Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF THE ENZYMOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PROLYL-TRNA SYNTHETASES IN PLANTS FOCUSING ON THE MISACTIVATION OF THE PROLINE ANALOG AZETIDINE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID

Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (A2C), a structural analogue of L-proline (Pro), inhibits the growth of bacterial, plant and animal cells. Toxicity is thought to occur when A2C is incorporated into proteins in place of Pro resulting from misrecognition by prolyl-tRNA synthetases (ProRS). Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings are highly sensitive to A2C resulting in growth inhibition. To explain this result, the activity of the two forms of ProRS from A. thaliana was studied. One form of ProRS is localized to chloroplasts/mitochondria and the other form to the cytosol. Both forms were expressed as His-tagged recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. Purified enzymes were functionally active in the ATP-PPi exchange, and aminoacylation assays demonstrated similar Km values for Pro. A major difference was observed in the specificity for A2C. The organellar form showed a 340-fold greater Km[A2C] than the cytosolic enzyme. These results suggest that A2C-sensitivity of A. thaliana is primarily due to the inability of cytosolic ProRS to distinguish between Pro and A2C. A similar result was obtained with the ProRSs from Zea mays suggesting that the difference in substrate specificity is a conserved feature of plant cytosolic and organellar ProRSs. The tRNA-specificity of the organellar and cytosolic enzymes was also examined. The organellar ProRS At5g52520 was able to complement a conditional ProRS mutant strain of E. coli but the cytosolic ProRS At3g62120 did not. At5g52520 was able to efficiently aminoacylate both E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae tRNA. In contrast, At3g62120 was able to aminoacylate S. cerevisiae tRNA more efficiently than E. coli tRNA. The interest in ProRS arose initially from the observation that some plant species, including Convallaria majalis and Polygonatum multiflorum, two members of the Liliopsida, accumulate high levels of A2C. In 1972, Norris et el. reported that ProRS from C. majalis can discriminate between Pro and A2C (Norris and Fowden, 1972). To gain a better understanding of the mechanism of A2C resistance, the cDNAs encoding ProRS were isolated from C. majalis and Polygonatum pubescens. Based on sequence homology, the cDNA encoding organellar ProRS was successfully cloned. However, attempts to produce a functional ProRS from the cloned cDNAs were unsuccessful. %%%%
Vertical and Seasonal Distribution of Chlorophyll a in Lake Michigan

Vertical and seasonal distribution of chlorophyll a was observed for 2 yr at an offshore station in Lake Michigan. Chlorophyll a concentrations increased uniformly at all depths during spring reaching 3–4 mg/m3 by late May. Thermal stratification was followed by development of a subthermocline chlorophyll peak between 10 and 30 m that reached 8.5 mg/m3 by late July. The major subthermocline peak collapsed in mid-August but was followed by two lesser peaks at depths of 10 and 30 m. Autumn mixing dispersed these peaks in the mixed layer, increasing the chlorophyll content of the epilimnion at a time when integral chlorophyll levels were declining. At fall overturn chlorophyll concentrations were uniformly distributed at approximately 1 mg/m3, where they remained throughout the winter. The presence of a deep chlorophyll maximum in Lake Michigan adds a new dimension to limnological studies of the Great Lakes. The influence of this peak must be considered in future investigations of food chain dynamics and eut.
`H2-169' (Ambrosia™) Pear

‘H2-169’ is an early midseason, very large, productive, green pear (Pyrus communis L.) with exceptional texture and quality (Fig. 1). Picking date in Lafayette, Ind. , is mid-August, which is earlier than ‘Bartlett’ (‘Williams’ Bon Cretien’). When ripened at room temperature the fl avor is rich and delicious. The texture is buttery and grit free with a very small core. Fruit can develop russet. The tree is round shaped with atypical spreading branches and produces annually. The tree is tolerant to fi reblight caused by Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al. similar to ‘Honeysweet’. ‘Ambrosia’ is the third release of the Purdue University pear breeding program after ‘Honeysweet’ (Janick, 1977) and ‘Green Jade’ (Janick, 2004).
Home Ranges and Populations of the Meadow Vole in Southern Michigan

A considerable amount of data on the home ranges and populations of the meadow vole (Microtus p. pennsylvanicus) was obtained during the field season of 1938, incidentally to a study of the prairie deer-mouse in southern Michigan. All of the field work was done on the Edwin S. George Reserve, near Pinckney, Livingston County. Most of the investigations were carried on between late March, 1938, and the end of September of that year, but some additional research was performed in the summer of 1939.
Size and Scutellation in Natrix septemvittata (Say) in Southwestern Ohio

The extensive range of Natrix septemvittata in the eastern and central United States indicates the strong possibility of territorial variation in such characteristics as size, proportions, and scutellation. Evidence of territorial differences can only be obtained through the study of suitable specimen samples from limited, defined areas in remote parts of the range. At the time of writing no comparable reports have appeared in the literature with data that can be evaluated and compared with the findings compiled in Figs. 1-5. We hope that this report can be used by other workers investigating the species in other areas.
Ultrastructure of Blastocysts on Day 13 of Gestation in the Pig

妊娠13日のブタの胞胚において,栄養膜細胞は立方状と扁平なものが区別された. (1) 立方細胞子宮腔側の細胞表面に微絨毛が密生しており,ところどころに細胞膜の陥凹が観察された. 細胞質には管状クリステを持つミトコンドリア,槽状または嚢状の粗面小胞体,ゴルジ装置,リボゾーム,フィラメント,脂肪滴,封入体などが見られた. (2) 扁平細胞細胞表面に微絨毛や陥凹は全く認められず,ミトコンドリアは立方細胞のものと同じく管状クリステを有していたが,粗面小胞体は断片的で少なかった. リボゾーム,フィラメント,脂肪滴,封入体は立方細胞のものに比べると少なく,ゴルジ装置は認められなかった. 隣接する栄養膜細胞の細胞膜には閉鎖帯と接着斑が見られ,細胞質突起の嵌合も観察された. 内胚葉細胞は扁平で著しく伸長しており,細胞表面はひだ状を呈していた. 細胞質には管状クリステを持つミトコンドリア,槽状の粗面小胞体,リボゾームが見られたが,ゴルジ装置,フィラメント,脂肪滴などは観察されなかった. 隣接する内胚葉細胞の細胞膜には接合装置は認められなかった.
INSECT SPECIES RICHNESS OF THE BRITISH ROSACEAE: THE IMPORTANCE OF HOST RANGE, PLANT ARCHITECTURE, AGE OF ESTABLISHMENT, TAXONOMIC ISOLATION AND SPECIES-AREA RELATIONSHIPS

SUMMARY (1) The number of species of Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Homoptera and Diptera feeding on British Rosaceae generally increases with the size of the geographic range of the host species, and with the complexity of the host's morphology. (2) Within the Rosaceae, trees support more insect species than shrubs which in turn support more insect species than herbs. In addition, trees have more insect species within each insect guild and taxonomic grouping associated with them than shrubs, which in turn have more than herbs. (3) Although shrubs and herbs begin to accumulate insect species at a lower level of abundance than trees, trees accrue species at almost twice the rate of herbs and shrubs. The species-accrual rate for different guilds of insects (chewing, sucking and gall-forming) and for the four taxa of insects considered (Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera and Homoptera) is greatest on trees except in the case of gall-forming insects and Diptera, where the rate is similar for trees, shrubs and herbs. (4) The older the plant's history of establishment, based on the number of Quaternary records, the more insect species that are associated with it. Also, more recent less widespread plants have a greater polyphagous insect fauna than older more widespread plants. (5) Various analyses enabled 83%, 83% and 45% of the variation in insect species richness between trees, shrubs and herbs to be accounted for, respectively. The low variation accounted for in the case of the herbs may be the result of the poor quality of insect records for this group of plants. (6) Within given genera of plants, increases in geographical range and plant complexity are associated with an increase in the number of insects feeding upon them. When each genus within the Rosaceae was considered as a separate entity a similar pattern was seen. (7) Of the six plant genera with at least three members (Prunus, Sorbus, Rubus, Rosa, Cotoneaster, and Potentilla), Prunus has the most insect species associated with it and
Observations on the Inca Dove at Tucson, Arizona

For the past ten years the Inca Dove (Scardafella inca) has nested on or near our acre lot in the Rillito Valley, six miles northeast of Tucson, Arizona. The following summary of our observations is intended to fill in a few of the gaps in the life history of this somewhat neglected species. Inca Doves moved into our neighborhood about thirteen years ago when the first house was built. At that time the ten-acre block was covered chiefly with creosote bush and cholla cactus. A thin line of mesquites and catclaw fringed an abandoned irrigation ditch which traversed the area. Gradually homes were built on six of the acres. Small chicken houses with enclosed yards and gardens were added. Much of the original vegetation was left undisturbed. A few ornamental trees such as tamarix, pepper, and china berry, which were planted early, grew rapidly to large size. Brief notes are available on 28 nesting attempts in this area. Although we have found nests in introduced ornamental trees in other parts of Tucson, all the nests in our neighborhood were placed in native shrubs. We found one in a catclaw bush (Acacia greggii), and all the others in chollas (Opuntia spinosior). Two other species of cholla which grew to suitable size were not selected for nest sites. Of these, Opuntia versicolor may have been unsuitable because of its smaller twigs and fewer horizontal branches. Opuntia fulgida was probably avoided because of the presence of nests of the Curvebilled Thrasher (Toxostoma curvirostre) and Cactus Wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus), although two of the dove nests were built on old weathered remnants of Cactus Wren nests. Nest heights varied from three to six feet above the ground. There was no apparent attempt at concealment. Although the scanty nest platform was often difficult to make out, the incubating bird always sat in plain view and could readily be seen from some distance away. Its dull, gray-brown coloration in such a situation had little protective value. With the exception of one nest at 125 feet, all were placed within 50 feet of occupied buildings. Occasionally automobile traffic would pass as close as 15 feet from a nest.
Productivity of a Tropical Forest and its Relation to a World Pattern of Energy Storage

One of the goals of the International Biological Programme is to estimate existing and potential plant production in the major climatic regions of the world (National Academy of Science 1968). Even before this goal was formally proposed for the I.B. P., ecologists realized the importance of determining the productivity of natural ecosystems, and consequently in recent years there has been an increase in productivity studies in the ecological literature. The objectives of this study were: (1) to measure the production and efficiency of a tropical forest, an ecosystem about which relatively little is known because of its remoteness from most universities and laboratories; (2) to compare it with other ecosystems in an effort to establish a world-wide pattern of productivity and efficiency. The field study was carried out at an elevation of 500 m on El Yunque Mountain in the Luqillo Experimental Forest of eastern Puerto Rico (latitude 18? N, longitude 66? W). Rainfall in the forest is relatively high (240-360 cm/year at the study site) because of the cooling and uplift of the moist air brought to the mountain by the prevailing easterly winds. A cloud cover is common over the top of the mountain. Because of the clouds, total solar radiation at the forest is relatively low compared to that of the coastal plain and western regions of the island (Briscoe 1966). The forest is of a type described as Tabanuco (Dacryodes excelsa) by Wadsworth (1951). The forest has never been clear cut, but occasional selective logging has taken place in the area during and before World War II (F. W. Wadsworth, personal communication). The average height of the top of the canopy is about 20 m, although there are a few emergents which reach 25 m. Richards (1966), speaking generally about rain forests throughout the world, states, 'The average height of the taller trees in a rain forest is rarely more than 46-55 m, though individual trees over 60 m are not uncommon. ' On the island of Dominica, British West Indies, the top of the canopy of a Dacryodes-Sloanea forest extends about 30 m (Beard, cited in Richards 1966). Therefore, it is likely that the forest described here may not be a 'climax' forest in which there is no further increase in standing crop. From January to April of 1965, a portion of the forest was irradiated with a 10000 Ci source of '37Cs (H. T. Odum 1965). Die-back of the canopy began before the end of irradiation. By July 1966, the canopy had disappeared to about 15 m and was intermittent to 30 m from the source location. There was no recovery of the canopy (Plate 2) and stems of the radiation-killed trees fell during succeeding years.
Restructuring and cropping large ‘Red Delicious’ apple trees with paclobutrazol and daminozide

SummaryApplications of paclobutrazol to the soil in 1983 did not affect shoot length in either the first year (1983-4), or in the following year. In trials in 1983-4 and 1985-6, foliar sprays of paclobutrazol or daminozide reduced shoot length. Sequential sprays were mostly similar to one high-concentration spray of the same quantity of chemical applied in November. With appropriate concentrations, paclobutrazol and daminozide increased fruit numbers/unit trunk area and increased the number of flower clusters per unit limb area, but did not affect fruit shape. Mean fruit weight was decreased by daminozide. Fruit shape, measured by length-diameter ratios was unaffected by any treatment in these trials. After the 1984 treatments, where vegetative growth was retarded, more flowers were initated.
Distribution of megafaunal species in the Southwestern Atlantic: Key ecological areas and opportunities for marine conservation

Fil: Gonzalez Carman, Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencia Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; Argentina
Resistance to Propanil in Ricefield Bulrush (Schoenoplectus mucronatus) Is Conferred by a psbA Mutation, Val219 to Ile

Determining the mechanisms of herbicide resistance in weeds allows for the development and implementation of applied management practices aimed to control and to prevent further spread of herbicide-resistant populations in crop fields. This research was conducted to determine propanil resistance and cross-resistance to other photosystem II (PSII) inhibitors in ricefield bulrush biotypes and to elucidate the mechanism of propanil resistance. To this end, propanil-resistant (R) and propanil-susceptible (S) biotypes were selected from field-collected populations after propanil spraying at the field rate, and whole-plant, dose–response experiments were conducted to evaluate cross-resistance to PSII inhibitors and interactions between propanil and the insecticides malathion and carbaryl. In addition, the psbA gene from R and S biotypes was sequenced for amino acid alterations following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Plant survival data indicated the R biotype displayed a 14-fold increase in propanil resistance relative to the susceptible (S) biotype. In addition, the propanil-R biotype also had increased resistance to the PSII-inhibitors bromoxynil, diuron, and metribuzin but was more susceptible to bentazon than were propanil-S plants. Synergism between propanil and the insecticides carbaryl and malathion was greater in the S biotype than it was in the R biotype, indicating that, unlike propanil resistance in weedy grasses, enhanced degradation of the herbicide molecule is not a mechanism of resistance for propanil in ricefield bulrush. A Val219 to Ile substitution in the propanil-R chloroplast D1 protein was identified following sequencing of the psbA gene. This research suggests a single-point mutation at the target site causes resistance to propanil, diuron, metribuzin, and bromoxynil but increasing susceptibility to bentazon in propanil-R ricefield bulrush, a novel Val219–Ile feature. To our knowledge, this is the first instance of propanil resistance in weeds because of a mechanism other than enhanced herbicide metabolism. Tank-mixing bentazon and propanil, where permitted, can control both propanil-R and propanil-S biotypes. Nomenclature: Bentazon; bromoxynil; carbaryl; diuron; malathion; metribuzin; propanil; ricefield bulrush, Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla SCPMU.
Effects of competition and egg predation on shelter use by Octopus tehuelchus females

Parental care in the ocean ranges from provision to eggs and embryos to protection from predators. In particular, nest attendance has several benefits associated with relatively higher survival rates, lower vulnerability to predation and parasitism, and faster development rates. The quality of shelters matters, and adults of many species have to compete for suitable shelters. Here, we studied whether shelter type for brooding and egg protection from predation could be a determinant of competition among adults in the cephalopod Octopus tehuelchus. To this end, we (1) assessed the abundance of different types of shelters and preference under field and laboratory conditions, (2) tested the effect of intraspecific competition for shelters, (3) estimated density of potential sources of embryo mortality, and (4) determined the role of female protection in egg survival against predators. We found that in areas where shelters for development are scarce, females compete with males for the most suitable shelters. Fecundity depends on the female size, and shelters with higher volume are preferably selected by females. Excluding the brooding female from shelters resulted in increased egg mortality due to predation by octopus males and removal by chitons. We suggest that, in this species, shelter availability poses a constraint to brooding and affects total parental investment in reproduction and predation risk on eggs. This constraint may also take place in other marine invertebrates with similar life history traits, especially in areas where shelter is limited.
Aldrovandia oleosa, a New Species of the Halosauridae, with Observations on Several Other Species of the Family

Aldrovandia oleosa, a new halosaur closely related to A. phalacra (Vaillant), is described from the Tongue-of-the-Ocean, a deep oceanic trough in the Bahamas. Characters distinguishing A. oleosa from A. phalacra include the presence in the former of only 16-21 lateral-line scales anterior to the vent and an interspace between the pterygoid and palatine tooth patches that exceeds the length of the palatine patch. Unlike other halosaurs the new species has a very small gas bladder; however, its flesh is richly invested with oil. Fresh specimens of A. oleosa have a black head and a chocolate-brown body; preserved specimens become considerably faded. The new species is parasitized by a large copepod of the genus Lophoura. The parasite, which is highly specific for A. oleosa, attaches near the vent. A. oleosa is known from bathyal depths in the western Atlantic and the Gulf of Guinea region; it probably also occurs in the Indian Ocean.
Salamander Antipredator Postures

Terrestrial salamanders have a great variety of adaptations which protect them against some predators. These antipredator adaptations interact in a synergistic manner increasing the protection afforded the salamander. Convergence between genera and families is common and cautions against the indiscriminate use of these adaptations to suggest evolutionary relationships. The presence of skin secretions which irritate or repel predators is probably the most important antipredator adaptation of terrestrial salamanders; most other antipredator adaptations are dependent upon the presence of these secretions. The wide variety of antipredator behaviors seems to have different functions. Immobility not only reduces the intensity and likelihood of predator attack but also is a component of and probably a precursor to other antipredator postures. Protean flipping or jumping startles and confuses predators, thereby enhancing the cryptic value of subsequent immobility. The rigid displays of salamandrids serve both to expose the bright ventral (aposematic) coloration and are in themselves warning cues to would-be predators. Similar postures are exhibited by a Batesian mimic of one newt and are interpreted as behavioral mimicry. Most ambystomatids and plethodontids, at least some hynobiids and a few salamandrids exhibit active postures which generally include: elevating or arching the body; elevating, undulating or lashing the tail; and in those species with paratoid glandular concentrations, a flexing and butting of the head. These behavior patterns serve to increase the apparent size of the salamander and to place concentrations of granular glands and their antipredator secretions in closest proximity to the predator. The tail displays additionally increase the survival value of tail autotomy.
The role of spur and bourse leaves of three apple cultivars on fruit set and growth and calcium content

SummaryIndividual flowering spurs on mature wood of ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Crispin’ apple trees were modified by removing the spur leaves, the bourse shoot, or both, at full bloom and two, four and eight weeks afterwards. Leaf removal reduced fruit set, yield (as fruit number and not size), fruit calcium level at harvest, and return bloom. Defoliation had its greatest effect on fruit calcium level when done early in the season and plots of this against treatment time suggested a curvilinear relationship. Return bloom was dependent on the presence of the bourse shoots on the spur but not on spur leaves. Return bloom of all three cultivars declined with the number of fruitlets per spur four weeks after full bloom.
Human-Centric Approaches to the Study of Forest Operations: A Review and Integration of Organizational Science Research Areas

Prior research has shed important light on a variety of factors associated with timber harvesting efﬁciency and costs. However, the understandings that have resulted from this work have mostly focused on nonoperator factors, such as stand and tract conditions, machine types and conﬁgurations, and other technology-based aspects. The intent of this article is to help expand research on forest operations to include more explicit focus on operator factors that inﬂuence harvesting efﬁciency and costs. To accomplish this goal, we review several research areas in the organizational sciences (knowledge-based perspectives, motivation, and team effective-ness), discuss their relevance to forest operations, and list a number of important future research questions.
The preliminary study on biochemical composition and its nutrition value of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

Biochemical compositions of turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus L.) were analyzed. According to the characteristics of biochemical composition,some nutritional requiements and nutritional values of turbot were discussed. This will help people to make further research on the nutrtional requiements of the turbot to improve nutritional balances of compounding feeds for turbot.