Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inflammasome-Dependent Release of the Alarmin HMGB1 in Endotoxemia

Endotoxin administration recapitulates many of the host responses to sepsis. Inhibitors of the cysteine protease caspase 1 have long been sought as a therapeutic because mice lacking caspase 1 are resistant to LPS-induced endotoxic shock. According to current thinking, caspase 1-mediated shock requires the proinflammatory caspase 1 substrates IL-1β and IL-18. We show, however, that mice lacking both IL-1β and IL-18 are normally susceptible to LPS-induced splenocyte apoptosis and endotoxic shock. This finding indicates the existence of another caspase 1-dependent mediator of endotoxemia. Reduced serum high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) levels in caspase 1-deficient mice correlated with their resistance to LPS. A critical role for HMGB1 in endotoxemia was confirmed when mice deficient for IL-1β and IL-18 were protected from a lethal dose of LPS by pretreatment with HMGB1-neutralizing Abs. We found that HMGB1 secretion from LPS-primed macrophages required the inflammasome components apoptotic speck protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain (ASC), caspase 1 and Nalp3, whereas HMGB1 secretion from macrophages infected in vitro with Salmonella typhimurium was dependent on caspase 1 and Ipaf. Thus, HMGB1 secretion, which is critical for endotoxemia, occurs downstream of inflammasome assembly and caspase 1 activation.
A model for the crustal evolution of southern Scotland

In the late Silurian, southern Scotland was a mature accretionary active margin of Sumatra-type, on the southeastern edge of North America, while England was on a passive margin on the opposite side of the Iapetus Ocean. Southward subduction below England during the Middle Ordovician produced a magmatic arc which now lies close to the Iapetus suture, and thus argues for a missing forearc terrane. Tectonic erosion or strike-slip removal may be responsible for some of this missing terrane to the north of the Lake District, but we now suggest that underthrusting below southern Scotland may also be an important cause. If the Ordovician forearc terrane of northern England is now below the Southern Uplands, we would have an explanation for the evidence for similar lower crustal foundations on either side of the surface trace of the Iapetus suture (velocity structure from the LISPB study, Sr/U-Pb isotopic signatures and geophysical attributes of the c. 400 Ma granites). The under-thrusting model still leaves room for considerable modification of both margins by large strike-slip faults. Seismic refraction profiles of modern accretionary active margins (Sumatra, SW Japan) allow us to propose a likely velocity profile for late Silurian southern Scotland. We choose a Mesozoic forearc truncated by strike-slip faulting, the Queen Charlotte Islands margin of the NE Pacific, as an analogue for the late Silurian southern Iapetus margin. Following previous suggestions of highly oblique and slow convergence during the final stages of closure of Iapetus, we combine the two profiles by under-thrusting the southern margin to produce a model which involves minimal shortening in the collision zone. The crustal profile resulting from such a collision would be very similar to the modern southern Scotland profile, both in terms of the scale of the tectono-stratigraphic terranes involved and of the resulting crustal velocity structure. The cessation of accretion after the mid-Wenlock may be related to impingement of the English continental crust against the Scottish trench. Subsequent uplift of the Southern Uplands may be connected with the appearance of coarse detritus in the Lake District during the Silurian.
Chloroplast-Rich Material from The Physical Fractionation Of Pea Vine ( Pisum sativum ) Postharvest 1 Field Residue (Haulm) 2

23 An innovative procedure for plant chloroplasts isolation has been proposed, which consists of juice 24 extraction by physical fractionation from plant material and recovery of its chloroplast-rich fraction 25 (CRF) by centrifugation. This simple method has been applied to pea vine haulm subjected to 26 different post-harvest treatments: blanching, storage at different relative humidity values and 27 fermentation. Additionally, freeze storage of the extracted juice was carried out. The macronutrient 28 (total lipids, proteins, ash and carbohydrates) and micronutrient (fatty acids, chlorophylls, β-carotene, 29 α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid) content and composition of the CRF have been determined. The CRF 30 isolated from fresh pea vine haulm is a potential source of essential micronutrients ( α -linolenic acid, 31 β-carotene, α-tocopherol) and carbohydrates, whereas the post-harvest treatments trialled have a 32 detrimental effect on the nutritional content. Industrial applications for the recovered nutritionally 33 rich fraction, such as food supplement ingredient or animal feeding, are likely envisaged, while 34 optimising the use of green haulm. 35
How High is Hispanic/Mexican Fertility in the U.S.? Immigration and Tempo Considerations

This paper demonstrates that the apparently much higher Hispanic/Mexican fertility is almost exclusively the product of period estimates obtained for immigrant women and that period measures of immigrant fertility suffer from 3 serious sources of biases that together significantly overstate fertility levels: difficulties in estimating the size of immigrant groups; the tendency for migration to occur at a particular stage in life; and most importantly the tendency for women to have a birth soon after migration. Once these sources of bias are taken into consideration the fertility of native Hispanic/Mexican women is very close to replacement level. In addition, the completed fertility of immigrant women in the United States is dramatically lower than the level obtained from period calculations. Findings are consistent with classical theories of immigrant assimilation but are a striking departure from the patterns found in previous studies and published statistics. The main implication is that, without a significant change in immigration levels, current projections based on the premise of high Hispanic fertility are likely to considerably exaggerate Hispanic population growth, its impact on the ethno-racial profile of the country, and its potential to counteract population aging.
Temporal constraints on the timing of high-grade metamorphism in the northern Gawler Craton: implications for assembly of the Australian Proterozoic

LA-ICPMS U–Pb data from metamorphic monazite in upper amphibolite and granulite-grade metasedimentary rocks indicate that the Nawa Domain of the northern Gawler Craton in southern Australia underwent multiple high-grade metamorphic events in the Late Paleoproterozoic and Early Mesoproterozoic. Five of the six samples investigated here record metamorphic monazite growth during the period 1730–1690 Ma, coincident with the Kimban Orogeny, which shaped the crustal architecture of the southeastern Gawler Craton. Combined with existing detrital zircon U–Pb data, the metamorphic monazite ages constrain deposition of the northern Gawler metasedimentary protoliths to the interval ca 1750–1720 Ma. The new age data highlight the craton-wide nature of the 1730–1690 Ma Kimban Orogeny in the Gawler Craton. In the Mabel Creek Ridge region of the Nawa Domain, rocks metamorphosed during the Kimban Orogeny were reworked during the Kararan Orogeny (1570–1555 Ma). The obtained Kararan Orogeny monazite ages are within uncertainty of ca 1590–1575 Ma zircon U–Pb metamorphic ages from the Mt Woods Domain in the central-eastern Gawler Craton, which indicate that high-grade metamorphism and associated deformation were coeval with the craton-scale Hiltaba magmatic event. The timing of this deformation, and the implied compressional vector, is similar to the latter stages of the Olarian Orogeny in the adjacent Curnamona Province and appears to be part of a westward migration in the timing of deformation and metamorphism in the southern Australian Proterozoic over the interval 1600–1545 Ma. This pattern of westward-shifting tectonism is defined by the Olarian Orogeny (1600–1585 Ma, Curnamona Province), Mt Woods deformation (1590–1575 Ma), Mabel Creek Ridge deformation (1570–1555 Ma, Kararan Orogeny) and Fowler Domain deformation (1555–1545 Ma, Kararan Orogeny). This westward migration of deformation suggests the existence of a large evolving tectonic system that encompassed the emplacement of the voluminous Hiltaba Suite and associated volcanic and mineral systems.
Biofiltration for air pollution control

Introduction Air Pollution Legislation Types of Waste Gas Treatment Historical Review of Biofiltration Biofiltration Marketplace Biofilter Terminology Additional Biofiltration Resources Conclusions Mechanisms of Biofiltration Introduction Gas Transfer The Water Phase Adsorbed Contaminants Contaminant Biodegradation Product Generation Heat Generation Conclusions Biofilter Media Introduction Criteria for the Choice of an Optimum Biofilter Medium Materials Used for Biofilter Media Description of Selected Biofilter Media Controlling Factors and Operation of Biofilters Introduction Water Content Temperature Medium pH and Alkalinity Nutrients Contaminant Load and Surface Load Oxygen Limitation Air Flow Direction Dust and Grease Extreme Biofilters Microbial Ecology of Biofiltration Introduction Microbial Species in Biofilters Substrate Utilization The Microbial Community' Biomass Clogging Microbial Observation of Biofilters Conclusions Modeling Biofiltration Introduction The Challenge of Modeling Biofiltration Biofilm Models Ottengraf's Model Devinny and Hodge Model Shareefdeen et al. Model Shareefdeen and Baltzis Model With Patches of Biomass Deshusses et al. Model QSAR Models Choi et al. Model Johnson and Deshusses Model Govind et al. Model Summary Design of Biofilters Introduction Experimental Protocol for Assessing Biofilter Technology Design of Full-Scale Biofilters Costs and Economic Consideration Conclusions Biofilter Startup and Monitoring Startup Monitoring Air Load Contaminants Medium Characteristics Water Content Temperature Medium Permeability Biological Activity Humidifier Statistical Analysis Application of Biofilters Introduction The ARA-Rhein Biofilter: Wastewater Treatment Odors and VOCs Odor Control from Flavor and Fragrance Manufacturing Odor Reduction from Flavor Manufacturing in a Closed Bed Biofilter The Poughkeepsie Biofilter: Wastewater Treatment Odors Soil Biofilter to Treat Odors from a Fabric Softener Facility Small Biofilters for Gasoline Vapor Treatment at a Soil-Vapor Extraction Site Treatment of VOC Mixtures from Exhaust Air in the Wood Industry Control of VOCs from Ink Drying Operations Removal of High Concentrations of Ethanol from a Foundry Off-Gas Large Open Bed Biofilters for the Removal of VOCs and Odors High Concentration-Low Flow Biofilter for VOC Treatment Soil Biofilter for VOC Removal in Flexographic Printing Off-Gases Biofilter or Biotrickling Filter? Example of an Intermittently Watered Biotrickling Filter for Odor Control Appendix A: Symbols Appendix B: Selected Elimination Capacity Values Appendix C: Conversion Factors Appendix D: Absolute Humidity of Air Saturated With Water Appendix E: Approximate Conversion of Selected Currencies
Pelvic Floor Muscle Training In Women Practicing High-impact Sports: A Systematic Review

Urinary incontinence (UI) in female athletes can impair their quality-of-life (QoL) and reduce their participation in sports. This review aims to evaluate the effect of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) in treating UI in women participating in high-impact sports. Furthermore, to assess the influence of PFMT on pelvic floor muscles (PFM) function and the UI impact on their QoL. For this purpose, a systematic review of randomized con - trolled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs was performed. An electronic search was conducted on PubMed, EMBASE, SciELO, and Sco - pus. The quality of evidence was assessed using the PEDro and ROBINS-I scales. The Consensus on Exercise Reporting Tem - plate (CERT) was used to assess the quality of PFMT protocols. All studies were available in full-text including incontinent fe - male participants who are practitioners of high-impact sports, investigating PFMT vs control groups(inactive) or undergoing other treatments. Three RCTs and two non-RCTs (104 partici - pants) were analyzed. PFMT
Observation of Fermi Arc Surface States in a Topological Metal: A New Type of 2D Electron Gas beyond Z2 Topological Insulators

In a topological insulator, it is the electrons on the surface or edge that carry the signature of topology. Recently, a novel topological state has been proposed in metals or semimetals (gapless) whose band-structure is similar to that of a three-dimensional analog of graphene. However, to this date the signature of its topology remains an open question. We report the experimental discovery of a pair of polarized Fermi arc surface state modes in the form of a new type of two-dimensional polarized electron gas on the surfaces of Dirac semimetals. These Fermi arc surface states (FASS) are observed to connect across an even number of bulk band gapless nodes and found to have their spin uniquely locked to their momentum. We show that these states are distinctly different from the topological surface states (TSS) seen in all known topological insulators. Our observed exotic two-dimensional states not only uncover the novel topology of gapless Dirac metals (such as sodium tribismuth Na$_3$Bi) but also opens new research frontiers for the utilization of topological Fermi arc electron gases for a wide range of fundamental physics and spintronic studies.
Tectonosedimentary evolution related to extreme crustal thinning ahead of a propagating ocean: Example of the western Pyrenees

In this paper we describe the tectonosedimentary evolution and its subsequent inversion of a basin that underwent extreme crustal thinning in a transtensional setting ahead of a propagating ocean in the western Pyrenees. The Labourd‐Mauléon area situated in the western Pyrenees, at the termination of the V‐shaped Bay of Biscay, is an ideal natural laboratory to study how such complex basins evolve in time and space. Because of a mild inversion of the basin during Pyrenean compression, the rift structures and their relations to basement rocks and sediments are exposed and can be directly studied in the field. The basin shows a complex polyphase evolution that starts with left‐lateral dominated transtension in latest Jurassic–early Aptian time. This event is overprinted by a late Aptian–early Albian extension that is related to the counterclockwise rotation of Iberia away from Europe leading to the opening of the Bay of Biscay. During this stage, the Late Triassic to Jurassic carbonate platform was stretched, salt migrated, and detachment faults exhumed upper and lower crustal and mantle rocks to the seafloor. The final structure of the basin resembles a sag basin floored by exhumed rocks overlain by extensional allochthons and compartmentalized by N40° to N60° transfer faults. The sedimentary architecture is characterized by late Aptian synrift sediments (e.g., Urgonian limestones) that were deposited in fault‐bounded basins and are overlain by thick latest Aptian to Albo‐Cenomanian sediments (e.g., Flysch noir) that define a sag sequence. The complex tectonosedimentary evolution of the basin is associated with salt tectonics and overprinted by a major magmatic/thermal event that postdates mantle exhumation.
Temporal hyperspectral monitoring of chlorophyll, LAI, and water content of barley during a growing season

We describe a study using the ASIA-Eagle hyperspectral sensor to measure the spectral response of spring barley over an entire climate-controlled growing season and correlate those results with the results of 25 biophysical and biochemical parameters. The spectrum of each hyperspectral image was used to calculate a range of vegetation indices (VIs) that have been recorded in the literature. Furthermore, all combinations of the 252 spectral bands were tested to calculate a range of difference vegetation indices (VIs(xy)) and reflectance value indices (R(x)) at the central wavelength (x nm) of each band (R(x)). For all three index types we examined the relationship with the vegetation variables measured on the ground by using a cross-validation procedure. The relationship between the estimated and the measured canopy chlorophyll content (CCC) was (CV, covariance of variation). An was obtained when modelling leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content (Chl-SPAD) as well as leaf gravimetric water content (GWC). The prediction of Chl-SPAD with reflectance VIs leads to greater prediction accuracy compared with published VIs as well as difference VIs. Based on the literature, we used the DI1 vegetation index for extracting vegetation variables such as LAI and GWC. However, because of overlap effects, an explicit assignment of the spectral response to a particular vegetation parameter was not possible. The ascertained subtraction VIy = (565–779) nm also shows very good prediction accuracy compared with LAI. The investigated overlap effects for the published VIs did not result in an explicit responsiveness of the spectral response to the measured vegetation parameters. No index shows an explicit spectral signal for a single vegetation parameter. The optimisation tests show that when compared with univariate techniques, multivariate regressions improved the prediction accuracy of LAI, Chl, and CCC.
Ionic Liquids in Catalytic Biomass Transformation

1.1 Alternatives to fossil fuels biomass For the past 150 years, coal, natural gas and petroleum functioned as our main sources of energy and chemicals. They provide an estimated 86% of energy and 96% of organic chemicals [1]. However, these natural resources will be depleted in the near future as studies has predicted that the global energy demand will grow over 50% by 2030 as shown in Figure 1 [2]. In addition, problem concerning global warming brought about from the emission of fossil fuels remains a major concern. Hence, there is an urgent need for us to seek alternative renewable and greener energy sources; the answer lies in biomass which possesses huge amounts of stored chemical energy. The stored chemical energy in biomass has the potential to be tapped to meet the rising energy demand. Biomass is one of the most valuable products from living things where simple molecules such as H2O, CO2, N2 are transformed into complex substances activated or catalyzed by biochemical processes (e.g. photosynthesis). Trees trap approximately 1% of solar energy and transform them into biomass. This energy is stored in the form of complex molecules such as lignin, carbohydrates, proteins, glycerides and others. Carbohydrates or saccharides (cellulose, hemicelluloses and starch) constitute 75% of the plant biomass, with 40% of the carbohydrate fraction of biomass being cellulose and 25% being hemicelluloses. Biomass energy is derived from five distinct energy sources: garbage, wood, waste, landfill gases, and alcohol fuels. Being the most abundant renewable resource as described in Figure 2, with approximately production of 1.0 x 1011 tons annually, biomass was recognized as the best candidate to replace fossil fuels [3]. The transformation of biomass into value added chemicals gives little or no harmful side products which address the pressing issue for greener alternatives to fossil fuels. Other than being renewable and abundant, biomass is a cost effective feedstock. Cellulose, the major component of the carbohydrate fraction of biomass is hard to deal with. It is insoluble in most conventional organic solvent and water, which hinders the ease of
Large amplitude variations recorded by an on‐fault seismological station during the L'Aquila earthquakes: Evidence for a complex fault‐induced site effect

A station (FAGN) installed on a segment of the fault system that generated the April 2009 L'Aquila earthquakes shows larger ground motions compared to nearby stations. Spectral ratios using 304 earthquakes result in a station amplification significantly varying event by event in the frequency band 1–8 Hz. The resulting pattern of amplitude dependence on causative earthquake location reveals that the strongest (up to a factor of 10) amplifications occur for tightly clustered aftershocks aligned with the fault dip beneath FAGN thus indicating a fault‐guided effect. Fault models are investigated in a grid‐search approach by varying velocity, Q, width and depth of the fault zone. Although the problem solution is not unique and there are strong trade‐offs among the model parameters, constraints from observations yield a deep trapping structure model where the most likely values of velocity reduction, Q and damage zone width are 25%, 20, and 280 m, respectively.
Continuous GPS measurements across the Western Alps, 1996–1998

SUMMARY Global Positioning System (GPS) data are analysed from three permanent sites, two in the Western Alps (Grasse, France, and Zimmerwald, Switzerland) and the third in the Po Basin (Torino, Italy), for the 2.5-year period from 1 January 1996 to 1 July 1998. An analysis of the stochastic properties of the position time series reveals a significant amount of spatially and temporally correlated noise, which best fits a model combining white noise and flicker noise. The coloured noise is drastically reduced by spatially filtering the time series, suggesting that it is not due to site-specific eVects such as monument motion, but rather to noise sources common to the three sites, such as reference frame, satellite orbit or Earth orientation errors. We find velocity uncertainties (95 per cent confidence interval) of 2.7 mm yr’1 at GRAS, 2.3 mm yr’1 at ZIMM, and 2.9 mm yr’1 at TORI. The residual velocity in the Eurasian reference frame is statistically greater than zero at ZIMM only, with 2.4±2.3 mm yr’1 of motion in a NW direction. These uncertainties place an upper bound on the expected deformation in the Western Alps. Velocities relative to stable Eurasia do not exceed 3m m yr’1, corresponding to a maximum strain rate of 0.03 mstrain yr’1 over the GRAS‐TORI‐ZIMM triangle.
The Inclination of Talus, Arctic Talus Terraces, and Other Slopes Composed of Granular Materials

Recent engineering research into the strength of rockfill suggests that the minimum angle of shearing resistance ($$ø'{cv}$$) of most materials composing talus slopes is likely to be about 39°-40°. The assumption that the typical 35° inclination of well-drained talus slopes reflects the shearing resistance of the talus material is therefore incorrect. The inclination of well-drained talus slopes will reflect the angle of shearing resistance only if (1) the slopes are being rapidly eroded, or (2) deposition rates are high compared with the degradation rates resulting from processes on the talus slope. In both instances, the slope angles will generally be 39° or steeper. This suggestion is supported by laboratory shear-test data from some Spitsbergen talus terraces which have eroded, and consequently relatively steep (up to 39°), outer slopes. Further support is provided by a number of observations reported in the literature. Shallow landslips sometimes occur on these and other "granular" slopes in Spitsbergen at angles considerably less steep than 39°-40°. This appears to be the result of impeded drainage due to the presence of permafrost at a shallow depth. A further observation suggests that average degradation rates over the past 10,000 years for the faces of two Spitsbergen talus terraces originally steepened by marine erosion are about 0.3° per 1,000 years.