Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterization of spoilage yeasts isolated from fermented vegetables and Inhibition by lactic, acetic and propionic acids

Two Saccharomyces sp. yeasts isolated from spoiled fermented vegetables were identified, and the effects of pH, temperature, initial yeast count and organic acids (lactic, acetic or propionic) on their growth in a vegetable juice medium (VJM) was examined. The VJM was fermented by a mixed lactic acid culture to a pH of 3·74, which represented the fermented VJM (VJM-F). A fraction of the VJM-F was neutralized to pH 6·0 with 5 N NaOH, which constituted the fermented and neutralized VJM (VJM-FN). Both yeast strains grew at 4°C in VJM and VJM-FN, and prefermentation by the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) did not affect their subsequent development. In VJM-F at pH 3·74, there were important drops in viable populations with the S. bayanus Y-43 strain during incubations at 4 and 30°C, but not with S. unisporus Y-42. In a broth containing 0·7% lactic acid and having a pH of 3·74, the addition of acetic acid or propionic acid generally inhibited growth of yeast. With S. bayanus Y-43, complete growth inhibition is observed with 0·4% of acetic acid, and propionic acid seemed twice as effective as acetic acid in inhibiting the growth of the Y-43 strain. The S. unisporus Y-42 strain was more resistant to organic acids than S. bayanus Y-43, and complete inhibition was only observed with a mixture of lactic, acetic and propionic acids of 0·7, 0·3 and 0·2%, respectively. Results suggest that acidification with lactic acid alone to pH 3·74 is insufficient to prevent the growth of spoilage yeast in fermented vegetables, and that the presence of other organic acids is desirable in this aim. Furthermore, the inoculation level of the yeast had a significant effect on the time at which visible gas production is observed.
Factors Influencing the Size of American Lobster (Homarus americanus) Stocks Along the Atlantic Coast of Nova Scotia, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Gulf of Maine: A New Synthesis

The general aspects of fluctuating American lobster (Homarus americanus) stocks are considered in an attempt to identify common principles controlling lobster populations in the Gulf of Maine, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia. Inshore fishing mortality is known to be precariously high in both Canadian and American waters yet only in the central Northumberland Strait region and along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia are stocks experiencing steep declines. Existing regulations allow fishing of lobsters well below the size at which maturity can be expressed. In western and central Northumberland Strait female lobsters are not protected by the 'berried' law because of the timing of the fishing season. Climatic change, expressed as sea-surface temperature, is closely associated with the success of lobster recruitment in the Gulf of Maine, but nowhere else. Huntsman's hypothesis that warm surface water of sufficient duration is essential for the successful completion of the larval st.
The eye of Orchomene sp. cf. O. rossi, an amphipod living under the Ross Ice Shelf (Antarctica)

The structural organization of the eye of freshly caught Orchomene sp. cf. O. rossi is described and compared with that of individuals that were exposed to sunlight for 2 h, or were kept in complete darkness for 2 and 7 days. Orchomene sp. cf. O. rossi occurs under the 400 m thick Ross Ice Shelf in water of — 2 °C. Its eyes, containing 360 ommatidia, are relatively large and of orange colour. External facets are not developed, but the dioptric structures, consisting of a cornea 30 μm thick and the bipartite crystalline cones (ca. 65 μm long and 55 μm wide), are transparent and allow one to see the underlying ommatidial organization and retinula. Rhabdoms, comprising rhabdomeres of five retinula cells per omma, are voluminous (up to 50 μm in diameter and 160 μm in length) and surround the proximal ends of the crystalline cones. There are a few black screening pigment granules in the retinula cell plasma, but their number is too small to effectively shield and insulate neighbouring ommatidia from each other. Interstitial cells, containing vesicles of 0.3 μm diameter, occupy the spaces between adjacent ommatidial groups of retinula cells, but do not extend into the layer of retinula cell nuclei. Based on the anatomy, the eye of Orchomene sp. cf. O. rossi seems to be adapted to maximize photon capture at the expense of acuity.
Carex viridistellata sp. nov. (Cyperaceae), a New Cryptic Species from Prairie Fens of the Eastern United States

Abstract Divergence between evolutionary lineages is not always marked by the development of obvious species-specific characters, whether morphological, physiological, or ecological. Consequentially, extant biodiversity can easily be overlooked. These cryptic species are often not recognized until genetic data are in hand, as is the case for the novel taxon we describe here. Carex viridistellata in Carex section Ceratocystis is an endemic species restricted to calcareous wetlands of Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana, where it has previously been collected as Carex cryptolepis. Crosses between Carex viridistellata and Carex cryptolepis produce sterile F1 hybrids, and the two species are differentiated by a number of subtle morphological characters, as well as aspects of their respective ecologies. Phylogenetic analyses of nrDNA strongly indicate monophyly of Carex viridistellata and its sister species relationship with the North Carolina narrow endemic Carex lutea. Both species constitute a distinct lineage within a generally poorly resolved section Ceratocystis. This work highlights the broad importance of cryptic taxa, with implications for fields ranging from population genetics to conservation and restoration.
Evaluation of Dual Injection of LHRHa and the Dopamine Receptor Antagonist Pimozide in Cage Spawning of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus

— Control of reproduction in cultured fishes has been improved by the use of gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH's) and, in many fishes, the use of dopamine (DA) receptor antagonists. However, little successful use of these treatments has been reported for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. This study was conducted to investigate the potential of treatment with a gonadotropin hormone releasing hormone (GnRH) and a dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist to improve cage spawning success in channel catfish. Two and 3-yr-old catfish were selected from ponds. All males were injected with des-Gly10, [D-Ala6]-Leuteinizing hormone releasing hormone ethylamide (LHRHa, 50 μg/kg body weight). Females were randomly assigned to the various injection treatments, control (vehicle injected, C), LHRHa only (L), DA receptor antagonist (pimozide) only (P), and LHRHa and pimozide (LP). After injections, one male and one female were paired and placed into 1 m wide × 1.5 m long × 1.2 m deep spawning cages with a metal spawning can. Spawning cans were checked from 1 to 10 d after injection and successful spawning events were recorded. Five trials were conducted between 13 May and 5 June 1998. The LP treatment yielded significantly more spawns than any other treatment (LP, N = 24, 83% > L, N = 25, 44% > C, N = 23, 43 % > P, N= 11, 36%). The greatest promotion of spawning with LP treatment was in the first two induction trials. In the subsequent three trials, differences between treatments were not significant, although LP tre.ated females tended to spawn more frequently. Percent hatch (60.5 ± 3.4%) did not differ between treatments. Treatment of females with LHRHa + pimozide is a potentially useful method for increasing spawning success, particularly early in the spawning season.
The vegetable leafminer Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and its parasitoids on cucumber in the Hochiminh region of Vietnam

The vegetable leafminer Liriomyza sativae has been well established on many vegetable crops in Vietnam, but have never been investigated the leafminer relative abundance and its associated parasitoids. A survey was conducted in three locations of the Hochiminh region of Vietnam during the rainy and dry season (July 2003-January 2004) wlth arm at recording associated parasitoid species complex and relative abundance of the leafminer and its parasitoids on the cucumber fields. Infestations of L. sativae occurred in the field during the rainy season wlth low densities and became more serious in the dry season. Sampling of leafminer-infested leaves from cucumber plants yielded 7 species of hymenopteran parasitoids. The most abundant species were Neochrysocharis sp. and Asecodes delucchii, accounting for 43.7-69.60/0 and 18.5~60/0 parasitism, respectively. The pest population was low when parasitism was high in all fields sampled. The results suggest that these parasitoids play a very important role in L. sativae suppression in the cultivated cucumber fields.
DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF PHLOEM IN THE PETIOLE OF LUFFA CYLINDRICA

The contents of the sieve element are in the form of plugs, strands or a granular mass. Undispersed slime in the form of discrete bodies along the lateral walls is also observed. During one stage, at least, the dispersed slime and other contents of a mature sieve element lie at the periphery around a central cavity. A special type of phloem-parenchyma cell shows disorganizing chloroplasts, an extruded nucleolus, and callose on primary pit fields.
Introduction to Fungal Physiology

Fungal physiology refers to the nutrition, metabolism, growth, reproduction, and death of fungal cells. It also generally relates to interaction of fungi with their biotic and abiotic surroundings, including cellular responses to environmental stress. The physiology of fungal cells impacts significantly on the environment, industrial processes, and human health. In relation to ecological aspects, the biogeochemical cycling of carbon in nature would not be possible without the participation of fungi acting as primary decomposers of organic material. Furthermore, in agricultural operations fungi play important roles as mutualistic symbionts, pathogens, and saprophytes, where they mobilize nutrients and affect the physicochemical environment, or can be exploited as agents of biocontrol or as biofertilizers. Fungal metabolism is also responsible for the detoxification of organic pollutants and for bioremediating heavy metals and other recalcitrant chemicals in the environment (including wastewaters and groundwaters). The production of many economically important industrial commodities relies on the exploitation of yeast and fungal metabolism and these include such diverse products as whole foods, food additives, fermented beverages, antibiotics, probiotics, pigments, pharmaceuticals, biofuels, enzymes, vitamins, organic and fatty acids, and sterols. More negatively, fungi can cause considerable disease, spoilage, and decay of important artefacts, commodities, and materials, buildings, and of course food supplies. In terms of human health, some yeasts and fungi represent major opportunistic life‐threatening pathogens, while others are life‐savers as they provide antimicrobial and chemotherapeutic agents. In modern biotechnology, several yeast
FISHERY AND BIOLOGY OF THE OIL SARDINE AT KARWAR

The oil sardine fishery at Karwar showed erratic fluctuations during the years of study, from an annual landing figure of 4.41 tonnes in 1964-65 to 250.06 tonnes in 1967-68. The average, based on the earlier 14 years' catch worked out to 91.21 tonnes. The three length frequency modes at 135-140, 160-165 and 185-190 mm have been interpreted to correspond to I, II and III age groups. The fish attains maturity at about 140 mm and the spawning season lasts from July-August to November-December. This is also supported by the trend of change in 'K' values. A good fishery season seems related to the temperature range of 27-29.5°C, lower salinity and a low phosphate content in the water.
Birding by Foot: A Critical Look at the Synapomorphy- and Phenetic-Based Approaches to Trackmaker Identification of Enigmatic Tridactyl Mesozoic Traces

One of the goals of vertebrate ichnology is to use trace fossils as an additional source of data to determine the palaeoecological makeup of vertebrate paleoecosystems. The features in both the synapomorphy-based and phenetic-based methods of attributing a trace to an osteologic trackmaker are those that are affected by preservational conditions, convergent due to size and/or habitat of the trackmaker, and are morphologically variable within taxa. Despite the drawbacks, the phenetic-based, or “gestalt” method, is still the most comprehensive, if not always synapomorphy-supported, means of using the largest amount of data (morphologic and behavioral) preserved for identifying tracks as avian. To date there are too few synapomorphies that are both pedes specific and are consistently preserved in footprints to be a practical method for attributing tracks to an avian trackmaker. There is still much more comparative ichnological and statistical work to be done to discern novel traits that can be used to delineate between the traces of large avian and small nonavian Mesozoic theropods.
The effects of isothiocyanates on the growth of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and its infection of the mustard beetle

Metarhizium anisopliae has potential as a biological control agent. Included among its hosts are certain insect pests of brassica crops. Brassica species produce isothiocyanates, some of which are known to be fungitoxic. In our study, isothiocyanates inhibited both germination and subsequent growth by M. anisopliae in vitro and its ability to infect insects. Conidia were more sensitive than the mycelium to these compounds, the most fungistatic of which were phenylethyl-, 2-chlorophenyl- and allyl-isothiocyanates. Appressorium production in vitro was suppressed by all isothiocyanates except allyl- and propyl-isothiocyanates, which appeared to stimulate appressorium formation. Phenylethyl- and 3-butenyl isothiocyanates, which are present in several of the plant hosts of Phaedon cochleariae, reduced the pathogenicity of M. anisopliae when inoculated insects were exposed to their vapours. These findings have implications for the efficacy of biocontrol of brassica pests by this fungus.
Aromatic Plants of Tropical West Africa. Part XV. Chemical and Biological Evaluation of Leaf Essential Oil of Commiphora africana from Benin

Abstract The essential oil from leaves of Commiphora africana collected in Benin was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The essential oil was characterized by a majority of sesquiterpenoid constituents with bisabolane skeleton among them bisabolone (38.4%) and β-sesquiphellandrene (19.1%) were the most abundant. The radical scavenging activity of the oil was found to be low comparatively to that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).
Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) in the midwestern region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil

This study aimed to identify the Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) associated to Brazilian savannah and gallery forest, in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The sampling was carried every two weeks at Brazilian savannah (Cerrado) in Divinópolis and at gallery forest in Pedra do Indaiá, both in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Collecting was carried out between November 2003 and October 2004, with Malaise traps. A total of 181 specimens of five species of Hemerobiidae were collected. The species Nusalala tessellata, Megalomus impudicus, Hemerobius bolivari and Notiobiella sp. were collected in the two sites; the fifth species Sympherobius sp. was found only in Pedra do Indaiá. The species of diversity (index of Shannon-Wiener) and the equitability (J) of Hemerobiidae were similar in the areas of Brazilian savannah and gallery forest (H’ = 0.47 - 0.49, respectively, and J = 0.78 - 0.69, respectively), and the differences observed between the two locations were not significant.
Spatial patterns of top soil carbon sensitivity to climate variables in northern Chinese grasslands

Abstract Estimation of the sensitivity for soil organic carbon to climate change is critical for evaluating the potential response of the terrestrial biosphere to global change. In this study, we integrated CENTURY 4.5 model with GIS to assess the soil organic carbon sensitivity to climate variable shifting and atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment in northern Chinese grasslands. The response of top soil (0–20 cm) organic carbon to climate change depended on the relative sensitivity of net primary productivity and soil respiration. A 4°C increase in soil temperature led to a loss of 4.7% of soil organic carbon in the Alpine Meadow region, but the same temperature increase led to a maximum loss of only 2.3% of soil organic carbon in the Temperate Steppe region. The effects of precipitation changes on soil organic carbon were varied depending on the moisture level of the local grassland system. The direct effect of carbon dioxide enrichment was to reduce carbon loss throughout northern Chinese grasslands, especially in droughty regions. Alpine Meadow was the most sensitive region under climate change, and it will become the biggest potential carbon source in Chinese grasslands as climate warming continues to occur. Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations led to net carbon sequestration in all grasslands and tended to diminish the carbon loss driven by precipitation and temperature changes.
Effective Dispersal of Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) in Eastern Hokkaido, Inferred from Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Microsatellites

Abstract. Male brown bears (Ursus arctos) generally disperse over longer distances than females, which have conservative habitats around their natal areas. Our previous study indicated that the distributions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) subhaplotypes in females were allopatric in the southern Akan—Shiranuka region of eastern Hokkaido. Dispersal of males from their natal area to another natal area is easily detected from the allopatric distributions of two of the mtDNA subhaplotypes of female bears (HB02a and HB13b). Here, to investigate the effectiveness of gene flow and dispersal of male bears between two natal areas, we assessed the genetic diversity and kinship of 132 brown bears from 1996 and 2008 in this area by analyzing the polymorphisms of mtDNA and microsatellite DNA. Parentage testing revealed that there were 48 potential father—offspring pairs, nine potential mother—offspring pairs, and four potential parent—offspring trios. Among 33 of the 48 father—offspring pairs, the mtDNA subhaplotypes differed between father and offspring, suggesting that these potential fathers moved from one natal area to the other and had reproductive success. The results show that effective dispersal of male bears has maintained the genetic diversity and gene flow between the two natal areas.
Boron Fertilization of Rice with Soil and Foliar Applications

Soil sampling and testing for B is currently not a common practice for farmers producing rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the southeastern United States. Field research in Missouri showed that rice yields were greatest when soil B levels were 0.25 to 0.35 ppm by the hot water extraction method. In 2000, rice receiving soil-applied B produced significantly greater yields than rice with foliar-applied B and rice with no B applied. In 1999 and 2001, there was no significant difference between yields obtained with foliar or soil B applications.
Andaman Sea copepods: spatio-temporal variations in biomass and production, and role in the pelagic food web

Copepod community structure and productivity was investigated off the west coast of Phuket, Thailand, along transects from the shallow coastal water across the shelf break to the deep oceanic stations in the Andaman Sea. Cruises were conducted during the 2 monsoons, the calm and dry NE monsoon (November to March), and the stormy and wet SW monsoon (May to September). The copepod community was sampled with a 50 µm net to include the smallest species characteristic of oligotrophic waters. The copepod community was characterized by high species diversity; high- resolution analysis of species composition at the coast, the shelf break and the deep off shore stations, however, revealed no differences in species composition between areas. Small copepods, mainly cyclopoids and poecilostomatoids (dominated by Oithona spp. and Oncaea spp.), made up half of the number and ca. 25% of the copepod biomass. Despite the presence of highly dynamic internal waves at the shelf break, no response in either copepod biomass or potential prey biomass (phytoplankton and protozooplankton) was observed at the shelf break. Egg production rates of 5 calanoid species (Acrocalanus gibber, Acartia australis, Centropages furcatus, Temora discaudata, Euchaeta mari- nella), 1 cyclopoid (Oithona plumifera) and 1 poecilostomatoid (Oncaea venusta) were measured and compared along transects and between seasons. No spatial or seasonal patterns in biomass or egg production rates of the investigated copepods were observed. Carbon flow budgets for the 3 areas investigated suggest that the production of the copepod community in this picoplankton-dominated environment is strongly dependent on protozooplankton as prey to fuel the measured egg production rates.
Arenysaurus ardevoli, first paleoneuroanatomical description of a European hadrosaurid

The neuroanatomy of hadrosaurid dinosaurs is well known from North America and Asia. In Europe only a few cranial remains have been recovered with the braincase. Arenysaurus is the first European endocast for which the paleoneuroanatomy has been studied. The resulting data have enabled us to draw ontogenetic, phylogenetic and functional inferences. Arenysaurus preserves the endocast and the inner ear. This cranial material was CT-scanned, and a 3D-model was generated. The endocast morphology supports a general pattern for hadrosaurids with some characters that distinguish to a subfamily level, such as a brain cavity anteroposteriorly shorter or the angle of the major axis of the cerebral hemisphere to the horizontal in lambeosaurines. Both characters are present in the endocast of Arenysaurus . Moreover, osteological features indicate an adult ontogenetic stage while some paleoneuroanatomical features are indicative of a subadult ontogenetic stage and even a juvenile ontogenetic stage. Finally, a comparison with other hadrosaurids reveals that the low values for the angle of the dural peak may be an autapomorphy exclusive to the Parasaurolophus genus. It is hypothesized that the presence of puzzling characters that suggest different ontogenetic stages for this specimen, may reflect some degree of dwarfism in Arenysaurus . Regarding the inner ear, its structure shows differences from the ornithopod clade with respect to the height of the semicircular canals. These differences could lead to a decrease in the compensatory movements of eyes and head, with important implications for the paleobiology and behavior of hadrosaurid taxa such as Edmontosaurus, Parasaurolophus and Arenysaurus . These differences in the vestibular system could be used as a phylogenetical signal. The endocranial morphology of European hadrosaurids sheds new light on the evolution of this group and may reflect the conditions in the archipelago where these animals lived during the Late Cretaceous.