Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Theoretical study of tetrad effects observed in REE distribution coefficients between marine Fe-Mn deposit and deep seawater, and in REE(III)-carbonate complexation constants

The series variations of logarithms of apparent distribution coefficients for rare earth elements (REE), log Kd(REE), between Fe-Mn deposit and deep water have been examined theoretically based on the experimental log Kd(REE) between Fe oxyhydroxide precipitate and NaCl solution doped with NaHCO3 (Ohta and Kawabe, 2000). The experimental log Kd(REE) values are strongly affected by REE(III)-carbonate complexation. Those experimental ones in the system with the carbonate ion concentration similar to seawater reproduce the characteristics of log Kd(REE) evaluated from field data except for large positive Ce anomaly. REE speciation calculation in seawater by using our REE(III)-carbonate complexation constants indicates that the main REE species is REECO3+(aq) rather than REE(CO3)2-(aq), except for heavy REE. This is different from the result based on previous literature data for REE(III)-carbonate complexation constants. Series variations of log {m(REE(OH)3·nH2O)/[REE(CO3)2-, aq]} and log {m(REE(OH)3·nH2O)/[REECO3+, aq]} evaluated from field data have been compared with those from our experimental data. We have confirmed that our data of carbonate complexation constants are better to explain experimental and natural systems simultaneously than the previous literature data. The refined spin-pairing energy theory (RSPET) can explain the tetrad effects observed in experimental log Kd(REE) and REE(III)-carbonate complexation constants: Racah (E1 and E3) parameters decrease in the order that REE3+(aq, octahydrate) > REECO3+(aq) > REE(CO3)2-(aq) ≥ REE(OH)3·nH2O(ss). This relationship is also compatible with field data. The tetrad effects observed in log Kd(REE) between marine Fe-Mn deposit and seawater and in REE(III)-carbonate complexation constants can be explained by the systematic differences in Racah parameters among the REE(III) species.
Whole-Grain, Cereal Fiber, Bran, and Germ Intake and the Risks of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease–Specific Mortality Among Women With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Although whole grain consumption has been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality in the general population, little is known about the effect of whole grain and its components on cardiovascular risk and mortality in diabetic patients. In this prospective study, we followed 7822 US women with type 2 diabetes mellitus for up to 26 years to investigate intakes of whole grain and its components cereal fiber, bran, and germ in relation to all-cause and cardiovascular disease–specific mortality. Our results indicated that intakes of whole grain, especially its subcomponent bran, were inversely associated with all-cause and cardiovascular disease–specific mortality among women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Low whole-grain intake may be considered an important modifiable risk factor for decreasing mortality and cardiovascular risk in persons with diabetes mellitus. See p 2162.
Real Effective Exchange Rate and Manufacturing Sector Performance: Evidence from Indian Firms

We explore the impact of Real Exchange Rate changes on the performance of Indian manufacturing firms over the period 2000-2012. Our empirical analysis shows that real exchange rate movements have a significant impact on Indian firms’ performance through the cost as well as the revenue channel. The impact depends upon the share of imports & exports along with the degree of market power as reflected in the time varying firm level mark up. However, presence of overvaluation negates the beneficial effects of exchange rate appreciation operating through the lower input cost channel. The same cannot be said about the ‘price competitiveness’ effect working through the export channel.
Climate variability of the coupled Tropical‐Extratropical Ocean‐Atmosphere System

Observations show that tropical and extratropical Pacific SST anomalies vary out‐of‐phase, and that the atmospheric meridional Hadley and zonal Walker Circulations are related to these variations. A tropical‐extratropical model is constructed to show oscillations consistent with observations. The positive feedback introduced by the Walker Circulation causes tropical warming so that the air rises and flows toward the subtropics where it sinks. When the sinking air approaches the sea surface, it flows both equatorward and poleward enhancing tropical easterly and extratropical westerly winds, respectively. Enhanced extratropical westerlies increases wind speed and hence evaporation, resulting in extratropical cooling. The Walker and Hadley Circulations thus result in tropical warming and extratropical cooling, respectively. The tropical warming and extratropical cooling increase the meridional SST difference and hence the meridional heat transport which erodes the tropical warming and extratropical cooling. Enhanced tropical easterlies due to the Hadley Circulation cools the tropical ocean through ocean dynamics. These negative feedbacks help the system to switch from warm to cold phases, and vice versa.
MASS ACCUMULATION RATES IN ASIA DURING THE CENOZOIC

Summary This work establishes estimates of mass accumulation rates in 18 mostly offshore sedimentary basins in Asia since the beginning of the Cenozoic, ≈ 66 Ma. The estimates were derived from isopach maps, cross-sections and drill holes or stratigraphic columns assuming regional similarity of the strata. Average solid phase volumes and accumulation rates were calculated for nine epochs approximately corresponding to geological periods: Palaeocene ( ≈ 66–58 Ma), Eocene ( ≈ 58–37 Ma), Oligocene( ≈ 37–30 and 30–24 Ma), Miocene ( ≈ 24–17, 17–11 and 11–5 Ma), Pliocene ( ≈ 5–2 Ma) and Quaternary ( ≈ 2–0 Ma). These rates shed new light on the geological history of Asia since the onset of the collision of India with Asia ( ≈ 50 Ma). The overall average accumulation rates curve for Asian sedimentary basins since the beginning of the Tertiary shows an exponential form with slow accumulation rates (less than 0.5 × 106 km3 Myr− 1) until the beginning of the Oligocene, more than 15 Myr after the onset of the collision. From the Oligocene onwards rates increase quickly in an exponential manner, reaching their maximum values in the Quaternary (more than 1.5 × 106 km3 Myr− 1). From these observations we suggest that extrusion and crustal shortening are complementary processes that have been successively dominant throughout the India–Eurasia collision history. At smaller scales one may distinguish between independent histories at the subcontinental and basin scales. This permits a comparison of the relative importance of tectonic and climatic erosion processes affecting the different mountain belts of Asia during the Cenozoic.
Analysis of recent circulation and thermal advection change in the northern Antarctic Peninsula

Changes in circulation at 500 and 850 hPa and horizontal thermal advection between these two levels are examined at Bellingshausen station in the northern Antarctic Peninsula between 1969 and 2000. A synthesis of radiosonde observations and reanalysis data is employed, the latter being ‘corrected’ to remove any bias and trend versus the observations. These data only reveal statistically significant increases in the annual zonal wind component; although the mean direction of the thermal advection is 339° there is no indication of increasing northerlies coincident with the remarkable regional surface warming. Seasonally, the zonal wind is most highly correlated with surface temperature in autumn and winter, the seasons showing the greatest temperature rise. This suggests that the increasing westerlies have played a role in the recent warming, and several authors have postulated that this results from a trend towards the positive phase of the Southern Hemisphere annular mode (SAM). However, a comparison between a regional zonal circulation index derived independently from observations and the reanalysis data used in past studies of the SAM indicates long‐term increases in the latter may be an artefact caused by errors in the early reanalysis data. While observations do indicate an increase in the zonal wind since the late 1970s, coincident with a decline in the strength of the semi‐annual oscillation, there is no clear evidence of circulation changes driving the long‐term Antarctic Peninsula surface warming. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Inter‐decadal variability in daily rainfall at Durham (UK) since the 1850s

Records of daily rainfall at Durham (UK) are analysed from 1850 to the present. The most notable wet period is the 1870s, followed by a protracted period of below‐average rainfall. Other than the 1870s, summers tended to be much wetter than winters during the latter part of the 19th century. In the 20th century, summers had become drier and winters wetter. To analyse large daily totals, three thresholds, 15, 22.6, and 25 mm, are used. For all three indices, the frequency of large falls was highest from the 1860s to the 1880s, followed by a low frequency in the 1900s. Since then, the general trend has been for totals to gradually increase. There is a clear division for the annual total rainfall, number of heavy falls (≥15 mm), and proportion of total rainfall provided by heavy falls in the winter (154 mm, 147 days, 12%, respectively) and spring (140 mm, 180 days, 16%) seasons in comparison to the summer (181 mm, 329 days, 28%) and autumn (186 mm, 304 days, 23%) seasons. However, since 1990, winter total rainfall (164 mm) has overtaken the summer total (154 mm). Furthermore, since 1990, heavy falls of rain in spring (23 days) and the proportion of total rainfall (26%) have overtaken summer heavy rain (17 days) and the proportions of rainfall in both summer (24%) and autumn (24%). In terms of heavy rainfall, winters have seen only a small increase in its relative importance, whereas its relative importance declined from the 1960s to the mid‐1990s for summers. The widely recognised increase in the winter:summer ratio of rainfall since the 1960s is clearly evident. Overall, there has been a narrowing of the differences between seasons in terms of the frequency of heavy falls of rain in the 1990s. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Stratigraphy and structure of a Late Wisconsinan salt collapse in the Saskatoon Low, south of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada: an update

The Saskatoon Low is a collapse structure that formed as a result of dissolution of salt from the Middle Devonian Prairie Evaporite Formation. In this study, the collapse has affected the Upper Cretaceous Lea Park, Judith River, and Bearpaw formations of the Montana Group; the Early and Middle Pleistocene Mennon, Dundurn, and Warman formations of the Sutherland Group; and the Late Pleistocene Floral, Battleford, and Haultain formations of the Saskatoon Group. Locally, the collapse is about 180 m, which is about equal to the thickness of the salt. The first phase of collapse took place after deposition of the Ardkenneth Member of the Bearpaw Formation and before glaciation or during a pre-Illinoian glaciation. The second phase of collapse occurred during the Battleford glaciation (Late Wisconsinan). Prior to deposition of the Battleford Formation, the Saskatoon Low was glacially eroded, removing the Sutherland Group and the Floral Formation. After the glacial erosion, up to 110 m of soft till of the Battle.
Analysis and Design of Vibration Isolation System Using Open Trenches

Field vibration tests were carried out at a proposed site for the vibration testing room, and 2D numerical analysis using finite difference tool FLAC 5.0 was performed to suggest effective vibration isolation systems. In the analysis, the numerical model is first calibrated with respect to material properties, damping value, and boundary conditions to obtain the output comparable to the field test results. The calibrated model was further used to perform a parametric study by (1) providing vibrating input motions from vibrating machines to be operated; (2) using two depths of cutoff trench; and (3) providing gravel bed, gravel bed with rubber pad, and gravel bed with rubber pad and cutoff trench to study the isolation effects. Comparing the results from the parametric studies with the human perception level of vibration, a decision on the isolation system was determined.
The taphonomy of cooked bone: characterizing boiling and its physico–chemical effects

Cooking is perhaps the most common pre–burial taphonomic transformation that occurs to bone, yet it is still one of the least understood. Little progress has been made in determining a method of identifying cooked bone in the archaeological record, despite its import for various branches of archaeology. This paper attempts to describe boiling in terms of its physico–chemical effects on bone, and uses a suite of diagenetic indicators to do this. It is shown that cooking for brief periods of time has little distinguishable effect on bone in the short term, but that increased boiling times can mirror diagenetic effects observed in archaeological bone. The relationship between the loss of collagen and alterations to the bone mineral is explored through heating experiments, and the results compared with archaeological data.The possibility of boiling being used as an analogue for bone diagenesis in future studies is raised, and the key relationship between protein and mineral is once again highlighted as vital to our understanding of bone diagenesis.
Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de adolescentes latinoamericanos

OBJETIVO: El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar diferencias en relacion con el sexo, la edad y el pais de origen, en los componentes de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS), en una muestra de adolescentes de tres ciudades localizadas en Argentina, Brasil y Chile, utilizando datos recogidos mediante un cuestionario validado y reconocido internacionalmente: el KIDSCREEN-52. METODOS: Se aplico el cuestionario KIDSCREEN-52 a 1 357 adolescentes con edades comprendidas entre 12 y 17 anos (48,6% varones) en muestras seleccionadas en los tres paises. Se utilizo el analisis de varianza univariada (ANCOVA) y se identificaron diferencias entre paises de los adolescentes, sexo y edad en cada componente de CVRS. RESULTADOS: Los datos indican diferencias significativas en componentes especificos de CVRS entre los tres paises. Los varones consiguieron puntuaciones significativamente mas elevadas que las mujeres en los componentes Bienestar fisico (P < 0,001), Bienestar psicologico (P = 0,019), Estado de animo y emociones (P < 0,001), Autopercepcion (P = 0,001), Autonomia (P < 0,001) y Relacion con los padres y vida familiar (P = 0,008). Las puntuaciones medias atribuidas a los componentes Bienestar fisico (P = 0,001), Bienestar psicologico (P = 0,001), Autopercepcion (P = 0,038), Autonomia (P = 0,001), Relacion con los padres y vida familiar (P = 0,001), Entorno escolar (P = 0,001) y Recursos economicos (P = 0,022) muestran un descenso significativo con el avance de la edad; en cuanto al componente Rechazo (social/bullying), los puntajes medios encontrados aumentaron significativamente con la edad (P < 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: Las evidencias encontradas sugieren que las intervenciones en prevencion y promocion de la salud deberian ser concebidas para llegar a los grupos-objetivo especificos y tendrian que contemplar acciones de acuerdo con el sexo y la edad de los adolescentes.
Purification and Properties of 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-Phosphate Synthase from Dark-Grown Seedlings of Sorghum bicolor

5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase (3-phospho-shi- kimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase; EC 2.5.1.19) was purified 1300-fold from etiolated shoots of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed three barely separated protein bands staining positive for EPSP synthase activity. The native molecular weight was determined to be 51,000. Enzyme activity was found to be sensitive to metal ions and salts. Apparent K. values of 7 and 8 micromolar were determined for the substrates shikimate-3-phosphate and phosphoenol-pyruvate (PEP), respectively. The herbicide glyphosate was found to inhibit the enzyme competitively with respect to PEP (K, = 0.16 micro-molar). Characterization studies support the conclusion of a high degree of similarity between EPSP synthase from S. bicolor, a monocot, and the enzyme from dicots. A similarity to bacterial EPSP synthase is also dis- cussed. Three EPSP synthase isozymes (I, II, III) were elucidated in crude homogenates of S. bicolor shoots by high performance liquid chromatography. The major isozymes, II and III, were separated and partially characterized. No significant differences in pH activity profiles and glyphosate sensitivity were found. This report of isozymes of EPSP synthase from S. bicolor is consistent with other reports for shikimate
Synthesis of SiO2 spheres with magnetic cores: Implications for the primary accretion in the solar nebula

[1] Current models used to explain how floating nebular dust accretes to planetesimals still encounter different kinds of problems. Since the magnetic force induced accretion model was first proposed by Nuth et al. (1994), it has been considered as an important route via which nebular dust accretes. In this paper, a system analogous to the primitive solar nebula has been created. A magnetic iron compound and silica were evenly dispersed in this system at high temperatures and their accretion behavior was investigated. Experimental results show that microspheres with magnetite and iron silicate cores and amorphous silica shells were formed. By analyzing the formation mechanism, we find that if the local temperature is under its Curie point, magnetite can aggregate spontaneously by magnetic interactions and can further attract charged silicon-bearing radicals via the Lorentz force. We have also found that the oxidation of iron to magnetite does not hinder the magnetic aggregation process, but facilitates the formation of widespread iron silicate. Therefore, our model provides an alternative view of “primary accretion” in the protoplanetary nebula.
Macrofossil and Tree-Ring Evidence for a Long-Term Forest Succession and Mid-Holocene Hemlock Decline

Abstract Paludified dune fields in southern Québec provided a unique opportunity to analyze a mid-Holocene forest succession, ranging from xero-mesophilous forests to treed peatlands, which registered the hemlock decline, a major biostratigraphic event in eastern North America. Our fossil-tree chronology established from 66 radiocarbon dates of tree stems indicates that white pine and hemlock were present at the study site about 6000-5700 yr B.P. Hemlock reached a maximum 4900-4800 yr B.P. and then declined between 4600 and 3800 yr B.P.; the species recovered around 3700 yr B.P. and then decreased when white pine and eastern latch dominated the site after 3000 yr B.P. and between 2600 and 2200 yr B.P., respectively. Tree-ring signatures of fossil hemlocks suggest the continuous influence of biotic factors, possibly insect defoliators, throughout the record, as shown by recurrent suppressed-growth pattern. Microscopic examination of the hemlock fossil stems disclosed no evidence of fungal disease. The hemlock decline was probably caused by regional posthypsithermal climatic changes, toward moister conditions.
Chronology of deformation within the turbidite‐dominated, Lachlan orogen: Implications for the tectonic evolution of eastern Australia and Gondwana

Ar‐Ar data from fabric‐forming white mica in slates, syntectonic quartz veins and granitic mylonites constrain the timing of metamorphism, deformation, and exhumation in the Lachlan orogen, Australia. These data also help define the tectonic evolution of the Tasmanides during Paleozoic time. The Lachlan orogen formed by the progressive accretion of a thick turbidite fan sequence and volcanic terrains to Gondwana during the closing of a small marginal ocean or back arc basin. This tectonic setting was similar to the present western and southwestern Pacific region. Accretion of the Lachlan orogen to Gondwana occurred by closing of the basin system by subduction‐accretion processes and some translation. The process is typified in the western Lachlan orogen by a major eastward migrating deformation involving chevron folding and faulting over an eastward propagating decollement/melange zone and is recorded by Ar‐Ar mica ages ranging from ∼455 Ma in the western part to ∼390 Ma in the eastern part. In the central Lachlan orogen, deformation migrated southwestward from ∼440–430 to 405 Ma away from the high‐temperature Wagga‐Omeo metamorphic complex, where deformation/metamorphism occurred between >440 and 400 Ma. In the north, ∼400 Ma mica ages record deformation and inversion of structures in the Cobar basin. In the eastern Lachlan orogen, Ar‐Ar mica dates range from 450 to 340 Ma. Ages of 455–445 Ma are yielded by the Narooma accretionary complex, 405–390 Ma ages are found along the major thrust faults bounding high‐grade metamorphic complexes, and 360–340 Ma cooling ages are found in the inverted extensional basins (e.g., Hill End) and related structural zones. The Ar‐Ar results also document periods of reactivation on early‐formed structures during later deformation elsewhere in the orogen.
Microdiamond in high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Western Gneiss region, Norway

Three grains of microdiamond were recovered from high-grade gneiss exposed in the Western Gneiss region, Norway. Identification and characterization of the diamond grains by Raman and infrared spectroscopy indicate the presence of substitutional impurities of H and N. Primary fluid inclusions in garnet and quartz in the diamond-bearing rock demonstrate the evolution of metamorphic volatile fluids from reduced N 2 -CO 2 compositions during the peak phase of metamorphism, to N 2 -CH 4 ± H 2 O–bearing compositions during retrograde metamorphism. Compatible geologic, petrologic, and fluid composition data imply a metamorphic origin for the microdiamonds; if so, the metamorphic and fluid conditions recorded by the microdiamonds and gneissic host may be applicable to microdiamond investigations in other high-pressure, regionally metamorphosed orogens.
Fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in the Mississippi River

The 2 800-km reach of the Mississippi River between Minneapolis, MN, and New Orleans, LA, was examined for the occurrence and fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), a common anionic surfactant found in municipal sewage effluents. River water and bottom sediment were sampled in the summer and fall of 1991 and in the spring of 1992. LAS was analyzed using solid-phase extraction/ derivatization/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. LAS was present on all bottom sediments at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 20 mg/kg and was identified in 21% of the water samples at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 28.2 μg/L. The results indicate that LAS is a ubiquitous contaminant on Mississippi River bottom sediments and that dissolved LAS is present mainly downstream from the sewage outfalls of major cities. The removal of the higher LAS homologs and external isomers indicates that sorption and biodegradation are the principal processes affecting dissolved LAS. Sorbed LAS appears to degrade slowly.