Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of major changes in flow regime on the macroinvertebrate assemblages of four chalk stream sites, 1997–2001

The macroinvertebrate assemblages of three unshaded sites on the River Kennet and one shaded site on the River Lambourn in Berkshire, England, were sampled in summer 1997–2001. Quantitative samples were taken on gravel and on the dominant macrophyte at each site in each year and abundance data were recorded for 57 families of macroinvertebrates. The study commenced during a major drought (1997), but in subsequent years discharge prior to sampling was much higher, culminating in the exceptionally high flows of spring 2001. Both family richness and abundance varied significantly in relation to site, habitat and year. Multidimensional scaling ordination, based on Bray‐Curtis dissimilarities, also displayed significant differences between sites, habitats and years. Differences in composition between the Kennet sites were partly due to longitudinal zonation whilst on the Lambourn, faunal differences resulted from shading and the addition of families from nearby habitats, including marginal vegetation. Major changes took place in family composition and abundance between the drought year of 1997 and 1998, indicating that faunal recovery from drought was rapid. Thereafter, faunal changes between 1998 and 2000 were relatively limited. In 2001, following the prolonged period of exceptionally high discharge, overall family richness peaked on both habitats at the three Kennet sites and family abundance reached peak or second highest values on all four sites and both habitats. Thus, the recent high discharge regimes experienced by these perennial chalk stream sites have had no immediate detrimental consequences for the macroinvertebrate assemblages. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecophysiology

The evidence for a relationship between life history and immune defense is equivocal, although the basic premise is intuitively appealing: animals that live short lives and reproduce early and rapidly should not waste resources on defenses they might never use. One possible reason for a lack of strong support for this hypothesis could be the inherent complexity of the vertebrate immune system. Indeed, different components of the vertebrate immune system vary in their relative costs and benefits, and therefore only some defenses may complement variation in species’ life history. To address this hypothesis, we compared multiple types of immune activity between two populations of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) with distinct life histories, one from Colon, Panama, which lay small clutches over an extended breeding season (i.e., slow-living) and the other from Princeton, New Jersey, which lay larger clutches in a smaller window of time (i.e., fast-living). We expected (a) that more costly types of immune defenses would be stronger in the slow-living sparrows and (2) that the slow-living sparrows would show a greater increase in whole-body energy expenditure after immune challenge compared to their fast-living counterparts. We found that secondary antibody response to a novel antigen was more rapid and energetic investment in immune activity was greater in slow-living sparrows. However, cellmediated immune activity was more robust in fast-living sparrows, and other measures of defense were not different between populations. These results provide partial support for a relationship between life history and immune defense in this species, but they also indicate that this relationship is not clear-cut. Further study is necessary to identify the influence of other factors, particular pathogen environment during development, on the architecture of the immune system of wild animals.
The Role of the Atmospheric Circulation in the Record Minimum Extent of Open Water in the Ross Sea in the 2003 Austral Summer

Abstract The contribution of the atmospheric circulation to a record minimum extent of open water in the polar Ross Sea (RS) region in the 2003 austral summer is examined. Two major findings are reached in this study. The first is that the origins of this anomaly are more complex than previously thought, with an anomalous atmospheric circulation contributing at least as much to the lack of open water as damming of sea ice by a large iceberg known as C‐19. Only in the western RS, where C‐19 lay, is damming found to restrict open water in the spring of 2002 (October‐December), but even here the coldest spring in the last 15 years extended the sea‐ice formation season. Elsewhere in the RS the divergent northward ice drift that normally occurs widely reversed to southward in early spring and was then followed by negligible ice motion. The most anomalous springtime ice drift occurred in the central and eastern RS rather than near C‐19 and was mirrored in the weakest southerly winds on record in central areas. The unusual southward ice drift in early spring 2002 caused widespread convergence and compaction of the normally thin and undeformed first‐year ice along and north of the central and eastern Ross Ice Shelf (RIS). Compacted ice with few leads would have been slow to melt in the warmest summer (January‐February) months. Direct observations also indicate that sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rapidly fell to freezing in the central and western RS in February 2003 supporting new ice formation. All the available data indicate these were due to the cold spring and the extensive, compact ice cover in the late spring of 2002 and in January 2003 preventing most of the incoming solar radiation from reaching the ocean. The second finding is that sea ice in the summer of 2003 would have been very extensive even if C‐19 had not occurred. This is based on comparisons with other years of extensive summer ice, notably one when no large iceberg occurred. Ice motion and atmospheric circulation patterns in this case resembled those in the spring of 2002 and the summer of 2003. Evidence that the anomalous atmospheric circulation in the RS in the spring of 2002 was typical of El Niño events is also discussed.
Paleoseismicity of the Cascadia Subduction Zone: Evidence from turbidites off the Oregon‐Washington Margin

Cores from Cascadia deep-sea channel contain sequences of turbidites that can be correlated and dated by the first occurrence of volcanic glass from the Mount Mazama eruption (6845±50 radiocarbon yrBP). Turbidity currents from the tributaries appear to have occurred synchronously to form single deposits in the main channel, there being only 13 turbidite deposits in the lower main channel since the Mazama eruption, instead of the twice as many expected if the tributaries had behaved independently. In addition to the Cascadia Channel, 13 post-Mazama turbidites have been deposited in the Astoria Canyon and at two sites off Cape Blanco, sample locations that span 580 km of the Oregon-Washington margin. Pelagic intervals deposited between the turbidites suggest that in each place the turbidity currents occurred fairly regularly, every 590±170 years on average. The best explanation of the spatial and temporal extent of the data is that the turbidity currents were triggered by 13 great earthquakes on the Cascadia subduction zone. The variability of turbidite timing is similar to that for great earthquake cycles. The thickness of the topmost pelagic layer suggests the last event was 300±60 years ago (from three places along the margin), but this number may be a biased underestimate. It is, however, consistent with the youngest sudden-subsidence event on the Washington coast. The turbidite data demonstrate that the near-term hazard of a great earthquake on the Cascadia subduction zone is of the order of 2–10% in the next 50 years.
Diferencias de género en los desplazamientos cotidianos por razones laborales

The lack of mobility of labour constitutes a potential source of labour market segmentation. This paper shows through the use of individual data that different groups of workers develop their daily labour activities in geographical spaces which are also different. It quantifies in a separate way, for male and female workers, to what extent a set of personal, professional and place of residence features can be associated with a higher or lower probability of commuting. Tentative explanations of the diverse Travel-to-Work patterns and some labour policy implications are also explored in the paper. La falta de movilidad geografica de los trabajadores constituye una fuente potencial de segmentacion del mercado de trabajo. Esta investigacion muestra, a partir de datos individuales, que los ambitos espaciales en los que diversos grupos de trabajadores realizan cotidianamente sus actividades laborales son distintos y cuantifica de forma separada para hombres y mujeres en que medida la presencia de un conjunto de caracteristicas personales, profesionales y del lugar de residencia se asocia a una mayor o menor movilidad cotidiana por razones laborales. En el trabajo tambien se analizan las posibles explicaciones de estos comportamientos y se senalan algunas de sus consecuencias en materia de politica de empleo.
Conditions for the formation of hot flow anomalies at Earth's bow shock

Hot flow anomalies (HFAs) result from the interaction of an interplanetary current sheet with Earth's bow shock and were discovered over a decade and a half ago. The deflected flow and hot interior of an HFA are consequences of ions reflected at the bow shock being channeled along the current sheet. Previous studies have shown that this requires a solar wind motional electric field pointing toward the current sheet on at least one side and that the current sheet must be a tangential discontinuity. Recent reports of a rapid displacement of the magnetopause by 5 Re as the result of an HFA have led us to explore the interplanetary conditions surrounding all reported HFAs. The kinetic aspects of HFA formation suggest that current sheets should pass relatively slowly along the bow shock; that is, their normals should have large cone angles. This hypothesis is confirmed. Individual multispacecraft case studies confirm that the underlying current sheets are tangential discontinuities, but most HFAs have relatively small jumps in field magnitude from before to after and thus would fail traditional identification tests as definite tangential discontinuities. The combination of our results suggests that HFAs should occur at a rate of several per day, and thus they may play a significant role in the solar-terrestrial dynamics.
Late Middle Permian (Capitanian) Foraminifers from the Uppermost Part of the Taishaku Limestone, Akiyoshi Terrane, Japan

Abstract. Forty-four species assignable to 32 genera of late Middle Permian (Capitanian) foraminifers are distinguished from Lepidolina limestone and microbial limestone of the uppermost part of the Taishaku Limestone, northeastern part of Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. The microbial limestone contains Kahlerina taishakuensis sp. nov. enclosing problematic microfossils within their tests and is taxonomically less diversified than the Lepidolina limestone. Faunal composition of nonfusuline foraminifers is clarified in the Lepidolina Zone of the Akiyoshi Terrane for the first time. In addition to the new species, seven species are systematically described. They are Codonofusiella sp. cf. C. ashioensis Kobayashi, Chusenella otai (Nogami), Parafusulina sp. , Lepidolina multiseptata (Deprat), Hemigordiopsis renzi Reichel, Baisalina ovata Han, and Partisania typica Sosnina. Taxonomic comments are given on Kahlerina and Hemigordiopsis.
Using detrital garnet compositions to determine provenance: a new compositional database and procedure

Abstract Detrital garnet compositions can be used to help determine the provenance of sedimentary rocks. In this study a garnet compositional database consisting of more than 2500 wet chemical and electron microprobe analyses was compiled from the literature. For the garnets in the database the six principal garnet end-member compositions (pyrope, almandine, spessartine, uvarovite, grossular and andradite) were calculated. A multi-stage methodology was devised to match garnet compositions to source rocks, and a series of garnet provenance fields on ternary plots were identified. The method was tested using compositional data from detrital garnet studies in several areas where provenance has already been identified, with good results. The methodology was then used to assess the provenance of detrital garnets from Neogene sandstones of northern Sabah, Borneo for which provenance is unknown and in a region where there are few garnet analyses for comparison. Comparison of garnet compositions from possible sources on Palawan, Philippines and in Borneo combined with the ternary plots excludes some known garnet-bearing rocks as potential sources and suggests derivation of metamorphic and igneous garnets from Palawan during the Early Miocene. Supplementary material: The compositional database and garnet data plotting spreadsheets are available at www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18649.
Estratigrafia y paleoambientes de la Formación Lumbrera, Grupo Salta, noroeste argentino

Stratigraphy and paleoenvironments of the Lumbrera Formation, Salta Group, northwestern Argentina. In northwestern Argentina, the Lumbrera Formation represents the uppermost unit of the Salta Group (Cretaceous - Paleogene). Two sections are recognized in this unit based on the facies associations, recognized from bottom to top as Lumbrera Inferior and Lumbrera Superior. The basal section consists of gravel-sand and sandy permanent fluvial systems and a perennial fresh-water lake (Faja Verde). The upper section is characterized by clastic fine-grained sedimentation and locally, by conglomeratic sandstones deposited in ephemeral fluvial and ephemeral lake systems. Based on the sedimentary features and the fossil record of both sections, an abrupt cli- mate change is interpreted, which varies from temperate humid in the base to warm/hot and dry in the upper part. The sedimentary and stratigraphic features allow interpreting two main depositional cycles for the Lumbrera Formation, divided by a major unconformity. These differences are not only the result of climatic changes but also represent variations in the basin configuration like subsidence rate changes and depocenters location that indicates the beginning of the foreland basin in Northwestern Argentina.
A Toarcian retro-arc basin of Central Patagonia (Chubut), Argentina: Middle Jurassic closure,arc migration and tectonic setting

La Cuenca de Chubut (nuevo nombre para la Cuenca Liasica de Chubut Occidental de otros autores), desarrollada durante el Jurasico Inferior en la parte occidental de la region extra-Andina de la Patagonia central, en Argentina (42°30S y 44°30S), acumulo sedimentos continentales y de mar somero, con aporte piroclastico, de la Formacion Osta Arena y unidades equivalentes. Esta cuenca estuvo limitada al oeste por un arco magmatico (Faja Plutonica Subcordillerana) y un complejo de subduccion del Triasico tardio-Jurasico temprano (Complejo Metamorfico Los Chonos). A su vez, la parte oriental del fondo de la cuenca se desarrollo sobre un arco remanente de edad triasica superior-jurasica inferior (Batolito de Patagonia Central) y sobre las sedimentitas neopaleozoicas de un prisma de acrecion. Hacia el este, la cuenca estaba limitada por un sistema volcanico toarciano asociado a la pluma de Karroo (Formacion Marifil). El arco continuaba hacia el norte, donde esta representado por el Miembro Icalma de la Formacion Nacientes del Biobio, que bordeaba por el oeste a la Cuenca de Neuquen. El cierre de la Cuenca de Chubut ocurrio durante el Jurasico Medio y coincide en el tiempo con una brusca migracion al suroeste del arco magmatico toarciano, desde una posicion en la Patagonia central extra-Andina, con una orientacion NNW, a una ubicacion en la Cordillera Patagonica con una orientacion norte-sur. Sincronicamente, se desarrollo volcanismo silicico anatectico asociado a tectonismo extensional al este del arco. En consecuencia, durante el Jurasico Medio hubo un cambio tectonico mayor en la region patagonica. Se propone que la migracion del arco estuvo relacionada con el crecimiento de una pluma bajo Patagonia nororiental.
Mise en évidence de la faille de Marenne sur la carte géologique Aye - Marche-en-Famenne

The revision of the geological map Aye - Marche-en-Famenne has emphasized an important deformation structure that we have named the Marenne Fault. This fault is now clearly visible at the southeast face of the Marenne quarry. The dating by rugose corals has allowed us to define with precision the Givetian lithologic units which have been put in contact by this normal fault with a later, right-lateral strike-slip component. To the east, the Marenne Fault may be traced over a distance of 4 km, as far as the Ourthe valley, to the south of Hotton where its stratigraphic displacement is about 226 m. More generally, the Marenne Fault is probably late Hercynian, of the same type and origin as the Lamsoul Fault known to the south of Marche-en-Famenne. It seems to form part of a family of faults which are regularly observed on the south side of the Dinant Synclinorium.
Low-Level Cloud Variability over the Equatorial Cold Tongue in Observations and Models

Abstract Examination of cloud and meteorological observations from satellite, surface, and reanalysis datasets indicates that monthly anomalies in low-level cloud amount and near-surface temperature advection are strongly negatively correlated on the southern side of the equatorial Pacific cold tongue. This inverse correlation occurs independently of relationships between cloud amount and sea surface temperature (SST) or lower tropospheric static stability (LTS), and the combination of advection plus SST or LTS explains significantly more interannual cloud variability in a multilinear regression than does SST or LTS alone. Warm anomalous advection occurs when the equatorial cold tongue is well defined and the southeastern Pacific trade winds bring relatively warm air over colder water. Ship meteorological reports and soundings show that the atmospheric surface layer becomes stratified under these conditions, thus inhibiting the upward mixing of moisture needed to sustain cloudiness against subsidence and .
Larval dispersal via entrainment into hydrothermal vent plumes

One of the most intriguing ecological questions remaining unanswered about hydrothermal vents is how vent organisms disperse and persist. Because vent species are generally endemic and their habitat is patchy and ephemeral on time scales as short as decades, they must disperse frequently, presumably in a planktonic larval stage. We suggest that dispersal occurs not only in near-bottom currents but also several hundred meters above the seafloor at the level of the laterally spreading hydrothermal plumes. Using a standard buoyant plume model and observed larval abundances near hydrothermal vents at 9°50′N along the East Pacific Rise, we estimate a mean vertical flux of approximately 100 vent larvae/h at a single black smoker. Larval abundances were extremely variable near vents, resulting in a range in estimated fluxes of at least an order of magnitude. The suitability of the plume model for these calculations was determined by releasing dyes (fluorescein and rhodamine) as larval mimics into a black smoker plume. The plume model predicted dye fluxes in the plume adequately, given the short averaging times of our measurements and the difficulty of sampling the plume centerline. Our calculations of substantial numbers of vent larvae entrained into the plume support the idea that transport in the lateral plume is an important mechanism of dispersal. Because vertical shear in flows above vents can cause larval dispersal trajectories in the plume to deviate considerably from those along the seafloor, larvae in the plume may have access to habitats that are unreachable by larvae in near-bottom flows.
La Paleodieta de Cinco Especies de Mamíferos Herbívoros Rancholabreanos de Valsequillo (Puebla, México)

Through the use of the 13C/12C and 18O/16O isotopic relationships found at enamel and osteodentine, here it is inferred the diet and preferred habitat in which five extinct herbivore species from the Late Pleistocene of Valsequillo, Puebla, Mexico. The horses, mammoths, and sloths showed a diet mainly based in C4, meanwhile the capybaraand gomphotheres were mixed C3/C4 feeders. The vegetation in which those animals lived was open with some trees, similar to the one proposed in other studies based in some macromammals species found in the locality.
A New Hump-Backed Ginglymodian Fish (Neopterygii, Semionotiformes) from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of Southeastern Utah

ABSTRACT A new species of hump-backed semionotiform fish, Lophionotus sanjuanensis, gen et sp. nov., is described based on specimens recently and previously collected from the Upper Triassic Church Rock Member of the Chinle Formation of southeastern Utah. It is characterized by a deep body with a large postcranial hump, and dense tuberculation on the posterodorsal margin of the skull that continues into the dorsal ridge and dorsolateral flank scales. The vertical preoperculum bears a short and broad paddle-like ventral process. The infraorbital series expands ventral to the suborbital and contacts the anterior ramus of the preoperculum, although this character has also been observed in other deep-bodied semionotiform taxa. This taxon represents the first newly described semionotiform fish species from the western United States in over 45 years, and adds to knowledge of Triassic fishes biodiversity.
The Cognitive Architecture of Anxiety-Like Behavioral Inhibition

The combination of reward and potential threat is termed approach/avoidance conflict and elicits specific behaviors, including passive avoidance and behavioral inhibition (BI). Anxiety-relieving drugs reduce these behaviors, and a rich psychological literature has addressed how personality traits dominated by BI predispose for anxiety disorders. Yet, a formal understanding of the cognitive inference and planning processes underlying anxiety-like BI is lacking. Here, we present and empirically test such formalization in the terminology of reinforcement learning. We capitalize on a human computer game in which participants collect sequentially appearing monetary tokens while under threat of virtual “predation. ” First, we demonstrate that humans modulate BI according to experienced consequences. This suggests an instrumental implementation of BI generation rather than a Pavlovian mechanism that is agnostic about action outcomes. Second, an internal model that would make BI adaptive is expressed in an independent task that involves no threat. The existence of such internal model is a necessary condition to conclude that BI is under model-based control. These findings relate a plethora of human and nonhuman observations on BI to reinforcement learning theory, and crucially constrain the quest for its neural implementation.