Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Customary use of fire by indigenous peoples in northern Australia: its contemporary role in savanna management

The extent to which use of fire by Aboriginal peoples shaped the landscapes and biota of Australia is a contentious issue. Equally contentious is the proposition that attempts should be made to support and re-establish customary practice. Some dismiss Aboriginal practice as little more than culturally endorsed pyromania, and consequences for land, vegetation and wildlife management as incidental and unintended outcomes. We argue that this view of Aboriginal practice is at odds with available evidence regarding motivations for use of fire, and detailed and sophisticated descriptions of the consequences of poor fire management for the maintenance of important resources. We suggest that misunderstanding arises, at least in part, from the contrasting views that (i) objectives of Aboriginal land managers and the values they seek to extract and maintain in savanna landscapes are or should be similar to those of non-Indigenous land managers; or (ii) the notion that their goals are inherently and entirely incompatible with those of non-indigenous interests. We illustrate our argument with examples that include assessments of ecological consequences of 'prescribed' Aboriginal practice, statements from Aboriginal people regarding their objectives in applying those prescriptions, and the level of active organisation required for their effective implementation. Finally, we propose mechanisms for wider application of Aboriginal prescriptions in tropical landscapes to meet a range of land management objectives.
A Pore Water/Solid Phase Diagenetic Model for Manganese in Marine Sediments

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Ocean, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in OEAS Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@odu.edu. Repository Citation Burdige, David J. and Gieskes, Joris M. , "A Pore Water/Solid Phase Diagenetic Model for Manganese in Marine Sediments" (1983). OEAS Faculty Publications. Paper 127. http://digitalcommons.odu.edu/oeas_fac_pubs/127
ARSENIC MINERALOGY OF NEAR-SURFACE TAILINGS AND SOILS: INFLUENCES ON ARSENIC MOBILITY AND BIOACCESSIBILITY IN THE NOVA SCOTIA GOLD MINING DISTRICTS

The mineral form, grain size and texture of As-bearing particles are important factors influencing the risk to human health associated with exposure to As-contaminated soils, sediments and mine wastes. Mining of arsenopyrite-bearing gold ores in Nova Scotia in the late 1800s and early 1900s has left a legacy of weathered, As-rich tailings deposits in more than 60 gold districts across the province. Fourteen samples of near-surface tailings and one of soil from several former gold mines frequented by the public were sieved to 20% As) mill concentrates exposed at the surface within the tailings deposits are dominated by a single As mineral, fine-grained scorodite (FeAsO4·2H2O) in one case, and massive unweathered arsenopyrite in the other. In the tailings (0.7 to 7% As), scorodite and amorphous hydrous ferric arsenate (HFA) are the most common As-bearing major components, occurring as discrete grains or grain coatings on gangue minerals. Other major As phases identified in the tailings include As-bearing amorphous hydrous ferric oxyhydroxides (HFO), kaňkite (FeAsO4·3.5H2O), pharmacosiderite [KFe4(AsO4)3(OH)4·6–7H2O], yukonite [Ca7Fe12(AsO4)10(OH)20·15H2O], amorphous Ca–Fe arsenates, and arsenopyrite. Minor or trace constituents include: As-bearing ferric oxyhydroxides with up to 10% As (HFO, goethite, lepidocrocite and akaganeite), As-bearing sulfates (jarosite [(K,Na,H3O)Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6], tooeleite [Fe6(AsO3)4(SO4)(OH)4·4H2O]) and realgar (As4S4). Arsenic-bearing HFO (2.5% As) and goethite (0.08% As) were identified in the single B-horizon soil sample. This study is part of a broader coordinated effort by a multi-department federal and provincial advisory committee formed to coordinate the study of ecosystem and human health risks associated with historical gold mine sites in Nova Scotia. Our study shows that (i) the mineralogy of As in weathered tailings is highly variable, with aggregates of more than one As-bearing phase common in a given sample, and (ii) major differences in As mineralogy in the tailings are mainly controlled by factors that influence the weathering history ( e.g. , presence or absence of mill concentrates, degree of water saturation, and abundance of relict carbonate minerals). The variable solubility of these primary and secondary As-bearing minerals influences both the environmental mobility and the bioaccessibility of As in near-surface tailings and soil samples.
Ozone climatology, trends, and substances that control ozone

Abstract Ozone decline observed in the stratosphere over the past three decades has resulted from the accumulation of chlorine‐ and bromine‐containing ozone‐depleting substances (ODSs) in the atmosphere. Production of most of these gases is regulated by the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments and Adjustments. The latest observations show a decline in major ODSs in the troposphere as a result of these regulations. Observed changes in global ozone are in line with those expected based on changes in stratospheric levels of chlorine and bromine. A change in the rate of ozone decline was observed in the mid‐1990s. This paper gives a brief overview of the present knowledge of distribution, variability, and long‐term trends in column ozone and ozone profiles, with a focus on observational results and particularly on Canadian data analysis.
Mechanical controls on fluid flow during regional metamorphism: some numerical models

The control of fluid flow by plastic deformation during metamorphism is critical to our understanding of metamorphic processes. Various geological observations and field studies demonstrate the consequences of fluid flow control by deformation, so that the concept appears to be accepted, at least for small‐scale PUBLIC (for example faults and vein PUBLIC). However, the concept appears to be less well recognized at regional scales. Considered here are examples of simple, conceptual models based on fully coupled mechanical–fluid flow concepts; they include deformation of a section of fluid‐saturated crust containing a block or a layer of material of different properties from its surrounds. In particular, rheological and permeability contrasts between rock types during deformation associated with regional metamorphism are sufficient to control the form of fluid flow over the range of a few kilometres. Low contrasts and small strains allow pervasive fluid flow, whereas greater contrasts and increasing strains cause focusing of the flow. Such focusing is generally associated with localization of the deformation, especially for a strongly dilatant elastic–plastic material. However, a rate of fluid flow much greater than the rate of deformation may result in pervasive flow, although for most models pervasive flow is difficult to attain over regional distances. Furthermore, lateral and downward fluid flow may occur, demonstrated here by simple models for folding and for deformation of regions containing plutons. Therefore, such modelling may be used as a means of testing the various hypotheses concerning the volumes of fluid predicted to have passed through some rock volumes. Numerical models of the future will become increasingly complex and powerful, allowing greater coupling of thermal, mechanical, chemical and fluid flow effects, and based more on the physical processes involved. Combined field and laboratory studies will provide correspondingly greater understanding and will permit the determination of the timing of fluid flow and structural controls on fluid flow patterns.
A record of past ocean‐Atmosphere radiocarbon differences from the northeast Pacific

A record of the 14C age differences between atmosphere and the mixed layer of the northeast Pacific Ocean was obtained from 58 radiocarbon measurements on shells and associated wood from coastal sediments in British Columbia. This series of mixed layer reservoir ages spans the Holocene and extends into the period of the Younger Dryas cold event in the North Atlantic and surrounding regions. The data reflect the extent of upwelling in the northeast Pacific and thus constrain models of carbon cycling and ocean circulation. Most of the reservoir ages are only slightly less than than the present (preindustrial) value of about 800 years, and may be identical when probable sampling errors are taken into account. Either the North Pacific reached a state close to its present mode of circulation at or before the end of the Younger Dryas or a different circulation fortuitously produced a similar reservoir age. Our results support the hypothesis that slow changes in atmospheric radiocarbon concentrations over the Holocene arose from 14C production rate changes. Data corresponding to a radiocarbon age of around 6400 years B.P. give a reservoir age of 1200 years. If this result is confirmed, it indicates a much greater variability for the Holocene ocean circulation than was previously believed possible.
Polar temperature sensitivity to lunar forcing?

Climate models and paleoclimatic evidence suggest that the earth's polar regions are particularly responsive to global scale climatic forcing. Empirical climatological evidence of the last century has thus far failed to confirm conclusively this regional sensitivity. We conduct an empirical study of polar sensitivity to climate forcing by comparing a high‐quality, 17‐year satellite‐derived dataset of daily temperatures for 2.5° latitudinal bands to a known external forcing mechanism, the lunar phase cycle. The earth's polar regions display a temperature range of greater than 0.55°C over the course of a synodic (29.53 day) month. This lunar‐influenced range in temperature is 25 times larger than a similarly computed range in aggregated global temperatures over a synodic month. Temperature variations between the polar and non‐polar regions also produce a pronounced temporal shift in sensible heat transfer. Strong poleward transfer of heat dominates near the full moon but the transfer substantially weakens near the new moon. It is unlikely that this sensitivity can be explained by the type of polar forcing previously identified in GCM simulations and paleoclimatic reconstructions, because of the short duration of the lunar cycle. However, it does demonstrate a new and potentially important external influence on the polar regions' climates.
Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration: Application to Healthy Patients Undergoing Elective Procedures

P RACTICE Guidelines are systematically developed recommendations that assist the practitioner and patient in making decisions about health care. These recommendations may be adopted, modified, or rejected according to clinical needs and constraints and are not intended to replace local institutional policies. In addition, Practice Guidelines developed by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) are not intended as standards or absolute requirements, and their use cannot guarantee any specific outcome. Practice Guidelines are subject to revision as warranted by the evolution of medical knowledge, technology, and practice. They provide basic recommendations that are supported by a synthesis and analysis of the current literature, expert and practitioner opinion, open forum commentary, and clinical feasibility data. This update includes data published since the Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration were adopted by the ASA in 1998 and published in 1999. *
Spatial variation of soil urease activity around irrigated date palms

The inhibition of soil urease activity by the accumulation of soluble salts in a coastal region of the Sultanate of Oman susceptible to salinization was investigated . Soil transects around six individual date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) growing on commercially managed farms were intensively sampled and assayed for soil urease activity . Activities ranged from 0 . 10 to 39 . 85 mu g NH + 4 released g 1 soil h 1 at 37 C . Soil collected from within 70 cm of the palms h ad a higher urease activity than soil from a distance 1 . 5 m . Multiple regression analysis showed that more than 75 % of the variance in soil urease activity was accounted for by soil physi cochemical properties , except in sandy soils low in organic carbon ( C ). The soil properties most closely associated with urease activity were soil organic C , salinity , and texture . A scattergram of urease activity against salinity showed high variabil ity in activity at low salinities ( 0 . 5 dS m 1 in 1 :5 soil to water extracts ) and severe i.
Changing role of nearshore-marine foods in the subsistence economy of inland upland communities during the last millennium in the tropical Pacific Islands: Insights from the Bā River Valley, Northern Viti Levu Island, Fiji

Abstract Although the Fiji Islands have been settled for more than 3000 years, the prehistoric settlement history of the 750-km2 Bā River Valley in northern Viti Levu Island is largely unknown. Investigations of two former upland settlement sites (Tubabaka and Vatusōsoso) in defensive locations, more than 10 km from the coast, and occupied perhaps AD 1250–1850, are reported here. At both sites, shellfish remains are abundant and dominated by nearshore-marine species that would have required round-trip journeys of at least 11·5–13 hours to obtain. Patterns of marine-shellfish consumption varied through time in a similar manner at both sites, increasing during their early occupation and declining later. This is likely to demonstrate the gradual adaptation of former coastal dwellers living at these sites to inland subsistence.
Apatite fission track dating evidence for tectonic movement of Yarlung Zangbo Thrust Zone

Fission track geological chronology is an effective method of study on tectonic movement of fault zone. Apatite fission track (AFT) dating analyses of 9-apatite and 4-zircon samples collected from Lhasa to Langkazi, ∼70-km-long in SN provide an understanding of the age and the uplifting of both sides of the Yarlung Zangbo Thrust Zone (YZTZ) in this work. The AFT ages range from ∼37 to 14 Ma, indicating the time of major tectono-thermal events, i.e. the continent-continent collision along the YZTZ. Based on the relationship between the AFT ages and the sample elevations, there were two tectonic active periods: ∼37–20 Ma and 20–14 Ma. In the first period the tectonic event did not bring on differential uplifting. Rapid differential uplifting with rapid cooling, resulting from thrusting, took place in the second period. The vertical displacement was ∼1020 m and total ∼2.9 km of overburden has been removed from the present-day surface since cooling below ∼100°C began. The maximum cooling and denudation occurred at a rate of ∼7°C/ Ma and ∼207 m/Ma respectively since ∼14 Ma. The zircon fission track analysis demonstrates that the temperature of tectono-thermal events did not exceed 310°C.
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Rapidity gap cross sections measured with the ATLAS detector in pp collisions at √s = 7~TeV

Pseudorapidity gap distributions in proton-proton collisions at √ s = 7 TeV are studied using a minimum bias data sample with an integrated luminosity of 7.1 µb − 1 . Cross sections are measured differentially in terms of Δη F , the larger of the pseudorapidity regions extending to the limits of the ATLAS sensitivity, at η = ± 4 . 9, in which no ﬁnal state particles are produced above a transverse momentum threshold p cutT . The measurements span the region 0 < Δη F < 8 for 200 MeV < p cutT < 800 MeV. At small Δη F , the data test the reliability of hadronisation models in describing rapidity and transverse momentum ﬂuctuations in ﬁnal state particle production. The measurements at larger gap sizes are dominated by contributions from the single diffractive dissociation process ( pp → Xp ), enhanced by double dissociation ( pp → XY ) where the invariant mass of the lighter of the two dissociation systems satisﬁes M Y (cid:2) 7 GeV. The resulting cross section is d σ/ d Δη F ≈ 1 mb for Δη F (cid:3) 3. The large rapidity gap data are used to constrain the value of the Pomeron intercept appropriate to triple Regge models of soft diffraction. The cross section integrated over all gap sizes is compared with other LHC inelastic cross section measurements.
Key issues on the post-Mesozoic Southern Caribbean Plate boundary

Abstract A lithospheric-scale, geodynamic model of the Caribbean southern boundary takes into account tectonic and stratigraphic elements previously unconsidered or not well constrained. The Falcón, Bonaire, Blanquilla and Grenada basins are parts of a former single back-arc basin associated with the migrating Mesozoic Caribbean Arc in Late Eocene–Oligocene times. Spreading of the crescent-shaped basin was triggered by declining Caribbean eastward motion in response to increased convergence between the two Americas at around 38–33 Ma. Dextral wrenching along the southern boundary started in western Venezuela at 17–15 Ma and progressed eastward to the El Pilar Fault by 12 Ma. Eastward motion of the Caribbean relative to South America was earlier accommodated by east-progressing, non-partitioned oblique subduction and collision, as illustrated today in eastern Venezuela around the Los Bajos–El Soldado fault system. Extrusion of the Maracaibo and Bonaire blocks towards the NNE started around 5 Ma, thus the dextral Boconó fault is a young feature. Total plate boundary Cenozoic dextral wrenching recorded onshore Venezuela does not exceed 100 km and is more likely to be in the order of 55 km.
Deep Scene Flow Learning: From 2D Images to 3D Point Clouds

Scene flow describes the 3D motion in a scene. It can be modeled as a single task or as a composite of the auxiliary tasks of depth, camera motion, and optical flow estimation. Deep learning's emergence in recent years has broadened the horizons for new methodologies in estimating these tasks, either as separate tasks or as joint tasks to reconstruct the scene flow. The sequence of images that are either synthesized or captured by a camera is used as input for these methods, which face the challenge of dealing with various situations in images to provide the most accurate motion, such as image quality. Nowadays, images have been superseded by point clouds, which provide 3D information, thereby expediting and enhancing the estimated motion. In this paper, we dig deeply into scene flow estimation in the deep learning era. We provide a comprehensive overview of the important topics regarding both image-based and point-cloud-based methods. In addition, we cover the methodologies for each category, highlighting the network architecture. Furthermore, we provide a comparison between these methods in terms of performance and efficiency. Finally, we conclude this survey with insights and discussions on the open issues and future research directions.
Evolution of nonvolcanic rifted margins: New results from the conjugate margins of the Labrador Sea

The crust across each margin of the Labrador Sea, a conjugate rift margin pair, consists of three well-defined zones: thinned continental crust, 70–80-km-wide transitional crust, and oceanic crust. The transition zone is characterized by a low-velocity upper crust (4–5 km/s) underlain by a 6.4–7.7 km/s layer. We propose that the lower layer is serpentinized upper mantle; it is less likely to be gabbroic igneous lower crust. The low-velocity upper crust may be either an oceanic basaltic layer or very thin (<2 km) continental crust. Results from this first combined seismic reflection and refraction study of a conjugate margin pair support very slow initial continental rifting (∼1 mm/yr on average) resulting in an asymmetric crustal-thinning profile, with breakup occurring against the West Greenland shelf. This asymmetry may be an important feature of rifting at nonvolcanic margins and may be related to strain hardening of the cooling and thinning lithosphere or to small-scale convection in the lower lithosphere and asthenosphere at the sides of the rift. The thin crust in the transition zone implies that the amount of melt generated in the upwelling mantle is negligible, consistent with slow spreading or rifting. The transition from this slow formational period to normal oceanic accretion processes is marked by a sharp decrease in basement depth, signaling an increase to normal oceanic crustal thickness.
The IGCP 509 database system: design and application of a tool to capture and illustrate litho- and chrono-stratigraphic information for Palaeoproterozoic tectonic domains, large igneous provinces and ore deposits; with examples from southern Africa

Abstract The IGCP 509 project is collating global information for the Palaeoproterozoic era through the activities of numerous international collaborators. A database system (StratDB) and web interface has been designed to facilitate this process with links to an existing geochronology database (DateView). As a result, all information captured will remain available in a digital format for future researchers. The philosophy and design of the database and some of the outputs available from it are described. One of the principal features of the system is that it facilitates the construction of time–space correlation charts using an innovative application of GIS technology to non-geographic information, which permits users to query a variety of attribute information associated with lithostratigraphic units, metamorphic and deformation episodes associated with user-selected tectonic domains, large igneous provinces and major ore deposits. In the process, much of the manual labour normally associated with the construction of such charts in standard graphical or drafting packages is avoided. Associations between units, deformation, metamorphism, large igneous provinces and ore deposits may become more apparent once linked information is available for querying and investigation. Geochronological information from the DateView database may also be linked to entities stored in StratDB. GIS maps may be linked to the attribute information in StratDB and DateView to construct a variety of time-slice maps or palaeogeographic reconstructions with the same symbology as is used in the time–space correlation charts. This database system will facilitate the dissemination of lithostratigraphic information for many countries to a broader community and will help non-specialists to easily view information for various Palaeoproterozoic tectonic domains. The system is illustrated using a preliminary compilation of information for the Palaeoproterozoic of southern Africa. The correlation charts and time-slice maps provide insights to the geological evolution of this region which emphasize some aspects and correlations which have not previously been extensively considered; for instance, possible correlation of units in the central and western zones of the Limpopo Belt (South Africa, Zimbabwe and Botswana) with the Magondi Belt of Zimbabwe and its extension into northern Botswana.