Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Boundary-layer flow of a micropolar fluid on a continuous flatplate moving in a parallel stream with uniform surface heat flux

The laminar boundary-layer flow of a micropolar fluid on a fixed or continuously moving flat plate with uniform surface heat flux is investigated. The plate is assumed to move in the same oropposite direction to the free stream. The resulting system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is solved numerically using the Keller-box method. Numerical results are obtained for the skin-friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number as well as the velocity, microrotation, and temperature profiles for some values of the governing parameters, namely, the velocity ratio parameter, material parameter, and Prandtl number. The results indicate that dual solutions exist when the plate and the free stream move in the opposite directions.PACS No.: 47.15. Cb
Detecting Spatial Effects From Factorial Experiments: An Application From Integrated-Circuit Manufacturing

In addition to the number of functional chips on a silicon wafer, spatial patterns of the nonfunctional chips can provide important information for improving integrated-circuit fabrication processes. In this article, we consider a binary (functional/nonfunctional) response for each chip and propose a method to detect spatial effects in such processes through factorial experimentation. By using a measure of spatial dependence, process factors (parameters) that influence the spatial clustering of functional or nonfunctional chips can be identified. The proposed method, which assumes that a wafer contains a moderately large number of chips and that at least one wafer is produced for each experimental setting, is demonstrated with data from an actual experiment.
Structural modifications of binary lithium silicate glasses upon femtosecond laser pulse irradiation probed by micro-Raman spectroscopy

The effects of single femtosecond laser pulse irradiation (130 fs pulse duration, 800 nm center wavelength) on the structure of binary lithium silicate glasses of varying chemical compositions were investigated by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Permanent modifications were generated at the surface of the glass samples with varying laser fluences in the ablative regime and evaluated for changes in the corresponding Raman band positions and bandwidths. For increasing laser fluences, the position of certain Raman bands changed, indicating an increase in the mass density of the glass inside the irradiated area. Simultaneously, the widths of all investigated bands increased, indicating a higher degree of disorder in the glass structure with respect to bond-angle and bond-length variations.
Analytic mode-matching for accurate handling of exceptional points in a lined acoustic waveguide

Exceptional points (which occur when two or more modes coalesce) have long been associated with optimal attenuation in lined acoustic waveguides. In recent years, with a view to optimizing sound absorption, some effort has gone into designing liners that generate exceptional points (EPs) at specified frequencies. However, analytic modelling of acoustic scattering in the presence of an EP is not well developed, with most authors relying on standard methods applied close to (but not at) EP conditions. Indeed, exact treatment requires care since the mathematical system under-pinning the scattering process is degenerate. This article presents an analytic mode-matching approach to modelling the scattering of a plane wave travelling towards the junction of a rigid duct with a lined duct at EP conditions. Both EP2 and EP3 (coalescence of two and three modes respectively) are considered. The enhanced mode-matching scheme is shown to be valid and numerically robust, and it is anticipated that it will be straightforward to adapt to a wide range of applications involving complex symmetric operators.
Reply to Danese et al.

We thank Prof. Danese and colleagues for their comments on our article [1]. As noted, bias pertaining to the surgical and endoscopic expertise of each center is indeed a concern and multicenter studies could help in attenuating this bias. Here, the treatment choices were down to the poor availability of endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) in France, coupled with the experience in endoscopic internal drainage (EID), as opposed to the high expertise in EVT in Germany. As co-morbidity and leak sizes were well balanced in both groups, the anatomic site of the leaks (intrathoracic vs. intraabdominal) and prior chemoradiotherapy could explain the inferior treatment success observed in the EVT group. Indeed, the EVT cohort hadmore patients with intrathoracic leaks (70.4% vs. 60.0%) and more patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (40.7% vs. 8.0%). The characteristics of the negative pressure used in EVT are still a point of debate. No studies comparing the different pressure levels have been published in humans. Our own experience has shown comparable results between low negative pressure and −125mmHg EVT [2]. Low negative-pressure EVT most likely works by deviating the biologic fluids (bile, gastric and pancreatic juice) away from the anastomotic site. Recently, Loske et al. confirmed the crucial role of gastroesophageal reflux in the development of anastomotic leaks by showing the efficacy of pre-emptive active drainage of reflux in patients with Ivor Lewis esophagectomy [3]. As stressed by Danese et al., for leaks of > 20mm, EID may not be the best option, because the double-pigtail stents can migrate through the anastomotic dehiscence: initial EVT or a self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) is therefore advisable in this situation [4]. We cannot but agree on the need for large prospective multicenter studies on the endoscopic treatments for anastomotic leaks in order to determine the respective efficacy of different negative pressures in EVT, and the optimal treatment sequences.
Infrared reflectance spectra of thin epitaxial silicon layers

IR reflectance spectra of thin (0.5–3.0 μm) epitaxial layers on substrates containing n‐type buried layers are investigated in the 5–50‐μm wavelength range. From measurements on uniformly doped wafers it is found that the Drude model should be used to compute the optical constants of the buried layers. The reflectance spectra can then be used to determine epitaxial layer thickness, peak concentration of the buried layer, and the thickness of the buried layer. For our process conditions the optically measured epitaxial thickness and peak concentration are in close agreement to measurements performed with a secondary ion microprobe.
Measurements of the Ice Water Content in Cirrus Using an Evaporative Technique

Abstract A technique for the measurement of the ice water content (IWC) of cirrus clouds is described. The IWC is obtained by the measurement of the total water content (TWC) and the subtraction of the saturation specific humidity with respect to ice at the ambient pressure and temperature. The method is independent of the measurement of the crystal size spectrum and also of any assumptions about the bulk densities of various crystal habits. Examples of IWC measurements made during the International Cirrus Experiment are presented and compared with conventional measurements from a 2D optical array probe. The prime sources of error are the accuracy of the calibration of the TWC probe and the occurrence of subsaturated air, which invalidates one of the main principles of the technique.
Large amplitude progressive interfacial waves

This paper contains a study of large amplitude, progressive interfacial waves moving between two infinite fluids of different densities. The highest wave has been calculated using the criterion that it has zero horizontal fluid velocity at the interface in a frame moving at the phase speed of the waves. For free surface waves this criterion is identical to the criterion due to Stokes, namely that there is a stagnation point at the crest of each wave. I t is found that as the density of the upper fluid increases relative to the density of the lower fluid the maximum height of the wave, for fixed wavelength, increases. The maximum height of a Boussinesq wave, which has the density almost the same above and below the interface, is 2·5 times the maximum height of a surface wave of the same wavelength. A wave with air over the top of it can be about 2% higher than the highest free surface wave. The point at which the limiting criterion is first satisfied moves from the crest for free surface waves to the point half-way between the crest and the trough for Boussinesq waves. The phase speed, momentum, energy and other wave properties are calculated for waves up to the highest using Padé approximants. For free surface waves and waves with air above the interface the maximum value of these properties occurs for waves which are lower than the highest. For Boussinesq waves and waves with the density of the upper fluid onetenth of the density of the lower fluid these properties each increase monotonically with the wave height.
Molecular Basis of the Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 Serotype Switch from Ogawa to Inaba in Haiti

Our phylodynamic analysis demonstrated that Vibrio cholerae Inaba strains in Haiti evolved directly from Ogawa strains. Our results support the hypothesis that after an initial Ogawa-dominated epidemic wave, V. cholerae Inaba was able to become the dominant strain thanks to a selective advantage driven by ongoing diversifying selection, independently from the mutational pattern in the wbeT gene. ABSTRACT Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 serotype Ogawa was introduced involuntarily into Haiti in October 2010, and virtually all of the clinical strains isolated during the first 5 years of the epidemic were Ogawa. Inaba strains were identified intermittently prior to 2015, with diverse mutations resulting in a common phenotype. In 2015, the percentage of clinical infections due to the Inaba serotype began to rapidly increase, with Inaba supplanting Ogawa as the dominant serotype during the subsequent 4 years. We investigated the molecular basis of the serotype switch and confirmed that all Inaba strains had the same level of mRNA expression of the wbeT genes, as well as the same translation levels for the truncated WbeT proteins in the V. cholerae Inaba isolates. Neither wbeT gene expression levels, differential mutations, or truncation size of the WbeT proteins appeared to be responsible for the successful Inaba switch in 2015. Our phylodynamic analysis demonstrated that the V. cholerae Inaba strains in Haiti evolved directly from Ogawa strains and that a significant increase of diversifying selection at the population level occurred at the time of the Ogawa-Inaba switch. We conclude that the emergence of the Inaba serotype was driven by diversifying selection, independent of the mutational pattern in the wbeT gene. IMPORTANCE Our phylodynamic analysis demonstrated that Vibrio cholerae Inaba strains in Haiti evolved directly from Ogawa strains. Our results support the hypothesis that after an initial Ogawa-dominated epidemic wave, V. cholerae Inaba was able to become the dominant strain thanks to a selective advantage driven by ongoing diversifying selection, independently from the mutational pattern in the wbeT gene.
Colloidal Physics Modeling Reveals How Per-Ribosome Productivity Increases with Growth Rate in Escherichia coli

Ribosomes are the factories in cells that synthesize proteins. When cells grow faster, there are not enough ribosomes to keep up with the demand for faster protein synthesis without individual ribosomes becoming more productive. ABSTRACT Faster-growing cells must synthesize proteins more quickly. Increased ribosome abundance only partly accounts for increases in total protein synthesis rates. The productivity of individual ribosomes must increase too, almost doubling by an unknown mechanism. Prior models point to diffusive transport as a limiting factor but raise a paradox: faster-growing cells are more crowded, yet crowding slows diffusion. We suspected that physical crowding, transport, and stoichiometry, considered together, might reveal a more nuanced explanation. To investigate, we built a first-principles physics-based model of Escherichia coli cytoplasm in which Brownian motion and diffusion arise directly from physical interactions between individual molecules of finite size, density, and physiological abundance. Using our microscopically detailed model, we predicted that physical transport of individual ternary complexes accounts for ~80% of translation elongation latency. We also found that volumetric crowding increases during faster growth even as cytoplasmic mass density remains relatively constant. Despite slowed diffusion, we predicted that improved proximity between ternary complexes and ribosomes wins out, illustrating a simple physics-based mechanism for how individual elongating ribosomes become more productive. We speculate that crowding imposes a physical limit on growth rate and undergirds cellular behavior more broadly. Unfitted colloidal-scale modeling offers systems biology a complementary “physics engine” for exploring how cellular-scale behaviors arise from physical transport and reactions among individual molecules. IMPORTANCE Ribosomes are the factories in cells that synthesize proteins. When cells grow faster, there are not enough ribosomes to keep up with the demand for faster protein synthesis without individual ribosomes becoming more productive. Yet, faster-growing cells are more crowded, seemingly making it harder for each ribosome to do its work. Our computational model of the physics of translation elongation reveals the underlying mechanism for how individual ribosomes become more productive: proximity and stoichiometry of translation molecules overcome crowding. Our model also suggests a universal physical limitation of cell growth rates.
Avian Metapneumovirus Subgroup C Phosphoprotein Suppresses Type I Interferon Production by Blocking Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Nuclear Translocation

The innate immune response is the first defense line of host cells and organisms against viral infections. When RNA viruses infect cells, viral RNA induces activation of retinoic acid-induced gene I and melanoma differentiation gene 5, which initiates downstream molecules and finally produces type I interferon (IFN-I) to regulate antiviral immune responses. ABSTRACT Avian metapneumovirus subgroup C (aMPV/C) is an important pathogen that causes upper respiratory symptoms and egg production decline in turkeys and chickens. aMPV/C infection leads to inhibition of the host antiviral immune response. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying host immune response antagonized by aMPV/C infection is limited. In this study, we demonstrated that the aMPV/C phosphoprotein (P) inhibits the IFN antiviral signaling pathway triggered by melanoma differentiation gene 5 (MDA5) and reduces interferon β (IFN-β) production and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) by targeting IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) but not nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in DF-1 cells. Moreover, we found that aMPV/C P protein only blocks the nuclear translocation of IRF3 by interacting with IRF3 in HEK-293T cells, instead of affecting IRF3 phosphorylation and inducing IRF3 degradation, which suppresses IRF3 signaling activation and results in a decrease in IFN-β production. Collectively, these results reveal a novel mechanism by which aMPV/C infection disrupts IFN-β production in the host. IMPORTANCE The innate immune response is the first defense line of host cells and organisms against viral infections. When RNA viruses infect cells, viral RNA induces activation of retinoic acid-induced gene I and melanoma differentiation gene 5, which initiates downstream molecules and finally produces type I interferon (IFN-I) to regulate antiviral immune responses. The mechanism for avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) modulating IFN-I production to benefit its replication remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that phosphoprotein of aMPV subgroup C (aMPV/C) selectively inhibits the nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory 3 (IRF3), instead of affecting the expression and phosphorylation of IRF3, which finally downregulates IFN-I production. This study showed a novel mechanism for aMPV/C infection antagonizing the host IFN response.
Boolean modelling in plant biology

Abstract Abstract Signalling and genetic networks underlie most biological processes and are often complex, containing many highly connected components. Modelling these networks can provide insight into mechanisms but is challenging given that rate parameters are often not well defined. Boolean modelling, in which components can only take on a binary value with connections encoded by logic equations, is able to circumvent some of these challenges, and has emerged as a viable tool to probe these complex networks. In this review, we will give an overview of Boolean modelling, with a specific emphasis on its use in plant biology. We review how Boolean modelling can be used to describe biological networks and then discuss examples of its applications in plant genetics and plant signalling.
A climatic random forest model of agricultural insurance loss for the Northwest United States

Abstract We compared climatic relationships to insurance loss across the inland Pacific Northwest region of the United States, using a design matrix methodology, to identify optimum temporal windows for climate variables by county in relationship to wheat insurance loss due to drought. The results of our temporal window construction for water availability variables (precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration, and the Palmer drought severity index [PDSI]) identified spatial patterns across the study area that aligned with regional climate patterns, particularly with regards to drought-prone counties of eastern Washington. Using these optimum time-lagged correlational relationships between insurance loss and individual climate variables, along with commodity pricing, we constructed a regression-based random forest model for insurance loss prediction and evaluation of climatic feature importance. Our cross-validated model results indicated that PDSI was the most important factor in predicting total seasonal wheat/drought insurance loss, with wheat pricing and potential evapotranspiration having noted contributions. Our overall regional model had a $ {R}^2 $ of 0.49, and a RMSE of $30.8 million. Model performance typically underestimated annual losses, with moderate spatial variability in terms of performance between counties.
Statistical procedures for analysis of environmental monitoring data and risk assessment

1. Characteristics of Environmental Quality Data. I. STATISTICAL MEASURES AND DISTRIBUTIONS. 2. Statistical Characterizations of Data. 3. The Normal or Gaussian Distribution. 4. The Lognormal Distribution. 5. Additional Useful Distributions for Characterizing Environmental Quality Data. II. IDENTIFYING SYSTEM CHANGES. 6. Identification of System Changes and Outliers Using Control Charts and Simple Procedures. 7. Characterizing Coincident Behavior - Regression and Correlation. III. HYPOTHESIS TESTING OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. 8. Testing Difference Between Monitoring Records: Differences Between Two Locations for Single Constituents. 9. Multiple Comparisons Using Parametric Analyses. 10. Testing Differences Between Monitoring Records When Censored Data Records Exist. 11. Nonparametric Procedures. IV. RISK. 12. Risk Assessment and Data Management. Appendix. Index.
Statistical properties of staircase estimates from two interval forced choice experiments

Wetherill & Levitt (1965) suggested a class of sequential procedures for estimating points on a psychometric function. They investigated the properties of staircase estimators in yes-no experiments. Such procedures have been used widely in two interval forced choice (21FC) experiments. In this paper large sample properties of estimators from yes-no and 2IFC experiments are compared. These estimators are also compared by computer simulation. Results indicate that estimates from 2IFC experiments can have much greater biases and mean squared errors than those from yes-no experiments.
A light and efficient attention model for 3D shape part-segmentation

Part segmentation is one of the important tasks in 3D shape analysis. Prior works mostly rely on complex local modeling to learn features directly from raw mesh or point cloud. We proposed a simple, fast and robust approach for 3D shape part segmentation without sophisticated local geometric modeling and ingenious networks. Our main idea is to learn more discriminative features from different geometric descriptors by sparse convolution and attention mechanism. Specifically, an effective shape representation block, consists of a features embedding module, two attention module. The coordinates are fed into the features embedding module to produce embedding vectors. The attention head to learn the intrinsic relations between different descriptors and produce more informative feature maps. In the lower branch, We use some geometric descriptors as local features. And a classification head predicts the corresponding label. Conditional Random Field (CRF) is applied to optimize the segmentation of the network. The experiment results on Princeton Shape Benchmark(PSB) demonstrate that our architecture outperforms different methods, with higher accuracy, lower complexity and faster speed.
VLBI astrometric identification of the radio emitting region in Algol and determination of the orientation of the close binary

A minute displacement of the radio source in Algol was measured by VLBI during two consecutive orbital revolutions of the close binary. The magnitude of the displacement unambiguously indicates that the less massive star of the close binary, a K subgiant, is the star responsible for the nonthermal radio emission of the system. This is consistent with the idea that the radio emission in Algol is related to the strong magnetic activity of the subgiant. The orientation and sense of the displacement on the sky that are directly deduced from our astrometric VLBI observations imply: (1) that the orbital plane of the close binary is at P.A. = +52 deg +/- 5 deg; and (2) that the sense of circulation of the close binary is clockwise, as seen on the sky. Thus, the long-period and close binary orbital motions are almost orthogonal and counterrevolving and this is relevant for evolution and dynamical studies.
Combined three‐axis surface magneto‐optical Kerr effects in the study of surface and ultrathin‐film magnetism

Surface and ultrathin‐film magnetocrystalline anisotropy in epitaxial fcc Fe thin films grown on room‐temperature Cu(100) single crystals has been investigated, in situ, by the combined surface magneto‐optical Kerr effects (SMOKE). In polar, longitudinal, and transverse Kerr effects, the direction of the applied magnetic field must be distinguished from the direction of magnetization during the switching process. For arbitrary orientations of the magnetization and field axis relative to the optical scattering plane, any of the three Kerr effects may contribute to the detected signal. A general expression for the normalized light intensity sensed by a photodiode detector, involving all three combined Kerr effects, is obtained both in the ultrathin‐film limit and for bulk, at general oblique incidence angles and with different orientations of the polarizer, modulator, and analyzer. This expression is used to interpret the results of fcc Fe/Cu(100) SMOKE measurements. For films grown at room temperature, pol.