Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mapping Permafrost Variability and Degradation Using Seismic Surface Waves, Electrical Resistivity, and Temperature Sensing: A Case Study in Arctic Alaska

Subsurface processes significantly influence surface dynamics in permafrost regions, necessitating utilizing diverse geophysical methods to reliably constrain permafrost characteristics. This research uses multiple geophysical techniques to explore the spatial variability of permafrost in undisturbed tundra and its degradation in disturbed tundra in Utqiaġvik, Alaska. Here, we integrate multiple quantitative techniques, including multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), and ground temperature sensing, to study heterogeneity in permafrost’s geophysical characteristics. MASW results reveal active layer shear wave velocities (Vs) between 240 and 370 m/s, and permafrost Vs between 450 and 1,700 m/s, typically showing a low‐high‐low velocity pattern. Additionally, we find an inverse relationship between in situ Vs and ground temperature measurements. The Vs profiles along with electrical resistivity profiles reveal cryostructures such as cryopeg and ice‐rich zones in the permafrost layer. The integrated results of MASW and ERT provide valuable information for characterizing permafrost heterogeneity and cryostructure. Corroboration of these geophysical observations with permafrost core samples’ stratigraphies and salinity measurements further validates these findings. This combination of geophysical and temperature sensing methods along with permafrost core sampling confirms a robust approach for assessing permafrost’s spatial variability in coastal environments. Our results also indicate that civil infrastructure systems such as gravel roads and pile foundations affect permafrost by thickening the active layer, lowering the Vs, and reducing heterogeneity. We show how the resulting Vs profiles can be used to estimate key parameters for designing buildings in permafrost regions and maintaining existing infrastructure in polar regions.
Evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test for the detection of Burkholderia 1 pseudomallei in the

23 Burkholderia pseudomallei causes significant global morbidity and mortality, 24 with the highest disease burden in parts of Asia where culture-based 25 diagnosis is often not available. We prospectively evaluated the Active 26 Melioidosis Detect (AMD, InBios International, USA) lateral flow immunoassay 27 (LFI) for rapid detection of B. pseudomallei in turbid blood cultures, pus, 28 sputum, sterile fluid, urine, and sera. Performance was compared to B. 29 pseudomallei detection using monoclonal antibody latex agglutination (LA) 30 and immunofluorescence assays (IFA), with culture as the gold standard. 31 AMD was 99% (99/100; 94.6 – 100%) sensitive and 100% (308/308; 98.8-32 100%) specific on turbid blood culture bottles, with no difference to LA or IFA. 33 AMD specificity was 100% on pus (122/122; 97.0-100%), sputum (20/20; 34 83.2-100%), and sterile fluid (44/44; 92 – 100%). Sensitivity on these samples 35 was: pus 47.1% (8/17; 23.0 – 72.2%), sputum 33.3% (1/3 ; 0.84 – 90.6%), and 36 sterile fluid 0% (0/2; 0 – 84.2%). Urine AMD had a positive predictive value of 37 94% (32/34; 79.7 – 98.5%) for diagnosing melioidosis in our cohort . AMD 38 sensitivity on stored sera, collected prospectively from melioidosis cases 39 during this study, was 13.9% (5/36; 4.7% - 29.5%) when compared to blood 40 culture samples taken on the same day. In conclusion, the AMD is an 41 excellent tool for rapid diagnosis of melioidosis from turbid blood cultures, and 42 maintains specificity across all sample types. It is a promising tool for urinary 43 antigen detection, which could revolutionise diagnosis of melioidosis in 44 resource-limited
Phanerozoic low-temperature evolution of the Uruguayan Shield along the South American passive margin

The crystalline basement of Uruguay was assembled during the Brasiliano Orogeny in the Neoproterozoic Era and was later affected by discrete tectonic activity. A new multi-method low-temperature dataset including (U–Th)/He ages from both zircon and apatite, T–t modelling and K–Ar dating of fine sericite fractions and fault gouge reveal a detailed post-orogenic geological history spanning the Phanerozoic Eon. The juxtaposition of the terranes that compose the area was achieved in the Ediacaran Period, and post-collision was marked by intense exhumation, in which the crystalline basement reached near-surface conditions by the early to mid-Palaeozoic. Regional subsidence promoted sedimentation in the Paraná Basin until the Permian, covering and reheating much of the basement that is at present exposed. Afterwards, deposition and volcanism were mostly confined to its current limits. Regional exhumation of the shield during the Permo-Triassic exposed much of the northern portion of the basement, and the south was further affected by the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean during the Mesozoic. Little exhumation affected the Uruguayan Shield during the Cenozoic, as reflected in its modest topography. The reactivation of inherited Neoproterozoic structures influenced the development of Mesozoic basins and the present-day landscape. Supplementary material: Supplementary data (sample locations, (U-Th)/He data and K-Ar data) are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare. c.3702043
Evaluation of Mantle Processes in an Extensional Regime: Insight from In Situ O and Sr Isotope Systematics of Mantle Xenoliths from Ethiopia

New O and Sr isotope compositions of minerals from well-characterized and variably metasomatized mantle xenoliths in Cenozoic basalts from the northwestern plateau (Gundeweyn area) and southern rift zone (Dillo and Megado areas) of Ethiopia were acquired to further evaluate the nature and effects of metasomatic processes affecting the lithospheric mantle beneath the East African Rift System (EARS), where a transition from plume impingement to rifting is recorded. The studied samples are dominantly fresh spinel lherzolites with subordinate spinel harzburgites and clinopyroxenites. The in situ δ18O composition of olivine is largely homogeneous, with average values of 5.31‰ for Gundeweyn, 5.22‰ for Dillo, and 5.25‰ for Megado xenoliths. The values are within the range of normal mantle olivine (δ18O = 5.1‰–5.4‰), and there is no systematic variation of δ18O values with petrographic characteristics, elemental compositions, Sr isotopic ratios, or tectonic setting (i.e., plateau [Gundeweyn] vs. rift [Dillo and Megado]). This suggests the absence of major tectonic controls on the δ18O ratios of lithospheric mantle beneath the EARS and indicates buffering of mantle oxygen with respect to metasomatic fluids or melts. The average in situ 87Sr/86Sr ratios of clinopyroxenes vary from 0.70300 to 0.70371 for Gundeweyn, 0.70254 to 0.70327 for Dillo, and 0.70288 to 0.70330 for Megado mantle xenoliths. In contrast to O isotopes, radiogenic Sr isotope compositions combined with light rare earth element enrichment in clinopyroxenes in both tectonomagmatic settings betray interaction with metasomatic melts or fluids that may be related to the Afar plume, and neither precludes nor requires influence of a Pan-African subduction component to the continental lithospheric mantle beneath the area. However, slightly higher 87Sr/86Sr and a higher abundance of enriched peridotite types in the plateau xenolith suite suggest a stronger contribution from plume or aged metasomatized lithospheric mantle sources than in the rift peridotites.
Effective Prandtl Number, Hall Currents, Soret, and Dufour Effect on MHD Flow Past an Inclined Stretching Sheet with Aligned Magnetic Field and Heat Generation

—Numerical study of steady MHD convective flow of viscous incompressible electrically conducting fluid over an inclined stretching surface with aligned magnetic field, Hall effect, effective Prandtl number and heat generation is carried out. The partial differential equations are transformed to a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations which are then solved numerically by MATLAB bvp4c solver. The profiles of the velocity, temperature and concentration are analysed and duscussed with the numerical results presented graphically. The calculated values of skin-friction, the heat transfer rate and mass transfer rate at the surface are discussed numerically for various values of the physical parameters and tabulated. Results reveal that for attainment of optimal velocity profile, the amount of inclination of the magnetic field and the stretching surface need to be relatively small and that for a given effective Prandtl number the value of the Prandtl number should be greater than that of the radiation parameter.
The frequency distribution of vitamin D Receptor fok I gene polymorphism among Ugandan pulmonary TB patients [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations]

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) is still a major problem globally and especially in Africa. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to TB in the past and studies have found vitamin D deficiency to be common among Ugandan TB patients. The functional activity of vitamin D is dependent on the genotype of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphic genes. Recent findings have indicated that VDR polymorphisms may cause increased resistance or susceptibility to TB. The vitamin D ligand and its receptor play a pivotal role in innate immunity by eliciting antimicrobial activity, which is important in prevention of TB. The fok I vitamin D receptor gene has extensively been examined in TB patients but findings so far have been
Object Detection in Deep Neural Networks Differs from Humans in the Periphery

To understand how strategies used by object detection models compare to those in human vision, we simulate peripheral vision in object detection models at the input stage. We collect human data on object change detection in the periphery and compare it to detection models with a simulated periphery. We find that unlike humans, models are highly sensitive to the texture-like transformation in peripheral vision. Not only do models under-perform compared to humans, they do not follow the same clutter effects as humans even when fixing the model task to closely mimic the human one. Training on peripheral input boosts performance on the change detection task, but appears to aid object localization in the periphery much more than object identification. This suggests that human-like performance is not attributable to input data alone, and to fully address the differences we see in human and model detection, farther downstream changes may be necessary. In the future, improving alignment between object detection models and human representations could help us build models with more human-explainable detection strategies.
Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science Differential Deficits in Social Versus Monetary Reinforcement Learning in Schizophrenia: Associations With Facial Emotion Recognition

Despite evidence that individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) have an intact desire for social relationships, they have small social networks and report high levels of loneliness. Dif ﬁ culty with reinforcement learning (RL), the ability to update behavior based on feedback, may inhibit the formation and maintenance of social relationships in SZ. However, impaired RL in SZ has largely been demonstrated via monetary tasks. Thus, it remains unclear whether SZ are similarly impaired in social and monetary RL, or whether social-speci ﬁ c factors may further inhibit their ability to learn from social feedback. Thirty-one individuals with SZ and 31 healthy controls (HCs) participated in a RL paradigm to test hypotheses about social versus monetary RL. SZ exhibited impaired RL compared to HCs in both social and monetary tasks. Further, a Group × Task interaction demonstrated that SZ was more impaired when learning from social than monetary reinforcement, F (1, 59) = 5.99, p = . 017. This differential de ﬁ cit to social RL was not accounted for by reported pleasure from social feedback, which did not differ between groups. Instead, SZ had poorer emotion recognition than HCs, t (1, 60) = 4.80, p , . 001, particularly for negative emotions, and controlling for this eliminated the differential social RL impairment. These results suggest the possibility that dif ﬁ culty recognizing social cues, especially those indicating negative feedback, may relate to a reduced ability to learn from others ’ feedback. Thus, future research could elucidate whether targeting these emotion recognition dif ﬁ culties in treatment could serve as a potential mechanism for improving social functioning in SZ. General Scienti ﬁ c Summary Althoughmonetaryreinforcementlearning(RL) de ﬁ cits arewell documented inschizophrenia (SZ), the natureofsocialRLinSZremainsunclear.ThepresentstudysuggeststhatSZmayhavegreaterde ﬁ citsto social thanmonetaryRL, and that thisdifferential de ﬁ cit relatestodif ﬁ cultyrecognizingsocial feedback in the form of (negative) facial expressions. This provides a link between emotion recognition de ﬁ cits and social functioning in SZ and could enhance clinical understanding of factors that may inhibit SZ from forming social relationships.
Propagation Mechanisms for Government Spending Shocks: A Bayesian Comparison

The inability of a simple real business cycle model to predict a rise in consumption in response to increased government expenditures, observed in many empirical studies, has stimulated the development of alternative theories of government spending shocks. Using the Bayesian approach, we evaluate the quantitative performance of five extant models, and find that neither of the considered transmission mechanisms for government spending helps improve the fit of the baseline model. Moreover, we find that consumption decreases in all estimated models in response to a rise in government spending.
Distribution Systems Reconfiguration Considering Dependency of Loads on Grid Voltage and Temperature

Network reconfiguration is an effective technique to reduce lost power in distribution systems, where losses are significantly greater than the ones in transmission. The distribution power loss produces a costly operation and a degraded voltage profile over the electric power systems. In traditional reconfiguration, the topology of the distribution network is efficiently modified to achieve minimum power losses based on the electric energy requested by end-users. Various types of energy consumers are connected to load points of actual distribution networks that cause different power losses compared to mono-type loads. However, the majority of models propose distribution reconfiguration problems disregarding consumer diversity. The few studies that have included load type in their proposed reconfiguration strategies present non-linear formulations for the problem and do not consider the impact of ambient temperature on network topology. However, non-linear models can be solved by metaheuristic algorithms without guaranteed optimal solutions or can be computed by non-linear solvers in classic optimization tools but require intensive and time-consuming computations that restrict their real-world applications. Moreover, environmental temperature affects electricity consumption, and therefore, the selection of appropriate switching combinations. Therefore, the current paper introduces an efficient model for the reconfiguration of distribution systems considering various load types with their dependencies on environment temperature rise that can be easily implemented by linear solvers in commercial optimization software. The results indicate that the proposed model is precise enough to find accurate solutions for desired reconfiguration problems and is adequately fast for online reconfigurations, showing significant effect of environment temperature on the configuration of distribution systems through load and power losses changes.
Survey of Fungal Diversity in Silages Supplied to Dairy Cattle in Belgium Over a Two-Year Period

The fungal diversity in silages for dairy cattle feeding has been assessed by purification and identification of 966 isolates collected in silages during the two 2006 and 2007 winter storage/feed-out periods from farms localized in various geographic regions in Belgium. The relevant fungal species in silos were P. paneum and P. roqueforti (18.2 % and 14.5 % of total isolates, respectively). The proportion between the two species varied significantly from 2006 to 2007 (P<0.05) depending on the type of forage crop. The prevalence of P. paneum in Belgium compared to results in other countries is of major importance due to the mycotoxigenic capacity of this species. Information on numerous aspects of silage making process and silo management showed that neither the crop rotation, the date and weather at harvest, the use of additives, the feeding rate, the type and dimension of silo, the covering used nor the forage chopping length at ensiling could be significantly correlated to the fungal species composition isolated in farm silages. There were also no significant relationships between the chemo-fermentative parameters tested (dry matter, pH, NH3 content, concentration of lactic, acetic and butyric acids) and the fungal species composition in silages. The prevalent fungi were tolerant of the wide ranges of conditions found in the farm silages with year-to-year variations.
Idiopathic Labyrinthitis: Symptoms, Clinical Characteristics, and Prognosis

Background: Labyrinthitis is an inner ear disorder of unknown incidence, characterized by sudden hearing loss and concurrent vertigo. Cohort studies of patients diagnosed with labyrinthitis are nonexistent. This study aims to describe the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients diagnosed with idiopathic labyrinthitis. Methods: Patients with labyrinthitis in the absence of a clear viral, bacterial, or autoimmune pathogenesis were retrospectively identified from electronic patient files. Symptoms at presentation and results from vestibular testing were retrieved. The 9-item Vestibular Activity Avoidance Instrument, administered during follow-up interviews by telephone, was used to assess the presence of persistent balance problems and activity avoidance behavior. Results: Sixty-one patients with idiopathic labyrinthitis were included. All patients had vestibular weakness at presentation. After a median of 61 months of follow-up (interquartile range 81), 72.5% of patients still experienced balance problems. Subjective hearing recovery only occurred in 20% of cases. Conclusion: Patients presenting in a tertiary dizziness clinic with idiopathic labyrinthitis have a poor prognosis for both hearing and balance function impairment. Prospective observational cohorts are required to establish objectifiable vestibular and audiological follow-up data.
Infection, Genetics and Evolution

(available at http://cplp-tb. ﬀ .ulisboa.pt), an online database coupled with web-based tools for exploratory data analysis. As a public health tool, it is expected to contribute to improved knowledge on the M. tuberculosis population structure and strain circulation within the CPLP, thus supporting the risk assessment of strain-speci ﬁ c trends.
Response of leaf functional traits to soil nutrients in the wet and dry seasons in a subtropical forest on an island

Introduction Island ecosystems often have a disproportionate number of endemic species and unique and fragile functional characteristics. However, few examples of this type of ecosystem have been reported. Methods We conducted a comprehensive field study on Neilingding Island, southern China. The leaf samples of 79 subtropical forest tree species were obtained and their functional traits were studied in the dry and wet seasons to explain the relationships between plant functional traits and soil nutrients. Results We found a greater availability of soil moisture content (SMC) and nutrients in the wet season than in the dry season. The values of wet season soil available phosphorus (5.97 mg·kg−1), SMC (17.67%), and soil available potassium (SAK, 266.96 mg·kg−1) were significantly higher than those of the dry season. The leaf dry matter content, specific leaf weight, leaf density, leaf total carbon, leaf total nitrogen, leaf total calcium, and the N/P and C/P ratios of leaves were all significantly higher in the dry season than in the wet season, being 18.06%, 12.90%, 12.00%, 0.17%, 3.41%, 9.02%, 26.80%, and 24.14% higher, respectively. In contrast, the leaf area (51.01 cm2), specific leaf area (152.76 cm2·g−1), leaf water content (0.59%), leaf total nitrogen (1.31%), leaf total phosphorus (0.14%), and leaf total magnesium (0.33%) were much lower in the dry season than in the wet one. There were significant pairwise correlations between leaf functional traits, but the number and strength of correlations were significantly different in the dry and wet seasons. The SAK, soil total phosphorus (STP), and pH impacted plant leaf functional traits in the dry season, whereas in the wet season, they were affected by SAK, STP, pH, and NO3− (nitrate). Discussion Both soil nutrients and water availability varied seasonally and could cause variation in a number of leaf traits.
Development of Shooting and Dribbling Skill Test Instruments for U-23 Futsal Players in Central Java Province

A futsal basic skills measurement tool with excellent validity and reliability in test shooting and test dribbling was created as a result of this research to be used in the teaching and training of U-23 futsal sports. The research design employed was development research, with procedures for formulating initial product types/models for PORPROV Surakarta futsal players aged 18 to 23 years, with as many as 15 players for small groups and 90 PORPROV players for group trials. This is made up of the six districts of Banyumas Regency, Klaten Regency, Kebumen Regency, and Kendal Regency. The validity, reliability, and norms of the product skills test were then evaluated. Validity and dependability tests for small-scale instruments consisting of the basic skills of the shooting test obtained a value of 0.959 and the shooting retest obtained a value of 0.971 while the reliability test was 0.979. The dribbling validity test for the test was obtained at 0.968 and for the retest was 0.964 with a reliability of 0.893. The results of the large-scale validity of the basic skills of test shooting obtained a value of 0.948 and a retest obtained a value of 0.988 while the reliability test was 0.971. The results of the large-scale validity on the basic skills of the dribbling validity test for the test were obtained at 0.995 and for the retest at 0.995 with a reliability of 0.990, so it can be said that a reliable measuring instrument will still produce the same relative value even though it is carried out at different times. There is no difference between the small group and the large group in the U-23 futsal test shooting and test dribbling basic skill norms so the measuring instrument can be said to be objective.