Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF THE GEOMETRY ASPECT OF JARS ON THE HEAT TRANSFER AND FLOW PATTERN DURING STERILIZATION OF LIQUID FOODS

Natural convection heating of liquid food packed in glass jars of different sizes and volumes during sterilization is simulated by solving the governing equations for continuity, momentum and energy conservation, using the finite element method. The effect of the aspect ratio of the container on temperature distribution, flow pattern, position of the slowest heating zone (SHZ) and cooking value were analyzed. The position of the SHZ varied ‐ depending of container volume and aspect ratio ‐ in the range of 49.39‐76.83% and 5.81‐19.09% of jar radius and height, respectively. Sterilization times were estimated and differences between 135 and 105 s for containers of a same size of 360 or 660 cm 3 , respectively, were predicted depending on jar shape. A prediction model was developed that allows to calculate ‐ with a simple procedure ‐ sterilization times as a function of container dimensions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS It is frequent in low-volume processing plants that work with foods packed in glass jars to change container size and/or shape between successive batches of production, but maintaining the same process schedule. This leads to products with lack of microbial innocuousness (underprocessing) or with low nutritional or sensory quality (overprocessing). In that sense, in this work velocity and temperature profiles, and the location of the “slowest heating zone” were modeled and simulated using the finite element method for liquid foods in glass jars of different volumes and shapes during their thermal treatment. This information allowed estimate sterilization times as well as quality losses during thermal treatment. Finally, a simplified method for the calculation of sterilization times as a function of container size and shape was developed. This method could be very practical for the design of thermal processes in low-volume productions, whose operators usually lack simulation software and personnel trained in process calculations.
A novel cyclometalated Iridium(III) complex containing dibenzo-24-crown-8: synthesis, luminescence and application in highly efficient green phosphorescent OLEDs

Several new iridium complexes with the dibenzo-24-crown-8 substituted 2-penylpyridine (ppy) ligand have been synthesized and characterized. These iridium complexes emit green light with a high photoluminescence quantum yield ranging from 0.56 to 0.63 and exhibit good thermal properties. The complexes were incorporated into phosphorescent polymer light-emitting devices (PLEDs) using soluble poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) as the host and the resultant iridium complexes as dopants. High-efficiency green electrophosphorescence was observed, with peak emission at about 520 nm. Among these devices, the PLEDs with G3 as the dopant displayed the best EL performances. An external quantum efficiency of 10.92% and a luminous efficiency of 29.6 cd A−1 were obtained at 537 cd m−2.
Soil Heavy Metal Pollution Around Iron Tailing Areas at Different UsingStatus

Heavy metal pollution was a dynamic changing process for a long period and on large spatial scale. The heavy metal content in tailing soil varied with time changing. The distribution and cumulative characteristics of heavy metals in different time and surrounding soil caused by ore dressing and smelting activities were different. The aim of this study was to assess the geochemical characteristics and pollution status of heavy metals in soil around 2 iron tailing areas at different using status. Samples were collected around the 2 different iron tailing and sieved through nylon sieves. Metals were measured in digested solutions by a atomic emission spectrometer. The concentration of all heavy metals (Fe, Mn, V, Cu, Ni) in the soil around using M tailing area exceeded local soil background value; however, the content of all metals except Fe in soil around closed W tailing areas were lower than background value. BCR results showed that average exchangeable fraction of Mn in soil around W and M accounted for 11.87%, 11.78% of the total concentration, respectively; average exchangeable and reducible fractions of Ni accounted for 26.97% and 13.59%, respectively; average oxidizable fraction of Cu accounted for 18.6%, 31.63% in soil around W and M, respectively, which were higher than other metals; residual fraction of Fe, V accounted for more than 80% of the total concentration. The results indicate the soil was moderately contaminated by heavy metal around M and unpolluted around W. However, the risk assessment results performed that Mn showed moderate potential ecological risk and other metals showed low potential risk.
Mass Measurements of Exotic Ions in the Heavy Mass Region for Nuclear Structure Studies at ISOLTRAP

The mass is a unique fingerprint of each nucleus as it reflects the sum of all interactions within it. Comparing experimental mass values with theoretical calculations provides an important benchmark of how well the role of these interactions is already understood. By investigating differences of experimental binding energies, such as two-neutron separation energies (S2n), valuable indications for nuclear-structure studies are provided. The present thesis contributes to these studies providing new high-precision mass measurements especially in the heavy-mass region. Here, nuclear theory is heavily challenged due to the large number of nucleons. The data have been obtained at the Penning-trap mass spectrometer ISOLTRAP located at the radioactive-ion-beam facility Isolde at CERN. For the determination of the masses, the time-of-flight ion-cyclotron-resonance technique has been applied. While the new mass data for 122−124Ag continue existing trends in the S2n energies, the new mass values for 207,208Fr render them more precisely. In the case of the mass values for 184,186,190,193−195Tl a new interesting odd-even effect has been revealed. The comparison of the measured mass values with theoretical models furthermore demonstrates significant problems in reproducing the strength of the pairing correctly. This is of special interest for the discussion about shape coexistence in the region around the doubly-magic 208Pb.
Primary Processes and Structure of the Photosystem II Reaction Center: A Photon Echo Study†,‡

An experimental and theoretical photon echo (PE) study of the primary charge separation process in the photosystem II reaction center (PS II RC) at low temperature (T = 1.33 ± 0.01 K) is reported. Experiments were carried out at low excitation intensities of 5 × 1012 photons/cm2 with time and spectral resolution of about 0.5 ps and 1 nm, respectively, using the two-pulse photon echo technique (2PE). The data were interpreted in the framework of the exciton model. For that purpose the theory of the PE formation and energy transfer in an excitonically coupled system, including explicitly the electron-bath interaction, is developed. By comparing the measured and the simulated PE kinetics, we draw the conclusion that the accessory chlorophyll in the active branch of the RC core is the primary electron donor. The charge separation occurs with an intrinsic time constant of ≈1.5 ps, in good agreement with previously published data (Wasielewski, M. R. ; Johnson, D. G. ; Seibert, M. ; Govindjee Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
Liquid-crystalline behavior of rod-coil diblock copolymers

The exact mean-field phase behavior of the Semenov–Vasilenko model for rod-coil diblock copolymers is studied by applying self-consistent field techniques. The behavior depends on three quantities: the rod/coil immiscibility χN, the coil volume fraction f, and the ratio ν of the characteristic coil to rod dimensions. When χN≲5, the rods and coils mix producing a nematic phase, and at larger χN, they microphase separate forming a lamellar phase. The nonlamellar phases expected at f≳0.7 are not treated here. The lamellar phase is typically a smectic-C structure with monolayers of tilted rods. A thorough understanding of the model is achieved by closely examining segment distributions and various contributions to the free energy. The tilt angle θ is generally controlled by a competition between rod/coil interfacial tension and stretching of the coils. Lowering f reduces the latter contribution, causing θ→0 and producing a continuous transition to a smectic-A structure. Beyond that, there is a tendency to form structures with the rods arranged in bilayers, but this is strongly suppressed by a large steric penalty. We suggest that small amounts of solvent can greatly alleviate this penalty, and therefore could significantly affect some aspects of the phase behavior.
Spatial patterns and effects of soil organic carbon on grain productivity assessment in China

In this paper, we present an assessment of the content and effects of cropland soil organic carbon (SOC) on grain productivity at the national scale in China using a Web‐based Land Evaluation System. Homogeneous 5 km × 5 km grid data sets of climate, crop, soil and management parameters were created and grain production in 2005 was simulated. Attempts were made to incorporate SOC into the land evaluation procedure and to quantify the potential effects of SOC deficiency on grain productivity. Results were statistically analysed and the modelling approach was validated. National cropland SOC maps were generated. At the national scale, the cropland SOC content averaged 1.20, 0.58, 0.41, 0.31 and 0.26% for the five 20‐cm sections consecutively from the surface downwards. At the regional scale it tended to decline slightly from northeast (1.63%) to southwest (1.11%). On average, 64% of grain yield was lost due to SOC deficiency for the humid provinces and 7% for the arid and sub‐arid ones. Soil management options are suggested based on the simulation results.
Effect of phosphorus and biofertilizers on growth and yield of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) under rainfed condition

The experiment entitled “Effect of phosphorus and biofertilizers on growth and yield of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) under rainfed condition” was conducted on research farm of College of Agriculture Latur (M.S.) during kharif season of 2015. The experimental field was leveled and well drained. The soil was clayey loam in texture, low in available nitrogen (118.86 kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (20.42 kg ha-1), high in potassium (385.89 kg ha-1) and slightly alkaline (pH 8.5) in reaction. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design. There were ten treatments which were replicated thrice. The treatments mainly comprised of T1- No phosphorous application, T2- 45 kg P2O5/ha through SSP, T3- 60 kg P2O5/ha through SSP, T4- 45 kg P2O5/ha through SSP + PSB, T5- 45kg P2O5/ha through SSP + Rhizobium (R.I.), T6- 45 kg P2O5/ha through SSP+ VAM, T7- 45 kg P2O5/ha through SSP+PSB+R.I. , T8- 45 kg P2O5/ha through SSP+PSB +VAM, T9- 45 kg P2O5/ha through SSP+R.I. +VAM, T10-45kg P2O5/ha through SSP+PSB+R.I. + VAM. Rainfed soybean responded positively to different phosphorus application treatments. Application of 45 kg P2O5/ha through SSP+PSB+R.I. + VAM (T10) performed the best amongst the various phosphorus treatments evaluated with regards to growth, yield attributing characters and yield of soybean. Maximum seed yield, straw yield and biological yield was produced by application of 45 kg P2O5/ha through SSP+PSB+R.I. + VAM(T10) which was followed application of 45 kg P2O5/ha through SSP+R.I. +VAM (T9) and 45 kg P2O5/ha through SSP+PSB+R.I. (T7) and was found significantly superior over rest of the treatments
Energetics of the O–H Bond in Phenol and Substituted Phenols: A Critical Evaluation of Literature Data

This review presents a critical assessment of the available experimental information (contained in ∼90 literature references) on the thermochemistry of the O–H bond in phenol and substituted phenols. The analysis led to a set of recommended values for the O–H bond dissociation enthalpies, which in turn allowed us to discuss several empirical and theoretical methodologies used to estimate these data.
A Study: Removal of Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) Ions from Real Industrial Water and Contaminated Water Using Activated Sludge Biomass

This study aims to remove of Cu2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ ions from solution and to investigate the adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics, and ion-exchange affinities of these metals using waste activated sludge (AS) biomass. The adsorptions of the metals on biomass were optimal at an acidic pH value of 6.0 based on its monolayer capacities. Maximum monolayer capacities of AS biomass (qmax) were calculated as 0.478, 0.358, and 0.280 mmol g−1 for Cu2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+, respectively, and the adsorption equilibrium time was found as 60 min for each metal. The adsorbed amount of metal rose with increasing of initial metal ion concentration. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of AS for initial 0.25 mmol L−1 metal concentration was determined as 0.200, 0.167, and 0.155 mmol g−1 for Cu2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ ions, respectively. These relevant values were determined as 0.420, 0.305, and 0.282 mmol g−1 for Cu2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ ions, respectively, when initial metal concentration was 0.50 mmol L−1. In the multi-metal sorption system, the adsorption capacity of AS biomass was observed in the order of Cu2+ > Cd2+ > Pb2+. In the presence of 100 mmol L−1 H+ ion, the order of ion-exchange affinity with H+ was found as Cu2+ > Cd2+ > Pb2+. The adsorption kinetics were also found to be well described by the pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. Two different rate constants were obtained as ki1 and ki2 and ki1 (first stage) was found to be higher than ki2 (second stage).
Changes in seal capacity of fractured claystone caprocks induced by dissolved and gaseous CO2 seepage

Claystone caprocks are often the ultimate seal for CO2 underground storage when residual CO2 gas reaches the reservoir top due to buoyancy. Permeability changes of a fractured claystone due to seepage of CO2‐enriched brine and water vapor‐saturated CO2 gas are investigated. Results show that brine flow induces a large porosity increase (up to 50%) in the vicinity of the fracture due to dissolution of calcite and quartz, while permeability remains unchanged. Conversely, cyclic flows of CO2‐brine and CO2‐gas increase the fracture aperture abruptly after each gas flow period, producing a progressive decrease of the caprock seal capacity. Aperture increase is controlled by decohesion of the clay framework within a micrometer‐scale‐thick layer induced by CO2‐gas acidification. Results show that hydraulic aperture increases linearly with duration of the preceding CO2‐brine flow period, emphasizing the kinetic control of the quartz grains dissolution during the brine flow periods.
Cool Star Oxygen Abundances from Spectral Synthesis of TiO Bands

We have used spectral synthesis of the γ R2 0–0 TiO band at 7054 Å to determine oxygen abundances in dwarfs previously analyzed for iron and titanium abundances from their atomic lines. With the abundances of Fe and Ti held fixed, the band profiles are sensitive to the oxygen abundances. For the late K and M dwarfs analyzed, the [O/Fe] trend agrees with previous work for higher mass stars from [Fe/H] = +0.1 to [Fe/H] = -1.5. Beyond [Fe/H] = -1.5, the TiO band becomes too weak to analyze except in cooler stars for which Ti abundances are difficult to determine because their Ti I lines are frequently blended. We find that the abundance trend derived for our stars matches those derived for solar neighborhood stars by other methods.
Eating behavior of Ongole crossbred and Limousin crossbred steers fed fermented rice straw and concentrate

A study on eating behavior of Ongole Crossbred (OC) and Limousin Crossbred (LC) steers (aged 9 months) fed fermented rice straw and concentrate has been carried out. Rice straw and concentrate were given in 60:40 ratio. Rice straw was fermented by commercial starter (BioP 2000 Z), while concentrate was composed of commercial concentrate and soybean pulp (by-product of soy-sauce industry). The diet was set to meet the dry matter (DM) requirement at 3.0% of liveweight. Eating behaviour was measured from 3 days continuously observation. Chewing number was accounted by halter equipped with tape-switch in jaw side and was recorded every 1/10 second in connected PC. The results showed that DMI of both OC (3.21 kg) and LC (4.18 kg) was similar, being 2.8% LW. However, chewing number of OC (133808 chews/d) was higher than that of LC (106353 chews/d). Chewing for eating and for rumination in OC (86995 and 46813 chews) was higher than of LC (67628 and 38725 chews). Chewing efficiency for eating in OC (0.041 g DMI/chew) was lower than that of LC (0.066 g DMI/chew). Similar tendency was observed in chewing efficiency for rumination that OC (0.080 g DMI/chew) was lower than that of LC (0.109 g DMI/chew). The conclusion is LC has a better chewing efficiency than of OC and it was pointed to different jaw size between OC and LC. Key words: Chewing, Ongole, Limousin
Area evaluation of microscopically rough surfaces

In this article, a novel roughness function is developed which enables the assessment of the area of a microscopically rough surface measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). A reliable area of a surface with microscopic roughness has proven to be difficult to compute due to the small vertical and large spatial differences which cause significant round off error in the computation. Instead of the usual procedure of computing the area of a surface directly from the data set, we utilized the fact that surface area increases with roughness. Two roughness parameters, root mean square (rms) and fractal dimension (DF) yielding vertical and horizontal information, respectively, are employed to provide a reasonably complete description of surface roughness. We show that the area of a microscopically rough surface is exponentially related to DF and quadratically to rms, and these relationships are the basis of a novel roughness function. This function is shown to be both sensitive to the changes in surface topogr.
Extraction of Neptunium (IV) Ions into 30% Tri‐Butyl Phosphate from Nitric Acid

The distribution of Np(IV) between 0.08–4.5 M HNO3(aq,eqm) and ∼30% tributyl phosphate has been modelled, accounting for the formation of 1:1 and 1:2 nitrate complexes and Np(IV) hydrolysis in the aqueous phase and the extraction of Np(NO3)4(TBP)2 into TBP. The potential formation and extraction of NpOH(NO3)3(TBP)2 and Np(NO3)4(TBP)2.HNO3 species, including spectroscopic evidence, and oxidations of Np(IV) to Np(V) and Np(VI) in the solvent phase have also been considered. The model highlights some key gaps in the available thermodynamic data.
Multiple transitions in polycarbonate

Two kinds of dielectric absorptions due to motion of carbonate groups in polycarbonate were observed. In the primary transition region near 150°C, the shape of e′ versus log frequency curve is little affected by a temperature change, while it becomes more widely spread when the polymer is partially crystallized. In contrast, in the secondary transition region near −120°C. , the shape of e′ versus log frequency curve is greatly affected by a temperature change, but it is not sensitive to the crystallinity. By using a conclusion drawn from a separate study that an increase in width of the loss curve is a manifestation of segments that are constrained, it is suggested here that the secondary transition involves local motions which persist in a highly restricted framework of glassy polymer chains and that such restriction becomes more pronounced at lower temperatures. Results from the PVT and x-ray studies are consistent with the above concept, i.e., glassy polymers in general contain enough space so that limited local motions arc allowed that give rise to the low temperature transition.
An ab initio model of electron transport in hematite (α-Fe2O3) basal planes

Transport of conduction electrons through basal planes of the hematite lattice was modeled as a valence alternation of iron cations using ab initio molecular orbital calculations and electron transfer theory. A cluster approach was successfully implemented to compute electron-transfer rate-controlling quantities such as the reorganization energy and electronic coupling matrix element. Localization of a conduction electron at an iron lattice site is accompanied by large iron–oxygen bond length increases that give rise to a large internal component of the reorganization energy (1.03 eV). The internal reorganization energy calculated directly is shown to differ from Nelsen’s four-point method due to the short-range covalent bridge interaction between the Fe–Fe electron transfer pair in the hematite structure. The external reorganization energy arising from modification of the lattice polarization surrounding the localization site is predicted to contribute significantly to the total reorganization energy. Th.
Risks to coral reefs from ocean carbonate chemistry changes in recent earth system model projections

Coral reefs are among the most biodiverse ecosystems in the world. Today they are threatened by numerous stressors, including warming ocean waters and coastal pollution. Here we focus on the implications of ocean acidification for the open ocean chemistry surrounding coral reefs, as estimated from earth system models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5). We project risks to reefs in the context of three potential aragonite saturation (Ωa) thresholds. We find that in preindustrial times, 99.9% of reefs adjacent to open ocean in the CMIP5 ensemble were located in regions with Ωa > 3.5. Under a business-as-usual scenario (RCP 8.5), every coral reef considered will be surrounded by water with Ωa < 3 by the end of the 21st century and the reefs’ long-term fate is independent of their specific saturation threshold. However, under scenarios with significant CO2 emissions abatement, the Ωa threshold for reefs is critical to projecting their fate. Our results indicate that to maintain a majority of reefs surrounded by waters with Ωa > 3.5 to the end of the century, very aggressive reductions in emissions are required. The spread of Ωa projections across models in the CMIP5 ensemble is narrow, justifying a high level of confidence in these results.
Excitonic Solar Cells

Existing types of solar cells may be divided into two distinct classes: conventional solar cells, such as silicon p−n junctions, and excitonic solar cells, XSCs. Most organic-based solar cells, including dye-sensitized solar cells, DSSCs, fall into the category of XSCs. In these cells, excitons are generated upon light absorption, and if not created directly at the heterointerface as in DSSCs, they must diffuse to it in order to photogenerate charge carriers. The distinguishing characteristic of XSCs is that charge carriers are generated and simultaneously separated across a heterointerface. In contrast, photogeneration of free electron−hole pairs occurs throughout the bulk semiconductor in conventional cells, and carrier separation upon their arrival at the junction is a subsequent process. This apparently minor mechanistic distinction results in fundamental differences in photovoltaic behavior. For example, the open circuit photovoltage Voc in conventional cells is limited to less than the magnitude of.
Lignins : occurrence, formation, structure and reactions

This treatise on lignin sifts and weighs knowledge accumulated from over a century of thought on nature's most enigmatic polymer and presents a workable, logical text. The volume is organized into nine parts comprising 19 chapters. After a short introduction in which terms and concepts are defined, the occurrence and formation of lignins in plants and their differentiation and distribution are described. -- AATA