Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Model‐based inference for estimating shifts in species distribution, area occupied and centre of gravity

Changing climate is already impacting the spatial distribution of many taxa, including bees, plants, birds, butterflies and fishes. A common goal is to detect range shifts in response to climate change, including changes in the centre of the population's distribution (the centre of gravity, COG), population boundaries and area occupied. Conventional estimators, such as the abundance‐weighted average (AWA) estimator for COG, confound range shifts with changes in the spatial distribution of available survey data and may be biased when the distribution of survey data shifts over time. AWA also does not estimate the standard error of COG in individual years and cannot incorporate data from multiple survey designs. To explicitly account for changes in the spatial distribution of survey effort, we propose an alternative species distribution function (SDF) estimator. The SDF approach involves calculating distribution metrics, including COG, population boundary and area occupied, directly from the predicted species distribution or density function. We illustrate the SDF approach using a spatiotemporal model that is available as an r package. Using simulated data, we confirm that the SDF substantially decreases bias in COG estimates relative to the AWA estimator. We then illustrate the method by analysing data from two data sets spanning 1977–2013 for 18 marine fishes along the U.S. West Coast. In our case study, the SDF estimator shows significant northward shifts for six of 18 species (with southward shifts for only 2), where two species (darkblotched and greenstriped rockfishes) have both a northward shift and a decreased area occupied. Pelagic species (e.g. Pacific hake and spiny dogfish) have more variable distribution than bottom‐associated species. We also find substantial differences between AWA and SDF estimates of COG that are likely caused by shifts in sampling distribution (which affect the AWA but not the SDF estimator). We caution that common estimators for range shift can yield inappropriate inference whenever sampling designs have shifted over time. We conclude by suggesting further improvements in model‐based approaches to analysing climate impacts, including methods addressing the impact of local and regional temperature changes on species distribution.
LETHAL EFFECTS OF 2,2-DICHLOROVINYL DIMETHYL PHOSPHATE (DDVP) ON FINGERLING AND JUVENILE Clarias gariepinus (BURCHELL, 1822)

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Ecological Opportunity and Adaptive Radiation

The process of adaptive radiation—the proliferation of species from a single ancestor and diversification into many ecologically different forms—has been of great interest to evolutionary biologists since Darwin. Since the middle of the last century, ecological opportunity has been invoked as a potential key to understanding when and how adaptive radiation occurs. Interest in the topic of ecological opportunity has accelerated as research on adaptive radiation has experienced a resurgence, fueled in part by advances in phylogenetic approaches to studying evolutionary diversification. Nonetheless, what the term actually means, much less how it mechanistically leads to adaptive diversification, is currently debated; whether the term has any predictive value or is a heuristic useful only for post hoc explanation also remains unclear. Recent recognition that evolutionary change can occur rapidly and on a timescale commensurate with ecological processes suggests that it is time to synthesize ecological and evo.
Reply

Strbian and colleagues reported the results of a prospective study concerning thrombolytic treatment in patients with acute stroke due to basilar occlusion. The findings are very interesting both for clinical application and for future perspectives. Differently from other published studies and registries, most of the patients were treated with intravenous thrombolysis (95.1%). However, final results were similar to previous experiences. The authors observed a significant association between poor outcome and extension of brain ischemia, summarized by the posterior circulation Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (pc-ASPECTS). This finding could be related to 2 principal factors: the site and extension of occlusion and the presence of collateral circulation. Therefore, it might be interesting to analyze in this study the association between clinical outcome and site of occlusion, considering that half of the patients with pc-ASPECTS< 8 had an occlusion of the basilar tip, whereas only 5.6% had a caudal occlusion. In the past, some observations contributed to identifying the basilar tip as a critical point for basilar occlusion, because penetrating branches of this artery and the thalamoperforating branches of posterior communicating and posterior cerebral arteries supply the conscious area in the pontine gray matter. The second main factor could be represented by collaterals and the posterior communicating artery particularly. In more than one-fifth of patients with a worse pc-ASPECTS, these collaterals were absent. Thus, it might be useful to determine whether the onset-to-needle time or onset-to-radiological time could be a predictor of these observations. Finally, it is very interesting that timing was not associated with clinical outcome or recanalization, in contrast to previous studies. Basilar artery occlusion is a highly life-threatening condition that requires careful and optimized therapeutic management. The choice of treatment could probably be personalized by the presence of some vascular risk factors (eg, atrial fibrillation), site of occlusion, and presence/absence of collaterals. In addition to these factors, the composition of the clot could be an important future discriminator to select the best treatment option, as reported by some recent studies.
Wilt epidemiology of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) in organic farming system

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. ) is widely cultivated in hill slopes of Manipur under organic farming system for multipurpose use as fuel, fodder, vegetable, pulse etc. The growing sites where survey was conducted showed different degree of disease incidence and severity of wilt in pigeonpea caused by Fusarium udum. Maximum disease incidence (58.77 % ;early maturing (V1 ) & 42.74% ;late maturing (V2)) and severity (55.22% ; V1 & 40.96% ; V2) were found at sampling sites (Motbung ; V1 & Kanglatongbi ; V2) where pigeonpea is grown continuously. Disease progress is slow during the early phases of growth but accelerates during the flowering and podding stage. Rate of infection was highest in flowering and podding stage and there was slight variation in area under disease progress curve between the sampling sites. Significant positive and negative correlations were observed between disease incidence and severity and meteorological factors.
Infertility: Clinical pregnancy and male subfertility; the ESHRE multicentre trial on the treatment of male subfertility

Ovulation induction alone, and ovulation induction in conjunction with one of four assisted procreation methods [intra-uterine insemination (IUI), intra-peritoneal insemination (IPI), gamete intra-Fallopian transfer (GIFT) or in-vitro fertilization (IVF)] were tested as a treatment for male infertility in a prospective randomized trial. The trial when completed had generated data on 499 cycles from 346 patients. There was overwhelming evidence that some form of assisted procreation was beneficial, when compared to the spontaneous natural conception rate, which is generally assumed to be between 0.01 and 0.02 for male infertility. There was also firm evidence that IUI, GIFT or IVF (mean per cycle pregnancy rate 0.212) were superior to the remaining two treatments of IPI and ovulation induction alone (mean per cycle pregnancy rate 0.068). Duration of infertility and a diagnosis of endometriosis were the most important (adverse) pre-treatment factors detected.
Group 1 β-lactamases of Aeromonas caviae and their resistance to β-lactam antibiotics

The contribution of β-lactamase production to β-lactam antibiotic resistance was examined in an Aeromonas caviae mutant strain, selected in vitro by cefotaxime and derived from a wild-type strain isolated in our laboratory from crude sewage. Both strains produced β-lactamase. The mutant strain (AC7m) produced β-lactamase constitutively, in contrast to the parental strain (AC7), which was inducible by cefoxitin. AC7m was regarded as a mutant from AC7, which over-expressed β-lactamase. The mutant strain showed a remarkable reduction in sensitivity to most of the β-lactam antibiotics tested, such as (i) aminopenicillins and their combinations with clavulanic acid and sulbactam, (ii) carboxypenicillins, (iii) ureidopenicillins, and (iv) cephalosporins. This strain remained susceptible to ceftazidime, imipenem, and aztreonam. Isoelectric focusing of sonic extracts revealed that both strains AC7 and AC7m shared a common major β-lactamase band at pI 6.5. The plasmid DNA assays showed that the β-lactamases expres.
Leaf and Shoot Demography of an Arctic Stoloniferous Grass, Puccinellia Phryganodes, in Response to Grazing

(1) Swards ( < 2 5 cm in height) of Puccinellia phryganodes are heavily grazed by lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) on intertidal flats on the shores of Hudson Bay. This paper describes the morphological changes that account for the increased net primary production due to grazing. (2) Demographic techniques were used in 1983 to monitor the births and deaths of leaves and shoots in grazed and ungrazed swards (exclosures) between mid-June ('spring melt') and early September (before 'freeze-up'). (3) Overall, the mean number of axillary shoots produced per main shoot of Puccinellia was significantly higher in grazed plots (2 03) than that in ungrazed plots (1 47). Shoots remained alive beyond one growing season. (4) There was no significant difference in the mean number of leaves produced per main shoot by plants from grazed and ungrazed swards. Leaf births per axillary shoot were significantly greater in grazed plots compared with ungrazed plots. Overall 64% of all leaves produced between June and September were grazed or partially grazed. (5) Within-season cumulative deaths were 6 9 and 6 0 leaves per main shoot and 2 2 and 1 1 leaves per axillary shoot, respectively, in grazed and ungrazed plots. Life expectancies for leaves exserted between June and early August were as follows: partially grazed leaves 24 9-30 2 days, ungrazed leaves in grazed plots 27 5-34 4 days, leaves in ungrazed plots 32 7-42 5 days. This indicates a rapid turnover of leaves in this arctic salt marsh. Leaves produced late in the season survived the winter but died in early summer of the following year. (6) These results are compared with those of Carex subspathacea, the other important forage species. In C. subspathacea the greater net primary production in response to grazing is achieved by the growth of existing shoots and not by the production of new shoots.
SOME GERMINATION RESPONSES OF LECHUGUILLA (AGAVE LECHEGUILLA TORR.)1,2

Seeds were obtained from plants within three Mexican and two Texas populations of lechuguilla. Preliminary studies indicated no dormancy mech- anisms were involved and that germination was light insensitive. Various popula- tions were then tested to determine germination response to constant temperature, pH, and osmotic potential. Lechuguilla germinated readily over a wide range of each condition tested. High temperature pre-treatment at 60? C for 7 days did not significantly affect viability. The optimum constant temperature for germination is between 25? C and 300C, with limits occurring near 10TC and 400C. Seeds germi- nated well under water stresses up to -5.0 atm, and, of the pH's tested, germinated best at the moderately acid 6.15. A sharp decline in percent germination occurred at the moderately basic pH values of 7.30 and 7.85. Seed weights differed significantly between Texas and Mexico populations sampled, but no correlation appeared between seed weight and viability. No marked ecotypic variability of germination response was noted. Intra-population variability of germination response was high under extreme conditions. Lechuguilla is a century plant commonly found throughout the Chihuahuan Desert of southwestern North America. Its range (Fig. 1) extends from southern New Mexico (330N) to the Mexican state of Hidalgo (200N). It is perhaps the best plant indicator species of the Chihuahuan Desert (Bailey, 1905; Benson and Darrow 1954), which is noteworthy for its paucity of widespread endemic specie-. With a few exceptions, such as in El Paso County, Texas, and Big Bend Na- tional Park, Texas (Gehlbach 1967), lechuguilla appears restricted to light colored and highly calcareous, limestone-derived soils. Typical of century plants, flowering occurs only once, at the end of the plant's life cycle. Lechuguilla produces large numbers of cap- sules along a spike-like panicle, with each capsule producing up to several hundred seeds. In spite of this production of large numbers of seeds, seedlings are rare under field conditions. The species appears to
THE CONSERVATION OF JUNIPER: LONGEVITY AND OLD AGE

(2) Longevity may be related to growth rate; slower growing junipers can live longer, and the life-span can be correlated with the growth rate in the early years. Variability of growth rates makes comparison of trunk girths of specimens from different sites very unreliable as a basis for estimating age. (3) Seed production in older junipers is reduced. Sex ratios are often not 1:1, and past history may be a factor in explaining sex ratios of present-day populations. (4) Juniper populations are often roughly even-aged, and in these cases study of the age and expected longevity of the bushes allows for prediction of the ultimate life-span of such populations in the absence of regeneration. This is relevant to the management of juniper on nature reserves.
Medical education in psychiatry and addiction medicine: pandemic education as usual or the new normal?

For the 2022 academic year, medical schools still face uncertainty regarding the ongoing impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on teaching and summative assessment. Innovation in medical education, including remote assessments has been effective in the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) pandemic, aswell aswith recent onlineplatform-mediated assessments. During the pandemic, our Medical School successfully conducted and validated invigilated-online summative written (multiple choice and extended matching) and Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) summative assessments for 100 students in Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine in 2020, and 2021. Students’ performance was comparable to face-to-face written and clinical assessments for prior years, and comparable for the 2020 and 2021 online assessments.
Evaluation of a nutrition education programme for people with multiple sclerosis

A nutrition education programme was designed specifically to meet the needs of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and implemented in five self-help groups. The programme was evaluated by means of two 7-day weighed food and drink records carried out before and after the programme, by an attitude questionnaire and subjectively by the dietitians and participants. Although the diets of the 48 participants were good before the programme, there were significant improvements in the mean intakes of added sugar, saturated fatty acids, N-3 PUFA, P/S ratio and energy from N-3 PUFA in both males and females. RNls for all mean intakes of vitamins and minerals were met by males and females both before and after the programme and intakes were generally better than mean values for the British adult population. Seventy-five per cent of the group took food supplements before the programme and 65% after. The diets of those people who took supplements before the programme were better, compared with those who did not, in terms of fibre, vitamin C, saturated fatty acids, N-3 and N-6 PUFAs. The supplemented group also made more significant changes in their diets compared with the unsupplemented group. Attitudes towards diet were found to be positive both before and after the programme. Dietitians and participants subjectively evaluated the programme and their suggested alterations were incorporated into the programme.
IAUnet: Global Context-Aware Feature Learning for Person Reidentification

Person reidentification (reID) by convolutional neural network (CNN)-based networks has achieved favorable performance in recent years. However, most of existing CNN-based methods do not take full advantage of spatial–temporal context modeling. In fact, the global spatial–temporal context can greatly clarify local distractions to enhance the target feature representation. To comprehensively leverage the spatial–temporal context information, in this work, we present a novel block, interaction–aggregation-update (IAU), for high-performance person reID. First, the spatial–temporal IAU (STIAU) module is introduced. STIAU jointly incorporates two types of contextual interactions into a CNN framework for target feature learning. Here, the spatial interactions learn to compute the contextual dependencies between different body parts of a single frame, while the temporal interactions are used to capture the contextual dependencies between the same body parts across all frames. Furthermore, a channel IAU (CIAU) module is designed to model the semantic contextual interactions between channel features to enhance the feature representation, especially for small-scale visual cues and body parts. Therefore, the IAU block enables the feature to incorporate the globally spatial, temporal, and channel context. It is lightweight, end-to-end trainable, and can be easily plugged into existing CNNs to form IAUnet. The experiments show that IAUnet performs favorably against state of the art on both image and video reID tasks and achieves compelling results on a general object categorization task. The source code is available at https://github.com/blue-blue272/ImgReID-IAnet.
Tunable intraband optical conductivity and polarization-dependent epsilon-near-zero behavior in black phosphorus

Tunable BP heterostructures enable observation of the intraband optical conductivity and active control of optical dispersion. Black phosphorus (BP) offers considerable promise for infrared and visible photonics. Efficient tuning of the bandgap and higher subbands in BP by modulation of the Fermi level or application of vertical electric fields has been previously demonstrated, allowing electrical control of its above-bandgap optical properties. Here, we report modulation of the optical conductivity below the bandgap (5 to 15 μm) by tuning the charge density in a two-dimensional electron gas induced in BP, thereby modifying its free carrier–dominated intraband response. With a moderate doping density of 7 × 1012 cm−2, we were able to observe a polarization-dependent epsilon-near-zero behavior in the dielectric permittivity of BP. The intraband polarization sensitivity is intimately linked to the difference in effective fermionic masses along the two crystallographic directions, as confirmed by our measurements. Our results suggest the potential of multilayer BP to allow new optical functions for emerging photonics applications.
Receiver Design for OTFS with a Fractionally Spaced Sampling Approach

The recent emergence of orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) modulation as a novel PHY-layer mechanism is more suitable in high-mobility wireless communication scenarios than traditional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Although multiple studies have analyzed OTFS performance using theoretical and ideal baseband pulseshapes, a challenging and open problem is the development of effective receivers for practical OTFS systems that must rely on non-ideal pulseshapes for transmission. This work focuses on the design of practical receivers for OTFS. We consider a fractionally spaced sampling (FSS) receiver in which the sampling rate is an integer multiple of the symbol rate. For rectangular pulses used in OTFS transmission, we derive a general channel input-output relationship of OTFS in delay-Doppler domain without the common reliance on impractical assumptions such as ideal bi-orthogonal pulses and on-the-grid delay/Doppler shifts. We propose two equalization algorithms: iterative combining message passing (ICMP) and turbo message passing (TMP) for symbol detection by exploiting delay-Doppler channel sparsity and the channel diversity gain via FSS. We analyze the convergence performance of TMP receiver and propose simplified message passing (MP) receivers to further reduce complexity. Our FSS receivers demonstrate stronger performance than traditional receivers and robustness to the imperfect channel state information knowledge.