Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variability in Peer-peer Scaffolding during Writing Tasks in L2 English

Although the literature on collaborative writing has revealed the advantages of collaboration in improving the writing quality of learners, few studies have examined the development of the interaction qualities during collaboration. Thus, the present study tracked the development of scaffolding episodes (SEs) in the collaborative performance of two purposively selected pairs (from among eight pairs) of EFL learners within the frameworks of sociocultural theory (Vygotsky, 1978) and dynamic systems theory (Thelen & Smith, 1994). The pairs were asked to write on eight tasks during the semester. The microgenetic analysis of the pairs’ interactions in terms of SEs showed that suggesting was the most frequently used SE by Pair C and Pair D; instructing was the least frequently used SE by Pair C; translating was the least frequently used SE by Pair D. In addition, the analysis of the language related episodes (LREs) used during the scaffolding process indicated that although Pair C produced more turns than Pair D, the frequency of LREs per turn was more in the productions of Pair D. Moreover, among different types of LRE (i.e., form, lexis and mechanics), lexis was produced most frequently by both pairs.
Endogenous relationship of accident occurrence with speed, traffic heterogeneity and driving environment on inter-urban roads in Indonesia

Speed performances and characteristics of traffi c have mostly been considered as homogeneous across vehicles. In countries where the roads are dominated by mixed types of vehicles, the heterogeneity needs to be considered. This study is aimed at modeling how traffi c heterogeneity as captured in speed, speed deviation, and traffi c volume determines the fatality rates and accident rates. Traffi c volume, road geometry (bendiness, hilliness, bend density and hill density) and road surface condition (represented by IRI) become the independent variables in a simultaneous regression using structural equation model (SEM). SEM is adopted to represent the hierarchical causal effects between the independent variables and dependent variables. The data cover inter-urban roads in eight provinces in Indonesia from 2012-2016 and 2019. Speed is not signifi cant in predicting accident rate, and speed deviation is not signifi cant in predicting fatality rate. An increase in speed deviation lowers the accident rates; an increase in speed increases fatality rates. Road geometry and traffi c volume negatively impact the speed deviations of all vehicle categories, indicating that when there is more traffi c on the road, the speeds of all vehicle categories become more homogenous. Bend density, bendiness, hill density and hilliness negatively affect both the speed and the speed deviations of the vehicles of all categories The fi ndings of the study can contribute to traffi c policing and traffi c safety improvement schemes for heterogeneous traffi c.
Mitochondrial Dna Phylogeny of the Prodoxidae (Lepidoptera: Incurvarioidea) Indicates Rapid Ecological Diversification of Yucca Moths

Yucca moths of the family Prodoxidae demonstrate a remarkable coevolved mutualism with their host plants, species of the genus Yucca . Phylogenetic studies of the evolution of these interactions have been hampered by a lack of a robust phylogeny for this group. We inferred a phylogeny of the Prodoxidae from 780 bp of DNA sequence from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II genes and the intervening leucine transfer RNA. Generic relationships derived from mitochondrial DNA variation across 38 prodoxid and two outgroup haplotypes were substantially congruent with earlier morphology-based hypotheses, but molecular data provided enough characters to resolve relationships among many taxa unresolved by morphological characteristics. Similarity of sequence divergence estimates among the yucca-feeding lineages suggests that diversification of exploitative strategies in yucca moths occurred during a short period. Our results also highlight the importance of including characters that accumulate changes in both clocklike and episodic fashion in phylogenetic reconstruction.
The story of stolen chaperones

Prions are self-seeding alternate protein conformations. Most yeast prions contain glutamine/asparagine (Q/N)-rich domains that promote the formation of amyloid-like prion aggregates. Chaperones, including Hsp104 and Sis1, are required to continually break these aggregates into smaller “seeds. ” Decreasing aggregate size and increasing the number of growing aggregate ends facilitates both aggregate transmission and growth. Our previous work showed that overexpression of 11 proteins with Q/N-rich domains facilitates the de novo aggregation of Sup35 into the [PSI+] prion, presumably by a cross-seeding mechanism. We now discuss our recent paper, in which we showed that overexpression of most of these same 11 Q/N-rich proteins, including Pin4C and Cyc8, destabilized pre-existing Q/N rich prions. Overexpression of both Pin4C and Cyc8 caused [PSI+] aggregates to enlarge. This is incompatible with a previously proposed “capping” model where the overexpressed Q/N-rich protein poisons, or “caps,” the growing aggregate ends. Rather the data match what is expected of a reduction in prion severing by chaperones. Indeed, while Pin4C overexpression does not alter chaperone levels, Pin4C aggregates sequester chaperones away from the prion aggregates. Cyc8 overexpression cures [PSI+] by inducing an increase in Hsp104 levels, as excess Hsp104 binds to [PSI+] aggregates in a way that blocks their shearing.
Lactase Gene Development Expression During Early of Rat Small Intestine

Expression of lactase messenger (m) RNA and protein in rat small intestine during fetal and postnatal development was analyzed using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Lactase mRNA was first identified at 18 days of development, and lactase protein was first detected at day 20. Lactase mRNA and protein were present along the entire villus. Lactase mRNA increased, reaching a maximum at day 20. Just before birth a decrease in lactase mRNA was observed. In newborn intestine, lactase mRNA was present only from the base of the villus up to the mid-villus region and was undetectable up to the villus tips. Lactase protein continued to be expressed along the entire villus. These data show that expression of lactase mRNA and protein do not parallel, indicating a posttranscriptional control in fetal development. Lactase gene transcription is initiated late in gestation concomitant with villus formation and is exclusively seen in villus epithelial cells. The restriction after birth of lactase mRNA expression to cells at the villus base suggests the occurrence of a previously unknown step in postnatal differentiation of the enterocyte.
Influence of site and stand factors on Hymenoscyphus fraxineus‐induced basal lesions

Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is an invasive fungus in Europe and causes a severe decline affecting ash, which began in the late 1990s. One of the symptoms associated with the disease is lesions in the outer bark of the collar area. However, the aetiology of these basal lesions, and in particular the relative roles of H. fraxineus and Armillaria species, is still controversial; moreover, little is known about the influence of environmental factors on the disease epidemiology. This study therefore surveyed 42 plots located in northeastern France, in an area affected by ash decline since 2008, in order to determine which environmental factors condition the severity of lesions associated with H. fraxineus on ash collar. The spatial pattern that is a consequence of the invasive spread of the disease was taken into account in the analysis, using a spatial hierarchical Bayesian model fitted by integrated nested laplace approximation (INLA). Results show that while basal lesions are tightly associated with H. fraxineus, their severity is influenced by the Armillaria species present in the plot. Sites with vegetation indicating moist conditions, or more humid topographical positions, were associated with more developed basal lesions.
Aroma profile of leaf and stem of lemon balm (Melissa Officinalis L.) grown under greenhouse conditions

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), member of Lamiaceae family, is one of the important medicinal plant species. The plant is used in medicine, cosmetic and food industry. In this study lemon balm plants were grown in greenhouse. Hydrodistillation was used to isolate the essential oils and chemical analyses were performed by GC and GC-MS with three replications. The yield of the oils of leaves and stem were 0.36% and 0.014% respectively. Twenty components in leaf and 19 components in stem essential oils of lemon balm were identified. The major components of leaf essential oils were geranial (43.1%), neral (33.4%), pentadecanal (4.7%), geranyl acetate (2.9%) and β-caryophyllene (2.4%). Similarly the major components of stem essential oils were geranial (34.9%), neral (23.5%), geranyl acetate (7.5%), hexadecanoic acid (4.3%), caryophyllene oxide (4.0%) and β-caryophyllene (3.5%).
Sustaining Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman (Rosaceae), a CITES listing tree species in the Teza Forest, Kibira National Park, Burundi

Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman (Rosaceae)/Pygeum or African cherry is a mountain tree species of the tropical Africa. Prunus bark is exported dried, chipped or powdered to USA and Europe to produce an extract used to treat benign prostrate hyperplasia. The plant is considered as vulnerable and is listed in appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES). This paper aims to estimate the average mass of mature stems of that tree species as a tool for establishing its non-detriment findings in Burundi. The study was carried out in July 2013 in a production forest of 2 800 ha found in the Teza sector, in the south of the Kibira National Park. Stem barks were gathered from a total of 36 mature trees of Prunus africana with diameter at breast height of more than 30 cm, known as mature trees. The harvesting of the barks was done according to the recommended sustainable technic which is, “for all trees above 30 cm DBH, only two quarters of the bark are taken from the main stem up to the first branch”. The average mass of the fresh bark of a Prunus mature tree is 47.0 kg. The quantity of the dried bark estimated to be harvested in sustainable manner each year in the Teza sector is 24.8 tons/year. This is known as the annual quota. If Burundi authorities agree to allow the exploitation of Prunus barks in the Kibira Park, the National Institute for the Environment and the Conservation of Nature (INECN), which is in charge of the management of protected areas in Burundi, can yield about 426 155.7 – 497 181.7 USD/year. And these funds can be used to enhance the strategy of conservation settled within the “Parks for Peace Project” in the Kibira national park. Key words: Prunus Africana, Kibira National Park, mass, sustainable technic, annual quota, Burundi, CITES.
Influence of soil gradual drought stress on Acorus calamus growth and photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics

In the process of soil gradual drought,the growth of typical wetland plant Acorus calamus in dry condition and control condition were investigated.The soil water contents of dry group were about 55%(0th day),40%(3th day),30%(6th day),20%(9th day),10%(11th day) and 5%(12th day) and average soil water content of the control group was(53.49±0.6)% during the experiment period.Meanwhile,Photosystem Ⅱ(PSⅡ) photochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm),quantum yield(Yield),photochemical quenching(qP),non-photochemical quenching(qN) were also measured by a submersible,pulse-amplitude modulated(PAM) fluorometer: Diving-PAM. The results showed that the decline of soil water content in a short term(soil water content declined from 53.86% to 42.6%,on the 0th —3th day) was beneficial to the growth of dry group Acorus calamus.Fv/Fm,Yield,qP were much high than those of the control group(P0.05),while qN was lower than control group.Compared with control group,average plant height,leaf width and leaf biomass,root biomass of dry group increased by 4.35%,3.13%,12.50%,17.82%,respectively. With soil becoming drought gradually(soil water content declined from 42.6% to 18.02%,on the 3th —9th day),the growth of drought group Acorus calamus was restrained gradually and yield and qP value began to decrease.The qN value rose from 0 to 0.403 quickly and was much higher than those of control group(P0.05). The dry group plant began to suffer from soil drought stress and presented low photo-inhibition phenomenon.High qN value detected in the study demonstrated that they could protect PSⅡ by increasing heat dissipating.At the same time,there was no significant difference of Fv/Fm between drought group and control group,which also indicated that photosynthesis structure of PSⅡ was unspoiled.At the same time,Acorus calamus plant reduced water transpiration and promoted water absorption to protect itself from soil drought pressure by reducing leaf area,leaf water content and root water content.On the 9th day,the leaf width,leaf water content and root water content of dry group declined to 89.1%,92.5% and 95.8% of control group respectively. With more serious soil drought degree(soil water content declined from 18.02% to 4.5%,on the 9th —12th day),the growth of dry group plant was significantly restrained.The yield and qP value decreased quickly and were much lower than those of the control group.The photosynthetic efficiency decreased significantly.Meanwhile,Fv/Fm value began to be much less than that of the control group and qN value reduced to 0,which indicated that photosynthesis structure of PSⅡ has begun to be destroyed and the capacity of dissipating heat has disappeared.On the 11th and 12th day,leaf water content of dry group declined to 75.79% and 68.78% respectively.The small leaf began to wither and decline,followed by the big leaf.The above phenomenon indicated that high plant biomass was weak to keep plant water content in the process of soil gradual drought,80% of leaf water content was the critical value to maintain Acorus calamus plant survival.
INVESTIGATION THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY POLYMER BY ADDING NATURAL MATERIALS

During the last few years, natural materials have been widely used in engineering applications due to their characteristic such as low cost, less dense, environmentfriendly and high strength. Due to the suffering polymer composites from several shortcomings such as mechanical properties, the natural materials can be used as fillers in polymer composites to improve their properties. The present research investigates experimentally the effect of using natural pistachio shell particles on the mechanical properties of epoxy matrix composites. Three contents of the pistachio shell particles were used: 5, 10 and 15 weight %, whereas the size of particles was 120˂d˂180 μm, 63˂d˂120 μm, and d˂63 μm. The produced samples at different particle contents and sizes were tested through different mechanical tests, such as tensile, flexural, Izod impact and hardness tests and the results compared with the pure epoxy polymer. The findings showed that the impact strength, tensile strength and flexural strength of epoxy composites improved around 75%, 56%, and 87.7% respectively at the content of pistachio shell 5 weight % and particle size d˂63 μm. While the hardness of epoxy composite improved by about 28% when the content of pistachio shell in the produced samples was 15 weight% and particle size 63 ˂d ˂120 μm.
Improvement of Oral Health Status in a Group of Students with Visual Impairment in Istanbul

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the oral health status of a group of students with vision impairment and to compare the changes of oral hygiene after oral health education. Materials and Methods: Dental examination of 6-19-year-old of 136 students with vision impairment in a Primary School for Individuals with Vision Impairment in Istanbul was performed. The students were divided into 6-9-year-age group (Group I) and 10-19-year-age group (Group II) and in the first visit, they were examined and their findings were recorded according to DMFT (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth), DMFS (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Surfaces) indices of permanent teeth, dft and dfs indices of primary teeth and in the first visit and 3rd follow up period, their Dental Plaque (PI), Calculus (CI) and Oral Hygiene (OHI) Indexes were recorded. They received one-to-one oral health education (OHE). Statistical evaluation was carried out with Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests and p<0.05 was found as statistically significant. Results: Regarding the pre and post OHE results of periodontal indexes, PI and OHI scores statistically significantly increased after OHE in Group I (p<0.05). On the other hand, CI results significantly decreased after OHE in Group II (p=0.042). Comparing post OHE results of PI and OHI, Group I showed statistically significantly higher scores than Group II (p<0.05). Comparing the difference values of PI and OHI between pre and post OHE, Group I showed statistically significantly lower scores than Group II (p<0.05). Conclusions: Students with vision impairment have a high prevalence of dental caries and poor oral hygiene. We emphasise the importance of providing proper dental education and regular dental visits to them.
Studies on nutrition of red sea bream. XII. Effect of .OMEGA.3 fatty acid supplement in a corn oil diet on fatty acid composition of fish.

Red sea bream fingerlings were kept on a corn oil diet, supplemented with 1% 18:3 ω3 and/or 2% ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and on a pollack residual oil diet. After a 45-day feeding trial, the general composition and the fatty acid composition of liver and muscle were determined. Fish fed on diets containing PUFA had higher contents of liver glycogen and muscle lipid than the fish fed the diet with or without the 18:3 ω3 supplement. Fatty acid analysis of liver phospholipid showed that the dietary 18:3 ω3 was converted into 22:5 ω3 and 22:6 ω3. Liver phospholipid of fish fed on diets with PUFA showed markedly higher level of 18:1 > fatty acids and lower levels of 20 fatty acids and 20
The Environmental and Genetic Components of Sex Ratio in Menidia menidia (Pisces: Atherinidae)

Comparison of sex ratios among families reared at different temperatures during larval development suggests that environmental sex determination is under the control of major sex determining genes in Menidia menidia. The response of family sex ratio to temperature within mothers was highly dependent on paternity. Moreover, the frequency distribution of family sex ratios within a temperature was multimodal: sex ratios at 15 C tended to be near 0, 0.5, or 1.0; while those at 21 C tended to be near 0, 0.25, or 0.5. The proportion of offspring that had gender determined by temperature within a family tended to be about 0, 0.25, or 0.5. Sex ratio had an inverse curvilinear relation to temperature, rather than the threshold response that has been identified in most of the other vertebrates with temperature-dependent sex determination. Sex ratio declined rapidly as temperature increased from 15-21 C, but less so at higher temperatures. The sex ratio among offspring batches from some isolated pairs of mated fish varied erratically, indicating an additional component of sex ratio variance attributable to non-genetic parental effects, or some form of environmental influence other than temperature. Photoperiod and salinity during development had no effect on sex ratio. Sex determination in M. menidia is apparently intermediate between that of the completely genetic or completely environmental forms of sex determination that have been identified in other lower vertebrates. In relation to the life history pattern of M. menidia, this observation is in accord with the predictions of sex ratio theory.
Genetic divergence analysis of yield and its contributing traits in tall field Pea (Pisum

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important cool season grain legume in the Indian subcontinent. Genetic variation is essential for effective selection. In order to genetic variability, hybridization between genotypes of diver origin is suggested to unlock new recombination. Genetic divergence has been used as indirect parameter of moderate effectiveness in selecting parental line to produce high yielding progenies. Success of the hybridization followed by selection depends largely in the selection of parents with high genetic diversity for traits of interest (Murthy and Arunachalam, 1966). Therefore, an effort was made to estimate the nature and magnitude of genetic diversity in a set of forty genotypes of field pea.
RESPONSES OF VENEZUELAN UNDERSTORY BIRDS TO SELECTIVE LOGGING, ENRICHMENT STRIPS, AND VINE CUTTING

This paper examines the impact of selective logging and two silvicultural treatments (enrichment strips and vine cutting) on understory birds in southern Venezuela. Birds were sampled using mist nets from 1992-93. Assemblages in each forest type were compared with reference plots in primary forest. While selective logging significantly affected understory bird assemblages, the effects were even greater when enrichment strips (linear plantations) were created following harvesting. Bird assemblages changed in proportion to the magnitude of the forestry disturbances. With increasing disturbance, nectarivores increased in abundance while the responses of frugivores were mixed. Insectivores dominated the understory avifauna and generally declined in abundance. The most diverse family of understory birds, the antbirds (Formicariidae), was typical of insectivores. Of the 22 species which occur in primary forest, a few (two spp.) became abundant following selective logging, but most (16 spp.) declined and several (four spp.) were not recorded in logged forest. Compositional changes and the frequency of extirpations were even greater following the creation of enrichment strips. Eliminating this silvicultural practice, or replacing it with a less damaging alternative, would better conserve the forest avifauna. Cutting vines, which did not greatly alter the structure of the forest understory, had little effect on understory birds.
The Relationship of Innovation Capabilities Towards Employeesâ€™ Perormance: Mediating Effect of Tecnoloical Diersity in UAE Manufacturing Companies

Innovation capabilities of employees was considered as the main strategic activity of administered as a means of objective assessment of the individual performance of various professionals in MOI UAE. This study first aimed to identify whether employeesâ€™ innovation capabilities in MOI would exhibit better performance in UAE. Secondly, this study also aimed to identify the theoretical issues related with cultural and technological diversity with individual innovation capabilities and gave the ways to improve their performance in MOI UAE setting. This study proposes a conceptual framework for understanding innovation process and knowledge management aspects of innovation capability which would influence individual performance. The conceptual framework includes cultural diversity as mediating variable in the effect of innovation capability which would influence individual performance. The conceptual carry out through empirical review of literature and development of hypothesis. The adaption of well-structured questionnaire used in this study. The study also validates the proposed conceptual framework using a second-order confirmatory factor analysis technique, namely, structural equations modelling, with the data collected from 607 followers from 6 MOI departments in the UAE.