Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Associations of Binge Drinking With the Risks of Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke: A Study of Pooled Norwegian Health Surveys

Abstract Norwegian health survey data (1987–2003) were analyzed to determine if binge drinking increases the risk of incident major events from ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke. Among current drinkers reporting average alcohol intakes of 2.00–59.99 g/day (n = 44,476), frequent binge drinking (≥5 units at least once per month) was not associated with a greater risk of IHD (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.76, 1.09) or stroke (adjusted HR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.81, 1.19), in comparison with participants who reported that they never or only infrequently (less than once per month) had episodes of binge drinking. Participants with an average alcohol intake of 2.00–59.99 g/day had a lower risk of IHD in comparison with participants with very low intakes (<2.00 g/day), both among frequent binge drinkers (adjusted HR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.80) and among never/infrequent binge drinkers (adjusted HR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.84). The findings suggest that frequent binge drinking, independent of average alcohol intake, does not increase the risk of incident IHD or stroke events. However, the findings should be interpreted in light of the limitations of the study design.
Convective fluid flow through heterogeneous country rocks during contact metamorphism

Geochemical and petrologic data from contact aureoles consistently document fluid focusing through small-scale permeable structures. We use stochastic representations of permeability in a series of transient numerical simulations to assess how such small-scale rock heterogeneities influence kilometer-scale fluid convection around a shallow crustal pluton. The sensitivity study considers different permeability scenarios by varying statistical characteristics of the permeability distribution (mean, variance, and spatial correlation). Large-scale convective flow patterns in heterogeneous contact aureoles are shown to deviate significantly from equivalent homogeneous aureoles in ways that cannot be predicted without detailed mapping of the permeability field. Fluid focused through high-permeability zones results in cumulative fluid fluxes as high as 1×108 kg m−2 after 2×105 years, while nearby low-permeability regions experience time-integrated fluxes ≪105 kg m−2. Spatially variable flow patterns preclude extrapolation of flow directions or fluxes determined from one portion of the aureole to another. Several simulations show high-permeability zones developing isolated long-lived convection cells far from the intrusion. Reduced permeability contrasts (low variance) or anisotropic permeabilities inhibit development of such hydrologically isolated regions. When average aureole permeability is 10−16 m2, maximum metamorphic temperatures deviate by ≤30° from conductive cooling models despite locally high fluxes. Advective temperature displacements as large as 170° occur only when average permeability is 10−15 m2 and can be detected using isotopic or petrologic thermometry. These temperature deviations reflect local permeability heterogeneities and could be useful in identifying high-permeability paleochannels. These results also imply, however, that temperature profiles taken from only one portion of a heterogeneous contact aureole may not be regionally representative or used to infer the overall advective-conductive thermal structure of the large-scale hydrothermal system.
Global surface soil moisture from the Microwave Radiation Imager onboard the Fengyun-3B satellite

Soil moisture retrievals from China’s recently launched meteorological Fengyun-3B satellite are presented. An established retrieval algorithm – the Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM) – was applied to observations of the Microwave Radiation Imager (MWRI) onboard this satellite. The newly developed soil moisture retrievals from this satellite mission may be incorporated in an existing global microwave-based soil moisture database. To reach consistency with an existing data set of multi-satellite soil moisture retrievals, an intercalibration step was applied to correct brightness temperatures for sensor differences between MWRI and the radiometer of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission’s (TRMM’s) Microwave Imager (TMI), resulting from their individual calibration procedures. The newly derived soil moisture and vegetation optical depth product showed a high degree of consistency with parallel retrievals from both TMI and WindSat, the two satellites that are observing during the same time period and are already part of the LPRM database. High correlation (R > 0.60 at night-time) between the LPRM and official MWRI soil moisture products was shown over the validation networks experiencing semiarid climate conditions. The skills drop below 0.50 over forested regions, with the performance of the LPRM product slightly better than the official MWRI product. To demonstrate the promising use of the MWRI soil moisture in drought monitoring, a case study for a recent and unusually dry East Asian summer Monsoon was conducted. The MWRI soil moisture products are able to effectively delineate the regions that are experiencing a considerable drought, highly in agreement with spatial patterns of precipitation and temperature anomalies. The results in this study give confidence in the soil moisture retrievals from the MWRI onboard Fengyun-3B. The integration of the newly derived products into the existing database will allow a better understanding the diurnal, seasonal and interannual variations, and long-term (35 year) changes of soil moisture at the global scale, consequently enhancing hydrological, meteorological, and climate studies.
Vertical distribution and radiative effects of mineral dust and biomass burning aerosol over West Africa during DABEX

[1] This paper presents measurements of the vertical distribution of aerosol extinction coefficient over West Africa during the Dust and Biomass-burning Aerosol Experiment (DABEX)/African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis dry season Special Observing Period Zero (AMMA-SOP0). In situ aircraft measurements from the UK FAAM aircraft have been compared with two ground-based lidars (POLIS and ARM MPL) and an airborne lidar on an ultralight aircraft. In general, mineral dust was observed at low altitudes (up to 2 km), and a mixture of biomass burning aerosol and dust was observed at altitudes of 2–5 km. The study exposes difficulties associated with spatial and temporal variability when intercomparing aircraft and ground measurements. Averaging over many profiles provided a better means of assessing consistent errors and biases associated with in situ sampling instruments and retrievals of lidar ratios. Shortwave radiative transfer calculations and a 3-year simulation with the HadGEM2-A climate model show that the radiative effect of biomass burning aerosol was somewhat sensitive to the vertical distribution of aerosol. In particular, when the observed low-level dust layer was included in the model, the absorption of solar radiation by the biomass burning aerosols increased by 10%. We conclude that this absorption enhancement was caused by the dust reflecting solar radiation up into the biomass burning aerosol layer. This result illustrates that the radiative forcing of anthropogenic absorbing aerosol can be sensitive to the presence of natural aerosol species.
Incidence, severity, aetiology and prevention of sports injuries. A review of concepts.

Notwithstanding the healthy influence of sporting activities on risk factors, in particular those of cardiovascular disease, it is becoming increasingly apparent that sports can present a danger to health in the form of sports injuries. The extent of the sports injury problem calls for preventative action based on the results of epidemiological research. For the interpretation of these facts uniform definitions are needed and limitations of research designs should be known. Measures to prevent sports injuries form part of what is called the 'sequence of prevention'. Firstly the extent of the sports injury problem must be identified and described. Secondly the factors and mechanisms which play a part in the occurrence of sports injuries have to be identified. The third step is to introduce measures that are likely to reduce the future risk and/or severity of sports injuries. This measure should be based on the aetiological factors and the mechanism as identified in the second step. Finally the effect of the measures must be evaluated by repeating the first step. In this review some aspects of the first and second step of the sequence of prevention are discussed. The extent of the sports injury problem is often described by injury incidence and by indicators of the severity of sports injuries. Sports injury incidence should preferably be expressed as the number of sports injuries per exposure time (e.g. per 1000 hours of sports participation) in order to facilitate the comparability of research results. However, one should realise that the outcome of research applying this definition of sports injury incidence is highly dependent on the definitions of 'sports injury' and 'sports participation'. The outcome of such research also depends on the applied research design and research methodology. The incidence of sports injuries depends on: the method used to count injuries (e.g. prospective vs retrospective); the method used to establish the population at risk; and on the representativeness of the sample. Severity of sports injuries can be described on the basis of 6 criteria: the nature of the sports injury; the duration and nature of treatment; sporting time lost; working time lost; permanent damage; and cost. Here also uniform definitions are important and necessary in order to enhance the comparability of research data. In the second step of the 'sequence of prevention' the aetiological factors that play a role in the occurrence of a sports injury have to be identified by epidemiological studies. Epidemiological research on the aetiology of sports injuries requires a conceptual model. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Faunal dynamics of juvenile gastropods and associated organisms across the Valanginian transgression-regression cycle in central Poland

Abstract The Valanginian fossil assemblages at Wawal in central Poland are dominated by juvenile gastropods with planktotrophic, mostly pelagic larvae, their occurrence thus being largely independent of local bottom environment in their distribution. The gastropod-dominated associations show a pattern of species turnover that is surprisingly consistent with a eustatic cycle and changes in biogeographic provincialism, both also strongly expressed in the distribution of ammonites. The Valanginian sea expanded into central Poland from the north, bringing cold waters with boreal faunas, and on the deepening sea-bottom the diversity of benthonic macro-organisms decreased. During the early Late Valanginian highstand, the seaway connecting the North European sea with the Carpathian ocean expanded enough to allow migration of Tethyan organisms into central Poland. In the late Late Valanginian this eustatic trend reversed and Boreal faunas again replaced those from the Tethys. The isotope record in benthonic foraminiferal tests suggests that, despite the sea-level changes, the bottom-water temperatures remained relatively stable.
Cognitive status and use of analgesics and anxiolytics in residents of nursing homes in the Czech republic

Background: The treatment of pain and treatment of anxiety are two of the most complex issues in nursing homes worldwide, mainly because of the large numbers of people with cognitive impairment who reside in this environment. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the administration of analgesics and anxiolytics to people living in nursing homes, taking into account cognitive status. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we used data from 404 residents who lived in nine randomly selected nursing homes in the Czech Republic and participated in the Czech-Austrian Long-Term Care Research Project called DEMDATA. Information about medication administration was obtained from medical records. Cognitive impairment was evaluated by the Mini-Mental State Examination, and pain was measured by the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia. To measure anxiety, we used the Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease Rating Scale in residents with severe-to-moderate dementia and also the standardized questionnaire EuroQol in other residents. Results: In all, 68% (95% CI 62–74) of residents with pain did not receive any analgesic medication and 31% (95% CI 25–38) of residents were administered some analgesics and continued to report pain. The lowest reported occurrence of pain, as well as the lowest prevalence of analgesic administration, was in residents with moderate-to-severe dementia. We found that an alarming percentage of residents in the nursing homes were not treated sufficiently. Conclusion: This study indicates that treatment effects should be better monitored.
Self‐consistent generation of single‐plume state for Enceladus using non‐Newtonian rheology

The thermal dichotomy of Enceladus suggests an asymmetrical structure in its global heat transfer. So far, most of the models proposed that obtained such a distribution have prescribed an a priori asymmetry, i.e., some anomaly in or below the south polar ice shell. We present here the first set of numerical models of convection that yield a stable single‐plume state for Enceladus without prescribed mechanical asymmetry. Using the convection code StagYY in a 2‐D spherical annulus geometry, we show that a non‐Newtonian ice rheology is sufficient to create a localized, single hot plume surrounded by a conductive ice mantle. We obtain a self‐sustained state in which a region of small angular extent has a sufficiently low viscosity to allow subcritical to weak convection to occur due to the stress‐dependent part of the rheological law. We find that the single‐plume state is very unlikely to remain stable if the rheology is Newtonian, confirming what has been found by previous studies. In a second set of numerical simulations, we also investigate the first‐order effect of tidal heating on the stability of the single‐plume state. Tidal heating reinforces the stability of the single‐plume state if it is generated in the plume itself. Lastly, we show that the likelihood of a stable single‐plume state does not depend on the thickness of the ice shell.
Air pressure and cosmogenic isotope production

The cosmic ray flux increases at higher altitude as air pressure and the shielding effect of the atmosphere decrease. Altitude-dependent scaling factors are required to compensate for this effect in calculating cosmic ray exposure ages. Scaling factors in current use assume a uniform relationship between altitude and atmospheric pressure over the Earth's surface. This masks regional differences in mean annual pressure and spatial variation in cosmogenic isotope production rates. Outside Antarctica, air pressures over land depart from the standard atmosphere by ±4.4 hPa (1σ) near sea level, corresponding to offsets of ±3–4% in isotope production rates. Greater offsets occur in regions of persistent high and low pressure such as Siberia and Iceland, where conventional scaling factors predict production rates in error by ±10%. The largest deviations occur over Antarctica where ground level pressures are 20–40 hPa lower than the standard atmosphere at all altitudes. Isotope production rates in Antarctica are therefore 25–30% higher than values calculated by scaling Northern Hemisphere production rates with conventional scaling factors. Exposure ages of old Antarctic surfaces, especially those based on cosmogenic radionuclides at levels close to saturation, may be millions of years younger than published estimates.
Middle Miocene deepwater paleoceanography in the southwest Pacific: Relations with East Antarctic Ice Sheet development

A suite of middle Miocene Deep Sea Drilling Project sites in the southwest Pacific reveals large-scale changes in deepwater circulation associated with East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) variations from ∼16.5 to 13.8 Ma. Oxygen and carbon isotopic records based on Cibicidoides benthic foraminifera from a depth transect (sites 590B, 588A, 591B, and 206 from 1200- to 3150-m paleodepth at ∼35°S paleolatitude) and from a meridional transect (sites 588A, 590B, 593, and 594 from 30° to 48°S paleolatitude at intermediate water depth) allow detailed examination of southwest Pacific deepwater circulation from ∼17.5 to 12 Ma. Significantly, intervals of low δ18O from 16.5 to 16.3 Ma and perhaps at 15.7 Ma were marked by similar δ18O values at upper bathyal (∼1200–1500 m; sites 588A and 590B) and midbathyal (∼2100 m; site 591B) water depths. Small vertical δ18O gradients during δ18O minima may indicate warm saline deep water (WSDW) at midbathyal depths in the southwest Pacific during intervals of inferred global warmth and low global ice volume. Increased vertical δ18O gradients after ∼15.6 Ma and especially after 13.8 Ma indicate increased production of Southern Component Water (SCW) in association with EAIS growth. These data are consistent with the hypothesis (Woodruff and Savin, 1989) that major EAIS growth was fostered by diminished meridional heat transport to the high southern latitudes related to the termination of Tethyan Indian Saline Water (TISW) and an increase in SCW production during the early middle Miocene after ∼15.6 Ma. Further, a maximum vertical carbon isotopic gradient of ∼0.8 ‰ at 13.6 Ma suggests that Southern Component Intermediate Water (SCIW) production and Pacific Deep Water (PDW) strength were each at a maximum at this time and were critical to major EAIS growth. The establishment of near-modern δ13C and δ18O gradients following major EAIS growth from ∼14.0 to 13.8 Ma marks a major step in the development of the Neogene ocean/cryosphere system.
Redfield ratio based on chemical data from isopycnal surfaces

The composition of the organic matter oxidized within the thermocline of the Atlantic and Indian oceans has been estimated from the chemical data along the σθ 27.0 and 27.2 horizons. These estimates are based on the differences between the preformed and observed concentrations of PO4, NO3, total inorganic CO2, alkalinity, and O2. Since these isopycnal horizons are ventilated both from the north and the south, the preformed concentration estimates take into account the relative contributions of these two end-members. The proportions of these end-members are estimated on the basis of the potential temperature of the water, assuming that no cross-isopycnal mixing occurred. Except for the northern Indian Ocean, the composition of the waters entering the isopycnal horizons is established through linear extrapolation of the property-oxygen trends to oxygen saturation. The σθ 27.0 and 27.2 waters do not outcrop in the northern Indian Ocean, and these horizons receive waters spilling into the Indian Ocean from the Red Sea. Therefore the composition of the Red Sea overflow water with these densities is taken to be the northern Indian end-member. The results of this study indicate that the accepted Redfield P:N:C: −O2 ratio of 1:16:106:138 requires revision. Our analysis yields a ratio of 1:16:103:172 if the carbon value is represented by the observed increase in the total CO2 concentration. On the other hand, if the carbon value is assumed to be represented by the oxygen utilization minus the oxygen used for oxidation of NH3 with two moles of O2 per nitrogen atom, a ratio of 1:16:140:172 is obtained. Thus the P: −O2 ratio lies between 1:103 and 1:140. This discrepancy may be accounted for by the increased CO2 concentrations in the source waters as a result of the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 or by an excess demand of oxygen for oxidation of hydrogenated organic molecules. Therefore, without a firm knowledge of either the corrections for the anthropogenic CO2 effect or the hydrogen content of the biological residues, the true P:C ratio cannot be obtained. The ratio of P:CaCO3 dissolution has been estimated to be about 1:12. This indicates that the CO2 produced by the oxidation of organic carbon to that derived from the dissolution of CaCO3 is bout 10:1 at these density horizons.
DRAGON: a framework for service provisioning in heterogeneous grid networks

Dynamic resource allocation in GMPLS optical networks (DRAGON) defines a research and experimental framework for high-performance networks required by grid computing and e-science applications. The DRAGON project is developing technology and deploying network infrastructure which allows dynamic provisioning of network resources in order to establish deterministic paths in direct response to end-user requests. This includes multidomain provisioning of traffic-engineering paths using a distributed control plane across heterogeneous network technologies while including mechanisms for authentication, authorization, accounting (AAA), and scheduling. A reference implementation of this framework has been instantiated in the Washington, DC area and is being utilized to conduct research and development into the deployment of optical networks technologies toward the satisfaction of very-high-performance science application requirements.
The Anti-Atlas chain (Morocco): the southern margin of the Variscan belt along the edge of the West African craton

Abstract Broadly synchronous circum-Atlantic Variscan–Alleghanian orogenic belts developed during the Late Palaeozoic Gondwana–Laurentia collision. In the northern part of the West African craton (WAC), the Variscan orogeny produced basement-controlled structures in the Anti-Atlas, which represents the pericratonic foreland, now located south of the Variscan domains of Morocco and north of the Mauritanides belt. New structural field observations document the strong involvement of the basement and the inversion and folding of the Palaeozoic sedimentary basins at the edge the WAC. Two contrasting domains differently responding to regional NW–SE shortening are recognized: (1) a narrow belt along the Atlantic coast characterized by thin-skinned folding and ESE-vergent thrusting (para-autochthonous Anti-Atlas); (2) a large area between the WAC sensu stricto and the South Atlas front showing huge basement uplifts amidst a folded Palaeozoic cover with upright polyharmonic folds (autochthonous Anti-Atlas). The structural trend of the basement inliers is inherited at least in some case from previous Proterozoic fractures. Compressional reactivations led to basement uplift and concomitant folding of the Palaeozoic cover. Cover series are horizontally shortened by mostly upright symmetrical buckle folds of various wavelengths in response to thickness variations between abundant incompetent silt and shale horizons and rare competent carbonate and quartzite beds. Deformation is greatest near the borders of and between closely spaced basement uplifts. Regionally, deformation intensity decreases, either abruptly or progressively, towards the SE and it vanishes within the undeformed Tindouf basin.