Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Southern Ocean cloud and shortwave radiation biases in a nudged climate model simulation: does the model ever get it right?

Abstract. The Southern Ocean radiative bias continues to impact climate and weather models, including the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS). The radiative bias, characterised by too much shortwave radiation reaching the surface, is attributed to the incorrect simulation of cloud properties, including frequency and phase. To identify cloud regimes important to the Southern Ocean, we use k-means cloud histogram clustering, applied to a satellite product and then fitted to nudged simulations of the latest-generation ACCESS atmosphere model. We identify instances when the model correctly or incorrectly simulates the same cloud type as the satellite product for any point in time or space. We then evaluate the cloud and radiation biases in these instances. We find that when the ACCESS model correctly simulates the cloud type, cloud property and radiation biases of equivalent, or in some cases greater, magnitude remain compared to when cloud types are incorrectly simulated. Furthermore, we find that even when radiative biases appear small on average, cloud property biases, such as liquid or ice water paths or cloud fractions, remain large. Our results suggest that simply getting the right cloud type (or the cloud macrophysics) is not enough to reduce the Southern Ocean radiative bias. Furthermore, in instances where the radiative bias is small, it may be so for the wrong reasons. Considerable effort is still required to improve cloud microphysics, with a particular focus on cloud phase.
Deposit-feeding of Nonionellina labradorica (foraminifera) from an Arctic methane seep site and possible association with a methanotroph

Abstract. Several foraminifera are deposit feeders that consume organic detritus (dead particulate organic material with entrained bacteria). However, the role of such foraminifera in the benthic food web remains understudied. Foraminifera feeding on methanotrophic bacteria, which are 13C-depleted, may cause negative cytoplasmic and/or calcitic δ13C values. To test whether the foraminiferal diet includes methanotrophs, we performed a short-term (20 h) feeding experiment with Nonionellina labradorica from an active Arctic methane-emission site (Storfjordrenna, Barents Sea) using the marine methanotroph Methyloprofundus sedimenti and analysed N. labradorica cytology via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We hypothesised that M. sedimenti would be visible post-experiment in degradation vacuoles, as evidenced by their ultrastructure. Sediment grains (mostly clay) occurred inside one or several degradation vacuoles in all foraminifers. In 24 % of the specimens from the feeding experiment degradation vacuoles also contained bacteria, although none could be confirmed to be the offered M. sedimenti. Observations of the apertural area after 20 h incubation revealed three putative methanotrophs, close to clay particles, based on bacterial ultrastructural characteristics. Furthermore, we noted the absence of bacterial endobionts in all examined N. labradorica but confirmed the presence of kleptoplasts, which were often partially degraded. In sum, we suggest that M. sedimenti can be consumed via untargeted grazing in seeps and that N. labradorica can be generally classified as a deposit feeder at this Arctic site.
Evaluation of the New York State Mesonet Profiler Network data

Abstract. The New York State Mesonet (NYSM) Profiler Network consists of 17 stations statewide. Each station operates a ground-based Doppler lidar (DL), a microwave radiometer (MWR), and an environmental Sky Imaging Radiometer (eSIR) that collectively provide profiles of wind speed and direction, aerosol, temperature, and humidity along with solar radiance, optical depth parameters, and fisheye sky images. This study presents a multi-year, multi-station evaluation of Profiler Network data to determine the robustness and accuracies of the instruments deployed with respect to well-defined measurements. The wind speed (WS) measured by the DL and temperature (T) and water vapor density (WVD) measured by the MWR at three NYSM Profiler Network sites are compared to nearby National Weather Service radiosonde (RS) data, while the aerosol optical depth (AOD) measured by the eSIR at two Profiler Network sites are compared to nearby in situ measurements from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). The overall comparison results show agreement between the DL or MWR and RS data with a correlation of R2≥0.89 and a correlation between AERONET and eSIR AOD data of R2 ≥ 0.78. The WS biases are statistically insignificant and equal to 0 (p > 0.05) within 3 km, whereas T and WVD biases are statistically significant and are below 5.5 ∘C and 1.0 g m−3, within 10 km. The AOD biases are also found to be statistically significant and are within 0.02. The performance of the DL, MWR, and eSIR are consistent across sites with similar error statistics. When compared during three different weather conditions, the MWR is found to have varying performance, with T errors higher during clear-sky days, while WVD errors are higher during cloudy and precipitation days. To correct such observed biases, a linear regression method was developed and applied to the MWR data. In addition, wind shear from the DL and 14 common thermodynamic parameters derived from the MWR show an agreement with RS values where correlation is mostly R2 ≥ 0.70 and biases are mostly statistically insignificant. A case study is presented to demonstrate the applicability of DL and MWR for nowcasting a severe weather event. Overall, this study demonstrates the robustness and value of the Profiler Network for real-time weather operations.
GCAM-CDR v1.0: enhancing the representation of carbon dioxide removal technologies and policies in an integrated assessment model

Abstract. This paper introduces GCAM-CDR 1.0, an integrated assessment model for climate policy based on the open-source Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM). GCAM-CDR extends GCAM v5.4 by enabling users to model additional carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies and additional policies and controls related to CDR. New CDR technologies include terrestrial enhanced weathering with basalt, ocean liming, and additional versions of direct air capture. New CDR policies and controls include integration of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) into the CDR market, interregional trade in CDR, exogenous control over the rate of growth of CDR, the ability to set independent targets for emissions abatement and CDR, and a variety of mechanisms for setting demand for CDR at the regional and/or global level. These extensions enhance users' ability to study the potential roles of CDR in climate policy.
Bed-slope-related diffusion of an erodible hump

: In certain conditions, the bed-slope has a substantial inﬂuence on sediment transport rates and hence morphological evolution. Approaches to account for such inﬂuence usually suffer from a high degree of empiricism and/or mathematical complexity. We propose a bed-slope-related diffusivity parameter, derived from a morphodynamic model previously validated against empirical data for bedload transport on horizontal and steep sloping channels. The proposed diffusivity parameter is easy to include in a conventional morphodynamic model via the modiﬁcation of a typical bedload formula originally developed for sediment transport on a nearly-horizontal channel. A conventional model modiﬁed through this parameter proves to yield enhanced results in the case study of a submerged migrating hump/sandbar, by avoiding the generation of unrealistic high-frequency oscillations in the bed proﬁle, yet permitting the expected steepening of its downstream face with time. Other models derived for sloping channels do not satisfy the latter condition. It is also shown that unrealistic oscillations can be avoided through numerical means; however, their use should be interpreted carefully from a phenomenological viewpoint.
Comparative Study among, Olive , Avocado, and Mango leaves in Diabetic Rats

This study was conducted to acquaintance the effectiveness of olive , avocado and mango leaves on experimental rats suffering from diabetes mellitus. Forty-five male albino rats weighing 190 ±10 g were used. After the adaptation period , rats were divided randomly into two main groups; the negative control group (C-) 5 normal rats fed on a basal diet and the second group (n=40) were injected subcutaneously with Streptozotocin (STZ) at (45 mg/kg b.wt ) dissolved in 0.01 M citrate buffer (PH 4.5). Then rats were divided into eight groups (each group consisted of 5 rats group of them fed on basal diet and left as positive control group (+) ,the other groups treated with, Metformin at dose 200mg/kg b.wt , olive leaves powder 3%, Mango leaves powder 3%, Avocado leaves powder 3%, olive leaves aqueous extract 20% ,mango leaves aqueous extract 20% and Avocado leaves aqueous extract 20%. Results showed that (STZ) injection led to a significant elevation in the relative weights of the liver, kidney and pancreas ,serum levels of glucose , triglyceride ,total cholesterol, LDL-C, liver enzymes, creatinine and urea nitrogen. Conversely , feed intake , body weight and HDL-c were significantly reduced. In general , it has been shown that the leaves of olive , mango and avocado as a powder or as aqueous extract have antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects ,so they alleviated the studied disorder were resulting from hyperglycemia. magnetized
The effect of dietary inclusion of barley, unmolassed sugar beet pulp and molasses on milk production, digestibility and digesta passage in dairy cows given silage based diet

Ten dairy cows in early lactation were given five different supplements with grass silage ad libitum according to two 5x5 Latin square designs. The supplements consisted of barley (Ba), unmolassed sugar beet pulp (SBP) and molasses (Mo) on dry matter (DM) basis as follows: (A) Ba 1000 g, (B) Ba 667 g and Mo 326 g, (C) Ba 417 g, SBP 410 g and Mo 163 g, (D) SBP 983 g and (E) 656 g SBP and 326 g Mo per kg. The lower fat content of SBP and molasses than of Ba was balanced with rapeseed oil. These supplements were fed at the level of 6 kg DM/d. In addition, 1 kg of rapeseed meal was given as a protein supplement. No differences in silage DM intake between the Ba and SBP supplements were found, but inclusion of a high level of Mo depressed silage and total DM intake. Cows given SBP supplementsyielded 1.1 kg (P < 0.01) more milk and 32 g (P < 0.05) more protein than those given Ba supplements. Milk fat concentration was lower (P < 0.001) on SBP (46.0 g/kg) than on Ba diets (49.1 g/kg) and thus there was no difference in the yield of fat corrected milk (FCM) and milk fat between the two supplements. Inclusion of 2 kg of DM of Mo reduced the milk (P < 0.001), FCM, fat and protein yields (P < 0.01) compared to diets without molasses. Supplement C increased (P < 0.05) the milk yield compared to the other diets but the milk composition was not affected. The effect of supplements on the digestibility of the ration was determined using acid insoluble ash as a marker. The apparent digestibility of organic matter averaged 0.743 and was not significantly affected by the diet. Digestibility of neutral detergent fibre was higher (P < 0.001) for SBP diets (0.680) than for Ba diets (0.596). Similar differences were observed in the digestibility ofother fibre components. However, the digestibility of the silage was not affected by the treatment. Feeding SBP dietsresulted in lower (P < 0.001) digestibility of crude protein than did Ba diets. Metabolizable energy (ME) of SBP diets tended to be used more efficiently for milk synthesis than ME of Ba diets. Inclusion of Mo in Ba or SBP did not reduce the efficiency, although the milk yield was decreased. The passage rate of liquid was determined with CoEDTA and that of particles with Cr-labelled straw. The average mean retention time of liquid ranged from 18.0 to 19.9 h and that of particles from 36.8 to 37.7 h. Neither time was affected by the treatment. The passage rate of particles from the rumen ranged from 0.045 to 0.048 and that of liquid from 0.096 to 0.104, irrespective of the diet.
Detection and identification of words and letters in simulated visual search of word lists*

Ss were shown a rapid sequence of words and had to (a) make a speeded response to the presentation of a predefined target and (b) report a "response word" which they thought immediately followed the target in the sequence. In Experiment I presentation rate was varied orthogonally with the number of alternative targets. Detection errors and latency increased with target set size, as did the distance of the response word from the target in the list sequence. Increases in presentation rate produced greater target-response distance without affecting detection time. In Experiment II Ss were in some conditions given only the initial letter of the targets; the response could be either the whole word following the target or only its initial letter. The results indicated that Ss could, within limits, concurrently detect initial letters and identify words. Alternatives to hierarchical-type models of stimulus processing in visual search were discussed. Method The stimulus materials, apparatus, and procedure were identical to those used in Experiment I, with 12 new Ss tested for 3 consecutive days. The only change was that the presentation rate was held constant at eight words/sec-and the three blocks of 30 trials each day corresponded to the three different tasks. The Ss were told that the experiment concerned the ability of people to process different types of information from rapidly presented sequences of words. The three tasks were described in detail, and the experiment proceeded as before.
Demographic-clinical profile of the patients with Myasthenia gravis

Summary. The aim of the study. To evaluate demographic and clinical features of the patients with myasthenia gravis. Material and methods. Retrospective analysis of medical data on 82 patients with myasthenia gravis, referred to the University Hospital of Kaunas during 1992 to 2001. Results and conclusions. More than a half of all patients with myasthenia gravis were female, and almost four fifths fell ill before the age of 50 years. The most common first sign of myasthenia gravis was unilateral or bilateral ptosis and diplopia. The Osserman-Genkins grade at onset was I in 34.1%, IIA in 35.4% and IIB in 30.5% of cases. Among thymectomised patients, the percentage of thymomas in late-onset group ( ‡ 50 years) was higher than in the early-onset group (<50 years). Mortality rate was 7.3%. Myasthenic crisis was the main cause of death in all cases. Overall, 99% of patients were treated with acethylcholinesterase inhibitors and 92% with prednisolone at some time. Pharmacological remission was observed in more than 40% of patients. Prospective design of the study is recommended for the research of chronic noncomunicable diseases since it allows to evaluate the course and progression of the disease, effectiveness and side-effects of the treatment in more precise way. We used retrospective data in this study, therefore the results should be considered keeping in mind the possibility of bias and as the basis of prospective autoimmune myasthenia gravis studies in future.
Homeostatic effect of DASH and Alkaline-Based Diet on blood electrolytes and lipid profiles among cardiac patients: a comparative study

: Subjects with congestive heart failure (CHF) usually show acid– base and electrolyte disturbances, due both to the activation of several neurohumoral mechanisms and to drugs used in this condition, such as diuretics. Acidosis induces release of catecholamines, which attenuate both the negative inotropic effect of acidosis on cardiac contractility and the peripheral vasodilatory effect of acidemia that determined by the fall of pH in the intracellular fluid. Alkaline and DASH diets have been advocated to achieve better health outcomes in cardiac patients and their conditions by shifting dietary choices to more "alkaline" alternatives, thereby preventing severe complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of DASH and alkaline-based diets on the clinical profiles of cardiac patients. Method : an intervention case-control study was conducted on one hundred hypertensive cardiac adult patients, they divided into control group who prescribed their medications only; other DASH and alkaline groups followed consecutive days. Then dietary consumption was computed to determine nutritional requirements. Serum electrolytes, blood pressure measures serum lipid profiles and urinary pH were been assessed. Results : Throughout the post-intervention periods, blood sodium and bicarbonate reduced statistically significant (P≤0.001) with an alkaline diet rather than a DASH diet, whereas potassium and calcium were increased; blood bicarbonate was reduced considerably (P≤0.001) with an alkaline diet rather than a DASH diet. Urinary pH was altered considerably in both DASH and alkaline groups, while Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were improved considerably (P≤ 0.001) with no differences between them. Conclusion : The study concluded that acidosis was reduced considerably after nutritional intervention with an alkaline diet vs. a DASH diet.
How important are the unit of analysis and equivalence scales when measuring income poverty and inequality? Evidence from Ireland

We analyse the effect of varying equivalization scales and income-sharing units (households, tax-units and benefit-units) on inequality and poverty statistics using Irish microdata. We find that benchmark equivalization scales result in substantial variation in the degree of income poverty estimated at the household level, particularly for young children and the elderly. We test multiple permutations of child and adult weights in a set of hypothetical equivalence scales. Our simulation results show that over a range of commonly observed adult-child equivalence weights – 0.5 to 0.7 for adults and 0.3 to 0.5 for children, Irish income poverty rates in 2019 ranged from 15.0 per cent to 19.5 per cent – most of this variation is attributable to changes in the adult weight. Inequality statistics tend to be less sensitive to the choice of equivalence scale but are sensitive to the choice of income-sharing unit. At the household level, the Gini coefficient varies between 0.29 and 0.32. At the tax-/benefit-unit level the range is elevated, with the Gini remaining stable over time but between 0.33 and 0.35. Other inequality metrics, such as the p90p10 ratio, exhibit increased volatility over the business cycle at sub-household unit levels.
Effects of IS Quality on Firm Performance from the Perspective of a Business Executive: The Role of Business Strategy

Given the lack of knowledge on IS success evaluation at the organizational level, the purpose of this study is to integrate the resource-based view, process-oriented approach, IS success models into an integrated model to examine the relationship between the IS quality and its performance impacts. This study also examines the moderating effect of the firm’s business strategy on this relationship. The model is tested on a sample of 102 Tunisian firms using the structural equation modeling method. The results show that business-process performance and individual performance played a role of partial mediation in the relationship between IS quality and organizational performance. The results also indicate that the mediation process between IS quality and organizational performance via the business-process performance differs depending on the business strategy. This article is one of a few early efforts that address the role of business strategy in explaining the performance impacts of IS quality.
COVID-19 Pandemic: Influence of Gender Identity on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Levels in Canada

Background: This cross-sectional study explored variation of the prevalence of perceived stress, depression and anxiety among different self-identified gender identity groups in the Canadian population during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Anxiety, depression, and stress were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) respectively. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Results: There were 8267 respondents to the online survey; 982 (12.0%) were male-identified, 7120 (86.9%) female-identified, and 92 (1.1%) identified as a diverse gender group. Prevalence rates for clinically meaningful anxiety (333 (41.7%), 2882 (47.6%), 47 (61.0%)), depression (330 (40.2%), 2736 (44.3%), 46 (59.7%)), and stress (702 (79.6%), 5711 (86.4%), 74 (90.2%)) were highest among respondents who self-identified as “other gender” followed by female-identified and then male-identified, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between gender groups for mean scores on GAD-7 (F (2, 6929) = 18.02, p = 0.00), PHQ-9 (F (2191.4) = 11.17, p < 0.001), and PSS (F (2204.6) = 21.13, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Gender identity differences exist in terms of the prevalence and severity of anxiety, depressive, and stress symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. This finding highlights the importance of incorporating self-identified gender identity in medical research, clinical practice, and policy.
Offline change detection under contamination

In this work, we propose a non-parametric and robust change detection algorithm to detect multiple change points in time series data under contamination. The contamination model is sufficiently general, in that, the most common model used in the context of change detection -- Huber contamination model -- is a special case. Also, the contamination model is oblivious and arbitrary. The change detection algorithm is designed for the offline setting, where the objective is to detect changes when all data are received. We only make weak moment assumptions on the inliers (uncorrupted data) to handle a large class of distributions. The robust scan statistic in the algorithm is fashioned using mean estimators based on influence functions. We establish the consistency of the estimated change point indexes as the number of samples increases, and provide empirical evidence to support the consistency results.
Is K-12 Blended Learning Disruptive? An Introduction to the Theory of Hybrids.

The Clayton Christensen Institute, formerly Innosight Institute, has published three papers describing the rise of K−12 blended learning—that is, formal education programs that combine online learning and brick-and-mortar schools. This fourth paper is the first to analyze blended learning through the lens of disruptive innovation theory to help people anticipate and plan for the likely effects of blended learning on the classrooms of today and schools of tomorrow. The paper includes the following sections: