Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms and Permanence of Sequestered Pb and As in Soils: Impact on Human Bioavailability

Abstract : Results from ER-1742 provide site managers/risk assessors the following defensible science to implement bioavailability. All of the IVBA methods con be used to predict RBA As. The CAB was more accurate for low RDA As soils and for soils with high reactive Al and Fe oxides. Non-CAB methods under predicted RBA As for these soils. IVBA methods using gastric extraction provide a more conservative RBA As. Equations to predict RBA As from on IVBA method that has a valid IVIVC with one animal model. Arsenic speciation alone is not predictive of IVBA or RBA As. However, As speciation is very important to provide useful information to decide whether to consider adjusting for bioavailability in a risk assessment Results from ER-1742 show sequestered Pb in P-treated soil is stable. Neither biological fungal treatments or chemical acidification (pH 3) affected Pb mobility, bioaccessibility or bioavailability in P-treated soils. Low bioavailability mineral forms of Pb formed from P treatment in Joplin contaminated soil hos remained stable over n long period of time ( 10 y). The Pb minerals in the P treated soil are stable to acid inputs (i.e., natural or fertilizer, acid rain, etc) to very acidic soil pH 3.
Karyotype analysis of some plants of Boraginaceae

The family Boraginaceae Juss. (borage or forget-me-not) is characterized by alternately arranged linear or lanceolate leaves, bisexual flowers and coiled shaped inflorescence. The flower has usually five-lobed calyx; bell-shaped to tubular with five lobes, five stamens and one style with one or two stigmas. The family includes a number of garden ornamentals, such as Heliotropium (heliotrope), Martensia virginia (bluebell), Phacelia (Scorpionweed), Pulmonaria (Lungwort), and Myosotis (forget-me-not) etc. In the present investigation systematic relationships among three closely related species of Boraginaceae, viz., Heliotropium indicum, Trichodesma indicum and Trichodesma zeylanicum on the basis of resemblances and differences compared to the modern findings of biosystematic relationship has been established on the basis of their karyotypes. The results revealed that all specimens of Heliotropium indicum collected from fifteen different localities of Gaya showed a complement with 2n = 4x = 44. The specimens of Trichodesma indicum collected from fifteen different localities of Gaya showed a complement with 2n = 4x = 6x=66. Similarly, all specimens of Trichodesma zeylanicum collected from fifteen different localities of Gaya showed a chromosome complement with 2n = 4x = 48. The karyological observations on fifteen varieties of each of the the three species of Boraginaceae viz., Heliotropium indicum, Trichodesma indicum and Trichodesma zeylanicum, collected from different localities of Gaya were carried out with special reference to chromosome number, chromosome morphology, and chromosome behavior at meiosis to give a contribution to the cytotaxonomy of the family. It is clear that the tetraploids are quite distinct from the known diploids in their habitat preferences and general physiological vigor. The diploids are fairly strong competitors and generally prefer a relatively mesic habitat while the tetraploids and hexaploids (6x=66 in some plants of T. indicum) are rather poor competitors and are generally found growing in arid habitats, often under great water stress, occurring from April to July in Gaya. This does not indicate, of course, whether the tetraploids arose as autoploid or alloploid types, as both mechanisms have been demonstrated to result in these kinds of changes. The present study is the first to investigate phylogenetic relationships of the Boraginaceae using cytological data of fifteen different morphovars of three species viz. Heliotropium indicum, Trichodesma indicum and Trichodesma zeylanicum.
The effect of obesity in laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy.

Objectives Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the gold standard for the resection of adrenal tumors. However, there are some technical difficulties, which may be due to the fact that adrenalectomy is rarely encountered in general surgery practice and has a high learning curve. In addition to these, obesity is another problem in laparoscopic adrenalectomies. In the present study, it was aimed to evaluate whether obesity affects perioperative and postop- erative complications after laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Material and Methods This is a retrospective comparative study carried out between December 2008 and June 2018. A total of 65 patients who un- derwent laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy were divided into two groups according to their Body Mass Index (BMI). Patients' demographic data, perioperative and postoperative results were analyzed from hospital medical records. Results There were 30 non-obese and 35 obese patients. There was no significant difference between obese and non-obese patients in terms of op- eration time, peroperative complications and length of hospital stay. However, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups for postoperative complications (p <0.031). There was conversion to open surgery in four obese patients and in one patient in the non-obese group. Conclusion In obese patients, technical difficulties may be encountered during surgery due to increased adipose tissue, and postoperative complica- tion rates may increase. Nevertheless, laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy can be performed safely paying attention to the management of obesity-related complications.
Comparison of Shear Bond Strengths and Fiction Forces Among Various Self-ligating Ceramic Brackets

Abstract Purpose:Purpose: Ceramic self-ligating brackets were developed recently, however, only few comparative studies had been reported about their bond strengths and friction. The aim of the study was to compare shear bond strengths and friction forces of various self-ligating ceramic brackets. Materials and methods: Materials and methods: The present study is divided into two parts. In shear bond strength test, bovine teeth were used as a substitute for human teeth. Five groups of brackets (three ceramic self-ligating brackets including ClippyC, GeniusCrystal, DamonClear2, ClarityAdvanced (conventional ceramic bracket), Damon3MX (metal self-ligating bracket), were used and debonded with 12 brackets in each group. The shear bond strengths and adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were compared. In the friction test, several parameters were investigated, including five kinds of bracket, two wire sizes (0.014" Cu-NiTi and 0.016" × 0.022" NiTi) and three angulations (0°, 5°, and 10°). Each bracket/wire/angulation combination was tested five times in 30 settings. A total of 150 runs were performed. Results:Results: DamonClear2 had highest bond strength among the 5 brackets with significant differences found. ClarityAdvanced and DamonClear2 had highest and lowest ARI scores, respectively. In friction behavior test, ClarityAdvanced had largest frictional force, but there was no significant difference in frictional force for 0.016" × 0.022" NiTi with an angulation of 10°. There was no significant difference in friction force between angulations of 0° and 5°, but there was a significant difference between angulations of 5° and 10° for the same brackets except ClarityAdvanced. Conclusion:Conclusion: DamonClear2 had highest bond strength and ClarityAdvanced had a larger frictional force than those of self-ligating brackets, except for 0.016" × 0.022" NiTi with an angulation of 10°.
Association of oocyte development with ovarian morphology and gonadosomatic index in the sesarmid crab Episesarma singaporense (Tweedie, 1936)

The sesarmid crab Episesarma singaporense is an economically important crab in Thailand. In this study, we associated the integrated classification of oocyte development with ovarian morphology and the gonadosomatic index (GSI). All specimens were collected in October 2018 and January – February 2019. The germinative centers of the ovary contained oocytes in oogonia proliferation and primary growth phases (previtellogenic stage; Oc1), whereas peripheral germinal zones contained those in the secondary growth phase: early vitellogenic stage (Oc2), late vitellogenic stage (Oc3), and mature stage (Oc4). The developing ovary was classified into four stages. Stage I ovary (immature stage, GSI = 0.17±0.09, n=58) was characterized by translucent color and oocytes at the oogonia proliferation and primary growth phases. Stage II ovary (developing stage; GSI = 0.59±0.09, n=49) had creamy white color and mainly contained Oc2 oocytes. In Stage III (developed stage; GSI = 1.38±0.09, n=62), ovary color turned into bright orange and Oc3/Oc4 oocytes were prominently observed. Stage IV ovary (mature stage; GSI = 2.54±0.46, n=84) showed deep yellow to red/orange color and was dominantly composed of mature oocytes. These data provide useful information to estimate the oocyte development from ovarian morphology.
Diversité structurale des agrégats de carbone et d'hydrogène, implications pour les porteurs des bandes aromatiques infrarouges

L’emission IR de nombreuses lignes de visee dans le milieu interstellaire (ISM) presente des bandes d’emission appelees AIBs, habituellement attribuees aux hydrocarbures aromatiques polycyliques (PAHs). Identifier les porteurs des AIBs permettrait une meilleure comprehension de l’evolution de la matiere carbonee dans l’ISM. Le but est ici de pouvoir comparer les AIBs avec des spectres IR theoriques et experimentaux de nanoparticules hydrocarbonees. Le travail realise ici a porte sur l’analyse structurale de ces systemes. Des systemes moleculaires desordonnes contenant de 24 a 60 atomes de carbone sont generes par des simulations Monte Carlo par echange de repliques a l’aide du potentiel reactif empirique AIREBO. Apres minimisation de leur energie potentielle, les structures ainsi creees sont caracterisees a l’aide de divers parametres d’ordre. L’evolution de l’organisation structurale est analysee en fonction de la taille et de la composition chimique (rapport C/H) des systemes. Les structures obtenues presentent une grande diversite. L’etude statistique des differents parametres d’ordre permet de mettre en evidence des tendances. La forme globale prise par les agregats depend de leur taille. Les atomes d'hydrogene, souvent peripheriques sur les structures de type cage, favorisent un degre d'organisation plus fort. Le calcul des spectres IR de ces structures sera realise dans le futur. Pour obtenir des spectres experimentaux de nanoparticules hydrocarbonees en phase gaseuse, le developpement du spectrometre en emission IR FIREFLY a ete poursuivi et FIREFLY a ete couple avec une source de nanoparticules. Ces developpements permettront bientot de mesurer les spectres experimentaux des systemes d’interet.
The Neuroinflammatory Response to Nanopatterning Parallel Grooves into the Surface Structure of Intracortical Microelectrodes

The smooth surface structure of intracortical microelectrodes implanted within the nanometer‐scale architecture of brain tissue may contribute to the foreign body response. Here, the neuroinflammatory response to nanopatterning surface grooves etched directly on nonfunctional Michigan‐style microelectrodes is explored. Rats implanted with nanopatterned silicon microelectrodes are compared to smooth control implants to observe the effects the grooves have on neuroinflammation. Histology and real‐time PCR at 2 and 4 weeks postimplantation quantify glial cell reactivity and activation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal survival. Histological observations of glial cells and blood–brain barrier permeability do not show appreciable differences between the nanopatterned and control implants. However, silicon microelectrodes with nanopatterned grooves have more high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) gene expression at 2 weeks and less nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) gene expression at 4 weeks compared to control surfaces. Control samples have increased NOS2, HMGB1, and tumor necrosis factor gene expression from 2 to 4 weeks, while nanopatterned implants have significant decrease in CD14 gene expression from 2 to 4 weeks. Collectively the results indicate that etching nanopatterned grooves do not reduce histological markers of neuroinflammation compared to control implants, but gene expression results encourage further investigation.
Desorption of Phenol from Lantana camara, Forest waste: Optimization using Response Surface Methodology and Kinetic Studies

In the present work, desorption studies to recover the adsorbed phenol from HCl treated adsorbent were carried out with ethanol solution. The experimental conditions like ethanol concentration, desorption time and temperature were optimized using response surface methodology. From the central composite design, a quadratic model was developed to relate the process variables to the percentage desorption as the response. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the most significant factor on the response was determined. The predicted percentage desorption values from the model was in good agreement with the experimental values. Therefore to understand the mechanism involved in desorption of phenol, desorption kinetics were performed at optimum conditions. The modelling of desorption data were done using pore-diffusion and first-order kinetic model. The data followed first-order kinetic model better than the pore-diffusion model. The percentage desorption was found to be 82.1% showing that ethanol is effective in desorbing phenol from the adsorbent.
Non-Ruminant Nutrition and Meat Quality

Vitamin E and Selenium A major cause of deterioration in quality of meat during storage is lipid oxidation which can result in a number of undesirable changes and reduce the shelf-life of pork. These changes include the development of oxidative rancidity and the associated increase in unpleasant odors and flavors. In addition, the deterioration of fresh pork color during aerobic storage has been associated with oxidative changes in the chemical form of muscle pigments; myoglobin can be converted into metmyoglobin producing a dull brown muscle color which is less attractive to the consumer. This color change is particularly important for ground products such as sausage where a greater surface area is generally available for oxidation to take place. It has also been proposed that oxidation of the phospholipids in the cell membranes, which are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, disrupts cell wall integrity and can reduce water holding capacity. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential components of cell and intracellular membranes but are susceptible to oxidation. The unsaturated fatty acid content of fat depot is very closely related to the composition of the dietary fat ingested by the pig and can therefore be readily manipulated by altering the fat source fed (see section 2). One approach to reducing the impact of oxidation on product appearance is vacuum packaging where air is removed from the package or modified atmosphere packaging and storage which uses gases such as carbon dioxide in packages to displace oxygen and limit oxidation. Another widely investigated approach to reducing oxidation in pork and improving shelf-life and quality is to use antioxidants such as vitamin E. In growing-finishing pigs, the NRC (1998) recommended that the dietary requirements for vitamin E to prevent deficiency symptoms is 11 mg/kg of feed of DL-α-tocopherol. However, increased levels of 30 mg/kg or higher are recommended in situations where relatively high levels of unsaturated fatty acids are fed (Ullrey, 198l). The feeding of high levels of vitamin E to pigs to improve pork quality has recently been reviewed by a number of authors E F F E C T S O F N U T R I T I O N O N M E A T Q U A L I T Y
THE EXECUTION HYPOTHESIS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF A MORALITY OF FAIRNESS

Humans are both the only species known to have a morality of fairness, and the only species in which the social hierarchy is headed by an alliance (a ‘reverse dominance hierarchy’). I present evidence in support of the argument by Boehm (1999, 2012) that these two features are causally linked. The reverse dominance hierarchy is detectable in the fossil record around 300,000 years ago with the origin of Homo sapiens. From then onwards, according to the execution hypothesis, an alliance of adult males held the power of life and death over all members of the social group, and they used this power to advance their interests. The result was an intense selective pressure against antisocial behaviour and in favour of prosociality, cooperation and conformity to group norms, whether the norms were beneficial for the group as a whole or merely for the male alliance. The execution hypothesis thus argues that group dynamics have operated for at least 12,000 generations to favour the evolution of moral emotions, many of which are designed to protect individuals from the threat of severe punishment or death at the hands of a dominant alliance of males.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for mild acute gallstone pancreatitis-indication itself is a good predictor of (minimal) intraoperative difficulty-a retrospective cohort study.

Objectives The literature predicting difficulties during Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (LC) for Acute Gallstone Pancreatitis (AGP) is mainly focused on the timing of operation. In our experience, LC for AGP is rarely difficult irrespective of the timing of operation. The aim of this study was to assess intra- operative difficulties in mild AGP patients to verify this observation. Material and Methods A retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients who underwent LC for mild AGP between 2014 and 2018 in a single centre was performed. Patients with known alcohol abuse, post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) induced pancreatitis, and those with chronic pancreatitis were excluded. Univariate weighted analysis was performed with 11 factors, with a linear threshold boundary defined as the mean distance between the four degrees of difficulty (DoD 1-4). Results Ninety-six patients (Male= 33, median age= 56; Female= 63, median age= 52) were analysed. Majority of the patients were an ASA of two (n= 50; 52%) with a median BMI of 28 (range 18-50). Five procedures were technically difficult (DoD≥ 3) and only one procedure was converted to open operation. Univariate analysis showed that duration of pancreatitis >6 days (p= 0.002) and evidence of acute cholecystitis (p <0.05) are associated with a difficult LC (DoD≥ 3). The rest of the factors did not influence DoD. Conclusion Based on this result, we suggest that LC for mild AGP is rarely difficult, and this finding can be used in practice for selecting these patients for training lists.
Dynamics of stochastic gradient descent for two-layer neural networks in the teacher–student setup

Deep neural networks achieve stellar generalisation even when they have enough parameters to easily fit all their training data. We study this phenomenon by analysing the dynamics and the performance of over-parameterised two-layer neural networks in the teacher–student setup, where one network, the student, is trained on data generated by another network, called the teacher. We show how the dynamics of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is captured by a set of differential equations and prove that this description is asymptotically exact in the limit of large inputs. Using this framework, we calculate the final generalisation error of student networks that have more parameters than their teachers. We find that the final generalisation error of the student increases with network size when training only the first layer, but stays constant or even decreases with size when training both layers. We show that these different behaviours have their root in the different solutions SGD finds for different activation functions. Our results indicate that achieving good generalisation in neural networks goes beyond the properties of SGD alone and depends on the interplay of at least the algorithm, the model architecture, and the data set.
Rational Investor Behaviour and Market Mispricing – The Resale Option Pricing Effect

The fundamental value of a company share is commonly calculated as the present value of future expected dividends, typically modelled as some function of the firm’s future accounting earnings and/or book values. However, when substantial magnitudes of trades in the stock market are made by “uninformed” investors, the observed price might only be a noisy reflection of this fundamental value. For an informed investor, this potentially creates a value-enhancing opportunity. In principle, the investor can either wait for the dividends to be realised, or sell the stock. It can be rational to sell when there is a mispricing, such that the share price is higher than the present value of future expected dividends, but the intriguing question is: How much higher than the fundamental value should the price be to sell? We formalize this question as a so called stopping problem, and show that substantial mispricing typically is required before any trading should take place. Hence, market mispricing cannot really be expected to “immediately” correct itself, but can actually be present for long periods of time. Our modelling sheds new light on stock market bubble phenomena, as well as provides a tool for fund managers to rationally determine trading strategies in their portfolio management.
Informant Discrepancies in the Assessment of Adaptive Behavior of High-Functioning Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Gathering information about adaptive skills is a critical component of comprehensive assessments. When rating these skills, it is recommended that information be gathered from multiple sources. When multiple informants are used, however, discrepancies can arise. These discrepancies may have implications for diagnostic decision-making, as well as intervention development and progress monitoring. The purpose of the current study was to examine informant discrepancies for ratings of adaptive behavior of high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder (HFASD) using a comprehensive measure of adaptive behavior. A total of 103 children with HFASD were each rated by two informant groups (parents and teachers). Each pair (N = 103 parents and N = 103 teachers) rated the same child using the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Third Edition (ABAS-3; Harrison & Oakland, 2015). Scores on the General Adaptive Composite (GAC) and the Practical, Social, and Conceptual domains were examined for level of agreement between raters and mean differences between informant groups. Parent scores and teacher scores were moderately correlated with one another. Teacher scores were significantly higher than parent scores for the GAC and the Practical domain. BlandAltman plots and regression analyses were used to assess for the presence of systematic differences in parent-teacher agreement across the range of scores. No systematic differences were noted. When examining the role of potential moderators, no demographic variables (e.g., age, parent education, IQ [FSIQ, VCI, and PRI], expressive and receptive language abilities, and ASD symptoms) were significantly correlated with the parent-teacher difference scores. The current study suggests that parents and teachers are generally in agreement with one another when rating the adaptive skills of children with HFASD on a comprehensive measure of adaptive behavior.