Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Proposed Revision of the Hubble Sequence for Elliptical Galaxies

The Hubble classification scheme has a well-known drawback for elliptical galaxies: the sequence E0-E6 correlates primarily with inclination and not with fundamental properties. In contrast, later-type galaxies are ordered by fundamental physical parameters. We propose to revise the Hubble sequence so that it orders ellipticals by isophote shape. Specifically, we suggest that the Im-spiral-S0 sequence be connected to disky ellipticals and thence to boxy ellipticals. The sequence is continuous from S0's to disky E's. However, boxy E's may be unrelated to other ellipticals: global and core properties both show signs of a dichotomy between (1) normal- and low-luminosity ellipticals that rotate rapidly, that are nearly isotropic and oblate-spheroidal, that are coreless, and that have disky-distorted isophotes, and (2) giant ellipticals that are essentially nonrotating, that are anisotropic and moderately triaxial, that have cuspy cores, and that are boxy-distorted. In the classification, we use isophote shape as an implicit indicator of velocity anisotropy. Two observations support this interpretation: (1) ellipticals with disky isophote distortions rotate rapidly while boxy ellipticals tend to rotate slowly; (2) disky ellipticals show little minor-axis rotation while boxy ellipticals often have large amounts of minor-axis rotation. An approximate classification by velocity anisotropy extends the Im-spiral-S0 sequence through the ellipticals in a physically reasonable way, and it is diagnostic of formation mechanisms. Care is required to recognize unfundamental complications, such as the building by accretion of disky substructure inside a boxy elliptical. However, we believe that the proposed scheme distills the essential physics that should be embodied in a relevant morphological classification.
SMS Spam Filtering on Multiple Background Datasets Using Machine Learning Techniques: A Novel Approach

Short Message Service (SMS) is one of the well-known and reliable communication services in which a message sends electronically. In the current era, the declining in the cost per SMS day by day by overall all the telecom organizations in India has encouraged the extended utilization of SMS. This ascent pulled in assailants, which have brought about SMS Spam problem. Spam messages include advertisements, free services, promotions and marketing, awards, etc. Individuals are utilizing the ubiquity of cell phone gadgets is growing day by day as telecom giants give a vast variety of new and existing services by reducing the cost of all services. Short Message Service (SMS) is one of the broadly utilized communication services. Due to the high demand for SMS service, it has prompted a growth in mobile phones attacks like SMS Spam. In our proposed approach, we have presented a general model that can distinguish and filter the spam messages utilizing some existing machine learning classification algorithms. Our approach builds a generalized SMS spam-filtering model, which can filter messages from various backgrounds (Singapore, American, Indian English etc.). In our approach, preliminary results are mentioned below based on Singapore and Indian English based publicly available datasets. Our approach showed promise to accomplish a high precision utilizing Indian English SMS large datasets and others background’s datasets also.
Accuracy of Bhatnagaar-Gross-Krook Scheme in Solving Laminar Viscous Flow Problems

This paper describes the development of a gas-kinetic solver to compute laminar viscous flows in two-space dimensions via a finite difference approach. The convection flux terms of the Navier-Stokes equations are discretized by a semidiscrete finite difference method. The resulting inviscid flux function is then determined by a numerical scheme that is based on the Bhatnagaar-Gross-Krook model of the approximate collisional Boltzmann equation. The scheme is based on the direct splitting of the inviscid flux function with inclusion of particle collisions in the transport process. As for the diffusion flux terms, they are discretized by a second-order central difference scheme. The cell interface values required by the gas-kinetic scheme are reconstructed to higher-order spatial accuracy via the monotone upstream-centered schemes for conservation laws variable interpolation method. An explicit-type time integration method known as the modified fourth-order Runge-Kutta is employed for computing steady-state solutions. In the numerical case studies, the results obtained from the flux vector splitting Bhatnagaar-Gross-Krook scheme are compared with available experimental data, analytical solutions, the results from upwind schemes, and the results from central difference scheme to verify the accuracy and robustness of the gas-kinetic solver. The tests have shown that the Bhatnagaar-Gross-Krook scheme is able to resolve the shear layer, the shock structure, and the flow accurately as the results compare favorably with the available experimental and analytical data.
Nonlinear Shot Noise: From aggregate dynamics to maximal dynamics

We consider Nonlinear Shot Noise systems in which external shots hit the system following an arbitrary Poissonian inflow and, after impact, dissipate to zero governed by an arbitrary nonlinear decay mechanism. The “standard” Shot Noise process tracks the shots aggregate (at any given time) and is non-Markov. In this letter we shift from aggregate dynamics to maximal dynamics —tracking the magnitude of the largest shot present in the system (at any given time). This yields a class of stochastic processes which: i) display a wide spectrum of random decay-surge evolutionary patterns; ii) are intrinsically nonlinear in both their decay and surge mechanisms; but yet, iii) turn out to be Markovian and analytically tractable. A detailed quantitative statistical analysis of this class of processes is presented.
An enthalpy-based model of dendritic growth in a convecting binary alloy melt

Purpose-In the present work, a numerical method, based on the well established enthalpy technique, is developed to simulate the growth of binary alloy equiaxed dendrites in presence of melt convection. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach-The principle of volume-averaging is used to formulate the governing equations (mass, momentum, energy and species conservation) which are solved using a coupled explicit-implicit method. The velocity and pressure fields are obtained using a fully implicit finite volume approach whereas the energy and species conservation equations are solved explicitly to obtain the enthalpy and solute concentration fields. As a model problem, simulation of the growth of a single crystal in a two-dimensional cavity filled with an undercooled melt is performed. Findings-Comparison of the simulation results with available solutions obtained using level set method and the phase field method shows good agreement. The effects of melt flow on dendrite growth rate and solute distribution along the solid-liquid interface are studied. A faster growth rate of the upstream dendrite arm in case of binary alloys is observed, which can be attributed to the enhanced heat transfer due to convection as well as lower solute pile-up at the solid-liquid interface. Subsequently, the influence of thermal and solutal Peclet number and undercooling on the dendrite tip velocity is investigated. Originality/value-As the present enthalpy based microscopic solidification model with melt convection is based on a framework similar to popularly used enthalpy models at the macroscopic scale, it lays the foundation to develop effective multiscale solidification.
Application of dilute boron B(Al,In,Ga)N alloys for UV light sources

In the last decades, development of the (Al,Ga,In)N materials has led to new generations of opto- and micro-electronic devices. More recently, novel B(Al,Ga,In)N alloys have been proposed for optical applications in the UV range. Since material containing boron possesses unique properties, the B(Al,Ga,In)N materials system is expected to permit the design of improved and/or novel devices. To evaluate this potential, an improved knowledge of the physical properties of these new materials will be required, however. In this work, investigation of optical, structural, and compositional properties of low-boron content BGaN and BAlN ternary and BInGaN quaternary materials grown through Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) are presented. It is shown that inclusion of a small amount of boron strongly affects the optical properties allowing the fabrication of BGaN-based Distributed Bragg Reflectors (DBRs) or Distributed Bragg Confinement layers (DBCs) with large refractive index contrast. Indeed, 1% of boron in BGaN/GaN multilayer structures gives a refractive index contrast of more than 0.1, which is equivalent to that of AlGaN/GaN containing 22% aluminum. The potential of boron-based material technology is illustrated for visible range solar cells applications through the example of BInGaN with good crystalline quality grown on ZnO buffered silicon substrates. It was found that through boron introduction, reduced lattice mismatch, and thus reduced tensile strain, could be obtained for high In contents.
Molecular clouds in the vicinity of W3, W4, and W5

An extensive and well-sampled map of CO emission over the entire complex consisting of the H II regions W3 (IC 1795), W4 (IC 1805), and W5 (IC 1848) is presented which was obtained at an angular resolution of 8 arcmin. A contour map of integrated (C-12)O emission overlaid on the corresponding fields of the Palomar Sky Survey is provided along with a map of the peak (C-12)O brightness temperature for the W3-W4 region. Two large cloud complexes are found within the area surveyed, and three bright CO condensations are resolved in the peak-temperature map. Column densities and masses are estimated for the cloud complex in the W3-W4 region, and it is suggested that the ionization front of W4 and the molecular cloud are interacting physically. Two condensations associated, respectively, with W3 and W3 (OH) are shown to contain unmistakable evidence for recent OB star formation.
Shear stress partitioning and sediment transport by overland flow

Grain shear stress has been used in many earlier studies to estimate the sediment transport capacity of interrill overland flow. However, this procedure may be flawed because turbulent eddies generated by large-scale roughness elements contribute to sediment transport in this type of flow, whereas they do not in deeper (river) flow. In this study a procedure is developed for estimating the proportion of total shear stress contributing to sediment transport in overland flow. Application of this procedure to 1506 flume experiments representing a wide range of discharge, slope and surface roughness conditions reveals that the proportion of total shear stress contributing to sediment transport decreases from 1.0 to 0.83 as roughness concentration increases from 0 to 0.37. Concomitantly, the grain shear stress expressed as a proportion of total shear stress decreases from 1.0 to 0.14. Clearly, the proportion of total shear stress involved in sediment transport is higher than is indicated by grain shear stress. Consequently, use of grain shear stress to predict the sediment transport capacity of overland flow on rough surfaces will result in significant underestimation of the transport capacity.
Optimal Control on Perforated Domains

The aim of this paper is to study the limiting behavior of solutions of a class of optimal control problems governed by elliptic boundary value problems on perforated domains. It is assumed that the coefficients of the differential operator in the state equation and those occurring in the Dirichlet-type integral of the state variable in the cost functional are rapidly oscillating.
A primal dual variational formulation and a multi-duality principle for a non-linear model of plates

This article develops a new primal dual formulation for the Kirchhoff-Love non-linear plate model. At first we establish a duality principle which includes sufficient conditions of global optimality through the dual formulation. At this point we highlight this first duality principle is specially suitable for the case in which the membrane stress tensor is negative definite. In a second step, from such a general principle, we develop a primal dual variational formulation which also includes the corresponding sufficient conditions for global optimality. The results are based on standard tools of convex analysis and on a well known Toland result for D.C. optimization. Finally, in the last section, we present a multi-duality principle and qualitative relations between the critical points of the primal and dual formulations. We formally prove there is no duality gap between such primal and dual formulations in a local extremal context.
The frequency response of a defocused optical system

The response of a defocused aberration-free optical system to line-frequencies in the object is studied analytically. Curves are given showing the response as a function of line-frequency for a range of values of defect of focus. A comparison is made with the results to be expected from geometrical optics. A tolerance for defect of focus is obtained, which accords well with published experimental results. Both circular and rectangular apertures are considered.
Computational complexity of the ground-state determination of atomic clusters

The authors prove that determining the ground state of a cluster of identical atoms, interacting under two-body central forces, belongs to the class of NP-hard problems. This means that as yet no polynomial time algorithm solving this problem is known and, moreover, that it is very unlikely that such an algorithm exists. It also suggests the need for good heuristics.
Carbon Star Survey in the Local Group. VI. The Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy NGC 205

We present a CFH12K survey of the carbon stars in NGC 205 and its surrounding field. We find that the number of C stars in NGC 205 is low (∼500) for its luminosity and that very few C stars are seen outside of the 10′ isophote, suggesting tidal stripping by M31. Their ⟨MI⟩ = -4.54, a magnitude nearly identical to what has been found in other galaxies with numerous C stars. Stars with accurate (R-I) photometry, to I ≈ 22.5, are used to determine the outer profile of NGC 205. A King profile with rt = 19. ′77 ± 3. ′00 fits the data for distances larger than 7′. This rt implies that NGC 205 reached a minimum distance to M31 of ∼42 kpc. The spatial distribution of C stars in the surrounding field reveals that some C stars belong to to the disk of M31, seen in projection, and that a surplus of C stars seen west of NGC 205 could be part of tidal debris left along its orbit. Finally, we report evidence of a transient period of enhanced star formation that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago in the northwest half of NGC 205.
Doping dependence of the spatially modulated dynamical spin correlations and the superconducting-transition temperature in La 2-x Sr x CuO 4

Systematic low-energy neutron-scattering studies have been performed on float-zone-grown single crystals of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ with $x$ extending from zero doping, $x=0$, to the overdoped, weakly superconducting regime, $x=0.25$. For $x$ beyond a critical doping value of ${x}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}0.05$ the low-energy spin-fluctuation peak position shifts from ($\frac{1}{2}$, $\frac{1}{2}$) to ($\frac{1}{2}$\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\delta}, $\frac{1}{2}$), and ($\frac{1}{2}$, $\frac{1}{2}$\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\delta}); ${x}_{c}$ also represents the onset concentration for superconductivity. For $0.06l~xl~0.12$ the incommensurability $\ensuremath{\delta}$ follows approximately the quantitative relation $\ensuremath{\delta}=x$. However, beyond $x\ensuremath{\approx}0.12$ the incommensurability tends to saturate around $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\approx}1/8$. The superconducting-transition temperature ${T}_{c}(x)$ for stoichiometric samples at a given doping scales linearly with $\ensuremath{\delta}$ up to the optimal doping value of $x$. The peak momentum width of the spin fluctuations at low energies is small throughout the superconducting concentration region except in the strongly overdoped region. An anomalously small width is observed for $x=\frac{1}{8}$. The incommensurate spatial modulation is found to be robust with respect to pair-breaking effects that lower ${T}_{c},$ such as deoxygenation of the sample or replacement of Cu by Zn.
Phase-mediated long-range interactions of cavity solitons in a semiconductor laser with a saturable absorber

We numerically study the dynamics of pairs of cavity solitons in a laser. We show that the solitons interact even at distances much greater than their sizes in the intensity and carrier-densities profile. The interaction is mediated by the phase. In a certain range of initial values of the distance, the solitons adjust their position until they form bound states. There are two such bound states, corresponding to different equilibrium distances, in which the solitons display partial phase locking, that is, their relative phase slowly oscillates as in a phase-entrained state. In those states, the two solitons can be switched on and off independently. For smaller initial distances, only one soliton survives. For larger initial distances, the solitons lock in phase and repel each other up to a distance of about ten soliton diameters.
SELF-CONSISTENT CALCULATIONS OF QUASIPARTICLE STATES IN METALS AND SEMICONDUCTORS

We solve the Dyson equation for the one-particle Green{close_quote}s function in a periodic solid self-consistently within the shielded-interaction (or GW ) approximation. The effect of self-consistency (propagator renormalization) is found to be substantial. We illustrate this finding via calculations of quasiparticle states in K and Si. In the case of Si we show that the current standard of {ital ab initio} quasiparticle theory, the GW self-energy diagram, fails to account for the observed value of the absolute band gap{emdash}if properly, i.e., self-consistently, evaluated. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society }
Molecular Motion in Form II Poly(vinylidene Fluoride)

Relaxation processes and thermal properties of form II poly (vinylidene fluoride) were studied by dielectric, dynamic mechanical, and DSC methods above 200 K. Three mechanical relaxations, αml, αmm, and αmh, were observed above room temperature. The αml relaxation was assigned to the dielectric α relaxation. The αmm relaxation was suggested to be related to the grain-boundary slip process. The αmh relaxation was assigned to the molecular motion associated with premelting of form II crystals. An endothermic transition, Tr, which was related to the melting of paracrystalline regions existing at lamellar surfaces, was also found.
Superconducting weak links

This review covers experimental results and theoretical ideas on the properties of superconducting weak links, i.e., weak electrical contacts between superconducting electrodes which exhibit direct (non-tunnel-type) conductivity. When the dimensions of such weak links are sufficiently small, the Josephson effect is observed in them, in other words, a single-valued and $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ -periodic relationship exists between the supercurrent ${I}_{s}$ and the phase difference $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ of the electrodes. With increasing dimensions, this relationship has a tendency to deviate gradually from the Josephson behavior. This deviation varies, depending on whether the weak link material is a superconductor or a normal metal. The various known types of weak links are described, and special mention is made of those weak links which are most suitable for physical investigations and have various practical applications. The data on the nonstationary (ac) processes in weak links, when the phase difference varies with time, are analyzed. In conclusion the existing concepts about the processes in weak links are briefly summarized and the most urgent outstanding problems are outlined.
Phonon-driven resonantly enhanced polariton luminescence in organic microcavities

Characteristic low-threshold polariton lasing of organic and inorganic microcavity systems can only be achieved with efficient population of the lower polariton ground state. In this regard, the key role undertaken by vibronic replicas and molecular phonon it has been shown experimentally and theoretically predicted by various works. We report here, direct observation of critical enhancement of polariton population density in strongly coupled J-aggregate based organic microcavities. The process highlighted in our study is manifested by discrete maxima of the angular-resolved photoluminescence intensity and interpreted by the mediation of molecular vibrations quanta characteristic of the active material. By measuring the reduced time scale of vibrations driven relaxation dynamics, manifested by sub 100fs buildup times, we emphasized the efficiency of the mechanism to overcome losses channel in disordered J-aggregate systems. Hence, the realization of amplified polariton population with improved relaxation rates paves the way for the observation of low threshold lasing, primary step for developing room temperature organic laser sources and ultra-fast optoelectronic devices with less fabrication complexity than their crystalline counterparts.
Strain localization in sand: an overview of the experimental results obtained in Grenoble using stereophotogrammetry

Experimental results are presented from the extensive program of drained plane strain compression tests on sand carried out in Grenoble over the last two decades. Systematic analysis of photographs of the deforming specimen allowed for measuring deformations and determining strain fields throughout the test, that is: prior to, at, and after the onset of strain localization. The principles, details and accuracy of the procedure are described, as well as its suitability to properly depict the patterns of deformation. Findings concerning the occurrence and progression of strain localization are discussed. The issues of shear band orientation and thickness are addressed, as well as temporary and persistent complex localization patterns, and the volumetric behaviour inside a band after its formation. The influence of such variables as initial state of the sand (effective stress and relative density), specimen size and slenderness, as well as grain size, is discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Dynamical Constraints on Dark Matter in Compact Objects

Many of the baryons in the universe are dark and at least some of the dark baryons could be in the form of compact objects. Such objects could be in various locations—galactic disks, galactic halos, clusters of galaxies, or intergalactic space—and each of these is associated with a dark matter problem. For each site we consider the various dynamical constraints that can be placed on the fraction of the dark matter in compact objects of different mass. Small compact objects in the Galaxy are constrained byupper limits on their encounter rate with the Earth and solar system since they would resemble meteors or comets. Larger objects are constrained by the disruptive or disturbing effects they would have on various astronomical systems. For disk objects, the most interesting constraints come from the disruption of binary stars or open star clusters. For halo objects, they come from the disruption of globular clusters, the heating of the Galactic disk, and their accumulation in the Galactic nucleus as a result of dynamical friction. For cluster objects, they come from the tidal distortion and disruption of galaxies. For intergalactic objects, they come from the upper limit on the peculiar motions induced in galaxies. We also apply these limits to the situation in which the compact objects are clusters of smaller objects.