Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Compressibilidade, resistência a penetração e intervalo hídrico ótimo de um Argissolo Amarelo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar nos Tabuleiros Costeiros de Alagoas

O trafego intenso de maquinas agricolas para colheita e tratos culturais em plantacoes de cana-de-acucar pode causar a compactacao do solo e comprometer a produtividade e longevidade da lavoura. Uma das formas de avaliar e monitorar a degradacao devido a compactacao causada pelo trânsito das maquinas e por meio da analise da compressibilidade e comportamento hidrico do solo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do trânsito de maquinas para o cultivo da cana-de-acucar sobre a pressao de pre-compactacao (σp), resistencia a penetracao em laboratorio (RPL) e intervalo hidrico otimo (IHO) de um Argissolo Amarelo distrocoeso dos Tabuleiros Costeiros do Estado de Alagoas. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Fazenda Progresso, de propriedade da Usina Coruripe (AL), onde foram selecionadas cinco areas cultivadas com cana-de-acucar, representando diferentes tempos de uso e dois tipos de cultivo: 4 anos com cultivo de inverno (4 anos I); 14 anos com cultivo de inverno (14 anos I); 14 anos com cultivo de verao (14 anos V); 30 anos com cultivo de inverno (30 anos I); 30 anos com cultivo de verao (30 anos V) e uma area de mata (mata), tipo floresta subperenifolia, como testemunha. Avaliaram-se a σp, a RPL e o IHO, nas profundidades de 0 a 0,20, 0,20 a 0,40 e 0,40 a 0,60 m, correspondendo aos horizontes A (mata) ou Ap (areas cultivadas), AB e Bt. O cultivo com cana-de-acucar aumentou a σp e a RPL dos horizontes Ap, AB e Bt do Argissolo Amarelo estudado; no entanto, o horizonte Ap do solo das areas cultivadas nao mostrou RPL superior a valores considerados criticos ao desenvolvimento de raizes, apresentando IHO maior do que o horizonte superficial (A) do solo sob mata nativa. As operacoes mecanizadas utilizadas no cultivo da cana-de-acucar aumentaram a RPL para niveis criticos ao desenvolvimento de raizes, mesmo para umidades proximas a da capacidade de campo, o que resulta na reducao do IHO dos horizontes AB e Bt do solo das areas cultivadas. A pressao de pre-compactacao deve ser usada como capacidade de suporte de carga no planejamento de operacoes mecanizadas em lavouras de cana-de-acucar, a fim de evitar a degradacao fisica de horizontes subsuperficiais do Argissolo Amarelo distrocoeso.
Effects of 1-MCP (1-methylcyclopropene) and STS (silver thiosulphate) on the vase life of cut Freesia flowers.

This study was to determine the effects of 1-methylcclopropene (1-MCP) and silver thiosulphate (STS) treatment on the vase life of Freesia “Cordula” flowers. 1-MCP and STS extended the vase life of florets and spikes of cut -Freesia “Cordula”. The longest spike vase life was also obtained in the 1-MCP (4 nl.l + 3 hours) treatment as 9.06 days, spike vase life of control group flowers was 6.33 days.
Design, Characterization, and Evaluation of a Small-Scale Diesel Exhaust Exposure System

A single-cylinder engine diesel exhaust exposure system was constructed to conduct laboratory health effects studies. The single-cylinder engine was selected to provide a cost-effective and easy-to-operate biological exposure system as an alternative to larger engines operated on chassis or test stand dynamometers. The engine was a 5500-watt diesel generator operated at load by connection to a bank of 11 500 watt light sources. The engine was isolated from the rodent and cell exposure chambers to ameliorate excessive noise and heat in the exposure room. Exhaust was diluted approximately 100:1 and routed to a 1 m3 flow-through exposure chamber where the exhaust composition was assessed in detail. Measurements included particle mass, particle size distribution (based on both number and mass), carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particle carbon (organic and elemental), particle sulfate/nitrate, metals, total and speciated volatile hydrocarbons, and speciated semivolatile and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The exhaust composition was compared with published diesel exhaust compositions and that from a 2000 Model Cummins 5.9L ISB engine, which was operated on a variable duty cycle on a dynamometer using the same fuel and lube oil as the single-cylinder engine. The exhaust composition from the single-cylinder engine was consistent with “typical” diesel exhaust and the larger on-road engine. It yielded particle mass with a mass median diameter of ∼0.1 𝛍m that was composed of ∼70% elemental carbon, ∼35% organic carbon, ∼4–5% sulfate/nitrate, and small amounts of metals. The volatile and speciated organic/inorganic gases were in the range of literature values, with specific characteristics of low particle bound aromatic compounds and higher amounts of volatile and oxygenated organics. Based on this evaluation, the single-cylinder engine and exhaust dilution system described here generates emissions that should be useful for studying health hazards that pertain to emissions from a broad range of diesel engines.
Perspectives On: Criteria for Complex Evaluation of the Morphology and Alignment of Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers

Electrospinning is a promising method for producing polymer materials composed of micro- and nanosized fibers. This method allows the preparation of random and aligned fibers of different morphologies, such as cylindrical or ribbon-shapes, defect-free or with defects, and with or without pores or porous. The increasing number of studies on electrospinning requires a set of criteria for more complex evaluation of the fiber morphology and the topology of these polymer materials to be established. The main characteristics necessary for a complex evaluation of the morphology of electrospun micro- and nanofibers have been systematized in this paper. Examples of characterization of the morphology and of the alignment of various micro- and nanofibers are given.
[(5a,6,7,8,9,9a-η6)-[1,4]Benzodioxino[2,3-b]pyridine](η5-cyclopentadienyl)iron(II) hexafluorophosphate

The structure of [(5a,6,7,8,9,9a-η 6 )-[1,4]benzodioxino[2,3-b]pyridine](η 5 -cyclopentadienyl)iron(II) hexafluorophosphate, [Fe(C 5 H 5 )(C 11 H 7 NO 2 )]PF 6 , has been studied. The dihedral angle between the benzene and pyridine rings of the ligand system is 177.4 (3) o ; the benzene and cyclopentadienyl rings are nearly parallel [dihedral angle 1.3 (4) o ]. The Fe atom is closer to the benzene ring [1.542 (4) A] than to the cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ring [1.652 (5) A] and it is located within the fold of the heterocyclic ligand
A Comprehensive Experimental Investigation of the Methyl Methacrylate/Butyl Acrylate/Acrylic Acid Emulsion Terpolymerization

In the present study a comprehensive experimental investigation on the batch and semi‐batch emulsion terpolymerization of methyl methacrylate/butyl acrylate/acrylic acid (MMA/BuA/AA) is reported. Batch experiments were carried out in a fully automated pilot‐scale reactor system to analyze the effect of polymerization temperature, anionic surfactant and initiator concentrations on the polymerization rate, average particle size, copolymer composition and glass transition temperature of the polymer. In addition, a series of semi‐batch experiments were performed under monomer starved conditions to assess the effect of seven process variables, (e.g., concentrations of anionic, nonionic surfactants and initiator, polymerization temperature, agitation rate, impeller type and addition time of initiator/pre‐emulsion mixture) on the polymerization rate, average particle size, copolymer composition, glass transition temperature and MWD of the polymer.
Composition of the essential oil of Stachys setifera C. A. Mey ssp. iranica growing in Iran

The essential oil composition of Stachys setifera ssp. iranica has been investigated by GC and GC–MS; 73 compounds, representing 96.7% of the oil were identiﬁed, of which pulegone (26.5%), piperitenone oxide (17.4%) and α-terpinyl acetate (11.2%) were the main components. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A relativistic model of stellar objects with core-crust-envelope division

In this work, we present a cogent and physically well-behaved solution for neutron stars envisaged with a core layer having quark matter satisfying the MIT-bag equation of state (EoS), meso layer with Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) matter satisfying modified BEC EoS and an envelope having neutron fluid and Coulomb liquids satisfying quadratic EoS. All the required physical and geometrical parameters like gravitational potentials, pressures, radial velocity, anisotropy, adiabatic index, mass function, compactification factor, and gravitational and surface redshift functions show a feasible trend and are continuous with smooth variation throughout the interior and across the regions of the star. Further, causality condition, energy conditions, static stability criterion (using Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation) and Herrera cracking stability criterion are met throughout the star. The approach seems to be resulting in more realistic and accurate modeling of stellar objects, particularly realized by us for X-ray binary stars 4U 1608–52 (M = 1.7 M ⊙, R = 9.5 km) and SAX J1808.4–3658 (M = 1.2 M ⊙, R = 7.2 km). Furthermore, we have ascertained that the continuity of the stability factor in all three regions of the stars demand a smaller core. As the core region of the star increases, the stability factor becomes discontinuous at all the interfaces inside the star.
Occurrence ol the Laua Greek Btephra layer in the northwestern Espafrola Basin , New Mexico

The Lava Creek B tephra layer, which resulted from an eruption about 520,000 years ago in Yellowstone, Wyoming, is exposed in fluvial deposits of the ancestral Rio Chama in the northwestern Espanola Basin, New Mexico. The tephra consists of beds and lenses, generally less than 80 cm thick, of grayish-white vitric ash composed mainly of bubble walls and bubble-wall junction shards as much as 350 pm in diameter. Contaminants in the ash, bedding style, and lateral variations in thickness suggest that the tephra was reworked and deposited as silt-rich fluvial deposits by the ancestral Rio Chama. Ash-bearing Rio Chama deposits were buried and preserved by 10 to 30 m of sandy piedmont alluvium deposited by arroyos draining the northeastern femez Mountains. Stratigraphic and topographic relations suggest that the Lava Creek B tephra fell during a transition from cool, moist to warm, dry climate similar to the latest Pleistocene t-o Holocene change in climate.
TOWARD UNDERSTANDING SOIL WATER UPTAKE BY PLANT ROOTS

We examine plant water uptake from a uniformly rooted soil volume by numerically solving the nonlinear diffusion equation for a soil cylinder bounded externally by an insulating surface, located at the half-distance between adjacent roots and internally by the root surface. A sinusoidally varying uptake rate is employed to simulate the diurnal evaporative demand, while the actual water flux across the inner surface is controlled by the root surface matric potential through a stomatal adjustment function. The analysis is conducted for Chino clay, Pachappa sand, and Indio silt loam, using hydraulic parameters determined from piecewise continuous exponential functions of the dependent variable matching data for these soils. The analysis uses root radii of 0.003, 0.005, 0.010, and 0.020 cm and root densities of 0.080, 0.142, 0.318, and 0.650 cm root length per cubic centimeter of soil. Results show that the transient matric potential distribution in the soil depends strongly on the precise nature of the hydraulic prameters for each soil: as the soil loses water by transpiration, the value of the bulk soil matric potential decreases monotonically at a rate dependent upon the specific water capacity of the soil. For initial bulk soil potentials of −0.3 bar in the Chino and Indio, and −0.2 bar in the Pachappa, the initial rate of potential decrease with time is greatest in the Chino, followed by the Pachappa and Indio, respectively. The corresponding radial potential distribution around individual roots depends upon the instantaneous value of the soil water diffusivity, which decreases as the soil dries, creating steep potential gradients adjacent to the root, with the largest initial gradients occurring in the Chino clay, followed by equivalent gradients in the Pachappa sand and Indio silt loam. The relative rate of decrease in the bulk soil potential and the drawdown around a root for the three soils, however, changes with time as the soil dries. The drawdown around a root is reduced by increasing root densities, so that at low densities the root surface potential depends more closely upon the diffusivity, whereas at high densities the root surface potential depends more closely upon the specific water capacity. In addition, roots of smaller radii exhibit greater drawdown as the total root surface area decreases and the flux of water at the root surface increases. The simulation of root water uptake using piecewise continuous functional relationships for the diffusivity and specific capacity produces results that form a coherent illustration of plant survival in three diverse soil environments.
Wet Granular Matter: A Truly Complex Fluid

Having been of major concern only for process engineering a decade ago, wet granular matter has recently made its way into the realm of fundamental research. This owes in part to the fact that it joins conceptual simplicity of its microscopic interactions with experimental accessibility. It thus combines substantial technological relevance with basic science, providing a promising model system for the study of collective phenomena far from thermal equilibrium. This paper tries to provide the reader with an overview of the latest developments in the lively field of research on this novel member in the soft-matter genre.
Preparation of Cu2O/TiO2 nanotube arrays and their photoelectrochemical properties as hydrogen-evolving photoanode

Cu2O is an environment-friendly p-type semiconductor with narrow band gap (2.0~2.2eV), which has become a popular sensitizer of TiO2. The present work is focused on the preparation of Cu2O/TiO2 nanotube arrays heterostructures via electrochemical deposition. TiO2 nanotube arrays were prepared by anodic oxidation method and calcined at 450°C, then Cu2O were deposited on TiO2 nanotube arrays in a three-electrode system with surfactants PVP in electrolyte at different deposition potentials (-0.2V and-0.3V) for deposition time 5min. The results show that Cu2O nanoparticles deposit on TiO2 nanotube successfully. The obtained Cu2O nanoparticles were quite different in size at deposition potential -0.2V and -0.3V. The resulting Cu2O/TiO2 nanotube arrays have the significant photoresponse in visible light region. Under irradiation of solar simulator (AM1.5, 100mW/cm2), the photocurrent density of the Cu2O/TiO2 nanotube arrays when Cu2O was deposited at a voltage of -0.3V is more than that of pure TiO2 nanotube arrays.
Atmospheric deposition and N status of German beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest

The deposition situation of 1800 forest monitoring sites in Germany for the year 1989 could be explained by four factors (three, if the sea salt impact is excluded) with the help of a factor analysis. The factors were grouped into five deposition types with typical compounds and regional patterns. The results of the correlation analysis between N deposition components and parameters describing the N status of 51 beech forests revealed that the human induced increase of N input into forest ecosystems significantly influences important ecosystem parameters. However, not all of the observed effects can be interpreted as cause‐and‐effect relationships because of the lack of detailed data, for example, on soil solution and especially time series, but there are some clear trends. A significant impact of N deposition on low buffered beech forests could be detected. High N deposition corresponds with higher amounts of organic matter, higher C and N stocks in the organic layer as well as increased C/N ratios. Beech trees on sites with low Ntotal deposition have significant lower N content in their leaves. These findings indicate a higher N saturation of low buffered beech forest sites due to high N depositions. The study revealed a strong demand for time series data on intensive monitoring plots in beech forests. The findings should be further evaluated taking into account the trend towards declining deposition rates. Efforts should be strengthened to model atmospheric deposition – both site specific and on large scales.
Comparison of the pervaporation separation of a water–acetonitrile mixture with zeolite‐filled sodium alginate and poly(vinyl alcohol)–polyaniline semi‐interpenetrating polymer network membranes

The pervaporation (PV) separation performance of ZSM-5- and Na-Y-type zeolite-filled sodium alginate (NaAlg) membranes were compared with those of pure NaAlg and semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) membranes of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with polyaniline (PANI) for the dehydration of acetonitrile. The PV separation characteristics of the zeolite-filled membranes showed a dependence on the nature of the zeolites. The variation of the acidity function of the ZSM-5 zeolite had an influence on the flux and selectivity of the membranes when compared to unfilled membranes. The crosslinked membranes were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Increasing the PANI content of the semi-IPN network increased the separation selectivity. Among the NaAlg membranes, the plain NaAlg membrane showed the highest selectivity of 414 at 30 mass % water in the feed mixture, whereas the Na-Y- and ZSM-5 (40)-filled NaAlg membranes exhibited much lower values of selectivity, that is, 7.3 and 4.3, respectively for 30 mass % water in the feed. When the flux and selectivity data of ZSM-5 (250)-filled NaAlg membranes were compared with that of Na-Y- or ZSM-5 (40)-filled NaAlg membranes, a noticeable increase in the selectivity for the ZSM-5 (250)-filled NaAlg membrane was observed, but a somewhat comparable flux was observed compared to the plain NaAlg membrane. For the first time, PANI was polymerized with PVA to yield a semi-IPN. The total flux and water flux increased systematically, whereas the selectivity decreased greatly from 251.87 to 5.95 with increasing amounts of water in the feed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1968–1978, 2005
Carrier storage time of milliseconds at room temperature in self-organized quantum dots

Thermally activated hole emission from differently charged InAs∕GaAs quantum dots (QDs) was investigated by using deep level transient spectroscopy. In a sample with an additional AlGaAs barrier below the QD layer, a thermal activation energy of 560meV for hole emission from the QD ground states over the AlGaAs barrier is obtained. This large activation energy leads to a hole storage time at room temperature of about 5ms, which is in the order of magnitude of a typical dynamic random access memory (DRAM) refresh time.
Effect of the potassium permanganate during papaya fruit ripening: Ethylene production

The effect of potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) on the ripening process of papaya fruits by monitoring the ethylene emission rates is reported. The ethylene emission was monitored by a photoacoustic spectrometer. Two experimental conditions were applied, being one of them just putting the fruit alone inside the sampling chamber and the second, modifying the atmosphere by the presence of KMnO 4 . The use of the ethylene absorber reduces the autocatalytic process of ethylene during papaya fruit ripening. For 20 g of KMnO 4 the maximal intensity of the ethylene emission decreases by a factor two. Using the same amount of KMnO 4 , a reduction of about 2.2 % in the concentration of ethylene for a mixture of 1ppmv of ethylene in synthetic air was observed.
Low-Temperature Spray Drying for the Microencapsulation of the Fungus Beauveria bassiana

Low-temperature spray drying was used to microencapsulate the conidia of Beauveria bassiana. In order to prolong the activity of the conidia and improve their shelf life, various polymers (including hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose [HPMC], chitosan, dextrin, skimmed milk, and polyvinylpyrrolidone [PVP K90]) were examined as encapsulation matrices. Different inlet/outlet temperatures, compositions of the carrier systems, and conidia concentrations were examined with respect to spore viability. Moreover, the production characteristics, such as particle size distribution, entrapment efficiency, and shape, were investigated. The best encapsulated products were obtained using a matrix composed of 10% dextrin, 10% skimmed milk, and 5% PVP K90 as the coating material. The conidia exhibited 80% viability, even after storage for 6 months at 4°C. The microspheres obtained by spray drying were spherical with smooth or wrinkled surfaces. The mean particle size was in the range of 2.5–10 μm. The yield (%) using dextrin/SM/PVP K90 as coating material having maximum viability was 68 ± 4, whereas that with dextrin only as coating material was 85 ± 3.
Synthesis of Na-2-mica from metakaolin and its cation exchange properties

Na-2-mica of the ideal composition of Na2Mg6Al2Si6O20F4·xH2O was prepared from a mixture of NaF, magnesium nitrate, SiO2 and calcined kaolinite (the latter serving as a cost-effective aluminosilicate source) at 800 °C and was found to excel in Sr removal from solutions at room temperature. This mica was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 27Al and 29Si magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR) spectroscopy. Fundamental studies of nNa+ → Mn+ (Mn+ = Sr2+, Ca2+, Li+, K+ and Cs+) equilibria revealed a high selectivity and large capacity for Sr2+ ion uptake. A relatively low-temperature heat treatment (200 °C) of the Sr-exchanged mica resulted in collapse of the hydrated interlayer spacings of the mica, which will be useful to immobilize strontium in the stable unhydrated phase. This selective Sr-ion exchanger is expected to be useful for 90Sr removal and its immobilization.
Determination of total lipid using non-chlorinated solvents

The restrictions on the use of chlorinated solvents under the Montreal Protocol makes it necessary to develop an alternative method to the Bligh and Dyer lipid extraction as currently applied to marine tissues. Several different solvent mixtures were systematically tested as a replacement for chloroform. The presence of a polar solvent is a prerequisite in order to obtain phase separation between the aqueous and organic phases, but too high a concentration of solvent in the aqueous phase prevents the more polar lipids from being extracted. A high content of water in the organic phase can result in co-extraction of non-lipids. Several combinations of solvents may be able to extract lipids, but for reasons of safety and toxicity, a propan-2-ol–cyclohexane–water (8 + 10 + 11 v/v/v) mixture has been proposed. The method is not sensitive to a wide range of sample-phase volume ratios provided that the solvent compositions remain constant. Application to plaice, mussel and herring samples showed results that were in agreement with the extraction following Bligh and Dyer using chloroform and methanol.
CONVERSION OF METHANOL TO HYDROCARBONS OVER NI-ZSM-5 CATALYST

As stock of crude oil is limited, new resources for fuel and petrochemicals are required to be developed. Natural gas or biogas can be easily converted into methanol which can be converted into gasoline and olefins. This study uses zeolite catalyst (ZSM-5) and its modification by Ni to convert methanol to hydrocarbons (MTH). Catalysts are studied at different temperatures and at different loadings of Ni for their performance in the MTH reaction. Modified ZSM-5 catalysts are characterized by XRD and BET. It was found that 8%Ni-ZSM-5 catalyst gives better results at 723K.