Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trend Singular Value Decomposition Analysis and Its Application to the Global Ocean Surface Latent Heat Flux and SST Anomalies

AbstractGiven the complexity of trends in the actual climate system, distinguishing between different trends and different trend modes is important for climate research. This study introduces a new method called “trend singular value decomposition (TSVD) analysis,” which is designed for systematically extracting coupled trend modes, albeit small, by performing an eigenanalysis of the inverse-rank covariance matrix between two fields. Applications to simple time series models and annual mean surface latent heat flux (LHF) and SST data for 1958–2006 are presented and discussed. Results show that the TSVD analysis can capture different coherent trends into different leading modes. The first TSVD mode between the global LHF and SST anomalies, similar to the first conventional SVD mode, generally represents a large-scale increasing LHF trend induced by a warming SST trend; whereas, interestingly, unlike the second SVD mode that is mainly associated with the familiar ENSO, the second TSVD mode is mainly associa.
The psychological impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on business leadership

The COVID-19 pandemic had a profound impact on business leadership, specifically on chief executive officers (CEOs). To document the psychological impacts of the pandemic on corporate leadership, this study analyzed the language of CEOs during company quarterly earnings calls (N = 19,536) one year before and after the onset of the pandemic. Following the start of lockdowns, CEOs exhibited significant language shifts. Analytic thinking declined, and their language became less technical and more personal and intuitive. CEOs also showed signs of increased cognitive load as they grappled with the pandemic’s impact on their business practices. The study observed a substantial decrease in collective-focused language (we-usage) among CEOs, indicative of disconnection from their companies. Concurrently, there was an increase in self-focused (I-usage) language, suggesting heightened preoccupation among business leaders. The observed language changes reflect the unique effect of the pandemic on CEOs, which had some notable differences compared to the general population. This study sheds light on how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced business leaders’ psychological states and decision-making strategies—processes that have a substantial impact on a company’s performance. The findings underscore the importance of language data in understanding large-scale societal events.
Total waterborne carbon export and DOC composition from ten nested subarctic peatland catchments—importance of peatland cover, groundwater influence, and inter‐annual variability of precipitation patterns

Waterborne carbon (C) export from terrestrial ecosystems is a potentially important flux for the net catchment C balance and links the biogeochemical C cycling of terrestrial ecosystems to their downstream aquatic ecosystems. We have monitored hydrology and stream chemistry over 3 years in ten nested catchments (0.6–15.1 km2) with variable peatland cover (0%–22%) and groundwater influence in subarctic Sweden. Total waterborne C export, including dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), ranged between 2.8 and 7.3 g m–2 year–1, representing ~10%–30% of catchment net ecosystem exchange of CO2. Several characteristics of catchment waterborne C export were affected by interacting effects of peatland cover and groundwater influence, including magnitude and timing, partitioning into DOC, POC, and DIC and chemical composition of the exported DOC. Waterborne C export was greater during the wetter years, equivalent to an average change in export of ~2 g m–2 year–1 per 100 mm of precipitation. Wetter years led to a greater relative increase in DIC export than DOC export due to an inferred relative shift in dominance from shallow organic flow pathways to groundwater sources. Indices of DOC composition (SUVA254 and a250/a365) indicated that DOC aromaticity and average molecular weight increased with catchment peatland cover and decreased with increased groundwater influence. Our results provide examples on how waterborne C export and DOC composition might be affected by climate change. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Origin of sandplains in Western Australia: A review of the debate and some recent findings

Views on the origin of sandplains in Western Australia remain controversial with debate focusing around three different models of formation. These are in situ, aeolian and in situ formation with local remobilisation by wind or colluvial transport. The only recent work on the subject to date espouses a dominantly aeolian origin. New work from a detailed study on the Victoria Plateau is described and demonstrates the applicability of utilising a range of evidence in understanding the origin of sandplains in Western Australia. Field investigations show a strong association of sandplain with sandstone and an absence of sand on non‐arenaceous geology in similar and adjacent topographic settings. Grainsize, mineral magnetic analysis and heavy‐mineral spectra show the Victoria Plateau to be a heterogeneous body of sand. These findings coupled with a lack of internal sedimentary structures are not consistent with an aeolian origin for the sandplain. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy, grainsize and heavy minerals also demonstrate a clear link between bedrock and overlying sandplain. These data support the hypothesis that Western Australian sandplains are mostly the product of in situ weathering. Such findings question whether the origin of sandplains can be satisfactorily deduced without such a range of data.
Exploration and Petroleum Prospects, Bula Basin, Seram, Indonesia

Abstract The Bula Basin is an arcuate Late Tertiary to Quaternary sedimentary basin occurring both onshore and offshore along the north-eastern flank of the Island of Seram in eastern Indonesia. It covers a land area of approximately 800 km2 with an axial length of about 80 km. Sedimentation began in the Early Pliocene with a marine transgression that continued into the Early Pleistocene and resulted in deposition of bathyal facies mudstone and siltstone in the deeper parts of the Basin. In the Early Pleistocene uplift occured resulting in the formation of a regional unconformity in the sedimentary sequence. This uplift was followed by further transgression and deposition of neritic sediments during Pleistocene to Recent times. The estimated maximum thickness of sediments in the Basin is 1400 m. The Bula Basin is a proven petroliferous basin with the stratigraphic Bula Oilfield of Pleistocene age on its north-western margin. In addition abundant surface oil seeps are present along the western margin of the Basin near the basement outcrop in the Bula and Belien-Kola areas. The prolific nature of these oil seeps together with the knowledge of porous beach and bar sand and reefal limestone in the subsurface within the onlapping Pleistocene sediments indicates that future exploration within the Bula Basin has good prospects of discovering additional fields.
Tolerability of subcutaneous ofatumumab with long-term exposure in relapsing multiple sclerosis

Background Ofatumumab is approved for treating relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS). Examining tolerability will enable understanding of its risk–benefit profile. Objective Report the tolerability profile of ofatumumab in RMS during treatment of up to 4 years and the effect of pre-medication. Methods Cumulative data from the overall safety population included patients taking continuous ofatumumab or being newly switched from teriflunomide. Injection-related reactions (IRRs) by incidence and severity, and post-marketing surveillance data, with an exposure of 18,530 patient-years, were analyzed. Results Systemic IRRs affected 24.7% of patients (487/1969) in the overall safety population; most (99.2% [483/487]) were mild (333/487) to moderate (150/487) in Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events severity; most systemic IRRs occurred after first injection. Local-site IRRs affected 11.8% (233/1969) and most (99.6% [232/233]) were mild/moderate. Incidence and severity of systemic and localized IRRs were similar between continuous and newly switched patients across repeated injections. Systemic IRR incidence and severity were not substantially affected by steroidal or non-steroidal pre-medication. Post-marketing surveillance identified no new tolerability issues. Conclusion Ofatumumab is well tolerated, displays a consistent safety profile during continuous use or after switching from teriflunomide and does not require pre-medication. This enables home management of RMS with a high-efficacy treatment.
Palynostratigraphy of the Upper Carboniferous Langesttian-Duckmantian Stage Boundary in Britain

Abstract A critique of palynostratigraphic zonation schemes associated with the Langsettian-Duckmantian Stage boundary shows that, at high levels of stratigraphic resolution, most criteria used as palynological proxies for the position of the boundary are unsuitable. Most importantly, in the Duckmantian stratotype section the highest stratigraphic occurrence of the index species Schulzospora rara is above (rather than below or within) the Vanderbeckei Marine Band, the base of which defines the Duckmantian Stage. A cored section through the boundary in southern North Sea well 44/22-1 displays comparable microfloral distributions. While data are as yet too sparse to provide detailed answers, the findings have implications for understanding how marine flooding events affected Carboniferous microfloral evolution and extinction. Ultimately this influences how microfloral biozone boundaries relate to the regional European Upper Carboniferous stage boundaries, which are largely defined in relation to strata deposited during marine flooding events similar to that associated with the Langsettian-Duckmantian boundary. The miospore genus Sinuspores Artüz is emended, and two new taxa are described: Gondisporites bulboides sp. nov. and Hymenospora murdochensis sp. nov.
Comparison of SeaWiFS, MODIS and MERIS radiometric products at a coastal site

SeaWiFS, MODIS and MERIS remote sensing radiometric products were assessed using in situ data collected at a coastal site in the northern Adriatic Sea from May 2002 to September 2005. The analysis was restricted to satellite and in situ data taken within one hour interval to minimize the effects of temporal variability of atmosphere and seawater around the measurement site. The comparison of SeaWiFS and MODIS normalized water‐leaving radiances with in situ values showed averages of relative percent difference varying from 0% to −9% in the 443–555 nm spectral range. Higher values ranging from +15 to +42% were observed for the MERIS data in the equivalent spectral range (i.e., 443–560 nm).
Formation processes, fire use, and patterns of human occupation across the Middle Palaeolithic (MIS 5a-5b) of Gruta da Oliveira (Almonda karst system, Torres Novas, Portugal)

Gruta da Oliveira features a c. 13 m-thick infilling that includes a c. 6.5 m-thick archaeological deposit (the “Middle Palaeolithic sequence” complex), which Bayesian modelling of available dating results places in MIS 5a (layers 7–14) and MIS 5b (layers 15–25), c. 71,000–93,000 years ago. The accumulation primarily consists of sediment washed in from the slope through gravitational processes and surface dynamics. The coarse fraction derives from weathering of the cave’s limestone bedrock. Tectonic activity and structural instability caused the erosional retreat of the scarp face, explaining the large, roof-collapsed rock masses found through the stratification. The changes in deposition and diagenesis observed across the archaeological sequence are minor and primarily controlled by local factors and the impact of humans and other biological agents. Pulses of stadial accumulation—reflected in the composition of the assemblages of hunted ungulates, mostly open-country and rocky terrain taxa (rhino, horse, ibex)—alternate with interstadial hiatuses—during which carbonate crusts and flowstone formed. Humans were active at the cave throughout, but occupation was intermittent, which allowed for limited usage by carnivores when people visited less frequently. During the accumulation of layers 15–25 (c. 85,000–93,000 years ago), the carnivore guild was dominated by wolf and lion, while brown bear and lynx predominate in layers 7–14 (c. 71,000–78,000 years ago). In the excavated areas, conditions for residential use were optimal during the accumulation of layers 20–22 (c. 90,000–92,000 years ago) and 14 (c. 76,000–78,000 years ago), which yielded dense, hearth-focused scatters of stone tools and burnt bones. The latter are ubiquitous, adding to the growing body of evidence that Middle Palaeolithic Neandertals used fire in regular, consistent manner. The patterns of site usage revealed at Gruta da Oliveira are no different from those observed 50,000 years later in comparable early Upper Palaeolithic and Solutrean cave sites of central Portugal.
The relationship of single-family detached house prices with neighborhood walkability and disaster risk

People’s preferences regarding their neighborhood environment can vary depending on their socioeconomic status and the cities where they live. This study aims to discern the relationship between neighborhood environment factors and single-family detached house sales by sale price and by central and noncentral cities. We analyzed sale prices in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area from 2015 to 2020. The neighborhood environment was assessed using flood/sediment risk and neighborhood walkability measured by net residential density, intersection density, and facility density (walking opportunity). Flood and sediment risk is a major concern that restricts the available land and is included as a negative aspect of the neighborhood environment, taking the topographic features into consideration. A comparison of the results showed that the preference for neighborhood walkability varies by socioeconomic status as well as by target cities. For most facility types, the number of walking opportunities within walking distance from houses was found to be positively related to the sale price of single-family detached houses in all quantiles. The relationship of house price with population and intersection density was found to vary depending on the price level, with a negative relationship with the sale price of relatively more expensive houses being exhibited. People who considered buying houses with relatively higher sale prices were found to devalue houses located in flood/sediment-hazardous areas more. However, it was also found that the negative relationship was slightly mitigated in the highest quantile of sale prices for houses in areas with a moderate flood risk (maximum flooding depth: 3–5 m). Plains near rivers with amenities offer high walkability but pose a flood risk, resulting in a trade-off between flood risk and neighborhood walkability. The findings suggest the use of indices representing diverse preferences in accordance with the target socioeconomic status when policymakers assess the neighborhood environment.
The level of suspended particulate matter in wood industry (sawmills) in Benin City, Nigeria

There are two sampling approaches for noting the presence of air pollutants, Source sampling and Atmospheric sampling. The source sampling obtains the pollutant count of a particulate source, whereas atmospheric sampling deals with the pollutants within the total air mass surrounding the earth. The purpose of source sampling is to determine the quantity and type of pollutants emitted from a specific source to determine compliance or non compliance with an emission standard. Sawdust particulate matter captured from nine different locations of Benin metropolis, Nigeria, using a portable, programmable SKC Air Check XR5000 high volume Gravimetric Sampler Model 210-5000 serial No. 20537. A flow rate of 21/ min and a sampling duration of eight hours maintained during this study which was conducted between the months of November 2009 to January, 2010. The total suspended particulate (TSP) were in the range of 833.33 - 1,666.56 obtained indicate that the available national Standard, 250 µg/m3 were clearly exceeded. The spatial variation in data generated was significant and remarkable (p < 0.05). Key words: Total suspended particulate, sawmill, Benin City, gravimetric sampler, toxicity potential.
Leisure Travel, Vacations, Constraints and Visitation to Natural Area Attractions: A Comparison of Residents of Barcelona, Glasgow, Los Angeles and Morelia, Mexico

Introduction Natural areas, such as national and state parks, forests, wildlife refuges and open space preserves located outside of cities, are important wildlife habitat and some of the most popular tourist attractions. Few studies have compared travel patterns, visitation and travel constraints to natural area attractions among international source markets to learn if there are substantive differences. International comparisons might be useful to determine if natural area use patterns and constraints are unique to certain countries and culturally based, or if they are more universal. Such information could provide leisure travel suppliers and government agencies managing natural areas and tourist attractions with accurate information to more effectively market and manage their services. Numerous studies have investigated constraints to visitation of recreation and natural areas (Carr and Williams, 1993; Driver & Peterson, 1986; Dwyer 1994; Jackson, 1988; Johnson & Bowker, 1999; Norman, 1991; Pinhey & Iverson, 1994; Sonmez & Graefe, 1998; Tierney, Dahl, Chavez, Apt & Mok, 2000). Norman (1991) identified over 25 common barriers to outdoor recreation. McLeod (1993) suggested that ethnic “minorities” may be more willing to visit recreation areas if there were more people of their ethnicity working at a recreation site. Findings of these studies were used to identify salient outdoor recreation constraints and use patterns in an earlier study comparing vacation travel patterns of Hong Kong and Los Angeles residents (Tierney, Chavez, Apt and Mok, 2000). But more data for more countries are needed, especially related to natural areas, to see if differences exist. This research sought to determine if residents of four major metropolitan areas in Europe and North America take leisure trips, vacation and visit natural areas (NAA) as frequently and what constraints prevent them from visiting natural areas. A key research question was: Are there cross-country similarities in vacation patterns and visitation to natural area attractions, or do the social and cultural environments in these five areas contribute to differences in natural area visitation and barriers?
Towards a more rational approach to chemical compatibility testing of clay

Chemical compatibility tests using hydraulic conductivity testing with chemical permeants are normally undertaken to assess the integrity of compacted clayey liners used for waste containment. This paper highlights the fact that current routine methods of flexible wall and rigid wall testing techniques fail to represent the zero lateral strain boundary condition that is required to realistically represent the field situation. The test results indicate that flexible wall permeameters underestimate the likely increases in hydraulic conductivity due to chemicals, while the rigid wall permeameters can severely overestimate these effects. A new test technique, which incorporates the zero lateral strain condition in a simple manner, is presented. This technique involves the use of a rigid wall concept in a flexible wall permeameter. A split rigid mould is used to encase the soil specimen that is glued to the internal surfaces of the mould, to apply the zero lateral strain boundary condition. The new technique i.
Volcanic eruption monitoring by thermal image correlation: Pixel offsets show episodic dome growth of the Colima volcano

Estimating the magnitude of dome eruptions is one of the main challenges in volcano monitoring. Although modern monitoring networks are in place at many dome‐building volcanoes, the type and occurrence of explosive activity and the scale of the eruptions are commonly estimated by visual inspection. Quantifying the deformation of dome‐building volcanoes and the occurrence of explosions is highly valuable, not only for enabling the provision of early warnings but also for facilitating an understanding of the physics of explosive volcanoes, as demonstrated by this study of one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico. The Volcán de Colima is currently experiencing a phase of viscous dome growth, which is associated with episodic “Vulcanian” eruptions and rock falls. Little is known about the dynamics of this dome, its growth rates, or the scale of the associated explosions. We present the results from an analysis of nighttime time‐lapse infrared images and compare these data with local seismic amplitude recordings. By digital image correlation, we track temperature features in infrared images. Images taken before and after the explosions reveal the location of the hot dome to be subject to significant and systematic lateral pixel offsets. Dome deformation is shown to occur intermittently every 3–4 h, with lateral displacements exceeding 0.3 m within periods of less than 120 s. Only the thermally elevated regions of the western dome, which may represent a coulée‐like flow, are displaced. This movement is often, but not always, associated with seismic amplitude peaks. Therefore, our analysis of the infrared image correlation suggests the occurrence of aseismic dome‐deformation episodes, thereby challenging the current understanding of dome growth and/or the appropriateness of commonly used volcano surveillance techniques.
The northwest african depressions affecting the south balkans

This paper deals with the north-west African or the Atlas depressions, named after the region of their formation. The subject is examined from the synoptic climatology point of view, and is based on mean sea level (M.S.L.) pressure and 500 hectopascal (hPa) heights of the five consecutive years from 1970 to 1974. Attention is drawn to the following topics. 1. The positions of the depression centres are determined when they are generated and afterwards. So the numbers of the occurrence of their centres in the subregions into which north-west Africa is divided and the tracks of these centres are obtained. 2. These depressions are divided into four categories. The first category is divided into four subcategories, whereas each of the remaining categories is divided into two subcategories. These categories are based on the 500 hPa flow patterns. 3. For each subcategory, mean charts of the 500 hPa height for the first occurrence of its depressions have been prepared. For these mean charts, the relative vorticity advection has been calculated. These charts suggest the region of the first occurrence of the depressions is mostly in a region of positive advection of vorticity. 4. The percentage of the number of depressions from each subcategory affecting the weather of Greece can be determined. For each percentage, the mean M.S.L. pressure and 500 hPa height charts showing the time at which these depressions start affecting the weather of Greece are drawn. Thus, the synoptic situations affecting Greece and resulting from the north-west African depressions are determined. Finally, the rain, wind and temperatures from each north-west African depression subcategory occurring in Greece and especially in the Athens major region are discussed.