Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of winter treatments with copper or lime sulphur to control Sooty Blotch on apple.

In 2002 and 2003 two randomized trials and three “on farm” trials where carried out to test the hypothesis that a single winter treatment could reduce the primary inoculum of Sooty Blotch sufficiently to prevent fruit disease during summer. copperoxychloride (0.2%-0.4%) and lime sulfur (4.0%-5.0%) were applied until run-off in March shortly before bud break. Assessments of Sooty Blotch incidence and severity where made immediately after harvest. The winter treatments with copperoxychloride did reduce disease severity during summer in one case. The treatments with lime sulfur reduced the disease level in three sites to some extent. However, winter treatments alone were not nearly as efficient as summer treatments. Therefore, we see no reason to advise this kind of treatment with lime sulfur in practice as the effectiveness is poor, the necessary spray cover can not be reached under practical conditions, and with the amount of material needed for this single spray five sprays can be made in summer that will be more effective to control the disease.
The Effect of Wounding on Primary Dormancy in Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Caryopses

Mechanical wounding broke dormancy and promoted germination of primary dormant pure-line wild oat (Avena fatua L. # AVEFA) caryopses that were in the first physiological stage of dormancy. Caryopses incubated in petri dishes responded to wounding by germinating more rapidly than wounded caryopses incubated in soil. There was no difference in germination between wounded and lanolin-covered wounded caryopses when incubated in soil. The less dormant AN265 caryopses responded to the wounding treatment more rapidly than the more dormant caryopses of M73 in both petri dish and soil incubation systems. Chlorocholine chloride (CCC), an inhibitor of gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis, reduced the germination rate of wounded AN265 and M73 caryopses above and at 1 mM, respectively. Application of 25 mM CCC to wounded dormant AN265 caryopses decreased the level of hexose in the embryo to 47% of the control level. There was no significant effect of CCC on the endosperm hexose, embryo and endosperm imbibed fresh weight, and sucrose and starch content. The results suggest GA or GA biosynthesis is the limiting factor to germination.
SALINIDADE E SEU EFEITO SOBRE A PRODUÇÃO DE GRÃOS DO QUIABEIRO SANTA CRUZ 47

800x600 O trabalho foi realizado na Estacao Lisimetrica da Universidade Federal Rural do Semiarido, Mossoro-RN, objetivando-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes lâminas de irrigacao com agua salina na cultura do quiabeiro Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, cultivar Santa Cruz 47. Foram utilizados 21 lisimetros de drenagem, construidos na forma de caixas de fibras enterradas a 0,75 m de profundidade, e preenchidas ate 0,7 m com solo classificado como Argissolo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos inteiramente casualizados com sete tratamentos e tres repeticoes. Os tratamentos utilizados foram sete lâminas de irrigacao (L0, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5 e L6 correspondentes a irrigacao com agua de baixa salinidade a 110% da Etc; irrigacao com agua de salinidade elevada a 80, 90, 100, 110, 120 e 130% da Etc; respectivamente ), com tres repeticoes. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variaveis: altura de plantas, diâmetro de caule, numero de folhas, massa media de frutos e graos por planta e producao de graos por hectare, houve efeito significativo das lâminas de irrigacao sobre todas as variaveis analisadas, exceto para o numero de folhas por planta. Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:. 0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
Effect of foliar application of urea and naa on yield and yield attributes of chilli (Capsicum annuum Var: Longum)

Trial indicated that yield and yield attributes of chilli (Capsicum annuum var. longum) cv. RCH-1 were greatly influenced by the foliar sprays of urea (0.5, 1 and 1.5%) and naphthalene acetic acid (25, 50 and 75 ppm). Increasing concentrations of urea and naphthalene acetic acid increased per cent fruit set, fruit weight, per cent dry yield and yield ha−1 and decreased fruit drop percentage, whereas time taken to 50% flowering was decreased by the higher concentrations of naphthalene acetic acid. The maximwn yield was obtained with the treatment of 1.5% urea and 75 ppm naphthalene acetic acid.
Effects of several plant growth regulators on the yield and fiber quality of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

Plant growth regulators (PGR) are used in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production to balance vegetative and reproductive growth, as well as to increase seed cotton yield and lint quality. Field experiments were conducted with some PGRs to determine their effects on yield and yield components of cotton using cv. ‘Stoneville 453’. The study was conducted at Harran University Agricultural Research and Application Center located in Şanliurfa, Turkey in 2004 and 2005. Seven commercial PGRs (Pix, Bigtonik, Biozyme® TF, K-Humate, Maxicrop and Biogibb) were sprayed at recommended doses and application time during the study. Experiments were arranged as randomized complete plot design with three replications. Experimental plots consisted of 12 meter long with six rows, 0.70 m row spacing and 0.20 m plant-spacing on row. The results showed that the applied PGRs (except pix) had significant positive effects on the seed cotton yield, plant height, average number of open bolls, number of sympodia, boll weight, lint percentage and seed index and decreased the earliness index. However, fiber length, fiber fineness, fiber strength and fiber uniformity were not affected by the treatments. Higher yields were obtained in Maxicrop, Biozyme® TF and Biogibb treated plots. Therefore, PGRs might be considered a component of cotton growth management to provide higher seed cotton yields.
A bioinformatic analysis of the Mononegavirales transcription/replication complex through the development of the DisICC pipeline

The viral members of the Order Mononegavirales are responsible for numerous diseases with high mortality and few if any treatments. Unfortunately, knowledge of these viruses is limited. Attempts to study the structure of the replication/transcription complex of these viruses using physical methods like X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy have been largely unsuccessful due to the large size of this complex, as well as the amount of disorder these proteins show when isolated. The goal of this Bioinformatic study is to investigate sequence conservation in relation to evolutionary function/structure of the nucleoprotein (N), large subunit polymerase protein (L) and phosphoprotein (P) of the Order Mononegavirales. In the combined analysis of 63 representative viruses from the four viral families (Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Filoviridae, and Bornaviridae) were predicted using a developed Disorder, Intra-residue contact and Compensatory mutation Correlator, (DisICC) pipeline. The N protein results indicate conservation for disorder in the C-terminus region of the N viral proteins important for interacting with P and L during transcription and replication. Portions of the N-terminus are responsible for N:N stability with interactions identified by the presence or lack of co-evolving intra-protein contact predictions. Correlations between location and conservation of predicted regions reveal strong divisions between families while highlighting conservation within individual families in L. Suggesting L Domains are conserved across the Order with strong intra-sequence pressures for conservation, while hinge regions lack these pressures. Conserved disorder is reported for: the amino-terminal of L for L-L complex formation across all families, Domain V for capping activity across Paramyxovirinae and Vesiculovirus, and Domain VI for cap methylation is conserved across Paramyxovirinae, Rubulaviruses, Avulaviruses, Ferlavirus and Morbilliviruses. The P sequences show a strong conservation of disorder within viral families that corresponds to their binding Domains with little intra-sequence pressure. Validation of these predictions by current experimental and structural information illustrates the benefits of the DisICC pipeline for characterizing protein disorder and intra-residue contact that can reveal likely residues as disruption targets in these viruses that are infectious to humans.
Improving natural pest suppression in arable farming: field margins and the importance of ground dwelling predators

Overwintering of soil dwelling arthropods and especially carabid beetles was much higher in unmown perennial field margins than in mown grass strips or barren crop fields. Over 200 generalist predators per m2 were trapped in field margin enclosures after hibernation. Predator exclusion experiments showed that high-density aphid colonies in May were reduced by 49% compared to predator-free conditions, both in field margins and in summer wheat crops. Over a 4 years period, aphid infestation levels in summer wheat and potatoes were 15%-65% lower in a farming system with a network of perennial field margins, compared to a system without field margins. However, Diamond back moth and slug damage in Brussels sprouts were higher in the system with field margins compared to the control system without margins.
TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL PATTERNS OF NESTING WITHIN A BREEDING COLONY IN SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL

Breeding colony of Anhinga (Anhinga anhinga), Great White Herons (Ardea alba), Snowy Egrets (Egretta thula), Cattle egret (Bulbucus ibis) and Black-crowned Night Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) was monitored for, during 1988 till 1989, for: 1) number of breeding pairs, 2) beginning of the breeding period, and 3) height of nest. Similarities and dissimilarities in these three parameters were analyzed to explain temporal and spatial patterns of nesting within the colony. A temporal segregation occurred between the two greatest populations of Black-crowned Night Herons and Cattle Egret. The reproductive temporal sequence observed was Black-crowned Night Herons, Great White Herons and Snowy Egrets, Anhinga and Cattle Egret. Such sequence may be due to the fact that more piscivorous species breed during low water period. The analysis of nests locations showed a vertical stratification of the populations. These results support the notion that species that overlap temporally, segregate vertically in their nest location. Reproductive success of the studied populations were similar to results found in temperate regions. It is suggested that the temporal and vertical structure of the breeding colony is associated with the local structure of the vegetation.
Relações taxonômicas entre os algodoeiros mocó e Gossypium mustelinum do Nordeste Brasileiro

O algodoeiro moco ( Gossypium hirsutum r. marie-galante Hutch., Malvacea) cultivado no Nordeste brasileiro e de origem desconhecida e somente conjecturas podem ser feitas acerca do seu aparecimento na regiao. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o 'moco' com o G. mustelinum Miers, com a finalidade de contribuir para o esclarecimento da sua origem para a classificacao botânica. O estudo foi conduzido comparando-se o G. mustelinum com sete tipos de 'moco' representados pelos mocozinho, moco-vale-do-serido, francisco-raimundo, fibra creme, moco melhorado e, finalmente pelos mocos com tendencia para G. barbadense , com proximidade para o G. mustelinum . As variaveis estudadas foram tomadas nas folhas, bracteas e flores, medidas em cinco plantas selecionadas ao acaso, antes do florescimento. O metodo consistiu na analise de conglomerados, dos componentes principais, e na analise discriminante canonica. Os resultados favorecem a hipotese de que o G. mustelinum nao pode ser considerado um dos precursores do algodoeiro moco em cultivo no Nordeste brasileiro.
Resin duct characteristics in the wood of fire-scarred North American conifers

Traumatic resin ducts form in xylem and phloem tissue of conifers in response to abiotic wounding, fungal invasion, and insect attack. Little is known about resin duct characteristics in the wood of fire-scarred trees. The aim of this study is to quantify changes in traits of both axial and radial resin ducts, along with those of associated epithelial cells and fusiform rays, in 2 individuals each of Larix occidentalis and Pseudotsuga menziesii. Transverse and tangential microsections were cut from samples for light microscopy. Using image analysis, anatomical measurements of cells are being performed three-dimensionally: at 4 heights along the tree axis, within 4 cm from the wound margin and in different rings, including 2 rings from the wound xylem. The forthcoming results will provide new insights into one of the most important defense mechanisms of trees.
The Early Process of Mammal Domestication in the Near East

Recent archaeological investigations on Cyprus have unveiled unsuspected Late Glacial and Early Holocene (twelfth–tenth millennia cal BP) pieces of the island’s human history. Based on a review of the archaeological data and of the final results of the archaeozoological analyses of Sector 1 of the prepottery site at Shillourokambos, this paper examines how Cyprus improves our understanding of the process of mammal domestication in the Near East. Early introduction of controlled wild animals and then of early domestic lineages provides information about the modalities of the domestication process on the mainland. This information emphasizes the importance of technical skills, of local opportunities and adaptations, and of long-distance and increasing exchanges in the larger Near East area. Cyprus was a recipient of wild or domestic taxa from the continent through recurrent introductions, but it was fully part of the wider area of incipient farming, as seen in local innovations such as the intensive hunting/control of wild deer and boar or local domestication of wild/feral goats. The transition to farming during the tenth millennium appears to follow an unstable and opportunistic Early and Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B phase of low-level food production based on rapidly changing combinations of hunting, control, and breeding.
Type III Secretion Mediated Translocation of Effector Exoenzymes by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Intracellular targeting of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxins exoenzyme S (ExoS) and exoenzyme T (ExoT) initially results in disruption of the actin microfilament structure of eukaryotic cells. ExoS and ExoT are bifunctional cytotoxins, with N-terminal GTPase-activating protein (GAP) and C-terminal ADP-ribosyltransferase activities. We show that ExoS can modify multiple GTPases of the Ras superfamily in vivo. In contrast, ExoT shows no ADP-ribosylation activity towards any of the GTPases tested in vivo. We further examined ExoS targets in vivo and observed that ExoS modulates the activity of several of these small GTP-binding proteins, such as Ras, Rap1, Rap2, Ral, Rac1, RhoA and Cdc42. We suggest that ExoS is the major ADP-ribosyltransferase protein modulating small GTPase function encoded by P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, we show that the GAP activity of ExoS abrogates the activation of RhoA, Cdc42 and Rap1.
The effects of co-varying diel-cycling hypoxia and pH on disease susceptibility, growth, and feeding in Crassostrea virginica

Title of Document: THE EFFECTS OF CO-VARYING DIEL-CYCLING HYPOXIA AND pH ON DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY, GROWTH, AND FEEDING IN CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA Andrew George Keppel, Master of Science, 2014 Directed By: Dr. Elizabeth North University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Diel-cycling hypoxia and pH co-occur in shallow waters world-wide. Eutrophication tends to increase the occurrence and severity of diel cycles. We used laboratory experiments to investigate effects of diel-cycling DO and pH on acquisition and progression of infections by Perkinsus marinus, the protistan parasite which causes Dermo disease, as well as hemocyte activity, growth, and feeding in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, an important estuarine species. Diel-cycling DO increased P. marinus infection and cycling DO and pH stimulated hemocyte activity and reduced oyster growth. However, ambient environmental conditions and oyster age modulated some of these effects. Co-varying DO and pH cycles sometimes had less severe effects than either cycle independently. Oysters may acclimate to, or compensate for, effects of cycling conditions on growth. Variation in magnitude and spatial extent of cycling conditions is an important consideration when choosing restoration sites, as severe cycling conditions may hinder re-establishment of estuarine populations. THE EFFECTS OF CO-VARYING DIEL-CYCLING HYPOXIA AND pH ON DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY, GROWTH, AND FEEDING IN CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA By Andrew George Keppel Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science 2014 Advisory Committee: Professor Elizabeth North, Chair Dr. Denise L. Breitburg Professor Ryan Carnegie Professor Michael Wilberg © Copyright by Andrew George Keppel 2014
Assessment of the environmental status in Hellenic coastal waters (Eastern Mediterranean): from the Water Framework Directive to the Marine Strategy Water Framework Directive.

A methodology is presented to assess the environmental status sensu the Marine Strategy Water Framework Directive (MSFD) based on data obtained from the monitoring of water quality in the Hellenic coastal waters within the Water Framework Directive (WFD). An adapted decision tree used for integrating the results of the WFD in the Basque country was applied. Modifications lie to the evaluation of the physicochemical status based on a eutrophication index developed for Eastern Mediterranean waters. Results on hydromorphological, physicochemical and biological elements are presented. The chemical status was evaluated based on measurements of heavy metals in water. The evaluation of the biological quality was based on the use of metrics developed for phytoplankton biomass, benthic macroinvertebrates and macroalgae updated to accommodate MSFD needs. Results on the integrative status of the water bodies were validated by correlating classification results with a pressure index and environmental indicators in water column and sediment. Following this decision tree the majority of stations expected to be at risk of achieving the good status were found in moderate status. Benthos was found to be the element with the closest agreement with the integrated final status having an increased weighting in the decision tree. The quality of benthos and in some limited cases the eutrophication index determined largely the final status. The highest disagreement with the integrative classification was produced by macroalgae. All indicators used correlated with water and sediment parameters but benthos correlated better with sediment factors while phytoplankton and eutrophication index with water column parameters.
Variability of Food Stores of Tetragonisca fiebrigi (Schwarz) (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) from the Argentine Chaco Based on Pollen Analysis

Honey and pollen mass samples of Tetragonisca fiebrigi (Schwarz) from the same and different nests, seasons, and forest types from the Argentine Chaco region were palynologically analyzed and multivariate techniques were applied. The samples from each forest type (Palosantal and Quebrachal) were grouped separately by Cluster Analysis but the phenological records detected that grouping was determined by the season when samples were taken. Honeys and pollen masses were grouped together or fairly closed for all nests due to similar abundance of the different pollen types. Furthermore, honeys were not clustered together with other honeys but with pollen masses. It can be assumed that both nectar and pollen were gathered from the same plant species, supporting the hypothesis that the Dry Chaco melittophilous vegetation is dominated by plants providers of both pollen and nectar, but not exclusively or predominately of one of them. Results of Principal Component Analysis revealed that the foraging behavior of Tetragonisca fiebrigi was governed by random factors such as local differences of flower availability but not by preferences for some plant families. This idea can also be extended to other species of this genus as they concentrated their foraging on different families according to the local vegetation availability in the studied sites.
In vitro regeneration of Brassica napus L. shoots from hypocotyls and stem segments.

Abstract In order to use genetic transformation to enrich Brassica napus L. genetic resources, an efficient method of shoot regeneration in vitro is required. In this assay ten commercially important winter rapeseed cultivars were tested for the regeneration capacity through shoot organogenesis from hypocotyls and stem segments. Results show that shoot regeneration intensity depends on the genotype used. Hypocotyls of cultivar ‛Valesca’ show the highest overall capacity to produce shoots among all genotypes tested, while the higher overall regeneration frequency from stem segments was obtained for the cultivars ‛Insider’, ‛Siska’ and ‛Kazimir H’. Shoot regeneration efficiency strongly correlated with the explant type used: regeneration frequencies from stem segments were by 25.78% (‛Casino’) to 85.11% (‛Libea’) higher than those from hypocotyls. Exogenous growth regulators promoted shoot formation from both hypocotyls and stem segments, but they had variable effect on different genotypes. Thus, the composition of growth regulators must be optimized for every Brassica napus L. genotype and explant type.
YMCA - Parents and Kids Together Programme (PAKT): exploring the potential for informal support among parents

II COMMUNITY ACADEMIC RESEARCH LINKS-CARL . III DECLARATION. IX INTRODUCTION. 1 RESEARCH TITLE: YMCAPARENTS AND KIDS TOGETHER PROGRAMME (PAKT): EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL FOR INFORMAL SUPPORT AMONG PARENTS . 1 BACKGROUND – YMCA/ PAKT PROGRAMME: . 1 RESEARCH RATIONALE: . 2 RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: . 3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS: . 3 METHODOLOGY AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: . 4 CHAPTER OUTLINES: . 5 LITERATURE REVIEW . 7 INTRODUCTION. 7 POLICY CONTEXT OF FAMILY SUPPORT. 7 LEVELS OF FAMILY SUPPORT. 11 FAMILY SUPPORT RESEARCH. 16 CONCLUSION. 19
Learning to Teach through Mother Tongue:

Abstract This paper reports on a case study of students who obtained their basic education from previously advantaged schools (ex-model C). They were enrolled for Post Graduate Certificate in Education in one South African University. The focus of the study was to understand their experiences of learning to teach Life Skills through mother tongue (isiZulu). This qualitative study was located within the interpretive paradigm. Using purposive sampling, two students were identified. Data was generated through students’ narratives. Students were asked to write about their experiences of learning to teach through isiZulu. Data was analysed and the results revealed that both students appreciated the initiative, however they lacked confidence and competence in the use of isiZulu as a Language of Learning and Teaching (LoLT). The study concluded that students who do not have adequate background of isiZulu as a LoLT should be dissuaded from taking this module or should be given extra support to enable them to reach the required levels of competence.