Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Young and the Wild: What Happens to Protoclusters Forming at Redshift z ≈ 4?

Using one of the largest volumes of the hydrodynamical cosmological simulation suit Magneticum, we study the evolution of protoclusters identified at redshift ≈ 4, with properties similar to the well-observed protocluster SPT2349-56. We identify 42 protoclusters in the simulation as massive and equally rich in substructures as observed, confirming that these observed structures can already be virialized. The dynamics of the internally fast-rotating member galaxies within these protoclusters resemble observations, merging rapidly to form the cores of the brightest cluster galaxies of the assembling clusters. Half of the gas reservoir of these structures is in a hot phase, with the metal enrichment at a very early stage. These systems show a good agreement with the observed amount of cold star-forming gas, largely enriched to solar values. We predict that some of the member galaxies are already quenched at z ≈ 4, rendering them undetectable through measurements of their gas reservoirs. Tracing the evolution of protoclusters reveals that none of the typical mass indicators at high redshift are good tracers to predict the present-day mass of the system. We find that none of the simulated protoclusters at z = 4.3 are among the top ten most massive clusters at redshift z = 0.2, with some barely reaching masses of M ≈ 2 × 1014 M ⊙. Although the average star formation and mass growth rates in the simulated galaxies match observations at high redshift reasonably well, the simulation fails to reproduce the extremely high total star formation rates within the observed protoclusters, indicating that the subgrid models are lacking the ability to reproduce a higher star formation efficiency (or lower depletion timescales).
AlexaTM 20B: Few-Shot Learning Using a Large-Scale Multilingual Seq2Seq Model

In this work, we demonstrate that multilingual large-scale sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models, pre-trained on a mixture of denoising and Causal Language Modeling (CLM) tasks, are more efficient few-shot learners than decoder-only models on various tasks. In particular, we train a 20 billion parameter multilingual seq2seq model called Alexa Teacher Model (AlexaTM 20B) and show that it achieves state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance on 1-shot summarization tasks, outperforming a much larger 540B PaLM decoder model. AlexaTM 20B also achieves SOTA in 1-shot machine translation, especially for low-resource languages, across almost all language pairs supported by the model (Arabic, English, French, German, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Marathi, Portuguese, Spanish, Tamil, and Telugu) on Flores-101 dataset. We also show in zero-shot setting, AlexaTM 20B outperforms GPT3 (175B) on SuperGLUE and SQuADv2 datasets and provides SOTA performance on multilingual tasks such as XNLI, XCOPA, Paws-X, and XWinograd. Overall, our results present a compelling case for seq2seq models as a powerful alternative to decoder-only models for Large-scale Language Model (LLM) training.
Contribution to the Special Issue: 'Commemorating 100 years since Hjort's 1914 treatise on fluctuations in the great fisheries of northern Europe' Quo Vadimus Modelling and forecasting stock - recruitment: current and future perspectives

This paper presents a brief review of the present state of knowledge in stock–recruitment forecasting, including process and current methodological challenges to predicting stock–recruitment. The discussion covers the apparent inability of models to accurately forecast recruitment even when environmental covariates are included as explanatory variables. The review shows that despite the incremental success in the past hundred years, substantial challenges remain if the process of modelling and forecasting stock–recruitment is to become relevant to fisheries science and management in the next 100 years.
A STUDY ABOUT INCIDENCE OF DYSLIPIDAEMIA IN COMPARISON WITH PATIENTS ON ART AND NOT ON ART

This study conducted ABSTRACT Introduction: The extensive use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) which is highly effective in HIV patients has ended up with an high incidence of complications like HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome and the metabolic alterations, particularly lipid and glucose metabolism. Evidences in support of dyslipidaemia associated with First- line HAART in our geographical location is very minimal. The aim of the present study was to study and compare Lipid profile in HIV positive patients on ART with that of newly diagnosed HIV positive patients who were yet to be started on ART. Materials and Methods: Hundred newly diagnosed HIV positive patients who were yet to be started on ART were taken as controls. Similarly hundred randomly selected HIV+ patients who were already on ART regimen for more than 12 months were taken as cases. This study was conducted for a period of 12 months at the Government Dharmapuri Medical College, Dharmapuri. Results: There was a significant increase (p<0.001) in serum Total Cholesterol, LDL-C, TG, VLDL, Non-HDL -C & TC/HDL-C ratio in ART patients compared to ART-naïve patients. ART has an effect on lipid parameters in HIV patients. Conclusion: It is clear from our study that there is increase in lipid profilemin ART patients compared to ART Naïve group. Hence it appears reasonable to measure fasting lipid levels before and 3-6 months after antiretroviral therapy is initiated or when ART regimen is changed so that treatment for dyslipidemia may initiated at the earliest.
Elevated seawater pCO2 differentially affects branchial acid-base transporters

Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven 27568, Germany 11 12 *To whom correspondence should be addressed: 13 e-Mail: mhu@ifm-geomar.de 14 tel: +49 (0)431-600 4275 15 fax: +49 (0)431-600 4446 16 17
Embedded current sheets in the Earth’s magnetotail

[1] In this investigation we introduce and discuss quantitative parameters of a thin current sheet embedded in the background plasma sheet. We use Cluster statistics and empirical models, as well as self-consistent simulations, to understand the formation and development of embedded current sheets, in particular in the course of substorms. Data and theory show that the embedded sheet thickness is of the order of a proton larmor radius, a constraint equivalent to magnetic flux conservation. The embedded sheet can be essentially described by two dimensionless parameters B0/Bext and F0/Fext. B0 is the magnetic field at the embedded sheet boundary, Bext is the field at the boundary of the background plasma sheet, and F0 and Fext are magnetic flux values. During the growth phase current density in embedded sheet and B0 increase, while thickness decreases. Sheets with the most intense currents (large B0) are observed after onset. The self-consistent anisotropic sheet model, including both electron and proton currents and combined with the Harris-type background shows that when the proton-scale embedded sheet becomes sufficiently thin, an electron-scale current sheet can appear inside it due to enhanced electron curvature drift.
La correspondance de McKay

Let M be a quasiprojective algebraic manifold with K_M=0 and G a finite automorphism group of M acting trivially on the canonical class K_M; for example, a subgroup G of SL(n,C) acting on C^n in the obvious way. We aim to study the quotient variety X=M/G and its resolutions Y -> X (especially under the assumption that Y has K_Y=0) in terms of G-equivariant geometry of M. At present we know 4 or 5 quite different methods of doing this, taken from string theory, algebraic geometry, motives, moduli, derived categories, etc. For G in SL(n,C) with n=2 or 3, we obtain several methods of cobbling together a basis of the homology of Y consisting of algebraic cycles in one-to-one correspondence with the conjugacy classes or the irreducible representations of G.
E FFECTS OF T OPIC AND F OCUS ON S ALIENCE *

This paper investigates what factors make a particular referent a good antecedent for subsequent pronominal reference. In particular, it explores two seemingly conflicting claims in the literature regarding the effects of topicality and focusing on referent salience. In light of new experimental results combined with a review of existing work, I conclude that neither topicality nor focusing alone can explain referent salience as indicated by patterns of pronoun reference. Rather, the data provide support for a multiple-factor model of salience (e.g. Arnold 1999). More specifically, the results show that grammatical role has a striking effect: being a subject makes a referent more salient than either pronominalization/givenness or focusing alone. Furthermore, the results of the experiment suggest that the likelihood of subsequent pronominal reference is also influenced by structural focusing and pronominalization, but not as strongly as by subjecthood. I argue that these data are best captured by a multiple-factor model in which factors differ in how influential they are relative to one another, i.e. how heavily weighted they are. A single-factor system does not seem adequate for these data.
Effects of soy-protein supplementation on epithelial proliferation in the histologically normal human breast 1–3

A high dietary intake of soy products (eg, as in Japan and Singapore) has been associated with a reduction in the incidence of breast cancer in premenopausal women. Phytoestrogens present in soybeans inhibit human breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro and breast cancer development in animal models, but no data exist on the effects of phytoestrogens on histologically normal human breasts. This study examines the effects of dietary soy supplementation on the proliferation rate of premenopausal, histologically normal breast epithelium and the expression of progesterone receptor. Women ( n = 48) with benign or malignant breast disease were randomly assigned to receive their normal diet either alone or with a 60-g soy supplement (containing 45 mg isoflavones) taken daily for 14 d. Biopsy samples of normal breasts were labeled with [ 3 H]thymidine to detect the number of cells in S phase and were immunocytochemically stained for the proliferation antigen Ki67. The phytoestrogens genistein, daidzein, equol, enterolactone, and enterodiol were measured in serum samples obtained before and after supplementation. Serum concentrations of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein increased in the soy group at 14 d. Results showed a strong correlation between Ki67 and the thymidine labeling index ( r = 0.868, P £ 0.001). The proliferation rate of breast lobular epithelium significantly increased after 14 d of soy supplementation when both the day of menstrual cycle and the age of patient were accounted for. Progesterone receptor expression increased significantly in the soy group. Short-term dietary soy stimulates breast proliferation; further studies are required to determine whether this is due to estrogen agonist activity and to examine the long-term effects of soy supplementation on the pituitary gland and breast.
Human Immunodeﬁciency Virus-Restricted Replication in Astrocytes and the Ability of Gamma Interferon To Modulate This Restriction Are Regulated by a Downstream Effector of the Wnt Signaling Pathway (cid:1)

Astrocyte dysregulation correlates with the severity and the rate of human immunodeﬁciency virus (HIV)- associated dementia (HAD) progression, highlighting a pivotal role for astrocytes in HIV neuropathogenesis. Yet, astrocytes limit HIV, indicating that they posses an intrinsic molecular mechanism to restrict HIV replication. We previously established that this restriction can be partly overcome by priming astrocytes with gamma interferon (IFN- (cid:1) ), which is elevated in the cerebral spinal ﬂuid of HAD patients. We evaluated the mechanism of restrictive HIV replication in astrocytes and how IFN- (cid:1) priming modulates this restriction. We demonstrate that the downstream effector of Wnt signaling, T-cell factor 4 (TCF-4), is part of a transcriptional complex that is immunopre- cipitated with HIV TAR-containing region in untreated astrocytes but not in IFN- (cid:1) -treated cells. Blocking TCF-4 activity with a dominant-negative mutant enhanced HIV replication by threefold in both the astrocytoma cell line U87MG and primary fetal astrocytes. Using a TCF-4 reporter plasmid, we directly demonstrate that Wnt signaling is active in human astrocytes and is markedly reduced by IFN- (cid:1) treatment. Collectively, these data implicate TCF-4 in repressing HIV replication and the ability of IFN- (cid:1) to regulate this restriction by inhibiting TCF-4. Given that TCF-4 is the downstream effector of Wnt signaling, harnessing Wnt signaling as an intrinsic molecular mechanism to limit HIV replication may emerge as a powerful tool to regulate HIV replication within and outside of the brain.
Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions to Older Patients in Emergency Departments in South Korea: A Retrospective Study

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of the administration of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) and the potential drug–drug interactions (pDDIs) in older patients in emergency departments (EDs) over a 12-month period and to identify the factors associated with the administration of PIMs. Patients and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted using the electronic medical records from two university-affiliated teaching hospitals in South Korea. ED visit cases of patients aged 65 and older from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2013, were included in the analysis. Among the medications administered in ED, PIMs or pDDIs were identified using a drug utilization review program available in Korea. Results: During the study period, a total of 13,002 ED visit cases were reported from 10,686 patients. The proportion of ED visit cases with any PIM was 79.2% and the average number of PIMs was 2.7 (range, 1–17). The most commonly administered PIMs that were contraindicated or should have been used with caution were ketorolac (41.3%) and metoclopramide (10.3%), respectively. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that female patients (p = 0.012), patients with more than six drugs in the ED (p < 0.001), and visits longer than 300 minutes (p = 0.026) were significantly associated with PIM administration in the ED. Potential DDIs between the medications administered in EDs were observed in 20.5% of total visit cases, with ketorolac being the most frequently reported drug in contraindicated drug combinations. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a high incidence of the administration of PIMs and medications with pDDIs in older patients in EDs and revealed the characteristics that are significantly associated with an increased risk of PIM administration. Healthcare providers in EDs should consider the risk of administering PIMs or medications with pDDIs, especially when treating older patients.
Is Independent of NLRC4 and Caspase-1 and Mediated by Neutrophil Serine Proteases Infection Is Pseudomonas aeruginosa Processing during b Cutting Edge: IL-1

To examine the role of caspase-1 and the NLRC4 inﬂammasome during bacterial infection, C57BL/6, IL-1 b 2 / 2 , caspase-1 2 / 2 , and NLRC4 2 / 2 mouse corneas were infected with ExoS/T- or ExoU-expressing Pseudomonas aeruginosa . We found that IL-1 b was essential for neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance and was produced by myeloid cells rather than resident cells. In addition, neutrophils were found to be the primary source of mature IL-1 b during infection, and there was no signiﬁcant difference in IL-1 b processing between C57BL/6 and cas-pase-1 2 / 2 or NLRC4 2 / 2 infected corneas. IL-1 b cleavage by human and mouse neutrophils was blocked by serine protease inhibitors and was impaired in infected neutrophil elastase (NE) 2 / 2 corneas. NE 2 / 2 mice also had an impaired ability to clear the infection. Together, these results demonstrate that during P. aeruginosa infection, neutrophils are the primary source of mature IL-1 b and that IL-1 b processing is dependent on serine proteases and not NLRC4 or caspase-1. The Journal of Immunology , 2012, 189: 000–000.
PORTFOLIO EQUITY FLOWS AND VOLATILITY OF STOCK RETURNS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

This paper investigated the relationship between foreign portfolio equity flows and the volatility of stock market returns in a sample of twenty-nine developing countries. The study finds no systematic relationship between volatility of returns and foreign portfolio equity investments. This means that foreign portfolio investment does not contribute significantly to volatility of returns in emerging markets. The results were not sensitive to geopolitical regions. Thus, policy measures that attempt to reduce capital account volatility by administratively limiting short-term inflows is unlikely to be effective because there is little evidence that these flows really are volatile. Our results reinforces previous study by Claessens et al. (1995). Consequently the fear that stock markets integration will lead to volatile domestic markets may be unfounded on empirical grounds.
MiR-133a-3p inhibits scar formation in scalded mice and suppresses the proliferation and migration of scar derived-fibroblasts by targeting CTGF

Excessive scar formation post burn injury can cause great pain to the patients. MiR-133a-3p has been demonstrated to be anti-fibrotic in some fibrosis-related diseases. However, its possible role in scar formation has not been elucidated yet. In present study, the effect of miR-133a-3p on scar formation was investigated in a 27 scalded model of mice. Moreover, the function of miR-133a-3p on proliferation and 28 migration of scar-derived fibroblasts (SFs) was studied in vitro . It was found that 29 miR-133a-3p was dramatically downregulated in scar tissue of scalded mice. 30 Upregulation of miR-133a-3p by miR-133a-3p agomir obviously inhibited the scar 31 formation in scalded mice. Histological staining showed that upregulation of 32 miR-133a-3p attenuated the excessive deposition of collagen in scar tissue of scalded 33 mice. In vitro study showed that upregulation of miR-133a-3p effectively suppressed 34 the proliferation and migration of SFs. Besides, upregulation of miR-133a-3p 35 attenuated the protein levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I, indicating that miR-133a-3p could suppress the activation of SFs. The expression of 37 connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a critical mediator in cell proliferation, 38 migration and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis, was also downregulated by the 39 upregulation of miR-133a-3p. Luciferase reporter assay validated that CTGF was 40 directly targeted by miR-133a-3p. In addition, overexpression of CTGF abolished the 41 effect of miR-133a-3p on inhibiting the proliferation, migration and activation of SFs, 42 indicating that miR-133a-3p functioned by targeting CTGF. Therefore, miR-133a-3p might be a promising target for treating pathological scars.
Intrinsic knotting and linking of almost complete graphs

We introduce new sufficient conditions for intrinsic knotting and linking. A graph on n vertices with at least 4n-9 edges is intrinsically linked. A graph on n vertices with at least 5n-14 edges is intrinsically knotted. We also classify graphs that are 0, 1, or 2 edges short of being complete partite graphs with respect to intrinsic linking and intrinsic knotting. In addition, we classify intrinsic knotting of graphs on 8 vertices.
A Pleistocene legacy structures variation in modern seagrass ecosystems

Significance Sustaining biodiversity and ecosystems in the long term depends on their adjustment to a rapidly changing climate. By characterizing the structure of the marine plant eelgrass and associated communities at 50 sites across its broad range, we found that eelgrass growth form and biomass retain a legacy of Pleistocene range shifts and genetic bottlenecks that in turn affect the biomass of algae and invertebrates that fuel coastal food webs. The ecosystem-level effects of this ancient evolutionary legacy are comparable to or stronger than effects of current environmental forcing, suggesting that this economically important ecosystem may be unable to keep pace with rapid global change.
Methodologies Used to Study the Feasibility, Usability, Efficacy, and Effectiveness of Social Robots For Elderly Adults: Scoping Review

Background New research fields to design social robots for older people are emerging. By providing support with communication and social interaction, these robots aim to increase quality of life. Because of the decline in functioning due to cognitive impairment in older people, social robots are regarded as promising, especially for people with dementia. Although study outcomes are hopeful, the quality of studies on the effectiveness of social robots for the elderly is still low due to many methodological limitations. Objective We aimed to review the methodologies used thus far in studies evaluating the feasibility, usability, efficacy, and effectiveness of social robots in clinical and social settings for elderly people, including persons with dementia. Methods Dedicated search strings were developed. Searches in MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, PsycInfo, and CINAHL were performed on August 13, 2020. Results In the 33 included papers, 23 different social robots were investigated for their feasibility, usability, efficacy, and effectiveness. A total of 8 (24.2%) studies included elderly persons in the community, 9 (27.3%) included long-term care facility residents, and 16 (48.5%) included people with dementia. Most of the studies had a single aim, of which 7 (21.2%) focused on efficacy and 7 (21.2%) focused on effectiveness. Moreover, forms of randomized controlled trials were the most applied designs. Feasibility and usability were often studied together in mixed methods or experimental designs and were most often studied in individual interventions. Feasibility was often assessed with the Unified Theory of the Acceptance and Use of Technology model. Efficacy and effectiveness studies used a range of psychosocial and cognitive outcome measures. However, the included studies failed to find significant improvements in quality of life, depression, and cognition. Conclusions This study identified several shortcomings in methodologies used to evaluate social robots, resulting in ambivalent study findings. To improve the quality of these types of studies, efficacy/effectiveness studies will benefit from appropriate randomized controlled trial designs with large sample sizes and individual intervention sessions. Experimental designs might work best for feasibility and usability studies. For each of the 3 goals (efficacy/effectiveness, feasibility, and usability) we also recommend a mixed method of data collection. Multiple interaction sessions running for at least 1 month might aid researchers in drawing significant results and prove the real long-term impact of social robots.
Phylogeographic analysis of the Bantu language expansion supports a rainforest route

Significance Southern Africa has been shaped by the large-scale expansion of Bantu populations fueled by agriculture: Currently, 240 million people speak one of the more than 500 Bantu languages. However, the timing and geographic routes undergone by the Bantu populations remain largely unknown. We use cutting-edge phylogeographic techniques to show that Bantu populations migrated through the Central African tropical rainforest around 4,400 y ago. This adds to the growing evidence that agricultural expansions can successfully overcome ecological challenges as they unfold.