Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neural Correlates of Causal Confounding

As scientists, we are keenly aware that if putative causes perfectly co-vary, the independent influence of neither can be discerned – a “no confounding” constraint on inference, fundamental to philosophical and statistical perspectives on causation. Intriguingly, a substantial behavioral literature suggests that naïve human reasoners, adults and children, are tacitly sensitive to causal confounding. Here, a combination of fMRI and cognitive computational modeling was used to investigate neural substrates mediating such sensitivity. While being scanned, participants observed and judged the influences of various putative causes with confounded or non-confounded, deterministic or stochastic, influences. During judgments requiring generalization of causal knowledge from a feedback-based learning context to a transfer probe, activity in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) was better accounted for by a Bayesian causal model, sensitive to both confounding and stochasticity, than a purely error-driven algorithm, sensitive only to stochasticity. Implications for the detection and estimation of distinct forms of uncertainty, and for a neural mediation of domain general constraints on causal induction, are discussed.
Breeding Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) for Spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae) Resistance

Tetranychus urticae (Koch) is important pests of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). In this context, the aim of this study was finding resistance sources in ten cucumber accessions from different genetic resources (3 from Gene bank in Netherland, 4 from Nord Gene bank in Sweden and 3 from Main Vegetables and Hybrids Production Project in Egypt). The evaluation of resistance to T. urticae (Koch) and bitter taste in the inbred lines was carried out under greenhouse in the Department of Vegetables Crops, HRI, Dokki, Giza, during April May 2017. INDIA110, CHINA-86 and EGY-118 inbred lines showed the least number of eggs and adults and less damage for T. urticae infection per leaf, EGY-112, EGY-114 and CHINA-117 inbred lines showed low infection and resistance. The other inbred lines showed highly infection. The evaluations for bitter showed that foliage of five inbred lines were bitter, INDIA-110 and CHINA-86 (high resistance), EGY-112 and CHINA-117 (resistance) and GUTA-105 (susceptible). The other inbred lines were bitter free where two of them were high resistant and resistant, (EGY118 and EGY-114, respectively. INDIA-110, CHINA-86 and EGY-118 were selected as resistant parents to produce 6 hybrids using half-diallel mating design during July 2017. The results indicated that CHINA-100 and its hybrids were highly infected. On the other hand, INDIA-110, CHINA-86 and EGY-118 as well as their hybrids were high resistant. These results refer that the crossing between resistant × resistant is good specific combiner. The results of bitter taste showed that bitterness is dominance in all resistant hybrids. The other genetic studies for horticultural traits showed that EGY-118 inbred line appears good general camping.
Characteristics of Brown Seaweeds Sargassum policystum and Padina minor from Pohuwato Water, Gorontalo

Brown seaweed is one of the abundant resources that grows on the reefs of Pohuwato, Gorontalo Province. This research was aimed to determine the characteristics of S. polycystum and P. minor as sources of salt for hypertensive patients. The research consisted of proximate analysis, minerals, heavy metals, extraction, phytochemicals, phenols analysis, and antioxidant activity. S. polycystum, P. minor had water content of 17.69-22.31%, ash 24.51-30.53%, fat 0.50-0.52%, protein 3.65-4.78%, carbohydrates 53.66-41.88 and crude fiber 3.81-6.52%. The seaweeds also contained Mg 8.89-22.41 mg/g, Fe 0.50-1.00 mg/g, K 26.90-32.71%, Na 22.23-22.69 mg/g, Ca 18.06-32.91 mg/g and ratio Na:K 0.69-0.83 mg/g. Heavy metals were detected in low levels with the content<0.002-<0.004 ppm. Ethanol extract of S. polycystum contained flavonoid, saponin, streoid, alkaloid. Meanwhile ethanol extract of P. minor contained flavonoid, saponin, triterpenoid, stereoid, phenol, dan alkaloid. Total phenol level of S. polycystum was 173.6 mg GAE/g and P. minor was 568.7 mg GAE/g. The antioxidant IC50 of S. Polycystum was 77.58 mg/L while P. minor was 66.38 mg/L.
Exploring the Potential of Facebook Group Discussion Platform for Trainee Teachers’ Reflective Practice

The teacher training institution is an important place in supplying content and pedagogical training to teacher trainees. However, applying this knowledge in a natural setting is another challenge faced by the trainee teachers. Thus, there is a need to empower the capability of trainee teachers to refine their teaching skills independently. One of the ways to develop and cultivate this need is by improving how reflective practice is conducted during their teacher practice. The issue of improving the quality of reflective practice has been addressed especially through variety of mediums, such as the use of paper-based method and electronic-based method, and such as the use of blog sites, online forums and chat sites, and more recently social networking sites, like Facebook. However, the use of social networking websites, such as Facebook, have received little attention, even though a handful of studies have reported on its many benefits for reflective practice. Therefore, this conceptual paper is written to provide a review of past studies that explored the potential of using Facebook Group discussion platform for trainee teachers as a tool for reflective practice.
Contributions of Research Collaboration to Innovation across Disciplines
Assessing the Entrepreneurial Role of Two Ghanaian Universities

On the basis of debates in literature on the usefulness of research from different disciplines to innovation, this study sought to assess the extent to which research collaboration between university researchers and the carriers of innovation yield outputs that contribute to innovation. The paper analyzed data from stratified sample of academics from the Sciences, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, the Social Sciences, and the Arts, in two Ghanaian universities with the mandate to contribute to research and innovation in Ghana. Out of 266 respondents, a minimum of 40 and a maximum of 108 multiple responses were recorded on the perceived use of collaborative research findings in various types of innovation and for problem-solving. Except for service innovation, Kruskal-Wallis tests of differences across disciplines did not reveal statistically significant differences, in the extent to which the academics perceived their collaborative research findings to have contributed to innovation. Thus, all academic disciplines can be relevant to innovation and should be given the necessary policy support.
THE FIRST DETECTIONS OF THE KEY PREBIOTIC MOLECULE PO IN STAR-FORMING REGIONS

Phosphorus is a crucial element in biochemistry, in particular the P−O bond, which is key in the formation of the backbone of deoxyribonucleic acid. So far, PO has only been detected toward the envelope of evolved stars, but never toward star-forming regions. We report the first detection of PO toward two massive star-forming regions, W51 e1/e2 and W3(OH), using data from the IRAM 30 m telescope. PN has also been detected toward the two regions. The abundance ratio PO/PN is 1.8 and 3 for W51 and W3(OH), respectively. Our chemical model indicates that the two molecules are chemically related and are formed via gas-phase ion–molecule and neutral–neutral reactions during cold collapse. The molecules freeze out onto grains at the end of the collapse and desorb during the warm-up phase once the temperature reaches ∼35 K. Similar abundances of the two species are expected during a period of ∼5 × 104 yr at the early stages of the warm-up phase, when the temperature is in the range 35–90 K. The observed molecular abundances of 10−10 are predicted by the model if a relatively high initial abundance of 5 × 10−9 of depleted phosphorus is assumed.
Comparative analysis of epigenetic aging clocks from CpG characteristics to functional associations

To date, a number of epigenetic clocks have been developed using DNA methylation data, aimed at approximating biological aging in multiple tissues/cells. However, despite the assumption that these clocks are meant to capture the same phenomenon-aging, their correlations with each other are weak, and there is a lack of consistency in their associations with outcomes of aging. Therefore, the goal of this study was to compare and contrast the molecular characteristics and functional associations of 11 existing epigenetic clocks, using data from diverse human tissue and cell types. Results suggest that the CpGs comprised in the various clocks differ in regards to the consistency of their age correlations across tissues/cells. Using microarray expression data from purified CD14+ monocytes, we found that six clocks—Yang, Hannum, Lin, Levine, Horvath1, and Horvath2—has relatively similar transcriptional profiles. Network analysis revealed nine co-expression modules, most of which display robust correlations across various clocks. One significant module—turquoise is involved in mitochondrial translation, gene expression, respiratory chain complex assembly, and oxidative phosphorylation. Finally, using data from 143B cells with chronically depleted mtDNA (rho0) and 143B controls, we found that rho0 cells have more than a three-standard deviation increase in epigenetic age for Levine (p=0.006), Lin (p=0.012), and Yang (p=0.013). In summary, these results demonstrate the shared and contrasting features of existing epigenetic clocks, in regards to the CpG characteristic, tissue specificity, and co-regulatory gene network signatures, and suggesting a link between two hallmarks of aging—epigenetic alterations and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Ancestral admixture and structural mutation define global biodiversity in fission yeast

Mutation and recombination are key evolutionary processes governing phenotypic variation and reproductive isolation. We here demonstrate that biodiversity within all globally known strains of Schizosaccharomyces pombe arose through admixture between two ancestral lineages. Initial hybridization occurred ∼20 sexual outcrossing generations ago consistent with recent, human-induced migration at the onset of intensified transcontinental trade. Species-wide phenotypic variation was explained near-exclusively by strain-specific arrangements of alternating ancestry components with evidence for transgressive segregation. Reproductive compatibility between strains was likewise predicted by the degree of shared ancestry. Over 800 structural mutations segregating at low frequency had overall little effect on the introgression landscape. This study sheds new light on the population history of S. pombe and illustrates the importance of hybridization as a creative force in generating biodiversity.
Mango dehydration: influence of osmotic pre-treatmentAnd addition of calcium chloride

Abstract Mango (Mangifera indica L.) can be characterized as a greatly accepted fruit due to its sensory attributes of flavor and aroma. However, it has a large production during the harvest season and requires preservation through processing. Osmotic pretreatment, followed by drying, provides products with higher quality and stability. The present study explored the effects of osmotic pretreatment with and without addition of calcium chloride in the nutritional characteristics and sensorial acceptance of dehydrated mango. Four different osmotic treatments were applied in mango slices followed by drying. Drying without osmotic treatment was considered control. Dried samples pre-treated with calcium had lower sugar content and higher retention of acids in the fruit. The increase of sucrose and glucose content during osmotic treatment contributed to maintaining nutritional quality and color of the product when compared with control treatment. Products dehydrated with osmotic pre-treatment were the most preferred, presenting higher purchase intention. The combination of osmotic pretreatment with convective drying provided higher acceptance of dehydrated mango due to its higher quality.
Shock–induced collapse and luminescence by cavities

Recent observations of the collapse of single bubbles or clouds of cavities trapped within stationary acoustic fields have shown the production of light and these phenomena have been dubbed single– or multiple–bubble sonoluminescence. The experimental observation of the variations in the bubble radius with time, with simultaneous measurement of the light emission from the bubble, shows short pulses of light correlated closely with the point of minimum radius of the bubble. Results will be presented showing experimental observations of light produced from shock–collapsed cavities. The role of shock waves generated within the bubble by the motion of the walls will be discussed with application to the shock–wave hypothesis proposed as one of the mechanisms responsible for sonoluminescence. The likely asymmetry of the process, as recently proposed, and the consequent presence of a high–velocity jet will also be discussed. The effect of such ‘hot’ cavities within an explosive matrix is investigated and results are presented. The collapse of a single bubble shows that light emission from the explosive matrix is due to reaction caused by hydrodynamic heating by jet impact, not due to conduction from heated gas during compression. Similar results are seen in arrays of collapsing cavities. The effects of close, inert particles are discussed and an example is given.
Exchange Rate Volatility and Tourism Stock Prices: Evidence from Egypt

Tourism is a key stimulator of economic growth and foreign currency in Egypt. As an export sector, it could affect and be affected by changes in exchange rate. This paper investigates the dynamic relationship between exchange rate and tourism stock prices and examines the effect of exchange rate volatility on tourism stock prices in the Egyptian Exchange (EGX). Exchange rate is proxied by the USD/EGP official values. Granger causality test and ARCH/GARCH models are employed. Results provide an evidence of a unidirectional causal relationship between the tested variables from exchange rate to tourism stock price. The estimations of the GARCH model reveal that exchange rate variance accelerates stock price return variance, and depreciation in the EGP against USD enhances tourism stock performance. Findings provide decision-makers, financial managers, and investors with a better understanding of how exchange rate volatility affects the stock performance of tourism companies in the EGX, and offer researchers new directions for future research.
Development of Regenerative and Low Pressure Drop Adsorbent Structure For Biogas Upgrading

This paper presents the development of energy efficient 13X zeolite adsorbent monoliths for the removal of contaminants such as carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2) and water (H2O) vapor from the biogas stream. 13X zeolite adsorbent monoliths of novel chemical formulations have been manufactured and characterized in comparison with commercial 13X zeolite adsorbent beads. It has been found that the prepared 13X zeolite monoliths have larger total pore volume, larger mean pore diameter to improve adsorption kinetics, higher porosity and mechanically stronger on compression than the commercial 13X zeolite beads. The adsorption performance of 75% wt. 13X zeolite monoliths were tested under varying feed gas pressures and flow rates as well as dry and humid conditions. Results have demonstrated that 13X zeolite adsorbent monoliths have excellent adsorption performance for $\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}_{2}, \mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{S}$ and water vapor and they could upgrade the biogas to a high quality with about 98% vol. CH4 in the effluent stream. Results revealed that the equilibrium adsorption capacity for 13X zeolite monolith was increased from 0.11 mmol/g to 0.13 mmol/g for H2 S, from 1.95 mmol/g to 2.72 mmol/g for CO2 and from 0.11 mmol/g to 0.20 $\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}/\mathrm{g}$ for CH4 when the (total) feed gas pressure was raised from 1 bar to 3 bar. The study found that the selectivity of CO2 over CH4 was increased by about 13 times when the feed gas stream was humidified with 93% RH.
Out of Sync: Dispersed Short Selling and the Correction of Mispricing

Abstract How synchronized are short sellers? We examine a unique data set on the distribution of profits across a stock’s short sellers and find evidence of substantial dispersion in the initiation of their positions. Consistent with this dispersion reflecting “synchronization risk,” that is, uncertainty among short sellers about when others will short sell, more dispersed short selling signals i) greater stock overpricing and ii) longer delays in overpricing correction. These effects are prevalent even among stocks facing low short-selling costs or other explicit constraints. Overall, our findings provide novel cross-sectional evidence of synchronization problems among short sellers and their pricing implications.
Effect of usng locally available feeds on the growth performance of Moo Lat and Mong Cai pigs

Two experiments were carried out at the Integrated Farming Demonstration Center of Champasack University, situated about 13 km from Pakse City, Pakse District, Champasack Province, Laos PDR. The first experiment was on the effect of rice distillers‟ by-product on growth performance and digestibility of Moo Laat and Mong Cai pigs fed rice bran and water spinach. Sixteen growing female pigs (8 Moo Laat and 8 Mong Cai) with an initial weight of 11 to 13 and 25 to 26 kg, respectively, were allocated to a 2*2 factorial arrangement with four replications of four treatments in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The factors were: breed of pig and supplementation with or without rice distillers‟ by-product. The basal diet was a mixture of rice bran and fresh water spinach. The diets were offered in amounts based on an expected DM intake of 4 % of live weight. For the control diet (no distillers‟ byproduct) the water spinach comprised 30% of the diet DM. For the diets with rice distillers‟ by-product the proportions (% DM) were 70, 20 and 10 for rice bran, water spinach and rice distillers‟ byproduct, respectively. Mong Cai pigs grew faster than Moo Laat pigs, but the latter tended to have better feed conversion. There was an interaction between breed and rice distillers‟ supplementation for both DM intake per unit LW and live weight gain. Supplementation increased the intake and growth rate in the Mong Cai pigs. During the first 6 weeks of the experiment the Moo Laat pigs fed the rice distillers‟ product grew more slowly than those not fed the supplement. During the final 6 weeks the response of the Moo Laat pigs was reversed, with higher gains observed for the pigs fed the supplement. Coefficients of digestibility determined by the insoluble ash method were not affected by supplementation with rice distillers‟ by-product but appeared to be higher for the Mong Cai compared with the Moo Laat. The second experiment was on the effect of a supplement of water spinach on digestibility by growing Mong Cai pigs fed a basal diet of rice bran. Three Mong Cai gilts weighing from 67 to 70 kg were allocated at random to three treatments within a 3*3 Latin Square design with periods of 10 days (5 days for adaptation and 5 days for collection of data). The treatments were: RB: rice bran only; RBWS15: rice bran supplemented with 15% of water spinach; and RBWS30: rice bran supplemented with 30% of water spinach. Feeding level was 4% of live weight as dry matter (DM). The ratios of rice bran to water spinach were on a DM basis.
Effect of Financial Risk, Privacy Risk and Product Risk on Online Shopping Behavior

The purpose of this study is to examine the direct influence of financial risk, privacy risk, and product risk on online shopping behavior. Existing study model developed on the base of theoretical background. In doing this, 280 questionnaires were examined using Smart PLS-SEM. Convenience sampling used in this study. While the bulk of prior studies discovered a negative relationship between risks and online shopping behavior, this study also indicates that negative influence on online shopping behavior. The study offers additional insights into how risks can be decreased to increase the online shopping behavior that can be used to improve the plan while online shopping behavior can be enhanced. The current study reveals some important factors that affect the online shopping behavior of consumers and if we minimize these risks then significantly enhance the ratio of profits from online channels.
The response of corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars to row spacing under weed interference condition

This study was carried out in order to study the response of corn cultivars to row spacing and weed interference at the Research Farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Faculty, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in 2011. The experiment was a split block factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors consisted of three corn cultivars ('KSC 704', 'Simon' and 'Maxima') and three plant row spacings (45, 60 and 75 cm) under weeded and un-weeded conditions for all of the growing season. Results indicated that for all three corn cultivars, the highest weed dry mass occurred in the row spacing of 75 cm. Weed interference throughout the growing season reduced corn grain yield by 20 %. This condition also significantly decreased corn yield components except the 100-seed mass. Increasing plant row spacing increased weed density, while decreased corn yield by 16.5 %. Corn cultivars were significantly different in terms of the number of seed per ear and 100-seed mass, as 'KSC 704' and 'Simon' showed the highest values for these yield components, respectively. However, the number of ear per plant and grain yield were not significantly different between the corn cultivars under study.
Use and disuse and the control of acetylcholinesterase activity in fast and slow twitch muscle of rat

The role of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in neuromuscular transmission is relatively well established, little is known, however, of the mechanisms that regulate its synthesis and control its specific distribution in fast and slow muscle. Innervation plays an important role in the regulation of AChE and elimination of the influence of the nerve by surgical denervation results in a loss of AChE. The influences of the nerve and how they are mediated was investigated. It is suggested that muscle usage and other factors such as materials carried by axonal transport may participate in the regulation of this enzyme. The mechanisms that regulate AChE and its molecular forms in two functionally different forms are studied.