Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hilgardite polytype distribution in Sussex, New Brunswick evaporite deposits

Abstract Hilgardite, Ca2B5O9Cl·H2O, has a zeolite-type framework structure consisting of cross-linked (010) layers of borate sheets having the fundamental building block (FBB) = 2Δ3□:-. These layers are polar and the orientation, plus the number of layers in a sequence, determine the polytype. To date three hilgardite polytypes have been described: hilgardite-1A, -3A and -4M. A reliable means of polytype identification by micro X-ray powder diffraction (μXRPD) is outlined. Two polytypes are identified in the Sussex New Brunswick potash deposits: hilgardite-1A and -3A. Both cells are refined with XRPD data: hilgardite-1A, a 6.456(1), b 6.558(1), c 6.295(1) Å , α 61.62(1), β 118.76(1), γ 108.82(2)°, V 205.23(4) Å3 and hilgardite-3A, a 17.484(6), b 6.487(3), c 6.321(3) Å , α 60.78(3), β 79.58(3), γ 84.16(3)°, V 615.3(3) Å3. Hilgardite polytype assemblages are determined for 24 Millstream deposit core samples and 43 Penobsquis deposit core samples. The Millstream deposit occurs as an isolated, inner basin during evaporite formation. Borate formation from this marine environment was during the last stages of evaporation. Simple Mg-Ca borates precipitated from this highly saline brine. It underwent subsequent minor folding and all hilgardite samples are the hilgardite- 1A polytype. The Penobsquis deposit occurs as an open fore-basin. This larger, less saline basin also precipitated borate minerals during the final stages of evaporation. The borate assemblage here is much more complex with borate minerals that have essential Ca, K, Fe, Mg and Sr. This deposit was subjected to major folding and recrystallization. Both hilgardite-1A and -3A occur here. Polytype-3A is concentrated in areas of maximum folding and it is proposed that pressure is the main control of hilgardite polytypes. Strontium substitution has no effect on polytype formation.
Auditory evoked potentials: Differences by sex, race, and menstrual cycle and correlations with common psychoacoustical tasks

Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and auditory middle-latency responses (AMLRs) to a click stimulus were measured in about 100 subjects. Of interest were the sex differences in those auditory evoked potentials (AEPs), the correlations between the various AEP measures, and the correlations between the AEP measures and measures of otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) and behavioral performance also measured on the same subjects. Also of interest was how the menstrual cycle affected the various AEP measures. Most ABR measures and several AMLR measures exhibited sex differences, and many of the former were substantial. The sex differences tended to be larger for latency than for amplitude of the waves, and they tended to be larger for a weak click stimulus than for a strong click. The largest sex difference was for Wave-V latency (effect size ~1.2). When subjects were dichotomized into Non-Whites and Whites, the race differences in AEPs were small within sex. However, sex and race interacted so that the sex differences often were larger for the White subjects than for the Non-White subjects, particularly for the latency measures. Contrary to the literature, no AEP measures differed markedly across the menstrual cycle. Correlations between various AEP measures, and between AEP and OAE measures, were small and showed no consistent patterns across sex or race categories. Performance on seven common psychoacoustical tasks was only weakly correlated with individual AEP measures (just as was true for the OAEs also measured on these subjects). AMLR Wave Pa unexpectedly did not show the decrease in latency and increase in amplitude typically observed for AEPs when click level was varied from 40 to 70 dB nHL (normal Hearing Level). For the majority of the measures, the variability of the distribution of scores was greater for the males than for the females.
Toward a model for the bulking and debulking of lahars

[1] The incorporation and loss of material (sediments or water) during the advance of a lahar can significantly influence the advance rate, mobility, rheology, and inundation limits of the flow, and therefore these processes have consequences for destructive potential. We have developed a theoretical treatment based on the conservation of flow volume and mass to describe the influence of such processes on the depth, discharge, and density during transit. We apply our model to a common scenario of lahar generation and evolution: the formation of an initially dilute flow by catastrophic breaching or ejection of a volcanic summit crater lake, followed by bulking due to incorporation of substrate materials, and later debulking due to sediment deposition. The key features of our model are time dependence and the inclusion of two terms describing the influx or efflux of sediments to or from the flow. For lahars triggered by crater lake water, we derive the time evolution of flow behavior for comparison with the well-documented 1953 lahar of Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand. Our model demonstrates the importance of these processes on observable quantities such as flow depth, density, and deposit profiles, hydrograph evolution, and transformations between rheologic/density regimes.
Application of THEOS for PM10 mapping over Penang Island, Malaysia

We had explored the relationship between particulate matters of size less than 10 micron (PM10) derived from the THEOS using regression technique over Penang Island, Malaysia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the high spatial resolution satellite data for air quality mapping. The development of the algorithm was based on the optical aerosol characteristic in the atmosphere. PM10 measurements were collected simultaneously with the image acquisition using a DustTrak Aerosol Monitor 8520. The station locations of the PM10 measurements were determined using a handheld GPS. The retrieval of surface reflectance is important to obtain the atmospheric reflectance in remotely sensed data and later used for algorithm calibration. In this study, ACTOR3 was used to retrieve the surface reflectance values from remotely sensed data. The surface reflectance values for the visible wavelengths of THEOS data was determined based on the Landsat TM data that acquired same date, nearly same time with the THEOS data. The relationship between the image reflectance values and the corresponding air quality data was determined using regression analysis. Various forms of algorithms were tested and their accuracies were noted. The algorithm that produced the highest correlation coefficient (R) and lowest root-mean-square error (RMS) was used for further analysis. Results show that the digital camera imageries can be used for estimating PM10 accurately. This study shows the potential of using the THEOS data for air quality mapping.
Palaeoceanographic change in the northeastern South China Sea during the last 15000 years

The sedimentary succession of piston core RC26-16, dated by 14 C accelerator mass spectrometry, provides a nearly continuous palaeoceanographic record of the northeastern South China Sea for the last 15 000 yr. Planktic foraminiferal assemblages indicate that winter sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) rose from 18°C to about 24°C from the last glacial to the Holocene. A short-lived cooling of 1°C in winter temperature centred at about 11 000 14 Cy r ago may reflect the Younger Dryas cooling event in this area. Summer SSTs have remained between 27°C and 29°C throughout the record. The temperature difference between summer and winter was about ca. 9°C during the last glacial, much higher than the Holocene value of ca. 5°C. During the late Holocene a short-lived cooling event occurred at about 4000 14 Cy r ago. Oxygen and carbon isotopic gradients between surface (0-50 m) and subsurface (50-100 m) waters were smaller during the last glacial than those in the Holocene. The fluctuation in the isotopic gradients are caused most likely by changes in upwelling intensity. Smaller gradients indicate stronger upwelling during the glacial winter monsoon. The fauna-derived estimates of nutrient content of the surface waters indicate that the upwelling induced higher fertility and biological productivity during the glacial. The winter monsoon became weaker during the Holocene. The carbonate compensation depth and foraminiferal lysocline were shallower during the Holocene, except for a short-lived deepening at about 5000 14 C yr ago. A preservation peak of planktic foraminifera and calcium carbonate occurred between 13400 and 12 000 14 C
Spatial variability of deep‐ocean motions above an abyssal plain

[1] Near-bottom current observations are discussed from an array of moorings separated by 8–40 km horizontally in the Madeira abyssal plain, North Atlantic Ocean. The area is topographically smooth, but observed currents varied strongly over short distances. Across horizontal scales O(10 km), “incoherent” internal wave properties were retrieved such as conservation of relative frequency bandwidth and internal wave polarization at inertial, tidal, and higher harmonics frequencies. In the vertical (between 10–110, 110–650 m above the bottom (mab) at ∼5000 m), the current differences (∼shear) were predominantly at the local inertial frequency f. Near f the largest variance was found at 110 mab, with peaks in power at 0.99f and 1.03f. As stratification was weak (N ≈ 2f) the subinertial frequency peak was well within the combined internal inertio-gravity wave band. At 650 mab, N ≈ 4f, and smaller peaks at ∼1.00f and 1.03f were observed. Toward the bottom subinertial currents increased in magnitude. The horizontal scale of variation of subinertial and inertial motions was small: ∼30 km. The magnitude of horizontal current differences in these frequency bands was equal to that in the tidal band. Although the energetically dominant, highly deterministic tidal currents were predominantly barotropic, confirming a previous study, their horizontal scale of variation was ∼300 km, due to small bottom relief. Results are discussed relevant for matching records from nearby moorings, to generate extra long time series.
Monitoring post-tsunami vegetation recovery in Phang-Nga province, Thailand, based on IKONOS imagery and field investigations – a contribution to the analysis of tsunami vulnerability of coastal ecosystems

A major tsunami in December 2004 devastated the coastal ecosystems along the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand. Since intact coastal ecosystems provide many important services for local communities at the Andaman Sea, it is crucial to investigate to what extent (in terms of percentage area and speed) the affected ecosystems were capable of recovering after the tsunami. Field measurements and multi-date IKONOS imagery were used to estimate the recovery and succession patterns of coastal vegetation types in the Phang-Nga province of Thailand, three years after the tsunami. Thus, this study contributes to a holistic understanding of the ecological vulnerability of the coastal area to tsunamis. A zone-based change detection approach is applied by comparing two change detection techniques: the first method involves the calculation of a recovery rate based on multi-temporal TNDVI (transformed normalized difference vegetation index) images (TNDVI approach), whereas the second approach is a combined approach of the change vector analysis (CVA). Although these two methods provide different types of information (quantitative for the TNDVI approach, qualitative for the CVA), they are comparable in terms of results and accuracies. The results reveal that recovery processes vary based on the type of the ecosystem and, furthermore, are strongly influenced by human activities. Grasslands, coconut plantations and the mixed vegetation cover could recover faster than the mangroves and casuarina forests. Among the forest ecosystems, recovery rates of casuarina forests were higher than for mangroves, but the recovery area was smaller. This study also discusses the potential and some limitations and inaccuracies of applying high-resolution optical imagery for assessing vegetation recovery at a local scale.
Climatology of a nonhydrostatic global model with explicit cloud processes

This is the first study to obtain a statistical climate state under a perpetual July condition using a nonhydrostatic global model with explicit cloud processes. Horizontal grid intervals of approximately 7 and 14 km over the globe marginally allowed for a general representation of meso‐scale circulations associated with deep clouds. The fine‐scale precipitation distribution was similar to satellite observations, particularly in regions of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Realistic distributions of cloud cover in upper, middle, and lower levels were also obtained, although the geographic locations of lower clouds differed slightly from observations over the eastern Pacific. Sensitivity experiments revealed a decrease in outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) as ice fall speed increased or as mixing in the boundary layer was enhanced. As the horizontal resolution increased, the cloud fraction increased and both the OLR and the total water path decreased, implying that cloud overlap also decreased as the resolution increased.
Modelling turbulent flow in two-stage meandering channels

A three-dimensional (3-D) modelling study for calculating free-surface turbulent flow in two-stage meandering channels is presented. The numerical model solves the 3-D Reynolds-averaged continuity and Navier–Stokes equations with the k–e turbulence model for steady-state flow. The flow equations are solved numerically with a general-purpose finite-volume code. The results are first evaluated against the experimental data obtained from the UK Flood Channel Facility. The predicted distributions of the free surface elevation, streamwise velocity, secondary vectors, turbulent kineti energy and bed shear stress are used to investigate the accuracy of the model prediction at both the apex and other sections along the channel. The predictive ability of the 3-D model is also assessed against results from a two-dimensional (2-D) model with regard to the distributions of free surface elevation, depth-averaged velocity and bed shear stress. The results show that the 3-D model predicts the flow fields reasonably well.
The Convolvulus species of the Canary Isles, the Mediterranean region and the Near and Middle East

This study was undertaken in 1963 at the suggestion of Prof. Dr. J. Lanjouw. As the genus Convolvulus is so large that a revision of all its species would have taken too much time, and as a revision of the African ones alone would not have been interesting because these species do not form a natural group, it was decided to choose a middle way, and to take into consideration also the species occurring in the adjoining countries. This was all the more Indicated as the Convolvulus species of the area which includes besides the Mediterranean region also the area extending eastwards of the latter to the western border of Afghanistan, i. e. such countries as Iraq and Iran, show many signs of affinity. During our study of the species occurring in these parts, it was realized that it would be desirable to consider also those occurring in Afghanistan and Turkmeniskaya and further to the west in the Caucasus, Armenia and a part of the area surrounding the Black Sea. The Canary and Madeira Isles were also included, as they are close to the North African part of this region and as these islands moreover are interesting because they show a high degree of endemism and because some of the Convolvulus species occurring here were regarded by some authors as sufficiently distinct from those found elsewhere to be referred to a genus of their own, a genus for which the name Rhodorrhiza was proposed. The genus Convolvulus was introduced by Linnaeus (1753). In 1789 it was revised by Desrousseaux, who described 107 species under the heading “Liseron”; he divided the genus into two subdivisions, viz. 1° “peduncles with solitary flowers” and 2° “peduncles with numerous flowers”; in the delimitation of the genus he followed Linnaeus.
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

This article reviews research on affect, emotion, and decision making published in Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes from the 1990s onward. The review is organized around four topical areas: the influence of incidental mood states and discrete emotions on decision making, the influence of integral affect on decision making, affect and emotion as a consequence of decision making, and the role of regret in decision making. Some potential limitations of extant work on affect, emotion, and decision making are discussed. Lastly, particularly promising directions for future research are elaborated including intuition and decision making, ethical decision making, and affect and emotion over time and decision
Calculating second derivatives of population growth rates for ecology and evolution

Second derivatives of the population growth rate measure the curvature of its response to demographic, physiological or environmental parameters. The second derivatives quantify the response of sensitivity results to perturbations, provide a classification of types of selection and provide one way to calculate sensitivities of the stochastic growth rate. Using matrix calculus, we derive the second derivatives of three population growth rate measures: the discrete‐time growth rate λ, the continuous‐time growth rate r = log λ and the net reproductive rate R0, which measures per‐generation growth. We present a suite of formulae for the second derivatives of each growth rate and show how to compute these derivatives with respect to projection matrix entries and to lower‐level parameters affecting those matrix entries. We also illustrate several ecological and evolutionary applications for these second derivative calculations with a case study for the tropical herb Calathea ovandensis.
Infantile convulsions and paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia with 16p11.2 microdeletion.

Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is a rare paroxysmal movement disorder characterized by involuntary movements triggered by sudden voluntary movements.1 PKD is a genetic disorder due to de novo mutations or autosomal dominant pedigree inheritance. Genetic linkage studies have generally localized the dominant gene to the pericentromic region of chromosome 16 (16p11-q21). 2 Despite extensive searching, including mutation analysis of 157 genes in this region, the PKD gene remains unidentified.2
Stratospheric BrO profiles measured at different latitudes and seasons: Instrument description, spectral analysis and profile retrieval

Measurements of stratospheric BrO profiles are reported using a novel DOAS instrument (Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometry) operated on the LPMA/DOAS balloon gondola (LPMA/Laboratoire de Physique Moléculaire et Applications) during three flights (León, Nov. 23, 1996, Kiruna, Feb. 14, 1997, and Gap, June 20, 1997). BrO was detected by its vibrational bands (4–0 at 354.7nm; 5–0 at 348.8nm) of the A(²π)←X(²π) transition in direct sunlight spectra from balloon ascent, descent and during solar occultation at maximum (float) altitude. We show that our accuracy is about ±18% (1 σ) during balloon ascent (solar zenith angles, SZA < 88°), and about ±25% for solar occultation measurements. For altitudes above the balloon float our observations indicate average BrO mixing ratios of (14.4±2.5)ppt, (15.6±2.8)ppt, and (15.3±2.8)ppt above 30.6km, 30.0km, and 39.8km, respectively.
Investigations into Cyclone Dust Collectors

The paper describes experimental investigations made in the mechanical engineering laboratory at Delft, in the field of cyclone separators. These investigations aimed first at determining the most efficient shape of a cyclone, by measuring the effect of a variation of each of its principal dimensions on the efficiency; as a result, a very efficient cyclone shape was developed.The influence of the position of a cyclone on the efficiency was examined, and a new type of cyclone with curved axis, horizontal gas exhaust, and vertical downward dust outlet was constructed.The flow of gas and dust inside a cyclone was examined. The static pressure and the three components of the gas velocity at different points in a cyclone were measured with a globe-Pitot tube.In a cyclone exhausting to atmosphere, a core of low pressure extends over the entire height of the cyclone. Inside this core the flow is very turbulent and unsteady, so that the gas velocities cannot be measured exactly; outside, the pressure is high thro.
Petrofacies and Provenance of Late Mesozoic Forearc Basin, Northern and Central California

Data from the Great Valley Group (sequence) represent the most complete information regarding sandstone petrology of sediment derived from a magmatic arc. This information is useful in documenting tectonic and magmatic events within the arc and related terranes, and forms the basis for the establishment of petrostratigraphic units for mapping and correlation. Sandstone and conglomerate compositions are controlled by changes in provenance, many of which were basinwide and synchronous. Clay-mineral composition is controlled primarily by burial metamorphism. Careful attention to sample collection, sample preparation, and petrographic techniques is essential for uniform results. Seven petrographic parameters (P/F, Lv/L, M, Qp/Q, Q, F, and L--listed in decreasing importance to petrofacies discrimination) define eight petrofacies (Stony Creek, Platina, Lodoga, Grabast, Boxer, Cortina, Los Gatos and Rumsey--listed in approximate order of decreasing age). The Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous petrofacies (Stony Creek, Platina, and Lodoga) contain higher lithic contents (supracrustal sources), whereas the Upper Cretaceous petrofacies (especially the Rumsey) contain higher proportions of plutoniclastic components (quartz, feldspar, and micas). The proportion of potassium-feldspar increases from near zero in the Upper Jurassic to nearly 50% of all feldspars in the uppermost Cretaceous. The lower part of the Great Valley Group (Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous) contains significant quantities of sedimentaclastic and metamorphiclastic material eroded from accreted and deformed terranes ("tectonic highlands") formed by the arc-arc collision (Nevadan orogeny) that occurred prior to initiation of the Franciscan-Great Valley-Sierra Nevada arc-trench system. The Klamath Mountains area provided a major proportion of this detritus. Ophiolite and serpentinite detritus was deposited locally near the base of the Great Valley Group as a result of deformation along the east side of the growing Franciscan subduction complex. Volcaniclastic detritus was fed into the entire forearc basin as magmatism increased in the Sierra Nevada area during the Cretaceous. As the volcanic cover was stripped off, plutoniclastic and metamorphiclastic detritus from the underlying batholithic terranes was provided in abundance to the forearc basin. Crustal components were more "continental" in the southern Sierra Nevada and more "oceanic" in the northern Sierra Nevada, as demonstrated by the higher proportions of metamorphiclastic detritus and by the more felsic nature of volcaniclastic detritus to the south. By the middle of the Late Cretaceous, extensive batholithic terranes provided potassium-feldspar-rich arkosic detritus to the entire forearc basin. By the Paleogene, arc magmatism had migrated eastward sufficiently that deeper levels of the California part of the arc were exposed by erosion, tectonic activity decreased in the forearc basin, and the basin was filled to sea leve in most parts.