Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A deletion-contraction formula and monotonicity properties for the polymatroid Tutte polynomial

The Tutte polynomial is a crucial invariant of matroids. The polymatroid Tutte polynomial $\mathscr{T}_{P}(x,y)$, introduced by Bernardi et al., is an extension of the classical Tutte polynomial from matroids to polymatroids $P$. In this paper, we first obtain a deletion-contraction formula for $\mathscr{T}_{P}(x,y)$. Then we prove two natural monotonicity properties, for containment and for minors of the interior polynomial $x^{n}\mathscr{T}_{P}(x^{-1},1)$ and the exterior polynomial $y^{n}\mathscr{T}_{P}(1,y^{-1})$, for polymatroids $P$ over $[n]$. We show by a counter-example that these monotonicity properties do not extend to $\mathscr{T}_{P}(x,y)$. Using deletion-contraction, we obtain formulas for the coefficients of terms of degree $n-1$ in $\mathscr{T}_{P}(x,y)$. Finally, for all $k\geq 0$, we characterize hypergraphs $\mathcal{H}=(V,E)$ so that the coefficient of $y^{k}$ in the exterior polynomial of the associated polymatroid $P_{\mathcal{H}}$ attains its maximal value $\binom{|V|+k-2}{k}$.
RBFormer: Improve Adversarial Robustness of Transformer by Robust Bias

Recently, there has been a surge of interest and attention in Transformer-based structures, such as Vision Transformer (ViT) and Vision Multilayer Perceptron (VMLP). Compared with the previous convolution-based structures, the Transformer-based structure under investigation showcases a comparable or superior performance under its distinctive attention-based input token mixer strategy. Introducing adversarial examples as a robustness consideration has had a profound and detrimental impact on the performance of well-established convolution-based structures. This inherent vulnerability to adversarial attacks has also been demonstrated in Transformer-based structures. In this paper, our emphasis lies on investigating the intrinsic robustness of the structure rather than introducing novel defense measures against adversarial attacks. To address the susceptibility to robustness issues, we employ a rational structure design approach to mitigate such vulnerabilities. Specifically, we enhance the adversarial robustness of the structure by increasing the proportion of high-frequency structural robust biases. As a result, we introduce a novel structure called Robust Bias Transformer-based Structure (RBFormer) that shows robust superiority compared to several existing baseline structures. Through a series of extensive experiments, RBFormer outperforms the original structures by a significant margin, achieving an impressive improvement of +16.12% and +5.04% across different evaluation criteria on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet-1k, respectively.
Pixel-wise Smoothing for Certified Robustness against Camera Motion Perturbations

Deep learning-based visual perception models lack robustness when faced with camera motion perturbations in practice. The current certification process for assessing robustness is costly and time-consuming due to the extensive number of image projections required for Monte Carlo sampling in the 3D camera motion space. To address these challenges, we present a novel, efficient, and practical framework for certifying the robustness of 3D-2D projective transformations against camera motion perturbations. Our approach leverages a smoothing distribution over the 2D pixel space instead of in the 3D physical space, eliminating the need for costly camera motion sampling and significantly enhancing the efficiency of robustness certifications. With the pixel-wise smoothed classifier, we are able to fully upper bound the projection errors using a technique of uniform partitioning in camera motion space. Additionally, we extend our certification framework to a more general scenario where only a single-frame point cloud is required in the projection oracle. Through extensive experimentation, we validate the trade-off between effectiveness and efficiency enabled by our proposed method. Remarkably, our approach achieves approximately 80% certified accuracy while utilizing only 30% of the projected image frames. The code is available at https://github.com/HanjiangHu/pixel-wise-smoothing.
ANÁLISE ESTATÍSTICA MULTIVARIADA APLICADA A PROSPECÇÃO GEOQUÍMICA DE METAIS TRAÇOS EM SEDIMENTOS DE CORRENTE NO SEMI-ÁRIDO DO ESTADO DA BAHIA

Multivariate statistical techniques were applied to a set of geochemical data composed of 634 stream sediment samples, minus 80 mesh fraction, collected in a semiarid area of about 3,000 km2 in the center northern part of Bahia State, Brazil, and analyzed by optical emission spectrograph and atomic absorption spectrography. A hierarchical cluster analysis was applied in search for statistical associations of elements. Principal Component Analysis was also used so as to not only recognize the associations of elements in the data set but also for generating the scores to be plotted on a geochemical map. Part of the results was to make apparent in the map the relationship between factors carrying high loadings of some elements and geological features such as lithologies and sets of fault lines.
Effects of water stress at different growth stages on components and grain yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has great potential for improving human nutrition due to its high protein content. However, water stress was found to be one of the major constraints to common bean production in Zimbabwe. A field experiment was therefore carried out at Agricultural Research Trust farm in early summer of 2004, and repeated at the same time in 2005, to determine the effect of water stress at different growth stages on grain yield and yield components of three common bean varieties. The experimental design was a 3 x 5 split-plot in a Randomised Complete Block Design; with water stresses as the main plot factor (withholding irrigation for a period of twenty-one days at; two weeks after emergence (WAE), four WAE, at flowering and two weeks after flowering (WAF) as well as non-stressed control) and the varieties in the subplot factor (Onyx, Pan 329 and Dark Red Kidney). Water stress significantly reduced grain yield (p<0.05) with flowering and two WAF stages being the most sensitive, and vegetative stage being the least sensitive. Water stress also produced significant effects (p<0.05) on yield components. Water stress during flowering and after flowering significantly reduced number of seed per pod and seed weight. For maximum yield, water stress must be avoided during flowering and pod-filling stages, so early planting is important under dry land planting.
Neue Köcherfliegen (Trichoptera, Insecta) aus Vietnam

From two places in northern (Tarn Dao) and southern Vietnam (Nam Cat Tien) new species are described and figured which belong to the families and genera Rhyacophilidae: Rhyacophila (1 species); Glossosomatidae: Agapetus (1); Philopo- tamidae: Dolophilodes (1), Gunungiella (1), Kisaura (1), Wormaldia (2), Doloclanes (4), Chimarra (10); Polycentropodidae: Pseudoneureclipsis (4), Nyctiophylax (2), Po- lyplectropus (5), Holocentropus (1), Pahamunaya (1); Ecnomidae: Ecnomus (2); Psy- chomyidae: Eoneureclipsis (2), Tinodes (5); Goeridae: Goera (1); Helicopsychidae: Helicopsyche (1); Leptoceridae: Leptocerus (2); Calamoceratidae: Anisocentropus (1); Odontoceridae: Lannapsyche (1), Psilotreta (3); Sericostomatidae: Gvmaga (1); Limne- philidae: Moropsyche (1); and Molannidae: Indomolannodes (1).
Linking structural urban characteristics derived from high resolution satellite data to population distribution

Static urban morphology can characterize an urban agglomeration. But the dynamics of its population also distinguish urban appearance. This study correlates the static element of physical urban structures with the dynamic element of spatial and temporal behaviour of the population by means of high resolution satellite data. In the process an object-oriented urban land cover classification serves as a basis to structure the complex urban environment in homo-geneous zones. The zones are defined by physical characteristics like built-up density, building height and land use. Based on two different ancillary input data—total population for the large spatial unit of a district and punctual population data collected from fieldwork—two methods for population distribution are presented. A top-down approach interpolates the total population on a local scale based on physical urban structures mapped from remote sensing data. A bottom-up approach extrapolates the punctual information onto the district level. An accuracy assessment shows that the results agree in their dimension with results from another study in the particular district. The methods have the capability to support urban planning or management operations with up-to-date population information. This becomes especially important in the fast changing and extremely dynamic urban areas of developing countries suffering from uncontrolled sprawl, densification and thus, a lack of reliable, up-to-date spatial data.
Statistical studies of vertical and horizontal earthquake spectra

The study reveals that there is no well-defined dependence of normalized seismic design response spectra on the earthquake ground acceleration level. Recommendations for horizontal design response spectra are close to those given in Regulatory Guide 1.60. Recommendations for vertical response spectra are somewhat lower than Regulatory Guide 1.60 provisions in the frequency range 2 to 30 Hz aproximately. The results are based on seismic information recorded along the west coast of the United States and are directly applicable to that region only.
CAPILLARITY IN SANDS

TESTS WERE MADE WITH A SAND SEPARATED BY SIEVING INTO SEVEN GROUPS OF DIFFERENT UNIFORM SIZE. THE HEIGHTS OF ACTIVE CAPILLARY RISE OBSERVED IN OPEN TUBES ARE COMPARED GRAPHICALLY TO THE HEIGHTS OF PASSIVE CAPILLARY RISE DETERMINED BY MEANS OF THE NEGATIVE HEAD CAPILLARIMETER AS WELL AS TO THE THEORETICAL VALUES COMPUTED BY MEANS OF CONVENTIONAL FORMULAS. THE CAUSES FOR THE APPRECIABLE DIFFERENCES IN THE RESULTS AS WELL AS THEIR TRENDS ARE ANALYZED. THE OBSERVED NON-UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION OF CAPILLARY WATER ALONG THE HEIGHT OF ACTIVE CAPILLARY RISE IS RECORDED. THE OBSERVED CHANGES WITH TIME IN THE RATE OF ACTIVE CAPILLARY RISE ARE INDICATED. THE OBSERVED DECREASE WITH TIME OF THE WATER CONTENT ALONG THE HEIGHT OF PASSIVE CAPILLARY RISE AND ITS DISTRIBUTION AFTER FLOODING AND DRAINAGE OF THE TEST SPECIMENS IS ALSO PRESENTED GRAPHICALLY. THE EFFECT OF VARYING ADMIXTURES OF FINER SAND PARTICLES ON THE OBSERVED HEIGHT OF PASSIVE CAPILLARY RISE IS REPORTED. /AUTHOR/
A note on the monomer-dimer model

We consider the monomer-dimer model, whose realisations are spanning sub-graphs of a given graph such that every vertex has degree zero or one. The measure depends on a parameter, the monomer activity, which rewards the total number of monomers. We consider general correlation functions including monomer-monomer correlations and dimer-dimer covariances. We show that these correlations decay exponentially fast with the distance if the monomer activity is strictly positive. Our result improves a previous upper bound from van den Berg and is of interest due to its relation to truncated spin-spin correlations in classical spin systems. Our proof is based on the cluster expansion technique.
IBVC: Interpolation-driven B-frame Video Compression

Learned B-frame video compression aims to adopt bi-directional motion estimation and motion compensation (MEMC) coding for middle frame reconstruction. However, previous learned approaches often directly extend neural P-frame codecs to B-frame relying on bi-directional optical-flow estimation or video frame interpolation. They suffer from inaccurate quantized motions and inefficient motion compensation. To address these issues, we propose a simple yet effective structure called Interpolation-driven B-frame Video Compression (IBVC). Our approach only involves two major operations: video frame interpolation and artifact reduction compression. IBVC introduces a bit-rate free MEMC based on interpolation, which avoids optical-flow quantization and additional compression distortions. Later, to reduce duplicate bit-rate consumption and focus on unaligned artifacts, a residual guided masking encoder is deployed to adaptively select the meaningful contexts with interpolated multi-scale dependencies. In addition, a conditional spatio-temporal decoder is proposed to eliminate location errors and artifacts instead of using MEMC coding in other methods. The experimental results on B-frame coding demonstrate that IBVC has significant improvements compared to the relevant state-of-the-art methods. Meanwhile, our approach can save bit rates compared with the random access (RA) configuration of H.266 (VTM). The code will be available at https://github.com/ruhig6/IBVC.
The effect of multiple cooling channels on the formation of dark compact objects

A dissipative dark sector can result in the formation of compact objects with masses comparable to stars and planets. In this work, we investigate the formation of such compact objects from a subdominant inelastic dark matter model, and study the resulting distributions of these objects. In particular, we consider cooling from dark Bremsstrahlung and a rapid decay process that occurs after inelastic upscattering. Inelastic transitions introduce an additional radiative processes which can impact the formation of compact objects via multiple cooling channels. We find that having multiple cooling processes changes the mass and abundance of compact objects formed, as compared to a scenario with only one cooling channel. The resulting distribution of these astrophysical compact objects and their properties can be used to further constrain and differentiate between dark sectors.
Econometric Model Using Arbitrage Pricing Theory and Quantile Regression to Estimate the Risk Factors Driving Crude Oil Returns

This work presents a novel approach to determining the risk and return of crude oil stocks by employing Arbitrage Pricing Theory and Quantile Regression. Arbitrage Pricing Theory identifies the risk factors likely to impact crude oil returns. Subsequently, Quantile Regression estimates the relationship between the selected factors and the returns across different distribution quantiles. The West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil price is used in this study as a benchmark for crude oil prices. WTI’s price fluctuations can significantly impact the performance of global crude oil stocks and, subsequently, the global economy. Various statistical measures are used in this study to determine the proposed model's stability. The results show that changes in WTI returns can have varying effects depending on market conditions and levels of volatility. This study emphasizes the influence of structural discontinuities on returns. These are likely generated by changes in the global economy and the unpredictable demand for crude oil during the pandemic. The inclusion of pandemic, geopolitical, and inflation-related explanatory variables adds uniqueness to the study as it considers current global events that can affect crude oil returns. Findings show that the key factors that pose significant risks to returns are industrial production, inflation, the global price of energy, the shape of the yield curve, and global economic policy uncertainty. This implies that while making investment decisions in WTI futures, investors should pay particular attention to these elements.
Optimisation of the kinematics of flapping airfoils for micro air vehicle applications

L'optimisation du battement d'un profil d'aile est realisee par simulations numeriques. L'objectif principal est d'identifier les parametres de battement capables d'assurer a un micro-drone de bonnes performances aerodynamiques en termes de forces de poussee, de portance et de rendement propulsif. Les variables de controle sont les amplitudes des oscillations verticales et de tangage, leur dephasage, leur frequence, et l'angle d'incidence moyen. Une fois determinees, les cinematiques optimales sont confrontees aux valeurs observees dans la nature. La methodologie est basee sur la resolution de l'ecoulement autour d'un profil NACA0012 battant. Divers fonctionnels couts sont minimises en fonction de la mission du vehicule. Leurs gradients par rapport aux parametres cinematiques sont calcules par la technique des sensibilites et la methode du pas complexe. Un algorithme de quasi-Newton permet d'actualiser avec les gradients le mouvement du profil vers un optimum de la fonctionnelle. Les resultats montrent la capacite d'un profil optimise d'aile battante a produire de grandes forces de poussee et de portance avec un rendement propulsif acceptable. Pour ce faire, il faut que les oscillations de tangage precedent celles de translation verticale par un dephasage de l'ordre de 90o et que le nombre de Strouhal soit dans l'intervalle [0. 2, 0. 4]. Augmenter le nombre de Reynolds a pour effet de reduire les pertes d'energie liees a la viscosite et d'augmenter le rendement propulsif. Ce rendement a aussi ete accru pour les cas de grandes forces de poussee en incluant des harmoniques d'ordre superieur dans les oscillations verticales.
Explaining Extreme Events of 2011 from a Climate Perspective

Attribution of extreme events shortly after their occurrence stretches the current state-of-theart of climate change assessment. To help foster the growth of this science, this article illustrates some approaches to answering questions about the role of human factors, and the relative role of different natural factors, for six specific extreme weather or climate events of 2011. Not every event is linked to climate change. The rainfall associated with the devastating Thailand floods can be explained by climate variability. But long-term warming played a part in the others. While La Nina contributed to the failure of the rains in the Horn of Africa, an increased frequency of such droughts there was linked to warming in the Western Pacific– Indian Ocean warm pool. Europe's record warm temperatures would probably not have been as unusual if the high temperatures had been caused only by the atmospheric flow regime without any long-term warming. Calculating how the odds of a particular extreme event have change.
Soil fauna (Lumbricidae, Collembola, Diplopoda and Chilopoda) as indicators of soil eco-subsystem development in post-mining sites of eastern Germany - a review

The soil zoological department of the Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Gorlitz has studied immigration, colonisation and biological activity of main groups of soil fauna on brown coal open-cast mine sites in eastern Germany for nearly half a century (1960 to 2006). The present paper provides a review and data on the long-term development of primary succession, mainly in a real-time series of soil macrofauna (especially Lumbricidae and Myriapoda) and soil microarthropods (especially Collembola). The results were obtained for the most part from Upper Lusatian dumps (district Gorlitz) with predominantly loamy, Pleistocene substrata, compared with Lower Lusatian dumps (district Cottbus) with predominantly acid, sandy, Tertiary substrata. Besides the substrata, the vegetation (promoted by rehabilitation) determines the process of colonisation and development of soil faunal assemblages. In particular, the difference between afforestation with deciduous, soft-leaved trees or with coniferous or hard-leaved trees was demonstrated in the different examples. In the study sites, only 7 species of earthworms regularly take part in the colonisation of mine sites; 3 further species are found sporadically. They took normally 3 to 20 years to immigrate and establish populations under good conditions during10 to 30 years. In the last few years of this period an extremely high abundance of 100 gm-2 was observed with a subsequent reduction to the probable ‘predisturbance level’ (30–60 gm-2) 40 to 54 years after reclamation. Very characteristic is the distribution of life forms during the succession, moving from a preponderance of epigeics in the pioneer period to the clear dominance of anecics in the progressed phase (organisation period). Comparision of the quantitative data from different mine sites and site ages allows the use of earthworms as indicators of mine-site soil quality. Microarthropods invade, partly as aerial plankton, mine sites very quickly but have a dif ferent, species-dependent colonisation behaviour. Rapid production of deciduous litter after afforestation and the absence of competition from earthworms enable microarthropods to quickly develop a ‘pioneer maximum’ with highest abundances and species diversity, followed by a minimum density after the incorporation of the ectohumus layer into topsoil by earthworms. Merely 30 to 50 years later microarthropods again reach an abundance as found in the control native woodlands. The study of colonisation behaviour typical of 1 13 species of Collembola indicated that there were eight different colonisation groups of springtails that were useful in characterisin g dif ferent stages of mine-site
Mountain-front recharge to the Tucson basin from the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona

Ground-water flow from the northern margin of the Tucson basin to the regional aquifer in the center of the basin was studied. The area studied was the eastern half of the Santa Catalina Mountains and adjacent foothills in Pima County, Arizona. Low-permeability sediments of Pliocene age separate the gneissic mountain block from the regional aquifer. A flow-net analysis and ion-balance calculations indicated that recharge from the lowpermeability sediments to the aquifer was approximately 50 ac-ft/hr/mile of mountain front. This is about 1/20 of the recharge from local streams. Analyses of oxygen-18, deuterium, and major ions in the ground water revealed that the fracture-flow system in the gneiss is recharged at both high and low elevations and is not well mixed. Ground-water chemistry also suggested that in some areas, water is flowing up from the gneiss along faults.