Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tarin, a Potential Immunomodulator and COX‐Inhibitor Lectin Found in Taro (Colocasia esculenta)

Abstract Taro (Colocasia esculenta) corm is a rustic staple food, rich in small starch granules, fibers, and bioactive phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, tannins, phytates, micronutrients, and proteins, including tarin, a GNA‐related lectin. Tarin exhibits recognized biocide activities against viruses and insects, has antitumoral properties and is an immunomodulator molecule candidate. It has been isolated in highly purified form (>90%) from taro corms through low‐cost and single‐step affinity chromatography. It comprises 2‐domain 27 to 28 kDa protomer, posttranslational cleaved into 2 nonidentical monomers, 11.9 and 12.6 kDa, held by noncovalent binding. At least 10 tarin isoforms sharing over 70% similarity have been described. The monomers assume the β‐prism II fold, consisting of 3 antiparallel β‐sheets formed by 4 β‐strands each. Tarin exhibits an expanded‐binding site for complex and high‐mannose N‐glycan chains 49, 212, 213, 358, 465, and 477 found on cell surface antigens of viruses, insects, cancer, and hematopoietic cells, explaining its broad biological activities. Tarin may stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses, enabling hosts to recover from infections or immunosuppressed status inherent to several pathological conditions. In a murine model, tarin stimulates the in vitro and in vivo proliferation of total spleen and bone marrow cells, especially B lymphocytes. Granulocyte repopulation has also been demonstrated in long‐term mice bone marrow cell cultures. As a potential immunomodulator, tarin, administered to immunosuppressed mice, attenuated cyclophosphamide‐induced leukopenia. We propose a molecular model that unites the potential prophylactic and therapeutic action of tarin on hematopoietic and cancer cells, as a potential immunomodulator.
Culture History and Cultural Development

Professor of Asian Anthropology in the University of London, Dr. von Fiirer-Haimendorf is Head of the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the School of Oriental and African Studies, and also sometime Adviser to the Hyderabad State Government for Tribes and Backward Classes, and Professor of Anthropology in the Osmania University, India. He is author of The Chenchus, Jungle Folk of the Deccan, London, 1943; The Reddis of the Bison Hills. A Study in Acculturation, London, 1945; and The Raj Gonds of Adilabad, A Peasant Culture of the Deccan, London, 1948.
Cotransport of water and solutes in plant membranes: The molecular basis, and physiological functions

Current concepts of plant membrane transport are based on the assumption that water and solutes move across membranes via separate pathways. According to this view, coupling between the fluxes is more or less exclusively constituted via the osmotic force that solutes exert on water transport. This view is questioned here, and experimental evidence for a cotransport of water and solutes is reviewed. The overview starts with ion channels that provide pathways for both ion and water transport, as exemplified for maxi K + channels from cytoplasmic droplets of Chara corallina . Aquaporins are usually considered to be selective for water (just allowing for slippage of some other small, neutral molecules). Recently, however, a “dual function” aquaporin has been characterized from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPIP2.1) that translocates water and at the same time conducts cations, preferentially Na + . By analogy with mammalian physiology, other candidates for solute-water flux coupling are cation-chloride cotransporters of the CCC type, and transporters of sugars and amino acids. The last part is dedicated to possible physiological functions that could rely on solute-water cotransport. Among these are the generation of root pressure, refilling of embolized xylem vessels, fast turgor-driven movements of leaves, cell elongation (growth), osmoregulation and adjustment of buoyancy in marine algae. This review will hopefully initiate further research in the field.
Caracterización molecular mediante RAPDs de una colección de nopal (Opuntia spp. Cactaceae) del centro de México, como base del mejoramiento genético

Thirty two cactus collections from the Central Mexico region were studied using the RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphyc DNA) technique; they included commercial cultivars and prickly pear and vegetable cacti. We tested 46 10-base primers. Nine of them were selected, which were associated with 56 polymorphic bands. The RAPD technique separated the materials into eleven discrete groups.The coefficient of relatedness (CR) varied from 0.32 between Val and BUR up to 1.0 in genotypes CP18 and ‘Reyna’. Cultivated cacti were grouped together and showed CR values higher than 0.8, suggesting that they originated from a small group of related cacti parents. CR between wild and domesticated cacti was 0.65. Entries CP18 and ‘Reyna’ could be redundant. The similarity between ACNF and RCNF corresponded to their phenotypic resemblance. This pair can be used as a basis in the search of molecular markers for fruit color.
Metatranscriptomics profile of the gill microbial community during Bathymodiolus azoricus aquarium acclimatization at atmospheric pressure

Background The deep-sea mussels Bathymodiolus azoricus (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) are the dominant macrofauna subsisting at the hydrothermal vents site Menez Gwen in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). Their adaptive success in such challenging environments is largely due to their gill symbiotic association with chemosynthetic bacteria. We examined the response of vent mussels as they adapt to sea-level environmental conditions, through an assessment of the relative abundance of host-symbiont related RNA transcripts to better understand how the gill microbiome may drive host-symbiont interactions in vent mussels during hypothetical venting inactivity. Results The metatranscriptome of B. azoricus was sequenced from gill tissues sampled at different time-points during a five-week acclimatization experiment, using Next-Generation-Sequencing. After Illumina sequencing, a total of 181,985,262 paired-end reads of 150 bp were generated with an average of 16,544,115 read per sample. Metatranscriptome analysis confirmed that experimental acclimatization in aquaria accounted for global gill transcript variation. Additionally, the analysis of 16S and 18S rRNA sequences data allowed for a comprehensive characterization of host-symbiont interactions, which included the gradual loss of gill endosymbionts and signaling pathways, associated with stress responses and energy metabolism, under experimental acclimatization. Dominant active transcripts were assigned to the following KEGG categories: “Ribosome”, “Oxidative phosphorylation” and “Chaperones and folding catalysts” suggesting specific metabolic responses to physiological adaptations in aquarium environment. Conclusions Gill metagenomics analyses highlighted microbial diversity shifts and a clear pattern of varying mRNA transcript abundancies and expression during acclimatization to aquarium conditions which indicate change in bacterial community activity. This approach holds potential for the discovery of new host-symbiont associations, evidencing new functional transcripts and a clearer picture of methane metabolism during loss of endosymbionts. Towards the end of acclimatization, we observed trends in three major functional subsystems, as evidenced by an increment of transcripts related to genetic information processes; the decrease of chaperone and folding catalysts and oxidative phosphorylation transcripts; but no change in transcripts of gluconeogenesis and co-factors-vitamins.
Perspectives on Behavioral Finance: Does "Irrationality" Disappear with Wealth? Evidence from Expectations and Actions

This paper discusses the current state of the behavioral finance literature. I argue that more direct evidence about investors' actions and expectations would make existing theories more convincing to outsiders and would help sort behavioral theories for a given asset pricing phenomenon. Evidence on the dependence of a given bias on investor wealth/sophistication would be useful for determining if the bias could be due to (fixed) information or transaction costs or is likely to require a behavioral explanation and for determining which biases are likely to be most important for asset prices. I analyze a novel dataset on investor expectations and actions obtained from UBS/PaineWebber/Gallup. The data suggest that, even for high-wealth investors, expected returns were high at the peak of the market, many investors thought the market was overvalued but would not correct quickly, and investors' beliefs depended strongly on their own investment experience. Then I review evidence on the dependence of a series of "irrational" investor behaviors on investor wealth and conclude that many such behaviors diminish substantially with wealth. As an example of the cost needed to explain a particular type of "irrational" behavior, I consider the cost needed to rationalize why many households do not invest in the stock market.
Abnormal Justice

In some contexts, public debates about justice assume the guise of normal discourse. However fiercely they disagree about what exactly justice requires in a given case, the contestants share some underlying presuppositions about what an intelligible justice claim looks like. These include ontological assumptions about the kind(s) of actors who are entitled to make such claims (usually individuals) and about the kind of agency from which they should seek redress (typically a territorial state). Also included are assumptions about scope, which fix the circle of interlocutors to whom claims for justice should be addressed (usually the citizenry of a bounded political community) and which delimit the universe of those whose interests and concerns deserve consideration (ditto). Finally, the disputants share social-theoretical assumptions about the space in which questions of justice can intelligibly arise (often the economic space of distribution) and about the social cleavages that can harbor injustices (typically class and ethnicity). In such contexts, where those who argue about justice share a set of underlying assumptions, their contests assume a relatively regular, recognizable shape. Constituted through a set of organizing principles and
Inhibtory effect of commercial fungicides against virulent isolate of Rhizoctonia Solani

Effect of nine tested fungicides on the linear mycelia growth of virulent isolate of Rhizoctonia solani were evaluated in vitro test at concentration 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ppm. In vitro, the highest reduction of mycelia growth of R. solani pathogen was found with fungicide Monceren and Chlorothalonil. The fungicide Monceren and Chlorothalonil at concentration of 150 ppm and above showed complete reduction in mycelial growth of R. solani and recorded significantly highest level of hundred per cent growth reduction. These two fungicides were closely followed by Topsin M-70, Bavistin, Benlate, Antracol, Monocut, Boric acid and Matco where total mean per cent growth reductions were 76.75, 63.03, 58.78, 31.79, 51.25, 31.43 and 18.33 respectively.
Effect of dexamethasone treatment on blood oxidative status and prostaglandin F2α metabolite levels in ram.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmada 10 adet koça derialtı yolla tek sefer 0.5 mg/kg dozda deksametazon uygulandı. Hayvanlardan uygulama öncesi (0. saat, Kontrol grup) ve sonrası 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 ve 24. saatlerde kan örnekleri alındı. Serum TBARS ve plazma PGM düzeyleri ELISA okuyucusunda belirlendi. Hemogram değerleri kan hücresi sayım cihazında ölçülürken, biyokimyasal parametreler otoanalizörde ölçüldü.
Leaf Trait Variation with Environmental Factors at Different Spatial Scales: A Multilevel Analysis Across a Forest-Steppe Transition

In mountain areas, the distribution of plant communities is affected by both regional and microhabitat conditions. The degree to which these different spatial factors contribute to plant communities is not well understood, because few studies have used a uniform sampling methodology to measure trait variation across the range of ecological scales. In this study, a stratified sampling method was used to study community weighted leaf traits and environment factors at different spatial (transect and plot) scales. We measured 6 leaf traits (specific leaf area, leaf tissue density, leaf thickness, leaf carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content) in 258 communities from 57 sites in 9 transects nested within 3 vegetation zones. These communities are located in the loess hilly and gully area of the Yanhe river watershed. We coupled climatic factors at the transect scale with topographic and edaphic factors at the plot scale using multilevel regression modeling to analyze the trait variation associated with spatial scales. At the transect scale, the mean annual rainfall showed a highly significant positive effect on the leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC) (p < 0.01), while it had a highly significant negative effect on leaf thickness (LT) and leaf tissue density (LTD) (p < 0.001) and a significant negative effect on leaf carbon concentration (LCC) (p < 0.05), explaining 10.91%, 36.08%, 57.25% and 66.01% of LTD, LT, LCC and LNC variation at transect scale respectively. At a plot scale, the slope aspect showed a highly significant positive effect on specific leaf area (SLA) and LNC but a highly significant negative effect on LT and LTD. The soil water content had a significant negative effect on LT (p < 0.05) and LTD (p < 0.001) while soil organic matter showed a positive effect on SLA (p < 0.001) and LNC (p < 0.01). Totally, plot scale variables explained 7.28%, 43.60%, 46.43%, 75.39% and 81.17% of LCC, LT, LNC, LTD and SLA variation. The elevation showed positive effect only on LCC (p < 0.05). The results confirmed the existence of consistent trait–environment relationships at both transect and plot scales. These trait–environment relationships at different spatial scales will provide mechanistic understanding on the vegetation community assembly in the study area. Practically, ignoring trait variation within transects will underestimate roles of microhabitat filters in community assembly, and leads to the homogenization of restoration species. This will be like the past restoration plans and programs, causing serious environmental problems such as dwarf trees and soil desiccation.
TRANSFORMATION OF GERBERA PLANTS WITH TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS (TSWV) NUCLEOPROTEIN GENE

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is identified as a causal agent of an important disease in many vegetable and ornamental crops. In the Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, studies on the introduction of resistance-related, TSWV nucleoprotein gene to the gerbera genome (‘Alaska’, ‘Paul', ‘Prince’, ‘Zuzanna’) were undertaken. Gerbera explants (shoots, bases of shoot clumps and leaves with 2-3 mm lamina length) were transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens (strain LBA 4404). Construction of the expression vector containing the 35S CaMV promoter, the selectable nptII gene and the N-gene of the virus naturally infecting gerbera was based on pBin19 plasmid. After 10 months, seventy-four (5.4%) transgenic gerbera plants were selected on medium with the maximal concentration of kanamycin (7 mg l ). The presence and integration of the Ntransgene into the plant genome was confirmed by specific-PCR and Southern-blotting. The level of nucleoprotein estimated by ELISA was low in transformed tissues, but mechanically inoculated, transgenic plants demonstrated resistance to TSWV.
Risky Income or Lumpy Investments? Evidence on Two Theories of Underspecialization

Why do the poor have so many economic activities? According to one theory, the poor do not specialize because relying on one income source is risky. I test the theory by measuring the response of Thai rice farmers to conditional volatility in the international rice price. Households expecting a harvest take on one extra activity when the volatility rises by 21%. I confirm that the decrease in specialization costs households foregone revenue. I find no evidence to back a second theory in which households underspecialize because they cannot afford lumpy business investments.
The Cactus Primer

"The Cactus Primer" presents the amateur cactophile with an excellent introduction to cactus biology and provides the informed reader with an invaluable summary of the last forty years' research. This book goes far beyond books that instruct readers in the propagation, growth, and care of these plants; addressing matters of more scientific interest, it takes an integrated approach to the presentation of the form, physiology, evolution, and ecology of cacti. The book is unique in that it combines the descriptive morphology and physiology documented in the scientific literature with more general observations found in popular publications on cacti. It provides a new generic classification of the cacti and contains much new information, including data on photosynthesis, heat and cold tolerance, computer modeling of ribs, and the effects of spines.Enhanced by over 400 illustrations and supplemented with an extensive glossary, this book will appeal to cactus enthusiasts interested in the classification and growth of cacti, as well as to plant biologists who use cacti to illustrate desert adaptation and convergent evolution. Written in accessible style, "The Cactus Primer" is bound to serve a dual function as both an instructive tool and a reference work in cactus biology for years to come.
Effect of weed control methods on growth, flowering and flower yield in African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda

An experiment was conducted to find out the effect of different weed control methods on growth, flowering and flower yield in African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda at the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh during the kharif season 2016-17. The experiment consisted of twelve treatments combination of different weed control methods. The results indicated that application of pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha followed by one hand weeding at 30 DAT resulted in the maximum plant height (45.33 cm, 80.63 cm and 101.53 cm at 25,50 and 75 DAT, respectively), number of primary and secondary branches plant-1 (3.27, 6.87 and 10.67 primary branches and 8.60, 20.13 and 36.50 secondary branches at 25, 50 and 75 DAT, respectively), maximum plant spread (68.17 cm ), earliest 50 per cent flowering (47.00 days), significantly biggest flower (6.97 cm), maximum weight of flowers plant-1 (126.73 g.), flowers yield ha-1 (136.85 q). Similar treatment i.e. Pendimethalin 30% EC @ 1.0 kg ha-1 (PE) followed by one Hand Weeding at 30 DAT resulted the highest B:C ratio (3.98) followed by Pendimethalin 30% EC @ 1.0 kg ha-1 (PE) + Fenoxaprop - p-ethyl 9.3% EC @ 0.10 kg ha-1 at 30 DAT (PoE) with B: C Ratio (1:3.60) as compared to other treatments. The minimum values for these parameters were recorded in unweeded treatment.
0 long-range magnetic order in centennialite CaCu 3 ( OD ) 6 Cl 2 · 0 . 6 D 2 O : A spin-12 perfect kagome antiferromagnet with J

Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan 2Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan 3Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan 4Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India 5J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan 6Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan 7Department of Materials Structure Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan 8Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
Lectotypification and Correct Author Citation of Ipheion uniflorum (Amaryllidaceae), with a New Synonym

The type of the generic name Ipheion Rafinesque is Milla uniflora Graham but the same specific epithet had been used in Triteleia by Lindley a few years earlier for the same species with a different type. Confusion ensued concerning the correct author citation for the species under Ipheion. A taxonomic history of the name Ipheion uniflorum (Graham) Raf. , a new synonym for this species, and a lectotype for Milla uniflora are presented herein.
Macroecological and macroevolutionary patterns emerge in the universe of GNU/Linux operating systems

What leads to classically recognized patterns of biodiversity remains an open and contested question. It remains unknown if observed patterns are generated by biological or non-biological mechanisms, or if we should expect the patterns to emerge in non-biological systems. Here, we employ analogies between GNU/Linux operating systems (distros), a non-biological system, and biodiversity, and we look for a number of well-established ecological and evolutionary patterns in the Linux universe. We demonstrate that patterns of the Linux universe generally match macroecological patterns. Particularly, Linux distro commonness and rarity follow a skewed distribution with a clear excess of rare distros, we observed a power law mean-variance scaling of temporal fluctuation, but there is only a weak relationship between niche breadth (number of software packages) and commonness. The diversity in the Linux universe also follows general macroevolutionary patterns: the number of phylogenetic lineages increases linearly through time, with clear per-species diversification and extinction slowdowns, something that has been indirectly estimated, but not directly observed in biology. Moreover, the composition of functional traits (software packages) exhibits significant phylogenetic signal. The emergence of macroecological patterns across Linux suggests that the patterns are produced independently of system identity, which points to the possibility of non-biological drivers of fundamental biodiversity patterns. At the same time, our study provides a step towards using Linux as a model system for exploring macroecological and macroevolutionary patterns.
Complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Sinocyclocheilus oxycephalus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae)

Abstract Sinocyclocheilus oxycephalus is a freshwater cyprinid fish of high nutritional value, endemic to Shilin County, Southwestern China. In this study, we first sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of S. oxycephalus. The whole length of mitogenome is 16,585 bp, which contains 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a control region. The gene arrangement and structure is identical to other previously reported Sinocyclocheilus fishes. The overall base composition is 31.26% A, 16.42% G, 25.41% T and 26.90% C, with AT content of 56.67%. Phylogenetic analysis using mitogenomes of 13 cyprinid fishes showed that S. oxycephalus are closely related to S. anophthalmus, S. grahami, and S. wumengshanensis, and 11 Sinocyclocheilus species are grouped as a monophyletic clade with strong supports.