Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Interplay between Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus Infection, Starch Metabolism and Antioxidant Defence System in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

The potato apical leaf curl disease is caused by tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus-potato (ToLCNDV-potato), which severely alters a plant’s starch metabolism, starch hydrolysing enzymes, and antioxidant mechanism. In this study, the result suggested that ToLCNDV-potato significantly (p < 0.01) affected the morphological parameters and photosynthetic pigment system in both the cultivars of potato, viz., Kufri Pukhraj (susceptible) and Kufri Bahar (tolerant). However, the impact of ToLCNDV-potato was lower in Kufri Bahar. Moreover, the viral infection in potato showed significant (p < 0.01) enhancement in the leakage of plant oxidative metabolites such as proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) which was further confirmed with higher electrolyte leakage. The viral infection imbalance of starch metabolism in the leaves ultimately affects the carbohydrate profile. ToLCNDV-potato significantly lowered starch synthesis, enhanced the accumulation of sucrose, glucose, fructose and—which was further validated by enzymatic estimation of β-amylase—α-amylase and phosphorylase activity in the leaves of both cultivars. The antioxidant enzymes, viz., catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, were reported to be enhanced in both the cultivars due to ToLCNDV-potato infection. The higher enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activity was observed in Kufri Bahar, which signifies its resistant attributes. These findings in the potato plant broaden our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of starch metabolism and antioxidant activity and provide proof of concept for breeding potato for ToLCNDV-potato tolerance.
Notes: A Continuous Model of Neural Networks. Part I: Residual Networks

In this series of notes, we try to model neural networks as as discretizations of continuous flows on the space of data, which can be called flow model. The idea comes from an observation of their similarity in mathematical structures. This conceptual analogy has not been proven useful yet, but it seems interesting to explore. In this part, we start with a linear transport equation (with nonlinear transport velocity field) and obtain a class of residual type neural networks. If the transport velocity field has a special form, the obtained network is found similar to the original ResNet (He et al., 2016). This neural network can be regarded as a discretization of the continuous flow defined by the transport flow. In the end, a summary of the correspondence between neural networks and transport equations is presented, followed by some general discussions. 1 Transport Equation Consider the following terminal value problem (TVP) for linear transport equation: { ∂tu + v(t, x) · ∇u = 0, x ∈ R, t ∈ [0, T ] u(T, x) = f(x), x ∈ R. (1) Here v is a Rd-valued function, called the transport velocity field. It can be chosen in different ways. We will consider firstly the general form, then a special type: v(t, x) = W (t)a ( W (t) + b(t) ) + b(t), (2) where W (1)(t),W (2)(t) ∈ Rd×d, b(1)(t), b(2)(t) ∈ Rd. The activation a is a Rd-valued nonlinear function, which is Lipschitz continuous. ∗Department of Mathematics, HKUST. Email: lishen03@gmail.com †Yau Mathematical Sciences Center, Tsinghua University. Email: zqshi@tsinghua.edu. cn 1 ar X iv :1 70 8. 06 25 7v 1 [ cs . L G ] 2 1 A ug 2 01 7 It is well known that the solution of equation (1) is transported along characteristics. The characteristics are defined as solutions of the initial value problems (IVP) of the ODE: { ẋ = v(t, x), t ∈ [0, T ] x(0) = x0, (3) where x0 ∈ Rd. Along the solution curve x = q(t), it is easy to verify that d dt u(t, q(t)) = (∂tu(t, x) + q̇(t) · ∇u(t, x))x=q(t) (4) = (∂tu(t, x) + v(t, q(t)) · ∇u(t, x))x=q(t) = 0. (5) So u remains unchanged along the curve. See Figure 1 for a conceptual illustration. Therefore u(0, x0) = u(t, q(t)) = u(T, q(T )) = f(q(T )). (6) Figure 1: Illustration of characteristics. Here x, u(t, x) ∈ R. 2 Method of Characteristics In this part we will use the method of characteristics to solve (1). In order to make the following approximations reasonable, we assume that the change of v(t, x) with t and x is regular enough. Especially, we assume that the solution of (1) and (3) exist for the posed conditions, and they are regular enough. Let {tk}k=0 with t0 = 0 and tL = T be a partition of [0, T ] ⊂ R such that for any k = 1, . , L, sk = tk − tk−1 is small enough. Let x = q(t) be a characteristic of the transport equation (1), i.e. the solution of (3), and denote xk = q(tk). Denote Vk(x) = v(tk, x) and uk(x) = u(tk, x) for any x ∈ R. See Figure 2 for a illustration of the discretization.
Ka mua, ka muri—Walking backwards into the future

INTRODUCTION: Spurred by critical reviews of Oranga Tamariki–Ministry for Children, Aotearoa New Zealand’s statutory child protection agency, and growing calls for services delivered “by Māori, for Māori, with Māori”, the New Zealand government is taking significant steps toward devolving responsibility for supporting the wellbeing of tamariki, rangatahi, and whanau Māori from the Crown to Iwi and Māori social service providers. Frequently overlooked in discussions of Crown–Māori partnerships are community-based Māta Waka (pan-tribal) organisations, which provide a range of much-needed services to tamariki, rangatahi and whānau Māori who are not mana whenua. The purpose of this Kaupapa Māori research was to examine the expectations that kaimahi working for a Māta Waka Kaupapa Māori service provider have of other organisations that: 1) partner with tamariki, rangatahi and whānau Māori; and, 2) partner with Māta Waka. APPROACH: Drawing on findings from wānanga with kaimahi, this article illuminates the principles and values that guide their practice, using these as a foundation for exploring the complexities, challenges, and opportunities inherent in building effective partnerships with statutory child protection services on behalf of tamariki, rangatahi and whānau Māori across differences in mandate, power, world views, and guiding frameworks or tikanga Māori. IMPLICATIONS: The study findings have implications for current Crown–Māori partnership efforts and, by extension, for the wellbeing of tamariki, rangatahi, and whānau Māori.
QUALTITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF TERPENOID CONTENTS IN SOME IMPORTANT PLANTS OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

Terpenoid contents of traditionally used ethnobotanically important plants (n=25) were determined. Ethanol extracts of seeds, fruits, pods, branches, bark, rhizome and whole plant parts were prepared and preliminary phytochemical investigation was carried out. Total terpenoid contents in ethanol extracts were determined through qualitative and quantitative analytical assay by Salkowski test. Results of qualitative analysis revealed that the seeds, pods and fruits were rich in terpenoid contents. Whereas the quantitative analysis of ethanol extract showed that fruit of Carissa carandas and Lodoicea maldivica seeds of Erysimum cheiri, whole plant of Fagonia arabica and branches of Withania somnifera had 80% of total terpenoids contents. While, seeds of Ceiba speciosa contained 77%, rhizome of Berberis lyceum, flower of Rosa indica and fruit of Diospyros peregrina had 70% of total terpenoids contents. Terpenoid contents in all other selected plants ranged from 60 to 40%. This study would be helpful in the determination of therapeutic bioactive terpenoids that could be isolated and used for mankind welfare.
Temporal variations of chemical and isotopic compositions in the river draining the Changbaishan volcanic area: The role of hydrological changes and volcanic activities

Volcanic activities are known to release a substantial amount of deep carbon to the Earth's surface, thereby influencing the global carbon cycle on geological timescales. It is crucial to clarify the contribution of deep carbon and its changes under hydrological variations in rivers draining volcanic areas. This study reported the temporal variations of chemical compositions and isotopic compositions (δ13C and Δ14C) of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from the Erdaobai River, which drains the Changbaishan volcanic area. The results showed that hydrothermal fluids had a considerable impact on the chemical and carbon isotopic compositions in this study area. The chemical mass balance model indicated that hydrothermal fluids composed 4.6 ± 0.7% of the water budget for the Erdaobai River. Additionally, the isotopic mixing model of Δ14CDIC showed that hydrothermal DIC accounted for 83.6 ± 1.9% and 40.8 ± 3.7% of the DIC budget for the upstream and downstream, respectively, and the proportion of hydrothermal contribution also varied in a narrow range in response to hydrological changes. However, the DIC and dissolved organic carbon fluxes showed significant seasonal variations, verifying the controlling role of hydrological processes. This study highlighted the impact of hydrological processes and deep carbon release on the carbon budget in the volcanic catchment, which is of great significance for understanding atmospheric CO2 balance and climate change.
Right pure semisimple $l$-hereditary $PI$-rings

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Opial-type Inequalities for Generalized Integral Operators With Special Kernels in Fractional Calculus

In this article, we originate some new Opial-type inequalities on fractional calculus involving generalized Riemann-Liouville fractional integral, the Riemann-Liouville \(k\)-fractional integral, the \((k,r)\) fractional integral of the Riemann-type and the generalized fractional integral operator involving Hypergeometric function in its kernel. As special case of our general results we obtain the results of Farid et al. [7].
Nitrogen management through leaf colour chart (LCC) on growth, yield and yield attributes of emmer wheat [Triticum dicoccum (Schrank.) Schulb.] under irrigated condition

A field experiment was conducted under All India Coordinated Wheat Improvement Project at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during rabi season of 2008-09 and 2009-10. The treatment consisted of three levels of leaf colour chart (LCC) (< 3, < 4 and < 5), three levels of nitrogen (10, 20 and 30 kg ha-1 per top dressing), two method of application (with basal and without basal) and two controls (Recommended dose of nitrogen and zero nitrogen). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with factorial concept with three replications. LCC < 5 recorded significantly higher grain (44.04 q ha-1) and straw yields (70.16 q ha-1) as compared to LCC < 4 and 3. Significantly higher growth and yield components were observed with LCC < 5. Application of nitrogen as top dress @ 30 and 20 kg ha-1 recorded significantly higher grain (39.41 and 38.58 q ha-1, respectively) and straw yields (63.26 and 62.49 q ha-1) as compared to 10 kg ha-1. Significantly higher growth and yield attributes were recorded with application of nitrogen as top dress @ 30 and 20 kg ha-1 than 10 kg ha-1. Basal application of nitrogen recorded significantly higher grain (41.57 q ha-1) and straw yields (66.42 q ha-1) as compared to without basal application. LCC < 5 with top dressing of nitrogen @ 30 kg ha-1 and basal application (L3N3M1) (51.55 q ha-1) and LCC < 5 with top dressing @ 20 kg ha-1 and basal application (L3N2M1) (48.62 q ha-1) recorded significantly higher pooled grain yield as compared to other treatment combinations including two controls (RDN and Zero nitrogen) and both were at par with each other. Significantly higher pooled straw yield was observed with L3N3M1 (80.75 q ha-1) and L3N2M1 (76.14 q ha-1). growth and yield components were also significantly higher with L3N3M1 and L3N2M1.
Structured priors for supervised learning in computational biology

Supervised learning methods are used to build functions which accurately predict the behavior of new objects from observed data. They are therefore extremely useful in several computational biology problems, where they can exploit the increasing amount of empirical data generated by high-throughput technologies, or the accumulation of experimental knowledge in public databases. In several cases however, the amount of training data is not sufficient to deal with the complexity of the learning problem. Fortunately this type of ill-posed problem is not new in statistics and statistical machine learning. It is classically addressed using regularization approaches, or equivalently using a prior on what the function should be like. In this thesis, we build on this principle and propose new regularization methods based on biological prior knowledge for each problem. In the context of in silico vaccine and drug design, we show how using the knowledge that similar targets bind similar ligands, one can improve dramatically the prediction accuracy for the targets with little known ligands, and even make predictions for targets with no known ligand. We also design a convex regularization function which takes into account the fact that only some unknown beforehand groups of targets tend to have the same binding behavior. Finally, in the context of outcome prediction from molecular data, we propose a regularization function which leads to sparse vector whose support is typically a union of potentially overlapping groups of genes defined a priori like, e.g., pathways, or a set of genes which tend to be connected to each other when a graph reflecting biological information is given.
Evaluation of Novel Enhancer Compounds in Gentamicin-Mediated Readthrough of Nonsense Mutations in Rett Syndrome

Rett syndrome (RTT), a severe X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder, is primarily caused by mutations in the methyl CpG binding protein 2 gene (MECP2). Over 35% RTT patients carry nonsense mutation in MECP2, making it a suitable candidate disease for nonsense suppression therapy. In our previous study, gentamicin was found to induce readthrough of MECP2 nonsense mutations with modest efficiency. Given the recent discovery of readthrough enhancers, CDX compounds, we herein evaluated the potentiation effect of CDX5-1, CDX5-288, and CDX6-180 on gentamicin-mediated readthrough efficiency in transfected HeLa cell lines bearing the four most common MECP2 nonsense mutations. We showed that all three CDX compounds potentiated gentamicin-mediated readthrough and increased full-length MeCP2 protein levels in cells expressing the R168X, R255X, R270X, and R294X nonsense mutations. Among all three CDX compounds, CDX5-288 was the most potent enhancer and enabled the use of reduced doses of gentamicin, thus mitigating the toxicity. Furthermore, we successfully demonstrated the upregulation of full-length Mecp2 protein expression in fibroblasts derived from Mecp2R255X/Y mice through combinatorial treatment. Taken together, findings demonstrate the feasibility of this combinatorial approach to nonsense suppression therapy for a subset of RTT patients.
The Effect of Financial Performance on the Stock Price of Service Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX)

This study aims to determine the financial performance of PT. Wijaya Karya Beton Tbk based on the analysis method of liquidity ratio, profitability ratio and solvency ratio for the period 2019-2022. The data collection technique used is documentation, with documents in the form of company financial statements in 2019-2022. Data analysis techniques use case study techniques to obtain data as material in the preparation of research. As for analyzing the development of financial performance, this study uses descriptive analysis techniques where the data obtained in the field is processed in such a way as to provide systematic, factual, and accurate data on the problems to be studied. The results showed that the company's financial performance assessment based on the analysis of liquidity ratios, solvency ratios and profitability ratios for the period 2019-2022, with details, namely (a) financial performance based on liquidity ratios has fluctuated in the last 4 years (2019-2022) this is due to the increasing number of current assets and current debt from year to year. (b) Financial performance based on Profitability Ratio has decreased in the last year (2019-2022). This is due to the increasing amount of profit after tax. (c) Financial performance based on Solvency Ratio has decreased in the last year (2019-2022) this is due to the increase in total assets.
Boundedness of canonical Q-Fano 3-folds

: We give an eﬀective bound of the Gorenstein index of weak Q -Fano 3-folds, and prove the boundedness of the terminal Q -Fano 3-folds. Combined with [Bor99], this result implies furthermore the boundedness of the canonical Q -Fano 3-folds.
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in epileptogenesis: an update on abnormal mGluRs signaling and its therapeutic implications

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by high morbidity, high recurrence, and drug resistance. Enhanced signaling through the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is intricately associated with epilepsy. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are G protein-coupled receptors activated by glutamate and are key regulators of neuronal and synaptic plasticity. Dysregulated mGluR signaling has been associated with various neurological disorders, and numerous studies have shown a close relationship between mGluRs expression/activity and the development of epilepsy. In this review, we first introduce the three groups of mGluRs and their associated signaling pathways. Then, we detail how these receptors influence epilepsy by describing the signaling cascades triggered by their activation and their neuroprotective or detrimental roles in epileptogenesis. In addition, strategies for pharmacological manipulation of these receptors during the treatment of epilepsy in experimental studies is also summarized. We hope that this review will provide a foundation for future studies on the development of mGluR-targeted antiepileptic drugs.
Tilings and other combinatorial results

In this dissertation we treat three tiling problems and three problems in combinatorial geometry, extremal graph theory and sparse Ramsey theory. We first consider tilings of Z. In this setting a tile is just a finite subset of Z. We say that a given tile T tiles Z if we can use isometric copies of T to form a partition of Z. Obviously, some tiles tile Z and some do not. Chalcraft observed that some tiles of the latter kind do tile Z or at least Z for some d > n. He conjectured that, in fact, such d exists for any given tile. We prove this conjecture in Chapter 2. We begin this chapter by analysing a key first case (an interval in the line, with one point removed) which serves as an introduction to some of the important ideas that recur in all three of our tiling results. Next, we present a related problem concerning the Boolean lattice 2. We prove a conjecture of Lonc, which states that for any poset P of size a power of 2, if P has a greatest and a least element, then there is a positive integer k such that 2 can be partitioned into isomorphic copies of P . We present this result in Chapter 3. In the same chapter we prove a more general theorem that can be useful in other scenarios where a product space is being partitioned into copies of a given set. This is the most technically complicated chapter of this dissertation. The third tiling problem is about vertex-partitions of the hypercube graph Qn. Offner asked the following question: if G is a subgraph of Qn such that the order of G is a power of 2, must it be possible to partition the vertex set of Qd, for some d, into isomorphic copies of G? In Chapter 4 we answer this question in the affirmative. Our proof makes use of the machinery set up for the previous result and also includes some new ideas. We follow up with a question in combinatorial geometry. For a set P ⊂ R, a line in P is a maximal collinear subset of P . Pór and Wood considered what happens if a finite set P ⊂ R with no large lines is coloured with a fixed number of colours. In particular, they wanted to know whether monochromatic lines can always be found in such colourings, provided that |P | is large. They conjectured that for all k, l ≥ 2 there exists an n ≥ 2 with the following property: if |P | ≥ n and if P does not contain a line of cardinality larger than l, then every colouring of P with k colours produces a monochromatic line. Their conjecture is obviously true for l = 2 and in the case k = 2 it is an immediate corollary of the Motzkin–Rabin theorem. We construct arbitrarily large counterexamples for the case k = l = 3, disproving the conjecture for all k, l ≥ 3. Our construction is short, and it is based on simple properties of cubic curves. It is presented in Chapter 5. We move on to a problem in extremal graph theory. For any graph, we say that a given edge is triangular if it forms a triangle with two other edges. A natural question
Role of CD4 T-regulator cell and their subsets in bladder cancer

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are candidate as crucial biomarkers since certain cancers have high lymphocyte infiltration that obtain significant role in specific cancer types that can be contributed in tumor pathogenesis. In Bladder cancer found to be highly infiltrated with T-regulator cells, and it has been found to be associated with tumor progression and poor disease outcome as well. In this study, we assess the CD4 T- regulator cells and their subsets infiltration in tumor and autologous normal microenvironments of the urinary bladder and sub
New instrumentation and methods for ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy

Recent advances have led to the demonstration of trains of attosecond pulses and isolated attosecond pulses in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in a number of laboratories. This has raised the possibility of direct time resolved measurements of correlation driven electron dynamics within molecules, with a long term aim of unprecedented control over the dynamics of matter at atomic and molecular length scales. Particular interest has arisen towards the possibility of a charge migration mechanism within molecules, in which purely electron driven processes result in the movement of charge around an excited molecule in the absence of any nuclear dynamics. However, even once these sources have been established, using them in time resolved experiments is challenging. This is due to extremely short time-scales involved, the complexity of the processes under study, and the limitations of currently available attosecond sources. In this thesis I describe the development of novel instrumentation and methods for attosecond pump – probe experiments on electron dynamics in molecules. Strategies for the experimental study of charge migration are reviewed in detail which motivates the design and implementation of a purpose built instrument combining an electron velocity map imaging (VMI) spectrometer and an ion time of flight (iTOF) spectrometer. This instrument is designed in tandem with the development and characterisation of an isolated pulse at the new photon energy of 20eV. This 20eV pulse is intrinsically synchronized with another attosecond pulse at 90eV. Together, the new instrument and light source represent a unique capability for the investigation of electron dynamics in molecules. Finally, the first experimental results are presented and perspectives for future studies using the new developments are discussed.