Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
3,4-Dihydro-2-Alkoxy-6-Benzyl-4-Oxopyrimidines (DABOs): A New Class of Specific Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

A series of novel 3,4-dihydro-6-benzyl-4-oxopyrimidines substituted at both the C-5 and the C-2 positions were synthesized as potential anti-HIV agents. Preparation of the title compounds was achieved by condensation of O-methylisourea with methyl 2-alkyl-4-phenylacetylacetate and subsequent displacement of the methoxy group by reaction with a series of linear, ramified and cyclic alkoxy groups containing from three to six carbon units. Methyl 2-alkyl-4-phenylacetylacetates were prepared by alkylation of methyl 4-phenylacetylacetate, which was obtained starting from Meldrum's acid and phenacetyl chloride. Acid hydrolysis of 3,4-dihydro-6-benzyl-2-methoxy-4-oxopyrimidines furnished the corresponding 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-benzyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidines. In acutely infected MT-4 cells, compounds 3e, 3o, 3q and 3r showed an anti-HIV-1 activity as potent and/or selective as HEPT and ddl. Unlike HEPT, the replacement of a methyl for an hydrogen atom at position C-5 of 3,4-dihydro-2-alkoxy-6-benzyl-4-oxopyrimidines (DABOs) did not abolish the antiviral activity, as well as the substitution of the C-5 methyl for an ethyl group did not increase the potency. However, similarly to HEPT and its derivatives, DABOs targeted the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and neither inhibited the multiplication of HIV-2 in acutely infected MT-4 cells, nor that of HIV-1 in chronically infected H9/IIIB cells.
Use of Bayesian analysis with individual‐based modeling to project outcomes of coral restoration

Various approaches to coral restoration have been developed to help increase rate of reef recovery from perturbations, among the most common of which is coral transplantation. Success is often evaluated based on short‐term observations that capture only the initial phase of space colonization by coral transplants. Here, an individual‐based model is developed to quantify uncertainty in future trajectories in experimental plots given past observations. Empirical data were used to estimate probabilistic growth, survival, and fission rates of Acropora pulchra and A. intermedia (order Scleractinia) in a sandy reef flat (Bolinao, Philippines). Simulations were initialized with different densities (25 or 50 transplants per species per 16 m2) to forecast possible coral cover trajectories over a 5‐year period. Given current conditions, there is risk of local extinction which is higher in low‐density plots for both species, and higher for A. intermedia compared to A. pulchra regardless of density. While total coral cover is projected to increase, species composition in the future is more likely to be highly uneven. The model was used to quantify effect on recovery rate of protection from pulse anthropogenic disturbances, given different initial transplantation densities. When monitoring data are limited in time, stochastic models may be used to assess whether the restoration trajectory is heading toward the desired state and at what rate, and foresee system response to various adaptive interventions.
Canopy Shade and Soil Mulch Affect Yield and Solar Injury of Bell Pepper

Experiments were conducted from 1989 to 1991 to compare the effectiveness of various cultural techniques in reducing solar injury (SI) and increasing yield of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum 'California Wonder') in southern Oklaboma. Treatments included black plastic mulch, white plastic mulch, straw mulch, living rye, spunbonded polypropylene used as a plant canopy shade, and bare soil. Marketable yields from plots sbaded with spunbonded polypropylene rowcovers were equal to or greater than those from other treatments each year [. ]
MICROPROPAGATION OF CHOCOLATE COSMOS (COSMOS ATROSANGUINEUS) BY REPEATED DIVISION OF NODES/AXILLARY SHOOTS AND ADVENTITIOUS SHOOTS FROM MICROSHOOTS

Micropropagation of chocolate cosmos was achieved by subculturing stem section with nodes or dividing axillary shoots on MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962)-based medium with benzyladenine (BA). The optimal multiplication rate of 3.7 per 17- day culture period was achieved without vitrification on medium containing 0.88 μM BA. Shoots elongated from in vitro cultured microcuttings rooted (60%) on medium with 4. 9μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Most plantlets (93%) were acclimatized ex vitro. For the second experiment, plant regeneration from the cultured tissue was attempted. Stem, internode, leaf or petiole with leaf was cut into sections and cultured on the medium with 0, 0.19 or 1.9 μM α-naphtaleneacetic acid (NAA) combined with 4.4 or 18μM benzyladenin (BA). The highest regeneration rate (80%) and shoot number (5.3) per internode section were obtained on the medium with 4.4 μM BA alone. Supplement with 1.9 μM NAA completely suppressed shoot regeneration regardless of BA concentration.
Sexual size dimorphism and Rensch's rule in Canidae

The size variation between males and females of a species is a phenomenon known as sexual size dimorphism (SSD). The observed patterns of variation in SSD among species has led to the formulation of Rensch's rule, which establishes that, in species showing a male size bias, SSD increases with an increase in the body size of the species. However, for species in which there is a female size bias, the SSD would decrease when the body size of the species increases. In the present study, we examined the variation in body size and SSD of 33 species of canids from estimates of body mass and body length. We studied its relationship with life-history characteristics and tested Rensch's rule using phylogenetic generalized least squares and phylogenetic reduced major axis regressions, respectively. We observed the existence of correlation between body mass and body length, although the SSDs from these estimators are uncorrelated. SSD did not show the pattern predicted by Rensch's rule. SSD also did not show any correlation with life-history traits. It is likely that the low SSD observed in canids is related to the monogamy observed in the family, which is a rare situation in mammals.
A comparison of banana cultivars Dwarf Cavendish, Grande Naine and Williams, for the Canary Islands

Le comportement de trois cultivars de bananier, Dwarf Cavendish (DC), Grande Naine (GN) et Williams (W), a ete etudie dans les conditions subtropicales du nord de l'ile de Tenerife, sur cinq cycles de production, a deux densites de plantation differentes (1 667 et 2 000 plantes/ha). Les evaluations ont ete effectuees a partir de l'etude de caracteres classes en quatre groupes: morphologiques, phenologiques, de production et divers. D'un point de vue phenologique, les cultivars DC surtout, puis, dans une moindre mesure, GN, se sont reveles presenter la meilleure adaptation aux conditions climatiques de type subtropical; par ailleurs, les caracteres de types quantitatifs et qualitatifs ont montre que le cultivar GN donnait la meilleure production. Ces resultats justifient que la plantation de bananiers GN soit maintenant recommandee pour remplacer le cultivar DC dans le cadre de systemes de cultures intensives, mis en place dans les iles Canaries.
A multifaceted comparison between the spider crabs Epialtus bituberculatus and Epialtus brasiliensis (Brachyura: Majoidea: Epialtidae) in the neotropical areas of the western Atlantic: morphology, morphometry and DNA markers

The morphological characters used to distinguish the two species of the crab genus Epialtus that occur in the neotropical areas of the Brazilian coast, E. bituberculatus and E. brasiliensis, are variable, casting doubt on their taxonomic status. Three approaches were chosen in order to resolve this uncertainty: morphological, molecular analysis and combined phylogenetic analysis with genetic data and morphometry. A molecular phylogenetic analysis was performed to test whether these two species can be separated at the molecular level (using the two mitochondrial genes 16S and COI – DNA barcode). The genetic distances and phylogenetic trees showed that E. brasiliensis fell within the clade of E. bituberculatus. We suggest that there is one species in Brazil and the presence or absence of the spine on the ventral surface of the propodus of the ambulatory pereiopods (a key diagnosing character) appears to be uninformative. However, all the analysis showed that specimens of Epialtus can be separated in three clades corresponding to three geographic regions: Caribbean Sea, Venezuela and Brazil. We conjectured the existence of three cryptic species that evolved recently. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:611E18BF-4CD6-40C8-B57E-01F2FA62E841
Patterns of spatio-temporal variation in land snails: a multi-scale approach

Mechanisms which govern patterns of intra-specific vatiation in land snails were traced within areas of different size, using Brephulopsis cylindrica (Menke), Chondrula tridens (O. F. Müller), Xeropicta derbentina (Krynicki), X. krynickii (Krynicki), Cepaea vindobonensis (Férussac) and Helix albescens Rossmässler as examples. Morphometric shell variation, colour and banding pattern polymorphism as well as genetic polymorphism (allozymes and RAPD markers) were studied. The results and literature data were analysed in an attempt to link patterns to processes, with the following conclusions. Formation of patterns of intraspecific variation (initial processes of microevolution) takes different course at three different spatial scales. At micro-geographical scale the dominant role is played by eco-demographic characteristics of the species in the context of fluctuating environmental factors. At meso-geographical scale a special part is played by stochastic population-genetic processes. At macro-geographical scale more or less distinct clinal patterns are associated with basic macroclimatic indices, while the stochastic processes tend to lose importance. The basic factors of microevolutionary process which act at different spatial scales result from processes which progress over different lengths of time: micro-geographical variation patterns reflect processes which are in progress at the moment; meso-geographical variation is to a larger extent determined by processes which occurred in historic past; macro-geographical variation reflects processes which coincided with formation of the respective landscapes or climate zones. Key wordS: intra-specific vatiation, Brephulopsis cylindrica, Chondrula tridens, Xeropicta, Cepaea vindobonensis, Helix albescens, spatial scale, microevolution, multi-scale approach, morphometric variation, colour polymorphism, genetic polymorphism
Continuous somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from hypocotyl segments of Psoralea corylifolia Linn., an endangered and medicinally important Fabaceae plant

An efficient in vitro plant regeneration system has been developed for rapid and continuous production of somatic embryos from hypocotyl segments of Psoralea corylifolia Linn. , an endangered and medicinally important plant species belonging to family Fabaceae. Embryogenic callus was induced from hypocotyl segments on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2.7-10.8 μM α-naphthalencacetic acid (NAA) and 2.2 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). High-frequency somatic embryogenesis was achieved after transfer of embryogenic callus clumps to MS medium supplemented with 1.4 μM NAA and 2.2 μM BAP, alone or in combination with 0.9-2.8 μM abscisic acid (ABA). The addition of 0.6 or 1.2 mM L-glutamine to the MS medium containing 2.7 μM NAA, 2.2 μM BAP, and 0.9 μM ABA significantly enhanced maturation of somatic embryos to cotyledonary-stage. The maximum number of cotyledonary-stage embryos (48.3 ′ 0.87) was obtained after 16 weeks of culture on MS medium containing 2.7 μM NAA, 2.2 μM BAP, 0.94 μM ABA and 1.2 mM L-glutamine. Well-developed embryos germinated on ½ MS0, MS0 (MS medium without any growth regulator) and also on MS medium supplemented with BAP (2.2-8.8 μM). Somatic embryo-derived plants were transferred to pots, where they grew well and attained maturity. The system of somatic embryogenesis described here will facilitate tissue culture, germplasm conservation and gene transfer research on P. corylifolia.
Antimutagenic effect of terpenoids from sage (Salvia officinalis L.)

This is a new Escherichia coli K12 assay system designed to detect bioantimutagens, agents that prevent mutagenesis by modulating DNA repair and replication. The test consists of set of strains aimed at the detection of induced (Test A) and spontaneous (Test B) mutations and at the estimation of the mechanisms of antimutagenic action (Tests B, C, and D). The assay system is intended to screen different extracts of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) containing terpenoids. The results obtained by comparing model bioantimutagens with sage extracts indicate that bioantimutagenic agents from cultivated sage act as enhancers of error-free recombinational repair. Because cellular DNA repair is strongly conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, bioantimutagens from plant extracts could be used in intervention strategies against cancer.
Ellenberg numbers revisited

Heinz ELLENBERG'S contributions to ecological thought are many, but this paper concentrates on one which is currently receiving growing attention: namely the quantification of the field response of some 2000 species to a range of climatic and edaphic factors. ELLENBERG (1974) numbers are one manifes­ tation of the recognition that the ability to make useful generalisations about vegetation depends on the existence of autecological data for relatively large numbers of species . In the past, such generalisations have been based on easily­ measured attributes such as growth form (RAUNKIAER 1934) and seed size (SALISBUR Y 1942, BAKER 1972) , but the view that further advances will require large-scale screening for less tractable attributes is gaining ground (e. g. KEDDY 1992) . Ellenberg numbers can be seen therefore as a short cut to measurement of some of these more difficult variables . Their great value is that although they are based on the experience of many workers, the numbers themselves are ultimately the work of one man, which significantly reduces the objection that they are inevitably rather subjective. Surprisingly, however, they have been relatively little used as aids to the interpretation of spatial and temporal vegetation pattern (cf. VEVLE & AAsE 1980, PERSSON 198 1 , MAJoR & REJMANEK 1992) . The reasons for this are numerous: in some quarters there are philosophical objections to generalisation about vegetation per se (GRUBB 1985); the intuitive nature of Ellenberg numbers may cause them to be treated with scepticism by those ecologists who value precision above generality; publication in German may have inhibited the use of Ellenberg numbers by the English-speaking world. But in addition there remain unanswered scientific questions about the numbers themselves . To what extent can the numbers be used outside Central Europe? Do the numbers represent the fundamental niches of the species, or are they influenced by the identity and density of potential competitors? What are the mechanisms underlying Ellenberg numbers? Can they be used to help understand the pressing modern problems of changing land-use and climate? How easily can the system be expanded to new species, especially in the absence of Ellenberg himself? And perhaps most fundamentally of all, are there important axes of
Multiple spawning and spawning batch size in Sepietta oweniana (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae)

L'objectif du present travail etait d'obtenir des informations sur la strategie de reproduction de la sepiole Sepietta oweniana par des observations en aquarium sur la ponte de trois femelles capturees en mer apres leur accouplement, ainsi que par l'examen des ovaires de 59 exemplaires. Les pontes multiples chez deux femelles captives (deux et huit pontes, respectivement) et la presence simultanee dans les ovaires d'ovocytes a differents stades de developpement, y compris des ovocytes murs, montrent que S. oweniana est un cephalopode a ponte multiple. La taille moyenne de la ponte, c'est-a-dire le nombre moyen d'ovocytes murs a chaque ponte, a ete estimee a 54,4 œufs; la fecondite totale a ete evaluee a environ 10 3 oeufs. La strategie de reproduction de cette sepiole, caracterisee par des pontes multiples et par la croissance somatique pendant sa longue phase de reproduction, est tres differente des modes de reproduction connus chez certains teuthides.
Cyclophosphamide Regimensin Rhesus Monkeys with and without Marrow Infusion1

SUMMARY Hematological and pathological effects of various highdose regimens of cyclophosphamide (CY) were evaluated in rhesus monkeys. An effort was made to find a dose range at which infusion of autologous marrow would prevent lethality. In addition, allogeneic marrow was trans planted following very large but nonlethal doses of CY. Twenty-five monkeys were given CY in doses of 100 to 240 mg/kg over 1- to 4-day periods. These doses of CY produced severe hemopoietic depression and generalized toxicity. Un eventful hemopoietic recovery and survival was the rule in monkeys given up to 200 mg/kg. After 240 mg/kg, most monkeys died, even when stored autologous marrow was infused, probably because of nonhemopoietic toxic effects of CY. Four groups of recipients (28 monkeys) were given nonlethal doses of CY followed by marrow infusion from donors of opposite sex. Criteria for allogeneic marrow engraftment were rising blood cell counts following the post-CY decline, occurrence of a lethal graft-versus-host disease, and the cytogenetic demonstration of marrow cells with donor karyotype. It was found that consistent allogeneic marrow grafts could be achieved after a nonlethal dose of 180 mg CY/kg administered over a 2-day period. Extending the total dose of CY over a 4-day instead of a 2-day period was less effective in preparing the host for acceptance of the marrow graft. After 150 mg CY/kg given over a 2-day or a 4-day period, permanent engraftment was not observed.
Zoonotische risico's van knaagdieren in de veehouderij = Zoonotic risk of rodents in livestock production

Besides economic losses through spoilage of feed or structural damage, rodent presence on livestock farms can have serious consequences for public and animal health. Direct contact between humans and rodents can be a way of pathogen transmission, but rodents can also transfer (zoonotic) pathogens via livestock to consumers of livestock products. As prevention of food safety hazards is a priority throughout the food chain, the main aim of the work presented in this thesis was to obtain a better understanding of the risk of on-farm rodent presence in the Netherlands.
DETERMINANTS OF DISPERSAL IN BREEDING MERLINS

Determinants of adult dispersal were studied in a population of color-banded Merlins (Falco columbarius). In the analysis, I examined the effects of local population density, breeding performance, survival, and characteristics of the mate on movements between breeding seasons. The distance moved between successive breeding seasons varied greatly, both between and within individuals. Fidelity to the breeding areas was higher in males than females, and females dispersed nearly three times as far as males did. Males breeding at high density dispersed shorter distances than other males. Dispersal distances of females were related to aspects of the mate. Females that mated with older males, and with males that survived to the next season, made shorter movements than other females. In both sexes, low reproductive success was associated with long dispersal dis- tances in the next year. Moreover, nest predation in one season resulted in lower return rate by females, but not males. Hence, breeding Merlins responded to their social as well as natural environment by dispersing from areas associated with low survival and poor reproductive performance.
Grassfinch decline and local extinction of the Crimson Finch 'Neochmia phaeton' in the Fitzroy River Basin, Queensland

Many granivorous birds of northern Australia, including several species of grassfinches (Estrildidae), have suffered substantial range contractions in the last 50–100 years, apparently as a result of changes in cattle grazing and fire-management regimes. The Crimson Finch Neochmia phaeton was once widespread in woodlands and savannas of north-eastern Australia, including the extensive Fitzroy River Basin, where it was recorded in all the major subcatchments until the middle of last century. However, surveys in 2006–2008 show that it is now confined to a relatively small area in the north-east of the Basin. A tall river grass, Chionachne Chionachne cyathopoda , is an important component—for food and cover—of its habitat. Complex braiding of river channels, as at the confluence of rivers, is typical of the area where the Finches have persisted, possibly because it increases the availability of water and food, and reduces pressure from cattle grazing during the wet season. A recent local loss of the species was noted in one area where landholders used riparian fencing to maintain greater grazing intensity throughout the year, leading to suppression of Chionachne seeding. Thus, although generally favourable for conservation management, riparian fencing can also be used detrimentally. The loss of one local subpopulation of Finches following changed management practices demonstrates that cattle grazing alone, in the absence of changed fire management, has the capacity to alter habitat suitability for granivorous species.
INCREMENTO, INGRESSO, MORTALIDADE EM UM REMANESCENTE DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA EM TRÊS BARRAS - SC

The dynamics was studied in a remnant of an Mixed Ombrophyllous Forest (Araucaria Moist Forest), located in Tres Barras National Forest, Tres Barras city, Santa Catarina state, in a period of five years (2004-2009). In 2004, it was installed and measured 26 one-hectare permanent plots, subdivided into 10 m x 50 m (500 m²) subplots. All trees with DBH > 10 cm were numbered and evaluated for the taxonomic diversity, the regular annual increment (dbh and basal area), the ingrowth and mortality. In 2009, all plots were measured again to assess changes between the two periods, and the results presented to the entire forest (26 ha) and the 10 most important species. In 2004, the forest had 721 trees/ ha in 2009 passing for 709 trees/ha, distributed in the two occasions in 72 species, 29 families and 53 genus. There was a mean annual increment in diameter (0.27 cm/year), and in basal area (0.28 m²/ha) for the forest as a whole and among the 10 most important species Ilex theezans Mart. ex Reissek and Piptocarpha angustifolia Dusen ex Malme were the species with the lowest (0.08 cm), and highest (0.83 cm), diametric annual increment, respectively. Considering all species present in the study area, the basal area increased by 0. 47m²/ha/year, indicating continued growth to reach their full stock. The average annual mortality rate (AMR) was 2.14% and the annual ingrowth rate (AIR) was 2.01%. Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. had the highest AMR (1.86%/year) and Cupania vernalis Cambess. the highest AIR (2.18%/year). When considering the 10 most important species, Ocotea porosa (Ness) Barroso presented higher annual increment in diameter (0.43 cm/year) and Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze with higher basal area increment (0.1874 m²/ha/year). Overall, in the five-year period, the results showed small changes in the dynamics of forest and for the 10 most important species. The small changes are due to the late successional stage of the forest evaluated.
Les osidases digestives présentes dans l'intestin moyen, l'intestin postérieur et les glandes salivaires du termite humivore Crenetermes albotarsalis

L'etude des glycosidases digestives de l'intestin moyen, de l'intestin posterieur et des glandes salivaires chez Crenetermes albotarsalis montre que cet insecte possede un equipement enzymatique complet, chaque enzyme ayant des proprietes differentes