Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A 10‐year integrated atmospheric water vapor record using precision filter radiometers at two high‐alpine sites

Measurements of integrated water vapor (IWV) density using precision filter radiometers (PFRs) at two high‐alpine, mid‐latitude stations in the Swiss Alps are reported. Both sites, Davos (1590 m asl) and Jungfraujoch (JFJ; 3580 m asl), exhibited a maximum IWV in summer and minimum in winter. Annual mean IWV was 6.7 (±3.9; 1 std) kg m−2 from 1995 to 2005 and 2.2 (±1.5) kg m−2 from 1999 to 2005, respectively. Co‐located GPS measurements exhibited a small positive IWV bias (GPS – PFR) at Davos (0.4 kg m−2) and a large negative bias at JFJ (−1.5 kg m−2). Microwave radiometer IWV at JFJ agreed well with PFR IWV suggesting that GPS IWV suffers from unmodeled effects. Linear IWV trend analysis indicated no significant trend at either Davos or JFJ for clear‐sky periods. The GPS‐IWV time series is at present too short to determine the trend for all‐weather conditions.
Global and hemispheric climate variations affecting the Southern Ocean

The hemispheric and regional atmospheric circulation influences the Southern Ocean in many and profound ways, including intense air-sea fluxes of momentum, energy, fresh water and dissolved gases. The Southern Ocean ventilates a large fraction of the world ocean and hence these influences are spread globally. We use the NCEP-2 reanalysis data set to diagnose aspects of the large-scale atmospheric structure and variability and explore how these impact on the Southern Ocean. We discuss how the ‘Southern Annular Mode’ and the ‘Pacific-South American’ pattern influence the Southern Ocean, particularly in the eastern Pacific. We review the importance of atmospheric eddies in Southern Ocean climate, and the role they play in the transport of mechanical energy into the ocean. The fluxes of fresh water across the air-sea boundary influence strongly the processes of water mass formation. It is shown that climatological precipitation exceeds evaporation over most of the Southern Ocean. When averaged over the ocean from 50°S to the Antarctic coast the annual mean excess is 0.80 mm day−1. The magnitude of the flux displays only a small measure of seasonality, and its largest value of 0.92 mm day−1 occurs in summer.
Aerosol lofting from sea breeze during the Indian Ocean Experiment

[1] This work was carried out to understand the mechanisms leading to lofting and largescale advection of aerosols over the Indian Ocean region due to interaction of the sea breeze with the northeast monsoon winds along the west coast of India. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) wind fields for the months of February and March 1999 were analyzed at various times of day. Intense sea breeze activity was observed at 1200 UT (1730 local time) along the west coast of India with average intensity larger in March than in February. The sea breeze was seen to extend inland deeper in March than in February. Lofting of air observed as high as 800 hPa (approximately 2 km above sea level) could lead to entrainment of aerosols into the free troposphere and long-range transport. Upward motion of air was observed everywhere along the west coast of India (from 8� to 20� N), on average higher in March than in February, because of convergence between the sea breeze and the synoptic-scale flow. A region of intense lofting of air and well-defined convergence was observed along the coast of the Karnataka region (12� –16� N). A simulation with a general circulation model nudged with ECMWF data indicated that the intrusion of marine air masses with low concentrations of organic matter is seen as deep as 64 km inland in the evening (1500 UT). Intrusion of the sea-salt plume is seen to a maximum distance of around 200 km from 1500 until 2300 UT. A well-developed lofted layer of aerosols as high as 3 km was also simulated during sea breeze activity along the west coast of India. The general circulation model simulation shows a clear diurnal evolution of the vertical profile of the aerosol extinction coefficient at Goa but fails to reproduce several features of the lidar observations, for example, the marked diurnal variability of the upper layers between 1 and 3 km. However, the model simulates a diurnal cycle at the surface (0–0.7 km) that is not apparent in lidar measurements. The model simulates long-range transport and captures the lofted plume downwind of the west coast of India. However, there was a 1–2 day delay in the model transport of lofted aerosols at higher layers to Hulule, 700 km downwind of India, when compared to lidar observations.
Geochemical characteristics of overbank deposits and their potential for determining suspended sediment provenance; an example from the River Severn, UK

Abstract The sources of suspended sediment are an important factor controlling sediment yield and sediment budgets. Sediment provenance is an essential prerequisite for elucidating the overall sediment delivery system. Only a proportion of the suspended sediment transported by a river during floods may reach the river mouth, and lowland floodplains frequently represent important sediment sinks. The geochemical properties of floodplain sediments have been used in stratigraphic studies of long-term environmental changes in river basins, but their potential for investigating recent and contemporary sediment sources has not been fully exploited. This paper reports the results of a study that has used the geochemical properties of overbank deposits, including heavy metal, trace metal and cation exchange elements, to establish the main suspended sediment sources within the 10 000 km2 basin of the River Severn, UK. The results confirm the importance of the upland catchments of the rivers Teme, Vyrnwy and Upper Severn as sources, providing 70% of sediment in the Basin, and of the River Avon as a source of 27% of the <63 μm material. The catchments of the rivers Perry, Stour and Tern, which drain the central areas of the Severn Basin, are shown to be insignificant sources of sediment, contributing only 0–4% to sediment deposited at Haw Bridge. An attempt was also made to establish historical sediment source contributions, although changes in sediment geochemistry during storage in floodplain sinks cause this to be largely unsuccessful.
Permian Brachiopods of West Texas, VI

G. Arthur Cooper and Richard E. Grant. Permian Brachiopods of West Texas, I. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, number 14, 231 pages, 39 figures, 23 plates, 1972. —The first of a projected six-part monograph on the brachiopods of the reference area for the North American Permian in the Glass, Guadalupe, Diablo, Delaware, Hueco, and Chinati Mountains of West Texas and adjacent New Mexico, this introductory volume recounts the history of geological work in the area, the development of the stratigraphic framework in the Wolf camp, Leonard, and Guadalupe Series, and the basis for age assignments. It also explains field and laboratory techniques for collecting and preparing silicified fossils by means of acid, and it presents detailed measurements and lithic descriptions of the stratigraphic units in each mountain range in terms of the current nomenclature. The paleoecologic implications of the various rock and fossil types are interpreted, and the problems concerning large scale conglomerates, bioherms, and shell heaps are considered. T h e faunal composition of each stratigraphic unit in each mountain range is set forth as documentation for a local zonation of the brachiopods, intra-regional correlations, and age determinations with reference to the worldwide time scale for the Permian. There are brief accounts of each locality from which fossils were obtained. The full locality listing and the literature cited for the entire monograph are included in the present volume. Plates and line drawings illustrate the techniques of collecting and preparing fossils and the nature of certain stratigraphic units and lithic types; they diagrammatically depict numerous cross sections and correlations. Detailed maps indicate the exact positions of collections of fossils in the Glass Mountains. Taxonomic descriptions will appear in subsequent volumes. Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Cooper, Gustav Arthur, 1902Permian brachiopods of West Texas (Smithsonian contributions to paleobiology, no. 14) Bibliography: v. 1, p. 1. Brachiopoda, Fossil. 2. Paleontology—Permian. 3. Paleontology—Texas. I. Grant, Richard E. , joint author. II. Title. III. Scries: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to paleobiology, no. 14 QE701.S56 no. 14 [QE796] 560'. 8s [564'. 8'097649] 72-4218 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington, D. C 20402 Price |2.25 (paper cover)
A GPR Agricultural Drainage Pipe Detection Case Study: Effects of Antenna Orientation Relative to Drainage Pipe Directional Trend

ABSTRACT Locating buried drainage pipes is a difficult task confronting farmers and land improvement contractors, especially in the Midwest U.S., where the removal of excess soil water using subsurface drainage systems is a common farm practice. Enhancing the efficiency of soil water removal on land containing a functioning subsurface drainage system typically involves installing new drain lines between the old ones. Before this approach can be attempted, the older drain lines have to be mapped. Previous research supports the feasibility of using ground penetrating radar (GPR) to find buried agricultural drainage pipes. However, one aspect of GPR drainage pipe location and assessment needing further investigation is the GPR pipe response effects associated with GPR antenna orientation relative to drainage pipe directional trend. A field research study was carried out at a specially designed test plot to evaluate the effect on GPR drainage pipe detection caused by the antenna-to-pipe orientation. Antenna o.
ALOS PALSAR differential interferometry for mapping co-seismic deformation of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China

Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) technique has been widely accepted as a powerful tool to map surface deformation. To quantitatively evaluate the surface displacement caused by Wenchuan Earthquake on 12 May 2008 in Sichuan Province, China, a series of interferograms were generated from 25 ALOS/PALSAR image pairs, and the surface displacement was then mapped. According to the wrapped differential interferogram, the main rupture fault was plotted with an orientation of North-East 47° and a spanning length of approximately 230 km. The serious affected region with area of 5,000 km2 and the affected region with area of 250,000 km2 were also mapped. Along the radar look of sight (LOS), it is estimated that the ground surface displaced approximated a maximum of 57 cm and 119 cm away from and towards the satellite respectively, i.e. the vertical displacement was a maximum of 73 cm and 150 cm down lift and uplift respectively. The capability of DInSAR technique and ALOS PALSAR data for co-seismic deformation mapping has been demonstrated and proved to be useful in the surface deformation applications. In addition, some limitations were discussed including the topographic, atmospheric, and orbital errors.
Three-Dimensional Scour at Submarine Pipelines

This paper presents results of an experimental study on three-dimensional scour at submarine pipelines with uniform sediment under a unidirectional current in clear-water conditions. The data show that propagation of the scour hole in the transverse direction of flow may be divided into a rapid and a slack phase of development. The former is characterized by a higher and constant velocity, whereas the latter a lower and reducing propagation velocity. Four nondimensional parameters are identified and their effects examined experimentally. Pipeline embedment and water depth to pipeline diameter ratios, which represent the stability force, inhibit the scouring process, resulting in a reduced propagation velocity and a dominant slack phase of development. Conversely, Froude number and Shields parameters represent the environment force; they enhance the scouring process, causing a high propagation velocity and a dominant rapid phase of development. The experimental results reveal that the scour process is not sensitive to Shields parameter under clear-water conditions but is closely related to the other three parameters. The effect of all the parameters can be viewed in a balance between the environment and stability forces.
Interactive coupling of a lake thermal model with a regional climate model

A one-dimensional model of lake temperature, evaporation, and ice has been coupled in an interactive mode with the climate version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Pennsylvania State University regional (mesoscale) atmospheric model (MM4). The coupled MM4-lake model makes possible high-resolution simulations of climate in the proximity of large water bodies. Atmospheric variables required as input for the lake model are supplied by MM4 and simulated values of lake temperature, evaporation, and ice cover are supplied to MM4 by the lake model. The authors have tested the coupled model system with a 60-day, summertime simulation at Pyramid Lake, Nevada, and with a 10-day, wintertime simulation of the North American Great Lakes and vicinity. Both simulations were conducted at a 60-km resolution. Results from these tests indicate the coupled model system produces realistic simulations of lake temperature, evaporation, and ice cover and that the coupled system is applicable to simulations of regional climate change. 26 refs., 16 figs.
Visualizing Uncertainty in Soil Maps by Animation

The quality of mapped environmental information, especially soil maps, is relatively poor. Tradidonally reporting of this quality information has been restricted to standards and reports, which acting as adjuncts to the map but are accessible and understandable to few. Recent soil maps produced by the United States Soil Conservation Service are an example of this. They conform to a published mapping standard, and accompanying reports give details of the soil types shown on the maps as well as listing soil types included in mapping those principals. No information is usually available on the precise locations of these included soil types. In the animation method introduced here, information on included soil series is used to generate a computer version of the soil map which integrates the quality information with the display of primary soil types. The inclusions are shown at random locations within the primary soil mapping unit. By continually selecting grid cells and reevaluating the soil type, the impres.
Ozone in the marine boundary layer over the tropical Indian Ocean

Surface measurements of ozone, aerosols (in 10 different size ranges), carbon monoxide, and methane are made during a ship cruise over the Indian Ocean from January 5 to February 3, 1996. These results have been used to study the variabilities in their distributions and mixing of the continental and pristine air masses over the tropical oceanic region. Concentrations of ozone, aerosols, and carbon monoxide show decreasing trends from coastal region to the open ocean region. During this cruise, influence of the continental polluted air from the South Asian region was observed, resulting in high levels of these species in the open ocean. Incidence of encountering extremely low levels of ozone has been observed near the equator. These low and high values of ozone, aerosols etc. are supported by the back trajectory analyses made using European Centre For Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) meteorological parameters. These results confirm the transport of the continental air mass down to the equator over the Indian Ocean. A simple photochemical box model has been used to estimate the ozone production potential (OPP). The discrepancies in the observed and estimated ozone diurnal variation suggest a need for better understanding of the processes.
Date-Driven Approach for Identifying State of Hemodialysis Fistulas: Entropy-Complexity and Formal Concept Analysis

The paper explores mathematical methods that differentiate regular and chaotic time series, specifically for identifying pathological fistulas. It proposes a noise-resistant method for classifying responding rows of normally and pathologically functioning fistulas. This approach is grounded in the hypothesis that laminar blood flow signifies normal function, while turbulent flow indicates pathology. The study explores two distinct methods for distinguishing chaotic from regular time series. The first method involves mapping the time series onto the entropy-complexity plane and subsequently comparing it to established clusters. The second method, introduced by the authors, constructs a concepts-objects graph using formal concept analysis. Both of these methods exhibit high efficiency in determining the state of the fistula.
Pn anisotropy studies in northern Britain and the eastern and western United States

Summary. Available seismic refraction data from three different continental areas, northern Britain and the eastern and western United States, has been studied for possible Pn, velocity anisotropy using the methods described by Bamford. There are various deficiencies in the time—distance data used in each case but, while the uppermost mantle beneath northern Britain and the eastern United States seems to be isotropic within the limits of measurement error, there is a small but significant anisotropy beneath the western United States. Both the amount (up to 3 per cent) and the direction (70–80° east of north) of this anisotropy are very similar to the results obtained in the Pacific Ocean off California. We tentatively conclude that this anisotropy is present as a consequence of the subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath the western United States.
Mantle convection with longest‐wavelength thermal heterogeneity in a 3‐D spherical model: Degree one or two?

The formation of longest‐wavelength mantle convection in the sluggish‐lid regime is investigated using a three‐dimensional spherical model. The bottom Rayleigh number is fixed at 107. Considering temperature‐dependent rheology, degree‐one dominant thermal convection occurs for both purely basal heating and mixed (i.e., basal and internal) heating modes. For the purely basal heating mode, degree‐one convection occurs when the viscosity contrast due to temperature‐dependent rheology is 103–104 in both Boussinesq and extended‐Boussinesq fluids. However, with extended‐Boussinesq fluid, degree‐one convection may only occur in the basal heating mode: In the mixed heating mode, degree‐one convection shifts to one with high‐degree modes, presumably because of enhanced viscous dissipation in the highly viscous lid over up/downwelling plumes. The geophysically relevant degree‐two convection with sheet‐like downwellings is not observed in this study. The inclusion of visco‐plastic rheology in the top part of the mantle breaks down degree‐one convection.
Photoelectron flows in the polar wind during geomagnetically quiet periods

[1] Characteristics of photoelectron flows and presence of a field-aligned potential drop on the open magnetic field lines in the polar cap are systematically investigated using the data obtained by the FAST satellite during geomagnetically quiet periods in July 2002. We found high occurrence frequencies of the potential drop larger than ∼10 V, reaching ∼90% (small field-aligned current (FAC) case) and ∼83% (all data). A typical magnitude of the potential drop above ∼3800 km altitude is ∼20 V. This value is significantly larger than the potential drop below ∼3800 km altitude (probably ∼1–3 V), although the typical potential drop is smaller by a factor of ∼2–3 in comparison to the modeling results that suggested presence of a field-aligned potential jump at several earth radii. The net escaping electron number flux negatively correlates with the upward electron number flux and with the magnitude of the potential drop. This relation is contrary to expectation from photoelectron-driven polar wind models that an increase in the photoelectrons drives the larger polar wind flux, since the net escaping electron number flux balances the flux of polar wind ions under zero net FAC conditions. An increase in the upward backscatter of reflected electrons with an increasing potential drop may explain the negative correlations. A potential drop at high altitudes would provide a polar wind system regulated by a negative feedback, and the most appropriate balance for polar wind ions would be achieved near the median of the reflection potential.
Use of a mixed-layer model to estimate dimethylsulfide flux and application to other trace gas fluxes

We discuss two techniques based on mixed-layer scaling for estimating trace gas surface emission fluxes from aircraft using instruments that do not have sufficient frequency response for direct eddy correlation measurements. The first is the mixed-layer gradient technique, which requires accurate measurements of mean concentrations at several heights in the clear convective planetary boundary layer (CBL) to resolve gradients from even strong surface sources of short-lived trace gases. The flux-gradient relationship is obtained from large-eddy numerical simulations of the CBL. We show that this technique is limited to trace gases with lifetimes of about a day or less. An example is dimethylsulfide (DMS), which is emitted from the ocean and has a lifetime of about a day. Surface DMS flux was estimated from data collected from the NASA P-3B research aircraft during the Pacific Exploratory Mission-Tropics (PEM-Tropics) flight 7 (August 24, 1996), when the aircraft flew a sequence of constant altitude circles about 50 km in diameter at different heights in and above the boundary layer, following the boundary layer air trajectory. The flight took place between 0530 and 1330 local solar time, providing a good opportunity to observe diurnal changes within a Lagrangian framework under nearly clear-sky conditions. The resulting DMS flux of 2.5±0.8 pptv m s−1 (6.1±1.9)×1013 molecules m−2 s−1, or 8.8±2.8 μmols m−2 d−1 is on the high end of previous measurements in this milieu. The second technique is the mixed-layer variance technique, which uses measurements of the variance at several heights in the CBL to estimate the surface flux. A major problem with the variance technique is accounting for the contribution of mesoscale variability to the measured variance. Several sources of mesoscale variability were identified: clusters of small cumulus clouds rising through the top of the boundary layer, mesoscale variations in the horizontal wind leading to inaccurate tracking of the air mass and, to a lesser extent, the presence of horizontal roll vortices in some areas of the boundary layer. We show that the variance technique should be applicable to estimating surface fluxes of short-lived trace gases in cumulus-free boundary layers that are horizontally uniform, if sample-collection times of about 10 s or less are used. We also show that it may be possible to utilize mesoscale variance measurements to estimate surface fluxes and lifetimes of species which have lifetimes of perhaps a week or more.
Structure and function of siderophores produced by mycorrhizal fungi

Abstract Most fungi synthesize siderophores as chelating agents which form soluble complexes with Fe3+ with very high stability constants, thus solubilizing ferric Fe. Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi release ferricrocin or fusigen as the main siderophores. Ferricrocin was also shown to be produced by the ectomycorrhizal fungi, Cenococcum geophilum and Hebeloma crustuliniforme. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are reported to enhance Fe-uptake rates of associated host plants which can be taken as an indication that mycorrhizal siderophores of a yet unknown structure may be involved. Mycorrhizal fungi of orchids were shown to produce as the main siderophores, both well known ferrichrome-type siderophores or the novel linear trishydroxamate basidiochrome.