Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comments on the tethered galaxy problem

In a recent paper Davis, Lineweaver, and Webb make the counterintuitive assertion that a galaxy held “tethered” at a fixed distance from our own could emit blueshifted light. This effect was derived from the simplest Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) spacetimes and the ΩM=0.3, ΩΛ=0.7 case, which is believed to be a good late time model of our universe. In this paper, we recover their results in a more transparent way, revise their calculations, and propose a formulation of the tethered galaxy problem based on radar distance rather than comoving “proper” distance. This formulation helps to remove the coordinate-dependent nature of the tethered galaxy problem and establishes consistency between the empty FRW model and special relativity. In the general case, we see that, although the radar distance tethering reduces the redshift of a receding object, it does not do so sufficiently to cause the blueshift as found by Davis, Lineweaver, and Webb. We also discuss some important issues raised by this approach rel.
The ALMA Lupus protoplanetary disk survey: evidence for compact gas disks and molecular rings from CN

Context. The cyanide radical CN is abundant in protoplanetary disks, with line fluxes often comparable to those of 13CO. It is known to be sensitive to UV irradiation of the upper disk atmosphere, with models predicting ring-shaped emission. Aims. We seek to characterize the CN emission from 94 Class-II disks in the Lupus star-forming region, compare it to observations in other regions, and interpret our observations with a grid of models. The CN emission morphology is discussed for two primordial disks, Sz 71 and Sz 98, and is modeled in more detail. Methods. ALMA observed CN N = 3−2 in Lupus disks down to sensitivities better than previous surveys. Models constructed with the physico-chemical code DALI are used to study the integrated fluxes of the disks and resolved emission of CN in disks without (dust) substructures. Results. CN N = 3−2 is bright, and detected in 38% of sources, but its disk-integrated flux is not strongly correlated to either 13CO or continuum flux. Compared to pre-ALMA single-dish surveys, no significant difference in the CN flux distributions in Lupus and Taurus–Auriga is found, although ρ Ophiuchus disks may be fainter on average. We find ring-shaped CN emission with peak radii of ~50 AU in two resolved disks. Conclusions. A large fraction of sources are faint in CN; only exponential gas surface density cutoffs at Rc ≤ 15 AU can reconcile observations with models. This is the first observational evidence of such a compact gas disk population in Lupus. Absolute intensities and the emission morphology of CN are reproduced by DALI models without the need for any continuum substructure; they are unrelated to the CO snowline location. The observations presented here, together with the modeling of these rings, provide a new probe of the structure and conditions in disks, and particularly their incident UV radiation field, if disk size is determined from the data.
Subcritical laminar-turbulence transition with wide domains in simple two-dimensional Navier-Stokes flow without walls.

We have confirmed numerically that a subcritical laminar-turbulence transition that belongs to directed percolation (DP) universality class occurs in a purely two-dimensional (2D) simple Navier-Stokes (NS) flow without any walls. The flow is called (extended) Kolmogorov flow which is governed by 2D NS equation in a doubly periodic box with a linear drag and a finite flow rate in the direction in which Galilean invariance is broken. We examine the mechanism of DP class transition focusing on the role of the additional control parameters: the drag coefficient and the flow rate. The drag kills coherent active structures of the system size. The flow rate interferes the growth of weak disturbances. These two effects control two essential and intrinsic elements of an absorbing state phase transition, i.e., the existence of an absorbing state and the locality of active dynamical structures. We also discuss what physically corresponds to the additional parameters in general flow.
Post-Newtonian evolution of massive black hole triplets in galactic nuclei - III. A robust lower limit to the nHz stochastic background of gravitational waves

Inspiraling massive black-hole binaries (MBHBs) forming in the aftermath of galaxy mergers are expected to be the loudest gravitational-wave (GW) sources relevant for pulsar-timing arrays (PTAs) at nHz frequencies. The incoherent overlap of signals from a cosmic population of MBHBs gives rise to a stochastic GW background (GWB) with characteristic strain around $h_c\sim10^{-15}$ at a reference frequency of 1 yr$^{-1}$, although uncertainties around this value are large. Current PTAs are piercing into the GW amplitude range predicted by MBHB-population models, but no detection has been reported so far. To assess the future success prospects of PTA experiments, it is therefore important to estimate the minimum GWB level consistent with our current understanding of the formation and evolution of galaxies and massive black holes (MBHs). To this purpose, we couple a semianalytic model of galaxy evolution and an extensive study of the statistical outcome of triple MBH interactions. We show that even in the most pessimistic scenario where all MBHBs stall before entering the GW-dominated regime, triple interactions resulting from subsequent galaxy mergers inevitably drive a considerable fraction of the MBHB population to coalescence. At frequencies relevant for PTA, the resulting GWB is only a factor of 2-to-3 suppressed compared to a fiducial model where binaries are allowed to merge over Gyr timescales. Coupled with current estimates of the expected GWB amplitude range, our findings suggest that the minimum GWB from cosmic MBHBs is unlikely to be lower than $h_c\sim 10^{-16}$ (at $f = 1$ yr$^{-1}$), well within the expected sensitivity of projected PTAs based on future observations with FAST, MeerKAT and SKA.
Ban‐1 Zircon: A New Natural Zircon Reference Material for LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS Zr and Hf Isotopic Determinations

New zircon reference materials for in situ zircon radiogenic Hf isotope and stable Zr isotopic determinations made by laser ablation multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS) are required due to high data productivity and consequently high reference material consumption rate. This study examines a new natural zircon for Zr isotope ratios by double spike thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS), and for Hf isotopes by bulk solution nebuliser (SN)‐MC‐ICP‐MS with both Zr and Hf determined by LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS. A total of five zirconium isotope measurements from drilled zircons, determined by TIMS, yield a mean δ94/90ZrIPGP‐Zr value of ‐0.09 ± 0.06‰ (2s). Five and eight hafnium isotope measurements for powders from the drilled zircons and Ban‐1‐4 by SN‐MC‐ICP‐MS, yield mean 176Hf/177Hf ratios of 0.282985 ± 0.000011 (2s) and 0.282982 ± 0.000007 (2s), respectively. The mean δ94/90ZrIPGP‐Zr value and 176Hf/177Hf ratio determined by LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS analyses are ‐0.06 ± 0.09‰ (2s, n = 504) and 0.282985 ± 0.000035 (2s, n = 327), respectively. The isotopic homogeneities suggest that the Ban‐1 zircon is a suitable reference material for microbeam Zr and Hf isotopic measurements.
Microwave spectroscopy of thermally excited quasiparticles in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6.99

We present here the microwave surface impedance of a high purity crystal of $YBa_2Cu_3O_{6.99}$ measured at 5 frequencies between 1 and 75 GHz. This data set reveals the main features of the conductivity spectrum of the thermally excited quasiparticles in the superconducting state. Below 20 K there is a regime of extremely long quasiparticle lifetimes, due to both the collapse of inelastic scattering below $T_c$ and the very weak impurity scattering in the high purity $BaZrO_3$-grown crystal used in this study. Above 20 K, the scattering increases dramatically, initially at least as fast as $T^4$.
A Catalog of Very Isolated Galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 1

We present a new catalog of isolated galaxies obtained through an automated systematic search. These 2980 isolated galaxies were found in ≈2099 deg2 of sky in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 1 (SDSS DR1) photometry. The selection algorithm, implementing a variation on the criteria developed by Karachentseva in 1973, proved to be very efficient and fast. This catalog will be useful for studies of the general galaxy characteristics. Here we report on our results.
Classical field techniques for condensates in one-dimensional rings at finite temperatures

For a condensate in a one-dimensional ring geometry, we compare the thermodynamic properties of three conceptually different classical field techniques: stochastic dynamics, microcanonical molecular dynamics, and the classical field method. Starting from non-equilibrium initial conditions, all three methods approach steady states whose distribution and correlation functions are in excellent agreement with an exact evaluation of the partition function in the high-temperature limit. Our study helps to establish these various classical field techniques as powerful non-perturbative tools for systems at finite temperatures.
Excitation wavelength dependence of the visible photoluminescence from amorphous ZnO granular films

Amorphous ZnO granular films were fabricated by anodizing zinc sheet in 0.5M oxalic acid solution under direct current voltage. The photoluminescence spectrum of the as-anodized sample shows a very broad visible emission band, which can be Gaussian divided into two subbands at 525 and 600nm. Based on their annealing behavior and the growing mechanism of the ZnO films, the two subbands are attributed to optical transitions in oxygen vacancies and oxygen interstitials, respectively. Obvious redshifts of the two subbands were observed with increasing excitation wavelength. Spectral analyses suggest that the excitation wavelength dependences of the two subbands are due to the quantum confinement on the amorphous ZnO nanoparticles mainly with sizes of ∼10nm. This work provides a good understanding of the photoluminescence behavior of amorphous ZnO particles.
Expression of MYB transcription factors and target genes and its association with phenolic content and antioxidant activity of selected Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme accessions from Mexico

ABSTRACT Eight Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme accessions from Mexico were evaluated for total phenolics (TP) and flavonoids (TF), phenolic profiles (UPLC-DAD-MS), antioxidant capacity (AC) (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP), and expression of transcription factors (MYB12 and MYB14) and target genes (PAL, CHS and CHI) by RT-qPCR. The AC (mmol TE/kg fw; TE, Trolox Equivalents) by ABTS (5.27–11.81), DPPH (1.43–3.67), and FRAP (4.41–9.22) correlated with TP (0.53–1.20 g GAE/kg fw; GAE, Gallic Acid Equivalents), TF (1.03–2.10 g QE/kg; QE, Quercetin Equivalents), and the levels of chlorogenic and dicaffeoylquinic acids and rutin. The expression of MYB12 and MYB14 correlated with that of PAL and CHS, while CHI was only associated with MYB12. The accessions Tumbisca and Kilim showed the highest gene expression, phenolics content, and AC, suggesting they can be used in breeding programs to produce tomatoes with better AC.
APPLICATION OF FAZLUR RAHMAN'S DOUBLE MOVEMENT THEORY ABOUT MILK AL YĀMIN

Persoalan milkul yamin merupakan persoalan klasik yang telah lama ditinggalakan, namun permasalahan ini kembali menguat kepermukaan ketika seorang pemikir kontemporer, Muhammad Shahrur, mengangkat kembali permasalahan ini dan menjadikannya sebagai dasar legalitas hubungan seksual non marital. Hal ini tentu menjadi polemik dalam dunia akademis. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini memuat paparan pendapat para ulama terkait masalah milk yamin, serta memberikan alternatif penyelesaian terhadap masalah ini. Adapun jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Sedangkan teori yang digunakan ialah teori double movement milik Fazlur Rahman. Dari penelitian ini dapat di ambil kesimpulan bahwa ayat-ayat yang melegalkan hubungan seksual antara majikan dan budak telah dinasakh-kan oleh ayat-ayat yang mensyaratkan akad bagi hubungan seksual. Adapun pendapat Muhammad Shahrur mengenai masalah milk yamin dapat dikatakan sebagai pendapat yang kurang kuat. Pendekatan yang ia gunakan (teori hudud) untuk membatasi definisi ar-riqq dan milk yamin memang suatu pendekatan baru dalam ilmu tafsir, namun ia melupakan bahwa seharusnya tidak boleh ada pertentangan dalam Al-Qur’an.
Using Real and Simulated Measurements of the Thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Effect to Constrain Models of AGN Feedback

Energetic feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is often used in simulations to resolve several outstanding issues in galaxy formation, but its impact is still not fully understood. Here, we derive new constraints on AGN feedback by comparing observations and simulations of the thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (tSZ) effect. We draw on previous observational results that used data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT) and Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) to measure the tSZ signal from ≥1011 M⊙ and ≥1 Gyr galaxies at z = 0.5–1.0 (low-z) and z = 1.0–1.5 (high-z). Using the large-scale cosmological hydrodynamical simulations Horizon-AGN and Horizon-NoAGN, which include and omit AGN feedback, we extract simulated tSZ measurements around galaxies equivalent to the observational work. We find that the Horizon-AGN results only differ from the SPT measurements at levels of 0. 4σ (low-z) and 0. 6σ (high-z), but differ from the ACT measurements by 3. 4σ (low-z) and 2. 3σ (high-z). The Horizon-noAGN results provide a slightly better fit to the SPT measurements by differing by 0. 2σ (low-z) and 0. 4σ (high-z), but are a significantly better match to the ACT measurements by differing by only 0.5σ (low-z) and 1. 4σ (high-z). We conclude that, while the lower-mass (≲5 × 1011 M⊙) SPT results allow for the presence AGN feedback energy, the higher-mass (≳5 × 1011 M⊙) ACT results show significantly less energy than predicted in the simulation including AGN feedback, while more closely matching the simulation without AGN feedback, indicating that AGN feedback may be milder than often predicted in simulations.
Biocomposites of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Modified with Natural Substances

This research aimed to show the possible impact of natural antioxidants on epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) green composites. Thus, the ENR/PLA blends were prepared with the addition of three selected phytochemicals (catechin hydrate, eugenol and flavone). Obtained materials were submitted for solar aging. The analysis of the samples’ features revealed that catechin hydrate is a natural substance that may delay the degradation of ENR/PLA blends under the abovementioned conditions. The blend loaded with catechin hydrate presented stable color parameters (dE < 3 a.u.), the highest aging coefficient (K = 0.38 a.u.) and the lowest carbonyl index based on FT-IR data (CI = 1.56) from among all specimens. What is more, this specimen prolonged the oxidation induction time in comparison with the reference samples. Gathered data prove the efficiency of catechin hydrate as an anti-aging additive. Additionally, it was found that a specimen loaded with flavone changed its color parameters significantly after solar aging (dE = 14.83 a.u.) so that it would be used as an aging indicator. Eventually, presented eco-friendly ENR-based compositions may be applied in polymer technology where materials presenting specific properties are desirable.
Tensor Networks and their use for Lattice Gauge Theories

Tensor Network States are ansaetze for the efficient description of quantum many-body systems. Their success for one dimensional problems, together with the fact that they do not suffer from the sign problem and can address the simulation of real time evolution, have turned them into one of the most promising techniques to study strongly correlated systems. In the realm of Lattice Gauge Theories they can offer an alternative to standard lattice Monte Carlo calculations, which are suited for static properties and regimes where no sign problem appears. The application of Tensor Networks to this kind of problems is a young but rapidly evolving research field. This paper reviews some of the recent progress in this area, and how, using one dimensional models as testbench, some fundamental milestones have been reached that may pave the way to more ambitious goals.
Metacognitive Strategies for Developing Writing Skills

Abstract- This study aims to determine the writing proficiency of 11th graders. The learning level and free writing were the main focuses of the research using Two-Level Factorial design. Three GAS sections totaled forty-five (45) student who were made respondents. Stratified sampling was used by the researchers to find individuals. The study instrument consisted of eight video clips. The researchers discussed environmental themes, drug abuse, teenage pregnancies, about OFWs, achievement, charity, religious belief, and poverty. To evaluate the writing skills of Grade 11 pupils, the following statistical methods were used: mean, standard deviation, t-test for dependent samples, one-way ANOVA, and two-way ANOVA. It was found that the students' writing skills in the pre-test, when the metacognitive technique was not yet applied, were typically very good in the organization and good ability was obtained in the element of mechanics in the three ways of correction. In the post-test (metacognitive strategy was used), all elements of writing increased the students' ability or had a significant increase. It was found that the intervention used had no effect on writing ability and the interaction had no significant and relevant effect on ability. The metacognitive technique employed in the study aids in the improvement of the students' proficiency with the five writing-related components. The researchers advised teachers to focus on improving their students' writing abilities. Abstract- This study aims to determine the writing proficiency of 11th graders. The learning level and free writing were the main focuses of the research using Two-Level Factorial design. Three GAS sections totaled forty-five (45) student who were made respondents. Stratified sampling was used by the researchers to find individuals. The study instrument consisted of eight video clips. The researchers discussed environmental themes, drug abuse, teenage pregnancies, about OFWs, achievement, charity, religious belief, and poverty. To evaluate the writing skills of Grade 11 pupils, the following statistical methods were used: mean, standard deviation, t-test for dependent samples, one-way ANOVA, and two-way ANOVA. It was found that the students' writing skills in the pre-test, when the metacognitive technique was not yet applied, were typically very good in the organization and good ability was obtained in the element of mechanics in the three ways of correction. In the post-test (metacognitive strategy was used), all elements of writing increased the students' ability or had a significant increase. It was found that the intervention used had no effect on writing ability and the interaction had no significant and relevant effect on ability. The metacognitive technique employed in the study aids in the improvement of the students' proficiency with the five writing-related components. The researchers advised teachers to focus on improving their students' writing abilities.
On the Radio-emitting Particles of the Crab Nebula: Stochastic Acceleration Model

The broadband emission of pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) is well described by non-thermal emissions from accelerated electrons and positrons. However, the standard shock acceleration model of PWNe does not account for the hard spectrum in radio wavelengths. The origin of the radio-emitting particles is also important to determine the pair production efficiency in the pulsar magnetosphere. Here, we propose a possible resolution for the particle energy distribution in PWNe; the radio-emitting particles are not accelerated at the pulsar wind termination shock but are stochastically accelerated by turbulence inside PWNe. We upgrade our past one-zone spectral evolution model to include the energy diffusion, i.e., the stochastic acceleration, and apply the model to the Crab Nebula. A fairly simple form of the energy diffusion coefficient is assumed for this demonstrative study. For a particle injection to the stochastic acceleration process, we consider the continuous injection from the supernova ejecta or the impulsive injection associated with supernova explosion. The observed broadband spectrum and the decay of the radio flux are reproduced by tuning the amount of the particle injected to the stochastic acceleration process. The acceleration timescale and the duration of the acceleration are required to be a few decades and a few hundred years, respectively. Our results imply that some unveiled mechanisms, such as back reaction to the turbulence, are required to make the energies of stochastically and shock-accelerated particles comparable.
Discovery of Novel Tetrahydropyrido-Pyrazole based Cathepsin S Inhibitors: Implications of Two Dimensional Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship Analysis

: Two Dimensional Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship Nucleus The anti-arthritic activity of cathepsin S enzyme has been acknowledged and regarded as an emerging target for the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of various autoimmune disorders and other inflammatory diseases. Two dimensional-quantitative structure-activity relationships have been performed on a series of tetrahydropyrido-pyrazole nucleus using TSAR 3.3. Attempts have been made to derive and comprehend a correlation between biological activity (dependent variable) and descriptors (independent variables). The study was performed using 268 compounds (data set) by division into training and test set by the random selection method. 179 compounds generated a final quantitative structure-activity relationship model with the leave-out one row method of cross-validation to evaluate the predictive ability of the model. The most significant model with n=179, regression coefficient (0.851), correlation coefficient (0.725), cross-validated correlation coefficient (0.709), standard error (0.349), Fischer statistic value (114.706) was developed using multiple linear regression analysis. For partial least squares, a statistical significance value of 0.988 and a fraction of variance explained 0.723 were observed. A comparable partial least squares model with correlation coefficient (0.723) and neural model with correlation coefficient (0.731) indicated good internal predictability of the model. External test set validation provided correlation coefficient values of 0.708 and 0.706 for multiple linear regressions and partial least squares analysis respectively. Quantitative structure-activity relationship model indicated the importance of hydrophobic (log P (substituent 1)), topological (kier chi 5 (path) index (whole molecule)), electronic (bond dipole moment (substituent 5)) and (dipole moment Z component (substituent 1)) descriptors for the activity of Cathepsin S inhibitors. This study will be effective in designing novel and more potent cathepsin S inhibitors.
Fundamental Physics with High-Energy Cosmic Neutrinos

High-energy cosmic neutrinos can reveal new fundamental particles and interactions, probing energy and distance scales far exceeding those accessible in the laboratory. This white paper describes the outstanding particle physics questions that high-energy cosmic neutrinos can address in the coming decade. A companion white paper discusses how the observation of cosmic neutrinos can address open questions in astrophysics. Tests of fundamental physics using high-energy cosmic neutrinos will be enabled by detailed measurements of their energy spectrum, arrival directions, flavor composition, and timing.