Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A History of Neurological Surgery

Members of the division of neurological surgery at the Johns Hopkins University, under the guidance and editorial direction of Dr. A. Earl Walker, have presented to those interested in their own and related specialties an encyclopedic historical survey. Starting with a discussion of prehistoric and primitive trepanation, the development of neurology and neurologic surgery are reviewed up to the present time. As is often the case in volumes in which individual chapters are written by different authors, the discussion of some subjects is more complete and more interestingly presented than that of others, but throughout the entire book one can gather that the editor has attempted to make the presentation as even as possible. The neurologist may regret that greater stress has been given to technical development of surgical procedures than to the diagnosis and the evolution of anatomic and physiologic concepts, but as a result of this stress on technique, the medical neurologist is given better insight into the problems and goals of his surgical colleague. The chapter which will have the most interest for the neurologist, and perhaps the best-written section, is that by Dr. Walker himself on “Diagnostic Procedures. ” Herein is related the historical development of spinal fluid examination, neuroroentgenology, ventriculography, pneumoencephalography, angiography, myelography and electroencephalography. Of special interest in the book is a series of brief biographical sketches of prominent neurosurgeons. The only major criticism of the book is that in an attempt to present a fairly complete historical survey, the authors have at times given only cursory mention to the contributions of certain outstanding contemporary neurosurgeons, and though many names are listed in the history of the various fields, adequate stress has not been given to those men who were responsible for major developments. Another criticism is directed toward the manner of calling attention to the more than two thousand books and articles cited in the bibliography; the reference citations are placed in parentheses after the names of the authors in the text, and the reader is often confused and misinterprets reference numbers for dates. In spite of these criticisms, however, one must state most definitely that Dr. Walker and his associates have contributed a comprehensive, fascinating, muchneeded historical survey of neurologic surgery that every neurologist as well as every neurosurgeon should have at his
Ecology of Cryptomonas at the chemocline of a karstic sulfate-rich lake

In a study from October 1989 to January 1992, a dense population ofCryptomonas cf. erosa (maximum density 38 000 cells mL–1) consistently developed at the chemocline of Lake Arcas, central Spain,where sharp physical and chemical gradients occurred during stratification. This population developed following the establishment of vertical water stratification and declined when the lake was near autumnal mixis. Population growth in situ, attributable to photosynthetic adaptation to low light intensities rather than to phagotrophy, causes these algal maxima. The population densities and net growth rates of C. cf. erosa in situ were influenced by the coexisting phototrophic prokaryotes at the chemocline, because their shading effect and their role in phosphorus accumulation may impede nutrient diffusion from hypolimnetic waters. C. cf. erosa cells optimize their physiological characteristics by migrating downwards into sulfide-rich waters during the evening to reach higher phosphorus availability, and most migrate upwards in the morning and afternoon to attain sulfide-free waters, where they can photosynthesize without sulfide inhibition. The Cryptomonas population of Lake Arcas suffers intense grazing by aerobic and anaerobic ciliates either above or below the oxic–anoxic boundary. Consequently, grazing pressure on Cryptomonas can not be significantly reduced by migration to anoxic waters.
State-wide assessment of status, predicted distribution, and landscape-level habitat suitability of amphibians and reptiles in Montana

i DEDICATION. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. iii LIST OF TABLES. ix LIST OF FIGURES . xi CHAPTER 1 – Introduction and overview: assessing the status of lentic breeding amphibians and aquatic reptiles to provide tools for natural resource managers . 1 Importance of Amphibians. 1 Amphibian Declines. 1 A Multi-tiered Strategy to Assess Status of Amphibians and Aquatic Reptiles in Montana . 3 Tools for Natural Resource Managers . 4 Common and Scientific Names . 7 CHAPTER 2 – Status of lentic breeding amphibians and aquatic reptiles in Montana: a cooperative base-level assessment under the U.S. Geological Survey’s Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative . 10 Abstract.10 Introduction.11 Responding to Amphibian Declines . 11 Characteristics of a Successful Assessment Program.12 Assessment Goals for Montana . 13 Methods.14 Sampling Scheme.14 Field Inventory.14 Data Analysis . 16 Results.18 Watershed and Site Characteristics.18
Immunomodulatory Activity of Aqueous Extract of Heracleum persicum Desf. in Mice

Studies have demonstrated that plant extracts possess various biological characteristics, including immunomodulatory activity. Heracleum persicum Desf. (Apiaceae), a medicinal plant native to Iran, was studied for its immunomodulatory activity. Immunomodulatory activity of different doses of an aqueous extract of H. persicum, was evaluated in female Swiss albino mice. Mice were treated with three doses (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) for 5 days. Body weight, relative organ weight, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response and haemagglutination titre (HT) were studied in various groups of animals. No significant body weight gain differences were recorded in various groups of animals. The results obtained show a significant increase (P < 0.05) in relative organ weight of spleen and liver, at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg. No elevation in the levels of liver function test (LFT) enzymes and kidney relative weight was observed with the plant doses examined. The H. persicum extract elicited a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the DTH response at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. In the HT test, the plant extract showed a stimulatory effect at all doses, however these changes were significant at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg. No mortality occurred with the tested doses. Overall, H. persicum showed a stimulatory effect on both humoral and cellular immune functions in mice.
Photosynthesis in the Marine Environment

"Marine photosynthesis provides for at least half of the primary production worldwide. " Photosynthesis in the Marine Environment constitutes a comprehensive explanation of photosynthetic processes as related to the special environment in which marine plants live. The first part of the book introduces the different photosynthesising organisms of the various marine habitats: the phytoplankton (both cyanobacteria and eukaryotes) in open waters, and macroalgae, marine angiosperms and photosymbiont-containing invertebrates in those benthic environments where there is enough light for photosynthesis to support growth, and describes how these organisms evolved. The special properties of seawater for sustaining primary production are then considered, and the two main differences between terrestrial and marine environments in supporting photosynthesis and plant growth are examined, namely irradiance and inorganic carbon. The second part of the book outlines the general mechanisms of photosynthesis, and then points towards the differences in light-capturing and carbon acquisition between terrestrial and marine plants. This is followed by discussing the need for a CO 2 concentrating mechanism in most of the latter, and a description of how such mechanisms function in different marine plants. Part three deals with the various ways in which photosynthesis can be measured for marine plants, with an emphasis on novel in situ measurements, including discussions of the extent to which such measurements can serve as a proxy for plant growth and productivity. The final chapters of the book are devoted to ecological aspects of marine plant photosynthesis and growth, including predictions for the future.
Job satisfaction of agriculture graduates working under government graduate scheme

This study attempted to investigate the job satisfaction of Agricultural Graduate (AG) employed under the Government Graduate Scheme using a structured pretested questionnaire. The aims of the study were to identify problems faced by the AG and to suggest appropriate measures to enhance their job satisfaction. Fifty AG were selected from provincial and inter-provincial government institutes to collect the primary data. Respondents were classified into three levels of job satisfaction such as satisfied, indifferent and dissatisfy. Majority of AG (68%) were in the dissatisfaction level while 28% indicated indifferent level and only few (4%) found to be satisfied in their assigned jobs. We used the Frederick Herzberg’s Motivator and Hygiene factors to determine the job satisfaction of AG. A majority of AG fell into dissatisfaction level regarding Hygiene factors of Herzberg’s Motivation theory such as salary (Mean = -0.59, SD = 1.1), payment relate to education level (Mean = -1.14, SD = 0.89), performance appraisal (Mean = -0.77, SD = 0.97), availability of facilities / resources at work place (Mean = 0.14, SD = 0.94), recognition for creative works (Mean = -0.18, SD = 1.01), scope to prove excellence in doing the job (Mean = 0.09, SD = 1.01), opportunities for higher education and trainings (Mean = -0.45, SD =1.06) and promotion opportunities (Mean = - 1.18, SD = 1.14). Nevertheless, respondents were in the satisfaction level on motivators factors such as regards guidance given by superiors to improve job (Mean = 0.23, SD = 0.87), with the flexibility that AGs have been given by their superior (Mean = 0.32, SD = 1.09), distance from office to house (Mean = 0.27, SD = 1.24), opportunities provided to utilize personal skill (Mean = -0.05, SD = 1.05), recognition from superior officers for good work done (Mean = 0.09, SD = 1.02), mutual understanding with the co-workers (Mean = 1.05, SD = 0.65) and flexibility to engage with family responsibilities, children’s education etc. (Mean = 0.27, SD = 1.08). Result of this study showed that salary and awareness about job description had showed positively significant relationship with job satisfaction while experience had showed negatively significant relationship with job satisfaction. Other personal and job related variables were not correlated with job satisfaction. Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension 16(2): 2013: page 54-59
The effect of maternal iron status and intake during pregnancy on cardiovascular disease risk in the offspring

Iron is an important micronutrient essential in carrying oxygen and maintaining the function of many body enzymes. It is of particular importance during gestation as body demands increase leading to iron deficiency in women with inadequate iron stores at the start of pregnancy. Animal studies have shown that iron deficiency in pregnancy leads to offspring with adverse cardiovascular risk profiles compared to offspring of iron replete mothers. This thesis aimed to examine the association of maternal iron intake and status in pregnancy with short and long term birth outcomes that are considered cardiovascular risk indicators later in life. Analysis of data from three cohorts and one Mendelian randomisation study was included in this thesis. Total maternal iron intake in early, but not late, pregnancy was positively associated with birth size. There was no evidence of association between taking iron-containing supplements in pregnancy and size at birth. However, taking multivitamin-mineral supplements, which contain iron, in late pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth. Also taking iron supplements up to 32 weeks gestation was associated with lower offspring systolic blood pressure at 10 years. Maternal iron deficiency and anaemia in early pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of giving birth to a SGA baby. Infant brachio-femoral PWV measured at 2-6 weeks of age was found to be higher in women who were anaemic in early pregnancy, but not in those who were only iron deficient. Finally, using a Mendelian randomisation design, maternal iron status measured by serum ferritin with C282Y mutation as an instrumental variable, was not found to be associated with adult offspring BP and adiposity. In conclusion, maternal iron intake and status in early pregnancy seem to be associated with short term birth outcomes like size at birth, while associations with long term offspring cardiovascular indicators were not detected in this thesis.
Assessment of Prescribing Pattern and Consumption of Selected Drugs at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH)

Background: Assessing the existing prescribing practices in a health facility is important as it helps to identify specific medicine use problems to be corrected for enhanced rational use of medicines. Objectives: The study aimed to describe current treatment practices using the World Health Organizations (WHO) core and other indicators, as well as document the consumption of analgesics, antibiotics and antihypertensive drugs at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: The study was a descriptive, retrospective study of prescriptions filed in the out-patient Pharmacy Department from January to December 2015. Data was collected using an adapted WHO/INRUD (International Network on Rational Use of Drugs) prescribing indicator proforma and descriptive and inferential analyses were carried out as necessary using SPSS version 20.0. P- values of < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: A total of 198 prescriptions and 676 drugs were assessed. The average number of drugs per prescription was 3.41, generic prescribing was 62% and proportion of prescribed drugs actually dispensed was 45%. Antihypertensives, analgesics and antibiotics made up 42%, 14% and 14% respectively of the 676 drugs prescribed. Conclusion: The prescribing pattern in the Lagos University Teaching Hospital is not in accordance with the required WHO/ INRUD standard with polypharmacy, low generic prescribing and low proportion of drugs actually dispensed. An urgent need exists for interventions to improve rational drug use in the facility.
Genetic diversity and mating system of Scots pine plus trees

We have investigated genetic diversity and the mating system of Scots pine plus trees from the Tuchola Forests – Poland, using allozymes as genetic markers. The studied plus trees possess high genetic diversity (expected heterozygosity He = 0.427) and low inbreeding (Wright’s index F = –0.028), which is comparable to Scots pine trees observed in other studies in natural populations and seed orchards. The mating system analyses revealed that almost all offspring produced by the plus trees were due to outcrossing (tm = 0.983), with no apparent bi-parental inbreeding. The estimate of correlation of paternity indicated that each of mother trees is pollinated on average by a relatively large number of effective males (Nep = 30.3). The observed genetic diversity and mating system patterns indicate that the seeds produced by the studied plus trees possess high genetic variation needed in reforestation processes. Additional key words: Pinus sylvestris, plus trees, genetic diversity, mating system Address: M. Wasielewska, M. Klemm, J. Burczyk*, University of Bydgoszcz, Institute of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Genetics, ul. Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland. *Corresponding author: e-mail: burczyk@ab.edu. pl
What stories do YP tell about their experience of the selective education process

Very little has been researched about the experiences of young people who undertake selective education tests in the UK. An explorative narrative research design was used to gain a better understanding of the six (age 10- 11) participants’ experiences of sitting the 11+ test and not gaining a place at a grammar school. Questions from the Little Box of Big Questions 2 were used as a tool in semi-structured interviews, in addition to questions devised by the researcher. Each of the participant’s narratives were storied using Clandinin and Connelly’s (2000) notion of human experience that is defined in terms interaction, continuity and situation. The resulting narratives were written in the ‘third-person-omniscient’. This phase of the study was followed by a ‘commentary phase’ that aimed to describe the connectedness between the young people’s stories. Young people discussed aspects of their lives that enabled them to learn at school, and spoke about their future hopes, dreams and aspirations. The research used Positive Psychology, taking a strengths based approach to explore the skills young people thought they brought to their education, skills they would like to develop, and their plans for the future. The research highlighted the impact and importance of parents in young people’s life and how vigilant young people are to ability grouping in schools. The study also sheds a new perspective on the divisive grammar school debate in UK education.
Deep-Sea Biology: A Natural History of Organisms at the Deep-Sea Floor

Introduction Part I. The Development of Deep-Sea Biology, The Physical Environment and Methods of Study: 1. Historical aspects 2. The physical environment of the deep-sea 3. Methods of study of the organisms of the deep-sea floor Part II. Organisms of the Deep-Sea Benthic Boundary: 4. The megafauna 5. Smaller animals Part III. Patterns in Space: 6. Small-scale spatial patterns 7. Abundance and size structure of the deep-sea benthos 8. The diversity gradient 9. Depth-related patterns in community composition 10. Zoogeography, speciation and the origins of deep-sea fauna Part IV. Processes Patterns in Time: 11. Food resources, energetics and feeding strategies 12. Metabolic processes: microbial ecology at the deep-sea bed 13. Reproduction, recruitment and growth of deep-sea organisms 14. Animal sediment relations in the deep-sea Part V. Parallel Systems and Anthropogenic Effects: 15. Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps 16. Anthropogenic impacts: man's effects on the deep-sea.
Anthocyanins Reduce Fungal Growth in Fruits

As the most visible role of anthocyanins is to impart colors, the adaptive significance of anthocyanins in plant reproductive organs is invariably attributed to the attraction of seed dispersers and pollinators. However, few studies suggested that anthocyanins in vegetative tissue might also function in plant defence, although the evidence for such a function is not particularly strong. Here, we investigated whether anthocyanins contribute to fruit defence against fruit-rot fungi. We found that the risk of fruit-rot in grape varieties infected with Botrytis cinerea decreased with increasing anthocyanin contents. Moreover, anthocyanin contents directly inhibited growth rates of nine fruit-rot fungi on agar plates. Anthocyanins reduced fungal growth by 50% in the concentrations that typically characterise unripe blackberries and by 95% in the concentrations that typify ripe blackberries. We conclude that anthocyanins in fruits not only function to attract animal vectors, but that they also contribute to fruit defence. The antifungal activity of anthocyanins might more widely explain their occurrence in various plant organs such as vegetative tissue and roots.
Cattle diets in tall forb communities on mountain rangelands

Thirteen grazing studies have recently documented diet botanical composition of cattle in tall forb plant communities on mountain rangelands. In forb-dominated plant communities, cattle selected forbs in proportion to their availability, (46 to 83% of their diets). In grass-dominated communities, forbs comprise only 11 to 32% of diets. On a landscape scale cattle preferred and spent proportionally more time grazing in forb-dominated communities. Taken together, these studies indicate that cattle have a wide acceptability for forage classes and can effectively utilize forb-dominated high mountain rangelands.
Isolation of Antifungal Lactic Acid Bacteria from Food Sources and Their Use to Inhibit Mold Growth in Cheese

A large amount of cheese is lost every year due to mold contamination. Biopreservation, which is the use of biological entities (microbes) and their metabolites to suppress microbial spoilage instead of chemical preservatives has lately gained increasing interest. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have the potential for use in biopreservation, because they are safe to consume and naturally exist in many foods. In this study, fifteen strains of lactobacilli isolated from dairy products, vegetables, and fermented pickles were tested by agar overlay assay for their anti-­‐ mold activity. Six strains grown on MRS agar showed strong inhibitory activity against a target mold (Penicillium sp. at 10 5 spores/ml) isolated from the surface of Cheddar cheese. The isolates were identified by biochemical tests using API CHL50 strips. Five strains were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, and one strain as Pediococcus pentasaceus. Well-­‐diffusion method was used to demonstrate anti-­‐mold activity in concentrated cell-­‐free supernatants. Supernatants from all strains showed inhibition of the target mold (indicator). The anti-­‐mold compound(s) produced by all the strains was heat-­‐resistant (100 o C for 15 min). Supernatants from 5 strains retained the anti-­‐mold activity when the pH was adjusted to 6.8 ± 0.2, while one v strain DC2 isolated from cheese lost its anti-­‐mold activity at that pH. Temperature of incubation of cultures affected anti-­‐mold activity. The optimum was 37 o C. Very little or no inhibition was noted when cultures were incubated at either 10 or 55 °C. A preliminary study of applying anti-­‐mold lactobacilli in Cheddar cheese was completed. Anti-­‐mold LAB was added to the cheese milk as an adjunct to give 10 5 cfu/ml. After 1-­‐week and 1-­‐month ripening, mold (10~20 spores) was added on to the surface, and the cheese was wrapped loosely. The appearance of the mold on cheese surface was monitored. Mold was not present on the 1-­‐week old cheese " NB in milk " until the 6 th day after the control cheese (made without strain NB) showed signs of mold. The 1-­‐month old cheese " NB in milk " extended the shelf life 17 days longer than the control cheese.
Localisation of a gene for transient neonatal diabetes mellitus to an 18.72 cR3000 (∼5.4 Mb) interval on chromosome 6q

Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM) is a rare condition which presents with intrauterine growth retardation, dehydration, and failure to thrive. The condition spontaneously resolves before 1 year of age but predisposes patients to type 2 diabetes later in life. We have previously shown that, in some cases, TNDM is associated with paternal uniparental disomy (UPD) of chromosome 6 and suggested that an imprinted gene responsible for TNDM lies within a region of chromosome 6q. By analysing three families, two with duplications (family A and patient C) and one with several affected subjects with normal karyotypes (family B), we have further defined the TNDM critical region. In patient A, polymorphic microsatellite repeat analysis identified a duplicated region of chromosome 6, flanked by markers D6S472 and D6S311. This region was identified on the Sanger Centre’s chromosome 6 radiation hybrid map (http://www.sanger.ac.uk/HGP/Chr6) and spanned approximately 60 cR3000. Using markers within the region, 418 unique P1 derived artificial chromosomes (PACs) have been isolated and used to localise the distal breakpoints of the two duplications. Linkage analysis of the familial case with a normal karyotype identified a recombination within the critical region. This recombination has been identified on the radiation hybrid map and defines the proximal end of the region of interest. We therefore propose that an imprinted gene for TNDM lies within an 18.72 cR3000 (∼5.4 Mb) interval on chromosome 6q24.1-q24.3 between markers D6S1699 and D6S1010.