Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Time Course of Task-Specific Memory Consolidation Effects in Resting State Networks

Previous studies have reported functionally localized changes in resting-state brain activity following a short period of motor learning, but their relationship with memory consolidation and their dependence on the form of learning is unclear. We investigate these questions with implicit or explicit variants of the serial reaction time task (SRTT). fMRI resting-state functional connectivity was measured in human subjects before the tasks, and 0.1, 0.5, and 6 h after learning. There was significant improvement in procedural skill in both groups, with the group learning under explicit conditions showing stronger initial acquisition, and greater improvement at the 6 h retest. Immediately following acquisition, this group showed enhanced functional connectivity in networks including frontal and cerebellar areas and in the visual cortex. Thirty minutes later, enhanced connectivity was observed between cerebellar nuclei, thalamus, and basal ganglia, whereas at 6 h there was enhanced connectivity in a sensory-motor cortical network. In contrast, immediately after acquisition under implicit conditions, there was increased connectivity in a network including precentral and sensory-motor areas, whereas after 30 min a similar cerebello-thalamo-basal ganglionic network was seen as in explicit learning. Finally, 6 h after implicit learning, we found increased connectivity in medial temporal cortex, but reduction in precentral and sensory-motor areas. Our findings are consistent with predictions that two variants of the SRTT task engage dissociable functional networks, although there are also networks in common. We also show a converging and diverging pattern of flux between prefrontal, sensory-motor, and parietal areas, and subcortical circuits across a 6 h consolidation period.
Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection and axon regeneration

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are responsible for propagating signals derived from visual stimuli in the eye to the brain, along their axons within the optic nerve to the superior colliculus, lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex of the brain. Damage to the optic nerve either through trauma, such as head injury, or degenerative disease, such as glaucoma causes irreversible loss of function through degeneration of non-regenerating RGC axons and death of irreplaceable RGCs, ultimately leading to blindness (Berry et al., 2008). The degeneration of RGCs and their axons is due to the loss of the necessary source of retrogradely transported neurotrophic factors (NTFs) being hindered by axonal injury. NTFs are survival factors for neurons and play a pivotal part in axon regeneration. Stem cells particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to possess a natural intrinsic capacity for paracrine support, releasing multiple signalling molecules including NTFs. By transplanting MSCs into the vitreous, they are positioned adjacent to the injured retina to provide paracrine-mediated therapy for the retinal neuronal cells (Johnson et al., 2010a; Mead et al., 2013). Additionally, MSCs may be pre-differentiated into supportive glial-like cells, such as Schwann cells, which could further increase their potential for paracrine support of injured neurons (Martens et al., 2013). Thus, MSCs have received considerable attention as a new cellular therapy for both traumatic and degenerative eye disease, acting as an alternative source of NTFs, protecting injured RGCs and promoting regeneration of their axons (Figure 1).
The Unique

An interesting relic of mediooval days is still preserved at Lincoln Cathedral. The four leading choristers wear, instead of surplices, black cloth gowns with sleeves and white facings. These gowns are renewed every two years. The rest of the choir wear surplices and cassocks, but these four boys retain the distinctive dress which is supposed, by some authorities, to have had its origin in the choral cope sometimes worn in the Middle Ages. At Norwich the boys used to wear black cloth gowns on all ordinary days; on Sundays and Holy Days they appeared in surplices, but on other occasions their ecclesiastical robe was the gown, which, according to an ancient statute, had to be renewed once a year. This custom continued until the days of Dean Goulburn. At Salisbury the boys wear white cambric frills, and from the Cathedral the custom has extended to some of the churches in the diocese. One of the choristers at this Cathedral is called the" Bishop's Boy. " The office had its origin in very ancient times. The boy is formally admitted by the Bishop, and before every service it is his duty to ascertain whether the Bishop is likely to be present. When he comes the boy walks before him, and generally sees that he has everything he wants. The survival of these old customs is one of the many links which bind the Church of to-day with the Church of the Middle Ages. W. ESCOTT BLOSS. (To be concluded.)
Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection and axon regeneration

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Epileptic High-frequency Network Activity in a Model of Non-lesional Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Epileptic High-frequency Network Activity in a Model of Non-lesional Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Epileptic high-frequency network activity in a model of non-lesional temporal lobe epilepsy. General rights When referring to this publication, please cite the published version. Copyright and associated moral rights for publications accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners. It is a condition of accessing this publication that users abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • You may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. • Users may download and print one copy of the publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. • If a Creative Commons licence is associated with this publication, please consult the terms and conditions cited therein. • Unless otherwise stated, you may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Take down policy If you believe that this document infringes copyright please contact UBIRA@lists.bham. ac.uk providing details and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate. High-frequency cortical activity, particularly in the 250–600 Hz (fast ripple) band, has been implicated in playing a crucial role in epileptogenesis and seizure generation. Fast ripples are highly specific for the seizure initiation zone. However, evidence for the association of fast ripples with epileptic foci depends on animal models and human cases with substantial lesions in the form of hippocampal sclerosis, which suggests that neuronal loss may be required for fast ripples. In the present work, we tested whether cell loss is a necessary prerequisite for the generation of fast ripples, using a non-lesional model of temporal lobe epilepsy that lacks hippocampal sclerosis. The model is induced by unilateral intrahippocampal injection of tetanus toxin. Recordings from the hippocampi of freely-moving epileptic rats revealed high-frequency activity (4100 Hz), including fast ripples. High-frequency activity was present both during interictal discharges and seizure onset. Interictal fast ripples proved a significantly more reliable marker of the primary epileptogenic zone than the presence of either interictal discharges or ripples (100–250 Hz). These results suggest that fast ripple activity should be considered for its potential value in the pre-surgical workup of non-lesional temporal lobe epilepsy.
The nature of gestures ' beneficial role in spatial problem solving

Publisher Rights Statement: This article may not exactly replicate the final version published in the APA journal. It is not the copy of record. Appeared in Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. http://www.apa. org/pubs/journals/xge/index.aspx> Chu, M. , & Kita, S. (2011). The nature of gestures' beneficial role in spatial problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140(1), 102-115. doi: 10.1037/a0021790. (c) Americal Psychological Association.
Modelling Ice-Shelf/Ocean Interaction

The effect of climate change on the mass balance of ice shelves and bottom water formation is investigated using a terrain-following three-dimensional numerical ocean model. The Regional Ocean Modeling System was modified to simulate the thermodynamic processes beneath ice shelves, including direct basal processes and frazil ice dynamics. Process-orientated studies of simplified ice-shelf-ocean cavities investigate the sensitivity of the melting/freezing to the various parametrisations which describe the internal physics of the models. The Amery Ice Shelf/ocean model is forced with tides, seasonal winds and relaxation to seasonal lateral boundary climatologies. The open ocean surface fluxes are modified by an imposed climatological sea-ice cover that includes the seasonal effect of polynyas. The circulation and basal melting and freezing show good agreement with glaciological and oceanographic observations that have been collected from beneath the Amery Ice Shelf via boreholes through the ice and in the adjacent area of Prydz Bay. Strong horizontal and thermohaline ("ice-pump") circulation is primarily driven by melting and refreezing of the ice shelf. The net basal melt rate is `~45` `Gt` `year^-1` (`~0.7` `m` `year^-1`), which represents 67 % of the total mass loss of the Amery Ice Shelf. The total amount of refreezing is `~5.3` `Gt` `year^-1` , of which 70 % is due to frazil accretion. The seasonal variability of the basal melt/freeze (up to `±1` `m` `year^-1`) within 100 km of the open ocean is the same magnitude as the area-averaged melt rates. The annual averaged bottom water formation rates are `~`1.2 Sv to the west of the Amery, in the vicinity of Cape Darnley. The Amery Ice Shelf/ocean model is used to investigate the sensitivity of the basal melt/freeze and bottom water formation to the inclusion of various physical mechanisms and changes in forcing. Direct comparison with glaciological observations shows that ice-shelf models that include frazil processes improve the simulated pattern of marine ice accretion. Simulations without ice-shelf/ocean thermodynamic processes overestimate bottom water formation by up to 2.8 times as much as simulations with ice-shelf/ocean thermodynamic processes, due to the missing buoyant freshwater from the melting ice shelf. Climate change sensitivity studies suggest that an ocean warming of 1°C above present day temperatures can potentially remove the Amery Ice Shelf in —500 years, solely due to increased basal melting, and can also lead to a significant decrease in the formation of bottom water. This research contributes to understanding how interaction between ice shelves and various forcing mechanisms can lead to changes in basal melt/freeze and dense water formation, which has major implications for the stability of ice shelves, sea level rise, and the salt budget of the global oceans.
The University of Birmingham ( Live System ) Dietary self-control influences top-down guidance of attention to food cues

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Advances in the dental search for Native American origins.

The Sinodont dental morphology pattern of NE Asia is today more complex and was so by 20,000 years ago, than the simplified Sundadonty of SE Asia-Oceania, and the very simplified pattern that evolved greater than 20,000 B.P. All Native Americans are Sinodonts. Intra--and inter-hemispheric statistical analyses of 28 dental traits in greater than 6000 N & S American and greater than 1100 NE Asian crania reveal three temporally stable American sub-patterns, suggesting prior evolution in Sino-Siberia. The hypothesized biocultural associations and migration episodes are: (1) "Upper Cave" Sinodonts with the generalized Chinese Microlithic Tradition reach the Arctic steppe via the Lena basin to become Paleo--and most later Indians. (2) Smaller-game-hunting Siberian Diuktaians cross to Alaska at forest-forming terminal land bridge times to become Paleo-Arctic and subsequent Na-Dene-speaking NW forest Indians. (3) Lower Amur basin-N Japan blade-makingfolk evolve a coastal culture on the way to the land bridge's SE terminus at Anangula-Umnak where the oldest skeletons of the dentally distinctive but variable Aleut-Eskimos have been found.
Mean sea-level variability along the northeast American Atlantic coast and the roles of the wind and the overturning circulation

The variability in mean sea level (MSL) during 1950–2009 along the northeast American Atlantic coast north of Cape Hatteras has been studied, using data from tide gauges and satellite altimetry and information from the Liverpool/Hadley Centre (LHC) ocean model, thereby providing new insights into the spatial and temporal scales of the variability. Although a relationship between sea level and the overturning circulation can be identified (an increase of approximately 1.5 cm in MSL for a decrease of 1 Sv in overturning transport), it is the effect of the nearshore wind forcing on the shelf that is found to dominate the interannual sea-level variability. In particular, winds are found to be capable of producing low-frequency changes in MSL (“accelerations”) in a narrow coastal band, comparable to those observed by the tide gauges. Evidence is presented supporting the idea of a “'common mode” of spatially coherent low-frequency MSL variability, both to the north and south of Cape Hatteras and throughout the northwest Atlantic, which is associated with large spatial-scale density changes from year to year.
The Influenza B Virus Victoria and Yamagata Lineages Display Distinct Cell Tropism and Infection-Induced Host Gene Expression in Human Nasal Epithelial Cell Cultures

Understanding Influenza B virus infections is of critical importance in our efforts to control severe influenza and influenza-related disease. Until 2020, two genetic lineages of influenza B virus – Yamagata and Victoria – circulated in the population. These lineages are antigenically distinct but differences in virus replication or the induction of host cell responses after infection have not been carefully studied. Recent IBV clinical isolates of both lineages were obtained from influenza surveillance efforts of the Johns Hopkins Center of Excellence in Influenza Research and Response and characterized in vitro. B/Victoria and B/Yamagata clinical isolates were recognized less efficiently by serum from influenza-vaccinated individuals in comparison to the vaccine strains. B/Victoria lineages formed smaller plaques on MDCK cells compared to B/Yamagata, but infectious virus production in primary human nasal epithelial cell (hNEC) cultures showed no differences. While ciliated epithelial cells were the dominant cell type infected by both lineages, B/Victoria lineages had a slight preference for MUC5AC-positive cells, while B/Yamagata lineages infected more basal cells. Finally, while both lineages induced a strong interferon response 48 hours after infection of hNEC cultures, the B/Victoria lineages showed a much stronger induction of interferon related signaling pathways compared to B/Yamagata. This demonstrates that the two influenza B virus lineages differ not only in their antigenic structure but in their ability to induce host innate immune responses.
Ecology of Powerful Owls (Ninox strenua) in contrasting habitats of the Yarra Valley Corridor, Victoria, Australia

Different ecological attributes of Powerful Owls were investigated in a continuum of habitats throughout the Yarra Valley Corridor of Victoria. These habitats ranged from highly urbanized to relatively undisturbed. Different attributes of the owls' ecology were investigated to determine whether their behabiour changed when exposed to different levels of urbanization / disturbance. These attributes included diet, roost and nest tree selection, breeding behaviour and timing and breeding success.
Early Exploration of Using ChatGPT for Log-based Anomaly Detection on Parallel File Systems Logs

Log-based anomaly detection has been extensively studied to help detect complex runtime anomalies in production systems. However, existing techniques exhibit several common issues. First, they rely heavily on expert-labeled logs to discern anomalous behavior patterns. But labelling enough log data manually to effectively train deep neural networks may take too long. Second, they rely on numeric model prediction based on numeric vector input which causes model decisions to be largely non-interpretable by humans which further rules out targeted error correction. In recent years, we have witnessed groundbreaking advancements in large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT. These models have proven their ability to retain context and formulate insightful responses over entire conversations. They also present the ability to conduct few-shot and in-context learning with reasoning ability. In light of these abilities, it is only natural to explore their applicability in understanding log content and conducting anomaly classification among parallel file system logs.
Effects of sex and gestational exercise on pain perception, BDNF and irisin levels in an animal model of ADHD

Abnormal cognitive and sensorial properties have been reported in patients with psychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD patients exhibit impaired dopaminergic signaling and plasticity in brain areas related to cognitive and sensory processing. The spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR), in comparison to the Wistar Kyoto rat (WKY), is the most used genetic animal model to study ADHD. Brain neurotrophic factor (BDNF), critical for midbrain and hippocampal dopaminergic neuron survival and differentiation, is reduced in both ADHD subjects and SHR. Physical exercise (e.g. swimming) promotes neuroplasticity and improves cognition by increasing BDNF and irisin. Here we investigate the effects of gestational swimming on sensorial and behavioral phenotypes, striatal dopaminergic parameters, and hippocampal FNDC5/irisin and BDNF levels observed in WKY and SHR. Gestational swimming improved nociceptive reflex impairment in SHR rats and increased hippocampal BDNF levels in a sex-dependent manner in adolescent offspring. Sex differences were observed in hippocampal FNDC5/irisin levels, with females presenting lower levels than males. Our results contribute to the notion that swimming during pregnancy is a promising alternative to improve ADHD phenotypes in the offspring. Graphical abstract
Emerging roles of planar cell polarity proteins in glutamatergic synapse formation, maintenance and function in health and disease

The local signaling mechanism which directly assembles and maintains glutamatergic synapses has not been well understood. Glutamatergic synapses are made of presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments with distinct sets of proteins. The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway is highly conserved and responsible for establishing and maintaining the cell and tissue polarity along the tissue plane. The six core PCP proteins form antagonizing complexes within the cells and asymmetric intercellular complexes across neighboring cells which regulate cell‐cell interactions during planar polarity signaling. Accumulating evidence suggests that the PCP proteins play essential roles in glutamatergic synapse assembly, maintenance and function in the brain. This review summarizes the key evidence that PCP proteins may be responsible for the formation and stability of the vast majority of the glutamatergic synapses in hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, the progress in understanding the mechanisms of how PCP proteins assemble and maintain glutamatergic synapses and initial insights on how disruption of the function of the PCP proteins can lead to neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. The PCP proteins may be the missing pieces of a long‐standing puzzle and filling this gap of knowledge may provide the basis for understanding many unsolved questions in synapse biology.
The rapid decline in interaural-time-difference sensitivity for pure tones can be explained by peripheral filtering

Purpose The interaural time difference (ITD) is a primary horizontal-plane sound localization cue computed in the auditory brainstem. ITDs are accessible in the temporal fine structure of pure tones with a frequency of no higher than about 1400 Hz. Explaining how listeners’ ITD sensitivity transitions from very best sensitivity near 700 Hz to impossible to detect within 1 octave currently lacks a fully compelling physiological explanation. Here, it was hypothesized that the rapid decline in ITD sensitivity is dictated not by a central neural limitation but by initial peripheral sound encoding, specifically, the low-frequency (apical) edge of the cochlear excitation pattern produced by a pure tone. Methods ITD sensitivity was measured in 16 normal-hearing listeners as a joint function of frequency (900-1500 Hz) and level (10-50 dB sensation level). Results Performance decreased with increasing frequency and decreasing sound level. The slope of performance decline was 90 dB/octave, consistent with the low-frequency slope of the cochlear excitation pattern. Conclusion Fine-structure ITD sensitivity near 1400 Hz may be conveyed primarily by “off-frequency” activation of neurons tuned to lower frequencies near 700 Hz. Physiologically, this could be realized by having neurons sensitive to fine-structure ITD up to only about 700 Hz. A more extreme model would have only a single narrow channel near 700 Hz that conveys fine-structure ITDs. Such a model is a major simplification and departure from the classic formulation of the binaural display, which consists of a matrix of neurons tuned to a wide range of relevant frequencies and ITDs.
Asynchronous and slow-wave oscillatory states in connectome-based models of mouse, monkey and human cerebral cortex

Thanks to the availability of connectome data that map connectivity between multiple brain areas, it is now possible to build models of whole brain activity. At the same time, advances in mean-field techniques have led to biologically based population models that integrate biophysical features such as membrane conductances or synaptic conductances. In this paper, we show that this approach can lead to brain-wide models of mouse, macaque, and human. We illustrate this approach by showing the transition from wakefulness to sleep simulated with multi-scale models in the three species. We compare the level of synchrony between the three species and found that the mouse brain displays a higher overall synchrony of slow-waves compared to monkey and human brains. We show that these differences are due to the different delays of axonal signal propagation between regions associated to brain-size differences between the species. We also make the program code publicly available, which provides a set of open-source tools for simulating large-scale activity in the cerebral cortex of mouse, monkey, and human.