Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mind Your Format: Towards Consistent Evaluation of In-Context Learning Improvements

Large language models demonstrate a remarkable capability for learning to solve new tasks from a few examples. The prompt template, or the way the input examples are formatted to obtain the prompt, is an important yet often overlooked aspect of in-context learning. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive study of the template format's influence on the in-context learning performance. We evaluate the impact of the prompt template across models (from 770M to 70B parameters) and 4 standard classification datasets. We show that a poor choice of the template can reduce the performance of the strongest models and inference methods to a random guess level. More importantly, the best templates do not transfer between different setups and even between models of the same family. Our findings show that the currently prevalent approach to evaluation, which ignores template selection, may give misleading results due to different templates in different works. As a first step towards mitigating this issue, we propose Template Ensembles that aggregate model predictions across several templates. This simple test-time augmentation boosts average performance while being robust to the choice of random set of templates.
Analysis of wavenumber resonances for the Rayleigh system in a half space

We present a comprehensive analysis of wavenumber resonances or leaking modes associated with the Rayleigh operator in a half space containing a heterogeneous slab, being motivated by seismology. To this end, we introduce Jost solutions on an appropriate Riemann surface, a boundary matrix and a reflection matrix in analogy to the studies of scattering resonances associated with the Schrödinger operator. We analyse their analytic properties and characterize the distribution of these wavenumber resonances. Furthermore, we show that the resonances appear as poles of the meromorphic continuation of the resolvent to the nonphysical sheets of the Riemann surface as expected.
Robust fully discrete error bounds for the Kuznetsov equation in the inviscid limit

The Kuznetsov equation is a classical wave model of acoustics that incorporates quadratic gradient nonlinearities. When its strong damping vanishes, it undergoes a singular behavior change, switching from a parabolic-like to a hyperbolic quasilinear evolution. In this work, we establish for the first time the optimal error bounds for its finite element approximation as well as a semi-implicit fully discrete approximation that are robust with respect to the vanishing damping parameter. The core of the new arguments lies in devising energy estimates directly for the error equation where one can more easily exploit the polynomial structure of the nonlinearities and compensate inverse estimates with smallness conditions on the error. Numerical experiments are included to illustrate the theoretical results.
Continuous microwave photon counting by semiconductor-superconductor hybrids

The growing interest in quantum information has enabled the manipulation and readout of microwave photon states with high fidelities. The presently available microwave photon counters, based on superconducting circuits, are limited to non-continuous pulsed mode operation, requiring additional steps for qubit state preparation before an actual measurement. Here, we present a continuous microwave photon counter based on superconducting cavity-coupled semiconductor quantum dots. The device utilizes photon-assisted tunneling in a double quantum dot with tunneling events being probed by a third dot. Our device detects both single and multiple-photon absorption events independently, thanks to the energy tunability of a two-level double-dot absorber. We show that the photon-assisted tunnel rates serve as the measure of the cavity photon state in line with the P(E) theory - a theoretical framework delineating the mediation of the cavity photon field via a two-level environment. We further describe the single photon detection using the Jaynes-Cummings input-output theory and show that it agrees with the P(E) theory predictions.
A rigidity result for coisotropic submanifolds in contact geometry

We study coisotropic deformations of a compact regular coisotropic submanifold $C$ in a contact manifold $(M,\xi)$. Our main result states that $C$ is rigid among nearby coisotropic submanifolds whose characteristic foliation is diffeomorphic to that of $C$. When combined with a classical rigidity result for foliations, this yields conditions under which $C$ is rigid among all nearby coisotropic submanifolds.
On the stability of fractional order Leslie-Gower type model with non-monotone functional response of intermediate predator

In this paper, an attempt is made to understand the dynamics of a fractional order three species Leslie-Gower predator prey food chain model with simplified Holling type IV functional response by considering fractional derivative in Caputo Sense. First, we prove different mathematical results like existence, uniqueness, non-negativity and boundedness of the solutions of fractional order dynamical system. The dissipativeness of the solution of the FDE system is discussed. Further, we investigate the Local stability criteria of all feasible equilibrium points. Global stability of the interior equilibrium point have also been discussed here. Using realistic parameter values, numerically it has been observed that the fractional order system shows more complex dynamics, like chaos as fractional order becomes larger. Analytical results are illustrated with several examples in numerical section.
An Empirical Investigation into the Effect of Parameter Choices in Knowledge Distillation

We present a large-scale empirical study of how choices of configuration parameters affect performance in knowledge distillation (KD). An example of such a KD parameter is the measure of distance between the predictions of the teacher and the student, common choices for which include the mean squared error (MSE) and the KL-divergence. Although scattered efforts have been made to understand the differences between such options, the KD literature still lacks a systematic study on their general effect on student performance. We take an empirical approach to this question in this paper, seeking to find out the extent to which such choices influence student performance across 13 datasets from 4 NLP tasks and 3 student sizes. We quantify the cost of making sub-optimal choices and identify a single configuration that performs well across the board.
Analytic and conformal scattering in general relativity

This paper is about two important trends of scattering theory in general relativity: time-dependent spectral analytic scattering and conformal scattering. The former was initiated by Jonathan Dimock and Bernard Kay in the mid-1980s and is based on spectral and functional analysis. The latter was proposed by Roger Penrose in 1965 and then constructed for the first time by Gerard Friedlander in 1980 by putting together Penrose’s conformal method and another analytic approach to scattering: the Lax–Phillips theory due to Peter Lax and Ralph Phillips. We shall review the history of the two approaches and explain their general principles. We shall also explore an important question: ‘can the tools of one approach be used to obtain a complete construction in the other? ’ This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘At the interface of asymptotics, conformal methods and analysis in general relativity’.
Ancestral institutions and the salience of African ethnicity: Theory and Evidence

Abstract This paper advances a pre-colonial institutional thesis to explain the variation in the salience of ethnicity in African societies. It posits that pre-colonial political centralization facilitated the accumulation of economic and institutional advantages, positioning descendants of centralized ethnic groups to benefit from these advantages within postcolonial states. Social identity choices are rational; therefore, descendants of centralized ethnic groups, who enjoy greater advantages within the nation, find less incentive to choose their ethnicity over their national identity. Examples from Ethiopia and Ghana as well as the evidence from combining individual-level survey data from the Afrobarometer with historical data on pre-colonial political centralization support the theoretical claim. In particular, the paper presents both theory and evidence indicating that individuals with ancestors from politically centralized pre-colonial societies are less likely to favour their ethnic identity over their national identity . These findings underscore the importance of considering pre-colonial legacies when promoting national unity.
ANCA Vasculitis in Algeria

Results: The mean age of patients was 51 years, the diagnosis was: 14 cases of GPA, 21 cases of microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), 04 cases of EGPA, 53 subjects had signs of overlap between the GPA and MPA. The clinical picture was dominated by renal disease followed by lung disease and rheumatologic signs. Some patients had cardiac involvement. 71 patients had p-ANCA (77, 2%), of which 43 was anti-MPO specificity (46.7%), 21 patients had c-ANCA (22.8%), including 9 with a specific anti-PR3 (98%), 40 patients showed no 2 searched specificities (43.4%).
Grain Cultivation and Its Association Problems: Overview of Ghana

Cereal carbohydrate has been the main fuel energy for running the human machine. Out of the 90% of the world’s calorific requirement, wheat, maize and rice alone provide half the calories consumed globally. Maize provides major source of calories in Ghana with averaged annual production of 1.5 million MT between 2007 and 2010, accounting for over 50% of total grain output. Rice production stands at 300,000 MT, about 30% of the total rice requirement, and ranked second in grain production. Sorghum, a ‘grass roots’ traditional crop largely grown by subsistence farmers mainly in the Guinea and Sudan savannah Zones under rain-fed conditions. Sorghum is ranked third in cereal production and per capita consumption is recently increasing with its industrial usage in beer brewing. Pearl millet domestication in northern Ghana dates back to about 1250 BC or 1459 BC. Wheat locally produced accounts for less than a tenth of total percent of available supply due hot climate not conducive for its cultivation. Per capita wheat consumption is about 12.5 kg. Grains are lost after harvest in sub-Saharan Africa with estimated value of USD 4 billion, which exceeds food aid received in recent decade and equates annual cereal imports to SSA. About 47% of USD 940 billion needed to eradicate hunger in SSA by 2050 will be required in postharvest sector. The objective of this paper was to review current literature on the major grains cultivated as staple crops, and grain losses experienced in Ghana.
Mechanical factors in the design of the skull of tyrannosaurus rex (Osborn, 1905)

Mechanical analyses, borrowed from mechanical engineering, suggest that the skull of Tyrannosaurus rex (OSBORN, 1905) was constructed to resist strong, more or less vertically-directed forces during biting. Space frame analysis indicates that the skull structure was stable under a plausible regime of forces impressed during biting and supporting the weight ofthe head. Trajectory analysis suggests that major openings (orbits, fenestrae) and sinuses were located in regions away from major stress concentrations. The recurved teeth seem to be curved so that the radius of curvature of the tooth matches the distance from the tooth to the craniomandibular joint. KURZZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Mechanische Analysen, basierend auf Ergebnissen aus dem Maschinenbau, zeigen, dass der Schadel von Tyrannosaurus rex (OSBORN, 1905) so konstruiert war, dass er starker, mehr oder weniger vertikal orientierter Krafteinwirkung wahrend des Bisses widerstehen konnte. Verspannungsanalysen deuten darauf hin, dass die Schadelstruktur stabil genug war einer entsprechenden Krafteinwirkung wahrend des Bisses standzuhalten und das Gewicht des Kopfes zu stOlzen. Die Analyse der Krafttrajektorien zeigt, daB sich die Hauptoffnungen (Orbita, Fenestrae) und Sinus nicht an den Punkten der grossten Belastungskonzentration befanden. Die zuriickgebogenen Zahne scheinen so gekriimmt zu sein, daB der Kriimmungsradius des Zahnes der Distanz zum Kiefergelenk proportional ist.
PERSPECTIVE AND RELATIONSHIP QUESTION OF INTRACTABLE FARMER-HERDER CONFLICTS IN GHANA, AFRICA

Cultural factors underpin most of the intractable farmer-herder conflicts in Africa, as in Ghana. Nonetheless, these factors gained limited scholarly attention. This paper examines the infamous farmer-herder conflict in the Asante-Akyem District of the Ashanti Region. Four hundred respondents cumulatively were randomly and purposely selected in a mixed study design. A cross-tabulation was ran to determine the extent to which differences in nationality, religion, norms, values, and stereotyping played roles in the conflict. The study found that; 94.7% of farmers, 88.7% of herders, 87.9% of middle persons’ group, and 83.3% of chiefs and cattle owners respectively, agreed that the differences in these variables are the prime cultural factors that have sustained the conflict and impeded its resolution. The study recommends a re-socialisation of Fulani herders and their host communities by conflict experts and other stakeholders through workshops to foster healthy co-existence in their diversities.
Geochemistry and petrology of howardite Miller Range 11100: A lithologically diverse piece of the Vestan regolith

The howardite‐eucrite‐diogenite (HED) clan of meteorites, which most likely originate from the asteroid Vesta, provide an opportunity to combine in‐depth sample analysis with the comprehensive remote‐sensing data set from NASA's recent Dawn mission. Miller Range (MIL) 11100, an Antarctic howardite, contains diverse rock and mineral fragments from common HED lithologies (diogenites, cumulate eucrites, and basaltic eucrites). It also contains a rare pyroxferroite‐bearing lithology—not recognized in HED until recently—and rare Mg‐rich (Fo86‐91) olivine crystals that possibly represent material excavated from the Vestan mantle. Clast components underwent different histories of thermal and impact metamorphism before being incorporated into this sample, reflecting the diversity in geological histories experienced by different parts of Vesta. The bulk chemical composition and petrography of MIL 11100 suggest that it is akin to the fragmental howardite meteorites. The strong lithological heterogeneity across this sample suggests that at least some parts of the Vestan regolith show heterogeneity on the mm‐scale. We combine the outcomes of this study with data from NASA's Dawn mission and hypothesize on possible source regions for this meteorite on the surface of Vesta.
Why and how do parents secretly abandon their children? The psychosocial burden they went through: Qualitative case study in Gondar City, Ethiopia

Purpose Globally, studies on parents who secretly abandoned their children scarce and were unavailable in Ethiopia. This study, therefore, explored the lived experiences of mothers/fathers who secretly abandoned their children. Methods Qualitative case study design was employed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with purposefully selected parents in Gondar city. Thematic content analysis was employed to analyse the data. Results In the present study, three core themes emerged: parents’ situation before delivery, parents’ child abandoning experiences, and parents’ psychosocial conditions after abandonment. Contextual factors before and after the child is born (e.g. challenging life situation, unwanted pregnancy, rape/abuse, etc.) played important roles in later child abandonment. Child abandonment is a process that includes contemplation, preparations and taking actions. Economic hardships, exacerbated by sociocultural factors pushed parents to abandon their children. Psychological sufferings begin before abandonment and continued after the abandonment.
Two new species of gymnophthalmid lizards of the genus Petracola (Squamata: Cercosaurinae) from the Andes of northeastern Peru, and their phylogenetic relationships

—The small and semi-fossorial lizards of the genus Petracola are distributed in the Andes from central to northern Peru, on both sides of the dry valley of the Marañon River. Very little is known about the taxonomy of Petracola , but it is presumed that this genus harbors a higher number of species than is currently known. Here, we used a Maximum Likelihood (ML) molecular phylogenetic analysis using concatenated fragments of four mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, cyt-b , and ND4) and one nuclear gene (c-mos), and the revision of museum specimens, to determine the species diversity of populations of Petracola on both sides of the Marañon River. Our results show that Petracola is a monophyletic genus composed of three independent lineages. The first lineage includes two undescribed species from the right side of the Marañon River, which we describe herein. The second lineage corresponds to P. ventrimaculatus , and the third lineage includes P. waka which contains undescribed species. Among the two new species from the right side of the Marañon River, P. amazonensis can be identified by having only the first superciliary expanded to the dorsal surface, two pairs of genials in contact, absence of a loreal scale, venter orange with black spots forming a transverse band, absence of precloacal pores, and a maximum SVL of 43.0 mm in females; whereas P. shurugojalcapi can be identified by having two genials in contact, absence of a loreal scale, two discontinuous superciliaries, black venter, dorsum dark brown or black with some cream spots, and an absence of precloacal pores. The two new species increase the diversity of this genus to seven species, four of which inhabit the right side of the dry valley of the Marañon River. However, like other genera of gymnophthalmid Andean lizards, the diversity of Petracola is still underestimated.
TITLE: Trial of a desktop virtual reality application as a method of exposure for test anxiety: a qualitative study

Test anxiety involves feelings of discomfort, fear, and worry, impacting students' wellbeing and academic performance. Virtual reality exposure (VRE) shows promise in mitigating test anxiety, but existing applications concern only written exams. Few VRE applications simulate one-on-one interviews with examiners, and applications for public speaking focus on formal presentations before an audience. This paper concerns a trial of a VRE application that deals with oral exams, presenting a qualitative study of a sample of undergraduate students who autonomously used the VRE application in their homes over three weeks. The application exposes students to scenarios in which a virtual examiner displays friendly, partially friendly, or unfriendly behavior while asking questions selected from a pool defined by the student. Participants were interviewed to investigate their perceptions of and experience with the application. Thematic analysis of participants’ interviews indicates that they perceived the VRE application as valuable not only for studying and practicing oral exams, but also for handling emotional aspects associated with the exam. Moreover, the application helped to increase confidence and awareness of preparation level among some participants. Finally, the paper describes participants’ suggestions emerged from the study that can be used to inform the design of this type of applications.
Smith ScholarWorks Smith ScholarWorks

Hoarding disorder is characterized by difficulty parting with possessions and by clutter that impairs the functionality of living spaces. Cognitive behavioral therapy conducted by a therapist (individual or in a group) for hoarding symptoms has shown promise. For those who cannot afford or access the services of a therapist, one alternative is an evidence-based, highly structured, short-term, skills-based group using CBT principles but led by non-professional facilitators (the Buried in Treasures [BIT] Workshop). BIT has achieved improvement rates similar to those of psychologist-led CBT. Regardless of modality, however, clinically relevant symptoms remain after treatment
APPLICATION OF INCOME CAPITALIZATION APPROACH FOR VALUATION OF INVESTMENT PROPERTIES: ENUGU, NIGERIA AS A TEST MARKET.

ABSRTACT Generic valuation theories stipulate that the income capitalization approach is most appropriate in valuing investment properties for mortgages, sales, and other purposes. However, there appears to be a gap in the extant literature with regard to the extent to which valuers adopt this method in valuing income generating properties in the study area. This informs the aim of the study, which is to examine the application of the income capitalization approach in the valuation of investment properties in Enugu. The study adopted the survey research design. Data was obtained from primary sources using a data collection pro forma administered to a holistic sampling of ninety valuers in Enugu. Upon analysis with descriptive statistics, findings showed a greater percentage of valuers employed the depreciated replacement cost method rather than the income capitalization approach. Thus, the study proffered recommendations that would enhance the application of the income capitalization approach in valuing income generating properties in Enugu.
Comparing the Effect of Four Propagation Techniques on Hybrid Chestnut Seedling Quality

Due to both non-normality and heteroscedasticity, data for root volume were analyzed using a Kruskal-Wallis test comparing propagation method, mixes, and propagation method*medium. The effects of seed weight, height at 60 days, and ground line diameter at 60 days on measures of seedling quality were analyzed using nested model comparisons. Analysis of chlorophyll levels (SPAD values) were analyzed using an ANOVA with simple effects to examine the effects of each mix type within each propagation method, and to examine the effects of each propagation method within each mix type using Tukey HSD post-hoc analyses. All statistical analyses were completed in SPSS 27 (IBM Corp., 2020).
Time Series Model of Occupational Injuries Analysis in Ghanaian Mines-A Case Study

This study has modeled occupational injuries at Gold Fields Ghana Limited (GFGL), Tarkwa Mine using time series analysis. Data was collected from the Safety and Environment Department from January 2007 to December 2010. Testing for stationarity condition using line graph from Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 17.0 edition failed, hence the use of Box-Jenkins method of differencing which tested positive after the first difference. ARIMA (1,1,1) model was then applied in modeling the stationary data and model diagnostic was done to ensure its appropriateness. The model was further used to forecast the occurrence of injuries at GFGL for two year period spanning from January 2011 to December 2012. The results show that occupational injuries for GFGL are going to have a slight upward and downward movement from January 2011 to May 2011, after which there will be stability (almost zero) from June 2011 to December 2012.