Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Building a Pre-Calculated Quick Forecast System for Tsunami Run-Up Height

The main purpose of this study is to build a run-up database using an analytical Green's function of 1D fully nonlinear shallow water equations over a uniform constant slope. The total mechanical energy, tsunami run-up height and inundation distance can be quickly derived once a submarine earthquake occurs. Only fast fourier transformation (FFT), multiplication and superposition are employed in the present algorithm. The in situ investigations of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and 2011 Tohoku Tsunami are used to validate the present methodology. Most calculated run-up heights are on the safe side and the inundation distance is reasonable. The computational procedure can be efficiently finished within a few seconds so that complete tsunami information can be provided after integrating the existing numerical Green's function database.
Comparación de metodologías para el mapeo de la cobertura y uso del suelo en el sureste de México

Digital classification of satellite images has become an important tool for land use cover monitoring. There have been many studies and researches aiming to develop and assess classification methods which are capable of pro - ducing results with higher accuracies in order to support decision making. Through a literature review, we found various classification methods that have been tested and are able to produce better results than the conventional one. This work compares different classification methods in a southeast region of Mexico. Results show that with ancillary data which were represented by prior probabilities, the classifications obtained 20 % more accuracy that those by conventional classification methods, and even better than those methods using non-parametric classifier and contextual information.
Predicting COVID-19 and Influenza Vaccination Confidence and Uptake in the United States

This study investigates and compares the predictors of COVID-19 and influenza vaccination confidence and uptake in the U.S. Vaccine hesitancy is defined as the reluctance or refusal (i.e., less than 100% behavioral intention) to vaccinate despite the availability of effective and safe vaccines. Vaccine hesitancy is a major obstacle in the fight against infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and influenza. Predictors of vaccination intention are identified using the reasoned action approach and the integrated behavioral model. Data from two national samples (N = 1131 for COVID-19 and N = 1126 for influenza) were collected from U.S. Qualtrics panels. Tobit regression models were estimated to predict percentage increases in vaccination intention (i.e., confidence) and the probability of vaccination uptake (i.e., intention reaching 100%). The results provided evidence for the reasoned approach and the IBM model and showed that the predictors followed different patterns for COVID-19 and influenza. The implications for intervention strategies and message designs were discussed.
Wave-Induced Motions on a Laterally Drifting Ship

Abstract Numerical solution of strip theory equations is used for the calculation of hydrodynamic forces and waveinduced ship motions taking into account lateral drift. Calculated motions for various drift angles are compared with experiments for the container ship S-175. The results show that the presented method captures the effect of drift on the wave-induced ship motions, and that this effect is not negligible.
Effects of Diets Combining Peanut Vine and Whole-Plant Corn Silage on Growth Performance, Meat Quality and Rumen Microbiota of Simmental Crossbred Cattle

Peanut vine is a typical peanut by-product and can be used as a quality roughage resource. Whole-plant corn silage is a commonly used roughage. However, few studies have investigated the effects of diets combining peanut vine and whole-plant corn silage on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, meat quality, rumen fermentation and microbiota of beef cattle. To investigate these effects, eighty Simmental crossbred cattle (body weight, 451.27 ± 10.38 kg) approximately 14 months old were randomly divided into four treatments for a 90-day feeding experiment. A one-way design method was used in this experiment. According to the roughage composition, the cattle were divided into a control treatment of 45% wheat straw and 55% whole-plant corn silage (WG), and three treatments of 25% peanut vine and 75% whole-plant corn silage (LPG), 45% peanut vine and 55% whole-plant corn silage (MPG), and 65% peanut vine and 35% whole-plant corn silage (HPG), and the concentrate was the same for all four treatment diets. The results showed that compared to the WG group, the MPG group experienced an increase in their average daily feed intake of 14%, an average daily gain of 32%, and an increase in SOD activity in the spleen of 33%; in the meat, dry matter content increased by 11%, crude protein by 9%, and ether extract content by 40%; in the rumen, the NH3-N content was reduced by 36%, the relative abundance of Firmicutes increased, and the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes decreased (p < 0.05). These results showed the composition of 45% peanut vine and 55% whole-plant corn silage in the roughage improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity, meat quality, rumen fermentation, and microbiota of beef cattle.
Island Arc Development: Some Observations, Experiments, and Speculations

Island arcs have narrow, segmented volcanic fronts which may reflect a similar segmentation in the downgoing plate. Secondary volcanic centers appearing some 3-4 m.y. later than the front and at some distance behind the front are common to most island arcs. Secondary arc volcanism in the Aleutian, Kamchatka, Kurile, Japan, Indonesia, and Scotia arcs is examined to expose correlations between lava chemistry and volcano position relative to the segmented front. Potash is universally higher, as expected, but often so are soda and alumina. The regular spacing of volcanic centers of the front is generally systematically greater than the separation or spacing between the fronts. Often this transverse spacing (d') (i.e. distance to the secondary centers) is proportional to the spacing (d) along the front and inversely so to the dip ($$\theta$$) of the local Benioff zone. These centers roughly obey the empirical relation $$d' = d cos \theta$$. It is speculated that this relation results from the gravitational instability of a ribbon-like region of magma inclined at the angle of the Benioff zone. A set of fluid instability experiments, scaled to the earth, are performed and examined analytically to show that a scatter similar to that observed in the spacing histograms also occurs experimentally under the most deterministic instability conditions and to prove the theoretical result of Selig (1965) relating spacing to source thickness and viscosity. These results are then applied to island arc magmatism to expose the strengths and weaknesses of the overall model. The discovery of a fundamental relationship (equation (17)) linking the size and viscosity of a diapir to its source thickness and mantle viscosity provides a new and critical link between pluton size and source characteristics. A set of equations is found which determines, from the observed spacing of volcanic centers and the volume of magma, the dimensions and viscosity of the source and its diapirs. At the time of instability the source is thin ($$\leq 1 km$$), wide (~ 30 km, on average) and only, perhaps, a thousand times less viscous than the overlying asthenosphere-found here to have a viscosity of about $$4 \times 10^{20} p$$; the ascending partially molten diapirs have an initial radius of about 3-5 km. Increased partial melting and magma extraction during ascent eventually produces a smaller diapir of magma. Finally, the general theory of gravitational instability is critically examined in reference to its application to a magma source which is probably segmented and of an irregular thickness. Even under these conditions the theory of gravitational instability is found to be applicable to the earth.
Circulation in the Bering Sea basin observed by satellite-tracked drifters: 1986-1993

Abstract From 1986 through April 1993, 86 satellite-tracked buoys were deployed in the North Pacific and Bering Sea. Most of the buoys were drogued at 40 m. A composite current pattern is derived using these data. The two principal currents (the Alaskan Stream and Kamchatka Current) are clearly evident. Eddy kinetic-mean kinetic energy ratios are low in the stream and along the western Bering Sea basin. An eastward flowing current occurred along the north flank of the Aleutian Islands, this flow was modified by inflow at the passes. Westward flow occurred north of 56°N; its source was the Bering Slope Current. The Kamchatka Current originated near 175°E along the Russian coast. Numerous eddies and meanders were observed in the Kamchatka Current; eddies were also present on the eastern side of the basin.
Metamorphism of the Amdo metamorphic complex, Tibet: implications for the Jurassic tectonic evolution of the Bangong suture zone

Tibet consists of several terranes that progressively collided with the southern margin of Asia during the Mesozoic following the closure of intervening ocean basins. This Mesozoic amalgamation history, as well as the extent to which it may have contributed to crustal thickening prior to the Cenozoic Indo‐Asia collision, remains poorly constrained and strongly debated. Here, we present a metamorphic petrological and U‐Pb zircon geochronological study of the Amdo metamorphic complex, one of the few exposures of high‐grade metamorphic rocks in central Tibet, located along the Bangong suture between the Qiangtang terrane to the north and the Lhasa terrane to the south. U‐Pb ages of metamorphic zircon in gneiss constrain the timing of peak metamorphism at c. 178 Ma, prior to the Early Cretaceous collision between the two terranes. Peak P–T conditions of gneiss within the metamorphic complex are constrained by conventional as well as multi‐equilibrium (THERMOCALC v.3.21 and v.3.33) geothermobarometry of two samples of garnet‐amphibolite. Whereas THERMOCALC v.3. 21 yields similar results as conventional geothermobarometry, THERMOCALC v. 3.33 yields dramatically lower pressures, mostly due to the change in the amphibole activity model used. Using THERMOCALC v.3. 21, the two garnet‐amphibolite samples yield similar P–T conditions of 0.83 ± 0.06 GPa at 646 ± 33 °C and 0.97 ± 0.06 GPa at 704 ± 35 °C. Plagioclase coronas on the garnet‐amphibolite sample with lower peak P–T conditions indicate a period of isothermal decompression. Additional geothermometry on two garnet‐free amphibolites yielded similar temperatures of 700–750 °C and suggests similar P–T conditions across most of the complex. However, two exposures of garnet‐kyanite schist located along the southern edge of the metamorphic complex yielded slightly lower peak conditions of 0.75–0.85 GPa and 550–610 °C. Petrographic and field relations suggest the difference in metamorphic grade between the schist and gneiss is due to an intervening thrust fault. The existence of the thrust fault indicates that at least part of the exhumation of the complex was due to contractional deformation, possibly during the Lhasa‐Qiangtang collision. Our P–T–t results indicate the occurrence of a significant Early Jurassic tectonothermal event along the southern, active margin of the Qiangtang terrane that deeply buried the Amdo rocks. We suggest that the metamorphism is a result of arc‐related tectonism that may have been regionally extensive along the southern Qiangtang terrane; geological records of this tectonism may be rarely exposed along strike because of a lack of exhumation or subsequent depositional and structural burial.
Climate Change - the Costs of Inaction

Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, Thank you for the invitation to testify on my research on the costs of climate change. This hearing comes at a crucial juncture – and not only because the new administration is beginning to make changes in US climate policies. New initiatives are on the table, in part, because there has been a fundamental shift in the terms of the debate, with the focus of controversy moving from science to economics. In the realm of science, the influence of the isolated handful of climate skeptics is rapidly waning; the world's scientists have never been so unanimous, and so ominous, in their warnings of future hazards. While the climate science debate is approaching closure, the climate economics debate is still wide open. Climate change is happening, it is threatening our future well-being – but how much can we afford to do about it? The most powerful argument for inaction today is no longer skepticism about the science, but rather the claim that the costs of reducing emissions would be intolerable. The damage to the economy, it is alleged, would be worse than the climate problem we are attempting to solve. Other witnesses have addressed the costs of climate policy, of taking action to reduce emissions. My testimony addresses the other side of the coin, the costs of inaction. When it comes to climate change today, there is no longer any chance of avoiding all costs; the status quo is no longer an option. That is, the costs of climate policy should not be viewed as a discretionary purchase, like choosing whether to buy a new car or to wait another year. Our situation is more like a homeowner deciding whether to repair the ever-widening cracks in the foundation of a house. The longer you wait, the more expensive it will be; wait long enough, and it may become impossible to save your home. My research shows that for the United States as a whole, even a partial accounting of the costs of inaction is well above one percent of GDP, and rises steadily over time. For some parts of the country, such as Florida, a similar, partial accounting of the costs of inaction reaches 5 percent of state income within this century. For particularly vulnerable parts of the world, such as the islands of the Caribbean, the costs will be disastrously greater – with …
Deglacial climatic oscillations in the Gulf of California

A high-resolution, accelerator radiocarbon dated climate record of the interval 8,000–18,000 years B.P. from Deep Sea Drilling Project site 480 (Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California) shows geochemical and lithological oscillations of oceanographic and climatic significance during deglaciation. Nonlaminated sediments are associated with cooler climatic conditions during the late glacial (up to 13,000 years B.P.), and from 10,300 to 10,800 years B.P., equivalent to the Younger Dryas event of the North Atlantic region. We propose that the changes from laminated (varved) to nonlaminated sediments resulted from increased oxygen content in Pacific intermediate waters during the glacial and the Younger Dryas episodes, and that the forcing for the latter event was global in scope. Prominent events of low δ18O are recorded in benthic foraminifera from 8,000 to 10,000 and at 12,000 years B.P.; evidence for an earlier event between 13,500 and 15,000 years B.P. is weaker. Maximum δ18O is found to have occurred 10,500, 13,500, and 15,000 years ago (and beyond). Oxygen isotopic variability most likely reflects changing temperature and salinity characteristics of Pacific waters of intermediate depth during deglaciation or environmental changes within the Gulf of California region. Several lines of evidence suggest that during deglaciation the climate of the American southwest was marked by increased precipitation that could have lowered salinity in the Gulf of California. Recent modelling studies show that cooling of the Gulf of Mexico due to glacial meltwater injection, which is believed to have occurred at least twice during deglaciation, would have resulted in increased precipitation with respect to evaporation in the American southwest during summertime. The timing of deglacial events in the Gulf of Mexico and the Gulf of California supports such an atmospheric teleconnection.
EU sustainability criteria for biofuels: uncertainties in GHG emissions from cultivation

Background: Cultivation of raw material represents a large proportion of biofuels´ GHG emissions. The EU renewable energy directive 2009/28/EC specifies a GHG emission default value for cultivation of biofuel raw material (23 g CO2-e/MJ ethanol for wheat). The aim of this study was to quantify the uncertainty in GHG emissions for wheat cultivation in Sweden, considering uncertainty and variability in data at farm level. Results: Two levels of data collection at farm level were analyzed; simple (only yield and amount of N) and advanced (also including amounts and types of energy). The 2.5–97.5 percentile uncertainty for Swedish winter wheat was 20–27 g CO2-e/MJ, which can be considered large in the context of the Directive’s threshold of 23 g (to two significant figures). Conclusion: It is concluded that quantifying GHG emissions in order to regulate biofuels is a difficult task, especially emissions from cultivation, since these are biological systems with large variability.
Effect of Vacuum and Aerial Packaging on the Quality and Shelf Life of Broiler Meat Treated with Extra Virgin Olive Oil

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) treatment during the vacuum and aerial packaging affected the sensory, physicochemical, biochemical, and microbiological characteristics of chicken breast meat. Meat samples were separated into four treatment groups: T1 (aerial packaging of EVOO- treated meat), T2 (aerial packaging of raw meat), T3 (vacuum packaging of EVOO-treated meat), and T4 (vacuum packaging of raw meat). The samples' sensory, physicochemical, biochemical, and microbiological characteristics were determined at the 0, 5, 10, and 15 d of preservation. Regarding sensory properties, no significant differences (p>0.05) were found in color, flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptability scores of all the tested samples; still, T3 performed best and was most preferable among those. The pH levels varied significantly (p<0.05) amongst the four treatment groups. In the T2 group, the most favorable raw pH was observed. Cooking loss varied significantly (p<0.05) among various treatments, although water holding capacity (WHC) did not vary significantly (p>0.05). However, T3 performed best in both cases. The most favorable thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value was found in T3. Additionally, compared to the other groups, T3 had significantly (p<0.05) lower total viable count (TVC) and total yeast mold count (TYMC) values, whereas T4 had significantly (p<0.05) lower total coliform count (TCC) values. Therefore, it can be concluded that, regarding sensory, anti-oxidative, physicochemical, and microbial properties, T3 (vacuum packaging of EVOO-treated meat) was better among all treatments.
Upper Cretaceous (upper Santonian) Boehmoceras fauna from the Gulf Coast region of the United States

Abstract An upper Santonian fauna dominated by the curved baculitid Boehmoceras Riedel, 1931, occurs as phosphatic moulds in the Tombigbee Sand Member of the Eutaw Formation in Mississippi and Alabama, and also is reworked into the base of the Mooreville Chalk; a similar assemblage is present in the middle part of the Pen Formation of the Big Bend area, Texas. The assemblage is: Pseudoschloenbachia (Pseudoschloenbachia) mexicana (Renz, 1936), Placenticeras syrtale (Morton, 1834), Reginaites leei (Reeside, 1927a), Reginaites exilis sp. nov., Texanites (Texanites) sp. juv. cf. gallicus Collignon, 1948, Texanites (Plesiotexanites) shiloensis Young, 1963, Texanitinae incertae sedis, Hyphantoceras (? ) amapondense (van Hoepen, 1921). Glyptoxoceras spp. , Boehmoceras arculus (Morton, 1834) and Scaphites (Scaphites) leei Reeside, 1927a, form I. The assemblage is referred to the uppermost Santonian Texanites (Plesiotexanites) shiloensis zone of the Gulf Coast sequence. Common occurrence of Scaphites (S.) leei I and Reginaites leei suggest correlation with the Upper Santonian Desmoscaphites erdmanni zone of the U.S. Western Interior; common occurrence of Boehmoceras arculus (= B. loescheri of European authors) suggests correlation with the Marsupites–granulata zone at the top of the North German Santonian. These data strengthen intercontinental correlation of the Santonian–Campanian boundary sequence. They also provide a biostratigraphic link to a numerical age of 84.2±0.9 Ma from a bentonite at a slightly lower level in the Tombigbee Sand Member of the Eutaw Formation in Mississippi.
An ichthyosaur forefin from the Triassic of British Columbia exemplifying Jurassic features

New ichthyosaur material is reported from an Upper Triassic locality on Williston Lake, northeastern British Columbia. The paucity of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic of North America make this a potentially important site. An isolated forefin is described, which is unlike that of any Triassic species from North America but which compares closely with certain Lower Jurassic species from England and Germany. The new material suggests that the transition in the ichthyosaurian fauna at the close of the Triassic may have been less abrupt than was previously supposed.
Seismic evidence for dehydration embrittlement of the subducting Pacific slab

We determined a fine 3‐D P‐wave velocity structure of the subducting Pacific slab by inverting a large number of high‐quality P‐arrival times to better understand the genesis of the 26 May 2003 Miyagi‐oki earthquake (Mw 7.0) and its aftershock sequence, which occurred within the subducting Pacific slab beneath northeast (NE) Japan. Lateral and depth‐ward heterogeneities are imaged up to several tens of kilometers beneath the upper boundary of the subducting slab. The main shock and its aftershocks occurred in a distinct zone characterized by a lower velocity anomaly than its surroundings within the slab. The reduced velocity anomaly within the slab is attributed to the process of dehydration embrittlement resulting from the dehydration of hydrous minerals in the subducting Pacific slab, which may have induced the main shock and its aftershock sequence by enhancing pore pressures along the pre‐existing faults/fractures in the subducting slab beneath the NE Japan forearc region.
Shock compression of two iron‐silicon alloys to 2.7 megabars

The compressibility of iron-silicon alloys of 4.0 and 19.8 wt % silicon has been measured to 2.7 Mb, using a plane-wave explosive-metal driver system. A high-resolution electrical pin contactor method was developed for the measurement of shock wave velocity in the alloy samples. The Gruneisen equation of state was used in calculating temperature and sound speed along the measured Hugoniot of the 19.8 wt % alloy and in constructing a family of isentropes from the measured quantities. The loci of pressure-density and sound speed-density values for the 19.8 wt % alloy along the Hugoniot and isentropes were compared with estimates of these properties for the earth's core. The results are consistent with an outer core containing 14–20 wt % silicon in iron, as has been proposed by Kingwood and by MacDonald and Knopoff.