Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GPT-Fathom: Benchmarking Large Language Models to Decipher the Evolutionary Path towards GPT-4 and Beyond

With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), there is a pressing need for a comprehensive evaluation suite to assess their capabilities and limitations. Existing LLM leaderboards often reference scores reported in other papers without consistent settings and prompts, which may inadvertently encourage cherry-picking favored settings and prompts for better results. In this work, we introduce GPT-Fathom, an open-source and reproducible LLM evaluation suite built on top of OpenAI Evals. We systematically evaluate 10+ leading LLMs as well as OpenAI's legacy models on 20+ curated benchmarks across 7 capability categories, all under aligned settings. Our retrospective study on OpenAI's earlier models offers valuable insights into the evolutionary path from GPT-3 to GPT-4. Currently, the community is eager to know how GPT-3 progressively improves to GPT-4, including technical details like whether adding code data improves LLM's reasoning capability, which aspects of LLM capability can be improved by SFT and RLHF, how much is the alignment tax, etc. Our analysis sheds light on many of these questions, aiming to improve the transparency of advanced LLMs.
Forest environments in tropical life zones: a pilot study.

Abstract : The problems of a shrinking world have focused new attention upon the global diversity of natural environments. Detailed vegetation and soils data were collected by an interdisciplinary team at 46 forest sites, and aerial photography was obtained of a representative sample of these. In addition a brief explanatory Life Zone mapping exercise was conducted in Thailand during 1965. The report examines the potential of a bioecological classification of tropical forests to organize quantitative data on undercanopy environments into a predictive system.
Precambrian geology and magnetite deposits of the New Jersey highlands in Warren County, New Jersey

The Precambrian rocks of the New Jersey Highlands in the Belvidere and Washington quadrangles consist of marble, amphibolite, quartzo-feldspathic gneiss, and syntectonic granite which developed during regional metamorphism under granulite-facies conditions. Field relationships, petrographic data, and bulk •/ chemical analyses support the view that the quartzpotassium feldspar gneiss, quartz-epidote gneiss, marble, and garnet-biotite gneiss are of raetasedimentary origin. The quartz-potassium feldspar gneiss and quartz-epidote gneiss were probably derived from arkosic sediments which contained intercalated limestones. The compositional layering in the metamorphic rocks appears to reflect original sedimentary bedding. Chemical analyses indicate that the amphibolite *• was derived from sedimentary rocks. Chemical analyses "< 9 support the conclusion that the premetamorphic parent of the oligoclase-quartz gneiss was probably an ash flow or keratophyric tuff. ; Perthitic granite bodies do not show either intrusive contacts with the country rock or chilled margins. Small bodies of granite are commonly enclosed by gneiss and may have developed by partial fusion (in situ anatexis) of metasedimentary quartz-potassium feldspar gneiss. Syenite bodies are interpreted as feldspar-rich residues resulting from filter pressing in areas of tight isoclinal folding during anatexis. Sodium-rich granitic rocks apparently developed by anatexis of oligoclase-quartz gneiss. * The magnetite deposits in the study area are massive granular mixtures of magnetite and quartz with minor pyrite. The classical hypothesis for the origin of these deposits is that the unique"and distinctive pyroxenite associated with the gneiss-enclosed deposits is a contact-metasomatic skarn developed by fluids emanating from alaskite intrusions and that the ores are, therefore, of pneumatolytic origin ^. ar they are spatially and genetically associated with these pyroxene-rich skarns. However, the occurrence of magnetite concentrations in sharply bounded tabular-
Carbon isotopes for estimating soil decomposition and physical mixing in well‐drained forest soils

Carbon isotopes are applied to estimate soil decomposition and physical mixing in well‐drained forest soils by coupling new isotope and soil organic carbon (SOC) data with literature meta‐analysis and carbon isotope mass balance modeling. New soil data results are presented for old‐ and second‐growth forests in Southern Appalachia, USA and the Blue Mountains, Australia. The soils exhibit a SOC decrease and δ13C increase with depth. The regressed gradient, termed β, of δ13C and the logarithm of SOC with depth in the soil column ranged from −1.09 to −1.65 for the measured soils. Twenty‐four soils from 11 published studies across a range of cool temperate to tropical forest soils are used to show that β is dependent upon mean annual temperature (MAT) alone as well as mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, and soil texture, thus connecting the natural (nonlabeled) carbon isotope signature to the soil factors controlling soil decomposition and physical mixing. Carbon elemental and isotopic mass balance modeling of multiple SOC pools and multiple soil depths suggest that rates of decomposition and mixing are of the same order of magnitude for turnover in the studied forest soils. The results support the hypothesis that a pronounced negative, regressed β is indicative of isotopic fractionation during decomposition and physical mixing processes that occurs during soil turnover, and other hypotheses posed in the literature are marginalized using modeling and discussion. We discuss integration of the isotope method with existing SOC turnover models as a future research avenue.
Underpinning tectonic reconstructions of the western Mediterranean region with dynamic slab evolution from 3‐D numerical modeling

No consensus exists on the tectonic evolution of the western Mediterranean since ~35 Ma. Three disparate tectonic evolution scenarios are identified, each portraying slab rollback as the driving mechanism but with rollback starting from strongly different subduction geometries. As a critical test for the validity of each tectonic scenario we employ thermomechanical modeling of the 3‐D subduction evolution. From each tectonic scenario we configure an initial condition for numerical modeling that mimics the perceived subduction geometry at ~35 Ma. We seek to optimize the fit between observed and predicted slab morphology by varying the nonlinear viscoplastic rheology for mantle, slab, and continental margins. From a wide range of experiments we conclude that a tectonic scenario that starts from NW dipping subduction confined to the Balearic margin at ~35 Ma is successful in predicting present‐day slab morphology. The other two scenarios (initial subduction from Gibraltar to the Baleares and initial subduction under the African margin) lead to mantle structure much different from what is tomographically imaged. The preferred model predicts slab rotation by more than 180°, east‐west lithosphere tearing along the north African margin and a resulting steep east dipping slab under the Gibraltar Strait. The preferred subduction model also meets the first‐order temporal constraints corresponding to Mid‐Miocene (~16 Ma) thrusting of the Kabylides onto the African margin and nearly stalled subduction under the Rif‐Gibraltar‐Betic arc since the Tortonian (~8 Ma). Our modeling also provides constraints on the rheological properties of the mantle and slab, and of continental margins in the region.
Total Solar Eclipse of 1999 August 11

On 1999 August 11, a total eclipse of the Sun will be visible from within a narrow corridor which traverses the Eastern Hemisphere. The path of the Moon's umbral shadow begins in the Atlantic and crosses central Europe, the Middle East, and India, where it ends at sunset in the Bay of Bengal. A partial eclipse will be seen within the much broader path of the Moon's penumbral shadow, which includes northeastern North America, all of Europe, northern Africa, and the western half of Asia. Detailed predictions for this event are presented and include besselian elements, geographic coordinates of the path of totality, physical ephemeris of the umbra, topocentric limb profile corrections, local circumstances for approximately 1400 cities, maps of the eclipse path, weather prospects, the lunar limb profile, and the sky during totality. Tips and suggestions are also given on how to safely view and photograph the eclipse.
Thyroid Transcription Factor‐1 Regulates Feeding Behavior via Melanocortin Pathway in the Hypothalamus

OBJECTIVE α-Melanocyte–stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) control energy homeostasis by their opposing actions on melanocortin receptors (MC3/4R) in the hypothalamus. We previously reported that thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) controls feeding behavior in the hypothalamus. This study aims to identify the function of TTF-1 in the transcriptional regulation of AgRP and α-MSH synthesis for the control of feeding behavior. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS TTF-1 activity in AgRP and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) transcription was examined using gel-shift and promoter assays and an in vivo model of TTF-1 synthesis inhibition by intracerebroventricular injection of an antisense (AS) oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN). Double immunohistochemistry was performed to colocalize TTF-1 and AgRP or α-MSH in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC). To determine whether TTF-1 action on food intake is mediated through MC3/4R, we measured changes in food intake upon intracerebroventricular injection of MC3/4R antagonists (SHU9119 and AgRP) into rat brain preinjected with the AS ODN. RESULTS TTF-1 stimulated AgRP but inhibited POMC transcription by binding to the promoters of these genes. TTF-1 was widely distributed in the hypothalamus, but we identified some cells coexpressing TTF-1 and AgRP or α-MSH in the ARC. In addition, intracerebroventricular administration of leptin decreased TTF-1 expression in the hypothalamus, and AS ODN-induced inhibition of TTF-1 expression decreased food intake and AgRP expression but increased α-MSH expression. Anorexia induced by the AS ODN was attenuated by the administration of MC3/4R antagonists. CONCLUSIONS TTF-1 transcriptionally regulates synthesis of AgRP and α-MSH in the ARC and affects feeding behavior via the melanocortin pathway.
Positivity restrictions on the mixing of dimension-eight SMEFT operators

We discuss the structure of the mixing among dimension-eight operators in the SMEFT relying on the positivity of two-to-two forward scattering amplitudes. We uncover tens of new non-trivial zeros as well as hundreds of terms with definite sign in (a particular basis of) the corresponding anomalous dimension matrix. We highlight that our results are not immediately apparent from the Feynman diagrammatic perspective, nor from on-shell amplitude methods. As a byproduct of this work, we provide positivity bounds not previously derived in the literature, as well as explicit values of certain elements of the anomalous dimension matrix that serve for cross-check of our results.
Back 43 The Basal Ganglia

Progress in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the cardinal motor abnormalities of Parkinson’s disease (PD), in particular akinesia and bradykinesia and their treatment, has been remarkable. Notable accomplishments include insights into the functional organization of the basal ganglia and their place in the motor system as components of a family of parallel cortico-subcortical circuits that subserve motor and nonmotor functions and the development of models of the intrinsic organization of the basal ganglia, including delineation of the so-called direct, indirect, and hyperdirect pathways. Studies in primate models of PD have provided insight into the alterations of neuronal activity that are responsible for the motor features of PD, revealing both altered tonic levels of discharge and significant disturbances of the patterns of discharge throughout the motor circuitry and have led to the formulation of circuit models of PD, providing testable hypotheses for research and stimulating the development of new therapies. Most importantly, the discovery that lesions of the subthalamic nucleus, a key node of the indirect pathway, abolish the cardinal features of PD contributed to the renaissance in the use of surgical approaches to treating patients with PD, including ablation and deep brain stimulation. VC 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Lower bound on height of algebraic numbers and low lying zeros of the Dedekind zeta-function

In this paper, we establish lower bounds on Weil height of algebraic integers in terms of the low lying zeros of the Dedekind zeta-function. As a result, we prove Lehmer's conjecture for certain infinite non-Galois extensions conditional on GRH. We also introduce and study a condition on prime ideals with small norms for arbitrary infinite extensions, in the spirit of a prime splitting condition for infinite Galois extensions introduced by E. Bombieri and U. Zannier.
Physiographical space‐based kriging for regional flood frequency estimation at ungauged sites

A physiographical space‐based kriging method is proposed for regional flood frequency estimation. The methodology relies on the construction of a continuous physiographical space using physiographical and meteorological characteristics of gauging stations and the use of multivariate analysis techniques. Two multivariate analysis methods were tested: canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and principal components analysis. Ordinary kriging, a geostatistical technique, was then used to interpolate flow quantiles through the physiographical space. Data from 151 gauging stations across the southern part of the province of Quebec, Canada, were used to illustrate this approach. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, two validation techniques, cross validation and split‐sample validation, were applied to estimate flood quantiles corresponding to the 10, 50, and 100 year return periods. Results of the proposed method were compared to those produced by a traditional regional estimation method using the canonical correlation analysis. The proposed method yielded satisfactory results. It allowed, for instance, for estimating the 10 year return period specific flow with a coefficient of determination of up to 0.78. However, this performance decreases with the increase in the quantile return period. Results also showed that the proposed method works better when the physiographical space is defined using canonical correlation analysis. It is shown that kriging in the CCA physiographical space yields results as precise as the traditional estimation method, with a fraction of the effort and the computation time.
Identifying Risk Factors for Post-COVID-19 Mental Health Disorders: A Machine Learning Perspective

In this study, we leveraged machine learning techniques to identify risk factors associated with post-COVID-19 mental health disorders. Our analysis, based on data collected from 669 patients across various provinces in Iraq, yielded valuable insights. We found that age, gender, and geographical region of residence were significant demographic factors influencing the likelihood of developing mental health disorders in post-COVID-19 patients. Additionally, comorbidities and the severity of COVID-19 illness were important clinical predictors. Psychosocial factors, such as social support, coping strategies, and perceived stress levels, also played a substantial role. Our findings emphasize the complex interplay of multiple factors in the development of mental health disorders following COVID-19 recovery. Healthcare providers and policymakers should consider these risk factors when designing targeted interventions and support systems for individuals at risk. Machine learning-based approaches can provide a valuable tool for predicting and preventing adverse mental health outcomes in post-COVID-19 patients. Further research and prospective studies are needed to validate these findings and enhance our understanding of the long-term psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge regarding the mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to address the diverse needs of individuals on the path to recovery. Keywords: COVID-19, mental health, risk factors, machine learning, Iraq
Hafnium isotope characteristics of late Palaeoproterozoic magmatic rocks from Blekinge, southeast Sweden: possible correlation of small-scale Hf and Nd isotope variations in zircon and whole rocks

The isotopic composition of hafnium has been measured in zircons from seven magmatic rocks from the Blekinge region, southeast Sweden, previously dated by the U–Pb zircon method to 1.74–1.76 Ga, with one rock at 1.81 Ga. The results from all samples show limited variation, with a total range in initial ϵHf between − 1.5 and +3.2, only slightly more than analytical uncertainty ( ± 1.5 epsilon units). However, taken together with previously published initial ϵNd whole-rock values of − 0.3 to +1.0 from the same rock samples, a trend with a positive correlation between average initial ϵHf (zr) for each sample and initial ϵNd (WR) can be discerned. This trend could be taken to indicate mixing between a “mildly depleted” component derived from the lithospheric mantle or lower crust, and a slightly more enriched crustal component, either by mixing of separate magmas or by contamination of a mantle-derived magma with crustal material. Such mixing may have occurred both on a regional scale, as indicated by the overall trend, and locally within each intrusion and each rock sample with small-scale variations in isotope composition of the magma during crystallization, indicated by the variation in initial ϵHf between the zircons in each sample. The overall results support the presence of a “mildly depleted” lithospheric mantle reservoir, both in terms of Nd and Hf isotopes, also beneath southern Fennoscandia in Proterozoic time.
Antidunes and antidune stratification in the Permo-Carboniferous Talchir Formation, Talchir Gondwana basin, Orissa, India

Bedforms and stratification indicative of an antidune origin are well preserved in the alluvial fan succession in the Permo-Carboniferous Talchir Formation, Talchir basin, Orissa, India. They are either two-dimensional or three-dimensional; the latter are common. Broadly convex-up, concordant and continuous laminae over the bedforms are significant in these structures. Some show distinct backset laminae. The paleohydraulic reconstruction for the Talchir antidunes indicates that the antidunes were formed in a wide range of flow conditions with variable flow depths of 15-140 cm and flow velocities of 125-370 cm/sec. It is notable that many of antidunes give enormously great values of flow velocity and flow depth as the consequence of their large wavelengths, commonly of the order of several meters to more than ten meters, seldom reported from rock records. Talchir antidunes were most likely formed by highly sediment-laden sheetflood flows. Common occurrence of large-scale antidunes in the succession indicates that sheetfloods of unusual magnitude were frequently generated on the Talchir alluvial fan and spread over the fan surface. In the context that sedimentation and basin evolution during Talchir time were highly controlled by deglaciation of Gondwana glaciers, generation of such super floods are attributable to the collapse of a glacier and outburst of intra-montane glacial lakes having a great pondage. Key-words: sheet flood, supercritical flow, antidune, Talchir Formation, Indian Gondwanas.
Water and Power in Highland Peru: The Cultural Politics of Irrigation and Development

In Andean society, as in many other areas of the world, irrigation water carries broad cultural significance and has long been a source of conflict. Nowhere is the struggle over irrigation and over the cultural meanings of water more apparent than in Cabanaconde, a large peasant community located in the arid highlands of southern Peru. Using historical materials and richly detailed ethnographic reporting, Paul H. Gelles shows that water, ethnicity, and power in Cabanaconde, as elsewhere in the Andes, must be understood against the backdrop of the region's colonial past and contemporary nation-builing in Peru. Sifting through the layers of meaning found in the local, ritualized model of irrigation and the secular, monetary model put forth by the Peruvian state, Gelles shows that these models embody fundamentally different cultural rationales concerning natural resources, power, equity, and efficiency. Local models of irrigation, which previously served indigenous and Iberian states, have now become powerful tools of resistance against interference by local elites and the national government.
Stress in fathers of moderately and late preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial

The atypical behaviour of preterm infants can elicit stress in fathers and influence their ability to perceive and interpret infants’ cues. This study investigated whether fathers of moderately and late preterm infants were more stressed than fathers of term infants. In a randomised controlled trial, we also studied the effect of the Mother–Infant Transaction Program on fathers’ stress at six and 12 months by using the Parenting Stress Index. Infants with gestational age ≥ 30.0 and < 36 weeks were randomised to a preterm intervention group (n = 32) or a preterm control group (n = 37). A term reference group (n = 39) was also recruited. Fathers of preterm infants reported higher total stress than fathers of term infants at six (p = .002) and 12 months (p = .03). No significant differences were found in stress between preterm intervention and preterm control group. The intervention failed to reduce paternal stress, and the results may indicate that fathers require different intervention strategies.