Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the recombination of the retarded shell of “born-again” CSPNe by time-dependent radiative transfer models

Abstract A standard planetary nebula stays more than 10 000 years in the state of a photoionized nebula. As long as the timescales of the most important ionizing processes are much smaller, the ionization state can be characterized by a static photoionization model and simulated with codes like CLOUDY (Ferland et al. 1998). When the star exhibits a late helium flash, however, its ionizing flux stops within a very short period. The star then re-appears from its opaque shell after a few years (or centuries) as a cold giant star without any hard ionizing photons. Describing the physics of such behavior requires a fully time-dependent radiative transfer model. Pollacco (1999), Kerber et al. (1999) and Lechner & Kimeswenger (2004) used data of the old nebulae around V605 Aql and V4334 Sgr to derive a model of the pre-outburst state of the CSPN in a static model. Their argument was the long recombination time scale for such thin media. With regard to these models Schönberner (2008) critically raised the question whether a significant change in the ionization state (and thus the spectrum) has to be expected after a time of up to 80 years, and whether static models are applicable at all.
Adenotonsillectomy for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea in extreme paediatric obesity

Abstract Objective Adenotonsillectomy is a recognised treatment for paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea. Recent literature highlights the need to assess outcomes in the extremely obese subpopulation. This study reviewed the efficacy of adenotonsillectomy performed in patients with extreme obesity. Method A retrospective analysis of attendees at a tertiary paediatric obesity clinic was performed, identifying patients with a body mass index z-score equal to or more than three who had undergone adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnoea. Electronic patient records, including respiratory polygraphy, were analysed. Results Nine patients met the study criteria. All required nocturnal non-invasive ventilation pre-operatively. Mean age at referral was 6.9 years, and average age of non-invasive ventilation commencement was 7.8 years. Post-operatively, 8 patients (89 per cent) required non-invasive ventilation with evidence of post-operative obstructive sleep apnoea. Conclusion In extreme obesity, adenotonsillectomy does not prevent the need for non-invasive ventilation. Management of this patient group requires treatment of obesity alongside potential surgical intervention. Poor efficacy in treating obstructive sleep apnoea may influence the decision to proceed with adenotonsillectomy.
Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Droughts and Their Propagation during the Past 67 Years in Northern Thailand

: Droughts grow concurrently in space and time; however, their spatiotemporal propagation is still not fully studied. In this study, drought propagation and spatiotemporal characteristics were studied in northern, northeastern, and central Thailand (NNCT). The NNCT is an important agricultural exporter worldwide, and droughts here can lead to considerable pressure on the food supply. This study investigated meteorological drought and soil drought in northern Thailand and identiﬁed 70 meteorological drought events and 44 soil drought events over 1948–2014. Severe droughts (droughts with long trivariate return periods) mainly occurred after 1975 and were centered in northern and northeastern Thailand. Meteorological drought and soil drought that occurred during 1979–1980 had the longest trivariate return periods of 157 years and 179 years, respectively. The drought centers were mainly located in the Chao Phraya River basin and the Mun River basin. The mean propagation ratios of all drought parameters (duration, area, severity) were lower than 1, indicating that the underlying surface can serve as a buffer to alleviate water deﬁcits. Most of the probability distribution coefﬁcients and all drought propagation ratios of the three drought parameters were found to change signiﬁcantly based on a moving-window method, indicating that the drought parameters and propagation from meteorological drought to soil drought were non-stationary. Signiﬁcant increasing trends were detected in mean values of most drought parameters, ranging from 2.4%/decade to 16.6%/decade. Signiﬁcant decreasing trends were detected in coefﬁcients of skewness (Cs) of all drought parameters and coefﬁcients of variation (Cv) of most drought parameters, ranging from − 3.3 to − 12.4%/decade, and from − 5.5 to − 19.4%/decade, respectively. The propagation ratios of all drought parameters showed signiﬁcant increasing trends, indicating that the function of the underlying surface as a buffer has become weaker. The drought propagation ratios were found to be positively related to two climate indices, the phase index (PI) and the climate seasonality index (CSI). These ﬁndings will help to develop a better understanding and management of water resources in Thailand.
Min and Max are the Only Continuous & - and _ -Operations for Finite Logics

Experts usually express their degrees of belief in their statements by the words of a natural language (like \maybe", \perhaps", etc.). If an expert system contains the degrees of beliefs t ( A ) and t ( B ) that correspond to the statements A and B , and a user asks this expert system whether \ A & B " is true, then it is necessary to come up with a reasonable estimate for the degree of belief of A & B . The operation that processes t ( A ) and t ( B ) into such an estimate t ( A & B ) is called an &-operation. Many di(cid:11)erent &-operations have been proposed. Which of them to choose? This can be (in principle) done by interviewing experts and eliciting a &-operation from them, but such a process is very time-consuming and therefore, not always possible. So, usually, to choose a &-operation, we extend the (cid:12)nite set of actually possible degrees of belief to an in(cid:12)nite set (e.g., to an interval [0 ; 1]), de(cid:12)ne an operation there, and then restrict this operation to the (cid:12)nite set. In this paper, we consider only this original (cid:12)nite set. We show that a reasonable assumption that an &-operation is continuous (i.e., that gradual change in t ( A ) and t ( B ) must lead to a gradual change in t ( A & B )), uniquely determines min as an &-operation. Likewise, max is the only continuous _ -operation. These results are in good accordance with the experimental analysis of \and" and \or" in human beliefs
“It is the Wild West out here” : Prairie farmers’ perspectives on farmland investment and land concentration

This research builds on the emerging body of literature investigating the implications of changing land tenure relations in the Prairie Provinces, where over 70% of Canada’s farmland is located. Through an analysis of survey data collected in 2019 from 400 grain farmers, we address the following research questions: How are farmers experiencing changing patterns of land tenure and control at the local level? What challenges and opportunities do farmers face in these changing farmland markets? And, how has the entry of new actors (farmland investors) changed relationships between landlords and tenants? Our findings suggest that those farmers who are witnessing the financialization of farmland in their regions view this phenomenon with alarm. Furthermore, we show that those who rent from corporate investors are more often subject to landlord influence over production practices and pay higher rental rates than those who rent from other landlord types. Concern about farmland concentration is widespread among Prairie farmers, with a variety of negative effects identified, including increased competition over land and the decline of local communities. We recommend that future research probe how different investor types (individual vs. corporate and/or institutional) engage in land markets, examine the gender dimensions of landlord-tenant relations, and engage in analyses that challenge the current iteration of the private property regime. que les recherches futures examinent comment les différents types d’investisseurs (qu’ils soient des particuliers, des entreprises et/ou des institutions) affectent les marchés fonciers, qu’elles se penchent sur la dimension sexospécifique des relations propriétaires- locataires et qu’elles se lancent dans des analyses qui puissent remettre en question l’itération actuelle du régime de propriété privée.
Ready for a Career in the Agriculture Sector in Egypt? Perceptions of Students, Faculty, and Employers on the Value of Essential Technical and Employable Skills

High unemployment among college graduates has been a big concern in Egypt for many years now. Mismatch in technical competencies and lack of job-oriented skills and inequity in education and career by gender pose a major constraint for Egyptian youth to find employment. Information about whether the gender of the mentor has any effect on the quality of mentoring is also nonexistent. Using web and in-person survey data among agricultural students, faculty, and potential private sector agribusiness employers, this paper attempts to investigate whether there are any significant differences in the application and use of career guidance by male and female students to prepare for careers prospects and align with the industry needs. The results will validate if there are significant differences in between male and female faculty in their perception of relevance of technical and employable skills as well as the use and application of career guidance and mentoring by students to increase their prospects with employers. The findings will be used to develop interventions that would help align student skills with employer expectations as well as upgrade faculty competencies.
String universality for permutation orbifolds

The hypothesis that every theory of quantum gravity in AdS3 is a dimensional reduction of string/M-theory leads to a natural conjecture for the density of states of two dimensional CFTs with a large central charge limit. We prove this conjecture for 2D CFTs which are orbifolds by permutation groups. In particular, we characterize those permutation groups which give CFTs with well-defined large N limits and can thus serve as holographic duals to bulk gravity theories in AdS3. We then show that the holographic dual of a permutation orbifold will have a Hagedorn spectrum in the large N limit. This is evidence that, within this landscape, every theory of quantum gravity with a semi-classical limit is a string theory.
Scintillation efficiency measurement of Na recoils in NaI(Tl) below the DAMA/LIBRA energy threshold

The dark matter interpretation of the DAMA modulation signal depends on the NaI(Tl) scintillation efficiency of nuclear recoils. Previous measurements for Na recoils have large discrepancies, especially in the DAMA/LIBRA modulation energy region. We report a quenching effect measurement of Na recoils in NaI(Tl) from 3keV$_{\text{nr}}$ to 52keV$_{\text{nr}}$, covering the whole DAMA/LIBRA energy region for light WIMP interpretations. By using a low-energy, pulsed neutron beam, a double time-of-flight technique, and pulse-shape discrimination methods, we obtained the most accurate measurement of this kind for NaI(Tl) to date. The results differ significantly from the DAMA reported values at low energies, but fall between the other previous measurements. We present the implications of the new quenching results for the dark matter interpretation of the DAMA modulation signal.
Ricci Curvature and Robustness of Cancer Networks

The importance of studying properties of networks is manifest in diverse fields ranging from biology, engineering, physics, chemistry, neuroscience, and medicine. The functionality of networks with regard to performance, throughput, reliability and robustness is strongly linked to the underlying geometric and topological properties of the network and this is the focus of this paper, especially as applied to certain biological networks. The fundamental mathematical abstraction of a network as a weighted graph brings to bear the tools of graph theory--a highly developed subject of mathematical research. But more importantly, recently proposed geometric notions of curvature on very general metric measure spaces allow us to utilize a whole new set of tools and ideas that help quantify functionality and robustness of graphs. In particular, robustness is closely connected to network entropy which, in turn, is very closely related to curvature. We will see that there are a number of alternative notions of discrete curvature that are compatible with the classical Riemannian definition, each having its own advantages and disadvantages, and are relevant to networks of interest. We will concentrate on the role of curvature for certain key cancer networks in order to quantitatively indicate their apparent functional robustness relative to their normal counterparts.
Korean zero pronouns: analysis and resolution

Zero pronouns, or dropped arguments, are a remarkably frequent phenomenon in Korean. This single syntactic form is made up of diverse subcategories, each of which is characterized by distinct semantic and pragmatic properties. More widely acknowledged types are those that depend on other linguistic expressions for their reference: such text-dependent types include anaphoric and discourse-deictic zero pronouns. Other text-independent types are deictic zero pronouns, generic and specific indefinite zero pronouns and situational zero pronouns, although it is possible for some of these text-independent types to enter coreferential relations with other nominal expressions in their surroundings. Previous research focusing on anaphoric zero pronouns, most notably that based on Centering Theory, claims that information-theoretic notions such as saliency govern their felicitous use and interpretation. While the general insight holds true, various efforts to encapsulate it by way of precise formulation of Cf-ranking or other hierarchies fall short, largely due to the fact that the notion is encoded by heterogeneous linguistic factors whose relations cannot be expressed single-dimensionally. From a language processing point of view, the diverse nature of Korean zero pronouns presents the unique challenge of blending the tasks of categorization and identification of their antecedents. In this dissertation, using Maximum Entropy as the machine learning method of choice, various statistical models for Korean zero pronoun resolution have been successfully trained and tested on two Korean Treebank corpora. These Models serve as a valuable opportunity for empirically testing various theoretical claims and observations made on Korean zero pronoun anaphora. Features used in constructing the models and making predictions on zero pronoun reference encode linguistic properties surrounding zero pronouns and their potential antecedents. The features found to have a particularly strong contribution are indeed those that encode the linguistic aspects that are commonly cited in the linguistic literature as playing a crucial role in Korean zero pronoun usage, such as topic-hood, subject-hood and the nullness of form. While the relative importance of such features does not directly translate to linguistic hierarchies, it nevertheless provides support to some of the specific criteria used in them.
Privacy-preserving Cooperative Online Matching over Spatial Crowdsourcing Platforms

With the continuous development of spatial crowdsourcing platform, online task assignment problem has been widely studied as a typical problem in spatial crowdsourcing. Most of the existing studies are based on a single-platform task assignment to maximize the platform's revenue. Recently, cross online task assignment has been proposed, aiming at increasing the mutual benefit through cooperations. However, existing methods fail to consider the data privacy protection in the process of cooperation and cause the leakage of sensitive data such as the location of a request and the historical data of cooperative platforms. In this paper, we propose Privacy-preserving Cooperative Online Matching (PCOM), which protects the privacy of the users and workers on their respective platforms. We design a PCOM framework and provide theoretical proof that the framework satisfies the differential privacy property. We then propose two PCOM algorithms based on two different privacy-preserving strategies. Extensive experiments on real and synthetic datasets confirm the effectiveness and efficiency of our algorithms.
The evolution of the U‐shaped double layer at the auroral cavity‐ionosphere boundary in Earth's upward current region

The evolution of the ionosphere‐auroral cavity boundary is studied using a two‐dimensional electrostatic particle‐in‐cell simulation. The boundary is modeled as a double layer which forms by imposing a density cavity as part of the initial conditions. The density cavity consists of a contact discontinuity which separates the cold, dense ionosphere on one side and the hot, tenuous auroral cavity on the other side. The simulation consists of hot electrons, H+ and O+ antiearthward traveling ion beams, hot magnetospheric H+and cold ionospheric electrons. A U‐shaped double layer is formed by initializing the ion beams with a perpendicular shear in the parallel drift velocity. We show that the strength and obliqueness angle of the evolved double layer depends most strongly on the ratio of the ion beam's gyrofrequency to the plasma frequency, and that the U‐shaped double layer is quasi‐stable on simulation time scales. Finally, we show that the oblique double layer causes perpendicular ion heating in the ion beams and that a ring distribution forms in a weakly magnetized species. However, we find that at high altitudes above the double layer, the dominant effect on the shape of ion phase space and the ion temperature is the turbulence in the auroral cavity, leading to the conclusion that oblique double layers have little lasting effect on the shape and temperature of the ion beams.
A Study in the Effectivenss of Factual Versus Emotional Interventions in Reducing Ambivalent Sexism in Hiring Decisions

vi A STUDY IN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FACTUAL VERSUS EMOTIONAL INTERVENTIONS IN REDUCING AMBIVALENT SEXISM IN HIRING DECISIONS 1 APPENDIX A: AMBIVALENT SEXIM INVENTORY 16 APPENDIX B: ROSENBURG SELF-ESTEEM SCALE 19 APPENDIX C: TEN ITEM PERSONALITY INVENTORY 21 APPENDIX D: CANDIDATE SURVEY 23 REFERENCE LIST 27 VITA 29
Capital inﬂows and economic growth nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa: evidence on the role of institutions

This paper assesses the relationship between international capital inflows and economic growth in developing economies. We employ methods of threshold regression to examine whether capital flows have different effects in developing economies with weak institutions as compared to those with good institutional infrastructure. Our findings show that a threshold effect exists in the capital inflows and growth nexus. More precisely, the results obtained demonstrated that the impact of capital inflows on economic growth is positive and significant once a defined threshold level of institutional quality has been exceeded. At any point below that threshold level, the capital inflows-growth relationship appears to be non- existent. These results support the notion of the capital inflows and growth relationship being contingent on the level of institutional development in an economy. Therefore, providing vital policy implications for policy makers and government in ensuring the improvement of a country’s institutional environment with the purpose of enhancing economic growth through capital flows.
How Female Sex Workers navigate relationship fluidity and sexual risk

There is limited evidence that highlights female sex workers’ (FSWs) agency in negotiating HIV risk in the context of multiple sexual relationships. Using a Gendered Vulnerability framework, this study employed a phenomenological approach to explore the FSWs’ active navigation of concurrent sexual relationships and their perceptions and assessments of HIV risk and sexual negotiation. Sixty (60) FSWs participated in the study. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and focus group discussions. ATLAS.ti provided an interpretive framework for data analysis. Findings revealed that FSWs navigate a complex landscape of multiple sexual relationships that influenced their condom use decisions. Despite possessing accurate HIV knowledge, FSWs in this study indicated that multiple circumstances (e.g., economic constraints, damaging gender norms, merely paying transactional relationships with some clients, emotional attachments with others, gender-role bound relationships, and instances of sexual victimization) influenced their perceptions of power and their desires and perceived capacities for HIV risk and prevention decisions. A nuanced understanding of FSWs’ concurrent fluid relationships and the cultural contexts in which Indian FSWs work are vital when planning programs and policies for HIV prevention. Gender-role bound relationships and relationships of convenience: Type 3. Another type of sexual relationship that FSWs in the present study found themselves navigating was with their non-paying sexual partners. These were either spouses or partners with whom they had marriage-like partnerships, and these could involve either cohabiting (socially sanctioned gender-role bound relationships) or non-cohabiting (relationships of convenience). Participants two FGDs were very vocal about the reasons for needing these kinds of non-paying relationships and the resulting dynamics as the following show:
A new framework for detecting copy number variants from single nucleotide polymorphism data: ‘rCNV’, a versatile R package for paralogs and CNVs detection

Studies show that copy number variants (CNVs), due to their ubiquitous presence in eukaryotes, contribute to phenotypic variation, environmental adaptation, and fuel species divergence at a previously unknown rate. However, the detection of CNVs in genomes, especially in non-model organisms is challenging due to the need for costly genomic resources and complex computational infrastructure. Therefore, to provide researchers with a low-cost and easily accessible resource, we developed a robust statistical framework and an R software package to detect CNVs using allelic-read depth from SNPs data. The core of the framework exploits i) the allelic-read depth ratio distribution in heterozygotes for individual SNPs and testing it against an expected distribution under a binomial sampling, and ii) SNPs showing an apparent excess of heterozygotes under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, to detect alleles in putatively multi-copy regions. The use of multiple statistical tests to find the deviation in allelic-read depth ratio distribution makes our method sensitive to sampling and aware of reference biases thereby minimizing false detection of CNVs. Our framework is well-catered for high throughput short-reads data, hence, most GBS technologies (e.g., RADseq, Exome-capture, WGS). As such, it allows calling CNVs from genomes of varying complexity. The framework is implemented in the R package “rCNV” which effortlessly automates the analysis. We trained our models on simulated data and tested on four datasets obtained from different sequencing technologies (i.e., RADseq: Chinook salmon – Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, American lobster – Homarus americanus, Exome-capture: Norway Spruce – Picea abies, and WGS: Malaria mosquito -Anopheles gambiae).