Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Study on the Seasonal Variation of the Phytoplankton of Lake Cernek (Samsun-Turkey)

Seasonal variations of the pytoplankton of Lake Cernek were studied between January 1996 and June 1997. Cyclotella ocellata and Nitzschia acicularis, members of Bacillariophyta produced bloom during the spring and autumn in the phytoplankton. Chlorophyta division were occurred to be the most widespread and dominant algal group in the phytoplankton. Monoraphidium caribeum, M. irregulare, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Oocystis borgei and Pediastrum boryanum have been the most abundant species present during the blooming in spring and autumn months. Cyanophyta members (Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena affinis and A. spiroides) produced bloom during the summer. In addition, Euglena gracilis, E. polymorpha (Euglenophyta) were generally present in the phytoplankton. Cryptophyta division was represented by Cryptomonas ovata and Dinophyta division Gymnodinium sp. was both of which increased in January. Xanthophyta division was represented by Characiopsis cylindrica and while it was very dense in March 1996, it was found very few in the other months. There were no an important differences from side species contents, seasonal variations and the total amount of present groups found in the surface and in 1 meter depth of stations
Differentiation of virulent and biological control Paenibacillus larvae strains associated with American foulbrood in bee hives

The detection and control of American Foulbrood (AFB) is made more challenging due to a lack of evidence regarding the virulence mechanisms employed by this honeybee pathogen. Whilst incidence of this pathogen within the UK has recently declined, ~100 colonies were identified as infected with AFB in 2011 (to end of September), so AFB should still be considered a serious threat to honeybee health. It is known that within the species many phenotypes exist, and the infection caused by the phenotypes differs greatly. This PhD thesis presents several advances towards a greater understanding of the intra-specific differences occurring within the species. Chapter 2 evaluates the use of 16S rRNA sequencing as a method of Paenibacillus larvae identification, as well as exploring the use of this ribosomal subunit for differentiation of the species. The sequencing of two housekeeping (purH and PyrE) genes assesses the potential of a Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) method, as a means of subspecies differentiation. Chapter 3 assesses what can be inferred from use of Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) sequence fingerprinting, with regards to prior knowledge genetic differences. Lateral Flow Devices (LFDs), a commonly used diagnostic tool, are tested to ensure P. larvae isolates representing all 4 ERIC types are detected. In Chapter 4 an in-vitro honeybee rearing method is employed to observe the correlation between proteolytic activity of isolates and in-vitro virulence. The method is applied to a wider range of reference isolates, to observe the intra-species differences existing. The ability to produce large numbers of viable spores is explored as a potential difference existing between ERIC types I and IV. Whole genome shotgun sequencing is used in chapter 5 to perform comparative genomic studies on 4 P. larvae isolates also utilising 646 contigs from a previous sequencing project. The possible presence of plasmid DNA is explored, through GC content analysis. The genetic basis of a sporulation phenotypic difference is examined by BLAST analysis of orthologous genes. In Chapter 6 the findings of this thesis are discussed in more detail, and potential areas of further study are identified.
ON THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE FEMALE GENITALIA IN FLEA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE: ALTICINAE)

— Structure, terminology and possible homology of female genitalia in flea beetles (Alticinae) are discussed. The relative position of the male and female genitalia was examined in a pair of Aphthona formosana Chen preserved in copulation. It is spec-ulated that the vaginal palpi of the female genitalia and the median lobe of the male genitalia function together during copulation as an "intemal courtship device" to regulate sperm transfer and egg fertilization.
Morphological, biochemical and elemental analysis of Elaeagnus umbellata, a multipurpose wild shrub from Pakistan.

Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. is a native multipurpose plant from Himalayan regions of Pakistan. The berries of the plant are rich in vitamins, flavonoides, essential oil, lycopene and other bioactive compounds. In order to compare various populations of E. umbellata for morphology and chemical composition, five populations from different areas of district Bagh were compared using plant and fruit characters. Chemical analysis of berries showed variation in vitamin C (13.8-16.9 mg/100 g), seed oil (5.76.1%), oil in pulp (7.68.1%), reducing sugar (6.8-8.4%), non-reducing sugar (1.4-2.2%), protein (2.5-5.1%) and chlorophyll content (5.3-6.8%) in leaves, while the mineral element composition revealed high contents of potassium (175-375 ppm), sodium (20-40 ppm), calcium (70-110 ppm), magnesium (70-86.6 ppm), iron (78.5-95 ppm) and phosphorus (110-133 ppm). Significant variation in morphological characters including plant height, number of branches per plant, number and size of thorns, number of leaves, leaf area, plant canopy, stem girth, berry size and berry weight was also observed among different populations. The study established Pakistani E. umbellata berries as a good source of chemical and mineral elements. The high variation between different populations shows the potential of selecting desirable types for various defined purposes.
Resposta da co-inoculação de bactérias promotoras de crescimento em plantas e Bradyrhizobium sp. em caupi = Co-inoculation response of growth promoting bacterias in plants and Bradyrhizobium sp. in cowpea

Para a regiao arida e semi-arida do Nordeste brasileiro, o cultivo do caupi (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) vem se destacando por ser uma cultura adaptavel as condicoes da regiao. Devido a capacidade do caupi de, em simbiose com o rizobio, realizar a FBN, a co-inoculacao rizobio e bacterias promotoras de crescimento em plantas (BPCP’s) podera optimizar a fixacao do N2 atmosferico dependendo da combinacao e compatibilidade das estirpes envolvidas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a resposta da co-inoculacao de BPCP’s e Bradyrhizobium sp. como alternativa para optimizar a performance simbiotica e o desenvolvimento do caupi em condicoes de casa-de-vegetacao. O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetacao, utilizando como substrato areia lavada e autoclavada em vasos de Leonard. Os tratamentos foram: 22 estirpes de BPCP’s comparadas com a estirpe padrao (BR 3267), no caupi cv. “IPA 206”. A colheita foi efetuada aos 35 dias apos o plantio (DAP) e foram avaliados as seguintes variaveis: altura de planta (AP) aos 15, 25 e 35 dias, comprimento da raiz (CR), materia seca da parte aerea (MSPA), materia seca da raiz (MSR), materia seca do nodulo (MSN), nodulacao especifica (NE) e nitrogenio acumulado na parte aerea (Nac). Os resultados mostram que a cultura do caupi respondeu significativamente a inoculacao de estirpes de Bacillus, Brevibacillus e Paenibacillus co-inoculados com a estirpe de Bradyrhizobium sp. (BR 3267). A interacao dos micro-organismos estudados nao influenciou as variaveis, nodulacao especifica e materia seca dos nodulos no caupi cv. IPA 206. A estirpe de Paenibacillus graminis (MC 04.21) co-inoculada com Bradyrhizobium sp. (BR 3267) foi superior em relacao as demais estirpes avaliadas na producao de nitrogenio acumulado na materia seca da parte aerea, proporcionando uma melhor performance simbiotica.
STUDIES OF GAS AND ELECTROLYTE EQUILIBRIA IN THE BLOOD V. FACTORS CONTROLLING THE ELECTROLYTE AND WATER DISTRIBUTION IN THE BLOOD

Theoretical. Introduction . 766 Resume of facts concerning the blood electrolytes . 767 The solution laws involved in blood relationships . 769 Electrolyte distribution . 774 Water distribution and cell volume . 780 Illustration of the effect of CO, tension changes on the electrolyte and water distribution in oxygenated blood . 785 Calculation of the electrolyte and water changes in blood during therespiratorycycle . 787 Electrolyte distribution between blood serum and transudates as a function of the alkali bound by the proteins . 791 Effect of the membrane on the determination of the blood pH by the dialysis method . 796 Relationship between Hasselbalch’s constant for whole blood and the I&‘value for serum . 797 Calculation of the COz absorption curve and buffer value of blood . 800 Experimental. The alkali-binding and buffer values of the proteins of horse serum . 804 The alkali-binding and buffer values of the non-diffusible constituents of the blood cells . 806
Habitat-related genetic substructuring in a marine snail ( Littorina fabalis ) involving a tight link between an allozyme and a DNA locus

Metapopulation structure and genetic differentiation among subpopulations will be tightly related to patterns and processes of local adaptation and microevolution. Understanding the mechanisms behind genetic substructuring will aid in the interpretation of species’ ecological performances and strategies. The marine gastropod Littorina fabalis occurs in two size morphs – a small and a large – found in microhabitats of different wave exposure, but overlapping in distribution where wave exposure is intermediate. Earlier studies have found substantial genetic differentiation linked to morph in one allozyme locus (arginine kinase), while 29 other allozyme loci reveal no or minute differences between morphs. Here we add new results showing DNA variation in a RAPD marker being tightly linked to the allozyme variation. Indeed, 97% of the snails homozygotic for one of the Ark alleles had a unique DNA band, while 89% of the snails homozygotic for the other Ark allele lacked the marker. We discuss alternative hypotheses explaining the genetic substructure and suggest that the linkage of size, allozyme and DNA traits might be due to a paracentric chromosomal inversion involving loci coding for these traits. A genetic linkage of traits might promote microhabitat specialization of this species, and such a chromosomal transformation may therefore be adaptive. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 81, 301–306.
Composición, abundancia y distribución de Pteropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda) en la zona nerítica, del sur del Golfo de México (Agosto, 1995)

The composition, distribution, and abundance of pteropods were analyzed in relation to hydrographic conditions of the water column (0 to 105 m) in the Gulf of Mexico. Up to 95 samples of zooplankton were collected during August 1995 at 28 stations arranged in five transects on the continental shelf off the main lagoonal systems in the southern Gulf of Mexico, from the Coatzacoalcos River inlet to Paso Real inlet of Terminos lagoon . Samples were collected at five depth ranges. Three of the identified taxa constituted 90% of the total pteropod abundance: Creseis acicula f. acicula (72.7%), C. acicula f clava (8.2%), and Limacina trochiformis (9.3%). The highest density of the group occurred within the first 18 m, but 19 of the 39 groups registered were absent from the surface layer (0-6 m), and others had low densities. The results of a CCA suggest that not one parameter by itself determines the distribution of these organisms in the water column, but the habitat of the species does. Species with tropical/subtropical and coastal affinities were the most abundant and occurred mainly in the surface layer, while the oceanic forms were less abundant and occurred mainly in the deep layers probably resulting from the inflow of oceanic water toward the shelf at its deepest layers.
Research Notes: Patogenicidad del Nematodo Agallador, Meloidogyne incognita en Vigna unguiculata

Screenhouse experiments were conducted in 3 L pots to investigate the relationship between a range of population densities (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 eggs and second stage juveniles/cm soil) of Meloidogyne incognita race 1 and yield of a resistant cultivar (Ojito Negro) of Vigna unguiculata. Seinhorsts yield-loss model was fitted to yield data, and confirmed that this cowpea cultivar is only slightly affected by M. incognita. Cultivar Ojito Negro tolerates up to 0.74 J2 + egg of M. incognita/cm soil and at the highest population density, seed weight and dry aerial weight, were reduced only 20% and 10%, respectively. Numbers of M. incognita increased in soil infested with initial population densities up to 6J2+eggs/cm soil, and remained at same level at larger initial population densities. Nematode reproduction rates were inversely related to the initial population densities. Data for initial and final nematode densities were well fit by Seinhorsts model of population growt
Diversity in lipid contents and fatty acid composition of soybean seeds cultivated in Korea.

The 117 soybeans seeds were collected from the nine provinces of Korea, and protein and lipid contents, and fatty acid composition levels were evaluated to investigate their relationship. The 100-seed weights of the black soybeans were varied , while the 100-seed weight of yellow soybeans were varied . Protein and lipid content of the 117 soybean seeds was 38.3% and 17.8%, respectively Protein contents of the 59 black soybean seeds (38.6%) were significantly higher than those of the 58 yellow soybean seeds (37.9%). However, lipid contents of the black soybean seeds (17.6%) were lower than those of the yellow soybean seeds (18.1%). Linoleic and oleic acid composition levels of the 117 soybean seeds were 53.75% and 22.08%. Unsaturated fatty acid levels of soybean seeds showed a statistically significant variability among the nine provinces of Korea, however, the differences were not found in the linoleic (18:2) and oleic acid (18:1) levels. Therefore, it was considered that the significant variability of unsaturated fatty acid were mainly due to the variations of linolenic acid (18:3) level. The composition levels of linoleic, oleic, palmitic (16:0), and linolenic acid in the yellow soybean seeds were 53.43%, 22.73%, 12.23%, and 8.24%, while those of the black soybean seeds were 54.13%, 21.48%, 12.47%, and 8.31%. Obtained results suggested that fatty acid composition levels were varied and possibly influence by the phenotype of seed coat colors. Oleic acid, mono-saturated fatty acid, showed the most remarkable variability between yellow and black soybean seeds, and the composition levels were higher in the yellow soybean seeds. Relationship between unsaturated fatty acid levels and 100-seed weights in the yellow soybean seeds showed a negative correlation (r=-0.513, P was observed in the black soybean seeds.
Molecular phylogeny of Salix L. (Salicaceae) inferred from three chloroplast datasets and its systematic implications

Salix is a taxonomically difficult genus and its generic limits and infrageneric division are still highly controversial. We employed sequences of the chloroplast rbcL gene, trnD-T spacer and atpB-rbcL spacer for phylogenetic analyses of Salix. The results strongly support that Salix. Toisusu and Chosenia form a monophyletic group, confirming the merge of Toisusu and Chosenia with Salix. Within Salix s.l. , two major clades are recognizable; one contains species of subgenus Salix (excluding sections Triandrae and Urbanianae), with the New World and the Old World species forming strongly supported clades, respectively; and the other includes sections Triandrae, Urbanianae, Chosenia and all species of subgenera Chamaetia and Vetrix, with the latter two subgenera forming a robustly supported subclade but with low resolution. A new infrageneric classification of Salix is herein proposed. The previously recognized subgenus Salix is split into three subgenera: Salix, Chosenia and Triandrae, and subgenera Chamaetia and Vetrix are combined as subgenus Vetrix.
Field screening of rice genotypes for resistance against bacterial leaf blight and brown spot under aerobic condition

A field screening of eighty seven rice genotypes consisting of new breeding lines as well as some local check varieties was carried out during kharif 2011 at ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna to identify elite rice genotypes grown under water scarcity (Aerobic) condition, having resistance against Bacterial leaf blight and Brown spot caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Cochliobolus miyabeans respectively. Significant differences were observed for resistance to both the disease among genotypes. The screening revealed that none of the breeding lines of rice was immune or highly resistant against both the diseases. Only few genotypes were shown resistance against bacterial leaf blight disease and brown spot. Lowest infestation against leaf blight was observed in IR 83387-B-B-109-4-89-3 with a disease scoring 4.7%. The genotypes IR 83387-B-B-109-4-89-3, IR 84899-B-182-3-1-1-3 and IR 84899-B179-13-1-1-1 showed highest grain yield with a value of 4.23 t/ha, 3.97 t/ha and 3.85 t/ha respectively. Rice genotypes viz. IR 83929-B-B-291-3-1-1, IR 83867-B-B-250-3-1-1, IR 84887-B-155-40-1-1, IR 84899-B185-16-1-1-1, IR 83920-B-B-277-2-1-1-1, IR 83387-B-B-109-4-89-3 and IR 84899-B-179-16-1-1-1 showed resistance to leaf blight and brown spot under aerobic condition. The grain yield was significantly and positively correlated with harvest index, biomass, tiller number, and test weight under aerobic conditions. The genotypes IR 83387-B-B-109-4-89-3, IR 84887-B-155-40-1-1 and IR 83867-B-B-250-3-1-1 showed resistance to brown spot and bacterial blight and out yielded in grain yield which may be further utilized as the genetic sources in multiple disease resistance rice breeding programme.
Genetic structure of Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) populations from Moroccan endemic forest of Argania spinosa.

The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), widely distributed around the World, is regarded as the most important pest of agricultural resources. The genetic structure of this species remains unexplored at microgeographical level, specifically in the African countries. In Morocco, the endemic Argan forest of 800,000 hectare is considered as the world main refuge of medfly and probably a continuous source of medfly infestations and invasions to neighbouring regions. In this study, RAPD was used to analyze the genetic structure of Moroccan medfly populations, collected from distant regions and at different altitudes within the Argan forest, a Kenyan medfly population and a Moroccan medfly laboratory strain. Based on the analysis of 169 RAPD loci, the population genetics parameters were estimated and two dendrograms (UPGMA & neighbor-joining clustering) were constructed. The genetic diversity parameters (Shannon information index; total number & percentage of polymorphic loci) were very high in Moroccan medfly populations (P = 81%; 0.112 ± 0.015 < I < 0.175 ± 0.020), particularly in populations sampled at higher altitudes (I = 0.175 ± 0.020). However, these parameters were slightly lower compared to Kenyan ones (P= 89%; I = 0.227 ± 0.020). The AMOVA and Fstatistics showed the occurrence of important genetic differentiation between Moroccan medfly populations (FST = 0.448). Furthermore, our data indicate that the genetic structure of Moroccan medfly populations was determined predominantly by altitude. Inferences about the historical colonization and establishment of medfly populations in this country were discussed. © 2010 Friends Science Publishers
Seed invigoration with water, ascorbic and salicylic acid stimulates development and biochemical characters of okra (Ablemoschus esculentus) under normal and saline conditions

Role of seed priming in okra (Ablemoschus esculentus L.) in saline soil under field environment was investigated. A split plot design with two main factors including six priming treatments (control, hydropriming, ascorbic acid 50 mg L -1 ,100 mg L -1 and salicylic acid 50 mg L -1 , 75 mg L -1 ) and two stress levels (control and 125 mM NaCl) was implicated. Soil salinity hampered the growth of okra plants causing reduction in yield of un-primed plants. Maximum growth, pigments, and yield of okra was observed with priming concentration of ascorbic acid 100 mg L -1 under stress and non-stress conditions. However, lower concentration of SA priming (50 mg L -1 ) had more prominent effect on growth, chlorophyll contents as compared to its higher dose (75 mg L -1 ). Seed soaking with ascorbic acid (100 mg L -1 ) and salicylic acid (75 mg L -1 ) enhanced antioxidative activities of CAT and POD in saline environment. Hydropriming was quite effective in improving growth, pigments and yield. Furthermore, optimization of time duration for water seed soaking can be done to draw out its role in modulating growth, physiological attributes and yield under normal and saline conditions. © 2013 Friends Science Publishers
EFECTO DE ACEITES ESENCIALES DE LAVANDA Y LAUREL SOBRE EL ÁCARO Va rroa destructor ANDERSON & TRUEMANN (ACARI:VARROIDAE) The effect of lavender and laurel essential oils on Varroa destructor Anderson & Truemann (Acari:Varroidae)

A B S T R A C T The varroasis is considered the most serious parasitic disease of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.); it is produced by the mite Varroa destructor Anderson & Truemann. A large number of products have been tested for the control of this parasitic disease. Currently, resistant races, problems of contamination of honey and other products of the hive have been generated by the indiscriminate and reiterated use of some products against this mite. The current tendency for its control is the utilization of natural products as part of an integrated control strategy. This investigation had the objective of evaluating the effects of essential oils, extracted from lavender (Lavandula officinalis Chaix) and laurel (Laurelia sempervirens Ruiz et Pav. Tul.) on V. destructor. The experimental unit, consisted of a cage with 15 bees, each affected by one mite. Four treatments were employed: essential oil of lavender (30%), essential oil of laurel (30%), pure acetone, and the control that received distillated water. Products were applied in the cage, in a climatic chamber, with similar conditions to the hive. The period of evaluation lasted 24 h, at intervals of 1, 3, 5, 8, 14 and 24 h. Both essential oils removed 100% of the mites, however, the percentage of mortality of the mite was low, 41.67 and 35% for lavender oil and laurel oil, respectively.
Paradoxical Advantage of Middle Aged Sedentary over Young Sedentary on Starting Exercise in Terms of GH/IGF-1 System

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the submaximal running exercise on the GH/IGF-1 axis in the middle aged sedentary non-obese and pre-obese males. Twenty-four healthy volunteer males were divided into two groups and then two subgroups according to their age ranges (20-25 and 35-43) and Body Mass Indexes (BMI) (non-obese - NO and pre-obese - PO) respectively. All subjects underwent a submaximal running exercise for 30 minutes a day / 4 days a week and for a period of 6 weeks. Serum GH, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and insulin levelswere measured in all subjects before and after the exercise program. IGFBP-3 levels were significantly decreased in the PO middle aged and NO young groups whereas IGF-1 levels were statistically increased in NO young group after the exercise treatment. Contrary to the results observed in young people, middle aged PO and NO groups had a tendency to have better insulin and GH responses to exercise. In the light of the findings, it could be suggested that the middle aged group’s response to exercise on the base of GH/IGF-1 system was more advantageous than the young group, although it is not significantly important.