Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physical properties of the cytoplasm modulate the rates of microtubule growth and shrinkage

The cytoplasm represents a crowded environment whose properties may change according to physiological or developmental states. Although the effects of crowding and viscosity on in vitro reactions have been well studied, if and how the biophysical properties of the cytoplasm impact cellular functions in vivo remain poorly understood. Here, we probed the effects of cytoplasmic concentration on microtubule (MT) dynamics by studying the effects of osmotic shifts in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Increasing cytoplasmic concentration by hyperosmotic shock led to proportionate reductions in the rates of interphase MT growth and shrinkage. Conversely, dilution of the cytoplasm in hypoosmotic shifts led to proportionately faster rates. Numerous lines of evidence indicate that these effects were due to biophysical properties of the cytoplasm. These effects were recapitulated in in vitro reconstituted MT assays by modulating viscosity, not by crowding. Our findings suggest that even at normal conditions, the viscous properties of cytoplasm modulate the dynamic reactions of MT polymerization and depolymerization. CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license available under a (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted October 28, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10. 27.352716 doi: bioRxiv preprint
The role of rift‐inherited hyper‐extension in Alpine‐type orogens

Alpine‐type orogens are interpreted to result from the collision of former rifted margins. As many present‐day rifted margins consist of hyper‐extended domains floored by thinned continental crust (<10 km) and/or exhumed mantle, this study explores the influence of rift inheritance on the architecture and final evolution of Alpine‐type orogens. We propose that rift‐related necking zones, separating weakly thinned 25‐ to 30‐km‐thick crust from hyper‐extended domains, may act as buttresses during the transition from subduction to collision. As a result, former necking zones may now be found at the boundary between a highly deformed and overthickened nappe stack, made of relics of hyper‐extended domains, and an external, weakly deformed fold‐and‐thrust belt, which largely escaped significant rift‐related crustal thinning and orogeny‐related thickening. Therefore, the role of rift inheritance is of critical importance and is largely underestimated in controlling the architecture and evolution of Alpine‐type orogens.
LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP AND CONDITION OF FRESHWATER SHRIMPS Atya gabonensis AND Macrobrachium felicinium FROM THE MU RIVER, MAKURDI, NIGERIA

Length-weight parameters (a and b) of the equation: W = aL b were estimated for two freshwater shrimp species Atya gabonensis and Macrobrachium felicinium caught bimonthly from October 2001 to March 2002 using brush traps in the Mu river. The mean b values were 2.989 ± 0.328 and 3.003 ± 0.318 for A. gabonensis and M. felicinium respectively. The values did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) from 3, showing that their growths were isometric, M. felicinium where in better condition than A. gabonensis.
Sources of the strongest RF radiation from lightning

Experiments were performed at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, during Trip 78 and later repeated at Wallops Island, Virginia, to identify sources of the strongest radio frequency radiation from lightning. This was done by monitoring the fast electric field changes associated with strong radiation in the HF to VHF range, using a field change system triggered on the output of an RF detector. The electric field changes associated with the strongest RF radiation were short duration (10–20 μs) bipolar pulses having an initial negative half cycle followed by a positive overshoot. The shape of these pulses was independent of the frequency of the RF radiation used to trigger the field change system. These fast pulses consistently were associated with more RF radiation than were return strokes and would appear to be a cloud discharge with characteristics suggestive of a very fast K change.
Comparing semiquantitative logic trees for archaeoseismology and paleoseismology: The Baelo Claudia (southern Spain) case study

The Bolonia Bay close to the Strait of Gibraltar hosts the Roman ruins of Baelo Claudia. This ancient town has suffered two earthquakes in the 1st Century AD and in the 3rd Century AD. Earthquake related damages can be found everywhere inside the ruins, the adjacent mountain ranges show features of neotectonic activity. Extensive paleoseismological and archaeoseismological investigations have been taken out at the archeological site and its environs during the last years. The newest 14C dating results from damaged infrastructure are presented here. All paleoseismological and archeoseismological observations have been rated using the two logic trees introduced by Atakan et al. 2000 (Paleoseismology) and Sintubin & Stewart 2008 (Archeoseismology) for this poster. Our results show that a mere paleoseismological classification of the geological features leads to a paleoseismic quality factor (PQF) of 0.056, which is low compared to the one achieved by Atakan et al. 2000. Taking into account the additional information from archeoseismological work (archeoseismological quality factor AQF is 0.95), it becomes clear that the Baelo Claudia study site provides the possibility for detailed earthquake investigations. Therefore, it has a high potential for a reliable seismic hazard analyses.
Oceanic sources of continental precipitation

In this special section, the authors have tried to address some of the many unanswered questions related to the transport of moisture from oceanic sources to the continents, including among others that of whether or not the moisture source regions have remained stationary over time, how the many changes in the intensity and position of the sources have affected the distribution of continental precipitation, and also the question of the role of the main modes of climate variability in the variability of the moisture regions.
Relaxed trait covariance in interspecific cichlid hybrids predicts morphological diversity 2 in adaptive radiations 3

20 The process of adaptive radiation involves multiple events of speciation in short 21 succession, associated with ecological diversification. Understanding this process requires 22 identifying the origins of heritable phenotypic variation that allows adaptive radiation to 23 progress. Hybridisation is one source of genetic and morphological variation that may spur 24 adaptive radiation. We experimentally explored the potential role of hybridisation in 25 facilitating the onset of adaptive radiation. We generated first- and second-generation hybrids 26 of four species of African cichlid fish, extant relatives of the putative ancestors of the 27 adaptive radiations of Lakes Victoria and Malawi. We compared patterns in hybrid 28 morphological variation with the variation in the lake radiations. We show that significant 29 fractions of the interspecific morphological variation and the major trajectories in 30 morphospace that characterize whole radiations can be generated in second-generation 31 hybrids. Furthermore we show that covariation among traits is relaxed in second-generation 32 hybrids, which may facilitate adaptive diversification. These results support the idea that
Real-Life Clinical Effectiveness of Razumab (World’s First Biosimilar Ranibizumab) in Wet Age- Related Macular Degeneration, Diabetic Macular Edema, and Retinal Vein Occlusion: A Retrospective Pooled Analysis

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of Razumab (world’s first biosimilar ranibizumab; Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd., India) in Indian patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD), diabetic macular edema (DME) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Methods: RE-ENACT, a retrospective, multicenter study, analyzed pooled data of patients with wet AMD, DME, and RVO. Patients who had received ≥3 injections of Razumab between January and August 2016, were included. Endpoints were: improvement in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA, measured by logMAR/Snellen’s chart), decrease in central macular thickness (CMT, measured by Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography), and proportion of patients with intraretinal fluid (IRF) and subretinal fluid (SRF) at Weeks 4, 8 and 12. Results: Of 561 patients included, 348 (62.04%) were men. Mean ± SE BCVA improved from baseline (0.75 ± 0.01) to Week 4 (0.72 ± 0.01, p = 0.0318), attained significance at Week 8 (0.59 ± 0.01, p < 0.0001), which was maintained at Week 12 (0.49 ± 0.01, p < 0.0001). Mean ± SE CMT significantly (p < 0.0001) decreased from baseline (418.47 ± 4.78μm) to Weeks 4 (407.35 ± 4.65μm), 8 (342.10 ± 3.66μm), and 12 (301.17 ± 2.82μm). Proportion of patients with IRF and SRF significantly (p < 0.0001) decreased from baseline to Weeks 4, 8 and 12 (67.02% vs. 48.48%, 42.60%, and 34.22%, respectively for IRF; and 72.37% vs. 48.48%, 37.97%, 31.37%, respectively for SRF). No new safety concerns with biosimilar ranibizumab were observed. Conclusions: Razumab is effective in reducing macular thickness and improving visual acuity in patients with wet agerelated macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, and retinal vein occlusion in routine clinical practice. Razumab demonstrated considerable effectiveness with no new safety concerns.
Sea-Tower Measurements of Wind-Wave Spectra in the Caspian Sea

Abstract High frequency spectra of wind generated waves corresponding to mean wind speeds from 3.5 to 13.5 m s−1 were measured at the research tower in the Caspian Sea. The techniques used made it possible to evaluate spectra S(ω) in the frequency range extending to 10 Hz. The data obtained clearly show that there is no equilibrium range in the high frequency part of the wind wave spectrum. The measured spectra within the frequency range from 2.4 to 7.2 Hz fit a power law, S(ω) = α·ω−n, with the values of n changing from 3.2 to 4.8, and the values of the spectral density at the fixed frequency Sωl within this range were shown to increase with wind speed. The dependence of the shapes of the measured spectra on wind speed and the parameters of the long wave components is discussed. A new expression for the wind-wave frequency spectrum S(ω) within the range ω>ωm (ωm is the frequency of the spectral peak) is proposed based on the experimental data: it is expressed in terms of the difference between a particul.
A giant landslide on the north flank of Tenerife, Canary Islands

The extent of mass wasting along the north flank of Tenerife has been mapped using swath bathymetry, GLORIA side-scan sonar, and 3.5-kHz echo sounder data. The marine surveys show that, north of Tenerife, a giant landslide is exposed over an area of 5500 km2 of the seafloor, more than twice the surface area of the island. The landslide truncates an older ridge and valley topography that is associated with the shield building basalts on Tenerife. We interpret the ridge and valley topography as the result of subaerial erosion. The landslide is estimated to have a length of 100 km, a width of up to 80 km, and a volume of about 1000 km3. It extends onshore into the Orotava and Icod valleys which have been interpreted as of landslide origin. K-Ar dating of basaltic flows in the steep headwall of Orotava suggests an age of formation for the valley is younger than 0.78 Ma and may even be younger than 0.27 Ma. The Icod valley is located immediately to the north of the most recent volcano on Tenerife, Las Canadas, and has been associated with the collapse of its caldera, between 1.2 and 0.2 Ma. A young age for the landslide is supported by the 3.5-kHz echo sounder data which show that the landslide is draped by a thin (< 10 m) layer of younger sediment. The landslide did not form, however, during a single catastrophic event but represents the amalgamation of a number of separate landslides. The occurrence of the ridge and valley topography in water depths of up to 2.5 km suggests that the shield-building basalts have subsided by at least this amount since they formed, 3.3–8.0 Ma. We speculate that this subsidence is caused by some form of stress relaxation that occurs in the underlying lithosphere. The giant landslide imaged in our sonar data is associated with the late stages in the development of the most recent volcano on Tenerife, Las Canadas, which only began at about 1.8 Ma. Thus landsliding may be a particular feature of the time soon after emplacement when because of incomplete isostatic adjustment, oceanic volcanoes have their greatest elevations above sea-level and therefore are most susceptible to slope failure.
Geochemistry of the Great Valley Group: an integrated provenance record

Sedimentary geochemistry of fine-grained strata of the Great Valley Group (GVG) in California documents a provenance signal that may better represent unstable, mafic minerals and volcanic clasts within sediment source regions than the provenance signal documented in the petrofacies and detrital zircon analysis of coarser sedimentary fractions. Geochemistry of the GVG provides an overall provenance framework within which to interpret sandstone petrofacies and detrital zircon age signatures. The geochemical signature for all Sacramento Valley samples records an overall continental arc source, with significant variation but no clear spatial or temporal trends, indicating that the geochemical provenance signal remained relatively consistent and homogenized through deposition of Sacramento basin strata. The San Joaquin basin records a distinct geochemical provenance signature that shifted from Early to Late Cretaceous time, with Lower Cretaceous strata recording the most mafic trace element geochemical signature of any GVG samples, and Upper Cretaceous strata recording the most felsic geochemical signature. These provenance results suggest that the early San Joaquin basin received sediment from the southern Sierran foothills terranes and intruding plutons during the Early Cretaceous, with sediment sources shifting east as the southern Sierran batholith was exhumed and more deeply eroded during the Late Cretaceous. The GVG provenance record does not require sediment sources inboard of the arc at any time during GVG deposition, and even earliest Cretaceous drainage systems may not have traversed the arc to link the continental interior with the margin. Because the GVG provenance signature is entirely compatible with sediment sources within the Klamath Mountains, the northern and western Sierran foothills belt, and the main Cretaceous Sierran batholith, the Klamath-Sierran magmatic arc may have formed a high-standing topographic barrier throughout the Cretaceous period.
Experimental Petrology of Lunar Highland Basalt Composition and Applications to Models for the Lunar Interior: A Reply

Lunar Highland Basalt (gabbroic anorthosite) composition transforms with increasing pressure through assemblages of spinel + clinopyroxene + anorthite, and garnet + clinopyroxene + anorthite ± quartz to eclogitic assemblages of garnet + clinopyroxene + kyanite + quartz (p = 3.51 - 3.52). Estimates of the lunar thermal gradient allow evaluation of the mineralogical variation with depth in the moon and thus allow calculation of mean lunar density and coefficient of moment of inertia for several models for the moon. These calculations show that the simplest models of Highland Basalt as the mean lunar composition and Highland Basalt as comprising the outer 250-270 km (formed as a partial melt from a Ca, Al-rich lunar interior) fail to meet the lunar density constraint but could do so if the hypotheses were modified towards more Fe-rich compositions. The geochemical constraints are much stronger and show that it is not possible for Highland Basalt to act as a source rock for mare basalt magmas under any condit.
Increases in Fluxes of Greenhouse Gases and Methyl Mercury following Flooding of an Experimental Reservoir

Experimental flooding of a boreal forest wetland caused the wetland to change from being a small, natural carbon sink, with respect to the atmosphere, of −6.6 g of C m-2 yr-1 to a large source of +130 g of C m-2 yr-1. This change was caused by the death of the vegetation, which eliminated the photosynthetic CO2 sink and stimulated the microbial production of CO2 and CH4 from decomposition of plant tissues and peat. Another type of microbial activity that increased was the methylation of inorganic mercury to the much more toxic methyl mercury (MeHg) form. The wetland was a source of MeHg prior to flooding and became an even larger source (39 fold) after flooding. MeHg concentrations in the water sometimes exceeded 2 ng L-1, with the average being 0.9 ng L-1 in the first 2 years after flooding. MeHg also increased in the flooded vegetation and peat, in lower food chain organisms, and in fish. Two recommendations, which should minimize both greenhouse gas production and MeHg production in reservoirs, can be .
Reassessing the long-term risk of suicide after a first episode of psychosis.

CONTEXT The long-term risk of suicide after a first episode of psychosis is unknown because previous studies often have been based on prevalence cohorts, been biased to more severely ill hospitalized patients, extrapolated from a short follow-up time, and have made a distinction between schizophrenia and other psychoses. OBJECTIVE To determine the epidemiology of suicide in a clinically representative cohort of patients experiencing their first episode of psychosis. DESIGN Retrospective inception cohort. SETTING Geographic catchment areas in London, England (between January 1, 1965, and December 31, 2004; n = 2056); Nottingham, England (between September 1, 1997, and August 31, 1999; n = 203); and Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland (between January 1, 1979, and December 31, 1998; n = 464). PARTICIPANTS All 2723 patients who presented for the first time to secondary care services with psychosis in the 3 defined catchment areas were traced after a mean follow-up period of 11.5 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Deaths by suicide and open verdicts according to the International Classification of Diseases (seventh through tenth editions). RESULTS The case fatality from suicide was considerably lower than expected from previous studies (1.9% [53/2723]); the proportionate mortality was 11.9% (53/444). Although the rate of suicide was highest in the first year after presentation, risk persisted late into follow-up, with a median time to suicide of 5.6 years. Suicide occurred approximately 12 times more than expected from the general population of England and Wales (standardized mortality ratio, 11.65; 95% confidence interval, 8.73-15.24), and 49 of the 53 suicides were excess deaths. Even a decade after first presentation-a time when there may be less intense clinical monitoring of risk-suicide risk remained almost 4 times higher than in the general population (standardized mortality ratio, 3.92; 95% confidence interval, 2.22-6.89). CONCLUSIONS The highest risk of suicide after a psychotic episode occurs soon after presentation, yet physicians should still be vigilant in assessing risk a decade or longer after first contact. The widely held view that 10% to 15% die of suicide is misleading because it refers to proportionate mortality, not lifetime risk. Nevertheless, there is a substantial increase in risk of suicide compared with the general population.
THE K HORIZON: A MASTER SOIL HORIZONS OF CARBONATE ACCUMULATIONS

The designation "K horizon" is proposed for soil horizons so strongly carbonate-impregnated that their morphology is determined by the carbonate. Tough these horizons display a variety of macroscopic forms, and range in consistence from soft to extremely hard, they all have a peculiar and diagnostic soil fabric, the K-fabric. In material with K-fabric, fine-grained authigenic carbonate coats or engulfs skeletal pebbles, sand, and silt grains as an essentially continuous medium. The material breaks down or is markedly softened by acid treatment. The designation K2 is proposed for carbonate horizons of 90 percent or more, by volume, of K-fabric, and K1 and K3 designations are proposed for upper and lower transitional horizons containing 50 percent or more of K-fabric. Other soil horizons containing carbonate accumulations are noted by the ca symbol in combination with the appropriate master horizon designation. /Author/
Commonalities in measured size distributions for aerosols having a soil-derived component

A comparison of several measurements of the size distribution for tropospheric aerosols in which soil-derived aerosols are significant shows that these aerosol size distributions appear to be characterized by a common mode structure, with the optically important soil particles having radii between 0.5 and 10.0 μm. These measurements suggest that under conditions of low dust loading a reasonable characterization of the size distribution for soil-derived aerosols is a log normal distribution with a surface mean radius of 1.5 μm and a geometric standard deviation of 2.2.
Transpresión dextral y partición de la deformación en la Zona de Falla Liquiñe-Ofqui, Aisén, Chile (44-45ºS)

El segmento del Batolito Norpatagonico comprendido entre los 44 y 45oS esta afectado por una intensa deformacion fragil y ductil localizada en zonas de cizalle, asociada espacialmente a la Zona de Falla Liquine-Ofqui. Esta zona de falla esta representada regionalmente, por un lineamiento de azimut nor-noreste (Canal de Puyuguapi), que, segun estudios anteriores, forma parte de un duplex de rumbo a escala cortical en la Cordillera Patagonica. La deformacion ductil (Mioceno Superior-Plioceno) esta documentada por zonas de milonita tabulares de ancho centimetrico a metrico, con foliacion subvertical y lineacion de estiramiento noreste, mientras que la deformacion transtensional dextral se manifiesta a lo largo de zonas de cizalle este-oeste a noreste. La deformacion fragil (post-Mioceno Superior), representada por fallas decametricas con estrias y buenos indicadores cinematicos, tiene una distribucion areal mas amplia y se sobreimpone a la fabrica ductil. Su cinematica es compatible con un regimen dextral transpresional y transtensional a lo largo de zonas de falla de direcciones nor-noreste y este-noreste, respectivamente. El analisis cinematico de movimientos contemporaneos de rumbo, en el manteo y oblicuos de la deformacion fragil-ductil en los 44-45oS, sugiere algun grado de particion de esta en un regimen global de transpresion dextral en la Zona de Falla Liquine-Ofqui.
Regional Assessments of Low Clouds against Large-Scale Stability in CAM5 and CAM-CLUBB Using MODIS and ERA-Interim Reanalysis Data

AbstractDaily gridded cloud data from MODIS and ERA-Interim reanalysis have been assessed to examine variations of low cloud fraction (CF) and cloud-top height and their dependence on large-scale dynamics and a measure of stability. To assess the stratocumulus (Sc) to cumulus (Cu) transition (STCT), the observations are used to evaluate two versions of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5), both the base model and a version that has implemented a new subgrid low cloud parameterization, Cloud Layers Unified by Binormals (CLUBB). The ratio of moist static energy (MSE) at 700–1000 hPa (MSEtotal) is a skillful predictor of median CF of screened low cloud grids. Values of MSEtotal less than 1.00 represent either conditionally or absolutely unstable layers, and probability density functions of CF suggest a preponderance of either trade Cu (median CF 1.00), an abundance of overcast or nearly overcast low clouds .