Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Hoggar swell and volcanism: Reactivation of the Precambrian Tuareg shield during Alpine convergence and West African Cenozoic volcanism

We review the northwest African Cenozoic volcanic fields, including their regional geology. This provides a basis for understanding the relations between Hoggar volcanism and the Africa-Europe collision. Volcanic alignments are related to structural features, and no spatial age trend exists. In Hoggar, a close link is established between the volcanism and Pan-African structure. During the Mesozoic rifting period, the Hoggar area was already a topographic high well before any volcanism, which began at ca. 35 Ma, just after the initiation of the Africa-Europe collision at ca. 38 Ma. Hoggar volcanism continued episodically until now, as did the collision. We describe the Hoggar volcanic province based on available field, petrological, geochemical isotopic, and geophysical data, including data on gravimetry, heatflow, and seismic tomography. The latter suggests that northwestern African volcanism is linked to mantle structure down to 150 km but not deeper, implying a shallow mantle source. In Hoggar, lithospheric structures deduced from the seismic tomographic model and from geology are compatible when their respective resolutions are taken into account. The considerations just stated cannot be reconciled with a plume model. We propose instead that intraplate stress induced by the Africa-Europe collision reactivated the Pan-African mega–shear zones mainly in metacratonic terranes, inducing linear 379 *E-mails: jean-paul.liegeois@africamuseum.be; asazzouni@hotmail.com; bbonin@geol.u-psud.fr. Liegeois, J.-P., Benhallou, A. , Azzouni-Sekkal, A. , Yahiaoui, R. , and Bonin, B. , 2005, The Hoggar swell and volcanism: Reactivation of the Precambrian Tuareg shield during Alpine convergence and West African Cenozoic volcanism, in Foulger, G.R. , Natland, J.H. , Presnall, D.C., and Anderson, D.L. , eds., Plates, plumes, and paradigms: Geological Society of America Special Paper 388, p. 379–400, doi: 10.1130/2005.2388(23). For permission to copy, contact editing @geosociety.org. © 2005 Geological Society of America. lithospheric delamination, rapid asthenosphere upwelling, and melting due to pressure release. Edge-driven convection may contribute. The surface location of the volcanism is influenced by Paleozoic and Mesozoic brittle faults.
The discrete nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation with linear gain and nonlinear loss: the infinite lattice with nonzero boundary conditions and its finite dimensional approximations

The study of nonlinear Schr\"odinger-type equations with nonzero boundary conditions define challenging problems both for the continuous (partial differential equation) or the discrete (lattice) counterparts. They are associated with fascinating dynamics emerging by the ubiquitous phenomenon of modulation instability. In this work, we consider the discrete nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation with linear gain and nonlinear loss. For the infinite lattice supplemented with nonzero boundary conditions which describe solutions decaying on the top of a finite background, we give a rigorous proof that for the corresponding initial-boundary value problem, solutions exist for any initial condition, if and only if, the amplitude of the background has a precise value $A_*$ defined by the gain-loss parameters. We argue that this essential property of this infinite lattice can't be captured by finite lattice approximations of the problem. Commonly, such approximations are defined by lattices with periodic boundary conditions or as it is shown herein, by a modified problem closed with Dirichlet boundary conditions. For the finite dimensional dynamical system defined by the periodic lattice, the dynamics for all initial conditions are captured by a global attractor. Analytical arguments corroborated by numerical simulations show that the global attractor is trivial, defined by a plane wave of amplitude $A_*$. Thus, any instability effects or localized phenomena simulated by the finite system can be only transient prior the convergence to this trivial attractor. Aiming to simulate the dynamics of the infinite lattice as accurately as possible, we study the dynamics of localized initial conditions on the constant background and investigate the potential impact of the global asymptotic stability of the background with amplitude $A_*$ in the long-time evolution of the system.
The texture of palygorskite from the Rift Valley, southern Israel

Based on the conventional examination methods of transmission electron microscopy, the micromorphology of palygorskite has been accepted to consist of straight fibres or laths lying with complete random orientation. The application of carbon replica techniques, and recently that of scanning electron microscopy on fracture surfaces, has shown, however, that in its undisturbed state authigenic palygorskite appears aggregated into bundles. A closer scrutiny of the micrographs published by Watts (1976), Yaalon & Wieder (1976), Hassouba & Shaw (1980) and Schwaighofer (1980) reveals elongate, almost cylindrical particles with dimensions that suggest aggregation of individual laths into larger units, resembling rods or fibres. These structures have been variously defined as 'rods', 'fibres' and 'laths', terms similar to those commonly used for the individual laths observed in transmission electron micrographs of dispersed palygorskite samples. This usage of a similar terminology for differing structures is evidently confusing. Authigenic palygorskite identified in Neogene lake sediments from the Rift Valley, south of the Dead Sea, provided an opportunity for more detailed examination of the texture of the undisturbed mineral and a comparison between this and the structures observed in dispersed samples.
Der Open-access-publikationsserver Der Zbw – Leibniz-informationszentrum Wirtschaft the Open Access Publication Server of the Zbw – Leibniz Information Centre for Economics Marginal Abatement Costs of Carbon-dioxide Emissions: a Meta-analysis Marginal Abatement Costs of Carbon-dioxide Emissions: a M

Terms of use: The ZBW grants you, the user, the non-exclusive right to use the selected work free of charge, territorially unrestricted and within the time limit of the term of the property rights according to the terms specified at → http://www.econstor. eu/dspace/Nutzungsbedingungen By the first use of the selected work the user agrees and declares to comply with these terms of use. Abstract: In this paper we carry out a meta-analysis of recent studies into the costs of greenhouse gas mitigation policies that aim at the long-term stabilization of these gases in the atmosphere. We find the cost estimates of the studies to be sensitive to the level of the stabilization target, the assumed emissions baseline, intertemporal optimisation, the choice of control variable (CO 2 only versus multigas), assumptions on future technological options (backstop and carbon capture and storage), and, to a lesser degree, the scientific " forum " in which the study was developed. ESRI working papers represent un-refereed work-in-progress by members who are solely responsible for the content and any views expressed therein. Any comments on these papers will be welcome and should be sent to the author(s) by email. Papers may be downloaded for personal use only.
Non-partisan ' get-out-the-vote ' efforts and policy outcomes

Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Kovenock, D. , & Roberson, B. (2009). Non-partisan 'get-out-the-vote' efforts and policy outcomes (Discussion Papers / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsschwerpunkt Märkte und Politik, Abteilung Marktprozesse und Steuerung, 2009-07). Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH. https:// nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-258091
Lifting the Veil: Unlocking the Power of Depth in Q-learning

With the help of massive data and rich computational resources, deep Q-learning has been widely used in operations research and management science and has contributed to great success in numerous applications, including recommender systems, supply chains, games, and robotic manipulation. However, the success of deep Q-learning lacks solid theoretical verification and interpretability. The aim of this paper is to theoretically verify the power of depth in deep Q-learning. Within the framework of statistical learning theory, we rigorously prove that deep Q-learning outperforms its traditional version by demonstrating its good generalization error bound. Our results reveal that the main reason for the success of deep Q-learning is the excellent performance of deep neural networks (deep nets) in capturing the special properties of rewards namely, spatial sparseness and piecewise constancy, rather than their large capacities. In this paper, we make fundamental contributions to the field of reinforcement learning by answering to the following three questions: Why does deep Q-learning perform so well? When does deep Q-learning perform better than traditional Q-learning? How many samples are required to achieve a specific prediction accuracy for deep Q-learning? Our theoretical assertions are verified by applying deep Q-learning in the well-known beer game in supply chain management and a simulated recommender system.
Sr-Nd isotope and chemical evidence that the Ballantrae ‘ophiolite’, SW Scotland, is polygenetic

Summary Sr-Nd isotope and major- and trace-element analyses, including REE, are presented for a suite of basaltic lavas from the Ballantrae complex, SW Scotland. The chemistry of the lavas is discussed with reference to ‘spider’ diagrams, using normalization of incompatible element abundances to those estimated in the primordial earth, rather than conventional element-element plots. These diagrams facilitate assessment of element mobility during alteration, and some samples are shown to have close to original igneous concentrations of the mobile elements Rb, K, Sr etc. Clinopyroxene-phyric basalts from Games Loup and Mains Hill have chemical affinities with modern intra-oceanic arc volcanics, and their acid-leached augite phenocrysts have more radiogenic Sr than the mantle array, defined using clinopyroxene separates from Ordovician oceanic basalts from the Southern Uplands. Basalts from Pinbain, Bennane Head and Downan Point are in contrast typical ocean-island tholeiites in both chemistry and Nd-Sr isotopes. At least four independent volcanic sequences can be recognized from the chemical data: these do not form a continuous 5 km thick sequence but rather represent tectonically juxtaposed units generated in very different environments. The ‘ophiolite’ can not therefore be regarded as a single entity, produced in a single tectonic environment. Sm-Nd mineral ages have been determined for samples from Games Loup, Mains Hill and Downan Point in an attempt to provide a chronology for the development of the different units, but ages obtained are indistinguishable from the zircon age reported by Bluck et al. (1980) for a Ballantrae trondhjemite. Evaluation of the significance of the complex to Caledonian plate models will only be possible with more precise age determinations on the different members of the complex.
On traction-carpet sedimentation

Traction carpets are highly concentrated bedload layers that are developed beneath and driven by turbulent overlying flows. They have a "convex-up" velocity profile and comprise a lower frictional and an upper collisional region. The frictional region, having a particle concentration more than 80% of the packed bed, is characterized by nearly continuous grain contacts, low strain rate, and hampered grain segregation. On the other hand, the collisional region has a particle concentration between 15% and 80% of the packed bed and is characterized by active grain collisions and higher strain rate. Deposition from the traction carpets occurs via progressive aggradation of the bed, rather than via en masse freezing, while the downward grain flux from the overlying flow maintains them. The thickness of a traction-carpet stratum is therefore determined by the cumulative amount of sediment settled during the lifespan of a traction carpet and can be much larger than the thickness of a moving traction carpet. Inverse grading can be produced in the collisional region by the vertical gradient of dispersive pressure, which is related to nonuniform distribution of particles. When a thick frictional region develops, however, the inverse size distribution in the collisional region is poorly recorded in the deposits. Depositional features of traction-carpet strata are therefore determined by the duration of a traction carpet and the thickness ratio of collisional to frictional regions. The thickness ratio is further controlled by the applied shear stress, sediment fallout rate, and grain size. Generally, a collisional region is better developed beneath a highly competent and coarse-grained (gravelly) flow, whereas a thick frictional region is developed beneath a heavily sediment-laden fine-grained (sandy) flow. This explains the more common occurrence of inverse grading in coarse-grained deposits.
A transient subduction zone slip episode in southwest Japan observed by the nationwide GPS array

[1] We investigate the spatiotemporal variation of fault slip on the subduction interface in southwest Japan following the two 1996 Hyuganada earthquakes (M 6.7) using continuous GPS observations. A silent thrust slip event has been reported by Hirose et al. [1999], following these earthquakes approximately 100 km to the north beneath the Bungo channel. We employ the Network Inversion Filter to rigorously invert for the fault slip distribution in space and time. The GPS time series is modeled as a sum of: (1) secular deformation; (2) coseismic station displacements; (3) transient fault slip; (4) random benchmark motion; (5) reference frame shifts; and (6) observational errors. Nonnegativity constraints effectively prohibit normal faulting on the subduction interface. Spatial and temporal smoothing parameters are estimated by the extended Kalman filter. The estimated fault slip-rate images postseismic slip following the two Hyuganada earthquakes. Slip associated with the silent thrust event began roughly 1 month after the second earthquake but initiated ∼100 km to the northeast of the Hyuganada earthquakes. The slow event propagated southwest and downdip beneath the Bungo channel, lasting approximately 1 year with maximum slip-rates of 0.6 m/yr. The equivalent seismic moment was MW ∼ 7.2. We can rule out the possibility that slip propagated from the source region of the Hyuganada earthquakes to the location of the silent earthquake. However, the timing of the events suggests a causal connection, perhaps due to static stress transfer. This kind of transient event, or silent earthquake, may reflect different fault zone characteristics and may be responsible for accommodating strain that would otherwise be released in large earthquakes.
Measuring the skill of variance-scaled climate reconstructions and a test for the capture of extremes

Climate reconstructions produced using regression, with a proxy as the independent variable, are inevitably biased towards the mean, exhibit reduced variance and underestimate extremes. Scaling the mean and variance to fit those of the target climate data produces a more realistic range of reconstructed values but the cost, in terms of inflated error, is seldom assessed. We provide a simple metric that allows the loss of skill because of scaling to be quantified. It can be calculated retrospectively for published studies, some of which exhibit little or no reconstructive skill. Although scaled reconstructions must have a range that is close to that of the target climate data, there is no guarantee that the correct years are pushed to the extremes. We propose a simple non-parametric test for ‘Extreme Value Capture’ that gives the statistical significance of a given number of the correct years being ‘captured’ beyond the thresholds defined by the upper and lower 10% of the measured climate data. The methods are tested using three annually resolved case studies. A tree-growth-based summer temperature reconstruction for northern Fennoscandia captures cold summers very well, but the capture rate of the warmest summers is no better than might be expected purely because of chance. Such failure to correctly capture the warmest years has important implications for interpretation of the frequency and magnitude of very warm summers in the past.
Helicobacter pylori infection: a dynamic process from diagnosis to treatment

Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative microaerophilic pathogen, causes several upper gastrointestinal diseases, such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. For the diseases listed above, H. pylori has different pathogenic mechanisms, including colonization and virulence factor expression. It is essential to make accurate diagnoses and provide patients with effective treatment to achieve positive clinical outcomes. Detection of H. pylori can be accomplished invasively and noninvasively, with both having advantages and limitations. To enhance therapeutic outcomes, novel therapeutic regimens, as well as adjunctive therapies with probiotics and traditional Chinese medicine, have been attempted along with traditional empiric treatments, such as triple and bismuth quadruple therapies. An H. pylori infection, however, is difficult to eradicate during treatment owing to bacterial resistance, and there is no commonly available preventive vaccine. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of our understanding of H. pylori infections and to highlight current treatment and diagnostic options.
Risk-sharing within households in rural Ethiopia

To investigate risk-sharing within the household, we model nutritional status as a durable good and we look at the consequences of individual health shocks. For household allocation to be pareto-efficient, households should pool shocks to income. We also investigate whether households can smooth nutritional levels over time. Using data from rural Ethiopia on adult nutritional status, we find that poor households are affected by idiosyncratic agricultural shocks, while richer households are more successful in smoothing nutritional levels. All individuals adjust to predictable changes in earnings and the nutritional status of poor individuals is responsive to seasonal food price fluctuations. Poor southern households are not sharing risk; women in these households bear the brunt of adverse shocks. Finally, we look at the role of inside and outside options in determining the intrahousehold allocation of nutrition of married couples. We find that wives’ relative position improves with a smaller age gap between partners, in younger marriages, as well as by favourable customary laws on settlements upon divorce – but the most important variable affecting allocation is household wealth.
Dynamics of a $2$-dimensional slow-fast Belousov-Zabotinsky model

For the reduced two-dimensional Belousov-Zhabotinsky slow-fast differential system, the known results are the existence of one limit cycle and its stability for particular values of the parameters. Here, we characterize all dynamics of this system except one degenerate case. The results include global stability of the positive equilibrium, supercritical and subcritical Hopf bifurcations, the existence of a canard explosion and relaxation oscillation, and the coexistence of one nest of two limit cycles with the outer one originating from the supercritical Hopf bifurcation at one canard point and the inner one from the subcritical Hopf bifurcation at another canard point. This last one is a new dynamical phenomenon.
Cetacean habitats in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Studies of cetacean distribution in the northern Gulf of Mexico have largely relied on stranding, opportunistic sighting, and limited survey data (Jefferson and Schiro, 1997) until recently (Mullin et al., 1994; Davis and Fargion1; Davis et al.2). During the past decade, both aerial and shipboard assessment surveys in the oceanic (>200 m depth) northern Gulf have identifi ed and characterized the abundance and distribution of 20 species of cetaceans, all but one of which were odontocetes (Mullin et al., 1994; Mullin and Hansen, 1999; Hansen et al.3; Mullin and Hoggard4). Only two of these species, the bottleCetacean habitats in the northern Gulf of Mexico
A cross-sectional study

This paper discusses the job characteristics, satisfaction, and stress levels experienced by clinical neurologists in Guizhou Province, China. A questionnaire survey was conducted associated with the 2021 Annual Meeting of Neurology in Guizhou province. After obtaining ethical approval to conduct the study, the target group was asked to complete an anonymous online survey that included sociodemographic data, followed by questions related to job stress and satisfaction as well as future aspirations. Four hundred sixty people participated in the study, including 179 (38.9%) men and 281 (61.1%) women. About 407 (88.5%) felt stress in their job. Three hundred and seventeen (68.9%) experienced depression, 307 (66.7%) experienced anxiety, and 273 (59.3%) had some degree of sleep disturbance. Three hundred fifty-three (76.7%) were disappointed with their wages, 239 (52.0%) were bored with their jobs, and 353 (76.7%) considered their jobs to be somewhat dangerous. Interestingly, 250 (54.3%) would consider becoming doctors again, but 354 (77.0%) preferred their child not to become doctors. While 338 (73.5%) said they were proud to be a neurologist, only 123 (26.7%) indicated they were optimistic concerning doctor-patient relationships. Neurologists have significant emotional factors associated with their careers, which are more likely to lead to job burnout and decreased job satisfaction. Attention should be paid to these stresses to improve the retention and job satisfaction of neurologists. Abbreviations: CI = confidence intervals, GPs = general practitioners, SD = standard deviation, WHO = World Health Organization.
A cross-sectional study

In recent years, the popularity of running has boomed and the number of women runners has risen sharply. However, little research has been conducted into the running cycle as concerns female runners. The aim of this study is to analyse, in women runners, the relationships between spatiotemporal parameters in the running cycle, the heel drop in running shoes and a progressive increase in training speed, when running on a treadmill. Thirty-eight female runners were recruited from the Malaga University Athletics Club and Nerja Athletics Club. All were at least 18 years old, recreationally active (3–4 running sessions per week) and able to run 5km in less than 25min. Their running performance on a treadmill was recorded and spatiotemporal parameters assessed using the OptoGait system. As the running speed increased (8–12–15km/h) the spatiotemporal parameters of the running cycle altered: the flight time increased (P< .001) and the contact time decreased (P= .05). Heel drop (4–12mm) was not significantly associated with any of the parameters (phase 1: P= .198; phase 2: P= .191; phase 3: P= .242). A progressive increase in training speed on a treadmill directly influences the spatiotemporal parameters of the running cycle in women runners. Abbreviations: ANOVA = analysis of variance, CEUMA = Ethic Committee of the University of Málaga, CI = confidence intervals, CT = contact time, FT = flight time, MI = Minimalist Index, s = seconds, SD = standard deviation, STJ = subtalar joint, .