Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High-resolution palaeoclimatology of the last millennium: a review of current status and future prospects

This review of late-Holocene palaeoclimatology represents the results from a PAGES/CLIVAR Intersection Panel meeting that took place in June 2006. The review is in three parts: the principal high-resolution proxy disciplines (trees, corals, ice cores and documentary evidence), emphasizing current issues in their use for climate reconstruction; the various approaches that have been adopted to combine multiple climate proxy records to provide estimates of past annual-to-decadal timescale Northern Hemisphere surface temperatures and other climate variables, such as large-scale circulation indices; and the forcing histories used in climate model simulations of the past millennium. We discuss the need to develop a framework through which current and new approaches to interpreting these proxy data may be rigorously assessed using pseudo-proxies derived from climate model runs, where the `answer' is known. The article concludes with a list of recommendations. First, more raw proxy data are required from the diverse disciplines and from more locations, as well as replication, for all proxy sources, of the basic raw measurements to improve absolute dating, and to better distinguish the proxy climate signal from noise. Second, more effort is required to improve the understanding of what individual proxies respond to, supported by more site measurements and process studies. These activities should also be mindful of the correlation structure of instrumental data, indicating which adjacent proxy records ought to be in agreement and which not. Third, large-scale climate reconstructions should be attempted using a wide variety of techniques, emphasizing those for which quantified errors can be estimated at specified timescales. Fourth, a greater use of climate model simulations is needed to guide the choice of reconstruction techniques (the pseudo-proxy concept) and possibly help determine where, given limited resources, future sampling should be concentrated.
Clinico-epidemiological profile of non-survivors of COVID-19 during the last two waves in a tertiary care hospital of North India: A retrospective descriptive study

Background: SARS-CoV-causing COVID-19 resulted in mortality, and the clinic-epidemiological profile at the time of admission of patients who died later could provide an insight into pathophysiological consequences due to infection. Method: Retrospective observational study of 64 RTPCR-confirmed COVID-19 non-survivors was conducted from April - June 2021 and January February 2022. Data were analyzed, and a P value<0.05 was taken as significant. Results: 60.94% and 39.06 % were males and females, and 26.57% & 73.43 % of patients had moderate and severe disease, respectively. Fever, cough, and dyspnea were the most common presenting symptoms. 78.12% and 21.88% had pre-existing (diabetes and hypertension were most common) and no co-morbidities, respectively. 65.62 & 17.19 % of patients had bilateral and unilateral ground glass opacities, respectively. Thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, elevated monocytes, and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) of 7.52 were hematological findings. D dimer was elevated. ABG showed low PaO2 and SPO2 %. ALT and AST were elevated. Tachycardia was also present. Compared to the first wave, no significant association of gender with severity was found. However, the percentage of male patients was higher. The association of the duration of stay and co-morbidity with disease severity was significant in both the first and subsequent waves of COVID-19. Conclusion: Co-morbidity, disease severity, and radiological lung opacities play a role in the outcome of COVID-19. The associated findings are hematological, renal, liver, cardiovascular, and arterial blood gas derangements.
An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Entrepreneurship Education in Secondary Schools in Tanzania

Entrepreneurship education (EE) was included in Tanzania’s secondary school curriculum to alleviate poverty and create jobs. Entrepreneurship education content and approaches must be carefully selected and structured to further its effectiveness in addressing these goals. Global research shows notable patterns, or what can be considered ‘best practices’ in this regard, which can be used for comparison purposes. Therefore, the current investigation aimed to evaluate if, and to what extent, the EE included in the Tanzanian secondary school curriculum adheres to international best practices for structuring EE. Informed by such an evaluation, recommendations can be made to strengthen EE in this curriculum. A two-phased sequential mixed-methods investigation was conducted. Qualitative curriculum analysis, followed by a quantitative survey of 135 secondary school teachers, provided detailed data about structuring EE in the Tanzanian school curriculum. The data analysis showed the Tanzanian school curriculum could support effective EE; however, curriculum content and teacher education should be improved to advance EE in the country.
Land Markets and Agricultural Land Use Efficiency and Sustainability: Evidence from East Africa

Land markets, including land sales and short-term land rentals, have an important role to play for efficient and sustainable land management and agricultural development, especially where markets for other factors of production are imperfect or missing. This study utilises data from the highlands of Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda to examine the impact of land markets on various types of land investment and management practices, crop yield, and land quality. The results highlight the relative long-term versus short-term return to different types of investment and practices, where those with longer-term benefits such as trees, manuring, and composting are preferred on more tenure-secure plots, while those with immediate or season-to-season benefits such as drainage structures or chemical fertilizers are preferred on rented plots. The impact on agricultural productivity is mixed and context specific. Regarding land quality outcomes, there is reason to believe that plots traded on short-term markets in Kenya and Uganda tend to be of inferior quality, supporting the hypothesis of movement of land from households to those with higher capital/land ratios.
A potential review of its traditional uses, Phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of Plumbago zeylanica

The primary source of efficient traditional medications for the treatment of many ailments is medicinal plants. Several pharmacological actions of herbal medicines have led to their usage throughout the past ten years. The useful medical plant Plumbago zeylanica , often known as Plumbago, "white leadwort," "Ceylon leadwort," "Doctorbush," "Chitrak" in India, is used extensively in Africa and Asia to cure various maladies. It belongs to the plumbaginaceae family. The family plumbaginaceae are divided into the plumbaginoideae and staticoideae subfamilies, which may be distinguished by morphological, chemical, and molecular traits. It is a significant medicinal plant with a variety of pharmacological activities, including anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, etc. Because of the plant's therapeutic value, pharmaceutical companies randomly sample the environment and there is a decline in Plumbago zeylanica population, making it an over-exploited plant. Therefore, a different method of mass propagating this plant is required. It is a powerful bioactive substance with a lot of promise for use in traditional medical procedures for the treatment of many different ailments. Although it is a crucial plant in the production of herbal products, finding a different method to allow for the widespread propagation of this plant still requires a great commitment. For the expanding needs of Plumbago zeylanica , by in-vitro technologies at a large scale for progress and subsequent crushed plants should be tremendously helpful. The purpose of this review is to focus the value of medicinal applications, Phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and its prospective pharmaceutical action for the creation of novel herbal preparations. It has given researchers the chance to do further study and development in this area.
Effect of Obesity on Mortality in Pulmonary Hypertension—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Obesity is reported to have a protective effect on mortality in pulmonary hypertension (PH), a phenomenon known as obesity paradox. However, the data are conflicting, with some studies showing decreased mortality while other studies found no effect of obesity on mortality. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine whether there is an association between obesity and mortality in PH. Only patients with PH diagnosed by right heart catheterization were included. We also performed a sub-group analysis of subjects with pre-capillary PH only. A total of six studies met the inclusion criteria, with a sample size of 13,987 patients. Obese subjects had lower mortality compared to non-obese subjects in the combined pre- and post-capillary PH group (hazard ratio 0.79, 95% CI 0.66–0.95, p = 0.01). While obesity was associated with reduction in mortality in the pre-capillary PH group (hazard ratio 0.77, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.98, p = 0.03), this was not uniform across all studies.
The distribution and transport of atmospheric water vapour over the Arctic Basin

A comprehensive rawinsonde archive, comprising atmospheric soundings from fixed stations, ships, and the former Soviet Union ‘North Pole’ series of drifting ice stations, is used to examine features of the distribution and transport of Arctic water vapour. Results are based on analysis of climatological, gridded seasonal and monthly fields north of 65°N of precipitable water, vertically integrated vapour fluxes, and profiles of specific humidity, vapour fluxes, temperature, and winds, compiled from objective interpolation of the quality controlled soundings. Emphasis is placed on contrasting conditions for winter and summer, with due attention paid to the potential effects of uncertainties in the rawinsonde humidity data. For zonal means, specific humidity for all seasons typically displays a surface maximum, decreasing poleward at all levels. Precipitable water (surface-300 hPa), has winter values ranging from 3.8 mm for 65°−70°N and 1.8 mm for 80°–90°N, with annual maxima in July of 18.2 and 12.5 mm, respectively. These zonal means, however, mask large spatial variations; precipitable water for winter, spring, and autumn shows a marked equatorward increase towards the Atlantic side of the Arctic only. Minima are found over north-east Canada during spring, summer, and autumn. Vapour fluxes tend to peak in the lower troposphere at about 850 hPa in winter, but over a broader layer in summer. During winter, the largest vertically integrated (surface-300 hPa) zonal and meridional vapour transports are found between Iceland and Scandinavia. The Beaufort Sea and western Canada are the only regions where vertically integrated meridional fluxes are equatorward. During summer, the vertically integrated total flux (zonal plus meridional components) increases sharply over the Beaufort Sea. Equatorward meridional fluxes are again found over western Canada, with strong poleward meridional transports over the Atlantic sector.
Defining, Measuring, and Evaluating Path Walkability, and Testing Its Impacts on Transit Users’ Mode Choice and Walking Distance to the Station

The major purpose of this research is to test the effects of street-level urban design attributes on travel behavior. There are two goals: (1) operationalizing path walkability, which includes developing a walkability measurement instrument and quantifying path walkability, and (2) testing the effect of path walkability on transit usersâ€™ access mode choice and walking distance to the station. A case study was conducted in the station area of Mountain View, California. In 2005, three different surveys were done. A station user survey was conducted by distributing self-administered, mail-back questionnaires to the entering transit users at the gates of the station. The user survey collected access mode choices, trip origins, and socio-economic data from 249 transit users who provided their routes. A walker perception survey was conducted with 68 transit users who walked to the station. This on-board survey asked them to score their walking routes. Based on the routes identified by both surveys, this research selected 270 street segments. For each segment, 30 street elements were measured by using a two-page survey instrument. The surveyed street data produced more than 40 path walkability indicators. The first part of this dissertation conducted a factor analysis with the path walkability indicators derived from the 249 surveyed routes, and found four path walkability factors: â€œsidewalk amenities,â€ â€œtraffic impacts,â€ â€œstreet scale and enclosure,â€ and â€œlandscaping elements. â€ With the four factor scores as new variables, a pair of logit analyses was conducted. All four path walkability variables significantly influence transit usersâ€™ mode choice decision â€“ good walkability increases the transit usersâ€™ chance of walking over driving to the station. The second part created a composite walkability index based on the walker perception survey result. The walkability index was also tested in mode choice models, which confirmed that good path walkability increases the chance of walking. The third part conducted a regression analysis of transit usersâ€™ walking distance, and found that a travelerâ€™s walking distance increased by more than 300 feet for every 0.5 increase in the composite walkability score. This research also found a donut-shaped critical walking zone, where walkability mattered more.
Planktonic community structure and variability in the Canary Islands waters: the role of microplankton

The marine zooplankton community is compased af a high variety af organisms with different feeding abilities, which exploit a wide diversity of foad types available in the environment. Trophic interactions, direct or indirect, are important regulators of the structure of planktonic communities. In oligotrophic waters, 5mall planktonic fractions play an important role and are one of the major components of the planktonic foad web. Microbial loop dominates during mest of the year and microplankton plays a fundamental role in these ecosystems. In this work, we contributed to increase 1he knowledge on the structure and temporal variabi lity af the planktonic community , from bacteria to mesozooplankton. Our work highlights how "bottom-up" and "top-down" effects regulate planktonic community structure. We found that the different groups belonging to autotrophic picoplankton succeeded one to another in function of temperature and availability in nutrients. However, we also shown that these organisms were also controlled by higher trophic level organisms. Indeed, autotrophic picoplankton is mainly consumed by heteronanoand microzooplankton , being the latter organisms preyed by mesozooplankton. Therefore, when nanoand microplankton are eaten by mesozooplankton, autotrophs are free of predation pressure and their biomass can increase. We also found that the characteristic late winter bloom of subtropical waters was a more complex process than previously thought. Several cycles of the different planktonic organisms were observed. Each cycle started with the increase of autotrophic picoplankton biomass and was ended by mesozooplankton. The present work sheds light on the structure of planktonic organisms during the annual cycle and provides evidence of the need to afford the study of carbon flux in the ocean using an end-to-end approach.
Assessment of prescription pattern of under-five diarrhea cases in Western Odisha

Introduction: Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death among under-five children. Prescription review by the authorities of the health facilities every month for the improvement of the quality of prescription writing of Medical practitioners is very essentials. With this background, the present study was conducted to assess the prescription patterns of healthcare providers for under-five diarrhea cases and to study the factors responsible for nonadherence to protocol of prescription patterns. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the health facilities of two aspirational districts of Odisha. All secondary- and tertiary-level health institutions with 2–3 randomly selected PHCs of that blocks of the two districts were the study units. Mixed methods were used for data collection. Primary data were collected by in-depth interview of doctor and pharmacist. Secondary data were collected by review of records such as OPD ticket, IPD ticket, OPD register, dispensing register, and stock registers. Results: Of the 64 health facilities visited, a total of 516 prescriptions [217 (42%)] scanned/carbon copy of OPD ticket, 238 (46%) data from register on drug prescription, and 61 (11.8%) IPD record data were collected. Duration of diarrhea illness was not mentioned in any of the prescriptions which is important criteria for classifying the type of diarrhea and treatment. Signs of dehydration and degree of dehydration were mentioned in very few prescriptions of both the district. For the treatment of diarrhea cases, 2 to 4 medicines were prescribed in majority of 146 (67.3%), followed by more than four medicines in 38 (17.5%) prescriptions, and less than two medicines were prescribed in 33 (15.2%) cases. All prescriptions from MCH and SDH had ORS and zinc. Though all of them knew about the management protocol as per IMNCI, to be on the safe onside they used to prescribe more medicines to under-five diarrhea cases. None had the knowledge on five types of management plan. Conclusion: For under-five diarrhea cases, care should be taken to write the detail examination finding, weight of the child, associated comorbid condition, and advice on feeding in the prescription.
The Impact of Education Budget Politics on Discontinuation of Scholarship: A Case Study of SMAN Bali Mandara

The issue of politicization in the education sector has garnered significant attention in everyday discourse, yet its exploration in academia remains limited. Often, government policies fail to align with public expectations. This study delved into the public debate surrounding the abrupt discontinuation of the scholarship program at SMAN Bali Mandara by the government, seeking to investigate the underlying reasons. The rationale behind the government's decision to discontinue scholarships, while allocating substantial funds to other sectors, remained unclear, as did the subsequent impact of the discontinuation. Consequently, the public and education activists demanded clarification from the government. This study aimed to examine the politicization of the education budget by analyzing the APBD report and public responses. Rather than providing scholarships, the government prioritized the construction of new school infrastructure in various regions. This study employed a qualitative approach with a literature review method. The author collected data from APBD reports, BPS data, online mass media, scientific articles, and other sources to support an in-depth analysis. The study encompassed problem identification, literature review, determination of the study's purpose and objectives, data collection, data analysis, interpretation, and reporting of results. The study revealed that the government abruptly and unilaterally discontinued the scholarships at SMAN Bali Mandara. The government justified this action by claiming it aimed to equalize all schools. Under the pretext that all schools should admit underprivileged students, not just SMAN Bali Mandara, the government concentrated its efforts on constructing 14 new schools. However, based on the analyzed data, this study found that this policy was neither effective nor efficient.
Unlocking the Potential of Women and Adolescent Girls - Challenges and Opportunities for Greater Empowerment of Women and Adolescent Girls in Madagascar

6 Acknowledgments . 7 Abbreviations . 8 Introduction . 9 The key findings from this mixed-method study are: . 12 Access to education is a challenge for all in Madagascar, but girls face additional gender-specific barriers . 16 Access to sexual, reproductive, and maternal health services remains limited, especially for adolescent girls and young unmarried women . 23 The continuum of barriers to finding good-quality employment and accessing productive assets disproportionately affects women and girls . 29 Women and girls face limitations to their agency and decision-making, particularly in the domain of family formation . 36 Conclusions . 45 Appendix A . Methodology of the qualitative background study . 48 Appendix B . Entry points for legal reform to expand women’s empowerment in Madagascar . 52 References . 54
Methods for predicting the spreading of steam below the water table during subsurface remediation

Steam injection has been efficiently applied in many cases for the remediation of contamination in the unsaturated zone; however, some effort still has to be made to establish this technology in remediation practices for contamination in the saturated zone. The main difficulty here is the lack of reliable methods capable of predicting steam propagation around the injection well in poorly layered aquifers in an early screening stage. In this paper, methods are presented for predicting steam propagation in saturated media. First, a subset of experiments conducted in a two‐dimensional flume is utilized to demonstrate the characteristics of steam propagation in water‐saturated porous media. An improved numerical model concept that for the first time accounts for the variable degrees of freedom in the researched system is successfully tested and compared with an experimental data set. The model is consequently used to derive a set of type curves for the characteristic steam propagation in saturated porous media. These type curves can be used to estimate the steam propagation and the efficiency of a measure. Finally, the applicability and the potential of the developed methods are demonstrated for a pilot‐scale remediation.
Thirty year variability of UV irradiance in Moscow

Continuous measurements of ultraviolet irradiance in the 300–380 nm spectral range (UV380) carried out at the Meteorological Observatory of the Moscow State University are analyzed for the 1968–1997 warm periods. Variability in UV irradiance is examined together with variations of ozone content, aerosol optical thickness, cloud amount, and cloud optical thickness. We estimated the maximum contribution of each parameter to interannual variability of UV380 and erythemally weighted (EW) irradiance. The most important parameters are cloud amount, whose variation contributed to changes of up to 12% in the level of UV irradiance, and total ozone content, which contributed to changes of up to 8% in the level of EW irradiance during this period. According to the developed algorithm the variability in EW irradiance was calculated for the entire 30 year period. The analysis of variability in UV380 and EW irradiance shows a slight increase in UV values since the middle of the 1980s, though no statistically significant UV trend over the 30 year period is observed. Comparison between measurements of UV380 in a cloudless atmosphere and the results of radiative transfer modeling, using a two stream delta-Eddington approximation, reveals a good agreement. Since the end of the 1980s there is an increase of UV380 and especially EW irradiance under cloudless conditions. Extremely high values of EW irradiance and corresponding atmospheric conditions are of particular concern. It is shown that approximately in 50% of the cases, these extremely high values are detected in the presence of clouds.