Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High‐pressure transformations in MgAl2O4

X ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy on laser-heated diamond cell samples show that with increasing pressure MgAl2O4 spinel transforms first to Al2O3 corundum + MgO periclase, then to the CaFe2O4-structured phase, and finally to a new phase having the CaTi2O4 structure above ∼40 GPa. The CaFe2O4 and the CaTi2O4 structures are closely related and have almost the same densities and bulk moduli. Transformation from the CaFe2O4 to the CaTi2O4 phase would be expected to take place in oceanic crust that is subducted deep into the lower mantle.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE HUMAN FACTORS SOCIETY-3lst ANNUAL MEETING-1987 VISUAL DISPLAY FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SIMULATOR SICKNESS

The history of research on visually-induced illusory self motion, or vection, has demonstrated that in many instances observers have experienced disturbances similar to those of motion sickness. Visual displays in flight simulators may also produce the experience of vection, and illusions of self motion are likely to become more common with the increased use of wide field-of-view presentations of realistic imagery. Many of the disturbances observed in laboratory studies of vection have also been found in simulators, and are likely to become more common. This paper presents a background to the study of visual-vestibular disturbances associated with illusory self motion in flight simulators, and an overview of current experimental efforts aimed at identifying the causal factors.
Interlinked system of ductile strike slip and thrusting formed by Caledonian sinistral transpression in northeastern Greenland

The geometry and kinematic evolution of oblique convergence zones are poorly understood, especially in the more deeply eroded ductile roots of ancient orogenic belts. As a consequence, evidence for major lateral displacements may remain undetected. In Dronning Louise Land, northeastern Greenland, a major partitioned system of strike-slip and ductile thrust shear zones has formed in response to hitherto unrecognized Caledonian sinistral transpression. This system formed at mid-crustal depths (amphibolite facies), possibly due to oblique collision between Baltica and Laurentia during Ordovician to Early Devonian time. An early phase of low-angle strike slip is superseded by synchronous compressional thrusting and high-angle sinistral displacements. These are partitioned into shear zones arranged in a fashion similar to the fault patterns observed in the hanging walls of modern-day oblique convergent margins. Left-lateral displacements in the eastern Greenland Caledonides are likely to be tens to hundreds of kilometres. A direct correspondence between stretching lineations and Caledonian plate motion vectors is unlikely, although the strike-slip shear zone is probably parallel to the Laurentian paleo-plate margin.
Reservoir monitoring using induced seismicity at a petroleum field in Oman

This thesis presents methods of analysis and results from a petroleum reservoir monitoring application using induced seismicity data. The dissertation work is comprised of four major studies, each focusing on a different aspect of induced seismicity. First, methods and issues in location of induced seismicity are discussed, and strategies are proposed for determining accurate hypocenters of induced events. The importance of velocity model and how it impacts the depth determination of reservoir-induced events are demonstrated with real field data. A location method that is better-suited than other existing methods for this application is proposed. The accuracy and efficiency of this proposed location method is demonstrated with field data application. Secondly, event locations and interpretations are presented for about 1300 induced events recorded by a near-surface network over a seven year period at a petroleum field in Oman. The event hypocenters delineate two major northeast-southwest striking faults in the field, which are consistent with fault maps derived from reflection seismic interpretations. Spatiotemporal analysis of induced event locations reveals ongoing large scale fault reactivation in the field, and also suggests compaction of the gas reservoir as the major cause and water injection in the oil reservoir as the secondary cause for inducing seismicity in the field. Thirdly, event locations and interpretations are presented for a different set of induced seismicity data recorded by a deep-borehole network over an 11-month period at the same field. About 5400 events are located and analyzed, and detailed mapping of faults and fractures using the event hypocenters are presented. Patterns of seismicity also reveal faults and fracture systems previously unmapped by reflection seismic. While this dataset allows for much finer interpretation, the results between the two network data are found to be consistent and comparable. Finally, the double-difference relocation and tomography method is applied for event relocation and imaging of the reservoir. Better correlation of relocated events with faults is observed from application of this method to the surface-network events, and detailed velocity and structure images for the reservoir are obtained from application of tomography with the deep-network events. Thesis Advisor: M. Nafi Toksiiz Title: Robert R. Shrock Professor of Geophysics, MIT.
Self-Adapting open boundaries for a sigma coordinate model of the eastern North Atlantic

A regional non-eddy-resolving configuration of the SPEM5.1 primitive equation model is used to study the dynamics of the eastern North Atlantic. Along most of the domain perimeter, extensive open boundaries (OBs) evacuate outgoing perturbations, while the outer ocean is simulated by lateral relaxation of some of the model variables. Unlike in existing regional models, this lateral constraint only concerns the tracers and the baroclinic velocities, for which good climatological estimates exist. Along the OBs, the barotropic stream function is entirely determined by the model response to the inner dynamics, without relaxation to any questionable a priori estimate. The adjustment processes and their interaction with the open boundaries are described. The final solution is remarkably stable and quite realistic. The net transports crossing the boundaries are prescribed; we therefore investigated the impact of these parameters. We first show that the prescribed mass exchange between the basin and the rest of the Atlantic has almost no influence on the interior circulation since the western and southern lateral conditions naturally adjust to the interior dynamics. The net circulation constrained around Iceland, however, has large-scale consequences: Through the intensity of the overflow above the Iceland-Scotland Ridge (ISR), this parameter affects the stratification north and south of the Rockall Plateau, the subpolar dynamics, and finally the North Atlantic Current path up to the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone. This slowly propagating dynamical effect, already noticed in previous studies, is shown to be forced baroclinically near the ISR.
Decline in Drug Overdose Deaths After State Policy Changes — Florida, 2010–2012

During 2003-2009, the number of deaths caused by drug overdose in Florida increased 61.0%, from 1,804 to 2,905, with especially large increases in deaths caused by the opioid pain reliever oxycodone and the benzodiazepine alprazolam. In response, Florida implemented various laws and enforcement actions as part of a comprehensive effort to reverse the trend. This report describes changes in overdose deaths for prescription and illicit drugs and changes in the prescribing of drugs frequently associated with these deaths in Florida after these policy changes. During 2010-2012, the number of drug overdose deaths decreased 16.7%, from 3,201 to 2,666, and the deaths per 100,000 persons decreased 17.7%, from 17.0 to 14.0. Death rates for prescription drugs overall decreased 23.2%, from 14.5 to 11.1 per 100,000 persons. The decline in the overdose deaths from oxycodone (52.1%) exceeded the decline for other opioid pain relievers, and the decline in deaths for alprazolam (35.6%) exceeded the decline for other benzodiazepines. Similar declines occurred in prescribing rates for these drugs during this period. The temporal association between the legislative and enforcement actions and the substantial declines in prescribing and overdose deaths, especially for drugs favored by pain clinics, suggests that the initiatives in Florida reduced prescription drug overdose fatalities.
Cool It: The Skeptical Environmentalist's Guide to Global Warming

Chapter I: Polar Bears: Today’s Canaries in the Coal Mine? Summary: Lomborg sets the foundation for the major argument of his book with the example of polar bears. Popular media is telling the public polar bears are severely threatened by global warming, but Lomborg contends that the evidence suggests otherwise. The argument that Lomborg adopts for book is as follows: 1. Global warming is real and man-made. 2. Strong, ominous, and immediate consequences of global warming are often wildly exaggerated. 3. We need simpler, smarter, and more efficient solutions for global warming. 4. Many other issues are much more important than global warming. * “We need to remind ourselves that our ultimate goal is not to reduce greenhouse gases or global warming per se but to improve the quality of life and the environment” (9).
Risk assessment on the basis of simplified life‐history scenarios

Ecological risk assessment ought to make predictions about the likely effects of chemical contaminants on populations and ecosystems. However, current procedures either make these links on the basis of oversimplified approaches that obscure the relationship between what is measured in ecotoxicological tests and what we are trying to protect or are too demanding in terms of both data and understanding to be used practically and routinely. Here we develop an approach that uses simplified life‐history models to make explicit and ecologically relevant links between test results and their implications for population dynamics and explore the possibility of extending this to an appreciation of ecosystem effects. These models also make a number of simplifying assumptions but in being explicit they are open to challenge and elaboration, and we argue that, in general, the assumptions are usually precautionary. The development of these models in itself gives some nonintuitive insights into the theory of ecotoxicological responses, and we illustrate the practical application of the theory using a number of hypothetical case studies.
Antarctic Stratification, Atmospheric Water Vapor, and Heinrich Events: a Hypothesis for Late Pleistocene Deglaciations

We have previously argued that the Antarctic and subarctic North Pacific are stratified during ice ages, causing to a large degree the observed low CO2 levels of ice age atmospheres by sequestering respired CO2 in the ocean abyss. Here, we suggest a mechanism for the major deglaciations of the late Pleistocene. The mechanism begins with freshwater discharge to the North Atlantic, as evidenced by a Heinrich event, that shuts down North Atlantic overturning. Because of a global requirement for deep ocean ventilation, the North Atlantic shutdown drives overturning in the Antarctic, which, in turn, releases CO2 to the atmosphere and reduces Antarctic sea ice extent. The resulting increase in atmospheric CO2 and decrease in albedo then drive global warming and deglaciation. As a control on the timing of deglaciations, we look to the sensitivity of atmospheric freshwater transport to low latitude temperature, which is a natural antagonist to Antarctic stratification under cold climates. While Antarctic stratification is proposed to develop early in a glacial period, continued cooling through the glacial period may reduce the poleward atmospheric freshwater transport and thus may prepare the Antarctic halocline for collapse. Deglaciations may coincide with obliquity maxima because a reduced low-to-high latitude insolation gradient decreases the net poleward freshwater transport and perhaps also because increased polar insolation can warm the deep ocean and shift the westerly winds poleward, all of which should work to weaken Antarctic stratification. Precession minima may encourage Antarctic destratification by biasing tropical water vapor transport toward the northern hemisphere. Finally, obliquity and precession may work together to encourage the circum-North Atlantic freshwater discharge event that initiates the deglacial sequence.
ATMOS/ATLAS 1 measurements of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere

Vertical profiles of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere have been retrieved from 0.0l-cm−1 resolution infrared solar occultation spectra recorded by the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) Fourier transform spectrometer during the ATLAS (Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science) 1 shuttle mission of March 24 to April 2, 1992. Based on measurements of the unresolved absorption by the SF6 ν3 band Q branch at 947.9 cm−1, average SF6 volume mixing ratios and 1-sigma uncertainties of 3.20 ± 0.54 parts per trillion by volume (pptv; 10−12 ppv) at 200 mbar (∼11.8 km) declining to 2.86 ± 0.29 pptv at 100 mbar (∼16.2 km) and 1.95 ± 0.50 pptv at 30 mbar (∼23.9 km) have been retrieved. The profiles show no obvious dependence with latitude over the range of the measurements (eight occultations spanning 28°S to 54°S). Assuming an exponential growth model and applying a correction for the interhemispheric concentration difference, an average SF6 rate of increase of 8.7 ± 2.2% per year, 2 sigma, between 12 and 18 km has been derived by fitting the present measurements, ATMOS measurements from the April-May 1985 Spacelab 3 mission, and balloon-borne IR measurements obtained in March 1981 and June 1988.
The percutaneous suture of the Achilles tendon with the Dresden instrument.

OBJECTIVE Minimally invasive suture of the torn Achilles tendon without opening the rupture site, reduction in the risk of a sural nerve lesion, and optimization of stump apposition. INDICATIONS Fresh Achilles tendon rupture. CONTRAINDICATIONS Chronic achillodynia, local corticoid injections, immunosuppressive therapy, old Achilles tendon ruptures, rerupture. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE Suture of the Achilles tendon with a special instrument via a skin incision proximal to the rupture, without opening the peritenon or the rupture site, whereby the suture in the area of the proximal Achilles tendon is placed in the layer between the lower-leg fascia and the peritenon with the threads running in a paratendinous direction. RESULTS From January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2003, 61 patients with 62 Achilles tendon ruptures were sutured using the percutaneous technique with the Dresden Instrument. No sural nerve lesions and only two reruptures (3.2%) were observed. In one patient (1.6%) a superficial late infection occurred after 8 weeks, when the tendon was already healed. Of 47 patients with a follow-up time of at least 1 year, 39 with 40 Achilles tendon ruptures were followed up (83%). According to the criteria of Trillat & Mounier-Kuhn, the result was very good in 62% and good in 30%. On the AOFAS Score, an average of 96 points (78-100 points) was achieved. 78% of the patients assessed the result of the treatment as very good and 20% as good.
Is the Earth a triaxial ellipsoid

The possible triaxiality of the earth, or the ellipticity of the earth's equator, has been studied for a century. Since the artificial satellite method now also exists in addition to the gravimetric and astrogeodetic methods applied so far, it is interesting to compare the results obtained by the different methods. The efforts of the Isostatic Institute of the IAG and of the Institute of Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography of OSU are described.
Biomass yield, quality and acceptability of selected grass-legume mixtures in the moist savanna of west Africa

In order to identify options suitable for providing livestock feed in the wetter part of the moist savanna, the DM yield, botanical composition, crude protein, in sacco digestibility and neutral detergent fibre of combinations of 4 herbaceous legumes and 2 grasses were evaluated between June 1994 and December 1995 at Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. The legumes, Stylosanthes guianensis , Aeschynomene histrix , Centrosema pubescens and Chamaecrista rotundifolia , were each planted in combination with Brachiaria ruziziensis and Cynodon nlemfuensis . Beginning from one year after planting, the mixtures were mob-grazed 4 times at 8-weekly intervals following DM yield estimation. Mixtures with B. ruziziensis recorded significantly higher dry matter yields at the early stages of evaluation than those with Cy. nlemfuensis . Dry matter yield and the legume content of mixtures generally declined with time. A. histrix, the most vigorous legume in the early stages, declined rapidly during the course of the experiment and disappeared from the B. ruziziensis mixture by the end of the year. In contrast, the proportion of Ce. pubescens with the grasses increased over the experimental period so that, by the end of the year, it had the highest yield of all legumes. Variations in quality were less marked than those of biomass yield, but legumes were superior in quality to grasses. No single mixture of grass and legume proved clearly superior to other combinations.
Remote sensing reflectance of Pomeranian lakes and the Baltic

Abstract The remote sensing reflectance R rs , concentrations of chlorophyll a and other pigments C i , suspended particulate matter concentrations C SPM and coloured dissolved organic matter absorption coefficient a CDOM (λ) were measured in the euphotic zones of 15 Pomeranian lakes in 2007–2010. On the basis of 235 sets of data points obtained from simultaneous estimates of these quantities, we classified the lake waters into three types. The first one, with the lowest a CDOM (440 nm) (usually between 0.1 and 1.3 m −1 and chlorophyll a concentrations 1.3 C a −3 ), displays a broad peak on the reflectance spectrum at 560–580 nm and resembles the shape of the remote sensing reflectance spectra usually observed in the Baltic Proper. A set of R rs spectra from the Baltic Proper is given for comparison. The second lake water type has a very high CDOM absorption coefficient (usually a CDOM (440 nm) > 10 m −1 , up to 17.4 m −1 in Lake Pyszne; it has a relatively low reflectance ( R rs −1 ) over the entire spectral range, and two visible reflectance spectra peaks at ca 650 and 690–710 nm. The third type of lake water represents waters with a lower CDOM absorption coefficient (usually a CDOM (440 nm) −1 ) and a high chlorophyll a concentration (usually C a > 4 mg m −3 , up to 336 mg m −3 in Lake Gardno). The remote sensing reflectance spectra in these waters always exhibit three peaks ( R rs > 0.005 sr −1 ): a broad one at 560–580 nm, a smaller one at ca 650 nm and a well-pronounced one at 690–720 nm. These R rs (λ) peaks correspond to the relatively low absorption of light by the various optically active components of the lake water and the considerable scattering (over the entire spectral range investigated) due to the high SPM concentrations there. The remote sensing maximum at λ ≈ 690–720 nm is higher still as a result of the natural fluorescence of chlorophyll a . Empirical relationships between the spectral reflectance band ratios at selected wavelengths and the various optically active components for these lake waters are also established: for example, the chlorophyll a concentration in surface water layer C a = 6.432 e 4.556 X , where X = [max R rs (695 ≤ λ ≤ 720) – R rs (λ = 670)]/max R rs (695 ≤ λ ≤ 720), and the coefficient of determination R 2 = 0.95.
Changes in Global Tropospheric OH Expected as a Result of Climate Change Over the Last Several Decades

The oxidizing capacity of the troposphere is controlled primarily by the abundance of hydroxyl radical (OH). The global mean concentration of tropospheric OH, [OH]TROP (the burden of OH in the global troposphere appropriate for calculating the lifetime of methane) inferred from measurements of methyl chloroform has remained relatively constant during the past several decades despite rising levels of methane that should have led to a decline. Here we examine other factors that may have affected [OH]TROP such as the changing values of stratospheric ozone, rising tropospheric H2O, varying burden of NOx (=NO+NO2), rising temperatures, and widening of the climatological tropics due to expansion of the Hadley cell. Our analysis suggests the positive trends in [OH]TROP due to H2O, NOx, and overhead O3, and tropical expansion are large enough (Δ [OH]TROP = +0.95 ± 0.18%/decade) to counter almost all of the expected decrease in [OH]TROP due to rising methane (Δ [OH]TROP = −1.01 ± 0.05%/decade) over the period 1980 to 2015, while variations in temperature contribute almost no trend (Δ [OH]TROP = −0.02 ± 0.02%/decade) in [OH]TROP. The approximated impact of Hadley cell expansion on [OH]TROP is also a small but not insignificant factor partially responsible for the steadiness of tropospheric oxidizing capacity over the past several decades, which free‐running models likely do not capture.
Environmental consequences of Ontong Java Plateau and Kerguelen Plateau volcanism

The mid-Cretaceous was marked by emplacement of large igneous provinces (LIPs) that formed gigantic oceanic plateaus, affecting ecosystems on a global scale, with biota forced to face excess CO 2 resulting in climate and ocean perturbations. Volcanic phases of the Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) and the southern Kerguelen Plateau (SKP) are radiometrically dated and correlate with paleoenvironmental changes, suggesting causal links between LIPs and ecosystem responses. Aptian biocalcifi cation crises and recoveries are broadly coeval with C, Pb, and Os isotopic anomalies, trace metal infl uxes, global anoxia, and climate changes. Early Aptian greenhouse or supergreenhouse conditions were followed by prolonged cooling during the late Aptian, when OJP and SKP developed, respectively. Massive volcanism occurring at equatorial versus high paleolatitudes and submarine versus subaerial settings triggered very different climate responses but similar disruptions in the marine carbonate system. Excess CO 2 arguably induced episodic ocean acidifi cation that was detrimental to
Electric log interpretation for the evaluation of salt water intrusion in the eastern Niger Delta

Abstract The Niger Delta (75 000 km2) comprises a thick (up to 9000 m) sequence of clastic sediments subdivided into the Akata, Agbada and Benin Formations in ascending order. Sands of the Benin Formation constitute aquifers which have been exploited for water supply, although in parts of the delta many of them have been abandoned due to high salinity. Interpretation of 267 oilwell logs for delineating the fresh water-bearing aquifers is reported here. While fresh water sands occur at the upper zone of the Benin Formation in most places, saline water sands were found at the upper zone at depths (ranging from 30 to 947 m) in two well-defined areas, underlain by fresh water sands. The saline water is thought to be connate. The fresh water/saline water interface has been mapped throughout the eastern Niger Delta and is found to be deepest (2237 m) 44 km westsouthwest of Port Harcourt.