision between the Pacific plate and the Australian plate. The high Central Range of Irian Jaya is located south of the metamorphic and melange belt. The generally homoclinal structure of the Central Range is interrupted in the Paniai Lake region by a series of southward directed thrust plates indicated by belts of carbonate terrain (New Guinea Limestone Group) that alternate with belts of clastic terrain (Kembelangan Formation). In the image of eastern Kalimantan, several major foldbelts are clearly expressed. These limited examples of space shuttle radar images demonstrate their value for geologic interpretation of Indonesia. It is recommended that future shuttle missions acquire complete radar coverage of the main islands of Indonesia for use in geologic mapping and energy exploration. Shuttle radar images would also be valuable for other cloud-covered forested regions.
Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics On the two-day oscillations and the day-to-day variability in global 3-D-modeling of the chemical system of the upper mesosphere / mesopause region

The integration of the photochemical system of the upper mesosphere/mesopause region brought evidence that the system is able to respond in a nonlinear manner under certain conditions. Under the action of the diurnallyperiodic insolation, the system creates subharmonic oscillations or chaos if disregarding strong diffusion, and under special conditions it possesses multiple solutions. The models used in the past were simplified and idealized in view of the number of dimensions and the consideration of the full dynamics. On the basis of our global 3-D-model of the dynamics and chemistry of the middle atmosphere (COMMAIAP), we also found a nonlinear response in the photochemistry under realistic conditions. The model under consideration is not yet self-consistent, but the chemical model uses the dynamical fields calculated by the dynamic model. From our calculations we got period-2 oscillations of the photochemical system within confined latitudinal regions around the solstices but not during the equinoxes. The consequence of the period-2 oscillation of the chemical active minor constituents is that a marked two-day variation of the chemical heating rates is an important thermal pumping mechanism. We discuss these findings particularly in terms of the influence of realistic dynamics on the creation of nonlinear effects.
Application of ground-penetrating radar to investigation of near-surface fault properties in the San Francisco Bay region

In many geologic environments, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) provides high-resolution images of near-surface Earth structure. GPR data collection is nondestructive and very economical. The scale of features detected by GPR lies between those imaged by high-resolution seismic reflection surveys and those exposed in trenches and is therefore potentially complementary to traditional techniques for fault location and mapping. Sixty-two GPR profiles were collected at 12 sites in the San Francisco Bay region. Results show that GPR data correlate with large-scale features in existing trench observations, can be used to locate faults where they are buried or where their positions are not well known, and can identify previously unknown fault segments. The best data acquired were on a profile across the San Andreas fault, traversing Pleistocene terrace deposits south of Olema in Marin County; this profile shows a complicated multi-branched fault system from the ground surface down to about 40 m, the maximum depth for which data were recorded.
Offshore evidence for a huge landslide of the northern flank of Tahiti‐Nui (French Polynesia)

A bathymetric analysis of the flanks of Tahiti‐Nui (French Polynesia) reveals the existence of a major catastrophic north‐directed landslide during its eruptive history. The related debris‐avalanche (DA) deposits extend north 70 km from the island shore and have a total volume of about 800 km3. Two contrasted facies of the debris are recognized: (1) relatively small‐sized material, including a few blocks with well‐developed flow structures (elongate downslope‐directed ridges and transversal pressure ridges), and (2) a scattering of large kilometer‐sized individual blocks that form, in part, a prominent bathymetric hummock in the proximal central part of the landslide deposits. Bathymetric analyses suggest that the Tahitian failure evolved through two main successive shots. The DA debris were rapidly overlain by subsequent volcanic material, producing a smooth surface down to 1500 m below sea level. The on‐land and offshore structures indicate a listric fault geometry for the landslide scar. The volume removed by the landslide is thus estimated between 400 km3 and 450 km3. Discrepancy in the volume of the scar, and the debris derived from it, is due in part to expansion of the debris, to fragmentation of the avalanche, and to incorporation of sediments. Comparison with a recently recognized southern Tahitian landslide (Clouard et al., 2001) and with landslides recognized around the Hawaiian Islands and the Canary Islands shows that the huge northern Tahitian landslide described here has a reduced mobility in its central part. Perhaps the older Tetiaroa eruptive complex to the north acted as a buttress to inhibit movement of the DA products. The northern and southern Tahiti‐Nui landslides moved in opposite directions away from the main central E‐W directed rift zone that served as the main magma feeding structure. Then, the huge northern landslide strongly controlled the later volcano‐structural evolution by capturing subsequent volcanic activity to the north, despite the northwestward displacement of the Pacific plate over the Society hot spot.
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials Open Access Presumptive Identification of Candida Species Other than C. Albicans, C. Krusei, and C. Tropicalis with the Chromogenic Medium Chromagar Candida

Background: CHROMagar Candida (CaC) is increasingly being reported as a medium used to differentiate Candida albicans from non-albicans Candida (NAC) species. Rapid identification of NAC can assist the clinician in selecting appropriate antifungal therapy. CaC is a differential chromogenic medium designed to identify C. albicans, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis based on colony color and morphology. Some reports have proposed that CaC can also reliably identify C. dubliniensis and C. glabrata.
Lithofacies and dynamics of a cool-water carbonate seaway: mid-Tertiary, Te Kuiti Group, New Zealand

Abstract The Waimai, Orahiri and Otorohanga limestones of the upper Eocene to lowermost Miocene Te Kuiti Group, North Island, New Zealand, provide examples of cool-water carbonate sedimentation within seaways. The limestones are dominated by grainstones and packstones, and contain abundant bryozoans, benthic foraminifers and echinoderm fragments, with only small amounts of siliciclastic material. Horizontally bedded and cross-bedded lithofacies represent sedimentation in wave-dominated and current-dominated settings, respectively; biostrome lithofacies are less abundant and tend to be associated with the current-generated deposits. The migration of dune fields and the associated biostromes generate laterally restricted cyclic alternations of lithofacies. Stratigraphic partitioning of cross-bedded and wave-dominated lithofacies demonstrate that the Te Kuiti seaway alternated between current-dominated, wave-dominated and mixed-energy conditions. Eustatically and/or tectonically produced changes in water depth had the most important influence, with current-dominated conditions prevailing when water depth was optimal to allow flow acceleration through the seaway. Wave-dominated or mixed-energy conditions prevailed when water depth was less or more than this optimum depth. Mixed-energy conditions were most prevalent in widest seaways. The controls on seaway sedimentation inferred have application to other carbonate and siliciclastic seaway successions.
The velocity-thickness characteristics of the mangrove swamp low velocity layer (LVL), South Central Niger Delta, Nigeria

A total of 14 upholes were shot in the Mangrove Swamp of the Niger Delta of Nigeria. The aim of the survey was to determine the thickness and velocity of the low velocity layer (LVL). The velocities and thickness of the layers were computed from the reciprocals of the slopes of the straight-line segments using the FACE Static computer program. Results obtained showed a variation in the thickness of the weathering layer from 2.0m to 5.7m with an average of 3.40m. The variation was random and did not show any trend. The velocity of the low velocity layer ranges between 295ms-1 and 727ms-1 with an average of 562.7 ms-1 while the velocity of the sub-weathering layer ranges between 1502 ms-1 and 1918 ms-1 with an average of 1716 ms-1. These data are important in seismic static corrections and in geotechnical engineering. Key words: Thickness, Velocity, Low velocity layer, Uphole [Global Jnl Pure & Appl. Sci. Vol.9(3) 2003: 369-374]
Atlantic deep circulation controlled by freshening in the Southern Ocean

Numerical simulations with a climate model of intermediate complexity are used to illustrate the effect of meridional moisture transport in the Southern Hemisphere mid‐latitudes on the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) and heat transport in the Atlantic. A novel feature of the model is a diapycnal mixing scheme in the ocean, which ensures low values of diffusivity (about 10−5 m2s−1) in the pycnocline. It is shown that the Atlantic MOC, northward oceanic heat transport and the associated air‐sea heat flux anomalies are all proportional to the southward moisture transport from subtropical to subpolar regions in the Southern Hemisphere. The effect of the intensified ocean circulation on sea surface temperature and salinity is also illustrated.
Resource Depression and Intensification During the Late Holocene, San Francisco Bay: Evidence from the Emeryville Shellmound Vertebrate Fauna

The Emeryville Shellmound, on the east shore of San Francisco Bay, was excavated and subsequently destroyed in the early 20th century. From its stratified deposits, which span the period 2600 to 700 years ago, the author identified 2004 fish and 15,893 mammal specimens, and analyzed these and 2302 avian remains previously identified by Hildegarde Howard in the 1920s. A battery of independent tests derived from foraging theory supports the conclusion that human-induced impacts on vertebrate populations caused declines in the efficiency of foraging across the time that the Emeryville locality was occupied.
Effects of temperature and humidity upon the transport of sedimentary particles by wind

Wind tunnel simulations of aeolian transport carried out over a range in mean temperature between 32 °C and −9 °C suggest that cold airflows support higher mass transport rates (Q) than very warm air. The magnitude of this increase is larger than expected, so that analytical and semi‐empirical models underestimate Q. Extrapolation of the results suggests that, at −40 °C, as for example in the dry valleys of Antarctica in winter, Q may be as much as 70% higher than for the equivalent wind speed in hot deserts at air temperatures of 40 °C. Temperature‐dependent changes in air density and turbulence contribute to this result. The decreased tension of water adsorbed onto particle surfaces at low temperatures is postulated to reduce interparticle cohesion and, thus, to increase the elasticity of particle impacts on cold beds. Definition of the roles that temperature and humidity play in aeolian transport is relevant to studies of palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and extraterrestrial (or planetary) geology. Investigation of present‐day, cold climate features and of climate change effects also requires knowledge of these fundamental relations.
Renormalization of the weak hadronic current in the nuclear medium

The renormalization of the weak charge-changing hadronic current as a function of the reaction energy release is studied at the nucleonic level. We have calculated the average quenching factors for each type of current (vector, axial vector, and induced pseudoscalar). The obtained quenching in the axial vector part is, at zero momentum transfer, 19% for the $1s0d$ shell and 23% in the $1p0f$ shell. We have extended the calculations also to heavier systems such as ${}^{56}\mathrm{Ni}$ and ${}^{100}\mathrm{Sn},$ where we obtain stronger quenchings, 44% and 59%, respectively. Gamow-Teller-type transitions are discussed, along with the higher-order matrix elements. The quenching factors are constant up to roughly 60 MeV momentum transfer. Therefore the use of energy-independent quenching factors in beta decay is justified. We also found that going beyond the zeroth and first order operators (in inverse nucleon mass) does not give any substantial contribution. The extracted renormalization to the ratio ${C}_{P}{/C}_{A}$ at $q=100$ MeV is $\ensuremath{-}3.5%,$ $\ensuremath{-}7.1%,$ $\ensuremath{-}28.6%,$ and $+8.7%$ for mass 16, 40, 56, and 100, respectively.
Gender Differences in the Correlates of Volunteering and Charitable Giving

Psychological research has found that women score higher on most measures of the traits, motivations, and values that predict helping others, and women are more likely to help family and friends. However, sex differences in the institutional helping behaviors of volunteering and charitable giving are small. This article seeks to explain this apparent contradiction with the hypotheses that men have more resources and more social capital than women, which compensates for their lower level of motivation. The article tests these hypotheses using data from the 1995 Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) survey. The data show partial support for these hypotheses, as men score higher on measures of income, education, trust, and secular social networks. However, women have broader social networks through religious participation.
The synoptic origins of precipitation over the Antarctic Peninsula

The synoptic origins of precipitation on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula over the one year period March 1992 to February 1993 are investigated using meteorological observations, satellite imagery and analyses produced by the UK Meteorological Office. Precipitation at Rothera Station was found to occur at 30% of the synoptic reporting time with 80% of precipitation reports being associated with cyclonic disturbances. Although three quarters of all precipitation reports were for snow, the proximity of Rothera to the zone of maximum cyclonic activity meant that incursions of mild air produced rain in all seasons. During the year 95% of all precipitation was classed as slight. Variability of precipitation on the intraseasonal timescale was highly dependent on the synoptic-scale circulation. The most common synoptic situation for precipitation was a frontal cyclone over the Bellingshausen Sea which accounted for 38% of all precipitation events and 62% of the moderate and heavy precipitation reports. Of the extra-tropical cyclones that gave precipitation 49% were found to have developed south of 60°S. None of the precipitation at Rothera was attributable to mesocyclones. Snow stake measurements from Rothera were a poor indicator of precipitation as a result of blowing snow.
Evolutionary aspects of lithosphere discontinuity structure in the western U.S.

We have produced common conversion point (CCP) stacked Ps and Sp receiver function image volumes of the Moho and lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) beneath the western United States using Transportable Array data. The large image volumes and the diversity of tectonic environments they encompass allow us to investigate evolution of these structural discontinuities. The Moho is a nearly continuous topographic surface, whereas the LAB is not and the seismic images show a more complex expression. The first order change in LAB depth in the western U.S. occurs along the Cordilleran hingeline, the former Laurasian passive margin along the southwestern Precambrian North American terranes. The LAB is about 50% deeper to the east of the hingeline than to the west, with most of the increase in LAB thickness being in the mantle lithosphere. We infer that the Moho and the LAB are Late Mesozoic or Cenozoic everywhere west of the hingeline, modified during Farallon subduction and its aftermath. Between the hingeline and the Rocky Mountain Front, the LAB, and to a lesser extent the Moho, have been partially reset during the Cenozoic by processes that continue today. Seismicity and recent volcanism in the interior of the western U.S. are concentrated along gradients in crustal and/or lithospheric thickness, for example the hingeline, and the eastern edge of the coastal volcanic‐magmatic terranes. To us this suggests that lateral gradients in integrated lithospheric strength focus deformation. Similarly, areas conjectured to be the sites of convective downwellings and associated volcanism are located along gradients in regional lithosphere thickness.
Ground Water Age and Nitrate Distribution Within a Glacial Aquifer Beneath a Thick Unsaturated Zone

The impact on ground water quality from increasing fertilizer application rates over the past 40 years is evaluated within a glacial aquifer system beneath a thick unsaturated zone. Ground water ages within the aquifer could not be accurately determined from the measured distribution of 3H and as a result, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and 3H/3He dating techniques were applied. Beneath a 25 m thick unsaturated zone, ground water ages based on CFC‐11 concentrations were greater than 3H/3He ground water ages by 6 to 10 years, due to the time lag associated with the diffusion of CFCs through the unsaturated zone. Using the corrected CFC‐11 and 3H/3He ground water ages and the estimated travel time of 3H within the unsaturated zone, the approximate position of ground water recharged since the mid‐1960s was determined. Nitrate concentrations within post mid‐1960s recharge were generally elevated and near or above the drinking water limit of 10 mg‐N/L. In comparison, pre mid‐1960s recharge had nitrate concentrations <2.5 mg‐N/L. The elevated NO3− concentrations in post mid‐1960s recharge are attributed mainly to increasing fertilizer application rates between 1970 and the mid‐ to late 1980s. Anaerobic conditions suitable for denitrifkation are present within pre mid‐1960s recharge indicating that removal of DO is a slow process taking tens of years. Over the next 10 to 20 years, nitrate concentrations at municipal well fields that are currently capturing aerobic ground water recharged near the mid‐1960s are expected to increase because of the higher fertilizer application rates beginning in the 1970s and 1980s.
Geo‐thermochronological analysis reveals transition from transverse to axial detrital inputs during Cretaceous rifting in the Songliao Basin, NE China

The impact of tectonics, volcanism and climate in controlling temporal and spatial variations in rift‐basin sedimentation is still poorly understood. Here, we tackle this issue by the analysis of mid‐Cretaceous sediments deposited in the Songliao Basin, northeastern China. We present new zircon U–Pb, apatite fission‐track and trace‐element data from the northeastern basin, which are discussed within the framework of the published geochronology dataset. Our results reveal a major provenance change from syn‐rift tectonic extension to post‐rift thermal subsidence at ~103 Ma. During the syn‐rift stage, the detrital inputs were dominantly from transverse rivers sourced from the surrounding mountains including graben shoulders and volcanoes. During the post‐rift stage and coeval thermal subsidence, the basin sedimentation was controlled by coexisting transverse and axial drainage systems sourced from uplifting regions in the south. We conclude that tectonics, not climate, exerted a major control in sediment provenance change in the mid‐Cretaceous Songliao Basin.