Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Asymptotic methods of testing statistical hypotheses

For a long time, the goodness of fit (GOF) tests have been one of the main objects of the theory of testing of statistical hypotheses. These tests possess two essential properties. Firstly, the asymptotic distribution of GOF test statistics under the null hypothesis is free from the underlying distribution within the hypothetical family. Secondly, they are of omnibus nature, which means that they are sensitive to every alternative to the null hypothesis. GOF tests are typically based on non-linear functionals from the empirical process. The first idea to change the focus from particular functionals to the transformation of the empirical process itself into another process, which will be asymptotically distribution free, was first formulated and accomplished by {\bf Khmaladze} \cite{Estate1}. Recently, the same author in consecutive papers \cite{Estate} and \cite{Estate2} introduced another method, called here the {\bf Khmaladze-2} transformation, which is distinct from the first Khmaladze transformation and can be used for an even wider class of hypothesis testing problems and is simpler in implementation. This thesis shows how the approach could be used to create the asymptotically distribution free empirical process in two well-known testing problems. The first problem is the problem of testing independence of two discrete random variables/vectors in a contingency table context. Although this problem has a long history, the use of GOF tests for it has been restricted to only one possible choice -- the chi-square test and its several modifications. We start our approach by viewing the problem as one of parametric hypothesis testing and suggest looking at the marginal distributions as parameters. The crucial difficulty is that when the dimension of the table is large, the dimension of the vector of parameters is large as well. Nevertheless, we demonstrate the efficiency of our approach and confirm by simulations the distribution free property of the new empirical process and the GOF tests based on it. The number of parameters is as big as $30$. As an additional benefit, we point out some cases when the GOF tests based on the new process are more powerful than the traditional chi-square one. The second problem is testing whether a distribution has a regularly varying tail. This problem is inspired mainly by the fact that regularly varying tail distributions play an essential role in characterization of the domain of attraction of extreme value distributions. While there are numerous studies on estimating the exponent of regular variation of the tail, using GOF tests for testing relevant distributions has appeared in few papers. We contribute to this latter aspect a construction of a class of GOF tests for testing regularly varying tail distributions.
Homocysteine and Methionine Metabolism in Renal Failure

Renal insufﬁciency is invariably accompanied by elevated plasma concentrations of the sulfur-containing and potentially vasculotoxic amino acid homocysteine. There is a strong relationship between glomerular ﬁltration rate and plasma homocysteine concentration. Unlike creatinine, however, homocysteine is avidly reabsorbed in the renal tubules, and its urinary excretion is minimal. There is no evidence that homocysteine is actively removed by the human kidney. In renal insufﬁciency, plasma concentrations of S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, cystathionine, cysteine, and sulfate are elevated, pointing to a remethylation or distal transsulfuration/oxidation block as the cause of hyperhomocysteinemia in renal failure. Stable isotope techniques have shown that both whole-body homocysteine remethylation and methionine transmethylation are decreased in renal failure, whereas homocysteine transsulfuration seems intact. Metabolic homocysteine clearance (i.e., transsulfuration relative to plasma homocysteine) is decreased to a major extent. These metabolic disturbances in renal failure can only be partially restored with current treatments. Folic acid treatment lowers plasma homocysteine concentration and increases remethylation and transmethylation rates. Plasma homocysteine, however, is not normalized, and metabolic homocysteine clearance by transsulfura-tion remains impaired. According to the currently available data, effective normalization of plasma homocysteine can only be obtained when its metabolic clearance through trans-sulfuration is restored.
RISK FACTORS OF EARLY AND LATE ONSET PREECLAMPSIA IN SAMPLE OF IRAQI WOMEN

Dr. Dalyathamer Ahmed. Cabog , Ficog obstetrics and gynecology department college of medicine / al-iraqiauniversity. Manuscript Info Abstract . Manuscript History Received: 10 August 2018 Final Accepted: 12 September 2018 Published: October 2018 Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the differences in risk factors between early and late onset pre-eclampsia in sample of Iraqi women. Material and methods: This retrospective study was carried out involving pregnancies with pre-eclampsia (65 early onset and 143 late onset) and 235 controls at different hospitals in Baghdad city between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2017. The data were reviewed from antenatal and delivery records. Results: Factors which were significantly associated with increased risk for early onset pre-eclampsia were history of chronic hypertension and higher BMI before pregnancy while family history of chronic hypertension and increased maternal age was significantly associated with increased risk for only late onset pre-eclampsia. Previous history of preeclampsia, Nulliparity and family history of diabetes are associated with both early and late preeclampsia. Conclusions: Earlyand late-onset preeclampsia may have the same etiological features but they differ with regard to several risk factors, and can lead to different outcomes, so they should be treated as distinct entities from an etiological and prognostic standpoint. Identification of the risk factors for each type is of value to obstetricians in recognizing patients at risk for pre-eclampsia and in implementing primary prevention.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Discrete Log-Concave Distributions with Applications

Shape-constrained methods specify a class of distributions instead of a single parametric family. The approach increases the robustness of the estimation without much loss of efficiency. Among these, log-concavity is an appealing shape constraint in distribution modeling, because it falls into the popular unimodal shape-constraint and many parametric models are log-concave. This is therefore the focus of our work. First, we propose a maximum likelihood estimator of discrete log-concave distributions in higher dimensions. We define a new class of log-concave distributions on Zd, and study its properties. We show how to compute the maximum likelihood estimator from an independent and identically distributed sample, and establish consistency of the estimator, even if the class has been incorrectly specified. For finite sample sizes, the proposed estimator outperforms a purely nonparametric approach (the empirical distribution), but is able to remain comparable to the correct parametric approach. Furthermore, the new class has a natural relationship with log-concave densities when data has been grouped or discretized. We show how this property can be used in a real data example. Secondly, we apply the discrete log-concave maximum likelihood estimator in one-dimensional space to a clustering problem. Our work mainly focuses on the categorical nominal data. We develop a log-concave mixture model using the discrete log-concave maximum likelihood estimator. We then apply the log-concave mixture
Wind properties of variable B supergiants

Context. Variable B supergiants (BSGs) constitute a heterogeneous group of stars with complex photometric and spectroscopic behaviours. They exhibit mass-loss variations and experience different types of oscillation modes, and there is growing evidence that variable stellar winds and photospheric pulsations are closely related. Aims. To discuss the wind properties and variability of evolved B-type stars, we derive new stellar and wind parameters for a sample of 19 Galactic BSGs by fitting theoretical line profiles of H, He, and Si to the observed ones and compare them with previous determinations. Methods. The synthetic line profiles are computed with the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) atmosphere code FASTWIND, with a β-law for hydrodynamics. Results. The mass-loss rate of three stars has been obtained for the first time. The global properties of stellar winds of mid/late B supergiants are well represented by a β-law with β > 2. All stars follow the known empirical wind momentum–luminosity relationships, and the late BSGs show the trend of the mid BSGs. HD 75149 and HD 99953 display significant changes in the shape and intensity of the Hα line (from a pure absorption to a P Cygni profile, and vice versa). These stars have mass-loss variations of almost a factor of 2.8. A comparison among mass-loss rates from the literature reveals discrepancies of a factor of 1 to 7. This large variation is a consequence of the uncertainties in the determination of the stellar radius. Therefore, for a reliable comparison of these values we used the invariant parameter Qr. Based on this parameter, we find an empirical relationship that associates the amplitude of mass-loss variations with photometric/spectroscopic variability on timescales of tens of days. We find that stars located on the cool side of the bi-stability jump show a decrease in the ratio V∞∕Vesc, while their corresponding mass-loss rates are similar to or lower than the values found for stars on the hot side. Particularly, for those variable stars a decrease in V∞∕Vesc is accompanied by a decrease in Ṁ. Conclusions. Our results also suggest that radial pulsation modes with periods longer than 6 days might be responsible for the wind variability in the mid/late-type. These radial modes might be identified with strange modes, which are known to facilitate (enhanced) mass loss. On the other hand, we propose that the wind behaviour of stars on the cool side of the bi-stability jump could fit with predictions of the δ−slow hydrodynamics solution for radiation-driven winds with highly variable ionization.
Diagnostic Criteria in Relation to the Pathogenesis of Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia

Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH) is the most common inherited hyper-lipidemia in humans, affecting 1 to 3% of the adult population and up to 20% of patients with premature myocardial infarction. FCH is traditionally diagnosed by total plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels above the 90th percentile adjusted for age and gender; however, the diagnosis of FCH based on these diagnostic criteria is inconsistent in 26% of the subjects over a ﬁve-year period, emphasizing the need for re-evaluation of the diagnostic criteria for FCH. Recently, a nomogram was developed based on absolute apolipoprotein B levels in combination with triglyceride and total cholesterol levels adjusted for both age and gender to simply and accurately diagnose FCH. When percentiles of triglyceride and total cholesterol adjusted for age and gender are not available in a population, the deﬁnition of FCH can be established based on hypertriglyceridemia ( > 1.5 mmol/l) and hyperapoB ( > 1200 mg/l). Standardized and simple diagnostic criteria are necessary to further delineate the pathogenesis of FCH. Several metabolic pathways have been suggested to be important in causing the FCH phenotype including hepatic VLDL overproduction either with or without impaired clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins from plasma. The presence of insulin resistance and obesity in FCH patients further contribute to the expression of the lipidphenotype. A disturbed adipose tissue metabolism that results in an increased plasma free fatty acid pool may be the culprit in the pathogenesis of FCH.
Screening for Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism in Outpatients with Suspected DVT or PE by the Sequential Use of Clinical Score: A Sensitive Quantitative D-Dimer Test and Noninvasive Diagnostic Tools

The requirement for a safe diagnostic strategy should be based on an overall posttest incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) of less than 1% during 3-month follow-up. The negative predictive value (NPV) during 3 months of follow-up is 98.1 to 99% after a normal venogram, 97 to 98% after a normal compression ultrasonography (CUS), and > 99% after serial CUS testing. Serial CUS testing is safe but 100 CUS must be repeated to ﬁnd one or two CUS positive for deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which is not cost-effective and indicates the need to improve the diagnostic workup of DVT by the use of clinical score assessment and D-dimer testing. The NPV varies from 97.6 to 99.4% for low clinical score followed by a negative SimpiRED test, indicating the need for a ﬁrst CUS. The NPV is 98.4 to 99.3% for a normal rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) VIDAS D-dimer test result ( < 500 ng/mL) irrespective of clinical score. The NPV is more than 99% for a negative CUS followed by either a negative SimpiRED test or an ELISA VIDAS test result of < 1000 ng/mL without the need to repeat a
Effect of Drugs on Homocysteine Concentrations

Many studies conducted over the last two decades have shown that drug treatment for common medical conditions may have an adverse effect on plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations. The mechanism for the effects of individual drugs on tHcy concentrations is frequently unknown, as the mechanism of action of the drug may not be established, or the drug is typically administered in combination with other drugs. Some drugs are believed to alter tHcy concentrations by interfering in the metabolism of folate or vitamins B 12 or B 6 or by altering renal function, but the underlying mechanisms for the effects on tHcy concentrations of many drugs remains to be discovered. Several widely used drugs, such as lipid-lowering drugs (like ﬁbrates and niacin) or oral hypoglycemic drugs (like metformin), insulin, drugs used in rheumatoid arthritis, and anticonvulsants cause elevated tHcy concentrations. Sex hormones have variable effects on tHcy levels, and N-acetylcysteine lowers tHcy. The mechanisms of action of drugs on tHcy concentrations and strategies to avoid tHcy elevation have been studied. Assuming that the association of tHcy with cardiovascular disease is causal, this article focuses on the adverse effect on tHcy levels of ﬁbrates, statins and niacin, antihypertensive drugs, metformin, methotrexate and sulfasalazine, anticonvulsant drugs, and levodopa and reviews strategies to avoid such effects. The clinical signiﬁcance, if any, of these adverse effects on plasma tHcy concentrations remains to be determined.
Fuzzy logic modified proportional-integral-derivative (MPID) control for flexible manipulator

Control of flexible manipulator is considering one of the great challenges for control engineering. The flexibility of the manipulator converts the system to a non-minimum phase system. Classical controllers cannot cope with the vibration suppression of the tip in addition to achieving the desired position of the manipulator. A Modified Proportional-IntegralDerivative (MPID) control is proposed to control the flexible manipulator. The main difficulty with the proposed MPID controller lies on the tuning of the vibration gain of the controller. The vibration control gain has been determined in an empirical way so far. It is a considerable time consuming process because the vibration control performance depends not only on the vibration control gain but also on the other parameters such as the payload, references and PD joint servo gains. Hence, the vibration control gain must be tuned considering the other parameters. A fuzzy logic tuning scheme is used in this paper to find optimal vibration control gain for the MPID controller. The proposed fuzzy logic scheme finds an optimum vibration control gain that minimizes the tip vibration for the end effector of the flexible manipulator. The effectiveness of using the fuzzy logic appears in the ability to tune the gain with different loading condition and input parameters. The tuned gain response results are compared with results for other types of gains and show a good ability to suppress the tip vibration of the flexible manipulation in addition achieving accurate joint angle position. Keywords– Flexible manipulator, Fuzzy logic, Gain tuning, Modified PID
Liouville classification of integrable geodesic flows in a potential field on two-dimensional manifolds of revolution: the torus and the Klein bottle

We study integrable geodesic flows on surfaces of revolution (the torus and the Klein bottle). We obtain a Liouville classification of integrable geodesic flows on the surfaces under consideration with potential in the case of a linear integral. Here, the potential is invariant under an isometric action of the circle on the manifold of revolution. This classification is obtained on the basis of calculating the Fomenko-Zieschang invariants (marked molecules) of the systems. Bibliography: 18 titles.
Radial heat transport and azimuthally averaged temperature fields in a differentially heated rotating fluid annulus undergoing amplitude vacillation

Etude experimentale des proprietes thermiques de la vacillation d'amplitude. Le dispositif a pu fournir des ondes baroclines non modulees; en outre, il n'a ete utilise qu'un petit nombre de capteurs de temperature de facon a reduire les influences perturbatrices des sondes sur le champ d'ecoulement. Les experiences, bien qu'effectuees avec une seule valeur de la difference des temperatures imposees, ont revele qu'une forte vacillation d'amplitude s'installe virtuellement sans l'onde longue (nombre d'ondes=1) ni les flancs de l'onde dominante. Ce resultat est different de ceux d'autres experimenteurs (Hide et al. 1977; Pfeffer et al. 1980) qui avaient utilise un grand nombre de sondes. On trouve aussi que la vacillation d'amplitude est provoquee par des interactions baroclines entre les ondes et le champ d'ecoulement moyenne azimutalement
Measurement of muon neutrino disappearance with a NOvA experiment

The NOvA experiment consists of two functionally identical tracking calorimeter detectors which measure the neutrino energy and flavour composition of the NuMI beam at baselines of 1 km and 810 km. Measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters are extracted by comparing the neutrino energy spectrum in the far detector with predictions of the oscillated neutrino energy spectra that are made using information extracted from the near detector. [For full abstract see PDF]
Mechanisms of the Atherogenic Effects of Elevated Homocysteine in Experimental Models

Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and stroke. During the last decade, considerable progress in delineating the mechanisms that underlie the atherogenic effects of hyperhomocysteinemia has been achieved through the use of experimental animal models. Among the most informative animal models are those that use genetic and dietary approaches to produce hyperhomocysteinemia in mice. Recent ﬁndings demonstrate that hyperhomocysteinemia can accelerate the development of atherosclerosis in susceptible models such as the apolipoprotein E–deﬁcient mouse. Hyper-homocysteinemia also is a potent inducer of endothelial dysfunction, particularly in small vessels such as cerebral arterioles. Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction may include inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by its endogenous inhibitor, asymmetric dimethylarginine, and oxidative inactivation of nitric oxide mediated by upregulation of prooxidant enzymes and downregulation of antioxidant enzymes. There also is good evidence from animal models that hyperhomocysteinemia produces endoplasmic reticulum stress, which may contribute to atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction by activating signal transduction pathways leading to inﬂammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.
Multilayer Ni/Fe thin films as oxygen evolution catalysts for solar fuel production

The slow kinetics and high overpotential of the oxygen evolution reaction is one of the main limiting factors to achieve the minimum required performances of the so-called photoelectrochemical water splitting systems. An oxygen evolution catalyst (OEC) becomes essential in order to perform this process with higher efficiency. Herein, we report the physical, optical and electrochemical characterization of multilayer Ni/Fe thin films as earth-abundant OEC, to avoid the use of platinum group metals (PGM). Uniform films of thicknesses ranging from 1 to 10 nm were fabricated by sequential and alternate thermal evaporation of Ni and Fe. It was found that the successive deposition allows the fabrication of a Ni terminated surface that does not need activation due to the Fe underlayer. The lowest overpotential achieved for NiFe was 370 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 37 mV dec−1 with 1 nm thickness and 95% transmittance. Finally, NiFe OEC was implemented on top of Mo:BiVO4 photoanodes which resulted in a reduction of the open circuit potential of 0.2 V and up to five fold increase of the oxidation efficiency at 0.7 VRHE. The results presented facilitate the practical implementation of BiVO4 photoanodes in tandem configuration for bias free photoassisted water splitting.
CYTOGENETICS FINDINGS OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA IN WEST INDIAN REGION.

Pankaj Gadhia 1 , Nitisha Parekh 1 , Pratik Chavda 1 , * Garima Bhatia 2 and Salil Vaniawala 1 . 1. Cytogenetic Unit, S. N. Gene Laboratory and Research Centre, President Plaza-A, Ring Road, Surat-395001. 2. M.Sc. student from School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D. Y. Patil deemed to be University, New Mumbai-400614.a . Manuscript Info Abstract . Manuscript History
Cloud-Precipitation Parameters and Radiative Forcing of Warm Precipitating Cloud over the Tropical Pacific Ocean Based on TRMM Datasets and Radiative Transfer Model

An approach is proposed for combining observations from the Precipitation Radar (PR) and the Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) onboard the TRMM (Topical Rainfall Measuring Mission) satellite to investigate the climatology of warm precipitating cloud (WPC) microphysical properties, such as cloud effective radius (Re), cloud optical depth (Tau), and liquid water path (LWP) in the tropical Pacific Ocean (20° S–20° N) from 1998 to 2012. The WPCs are captured by VIRS/PR and categorized into two extreme (light and heavy) rain rate types (EL-WPC, EH-WPC). Their radiative effects are also simulated by the Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART) radiative transfer model. The results indicate that total, EL-WPC and EH-WPC reach their highest occurrence frequencies of 22%, 1.6% and 2.0% in the North-west Pacific, Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), respectively. Most of the EL-WPC has higher ratio to total WPC in the Pacific warm pool with warmer sea-surface temperature (SST), while the higher ratio for EH-WPC is located in SPCZ associated with deep convection. WPC has an average Re of 15.6 μm, Tau of 20, and LWP of 200 g m−2. EL-WPC is a little larger average Re than EH-WPC, and larger Re is distributed with higher echo top height (H). Moreover, for EH-WPC, the increased Re by the collision-coalescence process in lower H (<3.5 km) generates a stronger rain rate. In addition, although the H of EH-WPC decreases along the increased brightness temperature at 10.8 μm (BT4), this is not obvious in EL-WPC possibly due to a certain echo height to generate a light precipitation. With an increased rain rate of WPC, Re becomes larger in EL-WPC and smaller in EH-WPC. EL-WPC induces a cooling of approximately −0.5 W m−2 for radiative forcing, which is −3.0 W m−2 less than the EH-WPC.