Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nondestructive Identification of Inhomogeneous Residual Stress State in Deformable Bodies on the Basis of the Acoustic Sounding Method

Analysis of inhomogeneous residual stress (RS) fields in bodies is one of the major problems of the mechanics of deformable solid bodies. In the present research the new techniques of identification of inhomogeneous RS in bodies are developed on the basis of surface displacement measurement in a set of points under vibrating sounding load. Corresponding nonlinear ill-posed inverse problems (IP) are formulated and solved numerically by means of iterative regularization. Based on computational experiments, the most advantageous sounding load types and frequency ranges providing the best reconstruction accuracy are revealed. The examples for a cantilever, a plate, a layer, and a cylindrical tube are presented.
Does economics add up? An introduction to meta-regression analysis

Meta-analysis is the statistical analysis of an entire empirical literature. It seeks to summarize, evaluate and analyse what we know about a given empirical question, phenomenon, or effect. Meta-regression analysis (MRA) is meta-econometrics, uses the very tools that produce economics research, and provides a rigorous, objective alternative to conventional narrative reviews in economics. MRA often reveals surprising truths about economics. To illustrate these methods, I discuss meta-analyses of the employment effect of the minimum wage, efficiency wages, the natural rate hypothesis and unemployment hysteresis, the last two of which provide a rigorous, empirical falsification of the natural rate hypothesis.
HOMICIDE AND MENTAL ILLNESS

Contrary to the myth that homicide is often committed by the mentally insane, this study of homicide in Singapore indicates that only 10.9% of those accused were associated with mental abnormality. Of the 64 accused studied, there were 61 men and 3 women. Fifty per cent belonged to the younger age group (15-24 years). In a quarter of the cases there was evidence of alcohol intoxication. The commonest method of killing was with sharp instruments (eg. knife, axe or chopper). Seventy-five per cent of victims of normal accused were strangers but 6 out of the 9 victims of abnormal accused were known to them.
Contribution of snowfall from diverse synoptic conditions in the Catskill/Delaware Watershed of New York State

Snowfall in the six basins of the Catskill/Delaware Watershed in south‐central New York State historically contributes roughly 20–30% of the water resources derived from the watershed for use in the New York City water supply. The watershed regularly experiences snowfall from three distinctive weather patterns: coastal mid‐latitude cyclones, overrunning systems, and lake‐effect or Great Lakes enhanced storms. Using synoptic weather classification techniques, these distinct regional atmospheric patterns impacting the watershed are isolated and analysed in conjunction with daily snowfall observations from 1960 to 2009 to allow the influence of each synoptic weather pattern on snowfall to be evaluated independently.
Information Ambiguity Explains Asset Pricing Anomalies : An Expectile CAPM Approach

The concept of ‘information ambiguity’ is utilized to develop an ‘expectile-based’ asset pricing framework to simultaneously resolve two categories of asset pricing anomalies: the equity premium puzzle, from the perspective of the stochastic discount factor (SDF) mean and variance, and momentum, from the perspective of the SDF factor structure. We show that information ambiguity directly introduces two categories of information premium that can explain observed asset pricing anomalies: compensation for taking information ambiguity risk, and compensation for providing additional information. Ambiguity risk will also activate the ‘latent’ nature of market risk, indirectly affecting how this is compensated. (JEL G02, G11, G12, C51)
Part III : Black-Box Variational Inference

Let x = {x1, . , xn} denote a set of observed variables and z = {z1, . , zn} denote a set of latent variables which govern the distribution of data. Consider a generic probabilistic model in the form of: p(x, z) = p(x | z)p(z). Our objective is to find an approximation to the intractable posterior distribution, p(z | x). For conjugate model classes such as the exponential family, we showed that the mean-field variational inference (VI) can be used to approximate the posterior distribution. Among other limitations associated with the mean-field assumption, the algorithm explicitly requires iterating through the entire data set at each iteration which limits its application to large data. For the same family of models, we discussed that we can use stochastic optimization together with natural gradients to obtain a scalable variational inference, referred to as the stochastic variational inference (refer to Lecture Notes – PART II). Stochastic optimization using noisy (natural) gradients enables application of the variational inference to large data. The variational inference studied so far was limited to conditionally conjugate models, for which the evidence lower bound (ELBO) could be computed analytically. For non-conjugate models and a less restrictive choice of variational family of distributions, computing the ELBO may remain intractable due to the required expectations which are not in general computable in analytically closed forms. Although local variational inference methods (Bishop, 2006, Ch. 10.5) can be used to derive tractable bounds—for example in Bayesian logistic regression (Bishop, 2006, Ch. 10.6)— but in general that requires model-specific analysis which may still be intractable for more complex models—such as, deep Bayesian generative models—or require outstanding mathematical expertise. In this note, we discuss automated variational inference methods that relax this requirement and simplify the inference. The idea is to develop a generic inference algorithm for which only the generative process of the data has to be specified. We shall see here that central to this idea are stochastic gradient estimators of the ELBO. Here we use the black-box variational inference (BBVI) as an umbrella term to refer to the techniques which rely on this idea. The goal in BBVI is to obtain Monte Carlo estimates of the gradient of the ELBO and to use stochastic optimization to fit the variational parameters.
Prevalence, Causes and Pattern of Tooth Loss among Elderly People in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Tooth loss constitutes a condition of public health interest and can be used as a measure of the oral health of a population. The study was undertaken to determine the prevalence, pattern and causes of tooth loss among the elderly in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The study was an observational research design carried out using pensioners 60 years and above. Subjects were selected by systematic random sampling and data was collected by the use of questionnaire and clinical oral examination. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. No case of complete edentulousness was recorded in this study. The prevalence of tooth loss was 43.6%. Although the prevalence was higher in males than in females and older than younger age group, the difference was not significant. The mean tooth loss was 8.9±2.1. Tooth loss was higher in the maxillary anterior segment (14.2%) than the mandibular anterior segment (13.3%) and in the mandibular posterior segments (38.8%) than the maxillary posterior segments (33.7%). These differences were however not significant. Periodontal disease accounted for 50.3% (2435) of the tooth loss, dental caries and trauma accounted for 44.2% (2142) and 5.5% (264) of tooth loss respectively. The prevalence of tooth loss was high among the study population. Periodontal disease and dental caries were the main cause of tooth loss in this group. Therefore, there is need to educate and promote oral health among the populace geared towards improving oral hygiene and change in dietary pattern.
Evidence of paraglacial and paraperiglacial crisis in Alpine sediment transfer since the Last glaciation (Ticino, Switzerland)

The “paraglacial” and “paraperiglacial” concepts were introduced in the second half of 20th Century for describe processes, landforms and deposits directly conditioned by deglaciation (paraglacial), respectively by permafrost degradation (paraperiglacial). They represents theoretical models describing the transition from glacial to periglacial, or more generally non glacial conditions (paraglacial model), and from periglacial to temperate conditions (paraperiglacial model). Evidences of sediment transfer conditioned by these processes were described in particular in the Arctic and Subarctic domains. These evidences are less generalised in the Alps and they consider rarely both concepts, integrating periglacial landforms and deposits in source to sink sediment transfer in a single catchment. Here we present evidences of para(peri)glacial sedimentary crises by quantifying sediment transfer from the periglacial zone to the delta in Lake Maggiore for the Ticino River catchment (southern Swiss Alps). Compilation and revision of chronological data, the assessment of sedimentation rates in the Ticino Valley, of progradation rates of the Ticino River delta and of rockwall erosion rates in the periglacial zone, allowed empirical models of sediment transfer to be produced. These models highlights significant high sedimentation rates in the valley floor during the beginning of the deglaciation, and significant rates of rockwall erosion during periods of intense temperature warming and intense permafrost degradation (such as at the beginning of Bolling and during the Preboreal), showing a very good correspondence with paraglacial and paraperiglacial theoretical models. Sediment transfer evolution during the entire Lateglacial and the first half of Holocene in the southern Swiss Alps may then be explained by a combination of a paraglacial erosion phase related to the deglaciation and of two paraperiglacial erosion phases related with significant periods of temperature warming during the Bolling/Allerod and the first part of the Holocene.
Running head : I / D-YC 1 Measuring Epistemic Curiosity in Young Children

Epistemic curiosity (EC) is the desire to obtain new knowledge capable of either producing positive experiences of intellectual interest (I-type) or of reducing undesirable conditions of informational deprivation (D-type). Although researchers acknowledge that there are individual differences in young children’s epistemic curiosity, there are no existing measures to assess the Iand D-type constructs of EC in early childhood. The aim of this study was to develop and validate parent-report scales that reliably assessed early expressions of Iand Dtype EC in young children. To develop the I/D-Young Children (I/D-YC) scales, 16 potential items were administered to 316 parents of children aged 3 to 8. These items were adaptations of an existing adult self-report measure of EC as well as newly developed items. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that a 10-item 2-factor (5 I-Type, 5 D-Type) model had the best fit. Construct validity analyses and psychometric data indicated that our newly developed I/D-YC scales are valid and reliable measures of individual differences in early expressions of Iand Dtype EC.
Evaluation of Hip Pain and Management of Toxic Synovitis in the Ultrasound Era.

ABSTRACT The cause of acute onset hip pain in children can be difficult to determine. Once trauma is excluded, the workup revolves around determining whether there is a hip effusion and eliminating orthopedic emergencies. Point-of-care-ultrasound can be used as an adjunct in the workup. In this article, we review (1) differential diagnosis of hip pain, with a focus on toxic synovitis; (2) the evaluation of a hip for the presence of effusion, including the point-of-care ultrasound technique; and (3) the management of toxic synovitis.
Global research collaboration in a pandemic-challenges and opportunities: the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance

Purpose of review This review discusses the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) Global Rheumatology Alliance (GRA), the reason for its formation, the challenges with running the registry, and future opportunities for global collaborative research in rheumatology. Recent findings The GRA has been successful in collecting and publishing a large volume of case data on patients with rheumatic disease with COVID-19. In addition, the GRA has published reviews, opinion pieces, and patient-directed summaries of research to further assist in disseminating timely and accurate information about COVID-19 in rheumatic diseases. There have been numerous challenges in the journey but they have been addressed through a collaborative problem-solving approach. Summary The initial objectives of the GRA to describe the outcomes in patients with rheumatic disease who developed COVID-19 have been achieved. There has been extensive use of the data in the clinic and also to try and understand the mechanisms of disease and opportunities for drug repurposing. There remain numerous important areas for research which the GRA will continue to pursue as the pandemic evolves.
Police Presence, Rapid Response Rates, and Crime Prevention

Abstract This paper estimates the impact of police presence on crime using a unique database that tracks the exact location of Dallas Police Department patrol cars throughout 2009. To address the concern that officer location is often driven by crime, my instrument exploits police responses to calls outside their allocated coverage beat. This variable provides a plausible shift in police presence within the abandoned beat that is driven by the police goal of minimizing response times. I find that a 10% decrease in police presence at that location results in a 7% increase in crime. This result sheds light on the black box of policing and crime and suggests that routine changes in police patrol can have a significant impact on criminal behavior.
Both Traditional and Stair Climbing–based HIIT Cardiac Rehabilitation Induce Beneficial Muscle Adaptations

Supplemental digital content is available in the text. ABSTRACT Purpose There is a lack of knowledge as to how different exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programming affects skeletal muscle adaptations in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. We first characterized the skeletal muscle from adults with CAD compared with a group of age- and sex-matched healthy adults. We then determined the effects of a traditional moderate-intensity continuous exercise program (TRAD) or a stair climbing–based high-intensity interval training program (STAIR) on skeletal muscle metabolism in CAD. Methods Sixteen adults (n = 16, 61 ± 7 yr), who had undergone recent treatment for CAD, were randomized to perform (3 d·wk−1) either TRAD (n = 7, 30 min at 60%–80% of peak heart rate) or STAIR (n = 9, 3 × 6 flights) for 12 wk. Muscle biopsies were collected at baseline in both CAD and healthy controls (n = 9), and at 4 and 12 wk after exercise training in CAD patients undertaking TRAD or STAIR. Results We found that CAD had a lower capillary-to-fiber ratio (C/Fi, 35% ± 25%, P = 0.06) and capillary-to-fiber perimeter exchange (CFPE) index (23% ± 29%, P = 0.034) in Type II fibers compared with healthy controls. However, 12 wk of cardiac rehabilitation with either TRAD or STAIR increased C/Fi (Type II, 23% ± 14%, P < 0.001) and CFPE (Type I, 10% ± 23%, P < 0.01; Type II, 18% ± 22%, P = 0.002). Conclusion Cardiac rehabilitation via TRAD or STAIR exercise training improved the compromised skeletal muscle microvascular phenotype observed in CAD patients.
Asynchronous email interview as a qualitative research method in the humanities

The article focuses on a method for collecting qualitative data. The method is the asynchronous email interview. The authors assess the advantages, challenges and best practices of the asynchronous email interview method. They base their assessment on the academic literature and their own experiences using this data collection method in qualitative research on women who had experienced perinatal loss. The asynchronous email interview will never fully replace traditional face-to-face interviews, but it could gain a solid position as a qualitative research method thanks to its unique benefits.
"Experience First": Investigating Co-creation Experience in Social Product Development Networks

Social product development (SPD) is a network-based innovation model in which firms or platforms use social mechanisms and social technologies to mobilize organizationally independent individuals––co-creators––to co-create new products. SPD networks require the maintenance of external participation across the innovation cycle to survive competition and thrive in the innovation sector. While prior research suggests that the viability, survivability, and productivity of social networks generally depend on user experience, we have limited evidence on the particular role of user experience in the context of SPD networks. Responding to this need, we introduce a conceptual model to theorize and operationalize co-creation experience in SPD networks. Through validating the proposed model, we demonstrate why co-creation experience is critical for predicting co-creators’ behavioral intentions and maintaining their actual contribution. Finally, we explore the theoretical and practical implications of the results. Future studies can leverage the findings to better capture co-creation experience and contribute to designing successful SPD networks.
MRI Characteristics of NMO, MOG and MS Related Optic Neuritis

ABSTRACT Acute isolated optic neuritis can be the initial presentation of demyelinating inflammatory central nervous system disease related to multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO) or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOG-AD). In addition to the well-characterized brain and spinal cord imaging features, important and characteristic differences in the radiologic appearance of the optic nerves in these disorders are being described, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the optic nerves is becoming an essential tool in the differential diagnosis of optic neuritis. Whereas typical demyelinating optic neuritis is a relatively mild and self-limited disease, atypical optic neuritis in NMO and MOG-AD is potentially much more vision-threatening and merits a different treatment approach. Thus, differentiation based on MRI features may be particularly important during the first attack of optic neuritis, when antibody status is not yet known. This review discusses the optic nerve imaging in the major demyelinating disorders with an emphasis on clinically relevant differences that can help clinicians assess and manage these important neuro-ophthalmic disorders. It also reviews the utility of optic nerve MRI as a prognostic indicator in acute optic neuritis.
Investigation on species composition in Chalan beel of Bangladesh

The experiment was carried out to investigate the species composition of fish and prawn in Ruhul beel and Bamonji beel under Chalan beel of Pabna district of Bangladesh. Data were collected from selected sanctuary sites, focus group discussion, personal and group contract as well as Government and Non-Government organizations with prepared and pretested questionnaire. A total of 38 fish species belonging to 24 Genus, 17 families and 8 orders (7 fish, 1 prawn) were recorded during the study period at Ruhul beel and Bamonji beel. The largest order recorded for both beels according to species frequency were Cypriniformes and Perciformes which contributed 36.84% (14 species) and 35.14% (12 species) for Ruhul beel and Bamonji beel followed by Perciformes and Cypriniformes which contributed 34.21% (13 species) and 32.43% (12 species) for Ruhul beel and Bamonji beel, respectively. The third largest species was Siluriformes for both beels contributed 10.53% (4 species) and 10.81% (4 species) to Ruhul beel and Bamonji beel, respectively followed by Channiformes which contributed 7.89% (3 species) and 8.11% (3 species) to Ruhul beel and Bamonji beel, respectively. The prevalence of other 4 orders was Beloniformes, Cyprinidontiformes, Decapoda and Tetraodontiformes both were contributed 2.63% (only 1 species) to Ruhul beel and 2.70% (only one species) Bamonji beel.
Large eddy simulation of turbulent flow over a backward-facing step : effect of inflow conditions

In this study, in order to understand the effect of inflow conditions (the thickness of the oncoming boundary layer), the turbulent flow over a backwardfacing step was investigated by using the large eddy simulation. The skin friction coefficient shows some dependence on Re as well as δ/h. At lower Reynolds number (Re=5100), the friction coefficient is somewhat dependent on δ/h. On the other hand, at higher Reynolds number (Re=45000), the friction coefficient does not significantly change in terms of δ/h. Also, the turbulence statistics downstream of the backward-facing step (mean streamwise velocity and streamwise turbulence intensity) significantly depend on both the oncoming boundary layer thickenss and the Reynolds number. INTRODUCTION Backward-facing steps are regarded as a simplified configuration of various engineering applications such as diffusers, combustors and so on. The flow over a backward-facing step has received much interest because it contains flow separation, reattachment, and development to turbulent boundary layer. The important features of the turbulent flow over a backward-facing step such as separation and reattachment are closely associated with the characteristics of the oncoming boundary layer (the momentum thickness and turbulence intensity, etc.). There exists some controversy about the most effective frequency resulting in the mixing enhancement (Chun and Sung 1996), which may be related to the inflow conditions. So, the effect of the inflow conditions on the flow structure over a backward-facing step has been regarded as one of the crucial issues to be resolved (Adams and Johnston 1988a, 1988b, Aider et al. 2007 among them). However, due to some limitations of managing systematically the upstream conditions in experiments, our understanding is not yet complete. Therefore, in the present study, we investigate the effect of inflow conditions on the turbulence structures downstream of a backward-facing step at Re=5100, 24000 and 45000 by using large eddy simulations. We consider three different boundary thicknesses, i. e, δ/h =0.25, 0.5 and 1.2. Here, h is the step height. COMPUTATIONAL DETAILS The filtered governing equations of an unsteady incompressible viscous flow for LES are
Stock Return Asymmetry in China

In this paper, we find that the upside asymmetry calculated based on a new distribution-based asymmetry measure proposed by Jiang, Wu, Zhou, and Zhu (2020) is negatively related to average future returns in the crosssection of Chinese stock returns. By contrast, when using a conventional skewness measure, the relationship between asymmetry and average returns is unclear. Furthermore, the asymmetry factor constructed from the new asymmetry measure cannot be explained by the three-factor (CH-3) and four-factor (CH-4) models proposed by Liu, Stambaugh, and Yuan (2019). When augmenting the CH-3 model with our asymmetry factor, the new four-factor model is able to explain 33 anomalies out of a universe of 37 significant anomalies in the Chinese stock market.
Sequences with infinitely many composite numbers

Let θ be a Pisot number, and let P (z) be a polynomial with integer coefficients whose leading coefficient is positive. We prove that the numbers [P (n)θ] are composite for infinitely many positive integers n. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 11R06, 11B37, 11A41, 11J71.