Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of the dynamics of sea spray over the waves

SeaCluse is a code describing and quantifying the nonlinear interactions between spray droplet concentrations and the scalar fields of water vapor concentration and temperature in the marine atmospheric surface layer as a function of the basic micrometeorological parameters. It is currently developed to simulate most of the dynamics of the evaporating sea spray droplets, their transformations, and their influence on the structure of the marine lower atmosphere. It includes two parts, a "preprocessor" computing the air flow structure and droplet trajectories over the waves in the absence of turbulence and evaporation, and a "main program" computing along the vertical the horizontally averaged budgets of droplet and water vapor concentrations, and sensible heat, including the dynamic and thermodynamic air-droplet interactions. This paper presents the first simulations, without evaporation, which reveal several characteristic features of the spray droplet dynamics over the waves. The mean air flow induced by the wave motion generates an efficient transport of many droplets up to the wave crest level or slightly higher, where they accumulate. In contrast, turbulence appears to be a rather inefficient process to elevate further the droplets that have nonnegligible weight and inertia (and an efficient process for very small droplets). The residence times in the air Tfly of droplets larger than 90 μm in radius do not increase much, compared to their values in still air or over a flat surface, and they increase with increasing wind speed much less rapidly than the wave height H0:Tfly ∼ U0.3 while H0 ∼ U2. Above the wave crest, the droplet concentrations are several orders of magnitude smaller than between wave troughs and crests. The precision of the turbulent diffusivity model for droplets therefore appears crucial to correctly infer the spray surface source function from concentration measurements in the atmosphere
Analyzing the Ability of Various Chosen Medicinal Herbs to Cure Wounds in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822)

Phytomedicines are affordable, safe, and offer great potential for treating and controlling wounds. The effects of herbal supplements on Clarias gariepinus wound healing was investigated. Twenty-four fish (146.4±0.74g) randomised into four paired sub-groups: G1 and G2, G3 and G4, G5 and G6, G7, and G8 were fed formulated rations containing no herbal additive (0.0g/kg), 5.0g/kg of Allium sativum, 10.0g/kg of Chromolaena odorata and 10.0g/kg of Talinum triangulare as feed additive respectively at 5% body weight. On the 21st day, a sterile incision measuring 45.0 mm by 1.0 mm was made on the dorsolateral side of each fish. Subgroups G2, G4, G6, and G8 were intraperitoneally inoculated with 0.1 ml of pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa that had been predetermined (1.4 x106 bacteria/ml), while G1, G3, G5, and G7 were not inoculated. Post-incision, macroscopic parameters (measurements), given as percentage healing rates on days 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15, were used to evaluate the wound closure. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. On day 3, there were significant differences between the control and treatment groups in the healing pattern (P < 0.05). On day 15 post-incision, G7 had the best healing rate in both inoculated (86.7 percent) and uninoculated (100 percent) fish, while G1 had the lowest healing rate (0.0 percent) and maximum healing rate (64.4 percent), respectively. The findings indicated that Talinum triangulare at a concentration of 10.0 g/kg was the optimum feed additive for promoting wound healing in Clarias gariepinus.
Significant Floods in the United States During the 20th century - USGS Measures a Century of Floods

Discharge measurements made during floods are used to develop stage-discharge relations at each gaging station. (Photograph, Lawrence Journal World, Lawrence, Kans.) United States in terms of number of lives lost and property damage. They can occur at any time of the year, in any part of the country, and at any time of the day or night. Most lives are lost when people are swept away by flood currents, whereas most property damage results from inundation by sediment-laden water. Flood currents also possess tremendous destructive power, as lateral forces can demolish buildings and erosion can undermine bridge foundations and footings leading to the collapse of structures. The accompanying map and table locate and describe 32 of the most significant floods of the 20th century. Floods are the result of a multitude of naturally occurring and human-induced factors, but they all can be defined as the accumulation of too much water in too little time in a specific area. Types of floods include regional floods, flash floods, ice-jam floods, storm-surge floods, damand levee-failure floods, and debris, landslide, and mudflow floods.
Age of supergene oxidation and enrichment in the Chilean porphyry copper province

Twenty-five samples of supergene alunite collected from deeply developed supergene profiles in porphyry copper deposits and prospects between latitudes 20 degrees and 27 degrees S in northern Chile yield K/Ar ages ranging from about 34 to 14 Ma. Therefore supergene oxidation and enrichment processes were active from the early Oligocene to the middle Miocene, a minimum of 20 m.y. Supergene activity at individual deposits lasted for at least 0.4 to 6.2 m.y. The early Oligocene supergene activity affected deposits in the Paleocene porphyry copper belt, whereas early and middle Miocene supergene processes are documented in the Early Cretaceous, Paleocene, and late Eocene to early Oligocene porphyry, copper belts. Middle Miocene oxidation also affected the oldest epithermal gold-silver deposits in the Maricunga belt farther east. Supergene activity commenced no less than 11 m.y. after generation of each porphyry copper deposit because of the time required to unroof the copper-bearing parts of the system. Supergene activity throughout northern Chile ceased at approximately 14 Ma. The geologic features of deposits and prospects and their morphotectonic positions, present latitudes, and present elevations display no obvious correlations with the supergene chronology.Exploration for major cumulative enrichment blankets should not be carried out either beneath thick sequences of piedmont gravels (+ or - ignimbrites) of Oligocene through middle Miocene age unless their accumulation is demonstrably late in the documented history of supergene activity, or in porphyry copper provinces, such as those of central Chile and northwestern Argentina, which formed after approximately 14 Ma.The uplift responsible for efficient cumulative copper enrichment is difficult to correlate convincingly with the brief pulses of compressive tectonism postulated for northern Chile and contiguous areas unless their effects were much more prolonged. Intensifying aridity is confirmed as the likely reason for the cessation of supergene activity in northern Chile, and tectonic uplift was its most probable cause. However, more fundamental global controls producing a period of chemical weathering followed by worldwide dessication also may have played a role.
Designing a Learning Trajectory of Area and Perimeter of Flat Shapes with Realistic Mathematics Education Approach for Fourth Grade Elementary School

This study was motivated by the lack of students' understanding of the concept of learning mathematics in elementary schools in measuring the area and perimeter of flat shapes. Therefore, the researchers designed and developed a learning trajectory of area and perimeter of flat shapes, square and rectangle, with Realistic Mathematics Education approach. The study used design research as methodological approach consisting of three phases, the preparatory phase, the experimental phase, and the retrospective analysis phase. The learning trajectory was tested with 14 students, 4 students for one to one and 10 students for experimental process. The data were gathered from interviews with several students, observations from videos during the learning process, and analysis of students' worksheets. The findings of the study showed that the learning trajectory of area and perimeter of flat shapes with Realistic Mathematics Education approach triggered students to develop their mathematical reasoning on the concept of area and perimeter of flat shape, square and rectangle.
SAFETY PROFILE OF DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE-4 INHIBITORS

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4 inhibitors) are oral antidiabetic agents commonly used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. More than ten years of clinical experience with this group of drugs provides evidence of their efficacy and good tolerability especially in patients at risk of hypoglycemia. DPP-4 inhibitors act by increasing the levels of the incretins glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and thus augmenting glucose-induced insulin secretion. The enzyme DPP-4 degrades plenty of substrates including chemokines, cytokines, and neuropeptides. Thus the inhibition of DPP-4 may affect many biological and pathological processes. Although rarely DPP-4 inhibitors have been reported to induce the development of infections, heart failure, liver injury and pancreatitis. The long-term effects of DPP-4 inhibition on the immune function are still not clarified. The close monitoring of polymorbid patients using DPP-4 inhibitors, and the reporting of possible adverse reactions associated with these drugs is warranted.
Association of intestinal dysbiosis with susceptibility to multiple sclerosis: Evidence from different population studies (Review)

Understanding the relationship between microorganisms that live in our intestines and neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS) is essential, since they have been shown to have an immunomodulatory effect in neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). The gut microbiota can be affected by several environmental factors, including infections, physical and emotional stress and diet, the latter known as the main modulator of intestinal bacteria. An abrupt shift in the gut microbiota composition and function is known as dysbiosis, a state of local and systemic inflammation produced by pathogenic bacteria and its metabolites responsible for numerous neurological symptoms. It may also trigger neuronal damage in patients diagnosed with MS. Intestinal dysbiosis affects the permeability of the intestine, allowing chronic low-grade bacterial translocation from the intestine to the circulation, which may overstimulate immune cells and cells resident in the CNS, break immune tolerance and, in addition, alter the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This way, toxins, inflammatory molecules and oxidative stress molecules can pass freely into the CNS and cause extensive damage to the brain. However, commensal bacteria, such as the Lactobacillus genus and Bacteroides fragilis, and their metabolites (with anti-inflammatory potential), produce neurotransmitters such as γ-aminobutyric acid, histamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine and serotonin, which are important for neurological regulation. In addition, reprogramming the gut microbiota of patients with MS with a healthy gut microbiota may help improve the integrity of the gut and BBB, by providing clinically protective anti-inflammatory effects and reducing the disease's degenerative progression. The present review provides valuable information about the relationship between gut microbiota and neuroinflammatory processes of the CNS. Most importantly, it highlights the importance of intestinal bacteria as an environmental factor that may mediate the clinical course of MS, or even predispose to the outbreak of this disease.
Raypath deviation under stable and unstable conditions

Ray-bending resulting from atmospheric refraction in the maritime environment has been shown to potentially produce significant effects on electro-optical target detection and imaging. Positive bending makes possible detection beyond the horizon while negative bending reduces the maximum inter-vision range (MIVR) and is likely to produce severe image distortion or mirages. It has been shown by many authors that these phenomena can be efficiently described using ray-tracing in conjunction with bulk estimations of the refractivity profiles based on the Monin-Obhukov theory. In this paper, the accuracy of bulk methods to describe ray bending is assessed by examining angular deviations of apparent target elevations with respect to the meteorological conditions. Prediction accuracy is shown for a large spectrum of conditions, characterized by the air-sea temperature difference, by combining measurements collected in the North Sea and in the Baltic Sea. Moreover, the use of bulk profiles as opposed to profiles measured at sea by using a buoy is discussed.
Mantle downwelling and crustal convergence - A model for Ishtar Terra, Venus

The Ishtar Terra region contains the highest topography known on Venus, over 10 km above mean planetary radius, as well as abundant tectonic features, many of apparently compressional origin. These characteristics suggest that Ishtar is a crustal convergence zone overlying downwelling mantle. In order to explore quantitatively the implications of this hypothesis for Ishtar's origin, we present models of viscous crustal flow driven by gradients in topography. Assuming a free-slip surface boundary condition, we find that if the crustal convergence hypothesis is correct, then the crustal thickness in the plains surrounding Ishtar can be no more than about 25 km thick. This upper bound assumes a cold (10 K km−1) geotherm and the stiffest available diabase flow law. If the geothermal gradient is larger or the rheology is weaker, the crust must be even thinner for net crustal convergence to be possible. This upper bound is in good agreement with several independent estimates of crustal thickness of 15–30 km in the plains of Venus based on modeling of the spacing of tectonic features and of impact crater relaxation. If the surface layer of Venus provides a no-slip boundary, then our models allow the crustal thickness in the plains to be up to 50 km, but the likely existence of faults that cut through the crust makes a no-slip surface layer unlikely. Our upper bound on crustal thickness is much less than that derived from an Airy isostasy model of Ishtar's gravity anomaly. Much of the observed gravity anomaly must be due to density anomalies in the mantle beneath Ishtar. Although we treat Ishtar as a crustal convergence zone, our crustal flow model shows that under some circumstances near-surface material may actually flow away from Ishtar, providing a possible explanation for grabenlike structures in Fortuna Tessera.
NIR DLP hyperspectral imaging system for medical applications

DLP® hyperspectral reflectance imaging in the visible range has been previously shown to quantify hemoglobin oxygenation in subsurface tissues, 1 mm to 2 mm deep. Extending the spectral range into the near infrared reflects biochemical information from deeper subsurface tissues. Unlike any other illumination method, the digital micro-mirror device, DMD, chip is programmable, allowing the user to actively illuminate with precisely predetermined spectra of illumination with a minimum bandpass of approximately 10 nm. It is possible to construct active spectral-based illumination that includes but is not limited to containing sharp cutoffs to act as filters or forming complex spectra, varying the intensity of light at discrete wavelengths. We have characterized and tested a pure NIR, 760 nm to 1600 nm, DLP hyperspectral reflectance imaging system. In its simplest application, the NIR system can be used to quantify the percentage of water in a subject, enabling edema visualization. It can also be used to map vein structure in a patient in real time. During gall bladder surgery, this system could be invaluable in imaging bile through fatty tissue, aiding surgeons in locating the common bile duct in real time without injecting any contrast agents.
Hikikomori (Severe Social Withdrawal) in Italian Adolescents: Clinical Features and Follow-Up

Severe social withdrawal, including staying alone in one’s bedroom, non-attendance at school or work, and minimal or absent social contacts, sometimes only through electronic devices, can be found in several psychiatric disorders, or in a ‘primary’ form, firstly defined in Japan as ‘Hikikomori’. The distinction between primary and secondary forms is questionable, as it prevalently depends on the quality of psychiatric assessment. To date, few studies specifically explored Hikikomori in an adolescent population outside Japan. The aim of the present study is to describe clinical features of a consecutive group of 80 referred youth (13 to 18 years, 57 males) with social isolation, of which 40 were followed up on for 4–6 months, to characterize clinical features and outcome. All the participants presented psychiatric comorbid disorders, prevalently anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and autism spectrum disorder. Suicidality (ideation and behavior) was reported in 32.5% of the participants, and 20% of the participants attempted suicide. More than half of the participants exceeded the cut-off of the Internet Addiction Test, and 42.4% met the criteria for the Internet Gaming Disorder. At the follow-up appointment, an improvement of social withdrawal was reported in 75% of the sample; 67.5% of the participants significantly improved according to the CGI-improvement scale; and 55% of the participants had an improvement of functioning according to the C-GAS. Our findings suggest that Hikikomori is a transnosographic entity, with high rates of suicidality and Internet addiction, and that can it improve when it is timely diagnosed and treated.
Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded Small-Scale Ring Footings Resting on Reinforced Layered Soil

This paper presents an experimental study of the behavior of an eccentrically loaded model ring footing resting on a compacted replaced layer of sand that overlies an extended layer of loose sand. Particular emphasis is placed on the potential benefits of reinforcing the replaced sand layer with geogrid reinforcement. Load configuration was designed to simulate ring footings under vertical loads and overturning moment caused by lateral loads. Several configurations of geogrid layers, number, and stiffness were used to study ring footings with different inner-to-outer-diameter ratios and load eccentricities. The effect of the depth and the relative density of the replaced sand layer was also investigated. Test results indicate that the behavior of an eccentrically loaded ring footing significantly improves with an increase in the depth and the relative density of the replaced compacted sand layer. However, the inclusion of soil reinforcement not only leads to a significant reduction in the depth of the rep.
Geology and geochemistry of lavas at Nekoma volcano: Implications for origin of Quaternary low‐K andesite in the north‐eastern Honshu arc, Japan

Abstract Nekoma volcano forms part of the arc axis volcanic array of the North‐eastern Honshu arc, Japan, which is commonly characterized by medium‐K lava suites. However, Nekoma is exceptional because many of its lavas are low‐K. This anomaly has been a matter of debate. Nekoma was active from 1.1 to 0.35 Ma. The volcano consists of thick andesite flows and domes associated with block and ash flow deposits produced during lava dome formation. A horseshoe‐shaped collapse caldera was formed at the summit and small lava domes extruded into the caldera. Stratigraphy, published K–Ar ages, and tephrochronology define three stages of volcanic activity, about 1.1 Ma (Stage 1), 0.8–0.6 Ma (Stage 2) and 0.45–0.35 Ma (Stage 3; post caldera stage). Low‐K andesites occur in all stages. Extremely low‐K andesite was also associated in Stage 2 and medium‐K andesite was dominant in Stage 3. In general, lavas changed from low‐K to medium‐K after caldera formation. Geochemical study of the Nekoma lavas shows that both low‐K and medium‐K lavas are isotopically similar and were derived from a common source. Adatara and Azuma volcanoes, which lie close to Nekoma, also have both low‐K and medium‐K andesites. However, Sr isotope ratios or temporal‐spatial variations in K‐level lava classification vary between the three centers. Comparisons of K suites and Sr isotope ratios with frontal arc volcanoes in North‐east–Honshu suggest source heterogeneity existed in both medium‐ and low‐K suites. The K contents of lavas and their Sr isotopes are not simply related. This requires re‐examination of models for chemical variation of andesites in arcs.
Summertime formaldehyde at a high‐elevation site in Quebec

Measurements of formaldehyde were made during the summer of 1996 at a high-elevation site in Quebec as part of the North American Research Strategy on Tropospheric Ozone-Canada East (NARSTO-CE) measurement program. Gas phase mixing ratios were determined continuously by removing formaldehyde from the air in a glass coil scrubber, and producing a fluorescent dimer through the Hantzsch reaction. Average mixing ratios of formaldehyde were 1.3 and 0.8 ppbv for dry and wet periods, respectively. Highest values of HCHO were observed July 1-2 with a maximum mixing ratio of 4.6 ppbv. Fog water samples were also collected and analyzed for HCHO on five afternoon periods. Comparison of HCHO in the gas and aqueous phases shows reasonable agreement with Henry's law equilibrium. For dry periods July 1-12, relationships were examined between formaldehyde and other chemical species also measured at the site. Data were segregated based on the ratio of NO x to NO y and on the level of anthropogenic hydrocarbons present in the air mass. For the majority of the data, formaldehyde increased with both ozone and products of NO x oxidation (NO z ) and was inversely related to the NO x /NO y ratio. During the high HCHO episode July 1-2, HCHO was correlated with neither ozone nor NO 2 illustrating the different chemistry at the site on these days. A chemical box model was used to examine sources of HCHO July 1-4. The model suggests that biogenic hydrocarbons contribute on average 53% of the locally produced formaldehyde, the remainder resulting from the oxidation of methane (19%), anthropogenic VOCs (16%), acetaldehyde (7%), and organic peroxides (3%). The model cannot account for the July 1-2 formaldehyde mixing ratios from the chemistry measured at the site. This implies that an additional HCHO source not included in the model was responsible for the high levels on those days.
Granulite-facies regional and contact metamorphism of the Tasiuyak paragneiss, northern Labrador: textural evolution and interpretation

The Tasiuyak paragneiss at the western margin of the Nain Plutonic Suite has been subjected to two granulite-facies metamorphic events: (i) regional metamorphism during the Paleoproterozoic Torngat orogeny, and (ii) contact metamorphism due to emplacement of the Mesoproterozoic Nain Plutonic Suite. Regional metamorphism led to partial melting of pelitic rocks and the development of a locally well-preserved sequence of prograde and retrograde textures. These textures are partly controlled by bulk composition and formed in the pressure–temperature (P–T) field of the continuous reaction: biotite + sillimanite + plagioclase + quartz = garnet + K-feldspar + melt, along a hairpin P–T path with peak conditions of ~8–10 kbar (0.8–1.0 GPa) and up to 870 °C in the NaKFMASH (Na2O–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O) system. These textures controlled the development of the contact metamorphic assemblages. Contact metamorphism of the pelitic rocks between the Tessiarsuyungoakh intrusion and the Makhavinekh Lake pluton led to .