Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 2-arylbenzothiazoles using nano BF3/SiO2 as a reusable and efficient heterogeneous catalyst under mild conditions

2-Arylbenzothiazoles were synthesized via condensation of 2-aminothiophenol and different aldehydes catalyzed by nano silica-supported boron trifluoride (nano BF3/SiO2) as an efficient and reusable catalyst in high yields and short reaction times. The reactions proceeded at room temperature under mild conditions to afford 2-arylbenzothiazole derivatives. The pure products were identified and characterized by physical and spectroscopic data such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Mass spectroscopy. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter Topology with Neutral Point Voltage Stable Module for Unbalanced Load Inhibition

A novel three-phase four-wire inverter topology is presented in this paper. This topology is equipped with a special capacitor balance grid without magnetic saturation. In response to unbalanced load and unequal split DC-link capacitors problems, a qusi-full-bridge DC/DC topology is applied in the balance grid. By using a high-frequency transformer, the energy transfer within the two split dc-link capacitors is realized. The novel topology makes the voltage across two split dc-link capacitors balanced so that the neutral point voltage ripple is inhibited. Under the condition of a stable neutral point voltage, the three-phase four-wire inverter can be equivalent to three independent single phase inverters. As a result, the three-phase inverter can produce symmetrical voltage waves with an unbalanced load. To avoid forward transformer magnetic saturation, the voltages of the primary and secondary windings are controlled to reverse once during each switching period. Furthermore, an improved mode chosen operating principle for this novel topology is designed and analyzed in detail. The simulated results verified the feasibility of this topology and an experimental inverter has been built to test the power quality produced by this topology. Finally, simulation results verify that the novel topology can effectively improve the inhibition of an inverter with a three-phase unbalanced load while decreasing the value of the split capacitor.
Not understanding others. The RdoC approach to Theory of mind and empathy deficits in Schizophrenia, Borderline Personality Disorder and Mood Disorders

The Research Domani Criteria framework (RdoC) encourages research on specific impairments present across traditional nosological categories and suggests a list of biological and behavioral measures for assessing them. After a description of RdoC, in this article we focus on impairments of the ability of understanding others, specifically in Theory of Mind and empathy. We illustrate recent evidence on brain anomalies correlating with these deficits in Schizophrenia, Addiction Disorders and Mood Disorders populations. In the last section, we zoom out and consider this kind of research vis-à-vis the objection of being reductionistic that is, in favoring mechanistic accounts of mental disorders. We argue that metaphysical reductionism and explanatory reductionism are not conceptually entailed by the RdoC framework. Our social life, the possibility of having successful and fulfilling relations and exchanges with other people, depends on our capacity to understand their actions and emotions, and to adjust our behaviour accordingly. Alterations of such capacity are associated with a wide range of disabling and distressing mental conditions, including autism but also schizophrenia, mood disorders and substance abuse disorders. > (Cotter et al. , 2018)
Matrix Elements and Operator Equivalents Connected with the Magnetic Properties of Rare Earth Ions

An account is given of the methods used to determine the matrix elements of crystal field potentials with particular reference to rare earth ions. Emphasis is laid on the importance of Wigner coefficients in such problems and the idea of using equivalent angular momentum operators is developed. For convenience in applying the results tables of matrix elements are included.
Structural Changes in Vitreous GeSe4 under Pressure

High-energy X-ray diffraction experiments have been performed on GeSe{sub 4} glass up to pressures of 8.6 GPa, and the equation of state has been measured up to 10 GPa. The X-ray structure factors reveal a decrease in the first sharp diffraction peak intensity and broadening with pressure, which signifies a break-up of the intermediate range order in the glass. In contrast, the principal peak in the structure factor shows an increase in intensity and a sharpening with pressure, which is attributed to an increase in extended range order and coherence of the compacted units. The average nearest neighbor coordination number is found to remain constant in GeSe{sub 4} glass (within experimental error) over the pressure range measured. This is in contrast with the gradual increase found in GeSe{sub 2} glass. Rather, in GeSe{sub 4} glass the densification mechanism is shown to be associated with large inward shifts of the second neighbor and higher coordination shells. These features appear as additional correlations at 3.3 and 5.3 {angstrom} in the differences taken between adjacent pair distribution functions with increasing pressure.
Low Temperature Sintering of Innovative Bioactive Glasses

Two innovative glass compositions based on the commonly used 45S5 Bioglass® were developed by increasing the calcium quantity and replacing the sodium oxide with a specific content of potassium oxide. The new glasses, named BG_Ca/K and BG_Ca/Mix, can be prepared using a conventional melting process and show a very low tendency to crystallize. Thanks to this peculiarity, BG_Ca/K and BG_Ca/Mix powders can be sintered at a relatively low temperature (800°C) to obtain samples of high compactness and bioactivity, since their amorphous nature is preserved. Consequently, the proposed glasses are perfect for making specific products such as scaffolds or hydroxyapatite-based composites. Furthermore, the relatively low alkali amount in the new compositions gives rise to a slow ion leaching in simulated body fluid, thus avoiding abrupt changes in pH that can damage osteoblasts or negatively affect their behavior.
Consumer Responses to Wine Bottle Back Labels

This paper reports on an exploratory study of consumer responses to the information contained on wine bottle back labels. It was based on research conducted with respondents in Australia in early 1999. Its central findings were: (1) that experienced consumers have difficulty in matching the tastes of wines with their back label descriptions; (2) that 57% of the respondents claim regularly to read back labels in making their purchasing decisions; (3) that the information they found most useful in helping them to identify the wines was simple descriptions of the tastes or smells of the wines; and (4) that it is difficult to draw general conclusions about the effects of gender, age, income or occupation on such responses.
Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of walnut pollen samples.

Chemical composition of pollen is highly varied depending on the plant species from which it comes and has been the subject of numerous comparative studies. The aim of this study was to determine chemical composition and antioxidant activity of walnut pollen samples and compare them with those of bee pollen. Total phenols content, total flavonoids content, antioxidant activity and mineral composition were studied using walnut pollen samples from three walnut genotypes cultivated in Romania. Total phenols content was determined by colorimetric assay and their amount varied between 10.8 and 17.64 mgGAE/g per genotype. Determination of flavonoids was done by aluminium nitrate colorimetric method and total flavonoid contents in walnut pollen ranged from 7.32 to 7.95 mgQE/g. The antioxidant capacity of pollen extracts was assessed through the scavenging effects on DPPH and a concentration-dependent genotype, and it varied between 13.78 and 15.04 mg Trolox/g. In terms of mineral composition, walnut pollen appears to be a good source of potassium (859.14 mg/100 g), magnesium (263.77 mg/100 g), calcium (71.72 mg/100 g), iron (27.19 mg/100 g), sodium (10.52 mg/100 g), zinc (5.69 mg/100 g), manganese (3.98 mg/100 g), copper (1.28 mg/100 g), chromium (0.39 mg/100 g) and selenium (0.036 mg/100 g). The results obtained indicate that walnut pollen is an important source of total phenols showing antioxidant properties and mineral composition that could be beneficial to human health.
Determination of Chemical Composition and Mutagenicity in Particles from Chainsaw Exhaust. Experimental Set-Up, Stability and Results from Two Different Fuels

A dilution tunnel for sampling of particles and gaseous emissions in chainsaw exhaust was constructed and tested for reproducibility. In addition the equipment was used to measure chainsaw emissions when using two different fuels, aliphatic petrol with synthetic lubricating oil and regular lead-free petrol with mineral lubricating oil. The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and the mutagenicity of sampled particles were measured as well as the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and aldehydes in the exhaust. Particles were sampled isokinetically and collected on a filter followed by two polyurethane foam plugs (PUF) in series for sampling of the semivolatile components. PAH were analysed by a coupled liquid chromatography – gas chromatography (LC-GC) system and mutagenicity testing was carried out by using Ames Salmonella assay. The measured physical parameters as well as the particulate, semivolatile and gaseous emissions showed that reproducible measurements of exhaust emissions could be achieved using this experimental set-up. In terms of mutagenicity when testing for reproducibility, a small but significant effect was observed for the Salmonella strains TA98 and TA100 in the absence of a metabolizing system, both for the particulate phase and the semivolatile components. A significant difference was seen between the two different fuels tested, the conventional petrol with mineral oil having 5-10 times higher concentrations of different PAH compounds and a much higher mutagenic effect for all strains. This difference was seen both for the particulate phase and the semivolatile components.
Théorie quantique des courants interatomiques dans les combinaisons aromatiques

Nous exposons ici une theorie quantique de l'anisotropie diamagnetique anomale, observee dans les combinaisons aromatiques. Elle s'explique par un mecanisme de courants interatomiques particulier a ces combinaisons Nous montrons pourquoi ces courants ne peuvent se manifester ni a l'interieur des combinaisons saturees, meme cycliques, ni entre des arrangements moleculaires satures. Nous traitons comme exemples le benzene, le naphtalene, l'anthracene, le diphenyle, le pyrene et le phenanthrene.
A New Triterpenic Acid from Eucalyptus robusta

A new triterpene "Robustanic acid" 1 has been isolated from the leaves of Eucalyptus robusta along with, ursolic acid lactone 2, sideroxylin 5, 2a, 3β-dihydroxy-urs-12-ene-28-oic acid 6, ursolic acid 7, β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside 8 and gallic acid 9. On the other hand, stem results in the isolation and characterization of β-sitosterol 10 and an isomeric mixture of oleanolic acid 11 and ursolic acid 7. The structure of new triterpenic acid has been deduced as 3β-hydroxy, 11α-methoxy-urs-12-ene-28-oic acid on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical correlation with compounds of established structure. Presence of compounds 6, 7, 8, 9 and 11 in E. robusta is being reported for the first time.
Spectral reassignment and structure elucidation of scopolamine free base through two‐dimensional NMR techniques

The combination of 1D and 2D NMR techniques, especially the long‐range heteronuclear chemical shift correlation experiment, has permitted the reassignment of some carbons and protons of scopolamine free base in CDCl3 solution and the differentiation of each atom of the piperidine ring. In contrast to literature data, and to the protonated state conformation, these studies showed that the methyl group is equatorially disposed relative to the piperidine ring. NMR and IR spectroscopic results demonstrated that the OH group is connected by a hydrogen bond to the phenyl ring at a low concentration, but an intermolecular hydrogen bond is formed at high concentration.
Composition of the Turkish Cumin Seed Oil

ABSTRACT The steam and water distilled oils of Turkish cumin seed (Cuminumcyminum L.) were examined by a combination of GC and GC/MS. The major compounds characterized in the oils were cuminaldehyde (19.25–27.02%), p-mentha-l,3-dien-7-al (4.29–12.26%), p-mentha-l,4-dien-7-al (24.48–44.91%), α-terpinene (7.06–14.10%), p-cymene (4.61–12.01%) and β-pinene (2.98–8.90%). The mode of distillation and pregrinding of the cumin seed had a pronounced effect on the composition of the resultant oil. The composition of the lab-distilled oils was compared with some commercially produced Turkish cumin seed oil, some Indian oils and Egyptian oil. They were found to differ in their cuminaldehyde and p-menthadienal contents.
SOLID PHASE SPECIATION OF IRON AND MANGANESE IN ALUM SHALE SOILS STUDIED BY PARALLEL AND SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION

The kind of association of heavy metals with soil components determines the mobility and availability of metals in soils. It is, therefore, necessary to understand and differentiate the different physicochemical forms of metals. A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the solubility of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) and their association with soil components by the newly developed sequential extraction procedure. Two soils, the alum shale (clay loam) and moraine (loam), developed on alum shale minerals were used in this study. Soils were adjusted to pH 6.2 and 7.2 in a previous experiment and used in this study. The extractants for the parallel and successive extractions were H2O, 0.1 M NH4OAc (soil pH), 0.3 M NH4OAc (soil pH), 1 M NH4OAc (soil pH), and 1 M NH4OAc (pH 5.0). The highest amount of Fe was extracted by 1 M NH4OAc (pH 5.0) followed by H2O and the amounts recovered by these two extractants differed significantly (P<0.05) with those by the other three extractants. The results revealed that in the clay loam soil, H2O extracted higher amounts of Fe than did 0.1 M or 0.3 M or 1.0 M NH4OAc (soil pH), and the amounts increased in the successive extractions (1 to 10). For Mn, the amounts extracted with 1 M NH4OAc (pH 5.0) in both soils and at both pH levels were significantly higher (P<0.05) than all other extractants. Both pH levels and soil types affected the extraction of Fe and Mn and thus significantly higher extraction at pH 6.2 than at pH 7.2 and from the loam than the clay loam was observed. The concentration of TOC in H2O extracts decreased in the successive extractions. In both soils, higher TOC was extracted at pH 7.2 than at pH 6.2 but the difference between pH levels was found significant (P<0.05) only in the loam soil. In a seven step sequential procedure soil samples were extracted sequentially with the reagents having increasing dissolution strengths, 1 M NH4OAc (soil pH), 1 M NH4OAc (pH 5.0), 1 M NH2OH.HCl (in 25% HOAc), 1 M NH2OH.HCl (in 0.1 HNO3), 30% H2O2 (in 0.1 M HNO3), 30% H2O2 (in 1 M HNO3) and aqua regia. Ammonium acetate extracted appreciable amount of Mn (14%) from both soils, whereas this reagent could extract very small amount of Fe (<0.2%). The highest amounts (>80%) of both Fe and Mn were extracted by reducing agent (NH2OH.HCl). The higher values of Mn extracted by NH4OAc were associated with lower pH and the coarse textured soil (loam), whereas the higher values of Mn extracted with NH2OH. HCl were associated with higher pH and the fine textured soil (clay loam). Iron was not affected either by soil pH or by soil type. The order of extraction by different extractants was: NH2OH.HCl>aqua regia>H2O2> NH4OAc for Fe, and NH2OH.HCl>NH4OAc>aqua regia>H2O2 for Mn. In both soils, Mn was found in higher amounts in NH4OAc extracts than Fe, and thus Mn may be considered more mobile and bioavailable than Fe in similar type of soils.
Intensity Dependence of Photochemical Reaction Rates for Photoresists

The intensity dependence of photochemical reaction rates, and thus the exposure reciprocity, is investigated in terms of a kinetic model. This model assumes a two‐step photochemical reaction and reactions that are first order in the concentrations of each of the various species. The model is applicable to both positive and negative photoresists and is specifically applied to the photoactive species of a typical negative photoresist with the efficiency of the polymer cross‐linking assumed constant. The model predicts that there is a saturation effect at high intensities which serves as a rate‐limiting step, thus limiting the applicability of exposure reciprocity. Calculations using this model indicate that exposure reciprocity should be obeyed for exposure times of 10 μsec or greater.
The Effect of Inorganic Fillers on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polyester

ABSTRACT Polyester resins are the most widely used resin systems. Filler materials are used extensively with polyester resin for a variety of reasons, such as cost reduction, and more importantly, to enhance some physical and/or mechanical properties. Through the present work several types of inorganic fillers (cement, silica fume, and sand) were incorporated into the polyester resin. Their effects on the mechanical and thermal properties were investigated. Quantitative measurements and qualitative observations were made to recognize the different aspects related to their employment in an attempt to find an appropriate means to enhance a prescribed property. Test results indicated that although a pronounced enhancement of the mechanical properties was achieved, a specific filler type may not have the same effect on each mechanical property. Therefore, in real applications where only some of the properties are of concern, the proper filler type and content should be specified accordingly. In any case, employing a combination of filler types (mixed fillers) is an efficient way to utilize the benefits of each of the employed fillers.
EVALUATION OF MICRONIZED LENTIL AND ITS UTILIZATION IN LOW-FAT BEEF BURGERS

Dehulled seed from four lentil market classes (largeand small-sized green and red types) were tempered to15% moisture and micronized to a surface temperature of 135 °C, and their compositional, physical, and functional properties were investigated. Micronization of lentil modified starchand protein-related properties. Approximately 2.5 to 5.6% of the starch was gelatinized following micronization. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed a 13 to 40% decrease in heat enthalpy, and viscosity analysis (Rapid Visco Analyzer) showed a 21 to 55% increase in peak viscosity and a 1 to 3 °C reduction in pasting temperature. Nitrogen solubility decreased across the pH range of 2 to 9, and lipoxygenase activity was reduced by 100-fold. There was a 25 to 43% increase in water holding capacity with no change in oil absorption capacity. The colour intensity of the pigments in the green and red lentil were reduced upon micronization of seed, and the particle size of flour was lowered with 7 to 13% more flour passing into the finest (<75 um) sieve. Flours from dehulled green and red lentil (large type) were incorporated as a binder into low-fat (<10%) beef burgers at levels of 6 and 12%. Cooking properties, colour, texture, oxidative status, and sensory properties of these burgers were analyzed. Overall, increasing binder addition to low-fat beef burgers increased cooking yield up to 86% and minimized dimensional shrinkage upon cooking. Storage of raw, fresh burgers for 7 days under simulated retail display (4 °C) resulted in gradual reductions in HunterLab a* values, with those containing micronized lentil flour generally displaying significantly greater retention of redness from days 1 to 5 of storage. Thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) of burgers containing micronized lentil flour were significantly lower compared with those containing non-micronized lentil after 9 to 11 weeks of frozen storage. A trained sensory panel (n=13) reported increasing burger juiciness and tenderness with the incorporation of up to 6% and 12% of lentil flour, respectively. Although off-flavour increased in burgers with non-micronized lentil flour addition, it was significantly reduced when seed was micronized. Consumer panel analysis (n=107) showed higher acceptability for burgers containing 6% micronized lentil flour or toasted wheat crumb compared with those containing non-micronized lentil flour or no binder. These results demonstrate that the conditions used to micronize
Comparing direct and indirect fluidized bed gasification: Effect of redox cycle on olivine activity

Fluidized bed gasification processes are generally considered a good choice for biomass and waste because of its fuel flexibility. Furthermore, it is a relatively low‐temperature highly efficient process operating at 700–900°C compared with, for example, coal‐based entrained flow processes that mostly operate at 1400–1600°C. Indirect fluidized bed gasification is becoming increasingly popular for some applications due to the possibility of producing a N2‐free gas without the need for an air separation unit, as well as complete conversion of the fuel. ECN has developed MILENA indirect gasification, in which gasification and combustion are physically separated, but both reactors are placed in the same vessel. This article aims to compare the performance of olivine as bed material in direct‐ and indirect (MILENA) gasification. With this purpose, oxidation/reduction cycles have been simulated in a direct gasifier to determine the effect of olivine preoxidation in terms of tar destruction and oxygen transport. Results show that olivine preoxidation mainly enhances the capacity of oxygen transport of the bed material, which adds up to the catalytic effect of iron in olivine towards tar destruction. Oxygen transport capacity of olivine has been quantified as ER = 0.25 at the maximum initial CO2 peak, and it has been estimated that 20–25% wt of iron in olivine is able to transfer oxygen during the first 10 min operation. On the other hand, it has been found that MILENA operating conditions are equivalent to the point of initial maximum peak of CO2 in the devolatilization stage. This means that oxygen transport capacity of olivine is kept at its maximum due to the continuous combustion/gasification cycles, and olivine is kept activated by cyclical migration of iron into the surface and subsequent fast reduction. The effect of oxygen transport on the overall heat balance of the MILENA gasifier is equivalent to oxidation of additional fuel in the combustor. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 711–720, 2014