Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Co‐Occurring Tree Species Change Rank in Seedling Performance with Resources Varied Experimentally

Parallel hypotheses are advanced: (1) the distribution of resources in mesic upland temperate forests is patchy at a scale that is fine grained for adult trees and coarse grained for seedlings and (2) co-occurring tree species differ in abilities to exploit resources, resulting in differences in species rank order, by absolute growth rates of seedlings, among different resource combinations. Spatial variation in growth rate ranking among species may translate, through competition, into patterns of relative species abundances of seedlings that could persist in the community composition of adult trees. Here I report the results of factorial greenhouse experiments that address the second hypothesis. Seedlings of six co-occurring tree species of temperate eastern North American upland forests showed strong interspecific differences in growth rates and patterns of biomass allocation in response to variation in light and mineral nutrients. The ranks of four species in growth measures associated with competitive ability, absolute rates of change in stem height, total leaf area, and root biomass, varied significantly among nutrient treatments. Seedlings of American chestnut, Castanea dentata, ranked highest in traits associated with competitive ability over the broadest range of combinations of resource levels.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi might alleviate aluminium toxicity in banana plants

Some mycorrhizal plants exhibit greater resistance than nonmycorrhizal plants to aluminium toxicity. This has not yet been shown for banana despite its importance as a cash and food crop in tropical regions, although bananas are sensitive to aluminium stress. We studied the effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices in alleviating aluminium toxicity in the banana cultivar Grande Naine grown in a continuous-nutrient-flow cultivation system using dilute solution. The micropropagated plants, some of which were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, were grown for 40 d in pots filled with sand, and continuously irrigated with a nutrient solution containing up to 180 muM of aluminium. Water and nutrient uptake were measured once a week for 24 h, and root arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization, biomass production, and mineral content of roots and shoots were measured at harvest. The root arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization was large, and not significantly influenced by aluminium treatment. The effects of aluminium on both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants were: decrease in biomass production, water and nutrient uptake, and magnesium content of roots and shoots; greater aluminium content in roots than in shoots; and increase in potassium and phosphorus content, particularly in roots. A significant positive effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant growth was observed with aluminium treatment, and was most pronounced at the highest concentration. The benefits, compared with nonmycorrhizal plants, included: increase in shoot dry weight, uptake of water and of most nutrients, and in calcium, magnesium and phosphorus content, particularly in roots; decrease in aluminium content in root and shoot; and delay in the appearance of aluminium-induced leaf symptoms. These results indicate that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi could be effective in alleviating aluminium toxicity to banana plants.
PENGURAIAN TANDA (DECODING) PADA RUMOH ACEH DENGAN PENDEKATAN SEMIOTIKA (Elaboration of Sign (Decoding) of Rumoh Aceh Using Semiotics Approach)

Rumoh Aceh is one of the artefacts from the cultural society. As a cultural artefact, rumoh Aceh can be read as a text that represented of a society tradition. There are messages that are contained in rumoh Aceh. The architecture of rumoh Aceh has been influenced by Islam as a majority religion in the society. To be able to know the message that attach in the architecture of rumoh Aceh, it is needed to elaborate the architectural components. Semiotics is one of method that can be used to read or disclose the message that contain in architectural object based on an existing signature or code (decoding). The process of elaboration of the sign using semiotic approach relies heavily on social agreements in a society where the object of architecture is located. The purpose of this article is to expose the messages attach in the architecture of rumohAceh as an efforts of transposition in order to appreciate and preserve the values of architecture of rumoh Aceh so that it can eventually be translated into new architectural forms in the present context.
Phylogenetic systematics of leaffishes (Teleostei: Polycentridae, Nandidae)

The Asian (nandid) and Afro-Neotropical (polycentrid) leaffishes represent two superficially similar, but historically poorly diagnosed families – a situation resulting in a convoluted systematic history. Here, and including for the first time in a molecular study all leaffish genera, we generate a hypothesis of the phylogenetic history of both groups. We analyse a multilocus molecular data set encompassing 257 acanthomorph taxa, carry out a survey and assessment of selected osteological characters for the polycentrid leaffishes and also provide a reanalysis of previously published morphological data. Our results confirm: (1) that the Polycentridae and Nandidae are only remotely related, and hence, the classic leaffishes are diphyletic; (2) that the Polycentridae is monophyletic, with new skeletal synapomorphies being congruent with molecular data in placing the enigmatic Afronandus – a taxon that thus far has never been included in any molecular study – as sistergroup to the remaining genera; (3) the monophyly of the Nandidae + Badidae and their inclusion into a larger monophyletic group – along with the Pristolepididae, Anabantoidei and Channoidei – comprising the Labyrinthici sensu Rosen & Patterson. We also review the morphological and molecular evidence for both the conflicting placement of Pristolepis and the putative sistergroup relationship between the labyrinth fishes (Anabantoidei) and snakeheads (Channoidei).
Parallel mechanisms of steroid signaling and male alternative reproductive tactics in the midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus

Corticosteroid signaling mechanisms mediate a wide range of adaptive physiological responses, including those essential to reproduction. Here, we investigated the presence and relative abundance of corticosteroid receptors during the breeding season in the plainfin midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus), a species that has two male reproductive morphs. Only type I “singing” males acoustically court females and aggressively defend a nest site, whereas type II “sneaker” males steal fertilizations from nesting type I males. Cloning and sequencing first identified glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors in midshipman that exhibited high sequence identity with other vertebrate GRs and MRs. Absolute quantitative real time PCR then revealed higher levels of GR in the central nervous system (CNS) of type II males than type I males and females, while GR levels in the sound-producing, vocal muscle and the liver were higher in type I males than type II males and females. MR expression was also greater in the CNS of type II males than type I males or females, but the differences were more modest in magnitude. Lastly, plasma levels of cortisol, the main glucocorticoid in teleosts, were two to three fold greater in type II males compared to type I males. Together, the results suggest a link between corticosteroid regulation and physiological and behavioral variation in a teleost fish that displays male alternative reproductive tactics.
Studies on correlation between bakanae incidence and yield loss in paddy.

In 1993, rice cv. Taraori Basmati was inoculated with Gibberella fujikuroi in Karnal, Haryana, India. It was observed that increases in disease incidence resulted in reductions in yield. The lowest disease incidence (4.17%) and the highest disease incidence (96.25%) gave losses in grain of 3.04 and 95.45%, respectively. A linear regression analysis was carried out.
Persistenz von Atrazin und seiner Metaboliten im Boden nach einmaliger Herbizidanwendung

Der Abbau von Atrazin (2-Clor-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazin) im Boden wurde unter Feldbedingungen untersucht. Im Fruhjahr 1973 wurde der Boden mit 14C-ringmarkiertem Atrazin behandelt. Im Sommer 1981 wurden Bodenproben gezogen und analysiert. Von der ursprunglichen 14C-Aktivitat befanden sich noch ca. 83% im Boden. Davon konnten 40% extrahiert werden. Neben Spuren von Atrazin wurden noch 6 Metaboliten identifiziert, die durch N-Dealkylierung und Hydrolyse der Wirksubstanz entstanden sind. Persistance of atrazine and its metabolites in soil after a single herbicide application The breakdown of atrazine in soil was investigated under field conditions. In spring 1973 the soil was treated with 14C ringlabeled atrazine. In summer 1981 soil samples were collected and analysed. The investigated soil still contained about 83% from the initial 14C activity. From this only 40% could be extracted. Besides traces of atrazine were further identified six metabolites which originated from the parent compound through N-dealkylation and hydrolysis.
Tree Fruit Reflective Film Improves Red Skin Coloration and Advances Maturity in Peach

Replicated trials were conducted during the summers of 1998 and 1999 at commercial orchards in South Carolina to determine the influence of ground application of a metalized, high density polyethylene reflective film on fruit red skin color and maturity of peach (Prunus persica) cultivars that historically have poor red coloration. At each site there were two experimental treatments: 1) control and 2) reflective film (film). Film was applied 2 to 4 weeks before anticipated first harvest date by laying a 150-cm (5-ft) wide strip of plastic on either side of the tree row in the middles. Treatment areas at a given farm ranged from 0.25 to 0.5 ha (0.5 to 1.0 acre) in size and each treatment was replicated four times at each site. At harvest, two 50-fruit samples were picked from each plot per treatment. All fruit were sized and visually sorted for color (1 = 0% to 25%, 2 = 26% to 50%, 3 = 51% to 75%, and 4 = 76% to 100% red surface, respectively). A 10fruit subsample was selected following color sorting and evaluated for firmness and soluble solids concentration (SSC). All cultivars tested (‘CVN1’, ‘Loring’, ‘Bounty’, ‘Summer Gold’, ‘Sunprince’, ‘Cresthaven’ and ‘Encore’) experienced significant increases in percent red surface when film was used in 1998 and 1999. This color improvement ranged from 16% to 44% (mean = 28%). On average, fruit from film were 4.2 N (0.9 lb force) softer and had 0.3% higher SSC than control fruit. Growers harvested more fruit earlier and in fewer harvests for film. Fruit size was not affected by film. Reflected solar radiation from film was not different in quality than incident sunlight. Film resulted in an increase in canopy air temperature and a reduction in canopy relative humidity during daylight hours.
The performance of group-housed sows offered a high fibre diet ad libitum

As a part of a study investigating the extent to which ad libitum feeding of a high fibre diet could mitigate behavioural problems associated with food restriction, the performance of sows given food at restricted or ad libitum levels was compared. Ten subgroups of five were allocated to each of the restricted (R) and ad libitum (A) feeding regimes. Five weeks after service, subgroups were introduced into one of two dynamic groups of sows housed in adjacent straw-bedded pens. R sows received a fixed daily ration (parity 1: 2·2 kg; parity 2: 2·4 kg) of a conventional pregnancy diet (13·1 MJ digestible energy per kg) from an electronic sow feeder. Sows on the A regime had unrestricted access to five single-space hoppers dispensing a high fibre diet (containing 600 g unmolassed sugar beet pulp per kg). Subgroups were maintained on these gestation feeding regimes for two consecutive parities. During both parities, A sows were heavier by day 50 of gestation (parity 1: P ad libitum basis during gestation without compromising productivity. However, food intakes may be too high (estimated at 4·1 kg per sow per day) to make ad libitum feeding of pregnant sows an attractive option for producers.
First report of group 16srIV phytoplasmas infecting coconut palms with leaf yellowing symptoms on the Pacific coast of Mexico

Concern about the possible westward spread of lethal yellowing (LY) disease of coconut ( Cocos nucifera ) palm, from the LY-endemic Yucatan peninsula to the centre of coconut production in south-western Mexico, prompted surveys of the latter region for this phytoplasma disease. Coconut palms displaying prominent leaf yellowing symptoms suggestive of LY were identiﬁed during these surveys, at separate locations in the states of Oaxaca in 1997 and Guerrero in 1998. Although nutfall and inﬂorescence necrosis symptoms, which invariably precede foliar yellowing on LY-diseased palms, were atypically absent or delayed, affected palms were removed as a precautionary measure against further spread of disease. Leaf or inﬂorescence tissues from 11 palms with symptoms were assayed for phytoplasma infection using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay employing phytoplasma universal rRNA gene primer pair P1/P7 as previ-ously described (Harrison et al ., 2002). A PCR product (about 1·8 kb) was ampliﬁed from nine leaf yellowing (LfY)-affected palms. Reassessment of all samples by PCR, employing LY-speciﬁc nonribosomal primer pair LYF1/LYR1 (Harrison et al ., 1994), failed to amplify a DNA product from any LfY-diseased palm samples, or from DNAs of known lethal yellowing
Effect of prey vulnerability on population size structure of a gape-limited predator

It is becoming apparent that population size structure can significantly affect ecological interactions (Ebenman and Persson 1988). Theoretical and empirical studies, for example, show how population size structure can affect population regulation (Lomnicki 1988) and community structure (Neill 1988, Persson 1988). To understand fully how size structure affects ecological interactions, we must understand the factors that contribute to size structure of populations. Size variation within a population can arise from age differences among individuals (e.g., different year classes or asynchrony in breeding) or growth differences among individuals of the same age. Increased size variation within even-aged populations is generally considered to result from unequal food intake among individuals (Lomnicki 1988), which can be affected by the intensity of competition (Begon 1984, Maret and Collins 1994), the relative strengths of exploitative versus interference competition (Lomnicki 1988, Smith 1990), and differences among individuals in foraging behavior under risk of predation (Turner and Mittelbach 1990). We hypothesized that prey vulnerability could be another factor influencing population size structure. If, in a population of gape-limited predators, some types of prey are not equally vulnerable to all individuals, unequal food intake may occur (Smith and Petranka 1987), resulting in increased size variation among individuals. In a gape-limited predator, prey vulnerability is a function of prey size relative to predator size, and this disparity in size, not abundance of prey alone, determines whether or not prey can be caught or eaten by a predator (Smith and Petranka 1987, Dong and Polis 1992). Factors influencing relative size of predator and prey thus determine a predator's success. In instances of cannibalism, population size structure (i.e., relative distribution of small to large conspecifics) can have a major influence on the ratio of potential predators to prey within a population (Crowley et al. 1987, Wissinger 1989, Dong and Polis 1992). Understanding the factors affecting size structure can be fundamental to understanding what controls frequency of cannibals in a population.
Protein distribution pattern in floury and vitreous endosperm of maize grain

ABSTRACT Alpha-amino nitrogen compounds of floury and vitreous parts of hand-dissected endosperm from eight maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines, representing a broad range of vitreousness (42–95%), were isolated as nonprotein nitrogen, albumin-globulins, zeins, and true glutelins. The three protein classes averaged, respectively, 13, 48, and 35% of total nitrogen in floury endosperm, and 4, 79, and 15% of that in vitreous endosperm. For six inbreds, floury endosperm was richer in 27 kDa γ-zein than vitreous endosperm; the reverse was found for an Argentine flint inbred (ARGL 256), and only traces of 27 kDa γ-zein occurred in both floury and vitreous endosperm of inbred F113. Results were compared with protein distribution patterns reported in the literature of whole endosperm of wild-type and mutant genotypes of maize, and with wild relatives of maize, Tripsacum, and teosintes. When percentage of salt-soluble nitrogen increased from 2% (Tripsacum) to 22% (in double mutant Oh43o2;bt2), zeins decreased from 87.
Critical period for weed control in direct seeded red pepper (Capsicum annum L.)

Direct seeded red pepper is a cash crop in Kahramanmaras province of Turkey as well as some other nearby provinces. Weeds are a major constraint in red pepper production. Field studies were conducted to determine critical period for weed control (CPWC) in direct seeded spice pepper in Kahramanmaras, in 2008 and 2009. The CPWC in red pepper based on a 2.5%, 5% and 10% acceptable yield loss (AYL) was calculated by fitting logistic and Gompertz equations to relative yield data. The CPWC in red pepper was determined from 0 to 1087 growing degree days (GDD) in 2008 and from 109 to 796 GDD in 2009 for 10% AYL after crop emergence in red pepper. For 2.5–5% AYL, the CPWC starts with germination and lasts until harvest. Direct seeded red pepper is very vulnerable to weed competition and weed control programs for direct seeded spice pepper in Turkey should include pre-emergence and residual herbicides.
Distribution and Succession of Epiphytic Lichens on Black Spruce near Cochrane, Ontario1

The distribution and succession of corticolous lichens on black spruce in an unburned area near Cochrane, Ontario, were investigated. The frequencies of the epiphytes in point samples are statistically dependent on the following microclimatic indices: aspect, height, and distance to the nearest tree in the sampled quadrant. Differences in the lichen flora between whole trees of different absolute age are attributable to their different heights, but there were distinct differences in the flora of bark surfaces of different ages, indicating an apparent succession. Regressions of the frequencies of Alectoria nadvornikiana and Parmelia physodes on the microclimatic indices were per- formed separately for surfaces in a number of age classes. The resulting regres- sion coefficients were plotted against time, revealing several sharp changes in the rate of corticolous succession. It was found that these changes could be ex- plained by tree morphology, i.e. changes from crown to bole to base, and by presumed microclimatic gradients correlated with tree morphology. Because the observed changes in epiphytic vegetation are caused by growth of the host tree and associated with environmental variation, and not by the activities of the plants themselves, it was concluded that corticolous succession is not a true suc- cession as defined by Clements.
Some aspects of diet and foraging behavior of Octopus dofleini (Wülker, 1910) in its northernmost range

Diet and foraging behavior of Octopus dofleini in Prince William Sound and Port Graham, Alaska, were studied from collections of den litter, measurements of octopuses and estimates of live prey abundance. Based on 193 den collections from depths of - 31 to + 1.3 m, a diet of hard-bodied prey could be identified. The five most common litter species made up 80% of the litter remains, with nearly 30 species of various taxa malung up the rest. The proportions of major hard-bodied prey species in each litter pile significantly differed with depth of den, associated substrata, presence of cobble and geographical location but not with the presence of boulders or outcrop, the density of kelp or season of litter collection. Octopus weight was not significantly correlated with the size of prey remains although O. dofleini may take a wide range of prey sizes once it reaches 2.5 kg. O. dofleini was more likely to be found at sites with crabs, although no litter species was significantly preferred over its estimated abundance, and one species was significantly avoided. These results suggest that O. dofleini includes suitable bivalve and crab species in its diet in relation to live abundance, while at the same time exercising an element of selectivity, as some species were actively avoided. Comparison of litter remains from the northern-most range of O. dofleini with those published for British Columbia show that diet breadth was similar, but the identity of major hard-bodied prey species was very different for Alaskan octopuses.
Integrating Biological Control and Calcium Treatment for Controlling Postharvest Decay of Apples

Two nonfungicidal postharvest treatments and N fertility were evaluated for their effectiveness, singly and in combination, in controlling decay (blue mold) of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) byPenicillium expansum Link. The antifungal treatments were biological control using the antagonist Pseudomonas syringae van Hall (isolate ESC-11 used in BioSave-II and Biosave-110 products), and pressure infiltration of fruit with 0.27 M CaCl 2 . Fruit susceptibility to decay was evaluated using fruit after 3 and 6 months of storage over 2 years. Calcium infiltration resulted in a 3-fold increase in Ca content of apple mesocarp. Both antagonist and Ca treatments reduced the severity and incidence of blue mold decay on 'Delicious' apples. Combining these treatments resulted in greater control than the individual treatments alone. The effects were most apparent on fruit stored 6 months at 1 °C. High N fertilization increased decay in only 1 of 2 years of the study. Antagonist recovery data suggest that the antagonist could be applied immediately after Ca treatment. Combining a biocontrol agent with Ca infiltration may allow reduced rates of both products to be used without compromising the control of blue mold. This practice will increase the performance margin for biocontrol with the added benefit of increased Ca to alleviate physiological storage maladies.
Composição da madeira e do carvão vegetal de Eucalyptus urophylla em diferentes locais de plantio

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do local de plantio na composicao quimica elementar da madeira e na producao e qualidade do carvao vegetal de Eucalyptus urophylla e verificar as relacoes estatisticas entre as variaveis mensuradas na madeira e no carvao. Foram utilizadas doze arvores de um clone de E. urophylla, aos sete anos de idade, provenientes dos municipios de Curvelo, Itacambira e Turmalina (MG). Determinou-se a composicao elementar (C, H, N, S e O) e as relacoes C/H e C/N da madeira. A madeira foi carbonizada em forno laboratorial tipo mufla. Foram avaliados os rendimentos gravimetricos em carvao vegetal, liquido pirolenhoso e, por diferenca, os gases nao condensaveis. Determinou-se tambem a densidade relativa aparente, o poder calorifico superior, a composicao quimica imediata e o rendimento em carbono fixo dos carvoes. O valor calorico do carvao vegetal foi influenciado por sua composicao quimica imediata.Na madeira observou-se efeito significativo do local para o teor de hidrogenio e para a relacao C/H. O local tambem influenciou o teor de cinzas e os rendimentos gravimetricos em carvao e carbono fixo, sendo, portanto, importante considerar o efeito do local de cultivo na producao do carvao vegetal do clone de Eucalyptus urophylla estudado.