Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantifying hydrological budgets and pathways in a small upland catchment using a combined modelling and tracer approach

Hydrological budgets and flow pathways have been quantified for a small upland catchment (1.76 km2) in the northeast of Scotland. Water balance calculations for four subcatchments identified spatial variability within the catchment, with an estimated runoff enhancement of up to 25% for the upper western area, compared with the rest of the catchment. Data from spatial hydrochemical sampling, over a range of flow conditions, were used to identify the principal hillslope runoff mechanisms within the catchment. A hydrochemical mixing analysis revealed that runoff emerging from springs in various locations of the hillslope accounted for a significant proportion of flow in the streams, even during storm events. A hydrological model of the catchment was calibrated using the calculated stream flows for four locations, together with results from the mixing analysis for different time points. The calibrated model was used to predict the temporal variability in contributions to stream flow from the hillslope springs and soil water flows. The overall split ranged from 57%:43% spring water:soil water in the upper eastern subcatchment, to 76%:24% in the upper western subcatchment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lochkovian (Early Devonian) acritarchs and prasinophytes from the Solimões Basin, northwestern Brazil

Eighteen core samples from PETROBRAS well 1-JD-1-AM, comprising the upper part of the Jutai Formation, Jandiatuba area, Solimoes Basin, northwestern Brazil, have been studied for marine microphytoplankton. Forty-seven taxa of acritarchs and prasinophytes have been identified. The presence of Demorhethium lappaceum, Duvernaysphaera actinota, Riculasphaera fissa, Thysanoprobolus polykion, Winwaloeusia distracta, ? Cymatiosphaera florida, and numerous Schizocystia spp. , among others, suggests a Lochkovian age for the assemblage. Moreover, the occurrence of Polyedryxium fragosulum and Pterospermella chiquitina indicates a possible late Lochkovian age, in agreement with previous age determinations based on chitinozoans and miospores. The significance of Schizocystia as a biostratigraphic marker for the beginning of the Devonian in Gondwana is discussed. The Solimoes Basin assemblage shows close compositional similarity with coeval assemblages from North America, north Gondwana, and the peri-Gondwana region.
Mining induced seismicity in UK coalfields identified on the BGS National Seismograph Network

Abstract Earthquakes induced by coal mining are seen often on the widely spaced seismograph stations operated by the British Geological Survey. They are characterized by shallow depths of focus, proximity to current workings, repeatable signals, and good correlation with mining activity. The background and history of such mining induced seismicity is discussed, drawing upon specific examples of past and present activity. Presently active areas include the Midlothian coalfield in Scotland and in particular the village of Rosewell and its immediate surroundings. The series of tremors which has been recorded there during 1985 and 1986 is examined in detail with regard to depth, location, signal character and correlation with mining activity in order to verify its induced nature. These tremors, with magnitudes of up to 2.8 ML, were strongly felt locally and at times caused slight damage. Examples are given of building damage and a crown hole occurrence which may be attributable, at least partially, to these events.
Eurekan transpressive deformation in the Wandel Hav Mobile Belt (northeast Greenland)

Besides the ∼W‐E trending Kap Cannon Thrust Zone and Harder Fjord Fault Zone, the 300 km long and NW‐SE striking Wandel Hav Mobile Belt represents the third major fault zone in north Greenland. Structural analyses in several areas of this belt suggest that compressive deformation is characterized by transpressive dextral strike‐slip kinematics. This is demonstrated by a combination of folding around ∼W‐E axes, approximately north and south directed reverse faulting, and dextral strike‐slip displacements along NW‐SE trending fault lines. The initial formation of the long, linear faults is interpreted to be related to deformational events in Late Paleozoic, Triassic‐Jurassic, and Late Cretaceous times. Due to the lack of structural evidence, we assume that deformations led to the generation of extension faults which probably were reactivated during dextral strike‐slip tectonism. It is suggested that dextral transpressive deformation was coeval with ∼N‐S compression at the Harder Fjord Fault Zone and Cap Cannon Thrust Zone and took place during Eocene (Eurekan) times. Dextral strike‐slip tectonism in the Wandel Hav Mobile Belt was the result of ∼N‐S compression due to a general northward movement of the Greenland plate. As a zone of crustal weakness, the belt can be interpreted as the onshore equivalent of the main transcurrent fault zone (De Geer Fault) which caused the intracontinental dextral slip of Svalbard (Barents Shelf) relative to north Greenland during Early Tertiary (Eurekan) times and prior to their separation. In this configuration, it represents one part of the belt of Eurekan deformation which extends from the Canadian Arctic islands over north Greenland to the Barents Shelf where compressive deformation is recorded in the West Spitsbergen Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt.
Remission of diabetes mellitus in cats cannot be predicted by the arginine stimulation test

Background: Responsiveness of -cells to arginine persists the longest during diabetes progression, making the intravenous arginine stimulation test (IVAST) a useful tool to assess residual insulin and glucagon secretion. Hypothesis: Diabetic cats with and without remission will have different arginineinduced insulin or glucagon response. Animals: 17 cats with diabetes, 7 healthy cats. Methods: Response to IVAST was assessed by calculating insulin and glucagon area under the curve (AUC) and the AUC glucagon:insulin ratio. Diabetic cats were treated with insulin and followed for 18 weeks. Remission was defined as normoglycemia and disappearance of clinical signs of diabetes for 4 weeks. Results: 7 diabetic cats achieved remission. On admission, blood glucose concentration was significantly lower in cats with remission (median, 389 mg/dL) than in those without remission (median, 506 mg/dL). After IVAST, diabetic cats with remission had higher AUC glucagon:insulin ratios (median, 61) than did cats without remission (median, 26); glucose, insulin, and glucagon AUCs were not different. Diabetic cats had lower insulin AUC than did healthy cats but comparable glucagon AUC. Conclusions: Diabetic cats with and without remission have similar arginine-stimulated insulin secretion. Although cats with remission had lower blood glucose concentrations and higher AUC glucagon:insulin ratios, large overlap between groups prevents use of these parameters in practice. Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-47916 Originally published at: Tschuor, F. Remission of diabetes mellitus in cats cannot be predicted by the arginine stimulation test. 2011, University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty. Aus dem Institut für Tierernährung der Vetsuisse-Fakultät Universität Zürich Direktor: Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. M. Wanner Arbeit unter Leitung von Dr. Brigitta Wichert und Dr. Bianca Haase Segregation analysis of overweight body condition in an experimental cat population INAUGURAL-DISSERTATION zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Vetsuisse-Fakultät Universität Zürich
Geological modeling of rock type domains in the Balya (Turkey) lead-zinc deposit using plurigaussian simulation

Mineral resource evaluation requires defining geological rock-type domains. The traditional simulation methods have serious limitations for applications to large numbers of domains, which have complex contact relations. Plurigaussian simulation is an effective method which can be applied, in a simple way, to any number of domains, using both local and global geological information to infer the distributions of rock types. This work not only presents the application of the plurigaussian simulation method to the Balya lead-zinc deposit, but also assesses the spatially varying rock type proportions, and accounts for uncertainties between them. These parameters are extremely important for mining deposits, since the mineralizations of interest generally occur only in certain rock types. Furthermore, being able to model the different geological rock types is vital to good mine operations, production planning, and management. The results indicate that the plurigaussian method correctly reproduces the different orientations of the individual rock types, as seen in drill holes, and the proportion of each rock type, even if this varies in space.
Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the aripiprazole (once-monthly) injection for the treatment of bipolar disorder

ABSTRACT Introduction: Bipolar disorder is a severe, chronic psychiatric disorder with a need for long-term treatment. Patient nonadherence is frequent and poses a major problem in maintenance therapy. Aripiprazole once-monthly long-acting injectable (AOM LAI) is a recently US Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment option for maintenance therapy that could be of great value. Areas covered: This paper reviews the pharmacokinetic, efficacy and safety data for AOM LAI in bipolar disorder. Expert opinion: AOM LAI is a safe and efficacious treatment option in the maintenance therapy of bipolar I disorder. However, further research is still needed to determine the position of AOM LAI relative to other available treatment options.
Up-scaling methods based on variability-weighting and simulation for inferring spatial information across scales

Appropriate up-scaling methods to infer spatial information from a finer to a coarser spatial resolution are required when remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS) are used to generate multi-scale maps that are needed for agriculture, forestry, natural resources, environmental systems, and landscape ecology. The existing methods used in commercial GIS and image analysis packages such as Window Averaging (WA) often do not work well because of different limitations. In this study we developed and compared five widely used WA methods including three spatial variability-weighted methods and two simulation methods. These methods were assessed in a case study for aggregating and using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images for mapping vegetation covers and for inferring a topographical factor related to soil erosion from finer to coarser resolutions. The results showed that the Beta Distribution Simulation (BDS) method was better than WA regardless of the distributions of the spatial data, while the Arithmetic Average Variability-Weighted method (AAVW) performed better than WA for normal distributions. BDS is flexible for variable distributions and AAVW is only suitable for normal distributions. Because of their simplicity, efficiency, and flexibility, it is expected that these two methods can be programmed into commercial GIS and image analysis packages.
Coronary artery bypass surgery.

Coronary artery disease (also known as CAD) is the most common cardiovascular disorder in adults. It is caused by the build-up of cholesterol deposits in the wall of the coronary arteries that convey the blood to the heart muscle (myocardium). These deposits limit the flow of blood through the coronary arteries. Coronary artery disease often results in heart attack (myocardial infarction) or chest pain (angina pectoris), even in the absence of prior symptoms. Warning signs of a heart attack have been well outlined in a previous publication.1 Treatment for coronary artery disease can include changes in lifestyle, diet modification, weight reduction, and cholesterol reduction,2 as well as control of diabetes and high blood pressure (if either or both are present). Smoking cessation is essential.3 Many patients can be adequately treated with medications. Some individuals, however, will require invasive treatments such as stretching (dilatation) of the coronary arteries with a balloon (percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography or PTCA) or coronary artery bypass surgery. Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) involves creating new arteries to provide blood to the heart by use of other blood vessels as conduits to bypass the obstructions in the patient’s coronary arteries (Figure). In most cases, the surgeon constructs at least one of the bypasses by using an artery called the internal mammary artery that is located behind the breastbone or sternum. Other bypasses may be constructed by using a vein from the leg (saphenous vein) or an artery from …
In situ measurement of atomic hydrogen in the upper mesosphere

In situ measurements of [H] between 73 and 93 km are reported for conditions of winter solstice, magnetic quiet, and a solar depression angle of 12°. The data were obtained by a rocket-borne instrument using the resonance fluorescence technique. A discharge source emitting photons at 1216 A was an integral part of the instrument. The instrument was radially deployed 80 cm by a boom from the front of the payload in order to avoid the shock created by the gas flow over the front of the payload. An attitude control system oriented the payload so that the gas flow was nearly perpendicular to the plane containing the incident and scattered photons, thus minimizing any correction for Doppler shift. The resonance radiation detector viewed a black backstop in order to minimize background radiation from the hydrogen geocorona; however, the background was not entirely eliminated. The signal-to-noise ratio was improved by summing the data in 1.8-s bins. The observed hydrogen concentration maximized at 85 km at 1.5±1.1×108 atoms cm−3.
Finite element modeling of surface deformation associated with volcanism

Theoretical analyses of observed vertical and horizontal ground surface deformations near active volcanoes, particularly on Kilauea volcano in Hawaii, have led to useful estimates of the location and shape of subsurface magma reservoirs. One of the major shortcomings of the various existing elastic models is that they have very similar near-field vertical deformations and they do not explain observed differences between vertical and horizontal deformations. Finite element models appear to offer better fits between observed and computed data. Deformations were computed for idealized magma reservoirs of various shapes: spheres, horizontal lenses, vertical plugs, sills, and dikes of various inclinations. The measured surface deformations from the summit magma reservoir of Kilauea can be approximated by a group of vertical plugs whose tops come within 1 km of the surface; surface deformation of the lower east rift zone of Kilauea appears best explained as being produced by increased magma pressure in a 45° south-dipping dike whose top is about 1 km below the surface.
Organic maturation, thermal history and hydrocarbon generation in the Orcadian Basin, Scotland

The Devonian Orcadian Basin contains thick sequences of organic-rich lacustrine sediments of interest as hydrocarbon source rocks. Throughout the basin the range of organic maturation is large, spore colours vary from yellow-orange to black, and vitrinite reflectance for Type III kerogens ranges from 0.7 to 10.5%. Maximum palaeotemperatures are estimated to range from those typical of moderate burial diagenesis (100°C) to those characteristic of greenschist facies metamorphism (400°C). The highest maturities are related to contact metamorphism by Devonian plutons, and it is postulated that a large pluton underlies much of Caithness. High and low maturity regions are often juxtaposed across major faults which were active during Variscan inversion. Regionally, the lowest maturity is about 0.8% Ro, implying uplift and erosion of 2–3 km of cover, basin wide. This cover was probably a sequence of Late Devonian and Carboniferous rocks removed largely during Variscan uplift. Geothermal gradients were high but variable during Devonian extension. This, together with the contact metamorphic affects of the Devonian plutons, resulted in early maturation/metamorphism of large areas of the basin. Most of the onshore sequence entered the oil window during Devonian and Carboniferous times. Significant generation of hydrocarbons from Orcadian lacustrine facies offshore during subsequent Mesozoic burial will have occurred only in those areas which escaped maturation during the Palaeozoic.
Type and Distribution of Gold Deposits along the Northern Margin of the North China Craton, People's Republic of China

Gold deposits and prospects are widely distributed along the northern margin of the North China craton. Up to the present, about 900 individual gold deposits, which constitute one of the most important gold metallogenic belts and the second largest gold-producing base in China, have been discovered, explored, and mined. About one-third of China's endogenic gold deposits and 45% of its gold reserve come from this belt, particularly in the Early Precambrian metamorphic terrains. All these gold deposits can be classified into five principal types according to their host rocks: (1) gold-bearing quartz or albite-quartz veins hosted by Archean amphibolite, gneiss, and migmatite; (2) gold-quartz veins hosted by Proterozoic schist, slate, sandstone, and marble; (3) gold deposits hosted by or related to intrusive complexes, including (3a) calc-alkaline granitoids, (3b) alkaline syenite and monzonite, and (3c) ultramafic intrusions; (4) gold deposits occurring in Phanerozoic volcanics; and (5) a group containing pl.
Accurate Measurements of Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere (AMOHA): Three European intercomparisons

[1] The Accurate Measurements of Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere (AMOHA) project was proposed to evaluate and improve current gas chromatographic methods used across Europe to determine concentrations of C2–C9 nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in ambient air. Four international intercomparisons of increasing complexity were carried out over a period of 4 years. These were designed to evaluate the analytical performance of a considerable number of European laboratories making frequent ambient NMHC measurements, to identify the major problems encountered in these analyses, and to recommend solutions for these problems. Calibration gas standards prepared gravimetrically and certified by the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in the UK were used in all of the intercomparisons to eliminate the variability that would have been introduced by laboratories using their own calibration gas mixtures. The results presented here are for the first three of the AMOHA intercomparisons. A four-component synthetic test gas mixture was used for the first intercomparison, a 30-component synthetic test gas mixture for the second intercomparison, and both a pressurized ambient air sample and a 30-component synthetic test gas mixture for the third intercomparison. The results of the 12–14 participating laboratories showed generally good agreement with the gravimetric concentrations of the synthetic NMHC mixtures, although some considerable differences also occurred. The analytical results on the pressurized air samples were similar, but with a greater scatter of values. Most importantly, there were distinct improvements in the measurement quality achieved in this project when compared to previous European intercomparisons. This emphasized the importance of using high-quality NMHC multicomponent gas calibration standards when making accurate measurements of NMHCs in air. Despite the generally good results, some compounds, such as isobutene, butadiene, methyl pentanes, and trimethyl benzenes, gave considerable analytical problems in some laboratories. The most frequent causes of these problems were found to be interference by coelution with other compounds, breakthrough of C2 compounds during sample preconcentration, and adsorptive losses of C7–C9 compounds in the transfer lines before the analytical instrumentation. Calibration with multicomponent NMHC standards was demonstrated to provide significantly more accurate results than the frequently used method of calibration with just a single hydrocarbon species, such as n-butane.
Geochronology of the Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic

Abstract Criteria concerning sample and analytical data and stratigraphic control have been used in a critical assessment of the suitability, for use in construction of a Phancrozoic time-scale, of radiometric data relevant to the Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic periods. Few of the age determinations available in 1982 satisfy these criteria and many of those used previously as a basis for time-scales for this part of the Phanerozoic are considred unacceptable by present standards. On the basis of this review, ages of 365 ± 5 Ma, 290 ± Ma and 250 © 5 Ma. respectively, are proposed for the beginning of the Carboniferous. Permain and Triassic periods, and 205 © 5 Ma for the end of the Triassic. Radiometric ages are related. where possible, to the principal chronostratigraphic divisions of the rock successions representing those periods.
Permeability of thermally cracked granite

Permeability of granite specimens heated up to 650°C were measured in the laboratory with respect to both confining and pore pressure. An unexpected behavior (permeability decrease) was found in the low temperature range (20–125°C). Permeability variations are interpreted with the help of a theoretical model of porosity. Complementary measurements of porosity and absolute surface area have also been obtained. A discussion in terms of microstructural controlling parameters concludes to a decrease of crack aperture at low temperatures (20–125°C), followed by an increase at higher temperatures (T >125°C).
Precipitation chemistry in central Amazonia

Rain samples from three sites in central Amazonia were collected over a period of 6 weeks during the 1987 wet season and analyzed for ionic species and dissolved organic carbon. A continuous record of precipitation chemistry and amount was obtained at two of these sites, which were free from local or regional pollution, for a time period of over 1 month. The volume-weighted mean concentrations of most species were found to be about a factor of 5 lower during the wet season compared with previous results from the dry season. Only sodium, potassium, and chloride showed similar concentrations in both seasons. When the seasonal difference in rainfall amount is taken into consideration, the deposition fluxes are only slightly lower for most species during the wet season than during the dry season, again with the exception of chloride, potassium, and sodium. Sodium and chloride are present in the same ratio as in sea salt; rapid advection of air masses of marine origin to the central Amazon Basin during the wet season may be responsible for the observed higher deposition flux of these species. Statistical analysis suggests that sulfate is, to a large extent, of marine (sea salt and biogenic) origin, but that long-range transport of combustion-derived aerosols also makes a significant contribution to sulfate and nitrate levels in Amazonian rain. Organic acid concentrations in rain were responsible for a large fraction of the observed precipitation acidity; their concentration was strongly influenced by gas/liquid interactions.