Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen Deficiency Tolerance and Responsiveness of Durum Wheat Genotypes in Ethiopia

Development of low-nitrogen (N) tolerant and N-responsive durum wheat genotypes is required since nitrogen efficiency has emerged as a highly desirable trait from economic and environmental perspectives. Two hundred durum wheat genotypes were evaluated at three locations under optimum (ON) and low (LN) nitrogen conditions to screen genotypes for low-nitrogen tolerance and responsiveness to an optimum N supply. The results showed significant variations among the durum wheat genotypes for low-N tolerance and responsiveness. The average reduction in grain yield under the LN condition was 48.03% across genotypes. Only 17% of the genotypes tested performed well (grain yield reduction <40%) under LN conditions. Based on the absolute grain yield, biomass yield, and normalized difference vegetative index value, on average, 32, 14, 17, and 37% of the tested genotypes were classified as efficient and responsive, efficient and nonresponsive, inefficient and responsive, and inefficient and nonresponsive, respectively. Considering the absolute and relative grain yield, biomass yield, normalized difference vegetative index values, and stress tolerance indices as selection criteria, 17 genotypes were chosen for subsequent breeding. Among the screening indices, geometric mean productivity, stress tolerance index, yield index, and stress susceptibility index exhibited positive and significant correlations with grain yield under both N conditions; hence, either of these traits can be used to select low-N-tolerant genotypes. The common genotypes identified as LN-tolerant and responsive to N application in this study could be used as parental donors for developing N-efficient and responsive durum wheat varieties.
A spectral model of the FeO orange bands with a comparison between a laboratory spectrum and a night airglow spectrum observed by OSIRIS on Odin

Emissions from the FeO orange bands have been observed in the laboratory for many decades. The transition has been identified as D(5Δi)–X(5Δi) where the subscript identifies the five Ω spin components. While the ground-state molecular constants are well-known, information on the upper state is less precise, and this is primarily due to significant energy level perturbations. Using the available constants, a preliminary spectral simulation model of the orange bands has been developed with a wavelength accuracy of approximately 1/3 nm. Using data from the OSIRIS spectrograph on board the Odin spacecraft, these FeO orange bands have been identified as a component of the night airglow spectrum emanating from the upper mesosphere. The spectral simulation model is combined with the OSIRIS observations to determine the vibrational development of the FeO emissions in the airglow. The model is also applied to published laboratory observations of the orange bands, conducted at much higher pressure than for the airg.
On the interpretation of some longitudinal dispersion experiments

Experiments to determine the value of Taylor's longitudinal diffusivity in turbulent flows in open channels and circular pipes have produced results which are in many cases inconsistent with one another and with theoretical estimates due respectively to Elder (1959) and Taylor (1954). Neither is there general agreement on when Taylor's theory becomes applicable. In an attempt to clarify the discrepancies two well-known sets of experiments by Fischer (1966) and Taylor (1954) are re-examined by using a natural procedure which, it is argued, has certain advantages over more usual methods. It is shown that Fischer's observations in an open channel were not made at a sufficient distance downstream from the point of injection for Taylor's theory to apply but that they are consistent with a description of the early stages of the dispersion process due to Sullivan (1968). It is subsequently argued that these observations suggest that Elder's estimate of the diffusivity is too low for two reasons. The first is the error caused by assuming the existence of an eddy diffusivity calculated by means of Reynolds analogy and the second is the neglect of the viscous sublayer. On the other hand it is shown that some of Taylor's observations in a circular pipe are consistent with his theory, although the values of the diffusivity which best fit the data are about 25% higher than Taylor's estimate, and it is suggested that this is for the same reasons as in the open channel. The paper concludes with a discussion of the effect of the viscous sublayer on the value of the longitudinal diffusivity. Partly on the basis of an approximate model it is argued that theoretical calculations which ignore the viscous sublayer are too low by amounts which depend on the Reynolds and Schmidt numbers and can be of the order of 20%.
Maximum Velocity Location and Pressure Drop of Fully Developed Laminar Flow in Circular Sector Ducts

Circular sector ducts have become increasingly important as they continue to appear as flow passages in multipassage tubes. They also represent the limiting cases of internally finned tubes have equispaced, full tapered fins. There are no published data for the maximum velocity u{sub max} and its location (r*). For developing laminar flow, this information is very useful in determining hydrodynamic entrance length based on the velocity at r* attaining a particular percentage of the fully developed value. Unlike that of symmetric ducts such as the circular tube and rectangular ducts, the maximum velocity of the circular sector duct occurs away from the centroid on the axis of symmetry. The purpose of this note is to present the results of u{sub max} and r* and to extend the value for fanning friction factor and incremental pressure drop for apex angles up to 2{pi}.
Light distribution measurements in absorbing materials by optical detection of laser‐induced stress waves

A method for optimized generation and detection of thermoelastic stress waves for the measurement of tissue optical properties and structure is investigated. The stress waves are formed by short pulsed irradiation of an absorbing dye solution with a Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm. An optical transducer based on pressure‐induced reflectivity changes of a continuous laser beam at a glass‐water interface detects the stress wave in front of the irradiated sample surface. It is shown theoretically and experimentally that this kind of detector, where the active area is a small spot close to the irradiated surface, minimizes signal distortion due to acoustic diffraction. Comparisons of absorption coefficients measured acoustically and from optical transmission show a good agreement between the two methods. The high sensitivity of the detector (1.5 mV/bar) makes it possible to keep the temperature and pressure rise in the investigated target low, which enables in vivo applications of the optical transducer.
Understanding the Behavioural Intention to Play the Nintendo Switch: An Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model

Ever since the first games launched in the 1970s, the rapid growth of the video games market has successfully attracted more and more purchasers. In this study, we use Nintendo Switch as a case study to examine the extended technology acceptance model (TAM), which integrates the factors of Perceived Playfulness and Compatibility to determine their relevance in the usage behavior. A total of 266 questionnaires were obtained using snowball sampling and analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The study results revealed that the expanded TAM model can be effectively used in this context and it also showed a good fit for the proposed model from the data analyzed. Attitude explained an R2 of 0.85, which indicates that 85% of the variance in user’s behavior intention is accounted by attitude. Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Usefulness were significantly positively associated with attitude. Perceived Playfulness was significantly positively associated with Perceived Usefulness. This study also addresses the implications of the findings for researchers and the game marketing strategies practitioners.
The wake capture of water drops in air

A technique is described for evaluating directly from a single streak photograph the impact parameter for a collision between two falling water drops of similar size. Collision results from one member of a pair of drops being accelerated in the wake of the other. An analysis of many such photographs allows the collection efficiency to be determined. No coalescences were observed between droplets of radius R < 35 μ. Droplets of 40 μ < R < 100 μ had well-developed wakes, and coalescences occurred relatively frequently, the collection efficiencies being close to unity. No evidence is found for the much larger values of collection efficiency reported by other workers. Collisions between droplets of this size appear always to be followed by coalescence.
Parametric Representation for the Multisoliton Solution of the Camassa–Holm Equation

The parametric representation is given to the multisoliton solution of the Camassa–Holm equation. It has a simple structure expressed in terms of determinants. The proof of the solution is carried out by an elementary theory of determinants. The large time asymptotic of the solution is derived with the formula for the phase shift. The latter reveals a new feature when compared with the one for the typical soliton solutions. The peakon limit of the phase shift is also considered, showing that it reproduces the known result.
Stoichiometric Characteristics of Leaf, Litter and Soil during Vegetation Succession in Maolan National Nature Reserve, Guizhou, China

Carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are the main nutrient elements widely found in soil, litter and leaves, and their stoichiometric ratios are important indicators of ecosystem functions. However, there is little research on the effects that nutrient cycle and vegetation succession have on leaf, litter and soil nutrients and stoichiometric ratios, especially in the fragile karst areas. To reveal the nutrient cycling characteristics and ecosystem stability mechanism during vegetation succession, leaf, litter and soil samples were collected from the herbaceous community (HC), shrub community (SC), secondary forest community (SF) and primary forest community (PF) in a typical karst area at growth and senescence phases. The results showed that the nutrient contents and stoichiometric ratios of leaf, litter and soil in the main layers of each community were significantly different at the growth and senescence phase. The utilization efficiency of N in the leaves of the main layers of each succession community first decreased and then increased at different growth stages, and the utilization efficiency of P increased but the reabsorption rates of N and P showed a continuous decreasing trend. In addition, there was a significant allometric relationship between N and P contents in plant leaves during the growth phase. More importantly, the internal stability of N content in plant leaves was higher than the P content, suggesting that vegetation succession significantly affected leaf, litter and soil nutrient contents and their stoichiometric ratios in our study region. The strength of the relationship between them reflects the inheritance and co–variation of nutrient content to a certain extent, and the differences in the strategies that different species in the community use to adapt to the fragile karst environment. This study concludes that plants in the karst region mainly improve their P utilization efficiency to adapt to low phosphorus stress in soil and ensure the normal physiological and biochemical responses in the process of vegetation succession.
Microglia and Brain Macrophages as Drivers of Glioma Progression

Evidence is accumulating that the tumour microenvironment (TME) has a key role in the progression of gliomas. Non-neoplastic cells in addition to the tumour cells are therefore finding increasing attention. Microglia and other glioma-associated macrophages are at the centre of this interest especially in the context of therapeutic considerations. New ideas have emerged regarding the role of microglia and, more recently, blood-derived brain macrophages in glioblastoma (GBM) progression. We are now beginning to understand the mechanisms that allow malignant glioma cells to weaken microglia and brain macrophage defence mechanisms. Surface molecules and cytokines have a prominent role in microglia/macrophage-glioma cell interactions, and we discuss them in detail. The involvement of exosomes and microRNAs forms another focus of this review. In addition, certain microglia and glioma cell pathways deserve special attention. These “synergistic” (we suggest calling them “Janus”) pathways are active in both glioma cells and microglia/macrophages where they act in concert supporting malignant glioma progression. Examples include CCN4 (WISP1)/Integrin α6β1/Akt and CHI3L1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR. They represent attractive therapeutic targets.
A singularity method for unsteady linearized flow

Oscillatory viscous flow in the presence of particles is considered. The flow is represented in terms of fundamental solutions to the governing unsteady Stokes equation including the oscillating Stokeslet and dipole. It is shown that the force on a particle in arbitrary oscillatory flow is proportional to the total strength of the distributed oscillating Stokeslets necessary to represent the flow. Faxen’s laws for solid and fluid particles are derived in terms of singularity representations and slender‐body theory is discussed. The theoretical results are applied in studies of the translational and rotational oscillations of a solid sphere, the translational oscillation of a spherical drop, and the axial and transverse oscillation of a prolate spheroid. It is demonstrated that a spherical drop convected in a uniform streaming flow or moving under the influence of a body force, maintains its shape, independently of surface tension. The force F on a prolate spheroid executing longitudinal or transverse osci.
The Degree of Polynomial Growth of Finitely Generated Nilpotent Groups

It will be convenient to say that a group G virtually has a property P if some subgroup of finite index has property P. Thus the theorem above concludes that 'G is virtually nilpotent'. (This terminology is suggested by Serre's definition of virtual cohomological dimension ([5]). The referee points out that 'almost' is often used as we use Virtually'. ) Let G be as in the theorem. Milnor shows by a simple direct argument in [4] that G must be polycyclic. Then Wolf shows in [7] (Theorem 4.3) that if G is polycyclic it must be virtually nilpotent. His method is to embed the polycyclic group in a solvable Lie group and to study the eigenvalues of G in the adjoint representation. We offer here (in § 3) a similar but direct algebraic proof of Wolf's result. It is suggested by Milnor ([2]) and by Wolf ([7], at the end of §1) that the hypothesis 'G is solvable' is superfluous in the theorem. Explicitly, we make the
Marital Quality and Alcohol Use among Couples in Mid- and Later-Life

Spouses influence one another’s drinking behavior, but little research has explored how relationship quality may impact older couples’ alcohol use. Using data from the 2014–2018 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and actor-partner interdependence models, we examined how marital quality is related to total alcohol consumption and risk of heavy drinking for married couples over age 50. Neither husbands’ nor wives’ perceptions of negative marital quality were related to changes in heavy drinking or number of drinks consumed over the observation period. However, wives’ positive marital quality was associated with increased risk of heavy alcohol use for both wives and husbands, and with an increase in the number of drinks wives consume over time. Couples over age 50 do not appear to use alcohol as a way of coping with negative marital relationships, but rather may increase their drinking in the context of positive relationships.
Grain size dependence of elastic anomalies accompanying the α–β phase transition in polycrystalline quartz

The effects of grain size on the elastic properties of quartz through the α–β phase transition have been investigated by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. It is found that there are three regimes, dependent on grain size, within which elastic properties show different evolutions with temperature. In the large grain size regime, as represented by a quartzite sample with ∼100–300 µm grains, microcracking is believed to occur in the vicinity of the transition point, allowing grains to pull apart. In the intermediate grain size regime, as represented by novaculite (1–5 µm grain size) and Ethiebeaton agate (∼120 nm grain size), bulk and shear moduli through the transition follow closely the values expected from averages of single crystal data. The novaculite sample, however, has a transition temperature ∼7 °C higher than that of single crystal quartz. This is assumed to be due to the development of internal pressure arising from anisotropic thermal expansion. In the small grain size region, agates from Mexico (∼65 nm) and Brazil (∼50 nm) show significant reductions in the amount of softening of the bulk modulus as the transition point is approached from below. This is consistent with a tendency for the transition to become more second order in character. The apparent changes towards second order character do not match quantitative predictions for samples with homogeneous strain across elastically clamped nanocrystals, however. Some of the elastic variations are also due to the presence of moganite in these samples. True ‘nanobehaviour’ for quartz in ceramic samples thus appears to be restricted to grain sizes of less than ∼50 nm.
In Vivo Low-Temperature Plasma Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LTP-MS) Reveals Regulation of 6-Pentyl-2H-Pyran-2-One (6-PP) as a Physiological Variable during Plant-Fungal Interaction

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) comprises a broad class of small molecules (up to ~300 g/mol) produced by biological and non-biological sources. VOCs play a vital role in an organism’s metabolism during its growth, defense, and reproduction. The well-known 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6-PP) molecule is an example of a major volatile biosynthesized by Trichoderma atroviride that modulates the expression of PIN auxin-transport proteins in primary roots of Arabidopsis thaliana during their relationship. Their beneficial relation includes lateral root formation, defense induction, and increased plant biomass production. The role of 6-PP has been widely studied due to its relevance in this cross-kingdom relationship. Conventional VOCs measurements are often destructive; samples require further preparation, and the time resolution is low (around hours). Some techniques enable at-line or real-time analyses but are highly selective to defined compounds. Due to these technical constraints, it is difficult to acquire relevant information about the dynamics of VOCs in biological systems. Low-temperature plasma (LTP) ionization allows the analysis of a wide range of VOCs by mass spectrometry (MS). In addition, LTP-MS requires no sample preparation, is solvent-free, and enables the detection of 6-PP faster than conventional analytical methods. Applying static statistical methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Factorial Analysis (DFA) leads to a loss of information since the biological systems are dynamic. Thus, we applied a time series analysis to find patterns in the signal changes. Our results indicate that the 6-PP signal is constitutively emitted by T. atroviride only; the signal shows high skewness and kurtosis. In A. thaliana grown alone, no signal corresponding to 6-PP is detected above the white noise level. However, during T. atroviride-A. thaliana interaction, the signal performance showed reduced skewness and kurtosis with high autocorrelation. These results suggest that 6-PP is a physiological variable that promotes homeostasis during the plant-fungal relationship. Although the molecular mechanism of this cross-kingdom control is still unknown, our study indicates that 6-PP has to be regulated by A. thaliana during their interaction.
Unique Features of the Immune Response in BTBR Mice

Inflammation plays a considerable role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including neurodegenerative and psychiatric ones. Elucidation of the specific features of an immune response in various model organisms, and studying the relation of these features with the behavioral phenotype, can improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of many psychopathologies. In this work, we focused on BTBR mice, which have a pronounced autism-like behavioral phenotype, elevated levels of oxidative-stress markers, an abnormal immune response, several structural aberrations in the brain, and other unique traits. Although some studies have already shown an abnormal immune response in BTBR mice, the existing literature data are still fragmentary. Here, we used inflammation induced by low-dose lipopolysaccharide, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, or their combinations, in mice of strains BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) and C57BL6/J. Peripheral inflammation was assessed by means of a complete blood count, lymphocyte immunophenotyping, and expression levels of cytokines in the spleen. Neuroinflammation was evaluated in the hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex by analysis of mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor, Tnf), (interleukin-1 beta, Il-1β), and (interleukin-6, Il-6) and of markers of microglia activation (allograft inflammatory factor 1, Aif1) and astroglia activation (glial fibrillary acidic protein, Gfap). We found that in both strains of mice, the most severe inflammatory response was caused by the administration of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, whereas the combined administration of the two toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists did not enhance this response. Nonetheless, BTBR mice showed a more pronounced response to low-dose lipopolysaccharide, an altered lymphocytosis ratio due to an increase in the number of CD4+ lymphocytes, and high expression of markers of activated microglia (Aif1) and astroglia (Gfap) in various brain regions as compared to C57BL6/J mice. Thus, in addition to research into mechanisms of autism-like behavior, BTBR mice can be used as a model of TLR3/TLR4-induced neuroinflammation and a unique model for finding and evaluating the effectiveness of various TLR antagonists aimed at reducing neuroinflammation.
Morphological and agronomic characterization of Turkish Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert populations

Recommended Citation ARI, ESİN; MUTLU, NEDİM; SOYLU, İNANÇ; BEDİR, HİLAL; GENÇ, İLKER; and DENİZ, İSMAİL GÖKHAN (2022) "Morphological and agronomic characterization of Turkish Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert populations," Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry: Vol. 46: No. 6, Article 13. https://doi.org/ 10.55730/1300-011X.3054 Available at: https://journals.tubitak. gov.tr/agriculture/vol46/iss6/13