Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inclusive model of ferromagnetic hysteresis

We present an inclusive macroscopic model of ferromagnetic hysteresis. We developed the model from a Stoner-Wohlfarth approach by adding the mean-field or nearest-neighbor interactions and the effect of pinning. The model includes features of the Jiles-Atherton model in the previous Atherton-Beattie extension of the Stoner-Wohlfarth model, but still omits the domain wall energy effects included in the Globus model. The model describes both reversible and irreversible processes and hysteresis caused by combinations of interaction, anisotropy, and pinning. We outline computational approaches and give examples.
Breakdown formation in a transient hollow cathode discharge-a statistical study

Discharge formation at low pressure is found to be greatly influenced in the presence of a suitable hollow cathode region. The formation of a moving virtual anode which extends the anode potential to within the hollow cathode region is thought to be responsible for the enhanced ionization growth which subsequently leads to gas breakdown. In this paper, the spatial evolution of the local potential in the discharge region of a pulsed hollow cathode discharge has been measured in a range of pressures with two different cathode apertures. An extensive data set has been collected and analyzed using a statistical technique. From the characteristic of the statistical distribution of the data, unique features associated with the role of hollow cathode at the different stages of discharge formation have been identified. It was found that the influence of the hollow cathode region is strongest in the start of ionization growth and in the final change over to high current breakdown. >
The shear modulus of wet granular matter

The strength of different wet granular materials is investigated as a function of the liquid volume fraction by measuring the elastic shear modulus, G′. We show that the optimum strength is achieved at a very low liquid volume fraction of 1–3%. Surprisingly we find that the macroscopic strength of different wet granular materials depends with a power of 2/3 on the microscopic elastic modulus of the individual grains, with a power of - 1/3 on the radius, and with a power of 1/3 on the surface tension. This can be explained by assuming that the attractive capillary force between two grains deforms the grains elastically, yielding a “spring constant” for further deformation. Averaging over many grain-grain orientations allows us to predict the macroscopic shear modulus in excellent agreement with our experiments.
Isentropic zonal average formalism and the near‐surface circulation

The isentropic zonal average formalism is extended to include a rigorous treatment of the bottom boundary of the atmosphere. We define a ‘surface zone’, where isentropes in the latitudinal plane are interrupted by the earth's surface. The zonal average equations of motion and their time average in isentropic coordinates are rederived in the presence of the surface zone. Applying the extended formalism to a baroclinic wave model, we show that near‐surface equatorward mean flow is driven by eastward surface form drag in isentropic coordinates, which in turn is related to poleward geostrophic potential temperature flux at the surface. A potential vorticity–potential temperature picture of extratropical general circulation dynamics above and within the surface zone is presented. We highlight the importance of poleward mean flow in the upper region of the surface zone and investigate the antisymmetric distribution of mean meridional mass flow about the median potential temperature of surface air. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
The rhythm of fountains: the length and time scales of rise height fluctuations at low and high Froude numbers

Abstract The magnitude and frequency of vertical fluctuations of the top of an axisymmetric miscible Boussinesq fountain forms the focus of this work. We present measurements of these quantities for saline-aqueous fountains in uniform quiescent surroundings. Our results span source Froude numbers $0. 3\leq {\mathrm{Fr} }_{0} \leq 40$ and, thereby, encompass very weak, weak, intermediate and forced classes of fountain. We identify distinct scalings, based on known quantities at the fountain source, for the frequency of fountain height fluctuations which collapse our data within bands of ${\mathrm{Fr} }_{0} $ . Notably, our scalings reveal that the (dimensionless) frequency takes a constant value within each band. These results highlight characteristic time scales for the fluctuations which we decompose into a single, physically apparent, length scale and velocity scale within each band. Moreover, within one particular band, spanning source Froude numbers towards the lower end of the full range considered, we identify unexpectedly long-period fluctuations indicating a near balance of inertia and (opposing) buoyancy at the source. Our analysis identifies four distinct classes of fluctuation behaviour (four bands of ${\mathrm{Fr} }_{0} $ ) and this classification matches well with existing classifications of fountains based on rise heights. As such, we show that an analysis of the behaviour of the fountain top alone, rather than the entire fountain, provides an alternative approach to classifying fountains. The similarity of classifications based on the two different methods confirms that the boundaries between classes mark tangible changes in the physics of fountains. For high ${\mathrm{Fr} }_{0} $ we show that the dominant fluctuations occur at the scale of the largest eddies which can be contained within the fountain near its top. Extending this, we develop a Strouhal number, ${\mathrm{Str} }_{top} $ , based on experimental measures of the fountain top, defined such that ${\mathrm{Str} }_{top} = 1$ would suggest the dominant fluctuations are caused by a continual cycle of eddies forming and collapsing at this largest physical scale. For high- ${\mathrm{Fr} }_{0} $ fountains we find ${\mathrm{Str} }_{top} \approx 0. 9$ .
Retrieval of Three-Dimensional Raindrop Size Distribution Using X-Band Polarimetric Radar Data

An improved algorithm based on the self-consistent principle for rain attenuation correction of reflectivity ZH and differential reflectivity ZDR are presented for X-band radar. The proposed algorithm calculates the optimum coefficients for the relation between the specific attenuation coefficient and the specific differential phase, every 1 km along a slant range. The attenuation-corrected ZDR is calculated from reflectivity at horizontal polarization and from reflectivity at vertical polarization after attenuation correction. The improved rain attenuation correction algorithm is applied to the range–height indicator (RHI) scans as well as the plan position indicator (PPI) volume scan data observed by X-band wavelength (MP-X) radar, as operated by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) in Japan. The corrected ZH and ZDR values are in good agreement with those calculated from the drop size distribution (DSD) measured by disdrometers. The two governing parameters of a normalized gamma DSD, normalized number concentration NW, and drop median diameter D0 are estimated from the corrected ZH and ZDR, and specific differential phase KDP values based on the ‘‘constrained-gamma’’ method. The method is applied to PPI and RHI data of a typhoon rainband to retrieve the three-dimensional distribution of DSD. The retrieved DSD parameters show reasonable agreement with disdrometer data. The present results demonstrate that high-quality correction and retrieval DSDs can be derived from X-band polarimetric radar data.
Ho:Tm lasers. I. Theoretical

Energy transfer dynamics pertinent to Ho:Tm lasers are modeled in two steps: a calculation of the parameters controlling the energy transfer process and a calculation of the population densities of all manifolds influencing the laser process. Energy transfer parameters are modeled with the classical dipole-dipole approximation, but several important changes are implemented to better describe laser materials such as Ho:Tm laser materials. This approach was used to calculate energy transfer parameters using measured energy levels coupled with quantum mechanical calculations although spectroscopically measured parameters could be used in principle. Given the energy transfer parameters, a rate equation approach is used with the eight manifolds required for an accurate description of the Ho:Tm laser. Population densities of all eight manifolds can be predicted as a function of time whether or not lasing occurs. Results of the modeling process are compared with experimental results for both Ho:Tm:YAG and Ho:Tm:YLF with different concentration and a variety of different mirror reflectivities and different pump pulse lengths in a companion paper.
On the structure of entropy-constrained scalar quantizers

New results concerning the structure and existence of optimal entropy-constrained scalar quantizers (ECSQs) are presented. One main result shows that for continuous sources and a wide class of distortion measures, any finite-level ECSQ can be replaced by an ECSQ with interval cells which has the same entropy and equal or less distortion. Furthermore, the existence of an optimal ECSQ for an arbitrary entropy constraint is shown under rather general conditions.
Targeted co-delivery of methotrexate and chloroquine via a pH/enzyme-responsive biocompatible polymeric nanohydrogel for colorectal cancer treatment

Abstract Application of conventional chemotherapy regardless of its unique effectiveness have been gradually being edged aside due to limited targeting capability, lack of selectivity and chemotherapy-associated side effects. To this end, colon-targeted nanoparticles via combination therapy have shown great therapeutic potential against cancer. Herein, pH/enzyme-responsive biocompatible polymeric nanohydrogels based on poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) containing methotrexate (MTX) and chloroquine (CQ) were fabricated. PMAA-MTX-CQ exhibited high drug loading capacity of which MTX was 4.99% and was CQ 25.01% and displayed pH/enzyme-triggered drug release behavior. Higher CQ release rate (76%) under simulated acidic microenvironment of tumor tissue whereas 39% of CQ was released under normal physiological conditions. Intestinally, MTX release was facilitated in the presence of proteinase K enzyme. TEM image demonstrated spherical morphology with particle size of less than 50 nm. In vitro and in vivo toxicity assessments indicated that developed nanoplatforms possessed great biocompatibility. These nanohydrogels did not cause any adverse effects against Artemia Salina and HFF2 cells (around 100% cell viability) which highlight the safety of prepared nanohydrogels. There was no death in mice received different concentrations of nanohydrogel through oral administration and less than 5% hemolysis was found in red blood cells incubated with PMAA nanohydrogels. In vitro anti-cancer results showed that combination therapy based on PMAA-MTX-CQ can effectively suppress the growth of SW480 colon cancer cells (29% cell viability) compared to monotherapy. Altogether, these findings suggest that pH/enzyme-responsive PMAA-MTX-CQ could effectively inhibit cancer cell growth and progression via site-specific delivery of its cargo in a safe and controlled manner.
Spatially intermittent fields in photospheric magnetoconvection

Motivated by recent high-resolution observations of the solar surface, we investigate the problem of non-linear magnetoconvection in a three-dimensional compressible layer. We present results from a set of numerical simulations which model the situation in which there is a weak imposed magnetic field. This weak-field regime is characterized by vigorous granular convection and spatially intermittent magnetic field structures. When the imposed field is very weak, magnetic flux tends to accumulate at the edges of the convective cells, where it forms compact, almost ‘point-like’ structures which are reminiscent of those observed in the quiet Sun. If the imposed field is slightly stronger, there is a tendency for magnetic flux to become concentrated into ‘ribbon-like’ structures which are comparable to those observed in solar plages. The dependence of these simulations upon the strength of the imposed magnetic field is analysed in detail, and the concept of the fractal dimension is used to make a further, more quantitative comparison between these simulations and photospheric observations.
Identifying the bridge between depression and mania: A machine learning and network approach to bipolar disorder

Although the cyclic nature of bipolarity is almost by definition a network system, no research to date has attempted to scrutinize the relationship of the two bipolar poles using network psychometrics. We used state‐of‐the‐art network and machine learning methodologies to identify symptoms, as well as relations thereof, that bridge depression and mania.
The order problem and the power problem for free product sixth-groups

Let G be a group given in terms of generators and denning relations. The order problem is said to be solvable for (the given presentation of) the group G if, given any element W of G (as a word in the given generators of G), we can determine the order of W in G. The power problem is solvable for G if, given any pair X, Y of elements of G, we can determine whether or not X belongs to the cyclic subgroup {Y} of G generated by Y. It is easy to see that if either of these problems is solvable for G, then the word problem is also solvable for G.
Phospholamban pentamerization increases sensitivity and dynamic range of cardiac relaxation

Abstract Aims A key event in the regulation of cardiac contraction and relaxation is the phosphorylation of phospholamban (PLN) that relieves the inhibition of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2a). PLN exists in an equilibrium between monomers and pentamers. While only monomers can inhibit SERCA2a by direct interaction, the functional role of pentamers is still unclear. This study investigates the functional consequences of PLN pentamerization. Methods and results We generated transgenic mouse models expressing either a PLN mutant that cannot form pentamers (TgAFA-PLN) or wild-type PLN (TgPLN) in a PLN-deficient background. TgAFA-PLN hearts demonstrated three-fold stronger phosphorylation of monomeric PLN, accelerated Ca2+ cycling of cardiomyocytes, and enhanced contraction and relaxation of sarcomeres and whole hearts in vivo. All of these effects were observed under baseline conditions and abrogated upon inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA). Mechanistically, far western kinase assays revealed that PLN pentamers are phosphorylated by PKA directly and independent of any subunit exchange for free monomers. In vitro phosphorylation of synthetic PLN demonstrated that pentamers even provide a preferred PKA substrate and compete with monomers for the kinase, thereby reducing monomer phosphorylation and maximizing SERCA2a inhibition. However, β-adrenergic stimulation induced strong PLN monomer phosphorylation in TgPLN hearts and sharp acceleration of cardiomyocyte Ca2+ cycling and haemodynamic values that now were indistinguishable from TgAFA-PLN and PLN-KO hearts. The pathophysiological relevance of PLN pentamerization was evaluated using transverse aortic constriction (TAC) to induce left ventricular pressure overload. Compared to TgPLN, TgAFA-PLN mice demonstrated reduced survival after TAC, impaired cardiac haemodynamics, failure to respond to adrenergic stimulation, higher heart weight, and increased myocardial fibrosis. Conclusions The findings show that PLN pentamerization greatly impacts on SERCA2a activity as it mediates the full range of PLN effects from maximum inhibition to full release of SERCA2a function. This regulation is important for myocardial adaptation to sustained pressure overload.
Antagonism of TRPV4 channels partially reduces mechanotransduction in rat skeletal muscle afferents

Mechanical distortion of working skeletal muscle induces sympathoexcitation via thin fibre afferents, a reflex response known as the skeletal muscle mechanoreflex. However, to date, the receptor ion channels responsible for mechanotransduction in skeletal muscle remain largely undetermined. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is known to sense mechanical stimuli such as shear stress or osmotic pressure in various organs. It is hypothesized that TRPV4 in thin‐fibre primary afferents innervating skeletal muscle is involved in mechanotransduction. Fluorescence immunostaining revealed that 20.1 ± 10.1% of TRPV4 positive neurons were small dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that were DiI‐labelled, and among them 9.5 ± 6.1% of TRPV4 co‐localized with the C‐fibre marker peripherin. In vitro whole‐cell patch clamp recordings from cultured rat DRG neurons demonstrated that mechanically activated current amplitude was significantly attenuated after the application of the TRPV4 antagonist HC067047 compared to control (P = 0.004). Such reductions were also observed in single‐fibre recordings from a muscle–nerve ex vivo preparation where HC067047 significantly decreased afferent discharge to mechanical stimulation (P = 0.007). Likewise, in an in vivo decerebrate rat preparation, the renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to passive stretch of hindlimb muscle were significantly reduced by intra‐arterial injection of HC067047 (ΔRSNA: P = 0.019, ΔMAP: P = 0.002). The findings suggest that TRPV4 plays an important role in mechanotransduction contributing to the cardiovascular responses evoked by the skeletal muscle mechanoreflex during exercise.
A critical doping level for superconductivity in SrTiO_{3-\delta}

In doped SrTiO$_{3}$ superconductivity persists down to an exceptionally low concentration of mobile electrons. This restricts the relevant energy window and possible pairing scenarios. We present a study of quantum oscillations and superconducting transition temperature, $T_{c}$ as the carrier density is tuned from $10^{17}$ to $10^{20}$ $cm^{-3}$ and identify two critical doping levels corresponding to the filling thresholds of the upper bands. At the first critical doping, which separates the single-band and the two-band superconducting regimes in oxygen-deficient samples, the steady increase of T$_{c}$ with carrier concentration suddenly stops. Near this doping level, the energy dispersion in the lowest band displays a downward deviation from parabolic behavior. The results impose new constraints for microscopic pairing scenarios.
Poor glycemic control in type‐2 diabetic patients infected with hepatitis B: A retrospective propensity‐matched study

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and type‐2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affect millions of individuals worldwide, whereas their interplay remains largely unclear. Here, we analyzed a large cohort of 330 HBV‐infected inpatients with T2DM (so‐called HBV + T2DM patients) and 330 T2DM inpatients without HBV infection (T2DM patients). Poor glycemic control was defined by glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 7%. Among 330 HBV + T2DM patients, 252 (76%) aged ≥ 50 years, 223 (68%) were males, 205 (62%) experienced poor glycemic control. The propensity‐score matching approach was applied to match patient age, gender, comorbidities, and antidiabetic treatment between T2DM + HBV and T2DM patients. Compared with T2DM patients, HBV + T2DM patients had poorer glycemic control, longer hospitalization length, and higher alanine aminotransferase (p < 0.05). HBV + T2DM patients with HBV DNA ≥ 100 IU/mL or HBsAg ≥ 0.05 IU/mL had worse HbA1c control than T2DM patients without HBV infection (p < 0.05). HBV + T2DM patients who received no anti‐HBV therapy had worse HbA1c control than HBV + T2DM patients receiving anti‐HBV therapy (p < 0.05). Both insulin and anti‐HBV therapy were significant factors associated with glycemic control in HBV + T2DM patients. Overall, HBV + T2DM patients exhibited poorer glycemic control than T2DM patients, but their clinical outcomes were likely improved by insulin plus anti‐HBV treatment. Early management of HBV infection likely contributes to better clinical outcomes in HBV‐infected patients with T2DM.
Weak-Lensing Results from the 75 Square Degree Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory Survey

We measure seeing-corrected ellipticities for 2 × 106 galaxies with magnitude R ≤ 23 in 12 widely separated fields totaling 75 deg2 of sky. At angular scales ≳30′, ellipticity correlations are detected at high significance and exhibit nearly the pure "E mode" behavior expected of weak gravitational lensing. Even when smoothed to the full field size of 2. °5, which is ≈25 h-1 Mpc at the lens distances, an rms shear variance of ⟨γ2⟩1/2 = 0.0012 ± 0.0003 is detected. At smaller angular scales, there is significant "B-mode" power, an indication of residual uncorrected point-spread function distortions. The data at scales above 30′ constrain the power spectrum of matter fluctuations on comoving scales of ≈10 h-1 Mpc to have σ8(Ωm/0.3)0.57 = 0.71 (95% confidence level, ΛCDM, Γ = 0.21), where the systematic error includes statistical and calibration uncertainties, cosmic variance, and a conservative estimate of systematic contamination based upon the detected B-mode signal. This normalization of the power spectrum is lower than, but generally consistent with, previous weak-lensing results, is at the lower end of the σ8 range from various analyses of galaxy cluster abundances, and agrees with recent determinations from cosmic microwave background and galaxy clustering. The large and dispersed sky coverage of our survey reduces random errors and cosmic variance, while the relatively shallow depth allows us to use existing redshift survey data to reduce systematic uncertainties in the N(z) distribution to insignificance. Reanalysis of the data with more sophisticated algorithms will hopefully reduce the systematic (B mode) contamination and allow more precise, multidimensional constraint of cosmological parameters.
Robust and powerful serial correlation tests with new robust estimates in ARX models

Abstract. We consider robust serial correlation tests in autoregressive models with exogenous variables (ARX). Since the least squares estimators are not robust when outliers are present, a new family of estimators is introduced, called residual autocovariances for ARX (RA‐ARX). They provide resistant estimators that are less sensible to abnormal observations in the output variable of the dynamic model. Such ‘bad’ observations could be due to unexpected phenomena such as economic crisis or equipment failure in engineering, among others. We show that the new robust estimators are consistent and we can consider robust and powerful tests of serial correlation in ARX models based on these estimators. The new one‐sided tests of serial correlation are obtained in extending Hong's (1996) approach in a framework resistant to outliers. They are based on a weighted sum of robust squared residual autocorrelations and on any robust and n1/2‐consistent estimators. Our approach generalizes Li's (1988) test statistic, that can be interpreted as a test using the truncated uniform kernel. However, many kernels deliver a higher power. This is confirmed in a simulation study, where we investigate the finite sample properties of the new robust serial correlation tests in comparison to some commonly used robust and non‐robust tests.