Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE EVOLUTION OF THE MAMMALIAN EAR

Recent discussions of the mechanisms which have brought evolution 'about have led to a wide spread concurrence of opinion about the factors involved in the production of geographical races and the isolation of species, but they have not achieved the same general acceptance in their consideration of major evolutionary events, the coming into being of the various phyla or of such a class as the Mammalia, or of such great steps as the evolution of the craniate eye. Here a different process, with a different mechanism "macro-evolution" has been invoked by some workers. It is evident that we shall never know the steps which led up to the craniate eye, but we can expect to see and to understand much of the evolutionary history of the sound transmitting mechanism of the mammalian middle ear, one of the great steps for which an independent macroevolution is invoked. The problems presented by the evolution of the mammalian middle ear may be stated historically as follows: In 1601 A.D., J. Casserius showed that mammals possessed three bones in their middle ear, and birds, as represented by a goose, only one. By 1800, names had been given to these elements, and it had been recognized that in mammals the lower jaw was a single bone on each side which articulated with the squamosal bone of the skull, whilst in reptiles the lower jaw was made of several bones one of which, the articular, moved on a quadrate bone which was part of the skull. By 1820, Meckel showed that the mamnalian malleus first appeared as the hinder part of "Meckel's cartilage" and corresponded with the reptilian articular, and lby 1818, C. G. Carus had suggested that the incus is the quadrate. In 1837, Reichert gave a connected account of the development of the visceral arches in mammals and birds, adopting Cartis' and Meckel's suggestions, and the whole story is now commonly known by his name. The great difficulty in envisaging interm-iediates between the modern reptile and the mammalian condition led to many alternative suggestions, so that the publication by E. Gaupp (1913) of an exhaustive treatise on the problem which established, by a consideration of all then available 'lines of evidence, the fact that the old reptilian jaw articulation was represented in mammals by that between the incus and malleus, was important. An admirable account of the whole matter will be found in E. S. Goodrich, "Studies on the Structure and Development of Vertebrates," London 1930, chapter VIII.
Evaluation of bensulfuron-methyl for weed control in wet direct-sown summer rice

The efficacy of bensulfuron-methyl alone or as tank mixture with pretilachlor was evaluated in conjunction with recommended herbicides pretilachlor and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl for controlling sedges and broad leaf weeds in wet direct- sown summer rice during the dry season of 2006 and 2007 at Cuttack. The major weed flora constituting in weedy plots were Echinochloa colona (8.7%), Cyperus difformis (26.1%), Fimbristylis miliacea (14.5%), Sphenochlea zeylanica (27.5%) and Marsilea quadrifolia (23.2%) at 30 days after sowing (DAS). Bensulfuron-methyl either alone at 60 g ha−1 or as tank mixture with pretilachlor (50+450 g ha−1) applied at 20 DAS were found to be equally effective in controlling weeds (weed control efficiency 90.0 and 92.2%, respectively) and produced comparable grain yield of 5.48 and 5.53 t ha−1, respectively. Both these herbicide treatments were at par with recommended practice of hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS in terms of weed control efficiency (WCE) and grain yield. Bensulfuron-methyl at 30 to 60 g ha−1 applied alone or as tank mixture with pretilachlor at 450 g ha−1 was found superior in reducing the total weed density and dry matter production with WCE of 80–92.2% in comparison to the recommended herbicides pretilachlor and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl with WCE of 74 and 75.8% respectively. There was more than 49% reduction in the grain yield of rice due to competition with weeds in weedy plots.
The gray sequence of Schizotetranychus nanjingensis to ecological factors.

The Gray Sequence of Four Ecological Factors to S Nanjingensis S Nanjingensis were studied The result showed that the gray sequence of the ecological factors to eggs of S nanjingensis is humilitynatural enemyrainfalltemperature, and, to larva's, nymphs and adults is humilityraintalltemperaturenatural enemy, and to the population is humilityraintallnatural enemytemperature
The Conservation of Juniper: The Fauna of Food-Plant Island Sites in Southern England

The important species of phytophagous arthropods that are specifically associated with the juniper, Juniperus communis L. , have been listed by Ward (1977). It was shown that each region of Britain has only a proportion of the total fauna because the geographical distribution of each species is superimposed on that of the juniper. In southern England the possible total number of species was thought to be twenty-seven of which eight were introduced. However, the representation of these species varies on different sites, and this is the subject of this paper. Janzen (1968, 1973) suggested that a food-plant could be considered in terms of island biogeography with respect to its herbivores. The number of species specifically associated with food-plants can be studied in relation to evolutionary isolation, as in leaf-mining Lepidoptera on oak species (Opler 1974), or in relation to present-day populations of food-plants where these show insular characteristics. In southern England the populations of native juniper are discontinuous and occur on sites which can be compared to islands. The influence on the juniper fauna of the decline in the numbers and sizes of sites and their increasing isolation which is occurring in many areas (Ward 1973) has obvious implications for the conservation of the plant and its fauna. From studies of a number of juniper sites in southern England the observed total number of the specific arthropod species at a site have been related to various characteristics of the site using multiple regression techniques. Prediction equations have been used to estimate the number of species on sites not sampled for the fauna, but where information is available on the important site characteristics. Since a survey of all known juniper sites in southern England was made in 1968-70 by Ward (1973) it has been possible to make some provisional estimates of the resources of the fauna of juniper still remaining in that area.
NAA sprays increased litchi fruit size and its roles

Effects of Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) sprays and its roles on increasing fruit size in three lychee ( Litchi chinensis Sonn. ) cultivars were studied. Field experiment results showed that NAA three sprays at 40 mg·L~(-1) during fruit development significantly increased fruit size,but had no influence on seed mass and the ratio of aril to fruit mass. Such sprays increased pericarp mass by 9.4% , aril mass by 9.8% , and whole fruit mass by 9.9% in 'Feizixiao' , where the increment of pericarp, aril and whole fruit mass were 19.6%, 13.3% and 22.1% in 'Huaizhi', and 19.1%,25.0% and 18.5% in 'Nuomici' respectively. Moreover, NAA sprays also increased the fruit set significantly in three litchi cultivars. The Results marked by ~(14)C- sucrose indicated that such sprays raised the competing strength for assimilates in the pericarp by nearly 3.7 times as compared to that in the control. It suggested that the fruit size increased by NAA sprays was related to the competence of fruit to draw assimilates.
Nesting habitat characteristics of Marbled Murrelets occurring in near‐shore waters of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington

Marbled Murrelets ( Brachyramphus marmoratus ) are listed as threatened in the portion of their range extending from British Columbia to California due to loss of nesting habitat. Recovery of Marbled Murrelet populations requires a better understanding of the characteristics of their nesting habitat in this part of their range. Our objective, therefore, was to describe their nesting habitat in Washington State and Vancouver Island, British Columbia. We captured Marbled Murrelets from 2004 to 2008, ﬁtted them with radio transmitters, and followed them to nests ( N = 20). We used Cohen’s unbiased d effect size to assess differences between forest plots surrounding nest sites and nearby control sites ( N = 18). Nest sites had less canopy cover of the dominant conifers and fewer, but larger, trees than control sites. Nest sites also had greater percentages of trees with platforms > 10 cm diameter and > 15 cm diameter, and more platforms of these sizes than control sites. The mean diameter at breast height of nest trees was 136.5 cm (range = 84–248 cm) and all but one nest was in dominant or co-dominant tree species. At the landscape scale, we used vegetation maps derived from remotely sensed data and found greater canopy cover, higher density of mature trees, more platforms > 10 cm/ha, and more old-growth habitat at nest sites than at random sites. Our ﬁndings suggest that, at the site scale, nesting Marbled Murrelets selected the most suitable features of forest structure across expansive potentially suitable habitat. Our landscape-scale analysis showed that habitat features in nesting stands differed from those features in available stands in the murrelet’s range in Washington. We also found that stands with nests were less fragmented than available forest across murrelet range. All nest sites of radio-tagged birds in Washington were in protected areas in mostly undisturbed forest habitat. Conservation of these areas of inland nesting habitat will be critical to the recovery of Marbled Murrelet bosque sin disturbio. La conservaci´on de estas zonas de h´abitat de anidaci´on en el interior ser´an fundamentales para la recuperaci´on de las poblaciones de
Leaf character variations among different populations of Salix psammophila in China

We applied variance analysis,correlation analysis and cluster analysis to analyze the leaf phenotypic trait variations selected from 21 Salix psammophila populations which were collected in the library of national Salix psammophila germplasm resources. The results indicated: 1) The same phenotypic traits in different populations also were different,the average coefficient of variation for all traits of the maximum and minimum are P5( 0. 3864) and P21( 0. 1664),phenotypic variations in maximum and minimum are leaf area( 0. 3549) and abnormal index( 0. 1221). 2) Correlation analysis showed that leaf area,perimeter,petioles,leaf length and width exist significant difference( p = 0. 01),length- width ratio and abnormity index are no significant difference. 3)Clustering analysis indicates that P21 is obviously segmented from other population,show specificity. These results not only reveal the genetic relationship of tested materials but also provide scientific basis for Salix psammophila varieties screening.
Assessment of seasonal variation in water quality of River Mini, at Sindhrot, Vadodara

The indiscriminate dumping and release of wastes containing hazardous substances into Rivers might lead to environmental disturbance which could be considered as a potential source of stress to biotic community. Mahi River located west of Vadodara city passes through the Nandesari Industrial area (NIA), with industries on both sides, served as an excellent disposal agent. The objective of the study to investigate the seasonal variation in physico-chemical chemical characteristics of Mini River water at two different sampling stations of Sindhrot, Vadodara. The analyses of river water quality containing 12 parameters were analyzed during the months of summer, monsoon and winter in the year 2010–11. The results envisaged deteriorate water quality with significant seasonal changes. The data has been compared with the norms for River water of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB). The findings of the data obtained revealed the enhanced level of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Ammonia -N, Chloride (Cl −), Sulphate, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Alkalinity, Total Hardness (TH) and decreased in pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Turbidity during winter season. Moreover, increase of pollution load in winter season indicated the increase in organic matter in River water during the season due to the increase in anthropogenic interferences of the surrounding areas.
Establishment of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana as an endophyte in Capsicum annuum and its effects on the aphid pest Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Introduction: Entomopathogenic fungi have been used as biological control agents of insect pests and have demonstrated a promising ability to colonize as endophytes a wide range of plant species. Objective: The aims of this study were to evaluate, in pepper plants, the most effective Beauveria bassiana inoculation techniques. In order to evaluate the presence of natural endophytes and its interaction with B. bassiana. Also to assess the effect of B. bassiana on the aphid Myzus persicae pepper leaf feeding preference and growth. Methods: Three inoculation techniques were evaluated: leaf spraying, seed immersion and root dipping. The pepper plants were inoculated with a conidia suspension adjusted to 1×108 conidia/ml. The presence of B. bassiana in the seedlings was evaluated at 7, 15 and 28 days after inoculation. Results: We found significant statistical differences between inoculation techniques. Foliar spraying showed the highest B. bassiana colonization frequency. The natural endophytes presented higher presence in the treatments in which B. bassiana had a low presence. This might indicate the occurrence of antifungal activity that interferes with the establishment of the entomopathogen in pepper tissues. We did not find statistical differences between inoculated and control pepper leaves with regard to the mortality and reproduction of the aphid pest M. persicae. However, the inoculation with B. bassiana showed a tendency to increase the mortality of adults and to decrease the offspring (nymphs). We did not find significant differences in the feeding preference between inoculated and control leaves, although there was a higher number of individuals on control leaves compared to those inoculated. Conclusions: The strain B. bassiana LPSC 1067 was established effectively as an endophyte in the pepper tissues. The most effective inoculation technique was leaf spraying. We did not find differences of statistical significance with regard to the mortality and reproduction of the aphid pest M. persicae. However, the inoculation with B. bassiana showed a tendency to increase the mortality of adults and to decrease the offspring (nymphs). Future studies evaluating the indirect effects of endophytic entomopathogens on both plants and herbivorous insects are needed to further explore their potential use in the management of insect pests.
Psicología del aprendizaje humano: adquisición de conocimiento y cambio personal

La Psicologia del Aprendizaje Humano ha vivido desde sus origenes una profunda escision tanto teorica como en sus ambitos de intervencion. Por un lado ha habido una tradicion cercana al conductismo que ha entendido el aprendizaje como un proceso de deteccion de regularidades en el ambiente por medio de procesos asociativos y que por tanto ha disenado la intervencion psicologica mediante tecnicas para modificar los sucesos a los que las personas se enfrentan asi como las respuestas asociadas a dichos sucesos. Pero desde otra perspectiva, mas cercana al constructivismo, se ha concebido el aprendizaje en terminos de los procesos cognitivos que median en el significado que las personas atribuyen a esos sucesos y a esas conductas, de forma que intervenir es cambiar como las personas se representan el mundo y su propia identidad en el. Este libro se propone reconciliar ambas tradiciones en el marco de los recientes desarrollos en psicologia cognitiva, que diferencian entre procesos implicitos, de caracter no consciente y asociativo, y procesos explicitos, que implican una construccion consciente de significados y que darian cuenta de las formas de aprender mas complejas, propias de nuestra especie, las que nos diferencian del resto de los organismos, como la adquisicion de conocimiento y el cambio personal. Para ello se propone la integracion de ambas formas de aprender en un modelo complejo del Aprendizaje Humano que adopta la forma de una jerarquia estratificada, de modo que el aprendizaje mas primario, de caracter implicito y asociativo, restringiria las formas mas complejas del aprendizaje explicito y constructivo, pero estas a su vez reconstruirian los resultados del aprendizaje implicito. Tras exponer de modo detallado ambos tipos de aprendizaje y como dan cuenta del Aprendizaje Humano en diferentes dominios (aprendizaje social, personal, escolar, formacion de expertos, etc.), el libro se ocupa tambien de los modelos y tipos de intervencion psicologica que se derivan de dicho marco teorico, adoptando una perspectiva integradora pero no eclectica para el diseno de intervenciones profesionales en ambitos educativos, clinicos y sociales. Se trata de un texto util para todos aquellos interesados en el Aprendizaje Humano en cualquier contexto, desde profesionales de la psicologia en diferentes ambitos a todos aquellos que se dedican ayudar a otros aprender, ya sea como profesores, monitores, gestores culturales, formadores, etc. Si los seres humanos nos diferenciamos como especie cognitiva es, entre otras cosas, por nuestra capacidad de transformarnos a nosotros mismos mediante la adquisicion de conocimiento y el cambio personal, una mejor comprension de los procesos mediante los que aprendemos es esencial para mejorar nuestra eficacia cognitiva ya sea en el trabajo, en la educacion o en la intervencion clinica o social.
Follistatins have potential functional role in Porcine Embryogenesis

In animal reproduction, the quality of oocytes and embryos has been evaluated by the expression of specific molecules. Follistatin (FST), which was isolated from follicular fluid, binds and bio-neutralizes the TGF-β superfamily members. Previous studies using the bovine model showed FST could be an important molecular determinant of embryo developmental competence. However, the effect of FST treatment on porcine embryo developmental competence has not been established. In this study, the effect of exogenous FST on porcine embryo developmental competence was investigated during in vitro culture. FST (10 ng/ml) treatment induced a significant decrease in the rate of cell arrest at the 4-cell stage. The expression levels of DNA-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) were decreased in 4-cell stage embryos. FST treatment also resulted in significant improvements in developmental competence of embryos in terms of blastocyst formation rate and OCT-4 mRNA levels, the latter being related to pluripotency. In conclusion, during in vitro culture, FST treatment significantly ameliorated 4-cell block during embryonic development and improved embryo developmental competence. Therefore, FST treatment may potentially have a functional role in porcine embryogenesis that is broadly applicable to enhance in vitro embryo development.
Daya Hasil 12 Hibrida Harapan Jagung Manis (Zea mays L. var. saccharata) di Kabupaten Maros, Sulawesi Selatan Yield of 12 Promising Hybrids of Sweet Corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata)

The objective of this research was to evaluate yield potential of 12 sweet corn promising hybrids from Plant Breeding Program (Bogor Agricultural University) and Indonesian Cereals Research Institute colection. This research was conducted at experimental field Indonesian Cereals Research Institute, in Maros, South Sulawesi, from June to August 2011. The genotypes used were : IM-12, IM-13, IM-14, IM-15, IM-16, IM-23, IM-24, IM-25, IM-34, IM-35, IM-45, IM-55, and three comercial varieties i.e. Super Sweet Corn, Sweet Boy, and Talenta. The design of this research was Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. Data was analyzed with F-test then continued with Dunnett test (α=5%). Selection index was used for choosing the best genotype. Interaction between two factors,i.e. genotype and year, was analyzed with combined variance analysis using primary data from this research and secondary data from last year research (done from April to June 2010). Broad sense heritability was estimated from this two-factors analysis. The result from this research was the sweet corn productivity was not affected by genotype, but affected by genotype and year interaction. On the other hand, total soluble solid was affected by genotype, but not affected by interaction between genotype and year. Among characters evaluated, total soluble solid had highest broad sense heritability. Based on selection index, IM-16 was a promising hybrid and can be developed to be new commercial variety. Keywords: yield trial, sweet corn hybrid, selection index, broad sense heritability
Breeding Biology of the Brown-backed Honeyeater Ramsayornis modestus (Meliphagidae) in northern Queensland

In the sexually monomorphic Silvereyes, behavioural discrimination of sexes must be important. Vocal discrimination of males is made possible by means of a contact call, namely, the male specific, VC. Although males also used the LC as part of their repertoire, only 7.5% gave this call on release after retention in isolation. The discrimination of these calls by a trained ear in the field can therefore lead to positive identification of males if they use the VC. Females gave the LC call on release more frequently than Ekman, J. (1979). Coherence, composition and temtories of winter social groups of the Willow Tit Parus montanus and the Crested Tit I! cristatus Omis Scad 10,56-68. Evans, S.M. & Patterson, G.R. (1971). The synchronization of behaviour in flocks of Estrildine finches. Anim Behav. 19, 429-438. Kikkawa, J. (1961). Social behaviour of the White-eye Zosterops laterah in winter flocks. Ibis 103a, 428-442. Kikkawa, J. (1963). A sexual difference in the plumage of the Silvereye, Zosterops lateralis Emu 63,32-34. Lane, S.G. (1972). A review of the co-operative Silvereye project. Aust. Bird Bander 10, 3-6. Maples, B.J. (1944). Report on trapping and ringing work on the White-eye (Zosterops laterah) throughout the Dominion. N.Z. Bird Notes 1,41-48. Pizzey, G. (1980). A Field Guide to the Birds of Australia Collins, Sydney.