Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Forecast of the reasons for weakness of Lake Malawi fish assets in Karonga town

There is evidence that ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and dissolved oxygen are implicated in fish kills occurring on the Lake Malawi shores of Karonga town. Exposure to fish is influenced by strong winds while water temperature differences cause upwelling and fish mortalities in surface waters. The vulnerability of fish in Karonga town to physico-chemical factors was computed from secondary sources data obtained in 2000 to 2016 regarding lethal and sub-lethal limits; this has helped to broaden our understanding of aquatic risk factors in this area. Equilibria relationships of ammonia (NH 3 + H 2 O = NH 4 + + OH - ; K = 10 -4.74 ; 2.70-4.28 µg.L -1 at depth of 100 to 200 m) and hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S = HS - + H + ; K= 10 - 7.01 ; 54.9-82.5 mg.L -1 at a depth of 0-150 m) are imputed to have been implicated in the cause of a spate of fish kills. Uranium fallout might also be implicated but further analysis on actual exposure is needed to confirm this. Inferences of fish vulnerability have been drawn from studies done elsewhere on similar freshwater fish but under controlled conditions. While fish catches temporarily improved in 2007-2008 and 2010-2011, changes in fish diversity have been consistent, such as the disappearance of Ntchila ( Labeo mesops ), decline of Chambo ( Oreochromis species) and the dominance of sardine type Usipa ( Engraulicyprus sardella ). Therefore, other sources of risks are over-fishing and climate change; the latter is evidenced by warming of the deep water columns, reduced dissolved oxygen and declining Lake Malawi water levels. The significance of fish by-catch recorded as ‘others’ indicates that a high number of fish species remain scientifically undescribed, hence the need for further taxonomic studies. Fish catches as per caput fish supply for Karonga District (19.5-38 kg) are above the current national average of 4.0 go 5.8 kg. Since fish provides Karonga communities with affordable animal protein, it significantly contributes to food security for the town. More than 5,500 people depend directly on fishing, representing 10% of the population of Karonga. Fisheries are a driver to rural commercialization for businesses of up to 22,000 people; hence, it is critical to people’s livelihoods and incomes at the local level. Therefore, this study confirms what has commonly been observed for Karaonga town; that fish as a nutrition and income source should be factored into studies dealing with risks to livelihoods of Karonga town communities; even where this might require indirect methods of assessment
Evaluation of the nutritional composition of camel milk and human milk

Camel and human milk samples (twenty individuals’ samples each) were analysed for fat, total protein (casein, whey protein), lactose, minerals as well as vitamins; B 1 , B 2 , niacin and C. Meanwhile, amino and fatty acid compositions and, antimicrobial factors namely; lysozyme (LZ), lactoferrin (LF) and total immunoglobulins (Igs) were determined. Results indicated that camel milk contained higher fat, protein (especially casein), ash, Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, Fe, and Cu but lower in whey protein, lactose and Zn than human milk. Vitamins C and niacin were higher in camel milk than human milk. Camel milk proteins contained satisfactory balance of essential amino acids. The ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids was 0.93 and 1.07 in camel and human milk proteins, respectively. Camel milk was characterized by higher ratio of Igs but lower in both LZ and LF than human milk. General pattern of camel milk fatty acids indicated that short chain fatty acids (C 4 –C 12 ) were present in very small amount, but higher than in human milk fat. On the contrary the concentration of C 14:0 , C 16:1 and C 18:0 are relatively high in camel’s milk fat as compared to human milk fat. Appreciable amounts of essential fatty acids were present in camel milk. It can be concluded that camel milk can be considered as a good food of high nutritive and therapeutic applications. Meanwhile, the high content of antimicrobial agents in camel milk may explain its potential as an antiviral activity specially against diarrhea-causing viruses.
Long-lived fault zones and their influence on the tectonic development of the southwestern Barents Sea

The southwestern Barents Sea shows a complicated network of fault complexes and systems with various geometrical and genetic characteristics: trend, relation to basement, reactivation, fault plane geometry, and regional significance. Using these parameters, a classification of the fault complexes has been made, and a correlation to onshore faults has been attempted. The area is subdivided into several fault blocks separated by deep-seated zones of weakness (first and second class fault systems). These are reactivated in connection with later (Mesozoic) movements in the area, and have acted as foci of strain so leaving the central area of the blocks relatively strain free. A third class of fault systems is of local significance, and reflects deformation limited to the interior of the fault blocks.
Elemental analysis of commercially available rice samples in Malaysia by using ICP-MS and SEM-EDX

Rice is the staple food in Malaysia. There are limited literature about study on the elemental levels and observation on ultrastructure of commercially available white rice and brown rice in Malaysia. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the concentration of elements in three uncooked long rice grain, i.e. two brown rice and one white rice varieties that are commercially available in Malaysia using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and compare the structure and elements of uncooked and cooked rice grain using Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The ICP-MS results of the three uncooked rice grains showed high concentration of copper, manganese and zinc, followed with potassium, magnesium and calcium. Besides, the element contaminant such as plumbum, antimony and cadmium in the rice grains were under Malaysian permissible limit (Malaysian Food Act, 1983) and international standard (FAO/WHO, 2002). Arsenic was below Malaysian permissible limit but higher than safe limit by international standard. Silicon was observed in brown rice after viewed by using SEM-EDX. Besides, brown rice showed higher concentration of elements than white rice
Erratum: Risk Bounds for the Majority Vote: From a PAC-Bayesian Analysis to a Learning Algorithm

This work shows that the demonstration of Proposition 15 of Germain et al. (2015) is ﬂawed and the proposition is false in a general setting. This proposition gave an inequality that upper-bounds the variance of the margin of a weighted majority vote classiﬁer. Even though this ﬂaw has little impact on the validity of the other results presented in Germain et al. (2015), correcting it leads to a deeper understanding of the C -bound, which is a key inequality that upper-bounds the risk of a majority vote classiﬁer by the moments of its margin, and to a new result, namely a lower-bound on the C -bound. Notably, Ger-main et al.’s statement that “the C -bound can be arbitrarily small” is invalid in presence of irreducible error in learning problems with label noise. In this erratum, we pinpoint the mistake present in the demonstration of the said proposition, we give a corrected version of the proposition, and we propose a new theoretical lower bound on the C -bound.
Partnership 6-2-2010 An Epidemiologic Review of Enteropathogens in Gaborone , Botswana : Shifting Patterns of Resistance in an HIV Endemic Region

Background The epidemiology of diarrheal disease in Botswana, an HIV endemic region, is largely unknown. Our primary objective was to characterize the prevalent bacterial and parasitic enteropathogens in Gaborone, Botswana. Secondary objectives included determining corresponding antimicrobial resistance patterns and the value of stool white and red blood cells for predicting bacterial and parasitic enteropathogens. Methodology/Principal Findings A retrospective cross-sectional study examined laboratory records of stool specimens analyzed by the Botswana National Health Laboratory in Gaborone, Botswana from February 2003 through July 2008. In 4485 specimens the median subject age was 23 [interquartile range 1.6–34] years. Overall, 14.4% (644 of 4485) of samples yielded a pathogen. Bacteria alone were isolated in 8.2% (367 of 4485), parasites alone in 5.6% (253 of 4485) and both in 0.5% (24 of 4485) of samples. The most common bacterial pathogens were Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp. , isolated from 4.0% (180 of 4485) and 3.9% (175 of 4485) of specimens, respectively. Escherichia coli (22 of 4485) and Campylobacter spp. (22 of 4485) each accounted for 0.5% of pathogens. Comparing antimicrobial resistance among Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp. between two periods, February 2003 to February 2004 and July 2006 to July 2008, revealed an increase in ampicillin resistance among Shigella spp. from 43% to 83% (p<0.001). Among Salmonella spp. , resistance to chloramphenicol decreased from 56% to 6% (p<0.001). The absence of stool white and red blood cells correlated with a high specificity and negative predictive value. Conclusions/Significance Most gastroenteritis stools were culture and microscopy negative suggesting that viral pathogens were the majority etiologic agents in this Botswana cohort. Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp. were the most common bacteria; Isospora spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. were the most common parasites. Resistance to commonly used antimicrobials is high and should be closely monitored.
Sediment core from beneath the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, suggests mid-Holocene ice-shelf retreat

The stability of floating ice shelves is an important indicator of ocean circulation and ice-shelf mass balance. A sub–ice-shelf sediment core collected during the Austral summer of 2000–2001 from site AM02 (69°42.8′S, 72°38.4′E) on the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, contains a full and continuous record of glacial retreat. The AM02 core site is ∼80 km south of the floating ice shelf edge and contains a 0.5-m-thick Holocene surface layer of siliceous mud and diatom ooze of marine origin. Core data are supportive of sub–ice-shelf circulation models that predict the landward flow of oceanic water, and prove that the landward transport of hemipelagic sediments occurs beneath floating ice shelves over distances of at least ∼80 km. An increase in sea-ice–associated diatom deposition in the upper part of the Holocene suggests that a major retreat of the Amery Ice Shelf to at least 80 km landward of its present location may have occurred during the mid-Holocene climatic optimum.
ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНА МЕДИЦИНА ТА БІОЛОГІЯ

Blast-induced traumatic brain injury is a complex of impairments caused by the rapid transfer of energy from the explosion to the brain. The main pathogenic factor is the blast wave, which leads to primary diffuse damage. The question of the biometals participation in the pathogenesis of secondary damage in various structures of the brain, in particular in the forebrain in the early period of mild blast-induced traumatic brain injury, is attracting considerable interest at present. The experiment carried out on 36 sexually mature male Wistar rats weighing 220-270 g in the laboratory of the Department of Pathological Anatomy, Forensic Medicine and Pathological Physiology of the Dnipro State Medical University in compliance with current legislation on ethical treatment of animals. Rats were kept in standard vivarium conditions and were randomly divided into 2 groups: experimental (subjected to anaesthesia and exposure to a baroacoustic wave of 26-36 kPa) and intact groups. On the 14th, 21st, and 28th days of the post-traumatic period, the animals were euthanized with halothane followed by removal of the brain and separation of the forebrain. Spectral research was carried out using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis. The analysis of the results showed an intragroup increase in the level of Fe by 3% and Cu by 36% and a decrease in Zn by 36%, but all these biometals and their ratios (Cu/Fe, Cu/Zn, Zn/Fe) were more in the experimental rats. We consider that these biometals lead to oxidative stress, damage to the neurons and mitochondria membranes, development of energy deficit, excitation of neurons, disruption of axonal conduction and synaptic transmission. The obtained data can be suggested as factors of secondary damage and used as diagnostic and prognostic markers of this injury type; they can also be used as the foundation for developing pathogenetically validated neuroprotection.
An experimental study: An integrative strategy of PBL combined with an organ-systems-based curriculum to improve academic achievement and career maturity

This study aims to investigate the impact of integrating Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Organ System-Based Curriculum (OSBC) on medical students' academic achievement and career maturity within the context of medical education. An experimental design was employed, involving students from a medical school in China. Participants were randomly assigned to either a control group with a traditional curriculum or an experimental group receiving an integrated PBL and OSBC curriculum focused on cardiovascular system diseases. The intervention spanned four weeks. The results indicate that the experimental group demonstrated significantly higher academic achievement immediately after the intervention compared to the control group. This improvement persisted in a follow-up test conducted one month later. Career maturity also improved in the experimental group, albeit with a less sustained effect. The study underscores the potential of integrated teaching strategies in medical education for enhancing critical thinking and practical skills. However, long-term improvements in career maturity may necessitate further refinement of teaching methods. These findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on effective medical education strategies and emphasize the importance of a comprehensive approach to prepare students for academic excellence and clinical competence. Future research with larger sample sizes and consideration of additional influencing factors is recommended to gain deeper insights into the dynamics of medical education.
Evaluation of the determinants of technical efficiency among dairy farms in the State of Wisconsin

An unbalanced panel data including 1,151 farm observations from 2004 to 2008 was used to analyze the determinants of technical efficiency (TE) for dairy farms in the State of Wisconsin. To account for farm heterogeneity in our analysis we implemented a two-step framework using a stochastic production frontier and a quantile regression analysis. The results show that the determinants of TE affected farmers with different levels of TE in a very specific ways. This outcome is of significant importance from an empirical point of view. Farmers could use this knowledge to find alternatives to improve their specific level of performance. Additionally, Policy makers could use this information to improve the effectiveness of their policies by targeting specific agricultural services and aid to group of farmers with similar levels of TE.
Distributed deformation in southern and western Tibet during and after the India‐Asia collision

Field and radiometric data are used to describe and date strain and stress states in southern (longitude 88 o to 91oE, latitude 28 o to 30oN) and western Tibet (longitude 79 o to 82oE, latitude 30 o to 34oN). We factorize deformation into syncollisional and postcollisional, and we present stretching lineation and displacement orientation maps, two sections across the Indian shelf sequence, and stress orientations calculated from mesoscale fault slip data. In southern Tibet, syncollisional stretching and displacement directions trend 90+46 o and displacement is top to south. Synkinematic, low-grade metamorphism is dated at 50 Ma at one locality in the Indian shelf sequence underlying the main mantle thrust of the Indus-Yarlung suture. This implies Paleocene onset of continental collision for the investigated section. Postcollisional structures comprise a "backthrust" group, which includes foreland- and hinterland-directed thrusts, reverse and strike-slip faults, and folds. It dominates postcollisional deformation, is concentrated along the Indus-Yarlung suture, and portrays N-S compression (otrend of 8o+17 o, o2 of 97o+17o). A "strike-slip" group consists of conjugate strike-slip faults, is concentrated in east trending, narrow, highly deformed zones, and indicates that N-S compression is locally compensated by E-W extension (oof 15o+29 o, o3 of 103o+30o). Synkinematic muscovite dates postcollisional deformation as late early Miocene (17.5 Ma) at one locality at the suture. Strike-slip and oblique normal (03 of 600+23 o, oof 144o+21 o) and normal (o3:114o+16 o) faulting, dated between late Miocene and Recent and including active deformation, represents (dominant) E-W and minor N-S extension due to E-W stretching of southern Tibet and oroclinal bending along the Himalayan arc. Restoring syncollisional and postcollisional deformation yields a minimum of 67% (258 km) shortening across the Indian shelf sequence. Incorporating recently published contraction estimates across the eastern Himalaya yields minimum shortening between undeformed India and the Indus-Yarlung suture of 66% (536 km). The Himalaya-Tibet orogenic system south of the Indus-Yarlung suture had an initial width of  811 km in the southern Tibetan section. In western Tibet, imbrication of an ophiolite sequence of the Bangong-Nujiang suture is top to south (stretching lineation trend of 15o+18o), and o3 of active deformation trends ESE. Faulting along the Shiquanhe fault zone, which transfers displacement from the northern part of the Karakorum fault to a system of rifts in western central Tibet, indicates dextral strike-slip alternating with sinistral-oblique normal faulting and block rotations around vertical axes during a prolonged shearing history. The Indian Shelf sequence south of Mount Kailas shows top to south imbrication (stretching lineation trend of 52o+60o). Both Indian shelf rocks and (? Oligocene-Miocene) Kailas conglo- merates record backthrusting and backfolding (oof 33 o) and Recent E-W extension (03 of 85o+28o).
Edinburgh Research Explorer Gender differences in relationships between urban green space and health in the United Kingdom

Natural environments, or ‘green spaces’, have been associated with a wide range of health benefits. Gender differences in neighbourhood effects on health have been found in a number of studies, although these have not been explored in relation to green space. We conducted the first UK-wide study of the relationship between urban green space and health, and the first such study to investigate gender differences in this relationship. An ecological approach was used. Two land use datasets were used to create a proportional green space measure (% by area) at the UK Census Area Statistic ward scale. Our sample consisted of 6432 urban wards, with a total population of 28.6 million adults aged 16 to 64 years in 2001. We selected health outcomes that were plausibly related to green space (cardiovascular disease mortality, respiratory disease mortality and self-reported limiting long-term illness) and another that was expected to be unrelated (lung cancer mortality). Negative binomial regression models examined associations between urban green space and these health outcomes, after controlling for relevant confounders. Gender differences in these associations were observed and tested. Male cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease mortality rates decreased with increasing green space, but no significant associations were found for women. No protective associations were observed between green space and lung cancer mortality or self-reported limiting long-term illness for either men or women. Possible explanations for the observed gender differences in the green space and health relationship are gender differences in perceptions and usage of urban green spaces. We conclude that it is important not to assume uniform health benefits of urban green space for all population subgroups. Additionally, urban green space measures that capture quality as well as quantity could be more suited to studying green space and health relationships for women.
The effect of D-cycloserine on brain connectivity over a course of pulmonary rehabilitation

Rationale: Combining traditional therapies such as pulmonary rehabilitation with brain-targeted drugs may offer new therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of chronic breathlessness. Recent work has shown that D-cycloserine, a partial NMDA-receptor agonist which has been shown to enhance cognitive behavioural therapies, modifies the relationship between breathlessness related brain activity and breathlessness anxiety over pulmonary rehabilitation. However, whether these changes are supported by alterations to underlying brain structure remains unknown. Here we examine the effect of D-cycloserine over a course of pulmonary rehabilitation on regional brain volume and connectivity. Methods: 72 participants with mild-to-moderate COPD took part in a longitudinal study in parallel to their pulmonary rehabilitation course. Diffusion tensor brain imaging, self-report questionnaires and clinical measures of respiratory function were collected at three time points (before, during and after pulmonary rehabilitation). Participants were assigned to 250mg of D-cycloserine or placebo, which they were administered with on four occasions in a randomised, double-blind procedure. Results: Following four sessions of pulmonary rehabilitation, improvements in breathlessness anxiety were linked with increased insula-hippocampal structural connectivity in the D-cycloserine group. No group differences were found following the completion of pulmonary rehabilitation, or in the integrity of structural connectivity. Conclusions: The action of D-cycloserine on brain connectivity appears to be restricted to within a short time-window of its administration. This temporary boost of the brain connectivity of two key regions associated with the evaluation of unpleasantness may support the re-evaluation of breathlessness cues, illustrated improvements in breathlessness anxiety. This work highlights the relevance of targeting breathlessness expectation in pulmonary rehabilitation.