Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Urdu to English Machine Translation using Bilingual Evaluation Understudy

Machine Translation (MT) is exigent because it involves several thorny subtasks such as intrinsic language ambiguities, linguistic complexities and diversities between source and target language. Usually MT depends upon rules that provide linguistic information. At present, the corpus based MT approaches are used that include techniques like Example Based MT (EBMT) and Statistical MT (SMT). In addition to others, both of these corpus based techniques have different frameworks in the contemporary data-driven paradigm. SMT systems generate outputs using probabilities, whereas EBMT systems translate input text by matching examples from large amount of training data. Urdu MT is in its infancy with very limited availability of required data and computational resources. In this paper, we analyzed and evaluated the main MT techniques using qualitative as well as quantitative approaches. Strengths and weaknesses of each technique have been brought to light through special focus and discussion on examples from Urdu language MT literature. We evaluated the automated machine translated outputs using Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU). The EBMT approach produced the highest accuracy of 84.21% whereas the accuracy of the online SMT system is 62.68%. We found that BLUE scores of machine translated long Urdu sentences are low in comparison with long sentences. Similarly source text containing low frequency words affect the quality of Urdu machine translation negatively. Experiments and findings section of this paper explicate our reported results in detail. The paper concludes with proposal of future directions for research in Urdu machine translation.
Experimental Analysis of Evolution Strategies - Overview and Comprehensive Introduction

This article presents statistical techniques for the design and analysis of evolution strategies. These techniques can be applied to other search heuristics such as genetic algorithms, simulated annealing or particle swarm optimizers. It provides guidelines for the comparison of different algorithms on artifical test functions and on real-world optimization problems. Statistical experimental design techniques to improve the integrity and comparability of experiments are proposed. Interpreting the run of an optimization algorithm as an experiment, design of experiments (DOE), response surface methods (RSM), and tree-based regression methods can be applied to analyze and to improve its performance. We recommmend to base the comparison of algorithms on " tuned " algorithms and not on their " standard " parameterizations.
Features of systemic lupus erythematosus in mice injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharides: identificantion of circulating DNA and renal localization of DNA-anti-DNA complexes

After injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in mice, there is first a release of DNA into plasma and secondly an induction of anti-DNA antibodies. The circulating DNA was purified from plasma and physico- immunochemically characterized. This DNA has a similar density to mammalian cellular DNA,is 4--6S insize, and probably represents a mixture of single-stranded DNA (SSDNA) and double-stranded DNA (DSDNA) or DSDNA with some single-stranded regions. This purified DNA was shown to react with anti-DNA antibodies which appeared as early as 3 days after a single injection of LPS in mice. In serum, DNA-anti-DNA complexes were not detected, although unidentified circulating immune complex-like material was demonstrated 5-8 days after the injection of LPS. In tissues, particularly in renal glomeruli, fine granular immune complex-type immunoglobulin deposits appeared along the glomerular capillary walls and in the mesangium 3 days after the injection of LPS. There is a direct correlation between the level of anti-DNA antibodies and the intensity of glomerular deposits and about 40% of immunoglobulins eluted from kidneys are anti-DNA antibodies, indicating that some of the immune complexes localized in kidneys are DNA-anti-DNA complexes. Based on these observations, the following hypothetical mechanism for the glomerular localization of DNA-anti-DNA complexes after the injection of LPS in mice is proposed. First, DNA, which has been released in circulating blood after injection of LPS, might bind to renal glomeruli, probably on glomerular basement membranes (GBM) through a high affinity of GBM for DNA; secondly, circulating anti-DNA antibodies, which appear later, might react with the glomerular-bound DNA and form immune complexes independently of circulating immune complexes. However, the possibility of direct deposition of immune complexes is not ruled out.
Towards a "theory of mind" in simulated robots

The psychology term Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to the ability of an agent to recognize that an observed actor acts according to intentions and plans. In humans and some primates, ToM is fundamental to effective cooperation and competition, and is a key component of high-level cognition. In this paper, we explore the use of evolutionary robotics methods to create a robotic ToM. We use a co-evolutionary setup to evolve controllers that retrospectively explain an observed actor's behavior, and new actions that elicit new and more revealing behaviors. Evolved controllers can then be used to predict, manipulate and exploit the observed actor's behavior for cooperation or competition. Experimental results are shown in a physically-realistic simulation environment, and demonstrate an significant performance improvement compared to a direct estimation baseline.
QDA: A Query-Driven Approach to Entity Resolution

This paper addresses the problem of query-aware data cleaning in the context of a user query. In particular, we develop a novel <italic>Query-Driven Approach</italic> (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\tt QDA}$ </tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="altwaijry-ieq1-2623607.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>) that systematically exploits the semantics of the predicates in <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\tt SQL}$ </tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="altwaijry-ieq2-2623607.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>-like selection queries to reduce the data cleaning overhead. The objective of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX"> ${\tt QDA}$</tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="altwaijry-ieq3-2623607.gif"/></alternatives> </inline-formula> is to issue the minimum number of cleaning steps that are necessary to answer a given <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\tt SQL}$</tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="altwaijry-ieq4-2623607.gif"/> </alternatives></inline-formula>-like selection correctly. The comprehensive empirical evaluation of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\tt QDA}$</tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="altwaijry-ieq5-2623607.gif"/> </alternatives></inline-formula> demonstrates outstanding results—that is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\tt QDA}$</tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="altwaijry-ieq6-2623607.gif"/> </alternatives></inline-formula> is significantly better compared to traditional ER techniques, especially when the query is very selective.
How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?

The diversity of life is one of the most striking aspects of our planet; hence knowing how many species inhabit Earth is among the most fundamental questions in science. Yet the answer to this question remains enigmatic, as efforts to sample the world's biodiversity to date have been limited and thus have precluded direct quantification of global species richness, and because indirect estimates rely on assumptions that have proven highly controversial. Here we show that the higher taxonomic classification of species (i.e., the assignment of species to phylum, class, order, family, and genus) follows a consistent and predictable pattern from which the total number of species in a taxonomic group can be estimated. This approach was validated against well-known taxa, and when applied to all domains of life, it predicts ∼8.7 million (±1.3 million SE) eukaryotic species globally, of which ∼2.2 million (±0.18 million SE) are marine. In spite of 250 years of taxonomic classification and over 1.2 million species already catalogued in a central database, our results suggest that some 86% of existing species on Earth and 91% of species in the ocean still await description. Renewed interest in further exploration and taxonomy is required if this significant gap in our knowledge of life on Earth is to be closed.
Product Automata and Process Algebra

We define a model of labelled product systems of automata and explore its connections with process calculi and trace languages. Bisimilarity of labelled product systems is defined using a new definition of bisimulation with renaming. Concurrent mu-expressions are defined to describe labelled product systems. This leads to complete axiomatizations and algorithms for bisimulation and failure equivalence over labelled product systems, and for equality over recognizable trace languages
The effect of hyperthyroidism on procoagulant, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic factors

Summary Several coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters appear to be affected by thyroid hormone excess;however, the net effect on the haemostatic system remains unclear. We aimed to update our previous review and systematically summarise and meta-analyse the data by assessing the effects of thyrotoxicosis on the coagulation and fibrinolytic system in vivo. Data sources included MEDLINE (2006–2012), EMBASE (2006–2012), and reference lists. The sources were combined with our previous search containing studies from 1980–2006. Eligible studies were all observational or experimental studies. Two investigators independently extracted data and rated study quality. Weighted mean proportion and 95% confidence intervals were calculated and pooled using a fixed and a random-effects model. A total of 29 articles consisting of 51 studies were included, as in several articles more than one study was described. We included four intervention (before and after treatment in hyperthyroid patients), five cross-sectional (hyperthyroid subjects and euthyroid controls), and four experimental (before and after use of thyroid hormone in euthyroid subjects) medium/high quality studies for meta-analysis. We found that thyrotoxicosis shifts the haemostatic balance towards a hypercoagulable and hypofibrinolytic state with a rise in factors VIII and IX, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. This was observed in endogenous and exogenous thyrotoxicosis, and in subclinical as well as overt hyperthyroidism. We conclude that both subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism induce a prothrombotic state, which is therefore likely to be a risk factor for venous thrombosis.
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Conversational AI

Deep reinforcement learning is revolutionizing the artificial intelligence field. Currently, it serves as a good starting point for constructing intelligent autonomous systems which offer a better knowledge of the visual world. It is possible to scale deep reinforcement learning with the use of deep learning and do amazing tasks such as use of pixels in playing video games. In this paper, key concepts of deep reinforcement learning including reward function, differences between reinforcement learning and supervised learning and models for implementation of reinforcement are discussed. Key challenges related to the implementation of reinforcement learning in conversational AI domain are identified as well as discussed in detail. Various conversational models which are based on deep reinforcement learning (as well as deep learning) are also discussed. In summary, this paper discusses key aspects of deep reinforcement learning which are crucial for designing an efficient conversational AI.
Novel Multiplex PCR Assay for Characterization and Concomitant Subtyping of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Types I to V in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

ABSTRACT Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing is essential for understanding the molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). SCCmec elements are currently classified into types I to V based on the nature of the mec and ccr gene complexes, and are further classified into subtypes according to their junkyard region DNA segments. Previously described traditional SCCmec PCR typing schemes require multiple primer sets and PCR experiments, while a previously published multiplex PCR assay is limited in its ability to detect recently discovered types and subtypes such as SCCmec type V and subtypes IVa, b, c, and d. We designed new sets of SCCmec type- and subtype-unique and specific primers and developed a novel multiplex PCR assay allowing for concomitant detection of the methicillin resistance (mecA gene) (also serving as an internal control) to facilitate detection and classification of all currently described SCCmec types and subtypes I, II, III, IVa, b, c, d, and V. Our assay demonstrated 100% sensitivity and specificity in accurately characterizing 54 MRSA strains belonging to the various known SCCmec types and subtypes, when compared with previously described typing methods. Further application of our assay in 453 randomly selected local clinical isolates confirmed its feasibility and practicality. This novel assay offers a rapid, simple, and feasible method for SCCmec typing of MRSA, and may serve as a useful tool for clinicians and epidemiologists in their efforts to prevent and control infections caused by this organism.
When do group projects widen the student experience gap?

This paper presents a case study as a "cautionary tale" to faculty, demonstrating how students and instructors often perceive pressure to finish projects for clients. As a result of this pressure, and because students generally lacked any understanding of how to work well in groups, students selected their roles based on expediency or familiarity. This worked against the benefits of collaborative learning and learning new skills or concepts, widening the experience gap between males and females and across disciplines. Faculty should carefully consider the learning outcomes expected for students and find ways of ensuring they are achieved.
Next Place Prediction Based on Spatiotemporal Pattern Mining of Mobile Device Logs

Due to the recent explosive growth of location-aware services based on mobile devices, predicting the next places of a user is of increasing importance to enable proactive information services. In this paper, we introduce a data-driven framework that aims to predict the user’s next places using his/her past visiting patterns analyzed from mobile device logs. Specifically, the notion of the spatiotemporal-periodic (STP) pattern is proposed to capture the visits with spatiotemporal periodicity by focusing on a detail level of location for each individual. Subsequently, we present algorithms that extract the STP patterns from a user’s past visiting behaviors and predict the next places based on the patterns. The experiment results obtained by using a real-world dataset show that the proposed methods are more effective in predicting the user’s next places than the previous approaches considered in most cases.
Influence of Radar Frequency on the Relationship Between Bare Surface Soil Moisture Vertical Profile and Radar Backscatter

The aim of this letter is to discuss the influence of radar frequency on the relationship between surface soil moisture and the nature of radar backscatter over bare soils. In an attempt to address this issue, the advanced integral equation model was used to simulate backscatter from soil surfaces with various moisture vertical profiles, for three frequency bands, namely, L, C, and X. In these computations, we investigated the influence of the vertical heterogeneity of soil moisture on the characteristics of the backscattered signals. The influence of radar frequency is clearly demonstrated. A database produced from Envisat ASAR and TerraSAR-X data, which was acquired over bare soils with in situ measurements of moisture content and ground surface roughness, was used to validate the utility of taking the soil moisture heterogeneity into account in the backscatter model.
High-Efficiency 800 nm Multi-Layer Dielectric Gratings for High Average Power Laser Systems

We report on the design, fabrication, and performance of a 1740 l/mm multilayer dielectric diffraction grating for use with 800 nm light. At an input angle of 8{sup o} from Littrow and a wavelength from 770 to 830 nm, >90% diffraction efficiency is achieved, with peak diffraction efficiency of >97% at 800nm. We will also comment on laser damage threshold and power-handling properties.
Hyperbolic orbifold tutte embeddings

Tutte's embedding is one of the most popular approaches for computing parameterizations of surface meshes in computer graphics and geometry processing. Its popularity can be attributed to its simplicity, the guaranteed bijectivity of the embedding, and its relation to continuous harmonic mappings. In this work we extend Tutte's embedding into hyperbolic cone-surfaces called orbifolds. Hyperbolic orbifolds are simple surfaces exhibiting different topologies and cone singularities and therefore provide a flexible and useful family of target domains. The hyperbolic Orbifold Tutte embedding is defined as a critical point of a Dirichlet energy with special boundary constraints and is proved to be bijective, while also satisfying a set of points-constraints. An efficient algorithm for computing these embeddings is developed. We demonstrate a powerful application of the hyperbolic Tutte embedding for computing a consistent set of bijective, seamless maps between all pairs in a collection of shapes, interpolating a set of user-prescribed landmarks, in a fast and robust manner.
AUTOMATIC ROAD EXTRACTION IN RURAL AREAS

An approach for the automatic extraction of roads from digital aerial imagery is proposed. It is optimized for rural areas and makes use of versions of an aerial image with different resolutions. Roads are modeled as a network of intersections and links between these intersections, and are found by a grouping process. The context of roads is hierarchically structured into a global and a local level. At first, edges are extracted in the original high resolution image (0.2–0.5m) and lines in an image of reduced resolution (2 m). Using both resolution levels and explicit knowledge about roads, hypotheses for road segments are generated. They are grouped iteratively into larger segments. In addition to the grouping algorithms, knowledge about the local context, e.g., shadows cast by a tree onto a road segment, is used to bridge gaps. To construct the road network, finally intersections are extracted. Examples and results are given, indicating the potential of the approach.
Efficient In-memory Data Management: An Analysis

This paper analyzes the performance of three systems for in-memory data management: Memcached, Redis and the Resilient Distributed Datasets (RDD) implemented by Spark. By performing a thorough performance analysis of both analytics operations and fine-grained object operations such as set/get, we show that neither system handles efficiently both types of workloads. For Memcached and Redis the CPU and I/O performance of the TCP stack are the bottlenecks -- even when serving in-memory objects within a single server node. RDD does not support efficient get operation for random objects, due to a large startup cost of the get job. Our analysis reveals a set of features that a system must support in order to achieve efficient in-memory data management.
Ecology Economic Analyze of Mangrove Forest Ecosystem in Nania, Ambon, Moluccas, Indonesia

This study aims to (1) analyze about ecology condition of mangrove forest ecosystem and (2) estimate about total economic valuation of mangrove forest ecosystem in Nania. This research is a quantitative research. Data were collected through interviews, documentation and observation. Method analysis employed was Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Total Economic Value (TEV). Mangrove forests in on 2015 are categorized ‘lightly damaged’ (2.40 Ha). Overall, the economic value of mangrove forest ecosystem if undamaged is Rp. 657.679. 150 per year, with the following description: direct use value is Rp. 88.427. 000 per year, indirect use value is Rp. 566.590. 400 per year, option value is Rp. 468.000 per year. Indeks Terms Ecology, Economic, Mangrove Ecosystem Forest
Tomographic imaging in speed-of-light contrast

We report on tomographic measurements in the terahertz spectral range and subsequent image reconstruction of a phantom subject. At terahertz wavelengths we abandon the traditional hard-field tomography approach to use attenuation measurements for imaging, because of the strong beam steering at the periphery of objects and the existence of a substantial diffusely scattered component. Under these conditions we focus on imaging from the measurements of the terahertz pulse propagation delay, taken with a system for time-domain terahertz spectroscopy, and reconstruct the subject's optical density instead of e.g. material density as in x-ray tomography. The novelty is our experimental approach to retain, by spatial and temporal filtering, only the photons that propagate along the shortest straight paths allowing hard-field tomography, approach for the image reconstruction. We show that pulse delay measurements result in path integrals of the light's group velocity in the subject and therefore the image reconstruction yields the spatial distribution of the real part of the refractive index. Furthermore, we suggest a procedure whereby the pulse delay time is calculated from the time-domain waveform with a better precision, taking into account the physics of THz generation by ultrashort pulses in a biased-gap antenna.
Exploring personalized life cycle policies CTIT Technical Report

Ambient Intelligence imposes many challenges in protecting people’s privacy. Storing privacy-sensitive data during for permanently will inevitably result in privacy violations. Limited retention techniques might prove useful in order to limit the risks of unwanted and irreversible disclosure of privacy-sensitive data. To overcome the rigidness of simple limited retention policies, Life-Cycle policies more precisely describe when and how data could be first degraded and finally be destroyed. This allows users themselves to determine an adequate compromise between privacy and data retention. However, implementing and enforcing these policies is a difficult problem. Traditional databases are not designed or optimized for deleting data. In this report, we recall the formerly introduced life cycle policy model and the already developed techniques for handling a single collective policy for all data in a relational database management system. We identify the problems raised by loosening this single policy constraint and propose preliminary techniques for concurrently handling multiple policies in one data store. The main technical consequence for the storage structure is, that when allowing multiple policies, the degradation order of tuples will not always be equal to the insert order anymore. Apart from the technical aspects, we show that personalizing the policies introduces some inference breaches which have to be further investigated. To make such an investigation possible, we introduce a metric for privacy, which enables the possibility to compare the provided amount of privacy with the amount of privacy required by the policy.