Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fire severity assessment by using NBR (Normalized Burn Ratio) and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) derived from LANDSAT TM/ETM images

In this work, the capacity of NBR and NDVI indices derived from LANDSAT TM/ETM images has been analysed for fire severity assessment. For this purpose, three fires occurring in southern Spain were studied. Firstly, the displacements of burned and unburned pixels in the pre‐/post‐fire NIR‐MIR and NIR‐R bi‐spectral spaces were analysed with the aim of establishing which of the two indices was the most sensitive for discriminating severity levels. Then, the capacity of the two indices, both from a uni‐temporal (post‐fire) and bi‐temporal perspective (pre and post‐fire), to discriminate three severity levels was studied. Based on the results, it was decided that the most suitable way to assess wildfire severity by index segmentation was to discriminate between unburned and burned pixels according to their NBR pre‐/post‐fire difference values (dNBR), and, subsequently, to distinguish between pixels with an extreme and moderate severity based on the NBR post‐fire values. The thresholds calculated for these indices permitted fire severity mapping with an accuracy of 86.42% (±4.31%). These thresholds could be extrapolated to other fires with similar characteristics although a calculation of their own specific thresholds could improve the accuracy of the fire severity map obtained.
Production and prediction of sporadic E

This is a survey of the experimental observations and theories of formation of all types of sporadic E. The wind-shear theory is most likely to explain temperate-zone sporadic E. In the equatorial zone, VHF reflections are most probably due to the two-stream plasma instability, though gradient instabilities may play a part in producing the irregularities that cause HF vertical-incidence reflection. In the auroral zone, energetic particles dumped by any one of a variety of mechanisms cause ionization. This ionization has to be moved into thin layers of irregularities to cause auroral sporadic E and radio aurora reflections. Many recommendations are made to further the understanding of and the prediction of sporadic E for communication purposes.
Cross sections of 7Be, 22Na and 24Na for geochemical and cosmochemical important elements by monoenergetic 287 and 370 MeV neutrons

Abstract Cross sections of 7Be, 22Na and 24Na for geochemically and cosmochemically important elements were measured at incident neutron energies of 287 and 370 MeV. The cross sections were measured in target exposed to high-energy monoenergetic neutrons at the Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University.
Realistic modeling and rendering of plant ecosystems

Modeling and rendering of natural scenes with thousands of plants poses a number of problems. The terrain must be modeled and plants must be distributed throughout it in a realistic manner, reflecting the interactions of plants with each other and with their environment. Geometric models of individual plants, consistent with their positions within the ecosystem, must be synthesized to populate the scene. The scene, which may consist of billions of primitives, must be rendered efficiently while incorporating the subtleties of lighting in a natural environment. We have developed a system built around a pipeline of tools that address these tasks. The terrain is designed using an interactive graphical editor. Plant distribution is determined by hand (as one would do when designing a garden), by ecosystem simulation, or by a combination of both techniques. Given parametrized procedural models of individual plants, the geometric complexity of the scene is reduced by approximate instancing, in which similar plants, groups of plants, or plant organs are replaced by instances of representative objects before the scene is rendered. The paper includes examples of visually rich scenes synthesized using the system.
Compressibility of contaminated fine-grained soils

An experimental study was performed to investigate factors that control the compression index of contaminated soils and to evaluate the applicability of the correlations proposed by Skempton (1944) and Arulanandan et al. (1983) for contaminated soils. The literature search indicated that the compressibility of a soil depends on mechanical as well as physicochemical factors. The addition of chemicals to a soil changes its pore-fluid properties, and causes a change in mechanical and physicochemical factors and hence its settlement characteristics. Experimental results indicated that the compressibility of the two soils used in this study changed with the type and amount of chemicals in pore fluids. It was also found that the pore fluid viscosity influenced the compressibility of contaminated soils. Both correlations were unable to provide reasonable estimates of the compression indices for contaminated soils. The electrical properties reflect the changes in physicochemical interactions but not the changes in mechanical factors due to soil contamination. Both mechanical and physicochemical factors control the compressibility and liquid limit of a soil but to a different degree. Therefore, the changes in mechanical factors brought about by changes in the pore fluid viscosities were included in the above correlations as correction factors. With the correction factors, both correlations appear to predict the settlement characteristics of the contaminated soils used in this study.
Segmentación post hoc del mercado turístico español. Aplicación del análisis cluster en dos etapas

Post Hoc Segmentation of the Spanish Tourist Market. An Application of Cluster Analysis in Two Stages. The importance of tourism to the economies of several countries worldwide is undeniable. For countries such as Portugal, Spain and France, the importance of tourism is quite relevant in its Gross Domestic Product and job creation. In this sense, the income from tourism in these countries helps to achieve a sustainable balanced growth. In this context, to follow a strong focus on Tourism Marketing emerges as a paradigm shared by the leaders in terms of international tourism incomes. Consequently, following a policy of Tourism Marketing requires precise knowledge of the needs and preferences of tourists in order to optimally guide the strategies undertaken by governments and organizations responsible for the management of tourism resources (natural, human
Glaciological characteristics of cores drilled on Jostedalsbreen, Southern Norway

Glaciological investigation was carried out on Jostedalsbreen (61 43'N, 708'E), Southern Norway, in early May, 1987, as a study of the Japa­ nese Arctic Glaciological Expedition (JAGE 1987) which intended to define the glaciological characteristics in the maritime cryosphere. The 46.9 m full depth ice core was recovered at a dome of the glacier (1960 m a.s.l.). Then glaciological and geochemical in situ analyses of the cores were made to clarify the past climatic change. The cooperative study was with institutions of Norway. Several dirt layers were found in the cores; the dirt layers in the upper part indicate the cor­ responding maximum values of electrical conductivity, different from layers in the lower part. Infiltrating water of about 1 m thick appeared in the borehole, showing a confined aquifer on the bedrock. The temperature of the borehole was nearly 0C through the entire depth except at the upper part and the firn trans­ formed abruptly into ice at 29.5 m; these results implied that the whole glacier has the property of a temperate glacier. The grain size increased one order of mag­ nitude in a short interval just below the firn-ice interface, probably due to im­ mersion of ice body into 0C water. A significantly large dip of foliation at the middle layer suggested existence of glacier flow at the boring site. The annual layers were not identified from seasonal variations of in situ analyses. However, from accumulation data for the last 20 years, the age of bottom ice was estimated to be about 17 years before the present investigation.
Female–female aggression in Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the influence of fruit quality on combat intensity

Frugivorous tephritid (Diptera: Tephritidae) females compete over access to fruit for oviposition through aggressive interactions. These aggressive displays are for oviposition site maintenance to reduce the probability of subsequent larval competition. While female aggressive behaviours have been described for several frugivorous tephritid species, studies quantifying behavioural frequencies and sequences and examining how quality of the host fruit might modify the intensity of aggressive behaviours are minimal or absent. We used behavioural analysis software of video playback to describe and quantify antagonistic behaviours between pairs of Bactrocera tryoni females and measured changes in the frequency of behaviours when females were defending three fruit types known to vary in their quality for offspring development. Seven behaviours were identified as part of competitive contests between B. tryoni females, which were not performed in any regular order or with any obvious escalation in the intensity of an aggressive display. Crabbing, [wing] supination and pushing were the most common behaviours, constituting 78% of all observed aggressive behaviours. Increasing fruit quality resulted in aggressive behaviours happening significantly sooner and more often. Our results are similar to previous studies in the types of behaviours exhibited by female frugivorous tephritids but are contrary to other studies in that no sequential pattern or escalation of behaviours was documented. Increased female investment in defence of higher quality hosts aligns with theoretical predictions but has not been previously tested.
KNOWLEDGE OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS ABOUT FIRST AID

ABSTRACT Objective: evaluate the knowledge of elementary school teachers on urgency/emergency care in the school environment. Method: this is a quantitative, cross-sectional, analytical study. The study participants were 269 elementary school teachers - Cycle I, from 19 schools under the management of the Municipality of Marilia - SP. Data collection occurred in September 2021 and the instrument used was a questionnaire prepared in the digital platform Google Forms, divided into three sections: the first containing the informed consent and socioeconomic questions, followed by objective questions about previous experiences of the participants and simulated cases of emergency in the school environment. The data collected was analyzed using the SPSS software (version 24.0), using the chi-square test for association of the proportion distribution with a significance level of 5%. Results: among the participants, 53.2% had already witnessed some emergency situation inside the school, in which 11.9% had acted safely. Less than half (42.7%) of the teachers had content about the subject during their graduation, and 68.8% reported never having received training on school accident prevention and first aid. Conclusion: based on the results, we identified that there is a need for teacher training regarding urgency and emergency situations related to the care of children in the school environment, thus trying to provide subsidies for coping with serious situations that may occur at school.
Seismological evidence on characteristic time of crack healing in the shallow crust

A continuous observation of shear wave splitting for 17 years reveals a unique temporal variation in seismic anisotropy in the shallow crust induced by a larger earthquake (MW5.7) beneath the Tokai region, Japan. The delay time between the fast and slow wavelets coseismically increased and then decreased back to the pre‐event value. The duration of the decreasing stage is about two years. The decrease may indicate crack healing in the upper 10 km of the crust. We approximate the temporal variation in the delay time as a function of logarithm of time, which is concordant with healing phenomena of cracks reported by laboratory experiments. The observation indicates that healing of cracks in crustal rocks is complete in approximately two years.
The dynamic interplay between saline fluid flow and rock permeability in magmatic‐hydrothermal systems

Magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits document the interplay between saline fluid flow and rock permeability. Numerical simulations of multiphase flow of variably miscible, compressible H2O–NaCl fluids in concert with a dynamic permeability model can reproduce characteristics of porphyry copper and epithermal gold systems. This dynamic permeability model uses values between 10−22 and 10−13 m2, incorporating depth-dependent permeability profiles characteristic for tectonically active crust as well as pressure- and temperature-dependent relationships describing hydraulic fracturing and the transition from brittle to ductile rock behavior. In response to focused expulsion of magmatic fluids from a crystallizing upper crustal magma chamber, the hydrothermal system self-organizes into a hydrological divide, separating an inner part dominated by ascending magmatic fluids under near-lithostatic pressures from a surrounding outer part dominated by convection of colder meteoric fluids under near-hydrostatic pressures. This hydrological divide also provides a mechanism to transport magmatic salt through the crust. With a volcano at the surface above the hydrothermal system, topography-driven flow reverses the direction of the meteoric convection as compared to a flat surface, leading to discharge at distances of up to 7 km from the volcanic center. The same physical processes at similar permeability ranges, crustal depths, and flow rates are relevant for a number of active systems, including geothermal resources and excess degassing at volcanos. The simulations further suggest that the described mechanism can separate the base of free convection in high-enthalpy geothermal systems from the magma chamber as a driving heat source by several kilometers in the vertical direction in tectonic settings with hydrous magmatism. These root zones of high-enthalpy systems may serve as so-called super-critical geothermal resources. This hydrology would be in contrast to settings with anhydrous magmatism, where the base of the geothermal systems may be closer to the magma chamber.
The Impact of Climate Change on Global Tropical Storm Damages

This paper constructs an integrated assessment model of tropical cyclones in order to quantify the impact that climate change may have on tropical cyclone damages in countries around the world. The paper relies on a tropical cyclone generator in each ocean and several climate models to predict tropical cyclones with and without climate change. A damage model is constructed to compute the resulting damage when a cyclone strikes each country. Economic development is expected to double global tropical cyclone damages because more will be in harm's way. Climate change is expected to double global damage again, causing an additional $54 billion of damage per year. The damage is projected to be concentrated in North America and eastern Asia but many Caribbean islands will suffer the highest damages per unit of GDP. Most of the increased damage will be caused by rare but very powerful storms.
Anthropogenic contributions to Australia's record summer temperatures of 2013

Anthropogenic contributions to the record hot 2013 Australian summer are investigated using a suite of climate model experiments. This was the hottest Australian summer in the observational record. Australian area‐average summer temperatures for simulations with natural forcings only were compared to simulations with anthropogenic and natural forcings for the period 1976–2005 and the RCP8.5 high emission simulation (2006–2020) from nine Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 models. Using fraction of attributable risk to compare the likelihood of extreme Australian summer temperatures between the experiments, it was very likely (>90% confidence) there was at least a 2.5 times increase in the odds of extreme heat due to human influences using simulations to 2005, and a fivefold increase in this risk using simulations for 2006–2020. The human contribution to the increased odds of Australian summer extremes like 2013 was substantial, while natural climate variations alone, including El Niño Southern Oscillation, are unlikely to explain the record temperature.
Volcanic history of the back-arc region of the Izu-Bonin (Ogasawara) arc

Abstract The laser-heating 40Ar/39Ar dating method was applied to volcanic rocks systematically collected from the back-arc region of the central part of the Izu-Bonin arc. Dating results combined with whole-rock chemistry and other geological information reveal the volcanic history of the back-arc region of the Izu-Bonin arc. In the back-arc seamount chains area, andesitic-basaltic volcanism initiated at c. 17 Ma, slightly before the Shikoku Basin ceased spreading, and continued until c. 3 Ma. Relatively old volcanism (>8 Ma) has been found only from the western part of the seamount chains, and younger volcanism mainly occurs in the eastern part of the chains, indicating the western margin of the active volcanic zone of the Izu-Bonin arc has migrated eastward with time. At around 2.8 Ma, volcanism initiated in the western part of the back-arc knolls zone. This volcanism is characterized by eruption of clinopyroxene-olivine basalt. In the first stage of rifting, this type of basalt erupted from N-S-trending fissures and/or vents aligned in this direction and formed N-S-trending ridges. Between 2.5 and 1 Ma, many small knolls were formed by eruption of basalt and minor felsic rocks. Volcanism younger than 1 Ma occurred only in the currently active rift zone and its adjacent area. The active volcanic zone in the back-arc seamount chains area converged to the volcanic front with time from 17 to 3 Ma. Active rifting and rifting-related volcanism also migrated or converged eastward after 1 Ma. The observed temporal variation of locus of volcanism may be explained by rapid retreat of the Philippine Sea Plate relative to the Pacific Plate and resulting steepening of the subducting slab.
The relationship between serum leptin, insulin-like growth factor-1, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 levels and clinical parameters in primary fibromyalgia patients

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of leptin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and their relations with clinical parameters in patients with primary fibromyalgia and healthy controls. METHODS: Our study was performed on 30 female patients with primary fibromyalgia and 30 healthy controls. The levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 were measured by a two-site immunoradiometric assay. The serum level of leptin was measured by the ELISA kit. RESULTS: The serum level of leptin was significantly higher, but the serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 were significantly lower in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome than healthy controls (p<0.001). The leptin level was positively correlated with the Visual Analog Scale, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire score, Beck Depression Inventory score, tender point count, age, and duration of disease (p<0.001), but it was negatively correlated with insulin-like growth factor-1 (p<0.001). The insulin-like growth factor-1 level was negatively correlated with age, Visual Analog Scale, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory scores, duration of disease, and tender point count (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that high levels of serum leptin and low levels of serum insulin-like growth factor-1 may play a role in the physiopathogenesis of fibromyalgia and may be related to some symptoms.
How climate change will change the potential distribution of two wood-decaying fungi?

Changes in climate, which can be understood as fluctuations in climate patterns as a reflection of natural or anthropic interventions, can generate changes in the environment and consequently affect the diversity of organisms. Fungi are extremely important in organic matter cycling in different environments, mainly forest areas, decomposing dead wood. To better understand the effects of climate change on two wood-degrading Agaricomycetes, their potential neotropical distribution was modeled using known occurrence data, available in the GBIF database and in specific literature, and associated with predictor variables extracted from Worldclim. A modeling package in R environment was used to analyze the present and future suitability for the optimistic and pessimistic scenarios. The results indicate the climate as an important factor in the distribution of Auricularia brasiliana and Megasporoporia neosetulosa . The suitability factors for the metrics used indicate that the models can be used to analyze climatic areas and that temperature and precipitation strongly influence the permanence of species in these locations. The results also indicate areas that can be affected by climatic effects, consequently causing a decrease in the occurrence and permanence of these fungi in the Neotropics. Our models can be useful as future guidelines in conservation studies for fungi.
Replenishment, crystal accumulation and floor aggradation in the Megacrystic Kameruka Suite, Australia

Detailed field evidence indicates that the Kameruka Suite plutons of the Bega Batholith, eastern Australia, grew by crystal accumulation on the floor of a magma chamber. Depositional features in the plutons, including mafic enclave channels, asymmetric enclave pillows and exotic rafts, load casts and flame structures, and graded and trough cross-beds, indicate that the pluton built progressively upward. The general eastward dip of depositional features in the main pluton implies a lower western and upper eastern contact, consistent with a basal granite–migmatite contact in the west and a sharp hornfelsic sidewall contact in the east. Mafic, felsic and composite dykes, most common near and below the basal western contact, are interpreted as conduits for magma chamber replenishment and imply open-system behaviour during pluton construction. Textural relations are also consistent with an open-system, cumulate origin. Typically, centimetre-scale grains of quartz, plagioclase and megacrystic alkali feldspar form a touching framework with interstices filled with smaller biotite flakes and smaller intercumulus quartz and feldspar crystals. Alkali feldspar megacrysts vary from euhedral and unzoned, to mantled and partially replaced by plagioclase, to ovoid and completely pseudomorphed by quartz–albite aggregates. The common occurrence of mantled and pseudomorphed alkali feldspar in mafic enclaves, and in hybrid tonalitic rocks forming the matrix to enclave swarms, suggests that replacement or resorption of granitic primocrysts was associated with mafic replenishments. The occurrence of all megacryst types at outcrop scale implies extended alkali feldspar crystallization in different parts of the chamber, thorough stirring during, or after, periodic replenishment, and final settling in a cumulate mush. The bulk composition of the cumulate mush, represented by granodiorite, cannot represent the emplaced magma. Compositional variation can be modelled by variable degrees of crystal accumulation from a parental, silica-rich melt represented by the silicic dykes. As dykes periodically fed the magma chamber, crystals accumulated on the floor, and more evolved melts probably erupted from its roof. Thus, the average composition of the magma, and the cumulus minerals, may have remained relatively constant, and the sublinear chemical trends that typify the Kameruka Suite simply reflect differing proportions of melt and cumulate material. Sublinear chemical trends can also be explained by a restite model; however, the distinctive Ba, light rare earth element and Zr spikes at high silica can be explained only by a cumulate model, which also explains why the low-silica granites of the suite share the same chemical characteristics as the high-silica granites.