Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The development of multisensory balance, locomotion, orientation and navigation.

This chapter describes development of the sensory processes underlying the movement of our bodies in space. In order to move around the world in an adaptive manner infants and children must overcome a range of sensory and motor challenges. Since balance is a pre-requisite for whole-body movement and locomotion, a primary challenge is using sensory inputs to maintain balance. The ultimate goal of movement is to reach (or avoid) specific objects or locations in space. Thus, a further pre-requisite for adaptive spatial behaviour is the ability to represent the locations of significant objects and places. Information about such objects, and about one’s own movement (“self-motion”) comes from many different senses. A crucial challenge for infants and children (not to mention adults) is to select or integrate these correctly to perform spatial tasks. We will first describe the development of balance and locomotion. We will then go on to describe the development of spatial orientation and navigation. Basic spatial orienting (e.g., turning the head to localise multisensory stimuli), which does not require balance or locomotion, is also described in this section. These early-developing orienting behaviours are building blocks for more sophisticated navigation and spatial recall. We will describe a number of situations in which spatial behaviour in response to multiple sensory inputs undergoes marked changes in childhood before reaching the adult state. Bayesian integration of estimates is a theoretical framework that may accommodate some of these findings. In the concluding section of this chapter (Section 5), we will describe this framework and highlight its potential for explaining some of the existing developmental findings. However, we will argue that most of the experimental work needed to evaluate the Bayesian explanation still remains to be done.
Future Temperature‐Related Deaths in the U.S.: The Impact of Climate Change, Demographics, and Adaptation

Mortality due to extreme temperatures is one of the most worrying impacts of climate change. In this analysis, we use historic mortality and temperature data from 106 cities in the United States to develop a model that predicts deaths attributable to temperature. With this model and projections of future temperature from climate models, we estimate temperature‐related deaths in the United States due to climate change, changing demographics, and adaptation. We find that temperature‐related deaths increase rapidly as the climate warms, but this is mainly due to an expanding and aging population. For global average warming below 3°C above pre‐industrial levels, we find that climate change slightly reduces temperature‐related mortality in the U.S. because the reduction of cold‐related mortality exceeds the increase in heat‐related deaths. Above 3°C warming, whether the increase in heat‐related deaths exceeds the decrease in cold‐related deaths depends on the level of adaptation. Southern U.S. cities are already well adapted to hot temperatures and the reduction of cold‐related mortality drives overall lower mortality. Cities in the Northern U.S. are not well adapted to high temperatures, so the increase in heat‐related mortality exceeds the reduction in cold‐related mortality. Thus, while the total number of climate‐related mortality may not change much, climate change will shift mortality in the U.S. to higher latitudes.
Critical evaluation of the agro-ecological system of the Republic of South Africa (30°S) in response to unclassified claims of cocoa farming beyond 20°S of the equator

Cocoa is a climate sensitive species that has never been reported to grow or survive outside its natural climate belt (20°N-20°S of the equator). Recent reports claimed that cocoa is currently cultivated in Eswatini (26°S), Botswana (22°S), Namibia (22°S), Lesotho (29°S), and the Republic of South Africa “RSA” (30°S). How true are these reports? Climatological and epidemiological investigations were setup to debunk or support these claims. The clime of RSA was investigated since it was the farthest from the cocoa production clime. A review of the climate data of RSA showed 12.4 and 6.1% increase in night-time and day-time temperatures, respectively i.e., from 9.7 and 24.4°C (1901–1930) to 10.9 and 25.9°C (1991–2020), affirming the influence of global warming. The consistent increase in the moving average from 1901–2021 with a fluctuation in the seasonal variation, validates this research. A global connection was established between climate suitability for cocoa production and cocoa disease/pathogen establishment (r = -0.39, P-value = 0.089) at P<0.05. Further analysis showed that the annual temperature (10.8°C≥Temp≥25.8°C), humidity (62%) and sunshine distribution (8.4hours/month) of RSA was suitable for cocoa farming, even though water availability was below the recommended level (rainfall≥463.6mm and rainy_days≤5days/month), farm irrigation systems are currently in use. Other findings showed that KwaZulu-Natal was 100% suitable for cocoa farming, followed by Gauteng, Mpumalanga (86%), Eastern Cape, Limpopo, Northwest (71%), Free State, Northern Cape, and Western Cape (57%). The estimated black pod disease status of KwaZulu-Natal (8.6%) and Eastern Cape (6.6%) affirmed the conduciveness of RSA for cocoa farming.
Intrageneric cross-reactivity of monospecific rabbit antisera against venoms of the medically most important Naja spp. African snakes

Background Envenomations by African snakes represent a high burden in the sub-Sahara region. The design and fabrication of polyspecific antivenoms with a broader effectiveness, specially tailored for its use in sub-Saharan Africa, require a better understanding of the immunological features of different Naja spp. venoms of highest medical impact in Africa; and to select the most appropriate antigen combinations to generate antivenoms of wider neutralizing scope. Methodology/principal findings Rabbit-derived monospecific antisera were raised against the venoms of five spitting cobras and six non-spitting cobras. The effects of immunization in the animal model were assessed, as well as the development of antibody titers, as proved by immunochemical assays and neutralization of lethal, phospholipase A2 and dermonecrotic activities. By the end of the immunization schedule, the immunized rabbits showed normal values of all hematological parameters, and no muscle tissue damage was evidenced, although alterations in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) suggested a degree of hepatic damage caused mainly by spitting cobra venoms. Immunologic analyses revealed a considerable extent of cross-reactivity of monospecific antisera against heterologous venoms within the spitting and no-spitting cobras, yet some antisera showed more extensive cross-reactivity than others. The antisera with the widest coverage were those of anti-Naja ashei and anti-N. nigricollis for the spitting cobras, and anti-N. haje and anti-N. senegalensis for the non-spitting cobras. Conclusions/significance The methods and study design followed provide a rationale for the selection of the best combination of venoms for generating antivenoms of high cross-reactivity against cobra venoms in sub-Saharan Africa. Results suggest that venoms from N. ashei, N. nigricollis within the spitting cobras, and N. haje and N. senegalensis within the non-spitting cobras, generate antisera with a broader cross-reactivity. These experimental results should be translated to larger animal models used in antivenom elaboration to assess whether these predictions are reproduced.
Calibration of a Solar Absolute Cavity Radiometer with Traceability to the World Radiometric Reference

This report describes the present method of establishing traceability of absolute cavity radiometers to the World Radiometric Reference (WRR) through the process employed in the International Pyrheliometer Comparisons (IPC). This method derives the WRR reduction factor for each of the participating cavity radiometers. An alternative method is proposed, described, and evaluated as a way to reduce the uncertainty in the comparison process. The two methods are compared using a sample of data from the recent IPC-VIII conducted from September 25th to October 13th, 1995 at the World Radiation Center in Davos, Switzerland. A description of absolute cavity radiometers is also included, using a PMO-6 as an example of active cavity radiometers, and a HF as an example of passive cavity radiometers.
Urinary titin is not an early biomarker of skeletal muscle atrophy induced by muscle denervation in mice

Early detection of skeletal muscle atrophy is important to prevent further muscle weakness. However, there are few non-invasive biomarkers for skeletal muscle atrophy. Recent studies have reported that the N-terminal fragment (N-titin) of titin, a giant sarcomeric protein, is detected in the urine of patients with muscle damage. In this study, we hypothesized that urinary N-titin would be a potential early biomarker of skeletal muscle atrophy in mice caused by sciatic nerve denervation. Male mice were randomly divided into control and denervation groups, and urinary N-titin levels were assessed daily for 9 days using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system. Despite reduced titin protein levels in atrophic muscles 10 days after denervation, cleaved N-titin fragments were not increased in the urine of mice with denervation-induced muscle atrophy. Furthermore, we found no uptake of Evans blue dye from the extracellular space into the cytoplasm in atrophic muscles, suggesting that the sarcomeric membrane is intact in those muscles. The present results suggest that cleaved N-titin in the urine is not suitable as an early biomarker of skeletal muscle atrophy.
Lake Taihu, China : dynamics and environmental change

1 AN INTRODUCTION TO LAKE TAIHU 1.1 HYDROGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE BASIN, Shuncai SUN and Rui MAO 1.2 HYDROGRAPHY AND WATER RESOURCES, MAO Rui, XU Pengzhu and GAO Junfeng 1.3 Pollution and Eutrophication, HUANG Wenyu, XU Gang, WU Qinglong and QIN Boqiang 1.4 SWAMPING OF EASTERN TAIHU BAY, LI Wenchao 2 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF LAKE TAIHU AND RADIATIVE TRANSFER SIMULATION 2.1 OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE, ZHANG Yunlin 2.2 SIMULATION OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER BETWEEN THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE WATER BODY, CAI Qiming and ZHANG Yunlin 3 Hydrodynamics and THEIR effects on the aquatic ecosystem 3.1 WAVE CHARACTERISTICS, HU Weiping 3.2 Field InvestigationS and Analysis of Currents, QIN Boqiang and LUO Liancong 3.3 MODELLING OF LAKE HYDRODYNAMICS, HU Weiping 3.4 Effects of Hydrodynamics on the Aquatic Ecosystem, QIN Boqiang, HU Weiping and LUO Liancong 4 SEDIMENT-WATER EXCHANGE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE 4.1 SEDIMENTATION RATE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SEDIMENT, ZHU Guangwei 4.2 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SEDIMENTS, ZHU Guangwei 4.3 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON NUTRIENT EXCHANGE AT THE SEDIMENT-WATER INTERFACE, ZHANG Lu and LI Wenchao 4.4 CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF INTERNAL NUTRIENT LOADING, QIN Boqiang, ZHU Guangwe and, ZHANG Lu 5 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLUE-GREEN ALGAE IN LAKE TAIHU 5.1 Effect of Alkaline Phosphatase on Algal Blooms, GAO Guang 5.2 Relationship between the Lake Taihu Micro-ecosystem Structure and Algal Blooms, GAO Guang and YANG Liuyan 6 THE LAKE ECOSYSTEM: STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT 6.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF CHLOROPHYLL A AND PRIMARY PRODUCTION, YANG Dingtian, ZHANG Yunlin and CHEN Weimin 6.2 Phytoplankton Community Structure, Succession and Response to the Environment, ZHOU Wanping and CHEN Weimin 6.3 ANALYSIS OF THE ZOOPLANKTON, CHEN Weimin 6.4 SPECIES COMPOSITION, SUCCESSION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE OF ZOOBENTHOS, CHEN Weimin 6.5 Fish Composition and Fisheries, CHEN Weimin and WU Qinlong 6.6 Structure and Succession of the Aquatic Vegetation, CHEN Weimin
The Doctor-Patient Relationship: Friend or Adversary

Uniliersi~ )l . Proliidence. R.I. The qualit y of every Doctor-Patient Relationship is never static but is perpetually changing. A physician can never take a Doctor-Patient Relationship for granted with any patient or at any point in time. Appreciation of this basic tenet leads to the growth of confidence and respect in the Doctor-Patient Relationship. Confidence and respect discourages the initiation of an adversarial attitude. the herald of all legal proceedings. The Doctor-Patient Relationship is a privileged relationship granted to physician s. initiated at the professional level , and favors the development of trust and co nfidence. It is natural for a trusting and confident patient to view the doctor as a friend. The wise physician exploits professional respect for the mutual benefit of both patient and doctor. Respect coupled with the patient's perception of the physician as a friend facilitates the physician's work, allays the patient's fears, and can generate within the patient an understanding of the physician's efforts on behalf of the patient. Without patient understanding of the physician's efforts and in the absence of patient awareness of the physician's empathy toward the ill patient. a Doctor-Patient Relationship can exist without respect for the physician and easil y lead to misunderstanding. Misunderstanding in any human relationship in today's society has a propensity to deteriorate toward litigation . To generate trust and confidence in the Doctor-Patient Relationship, the physician must exert a constant effort to achieve human understanding of the patient's perception of his or her current health status. In many instances the patient's perception does not match reality and this imposes an additional duty on the physician to teach. Teaching patients allays fears and promotes understanding by both patient and physician. Human understanding by the physician cannot be equated with "scientific understanding or ability . " Human understanding is the ph ysician 's first step toward developing empathy. Empathy, in turn, increases the physician's awareness of the patient's fears related to the potential consequences of present illness and fosters a friendship attitude. Thus, human understanding and empathy are interrelated in the form of a positive feedback system to
Excluded and myopic: Social exclusion increases temporal discounting

Social exclusion is a painful yet ubiquitous experience that modulates affect, behavior, and cognition. Decision-making is an essential cognitive ability that some forms of it are altered following social exclusion. However, how intertemporal decision-making is influenced by social exclusion is scarcely studied. Here, using Future Life Alone paradigm we demonstrated that experiencing social exclusion increases temporal discounting. We further tested whether the increased temporal discounting is mediated by either time perception or risk-taking. Our results revealed that although time perception is influenced by social exclusion, neither time perception nor risk-taking mediated the changes in temporal discounting. Our results are providing further evidence corroborating that social exclusion evokes cognitive deconstruction and therefore alters temporal discounting.
Sleep Differentially and Profoundly Impairs Recall Memory in a Patient with Fornix Damage

Abstract In March 2020, C.T. , a kind, bright, and friendly young woman underwent surgery for a midline tumor involving her septum pellucidum and extending down into her fornices bilaterally. Following tumor diagnosis and surgery, C.T. experienced significant memory deficits: C.T. 's family reported that she could remember things throughout the day, but when she woke up in the morning or following a nap, she would expect to be in the hospital, forgetting all the information that she had learned before sleep. The current study aimed to empirically validate C.T. 's pattern of memory loss and explore its neurological underpinnings. On two successive days, C.T. and age-matched controls watched an episode of a TV show and took a nap or stayed awake before completing a memory test. Although C.T. performed numerically worse than controls in both conditions, sleep profoundly exacerbated her memory impairment, such that she could not recall any details following a nap. This effect was replicated in a second testing session. High-resolution MRI scans showed evidence of the trans-callosal surgical approach's impact on the mid-anterior corpus callosum, indicated that C.T. had perturbed white matter particularly in the right fornix column, and demonstrated that C.T. 's hippocampal volumes did not differ from controls. These findings suggest that the fornix is important for processing episodic memories during sleep. As a key output pathway of the hippocampus, the fornix may ensure that specific memories are replayed during sleep, maintain the balance of sleep stages, or allow for the retrieval of memories following sleep.
The effect of childbirth trauma on willingness to donate milk in women following perinatal loss: The mediating role of resilience

Abstract Limited studies have been conducted on Chinese women's willingness to donate milk following perinatal loss. In this study, we explore the relationship among childbirth trauma, willingness to donate milk, and resilience in women following perinatal loss, and the mediating effect of resilience between childbirth trauma and willingness to donate milk. A cross‐sectional study was carried out throughout 4 months. We used convenience sampling methods and recruited 241 women following a perinatal loss from eight tertiary hospitals in Sichuan Province, China. Participants completed four questionnaires during a face‐to‐face individual interview: the general information questionnaire, the Willingness to Donate Milk Scale (WMDS), the City Birth Trauma Scale, and the Brief Resilience Scale. SPSS 20.0 was used to analyze the collected data. In our study, childbirth trauma was negatively correlated with the total and each dimension score of WMDS (p < 0.001). Resilience was positively correlated with the total and each dimension score of WMDS (p < 0.001). Resilience partially mediated the relationship between childbirth‐related symptoms and willingness to donate milk (β = −0.38, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.50 to −0.26), which accounted for 69.03% of the total effect. Resilience partially mediated the relationship between general symptoms and willingness to donate milk (β = −0.31, 95% CI: −0.40 to −0.21), which accounted for 66.89% of the total effect. Resilience partially mediated the relationship between childbirth trauma and willingness to donate milk in women following perinatal loss. Our findings suggest that resilience can play a significant role in mediating the relationship between childbirth trauma and willingness to donate milk in women following perinatal loss. These results could help healthcare professionals design interventions for physical and mental recovery after perinatal loss.
A Novel Neurorehabilitation Prognosis Prediction Modeling on Separated Left-Right Hemiplegia Based on Brain-Computer Interfaces Assisted Rehabilitation

It is essential for neuroscience and clinic to estimate the influence of neuro-intervention after brain damage. Most related studies have used Mirrored Contralesional-Ipsilesional hemispheres (MCI) methods flipping the axial neuroimaging on the x-axis in prognosis prediction. But left-right hemispheric asymmetry in the brain has become a consensus. MCI confounds the intrinsic brain asymmetry with the asymmetry caused by unilateral damage, leading to questions about the reliability of the results and difficulties in physiological explanations. We proposed the Separated Left-Right hemiplegia (SLR) method to model left and right hemiplegia separately. Two pipelines have been designed in contradistinction to demonstrate the validity of the SLR method, including MCI and removing intrinsic asymmetry (RIA) pipelines. A patient dataset with 18 left-hemiplegic and 22 right-hemiplegic stroke patients and a healthy dataset with 40 subjects, age- and sex-matched with the patients, were selected in the experiment. Blood-Oxygen Level-Dependent MRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging were used to build brain networks whose nodes were defined by the Automated Anatomical Labeling atlas. We applied the same statistical and machine learning framework for all pipelines, logistic regression, artificial neural network, and support vector machine for classifying the patients who are significant or non-significant responders to brain-computer interfaces assisted training and optimal subset regression, support vector regression for predicting post-intervention outcomes. The SLR pipeline showed 5-15% improvement in accuracy and at least 0.1 upgrades in $\text{R}^{{2}}$ , revealing common and unique recovery mechanisms after left and right strokes and helping clinicians make rehabilitation plans.
Investigating direct and indirect genetic effects in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using parent-offspring trios

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly heritable, but little is known about the relative effects of transmitted (i.e. direct) and non-transmitted (i.e. indirect) common variant risks. Using parent-offspring trios, we tested whether polygenic liability for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and lower cognitive ability is over-transmitted to ADHD probands. We also tested for indirect or 'genetic nurture' effects, by examining whether non-transmitted ADHD polygenic liability is elevated. Finally, we examined whether complete trios are representative. Methods: Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for ADHD, anxiety, autism, bipolar disorder, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, Tourette's syndrome, and cognitive ability were calculated in UK controls (N=5,081), UK probands with ADHD (N=857), and, where available, their biological parents (N=328 trios), and also a replication sample of 844 ADHD trios. Results: ADHD PRS were over-transmitted and cognitive ability and OCD PRS were under-transmitted to probands. These results were independently replicated. Over-transmission of polygenic liability was not observed for other disorders. Non-transmitted alleles were not enriched for ADHD liability compared to controls. Probands from incomplete trios had more hyperactive-impulsive and conduct disorder symptoms, lower IQ, and lower socioeconomic status than complete trios. PRS did not vary by trio status. Conclusions: The results support direct transmission of polygenic liability for ADHD and cognitive ability from parents to offspring, but not for other neurodevelopmental/psychiatric disorders. They also suggest that non-transmitted neurodevelopmental/psychiatric parental alleles do not contribute indirectly to ADHD via genetic nurture. Furthermore, ascertainment of complete ADHD trios may be non-random, in terms of demographic and clinical factors.