Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Global Ocean Biogeochemistry Models for Ocean Carbon Sink Estimates in RECCAP2 and Recommendations for Future Studies

The ocean is a major carbon sink and takes up 25%–30% of the anthropogenically emitted CO2. A state‐of‐the‐art method to quantify this sink are global ocean biogeochemistry models (GOBMs), but their simulated CO2 uptake differs between models and is systematically lower than estimates based on statistical methods using surface ocean pCO2 and interior ocean measurements. Here, we provide an in‐depth evaluation of ocean carbon sink estimates from 1980 to 2018 from a GOBM ensemble. As sources of inter‐model differences and ensemble‐mean biases our study identifies (a) the model setup, such as the length of the spin‐up, the starting date of the simulation, and carbon fluxes from rivers and into sediments, (b) the simulated ocean circulation, such as Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and Southern Ocean mode and intermediate water formation, and (c) the simulated oceanic buffer capacity. Our analysis suggests that a late starting date and biases in the ocean circulation cause a too low anthropogenic CO2 uptake across the GOBM ensemble. Surface ocean biogeochemistry biases might also cause simulated anthropogenic fluxes to be too low, but the current setup prevents a robust assessment. For simulations of the ocean carbon sink, we recommend in the short‐term to (a) start simulations at a common date before the industrialization and the associated atmospheric CO2 increase, (b) conduct a sufficiently long spin‐up such that the GOBMs reach steady‐state, and (c) provide key metrics for circulation, biogeochemistry, and the land‐ocean interface. In the long‐term, we recommend improving the representation of these metrics in the GOBMs.
EFFECT OF DRIP AID SURFACE METHODS OF IRRIGATION 0N GROWTH, YIELD AID QUALITY OF SEAS01AL SU6AlCANE(Go-72I9)

xviii EFFECTS OF I M F AND SURFACE METHODS OF IRRIGATION ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF SEASONAL SUGARCANE [CO-7219] By Chandrashefchar H. Kit tad Agri1.Chemi str y MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEBTH RAHUEI 413 722, DIST. AHMEDNAGAR [M.S.]
Observations From a Global Database of Impact Craters on Mercury With Diameters Greater than 5 km

We created a global database of Mercurian impact craters with diameters over 5 km, excluding obvious secondary craters. For craters over 10 km in diameter, we assessed basic morphological parameters, including an evaluation of whether significant postimpact filling occurred, the nature of any central structure, a three‐point assessment of degradation state, and a recording of the presence of rays and other atypical features. We used the database to evaluate the spatial patterns of different subsets of the crater population. The distribution of craters with diameters of 5 to 10 km compared to the distribution of larger craters shows many background secondaries associated with primary craters with diameters over 150 km, and their abundance would distort crater counts for surface dating. Counting only unfilled craters gives an estimate of the last possible date of endogenic geologic activity on a surface. Only a third of craters with diameters over 20 km are classified as unfilled, and the highest spatial density of unfilled craters is about half the total population at the same location. Our results support a globally rapid cessation in volcanism, with variations in the volume of late stage volcanism accounting for variations in the number of filled craters. We see regional variations of interior morphology for craters ~100 km in diameter that do not obviously correlate with other patterns derived from surface observations; our observations imply that there are variations in the mechanical properties of the upper several kilometers of crust.
Fault segmentation, fault linkage, and hazards along the Sevier fault, southwestern Utah

Fault Segmentation, Fault Linkage, and Hazards along the Sevier Fault, Southwestern Utah by Ilsa M. Schiefelbein Dr. Wanda J. Taylor, Examination Committee Chair Associate Professor o f Geology University o f Nevada, Las Vegas Theoretically, short normal faults link to form long faults and salients develop in the linkage zones. This project provides new data and interpretations on (1) normal fault linkage zones; (2) earthquake and landslide hazards; and (3) fold formation along the active Sevier fault, Utah. Geologic tmq>ping, geometric analyses, geochronology, landslide evaluation, and stream history led to five conclusions. (1) Six principal faults linked to form the Orderville salient and connect the Mt. Carmel and Spencer Bench segments. Four relay ramps formed between overlapping faults. This multipartite linkage zone implies that simple models only imperfectly represent natural examples. (2) Two relay ramps contain rarely analyzed fault-parallel folds. These folds acconunodate a downward decrease in space between faults. (3) Fluvial deposits indicate three downcutting stages o f a south-flowing stream. Some slip along the Sevier fault occurred after the first two stages and tilted the deposits. (4) 570 ka basalt is offset ~3 m. Thus, the young slip rate is 0.018 mm/yr. (5) Mechanical weathering processes or seismicity induced 14 landslides and similar future slope failures are likely.
Characteristics of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer at Different Scales

The behaviour of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) at different scales of motion is described with an emphasis on the largest contributions to the total turbulence kinetic energy (TKE). First, large sudden wind-direction shifts and submesoscale (or submeso) motion variability under nocturnal conditions over land are examined using a micrometeorological network of stations in north-western Victoria, Australia. Submeso motions generally includes the complex mix of motions on scales between the main turbulent eddies and smallest mesoscale motions (<2 km). The submeso motions at the study site exhibit behaviour typical of flat terrain, such as the lower relative mesovelocity scale and smaller cross-wind variances than that for complex terrain. Large wind-direction shifts tend to be associated with a sharp decrease in air temperature (74% of the time), which is associated with rising motion of cold air, followed by an increase in turbulent mixing. Second, we explore changes in the thermodynamic structure of the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer (MABL) over the Southern Ocean (SO) in relation to the synoptic meteorology, where the SO storm track modulates the ABL. The specific focus is to analyse cold front passages over the SO, which may be a major contributor to the large shortwave radiative bias in this region. Thermodynamic profiles of the MABL from the ERA-Interim reanalyses are compared/evaluated with observations from Macquarie Island. Observations confirm that boundary layer clouds over the SO commonly reside within a shallow MABL under the influence of frequent mid-latitude cyclones and fronts. The evaluation of MABL height reveals that under cold frontal passages, the main inversion heights are underestimated by ERA-Interim by 22%. Significant differences are found in the moisture profiles within the MABL between the observations and ERA-Interim soundings within the context of cold frontal passages. The moisture in the ERA-Interim is found to be too confined to the surface layer, which is consistent with the shallower MABL represented by the ERA-Interim. Analysis of the surface precipitation unrelated to the passage of cold fronts shows that the annual ERA-Interim precipitation is lower than Macquarie Island precipitation by 11%. In addition, the hourly Macquarie Island precipitation records were used to examined the diurnal cycles and their relationship with the MABL. The results show that the greatest variation of the diurnal precipitation cycle occurs during the austral summer, with a magnitude ∼0.04 mm hr−1. The highest amount of precipitation occurred at night during summer. Variability of precipitation is not reflected in changes of water content within the MABL. In the last part of this research, shipborne observations from the CAPRICORN exper-
Evaluating Student Satisfaction: A Small Private University Perspective in Japan

This study investigates undergraduate student satisfaction at a small private university in Japan, focusing on factors like social environment, instructors, facilities, support, academic grit, and student engagement. Given Japan's demographic challenges and the heightened competition in higher education, understanding these factors is crucial for student retention and institutional stability. The study employs a quantitative approach, analyzing data from a sample that mirrors the university's demographic composition. Key findings reveal that instructors, facilities, and support significantly influence student satisfaction, with distinct variations observed when analyzed by gender and academic year. In contrast, grit and engagement were not statistically significant predictors; their roles in the broader educational context warrant further exploration. This study reveals actionable strategies to elevate student satisfaction at a small private Japanese university, addressing institutional, administrative, and instructional dimensions. Recommendations include upgrading facilities and enhancing the social atmosphere to foster a conducive learning environment, focusing on faculty development to improve instructional quality, and tailoring engagement strategies to meet gender-specific and year-specific needs. These measures aim to mitigate challenges like declining enrollment and student attrition by creating a more fulfilling university experience and strengthening the institution's reputation and appeal.
The tectonostratigraphic evolution of Cenozoic basins of the Northern Tethys: The Northern margin of the Levant Basin

The easternmost part of the Mediterranean corresponds to a tectonically complex region which is linked with the convergence between Africa and Eurasia. The tectonostratigraphic evolution of this region is poorly constrained because of the absence of exploration wells. Cyprus is a crucial area to assess the link between the tectonic deformation and the consequent sedimentation in the Northern Levant margin. Paleogene and Neogene basins in the southern part of Cyprus record the main tectonic events related to the convergence of Africa and Eurasia. The objective of this contribution is to investigate the timing and the mechanisms of basin deformation, as well as the sedimentary infill of basins located onshore Cyprus and finally resolve how their evolution is linked to the regional geodynamic events. Based on fieldwork studies we reconstructed the tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the Polis Basin and the Limassol Basin to propose a conceptual model for the evolution of the Northern Levant margin, in accordance with the main geodynamic events. It is expected that analysis of the Polis and Limassol depressions, and later comparison of them will also shed more lights on the impact of the substratum and how it is associated to the main tectonic events.
IMPACT OF FLOOD ON WASTE GENERATION AND COMPOSITION IN KELANTAN

This paper presents an overview of generation and composition of waste generated from the flood that hit Malaysia from December 2014 to January 2015, particularly in Kelantan. This study recorded that during the flood event, the most abundant waste generated was wood (44%) and concrete (29%), which belong to the construction and demolition wastes category. As for waste generated within the affected area, Kuala Krai recorded the highest amount of waste during the flood which totaled 30,000 tonnes which is almost the daily generation rate in Malaysia. Values of recyclables estimated from the flood waste stream was calculated to be almost RM7 million, yet was not tapped at all due to its high contamination with other flood waste namely mud and putrescible wastes. This study concluded that flood waste generated in Kelantan is highly heterogeneous in nature but predominantly construction and demolition waste, which carried significant economic value.
Energetic Ion Moments and Polytropic Index in Saturn's Magnetosphere using Cassini/MIMI Measurements: A Simple Model Based on κ‐Distribution Functions

Moments of the charged particle distribution function provide a compact way of studying the transport, acceleration, and interactions of plasma and energetic particles in the magnetosphere. We employ κ‐distributions to describe the energy spectra of H+ and O+, based on >20 keV measurements by the three detectors of Cassini's Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument, covering the time period from DOY 183/2004 to 016/2016, 5 < L < 20. From the analytical spectra we calculate the equatorial distributions of energetic ion moments inside Saturn's magnetosphere and then focus on the distributions of the characteristic energy (Ec=IE/In), temperature, and κ‐index of these ions. A semiempirical model is utilized to simulate the equatorial ion moments in both local time and L‐shell, allowing the derivation of the polytropic index (Γ) for both H+ and O+. Primary results are as follows: (a) The ∼9 < L < 20 region corresponds to a local equatorial acceleration region, where subadiabatic transport of H+ (Γ∼1.25) and quasi‐isothermal behavior of O+ (Γ∼0.95) dominate the ion energetics; (b) energetic ions are heavily depleted in the inner magnetospheric regions, and their behavior appears to be quasi‐isothermal (Γ<1); (c) the (quasi‐) periodic energetic ion injections in the outer parts of Saturn's magnetosphere (especially beyond 17–18 RS) produce durable signatures in the energetic ion moments; (d) the plasma sheet does not seem to have a ground thermodynamic state, but the extended neutral gas distribution at Saturn provides an effective cooling mechanism that does not allow the plasma sheet to behave adiabatically.
An evaluation of flood mitigation using a storm water management model [SWMM] in a residential area in Kerbala, Iraq

The control of the urban flooding is one of the major challenges currently facing decision makers and municipalities. Flooding rates increase positively with increases in urbanisation, climate change, and a lack of consideration when using drainage networks. In the Middle East, and in Iraq especially, research in the field of flood control has been rare prior to this study. This study thus aims to provide technical support for decision makers by offering a proposed solution to mitigate flooding in a case study in Kerbala, Iraq. A storm-water management model [SWMM] has been utilised to check the extent to which the proposed solution will mitigate the flooding in the study area. SWMM was used to simulate the network in the study area utilising hourly precipitation intensity data from 2008 to 2016, and with the inclusion of estimated illegitimate sewage quantities. The results indicated that the solution was effective, and the percentage of sewer holes flooding under maximum rainfall intensity of 33.5 mm/hr saw a decrease from 48% to 33%; flooding occurred in the study area only with discharges greater than 0.04 m3/sec, and the flooding duration also decreased from 72 hours to 26 hours.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS WITH BACTERIAL INFECTION IN COVID-19 PATIENTS ADMITTED TO INTENSIVE CARE UNIT AT CENTRAL GENERAL HOSPITAL PROF. DR. I.G.N.G. NGOERAH DENPASAR IN 2021-2022

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has a detrimental impact on the immune system, resulting in a decrease in the body's immune response, making patients highly susceptible to bacterial infections. Patients with T2DM, especially those treated in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a hospital, face an increased risk of infection. The emergence of COVID-19, which also infects T2DM patients, further diminishes the immune system's function in these patients. Consequently, individuals with both T2DM and COVID-19 are at a heightened risk of developing secondary infections, commonly referred to as Hospital-Acquired Infections.This research aims to explore the relationship between T2DM, assessed through blood sugar levels, and the occurrence of bacterial infections in COVID-19 patients treated in the ICU of Prof. Dr. I.G. N.G. Ngoerah Central Hospital from 2021 to 2022. The research design employed is quantitative analytical correlational study using a cross-sectional approach, with a sample size of 98 patients collected from the Medical Records and Hospital Management System of Prof. Dr. I.G. N.G. Ngoerah Central Hospital in Denpasar. This study found that there is a significant correlation between patient’s infection profile with random blood glucose levels with an Odds Ratio (OR) of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.04 – 1.27; p = 0.013). Additionally, a significant relationship was observed between the severity of COVID-19 and bacterial infections in patients, with an Odds Ratio of 1.12 (95% CI: 1.01 – 1.26; p = 0.04). Keywords : T2DM, ICU, Hospital-Acquired Infection
Breakup Without Borders: How Continents Speed Up and Slow Down During Rifting

Relative plate motions during continental rifting result from the interplay of local with far‐field forces. Here we study the dynamics of rifting and breakup using large‐scale numerical simulations of mantle convection with self‐consistent evolution of plate boundaries. We show that continental separation follows a characteristic evolution with four distinctive phases: (1) an initial slow rifting phase with low divergence velocities and maximum tensional stresses, (2) a synrift speed‐up phase featuring an abrupt increase of extension rate with a simultaneous drop of tensional stress, (3) the breakup phase with inception of fast sea‐floor spreading, and (4) a deceleration phase occurring in most but not all models where extensional velocities decrease. We find that the speed‐up during rifting is compensated by subduction acceleration or subduction initiation even in distant localities. Our study illustrates new links between local rift dynamics, plate motions, and subduction kinematics during times of continental separation.
Bathymetry Estimation by Orbital Data of OLI Sensor: A Case Study of the Rio Grande Harbor, Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT Leal Alves, D.C.; Espinoza, J.M.A.; Albuquerque, M.G. ; Silva, M.B. ; Fontoura, J.S. ; Serpa, C. , and Weschenfelder, J., 2018. Bathymetry estimation by orbital data of OLI sensor: a case study of the Rio Grande harbor, southern Brazil. In: Shim, J.-S. ; Chun, I. , and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 51–55. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. In the coastal and estuarine systems, the determination of bathymetric data is an important instrument for a safe shipping in harbor zones. Generally, data are collected in situ or ground, however, this information is time-consuming and costly. Remote sensing can be regarded as one of the most promising alternative tools to map bathymetry of the estuaries and coastal zones, due to its extensive coverage of the area and the low cost imbued. This study aims to analyze the accuracy of bathymetric data obtained by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensor, coupled to Landsat 8 orbital platform, in comparison to the results with bathymetric data collected in situ (echo sounder) at the Rio Grande channel, situated in Patos Lagoon estuary, southern Brazil. With the bathymetric maps and data collected in situ, it was possible to estimate the estuary depth from Landsat 8 image; using the Coastal band (b1), with a spatial resolution of 30 m and penetration capacity of 15 m, and Near Infrared band (b5), with a spatial resolution of 30 m. The relation between the data collected in situ and the data obtained by remote sensing showed the accuracy of 71% kappa (index of accuracy) and R2 of 81.7% for the image referring to February 2015, nine months before the echo sounding survey. Nevertheless, the image processing for December 2015, one month after the survey with echo sounder, presented a kappa of 85%, and R2 of 96.5%. The results show a good correlation between the data acquired in situ and the data obtained by the OLI sensor. In this way, the remote sensing technique used for bathymetric analysis can be applied as a complementary form, increasing the temporal resolution of the obtained data.
THE EFFECTS OF VAK TECHNIQUES IN EFL CLASSROOM

The aim of this research was to scrutinize the usage of VAK techniques used in EFL classroom, considering their effects on students’ learning process. In order to reach this aim, three main research questions were raised at the beginning: 1. Which is the most applied VAK technique in EFL classroom? , 2. Does the use of the VAK techniques impact students’motivation? , 3. Which VAK technique is the most favorable for students? This research was conducted using quantitative research method, whereas the data collection instrument was a questionnaire consisting of 8 questions. These questions were focused on the VAK teaching techniques used nowadays in EFL classrooms, trying to identify which technique is the most favorable one for learners. Participants of the study were 160 learners selected from two primary schools located in Prizren: “Emin Duraku” and “Mati Logoreci”. Findings have shown that generally the most applied VAK technique in most of the EFL classrooms nowadays is the visual one, since teachers include mostly verbal elements during the class such as taking notes, writing sentences, reading instructions. In addition, this study showed that the usage of VAK techniques during the learning process increases students’ motivation and encourages them to be more involved in the learning process. Since teachers pay less attention on kinesthetic and auditory teaching techniques, learners have presented their demands on increasing the number of the activities that allow them to learn through listening and movement. Related to students’ preference, the study has shown that games, short movies, and songs are the most favorable VAK activities for learners. If teachers include VAK techniques while teaching, the number of learners that are going to be engaged will be higher. It happens because through VAK techniques learners with different learning styles will find something that fit them the most.
A Gravity Study of the Longmenshan Fault Zone: New Insights Into the Nature and Evolution of the Fault Zone and Extrusion‐Style Growth of the Tibetan Plateau Since 40 Ma

The Longmenshan Fault Zone (LFZ) is a tectonic boundary between the Tibetan Plateau and the Sichuan Basin of the South China Block. Knowledge of the nature and history of the LFZ is important for understanding the growth of continental plateaus and mechanisms for major earthquakes along their margins, as exemplified by the magnitude 7.9 M Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008. Flexural modeling of new and existing gravity survey data along three transects, combined with published seismic reflection profiles and earthquake focal mechanism data, indicates that the central‐northern LFZ is a lithospheric‐scale fault zone that has low elastic strength but with strong episodic dextral transpressional motions. In contrast, the southern LFZ is a crustal‐scale thrust zone dominated by shallow‐angle thrust motion of the Tibetan Plateau over a moderately stiff South China Block. In conjunction with the record of Cenozoic basin erosion in the western Sichuan Basin and a regional kinematic analysis, we suggest that the lithospheric‐scale LFZ started 40 Myr ago and became an external boundary of a northeasterly directed extrusion‐style plateau growth, predominantly through crustal thrusting and thickening.