Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Declines in chinook salmon catches in the Strait of Georgia in relation to shifts in the marine environment

Chinook, Oncurhynchus tshawytscha, catches in the Strait of Georgia increased in the 1970s and reached maximum levels from 1976 to 1978. Catches then declined until they stabilized through regulation at levels approximately one-quarter of the 1976 to 1978 levels. The timing of the decline in catch was synchronous with an increase in the mean temperature of the Strait of Georgia, a decline in annual Fraser River flows, and an abrupt decrease in the marine survival of hatchery-reared chinook released into the Strait of Georgia. Surprisingly, the number of young chinook salmon (smolts) more than doubled over the period of declining catches compared with the number produced during the period of high catches. The increase in smolt abundance was a consequence of the production from hatcheries that was approximately equal to wild production. We conclude that there was a change in the carrying capacity for chinook salmon in the Strait of Georgia in the late 1970s that contributed to the declines in abundance and that rebuilding stocks to the high abundance of the late 1970s is unlikely until the carrying capacity for chinook salmon changes either naturally or through manipulation. Although we did not separate density-dependent and density-independent effects on marine survival, the current total number of chinook smolts produced appears larger than required for the current marine carrying capacity.
Examination of the Quality of Interactions as Observed in Childcare Centers and Reported by Early Childhood Educators

This study aimed to describe the quality of interactions between early childhood educators (ECEs) and children, as observed in childcare centers and as reported by early childhood educators (N = 15) working with 5 year-old children. To assess ECEs’ practices related to the quality of these interactions as observed in childcare centers (theories-in-use), the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) was used. This tool is structured around three domains: emotional support, group organization, and instructional support. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ECEs to collect data on their reported practices related to the quality of these interactions (espoused theories). The observational data showed that the quality of emotional support and group organization was average-to-high, and these domains were also most often referred to in the participants’ comments. On the contrary, the quality of instructional support was rated average-to-low. Correspondingly, this domain was not often referred to in the participants’ comments. These results are discussed in light of the tensions and gaps brought out between the ECEs’ theories-in-use and espoused theories and lead to recommendations for professional development aimed at improving the quality of ECE–child interactions in childcare centers and, in particular, the instructional support provided therein.
Atypical Presentation of Periodic Paralysis: A Case Report

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HPP) is a kind of periodic paralysis, which is a heterogeneous group of muscle diseases. It is characterized by episodes of flaccid and sudden muscle weakness.Here, we present a case of HPP. The patient was referred to our department because of severe dizziness and fall. After a comprehensive evaluation, a markedly low potassium was detected. The patient’s symptoms resolved after replacement of potassium and he was discharged without deficits. Even though the literature reports an association with exercise, carbohydrate load, and stress, further workup in our patient revealed no association with these precipitants. A proper differential diagnosis should rule out other causes of weakness and paralysis, thus allowing a timely treatment.
Visual Discrimination Learning in the Small Octopus Octopus ocellatus

Octopus ocellatus is a small benthic species of octopus that is easy to rear and spawns large eggs during a short life cycle. These and other features of O. ocellatus may make it an advantageous subject for a broad range of behavioral studies, including those involving various types of learning. However, no type of learning has been studied in O. ocellatus. In a successive visual discrimination task, in which a ‘positive’ or ‘negative’ stimulus (white or black rectangle) was presented to a subject octopus and appropriate rewards or punishments were given to the subject, the rate of ‘correct’ responses (i.e., touches to the positive stimulus or refraining from the negative stimulus) gradually increased. Moreover, ‘observer’ octopuses that observed another octopus performing a visual discrimination task in which reward was also given to the ‘incorrect’ responses (touches to the negative stimulus) showed a higher ratio of incorrect responses in their test sessions. These results, coupled with the physical characteristics of O. ocellatus, indicate that this species is potentially suitable for neurogenetic and neuroembryological studies of learning.
Aboveground net primary production and stand dynamics of mangroves along a river on Iriomote Island, southwestern Japan

In this study, we examined the standing aboveground biomass, biomass growth, litterfall and tree species population dynamics of mangrove forest along the Nakara River, Iriomote Island, southwestern Japan, to explain the spatial patterns of stand structure and aboveground net primary production in reference to the stand dynamics of mangrove tree species along the river. The entire aboveground biomass of the mangrove forest did not vary with topographic position at the stand level, while three mangrove species showed different distributional patterns along the river. Although Bruguiera gymnorrhiza was generally dominant, Rhizophora stylosa codominated in the downstream areas. Kandelia obovata occurred only at the river's edge in the downstream area. The observed spatial patterns of aboveground productivity of each species depended mostly on their biomass. The distribution patterns of the mangrove tree species were based on parameters of their population dynamics, such as growth, recruitment and mortality. The effects of disturbance, especially the effects of typhoons, on the forest dynamics were prominent in this study period. The results of the study suggest that the spatial pattern of species distribution and productivity could be largely affected by the typhoon disturbances.
Isolation and Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria with Antifungal Activity Against Anthracnose Disease

The objective of this study was isolation, identification of lactic acid bacteria from different source and testing their antifungal activity against phytopathogens fungi C. capsici and C. gloe osporio ides. The isolates were identified by their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics and their antifungal activity was performed by the overlay method. Seven LAB isolates were showed good antifungal activity against phytopathogens fungi and were grew at different temperatures, pH and NaCl. However, C5 and G7 have the ability to inhibit the growth of both target phytopathogens fungi compared to other isolates. C5 and G7 identified by API 50CHL kit as Lactobacillus plantarum and the identified by used l6S rDNA was Lactobacillus plantarum C5 and L. pentosus G7. This is the first study that observed LAB isolates L. plantarum C5 and L. pentosus G7 inhibited both of C. capsid and C. gloesporeioides in vitro. This study demonstrates that the LAB L. plantarum C5 andL. pentosus G7 have potential to be used as biological control of this phytopathogen by inhibiting the mycelia growth.
High-pressure injection of photonic paint to mark adult chinook salmon.

Abstract Photonic paint (polymethylacrylate fluorescent pigment encapsulated in latex microspheres) was applied with a pressurized injection system (42.2 kg/cm2) to adult chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha during artificial spawning to color mark three portions: The pectoral girdle, the pectoral fin, and the base of the dorsal fin. The criteria used to evaluate these marks were relative ease of application and identification, mark retention, marking mortality, and cost. Color marks in the pectoral girdle were relatively easy to apply, noninvasive, and easily identified by the evaluator. Mean retention time for girdle marks was 45 d; some marks were retained up to 56 d; and 100% of the marks were readable. In comparison, only 57% of the pectoral fin marks and 37% of the dorsal fin marks were readable. Mark rate averaged 30 s for each mark type (90 s for each fish) at a cost of US$0.24/mark. No additional mortality was associated with marking compared with overall prespawn mortality (23.3% versus 23.6%.
Recent developments in hepatitis C antiviral research 1999 - 2000

The exponential increase in the number of publications related to hepatitis C antiviral research both from academia and the pharmaceutical industry in recent years highlights the intense interest in combating this pathogen. The number of people infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) (4 million in the US, nearly 200 million worldwide), as well as the poor tolerability and disappointing efficacy of IFN-based treatments make obvious the need for improved therapeutic options. Promising advances have been made, including the advent of improved IFN-based treatments as well as a small number of early clinical trials of novel therapies. Perhaps the most positive development has been the disclosure of what may finally be a reproducible, logistically feasible cell-based HCV RNA replication and expression system. It continues to remain highly likely, however, that a number of potent and specific drugs against HCV will ultimately be required in order to effectively combat HCV infection.
Cambodia

If the book is aimed at convincing the Cambodian people that their culture has not been lost, or is not being lost, the contributors have achieved their objective. More importantly, the book serves as a useful guide for anyone interested in getting a better grasp of how the Cambodian people seek to identify themselves in cultural terms. Like many other edited volumes, however, the book suffers from a lack of coherence and theoretical integration. The theme of change and continuity exists, but there is no unity of ideas. There is no clear commonality of Cambodian cultural characteristics presented as a framework for interpreting change and continuity. Each chapter is descriptive and does not seem to contribute to any clear framework of cultural survival. One may ask: "which of the cultural features presented in the book is more important than others? " If a Cambodian becomes a Christian, does that mean he or she no longer identifies himself or herself as a Cambodian? To what extent does religious identity matter? Cambodian Christians continue to identify themselves as Cambodians or Khmer. The interesting question, then, is: what makes them feel they still belong to a certain cultural group? There is a need to define what "Khmerness" means and to conceptualize it. Also, the book does not attempt to explain the process of cultural transformation. The contributors do not give a clear direction of culture change and do not seek to answer the question of why Cambodian culture has persisted and changed over time, apparently simultaneously. Political scientists (especially those working on critical theory) would find it a bit frustrating if they were to look for ways to explain political phenomena from p cultural point of view. If culture is a social construct, why is it constructed in a certain way in the first place and for what purpose? To what extent is cultural change structurally d ven? These questions are raised here not to challenge the editors and contributors, but to stimulate further thinking on this important subject. The editors could have done a better job by simply defining certain terms like "Cambodian" and "Khmer", by elaborating on the book's theme of change and continuity, and by writing a conclusion which reintroduces the theme. In future research, Cambodia's political culture also deserves attention. Overall, the book provides rich insights into major features of the Cambodian ways of life, the Cambodian people's struggle to preserve hem (whatever they may perceive them to be), and their search to restore their human dignity as a distinct people. I highly recommend it to anyone who has a general interest in Cambodian culture and hope that the contributors and others will continue to expand this field of study.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance Studies in Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] Across Seasons

Among pulses, blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) is an important short duration crop widely cultivated in India. It is an excellent source of easily digestible good quality protein and also has ability to restore the soil fertility through symbiotic nitrogen fixation like any other leguminous crop. It is cultivated in almost all parts of India and is third most important pulse crop both in acreage and production. However, it is mainly grown in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka and Bihar. During the post green revolution period, the production of pulses recorded a negative growth rate and which adversely affected the per capita availability of pulses which has declined from 60.7 g per day in 1950 to 43.0 g in 2016 (Anon., 2017).
The role of composition and content of protein particles in soymilk on tofu curding by glucono-δ-lactone or calcium sulfate

: The effects of composition and content of protein particles on tofu curding were investigated by using soymilk prepared from mixtures of glycinin-rich and β-conglycinin-rich soybeans. The breaking stress of tofu curds increased with the increase of protein particle content in soymilk. The soymilk from glycinin-rich soybeans had a high protein particle content and formed harder tofu curds. There is a significant positive correlation between the content of protein particles and the breaking stress of tofu curds. It is suggested that the increase of the quantity of protein particles reinforces the combination among protein particles during the tofu curding, thus forming a stronger network of tofu curds.
Differences in the nesting sites microhabitat characteristics of two syntopic species of Messor harvester ants in a phytosociological homogeneous grassland area

Physiological tolerance of species to temperature, moisture or chemical-physical properties of the soil could be important in determining the distribution and abundance of ant nests. In the present study we investigated the possible differences in the nesting site microhabitat characteristics of two syntopic species of harvester ants of the genus Messor living in a Mediterranean homogeneous grassland area belonging to a single phytosociological association known as “Vulpio ligusticae-Dasypyretum villosi”. We tested to see whether the activity of the colonies of the two species directly altered the microhabitat characteristics of the nesting sites. Microhabitat characteristics were assessed quantifying several abiotic factors (light, temperature, soil moisture, soil pH, nitrogen) by means of the Ellenberg Bioindication Model. The model represents a simple way of interpreting the vegetation pattern in terms of ecological factors from the perspective of the plants and can be considered an effective and promising approach to link animal and plant ecology. Our data showed significant differences in the nesting site microhabitat characteristics partially due to a different capacity of the two species to alter nesting site proprieties. Possible differences in the physiological tolerance of these species to moisture gradients could be crucial in determining the distribution and abundance of their nests.
Population dynamics and community structure of zooplankton inhabiting in fish pond Jammu, India

During the present period of investigation extending from March, 2004 to February, 2005, 15 species of zooplankton belonging to five different taxa viz., Protozoa, Rotifera, Copepoda, Ostracoda and Cladocera were collected. Three of these taxa, Protozoa, Copepoda and Ostracoda were represented by single species while Rotifera by eight species and Cladocera by four species besides one larval form, the Nauplius. The number of plankton belonging to these taxa exhibited both quantitative and qualitative changes concuss with seasons and thus resulted in community changes during different seasons. The probable reasons (environment) that stand responsible and result in changes in community structure and individual population of each plankton have been discussed at length.
VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION AND FLORISTICS OF THE SAVANNAS AND ASSOCIATED WETLANDS OF THE RIO BRAVO CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT AREA, BELIZE

A floristic inventory and preliminary vegetation classification were made for the tracts of savanna and associated wetland vegetation in the Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area (RBCMA) in Belize. A total of 258 species were recorded, representing c.7% of the Belizean flora. Of these, 148 species are characteristic of the drier savanna systems, while 47 show a preference for hydrologic savanna and wetland areas. Only 57 species (22% of RBCMA savanna flora) are woody, with the savanna tree flora comprising 15 species. The flora of the RBCMA was found to be fairly typical of the savannas of the Central American and Caribbean region. Savanna systems are generally poorly represented in conservation areas in Central America, and due to the diverse range of structural and ecological formations of this vegetation type found within the RBCMA, and its relatively diverse flora, this reserve constitutes an important protected area.
Orientation Behavior of Garden Warblers (Sylvia borin) Under Monochromatic Light of Various Wavelengths

A little more than 30 years ago, a study revealed that migratory European Robins (Erithacus rubecula) could use the earth’s magnetic field for directional orientation (Merkel and Wiltschko 1965, W. Wiltschko 1968). Today, magnetic compass orientation has been demonstrated in more than 15 other species of migratory birds and in homing pigeons, and it seems to be a rather widespread mechanism among birds (R. Wiltschko and Wiltschko 1995). Yet, it is still unclear how birds perceive the geomagnetic field and obtain directional information. One hypothesis under investigation is that magnetoreception occurs via light-dependent processes parallel to the processes of vision in the avian eye (Leask 1977, 1978; Schulten and Windemuth 1986). This hypothesis assumes that incident light elevates certain macromolecules into an excited state, where they may be transferred to an excited triplet state and where further reactions are determined by the direction of the ambient magnetic field. This would mean that light is essential for magnetoreception. Results from early experiments with homing pigeons are in agreement with this prediction. Inexperienced young pigeons derive their home direction from information obtained with their magnetic compass during the outward journey (R. Wiltschko and Wiltschko 1978); pigeons transported to the release site in total darkness respond like birds transported without meaningful magnetic information, which indicates that light is indeed necessary for magnetic compass orientation (W. Wiltschko and Wiltschko 1981). Similar experiments with migratory birds in total darkness proved impossible. Directional tendencies of migrants can be recorded only when the birds show a certain amount of activity, but Zugunruhe (i.e. migratory activity) is suppressed by darkness (Gwinner 1974). However, another approach allows testing the hypothesis of light-dependent magnetoreception in migrants. Leask (1977) suggested that exposing birds to monochromatic light at various wavelengths might modify the excitation transfer probability to the excited triplet state, allowing one
Analysis of stem growth pattern in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) trees in a natural forest in Akita, northeastern Japan

高蓄積の秋田スギ天然林を構成する天然スギ10本（樹齢162∼255年生）について，樹幹解析の手法により個体の成長解析を行った。 胸高断面積定期平均成長量の変化から，天然林内では1802年前後に大規な撹乱があり，その後は1924年の間伐まで無撹乱の状態が続いたものと推察された。 樹高と胸高断面積の定期平均成長量はすべての個体とも50年生前後まで低く，それ以降の樹高成長が盛んな時期は，スギ人工林と同等の高い定期平均成長量を示した。 樹高の定期平均成長量が減退しても，胸高断面積の定期平均成長量は80年生以降ほぼ一定の成長を続けた。 胸高断面積定期平均成長量は1924年の間伐時は優勢木を除く9本で間伐後10∼20年間成長量が増加し，さらに上層木6本で1802年前後から以後30∼100年間成長量の増加が認められた。 解析木の形状比は成長とともに優勢木では70より低く，平均木以下では90前後の高い状態で推移した。 幹材積定期平均成長量は70∼100年生頃から最大になり，その後も最大成長を保った個体が多く，優勢木では100年以降に0. 12 m3 yr－1を超え，伐採されるまで最大の成長量を続けていた。
Biodegradation of lindane (γ‐hexachlorocyclohexane) by the white‐rot fungus Trametes hirsutus

The ability of the white‐rot fungus Trametes hirsutus to degrade an insecticide, lindane, in liquid culture was investigated and compared with that of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Trametes hirsutus degraded lindane faster than P. chrysosporium but the mechanism of degradation appears to be the same in both. Two metabolites identified in both fungi were tetrachlorocyclohexane and tetrachlorocyclohexanol. The presence of lindane alone inside the mycelium ruled out the involvement of any intracellular enzyme(s) during the initial step of lindane degradation. Lindane at a concentration of 0·27 μmol l−1 exhibited no adverse effect on fungal growth.
Latitudinal variation in blue tit and great tit nest characteristics indicates environmental adjustment

Aim The laying of eggs and the building of a nest structure to accommodate them are two of the defining characteristics of members of the class Aves. Nest structures vary considerably across avian taxa and for many species the structure of the completed nest can have important consequences both for parents and their offspring. While nest characteristics are expected to vary adaptively in response to environmental conditions, large‐scale spatial variation in nest characteristics has been largely overlooked. Here, we examine the effects of latitudinal variation in spring temperatures on nest characteristics, including insulatory properties, and reproductive success of blue tits, Cyanistes caeruleus, and great tits, Parus major.
Effect of niacin on lipoproteins and atherosclerosis

Niacin has been in use for the past 50 years to treat lipid disorders and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We have recently demonstrated that niacin, by selective inhibition of liver diacylglycerol acyltransferae (DGAT)2, a rate-limiting enzyme in triglyceride synthesis, inhibits triglyceride synthesis thereby decreasing the secretion of apolipoprotein (Apo)B-containing very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein particles. We have demonstrated that niacin increases ApoAI–high-density lipoprotein (HDL), mainly through the selective inhibition of hepatic uptake and removal of ApoAI–HDL (but not HDL-cholesterol ester). Emerging data from our laboratory provide evidence for the nonlipid-related effects of niacin on vascular oxidative and inflammatory processes involved in atherosclerosis. Although decreased free fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue via a newly described niacin receptor (HM74A) is reported as a mechanism by which niacin decreases triglycerides, both physiologically .