Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GENERALISED MODELS FOR TORSIONAL SPINE RECONNECTION

Three-dimensional (3D) null points are available in wealth in the solar corona, and the equivalent is probably going to be valid in other astrophysical situations. On-going outcomes from sun oriented perceptions and from reproductions propose that reconnection at such 3D nulls may assume a significant job in the coronal dynamics. The properties of the torsional spine method of magnetic reconnection at 3D nulls are researched. Kinematic model are created, which incorporate the termηJ that is spatially localised around the null, stretching out along the spine of the null. The null point is to research the impact of shifting the level of asymmetry of the null point magnetic field on the subsequent reconnection process where past examinations constantly considered a non-nonexclusive radially symmetric null. Specifically we analyse the rate of reconnection of magnetic flux at the spine of null point. Logical arrangements are determined for the enduring kinematic equation, and contrasted and the after effects of torsional spine reconnection models when the current is restricted in which the Maxwell conditions are illuminated. The geometry of the current layers inside which torsional spine reconnection happen is autonomous on the symmetry of the magnetic field. Torsional spine reconnection happens in a thin cylinder around the spine, with circular cross-segment when the fan eigenvalues are extraordinary. The short axis of the circle being along the solid field bearing. Just as it was discovered that the fundamental structure of the method of attractive reconnection considered is unaffected by changing the magnetic field symmetry, that is, the plasma flow is discovered rotational around the spine of null point. The spatiotemporal pinnacle current, and the pinnacle reconnection rate achieved, are found not to rely upon the level of asymmetry.
PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASTIC INGESTED BY HAWAIIAN SEABIRDS

The prevalence of plastic in 18 species of seabirds at seven study sites in the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll was studied during 1986 and 1987. Stomach samples were collected by induced emesis from 1,803 live birds of 15 species and during necropsy of 277 dead birds of 5 species. The prevalence of ingested plastic varied greatly among species; age, year of collection, and location of the study site had less pronounced but significant effects. Ingested plastic was absent or uncommon in terns and noddies. Plastic was not found at all in samples from gray-backed terns, Sterna lunata, or white terns, Gygis alba. The prevalence was low in sooty terns, Sterna fuscata (0 to 8%), and brown, Anous stolidus, and black noddies, A. minutus (0 to 3%). Plastic was much more prevalent (67 to 100%) in chicks of black-footed, Diomedea nigripes, and Laysan albatrosses, D. immutabilis. In the 11 other species prevalence ranged from 0 to 44% depending on the age, year of collection, and location. The mean volume of plastic in samples collected at necropsy from Laysan albatross chicks was higher in 1986 (46 cc) than in 1987 (5 cc). Prevalence was generally higher in seabirds which fed at the surface. Fragments of manufactured articles were the most common type of plastic found. Other plastics included pellets, Styrofoam, bottle caps, bags, and sponges. The largest individual item (200 cc) and the greatest diversity of plastic items were found in albatross chicks.
Biocontainment measures to reduce/mitigate potential post-escape interactions between cultured European-origin and wild native Atlantic salmon in Newfoundland

IV RESUME V INTRODUCTION 1 OPTIONS FOR ENSURING REPRODUCTIVE STERILITY OF FARMED ATLANTIC SALMON 2 TRIPLOIDY AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL TO ENSURE REPRODUCTIVE STERILITY OF ATLANTIC SALMON 3 Effectiveness of triploidy induction methods 3 Requirement for, and effectiveness of, screening methods to confirm triploidy induction success 5 Requirement for, and effectiveness of, methods for producing all-female populations of triploids 5 Commercial-scale production of all-female triploid populations 6 Reproductive potential of triploid females 7 Genomic stability of triploidy (possibilities for ploidy mosaics or reversion to diploid state) . 7 IMPACTS OF TRIPLOIDY ON PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERISTICS RELEVANT TO GENETIC AND ECOLOGICAL RISKS OF ESCAPED ATLANTIC SALMON TO WILD NATIVE ATLANTIC SALMON POPULATIONS 8 Anatomy and morphology 8 Cardiovascular function and metabolic scope 9 Nutrition 10 Disease/parasite resistance 10 Cognitive ability and behaviour 11 Laboratory studies 11 Field trials 12 INDUSTRY ACCEPTANCE OF TRIPLOID ATLANTIC SALMON 14 Results of commercial-scale trials 14 Strain selection and breeding programs for enhancing triploid performance 15 FINAL ANALYSIS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 16 Summary of the pros and cons of using all-female triploid populations from the perspectives of reducing impacts on wild native populations and costs to farmers 16 RECOMMENDATIONS 17 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 17 REFERENCES 18 TABLE 27
Soil Ripping and Herbicides Enhance Tree and Shrub Restoration on Stripmines

I evaluated responses by 16 native woody species to differential soil compaction and density of ground cover. The trees and shrubs studied represent sites in southern Illinois that commonly have restrictions to root growth from soil or drainage conditions. The study site was a restored surface coal mine in southern Illinois with a rooting medium compacted by grading and a dense ground cover of pasture species. Soil compaction was alleviated in half the study area before tree planting by mechanically ripping the soil to a depth of 1.2 m. Roots of half the trees and shrubs were dipped in a Terra® slurry before planting, and the ground cover around all planting spots was afterwards sprayed with herbicide. In year 2 after planting the ground cover in half of the unripped and half of the ripped area was further controlled by repeated application of herbicides. Ripping significantly increased height growth of all trees combined and all species individually in each year of the study. Second‐year control of ground cover increased height growth of all trees combined and of seven species individually. Some species were damaged by herbicides. Terra® had little evident effect on species performance. Animal damage reduced early survival and growth, especially of Acer (maple) and Cornus (dogwood) species, and later growth of Quercus rubra (red oak). Removal of ground cover with herbicides tended to increase deer browse. Soil ripping, herbicide application, and choosing tree species unattractive to deer can be recommended to increase success in planting trees for forest restoration.
Effect of Sod Competition and Root Pruning on `Stayman' Apple Tree Growth and Fruit Cracking

Three growth suppression treatments were compared during 1991 to 1993 on Stayman apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees grown in the T-trellis and the MIA trellis systems. All treatments-root pruning, K-31 fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and K-31 fescue plus root pruning-suppressed tree growth compared to the nontreated control, but results were inconsistent between years and systems. Sod or sod plus root pruning reduced terminal shoot length in both systems in 2 out of 3 years. Root pruning decreased shoot length in the T-trellis in 1992. Sod decreased trunk cross-sectional area in the T-trellis in 1993. Treatments did not affect 3-year average yield efficiency but did appear to increase biennial bearing. Sod, with or without root pruning, decreased fruit cracking in the T-treillis 69% and 42%, respectively, in 1992, and sod plus root pruning decreased cracking in the MIA treillis 50%. Sod reduced fruit diameter in the T-treillis in 1992. Secondary effects of growth suppression treatments included increased light penetration and improved fruit color. Sod decreased leaf N and Mg and increased leaf P, K, and Cu. The Oct. 1993 stem water potential gradient from root to canopy was more negative in the sod plus root pruning treatment, and the osmotic potential of rootsucker leaeves in the combination treatment was greater than in the control, indicating that sod plus root pruning alters the distribution of water within a fruit tree
PREY SELECTION IN A TEMPERATE ZONE INSECTIVOROUS BAT COMMUNITY

Abstract I determined foods eaten by bats at Prairie Creek, Vigo County, Indiana, to test the null hypothesis that insectivorous bats eat primarily whatever is available. If bats eat what is available, then all bats taken at the same time and place should eat the same foods. I collected fecal samples from 486 bats of 8 species from 1993 through 1997 in a 650-ha deciduous forest in the Wabash River flood plain. Eptesicus fuscus and Nycticeius humeralis fed heavily on coleopterans, followed by hemipterans in E. fuscus and homopterans in N. humeralis. Lasiurus borealis fed most heavily on lepidopterans, followed by coleopterans and homopterans. Pipistrellus subflavus fed approximately equally on homopterans, coleopterans, and dipterans. The main foods were similar for Myotis sodalis, M. lucifugus, and M. septentrionalis: dipterans 1st, followed by lepidopterans, trichopterans, and then coleopterans in M. lucifugus and by coleopterans and then lepidopterans in the other 2 species. It is clear that bats at Prairie Creek selected from among the available foods. Myotis septentrionalis, a gleaner, did not eat foods appreciably different from other bats in the same genus.
THE EFFECT OF SCENT-MARKING, FOREST CLEARING, AND SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDING ON MOOSE–TRAIN COLLISIONS

Abstract We analyzed how the application of scent-marking, forest clearing, and supplemental feeding correlated with the number of moose (Alces alces)–train collisions along the most vulnerable railroad stretch in Norway. Data on 1,045 collisions has been compiled for 18 years since 1985, and remedial actions have occurred during various periods since 1990. We used sections of the rail line where remedies had never been applied as control sections to estimate the expected number of collisions per year and per km. In this way, we took into account the yearly variation in the number of accidents by using the difference between the actual number of accidents and the expected number of accidents as our response variable. We compared the difference between periods when remedies were applied to periods without any remedy. We found a general 46% decrease in the number of accidents during years with a remedy compared to what would have been expected the same years without any remedy. Forest clearing and supplemental feeding seem to be reliable ways of reducing the number of collisions. Scent was only applied for short distances in a few years, and the beneficial effects we observed were questionable. We conclude that mitigative efforts may substantially reduce accidental mortality in moose populations if applied for long distances. We discuss the economics of game-vehicle collisions by performing a simple calculation to visualize the need for a bio-economic approach to the problem.
Endoparasites of the Crested Goshawk, Accipiter trivirgatus formosae, from Taiwan, Republic of China

Abstract A total of 15 species of helminths (2 trematodes, 10 nematodes, 2 acanthocephalans, and 1 protozoan) were recovered from 21 crested goshawks (Accipiter trivirgatus formosae) from Taiwan. Sixteen of 21 birds (76.2%) were infected, and 6 of them had ≥4 species of parasites. Most of the parasites were in the gastrointestinal tract. Infection of other sites (e.g., liver, body cavity, air sac) was uncommon. Intensities of infection were low, and no lesions were attributed to the parasites. Most of the species appear to be generalists in raptors and remained generalists in other birds. Lutztrema monoteron, Ascaridia perspicillus, Dispharynx nasuta, Spirocerca sanguinolenta, Raphidascaris sp. , and Caryospora sp. are reported here for the first time from Accip. t. formosae. Most of the parasites recovered from Accip. t. formosae require mammals, amphibians, and reptiles as paratenic or intermediate hosts. This article is the first to detail the endoparasites of Accip. t. formosae in Taiwan.
Poverty Politics

Representations of southern poor whites have long shifted between romanticization and demonization. At worst, poor southern whites are aligned with racism, bigotry, and right-wing extremism, and at best, regarded as the passive victims of wider, socio-economic policies. Poverty Politics: Poor Whites in Contemporary Southern Writing pushes beyond these stereotypes and explores the impact of neoliberalism and welfare reform on depictions of poverty. The book examines representations of southern poor whites across various types of literature, including travel-writing, photo-narratives, life-writing, and eco-literature, and reveals a common interest in communitarianism that crosses the boundaries of the US South and regionalism, moving past ideas about the culture of poverty to examine the economics of poverty. Included are critical examinations of the writings of southern writers such as Dorothy Allison, Rick Bragg, Barbara Kingsolver, Tim McLaurin, Toni Morrison, and Ann Pancake. Poverty Politics: Poor Whites in Contemporary Southern Writing includes critical engagement with identity politics as well as reflecting on issues including Hurricane Katrina, the 2008 financial crisis, and mountaintop removal. It interrogates the presumed opposition between the Global North and the Global South and engages with micro-regions through case studies on Appalachian photo-narratives and eco-literature. Importantly, it focuses not merely on representations of southern poor whites, but also on writing that calls for alternative ways of re-conceptualizing not just the poor, but societal measures of time, value, and worth.
Physiological and Mechanical Properties of Kiwifruit Tissue Associated with Texture Change during Cool Storage

Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson) flesh firmness can decline by as much as 94% during fruit ripening. This phenomenon was investigated at the cellular level, with the aim of characterizing changes in the physiological condition and mechanical properties of cells. The tensile strength of kiwifruit outer pericarp tissue was measured, and low-temperature scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the mode of cell failure at fracture surfaces. The propensity with which cells ruptured was determined by incubating tissue discs in hypertonic and hypotonic solutions, and water potentials, osmotic potentials, turgor pressures, and tissue density were measured. An initial rapid reduction in flesh firmness—from 80 to 27 N during 6 weeks of storage at 0C—was related to a reduction in the adhesion between neighboring cells. Following tensile tests, an examination of fracture surfaces indicated that cells from freshly harvested fruit had ruptured, exposing the cell interior. After 6 weeks of storage, neighboring cells separated from each other without breaking open. With 23 additional weeks of storage at 0C, flesh firmness decreased from 27 to 5 N. The final softening stage was associated with an increase in the proportion of cells that separated at the middle lamella and an increase in the plasticity of the cell wall. properties of fruit tissue. In the present study, these methods were used investigate the changes in the mechanical properties of cells from the outer pericarp of kiwifruit during ripening.
Digestibility and retension of food components in caged mountain hares Lepus timidus during the winter

Adult mountain hares in outdoor cages were studied in order to evaluate the consumption and the digestibility of natural winter foods. Food, feces and urine were analysed for nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, magnesium and sodium, and food and feces for fiber as well. The metabolism of the different nutrients are presented in this paper. When energy equilibrium was maintained hares assimilated as an average 21.6 g dry matter per kg body weight and day (29.5 g kg0-75). The fiber fraction showed a low digestibility ranging from 10 to 30% between different food species. At energy equilibrium nitrogen equilibrium was usually also achieved; the hares then digested approximately 0.20–0.25. g nitrogen per kg body weight and day (0.27–0.34 kg -0.75). The apparent nitrogen digestibility was low, usually below 40%. The demand for calcium, potassium and magnesium seemed to be well covered via the food. Phosphorus on the other hand was absorbed in small amounts only, which may sometimes have been insufficient. A negative sodium balance occurred when the hares were fed heather or the finest twigs of birch. Due to the low concentrations in the food this could create problems in the supply of sodium.
Stability of Phenolic Compounds Isolated from Cocoa, Green Tea and Strawberries in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution under Cell Culture Conditions

Stability of Phenolic Compounds Isolated from Cocoa, Green Tea and Strawberries in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution under Cell Culture Conditions The study analysed the stability of polyphenols present in extracts isolated from cocoa, green tea and strawberries in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution buffers. The extracts were incubated under conditions commonly used for intestinal absorption experiments with human epithelial cells. The polyphenols were analysed with HPLC-DAD-FLD-MS method. The concentrations of most of the polyphenols monitored changed during 2 h of incubation. The flavan-3-ols of cocoa exhibited similar stability and all were more stable at pH 6.5 than 7.4. The concentration of procyanidin B2 at pH 7.4 decreased to the highest extent. Green tea predominant catechins: epigallocatechin gallate and epigallocatechin, were very vulnerable in HBSS both at pH 6.5 and 7.4; their specific molecular structure may be responsible for this phenomenon. The anthocyanins of a strawberry extract were more stable at pH 6.5. The considerable increase in ellagic acid concentration at pH 7.4 might be explained by possible degradation of other compounds of the extract. It is highly recommended to perform stability tests before transport experiments in a cell culture model in order to avoid misinterpretation of results.
Effects of various media compositions on the in vitro germination and discoloration of immature embryos of bird of paradise (Strelitzia reginae)

The optimal media composition for the in vitro germination of isolated 'Strelitzia reginae' embryos was investigated. Different media treatments were compared to determine the effects of MS medium strength, activated charcoal (AC) and vitamin supplementation on the germination and seedling development of immature Strelitzia embryos. Results indicate the positive role of AC in reducing oxidative browning. The addition of AC (0.2 gl-1) to the culture medium significantly reduced the discoloration of embryo explants and the culture media. Similarly, the addition of the vitamins (100 mgl-1 Inositol, 0.1 mgl-1 Thiamine, 0.1 mgl- Pyridoxine, 2 mgl-1 Glycine) resulted in a significant reduction in embryo discoloration. Furthermore, the addition of vitamins significantly increased root formation. Interactions between these media components resulted in significant effects. In treatments of half-strength MS with vitamin supplementation, both embryo and media discoloration were reduced. Interactions between vitamin and AC treatments presented a reduction in the embryo discoloration rate and an increased length of shoots, only when AC was absent in the media. When AC was added to vitamin supplemented media, the beneficial effects of vitamins were cancelled. The highest germination rate of embryos was observed in media containing AC without vitamin supplementation. A significant decrease in germination resulted with the addition of vitamins. The highest level of media discoloration was observed in half-strength MS media without activated charcoal and vitamin supplementation. Whilst the most effective media were; (half-strength MS without vitamins and with AC) or (half-srength MS with vitamins and without AC).
Genotype independent in vitro regeneration system in elite varieties of sugarcane.

Nine sugarcane genotypes were tested for callus induction and subsequent regeneration on MS medium supplemented with different combinations of hormones. Genotype-independent plant regeneration was developed from calli induced from young leaf roll discs on MS medium supplemented with seven different levels (1-5mgl -l ) of 2, 4-D. Further, five levels (1-5mgl -l ) of 2, 4-D alongwith 1 mgl -1 of Kinetin for callus induction were used. All the genotypes responded well to 2, 4D alone as well as in combination with Kinetin. Nevertheless, high percentage of regeneration was observed on MS medium supplemented with 500mg l -l casein hydrolysate. Regenerated shoots developed profused roots on NAA (4-5mgl -l ) and casein hydrolysate (500mgl -l )-containing MS medium which were otherwise delayed on a medium containing full as well as half strength MS salts.
Fermentation of glucose and fructose by Leuconostoc mesenteroides.

The preferred order of glucose and fructose uptake by Leuconostoc mesenteroides was investigated in Glucose Fructose Yeast Extract Amino Acid medium with and without the addition of salt under anaerobic conditions. Strains NCIMB 8023 and NCFB 811 preferentially utilised glucose over fructose. A higher biomass was obtained when employing strain NCIMB 8023 compared with strain NCFB 811. The strains studied produced lactate and ethanol as major end-products, with lactate synthesis being greater than ethanol. Small amounts of acetate and mannitol were also formed. Leuconostoc mesenteroides Tarafindan Glikoz ve Fruktozun Fermantasyonu Ozet: Leuconostoc mesenteroides tarafindan sentetik Glikoz Fruktoz Maya Ekstrakti Amino Asit (GFMA) ve tuz ilave edilmifl GFMA ortamlarinda bulunan glikoz ve fruktozdan hangisinin oncelikle metabolize edilecei havasiz koflullarda arafltirilmifltir. Glikozun fruktozdan daha once kullanildi¤i belirlenmifltir. NCIMB 8023 bakterisi NCFB 811 bakterisine gore daha fazla biokitle oluflturmufltur. Fermantasyon sonucu esas urun olarak laktik asit ve etanol meydana gelmifltir. Miktar olarak daha fazla laktik asit ve daha az etanol saptanmifltir. Az miktarda asetat ve mannitolun olufltuu belirlenmifltir.
Taxonomy of the South American Dwarf Boas of the Genus Tropidophis Bibron, 1840, With the Description of Two New Species from the Atlantic Forest (Serpentes: Tropidophiidae)

Abstract: A taxonomic study on the South American dwarf boas of the genus Tropidophis revealed the existence of two new species in the Atlantic Forest biome. As a result, we recognize five mainland species, three in the Atlantic Forest and two in northwestern South America. Based on general distribution and morphological orientation, the type locality of T. paucisquamis is restricted to Estação Biológica de Boracéia (EBB), municipality of Salesópolis, state of São Paulo, Brazil; furthermore, a lectotype for T. taczanowskyi is designated. We provide data on the hemipenial morphology of two South American Tropidophis, showing that the quadrifurcate condition described for West Indian taxa also occurs in mainland congeners. The distributions of the three Atlantic Forest species are congruent with patterns of diversification of other vertebrate taxa associated with cold climates prevalent at high elevations. Refugial isolation and riverine barriers may account for such speciation events.