Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tachygastria in Preterm Infants: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

Objectives: Tachygastria is a gastric dysrhythmia (>4 to ≤9 cycles per minute, cpm) associated with gastric hypomotility and gastrointestinal disorders. Healthy preterm infants spend more time in tachygastria than adults; however, normative values are not defined. We sought to determine the percent of time preterm infants spend in tachygastria. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal, prospective cohort study with weekly electrogastrography (EGG) recordings in 51 preterm <34 weeks’ gestation and 5 term (reference) infants. We calculated percentage recording time in tachygastria (% tachygastria) and determined the mean ± standard deviation (SD) across EGG sessions. Mixed effects model was performed to test weekly variance in % tachygastria and gestational age effect. Successive pre- and post-prandial measurements were obtained to assess reproducibility of % tachygastria. We compared time to achieve full feeds between subjects with % tachygastria within 1 SD from the mean versus % tachygastria >1 SD from mean. Results: Three hundred seventy-six EGG sessions were completed (N = 56). Mean % tachygastria was 40% with SD ±5%. We demonstrated no change in % tachygastria across 9 postnatal weeks (P = 0.70) and no gestational age effect. No difference was demonstrated between successive pre- (P = 0.91) and post-prandial (P = 0.96) % tachygastria. Infants with 35%–45% tachygastria (within 1 SD from mean) had higher gestational age and less time to achieve full feeds than infants with <35% or >45% tachygastria. Conclusions: EGG is a reproducible tool to assess % tachygastria in preterm infants. Clinical significance of increased or decreased % tachygastria needs further investigation to validate if 35%–45% tachygastria is safe for feeding.
Origins of Molecular Clouds in Early-type Galaxies

We analyze Chandra observations of the hot atmospheres of 40 early spiral and elliptical galaxies. Using new temperature, density, cooling time, and mass profiles, we explore relationships between their hot atmospheres and cold molecular gas. Molecular gas mass correlates with atmospheric gas mass and density over four decades from central galaxies in clusters to normal giant ellipticals and early spirals. The mass and density relations follow power laws: and , respectively, at 10 kpc. The ratio of molecular gas to atmospheric gas within a 10 kpc radius lies between 3% and 10% for early-type galaxies and between 3% and 50% for central galaxies in clusters. Early-type galaxies have detectable levels of molecular gas when their atmospheric cooling times fall below ∼1 Gyr at a radius of 10 kpc. A similar trend is found in central cluster galaxies. We find no relationship between the ratio of the cooling time to free-fall time, tc/tff, and the presence or absence of molecular clouds in early-type galaxies. The data are consistent with much of the molecular gas in early-type galaxies having condensed from their hot atmospheres.
Effects of total sleep deprivation on execution lapses during vigilance tasks

ABSTRACT Total sleep deprivation (TSD) results in reduced efficiency of cognitive resources. Moreover, when the available cognitive resources are less than required, individuals exhibit lapses in responsiveness. Accordingly, this study explored the effects of TSD on executive function and the characteristics of execution lapses. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor the prefrontal cortex’s functional connections in resting and tasking states for various sleep deprivation durations. Data from participants’ attentional performance test and self-reported fatigue were collected over 30 hours of wakefulness. Task performance was compared based on time of day, time on task, and reaction time. The results show that participants’ arousal level significantly decreased post 14 hours (P < .05), while sleepiness increased. The prefrontal cortex connection and attentional performance dropped at the Window of Circadian Low (3:00 ~ 6:00). The number of execution lapses was higher during the initiation, inhibition, and fatigue phases and rose markedly post 14 hours of wakefulness. We conclude that maintaining better inhibition control requires a reasonable extension of the reaction time. Moreover, subjective perception is significantly correlated with task performance and right prefrontal connection strength. This study presents the scientific evidence for measures to address consistently long working hours and disrupted circadian rhythms.
In-plane angular dependence of the spin-wave nonreciprocity of an ultrathin film with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction

The nonreciprocal propagation of spin waves in an ultrathin Pt/Co/Ni film has been measured by Brillouin light scattering. The frequency nonreciprocity, due to the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI), has a sinusoidal dependence on the in-plane angle between the magnon wavevector and the applied magnetic field. The results, which are in good agreement with analytical predictions reported earlier, yield a value of the DMI constant which is the same as that obtained previously from a study of the magnon dispersion relations. We have demonstrated that our magnon-dynamics based method can experimentally ascertain the DMI constant of multilayer thin films.
Effects of carrier concentration on the superfluid density of high-T c cuprates

The absolute values and temperature, T, dependence of the in-plane magnetic penetration depth of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{HgBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ have been measured as a function of carrier concentration. We find that the superfluid density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}$ changes substantially and systematically with doping. The values of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}(0)$ are closely linked to the available low-energy spectral weight as determined by the electronic entropy just above ${T}_{c},$ and the magnitude of the initial slope of $[{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}(T)/{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}(0)]$ increases rapidly with carrier concentration. The results are discussed in the context of a possible relationship between ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}$ and the normal-state (or pseudo)energy gap.
Ameliorative effect of chitosan nanoparticles against carbon tetrachloride-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats

Abstract Context Chitosan is a biocompatible polysaccharide that has been widely exploited in biomedical and drug delivery applications. Objective This study explores the renoprotective effect of chitosan nanoparticles in vivo in rats. Materials and methods Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared via ionotropic gelation method, and several in vitro characterizations were performed, including measurements of particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging. Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups; negative control, CCl4-induced nephrotoxicity (untreated), and two groups receiving CCl4 + chitosan NPs (10 and 20 mg/kg) orally for 2 weeks. The renoprotective effect was assessed by measuring oxidative, apoptotic, and inflammatory biomarkers, and via histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations for the visualization of NF-κB and COX-2 in renal tissues. Results Monodisperse spherical nanosized (56 nm) particles were successfully prepared as evidenced by dynamic light scattering and TEM. Oral administration of chitosan nanoparticles (10 and 20 mg/kg) concurrently with CCl4 for 2 weeks resulted in 13.6% and 21.5% reduction in serum creatinine and increase in the level of depleted reduced glutathione (23.1% and 31.8%), respectively, when compared with the positive control group. Chitosan nanoparticles (20 mg/kg) revealed a significant (p ˂ 0.05) decrease in malondialdehyde levels (30.6%), tumour necrosis factor-α (33.6%), interleukin-1β (31.1%), and caspase-3 (36.6%). Conclusions Chitosan nanoparticles afforded significant protection and amelioration against CCl4-induced nephrotoxicity. Thus, chitosan nanoparticles could afford a potential nanotherapeutic system for the management of nephrotoxicity which allows for broadening their role in biomedical delivery applications.
CHANGES IN TISSUE TROPISM OF MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM FOLLOWING HOST JUMP

Abstract: Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a pathogen of worldwide economic importance in poultry, is recovered in chickens, especially from the respiratory tract. Some strains, however, are specialized to other tissues and because it jumps from poultry to wild birds, the new strains also cause severe conjunctivitis in new hosts. Nevertheless, most studies of M. gallisepticum in wild birds use choanal swabs or combine choanal and conjunctival swabs to quantify bacterial load. Because the clinical signs associated with M. gallisepticum infection differ markedly between poultry and House Finches (Haemorhous mexicanus), we compared the bacterial load in choanal and conjunctival samples following experimental inoculation of House Finches with M. gallisepticum isolates originating from poultry or from House Finches. This allowed us to test two hypotheses: M. gallisepticum changed tissue tropism, or M. gallisepticum simply expanded its within-host niche. By comparing bacterial loads from choanal and conjunctival swabs in birds inoculated with one of a suite of M. gallisepticum isolates, we found support for hypothesis 2. The choanal loads in House Finches did not differ between isolates, while the conjunctival loads of birds inoculated with poultry isolates were lower than in birds inoculated with House Finch isolates. When measuring the bacterial load of M. gallisepticum in birds, it is important to sample and analyze separately choanal and conjunctival swabs, as quantifying bacterial loads in pooled samples may not provide reliable information on differences in virulence.
Black hole scaling relations of active and quiescent galaxies: Addressing selection effects and constraining virial factors

Local samples of quiescent galaxies with dynamically measured black hole masses (Mbh) may suffer from an angular resolution-related selection effect, which could bias the observed scaling relations between Mbh and host galaxy properties away from the intrinsic relations. In particular, previous work has shown that the observed Mbh–Mstar relation is more strongly biased than the Mbh–σ relation. Local samples of active galactic nuclei (AGN) do not suffer from this selection effect, as in these samples Mbh is estimated from megamasers and/or reverberation mapping-based techniques. With the exception of megamasers, Mbh estimates in these AGN samples are proportional to a virial coefficient fvir. Direct modelling of the broad-line region suggests that fvir ∼ 3.5. However, this results in an Mbh–Mstar relation for AGN, which lies below and is steeper than the one observed for quiescent black hole samples. A similar though milder trend is seen for the Mbh–σ relation. Matching the high-mass end of the Mbh–Mstar and Mbh–σ relations observed in quiescent samples requires fvir ≳ 15 and fvir ≳ 7, respectively. On the other hand, fvir ∼ 3.5 yields Mbh–σ and Mbh–Mstar relations for AGN, which are remarkably consistent with the expected ‘intrinsic’ correlations for quiescent samples (i.e. once account has been made of the angular resolution-related selection effect), providing additional evidence that the sample of local quiescent black holes is biased. We also show that, as is the case for quiescent black holes, the Mbh–Mstar scaling relation of AGN is driven by σ, thus providing additional key constraints to black hole–galaxy co-evolution models.
Glucagon induces the hepatic expression of inflammatory markers in vitro and in vivo

Glucagon exerts multiple hepatic actions, including stimulation of glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis. The liver plays a crucial role in chronic inflammation by synthesizing proinflammatory molecules, which are thought to contribute to insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia. Whether glucagon affects hepatic expression of proinflammatory cytokines and acute‐phase reactants is unknown. Herein, we report a positive relationship between fasting glucagon levels and circulating interleukin (IL)‐1β (r = 0.252, p = .042), IL‐6 (r = 0.230, p = .026), fibrinogen (r = 0.193, p = .031), complement component 3 (r = 0.227, p = .024) and high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (r = 0.230, p = .012) in individuals without diabetes. In CD1 mice, 4‐week continuous treatment with glucagon induced a significant increase in circulating IL‐1β (p = .02), and IL‐6 (p = .001), which was countered by the contingent administration of the glucagon receptor antagonist, GRA‐II. Consistent with these results, we detected a significant increase in the hepatic activation of inflammatory pathways, such as expression of NLRP3 (p < .02), and the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF‐κB; p < .02) and STAT3 (p < .01). In HepG2 cells, we found that glucagon dose‐dependently stimulated the expression of IL‐1β (p < .002), IL‐6 (p < .002), fibrinogen (p < .01), complement component 3 (p < .01) and C‐reactive protein (p < .01), stimulated the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome (p < .01) and caspase‐1 (p < .05), induced the phosphorylation of TRAF2 (p < .01), NF‐κB (p < .01) and STAT3 (p < .01). Preincubating cells with GRA‐II inhibited the ability of glucagon to induce an inflammatory response. Using HepaRG cells, we confirmed the dose‐dependent ability of glucagon to stimulate the expression of NLRP3, the phosphorylation of NF‐κB and STAT3, in the absence of GRA‐II. These results suggest that glucagon has proinflammatory effects that may participate in the pathogenesis of hyperglycaemia and unfavourable cardiometabolic risk profile.
Parents' willingness to vaccinate themselves and their children with the booster vaccine against SARS‐CoV‐2: A cross‐sectional study in Puyang city, China

We aimed to investigate the hesitancy and willingness of parents to vaccinate themselves and their children with a booster dose against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and related factors. We conducted a cross‐sectional study in Puyang city, China. The information was collected, including demographic characteristics, willingness to receive a booster dose of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccine, and attitudes and concerns toward COVID‐19 and vaccines. Vaccine hesitancy was assessed in individuals completing the first two doses and booster eligible, while vaccine willingness was assessed in those completing the first two doses and not yet booster eligible. Among the participants completing two primary doses while not meeting the booster criteria, 95.4% (1465/1536) and 95.0% (1385/1458) had a willingness to a booster dose of COVID‐19 vaccine for themselves and their children, respectively. Among the participants who met the booster criteria, 40.3% had vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy and unwillingness tended to occur in people who were younger, less educated, less healthy, and with unsureness of vaccines' efficacy and adverse events (AE). The younger age of children, children in poorer health, and concern about the efficacy and AE of vaccines contributed to the participants' unwillingness to vaccinate their children. We observed a high willingness to the booster dose of COVID‐19 vaccine both for the parents and their children, regardless of the eligibility to a booster dose. However, 40% of people had delayed vaccination behaviors. The promotion of scientific knowledge of vaccines' effectiveness and safety is needed, especially for people in poor health and parents with young children. Timely disclosure of AE caused by COVID‐19 vaccines and proper aiding offered to people encountering AE are suggested.
Deep learning in drug discovery: a futuristic modality to materialize the large datasets for cheminformatics

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) development imitates the workings of the human brain to comprehend modern problems. The traditional approaches such as high throughput screening (HTS) and combinatorial chemistry are lengthy and expensive to the pharmaceutical industry as they can only handle a smaller dataset. Deep learning (DL) is a sophisticated AI method that uses a thorough comprehension of particular systems. The pharmaceutical industry is now adopting DL techniques to enhance the research and development process. Multi-oriented algorithms play a crucial role in the processing of QSAR analysis, de novo drug design, ADME evaluation, physicochemical analysis, preclinical development, followed by clinical trial data precision. In this study, we investigated the performance of several algorithms, including deep neural networks (DNN), convolutional neural networks (CNN) and multi-task learning (MTL), with the aim of generating high-quality, interpretable big and diverse databases for drug design and development. Studies have demonstrated that CNN, recurrent neural network and deep belief network are compatible, accurate and effective for the molecular description of pharmacodynamic properties. In Covid-19, existing pharmacological compounds has also been repurposed using DL models. In the absence of the Covid-19 vaccine, remdesivir and oseltamivir have been widely employed to treat severe SARS-CoV-2 infections. In conclusion, the results indicate the potential benefits of employing the DL strategies in the drug discovery process. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
Integrated genomic surveillance enables tracing of person-to-person SARS-CoV-2 transmission chains during community transmission and reveals extensive onward transmission of travel-imported infections, Germany, June to July 2021

Background Tracking person-to-person SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the population is important to understand the epidemiology of community transmission and may contribute to the containment of SARS-CoV-2. Neither contact tracing nor genomic surveillance alone, however, are typically sufficient to achieve this objective. Aim We demonstrate the successful application of the integrated genomic surveillance (IGS) system of the German city of Düsseldorf for tracing SARS-CoV-2 transmission chains in the population as well as detecting and investigating travel-associated SARS-CoV-2 infection clusters. Methods Genomic surveillance, phylogenetic analysis, and structured case interviews were integrated to elucidate two genetically defined clusters of SARS-CoV-2 isolates detected by IGS in Düsseldorf in July 2021. Results Cluster 1 (n = 67 Düsseldorf cases) and Cluster 2 (n = 36) were detected in a surveillance dataset of 518 high-quality SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Düsseldorf (53% of total cases, sampled mid-June to July 2021). Cluster 1 could be traced back to a complex pattern of transmission in nightlife venues following a putative importation by a SARS-CoV-2-infected return traveller (IP) in late June; 28 SARS-CoV-2 cases could be epidemiologically directly linked to IP. Supported by viral genome data from Spain, Cluster 2 was shown to represent multiple independent introduction events of a viral strain circulating in Catalonia and other European countries, followed by diffuse community transmission in Düsseldorf. Conclusion IGS enabled high-resolution tracing of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in an internationally connected city during community transmission and provided infection chain-level evidence of the downstream propagation of travel-imported SARS-CoV-2 cases.
Human olfactory discrimination of genetic variation within Cannabis strains

Cannabis sativa L. is grown and marketed under a large number of named strains. Strains are often associated with phenotypic traits of interest to consumers, such as aroma and cannabinoid content. Yet genetic inconsistencies have been noted within named strains. We asked whether genetically inconsistent samples of a commercial strain also display inconsistent aroma profiles. We genotyped 32 samples using variable microsatellite regions to determine a consensus strain genotype and identify genetic outliers (if any) for four strains. Results were used to select 15 samples for olfactory testing. A genetic outlier sample was available for all but one strain. Aroma profiles were obtained by 55 sniff panelists using quantitative sensory evaluation of 40 odor descriptors. Within a strain, aroma descriptor frequencies for the genetic outlier were frequently at odds with those of the consensus samples. It appears that within-strain genetic differences are associated with differences in aroma profile. Because these differences were perceptible to untrained panelists, they may also be noticed by retail consumers. Our results could help the cannabis industry achieve better control of product consistency.
Resolution therapy: Harnessing efferocytic macrophages to trigger the resolution of inflammation

Several chronic inflammatory diseases are associated with non-resolving inflammation. Conventional anti-inflammatory drugs fail to completely cure these diseases. Resolution pharmacology is a new therapeutic approach based on the use of pro-resolving mediators that accelerate the resolution phase of inflammation by targeting the productive phase of inflammation. Indeed, pro-resolving mediators prevent leukocyte recruitment and induce apoptosis of accumulated leukocytes. This approach is now called resolution therapy with the introduction of complex biological drugs and cell-based therapies. The main objective of resolution therapy is to specifically reduce the duration of the resolution phase to accelerate the return to homeostasis. Under physiological conditions, macrophages play a critical role in the resolution of inflammation. Indeed, after the removal of apoptotic cells (a process called efferocytosis), macrophages display anti-inflammatory reprogramming and subsequently secrete multiple pro-resolving factors. These factors can be used as resolution therapy. Here, we review the different mechanisms leading to anti-inflammatory reprogramming of macrophages after efferocytosis and the pro-resolving factors released by these efferocytic macrophages. We classify these mechanisms in three different categories: macrophage reprogramming induced by apoptotic cell-derived factors, by molecules expressed by apoptotic cells (i.e., “eat-me” signals), and induced by the digestion of apoptotic cell-derived materials. We also evoke that macrophage reprogramming may result from cooperative mechanisms, for instance, implicating the apoptotic cell-induced microenvironment (including cellular metabolites, specific cytokines or immune cells). Then, we describe a new drug candidate belonging to this resolution therapy. This candidate, called SuperMApo, corresponds to the secretome of efferocytic macrophages. We discuss its production, the pro-resolving factors present in this drug, as well as the results obtained in experimental models of chronic (e.g., arthritis, colitis) and acute (e.g., peritonitis or xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease) inflammatory diseases.
An Extremely Red and Two Other Nearby L Dwarf Candidates Previously Overlooked in 2MASS, WISE, and Other Surveys

We present three new nearby L dwarf candidates, found in a continued combined color/proper motion search using WISE, 2MASS, and other survey data, where we included extended WISE sources and looked closer to the Galactic plane region. Their spectral types and distances were estimated from photometric comparisons to well-known L dwarfs with trigonometric parallaxes. The first object, 2MASS J07555430-3259589, is an extremely red L7.5p dwarf candidate at a photometric distance of about 16 pc. Its position, proper motion and distance are consistent with membership in the Carina-Near young moving group. The second one, 2MASS J07414279-0506464, is resolved in Gaia DR1 as a close binary (separation 0.3 arcsec), and we classify it as a equal-mass binary candidate consisting of two L5 dwarfs at 19 pc. Our nearest new neighbor, 2MASS J19251275+0700362, is an L7 dwarf candidate at 10 pc.