Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MoCo Pretraining Improves Representation and Transferability of Chest X-ray Models

Self-supervised approaches such as Momentum Contrast (MoCo) can leverage unlabeled data to produce pretrained models for subsequent fine-tuning on labeled data. While MoCo has demonstrated promising results on natural image classification tasks, its application to medical imaging tasks like chest X-ray interpretation has been limited. Chest X-ray interpretation is fundamentally different from natural image classification in ways that may limit the applicability of self-supervised approaches. In this work, we investigate whether MoCo-pretraining leads to better representations or initializations for chest X-ray interpretation. We conduct MoCo-pretraining on CheXpert, a large labeled dataset of X-rays, followed by supervised fine-tuning experiments on the pleural effusion task. Using 0.1% of labeled training data, we find that a linear model trained on MoCo-pretrained representations outperforms one trained on representations without MoCo-pretraining by an AUC of 0.096 (95% CI 0.061, 0.130), indicating that MoCo-pretrained representations are of higher quality. Furthermore, a model fine-tuned end-to-end with MoCo-pretraining outperforms its non-MoCo-pretrained counterpart by an AUC of 0.037 (95% CI 0.015, 0.062) with the 0.1% label fraction. These AUC improvements are observed for all label fractions for both the linear model and an end-to-end fine-tuned model with the greater improvements for smaller label fractions. Finally, we observe similar results on a small, target chest X-ray dataset (Shenzhen dataset for tuberculosis) with MoCo-pretraining done on the source dataset (CheXpert), which suggests that pretraining on unlabeled X-rays can provide transfer learning benefits for a target task. Our study demonstrates that MoCo-pretraining provides high-quality representations and transferable initializations for chest X-ray interpretation.
Cosmological Inflation and Large-Scale Structure: Preface

This textbook provides graduate students with a thorough and up-to-date introduction to inflationary cosmology. Enormous progress has been made in this area in the last few years and this book is the first to provide a modern and unified overview. It covers all aspects of inflationary cosmology and carefully compares predictions with the latest observations, including those of the cosmic microwave background, the clustering and velocities of galaxies and the epoch of structure formation. Problems are included throughout to help the student to develop a thorough understanding. With the host of international experiments currently being performed and planned for the near future (including NASA's MAP satellite, and the European Space Agency's Planck mission), inflationary cosmology promises to be one of the most exciting and fruitful topics of research in science in the next decade. This book provides graduate students with the ideal introduction.
Partial least squares structural equation modeling in HRM research

Abstract Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) has become a key multivariate analysis technique that human resource management (HRM) researchers frequently use. While most disciplines undertake regular critical reflections on the use of important methods to ensure rigorous research and publication practices, the use of PLS-SEM in HRM has not been analyzed so far. To address this gap in HRM literature, this paper presents a critical review of PLS-SEM use in 77 HRM studies published over a 30-year period in leading journals. By contrasting the review results with state-of-the-art guidelines for use of the method, we identify several areas that offer room of improvement when applying PLS-SEM in HRM studies. Our findings offer important guidance for future use of the PLS-SEM method in HRM and related fields.
Eating Habits, Health Status, and Emotional Well-being Among an Eating Habits, Health Status, and Emotional Well-being Among an Optometry Student Population Optometry Student Population

Purpose : The purpose of the study was to evaluate dietary habits, health-related lifestyle, and anthropometric characteristics among graduate optometry students. Method : A prospective cross-sectional study was performed with the ﬁ rst-year Optometry students entering the classes of 2015 and 2016. Height, weight, and blood pressure were measured at the beginning of August in the fall and the end of May in the spring semester for three consecutive years. Self-reported questionnaires about health-related lifestyles, nutritional habits, and emotional well-being were administered. Results : A total of 116 graduate students with an average age of 25.3 ± 3.3 years participated in the study. Our results revealed increased body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking, and take-out meals. Their dietary habits of reduced frequency of meals per day, omitting breakfast, snacking, and increasing intake of high-fat products were found. The participants also reported increased symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Discussion : This study provides valuable information to post-secondary academic institutions regarding graduate students ' overall health and well-being. It demonstrates the importance of developing strategies to promote a healthy lifestyle among future healthcare professionals.
Thrombus Histology Suggests Cardioembolic Cause in Cryptogenic Stroke

Background and Purpose— Ischemic stroke of undetermined cause is a major health issue because of its high frequency and clinical relevance. Histopathologic analysis of human thrombi, retrieved from stroke patients with large-vessel occlusion during mechanical thrombectomy, may provide information about underlying pathologies. This study examines the relationship between stroke causes and histological clot composition to identify specific patterns that might help to distinguish causes of cryptogenic stroke. Methods— Thrombi of 145 consecutive stroke patients with large-vessel occlusion were collected during intracranial mechanical recanalization. The hematoxylin and eosin–stained specimens were quantitatively analyzed in terms of the relative fractions of the main constituents (red and white blood cells and fibrin/platelets). These data, along with additional clinical and interventional parameters, were compared for different stroke subtypes, as defined by the international Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment criteria. Results— The composition of thrombi from cardioembolic and noncardioembolic stroke patients differed significantly for all main thrombus components. Cardioembolic thrombi had higher proportions of fibrin/platelets (P=0.009), less erythrocytes (P=0.003), and more leucocytes (P=0.035) than noncardioembolic thrombi. Cryptogenic strokes showed strong overlap with cardioembolic strokes but not with noncardioembolic strokes, in terms of both thrombus histology and interventional and clinical outcome parameters. Conclusions— Quantitative evaluation of thrombus composition may help to distinguish between different stroke causes. Our findings support the notion that the majority of cryptogenic strokes are cardioembolic.
Intracerebral hemorrhage occurring remote from the craniotomy site.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to analyze the available clinical data on postoperative intracerebral hemorrhages that occur in locations remote from the sites of craniotomy. METHODS The findings of 37 cases of postoperative intracerebral hemorrhages occurring remote from the craniotomy sites were reviewed (5 from our records and 32 from the literature). RESULTS Remote postoperative intracerebral hemorrhages presented within the first few hours postoperatively in 78% of the patients and were not related to the types of lesions for which the craniotomies were performed. Supratentorial procedures that produced infratentorial hemorrhages involved operations in the deep sylvian fissure and paraclinoid region in 81% of the patients and hemorrhages in the cerebellar vermis in 67% of the patients. Infratentorial procedures that produced supratentorial hemorrhages were performed with the patient in the sitting position for 87% of the patients. The remote supratentorial hemorrhages that occurred were superficial and lobar in 84% of the patients, as opposed to deep and basal ganglionic, which are classic locations for hypertensive hemorrhages. Remote intracerebral hemorrhages occurring after craniotomies were not associated with hypertension, coagulopathy, cerebrospinal fluid drainage, or underlying occult lesions. These hemorrhages commonly led to significant complications; 5 of 37 patients (14%) were left severely disabled, and 12 of 37 patients (32%) died. CONCLUSIONS Remote intracerebral hemorrhage is a rare complication of craniotomy with significant morbidity and mortality. Such hemorrhages likely develop at or soon after surgery, tend to occur preferentially in certain locations, and can be related to the craniotomy site, operative positioning, and nonspecific mechanical factors. They do not seem to be related to hypertension, coagulopathy, cerebrospinal fluid drainage, or underlying pathological abnormalities.
Implications of Nonlocal Transport and Conditionally Averaged Statistics on Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory and Townsend’s Attached Eddy Hypothesis

According to Townsend’s hypothesis, so-called wall-attached eddies are the main contributors to turbulent transport in the atmospheric surface layer (ASL). This is also one of the main assumptions of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST). However, previous evidence seems to indicate that outer-scale eddies can impact the ASL, resulting in deviations from the classic MOST scaling. We conduct large-eddy simulations and direct numerical simulations of a dry convective boundary layer to investigate the impact of coherent structures on the ASL. A height-dependent passive tracer enables coherent structure detection and conditional analysis based on updrafts and subsidence. The MOST similarity functions computed from the simulation results indicate a larger deviation of the momentum similarity function ϕ m from classical scaling relationships compared to the temperature similarity function ϕ h. The conditional-averaged ϕ m for updrafts and subsidence are similar, indicating strong interactions between the inner and outer layers. However, ϕ h conditioned on subsidence follows the mixed-layer scaling, while its updraft counterpart is well predicted by MOST. Updrafts are the dominant contributors to the transport of momentum and temperature. Subsidence, which comprises eddies that originate from the outer layer, contributes increasingly to the transport of temperature with increasing instability. However, u′ of different signs are distributed symmetrically in subsidence unlike the predominantly negative θ′ as instability increases. Thus, the spatial patterns of u′ w′ differ compared to θ′ w′ in regions of subsidence. These results depict the mechanisms for departure from the MOST scaling, which is related to the stronger role of subsidence.
Implementasi Model Pembelajaran Inkuiri Terbimbing pada Pokok Bahasan Suhu Dan Kalor di Kelas VII SMP

Penelitian ini bertujuan meningkatkan keterampilan psikomotor dan hasil belajar kognitif siswa setelah diterapkan model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing. Jenis penelitian adalah Pre-Experimental dengan desain one-shot case study. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh kelas VII semester I SMP Negeri 2 Palangka Raya tahun ajaran 2018/2019 yang berjumlah 11 kelas. Sampel yang diambil dengan teknik random sampling. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah kelas VII-10 dengan jumlah 32 siswa. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan: (1) instrumen keterampilan psikomotor; (2) instrumen tes hasil belajar kognitif. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh adalah: (1) keterampilan psikomotor peserta didik meningkat untuk tiap pelaksanaan pembelajaran; (2) ketuntasan hasil belajar kognitif siswa secara individu dari 32 siswa diperoleh 25 siswa tuntas dan 7 siswa tidak tuntas. Hasil ini menujukkan bahwa model pembelajaran inkuiri terbimbing dapat meningkatkan keterampilan psikomotor dan hasil belajar kognitif siswa. The research aims to improve students' psychomotor skills and cognitive learning outcomes after the guided inquiri learning model is applied. This type of research is Pre-Experimental with one-shot case study design. The research population is all grade VII in one of junior high schools in Palangka Raya, which amounts to 11 classes. Samples taken with random sampling techniques. The sample in this study was grades VII-10 with a total of 32 students. Data were collected by psychomotor skill instruments and cognitive learning test instruments. The results of the research obtained are: (1) the psychomotor skills of learners increased for each implementation of learning; (2) 25 students of 32 have passed the exam passing grade to determine their learning outcomes. These results show that guided learning models can improve students' psychomotor skills and cognitive learning outcomes.
Taxes and Portfolio Choice: Evidence from Jgtrra's Treatment of International Dividends

This paper investigates how taxes influence portfolio choices by exploring the response to the distinctive treatment of foreign dividends in the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act (JGTRRA). JGTRRA lowered the dividend tax rate to 15% for American equities and extended this tax relief only to foreign corporations from a subset of countries. This paper uses a difference-in-difference analysis that compares US equity holdings in affected and unaffected countries. The international investment responses to JGTRRA were substantial and imply an elasticity of asset holdings with respect to taxes of -1.6. This effect cannot be explained by several potential alternative hypotheses, including differential changes to the preferences of American investors, differential changes in investment opportunities, differential time trends in investment or changed tax evasion behavior.
Ur-Priors, Conditionalization, and Ur-Prior Conditionalization

Conditionalization is a widely endorsed rule for updating one’s beliefs. But a sea of complaints have been raised about it, including worries regarding how the rule handles error correction, changing desiderata of theory choice, evidence loss, self-locating beliefs, learning about new theories, and confirmation. In light of such worries, a number of authors have suggested replacing Conditionalization with a different rule — one that appeals to what I’ll call “urpriors”. But different authors have understood the rule in different ways, and these different understandings solve different problems. In this paper, I aim to map out the terrain regarding these issues. I survey the different problems that might motivate the adoption of such a rule, flesh out the different understandings of the rule that have been proposed, and assess their pros and cons. I conclude by suggesting that one particular batch of proposals, proposals that appeal to what I’ll call “loaded evidential standards”, are especially promising.
Medical Policy Vestibular Function Testing

Effective Date: 5/1/2023 Last Review Date: 4/2023 Next Annual Review: 4/2024 COVERAGE CRITERIA . 2 POLICY CROSS REFERENCES . 2 POLICY GUIDELINES . 3 REGULATORY STATUS . 4 CLINICAL EVIDENCE AND LITERATURE REVIEW . 4 BILLING GUIDELINES AND CODING . 8 REFERENCES . 9 POLICY REVISION HISTORY. 10
Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation Moderated Mediation Analysis: A Review and Application to Moderated Mediation Analysis: A Review and Application to School Climate Research School Climate Research

Moderated mediation analysis is a valuable technique for assessing whether an indirect effect is conditional on values of a moderating variable. We review the basis of moderation and mediation and their integration into a combined model of moderated mediation within a regression framework. Thereafter, an analytic and interpretive illustration of the technique is provided in the context of a substantive school climate research question. The illustration is based on a sample of 318 high schools that examines whether school-wide student engagement mediates the association between the prevalence of teasing and bullying (PTB) and academic achievement on a state-mandated reading exam; and whether this indirect effect was moderated by student perceptions of teacher support.
Through the Quarantine Looking Glass: Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis and Public Health Governance, Law, and Ethics

Dramatic events involving dangerous microbes often focus attention on isolation and quarantine as policy instruments. The incident in May-June 2007 involving Andrew Speaker and drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) joins other communicable disease crises that have forced contemplation or actual application of quarantine powers. Implementation of quarantine powers, which encompasses authority for both isolation and quarantine actions, is important not only for the handling of a specific event but also because the use of such authority provides a window on broader issues of public health and the legal rules, ethical principles, and governance systems that support it. Debates about quarantine powers reflect political and social attitudes about public health that often tell us more about this policy endeavor than acts of isolation and quarantine themselves.
Assessment of Patient Satisfaction With Telephone and Mail Interventions Provided by a Clinical Pharmacy Cardiac Risk Reduction Service

OBJECTIVES: Kaiser Permanente of Colorado developed a population-based program, the Clinical Pharmacy Cardiac Risk Service (CPCRS), to help close the treatment gap for patients with coronary artery disease. CPCRS provides much of its care via telephone. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of satisfaction among patients in this unique service. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey of patients enrolled in CPCRS for at least 6 months. A sample of patients who met the inclusion criteria were chosen at random to receive the satisfaction survey via mail. Questions pertained to overall satisfaction and satisfaction with individual components of CPCRS. A Likert-type, 5-point scale was used for the majority of the questions. Analyses of the results were primarily descriptive. RESULTS: Of 1,000 surveys mailed, 491 (49.1%) were returned. The majority of respondents were male (68.5%). The average age of respondents was 71.7 (SD) 9 years. Of those surveyed, 94.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 92.6%-96.6%) reported being satisfied (agree or strongly agree) with the care they received for cholesterol management from their CPCRS clinical pharmacy specialist. Respondents reported that their CPCRS clinical pharmacy specialist was easy to contact (83.7%, 95% CI, 80.3%-87.1%), provided timely service (94.8%; 95% CI, 92.8%-96.8%), and addressed all questions or concerns in a way that was easy to understand (85.8%; 95% CI, 82.6%-89.0%). The majority of respondents reported that they were content receiving care over the telephone (86.7%; 95% CI, 83.5%-89.9%) and by mail (90.0%; 95% CI, 87.1%-92.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, survey respondents indicated a high level of satisfaction with the services provided by CPCRS. Based upon patient satisfaction, the results of this survey suggest that the use of telephone and mail systems to provide patient care can allow clinical pharmacy specialists to manage a large number of patients successfully. Health care systems may wish to explore similar methods to address the needs of patients with coronary artery disease.
Development of the Oxford Participation and activities Questionnaire: constructing an item pool

Purpose: The Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire is a patient-reported outcome measure in development that is grounded on the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF). The study reported here aimed to inform and generate an item pool for the new measure, which is specifically designed for the assessment of participation and activity in patients experiencing a range of health conditions. Methods: Items were informed through in-depth interviews conducted with 37 participants spanning a range of conditions. Interviews aimed to identify how their condition impacted their ability to participate in meaningful activities. Conditions included arthritis, cancer, chronic back pain, diabetes, motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and spinal cord injury. Transcripts were analyzed using the framework method. Statements relating to ICF themes were recast as questionnaire items and shown for review to an expert panel. Cognitive debrief interviews (n = 13) were used to assess items for face and content validity. Results: ICF themes relevant to activities and participation in everyday life were explored, and a total of 222 items formed the initial item pool. This item pool was refined by the research team and 28 generic items were mapped onto all nine chapters of the ICF construct, detailing activity and participation. Cognitive interviewing confirmed the questionnaire instructions, items, and response options were acceptable to participants. Conclusion: Using a clear conceptual basis to inform item generation, 28 items have been identified as suitable to undergo further psychometric testing. A large-scale postal survey will follow in order to refine the instrument further and to assess its psychometric properties. The final instrument is intended for use in clinical trials and interventions targeted at maintaining or improving activity and participation.
A Market with Frictions in the Matching Process: An Experimental Study

We construct a laboratory market with the structure of the theoretical model of Burdett, Shi, and Wright (2001). The model is a simple and natural way to represent a market in which there is a friction in the matching process between buyers and sellers. Sellers first simultaneously post prices at which they are willing to sell their single unit of a good. Buyers then simultaneously choose a seller from whom to attempt to purchase a unit. If more than one buyer chooses the same seller, the good is randomly sold to one of the buyers. If a seller is not chosen by any buyer, his unit is not sold. Our experimental results show a broad consistency with the model of Burdett et al. and less support for an alternative model, which is analogous to the model of Montgomery (1991), and which has different assumptions on the strategic interaction between sellers. The main departures that we observe from the Burdett et al. model are that (a) price dispersion exists and is slow to decay, (b) prices exceed the equilibrium level when there are only two sellers, and (c) buyers’ purchase probabilities are insufficiently responsive to price differences when there are two sellers.
Performance-Contingent Pricing for Broadband Services

Market segmentation and price differentiation is considered essential to improve the market efficiency of Internet access and data transport services. The market for cable Internet access exhibits a surprising lack of segmentation, despite a high degree of customer heterogeneity. This article examines the applicability of performance-contingent pricing schemes to broadband Internet access services, with long-term (rather than per-packet) statistical performance guarantees. We study two types of contingent price contracts, with rebate proportional to performance gap, and fixed rebate for below-threshold performance. We show that threshold-performance contingency pricing can increase both profits and fairness (customers who receive higher benefits pay higher effective price) relative to standard pricing. A menu of pricing schemes (allow customers to choose between standard and contingent pricing) works even better: it can increase the firm’s profit and segment the market.