Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Possible causes of the high death rate of ciliate protozoa in the rumen

SUMMARY The protozoa in washed suspensions of rumen ciliates were killed by freezing or heating at 49 °C for 5 min before incubation at 39 °C, aeration during incubation or incubation in hypotonic salt solution (30% of ncrmal) and released their intracellular cellulose and amylase during 4–6 h. With the last two treatments it was only necessary to expose the protozoa to the conditions for 2 min to obtain over 50% of maximal enzyme release 4–6 h later. It is suggested that death of the protozoa during exposure to air and/or hypotonic salt solution for short times during drinking and rumination by the host animal could be the explanation for the high postulated protozoal death rate in the rumen. The amylase and cellulase released from the protozoa tested were stable in the presence of mixed rumen bacteria for 1·5 h and could be of importance in the degradation of plant constituents in the rumen.
Effects of dietary unsaturated fat and of protein source on melting point and fatty acid composition of lamb fat

SUMMARY Four groups of six store lambs were offered ad libitum a concentrate barley-based diet, supplemented with either 8% casein or 2% urea, each contributing the same level of nitrogen to the diet and each fed with or without a supplement of 5·8% sunflower oil. Daily food intake was significantly affected by treatment but there was no significant treatment effect on live-weight gain or food conversion efficiency. In rumen fluid the casein supplement resulted in more total volatile fatty acids and a greater proportion of valeric acid, while the sunflower oil supplement significantly increased the proportion of propionic acid. Sunflower oil supplementation decreased the melting point of perinephric fat by about 3 °C, associated with an increase in the proportions of palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids and a decrease in the proportions of palmitic and stearic acids. Sunflower oil resulted in a smaller and nonsignificant decrease in the melting point of subcutaneous fat which was associated with an increase in the proportions of linoleic and linolenic acid and a decrease in the proportion of palmitic acid. Melting point of both fats was not affected by source of dietary nitrogen supplementation but in subcutaneous fat the urea supplement resulted in a small increase in the proportion of oleic acid and a decrease in the proportions of palmitic and palmitoleic acids. The proportions of branched-chain and oddnumbered n-acids in both fats were not affected by treatment.
Species richness of bivalves and gastropods in Iwahig River-Estuary, Palawan, the Philippines

Iwahig River-Estuary in Palawan, Philippines is one of the least disturbed river-estuary systems where biodiversity remains undocumented. In this study, the molluscan fauna of Iwahig River-Estuary is based on samples taken from three site groups: mangrove forest, lower reaches of the river, and intertidal flat near the river mouth. We have listed a total of 15 bivalves and 50 gastropods species spread over among 25 families and 45 genera. Some of these species are habitat specific while others overlap across study sites. Among the recorded species Nassarius pullus and Anadara uropigimelana had the widest range of distribution occurring in mangrove forest, river bed, and intertidal flats thereby considered as a potential biological indicator for climate change adaptation and mitigation studies. Commercially exploited species for food and local shell craft industry include nine bivalves and two gastropods. Some other species have the potentials for aquaculture and shell trade. Exploring the potentials of these species as source of sustainable income for the locals is suggested.
Comparison of essential oil content and composition between field and greenhouse grown genotypes of methyl cinnamate basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Essential oil content and composition of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) was compared under greenhouse and field conditions using 9 cloned methyl cinnamate basil lines. Essential oil content, cis-methyl cinnamate, linalool and 1,8-cineole were significantly higher in field grown plants while trans-methyl cinnamate was significantly higher in greenhouse grown plants. Correlations between the greenhouse and field grown plants for these essential oil constituents were significant, indicating that the performance of the lines in both environments was consistent, although the actual means varied. The significant differences in essentual oil content and composition and consistent response of basil genotypes grown under greenhouse and field conditions demonstrates that the expression of these characters is predictable and can be useful in the improvement of basil.
THE INHERITANCE OF ERUCIC ACID CONTENT IN RAPESEED (BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS)

Reciprocal crosses were made between a plant of Brassica campestris L. containing no erucic acid in its seed oil and two plants of the Indian varieties Yellow and Brown Sarson grown from seed containing approximately 59% erucic acid. The erucic acid content in the oil from F1 embryos was intermediate between the parents indicating embryonic control of the synthesis of this acid. Seed oil analysis of F2, F3, and backcross populations supported the hypothesis that erucic acid synthesis is controlled by a single non-dominant gene. Analysis of oil extracted from immature and partially germinated seed showed that erucic acid content was highest in fully matured non-germinated seed.
Variation in the depth and morphology of burrows of the mud crab Helice crassa among different types of intertidal sediment in New Zealand

Crabs are among the larger and more active burrowers in intertidal sediments in New Zealand, as in many other parts of the world. Abundances of mud crabs Helice crassa and their burrows were compared among sites differing in the nature of their sediments. Differences in burrow architecture among sites were quantified using casts of burrows made in situ. The effects of bioturbation on sediment geochemistry were also determined with respect to redox potential and the concentrations of 2 chemical phases, acid volatile sulphides (AVS) and iron pyrites (FeS 2 ), that influence the bioavailability of heavy metals. The objective of this study was to identify effects of differences in the extent and nature of burrowing activity of the crab H. crassa among different sediment types on sediment geochemistry, particularly with respect to the bioavailability of heavy metals. Burrows were more abundant at muddy sites (average 22 to 59 burrows 20 cm diameter core-') than at sandy sites (average 12 burrows core -1 ). Although not necessarily deeper at muddy sites, burrows were more complex in structure. Average volumes of casts were larger at muddy than sandy sites by a factor of up to 14.8 and at the most densely-burrowed site, burrows represented 14 % of the volume of the surrounding sediment. The architecture of the burrows of H. crassa is discussed in the context of published models of burrow structure and function for other crustacea. Patterns of differences in chemical variables among sites were not clear cut. Redox profiles generally showed decreases with depth in the sediment and, among the muddy sites, potentials were highest and most variable at the site with greatest burrowing activity. Concentrations of AVS and FeS 2 were lower in sandy sediments than in muddy ones. Among muddy, sites, the concentration of AVS was lowest at the site with the greatest amount of burrowing, consistent with introduction of oxygen to the sediment and the consequent oxidation of AVS. Concentrations of FeS 2 showed a pattern that suggested that burrowing introduces FeS 2 from deeper layers, where concentrations are higher, into shallower, bioturbated layers of the sediment, offsetting effects of oxidation due to burrowing activity. Concentrations of FeS 2 were highest at the site with most burrowing activity.
Lakes of Malaysia: Water quality, eutrophication and management

The present study was undertaken to evaluate and verify the water quality status and trophic state of 15 major lakes and reservoirs in Malaysia. The lake water quality assessments were based on the National Water Quality Index (NWQI), while the trophic state assessments were based on Carlson's Trophic State Index (TSI). The findings of this water quality assessment, based on data collected between September and October 2012, indicated that a majority of the lakes were classified as Class II (Clean) waters suitable for recreational use. The results of the trophic state assessments, however, indicated that all of the lakes were eutrophic, meaning they were nutrient-rich, they could experience algae blooms or macrophyte problems, and they were likely to exhibit poor water quality. Sustainable management measures and strategies are suggested to address the eutrophication problems of Malaysian lakes and reservoirs, with the national responses on lake and reservoir management also being discussed.
VITRO ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES AND WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY OF HYDROETHANOLIC TURMERIC RHIZOME EXTRACT (ZINGIBERACEAE)

Objective: In the present study, we evaluated the ethno pharmacological effect of the different doses of Turmeric rhizome hydroethanolic extract ointment (TRO), using in vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo excision, incision and dead space wound models in Wistar rats. Methods: The antioxidant activity and acute toxicity studies were performed. In excision wound model, period of epithelization time and wound area were monitored on days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 using graph paper. Additionally, histological evaluation was carried out on days 3, 7, 14 and 21. Incision wound modle and dead space, were perfomed for breaking strength value and hydroxyproline content. Results: The results of wound contraction and skin breaking strength a significant increased showed in wound contraction and breaking strength value rate, in all treatment groups with TRO, especially in high dose of TRO. Thus, results of histopathological evaluation showed that TRO accelerate wound healing process specifically in re-epithelization period, angiogenesis and collagen disposition in all treatment groups. Conclusion: Data revealed that ointment formulation prepared with hydroethanolic extract of Turmeric rhizome had remarkable wound healing activities. Keywords:
An Annotated Type Catalogue of the Pygopods, Xantusiids, Gerrhosaurs and Cordylids (Reptilia: Squamata: Pygopodidae, Xantusiidae, Gerrhosauridae and Cordylidae) in the Collection of the Zoological Museum, Berlin

A complete catalogue is provided of the type specimens of pygopods, xantusiids, gerrhosaurs and cordylids in the herpetological collections of the Zoological Museum, Berlin as of September, 1992. The collection contains seven pygopod types, representing four taxa (none regarded as valid), two syntypes of a single, valid xantusiid taxon, 15 type gerrhosaurs, representing eight taxa (four regarded as valid), and 11 types representing three valid cordylid taxa. The collections once held the type material for two additional cordylid species, but these now appear to be lost.
A Chemical Engineering View of Cnidarian Symbioses

Chemical engineering theory proves useful in predicting selective constraints on algal-cnidarian symbioses. Scleractinian corals are used as a model for understanding how the architecture of polyps and colonies affects the transport of material between the host and symbiotic algae, and the environment. Transport properties of the symbiosis are described by mathematical functions involving molecular diffusion and forced convection (water motion). Metabolic rates (photosynthesis and aerobic respiration) measured under manipulated regimes of water motion provide evidence that the physical state of the boundary layer (laminar or turbulent) surrounding the symbiosis directly affects both symbiotic algae and coral. However, the algae's photosynthetic rate is affected by changes in the ambient flow regime to a lesser degree than the symbiotic association's aerobic respiration rate, indicating a buffering effect of the host tissue. Two mathematical models presented explore the relationship of size and shape of contracted and expanded polyps on maximal rates of gas or nutrient exchange: the size/shape spectrum of scleractinian polyps is understandable in terms of how diffusion limits delivery of metabolites to coral and algae. Polyps of differing size are not geometrically similar; the shape changes observed are consistent with keeping fluxes of dissolved substances to these symbiotic associations “diffusionally similar. ” Expanded polyps possess diffusive boundary layers of considerable depth which limit delivery of metabolites to the algae. The mass transfer characteristics and size range of scleractinian polyps lie within the range where theory predicts an optimal polyp wall thickness should occur.
Seed dispersal in flood plain forests of Amazonia

Seed dispersal in the seasonally inundated flood plain forests of whitewater (varzea) and blackwater rivers (igap6) of Central Amazonia was investigated in a two year field study with particular attention being paid to the phenology of the constituent tree species and the role of water and fish in the dissemination of their diaspores. Maximum fruiting of the trees coincides with the period of inundation, and the specific timing of diaspore release appears related to special dispersal mechanisms, dormancy, and/or requirements for germination and seedling establishment. Due to the possession of specific tissues or other devices that provide buoyancy, the diaspores of most tree species of the inundated forests are capable of floating for prolonged periods. A comparison of diaspore characteristics between hydrochorous tree species and their congeners in noninundated habitats reveals recurrent patterns: some lineages that in noninundated habitats possess dehiscent fruits with anemochorous or zoochorous seeds, in inundatable habitats switch to the production of hydrochorous seeds. Other lineages that in noninundated habitats have dehiscent fruits, in inundatable habitats switch to the production of indehiscent hydrochorous fruits. Lineages that in noninundated habitats produce indehiscent fruits remain indehiscent when switching to hydrochory in inundatable habitats. In the inundated forests virtually all diaspores that fall into the water are consumed by fish, with rates of destruction differing greatly. Catfish cannot disrupt hard protective layers of seeds and fruits, while characins are destructive and act largely as seed predators. Very small diaspores, such as those of Cecropia, pass the gut of characin fish unimpaired and viable; for larger diaspores the rate of destruction seems to decrease with the age of the consuming fish. Most hydrochorous diaspores can be dispersed by fish, if they are not destroyed by them (facultative ichthyochory). Others depend on fish for dispersal (obligatory ichthyochory), for example, because their diaspores are very heavy and would sink to the ground under the parent tree, or because their seeds are enclosed in a hard shell from which they can be freed only by the jaws of characins. Ultimately, the diaspores dispersed by water or fish sink to the bottom of the inundated forests from where they start germinating shortly after the end of the submersion. It is most likely that the dormancy of many kinds of seeds is broken by their exposure to the hypoxic conditions that prevail in the still water. Evolutionarily, the synchronization of fruiting at high water must have preceded the origin of the adaptations for hydrochory, ichthyochory, and germination.
Factors influencing routine oxygen consumption in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus

ummary Routine oxygen consumption of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, was determined in relation to temperature, salinity, body wet weight, and time of day. The highest routine oxygen consumption rates measured roughly followed a arabolic curve over the temperature range tested (8 to 24°C). The lowest rates showed a more linear refationship over the same temperature range. It is argued that lowest rates correspond to the standard oxygen consumption. Between 16 and 19°C, routine oxygen consumption reached a maximum. It is suggested that these temperatures correspond to the preferred ternerature of the species and are within the range of optimum temperature for growth of specimens weigkng about 100 g. Salinity effect on oxygen consumption rates was studied in five groups acclimated over 4 weeks to 8, 15, 22, 29, and 35%. salinity. Routine oxygen consumption rates were lowest at 8% salinity with no significant differences in higher acclimation salinities. Routine respiration of turbots showed conspicuous daily fluctuations. During spring, summer, and autumn, oxygen Consumption was higher during morning hours and at night. In winter, higher rates were measured only once (during morning and early afternoon). The relationship between routine oxygen consumption and body weight of turbots followed an exponential function with a slope of 0.7, which was lower compared to the slope of 0.8 usually given for roundfish-species. Zusammenfassung Der Einflus van abiotischen und biotischen Faktoren auf den Routinestoffwechsel des Steinbutt Scophthalmus maximus Der Sauerstoffverbrauch von Steinbutt, Scophthalmus maximus, wurde in Abhangigkeit von derTemperatur, dem Salzgehalt, derTageszeit und dem Korpergewicht auf dem Niveau des Routinestoffwechsels gemessen. Die Temperaturabhanigkeit (8–24°C) fur die hochsten gemessenen Sauerstoffverbrauchsraten folgte einer Parabel, watrend die niedrigsten Raten eher einer linearen Abhangigkeit unterlagen. Es wird diskutiert, das der untere Wertebereich eher dem Standard-Stoffwechsel des Steinbutt zuzuordnen ist und die Vorzugstemperatur fur diese Art (Nasgewicht der Tiere um 100 g) im Bereich der maximalen Stoffwechselaktivitat (16–19°C) liegt. Der Einflus des Salzgehaltes auf die Stoffwechselaktivitat von Steinbutt wurde bei 8, 15, 22, 29 und 35% Salzgehalt untersucht, an den die Tiere mindestens vier Wochen adaptiert worden waren. Die Sauerstoffverbrauchsraten waren nach der Adaptation an 15 bis 35 % Salzgehalt signifikant hoher verglichen mit den Raten, die nach Adatation an 8% Salzgehalt gemessen worden waren. Der Routinesauerstoffverbrauch unterlag einem Seutlichen Tagesgang: Messungen wahrend des Fruhjahrs, im Sommer und Herbst erbrachten einen Anstieg der Stoffwechselaktivitat in den Morgen- bzw. Abendstunden; im Winter nahm die Aktivitat nur noch einmal wahrend des Tages zu. Die Gewichtsabhangigkeit des Sauerstoffverbrauchs von Steinbutt folgt einer Exponentialfunktion, deren Exponent (0.7) niedriger ist, als im allgemeinen fur Fische (0.8) angenonimen wird.
Time-kill curve studies of Ampucare against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris.

Results of preliminary phytochemical analysis showed that the stem and root barks of Cassia arereh (Del.) possess phenols, tannins, cardiac glycosides, phlobatanin and anthraquinone. The acetone extract of the root bark produced the highest antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (16 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (9 mm) compared to the other extracts. All the extracts did not possess significant antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans at 100 mg/ml concentration. The aqueous extracts of the root and stem barks did not produce any measurable antimicrobial activity against all the tested organisms. Warming to 60°C increased the activity of the root bark extract especially the acetone extract (11 - 36%) against E. coli, K. pneumoniae and S. aureus while in the case of the stem bark, the activity increased at 11% for these organisms. The MIC values for the acetone extract of the root bark were in the range of 25 ‐ 50 mg/ml whereas the MBC values were 100 mg/ml against the susceptible organisms. So the use of C. arereh for the treatment of boils, wound infections, urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, diarrhoea and scarlet fever may be justified.
Identifying Wheat Genotypes Resistant to Eyespot Disease with abeta-Glucuronidase-Transformed Strain ofPseudocercosporella herpotrichoides

Resistance to Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides in wheat was determined by inoculating 2-wk-old seedlings with a transformed strain of the pathogen that constitutively expresses β-glucuronidase (GUS) and measuring disease development with a GUS enzyme assay, visual disease scoring, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Differences among resistant and susceptible genotypes were apparent 2 wk after inoculation; however, the greatest differences among resistant and susceptible genotypes occurred 4- to 6-wk and 6- to 8-wk after inoculation for the GUS assay and visual disease ratings, respectively. ELISA did not differentiate among resistant genotypes at any sample date in this study
Caspase‐8 and caspase‐10 activate NF‐κB through RIP, NIK and IKKα kinases

NF‐κB regulates the expression of various genes involved in cell growth and differentiation, immune response and inhibition of apoptosis. Recently, some death effector domain (DED)‐containing proteins, such as FADD and c‐FLIP were reported to activate NF‐κB. We previously reported that the prodomain‐only isoforms of caspase‐8 and ‐10 (PDCasp8/10), containing two DED motifs, could inhibit Fas‐mediated apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate that these isoforms also activate NF‐κB, implying this to be one of the mechanisms by which these polypeptides inhibit apoptosis. The GST pull‐down assay revealed that, among upstream kinases that activate NF‐κB, only NIK and RIP, but not RICK or IKKα/β, could directly bind to PDCasp8/10. In addition, both modules ofDED in PDCasp8/10 were required for these interactions as well as NF‐κB activation. Experiments using a kinase‐dead mutant of IKKα and an RIP mutant lacking a kinase domain, both of whichfunction as dominant‐negative mutants for their wild‐type counterparts, blocked PDCasp8/10‐mediated NF‐κB activation. Using small interfering RNA technology, we further demonstrate that the down‐regulation of IKKα but not IKKβ significantly inhibits PDCasp8‐mediated NF‐κB activation. Taken together, these results suggest that caspase‐8 and ‐10 have roles in a non‐ or anti‐apoptotic signaling pathway leading to NF‐κB activation through RIP, NIK and IKKα.
A REVIEW OF THE CAUSES OF VARIATION IN MUSCLE GLYCOGEN CONTENT AND ULTIMATE pH IN PIGS

Muscle glycogen at slaughter causes variation in pork technological qualities, since it affects the ultimate pH (24 h postmortem). This review addresses various factors influencing muscle glycogen storage and the ultimate pH of pig meat. Results discussed in this paper indicate that breed and preslaughter handling, i.e., waiting time in lairage, mixing, and to a lesser extent fasting, significantly influence ultimate pH. Furthermore, interactions between handling procedures and breed could be highly significant, as with PSE meat. Since the recent discovery of the major gene rn+/RN− which is assumed to influence glycogen concentration in the muscle of live pigs, genotype is considered an important source of variation in ultimate pH. All factors likely to influence glycogen concentration must be considered relative to the metabolic and contractile properties of muscle. These play an important role in the amount of glycogen at rest and in its depletion during chronic stress or muscular exercise.