Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High-VTH E-Mode GaN HEMTs With Robust Gate-Bias-Dependent VTH Stability Enabled by Mg-Doped p-GaN Engineering

Highly stable threshold voltage <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$({V}_{\text {TH}})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> characteristics are an essential reliability requirement for p -GaN/AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (p-GaN HEMTs) to withstand various gate bias stresses for power applications. In this work, we demonstrate high-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {TH}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (3.0 V) p-GaN HEMTs with robust <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {TH}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> stability by p -GaN gate engineering via Mg doping and activation. The <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {TH}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> degradation rates of the resulting device under both pulsed-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}/{V}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and bias temperature instability (BTI) stress conditions are less than 10% at high temperatures up to 150°, which is much lower than that of conventional Schottky-type p -GaN HEMTs (20%–30%). Such notable <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {TH}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> characteristics are due to the impact ionization (I.I.)-dependent hole compensation under certain gate stress, which effectively alleviates the electron trapping effect and reduces positive <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {TH}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> shift. The I.I. occurring in the fully depleted p -GaN layer has been confirmed by both positive temperature-dependent gate breakdown characteristics and numerical simulations. Furthermore, shallow- and deep-level hole traps are identified in the gate-stack of high-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {TH}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> devices by performing the deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) technique. Consequently, the trapping effect associated with hole traps may also alleviate the undesired electron-trapping-induced <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {TH}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> shift. These results provide a critical understanding of the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {TH}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> stability of the high-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {TH}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> p -GaN HEMTs (HVT-HEMTs) and important design guidance for commercial device development.
Origins of aerosol chlorine during winter over north central Colorado, USA

The Nitrogen, Aerosol Composition, and Halogens on a Tall Tower campaign (February–March 2011) near Boulder, Colorado, investigated nighttime ClNO2 production and processing. Virtually all particulate Cl was in the form of ionic Cl−. The size distributions of Cl− and Na+ were similar, with most of the mass in the supermicrometer size fraction, suggesting primary sources for both. Median Cl− concentrations were about half those of Na+ and Ca2+ for particle diameters centered at 1.4 and 2.5 µm. To investigate potential sources of Na+ and Cl−, four cases were studied that featured the prevalence of Na+ and Cl− and different transport pathways based on FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model (FLEXPART) retroplumes. Estimates of supermicrometer Na+ particle lifetime against deposition indicate that long‐range transport of marine aerosols could account for the observed Na+. However, measured molar ratios of Ca2+ to Na+ (0.143–0.588) compared to seawater (0.022) indicate significant contributions from crustal sources to the supermicrometer aerosol composition during these four case studies. Further, low molar ratios of Mg2+ to Na+ (0.007–0.098) relative to seawater (0.114) suggest that some of the Na+, and presumably associated Cl−, originated from non‐sea‐salt sources. The heterogeneous chemical composition of saline soils throughout the western U.S., along with the nonlinearity of wind‐driven soil deflation as a function of various surface soil properties, precludes a quantitative apportionment of soil, marine, and anthropogenic sources to the observed coarse‐fraction aerosol. Nonetheless, results suggest that deflation of saline soils was a potentially important source of particulate Cl− that sustained atmospheric ClNO2 production and associated impacts on oxidation processes over northern Colorado.
The General Circulation in a Dissipative Ocean Basin with Longshore Wind Stresses

Abstract Solutions of the Stommel equation are presented which take the form of free waves in the interior of the ocean basin, driven by convergences and divergences in coastal transports brought about by the variation of the longshore wind stress around the coast. These waves have been termed “coastal waves” and result from the beta-effect in the presence of a uniform frictional process, such as the loss of momentum by the ocean to the atmosphere. The coastal waves which typically transport 5 Sv extend significantly into the interior of the ocean from all boundaries except the western boundary, and also drive a westward nonlinear current, appear to be an important feature in the general circulation. A good example of a quasi-steady wavefield induced by intermediate-scale coastline geography occurs in the Flinders Current off the south coast of Australia. The western boundary current, of course, compensates for imbalances in interior transport. Its structure results from forcing, both by this transport an.
Palaeohurricane reconstructions from sedimentary archives along the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and western North Atlantic Ocean margins

Abstract Hurricanes annually threaten the Atlantic Ocean margins. Historical hurricane records are relatively short and palaeohurricane sedimentary archives provide a geological and climatic context that sheds light on future hurricane activity. Here we review palaeo-trends in hurricane activity elucidated from sedimentary archives. We discuss dating methods, site selection and statistics associated with previously published records. These archives have been useful for understanding the long-term evolution of coastal systems and the response of intense hurricane activity to climatic changes. Regional shifts in hurricane overwash on centennial to millennial timescales have been linked to various climatic modes of variability, including El Niño/Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation, but could also reflect regional-scale controls on hurricane activity.
Evidence for subglacial water transport in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet through three‐dimensional satellite radar interferometry

RADARSAT data from the 1997 Antarctic Mapping Mission are used interferometrically to solve for the 3‐dimensional surface ice motion in the interior of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). An area of ∼125 km2 in a tributary of the Kamb Ice Stream slumped vertically downwards by up to ∼50 cm between September 26 and October 18, 1997. Areas in the Bindschadler Ice Stream also exhibited comparable upward and downward surface displacements. As the uplift and subsidence features correspond to sites at which the basal water apparently experiences a hydraulic potential well, we suggest transient movement of pockets of subglacial water as the most likely cause for the vertical surface displacements. These results, and related lidar observations, imply that imaging the change in ice surface elevation can help reveal the key role of water in the difficult‐to‐observe subglacial environment, and its important influence on ice dynamics.
Late‐glacial and Holocene high‐altitude environmental changes in Vallée des Merveilles (Alpes–Maritimes, France): insect evidence

A series of sedimentary profiles derived from the Lac Long Inférieur peat‐bog (2090 m altitude, southern Alps) enabled the tracing of the evolution of successive fossil insect assemblages (Coleoptera, Hymenoptera Formicidae, Diptera Bibionidae, Trichoptera, Megaloptera and Nevroptera) from the Würm deglaciation to the present in this part of Vallée des Merveilles. This evolution reflects the climatic changes and hence the vegetation changes, as well as the human impact on the environment since neolithic times. During deglaciation, an episode marked by very poor fossil insect assemblages was followed by one with abundant boreo‐alpine Coleoptera dependent on melting snow and steppe Coleoptera. This episode corresponds to the Younger Dryas climatic deterioration (10 970 ± 210yr BP; 10 430 ± 210yr BP) during which a steppe vegetation prevailed. The sudden fall in the number of insects belonging to cold environments marks the beginning of the Holocene warming. During the Preboreal and the Boreal period (8801 ± 54 yr BP; 8692 ± 53 yr BP) these insects disappear almost totally. On the other hand, Coleoptera mostly living at the tree‐line and at forest margins increase and reach a maximum at the end of the Boreal. Thereafter (Atlantic, 8087 ± 58yr BP; 5678 ± 50yr BP) they decrease to the benefit of forest insects. This development corresponds to an elevation of the tree‐line during the Atlantic and the Sub‐boreal (4770 ± 300yr BP; 3740 ± 160yr BP) and to a thicker forest cover. Coleoptera dependent on Abies and Larix appear at this time. The final entomological event occurs at the end of the Sub‐boreal and in the Subatlantic (2660 ± 190yr BP): it is characterised by a regular decrease of tree‐dependent taxa. This development is attributed to human action. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Étude hydrochimique et microbiologique des eaux de source de l'ouest montagneux de la Côte d'Ivoire : Cas du village de Mangouin-Yrongouin (sous- préfecture de Biankouman).

Objectif : Evaluer la qualite physico-chimique et microbiologique des eaux de source du village de Mangouin-Yrongouin dans la localite de Biankouman (Cote d’Ivoire). Methodologie et resultats : Pour la realisation de cette etude, la methode utilisee repose sur des releves piezometriques de la nappe phreatique, des analyses physico-chimiques et microbiologiques des eaux. Les resultats issus de ces analyses ont ete traites a l’aide de techniques hydrochimiques (diagramme de Piper). L’analyse statistique multivariee dont l’Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP) et la Classification Hierarchique Ascendante (CHA) a egalement ete utilisee pour la mise en evidence des phenomenes de mineralisation des eaux de ladite localite. L’etude piezometrique montre que le niveau statique de la nappe phreatique varie de 0,48 m a 4,52 m, avec une moyenne de 1,24 m. Les eaux sont acides, avec un pH qui varie de 4,85 a 6,01. Elles sont faiblement mineralisees, avec une conductivite electrique moyenne de 152,90 μS/cm. Dans la zone d’etude, les eaux sont chlorurees calciques. Les analyses chimiques revelent que les eaux de Mangouin-Yrongouin sont depourvues d’iode. L’analyse des metaux lourds montre qu’en dehors du fer et du Ni qui presentent des teneurs superieures a la valeur guide OMS qui est respectivement de 0,3 mg/L et 0,07 mg/L, les autres metaux etudies sont pratiquement inexistants dans les eaux. Sur le plan microbiologique, les eaux de source contiennent de forts taux d’ Escherichia coli (400 a 500 ufc/100 ml) et de Clostridium perfringens (100 ufc/20 ml a 1500 ufc/20 ml). La mineralisation des eaux est controlee par les phenomenes tels que le pluviolessivage des sols, l’hydrolyse acide des roches et l’apport lie aux activites anthropiques. Conclusion et applications : Cette etude montre que les ressources en eau de Mangouin-Yrongouin sont soumises a une pression anthropique importante. La consommation de ces eaux en dehors de tout traitement presente des risques sanitaires pour les populations. Mot cles : Assainissement, eaux de source, pollution, Hydrochimie, Environnement, Elements Traces Metalliques.
Integrating Africa: Decolonization's Legacies, Sovereignty and the African Union

1. Introduction 2. System, State, Statesman 3. Cases 4. Zimbabwe 5. Swaziland 6. Algeria 7. Ethiopia 8. Burkina Faso 9. South Africa 10. Uganda 11. Mauritius 12. Conclusion: Shaping the Future of the African Union
A sand model with state-dependent dilatancy

A comprehensive bounding surface sand model has been formulated within a critical-state framework. This model differs from some existing models in that it incorporates the concept of state-dependent dilatancy in its formulation. The concept of state-dependent dilatancy states that the dilatancy of a granular soil depends not only on the stress ratio η = q/p, where q and p are the deviatoric and mean effective normal stresses respectively, but also on the current material internal state in reference to the critical state in e–p–η space, where e is the void ratio. By adopting such a state-dependent dilatancy, the present model simulates, with a single set of model constants, both the contractive and the dilative responses of granular soils over a wide range of variations in stress and material internal states. The model is formulated in general three-dimensional stress-strain space, and works for both monotonic and cyclic loading paths, and under either drained or undrained conditions. The formulations and .
Vitamin D and Metabolic Syndrome in Working Age Subjects from an Obesity Clinic

Serum vitamin D (VitD) levels have been inversely related with metabolic syndrome (MetS), although the direct impact of VitD is still debated. This study examined 879 subjects of working age from an obesity and occupational clinic in Milan, Italy. Among these participants, 316 had MetS, while 563 did not. A multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for MetS in relation to serum VitD levels. After controlling for age, sex, leisure time physical activity, and body mass index (BMI), individuals with VitD levels between 20 and 29.9 ng/dL, or at least 30 ng/dL, had approximately half the risk of developing MetS (OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.32–0.86 and OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.25–0.99, respectively) compared to those with VitD levels below 10 ng/dL. This study presents further evidence of the beneficial effect of adequate VitD levels on the risk of MetS in a population of overweight/obese workers, even after adjusting for BMI. This study supports the importance of testing for and—if required—supplementing VitD in individuals with metabolic risk factors.
A cohort study on anxiety and perceived recovery 3 and 12 months after mild to moderate stroke

Background Anxiety is a common complication of stroke, affecting one in every three stroke survivors. Stroke recovery is a dynamic process, with most recovery occurring within the first 3 months. However, how anxiety affects this dynamic remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate how anxiety affects perceived recovery at 3 and 12 months after stroke. Additionally we also examined the change in perceived stroke recovery from 3 to 12 months and its relationship with anxiety. Methods In this longitudinal study patients with stroke were enrolled at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess anxiety, and the Stroke Impact Scale was used to assess perceived recovery 3 and 12 months after the stroke. The difference in perceived stroke recovery between the anxiety and no-anxiety groups at 3 and 12 months was analyzed. Changes in perceived stroke recovery were calculated and trichotomized from 3 to 12 months based on clinically significant positive changes (+10 points or more), clinically important negative changes (−10 points or less), or no changes (±9). At 3 and 12 months after the stroke, negative and positive recovery was compared to no change in recovery regarding anxiety scores. Results This study included 99 patients (44.4% female, median age, 77 years). At 3 and 12 months after the stroke, the median recovery score was 80 out of 100. At 3- and 12-months 17.6 and 15.7% of the patients experienced anxiety, respectively. At both time points, there was a significant association between anxiety and lower perceived stroke recovery (at 3 months: p < 0.001; and 12 months p = 0.002). Among participants with anxiety at 3 or 12 months after stroke, a positive change in recovery from 3 to 12 months was identified (3 months, p = 0.004 and 12 months, p = 0.0014). Conclusion Anxiety symptoms following a stroke are associated with lower levels of perceived stroke recovery for at least 1 year after the stroke. Identifying patients with anxiety early after stroke may be beneficial for identifying those at risk of lower recovery. Clinical trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier [NCT01622205]. Registered on June 19, 2012 (retrospectively registered).
Lipid Profile in Multiple Sclerosis: Functional Capacity and Therapeutic Potential of Its Regulation after Intervention with Epigallocatechin Gallate and Coconut Oil

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients present dyslipidemia and functional disability. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and coconut oil have been shown to be effective against dyslipidemia. Objective: To analyze the relationship between lipid profiles, fat consumption, and functional disability in patients with MS after administering EGCG and coconut oil. Methods: A four-month pilot study was conducted on 45 MS patients, divided into an intervention group (IG) and a control group (CG). The IG received 800 mg of EGCG and 60 mL of coconut oil. Lipid profiles were measured before and after the intervention, along with other data such as dietary habits, inflammatory markers, and functional capacity. Results: Dyslipidemia did not correlate with the patients’ fat consumption. After the intervention, triglycerides (TG) levels were lower in IG compared to CG. This decrease was positively correlated with an improvement in functional disability (determined by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)) and negatively with high-density cholesterol (HDL) and apolipoprotein A1. Significant and positive correlations were observed between EDSS and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the IG. These changes in the IG could be related to body fat decrease, whose percentage shows a positive correlation with CRP and TG levels, and a negative correlation with HDL levels. Conclusions: Patients with MS present a certain type of dyslipemia not associated with their nutritional habits. The administration of EGCG and coconut oil seems to decrease blood TG levels, which could explain the functional improvements.
Evaluation of the opinions of patients applying to the emergency department in the north of Syria about COVID-19 vaccine

Background: In north of Syria, health care is provided with humanitarian aid. Mass vaccinations, seen as a way out of the pandemic in Syria, are to be carried out with the support of WHO and under the supervision of Turkey. In this study, we assessed the knowledge and opinions of people who applied to hospital emergency departments in north of Syria Region about COVID-19 and the vaccine.Methods: A face-to-face survey was conducted by trained interviewers among patients and their relatives who applied to the emergency department of Azez Vatan and Çobanbey Hospitals in North of Syria Region.Results: A total of 331 subjects, 40.2% males and 59.8% females, participated in the study. The mean age was 36.06±12.69 years. While 42.9% of the participants wanted to be vaccinated, 42% said they did not want to be vaccinated, and 15.1% were undecided. When those who answered “No and I am undecided” to the question “Would you like to be vaccinated? ” were asked about their hesitations about the vaccine, 129 people indicated that they did not think the vaccines were safe, and 107 people were not sure whether the vaccines provided protection. Belief was found to have no significant effect on the desire to be vaccinated.Conclusions: It is believed that vaccine awareness in the global sense, misconceptions and concerns about vaccines are effective and should be taken into account in vaccination activities and pandemic response in Syria as well as around the world.
Electron temperature anisotropy in the polar wind

We studied the steady state flow of a fully ionized H+-O+-electron plasma along geomagnetic field lines in the high-latitude topside ionosphere. Our theoretical formulation for the electron gas was based on the 13-moment system of transport equations, which allows for different electron temperatures parallel and perpendicular to the geomagnetic field and nonclassical heat flows, but for the H+ and O+ gases we used a simplified set of transport equations that did not allow for ion temperature anisotropies and that only included ordinary thermal condution in the ion heat flow equations. Solutions to the plasma transport equations were obtained over the altitude range from 1500 to 12,000 km for a range of lower boundary conditions leading to both subsonic and supersonic H+ outflows. For subsonic H+ outflows, the electron gas remains collision dominated to high altitudes; that is, the electron temperature anisotropy is small, the electron temperatures are low, the electron temperature profile is isothermal at high altitudes, and the electron heat flow is given by the classical collision-dominated expression at all altitudes. For supersonic H+ outflows we found the following results. (1) At altitudes below 2500 km the electron gas is essentially collision dominated. (2) Above 2500 km an anisotropy in the electron temperature distribution develops such that Te⊥ >Te∥. This anisotropy increases with altitude, and at 12,000 km, Te⊥/Te∥ ∼2. (3) The magnitude of downward electron heat flux at 1500 km does not appreciably affect the temperature ratio Te⊥/Te∥ at high altitudes, but it has a dramatic effect on the individual parallel and perpendicular electron temperatures. For small lower boundary electron heat fluxes, Te∥ and Te⊥ are low at all altitudes (Te⊥ ≲7000°K), but for large electron heat fluxes at the lower boundary, Te⊥ can exceed 100,000°K at 12,000 km. Also, for large electron heat fluxes at the lower boundary the electron heat flow profile has a strong tendency to become constant with altitude above about 3000 km.
Reduced glucose concentration enhances ultradian rhythms in Pdcd5 promoter activity in vitro

Intrinsically driven ultradian rhythms in the hourly range are often co-expressed with circadian rhythms in various physiological processes including metabolic processes such as feeding behaviour, gene expression and cellular metabolism. Several behavioural observations show that reduced energy intake or increased energy expenditure leads to a re-balancing of ultradian and circadian timing, favouring ultradian feeding and activity patterns when energy availability is limited. This suggests a close link between ultradian rhythmicity and metabolic homeostasis, but we currently lack models to test this hypothesis at a cellular level. We therefore transduced 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cells with a reporter construct that drives a destabilised luciferase via the Pdcd5 promotor, a gene we previously showed to exhibit robust ultradian rhythms in vitro. Ultradian rhythmicity in Pdcd5 promotor driven bioluminescence was observed in >80% of all cultures that were synchronised with dexamethasone, whereas significantly lower numbers exhibited ultradian rhythmicity in non-synchronised cultures (∼11%). Cosine fits to ultradian bioluminescence rhythms in cells cultured and measured in low glucose concentrations (2 mM and 5 mM), exhibited significantly higher amplitudes than all other cultures, and a shorter period (6.9 h vs. 8.2 h, N = 12). Our findings show substantial ultradian rhythmicity in Pdcd5 promotor activity in cells in which the circadian clocks have been synchronised in vitro, which is in line with observations of circadian synchronisation of behavioural ultradian rhythms. Critically, we show that the amplitude of ultradian rhythms is enhanced in low glucose conditions, suggesting that low energy availability enhances ultradian rhythmicity at the cellular level in vitro.