Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Probabilistic Approach to Classical Solutions of the Master Equation for Large Population Equilibria

We analyze a class of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) defined on R d × P 2 ( R d ) , \mathbb {R}^d \times \mathcal {P}_2(\mathbb {R}^d), where P 2 ( R d ) \mathcal {P}_2(\mathbb {R}^d) is the Wasserstein space of probability measures on R d \mathbb {R}^d with a finite second-order moment. We show that such equations admit a classical solutions for sufficiently small time intervals. Under additional constraints, we prove that their solution can be extended to arbitrary large intervals. These nonlinear PDEs arise in the recent developments in the theory of large population stochastic control. More precisely they are the so-called master equations corresponding to asymptotic equilibria for a large population of controlled players with mean-field interaction and subject to minimization constraints. The results in the paper are deduced by exploiting this connection. In particular, we study the differentiability with respect to the initial condition of the flow generated by a forward-backward stochastic system of McKean-Vlasov type. As a byproduct, we prove that the decoupling field generated by the forward-backward system is a classical solution of the corresponding master equation. Finally, we give several applications to mean-field games and to the control of McKean-Vlasov diffusion processes.
Purchase Intention in Mobile Commerce in Croatia: The Attribution Theory Perspective and the Role of Consumer Innovativeness

Abstract This study investigates the drivers of consumers’ intentions to purchase advertised products and services via mobile devices from a consumer perspective using attribution theory as a framework. It explores whether the cause of purchase intention is attributed internally or externally and how these attributions influence it. The data collected from mobile shoppers in Croatia were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings show that mobile purchase intention can be attributed to the internal attribution related to the perceived importance of websites’ characteristics, unlike attitudes toward mobile advertising (internal attribution) or security and privacy aspects (external attributions). Consumer innovativeness is a crucial internal attribution that moderates the effect of the attitude toward mobile advertising on purchase intention positively and negatively the impact of perceived importance of websites’ characteristics on the purchase intention. Marketers should encourage main internal and stable attributions as preconditions of consumers’ intentions.
Development of a Eudragit-Chitosan Nanosystem for the pH-Dependent Transport of Duloxetine to the Brain: Synthesis, Characterization and In Silico Modeling Analysis

The purpose of this study was to synthesize duloxetine (DLX)- loaded Eudragit-Chitosan (Eud-CHT) nanoparticles enclosed in an oral gelatin capsule and to evaluate the potential to transport DLX to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)for improved neuro-availability. The utilization of Eudragit® with chitosan offers a pH-dependent controlled drug release. The physicochemical properties of the formulated DLX-loaded Eud-CHT nanosystem were confirmed using various characterization techniques. SEM confirmed the nanoparticle morphology and pore size distribution. The particle size was 100 ± 73,41 nm, with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0,283 and zeta potential of 16±2,79 mV. Drug entrapment efficacy (DEE) of 72% was attained, and molecular modelling predicted an efficient and controllable drug delivery system. The release of DLX from the nanosystem was evaluated at pH1.2, pH 6.8 and pH 7.4. At a pH of 6.8, 40 % of DLX was released, with only 20 % at pH 1.2 and 35% at pH 7.4. This demonstrated DLX's pH-dependent release and the Eud-CHT nanosystem's shielding effect at gastric pH. In addition, HEK 293 neural cells confirmed the non-toxicity of the DLX-Eud-CHT nanosystem. In silico modelling revealed a DLX-Eud-CHT composite with an outer cationic surface attributable to the EUD moieties on nanoparticles for preferential cell recognition and uptake at the anionic cell interface. The combined trials and results from the synthesis of DLX-Eud-CHT nanoparticles showed that these nanoparticles could be utilized as a potentially invaluable formulation for oral drug delivery of duloxetine with improved neuro-availability.
Three-dimensional modeling of ionized gas - II. Spectral energy distributions of massive and very massive stars in stationary and time-dependent modeling of the ionization of metals in H ii regions

HII regions play a crucial role in the measurement of the chemical composition of the interstellar medium and provide fundamental data about element abundances that constrain models of galactic chemical evolution. Discrepancies that still exist between observed emission line strengths and those predicted by nebular models can be partly attributed to the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the sources of ionizing radiation used in the models as well as simplifying assumptions made in nebular modeling. The influence of stellar metallicity on nebular line strength ratios, via its effect on the SEDs, is of similar importance as variations in the nebular metallicity. We have computed a grid of model atmosphere SEDs for massive and very massive O-type stars covering a range of metallicities from significantly subsolar (0.1 Zsun) to supersolar (2 Zsun). The SEDs have been computed using a state-of-the-art model atmosphere code that takes into account the attenuation of the ionizing flux by the spectral lines of all important elements and the hydrodynamics of the radiatively driven winds and their influence on the SEDs. For the assessment of the SEDs in nebular simulations we have developed a (heretofore not available) 3d radiative transfer code that includes a time-dependent treatment of the metal ionization. Using the SEDs in both 1d and 3d nebular models we explore the relative influence of stellar metallicity, gas metallicity, and inhomogeneity of the gas on the nebular ionization structure and emission line strengths. We find that stellar and gas metallicity are of similar importance for establishing the line strength ratios commonly used in nebular diagnostics, whereas inhomogeneity of the gas has only a subordinate influence on the global line emission.
Stochastic acceleration model of gamma-ray burst with decaying turbulence

The spectral shape of the prompt emissions of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is typically expressed by the Band function: smooth joining of two power-law functions for high-energy and low-energy regions. To reveal the origin of the Band function, we revisit the stochastic acceleration model, in which electrons are accelerated via scattering with turbulent waves in the GRB outflow. The balance between the acceleration and synchrotron cooling yields a narrow energy-distribution similar to the Maxwellian distribution. The synchrotron spectrum becomes consistent with the observed hard photon index for the low-energy region. On the other hand, the narrow electron energy distribution contradicts the power-law spectrum for the high-energy region. We consider an evolution of the electron energy distribution to solve this problem. The turbulence and magnetic field induced by a certain hydrodynamical instability gradually decay. According to this evolution, the typical synchrotron photon energy also decreases with time. The time-integrated spectrum forms the power-law shape for the high-energy region. We discuss the required evolutions of the turbulence and magnetic field to produce a typical Band function. Although the decay of the turbulence is highly uncertain, recent numerical simulations for decaying turbulence seem comparatively positive for the stochastic acceleration model. Another condition required to reconcile observations is a much shorter duration of the stochastic acceleration than the dynamical timescale.
Operando
 Imaging of All-Electric Spin Texture Manipulation in Ferroelectric and Multiferroic Rashba Semiconductors

The control of the electron spin by external means is a key issue for spintronic devices. Using spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (SARPES) with three-dimensional spin detection, we demonstrate operando electrostatic spin manipulation in ferroelectric GeTe and multiferroic Ge1-xMnxTe. We not only demonstrate for the first time electrostatic spin manipulation in Rashba semiconductors due to ferroelectric polarization reversal, but are also able to follow the switching pathway in detail, and show a gain of the Rashba-splitting strength under external fields. In multiferroic Ge1-xMnxTe operando SARPES reveals switching of the perpendicular spin component due to electric field induced magnetization reversal. This provides firm evidence of effective multiferroic coupling which opens up magnetoelectric functionality with a multitude of spin-switching paths in which the magnetic and electric order parameters are coupled through ferroelastic relaxation paths. This work thus provides a new type of magnetoelectric switching entangled with Rashba-Zeeman splitting in a multiferroic system.
Lyman-continuum galaxies and the escape fraction of Lyman-break galaxies

Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) at z ~ 3-4 are targeted to measure the fraction of Lyman continuum (LyC) flux that escapes from high redshift galaxies. However, z ~ 3-4 LBGs are identified using the Lyman break technique which preferentially selects galaxies with little or no LyC. We re-examine the standard LBG selection criteria by performing spectrophotometry on composite spectra constructed from 794 U_nGR-selected z ~ 3 LBGs from the literature while adding LyC flux of varying strengths. The modified composite spectra accurately predict the range of redshifts, properties, and LyC flux of LBGs in the literature that have spectroscopic LyC measurements while predicting the existence of a significant fraction of galaxies outside the standard selection region. These galaxies, termed Lyman continuum galaxies (LCGs), are expected to have high levels of LyC flux and are estimated to have a number density ~30-50 percent that of the LBG population. We define R_obs(U_n) as the relative fraction of observed LyC flux, integrated from 912A to the shortest restframe wavelength probed by the U_n filter, to the observed non-ionising flux (here measured at 1500A). We use the 794 spectra as a statistical sample for the full z ~ 3 LBG population, and find R_obs(U_n) = 5.0 +1.0/-0.4 (4.1 +0.5/-0.3) percent, which corresponds to an intrinsic LyC escape fraction of f_esc = 10.5 +2.0/-0.8 (8.6 +1.0/-0.6) percent (contamination corrected). From the composite spectral distributions we estimate R_obs(U_n) ~16 +/-3, f_esc ~33 +/-7 percent for LCGs and R_obs(U_n) ~8 +/-3, f_esc ~16 +/-4 percent for the combined LBG + LCG z ~ 3 sample. All values are measured in apertures defined by the UV continuum and do not include extended and/or offset LyC flux. A complete high redshift galaxy census and total emergent LyC flux is essential to quantify the contribution of galaxies to the epoch of reionisation.
The intergalactic medium thermal history at redshift z = 1.7–3.2 from the Lyα forest: a comparison of measurements using wavelets and the flux distribution

We investigate the thermal history of the intergalactic medium (IGM) in the redshift interval z = 1.7–3.2 by studying the small-scale fluctuations in the Lyman α forest transmitted flux. We apply a wavelet filtering technique to 18 high-resolution quasar spectra obtained with the Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph, and compare these data to synthetic spectra drawn from a suite of hydrodynamical simulations in which the IGM thermal state and cosmological parameters are varied. From the wavelet analysis we obtain estimates of the IGM thermal state that are in good agreement with other recent, independent wavelet-based measurements. We also perform a reanalysis of the same data set using the Lyman α forest flux probability distribution function (PDF), which has previously been used to measure the IGM temperature– density relation. This provides an important consistency test for measurements of the IGM thermal state, as it enables a direct comparison of the constraints obtained using these two different methodologies. We find the constraints obtained from wavelets and the flux PDF are formally consistent with each other, although in agreement with previous studies, the flux PDF constraints favour an isothermal or inverted IGM temperature–density relation. We also perform a joint analysis by combining our wavelet and flux PDF measurements, constraining the IGM thermal state at z = 2.1 to have a temperature at mean density of T 0/[10 3 K] = 17.3 ± 1.9 and a power-law temperature–density relation exponent γ = 1.1 ± 0.1 (1σ ). Our results are consistent with previous observations that indicate there may be additional sources of heating in the IGM at z < 4.
New Onset of Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Factors among COVID-19 Patients in COVID-19 Care Centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2022

Introduction New onset of diabetes mellitus was noted as the commonest comorbidity in the COVID-19 pandemic, which contributed to a worse prognosis. Existing evidence showed that new-onset diabetes is associated with increased mortality compared to nondiabetic and known diabetic patients in the COVID-19 era. SARS-CoV-2 virus can worsen existing diabetes; at the same time, it can trigger new-onset diabetes that eventually worsens patient outcomes. Thus, this study is aimed at determining the prevalence and factors associated with new onset of diabetes mellitus among COVID-19 patients. Methods Institution-based retrospective cross-sectional study design was conducted by reviewing 244 patient's records in the Addis Ababa COVID-19 care center. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used. During bivariate analysis, variables with p ≤ 0.25 were transferred into multivariate analysis. Adjusted odds ratios to determine the strength and presence of the association with a 95% confidence interval and p value ≤ 0.05 were considered, respectively. Results The mean age of the study participants was 53.2 years with (SD = 13.35). The study findings showed that 31.1% (CI: 25.4-37.4) of COVID-19 patients had new onset of diabetes mellitus; of those, 11.8% had type 1 and 88.2% had type 2 diabetes. Being male (aOR = 2.9; 95% CI: 1.2, 7.1), family history of hypertension (aOR = 3.7; 95% CI: 1.3, 10.5), obesity (aOR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.01, 8.9), having pulmonary embolism (aOR = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.04), and hyperkalemia (aOR = 9.3; 95% CI: 1.8, 47.3) showed statistically significant association with new onset of diabetes mellitus. Conclusion A significant proportion of COVID-19 patients had been diagnosed with new onset of diabetes mellitus, and new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common diabetes mellitus type. Being male, obesity, having a pulmonary embolism, family history of hypertension, and hyperkalemia were independently associated with new onset of diabetes mellitus among COVID-19 patients. Therefore, focused interventions need to be strengthened towards the identified factors.
Quasiparticle equation of state for anisotropic hydrodynamics

We present a new method for imposing a realistic equation of state in anisotropic hydrodynamics. The method relies on the introduction of a single finite-temperature quasiparticle mass which is fit to lattice data. By taking moments of the Boltzmann equation, we obtain a set of coupled partial differential equations which can be used to describe the 3+1d spacetime evolution of an anisotropic relativistic system. We then specialize to the case of a 0+1d system undergoing boost-invariant Bjorken expansion and subject to the relaxation-time approximation collisional kernel. Using this setup, we compare results obtained using the new quasiparticle equation of state method with those obtained using the standard method for imposing the equation of state in anisotropic hydrodynamics. We demonstrate that the temperature evolution obtained using the two methods is nearly identical and that there are only small differences in the pressure anisotropy. However, we find that there are significant differences in the evolution of the bulk pressure correction.
Joint analysis of Higgs boson decays and electroweak precision observables in the standard model with a sequential fourth generation.

We analyze the impact of LHC and Tevatron Higgs data on the viability of the standard model with a sequential fourth generation, assuming Dirac neutrinos and a Higgs mass of 125 GeV. To this end we perform a combined fit to the signal cross sections of pp→H→γγ, ZZ∗, WW∗ at the LHC, to pp¯→VH→Vbb¯ (V=W, Z) at the Tevatron and to the electroweak precision observables. Fixing the mass of the fourth-generation down-type quark b′ to 600 GeV we find best-fit values of mt′=632 GeV, ml4=113.6 GeV and mν4=58.0 GeV for the other fourth-generation fermion masses. We compare the χ2 values and pulls of the different observables in the three- and four-generation case and show that the data is better described by the three-generation standard model. We also investigate the effects of mixing between the third- and fourth-generation quarks and of a future increased lower bound on the fourth-generation charged lepton mass of 250 GeV.
Pollution and coronary risk: how much does it matter?

Abstract Air pollutants are a complex mixture of gaseous substances and particulate matter (PM). Each component potentially has specific harmful effects on human health, but several experimental and clinical studies have shown a strong impact of fine particles on major adverse cardiovascular events. Most of the available evidence concerns the effects of exposure to PM with a diameter of <2.5 µm (PM2.5) and the risk of developing coronary heart disease through inflammation and oxidative stress. While prolonged exposure to PM2.5 has been shown to be associated with the development of atherosclerosis and cardio-metabolic risk factors, short-term exposure has instead proved to be a trigger for acute coronary events, and especially in subjects with pre-existing coronary artery disease. As such, environmental PM2.5 is a major risk element for global public health. This underlines on the one hand not only the need to adopt and encourage preventive measures especially for individuals with a higher risk profile but also to practice environmental policies that are effective in promoting the reduction of exposure to pollutants.
DISCO: A 3D MOVING-MESH MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS CODE DESIGNED FOR THE STUDY OF ASTROPHYSICAL DISKS

This work presents the publicly available moving-mesh magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) code DISCO. DISCO is efficient and accurate at evolving orbital fluid motion in two and three dimensions, especially at high Mach numbers. DISCO employs a moving-mesh approach utilizing a dynamic cylindrical mesh that can shear azimuthally to follow the orbital motion of the gas. The moving mesh removes diffusive advection errors and allows for longer time-steps than a static grid. MHD is implemented in DISCO using an HLLD Riemann solver and a novel constrained transport (CT) scheme that is compatible with the mesh motion. DISCO is tested against a wide variety of problems, which are designed to test its stability, accuracy, and scalability. In addition, several MHD tests are performed which demonstrate the accuracy and stability of the new CT approach, including two tests of the magneto-rotational instability, one testing the linear growth rate and the other following the instability into the fully turbulent regime.
ON THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN THEORETICAL AND X-RAY CONCENTRATION–MASS RELATIONS FOR GALAXY CLUSTERS

In the past 15 years, the concentration–mass relation has been investigated diffusely in theoretical studies. On the other hand, only recently has this relation been derived from X-ray observations. When that happened, the results caused a certain level of concern: the X-ray normalizations and slopes were found significantly dissimilar from those predicted by theory. We analyzed 52 galaxy clusters and groups, simulated with different descriptions of the physical processes that affect the baryonic component, with the purpose of determining whether these discrepancies are real or induced by biases in the computation of the concentration parameter or in the determination of the selection function of the cluster sample for which the analysis is carried out. In particular, we investigate how the simulated concentration–mass relation depends (1) on the radial range used to derive the concentration; (2) on the presence of baryons in the simulations, and on the effect of star formation and feedback from supernovae and active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Finally, we evaluate (3) how the results differ when adopting an X-ray approach for the analysis and (4) how the selection function based on X-ray luminosity can impact the results. All effects studied go in the direction of alleviating the discrepancy between observations and simulations, although with different significance: while the choice of the radial range to fit the profiles and the inclusion of the baryonic component play only a minor role, the X-ray approach to reconstruct the mass profiles and the selection of the cluster sample have a strong impact on the resulting concentration–mass relation. Extending the fit to the most central regions or reducing the fitting radius from the virial boundary to the typical X-ray external radius causes an increase of the normalization in radiative simulations by 5%–10%. In the second case, we measure a slope that is up to twice steeper than that derived by using the typical theoretical radial range. Radiative simulations including only supernova feedback produce 30% higher concentrations than the dark matter case. Such a difference is largely reduced when including the effect of AGN feedback. The concentration–mass relation derived from the X-ray synthetic catalog is significantly steeper due to the combination of several different effects, such as environment, dynamical state and dynamical history of the clusters, bias in mass and temperature measurements, and their dependence on the radius and on the mass of the system. Finally, selecting clusters according to their X-ray luminosity produces a net increase in both normalization and slope of the relation, since at fixed mass, the most luminous clusters are also the most concentrated.
Averaged Lemaître–Tolman–Bondi dynamics

We consider cosmological backreaction effects in Buchert’s averaging formalism on the basis of an explicit solution of the Lemaître–Tolman–Bondi (LTB) dynamics which is linear in the LTB curvature parameter and has an inhomogeneous bang time. The volume Hubble rate is found in terms of the volume scale factor which represents a derivation of the simplest phenomenological solution of Buchert’s equations in which the fractional densities corresponding to average curvature and kinematic backreaction are explicitly determined by the parameters of the underlying LTB solution at the boundary of the averaging volume. This configuration represents an exactly solvable toy model but it does not adequately describe our ‘real’ Universe.