Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatial patterns of soil water balance on intensively cultivated hillslopes in a semi‐arid environment: the impact of rock fragments and soil thickness

During past decades, a diverse system of subsistence agriculture in south-east Spain (annual rainfall of less than 300 mm) has been overturned in favour of large-scale plantations of almond trees without consideration for topography and related spatial patterns in soil hydrological properties. The objective of this paper is to investigate the spatial pattern in soil physical properties induced by this cultivation system, and to highlight its impacts on the water balance. Soil properties were recorded along hillslopes with shallow soils developed on slates and greywackes in the upper part of the Guadalentin drainage basin (Murcia region). Frequent tillage of these almond plantations covering entire hillslopes has resulted in denudation by tillage erosion on the topographic convexities, as well as transport of rock fragments and fine earth along the slopes. These processes have created a systematic spatial pattern of soil thickness and rock fragment content: shallow and stony soils on the topographic convexities and deep soils with a rock fragment mulch in the concavities at the foot of the slopes. At the same time, a negative relationship between rock fragment content and fine earth bulk density was observed. The impact of this spatial pattern in soil properties on the water balance was evaluated using the PATTERN one-dimensional hydrological and plant growth model, The model simulates the water balance of soil profiles covering the observed variation in soil thickness, stoniness and bulk density. The model results indicate that the highest rates of infiltration, evaporation and drainage, as well as the lowest rates of overland flow are restricted to shallow soils on the hilltops. In contrast, the deeper soils in the valley bottoms produce a more stable moisture regime than shallower soils, which tend to saturate and dry out quickly. These model results are in agreement with the spatial patterns of almond productivity: an asymptotic increase with soil thickness. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The compositionality of neural networks: integrating symbolism and connectionism

Despite a multitude of empirical studies, little consensus exists on whether neural networks are able to generalise compositionally, a controversy that, in part, stems from a lack of agreement about what it means for a neural model to be compositional. As a response to this controversy, we present a set of tests that provide a bridge between, on the one hand, the vast amount of linguistic and philosophical theory about compositionality and, on the other, the successful neural models of language. We collect different interpretations of compositionality and translate them into five theoretically grounded tests that are formulated on a task-independent level. In particular, we provide tests to investigate (i) if models systematically recombine known parts and rules (ii) if models can extend their predictions beyond the length they have seen in the training data (iii) if models' composition operations are local or global (iv) if models' predictions are robust to synonym substitutions and (v) if models favour rules or exceptions during training. To demonstrate the usefulness of this evaluation paradigm, we instantiate these five tests on a highly compositional data set which we dub PCFG SET and apply the resulting tests to three popular sequence-to-sequence models: a recurrent, a convolution based and a transformer model. We provide an in depth analysis of the results, that uncover the strengths and weaknesses of these three architectures and point to potential areas of improvement.
SYMMETRIC NEARLY ORTHOGONAL AND ORTHOGONAL NEARLY SYMMETRIC WAVELETS

In this paper we discuss the designs of 2-channel orthogonal near symmetric wavelets on the one hand, and the symmetric near orthogonal wavelets on the other. In both types of wavelets we use the Gröbner bases design approach and present examples of both cases. ةــصلاخلا ةهج نم نيتانـق تاذ ةلـثامتملا هبش ةدماعتملا ةريّـغصلا تاجوملا ميمصت ثحبلا اذه يف شـقانـنُ فوس تاجوملا يعون لاك يف لمعتسن فوسو . ىرخأ ةهج نم ةدماعتم هبشلا ةلـثامتملا ةريّـغصلا تاجوملاو . نيّـتلاحلا اتلك ىلع ةلـثمأ مدقنو ،ميمصتلل ةقيرطك رنبورج دعاوق ةريّـغصلا †Electrical Engineering Department Polytechnic University 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201 U.S.A. tel : +1 718 260.3211 fax : +1 718 60.3906 e-mail : selesi@poly.edu A. Farras Abdelnour and Ivan W. Selesnick The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 29, Number 2C. December 2004 4 SYMMETRIC NEARLY ORTHOGONAL, AND ORTHOGONAL NEARLY SYMMETRIC WAVELETS
Statistical mechanics of wind wave‐induced erosion in shallow tidal basins: Inferences from the Venice Lagoon

Wind wave‐induced erosional effects are among the chief landscape‐forming processes in tidal biomorphodynamics. Wave‐driven bottom erosion, in fact, controls the equilibrium elevation and dynamics of subtidal and tidal flat surfaces, and the impact of waves against salt marsh margins influences their stability. The relevance of predictive studies projecting wind wave patterns in space and time is thus notable especially in view of the limited insight gained so far. Here we have employed a complete, coupled finite element model accounting for the role of wind waves and tidal currents on the hydrodynamic circulation in shallow basins to analyze the characteristics of combined current‐ and wave‐induced exceedances in bottom shear stress over a given threshold for erosion. The results of our analyses from the Venice Lagoon suggest that wind wave‐induced resuspension events can be modeled as a marked Poisson process, thus allowing one to set up a theoretical framework which can be used to model wind wave effects through the use of Monte Carlo realizations. This bears important consequences for quantitative analyses of the long‐term biomorphodynamic evolution of tidal landscapes.
Intrinsic flaws of element enrichment factors (EFs) in environmental geochemistry

The popular concept of enrichment factors (EFs) as a means of identifying and quantifying human interference with global element cycles is evaluated. It is demonstrated that the concept of normalizing element concentrations to an average total crust value is of doubtful merit, for theoretical considerations alone. Serious flaws with EFs include the variable composition of the Earth's crust at any given point compared to the global average, the natural fractionation of elements during their transfer from the crust to the atmosphere through processes such as weathering and winnowing of fines, and the differential solubility of minerals in the weak chemical digestions generally used in environmental studies. Furthermore the impact of biogeochemical processes is neglected. A biomonitoring survey of atmospheric chemistry over a 1.5 million km2 area in northern Europe is used to show that EFs are governed here by completely different processes than anthropogenic activities. As a simple means to assess the maxim.
Rethink Global Reward Game and Credit Assignment in Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning

: Cooperative game is a critical research area in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). Global reward game is a subclass of cooperative games, where all agents aim to maximize cumulative global rewards. Credit assignment is an important problem studied in the global reward game. Most works stand by the view of non-cooperative-game theoretical framework with the shared reward approach, i.e., each agent is assigned a shared global reward directly. This, however, may give each agent an inaccurate feedback on his contribution to the group. In this paper, we introduce a cooperative-game theoretical framework and extend it to the ﬁnite-horizon case. We show that our proposed framework is a superset of the global reward game. Based on this framework, we propose an algorithm called Shapley Q-value policy gradient (SQPG) to learn a local reward approach that can distribute the cumulative global reward fairly, reﬂecting each agent’s own contribution in contrast to the shared reward approach. We evaluate our method on the Cooperative Navigation, Prey-and-Predator and Trafﬁc Junction, compared with MADDPG, COMA, Independent actor-critic and Independent DDPG. In the experiments, our algorithm shows better convergence than the baselines.
Role of ocean currents and bottom pressure variability on seasonal polar motion

Changes in the ocean angular momentum (OAM) components about the equatorial axes, either due to fluctuations in currents or bottom pressure (mass redistribution), can induce movements of the Earth's pole of rotation, commonly referred to as polar motion or wobble. Output from a 1° resolution ocean model is used to calculate the effective equatorial OAM functions χ1O and χ2O, corresponding to polar motion excitation about the equatorial axis pointing to the Greenwich and 90°E meridians, respectively. Time series of χO are combined with similar atmospheric series χA, computed from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalyses, to interpret the observed low-frequency polar motion excitation for the period 1985–1996. Results indicate that the oceans are a very important excitation source for the Chandler (∼433 days), annual, and semiannual wobbles, providing for much better amplitude and phase agreement with the observed excitation at these periods, in comparison with what is obtained when only the atmosphere is considered. Both oceanic mass and motion terms are found to be important but with mass signals having somewhat larger amplitudes. The role of regional variability in ocean currents and bottom pressure in contributing to χO signals is quantified. Midlatitude regions (∼30°–70°) figure prominently as places of strong local oceanic excitation signals. The North Pacific basin is found to be generally important for χ1O excitation, while the Southern Ocean is important for both χ1O and χ2O. The largest positive covariances of local with global χ1O signals occur in the Kuroshio region near the western boundary of the North Pacific for χ1O and southwest of Australia for χ2O.
Quasi-Newton Detection in One-Bit Pseudo-Randomly Quantized Wideband Massive MIMO Systems

Using low-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) is a valuable solution to decrease power consumption and cost in massive MIMO systems. Previous studies show that the performance gap between low and high-resolution systems gets more prominent as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) increases since the detection performance starts to saturate at some point due to the stochastic resonance (SR) phenomenon. In our previous work, we proposed new quantization and detection schemes for one-bit massive MIMO systems operating under frequency-flat fading. This paper offers a new frequency domain equalization (FDE) scheme that can work with the previously proposed pseudo-random quantization (PRQ) scheme to mitigate the effects of SR to support high-order modulation schemes such as 64 -QAM and 256 -QAM. Our equalizer is based on a projected quasi-Newton method for one-bit uplink massive MIMO systems applicable for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and single carrier (SC) transmission under frequency-selective fading. The proposed low-complexity detector can outperform the benchmark detector from the literature with very similar complexity. We analyze the effects of PRQ under frequency-selective fading for different scenarios and show that the PRQ scheme can close the performance gap between SC and OFDM systems by simulations.
Crustal dynamics of Mount Vesuvius from 1998 to 2005: Effects on seismicity and fluid circulation

[1] This paper presents the results of hydrogeochemical and seismological studies carried out at Mount Vesuvius during the period June 1998 to December 2005. Hydrogeochemical data show the occurrence of slowly varying long-term variations in the total dissolved salts and bicarbonate contents of the groundwaters, accompanied by a general decline in water temperatures. The temporal distributions of air temperature and rainfall in the Vesuvius area suggest that these variations do not depend on changes in the hydrological regime. The changes in the geochemical parameters are accompanied by slight variations in both the seismicity rate and energy release. A further relationship between seismic activity and fluid discharge rate is highlighted by a particular episode that occurred in August 2005, when a soil thermal anomaly was observed a few weeks before the occurrence of a very shallow earthquake. Moment tensor analysis of this earthquake suggests that the most plausible source mechanism is a shear faulting combined with the opening of tensile crack. This feature is often observed in volcanic areas and it is usually related to fluid- and/or gas-driven rock fracturing. The observed seismological, hydrological, and geochemical temporal changes are interpreted not as changes of the volcanic system but in terms of an external forcing as identified in the variation of the regional and local stress field acting on the volcano. This study has inferences onto the evaluation of the state of activity of volcanic systems and the eventual detection of unrest phenomena.
Lockmeter: highly-informative instrumentation for spin locks in the linux® kernel

Lockmeter is a tool for instrumenting the spin locks in a multiprocessor Linux kernel. Lockmeter was designed to make minimal cache disruptions, taking care to both minimize cache misses and also to minimize interprocessor cache coherency operations. Lockmeter is "highly informative" in the sense that not only does it record overall statistics for each spin lock, it also reports (where possible) these statistics on a per caller basis. This allows one to readily identify which portions of the kernel code are responsible for causing lock contention. In this paper, we describe the capabilities and implementation of Lockmeter version 1.3.
Prevention of Cardiac Hypertrophy by Atorvastatin in a Transgenic Rabbit Model of Human Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Cardiac hypertrophy, a major determinant of morbidity and mortality in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), is considered a secondary phenotype and potentially preventable. To test this hypothesis, we screened 30 5- to 6-month-old &bgr;-myosin heavy chain Q403 transgenic rabbits by echocardiography and selected 26 without cardiac hypertrophy. We randomized the transgenic rabbits to treatment with atorvastatin (2.5 mg/Kg/d), known to block hypertrophic signaling or a placebo. We included 15 nontransgenic rabbits as controls. Cardiac phenotype was analyzed serially before, 6 and 12 months after randomization. Serum total cholesterol levels were reduced by 49% with atorvastatin administration. Left-ventricular mass, wall thickness; myocyte size, myocardial levels of molecular markers of hypertrophy, lipid peroxides, and oxidized mitochondrial DNA; and the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive myocytes were increased significantly in the placebo but not in the atorvastatin group. Myocardium catalase mRNA levels were decreased by 5-fold in the placebo but were normal in the atorvastatin group. Catalase protein level and activity were not significantly changed. Levels of membrane-bound Ras and phospho-p44/42 mitogen-activated-protein kinase (MAPK) were increased in the placebo group (≈2.5 fold) but were reduced in the atorvastatin group. Levels of GTP- and membrane-bound RhoA and Rac1, phospho-p38, and phospho-c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases were unchanged. Thus, atorvastatin prevented development of cardiac hypertrophy; determined at organ, cellular, and molecular levels, partly through reducing active Ras and p44/42 MAPK. The results indicate potential beneficial effects of atorvastatin in prevention of cardiac hypertrophy, a major determinant of morbidity in all forms of cardiovascular diseases, and beckon clinical studies in humans with HCM.
Radial profiles of ion density and parallel temperature in the Io plasma torus during the Voyager 1 encounter

We have analyzed a moderately large set of Voyager 1 ultraviolet spectrometer preencounter scans of the Io warm plasma torus in order to deduce its three-dimensional spatial structure. The density distributions of the five ions O+, O++, S+, S++, and S+++ have been determined in order to deduce their scale heights and thus the ion kinetic temperature parallel to the magnetic field. We find that the parallel temperature of the ions decreases with increasing Jovicentric distance. This variation is opposite to the profile of perpendicular ion temperature derived from in situ plasma measurements but consistent with an adiabatic thermal profile. To reconcile these measurements, we propose that rapid radial transport is adiabatically cooling the torus plasma and mixing it with hot plasma from the middle magnetosphere. We also derive a plasma ionization profile that increases with Jovicentric distance, consistent with in situ measurements of the electron temperature, which also rises with distance. From these observations we conclude that (1) torus plasma transport and the associated adiabatic cooling is faster than ion heating in the outer torus; (2) outer torus electrons are heated by a process that neglibly heats the ions; and (3) this electron heating process is likely to be collisional thermalization with inwardly transported hot plasma from the middle magnetosphere, as postulated by other authors. We also propose a picture of torus dynamics that is consistent both with these conclusions and with the in situ measurements.
An eclectic approach to enhancing the competitive advantage of nations : analyzing the success factors of East Asian economies with a focus on the development of South Korea

Les theories economiques existantes se concentrent sur les avantages que possede chaque pays en tant que facteurs essentiels pour le developpement. Cependant, le succes sans precedent des economies d’Asie de l’Est, comme Hong Kong, Singapour, Taiwan et la Coree du Sud, ne peut pas etre convenablement explique par ces theories anterieures car ces economies ont commence leur developpement sans avantages significatifs. L’examen du succes de ces economies devrait etre aborde dans une perspective differente. Le but de la these est de developper une nouvelle approche laquelle permet de mieux determiner les facteurs cles de la reussite du developpement economique des quatre « dragons asiatiques ».
Soil and Plant Indices for Predicting Eucalypt Response to Nitrogen in Uruguay

Eucalypt plantations have been increasingly fertilized with N applied postplanting in Uruguay, but information on the benefits of the practice is scarce. The objective of this study was to identify the N availability indices (NAI) able to differentiate responsive from unresponsive sites when N was applied to eucalypts 6 or 12 mo after planting (MAP). The NAI were based on soil and plant analyses. Volume yield response to N was evaluated in 20 experiments conducted in plantations of Eucalyptus globulus Labille and E. grandis Hill ex Maiden. The NAI were related to volume response expressions by using linear and quadratic-plateau models, and the model with the highest R 2 was selected. Leaf N concentration (LNC) was the NAI most strongly related to N response in both E. grandis fertilized at 6 MAP (seven sites) and E. globulus fertilized at 12 MAP (six sites) and the estimated critical levels were 34.6 and 20.9 g kg -1 , respectively. None of the NAI could be selected in the E. globulus sites fertilized at 6 MAP, but soil mineralizable N (NMIN) was clearly related to N response when all E. globulus sites were pooled (12 sites), resulting in a critical level of 109 mg N kg -1 . Although the R 2 of the models describing relationships between the selected NAI and N response varied from 0.52 to 0.94, most NAI separated responsive from unresponsive sites. The results suggest that LNC and NMIN can be used as tools to improve prediction of the early eucalypt volume response to N in Uruguay.
Analytical procedures for weekly hydrological droughts: a case of Canadian rivers

Abstract Two entities of importance in hydrological droughts, viz. the longest duration, LT , and the largest magnitude, MT (in standardized terms) over a desired time period (which could also correspond to a specific return period) T, have been analysed for weekly flow sequences of Canadian rivers. Analysis has been carried out in terms of week-by-week standardized values of flow sequences, designated as SHI (standardized hydrological index). The SHI sequence is truncated at the median level for identification and evaluation of expected values of the above random variables, E(LT ) and E(MT ). SHI sequences tended to be strongly autocorrelated and are modelled as autoregressive order-1, order-2 or autoregressive moving average order-1,1. The drought model built on the theorem of extremes of random numbers of random variables was found to be less satisfactory for the prediction of E(LT ) and E(MT ) on a weekly basis. However, the model has worked well on a monthly (weakly Markovian) and an annual (random) basis. An alternative procedure based on a second-order Markov chain model provided satisfactory prediction of E(LT ). Parameters such as the mean, standard deviation (or coefficient of variation), and lag-1 serial correlation of the original weekly flow sequences (obeying a gamma probability distribution function) were used to estimate the simple and first-order drought probabilities through closed-form equations. Second-order probabilities have been estimated based on the original flow sequences as well as SHI sequences, utilizing a counting method. The E(MT ) can be predicted as a product of drought intensity (which obeys the truncated normal distribution) and E(LT ) (which is based on a mixture of first- and second-order Markov chains). Citation Sharma, T. C. & Panu, U. S. (2010) Analytical procedures for weekly hydrological droughts: a case of Canadian rivers. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(1), 79–92.
The general linear inverse problem - Implication of surface waves and free oscillations for earth structure.

The discrete general linear inverse problem reduces to a set of m equations in n unknowns. There is generally no unique solution, but we can find k linear combinations of parameters for which restraints are determined. The parameter combinations are given by the eigenvectors of the coefficient matrix. The number k is determined by the ratio of the standard deviations of the observations to the allowable standard deviations in the resulting solution. Various linear combinations of the eigenvectors can be used to determine parameter resolution and information distribution among the observations. Thus we can determine where information comes from among the observations and exactly how it constrains the set of possible models. The application of such analyses to surface-wave and free-oscillation observations indicates that (1) phase, group, and amplitude observations for any particular mode provide basically the same type of information about the model; (2) observations of overtones can enhance the resolution considerably; (3) the degree of resolution has generally been overestimated for many model determinations made from surface waves; and (4) computation of parameter and information resolution is such a simple extension of any inversion procedure based on perturbation parameters that such inversion studies are incomplete without considering resolution.