Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards a de facto Nonlinear Periodization: Extending Nonlinearity from Programming to Periodizing

Planning is paramount in sport. Among different philosophical approaches to planning, periodization is a highly popular concept that refers to structured training periods with ensuing programs encompassing moments of progressively-loaded training, followed by recovery; it is normally deemed paramount to optimize adaptations and performance. While planning provides generic guidelines, periodization refers to the sequencing/ordering of training periods to enforce a given plan, therefore referring to longer temporal scales, and programming refers to more micro-scale aspects. In fact, similar periodization schemes may implement distinct programming strategies. Literature on the topic has used the linear and nonlinear terms to describe the content of periodized programs. However, these concepts have not been clearly defined in the literature, which may lead to inaccurate and misleading interpretations. Moreover, nonlinear periodization is usually using nonlinear programming, but with pre-stipulated sequencing of the training periods. Finally, it can be argued that nonlinearity has been an integral part of periodization since its inception, at least theoretically. In this essay, the literature was critically reviewed to better understand the validity of the linearity and nonlinearity concepts as applied in currently proposed periodization models. In addition, a novel approach for a de facto nonlinear periodization is presented.
Changes in Nutrient Declaration after the Food Labeling and Advertising Law in Chile: A Longitudinal Approach

Chile has implemented several strategies to decrease the burden of obesity and chronic diseases. The Food Labeling and Advertising Law (Law 20.606) requires a front-of-package “high in” warning label when energy and nutrients of concern (ENC) (total sugar, saturated fats, sodium) exceed established limits. This study aims to evaluate the impact of Law 20.606 on the ENC declaration of packaged foods in Chile, before and after the law implementation. We analyzed food nutritional labeling declarations from 70% of the most consumed packaged foods in Chile. Data collection was conducted in 2013 and 2019 in Santiago. Pictures from all sides of the package were taken from 476 products, classified into 16 food groups. All food groups had changes in the ENC declaration during the study period. Total sugar content showed the highest reduction (−15.0%; p = 0.001). Dairy, confitures and similar and sugary beverages had the greatest reduction in energy and total sugar content (p < 0.01). Energy, total sugar and sodium front of package “high in” simulation was significantly reduced in dairy, sugary beverages, flour-based foods, confitures and similar, fish and seafoods, fats and oils, spices, condiments and sauces and sugars (p < 0.05). We observed that companies reformulated products to adapt to the new regulation.
Targeting BC200/miR218-5p Signaling Axis for Overcoming Temozolomide Resistance and Suppressing Glioma Stemness

Background: Glioblastoma (GB) is one of the most common (~30%) and lethal cancers of the central nervous system. Although new therapies are emerging, chemoresistance to treatment is one of the major challenges in cancer treatment. Brain cytoplasmic 200 (BC200) RNA, also known as BCYRN1, is a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that has recently emerged as one of the crucial members of the lncRNA family. BC200 atypical expression is observed in many human cancers. BC200 expression is higher in invasive cancers than in benign tumors. However, the clinical significance of BC200 and its effect on GB multiforme is still unexplored and remains unclear. Methods: BC200 expression in GB patients and cell lines were investigated through RT-qPCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry analysis. The biological importance of BC200 was investigated in vitro and in vivo through knockdown and overexpression. Bioinformatic analysis was performed to determine miRNAs associated with BC200 RNA. Results: Our findings revealed that in GB patients, BC200 RNA expression was higher in blood and tumor tissues than in normal tissues. BC200 RNA expression have a statistically significant difference between the IDH1 and P53 status. Moreover, the BC200 RNA expression was higher than both p53, a prognostic marker of glioma, and Ki-67, a reliable indicator of tumor cell proliferation activity. Overexpression and silencing of BC200 RNA both in vitro and in vivo significantly modulated the proliferation, self-renewal, pluripotency, and temozolomide (TMZ) chemo-resistance of GB cells. It was found that the expressions of BC200 were up-regulated and that of miR-218-5p were down-regulated in GB tissues and cells. miR-218-5p inhibited the expression of BC200. Conclusions: This study is the first to show that the molecular mechanism of BC200 promotes GB oncogenicity and TMZ resistance through miR-218-5p expression modulation. Thus, the noncoding RNA BC200/miR-218-5p signaling circuit is a potential clinical biomarker or therapeutic target for GB.
Sodium butyrate attenuated iE-DAP induced inflammatory response in the mammary glands of dairy goats fed high-concentrate diet.

BACKGROUND Long-term high-concentrate (HC) diet feeding increased bacterial endotoxins, which translocated into the mammary glands of dairy goats and induced inflammatory response. γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP), bacterial peptidoglycan component, triggered inflammatory response through activating nucleotide oligomerization domain protein 1 (NOD1) signaling pathway. While dietary supplemented with sodium butyrate (SB) relieved inflammatory response and improved animal health and production. To investigate the effects and the mechanisms of action of SB on the inflammatory response in the mammary glands of dairy goats fed HC diet, 12 Saanen dairy goats were randomly assigned into HC group and sodium butyrate regulated (BHC) group. RESULTS The results showed that SB supplementation attenuated ruminal pH decrease caused by HC diet in dairy goats resulting in a decrease of proinflammatory cytokines and iE-DAP plasma concentration and the mRNA expression of NOD1 and other inflammation-related genes. The protein levels of NOD1, NF-κB p65 and NF-κB pp65 were decreased by the SB supplementation. The expression of Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) was also inhibited by the SB supplementation. Meanwhile, the chromatin compaction ratios and DNA methylation levels of NOD1 and receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2) of BHC group were upregulated. CONCLUSION Collectively, the SB supplementation mitigated the inflammatory response in the mammary glands of dairy goats during HC-induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) by inhibiting the activation of the NOD1/NF-κB signaling pathway through the decrease of the iE-DAP concentration in the rumen fluid and plasma and HDAC3 expression. DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling also contributed to the anti-inflammatory effect of SB. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Probing the causal involvement of dlPFC in directed forgetting using rTMS—A replication study

The forgetting of previously remembered information has, for a long time, been explained by purely passive processes. This viewpoint has been challenged by the finding that humans show worse memory for specific items that they have been instructed to forget. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has, through imaging, lesion and brain stimulation studies, been implied in controlling such active forgetting processes. In this study, we attempted to solidify evidence for such a causal role of the dlPFC in directed forgetting by replicating an existing rTMS study (Hanslmayr S, 2012) in a preregistered within-participant design. We stimulated participants at the dlPFC (BA9) or vertex using 45s of 1Hz rTMS after instructions to forget previously remembered words in a list-method directed forgetting paradigm and tested for effects on the amount of forgotten information. Contrary to the study we were attempting to replicate, no significant increase in forgetting under dlPFC stimulation was found in our participants. However, when combining our results with the study we were attempting to replicate, dlPFC stimulation led to significantly increased directed forgetting in both studies combined. We further explored if the rTMS parameters used here and in earlier work (Hanslmayr S, 2012) influenced inhibitory processing at their time of delivery or in a more persistent manner. Unaltered incongruency and negative priming effects in a Stroop task conducted directly after stimulation suggests that our rTMS stimulation did not continue to influence inhibitory processing after the time of stimulation. As the combined evidence for increased directed forgetting due to rTMS dlPFC stimulation is still quite weak, additional replications are necessary to show that directed forgetting is indeed causally driven by an active prefrontal process.
Excess Patient Visits for Cough and Pulmonary Disease at a Large US Health System in the Months Prior to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Time-Series Analysis

Background Accurately assessing the regional activity of diseases such as COVID-19 is important in guiding public health interventions. Leveraging electronic health records (EHRs) to monitor outpatient clinical encounters may lead to the identification of emerging outbreaks. Objective The aim of this study is to investigate whether excess visits where the word “cough” was present in the EHR reason for visit, and hospitalizations with acute respiratory failure were more frequent from December 2019 to February 2020 compared with the preceding 5 years. Methods A retrospective observational cohort was identified from a large US health system with 3 hospitals, over 180 clinics, and 2.5 million patient encounters annually. Data from patient encounters from July 1, 2014, to February 29, 2020, were included. Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) time-series models were used to evaluate if the observed winter 2019/2020 rates were higher than the forecast 95% prediction intervals. The estimated excess number of visits and hospitalizations in winter 2019/2020 were calculated compared to previous seasons. Results The percentage of patients presenting with an EHR reason for visit containing the word “cough” to clinics exceeded the 95% prediction interval the week of December 22, 2019, and was consistently above the 95% prediction interval all 10 weeks through the end of February 2020. Similar trends were noted for emergency department visits and hospitalizations starting December 22, 2019, where observed data exceeded the 95% prediction interval in 6 and 7 of the 10 weeks, respectively. The estimated excess over the 3-month 2019/2020 winter season, obtained by either subtracting the maximum or subtracting the average of the five previous seasons from the current season, was 1.6 or 2.0 excess visits for cough per 1000 outpatient visits, 11.0 or 19.2 excess visits for cough per 1000 emergency department visits, and 21.4 or 39.1 excess visits per 1000 hospitalizations with acute respiratory failure, respectively. The total numbers of excess cases above the 95% predicted forecast interval were 168 cases in the outpatient clinics, 56 cases for the emergency department, and 18 hospitalized with acute respiratory failure. Conclusions A significantly higher number of patients with respiratory complaints and diseases starting in late December 2019 and continuing through February 2020 suggests community spread of SARS-CoV-2 prior to established clinical awareness and testing capabilities. This provides a case example of how health system analytics combined with EHR data can provide powerful and agile tools for identifying when future trends in patient populations are outside of the expected ranges.
Association between physician-staffed helicopter versus ground emergency medical services and mortality for pediatric trauma patients: A retrospective nationwide cohort study

Background Helicopter emergency medical services’ (HEMS) effectiveness for pediatric trauma patients remains unclear. We aimed to examine the relation between HEMS and reduced mortality in pediatric trauma patients. Methods This retrospective cohort study utilized data from the Japan Trauma Data Bank, a national multicenter clinical trauma database. Participants were aged <18 years, admitted between 2004 and 2015, and transported from the scene to the hospital by HEMS or ground emergency medical services (GEMS). We used a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) weight method, and fitted a marginal structural model to adjust for measured confounders. The SMR weight was calculated using the estimation of the propensity scores. A logistic regression model was used with the baseline independent variables to estimate the propensity score. Results Overall, 5,947 patients were identified in our study: 453 were transported by HEMS and 5,494 by GEMS. The mean injury severity score in the HEMS group was significantly higher than that in the GEMS group17.0 (Standard deviation = 11.0) vs 12.2 (Standard deviation = 9.2), p < . 001. In-hospital mortality was higher in the HEMS group than that in the GEMS group in the unadjusted analysis (3.8% vs 1.3%, respectively; p < .001). After adjusting for covariates, HEMS transport was not associated with reduced hospital mortality. (odds ratio = 0.82, 95% confidence interval = 0.42–1.58). Conclusions HEMS was not associated with reduced mortality among pediatric trauma patients compared with GEMS in this nationwide study. Further investigation is necessary to determine who clearly benefits from HEMS as compared to GEMS.
Comparison of growth and morphology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in BSK‐H and BSK‐II media stored for prolonged periods

Barbour‐Stoenner‐Kelly II (BSK‐II) and BSK‐H media were used for cultivation and isolation of fastidious Borrelia species ‐ the causative agents of Lyme borreliosis. Culture media have a limited shelf life and require adequate storage. Our goal was to assess how the growth of Borrelia would be affected by prolonged storage of media and inadequate storage conditions (BSK‐H stored at +4 °C for 2.5 years and BSK‐II stored at −20 °C for 11 years). Growth of different Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia garinii, Borrelia lusitaniae and Borrelia valaisiana strains was assessed during 2 weeks of incubation at 33 °C. Monitored parameters included cell count per mL, morphology and motility. The results of this study have shown weaker growth of borrelia strains in BSK‐H at +4 °C (median final cell number of 1.5 × 106/mL) than in BSK‐II at −20 °C (median final cell number of 7.75 × 106/mL) and in fresh BSK‐H media (median final cell number of 8.95 × 106/mL). Duration of storage of media had no impact on Borrelia morphology and motility. Our results indicate that temperature of −20 °C is optimal for long‐term storage of medium, BSK‐II stored for 11 years provided effective support to growth of Borrelia and may be employed for cultivation.
Model-based Prediction of Critical Illness in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19

Background The prognosis of hospitalized patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is difficult to predict, while the capacity of intensive care units (ICUs) is a limiting factor during the peak of the pandemic and generally dependent on a country’s clinical resources. Purpose To determine the value of chest radiographic findings together with patient history and laboratory markers at admission to predict critical illness in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Material and Methods In this retrospective study including patients from 7th March 2020 to 24th April 2020, a consecutive cohort of hospitalized patients with RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 from two large Dutch community hospitals was identified. After univariable analysis, a risk model to predict critical illness (i.e. death and/or ICU admission with invasive ventilation) was developed, using multivariable logistic regression including clinical, CXR and laboratory findings. Distribution and severity of lung involvement was visually assessed using an 8-point scale (chest radiography score). Internal validation was performed using bootstrapping. Performance is presented as an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Decision curve analysis was performed, and a risk calculator was derived. Results The cohort included 356 hospitalized patients (69 ±12 years, 237 male) of whom 168 (47%) developed critical illness. The final risk model’s variables included gender, chronic obstructive lung disease, symptom duration, neutrophil count, C-reactive protein level, lactate dehydrogenase level, distribution of lung disease and chest radiography score at hospital presentation. The AUC of the model was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.72-0.81, P < .001). A risk calculator was derived for individual risk assessment; Dutch COVID-19 risk model (see Appendix E2). At an example threshold of 0.70, 71 of 356 patients would be predicted to develop critical illness of which 59 (83%) would be true-positives. Conclusion A risk model based on chest radiographic and laboratory findings obtained at admission was predictive of critical illness in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019. This risk calculator might be useful for triage of patients to the limited number of ICU beds/facilities.
Crop use by introduced bird species in winter in relation to crop structure and seed resources

Capsule Most species preferred to forage in grassland where seed resources were more abundant and the vegetation was uniform in height but heterogeneous in density. Aim To determine the influence of crop composition and structure, and seed food resources on the distribution of introduced bird species on New Zealand farmland in winter. Methods Birds were counted on 90 ha of mixed cropping farmland during mid- and late-winter periods, 2004. The presence or absence of six introduced species (Blackbird Turdus merula, Skylark Alauda arvensis, House Sparrow Passer domesticus, Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis, Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella and Starling Sturnus vulgaris) in fields was investigated in relation to crop composition and structure and seed abundance. Results Species–habitat associations varied over time and between species. Blackbird, House Sparrow, Yellowhammer and Starling were associated more frequently with grassland than arable crops during at least one survey. Seed abundance was a significant predictor of the occurrence of all species except House Sparrow, while crop structure was a predictor of only Goldfinch, Yellowhammer and Starling occurrence. Conclusion During the winter, the distribution of six introduced bird species in the lowland cropping area was related to habitat composition, vegetation structure, and seed food resources. The preference for grassland habitats was probably determined by the vegetation structure and seed resources in these areas. The trend for increased use of supplementary animal feed in livestock farming in New Zealand may help sustain introduced bird populations. A larger-scale study is needed to investigate the generality of the species–habitat associations detected in this study at the landscape scale.
Abdominal obesity and association with sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical data in climacteric women assisted in primary care

This study aims to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with abdominal obesity in climacteric women assisted at Family Health Strategy units of the city of Montes Claros, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. It is a cross-sectional analytical study. The women were selected by probabilistic sampling from August 2014 to August 2015. A questionnaire containing information referring to sociodemographic and economic characteristics, behavioral characteristics and clinical data was used. To estimate abdominal obesity, the measure of circumference ≥ 88 cm was considered. To analyze the association between abdominal obesity and the independent variables, a bivariate analysis was performed by means of Pearson’s chi-square test (p≤0.25). Subsequently, a multiple Poisson regression analysis with robust variance was performed, through which prevalence ratios with level of significance of 5% (p<0.05) were obtained. A total of 805 women were evaluated, aged 40 to 65 years, and the prevalence of women with abdominal obesity was 62.4%. The mean and median of abdominal circumference were 93.0 cm. The associated variables were being sedentary (PR = 1.44) or irregularly active (PR = 1.39), presenting altered total cholesterol (PR = 1.21), and being hypertensive (PR = 1.31). The abdominal obesity in climacteric women was associated with physical inactivity, total cholesterol and arterial hypertension. The measurement of abdominal circumference must be valued and adopted in the routine of professionals who work in Primary Care.
Phylogeny of Lespedeza (Leguminosae) based on chloroplast trnL-trnF sequences.

aDepartment of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, IshinomakiSenshu University, 1, Shinmito, Minamisakai, Ishinomaki, 986-8580 JAPAN; bDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, 990-8560 JAPAN; cFaculty of Agriculture and Agricultural Science Program, Graduate School of Integrated Arts andScience, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502 JAPAN; dDepartment of School Education, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata, 943-8512 JAPAN; eBotanical Garden, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-0862 JAPAN *Corresponding author: tnemoto@isenshu-u.ac. jp
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION AND RESISTANCE TO DESICCATION IN THE LIMPET, ACMAEA TESTUDINALIS (MÜLLER)

1. This study examined tolerance of desiccation in the limpet, A. testudinalis, collected from two intertidal habitats, vertical rock faces and tide pools, and one subtidal area on Schoodic Peninsula, Hancock County, Maine.2. The results of two laboratory desiccation experiments showed that subtidal limpets and those from vertical rock faces were more tolerant of desiccation than those from tide pools.3. Greater tolerance of desiccation was related to the size of the organisms. Mean shell sizes of subtidal limpets and those from vertical rock faces were significantly larger than those of limpets from tide pools.4. Shell shapes of limpets from the three habitat groups did not differ significantly, which showed that differences in tolerance of desiccation were not related to differences in shell shape.5. Limpets from vertical rock faces showed a slightly greater tolerance of desiccation than those from the subtidal area.6. The size distribution of limpets on Schoodic Peninsula suggests either that larvae of.