Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Integrated Process of Olive Mill Wastewater Treatment

Abstract Olive mill wastewater (OMWW) is considered as a challenge for environmental scientists. It is characterized by high values of total organics expressed by chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), and phenols. In this paper, an integrated process of OMWW treatment, which includes lime precipitation, filtration using a novel technology of a membrane filter press (a pilot scale) and a post‐treatment using activated carbon adsorption for the filtrate, was studied. Lime precipitation has removed ∼71% of phenols, ∼39% of COD, and ∼88% of BOD5 with a rise in the total suspended solids (TSS) from 31 kg/m3 (before precipitation) to 69 kg/m3 (after precipitation). The filtration and dewatering operation cycle is approximately 125–150 min. Filtration was examined at different feed pressure (3–5 bar), different slurry concentrations (23–69 kg/m3, dry weight), and filter aid pre‐coat with different additions of diatomite body feed. Specific cake resistance, α, was found to increase with the increase in feed pressure and to decrease with diatomite pre‐coating and slurry concentration increase. However, a further decrease in α values was obtained using diatomite body feed. Cake dewatering, via membrane squeezing, was applied using hot water (65°C) and cake moisture was dropped from ∼64% before squeezing to 35% after squeezing. Twenty minutes were found enough for that stage to be accomplished. With vacuum application, for 30 min, over the hot cakes, cake moisture decreased to ∼20% for cakes with an average thickness of 1 cm. The produced cakes lose more moisture by storing in open air (on the shelf), reaching an equilibrium value of 9% in 2–3 days. Calorific value of produced cake is 15.71 MJ/kg, suggesting strongly its use as an energy source. Activated carbon was used as an efficient sorbent for removing the remaining phenols and total organics from the filtrate as a post‐treatment showing promising results. Maximum removal of phenols and total organics, by lime precipitation and filtrate post‐treatment using activated carbon adsorption, reached ∼99.7% and ∼80%, respectively. A process flowsheet and preliminary cost estimates are presented and compared with other processes. The thermal energy produced by the burning of the produced cakes would be enough for the thermal needs of both the olive mill plant and the proposed treatment process.
High-pressure synthesis, crystal structures, and properties of perovskite-like BiAlO3 and pyroxene-like BiGaO3

New oxides, BiAlO3 and BiGaO3, were prepared using a high-pressure high-temperature technique at 6 GPa and 1273−1473 K. BiAlO3 is isotypic with multiferroic perovskite-like BiFeO3 and has octahedrally coordinated Al3+ ions. Structure parameters of BiAlO3 were refined from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data (space group R3c; Z = 6; a = 5.37546(5) A and c = 13.3933(1) A). BiGaO3 has the structure closely related to pyroxene-like KVO3. Structure parameters of BiGaO3 were refined from time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction data (space group Pcca; Z = 4; a = 5.4162(2) A, b = 5.1335(3) A, and c = 9.9369(5) A). The GaO4 tetrahedra in BiGaO3 are joined by corners forming infinite (GaO3)3- chains along the a axis. Bi3+ ions in BiGaO3 have 6-fold coordination. Both BiAlO3 and BiGaO3 decompose at ambient pressure on heating above 820 K to give Bi2M4O9 and Bi25MO39 (M = Al and Ga). Vibrational properties of BiAlO3 and BiGaO3 were studied by Raman spectroscopy. In solid solutions of BiAl1-xGaxO3, a C-centered.
Dielectric windows for UHF partial discharge detection

Increasing the permittivity of the propagation medium inside a hollow tube lowers its cut-off frequency, allowing it to transmit a wider range of signal frequencies. This principle is applied to the design of dielectric windows that can be used to facilitate partial discharge (PD) detection at ultra high frequency (UHF) in a HV metalclad plant such as gas-insulated substation (GIS), power transformers and circuit breakers. External UHF couplers mounted on such windows can be removed or replaced without compromising the integrity of the insulation system. By increasing the signal power level incident on a window-mounted external UHF coupler, higher sensitivity to PD can be achieved. The problem is analyzed using waveguide theory and, using GIS as an example, improvements of /spl ap/6 dB are demonstrated by means of coupler sensitivity measurements and experiments using PD sources.
Size‐Dependent Staging and Phase Transition in LiFePO4/FePO4

The LiFePO4/FePO4 phase transition process is remarkable in terms of its excellent reversibility, making this redox system extremely promising for high rate lithium storage. The recent observation of ordering effects (Li0.5FePO4) during the phase transition challenges the traditional two phase models. In this work, the phenomenon of staging for LiFePO4 for different sizes (70 nm and 50 nm) by high resolution aberration corrected annular bright electron microscopy is detected, investigated, and discussed along with previous results on larger crystals. In the small crystals, staging is found throughout with a decrease of order from center to the surface. For the larger crystal, a staging phase occurs constituting the interfacial zone (width around 15 nm) between LiFePO4 and FePO4. A comparison is made to recent experiments on even larger crystals showing such an interphase of smaller extent (around 2 nm). Thus it appears that these zones narrow with increasing size. These findings are discussed in the light of phase transition thermodynamics and kinetics. In particular, the possibility is discussed that the staging interphase may constitute a low energy solution to the LiFePO4/FePO4 contact.
Acetic acid hydrogenation over supported platinum catalysts

Acetic acid was chosen to probe the kinetic behavior of carboxylic acid hydrogenation over platinum supported on TiO2, SiO2, rl-A1203, and Fe203. The reaction was studied in the vapor phase under conditions of 423-573 K, 100-700 Torr hydrogen, and 750 Torr acetic acid in a differential, fixed-bed reactor. Product selectivity was strongly dependent on the oxide supports. Carboncontaining products during hydrogenation at low conversions consisted of about: 50% CO and 50% CH4 over Pt/SiO2; 8% ethanol, 4% ethyl acetate, 10% ethane, 40% CH4, 33% CO, and 5% CO2 over Pt/t/-Al203; 50% ethanol, 30% ethyl acetate, and 20% ethane over Pt/TiO2 reduced at either 473 or 773 K; and about 80% acetaldehyde and 20% ethanol over Pt/Fe203. The TiO2-supported Pt catalysts were the most active, and both their activities and their turnover frequencies were up to two orders of magnitude larger than those for Pt dispersed on SiO2, tj-Al203, or Fe203. The activity dependence on the partial pressures of hydrogen, PHz, and acetic acid, PA, was determined for Pt/TiO2 catalysts at three operating temperatures--422, 445, and 465 K--after reduction at either 473 or 773 K. The apparent reaction order with respect to H2 was found to vary between 0.4 and 0.6, while that with respect to acetic acid was between 0.2 and 0.4. One reaction model that correlated these data well involves a Langmuir-Hinshelwood-type catalytic sequence that incorporates dissociative hydrogen and acetic acid adsorption on one type of site existing on the Pt surface, but only molecular acetic acid adsorption at another type of site on the oxide surface. Only the latter species on the titania surface was considered catalytically significant in the formation of desired products, i.e., acetaldehyde, ethanol, and ethane. The resulting rate expression in terms of acetic acid disappearance has the form
Assignment of the Nε2H and Nδ1H Resonances at the Active-Center Histidine in Chymotrypsin and Subtilisin Complexed to Peptideboronic Acids without Specific 15N Labeling1

A combination of 1H and 15N nuclear magnetic resonance experiments have been carried out to assign the two high-frequency 1H resonances that result from the complexation of subtilisin E and MeoSuc-Ala-Ala-Pro-boroPhe, a potent peptideboronic acid inhibitor of both subtilisins from a variety of sources and chymotrypsin. First, it was demonstrated unequivocally using two auxotrophs of Bacillus subtilis that the proton resonances at 16 and 17 ppm pertain to a histidine residue. Next it was shown by both 1D and 2D methods that the two proton resonances pertain to the same histidine. Finally, in the subtilisin E-peptideboronate complex, all of the imidazole proton and nitrogen resonances pertinent to this His64 were assigned as follows: Ne2 at 183 and Nδ1 at 189 ppm; Ne2H at 16 and Nδ1H at 17.4 ppm; Ce1H at 9.20 and Cδ2H at 7.09 ppm. Using the 1D NOE method demonstrated on the subtilisin−peptideboronate complex, the resonances due to complexation were also assigned in the chymotrypsin−peptideboronate complex.
Convective Heat Transfer Scaling of Ignition Delay and Burning Rate with Heat Flux and Stretch Rate in the Equivalent Low Stretch Apparatus

To better evaluate the buoyant contributions to the convective cooling (or heating) inherent in normal-gravity material flammability test methods, we derive a convective heat transfer correlation that can be used to account for the forced convective stretch effects on the net radiant heat flux for both ignition delay time and burning rate. The Equivalent Low Stretch Apparatus (ELSA) uses an inverted cone heater to minimize buoyant effects while at the same time providing a forced stagnation flow on the sample, which ignites and burns as a ceiling fire. Ignition delay and burning rate data is correlated with incident heat flux and convective heat transfer and compared to results from other test methods and fuel geometries using similarity to determine the equivalent stretch rates and thus convective cooling (or heating) rates for those geometries. With this correlation methodology, buoyant effects inherent in normal gravity material flammability test methods can be estimated, to better apply the test results to low stretch environments relevant to spacecraft material selection.
The ratio of terminal velocity to minimum fluidising velocity for spherical particles

The analogy between the states of a particle falling at its terminal velocity in a fluid and that of a particle in a bed, at incipient fluidization by the same fluid, suggests the possibility of a correlating minimum fluidizing and terminal velocities and of predicting the minimum fluidizing velocity. A semi-theoretical curve has been obtained, relating (Ret/Remf) to Fn = gpF (rHS – rHF) d3/μ2 and it has been compared with new experimental data collected for this purpose in the range 103<Fn<108. Analytical expressions for (Ret/Remf) are proposed.
Clearing of dyed poly(lactic acid) fabrics under acidic and alkaline conditions

This study has been conducted to examine the influence of different clearing treatments, following dyeing using different clearing agents under acidic and alkaline pH conditions, on the colour fastness and colour properties of poly(lactic acid) fabrics dyed with alkali-sensitive and alkali-stable disperse dyes. Wet-fastness properties of poly(lactic acid) fibres dyed with both alkali-sensitive and alkali-stable disperse dyes were improved to the commercially acceptable levels with a clearing treament at 60°C for 15 minutes using the right combination of the chemistry of the dye, clearing agent type and pH condition (pH 5 and pH 10.7) of the applied clearing bath. Overall, successful clearing treatments, judged by high wet fastness results, exhibited approximately similar performances for each dyeing compared to a non-cleared control sample. These clearing treatments led to a very slight decrease in colour yield (f(k)), slightly higher chroma (C*), higher lightness (L*) and therefore brighter appearance without significant shade change. No poly(lactic acid) polymer degradation occurred during clearing whichever clearing agent is used, and whether the conditions are acidic or alkaline.
Studies of the driving force for room-temperature microstructure evolution in electroplated copper films

The fundamental mechanism of room-temperature grain growth during self-annealing in electroplated Cu films has been an issue of great interest. We have investigated the microstructure evolutions in a variety of electroplated Cu films prepared with different plating rates and their correlation with the crystalline defects in the as-deposited films. The recrystallization process in all Cu films is greatly accelerated as the plating current density is increased, while the grains are initially small and about the same in sizes (∼0.1μm) in as-deposited films regardless of the plating current density. Using plan-view transmission electron microscopy imaging, the existence of a high density of dislocation loops is demonstrated successfully in the pre-recrystallization grains of as-deposited Cu films. The density of the dislocation loops is higher for the film deposited at higher plating current density (higher plating rate). These observations lead us to propose that the change of self-annealing rate with the pl.
Detrital Modes of Selected Sandstone Samples from the McCoy Mountains Formation and Correlative Units in Southwestern Arizona

Previous workers have established the general petrological character of the McCoy Mountains Formation and equivalent Jurassic-Cretaceous units in southwestern Arizona and southeastern California by point-counting the detrital modes of 170 sandstones and metasandstones (Robison, 1979; Harding, 1980, 1982; Harding and Coney, 1985; Laubach et aI., 1987; Richard et aI., 1987; Fackler-Adams et aI., 1997). Many of the samples studied, however, are foliated to varying degrees, with neomorphic growth of metamorphic minerals partly obscuring detrital textures and compositions. For this report, a set of control samples was collected from the least deformed and least altered rocks that could be found exposed in mountain ranges of southwestern Arizona.
Syntheses, Li Insertion, and Photoactivity of Mesoporous Crystalline TiO2

Ordered mesoporous rutile and anatase TiO2 samples are prepared using mesoporous silica SBA‐15 as template and freshly synthesized titanium nitrate and titanium chloride solutions as precursors. The rutile material formed from the nitrate solution is monocrystalline and contains minimal amounts of Si with a Si:Ti ratio of 0.031(4), whereas the anatase material formed from the chloride solution comprises nanocrystals and contains a higher content of Si with a Si:Ti ratio of 0.18(3). It is found that control of temperature and selection of Ti‐containing precursor play important roles in determining the crystal phase and crystallinity. A possible formation mechanism of porous crystalline TiO2 is suggested. Characterization of these porous materials is performed by XRD, HRTEM, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption. SBA‐15‐templated mesoporous rutile TiO2 exhibits a higher Li ion insertion capability than KIT‐6‐templated TiO2 due to its larger surface area. Likewise mesoporous anatase TiO2:SiO2 composite has a better photoactivity than bulk TiO2 or TiO2‐loaded SBA‐15 for bleaching methylene blue.
Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of BaFe12O19 Hexaferrite Nanoparticles by a Reverse Microemulsion Technique

BaFe12O19 hexaferrite nanoparticles, containing cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), n-hexanol, and cyclohexane, were synthesized by a reverse microemulsion technique with a combination of (NH4)2CO3 and NH3·H2O as precipitator. Barium ferrite nanoparticles with 30 nm diameter and uniform flaky structure were proved to be single magnetic domains, which have magnetic properties comparable to some of the best ever reported for fine barium ferrite powders by chemical methods. Heat-treatment conditions can significantly influence the formation of pure BaFe12O19 hexaferrite phase, where quenching and nonprecalcination would produce intermediates of α-Fe2O3 and BaFe2O4, as detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analyses, resulting in lower magnetic properties. High magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant K and energy barrier EA calculated from Stoner−Wohlfarth theory may also account for the high coercivity for pure BaFe12O19. The variation of electrical conductivity during .
Hydroponic lettuce production with brackish groundwater and desalination waste in Ibimirim, PE, Brazil

Ibimirim in Pernambuco is a municipal district located in the Brazilian semiarid region and most of its wells produce brackish water. The use of this water has been avoided since it may cause human diseases (such as hypertension and kidney stones) and crop yield reduction (with soil degradation). The objective of this work was to evaluate the utilization of brackish groundwater and the waste from its desalination for hydroponic production of two lettuce varieties (Vera and AF-1743). Six levels of water salinity (CEa: 0.2, 1.2, 2.2, 3.2, 4.2 and 5.2 dS m-1) were analyzed. The waters were used in overall production process (to prepare the nutrient solution and to restore the water consumed). The salinity increase caused a linear reduction in the growth lettuce of plants. The plants exhibited general chlorosis at the beginning of the cycle, but this symptom was not verified at the harvest. The variety 'Vera' had a lower absolute growth and yield than the 'AF-1743'. On the other hand, the percent reduction for both varieties was similar - the shoot fresh matter accumulation was decreased by 17.06 and 15.74% (dS m-1)-1 for 'Vera' and 'AF-1743', respectively.
Dehydroxylation, proton migration, and structural changes in heated talc: An infrared spectroscopic study

Abstract The high-temperature dehydroxylation and structural change of talc, Mg3(Si2O5)2(OH)2, has been investigated in detail using infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The data (in the region of 20.12000 cm-1) on quenched samples show that absorptions from structurally incorporated OH and OD, as well as NH4- like species, have similar temperature dependences in dehydroxylation. The OH species exhibit weak variation in frequency on heating, which is inconsistent with thermally induced weakening of O-H bonds. Dehydroxylation in talc is a complex process that involves proton migrations and formation of new OH species. Additional fundamental OH bands near 3665 and 3745 cm-1 became detectable near 900 °C. On further heating the former disappear near 1200 °C, whereas the latter became undetectable near 1350 °C. The occurrence of CO2 is observed in samples quenched between 600 and 1250 °C. The phonon spectrum (20.1500 cm-1) of the dehydroxylate (obtained by annealing the sample at 1000 °C) gives features significantly different from that of talc, indicating the loss of the original layer structure. The IR data imply that the talc dehydroxylate consists of disordered SiO2 and enstatite (MgSiO3). Although MgSiO3 exists dominantly in the form of orthoenstatite, the characteristic bands of clinoenstatite phase are found to coexist in the samples treated at 1000 °C. The IR data from in situ measurements show that protons become mobile at temperatures below the dehydroxylation and an extra OH species near 3500 cm-1 develops on heating. This new species is not quenchable, and it decreases intensity on cooling and disappears at room temperature. The in situ results also indicate external carbon-related substances can diffuse into talc during dehydroxylation.
Enhancing iron density and uptake in grain and straw of aerobic rice through mulching and rhizo-foliar fertilization of iron

foliar sprays of 2.0% FeSO4 and 3 foliar sprays of 2.0% FeSO4 at maximum tillering, pre-flowering and flowering in sub-plots, replicated thrice in a split plot design. Transplanted rice (Paddy control) was found to be superior for improving Fe concentration and their uptake in grain and straw of rice compared with other treatments. Application of mulch increased Fe concentration and uptake in grain and straw in aerobic rice compared to no mulch aerobic rice treatment. Application of 3 foliar sprays of 2.0% Fe SO4 recorded higher Fe concentration and with significant improvement in uptake in grain as well as in straw of aerobic rice. Fe application increased the Fe concentration 5.4 to 19.9% and 5.8 to 13.3% in grain and straw of aerobic rice. Besides that, methods of rice production increased the Fe concentration 5 to 11% and 4.1 to 6.3% over bare soil (no mulch) in grain and straw, respectively. Transplanted rice produced more yield compared to all aerobic rice treatments. But application of wheat straw/Sesbania mulch recorded significant higher yields compared to no mulch aerobic rice treatment. Application of Fe fertilizer increased the grain and straw yield 4 to 8.2% and 2.7 to 6.7% over control, respectively. Our study showed that, growing of aerobic rice with Sesbania mulch and Fe fertilization produced higher grain and straw yield of aerobic rice with sufficient Fe nutrition.
CAPITAL FLOWS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA: AN ECONOMETRIC APPROACH

On the front burner of developing countries’ economic policy is the pursuit of economic growth and development. This however has been hindered by inadequate resources needed to drive the process of growth and development. One of the key components fronting the movement in support of economic globalization and integration is capital flows considering its complementarity effect in bridging the gap between domestic savings and investment. This study therefore examines the impact of capital flows on economic growth in Nigeria using data covering the period 1981 to 2016 and sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria. The method of error correction model framework and autoregressive distributed lag was adopted in estimating our specified model. Findings from our estimated model reveal that capital flows significantly affect economic growth in Nigeria. The study thus recommends that, sound, robust and vigorous economic policies be formulated with the sole purpose of attracting and drawing capital flows into the country that helps to bridge the needed capital for economic growth and development in Nigeria.
Tratamento de esgotos sanitários em sistemas reatores UASB/wetlands construídas de fluxo horizontal: eficiência e estabilidade de remoção de matéria orgânica, sólidos, nutrientes e coliformes

This work presented the results of a 19-month study on the performance of constructed wetlands in terms of organic matter, solids, nutrients and coliforms removal in pilot scale unities with horizontal, subsurface and surface flow, with hydraulic retention time from 1.3 to 5.3 days, as post-treatment of UASB effluents (domestic wastewater). Organic matter and solids were effectively and consistently removed, with average values of 70, 80 and 60% for TSS, BOD5 and COD, respectively. Nutrients removal, after a promising start up, became unstable and apparently influenced by temperature. The treatment system has also shown high potential to remove coliforms, although with relatively wide variations over the study period: ≈ 2 log10 reduction of total coliforms and 2-4 log10 reduction of Escherichia coli.
Diurnal uptake of nitrate and potassium during the vegetative growth of tomato plants

Abstract Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) of the F1 hybrid variety Turbo were grown in a NFT system for 22 days. On days 16 and 20–22 inclusive of the experiment, the diurnal variation in nitrate (NO3), potassium (K), and water uptake rates were measured. Nitrate and K uptake rates were subject to large diurnal variation with maximum uptake rates occurring during the day period. Two peaks of diurnal uptake rates were identified, one large peak during the day period and a second much smaller one during the first 2–4 hours of the night. Under the conditions of the experiment, night nutrition made up 35 to 40% of the total daily uptake of K and NO3. Water uptake rates followed a diurnal oscillation with a single peak pattern. Highest rates occurred at the middle of the photoperiod and lowest rates were measured at night. Over the entire day and night cycle there was no correlation between the rates of water and nutrient uptake. This may be of importance in the fertilization of hydroponically gro.