Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The tectonic history of New Zealand

Summary The tectonic history of Kew Zealand falls into two periods of major activity, a late Mesozoic-early Tertiary phase, and a late Tertiary-Quaternary phase. The first phase is here termed the Rangitata Orogeny and the last phase the Kllikouni Diastrophism. The Rangitata Orogeny started in the southern part of the South Island probably early in the Jurassic and progressed northward bringing more and more of the New Zealand Geanticlinc above sea-level. The nose of the geanticline reached the North Island area late in the Cretaceous and the geanticline was above sea-level for the whole of the New Zealand area early in the Tertiary. There is evidence that the New Zealand Geanticline rose above sea-level earlier in the northern part of the North Island of New Zealand, but this is at present interpreted as a local undulation in the geanticlinal body. On the eastern and western sides of the geanticlinc, secondary, sedimentary basins-the Eastern Basin and the Western Bacsin-developed, in which most. of the C.
Effects of clay amendment on adsorption and desorption of copper in water repellent soils

Copper is an important micronutrient and trace amounts are essential for crop growth. However, high concentrations of copper will produce toxic effects. Australia is increasingly developing production of crops in water repellent soils. Clay amendment, a common amelioration techniques used in Australia, has demonstrated agronomic benefits in increased crop or pasture production. The sorption and desorption of copper and the effect of clay treatment on copper behaviour in a water repellent soil collected from an experimental farm in South Australia is studied. We found that the water repellent soils amended with clay have an increased adsorption capacity of copper. Also the clay-amended soils had an increased ratio of specific sorption to total sorption of copper. The implications of this study to the sustainable agro-environmental management of water repellent soils is discussed.
LABORATORI NAZIONALI DI FRASCATI

The Space Climatic Facility (SCF) is an experimental appara tus built in 2006 at the Frascati National Laboratory of INFN to study the thermal thrust s acting on the LAGEOS I and II satellites and to perform integrated thermal and opti cal characterization of retroreflector (CCR) arrays for laser ranging. The latter include th new LARES satellite, whose main scientific goal is to improve the measurement accu r y of the frame dragging of the Earth (Lense-Thirring effect) predicted by General R e ativity and reach a relative accuracy of the order of 1%. The SCF is also devoted to make the same tests on CCR arrays deployed on GNSS constellations (especially on GALI LEO) within an approved INFN experiment, ETRUSCO. The SCF is a cylindrical cryostat where a realistic space environment is established in terms of pressure ( 10–10 mbar), temperature (down to 77 K) and e.m. radiation (Sun simulator and infrared Earth si mulator). Thermal simulations are well advanced and laser-optical simulations are m aking good progress. Submitted to the 10th ICATPP Conference on Astroparticle, Particle, Space P hysics, Detectors and Medical Physics Applications, 8-12 October 2007, Villa Olm o (Como), Italy
Glassy Chimeras could be blind to quantum speedup: Designing better benchmarks for quantum annealing machines

Recently, a programmable quantum annealing machine has been built that minimizes the cost function of hard optimization problems by adiabatically quenching quantum fluctuations. Tests performed by different research teams have shown that, indeed, the machine seems to exploit quantum effects. However experiments on a class of random-bond instances have not yet demonstrated an advantage over classical optimization algorithms on traditional computer hardware. Here we present evidence as to why this might be the case. These engineered quantum annealing machines effectively operate coupled to a decohering thermal bath. Therefore, we study the finite-temperature critical behavior of the standard benchmark problem used to assess the computational capabilities of these complex machines. We simulate both random-bond Ising models and spin glasses with bimodal and Gaussian disorder on the D-Wave Chimera topology. Our results show that while the worst-case complexity of finding a ground state of an Ising spin glass on the Chimera graph is not polynomial, the finite-temperature phase space is likely rather simple: Spin glasses on Chimera have only a zero-temperature transition. This means that benchmarking optimization methods using spin glasses on the Chimera graph might not be the best benchmark problems to test quantum speedup. We propose alternative benchmarks by embedding potentially harder problems on the Chimera topology. Finally, we also study the (reentrant) disorder-temperature phase diagram of the random-bond Ising model on the Chimera graph and show that a finite-temperature ferromagnetic phase is stable up to 19.85(15)% antiferromagnetic bonds. Beyond this threshold the system only displays a zero-temperature spin-glass phase. Our results therefore show that a careful design of the hardware architecture and benchmark problems is key when building quantum annealing machines.
Orbital dynamics of three-dimensional bars : I . The backbone of 3 D bars . A fiducial case

In this series of papers we investigate the orbital structure of 3D models representing barred galaxies. In the present introductory paper we use a fiducial case to describe all families of periodic orbits that may play a role in the morphology of three-dimensional bars. We show that, in a 3D bar, the backbone of the orbital structure is not just the x1 family, as in 2D models, but a tree of 2D and 3D families bifurcating from x1. Besides the main tree we have also found another group of families of lesser importance around the radial 3:1 resonance. The families of this group bifurcate from x1 and influence the dynamics of the system only locally. We also find that 3D orbits elongated along the bar minor axis can be formed by bifurcations of the planar x2 family. They can support 3D bar-like structures along the minor axis of the main bar. Banana-like orbits around the stable Lagrangian points build a forest of 2D and 3D families as well. The importance of the 3D x1-tree families at the outer parts of the bar depends critically on whether they are introduced in the system as bifurcations in z or in ż.
EROS VARIABLE STARS : FUNDAMENTAL-MODE AND FIRST OVERTONE CEPHEIDS IN THE BAR OF THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD

We present CCD phase-binned light curves at 490 nm for 97 Cepheid variable stars in the bar of the LMC. The photometry was obtained as part of the French EROS project and has excellent phase coverage, permitting accurate decomposition into Fourier components. We identify as `sinusoidal' or s-Cepheids those stars with periods less than 5.5 d and small second-harmonic components. These stars comprise $\sim$30% of our sample and most form a sequence $\sim$1 mag brighter than the LMC classical Cepheids in the period-luminosity diagram. They are also generally bluer and have lower-amplitude light curves. We infer that the s-Cepheids are first-overtone pulsators because, when their periods are converted to expected fundamental-mode values, they obey a common period-luminosity-colour relation with classical Cepheids. This also confirms the reality of the colour term in the Cepheid period-luminosity-colour relation. Further, the blue edge of the classical Cepheid instability strip agrees well with the theoretical calculations for the fundamental mode made by Chiosi et al. (1993) for the Hertzsprung-Russell and period-luminosity diagrams, but we find that our observed s-Cepheids are $>0.2$ mag brighter and bluer than the Chiosi et al.\ predictions for the first-overtone. We identify a number of features in plots of our stars' Fourier-component amplitude ratios and phase differences. These features have been identified with resonances between different pulsation modes. In the LMC we find these features seem to occur at periods very similar to Galactic ones for classical Cepheids, but at different periods for s-Cepheids. We discover a double-mode Cepheid in the LMC, for which $P({\rm first overtone})/P({\rm fundamental}) = 0.710 \pm 0.001$, very similar to observed ratios for Galactic double-mode Cepheids.
Notes and Comments Self-Organization of Vegetation in Arid Ecosystems

1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands; Erosion and Soiland Water Conservation Group, Wageningen University, NieuweKanaal 11, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands; andDepartment of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Postbus9101, 6700 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands;2. Tropical Nature Conservation and Vertebrate Ecology Group,Wageningen University, Bornsesteeg 69, 6708 PD Wageningen, TheNetherlands;3. Section Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity andEcosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 320,1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands;4. School of Mathematics, University of Natal, P/Bag X01, 3209Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa;5. Spatial Ecology Department, Netherlands Institute of Ecology,P.O. Box 140, 4400 AC Yerseke, The Netherlands;6. Department of Plant Biology, University of Groningen, P.O. Box14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands;7. ITC International Institute of Aerospace Survey and EarthSciences, Agriculture, Conservation and Environment Division,P.O. Box 6, 7500 AA, Enschede, The Netherlands
Seasonal mosquito fluctuations in Da Nang, South Vietnam, based on three prevalent species.

A light trap survey was conducted in Da Nang, Vietnam for 42 weeks beginning I June 1969. Over 150,000 specimens were sorted and identified. The most numerous mosquitoes collected were C. tritaeniol-hynchrls, A. rinensis, and A. vagrts. C. tt-itaeniorhynckus was
On Reconstructing the Morphosyntax of Proto-Northern Luzon

The subgroup of Philippine languages here called Northern Luzon (earlier descriptions called it Cordilleran), is slowly becoming better understood as new descriptions of its constituent languages are being published. This paper draws on the material that is now available to reconstruct various features of the morphosyntax of the parent of the group, Proto-Northern Luzon. Evidence for the unity of the group will first be examined, noting that there is little phonological evidence to unite the family, although the largest group of languages within the family, those which comprise what has been called Meso-Cordilleran does share certain phonological innovations. There is however a fairly substantial body of exclusively-shared lexical innovations which have been claimed to be reconstructible to Proto-Northern Luzon. The general typological features of clausal constructions, both transitive and intransitive, as well as non-verbal, found throughout Northern Luzon will be considered to be reconstructible to the parent language. Two major sections of the paper will deal with the reconstruction of the case relations of NP complements of these clause types, one dealing with pronominal exponents of NPs and the other dealing with nominal specifiers, sometimes referred to in the literature as determiners. A bottom-up approach to reconstruction will be utilized, moving from reconstruction of the lower-level groupings to the parent, Proto-Northern Luzon, but a top-down approach will also be integrated, especially when dealing with various, commonly-occurring grammaticalization processes.
General Distribution Profiles of Thirty-six Elements in Sediments and Manganese Concretions of Lake Biwa

Thirty sediment cores (30-40 cm in length), 47 Ekman dredge sediments, and Mn concretions were collected from Lake Biwa. The concentrations of 36 elements in the samples were determined by instrumental neutron activation, X-ray fluorescence, atomic absorption, and colorimetric analyses. The elements determined included Mn, P, As, Sb, Fe, Ni, Co, Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg, Cr, Ti, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Hf, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Yb, Lu, U, Th, Au, Ta, Nd, Br and N. Based on statistical considerations and calculation of the concentration factors of the elements, the features of the elemental distribution in Lake Biwa sediment were determined. The main results are summarized as follows : (1) Concentrations of Mn and As were very high in the uppermost oxidized layer of the offshore sediment and Mn concretions. This resulted from the dissolution-deposition cycles of these elements within the sedimentary column and the bottom water. The fixation of As at the sediment surface is mainly attributed to the adsorption of arsenate onto Mn (II) -rich hydrous Mn (IV) oxide. (2) There were high concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Hg in the recent sediments. Although the source of these elements is attributed to human activities, the individual distributions of Zn and Cu in the sediment may result from the deposition of metal-rich planktonic debris and subsequent degradation of the debris. (3) The orders of increasing concentrations of alkali metals and lanthanides in the sediment from the central region compared with the nearshore pediment were identical to the orders of increasing atomic numbers from Na to Cs and from La to Lu, respectively.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA TINGKAT PENDAPATAN KELUARGA PETERNAK DENGAN TINGKAT KONSUMSI (Kasus di Koperasi Peternakan Bandung Selatan (KPBS) Pangalengan)

Penelitian ini dilakukan di Wilayah Kerja Koperasi Peternakan Bandung Selatan Pangalengan (KPBS Pangalengan) yang mencakup tiga kecamatan, yaitu Pangalengan, Kertasari dan Pacet. Ke tiga kecamatan ini berada di daerah Bandung Selatan dan seluruhnya termasuk ke dalam wilayah administrasi Kabupaten Bandung. Obyek sasaran yang dituju dalam penelitian ini adalah para peternak sapi perah rakyat, yang memiliki sapi betina produktif antara 1 – 20 ekor. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan pendapatan dengan konsumsi pangan keluarga peternak sapi perah anggota KPBS Pangalengan. Metode yang digunakan adalah Survey dengan teknik pengambilan sampel Simple Random Sampling. Ukuran sampel yang terpilih sebagai wakil populasi adalah 106 orang responden dari anggota populasi 7.635 orang. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan analisis varians dan regresi sederhana. Hasil analisis menunjukkan: 1. Makin tinggi skala usaha pemilikan ternak, maka makin besar tingkat pendapatan peternak. 2. Makin tinggi tingkat pendapatan, maka makin tinggi tingkat konsumsi pangan peternak. Kata kunci: skala usaha, pendapatan keluarga peternak, konsumsi pangan.
Determination of the top-quark pole mass and strong coupling constant from the t ¯ t production cross section in pp collisions

The inclusive cross section for top-quark pair production measured by the CMS experiment in proton– proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV is compared to the QCD prediction at next-to-next-to-leading order with various parton distribution functions to determine the top-quark pole mass, m polet , or the strong coupling constant, α S . With the parton distribution function set NNPDF2.3, a pole mass of 176 . 7 + 3 . 8 − 3 . 4 GeV is obtained when constraining α S at the scale of the Z boson mass, m Z , to the current world average. Alternatively, by constraining m polet to the latest average from direct mass measurements, a value of α S ( m Z ) = 0 . 1151 + 0 . 0033 − 0 . 0032 is extracted. This is the ﬁrst determination of α S using events from top-quark production.
A precise determination of black hole spin in GRO J 1655-40

We note that the recently discovered 450 Hz frequency in the X-ray flux of the black hole candidate GRO J1655-40 is in a 3:2 ratio to the previously known 300 Hz frequency of quasi-periodic oscillations (QPO) in the same source. If the origin of high frequency QPOs in black hole systems is a resonance between orbital and epicyclic motion of accreting matter, as suggested previously, the angular momentum of the black hole can be accurately determined, given its mass. We find that the dimensionless angular momentum is in the range 0.2 < j < 0.67 if the mass is in the (corresponding) range of 5.5 to 7.9 solar masses.
Potential Predictability and AMIP Implications of Midlatitude Climate Variability in Two General Circulation Models

Abstract Ensembles of extended Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) runs from the general circulation models of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (formerly the National Meteorological Center) and the Max-Planck Institute (Hamburg, Germany) are used to estimate the potential predictability (PP) of an index of the Pacific–North America (PNA) mode of climate change. The PP of this pattern in “perfect” prediction experiments is 20%–25% of the index’s variance. The models, particularly that from MPI, capture virtually all of this variance in their hindcasts of the winter PNA for the period 1970–93. The high levels of internally generated model noise in the PNA simulations reconfirm the need for an ensemble averaging approach to climate prediction. This means that the forecasts ought to be expressed in a probabilistic manner. It is shown that the models’ skills are higher by about 50% during strong SST events in the tropical Pacific, so the probabilistic forecasts need to be conditio.
Painting the Whole Picture: Foreclosure Rates among Asian American Ethnic Groups in Orlando, Florida, and Phoenix, Arizona

Abstract This article contributes to the literature on the stratification of Asian American homeowners by systematically measuring the foreclosure rates of multiple Asian American ethnic groups, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders, and other racial groups in Orlando, Florida, and Phoenix, Arizona. Using novel data and methods, Korean and Vietnamese homeowners are estimated to experience foreclosure rates as high as those of blacks and Latinos, disparities hitherto obscured by more modest foreclosure rates among Asian American borrowers overall. The results suggest greater attention should be paid to the recent Sunbelt settlement of Korean and Vietnamese Americans to better understand why they were devastated by the housing crisis.
V_us (and m_s) From Hadronic Tau Decays

We describe how complications encountered in the extraction of V_us from flavor-breaking hadronic tau decay sum rules, in particular those associated with the slower than previously anticipated convergence of the relevant D=2 OPE series, can be successfully dealt with through judicious choices of sum rule weight. Problems with the previously proposed ``(0,0) spectral weight'' version of the analysis, and the much improved situation produced by the use of a number of alternate, non-spectral-weights, are demonstrated. The method is shown to promise a sub-0.0010-accuracy determination of V_us once analysis of the improved strange spectral data from BABAR and BELLE is completed. Connections to the tau versus electroproduction puzzle in the evaluation of the leading order hadronic contribution to (g-2)_mu are also discussed.
Charged Meson Rapidity Distributions in Central Au Au Collisions at sNN p 200 GeV

I. G. Bearden, D. Beavis, C. Besliu, B. Budick, H. Bøggild, C. Chasman, C. H. Christensen, P. Christiansen, J. Cibor, R. Debbe, E. Enger, J. J. Gaardhøje, M. Germinario, K. Hagel, O. Hansen, A. Holm, A. K. Holme, H. Ito, A. Jipa, F. Jundt, J. I. Jørdre, C. E. Jørgensen, R. Karabowicz, E. J. Kim, T. Kozik, T. M. Larsen, J. H. Lee, Y. K. Lee, G. Løvhøiden, Z. Majka, A. Makeev, M. Mikelsen, M. Murray, J. Natowitz, B. S. Nielsen, J. Norris, K. Olchanski, D. Ouerdane, R. Płaneta, F. Rami, C. Ristea, D. Röhrich, B. H. Samset, D. Sandberg, S. J. Sanders, R. A. Sheetz, P. Staszel, T. S. Tveter, F. Videbæk, R. Wada, Z. Yin, and I. S. Zgura
Use of multiple oxygen isotope proxies for elucidating Arctic Cretaceous palaeo-hydrology

Abstract Stable oxygen isotope analysis of siderite and dinosaur tooth enamel phosphate from the Campanian–Maastrichtian Prince Creek Formation, Alaska, USA, are analysed to determine the palaeohydrology of the ancient Colville Basin north of the Ancestral Brooks Range. δ18O of freshwater siderites relative to V-PDB ranges between −14.86 and −16.21‰. Dinosaur tooth enamel δ18O from three different sites (Kikak–Tegoseak, Pediomys Point, Liscomb) range between +3.9‰ and +10.2. 0‰. δ18Ometeoric water are calculated from δ18Osiderite that formed at seasonal temperatures ranging from −2 to 14.5 °C, with a mean annual temperature of 6.3 °C. At 6.3 °C, the δ18Ow calculated from siderite ranged between −22.23 and −20.89‰ V-SMOW. Ingested water compositions are estimated from dinosaur teeth assuming body temperatures of 37 °C and local relative humidity of 77.5%, resulting in values ranging from −28.7 to −20.4‰ V-SMOW, suggesting consumption of meteoric water and orographically depleted runoff from the Brooks Range. The ranges in calculated δ18Ometeoric water are compatible between the two proxies, and are mutually corroborating evidence of extremely 18O-depleted precipitation at high latitudes during the Late Cretaceous relative to those generated using general circulation models. This depletion is proposed to result from increased rainout effects from an intensified hydrological cycle, which probably played a role in sustaining polar warmth. Supplementary material: Parameters used for generation of equations compared to Kohn (1996) can be found at http://www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18642
Multiplicity dependence of charged pion, kaon, and (anti)proton production at large transverse momentum in p-Pb collisions root S-NN=5.02 TeV

dependence The production of charged pions, kaons and (anti)protons has been measured at mid-rapidity ( − 0 . 5 < y < 0) in p–Pb collisions at √ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV using the ALICE detector at the LHC. Exploiting particle identiﬁcation capabilities at high transverse momentum ( p T ), the previously published p T spectra have been extended to include measurements up to 20 GeV/ c for seven event multiplicity classes. The p T spectra for pp collisions at √ s = 7 TeV, needed to interpolate a pp reference spectrum, have also been extended up to 20 GeV/ c to measure the nuclear modiﬁcation factor ( R pPb ) in non-single diffractive p–Pb collisions. At intermediate transverse momentum (2 < p T < 10 GeV / c ) the proton-to-pion ratio increases with multiplicity in p–Pb collisions, a similar effect is not present in the kaon-to-pion ratio. The p T dependent structure of such increase is qualitatively similar to those observed in pp and heavy-ion collisions. At high p T ( > 10 GeV / c ), the particle ratios are consistent with those reported for pp and Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC energies. At intermediate p T the (anti)proton R pPb shows a Cronin-like enhancement, while pions and kaons show little or no nuclear modiﬁcation. At high p T the charged pion, kaon and (anti)proton R pPb are consistent with unity within statistical and systematic uncertainties. © 2016 The Author.
Population Contributions to Global Income Inequality: A Fuller Account

Population processes are expected to contribute to global income inequality but so far, studies have mostly documented the contributions of changing population size. Such studies typically decompose global inequality trends into population size vs. income effects. We expand decomposition to cover population size, age structure and worker productivity, thus giving a fuller account of demographic influences. This expansion reveals a larger influence of population factors than previously recognized. Further, age structure (not population size) wields the larger influence and its acknowledgment helps consider international differences in dependency ratios. The implications and extensions of these findings are discussed.