Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mixing diagnostic in a cw DF chemical laser operating at high-cavity pressure

In order to increase the mixing rate by stretching the interface between reactant streams, we have developed gas trip nozzles and new supersonic nozzle designs (called ramp nozzle and deflector nozzle). Unlike trip nozzles which use inert gas injection to stretch the reactant surface, the ramp or deflector nozzle is believed to cause a similar effect through its geometry without gas injection. In this paper we report results of experimental investigation of the gain in a deuterium fluoride combustion driven chemical-laser operating at high cavity pressure (P greater than 15 Torr). Comparison of the small signal gain profile, observed along the gas flow direction, indicates appreciable differences between trip, ramp and deflector nozzles. At cavity pressure of about 15 Torr a peak gain value of 7 percent/cm has been measured with the trip nozzles, the gain being positive up to 30 mm from the nozzle exit plan. The gain characteristics of the laser with the trip jet flow on are quite different from those when the trip jets are off (laminar mixing). In this latter case the gain is only 1.5 percent/cm. With ramp and deflector nozzles, shorter gain regions extended over only 20 mm were observed
Metabolism of Phenanthrene, Benz[a]anthracene, Benzo[a]pyrene, Chrysene and Benzo[c]phenanthrene by Eight cDNA-expressed Human and Rat Cytochromes P450

Abstract Phenanthrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[c]phenanthrene, and benzo[a]pyrene have been studied for their regiospecific oxidation by five human (1A1, 1A2, 2A6, 2E1, 3A4) and three rat (1A1, 1A2, 2B1) CYP isoforms. All substrates are preferentially metabolized by CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in human and rat. Other isoforms play a minor role if at all. Significant differences between human and rat CYP isoforms can be recognized with regard to the regiospecific oxidation of PAH. For instance, K-region oxidation is more pronounced in rat than in human CYP1A1 and CYP1A2. Hence, extrapolation from metabolism studies in rodents to human may be limited.
Chemoselective Copper-Catalyzed Acylation of Benzothiazoles with Aryl Methyl Ketones

A copper(I) iodide-catalyzed, highly efficient acylation of benzothiazoles with aryl methyl ketones as carbonyl sources under a nitrogen atmosphere was developed. This is an unprecedented protocol and an extremely efficient method for the selective synthesis of 2-acylbenzothiazoles from commercially available, cheap starting materials with excellent chemoselectivity, good functional group tolerability and high turnover numbers (up to 14,200); also scaling up to 160 mmol without loss of the efficiency is possible. A variety of 2-acylbenzothiazoles was smoothly prepared in good to excellent yields from aryl methyl ketones and benzothiazoles by a one-pot domino protocol of combined sp3 CH oxidation, ring opening, and condensation.
DISTRIBUTION AND FORMS OF COPPER, ZINC, CADMIUM, IRON, AND MANGANESE IN SOILS NEAR A COPPER SMELTER1

We examined the contamination of soil by copper, zinc, and cadmium with respect to distance from a copper smelter. The majority of contamination was in the immediate vicinity of the smelter. Between 30 to 60 percent of total Cd was exchangeable in MgCl2 solution, and the exchangeability was much greater than that of the other elements examined, including iron and manganese. Most of the Cu, Zn, and Mn were present in an oxalate-extractable fraction, but only small amounts were extractable by citrate-dithionite-bicarbonate (CDB) solution. This suggests that Cu, Zn, and Mn were more strongly associated with amorphous iron oxides, with only small amounts being occluded in crystalline iron oxides. Only Cu was appreciably associated with the soil organic fraction. The treatment of soils with sodium hyperchlorite prior to oxalate extraction appeared to be necessary to better estimate the amounts of Cu associated with the oxalate-extractable fraction. Without this pretreatment, the oxalate extraction could overestimate the amounts of Cu associated with this particular fraction possibly due to the dispersion of organically complexed Cu in the oxalate solution. The mobility of Cu, Zn, and Cd in the soils was limited, as evidenced by a sharp reduction in concentrations of the three elements with depth. Comparing subsoil concentrations of these elements with those from areas relatively unpolluted by smelter fallout revealed that Cd was more leachable than Cu or Zn under western Washington conditions.
Sparse Signal Modeling : application to Image Compression, Image Error Concealment and Compressed Sensing

Signal models are a cornerstone of contemporary signal and image processing methodology. In this report, two particular signal modeling methods, called analysis and synthesis sparse representation, are studied which have been proven to be effective for many signals, such as natural images, and successfully used in a wide range of applications. Both models represent signals in terms of linear combinations of an underlying set, called dictionary, of elementary signals known as atoms. The driving force behind both models is sparsity of the representation coefficients, i.e. the rapid decay of the representation coefficients over the dictionary. On the other hands, the dictionary choice determines the success of the entire model. According to these two signal models, there have been two main disciplines of dictionary designing; harmonic analysis approach and machine learning methodology. The former leads to designing the dictionaries with easy and fast implementation, while the latter provides a simple and expressive structure for designing adaptable and efficient dictionaries. The main goal of this thesis is to provide new applications to these signal modeling methods by addressing several problems from various perspectives. It begins with the direct application of the sparse representation, i.e. image compression. The line of research followed in this area is the synthesis-based sparse representation approach in the sense that the dictionary is not fixed and predefined, but learned from training data and adapted to data, yielding a more compact representation. A new Image codec based on adaptive sparse representation over a trained dictionary is proposed, wherein different sparsity levels are assigned to the image patches belonging to the salient regions, being more conspicuous to the human visual system. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the existing image coding standards, such as JPEG and JPEG2000, which use an analytic dictionary, as well as the state-of-the-art codecs based on the trained dictionaries. In the next part of thesis, it focuses on another important application of the sparse signal modeling, i.e. solving inverse problems, especially for error concealment (EC), wherein a corrupted image is reconstructed from the incomplete data, and Compressed Sensing recover, where an image is reconstructed from a limited number of random measurements. Signal modeling is usually used as a prior knowledge about the signal to solve these NP-hard problems. In this thesis, inspired by the analysis and synthesis sparse models, these challenges are transferred into two distinct sparse recovery frameworks and several recovery methods are proposed. Compared with the state-of-the-art EC and CS algorithms, experimental results show that the proposed methods show better reconstruction performance in terms of objective and subjective evaluations. This thesis is finalized by giving some conclusions and introducing some lines for future works.
Asymptotic Analysis of the Structure of Nonpremixed Methane Air Flames Using Reduced Chemistry

‐The asymptotic structure of counterflow, nonpremixed methane–air flames are analyzed using a reduced four step chemical–kinetic mechanism. The rates of these four steps are related to the rates of elementary reactions appearing in the C1–chain mechanism for oxidation of methane. The outer structure of the flame is the classical Burke–Schumann structure governed by the overall one–step reaction CH4 + 202 1; CO2 + 2H20. The inner structure consists of an inner layer and an oxidation layer. Analysisof theinner layer is similar to that performed previously for premixed, methane–air flames and includes the influence of a number of additional reactions which were neglected in a previous analysis of the structure of diffusion flames. Attempts are made to provide a nearly complete description of the structure of the oxidation layer, by removing a number of assumptions introduced in previous analyses. Solutions are shown in the limit ω 1; ∝ and ω 1; 0, where w is the ratio of the thickness of the fuel consumption.
Influence of Initial Cell Densities of Cyclotella sp. on the Dominance of Microcystis aeruginosa under High N:P Ratio

This study examined the characteristics of M. aeruginosa (UTEX 2061) dominance under the existence of a competitor, Cyclotella sp. (CCAP 1070/4), at high N:P ratio through a series of culture experiments, and revealed the effects of initial cell density of Cyclotella sp. on the dominance of M. aeruginosa as well. At N:P ratio of 140 (P = 0.1 mg/L), M. aeruginosa could defeat Cyclotella sp. , even though the initial cell density for M. aeruginosa was less than that for Cyclotella sp. Although it is generally accepted that the low N:P ratio favors the dominance of cyanobacteria, the results obtained in this study clearly indicate that the growth of M. aeruginosa would not depend on the low N:P ratio, and that M. aeruginosa could potentially dominate over other algal species in high N:P ratio. At N:P ratio of 1400 (P = 0.01 mg/L), M. aeruginosa could become a superior competitor when the same initial cell density of 5,000 cells/mL for M. aeruginosa and Cyclotella sp. was employed. The condition of higher initial cell density for Cyclotella sp. than that for M. aeruginosa was also examined. This experimental situation led to the dominance of Cyclotella sp. when a share of phosphorus concentration, Ps, was lower than the half saturation constant for M. aeruginosa.
Soil ionisation under lightning impulse voltages

Experiments have been carried out to study soil ionisation and the variation of the critical ionisation gradient against the soil resistivity. Compared with relevant experimental results of other researchers a satisfactory convergence has been proved. An accurate estimation of the critical ionisation gradient has been achieved, of the order of 200 kV/m, following the finding that the critical voltage gradient for wet soil decreases to approximately 35% of the corresponding value for dry soil.
Field study of the effects of excess copper on wheat photosynthesis and productivity

Abstract Copper concentration in wheat plants growing in a Cu-contaminated area, was 3.5-times higher than that of the control, while the total chlorophyll (a + b) content of plants growing in an ore site was significantly reduced. The significant decline of the chlorophyll concentration in the Cu-stressed wheat plants in relation to the decrease in the chlorophyll a/b ratio was an indication of the poor condition of those plants and the lack of adaptive adjustment in pigment concentrations to high Cu levels. Plants grown in ore soils displayed a significantly smaller height and length of ear and produced significantly fewer seeds and spikelets per ear, while grain filling and development were negatively affected. The relative decrease in the assimilation rate for stressed plants was 90%. Increased Cu levels in the soil led to a decrease of the stomatal conductance (43%) and of the transpiration rate (10%). The water use efficiency (i.e. the ratio between leaf photosynthesis and transpiration) of the stre.
Characterization of Cuprous Oxide Thin Films Prepared by Sol-Gel Spin Coating Technique with Different Additives

Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) thin films were formed onto indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate by sol-gel spin coating technique using different additives namely polyethylene glycol and ethylene glycol. It was found that the organic additives added had an important influenced on the formation mechanism of Cu2O films and lead to different microstructures and optical properties. The films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). Based on the FESEM micrographs the grain size of film prepared by polyethylene glycol has smallest grain of about 83 nm with irregular shape. The highest optical absorbance film was obtained by the addition of polyethylene glycol.
Direct Observation of Domain Wall Motion Induced by Low-Current Density in TbFeCo Wires

The motion of magnetic domain walls (DWs) in TbFeCo wires induced by low-current density up to 4.97×1010 A/m2 has been directly observed by Kerr polarized optical microscopy. The critical current density slightly increases with wire width, from 4.97×1010 A/m2 for 800-nm-width wires to 6.16×1010 A/m2 for 1500-nm-width wires. DW velocity is estimated to be 28±2 m/s, and mostly independent on the wire width. Increasing current density results in an increase of the wall velocity up to 59±4 m/s. These findings indicate that TbFeCo nanowire is an excellent candidate for low-energy, fast accessing DW-controlled devices.
Dispersão de argila em microagregados de solo incubado com calcário.

Soil compaction limits grain yields. Among others factors, soil amendment with agricultural lime can contribute to micro-aggregate dispersion and the formation of compacted layers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of lime on soil physical attributes related to soil compaction. The experiment was carried out in PVC columns, in a glass house, during 18 months. Sterilized and non-sterilized samples of a dystrophic Red Latosol (Hapludox) were incubated with 0, 1.9, 3.8, 5.7, 7.6 and 15.2 Mg ha-1. After the incubation period, the micro and macro porosity, soil density, clay dispersion, hydraulic conductivity and concentration of exchangeable Al, Ca and Mg and soil organic matter were evaluated. Soil density, clay dispersion, pH and Ca and Mg concentration increased with lime application, while macro porosity, hydraulic conductivity, soil organic matter, and Al decreased. The increase of pH and hydraulic conductivity were higher in the sterilized soil. Liming effects were more evident at a rate of 3.8 Mg ha-1. Soil sterilization increased the pH value and decreased the organic matter content and Ca, besides the hydraulic conductivity. Micro- aggregate dispersion in limed soils can, at least partially, contribute to soil compaction.
Decomposition in a peaty soil improved for pastoral agriculture

Abstract. The rates of CO2 production and decomposition of 13C‐enriched Lolium perenne leaves and roots in soil from the surface five cm of two upland stagnohumic gley soils were measured in laboratory experiments. One of the soils had been limed (pH 6.8) 13 years earlier. The other was unlimed (pH 3.7). Liming increased the rate of CO2 release from soil to which no L. perenne had been added. About 30% of the 13C in L. perenne leaves remained in both limed and unlimed soil after 224 days. By contrast, less 13C‐remained in the limed soil amended with L. perenne roots (44%) than in the limed soils (55%). Although the daily rate of CO2 from the plant material‐amended soils was initially greater in the improved than in the unimproved soil, it subsequently declined more rapidly.
Surface pressure and fluorescence microscopy studies of poly(n-hexyl isocyanate) films spread at the air-water interface

We study surface properties of poly(n-hexyl isocyanate) (PHIC) by surface pressure measurement and fluorescence microscopy under compression and expansion cycles at different temperatures. PHIC forms a stable film at the air-water interface, and it leads to a multilayer film at lower surface area. Film stability of PHIC during the compression and expansion cycles depends on the final surface area. When the final surface area is well in the region of multilayer formation, namely the plateau region, irreversible hysteresis is observed. On the other hand, a PHIC film with a larger final surface area than the plateau region shows reversible behavior. At higher temperature PHIC film is more easily desorbed from the air-water interface due to the weaker hydrogen bonding between the isocyanate group and water.
Effect of garlic and holy basil leaf powder supplementation on chemical composition and cholesterol content of breast and thigh muscles of broiler chicks

The purpose of this research work was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with different levels of garlic and holy basil leaf powder on chemical composition and cholesterol content of breast and thigh muscles of broiler chicks. A total of 280 day-old broiler chicks were procured and randomly distributed into 7 treatments, each treatment had 4 replicates with 10 chicks in each replicate. T1 was served as control and fed a basal diet formulated as per [3] standards. T2 and T3 were fed with garlic powder @ 0.5, 1% feed, respectively. T4 and T5 were given with holy basil leaf powder @ 0.5, 1% feed, respectively. T6 was fed with garlic powder and holy basil leaf powder @ 0.5% each. T7 was treated with garlic powder and holy basil leaf powder @1.0% each. The breast and thigh muscles were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, ether extract and cholesterol content. Present study depicted that the percent moisture, CP and EE contents of thigh and breast muscles in broilers had no significant difference among the mean values of different treatments. Cholesterol content in thigh muscle was lowest (P<0.05) in T6 & T7 and highest in T1 treatment. Similarly, in breast muscle, was lowest (P<0.05) in T6 & T7 and highest in T1 group. Thus supplementation of garlic and holy basil powder @ 0.5% and 1.0% showed the best results in terms of decreasing cholesterol content.
Cumulative Effect of Soil and Foliar Application of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur on Growth, Physico-Biochemical Parameters, Yield Attributes, and Fatty Acid Composition in Oil of Erucic Acid-Free Rapeseed-Mustard Genotypes

ABSTRACT The feasibility of split (soil + foliar) applications of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and addition of a small quantity of sulfur (S) in the spray was tested for improving performance of rapeseed-mustard genotypes in a factorial randomized field experiment. Three genotypes (two erucic acid free, viz. Brassica napus L. cv. ‘Hyola PAC – 401’ and Brassica juncea L. Czern. and Coss. cv. ‘TERI (0E) M 21-Swarna’, and one best performing high yielding Brassica juncea L. cv. ‘Rohini’ as a check) were grown with four soil (B) plus foliar (F) applications of N, P, and S with uniform basal 30 kg potassium (K) ha− 1 (K30), viz. (i) the optimum soil-applied treatment supplemented with the spray of deionized water (BN90P30 + Fw) comprising control, (ii) BN70P30 + F N20, (iii) BN70P28 + FN20P2, and (iv) BN70P28 + FN20P2S2. Soil Plus foliar application of nutrients, particularly BN70P28 + FN20P2S2, improved their performance with respect to growth characteristics (shoot length plant− 1, leaf number plant− 1, area leaf− 1, leaf area index, fresh weight plant− 1, and dry weight plant− 1), physico-biochemical parameters (net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, carboxylation efficiency, water use efficiency, carbonic anhydrase activity, leaf NPK content, and N use efficiency), yield attributes (pod number plant− 1, seed number pod− 1, 1000-seed weight, seed yield ha− 1, oil content, and oil yield ha− 1), and fatty acid composition in oil of these genotypes. The cultivar ‘Hyola PAC-401’ performed best particularly with BN70P28 + FN20P2S2. The improvement in the response of genotypes to the split application of nutrients may be attributed to their ready availability through foliar application.
Dependence of magnetically induced change in oh distribution in a methane-air premixed flame on equivalence ratio

In order to explore the possibility of combustion control by magnetic field, the magnetically induced change in the spatial distribution of OH radicals in a methane-air premixed flame was visualized via planar laser-induced fluorescence measurements. Then equivalence ratio was changed from 0.89 to 1.8 under a constant total flow rate. The results clearly showed that the change in OH fluorescence intensity distribution depended on the equivalence ratio. At equivalence ratios smaller than 1.0 (fuel-lean conditions), the OH concentration was decreased in the downstream region of the flame by the magnetic field, while it was increased in the upstream region. At ratios greater than 1.0 (fuel-rich conditions), the decrease region existed in the peripheral region of the flame, while the increase region was inside the flame. The change rate of the OH distribution tended to become larger as the equivalence ratio became larger. The mechanisms of these phenomena were discussed in conjunction with O 2 flows induced magnetically.
Breakup Characteristics of a Newtonian Liquid Sheet formed by a Doublet Impinging Jet Injector

The breakup characteristics of a plane fluid sheet flowing in a gaseous atmosphere is considered theoretically for Newtonian liquids. Several approximations belonging to hydrodynamic parameters are conducted to determine the influence of fluid properties on the breakup process. Experimental data is obtained by spray experiments with a like-on-like impinging jet injector setup and compared to the theoretical results concerning critical wave lengths and breakup lengths. The experiments show a good agreement to an introduced approximation method in the case of high viscous liquids.
Raman and infrared investigations at room temperature of the internal modes behaviour in solid nitromethane‐h3 and ‐d3 up to 45 GPa

Raman and infrared spectra of internal phonons in solid nitromethane-h3 and -d3 were measured as a function of pressure in the range 0–40 GPa at room temperature. Experiments were performed in diamond anvil cells. The evolution of the splitting of the various modes in condition of nearly hydrostatic compression supports the maintenance of the P212121 crystal structure until the material chemically transforms into an amorphous phase. The observed pressure-induced shifts of vibrational wavenumbers are consistent with computations recently reported in the literature. Infrared and Raman spectroscopies deliver complementary information on the internal modes behaviour. The continuous evolution of the infrared band shapes suggests a weak molecular distortion during the compression process. The strong modifications that are observed in the Raman bands of the nitro group are attributed to polarization effects arising from a rearrangement of the molecules inside the unit cell in the pressure range 10–12 GPa, a consequence of a close intermolecular O…H approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.