Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Controllability, observability and discrete-time markovian jump linear quadratic control

This paper is concerned with the controllability and observability of discrete-time linear systems that possess randomly jumping parameters described by finite-stale Markov processes, and the relationship between these properties and the solution of the infinite time jump linear quadratic (JLQ) optimal control problem. The solution of the markovian JLQ problem with finite or infinite time horizons is known. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of optimal constant control laws that lead to finite optimal expected costs as the time horizon becomes infinite are also known. Sufficient conditions for these steady-state control laws to stabilize the controlled system are also available (Chizeck et al. 1986). These conditions are not easy to test, however. Various definitions of controllability and observability for stochastic systems exist in the literature. These definitions are unfortunately not related to the steady-state JLQ control problem in a manner that is analogous to the role of deter.
How, Why and When Tsallis Statistical Mechanics Provides Precise Descriptions of Natural Phenomena

The limit of validity of ordinary statistical mechanics and the pertinence of Tsallis statistics beyond it is explained considering the most probable evolution of complex systems processes. To this purpose we employ a dissipative Landau–Ginzburg kinetic equation that becomes a generic one-dimensional nonlinear iteration map for discrete time. We focus on the Renormalization Group (RG) fixed-point maps for the three routes to chaos. We show that all fixed-point maps and their trajectories have analytic closed-form expressions, not only (as known) for the intermittency route to chaos but also for the period-doubling and the quasiperiodic routes. These expressions have the form of q-exponentials, while the kinetic equation’s Lyapunov function becomes the Tsallis entropy. That is, all processes described by the evolution of the fixed-point trajectories are accompanied by the monotonic progress of the Tsallis entropy. In all cases the action of the fixed-point map attractor imposes a severe impediment to access the system’s built-in configurations, leaving only a subset of vanishing measure available. Only those attractors that remain chaotic have ineffective configuration set reduction and display ordinary statistical mechanics. Finally, we provide a brief description of complex system research subjects that illustrates the applicability of our approach.
On the Comparison of Observed and GCM Simulated Climate Ensembles

Abstract Within the sampled climate ensemble framework for describing the climate, objective univariate statistical tests are presented which permit a straightforward assessment of the extent to which observed and GCM simulated climates agree or differ with respect to various first- and second-moment measures (i.e., ensemble averages and standard deviations) of the climate. As an example of this approach, the vertically averaged transient beat flux, (? )¯V′T′ is considered as a basic climate element and ensemble averages and standard deviations of this climate element are objectively compared fox. the same number of samples from a global data set assembled by A. Oort of GFDL and from sets of 2.5 and 5° resolution realizations with a GCM developed several years ago at NCAR. It is found that the degree of agreement between observed and simulated climate is highly dependent on the geographical location, the statistical moment used as the climate measure and whether zonally averaged or grid-point values const.
Impacts of Gravity Waves in the Martian Thermosphere: The Mars Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model Coupled With a Whole Atmosphere Gravity Wave Scheme

Gravity waves are a key mechanism that facilitates coupling between the lower and upper atmosphere of Mars. In order to better understand the mean, large‐scale impacts of gravity waves on the thermosphere, a modern whole atmosphere, nonlinear, non‐orographic gravity wave parameterization scheme has been incorporated into a three‐dimensional ground‐to‐exosphere Mars general circulation model, the Mars Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model (M‐GITM). M‐GITM simulations utilizing the gravity wave parameterization indicate that significant gravity wave momentum is deposited in the thermosphere, especially within the altitude range of 90–170 km. This impacts the winds in the thermosphere; in particular, M‐GITM simulations show a decrease in speed of the wind maximum in the summer hemisphere by over a factor of two. Gravity wave effects also impact the temperatures above 120 km in the model, producing a cooler simulated thermosphere at most latitudes. M‐GITM results were also compared to upper atmospheric temperature and wind data sets from the MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) spacecraft. Some aspects of wind data‐model comparisons improved once the gravity wave scheme was added to M‐GITM; furthermore, a cooler temperature profile produced by these new M‐GITM simulations for the MAVEN Deep Dip 2 observational campaign resulted in a closer data‐model comparison, particularly above 180 km. Overall, these modeling results show that gravity waves play an important role for the energy and momentum budget of the Martian thermosphere.
Trade Liberalization Schedules and Members' Development Characteristics: How are They Connected and Why do They Matter to Trade Agreements?

This study examines whether the length of the implementation periods of regional trade agreement (RTA) in relation to trade liberalization schedules and the level of development of member countries affect members' trade. The analysis finds that RTAs formed by partner countries with a similar level of economic development lead to increased trade among members than among North-South RTAs during a shorter transition period of trade and tariff liberalization, regardless of the degree of integration being shallow or deep. The average long-term effects of RTAs formed by developing countries on members' trade diminish 15 years after their implementation. In distinguishing trade direction from developed to developing countries and vice versa, we noted that direction-specific South-North RTAs appear to take less time to see larger increases in Southern exports to the Northern members than direction-specific North-South RTAs do.
ANISOTROPIC EVAPORATION OF FORSTERITE AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR DUST FORMATION CONDITIONS IN CIRCUMSTELLAR ENVIRONMENTS

Crystalline silicates are observed in many protoplanetary disks and some dust shells around evolved stars. The peak positions of infrared (IR) spectra of forsterite, which is the most abundant circumstellar silicate, vary with dust temperature, composition, size, and crystallinity. However, there is another important factor that affects IR spectra, which is the shape with a specific crystallographic orientation called the “crystallographically anisotropic shape. ” We focused on anisotropic evaporation of crystalline forsterite as one of the possible processes that change the crystallographically anisotropic shape of forsterite grains, and carried out evaporation experiments of single crystals of forsterite in hydrogen gas (0.01–10 Pa) and at temperatures of 1150–1660°C. Forsterite evaporated anisotropically in all experimental conditions, and the anisotropy depended on temperature and hydrogen gas pressure. The results enabled us to calculate crystallographically anisotropic shapes of heated forsterite as a function of temperature and hydrogen pressure, and their corresponding IR spectra. Distinctly, different sets of peak positions were seen in IR spectra of grains with different combination of shapes and their orientation reflecting the heating conditions. The results were applied to the IR spectrum of a protoplanetary disk, HD100546, which suggests that forsterite dust particles that experienced evaporation exist with dominant secondarily fragmented forsterite formed by small-body collisions. We propose that detailed IR spectroscopy of forsterite, and probably other anisotropic crystals, is a new tool to estimate temperature and pressure conditions of circumstellar environments where dust formed.
Efficient algorithm to calculate Reed-Muller expansions over GF(4)

A new algorithm to generate the full polarity matrix of fixed polarity Reed-Muller expansions over Galois fields of order 4, GF(4), has been developed. By using directly the truth vector of the original function, a recursive formula is developed to generate the whole polarity matrix. The algorithm uses the properties of the fixed polarity matrix to speed up the calculation and reduce the number of necessary multipliers and adders. The computational complexity of the algorithm is compared with other works. It is shown that, for practical hardware implementations of quaternary functions, the new algorithm is better than all other existing algorithms. The fast flow diagrams for computation of the whole or partial matrix are also presented.
Drug-Related Problems in Pulmonary Hypertension with Valvular Heart Disease

Purpose The occurrence of drug-related problems (DRPs) and their causes specifically among pulmonary hypertension (PH) with valvular heart disease (VHD) has not been evaluated and is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the percentage of occurrence, types, and causes of DRPs among PH with VHD patients. Patients and Methods An observational retrospective study was conducted at Cardiology Centre, Hospital Serdang, from 1st January to 30th April 2021. Data were collected from medication charts, medical progress notes, laboratory and operative charts through electronic Health Information System (eHIS). The types and causes of DRPs were identified and classified based on Pharmaceutical Care Network of Europe’s (PCNE) classification system V9.02. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results All patients (100%) experienced at least one DRP. Total number of DRPs identified was 120 encounters which were associated with 503 causes. The majority of problems were related to treatment effectiveness (59.1%) and treatment safety (33.4%). The causes of DRPs are mainly related to inappropriate monitoring including therapeutic drug monitoring (18.6%), inappropriate combination of drugs, or drugs and dietary/herbal supplement (10.3%), drug dose was too high (8.9%), drug dose was too low (8.2%) and inappropriate timing of administration or dosing intervals (7.7%). Conclusion The percentage of DRP occurrence was high in the studied population. Treatment effectiveness and treatment safety issues were the main DRPs identified with various preventable causes. The findings may be useful to guide the planning of measures to prevent and solve future DRPs in the population.
Left, right, or both? Long-run returns from Bordeaux

Abstract As the market for fine-wine investing matures, basic questions of portfolio strategy remain unexplored. I evaluate how adding fine wine from the superstar châteaux of Bordeaux's Right Bank might complement the traditional focus on the five first-growths of Bordeaux's Left Bank. Fundamentals for the Right Bank's superstars are attractive: they produce roughly an order of magnitude less, face different production conditions, and receive equally impressive critical reviews. However, they receive far less attention than their Left Bank counterparts. To examine returns over the long run, I hand-collected 10,885 prices for eight wines from an archive of 391 Sherry-Lehmann catalogs, a New York City retailer, which began at the end of Prohibition. Using these historical price records, I compare the real returns from investing in the five Premier Cru to a portfolio that adds three superstar châteaux from the Right Bank: Ausone, Cheval Blanc, and Petrus. I find the geometric-average annual return was 6.78% in real terms from 1938 to 2017 for the joint portfolio, less than 0.01% different, but with better risk-reward as measured by the Sharpe ratio. Additionally, I find the life cycle of aging is substantially different across the two Banks, which could provide further diversification benefits for the strategic investor.
EFFECTIVENESS OF LEADERSHIP STYLES AND SCHOOL CULTURE AT THE SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL IN PAKISTAN

Leadership in schools is a flexible and ever-changing concept. School headteachers' leadership styles are complicated, and they play a significant role in shaping a school's culture. The current study explores the school's effectiveness concerning headteachers' leadership style and school culture. It had three research objectives; 1) to compare headteachers' and secondary school teachers' perceptions regarding the indicators of school cultures, 2) to investigate the difference between secondary school teachers' perceptions regarding the indicators of school effectiveness, and 3) to find the relationship between headteachers' leadership styles and school culture. The nature of the current investigation was quantitative, and the researchers opted descriptive survey research design. The study sample comprised 1014 respondents consisting of headteachers (342) and secondary school teachers (672) from two districts of Punjab. The data were collected by using two different questionnaires, and it was analysed using inferential statistics. The investigation showed that school leaders had a somewhat better understanding of the characteristics of school culture than teachers in secondary schools. Principals gave indicators of school culture greater weight and attention than the relevant teachers. A significant relationship was found between headteachers' leadership styles (democratic and authoritative) and the school culture. The current paper suggests school leaders deploy the democratic and authoritative styles in the students' best interest to develop a student's centerd school culture. Furthermore, secondary school teachers had a less established awareness of school culture and effectiveness than school leaders. Therefore, the research recommends expanding teacher education to raise educators' understanding of school culture and effectivenss issues. Keywords: Leadership styles, school culture, school effectiveness, democratic styles, authoritative style
The Policy Blame Game: How Polarization Distorts Democratic Accountability across the Local, State, and Federal Level

Abstract Democratic accountability relies on voters to punish their representatives for policies they dislike. Yet, a separation-of-powers system can make it hard to know who is to blame, and partisan biases further distort voters’ evaluations. During the COVID-19 pandemic, precautionary policies were put into place sometimes by governors, sometimes by mayors, and sometimes by no one at all, allowing us to identify when voters hold out-party versus in-party politicians responsible for policies. With a survey spanning 48 states, we test our theory that attitudes toward policies and parties intersect to determine when selective attribution takes place. We find that as individuals increasingly oppose a policy, they are more likely to blame whichever level of government is led by the out-party. This is most pronounced among partisans with strong in-party biases. We provide important insight into the mechanisms that drive selective attribution and the conditions under which democratic accountability is at risk.
Congenital Lung Malformations: Clinical and Functional Respiratory Outcomes after Surgery

Congenital lung malformations (CLMs) involve anomalies of the lungs and respiratory tree such as congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM), pulmonary sequestration (PS), bronchogenic cysts, congenital lobar emphysema, and bronchial atresia (BA). Although symptomatic lesions require surgical resection, the appropriateness of surgery for patients with asymptomatic malformations is a matter of ongoing debate. Limited data are available concerning the long-term follow-up of affected subjects. In this study, we sought to evaluate the long-term clinical and functional respiratory outcomes in children with CLMs who underwent surgical resection. We carried out a retrospective analysis of 77 children with CLMs who underwent pulmonary resection with at least one year of follow-up. The most common diagnoses were CPAM (50.65%), hybrid lesions (25.97%), lobar emphysema (11.69%), and PS (5.19%). The most common surgical approaches were lobectomy (61.3%), segmentectomy (10.7%), and pneumonectomy (5.3%). Acute post-surgery complications occurred in 31.2% of children. In addition, 73.7% experienced long-term complications, and we found no correlation between the presence of these complications and the sex of the patients, their age at time of surgery, the type of surgery undergone, the presence of symptoms prior to intervention, or acute complications after surgery. Pulmonary function tests revealed FEV1 Z-scores of <−2 SDs in 16 patients, and we found a significant correlation between pneumonectomy and the development of lung function deficit (p = 0.031). In conclusion, clinical and functional respiratory complications may occur in children with CLMs who undergo surgical resection. Long-term monitoring is needed to improve the management of asymptomatic patients.
Jovian electrons at 1 AU: 1978-1984

Data on Jovian electrons sensed with a spectrometer on board the ISEE spacecraft at 1 AU are studied in terms of intensity variations over time and shape and variations of the electron spectra with time. Design and performance features of the electron spectrometer are described. The analyses cover solar cycle modulation of intensity, the synodic intensity modulation, micromodulation over a period of days, and adiabatic deceleration of electrons propagating in the expanding solar wind. Emphasis is placed on the effects of maximum solar activity on Jovian electron emission and propagation, noting a confirmed 13 mos intensity variation in the Jovian electrons.
Precipitation Properties Observed during Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change

AbstractUsing a 15-yr (1998–2012) multiplatform dataset of passive microwave satellite data [tropical cyclone–passive microwave (TC-PMW)] for Atlantic and east Pacific storms, this study examines the relative importance of various precipitation properties, specifically convective intensity, symmetry, and area, to the spectrum of intensity changes observed in tropical cyclones. Analyses are presented not only spatially in shear-relative quadrants around the center, but also every 6 h during a 42-h period encompassing 18 h prior to onset of intensification to 24 h after. Compared to those with slower intensification rates, storms with higher intensification rates (including rapid intensification) have more symmetric distributions of precipitation prior to onset of intensification, as well as a greater overall areal coverage of precipitation. The rate of symmetrization prior to, and during, intensification increases with increasing intensity change as rapidly intensifying storms are more symmetric than slowl.
Characterization of low frequency oscillations at substorm breakup

Field and particle data recorded on the geostationary satellite GEOS 2 are used to investigate the electric and magnetic signatures of a substorm characterized by a dispersionless injection of energetic electrons and ions. Three types of field variations are observed: (1) Long-period oscillations with period of ∼ 300 s, interpreted as oscillations of entire field lines. These oscillations develop as second harmonic standing waves and correspond to coupled shear Alfven-slow magnetosonic modes. They grow after the most active period of the breakup. (2) Short-period transient oscillations with periods of ∼ 45–65 s, interpreted as wave modes trapped in a current layer which develops prior to the substorm breakup and is disrupted at breakup. These oscillations also correspond to a coupled shear Alfven-slow magnetosonic mode (coupled via magnetic field curvature effects in a high-β plasma). The short-period transient oscillations are only observed during the most active period of the breakup. (3) A nonoscillatory sharp increase observed on both the parallel magnetic component and the energetic ion flux, averaged over one satellite rotation, interpreted as evidence for the fast magnetosonic mode which in view of the simultaneous large impulsive increase in the azimuthal electric field, appears to propagate radially outwards, transporting the substorm breakup downtail.
Generalized expressions for secondary vorticity using intrinsic co-ordinates

Equations for the development of streamwise (or secondary) vorticity, for stationary and rotating systems, are derived directly from the vector equation for vorticity, using intrinsic co-ordinates. This approach places emphasis on the coupled equations for the vorticity components parallel and normal to the streamline. The equations derived are more general than those hitherto available, being valid for compressible, stratified and viscous flow. Some interpretation is given of the physical mechanism causing secondary flow.
POES satellite observations of EMIC‐wave driven relativistic electron precipitation during 1998–2010

Using six Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES) satellites that have carried the Space Environment Module‐2 instrument package, a total of 436,422 individual half‐orbits between 1998 and 2010 were inspected by an automatic detection algorithm searching for electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) driven relativistic electron precipitation (REP). The algorithm searched for one of the key characteristics of EMIC‐driven REP, identified as the simultaneity between spikes in the P1 (52 keV differential proton flux channel) and P6 (>800 keV electron channel). In all, 2331 proton precipitation associated REP (PPAREP) events were identified. The majority of events were observed at L‐values within the outer radiation belt (3 < L < 7) and were more common in the dusk and night sectors as determined by magnetic local time. The majority of events occurred outside the plasmasphere, at L‐values ~1 Re greater than the plasmapause location determined from two different statistical models. The events make up a subset of EMIC‐driven proton spikes investigated by Sandanger et al. (2009), and potentially reflect different overall characteristics compared with proton spikes, particularly when comparing their location to that of the plasmapause, i.e., EMIC‐driven proton precipitation inside the plasmapause, and potentially EMIC‐driven REP outside the plasmapause. There was no clear relationship between the location of plasmaspheric plumes and the locations of the PPAREP events detected. Analysis of the PPAREP event occurrence indicates that high solar wind speed and high geomagnetic activity levels increase the likelihood of an event being detected. The peak PPAREP event occurrence was during the declining phase of solar cycle 23, consistent with the 2003 maximum in the geomagnetic activity index, Ap.
Modification of the householder method based on the compact WY representation

This paper presents a modification of the block Householder method based on the compact WY representation [R. Schreiber and C. Van Loan, SIAM J. Sci. Statist. Comput. , 10 (1989), pp. 52–57]. It is modified in order to introduce more matrix–matrix operations.
A mixed method for the mixed initial boundary value problems of equations of semiconductor devices

In this article, the approximation of nonstationary equations of the semiconductor device with mixed boundary conditions is considered. The approximate procedure of this system using a Galerkin method that makes use of a mixed finite element method for the potential equation combined with a finite element method for the concentration equations is presented. Due to the poor regularity properties of the solutions to the semiconductor equations caused by mixed boundary conditions, a nonstandard analysis for the semidiscrete Galerkin procedure is used. Existence and uniqueness of the approximate solution is proved. A convergence analysis is also given for the method.