Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neotectonics of Asia: Thin-shell finite-element models with faults

As India pushed into and beneath the south margin of Asia in Cenozoic time, it added a great volume of crust, which may have been (1) emplaced locally beneath Tibet, (2) distributed as regional crustal thickening of Asia, (3) converted to mantle eclogite by high-pressure metamorphism, or (4) extruded eastward to increase the area of Asia. The amount of eastward extrusion is especially controversial: plane-stress computer models of finite strain in a continuum lithosphere show minimal escape, while laboratory and theoretical plane-strain models of finite strain in a faulted lithosphere show escape as the dominant mode. We suggest computing the present (or neo)tectonics by use of the known fault network and available data on fault activity, geodesy, and stress to select the best model. We apply a new thin-shell method which can represent a faulted lithosphere of realistic rheology on a sphere, and provided predictions of present velocities, fault slip rates, and stresses for various trial rheologies and boundary conditions. To minimize artificial boundaries, the models include all of Asia east of 40 deg E and span 100 deg on the globe. The primary unknowns are the friction coefficient of faults within Asia and the amounts of shear traction applied to Asia in the Himalayan and oceanic subduction zones at its margins. Data on Quaternary fault activity prove to be most useful in rating the models. Best results are obtained with a very low fault friction of 0.085. This major heterogeneity shows that unfaulted continum models cannot be expected to give accurate simulations of the orogeny. But, even with such weak faults, only a fraction of the internal deformation is expressed as fault slip; this means that rigid microplate models cannot represent the kinematics either. A universal feature of the better models is that eastern China and southeast Asia flow rapidly eastward with respect to Siberia. The rate of escape is very sensitive to the level of shear traction in the Pacific subduction zones, which is below 6 MPa. Because this flow occurs across a wide range of latitudes, the net eastward escape is greater than the rate of crustal addition in the Himalaya. The crustal budget is balanced by extension and thinning, primarily within the Tibetan plateau and the Baikal rift. The low level of deviation stresses in the best models suggests that topographic stress plays a major role in the orogeny; thus, we have to expect that different topography in the past may have been linked with fundamentally different modes of continental collision.
Estimating soil phosphorus sorption saturation from Mehlich-3 data

Soil phosphorus sorption saturation (Psat) measures the degree to which soil phosphorus (P) sorption sites have been filled and has been found to be a good indicator of P availability to runoff and leachate. At present, analytical methods required to estimate Psat are generally not offered by soil testing laboratories. This study evaluated the use of Mehlich-3 data in estimating Psat in a wide range of soils. In acidic soils Psat estimated from Mehlich-3 P, iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) was highly correlated with Psat estimated from ammonium oxalate data as well as with a reference Psat estimated from bicarbonate P and the Langmuir sorption maximum In alkaline soils Psat estimated with Mehlich-3 P and calcium (Ca) was highly correlated with the reference Psat and the strength of that correlation improved only slightly by factoring in soil clay content Results indicate that Psat may be effectively estimated from Mehlich-3 data across a wide range of soils. This study confirms that Psat may be readily estimated by soil testing laboratories that routinely measure Mehlich-3 P, Al, Fe, and Ca.
Comparative Exercise of Efficiency Between C/V Playa de Menduíña and R/V Vizconde de Eza in the NAFO Divisions 3NO in May 2001

In 2002 the R/V Vizconde de Eza will replace the C/V Playa de Menduíña in conducting the Platuxa bottom trawl series carried out by the Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo (Oceanographic Center of Vigo) since 1995. So in May of 2001 a comparative fishing experience was conducted to transform the series of the indices previously obtained and maintain the continuity of the time series obtained by the C/V Playa de Menduíña. A 81 parallel hauls series was performed. For each of the main species: American Plaice, Yellowtail flounder, Cod, Witch flounder and Thorny skate, the catches of both vessels were compared and a linear fit for these catches is presented. Also, we performed a comparative study on the catches by length for American plaice and Yellowtail flounder by a probability variant of the logistic curve, assuming unequal catches between the two vessels, and a fit to transformed these data. As anticipated, the values of the new indices were lower than the previous values, because the Pedreira is approximately four times more efficient than the Campelen trawl gear. Introduction In may of 2001, the Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo carried out the Platuxa bottom trawl 2001, as a part of the Platuxa bottom trawl series carried out by this Oceanographic Center since 1995 with the C/V Playa de Menduíña, using a Pedreira otter trawl equipped with 15 cm. diameter rubber disc footgear. But in 2002, this vessel will be replaced by the R/V Vizconde de Eza , which uses a Campelen 1800 shrimp trawl, equipped with a 35 cm. diameter rockhopper footgear. A detailed description of the experimental design and analytical methodology can be found in Paz and Durán (1999), Durán et. al. (2001), Walsh et. al. (2001). In order to establish a link between the two sets of survey data, comparative fishing trials were conducted in May 2001 to develop factors between the two fishing gear combinations. A series of 81 paired hauls was carried out. The conversion factors derived were in terms of fish length, given the different selectivities of the trawls involved. Direct comparison of catches from vessel fishing side by side is based on the assumption that the number of fish in the trawl paths is more or less the same. This paper is a continuation of a series published by the Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo over the last few years. In 1999, this center began conducting comparative fishing operations to estimate the efficiency of Pedreira trawl in an alternate haul experiment with the Campelen. In 2000, these comparative studies were continued and expanded to include side-by-side comparative fishing with the Canadian vessel Wilfred Templeman. In 2001, the SpanishCanadian comp arative fishing trials also included the R/V Vizconde de Eza (see Paz et. al., 2000; Román et. al., 2001, Walsh et. al., 2001). The objective of this paper is to present the data transformed from the Pedreira into the Campelen data. All the data for the period 1995-2000 used in this paper has been published in previous papers (Paz et. al., 1999, Paz et. al., 2000, Durán et. al., 2001).
Source-Related Chemical and Isotopic Heterogeneities in Granitoids

A survey of a large number of post-orogenic plutons, shows that regional-scale, intraplutonic isotope heterogeneities (initial Sr/Sr and/orεNd) are common in crustally derived granitic rocks. This is expected since the source materials, from which the granitic magmas were created by partial melting, are themselves heterogeneous, especially from metasedimentary sources. If we accept models of granite emplacement involving the rapid ascent of magma along dykes, there must be potential for the preservation of source-inherited chemical and isotopic heterogeneities. However, their preservation will depend on the extent of post-emplacement homogenisation processes, such as diffusion and convective mixing, in the magma chambers. Micro-sampling of feldspar crystals in granites has revealed complex internal Sr and Nd isotope variations thought to reveal subtle variations in the isotopic composition of the melt from which particular zones crystallised. We therefore have evidence of both macro-scale (regional) and micro-scale isotopic variation within granitic magmas. What is unknown is the extent of chemical and isotopic variation on the mesoscale.
Basis decompositions of genus-one string integrals

One-loop scattering amplitudes in string theories involve configuration-space integrals over genus-one surfaces with coefficients of Kronecker-Eisenstein series in the integrand. A conjectural genus-one basis of integrands under Fay identities and integration by parts was recently constructed out of chains of Kronecker-Eisenstein series. In this work, we decompose a variety of more general genus-one integrands into the conjectural chain basis. The explicit form of the expansion coefficients is worked out for infinite families of cases where the Kronecker-Eisenstein series form cycles. Our results can be used to simplify multiparticle amplitudes in supersymmetric, heterotic and bosonic string theories and to investigate loop-level echoes of the field-theory double-copy structures of string tree-level amplitudes. The multitude of basis reductions in this work strongly validate the recently proposed chain basis and stimulate mathematical follow-up studies of more general configuration-space integrals with additional marked points or at higher genus.
Corrections to “Silicon-Based On-chip Electrically-Tunable Spectral Shaper for Continuously Tunable Linearly Chirped Microwave Waveform Generation”

A silicon-based on-chip electrically-tunable spectral shaper for the generation of a tunable linearly chirped microwave waveform (LCMW) based on spectral shaping and wavelength-to-time (SS-WTT) mapping is designed, fabricated, and demonstrated. The on-chip spectral shaper has a Michelson interferometer structure with two linearly chirped waveguide Bragg gratings (LC-WBGs) incorporated in its two arms. Due to the wavelength-dependent length difference between the two arms of the interferometer, the spectral response of the spectral shaper exhibits a wavelength-dependent free spectral range, which is required for the generation of an LCMW based on SS-WTT mapping. To enable electrical tuning of the spectral response, a lateral PN junction is introduced to each of the waveguides where the LC-WBGs are inscribed. Thanks to the plasma dispersion effect, the spectral response of the spectral shaper can be tuned by changing the bias voltages applied to the PN junctions, which would lead to the tuning of the generated LCMW. A theoretical analysis on the LCMW generation is performed, which is verified by an experiment in which an electrically-tunable spectral shaper is fabricated using a CMOS-compatible process with 248-nm deep ultraviolet lithography. By independently controlling the bias voltages to the PN junctions, a continuous tuning of the generated LCMW is demonstrated.
Stratigraphic Framework of the Niobrara Formation (Upper Cretaceous) in North and South Dakota

Abstract The Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Formation in North and South Dakota can be subdivided into three distinct stratigraphic/geographic areas. In the western Dakotas, chalk and calcareous shale, approximately 120 m (400 ft) thick, grade westward into the non-calcareous Gammon Ferruginous Member of the Pierre Shale which is over 370 m (1,200 ft) thick. In eastern North Dakota, the Niobrara, approximately 60 m (200 ft) thick, consists of a lower calcareous shale and an upper chalk and shaly chalk. In central South Dakota, the Niobrara, about 60 m (200 ft) thick, consists of two separate chalk tongues which merge eastward into a single massive chalk unit. The top of the Niobrara is marked by an unconformity throughout most of eastern North Dakota and central South Dakota. Well logs indicate that erosional channels are present on this surface and in central South Dakota the unconformity is exposed along the Missouri River. Published depositional and paleotectonic models for the Niobrara are refined as a result of interpretations produced by this study. A carbonate ramp which sloped westward into deeper water in the western Dakotas was subdivided into two different depositional settings. On the shallow-water part of the ramp in eastern North Dakota, some terrigenous material was mixed with the chalks and paleoslopes were probably very low. Near the crest of the Transcontinental Arch in central South Dakota, water depths on the ramp were at a minimum and chalk, protected from clastic dilution, was deposited. Exploration potential for biogenic gas is poor in the western Dakotas, intermediate in eastern North Dakota, and best in central South Dakota.
Transformations of identity and society in Essex, c.AD 400-1066

This study examines the archaeological reflections of group identity and socio-economic networks in the region of Essex and London in the Anglo-Saxon period, between c.400 and 1066. Given its location in the south-east of England, Essex was a key zone of socio-political interaction during the early medieval period. This doctoral research has brought together the stray and excavated archaeological material from the region for the first time. The thesis presented here is centred on diachronic, quantified distributional analyses of three key material culture classes: dress accessories, pottery, and coinage. The discussion synthesises the results of these analyses, examining the observed patterns within their broader archaeological context. The thesis reveals the emergence of a hybrid dress style in the 5th and 6th centuries. This appears to have been actively created in Essex to reflect a diverse cultural inheritance, but not a specific ethnic identity. However, from the mid-7th century these styles were rejected in favour of dynamic fashions, reflecting the maritime focus of the region, and especially links with the Merovingian/Carolingian Continent. From the later 9th century, Scandinavian dress and cultural practice are also apparent, particularly in north Essex This Continental orientation reflects the emergence and transformation of the North Sea network. The engagement of Essex communities with this network is studied in detail in this thesis. The coinage and pottery analyses reveal the emergence of several exchange hubs along the North Sea coast, as well as a generalized engagement with long-distance exchange among coastal communities. This system was disrupted, but not destroyed, by the Vikings, who linked Essex with wider Scandinavian networks. However, the long-term pattern shows the decline of coastal sites in favour of urban centres from the later 9th century.
The influence of accurate attenuation correction on quantitative gamma camera imaging

Gamma camera systems are used in a variety of diagnostic applications to image and in some cases measure, the physiological uptake of a radioactive tracer within the body. A number of factors, particularly attenuation and scatter of photons within the body tissues can cause degradation of image quality and inaccuracies in the measurement of tracer uptake. Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) systems which incorporate an xray computed tomography (CT) facility have enabled accurate transmission images of the patient to be obtained. These ‘attenuation maps’ can be used to correct the SPECT images for the effects of attenuation. The aim of this project was to investigate the use of an x-ray CT based attenuation correction (AC) system in SPECT gamma camera imaging. The use of AC with other physical parameters of the imaging process including scatter was firstly examined in order to determine the optimum imaging parameters required to maximise image quality. The influence of attenuation, scatter and other imaging parameters on the accuracy of absolute and relative quantitative measurements was then investigated. The methodology involved using the GE Millenium Hawkeye gamma camera system to obtain images of a range of phantoms filled with various concentrations of radioactivity; from simple point sources to phantoms which simulate organs of the body. An attempt was made to establish SPECT sensitivity values that would allow accurate determination of activity in a region of interest. These sensitivity values were applied to all subsequent measurements and a measure made of quantitative accuracy. The results showed that the sensitivity value used for quantitative SPECT measurements must reflect the reconstruction method and corrections used in the acquisition. Attenuation correction proved to be more significant than scatter correction in quantitative accuracy, with activity results being within 30% of expected values in all cases where AC was used.
Patterns of gene body methylation predict coral fitness in new environments

Despite widespread taxonomic representation, the function of gene body methylation remains uncertain. One hypothesis is that GBM mediates phenotypic plasticity. To investigate this hypothesis, we performed whole-genome methylation and transcriptomic assays on reciprocally transplanted colony fragments of the reef-building coral Acropora millepora . We found that variation in gene body methylation (GBM) predicted coral fitness following transplantation. Specifically, for transplanted corals, similarity in GBM patterns to native corals positively correlated with growth rate, as well as carbohydrate, protein, lipid and endosymbiont content. Differences in GBM between populations also correlated with differences in transcription, with stronger GBM associated with elevated transcription. Our results further confirm GBM as a signature of stably active transcription and indicate that GBM tracks physiologically important genome-environment interactions.
Avaliação do bem-estar de aves poedeiras em diferentes sistemas de produção e condições ambientais, utilizando análise de imagens.

The battery cage system is a very polemic issue in European countries, being the most commonly raised concerns focused on the spatial restrictions of the hens, which might compromise important comfort movements affecting their welfare conditions. This work aimed to evaluate aspects related to behavior and welfare of hens comparing a conventional housing system (laying cages in battery) with another system using litter, lair and roost. In addition, the effects of environmental conditions (stress or comfort) on final egg quality and behavior responses (analyzed by precision techniques) were evaluated in different laying hen lines. Two groups of 20 birds (10 Hyline W36 and 10 Hy-line Brown) at the beginning of production phase were submitted to two environmental conditions (26°C with 60% RU or 35°C with 70% RU) and two housing systems (cages in battery or litter) during two consecutive weeks. During the evaluation period, bird behaviors were recorded by video cameras. Total egg production was analyzed according to egg weight, shell thickness, specific gravidity, Haugh unit, yolk colorimetric parameters and shell porosity. Eggs were microbiologically analyzed in order to detect Salmonella sp contamination in yolk and eggshell. A
A Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous Time Scale

We present an integrated geomagnetic polarity and stratigraphic time scale for the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods of the Mesozoic Era, with age estimates and uncertainty limits for stage boundaries. The time scale uses a suite of 324 radiometric dates, including high- resolution ^Ar/^Ar age estimates. This framework involves the observed ties between (1) radiometric dates, biozones, and stage boundaries and (2) between biozones and magnetic reversals on the seafloor and in sediments. Detailed attention is given to chronostratigraphic calibration of stage boundaries using tethyan and boreal biozonations. Interpolation techniques to arrive at a geochronology include maximum likelihood estimation, smoothing cubic spline fitting, and magnetochronology. The age estimates for the 31 stage boundaries (Ma with uncertainty in my to 2 standard deviations), and the duration of the preceding stages (in my) are:
In situ sensing to understand diel turbidity cycles, suspended solids, and nutrient transport in Clear Creek, Iowa

Recent advances in sensor technology have made high‐frequency environmental data readily available. In this study, high‐frequency monitoring of turbidity revealed diel turbidity cycles with peak values during the nighttime and lower values occurring during daytime. Particles responsible for these cycles were fixed suspended solids consisting mostly of aluminosilicates (clay particles) emanating from bed sediments. High‐frequency data were used to investigate the transport of total suspended solids (TSS) during base flow. A majority of the base flow TSS loading occurred during the nighttime in a small agricultural catchment in Iowa, United States. Elevated nighttime turbidity coincided with an increased total suspended phosphorus loading during nighttime. Bioturbation, as a result of nocturnal feeding of fishes, is the suspected cause of the diel turbidity cycles. High‐frequency monitoring was also used to detect TSS loading during storm events. Results from this study highlight the importance of high‐frequency environmental measurements to reveal and understand biogeochemical transport phenomena.
Thorium concentrations in the lunar surface. III - Deconvolution of the Apenninus region

A technique of deconvoluting orbital-gamma ray data which improves spatial resolution and contrast has been applied to Th concentrations in the Apenninus region of the moon. The highest concentration seen from orbit has been found along the northern edge of the data track at Archimedes, requiring a component more highly fractionated in KREEP than the Apollo 15 medium-K Fra Mauro basalt. The results show generally diminishing Th levels extending outward from the Imbrium Basin, and impact penetration of basalt flows in Mare Imbrium to eject sub-mare Th-rich material. The results reinforce the hypothesis that the highlands which border and underlie the western maria contain a pre-mare layer of volcanically-derived KREEP material.
The History of Water Discharge in the Margaritifer Sinus Region of Mars

Uzboi-Holden-Ladon-Margaritifer Valles and Samara and Parana-Loire Valles discharge into Margaritifer Basin during late-Noachian/early-Hesperian caused ponding, infiltration, and storage. Early-to-mid Hesperian release formed Margaritifer Chaos and Ares Valles. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.
Riparian and in‐stream restoration of boreal streams and rivers: success or failure?

We reviewed follow‐up studies from Finnish and Swedish streams that have been restored after timber floating to assess the abiotic and biotic responses to restoration. More specifically, from a review of 18 case studies (16 published and 2 unpublished), we determined whether different taxonomic groups react differently or require different periods of time to respond to the same type of restoration. Restoration entailed returning coarse sediment (cobbles and boulders) and sometimes large wood to previously channelized turbulent reaches, primarily with the objective of meeting habitat requirements of naturally reproducing salmonid fish. The restored streams showed a consistent increase in channel complexity and retention capacity, but the biotic responses were weak or absent in most species groups. Aquatic mosses growing on boulders were drastically reduced shortly after restoration, but in most studies, they recovered after a few years. Riparian plants, macroinvertebrates and fish did not show any consistent trends in response. We discuss seven alternative explanations to these inconsistent results and conclude that two decades is probably too short a time for most organisms to recover. We recommend long‐term monitoring using standardized methods, a landscape‐scale perspective and a wider range of organisms to improve the basis for judging to what extent restoration in boreal streams has achieved its goal of reducing the impacts from timber floating. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.