Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural observations on the beneficial effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA and HDA) (Omega-3) on the aortic wall in cholesterol-fed rabbits

The effects of a cholesterol-rich diet and linolenate-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids (Omega-3; EPA and HDA) supplementation on the aortic ultrastructure and serum lipid profiles (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol) were investigated in rabbits. Three groups were established as follows: Group 1 (control) rabbits received regular diet (n = 8), Group 2 received regular diet enriched with cholesterol for 12 months (n = 14), and Group 3 received regular diet enriched with cholesterol for 4 months, then replaced by Max-EPA supplementation in the remaining 8 months (n = 14). Crater-like openings on the endothelial cells and the presence of lipid vacuoles in cholesterol-fed rabbits (Group 2) suggest a very rapid uptake of circulating plasma Iipids from the aortic lumen. In Group 3, the ultrastructure of the endothelial cells was almost normal and no lipid vacuoles were noted. Lipids stored in the subendothelial and adventitial regions of the vessel were noted. Biochemical findings were in accordance with the ultrastructural findings in Groups 2 and 3. It is possible that, in the cholesterol-fed, EPA, and HDA-replaced rabbits, endothelial cells may stop or reduce lipid uptake from the lumen and/or the rate of transport of lipid particles may increase. In other words, the behavior of the endothelial cells might be altered by the polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as their circulating l ipid-lowering action.
Reassessment of the Four-Point Approach to the Electron-Transfer Marcus–Hush Theory

The Marcus–Hush theory has been successfully applied to describe and predict the activation barriers and hence the electron-transfer (ET) rates in several physicochemical and biological systems. This theory assumes that in the ET reaction, the geometry of the free Gibbs energy landscape is parabolic, with equal curvature near the local minimum for both reactants and products. In spite of its achievements, more realistic models have included the assumption of the two parabolas having not the same curvature. This situation is analyzed by the Nelsen’s four-point method. As a benchmark to compare the Marcus–Hush approximation to a precise calculation of the excitation energy, we studied the non-ET process of the electronic excitation of the aluminum dimer that has two local minima (3∑g– and 3∏u electronic states) and allows to obtain analytically the Marcus–Hush nonsymmetric parameters. We appraise the ability of the Marcus–Hush formula to approximate the analytical results by using several averages of the two reorganization energies associated with the forward and backward transitions and analyze the error. It is observed that the geometric average minimizes the relative error and that the analytical case is recovered. The main results of this paper are obtained by the application of the Nelsen’s four-point method to compute the reorganization energies of a large set of potential π-conjugated molecules proposed for organic photovoltaic devices using the above-mentioned averages for the Marcus–Hush formula. The activation energies obtained with the geometric average are significantly larger for some donor–acceptor pairs in comparison with the previously employed arithmetic average, their differences being suitable for experimental testing.
Initiation Processes of the Tropical Intraseasonal Variability Simulated in an Aqua‐Planet Experiment: What is the Intrinsic Mechanism for MJO Onset?

To understand the intrinsic onset mechanism of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO), we simulated a set of initiation processes of MJO‐like disturbances in 10 year aqua‐planet experiments using a global atmospheric model with a 56 km horizontal mesh and an explicit cloud scheme. Under a condition with a zonally nonuniform sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropics, we reproduced MJO‐like disturbances over the western warm pool region. The lagged‐composite analysis of detected MJO‐like disturbances clarifies the time sequence of three‐dimensional dynamic and moisture fields prior to the onset. We found that midtropospheric moistening, a condition that is favorable for deep convection, is particularly obvious in the initiation region 5–9 days before onset. The moistening is caused by two‐dimensional horizontal advection due to cross‐equatorial shallow circulations associated with mixed Rossby‐gravity waves, as well as anomalous poleward flows of a negative Rossby response to suppressed convection. When the midtroposphere is sufficiently moistened, lower tropospheric signals of circumnavigating Kelvin waves trigger active convection. The surface latent heat flux (LHF) feedback contributes to the initial stages of convective organization, while the cloud‐radiation feedback contributes to later stages. Sensitivity experiments suggest that circumnavigating Kelvin waves regulate the period of MJO‐like disturbances because of efficient convective triggering and that the LHF feedback contributes to rapid convective organization. However, the experiments also reveal that both conditions are not necessary for the existence of MJO‐like disturbances. Implications for the relevance of these mechanisms for MJO onset are also discussed.
Gender and physics: a sociological approach

In this paper, I take a sociological approach to understanding the under-representation of gender and physics. I argue that gender is something we do not something that we are. Thus, every aspect of our behaviour, including our engagement (or not) with physics becomes part of our performance of gender. I then use a brief historical analysis and an example from popular culture to show how physics is culturally aligned with masculinity. The impact is that the subject feels more ‘natural’ for men than for women. I end with some of the implications of this for those who want to make physics more accessible to girls and women. (EDITORS NOTE: This paper was given at the Improving Gender Balance (IGB) conference in Cambridge, UK, in March 2015, organised by the Institute of Physics. This conference was for schools and their supporters who were part of the IGB strand of the Stimulating Physics Network, funded by the Department for Education. It aimed to summarise some of the sociological perspectives on girls and physics for the benefit of the teachers attending the conference. We feel that it may be a useful summary for those teachers of physics who are unfamiliar with sociological approaches to gender and the classroom. )
Occult left ventricular dysfunction diagnosed by myocardial performance index in patients with limb girdle muscle dystrophy: A case control study

1Department of Cardiology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India; 2Department of Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska; 3Division of Cardiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA; 4Department of Neurology and 5Department of Pathology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India; 6Division of Cardiology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA Correspondence: Dr Wilbert S Aronow, Cardiology Division, New York Medical College, Macy Pavilion, Room 138, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA. Telephone 914-493-5311, fax 914-235-6274, e-mail WSAronow@aol.com RR Gurrala, VMB Alla, WS Aronow, et al. Occult left ventricular dysfunction diagnosed by myocardial performance index in patients with limb girdle muscle dystrophy: A case control study. Int J Angiol 2007;16(4):139-142.
Entanglement entropy of locally perturbed thermal systems

In this thesis we study the time evolution of Rényi and entanglement entropies of thermal states in Conformal Field Theory (CFT). These quantities are usually hard to compute but Ryu-Takayanagi (RT) and Hubeny-Rangamani-Takayanagi (HRT) proposals allow us to find the same quantities using calculations in general relativity. We will introduce main concepts of holography, quantum information and conformal field theory that will be used to derive the results of this thesis. In the first part of the thesis, we explicitly compute entanglement entropy of the rotating BTZ black hole by directly applying HRT proposal and finding lengths of spacelike geodesics. Rényi entropy of thermal state perturbed by a local quantum quench is computed by mapping correlators on two glued cylinders to the plane for field theory containing a single free boson and for 2d CFTs in the large c limit. We consider Thermofield Double State (TFD) which is an entangled state in direct product of two 2D CFTs. It is conjectured to be holographically equivalent to the eternal BTZ black hole. TFD state is perturbed by a local quench in one CFT and mutual information between two intervals in two CFTs is computed. We find when mutual information vanishes and interpret this as scrambling time, i.e. time scale required for the system to thermalize. This field theory result is modelled with a massive free falling particle in the BTZ black hole. We have computed the back-reaction of the particle on the metric of BTZ and used RT proposal to find holographic entanglement entropy. Finally, we generalize this calculation to the case of rotating BTZ with inner and outer horizons. It is dual to the CFT with different temperatures for left and right moving modes. We calculate mutual information and scrambling time and find exact agreement between results in the gravity and those in the CFT.
The nature of necessity

I give an account of the nature of absolute or metaphysical necessity. Absolute-necessarily P, I suggest, just if it is always the case that P and there never is or was a power with a chance to bring it about, bring about a power to bring it about, etc. that not P. I display both advantages and a cost of this sort of definition.
Effects of variation theory approach in teaching and learning of algebra on urban and rural students’ algebraic achievement and motivation

ABSRACT This study investigates the effect of utilizing variation theory approach (VTA) on students' algebraic achievement and their motivation in learning algebra. The study used quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group research design. It involved 114 Form Two students in four intact classes (two classes were from an urban school, another two classes from a rural school). The first group of students from each school learnt algebra in class which used the VTA, while the second group of students in each school learnt algebra through conventional teaching approach. Two-way analysis of covariance and two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were used to analyse the data collected. The result of this study indicated that the use of VTA has significant effect on both urban and rural students' algebraic achievement. There were evidences that VTA has significant effect on rural VTA students' overall motivation in its five subscales: attention, relevance, confidence, satisfaction and interest but it was not so for urban VTA students' motivation. This study provides further empirical evidence that utilization of variation theory as pedagogical guide can promote the teaching and learning of Form Two Algebra topics in urban and rural secondary school classrooms.
High-Resolution MR Spectroscopy Via Adaptive Sub-Band Decomposition

For several years, the possibility of using non-iterative high-resolution (HR) spectral estimators instead of Fourier transform (FT) has received considerable attention in the NMR literature. Different approaches have been proposed, including maximum entropy methods, linear prediction (LP) methods, and state space methods. When used in good conditions, all these HR estimators present several advantages over the FT. However, limitations of these methods appear when attempting to process measured signals made of numerous data samples (over 10,000) and/or containing a lot of resonances. As a reaction, last years, there was a renewed interest for parametric Frequency Selective (FS) approaches, a concept initially proposed in 1988 with the LP-ZOOM approach. Several new FS methods have been proposed which possess two features that make them efficient with high-complexity signals: high robustness against out-of-band interferences and low computational burden. The present work describes a fast, and almost automated time-data analysis method for NMR spectroscopy, based on an adaptive implementation of certain HR methods usable in spectral sub-bands. Originally designed as an improvement of the SVD-based High-Order Yule-Walker method in Sub-Bands, and intended to avoid the choice of the decimation factor and to reduce the computational complexity, the adaptive decomposition is achieved through successive decimation/estimation stages each followed by a test procedure to decide whether or not the process should continue. The test is based on a local spectral flatness measure of the estimation residuals.
Measurements of velocities in the near field of a lobed forced mixer trailing edge

Abstract Previous experimental studies have shown that the development of flow behind the trailing edge of a lobed forced mixer is greatly influenced by the formation of large-scale streamwise vortices. The main objective of the present study is to establish quantitatively the presence and role of the streamwise vortices in the mixing layer in the near field of a lobed forced mixer trailing edge. The near field was defined as the region within five wavelengths (of the trailing edge profile) from the trailing edge. A two-stream mixing layer with a velocity ratio of 0.6 was generated with initially turbulent boundary layers and nominally two-dimensional flow. Mean flow and turbulence measurements were made on fine cross-plane grids across the wake region and at several streamwise locations using a two-component laser-doppler anemometer. Production of turbulent kinetic energy existed in most parts of the near field enhancing the overall mixing process. The streamwise vortex development underwent a three-step process by which it was formed, intensified and quickly dissipated towards the end of the near field. The distance between two rows of streamwise vortices of alternate signs within a lobe reduced with downstream distance causing the amalgamation and annihilation of the vortices. Analysing this movement of vortices, based on inviscid vortex dynamics, suggested that the normal vortices shed at the trailing edge had actually provided a squeezing (pinched off) effect to two adjacent rows of streamwise vortices within a lobe, forcing them to interact with each other.
A Meta-Analysis of Schema Instruction on the Problem-Solving Performance of Elementary School Students

A variety of instructional practices have been recommended to increase the problem-solving (PS) performance of elementary school children. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to systematically review research on the use of schema instruction to increase the PS performance of elementary school–age students. A total of 21 studies, with 3,408 elementary school student participants, and 324 students identified with disabilities, met criteria. Moderator analysis includes assignment, implementer, instruction, problem type, and treatment duration. Results indicate an overall effect size (Hedge’s g) for schema instruction of 1.57 (.043), CI95 [1.52, 1.61] for immediate PS and 1.09 (.046), CI95 [1.04, 1.14] for transfer PS. Moderator analysis, future research, and implications for practice are discussed.
ON THE ASYMPTOTIC SPECTRUM OF FINITE ELEMENT

We derive a new formula for the asymptotic eigenvalue distribution of stiffness matrices obtained by applying Pi finite elements with standard mesh refinement to the semielliptic PDE of second order in divergence form -V(KVTu) = f on Q, u = g on dQ. Here fl C R2, and K is supposed to be piecewise continuous and pointwise symmetric semipositive definite. The symbol describing this asymptotic eigenvalue distribution depends on the PDE, but also both on the numerical scheme for approaching the underlying bilinear form and on the geometry of triangulation of the domain. Our work is motivated by recent results on the superlinear convergence behavior of the conjugate gradient method, which requires the knowledge of such asymptotic eigenvalue distributions for sequences of matrices depending on a discretization parameter h when h - * 0. We compare our findings with similar results for the finite difference method which were published in recent years. In particular we observe that our sequence of stiffness matrices is part of the class of generalized locally Toeplitz sequences for which many theoretical tools are available. This enables us to derive some results on the conditioning and preconditioning of such stiffness matrices.
Simple models in finance: a mathematical analysis of the probabilistic recognition heuristic

It is well known that laypersons and practitioners often resist using complex mathematical models such as those proposed by economics or finance, and instead use fast and frugal strategies to make decisions. We study one such strategy: the recognition heuristic. This states that people infer that an object they recognize has a higher value of a criterion of interest than an object they do not recognize. We extend previous studies by including a general model of the recognition heuristic that considers probabilistic recognition, and carry out a mathematical analysis. We derive general closed-form expressions for all the parameters of this general model and show the similarities and differences between our proposal and the original deterministic model. Corresponding author: M. Egozcue Print ISSN 1753-9579 jOnline ISSN 1753-9587 Copyright © 2017 Incisive Risk Information (IP) Limited
Exact Results on Higher Dimensional Quantum Field Theories

Exact Results on Higher Dimensional Quantum Field Theories Joonho Kim Department of Physics and Astronomy The Graduate School Seoul National University This thesis aims at studying the higher dimensional quantum field theories, engineered from the string theory. These theories are genuinely strongly interactive, thus being difficult to be understood within the conventional QFT framework. In particular, I focus on those 5d / 6d QFTs which can be deformed to the weakly coupled 5d Yang-Mills theories, in which the deformation is caused either by a relevant operator or by a circle compactification. Instantons are crucial for observing the physics of 5d / 6d QFTs which correspond to the UV fixed points of certain 5d SYMs. In the first half of the thesis, I obtain the general expression for the instanton partition function of 5d SYMs and apply it to study the spectrum of various UV QFTs. The second half focuses on the 6d non-critical strings, which are key objects of 6d QFTs. Two types of 6d strings, M-strings and E-strings, are considered, for which the worldsheet gauge theories are explicitly developed.
Operational Aspects of Type Systems: Inter-Derivable Semantics of Type Checking and Gradual Types for Object Ownership (Operationele aspecten van typesystemen: onderling afleidbare semantieken van typecontrole en graduele types voor object eigendom)

This dissertation presents a study of type systems as program semantics, their interderivation, and effects they have on a program execution. Developing type systems for programming languages is a challenging task. When describing the formalism underlying a type system, the type system designer usually keeps in mind a series of denotational aspects specifying what the types mean. Indeed, the type system should be adequate and ensure a program property of interest. It should be also expressive: a well-developed formalism should reject as few good programs as possible. Operational aspects of type systems and type checking formalisms that specify how types are inferred have received much less attention. This work makes two contributions with respect to the design of practical type systems and type-checking algorithms by taking an operational view on a static program semantics. Multiple semantics for type checking and type inference are possible. However, before using one semantics instead of another, one needs to prove an appropriate correspondence theorem. The first contribution of this work is the elimination of this obligation. We demonstrate a constructive technique to inter-derive different operational semantics of type checking by applying a series of behaviour-preserving program transformation techniques. A pleasant consequence of employing program transformations is that no soundness and completeness theorems need to be proven for pairs of type-checking semantics: they are instead corollaries of the correctness of the inter-derivation and of the initial specification. The second contribution of this work is a gradual version of a type system for strong encapsulation in object-oriented languages. Focusing on the impact of a rich type system on the dynamic operational semantics provides a mechanism for incremental migration of programs to use more expressive types. The described approach provides a tradeoff between annotation verbosity and dynamic checking of the encapsulation invariant. The technique is proven sound, evaluated on a well-studied code base and released as a publicly available compiler prototype.
Critically Examining the "Neural Hype": Weak Baselines and the Additivity of Effectiveness Gains from Neural Ranking Models

Is neural IR mostly hype? In a recent SIGIR Forum article, Lin expressed skepticism that neural ranking models were actually improving ad hoc retrieval effectiveness in limited data scenarios. He provided anecdotal evidence that authors of neural IR papers demonstrate "wins" by comparing against weak baselines. This paper provides a rigorous evaluation of those claims in two ways: First, we conducted a meta-analysis of papers that have reported experimental results on the TREC Robust04 test collection. We do not find evidence of an upward trend in effectiveness over time. In fact, the best reported results are from a decade ago and no recent neural approach comes close. Second, we applied five recent neural models to rerank the strong baselines that Lin used to make his arguments. A significant improvement was observed for one of the models, demonstrating additivity in gains. While there appears to be merit to neural IR approaches, at least some of the gains reported in the literature appear illusory.
GEL Estimation for Heavy-Tailed GARCH Models with Robust Empirical Likelihood Inference

We construct a Generalized Empirical Likelihood estimator for a GARCH(1,1) model with a possibly heavy tailed error. The estimator imbeds tail-trimmed estimating equations allowing for over-identifying conditions, asymptotic normality, efficiency and empirical likelihood based confidence regions for very heavy-tailed random volatility data. We show the implied probabilities from the tail-trimmed Continuously Updated Estimator elevate weight for usable large values, assign large but not maximum weight to extreme observations, and give the lowest weight to non-leverage points. Finally, we present robust versions of Generalized Empirical Likelihood Ratio, Wald, and Lagrange Multiplier tests, and an efficient and heavy tail robust moment estimator with an application to the estimation of a conditionally heteroscedastic asset's expected shortfall.