Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Irregular Part of V -Statistics Multifractal Spectra for Systems with Non-Uniform Specification

Abstract Let (X, f) be a dynamical system with X a compact metric space. Let Xr be the product of r-copies of X, r≥ 1, and Φ: Xr → R. The multifractal decomposition for V –statistics for Φ, f is defined as . The set of points x ∊ X, for which the limit does not exist is called the irregular part, or historic set, of the spectrum. In this article we analyze the irregular part of the V -statistics for systems satisfying a weak form of the known Bowen specification property, called the non-uniform specification property. This concept was introduced by P. Varandas and allows to work in a nonuniformly hyperbolic context.
A Cyclonic Eddy over the Continental Margin of Vancouver Island Evidence for Baroclinic Instability

Abstract This paper describes the circulation, water properties and energetics of an observed cyclonic eddy that formed over the continental margin of Vancouver Island between late July and early September, 1980. The eddy was characterized by a depth scale of 1 km, a radius of 50 km and a maximum near-surface geostrophic flow of 50 cm s−1. Within the middepth core of the eddy, isopycnal surfaces were domed upward by 50 m and were comprised of relatively warm, saline and low dissolved oxygen water that appeared to originate with the California Undercurrent. The eddy is shown to have been generated through dynamic instability of the seasonal mean flow along Vancouver Island. The appearance in late July of the undercurrent over the slope may have been an important factor in the amplification of the mesoscale meander that eventually deformed into the eddy. Calculation of each of the terms in the integrated energy balance reveals that both barotropic and baroclinic instability contributed to the amplification .
Changes in the Incretin Levels After Gastric Bypass

: Most researchers support the important role of incretins, particularly glucagon-like peptide-1 in improving metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes after bariatric operations, mostly involving shunting. A positive effect of bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes is known from numerous publications on the results of surgical treatment of morbid obesity and in this review we try to analyze the mechanisms of this effect.
Institute for Strategy and Business Economics University

This paper develops a theoretical model of asymmetric competition between a pay TV and a free TV broadcaster. Our model shows that the pay TV broadcaster has incentives to place advertising on its channel if the marginal return on advertising exceeds the viewers’ disutility from advertising. In this case, however, the pay TV advertising level is always below the corresponding level on free TV. The pay TV advertising level can increase with a higher viewer disutility from advertising but the pay TV channel will never attract a larger viewership than the free TV channel. Furthermore, we show that introducing advertising on pay TV induces a decrease of the subscription fees on this channel and a decrease in the advertising level of the free TV channel. Moreover, pay TV viewer demand can increase if the pay TV broadcaster places advertising on its channel. If the viewer disutility of advertising is suﬃciently large, aggregate broadcaster proﬁts increase through the introduction of advertising in pay TV, while aggregate consumer surplus always increases.
The Lancet Regional Health - Americas

Background: While we have good evidence about the hypertension care cascade, we do not know the mean blood pressure (BP) in these groups. We described the mean BP in four groups based on the hypertension care cascade at the national and sub-national levels in Peru. Methods: Descriptive analysis of six national health surveys. Blood pressure was measured twice and the second record herein analysed. We deﬁned four groups: i) people with self-reported hypertension diagnosis receiving antihypertensive medication; ii) people with self-reported hypertension diagnosis not receiving antihypertensive medication; iii) people unaware they have hypertension with blood pressure ≥ 140 or 90 mmHg; and iv) otherwise healthy people
Geochemical studies of abyssal lavas recovered by DSRV Alvin from Eastern Galapagos Rift, Inca Transform, and Ecuador Rift: 3. Trace element abundances and petrogenesis

Glassy to sparsely phyric submarine lavas were recovered from nine Alvin dive sites located along the eastern Galapagos rift and at the intersection with the Inca transform. Samples include quartz-normative tholeiitic basalts (MORB), numerous Fe- and Ti-enriched basalts (FeTi basalts) and a smaller number of oceanic andesites (55.9–64.3 wt % SiO2). MORB have light rare earth element (REE) and large ion lithophile (LIL) element depletions but exhibit slight REE fractionation (CeN/YbN 0.6–1.0) and increasing negative Europium anomalies (0.96–0.66) with progressive differentiation. Andesites have sixfold to tenfold enrichments of incompatible elements and volatiles compared to the least fractionated (Mg number < 60) basalt recovered. REE and LIL enrichments in the FeTi basalts and andesites are up to 70% greater than those predicted from closed-system fractional crystallization models computed using major and trace element data. Trace element data indicate that extreme fractional crystallization of MORB liquids (40–65%) has occurred in order for the most evolved FeTi basalt to be generated and further crystallization (40–50%) of FeTi basalt residual liquid is required to produce andesites. Magma mixing has occurred on a small scale in the evolved liquids and can partially explain the chemical characteristics of basaltic andesites. All data point to extensive amounts of fractional crystallization during the evolution of these lavas; however, mantle heterogeneity and other processes such as partial melting, open-system fractional crystallization, and convection-driven thermogravitational diffusion may also play minor roles in influencing magmatic evolution. The principal tectonic controls which influence magmatic evolution along this accretionary boundary are (1) the presence of the cold, thick lithospheric edge of Nazca plate exposed at the intersection with the Inca transform, and (2) attempted rift propagation across the Inca transform intersection, which has resulted in excess magmatism and the eruption of only FeTi basalts. Three subrift, accretionary magmatic domains result from the interplay of transform effects and attempted propagation. The chemistry of lavas is a direct consequence of the magmatic domain that prevails along an accretionary boundary.
Steady‐state field‐aligned currents at Mercury

Magnetic field observations acquired in orbit about Mercury by the MESSENGER spacecraft demonstrate the presence in the planet's northern hemisphere of Birkeland currents that flow to low altitudes. Currents of density 10–30 nA/m2 flow downward at dawn and upward at dusk. Total currents are typically 20–40 kA and exceed 200 kA during disturbed conditions. The current density and total current are two orders of magnitude lower than at Earth. An electric potential of ~30 kV from dayside magnetopause magnetic reconnection implies a net electrical conductance of ~1 S. A spherical‐shell conductance model indicates closure of current radially through the low‐conductivity layers near the surface and by lateral flow from dawn to dusk through more conductive material at depth.
Protection and repair of the injured spinal cord: a review of completed, ongoing, and planned clinical trials for acute spinal cord injury A review

decades, advances in understanding the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) have stimulated the recent emergence of several therapeutic strategies that are being examined in Phase I/II clinical trials. Ten randomized controlled trials examining methylprednisolone sodium succinate, tirilizad mesylate, monosialotetra-hexosylganglioside, thyrotropin releasing hormone, gacyclidine, naloxone
The Volcanic Signal in Goddard Institute for Space Studies Three-Dimensional Model Simulations.

Abstract Transient calculations of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model for the climatic signal of volcanic eruptions are analyzed. By compositing the output for two different volcanoes for scenario A and five different volcanoes for scenario B, the natural variability is suppressed and the volcanic signals am extracted. Significant global mean surface air temperature cooling and precipitation reduction are found for several years following the eruptions, with larger changes in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) than in the Southern Hemisphere. The global-average temperature response lasts for more than four years, but the precipitation response disappears after three years. The largest cooling in the model occurs in the NH summer of the year after spring eruptions. Significant zonal-average temperature reductions begin in the tropics immediately after the eruptions and extend to 45°S−45°N in the year after the eruptions. In the second year, cooling is still seen from 30°S to 30°N.
What is the Semantics of Your SPARQL Extension? (cid:63)

We argue for the importance of formal semantics for the exploration and study of new SPARQL extensions; in particular, for RDF stream processing (RSP). As an exemplary show case, we study the languages C-SPARQL and CQELS, which are syntactically similar, but differ substantially in their semantics. To express and compare their semantics in precise terms, we utilize the logic-oriented framework LARS which offers a rule-based semantics similar to Answer Set Programming. Moreover, we emphasize the need for theory to advance language development on more rigorous grounds.
Income Volatility and Social Insurance in Latin America 1 (Background Paper 1)

Income volatility can disrupt household consumption and investment, push them into poverty, and lead to social unrest. Aggregate income volatility in Latin America has declined in recent decades, partly reflecting better policies, although it remains higher than in peer economies. Moreover, income volatility at the individual level is high, with a significant share of the labor force experiencing large income fluctuations every year. Informal workers face particularly volatile income, which often push them into poverty. Informal—along younger and less educated— workers are also more sensitive to aggregate income fluctuations than other groups, making them more vulnerable to economic downturns. Social transfers contribute to alleviating poverty but play a very limited role in mitigating income volatility, including of vulnerable groups. With already high individual income volatility and increasing uncertainty about future income (including because of climate and global geopolitical shocks), governments in Latin America should revisit the design of social protection frameworks to make them more responsive to large income shifts.
Observation of coherent echoes with narrow spectra near 150 km altitude during daytime away from the dip equator

We present the rare observation of backscatter echoes perpendicular to the geomagnetic field from the 150 km altitude vicinity over a region situated away from the dip equator, namely, at Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E, 6.4° dip latitude). A layer of weak echoes, having Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio (SNR) of the order of −12 to −3 dB, was seen drifting downward from 157 km at 0930 LT to about 148 km at 1028 LT on July 12, 1997. The Doppler velocity as well as Doppler Width was in the range 10–20 ms−1. While there was no quasi‐periodicity as such in terms of echo occurrence, the echo properties were in other respects very similar to 150 km echoes seen in equatorial regions. This included the descending phase with time during the morning hours. These constitute the first observations of daytime 150 km echoes away from the dip‐equator and only add to the mystery regarding the origin of these structures.
Microbial Communities in Danish Wastewater Treatment Plants with Nutrient Removal

in English Activated sludge treatment plants are the most used wastewater treatment systems worldwide for biological nutrient removal from wastewater. Nevertheless, the treatment systems have been for many years operated as so called “black-box”, where specific process parameters were adjusted without the deep understanding of their influence on the key microbes. In order to ensure optimal operation, process optimization and trouble-shooting, it is crucial to understand the structure and function of the microbial communities and the factors controlling their composition and activity. This study was devoted into detailed analysis of almost fifty full-scale treatment plants (Microbial Database over Danish Wastewater Treatment Plants.) in order to learn more about the activated sludge communities and the rules that govern their presence and growth. This is one of the first such comprehensive long-term investigations of the microbial community in full-scale wastewater treatment plants, where conventional identification, molecular identification by quantitative Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization and extensive process information related to treatment plant design and process performance have been compiled. The microbial populations in Danish full-scale activated sludge wastewater treatment plants with nutrient removal have been screened and it was possible to present so called “Danish standard activated sludge” for this type of plants. The key functional groups have been identified and they constituted up to 80% of total biomass. It was possible to identify a group of core microorganisms that is common for all investigated Danish plants. Their population variations were analysed over the years and it was demonstrated that they were relatively stable during the time of investigation and similar between the plants. In spite of the population’s similarity, it has been proven by statistical measures that the presence of two functional groups, namely Polyphosphate Accumulating Organisms/Glycogen Accumulating Organisms (PAO/GAO) and filamentous bacteria, in each treatment plant had its own unique microbial fingerprint. Additionally, only few correlations between bacterial presence and different process parameters or treatment design have been revealed. It was not possible to
THE CORRELATION OF SEISMIC VELOCITIES WITH FORMATIONS IN THE SOUTH‐WEST OF SCOTLAND *

In seismic studies being carried out to elucidate the structure at depth of the Midland Valley rift and the Tertiary igneous province in the West of Scotland, a lack of deep boreholes makes the collection of velocity data imperative for identification of seismic events and for determinations of depth. Three methods are used to investigate the correlation of seismic velocities and geological formations. The results show as strong a dependence of velocity on method of measurement as on lithology and the wide spread of values within a given formation makes the attribution of discrete velocity ranges to specific formations impossible. Changes of velocity are more significant than absolute values. The variations in both are discussed.
Triassic sandy braidplain and aeolian sedimentation in the Sherwood Sandstone Group of the Sellafield area, west Cumbria

SUMMARY During the Permo-Triassic the Sellafield area formed part of the eastern margin to the East Irish Sea Basin. Basin-margin alluvial fan, shallow marine and coastal mudflat sedimentation created a locally thick Permian succession. Triassic sediments are represented by the Sherwood Sandstone Group, which comprises the St Bees, Calder and Ormskirk sandstone formations. The basal few metres of the St Bees Sandstone are characterized by sheetflood sandstones, interbedded with playa-mudflat deposits. These pass upwards into thick, multistorey fluvial sandbodies, formed on sandy braidplain. Rare aeolian units are interbedded with the channel facies. The top of the St Bees Sandstone is sharply defined and represents the regional abandonment of the fluvial system. The overlying Calder Sandstone Formation is coarser grained and dominated by aeolian sediments, with dune and interdune facies recognized. These sands were blown into the area from the east. Minor episodes of fluvial reworking punctuated aeolian deposition and the top of the Calder Sandstone is represented by a fluvially deposited unit. The lower part of the overlying Ormskirk Sandstone is of aeolian facies and can be distinguished from the Calder Sandstone by its finer grain size. The two formations can also be differentiated using geophysical logs, as aeolian and fluvial sandstones have diagnostic geophysical log characteristics allowing recognition of different sedimentary facies associations.
Self‐formed bedrock channels

An effective physics‐based rule for the evolution of bedrock channel cross sections is required for quantitative modeling of the roles of climate, tectonics, and sediment supply in setting bedrock longitudinal profiles and landscape form. Here we propose a modeling strategy in which the spatial pattern of erosion rates in a channel cross section is calculated, allowing exploration of the origin of the channel cross‐sectional profile, and of the dependence of channel width on flow discharge and channel slope. Our approach reproduces many of the scaling relationships observed in natural systems, including power‐law width‐discharge (W∼Q0.4) and width‐slope (W∼S−0.2) relationships. Models of channel cross‐sections linked in series and subject to varying rock uplift (baselevel lowering) rates produce concave‐up longitudinal profiles with power‐law slope‐uplift (S∼B1.31) and width‐uplift (W∼B−0.24) relationships. Our modeling strategy can easily be adapted to handle i) better representations of erosional processes, ii) better approximations of the flow structure, and iii) the role of non‐uniform sediment mantling of the bed.
Climatology of Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Southeastern United States

Rainfall associated with tropical cyclones contributes a significant amount to the annual rainfall in the southeastern United States. This study quantifies this amount from 1980-2004 as we compare the total rainfall to an amount excluding rainfall arising from tropical cyclones. Additionally, we use these precipitation amounts to examine the climatic water balance and observed hurricane-season moisture deficits and compare actual deficits to deficits with tropical cyclone rainfall removed. Tropical cyclones contribute as much as 15% of the hurricane-season rainfall along portions of the Carolinas. The Appalachian Mountains act as a barrier to the inland influence of tropical cyclone rainfall and generate a spatial rainfall gradient on mean precipitation maps. Within a hurricane-season, the percentage of rainfall that can be attributed to tropical cyclones tends to progress eastward throughout the season. Temporally, rainfall from tropical cyclones has increased over much of the region, while nontropical cyclone rainfall has largely remained unchanged. With respect to the water balance, soil moisture deficits would significantly increase if the southeastern United States did not receive rainfall from tropical cyclones. This would have consequences for the agricultural community and would increase the reliance on irrigation in agricultural production.
Dietary of Spirulina Platensis through Feed Against Weight and Length Final, Hepatomatic Indek, and Visceral Organ Profile of Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) and Pangasius Sp.

Consumer needs for tilapia and pangasius can be met with high stocking densities in cultivation intensification, large amounts of feed on limited land. Poor management of intensive aquaculture causes leftover feed and faeces to settle to the bottom of the pond, producing high levels of ammonia which inhibits growth. This study aims to increase growth, development of gonads and visceral organs with Spirulina platensis diet. The observation method is used in research with a complete random design, applying 3 treatments and 1 control with 4x replications. Observations included final length and weight, index of hepatosomatic (HSI), and index of visceral somatic (VSI). The results showed that the Spirulina platensis diet increased the final weight and length, HSI of tilapia and catfish significantly, but not significantly to VSI. This shows that the Spirulina platensis diet can be used to increase the growth and development of gonads.
Viscous Fluid in Tank under Coupled Surge, Heave, and Pitch Motions

A tank might be simultaneously excited by surge, heave, and pitch ground motions during earthquakes. A time-independent finite-difference method is used to intensively study the combined effects of surge, heave, and pitch motions on sloshing viscous fluid in a rigid, rectangular tank. A complete fully nonlinear free-surface condition is used in the analysis. The numerical results are validated by the existing reported results. The evolution of the velocity vectors are described and discussed in detail. The coupled surge and heave and combined surge, heave, and pitch motions would enhance the free-surface stability during the transition period, during which the free surface variation ceases and sloshing begins in the opposite direction. No clear eddies are generated during a surge motion as they are during a heave motion. While the tank is experiencing pitch motion, a clear clockwise eddy occurs during the transition period, when the slope of the surface is negative. However, the eddy is counterclockwise when the slope is positive. A comparison between the surface elevation with combined surge, heave, and pitch motion and that of the superposition of separated excitation is made. The coupling effects are significant, and simultaneous surge and pitch motions should be included during a real earthquake analysis. The dominance of the frequency of excitation, ω x , on the frequency of the sloshing displacement is presented when ω x is less than the first fundamental frequency of water in tank, ω 1 . The first fundamental frequency dominates the frequency of the sloshing displacement throughout the sloshing when ω x is greater than ω 1 .
Debris-flow hazards in the Blue Ridge of central Virginia

The June 27, 1995, storm in Madison County, Virginia produced debris flows and floods that devastated a small (130 km 2 ) area of the Blue Ridge in the eastern United States. Although similar debris-flow inducing storm events may return only approximately once every two thousand years to the same given locale, these events affecting a similar small-sized area occur about every three years somewhere in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains. From physical examinations and mapping of debris-flow sources, paths, and deposits in Madison County, we develop methods for identifying areas subject to debris flows using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology. We examined the rainfall intensity and duration characteristics of the June 27, 1995, and other storms, in the Blue Ridge of central Virginia, and have defined a minimum threshold necessary to trigger debris flows in granitic rocks. In comparison with thresholds elsewhere, longer and more intense rainfall is necessary to trigger debris flows in the Blue Ridge.