Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Food web constraints on chinook salmon recruitment in a large Lake Michigan tributary

Natural reproduction of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) now supplies half of all recruits to the Lake Michigan sport fishery but may vary greatly due to environmental variability and biotic interactions in tributary nursery areas. From 2004 to 2007, I evaluated the relative effect of predation by stocked sport fish species on Chinook salmon recruitment variability in the Muskegon River, a large Lake Michigan tributary. In April to June of each year, I conducted electrofishing surveys and diet analysis to estimate abundance and total consumption of Chinook salmon parr by walleyes (Sander vitreus), brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss). Fish abundance was estimated from pass depletion methods and change in catch per unit effort while total predator consumption was quantified using a meal turnover approach. Walleye and brown trout consumed large quantities of hatchery trout and Chinook salmon, respectively. Together, these piscivores annually consumed from 18 to 49% of available Chinook salmon parr. Brown trout predation on Chinook salmon parr was largely dependent on Chinook size while walleye predation on Chinook salmon parr was largely buffered by availability of rainbow and brown trout. Therefore, vulnerability of Chinook
Investigation of Relationship between Surface Tension of Feed Solution Containing Various Proteins and Surface Composition and Morphology of Powder Particles

The surface tension of freshly created food protein powder isolates was measured in aqueous solutions as a function of concentration, hydrolysis, and temperature. The surface tension of the solutions was measured immediately to best predict their surface-active behavior in a spray-drying scenario, where instantaneous values are more relevant than equilibrium surface tension measurements. Whole whey protein, hydrolyzed whey proteins (degrees of hydrolysis of 4, 9.5, 12, 17, and 20.2%), soy protein, pea protein isolates, and gelatin powders were diluted in a range of concentrations (0.04–2 g/L) and their surface tension values were reported at 23 ± 1°C. It was found that at higher concentrations hydrolyzed whey proteins at degrees of hydrolysis of 9.5 and 12%, and soy protein isolates in particular, showed excellent surface activity (shown through a decrease in surface tension) compared to nonhydrolyzed whey protein and gelatin. When comparing the influence of the degree of hydrolysis of whey proteins, the reverse was observed at lower concentrations (0.04–0.1 g/L), with the nonhydrolyzed whey protein reducing surface tension values more effectively than their hydrolyzed counterparts. Additionally, the protein solutions (2 g/L) were maintained at higher temperatures of 40, 50, and 60°C and the surface tension values were measured. There was a general improvement of surface activity of proteins indicated by the reduced surface tension of solutions at these temperatures compared with the pure water values. The protein solutions were also spray dried with maltodextrin (MD30) and the powder particle surface composition and structures were analyzed via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron micrography. There was a trend of correlation between the surface activities of protein in solution with that of the surface composition of protein found on the powder particles. However, there were morphological indicators that corresponded well to the amount of protein present on the surface.
Changes in Treatment Adherence During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Patients with Severe Asthma Receiving Biologic Agent Treatment

Aim : This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on treatment adherence in patients with severe asthma who were receiving omalizumab and mepolizumab treatment in our clinic. Material and Method: A total of 53 patients with severe asthma, 45 of whom were using omalizumab and 8 of whom were using mepolizumab, were included in the study. The medical records of the patients were recorded anonymously and retrospectively. Results : It was seen that the rate of patients using omalizumab in the study population decreased during the pandemic period compared to the 1-year period before the pandemic. It was observed that approximately 51% of the patients using omalizumab missed routine treatment doses. The major factor in skipping treatment doses was the fear of contracting COVID-19 upon admission to the hospital. In the mepolizumab group, the rate of using biologic agents during the pandemic period increased compared to 1 year before the pandemic. Dose skipping was observed among 37.5% of the patients in this group and it was found that the major risk factor for skipping a dose was the fear of contracting COVID-19 upon admission to the hospital. Conclusion : In this study, it was found that there was a decrease in the duration and rate of use of biologic agent therapies administered in a health institution under the supervision of a healthcare professional among patients with severe asthma during the pandemic.
When my object becomes me: The mere ownership of an object elevates domain-specific perceived self-efficacy

Past research on the mere ownership effect has shown that when people own an object, they perceive the owned objects more favorably than the comparable non-owned objects. The present research extends this idea showing that when people own an object functional to the self, they perceive an increase in their self-efficacy. Three studies were conducted to demonstrate this new form of the mere ownership effect. In Study 1, participants reported an increase in their knowledge level by the mere ownership of reading materials (a reading package in Study 1a, and lecture notes in Study 1b). In Study 2, participants reported an increase in their resilience to sleepiness by merely owning a piece of chocolate that purportedly had sleepiness-combating function. In Study 3, participants who merely owned a flower essence that is claimed to boost creativity reported having higher creativity efficacy. The findings provided insights on how associations with objects alter one’s self-perception.
Revised Upper Triassic stratigraphy of the Petrified Forest National Park

During the last 40 years, a variety of informal names have been proposed for Upper Triassic stratigraphic units in the Petrified Forest National Park (PFNP) and vicinity. We both simplify and formalize this stratigraphy. All Triassic exposures in the PFNP pertain to various units of the Chinle Group. We identify localized, topographically low exposures of siliciclastic redbeds and purple mudstones as the Bluewater Creek Formation, the oldest unit exposed in the park. The oldest widely exposed strata in the park belong to the overlying Blue Mesa Member of the Petrified Forest Formation. Within the Blue Mesa Member, we recognize one formal, sandstone-dominated unit of bed-level rank, the Newspaper Rock Bed. Sandstones and conglomerates of the Sonsela Member of the Petrified Forest Formation rest disconformably on Blue Mesa Member mudstones on an erosional surface (Tr-4 unconformity) that approximates the Carnian-Norian boundary. There is no separate "Rainbow Sandstone;" instead, beds previously assigned to this unit pertain to the basal Sonsela Member. The Sonsela Member is thus composed of three bed-level units in the park, units we designate as Rainbow Forest (basal sandstone and conglomerate), Jim Camp Wash (middle slope-forming, finer-grained interval) and Agate Bridge (upper sandstone and conglomerate) beds. The Sonsela Member is conformably overlain by the Painted Desert Member. In the southern portion of the park, the Painted Desert Member includes three sandstone-dominated units we formalize as Flattops beds 2-4 (ascending). North of 1-40, bed-level units cropping out in the Painted Desert include the Lithodendron Wash Bed (formalized here) and the Black Forest Bed. In the extreme northern portion of the park, pedogenic limestones of the Owl Rock Formation conformably overlie the Painted Desert Member. Locally, the Neogene Bidahochi Formation, including some interbedded lava flows, overlies the Painted Desert Member or the Owl Rock Formation. The youngest lithostratigraphic units exposed in the park are a variety of unconsolidated Quaternary colluvial, fluvial and eolian deposits. Lithologic and tetrapod biostratigraphic evidence indicates that Chinle strata encompass a single significant unconformity at the base of the Sonsela Member, with strata below the Sonsela bearing tetrapod fossils of Adamanian (latest Carnian) age and the Sonsela and overlying units containing Revueltian (early-mid-Norian) tetrapod fossils.
Remittances: Dutch disease or export-led growth?

The literature on remittances and growth has thus far established a positive link between remittances and overall economic growth in recipient countries. We identify the main transmission channel through which remittances seem to exert their growth-enhancing effects: the 'export-led growth' channel using a methodology that exploits both cross-country and within-country cross-industry variation, and correcting for the endogeneity of remittances by constructing a set of external instruments. We find that remittances are conducive to the relative growth of exporting industries within teh manufacturing sector of recipient economies, contrary to what standard Dutch disease theory suggests. In doing so, we control for the potential complementarity effect between migrant networks and international trade.
Quantifying the effects of Entry Level Stewardship (ELS) on biodiversity at the farm scale: the Hillesden Experiment

The Hillesden experiment has proved to be a valuable, practical test of the effectiveness of the Entry Level Stewardship scheme for a range of taxa at the farm-scale. The experiment was a large scale, randomised block experiment with three treatments applied to replicated land areas of c. 50-60 ha: i) Cross compliance (CC, conventional intensive arable management subject to the EU rules of cross compliance), ii) Entry Level Stewardship (ELS, a small suite of options selected to replicate a ‘standard’ agreement comprising 1% area out of production), iii) Entry Level Stewardship Extra (ELS X, a more extensive selection of options targeted at farmland wildlife of conservation interest comprising 5% area out of production). The results show that over a five year period (2006-2011) the effects on (i) habitat quality and food resources, and (ii) the abundance, diversity and population dynamics of some key farmland taxa were significantly enhanced by both targeted local management and enhancements at the landscape scale. However there were clear effects of scale on the responses of different taxa (see Table 1.1). Mobile species like bumblebees, moths, birds and small mammals were more subject to the effects of wider landscape context and showed a net response to the whole farm manipulation. The response of other taxa e.g. plants and some invertebrate groups, were more influenced by local environmental effects and plot level manipulations. In general resource quality was higher in the more ‘targeted’ ELSX options. However there was high variability in results reflecting species specific responses to habitats at both local and landscape scales. Critical to the success of any ELS agreement is the quality of plot establishment and maintenance. Often if a sown option is not doing well after the first year, it will be unlikely to improve and should be abandoned. Both ground conditions at establishment and subsequent weather conditions contributed to the high plot variability observed. We suggest that greater emphasis should be placed on creating a much higher proportion of field margin habitat that gives a higher probability of providing a range of critical both winter and summer resources for farmland wildlife. It is not possible to provide these resources within a single margin type, so a diversity of margins is required at the farm scale.
The confluence of theory, practice, and geography: leadership of the small, rural college within the diverse environment of northern British Columbia

This study examines college leadership in Northern British Columbia and uncovers a unique leadership requirement and skill set called resourcefulness. This research is substantiated by the narratives of educational leaders from the College of New Caledonia, Northern Lights College, and Northwest Community College as they serve their communities and interact with global perspectives and knowledge systems. Like other Canadian rural communities, the small, resource-based communities within Northern British Columbia are experiencing rapid change. The vastness of the geography and the diversity of the communities and of the Aboriginal peoples in the region pose unique challenges and extensive opportunity for entrepreneurial and cosmopolitan approaches to delivering education and training. Naturally, the community looks towards the college for leadership; therefore in small communities, the college leader has a high public profile and extensive political engagement. The college leader requires a comprehensive understanding of leadership theories and practices, particularly servant and transformational leadership, and must use authentic approaches to reach understanding, particularly to appreciate and respond to the needs of diverse Aboriginal cultures. The moral implication of unique situations must take precedence over the simply effective. In this regard, the ways that the leaders interpret and understand their surroundings and correspondingly navigate within large systems are of critical importance in terms of acquiring the necessary resources for success. The research culminates in recommendations for effective succession planning at the colleges and unique leadership development approaches that address the realities of Northern British Columbia.
Prevalence and determinants of opportunistic infections among HIV infected adults after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia: A systematic review and Meta-analysis

Background: Reliable data on the burden of opportunistic infections (OIs) after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation is critical for planning health services and reducing OI-related morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, there has been no nationally representative information on the prevalence of OIs in our country. Therefore, we have undertaken this comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence, and identify potential risk factors associated with the development of OIs in HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)- infected adults receiving ART in Ethiopia. Methods: Articles were searched in international electronic databases. A standardized Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and STATA software version 16 were used for data extraction and analysis, respectively. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist was used to write this report. The random-effect meta-analysis model was used to estimate pooled effect. Statistical heterogeneity of the meta-analysis was checked. Subgroup and the sensitivity analyses were also performed. Publication bias was examined funnel plots and the nonparametric rank correlation test of Begg and the regression-based test of Egger. Association was expressed through a pooled odds ratio (OR) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) Results: A total of 12 studies with 6163 study participants were included. The overall estimated pooled prevalence of OIs was 43.97% (95 % CI (38.59, 49.34). Poor level of adherence to ART (OR, 5.90 (95% CI (3.05, 11.40), under nutrition (OR, 3.70 (95% CI (2.01, 6.80), CD4 T lymphocytes count <200 cells /µL (OR, 3.23 95% CI (2.06, 5.07), and advanced World Health
Inference of Resource Management Specifications

A resource leak occurs when a program fails to free some finite resource after it is no longer needed. Such leaks are a significant cause of real-world crashes and performance problems. Recent work proposed an approach to prevent resource leaks based on checking resource management specifications. A resource management specification expresses how the program allocates resources, passes them around, and releases them; it also tracks the ownership relationship between objects and resources, and aliasing relationships between objects. While this specify-and-verify approach has several advantages compared to prior techniques, the need to manually write annotations presents a significant barrier to its practical adoption. This paper presents a novel technique to automatically infer a resource management specification for a program, broadening the applicability of specify-and-check verification for resource leaks. Inference in this domain is challenging because resource management specifications differ significantly in nature from the types that most inference techniques target. Further, for practical effectiveness, we desire a technique that can infer the resource management specification intended by the developer, even in cases when the code does not fully adhere to that specification. We address these challenges through a set of inference rules carefully designed to capture real-world coding patterns, yielding an effective fixed-point-based inference algorithm. We have implemented our inference algorithm in two different systems, targeting programs written in Java and C#. In an experimental evaluation, our technique inferred 85.5% of the annotations that programmers had written manually for the benchmarks. Further, the verifier issued nearly the same rate of false alarms with the manually-written and automatically-inferred annotations.
Prognostic value of high-risk HPV DNA and p16 INK4a immunohistochemistry in anal cancer patients: an individual patient data meta-analysis

Background: High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) types represent the etiological agents in a major proportion of anal squamous cell carcinomas (ASCC). Several studies have suggested a prognostic relevance of HPV-related markers, particularly hrHPV DNA and p16 INK4a (p16) protein expression, in ASCC patients. However, broader evaluation of these prognostic marker candidates has been hampered by small cohort sizes and heterogeneous survival data among the individual studies. We conducted an individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis to determine the prognostic value of hrHPV DNA and p16 in ASCC patients while controlling for major clinical and tumor covariates. Patients and Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted to identify all published studies analyzing p16 alone or in combination with hrHPV DNA and reporting survival data in ASCC patients. Clinical and tumor-related IPD were requested from authors of potentially eligible studies. Survival analyses were performed with a proportional hazard Cox model stratified by study and adjusted for relevant covariates. The study-specific hazard ratios for the exposures were pooled using a random-effects model. Kaplan-Meier curves from different studies were pooled per exposure group and weighted by the study's total sample size.
Synthesizing greenhouse gas fluxes across nine European peatlands and shrublands - responses to climatic and environmental changes

In this study, we compare annual fluxes of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and soil respiratory carbon dioxide (CO2) measured at nine European peatlands (n = 4) and shrublands (n = 5). The sites range from northern Sweden to Spain, covering a span in mean annual air temperature from 0 to 16 degrees C, and in annual precipitation from 300 to 1300 mm yr(-1). The effects of climate change, including temperature increase and prolonged drought, were tested at five shrubland sites. At one peatland site, the long-term (> 30 yr) effect of drainage was assessed, while increased nitrogen deposition was investigated at three peatland sites. The shrublands were generally sinks for atmospheric CH4, whereas the peatlands were CH4 sources, with fluxes ranging from -519 to + 6890 mg CH4-Cm-2 yr(-1) across the studied ecosystems. At the peatland sites, annual CH4 emission increased with mean annual air temperature, while a negative relationship was found between net CH4 uptake and the soil carbon stock at the shrubland sites. Annual N2O fluxes were generally small ranging from -14 to 42 mg N2O-Nm(-2) yr(-1). Highest N2O emission occurred at the sites that had highest nitrate (NO3-) concentration in the soil water. Furthermore, experimentally increased NO3- deposition led to increased N2O efflux, whereas prolonged drought and long-term drainage reduced the N2O efflux. Soil CO2 emissions in control plots ranged from 310 to 732 g CO2-C m(-2) yr(-1). Drought and long-term drainage from -519 to + 6890 mg CH4-C m(-2) yr(-1) across the studied ecosystems. At the peatland sites, annual CH4 emission increased with mean annual air temperature, while a negative relationship was found between net CH4 uptake and the soil carbon stock at the shrubland sites. Annual N2O fluxes were generally small ranging from -14 to 42 mg N2O-N m(-2) yr(-1). Highest N2O emission occurred at the sites that had highest nitrate (NO3-) concentration in the soil water. Furthermore, experimentally increased NO3- deposition led to increased N2O efflux, whereas prolonged drought and long-term drainage reduced the N2O efflux. Soil CO2 emissions in control plots ranged from 310 to 732 g CO2-Cm-2 yr(-1). Drought and long-term drainage generally reduced the soil CO2 efflux, except at a hydric shrubland where drought tended to increase soil respiration. In terms of fractional importance of each greenhouse gas to the total numerical global warming response, the change in CO2 efflux dominated the response in all treatments (ranging 71-96%), except for NO3- addition where 89% was due to change in CH4 emissions. Thus, in European peatlands and shrublands the effect on global warming induced by the investigated anthropogenic disturbances will be dominated by variations in soil CO2 fluxes.
Detecting and Visualising the Impact of Heterogeneous 3 Evolutionary Processes on Phylogenetic Estimates

: Most model-based molecular phylogenetic methods assume that the sequences 19 diverged on a tree under homogeneous conditions. If evolution occurred under these 20 conditions, then it is unlikely that the sequences would become compositionally 21 heterogeneous. Conversely, if the sequences are compositionally heterogeneous, then it is 22 unlikely that they have evolved under homogeneous conditions. We present methods to detect 23 and analyse heterogeneous evolution in aligned sequence data and to examine—visually and 24 numerically—its eﬀect on phylogenetic estimates. The methods are implemented in three 25 programs, allowing users to better examine under what conditions their phylogenetic data 26 may have evolved. 27