Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
OF TRAMADOL ABUSE

In the Egyptian community, tramadol abuse is considered an increasingly alarming phenomenon. The popularity and massive use of tramadol especially among Egyptian youth contribute to alleged usages for treatment of premature ejaculation also for the extension of orgasm and also increase sexual pleasure as it available in many online drug media and stores. However, this abuser life on a blade of a knife and is susceptible to another sexual dysfunction, memory and learning disorder and different metabolic disorders. This literature consults the phenomenon of tramadol abuse and its relation to sexual function, memory learning disorder and other metabolic disorders. It could be concluded that the increase in the prevalence of tramadol HCl dependency over other substances in the Egyptian community, calls for paying more attention from family, health and educational institutes. Tramadol may apply a very useful intervention for treating premature ejaculation, but its abuse bad effect may supply a possible demonstration for the unexplained delayed fertility as well as behavioral and the associated psychological changes. Also it could involve malfunction of the cerebral cortex which includes deficits in memory and the reduction in cognitive function which appeared in chronic abusers of tramadol.
Global Full-Waveform Tomography Using the Spectral Element Method: New Constraints on the Structure of Earth's Interior

Author(s): French, Scott Winfield | Advisor(s): Romanowicz, Barbara A | Abstract: The radially anisotropic shear-velocity structure of the earth's mantle provides a critical window on the interior dynamics of the planet, with isotropic variations interpretable in terms of thermal and compositional heterogeneity and anisotropy in terms of flow. Indeed, more than 30 years after the advent of global seismic tomography, many open questions remain regarding the dual roles of temperature and composition in shaping mantle convection, as well as interactions between different dominant scales of convective phenomena. To this end, we use full-waveform inversion of the long-period teleseismic wavefield to image radially anisotropic shear-wave velocity at the scale of the entire globe. In particular, we use a technique which we have termed the "hybrid" waveform-inversion approach, which combines the accuracy and generality of the spectral finite element method (SEM) for forward modeling of the global wavefield, with non-linear asymptotic coupling theory for efficient inverse modeling. This hybrid technique helps considerably in making SEM-based global waveform inversion tractable, as it allows for the use of a rapidly converging Gauss-Newton scheme for optimization of the underlying seismic model. We take additional steps to reduce the cost of these inversions using novel techniques for treatment of the earth's crust. Namely, naive modeling of thinly layered crustal structure can lead to an overly restrictive time-stability condition in the SEM, which in turn drives up the cost these simulations. Instead, taking advantage of the physics of long-period wave propagation, we introduce alternative parameterizations of crustal structure which appear identical to the wavefield, but relax these constraints on stability.We approach this imaging problem in an iterative fashion, hoping to learn something about the earth's interior at each step. First, we present our work focused on the upper mantle and transition zone (≤ 800km depth) in the form of the global model SEMum2, discussing both its development and general properties. Second, we take a detailed look at novel structures in SEMum2 - namely, never-before-seen low-velocity structures in the upper mantle beneath the ocean basins, showing intriguing correlations with other geophysical observables (e.g. absolute plate motions and the geoid). Third, we move on to imaging of the whole mantle, examining the relationships between different scales of convective phenomena in the upper and lower mantle, and particularly those previously seen in SEMum2. Finally, we discuss novel computational aspects of our work, focusing specifically on applications of the partitioned global address-space model of parallel computation to the large-scale data-driven calculations underlying our hybrid inversion approach.
Socioeconomic inequalities in the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection – First results from an analysis of surveillance data from Germany

Experiences with acute respiratory diseases which caused virus epidemics in the past and initial findings in the research literature on the current COVID-19 pandemic suggest a higher SARS-CoV-2 infection risk for socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. Nevertheless, further research on such a potential association between socioeconomic status and SARS-CoV-2 incidence in Germany is required. This article reports on the results of a first Germany-wide analysis of COVID-19 surveillance data to which an area-level index of socioeconomic deprivation was linked. The analysis included 186,839 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases, the data of which was transferred to the Robert Koch Institute by 16 June 2020, 00:00. During the early stage of the epidemic up to mid-April, the data show a socioeconomic gradient with higher incidence in less deprived regions of Germany. Over the course of the epidemic, however, this gradient becomes less measurable and finally reverses in south Germany, the region hardest hit by the epidemic, to the greater detriment of the more deprived regions. These results highlight the need to continue monitoring social epidemiological patterns in COVID-19 and analysing the underlying causes to detect dynamics and trends early on and countering a potential exacerbation of health inequalities.
cytologic surveillance versus immediate colposcopy for women with a cervical smear diagnosis of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in a poor setting in nigeria

Background: Ideally, all patients with abnormal Papanicolaou smear cytology results should undergo colposcopic examination of the cervix, but low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs) can also be followed up with further Papanicolaou smear surveillance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of cytologic surveillance versus immediate colposcopy in women with a cervical smear diagnosis of LSIL. Methods: This was a prospective comparative study of 240 eligible consenting women consecutively grouped into cervical surveillance for 6 months versus immediate colposcopy at a ratio of 1:1. Free cervical smear cytology, colposcopy, and biopsy, as well as histology, were provided for all study participants. Results: The regression, persistence, and progression rates with 6 months of cytologic surveillance of LSIL were 46.1%, 43.4%, and 3.9%, respectively. The difference between the proportions of women who had an eventual histologic diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 + in both groups was not statistically significant (4.9% versus 8.7%; P = 0.68). The default rates among women on cytologic surveillance and immediate colposcopy were 37% and 12.5%, respectively ( P = 0.0002). Conclusion: Although the progression rate of LSIL is low, a high persistence rate and higher default rate from cytologic surveillance highlight the need to consider immediate referral for colposcopy, where available, for all women with a Papanicolaou smear diagnosis of LSIL in this environment.
The impact of tectonic activity in the development of Monterey submarine canyon

Abstract : Evidence is presented that indicates that Monterey Submarine Canyon was once the terminus of a major land drainage system. This pre-existing drainage system is not in evidence today because it has been altered by displacement along the San Andreas Fault. A numerical model based on conservation of mass and plate tectonic reconstruction is utilized to reconstruct the topography of the region as it appeared prior to onset of motion along the San Andreas Fault. Model results indicate that the Colorado River may have drained into Monterey Bay during early Miocene time. (Author)
Nature of the seismic lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary within normal oceanic mantle from high‐resolution receiver functions

Receiver function observations in the oceanic upper mantle can test causal mechanisms for the depth, sharpness, and age dependence of the seismic wave speed decrease thought to mark the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB). We use a combination of frequency‐dependent harmonic decomposition of receiver functions and synthetic forward modeling to provide new seismological constraints on this “seismic LAB” from 17 ocean‐bottom stations and 2 borehole stations in the Philippine Sea and northwest Pacific Ocean. Underneath young oceanic crust, the seismic LAB depth follows the ∼1300 K isotherm but a lower isotherm (∼1000 K) is suggested in the Daito ridge, the Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana trench, and the northern Shikoku basin. Underneath old oceanic crust, the seismic LAB lies at a constant depth ∼70 km. The age dependence of the seismic LAB depth is consistent with either a transition to partial‐melt conditions or a subsolidus rheological change as the causative factor. The age dependence of interface sharpness provides critical information to distinguish these two models. Underneath young oceanic crust, the velocity gradient is gradational, while for old oceanic crust, a sharper velocity gradient is suggested by the receiver functions. This behavior is consistent with the prediction of the subsolidus model invoking anelastic relaxation mediated by temperature and water content, but is not readily explained by a partial‐melt model. The Ps conversions display negligible two‐lobed or four‐lobed back azimuth dependence in harmonic stacks, suggesting that a sharp change in azimuthal anisotropy with depth is not responsible for them. We conclude that these ocean‐bottom observations indicate a subsolidus elastically accommodated grain‐boundary sliding (EAGBS) model for the seismic LAB. Because EAGBS does not facilitate long‐term ductile deformation, the seismic LAB may not coincide with the conventional transition from lithosphere to asthenosphere corresponding to a change in the long‐term rheological properties.
Virtually Ready? Pre-service teachers' perceptions of a virtual internship experience

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the experiences of six secondary pre-service teachers that completed a semester long internship with a supervising mentor at a virtual school in the Southeastern United States. The secondary pre-service teachers in this study voluntarily chose a placement in the virtual school over a traditional classroom placement for completion of their initial licensure field experience. This study sought to examine why secondary pre-service teachers chose a virtual internship and what their experiences were like as online instructors. A total of six participants completed a sixty-minute semi-structured interview at the completion of the semester long virtual school internship. Results of the study indicated that secondary pre-service teachersâ€™ primary motivation for entering a virtual internship experience was â€œconvenience. â€ Additionally, participants felt prepared for future employment in virtual schools, but had some reservations about their prospects in a traditional classroom setting.
- 1-Diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2 Interim guidance 11 September 2020

This document provides interim guidance to laboratories and other stakeholders involved in diagnostics for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It covers the main considerations for specimen collection, nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), antigen (Ag), antibody (Ab) detection and quality assurance. This document will be updated as new information becomes available. Feedback can be sent to WHElab@who.int.
The Impact of Rural-Urban Migration on Plantation Agriculture in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria

This study was carried out to unveil the impact of rural-urban migration on plantation agriculture productivity in the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria. Data were collected from 660 rural households and managers/supervisors of 15 selected oil palm, rubber and cocoa plantations in the Niger-Delta Region. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Most migrants were able bodied young adults. Labor shortage was experienced by all the visited plantations. Due to labor shortages, most of the plantations could not harvest completely. This resulted in foregone revenue for the plantations. Rural-urban migration significantly and positively correlated with labor shortage, incomplete harvesting and foregone revenue. It was recommended that the government should invest in infrastructure development of the rural sector and in cooperation with donors, should encourage engineering departments of our universities to develop simple machines that can compensate for labor shortages in the plantations. Migration refers to the movement of people from one geographical location to another, either on a temporary or permanent basis (Ekong 2003). It is a common observation all over the world that rural-urban migration is the dominant pattern of internal migration. Migration is a selective process affecting individuals or families with certain economic, social, educational and demographic characteristics. People migrate in response to prevailing conditions and the reasons for it differ from one individual to another. The agricultural history of Nigeria, according to Onlinenigeria (2012), is intertwined with its political history. This is discussed broadly in the context of the varying constitutional frame works such as: Colonial, the Internal Self Government and the Post-1960 periods. The period of the colonial administration in Nigeria, 1861-1960, was punctuated by rather ad hoc attention to agricultural development. During the era considerable emphasis was placed on research and extension services. The first notable activity of the era was the establishment by Sir Claude McDonald of a botanical research station in Lagos in 1893. This was followed by the acquisition of 10.4 kms of land in 1899 by the British Cotton Growing
Temporal trends

In the last few decades several studies have examined temporal trends in the incidence of childhood cancer in various Western countries. These reports have focused mainly on leukemia brain tumors, and to a lesser extent on rarer childhood neoplasms. The findings are not consistent, with differing patterns for different cancer sites and in different countries. Several papers have reported an increase in childhood leukemia or in some leukemia subtypes, whereas others have found no significant trends or have reported stable rates. A more complex pattern was reported by the SEER working group. Ries et al. reported a significant annual percent increase for leukemia (all types combined) of 0.7% from 1975 to 2001; the increases primarily occurred during 1975-1986 (annual percent change: +1.5%), whereas in 19872001 the trend was weaker and not statistically significant (+0.3%). The patterns are more consistent for brain tumors and for neuroblastoma with most studies reporting significant increases over time. However, it is not clear whether improvements in diagnostic procedures account for the observed trends or whether a genuine increase in incidence has occurred. Only a few studies have examined other types of childhood cancer and the findings have been inconsistent, possibly because of the small number of cases involved. The Childhood Cancer Registry of Piedmont (CCRP) is the oldest and largest pediatric population-based Cancer Registry active in Italy. Data are available over a 35-year period, from 1967 to 2001. In a previous report we described inciChildhood Cancer Registry of Piedmont, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, CPO Piemonte, CeRMS, S. Giovanni Hospital and University of Turin (PD, GP, LZ, MMM, NP, FM, CM); Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Turin (PD); Division of Pediatrics, Dept. of Medical Sciences of the University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (GP); Center for Public Health Research, Massey University Wellington Campus, New Zealand (NP); Unit of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, CPO Piemonte and Department of Medical Sciences of the University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara (CM), Italy.
Results of long-term, seasonal sampling for Penaeus postlarvae at Breach Inlet, South Carolina

Recruitment of postlarvae of commercially important penaeid shrimp has been studied in several areas in the southeastern United States, e.g. on the Atlantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico. Findings from these studies indicate that postlarvae are generally concentrated near oceanic inlets, different species are abundant at different times of the year, ingress through inlets into estuarine nursery areas is often influenced by factors such as tide and time of day, and correlations between number of postlarvae and subsequent commercial landings is often poor. In South Carolina most published studies have examined postlarval recruitment over a one- to two-year period. Long-term sampling was conducted by Lunz at several coastal sites in South Carolina in an effort to predict subsequent commercial harvest. As an extension of this work, long-term, seasonal sampling was conducted at a single site near Charleston, South Carolina, to determine relative abundance and timing of recruitment of Penaeus postlarvae. This study is part of a continuing effort to relate postlarval abundance to subsequent landings and to evaluate spawning success of parental stocks.
ACCEPTED AUTHOR VERSION OF THE MANUSCRIPT: Effects of feeding urea-treated triticale and oat grain mixtures on ruminal fermentation, microbial population, and milk production performance of midlactation dairy cows

The starch content of triticale and oat grains provides much of their readily available energy. Synchronizing energy and nitrogen in the rumen is important in optimizing profitability; for this reason, ammonia processing of these grains was evaluated for its potential to modify ruminal fermentation and to improve milk production performance. A mixture of ground triticale and oats (CONG, in a 60:40 ratio 40 by DM) was treated with urea (5 kg/1000 kg) and urease additive (20 kg/1000 kg) containing 200 g/kg of moisture, for 2 wk (UREG). The urea treatment enhanced the pH and CP content of grains by 34% and 52%, respectively. In a batch culture study, CONG or UREG as the only substrate was incubated in a buffered ruminal fluid. Compared to CONG, UREG increased pH, total VFA concentration, total gas, and disappearance of DM, while reducing CH 4 production, whereas NH 3 concentration increased and entodiniomorph counts tended to increase. In the in vivo study, cows were randomly allocated to two dietary groups (n = 24) and were offered TMR based on maize and grass silage, containing either 155 g/kg of CONG and 80 g/kg of soybean meal (CONT) or 155 g/kg of UREG and 59 g/kg of soybean meal (URET) for 31 d. Ruminal fluid was collected (n = 10) using rumenocentesis. The relative abundances of Streptococcus bovis decreased, but Megasphaera elsdenii , methanogens, and ammonia-producing bacteria increased by URET. Entodiniomorph and holotrich counts were decreased by URET. Feeding with URET increased ruminal pH and concentrations of total VFA, acetate, branched-chain VFA, and NH 3 . Feeding with URET also increased milk yield. These results demonstrate that replacing untreated triticale and oat grains with urea-treated grains can beneficially modulate ruminal microbiota and fermentation, consequently improving production performance and profitability.
Miocene silcretes in argillaceous playa deposits, Madrid Basin, Spain: petrological and geochemical features

Four regressive sequences are present in the opaline rocks and related deposits of the Miocene Intermediate Unit of the Madrid Basin. The sequences consist of silty mudstones and argillaceous opals, separated by transitional facies. The silty mudstone consists mainly of dioctahedral smectites, whereas the argillaceous opal is principally opal‐CT and variable amounts of sepiolite. In the transitional facies, lamina of dioctahedral smectite co‐exist with neoformed opal‐CT and sepiolite. Petrological and geochemical features (major, trace and REE elements) indicate that the opaline levels and the transitional facies are related and are a consequence of silcrete formation in an argillaceous playa deposit. The isocon method was used to calculate changes in element concentration associated with silcrete formation. The geochemical data suggest silicification in an arid environment. The silcrete profile occurs four times, possibly as a result of highstand–lowstand fluctuations of the lake level caused by climatic changes. Structures and cements in the silcretes indicate that, although silicification may have commenced at the top of a groundwater table, it continued in the unsaturated zone above the water table.
Crustal structure of the Eggvin Bank, west of Jan Mayen. Data processing, velocity modeling and interpretation of recordings from a marine wide-angle seismic survey

The Eggvin Bank is a shallow area located on the northern segment of Kolbeinsey Ridge. Its crustal structure was investigated along a 301 km long transect from the Greenland Basin to the Iceland Plateau, crossing over the Jan Mayen Fracture Zone and the Eggvin Bank. Pand S-wave velocities were obtained from forward and inverse modeling of three-component ocean bottom seismometer data. Optimal results of modeling were obtained with a four layered model (I: Sediments. II-A: Upper crust. II-B: Middle crust. III: Lower crust) over a half-space (IV: Upper mantle). In Iceland Plateau and Eggvin Bank the sediments were estimated zero to 0.5 km thick with Pwave velocities between 1.8 and 2.3 km/s. Poisson’s ratio in the sediments was estimated to be 0.39. Average P-wave velocities of the upper and middle crust, Layer II-A and II-B, were estimated to 3.45 4.60 km/s and 5.50 – 6.55 km/s, respectively. Poisson’s ratios was estimated to be 0.35 for both layers. Relatively low P-wave velocity and high Poisson’s ratio are ascribed to high porosity in extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks. Serpentinization is another possible cause. P-wave velocities in the lower crust, layer III, were estimated to 6.80 7.20 km/s, with a Poisson’s ratio of 0.29. These velocities are typical for gabbros. Average upper mantle P-wave velocities were modeled to 7.83 km/s under the Eggvin Bank. Poisson’s ratio was estimated to be 0.25, indicating normal preidotitic composition. Iceland Plateau crust resembles structures to the south. The Eggvin Bank has a velocity profile similar to oceanic crust, in particularly as found in the Iceland Plateau. The velocity profile differs form continental crust in Jan Mayen Micro Continent as well as mapped structures beneath the Jan Mayen island. Eggvin Bank crustal thickness (8 – 11 km) is greater than average oceanic crust (7 km), as well as crust in the Iceland Plateau (9 km). Thicker crust locally underneath the major seamounts was interpreted to be directly related to their presence. In the center of the bank crustal thickness (8 – 9 km) compare with Iceland Plateau. Layer II-A and II-B are thicker in the Eggvin Bank compared to Iceland Plateau. This is interpreted to derive from extensive volcanic activity on the bank. Crystalline structures in the Greenland Basin were poorly constrained because recordings could not be recovered from the deployed OBS in this part of the survey line. However, a substantial change in crustal thickness could be identified across the Jan Mayen Fracture Zone. Depth conversion estimated sediments to be 0.2 2.0 km thick in the Greenland Basin, and the crystalline thickness was modeled 4.0 ±1.2 km. Fracture zone related serpentinization in upper mantle was not indicated by average P-wave velocity (8.0 km/s) and Poisson’s ratio (0.25).