Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding complex networks with community-nding algorithms

In a complex network, edges between nodes are often distributed non-uniformly, leading to the formation of hierarchical community structures. However, finding community structure in dense networks has proven to be a difficult task. We study current community-finding algorithms on a small but dense social network from the California Institute of Technology, formed on www.thefacebook. com. Using knowledge of the school’s undergraduate Housing system, we assess the capabilities of modularity-maximizing algorithms, which we find to work decently, and singlelinkage clustering, which we find to work poorly. We also propose a new agglomerative algorithm for constructing overlapping communities using local shells, and implement methods for visualizing overlap between communities.
Estrogenicity and cytotoxicity of sediments and water from the drinkwater source-basin of Montevideo city, Uruguay

Frequently new pollutants are released into the environment, demanding the employment of generic methods to detect toxic responses. In vitro bioassays such as the yeast estrogenicity screening (YES) allow detecting estrogenic and citotoxic compounds avoiding the employment of invasive methods. We determined the cytotoxicity and estrogenic activity in sediments of the Santa Lucia River Basin (Uruguay) using YES assay and the association with land uses and parameters of water quality and sediment. Water quality parameters confirm the eutrophication process of the Santa Lucía River, which was mainly reflected by high levels of TP and ammonium. High values of estrogenic activity in sediments (E2-EQ 8.49 ng g-1 of sediment) were found mainly in urbanized and cultivated areas. However, estrogenicity and cytotoxicity also was found in sites associated with other land uses such as rangelands. These data provide evidence that Santa Lucía River basin contains a variety of chemicals (including estrogenic and toxic chemicals of unknown and potentially diverse sources) that should be investigated further. YES assay proved to be a useful tool for characterizing estrogenic responses, and due to the human and ecological health importance, we suggest the employment of these kinds of bioassays as tools for environmental monitoring of EDCs substances.
A scalable P2P platform for the knowledge grid

The knowledge grid needs to operate with a scalable platform to provide large-scale intelligent services. A key function of such a platform is to efficiently support various complex queries in a dynamic large-scale network environment. This paper proposes a platform to support index-based path queries by incorporating a semantic overlay with an underlying structured P2P network that provides object location and management services. Various distributed indexing structures can be dynamically formed by publishing, semantic objects as indexing nodes. Queries are forwarded along the chains of semantic object pointers to search for objects. We investigate the deployment of a scalable distributed trie index for broadcast queries on key strings, propose a decentralized load balancing method for solving the problem of uneven load distribution incurred by heterogeneity of loads and node capacities and by the distributed trie index, and give an approach for improving the availability of the semantic overlay and its trie index. Experiments demonstrate the scalability of the proposed platform.
A Two-Layer Representation For Large-Scale Action Recognition

With the improved accessibility to an exploding amount of realistic video data and growing demands in many video analysis applications, video-based large-scale action recognition is becoming an increasingly important task in computer vision. In this notebook paper, we give a brief description on our method for large-scale human action recognition in realistic videos. This method is originally proposed in our ICCV 2013 paper (“Action Recognition with Actons”), which presented a two-layer structure for action recognition to automatically exploit a mid-level “acton” representation. The weakly-supervised actons are learned via a max-margin multi-channel multiple instance learning algorithm (called MIL), which can capture multiple mid-level action concepts simultaneously for producing a discriminative and compact video representation on action recognition. The learned actons (with no requirement for detailed manual annotations) observe the properties of being compact, informative, discriminative, and easy to scale. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of applying the learned actons in our two-layer structure, and show a classification accuracy of 80.9% on the UCF101 dataset.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in Vitis vinifera

Protein phosphorylation is one of the most important mechanisms to control cellular functions in response to external and endogenous signals. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are universal signaling molecules in eukaryotes that mediate the intracellular transmission of extracellular signals resulting in the induction of appropriate cellular responses. MAPK cascades are composed of four protein kinase modules: MAPKKK kinases (MAPKKKKs), MAPKK kinases (MAPKKKs), MAPK kinases (MAPKKs), and MAPKs. In plants, MAPKs are activated in response to abiotic stresses, wounding, and hormones, and during plant pathogen interactions and cell division. In this report, we performed a complete inventory of MAPK cascades genes in Vitis vinifera, the whole genome of which has been sequenced. By comparison with MAPK, MAPK kinases, MAPK kinase kinases and MAPK kinase kinase kinase kinase members of Arabidopsis thaliana, we revealed the existence of 14 MAPKs, 5 MAPKKs, 62 MAPKKKs, and 7 MAPKKKKs in Vitis vinifera. We identified orthologs of V. vinifera putative MAPKs in different species, and ESTs corresponding to members of MAPK cascades in various tissues. This work represents the first complete inventory of MAPK cascades in V. vinifera and could help elucidate the biological and physiological functions of these proteins in V. vinifera.
Simplified Radioimmunoass#{224}y of Bradykininin HumanPlasma

A greatly simplified radioimmunoassay for bradykinin in human plasma is described. Current techniques require multiple chromatographic steps or extraction procedures with analytical recoveries of bradykinin of often less than 60%. We present a method in which bradykinin is separated from components of higher relative molecular mass (including kininogens) in a single step, by use of a column of Sephadex G-25 medium (PD-b). The mean analytical recovery of tritiated bradykinin added to plasma is 85.5% (SD, 3.5%). The sensitivity of this radioimmunoassay is 25 pg per assay tube, equivalent to 125 ng per liter of plasma. Twenty to 30 blood samples may be completely processed and assayed within 6 h. As determined with this technique, concentrations of bradykinin in plasma from apparently normal subjects ranged from 2.5 to 5.2 tg/L (mean 4.2, SD 1.1 pg/L); these values are consistent with previously reported normal values.
Purification of the Antigen from Infected KB Cells and a Hamster Tumor Cell Line

The T antigen induced by type 12 adenovirus was purified from KB cells infected in the presence of 10-6 M 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine to inhibit synthesis of viral capsid antigens. The antigen was purified approximately 200-fold, and the purified product contained only negligible amounts of host-cell contaminants, as judged by the residual radioactivity from l4C-labeled uninfected cells which had been added to infected cells at the initiation of the purification. Immunoelectrophoresis indicated that the purified T-antigen preparation contained a single antigenic species. The T antigen from a hamster cell line (HT-1) derived from a type 12 adenovirus-induced tumor was purified by the same procedure. The T antigens from the two different
4-[(4-Methylbenzenesulfonamido)methyl]cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

The title compound, C15H21NO4S, crystallized with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit in which the dihedral angles between the mean planes of the benzene and cyclohexane rings are 78.3 (2) and 67.6 (2)°. The substituents of the cyclohexyl rings are in equatorial orientations. In the crystal, both molecules form R 2 2(6) carboxylic acid inversion dimers via pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Further N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O interactions generate a three-dimensional network.
Kosterlitz-Thouless theory and lattice artifacts

The massive continuum limit of the 1+1 dimensional O(2) nonlinear $\sigma$-model (XY model) is studied using its equivalence to the Sine-Gordon model at its asymptotically free point. It is shown that leading lattice artifacts are universal but they vanish only as inverse powers of the logarithm of the correlation length. Such leading artifacts are calculated for the case of the scattering phase shifts and the correlation function of the Noether current using the bootstrap S-matrix and perturbation theory respectively.
Specifying, detecting and analysing emergent behaviours in multi-level agent-based simulations

We introduce a method for analysing emergent behaviours in multi-agent simulations using complex events. Complex events are composed of interrelated events, and they can be defined at any level of spatio-temporal abstraction (equal to or above the lowest level of abstraction given by the model). Minimal types of complex events define sets, which are equated with particular emergent behaviours and can be detected in simulation. Since complex events are derived from the agent-based model itself, they provide significant benefits when compared with traditional state-aggregation methods. First, they provide a method of specifying emergent behaviour, so that such behaviour can be monitored. Second, they provide a mechanism that retains the underlying structure of that behaviour. This latter property supports analysis of the mechanisms at lower levels that give rise to emergent behaviours, and identification of patterns between levels. In other words, multi-agent simulations become less 'opaque' [1].
Challenges in calibrating hydrological models to simultaneously evaluate water resources and flood hazard: a case study of Zou basin, Benin

Under climate and land use changes, water cycle is expected to be intensified. This will likely result in frequent hydrometeorological extremes events such as droughts and floods, and affect the water balance components. A distributed model (WaSiM) was calibrated and validated to evaluate water resources and flood hazard in the Zou catchment, Benin, for the period 1991–2009. The model was calibrated and validated at a threshold of 120 m 3 /s and its performance in simulating lower discharge was evaluated. The results show that the model was able to satisfactory simulate streamflow using different thresholds with the Kling and Gupta efficiency (KGE) between 0.5 and 0.85. The model performance decreases with increasing discharge threshold. The overall water balance predicted by the model is consistent with the hydroclimatic condition of the basin. The runoff coefficient varies between 15% and 18% (11% and 14% respectively) of the total annual rainfall during the calibration (validation) period. By considering the discharge above the threshold of 120 m 3 /s the model performances were acceptable with regards to the uncertainties in discharge measurement mainly in peak discharge. Hence, the model is able to reproduce satisfactorily the hydrological processes in the study and could be used for
VERITAS OBSERVATIONS OF SIX BRIGHT, HARD-SPECTRUM FERMI-LAT BLAZARS

We report on VERITAS very high energy (VHE; E ⩾ 100 GeV) observations of six blazars selected from the Fermi Large Area Telescope First Source Catalog (1FGL). The gamma-ray emission from 1FGL sources was extrapolated up to the VHE band, taking gamma-ray absorption by the extragalactic background light into account. This allowed the selection of six bright, hard-spectrum blazars that were good candidate TeV emitters. Spectroscopic redshift measurements were attempted with the Keck Telescope for the targets without Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectroscopic data. No VHE emission is detected during the observations of the six sources described here. Corresponding TeV upper limits are presented, along with contemporaneous Fermi observations and non-concurrent Swift UVOT and X-Ray Telescope data. The blazar broadband spectral energy distributions (SEDs) are assembled and modeled with a single-zone synchrotron self-Compton model. The SED built for each of the six blazars shows a synchrotron peak bordering between the intermediate- and high-spectrum-peak classifications, with four of the six resulting in particle-dominated emission regions.
Inhibiting Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 Type I Receptor Signaling Promotes Remyelination by Potentiating Oligodendrocyte Differentiation

Visual Abstract Blocking inhibitory factors within CNS demyelinating lesions is regarded as a promising strategy to promote remyelination. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is an inhibitory factor present in demyelinating lesions. Noggin, an endogenous antagonist to BMP, has previously been shown to increase the number of oligodendrocytes and promote remyelination in vivo. However, it remains unclear how BMP4 signaling inhibits remyelination. Here we investigated the downstream signaling pathway that mediates the inhibitory effect that BMP4 exerts upon remyelination through pharmacological and transgenic approaches. Using the cuprizone mouse model of central demyelination, we demonstrate that selectively blocking BMP4 signaling via the pharmacological inhibitor LDN-193189 significantly promotes oligodendroglial differentiation and the extent of remyelination in vivo. This was accompanied by the downregulation of transcriptional targets that suppress oligodendrocyte differentiation. Further, selective deletion of BMP receptor type IA (BMPRIA) within primary mouse oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) significantly enhanced their differentiation and subsequent myelination in vitro. Together, the results of this study identify that BMP4 signals via BMPRIA within OPCs to inhibit oligodendroglial differentiation and their capacity to myelinate axons, and suggest that blocking the BMP4/BMPRIA pathway in OPCs is a promising strategy to promote CNS remyelination.
Variation in 24 hemostatic genes and associations with non‐fatal myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke

Summary. Background: Arterial thrombosis involves platelet aggregation and clot formation, yet little is known about the contribution of genetic variation in fibrin‐based hemostatic factors to arterial clotting risk. We hypothesized that common variation in 24 coagulation–fibrinolysis genes would contribute to risk of incident myocardial infarction (MI) or ischemic stroke (IS).
Functional and residential status transitions among nursing home residents.

BACKGROUND The present study examines transitions in the functional status and discharge destination of new nursing home admissions who remain at least 100 days, and ascertains baseline covariates associated with transition patterns. METHODS Using a fully observed, continuous-time Markov chain model for maximum likelihood estimation of probability intensities, transition processes are characterized. The long-stay cohort (n = 9,541) was derived from a sample of elders newly admitted to 48 National Health Corporation (NHC) nursing homes between 1983 and 1987. Assessment of functional status, using a modified Katz ADL scale, occurred during the first, second, and third months, and the second, third, and fourth quarters after admission. Four types of residential changes (e.g., mortality) were examined for the latter three quarters. RESULTS While stability was the predominant pattern during the first 90 days in the nursing home, 51.5% of residents experienced a change in function. The probability of change was higher for modest (one level) rather than substantial change, and for such change to represent improvement rather than decline. Over 25% of this long-stay sample exited in the second quarter, 37% of them returning home. The rates for returns to home and for mortality were strongly related to functional level. Several sociodemography variables (e.g., age, source of payment), diagnostic indicators (e.g., cancer), and orientation status were consistently associated with transition rates within functionally homogeneous groups. CONCLUSIONS Overall, findings underscore the heterogeneity and complexity of transition patterns for a subgroup historically treated as likely to decline or remain stable, and viewed as "permanent" residents. The model was useful in describing the volatile transition process among older long-stayers.
Supporting Demanding Wireless Applications with Frequency-agile Radios

With the advent of new FCC policies on spectrum allocation for next generation wireless devices, we have a rare opportunity to redesign spectrum access protocols to support demanding, latency-sensitive applications such as high-def media streaming in home networks. Given their low tolerance for traffic delays and disruptions, these applications are ill-suited for traditional, contention-based CSMA protocols. In this paper, we explore an alternative approach to spectrum access that relies on frequency-agile radios to performinterference-free transmission across orthogonal frequencies. We describe Jello, a MAC overlay where devices sense and occupy unused spectrum without central coordination or dedicated radio for control. We show that over time, spectrum fragmentation can significantly reduce usable spectrum in the system. Jello addresses this using two complementary techniques: online spectrum defragmentation, where active devices periodically migrate spectrum usage, and non-contiguous access, which allows a single flow to utilize multiple spectrum fragments. Our prototype on an 8-node GNU radio testbed shows that Jello significantly reduces spectrum fragmentation and provides high utilization while adapting to client flows' changing traffic demands.
Selective cytochemical demonstration of glycoconjugate‐containing terminal N‐acetylgalactosamine on some brain neurons

Paraffin embedded sections of rat, mouse, dog, and human brain were stained with a battery of lectin‐horseradish perioxidase conjugates to localize and characterize glycoconjugates. In the rat and mouse cerebral cortex, a subpopulation of nonpyramidal neurons stained selectively with three lectins with specific affinity for terminal N‐acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). These and only these lectins stained the surface of the cell body, dendritic shafts, and proximal parts of the dendritic arborization. Most reactive, nonpyramidal neurons revealed a multipolar dendritic pattern, but some possibly belonged to the bitufted and bipolar types of neuron. The GalNAc‐containing neurons appeared widely distributed in layers II–VI with relatively greater abundance in layers IV and V. In the cortex of rats and mice the stained neurons occurred in moderate numbers in the frontal, frontoparietal, striate, retrosplenial, and entorhinal regions, but were less numerous in the hippocampal gyrus, dentate gyrus, and olfactory area. Other neurons in the basal ganglia and brain stem stained weakly for GalNAc. Examination of the frontal cortex of human and canine brains showed a similar distribution of nonpyramidal neurons with affinity for GalNAc‐binding lectins. At high magnification, the surface staining of neurons in the cerebral cortex, deep cerebellar nucleus, and other sites appeared periodic rather than continuous. The periodic character of the neuronal surface staining suggested a location for the reactive glycoconjugate in or between the synapses. The GalNAc‐containing glycoconjugate occurred in a selected cell type, failed to bind the other lectin conjugates, and differed from biochemically detected glycoconjugates. It is, therefore, considered a newly recognized entity of possible physiologic significance for a population of cortical neurons.
PEDRO: A hybrid small animal imaging system

The Pixelated Emission Detector for RadiOisotopes (PEDRO) is a hybrid emission imaging system designed for the measurement of single photon emission from small animals. The PEDRO is based on the combination of mechanical and electronic collimation (through the Compton effect). It utilizes a Compton-camera stack geometry situated behind an aperture array to modulate the incident radiation. The geometry is intended to maximize detection efficiency over a wide range of photon energies whilst maintaining the enhanced resolution of Single Photon Emission Imaging (SPEI). Geant4 simulations have been performed to allow validation of the model with experimental and theoretical data. This paper presents a preliminary validation of the simulation and an investigation into the effects of detector spacing for a multi-plane detector geometry.
Resistance Status to Deltamethrin, Permethrin, and Temephos Along With Preliminary Resistance Mechanism in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) From Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract The use of insecticides such as deltamethrin, permethrin, and temephos has been a primary tool to manage Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) in Punjab province, Pakistan; however, recent reports of control failure necessitate monitoring insecticide resistance. For this reason, we evaluated 12 field strains of Ae. aegypti from Punjab for resistance against deltamethrin, permethrin, and temephos along with underlying resistance mechanisms. For deltamethrin, high level of resistance was observed in Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, Lahore, Pattoki, and Kasur strains (RRLC50 > 10-fold); moderate level of resistance in Sargodha, Gujranwala, and Sialkot strains (RRLC50 = 5- to 10-fold), and low level of resistance in Okara, Multan, and Sahiwal strains (RRLC50 < 5-fold). In the case of permethrin, high level of resistance was found in all the field strains, except the Okara strain that exhibited moderate resistance. For temephos, five field strains, viz. Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Kasur, Lahore, and Gujranwala, showed high level of resistance; five strains, viz. Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Pattoki, Sahiwal, and Okara, showed moderate resistance, and two strains from Multan and Sargodha showed low resistance to temephos. Synergism bioassays implementing piperonyl butoxide and S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate exhibited a nonsignificant effect on synergizing toxicity of deltamethrin and permethrin in all field strains except the Lahore strain, suggesting the possible role of target-site resistance mechanism. However, both synergists had a significant effect on synergizing toxicity of temephos in all field strains, suggesting the possibility of metabolic-based mechanism of insecticide resistance. In conclusion, the study confirmed the presence of resistance to deltamethrin, permethrin, and temephos in the studied field strains of Ae. aegypti from Punjab, Pakistan.
Securing wireless body sensor networks using bijective function-based hardware primitive

We present a novel lightweight hardware security primitive for wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs). Security of WBSNs is crucial and the security solution must be lightweight due to resource constraints in the body senor nodes. The presented security primitive is based on digital implementation of bidirectional bijective function. The one-to-one input-output mapping of the function is realized using a network of lookup tables (LUTs). The bidirectionality of the function enables implementation of security protocols with lower overheads. The configuration of the interstage interconnection between the LUTs serves as the shared secret key. Authentication, encryption/decryption and message integrity protocols are formulated using the proposed security primitive. NIST randomness benchmark suite is applied to this security primitive and it passes all the tests. It also achieves higher throughput and requires less area than AES-CCM.