Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Theory of Mind in Social Sciences: an Experiment on Strategic Thinking in Children

This study investigates mentalizing and strategic thinking in children in elementary school age (from 7 to 12 years old). Drawing from previous literature in behavioral and experiments economics and cognitive science, we conduct experiments in which children of different ages make choices in a series of one-shot, simultaneous move two-person games in normal form. We test the ability of our subjects to reason strategically and compare their behavioral patterns with those of adult players engaged in similar tasks (Di Guida and Devetag 2012). Our results show that even younger children are capable of perspective taking: they seem to grasp the essence of strategic thinking, to recognize similarities across games, and behave consistently. In addition, children are sensitive to the attractive power of focal points (Di Guida and Devetag 2012), which are perceived as natural coordination devices even when they are not part of the game equilibria, in line with previous results. Children are also able to perceive the risk-return tradeoffs implied in strategic decisions, as shown by their preference for “safe” strategies (i.e., strategies yielding an acceptable payoff for any choice of the opponent). Finally, only a minority behaves according to naïve heuristics such as opting for the strategy giving the maximum payoff. Our findings contribute to the interdisciplinary literature on the origin of fairness-based norms within societies and on the cognitive and social determinants of strategic interaction.
Response of short duration monsoon rice varieties to nitrogen fertilization

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during 5 July to 21 November, 2017 to ﬁnd out the effect of nitrogen rates on the yield performance of two short duration transplant monsoon (Aman) rice varieties. The experiment included two rice varieties viz. Binadhan-7 and BRRI dhan49 and six rates of nitrogen viz . 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg N ha − 1 in a split-plot design with three replications. The result revealed that grain yield was signiﬁcantly inﬂuenced by rate of nitrogen but not by variety and interaction between variety and nitrogen rates. The highest yield was achieved at 120 kg N ha − 1 which was similar with 90 kg N ha − 1 . The highest yield was attributed to higher number of effective tillers hill − 1 at higher nitrogen rates. The ﬁeld trial showed the highest grain yield for Binadhan-7 and BRRI dhan49 for 90-120 kg N ha − 1 . However, the estimated optimum rate of nitrogen from response analysis for Binadhan-7 and BRRI dhan49 were 107 and 103 kg N ha − 1 , respectively. Present study reveals that the highest yield of the two short duration rice varieties Binadhan-7 and BRRI dhan49 could be obtained by applying 107 and 103 kg N ha − 1 , respectively.
Influence of pressure main pumping frequency on sulfide formation rates in sanitary sewers

Reductions to hydraulic flows in sewer networks resulting from water conservation and re-use strategies will change the operational behaviours of our existing sewer infrastructure. For intermittently flowing pressure mains, changes to the duration and frequency of pumping events effect in-sewer biological and chemical transformation processes including the generation of hydrogen sulfide. This study investigated the effect of the pumping frequency on average total hydrogen sulfide generation using a pilot scale experimental pressure main. In the experimental trials, doubling the pumping frequency from 30 minutes to 60 minutes and increasing the frequency further from 30 minutes to 120 minutes decreased the total daily sulfide generation by 25 ± 9% and 43 ± 11% respectively. The decrease in sulfide generation is due to sulfate diffusion limitations in the bulk liquid limiting its availability at the liquid – biofilm boundary. A computational temporal and spatial substrate diffusion model confirmed this hypothesis. The model also predicted a reduction in total sulfide generation with an increase in the hydraulic residence time in a pressure main. The results suggest sulfide production in a pressure main sewer could be substantially reduced either by manually reducing the operating frequency of the feeding pump or as a consequence of reduced influent flows.
Microhabitat selection and communal nesting in the insular Psychedelic Rock Gecko, Cnemaspis psychedelica, in Southern Vietnam with updated information on trade

The Psychedelic Rock Gecko,Cnemaspispsychedelica, was described in 2010 and certainly belongs to the most spectacular gecko discoveries worldwide. The species is endemic to two small offshore islands in Rach Gia Bay. Its striking colour pattern makes the species highly attractive for the international pet market. The existentCnemaspispopulation is negatively affected by habitat degradation and predation by introduced macaques. We herein provide the first characterisation of microhabitat selection of this species, including seasonal variation on Hon Khoai and Hon Tuong islands, Ca Mau Province, Vietnam. We found that characteristics of the selected microhabitat, such as substrate type, temperature and canopy cover slightly differed between the wet and dry seasons. We also demonstrated age-related differences in the selection of perch heights. Communal nesting was, for the first time, reported forC.psychedelica, as well as natural predation by a snake species (Lycodoncapucinus). In addition, we documented ongoing habitat destruction on Hon Khoai Island and recorded illegal trade of live Psychedelic Rock Geckos for the first time on local pet markets in both northern and southern Vietnam. Our findings highlight the need for improved conservation measures in order to reduce anthropogenic impacts on wild populations ofC.psychedelica.
Microgranular Enclaves in Neoproterozoic Granitoids of South Khasi Hills, Meghalaya Plateau, Northeast India: Field Evidence of Interacting Coeval Mafic and Felsic Magmas

The microgranular enclaves (ME) in south Khasi granitoids (SKG) are mesocratic to melanocratic, fineto medium-grained and porphyritic, and occur abundantly between Mawthaphdah and Jashiar villages. The ME are 3 to 30 cm across, and their shapes vary from subrounded, ovoid, to ellipsoidal and show sharp and crenulate contacts with the SKG without deformational and/or reaction signatures. The megascopic features of ME and their relationships with SKG reveal that rnafic and felsic (SKG) magmas having some initial crystailinities co-existed, mixed and generated a hybrid (ME) magma. Minerals such as K-feldspar megacrysts, mafic and felsic xenocrysts were transferred and disequilibrated, and became corroded in the new hybrid magma. The hybrid magma further evolved as ME globules mingled and undercooled into relatively cooler SKG magma.
Relationship Between Hygiene Practices and Occurrence of Diarrhea among Under-Five Children: A Case of East Pokot Sub County

Communicable diseases continue to persist in developing countries with diarrhea being one of the conditions that affect children under five years of age resulting in numerous morbidities and mortality. Despite the interventions that have been put in place, Kenya still had an estimated 14% of children with diarrhea in 2022. Consequently, there is still a need to determine the actual practices associated with diarrhea at the community level. This will ensure that community-specific interventions are developed to curb diarrhea. Therefore, this study sought to determine hygiene practices that are associated with diarrhea. The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design, and Fisher’s formula was used to calculate a sample of 384 caregivers from East Pokot Sub-County. Both purposive, proportional, and simple random sampling were used to reach the determined sample size. All ethical approvals- ethical clearance from Baraton Research and ethics committee and a research permit from NACOSTI were sought before the commencement of the study and participants consented before recruitment into the study. All collected data was de-identified, cleaned, and analyzed using STATA version 24. The chi-square test and logistic regression were used to determine the relationship between hygiene practices and the occurrence of diarrhea. All data were presented in tables. Open defecation was 2.24 times more likely to result in diarrhea, hand washing equipment, washing hands after toilet use, helping the child to wash hands after visiting the toilet, and washing hands with soap were 0.25, 0.58, 0.59, and 0.56 times less likely to result to diarrhea before adjustment respectively. However, after adjustment, only open defecation AOR: 1.78 (0.94 – 3.37), hand washing facility AOR: 0.17 (0.10 – 0.30), and age of the caregiver for the categories above 25 years that is 25-30 years, 31-36 years and above 36 years remained significant at P=≤ 0.01, ≤ 0.10 and ≤ 0.05 respectively. This study, therefore, recommends health education on the detriments of open defecation while encouraging community members and most importantly young caregivers on the benefits of handwashing practices and supporting community members to build latrines for the safe disposal of fecal matter. Key Words: Open defecation, Hygiene practices, Under-five children
Effect of post-emergence herbicides on yield of Kharif groundnut

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the most appropriate post -emergence herbicides for the maximum weed control and yield enhancement in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The experiment in a RCBD with three replicates was conducted during Kharif season (June to October) 2013 and 2014 at the Oilseeds Research Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (M.S.), India. The crop variety AK 159 was sown at a spacing of 30 cm (between rows) x 10 cm (within row). Nine treatments including six post-emergence herbicides applied at 2-4 leaf stage of weeds, a pre-emergence herbicide, and a weedy and weed-free (hand weeding) control. The recommended mixture of fertilizer 25:50 N, and P (kg/ha) was applied as a basal dressing using Urea (46 % N) and SSP (16% P2O5), respectively. Among the herbicidal treatments, the lowest weed index (3.26%) was observed under post-emergence herbicides Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha) followed Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC (100 g/ha) with a weed index of 9.74%. The minimum weed dry weight was also recorded in these treatments, which was significantly lower (p 0.05) with Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC (100 g/ha) but significantly higher (p<0.05) as compared to other herbicidal treatments. Application of post--herbicides effectively controlled weeds, and resulted in a considerably lower cost of cultivation compared with hand weeding. The benefit:cost ratio was the highest with post emergence herbicides Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha) followed by Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC (100 g/ha) compared to other treatments.
Identifying Meteorological Controls on Open and Closed Mesoscale Cellular Convection Associated with Marine Cold Air Outbreaks

Mesoscale cellular convective (MCC) clouds occur in large‐scale patterns over the ocean and have important radiative effects on the climate system. An examination of time‐varying meteorological conditions associated with satellite‐observed open and closed MCC clouds is conducted to illustrate the influence of large‐scale meteorological conditions. Marine cold air outbreaks (MCAO) influence the development of open MCC clouds and the transition from closed to open MCC clouds. MCC neural network classifications on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data for 2008 are collocated with Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) data and ERA‐Interim reanalysis to determine the radiative effects of MCC clouds and their thermodynamic environments. Closed MCC clouds are found to have much higher albedo on average than open MCC clouds for the same cloud fraction. Three meteorological control metrics are tested: sea‐air temperature difference (ΔT), estimated inversion strength (EIS), and a MCAO index (M). These predictive metrics illustrate the importance of atmospheric surface forcing and static stability for open and closed MCC cloud formation. Predictive sigmoidal relations are found between M and MCC cloud frequency globally and regionally: negative for closed MCC cloud and positive for open MCC cloud. The open MCC cloud seasonal cycle is well correlated with M, while the seasonality of closed MCC clouds is well correlated with M in the midlatitudes and EIS in the tropics and subtropics. M is found to best distinguish open and closed MCC clouds on average over shorter time scales. The possibility of a MCC cloud feedback is discussed.
TINGKAT PEMENUHAN INFORMASI PETANI MELALUI RADIO KOMUNITAS

The purpose of this study is to analyze the level of meeting the information needs of farmers through community radio and factors related to the level of fulfillment of information needs. This study was designed as a correlational descriptive survey study. The main data is quantitative data with additional qualitative data as a support through interviews to farmers as community members and farmer’s community radio managers. The location of research in Indramayu Regency, West Java, precisely in Majasari Village, District of Sliyeg and Arjasari Village, Patrol Sub-district. The population is the listener of Radio Remaja and Radio Whisnu, with a sample size of 25%. The results showed that the level of fulfillment of information needs of farmers through different community radio results on each radio listener, which is relatively low on the listener Radio Remaja, while the listener Radio Whisnu quite high. The frequency and duration of listening to the radio is a factor related to the level of meeting the information needs through community radio.
Flume-Scale Experiments on Suffusion at the Bottom of Cutoff Wall in Sandy Gravel Alluvium

This paper presents a series of flume-scale experiments to investigate suffusion at the bottom of a cutoff wall in an internally unstable sandy gravel alluvium. The initiation, progression, and potential failure of suffusion and the interactive effects of geomechanical and hydraulic conditions with the evolution of suffusion were investigated in this particular application. Temporal and spatial development of pore pressure, earth pressure, and settlement demonstrated suffusion was a multi-phase (involving pore water, fine and coarse fractions) and multi-field (involving seepage, seepage-induced fine-fraction variation, and stress–deformation) coupling phenomenon. Suffusion initiated at the downstream side of the tip of the cutoff wall and then generally progressed backward to the upstream side. The monitored earth pressure provided an evidence of the heterogeneous stress distribution in internally unstable soil. Two linear empirical formulas for average hydraulic gradients at the initiation of suffusion a.
Recent Very Hot Summers in Northern Hemispheric Land Areas Measured by Wet Bulb Globe Temperature Will Be the Norm Within 20 Years

Wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) accounts for the effect of environmental temperature and humidity on thermal comfort, and can be directly related to the ability of the human body to dissipate excess metabolic heat and thus avoid heat stress. Using WBGT as a measure of environmental conditions conducive to heat stress, we show that anthropogenic influence has very substantially increased the likelihood of extreme high summer mean WBGT in northern hemispheric land areas relative to the climate that would have prevailed in the absence of anthropogenic forcing. We estimate that the likelihood of summer mean WGBT exceeding the observed historical record value has increased by a factor of at least 70 at regional scales due to anthropogenic influence on the climate. We further estimate that, in most northern hemispheric regions, these changes in the likelihood of extreme summer mean WBGT are roughly an order of magnitude larger than the corresponding changes in the likelihood of extreme hot summers as simply measured by surface air temperature. Projections of future summer mean WBGT under the RCP8.5 emissions scenario that are constrained by observations indicate that by 2030s at least 50% of the summers will have mean WBGT higher than the observed historical record value in all the analyzed regions, and that this frequency of occurrence will increase to 95% by mid‐century.
Microphysical properties and radiative impact of an intense biomass burning aerosol event measured over Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen in July 2015

Abstract In this work, an evaluation of an intense biomass burning event observed over Ny-Ålesund (Spitsbergen, European Arctic) in July 2015 is presented. Data from the multi-wavelengths Raman-lidar KARL, a sun photometer and radiosonde measurements are used to derive some microphysical properties of the biomass burning aerosol as size distribution, refractive index and single scattering albedo at different relative humidities. Predominantly particles in the accumulation mode have been found with a bi-modal distribution and dominance of the smaller mode. Above 80% relative humidity, hygroscopic growth in terms of an increase of particle diameter and a slight decrease of the index of refraction (real and imaginary part) has been found. Values of the single scattering albedo around 0.9 both at 355 nm and 532 nm indicate some absorption by the aerosol. Values of the lidar ratio are around 26 sr for 355 nm and around 50 sr for 532 nm, almost independent of the relative humidity. Further, data from the photometer and surface radiation values from the local baseline surface radiation network (BSRN) have been applied to derive the radiative impact of the biomass burning event purely from observational data by comparison with a clear background day. We found a strong cooling for the visible radiation and a slight warming in the infra-red. The net aerosol forcing, derived by comparison with a clear background day purely from observational data, obtained a value of –95 W/m2 per unit AOD500.
Sediment-Hosted Zinc-Lead Mineralization: Processes and Perspectives: Processes and Perspectives

The principal geologic and geochemical characteristics of the main classes of sediment-hosted zinc-lead(-silver-barite) deposits (SEDEX, Mississippi Valley-type, and Irish-type) are summarized with emphasis on the similarities and differences among them. Data that constrain sources of fluids, metals, and sulfur in the deposits and proposed ore genesis models are discussed. Preferred models are described, with areas of uncertainty highlighted. Key factors in deposit formation are considered to be the generation of brines in favorable paleogeographic environments and the subsequent interaction of these under appropriate conditions for efficient stripping of metals from source rocks. Sulfide is derived principally from the near-deposit environment, ultimately sourced from seawater sulfate. The secular evolution of seawater chemistry and supercontinent cycles are considered to have played important roles in controlling periods when the formation of different types of deposits was favored.
Baseline data and associations between urinary biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, blood pressure, hemogram, and lifestyle among wildland firefighters

Introduction Available literature has found an association between firefighting and pathologic pathways leading to cardiorespiratory diseases, which have been linked with exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are highlighted as priority pollutants by the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative in occupational and non-occupational contexts. Methods This cross-sectional study is the first to simultaneously characterize six creatinine-adjusted PAHs metabolites (OHPAHs) in urine, blood pressure, cardiac frequency, and hemogram parameters among wildland firefighters without occupational exposure to fire emissions (> 7 days), while exploring several variables retrieved via questionnaires. Results Overall, baseline levels for total OHPAHs levels were 2 to 23-times superior to the general population, whereas individual metabolites remained below the general population median range (except for 1-hydroxynaphthalene+1-hydroxyacenaphtene). Exposure to gaseous pollutants and/or particulate matter during work-shift was associated with a 3.5-fold increase in total OHPAHs levels. Firefighters who smoke presented 3-times higher total concentration of OHPAHs than non-smokers (p < 0.001); non-smoker females presented 2-fold lower total OHPAHs (p = 0.049) than males. 1-hydroxypyrene was below the recommended occupational biological exposure value (2.5 μg/L), and the metabolite of carcinogenic PAH (benzo(a)pyrene) was not detected. Blood pressure was above 120/80 mmHg in 71% of subjects. Firefighters from the permanent intervention team presented significantly increased systolic pressure than those who performed other functions (p = 0.034). Tobacco consumption was significantly associated with higher basophils (p = 0.01–0.02) and hematocrit (p = 0.03). No association between OHPAHs and blood pressure was found. OHPAHs concentrations were positively correlated with monocyte, basophils, large immune cells, atypical lymphocytes, and mean corpuscular volume, which were stronger among smokers. Nevertheless, inverse associations were observed between fluorene and pyrene metabolites with neutrophils and eosinophils, respectively, in non-smokers. Hemogram was negatively affected by overworking and lower physical activity. Conclusion This study suggests possible associations between urinary PAHs metabolites and health parameters in firefighters, that should be further assessed in larger groups.
Factors affecting the blockchain operation in Asia-Europe

This study's primary goal is to identify the factors that affect the blockchain in retail markets to support more significant benefits to retail customers. Also, this study constructs blockchain facilities, blockchain volatility, blockchain transactions, blockchain intentions, and blockchain operations. This research also used a questionnaire survey; this research collects primary data from consumers in Asia and Europe. The researcher also presents the underlying theory, the theoretical structure, and the hypotheses through systematic random sampling to ensure the research objectives. Besides that, there were 233 responses to the survey questions sent to retail consumers. PLS-SEM tools are used for data analysis. The study's findings are that the Blockchain facility, blockchain volatility, and blockchain transaction were all found to positively impact the blockchain operation (dependent variable) in the Asia-Europe retail market via the mediation of behavior intention. The outcome of this research offers a valuable understanding of blockchain adoption in developing and developed countries. In addition to academic contributions, this paper’s findings are significant for blockchain companies and their operations in developing countries. Additionally, blockchain is beneficial to the Asia-Europe retail market. Hence, this study offers a considerable foundation for comprehending the associations between blockchain and the retail industry. This study did not consider SMEs or general industries. Also, this study's scope is limited to Asia and Europe. Additionally, this study solely employed cross-sectional data. Future studies should use longitudinal data to better understand how the link develops.