Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shallow-Water Waves and Fluid-Mud Dynamics, Coast of Surinam, South America.

Abstract : Time series measurements of shallow-water waves and fluid-mud density variations, taken simultaneously with tide elevation and suspended sediment data, indicate that wave/fluid-mud interactions in the nearshore may be largely responsible for the present-day accumulation of fine-grained sediment on the open, unprotected coast of northeastern South America. Results of field experiments conducted along the central Surinam coast show that accumulations of fluid mud, which can be found up to 1.5 m thick on western flanks of migrating shore-attached mudbanks, affect incoming swell by changing their form from sinusoidal to solitary-like and by preventing wave breaking except for occasional spilling. As long-period swell (T = 12-16 sec) propagates over shallow banks of fluid mud, the wave height to water depth ratio remains nearly constant at 0.23; the steady decrease in wave height with shoaling water depth indicates that substantial amounts of wave energy are lost to a fluid-mud bottom even though breaking does not occur. Using the concept of wave-associated currents, it has been shown, in taking angle of wave approach, average observed concentration of sediment in suspension, and net drift as given by solitary wave theory, that volume transports can be explained by waves alone. If a hypothesis of mud transport by solitary waves is accepted, then the continuous shoreward transport of suspended fluid mud, combined with the high rate of wave energy dissipation, explains in part the ability of muddy coasts to protect their shorelines.
Heterogeneity in Expectations, Risk Tolerance, and Household Stock Shares: The Attenuation Puzzle

Abstract This article jointly estimates the relationship between stock share and expectations and risk preferences. The survey allows individual-level, quantitative estimates of risk tolerance and of the perceived mean, and variance of stock returns. These estimates have economically and statistically significant association for the distribution of stock shares with relative magnitudes in proportion with the predictions of theories. Incorporating survey measurement error in the estimation model increases the estimated associations 2-fold, but they are still substantially attenuated being only about 5% of what benchmark finance theories predict. Because of the careful attention in the estimation to measurement error, the attenuation likely arises from economic behavior rather than errors in variables.
The mechanisms and ecology of water balance in hummingbirds

Resumen. – Los mecanismos y ecologia del balance hidrico en picaflores. – Los picaflores confrontan un dilema: cuando se alimentan, tienen tasas muy altas de ingestion de agua y deben eliminarla; sin embargo, cuando ayunan, su capacidad de eliminar agua los hace susceptibles a la deshidratacion. A pesar de que el nectar es principalmente agua, los picaflores pueden deshidratarse cuando ingieren nectares moderadamente concentrados ? Que mecanismos usan los picaflores para mantener el balance hidrico? Para evitar la sobre-hidratacion los picaflores utilizan dos procesos renales, de los cuales el mas importante es la reduccion de la reabsorcion. Sin embargo, la tasa de filtracion glomerular parece responder a la carga de agua en algunas circunstancias. Para mitigar la deshidratacion durante el ayuno, los picaflores reducen, y hasta cesan, la filtracion glomerular. Aunque esta estrategia les permite conservar agua al reducir las perdidas en orina, las tasas de evaporacion respiratoria sugieren que los picaflores se deshidratan durante ayunos naturales nocturnos. Es poco claro si los picaflores pueden regular la tasa de perdida de agua por evaporacion en respuesta al estado hidrico. De los ocho linajes de aves que han evolucionado el habito nectarivoro independientemente, los mecanismos de balance de agua estan mejor estudiados entre los picaflores. A pesar de que mas investigacion es necesaria para entender los patrones evolutivos del balance hidrico, los estudios disponibles han revelado convergencia y diversidad en los procesos fisiologicos que las aves nectarivoras usan para resolver los desafios de osmoregulacion que presentan sus dietas.
THE IMPORTANCE OF FAT-TAILED AND SKEWED DISTRIBUTIONS IN MODELING VALUE-AT-RISK

Most of the Value-at-Risk models assume that financial returns are normally distributed, despite the fact that they are commonly known to be left skewed, fat-tailed and excess kurtosis. Forecasting Value-at-Risk with misspecified model leads to the underestimation or overestimation of the true Value-at-Risk. This study proposes new conditional models to forecast the daily Value-at-Risk by employing the new fat-tailed and skewed distributions to GARCH models. Empirical results show that the fat-tailed and skewed distributions provide superior fit to the conditional distribution of the logreturns among others. Backtesting methodology and loss functions are used to compare the out-of-sample performance of Value-at-Risk models. We conclude that the effects of skewness and fat-tails are more important than only the effect of the fat-tails on accuracy of Value-at-Risk forecasts.
Optical solitons in inhomogeneous quadratic media

In this thesis we investigate optical solitons in systems with spatial modulations of the Dielectric Permittivity (DP) and quadratic nonlinear susceptibility χ that are transverse to the propagation of light. We consider three physical arrangements. The first consists in a periodic modulation of the DP and χ in a lossless medium. The second system considers a medium with gain and loss terms in the DP which satisfy the PT-symmetry, i.e., the real part of the dielectric permittivity is even in respect to the transverse spatial coordinate, while the imaginary part, responsible for the gain and loss, is odd. It is also assumed a constant χ. In the third system we consider a localized DP with gain and loss DP which satisfy the PT -symmetry, with constant χ. The study of solitons is a very important topic of fundamental research which also has found practical applications, specially as a medium to carry digital information. Nonlinear systems such as the ones investigated in this thesis, with quadratic nonlinearity, were found to exhibit interesting applications such as conversion of infrared radiation into visible light and all-optical switching in multichannel optical communication systems. The search for solitonic solutions in the present thesis is done using several numerical methods such as a shooting algorithm and NewtonRaphson, used to find solutions and a split-step method to study the dynamics of solitons. The implementation of the methods relies on the careful analysis of symmetry and asymptotic properties of the systems under investigation. The stability of solutions is, in addition to numerical evaluation of perturbed solitons, studied by linear stability analysis in all cases and links between the two approaches are discussed. The phenomenon of bistability occurs in the periodic lossless system, as two stable solutions can exist with same power and different symmetries and corresponding symmetry axes. An effective equation with cubic nonlinearity that successfully predicts when bifurcations occurs is presented. The PT-symmetric system with periodic DP is found to support three different types of bifurcations, related to the edge of the gap where it occurs, it can be an edge of the Fundamental Field (FF), SecondHarmonic (SH) or both. Quadratic solitons in this system support stable embedded solitons in the case fundamental field edge bifurcations. The system with PT-symmetric localized potential supports soliton branches which are limited in maximal power. Three types of bifurcations are discussed in a way similar to the periodic system. We found that branches that bifurcate from a linear mode of the SH can have finite amplitude of the SH component even when the amplitude of the FF goes to zero. In the same previously refered bifurcation, solitons with propagation constant close to the propagation constant of the linear mode can be stable for strengths of gain and loss well above the PT-symmetry breaking treshold.
Firm size and the gains from divestitures

Recent academic studies indicate that corporate divestitures generate considerable shareholder wealth. The field is emerging as an important topic in the finance, strategy and organizational literature, but the understanding of what determines these gains remains somewhat fragmented and inconsistent. This thesis contributes to this understanding by specifically studying the effect of firm size on seller announcement abnormal return. We use a sample of 6699 divestitures completed by 2350 different sellers in the United States between 1995 and 2014 and conclude that small sellers outperform large sellers by an average of 1.96% at the announcement of divestitures. The size effect is robust to a wide range of firm and deal characteristics introduced by the literature. We propose that the size effect could be explained by greater idiosyncratic risk associated with the divestiture announcement by small sellers.
3 0 A ug 2 01 3 Hamiltonian Cycle in Semi-Equivelar Maps on the Torus Dipendu Maity

Semi-Equivelar maps are generalizations of Archimedean solids to the surfaces other than 2-sphere. There are eight semi-equivelar maps of types {3, 4}, {3, 4, 3, 4}, {6, 3, 6, 3}, {3, 6}, {4, 8}, {3, 12}, {4, 6, 12}, {6, 4, 3, 4} exist on the torus. In this article we show the existence of Hamiltonian cycle in each semi-equivelar map on the torus except the map of type {3, 12}. This result gives the partial solution to the conjecture which is given by Grünbaum [8] and Nash-Williams [14] that every 4-connected graph on the torus is Hamiltonian. AMS classification : 52B70, 05C45, 52C38
The Jesuit mission to the Lakota Sioux : pastoral theology and ministry, 1886-1945

This study examines the development of ministry at the St. Francis and Holy Rosary missions in South Dakota. Using primary sources, this study seeks to understand the points of views of the Lakota Sioux Catholics during the 1920s and 1930s, and the Jesuit missionaries who reached them. It takes into particular account the patterns which develop in missiology.
The Land for the People: The Land Question in Independent Ireland

Introduction Continuing the land question: agrarian disorder, 1917-23 The 1923 Land Act: its origins purpose and significance Fianna Fail and land reform policy, 1932-48 'Reversing Cromwell's policy': migration schemes, 1923-48 Ambivalent attitudes and changing policies, 1948-73 Land and the lost politics of independent Ireland, 1923-73 Conclusion Appendices: tables Notes Bibliography Index
Butterflies of Cyprus

This book contains an introductory account of the natural environment of Cyprus and the position which butterflies occupy, their life-cycle and behaviour. In the first part there is an account of all the butterfly species of Cyprus, with identification notes, information on incidence and distribution, and ecology. The second part illustrates all the species of Cyprus with photographs of both surfaces of the wings, both of the male and of the female, life-size.
Relationships between Business Faculty Teaching and Research Ratings

This paper examines relationships between teaching ratings and research ratings of business professors. The analysis uses matched data on teaching and research performance for 300 business professors across 104 United States universities. The analysis utilizes teaching data from ratemyprofessor.com (RMP) and research data from Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Findings reveal no evidence of a relationship between teaching ratings and research quality or quantity. However, results show that professor ‘Hotness’ significantly relates to student teaching evaluation ratings. Evidence shows that female professors receive higher teaching ratings than male professors. Further evidence shows that expertise area explains both teaching and research rankings. The data reveals no teaching performance differences for professors based on their university’s research ranking.
Hydroclimatology: Perspectives and Applications

1. The realm of hydroclimatology 2. The climate system and the hydrologic cycle 3. Measuring hydroclimate atmospheric components 4. Measuring hydroclimate terrestrial components 5. Remote sensing and hydroclimate data 6. The runoff process and streamflow 7. Hydroclimate spatial variations 8. Hydroclimate temporal variations 9. Floods: the hydroclimatic extreme of excessive moisture 10. Droughts: the hydroclimatic extreme of deficient moisture Bibliography Index.
Simulating the Earth system response to negative emissions

Natural carbon sinks currently absorb approximately half of the anthropogenic CO2 emitted by fossil fuel burning, cement production and land-use change. However, this airborne fraction may change in the future depending on the emissions scenario. An important issue in developing carbon budgets to achieve climate stabilisation targets is the behaviour of natural carbon sinks, particularly under low emissions mitigation scenarios as required to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. A key requirement for low carbon pathways is to quantify the effectiveness of negative emissions technologies which will be strongly affected by carbon cycle feedbacks. Here we find that Earth system models suggest significant weakening, even potential reversal, of the ocean and land sinks under future low emission scenarios. For the RCP2.6 concentration pathway, models project land and ocean sinks to weaken to 0.8 ± 0.9 and 1.1 ± 0.3 GtC yr−1 respectively for the second half of the 21st century and to −0.4 ± 0.4 and 0.1 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1 respectively for the second half of the 23rd century. Weakening of natural carbon sinks will hinder the effectiveness of negative emissions technologies and therefore increase their required deployment to achieve a given climate stabilisation target. We introduce a new metric, the perturbation airborne fraction, to measure and assess the effectiveness of negative emissions.
The Lahu Minority in Southwest China: A Response to Ethnic Marginalization on the Frontier

1. Introduction 2. The Escape of E Sha Buddha: Ethnicity and Political Movements in the Black River Valley 3. Death Threat and Self-negation: Tension and Pressure in the Spiritual World 4. Marriage and Land Property: Bilateral Non-lineal Kinship and Communal Authority 5. 'To Become Wives of the Han': Conflicts, Marriage Squeeze and Resettlement of Women 6. Poverty Reduction and Education 7. Suicide as a Cultural Response and an Indicator of the Change of Social Relationships 8. Concluding Remarks
The U.S. Current Account and the Dollar

There are two main forces behind the large US current account deficits. First, an increase in the US demand for foreign goods. Second, an increase in the foreign demand for US assets. Both forces have contributed to steadily increasing current account deficits since the mid-1990s. This increase has been accompanied by a real dollar appreciation until late 2001, and a real depreciation since. The depreciation has accelerated recently, raising the questions of whether and how much more is to come, and if so, against which currencies, the euro, the yen, or the renminbi. Our purpose in this paper is to explore these issues. Our theoretical contribution is to develop a simple portfolio model of exchange rate and current account determination, and to use it to interpret the past and explore alternative scenarios for the future. Our practical conclusions are that substantially more depreciation is to come, surely against the yen and the renminbi, and probably against the euro.
TITLE Contingency Approaches to Leadership : A Review and Synthesis

This report focuses on the problem of how to improve leadership effectiveness in order to improve overall organization effectiveness. First, three different approaches to leadership behavior are presented: Trait Approach, Behavioral Approach, and Situational Approach. Next, revieis of the leadership literature and of eight contingency models of leadership are presented. Finally, the three-component Leadership Effecti4eness Model, developed on the basis of the eight models and the literature review, is described and critiqued. The Model considers leadership effectiveness to be a function of the criterion selected, the leadership style employed, and the situational environment(s), which includes the leader's subordinates, peers, and other personnel in the environment. The basis for selecting these three components was that they were found to be common across most of the leadership literature reviewed, and at the same time they provide a useful descriptive framework for depicting leadership as a decision-making process. It is concluded that leadership can best be depicted as a decision-making process which involves the leader, the followers, the situation, and the criterion of effectiveness. (TA) ********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes availatle * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can.be made from the original. *********************************4! *************************************
Ecology of the Southern California Bight : a synthesis and interpretation

This is a study of a significant stretch of the Pacific Ocean, the Southern California Bight, which extends from Point Conception to the Mexican border and out to a 200-mile limit. The contributors summarize everything known about the physical, chemical, geological and biological characteristics of the area, concluding with a synthesis of the information presented. In addition, chapters are devoted to the influence of humans on the marine environment and to the various laws and governmental agencies concerned with protecting it. Because Southern California is so heavily populated and the ocean a major recreational area for its people, the information in this volume should be beneficial to ecologists as well as those who study the globe's marine resources.
Vegetation-climate interaction : how plants make the global environment

1. The climate system 2. From climate to vegetation 3. Plants on the move 4. Microclimates and vegetation 5. The desert makes the desert: Climate feedbacks from the vegetation of arid zones 6. Forests 7. Plants and the carbon cycle 8. The direct carbon dioxide effect on plants
Introduction to This Special Issue on Revisiting and Reinventing E-Mail

Steve Whittaker is a cognitive psychologist with interests in the application of cognitive science principles and methods to the design of systems for computer mediated communication, collaborative systems, information retrieval, and personal information management; he is Chair of Information Retrieval at University of Sheffield. Victoria Bellotti is a technology-focused ethnographer with interests in usercentered design and evaluation, task and personal information management, computer mediated communication, and collaborative work; she is a Principal Scientist and Manager of the Socio-Technical and Interaction Research Area at the Palo Alto Research Center. Paul Moody is a design researcher pursuing research, design, and development of collaborative business applications that improve worker satisfaction and business efficiency; he is a researcher in the Collaborative User Experience group at IBM Research in Cambridge, MA.
What Does Loss and Damage Mean at the Country Level? A Global Mapping Through Nationally Determined Contributions

Abstract:By analyzing the way climate change loss and damage (L&D) is framed in nationally determined contributions (NDCs), this article investigates how parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change make sense of the concept. Building on an original database of 313 active and archived NDCs, we employ frame analysis to identify the countries that mention L&D in these documents; map how they frame it, both in terms of the types of impacts that are relevant for the national context and the responses that are planned or adopted; and explore how this has changed over time. We find that L&D is not perceived as a “small islands issue” anymore and that a growing number of middle- and high-income countries are referring to the concept in their NDCs. We also observe increasing levels of specificity about the types of economic and noneconomic L&D incurred or projected and about national responses, including those focused on knowledge generation, institutional arrangements, and sectoral adaptation measures. Theoretically, the article advances understandings of how national policy actors translate the ill-defined L&D global agenda for the national level. At the same time, it illustrates how they attempt to shape it by advancing nationally informed L&D framings, therefore hinting toward an emerging “two-level ideational game” in this area of global governance.
Use of a forest reconstruction model to assess changes to Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest conditions during the fire suppression era

s. Kings Beach, CA, USA. Stephenson, N. L. , D. J. Parsons, and T. W. Swetnam. 1991. Restoring natural fire to the sequoia-mixed conifer forest: should intense fire play a role? 17th Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference, High intensity fire in wildlands: Management challenges and options. , pp.321-337. Swetnam, T. W. , C. D. Allen, and J. L. Betancourt. 1999. Applied historical ecology: using the past to manage for the future. Ecological Applications 9: 1189–1206.
On the characterizations of solutions to perturbed l1 conic optimization problem

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on perturbation analysis of the conic optimization problem, which is defined as the optimization problem over the epigraph of the weighted norm. The motivation for studying such problem comes from recent interest in the regularized (possibly non-convex) optimization problems arising in a wide variety of fields such as compressive sensing, signal processing and statistical learning. This paper first derives some important geometrical properties of relevant closed convex cone, including the tangent cone, the normal cone and the critical cone. We then show that under the Robinson's constraint qualification, the following conditions are equivalent: the constraint nondegeneracy and the strong second order sufficient optimality condition, the strong regularity of the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) point, and the nonsingularity of Clarke's generalized Jacobian of the KKT system, and others. We further provide an important characterization of the isolated calmness for the conic optimization problem, namely, under the Robinson's constraint qualification, the isolated calmness of the KKT solution mapping holds if and only if the strict constraint qualification and the second order sufficient condition hold at a locally optimal solution. These characterizations provide theoretical results to design and analyse efficient algorithms for the conic optimization problem.