Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing the daylight transmittance of atria roofs in real buildings.

The displacement of artificial lighting with daylighting in buildings has been shown to reduce energy consumption and provide preferable spaces for building occupants. The atrium is one means of achieving daylighting objectives in medium to large scale buildings. The transmittance of daylight through atria roofs is the least understood area of atrium design, with a particular dearth of information concerning roof transmittance in real buildings. This study aims to further the current knowledge base with regard to roof transmittance through the measurement of transmittance in real buildings, and comparison to a newly proposed photoanalysis technique. This has the potential advantage of being able to assess the transmittance of existing roofs far more efficiently than physical illuminance measurement approaches. The daylight factor at points immediately beneath the roof was measured in two case study buildings, one of which was a simple a-frame, the other a space frame monopitched roof with significant over-shading from the urban context. Hemispherical photographs were taken in these buildings, and the proportion of visible sky seen at the corresponding viewpoints found using the program HemiView. The effects of changing the photograph viewpoint, quality, and using the classifying tool within HemiView were investigated. The buildings were then modelled on a computer and a comparison made with hemispherical images of the roofs derived through a rendering process. Illuminance simulations were then run using the program Radiance. The effects of the well and external obstructions were isolated, and the relationship between illuminance at the photocell point and average roof plane illuminance found. The consequence of parametrically adjusting the structure reflectance and glazing transmittance was explored, and simple relationships relating these two factors to average roof plane transmittance derived.Further roof types were modelled on a computer and analysed in the same manner. A means of relating the photographic technique to transmittance is presented, and a methodology described for application of the procedure to existing roofs. The process was demonstrated on 15 roofs in Sheffield. The thesis concludes with a summary and suggestions for future work.
GOOGLE FORMS AND SMARTPHONES: EVALUATION OF AN ALTERNATIVE TO CLICKER SYSTEMS FOR COLLECTING FEEDBACK FROM STUDENTS

This paper presents findings from a pilot study that examined the use of the Google Forms service with a smartphone as a convenient and costless substitute for audience response systems (“clickers”), for instance to collect feedback from students during lectures in near real time. Clickers can be used as a form of technological support in large study groups for questioning or student polling, as well as in diverse teaching activities. The solution tested in our pilot study was a combination of (1) use of a smartphone device by students to complete an online feedback survey created by using the Google Forms service, (2) use of the online application Bitly to shorten the original URL of the Google Forms survey, and (3) students’ feedback to the lecturer during his/her teaching in near real-time by responding to the online survey items. The participants in our pilot-study were undergraduate and graduate students of a Central European university. To investigate the applicability of our alternative solution to using clickers, in designing scales in the evaluation survey of our technological solution (Google Forms + smartphones) the variables related to technology acceptance theories (TAM, exTAM) were used. The results of our study indicate that the use of the Google Forms service and students’ smartphones can be easily adopted by most college students as an effective and no-cost substitute for rather expensive clicker systems.
Model for partial discharges associated with treeing breakdown: II. tree growth affected by PDs

The model for partial discharges (PDs) in tree channels indicates that PDs in an electrical tree are inclined to be induced and concentrated near the needle tip, and the total field distribution is dynamically influenced by the PDs. In view of the effects of PDs on tree growth, a new model for tree growth is put forward. Tree growth is related to both the damage caused by PDs and by the local field. In the early stage of tree growth, the damage by PDs is concentrated near the needle tip, but the damage by the local field is inclined to be higher at tree tips. By using this model, various experimental phenomena can be explained.
Brane universes with variable G and Λ(4)

We investigate the cosmological consequences of a braneworld theory which incorporates time variations in the gravitational coupling G and the cosmological term Λ(4). We analyse in detail the model where Gdot/G ∼ H and Λ(4) ∼ H2, which seems to be favoured by observations. We show that these conditions single out models with flat space sections. We determine the behaviour of the expansion scale factor, as well as the variation of G, Λ(4) and H, for different possible scenarios where the bulk cosmological constant, Λ(5), can be zero, positive or negative. We demonstrate that the universe must recollapse, if it is embedded in an anti-de Sitter five-dimensional bulk, which is the usual case in brane models. We evaluate the cosmological parameters, using some observational data, and show that we are nowhere near the time of recollapse. We conclude that the models with zero and negative bulk cosmological constants agree with the observed accelerating universe, while fitting simultaneously the observational data for the density and deceleration parameters. The age of the universe, even in the recollapsing case, is much larger than in the Friedmann–Robertson–Walker universe.
High-energy neutrino signals from the Sun in dark matter scenarios with internal bremsstrahlung

We investigate the prospects to observe a high energy neutrino signal from dark matter annihilations in the Sun in scenarios where the dark matter is a Majorana fermion that couples to a quark and a colored scalar via a Yukawa coupling. In this minimal scenario, the dark matter capture and annihilation in the Sun can be studied in a single framework. We find that, for small and moderate mass splitting between the dark matter and the colored scalar, the two-to-three annihilation qq̄g plays a central role in the calculation of the number of captured dark matter particles. On the other hand, the two-to-three annihilation into qq̄Z gives, despite its small branching fraction, the largest contribution to the neutrino flux at the Earth at the highest energies. We calculate the limits on the model parameters using IceCube observations of the Sun and we discuss their interplay with the requirement of equilibrium of captures and annihilations in the Sun and with the requirement of thermal dark matter production. We also compare the limits from IceCube to the limits from direct detection, antiproton measurements and collider searches.
Specific heat of MgB2 after irradiation

We studied the effect of disorder on the superconducting properties of polycrystalline MgB2 by specific-heat measurements. In the pristine state, these measurements give a bulk confirmation of the presence of two superconducting gaps with 2Δ0/kBTc = 1.3 and 3.9 with nearly equal weights. The scattering introduced by irradiation suppresses Tc and tends to average the two gaps although less than predicted by theory. We also found that by a suitable irradiation process by fast neutrons, a substantial bulk increase of dHc2/dT at Tc can be obtained without sacrificing more than a few degrees in Tc. The upper critical field of the sample after irradiation exceeds 28 T at T → 0.
An inverse problem for the Helmholtz equation

We discuss an inverse boundary value problem for both the anisotropic and the isotropic time-independent wave equation, the Helmholtz equation. It is shown that in two dimensions, if the equation is isotropic, then boundary data for two different time frequencies will uniquely determine parameters in the equation, provided that the parameters are sufficiently close to constant. If the equation is anisotropic, it is shown that up to a change of coordinates the same result holds.
The discharge current induced by the motion of charged particles in time-dependent electric fields; Sato's equation extended

The formula derived by Nobuyasu Sato (1980 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 13 L3-L6), for the current flowing in an external circuit due to the motion of charged particles in a gap is extended to include a time-dependent applied voltage. The effects of negative ions, and electron, positive ion and negative ion diffusion are also included. It is found that Sato's original equation still describes the contribution of charged particle motion to the external circuit current. The total circuit current is determined by adding the displacement current that effectively flows across the gap to the current determined by Sato's equation. Some comments are also made about the interpretation of Sato's equation in three dimensions.
Galoisian obstructions to integrability and Melnikov criteria for chaos in two-degree-of-freedom Hamiltonian systems with saddle centres

The differential Galois approach enables us to study the nonintegrability of Hamiltonian systems in a complex analytical meaning, and a Melnikov type approach enables us to detect the occurrence of chaos and their nonintegrability in a real analytical sense. For a class of two-degree-of-freedom Hamiltonian systems with saddle centres we show that the Galoisian obstructions to integrability and Melnikov criteria for chaos are equivalent. We give an example for a pendulum-oscillator type Hamiltonian to illustrate the theory.
Modeling natural microimage statistics

A large collection of digital images of natural scenes provides a database for analyzing and modeling small scene patches (e.g., 2 x 2) referred to as natural microimages. A pivotal finding is the stability of the empirical microimage distribution across scene samples and with respect to scaling. With a view toward potential applications (e.g. classification, clutter modeling, segmentation), we present a hierarchy of microimage probability models which capture essential local image statistics. Tools from information theory, algebraic geometry and of course statistical hypothesis testing are employed to assess the “match” between candidate models and the empirical distribution. Geometric symmetries play a key role in the model selection process. One central result is that the microimage distribution exhibits reflection and rotation symmetry and is well-represented by a Gibbs law with only pairwise interactions. However, the acceptance of the up-down reflection symmetry hypothesis is borderline and intensity inversion symmetry is rejected. Finally, possible extensions to larger patches via entropy maximization and to patch classification via vector quantization are briefly discussed.
Effects of boron and gibberellic acid on in vitro pollen germination of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)

This study was conducted on male pistachio cultivars which consisted of Uygur, Atli, Kaska, Sengel and Kavak to study the influence of boron and gibberellin on pollen germination in vitro . Pollen was sown in germination media that included 20% sucrose, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm boric acid (H 3 BO 3 ) and gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), separately. It was found that pollen germination for all cultivars were greatly reduced with increased GA 3 concentration in the germination medium and reached the lowest value at the 100 ppm GA 3 whereas germination was decreased up to 25 ppm in H 3 BO 3 and gradually increased again to 100 ppm. With the mediums of boric acid and gibberellic acid ranging from 0 - 100 ppm, the amount and pattern of response in pollen germinability varied among cultivars considerably. Pollen germination was severely inhibited by GA 3 and slightly promoted by boron. The results suggest that gibberellic acid had adverse effects on pollen germination of pistachio. Key words : Pistachio, Pistacia vera, in vitro, pollen germination, boron, gibberellic acid.
Stability for an inverse boundary problem of determining a part of a boundary

In this paper, we discuss an inverse problem of determining a part of a boundary of a bounded domain in the plane. For the determination, we observe both Dirichlet and Neumann data on a subset of a known sub-boundary. We prove various conditional stability estimates according to a priori assumptions on the regularity of unknown sub-boundaries. Our results are: (i) in a general case the distance between two unknown sub-boundaries is conditionally estimated with double logarithmic rate under a priori assumption of C2-boundedness. (ii) we can improve stability rates through a single logarithmic rate up to Hölder continuity under the assumption that the sub-boundary is analytic.
Constraints on H0 from WMAP and BAO Measurements

We report the constraints of H0 obtained from Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) 9-year data combined with the latest baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAO) measurements. We use the BAO measurements from 6dF Galaxy Survey (6dFGS), the SDSS DR7 main galaxies sample (MGS), the BOSS DR12 galaxies, and the eBOSS DR14 quasars. Adding the recent BAO measurements to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) data from WMAP, we constrain cosmological parameters Ωm = 0.298 ± 0.005, H0=68.36−0.52+0.53km⋅s−1⋅Mpc−1 , σ8=0.8170−0.0175+0.0159 in a spatially flat Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model, and Ωm = 0.302 ± 0.008, H0 = 67.63 ± 1.30 km ⋅ s−1 ⋅ Mpc−1, σ8=0.7988−0.0338+0.0345 in a spatially flat wCDM model, respectively. Our measured H0 results prefer a value lower than 70 km ⋅ s−1 ⋅ Mpc−1, consistent with the recent data on CMB constraints from Planck (2018), but in 3.1 and 3. 5σ tension with local measurements of SH0ES (2018) in ΛCDM and wCDM framework, respectively. Our results indicate that there is a systematic tension on the Hubble constant between SH0ES and the combination of CMB and BAO datasets.
Identification and Modeling of Sensing Capability of Force Sensing Resistor Integrated to E-Textile Structure

A force sensing resistor (FSR) is a conductive polymer that exhibits a decrease in resistance due to an increase in the force applied to the active surface area. This paper aims to identify the characteristic operating region of the FSR integrated to e-textile structure. In this paper, the e-textile circuit including different conductive yarns with different linear resistance values, and FSR electrical interface that is composed of opamp circuit that can generate different loading profiles by different measuring resistor values were simultaneously designed to satisfy FSR integration to textile structure. In attempt to create FSR’s operating region, different ranges of forces below 1 kgf were tested via FSR integrated to e-textile structure. Additionally, a mathematical model based on the results of experiments was created to build simulation of e-textile-based FSR’s response as well as to characterize the relation between the measured voltage and force applied at FSR’s surface. The system and proposed models are able to identify the applied force easily and can be embedded to textile structure for pressure detection.
Individual differences in human–machine trust: A multi-study look at the perfect automation schema

Abstract The current article reports the results of three different studies which explored the relationship between the Perfect Automation Schema (PAS) and trust in a human–machine context. It was expected that PAS would be related to higher trust and higher performance expectations for automation. Studies 1 and 2 used a human-robot interaction simulator as the context for human-machine interaction and study 3 used an applied sample of F-16 pilots and their views of the Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System (Auto-GCAS) which is an advanced automated safety system. Results from all three studies demonstrated that the high expectations facet of PAS had a positive relationship with trust, but not the all-or-none facet. These results suggest that the PAS as measured by high expectations may be a fruitful construct for researchers in the domain of trust in automation.
Flow structure and vorticity transport on a plunging wing

The structure and dynamics of the flow field created by a plunging flat plate airfoil are investigated at a chord Reynolds number of 10,000 while varying plunge amplitude and Strouhal number. Digital particle image velocimetry measurements are used to characterize the shedding patterns and the interactions between the leading and trailing edge vortex structures (LEV and TEV), resulting in the development of a wake classification system based on the nature and timing of interactions between the leadingand trailing-edge vortices. The convection speed of the LEV and its resulting interaction with the TEV is primarily dependent on reduced frequency; however, at Strouhal numbers above approximately 0.4, a significant influence of Strouhal number (or plunge amplitude) is observed in which LEV convection is retarded, and the contribution of the LEV to the wake is diminished. It is shown that this effect is caused by an enhanced interaction between the LEV and the airfoil surface, due to a significant increase in the strength of the vortices in this Strouhal number range, for all plunge amplitudes investigated. Comparison with low-Reynolds-number studies of plunging airfoil aerodynamics reveals a high degree of consistency and suggests applicability of the classification system beyond the range examined in the present work. Some important differences are also observed. The three-dimensional flow field was characterized for a plunging two-dimensional flat-plate airfoil using three-dimensional reconstructions of planar PIV data. Whereas the phase-averaged description of the flow field shows the secondary vortex penetrating the leading-edge shear layer to terminate LEV formation on the airfoil, time-resolved, instan-
On the theory of spherical probes and dust grains

In this paper a theoretical analysis for negatively biased single and double spherical probes in a plasma is presented. It is assumed that the motion of ions with respect to the probes is radial and that the plasma electron distribution function is Maxwellian. Photoemission from the probes and secondary electron emission are not taken into account. The analysis provides a tool which may be used to derive plasma parameters directly from experimentally obtained double probe characteristics. In addition the analysis is applied to the case of an isolated negatively charged dust grain in a plasma. The probe theory indicates that the charge on such a dust grain, in a hydrogen or argon plasma at floating potential, is approximately the same as the charge that the grain would have in a vacuum, for the case in which the grain's radius is less than or approximately equal to one tenth of the Debye length of the ambient plasma. At larger values of the grain radius the charge on the grain increases with the grain radius.
3. Correlation between speed and electron density fluctuations in the solar wind

We have examined the relationship between solar wind speed and electron density fluctuations on scale sizes around 100 km in the heliocentric distance range of 0.3 to 0.8 AU using interplanetary scintillation (IPS) data obtained at the Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory. The solar wind properties derived from the IPS data are biased by line of sight integration through a three-dimensional structured solar wind. Therefore we have applied a computer-assisted tomography (CAT) method to deconvolve the line of sight integration and reconstruct the solar wind structure. The analysis was made for the solar wind speed V and electron density fluctuations δNe in the solar activity minimum phase when high-speed regions are separated from an equatorial low-speed region by a sharp velocity gradient. From results of the CAT analysis we derived the best fit power law relation of δNe ∝ V−γ with γ = 0.5 ± 0.15, indicating that fractional density fluctuations δNe/Ne in the high-speed wind are larger than those in the low-speed wind. Combining this relation with results of previous workers [Coles et al., 1995; Manoharan, 1993; Celnikier et al., 1987; Jackson et al., this issue], we suggest that the fractional density fluctuation level of the high-speed wind evolves with heliocentric distance.
Progress towards steady-state operation and real-time control of internal transport barriers in JET

In JET, advanced tokamak research mainly focuses on plasmas with internal transport barriers (ITBs) that are strongly influenced by the current density profile. A previously developed optimized shear regime with low magnetic shear in the plasma centre has been extended to deeply negative magnetic shear configurations. High fusion performance with wide ITBs has been obtained transiently with negative central magnetic shear configuration: HIPB98(y,2) ∼ 1.9, βN = 2.4 at Ip = 2.5 MA. At somewhat reduced performance, electron and ion ITBs have been sustained in full current drive operation with 1 MA of bootstrap current: HIPB98(y,2) ∼ 1, βN = 1.7 at Ip = 2.0 MA. The ITBs were maintained for up to 11 s for the latter case. This duration, much larger than the energy confinement time (37 times larger), is already approaching a current resistive time. New real-time measurements and feedback control algorithms have been developed and implemented in JET for successfully controlling the ITB dynamics and the current density profile in the highly non-inductive current regime.
The relationship between radiation-induced chemical processes and transverse relaxation times in polymer gel dosimeters

The effects of ionizing radiation in different compositions of polymer gel dosimeters are investigated using FT-Raman spectroscopy and NMR T2 relaxation times. The dosimeters are manufactured from different concentrations of comonomers (acrylamide and N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide) dispersed in different concentrations of an aqueous gelatin matrix. Results are analysed using a model of fast exchange of magnetization between three proton pools. The fraction of protons in each pool is determined using the known chemical composition of the dosimeter and FT-Raman spectroscopy. Based on these results, the physical and chemical processes in interplay in the dosimeters are examined in view of their effect on the changes in T2. The precipitation of growing macroradicals and the scavenging of free radicals by gelatin are used to explain the rate of polymerization. The model describes the changes in T2 as a function of the absorbed dose up to 50 Gy for the different compositions. This is expected to aid the theoretical design of new, more efficient dosimeters, since it was demonstrated that the optimum dosimeter (i.e, with the lowest dose resolution) must have a range of relaxation times which match the range of T2 values which can be determined with the lowest uncertainty using an MRI scanner.