Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seasonal changes of the baroclinic wave activity in the northern hemisphere of Mars simulated with a GCM

Seasonal changes in baroclinic wave activity during northern autumns (Ls = 195–225°) and winters (Ls = 280–300°) are studied with a Martian general circulation model. For the weak dust load, the simulated s = 2 harmonic with 3.1 sols period dominates near the surface, while s = 1 (5.5 sols period) is more prominent at higher altitudes during autumns. In winters, the s = 1 wave has stronger amplitudes and a deep (up to 0.1 mb) vertical structure. These simulations are consistent with observations from MGS. We provide a simple explanation for the planetary wave changes in terms of seasonal variations of the background zonal mean fields. In particular, the observed and simulated significant reduction of the baroclinic wave activity during strong solstitial season dust storms occurs due to the stabilization of the jet stream with respect to baroclinic disturbances, and due to the associated weakening of the wave excitation.
Comment on “Piezometric response in shallow bedrock at CB1: Implications for runoff generation and landsliding” by David R. Montgomery, William E. Dietrich, and John T. Heffner

[1] Piezometric responses to rainfall on hillslopes commonly dictate the timing of landsliding. Insight to this phenomenon can be gained by evaluating the timescales for pore pressure perturbations to propagate normal and parallel to the ground surface, and these timescales can be estimated using characteristic values of hydraulic diffusivity [Iverson, 2000]. However, Montgomery et al. [2002] employed an erroneous definition of hydraulic diffusivity, leading to flawed assessment of the piezometric response timescales identified by Iverson [2000]. This comment aims to rectify the errors of Montgomery et al. [2002] and clarify the methods used by Iverson [2000] to estimate piezometric response timescales at the CB1 field site studied by Montgomery et al.
Edge waves and crescentic bars

The velocity fields associated with edge waves on a sloping beach are examined as possible causes of sedimentary features which have a regular, rhythmic pattern in the longshore direction. It is shown that standing edge waves provide a satisfactory explanation for the formation of crescentic bars in regions of small tidal range, the bars having a longshore wavelength of one-half that of the edge waves. In the absence of large, incoming surface waves, the edge waves may also form cuspate features on the beach face, with the points of the cusps directly opposite to the horns of the crescentic bars. This situation is commonly observed in nature (Hom-ma and Sonu, 1963). The results suggest that standing edge waves with periods of 30–60 secs and significant amplitudes must occur extensively on real beaches.
The efficacy of cognitive prosthetic technology for people with memory impairments: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Technology can compensate for memory impairment. The efficacy of assistive technology for people with memory difficulties and the methodology of selected studies are assessed. A systematic search was performed and all studies that investigated the impact of technology on memory performance for adults with impaired memory resulting from acquired brain injury (ABI) or a degenerative disease were included. Two 10-point scales were used to compare each study to an ideally reported single case experimental design (SCED) study (SCED scale; Tate et al., 2008) or randomised control group study (PEDro-P scale; Maher, Sherrington, Herbert, Moseley, & Elkins, 2003). Thirty-two SCED (mean = 5.9 on the SCED scale) and 11 group studies (mean = 4.45 on the PEDro-P scale) were found. Baseline and intervention performance for each participant in the SCED studies was re-calculated using non-overlap of all pairs (Parker & Vannest, 2009) giving a mean score of 0.85 on a 0 to 1 scale (17 studies, n = 36). A meta-analysis of the efficacy of technology vs. control in seven group studies gave a large effect size (d = 1.27) (n = 147). It was concluded that prosthetic technology can improve performance on everyday tasks requiring memory. There is a specific need for investigations of technology for people with degenerative diseases.
Fault zone deformation and displacement partitioning in mechanically layered carbonates: The Hidden Valley fault, central Texas

The Hidden Valley fault is exposed in Canyon Lake Gorge (central Texas) and cuts the Cretaceous Glen Rose Formation. This exposure provides an opportunity to explore the relationship between deformation mechanisms and fault displacement along 830 m (2723 ft) of a normal fault typical of those in carbonate reservoirs and aquifers around the world. The fault zone has five domains: gently deformed footwall damage zone, intensely deformed footwall damage zone, fault core, intensely deformed hanging-wall damage zone, and gently deformed hanging-wall damage zone. Footwall deformation is more intense and laterally extensive than hanging-wall deformation, and the intensely deformed hanging-wall damage zone is narrow and locally absent. The fault core contains thin clay-rich gouge or smear in most places but is locally represented by only a slickensided surface between limestone layers. The 55- to 63-m (180–207-ft) fault throw across a 43- to 98-m (141- to 322-ft)-wide fault zone is accommodated by slip along the fault core, layer tilting (synthetic dip development) in footwall and hanging-wall damage zones, and distributed faulting in footwall and hanging-wall damage zones. Total offset across the fault overestimates actual stratigraphic offset by 8 to 12 m (26–39 ft) or about 14 to 21%. In our interpretation, the Hidden Valley fault zone records both early extensional folding of the Glen Rose Formation and subsequent normal faulting that propagated downward from the overlying competent Edwards Group. The damage zone width is thus established before fault breakthrough.
Effects of long‐term fluid injection on induced seismicity parameters and maximum magnitude in northwestern part of The Geysers geothermal field

The long‐term temporal and spatial changes in statistical, source, and stress characteristics of one cluster of induced seismicity recorded at The Geysers geothermal field (U.S.) are analyzed in relation to the field operations, fluid migration, and constraints on the maximum likely magnitude. Two injection wells, Prati‐9 and Prati‐29, located in the northwestern part of the field and their associated seismicity composed of 1776 events recorded throughout a 7 year period were analyzed. The seismicity catalog was relocated, and the source characteristics including focal mechanisms and static source parameters were refined using first‐motion polarity, spectral fitting, and mesh spectral ratio analysis techniques. The source characteristics together with statistical parameters (b value) and cluster dynamics were used to investigate and understand the details of fluid migration scheme in the vicinity of injection wells. The observed temporal, spatial, and source characteristics were clearly attributed to fluid injection and fluid migration toward greater depths, involving increasing pore pressure in the reservoir. The seasonal changes of injection rates were found to directly impact the shape and spatial extent of the seismic cloud. A tendency of larger seismic events to occur closer to injection wells and a correlation between the spatial extent of the seismic cloud and source sizes of the largest events was observed suggesting geometrical constraints on the maximum likely magnitude and its correlation to the average injection rate and volume of fluids present in the reservoir.
Rare-Earth Element Behavior in Phosphates and Organic-Rich Host Shales: An Example From the Upper Carboniferous of Midcontinent North America

Four distinct shale-normalized rare-earth element (REE) patterns are preserved in the black and gray phosphatic shale facies of the Upper Carboniferous of Midcontinent North America. Two of these patterns (flat and middle REE (MREE) enriched) are observed in both nodular phos- phate and the shale host, but MREE-enriched patterns are more common in the nodules. MREE-depleted patterns were observed only in the shales. Subtle negative Ce-anomalies are rare and occur only in samples of nodular phosphate. MREE-enriched patterns in phosphate are interpreted to have formed during very early diagenesis. Coprecipitation of phosphate and REE may have depleted pore waters in MREE to the extent that host shales, which lithified later, are characterized by MREE depletions. Phosphate diagene- sis can thus be a critical factor controlling REE patterns preserved in shales. Flat REE signatures characterize gray shale samples that have low con- centrations of phosphate and organic carbon. Such samples were thus not affected by processes of remobilization and scavenging of REE. Black shale samples that have phosphate concentrations intermediate of those in samples characterized by MREE-enrichments and -depletions also display flat patterns. Such patterns likely reflect a composite signal of MREE-enriched phosphate and MREE-depleted shale. Conversely, flat patterns in phosphate nodules could reflect later diagenetic migration of REE from MREE-depleted pore waters into later cement phases in the nodules. Subtle Ce-depleted patterns in phosphate nodules likely reflect the minor exchange of Ce with seawater during episodes of sediment reworking.
Formation of illitic minerals at surface temperatures in Purbeckian sediments (Lower Berriasian, Swiss and French Jura)

Abstract The clay-mineralogical assemblages of Purbeckian carbonate sediments of the Swiss and French Jura Mountains are often composed of illite and interstratified illite-smectite. These illitic minerals occur mainly in thin layers of green marls which show evidence of subaerial exposure and mark the top of shallowing-upward sequences. X-ray diffraction, chemical and thermal analyses coupled with transmission electron microscopy suggest that the Purbeckian illitic minerals replaced smectite in intermediate continental-marine environments. The transition from smectite to illite and interstratified illite-smectite probably resulted from repeated cycles of wetting by marine waters and subsequent drying in hypersaline environments, under a hot Purbeckian climate.
Simulation of extreme temperature events by a stochastic weather generator: effects of interdiurnal and interannual variability reproduction

A WGEN‐like four‐variate (maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation and solar radiation) stochastic daily weather generator Met&Roll is used to provide synthetic weather series for models simulating crop growth and hydrological regime in present and changed climate conditions. Since impacts of climate change will be largely affected by changes in climate variability and extreme events, present climate models should satisfactorily reproduce both interdiurnal and interannual variability of the weather series and the occurrence of extremes. Three improvements of Met&Roll aiming at a better reproduction of interdiurnal and interannual variability have been introduced: (i) lag‐0 and lag‐1 correlations among solar radiation and daily extreme temperatures are allowed to vary during a year; (ii) a Markov chain of the third order (instead of the first order) is used to model precipitation occurrence; (iii) the synthetic daily weather series is adjusted to fit the series of the monthly means, which is generated using the four‐variate first‐order autoregressive (AR) model.
Response of Low Nitrogen Stress in Different Sugarcane Genotypes

The aim was to know the ability of different sugarcane varieties in low nitrogen stress.The experimental design was split plot.The treatment of main plot was 300,150 and 0 kg of urea fertilizer applied per acre.The treatment of subplot was composed by five nitrogen fixing sugarcane varieties,and one of Guangxi leading varieties ROC16(CK). The test time of split plot was plant crop and ratoon cane for one year.The result showed that the yield of each plant crop sugarcane was significantly higher than that of ratoon cane,nitrogen cane was significantly higher than nitrogen-free one,the cane yield of nitrogen 300 kg of urea fertilizer applied per acre was not obvious difference with 150 kg.Under three nitrogen level,the cane yield of five varieties new-planting and ratoon sugarcane was significantly higher than that of ROC16(CK). Some aspects of the tested varieties were influenced badly by nitrogen-free,as tillering,ratoon sprouting,internode elongation,shoots.Especially the tillering and productive stem were influenced badly more than the others.The nitrogen-free-resistant and nitrogen-low-resistant ability of each variety form high to low were B8,B9,B5,B1,B3 and ROC16.The result of this test could be given reference for nitrogen fixation and nitrogen efficiency sugarcane breeding and extension in future.
Mare versus Lago-mare: marine fishes and the Mediterranean environment at the end of the Messinian Salinity Crisis

During the late Messinian, c. 5.5 Ma ago, after evaporitic sedimentation and before the Pliocene flooding, the Mediterranean recorded a major environmental change testified by deposition of non-marine sediments of the so-called ‘Lago-mare’ facies. Such deposits are widespread in the Mediterranean basin, usually characterized by molluscs and ostracodes of brackish affinity. Here we present marine fish remains from ‘Lago-mare’ deposits of central Italy. The fossils, represented by both articulated skeletons and otoliths, were collected from nine stratigraphic horizons of the upper portion of the ‘Lago-mare’ sequence of Cava Serredi, Tuscany. Marine euryhaline fishes strongly dominate the assemblages but fully marine stenohaline fishes belonging to the families Myctophidae and Bythitidae are also present. The fossil fish remains are associated with classic ‘Lago-mare’ ostracodes and molluscs. These fossil fishes clearly demonstrate that normal marine conditions were present at least during the upper interval of the ‘Lago-mare’ event, implying that the marine refilling of the Mediterranean was intra-Messinian rather early Pliocene. We argue in favour of the necessity of a new palaeoenvironmental interpretation for the post-evaporitic Messinian of the Mediterranean.
Mechanism of Interannual to Decadal Variability of the North Atlantic Circulation

Abstract A model of the Atlantic Ocean was forced with decadal-scale time series of surface fluxes taken from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis. The bulk of the variability of the oceanic circulation is found to be related to the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO). Both realistic experiments and idealized sensitivity studies with the model show a fast (intraseasonal timescale) barotropic response and a delayed (timescale about 6–8 yr) baroclinic oceanic response to the NAO. The fast response to a high NAO constitutes a barotropic anticyclonic circulation anomaly near the subpolar front with a substantial decrease of the northward heat transport and an increase of northward heat transport in the subtropics due to changes in Ekman transport. The delayed response is an increase in subpolar heat transport due to enhanced meridional overturning and due to a spinup of the subpolar gyre. The corresponding subpolar and subtropical heat content chan.
Wind assessment in a coastal environment using synthetic aperture radar satellite imagery and a numerical weather prediction model

Wind assessment in a coastal environment remains a complex issue for both synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite imagery and numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. This study compares the accuracy of each technique to improve the overall mapping precision of both methods. On the one hand, 14 RADARSAT-1 scenes of the St. Lawrence River (Canada) are converted into wind speeds using a hybrid model function that consists of the CMOD-IFR2 geophysical model function and a C-band polarization ratio. A priori information on wind directions is gathered from QuikSCAT scatterometer and in situ wind data. On the other hand, co-located wind maps are generated with the Environment Canada mesoscale compressible community (MC2) model. Comparisons between these two methods are then presented according to three approaches: a systematic SAR and MC2 comparison at 4 km grid-point spacing, a validation with observations (buoy and QuikSCAT scatterometer), and a local analysis of SAR and MC2 winds along a transect perpendicular to the coastline. The main features of the offshore wind fields are well resolved by both methods. The comparison study shows that SAR and MC2 winds have good agreement, with a root mean square difference for wind speeds of 2.07 m/s and a bias of 0.13 m/s.
Sensitivity of chemical tracers to meteorological parameters in the MOZART-3 chemical transport model

[1] The Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 3 (MOZART-3), which represents the chemical and physical processes from the troposphere through the lower mesosphere, was used to evaluate the representation of long-lived tracers and ozone using three different meteorological fields. The meteorological fields are based on (1) the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, version 1b (WACCM1b), (2) the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operational analysis, and (3) a new reanalysis for year 2000 from ECMWF called EXP471. Model-derived tracers (methane, water vapor, and total inorganic nitrogen) and ozone are compared to data climatologies from satellites. Model mean age of air was also derived and compared to in situ CO2 and SF6 data. A detailed analysis of the chemical fields simulated by MOZART-3 shows that even though the general features characterizing the three dynamical sets are rather similar, slight differences in winds and temperature can produce substantial differences in the calculated distributions of chemical tracers. The MOZART-3 simulations that use meteorological fields from WACCM1b and ECMWF EXP471 represented best the distribution of long-lived tracers and mean age of air in the stratosphere. There was a significant improvement using the ECMWF EXP471 reanalysis data product over the ECMWF operational data product. The effect of the quasi-biennial oscillation circulation on long-lived tracers and ozone is examined.
Relation between the average motion of cyclones and anticyclones and their shape

The daily displacements of high and low pressure areas over the northern hemisphere for a 4-year period were examined. It was found, in general, that the average zonal and meridional motion of the pressure systems depends substantially on their shape. Those systems that are elongated longitudinally move eastward at a significantly faster rate than those that are more or less circular or that have a latitudinal elongation. The latitudinally elongated anticyclones and to a certain extent the cyclones move across the parallels of latitude at a significantly faster rate than do the more rounded or longitudinally elongated systems. The effect is most pronounced for the zonal motion of cyclones and the meridional motion of anticyclones.
Colonization and weathering of engineering materials by marine microorganisms: an SEM study

Microorganisms are a ubiquitous feature of most hard substrata on Earth and their role in the geomorphological alteration of rock and stone is widely recognized. The role of microorganisms in the modification of engineering materials introduced into the intertidal zone through the construction of hard coastal defences is less well understood. Here we use scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine microbial colonization and micro‐scale geomorphological features on experimental blocks of limestone, granite and marine concrete after eight months' exposure in the intertidal zone in Cornwall, UK.
Global meltwater discharge and the deglacial sea‐level record from northwest Scotland

Quantitative models of Earth–ice-sheet–ocean interactions predict that periods of rapid eustatic sea-level rise, indicating enhanced meltwater discharge to the oceans, should be manifest in the relative sea-level histories from sites within the limits of Late Devensian ice sheets. Analysis of a record of relative sea-level change for the last 16000 calendar years from Northwest Scotland constrains the magnitude and timing of two major pulses of meltwater, ca. 14000 and ca. 11300 cal. yr BP, inferred from coral records. The ca. 14000 cal. yr BP event saw a temporary doubling of the flux of meltwater, but existence of the second major event at ca. 11300 cal. yr BP is not supported by the data from northwest Scotland. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement and validation of a snow saltation model using wind tunnel measurements

A Lagrangian snow saltation model has been extended for application to a wide variety of snow surfaces. Important factors of the saltation process, namely number of entrained particles, ejection angle and speed, have been parameterized from data in the literature. The model can now be run using simple descriptors of weather and snow conditions, such as wind, ambient pressure and temperature, snow particle sizes and surface density. Sensitivity of the total mass flux to the new parameterizations is small. However, the model refinements also allow concentration and mass flux profiles to be calculated, for comparison with measurements. Sensitivity of the profiles to the new parameterizations is considerable. Model results have then been compared with a complete set of drifting snow data from our cold wind tunnel. Simulation mass flux results agree with wind tunnel data to within the bounds of measurement uncertainty. Simulated particle sizes at 50 mm above the surface are generally larger than seen in the tunnel, probably as the model only describes particles in saltation, while additional smaller particles may be present in the wind tunnel at this height because of suspension. However, the smaller particles carry little mass, and so the impact on the mass flux is low. The use of simple input data, and parameterization of the saltation process, allows the model to be used predictively. This could include applications from avalanche warning to glacier mass balance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Channel flood plain linkages on the Kam Tin River, Hong Kong

A simple graphical comparison of superimposed courses of the Kam Tin (North) River for the period 1959/60 to 1983/85 reveals lateral migration of a number of meander bends. Field measurements also confirm erosion of the river bank. Observations on the properties of suspended matter transported by the Kam Tin River suggest that channel bank materials are not an important source under stable runoff conditions. However, during stormflow channel bank materials may provide sediment to the river. Engineering works associated with river training to alleviate flooding and improve drainage have resulted in a dramatic change to river plan form and decoupled the river from the flood plain. Main drainage channel construction also has an environmental impact that is briefly outlined.
A note on the ice crystallography and geochemistry of a debris cone, Northern Foothills, Antarctica

An ice‐core collected in November 1996 from a debris cone near Amorphous Glacier, not far from the PNRA Terra Nova Bay Station, Antarctica, was analysed crystallographically and chemically. Based upon the shape, size and orientation of the c‐axes of the ice crystals, and the occurrence of gas and mineral inclusions, several different layers were distinguished. They indicate episodes of water congelation under different kinetic and thermodynamic conditions. These findings suggest the Amorphous debris cone is a frost‐heaved mound and not the product of glacier differential ablation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.