Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Modeling of a User's Daily Life with a Wearable Sensor Network

In an environment where the contexts of users are complex and the degree of freedom of user activity is very high, such as in daily life, several factors need to be considered for constructing user models. Such a model should include changes in the meanings of activities that reflect the user's situation both temporally and individually. In this paper we propose a novel approach for personalizing the user model and adapting it to individual circumstances with a wearable sensor network. We also describe the process for determining the repetitive activities of a user by using incremental clustering and Bayesian network. We show experimental results for an adaptive user model based on a real wearable sensor platform. Multimedia data of user experience are acquired from the multimodal sensors, and processed to metadata that have meanings.
Multidimensional tunneling, recrossing, and the transmission coefficient for enzymatic reactions.

6.2. Reactive Flux Method 3156 6.3. Model Theories 3156 6.4. Survey 3156 7. Applications 3157 7.1. Yeast Enolase 3157 7.2. Triosephosphate Isomerase 3157 7.3. Methylamine Dehydrogenase 3158 7.4. Alcohol Dehydrogenase 3158 7.5. Thermophilic Alcohol Dehydrogenase 3158 7.6. Haloalkane Dehalogenase 3159 7.7. Dihydrofolate Reductase from E. Coli 3159 7.8. Hyperthermophilic DHFR from Thermotoga Maritima 3160
Pressure dependence of atrial natriuretic peptide during norepinephrine infusion in humans.

The relative contribution of increased blood pressure (BP) or norepinephrine (NE), or both, to the stimulatory effect of an NE pressor infusion on circulating immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was evaluated in 10 healthy young men. They were studied during an infusion of NE, which was applied initially alone and then in combination with sodium nitroprusside. NE infusion rate was increased in four 30-minute intervals to a final dose of 200 ng/kg body weight per minute, leading to 12-fold higher plasma NE levels than were seen during control conditions. This increased mean BP (from a mean basal value of 94 +/- 3 to 119 +/- 4 [SEM] mm Hg; p less than 0.001) and plasma immunoreactive ANP (from 50 +/- 7 to 112 +/- 17 pg/ml; p less than 0.001), whereas heart rate decreased (p less than 0.001). The NE infusion was continued at the highest dose and an additional infusion of sodium nitroprusside was started to titrate mean BP in 30-minute intervals down to control values; a mean sodium nitroprusside dose of 0.95 micrograms/kg/min restored mean BP to 93 +/- 4 mm Hg (p less than 0.001), decreased plasma immunoreactive ANP to basal values (51 +/- 4 pg/ml; p less than 0.001), increased heart rate (p less than 0.001), and left plasma levels of NE largely unchanged. Plasma protein and hematocrit rose about 5 to 6% (p less than 0.001) during the NE infusion and then decreased about 3 to 4% (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.01) when sodium nitroprusside was added. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Stress Response of Dominant Forest Tree Species South of the Caspian Sea in Relation to Soil from Coast to Upland

Distribution and growth of plant species is affected by many factors including abiotic (topography, altitude and soil) and biotic (root symbiosis) factors. In light of global warming, recent findings advocate microhabitats and micro-conditions of the root zone and canopy ambiance as determining factors in sustaining of plant populations. Although, occurrence of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and non-mycorrhizal plants in forests south of the Caspian Sea have been studied extensively, stress response of tree species in relation to altitude and soil (texture and contents of heavy metals) has not been investigated much. This research investigated the antioxidant stress response of three dominant tree species (Alnus subcordata C.A.Mey, Acer velutinum Boiss. and Carpinus betulus L.) of three selected hyrcanian forests south of the Caspian Sea (Javaherdeh, Dalkhani and Tonekabon) at 4 altitudes (sea level, 500, 1000 and 1500 m above sea level). Results showed some nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as flavonoids and anthocyanins contents correlated with ectomycorrhizal root colonization, differed amongst trees in corresponding altitudes and was generally greater in upper altitudes. Activity of antioxidant enzymes like catalase and peroxidase and total protein content were affected by soil physicochemical factors. A.velutinum grew better in sandy soils while A.subcordata dominanted clay soils. Although, nutrient status of the soil was different within each soil type, cation competition between Ca and Mg and high concentration of Fe in soil most likely affected root performance and consequentially pigment content in leaves, particularly in upper altitudes where temperatures were low and UV radiation was strong. UV radiation induces anthocyanin biosynthesis which mainly protects the DNA from damage. In this research, Chllorophyll/ Carotenoid ratio reduced with increasing altitude perhaps because of photoprotection.
Games on large random interaction structures: Information and complexity aspects

Games on large structures of interacting agents are considered. The participants of the game do not have a full knowledge of the interaction structure or the characteristics of the other players. Instead of that, an ensemble of possible interaction structures as well as a probability measure on that ensemble are assumed to be a common knowledge among the players. Furthermore, we assume that the agents have also local information. Specifically, they know the characteristics of some players, important for them. A new notion of equilibrium, describing approximate Nash equilibrium with high probability, is introduced. A concept of complexity of a game is also defined, as the minimum amount of information needed, in order to play almost optimally. Some special cases are then analyzed. Particularly, games on random graphs are considered and are shown to be simple, under high connectivity assumptions. Games on rings, under quadratic and non quadratic cost functions, are finally studied. Bounds on the complexity of the ring games are derived.
Capacitated Network Design Problems : Hardness , Approximation Algorithms , and Connections to Group Steiner Tree ∗

We design combinatorial approximation algorithms for the Capacitated Steiner Network (CapSN) problem and the Capacitated Multicommodity Flow (Cap-MCF) problem. These two problems entail satisfying connectivity requirements when edges have costs and hard capacities. In Cap-SN, the flow has to be supported separately for each commodity while in Cap-MCF, the flow has to be sent simultaneously for all commodities. We show that the Group Steiner problem on trees ([14]) is a special case of both problems. This implies the first polylogarithmic lower bound for these problems by [19]. We then give various approximations to special cases of the problems. We further exhibit a relationship between Cap-SN, Cap-MCF, and the Group Steiner Tree problem, to derive polylogarithmic approximation algorithms for a related problem called Connected Cap-SN. Another special case we study is as follows. Given a bipartite graph G = (A ∪ B, E) and an integer k > 0, find A′ ⊆ A and B′ ⊆ B of minimum total size |A′|+ |B′| such that there exist k edge-disjoint paths in G from vertices in A′ to vertices in B′. We provide an O( √ k log k) approximation ratio for the problem. We also show that we can compute a solution of optimum value, while being able to route O(k/polylog n) flow, where n is the number of vertices in G. The final special case of Cap-SN and Cap-MCF that we study is called the Unbalanced-P2P problem. Besides its practical applications to shift design problems [9], it generalizes many problems such as k-Steiner tree, Steiner Forest, and Point-to-Point Connection. We give a combinatorial logarithmic approximation algorithm for this problem. 1998 ACM Subject Classification Dummy classification
MAPPING CELL WALL POLYSACCHARIDES OF LIVING MICROBIAL CELLS USING ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY

Functionalized atomic force microscope tips were used to sense specific forces of interaction between ligand—receptor pairs and to map the positions of polysaccharides on a living microbial cell surface. Gold‐coated tips were functionalized with concanavalin A using a cross‐linker with a spacer arm of 15. 6Å. It was possible to measure the binding force between concanavalin A and mannan polymers on the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cell surface. This force ranged from 75 to 200pN. The shape of the force curve indicated that the polymers were pulled away from the cell surface for a fairly long distance that sometimes reached several hundred nanometres. The distribution of mannan on the cell surface was mapped by carrying out the force measurement in the force volume mode of atomic force microscopy (AFM). During the measurement, the maximum cantilever deflection after contact between the tip and the sample was kept constant at 10nm using trigger mode to keep the pressing force on the sample surface as gently as possible at a force of 180pN. This regime was used to minimize the non‐specific adhesion between the tip and the cell surface. Specific molecular recognition events took place on specific areas of the cell surface that could be interpreted as reflecting a non‐uniform distribution of mannan on the cell surface.
Implications of Seismic Velocity Structure at the Junction of Kuril‐Northeastern Japan Arcs on Active Shallow Seismicity and Deep Low‐Frequency Earthquakes

We estimate the velocity structures of P (Vp) and S waves (Vs) in southern Hokkaido, Japan, where a large number of crustal low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) have occurred. To investigate the relationship between structure and crustal seismicity, we compare the obtained velocity heterogeneity between the crustal LFE regions, which are characterized by active volcanoes, Quaternary volcanoes, and seismic swarms. The tomographic results show that low‐velocity zones (LVZs) with high Vp/Vs are located around the Moho discontinuity beneath active volcanoes, and the LVZs extend horizontally from beneath the active volcanoes to other LFE regions. In southern Hokkaido, crustal LFEs also appear inside and below the upper crust as well as around the Moho discontinuity. These intermediate‐depth and deep LFEs are located around the LVZs with a high Vp/Vs ratio, indicating the contribution of partial melt to the LFEs genesis, even at a distance from the active volcanoes. At intermediate depths of the crust, LFEs are distributed even in the high‐velocity zones, adjacent to the LVZs. This indicates that the partial melt migrations within the crust affect the activity of LFE at the intermediate depths. Below the seismic swarms in the upper crust, LVZs with crustal LFEs are distributed, probably owing to upward migrations of fluid originating from the solidification of the partial melt; this indicates a link between the shallow and deep crustal seismicity in southern Hokkaido.
Adaptations to fluctuating selection in Drosophila

Time-dependent selection causes the adaptive evolution of new phenotypes, and this dynamics can be traced in genomic data. We have analyzed polymorphisms and substitutions in Drosophila, using a more sensitive inference method for adaptations than the standard population-genetic tests. We find evidence that selection itself is strongly time-dependent, with changes occurring at nearly the rate of neutral evolution. At the same time, higher than previously estimated levels of selection make adaptive responses by a factor 10–100 faster than the pace of selection changes, ensuring that adaptations are an efficient mode of evolution under time-dependent selection. The rate of selection changes is faster in noncoding DNA, i.e., the inference of functional elements can less be based on sequence conservation than for proteins. Our results suggest that selection acts not only as a constraint but as a major driving force of genomic change.
The Engineering and Initial Results of a Transformable Low-cost Ultra-high Resolution PET Camera

We have developed an ultra-high resolution transformable PET camera that can be transfigured into a whole-body mode (83-cm detector ring diameter, 13-cm axial FOV) or a brain/breast (54-cm diameter, 21-cm axial FOV) mode. The camera has 12 rectangular detector modules, and the detector gap between adjacent modules is very small and remains constant for every configuration. Each module has a large detection area (13 cm times 21 cm) and 3,168 BGO detector crystals of 2.7 times 2.7 times 18 mm with built-in front-end electronics. To improve spatial sampling, the gantry rotates 30 with a fine step size of 1deg for each position, and the high-speed electronics and detector modules also rotate along with the gantry. This system uses only 924 photomultiplier tubes (PMT) by applying a low-cost high-resolution PMT-quadrant-sharing detector design. To compensate for the slower scintillation timing of BGO detectors, the camera is equipped with the "HYPER", high yield pile-up event recovery front-end electronics. A fast LED cross-reference PMT tuning method is used to maintain the PMT gain balance. The system has been constructed and tested for preliminary imaging characteristics. The system sensitivity is 4.2% for whole-body and 9.2% for brain/breast mode measured with Na-22 at center of FOV. For brain/breast mode, the transaxial image resolutions at 0, 10 cm were found to be 2.7 and 4.0 mm, respectively, while for whole-body mode, the image resolutions are 3.3 and 3.9 mm. The axial resolution ranges from 2.8 to 3.5mm for middle 7 detector rings. High quality Hoffman brain phantom images were obtained in both modes.
Mental health economics: current methodological issues

Background: Investment in innovative mental health care services requires the use of scarce resources that could be used in alternative ways. Economic evaluation is essential to ensure that such an investment is appropriately compared with investment elsewhere. Method: A non-systematic review of mental health evaluations identifies key methodological issues pertaining to economic studies. Results: Economic evaluations require the measurement and combination of costs and outcomes, and clarity about how this measurement is undertaken is required. Regarding costs, important considerations relate to the perspective to be taken (e.g., health service or societal), method of measurement (patient self-report or use of databases) and valuation (actual costs, fees or expenditure). Decision makers frequently need to compare evidence both within and between clinical areas and therefore there is a tension between the use of condition specific and generic outcome measures. Quality-adjusted life years are frequently used in economic evaluations, but their appropriateness in mental health care studies is still debated. Conclusions: Economic evaluations in the area of mental health care are increasing in number and it is essential that researchers continue to develop and improve methods used to conduct such studies.
FixTag: An algorithm for identifying and tagging fixations to simplify the analysis of data collected by portable eye trackers

Video-based eye trackers produce an output video showing where a subject is looking, the subject's Point-of-Regard (POR), for each frame of a video of the scene. This information can be extremely valuable, but its analysis can be overwhelming. Analysis of eye-tracked data from portable (wearable) eye trackers is especially daunting, as the scene video may be constantly changing, rendering automatic analysis more difficult. A common way to begin analysis of POR data is to group these data into fixations. In a previous article, we compared the fixations identified (i.e., start and end marked) automatically by an algorithm to those identified manually by users (i.e., manual coders). Here, we extend this automatic identification of fixations to tagging each fixation to a Region-of-Interest (ROI). Our fixation tagging algorithm, FixTag, requires the relative 3D positions of the vertices of ROIs and calibration of the scene camera. Fixation tagging is performed by first calculating the camera projection matrices for keyframes of the scene video (captured by the eye tracker) via an iterative structure and motion recovery algorithm. These matrices are then used to project 3D ROI vertices into the keyframes. A POR for each fixation is matched to a point in the closest keyframe, which is then checked against the 2D projected ROI vertices for tagging. Our fixation tags were compared to those produced by three manual coders tagging the automatically identified fixations for two different scenarios. For each scenario, eight ROIs were defined along with the 3D positions of eight calibration points. Therefore, 17 tags were available for each fixation: 8 for ROIs, 8 for calibration points, and 1 for “other. ” For the first scenario, a subject was tracked looking through products on four store shelves, resulting in 182 automatically identified fixations. Our automatic tagging algorithm produced tags that matched those produced by at least one manual coder for 181 out of the 182 fixations (99.5% agreement). For the second scenario, a subject was tracked looking at two posters on adjoining walls of a room. Our algorithm matched at least one manual coder's tag for 169 fixations out of 172 automatically identified (98.3% agreement).
Observability-based Rules for Designing Consistent EKF SLAM Estimators

In this work, we study the inconsistency problem of extended Kalman filter (EKF)-based simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) from the perspective of observability. We analytically prove that when the Jacobians of the process and measurement models are evaluated at the latest state estimates during every time step, the linearized error-state system employed in the EKF has an observable subspace of dimension higher than that of the actual, non-linear, SLAM system. As a result, the covariance estimates of the EKF undergo reduction in directions of the state space where no information is available, which is a primary cause of the inconsistency. Based on these theoretical results, we propose a general framework for improving the consistency of EKF-based SLAM. In this framework, the EKF linearization points are selected in a way that ensures that the resulting linearized system model has an observable subspace of appropriate dimension. We describe two algorithms that are instances of this paradigm. In the first, termed observability constrained (OC)-EKF, the linearization points are selected so as to minimize their expected errors (i.e. the difference between the linearization point and the true state) under the observability constraints. In the second, the filter Jacobians are calculated using the first-ever available estimates for all state variables. This latter approach is termed first-estimates Jacobian (FEJ)-EKF. The proposed algorithms have been tested both in simulation and experimentally, and are shown to significantly outperform the standard EKF both in terms of accuracy and consistency.
Short message service (SMS) reminders and real-time adherence monitoring improve antiretroviral therapy adherence in rural Uganda

Objective:To explore the effects of four types of short message service (SMS) plus real-time adherence monitoring on antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence: daily reminders, weekly reminders, reminders triggered after a late or missed dose (delivered to patients), and notifications triggered by sustained adherence lapses (delivered to patient-nominated social supporters). Design:Pilot randomized controlled trial. Methods:Sixty-three individuals initiating ART received a real-time adherence monitor and were randomized (1 : 1 : 1): (1) Scheduled SMS reminders (daily for 1 month, weekly for 2 months), then SMS reminders triggered by a late or missed dose (no monitoring signal within 2 h of expected dosing); SMS notifications to social supporters for sustained adherence lapses (no monitoring signal for >48 h) added after 3 months. (2) Triggered SMS reminders starting at enrolment; SMS notifications to social supporters added after 3 months. (3) Control: No SMS. HIV RNA was determined at 9 months. Percentage adherence and adherence lapses were compared by linear generalized estimating equations and Poisson regression, respectively. Results:Median age was 31 years, 65% were women, and median enrolment CD4+ cell count was 322 cells/&mgr;l 97% took once daily tenofovir/emtricitabine/efavirenz. Compared to control, adherence was 11.1% higher (P = 0.04) and more than 48-h lapses were less frequent (IRR 0.6, P = 0.02) in the scheduled SMS arm. Adherence and more than 48-h lapses were similar in the triggered SMS arm and control. No differences in HIV RNA were seen. Conclusion:Scheduled SMS reminders improved ART in the context of real-time monitoring. Larger studies are needed to determine the impact of triggered reminders and role of social supporters in improving adherence.
Mapping Free Text into MedDRA by Natural Language Processing: A Modular Approach in Designing and Evaluating Software Extensions

MagiCoder is a Natural Language Processing application designed to extract MedDRA terms from narrative clinical text. MagiCoder has been developed to support the work of people responsible for pharmacovigilance. Given a narrative description, MagiCoder proposes an automatic encoding; the pharmacologist reviews, (possibly) corrects, and then validates the solution. This drastically reduces the time needed for the validation of reports with respect to a completely manual encoding. In this paper we extend in a modular way and analyse MagiCoder, comparing its different new extensions. We designed a benchmark consisting of a representative set of adverse drug reaction reports that also includes long and badly written descriptions. We measured an average precision and recall of 68.74% and 70.19%, respectively. On descriptions up to 100 characters, both precision and recall exceeded 75%, i.e., 77.97% and 75.78%, respectively.
Cumulative human impacts in the Bering Strait Region

ABSTRACT Introduction:Human impacts on Arctic marine ecosystems are increasing in extent and intensity as sea ice shrinks and utilization of marine resources expands. The effects of climate change are being felt across the arctic while stressors such as commercial fishing and shipping continue to grow as the Arctic becomes more accessible. Given these emerging changes, there is need for an assessment of the current cumulative impact of human activities to better anticipate and manage for a changing Arctic. Cumulative human impacts (CHI) assessments have been widely applied around the world in a variety of ecosystem types but have yet to incorporate temporal dynamics of individual stressors. Such dynamics are fundamental to Arctic ecosystems. Outcomes:Here, we present the first CHI assessment of an Arctic ecosystem to incorporate sea ice as a habitat and assess impact seasonality, using the Bering Strait Region (BSR) as a case study. We find that cumulative impacts differ seasonally, with lower impacts in winter and higher impacts in summer months. Large portions of the BSR have significantly different impacts within each season when compared to a mean annual cumulative impact map. Cumulative impacts also have great spatial variability, with Russian waters between 2.38 and 3.63 times as impacted as US waters. Conclusion:This assessment of seasonal and spatial cumulative impacts provides an understanding of the current reality in the BSR and can be used to support development and evaluation of future management scenarios that address expected impacts from climate change and increasing interest in the Arctic.