Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High resolution simulations of synoptic scale “paleometeorology” during the last glacial maximum

Hourly winter weather conditions of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are simulated using the Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3) on a globally resolved T170 (~75 km) grid. This simulation has been run in-tandem with a lower temporally resolved six-year climatological run. The purpose of the study is to determine: (1) whether examination of higher-resolution simulations, on both spatial and temporal scales, can enhance paleometeorological inferences based previously on monthly statistics of model output and (2) whether certain synoptic-scale events, which may have only a modest impact on seasonal statistics, might exert a disproportionate impact on geological climate records. Analysis is focused on changes in wind flow, no analogue climate “states”, synoptic scale events including Northern Hemisphere cyclogenesis, and gust events over glacial dust source regions. Results show a decrease in North Atlantic and increase in North Pacific cyclogenesis during the LGM. Storm trajectories react to the mechanical forcing of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, with Pacific storms tracking over middle Alaska and northern Canada and terminate in the Labrador Sea. The latter result supports observations and other model runs showing a significant reduction in Greenland winter precipitation. The modified Pacific track results in increased precipitation and the delivery of warmer air along the west coast of North America. This could explain “early” glacial warming inferred in this region from proxy climate records, potentially representing instead a natural regional response to ice age boundary conditions. Results also indicate a low variability, “no analogue” region just south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet margin which has appropriate conditions to harbour temperature-sensitive trees west of the Appalachian Mountains. Combined with pollen data, this lends valuable insight into the known disagreement between modern seed dispersal experiments and calculated migration rates. Finally, hourly-scale gust events over dust source regions during the LGM are two to five times greater than the modern, providing a mechanism to help explain the increased glacial dust load seen in the ice cores. Backwards air-parcel trajectories from Antarctic ice core locations show air sources over Patagonia and the Altiplano with some inputs from South Africa agreeing with recent isotopic tracer analyses. Results demonstrate that high temporal and spatial resolution simulations can provide valuable insight to add to the cornucopia of information already available from lower-resolution runs. They can also enhance our interpretation of geological records, which have been previously assumed to record longer time-scale climatological mean-states and thus ignoring any extreme synoptic events which may actually have had a disproportionate impact on their preservation.
Prevalence of mango postharvest Stem-end rot disease in Cote d’Ivoire and identification of fungal pathogens associated

The Stem-end rot (SER) postharvest disease of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruits is a significant economic threat to mango production. If suitable conditions are not maintained, it can lead to losses of up to 100 %. Despite its importance, very little information is known about this disease in Côte d’Ivoire. This research aimed determining the incidence and severity of SER in mango orchards, assess how preharvest climate parameters affect the disease and determine the pathogenic fungi associated with SER. Therefore, mango SER was evaluated on 1500 mango fruits collected from 15 orchards.in Boundiali, Ferkéssédougou, Korhogo, Odienné, and Sinématiali departments. Mango SER incidence ranged from 10 % to 30 %, while severity ranged from 5 % to 20 %. No significant differences in these parameters were observed between the different departments (P>0.05). The study also revealed a low correlation between SER disease incidence and mean air temperature (r=0.36) and minimum air temperature (r=0.26) data, indicating that preharvest weather conditions may have a marginal impact on mango SER disease intensity in the postharvest phase. Pathogenic fungi associated with SER were isolated and identified using morphological characteristics and multilocus sequence analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α). We identified various fungal species associated with mango SER disease, with Lasiodiplodia species (74%) being the most prevalent (including Lasiodiplodia theobromae, L. euphorbicola, and L. caatinguensis), followed by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Curvularia pseudobrachyspora, Diaporthe endophytica and Fusarium mangiferae. However, only Lasiodiplodia species and Diaporthe endophytica induced SER symptoms. This study was the first ever evaluation of mango SER disease and associated fungal pathogens identification in Côte d’Ivoire. This result will assist researchers in developing a control method for mango SER.
Holocene fire and vegetation dynamics in the northern European forests

Fire has not always been so elusive in the northern European forest yet forest management and active fire suppression has created an ecosystem almost free of fire. This absence of fire is thought to have contributed to the widespread dominance of Picea abies as well as the decline in deciduous species and subsequent loss of floristic diversity. Forest fires in general are driven by a complex interplay between natural (climate, vegetation and topography) and anthropogenic disturbance and through palaeoecology we are able to explore spatio-temporal variability in the drivers of fire and changing fire dynamics. This thesis explores spatial and temporal variability in Holocene vegetation and disturbance dynamics through stand-scale palynology. Pollen and macroscopic charcoal are used to reconstruct past vegetation and fire dynamics with local- and regional-scale pollen-derived quantitative vegetation reconstructions able to identify both large-scale ecosystem response and local-scale disturbance. Spatio-temporal heterogeneity and variability in biomass burning is explored to identify the drivers of fire and palaeo-vegetation reconstruction is compared to process-based, climate-driven dynamic vegetation model output to test the effect of fire frequency as a driver of vegetation composition and dynamics. Early-Holocene fire was driven by natural climate variations and fuel availability. The establishment and spread of Picea abies (Norway spruce) appears to be driven by an increase in continentality although local disturbance cannot be ruled out. The expansion of Picea led to a step-wise reduction in regional biomass burning and the now widespread dominance of Picea abies is responsible for the low fire frequency observed through Fennoscandia. The mid-Holocene decline in deciduous species was primarily driven by localised anthropogenic disturbance and may have been assisted by the shift to cooler, wetter climate conditions. There is an underlying natural fire frequency of approximately 400 years observed in southern Finland and without intensive anthropogenic disturbance floristic diversity may have remained locally, to the present day. Stand-scale palynology is able to record past local disturbance at a high spatial precision however more than one site is required to understand regional disturbance and the variable controls of fire dynamics.
Social Decision-Making : Insights from Game Theory and Neuroscience

FPC function is restricted to the processing of simple cognitive branching, whereby only a single task can be maintained in a pending state at any one time. This hypothesis places severe serial and recursive constraints on human reasoning , problem-solving, and complex decision-making. Consistent with this view, it appears unlikely that the human brain has evolved to solve complex problems such as deciding the next move in a game of chess. Selective pressure to survive in a physically challenging environment may place other demands before the need for such higher cognitive faculties. Nevertheless , a capacity-limited FPC function may have endowed humans with two key adaptive advantages: on the one hand, an ability to pursue long-term behavioral plans and at the same time respond to demands of the physical or social environments; on the other hand, to explore any potential gain from the interposition of new task sets within ongoing behavioral routines or from the contingent recombination of previously established behavioral plans, as in genetic recombination mechanisms. Thus, the frontopo-lar cortex may have played an even more critical role in the gradual formation of complex be-havioral and cognitive routines such as tool use in individuals and societies, that is, in human creativity rather than complex decision-making and reasoning. By combining the models and tasks of Game Theory with modern psychological and neuroscientific methods, the neuroeconomic approach to the study of social decision-making has the potential to extend our knowledge of brain mechanisms involved in social decisions and to advance theoretical models of how we make decisions in a rich, interactive environment. Research has already begun to illustrate how social exchange can act directly on the brain's reward system, how affective factors play an important role in bargaining and competitive games, and how the ability to assess another's intentions is related to strategic play. These findings provide a fruitful starting point for improved models of social decision-making, informed by the formal mathematical approach of economics and constrained by known neural mechanisms. O ur lives consist of a constant stream of decisions and choices, from the everyday (will I respond to this e-mail? ) to the highly consequential (will I have a child? ). Essentially , the study of decision-making attempts to understand our fundamental ability to process multiple alternatives and to choose an optimal course of action, an ability that has been studied by various disciplines with different theoretical assumptions and measurement techniques, …
SHARE @ Children's Mercy SHARE @ Children's Mercy Direct Lung Sampling Indicates That Established Pathogens Direct Lung Sampling Indicates That Established Pathogens Dominate Early Infections in Children with Cystic Fibrosis. Dominate Early Infections in Children with Cystic Fibrosis.

then repositioned to the left lower lobe (BAL-3) and in the lung segment that appeared most diseased during bronchoscopy, or on prior imaging (BAL-4). All samples were immediately preserved in RNAlater solution to enable isolation of DNA and RNA from each sample. For a subset of samples, a portion of the untreated sample was immediately frozen for later comparison to the RNAlater treated samples. Taxonomic analyses showed that preservation in RNAlater did not affect the microbes detected in the samples by sequencing. Following collection, the BAL-4 was sent to the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Center Clinical Laboratory for microbial culturing.
Is There a Missing Lorentz Shift for Mass

In special relativity, we operate with length contraction and length transformation; these are not the same thing even though they are related. In addition, we have time dilation and time transformation. However, when it comes to mass, we have only relativistic mass and no mass transformation. We will suggest here, based on a better understanding of mass at the quantum level, that there must also be a Lorentz mass transformation. Recent research strongly indicates that mass is directly linked to the Compton wavelength of the particle in question and since we can operate with both length contraction and length transformation, this means we should have corresponding masses. Length contraction of the Compton wavelength corresponds to what is known today as relativistic mass, while length transformation means we also need mass transformation.
Gammaridean Amphipoda from the South China Sea

The NAGA Expedition conducted a program of marine investigations in the Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea during the years 1960-1961. In connection with this program, a bottom fauna survey was made in the Bay of Nhatrang, South Viet Nam. Identifiable amphipods, representing 14 established species and 21 new species, were recovered from 97 of more than 360 stations sampled in the bay and form the basis of this paper.
The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare Emotional and Embodied Knowledge: Implications for Critical Emotional and Embodied Knowledge: Implications for Critical Practice Practice

Within the practice orientation of the Critical Social Work tradition there has been a dominance of conceptual and rational processes. This has lead to afailure to acknowledge the importance of bodily and emotive knowledge for practice theory. This paper offers a rudimentary and tentative epistemology which recognizes the importance of the body, emotions, ideas and their context. These ideas invite a reconsideration of critical theories of change.
in the Ancient

Ancient Athens was a remarkably peaceful and well-ordered society by both ancient and contemporary standards. Scholars typically attribute Athens’ success to internalized norms and purely informal enforcement mechanisms. This article argues that the formal Athenian court system played a vital role in maintaining order by enforcing informal norms. This peculiar approach to norm enforcement compensated for apparent weaknesses in the state system of coercion. It mitigated the effects of under-enforcement in a private prosecution system by encouraging litigants to uncover and punish their opponents’ past violations. Court enforcement of extra-statutory norms also permitted the Athenians to enforce a variety of social norms while maintaining the ﬁctions of voluntary devotion to military and public service and of limited state interference in private conduct.
Gas emissions from dairy cow and fattening pig buildings

The objective of this research is to contribute to the knowledge concerning the abatement of gas emissions from livestock production. Investigations regarding the choice of sampling locations for gas concentration measurements, quantification of gas emissions and the factors that affect gas emissions were conducted. NH₃, CH₄, CO₂ and N₂O emissions were measured from two naturally ventilated buildings for dairy cows and from a mechanically ventilated building for fattening pigs. Animal activity, temperature and humidity were also measured. Gas and odour emissions from manure samples with and without the addition of wood shavings were measured in a flux chamber at different air and manure temperatures. Significant differences existed in the mean concentrations of all the gases at various indoor sampling locations in a naturally ventilated building for dairy cows. The differences in gas concentrations between various sampling locations were much smaller for long-term, relative to short-term, measurements, suggesting that a single sampling location during long-term measurements may generate representative data. Decreasing daily animal activity was associated with increasing pig weight, and with increasing air temperatures for the cows. Diurnal variations in gas emissions were related to feeding/cleaning routines and to animal activity. Daily emissions from the pig building increased with pig weight and temperature. Air temperature was more important than cow activity for daily NH₃ emissions while cow activity was more important than air temperatures for daily CH₄ emissions. Reducing manure temperatures and increasing manure carbon-to-nitrogen ratio are potential NH₃ abatement techniques. However, low air temperatures may increase cow activity which may in turn increase CH₄ emissions. Increasing the frequency of manure removal from the floor and from animal buildings reduces indoor emissions of most gases. Low N₂O emissions were measured from the buildings in this study; hence the use of liquid manure systems might reduce N₂O emissions.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN STOCK PRICE, TRADING VOLUME, AND BID-ASK SPREAD ON THE US STOCK EXCHANGE: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION

This study investigates the relationships between stock price, stock trading volume, and bid-ask spread for 45 firms on the US stock market. To study the nature, extent, and direction of these relationships, we used the Johansen co-integration test, the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), and the Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR). The analysis indicated that in 62% of the firms, price and volume were co-integrated in the sense that they had a long-run positive equilibrium relationship. On the other hand, the majority of firms showed no relationship between price and spread or volume and spread. In 73% of the firms, there was no relationship between price and spread. Also, 78% of the firms showed no relationship between volume and spread. There was little evidence for co-integration between price and spread or volume and spread. Price and spread were co-integrated in only three firms and volume and spread in two firms. Of interest was the fact that the group of firms that showed a co-integrated relationship between price and volume had group means for return on equity (ROE), return on equity per share, (ROE-S) and return on assets (ROA) that were twice as high as those for the group of firms where volume and price were not related. Also, they had a smaller group mean for total debt to assets ratio than the firms with no relationship between price and volume. These financial ratios are of importance in investment. They give investors the ability to assess a company’s financial structure and determine if the company is a suitable investment. Hence, they could be a driving force behind the co-integrated relationship between price and volume.
DEVELOPING ALTERNATIVE TEACHING CONTINUITY PLANS TO MOVE CLASSROOMS ONLINE AT COVID-19 ERA IN NIGERIA

The study examined the use of ClassDojo and classroom management during learning in private secondary school in Enugu State. This study examined the difference in positive behaviour of technology students exposed to ClassDojo and traditional method; and students’ perception of the ClassDojo application on their behaviour during learning (authentic learning) in private secondary schools. The study was carried out using quasi-experimental design and survey. The quasi-experimental design was adopted to examine a sample size of 37year seven technology students that was divided in experimental and control groups. The experimental group were treated to ClassDojo teaching App, were the control group was exposed the traditional method. Scores were collected using ClassDojo app Dojo demonstrated statistically significant correlation coefficients for positive (p < .001), negative (p < .001), and total (p = 0.02) and the questionnaire had a reliability of . 92 on Cronbach alpha value using test-retest method. The questionnaire was applied to the experimental group students in order to determine their perceptions. Data collected were analysed using mean analysis for research questions and ANCOVA for testing the hypotheses at . 05 levels of significance. The result indicated that learners subjected to
Detecting Multiple Structural Breaks in Systems of Linear Regression Equations with Integrated and Stationary Regressors

In this paper, we propose a two-step procedure based on the group LASSO estimator in combination with a backward elimination algorithm to detect multiple structural breaks in linear regressions with multivariate responses. Applying the two-step estimator, we jointly detect the number and location of change points, and provide consistent estimates of the coefficients. Our framework is flexible enough to allow for a mix of integrated and stationary regressors, as well as deterministic terms. Using simulation experiments, we show that the proposed two-step estimator performs competitively against the likelihood-based approach (Qu and Perron, 2007; Li and Perron, 2017; Oka and Perron, 2018) in finite samples. However, the two-step estimator is computationally much more efficient. An economic application to the identification of structural breaks in the term structure of interest rates illustrates this methodology.
Operational investments in R&D as a strategy for differentiated performance

Objetivo: Analyze the contribution of operational investment strategies focused on R&D to the generation of differentiated returns compared to strategies focused on Capex. Methods: Based on the Fama and French’s 3, 5 and 6-factor models, the generation of differentiated returns was measured through the abnormal returns of portfolios sorted to segregate stocks by size and R&D or Capex levels. Results: It was observed that there is no significant relationship between Capex levels and the increase in abnormal returns. In portfolios sorted on R&D, a significant relationship was observed between R&D levels and the increase in abnormal returns for microcaps stocks and small stocks, regardless of the model used. It was also found that the generation of abnormal returns by microcap stocks with high R&D investments does not depend on the level of investments in Capex. Contribution: The literature has rejected the existence of abnormal returns of aggressive R&D firms in value-weighted portfolios. This study innovates in the way portfolios are sorted, showing that the relationship between abnormal returns and R&D comes mainly from low market value stocks, even with the use of weighted returns, and the relationship is robust to the main pricing models currently in use. With its findings, this research provides theoretical and empirical support to academia and accounting standard-setting bodies, demonstrating the value relevance of R&D investments. In addition, the research contributes to society and the market, potentially helping companies and shareholders allocate their resources efficiently.
Focusing perceptual attention in the past constrains outcome-based learning in the future by adjusting cortico-cortical interactions

Contemporary neuroscience and psychiatry suggest that attention to decision outcomes guides rule learning by adjusting stimulus-outcome associations. Separately, sensory neurophysiology conceptualizes attention as a ‘filter’ that improves perception. Here, we show that the contemporary view is incomplete by demonstrating an unconventional and novel effect of perceptual attention on subsequent outcome-based rule learning. Moreover, we show for the first time in rodents that, like in primates, this attentional process involves tuning of modality specific cortico-cortical interactions. We designed a novel head-fixed rat-on-a-treadmill apparatus and used it to train rats to discriminate auditory-visual stimuli using one modality and then reduced stimulus discriminability in that modality. We observed perceptual learning suggesting engagement of perceptual attention. Moreover, engaging visual perceptual attention resulted in more saccades and increased frontal-visual cortex EEG Granger causality relative to engaging auditory perceptual attention. We then presented novel and easily discriminable stimuli in both modalities and measured outcome-driven learning in the other modality. Learning was slower after engaging perceptual attention. Our work suggests that a more complete description of learning requires integrating these previously siloed concepts of attention. Moreover, treating impaired set-shifting as a trans-diagnostic symptom may require targeting different neural circuits for perceptual attention or outcome-based attention depending on which type of attention is impaired in each neuro-psychiatric disorder.