Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A method for analysing replicated point patterns in ecology

Many ecological questions could gain insight from linking variation in spatial structure to explanatory variables. Although methods that make these links have been developed in the statistical literature, they have been used rarely in ecology. We present an approach that considers point patterns from different sources (e.g. multiple plots or species) as replicates of the spatial processes of interest. Using an integrated two‐step procedure, the method uses a linear mixed‐effects modelling framework to explain variation in the spatial structure of the replicated patterns with categorical and continuous predictors. Inferences on the strength of the relationships between the predictors and spatial structure are made on the basis of a semi‐parametric bootstrap procedure that accounts for the dependency among spatial scales and, if required, among replicates. We illustrate the approach with three simulated examples. These demonstrate that replicated analyses can increase the performance of spatial point pattern analyses, allow analysis of sparse patterns (e.g. rare species) and help identify the drivers of variation among spatial point patterns. The paucity of ecological studies that utilize replicated point pattern analysis may be due partly to a lack of familiarity with the methods. By highlighting the options available, we hope to encourage greater use of these methods by ecologists in the future.
Endophyte viability in seedling tall fescue treated with fungicides.

Commercial tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb.) cultivars containing non-toxic endophytes (Neotyphodium coenophialum Glenn, Bacon, Hanlin) are available. Hence, seed testing objectives have changed to examining seed for viable endophyte. Seedling diseases occur during testing and this study compared effects of fungicides on endophyte infection of seedling plants. Endophyte-infected ‘Jesup’ tall fescue seed were planted into cell packs and grown in the greenhouse. Chloroneb (1,4-dichloro-2,5-dimethoxybenzene), terrazole (5-ethoxy-3-(trichoromethyl)-1,2,4-thiadiazole), and propiconazole (1-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxan-2yl]methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole) were applied weekly to plants beginning 7 d until 21 d post germination. In a second experiment, seedling plants received applications of Propiconazole at d 7, 14, 21 and all possible combinations. Seedling endophyte infection rates were higher when terrazole or chloroneb (83.1 and 78.1%, respectively) were applied compared with no fungicide (73.5%) or propiconazole (5.0%). Endophyte mortality was reduced but not eliminated when propiconazole application to seedling plants was delayed. Contact fungicides should be used to control seedling diseases when evaluating endophyte viability.
Charles A. Dice Center for Research in Financial Economics Is financial globalization in reverse after the 2008 global financial crisis? Evidence from corporate valuations

For the last two decades, non-US firms have lower valuations than similar US firms. We study the evolution of this valuation gap to assess whether financial markets are less integrated after the 2008 global financial crisis (GFC). The valuation gap for firms from developed markets increases by 31% after the GFC – a reversal in financial globalization – while the gap for firms from emerging markets (excluding China) stays stable. There is no evidence of greater segmentation for non-US firms cross-listed on major US exchanges and the typical valuation premium of such firms relative to domestic counterparts stays unchanged. However, the number of such firms shrinks sharply, so that the importance of US cross-listings as a mechanism for market integration diminishes. a University of Toronto, Rotman School of Management, Toronto, ON M5S 3E6, Canada b Cornell University, Cornell SC Johnson College of Business, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA c The Ohio State University, Fisher College of Business, Columbus, OH 43210, USA d National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Cambridge, MA 02138, USA e European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI), Brussels, Belgium JEL classification: F21; F65; G10; G15; G34
Fe-Al Phosphate Microcrystals in Pedogenic Goethite Pisoliths

In sedimentary rocks, Fe-Al phosphate minerals occur in different rocks and depositional environments. Herein, we present microcrystals of wavellite, crandallite, and cacoxenite from pedogenic goethite pisoliths and nodules. Pisoliths and nodules are generally dominated by Fe oxides and oxihydroxides. Frequently, pisoliths and nodules demonstrate high phosphatization and a substantial contribution of allogenic detritus. The aim of our study is to present these remarkable crystals found in goethites. We describe the geochemistry and mineralogy of the pisoliths and try to interpret the possible paragenesis of the minerals. Loose ferruginous pisoliths and nodules are separated from the red paleosol and analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) coupled with the energy dispersive X-ray detector (EDS), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) methods. The studied paleosols are weathered in a subtropical climate and the newly formed precipitation products, such as crandallite, wavellite, cacoxenite, and goethite, accumulate during the weathering of apatite.
Growth performance of selected taxa as candidate species for productive tree plantations in Borneo

ABSTRACT The establishment of commercial tree plantations in Malaysian Borneo began with a progression of various species, including Pinus caribea, Acacia mangium, Gmelina arborea, Falcataria moluccana (formerly Albizia falcataria) and Eucalyptus deglupta. Ultimately, A. mangium, intended for the production of pulplogs, dominated the plantation landscape. However, recent widespread devastation of A. mangium by the Ceratocystis pathogen in Sabah has led to a shift in plantation species, which has also necessitated a review of downstream end products. This paper analyses growth data and estimates productivity for species in a taxa trial as well as a F. moluccana progeny trial in a single trial area in Sabah. A eucalyptus hybrid (Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis (UG)), Eucalyptus pellita, F. moluccana, Acacia crassicarpa and A. mangium exhibited high productivity after three years, with an average mean annual increment of approximately 35 m3 ha−1 y−1 or better. Mean annual increment curves show that productivity declined slightly for the eucalypts and F. moluccana after three years. Acacia species experienced a sharper decline associated with disease-caused mortality, with A. mangium the most seriously affected. The mean basic density of the UG hybrid and F. moluccana was 560 kg m−3 and 252 kg m−3 at six and five years of age, respectively, and E. pellita had a mean basic density of 629 kg m−3 at six years of age. The importance of growth and wood properties in the selection of species suitable for planted forest development in the wet tropics is discussed.
Qualidade de palmito pupunha minimamente processado: aplicação de antioxidantes

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, a avaliacao de antioxidantes na prevencao do escurecimento e na manutencao da qualidade de palmito pupunha minimamente processado armazenado a 5o C (± 1o C e 90% ± 5% UR). Os palmitos foram adquiridos no municipio de Coqueiral (MG), lavados em agua corrente e detergente neutro, sanificados com hipoclorito de sodio 200 mg L-1 por 15 min, processados em rodelas de 1 cm de espessura, sanificados com hipoclorito de sodio 100 mg L-1 por 10 min e submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: controle, cisteina 0,5%, acido citrico 0,5% e cisteina 0,5% + acido citrico 0,5%. Posteriormente, foram acondicionados em embalagens rigidas de polipropileno, armazenados por 12 dias a 5o C (± 1o C e 90% ± 5% UR). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente causalizado em fatorial 4x7 (4 tratamentos e 7 tempos de armazenamento) com 3 repeticoes. O palmito sem tratamento apresentou vida util de oito dias. O tratamento com cisteina 0,5% foi o que melhor manteve a qualidade de palmito pupunha (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) minimamente processado, caracterizando um produto com menores valores e menos oscilacoes de a* e b*, manutencao da firmeza e da acidez titulavel ao longo do armazenamento, reducao da atividade da peroxidase e manutencao da qualidade do produto durante o periodo avaliado.
Acceptability of high fat grain mixtures offered to grazing dairy cows

Levels of acceptance of mixtures of rolled oats and predominantly saturated, molten or free-flowing fatty acids were assessed with lactating dairy cows. Twenty cows grazed pasture and were offered rolled oats comprising 0, 2, 4, 8, 15, 25 or 40% (w/w) fatty acids. One kg/cow was offered twice daily to cows following milking. The acceptability of grain-fat mixtures was influenced by level of fatty acids. The fatty acid concentrations above which less than 95% of the supplement was consumed by animals ranged from 22 to 31%. Time spent eating the supplement was reduced by 2.4 s for every percentage unit increase in fatty acid concentration, while high air temperature increased (P<0.05) eating time.
Cycling for a Sustainable Future. Stimulating Children to Cycle to School via a Synergetic Combination of Informational and Behavioral Interventions

This paper explores how communication interventions can be designed to motivate children to choose more sustainable commuting options (cycling) to go to school. One-hundred and eighty-six children (between 8 and 11 years old) from Flanders, Belgium, participated in an intervention study testing the effectiveness of using informative versus behavioral interventions and the moderating role of motivational messages. The study employed a between-subjects research design with 3 types of interventions (informational versus behavioral versus a combination of informational and behavioral interventions) and 2 types of motivation (autonomous versus controlled motivation). Findings revealed that the average change in the number of times the child indicated to commute by cycling was biggest after being exposed to a combination of informational and behavioral interventions. The type of motivation (autonomous versus controlled) did not have an impact on the average change in the number of times the child indicated to commute by cycling, nor moderated these effects. Additionally, including age and gender as covariates in the model did not alter the results. The study’s findings provide more insights in how sustainable commuting can be promoted among children. It shows the benefits of combining informational and behavioral interventions in public awareness programs (such as in schools).
Integrating Cover Crops for Weed Management in the Semiarid U.S. Great Plains: Opportunities and Challenges

Abstract The widespread evolution of herbicide resistance in weed populations has become an increasing concern for no-tillage (NT) growers in semiarid regions of the U.S. Great Plains. Lack of cost-effective and alternative new herbicide sites of action further exacerbates the problem of herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds and threatens the long-term sustainability of prevailing cropping systems in the region. A recent decline in commodity prices and increasing herbicide costs to manage HR weeds has spurred research efforts to build a strong rationale for developing ecologically based integrated weed management (IWM) strategies in the U.S. Great Plains. Integration of cover crops (CCs) in NT dryland production systems potentially offers several ecosystem services, including weed control, soil health improvement, decline in selective pest pressure, and overall reduction in pest management inputs. This review article aims to document the role of CCs for IWM, with emphasis on exploring emerging weed issues; ecological, economic, and agronomic benefits of growing CCs; and constraints preventing adoption of CCs in NT cropping systems in the semiarid Great Plains. We attempt to focus on changes in weed management practices, their long-term impacts on weed seedbanks, weed shifts, and herbicide-resistance evolution in the most common weed species in the region. We also highlight current knowledge gaps and propose new research priorities based on an improved understanding of CC management strategies that will ultimately aid in achieving sustainable weed management goals and preserving natural resources in water-limited environments.
Larval hosts of Australian Drosophilidae (Diptera): A field survey in subtropical and tropical Australia

The drosophilid fauna in Australia offers an important study system for evolutionary studies. Larval hosts are unknown for most species, however, and this imposes serious limits to understanding their ecological context. The present paper reports the first systematic, large-scale field survey of potential larval hosts to be conducted, in order to obtain an overview of the host utilisation patterns of Australian drosophilids. Potential hosts (mostly fruit and fungi) were collected from different vegetation types in northern and eastern Australia. Host data were obtained for 81 drosophilid species from 17 genera (or 28% of the known Fauna). Most genera were restricted to either fruit or fungi, although Scaptodrosophila spp. and Drosophila spp. were recorded from fruit, fungi, flowers and compost, and Drosophila spp. also emerged from the parasitic plant Balanophora fungosa. There was no evidence that use of either fruit or fungi was correlated to host phylogeny. Drosophilids emerged from hosts collected from all sampled vegetation types (rainforest, open forest, heath and domestic environments). Vegetation type influenced drosophilid diversity, both by affecting host availability and because some drosophilid species apparently restricted their search for hosts to particular vegetation types.
The Effects of Environmental Conditions on the Structural Features and Physico-chemical Properties of Starches

The effects of environmental factors on the structural features and physico-chemical properties of starch (from various botanical sources) have been investigated over many decades. A close study of published data on the effects of environmental factors, especially growth temperature, reveals discrepancies with regard to its effects on the composition and properties of the major components of starch, namely amylose and amylopectin. These discrepancies can in part be explained on the basis of the different experimental protocols used by the various investigators to provide environmental variation although it is clear that environmental factors do influence the deposition and composition of starch granules. However, the effects of environmental conditions on the physical properties of starches are more easily reproduced and are consequently better understood. This review is an up to date survey of current knowledge in this area and draws extensively on the authors' own research.
Potential for detecting changes in soil organic carbon concentrations resulting from climate change

The interaction between soil organic carbon pools and climate change is an important determinant of future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Much effort has so far been allocated to manipulative process studies and predictive modelling exercises. Here, we examine the potential for directly detecting predicted changes through repeated soil sampling. Two contrasting benchmark plots were selected in the steppe at the Russian–Mongolian border, where soil organic carbon losses are predicted to be around 10% over the first 50 years of climate change. In both plots, 50 samples were taken to 20 and 30 cm depths. The estimated time intervals before re‐sampling by the same method that were likely to prove significant soil organic carbon losses (α=0.05; statistical power=0.90) were 43 and 26 years.
Influences of High-Flow Events on a Stream Channel Altered by Construction of a Highway Bridge: A Case Study

Abstract Impacts of highway construction on streams in the central Appalachians are a growing concern as new roads are created to promote tourism and economic development in the area. Alterations to the streambed of a first-order stream, Sauerkraut Run, Hardy County, WV, during construction of a highway overpass included placement and removal of a temporary culvert, straightening and regrading of a section of stream channel, and armourment of a bank with a reinforced gravel berm. We surveyed longitudinal profiles and cross sections in a reference reach and the altered reach of Sauerkraut Run from 2003 through 2007 to measure physical changes in the streambed. During the four-year period, three high-flow events changed the streambed downstream of construction including channel widening and aggradation and then degradation of the streambed. Upstream of construction, at a reinforced gravel berm, bank erosion was documented. The reference section remained relatively unchanged. Knowledge gained by documenting channel changes in response to natural and anthropogenic variables can be useful for managers and engineers involved in highway construction projects.
Growth of the Otoliths of Young Herring in the Bay of Fundy

Abstract Otoliths of 217 young herring (Clupea harengus harengus L.) of lengths (total) 32-118 mm collected from Passamaquoddy Bay were examined for their development and growth. The relationship between otolith lengths (Y) and fish lengths (X) was described by a linear equation Y = −0.486 + 0.0247 X. Within the size range examined, two otolith growth stanzas were shown and expressed by the equation Y = −0.788 + 0.0296X for fish < 75 mm, and Y = 0.333 + 0.0155X for fish ranging 75-118 mm in total length. A hyaline ring around the nucleus of unknown origin, and different from the winter ring, was observed in some otoliths.
Educational transition outcomes of children and adolescents with clinically relevant emotional or behavioural disorders: results of a systematic review

Educational transitions are associated with significant changes. If students cannot overcome these challenges, their well-being and motivation may be impaired. Students with clinically relevant emotional or behavioural disorders (EBDs) are at risk for negative transitional experiences. We conducted a systematic review summarising transitional outcomes of students with EBDs. After an electronic search in eight scientific databases, 4,930 publications were screened against six inclusion criteria. Two coders assessed the eligibility of 181 full-texts. We included k = 22 studies published in English or German (1988? 2017). Students with autism (k = 15) and transitions out of school (k = 13) were examined most frequently. Well-being, achievements, social participation, support and expectations were observed. Poor well-being and social difficulties were prevalent, but often adjusted over time. The results are limited by the inclusion criteria and search procedures. Nevertheless, the review closes a research gap and has implications for the implementation of interventions and a supportive transition environment for students with clinically relevant EBDs. Further research on individual changes and supportive approaches during transitions is needed.
Reconciling Contrasting Relationships Between Relative Dispersion and Volume‐Mean Radius of Cloud Droplet Size Distributions

Cloud droplet spectral relative dispersion is critical to parameterizations of cloud radiative properties, warm‐rain initiation, and aerosol‐cloud interactions in models; however, there is no consistent relationship between relative dispersion and volume‐mean radius in literature, which hinders improving relative dispersion parameterization and calls for physical explanation. Here we show, by analyzing aircraft observations of cumulus clouds during Routine AAF [Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Aerial Facility] Clouds with Low Optical Water Depths (CLOWD) Optical Radiative Observations, that the correlation between relative dispersion and volume‐mean radius changes from positive to negative as volume‐mean radius increases. With the new observation, we postulate that the sign of the correlation is determined by whether or not condensation (evaporation) occurs simultaneously with significant new activation (deactivation). The hypothesis is validated by simulations of both an adiabatic cloud parcel model and a parcel model accounting for entrainment‐mixing. A new quantity, first bin strength, is introduced to quantify this new observation. Theoretical analysis of truncated gamma and modified gamma size distributions further supports the hypothesis and reconciles the contrasting relationships between relative dispersion and volume‐mean radius, including the results in polluted fog observations. The results could shed new light on the so‐called “twilight zone” between cloudy and cloud‐free air, which in turn affects evaluation of aerosol‐cloud interactions and retrieval of aerosol optical depth.
No Crossing Over in the Female of the Silkworm Moth

with sister when possible, less often brother with half-sister, rarely cousin with cousin. In this way were obtained 804 young from rigidly selected, closely inbred descendants of a single pair of rats, the series extending into generation F. We have shown (1. c., p. 21) that the progress of selection within this inbred family follows a remarkably close parallel, generation by generation, to the progress of selection in our plus series as a whole. Muller's anticipation that a different result would follow close inbreeding is not justified by our observations. In discussing this experiment (p. 21) we have italicized the statement that (so far as the hooded character is concerned) the entire series is derived from a single hooded individual! When the Hagedoorns made the statement that our stock had not been sufficiently inbred, they had apparently not seen our full publication and so had no means of knowing to what extent it had been inbred, but Muller, with our full publication before him, apparently repeats the statement without taking the trouble to verify it. W. E. CASTLE BUSSEY INSTITUTION, October 23, 1914
The effects of grazing with and without excretal returns on the accumulation of nitrogen by ryegrass in a continuously grazed upland sward.

Rates of N accumulation were studied on sheep grazed grass swards maintained at a constant height of 5 cm for two growing seasons (1985 and 1986) and receiving no N fertilizer using a tiller tissue turnover technique. Grazing with normal excretal returns resulted in an 85-105% increase in the estimated rates of N accumulation by laminae compared with similarly grazed swards where excretal returns were prevented. Generally, increases in tiller numbers in plots receiving excreta were mainly responsible for the increased rates of N accumulation, rather than increased rates of N accumulation per tiller. Rates of N remobilization from laminae and senescence (flux of N to standing-dead litter pool) per tiller, and rates of leaf extension and leaf appearance/disappearance were unaffected by excretal returns, in urine patches increased tiller numbers and increased rates of accumulation per tiller both resulted in greater estimates of N accumulation compared with tillers not visibly affected by excreta. However, at any one time only about 11% of the plot area was affected by excreta and increases in N accumulation in excreta patches could not account for the overall plot increases in rates of N accumulation. The increased tillering in plots receiving excreta may have increased exploitation of the soil N. With an average stocking rate of 15 sheep ha−1, soil nitrate-N, but not total N (Kjeldahl) nor bulk density, was increased during the winter of the second year as a result of excretal returns.