Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling new production in upwelling centers: A case study of modeling new production from remotely sensed temperature and color

A method has been developed for estimating new production in upwelling systems from remotely sensed surface temperatures. A shift-up model predicts the rate of adaptation of nitrate uptake. The time base for the production cycle is obtained from a knowledge of surface heating rates and differences in temperature between the point of upwelling and each pixel. Nitrate concentrations are obtained from temperature-nitrate regression equations. Surface distributions of new production as nitrate uptake are produced. The model was developed for the northwest Africa upwelling region, where shipboard measurements of new production were available. It can be employed in two modes, the first using only surface temperatures, and the second in which CZCS color data are incorporated. The color data provide an estimate of chlorophyll which is used to estimate the diffuse attenuation coefficient and the particulate nitrogen concentration pixel by pixel. Vertical integrations for each pixel can be made when the euphotic zone is well mixed and homogeneous for phytoplankton. Future applications of the model should be on a region-by-region basis where shipboard measurements are available to calibrate the algorithms and validate the results. The major advance offered by this method is the capability to estimate new production on spatial and time scales inaccessible with shipboard approaches.
Comparative evaluation of statistical tests for time series analysis: application to hydrological time series / Evaluation comparative de tests statistiques pour l'analyse de séries temporelles: application à des séries temporelles hydrologiques

Abstract Statistical analyses of hydrological time series play a vital role in water resources studies. Twenty-nine statistical tests for detecting time series characteristics were evaluated by applying them to analyse 46 years of annual rainfall, 47 years of 1-day maximum rainfall and consecutive 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-day maximum rainfalls at Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. The performance of all the tests was evaluated. No severe outliers were found, and both the annual and maximum rainfall series were found to be normally distributed. Based on the known physical parameters affecting the homogeneity, the cumulative deviations and the Bayesian tests were found to be superior to the classical von Neumann test. Similarly, the Tukey test proved excellent among all the multiple comparison tests. These tests indicated that all the seven rainfall series are homogeneous. Two parametric t tests and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test indicated stationarity in all the rainfall series. Of 12 trend detection tests, nine tests indicated no trends in the rainfall series. The Kendall's Rank Correlation test and the Mann-Kendall test were found equally powerful. Moreover, the Fourier series analysis revealed no apparent periodicities in all the seven rainfall series. The annual rainfall series was found persistent with a time lag of nine years. All the rainfall series were subjected to stochastic analysis by fitting 35 autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) models of different orders. The best-fit models for the original annual rainfall and 1-, 2- and 3-day maximum rainfall series were found to be ARMA(0,4), ARMA(0,2), ARMA(0,2) and ARMA(3,0), respectively. The best-fit model for the logarithmically transformed 4-day maximum rainfall was found to be ARMA(0,2). However, for the inversely transformed 4-, 5- and 6-day maximum rainfall series, ARMA(0,1) was obtained as the best-fit model. It is concluded that proper selection of time series tests and use of several tests is indispensable for making useful and reliable decisions.
The Rac1 hypervariable region in targeting and signaling

Cellular signaling by small GTPases is critically dependent on proper spatio-temporal orchestration of activation and output. In addition to their core G (guanine nucleotide binding)-domain, small GTPases comprise a hypervariable region (HVR) and a lipid anchor that are generally accepted to control subcellullar localization. The HVR encodes in many small GTPases a polybasic region (PBR) that permits charge-mediated association to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane or to intracellular organelles. Over the past 15–20 years, evidence has accumulated for specific protein–protein interactions, mediated by the HVR, that control both targeting and signaling specificity of small GTPases. Using the RhoGTPase Rac1 as a paradigm we here review a series of protein partners that require the Rac1 HVR for association and that control various aspects of localized Rac1 signaling. Some of these proteins represent Rac1 activators, whereas others mediate Rac1 inactivation and degradation and yet others potentiate Rac1 downstream signaling. Finally, evidence is discussed which shows that the HVR of Rac1 also contributes to effector interactions, co-operating with the N-terminal effector domain. The complexity of localized Rac1 signaling, reviewed here, is most likely exemplary for many other small GTPases as well, representing a challenge to identify and define similar mechanisms controlling the specific signaling induced by small GTPases.
Towards a more explicit account of the transformation: Reply to comments on ’An integrative review of the enjoyment of sadness associated with music’

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Auditory motion does not modulate spiking activity in the middle temporal and medial superior temporal visual areas

The integration of multiple sensory modalities is a key aspect of brain function, allowing animals to take advantage of concurrent sources of information to make more accurate perceptual judgments. For many years, multisensory integration in the cerebral cortex was deemed to occur only in high‐level “polysensory” association areas. However, more recent studies have suggested that cross‐modal stimulation can also influence neural activity in areas traditionally considered to be unimodal. In particular, several human neuroimaging studies have reported that extrastriate areas involved in visual motion perception are also activated by auditory motion, and may integrate audiovisual motion cues. However, the exact nature and extent of the effects of auditory motion on the visual cortex have not been studied at the single neuron level. We recorded the spiking activity of neurons in the middle temporal (MT) and medial superior temporal (MST) areas of anesthetized marmoset monkeys upon presentation of unimodal stimuli (moving auditory or visual patterns), as well as bimodal stimuli (concurrent audiovisual motion). Despite robust, direction selective responses to visual motion, none of the sampled neurons responded to auditory motion stimuli. Moreover, concurrent moving auditory stimuli had no significant effect on the ability of single MT and MST neurons, or populations of simultaneously recorded neurons, to discriminate the direction of motion of visual stimuli (moving random dot patterns with varying levels of motion noise). Our findings do not support the hypothesis that direct interactions between MT, MST and areas low in the hierarchy of auditory areas underlie audiovisual motion integration.
New groundwater-level rise data from the Rhine-Meuse delta – implications for the reconstruction of Holocene relative mean sea-level rise and differential land-level movements

Abstract We present new local groundwater-level rise data from two Late Glacial aeolian dunes, located near Barendrecht and Oud-Alblas in the western Rhine-Meuse delta. These data are based on AMS radiocarbon dating of terrestrial macrofossils, collected from the base of peat formed on the slopes of these dunes. This method avoids contamination of bulk peat samples by old soil carbon or younger rootlets and rhizomes, as well as the hardwater effect. The new data are used to assess the reliability of previously published groundwater-level index data based on conventional radiocarbon dating of bulk basal peat samples from the slopes of the Late Glacial aeolian dunes at Barendrecht, Hillegersberg, Bolnes and Wijngaarden, all located in the western Rhine-Meuse delta. Comparison of the new and published groundwater-level data shows no significant systematic difference between conventionally dated bulk peat samples and AMS-dated samples of terrestrial macrofossils. The new data from the dune at Barendrecht confirm the reliability of the younger than 6600 cal yr BP age-depth data from the dunes at Hillegersberg and near Bolnes. This result supports the validity of this part of the mean sea-level (MSL) curve for the western Netherlands. Consequently, the position of the groundwater-level curve for Flevoland (central Netherlands) below this MSL curve can most likely be attributed to differential land-level movement. The available data show that the groundwater-gradient effect in the western Rhine-Meuse delta became less than 5 cm/km after 6600 cal yr BP. Finally, temporal correlation between temporary increases in local groundwater-level rise with known shifts of river courses in the delta plain suggests, that avulsions can explain sudden local deviations from the trend in groundwater-level rise. A general conclusion of this study is that a complex relationship exists between sea level and local delta-plain water levels.
Palaeozoic within-plate volcanic rocks in Nova Scotia (Canada) reinterpreted: isotopic constraints on magmatic source and palaeocontinental reconstructions

Palaeozoic volcanism in the Avalon Terrane of northern Nova Scotia occurred during three time intervals: Cambrian–early Ordovician, late Ordovician–early Silurian and middle–late Devonian. In the Meguma Terrane of southern Nova Scotia, Palaeozoic volcanism is limited to the middle Ordovician. Geochemical data show that most of these volcanic rocks are bimodal, within-plate suites. Initial εNd signatures range from +5.4 to −1.9 in the rhyolites and +6.8 to +2.7 in the basalts, a difference attributable to the absence or presence, respectively, of a significant crustal component. The data and regional tectonic settings of the Avalon and Meguma terranes suggest that the volcanism was generated in three different within-plate settings: (1) Cambrian–early Ordovician volcanism related to thermal decay of late Proterozoic arc magmatism during transtensional deformation; (2) middle Ordovician–early Silurian volcanism during sinistral telescoping between Laurentia and Gondwana where extensional bends in the Appalachians produced rifting; and (3) Devonian volcanism resulting from lithospheric delamination during dextral transpression and telescoping. In each setting, active faults served as conduits for the magmas. Nd isotopic data indicate that the source of the Palaeozoic felsic volcanic rocks is isotopically indistinguishable beneath southern and northern Nova Scotia and did not substantially change with time. This crustal source appears to have separated from the mantle during the Proterozoic, a conclusion consistent with the hypothesis that the Palaeozoic rocks in Nova Scotia were deposited upon a late Proterozoic oceanic–cratonic volcanic arc terrane. The Nd data, when combined with published faunal, palaeomagnetic and U–Pb isotopic data, suggest that the Avalon Terrane was peripheral to Gondwana off northwestern South America during Neoproterozoic and early Palaeozoic times.
Invention in the United States City System

This article draws on several empirical regularities underlying central place theory (CPT) to enhance understanding of the uneven distribution of invention in the U.S. city system, especially the immense array of specializations that comprise national technological advance. CPT depicts city systems as collections of places in which functions expand in number as city size increases. Small cities have few functions and large cities many. A long-term hierarchical system is successively inclusive if large cities have all of the functions of smaller cities and some additional ones. The functions investigated here are 399 patent classes distributed across 366 U.S. metropolitan areas in the period from 2000 to 2011. Evidence is strong that patent classes with large numbers of awards are widely spread across the city system. This leads to the average sizes of places active in generating patents in the robust classes to be significantly smaller compared with the average sizes of areas that generate patents in unusual classes. Small cities are tied to national technological advance through the generation of patents in the most active and ubiquitous inventive specialties. Inventors in large cities are more likely to invent in unusual domains. Bigger areas are significantly more diversified compared with smaller ones. The system is not, however, strictly successively inclusive. Whereas 88.3 percent of all patent class–area pairs are generated in at least 50 percent of equally sized and bigger areas, only 20.5 percent of pairs are 100 percent strictly hierarchical.
Adverse Effects of Smoking on Peak Bone Mass May Be Attenuated by Higher Body Mass Index in Young Female Smokers.

Smoking is associated with postmenopausal bone loss and fracture, but the effect of smoking on bone in younger women is unclear. Peak bone mass is an important determinant for fracture risk, therefore our aim was to evaluate the association between smoking and bone mass in 25 year-old women. Specifically, to elucidate the influence of daily cigarette consumption and total exposure, duration, age at starting smoking and time since smoking cessation on bone density and fracture risk. Smoking and BMD data was available for 1054 women from the P EAK -25 cohort. Analyses comparing current smokers with women who never smoked were performed using: number of cigarettes per day; pack-years; smoking duration; age smoking started and for former smokers, age at quitting. BMD did not differ between never, former and current smokers and the relative fracture risk in smokers was not significant (RR=1.2; 95%CI: 0.8-1.9). Among current smokers, BMD decreased with a dose response as cigarette consumption increased (femoral neck; p=0.037). BMD was not significantly lower in young women who had smoked for long duration or started smoking early (p=0.07-0.64); long duration and early start were associated with higher BMI (p=0.038). Lower BMD persisted up to 24 months after smoking cessation (p=0.027-0.050) becoming comparable to never-smokers after 24 months. Hip BMD was negatively associated with smoking and dose-dependent on cigarette consumption. Smoking duration was not associated with BMD although young women with a long smoking history had higher BMI which might attenuate adverse effects from smoking.
Survey of flux transfer events observed with the ISEE 1 spacecraft: Rotational polarity and the source region

We have surveyed transient bipolar perturbations of the magnetic field component normal to the magnetopause, identifiable as flux transfer events (FTEs), from nine seasons during which the ISEE 1 spacecraft completely precessed through the dayside magnetosheath and magnetosphere. Our results indicate that FTEs tend to occur more frequently at postnoon local times, rather than the expected prenoon local times if these events had been associated with pressure pulses generated in the foreshock. The amplitude of both the magnetosheath FTEs and the magnetospheric FTEs tends to decrease, whereas the duration of the FTEs tends to increase, with increasing distance from the magnetopause. The occurrence rate of FTEs tends to increase with decreasing distance from the magnetopause. These features strongly indicate a magnetopause origin for FTEs in both regions. The rotational polarity of the magnetic field perturbations in a plane roughly parallel to the equator reverses across the noon meridian and across the magnetopause. This feature is consistent with an interpretation in which FTEs are generated on the dayside magnetopause and subsequently move antisunward along the magnetopause.
Bio-seismic and sequence stratigraphy of the Neogene of the Northwest Damietta Concession, Nile Delta, Egypt

The stratigraphic framework of the Neogene sequence drilled by two offshore wells located in the north-eastern shore of the Nile Delta (the wells Sekhmet-1 and Sekhmet-2) has been established. The lithostratigraphic units with their sequences, from older to younger, are as follows: the Sidi Salim Formation (including Sr1 SB, Sr2 SB, Sr2 MFS, Sr3 SB and Sr3 MFS), a sequence representing the uppermost part of the Sidi Salim and most of the lower part of the Qawasim Formations (including Tor 1.1 SB, Tor 1.2 SB, Tor 1.3 SB, Tor 1.4 SB and ? Tor 2 SB), a sequence representing the uppermost part of Qawasim and the lower part of the Abu Madi Formations (including ? Me1 SB, Me2 SB and Me2 MFS), the Kafr El Sheikh Formation (including alternatively Za 1 and 2 SB and MFS and Ge 1 SB and MFS), the El Wastani Formation (including Ge 2 SB and MFS) and a Quaternary sequence represented by the topmost part of El Wastani and Mit Ghamr/Bilqas Formation (including alternatively ? Cala 1 and 2 SB and MFS and ? Io 2 SB). The lower part of the Qawasim in well Sekhmet-2 includes two LST: Tor 2 LST and Me 1 LST.
Stable isotopes of surface water across the Longmenshan margin of the eastern Tibetan Plateau

Characterization of the stable isotope compositions (δ18O and δD) of modern‐day surface waters traversing mountain ranges and bordering continental plateaus is important for refining climate models and establishing modern isotope‐elevation gradients along mountain ranges. The Longmenshan margin of the Tibetan Plateau is a steep, 4 km topographic front situated near the boundaries between westerlies and Asian monsoon moisture sources, and is previously unexplored with respect to the variation in water isotopic composition with elevation. This study reports stable isotope data from 101 water samples collected from streams, springs, and ponds along the Min River (Minjiang) watershed, which traverses the Longmenshan margin. Local meteoric water lines, d‐excess values, and surrounding precipitation and river water data sets suggest that precipitation across the Longmenshan margin is dominated by the East Asian summer monsoon. The increase in d‐excess values with increasing catchment elevation breaks down as local moisture recycling becomes important at elevations > 3 km a.s. l. Along the Min River, however, the δ18Ow and δDw values decrease with increasing catchment elevation, which fit second‐order polynomial curves and are well‐approximated by a simple Rayleigh fractionation processes. The temperature‐corrected oxygen values in authigenic carbonates from the Pleistocene Zoige Basin, north of the Min River watershed, yield elevations equivalent to present by the oxygen isotope‐elevation relationship of the Longmenshan margin.
Characterization of inverted coaxial 76Ge detectors in GERDA for future double-฀ decay experiments

: Neutrinoless double-฀ decay of 76Ge is searched for with germanium detectors where source and detector of the decay are identical. For the success of future experiments it is important to increase the mass of the detectors. We report here on the characterization and testing of five prototype detectors manufactured in inverted coaxial (IC) geometry from material enriched to 88% in 76Ge. IC detectors combine the large mass of the traditional semi-coaxial Ge detectors with the superior resolution and pulse shape discrimination power of point contact detectors which exhibited so far much lower mass. Their performance has been found to be satisfactory both when operated in vacuum cryostat and bare in liquid argon within the Gerda setup. The measured resolutions at the Q-value for double-฀ decay of 76Ge (Q฀฀ = 2039 keV) are about 2.1 keV full width at half maximum in vacuum cryostat. After 18 months of operation within the ultra-low background environment of the GERmanium Detector Array (Gerda) experiment and an accumulated exposure of 8.5 kg฀year, the background index after analysis cuts is measured to be 4.9+7.3−3.4×10−4 counts/(keV฀kg฀year) around Q฀฀. This work confirms the feasibility of IC detectors for the next-generation experiment Legend. Abstract Neutrinoless double- β decay of 76 Ge is searched for with germanium detectors where source and detector of the decay are identical. For the success of future experiments it is important to increase the mass of the detectors. We report here on the characterization and testing of ﬁve prototype detectors manufactured in inverted coaxial (IC) geometry from material enriched to 88% in 76 Ge. IC detectors combine the large mass of the traditional semi-coaxial Ge detectors with the superior resolution and pulse shape discrimination power of point contact detectors which exhibited so far much lower mass. Their performance has been found to be satisfactory both when operated in vacuum cryostat and bare in liquid argon within the Gerda setup. The measured resolutions at the Q -value for double- β decay of 76 Ge ( Q ββ = 2039 keV) are about 2.1 keV full width at half maxi-muminvacuumcryostat.After18monthsofoperationwithin the ultra-low background environment of the GERmanium Detector Array ( Gerda ) experiment and an accumulated exposure of 8.5 kg · year, the background index after analysis cuts is measured to be 4 . 9 + 7 . 3 − 3 . 4 × 10 − 4 counts /( keV · kg · year ) around Q ββ . This work conﬁrms the feasibility of IC detectors for the next-generation experiment Legend .
STONEFLY (PLECOPTERA) FAUNA IN THE LOWER REACH OF THE UNA RIVER IN CROATIA

A study of the stonefly fauna on the left bank of the border river Una was carried out during April and May 2009, and from July to November 2010. Qualitative samples of adult Plecoptera were collected at nine different locations in the lower part of the Una River catchment area in Croatia. The aim of this study was to investigate the richness and the distribution of stoneflies along the lower reach of the Una River and its tributaries. The results are based on the identification of adult insects and only in a few cases were larvae and exuviae taken into consideration. Altogether, eleven species of stoneflies were recorded, from five families and ten different genera. Three belong to the family Nemouridae (Amphinemura, Nemoura, Protonemura), three to the family Perlodidae (Besdolus, Isoperla, Perlodes), two to the family Perlidae (Marthamea, Perla), one to the family Taeniopterygidae (Brachyptera), and one to the family Leuctridae (Leuctra). The location with the highest richness of stonefly fauna was the lower reach of Catlan Stream, with five species recorded. The lowest richness of stonefly fauna (1 species) was recorded at the lowest Una River locality (250 m above the confluence with the Sava River in Jasenovac) and at the only spring locality (Jantalovica Spring). Despite the small number of recorded stonefly species in the study area, we found some remarkable species, which have not been recorded for quite a long time in many countries in Europe. Marthamea vitripennis was re-discovered again in Croatia after one century, together with Perla burmeisteriana and Besdolus imhoffi. These species are included on the list of 50 strictly protected Plecoptera species in Croatia. Therefore, the conservation of this important area should be one of the key concerns of environmental policies in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Plecoptera, fauna, Una River, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina