Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Serological profile of some viral infections in unvaccinated cattle in Turkey

Summary In this study, 936 unvaccinated cattle sera were analyzed against five viruses: bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), parainfluenzavirus type 3 (PIV-3), bovine adenovirus type 1 (BAdV-1), bovine adenovirus type 2 (BAdV-2) and bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAdV-3), which were caused by respiratory system diseases in cattle. The study used the serum neutralization (SN) test n a conventional method. The seropositive rates for each virus were found to be 20.19%, 41.02%, 23.82%, 21.90% and 8.1%, respectively. Evaluation of the data revealed that 25.64% of the sampled population was seronegative against the investigated viruses, 74.36% were seropositive for one or more of them and 42% of animals were found to be seropositive against any of the investigated viruses. 25.42% of the animals were seropositive against two viral infections whereas 5.23% of the animals were found to be seropositive against three viral infections and 0.1% of the animals were detected to be seropositive for four viruses.
Reduced Nitrogen Fertilization to Corn following Alfalfa in an Irrigated Semiarid Environment

Nitrogen fertilization of corn (Zea mays L.) following alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) can be reduced due to the considerable amounts of N released by this legume, but most research on this subject has been conducted in rainfed areas. The objective of this study was to determine the response of corn to N fertilization following high-yielding alfalfa in irrigated semiarid conditions. Seven field experiments were conducted between 2006 and 2008 in the Ebro Valley, Northeast Spain. Fields were sprinkler, furrow, or flood irrigated. Treatments comprised six N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 kg N ha ―1 ) applied to corn as two sidedressings. The N contained in the alfalfa roots and crowns ranged from 54 to 212 kg N ha ―1 , depending on the field. Alfalfa provided enough N to the subsequent corn to achieve from 10.3 to 16.7 Mg ha ―1 of grain yield without N fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization was not required to maximize corn yields in three of seven fields. In the other four sites, the optimum nitrogen rates (ONR) that maximized corn yields ranged from 115 to 196 kg N ha ―1 . The highest ONR generally were observed in flood-irrigated fields than in sprinkler-irrigated fields. Net economic return from N fertilization was maximized at N rates between 0 and 150 kg N ha ―1 , suggesting that N applications for corn succeeding alfalfa can be greatly reduced compared to rates normally applied in irrigated semiarid areas (300 kg N ha ―1 ).
Mechanism of inhibition caused by long‐chain fatty acids in anaerobic digestion process

The inhibitory effect of long‐chain fatty acids on the anaerobic digestion process was examined in batch experiments using synthetic substrates. The addition of long‐chain fatty acids caused the appearance of the appearance of the lag period in the methane production from acetate and in the degradation of both long‐chain fatty acids and n‐butyrate. Methane production from hydrogen proceeded without lag period although its rate was lowered. Fermentation of glucose was not inhibited. Neutral fat in the whole milk was easily hydrolyzed to long‐chain fatty acids, which brought about the inhibition. The addition of calcium chloride reduced the inhibitory effect of long‐chain fatty but it did not do so after the culture had been exposed to long‐chain fatty acids for more than several hours. The addition of calcium carbonate could not reduce the inhibition because of its insolubility.
Rapid colonisation of artificial substrates by macroinvertebrates in a South African lentic environment

Macroinvertebrate colonisation patterns on artificial substrates were investigated in a small reservoir in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Semi-closed 1 000 cm3 polythene netting cages filled with either brick, gravel, shredded plastic, or equal proportions of these three materials, were suspended above the benthic substrate. Gravel was preferred by caenid mayflies and chironomids, plastic by odonates, and brick by potamonautid crabs. Colonisation rates were rapid, with half the substrate-specific asymptotic diversity and richness being attained within a week. Overall, taxon richness on the substrates was similar to that in samples collected with a sweep net, but diversity was almost half. Taxon richness was found to be highest on the gravel and brick substrates, and lowest on plastic. By contrast, macroinvertebrate communities on the plastic and mixed substrates were the most diverse and the most even. All substrates, with the exception of gravel, showed that the number of odonates was significantly positively correlated with the number of potential prey that included chironomid midges, caenid mayflies and caddisfly larvae. It is recommended that plastic be used to construct artificial substrates if a high macroinvertebrate diversity is required for monitoring purposes within lentic environments.
Nutrient and Related Food Composition of Exported Australian Lamb Cuts

Abstract Nutrient and physical composition data for nine cuts of exported Australian lamb trimmed to 1/8-in external fat were obtained to provide the information for nutritional labeling and for 50 items for the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Vacuum-packaged primals from eight carcasses were fabricated into matching cuts for raw and cooked analyses from left and right carcass sides. Physical composition was similar to earlier estimates made for U.S. and New Zealand lamb trimmed to 1/8-in external fat except for higher portions of separable lean in Australian loin and rib cuts. Separable lean and separable fat were analyzed for proximate composition, cholesterol, fatty acids, 10 minerals and six vitamins. The results confirmed similar variation in chemical composition among lamb cuts to that reported in earlier studies of U.S. and New Zealand lamb. These included an inverse relationship between moisture and lipid content and a relatively constant protein content among the cuts. In general, changes in the nutrient density of cuts of Australian lamb and comparisons with similar cuts from U.S. and New Zealand lamb represented less than a 5% change per 100 g edible portion in recommended dietary intake per component.
Spatial distribution and habitat characterization of schistosomiasis host snails in lake and land habitats of western Kenya

Intermediate host snails of schistosomiasis were surveyed in this study to determine their abundance and distribution in the lake and land aquatic habitats of Lake Victoria basin of Kenya. Several sites were sampled at eight locations, both in the lake and on the land. The habitat and/or vegetation type (i.e. open water, hippo grass, hyacinth, ambatch trees, other vegetation, stream, swamp, pond, dam) of the sampled aquatic sites within the locations were also differentiated, water physicochemical parameters were determined, and the abundance of different species or taxa of phytoplankton and zooplankton were enumerated and correlated with the abundance of schistosomiasis snails in the sites. The results indicated significantly more Biomphalaria sudanica snails than Bulinus africanus snails in different physical habitats on land (Student’s t-test, P < 0.05), as well as in different locations on land (Student’s t-test, P = 0.026). Regression analyses revealed that several physicochemical parameters, including dissolved oxygen (R 2 = � 0.659; n = 8; P = 0.014), pH (R 2 = 0.728; n = 8; P = 0.007) and turbulence (R 2 = � 0.616; n = 8; P = 0.02), were predictive of Biomphalaria spp. abundance, while pH (R 2 = 0.610; n = 8; P = 0.02) and turbulence (R 2 = � 0.578; n = 8; P = 0.028) were predictive of Bulinus spp. abundance in different locations in the lake. Cyanobacteria (R 2 = 0.638; n = 8; P = 0.02) and chlorophyceae (R 2 = � 0.50; n = 8; P = 0.05) were shown to be predictive of both Biomphalaria spp. and Bulinus spp. abundance in different locations in the lake. Zooplankton abundance varied significantly between different locations in the lake (One-way ANOVA, P < 0.001). Bosmina spp. were found to be predictive of both Biomphalaria spp. (R 2 = � 0.627; n = 8; P = 0.01) and Bulinus spp. (R 2 = � 0.50; n = 8; P = 0.05) in different locations in the lake. The results from this study will help inform policy regarding control measures for schistosomias and intermediate snail hosts in Lake Victoria waters, as well as in adjacent terrestrial aquatic habitats and even beyond.
LIGHT HISTORY INFLUENCES THE SENSITIVITY TO ATRAZINE IN PERIPHYTIC ALGAE

This study examines the relationship between light history (i.e. light conditions during colonization) and sensitivity to atrazine for periphyton communities grown on etched glass substrates (colonized for 2–3 weeks) at seven stream and river sites differing in water chemistry and light regime. For each site, taxonomic composition of the community (by microscopic examination and cell counts), pigment composition, and photosynthetic parameters were measured and related to sensitivity to the herbicide. Photosynthetic parameters were estimated from photosynthesis– irradiance (P‐I) curves; the responses of the algae to atrazine were analyzed using short‐term concentration–response tests. Periphyton communities colonizing shaded sites were diatom dominated, had higher percentages of accessory pigments, and were more susceptible to photoinhibition at high light intensities compared to periphyton communities colonizing open sites; communities in the more open sites were dominated by green algae or cyanobacteria. Periphyton communities colonizing open sites were more sensitive to atrazine; the concentration of atrazine needed to inhibit photosynthesis by 50% in the short‐term tests (EC50 values) was correlated with light conditions during colonization. The interaction between treatment factors (light conditions during colonization, irradiance of incubation, and atrazine concentration) was analyzed by three‐way ANOVA. The two‐way interactions were significant, indicating that the response of the periphyton to irradiance during incubation and to atrazine concentration both depend on light history. However, the magnitude of the interaction between light history and atrazine toxicity was attenuated by changes in irradiance during incubation (three‐way ANOVA). This investigation presents evidence that the apparent toxicity of atrazine to lotic periphyton in natural communities is greater for algae that are adapted to high‐light conditions than for those that are adapted to low‐light conditions.
Effect of Zinc Supplementation With or Without Phytase on Performance, Mineral Accumulation in Tissues and Immune Response of Broiler

The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of supplementation of Zn with or without phytase on the performance, accumulation of mineral in tissues and immune response of broiler chickens. Two hundred Vencobb 400 unsexed day-old broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 5 replicates each. The starter (1–10 d), grower (11–22 d), finisher (23–35 d) diet was formulated to meet or exceed the recommendations of standard commercial broiler chicken except Zn which was not added in diet. The four experimental treatments resulted from a 2x2 factorial arrangements, where factors include Zn (0, 15 mg/kg form zinc sulphate) and phytase (0, 500 U/kg). BW at day 21 and 35 were significantly (P≤0.01) higher in zinc supplemented groups, however feed intake and FCR were unaffected. Phytase supplementation did not alter the BW, feed intake and FCR. Deposition of Zn in bone and liver was significantly (P≤0.05) higher in Zn and phytase supplemented birds. Tibia ash, Zn content of muscle and Cu and Mn content of bone, liver and muscle were unaffected by Zn or phytase addition. Antibody titre against Newcastle Disease virus vaccine was significantly (P<0.01) higher in Zn supplemented group, however was unaltered due to phytase supplementation. Results indicated that Zn supplementation to a maize-soyabean based diet improved BW, mineral deposition in tissue and immune response. However there is no additional benefit from the use of phytase.
Cytological studies in oenothera with special reference to the relation of chromosomes to nucleoli

Compared to the vast amount of work done on the cytology of this group of plants very little attention has been paid to a systematic analysis of the somatic chromosomes. The necessity of such a study was felt long ago by de Vries and Boedijn (1923, 1924), who tried to analyse the chromosomes of Oenothera Lamarckiana and its several mutants. Since then the somatic chromosomes of Oenothera species have been illustrated from time to time but detailed observations in this connexion remained to be made. Such a situation has probably arisen from the fact that geneticists realized that information from such a study would not throw much light on elucidation of their genetical observations, as all the species of Oenothera showed a stable chromosome number of 2n = 14, without any significant variation in their morphology. Probably a more important factor explaining the dearth of literature on this subject is the technical difficulty involved in getting good cytological preparations of root-tips of Oenothera species. A new line of research has been opened up since the relation of Sat-chromosomes to nucleoli was discovered by Heitz (1931 a, b) and McClintock (1931, 1934). The application of their theory regarding the correspondence of the number of nucleoli to the number of Sat-chromosomes is throwing considerable light on the understanding of relationship and probable origin of some of the different groups of plants. In view of these facts, a study of the somatic chromosomes of Oenothera species in relation to nucleoli was thought extremely desirable. Considerable difficulty has been overcome by the recent discovery of a method described by Semmens and Bhaduri (1939) and Bhaduri (1938), by which the chromosomes and the nucleoli can be stained differentially. The present study is part of a contemplated exhaustive study of the chromosomes in different species of Oenothera as well as other related genera.
5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine reactivates the CDH1 gene without influencing methylation of the entire CpG island or histone modification in a human cancer cell line

It is well-recognized that DNA methylation and histone modifications play critical roles in epigenetic regulation of gene activity through the alteration of chromatin structure. Recent studies have shown that in a subset of cancer cells, the silencing of the human E-cadherin (CDH1) gene is associated with hypermethylation of the CpG island. However, the associated molecular mechanism remains unclear. To understand the mechanism, we have investigated the alteration of CpG island methylation and histone modifications during the reactivation of the CDH1 gene by treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC). Although the CDH1 gene expression was recovered by treatment with 5-aza-dC in a liver cancer cell line Li21, the methylation status of the entire CpG island and acetylation and methylation status of associated histones were not significantly altered. These results demonstrate that the silenced CDH1 gene can be reactivated without apparent alteration of histone modification or CpG island methylation.
Methyl fluoride, an inhibitor of methane oxidation and methane production

Abstract Methyl fluoride (CH 3 F) has been reported to inhibit effectively aerobic CH 4 oxidation, while not affecting methanogenesis. Currently it is applied in a variety of ecosystems, where oxidation and production of CH 4 take place simultaneously. We tested the effects of CH 3 F on both processes in a flooded soil, in wetland plants (rice, Oryza sativa , and cottontail, Typha latifolia ), and in a microbial mat. CH 4 emission from rice microcosms increased after treatment with up to 1.9% CH 3 F, but decreased to less than the initial rate after 3.3% CH 3 F had been added. In anoxic incubations of rice roots and Typha we observed in vitro an instantaneous methanogenesis that in rice was inhibited by CH 3 F. Cottontail-associated methanogenesis was not affected by CH 3 F. In anoxic slurries of ricefield soil CH 4 production was inhibited by CH 3 F. Even at concentrations as low as 1000 ppmv CH 3 F (≈ 40 μM) methanogenesis was reduced by about 75% as compared to the control without the inhibitor. Methanogenesis could be recovered partly when CH 3 F was flushed out with N 2 . In soil slurries with CH 3 F methanogenesis could be stimulated by addition of formate, but not by acetate. Acetate accumulated in soil slurries with CH 3 F to about the same amount as did CH 4 in the control experiment without inhibitor. Methanogenesis in the hypersaline microbial mat is probably driven by methylated amines; it was not affected by CH 3 F. Hence, measurements of aerobic CH 4 oxidation may be biased if acetoclastic methanogenesis plays a significant role, and if CH 4 production and oxidation zones are closely coupled. This is to be expected especially in freshwater sediments, wetlands and ricefields.
RÉPONSES PHYSIOLOGIQUES DE SEPT ESPÈCES DE POISSONS LACUSTRES À UN STRESS DE CAPTURE (FILET MAILLANT ET ÉPUISETTE).

Les perturbations physiologiques potentiellement liees a la capture des poissons par filet maillant ou par epuisette ont ete estimees chez des brochets, sandres, perches, bremes, chevesnes, carpes et tanches de la retenue hydroelectrique de Pareloup (Aveyron). Toute capture provoque rapidement une hausse significative des taux de catecholamines (>10 ng.ml-1 ), Cortisol (> 100ng.ml-1 ) et glucose (> 1 g.l-1 ) et une baisse des taux d'hormones thyroidiennes ( ) du plasma chez les sept especes. Ces reponses physiologiques au stress de capture apparaissent significativement plus marquees suite a la peche par filet maillant et ce, notamment, chez les especes carnassieres. D'apres ces resultats, l'utilisation de filets maillants s'avere inadequate pour des recherches a court terme sur la physiologie sanguine de populations naturelles de poissons, soulignant ainsi la necessite apres ce type de peche d'une mise en place d'infrastructures particulieres (e.g., viviers, cages flottantes, etc.) pour la phase ulterieure de recuperation physiologique.
Variability, character association and path coefficient analysis in garlic

Genetic variability, heritability, correlation and path analysis were estimated among 10 genotypes of 14 quantitative characters in garlic. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was also observed for leaf area cm2 and weight of 100 cloves per plant indicating predominance of additive gene effects for these traits. The bulb yield (q/ha) was genotypically and phenotypically positive correlation with no of leaves, neck thickness, weight of 5 bulbs, no of clove per bulb, length of cloves, equatorial diameter, days to maturity, TSS content and sulphur content. In conclusion improvement in the characters like bulb yield, weight of 100 cloves, neck thickness, sulphur content will help in improving the bulb yield in garlic.
Accumulation of serine proteinase in senescent sporophores of the cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus

Serine proteinase activity was assayed during sporophore maturation and postharvest senescence in Agaricus bisporus. Serine proteinase accumulated largely in stipe tissue early during postharvest storage and in the later stages of maturation of unpicked sporophores. Western blot staining correlated with enzyme activity indicating de novo synthesis. The enzyme could not be detected by Western blotting in freshly harvested sporophores at an early maturation stage. Small increases in activity were detected in the cap tissue during the final stages of senescence, postharvest and in unpicked sporophores. The distribution of the serine proteinase in senescent sporophore tissues (high in stipe, low in cap) was confirmed by histochemical and immunologically stained tissue prints.
Directional Preferences of the Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita) and the Robin (Erithacus rubecula) on Autumn Migration in the Beskid Niski Mountains (S Poland)

Directional Preferences of the Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita) and the Robin (Erithacus rubecula) on Autumn Migration in the Beskid Niski Mountains (S Poland) Data were collected at the "Akcja Carpatica" ringing station in the southern Poland in 2000-2003. In total 388 Robins and 357 Chiffchaffs were tested with the Busse's method (Busse 1995) for directional preferences during autumn migration. The data were elaborated using a non-standard calculation procedure proposed by Busse and Trocińska (1999) that could be applied to multimodal circular distributions. Tested birds showed ca 69% (the Chiffchaff) and more than 60% (the Robin) of northern headings that we called "reversed directions" for autumn migration. We applied "reversing procedure", i.e. adding 180° to all northern directions. Such procedure was based on an assumption that birds show axial behaviour in the cage. The species seasonal catching dynamics was divided into periods reflecting migration waves. Both studied species showed differentiation of directional preferences. In the Robin such directions as: SSE, SSW, ESE and WSW were noted. Most clear migration pattern was observed for the Chiffchaff — SSE and WSW directions dominated. Although in both species sampling was short and irregular, the Chiffchaff migration pattern was clear and similar in all studied seasons. On the contrary, the Robin showed complicated and difficult to analyse headings' distributions. Robins indicated both intra- and interseasonal differentiation of directional preferences.
Tratamento fungicida de sementes de soja inoculadas com Colletotrichum truncatum

The sanitary and physiological qualities of soybean seeds are determining factors for the establishment of appropriate stands. This research aimed to evaluate the soybean seed performance and plants growth after seed inoculation with Colletotrichum truncatum and fungicide treatment by filmcoating. The seeds were inoculated whit C. truncatum by water restriction technique and then treated with fungicides and polymer. The used treatments were carbendazin, fludioxonil+mefenoxan, thiabendazole+thiram, thiophanate methyl, caboxin+thiram and untreated seeds. The seeds were treated with and whitout polymer. Seed germination, cold test, seedling emergence and seed health test (blotter test) were evaluated. Plants grown in pots were evaluated using length of aerial parts, dry matter of roots and aerial parts. The best control of C. truncatum was obtained when the seeds were treated with fludioxonil+mefenoxan and thiabendazole+thiram. These treatments also contributed to improve the physiological performance of the seeds. The soybean seeds vigour and the plants growth were reduced when the seeds are treated whit methyl thiophanate. The film-coating do not affect the physiological potential and the soybean seed health.
16S ribosomal RNA‐ and cell wall analysis of Gemmata obscuriglobus, a new member of the order Planctomycetales

Gemmata obscuriglobus UQM2246 was investigated by the 16S ribosomal RNA cataloguing approach in order to determine its phylogenetic position. This budding organism is a member of the order Planctomycetales, displaying a remote and equidistant relationship to representatives of the genera Planctomyces and Pirella. Like the other members of this order, G. obscuriglobus lacks peptidoglycan, possessing a proteinaceous cell wall instead.