Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How to Differentiate between Near Field and Far Field: Revisiting the Rayleigh Distance

Future wireless communication systems are likely to adopt extremely large aperture arrays and millimeter-wave/sub-THz frequency bands to achieve higher throughput, lower latency, and higher energy efficiency. Conventional wireless systems predominantly operate in the far field (FF) of the radiation source of signals. As the array size increases and the carrier wavelength shrinks, however, the near field (NF) becomes non-negligible. Since the NF and FF differ in many aspects, it is essential to distinguish their corresponding regions. In this article, we first provide a comprehensive overview of the existing NF-FF boundaries, then introduce a novel NF-FF demarcation method based on effective degrees of freedom (EDoF) of the channel. Since EDoF is intimately related to spectral efficiency, the EDoF-based border is able to characterize key channel performance more accurately, as compared with the classic Rayleigh distance. Furthermore, we analyze the main features of the EDoF-based NF-FF boundary and provide insights into wireless system design.
Conjunctive Queries on Probabilistic Graphs: The Limits of Approximability

Query evaluation over probabilistic databases is a notoriously intractable problem -- not only in combined complexity, but for many natural queries in data complexity as well. This motivates the study of probabilistic query evaluation through the lens of approximation algorithms, and particularly of combined FPRASes, whose runtime is polynomial in both the query and instance size. In this paper, we focus on tuple-independent probabilistic databases over binary signatures, which can be equivalently viewed as probabilistic graphs. We study in which cases we can devise combined FPRASes for probabilistic query evaluation in this setting. We settle the complexity of this problem for a variety of query and instance classes, by proving both approximability and (conditional) inapproximability results. This allows us to deduce many corollaries of possible independent interest. For example, we show how the results of Arenas et al. on counting fixed-length strings accepted by an NFA imply the existence of an FPRAS for the two-terminal network reliability problem on directed acyclic graphs: this was an open problem until now. We also show that one cannot extend a recent result of van Bremen and Meel that gives a combined FPRAS for self-join-free conjunctive queries of bounded hypertree width on probabilistic databases: neither the bounded-hypertree-width condition nor the self-join-freeness hypothesis can be relaxed. Finally, we complement all our inapproximability results with unconditional lower bounds, showing that DNNF provenance circuits must have at least moderately exponential size in combined complexity.
Dependence of sonic velocity on effective stress in fine-grained sediments

Overpressure estimation methods that use sonic velocity as a proxy for porosity only account for excess pressure due to disequilibrium compaction; the influence of unloading processes in generating larger excess pressure observed in most basins is ignored. Wireline log data and pore pressure measurements from wells across the Central Graben and the East Shetland Basin, North Sea, have been used to find out whether velocity is sensitive to the contribution of unloading processes to observed overpressures. The approach was to focus on fine-grained sediments, chalk and mudstones, and establish a relationship between sonic velocity and other petrophysical parameters, necessarily including porosity and vertical effective stress, when the latter variables are treated as independent. Investigation of the Chalk in the Central Graben has shown that velocity has no detectable dependence on vertical effective stress when porosity and effective stress are treated as independent variables. The significance is that velocity in Chalk cannot be used to detect the presence of any overpressure caused by unloading. It is suggested that the absence of an observable velocity reduction in unloaded Chalk is due to cementation. Analyses in the Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic mudstones show that gamma ray count and depth can usefully be taken as additional parameters in overpressure estimation. In both the Cromer Knoll and in the Heather formation, there is a small but significant dependence of velocity on vertical effective stress when porosity and effective stress are taken as independent variables together with gamma ray count and depth. The sensitivity factor is 21.8 m/s/MPa in the Cromer Knoll and 17.4 m/s/MPa in the Heather. The contribution of the vertical effective stress with associated independent variables (gamma-ray and depth) produced RMS errors between measured and forward-calculated values of sonic velocity of 101 m/s for the Cromer Knoll and 107 m/s for the Heather Formation. The discrepancies may be attributed to the contributions of other rock parameters that were not taken into account.
Economics, and Management: Current Issues

This paper aimed to investigate the behavior of the current food inflation volatility arising from the recent past behavior and to know if this volatility is persistent over time in Nigeria. The study covered the period from 2003M1 to 2021M9 under both the asymmetric and the symmetric GARCH models. The findings of the study revealed that one period lag of food inflation had a positive and significant impact on the current value of food inflation. Furthermore, it was found that in all the selected models, volatility in food inflation is persistent and bad news had an impact on food volatility in two of the models, while good news had an impact in one model. However, the asymmetric coefficient in all the asymmetric models is not significant. Consequently, the study contends that policymakers should factor in the impact of recent past values of inflation when framing policies meant to tame food inflation in Nigeria.
High Throughput Newborn Screening for Sickle Cell Disease – Application of Two-Tiered Testing with a qPCR-Based Primary screen

Abstract Background Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of hemoglobinopathies with a common point mutation causing the production of sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS). In high-throughput newborn screening (NBS) for SCD, a two-step procedure is suitable, in which qPCR first pre-selects relevant samples that are differentiated by a second method. Methods Three NBS centers using qPCR-based primary screening for SCD performed a laboratory comparison. Methods using tandem MS or HPLC were used for differentiation. Results In a benchmarking test, 450 dried blood samples were analyzed. Samples containing HbS were detected as reliably by qPCR as by methods established for hemoglobinopathy testing. In a two-step screening approach, the 2 nd -tier-analyses have to distinguish the carrier status from pathological variants. In nine months of regular screening, a total of 353,219 samples were analyzed using two-stage NBS procedures. The 1 st -tier screening by qPCR reduced the number of samples for subsequent differentiation by>99.5%. Cases with carrier status or other variants were identified as inconspicuous while 78 cases with SCD were revealed. The derived incidence of 1:4,773, is in good agreement with previously published incidences. Conclusion In high-throughput NBS for SCD, qPCR is suitable to focus 2 nd -tier analyses on samples containing HbS, while being unaffected by factors such as prematurity or transfusions. The substantial reduction of samples numbers positively impacts resource conservation, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. No false negative cases came to attention.
Jordan-Wigner composite-fermion liquids in 2D quantum spin-ice

The Jordan-Wigner map in 2D is as an exact lattice regularization of the 2 pi-flux attachment to a hard-core boson (or spin-1/2) leading to a composite-fermion particle. When the spin-1/2 model obeys ice rules this map preserves locality, namely, local Rohkshar-Kivelson models of spins are mapped onto local models of Jordan-Wigner/composite-fermions. Using this composite-fermion dual representation of RK models, we construct spin-liquid states by projecting Slater determinants onto the subspaces of the ice rules. Interestingly, we find that these composite-fermions behave as ``dipolar"partons for which the projective implementations of symmetries are very different from standard ``point-like"partons. We construct interesting examples of composite-fermion liquid states that respect all microscopic symmetries of the RK model. In the six-vertex subspace, we constructed a time-reversal and particle-hole-invariant state featuring two massless Dirac nodes, which is a composite-fermion counterpart to the classic pi-flux state of Abrikosov-Schwinger fermions in the square lattice. This state is a good ground state candidate for a modified RK-like Hamiltonian of quantum spin-ice. In the dimer subspace, we construct a state fearturing a composite Fermi surface but with nesting instabilities towards ordered phases such as the columnar state. We have also analyzed the low energy emergent gauge structure. If one ignores confinement, the system would feature a U(1) x U(1) low energy gauge structure with two associated gapless photon modes, but with the composite fermion carrying gauge charge only for one photon and behaving as a gauge neutral dipole under the other. These states are examples of pseudo-scalar U(1) spin liquids where mirror and time-reversal symmetries act as particle-hole conjugations, and the emergent magnetic fields are even under such time-reversal or lattice mirror symmetries.
Once-Weekly Insulin Icodec With Dosing Guide App Versus Once-Daily Basal Insulin Analogues in Insulin-Naive Type 2 Diabetes (ONWARDS 5)

BACKGROUND Inadequate dose titration and poor adherence to basal insulin can lead to suboptimal glycemic control in persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Once-weekly insulin icodec (icodec) is a basal insulin analogue that is in development and is aimed at reducing treatment burden. OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness and safety of icodec titrated with a dosing guide app (icodec with app) versus once-daily basal insulin analogues (OD analogues) dosed per standard practice. DESIGN 52-week, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, phase 3a trial with real-world elements. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04760626). SETTING 176 sites in 7 countries. PARTICIPANTS 1085 insulin-naive adults with T2D. INTERVENTION Icodec with app or OD analogue (insulin degludec, insulin glargine U100, or insulin glargine U300). MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome was change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level from baseline to week 52. Secondary outcomes included patient-reported outcomes (Treatment Related Impact Measure for Diabetes [TRIM-D] compliance domain score and change in Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire [DTSQ] total treatment satisfaction score). RESULTS The estimated mean change in HbA1c level from baseline to week 52 was greater with icodec with app than with OD analogues, with noninferiority (P < 0.001) and superiority (P = 0.009) confirmed in prespecified hierarchical testing (estimated treatment difference [ETD], -0.38 percentage points [95% CI, -0.66 to -0.09 percentage points]). At week 52, patient-reported outcomes were more favorable with icodec with app than with OD analogues (ETDs, 3.04 [CI, 1.28 to 4.81] for TRIM-D and 0.78 [CI, 0.10 to 1.47] for DTSQ). Rates of clinically significant or severe hypoglycemia were low and similar with both treatments. LIMITATION Inability to differentiate the effects of icodec and the dosing guide app. CONCLUSION Compared with OD analogues, icodec with app showed superior HbA1c reduction and improved treatment satisfaction and compliance with similarly low hypoglycemia rates. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Novo Nordisk A/S.
Incorporating socio-economic considerations into systematic conservation planning

This chapter outlines the various complexities of how climate affects human activity and how we have harnessed the power of science to make possible climate prediction. Also discussed is the particular context of the sugar industry and the risk management required by cane farmers in relation to climate. This chapter will prove valuable to the reader in understanding how climate forecasts work, and how they could apply to cane growing.
Diffusion du plomb dans la monazite

La connaissance des vitesses de diffusion du plomb dans la monazite est indispensable pour comprendre les anomalies des âges U-Th-Pb de ce mineral, qui est un des plus utilises en geochronologie apres le zircon. Des experiences de diffusion ont ete faites dans des monocristaux de NdPO4 et des polycristaux de Nd0.66Ca0. 17Th0.17PO4 a partir de couches minces de Nd0.66Pb0. 17Th0.17PO4, pour etudier les echanges Pb2+ + Th4+ 2 Nd3+ et Pb2+ Ca2+. Les recuits de diffusion ont ete effectues entre 1200 et 1500°C, a pression ambiante, pour des durees comprises entre une heure et un mois. Les profils de diffusion ont ete analyses en MET et en RBS. Les diffusivites extraites pour l'echange Pb2+ + Th4+ 2 Nd3+ suivent une loi d'Arrhenius de parametres E = 509 ± 24 kJ mol-1 et log D0 (m2 s-1) = -3.41 ± 0.77. Les donnees preliminaires pour l'echange Pb2+ Ca2+ concordent avec ce resultat. L'extrapolation de nos donnees aux temperatures crustales donne de tres faibles diffusivites. Par exemple, le temps necessaire pour qu'un grain de monazite de 50 µm perde tout son plomb a 800°C est superieur a l'âge de la Terre. De ces resultats et d'autres evidences de la litterature, nous concluons que la plupart des perturbations des âges U-Th-Pb des monazites ne peut pas etre attribuee a la diffusion du plomb a l'etat solide, mais plus vraisemblablement a des interactions avec des fluides
Application of Spectral Kurtosis and Improved Extreme Learning Machine for Bearing Fault Classification

The condition monitoring of rotating machinery systems based on effective and intelligent fault diagnosis has been widely accepted. Traditional signal processing (SP) methods are less effective due to noises and interferences from different sources and incipient faults which remain active for a short time with a particular frequency. In recent times, SP techniques along with artificial intelligence methods are being used for fault classification. Various complex approaches in SP domain have used for feature extraction of the vibration data to design a feature set. A challenging task is to select dominant features from the available feature set for improving the accuracy of fault classification. Thus, motivated by spectral kurtosis (SK) and extreme learning machine (ELM), we propose a novel intelligent diagnosis method for fault classification of rotating machines. In this paper, SK is used as an input feature set to avoid the task of finding the dominant feature set. The extracted features are fed to ELM for fault identification. However, ELM performance primarily depends upon the hidden node parameters and the number of hidden nodes. The selection of optimum ELM parameters for good performance is an open issue. Therefore, modified bidirectional search with local search method is proposed to determine the optimum set of ELM parameters. The developed method is tested on two vibration data sets of rolling element bearings. We examined the significance of SK as a feature set and improved ELM in comparison with traditional methods. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method efficiently optimizes the ELM parameters to provide a compact ELM architecture and also enhances the fault classification accuracy.
Investigating the Attitudes and Emotions of K-12 Students Towards Debugging

Learning to program is a challenging process, known to instill a range of thoughts and feelings among learners. In particular, debugging is known to evoke emotional reactions in learners who struggle with it. While attitudes and emotions towards programming have previously been investigated, few studies are focused at the K-12 level, with even less specifically investigating the important skill of debugging. This paper reports on an exploratory study measuring the attitudes and emotions of K-12 students related to debugging. 73 students debugged five erroneous Python programs and answered questions on their perceived performance, attitudes, emotions, and debugging strategies. Analysis of students’ survey responses revealed self-efficacy in debugging to be strongly correlated with gender, perceived performance, usefulness, and feelings of anxiety, with other associations also present. These findings contribute to our growing understanding of the challenges young people face when solving errors in computer programs.
Appearance of discrete Lorenz attractors in the transitions from saddle to saddle-focus

Triply degenerate fixed points appear in global bifurcations -- homoclinic and heteroclinic tangencies. In order to get Lorenz-like attractors, the dynamics of the first return map along the homoclinic or heteroclinic cycle should be effectively at least three-dimensional, i.e. there should not exist lower-dimensional invariant manifolds. This can be achieved by adding some special conditions, global or local. Global degeneracies are related to the existence of non-simple homoclinic tangencies or non-simple heteroclinic orbit in a cycle, these cases were studied before. Local conditions either require the cycle to contain at least one saddle-focus, or add certain relations on the multipliers of the fixed point such that the leading stable direction of the saddle either disappears or alternates. All these cases were already studied before except one, related to the transition from saddle to saddle-focus. In the present paper this case is investigated, and the existence of a cascade of parameter domains containing systems with discrete Lorenz attractors is proved. In particular, it includes the Belyakov bifurcation, when the saddle becomes a saddle-focus through a collision of the eigenvalues, and the 3DL bifurcation, when the dimension of the leading stable subset alternates between 1 and 2. This paper completes the list of the simplest bifurcations of homoclinic and heteroclinic tangencies by studying the last possible case.
Forest aesthetics, biodiversity, and the perceived appropriateness of ecosystem management practices

Gobster, Paul H. 1996. Forest aesthetics, biodiversity, and the perceived appropriateness of ecosystem management practices. In: Brunson, Mark W. ; Kruger, Linda E. ; Tyler, Catherine B. ; Schroeder, Susan A. , tech. eds. Defining social acceptability in ecosystem management: a workshop proceedings; 1992 June 23-25, Kelso, WA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-369. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 77-97. The social acceptability of 'ecosystem management' and related new forestry programs hinges on how people view the forest environment and what it means to them. For many, these conceptions are based on a 'scenic aesthetic" that is dramatic and visual, where both human and natural changes are perceived negatively. In contrast, appreciation of biologically diverse forests created through ecosystem management practices depends on experience of the subtle, multimodal characteristics of a dynamic environment, an aesthetic attitude that is acquired and cognitive rather than immediate and affective. Society is unlikely to quickly adopt this 'ecological aesthetic' as espoused by Aldo Leopold and others. However. the concept of appropriateness could serve as a shortterm alternative for resolving perceived conflicts between aesthetic and biodiversity values. Unlike scenic assessments, assessments of appropriateness address the question 'what belongs where? ' and work to integrate aesthetic and biodiversity goals rather than to seek absolutes. This concept also ties aesthetics together with land ethics by seeking a harmonious 'fit' between human activity and the natural world. Approaches are outlined that suggest how perceptions of appropriateness might be studied and used in the context of ecosystem management practices. Additional thought is given to how researchers and managers can begin to broaden ideas of forest aesthetics over the long term.
Visitor Activities and Attitudes in Coastal Areas : A case study of the Luleå archipelago, Sweden

Out from a questionnaire survey to visitors who stayed in the Lulea archipelago, Sweden during the summer 2003, the purpose of this paper is to examine the visitors� activities, attitudes and experiences together with their geographical dispersion in this coastal area. Furthermore, the paper investigates if the visitors have recognised any changes in the Lulea archipelago and if these are viewed negatively or positively. The survey in the Lulea archipelago will also analyse different aspects of possible conflicts between tourism and other land use in the area. Finally, the visitors� attitudes to Swedish coastal areas in general will be studied according to the purism scale which segments the visitors after their behaviour and attitudes. It is the first time the method of the purism scale (where the questions have been especially adjusted to coastal areas) will be included in a study of Swedish coastal areas.By gathering information about visitors, it becomes less problematic to combine sensitive nature and culture with a sustainable tourism development. E.g. islands that are visited frequently and which have sensitive vegetation could undergo great wear on the natural surroundings if the attendance rate gets too high (Lulea municipality, 2000). Therefore information about visitors is important and should be applied in land-use planning. The municipalities need information such as statistics of the visitors´ attitudes and their geographical dispersion to make progress in their planning and to diminish conflicts between different user groups. Which group of visitors does the municipality want to attract by its tourism development? An effective planning of a coastal area requires good and reliable knowledge about the visitors and their attitudes since there could be differences between what the visitors demand and the actual planning strategy.
Neural shape mediation analysis

Neural signal shapes convey significant information about their generating processes. In this study, we introduce a data-driven methodology to identify sensory and behaviourally-relevant traces within neural responses. We present a phenomenological model that characterises temporal variations in intracranial EEG using eight interpretable parameters: peak time, peak intensity, initial and final baselines, accumulation and depletion period, and their respective concavities. This model effectively captures subtle signal variations, especially in sensory decision-making tasks. By decomposing the signals in this manner, we then conduct a comprehensive brain mediation analysis on iEEG data’s shape, pinpointing regions that mediate behavioural processes. Importantly, we can determine which signal dynamics specifically reflect underlying behavioural processes, enhancing the depth of analysis and critique of their role in behaviour. Preliminary applications on a cohort of epileptic patients reveal that our model explains over a third of the signal variance at the trial level across all brain regions. We identified four key regions—encompassing sensory, associative, frontal, and premotor areas—that mediate the impact of task difficulty on reaction time. Notably, in these regions, it was the depletion period, rather than signal amplitude, that correlated with behavioural speed. This study highlights the potential of our approach in providing detailed insights into the neural mechanisms linking stimuli to behaviour.