Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An optical model for the interpretation of remotely sensed multispectral images of oil spill

This work is focused on the interpretation of multispectral images of oil spills, by introducing an optical model of spectral signature for oil-covered sea surface. Oil spill detection and oil type identification can potentially be achieved using data from multispectral optical sensors. However, multispectral images interpretation is challenging, because the spectral signature depends not only on oil optical properties and film thickness, but also on the optical properties of the water column, the incident light distribution and the instrument viewing geometry. In this work a simulator has been developed, starting from an optical model for both clean and polluted surfaces, which makes it possible to analyze variability in the optical signal from an oil-covered water surface. Several simulations have been performed varying the water optical properties within a range typical of Case I waters, and considering different crude and refined oils. Incident light distributions and viewing configurations have been chosen according to a typical viewing geometry of the MERIS sensor over a particularly interesting Mediterranean area: the marine ecosystem of the Tuscan Archipelago. The results, shown in terms of both upwelling radiance and oil-water optical contrast, provide some general rules that may aid interpretation of MERIS data. In particular, the detectability of an oil slick has been shown to depend on oil type and film thickness: very thin oil films (sheens) are more easily detected at viewing directions near the sun-glint zone, while very thick films are more likely to be detected at viewing angles away from the sun. For films of intermediate thickness the detectability depends mainly on the oil's specific optical properties.
Modi ﬁ ed EASIX predicts severe cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity after chimeric antigen receptor T cells

Patients who develop chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell – related severe cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell – associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) exhibit hemodynamic instability and endothelial activation. The EASIX (Endothe-lial Activation and Stress Index) score (lactate dehydrogenase [LDH; U/L] 3 creatinine [mg/dL]/platelets [PLTs; 10 9 cells/L]) is a marker of endothelial damage that correlates with outcomes in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Elevated LDH and low PLTs have been associated with severe CRS and ICANS, as has C-reactive protein (CRP), while increased creatinine is seen only in a minority of advanced severe CRS cases. We hypothesized that EASIX and 2 new modi ﬁ ed EASIX formulas (simpli ﬁ ed EASIX, which excludes creatinine, and modi ﬁ ed EASIX [m-EASIX], which replaces creatinine with CRP [mg/dL]), calculated peri-CAR T-cell infusion, would be associated with development of severe (grade $ 3) CRS and ICANS. We included 118 adults, 53 with B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with 1928z CAR T cells (NCT01044069) and 65 with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with axicabtagene ciloleucel or tisagenlecleucel. The 3 formulas showed similar predictive power for severe CRS and ICANS. However, low PLTs and high CRP values were the only variables individually correlated with these toxicities. More-over, only m-EASIX was a signi ﬁ cant predictor of disease response. m-EASIX could dis-criminate patients who subsequently developed severe CRS preceding the onset of severe symptoms (area under the curve [AUC] at lymphodepletion, 80.4 % ; at day 2 1, 73.0 % ; and at day 1 1, 75.4 % ). At day 1 3, it also had high discriminatory ability for severe ICANS (AUC, 73 % ). We propose m-EASIX as a clinical tool to potentially guide individualized management of patients at higher risk for severe CAR T-cell – related toxicities.
The Holocene record of environmental changes in the ‘Stagno di Maccarese’ marsh (Tiber river delta, central Italy)

The stratigraphic study of the Stagno di Maccarese, carried out on the sediments exposed in about 7 km of trenches excavated in an area of approximately 1.5 km2, has shown that in the course of the Holocene many environmental variations have taken place. The complex evolution of the marsh is demonstrated by the variations in water salinity and the presence of erosion surfaces and soils between the sediments. In the early Holocene, the area studied was an isolated marsh with water having variable salinity, and it was only about 6000 cal. yr BP that it was encompassed in the system of inner delta marshes. In the delta environment, the water of the marsh was oligohaline until about 9th–8th centuries bc, brackish from 9th–8th centuries bc to about 600 yr BP, and later oligohaline until the 19th century drainage. A number of environmental variations are connected with local phenomena, such as erosion of the beach ridges and Tiber floods, but the others can be correlated chronologically with climatic events recorded at regional and global scale. The millennial variations seem to be connected with changes in insolation, while abrupt variations can be correlated chronologically with the IRD events dated at 8200, 5900, 4200, 2800, 1400 and 500 cal. yr BP.
Robust stochastic seasonal precipitation scenarios

In this paper, a stochastic statistical forecasting methodology is employed for long‐term predictions of winter precipitation over Greece. Lagged climatic indices and North Atlantic (NA) sea‐level pressure (SLP) field are explored as potential predictors of the teleconnection. Rather than employing traditional stationary models, two dynamic regression‐modelling schemes are analysed and validated and their parameter variation is interpreted. Dynamic regression models, in contrast to static (constant parameter) regression models, have time variable parameters (TVPs) evaluated through recursive optimisation and are suitable for analysis of non‐stationary phenomena like most atmospheric processes.
Comment on ‘Late Cretaceous extension and Palaeogene rotation-related contraction in Central Anatolia recorded in the Ayhan-Büyükkışla basin’ by Advokaat et al. 2014

Recent palaeomagnetic data by Lefebvre et al. (2013) demonstrated that the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex consists of three fragmented blocks that rotated and converged relative to each other during collision in the Palaeogene. In their article, Advokaat et al. (2014) aim at testing that scenario by studying the structural and stratigraphic evolution of the Upper Cretaceous– Palaeogene Ayhan-Büyükkışla basin that lies between two of the rotated blocks. Their results show that the Ayhan basin developed contemporaneously with Late Cretaceous regional extension followed by post-middleEocene N–S shortening. The main contribution of the paper comes from the tectonic evaluation of the Büyükkışla basin, documenting its deformation and relation with surrounding rock units. In the northern Büyükkışla basin, Advokaat et al. (2014) introduced the ‘Avuç-Altıpınar thrust’ and ‘Killik syncline’ as new features of the Savcılı Fault Zone. The ‘Avuç-Altıpınar thrust’ is defined as a WNW–ESEtrending and NNE-dipping fault. Its main displacement is top-to-the-south directed, carrying Eocene limestones, marls, mudstones, and sandstones (Mucur Fm) over red clastic beds (Büyükkışla Fm). Overall, 17–27 km of N–S shortening was estimated from restored cross-sections through the study area. These new structures and their interpretation are based on the description of a few key localities throughout the Büyükkışla basin. In this comment, we revisit the key localities mentioned by Advokaat et al. (2014) along the proposed thrusts because the reality of the field is much different than claimed in their article. None of the described fault contacts accounting for the thrust interpretation can be confirmed. Instead, misidentification of the nature of the underlying and overlying rock formations and the geometry of the contact itself occur. For the sake of clarity, it is important to note that I was initially involved in this study and parted ways with the authors over these issues. I would now like to take the opportunity of a Comment to document the critical field relationships and explain how accurate identification of structural features changes the interpretation of the tectonics of this region. Major problems with the Advokaat et al. (2014) paper include the following.
Bridge pier scour mitigation under steady and unsteady flow conditions

Watercourse morphology is affected by local scouring when the flow interferes with anthropic structures. Controlling the scour hole size is of predominant importance to guarantee bridge safety as well as to limit the variations of river morphology. A combined countermeasure against bridge pier scour is proposed and tested in order to reduce the maximum scour depth and deviate it away from the bridge foundation. In the first part of the laboratory campaign, combination of two countermeasures (bed-sill and collar) was evaluated for a circular pier under clear-water and live-bed steady flow conditions. The proposed combined countermeasure exhibited an efficiency of about 64% in terms of scour depth reduction. Afterwards, it was tested in unsteady flow conditions, first for a circular pier, then in the case of a rectangular pier with round nose and tail, two circular in-line piers and two rectangular in-line piers, under a hydrograph with a peak flow velocity slightly above the threshold condition of sediment motion. Results showed that the combined countermeasure had an efficiency of about 63% for a single circular pier; however, higher efficiency (about 75%) was obtained in applications to rectangular pier and two in-line circular or rectangular piers.
Sandstone Petrology and Provenance of the Siwalik Group (Northwestern Pakistan and Western-Southeastern Nepal)

ABSTRACT The Siwalik Group consists of a Neogene sedimentary succession 5-8 km thick, deposited as the Himalayan foreland basin developed following collision between the Indian and Eurasian continents. It consists of fluvial deposits composed of shale, siltstone, and sandstone in the lower part and thick sandstone and conglomerate in the upper part. This paper presents new petrologic data on the sandstone composition of two coeval petrofacies of Siwalik Group in two areas: the Potwar Plateau of northwestern Pakistan, and the Surai Khola and Bakiya Khola localities of western and southeastern Nepal. In both regions, detrital modes reflect a collisional-orogen provenance. Petrologic parameters indicate derivation from mid-crustal rocks and overlying sedimentary strata ascribed to different tectonostratigraphic units of the High Himalaya and Tibetan zone. The Siwalik sandstones of the Potwar Plateau (NW Pakistan) are composed of low- to medium-grade metamorphic and sedimentary detritus, and subordinately, of ophiolitic and volcanic detritus. Abundant metamorphic detritus consists of phyllite, fine-grained schist lithics, and coarse-grained gneiss derived from the High and/or Lesser Himalaya. Sedimentary detritus is represented by abundant limestone, radiolarian chert, siltstone, shale, very fine-grained quartzarenite, and other sandstone grains. The siliciclastic grains probably were eroded from older terrigenous sequences, belonging to the Tethys Himalayan and Lesser Himalayan zones, uplifted during the India-Eurasia collision. Ophiolitic, volcanic lithic grains and radiolarian chert reflect a provenance from the Indus suture and Tran -Himalayan belt. The sandstones of western and southeastern Nepal (Surai Khola and Bakiya Khola sections) have higher quartz and lower feldspar contents than those of northwestern Pakistan and contain sedimentaclastic (western Nepal) and metamorphiclastic sandstones (southeastern Nepal). Comparison of the data presented here with previous work on pre- and post-Siwalik sandstones of the Himalaya Range and of the remnant-ocean basins along both sides of the Indian Peninsula (also derived from the Himalayan suture belt) suggests abundant quartzolithic detritus from the Eocene to the present. Varying proportions of lithic populations in time are related to rapid uplift of the Himalayas and intense unroofing of sedimentary, metasedimentary and deeper terranes.
The Comprehensive Soldier Fitness Program Evaluation. Report 3: Longitudinal Analysis of the Impact of Master Resilience Training on Self-Reported Resilience and Psychological Health Data

Abstract : This technical report is the third in a series of reports evaluating the impact of the Army s Comprehensive Soldier Fitness (CSF) Program. This report focused on determining the efficacy of the train-the-trainer component of CSF Master Resilience Trainer (MRT) in influencing Soldier resilience and psychological health (R/PH) across time. Four Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs) received MRT skills training (Treatment condition), while four additional BCTs did not (Control condition). Measures of R/PH were taken three times across approximately 15 months (baseline, T1, T2), and demographics, quality of unit leadership, and quality of unit cohesion were accounted for. Analyses show that Soldiers in the Treatment condition exhibited significantly higher R/PH scores at T2 than did Soldiers in the Control condition. Also, MRT skills training appears to be significantly more effective for Soldiers 18-24 years old than older Soldiers. Additional contextual analyses are provided.
Differential diagnosis of the granulomatous appendicitis: Retrospective analysis of 16 cases

BACKGROUND: This study aims to present the usability of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) in the differential diagnosis of granulomatous appendicitis (GAp), especially in areas where tuberculosis (TB) is endemic. METHODS: Sixteen patients underwent appendectomy with presumed diagnosis of acute appendicitis were retrospectively analyzed for histopathological diagnosis of GAp. Real-time PCR method was used to show the whether presence of DNA of the tubercle bacilli in paraffin-embedded tissue blocks. IGRA test was used to investigate whether tubercle bacillispecific interferon gamma was present in peripheral blood. RESULTS: Sixteen patients (male: 10 female: 6) aged between 21 and 82 years were included in this study. All patients had acute appendicitis and three of them also had appendiceal perforation. Histopathologically, necrotizing granulomatous inflammation was detected in all appendectomy specimens. Acid-fast bacilli were not detected in any of the pathology slides stained with Ehrlich-Ziehl-Neelsen . Real-time PCR was studied in paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of all patients with GAp, but the TB bacilli DNA was amplified in only three patients. IGRA test was studied in peripheral blood samples of 12 patients with GAp and results were as follows: negative (n=9), positive (n=2) and indeterminate (n=1). CONCLUSION: We believe that the use of anamnesis, histopathological findings, tissue PCR, blood IGRA and clinical findings together are important for differential diagnosis of GAp, especially where TB is endemic. We also suggest that all appendectomy specimens should be sent to the laboratory for histopathological evaluation even if specimens appear macroscopically normal.
Age Migrations of Anorogenic Ring Complexes in Northern Nigeria

Forty Rb-Sr isotopic measurements on minerals and whole rock samples from 11 anorogenic complexes in northern Nigeria complement the evidence for systematic age variations along a series of en-echelon ENE-WSW and N-S lineaments following two major fracture directions of extensional deformation in the Precambrian basement. The new ages presented in this paper confirm our earlier discoveries of a general southerly age trend but substantiate for the first time that major local migrations of magmatic activity were concentrated along at least two ENE-WSW zones. From the overlap in analytical error, the age patterns also suggest that contemporaneous anorogenic magmatism may have been locally derived from several simultaneous high-level magma chambers connected to a common deeper source. Different models that have been proposed for the origin of linear mid-plate magmatic activity are critically reviewed. In our opinion magma generation was most likely initiated in the asthenosphere-lithosphere decoupling zone or below. The thermal anomaly was either an episodic, partly mobile asthenospheric plume or successive diapiric intrusion of periodite along propagating fractures in the lithosphere and produced magma source compositions whose disposition was controlled by pre-existing fractures and/or lineaments in the Precambrian continental crust.
Influence of volatile loss on thickness and density profiles of active basaltic flow lobes

A bulk density increase due to degassing during emplacement may have a significant influence on the thickness of a lava flow and the rate at which it advances. We present a theoretical model of a lava flow that loses enough volatiles to cause density changes along the path of the flow. We assume that the flow is emplaced as a single, isolated unit and the bulk rheology (e.g., viscosity) is a function of distance from the vent. This type of model is applicable to solitary lobes of basaltic aa and isolated sheets of pahoehoe that advance as a fluid continuum with bulk lava density changes as a function of distance along the flow path. Equations for the flow thickness and the bulk density profiles are derived from mass and volume conservation. Formulas are tabulated for thickness and density profiles for various combinations of flow rates, rheologic changes, and degassing rate functions. We also tabulate formulas for estimating parameters associated with the form and rate of degassing from field data. The Mauna Loa 1984 “1 flow” is a typical example of a flow showing evidence of a bulk density increase and is used to estimate the model parameters. Thickness and density profiles are then computed for a range of plausible lava densities, two different rate functions for the loss of volatiles, and two different models of viscosity change. Results indicate that the thickness profile of a lava flow can be significantly affected when there is a large difference between the density at the vent and at the flow front. For relatively high rates of degassing, the flow profile has a maximum thickness located progressively closer to the vent as the rate of degassing increases. For depth-dependent degassing, an increase in viscosity acts to thicken the flow, which increases the rate of degassing, thus mitigating the thickening influence of the increasing viscosity. Degassing while a flow is active can increase the duration of emplacement by as much as 60%. We find that the flow thickness profiles are sensitive to the choice of flow rate and the initial density, regardless of the form of the degassing function. The nature of the flow rate can significantly affect the shape of the profile as well as the flow front thickness. When the rate of volatile loss depends on the flow thickness, the density profile depends explicitly on the way the rheology changes along the flow path. In all cases, density increases during emplacement counter the tendency of a flow to thicken due to increases in viscosity or resistance to flow with distance. Thus the parameters that define the rate of degassing, and the consequent density change along the path of a flow, emerge as important variables for a quantitative understanding of flow emplacement.
Burkitt lymphoma with a granulomatous reaction: an M1/ Th1-polarised microenvironment is associated with controlled growth and spontaneous regression lymphoma with a granulomatous reaction: an M1/Th1-polarised microenvironment is associated with controlled growth and spontaneous regression

Massimo Granai, Stefano Lazzi, Virginia Mancini, Ayse Akarca, Raffaella Santi, Federica Vergoni, Ester Sorrentino, Raffaella Guazzo, Lucia Mundo, Gabriele Cevenini, Claudio Tripodo, Gioia Di Stefano, Benedetta Puccini, Maurilio Ponzoni, Elena Sabattini, Claudio Agostinelli, Nuray Bass€ ull€ u, T€ ulay Tecimer, Ahu Senem Demiroz, Leah Mnango, Stephan Dirnhofer, Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez, Teresa Marafioti, Falko Fend & Lorenzo Leoncini Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy, Institute of Pathology, University of T€ ubingen, T€ ubingen, Germany, Department of Cellular Pathology, University College London, London, UK, Department of Pathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland, Department of Human Pathology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Department of Haematology, University of Florence, Florence, Department of Pathology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Haemolymphopathology Unit IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy, Department of Pathology, Bilim University, _ Istanbul, Department of Pathology, Acibadem University, _ Istanbul, Department of Pathology, _ Istanbul University Cerrahpas a, _ Istanbul, Turkey, Department of Pathology, Muhimbili National Hospital and University for Healthcare and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, and Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Interrelationships among meteoric metals, meteors, interplanetary dust, micrometeorites, and meteorites

Abstract— Meteor science, aeronomy, and meteoritics are different disciplines with natural interfaces. This paper is an effort to integrate the chemistry and mineralogy of collected interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), micrometeorites, and meteorites with meteoric data and with atmospheric metal abundances. Evaporation, ablation, and melting of decelerating materials in the Earth's atmosphere are the sources of the observed metal abundances in the upper atmosphere. Many variables ultimately produce the materials and phenomena we can analyze, such as different accretion and parent‐body histories of incoming extraterrestrial materials, different interactions of meteors with the Earth's middle atmosphere, meteor data reduction, and complex chemical interactions of the metals and ions with the ambient atmosphere. The IDP‐like and unequilibrated ordinary chondrite matrix materials are reasonable sources for observed meteoric and atmospheric metals. The hypothesis of hierarchical dust accretion predicts that low, correlated refractory element abundances in cometary meteors may be real. It implies that the CI or cosmic standard is not useful to appreciate the chemistry of incoming petrologically heterogeneous cometary matter. The quasi steady‐state metal abundances in the lower thermosphere and upper mesosphere are derived predominantly from materials with cometary orbital characteristics and velocities such as comets proper and near‐Earth asteroids. The exact influence of atmospheric chemistry on these abundances still needs further evaluation. Metal abundances in the lower mesosphere and upper stratosphere region are mostly from materials from the asteroidal belt and the Kuiper belt.
Use of an impact penetrometer for the evaluation of the in‐situ strength of marine sediments

Abstract A description is given of the method used in evaluating the in‐situ strength properties of soil from the results of impact penetrometer tests. The test results presented include both laboratory tests, conducted under controlled conditions, and field tests, obtained with a Marine Impact Penetrometer developed for shallow sub‐bottom depth exploration. The test results indicate that with this system the dynamic strength profile and the soil type, thickness and depth of different layers can be directly evaluated up to the final depth of penetration. The depth of penetration obtained is a function of mass and geometry of the penetrometer and the sub‐bottom soil conditions but a 1000 lb (453 kg) penetrometer should be capable of 50 ft (15 m) penetration in soft sediment. If a soil viscosity coefficient is correctly estimated, the static strength profile can be obtained from the dynamic strength profile by applying a correction for penetration rate effects.