Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THERMAL AND DYNAMICAL PROPERTIES OF GAS ACCRETING ONTO A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE IN AN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS

We study stability of gas accretion in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Our grid-based simulations cover a radial range from 0.1 to 200 pc, which may enable linking the galactic/cosmological simulations with small-scale black hole (BH) accretion models within a few hundreds of Schwarzschild radii. Here, as in previous studies by our group, we include gas radiative cooling as well as heating by a sub-Eddington X-ray source near the central supermassive BH of 108 M☉. Our theoretical estimates and simulations show that for the X-ray luminosity, LX ∼ 0.008 LEdd, the gas is thermally and convectively unstable within the computational domain. In the simulations, we observe that very tiny fluctuations in an initially smooth, spherically symmetric, accretion flow, grow first linearly and then nonlinearly. Consequently, an initially one-phase flow relatively quickly transitions into a two-phase/cold–hot accretion flow. For LX = 0.015 LEdd or higher, the cold clouds continue to accrete but in some regions of the hot phase, the gas starts to move outward. For LX < 0.015 LEdd, the cold phase contribution to the total mass accretion rate only moderately dominates over the hot phase contribution. This result might have some consequences for cosmological simulations of the so-called AGN feedback problem. Our simulations confirm the previous results of Barai et al. who used smoothed particle hydrodynamic (SPH) simulations to tackle the same problem. Here, however, because we use a grid-based code to solve equations in one dimension and two dimensions, we are able to follow the gas dynamics at much higher spacial resolution and for longer time compared with the three-dimensional SPH simulations. One of the new features revealed by our simulations is that the cold condensations in the accretion flow initially form long filaments, but at the later times, those filaments may break into smaller clouds advected outward within the hot outflow. Therefore, these simulations may serve as an attractive model for the so-called narrow-line region in AGNs.
OBSERVATION OF LAMINAR MIXING STRUCTURES IN A PERTURBED TAYLOR VORTEX FLOW

The purpose of the present work is to observe laminar mixing structures in a periodically perturbed Taylor vortex flow system with the aspect ratio Γ = 2. In the range less than Re = 200, isolated mixing regions (IMRs) took clearly the form of two toroidal vortices in the upper and lower circulating flows, respectively. A couple of simple core tori were observed in the case when using the rotating inner cylinder with smooth surface, while a set of some thin tori spirally wrapping around the core of each IMR were observed in the case when using the cylinder having protrusions on the surface. It was found that different numbers of tori were obtained for different numbers of protrusions, even at nearly the same Reynolds numbers. Hence it can be considered that the structure of the IMRs depends on periodical perturbations generated by the passing protrusions of the rotating inner cylinder.
On the 2 -part of the class number of Q ( √± D ) for a congruent number D

We prove certain divisibility results for the 2-part of the class number of quadratic ﬁelds Q ( √− D ) and Q ( √ D ), where D = pq is a congruent number with two prime factors p and q satisfying p ≡ q ≡ 5 (mod 8).
----------------------Ownership Structure On Tax Avoidance: Evidence On Manufacturing Companies

An agency problem arises when corporate decision-making is centralized through voting rights, and ownership rights are concentrated where voting rights exceed cash flow rights (Richardson et al., 2016). This indicates that ownership structure can influence actions taken in a company, including those related to tax avoidance. This study investigates the effects of ownership structure on tax avoidance as determined by institutional and public ownership. The population of this study is manufacturing companies listed on the IDX in 2019. Purposive sampling is used in the sampling process, which includes criteria such manufacturing enterprises listed on the IDX in 2019 and businesses that filed annual reports in 2019. The findings demonstrate that, for manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange in 2019, the managerial ownership structure impacts tax avoidance, but neither the public ownership structure nor the institutional ownership structure does. These findings imply that management-owned businesses are more prone to committing tax fraud than institutional or publicly held ones since they have complete control over the preparation of the financial statement, demonstrating their outstanding quality. Stakeholders will benefit from knowing which ownership structures are most likely to result in tax avoidance, thanks to the results of this research.
Development of a near-wall Reynolds-stress closure based on the SSG model for the pressure strain

In this research, a near-wall second-order closure based on the Speziable et al.(1991) or SSG model for the pressure-strain term is proposed. Unlike the LRR model, the SSG model is quasi-nonlinear and yields better results when applied to calculate rotating homogeneous turbulent flows. An asymptotic analysis near the wall is applied to both the exact and modeled, equations so that appropriate near-wall corrections to the SSG model and the modeled dissipation-rate equation can be derived to satisfy the physical wall boundary conditions as well as the asymptotic near-wall behavior of the exact equations. Two additional model constants are introduced and they are determined by calibrating against one set of near-wall channel flow data. Once determined, their values are found to remain constant irrespective of the type of flow examined. The resultant model is used to calculate simple turbulent flows, near separating turbulent flows, complex turbulent flows and compressible turbulent flows with a freestream Mach number as high as 10. In all the flow cases investigated, the calculated results are in good agreement with data. This new near-wall model is less ad hoc, physically and mathematically more sound and eliminates the empiricism introduced by Zhang. Therefore, it is quite general, as demonstrated by the good agreement achieved with measurements covering a wide range of Reynolds numbers and Mach numbers.
New insights on the recoiling/binary black hole candidate J0927+2943 via molecular gas observations

The peculiar QSO J0927+2943 shows multiple sets of emission lines in its optical spectrum. This signature has been interpreted as the relative motion between a black hole, either recoiling or bound in a binary system, and its host galaxy, or as a superposition of two galaxies along the line of sight. In order to test these scenarios, we have collected 2mm CO(2-1) observations using the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer, and optical images and spectroscopy at the Calar Alto observatory. Together with archival HST images, these data provide unique insights on the nature of this system. The recoiling/binary black hole scenarios are ruled out by the clear detection of a galactic-scale molecular gas reservoir at the same redshift of the QSO broad lines. The observations presented here also disfavour the superposition model, although with less constraints. Thus, the origin of the second, bright set of narrow emission lines in J0927+2943 is still unknown.
Repr\'esentations lin\'eaires de groupes k\"ahl\'eriens et de leurs analogues projectifs

In this note we establish the following result (announced in a previous work): if a linear group is the image of a representation of a K\"ahler group, then it has a finite index subgroup which is the image of a representation of the fundamental group of a smooth projective variety. In particular, a K\"ahler group which is linear is virtually projective.
A N I NTEGRATIVE T HEORY OF P REFRONTAL C ORTEX F UNCTION

n Abstract The prefrontal cortex has long been suspected to play an important role in cognitive control, in the ability to orchestrate thought and action in accordance with internal goals. Its neural basis, however, has remained a mystery. Here, we propose that cognitive control stems from the active maintenance of patterns of activity in the prefrontal cortex that represent goals and the means to achieve them. They provide bias signals to other brain structures whose net effect is to guide the ﬂow of activity along neural pathways that establish the proper mappings between inputs, internal states, and outputs needed to perform a given task. We review neurophysiological, neurobiological, neuroimaging, and computational studies that support this theory and discuss its implications as well as further issues to be addressed.
PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE MASS ACCRETION RATES OF PRE-MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS. IV. RECENT STAR FORMATION IN NGC 602

We have studied the young stellar populations in NGC 602, in the Small Magellanic Cloud, using a novel method that we have developed to combine Hubble Space Telescope photometry in the V, I, and Hα bands. We have identified about 300 pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars, all of which are still undergoing active mass accretion, and have determined their physical parameters (effective temperature, luminosity, age, mass, and mass accretion rate). Our analysis shows that star formation has been present in this field over the last 60 Myr. In addition, we can recognize at least two clear, distinct, and prominent episodes in the recent past: one about 2 Myr ago, but still ongoing in regions of higher nebulosity, and one (or more) older than 30 Myr, encompassing both stars dispersed in the field and two smaller clusters located about 100″ north of the center of NGC 602. The relative locations of younger and older PMS stars do not imply a causal effect or triggering of one generation on the other. The strength of the two episodes appears to be comparable, but the episodes occurring more than 30 Myr ago might have been even stronger than the current one. We have investigated the evolution of the mass accretion rate, , as a function of the stellar parameters finding that , where t is the age of the star, m is its mass, and c is a decreasing function of the metallicity.
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population — Source link

The CES-D scale is a short self-report scale designed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population. The items of the scale are symptoms associated with depression which have been used in previously validated longer scales. The new scale was tested in household interview surveys and in psychiatric settings. It was found to have very high internal consistency and adequate test- retest repeatability. Validity was established by patterns of correlations with other self-report measures, by correlations with clinical ratings of depression, and by relationships with other variables which support its construct validity. Reliability, validity, and factor structure were similar across a wide variety of demographic characteristics in the general population samples tested. The scale should be a useful tool for epidemiologic studies of depression.
The Aligned Multimodal Movie Treebank: An audio, video, dependency-parse treebank

Treebanks have traditionally included only text and were derived from written sources such as newspapers or the web. We introduce the Aligned Multimodal Movie Treebank (AMMT), an English language treebank derived from dialog in Hollywood movies which includes transcriptions of the audio-visual streams with word-level alignment, as well as part of speech tags and dependency parses in the Universal Dependencies formalism. AMMT consists of 31,264 sentences and 218,090 words, that will amount to the 3rd largest UD English treebank and the only multimodal treebank in UD. To help with the web-based annotation effort, we also introduce the Efficient Audio Alignment Annotator (EAAA), a companion tool that enables annotators to significantly speed-up their annotation processes.
Global convergence and suppression of spurious states of the Hopfield neural networks

For the extended sigmoid function which is monotonic and differentiable at any interior point in the output range, the author clarifies the condition that a vertex of a hypercube becomes a local minimum of the Hopfield neural networks and a monotonic convergence region to that minimum. Based on this, a method of analyzing and suppressing spurious states in the networks is derived. It is shown that all the spurious states of the traveling salesman problem for the Hopfield original energy function can be suppressed by the proposed method, and its validity is demonstrated by computer simulations. <<ETX>>
The Instability of a Quantum Superposition of Time Dilations

Using the relativistic concept of time dilation we show that a superposition of gravitational potentials can lead to nonunitary time evolution. For sufficiently weak gravitational potentials one can still define, for all intents and purposes, a global coordinate system. A probe particle in a superposition of weak gravitational fields will, however, experience dephasing due to the different time dilations. The corresponding instability timescale is accessible to experiments, and can be used as a degree of macroscopicity. Finally, we suggest an experiment with smoothly tunable amplification in a microwave interferometer that allows a quantitative study of the quantum to classical boundary.
Impact of the phonon coupling on the dipole strength and radiative neutron capture

The E1 strength functions and radiative capture cross sections for several compound Sn isotopes, including unstable 132Sn and 150Sn, have been calculated using the self-consistent microscopic theory. In addition to the standard RPA or QRPA approaches, the method includes the quasiparticle-phonon coupling and the single-particle continuum. The results obtained show that the phonon contribution significantly affects the pygmy dipole resonance, which is of particular relevance for a proper description of the radiative neutron capture. The impact of the phonon coupling on the pygmy dipole resonance and the radiative neutron capture cross sections increases with the (N -Z) difference. For example, in the (0-10) MeV interval the full theory gives 17% of the energy- weighted sum rule for 150Sn and 2:8% for 124Sn, whereas the continuum QRPA approach gives 5:1% and 1:7%, respectively. These results indicate the importance the self-consistent calculation can have, especially when applied to neutron-rich nuclei of astrophysical interest. The comparison with the widely-used phenomenological Generalized Lorentzian approach shows that the (Q)RPA approach gives an increase in the neutron capture cross section by a factor of 2 for 132Sn and a factor of 10 for 150Sn and that the inclusion of the phonon coupling still increases these cross sections even furhter, by a factor of 2-3.
Revisiting the classics: is [Mg/Fe] a good proxy for galaxy formation time-scales?

In the local Universe, massive early-type galaxies exhibit enhanced [Mg/Fe] ratios, which has been traditionally interpreted as the result of a rapid ($\tau \lesssim 1$ Gyr) collapse. However, recent claims of a non-universal, steep initial mass function call for a revision of this standard interpretation. In the present work we show how the simultaneous consideration of a high [Mg/Fe] and a steep IMF slope would imply unreasonably short ($\tau \sim 7$ Myr) and intense (SFR $\sim 10^{5}$ Msun yr$^{-1}$) formation events for massive early-type galaxies. We discuss possible caveats and explanations to this apparent inconsistency, and we suggest that further IMF determinations, both in the local Universe and at high redshift, are necessary to better understand the problem.
$\chi^{\vphantom\dagger}_{c0}(3915)$ As the Lightest $c\bar c s \bar s$ State

The state $\chi^{\vphantom\dagger}_{c0}(3915)$ has recently been demoted by the Particle Data Group from its previous status as the conventional $c\bar c$ $2 {}^3P_0$ state, largely due to the absence of expected $D\bar D$ decays. We propose that $\chi^{\vphantom\dagger}_{c0}(3915)$ is actually the lightest $c\bar c s \bar s$ state, and calculate the spectrum of such states using the diquark model, identifying many of the observed charmoniumlike states that lack open-charm decay modes as $c\bar c s \bar s$. Among other results, we argue that $Y(4140)$ is a $J^{PC} = 1^{++}$ $c\bar c s \bar s$ state that has been not been seen in two-photon fusion largely as a consequence of the Landau-Yang theorem.
The Reliability of Equilibrium Exchange Rate Models: A Forecasting Perspective

In this paper we evaluate the predictive power of the three most popular equilibrium exchange rate concepts: purchasing power parity (PPP), behavioral equilibrium exchange rate (BEER), and the macroeconomic balance (MB) approach. We show that there is a trade-off between storytelling and forecast accuracy. The PPP model offers little economic insight, but has good predictive power. The BEER framework, which links exchange rates to fundamentals, does not deliver forecasts of better quality than PPP. The MB approach has the richest economic interpretation, but performs poorly in forecasting terms. Sensitivity analysis confirms that changing the composition of fundamentals in the BEER model or modifying key underlying assumptions in the MB model does not generally enhance their predictive power.
Bubble Proliferation in Shock Wave Lithotripsy Occurs during Inertial Collapse

In shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), firing shock pulses at slow pulse repetition frequency (0.5 Hz) is more effective at breaking kidney stones than firing shock waves (SWs) at fast rate (2 Hz). Since at fast rate the number of cavitation bubbles increases, it appears that bubble proliferation reduces the efficiency of SWL. The goal of this work was to determine the basis for bubble proliferation when SWs are delivered at fast rate. Bubbles were studied using a high‐speed camera (Imacon 200). Experiments were conducted in a test tank filled with nondegassed tap water at room temperature. Acoustic pulses were generated with an electromagnetic lithotripter (DoLi‐50). In the focus of the lithotripter the pulses consisted of a ∼60 MPa positive‐pressure spike followed by up to −8 MPa negative‐pressure tail, all with a total duration of about 7 μs. Nonlinear propagation steepened the shock front of the pulses to become sufficiently thin (∼0.03 μm) to impose differential pressure across even microscopic bubbles. Hi.
GLOBAL NONEXISTENCE OF ARBITRARY INITIAL ENERGY SOLUTIONS OF VISCOELASTIC EQUATION WITH NONLOCAL BOUNDARY DAMPING

In this paper, we consider the long time behavior of solutions of the initial value problem for the viscoelastic wave equation under boundary damping \begin{eqnarray*} u_{tt}-\Delta u+\int_0^t g(t-\tau)\text{div}(a(x)\nabla u(\tau))d\tau+u_t=0 &\text{in}\,\Omega\times(0,\infty). \end{eqnarray*} For the low initial energy case, which is the non-positive initial energy, based on concavity argument we prove the blow up result. As for the high initial energy case, we give out sufficient conditions of the initial datum such that the solution blows up in finite time.
OBSERVATIONS OF COMET ISON (C/2012 S1) FROM LOWELL OBSERVATORY

We observed the dynamically new sungrazing comet ISON (C/2012 S1) extensively at Lowell Observatory throughout 2013 in order to characterize its behavior prior to perihelion. ISON had “typical” abundances for an Oort Cloud comet. Its dust production, as measured by Af &rgr; ? > , remained nearly constant during the apparition but its CN gas production increased by ∼50 ×. The minimum active area necessary to support observed water production rates exceeded the likely surface area of the nucleus and suggests a population of icy grains in the coma. Together with the flattening of the dust radial profile over time, this is consistant with ejection of a large quantity of slow moving dust and icy grains in the coma at large heliocentric distance. The dust morphology was dominated by the tail, but a faint sunward dust fan was detected in March, April, May, and September. We imaged multiple gas species in September, October, and November. All gas species were more extended than the dust coma, although only CN had sufficient signal-to-noise for detailed morphological study. Excess CN signal was observed in the sunward hemisphere in September and early October. In November the excess CN signal was in the tailward hemisphere and two faint CN features appeared approximately orthogonal to the tail with position angles varying by about ±20° from night to night. Using numerical modeling, we best reproduced the orientation and shape of these features as well as the bulk brightness with a pole oriented approximately toward the Sun and a single source located within ∼35° of the equator. Variations in position angle and relative brightness of the CN features from night to night suggest a rotation period shorter than 24 hr. The production rates and coma morphology suggest a nucleus that was active over nearly its entire sunward facing hemisphere in September and October but which underwent a significant mass loss event, potentially including fragmentation, shortly before November 1. Significant subsequent mass loss likely continued at the same site over subsequent days/weeks and may have catastrophically weakened the nucleus prior to perihelion.
Approximation properties of simple Lie groups made discrete

In this paper we consider the class of connected simple Lie groups equipped with the discrete topology. We show that within this class of groups the following approximation properties are equivalent: (1) the Haagerup property; (2) weak amenability; (3) the weak Haagerup property. In order to obtain the above result we prove that the discrete group GL(2,K) is weakly amenable with constant 1 for any field K.
NIHAO IX: the role of gas inflows and outflows in driving the contraction and expansion of cold dark matter haloes

We use similar to 100 cosmological galaxy formation 'zoom-in' simulations using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics code GASOLINE to study the effect of baryonic processes on the mass profiles of cold dark matter haloes. The haloes in our study range from dwarf (M-200 similar to 10(10) M-circle dot) to Milky Way (M-200 similar to 10(12) M-circle dot) masses. Our simulations exhibit a wide range of halo responses, primarily varying with mass, from expansion to contraction, with up to factor similar to 10 changes in the enclosed dark matter mass at 1 per cent of the virial radius. Confirming previous studies, the halo response is correlated with the integrated efficiency of star formation: epsilon(SF) = (M-star/M-200)/(Omega(b)/Omega(m)). In addition, we report a new correlation with the compactness of the stellar system: epsilon(R) = r(1/2)/R-200. We provide an analytic formula depending on epsilon(SF) and epsilon(R) for the response of cold dark matter haloes to baryonic processes. An observationally testable prediction is that, at fixed mass, larger galaxies experience more halo expansion, while the smaller galaxies more halo contraction. This diversity of dark halo response is captured by a toy model consisting of cycles of adiabatic inflow (causing contraction) and impulsive gas outflow (causing expansion). For net outflow, or equal inflow and outflow fractions, f, the overall effect is expansion, with more expansion with larger f. For net inflow, contraction occurs for small f (large radii), while expansion occurs for large f (small radii), recovering the phenomenology seen in our simulations. These regularities in the galaxy formation process provide a step towards a fully predictive model for the structure of cold dark matter haloes.