Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spawning season fidelity in sympatric populations of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus)

Considerable debate surrounds the issue of reproductive exchange between subunits of marine fish popula- tions. Discrete population theories predict that spawning time and location are predetermined during larval life and that spawning season fidelity and natal homing maintain population integrity. Conversely, spawning assemblages may repre- sent interconnected subgroups within metapopulations with social transmission of spawning behaviours facilitating mix- ing. This study examines spawning season fidelity in three subpopulations of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus )w ith overlapping distributions. Autumn- and winter-spawned fish were collected from spawning and feeding grounds in the Irish and Celtic seas. Hatching season was determined using otolith microstructure and was compared with season of spawning as indicated by visual gonad inspection. Spawning assemblages in the Irish Sea consisted almost exclusively of autumn-spawned fish, despite extensive mixing with winter-spawned fish during the juvenile phase. The available evidence suggests that in Celtic herring, the season and location of spawning are not learned from repeat-spawning adults, but are predetermined, possibly through larval imprinting. The seasonal components showed distinct patterns of gonad development, and estimated rates of spawning season switching were below 10%. Although this exchange rate will facilitate some gene flow, mixing of subgroups is limited. This has important implications for management of sea- sonal spawning populations.
Cell wall modifications in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) callus cultures tolerant to isoxaben

Cultures of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) callus were adapted for growth in a 12 μM concentration of the herbicide isoxaben; 1200-fold greater than the I 50 calculated. Tolerant calluses grew slower, were browner and harder than nontolerant ones and formed large globular corpuscles on their surface. Cell wall fractionation of tolerant cells indicated that the mechanism of adaptation depends on the ability of these cells to divide and expand with a modified wall. The walls of tolerant cells growing on isoxaben differ from those of nontolerant cells by having reduced levels of cellulose and hemicelluloses and a higher uronic acid content. These differences are already found in adaptations to low concentrations of isoxaben and keep to the highest adaptation levels tested without any great change.
Methodological considerations for examining the relationship between sperm morphology and motility

Sperm cells of all taxa share a common goal to reach and fertilize an ovum, yet sperm are one of the most diverse cell types in nature. While the structural diversity of these cells is well recognized, the functional significance of variation in sperm design remains elusive. An important function of spermatozoa is a need to migrate toward the ova, often over long distances in a foreign environment, which may include a complex and hostile female reproductive tract. Several comparative and experimental studies have attempted to address the link between sperm morphology and motility, yet the conclusions drawn from these studies are often inconsistent, even within the same taxa. Much of what we know about the functional significance of sperm design in internally fertilizing species has been gleaned from in vitro studies, for which experimental parameters often vary among studies. We propose that discordant results from these studies are in part due to a lack of consistency of methods, conditions that do not replicate those of the female reproductive tract, and the overuse of simple linear measures of sperm shape. Within this review, we provide a toolkit for imaging, quantifying, and analyzing sperm morphology and movement patterns for in vitro studies and discuss emerging approaches. Results from studies linking morphology to motility enhance our understanding of the evolution of adaptive sperm traits and the mechanisms that regulate fertility, thus offering new insights into methods used in assisted reproductive technologies in animal science, conservation and public health.
Jasmonic Acid Differentially Affects Growth, Ion Uptake and Abscisic Acid Concentration in Salt‐tolerant and Salt‐sensitive Rice Cultivars

Phytohormones play critical roles in regulating plant responses to stress. Here, we investigated the effects of salt stress and stress recovery by applying jasmonate to the two different rice (Oryza saliva L.) cultivars Dongjinchalbyeo (DJC, salt-tolerant) and Dongjinbyeo (DJ, salt-sensitive). Salt stress remarkably decreased the root length of plants even at low NaCI concentration (20 mM). Salt stress led to a sharp increase in the concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) in 20 and 40 mM NaCl, when compared with the control values. The concentrations of ABA in the salt-tolerant cultivar DJC plants progressively increased with increasing NaCI levels, whereas in the salt-sensitive cultivar DJ, they sharply decreased in all three parts of rice plants at 80 mM NaCI treatment. The decrease of jasmonic acid (JA) concentrations in salt-tolerant cultivar DJC was lesser than in the salt-sensitive cultivar DJ plants in the shoot. Post-application in the stressed plants with 30 μM JA at 24 and 48 h after NaCI treatment, recovered salt inhibition on dry mass production more effectively than application of JA at 48 and 24 h before salt stress, and during salt stress simultaneously. The uptake of Na decreased especially in the salt-sensitive cultivar DJ plants, whereas there was an increase in Ca and Mg levels and slight increase of K by JA application. Leaf water potential, leaf photosynthetic rate, and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) also remarkably recovered when 30 μM JA was applied 24 h after the salt stress compared with the 40 mM NaCl-treated plants. These results clearly indicate that post-application with exogenous JA can ameliorate salt-stressed rice seedlings, especially the salt-sensitive cultivar rather than the salt-tolerant cultivar. This may change the balance of other endogenous plant hormones.
TRANSIENT LOCALIZATION OF γ‐TUBULIN AROUND THE CENTRIOLES IN THE NUCLEAR DIVISION OF BOERGESENIA FORBESII (SIPHONOCLADALES, CHLOROPHYTA)

Mitosis in Boergesenia forbesii (Harvey) Feldman was studied by immunofluorescence microscopy using anti‐β–tubulin, anti‐γ–tubulin, and anti‐centrin antibodies. In the interphase nucleus, one, two, or rarely three anti‐centrin staining spots were located around the nucleus, indicating the existence of centrioles. Microtubules (MTs) elongated randomly from the circumference of the nuclear envelope, but distinct microtubule organizing centers could not be observed. In prophase, MTs located around the interphase nuclei became fragmented and eventually disappeared. Instead, numerous MTs elongated along the nuclear envelope from the discrete anti‐centrin staining spots. Anti‐centrin staining spots duplicated and migrated to the two mitotic poles. γ–Tubulin was not detected at the centrioles during interphase but began to localize there from prophase onward. The mitotic spindle in B. forbesii was a typical closed type, the nuclear envelope remaining intact during nuclear division. From late prophase, accompanying the chromosome condensation, spindle MTs could be observed within the nuclear envelope. A bipolar mitotic spindle was formed at metaphase, when the most intense staining of γ‐tubulin around the centrioles could also be seen. Both spindle MT poles were formed inside the nuclear envelope, independent of the position of the centrioles outside. In early anaphase, MTs between separating daughter chromosomes were not detected. Afterward, characteristic interzonal spindle MTs developed and separated both sets of the daughter chromosomes. From late anaphase to telophase, γ‐tubulin could not be detected around the centrioles and MT radiation from the centrioles became diminished at both poles. γ‐Tubulin was not detected at the ends of the interzonal spindle fibers. When MTs were depolymerized with amiprophos methyl during mitosis, γ‐tubulin localization around the centrioles was clearly confirmed. Moreover, an influx of tubulin molecules into the nucleus for the mitotic spindle occurred at chromosome condensation in mitosis.
Crescimento e acúmulo de cátions em plantas de moringa mantidas em solos salinos

Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da salinidade no crescimento e acumulo de massa seca e cations em plantas jovens de moringa (Moringa oleifera), testaram-se quatro tipos de solos, nas condutividades eletricas (C.E.) 0,49 (controle), 4,15, 6,33 e 10,45 dS m-1. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repeticoes. As plantas cresceram inicialmente em tubetes rigidos e, aos 30 dias apos a emergencia, foram transferidas para vasos contendo 10 kg de solo, de acordo com o tratamento de salinidade. A salinidade prejudica o crescimento inicial das plantas e acumulo de cations na parte aerea e nas raizes das plantas. Na fase inicial de crescimento, as plantas de moringa nao inibem a absorcao de Na e sua translocacao para a parte aerea. doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb. 32.69. 45
Assessment of ISO Method 15216 to Quantify Hepatitis E Virus in Bottled Water

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the causative agents of water-borne human viral hepatitis and considered in Europe an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Analysis of bottled water through a standard method validated for HEV can contribute towards the risk management of this hazard. Putting some recent reports by the European Food Safety Authority in place, this study aimed to assess the performance of the concentration and extraction procedures described in ISO 15216-1:2017 for norovirus and hepatitis A virus on HEV detection. Following the ISO recommendation, the bottled water samples were spiked using serially diluted HEV fecal suspensions together with mengovirus as process control and concentrated by filtration via positively charged nylon membranes. In order to extract viral RNA from the resulting concentrates, two different methods were compared in this study: The one recommended in the ISO norm, NucliSens® MiniMag® system (NS), and an alternative commercially available kit NucleoSpin®RNA virus kit (MN). Finally, three reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assays were used to quantify HEV titers. The evaluated procedures resulted in average HEV recoveries of 14.08 ± 4.90% and 3.58 ± 0.30% for the MN and NS methods, respectively. The limit of detection (LoD95%) was 1.25 × 104 IU/L for both extraction methods combined with the three RT-qPCR assays tested, with the exception of NS extraction coupled with RT-qPCR1 that showed a LoD95% of 4.26 × 103 IU/L. The method characteristics generated in this study support the limited suitability of the ISO 15216-1:2017 concentration procedure coupled with the evaluated RT-qPCR assays for detecting HEV in bottled water.
UBQLN2 Promotes the Production of Type I Interferon via the TBK1-IRF3 Pathway

Mutations of Ubiquilin 2 (UBQLN2) or TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal degeneration (ALS/FTD). However, the mechanisms whereby UBQLN2 or TBK1 mutations lead to ALS and FTD remain unclear. Here, we explored the effect of UBQLN2 on TBK1 in HEK-293T cells or in CRISPR–Cas9-mediated IRF3 and IRF7 knockout (KO) cells. We found an interaction between TBK1 and UBQLN2, which was affected by ALS/FTD-linked mutations in TBK1 or UBQLN2. Co-expression of UBQLN2 with TBK1 elevated the protein level of TBK1 as well as the phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3 in a UBQLN2 dose-dependent manner, and this phosphorylation was reduced by mutant UBQLN2. In addition, the cellular production of IFN1 and related pro-inflammatory cytokines was substantially elevated when UBQLN2 and TBK1 were co-expressed, which was also decreased by mutant UBQLN2. Functional assay revealed that mutant UBQLN2 significantly reduced the binding affinity of TBK1 for its partners, including IRF3, (SQSTM1)/p62 and optineurin (OPTN). Moreover, complete loss of IRF3 abolished the induction of IFN1 and related pro-inflammatory cytokines enhanced by UBQLN2 in HEK-293T cells, whereas no significant change in IRF7 knockout cells was observed. Thus, our findings suggest that UBQLN2 promotes IRF3 phosphorylation via TBK1, leading to enhanced IFN1 induction, and also imply that the dysregulated TBK1-IRF3 pathway may play a role in UBQLN2-related neurodegeneration.
Effects of Feeding Spirulina on Specific and Nonspecific Immune Responses of Channel Catfish

Abstract Administration of various immunostimulants to fish has resulted in enhanced immune responses. The purpose of this study was to determine if feeding Spirulina, a processed form of the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis, enhanced specific and nonspecific immunity and resistance against Edwardsiella ictaluri infection in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Peritoneal phagocytes from fish fed Spirulina showed enhanced phagocytosis to zymosan and increased chemotaxis to E. ictaluri exoantigen. No significant difference in mortality due to E. ictaluri existed between fish fed Spirulina and fish fed a basal diet. No significant difference in antibody titer or in the percentage of fish positive for E. ictaluri antibody was found between the groups after immunization with formalin-killed E. ictaluri. Spirulina-fed fish had significantly higher antibody titers to key hole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) on day 22, and a greater percentage of these fish were positive for KLH antibody on days 15 and 36. Feeding Sp.
Swine sperm induces neutrophil extracellular traps that entangle sperm and embryos.

Sperm motility, fertilization and embryo implantation are several important factors in reproduction. Except healthy state of sperm and embryo themselves, successful pregnancy is closely related to the status of female reproductive tract immune system. Increased immune cells in reproductive tract often leads to low sperm motility and low chance of embryo implantation, but the mechanisms remain not well clarified. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct effects of swine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) on sperm or embryo in vitro, and then try to clarify the molecular mechanisms undergoing the phenomenon. Swine sperm-triggered neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PMNs phagocytosis of sperms was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Sperm-triggered NETs was quantitated by Pico Green®. Vital staining of the interaction between PMNs and embryo were observed by using confocal microscope. It was showed that PMNs were directly activated by sperm in forms of phagocytosis or casting NETs, and sperm triggered-NETs formation was made up with DNA co-located with citrullinated histone 3 (citH3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). In addition, the potential mechanism of NETs release was relevant to NADPH oxidase, ERK1/2 or p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Of great interesting was that swine embryo was firstly found entangled in NETs in vitro, but the function and mechanism of this action in vivo fertilization still needed further investigation. In conclusion, this is the first report about swine sperm-induced NETs that entangle sperm and embryo, which might provide an entirely understanding of swine reproductive physiology and immunology.
Effect of Scan Strategies and Use of Support Structures on Surface Quality and Hardness of L-PBF AlSi10Mg Parts

Additive manufacturing allows for a great degree of design freedom and is rapidly becoming a mainstream manufacturing process. However, as in all manufacturing processes, it has its limitations and specificities. Equipping engineers with this knowledge allows for a higher degree of optimization, extracting the most out of this technology. Therefore, a specific part design was devised and created via L-PBF (Laser Powder Bed Fusion) using AlSi10Mg powder. Certain parameters were varied to identify the influence on material density, hardness, roughness, residual stress and microstructures. It was found that on heat treated parts laser pattern strategy is one of the most influential aspects, showing that chessboard and stripes 67° improved outcome; average Ra roughness varied between 8–12 µm, residual stress was higher on vertical surfaces than horizontal surfaces, with the combination of support structures and stripes 67° strategies generating the lowest residual stress (205 MPa on a lateral/vertical face), hardness was non-orientation dependent and larger on samples with chessboard fabrication strategies, while microstructures were composed of α–Al dendrites surrounded by Si particles. The distribution and grain size of the microstructure is dependent on location regarding melt pool and HAZ area. Furthermore, Al–Mg oxides were encountered on the surface, along with pores generating from lack of fusion.
LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF BALANUS AMPHITRITE DARWIN AND BALANUS VARIEGATUS DARWIN (CIRRIPEDIA, BALANIDAE) FROM NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA

[La presence des embryons dans les cavites du manteau de Balanus amphitrite et Balanus variegatus a ete controlee pendant deux annees. Les saisons de reproduction de ces especes sont similaires; il n'y a qu'une faible activite reproductrice en automne, puis une augmentation graduelle pendant l'hiver, avec une pointe au printemps et en ete. L'etablissement des deux especes se produit principalement dans l'ete. Les stades larvaires de B. amphitrite et B. variegatus sont decrits d'apres des larves elevees en laboratoire. Trois stades larvaires (N II, N III, N VI) des deux especes sont semblabes. On peut separer les stades naupliens N I, N IV et N V par des differences dans les soies larvaires. Au stade cypris les deux especes ont une carapace de forme differente. Les discordances entre les presentes observations et les relations anterieures sont discutees. , La presence des embryons dans les cavites du manteau de Balanus amphitrite et Balanus variegatus a ete controlee pendant deux annees. Les saisons de reproduction de ces especes sont similaires; il n'y a qu'une faible activite reproductrice en automne, puis une augmentation graduelle pendant l'hiver, avec une pointe au printemps et en ete. L'etablissement des deux especes se produit principalement dans l'ete. Les stades larvaires de B. amphitrite et B. variegatus sont decrits d'apres des larves elevees en laboratoire. Trois stades larvaires (N II, N III, N VI) des deux especes sont semblabes. On peut separer les stades naupliens N I, N IV et N V par des differences dans les soies larvaires. Au stade cypris les deux especes ont une carapace de forme differente. Les discordances entre les presentes observations et les relations anterieures sont discutees. ]
Variability of Coordination in Typically Developing Children Versus Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder with and without Rhythmic Signal

Motor coordination deficit is a cardinal feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The evaluation of coordination of children with ASD is either lengthy, subjective (via observational analysis), or requires cumbersome post analysis. We therefore aimed to use tri-axial accelerometers to compare inter-limb coordination measures between typically developed (TD) children and children ASD, while jumping with and without a rhythmic signal. Children aged 5–6 years were recruited to the ASD group (n = 9) and the TD group (n = 19). Four sensors were strapped to their ankles and wrist and they performed at least eight consecutive jumping jacks twice: at a self-selected rhythm and with a metronome. The primary outcome measures were the timing lag (TL), the timing difference of the maximal acceleration of the left and right limbs, and the lag variability (LV), the variation of TL across the 5 jumps. The LV of the legs of children with ASD was higher compared to the LV of the legs of TD children during self-selected rhythm jumping (p < 0.01). Additionally, the LV of the arms of children with ASD, jumping with the rhythmic signal, was higher compared to that of the TD children (p < 0.05). There were no between-group differences in the TL parameter. Our preliminary findings suggest that the simple protocol presented in this study might allow an objective and accurate quantification of the intra-subject variability of children with ASD via actigraphy.
Physiological Response to Eccentric and Concentric Cycling in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

We aimed to compare the cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and perceptual responses to high- and moderate-intensity eccentric cycling versus moderate-intensity concentric cycling in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients. Ten patients with moderate COPD (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second; FEV1 = 68.6 ± 20.4% of predicted; 68.3 ± 9.1 years) performed 30 min of moderate-intensity concentric (CONC-M: 50% maximum workload; Wmax), moderate-intensity eccentric (ECC-M: 50% Wmax), and high-intensity eccentric (ECC-H: 100% Wmax) cycling. Average power output, oxygen consumption (V ̇O2), minute ventilation (VE), respiratory frequency (fR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and dyspnea were measured during cycling. Compared to CONC-M, lower V ̇O2 (-52 ± 14%), VE (-47 ± 16%), fR (-21 ± 14%), HR (-14 ± 16%), SBP (-73 ± 54%), RPE (-36 ± 26%) and dyspnea (-41 ± 37%) were found during ECC-M. During ECC-H, a similar metabolic demand to CONC-M was found. However, average power output was 117 ± 79% greater during ECC-H. Eccentric cycling can be safely performed by COPD patients and induced lesser cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and perceptual responses than concentric exercise when performed at the same workload. Novelty bullets: • Moderate- and high- intensity eccentric cycling can be performed by COPD patients • Moderate eccentric cycling showed lower cardiorespiratory, metabolic and perceptual demand than concentric cycling at the same workload in COPD patients. • Even at double workload, eccentric cycling induces lesser cardiorespiratory, metabolic and perceptual demand than moderate-intensity concentric cycling.
Individual calling behaviour and movements of North Atlantic minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)

Information on individual calling behaviour and source levels are important for understanding acoustically mediated social interactions of marine mammals, for which visual observations are difficult to obtain. Our study, conducted in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS), located in the Gulf of Maine, USA, used passive acoustic arrays to track North Atlantic minke whales and assess the sound production behaviour of individuals. A total of 18 minke whales were acoustically tracked in this study. Individual calling rates were variable, with a median intercall interval (ICI) of 60.3 s. Average source levels (SLrms) for minke whales pulse trains ranged between 164 and 168 dB re 1 μPa, resulting in a minimum detection range of 0.4–10.2 km for these calls in this urban, coastal environment. All tracked animals were actively swimming at a speed of 5.0 ± 1.2 km/h, which matches swimming speeds of migrating minke whales from other areas and confirms SBNMS as part of the migration route of this species in the Western North Atlantic. Tracked minke whales produced 7 discrete call types belonging to 3 main categories, yet no individual produced all call types. Instead, minke whales produced 2 multisyllabic call sequences (A and B) by combining 3–4 different call types in a non-random order. While 7 of the tracked individuals produced calling pattern A, 10 whales used calling pattern B, and only 1 animal combined call types differently. Animals producing different call sequences were in acoustic range of one another on several occasions, suggesting they may use these sequences for mediating social interactions. The fact that the same calling patterns were shared by several individuals suggests that these patterns may contain information related to sex, age or behavioural context.