Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genetic differences between populations of sardine, Sardina pilchardus, and anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus, in the Aegean and Ionian seas

Genetic distances based on electrophoretic variation and multivariate analysis of several morpho-metric and meristic characters suggest that populations of sardine and anchovy from the Aegean and Ionian seas do not form one panmictic population. The distinction between these two classes of populations emerges only as a statistical property, and for some characters the within-sea variation is larger than the between-sea variation. Thus, the reproductive isolation between populations inhabiting the two seas appears to be only partial. Our findings do not support the‘ pure‘ or‘ discrete‘ stock concept. Instead, they provide evidence for the dynamic population structure model according to which physical (e.g., hydrographic) or biological (e.g., predation or behaviour) factors impose a population structure maintained in a semi-equilibrium state under the opposing influences of migration and selection. Such a dynamic state may not be stable in the long run, and it may not allow for the accumulation of genetic divergence necessary for the emergence of higher taxa. It must, nevertheless, be taken into account in the management of exploited natural populations.
SN 2018zd: an unusual stellar explosion as part of the diverse Type II Supernova landscape

We present extensive observations of SN 2018zd covering the first $\sim450$\,d after the explosion. This SN shows a possible shock-breakout signal $\sim3.6$\,hr after the explosion in the unfiltered light curve, and prominent flash-ionisation spectral features within the first week. The unusual photospheric temperature rise (rapidly from $\sim 12,000$\,K to above 18,000\,K) within the earliest few days suggests that the ejecta were continuously heated. Both the significant temperature rise and the flash spectral features can be explained with the interaction of the SN ejecta with the massive stellar wind ($0.18^{+0.05}_{-0.10}\, \rm M_{\odot}$), which accounts for the luminous peak ($L_{\rm max} = [1.36\pm 0.63] \times 10^{43}\, \rm erg\,s^{-1}$) of SN 2018zd. The luminous peak and low expansion velocity ($v \approx 3300$ km s$^{-1}$) make SN 2018zd to be like a member of the LLEV (luminous SNe II with low expansion velocities) events originated due to circumstellar interaction. The relatively fast post-peak decline allows a classification of SN 2018zd as a transition event morphologically linking SNe~IIP and SNe~IIL. In the radioactive-decay phase, SN 2018zd experienced a significant flux drop and behaved more like a low-luminosity SN~IIP both spectroscopically and photometrically. This contrast indicates that circumstellar interaction plays a vital role in modifying the observed light curves of SNe~II. Comparing nebular-phase spectra with model predictions suggests that SN 2018zd arose from a star of $\sim 12\,\rm M_{\odot}$. Given the relatively small amount of $^{56}$Ni ($0.013 - 0.035 \rm M_{\odot}$), the massive stellar wind, and the faint X-ray radiation, the progenitor of SN 2018zd could be a massive asymptotic giant branch star which collapsed owing to electron capture.
Twilight Activities and Temporal Structure in a Freshwater Fish Community

Underwater observations of temperate lake fishes suggest that their twilight activities are basically similar to those described by other researchers for coral reef fishes. At dusk, diurnally active lake fishes progressively increased swimming, ceased feeding, disbanded groups, slowed swimming, and finally stopped. At dawn, this sequence was reversed, although at lower light levels than corresponding dusk behaviors. Aggressive, cleaning, and comfort behavior increased at dusk, and fishes changed from group to individual behaviors. By day, nocturnally active fishes rested singly or in aggregations. Predators were apparently more active during twilight. Older individuals of several species were active later in the evening or were increasingly nocturnal in their activities. Characteristic diel and twilight patterns broke down during the breeding season. Temperate lake species differed from coral reef fishes in that they were less attracted to physical structure at night, twilight migrations were less common,.
Protein phosphorylation and its possible involvement in the induction of the high-affinity CO2 concentrating mechanism in cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria as well as eukaryotic algae possess a CO2 concentrating mechanism that enables the cells to use low CO2 concentrations very efficiently for photosynthesis. The efficiency of the CO2 concentrating mechanism changes in response to environmental changes, especially the availability of inorganic carbon, but the underlying mechanisms that are involved in the regulation of the induction are unknown. This review deals with the occurrence of protein phosphorylation in cyanobacteria and highlights the possible involvement of post-translational modifications of existing proteins in the induction process, which leads to a high-affinity state of the CO2 concentrating mechanism.
Phoronid phylogenetics (Brachiopoda; Phoronata): evidence from morphological cladistics, small and large subunit rDNA sequences, and mitochondrial cox1

A matrix of 24 morphodevelopmental characters and an alignment of small subunit (SSU) and large subunit (LSU) rDNA nuclear and cox1 mitochondrial gene sequences (∼4500 sites) were compiled from up to 12 phoronids including most named taxa, but probably constituting only a portion of worldwide diversity. Morphological data were analysed by weighted parsimony; sequence data by maximum and Bayesian likelihood, both with Phoronis ovalis as the local outgroup. Morphological and sequence-based phylogenies were similar, but not fully congruent. Phoronid rDNAs were almost free from mutational saturation, but cox1 showed strong saturation unless distant outgroups and P. ovalis were omitted, suggesting that many phoronid divergences are old (≥100 Myr). rDNA divergence between named phoronid taxa is generally substantial, but Phoronopsis harmeri (from Vladivostock) and Phoronopsis viridis (from California) are genetically close enough to be conspecific. In another alignment, of 24 taxa, phoronid rDNAs were combined with data from brachiopods and distant (molluscan) outgroups. The relative ages of divergence between phoronids and their brachiopod sister-groups, of the split between the P. ovalis and non-ovalis lineages, and of other phoronid splits, were estimated from this alignment with a Bayesian lognormal uncorrelated molecular clock model. Although confidence limits (95% highest probability density) are wide, the results are compatible with an Early Cambrian split between phoronids and brachiopods and with the Upper Devonian latest age suggested for the P. ovalis/non-ovalis split by the putative phoronid ichnofossil, Talpina. Most other ingroup splits appear to be ∼50–200 Myr old. Inclusion of phoronids with brachiopods in the crown clade pan-Brachiopoda suggests that a distinctive metamorphosis and absence of mineralization are ancestral phoronid apomorphies. Worldwide diversity and possible associations between character-states and life-history attributes deserve comprehensive further study.
Tolerance of fungal and bacterial biocontrol agents to six pesticides commonly used in the control of soil borne plant pathogens

The compatability of fungal (Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma virens and Pochonia chlamydosporia) and bacterial biocontrol agents (Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens) was assessed to 6 pesticides viz., carbendazim, mancozeb, metalaxyl, captan, thiram, and nemacur commonly used by farmers in India for the control of soil borne plant pathogens. The compatability was assessed at different concentrations and the concentration of 60, 1050, 160, 225, 25, and 980 µg/ml of carbendazim, metalaxyl, captan, mancozeb, thiram and nemacur was the safe tolerance limit for T. harzianum whereas the corresponding values for T. virens were 40, 1000, 125, 177, 9, and 700 µg/ml, respectively. The safe tolerance limit for P. chlamydosporia were 37.5 µg carbendazim/ml, 75 µg captan/ml, 100 µg metalaxyl/ml, 5 µg thiram/ml, 110 µg mancozeb/ml and 250 µg nemacur/ml. Among the bacteria, P. fluorescens was found to be more compatible with fungicides than B. subtilis and the maximum tolerance concentration for the former being 2500 µg Thiram/ml, 1600 µg mancozeb/ml, and 50,000 µg/ml for captan and carbendazim. Hence, pesticidal contamination at above concentration in soil will not affect their effectiveness. Moreover, the pesticide tolerance ability broadened the use as these biopesticides in conjugation with pesticides can be applied under integrated disease management for the management of soil borne plant pathogens.
RECYCLING OF BIOTREATED TANNERY WASTEWATER IN PLANTING OF SOME HYEPERACCUMULATION SHRUBS AND TIMBER TREES SPECIES

This study was carried out in greenhouse at Sinai development project, Ministry of Agriculture, North Sinai, Egypt, for three months to investigate the effect of the irrigation by different treatments (0,25,50,75 and100%) of bio-treated tannery wastewater on growth parameters of three shrubs and seven timber trees seedlings. The results showed that a gradual reduction in growth and biomass production of different seedlings with increasing application of Cr (VI) in irrigation water. Hence, the total dry weight was high significant different between control and different treatment of Cr(VI), but the irrigation by 25% bio-treated tannery wastewater gave the high growth parameter and the total dry weight reached 2.054 gm to followed by the other treatments. There were a gradual increase in Cr (VI) concentration in shoot, root, total uptake and translocation from root to shoot with increasing application of Cr (VI) in irrigation water. The irrigation with 100 % bio-treated tannery wastewater gave the high chromium concentration in shoot, root, total and total uptake (14.82, 37.21, 52.01 and 71.16 μg g, respectively) followed by other treatments. However, there was no significance difference between translocation from root to shoot of chromium with different treatments, and there is no effect on the percentage of infection by VAM under high concentration of Cr (VI). Different seedling show different tolerance levels of Cr (VI) pollution. Pinus halepensis is the most sensitive species to Cr (VI). In contrast Jatropha curcas, Pongamia pinnata and Albizzia lebbek are the most resist and hyperaccumulation species, and chromium accumulation in seedlings tissues was in order of roots › shoots. So, it was suggesting that these species could be employed in phytoremedion of soils contaminated with Cr (VI), and recycling of bio-treated tannery wastewater in shrubs and timber trees nursery.
Molecular phylogeny of the Annelida

Traditionally, the Annelida has been classified as a group comprising the Polychaeta and the Clitellata. Recent phylogenetic analyses have led to profound changes in the view that the Annelida, as traditionally formulated, is a natural, monophyletic group. Both molecular and morphological analyses support placement of the Siboglinidae (formerly the Pogonophora) as a derived group within the Annelida; there is also evidence, based on molecular analysis of the nuclear gene elongation factor-1α, that the unsegmented echiurids are derived annelids. While monophyly of the Clitellata is well-supported by both molecular and morphological analyses, there is no molecular evidence to support monophyly of the polychaete annelids; the Clitellata fall within a paraphyletic polychaete grade. Relationships among groups of polychaete annelids have not yet been resolved by molecular analysis. Within the Clitellata, paraphyly of the Oligochaeta was indicated in a phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome c oxidase I, which suppo.
Strong convergence order for the scheme of fractional diffusion equation driven by fractional Gaussion noise

Fractional Gaussian noise models the time series with long-range dependence; when the Hurst index $H>1/2$, it has positive correlation reflecting a persistent autocorrelation structure. This paper studies the numerical method for solving stochastic fractional diffusion equation driven by fractional Gaussian noise. Using the operator theoretical approach, we present the regularity estimate of the mild solution and the fully discrete scheme with finite element approximation in space and backward Euler convolution quadrature in time. The $\mathcal{O}(\tau^{H-\rho\alpha})$ convergence rate in time and $\mathcal{O}(h^{\min(2,2-2\rho,\frac{H}{\alpha})})$ in space are obtained, showing the relationship between the regularity of noise and convergence rates, where $\rho$ is a parameter to measure the regularity of noise and $\alpha\in(0,1)$. Finally, numerical experiments are performed to support the theoretical results.
Yield response of Bambara groundnut to plant population and seedbed type

(22 April, 2001; accepted 16 October, 2001) Abstract A field experiment to study the effect of plant population and seedbed type on yields of bambara groundnuts was conducted at Morogoro in Tanzania. The experiment was designed with three seedbed types split-plot; flat, ridge and furrow in the main plots and bambara groundnut population densities (9, 13, 22 and 66 plants m-2) in the sub plots. At 63 days after sowing (DAS), leaf area index (LAI) was highest for 66 plants m-2 and/or when planted on the ridge. In the short rain season, bambara groundnuts planted in the furrow at 13 plants m-2 had the highest (P Key Words: Harvest index, leaf area index, population density, seedbed, Tanzania, Vigna subterranea Resume Une experience de terrain pour etudier les effets de la population des plantes et le type de semis sur le rendement de l'arachide bambara etait conduite a Morogoro en Tanzanie. Les experiences etaient preparees sur trois types de semis: split-plot; plat, billons et sillons dans la parcelle principale et l'arachide bambara de densite (9, 13, 22 et 66 plantes m-2) dans les parcelles secondaires. Soixante et trois jours apres la semence, l'indice de surface foliaire (LAI) etait le plus eleve pour 66 plantes m-2 et / ou pour les plantes sur des stries. Durant la courte saison pluvieuse, l'arachide de bambara plantee sur les sillons a densite de 13 plantes m-2 avait le rendement le plus eleve de 519.2 kg ha-1 (P Mots Cles: Indice de recolte, indice de surface foliaire, densite de la population, semis, Tanzanie, Vigna subterranea (Af Crop Sci J 2002 Vol 10 No 1 pp39-50)
Modeling Local Service Reliabilities for the Parcel Distribution System

Demand for express parcel delivery has been greatly increasing in South Korea due to the growth of B2C e-commerce activities. It is imperative that parcel carriers have good insights into the performance of their distribution networks with different levels of demand and plan ahead for the adaptations in order to be able to meet future changes in demand. This paper proposes a framework to evaluate the likelihood of parcels arriving on-time to their destinations (local service reliability) with a strong focus being placed on their spatial distribution. The resulting maps of local service reliability allow us to identify specific locales that would suffer the most from a capacity overflow in the networking system, thus pointing to areas that need immediate attention. Furthermore, this paper attempts to identify potential factors which could affect the spatial variation of local service reliability.
A comparison of the feeding ecology of wintering Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus centred on two heathland areas in England

Small passerines were the principal prey in pellets from Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus communal winter roosts in Breckland and the New Forest. Skylark Alauda arvensis remains predominate in the pellets from Breckland. Dunnock Prunella modularis and Greenfinch Carduelis chloris were also important. The contents of New Forest pellets reflected the position of each roost. In pellets from a roost on the northern edge of New Forest heathland and close to farmland, Skylark was by far the predominant prey. Wren Troglodytes troglodytes and Linnet Carduelis cannabina were the next most important passerines. Pellets from the more extensive heather heathland in the south of the New Forest showed greater dependence on the heathland community of insectivorous passerines, with Wren, Dartford Warbler Sylvia undata and Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis occurring as prey in that order of frequency. Pellets from a roost in northwest New Forest heathland with less heather and closer to farmland contained mainly a mixture of farmland-and heathland-feeding passerines. The directions of arrival and departure at roosts indicated that the Breckland-roosting harriers hunted mainly in arable fenland and the New Forest edge-roosting harriers in arable downland. Counts of the principal passerine prey species in roost catchment areas indicated that Greenfinch and Linnet were most abundant in arable fenland and arable downland squares, respectively, and the Wren was most abundant in the New Forest catchment area as a whole. The influence of the distribution of weed species on the species of seed-eating passerines in prey was investigated. Proportions of passerines in pellets from the Breckland and New Forest edge roosts were positively correlated with the proportions of “grey” males. Proportions of finches in both the Breckland and the New Forest edge-roost pellets declined sharply after January. There was a shift toward lagomorphs in the diet after January and a suggestion that this was positively correlated with the proportions of ringtails at the Breckland roost. Factors affecting prey composition and selection of foraging habitat, the effect of harrier predation on Dartford Warbler numbers and the implications for differential distribution of the harrier sexes in winter are discussed.
Sexual differentiation in higher plants

As in all organogenetic studies, sex differentiation implies three fields of research: the identification of macsomalecular markers specific for stamens or carpels }expression program); the analysis of the signals (such as phytohormones{ inducing them: and finally the knowledge of the regulator genes (sex detsrmination genes). In dioecious plants, sex determination (male and female genes or combinations of heterochromosomes) occurs at the fertilization stage. These regulators probably act early by means of inducers; their action is perceptible mainly when reproductive organs develop, and the existence of target cells able to respond to the inductive message is obvious. Experimental control of sex expression by phytohormones leads to the repression of the normal organogenetic program (induced by the presence of the sex genes) arrd to the induction of the opposite program (normally incompatible with these genes). Analogous mechanisms occur in monoecious plants, but here the male program is always expressed before the female one. Experimental control of sex expression suggests that the successive induction of first male and then the female program results from inverse gradients of male and female signals. Sex differentiation studies of monaeciousness are more difficult than studies on dioeciousness since, in all the cells. not only male and female programs co-exist as in dioeciousness, but also male and female sex penes and signals. The present model has been tested in the dioecious Mercurialisannua (2n = 16) and some other species, and the results that have been established are described.
First report of phytoplasma infection in olive trees (Olea europea L.).

In the Sarca valley (Trento, north Italy) the presence of olive trees (Olea Europea L.) with yellow symptoms in a few branches was observed. Some leaves showed diffuse chlorotic mottling affecting almost all the blade, while others showed mottling with green and yellow areas ; leaf deformation was also sometimes present. Phytoplasmas were only detected in olive trees with yellow leaves by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The results obtained suggested a high similarity between this phytoplasma and the elm yellows phytoplasma. This is the first time that a phytoplasma has been reported in the genus Olea.
Reconstructing the Architecture and Growth Habit of Pietzschia levis sp. nov. (Cladoxylopsida) from the Late Devonian of Southeastern Morocco

Pietzschia levis sp. nov. is represented by a 40‐cm‐long, anatomically preserved stem discovered in the locality of Mader el Mrakib, dated as Early Famennian by the associated marine fauna. Its assignment to the genus Pietzschia is based on the following characters: a dissected primary vascular system comprising a ring of discrete, radiating xylem plates encircling numerous smaller bundles; a large pith; several protoxylem poles in peripheral xylem plates that are not associated with parenchyma; sclerenchyma plates alternating with the peripheral xylem plates; absence of secondary tissues; and traces to lateral organs in groups, departing from more than two peripheral xylem plates. Anatomical characters that are unique to the new species are extensive aerenchymatous tissues occurring within the stem and bases of lateral organs; the small amount of vascular tissues; and the large number of peripheral xylem plates involved in emission of traces. The first two characters indicate ecological preferences of our new species for wetland habitats. Developmental studies of its anatomy indicate that P. levis was an erect plant that did not exceed 1 m in height. Its stem is conical and possibly oval in section. It has a determinate primary growth, and its lateral development is constrained by a lack of secondary tissues. There is no evidence for forked or digitate branching in distal parts. Lateral organs are inserted spirally and at acute angles. Beyond the fourth node, short and long internodes alternate. Bases of lateral organs are wide, bilaterally symmetrical, and decurrent over an extensive length. Small adventitious roots occur in the proximal part of the stem. Architecturally, P. levis resembles Lorophyton goense, a Middle Devonian taxon described from Belgium. Within the range of growth habits displayed by Devonian cladoxylopsids, P. levis is interpreted as a small form rather than as the juvenile stage of a larger arborescent type of plant.
The Determinants of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) Practices in Malaysian Public Listed Companies

The objective of this study is to examine the determinants of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) adoption in Malaysian Public Listed Companies (PLCs). The study focuses on ten industries from five hundred and seventy four Public Listed Companies in Malaysia for the period 2007. These ten industries include industrial products, trading/services, consumer products, properties, constructions, plantations, infrastructure projects, technology, hotels and mining. Logit regression approach will be employed, and a dummy variable equals one if companies adopt ERM and zero otherwise, is used as the dependent variable. Seven independent variables used are Size, Leverage, Profitability, International Diversification, Ownership, Chief Risk Officer and Turnover. The main results of this research is that companies with high turnover, hiring Chief Risk Officer and companies that are not diversified internationally are more likely to adopt ERM. Interestingly, Size, Leverage, Profitability, and Ownership are not significant determinants of ERM practices.