Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global QBO in circulation and ozone. Part 2: A simple mechanistic model

Abstract Although the phenomenon of equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation is relatively well understood, the problem of how the equatorially confined QBO wave forcing can induce a signal in the extratroics of comparable or larger magnitude remains unsolved. A simple mechanistic model is constructed to provide a quantitative test of the hypothesis that the phenomenon of extratropical QBO is mainly caused by an anomalous seasonal circulation induced by an anomalous Eliassen-Palm flux divergence. The anomaly in E–P flux divergence may be caused in turn by the relative poleward and downward shift of the region of irreversible mixing (breaking) of the extratropical planetary waves during the easterly phase of the equatorial QBO as compared to its westerly phase. The hemispheric nature of the anomaly wave forcing in solstice seasons (viz., no wave breaking in the summer hemisphere) induces a global circulation anomaly that projects predominantly into the first few zonal Hough modes of Plumb. Such a global QBO c.
Comparison of direct numerical simulations and particle-image velocimetry data of turbulent channel flow rotating about the streamwise axis

The influence of rotation about the streamwise axis on a turbulent channel flow is discussed by analyzing and comparing numerical and experimental data. The numerical study uses direct numerical simulations (DNS), while the experiments were based on particle-image velocimetry (PIV). The flow properties in the numerical and experimental analyses were maintained as similar as possible. For comparability with data from the literature the nonrotating channel flow at a Reynolds number Reτ=180 serves as a reference problem. Depending on the rotation rate of the channel the development of a secondary flow perpendicular to the main flow has been found in both investigations. The rotation primarily influences those components of the Reynolds shear stresses, which contain the spanwise velocity component. The size of the correlation areas and thus the length scales of the flow increase in all three coordinate directions, leading to longer structures. The increased momentum exchange can be deducted from the behavior .
Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach

The past decade has seen an explosion of knowledge about adolescent brain development and the neurobiological underpinnings of adolescent behavior. Much has also been learned about adolescents’ pathways to delinquency, the effectiveness of treatment programs, and the long-term effects of confinement. These findings have raised doubts about the wisdom and effectiveness of the country’s current juvenile justice system and laws passed in the 1990s that criminalized many juvenile offenses and led more youths to be tried as adults.
THE HOT WHITE DWARF COMPANIONS OF HR 1608, HR 8210, AND HD 15638

We have obtained low-dispersion IUE spectra of the late-type stars HD 15638 (F3 V), HR 1608 (=63 Eri, K0 IV), and HR 8210 (A8m). Each of these stars had been detected as a strong EUV source with the Wide Field Camera (WFC) aboard the ROSAT satellite. The short-wavelength IUE spectrum of each star reveals the presence of a hot white dwarf companion. We have fit the Ly-alpha profile and ultraviolet continuum of each white dwarf using pure hydrogen models. The excellent fit of the data to the models provides confirmation of the Finley and Koester absolute calibration of the SWP camera of IUE. The ultraviolet data alone are insufficient to constrain the model gravity, but an additional constraint is provided by the photometric distance to the late-type primary. We derive Teff = 50,000 K, log g = 8.15 for the white dwarf companion to HD 15638, Teff = 26,000 ± 1500 K, log g = 7.5 ± 0.5 for the companion to HR 1608, and Teff = 35,500 ± 1500 K and log g = 9.0 for the companion to HR 8210. The most interesting of the three white dwarfs is the companion to HR 8210 for which our results imply a mass of 1.15 M. This result is in good agreement with the lower limit on the mass derived from the spectroscopic orbit (M > 1.1 solar mass), provided that the inclination is close to 90 degrees. HR 8210 thus shows similarities to the Sirius system, although with a cooler primary (7700 K vs. 10,000 K), a hotter white dwarf (35,500 K vs. 25,000 K), and a 100 times smaller component separation (3 x 107 km vs. 3 x 109 km). We discuss the importance of future observations of HR 8210 for the study of high mass white dwarfs, and for scenarios of binary star evolution.
Cool regions in relativistic plasmas: Thermal instabilities

The thermal stability of a plasma consisting of dynamically dominant relativistic electrons and a warm inertial gas is studied. Bremsstrahlung, Coulomb, synchrotron, and inverse Compton losses are considered; it is found that plasmas in which the cooling is dominated by either of the first two processes are generally unstable, while synchrotron losses may or may not cause instability and inverse Compton losses are stabilizing. Characteristic growth times and unstable scales are determined from linear analysis. Applications of this instability to quasar atmospheres and to extended radio galaxies are discussed briefly.
Strong solutions to the Stokes equations of a flow around a rotating body in weighted Lq spaces

We consider the motion of a fluid in the exterior of a rotating obstacle. This leads to a modified version of the Stokes system which we consider in the whole space \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb,dsfont}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}${\mathds R}^n$\end{document}, n = 2 or n = 3 and in an exterior domain \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb,dsfont}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$D\subset {\mathds R}^3$\end{document}. For every q ∈ (1, ∞) we prove existence of solutions and estimates in function spaces with weights taken from a subclass of the Muckenhoupt class Aq. Moreover, uniqueness is shown modulo a vector space of dimension 3. © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Maximizing Lyapunov Exponents in a Chaotic Oscillator by Applying Differential Evolution

Abstract This paper shows the application of the heuristic Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm to maximize the positive Lyapunov exponent in a third-order multi-scroll chaotic oscillator. The case of study is the saturated nonlinear function series-based chaotic oscillator. The positive Lyapunov exponent is computed for a 4-scrolls chaotic oscillator by varying the coefficients of the dynamical system (a, b, c, d1), in the range [0.001. 1.000]. The experiments are performed and compared executing DE and a simple Genetic algorithm. The results show that DE algorithm is quite suitable to maximize the positive Lyapunov exponent of truncated coefficients over the continuous parameter spaces, because statistical studies show a small standard deviation. The comparison of the phase space diagrams of non-optimized and optimized chaotic oscillators show that for a low value of the positive Lyapunov exponent the attractor is well defined, while for its maximum value the attractor is not well appreciated, but the higher value of the exponent increases the unpredictability grade of the chaotic system.
An Empirical Study on the Impacts of Market Orientation and Innovation on New Product Success (Case Study: Food Manufacturers in Isfahan, Iran)

Today’s highly competitive business world has made the business success of a firm based on its ability to anticipate market opportunities and to capture these opportunities through organizational resources. Presenting successful new products is a way through which organizations could achieve to a favorable market position. The objective of this study is to determine factors impacting new product success. Data were collected from 118 respondents who were working as managers and staffs in marketing, sale and R&D departments of food manufacturers in Isfahan, Iran selected by random sampling method. Structural Equation Model was used to test four proposed hypotheses. Statistical results demonstrated and confirmed the positive impact of innovation, customer orientation, R&D marketing cooperation and competitor orientation on new product success.
Title: Inequalities in school climate in California Abstract: Purpose: School climate, or the physical and social conditions of the learning environment, has implications for academic achievement. Methodology: We examine how school climate varies by school-level characteristics in California using a

Purpose: School climate, or the physical and social conditions of the learning environment, has implications for academic achievement. Methodology: We examine how school climate varies by school-level characteristics in California using administrative data and the California School Climate Survey. Findings: Teachers/staff at secondary schools, schools in large cities, schools that serve lowincome populations, Hispanicand Black-majority schools, and/or low-performing schools reported less positive school climates, including staff/student relationships, norms and standards, student facilitative behaviors, and perceived safety, than their counterparts, paralleling other education inequity trends. Implications and value: We encourage educators and school leaders to use data-driven and evidence-based strategies to overcome systematic inequities in positive school climate in order to create social contexts that nurture students’ academic progress and teacher retention particularly in historically under-resourced schools.
Two-dimensional periodic positioning of self-assembled Ge islands on prepatterned Si (001) substrates

Two-dimensional (2D) periodic arrays of Ge islands were realized on prepatterned Si (001) substrates by solid-source molecular-beam epitaxy. Atomic-force microscopy images demonstrate that the Ge islands are formed in the 2D laterally ordered pits of patterned substrates. The 2D periodicity of the substrate pattern is replicated throughout a stack of Ge island layers by strain-driven vertical ordering. Photoluminescence spectra of the ordered Ge islands show well-resolved peaks of the no-phonon signal and the transverse-optical phonon replica. These peaks are observed at nearly the same energy as those of random Ge islands deposited under the same conditions on unpatterned Si substrates.
Apparatus for Determination of Residual Drag Torque on Small Spinning Spheres in Magnetic Suspension

An apparatus for measuring the frequency decay of magnetically suspended freely spinning steel spheres is presented. A residual drag torque, which considerably exceeds the gas friction torque in ultrahigh vacuum, has been determined by means of a new measuring system for small frequency changes, which features high resolution power even at low rotor speed. The decay ratio −ω/ω has been recorded for several spheres with different diameters over a frequency range from 0.2 to about 105 Hz. Apart from some characteristic deviations, which have been related to certain experimental conditions, a linear frequency dependence of the decay ratio −ω/ω=a0+a1rω has been detected in the described apparatus (r being the sphere radius) with a0≃3×10−9 sec−1 and a1≃3×10−12 m−1. An explanation is given for this type of drag torque. Measurements are reliable within ±6×10−11 sec−1 up to rω≃700 m/sec. Stabilities better than ±5×10−12 sec−1 during one day have been recorded. A long term stability of the latter magnitude is re.
Smoke Propagation in Road Tunnels

In tunnel fires, the most immediate threat to life is not the direct exposure to fire, but smoke inhalation. Efficient control of smoke propagation, therefore, is one of the most important issues in designing tunnel ventilation and a full understanding of the characteristics of smoke propagation in tunnels is a necessity in order to proceed with a successful design. In the present article, we review the progress of research on smoke propagation in tunnels, wherein the tests in full-scale tunnels, the nature of fire, the computational fluid dynamic-field model approach (CFD-FMA), and the Froude number preservation approach (FNPA) are discussed. The gravity current approach (GCA) is also developed to predict the smoke propagation behavior in tunnels and a CFD-FMA example is given from which the features of smoke propagation can be closely examined. The analytical results from FNPA indicate that, in the upstream of fire, the critical ventilation velocity is generally proportional to the one-third power of the heat release rate (HRR); some modifications to this power law are necessary for special cases. In the downstream of fire, the GCA results show that smoke propagates along the tunnel with a constant speed, which is essentially linearly proportional to the ventilation velocity. The numerical results from CFD-FMA determine a safety domain in terms of the ventilation velocity and the HRR of fire. In view of rapidly increasing computational power, the CFD-FMA is becoming a major approach in studying smoke propagation in tunnels, while the GCA and FNPA are useful in engineering design. This review article includes 60 references.
S ep 2 01 1 Warped AdS 3 / Dipole-CFT Duality

String theory contains solutions with SL(2,R)R × U(1)L-invariant warped AdS3 (WAdS3) factors arising as continuous deformations of ordinary AdS3 factors. We propose that some of these are holographically dual to the IR limits of nonlocal dipole-deformed 2D D-brane gauge theories, referred to as “dipole CFTs”. Neither the bulk nor boundary theories are currently well-understood, and consequences of the proposed duality for both sides is investigated. The bulk entropy-area law suggests that dipole CFTs have (at large N) a high-energy density of states which does not depend on the deformation parameter. Putting the boundary theory on a spatial circle leads to closed timelike curves in the bulk, suggesting a relation of the latter to dipole-type nonlocality.
The galactic spheroid

Analytic approximations and numerical simulations are used to derive the characteristic behavior of star counts in a galactic spheroidal population, whose visible stars' stellar luminosity function is obtainable for galactocentric distances between about 4 and 12 kpc from star count observations above 30 deg galactic latitude. The total densities of stars and of mass in the spheroid at the solar position are evaluated using different assumed luminosity functions, in order to extrapolate the measured values to a wider range of absolute magnitudes. The upper limits to the frequency of intermediate population stars are derived for the absolute visual magnitude range of 5-8. If such stars occur in either a flat disk with a scale height of 3 kpc or a spheroid with an ellipticity of 0.5, their local surface density is less than 1.8 times that of the spheroid.
Scattering of hard γ-rays

Measurements have been made on the scattering of γ-rays from Th C″ by Al and Pb. For Al the scattering is, within experimental error, that predicted by the Klein Nishina formula. For Pb additional scattered rays were observed. The wave-length and space distribution of these are inconsistent with an extranuclear scatterer, and hence they must have their origin in the nuclei.
Velocity slip and temperature jump coefficients for gaseous mixtures. I. Viscous slip coefficient

The viscous slip coefficient was calculated for binary gaseous mixtures on the basis of the McCormack kinetic model of the Boltzmann equation, which was solved by the discrete velocity method. The calculations were carried out for the three mixtures of noble gases: neon–argon, helium–argon, and helium–xenon. It was showed that for the mixture of helium and xenon, which has a large ration of the molecular masses, the slip coefficient significantly differs from that for a single gas. A comparison of the present results with those obtained by the moment method applied to the Boltzmann equation showed that the McCormack model equation provides reliable results with modest computational efforts. An example of application of the viscous slip coefficient was given.
Existence of positive solutions for nonlinear Kirchhoff type problems in R3 with critical Sobolev exponent

In this paper, we study the following nonlinear problem of Kirchhoff type with critical Sobolev exponent: −a+b∫R3|Du|2Δu+u=f(x,u)+u5,x∈R3,u∈H1(R3),u>0,x∈R3, where a, b > 0 are constants. Under certain assumptions on the sign‐changing function f(x,u), we prove the existence of positive solutions by variational methods.
METHODS OF COMPUTING VALUES OF POLYNOMIALS

CONTENTSIntroduction § 1. Lower bounds for the number of operations in schemes without initial conditioning of the coefficients § 2. Lower bounds for the number of operations in schemes with initial conditioning of the coefficients § 3. Construction of schemes with initial conditioning of the coefficients for the computation of one polynomial § 4. Schemes with initial conditioning of the coefficients for simultaneous computation of the values of several polynomialsReferences
Time-resolved imaging of bulk a-SiO2 upon various ultrashort excitation sequences

Ultrashort pulses lasers are tools of choice for functionalizing the bulk of transparent materials. In particular, direct photoinscription of simple photonic functions have been demonstrated. Those elementary functions rely on the local refractive index change induced when focusing an ultrashort pulse in the volume of a transparent material. The range of possibilities offered by direct photoinscription is still under investigation. To help understanding, optimizing and assessing the full potential of this method, we developed a time-resolved phase contrast microscopy setup. The imaginary part (absorption) and the real part of the laser-induced complex refractive index can be visualized in the irradiated region. The setup is based on a commercially available phase contrast microscope extended into a pump-probe scheme. The originality of our approach is that the illumination is performed by using a pulsed laser source (i.e. a probe beam). Speckle-related issues are solved by employing adequate sets of diffusers. This laser-microscopy technique has a spatial resolution of 650 nm, and the impulse response is about 300 fs. The laser-induced refractive index changes can be tracked up to milliseconds after the energy deposition. The excitation beam (the pump) is focused with a microscope objective (numerical aperture of 0.45) into the bulk of an a-SiO2 sample. The pump beam can be temporally shaped with a SLM-based pulse shaping unit. This additional degree of flexibility allows for observing different interaction regimes. For instance, bulk material processing with femtosecond and picosecond duration pulses will be studied.
REPRESENTATION OF ASSOCIATIVE ALGEBRAS AND COHERENT SHEAVES

It is proved that a triangulated category generated by a strong exceptional collection is equivalent to the derived category of modules over an algebra of homomorphisms of this collection. For the category of coherent sheaves on a Fano variety, the functor of tightening to a canonical class is described by means of mutations of an exceptional collection generating the category. The connection between mutability of strong exceptional collections and the Koszul property is studied. It is proved that in the geometric situation mutations of exceptional sheaves consist of present sheaves and the corresponding algebra of homomorphisms is Koszul and selfconsistent. Bibliography: 18 titles.
CEO Behavior and Subprime Mortgage Crisis

The paper addresses the subprime mortgage crisis from the perspective of the CEO of a financial firm. We integrate agency theory with the asset-pricing model to explore factors affecting CEO risk aversion. Apart from wealth and effort, the two main factors in influencing the agentâ€™s risk preference, we also add a measure of CEO career concern to the model. Increasing peer pressure, high-incentive compensation structure, and declining market power diminish CEOsâ€™ alertness to risk, resulting in a departure of CEO actions from firm value. For reining in CEOsâ€™ excessive risk taking and aligning both interests of firms and CEOs, we suggest that the emphasis of the pay schedule should be adjusted according to market conditions, the relative performance evaluation be embedded into executive compensation, and the time span for performance evaluation be lengthened. The role of the board of directors and the function of risk management units should also be intensified.
On TIE‐GCM simulation of the evening equatorial plasma vortex

[1] It has already been shown that the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIE-GCM) is capable of reproducing the pre-reversal enhancement (PRE) of the equatorial zonal electric field. However, the ability of TIE-GCM to reproduce the post-sunset plasma vortex, an important feature of the evening equatorial ionosphere closely related to the PRE, has been overlooked and had yet to be addressed. In order to address the ability of TIE-GCM to reproduce the vortex, we examined model simulations of the plasma flow pattern in the geomagnetic equatorial plane and compared the simulations with ground-based radar observations. We found that TIE-GCM is indeed capable of reproducing the overall features of the post-sunset equatorial plasma vortex pattern. We also found that both E and F region dynamos in TIE-GCM dictate the main features of the vertical shear in the zonal plasma drifts that is part of the evening vortex. The contribution of vertical currents to the shear, however, is not negligible. Comparison of simulation results with radar measurements of the vortex indicates that the model can still be improved to better match the observations.
Surf and run-up on a beach: a uniform bore

A numerical solution is obtained to describe the behaviour of a uniform bore over a sloping beach and the subsequent run-up and back-wash. The results exhibit features which have only previously been described in a qualitative manner. These include the formation’ of a landward-facing bore in the back-wash. A comprehensive set of results are presented for a typical initial subcritical bore height ratio.
Identifying Dynamic Discrete Decision Processes

In this paper, we analyse the non parametric identification of dynamic discrete choice models using short-panel data. Our identification methodology is based on the ideas explored in the seminal paper of Hotz and Miller (1993) that Bellman equations can be interpreted as moment conditions. We derive the exact degree of underidentification of these models both in the case where random shocks on preferences are independent over time and in a case with correlated fixed effects. We investigate the necessity and power of various identifying restrictions.
Distribution of the disrupted satellite galaxies as a function of metallicity

Recent observations show that some dwarf satellite galaxies fall into the gravitational well of the Galaxy while being disrupted by the tidal force. As a consequence, the Galactic halo suers contamination from this process, the stellar populations of the tidal disrupted satellites make an additional contribution and alter the intrinsic metallicity distribution of the halo stars. The distribution of this kind of disrupted satellite galaxy as a function of metallicity is investigated in this paper. The model is limited to one class of dwarf spherical satellite galaxy, that is assumed to have similar abundance patterns to the Galactic eld halo stars. We discuss their distributions through the links between minor merger processes in the history of the Galaxy and the observed distribution of metal-poor eld halo stars. The upper limit of 35% of the metal-poor halo eld stars was established by merging of this kind of satellite galaxy with characteristic mass Msat, and adopting the mass-metallicity relation among dwarf spheroidal galaxy, the distribution of the disrupted satellite galaxy as a function of metallicity is derived to reproduce the observed metallicity distribution of the extremely metal-poor halo eld stars in the Galaxy. The problem of missing metal-free halo stars in the Galaxy is explained in this model as well.