Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ablation of Proliferating Osteoblast Lineage Cells After Fracture Leads to Atrophic Nonunion in a Mouse Model

Nonunion is defined as the permanent failure of a fractured bone to heal, often necessitating surgical intervention. Atrophic nonunions are a subtype that are particularly difficult to treat. Animal models of atrophic nonunion are available; however, these require surgical or radiation-induced trauma to disrupt periosteal healing. These methods are highly invasive and not representative of many clinical nonunions where osseous regeneration has been arrested by a “failure of biology”. We hypothesized that arresting osteoblast cell proliferation after fracture would lead to atrophic nonunion in mice. Using mice that express a thymidine kinase (tk) “suicide gene” driven by the 3.6Col1a1 promoter (Col1-tk), proliferating osteoblast lineage cells can be ablated upon exposure to the nucleoside analog ganciclovir (GCV). Wild-type (WT; control) and Col1-tk littermates were subjected to a full femur fracture and intramedullary fixation at 12 weeks age. We confirmed abundant tk+ cells in fracture callus of Col-tk mice dosed with PBS. The remainder of mice were dosed with GCV twice daily for 2 or 4 weeks. Histologically, we observed diminished periosteal cell proliferation in Col1-tk mice 3 weeks post fracture. Moreover, Col1-tk mice had less osteoclast activity, mineralized callus, and vasculature at the fracture site compared to WT mice. Additional mice were monitored for 12 weeks with in vivo radiographs and microCT scans, revealing delayed bone bridging and reduced callus size in Col1-tk mice. Following sacrifice, ex vivo microCT and histology demonstrated failed union with residual bone fragments and fibrous tissue in Col1-tk mice. Biomechanical testing demonstrated a failure to recover torsional strength in Col1-tk mice, in contrast to WT. Our data indicates that suppression of proliferating osteoblast-lineage cells for at least 2 weeks after fracture blunts the formation and remodeling of a mineralized callus leading to a functional nonunion. We propose this as a new murine model of atrophic nonunion.
Open Access Perceptions, Strategies, and Digital Literacies: A Case Study of a Scholarly-Led Journal

Open access (OA) publications play an important role for academia, policy-makers, and practitioners. Universities and research institutions set up OA policies and provide authors different types of support for engaging in OA activities. This paper presents a case study on OA publishing in a scholarly community, drawing on qualitative and quantitative data gained from workshops and a survey. As the authors are the managing editors of the OA eJournal for eDemocracy and Open Government (JeDEM), the aim was to collect data and insights on the publication choices of authors interested in OA publishing and other crucial factors such as personal attitudes to publishing, institutional context, and digital literacy in order to improve the journal. In the first phase, two workshops with different stakeholders were held at the Conference for e-Democracy and Open Government (CeDEM) held in Austria and in South Korea in 2016. In the second phase, an online survey was sent to all the users of the e-journal JeDEM in October 2019. From the workshops, key differences regarding OA perception and strategies between the stakeholder groups were derived. Participants strongly perceived OA publishing as a highly individualist matter embedded within a publishing culture emphasizing reputation and rankings. The survey results, however, showed that institutional support differs considerably for authors. Factors such as visibility, reputation, and impact play the biggest role for the motivation to publish OA. The results from both inquiries provide a better understanding of OA publishing attitudes and the relevant digital literacies but also suggest the need to investigate further the enablers or difficulties of scholarship, particularly in a digital context. They clearly point to the potential of regularly addressing the users of the journal as well as communicating with them the more nuanced aspects of OA publishing, non-traditional metrics, or respective digital literacies, in order to reduce misconceptions about OA and to support critical stances.
NetVIX - A Network Volatility Index of Financial Markets

We construct a network volatility index (NetVIX) via market interconnectedness and volatilities to measure global market turbulence. The NetVIX multiplicatively decomposes into an average volatility and a network amplifier index. It also additively decomposes into marginal volatility indices for measuring individual contribution to global turmoil. We apply our measure to study the relationship between the interconnectedness among 20 major stock markets and global market risks over the last two decades. The NetVIX is shown to be a novel approach to measuring global market risk, and an alternative to the VIX. The result shows that during crisis periods, particularly the tech-bubble, sub-prime, and COVID-19 pandemic, the interconnectedness of the markets amplifies average market risk more than 700 percent to cause a global meltdown. We find evidence that the highest risk-contributing markets to global meltdown are the US, Brazil, Hong Kong, France, and Germany.
Domains and boundaries of non-stationary oblique shock-wave reflexions. 1. Diatomic gas

Interferometric data were obtained in the UTIAS 10 × 18 cm hypervelocity shock tube of oblique shock-wave reflexions in nitrogen at initial temperatures and pressures of about 300 K and 15 torr. The shock-Mach-number range covered was 2 ≤ Ms ≤ 8 over a series of wedge angles 2° ≤ θw ≤ 60°. Dual-wavelength laser interferograms were obtained by using a 23 cm diameter field of view Mach-Zehnder interferometer. In addition to our numerous results the available data for nitrogen, air and oxygen obtained over the last three decades were also utilized. It is shown analytically and experimentally that in non-stationary flows seven domains exist in the (Ms, θw) plane where regular reflexion (RR), single-Mach reflexion (SMR), complex-Mach reflexion (CMR) and double-Mach reflexion (DMR) can occur. In addition, the transition boundaries between these regions were established. The experimental results from many sources substantiate the present analysis, and areas of disagreement which existed in the literature are now clarified and resolved. It is shown that real-gas effects have a significant influence on the size of the regions and their boundaries. The comprehensive, accurate and sensitive isopycnic data will form a base for comparing existing and future numerical analyses of such complex flows.
Accelerated erythrocyte senescence causes dose-limiting anemia of antimalarial enolase inhibitors

Glycolysis controls cellular energy, redox balance, and biosynthesis. Antiglycolytic therapies are being investigated for obesity, cancer, aging, autoimmunity, and microbial diseases. Interrupting glycolysis is highly valued as a therapeutic strategy, because glycolytic disruption is generally tolerated in mammals. Unfortunately, anemia is a key dose-limiting side effect of these inhibitors and presents a major caveat to development of antiglycolytic therapies. We developed specific inhibitors of enolase – a critical enzyme in glycolysis – and validated their metabolic and cellular effects on human erythrocytes. Enolase inhibition increases erythrocyte susceptibility to oxidative damage that induces rapid and premature erythrocyte senescence, rather than direct hemolysis. We apply our model of red cell toxicity to address questions regarding erythrocyte glycolytic disruption in the context of malaria pathogenesis. Our study provides a framework for understanding red blood cell homeostasis under normal and disease states and clarifies the importance of erythrocyte reductive capacity.
Urinary Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein -1 as A Diagnostic Marker of Lupus Nephritis

Background: Lupus nephritis accounts for significant morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Many biomarkers for renal involvement in SLE have been suggested in Egyptian patients; one of them is Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) which is one of the key chemokines that have chemotactic effect for monocytes and macrophages to sites of inflammation and may share in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis (LN). Aim: The study aimed at assessing the role of MCP-1 in the early diagnosis of lupus nephritis and to explore any correlation its levels with disease activity and renal status. Subjects and Methods: The study was done as a case-control study where 60 SLE patients with lupus nephritis (30 patients with active LN and 30 patients with inactive LN) in addition to 30 healthy volunteers as control group were enrolled in the study and MCP-1 levels was determined using ELISA technique. Results: Urinary MCP-1 levels in SLE studied patients’ groups were significantly higher than their level in the control group (p = 0.0001) and it was significantly higher in active LN than in non-active LN subgroups (P-value =0.0001). Conclusion: Urinary MCP-1 can be used as a marker for LN activity. Keywords: SLE, Lupus nephritis, MCP-1
Reproduction, Growth, and Sexual Dimorphism in the Canebrake Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus atricaudatus)

Information on reproduction and growth in the canebrake rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus atricaudatus) was obtained from specimens collected over a three year period on the Savannah River Plant near Aiken, South Carolina. Mean litter size is 12.5 and apparently does not increase as a function of female body size. A biennial, or possibly triennial female reproductive cycle occurs in the region. Size of the fat bodies seems related to the reproductive state of the adult females. The amount of fat increases during the first summer of yolking but it is significantly reduced in females with embryos the following spring. Immediately after parturition in late summer the fat stores are extremely diminished. Canebrakes average 38 cm in snout-vent length and 31 g in body weight shortly after birth in late summer. A length of 65-85 cm is attained by the end of the following summer. They are over 90 cm long by the end of the third summer. Females exceed 100 cm in snout-vent length and weigh over 700 g when mature. They presumably have their first litter in late summer or fall, six years after birth. Males are mature at 90-100 cm in length and are probably reproductively active in their fourth year. Male C. horridus get longer and heavier than females. It is suggested that size superiority in combat dances may be a factor that has favored selection for larger males.
Maternal Health Situation in North-East India: A Case Study of the Khasis

This paper is focused on few trajectories of mother and child health in the north eastern India taking Khasis as a case. Data on reproductive performance of mother and child healthcare practices were collected from 399 women in their reproductive ages; ANC and PNC practices, child immunization and breastfeeding behavior were obtained along with awareness level of HIV-AIDS and RTIs; 239 women were also screened for iron-deficiency. Anemia is found to be one the factors affecting maternal health. The age is found to be non-significant with respect to perceptions on pregnancy and child care. Common fertility and mortality indicators such as crude birth rate (CBR) and infant mortality rate (IMR) are lower than the average figures of Indian and rest of northeastern states. There is clear indication for lack of awareness particularly with respect to reproductive tract infections. Socio-economic status and cultural barriers might have played crucial role in accessing available healthcare utilities.
Residual and decontamination study on reduction of pre-mix formulation action-505 EC in Okra

To check the residue and decontamination status in okra crop treated with pre-mix insecticide [5% cypermethrin + 50% Chlorpyriphos]. Samples were gathered at regular interval after spray of insecticide at 275 g a.i.ha-1 (Suggested dose) and 550 g a.i.ha-1 (double the suggested dose) from the field of entomology. Residues were analysed by GC-ECD and confirmed by GC-MS. Residue half-life values were 2.74 days and 3.07 days at suggested dose and double the suggested dose for cypermethrin in pre-mix while were 2.16 days and 3.27 days for chlorpyriphos in pre-mix formulation. In household units boiling after washing found much effective in reducing the residues.
Pollen morphology of some species of the genus Quercus L. (Fagaceae) in the Southern Caucasus and adjacent areas

The palynomorphology of 19 modern species of the genus Quercus L. native to Armenia and adjacent regions, including the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, the Mediterranean region (especially Turkey), as well as Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan, was studied using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The work revealed two main types of apertures (3-zonocolpate, 3-zonocolp-porate) as well as six morphological types of pollen based on three main types of exine ornamentation (tuberculate, verrucate, rugulate). We suggest that two main groups of exine ornamentation developed from a common initial type. The first group covers all species of the subgenus Quercus and also Q. suber and Q. alnifolia of the subgenus Heterobalanus. The second group is limited to the morphological type Q. ilex (species Q. ilex, Q. coccifera, subgenus Heterobalanus). On the other hand, the presence of widespread interspecific and introgressive hybridization within the genus Quercus indicates an ongoing process of speciation. This also has an effect on pollen features, which are very similar in a number of species but also vary in individual samples even within the same species. The morphological uniformity of the pollen surface (especially for the subgenus Quercus), the presence of islets of secondary sporopollenin on the surface of pollen grains, as well as orbicules in anthers, do not indicate general primitiveness of representatives of this genus but most likely denote a relatively high degree of speciation activity within this group.
Late Miocene-Pliocene shortening , uplift and wrench tectonics dominated canyon development along the Mid-Hungarian Mobile Belt

Introduction, geologic framework The Pannonian Basin (Central Europe) is underlain by an orogenic collage which is built up by several tectonostratigraphic terrains. The boundary of the two main terrains, the northwestern ALCAPA and the southeastern TISZA, is the Mid-Hungarian Mobile Belt (MHMB). It is the most significant neotectonic zone of the Pannonian Basin. Structural analysis was carried out on historical industry seismic sections across and along the Mid-Hungarian Mobile Belt, between the Danube and the Tisza rivers (Fig. 1).
Über Die Temperaturabhängigkeit Des Wachstums Und Des Häutungszyklus Von Argulus Foliaceus (L.) (Branchiura)

[The effect of temperature on the postembryonic development of Argulus foliaceus (L.) has been examined. Growth, interval, and frequency of moulting are proportional. The shorter the interval of moulting and the larger the growth with successive moults, the larger is the rate of growth. The growth of A. foliaceus is influenced by temperature. In the examined range (16°-28° C), growth increases with higher temperatures. This relation is not linear. Differences between the sexes do, if at all, only appear after maturity. The relative rate of growth per moult does not depend on temperature an only a little so on sex: the stature of the animal is decisive in this respect. The chronological order of the postembryonic moultings has been determined. , The effect of temperature on the postembryonic development of Argulus foliaceus (L.) has been examined. Growth, interval, and frequency of moulting are proportional. The shorter the interval of moulting and the larger the growth with successive moults, the larger is the rate of growth. The growth of A. foliaceus is influenced by temperature. In the examined range (16°-28° C), growth increases with higher temperatures. This relation is not linear. Differences between the sexes do, if at all, only appear after maturity. The relative rate of growth per moult does not depend on temperature an only a little so on sex: the stature of the animal is decisive in this respect. The chronological order of the postembryonic moultings has been determined. ]
Fair Classification with Noisy Protected Attributes: A Framework with Provable Guarantees

Due to the deployment of classification algorithms in a multitude of applications directly and indirectly affecting people and society, developing methods that are fair with respect to protected attributes such as gender or race is crucial. However, protected attributes in datasets may be inaccurate due to noise in the data collection or if the protected attributes are imputed either in whole or in part. Such inaccuracies can prevent existing fair classification algorithms from achieving their claimed fairness guarantees. Motivated by this, recent works have studied the fair classification problem in which a binary protected attribute is "noisy" (the protected type is flipped with a known fixed probability) by either suggesting optimization using tighter statistical or equalized odds constraints to counter the noise or by identifying conditions under which prior equalized odds post-processing algorithms can handle noisy attributes. We extend the study of noise-tolerant fair classification to a very general setting. Our main contribution is an optimization framework for learning a fair classifier in the presence of noisy perturbations in the protected attributes that can be employed with linear and linear-fractional class of fairness constraints, comes with probabilistic guarantees on accuracy and fairness, and can handle multiple, non-binary protected attributes. Empirically, we show that our framework can be used to attain either statistical rate or false positive rate fairness guarantees with a minimal loss in accuracy, even when the noise corruption is large in two real-world datasets. Prior existing noisy fair classification approaches, on the other hand, either do not always achieve the desired fairness levels or suffer a larger loss in accuracy for guaranteeing high fairness compared to our framework.
Interactive Effect of Land Preparation Methods and Weeding Frequency on Seasonal Soil Properties and Maize Yield

Dynamics of soil physical properties and maize yield were investigated in both major and minor cropping seasons under different land preparation methods and weeding frequency. A factorial design experiment was organized on a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The land preparation methods were plough + harrow (P + H) and no-tillage (NT) while weeding frequency treatments comprised 0, 1, 2 and 3-hoeing regimes. In both seasons, P + H yielded good penetration resistance and bulk density, high moisture content and total porosity, and maximum total grain yield than NT. Also, agitating the soil surface at different weeding frequency improved soil physical properties and maize yield parameters. Furthermore, lower penetration resistance and bulk density but higher moisture content and porosity were recorded on hoeing regime(s) than 0-hoeing. The interactive effect of land preparation methods versus weeding frequency on soil properties was significant except penetration resistance during minor season and total porosity during major season. Maximum total grain yield was obtained from P + H vs 2-hoeing treatment plots in both seasons. Generally, increasing weeding frequency on P + H plots enhanced soil physical properties and maize yield than NT treatment plots. Therefore, to obtain suitable seasonal soil conditions for crop production, cultivable soils should be ploughed, harrowed and hoed twice at 2nd and 5th weeks after ploughing (WAP).
THE ECOLOGY OF SMALL MAMMALS IN URBAN HABITATS. I. POPULATIONS IN A PATCHY ENVIRONMENT

SUMMARY (1) Populations of four species of small mammals, Apodemus sylvaticus, Clethrionomys glareolus, Microtus agrestis and Sorex araneus, were censused using live traps and hair sampling tubes in fifty discrete patches of habitat within the City of Oxford. (2) Habitats were classified as woodland, scrub, orchard, long grass, short grass, allotment, detached, and semi-detached house garden using ordination methods and subjective criteria. (3) Apodemus sylvaticus occurred in all habitats and in 84% of patches, and reached maximum densities (c. 70-80 ha-1) in scrub. (4) Clethrionomys glareolus occurred in all habitats except allotment, and achieved maximum abundance (< 30 ha-') in woodland. (5) Microtus agrestis and Sorex araneus were largely absent from cultivated gardens, allotments and short grass, and were most abundant (c. 50-66 ha-~) in long grass and scrub.
A preliminary classification of Euphorbia subgenus Euphorbia

During preparation of the Euphorbieae for the Flora of Tropical East Africa, most of the 250 plus species in Euphorbia subg. Euphorbia were examined, resulting in a new approach to their classification. Comments are offered on the principal systems to date, all of which have been based on vegetative characters. In the newly proposed system, certain character changes linked with increasing succulence and a reduction in size are used to indicate development from trees, to shrubs, and then herbs, as an advancement in adaptation toward survival in arid conditions. Features of the inflorescence, capsules, and seeds are considered to be the most important in deciding relationships between groups, while vegetative features are used as indicators of development within the groups. A system of two sections based on seed characters is proposed, and the relationships between groups, while vegetative features are used as indicators of development within the groups
Regional differences in access to the outdoors and outdoor play of Canadian children and youth during the COVID-19 outbreak

To reduce the spread of COVID-19, public health authorities across the country have recommended that Canadians keep their distance, wash their hands, and stay home. To enforce these measures, restrictions on outdoor behaviour have been implemented, limiting access to parks and recreational outdoor spaces. New evidence shows that COVID-19 restrictions are associated with an overall lower amount of time spent in outdoor play among Canadian children and youth. This is concerning, as outdoor play is important for children’s physical and mental health and helps provide them with a sense of control during times of uncertainty and stress. As policies on access to the outdoors during the COVID-19 outbreak vary by province, it is possible that policy differences have led to regional differences in changes in outdoor play among children and youth. In this commentary, we examine regional differences in outdoor play among children and youth across Canada, and the association between provincial policies related to COVID-19 and outdoor play. We argue that through the recovery process, in the event of a second wave of infections, and in preparing for future public health challenges, policy decisions should consider ways to preserve outdoor play for Canadian children and youth.