Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A minimalist approach to the emergence of ergativity in Austronesian languages

Abstract This paper proposes a novel reconstruction of Proto-Austronesian as a language with accusative alignment, in contrast to previous analyses, which have reconstructed PAn with some type of ergative system. The methodology employed in this paper also departs from previous work in basing the proposal on syntactic change rather than on phonological or morphological comparison. In the account of argument licensing in the Minimalist Program, nominative subjects are licensed by a higher functional head T than accusative objects, which value their case with the light verb v. This produces accusative alignment, with the corollary that ergative systems arise only when the unmarked licensing relations are disrupted. Specifically, I propose that this disruption involves the loss of transitive v’s ability to value accusative case on the object and the concomitant ability of this v to provide inherent licensing for the subject, thereby allowing T to exceptionally value nominative case on the object. The current paper argues that the ergative types of alignment observed in modern Formosan and Philippine languages are the result of consecutive innovations in high-order subgroups of the Austronesian family, being triggered first in irrealis clauses in a daughter of PAn, which I term “Proto-Ergative Austronesian”.
Transport, multifractality, and the breakdown of single-parameter scaling at the localization transition in quasiperiodic systems

There has been a revival of interest in localization phenomena in quasiperiodic systems with a view to examining how they differ fundamentally from such phenomena in random systems. Mo- tivated by this, we study transport in the quasiperiodic, one-dimentional (1d) Aubry-Andre model and its generalizations to 2d and 3d. We study the conductance of open systems, connected to leads, as well as the Thouless conductance, which measures the response of a closed system to boundary perturbations. We find that these conductances show signatures of a metal-insulator transition from an insulator, with localized states, to a metal, with extended states having (a) ballistic transport (1d), (b) superdiffusive transport (2d), or (c) diffusive transport (3d); precisely at the transition, the system displays sub-diffusive critical states. We calculate the beta function $\beta(g) = dln(g)/dln(L)$ and show that, in 1d and 2d, single-parameter scaling is unable to describe the transition. Further- more, the conductances show strong non-monotonic variations with L and an intricate structure of resonant peaks and subpeaks. In 1d the positions of these peaks can be related precisely to the prop- erties of the number that characterizes the quasiperiodicity of the potential; and the L-dependence of the Thouless conductance is multifractal. We find that, as d increases, this non-monotonic de- pendence of g on L decreases and, in 3d, our results for $\beta(g)$ are reasonably well approximated by single-parameter scaling.
A contact force solution for non-colliding contact dynamics simulation

Rigid-body impact modeling remains an intensive area of research spurred on by new applications in robotics, biomechanics, and more generally multibody systems. By contrast, the modeling of non-colliding contact dynamics has attracted significantly less attention. The existing approaches to solve non-colliding contact problems include compliant approaches in which the contact force between objects is defined explicitly as a function of local deformation, and complementarity formulations in which unilateral constraints are employed to compute contact interactions (impulses or forces) to enforce the impenetrability of the contacting objects. In this article, the authors develop an alternative approach to solve the non-colliding contact problem for objects of arbitrary geometry in contact at multiple points. Similarly to the complementarity formulation, the solution is based on rigid-body dynamics and enforces contact kinematics constraints at the acceleration level. Differently, it leads to an explicit closed-form solution for the normal forces at the contact points. Integral to the proposed formulation is the treatment of tangential contact forces, in particular the static friction. These friction forces must be calculated as a function of microslip velocity or displacement at the contact point. Numerical results are presented for four test cases: (1) a thin rod sliding down a stationary wedge; (2) a cube pushed off a wedge by an applied force; (3) a cube rotating off the wedge under application of an external moment; and (4) the cube and the wedge both moving under application of a moment. To ascertain validity and correctness, the solutions to frictionless and frictional scenarios obtained with the new formulation are compared to those generated by using a commercial simulation tool MSC ADAMS.
Intervals of special sign regular matrices

We consider classes of -by- sign regular matrices, i.e. of matrices with the property that all their minors of fixed order have one specified sign or are allowed also to vanish, . If the sign is nonpositive for all , such a matrix is called totally nonpositive. The application of the Cauchon algorithm to nonsingular totally nonpositive matrices is investigated and a new determinantal test for these matrices is derived. Also matrix intervals with respect to the checkerboard ordering are considered. This order is obtained from the usual entry-wise ordering on the set of the -by- matrices by reversing the inequality sign for each entry in a checkerboard fashion. For some classes of sign regular matrices, it is shown that if the two bound matrices of such a matrix interval are both in the same class then all matrices lying between these two bound matrices are in the same class, too.
Maximum likelihood solution for inclination-only data in paleomagnetism

SUMMARY We have developed a new robust maximum likelihood method for estimating the unbiased mean inclination from inclination-only data. In paleomagnetic analysis, the arithmetic mean of inclination-only data is known to introduce a shallowing bias. Several methods have been introduced to estimate the unbiased mean inclination of inclination-only data together with measures of the dispersion. Some inclination-only methods were designed to maximize the likelihood function of the marginal Fisher distribution. However, the exact analytical form of the maximum likelihood function is fairly complicated, and all the methods require various assumptions and approximations that are often inappropriate. For some steep and dispersed data sets, these methods provide estimates that are significantly displaced from the peak of the likelihood function to systematically shallower inclination. The problem locating the maximum of the likelihood function is partly due to difficulties in accurately evaluating the function for all values of interest, because some elements of the likelihood function increase exponentially as precision parameters increase, leading to numerical instabilities. In this study, we succeeded in analytically cancelling exponential elements from the log-likelihood function, and we are now able to calculate its value anywhere in the parameter space and for any inclination-only data set. Furthermore, we can now calculate the partial derivatives of the log-likelihood function with desired accuracy, and locate the maximum likelihood without the assumptions required by previous methods. To assess the reliability and accuracy of our method, we generated large numbers of random Fisher-distributed data sets, for which we calculated mean inclinations and precision parameters. The comparisons show that our new robust Arason–Levi maximum likelihood method is the most reliable, and the mean inclination estimates are the least biased towards shallow values.
The spectral function of a first order elliptic system

We consider an elliptic self-adjoint first order pseudodifferential operator acting on columns of complex-valued half-densities over a connected compact manifold without boundary. The eigenvalues of the principal symbol are assumed to be simple but no assumptions are made on their sign, so the operator is not necessarily semi-bounded. We study the following objects: the propagator (time-dependent operator which solves the Cauchy problem for the dynamic equation), the spectral function (sum of squares of Euclidean norms of eigenfunctions evaluated at a given point of the manifold, with summation carried out over all eigenvalues between zero and a positive lambda) and the counting function (number of eigenvalues between zero and a positive lambda). We derive explicit two-term asymptotic formulae for all three. For the propagator "asymptotic" is understood as asymptotic in terms of smoothness, whereas for the spectral and counting functions "asymptotic" is understood as asymptotic with respect to lambda tending to plus infinity.
Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Observations of the Hot White Dwarf in the Close Binary Feige 24

We obtained and analyzed two Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph spectra of the white dwarf in the DA plus dMe binary Feige 24. The spectra, obtained at orbital quadratures, provide new estimates of the white dwarf motion and gravitational redshift resulting in revised white dwarf parameters. An analysis of interstellar absorption lines reveals the presence of two clouds (+3.1 km s-1, +17.6 km s-1) in the line of sight toward Feige 24; one of these clouds (+17.6 km s-1) is identified with the "local cloud. " A study of the Lyα H I and D I interstellar medium lines shows that the deuterium-to-hydrogen abundance ratio (D/H = 1.3 × 10-5) is consistent with other measurements supporting a relative constancy of this ratio throughout the local interstellar medium. The total hydrogen column density measured with Lyα (log nH = 2.95 × 1018 cm-2) is in agreement with EUV Lyman continuum flux measurements. Finally, we present a complete abundance pattern for the white dwarf, demonstrating the predominance of iron and nickel over lighter elements. Residual ionization imbalance in the case of several elements, most notably in the case of O IV/O V, which cannot be explained by temperature or surface gravity variations, may indicate the presence of other atmospheric constituents, inhomogeneous stratification of oxygen in the photosphere, and/or remaining inaccuracies in the treatment of model atoms. The abundance patterns in Feige 24 and in the hot DA white dwarf G191-B2B are remarkably similar, indicating that the same processes are operating equally in both stars.
Conserved quantities in Stokes flow with free surfaces

We derive an infinite set of invariants for two-dimensional Stokes flow with a free surface, driven by a point sink, in the case that surface tension effects are negligible. The complex variable methods used are closely related to those used for certain Hele–Shaw flows, which likewise have infinitely many conserved quantities.
Fracture testing of silicon microelements in situ in a scanning electron microscope

Fracture testing of silicon cantilever beams (thicknesses 10–20 μm) was performed in situ in a scanning electron microscope by means of an equipment specially designed for this purpose. Beams of various sizes and orientations (〈011〉 and 〈001〉) were manufactured in Si (100) wafers by two different micromachining procedures. The beams were tested by simple bending to fracture, and a number of fundamental fracture parameters were determined from an analytical model of elastic fracture. To verify its validity, the model was utilized to evaluate an experimental E modulus, which was found to agree well with previous results. Fracture limits, fracture strains, and initiating flaw sizes were determined. The maximum fracture limit was very high; about 10 GPa. The strengths of different beams scattered from this value down to practically zero strength, with an average close to 4 GPa. The corresponding fracture strains and initiating flaw sizes were 6% and 3 nm, respectively (maximum strength), and 2% and 17 nm (ave.
On the structure of the magnetotail current sheet

A self-consistent tail current sheet model described by an exact analytic solution of the time independent Vlasov-Maxwell equations is presented. The model has a ‘slingshot’ field configuration with field lines outside the plasma sheet slightly flared in the antisolar direction. It is pointed out that when the model parameters are adjusted to agree with the spatial variation along the tail the required thickness of the neutral sheet must be ∼2.5 RE, instead of ≤1 RE as indicated by observations. Furthermore, it is shown qualitatively that a considerable velocity shear must be present in the tail current sheet if the plasma sheet is indeed much thicker than the neutral sheet.
Intense-field theory of high harmonic generation from freely rotating molecules

An intense-field theory of high harmonic generation from freely rotating molecules is developed. Explicit expressions of the high harmonic operator that govern the dynamic signal are derived and applied to analyze the recently measured dynamic (delay-time dependent) signals observed with the linear symmetric-top molecules. Results are given both for the usual experimental geometry in which the pump and probe polarizations are kept parallel to each other, and as a function of the relative angle between the two polarizations. They are discussed with special reference to the empirical fit formulas used earlier. Calculations are performed with respect to recent experiments and the results are obtained both in the time domain and in the spectral domain. Comparisons of the experimental data and the calculated results are made, and the role of the earlier empirical fits are partially justified. Finally, the origin of a number of hitherto unexplained salient features of the observations in the time and spectral domains is interpreted consistently by the theory.
Regularity of the Minimizer for the D-Wave Ginzburg-Landau Energy

We study the minimizer of the d-wave Ginzburg-Landau energy in a specific class of functions. We show that the minimizer having distinct degree-one vortices is Holder continuous. Away from vortex cores, the minimizer converges uniformly to a canonical harmonic map. For a single vortex in the vortex core, we obtain the C 1 2 -norm estimate of the fourfold symmetric vortex solution. Furthermore, we prove the convergence of the fourfold symmetric vortex solution under different scales of �.
Extinct Radioactivities and Protosolar Cosmic Rays: Self-Shielding and Light Elements

We study the effects of self-shielding in the X-wind model of protosolar cosmic-ray irradiation of early solar-system rocks. We adopt a two-component picture of protoCAIs consisting of cores with the elemental abundances of type B1 CAIs (calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions) and mantles of less refractory material. The cores have a power-law distribution of sizes between Rmin and Rmax. The mantles have a uniform thickness, whose value is chosen to bring the total inventory of elements at least as refractory as sulfur to cosmic abundances for the entire population of protoCAIs. Each object is irradiated with a fluence consistent with the product of their residence time in the reconnection ring and the flux of solar cosmic rays obtained by a scaling of impulsive flares from the hard X-rays observed from low-mass protostars. For Rmin in the 50 μm regime and Rmax in the few centimeter regime, which corresponds to the range of sizes of observed CAIs in micrometeorites and chondrites, we recover approximately the canonical values quoted for the ratios 26Al/27Al, 53Mn/55Mn, and 41Ca/40Ca in CV3 meteorites. Moreover, the excess 138La (denoted as 138La*) produced by proton bombardment of 138Ba lies within the CAI range obtained in the experiments of Shen et al. When we include fragmentation reactions that produce 10Be from the impact of protons, alphas, and 3He on the 16O that is bound up in rocks, we further obtain a level of 10Be/9Be that agrees approximately with the report of McKeegan et al. for a CAI from the Allende meteorite. Similar calculations for the expected anomalies in the stable isotopes of lithium show rough consistency with the measured values and further support our interpretation. The value for 10Be/9Be is particularly difficult to produce by any other astrophysical mechanism. Thus, the 10Be discovery greatly strengthens the case for an origin in early solar-system irradiation, rather than external stellar seeding, for the shortest-lived radionuclides inferred from CAIs in chondritic meteorites.
Theory and simulation of passive scalar mixing in the presence of a mean scalar gradient

The turbulent mixing of a passive scalar in the presence of a mean scalar gradient was investigated using theory and simulation. The velocity-scalar cospectrum measures the distribution of the mean scalar flux across scales. An inequality is shown to bound the magnitude of the cospectrum in terms of the shell-summed energy and scalar spectra. At high Schmidt number this bound limits the possible contribution of the sub-Kolmogorov scales to the scalar flux. At low Schmidt number we use an argument of Batchelor, Howells, and Townsend (1959) to derive a new asymptotic result for the cospectrum in the inertial-diffusive range, with a -11/3 power law wavenumber dependence. A comparison is made with results from large-eddy simulation at low Schmidt number. The sparse direct-interaction perturbation (SDIP) was used to calculate the cospectrum for a range of Schmidt numbers. The Kolmogorov type scaling result is recovered in the inertial-convective range, and the constant of proportionality was calculated. At high Schmidt numbers, the cospectrum is found to decay exponentially in the viscous-convective range, and at low Schmidt numbers the -11/3 power law is observed in the inertial-diffusive range. The stretched-spiral vortex model was used to calculate the cospectrum, and asymptotic expressions were found for the contribution to the cospectrum from the axial velocity in the vortex structures. Results are reported for the cospectrum from a direct numerical simulation at a Taylor Reynolds number of 265, and a comparison is made of results for the cospectrum from the SDIP, the stretched-spiral vortex model, simulation, and experiment. The stretched-spiral vortex model was also used to derive expressions for the modal time correlation functions of the velocity and scalar fields. These expressions were evaluated numerically and asymptotically. Winding by the vortex core is shown to lead to an inertial timescale, and movement of the vortex structures by the large scale flow leads to a sweeping timescale. The velocity and scalar modal time correlation functions were calculated in the direct numerical simulation. They coincide for large enough wavenumber, and are found to collapse to universal forms when a sweeping timescale is used.
Diagnosing the Clumpy Protoplanetary Disk of the UXor Type Young Star GM Cephei

UX Orionis stars (UXors) are Herbig Ae/Be or T Tauri stars exhibiting sporadic occultation of stellar light by circumstellar dust. GM Cephei is such a UXor in the young (∼4 Myr) open cluster Trumpler 37, showing prominent infrared excess, emission-line spectra, and flare activity. Our photometric monitoring (2008–2018) detects (1) an ∼3.43 day period, likely arising from rotational modulation by surface starspots, (2) sporadic brightening on timescales of days due to accretion, (3) irregular minor flux drops due to circumstellar dust extinction, and (4) major flux drops, each lasting for a couple of months with a recurrence time, though not exactly periodic, of about two years. The star experiences normal reddening by large grains, i.e., redder when dimmer, but exhibits an unusual “blueing” phenomenon in that the star turns blue near brightness minima. The maximum extinction during relatively short (lasting ≤50 days) events, is proportional to the duration, a consequence of varying clump sizes. For longer events, the extinction is independent of duration, suggestive of a transverse string distribution of clumps. Polarization monitoring indicates an optical polarization varying ∼3%–8%, with the level anticorrelated with the slow brightness change. Temporal variation of the unpolarized and polarized light sets constraints on the size and orbital distance of the circumstellar clumps in the interplay with the young star and scattering envelope. These transiting clumps are edge-on manifestations of the ring- or spiral-like structures found recently in young stars with imaging in infrared of scattered light, or in submillimeter of thermalized dust emission.
Acceleration in femtosecond laser-produced plasmas

The influence of the acceleration of a femtosecond laser‐generated plasma on the reflected spectrum of the plasma‐producing pulse is analyzed quantitatively, and compared to experimental results. It is shown that the spectral positions of the reflected laser light are complicated functions of the temporally varying optical properties of the plasma and the hydrodynamic motion. The linewidths, however, depend only on the acceleration of the plasma mirror and the chirp of the laser pulse and can consequently be used to measure the acceleration in a laser‐produced plasma. Plasma accelerations on the order of 1018 m s−2≊1017 g directed both away from the solid target at intensities of I≤1017 W cm−2 and into the target for I≥3×1017 W cm−2 are obtained from an analysis of the experiments. The results demonstrate that during the short subpicosecond laser pulse the plasma motion is actually dominated by acceleration rather than by a constant expansion velocity. The measured accelerations are among the highest acce.
Stratified reduction of classical many-body systems with symmetry

The centre-of-mass system for N bodies admits a natural SO(3) action, and thereby is stratified into strata according to the orbit types for the SO(3) action. The principal stratum consists of non-singular configurations for which the isotropy subgroup is trivial, so that it is made into an SO(3) principal fibre bundle. The strata of lower dimension consist of singular configurations at each of which the isotropy subgroup is not trivial. Practically, singular configurations are collinear ones and simultaneous multiple collision. Classical Lagrangian and Hamiltonian systems are defined on the tangent and the cotangent bundles over each stratum, respectively. The Euler–Lagrange and the Hamilton equations for the N-body system are derived on the variational principle, according to the stratification of the centre-of-mass system. The reduction procedure will be accordingly performed for the Lagrangian and the Hamiltonian systems with symmetry, respectively. By the rotational symmetry, the Euler–Lagrange and the Hamilton equations are reduced to those defined on reduced bundles from the tangent and the cotangent bundles, respectively.
Stability Properties of Switched Nonlinear Delay Systems with Synchronous or Asynchronous Switching

This paper is concerned with the problem of input‐to‐state stability (ISS) for a class of switched nonlinear delay systems. The cases where the switching signal of the system and the switching signal of the corresponding controller are synchronous and asynchronous are both considered. To study two asynchronous switching signals in a unified framework, we adopt the technique of the merging switching signal. Based on a piecewise Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional method, some sufficient conditions are explicitly given to guarantee the ISS of the switched nonlinear delay system under the average dwell time scheme. Finally, a numerical example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed theory.