Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The air-resistance to a runner

The resistance of the air to the motion of a badly stream-lined body, in which the negative pressure on the leeward side, due to eddy formation, is appreciable, may be roughly 0·6 pv 2A, where v is the relative velocity, p the density of the air, and A the projected area on a plane perpendicular to the direction of motion. In a recent paper Furusawa, Hill and Parkinson (1) have examined the motion of a runner making a maximal effort over a short distance, on the assumption that the air-resistance is negligible when compared with the resistances inherent in the muscles and limbs of the runner himself. This assumption is nearly, but not strictly, true, the air-resistance to a man running in still air at maximum speed being of the order of 2 to 5 per cent, of the total resistance which his muscles have to overcome. In view of the importance of fractions of a second in Model of runner used in wind-channel experiments; spindle visible at top. sprint “records,” and of the well - known influence of a following or head-wind in diminishing or increasing the time in such races, the original treatment of the dynamics of sprint-running may be modified to take account of the air-resistance as follows.
Birmingham’s air and surface urban heat islands associated with Lamb weather types and cloudless anticyclonic conditions

This study investigates the characteristics of the air and surface urban heat islands (aUHI and sUHI) of Birmingham in relation to Lamb weather types (LWTs) over the period 2002–2007, with a particular focus on cloudless anticyclonic conditions. Ground-based MIDAS air temperatures within the urban canopy layer at the urban Edgbaston and rural Shawbury weather stations were used to derive the aUHI intensity (aUHII). Satellite-derived MODIS/Aqua land surface temperatures (LST) under cloudless conditions were used to derive the spatial patterns of the sUHI as well as the sUHI intensity (sUHII). Using Jenkinson’s objective daily synoptic indices, a combined subset of 11 LWTs were examined for their association with the nocturnal aUHI. Over the study period, the most frequently occurring LWT, ‘anticyclonic’ (21.1%), gives a strongest mean/maximum nocturnal aUHII of 2.5°C/7°C (391 nights) and the largest proportion of nocturnal heat island events of 65.2%. The spatial patterns of nocturnal sUHI for each LWT were also assessed, and the results demonstrate Birmingham’s urban warming of up to 4.16°C (48 clear nights) in the city centre under cloudless anticyclonic conditions. The scatter plot of nocturnal aUHII and sUHII for the 48 nights demonstrates a linear relationship. We also developed a simple analytical model that links the slope of the aUHII–sUHII relationship to the difference of ‘built-up’ area fraction between the urban pixel and the rural pixel in satellite imagery of land cover. This partially explains the physical basis behind the relationship. These findings of the aUHII–sUHII relationship may lead to the future development of a generic methodology of deriving the spatial patterns of aUHI from satellite measurements.
Ultrasonic properties of sedimentary rocks: effect of pressure, saturation, frequency and microcracks

Seismic velocities and attenuations are influenced by lithology, porosity and permeability as well as the kind and quantity of the pore fluids. The microstructure of rocks is another important factor influencing seismic properties. This influence can be used to investigate the pressure-dependent closure of microcracks. For this purpose, velocities and attenuations of P and S waves have been determined at ultrasonic frequencies in three different rocks (vacuum dry and partially saturated with water) as a function of hydrostatic pressure up to 200 MPa. A new combined model has been developed. With this model an explicit description of the microstructure [local fluid flow (LF)] and macrostructure (Gassmann effect, global fluid flow) is possible. Assuming a patchy saturation (i.e. inhomogeneous distribution of the fluid in the pores) and modulus reduction, both the saturation-dependent measurements and the pressure-dependent data can be explained. The modelling and the phenomenological interpretation of the data gained under increasing hydrostatic pressure yields consistent results concerning the amount of crack closure as well as the range in which crack closure appears: in high-porosity sandstones (Bentheimer and Obernkirchner Sandstone) a strong closure of cracks already with a small increase of pressure must be concluded. In a low-porosity Harzer Greywacke a significantly lower closure of cracks can be concluded within the pressure range of 0–100 MPa. It is shown, however, that there must be open cracks in all rocks even under elevated hydrostatic pressure, resulting in a measurable effect due to LF.
Mesohabitat use by brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a small groundwater‐dominated stream

Groundwater‐dominated streams have particular flow regimes that commonly support populations of trout. Meso‐ and micro‐habitat surveys were carried out on a reach of the river Tern that drains a Triassic sandstone aquifer in the English West Midlands, to investigate brown trout (Salmo trutta) habitat use with varying flows. Mesohabitats were mapped over a range of summer and autumn flows and coupled with direct underwater observation (snorkelling) of fish locations together with point measurements of velocity and depth. The number of habitat types recorded was low and dominated by glides, runs, and backwaters. Brown trout showed a strong association with glides and runs with adults being more associated with runs and parr with glides. General habitat use curves showed brown trout to favour depths between 0.30 and 0.40 m and velocities below 0.40 m s−1. A clear preference was shown for sand and gravel bed materials. However, the differentiation of hydraulic habitats was weak and there was no trend in mesohabitats or change in trout use of mesohabitats with discharge. The study raises limitations of the mesohabitat survey approach when linking fish ecology, flow and physical habitat in small streams with low flow variability and low habitat diversity. In these situations, other factors (especially cover features) appear to strongly influence brown trout distribution. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Snow cover variability in Poland in relation to the macro‐ and mesoscale atmospheric circulation in the twentieth century

The main aim of the study is to investigate the atmospheric circulation impact on snow cover duration (SCD) and maximum seasonal depth of snow cover (MDS) in Poland in the twentieth century. The most important is to answer four questions: (1) which of the two, macro‐ or mesoscale atmospheric circulation, dominates in influencing the snow cover variability and changes in Poland area? (2) which of the two, meridional (S–N/N–S) or zonal (W–E/E–W) advection, dominates in influencing the snow cover variability and changes? (3) are the atmospheric circulation–snow cover relationships stable with time or did they change in circulation epochs? (4) does any strong relation exist between the snow cover in Poland and the atmospheric circulation enabling the possibility to forecast the nival conditions for the next winter season?
Diurnal Shelf Waves in the Southern Weddell Sea

Abstract Strong evidence is presented for the existence of barotropic shelf waves at diurnal frequencies in the shelf-break region of the southern Weddell Sea. Rotary spectra from long-term current meter records on the slope, at the shelf break and on the shelf show the same rotational sense as that predicted by a barotropic model. Phase speeds of the zero-mode shelf waves calculated from tidal analysis and rotary coherencies of current meter pairs oriented in an along-shelf direction are in the same range as that predicted by barotropic theory except for the O1 constituents. The weak stratisfication of the Weddell Sea in the region of the slope results in nearly barotropic motion at diurnal frequencies. The anomalous behavior of the O1 constituent could not be explained.
Two periods of mineralization in Xiaoxinancha Au–Cu deposit, NE China: evidences from the geology and geochronology

The Xiaoxinancha Au–Cu deposit is located at the eastern segment of the Tianshan–Xingmeng orogenic belt in northeast China. The deposit includes porphyry Au–Cu orebodies, veined Au–Cu orebodies and veined Mo mineralizations. All of them occur within the diorite intrusion. The Late Permian diorite, Late Triassic granodiorite, Early Cretaceous granite and granite porphyry are developed in the ore area. The studies on geological features show that the porphyry Au–Cu mineralization is related to the Late Permian diorite intrusion. New geochronologic data for the Xiaoxinancha porphyry Au–Cu deposit yield Permian crystallization zircon U–Pb age of 257 ± 3 Ma for the diorite that hosts the Au–Cu mineralization. Six molybdenite samples from quartz + molybdenite veins imposed on the porphyry Au–Cu orebodies yield an isochron age of 110.3 ± 1.5 Ma. The ages of the molybdenites coeval to zircon ages of the granite within the errors suggest that the Mo mineralization was genetically related to the Early Cretaceous granite intrusion. The formation of the diorite and the related Au–Cu mineralization were caused by the partial melting of the subduction slab during the Late Palaeozoic palaeo‐Asia Ocean tectonic stage. The Re contents and Re–Os isotopic data indicate that the crustal resource is dominated for the Mo mineralization during the Cretaceous extensional setting caused by the roll‐back of the palaeo‐Pacific plate. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resilience in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): Examining the Level and the Associations of Resilience with Subjective Wellbeing and Negative Affect in Early and Late-Stage MCI

The current study examines the relationship between the cognitive state of participants [healthy-early mild cognitive impairment (MCI)–late MCI], some subjective wellbeing factors (positive emotions, engagement, positive relationships, meaning in life, accomplishment, and negative emotions), and negative psychological outcomes (depression, anxiety, stress), as well as psychological resilience. We expected that people with advanced MCI would perceive increased negative psychological outcomes, poorer psychological resilience, and lower levels of subjective wellbeing in contrast to early MCI and healthy participants. The study involved 30 healthy, 31 early, and 28 late MCI individuals. A series of questionnaires have been applied to assess the aforementioned constructs. To examine the hypotheses of the study, path analysis (EQS program) was applied. Results showed that early MCI persons maintain the same levels of positive emotions and feelings of accomplishment with healthy peers. Late-stage patients present those feelings in a diminished form, which adversely impacts psychological resilience. Individuals with early and late MCI exhibit negative emotions and stress that impact their resilience; however, those with early MCI experience greater stress, negative emotions, depression, and anxiety. These findings may be utilized to design psychological interventions for resilience enhancement and support brain health in elderly adults who are at risk of neurodegeneration.
The Effects of Improved Water Quality on Fish Assemblages in a Heavily Modified Large River System

A long history of human alterations has affected the hydrology, physical habitat and water quality of most large river ecosystems. For more than a century, the Illinois River Waterway has been subject to channelization, damming, dredging, agricultural runoff and industrial and municipal effluents. This study evaluates how subsequent improvements in water quality have influenced long‐term changes in fish assemblages (1983–2010). We used five metrics to characterize the changes in fish assemblages. These metrics depicted shifts in the abundance and biomass of predatory and native fishes and species richness. Random forests (RF) and multiple linear regressions (MLRs) were used to relate the fish metrics to individual water quality and weather variables, with weather primarily used to account for inter‐annual variation. Model performances varied spatially and among fish metrics (0 ≤ pseudo‐R2 ≤ 0.73 for RF; 0.10 ≤ adjR2 ≤ 0.88 for MLR), but dissolved oxygen, un‐ionized ammonia and water clarity were often the best predictors. As the distance downstream of major pollutant sources increased, water quality became less important for explaining the changes in fish metrics and weather more important. These results indicate that water quality improvement largely accounts for fish assemblage recovery in the river system, although within some reaches we examined, weather had substantial compounding effects. The results could be used to prioritize water quality variables for long‐term monitoring and aid in predicting fish assemblage responses to future changes in water quality and climate. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is the Jericho Escarpment a Tectonic or a Geomorphological Feature? Active Faulting and Paleoseismic Trenching

The Jericho fault is considered to be the main active fault in the northern Dead Sea–lower Jordan Valley. In previous studies it has been identified by a prominent linear topographic escarpment that is thought to be the surface expression of this fault on land north of the Dead Sea. In this study, the paleoseismic natures of the escarpment and the fault were examined. Seismic activity was investigated in a series of three trenches excavated south of the fault trace on the surface. These trenches show evidence for Late Holocene faulting. A fourth trench excavated 300 m farther to the south exposed continuous, finely laminated marl from the ∼80‐ka Samra Formation at a depth of 2–0.6 m below the surface, with no evidence of faulting. This could suggest that the fault on land is segmented and that the nature of its activity changes from north to south toward the lake. Indeed, the continuation of this fault under the waters of the Dead Sea reveals active faulting along a sharp, segmented, linear bathymetric break, where the steep margin slope on the west meets the flat lake bottom. Evidence of drastic climatic changes and erosion are present in all trenches that were excavated, indicating that the prominent escarpment may in part be an erosional feature, perhaps formed by incision of an ancient Jordan River or along a Holocene lakeshore. A channel fill of a lacustrine nature that followed a period of erosion is interpreted as a high stand of the Dead Sea, which is contemporaneous with the Younger Dryas cooling period.
Reconstructing hemispheric‐scale climates from multiple stalagmite records

The magnitude of recent warming, and the variability of climate on centennial‐millennial time scales are compromised by questions concerning the ability of tree rings to capture low‐frequency climate fluctuations. Annually laminated stalagmite records can potentially provide a low‐frequency climate archive through variations in annual growth rate. Presented here is an initial attempt to demonstrate the applicability of annually laminated stalagmite series to a large‐scale climate reconstruction, by producing a 500‐year Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction. The reconstruction shows an overall warming trend with a magnitude of 0.65 K and several other low‐frequency characteristics consistent with other independent Northern Hemisphere archives. The result is sufficiently encouraging to warrant significant future effort in characterising annual growth rate records from laminated speleothems. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Explaining point variability in the eastern Victoria River Region, Northern Territory

This paper constructs a reduction sequence model for north Australian points from the eastern Victoria River region, and identifies a single continuum linking unifacial and bifacial point forms, with some divergence from this single reduction trajectory dependent upon artefact size. Chronological changes in reduction intensity between 5,000BP and the present are found to coincide with typological variation in points as well as changing emphasis on the extendibility of point reduction. It is suggested that changes in the extendibility of point reduction can be linked to intensified ENSO-driven climatic variability in the late Holocene that likely increased economic risk and warranted a substantial technological response, including the use of retouched toolkits with potential for longer use-lives.
Analytical Study of an Isotropic Viscoplastic Sea Ice Model in Idealized Configurations

AbstractAnalytic solutions of a mechanical sea ice model are computed in idealized configurations. They are then used to study the properties of this model. It classically assumes that the ice behaves at large scale as an isotropic viscoplastic medium. The plastic regime is characterized by a Mohr–Coulomb yield curve. The flow rule corresponds to the one used in granular mediums and depends on a parameter δ that characterizes the expansion properties of the medium. Using simple model configurations, this study first shows that a sliding of the ice along the coast must be permitted; otherwise, the model generally has no solution when the plastic regime is active. This study then shows that the viscous regime is reached only if the stress remains nearly uniform over a large area. For a stress having no particular properties, the plastic regime acts everywhere. In this case, the compressive stress may reach the maximum value allowed by the model close to the coastline. The extension of the domain where the c.
Envelope formation of long‐period Rayleigh waves in vertical component seismograms: Single isotropic scattering model

At long periods on vertical component seismograms, incoherent wave trains appear in addition to direct Rayleigh waves propagating around the spherical Earth. On seismograms of earthquakes with Mw>7, these incoherent wave trains continue for more than a few tens of hours. Scattering by distributed heterogeneities is the most probable origin for the excitation of incoherent wave trains. Here we propose a simple method to synthesize the mean-square (MS) envelope of long-period seismogram based on the radiative transfer theory for Rayleigh wave scattering. The Earth's surface can be modeled as a spherical surface on which point-like isotropic scatterers are randomly distributed. A nonisotropically radiating source is put at the surface. Adding the energy density of surface waves singly scattered by distributed scatterers lying on isochronal curves for a given lapse time, we calculate the energy density corresponding to the MS seismogram envelope at a receiver. Spherical trigonometry is used in the calculation of travel time and geometrical spreading factor. The time trace of the resultant energy density becomes large at arrivals of direct Rayleigh waves propagating around the Earth and is concave between these repeated direct arrivals. These characteristics of the theoretical model qualitatively explain the observed MS envelopes. Applying the above model with the velocity dispersion to seismograms of the 1999 Turkey earthquake (Mw 7.4), we estimated the total scattering coefficient to be about 2×10−6 km−1 at periods between 100 and 200 s, which is 4 orders of magnitude smaller than that of shear waves at frequencies 1∼20 Hz in the lithosphere.
Freshwater and Atlantic water in the Kara Sea

Hydrographic data from the Kara Sea show significant storage of freshwater (∼2.5 years of river input). This provides a buffer against large changes in ice and hydrographic conditions that might otherwise result from an anomalous year's runoff. The distribution of freshwater in the Kara Sea closely corresponds to bottom contours, indicating strong bathymetric influence on the spreading pattern. Observations also indicate areas within the Kara Sea in which the upward flux of sensible heat influences the thickness and the extent of ice coverage. Warm, saline Atlantic water which flows into the Kara Sea is particularly important in this regard. However, there is evidence that the flow of Atlantic water bifurcates in the northern reaches of the Kara Sea, so that one portion continues southward while the other curves back and exits with relatively little local heat loss.
Graptolites as indicators of the temperature histories of rocks

A pilot study of the optical properties of graptolite skeletal materials shows progressive changes of reflectance, bireflectance, refractive index and absorptive index, produced by temperature changes related to depth of burial. Samples of Lower Ordovician to Upper Silurian graptolites were selected from across Canada, from locations where the conodont alteration indices of adjacent conodont collections provide a control index of temperature. The reaction to temperature of graptolite skeletal material appears to be similar to that of bitumen, but somewhat different to that of the vitrinite and liptinite maceral components of coal. Maximum reflectance in oil and bireflectance appear to be the characteristics most diagnostic of maximum temperature, and both show progressively higher rates of increase at higher temperatures. These factors show potential for more sensitive discrimination of temperatures at high levels of conodont alteration indices. The optical properties of graptolites may perhaps provide a useful tool for unravelling the post-depositional histories of Lower Palaeozoic rocks in deformed belts.
Ionospheric F2-layer storms.

Morphology of midiatitude and equatorial F2-layer storms as well as recent publications en storni mechanisms are suminarized. Ground-based ionosonde, incoherent scatter and satellite observations are used te specify [heprocesses responsible for [heobserved F2-layer storrn effects. The interaction of background (solar-driven) and storminduced (due te high-latitude energy inputs) thermospheric circulation pattems may be considered as [he principal mechanism explaining [he main features of [he midiatitude F2-layer storni effects. Vertical ExB plasnia drifts are responsible for main NniF2 perturbations in [heequatorial F2-region.
Variability in the mesosphere observed by the Nimbus 6 pressure modulator radiometer

The pressure modulator radiometer flew aboard Nimbus 6, collecting radiance data from June 1975 until June 1978. These data have been processed to yield daily temperatures, geopotential heights, and balance wind estimates from the stratosphere and mesosphere (30–85 km) for the entire period. We use these data to examine the variability of both the zonal-mean and the nonzonal disturbances present in the data. In terms of the zonal-mean, we show that the COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (1986), developed from these data, can be misleading in the mesosphere due to the underlying interannual variability and the merging with other data sets. Daily variability of the zonal-mean flow is examined, and these data show strong evidence of coupling between the stratosphere and mesosphere for such variations. We also find evidence for significant coupling of wave-like events in the stratosphere and the mesosphere but that not all such disturbances seen in the mesosphere are due to simple propagation from below. Space-time spectral analysis is used to search for traveling planetary waves: Results show a weak 5-day normal mode present in the Equinox seasons, which appears to correspond to the first symmetric mode predicted by theory. These data also show clear evidence of the 4-day wave in all three southern winters examined and are consistent with the hypothesis that this mode grows due to instability of the background zonal flow.