Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF STOCK DENSITY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF REARING PIKEPERCH SANDER LUCIOPERCA (L.) SUMMER FRY

The aim of the experiment was to determine the effect of stock density on the growth, survival and cannibalism of pikeperch fingerlings held under controlled conditions in a water recirculation system and fed an artificial diet. The mean body weight of the fish at the start of the experiment was 0.65 ± 0.11 g and the total length was 4.54 ± 0.28 cm. The fish were divided into three experimental groups with the following stock densities: group A - 0.99 g l -1 ; grou pB-1 . 65 gl -1 ; group C -2 . 31 gl -1 . The rearing period was 42 days long and was divided into the adaptation and rearing proper periods. The results obtained from the experiment revealed that the initial density of pikeperch summer fry, which ranged from 0.99 to 2.31 g l -1 , had no effect on the final outcome of the rearing, i.e. neither on growth nor survival (ANOVA, P > 0.05). The final mean body weights for groups A, B and C were 9.43, 9.25 and 8.62 g, respectively, while total losses were 52.5, 56.1 and 56.1%, respectively. The high fingerling mortality during the adaptation period, i.e. from first to the fourteenth rearing day (group A - 40.8%, group B - 50.6%, group C - 44.1%), determined the effectiveness of rearing.
Ecological tracers reveal resource convergence among prey fish species in a large lake ecosystem

SUMMARY 1. We measured stable isotopes of carbon (d 13 C) and nitrogen (d 15 N) and fatty acid proﬁles inLake Ontario alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), slimy sculpin (Cottuscognatus) and round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) collected from 1982 to 2008 to investigate howtemporal variability in these ecological tracers can relate to ecosystem-level changes associated withthe establishment of highly invasive dreissenid mussels.2. Prey ﬁsh d 15 N values remained relatively constant, with only slimy sculpin exhibiting a temporalincrease in d 15 N. In contrast, d 13 C values for alewife, rainbow smelt and, especially, slimy sculpinbecame less negative over time and were consistent with the benthiﬁcation of the Lake Ontario foodweb associated with dreissenids.3. Principal components analysis revealed higher contributions of 14:0 and 16:1n-7 fatty acids andincreasingly negative d 13 C values in older samples in agreement with the greater historical impor-tance of pelagic production for alewife, rainbow smelt and slimy sculpin.4. Temporal declines in fatty acid unsaturation indices and Σn-3/Σn-6 ratios, and also increased24:0/14:0 ratios for alewife, rainbow smelt and slimy sculpin, indicated the increasing importance ofnearshore production pathways for more recently collected ﬁsh and resulted in values more similarto those for round goby.5. These results indicate a temporal convergence of the food niche, whereas food partitioning hashistorically supported the coexistence of prey ﬁsh species in Lake Ontario. This convergence is con-sistent with changes in food-web processes associated with the invasion of dreissenid mussels.Keywords: Dreissena spp. , fatty acids, nearshore, offshore, stable isotopes
Relationships of the Woody Vegetation of the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge to Geological Formations and Soil Types

Forest stands are found on four soil types and five geologic formations in the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge in southwestern Oklahoma. Data on basal area, density, frequency, and reproduction were obtained from 52 relatively undisturbed stands. Post oak (Quercus stellata) was the most important tree species on all soil types and geologic formations; blackjack oak (Q. marilandica), the second most important species, had and importance value over 75 only on the Cobbly colluvial soil and the Post Oak Conglomerate, two very closely related categories. Little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius) was the most prominent herb on all categories except the Quanah formation where it was supplanted by big bluestem (A. gerardi). A decrease in herbaceous basal area with an increase in tree basal area was evident on all soil types, other than Rough stony soils. Delineation of soil types and geologic formations by associations of woody plants was not possible within the refuge. Edaphic and topographic conditions frequently combine to produce mocroclimates which support small patches of vegetation dominated by species of minor importance overall. One example is the local dominance of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) on the north—facing slopes. The soil type appears more closely related to these microclimates than does the parent material.
Spiders from Laos with descriptions of new species (Arachnida: Araneae)

A total of 58 spider species is reported from material mainly collected on three recent expeditions to Laos. Out of these, five species are described as new: Psechridae — Psechrus khammouan sp. nov. (male, female), Psechrus luangprabang spec. nov. (male, female), Liocranidae — Sesieutes thakek spec. nov. (male), Zodariidae — Storenomorpha anne spec. nov. (male, female), Sparassidae — Pseudopoda houaphan spec. nov. (female). The males of Caerostris sumatrana Strand, 1915 (Laos; first record for Asia) and Eurychoera quadrimaculata Thorell, 1897 (Singapore) are described for the first time. Copulatory organs of the latter species are illustrated for both sexes to facilitate identification of Eurychoera banna Zhang, Zhu & Song, 2004. New records of species formerly known from Laos are listed: Heteropoda dagmarae Jager & Vedel, 2005, H. maxima Jager, 2001, H. tetrica Thorell, 1897, H. venatoria (Linnaeus, 1767), Rhitymna verruca (Wang, 1991), R. plana Jager, 2003.
Racial Bias in the Manager-Employee Relationship

Using data from a large U.S. retail firm, we examine how racial matches between managers and their employees affect rates of employee quits, dismissals, and promotions. We exploit changes in management at hundreds of stores to estimate hazard models with store fixed effects that control for all unobserved differences across store locations. We find a general pattern of own-race bias in that employees usually have better outcomes when they are the same race as their manager. But we do find anomalies in this pattern, particularly when the manager-employee match violates traditional racial hierarchies (for example, nonwhites managing whites).
Immunoelectron microscopic localization of partially purified antigens in adult Paragonimus iloktsuenensis

An immunoelectron microscopy employing immunogold labeling method was performed to detect tissue origin of D1 fraction (D1A) among 5 antigenic protein fractions partially purified by DEAE-anion exchange chromatography from water-soluble crude antigen (PIWA) of adult Paragonimus iloktsuenensis. Immune reactions of adult worm tissues with rabbit serum immunoglobulin immunized with crude antigen (PI-Ig) and D1 antigen (D1-Ig), as well as rat serum immunoglobulin infected with P. iloktsuenensis were observed. D1A showed strong antigenicity in the intestinal epithelium of the worms during the early infection period of 2-4 weeks after infection. The vitellaria also showed stronger antigenicity than the other tissue sites in immune reaction of tissues against all immunoglobulins from 4 to 33 weeks after vitelline development. Therefore, it is suggested that D1A was mainly originated from the intestinal epithelial tissues before the development of vitelline gland of the parasites. Immuno-reactivity of two immunoglobulins (PI-Ig, D1-Ig) was significantly different in intestinal epithelial cytoplasmic protrusions (CP) and intestinal epithelial secretory granules (SG). In the experimental group with D1-Ig, gold particles were labeled significantly in CP than in SG when compared to the PI-Ig group. Thus, the major antigenic materials in D1 antigen having a strong antigenicity in the early infection period was considered to be originated from the intestinal epithelial tissue.
Solid-State 13C NMR Investigation of Molecular Ordering in the Cellulose of Apple Cell Walls

A resolution-enhanced 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of cell wall material isolated from Braeburn apples has revealed a pair of signals assigned to cellulose chains exposed on crystal surfaces, providing evidence for a high degree of molecular ordering on those surfaces. Proton spin relaxation editing revealed no detectable amorphous cellulose and provided an estimate of about 23 chains in a typical crystallite. Cellulose in apple cell walls was found to be distinctive, with triclinic Iα and monoclinic Iβ crystalline forms present in similar proportions. Hence, its composition is intermediate between the family of bacterial and Valonia celluloses, rich in the triclinic crystalline form, and the family of cotton and ramie celluloses, in which the monoclinic form is dominant
CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Proteins (C/EBP) β and δ Activate Osteocalcin Gene Transcription and Synergize with Runx2 at the C/EBP Element to Regulate Bone-specific Expression*

CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP) are critical determinants for cellular differentiation and cell type-specific gene expression. Their functional roles in osteoblast development have not been determined. We addressed a key component of the mechanisms by which C/EBP factors regulate transcription of a tissue-specific gene during osteoblast differentiation. Expression of both C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ increases from the growth to maturation developmental stages and, like the bone-specific osteocalcin (OC) gene, is also stimulated 3–6-fold by vitamin D3, a regulator of osteoblast differentiation. We characterized a C/EBP enhancer element in the proximal promoter of the rat osteocalcin gene, which resides in close proximity to a Runx2 (Cbfa1) element, essential for tissue-specific activation. We find that C/EBP and Runx2 factors interact together in a synergistic manner to enhance OC transcription (35–40-fold) in cell culture systems. We show by mutational analysis that this synergism is mediated through the C/EBP-responsive element in the OC promoter and by a direct interaction between Runx2 and C/EBPβ. Furthermore, we have mapped a domain in Runx2 necessary for this interaction by immunoprecipitation. A Runx2 mutant lacking this interaction domain does not exhibit functional synergism. We conclude that, in addition to Runx2 DNA binding functions, Runx2 can also form a protein complex at C/EBP sites to regulate transcription. Taken together, our findings indicate that C/EBP is a principal transactivator of the OC gene and the synergism with Runx2 suggests that a combinatorial interaction of these factors is a principal mechanism for regulating tissue-specific expression during osteoblast differentiation.
Fine Litter Dynamics within the Tree Canopy of a Tropical Cloud Forest

Fine litter deposition and decomposition within the upper tree canopy was measured in a neotropical cloud forest to determine the potential nutrient input to epiphyte communities from intercepted tree litterfall. A comparable amount of fine litter passed through the canopy (752 g.m-2 yr-1) as arrived on the forest floor (820 g.m-2 yr-1), but < 1% of the biomass and nutrients of this "gross litterfall" was retained within the upper tree canopy. The standing crop of litter in the canopy (~ 170 g/m2 of branch surface area, 8.8 g/m2 of ground area) is equivalent to only 1% of the standing crop of litter on the forest floor. Measurements of leaf litter attrition (whole leaf loss from branches due to wind and other disturbances) with marked leaves documented that 70% of leaves deposited on branches are lost in the first 2 wk and nearly all are gone in 16 wk. Certain branch characteristics (branch angle, number of epiphyte stems and clumps) appear to affect the amount of litter retained at particular microsites. Decomposition of tethered, dead leaves within the canopy over a 12-mo period was half that of leaves on the forest floor (canopy litter turnover time = 2.8 yr). Assuming that litter accumulation within the canopy is at steady state, the biomass of fine litter retained and decomposed within the canopy was calculated as only 2.0 g.m-2 yr-I and <0.02 g.m-2 yr-I for all nutrients. Nutrient replen- ishment of epiphyte communities appears to be decoupled from the litterfall pathway, as input from litterfall retained within the canopy is small relative to epiphyte productivity and nutrient requirements reported in other studies.
Between the World and Me

a skilled presentation artist, such that one never quite knows what to make of any single outrageous or scary statement. This is not to scrub him of all psychiatric or psychological problems, but much of what he says is for public consumption. My point here is that he may be chameleon-like and therefore difficult to pigeonhole into a single category. The entire list of personality disorders is often hijacked as a way of expressing moral disapproval of a person. The noted German philosopher–psychiatrist Karl Jaspers, in discussing abnormal personalities, which he considers as variants of human nature and not indicative of sickness, describes one type of abnormal personality as craving “to appear, both to themselves and others, as more than they are and to experience more than they are ever capable of. The place of genuine experience and natural expression is usurped by a contrived stage-act, a forced kind of experience” (Ref. 13, p 443). Descriptive labels change over the decades, but the basic condition is recognizable. In summary, this book addresses two publicly noted deficits. One the lack of learned psychiatric commentary on the nature of Mr. Trump’s dramatically unpresidential, mercurial, and troubling behaviors and his fitness to serve as president. The second is the lack of a substantial challenge to the APA’s Goldwater Rule, which seems to stifle psychiatrists from publicly commenting on his mental state. There has been excellent and thoughtful commentary on Mr. Trump from a variety of journalists, public intellectuals both liberal and conservative, and others, but our profession has been largely silent as a result of the Goldwater Rule. Dr. Lee, in this edited book has moved psychiatry into the public forum and, in doing so, has issued a challenge to the APA to open these critically important questions to public debate.
Types and causes of tree mortality in a tropical montane cloud forest of Tamaulipas, Mexico

The types and causes of death of canopy and subcanopy trees were characterized for the tropical montane cloud forest of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Field work was carried out at the Biosphere Reserve ‘El Cielo’, located on the eastern slope of the Sierra Madre Oriental. Three study plots, each of 2 ha, were selected within the forest differing in their degree of exposure to wind. Results indicate that the tropical montane cloud forest presents a differential treefall regime derived from the great hurricane activity to which this mountain range is exposed. This effect is illustrated by the great number of fallen logs (545 trees in 6 ha) and the high percentage of uprooted (48.3%) and snapped off (37.6%) trees. Other treefall factors included the rocky and shallow soils and weakness of the dominant trees from insect attack. A differential disturbance level was obtained between zones. The disturbance was higher for the exposed zone, where the crown cover of emergent trees was not closed. Species composition of the dead material was related to the abundance of the overstorey species as standing vegetation. Ten of the 20 recorded species were able to sprout and just 7.5% of the 545 fallen trees were sprouting. Quercus germana, Q. sartorii, Clethra pringlei, Liquidambar styraciflua and Ceris canadensis, accounted for 78.5% of the gap-forming species. The type of treefall differed between species of the same genera: Q. germana was generally found uprooted, while Q. sartorii died standing probably because of previous weakening from dipterous insects.
Effects of Depth of Flooding on Growth and Anatomy of Stems and Knee Roots of Taxodium Distichum

Depth of flooding of Taxodium distichum trees influeneedin height and diametergrowth, formation of knee roots , and anatomy of sterns and knee roots. Height growth was progressively redueed and diameter growth was inereased as the level of the flood water was inereased. Formation of knee roots deereased as the depth of flooding inereased. Traeheids in the submerged portions of sterns of deeply flooded trees were shorter, slightly wider, and had thinner walls than traeheids of shallowly flooded trees. The inner bark of the submerged sterns of deeply flooded trees had wider phloemrays and more intercellular space than the bark of shallowly flooded trees. The xylem anatomy of knee roots resembled that of the xylem in the submerged portions of sterns of deeply flooded trees. Flooding stimulated ethylene produetion by stern bark and apieal portions of knee roots. An interaetive role of ethylene and auxin in anatomical responses of Taxodium to the flooding is postulated.
Nutrient cycling in deciduous forest ecosystems of the Sierra de Gata mountains: nutrient supplies to the soil through both litter and throughfall.

Le recyclage de bioelements dans quatre chenaies a Quercus pyrenaica et dans une châtaigneraie a Castanea sativa, localisees dans la Sierra de Gata (Systeme Central, ouest de l'Espagne) a fait l'objet de cette etude. Il s'agit d'une estimation des elements biogenes qui retournent au sol par decomposition de la litiere et par le pluviolessivage des arbres. L'objet de l'etude est de definir le role et la dynamique des bioelements dans le sol et l'ecosysteme. On peut conclure que la plus grande difference existante entre les peuplements de Q. pyrenaica et de C. sativa est que ce dernier ecosysteme peut potentiellement restituer davantage de N, P, K, Mg, Na et Mn par la litiere, a cause d'une plus forte production de biomasse aerienne chez le châtaignier (et/ou plus forte absorption par les racines). On observe, en outre, que la relative importance de quelques bioelements (N, P, K et Mn) est differente dans la châtaigneraie et les autres chenaies. Il est ainsi possible de differencier trois groupes d'element biogenes : tout d'abord, ceux qui peuvent potentiellement retourner majoritairement par la litiere (C et N); en deuxieme lieu, ceux qui retournent soit par la decomposition de la litiere soit par le pluviolessivage (Ca, Mg, P, K, Fe et Mn); et finalement, ceux qui retournent presque exclusivement par pluviolessivage (Na, Cu et Zn). En revanche, en ce qui concerne l'apport reel annuel de bioelements, deux groupes peuvent se differencier : d'une part, celui des bioelements qui retournent par pluviolessivage (Na, Cu et Zn); et d'autre part, les bioelements qui retournent soit par decomposition de la litiere, soit par pluviolessivage. Le Fe, au contraire, a un comportement special car il est immobilise dans la litiere en decomposition.
Redox characteristics of normal and habituated cell lines of sugarbeet

Redox properties of cells of normal hormone-requiring (N) and habituated (H) sugarbeet calli have been investigated. It was found that H cells at all ages reduced exogenous ferricyanide at a much higher rate than N cells, but they exhibited a lower chemiluminescence either alone or in presence of luminol. The plasma membrane NADH:fer-ricyanide oxidoreductase measured in vitro was almost identical for the two cell types. This could indicate that the higher reducing power of H cells had an intracellular origin. Among the enzyme activities which could provide electrons, malate dehydrogenase activity was found to be a good candidate, being more active in H cells. The results are discussed in relation to the abnormal structure of the cell wall of habituated cells.
Adição de lisina digestível em rações experimentais para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo

The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional need of lysine in diets for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Seven hundred and twenty masculinized fish (7.30±0.11g) were fed for 30 days with eight diets (26.81% of digestible protein and 3090 kcal/kg digestible energy of feed) containing increasing levels of lysine (1.24, 1.36, 1.48, 1.60, 1.72, 1.84, 1.96 and 2.08%). The tilapia were distributed in a completely randomized design with eight treatments and six replicates of 15 fish per experimental unit. We evaluated the performance variables (weight gain, specific growth rate, survival rate, feed intake, digestible lysine intake, feed conversion, protein efficiency for gain, efficiency of lysine for gain and efficiency of retention nitrogen) and body composition (moisture, fat, protein, ash body and deposition rates of daily protein and fat). The high levels of dietary lysine did not affect (P>0.05) feed intake, the survival rate and the moisture and ash body, but improved (P<0.05) other parameters, except for lysine intake and efficiency of lysine for gain, which increased and decreased, respectively, linearly (P<0.05). It is recommended that diets for juvenile Nile tilapia should contain 1.84% digestible lysine for maximum weight gain.
Floral organogenesis of Delavaya toxocarpa (Sapindaceae; Sapindales)

Abstract The floral organogenesis and development of Delavaya toxocarpa Franch. (Sapindaceae) were studied under scanning electron microscope and light microscope to determine its systematic position within Sapindaceae. Flowers arise in terminal thyrses. The sepal primordia initiate in a spiral (2/5) sequence, which are not synchronous. The five petal primordia initiate almost synchronously and alternate with sepal primordia. Eight stamens initiate almost simultaneously and their differentiation precedes that of the petals. The last formed petal and one stamen initiate from a common primordium. Mature stamens curve inwards and cover the ovary in bud. The gynoecium begins as a hemispheric primordium on which two carpellary lobes arise simultaneously. Later in development a single gynocium is formed with two locules and two ovules per locule. Floral morphology suggests a closer affinity with Sapindaceae, although certain features of floral ontogenesis are similar to those observed in certain members of the former Hippocastanaceae, such as Handeliodendron.
Relationship Between Soft Wheat Flour Physicochemical Composition and Cookie-Making Performance

ABSTRACT Nowadays in Argentina, cookies, crackers, and cakes are made of flour obtained from bread wheat with additives or enzymes that decrease the gluten strength but increase production costs. The present research work aims to study the relationship between flour physicochemical composition (particle size average [PSA], protein, damaged starch [DS], water soluble pentosans [WSP], total pentosans [TP], and gluten), alkaline water retention capacities behavior, solvent retention capacities profile (SRC) and cookie-making performance in a set of 51 adapted soft wheat lines with diverse origin to identify better flour parameters for predicting cookie quality. Cookie factor (CF) values were 5.06–7.56. High and significant negative correlations between sucrose SRC (–0.68), water SRC (–0.65), carbonate SRC (–0.59), and CF were found, followed by lactic SRC that presented a low negative but significant correlation (r = –0.35). The flour components DS (r = –0.67), WSP (r = –0.49), and TP (r = –0.4) were negativ.
Substrate and Dioxygen Binding to the Endospore Coat Laccase from Bacillus subtilis*

The CotA laccase from the endospore coat of Bacillus subtilis has been crystallized in the presence of the non-catalytic co-oxidant 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), and the structure was determined using synchrotron radiation. The binding site for this adduct is well defined and indicates how ABTS, in conjunction with laccases, could act as an oxidative mediator toward non-phenolic moieties. In addition, a dioxygen moiety is clearly defined within the solvent channel oriented toward one of the T3 copper atoms in the trinuclear center.