Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH KUALITAS PRODUK, KUALITAS PELAYANAN DAN KEPUASAN PELANGGAN TERHADAP PENJUALAN KARET DI PT. PERKEBUNAN NUSANTARA III (PERSERO)

PT. Perkebunan Nusantara III (Persero) have achieved and increase the level of sales through the provision of best quality rubber accordance to International standards, provide good service and high satisfaction in maintaining and sustaining the consumer in order not to switch to other competitors. The data analysis used is descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The result show that product quality, quality of service and customer satisfaction has a positive coefficient sign. This means that the improvement of product quality, service quality and customer satisfaction will increase the level of sales. Kata Kunci: Product, Service, Satisfaction, Quality
Estimates of Gene Flow, Genetic Substructure and Population Heterogeneity in Bracken (pteridium aquilinum)

Bracken [Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn] is a cosmopolitan species and is a noxious weed in many areas. Because of its abundance, particularly in Britain, bracken affords an ideal system for investigating various aspects of population genetics and evolution. High mobility of dispersal units (spores) suggests that rates of gene flow among distant populations should be high. Gene flow is a major evolutionary force that influences the genetic structure of populations. To examine the effects of gene flow on population heterogeneity and population substructuring in bracken, starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes was used to provide the necessary genetic database. Allele frequency data at 21 loci were obtained for seven British populations, one Majorcan and one from the eastern United States. A model was employed to estimate the amount of gene flow (Nm) at several levels. Gene flow among British populations was extremely high (Nm= 36.51), one of the highest estimates reported for plants. Among eight European populations gene flow was lower (but still considered high) at Nm= 2.47. Trans-Atlantic gene flow was low (Nm= 0.0926). F-statistics were used to assess population heterogeneity and substructuring. The data indicate that, compared with other species, there is very little genetic differentiation among British populations of bracken. Indeed, it appears that the whole island is behaving as a single randommating population. This result is consistent with high levels of gene flow. Only one population (on the Isle of Arran) showed statistically significant genetic substructuring. Habitat heterogeneity on the island and age structure are hypothesized as possible causes of this result. The data reported here support previous studies demonstrating that bracken is genetically polymorphic and is an outcrossing species.
RESPONSE OF MARINE SYNECHOCOCCUS (CYANOPHYCEAE) CULTURES TO IRON NUTRITION 1

Three clones of marine Synechococcus (WH6501, WH7803, and WH8018) were grown through at least three transfers, at 6‐day intervals, in synthetic medium with total iron concentrations from 10−9 to 10−6 M. After 6 days of exponential growth, these cultures were harvested, and the cell density and protein and pigment concentrations were measured. Aliquots of the culture were assayed for their carbon fixation rates at two light intensities. Cell density and protein concentration increased by up to 7.8 times over a range of iron from the lowest (10−9 M) to the highest concentrations (10−6 M). The concentration of chlorophyll‐a and phycobiliproteins showed a wider range of response, increasing by up to 48 times. The carbon fixation rate (per mL of culture) also increased approximately 40 times over the total range of iron concentration. The ranges of these biochemical and physiological responses were much lower than the range of total available iron, which was 1000‐fold, and the range of total cellular iron, which was estimated to be about 160‐fold. This “less‐than‐linear” relationship indicates that the cells are adapting to make more efficient use of iron under limiting conditions. Our results demonstrate characteristics of iron‐limited Synechococcus that may be important in understanding the relationships between primary productivity and iron availability in the oceans.
Biochemical, neurophysiological, and behavioral effects of Wy‐45,233 and other identified metabolites of the antidepressant venlafaxine

Seven metabolites of venlafaxine, identified in several species, were examined for CNS pharmacological activity in rodents. The O‐desmethyl compound Wy‐45,233, which is the major metabolite in man, had the greatest preclinical activity. This metabolite exhibited an antidepressant profile (monoamine uptake blockade, reversal of reserpine hypothermia, induction of pineal β‐adrenergic subsensitivity) comparable to the parent drug, venlafaxine. This compound also inhibited serotonergic and noradrenergic firing rates like the parent compound, but with less potency. The cyclohexyl ring‐hydroxylated metabolite Wy‐47,877 and the N‐desmethyl metabolite Wy‐45, 494 were also active in reserpine hypothermia, but Wy‐45,494 was a weaker inhibitor of serotonin uptake and both metabolites were weaker inhibitors of norepinephrine uptake than Wy‐45,233. None of the seven metabolites tested exhibited significated binding at dopamine‐2, muscarinic cholinergic, α‐1‐adrenergic, histamine‐1, or opiate (μ) receptors. These results suggest that Wy‐45,233, the O‐desmethyl metabolite of venlafaxine, is an active metabolite which retains the benign side‐effect profile of venlafaxine.
Phenetic Packing as a Measure of Faunal Diversity

Measures of faunal diversity currently in use take into account the number of species and the number of individuals in each species in a fauna. A fauna with many species, with the individuals distributed equitably among species, is considered very diverse, while one with fewer species, with individuals concentrated in one or two species, is less diverse. No diversity indices consider the phenetic diversity among species of a fauna (but see Hendrickson and Ehrlich [1971] who have recently incorporated morphology into a diversity index). Obviously, of two faunas with identical number of species and distribution of individuals among species, the one with a greater diversity of morphologic types (hence with the species less closely packed phenetically), should be considered more diverse than one with less morphologic diversity (hence greater phelnetic packing) among species. An avifauna consisting of woodpeckers, hawks, owls, tanagers, sparrows, and warblers is intuitively more diverse than one consisting of a great many species of warblers. Here I suggest the use of taxonomic distance (Sokal 1961) to arrive at an estimate of phenetic packing and of total phenetic diversity of a fauna and give an example of the use of this technique applied to faunas of myotine bats. I should like to answer the questions, "To what extent are the species in a fauna separated from one another by phenetic differences ? " and, "How do several faunas being compared differ in the total amount of phenetic diversity displayed by each? '" Since we assume that phenetic properties, especially if carefully selected by the investigator, reflect ecologic functioning, we are also asking the classic questions, "How densely packed are the ecologic niches in this fauna ? " and, "'How do several faunas compare in the total ecologic hypervolume occupied by each ? " Morphology has often been used in an attempt to assess ecologic functioning and to study niche packing and overlap, (e.g., Grant 1967, 1971; MeNab 1971; Schoener 1965, 1971; Soule and Stewart 1970; Tamsitt 1967; Van Valen 1965; Willson 1969). These authors, however, have concentrated their studies on one or, at most, a few miorphologic traits which they felt to be important in estilmatilng feeding activities of birds, such as bill measurements or tarsus length, or, for bats, tooth-row length. There can be no doubt that properties of birds' bills or of bats' teeth are closely related to feeding habits
Immunohistochemical study on localization of tenascin in the cervical region of rat spinal cord during development

Tenascin (TN) is transiently expressed in some organs and tumors at various developmental stages. It has also been reported that tenascin was a major extracellular matrix component in a developing nervous system, and played an important role in neurite outgrowth and pattern formation of the cerebral and cerebellar cortices.In the present study, we examined, under light and electron microscopes, the localization of TN in the cervical region of rat spinal cord during the late prenatal and early postnatal stages by means of conventional and immunohistochemical methods. In the specimens stained with hematoxylin-eosin and thionin, the following results were obtained: the structure of spinal cord was developing at the postnatal stages and attained a definite form around the 5th day after birth. Nissl bodies in neurons were maturing during this period and the processes of neurons elongated toward white matter. Concomitantly, neuroglia were also increased in the white matter.In accordance with it, luxol fast blue (LFB) and sudan black B stainable substances appeared in the white matter, especially ventral and lateral funiculi around the 5th day of age.The results of immuno-light microscopical observation showed that TN-labeling was observed only in the gray matter of the spinal cord at the 18th day of gestation, but both in gray and white matters from the 20th day of gestation to the 5th day after birth. The most intense TN-labeling was detected in the boundary of gray and white matter in the ventral and lateral funicili at the 2nd to 5th day after birth. As the development proceeded, up to the 2nd week after birth, TN-labeling was mainly distributed in the white matter except for the ventral region of dorsal funiculus and almost completely disappeared from the gray matter. Here, it was also noticed that the ventral region of dorsal funiculus became stainable with LFB or sudan black B between the 2nd and 3rd week after birth and at the same stage of development, TN-labeling became detectable in this region.At the electron microscopical level, TN-labeling was detected in the intercellular spaces of the gray matter during the 1st to 10th day of age. That is, TN was expressed associating with the cytoplasmic membrane and processes of neurons and neuroglia. TN-labeling was also observed along the cytoplasmic membrane of myelinating oligodendrocytes and in the cytoplasm of neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes in the white matter at the 10th day to the 2nd week after birth. Clear reaction products for TN could not be detected in the synaptic region.From this evidence, it is concluded that TN mediates the interaction of neuron and neuroglia during late prenatal and early postanatal stages and plays an important role in elongation of neuronal processes and migration of neuroglia as well as the myelination in the developing rat spinal cord.
Sea lice (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Caligidae) new to Korea, including three new species

Thirteen species of sea lice (Copepoda, Caligidae) are described as parasites of marine fishes from Korea including three new species such as Pseudocaligus longipes n. sp. from Siganus fuscesens (Houttuyn), Lepeophtheirus tamladus n. sp. from Sebastes inermis Cuvier, and Lepeophtheirus gusevi n. sp. from Sebasetes schlegeli Hilgendorf. Remaining ten species are new to Korea: Caligus elongatus Nordmann, 1832; C. equulae Ho and Lin, 2003; C. fistulariae Yamaguti, 1936; C. laticaudus Shiino, 1960; C. rotundigenitalis Y, 1933; Metacaligus uruguayensis (Thomsen, 1949); Lepeophtheirus atypicus Lin, Ho and Chen, 1996; L. parvulus Shiino, 1952; Anuretes quadrilaterus Shiino, 1954; and Pseudanuretes chaetodontis Yamaguti, 1936.
Ecological distribution of the shrimp Nematopalaemon schmitti (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea) in three bays on the south-eastern coast of Brazil

The relationships between the spatial and temporal variations in the abundance of the shrimp Nematopalaemon schmitti and water temperature, salinity, and texture and organic-matter content of the sediment, were analysed in Ubatumirim, Ubatuba and Mar Virado bays on the northern coast of São Paulo, Brazil. Sampling was carried out monthly, from January 1998 through December 1999, from a shrimp boat equipped with double-rig nets, along six transects in each bay. In total, 2 116 specimens of N. schmitti were caught. Their distribution differed among bays, transects and seasons (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Highest total abundance was found in areas of high organic matter content, in substrate composed mainly of very fine sand and silt and clay, and during winter and autumn. Although multiple regression analysis showed no significant relationship (p > 0.05), observations suggest that water temperature, sediment texture, organic-matter content, and the presence of biodetritus and plant fragments, provided favourable environmental conditions for the establishment of N. schmitti in the region.
QTL Mapping Reveals Specific Genes for the Evolutionary Reduction of Microsporangia in Microseris (Asteraceae)

: Where closely related plant species with basic and derived characters can be crossed and produce fertile offspring, the genetics of character evolution can be inferred from the segregation patterns in hybrid offspring. Three species of Micro-seris (Compositae) share a reduction from the usual 4 to 2 pollen sacs per anther by the suppression of the adaxial rnicrosporan-gia (MS), as a common derived character. These species can be crossed with a species with 4 MS. The segregation of MS numbers from such a hybrid was analysed by co-segregation with genetically mapped molecular markers (AFLPs). Five loci specifically affecting the MS number were found. The homozygous recessive genotype for a main gene is necessary but not sufficient to reduce MS numbers. Three of the four modifiers interact only in this homozygous recessive background to reduce the number to 2. This suggests that mutation of the main gene was followed by selection of the modifiers to stabilize the new phenotype. Since the plants are nearly completely self-fertilisirig in nature, the loss of two MS will not reduce reproductive success. The selection pressure needed to assemble such a complicated system for the complete absence of the two adaxial MS needs to be explained.
Effect of hydroxytyrosol found in extra virgin olive oil on oxidative DNA damage and on low-density lipoprotein oxidation

Hydroxytyrosol found in extra virgin olive oil strongly inhibited low-density lipoprotein oxidation stimulated by 2,2‘-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH), suggesting the ability to scavenge the AAPH-derived peroxyl radicals. Hydroxytyrosol inhibited iron-dependent phospholipid liposome peroxidation at low concentrations (IC50 = 50 ± 1.3 μM). In similar experiments, the calculated, IC50 values for other antioxidants compared are 1.5 ± 0.05 μM (carnosol), 2.25 ± 0.08 μM (carnosic acid), 65 ± 2.6 μM (Trolox C), and 250 ± 10 μM (vitamin E). Hydroxytyrosol and ascorbate reduced copper(II) ions to their copper(I) prooxidant form, but this was not reflected by their abilities to induce oxidative DNA damage in the complex copper−phenanthroline. Only high, nonphysiological, millimolar concentrations of pure hydroxytyrosol weakly stimulated copper-dependent chemical modification to DNA bases. The prooxidant (redox actions on metal ions) concentrations in vitro may never be achieved in vivo (following con.
Growth of Peach Plants under Different Filtered Sunlight Conditions

Young peach plants (Prunus persica) were grown outdoors under different colored filters, to examine the effect of light quality on plant behavior. It was found that under blue light growth rate, leaf size and number, rate of spring bud opening and secondary branching were very similar to control plants grown under neutral shade. Blue + far-red light showed an overall strong inhibitory effect on all these characteristics. Red + far-red light produced the strongest growth activity with best results in growth rate and leaf size and number. The phytochrome pigment system was suggested to be the only pigment regulating growth under high light intensities. Blue and blue + far-red light acted antagonistically on apical dominance features of the tree. The former produced a wider tree with nearly horizontal shoots, while the latter produced a more erect narrow tree.
Biomass size spectrum of the Lake Michigan pelagic food web

Biomass size spectra for the complete Lake Michigan pelagic food web from picoplankton to salmonids were constructed for nine sampling transects around the lake in May and in September 1987. Size spectra were typical for freshwaters, having distinct peaks corresponding to major size groups. Biomass concentration of algae, zooplankton, and planktivores conformed to particle-size model predictions, but piscivore biomass was lower than predicted because these species are stocked. Mean annual total pelagic biomass was 72.3 g∙m−2 compared with a predicted range of 78.8–85.3 g∙m−2. Potential production of piscivores, Mysis, and Pontoporeia was in agreement with model predictions. No estimates of zooplankton or planktivore production were available, but we calculated that these could be 72.1–91.6 and 2.5–4.1 g∙m−2∙yr−1, respectively. Our analyses suggest that piscivore production is constrained by food web structure. Bloater, which comprise 72% of planktivore biomass, make up less than 20% of salmon diets. We es.
Selection of mature and old stands by Corsican Nuthatch Sitta whiteheadi in harvested forests

In harvested forests, the bird community is largely determined by stand structure, which itself is determined by forestry practices. This study aimed to identify habitat variables determining the presence of Corsican Nuthatch Sitta whiteheadi – a threatened island endemic – in harvested Corsican Pine Pinus nigra laricio woods, with the aim of mitigating the impact of timber harvest on the bird. Comparison of occupied and unoccupied plots showed that this bird is found mostly in pure Corsican Pine stands, and is absent when more than 50% of trees are not this species. Nests were built in decaying pine snags between 20 and 100 cm diameter at breast height (dbh), but birds avoided stands with live pines 80 cm dbh. Conservation of Corsican Nuthatch therefore depends on maintaining harvest rotations of more than 200 years, reducing the size of felling coupes in clear-cutting systems or, preferably, practising selective cutting, maintaining a sufficient density of old trees and snags, and checking the encroachment of other tree species into Corsican Pine stands.
The extent of South-North pollen transfer in Finnish Scots pine

In order to evaluate the possibility of long distance gene flow in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), we measured the amount and germinability of airborne pollen and flowering phenology in central, northern, and northernmost Finland during 1997–2000. Totally 2.3% of the detected germinable pollen grains were in the air prior to local pollen shedding. The mean number of germinable pollen grains m–3 air per day was lower prior to local pollen shedding, but in the year 2000 there were more germinable pollen grains in the air of central study site prior to local pollen shedding. Prior to the onset of pollen shedding, 7.5% of female strobili which we observed were receptive. On average female strobili became receptive three days earlier than local pollen shedding started. During the period of pollen shedding in the central study site, we detected germinable airborne pollen in the northern site in years 1997, 1999 and 2000. At the northermost site, we detected germinable airborne pollen during the pollen-shedding period of the northern site in 2000. Our detection of germinable airborne pollen and synchrony of strobili maturation from south to north suggest that populations of Scots pine in central and northern Finland may provide genetic material to populations in northern and northernmost Finland, respectively.
Influence of the Acyl Moiety on the Hydrolysis of Quinuclidinium Esters Catalyzed by Butyrylcholinesterase

Eight chiral esters of quinuclidin-3-ol and butyric, acetic, pivalic and benzoic acid were synthesized as well as their racemic and chiral, quaternary N-benzyl derivatives. All racemic and chiral quaternary compounds were studied as substrates and/or inhibitors of horse serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The best substrate for the enzyme was (R)-N-benzyl butyrate. The rates of hydrolysis decreased in order (R)-butyrate >> (R)-acetate (7-fold slower) > (R)-pivalate (8-fold slower) > (R)-benzoate (9-fold slower reaction), while (S)-N-benzyl esters were much poorer substrates (320 (butyrate) - 4360-fold slower (pivalate) than the appropriate (R)-enantiomer). For all (S)-N-benzyl esters excluding (S)-N-benzyl acetate inhibition constants were determined (Ka = 3.3−60 μmol dm−3). The hydrolysis of racemic mixtures of N-benzyl esters proceeded 1.4 (for acetate) − 5.1 (for benzoate) times slower than that of pure (R)-enantiomers of the corresponding concentrations due to the inhibition with (S)-enantiomers. Change of the acyl moiety of the substrate effected both activity and stereoselectivity of the BChE.
Antioxidant Compounds from Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Möench) Hulls

Ethanolic extracts of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) hulls were separated by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography into eight fractions. Five of the fractions exhibited peroxyl radical-scavenging activity by inhibiting the oxidation of methyl linoleate in solution. Two of the antioxidant fractions contained proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) from the color reaction of these fractions with HCl under heat treatment. Five antioxidant compounds were isolated by preparative HPLC and identified as quercetin, hyperin, rutin, protocatechuic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde. The contents of these active compounds in the buckwheat hulls were as follows: protocatechuic acid (13.4 mg/100 g of dried hulls), 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (6.1 mg/100 g), hyperin (5.0 mg/100 g), rutin (4.3 mg/100 g), and quercetin (2.5 mg/100 g). Besides the isolation of these compounds, two major compounds that showed no peroxyl radical-scavenging activity in the extract were isolated and identified as vitexin and isovitexin.
Assessment of DNA extraction methods from various maize (Zea mays L.) tissues for environmental GMO monitoring in Mexico: Part I: detection by end-point PCR

En Mexico se han implementado reglamentaciones para el cultivo de plantas de maiz (Zea mays L.) geneticamente modificadas (GM) con el fin de evitar el flujo de genes a razas nativas y especies silvestres. Los estudios de campo son necesarios y las agencias del gobierno mexicano tienen el mandato para realizarlos. Debido a su especificidad, los metodos basados en la PCR son adecuados para la vigilancia en campo de organismos GM, pero es necesario evaluar su desempeno, ya que estan muy influenciados por la calidad de la preparacion de ADN inherente al metodo de extraccion. En este estudio se usaron cinco protocolos comerciales diferentes para extraer y purificar ADN genomico de varios tejidos de maiz (por ejemplo, polen, hojas, espiguillas y granos). La calidad del ADN se analizo por espectrofotometria, por electroforesis en gel, y como un sustrato para PCR punto final. Los resultados mostraron que se necesita ADN altamente amplificable, en lugar de altos rendimientos de extraccion, para un analisis consistente. Los criterios para evaluar la pureza del ADN, como la absorbancia, no necesariamente reflejan una capacidad de amplificacion adecuada, lo que resulta en una deteccion no fiable de un organismo GM. En conclusion, las membranas de silica de union de ADN dieron las preparaciones de ADN mas adecuadas para los analisis de PCR punto final de diferentes tejidos de maiz GM