Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nutritional assessment of waste of cassava starch extraction dried in cattle feed

This study aimed to evaluate the digestive power of waste of cassava starch extraction dried (WCSEd) and corn, in addition to determining the appropriate level of WCSEd to replace corn in the diet of cattle. Studies to evaluate the in vitro digestibility and in situ degradability were performed. The study used four cattle with rumen cannula, individually fed with diets containing increasing levels (0, 33, 66 and 100%) of WCSEd to replace corn, to evaluate the dry matter and nutrient intake and digestibility, pH and ammonia concentration of rumen fluid. The WCSEd showed differences in the in vitro digestibility of DM, OM and NDF (P < 0.05) compared to corn, but did not change the NDT and in situ degradability. As for in vivo reviews, the DM and nutrient intake was influenced by treatments in decreasing order, resulting in changes in the digestibility of DM, OM and NDT of diet, and a decreased concentration of N-NH3, but the pH was not affected. The residue from the extraction of cassava starch showed lower in vitro digestibility; however, ruminal degradability did not differ from corn. Their use in ruminant feed reduces the intake and degradation of feed, but improves the use of N-NH3 in the rumen.
Assessing the Response of Laying Hens to Digestible Balanced Protein from 27 to 66 Weeks of Age

Poultry Science Association meeting 2014, Corpus Christie, TX (USA). The digestible lysine requirement of laying hens while maintaining an ideal amino acid profile D. Kumar*, C. Raginski, K. Schwean-Lardner, and H.L. Classen University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada As laying hens continue to improve in egg production and other characteristics, it is relevant to examine their response to dietary digestible ideal amino acid level. Research using Lohmann LSL pullets (28 to 40 wk of age) compared digestible lysine (Dlys) intake levels of 550, 625, 700, 775 and 850 mg/hen/d, with Dlys kept in proportion to other essential amino acids. Each treatment was replicated 10 times (2 cages of 6 birds each). Diets containing 500 and 850 mg Dlys/kg feed were blended every 3 wk based on feed intake to produce diets that would provide treatment levels of Dlys intake. Data collection included egg production (5 d/wk), and feed intake, egg weight and egg specific gravity every 3 wk. Feed efficiency (kg feed/kg egg mass; kg feed/dozen eggs) was calculated based on egg and egg mass production, and feed intake. Data were analyzed for Dlys effects using SAS 9.3 and a completely randomized design; regression analysis was used to study the relationship between dependent variables and Dlys intake. Analyses were considered significant when P<0.05. In the following results, the impact of Dlys on response criteria will be described in text as well as with bracketed treatment means with means listed in order of increasing Dlys intake (550, 625, 700, 775 and 850 mg/hen/d). Means followed by different superscript letters are significantly different according to Tukey’s mean separation test. Actual Dlys intake (mg/d) varied slightly from treatment objectives as shown by the comparative values shown in brackets (550 vs 553; 625 vs 647; 700 vs 719; 775 vs 804; 850 vs 856 mg/d). Hen-day egg production increased in a quadratic fashion with Dlys intake (88.4, 94.4, 96.7, 97.2, 97.0 %). Egg weight (54.4, 57.0, 58.5, 59.7, 60.0 g) and egg mass (48.5, 53.9, 56.5, 58.0, and 58.0a g/h/d) increased in a similar fashion with Dlys intake. Egg specific gravity (1.089, 1.088, 1.088, 1.088, 1087) decreased quadratically with increasing Dlys intake. Feed efficiency (kg feed/kg egg mass – 1.87, 1.79, 1.74, 1.68, 1.67) decreased in a quadratic manner. In contrast, Dlys intake did not affect feed per dozen eggs (1.32, 1.32, 1.32, 1.31, 1.30 kg feed per dozen). In conclusion, the requirement of laying hens for amino acid balanced Dlys varies with response criteria.
Effect of source of nitrogen on growth and yield of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)

The experiment was carried out at Biotechnology-cum-Tissue Culture Centre of the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, CA, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, during the year 2017 - 2018. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and eleven treatment combinations comprising of inorganic fertilizers and organic manures. Among the treatments, application of 75% N from Urea and 25% N from vermicompost (T8) resulted in significant differences in vegetative characters, floral characters and yield attributing traits such as plant height, plant spread (N-S & E-W), number of branches (primary and secondary branches), leaf area, stem diameter, days to 50% flowering, days to first flower bud appearance, days to first harvest, shelf-life of flower, flowering duration, number of flower per plant, number of harvests, number of flower per m2 and weight (yield) of flower per plant. Size of flower (diameter) and individual flower weight did not vary significantly among the treatments in this experiment.
Application Method Affects Water Application Efficiency of Spray Stake- irrigated Containers

Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of water application medium moisture deficit, water application rate, and intermittent application on water application efficiency {((amount applied - amount leached)/amount applied) x 100} of spray stake- irrigated, container-grown plants. Pine bark-filled containers were irrigated to replace moisture deficits of 600, 1200, or 1800 ml; deficits were returned in single, continuous applications of 148,220, or 270 ml·min -l . Efficiency was unaffected by application rate but decreased with increased medium moisture deficit. In the second experiment, container medium at a 600-ml deficit was irrigated with 400 or 600 ml (6570 and 100% water replacement, respectively); deficits were returned in a single, continuous application or in intermittent 100-ml applications with 30-min intervals between irrigations. Application efficiency was greater with intermittent irrigation (95% and 84% for 400- and 600-ml replacement, respectively) than with continuous irrigation (84% and 67% for 400- and 600-ml replacement, respectively). In the third experiment, pine bark was irrigated with 600 ml water (100% replacement) in 50-, 100-, or 150-ml aliquots with 20,40, or 60 min between applications in a factorial design. Efficiency increased with decreasing applica- tion volume and increasing time between applications. Highest efficiency (86%) was achieved with an irrigation regimen of 50-ml applications with at least 40 min between applications, compared to 62% for the control treatment (a single, continuous application of 600 ml). Our results suggest that growers using spray stakes would waste less water by applying water intermittently rather than continuously.
Investigating the relationship between glutamine deamidation and collagen breakdown in bone

Bone can survive in the burial environment for millions of years and can provide direct information about individuals, during their lifetime and post mortem. However it is not currently possible to directly date bone material beyond the limits of radiocarbon dating ~50,000 years before present(BP). It was suggested by van Doorn et al., (2012), that deamidation in bone collagen may be related to thermal age. However, a number of bones investigated from the same site resulted in a large range of glutamine deamidation measurements. This thesis therefore explores in detail the potential of glutamine deadmidation as a dating tool for bones older than 50,000 yeas BP. The work presented in this thesis investigates a number of potential causes for the observed variability. It was found that the pre-treatment of bone with HCl not only increased levels of deamidation, but also caused significant levels of swelling and breakdown of the collagen fibril structure. Areas of bone exhibiting localised macroscopic degradation were shown to be correlated with an increase in the levels of glutamine deamidation. This indicates that the measurement of deamidation may be used as a method by which to investigate the preservation state of bone. The analysis of synthetic peptide mixtures, containing glutamine or glutamic acid showed that an ionisation bias occurs when using MALDI, with product peptide E consistently underestimated. However, analysis of the same peptide mixtures using ESI showed no ionisation bias between the two peptide products and is therefore preferable for the measurement of glutamine containing peptides. Kinetic heating experiments performed at high temperatures (80 ᵒC -140 ᵒC), have proven unsuitable for the measurement of deamidation within the buffer soluble collagen fraction. Deamidation in the buffer soluble collagen fraction was successfully measured at low temperature (65 ᵒC), and resulted in an increase in deamidation over time. However levels of deamidation in the mineral bound fraction extracted from the same bone chips heated at 65 ᵒC did not appear to undergo deamidation over time; indicating that glutamine deamidation in this fraction is slower and therefore may be suitable for the analysis of preservation of older bone from the Late Pleistocene Period. Levels of deamidation in bones analysed from nine sites ranging in age from ~ 8000 - 30,000 years BP showed a correlation with levels of glutamine deamidation and thermal age. However, using the current methodology, it is not possible to identify the age of the sites using only the measured levels of deamidation. An adapted extraction method has been suggested to further investigate the relationship between deamidation and the thermal age of bone. The work carried out in this thesis has directly contributed to the broader knowledge of how collagen degrades in bone over time, and thus has wide reaching implications within the archaeological scientific community.
Weather conditions are correlated with the relation between mass and abundance in bird communities

Sur deux sites pour lesquels des donnees sur le long terme sont disponibles, des informations meteorologiques ont ete utilisees pour prevoir la relation entre la masse corporelle et l'abondance de la reproduction dans deux communautes d'oiseaux. Dans l'une de ces communautes, on a trouve des relations masse-abondance fortement negatives lorsque la saison de reproduction est chaude, ou lorsque les precipitations ont ete faibles sur les routes migratoires au cours de l'automne precedent. Dans l'autre communaute, des relations masse-abondance fortement negatives font suite a des hivers chauds ou humides ou a des automnes au cours desquels les routes migratoires ont ete humides ou fraiches. Les effets des conditions meteorologiques sur la relation entre masse et abondance sont complexes mais suggerent que l'environnement abiotique pourrait jouer un role important dans la determination des patrons d'abondance.
Food supplementation and predation risk in harsh climate: interactive effects on abundance and body condition of tit species

Food availability and predation risk can have drastic impacts on animal behaviour and populations. The tradeoff between foraging and predator avoidance is crucial for animal survival and will strongly affect individual body mass, since large fat reserves are beneficial to reduce starvation but may increase predation risk. However, two-factor experiments simultaneously investigating the interactive effects of food and predation risk, are still rare. We studied the effects of food supplementation and natural predation risk imposed by pygmy owls Glaucidium passerinum on the abundance and fat reserves of tit species in boreal forests of north Europe, from January to March in 2012 and in 2013. Food supplementation increased the number of individuals present in a given forest patch, whereas the level of predation risk had no clear impact on the abundance of tit species. The stronger impact of food supply respect to predation risk could be the consequence of the harsh winter conditions in north Europe, with constant below-zero temperatures and only few (5-7 h) daylight hours available for foraging. Predation risk did not have obvious effects on tit abundance but influenced food consumption and, together with food supplementation, affected the deposition of subcutaneous fat in great tits Parus major. High owl predation risk had detrimental effects on body fat reserves, which may reduce over-winter survival, but the costs imposed by pygmy owl risk were compensated when food was supplemented. The starvation–predation tradeoff faced by great tits in winter may thus be mediated through variation in body fat reserves. In small species living in harsh environment, this tradeoff appeared thus to be biased towards avoidance of starvation, at the cost of increasing predation risk. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Current Genetic Structure of Teak (Tectona Grandis) in Myanmar Based on Newly Developed Chloroplast Single Nucleotide Polymorphism and Nuclear Simple Sequence Repeat Markers

Teak (Tectona grandis), which is among the most valuable tropical timber species, is under pressure from rapid deforestation and habitat fragmentation. Limited genetic information is available for Myanmar teak, which comes from the largest natural teak-bearing forest area in the world. To determine the phylogeographic patterns of Myanmar teak, we evaluated three newly developed chloroplast single nucleotide polymorphism (cpSNP) and 10 nuclear simple sequence repeat (nrSSR) markers in 480 individuals representing 20 natural populations. The cpSNP markers detected four haplotypes, each differing by a single mutation. The GST value was lower than the NST value and did not reveal a phylogeographic structure of Myanmar teak. Nuclear microsatellite analysis revealed high genetic diversity with the mean expected heterozygosity (0.652). The same level of genetic differentiation (4%) was observed for both cpSNP and nrSSR markers in different groups. Conservation of the HMB, TDG, KTA, and POL populations should receive highest priority because these contribute most to the total genetic diversity. The genetic boundaries of teak observed from combining the results of cpSNP and nrSSR marker barriers suggested four potential zones in the teak seed transfer guidelines of Myanmar. In light of our findings, we discussed appropriate gene conservation strategies and proposed seed zones to safeguard the current genetic resources of Myanmar teak.
Genetic Parameters of Semen Quality Traits and Production Traits of Pure-bred Boars in Thailand

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for semen quality and production traits of pure-bred Finnish-Norwegian boars raised in Thailand. Data used in this study were 9,760 records of semen collection and 108 records of performance tests (from 25 Duroc, 59 Landrace, and 24 Yorkshire boars). Semen quality traits considered per collection were semen volume (SV), semen concentration (SC), total sperm (TS), and total abnormality (TA). Data were recorded from 2001 to 2009, except for TA, which was not recorded until 2003. Production measures from each boar were average daily gain (ADG) and backfat thickness (BF). Results showed that heritabilities varied from 0.29 to 0.49 for semen quality traits; besides, they were 0.40 and 0.18 for ADG and BF, respectively. The repeatability estimates for semen quality traits ranged from 0.30 to 0.61. No significant genetic correlation between semen quality and production traits was observed, except for a relationship between SV and BF (rg = -0.52 ± 0.19). Among the semen quality traits, significant genetic correlation was observed only between SV and SC (rg = -0.45 ± 0.18) and between SV and TS (rg = 0.57 ± 0.16). In addition, ADG had a negative genetic relationship with BF at high magnitude value (rg = -0.76 ± 0.11). These results suggest that semen quality traits have sufficient genetic variation for selection. Furthermore, traditional selection for AI boar using ADG and BF as selection criteria will not reduce semen quality.
South American fish for continental aquaculture

The South American continent is known for its high production and exports in fisheries and aquaculture, but has not reached its full potential in fish farming. The latest data on fish production in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela were explored in this review. Aspects of biology, production, market and health of the species most produced in South America are described in detail. These species include the round fish (Colossoma spp., Piaractus spp. and hybrids) and catfish (Pseudoplatystoma spp. and hybrids), in addition to the promising pirarucu Arapaima gigas, yellowtail tetra Astyanax altiparanae and silver catfish Rhamdia quelen. Among the countries mentioned, Chile and Brazil are two of the largest intensive fish producers in the world. Chile relies primarily on marine fish, whereas Brazil is prominent for continental production. Special emphasis is given to the black pacu Colossoma macropomum because it is a commonly farmed fish in South American countries and offers several desirable productive characteristics (domesticated, omnivorous and easy to reproduce). Furthermore, this fish has the greatest potential to compete economically with tilapia production in South America. The production of native fish is currently overtaking the production of exotic species in some countries, which is considered a milestone for South American aquaculture. Regarding diseases, the main pathogens are similar to those observed throughout the world, such as Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, different species of monogeneans and trichodinids, and the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila. Local pathogens, such as the parasites Perulernaea gamitanae and Goezia spinulosa, are also concerning.
Subtropical rainforest vegetation from Cosy Dell, Southland: plant fossil evidence for Late Oligocene terrestrial ecosystems

A fossil flora from the basal Chatton Formation at Cosy Dell farm near Waimumu, Southland, New Zealand comprises wood, seeds, pollen and spores. A Late Oligocene age (25.4–24.4 Ma) determined from macro- and nannofossils constrains the beginning of marine transgression in this area. The palynoflora comprises more than 100 taxa, in addition to a few spores recycled from underlying Jurassic Murihiku basement. At least 16 ferns are present. Conifers include Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae (Dacrydium, Dacrycarpus, Lagarostrobos, Microcachrys, Phyllocladus and Podocarpus). The angiosperm palynoflora comprises monocots including Arecaceae, Asparagaceae, Asteliaceae, Pandanaceae and Typhaceae and numerous dicots including Casuarinaceae, Cunoniaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Loranthaceae, Malvaceae, Myrtaceae, Nothofagaceae, Proteaceae and Strasburgeriaceae. The drift flora includes wood and seeds including the tropical legume Entada. Elongate limpets and mangrove snails provide indirect evidence for seagrasses and mangroves. The predominance of rainforest tree pollen and fern spores suggests a regional subtropical coastal forest and high rainfall.
Taxonomy, systematics, and diversity of the European oldest testudinids

Testudinidae is a clade of tortoises known in Europe from the early Eocene. It is the only lineage of terrestrial turtles identified in the post-Paleocene record of this continent. However, very little information on the taxonomy and systematics of the Eocene representatives is currently available. The oldest testudinids from Europe, recovered in several countries, are studied here. Some of them were previously attributed to genera defined in North America. The hypothesis suggesting that the European Eocene testudinids correspond to genera exclusive to this continent is confirmed here. In this sense, two new genera, Fontainechelon (early Eocene) and Pelorochelon (middle Eocene), are proposed. The largest collection of European Paleogene testudinids, from the middle Eocene of the Spanish site of Mazateron (Soria), is analyzed for the first time. A new species from this locality is defined. The validity of various previously proposed taxa is refuted, and the diagnosis of several forms is emended. Thus, the diversity, taxonomy, phylogenetic relationships, and biogeographical and stratigraphic distributions of the European primitive representatives of this successful extant clade are analyzed.
Foraging behaviour and plant selection in a herd of Icelandic goats

HRAFNHILDUR AEVARSDÓTTIR1, ANNA GUDRÚN THORHALLSDÓTTIR2, HREFNA SIGURJÓNSDÓTTIR3 1University of Iceland, Askja, IS-101,Reykjavík, Iceland, hrafnhildur.aevarsdottir@gmail.com (corresponding author). 2Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyri, IS-311, Borgarnes, Iceland. 3University of Iceland, Stakkahlíð, IS-105, Reykjavík, Iceland. ICEL. AGRIC. SCI. 29 (2016), 3-6 www.ias. is http://dx.doi. org/10.16886/IAS.2016. 01
Embryo evaluation and pregnancy outcomes following embryo transfer in cattle.

Evaluation and selection of appropriate embryos for transfer into recipients is of vital importance to establishing pregnancy and producing a healthy calf. There are several methods currently utilized to evaluate embryos produced in vivo or in vitro including morphology, biopsy, differential staining, and metabolic assays. Visual assessment of embryos for stage of development and quality grade is the most widely used method in practice for evaluating embryos. Embryos of higher quality grades have been repeatedly shown to be associated with greater pregnancy rates after embryo transfer. However, morphological evaluation of embryos is not an ideal predictor of viability and developmental competence, as misclassification of embryo grades can result in variation in pregnancy rates of embryo transfer recipients. Additional diagnostic information may be gained from embryo biopsy and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. These technologies may be used to accurately determine embryo sex and to screen embryos for certain marker genes associated with important traits prior to embryo transfer. An increased number of genes associated with normal and abnormal development have been identified in bovine embryos during the past ten years. Future applications of marker gene technology to embryo selection should lead to more accurate predictions of embryo viability and developmental potential. In this paper we review the methods used for assessment of bovine embryos produced in vivo or in vitro as well as pregnancy rates and fetal development following transfer of these embryos.
Characterization and Identification of Spanish Olive Germplasm by Means of RAPD Markers

Thirteen randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers were assayed in 82 Spanish olive cultivars of economical interest. A total of 82 bands were scored giv- ing an average of 6.3 bands per primer. A total of 4 (OPA-01) to 10 bands (OPA-19) was amplified, while the number of polymorphic fragments ranged from 2 (OPK-07) to 9 (OPA-19) with a mean of 5.7 polymorphic bands per primer. A total of 89% of the am- plification products (73 bands) were polymorphic. The 13 primers yielded 184 banding patterns (14.9 per primer). The number of banding patterns per primer ranged from 4 (OPK-07) to 39 (OPA-19). Fifty-three unique banding patterns were found, the majority of them resulted from different combinations of polymorphic bands. The combination of only five primers OPA-19, OPF-06, OPX-01, OPX-03, and OPI-12, allowed identification of all the cultivars. Seventy-four cultivars (90%) were identified only by the combination of the first four primers. The addition of the fifth primer (OPI-12) was necessary for the identification of the eight remaining cultivars (10%). The ordination of the primers ac- cording to their practical discriminating capacity in this study was: OPA-19 > OPF-06 > OPX-01 > OPX-03 > OPI-12. Hence RAPD markers are recommended for olive fin- gerprinting in order to generate a database for olive cultivar identification.