Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Remote sensing‐based estimation of annual soil respiration at two contrasting forest sites

Soil respiration (Rs), an important component of the global carbon cycle, can be estimated using remotely sensed data, but the accuracy of this technique has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we proposed a methodology for the remote estimation of annual Rs at two contrasting FLUXNET forest sites (a deciduous broadleaf forest and an evergreen needleleaf forest). A version of the Akaike's information criterion was used to select the best model from a range of models for annual Rs estimation based on the remotely sensed data products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and root‐zone soil moisture product derived from assimilation of the NASA Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer soil moisture products and a two‐layer Palmer water balance model. We found that the Arrhenius‐type function based on nighttime land surface temperature (LST‐night) was the best model by comprehensively considering the model explanatory power and model complexity at the Missouri Ozark and BC‐Campbell River 1949 Douglas‐fir sites. In addition, a multicollinearity problem among LST‐night, root‐zone soil moisture, and plant photosynthesis factor was effectively avoided by selecting the LST‐night‐driven model. Cross validation showed that temporal variation in Rs was captured by the LST‐night‐driven model with a mean absolute error below 1 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1 at both forest sites. An obvious overestimation that occurred in 2005 and 2007 at the Missouri Ozark site reduced the evaluation accuracy of cross validation because of summer drought. However, no significant difference was found between the Arrhenius‐type function driven by LST‐night and the function considering LST‐night and root‐zone soil moisture. This finding indicated that the contribution of soil moisture to Rs was relatively small at our multiyear data set. To predict intersite Rs, maximum leaf area index (LAImax) was used as an upscaling factor to calibrate the site‐specific reference respiration rates. Independent validation demonstrated that the model incorporating LST‐night and LAImax efficiently predicted the spatial and temporal variabilities of Rs. Based on the Arrhenius‐type function using LST‐night as an input parameter, the rates of annual C release from Rs were 894–1027 g C m−2 yr−1 at the BC‐Campbell River 1949 Douglas‐fir site and 818–943 g C m−2 yr−1 at the Missouri Ozark site. The ratio between annual Rs estimates based on remotely sensed data and the total annual ecosystem respiration from eddy covariance measurements fell within the range reported in previous studies. Our results demonstrated that estimating annual Rs based on remote sensing data products was possible at deciduous and evergreen forest sites.
Evaluating the Effi cacy of a Parent-Implemented Autism Intervention Program in Northern Brazil

The shortage of opportunities to access eff ective interventions for autism in developing countries is a major concern. Research on parent-implemented interventions is critical for the dissemination of evidence-based treatments. The present study evaluated the effi cacy of a parent-implemented intervention program that is off ered to low and lower middle-class families in northern Brazil. The participants were three children who were diagnosed with autism and their respective parents/caregivers. All of the parents had received training on the implementation of discrete-trial teaching. We collected data on the children’s performance and evaluated the integrity of the parent-implemented intervention. The results showed improvements in performance for two of the three children whose parents implemented the intervention with a high degree of integrity. For the third parent whose child had lower performance, low attendance during the training sessions was correlated with the child’s slower rate of acquisition. These fi ndings support the potential benefi ts of parent-implemented intervention programs for children with autism and extend to the socio-cultural context of developing countries, such as Brazil.
Social justice in UK counselling psychology : exploring the perspectives of members of the profession who have a high interest in, and commitment to, social justice

Background and objectives: Despite a large amount of theoretical literature,empirical research into the area of social justice in counselling psychology has beenlimited to date. Furthermore, no research has explored this topic from the perspectiveof UK based counselling psychologists. The overarching purpose of this study wastherefore to explore the social justice interest and commitment of members of theUK counselling psychology profession. Method and analyses: A mixed methodsdesign was employed. A preliminary quantitative survey phase was followed by thepriority stage of the research, in which qualitative interviews were conducted withsix members of the counselling psychology profession with at least a moderateinterest in and commitment to social justice. Qualitative data were analysed usingtools from the grounded theory approach. Connection of the two phases of researchoccurred at participant selection for the qualitative phase and in the interpretationphase. Findings: Quantitative findings were limited; however, comparative toprevious studies using the same measure, members of the counselling psychologyprofession have lower levels of social justice interest and commitment. Qualitativefindings highlighted two core categories within the data: ? Counselling psychologists? understanding of social justice in counselling psychology and their connection to it? and ? Counselling psychologists? reflections on social justice action? Conclusions:The qualitative findings extend our understanding of counselling psychologists? social justice interest and commitment and aid interpretation of the initialquantitative findings. Participants defined social justice in a way which is largelyconsistent with the theoretical literature but reported some difficulties with thiswhich may be due to training in the area. Results relating to social justice actionindicate that whilst some UK-based counselling psychologists are acting on theirsocial justice values, there are numerous issues which potentially limit this.Recommendations for theory, further research and practice are discussed.
Basic Density and Its Variation in Olea ca pensis Established in Matrix with Grevillea robusta Grown in Meru-Usa Forest Plantation, Tanzania

Basic density and its variation were determined in Olea capensis (Knobl.) of 53 years grown in matrix with Grevillea robusta in Meru-Usa Forest Plantation, Arusha, Tanzania. A total of four O. capensis trees were sampled. Diameter at breast height (Dbh) and total height for each sampled tree were measured before felling. Four disks, each measuring 5 cm thick were cut at 1.3 m (12%), 25%, 50% and 75% of total tree height from each tree for the purpose of determining basic density. Standards methods were used for determination of basic density. It was found that basic density ranged from 440 kg/m 3 to 820 kg/m 3 and the average value was 646 kg/m 3 . It was found that basic density decreased from the bottom to the top end of the tree and in radial direction increased from pith to the middle and then decreased towards the bark. Wood from O. capensis established in matrix with G. robusta was classified as heavy, which is similar classification to that of O. capensis grown in monoculture plantations. It is therefore recommended that wood of O. capensis established in matrix with G. robusta to be assigned similar uses as O. capensis grown in monoculture plantations as both have heavy basic densities.
Absolute fixing of tide gauge benchmarks and land levels : the BGS contribution to a report on a study of the London and Thames estuary region

This report comprises material submitted as the British Geological Survey (BGS) contribution to the final report of a project measuring changes in land and sea levels using high precision global positioning system (GPS) surveying, absolute gravimetry (AG), persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) and tide gauge records. Data was collected during the period 1997 to 2005 for a National study of changes around the coast of Great Britain, and a Regional study of changes along parts of the Thames Estuary and the River Thames at London. Since 2003, the national study has been funded by the Joint DEFRA/EA Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management R&D Programme, and a regional study, funded by the Environment Agency Thames Estuary 2100 project. The national study was carried out jointly by the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory (POL) and the University of Nottingham’s Institute of Engineering Surveying and Space Geodesy (IESSG). The regional study was led by IESSG and carried out jointly by IESSG, POL, Nigel Press Associates Ltd. (NPA) and the British Geological Survey (BGS). The item in the project research plan relevant the main BGS input is Objective 08: ‘The estimates of changes in absolute ground level for the regional network of 13 GPS stations and a few thousand PSI points (output from 07) will be analysed, and geological interpretations presented using the geological database and other available information’. The final project report includes a condensed version of this material, with only a few of the figures. That is due to be published as Environment Agency R&D Technical Report FD2319/TR. The geological setting of the London region is described in a report for the EA/NERC CONNECT B project (Bingley et al., 1999), and by Ellison et al. (2004).
Politics and the Press in Indonesia

This article will explain how one of Indonesia’s richest and most powerful man, Aburizal Bakrie, came to purchase the Surabaya Post in 2008 and the consequences of this purchase. For the journalists who work for this daily Indonesian-language newspaper, the change of ownership affected how they could report the mudflow disaster on the outskirts of Surabaya, in which the Bakrie-controlled company, Lapindo-Brantas, was implicated. Through testimony from Surabaya Post journalists, this article sheds light on what can happen to when an owner with a vested interest in shaping the news decides to purchase the paper. The result is a dramatic decline in the autonomy of its journalists to accurately cover issues relating to the owner. The hindrances to journalist’s autonomy exposed in this case study are a concern for greater press freedom in the archipelago.
On the mechanical vibrator-earth contact geometry and its dynamics

The geometry of the contact between a vibrator and the earth underneath influences the dynamics of the vibrator. Although a vibrator might appear to be well-coupled with the earth on a macroscale, perfect coupling certainly does not occur on the microscale. With the aid of contact mechanical modeling and concepts, it can be shown that this lack of contact at the microscale, or rather the change thereof during a sweep, can have a significant effect on the dynamics of the vibrator-earth system. Modeling of such changing contact predicts that the dynamic behavior varies considerably with the vibrator drive level. The most significant effect predicted by the model is a decrease in the base-plate resonance frequency with an increasing drive level. Extensive drive-level tests carried out in a field experiment confirm this change of resonance behavior with drive level.
SPOT Panchromatic Imagery and Neural Networks for Information Extraction in a Complex Mountain Environment

Abstract High resolution satellite imagery is often required to obtain accurate information about landforms and the terrain. In mountain environments, the magnitude, frequency, and interaction of lithospheric and atmospheric processes cause high topographic and spatial reflectance variability. Consequently, information extraction is difficult and new approaches are required to assess and map complex spatial patterns. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the utility of artificial neural network (ANN) technology for recognizing spatial reflectance variation related to alpine glacier characteristics. Specifically, we wanted to determine if a minimally trained neural network could be used to map the supraglacial characteristics of glaciers on the Nanga Parbat massif in Pakistan. We trained a three‐layer feed forward network using the back‐propagation learning algorithm to recognize reflectance variations from SPOT Panchromatic data. We compared ANN classification results to a stratified unsupervised c.
Agricultural Forest Applications and Boundary Surveys Using Low-cost High Sensitivity GPS (HS-GPS) Receivers

SUMMARY GNSS is employed in numerous situations and especially the use of low-cost receivers has become very popular. The use of GNSS receivers is already standard in many applications, e.g. for precise navigation and guidance of machines, for cadastral boundary surveys or to determine the size of agricultural land for European Union funding. Often modern HS-GPS receivers are used for these tasks because they have a better performance even under unfavorable conditions like urban canyons or forests. Their accuracy and reliability is usually determined for open sky conditions. Several studies exist in which the possibilities of HSGPS receivers in urban canyons were investigated. On the other hand, nearly no tests have been performed to determine the limitations of these receivers in forests. This study investigates the practicability of using low-cost HS-GPS for usage under forest canopies. A test area with varying types of forests, such as broad-leaved forests, coniferous forests and young forests, was selected. Long-term observations over 24 hours in three different seasons were carried out on ten survey points. It was found that the availability of HS-GPS receiver measurements in forest areas is satisfactory and static single point positioning mostly perform well. In the case of carrier phase solutions from baseline observations to a virtual reference station, however, a significant reduction of signal quality can occur. Due to a large number of outliers the number of solutions, in which the ambiguities can be solved and in which a high positioning accuracy less than one meter can be achieved, is lower than expected. Using robust estimation outliers have been efficiently detected and eliminated. In Single Point Positioning (SPP) a scattering of about 8 m for single epoch measurements and 3 m for static measurements was determined. Single frequency differential positioning with robust estimation yields to a median of less than 10 cm with an inner quartile range (IQR) of around 3 m. It can be concluded that HS-GPS measurements in forests are applicable for applications like mapping, classification and boundary surveys in most cases in dependence on a careful selection of the suitable observation time and analysis method.
Aspects physico-chimiques de l'interaction bois - ciment. Modification de l'hydratation du ciment par le bois

L'utilisation de bois dans une matrice cimentaire confere des proprietes interessantes aux composites. L'importance des variations dimensionnelles et des retards de prises du materiau sont deux problemes majeurs. Le but de ce travail etait de mieux comprendre les mecanismes d'interaction entre le bois et le ciment. Nous avons etudie l'influence, de la fibre de peuplier naturel et de la fibre de peuplier stabilisee dimensionnellement par traitement thermique, sur l'hydratation du ciment. Compte tenue du role de la composition chimique de bois sur la prise du ciment, l'etude a ete consacree a l'obtention de donnees concernant l'essence utilisee (peuplier) : propriete hygroscopique, analyse structurale, analyse chimique des extraits aqueux et influence du traitement thermique sur ces proprietes. La fibre vegetale modifie essentiellement l'hydratation des phases silicates. Une forte inhibition de la precipitation de la portlandite et des CSH est apparue. Cette derniere provient d'un deficit d'ions hydroxydes dans la phase interstitielle. En presence de bois, l'ettringite est stabilisee et sa conversion en monosulfoaluminate retardee. Il est apparut que le bois ne modifiait pas la dissolution totale des grains anhydres. Le milieu alcalin, impose par le ciment, degrade les hemicelluloses, les parties amorphes de la cellulose et les lignines du peuplier. Il en resulte une forte production d'acides organiques dans la phase interstitielle. Ces derniers presentent un effet retard sur l'hydratation nettement superieur a celui genere par les extractibles.
ROWCROP RESPONSE TO TOPSOIL REPLACEMENT ON HIGH TRAFFIC VS LOW TRAFFIC SOIL RECONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS

Poor soil physical condition is identified as the most limiting factor to successful row crop production on mined land in Illinois. Compacted mine soils lack a continuous macropore network to provide for water movement, aeration and root system extension. Critical to reclamation success are i) selection of the best available soil materials used in soil reconstruction and ii) reclamation methods which will minimize compaction during soil reconstruction. In Illinois, topsoil replacement has generally enhanced seedbed preparation, stand establishment, and early season growth when compared to graded spoil materials. Yield response to topsoil replacement has ranged from strongly positive to strongly negative. Excellent corn and soybean yields have been achieved when reclamation methods result in low strength soils. Total crop failures have commonly occurred when high traffic soil replacement methods result in mine soils with high soil strength. Additional
EFFECTS OF SOIL PROPERTIES, CLIMATIC FACTORS, AND LANDSCAPE FEATURES OF PRIME FARMLAND SOILS ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH USING PRODUCIVITY INDICES ON RECLAIMED COAL SURFACE MINED SOILS 1

Selected soil chemical and physical properties, climatic factors, and landscape features can be used as indicators of potential vegetative growth for commodity crops on reclaimed soil after coal surface mining. The logic for evaluating vegetative growth is similar to the "Storie Index for Soil Rating. " The Storie Index, manipulating selected soil properties, is used to calculate soil productivity indices. Some elements have more impact on plant growth than others. Typically, selected soil properties, e.g., proportion of sand, silt, and clay, pH, bulk density, root limiting earthy soil layer, salinity, sodicity, root limiting non-earthy layers, landscape position, amount of precipitation, organic matter, rock fragments, etc. will determine the root zone available water capacity (RZAWC) of a soil. In normal precipitation years, the RZAWC of prime farmland soils determines the vegetative growth. RZAWC becomes a surrogate for many other soil properties and features. Knowing the RZAWC relationship allows soil scientists to make relatively accurate vegetative growth predictions. The significance of these properties determines the commodity crop vegetative growth using productivity indices of reclaimed soil compared to the pre-mined soil. The question being addressed in this paper, are the relationships of soil properties, climate (both soil and climatic atmospheric), and landscape features understood well enough to guarantee that soils reclaimed after surface mining for coal will be as productive as the pre-mined soil?
Abundance and diversity of chaetognaths from the Rodriguez Triple Junction area of the Indian Ocean

Chaetognaths from the Rodriguez Triple Junction and adjacent parts of the Indian Ocean were studied based on zooplankton samples collected during July to September 1993. Chaetognaths population drastically reduced to the RTJ area (a 158/1000 m) as compared to the Central Indian Ocean (a 639/1000 m). A total of 15 species of chaetognaths belonging to the genera Eukrohnia, Krohnitta, Sagitta and Pterosagitta were found in the collections. Contribution of epi, meso and bathypelagic species were respectively 60, 33 and 7 percent to the total population. Species diversity was more in the upper 500 m water column than the 150 m stratum due to the mixing of mesopelagic species in the former. Statistical grouping of stations indicated the presence of ecologically significant factor groups. Community structure of chaetognaths indicated predominance of S.pacifica in the upper 150 m water column while in the 500 m S.hexaptera was the dominant species. At the RTJ area the predominance of S.hexaptera along with unusual congregations of P.draco area could be associated with the difference in temperature due to hydrothermal activity.
The nonlinear features of waste deformation and its impaction on strata movement

The nonlinear features of waste deformation and its impaction on strata movement was analyzed by numerical simulation.Differences of simulation results of double-yield model and elasticity model in surface movement,static laws and destroy of the strata subsidence were mainly compared.The results of the simulations that were made by elasticity model and double-yield models show that,the rules of surface subsidence are basically same under the condition of critical extraction,but when in sub-critical extraction there are larger differences in surface movement,extreme deformation,subsidence speed,the features of movement basin.
Southwest Pacific Ocean Water-Mass Changes between 1968/69 and 1990/91*†

Abstract Water-mass changes are estimated in the southwest Pacific Ocean by comparing a meridional hydrographic section along 170°W between 60°S and the equator occupied in 1968/69 during the Southern Cross cruise and again in 1990 during a NOAA Climate and Global Change cruise. Another comparison is made using a hydrographic section along 35°S between the date line and 169°W occupied in 1969 during USNS Eltanin cruise 40 and again in 1991 during a Mapkiwi cruise. The most robust change consists of cooling (and freshening) on isopycnals, with peak differences exceeding −1.0°C (−0.25 pss) at the base of the subtropical thermocline. The cooling and freshening starts above the stratification minimum of the Subantarctic Mode Water and persists to below the salinity minimum of the Antarctic Intermediate Water. Amplitudes are largest at 48°S, near where these water masses subduct, and decay toward 20°S, near the axis of the Subtropical Gyre. This change is likely the result of surface warming and/or freshening .
Emerging Evidence and Practices with Safety Nets in Urban Areas

Most safety net programs in low and middle-income countries are conceived for rural areas. Yet as the global urban population rapidly increases and poverty urbanizes, it becomes of utmost importance to understand how to make safety nets work in urban settings. This paper discusses the process of urbanization, the peculiar features of urban poverty, and emerging experiences with urban safety net programs in dozens of countries. It does so by reviewing multidisciplinary literature, examining household survey data, and presenting a compilation of case studies from a ‘first generation’ of programs. It finds that urban areas pose fundamentally different sets of opportunities and challenges for social protection, and that safety net programs are at the very beginning of a process of urban adaptation. The mixed-performance and preliminary nature of the experiences suggest to put a premium on experimentation, learning and evidencegeneration, particularly in key design choices as well as in better connecting safety nets to spatial, economic and social services agendas in urban areas.