Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interannual variability in early life history of Pleuronectes platessa (L.) using otolith microstructure

Plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. (1758), is one of the most important commercially exploited flatfish species in Europe. Like other species, it has suffered from overexploitation; however, currently its population is stable. It has a distribution range from the Mediterranean until White Sea, and is particularly abundant in the North Sea. Although there are many studies about the early life stages of this species, information on the northern limit of its distribution are scarce. Through the analysis of otolith microstructure it is possible to gather information about the early life stages in juvenile plaice, namely the hatching date, the date of settlement, the duration of larval stage, the duration of metamorphosis or the growth rate of a given individual. The objective of this work was then to estimate the total age, duration of each phase of the life cycle, the timing of hatching, as well as the settlement timing, relate hatching and settlement with water temperature and also estimate the global growth rate of individuals from Pleuronectes platessa sampled in Valosen (Bodo, Norway) during the years 2005 and 2006, analyse the interanual variability in this location and compare the results with places further south of the distribution of plaice. By optical microscopy 30 otoliths of each year were analysed, belonging to individuals with sizes between 14 and72 mm. The ages for 2005 were estimated between 41 and 99 days and 50 and 129 days for 2006. The timing of hatching in 2005 took place between April and May, while in 2006 took place between March and June. In both years the duration of larval stage were similar. The settlement took place in June, in 2005, and was extended from May to July in 2006. Regarding to growth, significant differences between years were found, with individuals caught in 2006 having a higher growth rate than the ones caught in 2005. The fact that, in 2006, hatching and settlement peaks had occurred approximately one month apart from 2005, can be related to the difference in sea water temperatures, since this was, on average, higher in 2006. Temperature may also be a possible explanation for the higher growth rate observed in 2006. It is also possible to say that, when comparing with data from other authors, a latitudinal trend was observed for this species, in several features of the life cycle, since hatching and settlement occurs first in the year at lower latitudes, where the sea water temperature is higher than at higher latitudes, where the sea water temperature is lower. However, the duration of the larval stage was similar to other locations, opposing the positive trend for an increase of the larval duration with latitude. FCUP Interannual variability in early life history of Pleuronectes platessa (L.) using otolith microstructure vi
THE RELATIONSHIPS OF RISKS AND INCOMES IN FARMING IN WETLAND AND DRYLAND OF NORTH LOMBOK, INDONESIA

Risk is a constant threat to businesses, including to farms in North Lombok, Indonesia. This paper examines the relationships between risks of farming and incomes generated by the selected farms. Data related to farm risks and incomes were collected from samples of farmers in wetland and dryland in North Lombok Indonesia, through series of face-to-face interviews on the farms or farmers houses, guided by a semi-structured questionnaire. Quantitative analyses were carried out on farm risk levels and income, followed by descriptive comparative on examination of the relationships between the two main variables of this paper. Results of analyses revealed that incomes from farming crops in North Lombok were not obviously related to the risks associated with the crop production and market. However, agricultural producers have selected crops for their suitability to the land (soil) and local climate, by which farming risks were reduced or eliminated, for sustaining farming activities, and expecting high farm income. Since crops have been suitable to the land climate, as well as to the acceptable risk, then agricultural production is continued and income is generated for the farmers.
The mechanistic basis of data dependence and abrupt learning in an in-context classification task

Transformer models exhibit in-context learning: the ability to accurately predict the response to a novel query based on illustrative examples in the input sequence. In-context learning contrasts with traditional in-weights learning of query-output relationships. What aspects of the training data distribution and architecture favor in-context vs in-weights learning? Recent work has shown that specific distributional properties inherent in language, such as burstiness, large dictionaries and skewed rank-frequency distributions, control the trade-off or simultaneous appearance of these two forms of learning. We first show that these results are recapitulated in a minimal attention-only network trained on a simplified dataset. In-context learning (ICL) is driven by the abrupt emergence of an induction head, which subsequently competes with in-weights learning. By identifying progress measures that precede in-context learning and targeted experiments, we construct a two-parameter model of an induction head which emulates the full data distributional dependencies displayed by the attention-based network. A phenomenological model of induction head formation traces its abrupt emergence to the sequential learning of three nested logits enabled by an intrinsic curriculum. We propose that the sharp transitions in attention-based networks arise due to a specific chain of multi-layer operations necessary to achieve ICL, which is implemented by nested nonlinearities sequentially learned during training.
Radiocarbon Age Anomalies in Land Snail Shells from Texas: Ontogenetic, Individual, and Geographic Patterns of Variation

Accelerator mass spectrometric (AMS) radiocarbon analyses of live-collected, prebomb samples of shell carbonates of the land snails Rabdotus dealbatus and R. alternatus from Texas were carried out to quantify the characteristic age anomalies of land snails from limestone areas. Age anomalies are similar for the two species; they average +700 yr and vary by ±180 yr (1σ) among samples. Serial analysis of 1 shell reveals a significant ontogenetic trend in 14C age anomalies, with older apparent ages (up to 1200 yr) in the apical part of the shell and younger and uniform ages in the last whorl. No trend in age anomalies was found across a broad range of rainfall conditions (from 300 to 1000 mm mean annual rainfall).
Salinity Induced Longitudinal Zonation of Polychaete Fauna on the Bonny River Estuary

The longitudinal zonation of polychaetes was studied across 13 stations on the Bonny River estuary. A total of eighty-eight (88) species of polychaetes, from 68 genera, belonging to 31 families, were identified. Based on salinity values, three major salinity zones were identified: The alpha-Polyhaline – beta-Polyhaline and Mesohaline. The dendrogram shows four polychaete associations which correlated with salinity variation. The first group comprises of species which occurred in a very narrow salinity range (0.9-2.0 gL) and are referred to as the true marine or the alpha-polyhaline inhabitants. The second were group of species that colonize the transition zone where salinity oscillates from alpha to beta-polyhaline (0.9-5.3 gL). The third group comprises of species that are specific to the beta-polyhaline which has a constant salinity of 5.3 gL. The fourth association was the euryhaline group which composed of species that occurred at all the stations from salinity variation of 0.9 to 15.4 gL. The study observed that some genera with more than one species have ecological divergence along the salinity gradient. The three species of the genus Aricidea namely (Aricidea sp.; Aricidea simplex; and Aricidea (Acrima) assimillis) occur over the range with Aricidea sp. occurring at the alpha-polyhaline, Aricidea simplex occurring at both the alpha and beta polyhaline zone while Aricidea (Acrima) assimillis) occur strictly at the betapolyhaline zone. Similarly the Lumbrineris aberrans and Lumbrineris fragilis occur only in the alphaOriginal Research Article Onwuteaka; ARRB, 10(2): 1-14, 2016; Article no.ARRB. 23682 2 polyhaline while their sympatric species Lumbrineris latreilli and Lumbrineris tetraura occur in both the alpha and beta polyhaline zones. Similarly the salinity preferences for Eteone siphonodonta were the alpha-polyhaline zone while Eteone picta were in the beta-polyhaline zone only. The Scoloplos spp group was observed to be spaced with Scoloplos dayi, occurring in the alphapolyhaline zone while two species, Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger and Scoloplos (Leodamas) johnstonei occur in both the alpha and beta polyhaline zones. The Notomastus spp group have two species Notomastus sp. which occur in salinity gradient of alpha and beta polyhaline zones while Notomastus aberrans were observed to occur in the alpha-beta polyhaline and mesohaline zones. Similar salinity spacing preferences in the Notomastus genus were observed for Glycera prashadi and Glycera tridactyla. Two species namely Phyllodoce mucosa and Phyllodoce tubicola were spaced between salinity gradients of alpha-polyhaline and beta-polyhaline respectively. This divergence suggests that other biotic and abiotic factors other than salinity may be responsible for the zonation. Therefore understanding observed polychaete distribution along the salinity gradient need additional studies that consider nonlinear abiotic and biotic variables.
Incidencia de la broca (Hypothenemus hampei) en plantas de café a pleno sol y bajo sombra de Eugenia jambos y Gliricidia sepium en San Marcos, Nicaragua

The incidence of the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) was studied under three shade types: dense shade of Eugenia jambos (60-70% canopy cover), moderate shade of Gliricidia sepium (40-50% cover) and full sun (0% cover) in coffee (Coffea arabica) plantations in Carazo, San Marcos, Nicaragua. Higher insolation caused a reduction of relative air humidity below 70% in the afternoon in the coffee plantations in full sun and under the shade of G. sepium. Coffee plants in full sun produced more coffee. Coffee under the dense shade of E. jambos had a higher incidence of borer (17-25% of fruits); under G. sepium shade and in full sun there was no difference (incidence < 2%). On the other hand, borer populations in fallen coffee fruits didn’t vary among the different shade types. The results suggest that a shade canopy of 40-50% provides better conditions for controlling the coffee berry borer in agroforestry systems in the Pacific area of Nicaragua.
Habitat use by the Cape clawless otter and the spotted-necked otter in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg, South Africa

The habitat preferences of Aonyx capensis and Lutra maculicollis were studied in a river catchment of the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg where the two species co-exist. Both species preferred riverine habitats covered with dense vegetation, while areas of short grass were avoided; holts of each species were located adjacent to river banks, oxbow lakes or dam shores. Spraint sites of the two species were found in dense, tall grass cover beside water <1 m deep both within and outside conservation areas. The holts of both otter species were associated with cover and sprainting sites, but possessed different substrates. The burning of river banks was detrimental to the otters as it removed cover and negatively affected the availability of potential holt sites. A. capensis was generally more terrestrial than L. maculicollis.
Glacier contribution to the North and South Saskatchewan Rivers

The hydrological model WATFLOOD and a separate volume–area scaling relationship are applied to estimate glacier wastage and seasonal Melt contribution to the North and South Saskatchewan Rivers originating in the Canadian Rocky Mountains (1975–1998). Wastage is the ice melt volume that exceeds the volume of snow accumulation into the glacier system in a hydrological year, causing an annual net loss of glacier volume. Melt is the ice melt volume that is equal to, or less than, the volume of snow that accumulates into the glacier system in a hydrological year. By our definition then, glacier Melt is a storage term and does not contribute to increased total annual streamflow. Water is stored as snow on accumulation into the glacier system, and the water equivalent runoff is delayed until ice melts in the late summer months of the otherwise low streamflow. Wastage varied between basins with similar glacierized areas reflecting the individual response of glaciers to climate, contributing over 10% to July‐to‐September streamflow in some headwater basins, but under 3% annually to the regulated flow at Edmonton and Calgary. Melt was positively correlated with basin glacierized area and contributed over 27% to July‐to‐September flow from basins with greater than 1% glacierized area, and over double the wastage volume at Edmonton and Calgary. Future glacier decline is therefore expected to result mainly in an advancement of peak flow towards a non‐glacierized snowmelt regime hydrograph, resulting in significantly reduced late summer flows further reduced by decreasing wastage contributions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada.
Discord in Concordance Cosmology and Anomalously Massive Early Galaxies

Cosmological parameters are constrained by a wide variety of observations. We examine the concordance diagram for modern measurements of the Hubble constant, the shape parameter from the large-scale structure, the cluster baryon fraction, and the age of the universe, all from non-CMB data. There is good agreement for H0=73.24±0.38kms−1Mpc−1 and Ωm=0.237±0.015. This concordance value is indistinguishable from the WMAP3 cosmology but is not consistent with that of Planck: there is a tension in Ωm as well as H0. These tensions have emerged as progressively higher multipoles have been incorporated into CMB fits. This temporal evolution is suggestive of a systematic effect in the analysis of CMB data at fine angular scales and may be related to the observation of unexpectedly massive galaxies at high redshift. These are overabundant relative to ΛCDM predictions by an order of magnitude at z>7. Such massive objects are anomalous and could cause gravitational lensing of the surface of last scattering in excess of the standard calculation made in CMB fits, potentially skewing the best-fit cosmological parameters and contributing to the Hubble tension.
Explore, Select, Derive, and Recall: Augmenting LLM with Human-like Memory for Mobile Task Automation

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has opened up new opportunities in the field of mobile task automation. Their superior language understanding and reasoning capabilities allow users to automate complex and repetitive tasks. However, due to the inherent unreliability and high operational cost of LLMs, their practical applicability is quite limited. To address these issues, this paper introduces MobileGPT, an innovative LLM-based mobile task automator equipped with a human-like app memory. MobileGPT emulates the cognitive process of humans interacting with a mobile app -- explore, select, derive, and recall. This approach allows for a more precise and efficient learning of a task's procedure by breaking it down into smaller, modular sub-tasks that can be re-used, re-arranged, and adapted for various objectives. We implement MobileGPT using online LLMs services (GPT-3.5 and GPT-4) and evaluate its performance on a dataset of 160 user instructions across 8 widely used mobile apps. The results indicate that MobileGPT can automate and learn new tasks with 82.5% accuracy, and is able to adapt them to different contexts with near perfect (98.75%) accuracy while reducing both latency and cost by 62.5% and 68.8%, respectively, compared to the GPT-4 powered baseline.
In situ observation, X–ray diffraction and Raman analyses of carbon minerals in ureilites: Origin and formation mechanisms of diamond in ureilites

Carbon minerals in sixteen monomict ureilites which are variable in shock features in olivine were observed in situ by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X–ray powder diffraction, and Raman analyses. Euhedral blade–like shaped or amoeboid shaped graphite crystals occur in the very low–shock ureilites, not associated with diamond. In the low, medium, and high–shock ureilites, diamond occurs together with graphite. X–ray diffraction and Raman analyses reveal that crystallinity of diamond is relatively well in the low–shock ureilites, although it varies in a wide range in the high–shock ureilites. Diamond formation in the low–shock ureilites occurred as a result of solid–state catalytic transformation of graphite at a pressure lower than 10 GPa, with metallic iron as the catalyst, while diamond in the high–shock ureilites formed by spontaneous transformation of graphite together with the catalytic transformation at a pressure higher than 12 GPa. The relative crystal–axes orientations between graphite (Gr) and diamond (Di) determined by EBSD analyses in the low– shock Y–8448 ureilite is the same as that observed for graphite and diamond in a carbon grain from the high– shock Goalpara ureilite. The metallic iron catalyst promoted the sliding and puckering of the hexagonal carbon planes of graphite in the solid–state transformation processes of graphite to diamond after intercalating into its interplanar spaces. It is shown that noble gas systematics in ureilites can be matched with the shock formation origin of diamond in ureilites.
Local correlations in partially dual-unitary lattice models

We consider the problem of local correlations in the kicked, dual-unitary coupled maps on D-dimensional lattices. We demonstrate that for D>=2, fully dual-unitary systems exhibit ultra-local correlations: the correlations between any pair of operators with local support vanish in a finite number of time steps. In addition, for $D=2$, we consider the partially dual-unitary regime of the model, where the dual-unitarity applies to only one of the two spatial directions. For this case, we show that correlations generically decay exponentially and provide an explicit formula for the correlation function between the operators supported on two and four neighbouring sites.
Diagnosing Lymphoma on Core Needle Biopsy and the Challenging Role of Immunohistochemistry

Publications and primary literature both describe the latest advancements in immunohistochemical diagnosis of lymphomas. Along with the updated categorizations, the growing reliance on small biopsy samples to assess lymphoma poses a constant difficulty in hematopathology diagnosis and heightens the demand for immunohistochemistry (IHC). This study aimed to provide practicing lymphoma and hematopathologists with an overview of novel immunohistochemical markers and new applications of already established immunohistochemistry markers to be helpful in lymphoma diagnosis, especially in core needle biopsies. The information was sourced from a review of relevant literature and personal experience gained through professional practice. To effectively diagnose and treat hematolymphoid neoplasms, we need to have a comprehensive understanding of the constantly evolving range of immunohistochemistry studies. This article introduced new markers that contribute to our overall knowledge of the disease, diagnosis, and treatment. The addition of these markers might be helpful in supporting the tumor diagnosis on limited sample material obtained from needle biopsies.
Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Replication-Competent HIV-2 Isolated from Controllers and Progressors

Although some individuals with HIV-2 develop severe immunodeficiency and AIDS-related complications, most may never progress to AIDS. Replication-competent HIV-2 isolated from asymptomatic long-term non-progressors (controllers) have lower replication rates than viruses from individuals who progress to AIDS (progressors). To investigate potential retroviral factors that correlate with disease progression in HIV-2, we sequenced the near full-length genomes of replication-competent viruses previously outgrown from controllers and progressors and used phylogeny to seek genotypic correlates of disease progression. We validated the integrity of all open reading frames and used cell-based assays to study the retroviral transcriptional activity of the long terminal repeats (LTRs) and Tat proteins of HIV-2 from controllers and progressors. Overall, we did not identify genotypic defects that may contribute to HIV-2 non-progression. Tat-induced, LTR-mediated transcription was comparable between viruses from controllers and progressors. Our results were obtained from a small number of participants and should be interpreted accordingly. Overall, they suggest that progression may be determined before or during integration of HIV-2.
EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC DEBRIS ON SEA TURTLES IN THE NORTHWESTERN GULF OF MEXICO

Reports of sea turtles ingesting and becoming entangled in marine debris and the adverse effects associated with these encounters exist worldwide, but the magnitude of this problem has yet to be determined. Data collected from sea turtles stranded on the south Texas coast from 1986 through 1988 indicate that they are significantly affected by ingestion of and, to a lesser extent, by entanglement in marine debris, All five species of sea turtles found in the Gulf of Mexico, both male and female, posthatchling through adult, had eaten or were ensnared by debris. Plastics discarded at sea were involved in the majority of these incidents. cargo ships, research vessels, commercial and recreational fishing boats, and other seagoing vessels are primarily responsible for the trash discarded at sea which threatens sea turtles in the Gulf of Mexico. The offshore oil industry,
Impacts of a rapid climate warming event on forest plant species distribution along the elevation gradient

Do plant species shift their ranges in pace with the rapidly changing climate? Here we aimed to assess the magnitude of current changes in plant species distribution to answer this question for a currently understudied ecosystem, namely temperate forest. We worked in mountain environments below the tree-line limit since it provides an ideal environment for detecting shifts in temperate plant species distribution in response to climate warming because of steep and unidirectional climatic gradients across elevation. We addressed our study question at two spatial scales (whole of France and individual mountain ranges within France) and for three different range measures (overall species distributions, life-stage specific distributions, and community composition). At the scale of France, we estimated an upward shift in plant species optimum elevation averaging 65 m for 171 forest species between 1971 and 1993, with a larger shift for herbs, probably reflecting their faster generation turnover. For 13 out of 17 tree species, we found that the mean altitude of presence records for the seedling life stage was higher than for the adult life stage during the studied warm period (1986-2006). At scale of individual mountain chains, we documented changes in plant community composition towards warmer and dryer conditions between 1989 and 2007. A synthetic analysis linking the three range measures to species' biological, ecological and biogeographical characteristics confirmed generation turnover as the most important life trait determinant of the magnitude of the realized range shift. Overall these results give new insights supporting a significant upward shift in plant species distribution coherent with climate warming. It also highlights that warming-driven range shifts are already now occurring in temperate ecosystems.