Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of Auramine O Staining Using LED Fluorescent Microscopy with Ziehl –Neelsen Staining in the Examination of Sputum For Acid Fast Bacilli

Background: Despite all interventions, tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health issue in Nigeria. Effective TB treatment and control demand early case detection. The ZN staining technique, which is the method of choice in the DOTS program can have problem of low sensitivity. Hence, the need for more sensitive alternative methods. Use of culture is the gold standard but it is not feasible in resource limited settings. The fluorescent Light Emitting Diode (LED) microscopy (FM) method using auramine O stain offers a viable alternative. Aims and Objectives: To study the efficacy of the fluorescent LED microscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in comparison with the Z N method and to determine which of the methods is faster in the detection of Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB). Methodology: Early morning sputum samples were collected from 630 pulmonary tuberculosis suspects (PTB) attending the TB (DOTS) centre of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria. Two smears, measuring 1x2 cm in diameter, made from each specimen received were stained, one with Ziehl Neelsen staining method and the other with auramine O fluorescent staining method. Results: Microscopy results obtained from both methods were recorded according to the IUALTD/WHO guideline as adopted by the National Tuberculosis programme (NTP). The results showed comparable sensitivities. The positivity rate was 51/630(8.1%) for ZN and 55/630(8.7%) for FM. However, FM was found to be faster than ZN technique. Conclusions: The faster reading and the ease of use of the LED fluorescent microscope together with its general acceptability actually support its use in the DOTS program, not as an alternative but as an adjuvant, especially during the introductory phase which should be monitored.
The social virtues and the creation of prosperity

A method of handling hot particulate material including the steps of producing a flow of liquid coolant in which there is substantially no increase in the width of flow with increasing depth; introducing hot particulate material into the path of flow of coolant to create a temporary barrier arresting the flow of coolant; and allowing accumulated coolant to breach the barrier and carry away with it particulate material of the temporary barrier.
Enhanced Antibacterial Effects of Ciprofloxacin Enclosed In Cyclodextrin and Nano-Suspension Carrier Systems

This paper presents enhanced antimicrobial activities of ciprofloxacin when it was delivered through molecular inclusion complex system or nano-suspension carrier system. Ciprofloxacin is a broad spectrum second generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic which is effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. It kills bacteria by interfering with topoisomerase which stops synthesis of DNA and of protein. It is practically insoluble in water and sensitive to sunlight losing its antibacterial activity. Objective of this research is to enhance solubility of ciprofloxacin so as to achieve better efficacy. Solubility enhancement of ciprofloxacin was achieved using a classical cyclodextrin inclusion complex and a current nanotechnology approach. Inclusion complexes were prepared with beta-cyclodextrin using kneading method. Nanosuspension of ciprofloxacin was prepared by anti solvent precipitation method. Pure ciprofloxacin suspension and equivalent amount of nano-suspension and inclusion complexes were tested and compared for antibacterial activity using agar diffusion method against gram positive bacteria such as MRSA ATCC # 33591, B. subtilis ATCC # 10400, E. coli ATCC # 13706, K. pneumoniae ATCC # 13368, P. aeruginosa ATCC # 27853. Observed zone of inhibition by all treatment were statistically analyzed to achieve a valid conclusion. Statistical significance was determined by one-way analysis of variance with p<0.05 considered as significant. All tested treatments were found effective against all tested strains. The statistical analysis revealed that there is significant difference (p<0.05) between pure ciprofloxacin and its formulations such as inclusion complex and nanosuspension however there was no significant difference between the formulations.
Beat-To-Beat Ventricular Repolarization Duration Variability Assessed By Cardiac Acceleration and Deceleration Phases in Athletes

Dynamic ventricular repolarization duration (VRD) and RR-interval coupling relates to autonomic control and myocardial electrical stability. Phase-rectification of RR-interval series separates acceleration (AC) and deceleration (DC) phases, reflecting sympathetic and parasympathetic influences on heart rate, respectively. To assess the effect of physical conditioning status on dynamic VRD and phase-rectification-driven RR-interval coupling. Controls (n = 10) and Athletes (n = 10) groups underwent 15 min resting ECG. RRinterval histogram was calculated, with 100 ms width classes, ranging from 700 ms to 1300 ms. RR-intervals and respective VRD, defined as the segment between R-wave peak and the apex of the T-wave (RTA) were grouped. The averages of RTA (MRTA) and RRintervals (MRR) were calculated, using the whole series, AC and DC phases, as well as root-mean-squared difference of consecutive RTA (RMS-RTA). Values were pooled, and compared inter groups and inter classes. Regression lines were calculated, and slope compared between groups (α<0.05). MRTA was larger in Athletes than in Controls. MRTA increased proportionally to MRR in both AC and DC, and slope was steeper in Athletes. MRTA slopes in AC and DC phases did show differences, in both groups. RMS-RTAC and RMSRTDC showed no intergroup differences. An inverse correlation between RMS-RTA and MRR was found only in Athletes, similarly in both phases. In athletes, VRD is larger, for all RR-interval durations, and RTA slope steeper than in heathy sedentary, indicating faster adaptation. In athletes, VRD variability decreases as RR-interval increases, indicating a beneficial effect of fitness on repolarization stability.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF C.T. SCAN FINDINGS OF CRANIAL LESIONS WITH AUTOPSY FINDINGS

Computerised tomographic (CT) scanning remains the commonest acute head injury (HI) patients worldwide. In many patients, CT scan might look norm patient may have a epidemiological aspects of acute head trau with post mortem examination findings. This study was conducted on 64cases of traumatic head injuries who underwent a CT scan of the head prior to death and had medico G.S. Med 2016. Maximum incidence of head injury was found in the age group of 21 (26.57%) cases. Most common cause of head injury was road traffic accident 32 significant disparity noted between autopsy and CT scan findings regarding bone fracture, intracranial haemorrhage and type of brain injury. Autopsy being a direct visual examination of the lesions can detect more pathological findings c images.
Comprehensive Survey and Comparative Experimental Performance Gain of AODV, DSR and OLSR in MANETs

: Routing is a crucial issue in MANET due to the absence of fixed infrastructure and centralized administration. Many routing protocols like Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) have been proposed to find the optimized path from source node to destination nodes. This paper analyzed the performance of AODV, DSR and OLSR on the basis of sent packets, received packets and Quality of Service (QoS) metrics like throughput, end to end delay, packet delivery ratio, packet loss ratio with varying network load and network size.
Technique to Balance Energy Efficient Clustering with Data Transmission in Large Scale Sensor Network

: Clustering has always been playing an essential role in energy efficiency over wireless sensor network. There are various studies that have been focused on resolving energy issues using various techniques where each technique have their own limitations. Hence, this paper presents a unique technique of clustering exclusively targeting large scale wireless sensor network by introducing a novel communication technique, clustering technique followed by selection of cluster head. The technique is also found to maintain a good balance between energy efficiency and data transmission in wireless sensor network. The study outcome shows proposed system offers better clustering performance with respect to most frequently adopted energy efficient protocol with respect to network delay, throughput, and energy conservation.
Effect of 4-Weeks Hypoxic Training on Some Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of Athletes

Cite this article: Halawa NI. Effect of 4-Weeks Hypoxic Training on Some Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of Athletes. Int J Sports Sci Med. 2019;3(2): 065-069. Copyright: © 2019 Halawa NI, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. International Journal of Sports Science & Medicine
EFFECT OF CADMIUM SULPHATE ON CERTAIN BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF TELEOST, CLARIAS BATRACHUS

Discharge of heavy metals into aquatic environment from various sources causes serious health hazards in aquatic organisms particularly to fish fauna. The persistence bioaccumulation of these heavy metals causes alterations, in various biochemical profile of one of the major food fish, Clarias batrachus. This paper investigates the effect of Cadmium Sulphate on biochemical parameters of Clarias batrachus viz. Serum Protein, Serum Cholesterol and Glucose after 30, 45 and 60 days of post treatment. Decline in Serum Protein after all three exposure periods 30, 45 and 60 days is suggestive of starved condition in fish. Inclination in Serum cholesterol profiles after 30, 45 and 60 days indicates hypercholesterolemia accounting to liver failure. Serum glucose showed increase after 30, 45 and 60 days of exposure causing hyperglycemia.
An Integrated Care Pathway for Self-Injurious Behavior for Individuals with IDD: Improving Practice through Training

This paper addresses the lack of knowledge and lack of standardization for treating individuals who engage in self-injurious behavior (SIB) to the head. An evidence-based integrated care pathway is described that was created for health care professionals treating individuals with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) who engage in frequent and/or significant SIB. It is anticipated that this pathway will increase treatment team knowledge of best practices, decrease clinical variation, standardize care, and improve clinical outcomes with this vulnerable population. Copyright: © 2016 Regina Gentlesk Green. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
The protective effect of vitamin A against sodium nitrate induced toxicity in liver and kidney of albino rats: histological and ultrastructural study

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of sublethal dose of nitrate in a short-term experiment (orally and daily for 8 weeks) and the possible ameliorative effect of vitamins A. 120 adult male Albino rats were divided into 4 groups of 30 rats each and treated daily for 8 weeks as follows: Group I (control) received distilled water, Group II received 10,000 I.U/ rat vitamin A, Group III received 50 mg/kg NaNO3 and Group IV received 50 mg/kg NaNO3 +10,000 I.U/ rat vitamin A. All the animals were sacrificed after 8 weeks of treatment. Specimens from liver and kidney of rats were collected for the optical and electron microscope study. In the present study, light microscopic examination revealed that "Sod. nitrate" caused kidney damage represented by shrinked glomerular tuft, degeneration of some tubules and epithelial lining cells. Formation of focal fibrosis and infiltrated with a number of inflammatory cells. The damage also extended to the hepatic cells including cytoplasmic vacuolization and dialated congested veins. The liver showed hydropic degenerated hepatocytes, necrotic areas infiltrated with a number of inflammatory cells, in addition to the presence of mononuclear cell infiltration and dilated sinusoids. Ultrastructural results of the kidney nitrate treated animals showed that irregular thickening of glomerular basement membrane. Mitochondria were obviously swollen and having disintegrated organelles. Moreover, the proximal tubules contained very dense mitochondria with numerous closely packed cristae, thick basal lamina, vacuoles, distruction of microvilli and irregular nucleus. Electron microscopic examination of the liver of rats treated with sodium nitrate showed swollen hepatic cells with cell sap of low density, scant endoplasmic reticulum and swollen mitochondria. There was segregated organelles in a membrane bound structure and variable size lipid droplets. Condensed nucleus was seen. In addition, myelin figure (finger-print appearance), apparently formed by the concentric lamellar arrangement of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The Light microscopy, and ultrastructural result that the treatment with vitamin A led to repair of almost all the damaged tissues of the liver and kidneys. [Sanaa R. Galaly and M.S. Mahmoud. The protective effect of vitamin A against sodium nitrate induced toxicity in liver and kidney of albino rats: histological and ultrastructural study. J Am Sci 2012;8(12):293-308]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience. org. 43
Semiparametric and nonparametric calibration estimators in cluster sampling by use of penalty functions

The application of nonparametric model calibration estimators in multistage survey sampling has been studied by several authors with the cluster level auxiliary information assumed completely available for each cluster. The reasoning behind model calibration is that if the calibration constraints are satisfied by the auxiliary variable, then it is expected that the fitted values of the variable of interest should satisfy such constraints too. In this paper, we have considered a case of auxiliar information present at two levels. We derive estimators by treating the calibration problems at both levels as optimization problems and solving them by the method of penalty functions. they do not fail in the event the model is misspecified for the data.
Evaluation of second generation Bt cotton hybrids against sucking pests and bollworms

Cotton is an important commercial crop in India playing a major role in agricultural economy. Before introduction of transgenic Bt cotton, farmers of Maharashtra witnessed instability in cotton production due to frequent crop failures because of outbreaks of insect pests. Among the problems, bollworms especially American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera and pink bollworm , Pectinophora gossypiella cause considerable damage to cotton crop. Helicoverpa alone cause significant losses to the tune of Rs. 1000 crores in the country annually warranting insecticides application which many a times exceeds 20 sprays especially in epidemic years (Prasad et al., 2009). In order to reduce dependence on chemical insecticides and resistant effect on non target organisms, tools of biotechnology have been applied to develop cotton that can withstand certain problematic and insecticide resistant pests more efficiently. Transgenic Bt cotton containing Cry1Ac gene which offers resistance to major bollworms was first commercially released in the world in 1996 and during 2002 in India. Since then transgenic Bt cotton has been adopted at an unprecedented pace in our country with the area crossing more than 90 per cent in last nine years of commercialization. The area under Bt cotton tripled over just one year i.e. between 2005-06 and 2006-07 (Jaykumar et al., 2008). There have been substantial gain in terms of lint yield and we have crossed the targets set for 11 Plan by many folds. Now Bt cotton comes with next generation technology called Bollgard II with increased efficacy for the control of bollworms. This technology provides a wider spectrum and season long control of bollworms and also provides convenient insect management ABSTRACT
Epidémiologie des cancers du tube digestif au Burkina Faso : Apport de 8000 endoscopies effectuées au Centre Hospitalier National Sanou Souro (CHNSS) de Bobo Dioulasso

Les auteurs rapportent les donnees d'une etude retrospective de 7 ans dont le but etait de decrire le profil epidemiologique et anatomo-pathologique des cancers du tube digestif (CTD) au BURKINA FASO.130 CTD ont ete decouverts chez 90 hommes et 40 femmes avec un sex-ratio de 2,25, au cours de 8000 endoscopies digestives hautes et basses effectuees de janvier 1992 a decembre 1998 au CHNSS de Bobo-Dioulasso. L'âge moyen des malades etait de 51,5 ans. Le cancer gastrique 94 cas soit 72,3 % des CTD etait la localisation la plus frequente devant les cancers recto-colique 17 cas (13 %), oesophagien 16 cas (12,3 %) et duodenal 3 cas (2,4 %). L'apport de l'endoscopie et peut-etre la modification du regime alimentaire en milieu urbain expliquent cette grande frequence de decouverte des CTD au Burkina Faso.
Morphometric study of Sacral Hiatus for Caudal Epidural Block

Study of variation of sacral hiatus in dry bone is important as it determines access of sacral hiatus for caudal epidural anaesthesia and analgesia. So this descriptive observational study was conducted on 80 adult sacrum bones were studied at department of Anatomy, SMS Medical College, Jaipur with the aim to examine Morphometry of Sacral hiatus including shape, length, A-P diameter at apex and transverse width at base. Most commonly found shape of sacral hiatus in this study was inverted U/V shape. Length of sacral hiatus ranged 6 to 43 mm with more than half cases having length between 10-20 mm. Most sacrum (81.25%) had anterio-posterior diameter of 4 to 8 mm. Half of the sacrum had transverse width at sacral cornua between 9-13 mm. It can be concluded that anatomical variations in sacral hiatus are cause of caudal epidural anaesthesia failure and procedure related complications. Understanding these variations may improve success of caudal epidural anaesthesia and decrease incidence of complications. So this study will be useful to increase success rate of epidural anaesthesia. Keywords— Sacrum, Sacral hiatus.
EVALUATION OF ADHERENCE AND DETERMINANTS OF ADHERENCE TO HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY AMONG HIV-INFECTED ADULTS AND ADOLESCENTS ATTENDING A NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL TREATMENT CENTRE

The objective of this study was to evaluate adherence and determinants of adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among HIV-infected adults and adolescents attending a Nigeria Teaching Hospital Treatment Centre. Method: An expert validated 41-item structured questionnaire (Cronbach alpha of 0.709) was administered to 400 HIV-infected adolescents and adults. The questionnaire was divided in to three parts: the first part was directed at the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, the second and the third parts were designed to assess respondents’ adherence to HAART and the knowledge of the respondents on HIV infection as well as on HAART respectively. Results: The results revealed that female respondents (71.5%) were significantly (p < 0.001) more than male respondents (28.5%) with comparable level of education attained between the gender (p = 0.376). Most of the respondents (34%) were unemployed with females more than males (p < 0.001) and the majority of the respondents were married. A total of 236 (59.0%) of the respondents achieved ≥ 95% adherence by pharmacy records with both gender having comparable adherence. Only 2% and 1.5% of the respondents achieved ≥ 95% adherence by self-report and pooled adherence respectively. Conclusion: Overall, the adherence rates were very poor in this setting. Patients’ residence from the treatment centre and knowledge on HAART were the factors that correlate with adherence. Counselling, knowledge, years on HAART and complexity of regimen were predictors of pooled adherence among the patients. Furthermore, demographic and socio-economic factors like: gender, level of education, marital status, income and occupation have influence on adherence.
Fetal kidney length as a parameter for gestational age determination and its comparative evaluation with other fetal biometric indices

Background: An accurate estimation of foetal gestation age is of utmost clinical significance owing to its vast clinical implications principally in management of high risk pregnancies. Aim: To determine correlation and regression coefficient of foetal kidney length as a parameter for gestational age and to do its comparative evaluation with other foetal biometric indices. Materials and methods: A Prospective observational study was conducted on 200 women aged between 18 to 35 years with normal singleton pregnancies, over a duration of six months from December 2015 to May 2016. Gestational age and fetal kidney length was determined using Ultrasound machine PHILIPS HD7 (2.0.1) with 35 MHz curvilinear transducer. Statistical analysis was done using tests of correlation and simple linear regression. All analysis was done by using IBM SSPS statistics 24and MS excel. Results: Pearson’s correlation coefficient value of 0.99 and regression coefficient or slope 1.0 noted between gestational age and fetal kidney length with a significance P< 0.001. Bardhan J, Ghosh SK, Sarkar KN, Sarkar M. Fetal kidney length as a parameter for gestational age determination and its comparative evaluation with other fetal biometric indices. IAIM, 2016; 3(8): 36-44. Page 37 Conclusions: Fetal kidney length shows a positive correlation with fetal gestational age, with a linear growth rate throughout pregnancy irrespective of underlying medical condition like intrauterine growth retardation. This study shall prove its worth in cases of engaged fetal head, where it is difficult to measure fetal bi parietal diameter and head circumference as well as in cases of intrauterine growth retardation, macrosomia and malformation where abdominal circumference measurement gives false values.
Significance of hs-CRP and Oxidative Stress as Early Novel Markers of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Young Healthy Obese Males

This study was conducted to assess the significance of early novel markers of sub-clinical atherosclerosis in the young healthy obese males, thereby predicting the future risk of cardiovascular diseases and other obesity related disorders. The control group was comprised of 60 healthy adult non-obese males between 20-70 yrs and 60 age-matched healthy adult obese males comprised the study group. Study group was further divided into 2029 yrs, 30-39 yrs, 40-49 yrs and 50-59 yrs age groups. Anthropometric measurements (Body Mass Index, Waist to Hip ratio) and biochemical estimations (blood glucose, high sensitive C-reactive protein, lipid profile, oxidative stress markers like serum malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity) were carried out on all groups. There were significant increases in Body Mass Index, Waist-to-Hip ratio, malondialdehyde and hs-CRP levels in obese group compared to non-obese controls with advancing age and significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity in obese individuals compared to non-obese controls with advancing age. Negative correlations were observed between total antioxidant capacity and waist-to-hip ratio and between malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity in all age groups. Positive correlations were observed between malondialdehyde and waist-to-hip ratio in all age groups. Thus, hs-CRP and precise oxidative stress markers might be useful as early novel markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, for identifying subjects at higher risk for obesity related co-morbidities and therefore would benefit from preventive interventions.