Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 Organized by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee during February 26-28, 2020 Application of Artificial Neural Networks for Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration in Western Himalayan Region

This paper aims to examine the utility of artificial neural networks (ANN) for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ET0) in western Himalayan region. The study considered meteorological data of 3 sub-regions (Jammu-Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh) comprising 47 stations for the period 1979-2011. Two ANN models with different input data combinations were used in the study. Model A1 was comprised of 5 input variables (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed) and model A2 was comprised of 2 input variables (maximum and minimum temperature). The ANN modelling was performed using MATLAB, wherein two-third of the dataset was used for training the network and remaining dataset for testing the developed network. The ET0 predicted using ANN models were compared with the ET0 computed using FAO-56 PenmanMonteith method. The performance of the ANN models was evaluated using sum of squared errors (SSE), root mean squared error (RMSE) and R values. Model A1 performed relatively better than A2 for all the sub-regions, however, model A2 performed better than A1 during testing stage for most locations. The error statistics indicate that the performance of A2 is comparable to A1 and can be effectively utilized to estimate ET0 in absence of sufficient climatic data. A comparison was also conducted among the three sub-regions in the study area. Study validated the performing capability of ANN in estimating ET0 with sufficient as well as limited set of climatic data.
Genetic parameters for production and feeding behaviour traits in crossbred steers fed a finishing diet at different ages

Durunna, O. N. , Mujibi, F. D. N. , Nkrumah, D. J., Basarab, J. A. , Okine, E. K. , Moore, S. S. and Wang, Z. 2013. Genetic parameters for production and feeding behaviour traits in crossbred steers fed a finishing diet at different ages. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 79-87. Because cattle can be raised postweaning under several feeding regimes, this study examined the consistency of phenotypic and genetic parameters of some production and feeding behaviour traits between two feeding periods that beef cattle received a finisher diet. Crossbred steers (n=851) were used for feeding trials from 2002 to 2009 where the steers received a finisher diet either during the fall-winter season (FP1) or during the winter-spring season (FP2). The steers evaluated in FP2 received a backgrounding diet in FP1. Traits examined include dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), gain: feed ratio (G:F), residual feed intake (RFI), and ultrasound measures of backfat thickness (UBF), rib-eye area (UREA) and marbling (UMB). Others include feeding duration (FD), headdown time (HDT) and feeding frequency (FF). As expected, there was no difference (P=0.90) between the RFI measured in the two periods. The two periods were similar for UBF (P=0.87) and UREA (P=0.25),while DMI, ADG and UMB were greater (P<0.04) in FP2 than in FP1. The FD, HDT and FF were greater (P<0.0001) in FP1 compared with FP2. Heritability estimates were calculated in FP1 and FP2, respectively, for ADG (0.38, 0.28), DMI (0.52, 0.42), RFI (0.16, 0.27), G:F (0.18, 0.33), HDT (0.35, 0.18) and FF (0.26, 0.46). More importantly, genetic correlations between FP1 and FP2 were estimated for DMI (0.61), RFI (0.65) and G:F (0.60). The results may indicate the influence of age or feeding period or both on these traits, which may suggest the need for multi-environment genetic evaluations to identify superior animals.
Mistakes in Future Consumption, High MPCs Now

In a canonical intertemporal consumption model, future consumption mistakes (in response to saving changes) lead to higher current marginal propensities to consume (MPCs). These mistakes increase the value of changing current consumption relative to changing saving, as additional saving will not be spent optimally. Various behavioral biases can cause these mistakes, such as inattention, present bias, diagnostic expectations, and near-rationality (epsilon-mistakes). This result helps explain the empirical puzzle of high-liquidity consumers’ high MPCs. In my approach, predictions of sophistication (anticipation of future mistakes) can be derived independently of the underlying biases. (JEL D15, D91, E21)
Growth Regulators and the Phytochrome-Mediated Dormancy of Celery Seeds

Seeds of five celery (Apium graveolens L.) cultivars germinated at 15°C in the light or dark but at 22°C only in the light. This light requirement was overcome by treatment with a mixture of the gibberellins GA4 and GA7 (GA4/7) but interactions of cytokinins, daminozide, ethephon, EDTA and N-phenyl-N′-4-pyridylurea (NC5392) with GA4/7 were observed. Varietal differences in response to GA4/7 concentration and the requirement for cytokinins were related to the upper temperature limits for germination of the different cultivars. Seeds of cultivars responding to low concentrations of GA4/7 appeared to contain less natural inhibitor than those requiring either high concentrations of GA4/7 or cytokinin in addition to low GA4/7. The cytokinin requirement for germination was partially removed by leaching the seeds with water. Interaction studies with applied hormones indicated that in seeds incubated in the light inhibition by abscisic acid was partially alleviated by N6-benzyladenine but not by GA4/7 application. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to the involvement of natural plant hormones in the dormancy mechanism of celery seeds.
Root herbivory induces an above-ground indirect defence

Indirect plant defences have largely been studied within the scope of above-ground interactions. Here we provide novel evidence that root herbivory can induce an above-ground indirect defence. Cotton plants (Gossypium herbaceum) exposed to root-feeding wireworms (Agriotes lineatus) increased their foliar extrafloral nectar production ten-fold in comparison to undamaged control plants. Mechanical root damage also yielded an increase in nectar production. In nature, extrafloral nectar production allows plants to recruit predators, which in turn protect the plant against above-ground insect herbivores. Our results show that root-feeding herbivores may alter such above-ground defensive interactions.
Morphology of Antennal Sensilla in Doeringiella Nobilis (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Abstract The distribution and morphology of antennal sensilla were investigated in females of Doeringiella (Triepeolus) nobilis (Friese) (Apidae, Epeolini) using scanning-electron microscopy. Sensilla campaniformia and three different types of sensilla trichodea were observed in the scape and pedicel. Sensilla trichodea and placodea were the most abundant types in all the flagellomeres. Variability in terms of length was observed in sensilla trichodea and to a lesser extent in sensilla basiconica, allowing further classification of these cuticular structures into types. Sensilla ampullacea, coeloconica and coelocapitula displayed a similar morphology to that reported for other hymenopterans. A previously unknown type of sensilla basiconica was observed in flagellomere nine.
Acute and Chronic Effects of Aflatoxin on the Liver of Rats During the Storage of Walnuts

This study was conducted on thirty albino male rats, weighting 130± 5g and classified into three groups which were (10 rats each) The control (-ve) fed on standard diet all over the period of the experiment. The first group fed on basal diet containing 2% walnut which was stored for four months. The second group fed on basal diet containing 4% walnut which was stored at the same period and same condition. The study was assigned for eight weeks. The results revealed that, the aflatoxins in the walnut after two months and four months of storage showed a significant increase in AFB and AFG when comparing with control (-ve) group. 11 4% walnut rat group and 2% walnut group showed non significant difference in food intake, while showed a significant decrease in weight gain and FER compared with control (-ve) group. There were significant decreases in serum HG, PCV, in blood and in serum TP, albumin and globulin, HDL-C, GSP, SOD, also in liver TG, Glycogen, GSH, SOD and GSP of 2% walnut rat group and 4% walnut group in comparing with control (-ve) group. While, there was significant increase in, blood glucose and in serum of bilirubin, ALT, AST, ALP, GT enzymes activity, CHO, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, T Lipid, P Lipid, MDA. Also, there was significant increase in liver CHO, T Lipid and MDA of 2% walnut rat group and 4% walnut group in compared with control (-ve) group. On the basis of these finding it can be concluded that the highest value of estimated aflatoxins in walnut was appeared after four months of storage and this level show toxic effect on 2% walnut and 4% walnut rats groups which lead to disturbances in some biochemical and histopathological in male rats. Thus, the study recommends eating walnut without storing it for long period.
Perceiving and Desiring-PHILSTUDIES-RR-JULY2010

This paper considers an orectic penetration hypothesis which says that desires and desire-like states may influence perceptual experience in a non-externally mediated way. This hypothesis is clarified with a definition, which serves further to distinguish the interesting target phenomenon from trivial and nongenuine instances of desire-influenced perception. Orectic penetration is an interesting possible case of the cognitive penetrability of perceptual experience. The orectic penetration hypothesis is thus incompatible with the more common thesis that perception is cognitively impenetrable. It is of importance to issues in the philosophy of mind and cognitive science, epistemology, and general philosophy of science. The plausibility of orectic perception can be motivated by some classic experimental studies, and some new experimental research inspired by those same studies. The general suggestion is that orectic penetration thus defined, and evidenced by the relevant studies, cannot be deflected by the standard strategies of the cognitive impenetrability theorist. If folk psychological language is any guide, we sometimes perceive what we want to perceive. Parents tell their children things like ‘You only hear me when you want to hear me. ’ Someone may tell her spouse, ‘It was right there in front of you, you just didn’t want to see it! ’ Such charges are common in everyday contexts and, presumably, are often just metaphorical. One should resist, however, the temptation to hastily conclude that these are just empty contemporary idioms. Linguistic trends such as these often have a way of tracking some real fact about the world. The fact that these idioms all suggest is that we sometimes perceive what we want to perceive. A question for the philosophy of mind and cognitive science is whether this is a fact: do our desires influence our perceptual experiences in some interesting way? Current science of the mind may not afford a conclusive answer to this question, but it does provide important data. Some of this data, it will be argued below, counts against the negative answer favoured by many philosophers (implicitly or explicitly),
A functional simulation of European vine moth Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lep., Tortricidae) population development

This paper discusses several functions which could describe the process of the passing of insect population from one developmental stage into another. A final development function is based on the classical autocatalytic equation, modified for this problem. The function was primarily derived to characterize the developmental changes in the population of the European vine moth, Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. The applicability of the modified function was checked on the rearing data from laboratory and the field conditions. A detailed description of the method of rearing Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. in natural conditions is presented.
Population structure of red‐cockaded woodpeckers in south Florida: RAPDs revisited

Six south Florida populations of the endangered red‐cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) were sampled to examine genetic diversity and population structure in the southernmost portion of the species' range relative to 14 previously sampled populations from throughout the species range. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses were used to evaluate the populations (n= 161 individuals, 13 primers, one band/primer). Results suggested that south Florida populations have significant among‐population genetic differentiation (FST= 0.17, P < 0.000), although gene flow may be adequate to offset drift (Nm= 1.26). Comparison of Florida populations with others sampled indicated differentiation was less in Florida (FST for all populations = 0.21). Cluster analyses of all 20 populations did not reflect complete geographical predictions, although clustering of distant populations resulted in a significant correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance. Overall, results suggest populations in south Florida, similar to the remainder of the species, have low genetic diversity and high population fragmentation. Exact clustering of distant populations supports the ability of RAPDs to differentiate populations accurately. Our results further support past management recommendations that translocations of birds among geographically proximate populations is preferable to movement of birds between distant populations.
Factors affecting the different prophylactic treatments on incidence of retained placenta in Holstein Friesian crossbred cows

Context: The retained placenta (RP) is a significant cause of maternal mortality and morbidity throughout the developing country. Objectives: The aim of the present study was determine the effect of some prophylactic drugs on retained placenta of 100 Holstein Friesian Crossbred Cows at late stage of pregnancy or just after parturition. Materials and Methods: Cows were selected from 50 dairy farms in Bangladesh during June, 2010 to June 2011that was nearly same housing, management. The cows included in this study aged between 3-7 years. The prophylactic measure applied with the history of delivery was treated according to the following schedule: Group I (n=20) Oxin® (oxitocin synth. 10 iu/ml) @ 5 ml/ cow (i.m.); Group II (n=20) Metherspan® (methyleargometrine meleate .0200 mg/ml) @ 5 ml/ cow (i.m.); Group III (n=20) Dinoprost® (dinoprost as trometamol 5 mg/ml) @ 5 ml/ cow (i.m.); Group IV (n=20) Utoklin® (herbal patent drugs) @ 450 ml/ cow (orally); Group V (n=20) placenta expelled spontaneously within 6 to 12 hours (control). The computer package SPSS/PC+ program and logistic regression model used for analyzed the study. Results: The highest and lowest incidence of RP recorded at >7years aged and 3years to <5 years aged cows, respectively. The average incidence of retained placenta was 18% and RP according to prophylactic treatment were 20%, 15%, 10%, 15% and 30% in oxin, metherspan, dinoprost, utoklin and control group, respectively. All the logistic regression coefficients among prophylactic measure were found to be positive and statistically insignificant except dinoprost (P<0.05) and metherspan (P<0.01). The odds ratios of oxitocin, metherspan, dinoprost and herbal patent drugs (utoklin) were 2.154, 3.051, 11.846 and 2.154, respectively where control group was the reference category. Conclusion: Immediate therapeutic approach after delivery will reduce the chance of retained placenta.
Leucyl‐tRNA Synthetase

The binding of ATP, leucine and tRNA to leucyl-tRNA synthestase and the properties of the complexes are examined. The results show that the binding of leucine to the enzyme is dependent on the presence of ATP and that the first step of leucine activation is the formation of an enzyme. ATP complex. The affinity constant of the enzyme for ATP is 4.5 × 106M−1. The binding of ATP to leucyl-tRNA synthetase requires the presence of divalent cations.The stability of the enzyme. ATP complex depends on the nature of these ions, showing that they are included in the complex. This complex, when incubated with leucine, leads to the enzyme. leucyladenylate complex capable of transfering its leucine to tRNA. The results indicate that leucyl-tRNA synthetase has one site for ATP, one for leucine and one tRNA receptor-site. The analysis of the binding of tRNA to the enzyme shows that leucyl-tRNA synthetase can bind specifically rRNAILeu or tRNAIILeu (acetylated or unacylated) with the same affinity constant: KA= 108 M−1. The rate constants of the binding reaction are increased in the presence of ATP plus leucine, suggesting existence of interactions between the site of the enzyme for leucyladenylate and its tRNA receptor site. A cyclic sequential mechanism is proposed for the preferential mode of action of leucyl-tRNA-synthetase. These results were obtained with the native leucyl-tRNA synthetase (the EII form) capable of catalyzing all reactions leading to the formation of leucyl-tRNA. They were also repeated with the enzyme form EI which does not catalyze the transfer of leucine from the enzyme. leucyladenylate complex to tRNA. In spite of its inability to transfer leucine, this enzyme form binds all the substrates of EII with affinity constants identical to those of EII. With the Ei form the rate constants of the tRNA binding reaction are no longer modified in the presence of ATP plus leucine indicating the loss of interactions between the enzyme sites for leucyladenylate and for tRNA.
The distribution of the two forms of the woodlouse Trichoniscus pusillus Brandt (Isopoda: Oniscoidea) in the British Isles: a reassessment of geographic parthenogenesis

The common woodlouse, Trichoniscus pusillus Brandt, is represented in the British Isles by a diploid bisexual form, f. provisorius, and a triploid parthenogenetic form, f. pusillus. Identification of individual specimens is seldom possible, but populations can be assessed for the presence of the two forms by using the sex ratio of a numerically large sample. Using this method, a survey of 139 sites throughout the British Isles has mapped the distribution of the two forms. No clear trends in the distributions are found with either latitude, longitude, altitude or seven climatic variables using multivariate statistics. A clear association off. provisorius with calcareous habitats is noted, however, and this is discussed in the light of previous descriptions of the phenomenon of geographic parthenogenesis.
Longitudinal associations between repetitive negative thinking and emotional disorders

Background: It is undecided whether worry and rumination are conceptualizations of the same underlying process of repetitive negative thinking, which is hypothesized to be a transdiagnostic factor underlying various emotional disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate stable and time specific aspects of worry and rumination in fear disorders (social anxiety, panic disorder, agoraphobia) and distress disorders (dysthymia, depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder). Method: Longitudinal cohort study in 2981 participants (healthy controls, persons with a prior disorder history and persons with a current distress and/or fear disorder). Assessment of DSM-IV diagnoses and worry/rumination took place at baseline (T1), 2-year followup (T2), and 4-year follow-up (T3). Latent trait-state models were fitted using structural equation analyses. Results: Results revealed that i) worry and rumination each contain stable trait components, which are strongly correlated; ii) state level fluctuations of worry and rumination are moderately and positively correlated; iii) trait worry and trait rumination are strongly associated with the stable components of both distress and fear disorders; iv) state fluctuations in distress/fear disorder predict state fluctuations in worry/rumination 2 years later and not vice versa. Conclusion: Our results highlight the similarities between worry and rumination and support their conceptualization as transdiagnostic processes.
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND TAXONOMIC REVIEW OF NOCTILIONOID AND VESPERTILIONOID BATS (CHIROPTERA: YANGOCHIROPTERA)

Abstract Relationships of 5 families within traditional Yangochiroptera (Furipteridae, Mystacinidae, Myzopodidae, Natalidae, and Thyropteridae) have been debated considerably for more than a century, resulting in several alternative hypotheses for their evolution and zoogeography. A recent cladistic assessment of diverse morphologic traits and another of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) sequences have contradicted both traditional classification of yangochiropterans and each other. Our goals were to test alternative phylogenetic hypotheses by examining DNA sequences (1.4 kb) from a nuclear gene (recombination-activating gene-2; Rag2) and, if appropriate, to examine family-level relationships based on concatenation of Rag2 and mtDNA sequences (4.1 kb). Relationships suggested by parsimony and Bayesian analysis of Rag2 data were congruent with mtDNA, and combined analysis afforded high statistical support for all but 2 clades. These molecular data strongly support Noctilionoidea (Furipteridae, Mormoopidae, Mystacinidae, Noctilionidae, Phyllostomidae, and Thyropteridae) and Vespertilionoidea (Molossidae, Natalidae, and Vespertilionidae) and strongly contradict traditional association between Myzopodidae and other noctilionoid or vespertilionoid families. This study, current distributions, and limited fossil record strengthen the hypothesis of a New World origin for Noctilionoidea and suggest an Old World origin for Myzopodidae. Despite considerable statistical support afforded by these molecular data, further study using extensive taxonomic sampling of all bat families is needed to fully resolve relationships among Myzopodidae, Noctilionoidea, and Vespertilionoidea.
RESTITUTION OF r- AND K-SELECTION AS A MODEL OF DENSITY-DEPENDENT NATURAL SELECTION

Dawkins (36, p. 293) observes that "ecologists enjoy a curious love/hate relationship with the r/K concept, often pretending to disapprove of it while finding it indispensable. " Others have suggested that the model of rand K-selection is inadequate and outmoded and does not further our understanding of life history phenomena (105, 120, 123). These views unfortunately result from frequent misuse and overgeneralization of the model. I contend that rand K-selection may have important ramifications for our understanding of life history evolution, but for the model to be useful, it must be interpreted strictly as it was originally formulated: as a model of density-dependent natural selection. To minimize confusion, I begin this review with an outline of rand K-selection explicitly as a model of density-dependent natural selection. I then attempt to place this model within a historical context with other life history theory. As with recent criticisms of competition theory (109), I find that rand K-selection suffers from a lack of true tests of its hypotheses. Although it may play a significant role in the evolution of life histories, there are few empirical studies that can identify density dependence that is independent of other potential selective forces.