Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Optimal Contract Complexity for Coordination Mechanisms of Supply Chain

This paper considers a supply chain system which consists of a supplier and a retailer. The purpose is to investigate the impact of contract complexity on supply chain coordination under complete information. The supplier drafts contracts, which include wholesale price contracts and simple quantity discount contracts. These contracts are of different complexity. The retailer chooses one of the supplier-designed contracts to optimize its profit. This study shows that a complex contract with an infinite number of price breaks can achieve the coordination of a general supply chain. It can also arbitrarily distribute supply chain profit under mild conditions. Theoretically, this is the optimal contract. However, it is difficult to implement in practice. Complex contracts with limited price breaks can improve the performance of the decentralized supply chain system compared to simple contracts (i.e. wholesale price contracts), but neither can coordinate the general supply chain. In addition, as the complexity of the contract increases, the performance of the decentralized supply chains continues to decline. This means that the increased in contract complexity does not necessarily increase the efficiency of supply chain contracts. Our study suggest that a three-price contract (all-unit quantity discount contract with two price breaks), although theoretically suboptimal, is sufficient for a general supply chain and should be preferred in practice.
Magnetic field topology in pulsars

It is shown that the location of the spin-up line in the P-P˙ diagram is sensitive to the presence of large-scale magnetic anomalies (quadrupole,.) and that one can usefully constrain the surface strength of such fields to be not more than ∼40% of the surface strength of the dipole in spun-up pulsars. This constraint shows that if gamma-ray bursters are related to old Galactic neutron stars, those with strong cyclotron lines cannot have had the same magnetic history as spun-up millisecond pulsars. The spin-up line also constrains models in which the magnetic field is a single intense surface pole, although the present data set has too few very short period pulsars with measured P˙ to provide useful information
The Relation of Different Concepts of Causality Used in Time Series and Microeconometrics

Granger and Sims noncausality (GSNC), a concept frequently applied in time series econometrics, is compared to noncausality based on concepts popular in microeconometrics, program evaluation, and epidemiology literature (potential outcome noncausality or PONC). GSNC is defined as a set of restrictions on joint distributions of random variables with observable sample counterparts, whereas PONC combines restrictions on partially unobservable variables (potential outcomes) with different identifying assumptions that relate potential outcome variables to their observable counterparts. Based on the Robins’ dynamic model of potential outcomes, we find that in general neither of the concepts implies each other without further (untestable) assumptions. However, the identifying assumptions associated with the sequential selection of the observables link these concepts such that GSNC implies PONC, and vice versa.
Lamellarity-Driven Differences in Surface Structural Features of DPPS Lipids: Spectroscopic, Calorimetric and Computational Study

Although single-lipid bilayers are usually considered models of eukaryotic plasma membranes, their research drops drastically when it comes to exclusively anionic lipid membranes. Being a major anionic phospholipid in the inner leaflet of eukaryote membranes, phosphatidylserine-constituted lipid membranes were occasionally explored in the form of multilamellar liposomes (MLV), but their inherent instability caused a serious lack of efforts undertaken on large unilamellar liposomes (LUVs) as more realistic model membrane systems. In order to compensate the existing shortcomings, we performed a comprehensive calorimetric, spectroscopic and MD simulation study of time-varying structural features of LUV made from 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (DPPS), whereas the corresponding MLV were examined as a reference. A substantial uncertainty of UV/Vis data of LUV from which only Tm was unambiguously determined (53.9 ± 0.8 °C), along with rather high uncertainty on the high-temperature range of DPPS melting profile obtained from DSC (≈50–59 °C), presumably reflect distinguished surface structural features in LUV. The FTIR signatures of glycerol moiety and those originated from carboxyl group serve as a strong support that in LUV, unlike in MLV, highly curved surfaces occur continuously, whereas the details on the attenuation of surface features in MLV were unraveled by molecular dynamics.
Combinations of Chrysophyllum albidum and Citrus aurantifolia as Antimalarial Agents and their Effects on Orthodox Antimalarial Drugs in Mice

Objective: The decoctions of Chrysophyllum Albidum Leaf (CAL) and stem bark (CAB), and Citrus Aurantifolia Leaf (LCA) and fruit (FCA) used in Africa for malaria and fevers were evaluated for antimalarial activities. Methods: Their prophylactic, chemosuppresive and curative antiplasmodial activities were assayed individually and variously combined with each other and standard drugs of Pyrimethamine (PYR) and Chloroquine (CQ), using Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Results: Using their ED50 values, standard drugs were significantly (p<0.05) more active than the individual plant extracts, while extracts of C. albidum leaf, C. aurantifolia fruit and C. albidum stem bark had the highest prophylactic, chemosuppresive and curative activities, respectively. Co-administrations of individual plant extracts with PYR gave prophylactic activity comparable (p>0.05) to pyrimethamine, except combination with CAB that gave significantly (p<0.05) lower activity. The CAL+CAB+LCA+FCA combination doubled the mice survival time, similar to PYR. Combinations with CQ significantly lowered suppressive and curative activities of chloroquine and gave no better survival time in mice. No plant-plant extract combinations gave comparable prophylactic and suppressive activities as the standard drugs. Only CAL+FCA and LCA+FCA combinations gave comparable and significantly higher curative activity than CQ, respectively. A 73% of the plant-plant combinations gave a survival time comparable to that of CQ, indicating contributory factor of immune booster. This, rather than higher antiplasmodial activity, may justify the practice of combination of plants in ethnomedicinal malarial therapy. Conclusion: Care should be taken in the concomitant administration of orthodox and herbal drugs and as well in the choice of plants to be combined in herbal drug formulations or decoctions.
Coupled radiative transfer equation and diffusion approximation

A coupled radiative transfer equation and diffusion approximation model for photon migration in tissues is proposed. The light propagation is modeled with the radiative transfer equation in sub-domains in which the assumptions of the diffusion approximation are not valid and the diffusion approximation is used elsewhere in the domain. The coupled equations are solved using the finite element method. The proposed method is tested with simulations. The results of the coupled radiative transfer equation and diffusion approximation model are compared with the finite element solutions of the radiative transfer equation and the diffusion approximation. The results show that the coupled radiative transfer equation and diffusion approximation model can be used to describe photon migration in tissues more accurately than the conventional diffusion model.
Rates of depression, anxiety, and stress in parents of children with congenital heart disease using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale

Context and Background : The Cardiac Neurodevelopmental Outcome Collaborative has recommended using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) to evaluate for depression, anxiety, and stress in parents of children with congenital heart disease (CHD). There has not been a longitudinal study investigating its utility in these parents. Aims : The aim of this study was to determine the trend of depression, anxiety, and stress in parents of patients with CHD. Methods : Our center uses this self-reported survey at every visit between 6 and 36 months of age. This was a single-centered, retrospective study from January 1, 2018, to June 1, 2020. Statistical Analysis : Cox regression analysis was conducted using a composite end point of having an abnormal score in any of the three domains. Results : Two hundred and seventy-three mothers and 139 fathers were included in the study. For mothers, scores in each domain were elevated at 12 and 24 months. For fathers, scores in each domain were elevated at 6 months, followed by a decrease before peaking again, with depression increasing at 36 months and anxiety and stress increasing at 30 months. Increased length of stay for the index surgery was associated with an abnormal score for mothers (B = 0.02, P < 0.01) and fathers (B = 0.01, P = 0.04). Being in a relationship with the father (B = -0.8, P < 0.01) was associated with freedom of an abnormal score for mothers. Conclusions : Scores concerning for depression, anxiety, and stress peak at different points for parents. Length of stay for the index surgery and being in a relationship are important factors in the mental health of parents.
Symmetries and integrability of a fourth-order Euler–Bernoulli beam equation

The complete symmetry group classification of the fourth-order Euler–Bernoulli ordinary differential equation, where the elastic modulus and the area moment of inertia are constants and the applied load is a function of the normal displacement, is obtained. We perform the Lie and Noether symmetry analysis of this problem. In the Lie analysis, the principal Lie algebra which is one dimensional extends in four cases, viz. the linear, exponential, general power law, and a negative fractional power law. It is further shown that two cases arise in the Noether classification with respect to the standard Lagrangian. That is, the linear case for which the Noether algebra dimension is one less than the Lie algebra dimension as well as the negative fractional power law. In the latter case the Noether algebra is three dimensional and is isomorphic to the Lie algebra which is sl(2,R). This exceptional case, although admitting the nonsolvable algebra sl(2,R), remarkably allows for a two-parameter family of exact solut.
Promotion of Neutrophil Chemotaxis Through Differential Regulation of β1 and β2 Integrins

Migration of neutrophils requires sequential adhesive and deadhesive interactions between β1 and β2 integrins and components of the extracellular matrix. Prompted by reports that describe interaction of soluble β-glucan with the β2 integrin Mac-1, a role for β-glucan in regulation of integrin-mediated migration was investigated. Neutrophil migration in response to fMLP was assessed using an agarose overlay method with slides precoated with fibronectin (Fn) ± β-glucan. On Fn, random migration in excess of directed migration was observed. In contrast, migration on Fn + β-glucan was directional, with marked diminution of random migration. This conversion of random to directed migration was seen neither when Fn was supplemented with alternative polysaccharides nor when β-glucan was applied to other components of the extracellular matrix. This effect of β-glucan was shown to be cation dependent and to be effected by Arg-Gly-Asp-containing peptides consistent with an integrin-mediated event. mAb inhibition studies demonstrate that β-glucan effects this shift toward directed migration through suppression of migration mediated by Mac-1 and very late Ag 5 and enhancement of very late Ag 3-mediated migration. Adhesion assays suggest that the prochemotactic influence of β-glucan is due, in part but not entirely, to modulation of PMN adhesion to Fn. In summary, these data support a novel role for β-glucan in regulation of β1- and β2-mediated neutrophil migration on Fn.
Echogenic Content in the Fetal Gallbladder: Systematic Review of Ultrasound Features and Clinical Outcome

It is rare to detect echogenic content in the fetal gallbladder. The etiology, natural course, and prognosis of this condition remain unclear. In addition to providing a systematic review of this topic, we suggest a plan for patient follow-up. From a total of 100 database entries identified in PubMed, EMBASE, and ICTRP reviews, we selected 34 studies in which we investigated the ultrasound features and outcome of this condition. There were 226 fetuses with gallbladder echogenic content identified. Seventy-two fetuses were found to have biliary sludge; thirty cases had a single hyperechogenic focus, and one hundred fetuses had multiple foci in the gallbladder. There were 16 cases of distal shadowing, 37 fetuses with comet tail and twinkling, and 26 cases with no acoustic artifacts. Nine cases of spontaneous resolution before birth have been documented; nine fetuses exhibited no echogenic content at birth, and 138 cases of resolution of echogenic content within the first year of life have been described. Typically, the condition resolves spontaneously during the postnatal period. After adequately reassuring the parents, the patients should be monitored for spontaneous resolution; medical or surgical intervention is not indicated. Asymptomatic patients can be managed with a wait-and-see strategy.
INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS, POLITICAL CONNECTION, AND SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING QUALITY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIA

<p class="JurnalASSETSABSTRAK"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p style="color: #0e101a; background: transparent; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">This study aims to show empirical evidence of the role of political connections in the relationship between institutional investors and sustainability reporting. With observational data of 2,425 firm years and data analysis using short-term dynamic panel data regression or GMM. This study results that political relations function as a moderating variable. In a sense, a political connection weakens the relationship between institutional investors and genuine sustainability reporting. These results indicate that although institutional investors push for the quality and consistency of sustainability reporting, political connections avoid quality sustainability reporting. The results of this study provide practical implications that allow regulators to evaluate the rules for presenting sustainability reporting information. </p><p class="JurnalASSETSABSTRAK"><em><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></em></p><p style="color: #0e101a; background: transparent; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><em><span style="color: #0e101a; background: transparent; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" data-preserver-spaces="true">Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membuktikan secara empiris mengenai peran Political connection dalam hubungan antara investor institusional dan pelaporan keberlanjutan. Dengan menggunakan data observasional 2.425 tahun perusahaan dan analisis data menggunakan GMM, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa political connection berfungsi sebagai pure moderator dalam hubungan antara investor institusional dan pelaporan keberlanjutan. Hubungan politik murni melemahkan hubungan antara investor institusional dan pelaporan keberlanjutan. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa koneksi politik yang lebih besar menyebabkan perusahaan menghindari pelaporan keberlanjutan yang berkualitas meskipun investor institusional mendorong kualitas dan konsistensi pelaporan keberlanjutan. Implikasi praktis penelitain ini memungkinkan regulator untuk mengevaluasi aturan penyajian informasi tentang sustainability reporting. </span></em></p><p style="color: #0e101a; background: transparent; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"> </p>
The Demand for Expert Opinion: Bordeaux Wine*

Abstract In this paper, we use unique data from the market for Bordeaux wine to test the hypothesis that consumers are willing to pay for expert opinion because it is accurate. Using proprietary indicators of the quality of the vintage, which are based on both publicly and privately available information, we find that additional publicly available information on the weather improves the expert's predictions of subsequent prices. This establishes that the expert opinions are not efficient, in the sense that they can be easily improved, and that these opinions must be demanded, at least in part, for some purpose other than their accuracy. (JEL Classification: D8, Q13)
Dynamical Properties of Photospheric Flux Tubes at the Footpoints of Hot and Cool Coronal Loops

The dynamical properties of photospheric flux tubes at the footpoints of hot (T > 2 MK) and cool (T = 1-2 MK) coronal loops in active region plages are investigated by analyzing the Stokes V profile parameters of Fe I λ6302. We show that the footpoints of both hot and cool loops are located at the periphery of small magnetic concentrations, such as pores and azimuth centers, having a field strength of 1-1.8 kG and a spatial size of 2''-5''. The footpoints of cool loops seem to be associated with more densely packed and higher field strength pores and azimuth centers than those of hot loops. Enhanced Stokes V asymmetries, redshifted zero-crossing velocities, and small magnetic filling factors are found at the footpoints of both types of loops, as compared with outside the footpoints. However, the largest asymmetries and more redshifted zero-crossing velocities are observed at the footpoints of hot loops, where the filling factor is smaller than at the footpoints of cool loops. The differences between the profiles emerging from the footpoints of hot and cool coronal loops suggest that heating of the coronal loops could be related to the dynamical properties of photospheric flux tubes.
Stability of Traveling Waves with Degenerate Shock for System of One-Dimensional Viscoelastic Model

Abstract The stability of traveling wave solutions with shock profile for a system for a one-dimensional viscoelastic material model is investigated. The stress function is not necessarily assumed to be convex or concave, so that the shock condition may be degenerate. Ln some restricted conditions on the stress function it is shown that the traveling wave solution is asymptotically stable, provided the shock is weak and the initial disturbance is small and of integral zero. Proof is given by applying an elementary weighted energy method to the integrated system of the original one. The weight function which is suitably selected plays a key role in the procedure.
Joint monitoring of process mean and variance using exponentially weighted moving average control charts

The performances of control-charting schemes for thejoint monitoring of a process mean and a variance are evaluated and compared. Certain schemes are shown to be inadequate for this purpose, and the potential risk of using these schemes alone is discussed. A combined scheme consisting of a two-sided exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) mean chart and a two-sided EWMA variance chart is found to perform well under several types of out-of-control situations. A simple method is provided for approximating the average run length and the percentage points of a run-length distribution of a combined EWMA scheme. A simple procedure is also proposed for the design of a combined EWMA scheme.
Physical and optical properties of mineral dust aerosol measured by aircraft during the GERBILS campaign

This paper presents aircraft measurements of the physical and optical properties of mineral dust from the GERBILS campaign. The campaign involved ten flights of the UK Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe‐146 aircraft over the western region of the Sahara desert. Vertical profiles showed dust layers at varying altitudes extending as high as 6.5 km. Dust layers were typically associated with a deep well‐mixed boundary layer or a residual boundary layer above (the Saharan air layer). Aerosol optical depths (AODs), measured by integrating vertical profiles of extinction coefficient, ranged from 0.3 to 2.4 (at 0.55 μm). Aircraft AODs were generally within 20% of AERONET and Microtops sun‐photometer measurements. Single‐scattering albedos at 0.55 μm were measured in the range 0.92–0.99 with a campaign mean of 0.97. The in situ size distribution compared well with AERONET retrievals made at Banizoumbou (Niger) and Dakar (Senegal). The proportion of aerosol volume associated with particles of radii >1.5 μm was highly variable and also more difficult to measure. Models of dust as spheres, spheroids and more complex irregular‐shaped particles were used to calculate single‐scattering optical properties. The single‐scattering albedo showed a low sensitivity to particle shape. The asymmetry parameter and specific extinction coefficient showed greater sensitivity to particle shape. Copyright © 2011 British Crown copyright, the Met Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Radiation Therapy for Retroperitoneal Sarcomas: A Strass-Ful Situation

Locoregional recurrence (LRR) is the predominant pattern of relapse and often the cause of death in patients with retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS). As a result, reducing LRR is a critical objective for RPS patients. However, unlike soft tissue sarcomas (STS) of the superficial trunk and extremity where the benefits of radiation therapy (RT) are well-established, the role of RT in the retroperitoneum remains controversial. Historically, preoperative or postoperative RT, either alone or in combination with intraoperative radiation (IORT), was commonly justified for RPS based on extrapolation from the superficial trunk and extremity STS literature. However, long-awaited results were recently published from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) STRASS study of preoperative radiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for patients with RPS; there was no statistical difference in the primary endpoint of abdominal recurrence-free survival. However, several subset analyses and study limitations complicate the interpretation of the results. This review explores and contextualizes the body of evidence regarding RT’s role in managing RPS.
An Analysis of Inflectional Morphemes in a Short Story “The Child’s Story” by Charles Dickens

This study aims to determine the inflectional morpheme contained in the short story entitled "The Child's Story" by Charles Dickens. The analysis shows that there are 108 inflectional morphemes found in the short story "The Child's Story". There are 35 plural nouns “-s”, “-es” with 32.5% percentage as the most dominant inflectional morphemes found in this story. Next, possessive nouns “-'s”, “-s'” and comparative adjectives “-er” both show 2 data (1.8%), superlative adjectives “-est” shows 3 data (2.7%), 3rd person singular/present tense “-s” shows 4 data (3.7%), verb past tense “-ed”/”-d” shows 29 data (26.9%), Present participle “-ing” shows 32 data (29.7%), past participle verb “-en” shows 1 data (0.9%). In addition, Inflectional does not change the grammatical category of words consisting of "-s, -'s, -er, -est, -s, -ed, -ing, and -en". The suffix “-s” means plural. The suffix “-'s”, “-s'” means possessive. The ending “-er” means comparative. The suffix “-est” means superlative. The ending “-ed” means past. The ending “-ing” means current (continuous). The ending “-en” means participle. Keywords: Morphology, Words, Inflectional, Morphemes, Suffixes.
Some reults on fundamental units in cubic fields.

This invention relates to the coloring of the surface of aluminum workpieces by anodization process wherein the anolyte consists principally of maleic acid with a small proportion of sulfuric acid for conductivity, and the catholyte consists of an organic acid of good conductivity or a mixture of organic acid to which a small quantity of sulfuric acid is added to conductivity. The anolyte and the catholyte are separated by a porous, ion-permeable diaphragm.