Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Model for Changes in Channel form at a River Confluence

A model for changes in river channel geometry at a confluence is deduced by substituting the hydraulic geometry relationships into the continuity equation of flow. Changes in the hydraulic geometry variable G can be described by: $$G^{x}_{0} = G^{x}_{1} + G^{x}_{2}$$ where the subscripts 0, 1 and 2 denote the receiving stream, major, and minor tributaries. The exponent may be a system-wide parameter ($$\bar x$$) or may be computed for individual junctions (x). In the first case, $$\bar x$$ is expected to be equal to the reciprocal of the exponent of the hydraulic geometry relationship between G and water discharge. In the latter case, x may be found by solving the above equation iteratively or from two nomographs presented in this paper. Using data from the literature (Richards 1980) and our own measurements of widths and slopes in a miniature drainage network, we show that, although average morphometric changes at a junction may be adequately described by $$\bar x$$, the behavior of individual junctions is highly variable reflecting important variations in x. The model may also be used to estimate the hydraulic geometry exponent which is assumed to be equal to the median of the x values. This application of the model is particularly useful in cases where water discharge is unknown.
Quantifying the uncertainty in the Soil Conservation Service flood hydrographs: a case study in the Azores Islands

Flash flooding is characterised by a rapid flooding phenomenon caused by intense rainfall. Despite being an extreme event with high uncertainty, the rainfall‐run‐off process is often regarded as deterministic (rather than stochastic). In this paper, the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) flood hydrograph uncertainty is quantified based on the Total Error Framework (TEF), and introduced into the model by applying perturbation in the input data and model parameters. The random perturbation component is stochastically modelled. A sensitivity analysis was carried out on the stochastic model parameters, using a real case study in the Azores (Portugal). The results showed that the flood hydrograph uncertainty varies over time, with its largest deviations occurring at the beginning of the flooding because of the uncertainty associated with the SCS method curve number parameter (correlation coefficient R2 of 0.86). Rainfall uncertainty was responsible for the uncertainty in the hydrograph peaks' magnitude (R2 = 0.93) while uncertainty in the propagation velocity was responsible for the uncertainty in the peaks' time (R2 = 0.97).
Two-stage subpixel impervious surface coverage estimation: comparing classification and regression trees and artificial neural networks

The paper presents accuracy comparison of subpixel classification based on medium resolution Landsat images, performed using machine learning algorithms built on decision and regression trees method (C.5.0/Cubist and Random Forest) and artificial neural networks. The aim of the study was to obtain the pattern of percentage impervious surface coverage, valid for the period of 2009-2010. Imperviousness index map generation was a two-stage procedure. The first step was classification, which divided the study area into categories: i) completely permeable (imperviousness index less than 1%) and ii) fully or partially impervious areas. For pixels classified as impervious, the percentage of impervious surface coverage in pixel area was estimated. The root mean square errors (RMS) of determination of the percentage of the impervious surfaces within a single pixel were 11.0% for C.5. 0/Cubist method, 11.3% for Random Forest method and 12.6% using artificial neural networks. The introduction of the initial hard classification into completely permeable areas (with imperviousness index <1%) and impervious areas, allowed to improve the accuracy of imperviousness index estimation on poorly urbanized areas covering large areas of the Dobczyce Reservoir catchment. The effect is also visible on final imperviousness index maps.
Source parameters for the 1952 Kern County earthquake, California : A joint inversion of leveling and triangulation observations

Coseismic leveling and triangulation observations are used to determine the faulting geometry and slip distribution of the July 21, 1952, Mw 7.3 Kern County earthquake on the White Wolf fault. A singular value decomposition inversion is used to assess the ability of the geodetic network to resolve slip along a multisegment fault and shows that the network is sufficient to resolve slip along the surface rupture to a depth of 10 km. Below 10 km, the network can only resolve dip slip near the fault ends. The preferred source model is a two-segment right-stepping fault with a strike of 51° and a dip of 75° SW. The epicentral patch has deep (6–27 km) left-lateral oblique slip, while the northeastern patch has shallow (1–12.5 km) reverse slip. There is nearly uniform reverse slip (epicentral, 1.6 m; northeast, 1.9 m), with 3.6 m of left-lateral strike slip limited to the epicentral patch. The seismic moment is M0 = 9.2 ± 0.5 × 1019 N m (Mw = 7.2). The signal-to-noise ratio of the leveling and triangulation data is reduced by 96% and 49%, respectively. The slip distribution from the preferred model matches regional geomorphic features and may provide a driving mechanism for regional shortening across the Comanche thrust and structural continuity with the Scodie seismic lineament to the northeast.
Mesozoic structure of the Newfoundland Mountains, Utah: Horizontal shortening and subsequent extension in the hinterland of the Sevier belt

The Newfoundland Mountains of northwestern Utah preserve an unusually complete record of Mesozoic deformation in the hinterland of the Sevier orogenic belt. Structural relations of Paleozoic miogeoclinal strata with the Newfoundland stock, which has biotite and hornblende K/Ar ages of 153.2 ± 4.6 and 147.7 ± 4.4 m.y. , respectively, and dated quartz monzonite dikes (with K/Ar biotite ages of 150.7 ± 4.5 and 143.7 ± 4.3 m.y. and a muscovite age of 149.1 ± 4.5 m.y.) provide the basis for dating Mesozoic deformation in the range. Geologic mapping at 1:24,000 has identified four geometric classes of faults with known or probable Mesozoic ages: (1) older-over-younger thrust faults (including the Desert Peak thrust, named herein); (2) inward-facing folds in the contact aureole of the stock; (3) low-angle normal faults at a high angle to bedding, intruded by undeformed Mesozoic dikes; and (4) younger-over-older faults oriented at a low angle to bedding. Microfabric analysis of recrystallized rocks in the contact aureole and unrecrystallized country rocks shows that most of the intracrystalline strain is pre-latest Jurassic in age and is characterized by layer-parallel shortening. Post-latest Jurassic intracrystalline strain is minor and records shortening originally oriented nearly vertical. The map geometries, geochronology, and microfabric analysis suggest the following structural history (from oldest to youngest): (1) pre-latest Jurassic regional shortening and thrusting and (2) syn- or post-latest Jurassic horizontal extension during the Mesozoic. In the Cretaceous and early Tertiary, whereas strata in the Idaho-Wyoming-northern Utah thrust belt to the east were shortened by 140–150 km, the rocks in the Newfoundland Mountains experienced little internal strain or were being extended, even though they were also probably being translated eastward above the deep-seated westward extension of the thrust belt decollement.
Is point uncertain rainfall likely to have a great impact on distributed complex hydrological modeling?

Uncertainty analysis has become an important topic in environmental research. Uncertainty in hydrological modeling, in general, has been studied by investigating mainly the influence of the parameter uncertainty on the uncertainty of the simulated outputs. This paper focuses essentially on the impact of point input uncertainty on fully distributed hydrological modeling and proposes an integrated approach to cope with input and parameter uncertainty. The approach uses Bayesian theory in two steps: first, to compute the uncertainty in input forcing data, and second, to compute the hydrological parameter uncertainty and the uncertainties of a lumped‐error term that include other sources of errors: response errors and model error. The method is applied with a fully distributed model: WaSiM‐ETH. The results show that the methodology proposed here is a valuable tool to assess different sources of uncertainty in hydrological modeling and show the effects of uncertainty in the input forcing when a fully distributed, physically based hydrological model is used.
Crystallography of hornblende amphibole in LAP04840 R chondrite and implication for its metamorphic history

LAP04840 is an unusual R chondrite that includes abundant hornblende amphibole. LAP04840 shows a texture of equilibrated chondrite composed of 59.3% olivine, 13.5% orthopyroxene, 13.3% hornblende, 6.2% plagioclase, 6.0% Fe-Ni sulfide, and 1.7% accessory minerals. Hornblende replaces olivine and pyroxene in both chondrules and matrices, suggesting its secondary origin. All major phases in LAP04840 are homogeneous: olivine (Fa37), orthopyroxene (En70Wo1), and plagioclase (An8Or2). Hornblende is also nearly homogeneous, but the total sum by electron microprobe analysis is 96-98 wt%, suggesting the presence of Fe3+ and a hydroxyl group. Synchrotron Fe-XANES analysis gives a Fe3+/ΣFe ratio of ∼ 0.6 and micro-FT-IR analysis confirms the presence of a hydroxyl group. Thus, the structural formula is (Na0.40K0.04)(Ca1.46Mn0.02Fe2+0.06Na0.46)(Al0.08Fe2+0.43Fe3+0.75Cr0.08Mg3.60)(Si7.02Al0.98)O22(OH)2. Single crystal X-ray diffraction of LAP04840 hornblende gives the following lattice constants: a = 9.7957(9) A, b = 18.0788(12) A, c = 5.2949(5) A, β = 104.747(3)°. The relatively short distances of [M(1)-O = 2.069 A], [M(2)-O = 2.081 A], and [M(3)-O = 2.058 A] suggest the feasible preference of small Fe3+ at these sites. The mineralogy and petrology of LAP04840 are consistent with its classification as an R6 chondrite. However, the presence of hornblende and biotite is quite unique among not only R chondrites but also asteroidal meteorites in general. The presence of these hydrous minerals suggests metamorphism under high pressure and an aqueous environment probably at depth in the parent body. A thermometer using hornblende and plagioclase equilibria gives T = 670-690 °C. Further, a barometer using Al content in hornblende gives P = ∼ 0.1 GPa. Although these estimates bear some uncertainties, it is likely that the size of the R chondrite parent body was large enough to induce such metamorphism.
Bathymetric Mapping Using IKONOS Multispectral Data

The objective of this research was to develop an accurate bathymetric map for an area around Roatan Island, Honduras using high-resolution multispectral IKONOS data based on a variation of a linear regression model. Linear regression models estimate water depths by regressing brightness values over known benthos (albeit non-homogeneous) and known depths. However, we contend that if mixed bottom types are used, the regression coefficients deteriorate because the variability in brightness values from a heterogeneous bottom has a deleterious effect on the correlation coefficient. By selecting uniform bottom types, this variability can be reduced and a strong correlation between depth and brightness value can be established, thus improving the accuracy of estimated depths. Three uniform bottom types (seagrass, coral, and sand) were selected, and the transformed brightness values derived from principal components analysis for each bottom type were regressed against known depths. The most statistically significant coefficient (r 2 = 0.909 for seagrass benthos) was then used in the depth estimation algorithm and a bathymetric map was derived. A comparative evaluation between estimated and actual depths was performed and the bathymetric map was found to be within a standard error of 0.648 m. Consequently, our results suggest that accurate depth estimates can be derived by using transformed input brightness values over homogeneous bottom types from IKONOS multispectral imagery.
Performance of turmeric in cashew plantation as intercrop compared to sole cropping.

HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE ABSTRACT : A field investigation was undertaken during 2011-12 to assess the performance of turmeric under cashew plantation as intercrop compared to sole cropping in open area. An experiment was laid out in cashew plantation spaced at 6 m × 6 m by utilizing of 16 m (4 m × 4 m) area and replicated thrice with similar management under both management conditions. Significantly higher fresh weight of rhizome (353.52 g/clump), number secondary rhizome (27.97) and clump size (201.24 cm) of turmeric var. PTS24 was recorded under sole cropping compared to intercropping (271.83 g/clump, 25.53 and 157.88 cm, respectively) under cashew plantation. Interception of PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) by turmeric crop at 150 days after planting as intercrop in cashew plantation was 27390 Lux compared to 30876 Lux in open condition. Due to shade loving nature of turmeric plants growth was significantly higher under cashew intercropping and yield was recorded higher under open situation.
Observations of pCO2 in the coastal upwelling off Chile: Spatial and temporal extrapolation using satellite data

[1] Atmospheric and oceanic partial pressures of carbon dioxide and fluorescence were measured underway off the coast of northern Chile in January 1997. Seawater samples were taken for the analysis of nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations at 31 stations. The objectives were to improve the understanding of the biologically induced responses of upwelling processes off the coast of Chile and to assess the air-sea exchange of CO2 during the austral summer. The cruise sampled within a grid from 22°40S to 24°S extending offshore to 71°52′W during 10–16 January 1997 (survey 1) and 22–27 January 1997 (survey 2). Survey 1 measurements showed relatively uniform hydrographic and chemical properties, except south of the Mejillones peninsula, where colder and fresher water was observed. During the second survey, concurrent satellite imagery showed colder water in a narrow coastal band. The relatively cold and fresh water recorded there suggested that upwelled water originated mainly from subantarctic water rather than from the nutrient-rich equatorial subsurface water. Onshore-offshore variability dominated over longshore variability. The offshore subtropical water was characterized by a temperature of 23°C, a salinity of 34.9, and relatively uniform pCO2 around 400 μatm that was mainly temperature driven. Although strong CO2 drawdowns (pCO2 as low as 200 μatm) were located close to the coast following the upwelling events, overall, the region was a source of CO2 to the atmosphere. A pCO2 algorithm was constructed using the cruise data of sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (S). Synthetic salinity was calculated from S-SST relationships determined for survey 2 and used with advanced very high resolution radiometer SST to calculate pCO2 over the cruise area, weekly, from January to March. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts wind speeds were used to calculate the CO2 flux in the upwelling off Chile (22°S–29°S, 68°W–73°W). The region was a source of CO2 flux of 1.6 mmol m−2 d−1 from 1 January to 25 March 1997.
Early Cretaceous platform re-entrant and escarpment erosion in the Bahamas

A multichannel, 24-fold seismic profile crossing the Bahama Escarpment south of San Salvador is tied stratigraphically to Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 99 and dredge hauls on the eroded platform slopes in the Bahamas. We conclude from the study that (1) a deep-water sequence crops out in Exuma Canyon west of the Bahama Escarpment between 2,600 and 3,800 m; it includes Valanginian through Cenomanian chalk and limestone presumably deposited in a re-entrant between the platforms; (2) beneath these carbonates the seismic data indicate a possible reef structure at 5,700 m and prograding clinoforms suggestive of rapidly deposited rift(? ) sediments below 6,500 m; (3) the Bahama Escarpment, like the Blake Escarpment, is an erosional slope exposing Jurassic(? ) to Early Cretaceous back-reef limestones; geometry indicates an erosional retreat of ca. 5 km of the base of the escarpment since Early Cretaceous time; (4) major faults may separate the re-entrant sequence from the ridge forming the escarpment and may also define Exuma Canyon and the escarpment itself.
The effect of negative ions on collision‐dominated Thomson scattering

An expression for the collision-dominated Thomson scatter power spectrum is derived from the fluid or continuum equations. This expression includes the possibility of multiple ion species of arbitrary charge. The total power and power spectral shape are investigated for scattering from a plasma composed of negative ions, positive ions, and electrons. The results indicate that total scattered power is modified by negative ion presence and that a limited amount of information about the negative ion content of the ionospheric D region may be found from Thomson scatter experiments. In particular, negative ions are found to increase the width of the power spectrum as would increased ion temperature or decreased ion neutral collision frequency. Spectra over a wide range of parameter values display the property of ‘scaling’: however, this effect may be sorted out such that negative ion presence is deduced from anomalously small ion-neutral collision frequencies.
Physical constraints on c13 and δ for transversely isotropic hydrocarbon source rocks

Based on the theory of anisotropic elasticity and observation of static mechanic measurement of transversely isotropic hydrocarbon source rocks or rock‐like materials, we reasoned that one of the three principal Poisson's ratios of transversely isotropic hydrocarbon source rocks should always be greater than the other two and they should be generally positive. From these relations, we derived tight physical constraints on c13, Thomsen parameter δ, and anellipticity parameter η. Some of the published data from laboratory velocity anisotropy measurement are lying outside of the constraints. We analysed that they are primarily caused by substantial uncertainty associated with the oblique velocity measurement. These physical constraints will be useful for our understanding of Thomsen parameter δ, data quality checking, and predicting δ from measurements perpendicular and parallel to the symmetrical axis of transversely isotropic medium. The physical constraints should also have potential application in anisotropic seismic data processing.
Response to the Summer of 2003 Mediterranean SST Anomalies over Europe and Africa

The sensitivity of the atmospheric circulation to the warm Mediterranean sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies observed during the summer of 2003 (July and August) is studied using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model. A control integration imposes climatological Mediterranean SSTs as a lower boundary condition. The first sensitivity experiment uniformly increases these Mediterranean SSTs by 2 K, the approximate mean observed in the 2003 summer season. A second experiment then investigates the additional impact of the SST distribution by imposing the observed SST summer anomaly. The response of the atmospheric circulation in the European area shows some resemblance to the observed anomaly. The weakness of this response suggests, however, that the warm Mediterranean played a minor role, if any, in maintaining the anomalous atmospheric circulation as observed in the summer of 2003. Increasing SST in the Mediterranean locally leads to an increase in precipitation, particularly in the western Mediterranean. Furthermore, significantly increased Sahelian rainfall is simulated, deriving from enhanced evaporation in the Mediterranean Sea. In the ECMWF model the anomalously high moisture is advected by the climatological Harmattan and Etesian winds, where enhanced moisture flux convergence leads to more precipitation. The associated diabatic heating leads to a reduction of the African easterly jet strength. A similar Sahelian response has been previously documented using a different atmospheric model, increasing confidence in the robustness of the result. Finally, the results are discussed in the context of the seasonal predictability of European and African climate.
Segment linkage and the state of stress in transtensional transfer zones: field examples from the Pannonian Basin

Abstract Metre- to kilometre-scale en échelon strike-slip faults were mapped at the 1:10 000 scale in the Gánt mining area of the Vértes Hills in central Hungary. Good exposures allow detailed observation of brittle structures within the transfer zones of the overstepping fault segments. The strike-slip segments are subvertical to steeply dipping, with a rake of 20–30° accommodating a noticeable dip-slip. Displacement transfer between strike-slip faults was achieved through transtensional relay ramps, which represent a specific type of transfer zone. The breaching faults are oblique-normal or pure normal types. Their strike, dip and the obliquity of their striae change systematically. This occurred in order to accommodate extension across the relay ramp. Low-angle connecting faults occur at a high angle to the main fault, and form preferentially when the striae approach the orientation of the strike of the main fault. Slip vectors on the main and secondary connecting fault planes are subparallel, so defining a coherently moving hanging wall. A stress-inversion method was applied for the main fault segments, which characterize a state of stress of regional significance. Calculations were performed for the whole data-sets, including data for the guided connecting faults of the transtensional relay ramps, even though, in theory, stress inversion is not realistic for faults with a guided slip. Indeed, calculations gave a state of stress that is differs from that of the regional stress state. The results should be a warning to geologists that fault geometry has to be clarified in overstepping fault arrays before using the data-set for fault-slip inversion.
Species composition, abundance and activity pattern of birds in Addis Ababa Abattoirs Enterprise area

ABSTRACT: Studies on species composition and abundance of birds in Addis Ababa Abattoirs Enterprise compound were carried out from March 2006 to February 2007. Point count method was employed to record the abundance of individual bird species. Twenty one species of birds, including the endemic Wattled Ibis, White-collared Pigeon and Thick-billed Raven were recorded. Of the total species, 12 (57.14%) were regular, 4 (19.05%) were resident and 5 (23.81%) were irregular. The species composition decreased during the wet season due to the departure of migratory birds. But, the abundance of birds during the wet season was greater than during the dry season. The most abundant species were hooded and African white-backed vultures. The activity time was from 06: 00 - 18:00 h during the dry season. The fresh dumping site was intensively disturbed by human activities, affecting the normal feeding behaviour of birds.