Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The stratigraphy of the Upper Greensand (Cretaceous) of south-west England

The Upper Greensand Formation, in part capped by the Chalk, forms a broad, highly dissected plateau in east Devon and south Somerset. The formation is poorly exposed inland, but the coastal cliffs between Sidmouth and Lyme Regis provide the most extensive and most complete exposures of the Upper Greensand in Britain. De la Beche (1826) divided the formation in Devon into three parts, in ascending order the Cowstone Beds (or Sands), Foxmould and Chert Beds. A recent survey has confirmed two of these subdivisions (redefined here as members) and has added a third. Each of the three proposed members is separated by a major erosion surface that marks a change in overall lithology. The proposed type sections for all three are exposures in cliffs on the east Devon coast. The Foxmould Member, which includes the Foxmould and Cowstones of De la Beche, consists of weakly cemented sandstones that crop out mostly on steep slopes below precipitous cliffs formed by the higher parts of the formation. The Chert Beds of De la Beche have been divided into two members, the Whitecliff Chert Member and the overlying Bindon Sandstone Member. Both are markedly more calcareous than the Foxmould Member and give rise to extensive sections that reveal marked lateral variations which reflect high-energy, shallow-water, marine environments. The ages of the lowest and highest parts of the formation are well constrained by ammonite assemblages. However, much of the middle part of the succession, in particular the Whitecliff Chert Member, although locally rich in bivalves, gastropods and foraminifera, has yielded few in situ age-diagnostic fossils. 92 Stoke Valley Rd., Exeter EX4 5ER, U.K. (E-mail: gallois@geologist.co.uk)
Sporadic E layer development and disruption at low latitudes by prompt penetration electric fields during magnetic storms

An investigation of low‐latitude sporadic E layers during magnetic storms shows that the formation and disruption of these layers are strongly controlled by the magnetospheric electric fields that penetrate to equatorial ionosphere. It is observed that a prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) of westward polarity that dominates the nightside ionosphere can cause formation of sporadic E layers near 100 km, while a PPEF of eastward polarity that dominates the dayside and eveningside can lead to disruption of an Es layer in progress. It is shown that a vertical Hall electric field, induced by the primary zonal PPEF, in the presence of the storm‐associated enhanced conductivity of the night E layer, can be responsible for vertical ion velocity convergence sufficient to influence the Es layer formation. A downward polarity of the Hall electric field leads to Es layer formation, while an upward polarity causes the Es layer disruption. An interplay of magnetic storm associated prompt penetration electric field and energetic particle precipitation is evident in the observed Es layer response features in the region of the South Atlantic/American magnetic anomaly reported here.
Planetary Crusts: Their Composition, Origin and Evolution

Preface Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Prologue Notes and references 1. The planets: their formation and differentiation 2. A primary crust: the highland crust of the Moon 3. A secondary crust: the lunar maria 4. Mercury 5. Mars: early differentiation and planetary composition 6. Mars: crustal composition and evolution 7. Venus: a twin planet to Earth? 8. The oceanic crust of the Earth 9. The Hadean crust of the Earth 10. The Archean crust of the Earth 11. The post-Archean continental crust 12. Composition and evolution of the continental crust 13. Crusts on minor bodies 14. Reflections: the elusive patterns of planetary crusts Indexes.
Difference in canopy and air temperature as an indicator of grassland water stress.

In 2003-2005 in conditions of the moderately warm region of the Třeboň Basin (Czech Republic) the difference between canopy temperature (T c ) and air temperature at 2 m (T a ) was tested as an indicator of grass- land water stress. To evaluate water stress ten-minute averages of temperature difference T c -T a were chosen recorded on days without rainfall with intensive solar radiation from 11.00 to 14.00 CET. Water stress in the zone of the major portion of root biomass (0-0.2 m) in the peak growing season (minimum presence of dead plant residues) documented by a sudden increase in temperature difference, its value 5-12°C and unfavourable canopy temperatures due to overheating (> 30°C) was indicated after high values of suction pressure approach - ing the wilting point (1300 kPa) were reached. High variability of temperature difference in the conditions of sufficient supply of water to plants was explained by the amount of dead plant residues in canopy, value of va- pour pressure deficit (VPD), actual evapotranspiration rate (ETA) and soil moisture content. At the beginning of the growing season (presence of dead plant residues and voids) we proved moderately strong negative linear correlations of T c -T a with VPD and T c -T a with ETA rate and moderately strong positive linear correlations of ETA rate with VPD. In the period of intensive growth (the coverage of dead plant residues and voids lower than 10%) moderately strong linear correlations of T c -T a with VPD and multiple linear correlations of T c -T a with VPD and soil moisture content at a depth of 0.10-0.40 m were demonstrated.
Estimation of the impact of sampling errors in the VOS observations on air-sea fluxes. Part II: Impact on trends and interannual variability

Abstract Using the same approach as in Part I, here it is shown how sampling problems in voluntary observing ship (VOS) data affect conclusions about interannual variations and secular changes of surface heat fluxes. The largest uncertainties in linear trend estimates are found in relatively poorly sampled regions like the high-latitude North Atlantic and North Pacific as well as the Southern Ocean, where trends can locally show opposite signs when computed from the regularly sampled and undersampled data. Spatial patterns of shorter-period interannual variability, quantified through the EOF analysis, also show remarkable differences between the regularly sampled and undersampled flux datasets in the Labrador Sea and northwest Pacific. In particular, it is shown that in the Labrador Sea region, in contrast to regularly sampled NCEP–NCAR reanalysis fluxes, VOS-like sampled NCEP–NCAR reanalysis fluxes neither show significant interannual variability nor significant trends. These regions, although quite loca.
Landscapes of Despair

“Landscapes of despair” is a metaphor coined by two geographers, Michael Dear and Jennifer Wolch, to describe the fate of formerly institutionalized populations living with serious mental illness as well as physical and intellectual disability in the community. “Landscapes of despair” are generally interpreted as the everyday worlds of homeless and precariously housed people living with serious mental and/or physical disability in conditions of extreme material deprivation who must navigate a fragmented landscape of threadbare community supports and negotiate increasingly punitive and paternalistic welfare policies in order to survive from one day to the next. Keywords: deinstitutionalization; disability; homelessness; mental health
Projection and uncertainty analysis of global precipitation‐related extremes using CMIP5 models

Climate change is expected to influence the occurrence and magnitude of precipitation‐related extremes and to increase drought and flood risk. Thus, future changes in dryness and wetness over global land areas are analysed using future climate simulations from the World Climate Research Programme's (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) under RCP4.5 forcing scenario. Model reproducibility is evaluated first, and it is shown that high performance can be achieved in present‐day climate simulations by models, particularly in multi‐model ensemble (MME) results. For future climate simulations, the highest reliability regarding changes in precipitation and its related extremes is found over Northern high latitudes, while the lowest confidence levels are mainly localized over the tropics. The projections indicate a high likelihood that there will be a shift to fewer dryness but to more extreme precipitation events or/and flood events in future over Northern high latitudes. Among populated areas, Mediterranean basin is highlighted as displaying a relatively high reliability of increases in both dryness and wetness indicators, implying increased probabilities of both drought and flood events, despite the fact that there would be less precipitation. In North America and Asian monsoon areas, dryness indictors show no obvious changes, while markedly increases are found in wetness indicators, concurrent with a high model agreement. In contrast, southern Africa, Australia, and the Amazon basin show relatively high reliability regarding increases in dryness, but a low confidence level in wetness. The severity of these changes is not uniform across annual and seasonal scales and is region dependent. Two sources of uncertainty in projections are investigated in this study: internal and inter‐model variability. The analysis indicates that internal and inter‐model variability are the dominant sources of uncertainty in extreme climate projections, and inter‐model variability is much larger and increases with time. Further analysis shows that both sources of uncertainty generally perform lower on annual and global scales than on seasonal and regional ones.
Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist in Preterm Infants With Established or Evolving Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia on High-Intensity Mechanical Ventilatory Support: A Single-Center Experience

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to report possible improvements in ventilator variables associated with a transition from synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation to neurally adjusted ventilatory assist in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia who required a high level of mechanical ventilatory support in a single center. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Neonatal ICU. Patients: Twenty-nine preterm infants with a median gestational age of 25.4 weeks (range, 23.4–30.3 wk) and a median birth weight of 680 g (range, 370–1,230 g) and who were supported with a mechanical ventilator for more than 4 weeks and had a respiratory severity score greater than four during conventional mechanical ventilation prior to conversion to neurally adjusted ventilatory assist. Interventions: Comparison of ventilatory variables, work of breathing, and blood gas values during conventional ventilation and at various time intervals after the change to neurally adjusted ventilatory assist. Measurements and Main Results: The values of various ventilatory variables and other measurements were obtained 1 hour before neurally adjusted ventilatory assist and 1, 4, 12, and 24 hours after conversion to neurally adjusted ventilatory assist. During neurally adjusted ventilatory assist, the peak inspiratory pressure (20.12 ± 2.93 vs 14.15 ± 3.55 cm H2O; p < 0.05), mean airway pressure (11.15 ± 1.29 vs 9.57 ± 1.27 cm H2O; p < 0.05), and work of breathing (0.86 ± 0.22 vs 0.46 ± 0.12 J/L; p < 0.05) were significantly decreased, and the blood gas values were significantly improved. Significantly lower FIO2 and improved oxygen saturation were observed during neurally adjusted ventilatory assist compared with conventional ventilation support. The RSS values decreased and sustained during neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (4.85 ± 1.63 vs 3.21 ± 1.01; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The transition from synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation to neurally adjusted ventilatory assist ventilation was associated with improvements in ventilator variables, oxygen saturation, and blood gas values in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a single center. This study suggests the possible clinical utility of neurally adjusted ventilatory assist as a weaning modality for bronchopulmonary dysplasia patients in the neonatal ICU.
Hotspots: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions

Polynesia, the mountains of south-central China, the coastal forest of Tanzania, New Zealand - all are breathtakingly beautiful sites with a crucial fact in common. They are four of the Earth's 25 "hotspots", geographical areas which, according to scientists and naturalists, are home to the world's greatest plant and animal diversity. The numbers are staggering: fully 60 percent of all terrestrial animal and plant species are found in these hotspots, which are themselves only 1.4 percent of the Earth's surface; they contain 54 percent of amphibian species and nearly half of all the plant species on Earth. They are the richest and most threatened reservoirs of plant and animal life on Earth. "Hotspots" is the definitive compilation and status report on these 25 areas. Russell Mittermeier, Cristina Goettsch Mittermeier and Norman Myers, who pioneered the "hotspots" concept, take you through each of these regions, describing the various ecosystems and the threats to their existence. They have gathered the work of more than one hundred international experts on plant and animal life together with hundreds of spectacular colour photographs, essentially creating a tour of the magnificent array of life found in each region. How we address and reverse the tide of destruction in coming decades will determine the planet's course for centuries to come, and "Hotspots" actually offers hope that this destruction can be slowed. By showcasing the specific areas that contain the greatest diversity, it demonstrates that we can conserve a major share of this terrestrial biodiversity by focusing efforts on relatively small geographical areas. "Hotspots" is not only an important work for conservationists; it is also an extraordinary view of life on Earth.
Farmers, Monks and Aristocrats: The environmental archaeology of Anglo-Saxon Flixborough

The environmental archaeological evidence from the site of Flixborough (in particular the animal bone assemblage) provides a series of unique insights into Anglo-Saxon life in England during the 8th to 10th centuries. The research reveals detailed evidence for the local and regional environment, many aspects of the local and regional agricultural economy, changing resource exploitation strategies and the extent of possible trade and exchange networks. Perhaps the most important conclusions have been gleaned from the synthesis of these various lines of evidence, viewed in a broader archaeological context. Thus, bioarchaeological data from Flixborough have documented for the first time, in a detailed and systematic way, the significant shift in social and economic aspects of wider Anglo-Saxon life during the 9th century AD. , and comment on the possible role of external factors such as the arrival of Scandinavians in the life and development of the settlement. The bioarchaeological evidence from Flixborough is also used to explore the tentative evidence revealed by more traditional archaeological materials for the presence during the 9th century of elements of monastic life. The vast majority of bioarchaeological evidence from Flixborough provides both direct and indirect evidence of the wealth and social standing of some of the inhabitants as well as a plethora of unique information about agricultural and provisioning practices associated with a major Anglo-Saxon estate centre. The environmental archaeological record from Flixborough is without doubt one of the most important datasets of the early medieval period, and one which will provide a key benchmark for future research into many aspects of early medieval archaeology.
Statistical study of geomagnetic field line resonances observed by CHAMP and on the ground

Studies of single events showing the signatures of Pc3 pulsation field line resonances (FLRs) observed in magnetic field data by CHAMP above the E‐region ionosphere and at conjugate ground stations at L < 2 have previously been reported. Notable features of FLRs observed in these investigations were a Doppler shift in the satellite azimuthal component and a 90° rotation of the polarization ellipse between CHAMP and the ground. In this report, we extend the previous work by means of the first statistical investigation of the same features for a large number of events using CHAMP and ground magnetic field data. Our statistical study confirms the Doppler shifts to higher or lower frequencies relative to the ground FLR frequencies for equatorward or poleward passes of CHAMP over the ground station. Our statistical investigation shows the amount of rotation of the FLR polarization ellipses between the ionosphere and the ground to be ~100° on average, rather than the theoretically predicted 90°. This is explained by the polarization ellipses on the ground being oriented close to N‐S irrespective of the orientation above the ionosphere, which is −13° on average. We find no evidence of ionospheric conductivity gradients associated with sunrise and sunset affecting the amount of rotation of the polarization ellipses as predicted by more recent theoretical advances. We are not able to provide conclusive evidence on the relationship between the polarization ellipse rotation and azimuthal wave number as predicted in recent numerical modeling.
Preliminary gravity and magnetic models across Midway Valley and Yucca Wash, Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Detailed gravity and ground magnetic data collected along ten traverses across Midway Valley and Yucca Wash on the eastern flank of Yucca Mountain in southwest Nevada are interpreted. These data were collected as part of an effort to evaluate faulting in the vicinity of proposed surface facilities for a potential nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain. Geophysical data show that Midway Valley is bounded by large gravity and magnetic anomalies associated with the Bow Ridge and Paintbrush Canyon faults, on the west side of Exile Hill and on the west flank of Fran Ridge, respectively. In addition, Midway Valley itself is characterized by a number of small-amplitude anomalies that probably reflect small-scale faulting beneath Midway Valley. Gravity and magnetic data across the northwest trending Yucca Wash and the inferred Yucca Wash fault indicate no major vertical offsets greater than 100 m using a density contrast of 0.2 to 0.3 g/cm{sup 3} along the proposed Yucca Wash fault. In addition, a broad magnetic high coincides with the approximate location of the hydrologic gradient and probably reflects moderately magnetic Topopah Spring Tuff or lavas in the Calico Hills Formation.
Paleohydrogeologic simulations of Laurentide ice-sheet history on groundwater at the eastern flank of the Michigan Basin

A deep geologic repository (DGR) for low- and intermediate-level waste has been proposed by Ontario Power Generation for the Bruce nuclear site in the Municipality of Kincardine, Ontario, Canada. As envisioned, the proposed DGR would be constructed at a depth of about 680 m below ground surface within the argillaceous Ordovician limestone of the Cobourg Formation. Within the geologic setting of southern Ontario, the Bruce nuclear site is positioned along the eastern flank of the Michigan Basin. The regional-scale domain for the modeling undertaken in support of the DGR program encompasses an area of approximately 18 000 km2 and extends to the deepest points in Lake Huron and Georgian Bay. The conceptual model for the ground water system was developed using data from the DGR site characterization program. Hydraulic parameters for the model hydrostratigraphic units were defined using data from the DGR site boreholes and from lab analyses of cores. Borehole data included hydraulic conductivities from straddle-packer hydraulic tests and pressure measurements from the Westbay MP38 and MP55 multilevel groundwater monitoring system. Data from this system indicate that units of the Salina and the Ordovician sediments are under-pressured relative to hydrostatic levels associated with ground surface at the DGR site. The Silurian Niagaran Group is slightly over-pressured while the Cambrian Formation sandstone is significantly over-pressured. The pressure distribution in the sedimentary rock of the Bruce site was analyzed using a hydromechanical model that assumed homogeneous loads and no lateral strain. Layer dependent specific storage coefficients and one-dimensional loading efficiencies were calculated based on testing of core samples. The impact of glaciation and deglaciation on the groundwater system was investigated in paleohydrogeologic scenarios. The model results indicated that basal meltwater does not penetrate vertically below the units of the Salina at the DGR site. A suite of paleohydrogeologic scenarios were investigated in this study. Based on these analyses, glaciation and deglaciation were unable to yield the abnormal pressure patterns observed in the DGR boreholes for the Ordovician formations. Models that included the presence of a gas phase were found to produce under-pressures that are similar to field observations.
Pi2 band activity at low latitudes during non‐substorm intervals

Pi2 pulsations are impulsive, damped oscillations associated with magnetospheric substorm onsets and intensifications. We show that Pi2 activity, with different characteristics, occurs during non‐substorm intervals. Examples showing the nature of the association between low‐latitude Pi2s and “tail reconnection during IMF‐northward, non‐substorm intervals” or TRINNIs are presented. These events are thought to be related to reconnection at a more distant neutral line than that associated with substorms and that maps to the poleward auroral oval boundary. In particular, using a new method of Pi2 identification, we for the first time show that modulated quasi continuous activity in the Pi2 band occurs regularly (∼40% of the time) at low latitudes during IMF‐northward, non‐substorm intervals.
Constraints and Solutions to Maintain Soil Productivity: A Case Study from Central Europe

Yield improvement in old farming areas has been recently recognized as a practice that will further increase crop production. One of the most important old farming areas is Europe (EU 27), which accounts only for 4% of World agricultural area, but at the end of the 20th century produced 14% of total cereals and 20% of meat (Olesen & Bindi, 2002). At present, Europe has a very diversified level of agriculture development. European agriculture is currently divided into eight agricultural regions based on natural and socio-economic factors. Two of them, i.e., the North Eastern region comprising Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Poland and the South Eastern region, including Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro, are of special interest to this chapter. Due to the “planned economy” experiment, which took place from the end of the 1940s to the end of the 1980s, these two regions are generally classified as Central Europe (CE). This macro-region is considered nowadays as one of the most important future producers of cereals (Rosegrant et al., 2001; Kelch & Osborne, 2001).