Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Terrorism–Tourism–Economic Growth Nexus in India: An NARDL Evidence

Some of the major tourist destinations in India are also reeling under terror. This study examines the causal relationship between terrorism and tourism and economy impact in the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Assam and Manipur using the asymmetric nonlinear autoregressive-distributed lag (NARDL) approach. The study is an attempt to investigate the ‘tourism–terrorism–economy’ relationship which has hitherto been not widely studied. The estimates based on the Granger causality approach demonstrate that there is causality among terrorism, tourism and economic growth (proxied by state gross domestic products—SGDP) in the short run for all the three study states. The results indicate positive relation between SGDP and tourism in all the three states and between SGDP and terrorism in Assam and Manipur. However, the relation between SGDP and terrorism is negative for Jammu and Kashmir. The results indicate that the relation between the three study variables is highly contextual and cannot be generalized across tourist destinations.
Stepwise target controllability identifies dysregulations of macrophage networks in multiple sclerosis

Abstract Identifying the nodes able to drive the state of a network is crucial to understand, and eventually control, biological systems. Despite recent advances, such identification remains difficult because of the huge number of equivalent controllable configurations, even in relatively simple networks. Based on the evidence that in many applications it is essential to test the ability of individual nodes to control a specific target subset, we develop a fast and principled method to identify controllable driver-target configurations in sparse and directed networks. We demonstrate our approach on simulated networks and experimental gene networks to characterize macrophage dysregulation in human subjects with multiple sclerosis.
Kinetics of the Selective Hydrogenation of Pyrolysis Gasoline

The kinetics of the selective hydrogenation of pyrolysis gasoline (pygas) over commercial Pd/Al 2 O 3 catalyst particles were investigated using a stirred semi-batch reactor in the absence of transport limitations. The effects of reaction temperature and pressure on the conversion of styrene, cyclopentadiene, cyclopentene and 1-hexene were obtained over ranges of temperature (313-343 K) and total pressure (2-5 MPa). Competitive hydrogenation between monoolefins and diolefins was extensive, and the reaction rates of diolefins were much faster than those of the monoolefins. A Langmuir-Hinshelwood type model was proposed and successfully fitted to the experimental data. The kinetic and adsorption parameters were estimated by using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method together with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, which minimized the residual sum of squares between the experimental concentrations and the calculated values. The orders of the estimated activation energies and the adsorption parameters were consistent with the order of the reaction rates of monoolefins and diolefins.
On passives of passives

Abstract:Perlmutter and Postal (1977 and subsequent) argued that passives cannot passivize. Three prima facie counterexamples have come to light, found in Turkish, Lithuanian, and Sanskrit. We reexamine these three cases and demonstrate that rather than counterexemplifying Perlmutter and Postal's generalization, these confirm it. The Turkish construction is an impersonal of a passive, the Lithuanian is an evidential of a passive, and the Sanskrit is an unaccusative with an instrumental case-marked theme. We provide a syntactic analysis of both the Turkish impersonal and the Lithuanian evidential. Finally, we develop an analysis of the passive that captures the generalization that passives cannot passivize.
Investigation of the homogeneous nucleation of water vapor using a diffusion cloud chamber

The temperature variation of the critical supersaturation for water vapor has been measured using a diffusion cloud chamber. By attaching a layer of glass wool to the upper plate of the chamber, the persistent refusal (in previous experiments) of water to wet this plate has been overcome. As a result, for the first time measurements without appreciable scatter have been achieved for water vapor. The resulting temperature dependence agrees reasonably well with that predicted by the classical Becker‐Doering‐Zeldovitch theory, while the experimental curve is shifted by approximately 8% from the classical prediction.
Phase Equilibria of (1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Ethylsulfate + Hydrocarbon, + Ketone, and + Ether) Binary Systems

The mutual solubilities of [EMIM][EtSO4], namely, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate, with n-alkanes (hexane or octane), aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, or ethylbenzene), ketones (pentan-2-one, pentan-3-one, hexan-2-one, or heptan-4-one), ethers (dibutyl ether, tert-butyl-methyl ether, tert-butyl-ethyl ether, or tetrahydrofuran), and with dimethylsulfoxide, DMSO, have been measured at ambient pressure by a dynamic method from (250 to 420) K. The upper critical solution temperatures (UCSTs) were not observed for these systems, because they were at a temperature >420 K. The solubilities of [EMIM][EtSO4] in n-alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons decrease with an increase of the molecular weight of the solvent. The experimental results have been correlated using the NRTL equation. The average root-mean square deviation of the equilibrium mole fraction for all the liquid−liquid equilibrium (LLE) data was 0.0033.
Neutron powder diffraction at pressures beyond 25 GPa

Full structural studies of condensed media under high pressure by neutron powder diffraction have been limited in practice to 2–3 GPa for several decades. This range is in general too small to allow a precise determination of the pressure dependence of atomic coordinates. As a consequence, almost no direct measurements exist, for example, of the pressure dependence of the bond lengths in H2 and the planetary ices. In this letter, a technique is presented which makes it possible to pressurize samples of 35 mm3 volume up to 30 GPa and to collect neutron diffraction patterns in a few hours by time‐of‐flight techniques. This method provides data which can be treated by Rietveld profile refinement methods, as demonstrated on a sample of D2O ice VII at 26 GPa. This represents a tenfold increase of the pressure range over which refinable neutron diffraction data can be obtained and should have a number of applications in such fields as fundamental physicochemistry, and geo‐ and planetary sciences.
Catalytic oxidation of chloroform over a 2% platinum alumina catalyst

Catalytic oxidation is a viable means for controlling industrial offgas emissions. The complete catalytic oxidation of chloroform over a 2% platinum [alpha]-alumina catalyst was investigated using a fixed bed catalytic reactor operated at temperatures between 300 and 400 [degree]C and concentrations between 100 and 5,000 ppm (v/v) in humid air at atmospheric pressure. A kinetic rate expression was developed to describe the data over the range of conditions investigated. The rate expression was developed by assuming an interaction between gas-phase chloroform and adsorbed oxygen, with the reaction being inhibited by the adsorption of reaction product HCl. The presence of water in the feed stream shifted the reaction products from Cl[sub 2] to HCl, suggesting that water plays a role in the reaction scheme.
Intensification in Portuguese: A Cross-dialectal Study of Muito and Bem

Abstract:Intensifiers have been the focus of a number of studies over the past decade, with considerable interest in their meaning and variability. Several scholars have discussed the use of such forms, particularly in English (Ito and Tagliamonte 2003, Tagliamonte 2008) and Spanish (Brown and Cortés-Torres 2013; Kanwit et al. 2017), exploring their structure and sociolinguistics. The objectives of the current analysis are 1) to explain the use and behavior of the canonical intensifier muito and its more colloquial counterpart bem; and 2) to understand this dichotomy in four varieties of Portuguese, namely Angolan, Brazilian, European, and Mozambican. Previous studies have shown that intensifier variation in English (e.g., very versus really) and Spanish (e.g., muy versus bien) is sensitive to a variety of language-internal and -external factors. Using a Digital Humanities-informed approach with corpus data from Corpus de referência do português contemporâneo (CRPC) and Spoken Portuguese Corpus (SPC), we show that the distribution of Portuguese muito and bem, while semantically parallel to that Spanish muy/bien, displays a wide range of dialectal nuances. This work is the first to provide a comprehensive account of the behavior of intensifiers in Portuguese, both within and across dialects.
On the dynamics of cavity clusters

A non-equilibrium, two-phase model for a plane, one-dimensional system is used to calculate the pressure and cavitation development in water containing free gas as cavitation nuclei. Two cases are considered, (i) the field between a vibrating horn and a stationary specimen which is placed at a small distance from the horn, and (ii) a water column in a flat-bottomed tube which is accelerated by axial impact on the tube. The calculations are based on data corresponding to experimental investigations and the calculated developments are compared with the observed cavitation processes.
Utilization of mineral nitrogen in the subsoil by winter wheat

Uptake of nitrogen from the subsoil (30–200 cm) by winter wheat has been measured in field experiments on deep loess-parabrown soils in northern Germany and at Rothamsted (England) for different crop rotations and manuring schemes. The results can be summarised as follows: 1 The mineral nitrogen content of the subsoil varies widely depending on farming practice. 2 The effective depth limit for N uptake by winter wheat appears to be 150 cm. 3 Averaged over 22 sites, 33% of the total N uptake was from the subsoil (range 9–75%); 25% was from the 30–90 cm soil layer and 8% from the 90–150 cm soil layer. 4 Decreasing the N supply to the topsoil increased N uptake from the subsoil. 5 N uptake from the subsoil is not dependent on water uptake from the subsoil; nitrate is readily transported to absorbing roots by diffusion. 6 When deciding on the rate of fertilizer N to apply in early spring, soil mineral N to a depth of 90 cm should be taken into account. For subsequent dressings, the soil mineral N between 90–150 cm depth needs to be considered. Ausnutzung von Mineralstickstoff im Unterboden durch Winterweizen Die N-Aufnahme aus dem Unterboden (30–200 cm) von Winterweizen wurde auf tiefgrundigen Los-Parabraunerden in Sudhannover und in Rothamsted (England) bei unterschiedlicher Fruchtfolge und organischer Dungung bestimmt. Im einzelnen wurden folgende Ergebnisse erzielt: 1) Die Hohe des Mineralstickstoffgehaltes im Unterboden hangt von der Bewirtschaftungsweise ab. 2) Bis zu einer Bodentiefe von 150 cm kann Winterweizen nennenswerte N-Mengen aufnehmen. 3) Im Durchschnitt von 22 Standorten deckte Winterweizen seinen N-Bedarf zu 33% aus dem Unterboden (Streubreite 9–75%); dabei stammten 25% aus der Schicht 30–90 cm und 8% aus der Schicht 90–150 cm. 4) Abnehmendes N-Angebot im Oberboden erhohte die N-Aufnahme im Unterboden. 5) Die N-Aufnahme aus dem Unterboden erfolgte unabhangig von der Wasseraufnahme aus dieser Bodenschicht. Dabei wurde Nitrat uberwiegend durch Diffusion an die Wurzel transportiert. 6) Bei der N-Fruhjahrsdungung sollte der Mineralstickstoffgehalt (Nmin) in der Schicht 0–90 cm berucksichtigt werden. Fur die Bemessung der Schosser- und Ahrengabe ist der Nmin-Gehalt in der Schicht 90–150 cm von Bedeutung.
Mothers’ education and the effectiveness of nutrition programmes: evidence from a matched cross-sectional study in rural Bangladesh

ABSTRACT BRAC Bangladesh trains community health workers to communicate about nutrition in its Maternal, Newborn and Child Health programme. We estimate the programme’s impact on nutrition outcomes among rural Bangladeshi children of two years and younger. We find positive effects on dietary diversity, and show that the programme reduces stunting with 7 percentage points using data from 1600 households in 40 beneficiary mouzas and 40 comparison mouzas. We find larger effects for households where primary caregivers have finished primary school. We did not find effects on wasting, which in contrast to stunting is higher among children with primary caregivers without education.
Affective Variables and Cognitive Performances During Exercise in a Group of Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Previous research has documented that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with cognitive impairment. Psychological variables were repeatedly investigated to understand why T2DM patients are poorly active, despite standards of medical care recommends performing aerobic and resistance exercise regularly and reducing the amount of time spent sitting. This exploratory study aims to investigate how affective variables as thoughts, feelings, and individuals’ stage of exercise adoption can modulate low cognitive performances during an experimental procedure based on exercise. The Exercise Thoughts Questionnaire (ETQ), Exercise-Induced Feeling Scale (EFI), and Physical Activity Stage of Change were administered to a sample of 12 T2DM patients. The Bivalent Shape Task (BST) alone (BST), BST with exercise [control exercise recovery (CER) + BST], and BST with metaboreflex [post-exercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) + BST] were used as mental task, and response time to congruent, incongruent, and neutral stimuli was recorded. Concomitant cerebral oxygenation (COX) was evaluated by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). As expected, T2DM patients performed significantly better when the stimulus was presented in congruent trials (followed by neutral and incongruent). In the CER + BST session, T2DM patients showed longer reaction time to incongruent trials than in the PEMI + BST and BST alone sessions. Positive feelings toward exercise seem to modulate cognitive performances in high challenging task only if T2DM patients were conscious to play exercise. These results could provide some insights for health intervention targeting exercise for patients with T2DM in order to enhance cognitive performances.
Nostalgia and Heroism: Theoretical Convergence of Memory, Motivation, and Function

This article seeks to develop theoretical convergences between the science of nostalgia and the science of heroism. We take four approaches in forging a conceptual relationship between these two phenomena. First, we examine the definitions of nostalgia and heroism from scholars, laypeople, and across cultures, noting how the history of defining the two phenomena has shaped current conceptualizations. Second, we demonstrate how nostalgic experiences consist of reminiscences about our own personal heroism and about cultural role models and heroes. A review of heroism research, moreover, shows also that our recall of our heroes and of heroism is tinged with nostalgia. Third, we make linkages between heroism and nostalgia research focusing on functions, inspiration, sociality, and motivation. Nostalgia researchers have illuminated the functions of nostalgia implicating the self, existential concerns, goal pursuit, and sociality. Our review shows that heroism researchers invoke similar categories of hero functionality. Finally, we propose three areas of future research that can profit from the merging of nostalgia and heroism science, involving the mechanisms by which (a) heroism can fuel nostalgia, (b) nostalgia can promote heroic action, and (c) wisdom results from nostalgic reverie.
Bitstream-Based Neural Network for Scalable, Efficient, and Accurate Deep Learning Hardware

While convolutional neural networks (CNNs) continue to renew state-of-the-art performance across many fields of machine learning, their hardware implementations tend to be very costly and inflexible. Neuromorphic hardware, on the other hand, targets higher efficiency but their inference accuracy lags far behind that of CNNs. To bridge the gap between deep learning and neuromorphic computing, we present bitstream-based neural network, which is both efficient and accurate as well as being flexible in terms of arithmetic precision and hardware size. Our bitstream-based neural network (called SC-CNN) is built on top of CNN but inspired by stochastic computing (SC), which uses bitstreams to represent numbers. Being based on CNN, our SC-CNN can be trained with backpropagation, ensuring very high inference accuracy. At the same time our SC-CNN is deterministic, hence repeatable, and is highly accurate and scalable even to large networks. Our experimental results demonstrate that our SC-CNN is highly accurate up to ImageNet-targeting CNNs, and improves efficiency over conventional digital designs ranging through 50–100% in operations-per-area depending on the CNN and the application scenario, while losing <1% in recognition accuracy. In addition, our SC-CNN implementations can be much more fault-tolerant than conventional digital implementations.
Target Molecules of STIM Proteins in the Central Nervous System

Stromal interaction molecules (STIMs), including STIM1 and STIM2, are single-pass transmembrane proteins that are located predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). They serve as calcium ion (Ca2+) sensors within the ER. In the central nervous system (CNS), they are involved mainly in Orai-mediated store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). The key molecular components of the SOCE pathway are well-characterized, but the molecular mechanisms that underlie the regulation of this pathway need further investigation. Numerous intracellular target proteins that are located in the plasma membrane, ER, cytoskeleton, and cytoplasm have been reported to play essential roles in concert with STIMs, such as conformational changes in STIMs, their translocation, the stabilization of their interactions with Orai, and the activation of other channels. The present review focuses on numerous regulators, such as Homer, SOCE-associated regulatory factor (SARAF), septin, synaptopodin, golli proteins, partner of STIM1 (POST), and transcription factors and proteasome inhibitors that regulate STIM-Orai interactions in the CNS. Further we describe novel roles of STIMs in mediating Ca2+ influx via other than Orai pathways, including TRPC channels, VGCCs, AMPA and NMDA receptors, and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. This review also summarizes recent findings on additional molecular targets of STIM proteins including SERCA, IP3Rs, end-binding proteins (EB), presenilin, and CaMKII. Dysregulation of the SOCE-associated toolkit, including STIMs, contributes to the development of neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease), traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, and stroke. Emerging evidence points to the role of STIM proteins and several of their molecular effectors and regulators in neuronal and glial physiology and pathology, suggesting their potential application for future therapeutic strategies.
Oral Administration of Penicillin or Streptomycin May Alter Serum Serotonin Level and Intestinal Motility via Different Mechanisms

Background/Aims Enterochromaffin cells (EC cells) constitute the largest population of enteroendocrine cells and release serotonin (5-HT) in response to mechanical and chemical cues of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). How EC cells respond to altered microbiota such as due to antibiotic treatments remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that the pacemaker channel HCN2 might contribute to the regulation of EC cells functions and their responses to antibiotics-induced changes in intestinal flora. Methods Mice were given either penicillin or streptomycin or both in drinking water for 10 consecutive days. The changes in the profile of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the cecum following penicillin or streptomycin treatments were tested by GC-MS. Serum 5-HT content, whole intestinal transit time, fecal water content, cecum weight and expression of HCN2 and TPH1 in cecal mucosa were measured. Ivabradine (a HCN channels blocker) was used to explore the role of HCN2 in penicillin-induced changes in 5-HT availability and intestinal motility. Results HCN2 immunofluorescence was detected on intestinal EC cells. Both penicillin and streptomycin caused significant reduction in total SCFAs in the cecum, with the penicillin-treated group showing greater reductions in butyrate, isobutyrate and isovalerate levels than the streptomycin group. The expression of HCN2 was increased in the mice treated with penicillin, whereas TPH1 expression was increased in the mice treated with streptomycin. Mice treated with antibiotics all had larger and heavier cecum, elevated serum 5-HT level and increased fecal water content. Besides, mice treated with penicillin had prolonged intestinal transit time. Intraperitoneal injection of Ivabradine attenuated the effect of penicillin on serum 5-HT level, cecum size and weight, intestinal motility, and fecal water content. Conclusion Disruptions of the intestinal flora structure due to oral administration of penicillin may significantly increase serum 5-HT level and inhibit intestinal motility, at least partially through up-regulating the expression of HCN2. Oral administration of streptomycin may alter 5-HT availability by up-regulating TPH1 expression thus increasing synthesis of 5-HT. Alterations of intestinal flora composition due to exposure to different antibiotics may regulate 5-HT availability and intestinal motility through different mechanisms.
Food Folio by Columbia Center for Eating Disorders: A Freely Available Food Image Database

Food images are useful stimuli for the study of cognitive processes as well as eating behavior. To enhance rigor and reproducibility in task-based research, it is advantageous to have stimulus sets that are publicly available and well characterized. Food Folio by Columbia Center for Eating Disorders is a publicly available set of 138 images of Western food items. The set was developed for the study of eating disorders, particularly for use in tasks that capture eating behavior characteristic of these illnesses. It contains foods that are typically eaten, as well as those typically avoided, by individuals with eating disorders. Each image has now been rated across 17 different attributes by a large general United States population sample via Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (n = 1054). Ratings included subjective attributes (e.g., tastiness, healthiness, and favorable texture) as well as estimates of nutrient content (e.g., fat and carbohydrate). Each participant rated a subset of stimulus set food items (46 foods) on all 17 dimensions. Additional description of the image set is provided in terms of physical image information and accurate nutritional information. Correlations between subjective ratings were calculated and an exploratory factor analysis and exploratory cluster analysis completed. Outcomes of the factor analysis suggested foods may be described along three latent factors of healthiness, tastiness, and umami taste; the cluster analysis highlighted five distinct clusters of foods varying on these same dimensions. Descriptive outcomes indicated that the stimulus set includes a range of foods that vary along multiple dimensions and thus is likely to be useful in addressing various research questions surrounding eating behavior and cognition in healthy populations, as well as in those with eating disorders. The provision of comprehensive descriptive information allows for stimulus selection that is optimized for a given research question and promotes strong inference.