Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multi-Product Exporters, Carry-Along Trade and the Margins of Trade

New empirical and theoretical work has highlighted the importance of multi-product firms in international tradeflows. We examine multi-product exporters in the small open economy of Belgium, considering their importance and the relationship between the margins of trade and firm productivity, both across firms and within firms over time. In addition, we employ proxies for trade costs to quantify the extensive and intensive margin adjustments of trade. Linking production and export data at the firm-product level, we discover new and, heretofore, unknown facts about multi-product manufacturing exporters. The large majority of Belgian manufacturing firms export products that they do not produce. More than three quarters of the exported products and more than one quarter of export value from Belgian manufacturers are in goods that are not produced by the firm, so-called Carry-Along Trade (CAT). CAT exports are concentrated in the largest and most productive firms and the value of CAT exports responds differently to variation in firm productivity and trade costs than does the export value of goods that the firm produces.
The Marine Dolomitization of the Mifflin Member Platteville Limestone in Southwest Wisconsin

The Mifflin Member of the Platteville Limestone Formation changes from limestone to dolomite as it is traced eastward from the type locality south of Platteville, Wisconsin. The presence of interference ripple marks, scour and fill, and rip-up structures indicated that the Mifflin was deposited in a very shallow epicontinental sea. The study reveals that petrographic analysis can be used to subdivide the Mifflin into three facies; a biomicrite facies on the west, a biosparite facies in the middle, and a dolomitized biomicrite facies on the east. The distribution of sparite cement indicative of a mature, high energy limestone is restricted to a narrow zone situated between the limestone and dolomite facies. This narrow zone is interpreted as a biosparite carbonate shoal or bar that partially cut off the dolomite facies from the open water limestone facies. Dolomite is restricted to the crest of the structural high known as the Wisconsin arch (fig. 1). The presence of this structure at the time of deposition of the Mifflin caused the formation of a carbonate shoal or bar behind which was a semi-restricted shallow lagoon where conditions were favorable for dolomitization. However, the limestone on the flanks of this structure outside the lagoon was not dolomitized. This study also reveals that the micrite matrix was selectively dolomitized as the result of its finer grain size, greater surface area, and the possible presence of large amounts of meta-stable aragonite and high Mg (super 2+) calcite at the time of deposition. The intraclasts (rip-ups) of sucrose dolomite found incorporated into the limestones show that marine dolomitization was pre-deep burial or early diagenetic. The few microcrystalline dolomite clasts and fossil fillings incorporated in a matrix of sucrose dolomite are interpreted as penecontemporaneous. It is concluded that there were two stages of marine dolomitization, an early diagenetic and a penecontemporaneous, the most extensive being the early diagenetic. In addition to these two stages of marine dolomitization there is evidence of subsequent dolomitization due to secondary ground water circulation (Deininger, 1957, p. 281) and hydrothermal dolomitization associated with lead-zinc mineralization (Agnew, 1959, p. 96) in the southwestern part of the area studied.
Geochemical and Magnetic Provenancing of Roman Granite Columns from Andalucía and Extremadura, Spain

One hundred and fifty two granite columns were examined in eight towns and archaeological sites in Andalucia and Extremadura, Spain, in order to determine the geological provenance of the columns. Three non-destructive methods of characterization were used: mineralogical features, magnetic susceptibility, and concentrations of radioelements (K, U, Th) determined by portable gamma ray spectrometry. Columns were compared with potential sources within Spain and in the Mediterranean area using analogous data previously published and also new data obtained for this work. The majority of the columns are made of Spanish granites, some of which were probably quarried near Merida. Different chemical types of Spanish granites were used in the northern part of the area studied (Extremadura) and in the southern part (Andalucia). Twenty five columns are not of Spanish granites, but were imported from other sources, namely the Troad and Kozak Dag areas of western Turkey, the Italian islands of Elba and/or Giglio, and Sardinia (confirming a column previously identified in the literature). The imported columns are found in Italica, Hispalis (Seville) and Astigi (Ecija), and were probably carried along the River Guadalquivir and its tributaries.
Relation between climate and soil productivity in the tropics.

Important relationships between climate and soil productivity in the tropics are assessed. Factors affecting productivity are: rainfall pattern, rainfall intensities and erosion, waterlogging, potential evapotranspiration, length of the growing season, temperature and wind. Case studies from the ICRISAT research centres in Niger and India show that productivity of tropical soils can be greatly enhanced by the application of improved understanding of climatic constraints to develop effective soil and water management practices
The record of Araucariaceae macrofossils in New Zealand

Pole, M. , December, 2008. The record of Araucariaceae macrofossils in New Zealand. Alcheringa 32, 405–426. ISSN 0311-5518. The Araucariaceae have a long record in New Zealand, extending back to the Jurassic at least, and Araucaria extends back to at least the Late Cretaceous. This paper reviews the macrofossil record of the family and presents new information based largely on the leaf cuticle record. Agathis, which is the only genus of the family currently growing in New Zealand, has no record before the Cenozoic. All specimens previously identified from pre-Cenozoic strata clearly belong to other taxa or do not show characteristic features of the genus. Araucariaceae macrofossils are virtually ubiquitous in the Cretaceous assemblages of New Zealand but are conspicuous by their absence or rarity in Palaeocene deposits. Their demise may be an expression of events at the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary.
Assessment of the upper‐ocean mixed layer parameterizations using a large eddy simulation model

A large eddy simulation (LES) of the upper ocean mixed layer processes in the winter northwestern Pacific is carried out and compared with concurrent microstructure measurements. We find that dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic energy (e) and temperature variance from LES agree well with field observations in the areas where the Ozmidov length scale, calculated from the modeled e and buoyancy frequency, exceeds the grid size of LES. It is also found that, even though the Ozmidov length scale is less than the grid size of LES, model estimates of the vertical turbulent heat flux near the base of the mixed layer are very similar to observed values, suggesting that this LES model reproduces the intensity of entrainment well. This enables us to use the results from LES to assess the turbulence closure models of Mellor and Yamada [1982, MY] and Nakanishi and Niino [2009, NN] for several forcing scenarios consisting of strong winds, surface heating, and surface cooling. It is found that NN performs better than MY in reproducing the results from LES for each forcing scenario, particularly when the turbulent length scale is adjusted to be more restricted by density stratification.
Skeletal growth rates of Upper Cretaceous rudist bivalves: implications for carbonate production and organism-environment feedbacks

Abstract The skeletal growth rates of late Cretaceous rudist bivalves have been inferred from cyclic variations of isotopic and chemical compositions which are found in sclerochronological profiles of outer shell layers. Annual shell accretion of 11 studied shells from different environmental settings was in the range of less than 10 to 54 mm. CaCO3 production of individual rudists was calculated to range from 12 to 214 g a−1, and estimates of annual production of rudist communities assuming dense growth fabrics range from 4.6 to 28.5 kg m−2. These production rates are not significantly higher when compared to modern mussel or oyster beds but, in contrast to modern analogues, rudist associations were much more important for the sedimentary budget of low-latitude shallow-water depositional environments. Controlling factors for the formation of growth fabrics and carbonate production are evaluated in a case study of rudist formations from a single depositional sequence. From turbulent outer platform environments to lagoonal inner platform settings, a decrease both in carbonate production and size of shells was found among specimens of a single species. No differences in carbonate production are evident when carbonate production in siliciclastic and calcareous environments is compared. Potential feedbacks between rudists and their environment induced by vertical growth, large production of bioclastic sediment and ejected biodeposits are discussed.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE ROSS SHELF ICE, ANTARCTICA

Observations on rate of accumulation, compaction, density, petrography, and differential motion of the firn in the upper levels of the Ross Shelf ice in the vicinity of Little America III were made during the Antarctic summer of 1946–1947. Studies were conducted in an enclosed pit dug to a depth of 23 feet by members of the expedition of 1939–1941. The bottom of this pit is now about 36 feet below the surface. The present observations project our knowledge of the physical characedge of the physical characteristics of the Ross Shelf ice to a greater depth than heretofore investigated. Eighteen feet of firn accumulated during the period 1940–1947. The annual rate of 31 inches thus indicated must have been greater originally as subsequent compaction has taken place. The compaction was greatest in the upper, more porous layers. Petrographic examination indicates that the density increases were primarily the result of this compaction. No evidence of recrystallization was observed, except for occasional interpenetration of grains at the deepest level. This would seem to restrict recrystallization to depths greater than 36 feet. There was no evidence of differential motion of the firn to this depth.
Large-scale variability of wind erosion mass flux rates

Variability in airborne particles larger than sand flux for distance scales larger than 200 m was observed during wind erosion episodes on the northeast side of a dry lake bed (Owens Lake). Measurements were made during erosion episodes on a ∼3-km line of wind measuring and sand flux collecting instruments. Data were selected for winds that (1) aligned with the instrument line and (2) had mean speeds cubed at 4-m heights at the beginning, middle, and end of the line that differed by less than 5% (i.e., mean wind speeds differed by less than 1.7%). Four mechanisms were determined to cause the large-scale differences in the mass flux profiles. In order of their importance, the mechanisms are as follows: (1) change of the drag coefficient (or the ratio u*/U, where u* is wind friction velocity and U is mean wind speed from place to place), this is a measure of variability in roughness height; (2) particle limitation (depletion of the loose “available” erodible material on the surface); (3) variation of the threshold friction velocity; and (4) the Owen effect (the increase of u*/U with U).
Effect of particle-size distribution on wind erosion rate and soil erodibility

Wind erosion is a serious problem, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. This study was conducted to assess the effects of wind speed as well as soil particle-size distribution on erosion rate (ER) using a wind tunnel. For this purpose, two clay loam soil samples (C2 and C10) in addition to a sandy clay loam (S2) were exposed to different wind velocities of 2, 9 and 18 m s−1. The result showed that erosion rate increased significantly with increasing wind speeds. In addition, a critical diameter of 0.84 mm for soil particles was supported; for larger particles the changes in erosion rate were negligible. Furthermore, soil erodibility (K) was determined, which for S2, C2 and C10 was 57.73, 10.27 and 1.43, respectively. To predict soil erodibility, a power relationship as K = 3.382 MWD−1.732 (R 2 = 0.99) was established. The results indicated with increasing wind speed, the sensitivity of S2 remained constant, whereas C2 and C10 resisted wind speed. The finding of this research indicates the importance of particle-size distribution on wind erosion rate as well as soil erodibility.
Numerical modelling of soft soil stabilized by vertical drains, combining surcharge and vacuum preloading for a storage yard

This paper presents a finite element analysis of a case study of a combined vacuum and surcharge load through prefabricated vertical drains (PVD) at a storage yard at Port of Tianjin, China. The top 15 m of soil at this site was very soft to soft and needed to be improved using preloading surcharges of more than 140 kPa. To avoid any stability problems associated with a high surcharge embankment, 80 kPa vacuum pressure combined with fill surcharge was applied (40 and 58 kPa for sections I and II, respectively). A plane strain analysis was performed using equivalent permeability and transformed unit-cell geometry. The converted (equivalent) parameters were incorporated in the finite element code ABAQUS, using the modified Cam-Clay theory. The performance of a trial embankment at the site of the storage yard is predicted on the basis of a constant vacuum pressure applied on the soil surface and distributed along the length of the drain. The predictions of settlement, pore-water pressure, and lateral displac.
Re-Os AGES FOR THE ERDENET AND TSAGAAN SUVARGA PORPHYRY Cu-Mo DEPOSITS, MONGOLIA, AND TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS

The Erdenet and Tsagaan Suvarga deposits are the two largest known porphyry Cu-Mo deposits in Mongolia. Replicate Re-Os analyses of molybdenite from these deposits yield ages of 240.7 ± 0.8 and 240.4 ± 0.8 Ma for Erdenet and 370.1 ± 1.2 and 370.6 ± 1.2 Ma for Tsagaan Suvarga (2 σ errors). The Re-Os age of Erdenet is significantly older and that of Tsagaan Suvarga is slightly older than published 40Ar/39Ar ages for sericite associated with mineralization in these deposits (207.4 ± 5.0 and 364.9 ± 7.0 Ma, respectively). These Re-Os results suggest that in the hydrothermal environment, 40Ar/39Ar ages may be partly to significantly reset, whereas Re-Os ages record and maintain the age of primary mineralization events. These Re-Os ages indicate that porphyry mineralization at Erdenet and Tsagaan Suvarga are related to porphyritic intrusions representing the youngest event during regional magmatism in northern and southern Mongolia, respectively. The Re-Os age of Erdenet marks the final stage of arc magmatism in northern Mongolia, followed by Late Permian collision between the Mongolian-North China and Siberian blocks. The Re-Os age of Tsagaan Suvarga indicates that Devonian arc magmatism in southern Mongolia was active at the present latitude of 44° N at least until 370 Ma.
Remote sensing of the Dead Sea surface temperature

[1] The Dead Sea is a unique terminal lake located at the lowest place on Earth's surface. It has the highest surface temperature, salinity, and density among Earth's large water bodies, and its level is currently dropping at a rate of ∼1 m/a. Knowledge of the Dead Sea thermal and saline structure is based on meteorological and hydrological measurements from a single site at a time. In this study, we used satellite and in situ data to characterize the spatial and temporal variations of the Dead Sea sea surface temperature (SST) and to explore the causes for these variations. Sequences of almost continuous individual satellite images were transformed into a time series of parameters representing the spatial distribution of SST. Also used were in situ measured bulk SST, wind speed, solar radiation, and water temperature profiles with depth. Analysis of this data set shows strong diurnal and seasonal variations of the surface and vertical temperature field and the meteorological forcing. The temperature field is heterogeneous after noon, when radiation is high and wind speed is low and thermal layering develops. The temperature field is homogeneous during the nighttime, when solar radiation is absent and the high wind speed vertically mixes the upper layer.
The responses of ionospheric topside diffusive fluxes to two geomagnetic storms in October 2002

O+ field‐aligned ambipolar diffusive velocities Vd and fluxes Фd in the topside ionosphere have been calculated from the observed profiles of electron density, ion, and electron temperatures during a 30 day incoherent scatter radar experiment conducted at Millstone Hill (288.5°E, 42.6°N) from 4 October to 4 November 2002. Two geomagnetic storms took place during this period. During the negative phases (depleted electron densities) of these two storms, the magnitudes of the daytime upward Vd and Фd were less than their averaged quiet time values. Whereas at nighttime, the downward Vd and Фd were sometimes larger than the averaged quiet time values. The variations in diffusive velocity and flux during the storm main and recovery phases were caused by changes in the ionospheric scale height or the shapes of ionospheric density profiles. The negative storm effect further reduced daytime diffusive flux. During these two storms, positive ionosphere phases (enhanced electron densities) were also observed. The diffusive velocity was much smaller during the period of positive storm effect, which led to a smaller diffusive flux than the quiet time one, although electron density was higher. It appears that storm time variations in diffusive velocity were more the results of storm time changes in the plasma vertical profile, rather than the cause of these plasma density changes.
Long‐term measurements of alkyl nitrates in southern Germany: 1. General behavior and seasonal and diurnal variation

Continuous measurements of alkyl nitrates were made during the Tropospheric Ozone Research subproject of the European Experiment on Transport and Transformation of Environmentally Relevant Trace Constituents in the Troposphere Over Europe at the Schauinsland station in the Black Forest between June 1990 and May 1991, using an automated gas chromatograph with a NOy detector. More than 2000 samples were analyzed with a sampling frequency of six to nine samples per day. The mixing ratio of the sum of alkyl nitrates (C1-C8) ranged between 30 and 630 parts per trillion (ppt) and averaged 120 ppt over the whole measurement period. The average contribution of alkyl nitrates to total odd nitrogen was about 3%, with little seasonal variation. The most abundant individual nitrates were 2-propyl, 2-butyl, and methyl nitrate. When lumped by carbon number, the sum of C5 nitrates represented the largest fraction after methyl nitrate. The mixing ratios of nitrates ≥C7 were very small. In polluted air masses, the mixing ratios of alkyl nitrates exhibited summer maxima and pronounced daily variations, with maxima in the early evening. The abundance increased from C3 to C5. In clean, photochemically aged air masses, alkyl nitrate mixing ratios showed a summer minimum and no pronounced diurnal variations. A decrease of abundance from C3 toward higher carbon chain lengths was observed, as is expected for air that is characterized by photochemical destruction. The measured concentration ratios between different alkyl nitrate isomers are utilized to resolve discrepancies in the existing data on branching ratios for the formation of alkyl nitrates from the reaction of peroxy radicals with NO and to classify air masses with respect to photochemical age. The observed behavior and mixing ratios of methyl and ethyl nitrate cannot be explained by formation solely from the reaction of peroxy radicals and NO.
Global phase velocity maps of Love and Rayleigh waves between 40 and 150 seconds

SUMMARY Although much is known of the 3-D structure of the Earth, existing models do not make use of much that is known about the large structural perturbations near the surface. It has long been known, for example, that continental and oceanic crustal structures are quite different, and that these differences are evident in the dispersion of Love and Rayleigh waves sampling continental and oceanic paths. Such differences are largest at periods of less than about 100 s. Existing global models do not adequately account for such data, and make allowances for crustal structure in a very approximate way, owing to the incompleteness of information on the global distribution of crustal parameters. As a result, variations in, for example, crustal thickness translate themselves into model artefacts extending to great depth. This can be seen as one aspect of the imperfect resolution of the existing global models. In order to construct higher resolution models of the Earth's outer shell (0-200 km depth), it is necessary to gain more precise knowledge of near-surface structure by incorporating data that have sensitivity to the details of the depth distribution of heterogeneity near the surface. As a first step we analyse a large data set of fundamental-mode Rayleigh and Love waveforms to obtain global phase-velocity maps in the period range 40–150 s. Minor and major arc phase velocities have been determined from about 24 000 digital GDSN and GEOSCOPE seismograms recorded between 1980 and 1990. In order to make such measurements in an automatic way, we have developed a method, using non-linear waveform inversion, in which velocity and amplitude, as a function of frequency, are expanded in B-splines. The waveform data are inverted for the B-spline coefficients, with the application of an explicit smoothness constraint that protects against unwanted effects, such as those due to notches in the amplitude spectra, and avoids some of the problems associated with the phase ambiguity. The cost function (which is minimized in a least-squares sense) presents many local minima, and a good initial model is needed; this is derived by integration of group velocities. The measurements made using this new technique are then used in a global inversion for phase-velocity distributions of Love and Rayleigh waves, expressed in terms of a spherical harmonic expansion. We show resulting phase-velocity maps up to degree and order 40. These maps are corrected for possible artefacts due to the truncation of the spherical harmonic expansion. We present a detailed resolution analysis which shows that global lateral resolution for surface-wave tomography is of the order of 2000 km. Love-wave phase velocities show a high correlation with known upper mantle structure at long periods and with crustal structure at shorter periods. Similarly, Rayleigh-wave phase velocities correlate well with known tectonic features, but show no clear crustal signature owing to their different sampling of the structure with depth.