Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Functional organization of the circadian timing system

The circadian timing system establishes daily rhythms in behavior and physiology throughout the body, ensuring that functions like activity, sleep and hormone release are appropriately timed. Research suggests that his temporal synchrony within the body is quite important for health and survival. In mammals, the central circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) drives rhythms in behavior and physiology in large part by stimulating or inhibiting other brain regions responsible for these functions at the appropriate times of day. This timed signal is often indirect, i.e. relayed or possibly processed through a series of neurons in different brain regions before reaching the effector site. The subparaventricular zone (SPZ), a region adjacent to the SCN which is the main recipient of direct neuronal inputs from the SCN, is thought to be a critical relay for SCN signals, since loss of the SPZ results in loss of circadian rhythms in body temperature, activity and sleep/wakefulness. Another important relay site, the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) gets direct input from both the SCN and SPZ and is critical for normal expression of various circadian rhythms. Both the SPZ and DMH have different subpopulations of neurons which may perform different functions with respect to circadian modulation of physiology and behavior, and which have not been well studied. Chapter 2 of this dissertation focuses on the anatomical connectivity of four spatially defined subpopulations of cells in the SPZ, showing for the first time that they differ in density of their inputs to certain hypothalamic targets and that they project to each other as well as to the SCN. This chapter also reports several novel SPZ targets which may be important for the regulation of wakefulness. Chapter 3 examines the role of an excitatory subpopulation of DMH neurons by deleting a critical exon in the gene for a vesicular glutamate transporter, rendering these neurons unable to synaptically release glutamate. This manipulation blunts circadian rhythms in activity and urinary corticosterone, and decreases average body temperature and activity levels throughout the day, implicating excitatory DMH neurons in regulation of the above parameters.
Berry unexpected: Nocturnal pollination of lowbush blueberry

Cutler, C. G. , Reeh, K. W. , Sproule, J. M. and Ramanaidu, K. 2012. Berry unexpected: Nocturnal pollination of lowbush blueberry. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 707–711. Lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium, is an economically important crop of eastern North America that is critically dependent on insect-mediated cross-pollination for successful fruit set and high yields. It is generally assumed that bees are responsible for the vast majority of lowbush blueberry pollination, and producers usually augment the natural pollination force with managed bees. Little is known, however, of the potential role of nocturnal pollinators in lowbush blueberry production. We conducted a field experiment where patches of blooming blueberry were exposed to flying insects 24 h a day, only during the day (sunrise to sunset), only at night (sunset to sunrise), or 0 h a day. We found that significant fruit set occurred on blueberry stems that were exposed only at night, although it was higher on stems exposed during the day or 2.
Seed protein amino acid composition of important local grain legumes Lupinus angustifolius L., Lupinus luteus L., Pisum sativum L. and Vicia faba L.

Grain legumes are regarded as highly valuable protein source for human and animal nutrition. Legume protein quality is mainly limited by the amino acids (AAs) tryptophan and sulphur AA. Organic farming in particular requires high seed protein quality for livestock feeding, as chemically produced AAs must not be feeded. Breeding attempts to increase contents of limiting AA are required. In the present survey, the AA content of 107 cultivars of important European grain legume species (Lupinus angustifolius, Lupinus luteus, Pisum sativum and Vicia faba) was analysed. AA contents were related to the requirements of growing pigs and human nutrition. Feed quality could be enhanced by choice of high quality varieties according to ideal protein concepts. For example for sulphur, AA feed quality for pigs could be increased by up to 22% (e.g. for L. angustifolius: ideal protein = 100, sample mean = 59.7, sample maximum = 72.7). Regarding livestock nutrition, ranges of limiting AA never reached the qualities reported for soybean seeds. However, an inclusion of high quality legume lines would reduce the need for other high quality components in feed compositions.
Crecimiento y ciclo reproductivo de Polymesoda radiata (Bivalvia:Corbiculidae) en Costa Rica

A populationof green clam, Polymesoda radiata was sampledfromAugust 1992 through J uly 1993 in Bebedero river, Guanacaste, Costa Rica (n= 978) fOI demographic data. Mean Yalues(followed by ranges) were: shell length 32.29 ± 7.63 min (6.9-44.10 mm).
Assessing capture and tagging methods for brolgas, Antigone rubicunda (Gruidae)

Abstract Context. Studies assessing welfare issues and efficiency of animal capture methods are important, as capture can pose a significant welfare risk and methods can be time consuming to develop. It is imperative to choose methods that minimise injuries, maximise capture rates and minimise time spent on capture. Aims. To test methods of crane capture and tagging (transmitter, colour and metal band fitting), and to compare and develop safe and time efficient methods for capturing brolgas (Antigone rubicunda). Methods. We tested three types of noose traps, cannon nets, clap-nets, spotlighting at night roosts and active pursuit of pre-fledged chicks. We also tested two band sizes and two transmitter attachment methods. We compared the success and capture efficiency of these methods and considered welfare issues by comparing the number of injuries and mortalities resulting from these methods. Key results. We successfully captured brolgas with noose traps and a cannon net, and by using active pursuit of pre-fledged chicks. Noose traps became more efficient when deployed with call playback and taxidermy decoys. Australian noose traps and active pursuit of pre-fledged chicks were the safest methods with fewest injuries. Conclusions. For maximum capture success with minimum injuries to target and non-target species, we recommend noose traps with call playback and taxidermy decoys for capturing adult and juvenile brolgas at feeding areas, and active pursuit for pre-fledged chicks at breeding sites. Noose lines should have elastic at both pegged ends, to avoid injuries. To minimise injuries from tagging, we recommend leg-band-fitted transmitters in preference to harness-fitted transmitters, Australian size 35 bands and colour bands with an internal diameter of 22 mm. Implications. The use of Australian noose traps with call playback and taxidermy decoys is a safe and time efficient method for capturing brolgas, and is also likely to work for other crane species. Our recommendations can help reduce capture-related mortalities and injuries to brolgas (and potentially other cranes), which is crucial, given the brolga is a threatened species.
Life after logging: post‐logging recovery of a neotropical bat community

Summary 1 There is considerable debate about whether tropical forests can be managed for timber production and to conserve biodiversity. Few ‘sustainable forestry’ systems have been evaluated adequately in this respect. Microchiropteran bats may be model taxa for this purpose. They are an important component of mammalian diversity, play key roles in forest dynamics and are indicators of disturbance in neotropical forests. 2 We investigated the effect of Trinidad's periodic block system (PBS) on bat species diversity and community organization. PBS is a polycyclic system of selective logging with a 30-year harvesting rotation. We captured bats in primary forest and PBS-managed forest logged 33, 31, 21, 20 and 10 years previously. 3 Selective logging did not affect species diversity but did affect community structure. Frugivorous bats were significantly more abundant in logged forest whereas gleaning animalivores were more abundant in primary forest, suggesting that frugivores benefited and gleaning animalivores were adversely affected by logging. 4 The bat community showed evidence of recovery. The number of years since forest disturbance was positively correlated with the abundance and number of species of gleaning animalivores and negatively correlated with the proportional abundance of the most common species. Gleaning animalivores increased in abundance with forest regeneration, whereas the community became less dominated by a single generalist frugivore. 5 Synthesis and applications. PBS selective logging appears to be compatible with the conservation of bat diversity. This provides evidence that neotropical forests can be managed for timber production in an ecologically sustainable way and that significant biodiversity conservation efforts can occur outside national parks and nature reserves in areas set aside for sustainable development. PBS could serve as a basic blueprint for sustainable forestry in the Guianan Shield where there are forests similar in species composition to those of Trinidad. Key attributes that could be adopted by many tropical countries to manage their forests in an ecologically sustainable way are a low intensity harvest, a long rotation and multiple controls on harvesting.
Geometric morphometrics throws light on evolution of the subterranean catfish Rhamdiopsis krugi (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) in eastern Brazil

Rhamdiopsis krugi is a highly specialized troglobitic (exclusively subterranean) catfish from phreatic water bodies of caves located within two separated metasedimentary basins in the region of Chapada Diamantina, Bahia state, Brazil. In order to test the hypothesis of isolation with differentiation of the groups from the Una-Utinga and Irece metasedimentary basins, we compared five populations among themselves and with an epigean species of Rhamdiopsis. This was accomplished using geometric morphometrics, a powerful tool for detecting differences in body shape at population and species levels. All studied samples differed significantly from each other, the epigean sample being the most distinct and the Una Basin populations clustering together. Geological and hydrological barriers explain the differences among the subterranean populations. We discuss our results together with the autapomorphies found in R. krugi, which validate its monophyly. These results imply an old age for the R. krugi clade, more than 10 Myr; alternative hypotheses are also presented. We propose a two-step vertical colonization model of the subterranean habitat through the hyporheic zone by an epigean ancestral, with a progressive acquisition of the autapomorphies characterizing R. krugi. For conservation purposes, the two differentiated sets of populations should be considered and referred to as R. krugi ‘Una morphotype’ and R. krugi ‘Irece morphotype’. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 114, 136–151.
Divergent Transplant Production Practices Produce Comparable Growth, Yield, and Quality of Processing Tomatoes

The effect of transplant production and handling practices on processing tomato growth, yield, and fruit quality were evaluated in five field trials in California. In 1999, processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, cv. Halley) transplants were obtained from a number of commercial transplant producers and taken to the Univ. of California-Davis (UCD) where treatments were imposed for 1 week prior to transplanting. Treatments included N and P fertilization, exposure to lath house or greenhouse temperature, withholding water, and storage in the dark for 2 days to simulate shipment from greenhouse to field. Nine treatments per site were compared in field trials at Yolo, Woodland, and Knights Landing. In 2000, transplants were grown at UCD under varying nutrient regimes, including P fertilization rates ranging from weekly application of 0 to 90 mg.L -1 . Two commercial field trials comparing 8 treatments were conducted near Winters and Newman. Although transplant production and handling practices significantly influenced relative growth rate in the 3-4 weeks following transplanting in all 1999 trials, effects on fruit yield were minimal, with only one treatment at Woodland showing significantly lower yield and no treatment differences in crop maturity, fruit soluble solids, or juice color observed at any site. In 2000, plants receiving no weekly P fertilization showed slower growth in the 3 weeks after transplanting, but no treatment differences were observed after 6 weeks. Fruit yield, soluble solids content (°Brix) and juice color were unaffected by transplant treatment. We conclude that transplant production and handling practices tested had minimal differential effect on the subsequent field performance of processing tomato transplants in the Central Valley of California.
Inclusion of macroalgae meal (Macrocystis pyrifera) as feed ingredient for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effect on flesh fatty acid composition.

The use of macroalgae as an additional component in animal feeding has been studied. However, information on how it could influence muscle composition of fish body is scarce. This study evaluates four diets with different macroalgae inclusion levels (0%, 1.5%, 3% and 6%) to test the effect on body fatty acid composition of rainbow trout. Tanks with a volume of 600 L were stocked with 60.6 ± 7.9 g fish at a density of 45 individuals tank−1 and fed for 124 days. At the end of the experiment there were not significant differences (P<0.05) in muscle proximate composition among fish fed the different treatments. However, it was determined that inclusion of 3% and 6% of macroalgae meal resulted in a significant increase (P<0.05) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in muscle. In summary, macroalgae meal in rainbow trout diets do not enhance the quantity of protein and lipid contents at muscle level but an addition of 3–6% might contribute to increase the level of PUFAs, specially EPA, DHA and LIN. Thus, use of macroalgae meal might help to increase lipid quality content in the final product due the beneficial effects of PUFAs for human health.
Impact of water deficiency on the growth rate of wild-type and cer10 mutant Arabidopsis thaliana

We observed the effect of water deficiency on the growth rate of wild-type and cer10 mutant Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Replicates consisted of 20 total pots, 10 containing two 14-day-old wild-type seedlings each and 10 containing two 14-day-old cer10 mutant seedlings each. Five of each pot type were treated with 125 mL of water, and the other five received 50 mL when watered. Length of the longest rosette leaf for each plant was measured on days 1, 8, 13 and 19 and a two-way ANOVA was conducted on the growth rates between days 8 and 19. Our results indicate that reduced water availability decreases the growth rate of both the wild-type and cer10 mutant A. thaliana (p=0.007) . Furthermore, the effect of water availability on the growth rate appeared to be not significantly different for both the wild-type and cer10 mutants (p=0.502). In addition, there is insufficient evidence to support that wild-type A. thaliana has a greater growth rate than the cer10 mutant variety (p=0.0831).
Protest and Marginalized Urban Space. 1968 in West Berlin

Post-1945, Berlin’s housing de cit of six million produced the slogan “a roof over one’s head – nothing else matters. ”1 e primary concern therefore, was in housing a large section of the city’s population rather than with the architectural style of the new dwellings, as Helmut Geisert, architectural historian, states: “architecture, and still less architecture as art, was no topic in a city that was still aching with the scars of war and whose very survival was by no means certain. ”2 As such, until the end of the 1970s, the policy in West Berlin was to build peripheral state-subsidised mass housing estates in order to accommodate high numbers of residents.3 One such estate that has drawn the attention of architects, politicians and civilians alike is the controversial Märkisches Viertel, designed by thirty ve architects, built between 1964-74 to house approximately 60 000 people. e development was remotely located on a former greeneld site in the north of the city, jutting the Berlin Wall. A group of architecture students used this site as a case study to exemplify the myriad issues they saw within society, and set up a campaign group, Aktion 507, to articulate their concerns.
Induksi Ketahanan Tanaman Jagung (Zea mays L.) Terhadap Penyakit Bulai Melalui Seed Treatment Serta Pewarisannya pada Generasi S1

I N TISARI Ketahanan terhadap penyakit merupakan salah satu sifat yang sangat penting dalam pemuliaan tanaman karena mempengaruhi kualitas dan tingkat produksi tanaman. Salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman terhadap penyakit adalah melalui induksi ketahanan sistemik yang dipicu oleh pengaplikasian elisitor dengan melibatkan koordinasi dan ekspresi dari gen tertentu (gen SAR) serta ditandai oleh akumulasi senyawa tertentu seperti asam salisilat atau asam jasmonat. Penelitian terdiri dari tiga bagian percobaan, yaitu: 1. Seleksi galur. Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan galur yang mengalami peningkatan status ketahanan dan memilih satu dari enam galur yang paling responsif terhadap perlakuan (elisitor). Percobaan menggunakan enam varietas jagung hibrida C02, C05, C13, C19, C20 dan SC 4D-139 yang diaplikasikan empat macam elisitor, yaitu Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobakteri (PGPR) Bio1 dan Bio2, asam salisilat (Abio1), serta Benzothiadiazole-S-Methyl (Abio2) melalui seed treatment . Percobaan dilakukan di lapang dengan menggunakan tanaman penyebar ( spreader ) sebagai sumber inokulum. Benih yang sudah di treatment kemudian ditanam, dan diamati sampai umur 42 hari setelah tanam. Evaluasi perubahan status ketahanan dilakukan dengan cara membandingkan status ketahanan asal ( non treatment ) dengan status ketahanan setelah diinduksi. Tanaman dari varietas yang mengalami peningkatan status ketahanan akan di selfing untuk mendapatkan benih generasi S1. 2. Status ketahanan terinduksi yaitu verifikasi ketahanan terimbas di tingkat fisiologis dan molekuler melalui pengukuran asam salisat dan deteksi gen PR-1 menggunakan teknik PCR. 3. Evaluasi pewarisan ketahanan pada generasi hasil selfing (S1) dari varietas yang mengalami peningkatan status ketahanan. Hasil menunjukkan jagung galur C20 paling responsif terhadap keempat macam elisitor dan mengalami peningkatan status dari agak rentan menjadi agak tahan ( perlakuan Bio1 dan Abio1) dan menjadi tahan (perlakuan Bio2 dan Abio2). Verifikasi secara fisiologis dan molekular menunjukan bahwa kandungan asam salisilat cenderung mengalami peningkatan setelah inokulasi P. maydis dibandingkan dengan sebelum inokulasi patogen dan terdeteksi gen PR-1 pada tanaman dari varietas C20 hasil treatment . Sementara itu, analisis studi pewarisan menunjukkan peningkatan ketahanan galur jagung C20 diturunkan pada populasi generasi S1 dan mengikuti pola pewarisan Mendel untuk rasio 15:1. Kata kunci : induksi ketahanan, elisitor, asam salisilat, PGPR, pathogenesis-related protein
Gaussian process models for periodicity detection

We consider the problem of detecting and quantifying the periodic component of a function given noise-corrupted observations of a limited number of input/output tuples. Our approach is based on Gaussian process regression which provides a flexible non-parametric framework for modelling periodic data. We introduce a novel decomposition of the covariance function as the sum of periodic and aperiodic kernels. This decomposition allows for the creation of sub-models which capture the periodic nature of the signal and its complement. To quantify the periodicity of the signal, we derive a periodicity ratio which reflects the uncertainty in the fitted sub-models. Although the method can be applied to many kernels, we give a special emphasis to the Mat\'ern family, from the expression of the reproducing kernel Hilbert space inner product to the implementation of the associated periodic kernels in a Gaussian process toolkit. The proposed method is illustrated by considering the detection of periodically expressed genes in the arabidopsis genome.
2.3 LF DISEASE—CLINICAL MANAGEMENT

1) Investigate effects of MDA alone on progression or reversal of LF disease (lymphedema, filaricele, acute adenolymphangitis [ADL]), 2) Evaluate comparative studies of filaricele surgical techniques for a) relapse rates, b) surgical costs and duration, c) post-operative complications, 3) Refine and standardize (through a consensus conference) clinical definitions of LF disease, and describe epidemiology of LF disease with these new definitions, 4) Improve differential diagnosis of pediatric LF disease, and initiate studies to define measures to prevent its progression, 5) Investigate the value of traditional medicine approaches to lymphedema and urogenital disease, 6) Increase understanding of the skin barrier function, entry lesions, and ways of preventing the bacterial complications of LF disease, 7) Define epidemiology, risk factors, complications, and optimal management of chyluria.
Combined effects of ocean acidification and solar UV radiation on photosynthesis, growth, pigmentation and calcification of the coralline alga Corallina sessilis (Rhodophyta)

Previous studies have shown that increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations affect calcification in some planktonic and macroalgal calcifiers due to the changed carbonate chemistry of seawater. However, little is known regarding how calcifying algae respond to solar UV radiation (UVR, UVA+UVB, 280–400 nm). UVR may act synergistically, antagonistically or independently with ocean acidification (high CO2/low pH of seawater) to affect their calcification processes. We cultured the articulated coralline alga Corallina sessilis Yendo at 380 ppmv (low) and 1000 ppmv (high) CO2 levels while exposing the alga to solar radiation treatments with or without UVR. The presence of UVR inhibited the growth, photosynthetic O2 evolution and calcification rates by13%, 6% and 3% in the low and by 47%, 20% and 8% in the high CO2 concentrations, respectively, reflecting a synergistic effect of CO2 enrichment with UVR. UVR induced significant decline of pH in the CO2‐enriched cultures. The contents of key photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a and phycobiliproteins decreased, while UV‐absorptivity increased under the high pCO2/low pH condition. Nevertheless, UV‐induced inhibition of photosynthesis increased when the ratio of particulate inorganic carbon/particulate organic carbon decreased under the influence of CO2‐acidified seawater, suggesting that the calcified layer played a UV‐protective role. Both UVA and UVB negatively impacted photosynthesis and calcification, but the inhibition caused by UVB was about 2.5–2.6 times that caused by UVA. The results imply that coralline algae suffer from more damage caused by UVB as they calcify less and less with progressing ocean acidification.