Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Insight into complex rupturing of the immature bending normal fault in the outer slope of the Japan Trench from aftershocks of the 2005 Sanriku earthquake (Mw = 7.0) located by ocean bottom seismometry

The distribution of aftershocks of a large (Mw = 7.0) normal faulting earthquake beneath the outer slope of the Japan Trench in 2005, measured in 2007 using ocean bottom seismographs, indicates that the earthquake was involved with a set of conjugate normal faults. Although the faults reach to the upper mantle, the estimated Vp and Vp/Vs show no remarkable changes that can be related to extensive hydration in the crust or uppermost mantle. The absence of horst‐graben topographic structure in the rupture area suggests that immaturity of the bending fault system is responsible for the relatively unhydrated lithosphere. Several earthquakes below the aftershock zone may belong to the lower plane seismicity of the shallow double seismic zone. Because no earthquakes were recorded in the area for more than 80 years before the 2005 event, shallow extensional and deep compressive earthquakes may be activated concurrently in the focal area of this earthquake.
Borehole‐to‐surface electrical resistivity monitoring of a salt water injection experiment

A field experiment was conducted at the University of California Richmond Field Station to demonstrate the sensitivity of borehole‐to‐surface resistivity measurements in groundwater investigations. A quantity of saline water was injected into a fresh water aquifer while the resistivity was monitored using a multichannel borehole‐to‐surface system. Two experiments were conducted using pole‐pole and pole‐dipole receiver electrode arrays. The data from the pole‐pole experiment were superimposed to simulate a dipole‐pole array and the data from the pole‐dipole array were superimposed to simulate a dipole‐dipole array. This superposition of the data was done to enhance the anomaly and facilitate interpretation. A numerical modeling study was performed in conjunction with the field experiment in order to interprete the results. A three‐dimensional modeling program was used to simulate the geological setting of the field experiment and the salt water injection. This modeling revealed that an asymmetric displacem.
Is There a Gender Gap in Health among Migrants in Russia?

Abstract This study investigates whether there is a gender gap in health among migrants. Focusing on migrants from Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in Russia, where there are high levels of both immigration and gender inequality, this paper exploits unique data collected by the authors recording detailed information on health and migration trajectories. We find that migrant women are on average in poorer health than migrant men. This gender gap is only partly explained by gender differences in observed socioeconomic, demographic, living and working characteristics and differences in pre-migration health. We show that migrant women’s health is more likely than men’s to deteriorate during migration. This women’s health disadvantage is sensitive to the migration profile, as it only appears after a certain time spent migrating and for migrants with a vulnerable legal status. These results call for targeted public health policies to address this gender health gap.
Under What Conditions Can People With Severe Dementia in Nursing Homes Benefit from a Multicomponent Psychosocial Intervention? 12-month Follow-up Results Following the MAKS-s Randomised Controlled Trial

Background The majority of psychosocial interventions are considered effective in the treatment of dementia symptoms. However, there are hardly any evaluated concepts for people with severe dementia. An RCT study of patients with severe dementia in nursing homes during the Covid-19 pandemic found no effect of the newly developed multi-component in - tervention MAKS-s (motor, activities of daily living, cognitive, social version for persons with severe dementia) on patients’ quality of life, behavioural and psychological symptoms. Material and methods At the end of the controlled phase, 6 months after beginning of the study, the nursing staff of the control groups were also trained in MAKS-s. They were then free to decide whether and how often they wanted to use MAKS-s (open phase). By means of a written follow-up survey,
Simulation of Asymmetric ENSO Transition in WCRP CMIP3 Multimodel Experiments

Abstract Based on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) multimodel dataset, the relationships between the climatological states and transition processes of simulated ENSO are investigated. The air–sea coupled system of the observed ENSO can remain in the weak cold event for up to 2 yr, whereas those of the warm events tend to turn rapidly into a cold phase. Therefore, the authors separately investigate the simulated transition process of a warm-phase and a cold-phase ENSO in the CMIP3 models. Some of the models reproduce the features of the observed transition process of El Nino/La Nina, whereas most models fail to concurrently reproduce the process during both phases. In the CMIP3 models, four climate models simulate well the rapid transition from El Nino to La Nina. The intensity of a rapid transition of El Nino is mainly related to the intensity of the simulated climatological precipitation over the western–central Pacific (WCP). The models that have strong WCP precipitation can sim.
Fiscal decentralisation and public service delivery: evidence and lessons from sub-national governments in Kenya

This paper provides empirical evidence on the effects of fiscal decentralisation on public service delivery in devolved systems of government in Kenya. A qualitative study interviewed 126 respondents and held two focus group discussions with key stakeholders from within two of Kenya’s 47 counties: Kiambu and Nairobi City. The paper focuses on key elements of fiscal decentralisation, namely: expenditure responsibilities, revenue autonomy and borrowing powers. Public service delivery was examined using affordability as a key measure of the quality of services. Results show that fiscal decentralisation did not necessarily lead to more affordable public services as there were significant contextual factors such as corruption, legal structures, cultural values, belief systems, pressure to conform and change agents that moderated this relationship. Corruption made public services less affordable in both counties, while Nairobi Metropolitan Services emerged as a change agent that improved the affordability of specific public services within Nairobi City county. The paper outlines a conceptual framework for further research into implementation of fiscal decentralisation in Kenya and elsewhere, especially in Africa, and calls for more qualitative studies, especially longitudinal studies, case studies and ethnographic approaches to enrich knowledge in this field.
Legislação Específica Para Infraestrutura e P&D Induz Redução do Risco de Debêntures no Brasil

Legislacao Especifica Para Infraestrutura e P&D Induz Reducao do Risco de Debentures no Brasil Objetivo O objetivo deste trabalho e analisar o impacto dos dispositivos Lei de incentivo n° 12.431/11 sobre a performance de emis-soes de titulos de divida corporativa no mercado brasileiro, de carater de infraestrutura. Metodologia Neste artigo sao empregados modelos OLS, a partir de dados relativos a 106 emissoes registradas no periodo compreendido entre 2007 e 2014. A variavel dependente consiste em uma proxy para os spreads, i.e. o rating atribuido, pelas agencias de classificacao de risco, a emissao Resultados e Conclusoes O incentivo as emissoes de debentures destinadas ao financi-amento de projetos de investimento em infraestrutura ou PD&I exerce influencia significativa sobre a classificacao de risco (rating) das emissoes. Implicacoes Praticas A consequencia esperada de melhor classificacao de risco seria a reducao dos spreads praticados em cada emissao, o que esta alinhado com a intencao da reducao do custo de capital para a companhia emissora da divida. Por extensao, em decorrencia do incentivo, seria de esperar o incremento do numero de projetos de investimento que tenham como destino infraestrutura ou PD&I. Palavras-chave Inovacao Financeira, Debentures, Mercado de Capitais Brasi-leiro, Infraestrutura, PD&I Specific Legislation for Infrastructure and R&D Induces Risk Reduction of Debentures in Brazil Objective The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of incentive devices Law No. 12,431/11, the performance of emissions of corporate debt in the Brazilian market. Methodology In this article are used OLS models, from data on 106 emissions registered in the period between 2007 and 2014 the dependent variable consists of a proxy for the spreads, i.e. the rating assigned by the rating agencies. Results and Conclusions Encouraging emissions of debentures to finance investment projects in infrastructure or PD & I has significant influence on the risk classification (rating) emissions. Practical Implications The expected result of better risk classification would be the reduction in spreads in each emission, which is aligned with the intent of reducing the cost of capital for the company By extension, due to the incentive, we would expect the in-crease in the number of investment projects whose destination or RD & I infrastructure. Keywords Financial Innovation, Debentures, Brazilian Capital Market, Infrastructure, PD&I
Sea ice type and open water discrimination using dual co-polarized C-band SAR

We investigate the utility of dual co-polarized C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery for discriminating sea ice types and open water during winter. We base our analysis on ENVISAT ASAR alternating vertical and horizontal polarization (VV, HH) medium-resolution imagery of thin sea ice, first-year sea ice, multiyear sea ice, and open water in the Canadian Arctic. We introduce a methodology for generating colour composite imagery (based on VV, HH, and co-polarization ratio channels) that substantially enhances visual discrimination. We statistically compare sampled vertical and horizontal backscatter from sea ice types and open water to assess backscatter magnitudes and polarization differences. The latter are presented as co-polarized ratio (VV/HH) values in decibels (dB). We conclude by presenting a decision-tree classifier using estimated statistical thresholds. Open water is unambiguously discriminated (>99% accuracy) from all sea ice types, except thin sea ice, using a co-polarized ratio threshold of 2 dB. Thin sea ice exhibits high variability in backscatter magnitude and polarization difference, making its discrimination from multiyear sea ice, rough first-year sea ice, and open water ambiguous. Thin sea ice is effectively discriminated (93% accuracy) from smooth first-year sea ice using a co-polarized ratio threshold of 1.3 dB. Smooth snow-covered first-year sea ice exhibits polarization differences that are attributed to volume scattering mechanisms within the brine-wetted snow cover.
A two‐phase model for compaction and damage: 1. General Theory

A theoretical model for the dynamics of a simple two-phase mixture is presented. A classical averaging approach combined with symmetry arguments is used to derive the mass, momentum, and energy equations for the mixture. The theory accounts for surficial energy at the interface and employs a nonequilibrium equation to relate the rate of work done by surface tension to the rates of both pressure work and viscous deformational work. The resulting equations provide a basic model for compaction with and without surface tension. Moreover, use of the full nonequilibrium surface energy relation allows for isotropic damage, i.e., creation of surface energy through void generation and growth (e.g., microcracking), and thus a continuum description of weakening and shear localization. Applications to compaction, damage, and shear localization are investigated in two companion papers.
Identification and Determination of the Seminiferous Epithelium Stages and Spermatid Development in the Testis of Aceh Bull (Bos indicus)

This study was conducted to describe the stages of seminiferous epithelium (SE), determine the relative frequency of the stages, and identify the steps of spermatid development during spermatogenesis in the testicular tissue of Aceh bull. Seven pairs of the testicular organs of Aceh bull (Bos indicus) were used and then processed in a histological manner for staining using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and periodic acid-Schiff-haematoxylin (PAS-H). The stages of seminiferous tubules were examined using a tubular morphology method while spermatid development was observed based on the acrosome formation during spermatid development. Eight stages (stages I to VIII) of SE were found in the testicular seminiferous tubules of Aceh bull. Furthermore, the percentage of the relative frequency of each stage was 25.48, 15.38, 12.92, 4.74, 14.97, 10.69, 10.74, and 5.08%, respectively, with the relative frequency of premeiotic, meiotic, and postmeiotic phases being 53.78, 4.74, and 41.48%, respectively. Spermatid development from round to elongated spermatids occurred in 14 steps. Steps 1 to 7 were observed in stage I, steps 8 and 9 in stage II, steps 10 and 11 in stage III, step 12 in stage IV, step 13 in stages V and VI, and step 14 in stages VII and VIII. These findings can be used as a basis for further studies, particularly in evaluating the abnormality of the cellular composition of the seminiferous tubule in each stage of spermatogenesis and also in determining daily sperm production in Aceh bull.
Association between DNA Methylation in the Core Promoter Region of the CUT-like Homeobox 1 (CUX1) Gene and Lambskin Pattern in Hu Sheep

CUT-like homeobox 1 (CUX1) has been proven to be a key regulator in sheep hair follicle development. In our previous study, CUX1 was identified as a differential expressed gene between Hu sheep lambskin with small wave patterns (SM) and straight wool patterns (ST); however, the exact molecular mechanism of CUX1 expression has been obscure. As DNA methylation can regulate the gene expression, the potential association between CUX1 core promotor region methylation and lambskin pattern in Hu sheep was explored in the present study. The results show that the core promoter region of CUX1 was present at (−1601–(−1) bp) upstream of the transcription start site. A repressive region (−1151–(−751) bp) was also detected, which had a strong inhibitory effect on CUX1 promoter activity. Bisulfite amplicon sequencing revealed that no significant difference was detected between the methylation levels of CUX1 core promoter region in SM tissues and ST tissues. Although the data demonstrated the differential expression of CUX1 between SM and ST probably has no association with DNA methylation, the identification of the core region and a potential repressive region of CUX1 promoter can enrich the role of CUX1 in Hu sheep hair follicle development.
Numerical modeling of Mars dust devils: Albedo track generation

Dust devil tracks are abundant on Mars, and can significantly change the regional surface albedo, possibly altering regional‐scale atmospheric circulations. However, little is understood about the formation of these features, besides their correlation with dust devils. The Mars Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (MRAMS) is used here to explicitly simulate the formation of a dust devil track. The example dust devil (200 m in diameter) studied in detail here generates a track approximately 1.5 km long, 75 m wide, and 1–8 μm in depth, which compares well with observed real‐world tracks. Valuable insight is gleaned from the study of the formation of this simulated track, which may be used to better interpret the linkage between observed dust devil tracks and the atmospheric and surface conditions that spawned them.
Telemedicine in non-communicable chronic diseases care during the COVID-19 pandemic: exploring patients' perspectives

Purpose This study aimed to explore challenges facing patients using Telemedicine consultations in non-communicable chronic disease clinics in primary care settings and to evaluate their satisfaction and willingness to use this service in the future. Methods This is an analytical cross-sectional study enrolling participants who were randomly selected from representative primary care centers in Bahrain and providing Telemedicine consultations. A semi-structured questionnaire permitted data collection using telephone interviews. Results A total of 251 individuals participated in the study of whom the majority were Bahraini (90.04%), and the mean age was 54.48 ± 10.78 years. Most of the participants 231 (92.03%) were satisfied with the Telemedicine consultation while only 142 (56.80%) were willing to use this service in the future. The main perceived challenges related to Teleconsultations were the lack of physical examination, inadequate time of TM consultation, fear of medical errors, and lack of privacy. The willingness to use TM consultation in the future was mainly determined by the degree of comfort to tell private information (p < 0.01) and to less extent the ease of the communication tool (p = 0.005) on multivariate analysis. Conclusion TM consultations could be a good complement to conventional consultation formats in the future. The sustainability of this innovative healthcare delivery tool requires addressing acceptability by users, ease of use, patient-centeredness, and technological advances to ensure privacy.
The geologic setting of the Ming and other sulfide deposits, Consolidated Rambler Mines, Northeast Newfoundland

Basic (komatiitic) pillowed and massive flows (Gale, 1973) form the base of the succession in the Rambler area, overlain by mafic pyroclastic and pillowed volcanic rocks. A center of silicic pyroclastic volcanism formed during the later stages of mafic volcanicity and the sulfide deposits in the area are related to exhalite activity during the waning stages of this silicic volcanicity. The mafic pyroclastic volcanism was followed by deposition of mafic volcanogenic sediment and/or waterlain tuff and by local extrusion of pillow lava units. The entire sequence is cut by numerous mafic dikes and sills.All the rocks in the area have suffered polyphase deformation and metamorphism in the upper greenschist facies. The first two deformations involved intense strain with 1 2 and F 3 fold axes and to the maximum axis of the D 2 deformation ellipsoid.The Ming massive sulfide deposit is a stratabound Cu, Au, Ag producer and occurs at the top of the silicic volcanic pile. The Rambler deposit is similar to the Ming and both have been compared to the Archean and/or Kuroko types of deposits. The East deposit and the Big Rambler Pond deposit were Cu producers and have been compared to Cyprus-type deposits. It is concluded that the deposits in the Rambler area cannot be classified as a single type and that different types coexist in one environment.
MONITORAMENTO DE VERTEBRADOS ATROPELADOS EM DOIS TRECHOS DE RODOVIAS NA REGIÃO CENTRAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL - BRASIL

The run over of animals on roads currently represent a pronounced threat to the wild fauna. Through road-killed vertebrate monitoring in sections of two roads in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, between 2008 and 2009, we listed the species and the groups most involved. 104 incursions in the study sections were done, totalizing 3,016 km of roadways traveled in 12 months. 49 road-killed wild species were found, belonging to 29 families in a total of 419 specimens. The most representative groups were mammals and birds.
THE SECRET TO SUCCESS : DEVELOPING AN UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT MAKES A FOREIGN FIRM ’ S ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE EFFECTIVE IN RUSSIA

This paper investigates what types of organizational culture are most effective for foreign firms operating in Russia. This is done by examining the characteristics of the organizational cultures of nine successful Russian subsidiaries of Swedish multinationals. Nine characteristics of performance-enhancing organizational cultures for the Russian context are identified. Implementing the nine organizational culture characteristics described in this paper, should help other firms to achieve the success that the firms in this study have reached in Russia’s challenging, but potentially very rewarding market.
Quantifying the role of orographic gravity waves on polar stratospheric cloud occurrence in the Antarctic and the Arctic

The proportion of polar stratospheric clouds due to orographic gravity wave (OGW) forcing is quantified during four Antarctic (2007–2010) and four Arctic (2006/2007 to 2009/2010) winter seasons. OGW‒active days are defined as those days above major polar mountain ranges which have wave‒ice polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), tropospheric wind conditions appropriate for orographic wave generation and propagation, and stratospheric temperatures below the frost point: 37% of Antarctic days and 12% of Arctic days are OGW‒active. Regions downstream of these mountain ranges are defined using a forward‒trajectory model which follows particle movement from ridge lines for 24 h periods. In both hemispheres in these mountain regions, more than 75% of H2O ice PSCs and around 50% of a high number density liquid‒nitric acid trihydrate mixture class (Mix 2‒enh) are attributed to OGW activity, with the balances due to non‒orographic formation. For the whole Arctic (equatorward of 82°), 25% of Mix 2‒enh and 54% of H2O ice PSCs are attributed to OGWs, while for the whole Antarctic, 7% of Mix 2‒enh and 13% of H2O ice PSCs are attributed to OGWs. For all types of PSC, 5% in the whole Antarctic and 12% in the whole Arctic are attributed to OGW forcing. While gravity waves play a role in PSC formation in the Antarctic, overall it is minor compared with other forcing sources. However, in the synoptically warmer Arctic, much larger proportions of PSCs are due to OGW activity.
Research Methods Papers a Portable Drilling Rig for Coring Permafrosted Sediments

ABSTRACT We describe a portable drilling system that uses compressed air for coring permafrosted glacigenic sediments to depths of 10 meters. Standard HQ and NQ diameter core barrels, bits, and drill rods were used with a purpose-built, portable compressor, which could produce 50 cubic feet (1.4 m3) of air per minute at 30 psi (200 kPa). The drill string was rotated by a Stihl 056 motor mounted on a frame and hung from a hand winch on a tripod. The supply of compressed air is critical to keep the drill bit at subzero temperatures and prevent melting of the core and nearly instantaneous freeze-up of the drill string should rotation unexpectedly stop. Cooling the bit depends on the temperature and volume of air entering the hole as well as the kerf and diameter of the bit. Diamond bits are best for coring igneous clasts, but tungsten bits are best for coring ice lenses and soft friable sands. Good core recovery of unconsolidated sands and gravels is possible only if they are firmly frozen in place.