Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cauliflower Plants Expressing a cry1C Transgene Control Larvae of Diamondback Moths Resistant or Susceptible to Cry1A, and Cabbage Loopers

Abstract A synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cry1C gene under the control of the 35S CaMV promoter was introduced into cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens- mediated transformation with hygromycin selection. A total of 35 transgenic plants were regenerated from six cultivars (Freemont, Candid Charm, Snow Crown, Cumberland, Majestic, and Cashmere) with average transformation efficiency of 0.3% to 6.4%. All the hygromycin-resistant transformants also carried the Bt gene, as shown by PCR with primers specific to the cry1C gene. ELISA analysis showed that the levels of Cry1C protein in independent transformants varied widely, from 0 to 0.2% of total soluble protein. The majority of the plants (61%) produced a high level of Cry1C protein (> 1000 ng mg_1 proteins). Insect bioassays demonstrated that plants producing Cry1C protein effectively controlled larvae of diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella), including ones resistant to Cry1A protein, as well as larvae of cabbage loopers (Trichoplusia ni). These cry1C cauliflower plants will be useful for further studies, especially in comparisons with cauliflower plants carrying the same cry1c gene under control of a light-inducible promoter.
Comparison of phenolics, antioxidant capacity and total phenol bioaccessibility of Ribes spp. grown in Turkey

On this study, anthocyanins (13), flavanols (6), phenolic acids (10), flavonol glycosides (17), antioxidant capacity, and bioaccessible phenolic content of Ribes spp. , grown in Turkey were investigated. Ondividual phenolic compounds were identified and quantified with LC-QTDF/MS in red and black currants and hybrid Jostaberry. Significant variations in the individual phenolic compounds could be observed between the different cultivars. On all black currant cultivars, cyanidin 3,5-di-D-glucoside was the predominant anthocyanin compounds ( p ≤ 0.01). Cyanidin 3-D-sambubioside and cyanidin 3-D-rutinoside were detected in red currants. On all Ribes cultivars quercetin 3-D-rutinoside was the major flavonol glycoside and epigallocatechin found as the dominant flavonol compound. Rosenthal had the highest amount of total phenols, antioxidant capacity levels by DPPH and CUPRAC. Boskoop Giant characterized with the highest amount of total anthocyanin and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds (84.27%).
Cowpea root rot severity and metabolic changes in relation to manganese application

Severity of root rot (Rhizoctonia solani and Rhizoctonia bataticola) of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) was reduced by 42.7 and 42.0%, respectively over control following the application of 10 μg/g Mn as manganese sulphate. Reduction in disease incidence was associated with increased levels of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (PO) and total phenols. PO activity was several times more as compared with PPO-specific activity and increased markedly after infection either with R. solani or R. bataticola. Contrary to PPO and PO, the specific activity of catalase declined sharply. Infection also caused an increase in the content of reducing sugars, Cu, Zn and Mn but a decrease in o-dihydric phenols, flavanols, total soluble sugars, non-reducing sugars and Fe contents. It is suggested that Mn at the rate of 10 μg/g soil can be used to manage the root rot of cowpea.
Yield and agronomic performance of released Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] varieties under irrigation at Dembia, Northweastrn, Ethiopia

Abstract Tef is the major staple cereal crop in Ethiopia, mainly grown under rainfed condition but not very common under irrigation. Field experiment was conducted to select well adapted and high yielder tef varieties on vertisoil (blacks soil), at Dembia North weastrn Amhara, Ethiopia during 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 irrigation season. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications having 36 tef varieties including local check with recommended water dept and intervals for each treatments. A seed rate of 15 kg ha−1 was drilled in a row. The combined analysis over years showed that significant difference (p < 0.01) was observed among the varieties for most of the measured traits including grain yield over the farmer local vareities. Moreover, the combined analysis of variance over years indicated that three varieties, namely Dukem, Gibe and Gola, gave the highest grain yield (3079.7, 2993.2 and 2868.8 kg ha−1, respectively), with yield advantage of 36%, 34.2% and 31.3% over the local check yield (1969.7 kg ha−1), respectively. Therefore, we concluded that based on grain yield and other important traits, Dukem, Gibe and Gola varieties can be recommended for Dembia district and similar areas where irrigation is available.
Obstructive sleep apnea domains: Knowledge, attitude and practice results of dentists from a dental college in India

Objective To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding different domains of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) amongst dentists from a dental college in India. Methods 112 dentists participated in the study. A 23-item, self-designed, pre-tested and validated questionnaire assessing the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding nine different domains was used to collect the data. Knowledge and practice was categorized domain wise as good/poor, while attitude as favorable/unfavorable. Results Dentists were observed to have good knowledge about OSA, for domains concerning to the definition (60.71%), general findings (76.19%) and risk factors of OSA (66.96%). For the domain of screening and diagnosis (38.83%) along with treatment and referral (36.01%) dentists presented poor knowledge. 100% favorable attitude was reported for all the domains, while the dentists poorly faired (<50%) for both the practice domains. Conclusion In spite of dentists showcasing favorable attitude towards OSA, they possessed poor knowledge for domains concerning screening, diagnosis and treatment modalities of OSA which may be linked to the hurdle in their way of practice. Thus a special attention towards these domains needs to be given so as to improve the handling skills of dentist for OSA patients coming to their clinics and prevent further health related issues.
A seasonal census of phenolics, fibre and alkaloids in foliage of forest trees in Costa Rica: some factors influencing their distribution and relation to host selection by Sphingidae and Saturniidae

The foliage of 80 species common in the Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica, has been analysed for content of total phenolics, condensed tannins, acid detergent fibre and water. Wherever possible analyses were performed at three stages in the life cycle of the leaf: young but fully expanded (coinciding with the beginning of the rainy season); middle-aged (two months later); and old (six months later). A comparison of the three age classes showed no significant change in the levels of phenolics or fibre as leaves aged but water content decreased significantly. A comparison of deciduous and evergreen species in the sample showed that the latter group had leaves with a significantly higher fibre content at all three sampling times, most particularly at the beginning of the rainy season, but other measures were not significantly different. Alkaloids were much more common in the foliage of deciduous species and it was observed that their distribution differed significantly from that of total phenolics and condensed tannins. It is suggested that the interaction that occurs between many tannins and alkaloids would be liable to reduce the defence capability of both classes of compounds if they occurred together. High levels of defoliation occur in the early rainy season (third to tenth weeks) due to larvae of moths of the Sphingidae and Saturniidae. A comparison of investigated tree species that host larvae of these two taxa shows a striking dichotomy. Species that are selected by Sphingidae tend to be relatively deficient in levels of phenolics but are more likely to contain alkaloids, and probably other small toxic molecules. Saturniidae, on the other hand, appear to prefer host-species rich in phenolics but poor in alkaloids.
Comparison of Three Herbicides For Selective Tall Fescue Control in Kentucky Bluegrass

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) can be an objectionable weed in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Field studies were conducted to determine safe and effective rates of chlorsulfuron [2-chloro-N-{[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-l,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl}-benzenesulfonamide], diclofop {(±)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid), and metsulfuron [2-([{[(4-methoxy- 6-methyl-l,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino]carbonyl}amino]sulfonyl)benzoic acid] for selective tall fescue control in Kentucky bluegrass. Herbicides were field tested in either ‘Kenblue’ Kentucky bluegrass, grown on a Sassafrass sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic Hapludult), or an improved Kentucky bluegrass blend grown on a Chester silt loam (fine-loamy, mixed mesic Typic Hapludult). Two applications of diclofo p reduced bluegrass cover and quality for extensive periods and generally provided inferior tall fescue control compared to chlorsulfuron or metsulfuron. Chlorsulfuron applied at 0.07 + 0.07 or 0.14 + 0.14 kg ha⁻¹ did not reduce bluegrass cover at either site. Single applications of metsulfuron (0.07 or 0.14 kg ha⁻¹) did not injure Kenblue; however, both rates injured the Kentucky bluegrass blend, and turf treated twice at the high rate required 1 yr for recovery. Single applications of chlorsulfuron (0.14 or 0.28 kg ha⁻¹) or metsulfuron (0.07 or 0.14 kg ha⁻¹) provided over 90% tall fescue control at the Kenblue site. Split applications of 0.07 + 0.07 or 0.14 + 0.14 kg ha⁻¹ of either chlorsulfuron or metsulfuron provided over 90% control in the bluegrass blend. When compared to untreated turf, chlorsulfuron or split applications of metsulfuron applied in the fall, resulted in more bluegrass injury the following summer when turf was subjected to drought stress. Scientific Article No. A-4948 and Contribution 7991 of the Maryland Agric. Exp. Stn. , Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of Maryland.
Breaking seed dormancy in specially protected Turbinicarpus lophophoroides and Turbinicarpus pseudopectinatus (Cactaceae)

Turbinicarpus lophophoroides (Werderm) and Turbinicarpus pseudopectinatus (Backeb) are cacti species under special protection status. Both species have seed dormancy. To help preserve these species we ran seed germination experiments to determine the effect of seed age and putrescine on breaking seed dormancy. The treatments used were seed age (from four different years) and the administration of exogenous putrescine (0.1 mmol/L, 0.1 mmol/L and a control). The seed collection years were 2001, 2002, 2004 and 2005 for T. lophophoroides, and 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005 for T. pseudopectinatus. The response variable evaluated was the final germination percentage. Turbinicarpus lophophoroides showed the greatest germination percentage for seeds that had been collected for 4 years (2001), both in the control (66%) and in the 0.1 mmol/L putrescine (54%) treatments. Seeds of T. pseudopectinatus with the greatest germination percentage (48%) were those collected within a year (2004) for the control group. This implies that putrescine inhibited the germination of T. pseudopectinatus. The results show that both species have the potential to produce seed banks.
Reply to Satheshkumar and Moss: Poxvirus transcriptome analysis

Satheshkumar and Moss (1) raise concerns regarding the tiling array methodology used to interrogate vaccinia virus ORF expression presented by Assarsson et al. (2). Although they did not dispute the main conclusion (i.e., detection of an immediate–early gene class), they raised other important points.
Perpetuation of Cherry Leaf Spot Disease in Ornamental Cherry

Cherry leaf spot disease, caused by Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx. , is an increasing concern to nursery producers of ornamental cherry in the south-eastern United States. Spores were trapped starting in late March before symptoms were observed in the field, which indicates that leaf debris from diseased trees are an important source of primary inoculum. Previously infected trees of six cultivars (‘Kwanzan’, ‘Yoshino’, ‘Okami’, ‘Snowgoose’, ‘Autumnalis’ and ‘Akebono’), which were overwintered in a controlled environment protected from airborne spores, developed disease symptoms in late spring, indicating that dormant buds may also be a source of primary inoculum. Because ornamental cherry trees are propagated by budding and cuttings, disease management should incorporate cultural practices that focus on propagation from disease-free trees and fungicide applications beginning at petal drop to protect emerging leaves.
Foraging behaviour and prey size of the painted stork

The foraging behaviour of painted stork Mycteria leucocephala was studied during 2004–2006 at 14 different sites in the Delhi region, India. Observations were recorded on 131 individuals, including 29 juvenile birds using a video camera. Recordings were also made at the nesting colony in Delhi zoo to study the prey sizes regurgitated to nestlings. The results confirm that the painted stork is a tactile forager and exclusively piscivorous. Foraging group size ranged from 1 to 18 individuals. Per 5 min foot stirring rates in the vegetated habitats were significantly higher than in non-vegetated habitats. The attempt rate and feeding rate in the breeding season were significantly higher than that in the non-breeding season. Prey sizes taken in the breeding season were significantly smaller than those taken in the non-breeding season. About 80% fish fed to the chicks were smaller than 10 cm. Young chicks were offered smaller prey compared with older chicks. The variations in foraging parameters are discussed in relation to habitats and their conservation in the Delhi region.
Bioarchaeological perspective on the expansion of Transeurasian languages in Neolithic Amur River basin

Abstract Abstract Owing to the development of sequencing technology, paleogenomics has become an important source of information on human migration and admixture, complementing findings from archaeology and linguistics. In this study, we retrieved the whole genome and Y chromosome lineage from late Neolithic Honghe individuals in the Middle Amur region in order to provide a bioarchaeological perspective on the origin and expansion of Transeurasian languages in the Amur River basin. Our genetic analysis reveals that the population of the Amur River basin has a stable and continuous genetic structure from the Mesolithic Age up to date. Integrating linguistic and archaeological evidence, we support the hypothesis that the expansion of the Transeurasian language system in the Amur River basin is related to the agricultural development and expansion of the southern Hongshan culture. The spread of agricultural technology resulted in the addition of millet cultivation to the original subsistence mode of fishing and hunting. It played a vital role in the expansion of the population of the region, which in its turn has contributed to the spread of language.
Diet of the tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus)

The diet of the tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) in East Gippsland, Victoria, was investigated by systematically collecting scats from two latrines between December 1990 and May 1993. From the analysis of these scats, the tiger quoll was found to be a predator of vertebrate prey, largely dependent on mediumsized mammals (500 g to 5 kg). The most important prey species were the European rabbit, the common brushtail possum and the common ringtail possum. Other prey included Antechinus species, bush rats, echidnas, macropods, wombats, birds, invertebrates and reptiles. Some variation in diet occurred between seasons, due to seasonal availability of prey. A shift in diet detected between years was attributed to the variation in rainfall and the effect this had on prey species abundance. Significant differences in diet were found between adult and subadult tiger quolls. Subadult quolls consumed significantly more small mammals, ringtail possums, invertebrates and reptiles and significantly fewer rabbits than did adult quolls. Further analysis of the tiger quolls' diet, by estimating the mass contribution of prey taxa to the diet, revealed that medium-sized prey contributed more than 80% of the biomass of prey consumed.
Craniopharyngioma treatment: an updated summary of important clinicopathological concepts

ABSTRACT Introduction Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) are benign histological tumors that may develop at different positions along the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Their close, heterogenous relationship to the hypothalamus makes surgical removal challenging even though this remains the primary treatment strategy. Areas covered This article presents a critical overview of the pathological and clinical concepts regarding CPs that should be considered when planning treatment. Thus, we have performed a comprehensive review of detailed CP reports published between 1839 and 2020. Expert opinion CP surgery should pursue maximal tumor resection while minimizing the risk of injuring the hypothalamus. Therefore, surgical strategies should be individualized for each patient. Accurate assessment of presenting symptoms and preoperative MRI has proven useful to predict the type of CP-hypothalamus relationship that will be found during surgery. CPs with dense and extensive adhesions to the hypothalamus should be highly suspected when MRI shows the hypothalamus positioned around the mid-third of the tumor and an amputated upper portion of the pituitary stalk. Symptoms related to functional impairment of the infundibulo-tuberal area of the third ventricle floor, such as obesity/hyperphagia, Fröhlich’s syndrome, diabetes insipidus, and/or somnolence, also indicate risky CP-hypothalamic adhesions. In these cases, limited tumor removal is strongly advocated followed by radiation therapy.
Two‐grid methods for P02 –P1 mixed finite element approximation of general elliptic optimal control problems with low regularity

In this paper, we present a two‐grid mixed finite element scheme for distributed optimal control governed by general elliptic equations. P02 –P1 mixed finite elements are used for the discretization of the state and co‐state variables, whereas piecewise constant function is used to approximate the control variable. We first use a new approach to obtain the superclose property between the centroid interpolation and the numerical solution of the optimal control u with order h2 under the low regularity. Based on the superclose property, we derive the optimal a priori error estimates. Then, using a postprocessing projection operator, we get a second‐order superconvergent result for the control u. Next, we construct a two‐grid mixed finite element scheme and analyze a priori error estimates. In the two‐grid scheme, the solution of the elliptic optimal control problem on a fine grid is reduced to the solution of the elliptic optimal control problem on a much coarser grid and the solution of a linear algebraic system on the fine grid and the resulting solution still maintains an asymptotically optimal accuracy. Finally, a numerical example is presented to verify the theoretical results.
Rice Growth, Grain Yield, and Floodwater Nutrient Dynamics as Affected by Nutrient Placement Method and Rate

The loss of major nutrients can be high in rice (Oryza saliva L.) fields, particularly rainfed rice, where water flowing from field to field during periods of high rainfall not only reduces the nutrient use efficiencies but also has the potential for environmental degradation. We examined the influence of deep point placement ofN, P, and K briquettes compared to broadcast incorporation of N, P, and K on floodwater nutrient loads after fertilizer application and on the performance of wet season rice in a Vertisol. Broadcast application of N as urea resulted in an average 10 times higher amounts of ammonium N in floodwater compared to deep placement of urea briquette. The broadcast application of single superphosphate resulted in 67 times higher amounts ofP in floodwater than plots receiving deep placed P. The floodwater NH 4 + -N and P content in the deep placement treatments were negligible-similar to floodwater N and P content without fertilizer application. The floodwater K amounts were also significantly lower with deep placed N-P-K briquettes. Significantly higher grain and straw yields, total N, P, and K uptake, and N and P use efficiencies were observed with deep placement of N-P-K compared to broadcast application of N-P-K. Deep placed N-P briquettes gave significantly higher grain yield, straw biomass, total P and K uptake, apparent P recovery, and agronomic N and P use efficiencies when plant spacing was reduced from 20 by 20 cm to 20 by 10 cm. Closer plant spacing led to better utilization ofP and K and provided opportunities for deep placement of N-P or N-P-K briquettes in soils with low available P. Combining site specific characteristics (high soil pH, low percolation rate, high rainfall and surface runoffs) with plant spacing and N-P-K briquettes prepared based on site-specific nutrient requirements offers potential for higher yields, improved fertilizer use efficiency, balanced fertilization, and reduced nutrient losses.
Effects of Extrusion on Nutritional Value of Diets Containing Corn Gluten Meal and Corn Distiller's Dried Grain for Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Abstract The effects of diet processing methods on diets containing increasing levels of a combination of corn distiller's dried grain with solubles (CDDGS) and corn gluten meal (CGM) to replace fish meal in diets of rainbow trout were investigated. A two by four factorial treatment arrangement was used with two types of diet processing methods (cold-pelleted and extruded) and four levels of corn products replacing fish meal protein (0, 25, 50, or 75%). There was an effect of processing method and level of corn products on weight gain and feed conversion ratio, and an interaction of those effects. Extrusion of diets containing the corn products did not improve fish growth compared to fish fed the cold-pelleted feed (extrusion of the wheat-containing diet did improve weight gain and feed conversion). There were interactions between process type and level of corn products on protein retention efficiency, and apparent digestibility coefficients for both dry matter and energy. The presence of indigestible carbohydrate in the CDDGS limited replacement of fish meal with the corn products to 18% of the protein.
BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF YEAST FLOCCULATION AND ITS MEASUREMENT: A REVIEW

Factors affecting flocculation of brewing yeast, our current understanding of the process and traditional methods of assessing flocculence are discussed in this review. In spite of extensive study during the last two decades, a number of uncertainties and controversies regarding yeast flocculation still remain. This confusion is due in part to the polyploid or aneuploid nature of most brewing strains studied. At present, uncertainty exists as to the number of genes involved in flocculation as well as the nature and mode of action of the resulting gene products. Another restriction to our investigation of flocculation is the lack of a fundamental and standard test method. Along with a general discussion of yeast flocculation, this report will note conflicting reports concerning the influence of temperature, the effect of metal ions such as magnesium and barium, and the importance of the carboxyl and phosphate groups in yeast cell—cell interactions. As well, past and current methods employed for the assay of brewing yeast flocculation will be discussed.