Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterizing N uptake and use efficiency in rice as influenced by environments

Abstract To compare N uptake and use efficiency of rice among different environments and quantify the contributions of indigenous soil and applied N to N uptake and use efficiency, field experiments were conducted in five sites in five provinces of China in 2012 and 2013. Four cultivars were grown under three N treatments in each site. Average total N uptake was 10–12 g m−2 in Huaiji, Binyang, and Haikou, 20 g m−2 in Changsha, and 23 g m−2 in Xingyi. Rice crops took up 54.6–61.7% of total plant N from soil in Huaiji, Binyang, and Haikou, 64.3% in Changsha, and 63.5% in Xingyi. Partial factor productivity of applied N and recovery efficiency of applied N in Changsha were higher than in Huaiji, Binyang, and Haikou, but were lower than in Xingyi. Physiological efficiency of soil N and fertilizer N were lower in Changsha than in Huaiji, Binyang, and Haikou, while the difference in them between Changsha and Xingyi were small or inconsistent. Average grain yields were 6.5–7.5 t ha−1 (medium yield) in Huaiji, Binyang, and Haikou, 9.0 t ha−1 (high yield) in Changsha, and 12.0 t ha−1 (super high yield) in Xingyi. Our results suggest that both indigenous soil and applied N were key factors for improving rice yield from medium to high level, while a further improvement to super high yield indigenous soil N was more important than fertilizer N, and a simultaneous increasing grain yield and N use efficiency can be achieved using SPAD-based practice in rice production.
Watershed-scale forest biomass distribution in a perhumid temperate rainforest as driven by topographic, soil, and disturbance variables.

Temperate rainforests are the most carbon dense forest ecosystem on the planet, with C stocks several times higher than most other forested biomes. While climatic and disturbance drivers of these C stocks are relatively well explored, the spatial distribution of those stocks at the scale of entire watersheds is less well known, particularly in perhumid rainforests where research has been minimal. This study explored biomass distributions across an entire watershed simultaneously, from ocean to glacial icefields, in Southeast Alaska. Utilizing LiDAR and ground surveys, biomass was modelled throughout the landscape and distributions are described statistically. The dominant driver of biomass distributions at this scale (controlling for elevation) was the flow of water through the landscape: areas of higher water accumulation typically had low biomass (often <10 Mg·ha–1), whereas well-drained areas supported biomass approaching 950 Mg·ha–1. This relationship was strong at all elevations; only riparian locati.
HEALTH AND QUALITY OF ZINC COATED WHEAT SEEDS DURING STORAGE SANIDADE E QUALIDADE DE SEMENTES DE TRIGO RECOBERTAS COM ZINCO DURANTE O ARMAZENAMENTO

The objective was to evaluate the effect of seed wheat coated with zinc, in its physiological, sanitary attributes and enzyme quality, during storage. We used two batches of seed, for seed treatment, we used commercial product as a source of zinc in the form of ZnSO 4 , along with fungicide and polymer. It was tested for levels 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mL ZnSO 4 kg -1 seed. The physiological quality, during the storage period, was analyzed by the tests: moisture content, hectoliter weight, germination, emergence, index emergence rate, tetrazolium and sanity test. It was concluded that the doses 3 mL and 4 mL of ZnSO 4 to assist in the ultimate expression of the seeds physiological quality, until six months stocked. This coating promotes a smaller reduction in the viability of seeds, furthermore, results in a lower incidence of fungi on seeds during storage. Also help to maximize the expression of physiological seed quality of higher and lower quality, respectively. The micronutrient zinc associated with fungicide and polymer had a lower incidence of fungi during the storage period.
Eficácia in vitro do óleo essencial de capim-limão (Cymbopogon flexuosus Steud. Wats.) frente a bactérias entéricas de origem avícola

O uso de antimicrobianos como melhoradores de desempenho tem representado um risco a saude publica devido a associacao destes com o surgimento de resistencia bacteriana e residuos nos produtos. Como alternativa, pesquisas tem indicado a utilizacao de aditivos alimentares naturais, como o oleo essencial de capimlimao. Objetivou-se neste artigo avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana do oleo essencial de capim-limao (Cymbopogon flexuosus) frente a Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli entericas isoladas de aves de postura (Gallus gallus domesticus). Foram preparadas cinco concentracoes do oleo essencial (160; 80; 40; 20 e 10 µL mL-1) e entao realizados testes in vitro de difusao em disco e determinacao da Concentracao Inibitoria Minima (CIM) e da Concentracao Bactericida Minima (CBM). Os resultados indicaram que a concentracao de 160 µL mL-1 propiciou os maiores diâmetros de halos de inibicao na difusao em disco, diferindo-se estatisticamente das demais concentracoes (p < 0,05). Houve efeito inibitorio (CIM) a partir da concentracao de 80 µL mL-1 de oleo para todas as bacterias mas a CBM nao foi detectada. Conclui-se que o oleo essencial de capim-limao apresenta atividade antimicrobiana in vitro frente a S. aureus e E. coli isoladas de aves na concentracao de 160 µL mL-1. Novos estudos sao necessarios para avaliar a eficacia do uso de doses superiores e indicar esse oleo como aditivo em dietas de aves.
Allonursing in reindeer, Rangifer tarandus: a test of the kin-selection hypothesis

Allonursing, the nursing of nonoffspring, is a form of cooperative breeding. To test the kin-selection allonursing hypothesis, we selected 2 experimental groups, based on genetic relatedness, to assess whether evidence of individual and daily patterns of kin-related allonursing would emerge. Each group consisted of 8 mother– offspring pairs, and observers monitored each group over 5 weeks, starting when the offspring were between 8 and 23 days old. One group of 8 mothers was selected to be closely related, and the other group of 8 mothers was selected to be distantly related, based on genetic relatedness. We recorded 1,652 solicitations, of which 869 were nursing bouts and 161 were allonursing bouts. All mothers nursed their own offspring, and 15 of the 16 mothers allonursed. In both groups, 7 of the 8 offspring were allonursed. The offspring of closely related mothers were allonursed more often than the offspring of distantly related mothers, and we found evidence for this pattern at the individual level and daily over 5 weeks. Our results supported the kin-selection hypothesis but not the compensation hypothesis. We suggest that allonursing may have provided adaptive and nutritional benefits related to kin selection, and offspring from the closely related group may have gained more nutritional benefits and more mass than offspring from the distantly related group. We presented evidence that allonursing contributions detected can depend upon the research design. Furthermore, we suggest that the indirect fitness benefits of alloparental care may have been overestimated, and that kin selection alone is not sufficient to explain alloparental care in cooperative breeding social systems.
Microbial Contamination after Cardiac Surgery in a Hospital Cardiac Surgery Ward

Surgery site infection is one of the most common postoperative complications which is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and admission costs. It is considered a priority to determine the level of nosocomial infection and its control in reflecting the quality of care. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the microbial contamination after cardiac surgery at a hospital cardiac surgery ward of Besat Hospital, Tehran. In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study (2013-2017), 610 patients underwent surgery at the Department of Cardiac Surgery of Besat Hospital. All necessary information such as urine culture, surgical site, histopathologic examination for the diagnosis of microbial contamination and microorganisms were collected from the patient records and inserted in the questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS (version 25). The incidence of nosocomial infections following cardiac surgery reportedly ranged from 17% to 23%. Accordingly, pneumonia (51.2%) and local infections (22%) were the most common infections in the studied population. The mortality rate in our population was 11.4%. Moreover, 64.3% of the total mortality cases were reported in patients with sepsis. The mean age and duration of admission of patients with catheter infection were significantly higher than other subjects. Given the relatively high prevalence of the infection and its importance, it is necessary to take more serious measures to prevent and control these infections.
Plant buffer systems in relation to the absorption of bases by plants

Abstract does not appear. First page follows. In view of the important storage and other functions of the parenchyma tissues of agricultural plants, it may be granted that it is of paramount importance that these tissues be kept in a healthy condition. The work of many investigators suggests that a certain degree of constancy of the hydrogen-ion concentration of such tissues is an important factor. To assist in maintaining the proper reaction, a system of buffering in the vacuolar sap with respect to hydrogen ion is presumably necessary. This paper deals with the buffer systems involved as reflected in the sap4 obtained by expression. The special feature of the investigation was the use of plants grown under controlled conditions of solution or sand-culture technique. Aside from some earlier work conducted in this laboratory, very little study has been made of sap obtained from plants grown in definitely controlled nutrient solutions.
Growth release of stunted black spruce (Picea mariana) in Kalmia heath: The role of ectomycorrhizal fungi and near-ground microclimate

Naturally regenerating and planted black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) in post-fire landscapes in eastern Canada often exhibit stunted growth in the presence of ericaceous shrubs such as Kalmia angustifolia L. After a period of stunted growth, some seedlings experience a growth release, exhibiting growth rates closer to normally growing seedlings. We hypothesized that an increase in colonization of root tips by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi is responsible for this release and that the percentage of root tips colonized by ECM fungi would be higher on seedlings that had a released or normally growing neighbour within close proximity. We quantified ECM fungi diversity and abundance from 255 soil cores from stunted, released, and normally growing black spruce seedlings sampled in two Kalmia-dominated sites in Newfoundland. Growth and microsite characteristics around each seedling were also measured. We found that normal and released seedlings had significantly higher proportions of ECM fungi root tips t.
Life cycle and larval performance of the joker Byblia ilithyia (Lepidoptera: rhopalocera: nymphalidae) from southern Andhra Pradesh

The Joker butterfly, Byblia ilithyia was multivoltine, and breeds almost throughout the year with high frequency during the periods from September to December. The life cycle from egg to adult emergence was relatively short spanning over 22 -27 days. Successful development of adults, larvae and pupae are from 80 100% during the said period. Short life cycle and high success development of life stages suggest the production of 12 -13 broods in the season. The different stages from egg to adult emergence of Byblia ilithyia on Tragia plukentii was discussed in detail. Nutritional indices consurnptlon index (CI) and approximate digestibility (AD) increase as the larvae aged, while growth rate (GR) increases, efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (Eel) are inversely related as age increased.
Growth Substances and Zinc on the Development and Quality of Litchi Fruits

Zinc and growth substances—NAA and 2,4-D, were applied on Purbi cultivar of litchi to study the effects on the development and quality of fruits. The results show that 1.0 per cent zinc was effective in enlarging the volume of fruits. Marked effect in enlarging fruit volume was observed with NAA at 10 ppm. Both zinc and growth substances were found effective in improving the internal quality of the fruits in respect of total sugars, acidity and ascorbic acid contents.
La mit'a al Tawantinsuyu: prestaciones de los grupos étnicos

L'A. fait le point sur le debat concernant le systeme de tenure fonciere de Tawantinsuyu (Chili) au moment de la Conquete, debat qui rejoint les hypotheses relatives au mode de production prevalant dans les Andes a cette epoque (domination de l'Empire inca).
Relationship between laboratory seed quality tests, field emergence and yield of chickpea

Article history: Received: June 14, 2010 Accepted: July 03, 2010 Chickpea is one of the most important major pulses of Indo-Pak region grown in "Rabi" season. Usually its germination remains less in field due to which low plant population optimum production potential. When the seeds are planted in the field, it exposes seeds to un-favorable conditions and the commonly used standard germination tests cannot predict field emergences because this test is suitable in ideal environmental conditions. A correlation between laboratory and filed germination count per unit area is being developed so that seed rate could be designed accordingly. In this study the relationship between laboratory seed quality tests, field emergence and yield of chickpea were observed. Laboratory tests and field emergence were compared with simple correlation coefficients. The correlation coefficients showed that cold germination and standard germination tests were the best predictor of field emergence than all the other laboratory tests used because higher positive correlation coefficients were found in the standard germination test.
Effects of Days after Changing Diets, Body Weight and Feed Consumption on Excretion of Taurine in Broilers

In order to evaluate taurine (Tau) excretion as a criterion to judge the adequacy of sulfur amino acids (SAA) of broilers, effects of dietary SAA levels, body weight (BW) and feed intake (FI) on the Tau excretion and Tau excretion/SAA intake ratio (T/S ratio) were studied using 8-day-old female broiler chicks. In Experiment 1, when the stock diet was changed to experimental diets contained 0.52, 0.82 or 1.12% of SAA, the Tau excretion remained low at 0. 5μmole/day when the dietary SAA was deficient and adequate, and increased to 2. 8μmole/day for 3 to 6 days on the excess SAA levels. In Experiment 2, after changing dietary SAA level from 0.81 to 1.12%, the Tau excretion remained low for 2 days, and then started to increase continuously accompanying to increase of FI, but the ratio of T/S ratio remained low until 2 day, increased suddenly by 3 day and then reached a plateau. In Experiment 3, when the excess SAA diet was supplied to the chicks with different initial BW at the same age, the Tau excretion and T/S ratio in the lowest BW group tended to be higher about 1.4 times of other groups, but not significantly. When FI was restricted to 2/3 of the ad libitum feeding group, the Tau excretion was not affected. When FI was restricted to 1/3 of the ad libitum feeding group, BW gain decreased, and the T/S ratio increased 40 times of the ad libitum feeding group. The T/S ratio remained constant when dietary SAA levels was deficient or adequate and increased at excess SAA levels at 3 days after changing dietary SAA levels and the response of T/S ratio was kept for 10 day. These results suggested that the T/S ratio might be a useful parameter to judge that dietary SAA and SAA intake were deficient or excess.
Impact de la résistance aux pyréthrinoïdes sur l'efficacité des moustiquaires imprégnées dans la prévention du paludisme : résultats des essais en cases expérimentales avec la deltaméthrine SC.

Summary: Impact of the resistance to pyrethroids on the efficacy of impregnated bednets used as a means of prevention against malaria: results of the evaluation carried out with deltamethrin SC in experimental huts. The effects of impregnated bednets treated with deltamethrin at a dosage of 25 mg a.i./m 2 were evaluated at two testing stations in Cote d'Ivoire. The first one was located in Yaokoffikro, where Anopheles gambiae s.s. are resistant to pyrethroids (including deltamethrin), and the second in M'be, close to a large rice-growing area where An. gambiae s.s. are susceptible pyrethroids. In both situations, treating bednets with deltamethrin was very effective in limiting contact between man and vector. 72% fewer female An. gambiae entered the huts in the susceptible area, whereas a decrease of 43% was recorded in the resistant area, indicating that deltamethrin still has a certain repellent effect on resistant populations of An. gambiae s.s. Overall mortality induced by bednets treated with insecticide was significantly higher in the resistant area (56.4% as versus 44.3%). An explanation for this apparent paradox is that the mosquitoes being less repelled by the insecticide remain on the treated material for longer periods of time and most of them eventually die. The results of this study indicate that bednets treated with deltamethrin are an effective prophylactic measure even in areas where An. gambiae s.s. are resistant to pyrethroids and should still be consi dered as a practical means of personal protection against malaria even in pyrethroid resistance areas with high frequency of kdr resistance genes. Resume : Une etude sur l’impact de la resistance d’Anopheles gambiae s.s. aux pyrethrinoides sur l’efficacite des moustiquaires impregnees de deltamethrine a la dose de 25 mg de matiere active/m
Gastric Digestion in Marine Vertebrate Predators: In vitro Standards

1 In vitro studies of digestion rates of various prey types provide standards of digestibility that may indicate potential biases in diet studies where those prey are eaten. Cnidaria digest in less than 20 min but crustacean muscle takes a mean of 17h, with fish and squid muscle intermediate. 2 Differences between in vitro digestion rates for squid and fish are not sufficient to explain differences observed in vivo, suggesting that the digestive processes of predators may have evolved to be more efficient with their main prey. 3 Previously-frozen samples are digested more rapidly than fresh samples in pepsin. Agitation increases digestion rate. Key-words: Marine vertebrate predators, in vitro digestion, pepsin, differential prey digestibility
On the seed weight effect on the growth and the yield in soybean cultivation.

In cultivation of soybean "Ou No.13", under the same condition of external environment and different ones of seed-weight which may relatively be called internal environment, the effects of seed-weight on growth and ecological form of the plants are generally very little. But the yields are as follows; [table] It means that the cultivation using selected grains of larger weight yields more 2.61 To per Tan and grains of more volume, fat and starch than no selected. It may be that the "Ou No.13" has been cultivated so long that the stability of the variety has changed worse and the result of group selection practice proved effective.
Taxonomic revision of pikas Ochotona (Lagomorpha, Mammalia) at the species level

Abstract I examined a sample comprising 1090 intact skulls, representing all recognized Palearctic species of pika (Ochotona), as well as 394 complete sequences of the cytochrome b gene from all recognized pika species. The results of the analyses suggest that 28 species should be recognized in the genus. Six of these species are “allospecies” (allopatric taxa with vague taxonomic rank) or could potentially be reduced to subspecific rank if one accepts the principle of the strict monophyly within species. Two taxa (Ochotona himalayana and O. muliensis) are considered to be junior synonyms of O. roylei and O. gloveri, respectively. Recent hybridization between O. nubrica and O. curzoniae with elimination of O. nubrica’s mtDNA is hypothesized. Analysis of the type specimens of O. huangensis indicates that this name is the junior synonym of O. dauurica; the senior synonym for taxon from the thibetana group, for which the name “O. huangensis” was used previously, is O. syrinx.
Traits associated with nutrient impoverishment and shade-tolerance in tree juveniles of three Bornean rain forests with contrasting nutrient availability

Abstract: In this study, we tested the hypothesis that functional traits associated with nutrient impoverishment contribute to enhancing shade-tolerance (survival at low light) for the juveniles of canopy tree species in Bornean rain forests. To test the hypothesis, survival and functional traits (biomass allocation, leaf dynamics and foliar nutrient concentration) were investigated as a function of light conditions for saplings of 13 species in three forests with different levels of nutrient availability. As predicted by the hypothesis, the species in the severely nutrient-poor site (a tropical heath forest on nutrient-poor soils) showed greater shade-tolerance (>91% survival for 8 mo at 5% global site factor) than in the other two sites (mixed dipterocarp forests) (54–87% survival). Across the species, greater shade-tolerance was associated with a higher biomass allocation to roots, a slower leaf production and a higher foliar C concentration, which are considered as C-conservation traits under nutrient impoverishment. These results suggest that the juveniles of the canopy species occurring on nutrient-poor soils can enhance shade-tolerance by the same mechanisms as the adaptation to nutrient impoverishments. Tree species in nutrient-poor environments may be selected for surviving also in shaded conditions.
Elk Calf Response to Simulated Mine Disturbance in Southeast Idaho

La presence humaine et des activites minieres simulees conduisent Cervus elaphus a se deplacer sur de plus longues distances, a utiliser des zones plus larges, a exploiter davantage les forets de coniferes, a moins choisir les parametres physiographiques favorables
The Effect of Light on Sclerotial Formation of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn (AG-1, IA)

Effects of light on the sclerotial formation of two isolates of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (AG-1, IA) were studied. The irradiation by fluorescent lamp on the mycelia of the isolates increased the number of sclerotial initials and mature sclerotia, although mycelial growth and total weight of sclerotia in a Petri dish were not affected. The irradiation was carried out at several phases of sclerotial differentiation and the promotion was observed at all phases with the most striking effect at hyphal and sclerotial initial phases. The pigmentation of sclerotia during sclerotial maturation was inhibited to some extent by the light, and the tyrosinase activity which catalyzes the melanization decreased concomitantly. (Received February 9, 1983)