Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neurosurgery 1992-98 November 1995, Volume 37, Number 5 955 Expression of Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Cerebral Capillaries: Possible Fibrinolytic Function of the Blood-Brain Barrier

PREVIOUS WORK HAS shown that tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a key enzyme in the control of fibrinolysis within the vascular system. The sources of brain tPA and the mechanisms by which tPA secretion and production occur within cerebral microcirculation are not well established. In this study, expression of tPA was investigated in cerebral capillaries and capillary-depleted brain isolated from cortices of 4to 5-week-old rats and guinea pigs. In both species, a single tPA band of Mr 67,000 was detected in cerebral capillaries by Western blot analysis. The tPA signal was absent from capillary-depleted brain. These results were corroborated at the messenger ribonucleic acid level. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the presence of tPA complementary deoxyribonucleic acid in samples derived from cerebral microvessels and demonstrated very low or undetectable tPA expression in capillary-depleted brain. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed tPA localization in endothelial cells of brain capillaries. We conclude that microvascular endothelium, i.e., the blood-brain barrier, may have a role in promoting plasmin-dependent fibrinolysis in brain microcirculation. Delineation of the molecular mechanisms of blood-brain barrier-mediated fibrinolysis will likely contribute to future stroke prevention efforts.
Efficacy and safety of tizanidine in the treatment of spasticity in patients with spinal cord injury

Article abstractTizanidine, an imidazoline that acts as an agonist at α2-adrenergic receptors, has been shown to be effective in reducing spasticity caused by MS. This multicenter study (14 sites) assessed the efficacy and safety of oral tizanidine in patients who had spinal cord injury of >12 months' duration. Of the 124 patients admitted to the study, 78 completed it. Tizanidine was titrated to an optimized dosage in each patient to a maximum of 36 mg/d. Muscle tone, assessed by Ashworth score, was significantly reduced (p = 0.0001) by tizanidine treatment in comparison with placebo. Video motion analysis of the pendulum test showed improvement in the tizanidine-treated patients vs placebo (p = 0.04) and showed a significant correlation with the Ashworth score (p < 0.001). No significant alterations in muscle strength or vital signs were noted in either treatment group. The most common adverse events during tizanidine treatment were somnolence, xerostomia, and fatigue. It was concluded that, overall, tizanidine is effective in reducing spasticity in patients with spinal cord injury.
CRICKET: A REVIEW

Johnstone, JA, Mitchell, ACS, Hughes, G, Watson, T, Ford, PA, and Garrett, AT. The athletic profile of fast bowling in cricket: A review. J Strength Cond Res 28(5): 1465–1473, 2014— Cricket is a global sport played in over 100 countries with elite performers attracting multimillion dollar contracts. Therefore, performers maintaining optimum physical fitness and remaining injury free is important. Fast bowlers have a vital position in a cricket team, and there is an increasing body of scientific literature that has reviewed this role over the past decade. Previous research on fast bowlers has tended to focus on biomechanical analysis and injury prevention in performers. However, this review aims to critically analyze the emerging contribution of physiological-based literature linked to fast bowling in cricket, highlight the current evidence related to simulated and competitive in-match performance, and relate this practically to the conditioning coach. Furthermore, the review considers limitations with past research and possible avenues for future investigation. It is clear with the advent of new applied mobile monitoring technology that there is scope for more ecologically valid and longitudinal exploration capturing in-match data, providing quantification of physiological workloads, and analysis of the physical demands across the differing formats of the game. Currently, strength and conditioning specialists do not have a critical academic resource with which to shape professional practice, and this review aims to provide a starting point for evidence in the specific area.
The Role of Endobronchial Ultrasound in Mediastinal Staging of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. The initial work up and diagnostic testing for lung cancer is focused on appropriate staging of the disease. Prognostic data including response to treatment and survival as well as guidance for treatment management have all been closely linked with lung cancer staging. This relationship between group staging and response to treatment and survival has made proper diagnostic testing and sampling crucial in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. Clinical or noninvasive staging can differ markedly from true pathologic staging. Bronchoscopy is a procedure utilizing a small flexible scope which is inserted via the oropharyngeal route into the airways, allowing direct visualization of the central and distal airways as well as access to the mediastinum. The recent introduction of endobronchial ultrasound-guided bronchoscopy has further improved the safety and yield of these procedures. This procedure provides a minimally invasive approach for the diagnosis of metastatic lung cancer as well as a high specificity. The current trends in lung cancer diagnosis and staging will likely position endobronchial ultrasound-guided bronchoscopy as the procedure of choice for the initial diagnosis and staging of lung cancer.
A Pilot Study

Despite the demonstrated efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) for social anxiety disorder (SAD), many individuals do not respond to treatment or demonstrate residual symptoms and impairment posttreatment. Preliminary evidence indicates that acceptance-based approaches (e.g., acceptance and commitment therapy; ACT) can be helpful for a variety of disorders and emphasize exposure-based strategies and processes. Nineteen individuals diagnosed with SAD participated in a 12-week program integrating exposure therapy and ACT. Results revealed no changes across a 4-week baseline control period. From pretreatment to follow-up, significant improvements occurred in social anxiety symptoms and quality of life, yielding large effect size gains. Significant changes also were found in ACT-consistent process measures, and earlier changes in experiential avoidance predicted later changes in symptom severity. Results suggest the acceptability and potential efficacy of ACT for SAD and highlight the need for future research examining both the efficacy and mechanisms of change of acceptance-based programs for SAD.
Psychophysical and cerebral responses to heat stimulation in patients with central pain, painless central sensory loss, and in healthy controls

patients just admitted to palliative care in the longitudinal analysis of the CPOR data. We considered this to be the best available standardisation of an ‘‘initial moment. ’’ Furthermore, this is a clinically relevant point in time to apply a cancer pain classification system. Also, the fact that pain intensity and other key domains of cancer pain have been shown to have predictive value in different—and heterogeneous—populations indicates their robustness.
Advances in Stroke Advances in Vascular Cognitive Impairment

A dvances in our understanding of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) have springboarded from further elucidation of the role of vascular risk factors, surgical procedures, medications, and neuroimaging studies that are related to this condition. The main focus of this VCI review will highlight the relation of diabetes mellitus and hippocampal dysfunction in VCI; coronary artery bypass surgery and cognitive decline; the role of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in vascular dysfunction; and a discussion of other cardiovascular risk factors, treatment, and neuroimaging findings related to disease progression; and histopathologic and genetic correlates. Rotterdam Scan of B12 biologic and homocysteine homocysteine. Three-City to identify correlation B12 find with low folate with homocysteine, when folate levels homocysteine with atrophy and infarcts, after correction for folate, cyanocobalamin, and pyridoxine levels, were in with homocysteine levels. no correlation between homocysteine and leukoaraiosis; although continuous data were available for leukoaraiosis, the analysis was limited to a dichotomized method based on “extensive” leukoaraiosis. 34 Taken together, these studies indicate a role for B12, folate, and homocysteine, although the disparity among the results makes further interpretation difficult. AD indicates Alzheimer disease.
Cervical Kyphosis

Summary The human spinal column has evolved to a form that allows for efficient functioning in a highly technological society. According to the concept of sagittal spinal balance, the alternating curves of cervical and lumbar lordosis and thoracic and sacral kyphosis enable the head to be positioned over the trunk and pelvis. This form permits Homo sapiens to assume a biped, upright position, with the upper limbs free for other tasks. Sagittal imbalance represents departure from this ideal form. Imbalance involving any of the constituent parts of the spinal column is problematic; despite mechanisms of spinal compensation, imbalance can affect form and function. Cervical kyphosis, a reversal of the normal lordosis, may represent the most disabling of these imbalances, for it can cause postural difficulties, pain, or neurologic deficit. The consequences of sagittal imbalance, especially “flatback deformity,” resulting from spinal instrumentation procedures, are well recognized. Similarly, structural deformities of the cervical spine cause pain related to increased energy expenditure of the posterior cervical musculature, can result in accelerated degenerative changes of adjacent segments of the spine, and impair the ability to maintain a horizontal line of view. A discussion regarding the etiology and treatment of this condition follows.
PITUITARY TUMOR TYPE AFFECTS THE CHANCE OF BIOCHEMICAL REMISSION AFTER RADIOSURGERY OF HORMONE‐SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMAS

OBJECTIVEReported biochemical remission rates have ranged widely after stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas. Confounding variables include histology, radiation dose, use of pituitary-suppressive medications, and length of follow-up. METHODSA retrospective review of 46 patients with pituitary adenomas (growth hormone-secreting, n = 27; prolactin-secreting, n = 11; adrenocorticotropin-secreting, n = 8) undergoing radiosurgery between January 1990 and December 2003 was conducted. All received a tumor margin dose of 18 Gy or more and were off pituitary-suppressive medications for at least 1 month before radiosurgery. The groups were similar with regard to irradiated volume, radiation dose, and follow-up. The median endocrinological follow-up after radiosurgery was 54 months. RESULTSThe 4-year remission rates were 87% for patients with Cushing's disease, 67% for patients with acromegaly, and 18% for patients with prolactinomas. Patients with oversecretion of adrenocorticotropin or growth hormone were more likely to achieve remission after radiosurgery than patients with prolactinomas (hazard ratio, 4.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–18.2; P = 0.04). Of 44 patients with normal or partial anterior pituitary function before radiosurgery, 16 (36%) developed one or more new anterior pituitary deficits. The incidence of new anterior pituitary deficits was 26% at 4 years. No differences were noted in the incidence of new anterior deficits among the groups. CONCLUSIONThere seems to be a differential sensitivity after radiosurgery for hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas. Remission rates are greater for patients with Cushing's disease and acromegaly, whereas radiosurgery is less effective in achieving biochemical remission for patients with prolactinomas.
Visual HRCT Score to Determine Severity and Prognosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Introduction: High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is an essential technique for the diagnosis and follow-up of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), but it is not routinely used to evaluate severity. A semi-quantitative HRCT score was developed to determine its relation with physiologic variables, to assess severity and fibrosis progression, and to establish prognostic factors. Methods: The HRCTs of 48 newly diagnosed IPF patients were assessed. Reticular pattern, ground-glass opacities, distortion and honeycomb patterns were scored by two independent radiologists to obtain these scores and the Total Score of Fibrosis. Its relation with pulmonary function tests, the 6-minute walking test (6MWT) and air blood gases was evaluated, and with the survival and identification of the worse prognosis factors. The lower HRCT level (everything below the highest point of the right diaphragm) was independently assessed to evaluate differences. Results: The Honeycomb Score (HS) correlated with DLCO% (r = -0.50, p < 0.001) and KCO% (r = -0.55, p < 0.001). The Total Score (TS) correlated with DLCO% (r = -0.55, p < 0.001) and KCO% (r = -0.50, p < 0.001). Final SatO2 in the 6MWT correlated with the TS (r = -0.45, p < 0.01), and desaturation correlated with both HS (r = -0.34, p < 0.05) and TS (r = -0.45, p < 0.01). Survival was 42 (37-48) months. DLCO < 40 (p = 0.005) and the TS of Fibrosis ≥ 20 (p = 0.03) were independent predictors of mortality. In the lower HRCT level assessment HS correlated with DLCO (r = -0.533; p < 0.001), KCO (r = -0.426; p < 0.01) and CPI (r = 0.505; p < 0.001), and also the TS correlated with both DLCO (r = -0.362; p < 0.01) and KCO (r = -0.481; p < 0.001); the HS was an independent mortality factor (p = 0.015) at this level. Conclusions: A semi-quantitative HRCT score is useful for determining severity upon diagnosis and for predicting IPF progression, and it correlates well with physiologic variables. DLCO < 40 and the TS of Fibrosis ≥ 20 were independent mortality predictors. The honeycomb score at lower HRCT levels determined mortality.
Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management

Fingolimod causes macular edema (ME) by acting via the S1P3 receptor agonism, thereby reducing the tight junction between the endothelial cells of the retinal capillaries. This results in the breakdown of the inner blood retinal barrier, causing ME. Ophthalmologic evaluation including optical coherence tomography is recommended at baseline and then at 3 months, 6 months, and annually thereafter in all patients on fingolimod. The risk of ME increases in patients who are diabetic, have had uveitis, or who undergo intraocular procedures such as cataract surgery, and hence these patients need close monitoring. Cessation of the drug results in resolution of the ME. However, ME can also be treated using anti-inflammatory medication (steroids) in patients who opt to remain on fingolimod.
DURING CHEMOTHERAPY IN A BREAST CANCER PATIENT: A CASE STUDY

de Paleville, D.T. , R.V. Topp, and A.M. Swank. Effects of aerobic training prior to and during chemotherapy in a breast cancer patient: A case study. J. Strength Cond. Res. 21(2): 635–637. 2006. —Treatment for breast cancer patients includes surgical removal of the tumor followed by chemotherapy. Chemotherapy frequently results in difficult to manage symptoms that threaten compliance with the therapy. Symptoms include fatigue, declines in functional ability, muscle wasting, and a decreased quality of life. Preparing the body to tolerate a stressful event such as chemotherapy has been termed ‘‘prehabilitation’’. This case study determined the efficacy of introducing aerobic training 1 week prior to and continuing through 8 weeks of chemotherapy on fatigue and functional ability in a 42-year-old newly diagnosed breast cancer patient. The patient participated in a supervised and home-based walking program. Fatigue during daily activities and functional ability (12-minute walk, ascending and descending stairs, sit to stand, getting to and rising from the floor, 30-second bicep curl) were measured before and after exercise training. Results indicate that 5 of 7 functional measures demonstrated improvement, ranging from 23.4– 54.5%. In addition, fatigue while performing activities of daily living, as well as following the performance of the functional tasks, was reduced. The findings of this case study indicate that fatigue can be decreased and functional ability can be improved as a result of aerobic training initiated 1 week before and continued throughout chemotherapy. This case study presents a novel approach to introducing exercise prior to and continued during 8 weeks of chemotherapy in a way that may reduce the cumulative effects of this stressor.
Retinal ganglion cell axons regenerate in the presence of intact sensory ¢bres

A novel allograft paradigm was used to test whether adult mammalian central axons regeneratewithin a peripheral nerve environment containing intact sensory axons. Retinal ganglion cell axon regeneration was compared following anastomosis of dorsal root ganglia grafts or conventional peripheral nerve grafts to the adult rat optic nerve. Dorsal root ganglia grafts comprised intact sensory and degenerate motor axons, whereas conventional grafts comprised both degenerating sensory and motor axons. Retinal ganglion cell axonswere traced after 2months.Dorsal rootganglia survived with their axons persisting throughout the graft. Comparable numbers of retinal ganglion cells regenerated axons into both dorsal root ganglia (10537223) and conventional grafts (13237881; P40.05). The results indicate that an intact sensory environment supports central axon regeneration. NeuroReport 17:195^199 c 2006 Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.
Temporal Bone Histopathology Case of the Month Osteogenesis ImperfectaVA Human Temporal Bone Case Study

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is defined as one of the inherited connective tissue disorders that can result in fragile bones, blue sclera, and deafness. This genetic disease affects collagen type 1 (COL1), which leads to different manifestations depending on the mutation. There are 4 subtypes of OI, based on different defects in the collagen synthesis, Types I, II, III, and IV. OI Type I, previously known as OI tarda, is the most common and least severe subtype; is autosomal dominant; and results in blue sclera, increased risk of bone fracture, and progressive hearing loss in 50% of patients. OI Type II, previously known as OI congenital, is the most severe form and usually leads to perinatal death and is autosomal recessive. OI Type III is the most severe type among children who survive the neonatal period. The degree of bone fragility and the fracture rate vary widely. OI Type IV diagnosis often occurs later in life and usually represents the patients that do not fit into Subtypes I to III (1,2). Deafness is one of the main features of osteogenesis imperfect, and conductive hearing loss is the most common form, but mixed or pure sensorineural hearing losses are common (3). In the University of Minnesota temporal bone collection, we found 1 case that fits in the OI diagnosis.
Estimates of carrying capacity for sea otters in Washington state

We obtained index estimates of carrying capacity (K) for the Washington sea otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) population as products of the density of sea otters at equilibrium within a portion of their existing range and the total amount of available habitat. We classified sea otter habitat as rocky, sandy, or mixed during aerial surveys along the Washington coast in March 2000. We characterized substrate type and kelp composition from the coast to the 40-m depth contour and computed area (km 2 ) and available coastline (km) within each habitat. We calculated maximum foraging depths and maximum distance from shore for 68 sea otters radiotagged between 1994 and 1998 and used the estimates to approximate the offshore extent of sea otter habitat. We used the most current population survey data (1996-1999) to obtain equilibrium densities of sea otters in rocky habitat in Washington. Because sea otters have only recently occupied sandy or mixed sites, the equilibrium densities for these habitats represent a proportional density based on current counts in the rocky equilibrium region in Washington and available data from the California sea otter population. Index estimates of Kfor the Washington sea otter population range from 1,372 (CV 0.13) to 2,734 (CV 0.13). These estimates are useful for sea otter management because they directly relate to the index counts used to monitor the population since 1977. Our results will facilitate decision-making by entrusted management agencies regarding stock assessment and population status under the United States Marine Mammal Protection Act.
Termination pro¢les of insect chemosensory a¡erents in the antennal lobe are dependent on their origin on the £agellum

In cockroach antennae, sensory a¡erents from sensilla on the anterodorsal surface of the £agellum form the anterior antennal nerve, while a¡erents from the posteroventral surface form the posterior nerve. Anterograde staining was used to investigate a¡erent termination pro¢les in the glomeruli of the antennal lobe. The densities of terminal arborizations from the two nerves di¡ered between glomeruli, with groupings of similar glomeruli evident. Individual glomeruli showed heterogeneous distribution of a¡erent terminals, with posterior nerve a¡erent terminals occurring near the nerve/glomeruli interface, and anterior nerve a¡erent terminals occurring on the opposite side. This study demonstrates, for the ¢rst time, a correlation between the distribution of primary a¡erent terminals in the individual glomeruli, and their origin on the surface of the £agellum. NeuroReport17:1303^1307 c 2006 LippincottWilliams &Wilkins.
EDITORIAL Relaxation Methods and the Control of Blood Pressure

In this issue, Frankel and co-workers (1) report that their treatment of hypertension with biofeedback and relaxation techniques failed to produce the anticipated reduction of blood pressure. Their observations support the conclusion of Shapiro and co-workers (2) that although the area is of interest and calls for further basic and clinical research, the widespread application of nonpharmacologic methods of blood pressure control would be premature. FrankePs disappointment in achieving a significant change in the blood pressure of hypertensives was shared by others working with biofeedback methods. Yet, another approach has been more successful: Stone and DeLeo (3) used Buddhist meditation exercises to elicit relaxation response and successfully induced a significant blood pressure reduction in hypertensive patients. They also found biochemical evidence of reduced peripheral adrenergic activity. Peters et al. (4) observed that daily relaxation breaks produced a significant reduction of blood pressure in predominantly normotensive office workers. The experienced epidemiologist Miall helped in designing the well-controlled study of hypertensives by Patel and North (5), which achieved an impressive average blood pressure reduction of 26 mm Hg. Patel and Carruthers' (6) subsequent successful amelioration of coronary risk factors, including slow-moving cholesterol levels, suggests that the induced changes are persistent and do not depend on the ambience of the doctor's office. Frumkin and co-workers (7) have reviewed the entire field and contrast the results of work relying mainly on biofeedback with that of relaxation methods. They conclude that yoga and transcendental meditation show more promise. Although Frankel and co-workers did not neglect relaxation and their patients reported changes in coping with specific stresses, their main thrust was to use the strengths of biofeedback, designing and adhering to a protocol of strictly controlled procedures. However, in retrospect, they speculate that in