Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Supervised Classification of Multisource Satellite Image Spectral and Texture Data for Agricultural Crop Mapping in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina

RÉSUMÉ Nous avons développé et testé une méthodologie opérationnelle pour la cartographie des cultures à partir de la classification des données spectrales et texturales RADARSAT et Landsat TM dans le sud-est de la province de Buenos Aires, en Argentine. Les principales cultures visées étaient le blé (en hiver) et le maïs, le tournesol et les pommes de terre (en été). Ces cultures sont en rotation avec les pâturages pour le bétail tous les 4–5 ans, créant ainsi une importante hétérogénéité spatiale dans les caractéristiques d'utilisation du sol et du couvert. Nous avons utilisé des données RA DA RSAT (SGF W2 ascendantes, 10 juillet et 7 novembre 1997) et des valeurs texturales dérivées obtenues des matrices de co-occurrence en combinaison avec des données optiques satellitales (Landsat TM - bandes 3, 4 et 5, 27 novembre 1997). Des méthodes standard de géorectification ont été utilisées pour le calcul de la rétrodiffusion et de la texture. Les sites d'entraînement et les sites tests ont été sélectionnés à partir des relevés de terrain et une classification dirigée a été réalisée à l'aide d'une règle de décision basée sur le maximum de vraisemblance. Les résultats de la cartographie indiquent que les données de teinte et de texture de RADARSAT donnent des résultats de classification supérieurs (amélioration d'environ 10%) comparativement à l'utilisation seule des données TMdans la règle de décision. La précision globale de classification était environ 62% correcte (à un intervalle de confiance de 95% = 57.8% - 66.5%). La classe “blé” était la plus intéressante car elle s'est avérée approximativement 81% correcte.
High‐Resolution Stable Isotope Stratigraphy from Bulk Sediment

A high-quality δ 18 O record has been obtained from a deep sea core in the Somali Basin in a water depth of 4020 m, well below the foraminiferal lysocline, by analyzing bulk sediment instead of picked foraminifera. In some areas this may be a valuable tool for extending the applicability of the δ 18 O stratigraphy, for obtaining data by a less laborintensive procedure, and for conserving valuable core material. Additionally, we draw attention to the need for more data on 6'3C in bulk carbonate if we are to fully utilize the ocean 6'3C record either in relation to long-term global carbon budget, or in relation to changes in carbon cycling in the ocean and its effect on atmospheric pCO 2
Pb isotopic composition of feldspars from Scottish Caledonian Granites, and the nature of the underlying crust

Synopsis Common Pb isotopic ratios for 11 feldspar separates from Caledonian granite intrusions (400 Ma old) show a linear alignment on a 207Pb/204Pb vs 206Pb/204Pb diagram, the best-fit regression line suggesting a lower intercept age of 2700 Ma, using conventional growth-curve models. This accords well with previously published Pb ages for the Lewisian basement in north-west Scotland (Chapman and Moorbath, 1977), and strongly suggests a Lewisian Pb component in the Caledonian granites. Furthermore, the feldspars from the Southern Uplands granites are significantly more radiogenic than those from the Highlands and Midland Valley; this relationship is consistent with the presence of an older crustal layer beneath the more northerly regions which does not extend southwards into the Southern Uplands.
Climate in Southwestern Ontario, Canada, between AD 1610 and 1885 Inferred from Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopic Measurements of Wood Cellulose from Trees in Different Hydrologic Settings

Abstract Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes were measured in wood cellulose and cellulose-nitrate from trees that grew in different hydrologic settings in southwestern Ontario, Canada. An isotope model that accounts for isotopic fractionations associated with photosynthesis in plants was applied to the stable isotope data to infer past meteoric water isotopic composition and seasonal air moisture variations. The model-inferred climate data was rationalized in terms of the trees' hydrologic environment and weather characteristics of the Great Lakes region. The result is an account of summer and winter conditions in southwestern Ontario for 275 years (1610 to 1885) prior to instrumental climate records. Conditions between 1610 and 1750 are inferred to have been cooler and drier than present. This was followed by a warm-moist climate interval between 1750 and 1885 during which there was an increase in winter precipitation. Cool-dry conditions were recorded instrumentally in this region at the end of the nineteenth century.
Formação e Qualificação de Profissionais de Saúde: Fatores Associados à Qualidade da Atenção Primária

The changes wtinessed in health and education in the twentieth century influenced the work of health professionals, particularly those in primary health care, on a conceptual and practical level. This research investgiated the training and qualifications of professionals that work with the Family Health Strategy (FHS), and factors related to the quality of primary health care services in the northwest region of Goiânia. The research is classified as a cross-sectional study, conducted using interviews that included the application of the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool). Ninety-two professionals from FHS teams participated in the study (48 physicians and 44 nurses). The data analysis involved methods such as the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-squared test, Fisher test and Poisson Regression. The results indicated significant differences (p<0.05) between the training profile and qualifications of doctors and nurses. Assessment of the primary health care attributes resulted in a general high score (6.7). It was concluded that the quality of the primary health care services can be correlated to doctors who work for a longer period of time in the same teams, as well as the perception of health professional training and qualifications in the northwest region of Goiânia.
on the Matte

The equilibrium-phase relations between copper mattes and spinel-saturated iron silicate slags were investigated at 1250°C and p SO 2 of 0.25 atm. The experiments were conducted in synthesized spinel crucibles (Fe 3 O 4 ) in controlled CO-CO 2 -SO 2 -Ar gas mixtures using a high-temperature isothermal equilibration/quenching technique. The equilibrium-phase compositions were characterized using an electron probe X-ray microanalyzer. The compositions of matte and slag were displayed as a function of matte grade or oxygen partial pressure. The present results obtained at spinel saturation in the matte-slag equilibrium system were compared with observations in the literature. This study improves the experimental thermodynamic data on the matte-slag-spinel-gas equilibria systems.
Last Glacial Maximum paleochemistry and deepwater circulation in the Southern Ocean: Evidence from foraminiferal cadmium

South Atlantic benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca shows no glacial-interglacial variation, suggesting that the glacial contribution of North Atlantic Deep Water to the Southern Ocean was not much different than at present. In contrast, Cd/Ca in southeast Indian Ridge cores show lower glacial bottom water Cd, comparable to levels in intermediate depths of the North Atlantic and significantly lower than in the deep South Atlantic. Low glacial Cd/Ca was also recorded in planktonic foraminifera, suggesting a substantial decrease in the nutrient concentration of Subantarctic surface water during the glacial maximum which most likely was caused by increased biological productivity. The Cd data are inconsistent with low glacial benthic foraminiferal δ13C which suggest higher nutrient concentration. We propose that the low Cd/Ca in the Southeast Indian Ridge records reflects a local source of nutrient-depleted deepwater, formed during the last glacial maximum by open-ocean convection near the Antarctic Polar Front, downstream of the Kerguelene Plateau. If this source was limited to the southeast Indian basin then its impact on the overall chemistry of glacial Circumpolar Deepwater was rather small. However, if during glaciations open-ocean convection became the dominant mode of bottom water formation, it might have had a greater impact on CPDW chemistry.
Evaluation of Temperature and Precipitation Trends and Long-Term Persistence in CMIP5 Twentieth-Century Climate Simulations

AbstractThe authors have analyzed twentieth-century temperature and precipitation trends and long-term persistence from 19 climate models participating in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). This study is focused on continental areas (60°S–60°N) during 1930–2004 to ensure higher reliability in the observations. A nonparametric trend detection method is employed, and long-term persistence is quantified using the Hurst coefficient, taken from the hydrology literature. The authors found that the multimodel ensemble–mean global land–average temperature trend (0.07°C decade−1) captures the corresponding observed trend well (0.08°C decade−1). Globally, precipitation trends are distributed (spatially) at about zero in both the models and in the observations. There are large uncertainties in the simulation of regional-/local-scale temperature and precipitation trends. The models’ relative performances are different for temperature and precipitation trends. The models capture the long-ter.
A Balance Condition for Stochastic Numerical Models with Application to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation

Abstract Stochastic forcing due to unresolved processes adds energy to a measurable system. Although this energy is added randomly in time, conservation laws still apply. A balance condition for stochastically driven systems is discussed. This “fluctuation-dissipation relation” may be used either to deduce the geographical properties of the stochastic forcing from data given a model for the evolution of the macroscopic variables or to diagnose energy conservation in a stochastic numerical model. The balance condition in its first role was applied to sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the Indo-Pacific basin. A low-dimensional empirical dynamical model of SSTs was generated in such a way that observed statistical properties of the field are preserved. Experiments varying the stochastic forcing in this model indicated how the geographical characteristics of the forcing affect the distribution of variance among the various normal modes thereby determining the dominant timescales of the SST field. These result.
Variations in the Sun's radiative output

By how much does the Sun's radiation vary? Although the Sun has long been an object of immense fascination, fundamental information about the magnitude and variability of its radiative output, sought for over a century, is only now approaching a level satisfactory for geophysical applications. During the past decade, satellite instruments have measured, simultaneously, both the Sun's spectrally integrated radiative output and its ultraviolet spectrum. These data have been analyzed in terms of their relationships to ground-based observations that characterize different aspects of the Sun's 11-year activity cycle, allowing estimates of solar radiative output variations over times scales from days to decades and interpretations of these variations in the broader context of the variable Sun. Uncertainties still remain to be answered by the next generation of solar radiometers, which commenced observations with the launch of the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite in September 1991, near the maximum of solar cycle 22.
Late Miocene environmental change in Nepal and the northern Indian subcontinent: stable isotopic evidence from paleosols

Neogene sediments belonging to the Siwalik Group crop out in the Himalayan foothills along the length of southern Nepal. Carbon and oxygen isotopic analyses of Siwalik paleosols from four long Siwalik sections record major ecological changes over the past ∼11 m.y. The carbon isotopic composition of both soil carbonate and organic matter shifts dramatically starting ca. 7.0 Ma, marking the displacement of largely C3 vegetation, probably semi-deciduous forest, by C4 grasslands. By the beginning of the Pliocene, all the flood plains of major rivers in this region were dominated by monsoonal grasslands. The floral shift away from woody plants is also reflected by the decline and final disappearance of fossil leaves and the decrease in coal logs in the latest Miocene. A similar carbon isotopic shift has been documented in the paleosol and fossil tooth record of Pakistan, and in terrigenous organic matter from the Bengal Fan, showing that the floral shift was probably continentwide. The latest Miocene also witnessed an average change of ∼4‰ in the oxygen isotopic composition of soil carbonate, as observed previously in Pakistan. The reasons for this are unclear; if not diagenetic, a major environmental change is indicated, perhaps related to that driving the carbon isotopic shift. Recently described pollen and leaf fossils from the Surai Khola section show that evergreen forest was gradually displaced by semi-deciduous and dry deciduous forest between 11 and 6 Ma. The gradual nature of this floral shift, which culminated in the rapid expansion of C4 grasses starting ∼7.0 m.y. ago, is difficult to explain by a decrease in atmospheric pCO2 alone (Cerling et al., 1993) but fits well with a gradual onset of monsoonal conditions in the late Miocene in the northern Indian subcontinent. Himalayan uplift, driving both monsoonal intensification and consumption of CO2 through weathering, may be the common cause behind major late Miocene environmental change globally. However, the decline of effective moisture associated with monsoon development has probably slowed, not increased, the rate of consumption of CO2 by chemical weathering of Himalayan sediments.
Cretaceous stratigraphy of the Ionian Zone, Hellenides, western Greece

Abstract The Cretaceous sedimentary successions of the Ionian Zone, Hellenides, western Greece, are composed of pelagic limestones intercalated with cherty layers. The micritic and biomicritic beds with abundant chert nodules and cherty horizons, which were deposited during late Tithonian to early Santonian times, belong to the Vigla Limestone Formation, while the sediments deposited during the late Santonian to Maastrichtian, formed clastic limestone beds in which chert nodules also occur sparsely. In the Cretaceous beds calpionellids, planktonic and benthonic foraminifera characteristics of the Tethyan realm, and radiolaria have been recorded. The calpionellids, together with radiolaria, colonized the entire basin during the Berriasian to early Valanginian, the latter becoming dominant during the Hauterivian to early Albian as a result of anoxia. Planktonic foraminifera first appeared in the basin during the late Albian and persisted until the Maastrichtian. The numbers decreased, however, during the Cenomanian-early Turonian interval, when radiolaria increased owing to anoxic conditions, and during the Campanian-Maastrichtian interval because the basin became shallow. During this interval larger benthonic foraminifera colonized the basin. Zonal markers have been recognized in calpionellid and planktonic foraminiferal assemblages on the basis of which two calpionellid zones are distinguished, viz. the Calpionella alpina and Calpionellopsis Zones (Berriasian-early Valanginian) along with seven planktonic foraminiferal zones, viz. the Rotalipora ticinensis, Rotalipora appenninica (late Albian), Rotalipora brotzeni (early Cenomanian), Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica (early to middle Turonian), Marginotruncana sigali (late Turonian to early Coniacian), Dicarinella concavata (late Coniacian to early Santonian) and Dicarinella asymetrica (late early-late Santonian) Zones. The anoxic conditions that prevailed in the Ionian basin during the Barremian-early Albian, Cenomanian-early Turonian and Coniacian-Santonian intervals probably arose as a result of (a) the accumulation of large amounts of organic matter because the palaeotopography of the basin periodically hindered the circulation of water from the ocean and (b) the oxygen content of the intruding oceanic waters was low.
Climate of the Supercontinent Pangea

Numerous climate models predict that the geography of the supercontinent Pangea was conducive to the establishment of a "megamonsoonal" circulation. In general, geologic evidence supports the hypothesis of a megamonsoon that reached maximum strength in the Triassic. Pangea in the Late Carboniferous had widespread peat formation in what is now central and eastern North America and Europe and relatively dry conditions on the Colorado Plateau. The equatorial region of the continent became drier through the end of the Carboniferous. By the Permian, the equatorial region of Pangea was dry, and indicators of aridity and rainfall seasonality became more widespread. Wind directions from Colorado Plateau eolian sandstones are consistent with an increasing influence of monsoonal circulation at this time. In the Triassic, climate in the Colorado Plateau region became relatively wet, though still seasonal, and the few eolian sandstones indicate a major shift in wind direction at that time. In addition, sedimentation in Australia, which was in relatively high latitudes, took on a much drier and more seasonal character. These two events support the hypothesis that the Pangean monsoon was at maximum strength during the Triassic. In the Early Jurassic, the Colorado Plateau region became arid again, but climate apparently became wetter in eastern Laurussia and Gondwana. Finally, drying occurred in Gondwana and southern Laurasia, indicative of the breakdown of the Pangean monsoon.
Synchronous variations of precipitation and temperature at Lake Qinghai, NE Tibetan Plateau during the past 800 years and their relations to solar activity: evidence from Li/Ca ratios and δ 18 O values of ostracod shells

Abstract. Variations of precipitation and temperature at Lake Qinghai, NE Tibetan Plateau on decadal scales during the past 800 years were reconstructed based on the oxygen isotope values and Li/Ca ratios from ostracod shells of the single species Eucypris inflata. Higher temperature relates to lower Li/Ca ratios; higher precipitation relates to lower δ18O values, and vice versa. The good correlation between Li/Ca ratios and δ18O values of ostracod shells indicates that temperature variations corresponded well with precipitation variations on decadal scales during the past 800 years. Variations of precipitation and temperature are synchronous with variations of solar activity reconstructed from the atmospheric 14C concentration in tree rings and the 10Be concentration in ice cores. These findings suggest that, on decadal scales solar activity may be responsible for the synchronous variations of precipitation and temperature at Lake Qinghai, NE Tibetan Plateau during the past 800 years. Keywords: Precipitation variations; Temperature variations; Eucypris inflata; Li/Ca; δ18O; Synchronous variations; Lake Qinghai; Solar activity.
Array tracking of infrasonic sources at Stromboli volcano

Infrasonic arrays are a powerful tool for volcanic monitoring and hazard assessment. Explosions were recorded at Stromboli using a small aperture array of 4 infrasonic stations, allowing precise vent location. The acoustic signals were delayed‐and‐summed, revealing the existence of two main groups of infrasonic waves. The NE crater produces short (<3 s) high amplitude (20–80 Pa) pressure waves while the SW crater produces small acoustic pressure (10–30 Pa) with long (5–15 s) coda. The two groups reflect different in explosive styles and similar spectral content, centered on 5–6 Hz. When stacked together, acoustic waveforms for each crater reveal the same pressure pulse, which indicates a common source process. We infer that the acoustic onset at both craters is generated by the burst of a large gas bubble while the acoustic coda is controlled by a sustained pressure release.
Relict mountain slope deposits of northern Portugal: facies, sedimentogenesis and environmental implications

This paper deals with the formation processes and the palaeoenvironmental significance of relict slope deposits located on the uppermost part of the north Portugal mountains. For this purpose, seven key sites representative of the different lithofacies have been selected and analysed in detail. The data show that three main dynamic processes are responsible for the emplacement of regional fossil slope deposits: runoff, debris flows and dry grain flows. The ubiquity of these processes and the lack of frost‐related features or landforms do not support the existence of severe Pleistocene climates in this part of the lberian Peninsula as postulated by previous work. Pedological data gathered at one of the study sites show that a subalpine environment was probably present at 700–800 m altitude between 29 and 14 kyr. Using data from the Pyrenees Mountains, a 6.5 to 12°C depression in mean annual temperature has been tentatively postulated for this Pleniglacial period. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flux measurements in Cairo. Part 1: in situ measurements and their applicability for comparison with satellite data

Cairo Air Pollution and Climate (CAPAC) is dedicated to the understanding of the urban energy balance in Cairo, Egypt, through measurements from space and at ground stations. The in situ measurements will provide a focussed insight into three carefully chosen microclimates (urban, suburban‐agriculture, and suburban‐desert) and provide at the same time ground‐truth data for satellite image analysis, which will expand the acquired knowledge into the spatial domain. In situ measurements were made during a field campaign in Greater Cairo from November 2007 to February 2008. In this study, the dataset of the CAPAC measurement campaign will be presented and analysed in terms of use for a remote sensing study. Measured variables complied with our expectations. The urban area featured a distinct nocturnal heat island. During the day the choice of reference station was responsible for the magnitude of the heat island. The diurnal cycle of radiative temperature at the suburban‐desert station clearly exceeded the one at the urban station, thus the urban setting seemed to have a better heat storage than the suburban‐desert. The stations also determined the partitioning of the turbulent heat fluxes. While in Cairo and at the suburban‐desert station most of the available energy was partitioned into the sensible heat flux, the suburban‐agricultural station maintained a high latent heat flux. The radiation and soil heat flux measurements proved to be applicable for comparison with remotely sensed data. However, the analysis of the turbulent heat fluxes showed that several constraints exist: measured fluxes tend to underestimate the actual flux and directional effects complicate the interpretation. An energy balance closure and footprint modelling is necessary to compare measured fluxes with satellite image retrieved products. Finally, turbulent fluxes are time averages, which is contrary to the remote sensing principle. Consequently, a direct use is problematic. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society