Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Methodological Advances for Detecting Physiological Synchrony During Dyadic Interactions

A defining feature of many physiological systems is their synchrony and reciprocal influence. An important challenge, however, is how to measure such features. This paper presents two new approaches for identifying synchrony between the physiological signals of individuals in dyads. The approaches are adaptations of two recently-developed techniques, depending on the nature of the physiological time series. For respiration and thoracic impedance, signals that are measured continuously, we use Empirical Mode Decomposition to extract the low-frequency components of a nonstationary signal, which carry the signal’s trend. We then compute the maximum cross-correlation between the trends of two signals within consecutive overlapping time windows of fixed width throughout each of a number of experimental tasks, and identify the proportion of large values of this measure occurring during each task. For heart rate, which is output discretely, we use a structural linear model that takes into account heteroscedastic.
Metallic assisted guided-mode resonances in slab waveguide gratings for reduced optical switching intensity in bistable devices

A thin metal layer is introduced into a slab waveguide grating with guided-mode resonances to reduce the switching intensity in its bistable operational mode. A dielectric grating put on top of the metal layer plays the role of a coupling element between the normally incident light and the guided mode in the slab waveguide grating. The presence of the metal layer increases the reflectivity of the optical device that as a consequence exhibits high-reflection side bands and close-to-zero reflectivity drops. Several structures are designed by changing the grating depths and the metal layer thicknesses, and their influences on linear and nonlinear characteristics are analysed using the finite-difference time-domain method. We found that the metal layer increases the quality factor of guided-mode resonance filters. Numerical results show that the quality factor improves 5.6 times and the switching intensity is reduced 45 times when these devices are compared to typical slab waveguide gratings in the same working conditions, in terms of polarization and operating wavelength.
Comparison of sliding-mode and fuzzy neural network control for motor-toggle servomechanism

A comparative study of sliding-mode control and fuzzy neural network (FNN) control on the motor-toggle servomechanism is presented. The toggle mechanism is driven by a permanent-magnet synchronous servomotor. The rod and crank of the toggle mechanism are assumed to be rigid. First, Hamilton's principle and Lagrange multiplier method are applied to formulate the equation of motion. Then, based on the principles of the sliding-mode control, a robust controller is developed to control the position of a slider of the motor-toggle servomechanism. Furthermore, an FNN controller with adaptive learning rates is implemented to control the motor-toggle servomechanism for the comparison of control characteristics. Simulation and experimental results show that both the sliding-mode and FNN controllers provide high-performance dynamic characteristics and are robust with regard to parametric variations and external disturbances. Moreover, the FNN controller can result in small control effort without chattering.
On two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence

It is shown that two-dimensional MHD turbulence is in certain respects closer to three-dimensional than to two-dimensional hydrodynamic turbulence. A second-order closure indicates that: at zero viscosity and magnetic diffusivity, a singularity appears at a finite time; there is an energy cascade to small scales and an inverse cascade of squared magnetic potential, in agreement with a conjecture of Fyfe & Montgomery (1976); small-scale magnetic energy acts like a negative eddy viscosity on large-scale magnetic fields;a (iv) upon injection of magnetic energy, a stationary state is obtained which has zero magnetic energy for a positive magnetic diffusivity λ (anti-dynamo theorem); however, this stationary state is preceded by a very long non-zero magnetic energy plateau which probably extends to infinite times as λ → 0. It is suggested that direct numerical simulation of the two-dimensional MHD equations with high resolution (a 5122 or 10242 grid) could lead to a better understanding of the small-scale structure of fully developed turbulence, especially questions of intermittency and geometry.
Effect of metalizing nickel on the spectrum of fiber Bragg grating

Abstract. Metal coating can provide fiber Bragg grating (FBG) effective protection and improve the FBG sensor’s performance in harsh environments. However, the metalizing can impact the optical properties of the FBG. As a result, the sensor accuracy of FBG will lower. The reason for the effect is the stress produced in the metalizing. In this study, we coated the FBG by the electroless-electroplating method. The common changes of the FBG’s spectrum after the metalizing were apparent side-lobes and reduced peak loss, and the hysteresis error for temperature sensor was more than 3.5°C. To reduce the deformation of the FBG’s spectrum in the metalizing, we analyzed the origin of stress, calculated the FBG’s refractive index perturbation due to the thermal stress, and simulated the spectrums of FBG under different stress distributions. On the basis of this, we developed a stress control technology. After using the technology, the optical properties of the metal-coated fiber Bragg gratings have been retained, and their hysteresis errors for temperature sensors were less than 1.5°C. The results showed good repeatability. The study can be used for regulating metalizing processes, and for providing valuable information for metalizing other optical fiber devices.
Global Identification of Previously Undetected Pre-Satellite-Era Tropical Cyclone Candidates in NOAA/CIRES Twentieth-Century Reanalysis Data

AbstractPrior to the satellite era, limited synoptic observation networks led to an indefinite number of tropical cyclones (TCs) remaining undetected. This period of decreased confidence in the TC climatological record includes the first two-thirds of the twentieth century. While prior studies found that this undersampling exists, disagreement regarding its magnitude has caused difficulties in interpreting multidecadal changes in TC activity. Previous research also demonstrated that reanalyses can be used to extend TC climatology, utilizing the NOAA/Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) Twentieth-Century Reanalysis to manually identify previously unknown Atlantic Ocean basin potential TCs. This study expands the spatiotemporal scope of the earlier work by presenting a filtering algorithm that dramatically improves the efficiency with which candidate events are identified in the reanalysis. This algorithm was applied to all tropical basins for the years 1871–1979, resulting i.
Characteristics of Simulated Convective Activity over a Tropical Ocean with Zonally Uniform SST Surr

In order to investigate the behavior of an ensemble of cloud clusters over a tropical ocean with the zonally uniform SST surrounded by the dry continent, numerical experiments have been conducted using a global spectral model. The long time-integrations were performed under the perpetual April SST conditions corresponding to the Northern Hemisphere spring to maintain the north-south symmetry of SST. The following results have been obtained; (1) On the equator cloud clusters tend to be located at the eastern end of moist region over the ocean (3000km westward from the eastern boundary). Thus, the location of cloud clusters on the equator is determined by the mutal interaction between cloud clusters and moisture fields. At the eastern boundary of the ocean, evaporation from the ocean is balanced with the westward advection of dry air. At the western boundary, meridional moisture transport also contributes to the moisture budget. (2) In the subtropics cloud clusters tend to be located in the western part of the ocean. Time-average maximum of the precipitation exists 3000km-6000km off the western coast of the ocean. This is due to the fact that the moisture flux convergence is enhanced around the border between the ocean and the dry continent with no moisture supply. It implies that the dry continent influences the activity of cloud clusters over the ocean.
Tropical Cyclone–Like Vortices in the Extratropics: Observational Evidence and Synoptic Analysis

Abstract In this article two subsynoptic-scale cyclones that developed between 3 and 10 October 1996 over the western-central Mediterranean, causing floods, strong winds, and severe damage, are analyzed. Surface observations reveal that the accumulated rainfall at Santuario di Polsi (southern Calabria, Italy) is more than 480 mm for the first event (cyclone 9610A). The second cyclone (9610B) was characterized by a storm track predominantly over the sea, thus causing less recorded precipitation, but stronger wind. Satellite imagery shows two intensely convective vortices with a scale of 200–400 km and a spiral structure, with the cyclone 9610B displaying a well-defined eyelike feature. The corresponding National Centers for Environmental Prediction analyses, although limited by 1° resolution, confirm the cyclones’ positions and intensities, as they can be inferred from satellite imagery, SSM/I data, and observations, but display also the “signature” of two tropical cyclone–like vortices, including a perfec.
Pressure‐stabilized maximum‐entropy methods for incompressible Stokes

We present a parameter‐free stable maximum‐entropy method for incompressible Stokes flow. Derived from a least‐biased optimization inspired by information theory, the meshfree maximum‐entropy method appears as an interesting alternative to classical approximation schemes like the finite element method. Especially compared with other meshfree methods, e.g. the moving least‐squares method, it allows for a straightforward imposition of boundary conditions. However, no Eulerian approach has yet been presented for real incompressible flow, encountering the convective and pressure instabilities. In this paper, we exclusively address the pressure instabilities caused by the mixed velocity‐pressure formulation of incompressible Stokes flow. In a preparatory discussion, existing stable and stabilized methods are investigated and evaluated. This is used to develop different approaches towards a stable maximum‐entropy formulation. We show results for two analytical tests, including a presentation of the convergence behavior. As a typical benchmark problem, results are also shown for the leaky lid‐driven cavity. The already presented information‐flux method for convection‐dominated problems in mind, we see this as the last step towards a maximum‐entropy method capable of simulating full incompressible flow problems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Updated Near-Source Ground-Motion (Attenuation) Relations for the Horizontal and Vertical Components of Peak Ground Acceleration and Acceleration Response Spectra

There is an error in equation (7) that causes the equation to be evaluated incorrectly for reverse and thrust faulting. The equation should read: ! [Formula][1] (1) The results and conclusions are not affected by this change. We also inadvertently neglected to acknowledge the support … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
RANS and Large Eddy Simulation of Internal Combustion Engine Flows—A Comparative Study

A comparative cold flow analysis between Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) and large eddy simulation (LES) cycle-averaged velocity and turbulence predictions is carried out for a single cylinder engine with a transparent combustion chamber (TCC) under motored conditions using high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements as the reference data. Simulations are done using a commercial computationally fluid dynamics (CFD) code CONVERGE with the implementation of standard k-e and RNG k-e turbulent models for RANS and a one-equation eddy viscosity model for LES. The following aspects are analyzed in this study: The effects of computational domain geometry (with or without intake and exhaust plenums) on mean flow and turbulence predictions for both LES and RANS simulations. And comparison of LES versus RANS simulations in terms of their capability to predict mean flow and turbulence. Both RANS and LES full and partial geometry simulations are able to capture the overall mean flow trends qualitatively; but the intake jet structure, velocity magnitudes, turbulence magnitudes, and its distribution are more accurately predicted by LES full geometry simulations. The guideline therefore for CFD engineers is that RANS partial geometry simulations (computationally least expensive) with a RNG k-e turbulent model and one cycle or more are good enough for capturing overall qualitative flow trends for the engineering applications. However, if one is interested in getting reasonably accurate estimates of velocity magnitudes, flow structures, turbulence magnitudes, and its distribution, they must resort to LES simulations. Furthermore, to get the most accurate turbulence distributions, one must consider running LES full geometry simulations.
Central limit theorems for weighted sums of a spatial process under a class of stochastic and fixed designs

Let {Z(s) : s E R d } be a zero mean stationary random field which is observed at a finite number of locations. In this paper, Central Limit Theorems are proved for weighted sums of the form Σ i ω n (s i )Z(s i ) where the locations s i 's are specified by certain stochastic spatial designs driven by sequences of iid random vectors. A complete description of the effects of the underlying spatial sampling design on the asymptotic variance of the sum is given. Furthermore, results are also proved for a class of nonrandom spatial designs based on grids under the mixed increasing-domain spatial asymptotic structure that involves simultaneous infilling of increasing domains.
On injective modules and flat modules

\S 0. Introduction. In this paper we will first establish a duality between injectivity and flatness for modules. That is: Let $E$ be a faithfully injective modulel). Then, for each module $A$ , we have W. $dim$ . $A=IdHom(A, E)$ and further $A$ is faithfully flat if and only if $Hom(A, E)$ is faithfully injective. (Theorem 1.4). Moreover, when the ring is noetherian, we have $IdA=W$. $\dim Hom(A, E)$ and
CH_4,N_2O and NO Emissions from a Rice-wheat Rotation Cropping Field in East China

CH4,N2O and NO emissions from a rice-wheat rotation cropping field were investigated simultaneously with an automatic observation system in East China.Based on one and half year data,the following conclusions were drawn.The three gases had different seasonal emission patterns from the fields.CH4 emission occurred approximately during the rice season relating to the special water regime.Soil water content was the main environmental factor affecting CH4 emission during an entire rotation.N2O emission was high during the upland period,relatively low during rice season,sometimes not being able to detect.The seasonal dynamic of N2O emission had dependency on both soil water content and soil temperature.NO had different emission characteristic that the flux was relatively high from upland soil,low during rice season,seldom detected in winter,and much higher in spring than that in the fall during upland period.97. 3%±0.6% of NO emission in a rotation occurred during upland period excluding winter.NO emission was dependent on both soil water content and soil temperature like N2O.Generally,CH4 and N2O emissions from rice field had a tradeoff relation.During the drainage period,however,the two gas species sometimes were not certain to have such a tradeoff relation,but released at high rates of flux simultaneously.When daily N2O emission flux was less than 5 mg·m-2 ·h-1,N2O and NO emissions had a obvious tradeoff relation as well.On the contrary,NO emission was also high while N2O emission occurred high with a rate of more than 5 mg·m-2·h-1.
Traceable 28 m-long metrological bench for accurate and fast calibration of distance measurement devices

An interferometric bench with 28 m length has been realized at INRiM (Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica). The facility is mainly devoted to calibrating electronic distance-measurement devices and absolute interferometers. Two working operating modes are possible: a fringe-counting mode having an uncertainty of U=(0.07)2+(0.013⋅L)2 ? > μm, where L is the measured length in meters, and a ‘Doppler’ mode having an uncertainty of U= (0.02)2+(0.1 ⋅L)2 ? > μm, the latter allowing measurements at high carriage speed. These uncertainty budgets do not take into account the effect of the air refractive index, which has been evaluated separately on the basis of the Edlén formula leading to a relative uncertainty contribution equal to 3 × 10−7. An accurate motor control allows speeds from a few micrometers per second up to 2.7 m s−1, making the device also suitable for the calibration of speed measurement devices.
Some statistical properties of median filters

Some statistical properties of median filters are analyzed. It is shown that median filters can remove impulsive plus Gaussian white noise better than Hanning filters when the amplitude of the impulses is large or the energy of the Gaussian noise is relatively low. It is also shown that, unlike linear filters, median filters preserve sharp changes in signals when the noise energy is not too high.
Oncogenic microRNAs and renal cell carcinoma

*Correspondence: Giovanni Camussi , Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Corso Dogliotti 14, Torino 10126, Italy e-mail: giovanni.camussi@unito.it Tumor formation is a complex process that occurs in different steps and involves many cell types, including tumor cells, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells, which interact to promote growth of the tumor mass and metastasization. Epigenetic alterations occurring in transformed cells result in de-regulation of miRNA expression (a class of small non-coding RNA that regulates multiple functions), which contributes to tumorigenesis. The specific miRNAs, which have an aberrant expression in tumors, are defined as oncomiRNAs, and may be either overor under-expressed, but down-regulation is most commonly observed. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a frequent form of urologic tumor, associated with an alteration of multiple signaling pathways. Many molecules involved in the progression of RCCs, such as HIF, VEGF, or mammalian target of rapamycin, are possible targets of de-regulated miRNAs. Within tumor mass, the cancer stem cell (CSC) population is a fundamental component that promotes tumor growth. The CSC hypothesis postulates that CSCs have the unique ability to self-renew and to maintain tumor growth and metastasis. CSCs present in RCC were shown to express the mesenchymal stem cell marker CD105 and to exhibit selfrenewal and clonogenic properties, as well as the ability to generate serially transplantable tumors.The phenotype of CSC has been related to the potential to undergo the epithelial– mesenchymal transition, which has been linked to the expression pattern of tumorigenic miRNAs or down-regulation of anti-tumor miRNAs. In addition, the pattern of circulating miRNAs may allow discrimination between healthy and tumor patients.Therefore, a miRNA signature may be used as a tumor biomarker for cancer diagnosis, as well as to classify the risk of relapse and metastasis, and for a guide for therapy.
Linnik's theorem on Goldbach numbers in short intervals

The Goldbach conjecture states that every even number larger than 2 can be written as the sum of two primes. We shall therefore call an even number a Goldbach number if it can be written as the sum of two primes in at least one way. It has been known for a long time that almost all even numbers are Goldbach numbers. In fact, Montgomery and Vaughan [14] have shown that if E(N) denotes the number of even numbers less than or equal to N which are not Goldbach numbers, then there exists an absolute constant δ>0 such that
Calculation of turbulent boundary layers and wall jets over curved surfaces.

A calculation method for turbulent boundary layers and wall jets has been developed in which the effects of large longitudinal surface curvature and the associated normal pressure gradients are included for the first time. This is achieved by using finite difference techniques to represent the equations of mean motion in a system of curvilinear orthogonal coordinates. The Reynolds stress terms in the equations of motion are approximated using an eddy viscosity approach based on the concept of intermittency . Application of the method to wall jet boundary layers is achieved through extension of the basic eddy viscosity model. Comparisons between theory and experiment for boundary layers and wall jets developing over flat or curved surfaces for a wide variety of pressure distributions show encouraging agreement.
Darcy’s Experiments and the Deviation to Nonlinear Flow Regime

Many important technological and natural processes involving flow through porous media are characterized by large filtration velocity. It is important to know when the transition from the linear flow regime to the quadratic flow regime actually occurs to obtain accurate models for these processes. By interpreting the quadratic extension of the original Darcy equation as a model of the macroscopic form drag, we suggest a physically consistent parameter to characterize the transition to quadratic flow regime in place of the Reynolds number, Re. We demonstrate that an additional data set obtained by Darcy, and so far ignored by the community, indeed supports the Darcy equation. Finally, we emphasize that the cubic extension proposed in the literature, proportional to Re 3 and mathematically valid only for Re << 1, is irrelevant in practice. Hence, it should not be compared to the quadratic extension experimentally observed when Re ≥ O(1)
Towards computational modelling of aortic stenosis

In this paper fluid–structure interaction models of bioprosthetic or native aortic valves are proposed for the assessment of aortic stenosis severity. The fictitious domain approach is applied for the blood–valve interaction and the valve and root geometry are defined such that geometrical changes can easily be made. Clinically relevant scenarios are demonstrated using the models by introducing variable stroke volumes, differently shaped valve and root, leaflet fusion or calcifications. Systolic behaviour of the valves is observed and the severity of the occlusions is evaluated using the following clinically relevant criteria: geometrical orifice area, trans-valvular pressure gradient, effective orifice area and Energy loss coefficient. Within this context, the benefits, shortcomings and potential of the presented three-dimensional models are identified and discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inverse heat conduction applied to the measurement of heat transfer coefficient on a cylinder: Comparison between an analytical and a boundary element technique

A new method using either an analytical or a boundary element inverse technique, is developed for measurement of local heat transfer coefficients. The direct model calculates the temperature field inside a cylindrical pipe. This is submitted to a given heat transfer coefficient angular profile on its outer radius and on an uniform temperature on its inner radius. Experimental temperature measurements inside the cylinder are processed by two techniques. Their results are very close and coherent with those of other authors. Variation of the cylinder conductivity with temperature, implemented by the boundary element technique, seems to show that the averaging of its value yields a regularization effect.