Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Drug utilization pattern in geriatric inpatients of medicine wards at a government tertiary care hospital

Background: Drug utilization pattern in geriatric population is an area of research where very few studies are done and this study was undertaken to evaluate the drug utilization pattern among geriatric inpatients of medicine wards at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to study the drug utilization pattern in geriatric inpatients of medicine wards at a government tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study including 300 geriatric inpatients admitted to medicine wards was conducted from October to December 2017. Relevant details were collected from case files of the patients and entered into a predesigned pro forma and data were analyzed. Results: Majority of the patients were between the ages of 60 and 69 years (60.7%). There was male preponderance (57.3%). Respiratory disorders were the most common (35.3%) followed by central nervous system and CVS disorders (21.7% each). A total of 1720 drug formulations were prescribed, of which 171 (9.94%) were fixed-dose combinations. 70.32% and 73.07% of the drugs were included under the World Health Organizations essential medicines list and the national list of essential medicines, respectively. Antimicrobials were the most commonly prescribed drugs (19.4%) followed by drugs acting on gastrointestinal system (17.6%),drugs acting on cardiovascular system (12.6%), vitamins, minerals, and supplements (9.4%), drugs acting on hematological system (8.5%), and drugs acting on respiratory system (7.6%). Ranitidine was the most frequently prescribed drug followed by ceftriaxone and paracetamol. Average number of drugs prescribed per encounter was 6.7. Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name was 43.5%. Conclusion: Drug utilization data can help in assessing the quality of care given to patients; promote rational use of medicines by helping to improve prescribing patterns.
Fruits and Leaflets of Wisteria (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) from the Miocene of Shandong Province, Eastern China

Well‐preserved legume fruits and associated leaflets are described from the middle Miocene Shanwang Formation of Shandong Province, eastern China. They are assigned to the extant temperate genus Wisteria (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae), which is a deciduous climbing vine native to eastern Asia and eastern North America. Wisteria is one of many genera with an eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct distribution. Based on fruit and leaflet architecture, two new organ species are established. Wisteria shanwangensis sp. nov. is proposed for the fossil fruits, which are similar to fruits of extant Wisteria sinensis and are the only confirmed occurrences of Wisteria fruit fossils from China. Wisteria taoiana sp. nov. is proposed for the co‐occurring leaflets. These two new taxa may represent the same Wisteria population in the Miocene Shanwang flora. Based on fossil records, Wisteria had a more northern distribution in the Neogene of the Northern Hemisphere than today, representing an archaic boreal lineage during the Miocene. We support the recognition of an independent tribe Wisterieae. Wisteria fossils have frequently been described in Neogene floras of China, Japan, and far eastern Russia, but not North America, which implies that eastern Asia may have been its initial center of diversification earlier in the Cenozoic.
Effect of Stocking Size on Growth Performance, Biomass, Production, Yield, and Survival of Caridean Shrimp Cage-Cultured in a Pond System

AbstractWe evaluated the effect of stocking size on growth performance, biomass, production, yield, and survival of the caridean shrimp Macrobrachium americanum, a freshwater prawn, cultured in cages held in a pond system. The experiment was conducted using 15 cages of 3 m3 placed inside an earthen pond of 1,422 m2 or surface area. Seventy-five prawns were stocked for 180 d at sizes of 5, 15, 25, 35 and 45 g, and the initial stocking density was adjusted to 1.7 individuals/m3 for all size groups. Growth performance, biomass, production, yield, and survival were significantly affected by stocking size. The mean final weight fluctuated from 21.3 g for the 5-g stocking size to 82.1 g for the 45-g stocking size, whereas prawns initially stocked at 35 g obtained a biomass of 277.8 g and at 45 g obtained a biomass of 246.3 g and a yield >82.0 g/m3. The specific growth rate decreased with stocking size from 0.78%/d for the 5-g group, to 0.33%/d for the 45-g group. Annual production fluctuated from 28.0 kg/ha for.
Morphological Characterization of Antennal Sensilla of the Dogwood Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

ABSTRACT The external morphology of the dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), antennae and their sensilla was investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. Male and female antennae were clavate before tapering to an apical point and consisted of three main segments; scape, pedicel, and flagellum. Although there was no significant difference in the length of the flagellum between genders, the number of flagellomeres was significantly greater in females than in males and the length and width of individual flagellomeres was significantly greater in males than in females, except near the proximal and distal end of the antennae. The antennal flagellum of both male and female dogwood borer contained seven sensillum types: auricillica, basiconica, chaetica, coeloconica, squamiformia, styloconica, and trichoidea (three subtypes). The mean number of sensilla basiconica did not differ between female and male antennae, but all other sensillum types were significantly more abundant on female antennae. The morphology and purported function of each sensillum type are discussed in relation to the host and oviposition site finding and acceptance behaviors exhibited by dogwood borer.
Changes across a Decade in Size, Growth, and Body Condition of Western Pond Turtle (Actinemys marmorata) Populations on Free-flowing and Regulated Forks of the Trinity River in Northwest California

Water diversions can disrupt flows and alter thermal regimes changing seasonal patterns that signal the onset of life-history functions of native organisms and compromise the fitness of their populations. We compared size, growth, relative mass, volumetric body condition, and reproductive status of Western Pond Turtles (Actinemys marmorata) across a decade on two forks of California’s Trinity River, one regulated and the other free-flowing. Turtles on the regulated fork experienced flows designed to accommodate anthropocentric demands, whereas those on the free-flowing fork experienced natural hydrologic cycles and seasonal warming. July water temperatures averaged 8.6°C colder on the regulated fork due to hypolimnetic releases. Turtles on the colder regulated fork grew more slowly and were smaller at similar ages compared with those on the free-flowing fork, a pattern that was exacerbated across the decade. Female relative mass (RM) across the decade did not differ between forks, whereas male RM was greater on the free-flowing fork only in the 1990s. In the 2000s volumetric body condition of females on the regulated fork differed significantly from males on both forks and females on the free-flowing fork. Females on the regulated fork appeared to be assimilating more resources possibly in response to colder water. Fewer females on the regulated fork were gravid and, due to smaller size, likely carried fewer eggs. The percent of gravid females on both forks declined significantly across the decade. We found additional evidence of a wider regional effect with differences in RM shifting from positive to negative for both sexes on both forks. We did not collect evidence that would explain these phenomena but these changes strongly suggest that trophic relationships of the turtles in the greater region are being adversely influenced.
Carbon calculator tracks the climate benefits of managed private forests

As part of California's strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, private forest landowners are now required to address carbon sequestration as a management goal when submitting timber harvest plans. Using public data on forests and forest products, we developed a calculator that tracks the carbon sequestration benefits related to live trees, wood used for bioenergy and wood going into products. The calculator is adapted for different forest types, forest management techniques and time frames. Based on current best practices used in California, we estimate that harvested and regenerated forests will provide approximately 30% more total carbon sequestration benefits than forests left to grow for an equal time. More than half of the total benefits relate to harvested wood substituting for fossil fuels and fossil fuel–intensive materials such as cement and steel. With relatively efficient management practices, harvesting a ton of wood provides more sequestration benefits than leaving that ton growing in the forest.
The Estrous Cycle of the Markhoz Goat in Iran

The purpose of the present study was to determine the onset of breeding season, the occurrence of silent and true heats and the duration of estrus in female Markhoz goats of the Kurdistan province in Iran. Ten, 3 years-old Markhoz does with an average weight of 34.05±2.62 kg and with one kidding record, were used. The goats were maintained in an open barn under constant nutritional levels and natural photoperiod. One aproned buck was used twice a day every 12 h to detect estrus from mid August to early January. For the determination of the onset of reproductive activity as well as occurrence of silent heat, blood samples were collected every 10 days, from the beginning of the experiment. After 2 nd standing heat, blood samples were obtained twice a week in order to assess luteal activity and the length of estrous cycles. In this study, estrous behavior was observed including sniffing, vocal exchange, following courtship, flehman, standing heat and mounting. The results of the progesterone assay indicated that in this goat silent heats occur mostly in the early breeding season. The first standing heat was observed in mid-October which was considered as the onset of the breeding season. Duration of the estrous cycle and estrus was recorded as being 20.93±1.56 days and 38.86±15.19 h, respectively. The correlation coefficient between length of daylight and occurrence of estrus was negative (r = -0.470) but not significant (p>0.05). The data showed that there was no significant effect of body weight on estrous cycles (first, second and third) and estrous periods (first, second, third and fourth). Progesterone levels were not significantly different in the first, second and third estrous cycles at days 0, 4, 10, 12, 14 and 19. The results of progesterone assay during the estrous cycle indicate that follicular and luteal phases last 4-5 and 14-15 days, respectively and the concentration of serum progesterone in these phases was 0.88±0.08 and 7.44±0.26 ng/ml, respectively. The study concluded that Markhoz does could be considered as a breed with a short breeding season and an optimal estrous activity in autumn. (Key Words : Breeding Season, Estrous Cycle, Silent Heat, Progesterone, Markhoz Goat)
The effects of fruit availability and habitat disturbance on an assemblage of Sumatran hornbills

We examined the influence of fruit availability and habitat disturbance, including past and recent forest fires, on an assemblage of hornbills over a four-month period in the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra. The assemblage is dominated by Wreathed Hornbills Aceros undulatus (7.5 birds/km2), followed by Bushy-crested Hornbills Anorrhinus galeritus (3.05 birds/km2), Rhinoceros Hornbills Buceros rhinoceros (2.6 birds/km2), and Helmeted Hornbills Buceros vigil (1.9 birds/km2). Overall densities for each species were consistent with estimates from other South-East Asian sites but densities varied temporally and spatially, even for territorial species. We speculate that Rhinoceros and Helmeted Hornbills may exhibit facultative territoriality or they may not be territorial at this site. We found a positive relationship between temporal variability in hornbill numbers and the availability of ripe fruits. All hornbills, especially Rhinoceros and Bushy-crested Hornbills, tended to avoid highly disturbed areas; these areas had a lower than expected number of fruiting trees in five important hornbill diet families. Densities of Bushy-Crested, Rhinoceros, and Helmeted Hornbills declined from 28 to 63% in the post-burn surveys. Wreathed Hornbills, however, increased slightly in the post-burn surveys, possibly because they were nesting there at the time. Movement of hornbills between disturbed and primary forest habitat may enhance regeneration of disturbed areas if hornbills are transporting viable seeds.
Evaluation of Rootstock Resistance to Fusarium Wilt and Gummy Stem Blight and Effect on Yield and Quality of a Grafted 'Inodorus' Melon

Grafting represents an effective tool for controlling the race 1,2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (FOM) and Didymella bryoniae in melon (Cucumis melo L.). Although not considered a soilborne pathogen, D. bryoniae survives on plant remains in the soil. The lack of effective resistant commercial hybrids and the gradual reduced use of soil fumigation with methyl bromide increase the risk of damages by both these pathogens. We determined the effectiveness of eight commercial rootstocks, 'RS 841', 'P 360', 'ES 99-13', 'Elsi' (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne · Cucurbita moschata Duchesne), and 'Belimo', 'Energia', 'Griffin', 'ES liscio' (Cucumis melo genotypes), for their resistance to FOM and D. bryoniae. During 2003 and 2004 growing seasons, the inodorus F1 hybrid Incas was grafted onto each of these commercial rootstocks and then evaluated, under greenhouse conditions, in terms of productivity and fruit quality. Cucurbita rootstocks ('RS 841', 'P 360', 'ES 99-13', 'Elsi') were highly resistant both to the race 1,2 of FOM (100% survival) and to D. bryoniae (almost absent crown lesions and low leaf disease index); this reaction clearly differed from that of both the C. melo rootstocks ('Belimo', 'Energia', 'Griffin', 'ES liscio') and the control Incas. In both years, the highest yield was recorded in the graft combination Incas/'RS 841' with 5.6 and 8.1 kgm -2 during 2003 and 2004, respectively. The Cucurbita rootstock 'RS 841' produced yields higher than C. melo rootstocks ('Belimo', 'Energia', 'Griffin', 'ES liscio') and the control Incas. Fruit dry matter, titratable acidity, total soluble solid contents, fruit firmness, and Hunter color (L* (brightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness) param- eters) of grafted melons were similar to those of the plants grown on their own roots.
Optimization of the Medium and Process Parameters for Ethanol Production from Kitchen Garbage by Zymomonas Mobilis

Plackett-Burman design was employed to screen 13 parameters for ethanol production from kitchen garbage by Zymomonas mobilis in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. The parameters were seven enzymes for the fermentation, four kinds of nutrition salts, and two physical-chemical parameters. Only the protease and glucoamylase were determined to be significantly affecting factors for ethanol production. As a follow-up, a single factor experiment was carried out to determine the optimum usage of these two enzymes. They both showed the optimum effect at the usage of 100 U/g. Then the optimization for physical-chemical parameters during the fermentation were determined as follows: the solid to liquid ratio was 1:0.5, the initial pH 5, the incubation temperature 35°C, the inoculum size 10%, the culture time 40 h, and the corresponding ethanol yield was 53.40 g/L.
Enhancement of antimicrobial activity of pump inhibitors associating drugs.

INTRODUCTION with the continuous emergence of pathogenic resistance to conventional drugs through efflux pumps, increasing efforts are directed toward discovering efflux inhibitory molecules. METHODOLOGY in this study three P-glycoprotein (P13CP, P22CP, P34CP) efflux-inhibitors (EIs), belonging to the series of phenoxymethylquinoxalines capable to restore/potentiate the antiproliferative activity of doxorubicin and vincristine against human tumor cell lines and different antibiotics against clinical isolates, were investigated on 10 clinical strains of Candida and 12 clinical and ATCC strains of Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria. RESULTS MFC values of FLC were reduced in all Candida strains by the P22CP and P34CP inhibitors, and in 5/10 fungal strains by the P13CP inhibitor. CONCLUSION novel antibiotics with new modes of action are urgently required to suppress the rise of MDR bacteria. An alternative approach would be to identify molecules that can interfere with the process of efflux.
Is the Consumer Expenditure Survey Representative by Income

Aggregate under-reporting of household spending in the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE) can result from two fundamental types of measurement errors: higher-income households (who presumably spend more than average) are under-represented in the CE estimation sample, or there is systematic under-reporting of spending by at least some CE survey respondents. Using a new data set linking CE units to zip-code level average Adjusted Gross Income (AGI), we show that the very highest-income households are less likely to respond to the survey when they are sampled, but unit non-response rates are not associated with income over most of the income distribution. Although increasing representation at the high end of the income distribution could in principle significantly raise aggregate CE spending, the low reported average propensity to spend for higher-income respondent households could account for at least as much of the aggregate shortfall in total spending.
Detection and differentiation of phytoplasmas in Australia

In a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostic test, phytoplasma (formerly known as plant-pathogenic mycoplasma-like organism or MLO) ribosomal DNA was detected in total DNA extracts prepared from 56 out of 63 plants collected from geographically diverse locations across Australia. The list of phytoplasma hosts consisted of 38 different species in 16 different families. Restriction site analysis of the PCR-amplified DNA accessions was used to divide the phytoplasmas into 2 groups. The majority of the tomato big bud group and sweet potato little leaf group phytoplasmas were closely related to a phytoplasma originally obtained from Crotalaria in Thailand, which is a member of the faba bean phyllody strain cluster. In contrast, phytoplasmas associated with Australian grapevine yellows and papaya dieback were most similar to members of the aster yellows strain cluster. Twelve phytoplasmas were compared by Southern blot hybridisation with DNA cloned from the sweet potato little leaf phytoplasma strain V4. The restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern of all phytoplasmas compared was identical except for 2 sweet potato little leaf phytoplasmas.
Effect of consumer background on sensory scores of microwaved Angus loins

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of consumer background on the sensory evaluation of microwaved Angus loins. The steaks were prepared using a microwave. Only salt was added to taste. Sensory evaluation was done by an untrained panel of 70 participants of different ages, tribes and gender. Pearson’s correlation coefficients between sensory characteristics were determined. Age of consumer had no effect on all the sensory characteristics. Gender had an influence (P < 0.05) on sustained impression of juiciness. Tribe had an influence (P < 0.05) on the amount of connective tissue. Significant correlations (P < 0.05) occurred between initial impression of juiciness and first bite, as well as with sustained impression of juiciness (P < 0.001), muscle fibre and overall tenderness (P < 0.001). First bite correlated positively (P < 0.001) with sustained impression of juiciness, as well as with muscle fibre and overall intensity. Microwaved meat has reduced juiciness as well as fat content, thus production of tougher than tender meat. Male consumers preferred the microwaved loins compared to female consumers. Consumer background therefore had an effect on sensory scores of microwaved Angus loins.
Comparison of efficacy of Interathecal 0.5% Isobaric Levobupivacaine With Fentanyl Versus 0.5% Isobaric Bupivacaine with Fentanyl for Inguinal Hernia Repair

Introduction: As practice of medicine focuses increasingly on outpatient care, spinal anaesthetics should provide short acting and adequate anaesthesia without compromising early ambulation and discharge from day care surgery unit. Both clinical and preclinical trials have demonstrated a better safety profile for Levobupivacaine than for Bupivacaine. In this study we proposed to compare a combination of low dose Levobupivacaine with Fentanyl to low dose isobaric racemic Bupivacaine with Fentanyl for the characteristics of spinal blockade with respect to onset and duration. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted among 70 patients who were classified as American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II, undergoing elective inguinal hernia repair surgeries under spinal anaesthesia divided into two groups of 35 each. Patients in Group LB were given Levobupivacaine 0.5% isobaric 5 mg (1ml) + Inj. Fentanyl 25 μg (0.5ml) and Group B were given Bupivacaine 0.5% isobaric 5 mg (1ml) + Inj. Fentanyl 25 μg (0.5ml). The onset of motor blockade (Time taken for motor blockade to reach Modified Bromage Scale 1) and duration of motor blockade (Regression of motor blockade to Modified Bromage scale 0) were noted. Sensory and motor blocks were assessed at the start of surgery and at the end of surgery for comparison between groups. Results: Intrathecal 0.5% isobaric Levobupivacaine with Fentanyl combination has slower onset of sensory blockade and motor blockade, slower time for achieving peak sensory levels when compared to 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine with Fentanyl combination. But, intrathecal 0.5% isobaric Levobupivacaine has a faster onset of two segment regression, faster S2 regression and faster regression of motor block when compared to 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine with Fentanyl combination. Similarly, the time to ambulation and time to urination are also early with intrathecal 0.5% isobaric Levobupivacaine. Conclusion: Intrathecal 0.5% isobaric Levobupivacaine offers an advantage for the patient for faster discharge hence can be suitable for day care surgeries.