Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Vaccination Uptake in Risk Populations: A Comprehensive Literature Review

Vaccination uptake has decreased globally in recent years, with a subsequent rise of vaccine-preventable diseases. Travellers, immunocompromised patients (ICP), and healthcare workers (HCW) are groups at increased risk for (severe) infectious diseases due to their behaviour, health, or occupation, respectively. While targeted vaccination guidelines are available, vaccination uptake seems low. In this review, we give a comprehensive overview of determinants—based on the integrated change model—predicting vaccination uptake in these groups. In travellers, low perceived risk of infection and low awareness of vaccination recommendations contributed to low uptake. Additionally, ICP were often unaware of the recommended vaccinations. A physician’s recommendation is strongly correlated with higher uptake. Furthermore, ICP appeared to be mainly concerned about the risks of vaccination and fear of deterioration of their underlying disease. For HCW, perceived risk of (the severity of) infection for themselves and for their patients together with perceived benefits of vaccination contribute most to their vaccination behaviour. As the determinants that affect uptake are numerous and diverse, we argue that future studies and interventions should be based on multifactorial health behaviour models, especially for travellers and ICP as only a limited number of such studies is available yet.
Early language experience in a Papuan community

Abstract The rate at which young children are directly spoken to varies due to many factors, including (a) caregiver ideas about children as conversational partners and (b) the organization of everyday life. Prior work suggests cross-cultural variation in rates of child-directed speech is due to the former factor, but has been fraught with confounds in comparing postindustrial and subsistence farming communities. We investigate the daylong language environments of children (0;0–3;0) on Rossel Island, Papua New Guinea, a small-scale traditional community where prior ethnographic study demonstrated contingency-seeking child interaction styles. In fact, children were infrequently directly addressed and linguistic input rate was primarily affected by situational factors, though children's vocalization maturity showed no developmental delay. We compare the input characteristics between this community and a Tseltal Mayan one in which near-parallel methods produced comparable results, then briefly discuss the models and mechanisms for learning best supported by our findings.
Radiologist-like artificial intelligence for grade group prediction of radical prostatectomy for reducing upgrading and downgrading from biopsy

Rationale: To reduce upgrading and downgrading between needle biopsy (NB) and radical prostatectomy (RP) by predicting patient-level Gleason grade groups (GGs) of RP to avoid over- and under-treatment. Methods: In this study, we retrospectively enrolled 575 patients from two medical institutions. All patients received prebiopsy magnetic resonance (MR) examinations, and pathological evaluations of NB and RP were available. A total of 12,708 slices of original male pelvic MR images (T2-weighted sequences with fat suppression, T2WI-FS) containing 5405 slices of prostate tissue, and 2,753 tumor annotations (only T2WI-FS were annotated using RP pathological sections as ground truth) were analyzed for the prediction of patient-level RP GGs. We present a prostate cancer (PCa) framework, PCa-GGNet, that mimics radiologist behavior based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL). We developed and validated it using a multi-center format. Results: Accuracy (ACC) of our model outweighed NB results (0.815 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.773-0.857] vs. 0.437 [95% CI: 0.335-0.539]). The PCa-GGNet scored higher (kappa value: 0.761) than NB (kappa value: 0.289). Our model significantly reduced the upgrading rate by 27.9% (P < 0.001) and downgrading rate by 6.4% (P = 0.029). Conclusions: DRL using MRI can be applied to the prediction of patient-level RP GGs to reduce upgrading and downgrading from biopsy, potentially improving the clinical benefits of prostate cancer oncologic controls.
A review in some significant techniques and methods for objects detection

: The one of most important research interest in computer vision is an object discovery which is a method to detect immovable and movable objects from fixed cameras. This review paper explains many currents of detection methods. The object detection depends on several factors such as speed and accuracy. However, Template matching methods (TMM), Point feature matching methods (PFMM), Deep learning methods (DLM), Dense features methods (DFM)
IN-VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF CALLIGONUMCOMOSUM PLANT AGAINST FOUR HUMAN PATHOGENS IN SAUDI ARABIA

The present investigation evaluated the in-vitro antibacterial activity of the crude ethanolic extracts of the leaves, stem and roots of Calligonum comosum on two Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus). The antibacterial activity of the extracts (90% ethanol) was evaluated using a gar well diffusion technique. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were determined in this investigation. Generally, all plant extracts showed a remarkable antibacterial action against the tested microbes at significant levels. Of the plant parts tested, leaves exhibited the highest inhibitory effect on Gram negative bacteria while stem part showed the highest inhibitory effect on Gram positive bacteria. Based on these present findings it might be concluded that Calligonum comosum possessed great potential against these human pathogens. It might also be speculated that these plant parts can be be subjected to further biochemical analysis to characterize and explore their chemical constituents. Knowledge of the specified chemical components responsible for the activity in these plant tissues would definitely uncover the mystery of the antimicrobial capacity of Calligonum comosum against some human pathogens. Further experimental investigations are no doubt required to validate and enhance our current findings which might eventually assist in the development of new pharmaceuticals to meet the ever increasing therapeutic demand.
The effect of monetary policy on the Swiss franc: an SVAR approach

This paper revisits the effects of monetary policy on the exchange rate, focusing on the Swiss franc. I estimate a structural VAR using Bayesian methods introduced by Baumeister and Hamilton (2015) and identify monetary policy shocks by exploiting the interest rate and stock price comovement they induce. Priors are based on the previous empirical literature, leaving the exchange rate response to monetary policy agnostically open. The results show that increases in Swiss short-term interest rates are associated with a nominal Swiss franc appreciation against the euro and the US dollar within the same week, with the Swiss franc remaining permanently stronger than prior to the interest rate shock. JEL classification: C32, E43, E58, F31
Untying the Knot: How Child Support and Alimony A ﬀ ect Couples’ Decisions and Welfare

In many countries, divorce law mandates post-marital maintenance payments (child support and al-imony) to insure the lower earner in married couples against ﬁnancial losses upon divorce. This paper studies how maintenance payments a ﬀ ect couples’ intertemporal decisions and welfare. I develop a dynamic model of family labor supply, home production, savings, and divorce and estimate it using Danish register and survey data. The model captures the policy tradeo ﬀ between providing insurance to the lower earner and enabling couples to specialize e ﬃ ciently, on the one hand, and maintaining labor supply incentives for divorcees, on the other hand. I use the estimated model to study various counterfactual policy scenarios. I ﬁnd that alimony comes with more substantial labor supply disincentives compared to child support payments and is less e ﬃ cient in providing consumption insurance. The welfare maximizing policy, within the status quo policy space, involves increasing child support and reducing alimony payments. My results show that Pareto improvements beyond this welfare maximizing policy are feasible, highlighting limitations of how child support and alimony policies are commonly implemented.
Amodal Completion Revisited

Amodal completion (AC) is analyzed, by looking at its historical roots and persisting conceptual difficulties. Looking at the origin of the concept, it becomes clear that it is not equivalent to perception of occluded parts. The role of fragment incompleteness is discussed, to clarify that it cannot be taken as a necessary factor for eliciting AC. The standard view of AC, depicted as a set of processes that extrapolate from veridically represented image fragments, is evaluated and rejected on the basis of evidence that AC modifies also modal parts. The theoretical importance of AC phenomena and their potential to reveal the inner forces of perceptual organization are emphasized, with specific reference to the minimum principle. Instances in which AC might be expected but does not occur are examined, to define the limits of such an integrative process.
Chronic Atlantoaxial Rotatory Subluxation in an Adult Following a Traumatic Event: A Case Report

ABSTRACT Background Traumatic rotatory subluxation of the atlantoaxial joint is a rare but potentially life-threatening injury in adults. While acute cases have been shown to be managed successfully with closed reduction, chronic injuries in skeletally mature patients have rarely been reported. Methods We present management of a 64-year-old female who presents 2.5 years after a traumatic cervical injury with neck pain and torticollis. Imaging revealed rotatory subluxation of C1–C2 without cord impingement. A focused appraisal of the reported literature was also performed. Results Successful reduction was achieved with halo cervical traction, followed by definitive treatment with atlantoaxial arthrodesis. Conclusions Cases of fixed, chronic C1–C2 rotatory subluxation after traumatic etiology may be amenable to closed reduction with skeletal traction and fusion. Level of Evidence 4. Clinical Relevance Chronic, post-traumatic atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation in the adult population is extremely rare, without a well-described treatment algorithm. The purpose of this case report is to highlight the reduction and fixation of someone with this injury.
Floating Vertebral Body Cement Ball After High-Viscosity-Cement Vertebroplasty for Lytic Defect: Report of 2 Cases

ABSTRACT Background Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) is an effective procedure for painful pathological vertebral fractures. High-viscosity cement is the preferred choice for vertebroplasty given its low risk of extravasation. We describe here 2 cases of high-viscosity cement vertebroplasty in large lytic defects and associated complications. Case Description Case 1 describes PVP in an 89-year-old male patient with L1 pathological fracture from prostrate metastasis. Case 2 describes PVP in a 68-year-old male with T7 and T8 vertebral fractures from multiple myeloma. In both cases, high-viscosity cement was used to fill large lytic cavities. This resulted in poor interdigitation of the cement with the trabeculae forming an unstable floating cement ball and dangerous retrieval of the cement trocar needle. The implications of this occurrence have been described. Conclusions High-viscosity-cement vertebroplasty in large lytic defects needs to be done with caution. The potential occurrence of poor cement interdigitation and the following complications can be catastrophic, and caution must be used.
ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF RADIALLY SYMMETRIC SOLUTIONS FOR FREE BOUNDARY PROBLEMS WITH SUPERLINEAR REACTION TERM

This article concerns with the solution to a heat equation with a free boundary in n-dimensional space. By applying the energy inequality to the solutions that depend not only on the initial value but also on the dimension of space, we derive the sufficient conditions under which solutions blow up at finite time. We then explore the long-time behavior of global solutions. Results show that the solution is global and fast when initial value is small, and the solution is global but slow for suitable initial value. Numerical simulations are also given to illustrate the effect of the initial value on the free boundary.
The emotional labour of doctoral criminological researchers

Embarking upon empirical qualitative research can be a daunting and emotional task, particularly for those who are new to research and for those who research vulnerable groups and emotive topics. Doctoral criminological researchers transect these realms, often making their research experiences acutely emotional and challenging. In addition, researchers must be able to perform emotional labour as an important part of their professional practice. Based on 30 semi-structured interviews, this is the first study to explicitly explore the emotional labour of criminological researchers. Using the lens of emotional labour, the performance and impact of undertaking qualitative data collection in doctoral research is examined. From the interview data, three main themes are discussed: emotional labour, the consequences of performing that emotional labour and coping mechanisms to deal with those consequences. The article concludes with recommendations around support and training for PhD candidates, their supervisors and the higher education sector more broadly.
A mixed methods approach to understanding streetscape preferences in a multicultural setting

Relationships between people and their environments are continually reconstituted through public space. Culture and background are important influences on how people respond to their environments and, as populations become more diverse, it might be expected that public spaces respond to more diverse preferences. In New Zealand, despite its bi-cultural history, it is largely European preferences that have shaped public spaces. However, with immigration and travel, the country is rapidly becoming multicultural, with Pasifika people and Asians making up larger proportions of the population alongside those who identify as Māori and European. If public spaces are to respond to these changing demographics, there is little empiric evidence to inform urban designers and public space managers. This article discusses the methods used to examine streets as one of the most relevant types of public space in New Zealand. The methodology was deployed in two distinct stages, the first of which made use of ethnographic fieldwork and provided data on specific public spaces and their usage through a range of case studies. The second stage utilised online surveys to probe people’s preferences for a series of visualisations of street environments. Most research on public space design has to date been focussed on one or the other of these methods (field research or visual preference surveys). The combination of methods used in this research enables a deeper understanding of which public space attributes foster lingering and social activities among people from different cultural backgrounds. This methodology is feasible and comprehensive, clearly identifying the important relationships between design, use and preference in multicultural societies. The findings will be of interest to other researchers, urban practitioners and city officials.
NEW SPECIES OF LATE CRETACEOUS CYPRAEACEA (MOLLUSCA, GASTROPODA) FROM CALIFORNIA AND MISSISSIPPI, AND A REVIEW OF CRETACEOUS CYPRAEACEANS OF NORTH-AMERICA

Cypraeacean mollusks are rare in Cretaceous deposits of North America. Only 15 species are recognized, of which four are new and are described herein. Six species of Palaeocypraea s.s. have been previously described, and Palaeocypraea (P.) fontana (Anderson, 1958) from the Lower Cretaceous (uppermost Lower Albian), Budden Canyon Formation, Shasta County, California, is the earliest known cypraeacean from the Western Hemisphere. Bernaya s.s. is represented by two species and Bernaya (.Protocypraea) comprises five species. Eocypraea s.s. is represented by two species. New species described herein are as follows: Bernaya (B.) crawfordcatei from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian/Maastr ichtian), Point Loma Formation, San Diego County, California; Bernaya (Protocypraea) mississippiensis from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian), Coffee Formation, Lee County, Mississippi; B. (P.) rineyi from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian/Maastrichtian), Point Loma Formation, San Diego County, California; and Eocypraea (E.) louellae from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian), Yolo Formation, Yolo County, California. Eocypraea (E.) louellae is the earliest known ovulid from the Western Hemisphere. I N T R O D U C T I O N Four new species of cypraeacean gastropods, rare in Cretaceous deposits of North America, are described from localities in San Diego and Yolo counties, California, and Lee County, Mississippi (Figure 1). Two of the new species are from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian/Maastr ichtian), Point Loma Formation (Rosario Group), near Carlsbad, northern San Diego County, southern California; the third is from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian), Yolo Formation of the Great Valley Series, Yolo County, northern California. A fourth new species is from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian), Coffee Formation (Selma Group), Lee County, northeastern Mississippi. This paper describes and illustrates these new species as well as illustrating and providing a brief synopsis of the previously described North American cypraeacean species. Historical Review The first cypraeacean species described from the Cretaceous of North America was Cypraea mortoni Gabb, 1860. Cypraea squyeri Campbell, 1893, from Montana and a similar species, Cypraea suciensis Whiteaves, 1895, from Sucia Island, Washington, were subsequently described. SCHILDER (1932) separated species from Alabama and New Jersey, both previously considered to be Cypraea mortoni, and proposed Palaeocypraea burlingtonensis for the New Jersey species. In a survey of the Navarro Group of Texas, STEPHENSON (1941) described two new species: Cypraea nuciformis and Cypraea gracilis (Cypraea gracilis Stephenson, preoccupied, was subsequently renamed Cypraea corsicanana Stephenson, 1948). INGRAM (1942, 1947a, b) included Cretaceous species in his reviews of North American fossil and living cypraeaceans. ANDERSON (1958) L. T. Groves, 1990 Page 273 YOLO COUNTY
Interactive comment on “Evaluation of global terrestrial evapotranspiration by state-of-the-art approaches in remote sensing, machine learning, and land surface models” by

This paper was already well-written, especially for the detailed discussion of limita-tions and possible next steps of different ET products. The reviewer thus has a few minor suggestions for the authors to consider. 1. The remote-sensing based, machine learning, and LSMs ET were comprehensively intercompared. However, how is the performance of ET outputs from the Earth system models (e.g., those from CMIP5 and CMIP6) and the reanalysis? There must be a reason why the authors did not include them. But please clarify this or add these comparison results. 2. In lines 245-246, you indicated the benchmarking products are from the machine learning and physical-based satellite datasets. It seems confusing both here and in Figs 3, 5, and 7. For example, in Fig. 7, if the benchmark product is the simple combination of the two data
Household risk‐sharing channels

This paper aims to fill the gaps in the analysis of risk‐sharing channels at the microlevel, both within and across households. Using data from the Bank of Italy's Survey on Household Income and Wealth covering the financial crisis, we are able to quantify in a unified and consistent framework several risk‐sharing mechanisms that so far have been documented separately. We find that Italian households were able to smooth on average about 85% of shocks to household head's earnings in both 2008–2010 and 2010–2012 spells. The most important smoothing mechanisms turn out to be self‐insurance through savings/dissavings (40% and 47% in 2008–2010 and 2010–2012, respectively), and within‐household risk‐sharing (16% and 14%). Interestingly, risk‐sharing through portfolio diversification and private transfers is rather limited, but the overall percentage of shock absorption occurring through private risk‐sharing channels hovers around four‐fifths, as opposed to around one‐fifth of a shock cushioned by taxes and public transfers, excluding pensions. In addition, by exploiting subjective expectations on the following year's household income, we find significant evidence of a lower degree of smoothing of persistent shocks. Household risk‐sharing precautionary savings consumption smoothing income smoothing C31 D12 E21
BIS Working Papers No 518 Monetary Policy and Financial Spillovers : Losing Traction ?

Has financial globalisation compromised central banks’ ability to manage domestic financial conditions? This paper tackles this question by studying the dynamics of bond yields encompassing 31 advanced and emerging market economies. To gauge the extent to which external financial conditions complicate the conduct of monetary policy, we isolate a “contagion” component by focusing on comovements in measures of bond return risk premia that are unrelated to economic fundamentals. Our contagion measure is designed to more accurately capture spillovers driven by exogenous global shifts in risk preference or appetite. The analysis reaches several conclusions that run counter to popular presumptions based on comovements in bond yields. In particular, emerging market economies appear to be much less susceptible to global contagion than advanced economies, and the overall sensitivities to contagion have not increased post-crisis. JEL Classification: E40, E43, E44, E50, E52, F30, F41, G15
Childhood Circumstances and Health Inequality in Old Age: Comparative Evidence from China and the United States

IZA DP No. 13460 JULY 2020 Childhood Circumstances and Health Inequality in Old Age: Comparative Evidence from China and the United States This paper estimates the extent to which childhood circumstances contribute to health inequality in old age and evaluates the importance of major domains of childhood circumstances to health inequalities in the USA and China. We link two waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2013 and 2015 with the newly released 2014 Life History Survey (LHS), and two waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) in 2014 and 2016 with the newly released 2015 Life History Mail Survey (LHMS) in the USA, to quantify health inequality due to childhood circumstances for which they have little control. Using the Shapley value decomposition approach, we show that childhood circumstances may explain 7-16 percent and 14-30 percent of health inequality in old age in China and the USA, respectively. Specifically, the contribution of childhood circumstances to health inequality is larger in the USA than in China for self-rated health, mental health, and physical health. Examining domains of childhood circumstance, regional and rural/ urban status contribute more to health inequality in China, while family socioeconomic status (SES) contributes more to health inequality in the USA. Our findings support the value of a life course approach in identifying the key determinants of health in old age. Distinguishing sources of health inequality and rectifying inequality due to early childhood circumstances should be the basis of policy promoting health equity. JEL Classification: I14, J13, J14, O57