Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prior Knowledge Input to Improve LSTM Auto-encoder-based Characterization of Vehicular Sensing Data

Precision in event characterization in connected vehicles has become increasingly important with the responsive connectivity that is available to modern vehicles. Event characterization via vehicular sensors is utilized in safety and autonomous driving applications in vehicles. While characterization systems are capable of predicting risky driving patterns, the precision of such systems remains an open issue. The major issues against the driving event characterization systems need to be addressed in connected vehicle settings, which are the heavy imbalance and the event infrequency of the driving data and the existence of the time-series detection systems that are optimized for vehicular settings. To overcome the problems, we introduce the application of the prior-knowledge input method to the characterization systems. Furthermore, we propose a recurrent-based denoising auto-encoder network to populate the existing data for a more robust training process. The results of the conducted experiments show that the introduction of knowledge-based modeling enables the existing systems to reach significantly higher accuracy and F1-score levels. Ultimately, the combination of the two methods enables the proposed model to attain a 14.7% accuracy boost over the baseline by achieving an accuracy of 0.96.
Fragmentation functions for a quark into a spin-singlet quarkonium: Different flavor case

In the paper, we calculate the fragmentation functions for a quark to fragment into a spin-singlet quarkonium, where the flavor of the initial quark is different from that of the constituent quark in the quarkonium. The ultraviolet divergences in the phase space integral are removed through the operator renormalization under the modified minimal subtraction scheme. The fragmentation function $D_{q \to \eta_Q}(z,\mu_F)$ is expressed as a two-dimensional integral. Numerical results for the fragmentation functions of a light quark or a bottom quark to fragment into the $\eta_c$ are presented. As an application of those fragmentation functions, we study the processes $Z \to \eta_c+q\bar{q}g(q=u,d,s)$ and $Z \to \eta_c+b\bar{b}g$ under the fragmentation and the direct nonrelativistic QCD approaches.
Alleviating Vulnerabilities of the Possible Outbreaks of Measles: A Data Trend Analysis and Prediction of Possible Cases

Measles is considered as a highly contagious disease that leads to serious complications around the world. Thus, the paper determined the trend and the five-year forecasted data of the Measles in the Philippines. This study utilized the time series data for trend analysis and data forecasting using the ARIMA model to visualize the measles cases. Figures for the time-series and forecasted results are individually presented with the use of GRETL software. Results showed that there was an increasing pattern of the disease from 2016 to 2019. However, there was a decreasing pattern of its occurrence in the next five years based on the five-year forecast. Nevertheless, with the results of the study, there is still a need to improve the different intervention plans of the authority in alleviating the occurrence of the disease though it yielded a decreasing pattern in the future since it is evident that the figure of the forecasted data is still approximately 15,000 and above.
Feedback-induced locking in semiconductor lasers with strong amplitude-phase coupling

The influence of optical feedback on semiconductor lasers has been a widely studied field of research due to fundamental interests as well as the optimization of optical data transmission and computing. Recent publications have shown that it is possible to induce a periodic pulsed like output in quantum-dot and quantum-well laser diodes utilizing the locking of the external cavity modes and the relaxation oscillation frequency. We present an in-depth analysis of this effect. We choose submonolayer quantum dots as a gain system, as these provide a relatively strong amplitude-phase coupling, which has proven to be very beneficial for these locking effects to occur. Introducing a new theoretical model we can correctly reproduce the essential features of the gain system and validate them by comparison to our experimental results. From this starting point we can further explore how the staircase behavior of the oscillation frequency with increasing pump current can be influenced by changing various laser parameters. The staircase behavior is induced by a reordering of the Hopf bifurcations giving birth to the regular pulsed-like oscillations.
Single-electron spectra in RPWELL-based detectors

Single-electron spectra are the key ingredient in the efficient detection of single UV-photons. In this work, we investigated the shape of single-photoelectron spectra in single- and double-stage Resistive Plate WELL (RPWELL) detector configurations, operated in Ne/CH4 and Ar/CH4. Discharge-free operation was reached over a broad dynamic range, with charge gains of [range-phrase = -]e4e6. Compared to the usual exponential ones, the observed Polya-like charge spectra pave the way towards higher single-electron detection efficiencies. The latter was evaluated here, using experimental data combined with numerical simulations. The effects of the gas mixtures, electric field configuration, and detector geometry on the Polya spectra and their related “θ” parameter are presented.
Ultrafast hot-carrier relaxation in silicon monitored by phase-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy

The relaxation dynamics of hot carriers in silicon (100) is studied via a novel holistic approach based on phase-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy with few-cycle optical pulses. After excitation by a sub5 fs light pulse, strong electron-phonon coupling leads to an ultrafast momentum relaxation with time constant of 10 fs. The thermalization of the hot carriers occurs on a time constant of 150 fs, visible in the temporal evolution of the collision time as extracted from the Drude model. We find an increase of the collision time from 3 fs for the shortest timescales with a saturation at approximately 18 fs. Moreover, the optical effective mass of the hot carrier ensemble evolves on ultrafast timescales as well, with a biexponential decrease from 0.7 · me to about 0.125 · me and time constants of 4 fs and 58 fs. The presented information on the electron mass dynamics as well as the momentum-, energy-, and collision-scattering times with unprecedented time resolution is important for all hot carrier optoelectronic devices.
Stochastic Zeroth-Order Riemannian Derivative Estimation and Optimization

We consider stochastic zeroth-order optimization over Riemannian submanifolds embedded in Euclidean space, where the task is to solve Riemannian optimization problems with only noisy objective function evaluations. Toward this, our main contribution is to propose estimators of the Riemannian gradient and Hessian from noisy objective function evaluations, based on a Riemannian version of the Gaussian smoothing technique. The proposed estimators overcome the difficulty of nonlinearity of the manifold constraint and issues that arise in using Euclidean Gaussian smoothing techniques when the function is defined only over the manifold. We use the proposed estimators to solve Riemannian optimization problems in the following settings for the objective function: (i) stochastic and gradient-Lipschitz (in both nonconvex and geodesic convex settings), (ii) sum of gradient-Lipschitz and nonsmooth functions, and (iii) Hessian-Lipschitz. For these settings, we analyze the oracle complexity of our algorithms to obtain appropriately defined notions of ϵ-stationary point or ϵ-approximate local minimizer. Notably, our complexities are independent of the dimension of the ambient Euclidean space and depend only on the intrinsic dimension of the manifold under consideration. We demonstrate the applicability of our algorithms by simulation results and real-world applications on black-box stiffness control for robotics and black-box attacks to neural networks.
Generative adversarial networks with physical evaluators for spray simulation of pintle injector

Due to the adjustable geometry, pintle injectors are especially suitable for liquid rocket engines, which require a widely throttleable range. However, applying the conventional computational fluid dynamics approaches to simulate the complex spray phenomenon in the whole range still remains a great challenge. In this paper, a novel deep learning approach used to simulate instantaneous spray fields under continuous operating conditions is explored. Based on one specific type of neural network and the idea of physics constraint, a Generative Adversarial Networks with Physics Evaluators framework is proposed. The geometry design and mass flux information are embedded as inputs. After the adversarial training between the generator and discriminator, the generated field solutions are fed into two physics evaluators. In this framework, a mass conversation evaluator is designed to improve the training robustness and convergence. A spray angle evaluator, which is composed of a down-sampling Convolutional Neural Network and theoretical model, guides the networks to generate the spray solutions more closely according to the injection conditions. The characterization of the simulated spray, including the spray morphology, droplet distribution, and spray angle, is well predicted. This work suggests great potential for prior physics knowledge employment in the simulation of instantaneous flow fields.
Experimental Designs Balanced for the Estimation of Residual Effects of Treatments

Where an experiment can be carried out by applying different treatments in succession to the same unit of experimental material, accurate comparisons can be made between the effects of different treatments. To allow for the residual effect of previous treatments on the result obtained for any given treatment, it is desirable to adjust the results for such effects. Methods of constructing balanced designs for the estimation of these residual effects are described in this paper, and are summarized as follows. Designs balanced for effect of single preceding treatment: When n, the number of treatments, is even, a balanced design is possible with n replications ; when n is odd, 2n replications are required.Designs balanced for the effects of any number of preceding treatments, ignoring the interaction of residual effects: When n is a prime or a power of a prime, a balanced design is possible in n(n-1) replications, which may be set out as a set of n-1 mutually orthogonal Latin squares, with the same first columns. Designs which are not expressible as mutually orthogonal Latin squares are also possible. Designs balanced for the effect of the two preceding treatments and their interactions : A design can be developed from a set of n-l mutually orthogonal Latin squares obeying certain restrictions. The method of analysis of designs of this type is set out in detail, together with a numerical example. Direct effects of treatments are shown to be only slightly confounded, the maximum confounding being 4 per cent. , when there are three treatments. These designs have wide applicability wherever successive treatments can be applied to the same unit of experimental material.
Market access and resource endowment define the soil fertility status of smallholder farming systems of South‐Kivu, DR Congo

This study verified the inter‐related effect of ‘market distance’, defined as walking time, ‘farm typology’, defined as resource endowment, and ‘site’, defined as geographic location with contrasting agro‐ecologies, as well as farmers’ indigenous knowledge on soil fertility variability in smallholder farming systems in two distinct regions (Bushumba, Mushinga) of South‐Kivu, DR Congo. A total of 384 soil samples were selected from representative farmers’ fields and analysed for soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC) content and quality, as well as nutrient contents, using midDRIFTS (mid‐infrared diffuse reflectance Fourier transform spectroscopy) and wet chemistry analyses. MidDRIFTS was also used to calculate SOC stability indexes as SOC quality proxies. ‘Market distance’ and ‘farm typology’ were key determinants of soil fertility variability, both with contrasting trends in Bushumba and Mushinga. Decreasing soil fertility with increasing market distance was noted across all farm typologies. ‘Farm typology’ was related to exchangeable calcium and magnesium, while ‘site’ resulted in a difference of plant available phosphorus. SOC quality indexes were related to ‘site’, interacting with ‘market distance’. A ‘market distance’ effect became obvious in the medium wealthy and poor farms of Mushinga, where a lower SOC quality in remote fields plots was noted with increasing market distance. In agreement with farmers’ indigenous knowledge, soil fertility levels were higher in deep than shallow soils, which were reflected in higher nutrient stocks in deep soils receiving organic amendments. Our results inferred that soil fertility variability across smallholder farms must consider various inter‐related determinants as basis for site‐specific fertility management interventions.
Effects of Electrolytes on the Electrokinetic Properties of Pumice Suspensions

Zeta potential values of particles and their sign are very important in many applications. In this study, the zeta potential values of pumice were obtained in the presence of various monovalent (LiCl, NaCl, KCl, NaClO4, and NaNO3), divalent (MgCl2, CaCl2, SrCl2, BaCl2, CuCl2, MnCl2, NiCl2, Na2CO3, and Na2SO4) and trivalent (AlCl3 and Na3PO4) salts. The zeta potential measurements were performed as a function of pumice concentration, pH, ionic species and electrolyte concentration by electrophoresis technique. The pH profiles of pumice/water systems at different pH values were obtained to determine the stability of suspension pH. The results showed that the zeta potential values of pumice in water did not change significantly with pumice concentration, while they changed mostly with pH. The isoelectric point of pumice was at pH 2.70. It was found that monovalent cations and mono-, di-, and tri-valent anions were indifferent electrolytes for pumice particles, on the other hand, di- and tri-valent cations were potential determining cations for them.
Migration of Tinuvin P, a UV stabilizer, from PET bottles into fatty-food simulants

Tinuvin P migration from Polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) bottles was investigated using several fatty-food simulants such as olive oil, soybean oil, n-heptane and iso-octane, at exposure conditions of 2–10 days at 40°C (total immersion). The stability of several UV stabilizers (BHT, Cyasorb UV 5411, Tinuvin P, Tinuvin 326 and Tinuvin 327) in n-heptane and iso-octane was also studied. After 10 days at 40°C, losses of 6% and 10% in iso-octane and n-heptane respectively, were verified for Tinuvin P. Other UV stabilizers at the same experimental conditions showed higher losses (up to 30% for Tinuvin 327). These results confirm that, when carrying out specific migration studies, the stability of the substance of interest should be established in the food simulant to avoid underestimating the real migration behaviour. In order to quantify UV stabilizer migration, n-heptane and iso-octane solutions were concentrated and directly analysed by SIM mode GC–MS. For olive and soybean oils, Tinuvin P was isolated using size-exclusion chromatography and quantified by SIM mode GC–MS. Iso-octane proved to be a more suitable fatty-food simulant than n-heptane for the migration study of Tinuvin P from PET. Higher levels of Tinuvin P migrated to olive and soybean oils rather than to n-heptane. These results suggest that the MERCOSUL recommended official methods for specific migration studies should be revised, since the migration levels using n-heptane as a fatty-food simulant could be underestimated when compared to edible oils. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moderate- to High-Severity Disturbances Shaped the Structure of Primary Picea Abies (L.) Karst. Forest in the Southern Carpathians

Research Highlights: Past disturbances occurred naturally in primary forests in the Southern Carpathians. High- and moderate-severity disturbances shaped the present structure of these ecosystems, which regenerated successfully without forestry interventions. Background and Objectives: Windstorms and bark beetle outbreaks have recently affected large forest areas across the globe, causing concerns that these disturbances lie outside the range of natural variability of forest ecosystems. This often led to salvage logging inside protected areas, one of the main reasons for primary forest loss in Eastern Europe. Although more than two-thirds of temperate primary forests in Europe are located in the Carpathian region of Eastern Europe, knowledge about how natural disturbances shape the forest dynamics in this region is highly essential for future management decisions. Material and Methods: We established our study in a primary forest valley situated in the centre of the largest temperate primary forest landscape in Europe (Făgăraș Mountains). A dendrochronological investigation was carried out to reconstruct the natural disturbance history and relate it to the present forest structure. Results: The dendrochronological analysis revealed high temporal variability in the disturbance patterns both at the patch and stand level. Moderate severity disturbance events were most common (20–40% of canopy disturbed in 60% of the plots) but high severity events did also occur (33% of the plots). Regeneration was spruce-dominated and 71% of the seedlings were found on deadwood microsites. Conclusions: We conclude that the current structure of the studied area is a consequence of the past moderate-severity disturbances and sporadic high-severity events. The peak in disturbances (1880–1910) followed by reduced disturbance rates may contribute to a recent and future increase in disturbances in the Făgăraș Mts. Our findings show that these disturbance types are within the range of natural variability of mountain spruce forests in the Southern Carpathians and should not be a reason for salvage logging in primary forests from this area.
Designing Imidazole-Based Ionic Liquids and Ionic Liquid Monomers for Emerging Technologies

Imidazolium-based ionic liquids and ionic liquid monomers are becoming increasingly popular in a variety of areas including biphasic reaction catalysis, electromechanical actuator membranes and diluents, separation science membranes, and water purification agents. Ionic liquids first incorporated the imidazole ring in 1984 and this heterocyclic ring has emerged as the focal point of the ionic liquid field. Imidazole was targeted for its ability to form cationic compounds, which are molten salts at low molar mass. Ionic liquids offer several beneficial attributes including fixed charge, potential as green solvents, and relatively high thermal stability. Due to an ionic liquid's ability to facilitate electron or ion motion, they are now enabling electroactive devices. Commercially available conductive membranes are swollen with ionic liquids to enhance their conductivity; alternatively, conductive membranes are synthesized from novel ionic liquid monomers, also termed polymerizable ionic liquids. The imidazole ring has gained much attention for its ability to tune the properties of the resulting ionic liquid. Careful selection of substituents on any of the positions in the ring and exchange of the counteranion influences many physical properties such as the melting point, the boiling point, and the viscosity. Finally, imidazolium ionic liquids utilize two of their unique properties in biphasic catalysis, i.e. their ability to coordinate transition metals and their hydrophilic ionic nature. Several imidazolium-based ionic liquid molecules have displayed the ability to catalyze atom transfer radical polymerization and facilitate the synthesis of polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions. This manuscript reviews some of the more recent advances that are associated with these unusual liquids.
Thermodynamics of solvation of ions. Part 5.—Gibbs free energy of hydration at 298.15 K

The standard molar Gibbs free energies of hydration, ΔhydG°, of 109 (mainly inorganic) ions ranging in their charges from –3 to +4 have been compiled and interpreted in terms of a model used previously for other thermodynamic quantities of hydration. The main contributions to ΔhydG° are the electrostatic effects, resulting in solvent immobilization, electrostriction, and dielectric saturation in a hydration shell of specified thickness, and further such effects on the water that surrounds this shell. Other effects contribute to ΔhydG° to a minor extent only.
Effects of aging and noncanonical form presentation on idiom processing: Evidence from eye tracking

Abstract Comprehending idioms (e.g., bite the bullet) requires that people appreciate their figurative meanings while suppressing literal interpretations of the phrase. While much is known about idioms, an open question is how healthy aging and noncanonical form presentation affect idiom comprehension when the task is to read sentences silently for comprehension. Here, younger and older adults read sentences containing idioms or literal phrases, while we monitored their eye movements. Idioms were presented in a canonical or a noncanonical form (e.g., bite the iron bullet). To assess whether people integrate figurative or literal interpretations of idioms, a disambiguating region that was figuratively or literally biased followed the idiom in each sentence. During early stages of reading, older adults showed facilitation for canonical idioms, suggesting a greater sensitivity to stored idiomatic forms. During later stages of reading, older adults showed slower reading times when canonical idioms were biased toward their literal interpretation, suggesting they were more likely to interpret idioms figuratively on the first pass. In contrast, noncanonical form presentation slowed comprehension of figurative meanings comparably in younger and older participants. We conclude that idioms may be more strongly entrenched in older adults, and that noncanonical form presentation slows comprehension of figurative meanings.
Synthesis of Two Alnustone-Like Natural Diarylheptanoids via 4 + 3 Strategy

Abstract The first total synthesis of (4E,6E)-1,7-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-hepta-4,6-dien-3-one and an alternative synthesis of (4E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-hepta-4,6-dien-3-one, two natural diarylheptanoids, mainly based on Claisen–Schmidt condensation were described. The crucial steps of the syntheses were the condensation of OH-protected 4-aryl-2-butanones with OH-protected 3-aryl-acrylaldehydes by the in situ enamination and then deprotection of OH groups to give the corresponding natural diarylheptanoids.
THE INFLUENCE OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS, COMPANY CHARACTERISTIC AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ON VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURE IN AN ANNUAL REPORT

This study aims to examine the influence of the financial distress, profitability, liquidity, firm size, commissioners and audit committee on voluntary disclosure in the annual report of manufacturing companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange over period of 2012 to 2016. The population of this study is manufacturing companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange. There are 33 manufacturing companies that fit the criteria. After filtering the companies using the purposive sampling method, there are 14 manufacturing companies used in this study. The results of the study show that: (1) financial distress does not have any significant influence on voluntary disclosure; (2) profitability does not have any significant influence on voluntary disclosure; (3) liquidity does not have any significant influence on to voluntary disclosure; (4) firm size does not have any significant influence on voluntary disclosure; (5) the audit committee does not have any significant influence on voluntary disclosure; and (6) the board of commissioners has a significant influence on voluntary disclosure.