Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Water-Soluble Carbohydrates in Dried Plant

Within the framework of studying the fructan metabolism of wheat, several comparative investigations of different preparation and extraction methods were accomplished to find the most suitable methods for quantitative determination of primary water-soluble carbohydrate contents of plant material. Changes in sugar content of oven-dried samples were detailed. Oven-dried plant materials have significantly lower total water-soluble carbohydrate content than fresh ones. The decreases were higher in monosaccharide level than in fructan and glucan. Sucrose concentration of dried samples was similar to fresh ones. Changes in sugar components were different, so their ratio in the fresh samples were not identical with the dried ones. The efficiency of extraction of soluble carbohydrate could be increased by using boiling water as the first extracting solution instead of ethanol. The TLC analysis show that oven-dried plant samples contain significantly lower amount of fructans with low degrees of polymerization (DP). The conclusion is, that neither glucose, fructose, or oligosaccharide content, nor the DP of fructans of dried plant are similar to the fresh one.
A floristic survey of marine tube-forming diatoms reveals unexpected diversity and extensive co-habitation among genetic lines of the Berkeleya rutilans complex (Bacillariophyceae)

Limited molecular data for marine tube-forming diatoms are available currently and this study provides the first molecular survey of these taxa. To conduct this survey, we used a molecular-assisted alpha taxonomy (MAAT) approach that utilizes DNA barcode data. We used three DNA barcode markers: the 3´ end of the large subunit of RUBISCO (rbcL-3P); the variable D2/D3 region of the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU D2/D3); and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) to assign marine tube-forming diatoms from Canada to genetic species groups. The rbcL-3P analysis uncovered 29 genetic groups including representatives of Haslea crucigera, Navicula bottnica, N. brunelii, N. ramosissima, Nitzschia fontifuga, N. tubicola, Parlibellus berkeleya and P. delognei f. elliptica, as well as a complex of 14 closely related groups morphologically consistent with Berkeleya rutilans. We sequenced ITS2 for representatives of the B. rutilans complex; these data were consistent with the rbcL-3P genetic clusters for 86% of the colonies tested. The remaining 14% were in conflict, possibly indicating that more than a single Berkeleya genetic species was present in each colony. To investigate this hypothesis further, we developed ‘species-specific’ ITS2 primers and confirmed heterogeneity of Berkeleya genetic species in 64% of the colonies tested (N = 91). Therefore, a taxonomic assessment of tube-forming species that were originally described on the basis of colony morphology (e.g. Berkeleya rutilans) can only proceed using clonal cultures or single-cell analysis.
Relaxed selection when you least expect it: why declining bird populations might fail to respond to phenological mismatches

Ongoing climate change threatens to cause mismatches between the phenology of many organisms and their resources. Populations of migratory birds may need to undergo ‘evolutionary rescue’ if resource availability moves to earlier dates in the year, as shifted arrival dates at the breeding grounds may be required for persistence under new environmental schedules. Here we show a counterintuitive process that can reduce the strength of selection for early arrival when the resource peaks earlier. This happens when two processes combine to determine selection for early arrival: breeding success is higher if a bird does not miss the resource peak, but this occurs together with a ‘zero-sum game’ where birds acquire good territories ahead of their competitors if they arrive early. The latter process can relax if the population has experienced a recent decline. Therefore, climate change can have two opposing effects: its direct effect on breeding success strengthens selection for early arrival, but this combines with an indirect effect of relaxed selection due to population declines, if territoriality is a significant determinant of population dynamics and fitness. We show that the latter process can predominate, and this can cause a failure for a population to adapt to a new schedule under changing environmental conditions.
Faunal and biogeographic analysis of Syllidae (Polychaeta) from Rovinj (Croatia, northern Adriatic Sea)

Luigi MuscoThe study of hard-bottom Syllidae (Polychaeta) of the Rovinj area provides an updated measure of syllid species diversity in the northern Adriatic Sea. Faunal research in the coldest Mediterranean sectors may also help to address possible ecological and biogeographical consequences arising from climate change. Thirty-nine species were found, of which 13 are new for the northern Adriatic, increasing the species recorded from the area from 53 to 66. Some newly recorded species are dominant and typical of warmer areas. The lack of previous taxonomic updates is responsible for the high number of new findings. However, the northern Adriatic Sea is possibly undergoing long-term changes, with modifications of diversity due to the establishment of warm-water species. Syllid fauna of Sveti Ivan Island and its bioclimatic affinity are, in fact, unexpectedly more similar to the ones of some southern Mediterranean areas than to those traditionally reported for the northern Adriatic.
Nursing Student Medication Administration Performance

Background Nurses must be adequately prepared for safe medication administration. Purpose The specific aims of the study were to compare first- and final-semester nursing students' medication administration performance, describe graduating nursing student performance, assess the long-term effect of an Individual Simulation-Based Experience (ISBE), and determine if nursing assistant experience impacted performance. Methods The study was a longitudinal, descriptive, experimental, 2-group pretest-posttest design. The Medication Administration Safety Assessment Tool was used to assess nursing student (n = 68) medication administration performance at 3 points in time: after learning the skill, after participation in an ISBE or traditional practice session, and prior to graduation. Results Only one-third of senior nursing students accurately demonstrated medication administration. There was no significant difference between first- and last-semester performance. Conclusion Findings suggest nursing students are not prepared for safe medication administration upon graduation. The reality of practice opportunities to perform this skill throughout a nursing program should be examined.
Neural Models of Text Normalization for Speech Applications

Machine learning, including neural network techniques, have been applied to virtually every domain in natural language processing. One problem that has been somewhat resistant to effective machine learning solutions is text normalization for speech applications such as text-to-speech synthesis (TTS). In this application, one must decide, for example, that 123 is verbalized as one hundred twenty three in 123 pages but as one twenty three in 123 King Ave. For this task, state-of-the-art industrial systems depend heavily on hand-written language-specific grammars.We propose neural network models that treat text normalization for TTS as a sequence-to-sequence problem, in which the input is a text token in context, and the output is the verbalization of that token. We find that the most effective model, in accuracy and efficiency, is one where the sentential context is computed once and the results of that computation are combined with the computation of each token in sequence to compute the verbalization. This model allows for a great deal of flexibility in terms of representing the context, and also allows us to integrate tagging and segmentation into the process.These models perform very well overall, but occasionally they will predict wildly inappropriate verbalizations, such as reading 3 cm as three kilometers. Although rare, such verbalizations are a major issue for TTS applications. We thus use finite-state covering grammars to guide the neural models, either during training and decoding, or just during decoding, away from such “unrecoverable” errors. Such grammars can largely be learned from data.
History is not Bunk. Tradition, Political Economy and Regional Identity in the German Länder

The question of regional identity in the German Länder has received only little attention so far. It is of great political importance, however, as a collective identity at the regional level is a favourable condition for binding decisions to be made on that level or for the delegation of competencies from the central to regional governments. Based on data from the German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) 2016 we show that the vast majority of Germans identify with their respective Land. If the Länder have a longer historical tradition and are donors in the interstate fiscal equalisation system, this regional identity is even stronger. We also found the compatibility of national and regional identity to be somewhat lower in Länder with a long historical tradition. Our analyses indicate that even in a seemingly rather homogeneous federal state such as Germany, differences in the historical traditions of individual regions affect regional identity – in the international literature this argument has so far been used exclusively with reference to historic nations, such as Catalonia and Scotland.
Molecular phylogeny of five species of Dremomys (Rodentia: Sciuridae), inferred from cytochrome b gene sequences

Analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1140 bp) showed that Dremomys lokriah, D. pernyi, D. pyrrhomerus, D. rufigenis and D. gularis all are separate species. Dremomys pyrrhomerus showed 8.5% sequence variation from D. rufigenis, and the level of estimated sequence divergence observed among D. gularis, D. lokriah and D. pernyi was > 11%. With Tamiops and Callosciurus as the outgroup taxa, in both maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses, the five Dremomys species formed one strongly supported monophyletic group and D. pyrrhomerus is closely related to D. rufigenis. The derived divergence times and fossil record suggested that the present geographical distributions of Dremomys owe much to the uplifting of the Himalayas and the successive glacial and interglacial in the Pliocene–Pleistocene.
Effects of temperature and ultraviolet radiation on diel vertical migration of freshwater crustacean zooplankton

In transparent, thermally stratified lakes, ultraviolet radiation (UV) and temperature are among the primary factors influencing diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton. It is not well known how behavioral responses will vary across a wide range of depths with steep gradients in UV, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and temperature. Our objective was to determine the relative importance of UV and temperature on DVM of Daphnia catawba and Leptodiaptomus minutus in a high UV, thermally stratified lake. Using UV-transparent (+UV) and UV-opaque (–UV) columns suspended within the mixed layer and metalimnion, we found that both species were generally shallower in the –UV than in the +UV columns. Daphnia catawba responded negatively to UV, even below the 1% depth for 320 nm, whereas L. minutus responded to UV only within the mixed layer and upper metalimnion. Daphnia catawba did not migrate in the –UV in the mixed layer, but migrated upwards in the –UV in the deep part of the metalimnion, indicatin.
Will Climate Change Impact Polar NOx Produced by Energetic Particle Precipitation?

Energetic electron precipitation (EEP) is an important source of polar nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the upper atmosphere. During winter, mesospheric NOx has a long chemical lifetime and is transported to the stratosphere by the mean meridional circulation. Climate change is expected to accelerate this circulation and therefore increase polar mesospheric descent rates. We investigate the Southern Hemispheric polar NOx distribution during the 21st century under a variety of future scenarios using simulations of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). We simulate stronger polar mesospheric descent in all future scenarios that increase the atmospheric radiative forcing. Polar NOx in the upper stratosphere is significantly enhanced in two future scenarios with the largest increase in radiative forcing. This indicates that the ozone depleting NOx cycle will become more important in the future, especially if stratospheric chlorine species decline. Thus, EEP‐related atmospheric effects may become more prominent in the future.
Employer changes and their effects on wages. Differences between genders and between different types of job mobility among German university graduates

ABSTRACT Changes in wages and other job characteristics during an individual’s career are often the result of job mobility. Using a sample of Bavarian university graduates, this work analyses the effects that employer changes have on men’s and women’s wages. For this, employer changes are grouped into three categories in order to account for different circumstances. Partly in contrast to previous research, the results show significant and positive effects of job mobility, irrespective of gender and of the type of employer change. However, financial returns are lower in case of changes for personal reasons and – at least when absolute instead of relative changes are analysed – for women. This can be explained largely by different circumstances which personal employer changes occur in and which women experience. The results are discussed with respect to the specifics of the German labour market structure and to gender segregation on the labour market.
How satisfied are siblings of homicide victims with police?

Police personnel and services may have a tremendous impact on the psychological well-being of siblings who become victims of the murder of a brother or sister. Despite this, only one study has examined satisfaction with police from the perspective of siblings. The current study helps correct this paucity of research by studying a sample of 67 siblings aged 6–40 (M = 20.4) years when a sibling was murdered. Satisfaction with police contact and service were quantitatively and qualitatively explored. Overall, almost 60% of the participants indicated satisfaction. Participants were satisfied when police were beacons of humanity and committed to justice.
Sources and Potential Health Risks of PM2.5-Bound PAHs in a Megacity of Southwest China: Importance of Studying from a Health Risk Perspective

Abstract PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with adverse effect on human and ecosystem health is of concern worldwide. In this study, they were measured in summer and winter at an urban site in Chongqing, a megacity of southwest China to investigate their potential sources, to evaluate the inhalation cancer risks and to identify the dominant source responsible for health risk. The mean concentration of total PAHs was 9.67 ± 2.53 ng/m3 in summer, much lower than that in winter (49.6 ± 16.5 ng/m3). The source apportionment method of Positive Matrix Factorization combined with diagnostic ratios was successfully applied in this study and identified coal combustion and vehicle emission (contributing to 56% of the total PAHs mass), biomass burning (21%) and volatilization (23%) as the potential sources of PM2.5-bound PAHs in Chongqing. Regional transport from southern and southeastern regions have contributed to the elevated PM2.5-bound PAHs in summer while local and nearby areas acted as main source regions in winter mainly due to the specific topographic and meteorological conditions in Chongqing. Daily Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concentrations (2.47–17.9 ng/m3) during 97% of the winter campaign exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (2.5 ng/m3). Furthermore, the lifetime cancer risk (LCR) values denoted a high potential cancer risk in winter, especially during aerosol pollution period. The contribution from the mixed source of coal combustion and vehicle emission (64%) to LCR was higher than that to the mass concentration while that of biomass burning (13%) was lower, which may result from the emission of higher toxic compounds from the mixed source. Elevated contribution from the mixed source was observed in winter especially during pollution days, indicating the significance of controlling the sources with high health risks. The results in this study call for the attention to the source apportionment from a health risk perspective.
Upward Voice: Participative Decision Making, Trust in Leadership and Safety Climate Matter

A supportive upward voice environment is critical in nuclear power plants in order to provide energy in a sustainable manner. In high–reliability organizations, front–line employees’ suggestions and concerns enable the early identification of potential problems that might have catastrophic consequences (e.g., a nuclear accident). Despite this, previous research has mostly focused on person–centered antecedents of upward voice and, to a lesser extent, the influence of the supervisor–subordinate relationship, while neglecting the importance of the organizational context. This study responds to the aforementioned research lacuna. It examined the relationship between participative decision making and upward voice, and the mediating role of trust in leadership in this relationship. Moreover, it further extends previous research by examining the role of safety climate, which is expected to moderate both the direct and the indirect effect of participative decision making on upward voice. The sample was composed of 495 workers from two nuclear power plants from the same organization. Findings supported the hypothesized moderated mediation model: the indirect effect of participative decision making (PDM) on upward voice via trust in leadership was contingent upon the level of the safety climate. The indirect effect became weaker as the safety climate increased. These findings support the relevance of the organizational context.
Effects on Nontarget Animal Populations of Wild Dog Trail-Baiting Campaigns With 1080 Poison

Populations of birds and small mammals in a mountain forest area of New South Wales were not significantly affected by two trail-baiting campaigns involving 1080 poison that were carried out against wild dogs, Canis familiaris, during the winters of 1980 and 1981. Factors which probably minimized the effect on the non-target species were the sparse distribution of baits, the placement of the baits in habitats not favoured by small mammals, their initially rapid rate of removal by foxes, Vulpes vulpes, the dietary preferences of the non-target animals and the low risk they would face if they did consume a bait.
The phylogeny of Linderniaceae — The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia

Abstract Fischer E. , Schäferhoff B. & Müller K. : The phylogeny of Linderniaceae - The new genus Linderniella, and new combinations within Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia. — Willdenowia 43: 209–238. December 2013. — ISSN 0511-9618; © 2013 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. Stable URL: http://dx.doi. org/10.3372/wi.43. 43201 The recently described Linderniaceae are a monophyletic group that emerged in the course of the disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae in the last years. First molecular studies sampled only a small fraction of the genera assigned to the Linderniaceae, but later Lindernia was shown to be non-monophyletic. Here we used a plastid trnK/matK sequence dataset to get further insights into the relationships within Linderniaceae. The genus Lindernia as accepted to date is shown to be polyphyletic. Stemodiopsis is found to be sister to the remaining Linderniaceae, and the genera Psammetes and Bryodes are found to be nested in a Lindernia s.str. clade. We present a taxonomic framework, taking account of the phylogenetic relationships in the family, and a first key to the genera. The genera Bonnaya and Vandellia are resurrected and a new genus Linderniella is described. The following eight replacement names are proposed: Craterostigma engleri, C. tanzanicum, Lindernia benthamii, L. lemuriana, Linderniella pusilla, Torenia bonatii, T. davidii and T. philcoxii. Seventy-seven new combinations are made in Bonnaya, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Linderniella, Micranthemum, Torenia and Vandellia.
The Role of Art Education Teachers' in Developing Emotional Awareness of Students

The study aimed to know the role of technical education teachers in developing the emotional awareness of students in Jordanian government schools for the academic year (2019/2020), and the study used the descriptive analytical approach, and the sample consisted of (450) and retrieved (430) students, the results reached The presence of individual differences in the levels of emotional awareness in favor of the female category with an average arithmetic (3.74) higher compared to males with an average arithmetic (3.57), and the study recommended taking into account the need to take care of programs and course of art education through effective educational plans because of its impact on stimulating and raising the degree of awareness of educated people , trained both teacher and students to develop their artistic and technical skills by using technology in their studies and majors to keep pace with modernity and the most prominent techniques in the field of arts, and to pay attention to the issue of stimulating productivity of students and teachers together by setting a list of productive quality criteria that contribute to the preparation and production of artists of different branches of their technical majors. Keywords: Art Education Teachers, Emotional Awareness. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-5-13 Publication date: February 29th 2020
Analysis of Active Neutron Measurements From the Mars Science Laboratory Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons Instrument: Intrinsic Variability, Outliers, and Implications for Future Investigations

The Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) instrument onboard Mars Science Laboratory uses neutron die‐away, an active nuclear spectroscopy technique, to measure the abundance and depth distribution of hydrogen and neutron‐absorbing elements (e.g., Fe and Cl) in the top ∼0.5 m of the Mars subsurface. We examined the intrinsic variability in neutron die‐away data using simulated DAN measurements with a range of compositions relevant to equatorial and high‐latitude environments on Mars. Our analysis shows that the total neutron counts and timing of neutron arrival explain most variability in thermal neutron die‐away curves for a DAN‐like instrument configuration over homogeneous subsurfaces. We analyzed the variability in thermal neutron die‐away across a variety of elemental compositions that might be observed by DAN or future instruments. We found that when H concentration is low (e.g., in equatorial regions including Gale crater), neutron die‐away is most sensitive to variations in H. Conversely, when H concentration is high (e.g., in poleward regions of Mars or icy bodies), neutron die‐away is most sensitive to variations in neutron absorbers. We estimated that the H and neutron absorber concentrations in DAN measurements acquired Sols 1–2080 in Gale crater and found that most measurements had low H and moderate absorber content. We presented an outlier analysis of these measurements to identify targets with high potential scientific impact and found that most outliers along the traverse corresponded with abnormally low or high neutron absorber content measurements, some of which may be associated with high‐silica fracture‐associated halos and felsic igneous material.