Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development mechanisms for Mediterranean tropical‐like cyclones (medicanes)

Midlatitude cyclones with characteristics similar to tropical cyclones (also known as Tropical‐Like Cyclones, TLCs, or medicanes) are sometimes observed in the Mediterranean region. The Wind Induced Surface Heat Exchange (WISHE) mechanism has been considered responsible for their development, in analogy with tropical‐cyclone theory. However, some recent papers have proposed a different explanation, suggesting that the deep warm core in the TLC is mainly an effect of the seclusion of warm air in the cyclone core. To investigate the latter hypothesis, two case‐studies of Mediterranean TLCs are analysed here by means of high‐resolution numerical experiments. The evolution of the near‐surface equivalent potential temperature is followed along back‐trajectories around the cyclone centre, showing for both cases a strong heating when the parcel moves from the outer part of the cyclone to its inner, warmer core. Sensitivity experiments clarify the mechanism of cyclone intensification and the way the warm‐core structure is generated, showing that sea‐surface fluxes and/or condensation latent heating are fundamental to explain the intensification of the cyclones. However, the importance of air–sea interaction processes is case dependent. For the first cyclone, the intense sea‐surface fluxes, associated with tramontane and cierzo winds over the western Mediterranean Sea, transfer a large amount of energy from the ocean to the atmosphere in the area where the cyclone developed, so that the vortex is able to sustain itself in a barotropic environment and reach a tropical‐like structure at a later stage in its lifetime. For the second cyclone, the cyclone never develops a fully tropical‐like structure, evolving in the baroclinic environment associated with the potential vorticity streamer in which the cyclone formed. Based on the distinction emerging in this and other articles, a classification of medicanes in three different categories is proposed.
Teratoma with malignant transformation in germ cell tumors in men

Pathology reports of over 580 male patients with germ cell tumors treated between 1972 and 1982 were screened for teratomas in which malignant transformation was apparent. The diagnosis was established in 17 cases. The median age was 28 years (range, 14–52). For patients with disease limited to the testis, the median survival has not been reached, with all five patients surviving disease‐free at 22+ to 120+ months. Among the 12 patients with metastatic disease, the median survival was 30.5 months (range, 12–69). All 12 patients were treated with cisplatin‐containing regimens. Six had complete respones either to chemotherapy alone or to chemotherapy plus resection of residual disease. Four of the six complete responders relapsed, and three died of progressive disease. One patient with sarcomatous differentiation was treated with a doxorubicin‐based regimen and had a partial remission, which lasted 8 months. Teratoma with malignant transformation, when found in metastatic sites, appeared to be a poor prognostic pathologic variant in male patients with germ cell tumors.
The Equivalence of Bundling and Advance Sales

We identify the conditions under which a problem of optimal advance selling strategy can be mathematically transformed into a problem of optimal bundle pricing. These conditions are as follows: i consumers and sellers have common priors on the probability of each state being realized in the future, ii consumers are risk-neutral, iii sellers can commit to spot prices, and iv consumers and sellers discount the future at the same rate. The result allows both researchers and practitioners to extend and/or apply the findings from the vast literature on bundling to advance selling problems, and vice versa. We highlight several insights that are particularly relevant, such as the importance of the dependence of consumer valuations across states on the profitability of advance selling in the base case of two states as well as in the cases of more than two states or with possible competition in some of the states.
The E3 ubiquitin ligase ZNRF2 is a substrate of mTORC1 and regulates its activation by amino acids

The mechanistic Target of Rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) senses intracellular amino acid levels through an intricate machinery, which includes the Rag GTPases, Ragulator and vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase). The membrane-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase ZNRF2 is released into the cytosol upon its phosphorylation by Akt. In this study, we show that ZNRF2 interacts with mTOR on membranes, promoting the amino acid-stimulated translocation of mTORC1 to lysosomes and its activation in human cells. ZNRF2 also interacts with the V-ATPase and preserves lysosomal acidity. Moreover, knockdown of ZNRF2 decreases cell size and cell proliferation. Upon growth factor and amino acid stimulation, mTORC1 phosphorylates ZNRF2 on Ser145, and this phosphosite is dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase 6. Ser145 phosphorylation stimulates vesicle-to-cytosol translocation of ZNRF2 and forms a novel negative feedback on mTORC1. Our findings uncover ZNRF2 as a component of the amino acid sensing machinery that acts upstream of Rag-GTPases and the V-ATPase to activate mTORC1. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.12278. 001
Chandra Snapshot Observations of Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei with a Compact Radio Source

The results of Chandra snapshot observations of 11 low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions (LINERs), three low-luminosity Seyfert galaxies, and one H II-LINER transition object are presented. Our sample consists of all the objects with a flat- or inverted-spectrum, compact radio core in the Very Large Array survey of 48 low-luminosity AGNs (LLAGNs) by Nagar and coworkers in 2000. An X-ray nucleus is detected in all galaxies except one, and their X-ray luminosities are in the range 5 × 1038-8 × 1041 ergs s-1. The X-ray spectra are generally steeper than expected from thermal bremsstrahlung emission from an advection-dominated accretion flow. The X-ray-to-Hα luminosity ratios for 11 of 14 objects are in good agreement, with the value characteristic of LLAGNs and more luminous AGNs, and indicate that their optical emission lines are predominantly powered by an LLAGN. For three objects, this ratio is less than expected. Comparing with properties in other wavelengths, we find that these three galaxies are most likely to be heavily obscured AGNs. We use the ratio RX = νLν(5 GHz)/LX, where LX is the luminosity in the 2-10 keV band, as a measure of radio loudness. In contrast to the usual definition of radio loudness [Ro = Lν(5 GHz)/Lν(B)], RX can be used for heavily obscured (NH ≳ 1023 cm-2, AV > 50 mag) nuclei. Further, with the high spatial resolution of Chandra, the nuclear X-ray emission of LLAGNs is often easier to measure than the nuclear optical emission. We investigate the values of RX for LLAGNs, luminous Seyfert galaxies, quasars, and radio galaxies and confirm the suggestion that a large fraction of LLAGNs are radio-loud.
Feature-based attentional gain is flexibly deployed in visual cortex

Author(s): Scolari, Miranda Rose | Abstract: Feature-based attention (FBA) is a selection mechanism implemented in the visual system that facilitates perceptual representations of behaviorally-relevant stimulus features at the expense of behaviorally- irrelevant features in order to aid decision-making. Traditional accounts of FBA indicate that this facilitation occurs via the modulation of feature- selective neurons in visual cortex: the responses of neurons that are maximally driven by (or "tuned to") the relevant feature are enhanced (termed sensory gain or attentional gain), while the responses of other neurons are suppressed. However, recent theoretical and psychophysical evidence suggests potential modifications to this longstanding model, wherein the locus of attentional gain depends not only on the shape of the neuronal tuning functions, but also on the nature of the perceptual task. For example, during a coarse discrimination task, in which an observer must discriminate a target feature (e.g., 90° oriented line) from a set of highly dissimilar distractors (e.g., 180° oriented line), neurons tuned to the target (termed on- channel or on-target neurons) are highly informative given a large change in firing rates between stimulus alternatives (i.e., greater signal-to-noise ratio or SNR). During a fine discrimination task, however, in which the target and distractors are highly similar (e.g., 90° oriented line among 85° oriented lines), on-channel neurons provide little sensory evidence since they respond nearly as well to both the target and distractors. In this case, attentional gain should be applied to neurons tuned away from the target feature (interchangeably termed off- channel or off-target neurons) that produce a greater SNR. Here, I present a set of psychophysical (Chapter 1) and neuroimaging (Chapters 2 and 3) studies in support of an optimal gain model of FBA that flexibly targets sensory inputs based on informativeness. Together, the studies suggest that human observers are able to optimally deploy attentional gain according to task demands to feature- selective populations in visual cortex. Furthermore, the level of off-channel modulation is predictive of subjects' behavioral performance on a range of difficult fine discrimination tasks, indicating that these inputs are ultimately utilized in perceptual decision-making
Identifying Basal Ganglia Divisions in Individuals Using Resting-State Functional Connectivity MRI

Studies in non-human primates and humans reveal that discrete regions (henceforth, “divisions”) in the basal ganglia are intricately interconnected with regions in the cerebral cortex. However, divisions within basal ganglia nuclei (e.g., within the caudate) are difficult to identify using structural MRI. Resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) can be used to identify putative cerebral cortical functional areas in humans (Cohen et al., 2008). Here, we determine whether rs-fcMRI can be used to identify divisions in individual human adult basal ganglia. Putative basal ganglia divisions were generated by assigning basal ganglia voxels to groups based on the similarity of whole-brain functional connectivity correlation maps using modularity optimization, a network analysis tool. We assessed the validity of this approach by examining the spatial contiguity and location of putative divisions and whether divisions’ correlation maps were consistent with previously reported patterns of anatomical and functional connectivity. Spatially constrained divisions consistent with the dorsal caudate, ventral striatum, and dorsal caudal putamen could be identified in each subject. Further, correlation maps associated with putative divisions were consistent with their presumed connectivity. These findings suggest that, as in the cerebral cortex, subcortical divisions can be identified in individuals using rs-fcMRI. Developing and validating these methods should improve the study of brain structure and function, both typical and atypical, by allowing for more precise comparison across individuals.
The Laptev Sea inshore zone modeling with focus on the Lena Delta region

The Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea have the most severe climate and the lowest salinity of all the seas of the northern coast of Asia. Among the seas of the Arctic Ocean the Laptev Sea receives the input from the largest number of rivers such as Lena (provides approximately 70% of total runoff to the Laptev Sea), Olenyok, Khatanga, Anabar, Yana, Omoloy, Gusiha and other small rivers. The Lena delta region of Laptev Sea can serve as an indicator of climate changing. A large number of observed data in this region suggests a strong climate change and biological data for the last thirty years. Thus it is timely to estimate the role of different factors to dynamics in the region. One of the goals of my PhD is to evaluate dynamics of the hydrography-carbon transport in Lena Delta region of the Laptev Sea, in recent decades. In framework of this purpose the first task is to tune a basic numerical model which is able to reproduce the climatic changes in the region; the second task is to estimate the variability of the climate system; the third task is to implement a biological module in to the Laptev Sea shelf 3D model. In framework of the first and second tasks in this paper were examined the role of local wind pattern, tidal dynamics, structure and temperature of freshwater runoff, characteristics of heat fluxes to explain the features of the temperature and salinity distributions in the region. In addition was estimated the impact bathymetry data of the Lena Delta vicinity on temperature and salinity local patterns. The numerical simulations were based on Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM).
The Optimal Allocation of Prizes in Tournaments of Heterogeneous Agents

Tournaments are widely used in organizations, explicitly or implicitly, to reward the best-performing employees, e.g., through promotion or bonuses, and/or to punish the worst-performing employees, e.g., through firing or unfavorable job assignments. We explore the impact of the allocation of prizes on the effectiveness of tournament incentive schemes. We show that while multiple prize allocation rules are equivalent when agents are symmetric in their ability, the equivalence is broken in the presence of heterogeneity. Under a wide range of conditions, punishment tournaments, i.e., tournaments that award a low prize to relatively few bottom performers, are optimal for the firm. The reason is that low-ability agents are discouraged less in punishment tournaments, and hence can be compensated less to meet their participation constraints.
Number of Siblings and Educational Choices of Immigrant Children: Evidence from First- and Second-Generation Siblings

We document the educational integration of immigrant children with a focus on the link between family size and educational decisions and distinguishing particularly between first- and second-generation immigrants and between source country groups. First, for immigrant adolescents, we show family-size adjusted convergence to almost native levels of higher education track attendance from the first to the second generation of immigrants. Second, we find that reduced fertility is associated with higher educational outcomes for immigrant children, possibly through a quantity-quality trade-off. Third, we show that between one third and the complete difference in family-size adjusted educational outcomes between immigrants from different source countries or immigrant generations can be explained by parental background. This latter holds true for various immigrant groups in both France and Germany, two major European economies with distinct immigration histories.
Supporting the analysis of clones in software systems

Code duplication is a well-documented problem in industrial software systems. There has been considerable research into techniques for detecting duplication in software, and there are several effective tools to perform this task. However, there have been few detailed qualitative studies into how cloning actually manifests itself within software systems. This is primarily due to the large result sets that many clone-detection tools return; these result sets are very difficult to manage without complementary tool support that can scale to the size of the problem, and this kind of support does not currently exist. In this paper we present an in-depth case study of cloning in a large software system that is in wide use, the Apache Web server; we provide insights into cloning as it exists in this system, and we demonstrate techniques to manage and make effective use of the large result sets of clone-detection tools. In our case study, we found several interesting types of cloning occurrences, such as ‘cloning hotspots’, where a single subsystem comprising only 17% of the system code contained 38.8% of the clones. We also found several examples of cloning behavior that were beneficial to the development of the system, in particular cloning as a way to add experimental functionality. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shoot and rhizome-root standing crops of tundra vegetation at Barrow, Alaska.

The relationships between permafrost and aboveground and subsurface standing crops of tundra vegetation at Barrow, Alaska, were studied during the 1964 and 1965 growing seasons. Average aboveground accretion rates ranged from 3 to 97 g m-2 year-. The lower values resulted from heavy utilization of vegetation by lemmings in a year having a high lemming population. In 1965, average aboveground total standing crop (live and dead) varied among six sites from 74 to 266 g m-2. Average live subsurface standing crop in the same year was estimated to range from 735 to 1,435 g m-2 at five sites. Ratios of live subsurface standing crop to aboveground accretion varied from 30:1 to 45:1. Vertical distribution of live subsurface standing crop varied with both site and depth. At a site with wet, organic, shallowly thawing soil, 91% of the live subsurface standing crop occurred in the top 10 cm of soil. At the other extreme, at a site with comparatively dry, mineral, deeply thawing soil, only 69% of the live subsurface standing crop occurred in the top 10 cm of soil. Within the Arctic, presence of permafrost affects formation of vegetational standing crops. This effect is exerted indirectly through influences of permafrost on soil moisture, soil aeration, and soil temperature. Comparison of standing crop in this arctic tundra with those in an alpine and several prairie areas indicates that reduction of standing crop in response to the severe arctic climate occurs more above the ground than in the ground. This contrast with more southern latitudes suggests that the aboveground environment is comparatively more restrictive to growth at Barrow than the subsurface environment. As a result, permafrost does not appear to be the primary factor limiting growth of vegetation at Barrow.
Direct numerical simulation of turbulence over systematically varied irregular rough surfaces

Lattice Boltzmann direct numerical simulation of turbulent open-channel flows over randomly distributed hemispheres at $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=600$ is carried out to reveal the influence of roughness parameters related to a probability density function of rough-surface elevation on turbulence by analysing the spatial and Reynolds- (double-) averaged Navier–Stokes equation. This study specifically concentrates on the influence of the root-mean-square roughness and the skewness, and profiles of turbulence statistics are compared by introducing an effective wall-normal distance defined as a wall-normal integrated plane porosity. The effective distance can completely collapse the total shear stress outside the roughness sublayer, and thus the similarity of the streamwise mean velocity is clearer by introducing the effective distance. In order to examine the influence of the root-mean-square roughness and the skewness on dynamical effects that contribute to an increase in the skin friction coefficient, the triple-integrated double-averaged Navier–Stokes equation is analysed. The main contributors to the skin friction coefficient are found to be turbulence and drag force. The turbulence contribution increases with the root-mean-square roughness and/or the skewness. The drag force contribution, on the other hand, increases in particular with the root-mean-square roughness whereas an increase in the skewness does not increase the drag force contribution because it does not necessarily increase the surface area of the roughness elements. The contribution of the mean velocity dispersion induced by spatial inhomogeneity of the rough surfaces substantially increases with the root-mean-square roughness. A linear correlation is confirmed between the root-mean-square roughness and the equivalent roughness while the equivalent roughness monotonically increases with the skewness. A new correlation function based on the root-mean-square roughness and the skewness is developed with the available experimental and direct numerical simulation data, and it is confirmed that the developed correlation reasonably predicts the equivalent roughness of various types of real rough surfaces.
Overview of first Wendelstein 7-X high-performance operation

The optimized superconducting stellarator device Wendelstein 7-X (with major radius , minor radius , and plasma volume) restarted operation after the assembly of a graphite heat shield and 10 inertially cooled island divertor modules. This paper reports on the results from the first high-performance plasma operation. Glow discharge conditioning and ECRH conditioning discharges in helium turned out to be important for density and edge radiation control. Plasma densities of with central electron temperatures were routinely achieved with hydrogen gas fueling, frequently terminated by a radiative collapse. In a first stage, plasma densities up to were reached with hydrogen pellet injection and helium gas fueling. Here, the ions are indirectly heated, and at a central density of a temperature of with was transiently accomplished, which corresponds to with a peak diamagnetic energy of and volume-averaged normalized plasma pressure . The routine access to high plasma densities was opened with boronization of the first wall. After boronization, the oxygen impurity content was reduced by a factor of 10, the carbon impurity content by a factor of 5. The reduced (edge) plasma radiation level gives routinely access to higher densities without radiation collapse, e.g. well above line integrated density and central temperatures at moderate ECRH power. Both X2 and O2 mode ECRH schemes were successfully applied. Core turbulence was measured with a phase contrast imaging diagnostic and suppression of turbulence during pellet injection was observed.
Características antropométricas de jovens nadadores brasileiros do sexo masculino e feminino em diferentes categorias competitivas

The objective of this study was to establish the profi le as well as the differences in anthropometric characteristics of Brazilian young swimmers of different categories in both sexes. Ninety male and 70 female swimmers were measured in the following categories: 1 (12-13 years), 2 (14-15 years) and 3 (16-18 years). Anthropometric variables analyzed were: body mass (Kg), stature (m), BMI (Kg/m2), fat free mass (LBM, kg), fat mass (kg) and arm span (m). The percent of body fat (% fat) was estimated using the Lohman equation. Two-way ANOVA was used followed by the Tukey’s post-hoc test, with p< 0.05. For males, the category 3 presented higher body mass, stature, arm span and LBM in relation to the other categories. For females, body mass was higher in category 3 when compared to categories 1 and 2. It was observed higher stature, arm span, LBM and fat mass for category 3 when compared to 1. Category 2 presented higher body mass and LBM than category 1. Comparing to girls, boys in the category 2 had higher BMI and LBM than girls. For both categories 2 and 3, males showed higher body mass, stature, arm span and LBM than females, which, in turn, had higher % fat. It was concluded that anthropometric variables are different between categories for both sexes, however, among girls differences between categories 1 and 2 were less evident, probably because of early maturation changes in females.