Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Abstract neural representations of category membership beyond information coding stimulus or response

For decades, researchers have debated whether mental representations are symbolic or grounded in sensory inputs and motor programs. Certainly, aspects of mental representations are grounded. However, does the brain also contain abstract concept representations that mediate between perception and action in a flexible manner not tied to the details of sensory inputs and motor programs? Such conceptual pointers would be useful when concept remain constant despite changes in appearance and associated actions. We evaluated whether human participants acquire such representations using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants completed a probabilistic concept learning task in which sensory, motor, and category variables were not perfectly coupled nor entirely independent, making it possible to observe evidence for abstract representations or purely grounded representations. To assess how the learned concept structure is represented in the brain, we examined brain regions implicated in flexible cognition (e.g., prefrontal and parietal cortex) that are most likely to encode an abstract representation removed from sensory-motor details. We also examined sensory-motor regions that might encode grounded sensory-motor based representations tuned for categorization. Using a cognitive model to estimate participants’ category rule and multivariate pattern analysis of fMRI data, we found left prefrontal cortex and MT coded for category in absence of information coding for stimulus or response. Because category was based on the stimulus, finding an abstract representation of category was not inevitable. Our results suggest that certain brain areas support categorization behaviour by constructing concept representations in a format akin to a symbol that differs from stimulus-motor codes.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA POSTUR KERJA DENGAN TINGKAT KELUHAN SUBYEKTIF MUSKULOSKELETAL PADA PENJAGA PINTU TOL TEMBALANG SEMARANG

Muculoskeletal disorders are complaints on parts of the skeletal muscles that felt by someone start by minor disorders up to very sick. One of disease that affects many workers was musculoskeletal disorders, musculoskeletal disorders therefore an important concern for all circles. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between work posture with the level of subjective musculoskeletal disorders in toll road keeper Tembalang Semarang. Type of this study is explanatory research using cross sectional approach. The number of samples in this study is the total of population is 30 people. Data analysis using Spearmen Rank correlation test, with significance level of 95%. The result of this study showed the majority of respondent felt the musculoskeletal disorders lightweight category are 46,7%. The statistical analysis result showed there is correlation between work posture (p=0,002), wrist posture (p=0,037), twisting wrist posture (p=0,011), and neck posture (p=0,009) with the level of subjective musculoskeletal disorders in toll road keeper Tembalang Semarang. There is no correlation between upper arm posture (p=0,723), forearm posture (p=0,903), back posture (p=0,767) dan leg posture (p=0,155) with the level of subjective musculoskeletal disorders in toll road keeper Tembalang Semarang. From this study we can conclude that 70% of workers toll road keeper Tembalang Semarang had musculoskeletal disorders caused by occupational factors and individual characteristics. The suggestion for company to provide education about appropiate work postures and healthy lifestyle, so that all workers can avoid musculoskeletal disorders and minimize the risk of disease to be handle in the future.
Identification of frontal plane stance control mechanisms for humans

x CHAPTER I. BACKGROUND . 1 CHAPTER II. CONTRIBUTION OF SENSORIMOTOR INTEGRATION TO SPINAL STABILIZATION. 12 INTRODUCTION.13 METHODS.15 RESULTS.22 DISCUSSION.38 CHAPTER III. INFLUENCE OF BILATERAL VESTIBULAR LOSS ON SPINAL STABILIIZATION. 52 INTRODUCTION.53 METHODS.55 RESULTS.59 DISCUSSION.70
Influences on e-WOM adoption in two female online communities : the cases of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia

Online communities (OCs) are an important source of electronic-word-of-mouth (eWOM), but few studies have examined such messages in a Middle Eastern context. This research develops a conceptual framework that can be used as an instrument to guide empirical work in the field of e-WOM in female OCs. Researchers in similar areas may find this work useful as exemplifying a novel approach to the study of e-WOM adoption in different OCs. This study, of e-WOM adoption in two female-only Arabic-language online forums in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, is grounded in three models: the Information Adoption Model, the Information Systems Continuance Model and the Knowledge Contribution Model, because no particular theory or set of theories currently dominates OC research. In particular, researchers are strongly recommended to start building their own theories of e-WOM phenomena, because this area is still young and has grown rapidly in recent years. The research design comprises two phases. The first is a content analysis, which was appropriately used to analyse the online textual conversations, since it offers a deep understanding of the phenomenon in its real context. The purpose of this phase was to identify the main determinants of e-WOM adoption in female OCs in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, from which a conceptual model could be developed. It investigated the characteristics of the messages influencing the adoption of e-WOM. It began with a pilot study, where 90 threads were analyzed, followed by the content analysis of the two cases. A total of 765 threads were analysed in the Kuwaiti case, comprising 6200 messages broken down into 17,832 units of analysis. In the Saudi case, 1168 threads were analyzed, containing 17,320 messages and 31731 units of analysis. In both cases there was a prevalence of emotional features in messages, coded as ‘community bonding’. In the second phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted, with the aim of illuminating the similarities and differences in terms of e-WOM determinants between Kuwaiti and Saudi culture by refining the research model codes and sub-codes. This phase was also intended to answer research questions on the current situation in terms of online role behaviours in female-only online beauty forums in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia; on how online behavioural roles influence females to adopt e-WOM; and on the role in e-WOM adoption of the following demographic variables: nationality, age, marital status, employment, education level, hours spent in the community and length of community membership. Fifty women, comprising 25 members of each of the two communities, were interviewed online to gain more knowledge of the factors that impede or facilitate the adoption of e-WOM. The
Green Synthesis of Graphene from Graphite in Molten Salt Medium

Green synthesis of graphene from graphite was carried out in molten salt mixture of LiCl-KCl, which is an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional methods using a large number of chemicals. The effect of carbonization temperature on the final properties of graphene products was investigated at a temperature range of 500-800°C. The layer numbers of graphene products were determined as a single layer and few layers by XRD and Raman analyses. The highest conductivity value of 1219 S/m was reached with the sample synthesized at 600°C (GGr600), which is 10-fold higher than that of commercial graphene (CG) (115 S/m). The percentage of carbon contents of GGr600 and sample synthesized at 800°C (GGr800) was determined as 86% and 73% by XPS. From the SEM analyses, it was observed that graphene products have sheet-like structures. A TEM image showed that GGr800 has the thickness changing from 5-9 nm, pointing out the graphene with few layers. AFM analysis demonstrated that GGr600 has a single-layer sheet-like structure.
The role of the indigenous drug sariva Ghanasatva in allergic conjunctivitis

A clinical study was done on 90 patients with different types of allergic conjunctivitis. Eye drops and capsules prepared from Sariva Ghanasatva were used in this study. The results revealed a significant beneficial effect of the drug on allergic conjunctivitis with respect to the control drug (dexamethasone eye drops)
The role of apoptosis in in vitro and in vivo models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease leading to motor neurons death. Although many studies were performed, the aetiology and the features of cellular death occurring in ALS are poorly understood, and studies carried out from autoptic samples do not allow to clarify early events occurring in ALS. To understand the basic mechanisms leading to motor neuronal death in ALS and to detect the different steps involved in motor neuron degeneration, alternative models are required. The wobbler mouse is one of the most reliable models of human motor neurodegenerative diseases. In the wobbler mouse neuromuscular deficits that are related to a selective vulnerability of cervical spinal cord motor neurons have an early onset and progress rapidly. In my project of thesis I first characterized apoptosis in primary cultures of motor neurons exposed to detrimental stimuli, and then I evaluated the possible involvement of apoptosis in the cervical spinal cord neurons of early symptomatic wobbler mice. In primary cultures of motor neurons I found that: I) BDNF deprivation produced apoptotic cell death, II) AMPA and kainate induced apoptotic or non apoptotic cell death depending on the experimental conditions utilized, III) EPO selectively protected motor neurons committed to dye apoptically. In wobbler mice I found that: I) mitochondrial activity is reduced but caspase9 -mediated apoptosis does not seem involved, II) glutamate induced excitotoxicity does not seem involved in motor neuron degeneration, III) markers of neuroinflammation, such as activated microglia and TNF-a, appeared highly increased in the cervical region of early symptomatic wobbler mice but this process does not seem to induce the activation of caspase 8-mediated apoptosis. Pharmacological treatments confirmed that an antiglutamatergic agent (RPR 119990) and an antiapoptotic agent (EPO) were ineffective, while riluzole showed protective effects. Although alternative cell death pathways should be investigated, my study excludes apoptosis as the mechanism of death in cervical motor neurons of wobbler mice.
PERMINTAAN PEMBIAYAAN MURABAHAH BERDASARKAN TINGKAT INFLASI DAN SUKU BUNGA BI RATE PADA BANK SYARIAH DI INDONESIA

This study aims to analyze the level of murabahah financing that influences by the inflation rate and BI rate at sharia banks in Indonesia in 2013-2016. This research is a quantitative descriptive study. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that, partially, inflation has a positive significant effect murabahah financing. However, the BI rate has no significant effect on murabahah financing in sharia banks in Indonesia in 2013-2016. Simultaneously, inflation and BI rate had a significant effect on murabahahfinancing in sharia banks in Indonesia in 2013-2016. Therefore, the management of sharia banks in Indonesia should be more active in introducing sharia funding to society.
Accuracy and variability in early spontaneous word production: The effects of age, frequency and neighbourhood density

High rates of error and variability in early word production may signal speech sound disorder. However, there is little consensus regarding the degree of error and variability that may be expected in the typical range. Relatedly, while variables including child age, word frequency and word phonological neighbourhood density are associated with variance in word production accuracy and variability, such effects remain under-examined in spontaneous speech. This study measured the accuracy and variability of 234,551 spontaneous word productions from five typically developing children in the Providence corpus (0;11–4;0). Using Bayesian regression, accuracy and variability rates were predicted by age, input frequency, phonological neighbourhood density, and interactions between these variables. Between 61% and 72% of word productions were both inaccurate and variable according to strict criteria. However loosening these criteria to accommodate production inconsistencies unlikely to be considered erroneous (e.g. the target /æləɡeɪtəɹ/ pronounced /ælɪɡeɪtəɹ/) reduced this figure to between 10% and 17%, with the majority of word productions then classed as accurate and stable (48%–58%). In addition, accuracy was higher and variability was lower in later months of sampling, and for high frequency words and high density words. The author discusses the implications of these results for future research and the differential diagnosis of speech sound disorder, and presents an explanatory account of findings emphasizing the development of oral-motor skills and increasingly detailed phonological word representations.
Solutions for parametric double phase Robin problems

We consider a parametric double phase problem with Robin boundary condition. We prove two existence theorems. In the first the reaction is ( p − 1 )-superlinear and the solutions produced are asymptotically big as λ → 0 + . In the second the conditions on the reaction are essentially local at zero and the solutions produced are asymptotically small as λ → 0 + .
Effects of a high-dose Saccharomyces cerevisiae inoculum alone or in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum on the nutritional composition and fermentation traits of maize silage

Context The inoculation of silage with Saccharomyces cerevisiae to deliver viable yeast cells is a novel concept. Aims The effects of a high-dose S. cerevisiae inoculum alone or combined with Lactobacillus plantarum on the nutritional composition, fermentation traits and aerobic stability of maize silage were studied after 30, 60 and 90 days of storage. Methods Whole-crop maize (309.3 g dry matter (DM)/kg as fed) was subjected to one of three treatments: deionised water (untreated control); S. cerevisiae at an estimated concentration of 108 CFU/g fresh forage (S); or S. cerevisiae at an estimated concentration of 108 CFU/g and L. plantarum at an estimated concentration of 105 CFU/g of fresh forage (SL). Key results Compared with the control, the S and SL groups showed increases (P < 0.001) in average pH (3.98 in S and 4.01 in SL vs 3.65 in the control), crude protein (85 g/kg DM in S and 80 g/kg DM in SL vs 63 g/kg DM in the control) and ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen (122.2 g/kg in S and 163.9 g/kg in SL vs 52.9 g/kg in the control) but a lower (P < 0.001) average concentration of water-soluble carbohydrate (0.9 g/kg DM in S and 0.7 g/kg DM in SL vs 2.3 g/kg DM in the control). The levels of neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre were greater (P < 0.001) in S silage than in the control and SL silages, and the hemicellulose level was lower (P = 0.004) in the SL group than the control and S groups. Starch and aerobic stability were unaffected by treatment, and the average lactate and ethanol concentrations were higher (P < 0.001) in the S (53.7 g lactate/kg DM and 28.7 g ethanol/kg DM) and SL (56.9 g lactate/kg DM and 21.4 g ethanol/kg DM) groups than the control (40.1 g lactate/kg DM and 5.3 g ethanol/kg DM) over 90 days of ensiling. Conclusions Overall, a high-dose inoculum of S. cerevisiae alone or combined with L. plantarum affected the nutritional composition and fermentation traits of maize silage. Implications The inoculation of maize silage with a high dose of S. cerevisiae needs to be performed with caution.
Can use of a cold light source in endoscopic middle ear surgery cause sensorineural hearing loss?

Objectives: To investigate possible sensorineural hearing loss created by the use of a cold light source in patients undergoing endoscopic tympanoplasty surgery. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 203 patients, who underwent endoscopic Type 1 tympanoplasty surgery in our ear, nose, and throat clinic between 2012 and 2015, were checked retrospectively. Ninety-one patients were male and 112 were female, and their mean age was 34.4 ± 11.2 years. Results of audiometric measurements performed during the preoperative period and repeated 1 and 3 months postsurgery were compared to each other. Results: The mean duration of the operations was determined to be 52.4 ± 9.1 min. In addition, average preoperative bone-conduction was 11.4 ± 7.4 dB nHL. However, it was 9.57 ± 7.1 dB nHL and 9.51 ± 7.4 dB nHL, respectively, in the 1st and 3rd postoperative months. Levels of postoperative average bone-conduction at the 1st and 3rd month, as well as the thresholds of bone-conduction at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz, were significantly lower than the preoperative results (P < 0.05). However, there was not a remarkable difference at 4000 Hz (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Based on our findings, the increased heat generated by the use of a cold light source during an endoscopic tympanoplasty surgery is unlikely to cause the development of sensorineural hearing loss.
The Value of Unemployment Insurance

In the absence of unemployment insurance (UI) choices, the standard approach to estimating the value of UI is to infer it from the observed consumption response to job loss in combination with some assumption on preferences. Exploiting the unique data and policy context in Sweden, we propose two alternative approaches, which we implement and compare to the standard consumption-based approach on the exact same sample of workers. We nd that the drop in consumption expenditures upon job loss is relatively small ( 13 percent), but the marginal propensity to consume (MPC), estimated using variation in local government transfers, is around 25 percent higher when unemployed than when employed. We show that this wedge in MPCs, the focus of our rst approach, reveals a high relative price of smoothing consumption, con rmed by direct evidence on the limited consumption smoothing means available during unemployment. The estimated relative price provides a lower-bound on the value of UI, which turns out to be substantially higher than the consumption-based estimate under standard preference assumptions. Exploiting the UI choices embedded in the Swedish UI system, we also propose a Revealed-Preference approach, which con rms that the average value of UI is large in our setting, but also reveals substantial dispersion in the value of UI, above and beyond the variation in consumption drops.
Social contact patterns of international students and their impact on academic adaptation

ABSTRACT Social contact has been found to be both a success factor and an outcome of the international student sojourn. This two-stage mixed-methods case study sought to ascertain the role of social contact in the academic adaptation of a sample of international students undertaking taught postgraduate degrees in the United Kingdom. A self-report survey (N = 101) was first conducted to measure the degree of contact with three groups (co-nationals, host country nationals, and non-co-national international students), and its relationship with academic achievement and adaptation. Semi-structured interviews were then conducted with a group of volunteers (N = 17) to further explore their social contact patterns with these three groups. Findings suggest a significant positive relationship between the degree of contact with non-co-national international students and academic outcomes. We discuss implications and put forward a research agenda.
Assessment of Indoor Ionizing Radiation Profile in Radiology Department FMC Asaba Delta State, Nigeria

A “Radiation Alert Inspector” survey meter was the instrument of choice used in measuring and obtaining the indoor ionizing radiation profile placed at 22 selected presumable hotspots of increase radiation (coded A1-A22) as identified by a global positioning system within the Radiology department of Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Asaba. Values obtained from the measurements were converted from micro Sievert per hour (μSv/hr) to mili Sievert per year (mSv/yr). The calculated mean indoor post exposure dose value was in the range of 0.09 – 0.20 μSv/hr (0.60-2.01 mSv/yr). The highest point with increased radiation dose was found to be in the diagnostic x-ray room (2.01±4.11 mSv/yr), while the lowest point was detected at the intern’s common room with a value of 0.60±0.3 mSv/yr. The overall mean of the Mean Indoor Post Exposure (mMIPE) was arrived at 0.88±0.28mSv/yr. Base on the aforementioned findings, it was deduced that radiation level were kept within permissible radiation limit as stipulated by the ICRP and UNSCEAR of 1mSv/yr and thus, FMC Asaba can be said to be Radiologically safe.
Electronic Structure and Optoelectronic Properties of Bismuth Oxyiodide Robust against Percent‐Level Iodine‐, Oxygen‐, and Bismuth‐Related Surface Defects

In the search for nontoxic alternatives to lead‐halide perovskites, bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) has emerged as a promising contender. BiOI is air‐stable for over three months, demonstrates promising early‐stage photovoltaic performance and, importantly, is predicted from calculations to tolerate vacancy and antisite defects. Here, whether BiOI tolerates point defects is experimentally investigated. BiOI thin films are annealed at a low temperature of 100 °C under vacuum (25 Pa absolute pressure). There is a relative reduction in the surface atomic fraction of iodine by over 40%, reduction in the surface bismuth fraction by over 5%, and an increase in the surface oxygen fraction by over 45%. Unexpectedly, the Bi 4f7/2 core level position, Fermi level position, and valence band density of states of BiOI are not significantly changed. Further, the charge‐carrier lifetime, photoluminescence intensity, and the performance of the vacuum‐annealed BiOI films in solar cells remain unchanged. The results show BiOI to be electronically and optoelectronically robust to percent‐level changes in surface composition. However, from photoinduced current transient spectroscopy measurements, it is found that the as‐grown BiOI films have deep traps located ≈0.3 and 0.6 eV from the band edge. These traps limit the charge‐carrier lifetimes of BiOI, and future improvements in the performance of BiOI photovoltaics will need to focus on identifying their origin. Nevertheless, these deep traps are three to four orders of magnitude less concentrated than the surface point defects induced through vacuum annealing. The charge‐carrier lifetimes of the BiOI films are also orders of magnitude longer than if these surface defects were recombination active. This work therefore shows BiOI to be robust against processing conditions that lead to percent‐level iodine‐, bismuth‐, and oxygen‐related surface defects. This will simplify and reduce the cost of fabricating BiOI‐based electronic devices, and stands in contrast to the defect‐sensitivity of traditional covalent semiconductors.
Empirical Framework for Cournot Oligopoly with Private Information

We propose an empirical framework for Cournot oligopoly with private information about costs. First, considering a linear demand with a random intercept, we characterize the Bayesian Cournot-Nash equilibrium and determine its testable implications. Then we establish nonparametric identification of the joint distribution of demand and market-specific technology shock, and then firm-specific cost distributions. Following the identification steps, we propose a likelihood-based estimation method, and for illustration, apply it to the global upstream market for crude oil. We also extend the baseline model to include either conduct parameters, nonlinear demand, or selective entry.