Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The 1994 Java tsunami earthquake: Slip over a subducting seamount

On June 2, 1994, a large subduction thrust earthquake (Ms 7.2) produced a devastating tsunami on the island of Java. This earthquake had a number of unusual characteristics. It was the first recorded large thrust earthquake on the Java subduction zone. All of the aftershock mechanisms exhibit normal faulting; no mechanisms are similar to the main shock. Also, the large tsunami and the relatively low energy radiated by the main shock have led to suggestions that this earthquake might have involved slow, shallow rupture near the trench, similar to the 1992 Nicaragua earthquake. We first relocate the main shock and the aftershocks. We then invert long-period surface waves and broadband body waves to determine the depth and spatial distribution of the main shock slip. A dip of 12°, hypocenter depth of 16 km and moment of 3.5×l020 N m (Mw 7.6) give the best fit to the combined seismic data and are consistent with the plate interface geometry. The source spectrum obtained from both body and surface waves has a single corner frequency (between 10 and 20 mHz) implying a stress drop of ∼0.3 MPa. The main energy release was preceded by a small subevent lasting ∼12 s. The main slip occurred at ∼20 km depth, downdip and to the NW of the hypocenter. This area of slip is collocated with a prominent high in the bathymetry that has been identified as a subducting seamount. We interpret the Java earthquake as slip over this subducting seamount, which is a locked patch in an otherwise decoupled subduction zone. We find no evidence for slow, shallow rupture. No thrust aftershocks are expected if the entire locked zone slipped during the main shock, but extension of the subducting plate behind the seamount would promote normal faulting as observed. It seems probable that such a source model could also explain the size and timing of the observed tsunami.
Exposure histories of Bench Crater rocks

A description is presented of the results of mass spectrometric analyses of the noble gases krypton and xenon, in eight Apollo 12 basaltic rocks. The significance of the results is evaluated. It is concluded that the Bench Crater rocks are not what they appear to be in their field relationships. They are not fragments ejected from bedrock by the Bench impact. Most, if not all, have had a previous history of regolith residence prior to the Bench impact. In retrospect, sampling of fresh ejecta from lunar craters during the Apollo missions turned out to be surprisingly difficult. Sampling was successful for Cone and North Ray craters where large boulders were available, but fresh South Ray ejecta was surprisingly elusive. The reported investigation shows that fresh ejecta was not obtained from Bench, and moreover, that the concept of 'radial sampling', in which the rocks sampled from a crater rim are supposed to represent the deepest material excavated, fails very badly for Bench.
Bearing Capacity of Strip Foundations in Reinforced Soils

AbstractA method is proposed to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip footing placed over granular and cohesive-frictional soils that are reinforced with horizontal layers of reinforcements. The reinforcement sheet is assumed to resist axial tension but not bending moment. The analysis was performed by using the lower bound theorem of the limit analysis in combination with finite elements. A single layer and a group of two layers of reinforcements were considered. The efficiency factors ηγ and ηc that need to be multiplied with the respective bearing capacity factor Nγ and Nc to account for the inclusion of the reinforcements were established. The results were obtained for different values of the soil internal friction angle (ϕ). The critical positions of the reinforcements, which would result in a maximum increase in the bearing capacity, were established. The required tensile strength of the reinforcement to avoid its breakage during the loading of the foundation was also computed. The resu.
Tropical montane cloud forest: a unique hydrological case.

The paper by Zadroga (1981) on the hydrological significance of tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) in northern Costa Rica probably marks the start of the enhanced interest in these remarkable forests although the importance of fog deposition on vegetation surfaces as an extra source of moisture has been acknowledged for a long time (see Kerfoot’s 1968 review of early literature). Arguably, this increased interest is in no small measure due to the unstinting efforts of one man, Professor Lawrence S. Hamilton, who recognised the far-reaching implications of Zadroga’s preliminary work and who kept stressing the hydrological and ecological importance of TMCF on numerous occasions. Hamilton’s efforts culminated in the organisation of the First International Symposium on Tropical Montane Cloud Forests, held in San Juan, Puerto Rico, from 31 May until 5 June 1993 (Hamilton, Juvik and Scatena, 1995), and the launching of ‘A Campaign for Cloud Forests’ by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) in 1995 (Hamilton, 1995a). The hydrological and biogeochemical evidence on TMCF was reviewed in detail at the Puerto Rico Symposium by Bruijnzeel and Proctor (1995). These authors stressed how little is actually known about the hydrological functioning of different types of montane forests exposed to varying degrees of cloud impaction; the role of epiphytes in cloud water interception and retention; cloud forest carbon dynamics and the factors limiting their growth; and, above all, the uncertainty surrounding the water use of different types of TMCF and the effect of their conversion to pasture or vegetable cropping on downstream water yield. Bruijnzeel and Proctor (1995) also called for the establishment of a pan-tropical network linking the more data-rich TMCF research sites where these important questions could be addressed in an integrated manner. The nomenclature of montane forests, including TMCF, is confusing. Stadtmüller (1987) listed at least 35 different names that have been used to typify ‘cloud forest’. Therefore, before reviewing the results of hydrological research in TMCF (with emphasis on post-1993 work, i.e. published or initiated after the Puerto Rico Symposium), a simple classification of TMCF types is proposed to allow for hydrological distinctions between the different forest types. In addition, background information is provided on the chief controls governing TMCF occurrence. Finally, the chapter identifies the chief remaining research questions with suggestions for where and how these might be addressed.
Monitoring mountain snowpack evolution using near‐surface optical and thermal properties

We developed a near‐surface moisture index (NSMI) that models relative moisture using visible and thermal spectra. The NSMI tracks the evolution of spring snowmelt and has potential MODIS applications. An analytical radiative transfer model for computing directional hemispherical reflectance and emissivity derived from the delta‐Eddington approximation to the radiative transfer equation was used to produce the NSMI. Modelled reflectance and emissivity, as a function of grain size, were used to produce the NMSI feature space, constructed from the normalized difference snow index (NDSI) on the abscissa and brightness temperature (Tb) on the ordinate. As grain size increases, the dynamic range (sensitivity) of NDSI decreases, saturating around 400–450 µm grain radius. Tb values for various grain sizes at fixed kinetic temperatures between 245 and 273 K and the NDSI were used to construct a simulated NSMI. Field measurements of surface wetness, surface/near‐surface grain size, average pack temperature and surface temperature for late February and March were validated in Fraser, Colorado, against measured NSMI using a scene from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). Ground‐based measurements indicate significant changes in snow surface properties, representing a warming pack across three Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX) intensive study areas (ISAs) from February to March. Surface and average pack temperatures in March were warmer for all three sites. ASTER‐measured reflectance and Tb were sampled from each CLPX ISA and used to construct the NMSI. The lower elevation ISA (i.e. St Louis Creek) demonstrated higher mean Tb and lower mean NDSI, and the higher elevation ISA (i.e. Alpine) showed higher mean NDSI and lower mean Tb. ASTER‐derived NSMI demonstrated behaviour consistent for simulations with deviations due to topography, vegetation, and regional heterogeneity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative Analysis of the Distribution of Daily Rainfall Amounts at three Stations in Northern Nigeria

The distributions of daily rainfall amounts at three stations in the savanna vegetative zone of northern Nigeria were studied. The lengths of the rainfall data series ranged from 66 to 81years and covered the period from 1916 to 1999. The data series of each station was divided into two segments with those predating 1961 (i.e. up to year 1960) as at first. The data series for the period from 1961 onwards, which generally showed a declining trend of annual number of rainy days, constituted the second segment. Comparison using cumulative probability ploys and a non-parametric statistical test showed that corresponding distributions in both segments were similar when the data partitioned to two antecedent rainfall-states (i.e. rainy day preceding rainy day and dry day preceding rainy day) and also when partitioned to the early, middle and late parts of the wet season. The result suggested that the data from both segments belonged to the same population and were therefore combined to derive the parameters of a gamma distribution model used stochastically generate daily rainfall data for the stationary part of the series. The Statistical properties of the simulated and observed data were comparable suggesting that the derived model parameters are representative of the series. JARD Vol. 2 2003: pp. 70-86
Inflow of oceanic water into Tokyo Bay and generation of a subsurface hypoxic water mass

[1] Temporal and spatial variations in the inflow of oceanic water into Tokyo Bay and the accompanying changes in circulation within the bay have been studied by repeated measurement of the longitudinal distributions of hydrographic parameters and oxygen concentration from the bay head to off the bay mouth. Data collection took place in summer 1998 with the particular aim of tracking the movement of a hypoxic water mass. Density changes in the upper ocean induce inflow and outflow of oceanic water in the bay so that when water density increased in the upper ocean, heavy saline water intruded into the lower layer of the bay. This inflow forced a “bottom hypoxic water mass” to the bay head and, finally, lifted it up to form a “subsurface hypoxic water mass,” which then moved out as a thin layer just under the pycnocline, reaching beyond the bay mouth. When the intruding heavier deep water retreated and an intrusion of oceanic water at intermediate depth occurred, the hypoxic water mass was displaced from the center to the mouth of the bay. The bottom hypoxic water mass dominates in the northern half of the bay, while the subsurface oxygen minimum appears frequently in the southern half.
Water films and scaling of soil characteristic curves at low water contents

Individual contributions of capillarity and adsorptive surface forces to the matric potential are seldom differentiated in determination of soil water characteristic (SWC) curves. Typically, capillary forces dominate at the wet end, whereas adsorptive surface forces dominate at the dry end of a SWC where water is held as thin liquid films. The amount of adsorbed soil water is intimately linked to soil specific surface area (SA) and plays an important role in various biological and transport processes in arid environments. Dominated by van der Waals adsorptive forces, surface‐water interactions give rise to a nearly universal scaling relationship for SWC curves at low water contents. We demonstrate that scaling measured water content at the dry end by soil specific surface area yields remarkable similarity across a range of soil textures and is in good agreement with theoretical predictions based on van der Waals interactions. These scaling relationships are important for accurate description of SWC curves in dry soils and may provide rapid and reliable estimates of soil specific surface area from SWC measurements for matric potentials below ‒10 MPa conveniently measured with the chilled‐mirror dew point technique. Surface area estimates acquired by fitting the scaling relationship to measured SWC data were in good agreement with SA data measured by standard methods. Preliminary results suggest that the proposed method could provide reliable SA estimates for natural soils with hydratable surface areas smaller than 200 m2/g.
Scaling of ground motion parameters, state of stress, and focal depth

The ground motion parametersRv and ρRa, where R is hypocentral distance, v is peak velocity, ρ is density, and a is peak acceleration, are found observationally to be strong functions of stress state and linearly related to focal depth z. If the stress state and focal depth are properly taken into account, then the ground motion parameters depend on the seismic moment M0, as expected from basic scaling principles. That is, Rv ∝ M01/3, and ρRa is independent of earthquake size. Regression lines fitted to observations, covering broad ranges in seismic moment and focal depth, indicate that for extensional and compressional tectonic regimes, corresponding to normal and thrust or reverse faulting earthquakes, respectively, peak acceleration is given by ρRa = - 1.08 MPa + 3.06 (MPa/km)z (normal) and ρRa = 5.65 MPa + 8.76 (MPa/km)z (thrust), and for peak velocity, Rv/M01/3 = 10−4(m2/s) (N m)−1/3 [3.00+0.69 (km−1)z] (normal) and Rv/M01/3 = 10−4(m2/s) (N m)−1/3 [4.63+1.82 (km−1)z] (thrust). For strike-slip earthquakes the data currently are insufficient to define regression fits, but such lines would definitely lie between those for the normal and thrust stress regimes. These equations are appropriate for ground motion at small hypocentral distance as recorded in a whole space. It follows that for comparable hypocentral depth, peak acceleration in a compressional tectonic regime, for example, much of the eastern United States, is a factor of about 3 greater than in an extensional regime, such as Nevada, and for peak velocity a similar comparison yields a factor of 2 difference. The similarity in behavior of the peak acceleration parameter to crustal strength, estimated from Byerlee's law of friction, with respect to depth and stress state, indicates that crustal strength is probably the factor governing the seismic source processes that give rise to the high-frequency peak ground motion. Analysis of the peak acceleration data in the context of crustal strength suggests bounds on this ground motion parameter, as recorded at a typical surface site, that depend on stress state, specifically, a (normal) ≲0.5 g and a (thrust) ≲1.9 g. Thus the state of stress as well as the focal depth clearly is an important factor to be taken into account in the prediction of seismic ground motion.
Online Parent Training: A Pilot Programme for Children with Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disabilities in Bangladesh

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the implementation of an online parent training programme in Bangladesh, designed to enhance parental knowledge of autism and neurodevelopmental disorders and related interventions. In addition, study participants were expected to become “Master Trainers” with the intention of training other parents in their local communities. Method: This survey study assessed parental knowledge and programme effectiveness, such as potential online learning barriers, cultural sensitivities, and general course content feedback after each unit. Results: The programme had an 81% completion rate (with parents completing all but one unit) with an average programme knowledge score of 86%. Parents felt that the course content was moderately difficult, the length of the units was appropriate, and the units were culturally sensitive. They requested more detailed lessons, specific case studies, and adaptation of the curriculum for older children. Conclusion: The pilot programme merits the next phase of development, which includes local adaptation and translation. However, the findings are limited by the small sample size.
Seismic attenuation above 10 Hz in southern California from coda waves recorded in the Cajon Pass borehole

We estimate the attenuation around Cajon Pass, southern California, for frequencies above 10 Hz, and we find total Q to exhibit only weak frequency dependence, ranging from ∼800 at 10 Hz to ∼1500 at 100 Hz. The intrinsic attenuation is approximately twice the level of the scattering attenuation. Measurements are made using earthquake seismograms recorded at 0–3 km depth using the multiple lapse time window method. The results are not dependent on receiver depth and are consistent with previous estimates of Q made from direct waves recorded at 2.5 km depth. Our Q values are therefore thought to be representative of the seismogenic crust, and the technique used is uncontaminated by the highly attenuating near surface, at least above ∼10 Hz. We also calculate Q from surface data between 1 and 10 Hz and find a clear change in the frequency dependence of both intrinsic and scattering attenuation at ∼10 Hz. Q exhibits strong frequency dependence below 10 Hz ( ∝ƒ1.8), consistent with previous studies in active tectonic regions, and only weak frequency dependence at higher frequencies ( ∝ƒ0.34). This change in behavior renders it unwise to extrapolate Q measurements outside the frequency range from which they were derived, for example, in earthquake-source studies. Possible factors responsible for the apparent change in frequency dependence of Q are considered. Further work is required, however, to resolve the causes of this change.
The lower ionospheric perturbation as a precursor to the 11 March 2011 Japan earthquake

It is found that clear lower ionospheric perturbations appeared as a precursor to the 11 March 2011 Japan earthquake. This study is based on the observation of two completely different phenomena: (1) subionospheric very low frequency/low frequency propagation anomaly on the NLK (Seattle, USA) – Chofu propagation path, and (2) depression of magnetospheric ultra low frequency emissions observed on the ground (Kakioka, etc.). But, both effects are suggested to be interpreted by a unified phenomenon of seismo-lower ionospheric perturbation because they occurred on the days of 5 and 6 March, 2011.
Lake Temperature and Ice Cover Regimes in the Alaskan Subarctic and Arctic: Integrated Monitoring, Remote Sensing, and Modeling 1

Arp, C.D. , B.M. Jones, M. Whitman, A. Larsen, and F.E. Urban, 2010. Lake Temperature and Ice Cover Regimes in the Alaskan Subarctic and Arctic: Integrated Monitoring, Remote Sensing, and Modeling. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 777‐791. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010. 00451.x
Zewnątrzmiejska dostępność komunikacyjna w kontekście budowania atrakcyjności lokalizacyjnej metropolii w Polsce na przykładzie województwa małopolskiego

This article's basic assumption, and starting point, is that there is a strong correlation between accessibility (the availability of transport) and the territorial potential of an economy. Increased accessibility is one of the most important goals for metropolis authorities, central government representatives and key EU officials alike. The article shows the intentions of different levels of public administration representatives for how they would like to use the communication infrastructure to speed up regional and local social-economy indicators. Accomplishing that goal is especially important for metropolises which seek to join the global network of potential exchange. It is also important for governments because the strongest cities are "the mirrors" of the strength of the national economy. Economic strength is important for regions as well as metropolitan areas and metropolitan centre officials because they would like to attract potential. The article reviews the possibilities and solutions for building transport links to improve the economic potential of the most powerful cities in Poland.
The effect of the capillary number and its constituents on two-phase relative permeability curves

The goal of this study is to determine the effect of the capillary number on two-phase (oil-water) relative permeability curves. Specifically, a series of steady-state relative permeability measurements were carried out to determine if the capillary number causes changes in the two-phase permeabilities or if any one of its constituents, such as flow velocity, fluid viscosity, or interfacial tension, are the controlling variables. For the core tests, run in fired Berea sandstone, a Soltrol 170 oil-calcium chloride brine-isopropyl alcohol-glycerin system was utilized. Alcohol was the interfacial tension reducer and glycerin was the wetting phase viscosifier. The non-wetting phase (oil) relative permeability showed little correlation with the capillary number. As the interfacial tension decreased below 2.0 dynes/cm, the oil permeability increased dramatically. However, as the wetting phase viscosity increased, the non-wetting phase demonstrated less ability to flow. For the wetting phase (water) relative permeability, the opposite capillary number effect was shown. For both the tension decrease and the viscosity increase, i.e., a capillary number rise, the water permeability increased, but not as much as with the oil curves. No velocity effects were noted for the range studied. A relative permeability model was then developed from the experimental data, based on fluidmore » saturations, interfacial tension, fluid viscosities, and the residual saturations, using regression analysis. The applicability of these regression models were then tested with the aid of a two-phase reservoir simulator. « less