Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity

Equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is usually defined as the global mean equilibrium temperature response to a doubling CO2 concentration of its preindustrial level in the atmosphere [Hegerl et al., 2007; Meehl et al., 2007]. The pre-industrial concentration of CO2 is generally accepted to be 280×10 −6 and the doubled concentration was considered to be 560×10 accordingly in early studies. New studies tend to use 600×10 instead to stand for the doubled concentration of CO2 around 1900 AD. The initial values of ECS estimated by professionals [Charney et al., 1979], including those reported in IPCC FAR [Mitchell et al., 1990], SAR [Kattenberg et al., 1996] and TAR [Cubasch et al., 2001], were in the range of (3±1.5)◦C or 1.5–4.5◦C. Since IPCC TAR, great many efforts have been made to re-examine the ranges of ECS. As a result, IPCC AR4 [Meehl et al., 2007] offered a comprehensive discussions on this issue and proposed the range of ECS to be 2.0–4.5◦C, which was slightly narrower than previous estimations. Figure 1, derived from IPCC AR4, shows the probability density function of ECS from 10 studies, among which the first 7 results [Forster and Gregory, 2006; Frame et al., 2005; Knutti et al., 2002; Andronova and Schlesinger, 2001; Forest et al., 2002; 2006; Gregory et al., 2002] were from observation-constrained simulations and the other 3 results [Hegerl et al., 2006; von Schneider et al., 2006; Annan et al., 2005] came from Last Glacial Maximum(LGM) and millennia-scale proxy data constrained simulations. It is evident in Figure 1 that the spread of the probability density functions differs widely with the peaks of the curves ranging from around 0.2 to above 0.6 and the broadness of the curves also varies greatly while the mean values of ECS are at 2.0–3.5◦C, which are often greater than the most likely values of ECS (corresponding to the peaks of the probability curves). If should be noted that the uncertainty in estimated ECS mainly comes from the different sources of data that used to constrain the models. The observations with centennial length and LGM proxys were
Inhibition of TLR4 signalling to dampen joint inflammation in osteoarthritis

Abstract Local and systemic low-grade inflammation, mainly involving the innate immune system, plays an important role in the development of OA. A receptor playing a key role in initiation of this inflammation is the pattern-recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In the joint, various ligands for TLR4, many of which are damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are present that can activate TLR4 signalling. This leads to the production of pro-inflammatory and catabolic mediators that cause joint damage. In this narrative review, we will first discuss the involvement of TLR4 ligands and signalling in OA. Furthermore, we will provide an overview of methods for inhibit, TLR4 signalling by RNA interference, neutralizing anti-TLR4 antibodies, small molecules and inhibitors targeting the TLR4 co-receptor MD2. Finally, we will focus on possible applications and challenges of these strategies in the dampening of inflammation in OA.
Engaging disaster prone communities; pre-impact media blitzing

Recent research shows fire-prone residents and regional fire managers in SE Australia converge in wanting more local, detailed information available to the threatened, and that this does not happen in a vacuum. Communities in hazard zones need to be and feel engaged with the realities of their local threats, empowered and supported to act, maximising their own and their community’s safety. This paper shows that engaged, informed communities can be fostered through emerging use of the internet and Common Alert Protocols. More geographically targetted pre-impact media exposure about the likely extent and impacts of the threat is recommended.
Percutaneous ablation of colorectal liver metastases: a comparison between the outcomes of grayscale US guidance and Sonazoid CEUS Kupffer phase guidance using propensity score matching

Abstract Purpose To assess the utility of Sonazoid contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for guiding percutaneous microwave ablation (MWA) for colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs). Materials and Methods The medical records of patients who had undergone ultrasound (US)-guided percutaneous MWA between July 2020 and June 2022, were reviewed. Propensity score matching (PSM) with a ratio of 1:1 was used to balance the potential bias between the grayscale US-guided and Sonazoid CEUS-guided groups. Local tumor progression (LTP), intrahepatic recurrence (IR), and complication rates were compared between the two groups. Results Of 252 patients enrolled, 247 achieved complete ablation, and the technical effectiveness was 98.0% (247/252). Of these 247 patients, 158 were in the grayscale US-guided group and 89 in the Sonazoid CEUS-guided group. The median follow-up period was 14.6 months. After PSM, there were no significant differences in LTP, IR, or complication rates between the two groups (p = 0.100, p = 0.511, p > 0.99, respectively). Multivariate analysis identified tumor size ≥ 3 cm (hazard ratio [HR], 7.945; 95% CI, 2.591-24.370; p < 0.001), perivascular (HR, 2.331; 95% CI, 1.068-5.087; p = 0.034), and tumor depth > 8 cm (HR, 3.194; 95% CI, 1.439-7.091; p = 0.004) as significant factors associated with LTP. For tumors with poor vision on grayscale US, Sonazoid CEUS-guided ablation achieved a better LTP rate than grayscale US-guided ablation (3.7% vs.14.8%, p = 0.032). Conclusion For tumors with poor vision on grayscale US, Sonazoid CEUS guidance is recommended for better local tumor control.
Eye into AI: Evaluating the Interpretability of Explainable AI Techniques through a Game with a Purpose

Recent developments in explainable AI (XAI) aim to improve the transparency of black-box models. However, empirically evaluating the interpretability of these XAI techniques is still an open challenge. The most common evaluation method is algorithmic performance, but such an approach may not accurately represent how interpretable these techniques are to people. A less common but growing evaluation strategy is to leverage crowd-workers to provide feedback on multiple XAI techniques to compare them. However, these tasks often feel like work and may limit participation. We propose a novel, playful, human-centered method for evaluating XAI techniques: a Game With a Purpose (GWAP), Eye into AI, that allows researchers to collect human evaluations of XAI at scale. We provide an empirical study demonstrating how our GWAP supports evaluating and comparing the agreement between three popular XAI techniques (LIME, Grad-CAM, and Feature Visualization) and humans, as well as evaluating and comparing the interpretability of those three XAI techniques applied to a deep learning model for image classification. The data collected from Eye into AI offers convincing evidence that GWAPs can be used to evaluate and compare XAI techniques. Eye into AI is available to the public: https://dig.cmu. edu/eyeintoai/.
Determinants of earth circle site location in the Moreton Region, southeast Queensland

Several studies, both anthropological and archaeological, have drawn attention to the broader social, economic, and political implications of Aboriginal ceremonial activities, as well as highlighted the role of ceremonial involvement as a mechanism of change in Aboriginal Australia (e.g., Altman 1983, 1987; Barker 1976; Bern 1979; Hamilton 1980; Lourandos 1980, 1983, 1985; Myers 1980a, 1980b; Satterthwait 1987; Thomson 1949). The difficulty from an archaeological perspective is to locate demonstrable evidence of these activities.
Ethanol-Induced Vestibular Dysfunction as a Model for Bilateral Vestibular Syndrome: Similarities in Video Head Impulse Test and Video-Oculography Data

Background: The goal of this study was to compare video head impulse test, video-oculography, and clinical balance test changes induced by ethanol consumption, in order to acquire a model for acute bilateral vestibular syndrome. Methods: Four healthy adult men and 5 healthy adult women were recruited as volunteers in the study. Initial video head impulse test, video-oculography, and clinical balance test examinations were made. Participants proceeded to drink standard alcohol doses until a maximum of 1.2‰ breath alcohol concentration was reached. Video head impulse test and clinical balance tests were repeated at every 0.2‰ breath alcohol concentration interval and at the final 1.0-1.2‰ breath alcohol concentration range. Video-oculography examinations were repeated at 1.0-1.2‰ breath alcohol concentration. Results: Decrease in mean vestibulo-ocular gain at 60 ms between the 0‰ and 1.0-1.2‰ was 0.16 on the left side (P < .05) and 0.16 on the right side (P < .05). A borderline abnormality (mean 0.79/0.82) (left/right) was observed in vestibulo-ocular gain at the highest breath alcohol concentration. Corrective saccades increased significantly in amplitude and latency. There was a statistically significant, symmetrical decrease in video-oculography smooth pursuit gain. Saccade latency increased but statistically significantly only with right-sided cycles. Saccade accuracy remained constant. Optokinetic reflex gain showed significant decrease. Romberg’s test was performed with normal results initially and at 1.0-1-2‰ breath alcohol concentration. Conclusion: Ethanol produces a symmetrical loss in vestibulo-ocular gain measured by video head impulse test. Ethanol also decreases smooth eye pursuit gain and increases pro-saccade latency. Similar findings can be made in vestibular disorders as well as in cerebellar dysfunction. Central pathology should be ruled out in acute bilateral vestibular syndrome.
How do I compare to the other people?": Older Adults' Perspectives on Personal Smart Home Data for Self-Management"

Research on smart home monitoring for older adults has predominantly focused on systems whose data and alerts are directed towards family members, caregivers, or healthcare providers. Older adults have expressed interest in engaging with these systems by seeing and using their data, but they are often limited to a passive role as subjects of monitoring. This paper presents qualitative results of a longitudinal smart home project with older adults living independently in the community. Based on interviews conducted throughout the 2.5-year study with 12 participants, we report on their lived experiences of having the monitoring system in their homes and on how they reflected on the data collected by the system. The results show how participants were able to extract meaningful information from the monitoring data without finding the system invasive or intrusive. Specifically, older adults exhibited interest in data that they found indicative of living an active lifestyle, such as time spent outside the home. Drawing from critical literature on active aging, we discuss implications for incorporating peer comparisons to support reflection on personal health data without reinforcing a deficit narrative of aging.
Identity Struggles as Online Activism in China: A Case Study Based on "The Inviting Plan for 985 Fives" Community on Douban

Online communities support the well-being of their members by encouraging their social identity formation. In the context of an online community, online activism in the form of identity struggles can be particularly helpful for marginalized individuals or groups. Since May 2020, students from the 985 universities, an elite educational project in China, have been coming to an online community named "The Inviting Plan for 985 Fives" on Douban, an interest-based Social Network Site (SNS), to discuss their failure and dissatisfaction in life. Students who were once recognized for their academic excellence now identify as "fives" (or "garbage"). The present study examines how the Douban group, as a social network and collaborative system, supports the group members in their identity struggles in the context of increasingly fierce peer competition in China. We employ a qualitative approach, combining ethnographic methods such as participant observation and semi-structured interviews, with in-depth analysis of the top discussion threads. We discover that while peer competition and social stratification in contemporary China cause students at the top universities to feel anxious and lost, the online community they build collectively supports them to create a new social identity, the identity of "five," which is the basis of their online activism. Through this new identity, they seek unofficial democracy, civic participation, and possibilities of social change.
Evaluación de las actitudes hacia las matemáticas y el rendimiento académico

En este artículo presentamos los resultados de un estudio realizado con 1.220 alumnos peruanos de educación secundaria obligatoria para evaluar sus actitudes hacia las matemáticas y el rendimiento académico. Los alumnos pertenecen a colegios públicos, privados y concertados. Los resultados indican que las actitudes y el rendimiento académico están correlacionados. Evaluation of attitudes towards mathematics and academic performanceIn this article we present the results of a study developed with 1,220 Peruvian secondary education students to evaluate their attitudes towards mathematics and their academic performance. The students go to state and private schools. The results indicate that attitudes and academic performance are correlated.Handle: http://hdl.handle. net/10481/4982Nº de citas en WOS (2017): 2 (Citas de 2º orden, 0)
Enantiospecific response of Ips avulsus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to ipsdienol depends on semiochemical context

Colonization of hosts by bark beetles is generally mediated by aggregation pheromones. Species competing for the same resource can limit interspecific interactions and maintain reproductive isolation by using different pheromones. In the southern United States, 3 sympatric species of Ips breed in pine hosts, each with a different pheromone blend. Ips avulsus (Eichhoff) uses ipsdienol and lanierone; Ips calligraphus (Germar) uses ipsdienol, cis-verbenol, and trans-verbenol; and Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) uses ipsenol. Different species can also minimize cross-attraction by using different enantiomeric ratios of the same pheromones. Studies on the enantiomeric ratio of ipsdienol used by I. avulsus have come to contradictory conclusions in part because of geographic and seasonal variation. There is growing evidence that semiochemical context, in the form of different co-baits used in trapping experiments, may also play a role in the responses of I. avulsus to enantiomeric ratios of ipsdienol. We conducted a trapping study at 2 locations with traps baited with (+)-ipsdienol or racemic ipsdienol and co-baited with ipsenol, lanierone, or both ipsenol and lanierone. We found context-dependent effects of both lanierone and ipsenol on the response of I. avulsus to ipsdienol. We suggest that responses to different bait and co-bait combinations may have been shaped by different types of interactions such as the absence of conspecifics or a related species, or the presence of beneficial or antagonistic interspecific interactions.
Radiation Protection Considerations for Cancer Patients with End-stage Renal Disease Receiving 131I Treatment

Abstract Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is commonly treated first with a partial or complete thyroidectomy, followed by radioiodine (RAI) ablative therapy to eliminate remaining cancer cells. In such treatments, physical decay and urinary excretion are the primary means of 131I. As such, patients with impaired urinary ability clearance, such as patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) whose urinary ability is impaired by dysfunction, can retain abnormally high activities of RAI, posing a concern to both the patient and those with whom the patient interacts. Additionally, ESRD patients are commonly administered dialysis therapy, wherein their blood is externally cycled through a dialyzer (hemodialysis) or filtered by instilling a dialysate fluid into the peritoneum (peritoneal dialysis) to filter uremic toxins from their blood that accumulate due to kidney dysfunction. These factors make determining release and dosing for ESRD patients receiving RAI therapy dependent on a plurality of variables. An evaluation of the current patient release guidelines, as given in US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US NRC) Regulatory Guide 8.39 Rev. 1 for ESRD patients receiving RAI, has yet to be addressed. In this study, a biokinetic model for 131I in ESRD patients receiving dialysis has been developed, improving on traditional two-compartment models, reflective of kinetics from multi-compartment models with updated transfer coefficients modified to reflect the different physiological functions of compartments. This updated biokinetic model was integrated with Monte Carlo radiation transport calculations using stylized computational hermaphroditic phantoms to calculate dose rate coefficients in exposure scenarios and compared with those of the point source models of NRC Reg Guide 8.39 Rev. 1 (and the proposed verbiage in Rev. 2). Results demonstrated that the baseline models of Rev. 1 and Rev. 2 overestimated the effective dose rate to an exposed individual for the majority of time post-administration, where both models overestimated the total dose to the maximally exposed individual. However, the application of several patient-specific modifying factors to the Rev. 2 model resulted in an overestimation by only a factor of 1.25, and in general, the results produced with the patient-specific modifications provide improved convergence with the dose rate coefficients computed in this study for ESRD patients.
Making Meaning from the Digitalization of Blue-Collar Work

With rapid advances in computing, we are beginning to see the expansion of technology into domains far afield from traditional office settings historically at the center of CSCW research. Manufacturing is one industry undergoing a new phase of digital transformation. Shop-floor workers are being equipped with tools to deliver efficiency and support data-driven decision making. To understand how these kinds of technologies are affecting the nature of work, we conducted a 15-month qualitative study of the digitalization of the shipping and receiving department at a small manufacturer located in the Southeastern United States. Our findings provide an in-depth understanding of how the norms and values of factory floor workers shape their perception and adoption of computing services designed to augment their work. We highlight how emerging technologies are creating a new class of hybrid workers and point to the social and human elements that need to be considered to preserve meaningful work for blue-collar professionals.
Unraveling the Bürgi-Dunitz Angle with Precision: The Power of a Two-Dimensional Energy Decomposition Analysis

Understanding the geometrical preferences in chemical reactions is crucial for advancing the field of organic chemistry and improving synthetic strategies. One such preference, the Bürgi-Dunitz angle, is central to nucleophilic addition reactions involving carbonyl groups. This study successfully employs a novel two-dimensional Distortion-Interaction/Activation-Strain Model in combination with a two-dimensional Energy Decomposition Analysis to investigate the origins of the Bürgi-Dunitz angle in the addition reaction of CN– to (CH3)2C=O. We constructed a 2D potential energy surface defined by the distance between the nucleophile and carbonylic carbon atom and by the attack angle, followed by an in-depth exploration of energy components, including strain and interaction energy. Our analysis reveals that the Bürgi-Dunitz angle emerges from a delicate balance between two key factors: strain energy and interaction energy. High strain energy, as a result of the carbonyl compound distorting to avoid Pauli repulsion, is encountered at high angles, thus setting the upper bound. On the other hand, interaction energy is shaped by a dominant Pauli repulsion when the angles are lower. This work emphasizes the value of the 2D Energy Decomposition Analysis as a refined tool, offering both quantitative and qualitative insights into chemical reactivity and selectivity.
Aftershocks of the 2010 Mw 7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah earthquake reveal complex faulting in the Yuha Desert, California

We detect and precisely locate over 9500 aftershocks that occurred in the Yuha Desert region during a 2 month period following the 4 April 2010 Mw 7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah (EMC) earthquake. Events are relocated using a series of absolute and relative relocation procedures that include Hypoinverse, Velest, and hypoDD. Location errors are reduced to ∼40 m horizontally and ∼120 m vertically. Aftershock locations reveal a complex pattern of faulting with en echelon fault segments trending toward the northwest, approximately parallel to the North American‐Pacific plate boundary and en echelon, conjugate features trending to the northeast. The relocated seismicity is highly correlated with published surface mapping of faults that experienced triggered surface slip in response to the EMC main shock. Aftershocks occurred between 2 km and 11 km depths, consistent with previous studies of seismogenic thickness in the region. Three‐dimensional analysis reveals individual and intersecting fault planes that are limited in their along‐strike length. These fault planes remain distinct structures at depth, indicative of conjugate faulting, and do not appear to coalesce onto a throughgoing fault segment. We observe a complex spatiotemporal migration of aftershocks, with seismicity that jumps between individual fault segments that are active for only a few days to weeks. Aftershock rates are roughly consistent with the expected earthquake production rates of Dieterich (1994). The conjugate pattern of faulting and nonuniform aftershock migration patterns suggest that strain in the Yuha Desert is being accommodated in a complex manner.
Understanding Player’s Gesture-Based Communicative Behavior in MOBA Games

Prior research has shown that gesture-based communication plays an integral role in online multiplayer games, especially for teams consisting of strangers with no prior common experiences. What motivates a particular form of in-game communication and its impact, especially promptly after a communication attempt, on team performance is less explored. In this paper, we present a framework for studying individual communication attempts using a gestured-based tool, "Ping", in a popular MOBA game, Heroes of the Storm. We design a framework to capture the game's situational context prior to the communication, the communication attempt, and its immediate impact. Using this framework, we analyze and identify game factors that influence players' decisions to communicate and their choice of communication. We also present how communication has an immediate positive effect on the team's performance. Our findings further the discussion of studying communication behaviors for virtual teams engaging in synchronous, collaborative work with shared visual spaces.