Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coral restoration research and technical developments: what we have learned so far

ABSTRACT Coral reef restoration is not the same as forest restoration as its success is not always guaranteed because of insufficient knowledge of coral biology. The technology of active restoration has a history of only 40 years or less. In spite of many devices and efforts, restoration is often hampered by low survivorship of colonies, fragments or sexual propagules. In order to enhance coral resilience and adaptation in a changing world, many new approaches to coral reef restoration are being suggested. However, we wouldn't be able to succeed or achieve expected result, i.e. recovery and thriving of the coral reefs, if outplanted coral recruits do not grow well and spawn and successfully fertilize in the sea. The cost to restore a few hectares of reef is often considerable. More studies are needed to improve the methodology. Contractors and practitioners of coral reef restoration projects must have advanced techniques supported by strong science for successful propagation, rearing, and transplantation/outplantation of corals. This review describes what we have learned so far from research on active coral reef restoration and discusses seven topics that may facilitate successful restoration projects.
CLINICAL AND CARDIOPULMONARY EFFECTS OF ATROPINE-DIAZEPAM-KETAMINE WITH AND WITHOUT GUAIFENESIN IN CALVES SUFFERING FROM ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

Acute renal failure was produced by injecting uranyl nitrate @ 5 mg/kg body weight in 16 crossbred Jersey calves. Atropine sulphate @ 0.04 mg/kg i m - diazepam @ 0.5 mg/kg i v - ketamine @ 5 mg/kg i v; or atropine @ 0.04 mg/kg i m - diazepam @ 0.05 mg/kg I v - (guaifenesin 5% + thiopentone 0.2%) @ 1.5 mg/kg - ketamine @ 5 mg/kg j v were given in 8 animals each respectively. A good anaesthesia with better muscle relaxation was produced in animals given atropine-diazepam (guaifenesin + thiopentone) - ketamine. Significant (P<0.05) increase in heart rate, nonsignificant increase in respiratory rate, minute volume mean arterial blood pressure and decrease in central venous pressure seen after their administration were compensated in 30 to 90 min. ECG did not reveal any marked effect on heart. Both these anaesthetic drug combinations were tolerated well.
Distribution, Molecular Detection and Host Range of Groundnut Rosette Assistor Virus in Western Kenya

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important legume in western Kenya, but yields are low and declining due to pests and diseases. Groundnut rosette disease (GRD) is the main disease causing upto 100% yield loss. Rosette is transmitted mainly by the groundnut aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch and to a lesser extent by Aphis gosypii Glover and Myzus persicae Sulzer. The disease is caused by synergistic interaction among groundnut rosette assistor virus (GRAV, genus Luteovirus), groundnut rosette virus (GRV, genus Umbravirus) and its associated satellite RNA (sat-RNA). The GRAV plays a crucial role in packaging the other two agents for vector transmission, and therefore a key factor in the spread of GRD. Limited information was available on distribution and host range of rosette disease in western Kenya. This study determined the distribution, molecular detection and host range of GRAV in western Kenya. A survey was conducted in Bungoma and Kakamega Counties during the short and long rains of 2016-2017. Symptomatic leafy samples were collected in RNAlater® stabilization solution and analyzed by RT-PCR. Host range studies were conducted at the Kenya Agricultural, Livestock and Research Organization (KALRO)-Kakamega. Five popular legumes of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), green gram (Vigna radiata), soybean (Glycine max) and one solanaceous golden berry (Physalis peruviana L.) were planted in a 4×6 factorial design. The plants at three leaf-stage, were mechanically inoculated with GRD inoculum prepared from RT-PCR positive samples. The plants were monitored for symptom development in the screenhouse for 8 weeks. Total RNA was extracted from the leaf samples using RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturers’ protocol. A two-step RT-PCR was done using primers designed targeting GRAV CP gene. Rosette incidence and severity was significantly higher during the short rains than the long rains. All tested plants from the screen house developed typical GRD symptoms, and were found positive by RT-PCR. It is concluded that GRD is the major virus disease of groundnuts and infects most legumes grown in western Kenya. Breeding for resistance to both the groundnut aphid and GRAV coat protein (CP) gene, might be the only practical solution.
Gluten gabeko dieta: Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko pertsona zeliakoen dieta ohiturak

Purpose As well as adhering to the safe limit for gluten intake, a suitable gluten-free (GF) diet must also be nutritionally balanced. However, malnutrition has been observed in the population with celiac disease (CD). This is even more important in the case of children and adolescents, whose GF diet must also ensure their proper growth. The aim of the present study was to assess the diet quality of children and adolescents with CD in order to attain optimal nutritional status, determining the most relevant factors that affect a balanced diet. Methods Eighty three children and adolescents with CD (9.2±3.8 years) took part in the study. Height, weight and body composition were measured. An analysis of energy consumption and of the macronutrient distribution of their diet was carried out. Adherence to Mediterranean diet by KIDMED index was analyzed, and energy and nutrients intake. Results The diet of participants was not balanced, containing more fat and less carbohydrate than recommended. Most children and adolescents revealed adequate Body Mass Index and suitable body fat percentage. Two-thirds of them showed moderate or poor KIDMED index, the case of girls being remarkable. When the GF diet, containing GF rendered foodstuffs, was compared to a similar type of diet but substituting GF products with their analogues containing gluten, important nutritional differences were revealed.
Primer registro de Acalitus Orthomera (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae) asociado al cultivo de la zarzamora (Rubus fruticosus var. tupy) en Ziracuaretiro, Michoacán, México

Acalitus orthomera (Keifer) es registrado por primera vez en el Municipio de Ziracuaretiro, Michoacán, México, asociado a brotes vegetativos en cultivos de zarzamora; se proporciona información sobre su daño y su importancia en este cultivo es discutida.
Sex and pedagogy influences in learning-related reorganization of brain activity

Physics is a challenging academic pursuit in which university students regularly struggle to achieve success. Female students tend to perform negatively on introductory physics conceptual assessments compared to their male peers; however, active-learning classroom curricula are known to broadly improve performance on these tests. Here, we used fMRI to delineate physics-related brain activity in 107 students and probed for changes resulting from a semester of active-learning or lecture-based physics instruction. Large-scale reorganization of brain activity accompanying learning occurred in a mixed frontoparietal and default mode network. Sex differences were observed in frontoparietal, default mode, and primary visual areas before and after instruction. Regions showing significant pedagogy, sex, and time interactions were revealed during physics retrieval, suggesting the type of class students complete may influence sex differences in how students retrieve information. These results reveal potentially elucidating sex and pedagogy differences underlying the neural mechanisms supporting physics learning.
Prescribing Trends in Antenatal Care at a Tertiary Level Teaching Hospital of Vidarbha Region

Most of the drugs are contraindicated during pregnancy to prevent teratogenic effects. Some drugs are used with precaution followed by antenatal visits at regular interval. Prescription trend studies can help in minimizing the risk of drug use in pregnancy, by establishing the safety profile and outcome domain of drug consumption. To study the patterns of drug prescription during pregnancy and provide feedback and recommendations for health care provider in the tertiary care hospitals of Vidarbha Region. A Retrospective, Cross-Sectional study carried out at a teaching hospital Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, Maharashtra. Data were collected from 891 prescriptions related to antenatal care were analysed. 300(31.54%), 376(39.53%) and 215(28.91%) women were in the first, second and third trimester of pregnancy, respectively.A total of 2472 drugs were prescribed with an average of 2.77 drugs per prescription. Monotherapy was seen only in 5% of the patients whereas 95% of the patients received Polytherapy. There is need of training of health care providers to prescribe drugs by generic names to reduce the cost incurred by the patients. Awareness of low cost prescribing practices should be initiated among prescribers because most of the patients visiting this hospital are from poor socio-economic background.
A tale of two green walls: a functional trait approach to assess vegetation establishment on restored steep slopes

Green walls (GWs) have been increasingly recognized as an important restoration technique for steep slopes resulting from quarrying activities or major infrastructure construction projects. In practice, GW irrigation is considered essential, although studies evaluating vegetation establishment under different irrigation regimes are lacking. Besides taxonomic metrics, functional diversity measures were used to compare the diversity and composition of plant communities of two hydroseeded GWs, with different irrigation regimes (irrigated vs. low‐irrigated). The studied GWs were installed in Peneda‐Gerês National Park (NW Portugal) to minimize the visual impact of shotcrete walls, along a road infrastructure, and promote their ecological restoration. Species' cover was recorded 3 years after installation. Species were classified according to their growth form, life form, and life strategy. Despite hydroseeding approximately 57 species, GW vegetation was dominated by spontaneous species, particularly acrocarpous mosses, regardless of irrigation regime. Species and functional richness were higher under irrigated conditions, while no differences were observed for species diversity and functional dispersion. Functional trait composition did not differ between GWs, indicating that both systems potentially provide the same ecosystem functions and services. Our results also suggest that spontaneous species colonizing GWs are highly adapted to local environmental conditions, given their dominance in both irrigated and low‐irrigated communities. Overall, irrigation did not affect the structure and functioning of GW communities, only their redundancy, since more species exhibiting similar traits were established in the irrigated GW. Therefore, our findings suggest that low‐irrigated GWs, hydroseeded with native species, represent a more cost‐effective solution to reduce the ecological impacts of steep slopes.
Nasal Septal Deviation in Saudi Patients: a Hospital Based Study

To examine the types of nasal septal deviations among Saudi patients and their relation to trauma and breathing impairment. Patients attending the Otorhinolaryngology clinic were included in this study. Age, sex, history of trauma, and nasal obstruction were entered. Full nasal examination including rigid endoscopy was performed. The presence of deviations were recorded and classified. Five hundred eighty-nine patients were included. The nasal septal deviation was noted more in males than females with left side being predominant. One hundred ninety-four patients had nasal obstruction mainly associated with Type I and II. Trauma was recorded in 114 patients. Most nasal septal deviations are asymptomatic and the most common cause in this series was road traffic accidents. Each type of deviation will require special consideration when correction is indicated
Effective connectivity during autobiographical memory search

Autobiographical memory (AM) retrieval is known to recruit a widely distributed network of brain regions but much less is known regarding how these regions interact during the various phases that presumably take place during episodic memory retrieval in general and AM retrieval in particular. Here, we used dynamic causal modeling (DCM) to examine effective connectivity during cued AM search in a sub-network consisting of six major regions within this large network. Functional MRI data was acquired while participants were visually presented verbal cues describing common life events and requested to search for a personal memory that could be associated with each cue. We examined directed couplings between the ventromedial (vmPFC), dorsomedial (dmPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (dlPFC), hippocampus, angular gyrus and a region in the posterior midline cortex (RSC/PCC/Prec), all located in the left hemisphere. Results indicated that during AM search, the vmPFC, dlPFC and RSC/PCC/Prec acted as primary drivers of activity in the rest of the network. Moreover, when AM search was completed successfully (Hits), an up-modulation of the effective connectivity of the hippocampus in the vmPFC and angular gyrus was observed. In the same way, there was an increase in the influence of the RSC/PCC/Prec in the activity of the dlPFC and dmPFC. Furthermore, during Hits the angular gyrus showed to have an inhibitory effect in all other nodes of the network. These results are consistent with the notion that midline cortical regions are crucial in supporting the retrieval of AMs, and highlight the interplay between the vmPFC and the RSC/PCC/Prec and the dlPFC during AM search.
Perceptual learning evidence for an interval- and modality-invariant representation of subsecond time

A central theme in time perception research is whether subsecond timing relies on a dedicated centralized clock, or on distributed neural temporal dynamics. A fundamental constraint is the interval- and modality-specificity in perceptual learning of temporal interval discrimination (TID), which argues against a dedicated centralized clock, but is more consistent with multiple distributed mechanisms. Here we demonstrated an abstract, interval- and modality-invariant, representation of subsecond time in the brain. Participants practiced TID at a specific interval (100 ms), and received exposure to a transfer interval (200 ms), or to a different auditory/visual modality, through training of an orthogonal task. This double training enabled complete transfer of TID learning to the untrained interval, and mutual complete transfer between visual and auditory modalities. These results demonstrate an interval- and modality-invariant representation of subsecond time, which resembles a centralized clock, on top of the known distributed timing mechanisms and their readout and integration.
Evaluating Model Predictions of Fire Induced Tree Mortality Using Wildfire-Affected Forest Inventory Measurements

Forest land managers rely on predictions of tree mortality generated from fire behavior models to identify stands for post-fire salvage and to design fuel reduction treatments that reduce mortality. A key challenge in improving the accuracy of these predictions is selecting appropriate wind and fuel moisture inputs. Our objective was to evaluate postfire mortality predictions using the Forest Vegetation Simulator Fire and Fuels Extension (FVS-FFE) to determine if using representative fire-weather data would improve prediction accuracy over two default weather scenarios. We used pre- and post-fire measurements from 342 stands on forest inventory plots, representing a wide range of vegetation types affected by wildfire in California, Oregon, and Washington. Our representative weather scenarios were created by using data from local weather stations for the time each stand was believed to have burned. The accuracy of predicted mortality (percent basal area) with different weather scenarios was evaluated for all stands, by forest type group, and by major tree species using mean error, mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE). One of the representative weather scenarios, Mean Wind, had the lowest mean error (4%) in predicted mortality, but performed poorly in some forest types, which contributed to a relatively high RMSE of 48% across all stands. Driven in large part by over-prediction of modelled flame length on steeper slopes, the greatest over-prediction mortality errors arose in the scenarios with higher winds and lower fuel moisture. Our results also indicated that fuel moisture was a stronger influence on post-fire mortality than wind speed. Our results suggest that using representative weather can improve accuracy of mortality predictions when attempting to model over a wide range of forest types. Focusing simulations exclusively on extreme conditions, especially with regard to wind speed, may lead to over-prediction of tree mortality from fire.
Review On Probiotics Potentials, Nutritional Composition Of Bambara Nut (Vigna Subterranea (L.) -An Underutilized LegumE

Bambara nut is one of the underutilized legumes. Conversely this underutilized legume could be utilized to solve the ravaging food security issues in sub-Saharan Africa owing to its balanced nutritive composition. Bambara nut limited use, is because of the antnutritional factors, hard to cook phenomenon and difficulty in dehulling. Because of high global demand on food security, there is an urgent need to review possible methods that could reduce the limiting factors to the widespread use of this crop and enunciate other benefits derivable from this legume. In this review, we appraised the nutritional composition of Bambara nut from different geographic locations, commonly associated bacteria species that predominate mostly during Bambara fermentation and their potential uses as probiotics. Expedient areas for further research were highlighted in this paper
Novel method for evaluation of anaerobic germination in rice and its application to diverse genetic collections

Direct seeding saves time and labour in the cultivation of rice. However, seedling establishment is often unstable, and yields are lower than in transplanting. Anaerobic germination (AG) is a key trait for improvement of direct seeding of rice. We established a simple and reliable method of evaluating AG in rice breeding. We germinated seeds in distilled water or deoxygenated water and measured coleoptile length several days later; compared the results of each method with survival rate in flooded soil; and used the anoxic water method for QTL analysis and for testing cultivars. Coleoptile elongation in anoxic water and survival rate in flooded soil were significantly correlated (r = 0.879, P < 0.01). A significant QTL, likely to be a major gene (AG1), was found in chromosome segment substitution lines and in a backcrossed F2 population derived from tolerant and sensitive lines. Diverse rice genetic resources were classified into tolerant or sensitive accession groups reflecting their ecotypes. Our study revealed that anoxic water evaluation method saves space and time in a stable environment compared with flooded soil evaluation. It is applicable to QTL analysis and isolation of genes underlying anaerobic germination.
Basis of Atrazine and Mesotrione Synergism for Controlling Atrazine‐ and HPPD Inhibitor‐Resistant Palmer Amaranth

3265 AbstrAct Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) resistant to atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N’-(1-methylethyl)1,3,5-triazine2,4-diamine] and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicides was confirmed in a seed corn (Zea mays L.) production field in Nebraska, in 2014. Neither atrazine nor HPPD inhibitors (mesotrione [2-(4-mesyl2nitrobenzoyl)-3-hydroxycylohex-2-enone], tembotrione {2-[2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)-3-[(2,2,2-trif luoroethoxy) methyl]benzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione}, or topramezone {[3-(4,5-dihydro-3-isoxazolyl)-2-methyl-4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl](5-hydroxy-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methanone}) applied post-emergence were able to control resistant Palmer amaranth even at greater than label rates. However, their tank mixtures even at lower than the label rate provided more than 90% control under greenhouse and field conditions. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of atrazine on mesotrione absorption and translocation when tank mixed or vice versa in atrazineand HPPD inhibitor-resistant Palmer amaranth from Nebraska. Tank mixing commercial formulation of atrazine at 560 g ha–1 increased 14C-mesotrione absorption to 51% compared to 39% with 14C-mesotrione alone. However, 14C-atrazine absorption or translocation was not affected by mesotrione at 26 g ha–1 in the tank mixture. Similarly, mesotrione did not affect the metabolism of 14C-atrazine in resistant or susceptible plants when tank mixed compared to 14C-atrazine applied alone. Increased absorption of mesotrione when tank mixed with atrazine could be one of the reasons of atrazine and mesotrione synergism besides their biochemical interaction in the atrazineand HPPD inhibitorresistant Palmer amaranth biotype from Nebraska.
Observations of OH and HO2 radicals over West Africa

The hydroxyl radical (OH) plays a key role in the oxidation of trace gases in the troposphere. However, observations of OH and the closely related hydroperoxy radical (HO2) have been sparse, especially in the tropics. Based on a low-pressure laser-induced fluorescence technique (FAGE – Fluorescence Assay by Gas Expansion), an instrument has been developed to measure OH and HO2 aboard the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurement (FAAM) BAe-146 research aircraft. During the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) campaign, observations of OH and HO2 (HOx) were made in the boundary layer and free troposphere over West Africa on 13 flights during July and August 2006. Mixing ratios of both OH and HO2 were found to be highly variable, but followed a diurnal cycle: OH varied from 1.3 pptv to below the instrumental limit of detection, with a median mixing ratio of 0.17 pptv. HO2 varied from 42.7 pptv to below the limit of detection, with a median mixing ratio of 8.0 pptv. A median HO2/OH ratio of 95 was observed. Daytime OH observations were compared with the primary production rate of OH from ozone photolysis in the presence of water vapour. Daytime HO2 observations were generally reproduced by a simple steady-state HOx calculation, where HOx was assumed to be formed from the primary production of OH and lost through HO2 self-reaction. Deviations between the observations and this simple model were found to be grouped into a number of specific cases: (a) within cloud, (b) in the presence of high levels of isoprene in the boundary layer and (c) within a biomass burning plume. HO2 was sampled in and around cloud, with significant short-lived reductions of HO2 observed. Up to 9 pptv of Correspondence to: D. E. Heard (d.e.heard@leeds.ac.uk) HO2 was observed at night, with HO2 above 6 pptv observed at altitudes above 6 km. In the forested boundary layer, HO2 was underestimated by a steady state calculation at altitudes below 500 m but overestimated between 500 m and 2 km. In a biomass burning plume, observed HO2 concentrations were significantly below those calculated.