Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global simulations of magnetorotational turbulence – I. Convergence and the quasi-steady state

Magnetorotational turbulence provides a viable mechanism for angular momentum transport in accretion discs. We present global, three-dimensional (3D), magnetohydrodynamic accretion disc simulations that investigate the dependence of the turbulent stresses on resolution. Convergence in the time- and volume-averaged stress-to-gas-pressure ratio, ( ) over bar, at a value of similar to 0.04, is found for a model with radial, vertical and azimuthal resolution of 12-51, 27 and 12.5 cells per scaleheight (the simulation mesh is such that cells per scaleheight varies in the radial direction). The gas pressure dependence of the quasi-steady state stress level is also examined using models with different scaleheight-to-radius aspect ratio (H/R), revealing a weak dependence of ( ) over bar on pressure. A control volume analysis is performed on the main body of the disc (vertical bar z vertical bar > for our global disc models compared to stratified shearing-boxes is explained by this finding.
Flesh and Blood and Genes. Bringing (Back) Nature into the Scientific Analysis of Social Phenomena

The present paper introduces this issue’s Symposium on the relationship between the social sciences and the natural sciences. It is argued that sociology, in the course of its development, has progressively turned its back on the full naturalistic approach to the analysis of social phenomena envisioned by the earliest originators of the discipline. By so doing, sociology has largely ignored the biological bases of human social behavior, missing the opportunity for a fuller understanding of social phenomena. Things, however, are starting to change: more and more sociologists are becoming aware of the advances in evolutionary biology, behavioral genetics, and cognitive neuroscience, and try to incorporate the findings of these disciplines in their research. The articles included in this Symposium suggest that sociology has much to gain from adopting a full naturalistic approach to the study of society, and indicate several ways in which a fruitful connection between the social sciences and the natural sciences can be re-established.
Text‐based emotion detection: Advances, challenges, and opportunities

Emotion detection (ED) is a branch of sentiment analysis that deals with the extraction and analysis of emotions. The evolution of Web 2.0 has put text mining and analysis at the frontiers of organizational success. It helps service providers provide tailor‐made services to their customers. Numerous studies are being carried out in the area of text mining and analysis due to the ease in sourcing for data and the vast benefits its deliverable offers. This article surveys the concept of ED from texts and highlights the main approaches adopted by researchers in the design of text‐based ED systems. The article further discusses some recent state‐of‐the‐art proposals in the field. The proposals are discussed in relation to their major contributions, approaches employed, datasets used, results obtained, strengths, and their weaknesses. Also, emotion‐labeled data sources are presented to provide neophytes with eligible text datasets for ED. Finally, the article presents some open issues and future research direction for text‐based ED.
Optimization of environmental performance of a car diesel engine running on natural gas by reducing carbon black in the exhaust gas

The article considers ways to reduce the soot content in the exhaust gases of motor-tractor diesels (smoke) by using an alternative fuel-compressed natural gas. The influence of gas engine fuel on the parameters of the combustion process and soot content in the cylinder and in the exhaust gases of a high-speed diesel D-245.12C with a dimension of 4CHN 11,0/12,5 (turbocharged, liquid-cooled) is considered. The results of experimental and theoretical studies are presented, which allow us to draw a conclusion about the efficiency and feasibility of using this fuel to reduce the smoke content of exhaust gases.
Divergent Amygdala Volume Asymmetries for Male and Female Youth With High Versus Low Callous-Unemotional Traits

Although callous-unemotional (CU) traits have been associated with amygdala hypoactivity, it is unclear whether such traits are associated with amygdala structure. This study examines the relationship between amygdala structure and CU traits and considers sex differences in hemisphere-related asymmetries in this relationship. In this brain imaging study of children (n = 272), a significant sex × hemisphere × CU traits interaction was observed. Females with high CU traits and males with low CU exhibited a rightward exaggerated amygdala volume asymmetry, whereas females with low CU traits and males with high CU traits did not. Findings may reflect sex-related influences related to CU traits and amygdala volume and are broadly consistent with a neurodevelopment perspective on psychopathic-like traits in children.
Fatigue crack growth in welded j oints

Recent developments in crack measurement technique ACPD/ACFM and parametric equations for weld toe non-linear stress distributions has allowed the validation of early fatigue crack growth models for tubular welded connections. A series of fatigue tests on X and multi-planar nodes have been conducted and these have provided early crack growth data. This information has been utilised to validate crack growth models for tubular welded connections.
Intraspecific variation in tree growth responses to neighbourhood composition and seasonal drought in a tropical forest

Functional traits are expected to provide insights into the abiotic and biotic drivers of plant demography. However, successfully linking traits to plant demographic performance likely requires the consideration of important contextual and individual‐level information that is often ignored in trait‐based ecology. Here, we modelled 8 years of growth from 1,138 individual trees in 36 tropical rain forest species. We compared models of tree growth parameterized using individual‐level versus species mean trait data. We also compared models that considered regional climatic, local biotic and whole‐plant allocation contexts to those that do not. Our analyses show that growth models parameterized using individual‐level trait information outperformed those that used species mean trait information and that these models often contradicted one another indicating that the common practice of using species mean trait data requires more scrutiny. Additionally, we found that models including climatic, biotic and allocation contexts outperformed those that did not and provided nuanced insights into the drivers of tree growth in a tropical forest. Synthesis. Here we have shown that the development of models of tree demographic performance upon the basis of traits can be improved through a consideration of individual‐level trait variation as well as phenotypic and climatic contexts. We highlight that our ability to understand the drivers of tree population and community structure and dynamics in current and in future climates will be limited if contextual and individual‐level data remains understudied.
Long-Term Fertilization with Potassium Modifies Soil Biological Quality in K-Rich Soils

Imbalanced fertilization without potassium (K) is a worldwide phenomenon in K-rich soils, but its long-term effects on soil quality are poorly understood. Here, in a wheat–fallow system with K-rich soil, soil nutrients and enzyme activities involved in C, N, P, and S cycling and microbial community composition were studied in a 27-year field study with three treatments: no fertilizer (CK); mineral N and P fertilizer (NP); and mineral N, P, and K fertilizer (NPK). Results revealed that long-term NP and NPK fertilization significantly increased soil quality index (SQI) scores and wheat grain yield by mediating soil fertility, which was characterized by a significant decline in soil pH and increase in soil organic carbon (SOC), total N, available N (AN), available P (AP), enzymatic activities, and the abundance of total bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, when compared to CK. NP exhibited significantly higher SOC, AN, AP, microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN), N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, total bacteria, and fungi values compared to NPK; the opposite was true for soil pH and available K. Notably, the differences in wheat grain yield were not statistically significant, while SQI scores in NP (0.86 ± 0.02) were appreciably higher than NPK (0.79 ± 0.03), which was attributed to the differences in MBC, MBN, and microbial communities. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that SOC was the key variable affecting enzymatic activities and microbial community composition. The partial least squares path model (PLS-PM) revealed that fertilization-induced changes in SQI were primarily associated with soil microbiological properties (e.g., microbial community composition), while fertilization-driven increases in wheat grain yield were regulated by the soil nutrients. These results suggest that long-term NPK fertilization decreases soil biological quality in K-rich soils, and further studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which K affects soil quality in agricultural systems.
SIMPLE ANALYTICAL APPROXIMATIONS FOR TREATMENT OF INVERSE COMPTON SCATTERING OF RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS IN THE BLACKBODY RADIATION FIELD

The inverse Compton (IC) scattering of relativistic electrons is one of the major gamma-ray production mechanisms in different environments. Often, the target photons for IC scattering are dominated by blackbody (or graybody) radiation. In this case, the precise treatment of the characteristics of IC radiation requires numerical integrations over the Planckian distribution. Formally, analytical integrations are also possible but they result in series of several special functions; this limits the efficiency of usage of these expressions. The aim of this work is the derivation of approximate analytical presentations that would provide adequate accuracy for the calculations of the energy spectra of upscattered radiation, the rate of electron energy losses, and the mean energy of emitted photons. Such formulae have been obtained by merging the analytical asymptotic limits. The coefficients in these expressions are calculated via the least-squares fitting of the results of numerical integrations. The simple analytical presentations, obtained for both the isotropic and anisotropic target radiation fields, provide adequate (as good as 1%) accuracy for broad astrophysical applications.
An assessment of MERIS algal products during an intense bloom in Lake of the Woods

Lake of the Woods (LoW) is an international (USA/Canada) inland water body under significant water quality pressures from recurring cyanobacteria blooms. Its remote location combined with the hydrologically complex nature of its waters makes adequate in situ monitoring of the lake difficult. This work aimed to test the potential of Envisat's Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) full-resolution imagery for monitoring algal blooms in the lake. A full assessment of MERIS L1 and L2 chlorophyll and chlorophyll-related products was carried out over LoW during an intense surface algal bloom in September 2009. The Case 2 regional model and fluorescence line height/maximum chlorophyll index (MCI) plug-ins for BEAM were assessed for their ability to accurately distinguish the bloom. Results suggest that none of the Case-2-specific algorithms effectively extract chlorophyll concentrations over LoW, whereas the greatest potential is seen within the MCI product. Adjacency effects in near-shore waters are shown to be significant, although the improved contrast between ocean and land processor (ICOL) does not appear to notably improve water constituent retrievals in these waters. Images of L2 MCI are shown to adequately identify the bloom and are used to track the evolution of the bloom across the lake. Evidence is presented for the effects of variable depth distributions of cyanobacteria on the surface signal seen by the sensor; imagery suggests that day-to-day variations in wind-induced mixing have a profound impact on surface algal biomass as detected by remote sensing.
The impact of Learning Development tutorials on student attainment

University Learning Development teams provide expert advice to learners regarding the development and enhancement of academic skills such as essay writing, dissertations, critical analysis, mathematics, and statistics. The majority of universities have set up Learning Development or similar academic support services in recent years. However, little research has been conducted to understand the effect of such help on student attainment. At the University of Northampton, this service is perceived as pivotal in supporting students through their studies. The impact on student grades and future attainment was examined using three and a half years of student assessment data (over 16,000 students and 175,000 assessments) which was connected to information gathered from the Learning Development one-to-one tutorials database. Although causality cannot be claimed, there was an average rise of one to two sub grades for learners who attended at least one Learning Development tutorial compared to those who did not use this assistance. Furthermore, historical tutorials positively affected grades of students with an additional two percent increase in their future assignments. Students from the faculties of Business and Law and Education and Humanities saw the largest increase in attainment compared to students within their faculties who did not have tutorials. Furthermore, students from a black ethnic background and aged 25 years or below also gained the most in terms of attainment compared to other ethnic groups and more mature students.
Effects of combined salt and flooding stresses on the growth and physiological behavior of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

The present work focused on evaluation of the physiological and metabolic behavior of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L., var. Siriver), when faced with two important ecosystems constraints, namely salinity and flooding-associated hypoxia. After germination, seedlings in symbiosis with Sinorhizobium meliloti were grown on different salt concentrations (0, 20 and 50 mM NaCl). At four weeks post-germination, plants were submitted to a five-day long flooding treatment and then analyzed for various physiological (growth, biomass) and biochemical (proteins, chlorophylls, ions, proline) parameters. Our results showed that when M. sativa was cultured on moderate (20 mM NaCl) or average (50 mM NaCl) salt stress, the classical mechanisms of stress response (ions and proline accumulation) are set up and the growth (FW, DW, growth of aerial parts) was moderately affected by salt. In a situation of average salt stress (50 mM NaCl), the combined salinity and short-term flooding led to an early alteration of the photosynthetic machinery and a modification of ions and proline contents in the leaves. Key words: Chlorophyll, hypoxia, legume, NaCl, proline, salinity.
AUTHENTIC SCIENCE EXPERIENCES : PRE-COLLEGIATE SCIENCE EDUCATORS ’ SUCCESSES AND CHALLENGES DURING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Twenty-three pre-collegiate educators of elementary students (ages 5-10 years) and secondary students (ages 11-18 years) attended a two-week science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) astronomy focused professional development in the summer of 2015 with activities focused on authentic science experiences, inquiry, and partnership building. ‘Authentic’ in this research refers to scientific skills and are defined. The study explores the authentic science education experience of the pre-collegiate educators, detailing the components of authentic science as seen through a social constructionism lens. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, the researchers analyzed the successes and challenges of pre-collegiate science and mathematics educators when immersed in STEM and astronomy authentic science practices, the educators’ perceptions before and after the authentic science practices, and the educators’ performance on pre to post content tests during the authentic science practices. Findings show that the educators were initially engaged, then disengaged, and then finally re-engaged with the authentic experience. Qualitative responses are shared, as are the significant results of the quantitative pre to post content learning scores of the educators. Conclusions include the necessity for PD team delivery of detailed explanations to the participants before, during, and after – for the entire authentic
Modernization Through Education of Mother-Child

ABSTRACT This paper describes research strategy for evaluating mother-child intervention programs for black infants in three Chicago low-income housing projects. Mothers were observed with their infants in preand post-testing sessions in a room with magazines, children's books, and a television. Analysis of the data is intended to show: (1) the extent to which intervention programs encourage families to change their life styles, (2) the relationship of the mother's personality and self-concept to her overall conception of life in her own family, and (3) the reciprocal relationship already existing between the mother and her 18-24 month-old child before any intervention. There were approximately 40 family participants from each of three housing projects varying greatly in structural arrangements. Two different parent programs, modeled after those of Levenstein and Badger, were used in each housing project. A third group of children at each site served as controls. (BRT)
Theory of hydrodynamic interaction of two spheres in wall-bounded shear flow

It is shown theoretically that the presence of a wall induces qualitative and quantitative changes in the hydrodynamic interaction between two particles in a shear flow. The phase portrait of particles' relative motion is rather different from the classical Batchelor and Green's theory corresponding to an unbounded shear flow. It has the same topology upon varying the distance between the particle pair and the wall and contains new, previously overlooked, regions of closed trajectories. The theory is able to explain the origin of open swapping trajectories found earlier in numerical simulations.
Explorer Assortative Matching and Risk Sharing

This paper explores the sorting patterns in a two-sided matching market where agents facing different risks match to share them. When preference belongs to the class of harmonic absolute risk aversion (HARA), the risk premium is perfectly transferable within each partnership; thus a stable match minimizes the social cost of risk. In the systematic risk model, where agents are ranked by their holdings of a common risky asset, the convexity of the joint risk premium in joint risk size leads to negative assortative matching (NAM). In the idiosyncratic risk model, where agents are ranked by their independent riskiness in the sense of second-order stochastic dominance (SSD), NAM arises when preference exhibits decreasing absolute risk aversion (DARA) in the sense of Ross and riskier background risk leads to more risk-averse behavior. However, it may fail to arise when riskier background risk leads to more risk-tolerant behavior.
Heritable variation in root secondary metabolites is associated with recent climate

Plants can adapt to changing environments by adjusting the production and maintenance of diverse sets of bioactive secondary metabolites. To date, the impact of climatic conditions relative to other factors such as soil abiotic factors and herbivore pressure on the evolution of plant secondary metabolites is poorly understood, especially for plant roots. We explored associations between root latex secondary metabolites in 63 Taraxacum officinale populations across Switzerland and climatic conditions, soil abiotic parameters, root herbivore pressure and cytotype distribution. To assess the contribution of environmental effects, root secondary metabolites were measured in F0 plants in nature and F2 plants under controlled greenhouse conditions. Concentrations of root latex secondary metabolites were most strongly associated with climatic conditions, while current soil abiotic factors or root herbivore pressure did not show a clear association with root latex chemistry. Results were similar for natural and controlled conditions, suggesting heritable variation rather than environmental plasticity as underlying factor. Synthesis. We conclude that climatic conditions likely play a major role in the evolution of root secondary metabolites. These results may hint at a novel role of root latex metabolites in tolerance of abiotic stress.
Entrepreneurial marketing strategy, institutional environment, and business performance of SMEs in Egypt

Purpose The purpose of this research paper is to study the relationship between entrepreneurial marketing strategy (EMS), institutional environment (IE) and business performance (BP). Further, it examines the role of gender and entrepreneurial experience (EE) as moderators of EMS-BP and IE-BP relationships. Design/methodology/approach Based on the literature review, the authors proposed a conceptual model that was tested using a quantitative approach. Questionnaires were filled by 202 owners/entrepreneurs of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Egypt. Because of the absence of a formal population-frame for the Egyptian SMEs, non-probability quota sampling technique was used that considered differences in gender and EE. SmartPLS software was used for data analysis. Findings The results indicated that EMS has significant positive effect on BP. IE has significant positive effect on EMS but insignificant effect on BP. Gender was found to be moderating significantly both the EMS-BP and IE-BP relationships. However, EE was found to be an insignificant moderator in the EMS-BP relationship. Practical implications The findings communicate insights to the SMEs on the importance of undertaking proactive, risk-taking and innovative activities while creating and delivering value to their customers. Also, it encapsulates further implications for policymakers to promote a better IE for entrepreneurship in Egypt. Originality/value This study contributes conceptually to the interdisciplinary research that investigated the integration between entrepreneurship and marketing as a successful functional strategy in SMEs and its effect on enhancing BP and market share. Empirically, it adds value to the available literature on contemporary strategic entrepreneurship by analysing these IE-EMS-EE-Gender-BP relationships in a promising, yet under-researched, transitional economy.