Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CT Scanning in Suspected Stroke or Head Trauma: Is it Worth Going the Extra Mile and Including the Chest to Screen for COVID-19 Infection?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Chest CT may be used as a tool for rapid coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) detection. Our aim was to investigate the value of additional chest CT for detection of coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) in patients who undergo head CT for suspected stroke or head trauma in a COVID-19-endemic region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study included 27 patients (mean age, 74 years; range, 54–90 years; 20 men) who underwent head CT for suspected stroke (n = 21) or head trauma (n = 6), additional chest CT for COVID-19 detection, and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction testing in a COVID-19-endemic region. Sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values of chest CT in detecting COVID-19 were calculated. RESULTS: Final neurologic diagnoses were ischemic stroke (n = 11), brain contusion (n = 5), nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage (n = 2), brain metastasis (n = 1), and no primary neurologic disorder (n = 8). Symptoms of possible COVID-19 infection (ie, fever, cough, and/or shortness of breath) were present in 20 of 27 (74%) patients. Seven of 27 patients (26%) had real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction confirmed–COVID-19 infection. Chest CT results were 6 true-positives, 15 true-negatives, 5 false-positives, and 1 false-negative. Diagnostic performance values of chest CT were a sensitivity of 85.7%, specificity of 75.0%, negative predictive value of 93.8%, and positive predictive value of 54.6%. CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity of additional chest CT is fairly high. However, a negative result does not exclude COVID-19. The positive predictive value is poor. Correlation of chest CT results with epidemiologic history and clinical presentation, along with real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, is needed for confirmation.
Aberrant subchondral osteoblastic metabolism modifies NaV1.8 for osteoarthritis

Pain is the most prominent symptom of osteoarthritis (OA) progression. However, the relationship between pain and OA progression remains largely unknown. Here we report osteoblast secret prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) during aberrant subchondral bone remodeling induces pain and OA progression in mice. Specific deletion of the major PGE2 producing enzyme cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in osteoblasts or PGE2 receptor EP4 in peripheral nerve markedly ameliorates OA symptoms. Mechanistically, PGE2 sensitizes dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons by modifying the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.8, evidenced by that genetically or pharmacologically inhibiting NaV1.8 in DRG neurons can substantially attenuate OA. Moreover, drugs targeting aberrant subchondral bone remodeling also attenuates OA through rebalancing PGE2 production and NaV1.8 modification. Thus, aberrant subchondral remodeling induced NaV1.8 neuronal modification is an important player in OA and is a potential therapeutic target in multiple skeletal degenerative diseases.
Relationships of Phytomacrofauna to Surface Area in Naturally Occurring Macrophyte Stands

Most studies of the relationships between freshwater macrophytes and phytomacrofauna, or the macroinvertebrates associated with the macrophytes, have been based on individual plant collections or samples from monotypic plant stands. We describe the phytomacrofauna assemblages within naturally occurring, taxonomically mixed stands, and consider how macrophyte surface area and plant morphology influenced phytomacrofauna diversity and abundance. Samples of submersed macrophytes and phytomacrofauna were collected April-November 1979 in Anchor Bay of Lake St. Clair. Only the portions of macrophytes within the water column and invertebrates from above the sediment were considered. Densities of phytomacrofauna were not consistently related to fluctuations in macrophyte surface area, indicating that the use of macrophyte structure by the invertebrates changed during the year. Both the abundance and species richness of the phytomacrofauna were strongly related to macrophyte species richness reflecting the response of the invertebrates to the structural heterogeneity in taxonomically mixed stands. Vertically heterogeneous stands with an understory of Chara and an overstory of vascular macrophytes, for example, were likely to contain more invertebrates than stands with only one macrophyte taxon.
A survey of household domestic water-use patterns in rural semi-arid Nigeria

This paper presents the pattern of domestic water use in Katarko village in north-eastern Nigeria, to improve the understanding of how local communities in the Sahel relate to water. Contrary to popular belief that women are the primary water collectors in rural sub-Saharan Africa, we show that the gender of primary water collectors depends on the custom and culture of the local community. Our results reveal a trade-off between using good-quality water and the effort it takes to obtain it. This, with poor sanitation and unhygienic water handling practices, may explain the high incidence of diarrhoea in the village. The preferred method of water purification is cloth-filtration, followed by the addition of anthill soil, with boiling ranking third.
Behavioural Patterns in Baboon Group Encounters: the Role of Resource Competition and Male Reproductive Strategies

Female Between Group Contest BGC competition for limited and monopolizable ecological resources such as food and water is the conventional explanation for behaviour during primate intergroup encounters. It is further advocated as an explanation for the evolution of social groups. This paper tests this explanation (H1) against two competing hypotheses. These are that patterns of intergroup interaction represent (H2) BGC mediated through males or (H3) male reproductive strategies. Four predictions are generated from these hypotheses and tested with data from two sources: (1) a cross-population Papio baboon literature survey and (2) a population-specific chacma baboon Papio cynocephalus ursinus case study. This population consisted of five groups (four habituated) in the semi-desert Pro-Namib region of Namibia. The predictions were: (P1) female OR male aggression dominates encounters, (P2) the number of females OR males determines the outcome of encounters, (P3) there is frequent aggression OR tolerance at resources during encounters, and (P4) males chase females away from their group OR into their group through herding during group encounters. Tests of these predictions using both databases failed to support H 1 or H2, but did provide evidence in favour of H3; namely female aggression was absent, male aggression was infrequent and directed towards either infants of other groups or females of their own group in herding episodes, and encounters with displacements tended to occur only rarely and mostly where resources were either non-monopolizable or absent. These results imply that BGC is not currently a selective force maintaining baboon social groups in either the study population or other populations across Africa. In order to further investigate the complex behavioural patterns observed in baboon intergroup encounters, data describing the demography and relatedness of groups and individuals are required.
Surface architecture and histoarchitecture of the olfactory rosette of freshwater lesser spiny eel, Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch)

Surface architecture and histoarchitecture of the olfactory rosette of freshwater lesser spiny eel, Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch) The histology and micro-architecture of different cells lining the olfactory epithelium in lesser spiny eel, Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch), were analyzed with light and scanning electron microscopes. The leaf-like elongated olfactory rosette of the fish consists of 16 to 18 flat lamellae arranged on both sides of a narrow median raphe. Each lamella comprises a very restricted area of sensory epithelium on the extreme left corner, with the rest non-sensory epithelium. The sensory epithelium has two types of receptor cells-ciliated and microvillous, while the non-sensory epithelium comprises stratified epithelial cells, labyrinth cells, and mucous cells. The orientation of different cells on the olfactory epithelium has been correlated with the functional significance of the fish concerned. Budowa anatomiczna i histologiczna rozety węchowej u długonosa ciernistego Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch) Narządy węchu są jednymi z kluczowych organów wykorzystywanych przez ryby do lokalizacji pokarmu, czy unikania drapieżników. Receptorami odbierającymi bodźce chemiczne są komórki węchowe. W pracy przedstawiono budowę anatomiczną oraz strukturę rozety węchowej długonosa ciernistego Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch). Badania przeprowadzono za pomocą mikroskopu świetlnego oraz elektronowego mikroskopu skaningowego. Rozeta aparatu węchowego jest w zarysie obła i składa się z 16 do 18 blaszek głównych ułożonych po obu stronach wąskiego szwu środkowego. Komórki receptorowe zajmują jedynie ograniczoną część powierzchni blaszki. W skład nabłonka receptorowego wchodzą urzęsione komórki receptorowe i nieurzęsione komórki z mikrokosmkami. Część pozbawioną receptorów pokrywa wielorzędowy nabłonek, labirynt błon i komórki gruczołów śluzowych.
Deep Learning Based Algorithm For Automatic Scoliosis Angle Measurement

Scoliosis is a common back disease which identifies with an irregular spinal condition. In this case, the spine has a side curvature with an angle. Practically, the standard angle estimation method is done by measuring the Cobb angle for the curvature. Cobb angle is the angle between two drawn lines, upper-end line and lower-end line of the curve. However, manual measurement needs time and effort. In this paper, we proposed an automatic measurement algorithm with machine learning. Initially, X-Rays images are processed utilizing CLAHE method. Then, deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) are applied to detect vertebrae in each X-Ray image. At last, the Cobb angle is measured through a novel algorithm using trigonometry. The proposed method is evaluated on X-Rays dataset from King Saud University (KSU), and it detects each vertebra in those images. In addition, Cobb angle measurements are compared with experts’ manual measurements. Our method achieves the estimation of Cobb angles with high accuracy, showing its great potential in clinical use.
Enraizamento de diferentes tipos de estacas de oliveira (Olea europaea L.) utilizando ácido indolbutírico

O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a influencia do numero de pares de folhas e testar o efeito de diferentes concentracoes de AIB (acido indolbutirico) no enraizamento de estacas semilenhosas de oliveira. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em fatorial 4 x 3, sendo quatro concentracoes de AIB (0, 1000, 2000, e 3000 mg L-1) e tres tipos de estacas (sem folhas, com um par de folhas e com dois pares de folhas). As estacas foram padronizadas com 12 cm de comprimento. Apos o preparo inicial, as estacas foram imersas nas solucoes de AIB por cinco segundos e, em seguida, colocadas em bandejas de polipropileno contendo o substrato Plantmax® e transportadas para casa-de-vegetacao, com umidade e temperatura controladas, onde permaneceram por 90 dias. As variaveis analisadas foram: porcentagem de estacas enraizadas e brotadas, numero de folhas, brotos e raizes emitidas por estaca e com primento medio das brotacoes e das raizes. O AIB apenas promoveu influencia ao sistema radicular; a concentracao de 2000 mg L-1 de AIB promoveu maior enraizamento e a concentracao de 3000 mg L-1 de AIB em estacas com dois pares de folhas promoveu melhores resultados para numero de raizes por estacas e comprimento medio das raizes; estacas ausentes de folhas favoreceram maior brotacao nas estacas.
Variation in concentration and composition of anthocyanins among strawberry cultivars

Japanese and European strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars were analyzed for their differences in their concentration and composition of anthocyanins. Within a fruit, the concentration of total anthocyanins is higher in epidermal tissues than in inner cortex or pith for all cultivars, but among cultivars, differences in the concentration were greater in the inner flesh compared to the epidermal tissues. The pigment in inner flesh was significantly less concentrated in the newly released Japanese cultivars than in the European cultivars, ‘Elsanta’ and ‘Darselect’, or the old Japanese cultivar ‘Hokowase’. Pelargonidin 3-glucoside was the predominant pigment except for achenes. In achenes, the compositions of cyanidin derivatives and malonylated anthocyanins were extremely high compared to the other tissues. Considerable amounts of cyanidin 3-malonylglucoside, which has not been reported previously and pelargonidin 3-malonylglucoside occurred in achenes of all cultivars. The epidermal tissues of ‘Toyonoka’, ‘Sachinoka’ and ‘Ai-Berry’ contained only a trace level of malonylated anthocyanins; the achenes also had low concentration of the pigments compared to other cultivars. With these results, the functions and expression of Amg, the single dominant gene that supposedly controls the synthesis of malonylated anthocyanins in the strawberry receptacle, are discussed.
Hormonal Control of Seasonal Growth in a Temperate Zone Toad Bufo bufo

Young toads were exposed to a light regimen of 12L/12D at 21°C and fed meal-worms before hibernation in the autumn, when the toads reduce feeding and discontinue growth, and after hibernation in the spring, when feeding and growth is resumed. In the autumn treatment of the toads with bovine growth hormone maintained feeding and growth; in the spring the treatment protracted the period of feeding and growth. Thyroxin had no obvious effects on growth. It is concluded that the annual growth pattern of temperate zone toads is controlled by an internal rhythm in the secretion of growth hormone.
Differences in mammal and bird assemblages between commercial and communal rangelands in the Succulent Karoo, South Africa

Abstract Small mammal and bird assemblages were compared across fence-lines between one communal and three adjacent commercial range-lands in Namaqualand, South Africa. The communal area has twice the recommended stocking rate of sheep and goats, and has less perennial plant cover and more annual plants than neighbouring commercial rangelands. Commercial rangelands supported a larger and more diverse assemblage of small mammals and birds. Small mammal species composition on communal lands was a subset of that on adjacent commercial rangelands, with only one species equally abundant in both treatments. Diurnal mammals were scarce in communal rangelands, apparently due to the lack of cover for predator avoidance and herbivory. Management to maintain a diversity of small mammals requires a minimum level of effective cover. Bird richness and diversity was also reduced on communal rangelands, with many species, especially insectivores, less abundant. A few bird species, notably granivores, were more abundant on communal rangelands, probably because of the increase in annual plant cover. The absence of some large bird species regularly found in Namaqualand, but absent from both treatments (e.g., bustards), suggests that neither management practice is optimal.
Pathological value of lysozyme staining for renal sarcoidosis

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Variation in productivity of Grey-faced Petrels (Pterodroma gouldi) with local burrow density and breeding island

Abstract For long-lived birds, estimates of productivity can be effective indicators of environmental change or responses to management. Such estimates are also valuable in modelling population growth. We report estimates of nest survival for burrow-nesting Grey-faced Petrels (Pterodroma gouldi) from four islands off the north-eastern coast of New Zealand. We surveyed the contents of breeding burrows for up to four breeding seasons and followed the fates of 1371 eggs. We used a logistic-exposure modelling approach to investigate the effects of island, year, local burrow density and occupancy rate on nest survival. Daily nest survival varied between years and islands but declined with increasing local burrow density across all islands. Local burrow occupancy rate had no detectable effect. We estimated overall rates of breeding success on our island groups of 11% (95% confidence interval 9–14%) to 28% (26–30%). The negative density-dependent relationships between local burrow densities and productivity add to the growing evidence for this effect in burrow-nesting seabirds worldwide, in contrast to trends in surface-breeding species. The variation in productivity between our study colonies may be linked to the restoration histories of the islands and suggests that data from one location should be used cautiously when guiding management of the same species elsewhere.
Mowing Effects on Root Production, Growth, and Mortality of Creeping Bentgrass

Understanding the response of root growth for creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds. [= A. stolonifera var. palustris (Huds.) Farw. ]) to different mowing regimes will help develop effective management practices to maintain high quality turf. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of mowing height on root elongation, production, and mortality for two creeping bentgrass cultivars throughout the growing season, particularly during summer months. 'Crenshaw' and 'Penncross' grown in a USGA-specification putting green were mowed daily at two mowing heights: 3 and 4 mm. In comparison with mowing at 4 mm, mowing at 3 mm reduced cumulative new root length (CNRL), total root length (TRL), and maximum rooting depth (RD), but increased dead root length (CDRL), root turnover rate in both length and number, and root mortality at 3- and 9-cm soil depths in both cultivars. The decline in new root production and increase in root mortality occurred earlier in the season and were more pronounced at the 3-cm soil depth than at the 9-cm depth for both cultivars. The effects of low mowing on root growth were more pronounced during summer months than in the spring. Lowering mowing height during summer would be more detrimental for root growth than maintaining a higher mowing height, which could lead to turf quality decline of creeping bentgrass.
Spermiogenesis and spermatozoan ultrastructure in Polymorphus minutus (Acanthocephala)

The spermiogenesis and spermatozoan morphology of the palaeacanthocephalan, P. minutus were studied by a variety of electron microscopical methods. Spermiogenesis occurs in syncytial clusters of spermatids exhibiting synchronous development. The outstanding events of the spermiogenic process are an enormous elongation of the spermatid nucleus and the eventual breakdown of the spermatid nuclear envelope. The mature spermatozoon is a filiform cell about 60 μm long and motile by propagated undulations. It consists of two parallel elongate components, the single flagellum and the spermatozoan body. The former has a 9 + 2 tubule organization and the latter contains glycogen granules and membrane-bound dense inclusions as well as a region of condensed chromatin of nuclear origin. No mitochondria appear to be present. In the University of Cambridge I should like to thank Professor H. Goodwin for the provision of electron microscope facilities and Mr B. Chapman for teaching me to use them. At King's College, London I am indebted to Professor D. R. Arthur and Professor F. R. Whatley for facilities and Mr H. Edge for excellent technical assistance. The work reported in this paper was initiated during the tenure of an S.R. C. Research Studentship and completed whilst in receipt of a Research Fellowship from the Nuffield Foundation.