Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Full classification of dynamics for one-dimensional continuous-time Markov chains with polynomial transition rates

Abstract This paper provides a full classification of the dynamics for continuous-time Markov chains (CTMCs) on the nonnegative integers with polynomial transition rate functions and without arbitrary large backward jumps. Such stochastic processes are abundant in applications, in particular in biology. More precisely, for CTMCs of bounded jumps, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of calculable parameters for explosivity, recurrence versus transience, positive recurrence versus null recurrence, certain absorption, and implosivity. Simple sufficient conditions for exponential ergodicity of stationary distributions and quasi-stationary distributions as well as existence and nonexistence of moments of hitting times are also obtained. Similar simple sufficient conditions for the aforementioned dynamics together with their opposite dynamics are established for CTMCs with unbounded forward jumps. Finally, we apply our results to stochastic reaction networks, an extended class of branching processes, a general bursty single-cell stochastic gene expression model, and population processes, none of which are birth–death processes. The approach is based on a mixture of Lyapunov–Foster-type results, the classical semimartingale approach, and estimates of stationary measures.
Local Information Agent Modelling in Partially-Observable Environments

Modelling the behaviours of other agents is essential for understanding how agents interact and making effective decisions. Existing methods for agent modelling commonly assume knowledge of the local observations and chosen actions of the modelled agents during execution. To eliminate this assumption, we extract representations from the local information of the controlled agent using encoder-decoder architectures. Using the observations and actions of the modelled agents during training, our models learn to extract representations about the modelled agents conditioned only on the local observations of the controlled agent. The representations are used to augment the controlled agent’s decision policy which is trained via deep reinforcement learning; thus, during execution, the policy does not require access to other agents’ information. We provide a comprehensive evaluation and ablations studies in cooperative, competitive and mixed multi-agent environments, showing that our method achieves signiﬁcantly higher returns than baseline methods which do not use the learned representations.
Recent highlights from GENIE v 3 The GENIE Collaboration

The release of GENIE v3.0. 0 was a major milestone in the long history of the GENIE project, delivering several alternative comprehensive neutrino interaction models, improved charged-lepton scattering simulations, a range of beyond the Standard Model simulation capabilities, improved experimental interfaces, expanded core framework capabilities, and advanced new frameworks for the global analysis of neutrino scattering data and tuning of neutrino interaction models. Steady progress continued following the release of GENIE v3.0. 0. New tools and a large number of new physics models, comprehensive model configurations, and tunes have been made publicly available and planned for release in v3.2. 0. This article highlights some of the most recent technical and physics developments in the GENIE v3 series. ar X iv :2 10 6. 09 38 1v 2 [ he pph ] 1 8 Ju n 20 21 2 Will be inserted by the editor
Evolutionary and functional analysis of two‐component system in chickpea reveals CaRR13, a TypeB RR, as positive regulator of symbiosis

Summary The critical role of cytokinin in early nodulation in legumes is well known. In our study, exogenous cytokinin application to roots of the important crop legume, chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), led to the formation of pseudo‐nodules even in the absence of rhizobia. Hence, a genome‐wide analysis of the cytokinin signalling, two‐component system (TCS) genes, was conducted in chickpea, Medicago and Cajanus cajan. The integrated phylogenetic, evolutionary and expression analysis of the TCS genes was carried out, which revealed that histidine kinases (HKs) were highly conserved, whereas there was diversification leading to neofunctionalization at the level of response regulators (RRs) especially the TypeB RRs. Further, the functional role of the CaHKs in nodulation was established by complementation of the sln1Δ mutant of yeast and cre1 mutants of (Medicago) which led to restoration of the nodule‐deficient phenotype. Additionally, the highest expressing TypeB RR of chickpea, CaRR13, was functionally characterized. Its localization in the nucleus and its Y1H assay‐based interaction with the promoter of the early nodulation gene CaNSP2 indicated its role as a transcription factor regulating early nodulation. Overexpression, RNAi lines and complementation of cre1 mutants with CaRR13 revealed its critical involvement as an important signalling molecule regulating early events of nodule organogenesis in chickpea.
Sublethal Toxicity Findings by the Pulp and Paper Industry for Cycles 1 and 2 of the Environmental Effects Monitoring Program

Sublethal toxicity tests successfully measured the improved quality of pulp mill effluents from the first cycle of environmental effects monitoring (1992‐1996) to the second cycle (1997‐2000). Test endpoints showed notable shifts to higher concentrations (less toxic). During the second cycle of monitoring, significantly more tests showed no effect in full-strength effluent. Five case studies were considered as part of this exercise. Most of the improvement came with installation of secondary treatment. Twelve Ontario mills with secondary treatment showed reduced toxicity, compared to results with primary treatment. All 29 sets of sublethal data showed higher IC25s during the second cycle, and 23 of these differences were statistically significant. Any other changes between the two cycles of study caused only marginal overall improvement in toxicity, judging by 12 freshwater mills in British Columbia which had secondary treatment during both cycles. Sublethal tests successfully predicted the zone of potential effect in receiving water, agreeing with effects observed in biological surveys. Overlapping zones from multiple discharges could also be demonstrated. In a situation near Niagara Falls, sublethal tests estimated the proportions of toxic loading that four mills contributed to one water body. The prediction was realistic; the actual toxicity found for a mixed effluent was 57% of that predicted from separate toxicities. The conservative prediction agrees with the usual less-than-additive sublethal action of combined toxicants.
Selective nuclear export of mRNAs is promoted by DRBD18 in Trypanosoma brucei

Kinetoplastids, including Trypanosoma brucei, control gene expression primarily at the posttranscriptional level. Nuclear mRNA export is an important, but understudied, step in this process. The general heterodimeric export factors, Mex67/Mtr2, function in the export of mRNAs and tRNAs in T. brucei, but RNA binding proteins (RBPs) that regulate export processes by controlling the dynamics of Mex67/Mtr2 ribonucleoprotein formation or transport have not been identified. Here, we report that DRBD18, an essential and abundant T. brucei RBP, associates with Mex67/Mtr2 in vivo, likely through its direct interaction with Mtr2. DRBD18 downregulation results in partial accumulation of poly(A)+ mRNA in the nucleus, but has no effect on the localization of intron‐containing or mature tRNAs. Comprehensive analysis of transcriptomes from whole‐cell and cytosol in DRBD18 knockdown parasites demonstrates that depletion of DRBD18 leads to impairment of nuclear export of a subset of mRNAs. CLIP experiments reveal the association of DRBD18 with several of these mRNAs. Moreover, DRBD18 knockdown leads to a partial accumulation of the Mex67/Mtr2 export receptors in the nucleus. Taken together, the current study supports a model in which DRBD18 regulates the selective nuclear export of mRNAs by promoting the mobilization of export competent mRNPs to the cytosol through the nuclear pore complex.
The dangers of single-lap shear testing in understanding polymer composite welded joints

Single-lap shear (SLS) joints are straightforward to manufacture. This makes them especially attractive for testing polymer composite welded joints. Owing to local heating, which is characteristic of composite welding processes, the production of more geometrically intricate joints (such as double-lap or scarfed joints) or bigger joints (such as end-notched flexure or double cantilever beam) typically entails significant complexity in the design of the welding process. Testing of SLS joints is also uncomplicated and, even though, owing to mixed-mode loading and uneven stress distribution, it does not provide design values, it is widely acknowledged as a valuable tool for comparison. Even so, comparing different aspects of composite welded joints through their corresponding SLS strength values alone can be deceptive. This paper shows that comparison of different welding processes, adherend materials, process parameters or different types of joining techniques through SLS testing is only meaningful when strength values are combined with knowledge on other aspects of the joints such as joint mesostructure, failure modes and joint mechanics. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘A cracking approach to inventing new tough materials: fracture stranger than friction’.
Pattern formation in drying blood drops

Patterns in dried droplets are commonly observed as rings left after spills of dirty water or coffee have evaporated. Patterns are also seen in dried blood droplets and the patterns have been shown to differ from patients afflicted with different medical conditions. This has been proposed as the basis for a new generation of low-cost blood diagnostics. Before these diagnostics can be widely used, the underlying mechanisms leading to pattern formation in these systems must be understood. We analyse the height profile and appearance of dispersions prepared with red blood cells (RBCs) from healthy donors. The red cell concentrations and diluent were varied and compared with simple polystyrene particle systems to identify the dominant mechanistic variables. Typically, a high concentration of non-volatile components suppresses ring formation. However, RBC suspensions display a greater volume of edge deposition when the red cell concentration is higher. This discrepancy is caused by the consolidation front halting during drying for most blood suspensions. This prevents the standard horizontal drying mechanism and leads to two clearly defined regions in final crack patterns and height profile. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘A cracking approach to inventing new tough materials: fracture stranger than friction’.
Management of Packaging Labeling Technology in the Context of Improving the Final Product Quality and Work Safety

Abstract High demands on the aesthetics of the final product as well as sophisticated packaging shapes make the labeling process an operation that requires more and more precision and quality of workmanship. The quality of the labeling process is influenced mainly by the technology used, i.e. machinery and equipment, the knowledge, skills, and experience of operators, organization and working methods used, and by aspects related to proper maintenance. This article is a case study on the analysis and evaluation of the technology used in the process of labeling glass packaging and its impact on quality and work safety. The article aims to answer the question: does the labeling machine used by the surveyed company, due to the current portfolio of modernity of its parts and subassemblies, guarantee the realization of the labeling process at a high quality level and work safety. The article discusses in depth the factors influencing the quality of the process of labeling glass packaging in the studied company, paying attention to the issues related to the applied technology. ABC technology method was used to assess technology level and also indirectly safety level and Ishikawa diagram, L shape matrix diagram and affinity diagram to analyze and improve quality level. The article ends with a list of specific improvement actions to be taken to achieve the ultimate goal of managing the technology of glass packaging labeling - high quality of the final product resulting from the labeling process.
Towards a systemic-dialogical model of therapy

Bakhtin-inspired ideas that led to the emergence of dialogic therapies are usually considered as incompatible with other, more traditional models. This article presents a possible integration of dialogical ideas, with their acceptance of uncertainty and disorder, within a systemic understanding, where the emergence of systemic patterns is recognised. Through a comparison with the open dialogue approach, the article aims at clarifying the difference between a pure dialogical and a systemic-dialogical perspective, that is seen as more fitting with the contextual complexity of the world of today. The model of practice is illustrated by a case supervision example.
Newly arrived children’s encounters with the cultural community of preschool

ABSTRACT The Swedish preschools have evolved to be more diverse in terms of language and culture amongst the attending children. Previous research on newly arrived children in the Swedish preschools focusses on, amongst other things, how to provide for the best reception or education, but less is known about the newly arrived children’s own communicative ways when they start preschool. The aim of this paper is to explore how children entering a new linguistic environment are able to participate by using communicative tools in speech events at preschool. The analysis shows how the children participate by combining different communicative tools when they shadow, code-switch, invent language and make use of expressive body language. The study contributes with knowledge about preschool children’s various ways of approaching a new language and adjusting to a new cultural context and children’s social and informal learning practices in preschool.
Rifampicin-Monoresistant Tuberculosis Is Not the Same as Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: a Descriptive Study from Khayelitsha, South Africa

Rifampin monoresistance (RMR; rifampin resistance and isoniazid susceptibility) accounts for 38% of all rifampin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) in South Africa and is increasing. We aimed to compare RMR-TB with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) in a setting with high TB, RR-TB, and HIV burdens. ABSTRACT Rifampin monoresistance (RMR; rifampin resistance and isoniazid susceptibility) accounts for 38% of all rifampin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) in South Africa and is increasing. We aimed to compare RMR-TB with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) in a setting with high TB, RR-TB, and HIV burdens. Patient-level clinical data and stored RR Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from 2008 to 2017 with available whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data were used to describe risk factors associated with RMR-TB and to compare RR-conferring mutations between RMR-TB and MDR-TB. A subset of isolates with particular RR-conferring mutations were subjected to semiquantitative rifampin phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. Among 2,041 routinely diagnosed RR-TB patients, 463 (22.7%) had RMR-TB. HIV-positive individuals (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 1.9) and diagnosis between 2013 and 2017 versus between 2008 and 2012 (aOR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.7) were associated with RMR-TB. Among 1,119 (54.8%) patients with available WGS data showing RR-TB, significant differences in the distribution of rpoB RR-conferring mutations between RMR and MDR isolates were observed. Mutations associated with high-level RR were more commonly found among MDR isolates (811/889 [90.2%] versus 162/230 [70.4%] among RMR isolates; P < 0.0001). In particular, the rpoB L430P mutation, conferring low-level RR, was identified in 32/230 (13.9%) RMR isolates versus 10/889 (1.1%) in MDR isolates (P < 0.0001). Among 10 isolates with an rpoB L430P mutation, 7 were phenotypically susceptible using the critical concentration of 0.5 μg/ml (range, 0.125 to 1 μg/ml). The majority (215/230 [93.5%]) of RMR isolates showed susceptibility to all other TB drugs, highlighting the potential benefits of WGS for simplified treatment. These data suggest that the evolution of RMR-TB differs from MDR-TB with a potential contribution from HIV infection.
Completion of electronic nursing documentation of inpatient admission assessment: insights from Australian metropolitan hospitals

INTRODUCTION: Electronic nursing documentation is an essential aspect of inpatient care and multidisciplinary communication. Analysing data in electronic medical record (eMR) systems can assist in understanding clinical workflows, improving care quality, and promoting efficiency in the healthcare system. This study aims to assess timeliness of completion of an electronic nursing admission assessment form and identify patient and facility factors associated with form completion in three metropolitan hospitals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records of 37,512 adult inpatient admissions (November 2018-November 2019) were extracted from the hospitals eMR system. A dichotomous variable descriptive of completion of the nursing assessment form (Yes/No) was created. Timeliness of form completion was calculated as the interval between date and time of admission and form completion. Univariate and multivariate multilevel logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with form completion. RESULTS: An admission assessment form was completed for 78.4% (n=29,421) of inpatient admissions. Of those, 78% (n=22,953) were completed within the first 24 hours of admission, 13.3% (n=3,910) between 24-72 hours from admission, and 8.7% (n=2558) beyond 72 hours from admission. Patient length of hospital stay, admission time, and admitting units nursing hours per patient day were associated with form completion. Patient gender, age, and admitting unit type were not associated with form completion. DISCUSSION: Form completion rate was high, though more emphasis needs to be placed on the importance of timely completion to allow for adequate patient care planning. Staff education, qualitative understanding of delayed form completion, and streamlined guidelines on nursing admission and eMR use are recommended.
School teachers' self-reported fear and risk perception during the COVID-19 pandemic - a nationwide survey in Germany

Background With COVID-19 cases peaking, COVID-19 vaccination programs starting and health systems reaching their limits in winter 2020/21, schools remained closed in many countries despite ever-recurring debates. To better understand teachers' fear of infection and risk perception we conducted a survey in Germany. Methods Participants were recruited through various associations and invited to take part in a cross-sectional COVID-19 specific online survey. Anonymous demographic and self-reported data were collected from those who gave their informed consent. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. To evaluate with fear associated factors of contracting SARS-CoV-2, an adjusted multivariable regression analysis was performed. Results 6.753 teachers gave their informed consent to answer the online survey. The median age of the teachers was 43 years with 77% being female. Most teachers worked in high schools (29%) and elementary schools (26%). Most participants (73%) feared to contract SARS-CoV-2 at school while 77% intended to be vaccinated against COVID-19. 98% considered students to pose the greatest risk. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that female and younger teachers were significantly more anxious to get infected with SARS-CoV-2 and that the odds teachers were more anxious was 9 times higher for those who favored re-opening of schools the least (p < 0.001). Conclusions To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to describe teachers fear and risk perception of COVID-19 and their attitude towards vaccinations in a nationwide survey. The anxiety correlates to the COVID-19 protection measures demanded. Teachers' fear is the driving factor and not a rational logic.
Rural prioritization may increase the impact of COVID-19 vaccines in Sub-Saharan Africa due to ongoing internal migration: A modeling study

How COVID-19 vaccine is distributed within low- and middle-income countries has received little attention outside of equity or logistical concerns but may ultimately affect campaign impact in terms of infections, severe cases, or deaths averted. In this study we examined whether subnational (urban-rural) prioritization may affect the cumulative two-year impact on disease transmission and burden of a vaccination campaign using an agent-based model of COVID-19 in a representative Sub-Saharan Africa country setting. We simulated a range of vaccination strategies that differed by urban-rural prioritization, age group prioritization, timing of introduction, and final coverage level. Urban prioritization averted more infections in only a narrow set of scenarios, when internal migration rates were low and vaccination was started by day 30 of an outbreak. Rural prioritization was the optimal strategy for all other scenarios, e.g., with higher internal migration rates or later start dates, due to the presence of a large immunological naive rural population. Among other factors, timing of the vaccination campaign was important to determining maximum impact, and delays as short as 30 days prevented larger campaigns from having the same impact as smaller campaigns that began earlier. The optimal age group for prioritization depended on choice of metric, as prioritizing older adults consistently averted more deaths across all of the scenarios. While guidelines exist for these latter factors, urban-rural allocation is an orthogonal factor that we predict to affect impact and warrants consideration as countries plan the scale-up of their vaccination campaigns.