Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quiz Corrections: Improving Learning by Encouraging Students to Reflect on Their Mistakes

Most introductory physics instructors administer several quizzes and/or exams each term. Instructors are willing to invest the significant time it takes to develop, administer, and grade these assessments because they believe that regular assessments help students learn. However, instructors also believe that students do not make full use of the learning potential of these assessments. For example, in an interview study, six college physics instructors were asked how they expect their students to utilize an instructor solution after a test. All said they expect students to compare the instructor solution with their own and learn from any mistakes made. However, the instructors all thought that most students do not do this sort of comparison and only look at solutions superficially, if at all.1
Electron holography of individual DNA molecules

High-contrast holograms of unstained DNA molecules, deposited on a dedicated sample holder fabricated by silicon micromachining techniques, have been obtained in the low-energy electron point-source microscope. Recording at television rates allows dynamic processes to be observed. Numerical reconstruction of the holograms reveals the structure of the molecules depicted as the magnitude of the electron object wave front.
Noninvasive monitoring of traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic rehabilitation with laser-induced photoacoustic imaging

A photoacoustic imaging system was used for noninvasive monitoring of traumatic mouse brain in vivo with high-quality reconstructed images. Traumatic lesions accompanying with hemorrhage in the mouse cortical surface were accurately mapped, and foreign bodies of two small copper wires inserted in the mouse brain were also detected. Furthermore, the time course of morphological changes of cerebral blood during rehabilitation process of a mouse brain with traumatic brain injury was obtained using a series of photoacoustic images. Experimental results demonstrate that photoacoustic technique holds the potential for clinical applications in brain trauma and cerebrovascular disease detection.
Thermodynamics and process control

Process control is a particular domain of chemical engineering that is concerned with the dynamical behaviour of the process state (with the objective to design monitoring and control tools). Besides, process control uses also mathematics and more precisely dynamical system theory. But the mathematical tools that are used in system theory introduce abstract concepts for which the interpretation by the chemical engineer is difficult because he cannot relate them to the physical understanding of the process. After the step of modelling the chemical process using the thermodynamics, the underlying phenomena are more or less pushed aside, and the rest of the analysis is based on the mathematical model. However for the past decade a new approach which is based on the physics of the systems has been receiving a growing interest for the analysis and control of physical systems. It uses the relations between the physics and the mathematical tools to develop physics based control systems. More precisely it uses energy considerations or the dissipated power to control the dynamical behaviour. In this framework, the main topic of this thesis is to integrate thermodynamic considerations into the analysis and the design of process control systems. Due to the central role of energy transfers and transformations, and of the second law on the evolution of the process state and hence on its dynamical behaviour, we want to interpret system theory results for chemical processes in terms of energy and entropy considerations. First we start from thermodynamic considerations on the system and try to relate them to tools from system theory. Then we develop a mathematical formalism that encompasses the thermodynamic fundamental laws. Both approaches lead to a better understanding of the influence of the physical phenomena on the characteristics of the dynamical behaviour of the system and consequently allow in the future to develop more efficient control systems that can act more specifically on the sources of the undesired behaviour.
Regularity in irregularity: Article use in adpositional phrases

The use of definite or specific articles in adpositional phrases often differs from that in other syntactic environments such äs subject or object position. In the grammars of individual languages this is generally presented äs an exception to the rules of article use in that particular language. Crosslinguistically, however, such irregularities' are so common äs to be the rule rat her than the exception. Although the details of article use in adpositional phrases vary extensively even among closely related languages, a few crosslinguistic generalisations are possible. It will be shown that there are constraints on the kinds of adpositional phrases where articles can be used "irregularly", and it will be argued that these irregularities, confined t o intermediary stages of grammaticisation, need to be explained in diachronic rather than in purely semantic terms.
Holomorphy types and ideals of multilinear mappings

We explore a condition under which the ideal of polynomials generated by an ideal of multilinear mappings between Banach spaces is a global holomorphy type. After some examples and applications, this condition is studied in its own right. A final section provides applications to the ideals formed by multilinear mappings and polynomials which are absolutely (p; q)-summing at every point.
A parallel analysis of individual and ecological data on residential radon and lung cancer in south‐west England

Parallel individual and ecological analyses of data on residential radon have been performed using information on cases of lung cancer and population controls from a recent study in south‐west England. For the individual analysis the overall results indicated that the relative risk of lung cancer at 100 Bq m−3 compared with at 0 Bq m−3 was 1.12 (95% confidence interval (0.99, 1.27)) after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, county of residence and social class. In the ecological analysis substantial bias in the estimated effect of radon was present for one of the two counties involved unless an additional variable, urban–rural status, was included in the model, although this variable was not an important confounder in the individual level analysis. Most of the methods that have been recommended for overcoming the limitations of ecological studies would not in practice have proved useful in identifying this variable as an appreciable source of bias.
On the measure of the cut locus of a Fréchet mean

One of the fundamental differences between the Central Limit Theorem for empirical Fréchet means obtained in [Kendall and Le, ‘Limit theorems for empirical Fréchet means of independent and non‐identically distributed manifold‐valued random variables’, Braz. J. Probab. Stat. 25 (2011) 323–352] and that for empirical Euclidean means lies on the assumption that the probability measure of the cut locus of the true Fréchet mean is zero. In [Hotz and Huckemann, ‘Intrinsic means on the circle: uniqueness, locus and asymptotics’, Preprint, 2011, arXiv:1108.2141v1], the authors show that, in the case of a circle, this assumption holds automatically. This paper shows that this holds for any complete and connected Riemannian manifold, assuming that there are at least two minimal geodesics between the Fréchet mean and any point in its cut locus and that, in fact, it can also be generalized to local minima of the p ‐energy function of a finite measure.
Distribution of Euclidean Distances Between Randomly Distributed Gaussian Points in n-Space

The curse of dimensionality is a common phenomenon which affects analysis of datasets characterized by large numbers of variables associated with each point. Problematic scenarios of this type frequently arise in classification algorithms which are heavily dependent upon distances between points, such as nearest-neighbor and $k$-means clustering. Given that contributing variables follow Gaussian distributions, this research derives the probability distribution that describes the distances between randomly generated points in n-space. The theoretical results are extended to examine additional properties of the distribution as the dimension becomes arbitrarily large. With this distribution of distances between randomly generated points in arbitrarily large dimensions, one can then determine the significance of distance measurements between any collection of individual points.
The parameterization method for invariant manifolds. I: Manifolds associated to non-resonant subspaces

We introduce a method to prove existence of invariant manifolds and, at the same time to find simple polynomial maps which are conjugated to the dynamics on them. As a first application, we consider the dynamical system given by a C r map F in a Banach space X close to a fixed point: F(x) = Ax + N(x), A linear, N(0) = 0, DN(0) = 0. We show that if X 1 is an invariant subspace of A and A satisfies certain spectral properties, then there exists a unique C r manifold which is invariant under F and tangent to X 1 . When X 1 corresponds to spectral subspaces associated to sets of the spectrum contained in disks around the origin or their complement, we recover the classical (strong) (un)stable manifold theorems. Our theorems, however, apply to other invariant spaces. Indeed, we do not require X 1 to be a spectral subspace or even to have a complement invariant under A.
Smith-like predictor for control of parameter-distributed processes

It is demonstrated that, for the best results, the Smith predictor need not necessarily be designed to eliminate time delay of a lumped-parameter process completely from the closed-loop characteristic equation. It is shown how this feature can advantageously be employed in a linear-predictor control of linear parameter-distributed processes containing in their transfer function term exp [-√(as 2 + bs + c)] which cannot be eliminated completely by a physically realizable predictor. Detailed analytical solution of the characteristic equation is given, for a heat-diffusion process compensated by an idealized form of the linear predictor. Digital simulation is then used to demonstrate how a particular rational approximation to this idealized predictor can improve the closed-loop system dynamic behaviour. Both set-point and load step changes are considered.
Noise-stability and central limit theorems for effective resistance of random electric networks

We investigate the (generalized) Walsh decomposition of point-to-point effective resistances on countable random electric networks with i.i. d. resistances. We show that it is concentrated on low levels, and thus point-to-point effective resistances are uniformly stable to noise. For graphs that satisfy some homogeneity property, we show in addition that it is concentrated on sets of small diameter. As a consequence, we compute the right order of the variance and prove a central limit theorem for the effective resistance through the discrete torus of side length n in Zd, when n goes to infinity.
The Eigensolutions of the Linearized Balance Equations over a Sphere

Abstract Solutions of the linearized balance equations over a sphere are presented and compared with the Laplace's tidal equations results obtained by Longuet-Higgins. On these lines, this study searches for a partial answer concerning the accuracy of the balance system for describing slow, large-scale motions in the atmosphere. The solutions corresponding to Hough's second class waves [small values of ϵ = (2 Ωa)2/c2] are well described by the balance system. At large values of ϵ there are apparent discrepancies for the Rossby symmetric modes as compared to Longuet-Higgins type 2 solutions. Nevertheless, for the antisymmetric modes the agreement is good. The linearized version of the motions studied by Burger is also a solution of the balance equations, corresponding to small frequencies and negative values of ϵ. There are also unrealistic solutions (in the light of the balance approximation) with high frequencies and ϵ 0 only westward propagating waves are solu.
Friction factor and mean velocity profile for pipe flow at high Reynolds numbers

The friction factor for a fully developed pipe flow is examined at high Reynolds numbers up to ReD = 1.8 × 107 with high accuracy using the high Reynolds number actual flow facility “Hi-Reff” at AIST, NMIJ. The precise measurement of the friction factor is achieved by the highly accurate measurement of the flow rate, and the measurement uncertainty is estimated to be approximately 0.9% with a coverage factor of k = 2. The result examined here is obviously different from the Prandtl equation and the experimental results from the superpipe at Princeton University. The deviation of the present result from the Prandtl equation in the lower Reynolds number region is approximately 2.5% and −3% at the higher Reynolds number. For ReD 2.0 × 105, and it increases with the Reynolds number and reaches −6% at ReD = 1.0 × 107. The Karman constant estimated by the measured fric.
Intermittency corrections to the mean square particle acceleration in high Reynolds number turbulence

The mean square particle acceleration in high Reynolds number turbulence is dominated by the mean square pressure gradient. Recent experiments by Voth et al [Phys. Fluids {\bf 10}, 2268 (1998)] indicate that this quantity, when normalized by the 1941 Kolmogorov value, ${\epsilon}^{3/2}{\nu}^{-1/2}$, is independent of Reynolds number at high Reynolds number. This is to be contrasted with direct numerical simulations of Vedula and Yeung [Phys. Fluids {\bf 11}, 1208, (1999)] which show a strong increase of the same quantity with increasing Reynolds number. In this paper we suggest that there is no inherent conflict between these two results. A large part of the increase seen in DNS is shown to be associated with finite Reynolds number corrections within the quasi-Gaussian approximation. The remaining intermittency corrections are relatively slowly increasing with Reynolds number, and are very sensitive to subtle cancellations among the longitudinal and transverse contributions to the mean square pressure gradient. Other possible theoretical subtleties are also briefly discussed.
Conceptual Framework and Statistical Procedures for Delineating and Testing Multilevel Theories of Homology

Scholars have been interested in the extent to which organizational phenomena generalize across levels of analysis for quite some time. However, theoretical frameworks for developing homologous multilevel theories (i.e., theories involving parallel relationships between parallel constructs at different levels of analysis) have yet to be developed, and current analytical tools for testing such theories and models are limited and inflexible. In this article, the authors first propose a typology of multilevel theories of homology that considers different stages of theory development and different levels of similarity in relationships across levels. Building on cross-validation principles, the authors then delineate and demonstrate a comprehensive and flexible statistical procedure for testing different multilevel theories of homology. Finally, the authors discuss implications for theory, research, and practice, as well as potential caveats of the new statistical tests.
Gromov-Witten theory of toroidal orbifolds and GIT wall-crossing

Toroidal 3-orbifolds $(S^1)^6/G$, for $G$ a finite group, were some of the earliest examples of Calabi-Yau 3-orbifolds to be studied in string theory. While much mathematical progress towards the predictions of string theory has been made in the meantime, most of it has dealt with hypersurfaces in toric varieties. As a result, very little is known about curve-counting theories on toroidal orbifolds. In this paper, we initiate a program to study mirror symmetry and the Landau-Ginzburg/Calabi-Yau (LG/CY) correspondence for toroidal orbifolds. We focus on the simplest example $[E^3/\mu_3],$ where $E\subseteq\mathbb{P}^2$ is the elliptic curve $\mathbb{V}(x_0^3+x_1^3+x_2^3). $ We study this orbifold from the point of GIT wall-crossing using the gauged linear sigma model, a collection of moduli spaces generalizing spaces of stable maps. Our main result is a mirror symmetry theorem that applies simultaneously to the different GIT chambers. Using this, we analyze wall-crossing behavior to obtain an LG/CY correspondence relating the genus-zero Gromov-Witten invariants of $[E^3/\mu_3]$ to generalized Fan-Jarvis-Ruan-Witten invariants.
An excitation theory for bound modes, leaky modes, and residual‐wave currents on stripline structures

The nature of the current on a general multilayered printed‐circuit stripline structure excited by a delta‐gap source is investigated. The current is obtained through the construction of a semianalytical three‐dimensional (3‐D) Green's function, which accounts for the presence of the infinite conducting strip and the layered background structure. The 3‐D Green's function is obtained by Fourier transforming the delta‐gap source in the longitudinal (z) direction, which effectively resolves the 3‐D problem of a delta‐gap source into a superposition of 2‐D problems, each of which is infinite in the z direction. The analysis allows for a convenient decomposition of the strip current into a sum of constituent parts. In particular, the strip current is first resolved into a set of bound‐mode current waves and a continuous‐spectrum current. The continuous‐spectrum current is then represented as a set of physical leaky‐mode currents in addition to a set of “residual‐wave” currents, which arise from the steepest‐descent integration paths. An asymptotic analysis reveals that the residual‐wave currents decay algebraically as z−3/2. Far away from the source, the residual‐wave currents dominate the continuous‐spectrum strip current. Results are shown for a specific type of stripline structure, but the analysis and conclusions are valid for arbitrary multilayer stripline structures.
A Regression Method for Spatial Disease Rates: An Estimating Function Approach

Abstract Epidemiologists commonly study the geographical variation of disease rates to generate and refine testable hypotheses regarding etiology. Poisson regression is often used to estimate the parameters that characterize the effects of risk factors on disease. Hierarchical models have been proposed to utilize spatial locations and neighbors as surrogates for unknown or unmeasured risk factors in the analysis of disease rates. Although hierarchical models are useful in modeling spatial disease rates in a scientifically meaningful way, the analytic tools for them are generally computationally intensive. We overcome this issue by applying a conditional spatial modeling technique using unbiased estimating functions. The resulting estimator of regression coefficients is consistent and asymptotically normally distributed under mild conditions. A simulation study compares the performance of the proposed scheme with the approximate inference methods for hierarchical models. We apply the proposed scheme to Sco.
Noise propagation and error estimations in multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares using resampling methods

Different approaches for the calculation of prediction intervals of estimations obtained in multivariate curve resolution using alternating least squares optimization methods are explored and compared. These methods include Monte Carlo simulations, noise addition and jackknife resampling. Obtained results allow a preliminary investigation of noise effects and error propagation on resolved profiles and on parameters estimated from them. The effect of noise on rotational ambiguities frequently found in curve resolution methods is discussed. This preliminary study is shown for the resolution of a three‐component equilibrium system with overlapping concentration and spectral profiles. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti-Stokes laser cooling in erbium-doped low-phonon materials

Here we report the first experimental evidences of anti-Stokes laser-induced cooling in two different low phonon erbium-doped matrices: a KPb2Cl5 crystal and a fluorochloride glass. The local cooling was detected by using a photothermal deflection technique whereas the bulk cooling was detected by means of a calibrated thermal sensitive camera. The Er3+ ion was excited in the 4I9/2 manifold. It is worthwhile to mention that the cooling was observed in the spectral region where some upconversion processes that initiate at the pumped level occur. Together with the spectroscopic characterization, a short discussion on the experimental and theoretical background of the cooling process including the possible influence of upconversion processes is presented.
Beyond quenching for singular reaction-diffusion problems

Let f(u) be twice continuously differentiable on [0, c]) for some constant c such that f(0) > 0,f′ ⩾ 0,f″ ⩾ 0, and limu→cf(u) = ∞. Also, let χ(S) be the characteristic function of the set S. This article studies all solutions u with non-negative ut, in the region where u < c and with continuous ux for the problem: uxx – ut = − f(u)χ({u < c}), 0 < x < a, 0 < t < ∞, subject to zero initial and first boundary conditions. For any length a larger than the critical length, it is shown that if ∫f(u) du < ∞, then as t tends to infinity, all solutions tend to the unique steady-state profile U(x), which can be computed by a derived formula; furthermore, increasing the length a increases the interval where U(x) c by the same amount. For illustration, examples are given.
Thermal remote sensing of surface soil water content with partial vegetation cover for incorporation into climate models

Abstract This study outlines a method for the estimation of regional patterns of surface moisture availability (M0) and fractional vegetation (Fr) in the presence of spatially variable vegetation cover. The method requires relating variations in satellite-derived (NOAA, Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) surface radiant temperature to a vegetation index (computed from satellite visible and near-infrared data) while coupling this association to an inverse modeling scheme. More than merely furnishing surface soil moisture values, the method constitutes a new conceptual and practical approach for combining thermal infrared and vegetation index measurements for incorporating the derived values of M0 into hydrologic and atmospheric prediction models. Application of the technique is demonstrated for a region in and around the city of Newcastle upon Tyne situated in the northeast of England. A regional estimate of M0 is derived and is probably good for fractional vegetation cover up to 80% before errors i.
SUCCESSFUL TEST OF A SEAMLESS VAN DER WAALS DENSITY FUNCTIONAL

We report the first microscopic (RPA) calculation of the van der Waals interaction between two self-consistent jellium metal slabs—from asymptotic separations down to full contact. We also present the first test of a recently proposed seamless van der Waals density functional, which reproduces the RPA results satisfactorily at all separations.