Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modelling the effects of anti-poaching patrols on wildlife diversity in the Phou Chomvoy Provincial Protected Area

Worldwide, wildlife poaching results in significant losses to biodiversity, especially for those species which are most vulnerable and at risk of extinction. Strategies exist for reducing poaching pressure, including anti-poaching patrols that collect and remove wire snares. Studies are available that focus on the impact of poaching. Yet, not much work evaluates the effectiveness of poaching mitigation actions. We outline a modelling methodology that aims to predict the effectiveness of different management strategies on the poaching problem in the Phou Chomvoy Provincial Protected Area, Bolikhamxay Province, Lao PDR. Wildlife management in the study involves the local community through villager-led anti-poaching patrols. The goal is to develop a quantified relationship between patrol inputs and biodiversity outcomes. The results show that, without patrols, 18 out of the 19 species investigated would be poached and removed from the protected area over the next ten years. At low levels of patrol-effort ten species would survive. With increasing patrol effort, the total number of animals and species saved increase, but with diminishing marginal effect on species count improvement. At the highest patrol-effort management scenario modelled, all species are saved except for one; the Northern Pig-Tailed Macaque, which goes extinct under all management scenarios. This is the first time modelling has been undertaken at this scale to examine poacher-patrol interaction in the Southeast Asia region. Our work shows a positive effect of patrol effort on the number of endangered species saved. This work will be used to inform protected area management policy in Lao PDR, specifically, the development of Payment for Environmental Services schemes.
Food Taboos: A Primitive Environmental Protection Agency (South America)

Utilite des tabous alimentaires pour la protection du gibier| releve des tabous affectant les divers aliments d'origine animale dans 11 groupes sociaux en Amerique du Sud: Kayapo, Desana, Yanomamo, Waiwai, Jivaro, Siriono, Shavante, Tenetehara, Tapirape, Timbira, Tukuna.
Effect of tillage, organic manures and fertilizer doses on productivity, profitability and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, to study the effect of tillage, organic manures and fertilizer doses on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with 3 replications. There were 6 main-plots, consisting of combinations of 3 tillage (zero tillage, minimum tillage and conventional tillage) and 2 organic manures (vermicompost @ 5 t/ha and FYM @ 10 t/ha) treatments, and 3 subplots with 3 fertilizer doses (50, 75 and 100% recommended dose of fertilizers). Significantly higher values of effective tillers/m2, ear length, filled grains/ear, 1,000-grain weight, grain, straw and biological yields, harvest index, gross and net returns, benefit: cost and profitability were recorded under conventional tillage followed by minimum tillage. Application of 100% followed by 75% recommended dose of fertilizers recorded significantly higher effective tillers/m2, ear length, spikelets/ear, total number of grains, 1,000-grain weight, harvest index and protein content. The highest grain (2.7 t/ha), straw and biological yields, productivity (15.59 kg/ha/day) and gross returns (61.56 103 /ha) were recorded with the application of vermicompost @ 5 t/ha. Application of recommended dose of fertilizers resulted in the highest grain (2.88 t/ha), straw and biological yields, gross returns (65.05 103 /ha), net returns (26.28 103 /ha), benefit: cost (1.65) and profitability (151.85 /ha/day). Minimum tillage, vermicompost @ 5 t/ha and 100% recommended dose of fertilizers proved to be the best economical treatment for enhancing productivity, profitability and quality of wheat.
Estimation of Turc reference evapotranspiration with limited data against the Penman-Monteith Formula in Senegal

Estimation of daily evapotranspiration (ET0) is required for efficient irrigation management in Senegal but physically based equations such as the Penman–Monteith (PM) approach need large inputs number which are not always available. Therefore empirical approaches such as Turcs formula are often used. Unfortunately, Turc’s formula showed high annual ET0 compared to FAO Penman–Monteith (FAO-PM) ET0 for stations in this region. Moreover, Turc underestimates mean daily ET0 for the dry season and overestimates ET0 for the wet season. For reevaluation, Turc’s empirical parameters (a and b) were fitted to match FAO-PM ET0, whereby the fitting did not improve the prediction substantially and only assuming C being independent on relative humidity yielded better agreement. In a second step universal a and b parameters were estimated for different stations in Senegal. The results indicate that one set of parameters (a and b) can be used to predict all station ET0 with fairly high accuracy indicate by a R2 of 0.80 and an RMSE of 0.71 mm day-1. Based on these findings we propose to use Turc’s approach in Senegal only with the parameters a = 0.16 and b = 29.19 with the constrain that C is independent on relative humidity.
Preliminary seismic-stratigraphic maps and type sections of the Palaeogene deposits in the Southern Bight of the North Sea

High-resolution reflection seismic investigations carried out from 1978 up to 1984 in the Southern Bight of the North Sea yield a detailed picture of the stratigraphie build-up of the Palaeogene sequences and their spatial distribution in this region. The application of classical concepts of seismic-stratigraphic analysis leads to the identification of 14 depositional sequences. Several units display characteristic seismic facies features, which can be interpreted in terms of depositional environment and compaction history. The intention of this paper is to set the general seismic-stratigraphic stage for the Palaeogene sequences of this region, thus yielding a marine data base which could prove useful in correlation studies with lithostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic land observations.
Simpatria entre populações humanas e de sauim-de-coleira (Saguinus bicolor) em fragmentos florestais de Manaus, Amazonas

Os habitats de populações humanas e animais selvagens se sobrepõem, criando oportunidades para interações inevitáveis. O sauim-de-coleira (Saguinus bicolor), primata endêmico da região de Manaus, tem como principais ameaças a destruição e fragmentação da floresta. Com o avanço desordenado da cidade restaram fragmentos florestais onde sauins instigados pela disputa por espaço e recurso alimentar podem estar interagindo com humanos. Visando fornecer subsídios para a coexistência equilibrada entre ambos, este estudo investigou o comportamento interativo de moradores em relação à presença do sauim-de-coleira. Foram aplicadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas a 84 moradores, de sete fragmentos florestais. Os resultados mostram que as interações são: cooperação, afetividade, neutralidade, amansamento e competição. Essas interações funcionam como um indicativo do que deve ser trabalhado em áreas de simpatria entre humanos e sauins em termos de implementação e acompanhamento de projetos de educação ambiental.
A Brief Analysis on Voice Differences between Yunnan Xiaguan Dialect and Mandarin

Northern dialect is the basic dialect of modern Han nationality's common language. For Xiaguan dialect belonging to Northern dialect, it is similar as well as different with Mandarin in many aspects. By analyzing vowels, consonants and intonation, the essay makes a comparative study between Mandarin and Xiaguan Dialect which represented by Guanyi voice, analyzes voice differences between them, and underlines characteristics of voice of Xiaguan dialect, in order to supply some basic materials for the promotion of Mandarin and the study of Xiaguan dialect.
Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-Use Changes: 1850 to 1990

The database documented in this numeric data package, a revision to a database originally published by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) in 1995, consists of annual estimates, from 1850 through 1990, of the net flux of carbon between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere resulting from deliberate changes in land cover and land use, especially forest clearing for agriculture and the harvest of wood for wood products or energy. The data are provided on a year-by-year basis for nine regions (North America, South and Central America, Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, Tropical Africa, the Former Soviet Union, China, South and Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Developed Region) and the globe. Some data begin earlier than 1850 (e.g., for six regions, areas of different ecosystems are provided for the year 1700) or extend beyond 1990 (e.g., fuelwood harvest in South and Southeast Asia, by forest type, is provided through 1995). The global net flux during the period 1850 to 1990 was 124 Pg of carbon (1 petagram = 10{sup 15} grams). During this period, the greatest regional flux was from South and Southeast Asia (39 Pg of carbon), while the smallest regional flux was from North Africa and the Middle East (3 Pg of carbon). For the year 1990, the global total net flux was estimated to be 2.1 Pg of carbon.
Management of Snake Bites in the Agricultural Sector

Snake bites are the one that causes high rates of morbidity and mortality among workers in the agricultural sector. Snake bites can be a medical emergency that can endanger human life, and snake venom can damage local tissues, resulting in permanent disability and amputation. This study aims to identify farmers' knowledge related to snakebite management. A literature review searched three databases, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed, for all study designs between 2019 and 2023. The researcher found ten studies that met the inclusion criteria in the review. The high risk of snake bites for farmers makes it essential for farmers to know the most critical things in snakebite management. When bitten by a snake, the most important thing to do is first aid treatment in a threatening situation. Some factors that can affect the management of snake bites on farmers are the characteristics of farmers who are usually male with a low educational background and level of knowledge. In addition, low experience will affect the ability to handle first aid. Nurses can be present as extension workers to increase farmers' knowledge about first aid for snake bites to farmers.
Extraction, Solubility and Antimicrobial Activity of (-) Usnic Acid in Ethanol, a Pharmaceutically Relevant Solvent

Usnic acid (UA) is the most studied bioactive secondary metabolite from lichens. Recently, UA research has focused on its antibacterial activity. However, increased application in healthcare products of UA is hampered by low solubility in aqueous solutions. Here, we report ethanol both as an alternative extraction solvent to acetone and as a pharmaceutically relevant solvent for future formulations. Dried samples of the abundant reindeer lichen (Cladonia stellaris) were extracted in a 23 factorial design using either ethanol or acetone, varying both time and solvent-to-dry mass ratio. In both extracts, UA was the predominant compound as shown by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (TLC). In a disc diffusion assay, both extracts demonstrated similar antibacterial susceptibility towards Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus), while showing little to no activity against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Among a range of pharmaceutically relevant solvents tested, UA was only soluble in ethanol (at concentrations up to 1–2 mg mL−1).
The growth of seven Abies grandis provenances in the climatic conditions of the Polish Carpathian Mountains

The introduction of foreign tree species to new areas facilitates an increase in species biodiversity and possibilities for growth of tree stands. Many years of research related to survival rate, basic growth features and evaluation of a sensitivity to climatic conditions of a new habitat is necessary to achieve a successful introduction. The paper presents the results of the research on the adaptation of grand fir to the climatic conditions in the provenance trial located in the lower montane forest belt. The dendroclimatic research has concerned the offsprings of 7 grand fir provenances originated from North America. A total of 24 trees from each provenance were selected and two cores from each tree were taken. Principal component analysis of tree-ring widths was used to classify the provenances. The climate elements described by PC1 and PC2 were identified on the basis of bootstrap correlation function. Survival rate, height and diameter at breast height of trees were also analysed. The features of the studied provenances showed significant differences. The variation of the inter-provenance survival rate and the increase in tree height of particular provenances were determined principally by the genotype. Grand firs trees from Region I exhibited superior survival rates and better dynamic increases in tree height. The variability of these two features had the character of clinal variation because they primarily depended on the elevation and the latitude of the maternal tree stands. Two groups of provenances which were connected with the regions of their natural distribution were characterized on the basis of the features of the short-term rhythm of the radial increments. The provenances of two specific groups revealed different sensitivity to temperature, rainfall, humidity and sunshine. The greatest effect on the variation of radial increments had been produced by the moisture and pluvial factors whilst the solar factor had produced the least effect on it. The air temperature made also a relatively high contribution to their radial increments. Grand fir trees from the Salmon River provenance in British Columbia provided the best trees from the cultivation point of view. The provenances from Vancouver Island and the western slope of the Cascadian Mountains in Washington State have been regarded as the best for introducing and acclimatising to the conditions of the Carpathian Mts.
Turbulent Large-Eddy Momentum Flux Divergence during High-Wind Events

AbstractMomentum transport by energy-containing turbulent eddies in the oceanic mixed layer were investigated during high-wind events in the northern Gulf of Alaska off Kayak Island. Sixteen high-wind events with magnitudes ranging from 7 to 22 m s−1 were examined. Winds from the southeast prevailed from one to several days with significant wave heights of 5–9 m and turbulent Langmuir numbers of about 0.2–0.4. Surface buoyancy forcing was much weaker than the wind stress forcing. The water column was well mixed to the bottom depth of about 73 m. Spectral analyses indicate that a major part of the turbulent momentum flux was concentrated on 10–30-min time scales. The ratio of horizontal scale to mixed layer depth was from 2 to 8. Turbulent shear stresses in the mixed layer were horizontally asymmetric. The downwind turbulent stress at 10–20 m below the surface was approximately 40% of the averaged wind stress and was reduced to 5%–10% of the wind stress near the bottom. Turbulent kinetic energy in the cros.
DigitalCommons@UNO DigitalCommons@UNO

Background: Robotic ankle-foot prostheses that provide net positive push-off work can reduce the metabolic rate of walking for individuals with amputation, but benefits might be sensitive to push-off timing. Simple walking models suggest that preemptive push-off reduces center-of-mass work, possibly reducing metabolic rate. Studies with bilateral exoskeletons have found that push-off beginning before leading leg contact minimizes metabolic rate, but timing was not varied independently from push-off work, and the effects of push-off timing on biomechanics were not measured. Most lower-limb amputations are unilateral, which could also affect optimal timing. The goal of this study was to vary the timing of positive prosthesis push-off work in isolation and measure the effects on energetics, mechanics and muscle activity. Methods: We tested 10 able-bodied participants walking on a treadmill at 1.25 m · s − 1 . Participants wore a tethered ankle-foot prosthesis emulator on one leg using a rigid boot adapter. We programmed the prosthesis to apply torque bursts that began between 46% and 56% of stride in different conditions. We iteratively adjusted torque magnitude to maintain constant net positive push-off work. Results: When push-off began at or after leading leg contact, metabolic rate was about 10% lower than in a condition with Spring-like prosthesis behavior. When push-off began before leading leg contact, metabolic rate was not different from the Spring-like condition. Early push-off led to increased prosthesis-side vastus medialis and biceps femoris activity during push-off and increased variability in step length and prosthesis loading during push-off. Prosthesis push-off timing had no influence on intact-side leg center-of-mass collision work. Conclusions: Prosthesis push-off timing, isolated from push-off work, strongly affected metabolic rate, with optimal timing at or after intact-side heel contact. Increased thigh muscle activation and increased human variability appear to have caused the lack of reduction in metabolic rate when push-off was provided too early. Optimal timing with respect to opposite heel contact was not different from normal walking, but the trends in metabolic rate and center-of-mass mechanics were not consistent with simple model predictions. Optimal push-off timing should also be characterized for individuals with amputation, since meaningful benefits might be realized with improved timing.
Production potential, economics and energetic as influenced by integrated nutrient management in soybean (Glycine max)wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system

A field experiment was conducted for 2 consecutive years during 201415 and 201516 at Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, with the objective to evaluate the direct and residual effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on productivity and economics of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merill]wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori and Paol) cropping system. In soybean, the treatments comprised of 4 nutrient sources, viz. S , 0 control; S , crop residues (wheat) 5 t/ha; S , FYM 5 t/ha; S , poultry manure 2.5 t/ha in the main plots and in the 1 2 3 sub-plots 5 nutrient levels, viz. F , control; F , 50% RDF; F , RDF; F , 50% RDF + Zn 5 kg/ha; and F , RDF + Zn 5 0 1 2 3 4 kg/ha. In wheat, residual effect of nutrient sources applied to soybean was evaluated in the main plots while in the sub-plots 5 nutrient levels; F , control; F , 50% RDF; F , RDF; F , 50% RDF + Zn 5 kg/ha; and F , RDF + Zn 5 kg/ 0 1 2 3 4 ha. Experiment was laid out in split plot design with 3 replications for both the crop. Results revealed that among different nutrient sources, poultry manure (2.5 t/ha) registered significantly the highest grain and stover yields and economic parameters (gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio) for both soybean and wheat crops compared to control and rest of the organic treatments. The wheat crop residues (5 t /ha) incurred more cost towards soybean production (20.2 103 /ha). Among various nutrient levels, application of RDF along with Zn 5 kg/ha produced significantly the highest grain and stover yields and economic parameters as compared to rest of the treatments. On the basis of yields and economic returns of soybean and wheat in system, annual application of poultry ma- nure @ 2.5 t/ha in soybean and RDF + 5 kg Zn/ha to both soybean and wheat was found to be optimum in order to raise the productivity and profitability of both the crops. However, combined application of poultry manure and RDF along with zinc in soybeanwheat cropping system appears to be a better nutrient management option for yield and profit maximization besides improvement in the fertility of the soil.
Evaluation of Improvest effects on production parameters of gilts from two different genetic sire lines

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effects of Improvest on the performance and carcass characteristics of gilts from two different genetic sire lines and the performance of Improvest gilts with castrated male pigs. It was hypothesized that performance parameters observed for Improvest gilts would be similar to barrows, thus narrowing the performance gaps between traditionally managed gilts and barrows. Pigs were from Large White/Landrace dams and either Duroc–Pietrain (DP) or Duroc (D) sires. Females within each genetic sire line were randomized by weight to receive the first dose of Improvest (IMP) on day 25 of the study or to serve as a nontreated control (DP IMP gilt (n = 6 pens; 19 pigs/pen), D IMP gilt (n = 6 pens; 19 pigs/pen), DP CON gilt (n = 6 pens; 19 pigs/pen), D CON gilt (n = 6 pens; 19 pigs/pen). The second dose of Improvest was administered 6 wk later (i.e., day 67). Barrows did not receive Improvest (DP barrow [n = 10 pens; 19 to 20 pigs/pen], D barrow [n = 10 pens; 19 to 20 pigs/pen]). Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) were measured at 21 d intervals throughout the duration of the study. The targeted weight for pigs to be marketed was 133 ± 2.5 kg. Carcass characteristics and loin quality parameters were evaluated on a subset of pigs (n = 283). Improvest-treated gilts of both genetic lines had increased (P ≤ 0.05) ADG and ADFI compared to untreated gilts during the post-second dose intervals with values exceeding that of barrows from day 84 to marketing. Overall, DP IMP gilts had increased (P ≤ 0.05) G:F post-second dose compared to DP CON gilts and DP barrows, yet all other treatments were similar. As pigs were marketed at a similar weight, there was no difference in the final weight, however, DP IMP gilts and DP barrows reached market weight sooner (P ≤ 0.05) than DP CON gilts (109.9 and 111.8 vs. 114.3 ± 0.8 d). Backfat and loin weight were greater (P < 0.01) in IMP gilts versus CON gilts, while IMP gilts and barrows had similar values within each respective genetic sire line. There were no differences between treatments (P ≥ 0.08) for pH and instrumental color of the loins. When the pass rate of loins (Japanese color score ≥ 3.0 and marbling ≥ 2.0) was evaluated, IMP gilts were at intermediate values between CON gilts and barrows for each respective genetic sire line. Overall, Improvest within a genetic line improved gilt carcass measurements so that they were more similar to barrows.
Audit Experience, Independence, and Professional Skepticism Against Fraud Detection: Time Pressure as a Moderating Factor

The extraordinary effect of the Covid-19 outbreak, which pushes society and government to deal with a new normal in the face of situation uncertainty, raises the risk of fraud. The goal of this study is to predict and explain the effect of audit expertise, independence, and professional skepticism on fraud detection, with time pressure acting as a moderating variable. This inquiry employed the explanatory approach. The population comprises of BPK RI (The Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia) and BPKP (Finance and Development Supervisory Agency) auditors from South Kalimantan Province, and the samples include 85 respondents. Surveys are used to collect data. The data suggest that audit knowledge and professional skepticism have a positive influence on fraud detection; independence has no effect on fraud detection; and time constraint has no effect on fraud detection.