Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Depositional and diagenetic controls on reservoir attributes within a fluvial outcrop analog: Upper Triassic Sonsela member of the Chinle Formation, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona

The Upper Triassic Sonsela member of the Chinle Formation in the Petrified Forest National Park was evaluated using sedimentologic, stratigraphic, paleopedologic, and petrographic criteria along a continuous 0.5-km (0.3-mi) outcrop. The study interval consists of interbedded sandstones and mudstones and is composed of a two-tiered hierarchy of cyclic alluvial deposits with bounding paleosols. The succession is composed of 15 fluvial aggradational cycles (FACs) that comprise two FAC sets (FAC-Sets). The FAC-Sets are composed of architectural elements suggestive of a mixed-load fluvial system that is alternately dominated by bed-load deposits and suspended-load deposits. A thinning and fining stacking pattern within FAC-Sets is accompanied by an upward increase in pedogenic modification, suggesting that cycles systematically stack in response to a longer period decrease in the rate of accommodation gain. Sandstones are classified as litharenites, feldspathic litharenites, and lithic subarkoses, and occur within recycled orogen, dissected arc, and transitional arc provenance fields. Sandstone compositional maturity increases upward through the FAC-Sets. Point counts of intergranular volume (as a proxy for primary porosity) within channel facies and subsequent transform to syndepositional permeability provide a two-dimensional depiction of the lateral variability in reservoir quality. Paleosols are weakly to moderately developed and have little stratigraphic variation. These characteristics suggest that climatic fluctuations are not responsible for evolving fluvial depositional style or associated reservoir quality. Trends in sandstone compositional maturity suggest that fluvial stacking patterns and depositional style are related to pulses of tectonism. Sandstones are volcanogenic rich and have undergone an almost complete diagenetic loss of porosity caused by the precipitation of authigenic clays. Paragenetic reconstruction suggests that porosity loss occurred contemporaneous with the silicification of fossil logs in channel deposits. Log compaction at the time of silicification averaged 9.1%, suggesting that log silicification and porosity loss occurred soon after deposition.
Mass Wasting and Sediment Storage in a Small Montane Watershed: An Extreme Case of Anthropogenic Disturbance in the Humid Tropics

By the peak of land-use conversion for subsistence cropping and plantation agriculture in Puerto Rico in the 1940's, 94 percent of the original forest cover had been eliminated. In a small (26.4 km) upland watershed that typifies this land-use history, field surveys and examination of aerial photographs indicate that more than 2,000 landslides have occurred since about 1820 when forest clearing began. The landslides are attributable to a combination of three factors: a highly weathered bedrock (Cretaceous granodiorite), episodic heavy rainfall, and almost two centuries of intense land-use practices. On average, landslide scars number 140/km in the Cayaguás watershed, equal to 80 landslide scars/km/100 y. The volume of hillslope material eroded by landsliding is estimated at 660,000 m/km (870,000 Mg/km). If all colluvium was transported from the catchment, then the volume is equivalent to a mean surface lowering of the entire watershed by 660 mm, or 3.8 mm/y. Soil augering, field observations at construction sites, road cuts and stream banks, mapping from aerial photographs, and GIS-based estimates of the surface area of footslopes, indicate that colluvium may total 149,000 Mg/km. If mobilized, this would be sufficient stored material to supply the annual average fluvial sediment yield for as long as 129 years. The great availability of colluvial and alluvial sediment on footslopes, floodplains, and in channels will maintain high sediment yield well into the 21st century in spite of government efforts to reforest hillslopes and institute other hillslope soil conservation measures.
Novel Utility of Leucine-Rich Alpha-2-Glycoprotein as a Biomarker in Ulcerative Colitis: A Predictor of Endoscopic Remission Independent of Symptoms

Introduction: Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein (LRG) is a potential biomarker for disease activity and reflects mucosal healing in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). However, only a few studies have described a detailed sensitivity analysis of LRG in predicting mucosal healing in patients. This study aimed to evaluate the association between LRG and the endoscopic activity of UC and its predictability for mucosal healing and explore the utility and clinical application of LRG. Methods: The diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers, including LRG, in predicting the endoscopic activity of UC was evaluated. All consecutive patients who underwent total colonoscopy between April 2021 and September 2022 were included. The Mayo endoscopic subscore (MES) was used for assessing endoscopic activity. Furthermore, endoscopic remission was defined as an MES of ≤1. Clinical activity was evaluated based on stool frequency and bloody stool. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and binary logistic regression were performed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the biomarkers. We evaluated LRG trends and treatment response in patients with MES ≥2 who underwent induction therapy. Results: This study comprised 214 patients. The proportions of endoscopically and clinically active patients were 33.6% and 49.1%, respectively. LRG had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.856, with a higher diagnostic accuracy than other biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein, leukocyte, neutrophil, platelet, and albumin. The cutoff value for LRG was 15.6 μg/mL (sensitivity, 72.2%; specificity, 86.6%). Using the MES, patients with higher scores had higher LRG levels than those with lower scores. The cutoff value, AUC, sensitivity, and specificity varied with a higher AUC for left-sided colitis and pancolitis than for proctitis. Logistic regression analysis showed that LRG was an independent predictor of endoscopic remission using multivariate analysis, even with the factor of clinical activity. The change ratio of LRG pre- and post-treatment was statistically significant in the higher LRG group. Conclusion: LRG reflected endoscopic activity independently, regardless of clinical symptoms. An LRG below the cutoff value could indicate a significantly low probability of endoscopic activity in asymptomatic patients, and follow-up endoscopy (not for cancer screening) may be unnecessary. Furthermore, a higher LRG level might be more useful as an indicator of treatment efficacy.
Hydrocarbon seepage and its sources at mud volcanoes of the Kumano forearc basin, Nankai Trough subduction zone

Twelve submarine mud volcanoes (MV) in the Kumano forearc basin within the Nankai Trough subduction zone were investigated for hydrocarbon origins and fluid dynamics. Gas hydrates diagnostic for methane concentrations exceeding solubilities were recovered from MVs 2, 4, 5, and 10. Molecular ratios (C1/C2 < 250) and stable carbon isotopic compositions (δ13C‐CH4 >−40‰ V‐PDB) indicate that hydrate‐bound hydrocarbons (HCs) at MVs 2, 4, and 10 are derived from thermal cracking of organic matter. Considering thermal gradients at the nearby IODP Sites C0009 and C0002, the likely formation depth of such HCs ranges between 2300 and 4300 m below seafloor (mbsf). With respect to basin sediment thickness and the minimum distance to the top of the plate boundary thrust we propose that the majority of HCs fueling the MVs is derived from sediments of the Cretaceous to Tertiary Shimanto belt below Pliocene/Pleistocene to recent basin sediments. Considering their sizes and appearances hydrates are suggested to be relicts of higher MV activity in the past, although the sporadic presence of vesicomyid clams at MV 2 showed that fluid migration is sufficient to nourish chemosynthesis‐based organisms in places. Distributions of dissolved methane at MVs 3, 4, 5, and 8 pointed at fluid supply through one or few MV conduits and effective methane oxidation in the immediate subsurface. The aged nature of the hydrates suggests that the major portion of methane immediately below the top of the methane‐containing sediment interval is fueled by current hydrate dissolution rather than active migration from greater depth.
Crustal structure of the Middle Urals: Results from the (ESRU) Europrobe seismic reflection profiling in the Urals experiments

As a contribution to Europrobe's seismic reflection profiling in the Urals (ESRU) project, three overlapping seismic reflection data sets were acquired in the Middle Urals. A 56 km long profile was registered over the Europe‐Asia suture, two 25 km long intersecting profiles were collected over the Urals superdeep borehole (SG4), and an 80 km long profile was recorded eastward extending east toward the West Siberian Basin. Reflections on the seismic sections delineate several major middle to late Paleozoic thrust zones in the upper crust. These thrust zones have a bivergent geometry with westerly vergence west of the Uralian orogenic axis and easterly vergence to the east. The principal terrane boundaries are the Main Uralian Thrust Fault in the west and the Trans‐Uralian Thrust Zone in the east. Normal faults are spatially associated with former thrust faults, or they crosscut them. The thrust and normal faults can be confidently correlated with surface geological features. Near‐vertical and wide‐angle seismic reflection profiling reveals thickening of the crust from about 45 km to approximately 53 km below the central axis of the Urals. East and west of the root zone, the lower crust is reflective, particularly toward the West Siberian Basin. We interpret the reflectivity of the crust below the East European Craton as pre‐Uralian, whereas that toward the West Siberian Basin is interpreted as late orogenic. Although the principal tectonic features imaged by the seismic sections are probably of Paleozoic age, a post‐Paleozoic origin for the lower crustal reflectivity in the east cannot be ruled out.
Pingos of the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Area, Northwest Territories

Most pingos have grown in residual ponds left behind by rapid lake drainage through erosion of ice-wedge polygon systems. The field studies (1969-78) have involved precise levelling of numerous bench marks, extensive drilling, detailed temperature measurements, installation of water pressure transducers below permafrost and water (ice) quality, soil, and many other analyses. Precise surveys have been carried out on 17 pingos for periods ranging from 3 to 9 years. The field results show that permafrost aggradation in saturated lake bottom sediments creates the high pore water pressures necessary for pingo growth. The subpermafrost water pressures frequently approach that of the total litho-static pressure of permafrost surrounding a pingo. The water pressure is often great enough to lift a pingo and intrude a sub-pingo water lens beneath it. The basal diameter of a pingo is established in early youth after which time the pingo tends to grow higher, rather than both higher and wider. The shutoff direction of freezing is from periphery to center. When growing pingos have both through going taliks and also permeable sediments at depth, water may be expelled downwards by pore water expulsion from freezing and consolidation from self loading on saturated sediments. Pingos can rupture from bursting of the sub-pingo water lens. Otherwise, pingo failure is at the top and periphery. Hydraulic fracturing is probably important in some pingo failures. Water loss from sub-pingo water lenses causes subsidence with the subsidence pattern being the mirror image of the growth pattern; i.e. greatest subsidence at the top. Small peripheral bulges may result from subsidence. Old pingos collapse from exposure of the ice core to melting by overburden rupture, by mass wasting, and by permafrost creep of the sides.
Geochemistry of Lau Basin volcanic rocks: influence of ridge segmentation and arc proximity

Abstract Side-scan sonar imaging of the Central Lau Basin (SW Pacific) has revealed a Central Lau Spreading Centre (CLSC) propagating southwards at the expense of an Eastern Lau Spreading Centre (ELSC) with a small Intermediate Lau Spreading Centre (ILSC) forming a ‘relay’ between the two. Volcanic rocks sampled along these spreading centres, and from two adjacent seamounts, are glassy to fine-grained pillow lavas and sheet flows of basalts, ferrobasalts and andesites. The evolved rocks are mostly confined to the propagating tip of the CLSC and can be explained by a high rate of cooling relative to magma supply, as invoked for magma genesis at propagating ridges elsewhere. Compared with equivalent rocks from the eastern Pacific, the most evolved members of the CLSC suite require similarly high degrees (>90%) of fractional crystallization from their basaltic parents. Fractional crystallisation cannot, however, account for the compositional differences between CLSC and ELSC lavas. Whereas the composition of the CLSC lavas lies just within the compositional spectrum of typical N-MORB, the ELSC lavas are distinctly enriched in alkali and alkaline earth elements, reach oxide and apatite saturation at lower Fe, Ti and P concentrations and generally show greater vesicularity despite slightly greater depths of eruption, all indicative of a water-rich subduction component. They also have lower contents of Ni, Sc, Na and Fe and higher contents of Si at a given MgO concentration that indicate a more depleted and more hydrous mantle beneath the ELSC compared with the CLSC. These results provide further evidence that, beneath the Central Lau Basin, the source composition changes progressively from MORB-type to island arc tholeiite type as the subduction zone is approached, both eastwards from the CLSC to ELSC and southwards along the ELSC to the Valu Fa Ridge. They also indicate that the composition of the subduction component may vary systematically away from the arc, with Th, LREE, Ba, Rb and H (as H2O) all present close to the arc, only Ba, Rb and H2O present at intermediate distances and just H2O perceptible at the furthest distances.
Distribution of soluble impurities in cold glacial ice

Abstract Understanding the microstructure of ice underpins the interpretation of ice-core measurements and many ice-sheet properties. A detailed study of polar snow and ice using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray analysis revealed the micro-structural distribution of soluble impurities. Sublimation under vacuum (etching) concentrated impurity from both the bulk and grain boundaries on to the specimen surfaces in detectable quantities. Sublimation in the cold room before examination (pre-etching) collected previously unobservable quantities of impurity at triple junctions. A heterogeneous distribution of impurities was observed. Chloride was frequently found to originate from the lattice, but not usually at triple junctions. Other impurities, particularly sodium chloride, were detected at grain boundaries and bubble surfaces. Sulphate was often found at triple junctions in specimens containing a high bulk concentration of the acid, frequently in conjunction with cations. This suggests the possibility that veins were only filled with significant amounts of impurity when the surrounding grain boundaries were saturated. The model of impurity arrangement inferred from the results reconciles differences between previous SEM studies; additionally it is consistent with and explains recent electrical conduction observations. The disconnected arrangement of impurity-filled grain boundaries and veins limits opportunities for significant post-depositional solute movement.
Appropriateness ratings of everyday behaviors in the United States now and 50 years ago

Introduction A crucial aspect of social norms pertains to determining which behaviors are considered appropriate. Here we consider everyday behaviors. Some everyday behaviors are rated as more appropriate than others, and ratings of the appropriateness of a given behavior may vary over time. The objective of this study is to elucidate the reasons behind variation in appropriateness ratings of everyday behaviors in the United States. Our theory focuses on how the evaluation of the appropriateness of a behavior is influenced by its potential for externalities and internalities, and how this influence may cause a change in norms over time. Method Employing a preregistered design, we asked American participants to rate 37 different everyday behaviors based on their appropriateness in a range of common situations, as well as their potential negative externalities (e.g., being loud, being aggressive, taking up space) and positive internalities (e.g., pleasurability). Changes over time were calculated as the difference between mean ratings obtained in this study and ratings of the same behavior in a similar study conducted 50 years ago. Results As expected, overall appropriateness ratings of everyday behaviors are associated both with their externalities and their internalities, so that the least appropriate behaviors tend to have considerable potential for negative externalities and little potential for positive internalities. Moreover, behaviors that have considerable potential for negative externalities are perceived as less appropriate now than 50 years ago. Discussion By describing how social norms for everyday behaviors depend on the externalities and internalities of behaviors, this study contributes to theories about the emergence and change of social norms.
Metapopulation Structure of Two Species of Pikeworm (Triaenophorus, Cestoda) Parasitizing the Postglacial Fish Community in an Oligotrophic Lake

Simple Summary In this study, the levels of infestation of two different species of pikeworm, Triaenophorus crassus and T. nodulosus, inhabiting a deep, oligotrophic mountain lake in Siberia were revealed. Based on results of five years of studies, a significant interannual variation in T. crassus infestation level was found, whereas the stability of T. nodulosus infestation in their host fishes was seen. Differences in feeding habits and physiology of fishesprobably had an effect on the mass of parasite abundance. Moreover, an asymmetry in parasite infestations between the number of T. crassus cysts in the left and right body surfaces of the ‘‘benthivorous” Coregonus lavaretus pidschian was also observed. Abstract In the present study, we estimated the levels of infestation of the main fish species that are hosts for two Triaenophorus species: T. crassus and T. nodulosus. The prevalence of T. crassus and T. nodulosus infestations in the intestine of their definitive host–pike Esox lucius was similar (71.0% and 77.4%, respectively). At the same time, the prevalence of T. crassus infestation in muscle tissue was significantly different between the second intermediate hosts, Coregonus lavaretus pidschian (31.4%) and Cor. l. pravdinellus (91.2%), due to considerable differences in their diets. For T. nodulosus, we found significant variations in the levels of prevalence among the second intermediate hosts—100% for Lota lota, 81.8% for Cottus sibiricus 31.9% for Thymallus arcticus, and 24.5% for Perca fluviatilis—that we also explained using different diets. Moreover, analysis of the symmetry of parasite infestations did not reveal any asymmetry between the number of cysts in the left and right body surfaces of the “planktivorous” form/species of whitefish, whereas in the ‘‘benthivorous”, an asymmetry of parasite infestations was found.
Fracture detection in a carbonate reservoir using a variety of seismic methods

We combine various methods to estimate fracture orientation in a carbonate reservoir located in southwest Venezuela. The methods we apply include the 2-D rotation analysis of 2-D P-S data along three different azimuths, amplitude-variation-with-offset (AVO) of 2-D P-wave data along the same three azimuths, normal-moveout (NMO) analysis of the same 2-D data, and both 3-D azimuthal AVO and NMO analysis of 3-D P-wave data recorded in the same field. The results of all methods are compared against measures of fracture orientation obtained from Formation microScanner logs recorded at four different locations in the field, regional and local measures of maximum horizontal stress, and the alignment of the major faults that cross the field. P-S data yield fracture orientations that follow the regional trend of the maximum horizontal stress, and are consistent with fracture orientations measured in the wells around the carbonate reservoir. Azimuthal AVO analysis yields a similar regional trend as that obtained from the P-S data, but the resolution is lower. Local variations in fracture orientation derived from 3-D AVO show good correlation with local structural changes. In contrast, due to the influence of a variety of factors, including azimuthal anisotropy and lateral heterogeneity in the overburden, azimuthal NMO analysis over the 3-D P-wave data yields different orientations compared to those obtained by other methods. It is too early to say which particular method is more appropriate and reliable for fracture characterization. The answer will depend on factors that range from local geological conditions to additional costs for acquiring new information.
Endotenon-Derived Type II Tendon Stem Cells Have Enhanced Proliferative and Tenogenic Potential

Tendon injuries caused by overuse or age-related deterioration are frequent. Incomplete knowledge of somatic tendon cell biology and their progenitors has hindered interventions for the effective repair of injured tendons. Here, we sought to compare and contrast distinct tendon-derived cell populations: type I and II tendon stem cells (TSCs) and tenocytes (TNCs). Porcine type I and II TSCs were isolated via the enzymatic digestion of distinct membranes (paratenon and endotenon, respectively), while tenocytes were isolated through an explant method. Resultant cell populations were characterized by morphology, differentiation, molecular, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence analysis. Cells were isolated, cultured, and evaluated in two alternate oxygen concentrations (physiological (2%) and air (21%)) to determine the role of oxygen in cell biology determination within this relatively avascular tissue. The different cell populations demonstrated distinct proliferative potential, morphology, and transcript levels (both for tenogenic and stem cell markers). In contrast, all tendon-derived cell populations displayed multipotent differentiation potential and immunophenotypes (positive for CD90 and CD44). Type II TSCs emerged as the most promising tendon-derived cell population for expansion, given their enhanced proliferative potential, multipotency, and maintenance of a tenogenic profile at early and late passage. Moreover, in all cases, physoxia promoted the enhanced proliferation and maintenance of a tenogenic profile. These observations help shed light on the biological mechanisms of tendon cells, with the potential to aid in the development of novel therapeutic approaches for tendon disorders.