Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos do grão de trigo influenciados por nitrogênio e lâminas de água

A field experiment was carried out in a Red-Yellow Latosol in 2009 in order to assess the effects of different doses of nitrogen fertilization and water depth and their interaction on the grain yield and quality of wheat BRS 254. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with split plot on water level and four replications. Nitrogen doses in the plot were: 20, 50, 100, 200, and 400 kg ha-1. In the split plot water depths were: 120, 264, 342 and 392 mm. Mean yield and the majority of its components differed significantly with water depth and nitrogen dose. The exception occurred on the number of grains per spikelet which was not affected by nitrogen level. Minimum and maximum yield were 1,135 kg ha-1 and 5,209 kg ha-1, respectively for 120 mm and 50 kg ha-1 of N; and 392 mm and 200 kg ha-1 of N. In all of them, the highest yields were achieved by nitrogen doses over 220 kg ha-1. Crude protein content was significantly affected by water and nitrogen level interaction. The hectoliter mass, the strength of gluten and the falling number were significantly affected by water level. Water depths lower than 365 mm provided hectoliter weight below 78 kg hL-1. On the other hand water depths higher than 340 mm provided falling number below 250 s, suggesting caution on wheat agrossystems water management.
Preliminary study on genetic diversity in Moehringia jankaе griseb. ex janka based on inter-simple sequence repeat (issr) markers.

Zhelyazkova, M. , Georgieva, S. , Kostova, M. , Gencheva, D. & Grozeva, N. (2019). Preliminary study on genetic diversity in Moehringia jankaе Griseb. ex Janka based on inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) MARKERS. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 25 (Suppl. 3), , 148–157 Genetic diversity among eleven natural populations of the Moehringia jankae species, Caryophyllaceae family, spread in the Sinite Kamani Natural Park in Bulgaria was assessed by inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. A total of 68 loci were identifi ed by using 5 selected ISSR primers, of which 59 are polymorphic and 9 – monomorphic. Presences of 3 specifi c ISSR bands were reported in the Mj1, Mj5 and Mj9 population. For the primers used, mean values of the polymorphic information content (0.64), eff ective multiplex ratio (4.53), resolving power (27.66) and marker index (2.84) have been calculated. Shannon’s information index (I = 0.226), expected (He = 0.149) and unbiased expected (uH = 0.165) heterozygosity, estimated based on molecular characteristics demonstrate a signifi cant level of intra-species genetic diversity of M. jankae. Cluster analysis, Principal component analysis (PCA) and Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) divide the studied plant populations into 2 main clusters – fi rst (А) comprises Mj7, Mj8 and Mj10, and Mj1, Mj11, Mj9, second one (В) consists of 2 subclusters, too with Mj5 and Mj6 being in the fi rst one, and Mj2, Mj4 and Mj3 in the second one. The current data complement the studies in the area of genetic resources, therefore they could be included in conservation programs for protection of rare and endangered plant species.
Impact of Pruning Methods on Yield Components and Juice and Wine Composition of Cynthiana Grapes

Four pruning methods were applied to Cynthiana (Vitis aestivalis Michx.) for four years (2002 to 2005): hand (balanced to 50+10), machine (box cut to 80 nodes), machine + hand (box cut to 110 nodes with hand prune to 80 nodes), and minimal pruning (no pruning). There were only minor differences in vine nutrition and in fruit and wine composition among the pruning methods. Minimal-pruned vines had high yields and less mature fruit in the first year, followed by low yields the second year, with yield stabilization by the third year. Wines produced were similar within year among pruning methods with the exception of wine from minimal-pruned vines in the first year. No sensory differences were found between wines from hand-pruned vines versus other methods in any year (wine from minimal-pruned 2002 excluded). After the first year, all pruning methods produced similar fruit and wine. In the final year, all pruning methods had comparable yields. However, the minimal-pruned vines averaged 38% more clusters over the last two years with a 5- to 10-day delayed harvest as compared with handpruned vines. The use of machine pruning either alone or in conjunction with hand pruning is a viable option for Cynthiana production in regions with a sufficient growing season length. Minimal pruning may also be an acceptable method but additional research is needed.
Comparative Removal of Rhodamine B from Aqueous Solution by Electro‐Fenton and Electro‐Fenton‐Like Processes

Recently, electro-Fenton (EF) process has received great attention in the field of wastewater treatment. Removal of rhodamine B (RhB) from aqueous solution has been investigated by EF and EF-like process in graphite-graphite EF system. Efficiencies of Fe0, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, and Mn2+ as Fenton and Fenton-like catalysts for removing RhB from aqueous solution were compared. Effects of operating parameters such as solution pH, catalyst concentration, electrolysis time and applied voltage on dye removal were analyzed. It has been demonstrated that more than 90% dye removal was obtained after 180 min electrolysis at an optimal solution pH 3 for EF process and 2.5 for EF-like process. Model predicted values for first order kinetics were very near to experimental values than that of pseudo second order kinetic model, suggesting that EF and EF like process follows first order kinetics. The rate of RhB removal at optimum catalysts concentrations follows the order of Fe0 > Mn2+ > Fe3+ > Fe2+ > Cu2+. In contrary to this, Fe3+ was found as the best catalyst for the RhB removal with a less optimal concentration of 5 mg/L. The present study demonstrated that EF and EF-like processes are promising technologies for the treatment of dyes from aqueous solution.
Development of Earth-Abundant Tin(II) Sulfide Thin-Film Solar Cells by Vapor Deposition

iv (Zn(O,S)). A record high active-area efficiency of 2.46 % was achieved via conduction band offset engineering by varying the oxygen-to-sulfur ratio in Zn(O,S). Finally, we address two approaches potentially used for improving a device efficiency of the SnS solar cell. First, via doping to create an n-type SnS, a p-n homojunction device could be made. We present the processes and the results of doping SnS films with antimony and chlorine, potential n-type dopants. Second, by post-deposition heat treatment, an improvement in the transport properties of SnS film can be achieved. We discuss the effect of temperature and an annealing ambient (N2, H2S, and sulfur) on grain growth and the electrical properties of annealed SnS films.
Assessing the influence of watershed land use patterns on the major ion chemistry of river waters in the Shimousa Upland, Japan

To assess the influence of land use pattern on the major ion chemistry of river water, seasonal changes in major ion concentrations were studied in the Shimousa Upland, Japan where urbanisation is still in progress. Water samples were collected from 24 sites from the Ohori River basin and analysed four times representing four seasons from August 2006 to April 2007 during baseflow or low flow conditions. The proportion of different land uses in the drainage area of each sampling site were estimated from a detailed digital land use map published by the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan by using Arcview/GIS. Electrical conductivity (EC) and the concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl− and NO showed significant seasonal variation (p≤0.05). The correlation analysis results showed that forested areas had negative correlations with all ions. Farmland coverage was significantly associated with elevated levels of K+, NO and SO (p≤0.05). Urban land use appeared to have the greatest influence on the major ion chemistry. Residential areas showed significant positive correlations with K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NO and SO , commercial areas with Mg2+, Ca2+ and HCO , and urban developing areas with Ca2+ (p≤0.05). Cluster analysis (CA) on water quality parameters showed three different groups of similarity between the sampling sites and found them to be highly influenced by land use. It can be concluded that estimating the proportions of different land uses enables us to predict river water quality with respect to major ion concentrations.
Stereodivergent Approach to Enantiopure Hydroxyindolizidines Through 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of 3‐Hydroxypyrroline N‐Oxide Derivatives

The (3S)-3-alkoxypyrroline N-oxides 7 and 27 were easily prepared from L-malic acid and used as starting materials for enantiospecific syntheses of stereodifferentiated polyhydroxyindolizidines. Selection of the appropriate modality (inter- or intramolecular) for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the cyclic nitrone with 5-hydroxypentenoic acid derivatives gave access to either [1,8a]-trans- or -cis-hydroxyindolizidines 31 and 24, respectively, through elaboration of the primary cycloadducts. Moreover, the choice of the esterification conditions (Ph3P/DEAD or DIC/DMAP) used in linking the nitrone and the dipolarophile moieties in the intramolecular approach determined the absolute configuration of the final product, allowing the selective synthesis of both enantiomers, (−)-24 and (+)-24. This strategy required protection of the nitrone functionality to avoid racemization of the unprotected hydroxy nitrone during the introduction of the dipolarophile moiety. Protection/deprotection were achieved by cycloaddition/retro-cycloaddition reactions. The different propensity of some pyrrolo[1,2-b]isoxazolidines to undergo retro-cycloaddition with regeneration of the nitrone functionality was investigated both experimentally and by semiempirical and ab initio calculations on model compounds. The relative calculated activation energies were qualitatively in good agreement with the experimental observations. Fumaronitrile was found to be a convenient protecting reagent for the nitrone moiety and could be removed by retro-cycloaddition at lower temperatures than styrene and ethyl acrylate. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)
d0fN-METAL COMPLEXES SUPPORTED BY FERROCENE-BASED CHELATING LIGANDS

Ferrocene is widely incorporated in pharmaceutical candidates, materials, and redox agents. In addition, ligand scaffolds make use of ferrocene groups because of their steric, electronic, and redox properties. In some cases, ferrocene is involved directly in the reactivity of a metal center even when it is part of the supporting ligand. While metal-ligand cooperation plays an important role in enzymatic catalysis, it is less developed in organometallic chemistry. Our group has focused on ferrocene-based chelating ligands because they possess unique electronic characteristics that make them especially versatile in supporting a wide range of reactivity behaviors for the resulting metal complexes. The present review discusses the chemistry of metal complexes with two types of ferrocene-based chelating ligands: (1) Schiff base; and (2) diamide. The first class of ligands supports yttrium and cerium alkoxides, while the second class is used for group 3 metal (scandium, yttrium, lutetium, and lanthanum) alkyls. Two series of Schiff base metal complexes are presented. The two ancillary ligands differ by the type of the N=X functionality that they incorporate: one ligand is based on an imine group, whereas the other is based on an iminophosphorane group. Cerium(IV) bis(alkoxide) complexes were targeted in order to determine whether the presence of a strongly oxidizing metal center would give rise to a non-innocent redox behavior in the supporting ligands. The experimental data indicated that iron remained in the +2 oxidation state and that cerium(IV) did not engage any part of the ancillary ligand in redox behavior. The reactivity of group 3 metal complexes supported by 1,1′-ferrocenylene diamide ligands toward aromatic N-heterocycles is also discussed. These reactions are compared to analogous reactions studied with group 3 metal complexes supported by pincer-type pyridine diamides. That comparison showed that similar reactions were observed with 1-methylimidazole, 2-picoline, and isoquinoline, although other types of reactions and a larger substrate scope were identified for the ferrocene- than for the pyridine-based complexes. Based on the reactions discussed herein and on isolated examples drawn from the literature, it is concluded that the ferrocene diamides represent a versatile and privileged ligand framework. It is proposed that the privileged status of these organometallic ancillary ligands is a consequence of iron's ability to accommodate changes in the electronic density at the metal center more readily than classical supporting ligands.
Wood and Cellulosic Chemistry

Features for Image classification, IEEE Trans. Sysf. Man Cjbenwt. 3(1 I), 610-621 (1973). 9. Hsiao, B. , and Tsai, D. M. , Automatic Surface Inspection Using Wavelet Transforms, Master’s thesis, Department of Industrial Engineering Yuan-Ze University, Taiwan, 1998. 10. Jasper, W. J., Gamier, S. J., and Potlapalli, H. , “Texture Characterization and Defect Detection Using Adaptive Wavelets, Optic. Eng. 35(1 l), 3140-3148 (1996). 11. Mallat, S. G. , A Theory for Multiresolution Signal Decomposition: The Wavelet Representation, IEEE Trarzs. Pattern Anal. Afachirie Intell. 11(7), 674-693 (1989). 12. Paget, P., and Longstaff, I. D. , Texture Synthesis via a Noncausal Nonpararnetric Multiscale Markov Random 13.
Thermodynamische Theorie der elastischen Relaxation

Unter der Voraussetzung, daß sich die Relaxationserscheinungen in einem System durch Einführung innerer Variabler und Anwendung der Thermodynamik der irreversiblen Prozesse beschreiben lassen, werden allgemeine Eigenschaften relaxierender Systeme mit beliebig vielen äußeren Variablen untersucht. Insbesondere wird der Übergang zur Nachwirkungstheorie der Relaxationserscheinungen vollzogen, mehrere Eigenschaften der Nachwirkungsmatrix und ihrer Laplace-Transformierten werden angegeben und bewiesen, die thermodynamischen Potentiale werden durch die Nachwirkungsfunktionen ausgedrückt und zwei allgemeine Sätze über Relaxationsspektren werden bewiesen. Die Überlegungen werden am Beispiel der elastischen Relaxation durchgeführt unter Einschluß viskoelastischer Körper im allgemeinsten Sinn; die Übertragung auf die dielektrische Relaxation ist ohne weiteres möglich.
Biosorption from aqueous solutions by eggshell membranes and Rhizopus oryzae: equilibrium and kinetic studies

This study assesses the use of eggshell membranes and Rhizopus oryzae as media for the biosorption of p-chlorophenol (p-CP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 3,5-dichlorophenol (3,5-DCP), reactive dye and cadmium from aqueous solutions. The performance of the adsorbents was quantified by measuring the equilibrium uptake and the batch rate kinetics from solutions. The constants in the Freundlich, Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models were calculated through the linearization of the equations and linear regression. The kinetics of the adsorption systems for cadmium and a reactive dye have been assessed in a batch stirred adsorber. The effect of the process parameters such as pH, adsorbate concentration, adsorbent dosage, adsorbent particle size, temperature and agitation speed are reported. The external mass transfer coefficients are reported for some different system conditions. Both materials are determined to be effective adsorbents and could find application in the treatment of contaminated wastestreams. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Mean field theory of the lamellar structure of block copolymer/homopolymer blends in the weak segregation regime

Te lamellar structure of binary A-b-B/A and ternary A-b-B/A/B copolymer/homopolymer blends near the microphase separation transition was investigated. The approach combines perturbative solutions to the modified diffusion equation with a model for the total A and B polymer density profiles. The equilibrium domain and subdomain thicknesses, swelling of the copolymers by the homopolymers, individual polymer density profiles, and their dependence on the copolymer and homopolymer degrees of polymerization, composition, and Flory interaction parameter were calculated.
A soil carbon and land use database for the United Kingdom

Abstract. The compilation of a database of soil carbon and land use is described, from which models of soil carbon dioxide emissions across the United Kingdom (UK) can be run. The database gives soil organic carbon, sand, silt and clay contents and bulk densities weighted to reference layers from 0 to 30 cm and from 30 to 100 cm depths. The data are interpolated from information on soil types and land use on a 1 km grid across the UK and are used to estimate soil carbon stocks. For 1990, the baseline year for the Kyoto Protocol on carbon emissions, the estimate is 4562 Tg soil organic carbon in the top 1 m of soil across the UK, with an average density of 18 kg m−2. The data can be reported by layer (e.g. 54% in topsoils) and country (e.g. 48% in Scotland) as well as by soil and land type.
Spontaneous thermal waves and exponential spectra associated with a filamentary pressure structure in a magnetized plasma

of the Dissertation Spontaneous Thermal Waves and Exponential Spectra Associated with a Filamentary Pressure Structure in a Magnetized Plasma by David Carl Pace Doctor of Philosophy in Physics University of California, Los Angeles, 2009 Professor Troy A. Carter, Co-chair Professor George J. Morales, Co-chair An experimental study of plasma turbulence and transport is performed in the fundamental geometry of a narrow pressure filament in a magnetized plasma. An electron beam is used to heat a cold background plasma in a linear device, the Large Plasma Device (LAPD-U) [W. Gekelman et al. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2875 (1991)] operated by the Basic Plasma Science Facility at the University of California, Los Angeles. This results in the generation of a filamentary structure (≈ 1000 cm in length and 1 cm in diameter) exhibiting a controllable radial temperature gradient embedded in a large plasma. The filament serves as a resonance cavity for a thermal (diffusive) wave manifested by large amplitude, coherent oscillations in electron temperature. Properties of this wave are used to determine the electron collision time of the plasma and suggest that a diagnostic method for studying plasma transport can be designed in a similar manner. For short times and low heating powers the filament conducts away thermal energy through particle collisions, consistent with classical theory. Experiments performed with
A potentially new type of nonchondritic interplanetary dust particle with hematite, organic carbon, amorphous Na,Ca‐aluminosilicate, and FeO‐spheres

Abstract– We used a combination of different analytical techniques to study particle W7190‐D12 using microinfrared spectroscopy, micro‐Raman spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS). The particle consists mainly of hematite (α‐Fe2O3) with considerable variations in structural disorder. It further contains amorphous (Na,K)‐bearing Ca,Al‐silicate and organic carbon. Iron‐bearing spherules (<150 nm in diameter) cover the surface of this particle. At local sites of structural disorder at the hematite surface, the hematite spheres were reduced to FeO in the presence of organic carbons forming FeO‐spheres. However, metallic Fe spheres cannot be excluded based on the available data. To the best of our knowledge, this particle is the first detection of such spherules at the surface of a stratospheric dust particle. Although there is no definitive evidence for an extraterrestrial origin of particle W7190‐D12, we suggest that it could be an IDP that had moved away from the asteroid‐forming region of the early solar system into the outer solar system of the accreting Kuiper Belt objects. After it was released from a Jupiter family comet, this particle became part of the zodiacal cloud. Atmospheric entry flash‐heating caused (1) the formation of microenvironments of reduced iron oxide when indigenous carbon materials reacted with hematite covering its surface resulting in the formation of FeO‐spheres and (2) Na‐loss from Na,Al‐plagioclase. The particle of this study, and other similar particles on this collector, may represent a potentially new type of nonchondritic IDPs associated with Jupiter family comets, although an origin in the asteroid belt cannot be ignored.
Cathodic Electrodeposition of Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide Thin Films

A new technique for depositing nanocrystalline titanium dioxide thin films on electronically conducting glass was developed. This technique is a two-stage process: (i) cathodic electrodeposition of titanium oxyhydroxide gel film from aqueous solution containing a Ti precursor and (ii) subsequent heat-treatment of this gel film results in the formation of titanium dioxide film. The deposition potential may have a considerable effect on the formation of nanocrystalline film. The nanocrystalline titanium dioxide film shows reversible electrochromism in lithium-ion-containing organic electrolyte. The coloration and bleaching throughout the visible and near-IR range can be switched on and off within a few seconds.
The Effect of Kiln-Drying on the Levels of Ellagitannins and Volatile Compounds of European Oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.) Stave Wood

The study examines the effects of kiln-drying on the composition of ellagitannins and volatile compounds in different layers of sessile oak wood cut from staves destined for use in the fabrication of barrels. Four drying regimes are compared, two of which combine air-drying with kiln-drying at 40°C or 65°C, and two regimes which involve only kiln-drying at 40°C or 65°C. The level of ellagitannins either remains constant or declines only slightly during drying, depending on the quantity of free water in the staves and the physical state of the wood. It is the area of the bole from which the stave is cut, relating to the age of the wood, that has the greatest influence on the level of ellagitannins. Among the volatile compounds, one observes a sharp decline in the levels of s-methyl-γ-octalactone (without any change in the isomer ratio), eugenol, 3-oxo-α-ionol, and linoleic acid. This decline is greater when the temperature of drying is raised. Kiln-drying at 65°C produces an increase in the levels of furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural which may be explained by a slight degradation of xylane and glucomannan fractions of hemicelluloses.
Synthesis and electroluminescence of novel copolymers containing crown ether spacers

Three novel copolymers containing alternating 1,4-bis(phenylethenyl)benzene, 1,4-bis(phenylethenyl)-2,5-dimethoxybenzene or 1,5-bis(phenylethenyl)naphthalene chromophores and crown ether (CE) spacers within the polymer backbone were synthesized by the Wittig polycondensation reaction. These copolymers exhibit good thermal stability (decomposition temperature around 380–411 °C). Photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) color can be easily tuned in these copolymers by simply changing the structure of the chromophores. Excimer emission is responsible for the changes in the PL spectra on going from solution to the thin films. Typical light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) behavior is observed in the EL devices with these copolymers as both electronic and ionic conductors. The turn-on voltage for emission is at +3.9 V, in forward bias, and at −4.4 V, under reverse bias. Efficient LECs with low turn-on voltages can be demonstrated upon addition of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) into the active layers. CE spacers in these copolymers contribute to the increasing ionic conductivity and the improvement in the morphology of the active layers. The d.c. response and a.c. impedance behaviors of the LECs with PEO were investigated, and the results indicate the operation of these LECs corresponds to the electrochemical doping mechanism.