Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Study of Shear Bond Strength in Direct and Indirect Bonding with Three Types of Adhesive Systems

This study aimed to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remaining index (ARI) using one conventional and two novel adhesive systems with clinical step reduction and direct and indirect bonding. A sample of 72 human premolars were divided into six groups of 12 samples. The first three groups (G1, G2, G3) were bonded with a direct technique, while the remaining groups (G4, G5, G6) were bonded by the indirect technique. Groups G1 and G4 used conventional acid-etching primer composite (XT); groups G2 and G5 used self-etching bonding (BO), and groups G3 and G6 had an acid-etching treatment followed by a self-adhesive composite (OC). All groups were exposed to thermocycling. Shear bond strength was analyzed with a universal test machine, and the ARI was examined with 4× magnification. The results showed statistically significant differences between the three adhesive systems. The highest strength values were observed in the XT group G1 (13.54 ± 4 MPa), while the lowest were shown in the BO G2 samples (5.05 ± 2 MPa). There was no significant difference between the direct or indirect bonding techniques on the three compared groups. The type of primer and bonding material significantly influenced the SBS. Values with self-etching bonding were below the minimum recommended for clinical use (5.9–7.8 MPa). There was no difference between indirect and direct bonding techniques. The lowest ARI scores (0–1) were observed in both self-etching and BO groups. Further clinical studies are needed to compare in vivo results.
The spectrum of β thalassaemia in Burma

The molecular defects causing β thalassaemia have been analysed in 85 unrelated Burmese patients. The patients included 14 with homozygous β thalassaemia, 70 with HbE/β thalassaemia and one with HbS/β thalassaemia. Using a combination of allele‐specific oligoprobe hybridization and direct sequencing of genomic DNA amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, 95/99 of the β‐thalassaemia alleles have been characterized. Six mutations have been identified of which three, the G‐T at IVS‐1 position 1, the G‐C at IVS‐1 position 5 and the deletion of TCTT in codons 41/42, accounted for 85% of the alleles. Despite the diversity of ethnic groups in Burma, the number of β‐thalassaemia alleles in Burma is relatively small. Thus, diagnosis of the majority of the β thalassaemias would be possible using a limited number of oligonucleotide probes.
Pharmacist's perspective on HCQ treatment of COVID‐19

Dear Editor: So far, many studies on Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) treatment of COVID-19 have been published. Since HCQ is widely used for the treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we will use the pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic (PD/PK) data of HCQ to discuss the role of HCQ in COVID-19 treatment. After oral absorption, HCQ is widely distributed in various tissues in the body. According to the results of animal experiments, the tissues with the most HCQ distribution were the lungs, with a concentration of up to 227 times that of plasma, followed by the spleen, liver, and kidney. This finding is similar to another in-vitro study on the physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, which was carried out with cells infected by SARS-CoV-2. On the 5th day after continuous use, HCQ concentration in the lung tissue can be more than 85.4 times of EC50. 2 In addition, due to the high proportion of HCQ distributed in tissues, the elimination half-life is relatively long. The average half-life of HCQ in a single dose of 400 mg is 172 h, and that of long-term users is 40-50 days. Based on the above PK characteristics of HCQ, we reviewed the literatures on COVID-19 treatment with HCQ and some issues worthy of discussion. First, the clinical trial conducted by Gautret et al. took the virus clearance rate on the 6th day of treatment as the primary endpoint of the study. However, there was no credible evidence for the correlation between the virus clearance rate of nasopharynx swab on the 6th day and the subsequent effect maintenance, clinical effectiveness, systemic virus quantity, and whether the virus test would turn positive after drug withdrawal. Second, the concentrations of HCQ distributed in various tissues are much higher than that in blood, especially in the lung tissues. However, it is still unknown whether the concentration in the lung tissues has a positive correlation with the ability to clear the virus from the lung tissue or whether it is correlated with the clinical therapeutic effect and the remission of symptoms. Third, the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 patients include not only respiratory symptoms, but also gastrointestinal or neurological manifestations, and it is also unknown whether the distribution of HCQ in tissues can solve the related symptoms. Not surprisingly, the studies of Molina and Geleris both showed the negative results of HCQ. Although HCQ is safer and more effective than Chloroquine, special attention should be paid to the interaction and side effects when it is used with Azithromycin. Especially in terms of cardiovascular, both HCQ and Azithromycin are likely to cause arrhythmias (such as QT prolongation and torsades de points), and combined use will increase the incidence, which was also observed by Molina. There's no guidance for the treatment of COVID-19 has indicated that the dose of HCQ can be calculated according to body weight and adjusted according to different races. Further studies are needed in the future to provide more comprehensive data.
Flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) no estado de Roraima, Brasil: I. espécies coletadas nas regiões sul e central

Durante 1987, nas regioes sul e central do Estado de Roraima, foram realizadas coletas de flebotomineos nas bases de arvores e em armadilhas CDC colocadas a 1,5 e 10m de altura do solo. Foram obtidos 2812 especimes, de 45 especies: 35 na regiao sul e 27 na regiao cental; 18 especies foram comuns as duas areas e 21 estao sendo aqui assinaladas pela primeira vez no Estado. A presente publicacao eleva a 54 o numero de especies conhecidad no Estado.
Strategies providing success in a variable habitat: III. Dynamic control of photosynthesis in Cladophora glomerata

Diurnal patterns of photosynthesis were studied in July and April populations of Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz, from open and from shaded sites. Summer samples exposed to full sunlight showed decreased efficiency of open photosystem II at noon, and only slight differences were found between samples that had grown at open or at shaded sites. Electron transport rate was limited at highest fluence rates in shade plants, and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) revealed faster regulation in samples from open sites. Daily course of de-epoxidation was not linearly correlated with the course of NPQ. The comparison of samples from open and from shaded sites revealed a higher capacity of thermal energy dissipation and an increase in the total amount of xanthophyll-cycle pigments (21%) in samples from open sites. In April, down-regulation of the efficiency of open photosystem II was related to lower water temperature, and hence, increased excitation pressure. In April the pool size of xanthophyll-cycle pigments was increased by 21% in comparison with summer and suggested higher levels of thermal energy dissipation via de-epoxidized xanthophylls. In both, summer and spring the amount of xanthophyll-cycle pigments was 20% higher in samples from open sites. Acclimation of C. glomerata to growth light conditions was further shown by experimental induction of NPQ, indicating NPQ increases of 23%, and increases of 77% in the reversible component of NPQ in open site samples. The effect of temperature on photosynthetic rate was non-linear, and different optimum temperatures of electron transport rate and oxygen evolution were exhibited.
RLN3/RXFP3 Signaling in the PVN Inhibits Magnocellular Neurons via M-like Current Activation and Contributes to Binge Eating Behavior

Binge-eating disorder is the most common eating disorder. Various neuropeptides play important roles in the regulation of feeding behavior, including relaxin-3 (RLN3), which stimulates food intake in rats through the activation of the relaxin-family peptide-3 receptor (RXFP3). Here we demonstrate that a likely mechanism underlying the orexigenic action of RLN3 is RXFP3-mediated inhibition of oxytocin- and arginine-vasopressin-synthesizing paraventricular nucleus (PVN) magnocellular neurosecretory cells. Moreover, we reveal that, in male and female rats, this action depends on M-like potassium conductance. Notably, higher intra- and peri-PVN RLN3 fiber densities were observed in females, which may constitute an anatomic substrate for observed sex differences in binge-eating disorder. Finally, in a model of binge-eating in female rats, RXFP3 blockade within the PVN prevented binge-eating behavior. These data demonstrate a direct RLN3/RXFP3 action in the PVN of male and female rats, identify the associated ionic mechanisms, and reveal that hypothalamic RLN3/RXFP3 signaling regulates binge-eating behavior. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Binge-eating disorder is the most common eating disorder worldwide, affecting women twice as frequently as men. Various neuropeptides play important roles in the regulation of feeding behavior, including relaxin-3, which acts via the relaxin-family peptide-3 receptor (RXFP3). Using a model of binge-eating, we demonstrated that relaxin-3/RXFP3 signaling in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is necessary for the expression of binge-eating behavior in female rats. Moreover, we elucidated the neuronal mechanism of RLN3/RXFP3 signaling in PVN in male and female rats and characterized sex differences in the RLN3 innervation of the PVN. These findings increase our understanding of the brain circuits and neurotransmitters involved in binge-eating disorder pathology and identify RXFP3 as a therapeutic target for binge-like eating disorders.
A preliminary classification of evolutionary radiations

Rapid increases in taxonomic diversity are generally described as adaptive or evolutionary radiations. Such radiations differ widely in the rate and extent of morphologic innovation, taxonomic diversification and phylogenetic breadth, suggesting that several patterns, and likely processes, are involved. At least four distinct patterns of evolutionary radiation can be identified: novelty events, which generate new morphological complexity (altering the body plan of the group under consideration) but not necessarily with the associated production of many lower taxa; broad diversification events involving many independent lineages that undergo diversification, generate many new species and are driven by new ecological opportunities; economic radiations of a limited group of ecologically (but not necessarily phylogenetically) related clades exploiting a limited new ecologic opportunity; and adaptive radiations that may occur at any taxonomic level, but involve a rapid increase in diversity within a single cla.
Combination of baseline total metabolic tumor volume measured on FDG‐PET/CT and β2‐microglobulin have a robust predictive value in patients with primary breast lymphoma

The aim was to build a prognostic model to stratify patients at diagnosis into different risk categories. We investigated the prognostic value of functional PET parameters and clinical features in 64 primary breast lymphoma (PBL) patients. With a median follow‐up of 60 months, 5‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was 62.5% and 73.4%. In multivariate analysis, baseline total metabolic tumor volume (TMTV0) and β2‐microglobulin remained more reliable predictors of survival than other prognostic factors. The optimal TMTV0 cut‐off value was 90 cm3. Among 29 patients with high TMTV0, 5‐year PFS and OS were 44.8% and 62.1%, respectively, while 5‐year PFS and OS of 35 patients with low TMTV0 were 74.3% and 85.7%, respectively. TMTV0 combined with β2‐microglobulin identified three groups with very different prognosis, including low‐risk group with low TMTV0 and β2‐microglobulin≤normal (n = 30), intermediate‐risk group with high TMTV0 or β2‐microglobulin>normal (n = 20), and high‐risk group with high TMTV0 and β2‐microglobulin>normal (n = 14). In the three groups, 5‐year PFS rates were 80%, 55% and 28.6% (P = .003), and 5‐year OS rates were 90%, 65%, and 50% (P = .023) respectively. We established a new prognostic model through TMTV0 and β2‐microglobulin, and can divide PBL at diagnosis into different risk categories.
Exploring post acute rehabilitation service use and outcomes for working age stroke survivors (≤65 years) in Australia, UK and South East Asia: data from the international AVERT trial

Objectives Information about younger people of working age (≤65 years), their post stroke outcomes and rehabilitation pathways can highlight areas for further research and service change. This paper describes: (1) baseline demographics; (2) post acute rehabilitation pathways; and (3) 12-month outcomes; disability, mobility, depression, quality of life, informal care and return to work of working age people across three geographic regions (Australasia (AUS), South East (SE) Asia and UK). Design This post hoc descriptive exploration of data from the large international very early rehabilitation trial (A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial (AVERT)) examined the four common post acute rehabilitation pathways (inpatient rehabilitation, home with community rehabilitation, inpatient rehabilitation then community rehabilitation and home with no rehabilitation) experienced by participants in the 3 months post stroke and describes their 12-month outcomes. Setting Hospital stroke units in AUS, UK and SE Asia. Participants Patients who had an acute stroke recruited within 24 hours who were ≤65 years. Results 668 participants were ≤65 years; 99% lived independently, and 88% no disability (modified Rankin Score (mRS)=0) prior to stroke. We had complete data for 12-month outcomes for n=631 (94%). The proportion receiving inpatient rehabilitation was higher in AUS than other regions (AUS 52%; UK 25%; SE Asia 23%), whereas the UK had higher community rehabilitation (UK 65%; AUS 61%; SE Asia 39%). At 12 months, 70% had no or little disability (mRS 0–2), 44% were depressed, 28% rated quality of life as poor or worse than death. For those working prior to stroke (n=228), only 57% had returned to work. A noteworthy number of working age survivors received no rehabilitation services within 3 months post stroke. Conclusions There was considerable variation in rehabilitation pathways and post acute service use across the three regions. At 12 months, there were high rates of depression, poor quality of life and low rates of return to work. Trial registration number Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12606000185561).
On-Farm Welfare Assessment Protocol for Suckling Piglets: A Pilot Study

Simple Summary The welfare of piglets is a major concern for the pig industry. Despite a large body of knowledge regarding piglets welfare, only a few specific protocols to assess welfare have been proposed for suckling piglets. Consequently, there is limited implementation of monitoring of piglets welfare during the nursery phase. Therefore, the present study tested the ability of a new protocol regarding the identification of the main welfare issues in suckling piglets and their relationship to management conditions. This pilot study involved 134 litters from two farms, with a total of 1608 piglets assessed at the age of 7 and 20 days. In both farms, some litters were tail docked, while others were left undocked. The welfare parameters consisted of behavioural, lesion and health measures. The results showed that the main issues were represented by lesions in the front area of the body, probably the consequence of teat competition due to repeated cross-fostering, and lack of appropriate milk supplementation. Non-aggressive lesions and health conditions were mainly related to housing conditions such as light and pen and nest temperatures. Tail docking did not influence lesions or behaviour; however, tail-docked piglets showed high scores in the indicators of a negative emotional state. Abstract Piglets experience welfare issues during the nursery phase. This pilot study aimed to test a protocol for identifying the main welfare issues in suckling piglets and to investigate relationships among animal-based indicators and management conditions. Litters (n = 134), composed of undocked and tail-docked piglets, were assessed at two farms. After birth, observations were made at the age of 7 days and 20 days. At each observation, housing conditions (HCs) were measured, and 13 animal-based indicators, modified from Welfare Quality, Classyfarm, Assurewel and others introduced ex novo, were recorded. A generalized linear mixed model was used, considering animal-based indicators as dependent variables and farm, piglets’ age, tail docking and HCs as independent variables. The main welfare issues were lesions of the limb (32.6%) and the front area of the body (22.8%), a poor body condition score (BCS) (16.1%), ear lesions (15.5%), and tail lesions (9.7%). Negative social behaviour (e.g., fighting and biting) represented 7.0% of the active behaviour, with tail biting observed in 8.7% of the piglets. While lesions on the front areas of the body were mostly associated with the farm, tail lesions, low BCS, tear staining, and diarrhoea were associated with light and nest temperature (p < 0.05). In particular, tail biting increased with scarce light (p = 0.007). Tail docking did not influence any animal-based indicator except for tear staining which was higher in the tail-docked as compared to the undocked piglets (p = 0.05), increasing awareness on this practice as a source of negative emotion in piglets. The protocol tested may be a promising tool for assessing on-farm piglets’ welfare.
Beta Anomaly, Mispricing, and Idiosyncratic Volatility in Indonesia

The purpose of this research is to find the evidence of beta anomaly in Indonesia, a stock return anomaly which happens when the high-beta stocks generate lower alpha than the low-beta stocks, and provide an explanation behind it, during the year 2007-2016. This research use double-sorted portfolio formations to find the presence of beta anomaly, the relationship between stocks’ mispricing level and beta, the relationship between stocks’ beta and beta anomaly, and the relationship between idiosyncratic volatility (IVOL) and beta anomaly. The findings show the presence of beta anomaly and is caused by IVOL rather than beta, proved by the alpha and IVOL negative relationship across almost all beta quintiles and the disappearance of the anomaly when one controls for IVOL. This anomaly is present in IDX during the period and is significant only at overpriced stocks.
Suitability of Translocation Sites for Florida Burrowing Owls: Prey Availability and Diet

Abstract We investigated if relative abundance of invertebrate prey for Athene cunicularia floridana (Florida Burrowing Owl) differed between two pre-translocation (i.e., non-mined) sites and one translocation (i.e., reclaimed mine) site. We trapped a combination of 21 arthropod families and orders. We observed some differences among non-mined sites and the reclaimed mine site in invertebrate prey abundance and owl diet. Fewer than 50% (10 of 21) of trapped prey items were present in pellets, suggesting that our traps may have limited capture of particular prey. Additionally, it appears that owls were hunting in nearby aquatic habitats due to the remains of frogs, turtles, and crayfish in pellets. The general similarity in prey abundance and diet between the pre-translocation and translocation sites suggests that reclaimed mine sites may serve as adequate refugia for Florida Burrowing Owls. However, more work is needed to determine to verify the general applicability of our results.
EVALUATION OF FERTILIZER USE EFFICIENCY IN RICE VAR IETIES AS INFLUENCED BY COMBINATION OF PLANT DENSITY AND FERT ILIZER LEVELS

editor@tjprc.org EVALUATION OF FERTILIZER USE EFFICIENCY IN RICE VAR IETIES AS INFLUENCED BY COMBINATION OF PLANT DENSITY AND FERT ILIZER LEVELS O SAMPATH 1 & A SRINIVAS 2 Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, India PJTSAU, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, India ABSTRACT
The Bird Fauna of a Deciduous Woodland in the Wet-Dry Tropics of Northern Australia.

Censuses of birds were made monthly from October 1986 to October 1987 in a deciduous woodland in the Australian Northern Territory. Additional limited counts of granivorous birds were made in March and April 1988. The woodland was selected for the study because it contains a population of the endangered Gouldian finch (Erythrua gouldiae). The species composition of birds was temporally unstable; this was associated with the marked wet-dry seasonality. For some foraging groups (e.g. nectarivores, foliage-gleaners), diversity was correlated with resource availability. Although the species composition of birds of this site is not very similar to that of any other surveyed area, it falls within the range encompassed by that of woodlands across tropical Australia, and is distinct from that of open and closed forests in the same region. Tropical savanna woodlands and open forests differ in composition of their foraging groups compared with their temperate counterparts. The species richness of granivores, hawking insectivores, nectarivores and terrestrial omnivores at this site is unusually high. The changing composition of bird species in this tropical woodland site suggests that many birds in this environment undergo substantial regional movements. The conservation of such species demands large and heterogeneous reserves, a strategically located reserve system and/or sympathetic management of land outside reserves.
Applications and impact of molecular markers on evolutionary and diversity studies in the genus Allium.

Allium is a large variable genus containing ≅ 700 species, among them the economically important crops bulb onion, garlic and leek and many other crop species of minor or local importance. As the methods became available and more refined, systematic studies using biochemical and molecular markers were published to complement and offset the growing amount of data based on morphological, anatomical and other traditional approaches. Using isozymes and later restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), phylogenetic problems were addressed at all systematic levels of the genus and the interrelationships among crop species and their close relatives. The analysis of hybrid plants is another important application of molecular markers. Markers allow verification of the hybrid's cytoplasm, the composition of the nuclear genome, and investigation of introgression in backcrossing experiments.