Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on COVID-19 therapies: conflicts and consensus

The chronology of COVID-19 infections shows us that the first cases were reported in December 2019. A number of patients were admitted to hospitals with a respiratory disease of an unknown etiology in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The patients presented symptoms such as coughing, persistent fever, sore throat and pneumonia. The respiratory infection situation got worse rapidly and had a very fast spread. Soon after, it was reported that the causing agent of the disease had been confirmed as the novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which belongs to the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, of the family Coronaviridae in the order Nidovirales. On January 7, 2020, the disease was named as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO). Chloroquine (CQ), Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), Remdesivir, Heparin, Convalescent Plasma, Corticosteroid, Anticoagulants, Lopinavir, Ritonavir, Ivermectin and Nitazoxanide are some of the drugs on the market that are being tested to combat COVID-19. The purpose of this literature review is to analyze studies regarding the healing potential of these drugs for COVID-19. Some researchers about the effectiveness of these medications, the success rate on viral diseases and its action potential by different mechanisms. Thus, given the researches analyzed in this study, it was evident for most authors that these drugs are promising treatments for COVID-19, while the vaccine is not manufactured and available.
DERIVATION OF SUPRAGLACIAL DEBRIS COVER BY MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS ON THE GEE PLATFORM: A CASE STUDY OF GLACIERS IN THE HUNZA VALLEY

Abstract. Calculating the spatial-temporal distribution of supraglacial debris cover on glaciers is essential for understanding mass balance processes, glacier lake outburst floods, hydrological predictions, and glacier fluctuations that have attracted attention in recent years. However, due to the reflectance of supraglacial debris is similar to that of non-glacier slopes, mapping supraglacial debris cover based on optical remote sensing remains challenging. In this paper, we used NDSI and machine learning algorithm to extract debris cover on glaciers in Hunza Valley, Pakistan. Our result showed that the RF model has the best classification accuracy with kappa coefficient of 0.94 and overall accuracy of 96%. The debris-covered area increased by 21.31% from 1990 to 2019 (394.76 km2 – 478.88 km2) in the study area. Results and the method are of significance in the assessment of meltwater modeling for glaciers with debris cover.
Cost-benefit relationships in deciduous and evergreen leaves of tropical dry forest species

Evidence from previous studies relates the significance of evergreeness and deciduousness to differences in leaf drought resistance and nutrient-use characteristics. Considering possible differences in leaf construction costs and lifespans in both plant types, I hypothesized that they should have contrasting strategies underlying their nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) and water-use efficiency (WUE). Thus, leaves of six deciduous and four evergreen species were analysed to compare their construction and maintenance costs, maximum CO2 assimilation capacity (Amax) and potential (instantaneous) NUE and WUE. Leaf construction and maintenance costs were always higher in evergreen than in deciduous species. The largest Amax were recorded in some deciduous species. However, another deciduous species had Amax comparable to evergreen leaves. Therefore, a clear-cut difference between deciduous and evergreen leaves was not detected. However, NUE and WUE related to construction cost differences in the two plant groups. Indeed, NUE and WUE were largest in deciduous plants. Notwithstanding, overall carbon return per unit invested nitrogen may be increased in evergreens because leaves are photosynthetically active for longer periods. In fact, increases in the ratio between investment (construction cost) to potential payback (Amax) increase leaf life-spans (payback interval). Nevertheless, in tropical dry forests deciduous species are dominant and evergreen species are scarce. Carbon diversion to non-photosynthetic tissue (deep roots) and highest leaf cost may offset competitive capability of evergreen species. Key-words: Carbon assimilation, construction costs, deciduous, evergreen, maintenance cost, nitrogen-use efficiency, tropical dry forest, water-use efficiency
Spinal Versus Caudal Anesthesia in Lower Abdominal Surgeries in Pediatrics

Background: Regional anesthesia in pediatric surgery alone or combination with light general anesthesia provides several advantages, the most significant is intra- and post-operative pain relief. Aim of the work: This study aimed to compare spinal to caudal anesthesia in children undergoing lower abdominal surgeries regarding [sensory and motor block as a primary outcome], hemodynamics and postoperative pain as a secondary outcome. Patients and Methods:This study was a prospective randomized comparative clinical single-blind study. It included 40 children [ASA I or II] of both sexes, aged [3-9 years] undergoing lower abdominal surgeries. Patients were randomly assigned into one of two groups [20 patients in each group]. group [S] undergo spinal anesthesia, group [C] undergoes caudal anesthesia. To assess the following parameters; sensory and motor block, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure and postoperative pain. Results: Spinal anesthesia has a rapid onset of sensory block, more intensity than caudal anesthesia, but of shorter duration. Caudal anesthesia provides more time of motor block than spinal anesthesia. There was no statistically significant difference between groups regarding mean arterial pressure, but caudal anesthesia has more tachycardia than spinal anesthesia, and caudal anesthesia provides better postoperative analgesia more than spinal anesthesia. Conclusion: Regional anesthesia in pediatrics is an effective and safe option. Caudal and spinal are both effective, however caudal have relatively more duration of postoperative analgesia and motor block than spinal anesthesia.
Quasi-steady quasi-homogeneous description of the scale interactions in near-wall turbulence

By introducing a notion of an ideal large-scale filter, a formal statement is given of the hypothesis of the quasi-steady quasi-homogeneous nature of the interaction between the large and small scales in the near-wall part of turbulent flows. This made the derivations easier and more rigorous. A method is proposed to find the optimal large-scale filter by multi-objective optimization, with the first objective being a large correlation between large-scale fluctuations near the wall and in the layer at a certain finite distance from the wall, and the second objective being a small correlation between the small scales in the same layers. The filter was demonstrated to give good results. Within the quasi-steady quasi-homogeneous theory expansions for various quantities were found with respect to the amplitude of the large-scale fluctuations. Including the higher-order terms improved the agreement with numerical data. Interestingly, it turns out that the quasisteady quasi-homogeneous theory implies a dependence of the mean profile log-law constants on the Reynolds number. The main overall result of the present work is the demonstration of the relevance of the quasi-steady quasi-homogeneous theory for near-wall turbulent flows. ∗ c.zhang13@imperial.ac. uk † s.chernyshenko@imperial.ac. uk
Colonization of an Introduced Substrate by Stream Macroinvertebrates

Trays (625 cm2) filled with uniform-sized pebbles were allowed to become colonized (1 to 64 d) to determine the time required to establish a stable macroinvertebrate community. Changes in both numbers and biomass were followed to compare their response as indicators of colonization. Effectiveness of the trays in representing natural conditions and their usefulness in reducing sample variance and number of samples necessary for an accurate sample mean also were evaluated. Colonization rates differed by taxon and by season. Baetis intermedius, Capnia, and Nemoura were among the most rapid colonizers. The number of taxa increased from 21 and 18 on day 1 to 46 and 37 on day 64 in two experiments. Colonization was more rapid in summer than in winter. Numbers and biomasses for individual taxa corresponded reasonably well in each colonization period. Numbers of many organisms peaked before 64 d and then fluctuated. At least 11 and 18 taxa in two experiments reached peak numbers only at 64 d and many of these increased steadily throughout that period. However, results from comparable substrates colonized for 224 d suggest that colonization much beyond two months would not greatly enhance the community. Total number and total biomass yielded contradictory results and provide the least certain methods of assessing completeness of colonization. Trays colonized for 64 d collected similar numbers of taxa (46, 37) compared to a Hess sampler (36, 40) and dip net (36, 40) in two separate tests. They also contained 1.3 and 6 times greater total numbers and biomasses of invertebrates than did Hess samples from a riffle. Of taxa found in both sets of samples, 58 and 74% were more abundant in trays than in the riffle in two experiments. Compared to samples taken on the stream bed, trays were effective in reducing sample variance but did little to reduce the clumping of organisms. In general, use of trays reduced the number of samples needed to obtain a standard error of the mean within ? 5 to 20% of the sample mean by 2/3 to 3/4. Since the trays did not collect a fauna representative of the riffle community in terms of relative or absolute abundance, they cannot be recommended for studies requiring quantitative data directly relatable to the natural environment. However, because of their ability to control or eliminate extraneous variables and thus reduce sample variance, their use is appropriate for experimental or monitoring studies.
Interactive Comment on "Medusa-Aqua system: simultaneous measurement and evaluation of novel potential halogenated transient tracers HCFCs, HFCs and PFCs in the ocean" by

This study evaluates the potential usefulness of the halogenated compounds HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23, PFC-14 and PFC-116 as oceanographic transient tracers to better constrain ocean 10 ventilation processes. We do this mainly from four aspects of the characteristics of the potential tracers: atmospheric history, seawater solubility, feasibility of measurement and stability in seawater. The former two aspects have been investigated in previous work. In this study, we collected seawater samples and modified an established analytical technique to the Medusa-Aqua system in order to simultaneously measure these compounds. HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a and HFC-125 have been measured in depth-profiles in the Mediterranean Sea for the first 15 time. Of the investigated compounds, HCFC-142b and HCFC-141b are found to currently be the most promising transient tracer in the ocean. The compounds that have the greatest potential as future tracers are PFC-14 and PFC116, although the low solubility in seawater creates challenging analytical conditions (i.e. low concentration) that can potentially be improved by modifying the Medusa-Aqua analytical system. HCFC-22 is found to be likely unstable in warm seawater, which leads to its low confidence as an oceanic transient tracer, although it is possibly useful in 20 colder water. For compounds HFC-134a, HFC-125 and HFC-23, we are not able to evaluate their potential be tracers fully due to the inconclusive results, especially on their solubility and stability in seawater, but also with regard to potential analytical challenges. On the other hand, HFC-125, HFC-23, and HCFC-22 can no longer be considered as transient tracers because there are alternative tracers with similar input histories that are better suited as transient tracers. With the exception of providing the information on potential alternative oceanic transient tracers, this study 25 also provides a more general method on how to evaluate the feasibility of a compound to be a transient tracer in the ocean.
Recent Research in Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorder

Diabetes Mellitus which is a heterogeneous clinical syndrome secondary to defects in insulin secretions recognized as one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Knowledge about Diabetes Mellitus is a prerequisite for individuals and communities to take action for control the diabetes, but there is inadequate knowledge and poor practice level on insulin self-administration among Diabetes Mellitus patients. To assess the knowledge, Attitude and practice of self-insulin administration and associated factors among diabetic patient in Hawassa referral hospital. Institutional based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 180 diabetic patients by systematic random sampling technique, in Hawassa referral hospital. Structured and pre tested questionnaire was used to collect the data. The collected data was processed and analyzed using manual and computer software. Chi square test was done between two variables and P-value less than 0.05 were taken as statistically significant. A total of 180 people were included in the study of which the majority 107(59%) were men and in the age group of 35-44 years (23.9%). One hundred twenty-seven (70.6%) of the participant were married followed by single 40(22.2%). As to their occupation government employee accounts (25%) and above half (52.8%) of the respondents gets >1200 birr per month. One hundred twenty eight (71.1%) participants had favorable attitude. Literacy and marital status were significantly associated with good knowledge with p-value of 0.001, 0.011 and x2= 10.401, 6.467 respectively. The current study was identified the gap in knowledge regarding diabetes. The gap might be due to high illiteracy rate of the study participants, less devoted time by physicians to the patients, and less participation of media and Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) in awareness creation about diabetes in our setting.
The Effects of Simulation-based Education on the Clinical Reasoning Competence, Clinical Competence, and Educational Satisfaction

This study was conducted to examine the effects of simulation-based education on the clinical reasoning competence, clinical competence, and satisfaction with simulation experience (SSE). The research design was one group pretest-posttest. Study participants were 89 third-year nursing students from C University in G city, who were engaged the simulation-based education for eight weeks from August to October 2019. Learning scenario titles were blood transfusion reaction patient care with postoperative total hip replacement, hypoglycemia patient care with diabetes mellitus, and hyperkalemia patient care with liver cirrhosis. The data were analyzed by paired t-test using SPSS Win 23.0 program. After applying simulation-based education, nursing students' clinical reasoning competence (t=-17.082, p<.001) and clinical competence(t=-18.40, p<.001) improved significantly. SSE score was 4.65 out of 5 points. The results indicate that the simulation-based education in this study gave the students the experience of providing qualified and secure nursing care under conditions similar to those in the real clinical field. To improve the clinical reasoning competence and clinical competence of nursing students, various cases scenarios are developed and simulation-based education should be applied to more subjects in the nursing curriculum.
EFFECT OF ANTHELMINTIC TREATMENT ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF ANESTROUS CROSSBRED COWS

Thirty-five multiparous anestrous cows were infested with Trematode parasites used to determine the effect of anthelmintic treatment on the reproductive performance and some blood constituents. The reproductive status of all animals and the changes in the ovarian activities were assessed by rectal examination. Faecal samples were collected from all animals directly after rectal examination. All animals were observed for estrus signs and those came in estrous were mated. Serum progesterone concentration was measured to determine ovarian activity prior to treatment and to confirm the occurrence of ovulation as well as to determine early pregnancies which were confirmed by rectal examination at 45 days post service. Serum samples were collected for determination of total proteins, calcium, inorganic phosphorous, estradiol and insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I). The results of the present study indicated that, the most common parasitic infection in case of anestrum were fasciolia and paramphistoma. Anthelminitic treatment significantly (P < 0.001) increase the serum levels of calcium, inorganic phosphorus, estradiol, progesterone and IGFI. Anthelmintic treatment improves the reproductive performance of anestrous cows infested with Trematode parasites as indicated by higher oestrous response, higher (73.5%) first service and overall (83.33%) conception rates.
Progress of bacterial blight on rice cultivars carrying different Xa genes for resistance in the field

Progress of bacterial blight of rice, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, was studied in the Philippines by planting six rice cultivars (IR24, IR36, IR54, IR60, IR64, and IR1695) carrying different Xa genes for resistance during the 1988 and 1990 seasons. Four epidemiological parameters, 1) disease incidence, 2) disease severity, J) area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), and 4) apparent infection rate (r), were used to rank rice cultivars'resistance to X. o. oryzae. The susceptible check IR24 and resistant check IR1695 differed greatly in reaction to X. o. oryzae in the field during the 2-yr study. In the field, IR36, IR54, IR60, and IR64 showed high levels of resistance to X. o. oryzae compared with IR24
Assessment of circulating MCP-1 level and 2518A>G gene polymorphism in systemic lupus erythematosus

Lupus nephritis (LN) is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). This study aims to investigate the possible role of a functional polymorphism in the regulatory region of the monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 (MCP-1) gene and MCP-1 blood level in the diagnosis of LN and in correlating the MCP-1 blood levels with disease activity. The study included 56 SLE patients and 56 controls. All the SLE patients suffered from LN. An analysis of MCP-1 gene polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction was performed followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis and MCP-1 blood level was determined using the ELISA technique. Calculation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) was performed. Serologic tests included the determination of antinuclear antibody (ANA) and anti-double-stranded (ds) DNA antibodies, Complement C3 and C4 levels. A significant increase in the frequency of genotype A/G and a decrease in the frequency of genotype A/A were found among patients with active LN compared to inactive LN. There was a statistically significant difference in the blood level of MCP-1 between LN patients and controls. Also, MCP-1 blood levels were significantly higher in active LN patients than inactive LN. A significant positive linear correlation was detected between MCP-1 blood level and SLEDAI, creatinine, and 24 hours protein in LN patients. These results suggest that an A/G genotype together with the measurement of the blood level of MCP1 can be a useful tool for detection and follow up of active LN.
Tillage-induced short-term soil organic matter turnover 1 and respiration 2 3

11 Tillage induces decomposition and mineralisation of soil organic matter (SOM) by the 12 disruption of macroaggregates and may increase soil CO2 efflux by respiration, but 13 these processes are not well understood at the molecular level. We sampled three 14 treatments (mineral fertiliser = MF, biogas digestate = BD, unfertilised control = CL) of 15 a stagnic luvisol a few hours before and directly after tillage, and four days later from a 16 harvested maize field in Northern Germany and investigated these samples by 17 pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS) and hot-water extraction. 18 Before tillage, the Py-FIMS mass spectra revealed differences in relative ion intensities 19 of MF and CL compared to BD most likely attributable to the cattle manure used for the 20 biogas feedstock and to relative enrichments during anaerobic fermentation. After 21 tillage, the CO2 effluxes were increased in all treatments, but this increase was less 22 pronounced in BD. We explain this by a restricted availability of readily biodegradable 23 carbon compounds and, possibly an inhibitory effect of sterols from digestates. 24 Significant changes in SOM composition were observed following tillage. In particular, 25 lignin decomposition and increased proportions of N-containing compounds were 26 detected in BD. In MF, lipid proportions increased at the expense of ammonia, 27 ammonium, carbohydrates and peptides, indicating an enhanced microbial activity. 28 2 SOM composition in CL was unaffected by tillage. Our analyses provide strong 29 evidence for significant short-term SOM changes due to tillage in fertilised soils. 30
Phenology and degree-day relationships of the obscure scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) and associated parasites on pin oak in Kentucky

Seasonal phenology of the obscure scale, Melanaspis obscura (Comstock), was monitored for 4 yr on Quercus palustris M. in Lexington, Ky. , and emergence of adult males and crawlers was related to physiological time (i.e., degree-days [DD]). This scale is univoltine in Kentucky and both sexes overwinter as second instars. Date of first hatch of crawlers during 1984-1986 ranged from 22 June to 6 July, corresponding to a mean accumulation of 1,521 DDC (2,737 DDF) calculated from a base of 4.44°C (400°F). This value accurately predicted crawler hatch dates in West Lafayette, Ind. , and College Park, Md. , in 1986, and in Lexington in 1987. Six species of primary parasites and one hyperparasite species were reared from scale-infested twig samples. Parasite flight periods were determined from sticky trap collections within tree crowns. Application of insecticidal sprays during July for control of obscure scale crawlers would unfortunately coincide with peak activity of the scale’s primary parasites.
The Moderating Effect of Kindergarten Teachers’ Resilience in the Relation Between Job Stress and Psychological Burnout

We aimed to investigate the moderating effect of kindergarten teachers’ resilience in the relation between job stress and psychological burnout. The subjects were 164 early childhood teachers in Metropolitan area, South Korea. We measured subjects’ job stress, psychological burnout, and resilience using the questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analyses, and the analyses of hierarchical regression using SPSS 21.0. As results, kindergarten teachers’ job stress showed the significantly positive correlation with their psychological burnout, but resilience showed the significantly negative correlation with it. It was found that kindergarten teachers’ resilience had the moderating effect in the relation between job stress and psychological burnout.