Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF SALINITY ON ACCUMULATION OF MINERAL NUTRIENTS IN WHEAT GROWN WITH NITRATE–NITROGEN OR MIXED AMMONIUM:NITRATE–NITROGEN

ABSTRACT Two cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum cvs. Fresco and Hussar) were grown in hydroponic culture with nitrogen (N) supplied either as nitrate or equimolar ammonium and nitrate, and with a range of concentrations of NaCl from 0 to 100 mM. Plant growth was stimulated by low concentrations of NaCl and was depressed by high concentrations of NaCl. Growth was higher with mixed N nutrition than with nitrate supplied alone at all rates of NaCl supply. Shoot:root ratio was also depressed by salinity. Concentrations of potassium (K) decreased with salinity and were generally higher with mixed N supply, whereas concentrations of Na were higher with salinity and lower with mixed N supply. There were strong positive linear relationships between total plant dry mass and the concentrations of copper (Cu) in the roots and strong negative linear relationships between total plant dry mass and the concentrations of manganese (Mn) in both shoots and roots and zinc (Zn) in the shoots. The concentrations of Cu in the roots were higher with mixed N supply, lower with high salinity, and the concentrations of Mn in both shoots and roots were lower with mixed N supply and generally higher with high salinity. Tissue concentrations of these ions appear to be major determinants of wheat growth in saline environments.
The influence of convective heat transfer on flow stability in rotating disk chemical vapor deposition reactors

Flow and heat transfer of NH{sub 3} and He were studied in a rotating disk system with applications to chemical vapor deposition reactors. Flow field and disk heat flux were obtained over a range of operating conditions. Comparisons of disk convective heat transfer were made to infinite rotating disk results to appraise uniformity of transport to the disk. Important operating variables include disk spin rate, disk and enclosure temperatures, flow rate, composition, pressure, and gas mixture temperature at the reactor inlet. These variables were studied over ranges of the spin Reynolds number, Re{omega}; disk mixed convection parameter, MCP{sub w}; and wall mixed convection parameter, MCP{sub w}. Results obtained for NH{sub 3} show that increasing Re{omega} from 314.5 to 3145 increases the uniformity of rotating disk heat flux and results in thinner thermal boundary layers at the disk surface. At Re{omega}=314.5, increasing MCP{sub d} to 15 leads to significant departure from the infinite disk result with nonuniform disk heat fluxes and recirculating flow patterns; flow becomes increasingly complex at larger values of MCP{sub d}. At Re{omega} of 3145, results are closer to the infinite disk for MCP{sub d} up to 15. For large negative (hot walls) and positive (cold walls) values of MCP{sub w}, flow recirculates and there is significant deviation from the infinite disk result; nonuniformities occur at both values of Re{omega}. The influence of MCP{sub w} on flow stability is increased at larger MCP{sub d} and lower Re{omega}. To determine the influence of viscosity and thermal conductivity variation with temperature, calculations were made with He and NH{sub 3}; He transport property variation is low relative to NH{sub 3}. Results show that the flow of NH{sub 3} is less stable than that of He as MCP{sub d} is increased for MCP{sub w}=0 and Re{omega}=314.5. 16 refs., 15 figs., 1 tab.
Porównanie plonowania owocników odmian pieczarki uprawianych w Polsce i zawartości w nich suchej masy

Streszczenie. Celem badań było porównanie plonowania owocników odmian pieczarki dwuzarodnikowej (Agaricus bisporus) uprawianych w Polsce w ubiegłych latach oraz obecnie, a także porównanie zawartości suchej masy w owocnikach. Zbadano następujące odmiany stare: ‘Hauser A6’, ‘Hauser A6.5’, ‘Somycel 11’, ‘Hauser A3.2’, ‘Somycel 53’, ‘Somycel 209’, ‘Somycel 91’ oraz ‘Hauser A8.8’. Spośród nowych odmian zbadano: ‘Amycel 29’, ‘SP-251’, ‘SP-252’, ‘Amycel 2200’, ‘SP-312’, ‘Italspawn F59’, ‘Polmycel 29’ oraz ‘Polmycel 31’. Stwierdzono, że plon odmian starych wynosił od 17,3 do 23,7 kg·m. Największy plon owocników dała odmiana ‘Hauser A8.8’. Plon odmian nowych mieścił się w przedziale od 16,9 do 23,6 kg·m. Najobfitszy plon owocników dały odmiany ‘Amycel 2200’, ‘SP-251’ i ‘Polmycel 29’. Zawartość suchej masy w owocnikach u odmian starych wynosiła od 8 do 9,6%, a u odmian: ‘Hauser A6’, ‘Somycel 11’ i ‘Somycel 53’ – powyżej 9%. Zawartość suchej masy w owocnikach u nowych odmian pieczarki była mniejsza niż u odmian uprawianych wcześniej i zawierała się w granicach od 7,1 do 8,4%.
Depth profiling of porcine adipose tissue by Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy was applied on a depth profile of porcine adipose tissue (from skin to meat) with the purpose of (1) discriminating between fat layers and (2) estimating the variation in fatty acid composition as a function of fat depth and fat layer: total degree of unsaturation (iodine value), fractions of saturated, and monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The thickness and composition of the outer layer of porcine adipose tissue influences the final quality of backfat. A too-thick outer layer is associated with problems such as oily appearance, rancidity development, and difficulties in separating muscle and adipose tissue when cutting. From principal component analysis on standard normal variate preprocessed Raman spectra (1800–800 cm–1), it was possible to discriminate between the outer and the inner backfat layer. Principal component analysis loadings showed that the separation of layer was mainly explained by variation in the bands originating from vibration of double bond C = C stretching plus = C–H twisting and rocking. In the prediction of iodine value a three-component partial least squares regression model based on full range Raman spectra showed a root mean square error of cross validation of 2.00 and R2 = 0.69. Applying Cauchy–Lorentz band fitting proved that information regarding fat unsaturation was found not only in band intensity, but also in band parameters such as location and width. The results suggest Raman spectroscopy as a potential measurement technique for rapid grading of pork carcasses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1 H NMR spectra and conformations of propane-1,2-diol, meso- and racemic butane-2,3-diols, and some alditols in non-aqueous media

The solvent change low polar→protic→very polar aprotic causes a progressive change in the conformation of the three title diols towards the conformer with the two C–O bonds trans. Alditols in deuterium oxide have each hydroxymethyl group with the C–O bond extending the chain as the main conformer. In polar aprotic solvents the main conformer has the C–O bond trans to the adjacent C–O bond. The carbon chain conformation can be somewhat different in the two solvent types.
Anodic Electrochromism for Energy‐Efficient Windows: Cation/Anion‐Based Surface Processes and Effects of Crystal Facets in Nickel Oxide Thin Films

Anodic electrochromic (EC) oxides are of major interest as counter electrodes for smart window applications owing to their unique optical properties upon charge insertion and extraction. However, performance optimization of such oxides has been hampered by limited understanding of their EC mechanism, particularly in Li+‐conducting electrolytes. This paper reports on NiOx films with 1.16 ≤ x ≤ 1.32, prepared by sputter deposition. These films are immersed in an electrolyte of lithium perchlorate in propylene carbonate, and EC properties are studied by cyclic voltammetry and in situ optical transmittance measurements. The electrochromism is significantly enhanced at large values of x. It has been found that charge exchange in Ni oxide is mainly due to surface processes and involves both cations and anions from the electrolyte, which is different from the case of cathodic EC materials such as WO3. Whereas previous studies of Ni oxide have focused on cation intercalation, the cation/anion‐based mechanism presented here offers a new paradigm for designing and developing EC devices such as smart windows for energy efficient buildings.
AES characterization of oxide grains formed on ductile cast irons in exhaust environments

Cast alloys (SiMo and Ni‐resist) were oxidized at 850°C for 50 h in dry air and synthetic diesel exhaust gases. High‐resolution AES analysis and SEM studies on sections of the inner oxides showed that, for both alloys, thicker silicon‐containing oxides layers were formed at metal/oxide interfaces in diesel than in air. For SiMo, fayalite appeared to precipitate within this layer in diesel gases, thus lowering its protectiveness. Further out, silica may reprecipitate. Where the austenitic Ni‐resist failed to maintain a protective interfacial oxide, a highly irregular oxide/metal interface led to metallic Ni‐rich particles becoming trapped in the oxide. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acid strength of support materials as a factor controlling oxidation state of palladium catalyst for propane combustion

Abstract The support effect on the low temperature catalytic combustion of propane over palladium catalyst was studied by using a series of metal oxides as support materials: MgO, ZrO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , SiO 2 –ZrO 2 , SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 , and SO 4 2− –ZrO 2 . The catalytic activity varied with the kind of the support materials; a support material with moderate acid strength gave maximum conversion. In order to discuss more details, 5 wt% Pd/ZrO 2 , Pd/Al 2 O 3 , and Pd/SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 were subjected to catalytic testing under the various conditions, and the catalysts after the test were characterized by XRD and XPS. The activity changed with the oxygen concentration, and the concentration providing the maximum activity depended on the support material. The maximum activity was obtained at high concentration on Pd/SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 , at moderate concentration on Pd/Al 2 O 3 , and at low concentration on Pd/ZrO 2 . This sequence corresponded to that of acid strength of the support materials measured by Hammett indicators. The relation between the oxidation state of palladium and its catalytic activity under the various mixtures indicated that the catalytic activity on each catalyst depends on the oxidation state of palladium, and that partially oxidized palladium is effective for propane combustion. Moreover, palladium on acidic support kept the metallic state even under high oxygen concentration, indicating that acidic support gives palladium the resistibility against oxidation. These results suggest one guideline for the design of active palladium catalyst; an acidic support must be chosen under the mixture of the higher oxygen concentration and vice versa.
Oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes as effective reinforcement and thermal stability agents of poly(lactic acid) ligaments

In this study, nanocomposites of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) containing 0.5, 1, and 2.5 wt % oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT–COOHs) were prepared by the solved evaporation method. From transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy micrographs, we observed that the MWCNT–COOHs were well dispersed in the PLA matrix and, additionally, there was increased adhesion between PLA and the nanotubes. As a result, all of the studied nanocomposites exhibited higher mechanical properties than neat PLA; this indicated that the MWCNT–COOHs acted as efficient reinforcing agents, whereas in the nonoxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes, the mechanical properties were reduced. Nanotubes can act as nucleating agents and, thereby, affect the thermal properties of PLA and, especially, the crystallization rate, which is faster than that of neat PLA. From the thermogravimetric data, we observed that the PLA/MWCNT–COOH nanocomposites presented relatively better thermostability than PLA; this was also verified from the calculation of activation energy. On the contrary, the addition of MWCNT–COOH had a negative effect on the enzymatic hydrolysis rate of PLA. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Hydrogel biochar composite for arsenic removal from wastewater

Arsenic contaminated water is an environmental issue due to their toxicity. Acute arsenic poisoning has claimed the lives of many and causes adverse health risk to millions of people in several countries such as Bangladesh, India, and China. Effective removal of this contaminant can be obtained by adsorbing them onto low-cost adsorbents. In this study, hydrogel-biochar composite (HBC-RH) was successfully synthesized by embedding rice husk biochar into poly(acrylamide) hydrogel with N.N’-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinker. The synthesized HBC-RHs were characterized and utilized for the removal of arsenic from wastewater. The experimental parameters that influence the sorption process were investigated. The results obtained revealed that the effective removal of arsenic was found to be dependent on solution pH, sorbent dosage, initial contaminant concentration, and contact time. HBC-RH maximum monolayer sorption capacity for arsenic was 28.32 mg g −1 and the experimental data suggested that the arsenic sorption was best fitted by pseudo-second-order kinetic mode. Above all, HBC-RH can easily be separated from aqueous solution after accomplishing its mission, avoiding separation complications faced by powder adsorbents in aqueous media.
One-Step Synthesis of Polyhedral Silsesquioxanes Bearing Bulky Substituents: UV-MALDI-TOF and ESI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Characterization of Reaction Products

Fil: Fasce, Diana Patricia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnologia de Materiales. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingenieria. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnologia de Materiales; Argentina
Particle‐Laden Drop Impacting on Solid Surfaces

Abstract This paper presents an experimental study of the effects of particles on spreading and retracting of a single drop impacting on a smooth surface. The results are reported for particle concentrations from 0 to 0.30, different liquids (mixtures of water and glycerin), Reynolds number from 6.1 to 2700 Weber number from 0.0084 to 180, and four different surfaces (thermal oxide coated silicon wafer, silicon wafer, 1,1,1,3,3,3, hexamethyl disilazane (HMDS) coated silicon wafer, and Teflon® film). Drops laden with polystyrene particles coated with calcium phosphate are observed to behave differently from pure liquids, especially on thermal oxide coated silicon wafer, which is the most hydrophilic surface studied. It was found that pure fluid viscosity is more important than apparent viscosity of the particle‐laden fluid in setting the spreading and retraction. At an impact speed of 2 m/sec, the rebound behavior on the Teflon® surface depends on particle volume fraction.
Determination of the bulk lifetime of bare multicrystalline silicon wafers

The determination of the bulk lifetime of bare multicrystalline silicon wafers without the need of surface passivation is a desirable goal. The implementation of an in‐line carrier lifetime analysis is only of benefit if the measurements can be done on bare unprocessed wafers and if the measured effective lifetime is clearly related to the bulk lifetime of the wafer. In this work, we present a detailed experimental study demonstrating the relationship between the effective carrier lifetime of unpassivated wafers and their bulk carrier lifetime. Numerical modelling is used to describe this relationship for different surface conditions taking into account the impact of a saw damage layers with poor electronic quality. Our results show that a prediction of the bulk lifetime from measurements on bare wafers is possible. Based on these results we suggest a simple procedure to implement the analysis for in‐line inspection. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Locus of Control: A Comparative Study of Tribal and Non-Tribal College Students

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of Types of students, sex and types of faculty of the college students on locus of control. The sample for the study comprised of 120 Tribal and 120 Non-Tribal college students from Sabarkantha District. Tribal and Non-Tribal college students were selected from various Arts and Science college in Sabarkantha. Personal data sheet and Rotter (1966), Internal-External scale were used to collect the required data. 2x2x2 factorial design was planned where types of students, sex and types of faculty were considered as independent variables and locus of control as dependent variables. Accordingly, 2x2x2 ANOVA was carried out to test the hypothesis. Results revealed significant difference between Tribal and Non-Tribal College students on Locus of control. The non-tribal college student's External locus of control is batter then the tribal college students. The male college student's External locus of control is batter then the female college students. The Science college students’ External locus of control is batter then the Arts college students. There is significant mean interaction effect of the locus of control in the types of student and sex of the college students. The interaction effects (A x C), (B x C) and (A x B x C) are not significant.
Advanced Fluorescence Correlation Techniques to Study Membrane Dynamics

Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) is a powerful tool to measure important physical quantities such as concentrations, diffusion coefficients, diffusion modes or binding parameters, both in solution and in membranes. However, it can suffer from severe artifacts, especially in non-ideal systems. Here we develop several novel implementations of FCS which overcome these limitations and facilitate accurate and quantitative determination of dynamic parameters in membranes. Two-focus FCS with camera-detection allows for accurate and calibration-free determination of diffusion coefficients. Confocal FCS using a laser scanning microscope provides an unprecedented positioning accuracy which enabled us to study, for the first time with FCS, dynamics in bacterial membranes. Scanning FCS with a scan path perpendicular to the membrane plane allows to correct for instabilities permitting long measurement times necessary to study slow diffusion. It can easily be extended to measure calibration-free diffusion coefficients with two-focus scanning FCS and to quantify binding with dual color scanning FCS. Spectral crosstalk can be avoided effectively by using alternating excitation. Using this method we were able to perform measurements in systems previously not accessible with FCS, such as yeast cell membranes or membranes of living zebrafish embryos. Line-scan FCS with a scan path in the membrane plane uses the parallel acquisition along the line to increase the statistical accuracy and decrease the measurement times. Knowledge of the scan speed serves as an internal calibration, enabling accurate diffusion and concentration measurements within seconds, hardly affected by photobleaching. Both realizations of scanning FCS can be easily implemented with commercial laser scanning microscopes. Often, a fluorescence background around the membrane cannot be avoided. The high surface selectivity needed in this case can be achieved efficiently by using a novel objective for FCS, the supercritical angle objective, which produces a very flat and laterally confined detection volume. Another technique with similar surface selectivity is FCS with total internal reflection excitation (TIRFCS). Due to the lack of a correct model, the accurate analysis of TIR-FCS data was previously not possible. In this work we develop such a model, enabling quantitative measurements of membrane dynamics with TIR-FCS. The novel FCS techniques developed here will have a high impact on the use of FCS to address key questions in biological systems, previously inaccessible by other methods.
Protein Adduct Formation by Reactive Electrophiles: Identifying Mechanistic Links with Benzene-Induced Hematotoxicity

The modification of proteins by xenobiotic and endogenous electrophilic species produced in cells undergoing oxidative stress contributes to cellular toxicity and disease processes. Many xenobiotics are themselves reactive electrophiles; however non-reactive compounds may become reactive towards proteins and DNA following metabolism. Identifying actual sites of adduction on target proteins is critical for determining the structural and functional consequences associated with the modification. 1,4benzoquinone (BQ) is a reactive quinone and environmental toxicant, formed from oxidative metabolism of benzene, an aromatic hydrocarbon found in gasoline and other fuels. Although environmental and occupational exposure to benzene is associated with the development of aplastic anemia and leukemia, the mechanism of toxicity remains elusive. Due to the electrophilic nature of BQ, it reacts with glutathione to form quinolthioether (QT) conjugates that retain the ability to redox cycle between the reduced (HQ) and oxidized (BQ) forms. BQ and its QT metabolites are reactive, and can produce cellular necrosis through oxidative stress and protein modification. One further consequence of oxidative stress is the elevation of cellular membrane lipid peroxidation, resulting in the formation of reactive lipid-aldehydes such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE). Adduction of critical amino acid residues in target bone marrow proteins by 4HNE and QTs following exposure to benzene could contribute to its hematotoxic effects. Following administration of benzene metabolites HQ and phenol to Sprague Dawley rats, specific sites of QT and 4HNE protein adducts were identified on a number of proteins. Following singleand two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunopositive
INFLUENCE OF LIMING AND WASTE ORGANIC MATERIALS ON THE ACTIVITY OF UREASE AND DEHYDROGENASE IN SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH NICKEL

In soil sampled after a two-year pot experiment, the activity of urease and dehydrogenase and content of nitrogen have been determined. The experiment included three factors: 1. the amount of nickel added to the soil (0, 75, 150 and 225 mg · kg-1 of soil), 2. liming (0 and Ca according to 1 Hh hydrolytic acidity), 3. organic materials (straw of rye and brown coal). Test plant was cocksfoot, which four cuts were collected in each growing season. It was found that nickel added to the soli in dose of 75 mg · kg-1 activates enzymes studied, whereas higher doses cause them explicit deactivation. Both liming and waste organic materials limited the negative effect of higher doses of nickel on the activity of dehydrogenase and urease. Simultaneously, both straw and brown coal caused a slight increase in the amount of nitrogen in the soil.
Spatial impact ionization transients in GaAs: their origin and characteristics

The ionization coefficient, for a given semiconductor and carrier type, gives the number of ionization events directly caused by a carrier as it travels a unit length through the material. The position dependence of this impact ionization coefficient is at present poorly understood, and is usually assumed to be constant, possibly with the inclusion of a deadspace length (where the coefficient is zero). In the deadspace the carrier is being accelerated by the field but has not attained the threshold energy for ionization. In this paper an explanation of the origin of spatial oscillations in the coefficients is given, and the way their features vary with model parameters is investigated. Coefficients in both constant and piecewise linear/constant fields are modelled. The results are specifically for GaAs, but have qualitative validity for the other wide-bandgap Ill-Vs.