Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring the relationship between personal and public annotations

Today people typically read and annotate printed documents even if they are obtained from electronic sources like digital libraries. If there is a reason for them to share these personal annotations online, they must re-enter them. Given the advent of better computer support for reading and annotation, including tablet interfaces, do people ever share their personal digital ink annotations as is, or do they make substantial changes to them? What can we do to anticipate and support the transition from personal to public annotations? To investigate these questions, we performed a study to characterize and compare students' personal annotations as they read assigned papers with those they shared with each other using an online system. By analyzing over 1,700 annotations, we confirmed three hypotheses: (1) only a small fraction of annotations made while reading are directly related to those shared in discussion; (2) some types of annotations - those that consist of anchors in the text coupled with margin notes - are more apt to be the basis of public commentary than other types of annotations; and (3) personal annotations undergo dramatic changes when they are shared in discussion, both in content and in how they are anchored to the source document. We then use these findings to explore ways to support the transition from personal to public annotations.
The role of vitamin D status on treatment outcome among HIV- infected children receiving care in Kisumu County, Kenya

Abstract Background: Kenya has a paediatric HIV burden of nearly 140,000 children, of which only 48% of those on antiretroviral therapy (ART) have achieved the desired viral suppression possibly due to vitamin D deficiency. We explored the influence of vitamin D levels on treatment outcome. Method: We performed a cross-sectional study of 196 participants aged 3 – 14 years; among them 98 HIV infected who received treatment between 2019 - 2020 in Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kenya. The exposure was vitamin D levels, including deficient (<20 ng/ml), insufficient (≥20 - <30 ng/ml), and sufficient (30 – 50ng/ml). The outcome was optimal immune recovery (CD4 ≥ 500 cells/mm3) and optimal viral suppression (viral load ≤ 200 copies/ml). We compared difference in means for each vitamin D category between HIV infected and uninfected using independent t-test, multiple comparisons of vitamin D levels among age categories using ANOVA and post hoc test and Pearson correlation to correlate vitamin D levels, CD4 and viral load of HIV infected children. Results: Compared with HIV uninfected, HIV infected recorded mean age ± standard deviation of10.65±2.17 years with 39(39.8%) males vs. 6.68±2.81 years with 52(53.1%) males p<0.001; and the difference in vitamin D mean levels was statistically significant [28.21 ± 6.39 infected vs.30. 88 ± 6.62 uninfected] t = 2.94, df =194, p = 0.004, 95%CI (0.90 – 4.59). Among age categories, mean vitamin D varied significantly F (2,193) = 10.68, p =0.001; with higher levels observed between 1-4 years category {mean difference 4.64ng/ml, p = 0.02, [95%CI 1.49 – 7.78]} and 5-9 years category {mean difference 4.33ng/ml, p = 0.001, [95%CI 1.89 – 6.38]} as compared to 10 – 14 years respectively. Additionally, children with optimal immune recovery recorded higher proportion of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency (12.24% and 42.86%) as compared with sub optimally recovered 1.02% and 4.08%); while children with optimal viral suppression recorded higher proportion of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency (8.16% and 30.61%) as compared with sub optimally suppressed (5.1% and 16.3%). Conclusion : Infections with HIV suppresses levels of vitamin D, but this has no influence on CD4 counts and viral load status in children receiving ART.
Effects of kinetic mass transfer and transient flow conditions on widening mixing zones in coastal aquifers

The width of a mixing zone between freshwater and seawater is important primarily because it directly reflects the extent of mixing and the growth and decay of the mixing zone indicates changes of the flow regime and water exchange between freshwater and coastal seawater. Wide mixing zones have been found in many coastal aquifers all over the world. However, the mechanisms responsible for wide mixing zones are not well understood. This work examines the hypothesis that kinetic mass transfer coupled with transient conditions, which create the movement of the mixing zone, may widen mixing zones in coastal aquifers. The hypothesis is tested by conducting two‐dimensional numerical simulations based on a variable‐density groundwater model for a scaled‐tank model and a field‐scale model. Periodic water levels, representing periodic tidal motion and freshwater table fluctuations, are imposed at the seaward and landward boundary, respectively, which cause the movement of the mixing zone. Both the scaled‐tank model and the field model show that the combination of the moving mixing zone and kinetic mass transfer may significantly enhance the extent of mixing and create a wider mixing zone than the models without kinetic mass transfer. In addition, sensitivity analyses indicate that a larger capacity ratio (immobile porosity/mobile porosity) of mass transfer leads to a wider mixing zone, and the maximum width of the mixing zone may be reached for a given capacity ratio when the mean retention time scale in the immobile domain (the reciprocal of mass transfer rate) and the period of water level fluctuations are comparable.
The PALB2 DNA-binding domain is an intrinsically disordered recombinase

Abstract The Partner and Localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2) tumor suppressor is a scaffold protein that links BRCA1 with BRCA2 to initiate homologous recombination (HR). PALB2 interaction with DNA strongly enhances HR efficiency. The PALB2 DNA-binding domain (PALB2-DBD) supports DNA strand exchange, a complex multistep reaction supported by only a few protein families such as RecA-like recombinases or Rad52. The mechanisms of PALB2 DNA binding and strand exchange are unknown. We performed circular dichroism, electron paramagnetic spectroscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering analyses and determined that PALB2-DBD is intrinsically disordered, even when bound to DNA. The intrinsically disordered nature of this domain was further supported by bioinformatics analysis. Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are prevalent in the human proteome and have many important biological functions. The complexity of the strand exchange reaction significantly expands the functional repertoire of IDPs. The results of confocal single-molecule FRET indicated that PALB2-DBD binding leads to oligomerization-dependent DNA compaction. We hypothesize that PALB2-DBD uses a chaperone-like mechanism to aid formation and resolution of complex DNA and RNA multichain intermediates during DNA replication and repair. Since PALB2-DBD alone or within the full-length PALB2 is predicted to have strong liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) potential, protein-nucleic acids condensates are likely to play a role in complex functionality of PALB2-DBD. Similar DNA-binding intrinsically disordered regions may represent a novel class of functional domains that evolved to function in eukaryotic nucleic acid metabolism complexes.
A randomised controlled trial investigating the causal role of the medial prefrontal cortex in mediating self-agency during speech monitoring and reality monitoring

Self-agency is being aware of oneself as the agent of one’s thoughts and actions. Self agency is necessary for successful interactions with the external world (reality-monitoring). The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is considered to represent one neural correlate underlying self-agency. We investigated whether mPFC activity can causally modulate self-agency on two different tasks involving speech-monitoring and reality-monitoring. The experience of self-agency is thought to result from being able to reliably predict the sensory outcomes of one’s own actions. This self-prediction ability is necessary for successfully encoding and recalling one’s own thoughts to enable accurate self-agency judgments during reality-monitoring tasks. This self-prediction ability is also necessary during speech-monitoring tasks where speakers compare what we hear ourselves say in auditory feedback with what we predict we will hear while speaking. In this randomised-controlled study, heathy controls (HC) are assigned to either high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to enhance mPFC excitability or TMS targeting a control site. After TMS to mPFC, HC improved self-predictions during speech-monitoring tasks that predicted improved self-agency judgments during different reality-monitoring tasks. These first-in-kind findings demonstrate the mechanisms of how mPFC plays a causal role in self-agency that results from the fundamental ability of improving self-predictions across two different tasks.
Impact craters in the northern hemisphere of Mars: Layered ejecta and central pit characteristics

Abstract— Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and Mars Odyssey data are being used to revise the Catalog of Large Martian Impact Craters. Analysis of data in the revised catalog provides new details on the distribution and morphologic details of 6795 impact craters in the northern hemisphere of Mars. This report focuses on the ejecta morphologies and central pit characteristics of these craters. The results indicate that single‐layer ejecta (SLE) morphology is most consistent with impact into an ice‐rich target. Double‐layer ejecta (DLE) and multiple‐layer ejecta (MLE) craters also likely form in volatile‐rich materials, but the interaction of the ejecta curtain and target‐produced vapor with the thin Martian atmosphere may be responsible for the large runout distances of these ejecta. Pancake craters appear to be a modified form of double‐layer craters where the thin outer layer has been destroyed or is unobservable at present resolutions. Pedestal craters are proposed to form in an icerich mantle deposited during high obliquity periods from which the ice has subsequently sublimated. Central pits likely form by the release of vapor produced by impact into ice‐soil mixed targets. Therefore, results from the present study are consistent with target volatiles playing a dominant role in the formation of crater morphologies found in the Martian northern hemisphere.
Regional stratigraphy of the Zagros fold-thrust belt of Iran and its proforeland evolution

The latest Neoproterozoic through Phanerozoic stratigraphy of the Zagros fold-thrust belt of Iran has been revised in the light of recent investigations. The revised stratigraphy consists of four groups of rocks, each composed of a number of unconformity-bounded megasequences representing various tectonosedimentary settings. In the lowest group, ranging in age from latest Precambrian to Devonian(? ), the uppermost Neoproterozoic to middle Cambrian rocks constitute a megasequence of evaporites, siliciclastic deposits, and interlayered carbonates, which were deposited in pull-apart basins that developed by the Najd strike-slip fault system. This megasequence is overlain by a second one, Middle to Late Cambrian in age, which consists of shallow, marine siliciclastic and carbonate rocks representing deposition in an epicontinental platform. The overlying shales, siltstones, and partly volcanogenic sandstones of Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian (? ) age are local remnants of stratigraphic units that were extensively eroded during development of several major unconformities. The second group consists of two megasequences, one Permian and the other Triassic, composed of widespread, transgressive basal siliciclastic rocks and overlying evaporitic carbonates of an equatorial, epi-Pangean, very shallow platformal sea. The third group is composed of four megasequences formed of shallow- and deep-water carbonates with some siliciclastic and evaporite deposits, which accumulated on a Neo-Tethyan continental shelf during earliest Jurassic through late Turonian time. The fourth group comprises siliciclastic and carbonate deposits of a largely underfilled, NW- to SE-trending, forward and backward migrating, late Cretaceous to Recent proforeland basin, which has evolved as an integral part of the Zagros orogen. This last group consists of three megasequences (IX, X, and XI) with distinctive lateral and vertical facies variations, which reflect specific tectonic events. Megasequence IX comprises uppermost Turonian to middle Maastrichtian prograding and retrograding siliciclastic and carbonate deposits, whose accumulations reflect emplacement ("abduction") of ophiolite slivers and subsequent collisional events in the Zagros orogen. Megasequence X consists of uppermost Maastrichtian to upper Eocene siliciclastic and carbonate rocks, which deposited first progradationally in front of the Zagros orogenic wedge with reduced contractional tectonic activity, and then retrogradationally due to intensified thrust stacking in the interior parts of the orogen. Megasequence XI consists of Oligocene and lower Miocene carbonate strata deposited retrogradationally shortly after a period of intensified late Eocene thrust faulting in the deformational wedge, and an overlying succession of upward-coarsening, northeasterly-derived siliciclastic deposits of lower Miocene to Recent age which are composed of erosional byproducts of the southwest-vergent Zagros thrust sheets.
Immune landscape of vulvar cancer patients treated with surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy revealed restricted T cell functionality and increased IL‐17 expression associated with cancer relapse

For vulvar cancers, radiotherapy is targeting cancer cells, but also affects the host immune system. As this may affect treatment outcome, in this prospective study, we characterized the individual T cell immune milieu induced by surgery and adjuvant radio +/− chemotherapy (aRT) systemically in the blood of vulvar cancer patients and found increased frequencies of Interleukin (IL)‐17‐producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after aRT while frequencies of Th1 and perforin‐producing CD8+ killer cells were strongly diminished. Phenotypic characterization revealed enhanced expression of the ectonucleotidase CD39 on Th17 and Tc17 cells as well as CD8+ perforin+ cells after aRT. Furthermore, the aRT cohort exhibited increased proportions of Programmed Cell Death Protein (PD‐1) expressing cells among Th1 and CD8+ perforin+ cells, but not among Th17 and Tc17 cells. High post‐therapeutic levels of Th17 and Tc17 cells and low proportions of Th1 and CD8+ perforin+ cells expressing PD‐1 was associated with reduced recurrence free survival on follow‐up. In conclusion, our study defines individual therapy‐induced changes in the cellular immune milieu of patients and their association with cancer relapse. Our results may help to explain differences in the individual courses of disease of vulvar cancer patients and suggest PD‐1 and IL‐17 as targets for immunotherapy in vulvar cancer.
Electron impact excitation of nitric oxide under auroral conditions

Excitation of the ground vibrational levels and nine excited electronic states in NO has been simulated for an IBC II aurora. New electron impact excitation cross sections for NO were combined with a measured IBC II auroral secondary electron energy distribution and the electronic‐vibrational populations were determined for conditions of statistical equilibrium. This model predicts an extended vibrational distribution in the NO ground electronic state produced by radiative cascade from the many higher lying doublet excited electronic states. In addition to energy storage in the vibrational population of the ground electronic state, both the a 4Π and L′ ²Φ excited electronic states are predicted to have relatively high number densities in aurora. This extended ground state vibrational distribution is predicted to emit infrared [IR] radiation from 1.3 to 8.2 µm and most IR bands are predicted to be stronger than band emission from any of the electonic transitions.
Effect of resveratrol and curcumin and the potential synergism on hypertension: A mini‐review of human and animal model studies

Resveratrol (RES) and curcumin (CUR) are two of the most extensively studied bioactive compounds in cardiovascular research from the past until today. These compounds have effectively lowered blood pressure by downregulating the renin‐angiotensin system, exerting antioxidant effects, and exhibiting antiproliferative activities on blood vessels. This study aims to summarize the results of human and animal studies investigating the effects of CUR, RES, and their combination on hypertension and the molecular mechanisms involved. The published trials' results are controversial regarding blood pressure reduction with different doses of RES and CUR, highlighting the need to address this issue.
Análisis de la respuesta hidrológica en una cuenca fluvial y su relación con la precipitación

The rainfall and streamflow were measured over one year in a catchment of 11.2 km2 sited in Boqueixon (A Coruña). From annual discharge, we selected 9 events and the effective precipitation and runoff coeficient was calculated for each one. Afterwards, tJre antecedent precipitation index was calculated by the equation I1 = ! 0 K where It and ! 0 are values of the antecedent precipitation index on day t and at the beginning of the calculation period, and K is a constant ussually varying between 0.85 and 0.95, and t is the time >(in days) since the last rainfall. Also we estimated the infiltration losses in each event by means of the infiltration index (F), which consider the infiltration rate as a constant value during the event. Likewise, we observed a good relationship between the infiltration index and the antecedent precipitation index; the highest values of antecedent precipitation index correspond to highest values of infiltration index and viceversa. The results obtained in this catchment show both index are good estimators of hydrological behaviour but it is necessary to verify them in other catchments.
Downscaling of Climate Change in the Hawaii Region Using CMIP5 Results: On the Choice of the Forcing Fields*

AbstractThe Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model has been configured as a regional climate model for the Hawaii region (HRCM) to assess the uncertainties associated with the pseudo–global warming (PGW) downscaling method using different warming increments from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) model experiments. Results from 15-km downscaling experiments using warming increments from 10 individual CMIP5 models for the two warming scenarios representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) and 8.5 (RCP8.5) are compared with experiments using multimodel mean warming increments. The results show that changes in 2-m temperatures, 10-m wind speed, rainfall, water vapor path, and trade wind inversion vary significantly among the individual model experiments. This translates into large uncertainties when picking one particular CMIP5 model to provide the warming increments for dynamical downscaling in the Hawaii region. The simulations also show that, despite the large interexpe.
A cutaneous epithelioid vascular tumor harboring a TPM3::ALK fusion

Substantial progress has been made in understanding the molecular pathways associated with vascular tumors over the last two decades. In addition to mutations and copy number aberrations, fusions have emerged as significant contributors to the pathogenesis of a notable subset of vascular tumors. In this report, we present a case of an unusual intradermal vascular tumor with epithelioid cytomorphology. Immunohistochemistry revealed diffuse positivity for CD31, ERG and Factor VIII, supporting its endothelial lineage. RNA sequencing (ArcherFusion Plex) revealed the presence of an in‐frame fusion between the genes TPM3 Exon 8 and ALK Exon 20. Immunohistochemistry confirmed ALK expression by the endothelial cells. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of a vascular tumor harboring an ALK fusion. It may fall within the spectrum of epithelioid hemangiomas; nevertheless, we cannot definitively exclude the possibility of it being a distinct and potentially unique benign entity on its own.
Impact of genomic testing on urologists' treatment preference in favorable risk prostate cancer: A randomized trial

The Oncotype Dx Genomic Prostate Score (GPS) is a 17‐gene relative expression assay that predicts adverse pathology at prostatectomy. We conducted a novel randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of GPS on urologist's treatment preference for favorable risk prostate cancer (PCa): active surveillance versus active treatment (i.e., prostatectomy/radiation). This is a secondary endpoint from the ENACT trial which recruited from three Chicago hospitals from 2016 to 2019.
Stability and failure rate during 3 years of fixed retention: A follow-up of an randomized clinical trial on adolescents with four different lingual retainers.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate stability outcomes and failure rates associated with four types of lingual retainers: (1) dead-soft wire, (2) multistrand stainless steel (SS) wire, (3) CAD/CAM nitinol, and (4) connected bonding pads (CBPs) after 3 years of retention. METHODS This study enrolled 96 patients (66 females, 30 males) with a median age of 19 years with four types of lingual retainers: (1) 0.016 × 0.022-inch dead-soft wire, (2) 0.0215-inch five-strand SS wire, (3) 0.014 × 0.014-inch CAD/CAM nitinol wire, and (4) CBPs. The irregularity index, intercanine distances, and arch lengths were obtained and used to evaluate mandibular stability. Failure rates were also assessed during this study. Data were statistically analysed. RESULTS Irregularity increased, whereas intercanine width and arch length decreased after 3 years of retention. The greatest irregularity was associated with the CBPs and the least with the CAD/CAM retainers. Changes in stability measurements were significantly higher in the dead-soft wire and CBPs than those in the CAD/CAM nitinol and multistrand SS wires. Parallel to these changes, the frequency of failure yielded similar results with the same significance between the groups. The failure rate of CBPs, in contrast to the CAD/CAM nitinol and multistrand SS wires, was significantly higher in the right quadrant (P < .05). CONCLUSION After taking the 3-year results into consideration, CAD/CAM nitinol and multistrand SS wires were found to be more successful than the others in maintaining mandibular stability. The most failures were observed with CBPs after 3 years of retention.
Molecular detection of Bartonella quintana, Acinetobacter baumannii and Acinetobacter haemolyticus in Pediculus humanus lice in Nigeria, West Africa

The human lice Pediculus humanus is distributed worldwide but, it thrives and flourishes under conflict situations where people are forced to live in crowded unhygienic conditions. Molecular methods were used to identify and screen human lice for the DNA of pathogens of public health importance in an area that has been under insurgency related to religious and political conflicts with tens of thousands of internally displaced people (IDP). DNA of Bartonella quintana, Acinetobacter baumannii and Acinetobacter haemolyticus was detected in 18.3%, 40.0% and 1.7%, respectively, of human lice collected from children in Maiduguri, Nigeria. More body lice than head lice were positive for pathogen's DNA (64.3% vs. 44.4%; χ2 = 1.3, p = 0.33), but the difference was not significant. Two lice samples were found to harbour mixed DNA of B. quintana and A. baumannii. Phylogenetic analysis of the cytochrome b (cytb) gene sequences of the positive lice specimens placed them into clades A and E. This is the first report on the molecular identification of human lice and the detection of the DNA of pathogens of public health importance in lice in Nigeria, West Africa. The findings of this study will assist policy makers and medical practitioners in formulating a holistic healthcare delivery to IDPs.