Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interactive comment on “Primary marine aerosol physical and chemical emissions during a nutriment enrichment experiment in mesocosms in the Mediterranean Sea” by

of the of the the multiplicity of physical, and biological that are involved in the emission pro-cess. Here, 2 nutrient enriched-and 1 control mesocosms ﬁlled with Mediterranean seawater were studied over a three-week period. PMA generated from the mesocosm waters were characterized in term of chemical composition, size distribution and size segregated cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), as a function of the seawater chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration, pigment composition, virus and bacteria abundances. The aerosol number size distribution ﬂux was primarily affected by the seawater temperature, and did not vary signiﬁcantly from one mesocosm to the other. The aerosol number size distribution ﬂux was primarily affected by the seawater temperature and did not vary signiﬁcantly from one mesocosm to the other. Particle number and CCN aerosol ﬂuxes increase by a factor two when the temperature increases from 22 ◦ C to 32 ◦ C, for all particle submicron sizes. This effect, rarely observed in the literature, could be speciﬁc to oligotrophic waters and/or to this temperature range. In all mesocosms (enriched and control mesocosms), we detected an enrichment of calcium (+500%) and a deﬁcit in chloride (-36%) in the submicron PMA mass compared to the litera-ture inorganic composition of the seawater. There are indications that these chloride deﬁcit and calcium enrichment are linked to biological processes, as they are found to be stronger in the enriched mesocosms. This implies a non-linear transfer function between the seawater composition and PMA composition, with complex processes taking
JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES

In this study, it was aimed to determine the attitudes of Turkish teacher candidates towards discussion skills according to variables of gender, grade, type of high school graduated, and the number of books read in a month. The research sample was determined with the appropriate sampling method. Participants of the study determined by the mentioned sampling method are the students of Atatürk University Kazım Karabekir Education Faculty Turkish Education Department. A total of 253 students, 55 of which were 1st grade, 56 of which were 2nd grade, 86 of which were 3rd grade, and 56 of which were 4th grade participated in the study. In the research in which the screening model was used, the "Discussion Skill Attitude Scale" developed by Ocak and Karakuş (2015) was used to determine the attitudes of Turkish teacher candidates towards discussion skills. The data obtained were analyzed with the SPSS 22.0 package program. As a result, it was observed that the attitudes of Turkish teacher candidates towards discussion skills did not differ according to gender, class level, and high school of graduation variables, and differed according to the number of books read in favor of those who read 5-6 books in a month. The results of the study were discussed together with the studies examining the attitudes towards the discussion skill. At the same time, the results of the studies examining the attitudes towards critical thinking skills are taken into account in the discussion section since the discussion skill has an important place in the development of critical thinking skills.
Diagnosis of Peripherally Located Bronchogenic Carcinoma: Utility of Non-Guided Flexible Bronchoscopy

Background: The role of flexible bronchoscopy in diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary neoplasia remains controversial. Aim of the work: To assess the diagnostic yield of non-guided flexible bronchoscopy biopsy techniques in diagnosis of peripherally located bronchogenic carcinoma. Patients and Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted on 49 out of 85 patients with confirmed bronchogenic carcinoma; they were subjected to flexible bronchoscopy forceps biopsy [FB], bronchoalveolar lavage [BAL], transbronchial needle aspiration [TBNA], and bronchial brushing [BB]. Results: Diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy was positive in 40.8%. The procedures were; BAL in 26.5% of patients with positive yield in 15.0%, FB in 18.4% of patients with positive yield in 70.0%, TBNA in 26.5% of patients with no positive yield [0.0%] and BB in 18.4% of patients with positive yield in 15.0%. More than ≥6 Biopsy were taken in 79.6% and 3cm had a diagnostic yield of 70% compared to 30 % in lesions ≤ 3 cm [P 0.001]. Cases with CT-Bronchus sign had a higher diagnostic yield [85.0%] [p 0.003]. Also, ≥ 6 Biopsy had higher diagnostic yield than those with lesions ˂ 3cm [100.0% and 34.5% respectively] [P 0.003]. The presence of bronchial lesions and its lobar locations had higher diagnostic yield. Conclusion: The diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy in peripherally locating bronchogenic carcinoma depends on a several factors, including lower lobe location, lesion size≥ 3cm, presence of CT bronchus sign, presence of bronchial lesion, and ≥ 6 biopsies.
Investigation of the Effect of Substituent Species/Positions and Numbers on Removal of Toxicity from Chloro and Nitro Phenol Compounds with Fenton and Fenton-like Processes

Phenol derivatives containing substutient are used intensely in industry and their presence in surface and waste water is a problem requiring urgent solution due to their tendency for bioaccumulation, cancerogenic effects, high toxicity and weak biodegradability. In this study, the degradability and toxicity of chlorinated phenols 2-CP, 2,4-DCP and 4-CP and nitrated phenols 2-NP, 2,4-DNP and 4-NP were investigated. These phenols are included on the priority toxic pollutant list within the scope of clean water regulations according to both the US EPA-2014 and the European Union (2455/2001/CE) and form serious threats to public health and aqueous ecosystems. The degradability of chloro and nitro phenols was researched by applying the Fenton/Fenton-like processes (under optimal conditions) and measuring the model pollutant concentrations, COD and TOC parameters. The effects of substituent type/position and number were determined with toxicity measurements using Vibrio fischeri bacteria (DIN/EN/ISO 11348-2). Statistical analysis was performed in detail for both Fenton/Fenton-like processes (T test) and toxicology measurement results (One-Way ANOVA) for the model pollutants (Pandlt;0.05). In the first stage of the study, model pollutant removal of 95-100%, COD removal of 64-85% / 60-77% and TOC removal efficiency of 52-65% and 40-61% were achieved respectively with Fenton and Fenton-like processes. In the second stage of the study, the results of toxicity measurements of the pollutants performed before processing found EC50(mg/L) and toxic unit values (TU) were 8.10-12.34 for 2-CP, 2.24-44.67 for 2,4-DCP, 1.20-83.33 for 4-CP, 13.43-7.44 for 2-NP, 8.92-11.21 for 2,4-DNP, and 4.77-20.9 for 4-NP, respectively. After processing, the EC50/EC20 and TU values were determined to fall to unobservable levels. According to the order obtained with toxicity measurements of 4-CP andgt; 2,4-DCP andgt; 4-NP andgt; 2-CP andgt; 2,4-DNP andgt; 2-NP, the chlor substituent had higher toxic effect compared to nitro. As the substituent numbers increase the toxicity increased; however, para position was identified to be more toxic compared to other positions. The reason for the 4 (para) position being more toxic than the 2,4 (ortho-para) position is thought to be due to the chlor or nitro linked to the 2 or ortho position binding to the OH group of phenol with a 5- and 6-member H-bridge in cis position forming a ring, which leads to inactivity.
Spatiotemporal tourism pattern in a large reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) range as an important factor in disturbance research and management

Abstract Tourism and recreation in protected areas may compromise conservation values if their forms and volumes exceed the area’s tolerance. Disturbance-sensitive species such as wild and semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in most mountain areas in Fennoscandia are particularly vulnerable to humans, but disturbance research seldom includes data on the human component of this co-existence. By estimating the visitor volume in space and time and visitor characteristics in the largest national park and wild reindeer range in Norway we analyzed reindeer trail crossing propensity and examined the spatial overlap between humans and GPS-collared female reindeer (n = 98) during summer. The data showed that female reindeer herds used areas with overall less human traffic and recreational infrastructure. Reindeer herds started avoiding crossing hiking trails used by more than 10–15 persons per day and avoided crossing trails when visitor volumes exceeded 30–50 persons per day. During the hunting season, the herds were largely dispersed and crossed over trails independent of visitor volume, indicating a collective flight response to hunters. We discuss how including data on human use can further our understanding of ecological effects in disturbance research and how it can improve management interventions for better co-existence between humans and reindeer.
MATRIX-VBS (v1.0): an aerosol microphysics model including organic aerosol volatility

The gas-particle partitioning and chemical aging of semi-volatile organic aerosol are presented in a newly developed box model scheme, where its effect on the growth, composition and mixing state of particles 10 is examined. The volatility-basis set (VBS) framework is implemented into the aerosol microphysical scheme MATRIX (Multiconfiguration Aerosol TRacker of mIXing state), which resolves mass and number aerosol concentrations and in multiple mixing-state classes. The new scheme, MATRIX-VBS, has the potential to significantly advance the representation of organic aerosols in Earth system models by improving upon the conventional representation as non-volatile particulate organic matter, often with also an assumed fixed size 15 distribution. We present results from idealized cases representing Beijing, Mexico City, a Finnish and a Southeast U.S. forest, and investigate the evolution of mass concentrations and volatility distributions for organic species across the gas and particle phases, as well as assessing their mixing state among aerosol populations. Emitted semi-volatile primary organic aerosols evaporate almost completely in the intermediate volatility range, while they remain in the particle phase in the low volatility range. Their volatility distribution 20 at any point in time depends on the applied emission factors, oxidation by OH radicals, and temperature. We also compare against parallel simulations with the original scheme, which represented only the particulate and non-volatile component of the organic aerosol, examining how differently the condensed phase organic matter is distributed across the mixing states in the model. The results demonstrate the importance of representing organic aerosol as a semi-volatile aerosol, and explicitly calculating the partitioning of organic species 25 between the gas and particulate phases.
The Implementation of the Lesson Study Strategy in Teaching Mathematics: Teachers’ Perspectives

Lesson study is a form of classroom inquiry that can facilitate teachers’ continuing professional development. 'is study aims to explore primary school mathematics teachers’ perspectives about the implementation of the lesson study strategy in teaching mathematics. 'e sample of this study included 149 primary school mathematics teachers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, who were selected by using the purposive sampling. A quantitative questionnaire was sent to the teachers by e-mail or mobile. 149 mathematics teachers responded to the questionnaire; among them, fifteen teachers participated in a qualitative interview. 'e results indicated that most of the sample members carry out lesson study activities. 'e percentages of the teachers in the study sample who practice the activities and procedures of the lesson study ranged between 61.7% and 89.9%. 'e results also indicated that there is a high impact on the professional development of mathematics teachers as a result of their participation in the lesson study strategy as it helps enhance their mathematical and pedagogical knowledge, improve their knowledge of students’ learning process, and influence their views about the lesson study approach.
Factors Affecting Continuance Intention of FinTech Payment among Millennials in Jakarta

The background of this research is related to a phenomenon of millennials who prefer to change their financial behavior into cashless transactions from cash-based transactions. Factors of benefits (economic benefits, seamless transactions, and convenience) and risks (financial risks, legal risks, security risks, and operational risks) experienced by millennials are examined to observe their effects on the continuance intention of financial technology (FinTech) payment. FinTech users are classified into two types, namely early adopters and late adopters. This study examines the variables of continuance intention of FinTech payment, economic benefits, seamless transactions, convenience, financial risks, legal risks, security risks, operational risks, perceived benefits, and perceived risks simultaneously and is the first to be conducted on millennials in Jakarta. The methodology used was the Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square. The data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 313 respondents. The results of this research show that convenience is the most influential benefit factor towards the continuance intention of FinTech payment. Operational risks are the only factor that do not significantly affect the continuance intention of FinTech payment. The differences between the effects of benefits and risks are found in both of the user types. The implication of this research is to further understand influential factors in millennials’ decisions to use FinTech payment services.
Samsung: Customer Loyalty Strategy in Malaysia and Colombia

Brand loyalty is one of the key elements of success in any organization, in the context of high international competition and consumer awareness. The objective of this research is to study the factors that affect customer’s loyalty towards Samsung over the long term and propose certain strategies to increase loyalty in Malaysia and Colombia. First, the company’s background is explained, followed by the research problem and the research method. By comparing these two markets, possible loyalty approaches that could be useful for each market were identified, taking into account that Samsung is the leading company in both countries, in terms of market share. Finally, concluding with the findings and limitations of the research.
Monitoring and spatio-temporal analysis of UHI effect for Mansa district of Punjab, India

Urban heat island (UHI) is one of the most important climatic implications of urbanization and thus a matter of key concern for environmentalists of the world in the twenty-first century. The relationship between climate and urbanization has been better understood with the introduction of thermal remote sensing. So, this study is an attempt to understand the influence of urbanization on local temperature for a small developing city. The study focuses on the investigation of intensity of atmospheric and surface urban heat island for a small urbanizing district of Punjab, India. Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS satellite data and field observations were used to examine the spatial pattern of surface and atmospheric UHI effect respectively, for the month of April, 2018. The satellite data has been used to cover the larger geographical area while field observations were taken for simultaneous and daily temperature measurements for different land use types. The significant influence of land use/land cover (LULC) patterns on UHI effect was analyzed using normalized built-up and vegetation indices (NDBI, NDVI) that were derived from remote sensing satellite data. The statistical analysis carried out for land surface temperature (LST) and LULC indicators displayed negative correlation for LST and NDVI while NDBI and LST exhibited positive correlation depicting attenuation in UHI effect by abundant vegetation. The comparison of remote sensing and in-situ observations were also carried out in the study. The research concluded in finding both nocturnal and daytime UHI effect based on diurnal air temperature observations. The study recommends the urgent need to explore and impose effective UHI mitigation measures for the sustainable urban growth.
ICT Based Mathematics Skill Development Program: An Initiative to Overcome Mathematics Anxiety

The present study has introduced a complete ICT based Mathematics Skill Development Program (MSDP) web service that aims to enhance the positive attitudes of students towards Maths. The entire system is designed and implemented in such ways that students can learn Maths with fun and practical experiences in the classroom rather than only theoretical exercises. For the last 2 years (2018-2019), we have applied MSDP in 4 distinct primary and secondary schools in Bangladesh and followed up the students ' (N = 200) attitudes towards Maths. Findings revealed that through the MSDP program, students have developed a significant positive attitude towards Maths that helps them to overcome mathematics anxiety.
Growing topography due to contrasting rock types in a tectonically dead landscape

Abstract. Many mountain ranges survive in a phase of erosional decay for millions of years following the cessation of tectonic activity. Landscape dynamics in these post-orogenic settings have long puzzled geologists due to the expectation that topographic relief should decline with time. Our understanding of how denudation rates, crustal dynamics, bedrock erodibility, climate, and mantle-driven processes interact to dictate the persistence of relief in the absence of ongoing tectonics is incomplete. Here we explore how lateral variations in rock type, ranging from resistant quartzites to less resistant schists and phyllites, and up to the least resistant gneisses and granitic rocks, have affected rates and patterns of denudation and topographic forms in a humid subtropical, high-relief post-orogenic landscape in Brazil where active tectonics ended hundreds of millions of years ago. We show that catchment-averaged denudation rates are negatively correlated with mean values of topographic relief, channel steepness and modern precipitation rates. Denudation instead correlates with inferred bedrock strength, with resistant rocks denuding more slowly relative to more erodible rock units, and the efficiency of fluvial erosion varies primarily due to these bedrock differences. Variations in erodibility continue to drive contrasts in rates of denudation in a tectonically inactive landscape evolving for hundreds of millions of years, suggesting that equilibrium is not a natural attractor state and that relief continues to grow through time. Over the long timescales of post-orogenic development, exposure at the surface of rock types with differential erodibility can become a dominant control on landscape dynamics by producing spatial variations in geomorphic processes and rates, promoting the survival of relief and determining spatial differences in erosional response timescales long after cessation of mountain building.
An overview of Defoliants Use in Cotton

Normally cotton is picked by hand, however, due to acute labour shortage, mechanized harvesting is gaining momentum. Mechanized harvesting of cotton requires the application of harvestfacilitating defoliants, chemicals to shed the leaves before harvesting at an appropriate time and to ensure clean and smooth picking of the seed cotton.Chemical defoliants therefore, form an integral part of package for achieving clean pickings, early termination and quality cotton in developing countries.
Effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Rosa damascena Mill on the cardiac angiogenesis in diabetic male rats

Background and aimsThe cardiac angiogenesis is one of the complications of diabetes. The oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and antioxidant defense of the body. In diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia induces increased oxidative stress through biological processes. Diabetes is also associated with reduced antioxidant defense by reducing glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. Rosa damascena Millhas antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of R. damascena Millon cardiac angiogenesis in diabetic rats.MethodsInthis experimental study carried out in 2016, a total of 48 adult male Wistar rats (190-200 g) were randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 6) including control, extracts (200, 400, and 1000 mg/kg), diabetic, and diabetic plus extracts (200, 400, and 1000 mg/kg). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg) and the rats were gavaged with different doses of extract for 30 days. At the end of the treatment, serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the rat hearts were removed for immunohistochemistry study.ResultsThe treatment with hydroalcoholic extract of R. damascene Mill had no significant effect on cardiac capillary density [F (7, 40) = 0.5, P > 0.05] and the serum levels of VEGF [F (7, 40) = 0.406, P > 0.05]. However, there was no significant difference in blood glucose level in extract groups compared to control rats as well as diabetic plus extract groups compared to diabetic rats [F (7,40) = 0.787, P > 0.05]. ConclusionAccording to our results, the hydroalcoholic extract of R. damascene Mill had no effect on cardiac angiogenesis in the normal and diabetic subjects. These findings were probably due to the insufficient amounts of effective ingredients, especially flavonoids, in this plant, or the duration of extract administration.
Improved Methane Production from Anaerobic Digestion of Municipal Solid Waste by Trace Elements Supplementation

Solid wastes constitute a major environmental pollution problem globally. Bioenergy production inform of biogas through anaerobic digestion is an effective way of managing the waste as well as energy recovery method. This study has focused on the effect of trace elements on methane gas yield produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic portion of municipal solid waste. Batch anaerobic digesters were operated under mesophilic conditions, both with and without trace elements (Fe, Co and Ni) supplementation at different concentrations. An increase in methane gas yield ranging from 2 – 18 % was recorded in digester systems with trace element supplements, and the maximum methane yield of 78 % was achieved at 20 mg/dm Fe addition.