Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Perception of occlusal appearance in 11 to 12 year-old school children in Nairobi, Kenya

A public orthodontic system generally is designed to prioritize patients so that those who have the greatest need receive treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the subjective perceptions of the occlusal appearance of 11 to 12 year-old schoolchildren of Nairobi with the modified Aesthetic Component (AC) scale of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). The objectives were to assess the children’s perception of their occlusal appearance, categorise the occlusal appearance using the AC scale, by both the children and researcher; and to compare the children’s’ perception and the AC of the IOTN. Satisfaction with appearance of teeth and occlusion as well as peer comparison was investigated. The treatment need and demand was assessed using the modified AC photographs of the IOTN. Altogether, 488 school children (249 girls and 239 boys) assessed their perception of the anterior teeth using a Verbal Descriptor Scale (VDS) and a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) questionnaire. The researcher examined the anterior teeth of the participants and categorised them using the AC of the IOTN. The following results were reported: about two-thirds of the respondents were satisfied with the appearance of their teeth, with the gender difference being statistically significant. About 35% were dissatisfied or very dissatisfied, but reasons for it varied. More than half of the respondents rated their teeth as better than those of their peers and three-quarters were satisfied with their occlusion, the two responses elicited no gender difference. Treatment need was assessed by use of the AC indicated that there was a moderate agreement between researcher and respondents’ in treatment need assessment. The researcher found 36.3% needed treatment against self-perceived need of 30.9%. One-third of the respondents determined by the researcher to ‘need treatment’, felt ‘no need’. There was no statistical
Anglophonia, 21 | 2016

Australian English (AusE) and New Zealand English (NZE) are two originally “transported” Englishes in the Southern hemisphere. Although there is currently no doubt among the scientific community that they constitute two distinct dialects of English with their own lexical, morphosyntactic, phonological and phonetic features, their description and representation have long been frozen into a unique “Australasian” dialect, in spite of an enormous amount of endocentric linguistic descriptions emerging in the second half of the twentieth century. AusE and NZE being amongst the latest varieties to have emerged in the English-speaking world, they have only recently been extensively studied and considered as valid research objects by the scientific community. In this article we first consider some historical arguments that eventually On the representation and evolution of Australian English and New Zealand Eng. Anglophonia, 21 | 2016 27
Innovation vs. imitation and the evolution of productivity distributions

We develop a tractable dynamic model of productivity growth and technology spillovers that is consistent with the emergence of real world empirical productivity distributions. Firms can improve productivity by engaging in in-house research and developmenmt (R&D) or, alternatively, by trying to imitate other firms’ technologies, subject to the limits of their absorptive capacities. The outcome of both strategies is stochastic. The choice between in-house R&D and imitation is endogenous, and is based on firms’ profit maximization motive. Firms closer to the technological frontier face fewer imitation opportunities, and choose inhouse R&D, while firms farther from the frontier try to imitate more productive technologies. The resulting balanced-growth equilibrium features persistent productivity differences even when starting from ex ante identical firms. The longrun productivity distribution can be described as a traveling wave with tails following a Pareto distribution as can be observed in the empirical data.
Returns to Education among the Self-Employed: Evidence from Rural Western Uganda

In many developing countries, the majority of the workforce is engaged in petty self-employment. Given the low skill intensity of this own account work and a very limited potential for selection into different sectors or types of occupation, potential returns to formal education remain unclear. This paper addresses this gap in the literature. Using a unique sample of 1’048 market vendors in Western Uganda, I provide evidence of 7 percent returns to formal education for the non-agricultural self-employed. Both allocative and productive efficiency gains as well as social capital increases are presented as potential mechanisms underlying the observed returns. Furthermore, I find no differential returns to schooling by education level. I address endogeneity by a synthetic instrumental variable approach. Finally, to avoid biased estimates through confounding factors, I use a double machine learning approach for the selection of additional control variables. Estimates on the returns to education are in line with the baseline specification.
Experiences and Perceptions of Rural Postpartum Women With Substance Use Disorders Inclusive of Opioids Regarding Their Care

13 Introduction . 15 Methods . 17 Results and Discussion . 18 Limitations . 22 Implications and Conclusion.22 Suggested Websites . 24 References . 25 Table . 28 Flow Diagram . 33
Evaluation of a Dining Facility Intervention on U.S. Army Special Operations Soldiers' Meal Quality, Dining Satisfaction, and Cost Effectiveness

Abstract : The study purpose was to test the initial effectiveness of this USASOC HPP (Human Performance Program) intervention and whether changes were sustained over time. Dietary intakes were assessed using food photography before and after three main meals over 2 days. Daily nutrient content and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores were computed. Descriptive and independent t-test analyses were performed pre to post HPP implementation (=0.05; 80 power). A total of 688 Soldiers participated(98 male; mean age of 25.62.9 yrs). At 12-months, USASOC patrons exhibited a significantly higher sodium-adjusted HEI score (70.38.7 points; 4.6 pts; p=0.005) compared to the control DFAC (avg of 56.3 10.8 points over 12-months). Specific improvements in USASOC patron intake were 0.6 cups fruit (2.5 cups/d), 0.8 oz whole grains (5.9 oz/d), 1.9 oz protein (14.9 oz/d; 2.0g/kg BW), -0.3 oz refined grains (4.3 oz/d), and -0.13g/kg fat (1.24g/kg BW) (p0.05). These data illustrate that education, introduction of healthy food options, and revised cooking practices are effective interventions for improving Warfighter meal quality.
Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by using Lichens Heterodermia boryi and Parmotrema stuppeum

Development of eco-friendly green synthesis nanoparticles has become more interest and focus in current scenario. This study reports the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using methanolic extracts of Heterodermia boryi and Parmotrema stuppeum lichen species collected from The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu. The physical appearance of synthesized nanoparticle was characterized by color change, UV-VIS Spectrophotometer, Electron spectroscopy, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, FTIR and X-ray diffraction techniques. The size of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Heterodermia boryi and Parmotrema stuppeum were at 27.91nm to 37.21nm and 27.69 nm to 36.00 nm respectively. The antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticle was tested against six bacterial pathogens both gram positive and gram negative. The results showed potential activity against Acinetobacter baumanii and Staphylococcus aureus.
PRENATAL HEALTH AND WEATHER SHOCKS: EVIDENCE FROM RANDOMIZED TRIAL IN NORTHERN KENYA

Exposure to weather shocks around the time of birth has been shown to have deleterious effects on later life outcomes. In the short run, such shocks can lead to income loss, especially when households are not insured but rely heavily on rainfed agricultural activities. In the long run, however, they can cause a reduction in adult earnings, human capital development and health outcomes. Despite these findings, there are few studies examining the extent to which receiving a cash transfer can help buffer the effects of weather shocks experienced early in life, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. We close this gap in research and use a randomized control trial dataset from Hunger Safety Net Programme in Northern Kenya and apply regression models to estimate the effect sizes. We find that weather shocks experienced early in life reduces a child’s height for age and weight for age Z scores by 0.78 and 0.09 standard deviation respectively, controlling for other covariates. Second, we show that receiving a cash transfer buffers the negative effects of weather shocks. Specifically, receiving a cash transfer reduced exposure to weather shock by about 0.29 standard deviations under HAZ scores when drought is measured in cumulative terms. However, we do not observe any buffering effect of receiving cash transfer on child health indicators when drought is measured during in utero period. This paper also tested fragile male hypothesis where adverse weather shocks are expected to affect male children more than they would to females. Our result suggests that adverse weather events are worse for male children, consistent with the fragile male hypothesis. Finally, receiving transfer disproportionately mitigate shocks borne by males acerbating the male-female differences in presence of weather shocks.
Assessment of the Magnitude and Determinants of Unmet Need for Family Planning Among Currently Married Women in Reproductive Age in Hargeisa, Somaliland

Family planning can reduce maternal mortality by meeting women’s need for modern contraceptives, this would prevent about one quarter to one-third of all maternal deaths. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the magnitude and determinants of unmet need for family planning among currently married women in child bearing age in Hargeisa, Maroodi Jeex region Somaliland, and reveal the reasons of not using contraceptives and the general knowledge, attitude and practice. Methods: Community based cross-sectional study, involving 256 married women of reproductive age selected through a multi-stage random sampling technique, was conducted in Hargeisa town from October – November, 2016. Data were collected by using pretested structured interviewer administered questionnaire after written consent was obtained from respondents. Data were edited, coded, and entered to version 20.0 of SPSS software, and analysed by logistic regression model to identify determinants of unmet need for family planning. Results: Following the analysis, total unmet need of family planning was significantly associated with number of children alive (OR=0.88; CI 95%= 0.77 – 0.99; P=0.04), Education (OR=4; CI 95%= 2 – 9; P=0.00), Husband approval (OR=5;CI 95%= 2 – 13; P=0.00), Religion (OR=0.26; CI 95%= 0.12 – 0.59; P=0.00) and cultural prohibition (OR= 4; CI 95%= 1 – 13; P=0.00), working status (OR=3; CI 95%= 1 – 6; P=0.00) and knowledge on family planning (OR=2.4; CI 95%= 1 – 5; P=0.02). But Age (P=0.58) and income (P=0.06) of the participants was not significantly associated with total unmet need of family planning. Reasons for not using modern contraceptive were Fear of infertility, desire to have more children and fear of side effects. Conclusions: In general, the findings show that unmet need for family planning was significantly associated with women’s education, husband approval, religious and cultural prohibition, and knowledge on FP. This suggests to improve, and strengthen Family Planning programs to break the determining factors associated with unmet need for family planning.
Prognostic factors and outcome of reirradiation for locally recurrent small cell lung cancer—a multicenter study

Background The prognosis of patients with recurrent small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains poor and treatment options are limited. We performed a multi-institution retrospective cohort study to evaluate the outcome of thoracic reirradiation, identify prognostic factors and assess treatment-related toxicity. Methods Data of 33 patients re-irradiated for recurrent SCLC at 4 international university hospitals, were analysed. Overall survival (OS) acute and late toxicities were evaluated and prognostic factors for reirradiation were identified. Results Reirradiation (Re-RT) was performed at a median interval time of 24 months after the first thoracic radiotherapy series. Median survival after reirradiation was 7 months (range, 1–54 months). The Re-RT dose in EQD2 ranged from 20 to 87.50 Gy with a median of 32.50 Gy. The 1- and 2-year OS were 33% and 17%, respectively. Patients with a good performance status (KPS >70%), absence of extrathoracic disease, reirradiation dose (EQD2) of >40 Gy and a cumulative dose of first plus second series of radiotherapy (EQD2) >90 Gy were associated with improved OS. Acute pulmonary Grade 1–2 toxicity from re-irradiation was recorded in 11 patients (33%) and grade 3 acute toxicity was encountered 1 patient (3%). Conclusions Reirradiation for locoregionally recurrent SCLC is safe and shows promising outcomes. Patients reirradiated with doses >40 Gy experienced more favourable survival rates. In contrast, patients with a poor performance status or extrathoracic disease have a poor prognosis and Re-RT should be considered only for symptom control in this group.
Performance Characteristics of the Direct Injection Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled by Water in Diesel Emulsion (Wide)

This research is done to investigate the effect of using WIDE (water in diesel emulsion) on the performance characteristics of the direct injection compression engine especially brake torque, brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency. The WIDE blends that are used are 0 %, 5 %, 10 % and 15 % WIDE. This experiment was conducted on Yanmar 493cc single cylinder, four stroke direct injection compression ignition engine and at different operating engine speed ranging from 1000 – 1800 rpm at wide open throttle. Brake thermal efficiency and brake torque were found to increases when WIDE is used. This is due to the expansion of water vapor which provides extra force on the highest point of the cylinder that generates higher amount of torque throughout the cycle and volatility different between fuels and water which increases air and fuel mixing at higher engine torque hence improved in brake thermal efficiency. Thus, it can be concluded that certain amount of WIDE has the potential to improve the performance characteristics (such as brake torque, brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency) of the direct injection compression ignition engine.
Authentication of sandalwood crude drugs using gas chromatography- mass spectrometry and chemometric analysis

Authentication of sandalwood crude drugs available in Thai traditional drugstores was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods. Three species of Santalum were discriminated based on GC-MS fingerprint analysis using similarity analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The major common peaks of the chromatogram were identified by Kovats Index (KI) calculation and by comparing their mass spectra to those in libraries database. All data were compared with those of authentic samples. Most crude drugs were identified as S. spicatum, whereas only some samples were S. album and S. lanceolatum. The result of this study concluded that S. album, the correct species mentioned for medical use of sandalwood, was currently substituted with other Santalum species.
Multilingual Transformer Ensembles for Portuguese Natural Language Tasks

Due to the technical gap between the language models available for low-resource languages and the state-of-the-art models available in English and Chinese, a simple approach that deploys automatic translation and ensembles predictions from Portuguese and English models is competitive with monolingual Portuguese approaches that may demand task-speciﬁc preprocessing and hand-crafted features. We performed our experiments on ASSIN 2 – the second edition of the Avalia¸c˜ao de Sim-ilaridade Semˆantica e Inferˆencia Textual (Evaluating Semantic Similarity and Textual Entailment). On the semantic textual similarity task, we performed multilingual ensemble techniques to achieve results with higher Pearson correlation and lower mean squared error than BERT-multilingual, and on the textual entailment task, BERT-multilingual could be surpassed by automatically translating the corpus into English and then ﬁne-tuning a large RoBERTa model over the translated texts.
Milk composition of Yankasa sheep raised under small-holder husbandry system in Zaria, Nigeria

This study was conducted to investigate milk compositional parameters in Yankasa sheep raised under small-holder husbandry system in Zaria, Nigeria. A total of eighty lactating ewes were used and classified on the basis of age, body condition score (BCS), parity and season. The results showed that there were significant differences (P 0.05) in the two seasons (wet and dry). There were many significant (P<0.05) and positive correlations among the milk composition parameters. For instance BCS vs season, fat vs CP and pH vs parity, CP vs BCS, BCS vs fat; values being r= 0.31, 0.76, 0.31, 0.27, 0.82 (P<0.05), respectively. This study on milk composition of ewes showed great variability in the values of the milk composition investigated and attributed it to the differences in the feeding and management of these animals. It is therefore suggested that enhanced management in terms of feeding and housing be given to these ewes in order to achieve the purpose to which they are kept. Key Words : Yankasa; ewes; milk composition; small-holder
Alkaline Citrate Medication to Prevent Stent Encrustation in Urolithiasis Therapy

Zimskind, in 1967, was the first who prescribed endoscopic stent placement to relieve ureteral obstruction [1]. This early era was plagued with frequent stent migration and device expulsion. It was not until the year 1976; when the revolutionary development of the Double J and pigtail stents independently by Finney and Hepperten and colleagues (1978) [2], that the use of ureteral stents witnessed widespread status [3]. Since then Ureteral stents became a fundamental tool in today’s urologic armamentarium and are prescribed for number of indications including obstruction relief, prophylaxis against obstruction or ureteral injury and is used as a ureteral splint. Stents are often inserted to relieve either extrinsic (tumor, retroperitoneal fibrosis) or intrinsic ureteral obstruction (stones, tumors, strictures), as a temporary measure while definitive treatment is instituted, or as permanent tool when no corrective treatment is possible. Indications for preESWL stenting are stone burden greater than 2 cm, when bilateral ESWL is recommended to be undertaken (at least one renal unit) and in solitary kidney’s treatment [4,5]. All stents may cause morbidity such as flank pain, dysuria, hematuria, infection, migration and encrustation. We reviewed the literature on the subject of the encrusted stents; discussed the risk factors for encrustation, and methods of preventing thereof. We could identify variety of factors that contribute in determining the occurrence rate of this process, the material of the stent, urine composition and duration of using thereof. We noticed that risk of stent encrustation is increased in patient with a history of urolithiasis and at progressively longer indwelling time [6]. Selective medical therapy for nephrolithiasis is highly effective in preventing new stone formation. Citrate efficacy for the management of hyper uricosuric calcium nephrolithiasis may stem from inhibitory activity of citrate with respect to calcium and oxalate crystallization. We evaluated the clinical efficacy of longterm preventive treatment of stent encrustation with alkaline citrate medication. The annual and cumulative rates of stents encrustation were compared before and during the treatment.
The importance of context in understanding football fans’ reactions to corporate stadia naming rights sponsorships

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore fans’ reactions to corporate naming rights sponsorship of football club stadia and identify a range of contextual factors impacting these reactions. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative, quasi-ethnographic research design is adopted, focusing on three football clubs in North West England. Data are gathered through online message board discussions, focus groups and auto-ethnographic approaches. Findings Geographic, image and functional dimensions of sponsorship fit are noted as contextual factors in determining fans’ reactions to corporate stadium names. It is also proposed that some forms of fit (in particular geographic fit) are more important than others in this regard. Beyond issues of fit, three additional contextual factors are identified that potentially influence fans’ reactions to corporate stadium names: prior involvement with the club by the sponsor; fans’ perceived impact of the sponsorship investment; and whether the stadium is new or long-established. Research limitations/implications Future research might examine the relative importance and implications of the identified contextual factors, alongside seeking other potential areas of contextual framing. Practical implications Sponsorship naming rights negotiations need to be sensitive to a variety of contextual factors. Furthermore, sponsors would do well to have a good awareness of their own brand image and its congruency with the identity of the club and fan base. Originality/value This nuanced, qualitative analysis extends existing, quantitative-based research by identifying a range of contextual factors which shape fans’ reactions to corporate stadium naming.
Investigation of the Variables Affecting the Students’ Science Achievement with Multilevel Regression Model

This study investigated the variables affecting the science achievement of eighth-grade students by multi-level regression analysis. The variables included in this research were students’ attitudes, confidence level, value, engagement in science, socioeconomic status, school type, school region, and teacher experience. The study group consisted of 1049 students and 41 teachers. In the first research question, differences in students’ science achievement scores among their schools were investigated. According to the results, the students’ achievements differed among their schools. Approximately 16.3% of the differences observed in science achievement were stem from the differences among schools, and 83.6% stem from the differences among students. In the second research question, student characteristics that explain the differences among the science achievements of the schools have been examined. Students’ socioeconomic level, attitude, and confidence level were only variables that have statistically significant relationship with achievement. Socioeconomic and confidence level variables have a positive effect on achievement, but attitude variable has a negative effect on achievement. In the third research question, student and school characteristics that affect science achievement have been examined simultaneously. The school characteristics that have been included in the regression model were teacher experience, region, and school type. It was determined that none of the regression coefficients for the school characteristics variables were statistically significant in the regression model.