Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quasi-Distribution Semigroups and Integrated Semigroups

Abstract Suppose X is a Banach space. We introduce the concept of quasi-distribution semigroups on X , as a generalization of the concept of distribution semigroups introduced by Lions in [19]. In our approach, the generator A of a quasi-distribution semigroup may not be densely defined. Also introduced is a functional calculus for A in terms of the Fourier transform. For fixed r >0, k ∈ N ∪{0}, define order ( r , k ) for a quasi-distribution semigroup and define an F r , k functional calculus. We prove that A generates a ( k +1)-times integrated semigroup of exponential type r with local Lipschitz continuity if and only if A generates a quasi-distribution semigroup of order ( r , k ) if and only if A has an F r , k functional calculus. When A is densely defined, a quasi-distribution semigroup reduces to a distribution semigroup in the sense of Lions.
Meso-α-Scale Wind Field and Precipitating Clouds in Typhoon 9426(Orchid) Observed by the MU Radar

A general structure of Typhoon 9426 (Orchid) up to the lower stratosphere including the inner core region was observed by the MU (middle and upper atmosphere) radar on 29-30 September 1994. In this paper, a meso-α-scale wind field and meso-β and -y scale features of precipitating clouds in the typhoon were investigated. The kinematic structure in the front and rear of the typhoon was quite different because of its transition from mature to decaying stages and an asymmetric distribution of cloud and precipitation. In front of the typhoon, the meso-α-scale wind field was characterized by a cyclonic rotation with the maximum at low level, outflow regions tilted outward with height, and vertical motions affected by convection and topography. In the vicinity of the typhoon center, the tangential wind had a vertical spiral structure for the center, considered to be the result from deformation of the center of the decaying typhoon. In the rear of the typhoon without precipitating clouds, the cyclonic wind became weak, and the outflows and vertical motions as seen in the front were not detected. In front of the typhoon, an eyewall and wide rainband were observed. In the eyewall, a meso-γ-scale remarkable updraft associated with an outflow region, considered to be a part of vertical circulation, was found in the upper troposhere. The outflow region tilted outward was originated from the area of maximum radial shear of the low-level cyclonic wind. It was extended to an updraft region within an upper-level band-shaped cloud, located far from the typhoon center. The wide rainband (50-70 km width) was located at the outer edge of the band-shaped cloud, and it lasted in the development of the upper-level cloud. It was accompanied by the tilted outflow region to 6 km altitude, the bottom of which was located at the maximum of the cyclonic wind. A narrow rainband (20-40 km width), that a lifetime was quite short (1.5 hours), was also observed by the boundary layer radar (BLR) at another site. An outflow region with the tilted structure was present in the outer part (convective portion) of the rainband, and its bottom was not associated with strong cyclonic wind as seen in the wide rainband.
Temperature and iron abundance variation of the gas in the Perseus cluster

We present the first two-dimensional map of the temperature and iron abundance in the Perseus cluster. Analysis of spectra obtained using the Gas Imaging Spectrometer on ASCA shows nonaxisymmetric variations in both the temperature and iron abundance. Traveling west from the cluster center, the temperature increases to 9 keV at 20 min and then decreases rapidly to 5 keV at 40 min. There is a hot (greater than 10 keV) region to the northwest of the cluster center. The abundance is approximately constant over much of the surveyed region, but there is evidence for an increased abundance in the northwest hot area and a gradual decrease in a westerly direction.
The Triple Symbiotic System CH Cygni

A 13 yr time series of high-resolution 2 μm infrared spectra of CH Cygni has been analyzed. While confirming the previously suggested orbit of 15-16 yr, our observations show that CH Cyg is a triple system with a short-period orbit of just over 2 yr. The period ratio of 7 for CH Cyg is the smallest known for a triple system. The symbiotic pair is the short-period system. Thus, previous identification of the symbiotic system as the pair of stars in the long-period orbit as well as the interpretation of an eclipse of the hot companion in the long-period orbit are incorrect. With the addition of velocities from other sources we have determined both an eccentric and a circular orbit solution for the short-period pair. Circularization time scales and line asymmetries lead us to conclude that the circular-orbit solution is more appropriate
A Modeling Study of Hurricane Landfall in a Dry Environment

Abstract The effects of dry air intrusion on landfalling hurricanes are investigated using eight numerical simulations. The simulations differ in the initial amount of moisture in the storm core and its horizontal extent from the storm center. The storms evolve very differently during the 36-h simulation. Storms with a small radial extent of moisture develop minimal rainbands, intensify rapidly in the first 3 h, and weaken as dry air from the 800–850-hPa layer wraps cyclonically and inward around the storm core. As the air approaches the core, it sinks (possibly by eyewall downdrafts or as a result of evaporative cooling), reaches the storm’s inflow layer, and entrains into the eyewall updrafts. Storms with large radial extent of moisture develop into larger storms with large rainbands, having smaller intensification rates initially, but continue to intensify for a longer period of time. Rainband downdrafts release low equivalent potential temperature air into the moat region. Low-level convergence into t.
Existence of. xi. resonances above 2 GeV

xi. /sup asterisk-/ production was studied in the reaction K/sup -/+p.-->. K/sub slow//sup +/+X/sup -/ at 5 GeV/c. The slow K/sup +/ was electronically detected, while the X/sup -/ was observed as a missing mass, thus allowing for observation of all . xi. ( independent of decay mode. The observed .xi. states were .xi.(1320), . xi. (1530), . xi. (1820), . xi. (2030), . xi. (2250), . xi. (2370), and . xi. (2500). These data establish and confirm the existence of . xi. ((2250) and indicate a peculiar production-cross-section behavior for the . xi. ((2370).
Do cluster properties affect the quenching rate

The quenching rate is known to depend on galaxy stellar mass and environment, however, possible dependences on the hosting halo properties, such as mass, richness, and dynamical status, are still debated. The determination of these dependences is hampered by systematics, induced by noisy estimates of cluster mass or by the lack of control on galaxy stellar mass, which may mask existing trends or introduce fake trends. We studied a sample of local clusters (20 with 0.02 14), selected independent of the galaxy properties under study, having homogeneous optical photometry and X-ray estimated properties. Using those top quality measurements of cluster mass, hence of cluster scale, richness, iron abundance, and cooling time/presence of a cool-core, we study the simultaneous dependence of quenching on these cluster properties on galaxy stellar mass M and normalised cluster-centric distance r/r200. We found that the quenching rate can be completely described by two variables only, galaxy stellar mass and normalised cluster-centric distance, and is independent of halo properties (mass, richness, iron abundance, presence of a cool-core, and central cooling time). These halo properties change, in most cases, by less than 3% the probability that a galaxy is quenched, once the mass-size (M200-r200) scaling relation is accounted for through cluster-centric distance normalisation.
Impulsive Variations of the Magnetic Helicity Change Rate Associated with Eruptive Flares

In this paper, we investigate impulsive variations of the magnetic helicity change rate associated with eruptive solar flares (three X class flares and one M class flare) accompanying halo coronal mass ejections. By analyzing four sets of 1 minute cadence full-disk magnetograms taken by the Michelson Doppler Imager on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, we have determined the rates of magnetic helicity transport due to horizontal photospheric motions. We have found that magnetic helicity of the order of 1041 Mx2 was impulsively injected into the corona around the flaring peak time of all the flares. We also found that there is a positive correlation between the impulsively injected magnetic helicity and the X-ray peak flux of the associated flare. The impulsive helicity variations are attributed to horizontal velocity kernels localized near the polarity inversion lines. Finally, we report that there is a close spatial proximity between the horizontal velocity kernels and Hα bright points.
The shape of “the Spandex” and orbits upon its surface

What is the shape that results when a flat rubber sheet is warped by placing a heavy ball upon it? We show that, at distance R far from the center of a ball of mass M, the height h of the surface above the ball’s center is given by h(R)=AM1/3R2/3, where A is a constant determined by the stretchiness of the rubber and the earth’s gravitational constant. This happy result allows one to analyze the orbits of marbles and coins as they roll across the surface in some detail, providing very nice analogues for a wealth of topics in celestial mechanics, from Kepler’s laws to tides and the Roche limit.
Contactless magnetoresistance studies of Co ∕ Cu multilayers using the infrared magnetorefractive effect

The magnetotransport properties of giant magnetoresistive Co∕Cu multilayers are studied with the magnetorefractive effect: a noncontact technique, which uses infrared electromagnetic radiation. Four Co∕Cu samples were analyzed with the structure (Co15.5 A∕Cux)25 which exhibit magnetoresistance values from 1.9 to 65 %. The magnetorefractive curves were modeled using the complex dielectric function as derived by Jacquet and Valet [J. C. Jacquet and T. Valet, Magnetic Ultrathin Films, Multilayer and Surfaces, edited by E. Marinero (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, 1995)]. The shape and magnitude of the curves were found to be very sensitive to the interface scattering lifetime. This classical model is successful in simulating the long wavelength behavior, but is not able to reproduce the correct shape or sign at short wavelengths where the band structure of the materials becomes important. The good agreement at long wavelengths between electrical magnetotransport measurements and the noncontact magnetorefractive effect demonstrates the possibilities of using infrared reflection spectroscopy for the characterization of giant magnetoresistive systems.
Modeling of raindrop size distributions from multiwavelength rain attenuation measurements

Techniques for modeling the distribution of raindrop sizes, in terms of the lognormal and modified gamma distribution, from multiwavelength rain attenuation measurements at millimeter and infrared wave bands have been demonstrated. In order to obtain the three‐parameter lognormal distribution, three experimental measurements are required, which can be attenuations at two frequencies and rain rate. Three measurements are used to form three equations, which are treated as nonlinear and are solved using a numerical technique to obtain the distribution parameters. The gamma distribution is treated as a two‐parameter distribution, taking a fixed value of 2 for the index. The two parameters of the gamma distribution are obtained from measurements of rain rate and infrared attenuation following the technique described by Maitra and Gibbins [1995]. From an analysis of two rain events it is found that the measured attenuations at millimeter wavelengths show somewhat better agreement with the calculated attenuations obtained from the lognormal distribution than from the modified gamma distribution. The gamma model gives higher number densities for small drops than those given by the lognormal model.
Scattering of P, SV Waves by Random Distribution of Aligned Open Cracks

In our previous paper (Kawahara and Yamashita, 1992; hereafter referred to as Paper I), we theoretically studied the scattering of P, SV, and SH waves by a zonal distribution of aligned cracks, which simulates a fault fracture zone. It was investigated how the geometrical properties of the crack distribution and the frictional characteristics of the crack surface are reflected in the attenuation and dispersion of the incident waves due to the scattering. The boundary condition on the crack surface was assumed as follows: (A1) the shear stress vanishes on the surface, or the viscous friction of Newtonian type acts on it, and (A2) the opening displacement of the crack is negligibly small. Under the high confining pressure in the earth's crust, the cracks will be closed and the opening displacement will be suppressed, though the fluid inside the crack could keep the surface from adhesion and make the shear displacement possible. This is why we chose this condition. There will exist, however, open cracks-cracks with small but finite aspect ratios-under the environment with very low confining pressure. Such cracks may be of interest from the viewpoint of the mechanics of shallow earthquakes and material science. Some experimental works (Brace and Bombalakis, 1963; Cox and Scholz, 1988) indicate that a typical shear crack does not grow in its own plane but generates secondary tensile cracks around its edge; the generation of such tensile, or open, cracks is thought to occur in the first stage of the fault formation in the upper part of the earth's crust
Ensemble-Based Analysis of the May 2010 Extreme Rainfall in Tennessee and Kentucky

AbstractFrom 1 to 3 May 2010, persistent heavy rainfall occurred in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys due to two successive quasi-stationary mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), with locations in central Tennessee accumulating more than 483 mm of rain, and the city of Nashville experiencing a historic flash flood. This study uses operational global ensemble forecasts from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) to diagnose atmospheric processes and assess forecast uncertainty in this event. Several ensemble analysis methods are used to examine the processes that led to the development and maintenance of this precipitation system. Differences between ensemble members that correctly predicted heavy precipitation and those that did not were determined, in order to pinpoint the processes that were favorable or detrimental to the system's development. Statistical analysis was used to determine how synoptic-scale flows were correlated to 5-day area-averaged precipitation. The precipi.
Lyapunov Spectral Analysis on Random Data

In this paper, an algorithm for estimating all Lyapunov exponents, or Lyapunov spectra of deterministic dynamical systems, is applied to random time series, that is, the time intervals of gamma ray emissions of cobalt. The algorithm used in this paper is that proposed by Sano and Sawada, which estimates Jacobian matrices of an assumed dynamical system from the data points on a possible attractor reconstructed. As a result, the largest Lyapunov exponent of the cobalt data is estimated to be positive, the same as the case of deterministic chaos. Although the sum of all Lyapunov exponents is positive in lower reconstructed dimensions, the values are estimated to be negative when the reconstructed dimension becomes higher. This result is also the same as deterministic chaos in dissipative dynamical systems. It is an indication that naive application of estimating algorithm for Lyapunov spectra to real data does not necessarily lead us to correct results. In order to check the appearance of positive Lyapunov exponents, firstly an analysis by the local versus global (LVG) plots is adopted. The results by LVG plots on the cobalt data are clearly different from those on typical nonlinear dynamical systems in lower dimensional reconstructed state space. Secondly, a direct approach for estimating largest Lyapunov exponents is applied. The results show that estimated Lyapunov exponents on cobalt data do not necessarily indicate existence of positive values. Lastly, a test of statistical hypothesis with surrogate data is also applied to the cobalt data under the null hypotheses that the cobalt data is produced from a linear stochastic system. The results show that statistical significances between the original and surrogate data are so small that some null hypotheses on the cobalt data cannot be rejected; the results imply that an analysis with surrogate data sets could avoid spurious interpretation that random time series, such as the cobalt data, has low-dimensional nonlinear deterministic dynamics with positive Lyapunov exponents.
Spherical harmonic analysis of geomagnetic tides, 1964-1965

The mathematical forms chosen for analyses of Sq and L by seventeen different authors are reviewed. On the basis of the review and on consideration of the ionospheric dynamo theory and the Hough function structure of wind velocities in the upper atmosphere, a mathematical model is chosen that includes two more terms than the recent analysis by Malin (1973). Hourly mean values from 130 magnetic observatories for the I.Q. S.Ys (International Quiet Solar Years) 1964 and 1965 were prepared in machine-readable form and analysed. The solar and lunar transient magnetic variations were evaluated, together with the lunar elliptic magnetic tide and the seasonal change at one and two cycles per year for all magnetic tides. Spherical harmonic analyses were made of the phase-law tides and the smaller partial tides. Altogether 94 different spherical harmonic analyses were completed for a total of ten different magnetic tides. Two of the ten tides are the solar and lunar magnetic tides usually denoted S and L respectively. The results are tabulated in a form that distinguishes between eastward- and westward-moving terms, which is suitable for the evaluation of phase angle differences and amplitude ratios between internal and external parts. Malin’s ocean dynamo calculation has been applied to the lunar and lunar elliptic magnetic tides. The spherical harmonic coefficients are compared in some detail with those of Malin (1973) for years of high sunspot activity. The magnetic tidal potential associated with a given atmospheric tidal mode is derived theoretically and used to obtain an estimate of the Hough function components of the solar and lunar semi-diurnal atmospheric tides at ionospheric levels from the corresponding magnetic tidal potential.
Vaporization and Combustion of Single Liquid Fuel Droplets in a Turbulent Environment

Vaporization and combustion processes of liquid fuel droplets in a fluctuating turbulent gas environment without any time-mean flow velocity are investigated. Such environment simulates adequately the flow field where average flow velocity is nearly equal to the droplet particle velocity. This paper also deals with the methods and instruments used in measuring turbulence quantities such as intensity and scale in this turbulent environment. Steady state empirical equations of heat and mass transfer for liquid sphere are applicable accurately to the evaporation of droplets under the condition of quasi-steady state in this turbulent environment. On the other hand, combustion in the turbulent environment is not like that under the forced convection and the flame shape is not tailed but almost spherico-symmetrical with wrinkled edges. The burning rate increases proportionately with eddy diffusivity and the ratio of this value to that in a stagnant atmosphere is represented by the ratio of eddy diffusivity to thermal diffusivity.
A Pressure-Based Method for Turbulent Cavitating Flow Computations

A pressure-based algorithm is presented for turbulent cavitating flow computations. Single-fluid Navier? Stokes equations cast in their conservative form, along with a volume fraction transport equation, are employed. The flow field is computed in both phases with the vapor pressure recovered inside the cavity via a mass transfer model. A pressure? velocity? density coupling scheme is developed to handle the large density ratio associated with cavitation. While no temperature, and hence Mach number, effect is considered in the cavitation model, the resulting pressure? correction equation shares common features with that of high-speed flows, exhibiting a convective? diffusive type, instead of only a diffusive type. Furthermore, similar to high-speed cases, upwinded density interpolation in mass flux computations also aids convergence of the cavitating flow computations. The nonequilibrium effect in the context of the k-? turbulence model, the grid distribution, and the choice of convection schemes have been computationally examined in projectile flows. While satisfactory predictions in wall pressure distribution can be made with variations in grid resolution and parameters in the cavitation model, other aspects, such as the density distribution and detailed streamline characteristics, are found to exhibit higher sensitivity to them.
A framework for non-homogeneous analysis on metric spaces, and the RBMO space of Tolsa

A new class of metric measure spaces is introduced and studied. This class generalises the well-established doubling metric measure spaces as well as the spaces (Rn, μ) with μ(B(α, r)) ≤ Crd, in which non-doubling harmonic analysis has recently been developed. It seems to be a promising framework for an abstract extension of this theory. Tolsa’s space of regularised BMO functions is defined in this new setting, and the John-Nirenberg inequality is proven.
Role of the piezoelectric effect in device uniformity of GaAs integrated circuits

In order to assess the orientation dependence of device uniformity in GaAs integrated circuits, metal‐semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MESFET’s) were fabricated along different crystal orientations on a 3‐in. (100) substrate and compared with one another. Measurements indicated that the characteristics of FET’s oriented along [011] and [011] directions have strong dependence upon their radial positions on the wafer. However, FET’s oriented in [001] and [010] directions do not display such dependence and have better device uniformity. The orientation effect on the radial dependence of the FET device characteristics can be attributed to the piezoelectric effect.
A comparative study of two-dimensional multiple scattering techniques

The scattering of an electromagnetic plane wave from an arbitrary configuration of parallel circular cylinders is investigated using four different techniques. The cylinders are made of perfectly conducting or homogeneous dielectric material. These techniques are a boundary value type of solution, an iterative scattering procedure, a hybrid approach based on a combination of exact and method of moments solution, and a high-frequency asymptotic approximation. The analysis is given in detail for the transverse magnetic (TM) polarization, and that for the transverse electric (TE) polarization is outlined. Numerical results are provided to show the major differences between these techniques and the validity of using circular cylinders in modeling composite two-dimensional scatterers.
SINGULAR INVARIANT HYPERFUNCTIONS ON THE SPACE OF REAL SYMMETRIC MATRICES

Singular invariant hyperfuncsions on the space of $n \cross n$ real symmetric matrices are discussed in this paper. We construct singular invariant hyperfunctions, $ \mathrm{i}. \mathrm{e}. $ , invariant hyperfunctions whose supports are contained in the set $S:= \{\det(X)=0\}$ , in terms of negative order coeﬃcients of the Laurent expansions of the complex powers of the determinant function.