Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tectonic sedimentology: sediment systems deciphering global to local tectonics

Tectonic sedimentology has broad appeal because it can be applied at many time and length scales, such as sedimentary consequences of: changing rates of plate creation at mid‐ocean ridges, continent–continent collisions, plateaux uplift, active plate margins, extensional rift tectonics and the birth, growth and death of individual folds and faults. Tectonic sedimentology deals with the direct influence of neotectonics on sedimentation and basin development, and with the inverse problem of reconstructing the order and development of palaeotectonic structures. This review attempts to show how the scope and importance of the subject has developed over the last decade and is divided into five themes: (i) At the largest tectonic scale, constraints on mid‐ocean ridge activity and continent–continent collisions come from: (a) precise chemical analyses of fluid inclusions in marine halite deposits dating back to ca 550 Ma; (b) Sr‐isotopic ratios of marine Phanerozoic calcitic fossils; and (c) chemical composition of Archaean and Proterozoic banded iron formations. (ii) At regional scales, constraints on the timing and extent of continental plateau uplift/incision and cratonic tilting are given by: (a) palaeoaltimetry estimates from oxygen isotope depletion in carbonate palaeosols; (b) radiometric dating of palaeowater‐table speleothems; and (c) preferential river migration. (iii) At basin scales, catchment processes are emphasized as key controls on sediment flux from tectonic uplands to sedimentary basins. The inadequacy of sediment transport algorithms based on tractive stress and flow power to describe erosion, incision and sediment transport during the most formative catchment hydrological events is emphasized. (iv) Rates of basin‐scale fault and fold growth, displacement, death and basement uplift are provided by application of facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy to accurately‐dated sediments in sedimentary basins. (v) The effects of changing climate and varying basin base‐level in modifying tectonic influences on erosion and sedimentation are examined. In such cases, experimental and numerical modelling using multi‐variate parameters of subsidence rate, sediment supply and sea‐level change can shed light on the problem. Future developments will undoubtedly improve such models, hopefully establishing full linkage and feedback between sediment/water supply and changing climate within an overall tectonic framework that may itself be changing.
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) sea surface distributions simulated from a global three-dimensional ocean carbon cycle model

[1] A global model for surface dimethylsulfide (DMS) and particulate dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) (pDMS) distributions is presented. The main goals of this work were to be able to predict the regional distribution of the air-sea fluxes of DMS and to predict eventually their future evolution with climate change. Diagnostic relationships have been established from data sets obtained during the ALBATROSS and EUMELI cruises carried out in the Atlantic Ocean. These equations nonlinearly relate DMS and pDMSP concentrations to chlorophyll concentrations and to the trophic status of surface waters. This model has been embedded in the global ocean carbon cycle model Institut Pierre et Simon Laplace-Ocean Carbon Cycle Model version 2 (ISPL-OCCM2), a simple plankton model coupled to a global three-dimensional ocean general circulation model. Predicted global distributions and seasonal variations of surface chlorophyll are in good agreement with the observations, except in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and, to a lesser extent, in the Southern Ocean. In these regions, simulated surface chlorophyll concentrations are strongly overestimated, most likely because limitations of the biological production by nutrients like iron or silicate are not considered. The model predicts surface DMS and pDMSP concentrations, which compare reasonably well with the observations. However, in the high latitudes, seasonal variations are underestimated, especially in the Ross and Weddell Seas where observed very elevated concentrations of DMS due to spring and summer blooms of Phaeocystis cannot be reproduced by the model. The global annual flux of DMS predicted by lPSL-OCCM2 ranges from 17 to 26.7 Tg S yr−1 depending on the formulation for gas exchange coefficient. About one third of this flux is located in the subtropical/subpolar frontal zone of the Southern Ocean, which plays a critical role in the sulfur cycle. Furthermore, model results suggest that the Southern Ocean, south of the Polar Front, could be a rather modest source of DMS for the atmosphere.
Onset of mid-crustal extensional flow in southern Tibet: Evidence from U/Pb zircon ages

New ion microprobe U/Pb dates from zircon in deformed orthogneiss and migmatite and an undeformed granite in Mabja Dome are the first to constrain the timing of peak metamorphism, and onset and duration of mid-crustal ductile extension, in southern Tibet at 35.0 ± 0.8 Ma and ∼12–19 million years. The structural, metamorphic, and intrusive his tories in mid-crustal rocks exposed in these north Himalayan gneiss domes are similar to those recorded in the Greater Himalayan sequence, suggesting that middle crust was continuous from beneath southern Tibet southward to the high Himalaya. Strain compatibility indicates that 35 Ma ductile extension in mid-crustal rocks of southern Tibet was accommodated to the south at shallow crustal levels via normal slip along the southern Tibetan detachment system, the oldest age estimate for slip along this normal fault zone, and extrusion of its footwall. If gravitational collapse is an additional important process driving extension, then southernmost Tibet may have been at or near maximum elevation by late Eocene–early Oligocene time.
Health risks of persistent organic pollutants from long-range transboundary air pollution.

This publication, based on contributions from an international group of experts, provides a concise review of the available evidence on the characteristics of 13 groups of POPs (pentachlorophenol, DDT, hexachlorocyclohexanes, hexachlorobenzene, heptachlor, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated terphenyls, polybrominated diphenylethers, polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, short-chain chlorinated paraffins and ugilec). It reviews pathways of human exposure related to the long-range transport of the POPs through the atmosphere, and the potential hazards associated with them. The review concludes with an expert assessment of the risks to health associated with exposure due to the long-range transport of each of the pollutants. It is intended that the assessment will serve to strengthen the commitment of the parties to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution to improve air quality in Europe and to prevent adverse effects of air pollution on human health.
Syntectonic burial and post-tectonic exhumation of the southern Pyrenees foreland fold–thrust belt

In the Oligocene to earliest Miocene the entire southern Pyrenean foreland fold and thrust belt was backfilled and buried in up to 3 km of syntectonic continental conglomerates from the range's own erosional debris. Then, starting in the mid to late Miocene, the Pyrenees were exhumed by erosional excavation to their present relief. A model is proposed for this unusual development whereby late Eocene–Oligocene tectonic uplift of the margins of the Ebro basin raised local base level and blocked normal dispersal of erosional debris to adjacent oceans, thus causing the basin to fill then backfill northwards across the entire southern flank of the Pyrenees. Subsequent Miocene rifting of the Catalan Mediterranean margin, and the Messinian salinity crisis, lowered base level allowing the Ebro River to cut headward, capture the Ebro basin, and re-excavate the Pyrenees.
Focal mechanisms and the stress regime in NE and SW Tanzania, East Africa

We report 12 new focal mechanisms from earthquakes in NE and SW Tanzania where the stress regime within the East African rift system is not well constrained. Focal mechanisms for events at the intersection of the Lake Tanganyika and Rukwa rifts in SW Tanzania indicate a complicated stress pattern with possible dextral strike‐slip motion on some faults but oblique motion on others (either sinistral on NW striking faults or dextral on NE striking faults). Within the Rukwa rift, focal mechanisms indicate normal dip‐slip motion with NE‐SW opening. In NE Tanzania where the Eastern rift impinges on the margin of the Tanzania Craton, fault motions are consistent with a zone of distributed block faults and sub E‐W extension. All twelve earthquakes likely nucleated within the crust.
Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth

This paper develops the empirical and theoretical case that differences in economic institutions are the fundamental cause of differences in economic development. We first document the empirical importance of institutions by focusing on two "quasi-natural experiments" in history, the division of Korea into two parts with very different economic institutions and the colonization of much of the world by European powers starting in the fifteenth century. We then develop the basic outline of a framework for thinking about why economic institutions differ across countries. Economic institutions determine the incentives of and the constraints on economic actors, and shape economic outcomes. As such, they are social decisions, chosen for their consequences. Because different groups and individuals typically benefit from different economic institutions, there is generally a conflict over these social choices, ultimately resolved in favor of groups with greater political power. The distribution of political power in society is in turn determined by political institutions and the distribution of resources. Political institutions allocate de jure political power, while groups with greater economic might typically possess greater de facto political power. We therefore view the appropriate theoretical framework as a dynamic one with political institutions and the distribution of resources as the state variables. These variables themselves change over time because prevailing economic institutions affect the distribution of resources, and because groups with de facto political power today strive to change political institutions in order to increase their de jure political power in the future. Economic institutions encouraging economic growth emerge when political institutions allocate power to groups with interests in broad-based property rights enforcement, when they create effective constraints on power-holders, and when there are relatively few rents to be captured by power-holders. We illustrate the assumptions, the workings and the implications of this framework using a number of historical examples.
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES INSTITUTIONS AND BEHAVIOR: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE ON THE EFFECTS OF DEMOCRACY

A novel experiment is used to show that the effect of a policy on the level of cooperation is greater when it is chosen democratically by the subjects than when it is exogenously imposed. In contrast to the previous literature, our experimental design allows us to control for selection effects (e.g. those who choose the policy may be affected differently by it). Our finding implies that democratic institutions may affect behavior directly in addition to having effects through the choice of policies. Our findings have implications for the generalizability of the results of randomized policy interventions. Pedro Dal Bó Department of Economics Brown University 64 Waterman Street Providence, RI 02912 and NBER pdalbo@brown.edu Andrew Foster Economics Department Brown University 64 Waterman St. Providence RI 02912 Andrew_Foster@brown.edu Louis Putterman Department of Economics Brown University 64 Waterman Street Providence, RI 02912 Louis_Putterman@brown.edu
Stability and instability of quiescently active volcanoes: The case of Masaya, Nicaragua

Quiescently active volcanoes are enigmatic due to their restlessness but lack of eruptive activity. I present a model of coupled conduit convection and foam accumulation to explain degassing behavior of Masaya, an active volcano in Nicaragua that is currently emitting large amounts of gas but not erupting. Gas-rich magma is transported through a conduit 2–6 m in radius and then released into a shallow reservoir. The magma is degassed in the reservoir and forms a foam 1–3 m thick at the top with bubbles 20–60 µm in diameter. The foam layer is stable because the input of gas into the foam is balanced by gas release through a vent to the surface. If the foam layer is destabilized, the volcano can erupt explosively. The most likely cause of foam destabilization is a large injection of volatile-rich magma from deeper levels into the shallow conduit-reservoir system, thereby increasing magma fluxes and gas fluxes, exsolving large gas bubbles, and reducing surface tension of the magma.
Common Lender, Ex-Banker Director, and Corporate Investment

Due to the government-driven mergers of large banks, many competing firms in Japan ended up borrowing from a common lender. Using firm-level data, we find that the capital investments of competing firms that share a common lender decrease by 15% of the mean. When a common lender can exercise its voice through its former employees serving as firms ’ executive directors, investments fall significantly further. Competing firms that share a common lender increase markups and profitability ratios, suggesting that the lender induces strategic coordination among its borrowers to reduce their competitive pressures. Firms use saved resources from weaker competition for cash cushions
Host Community Perceptions of Volunteer Tourists in the Northern Tourist Circuit, Tanzania

The existing and growing body of volunteer tourism literature has broadly addressed a myriad of topics but with a major focus on volunteer tourists. Limited knowledge is available on how these volunteer tourists are perceived by the host communities. The current literature defines volunteer tourists based on the perspective from where the majority of volunteer sending organizations and volunteer tourists come from – the primarily Western, developed country perspective. This study argues that this Western-dominated and developed country conceptualization of volunteer tourism and volunteer tourists must be addressed. In response the study examines the perceptions and conceptualisations of ‘volunteer tourists’ from the perspective of a host community in a developing country, Tanzania. To capture a multitude of host community perspectives on volunteer tourists, a qualitative case study approach was adopted which focused on a village near Arusha on the Northern Tourist Circuit (NTC) of Tanzania. Forty five semi-structured interviews were conducted with different community stakeholders, including private sector and public sector employees, people working for the not-for-profit sector and local people without affiliation to any of these three sectors. Importantly, these interviews were conducted by a Tanzanian researcher in Swahili and/or English. This research reveals that various stakeholders within the host community have different meanings and understandings of volunteer tourists based on their expectations and experiences. For example, the local people and those working for the not-for-profit sector perceived volunteer tourists as donors and sponsors, while those working in the public sector perceive volunteer tourists as international workers and/or NGO employees; and the private sector respondents perceived volunteer tourists as niche tourists. The study also reveals that the host community attributes that influence their perceptions are based on economic, socio-cultural, environmental and legal and/or regulatory framework factors; this includes, for example, racial ethnicity and poverty. Moreover, this research found that the host community’s perceptions of volunteer tourists are shaped by the issues of trust and mistrust that transpire in the course of their interaction. The study highlights the need to consider the financial element of volunteer tourism as a positive aspect and stresses the involvement of host community in the operation and management of volunteer tourist organizations.
Transient infiltration from ephemeral streams: A field experiment at the reach scale

An infiltration experiment at the stream reach scale was performed to estimate infiltration rates beneath an ephemeral, losing stream during streamflow events. At a time when the stream was dry, a 7 m stream section was dammed upstream and downstream using metal sheets. During a 5 day period water was pumped into the isolated section of the stream, and the surface water level was maintained at three successive increasing stages. The infiltration rate at each water level was thereby equal to the pumping rate required to maintain that water level. The advantages of the method are that it samples a much greater area than traditional methods and provides information on infiltration through stream banks as well as through the streambed. Experimental results provide insight into transient infiltration and recharge processes beneath ephemeral streams. Although the experiment continued for 5 days, infiltration during the first hour accounted for 19% of the total infiltration. High transient infiltration rates were also observed following each increase in stream stage. Experimental infiltration rates were used to calibrate a two‐dimensional model developed within Hydrus, which was subsequently used to estimate infiltration associated with a natural flow event in the same stream reach. During the natural flow event, the total infiltration was 33% greater than would have been estimated assuming steady state infiltration rates. Dry antecedent moisture content controls the transient infiltration rate and hence increases the total infiltrated volume during flow events, but it does not increase the aquifer recharge.
Labrador Sea Water in the Eastern North Atlantic. Part II: Mixing Dynamics and the Advective–Diffusive Balance

Abstract Deep wintertime convection in the Labrador Basin produces Labrador Sea Water (LSW), which spreads throughout the North Atlantic. The LSW is not formed with constant characteristics but varies on decadal timescale. These changes in the source of LSW propagate throughout the North Atlantic, having a dramatic impact on middepth properties in regions far removed from the Labrador Basin. Here, by means of a property variance correlation analysis on isopycnal surfaces through the core of LSW, the authors show that the boundary anomalies of LSW survive the effects of mixing over the length and timescales taken for LSW to reach the eastern North Atlantic. Typically, the anomaly amplitude is reduced by a factor of 5 during transit, and from a simple estimate the integrated timescale for this reduction is seven years. Uncertainties in the oxygen anomaly analysis exclude specific interpretation, but constrain the boundary condition variability to about ±5%. The lateral effect of unresolved processes resembl.
The structure of Fe‐Ni alloy in Earth's inner core

The crystal structure of Fe‐10%Ni was investigated up to 340 GPa and 4700 K, corresponding to the Earth's inner core conditions by synchrotron X‐ray diffraction measurementsin‐situat ultrahigh pressure and temperature in a laser‐heated diamond‐anvil cell. The results show that hexagonal closed‐packed (hcp) structure is stable throughout the experimental conditions investigated with no evidence for a phase transition to body‐centered cubic (bcc) or face‐centered cubic (fcc) phases. The axialc/a ratio of the hcp crystal obtained around 330 GPa has a small temperature dependence similar to the axial ratio of pure Fe. Iron alloy with less than 10% Ni crystallizes to an hcp structure with c/a ratio of ∼1.61 at inner core conditions, although the effect of small amount of light elements remains to be examined by experiments.
Cryptococcal Meningitis in an HIV-Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patient: A Case Report

Cryptococcal meningitis represents a severe opportunistic fungal infection primarily observed in individuals with compromised immune systems. It frequently manifests in symptoms like headaches, vomiting, cranial nerve complications, and cognitive alterations. However, it's worth noting that up to 15% of cases may exhibit no discernible central nervous system-related symptoms. A 70-year-old male, previously diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis and undergoing treatment with anti-tubercular medications, was admitted due to changes in consciousness, sporadic low-grade fever, and cognitive impairment. An in-depth investigation revealed his HIV-negative and non-diabetic status, as well as his preserved immune competence. A plain CT head showed a communicating hydrocephalus and a lumbar puncture was positive for Cryptococcus neoformans. Treatment commenced with an induction regimen encompassing amphotericin and fluconazole, concurrently maintaining the anti-tubercular treatment course. The patient's condition displayed improvement, leading to a transition to a maintenance dosage of fluconazole. This case highlighted an extraordinary occurrence of Cryptococcal meningitis in an HIV-negative patient with no history of immunosuppressant use. Notably, Cryptococcal infection should be regarded as a primary consideration in patients afflicted by pulmonary tuberculosis who subsequently present with altered consciousness. The timely identification and proper management of such instances can substantially mitigate the risks of mortality and morbidity associated with this condition.
Keragaman Jenis Ikan Arus Deras di Aliran Riam Banangar Kabupaten Landak

Aquatic ecosystem of high stream water has particular characteristics of the fish with certain adaptation pattern. This study aims to determine species of fish, their l evel of diversity and condition of environmental factors in the stream of Banangar waterfall . This research was conducted for 2 months from June to July 2014 using purposive random sampling. The research f ound 21 species from 9 families withhighest fish abundance was at location 2 and the lowest one at station 3.Fishes from family Cyprinidea were frequently found which consisted of L obocheilos bo ( FR = 10.35%) and H ampala bimaculata (F R = 6.90%). The highest index of species diversity at station 1 (0.741) and the lowest index at station 3 (0.537). The highest of dominance index was at station 3 (0 . 291) and lowest was at station 2 (0.221). The highest of evenness index was at station 1 (0.337) and lowest was at location 2 (0 . 233). Enviromental condition in t he stream flow of Banangar waterfall support fish with temperature ranges 27-28 0 C, speed water flow 0.56-1.42 m/s, pH in the range 7-9, D issolved oxygen in the range of 5-6 ppm, and CO 2 at 6 ppm.
Is it time to re-engineer geotechnical seismic refraction methods?

In 2005, Derecke Palmer* was part of the EAGE Distinguished Lecturer Programme. The major theme of his short course was the need to modernize the great majority of near-surface seismic operations which are carried out for geotechnical investigations. Here he offers his personal assessment of what needs to be done.