Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Constituents of Cananga odorata

Sixteen compounds, (+)-ushinsunine-β-N-oxide (1), cleistopholine (2), liriodenine (3), (-)-anonaine (4), (+)-nornuciferine (5), (+)-N-acetylnornuciferine (6), (-)-ushinsunine (7), (-)-norushinsunine (8), (-)-asimilobine (9), (+)-reticuline (10), N-trans-feruloyltyramine (11), β-sitosterol (12) and stigmasterol (13), lyscamine (14), (-)-anaxagoreine (15) and trans-cinnamic acid (16) were isolated from the methanolic extract of the Cananga odorata. Among them, 1 is a new stereoisomer of ushinsunine-β-N-oxide. The structures of these compounds were established by means of spectral experiments.
Availability and speciation of cadmium added to a calcareous soil under various managements

Potential risks for human health and adverse effects on soil quality caused by accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in soil at concentrations around or exceeding current European Union (EU) permitted limits have long been recognized. We have assessed availability and partitioning of Cd in a Mediterranean calcareous soil under four management regimes. Cadmium was added as a single pulse of CdSO4 at the maximum Cd concentration established by the EU for sludge‐amended agricultural soils and concentrations exceeding the mandatory limits. Soils were treated with 0, 3, 10 and 50 mg Cd kg−1 soil, incubated moist and analysed at selected times up to 600 days. Cadmium availability and distribution in soil were studied by neutral electrolyte and sequential extractions. During the incubation, the availability of Cd was not strictly dependent on the amount of metal added as the exchangeable fractions were similar shortly after the additions of Cd regardless of its initial concentration. Sequential extractions showed that for concentrations of 3 and 10 mg Cd kg−1 soil Cd was evenly distributed among the soil phases, and its mobility was reduced mainly by adsorption on carbonates. At Cd concentrations exceeding 10 mg Cd kg−1 soil a residual fraction appeared, perhaps from precipitation of Cd. Most of the Cd was associated with carbonates; land management and organic matter content had no major effects on the Cd distribution among different soil phases. The extraction protocols were effective for studying the fate of Cd in this calcareous soil as almost all of the Cd added was recovered. However, the introduction of a preliminary step with buffered NH4NO3 improved the determination of the most labile pools. Availability of Cd in calcareous soils estimated with reference methods appeared to be very small even when its total concentration far exceeded the current EU limits.
CLOUD PATTERNS IN HURRICANE DAISY, 1958

Maps of clouds in Hurricane Daisy, 1958, have been constructed from aerial cine photographs made by the aircraft of the National Hurricane Research Project of the U.S. Weather Bureau. Films suitable for quantitative analysis were available for four flights on three separate days during the formation, deepening, and maturity of this small but intense Atlantic hurricane which moved slowly over the ocean in the vicinity of 30° N, 76° W. Clouds were located within 5–10 nautical miles relative to the known aircraft path (in coordinates with origin at hurricane center) by a modified method of aerial photogrammetry using the accurately known times for the image to cross a frame. Horizontal and vertical dimensions of important clouds and cloud forms have been measured to within about 10%. The photographic maps are compared to radar analyses made from the same and also different aircraft (U.S. Navy WV-4). The most significant results are first the remarkable persistence of recognizable cloud patterns throughout the three days studied, during which the storm deepened and moved about 200 nautical miles and second, the concentration of convective activity into a few lines of cumulonimbus towers which even on the mature day occupied only about 4% of the rain area (radius within about 200 nautical miles). DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1961. tb00062.x
Treatment of landfill leachate by membrane processes of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis

AbstractLandfill leachate from Jakusevec, Zagreb, Croatia was treated by membrane processes of nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO). Different types of membranes were selected to obtain the parameters of leachate contaminants below maximum concentration levels (MCLs), defined by the Croatian law and EU directive. As a pretreatment of landfill leachate, coagulation and filtration were used. Parameters of total carbon, total organic carbon (TOC), inorganic carbon, chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, turbidity, conductivity, concentration of different inorganic ions, heavy metals, etc., were analyzed in all steps. The landfill leachate was relatively low loaded with organic substances and ammonia; COD, TOC, and NH4+-N of real sample were 1,720.0 mgO L−1, 1,260.5 mgC L−1, and 1,147.6 mg L−1, respectively. Their concentrations decreased after coagulation for 27.9, 58.6, and 7.9%, respectively. RO/NF membranes (NF270, NF90, and XLE) additionally decreased COD and TOC for >94.6% and >92.5%, respectively. A.
Ab initio molecular dynamics study of proton mobility in liquid methanol

The transport of protons through aqueous, partially aqueous, or nonaqueous hydrogen-bonded media is a fundamental process in many biologically and technologically important systems. Liquid methanol is an example of a hydrogen-bonded system that, like water, supports anomalously fast proton transport. Using the methodology of ab initio molecular dynamics, in which internuclear forces are computed directly from electronic structure calculations as the simulation proceeds, we have investigated the microscopic mechanism of the proton transport process in liquid methanol at 300 K. It is found that the defect structure associated with an excess proton in liquid methanol is a hydrogen-bonded cationic chain whose length generally exceeds the average chain length in pure liquid methanol. Hydrogen bonds in the first and second solvation shells of the excess proton are considerably shorter and stronger than ordinary methanol–methanol hydrogen bonds. Along this chain, proton transfer reactions occur in an essentially.
Lattice–Boltzmann study of the transition from quasi-two-dimensional to three-dimensional one particle hydrodynamics

We report the results of a study designed to categorize the hydrodynamics of a quasi-two-dimensional system as either a 2D or 3D fluid. The characterization is based on the asymptotic decay of the velocity autocorrelation functions for different modes of motion and different boundary conditions at the enclosing walls. Our results show that for the case of no-slip boundary conditions the long time decay corresponds to neither 2D or 3D behaviour, nor anything in-between. The no-slip walls cause the long time tail of the velocity autocorrelation functions to have an exponential decay, more in agreement with Langevin model predictions. The free-slip boundary conditions create no-friction conditions for the tangential flow, and no-slip conditions for the perpendicular flow. The tangential component of the flow behaves like flow in 2D, but the perpendicular flow is hindered. As a result, the effect of the free-slip walls on the particle motion depends on the particular mode of motion. For perpendicular rotation where there is no flow perpendicular to the walls and for parallel translation where the perpendicular flow component is weak, we retrieve a 2D like decay for the autocorrelation functions. When the greatest part of the flow is in the perpendicular direction, the distinction between the no-slip and free-slip boundary is small, as in perpendicular translation. For the case of parallel rotation, the situation is more complicated as the perpendicular and tangential flows are more or less balanced, thus the no-slip boundary conditions slow down and speed up the autocorrelation decay. In the net result, the slowing down shows up in the increased diffusion coefficient, but the autocorrelation function shows a faster long time decay. As the plate separation decreases, the balance between the two contributions shifts and the diffusion coefficient begins to fall with decreasing separation.
Identification of a specific type of PD from acoustic emission frequency spectra

The paper presents an attempt to apply spectral analysis tools in processing acoustic emission (AE) pulses generated by partial discharge (FD). The experimental part of the paper describes spark gaps generating four types of PD and specifies parameters of measured acoustic signals and recalls the system used for measurement and analysis of the frequency spectra. Also, a spectral analysis procedure is presented, and frequency-domain descriptors characterizing AE pulses are defined. The results of the analysis are given both as time plots and amplitude and energy density spectra, related to values of the associated descriptors. The spectral analysis results cover AE pulses generated in systems modeling the following types of pD: point-plane type discharges in oil, surface discharges in oil, gas bubble discharges in oil and discharges in indeterminate-potential particles moving in oil. In conclusion, an ability to identify a specific type of FD on a basis of frequency spectra of AE pulses and their descriptors is presented. The comparative analysis enables one to select those descriptors, which can constitute unique criteria for identification of a specific PD type.
Top-seeded solution growth of SrTiO3 crystals and phase diagram studies in the SrO–TiO2 system

The TiO2 rich part of the (1 − x)SrO + xTiO2 phase diagram (0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) was redetermined and the eutectic point between SrTiO3 and TiO2 was found at xeut = 0.7700 ± 0.0001; Teut = 1449 ± 3 °C. From TiO2 rich melt solutions, x = 0.75, centimeter-sized single crystals could be grown. The best crystals with an etch pit density of <2 × 104 cm−2 were obtained for growth directions 〈110〉 and 〈100〉. AFM investigation of the interface reveals layer-by-layer growth.
A Procedure for Molecular Electronic State Calculation in Inhomogeneous Materials

A possible procedure for calculating the molecular electronic states in mesoscopic inhomogeneous structures is explained based on the results of simulations on different spatial scales. Electrostatic potential is discussed as an essential factor to connect the electronic characteristics of different scales. The procedure is demonstrated by applying the results of hierarchical simulations on the structural formula of a polyelectrolyte (Nafion, a DuPont trademark) molecule to the electronic state calculations for a hydronium ion in a hydrated Nafion membrane via the mesoscopic structure of the membrane. The mesoscopic simulation method adopted here is dissipative particle dynamics (DPD), which is a coarse graining simulation method with dissipative and randomly fluctuating force terms. A mixed basis function method is introduced for electronic state calculations in inhomogeneous fields as a combination of Gaussian basis functions and shape functions of the finite element method (FEM) for expressing electronic wavefunctions. The procedure of the multi-scale simulation represents a practical example of ones reproducing electronic structural information within a mesoscopic inhomogeneous structure.
Photochemistry of aromatic nitro compounds, XIII. Photoreduction of sterically hindered nitrobenzenes in aliphatic amines†‡§

Photolysis of sterically hindered nitrobenzenes (1a-d) in tertiary aliphatic amines as solvents results in efficient photoreduction to hydroxylamine derivatives and/or the corresponding anilines. Quantum yields for conversion of starting material Φconv in triethylamine have been determinded for 1a, c, d to be 0.47, 0.25 and 0.39, respectively, whereas with diethylamine, Φconv ≈ 0.09. Support for an electron transfer mechanism of photoreduction in the cases reported here comes from the fact that 1a-d do not undergo hydrogen transfer photoreduction and from the small isotope effect (kH/kD ≈ 1.1) when 1,1-dideuterio-triethylamine is used as solvent. A rationale for the formation of several nitrones as products of photolysis of 1a-c in various tertiary amines is given.
Structure characterization with neutron powder data of LaGaO3 and NdGaO3 based on X-ray single-crystal data: evidence for an inversion center

From neutron powder diffraction intensities it is often problematic to distinguish between centrosymmetry and non-centrosymmetry. X-ray single crystal diffraction may be more accurate. In this paper we compare refinement results of crystal structures on the basis of neutron powder data of orthorhombic NdGaO 3 (300 K) and of rhombohedral LaGaO 3 (573 K), obtained from non-centrosymmetric and centrosymmetric starting models. By using of X-ray single crystal measurements, the structures of LaGaO 3 and NdGaO 3 could be determined as being centrosymmetric corresponding to the space group R3c and Pbnm, respectively.
Characterization of alkali-soluble polysaccharides in deep subsoil layers

Abstract Plant cell wall polysaccharides undergo a slower degradation process in deep subsoil layers than in topsoil. Through the identification of organic compounds in subsoil, we may gain an understanding of this degradation process. In the present study, we extracted alkali-soluble polysaccharides from subsoil bore samples at depths of 5, 18, 29, 35 and 40–43 m, and performed sugar composition and sugar linkage analyses. Based on the results, we suggest that cellulose, arabinoxylan, mannan and pectic polysaccharides derived from plant cell walls and β-1,3-glucan and/or β-1,3:1,6-glucan from fungal cell walls exist in deep subsoil layers.
Effect of Si/Al Ratio on CO2 – CH4 Adsorption and Selectivity in Synthesized SAPO-34

Impact of Si/Al ratio on the adsorption capacity and separation selectivity of CO2/CH4 in SAPO-34 has been investigated. SAPO-34 samples were synthesized with two Si/Al ratios (0.2 and 0.3). A batch adsorption volumetric apparatus was used to measure the adsorption equilibrium capacity and derive the equilibrium isotherms. The tests were performed in a wide range of pressure from normal to 3000 kPa and three levels of temperatures from 277 to 298 K. Results proved decreasing Si/Al ratio, from 0.3 to 0.2, improved CO2 separation from CH4.
Alleviation of Co and Cr toxic effects on alfalfa

Effect of different concentrations of cobalt and chromium ions on physiological and biochemical characters of alfalfa were studied through a pot experiment. There was a gradual decrease in alfalfa growth with the progressive increasing in concentration of Co and Cr. This could be attributed to their negative effects on leaf content of chlorophyll and photosynthetic activity, and the generation of oxidative stress. Increasing Co and Cr concentration suppressed the activity of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., catalase, polypheol oxidase, peroxidase and ascorbic acid oxidase), and decreased the cellular content of some metabolites including carbohydrates, protein and RNA. Increasing the concentration of the two metal ions led to increasing lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage. Higher concentration of Co and Cr also affected the nutrient uptake. However, pretreatment of the heavy metals solutions with precipitation and EDTA decreased their retarding effect on growth and the metabolic activities. The effect of precipitation was more pronounced, since it removed the heavy metals from the irrigation water. We recommend the application of these treatments to overcome the harmful effect of heavy metals on plants, animals, and then the human health.
POLYSACCHARIDES FROM MULBERRY LEAF IN RELATION TO THEIR ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND ANTIBACTERIAL ABILITY

Polysaccharides play important roles in physiological and pathological effects. Experiments were conducted to compare various methods of polysaccharides extracted from a mulberry leaf using the orthotropic test, and then to determine the optimum extraction conditions. The antioxidant activity and antibacterial ability of mulberry polysaccharides were also evaluated. In this study, the optimum extraction conditions of mulberry polysaccharides were determined to be a ratio of mulberry leaf to water solution of 1:40 (w/v) for 1 h at 80C. Under these optimum conditions, a polysaccharide yield (11.3%) was obtained. Furthermore, the most effective enzymatic removal of proteins from mulberry polysaccharides was achieved using 2.5% protease for a 2.5-h reaction at 40C, with 73.2% of the protein removal proportion and 86.4% of the polysaccharide proportion, while application of active carbon was the best treatment to remove pigments present in mulberry polysaccharides, with 81.4% of the pigment removal proportion and 71.7% of the polysaccharide proportion. In addition, the antioxidant activity and bactericidal ability of mulberry polysaccharides were evaluated. This study indicated that mulberry polysaccharides exhibited an obvious antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner and distinct antibacterial ability. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS There is increasing interest of utilizing polysaccharides from plant sources for their bioactive activities. As extraction conditions greatly influence polysaccharide yield and quality, great attention has been paid to the efficient extraction of polysaccharides from mulberry leaf. In this study, the optimum extraction conditions of polysaccharides from mulberry leaf were obtained using a ratio of mulberry leaf to water solution of 1:40 (w/v) for 1 h at 80C. Application of protease was the most effective in removing proteins, while active carbon was the best treatment to remove pigments present in mulberry polysaccharides. Moreover, mulberry polysaccharides exhibited a strong antioxidant activity and a good antibacterial ability. This study can help better utilize mulberry polysaccharides, especially as a readily accessible source of natural antioxidants and/or possible antibacterial agents in food or pharmaceutical industry.
Effect of Alkaline Hemicellulose Extraction on Kraft Pulp Fibers from Eucalyptus Grandis

Abstract The alkaline extraction of hemicelluloses from hardwoods prior to pulping, for further conversion to value-added products, seems to be a promising pathway for paper mills to increase profit and improve sustainability. However, the amount of hemicellulose extracted will be limited by the requirement to maintain pulp quality and pulp yield in comparison to existing pulping processes. The effects of NaOH concentration, temperature, and time on hemicellulose extraction of Eucalyptus grandis were studied using a statistical experimental design. Extracted wood chips were subjected to kraft pulping to evaluate the effect of the extraction on cooking chemicals, pulp quality, and handsheet paper strengths. The selective xylan recovery (12.4% dry mass) from E. grandis combined with low-cooking, active alkali charge, and less cooking time advantaged the xylan extraction and subsequent modified kraft pulping process under the studied conditions. Pulp viscosity, breaking strength, and tensile index of handsheets were slightly improved.
Redox control on carbon mineralization and dissolved organic matter along a chronosequence of paddy soils

Paddy soils are subjected to periodically changing redox conditions. In order to understand better the redox control on long‐term carbon turnover, we assessed carbon mineralization and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of paddy topsoils sampled along a chronosequence spanning 2000 years of rice cultivation. Non‐paddy soils were used as references. We exposed soils to alternating redox conditions for 12 weeks in incubation experiments. Carbon mineralization of paddy soils was independent of redox conditions. Anoxic conditions caused increasing DOC concentrations for paddy soils, probably because of desorption induced by increasing pH. We assume desorption released older, previously stabilized carbon, which then was respired by a microbial community well adapted to anoxic conditions. This assumption is supported by the 14C signatures of respired CO2, indicating larger mineralization of older carbon under anoxic than under oxic conditions. The increasing DOC concentrations under anoxic conditions did not result in an equivalent increase in carbon mineralization, possibly because of little reducible iron oxide. Therefore, net DOC and CO2 production were not positively related under anoxic conditions. The overall 20–75% smaller carbon mineralization of paddy soils than of non‐paddy soils resulted from less respiration under oxic conditions. We conclude that carbon accumulation in paddy as well as in other wetland soils results from a microbial community well adapted to anoxic conditions, but less efficient in mineralizing carbon during transient oxic periods. Carbon accumulation might be even larger when mineralization under anoxic conditions is restricted by a lack of alternative electron acceptors.
Salt-induced association of β-lactoglobulin by light and X-ray scattering

β-Lactoglobulin, a protein belonging to the lipocaline family, is studied by Photon correlation spectroscopy and small angle X-ray scattering in acidic solutions (pH = 2.3) and at ionic strengths in the range 7−507 mM. Both experiments give a clear evidence of a protein monomer−dimer equilibrium affected by the ionic strength of the solution. The interparticle interactions are determined by means of Photon correlation spectroscopy by following the trend of the protein diffusion coefficient versus concentration (from 0.2 to 25 g/L) at ionic strengths of 7 and 107 mM. From a detailed analysis, estimates of the protein charge, hydrodynamic radius, and dimeritazion fraction have been obtained. Small angle X-ray scattering measurements performed versus ionic strength (from 7 to 507 mM) in dilute solutions (10 g/L) allow an independent estimate of the dimerization fraction. A global fit of the SAXS scattered intensities at different salt concentrations using a simple electrostatic model for the aggregation mech.
Physicochemical Characterization of the Strawberry Samples on Regional Basis Using Multivariate Analysis

Six strawberry samples, commercially grown in Pakistan, were studied for physicochemical properties. All samples have high level of water and low contents of ash and volatile compounds. The berry was found to be a good source of potassium (1.14–1.93 g/kg), magnesium (0.12–0.15 g/kg), calcium (79.59–124.11 mg/kg) and sodium (23.51–36.03 mg/kg). The lead and cadmium contents were below the detection limits (1.0 ± 0.1 μg/l for lead and 0.1 ± 0.01 μg/l for cadmium). Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were found to be good statistical tools for the evaluation of the compositional variations with respect to geographical origin.
New Method of Measuring the Amount of Oxygen Storage/Release on Millisecond Time Scale on Planar Catalyst

Abstract A new method to measure the amount of oxygen storage in/release from catalysts on a millisecond scale per two CO pulses (MS-OSC) has been developed. The MS-OSC measurement is based on the principle of the fast detection of reaction products on catalyst surfaces just after CO and O 2 injections using pulsed valves by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Each catalyst was slurry-coated on planar cordierite substrate. MS-OSC was measured under high-vacuum (10 −7 Pa) conditions, which allowed the MS-OSC to be directly measured as the amount of CO 2 without diffusion effects. We applied the MS-OSC to the following three catalysts: Pt/CeO 2 –ZrO 2 mixture, Pt/CeO 2 –ZrO 2 solid solution, and Pt/CeO 2 –ZrO 2 –Y 2 O 3 (Pt/CZY) solid solution. Pt/CZY was reported to improve the transient catalytic activity on a millisecond scale, which could not be explained by the result of conventional thermogravimetric OSC measurements on a second scale. From a comparison of the three catalysts, the MS-OSC of Pt/CZY was found to be the highest. This result is supported by a previously reported engine test result (H. Tanaka, I. Tan, K. Yamada, and M. Yamamoto, ASATA 98ATE018, 1998).