Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimating Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Introduction and Goals: SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted both in the community and within households. Social distancing and lockdowns reduce community transmission but do not directly address household transmission. We provide quantitative measures of household transmission based on empirical data, and estimate the contribution of households to overall spread. We highlight policy implications from our analysis of household transmission, and more generally, of changes in contact patterns under social distancing. Methods: We investigate the household secondary attack rate (SAR) for SARS-CoV-2, as well as R_h, which is the average number of within-household infections caused by a single index case. We estimate the SAR through a meta-analysis of previous studies. Taking a Bayesian approach, we correct estimates for the false-negative rate (FNR) of testing and compute posterior credible intervals for SAR. We estimate R_h using results from population testing in Vo', Italy and contact tracing data that we curate from Singapore. The code and data behind our analysis are publicly available at: https://github.com/andrewilyas/covid-household-transmission. Results: Our analysis of eight recent attack rate studies yields an SAR estimate of 0.28 (0.10, 0.61). From contact tracing data, we infer an R_h value of 0.32 (0.22, 0.42). Blanket testing data from Vo' yields an R_h estimate of 0.37 (0.34, 040) and a CRI estimate of 0.5 after correcting for FNR and asymptomatic cases. Interpretation: Our estimates of R_h suggest that household transmission was a small fraction (5%-35%) of R before social distancing but a large fraction after (30%-55%). This suggests that household transmission may be an effective target for interventions. A remaining uncertainty is whether household infections actually contribute to further community transmission or are contained within households. This can be estimated given high-quality contact tracing data. More broadly, our study points to emerging contact patterns (i.e., increased time at home relative to the community) playing a role in transmission of SARS-CoV-2. We briefly highlight another instance of this phenomenon (differences in contact between essential workers and the rest of the population), provide coarse estimates of its effect on transmission, and discuss how future data could enable a more reliable estimate.
Long Non-coding RNAs Involved in Pathogenic Infection

Recently developed technologies have revealed that the genomes of many organisms produce transcripts that do not encode proteins. These are called non-coding RNAs. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important regulators of the expression of their target genes at the levels of transcription, translation, and degradation. Multiple studies have demonstrated a role for lncRNAs in various biological responses, including pathogenic infection. Upon pathogenic infection, the expression levels of lncRNAs are dynamically altered, suggesting that lncRNAs are involved in the host immune response or propagation of pathogens. In this review, we focused on host lncRNAs that are involved in pathogenic infection. Some host lncRNAs act as host defense molecules to prevent pathogenic proliferation, while others are utilized by the pathogen to enhance the propagation of pathogens.
Resistência de meloeiro a Bemisia Tabaci biótipo B

Em âmbito mundial, a mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotipo B e praga-chave em diversas culturas. O uso de resistencia varietal se destaca entre os metodos de controle, sendo considerado o metodo ideal. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar, em casa de vegetacao, a resistencia de 32 cultivares de meloeiro em relacao a essa mosca-branca. Para atratividade, em 'Neve' observou-se o menor numero de adultos na face abaxial das folhas (0,6 adulto/10 cm2), enquanto 'Nilo' foi a mais preferida (5,6 adultos/10 cm2). A oviposicao foi avaliada em testes com e sem chance de escolha; em ambos, 'Neve' proporcionou o menor numero de ovos, contrastando com 'Nilo', a cultivar com a maior media. A colonizacao da mosca-branca durante o ciclo das plantas foi avaliada por meio de uma escala de notas variando de 0 (ausencia de colonizacao) ate 6 (folha totalmente colonizada); 'Neve' destacou-se por sua reduzida colonizacao, sendo as mais altas medias obtidas em 'Imperial', 'Jangada', 'Vereda', 'Deneb' e 'Nilo'. Na duracao do ciclo ovo-adulto da mosca-branca, que variou de 24,0 ('Neve') a 25,4 dias ('Jangada'), as cultivares nao diferiram entre si. Quanto a emergencia de adultos, as menores medias foram induzidas por Vereda' (68,2%) e 'Nilo' (69,3%), indicando a possivel ocorrencia de resistencia do tipo antibiose nessas duas cultivares, enquanto as maiores medias ocorreram em 'Imperial' (90,9 %) e 'Deneb' (89,6%). Considerando-se os parâmetros avaliados, infere-se que 'Neve' e a cultivar mais resistente a B. tabaci biotipo B, podendo ser indicada para plantio em regioes onde essa praga ocorra de forma acentuada ou para uso em programas de melhoramento.
Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes against whitegrub, Maladera insanabilis Brenske

The whitegrubs or rootgrubs including Maladera insanabilis, are the phytophagous immature stages of scarabs, causing heavy economic losses to many field and plantation crops. Out of six entomopathogenic nematode species/strains: Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema species, Ecomax strain, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema glaseri, field collected (JFC) local isolate and Heterorhabditis species Ecomax strain, H. bacteriophora was found to be more virulent against the third instar grubs of M. insanabilis. When hosts were exposed to H. bacteriophora infective juveniles (Ijs) in soil, lower inoculation doses were necessary to kill the host (LD50, 14 090 IJs/100 g soil/grub), the IJs invaded the host at a faster rate (LexT50, 18.38 h), host mortality occurred earlier (LT50, 5.65 days) and more IJs were produced per cadaver of infected host (69 840/grub; 607.30 IJ/mg host body weight), as compared to other tested nematodes.
Intragroup Conflicts and the Evolution of Sterile Castes in Termites

A hypothesis is proposed to account for the onset of a helper phenotype in the ancestors of termites, for the regular expression of this phenotype by a fraction of the individuals composing the colony, and for the subsequent development and diversification of sterile castes (soldiers and workers) This hypothesis rests on the gradual enhancement of behavioral and physiological traits preexisting in noneusocial ancestors Ancestors of termites probably lived in parent-offspring groups, in which parents assumed reproduction while older offspring helped to raise younger siblings. I demonstrate that conflicts (in particular, competition among helpers to reach the alate stage) are expected within such groups. The ancestral character of such conflicts in termites is substantiated by empirical evidence for their existence in all major groups of extant lower termites, in which they can still play an important role in caste determination I suggest that such conflicts produced individuals with lessened abilities for alate development, which would invest preferentially in siblings rather than in their own regeneration. Selection could then favor any increase in the efficiency of this helper phenotype at carrying out social tasks and a fine-tuning of the switch mechanism between the two phenotypes-the helper and the sexual nymph-as to fit Hamilton's rule as closely as possible. This process could have led to the regular expression of nondispersive phenotypes (i.e., the onset of permanent helper castes), followed by a wide diversification of the helpers, as observed nowadays in the higher termites.
Consuming and Persistent Types for Classical Logic

We prove that type systems are able to capture exact measures related to dynamic properties of functional programs with control operators, which allow implementing intricate continuations and backtracking. Our type systems give the number of evaluation steps to normal form as well as the size of this normal form without any evaluation being needed. We focus on Parigot's λμ-calculus, a computational interpretation of classical natural deduction, and our type systems are based upon non-idempotent intersection and union types. We introduce two kinds of arrows: consuming ones, which type function applications that are evaluated/destroyed during reduction, and persistent ones, which type those that are never consumed. These two forms of arrows are the essential tool of our typing systems to deal with control operators, as we are going to show. The main contribution of this paper is a type framework capturing exact measures within the λμ-calculus for 3 different evaluation strategies, namely, head, leftmost-outermost and maximal, associated to the well-known notions of head, weak and strong normalization respectively. Moreover, this is done in a parametric way: we do not provide one type system for each reduction strategy, as it is usually done in the literature, but we give a unique typing system parametrizing key concepts and factorizing common proofs.
Towards a new approach to reduce the dropout rate in e-learning

MOOCs are currently facing a major problem, namely the decrease in the rate of certified at the end of a MOOC. The main cause of this problem is due to the difficulty of detecting user behaviors in the platform which does not help tutors in their follow-up and their educational supervision of learners as well as to interact easily with them. In this work, to solve this problem we will propose an information system capable of automatically analyzing and detecting the behavior of users who follow a distance training and subsequently, to classify their profiles according to predefined parameters to facilitate teachers choose courses and activities based on the behavior of each user.
Real-time Small Object Detection Model in the Bird-view UAV Imagery

Object detection is one of the most important parts of UAV applications. UAV imagery has object distortion and small-sized objects peculiarities. In this paper, we propose a D-RFB module which can enhance the expressive power of the feature map, and D-RFBNet300 attached D-RFB module so that detect small objects in the UAV imagery more accurately. And we propose the UAV-cars dataset including peculiarities of UAV imagery. Our D-RFBNet300 trained on MS COCO achieved 21% mAP with 45 FPS speed, which is the highest score among the other SSD type object detectors. In addition, our D-RFBNet300 trained on UAV-cars dataset achieved 99.24% AP at 10m altitude and highest AP at every test set altitude from 15m to 30m with 57FPS speed.
Realization of preemptive focus on form in the English-language teaching context

Abstract While reactive focus on form (FonF) has been addressed extensively in the literature, preemptive FonF has not attracted the attention it deserves. To fill in part of this gap in the English-language teaching (ELT) context, the present study was conducted to examine the occurrence of preemptive focus on form episodes (FFEs) in the classes of two male and two female English-language teachers. Additionally, it aimed to explore the frequency of student-initiated and teacher-initiated FFEs as well as the uptake and no uptake moves in four classes. To address these issues, all cases of preemptive FFEs were identified in 6 h of instruction obtained from videotaping of four classes. Results confirmed that preemptive FonF does occur in the process of meaning-focused communication and that they are used by male and female teachers almost equally to deal with linguistic difficulties. The findings further showed that student-initiated and teacher-initiated FFEs occurred almost equally in four classes. As to the type of moves, no uptake move was recorded to occur more frequently in male teachers’ classes and to occur more frequently in student-initiated episodes in all classes. Results can raise the awareness of ELT teachers about the benefits of employing preemptive FonF in the context of meaning-focused communications.
Características agronômicas de variedades de milho para produção de silagem

Agronomic characteristics of maize varieties for silage production in the submedio Sao Francisco river valley. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dry and fresh matter yield, height of ear insertion, number of ears per plant, plant height and the ear stem -1 leaf -1 ratio of six maize varieties recommended for the Brazilian semi-arid region (BR 5033 - Asa Branca, BR 5028 - Sao Francisco, BRS 4103, BRS Caatingueiro, BRS Assum Preto and Gurutuba) aiming at silage production. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Semi-Arid, in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications. The varieties Gurutuba and BRS 4103 achieved the highest yields of fresh forage (38.7 and 40.0 t ha -1 ). These two varieties and BR 5028 - Sao Francisco showed the highest dry matter yield (16.0, 16.5 and 15.8 t ha -1 , respectively). However, the variety BRS Caatingueiro presented a higher number of ears per plant (1.6) than those of the other varieties. Among the materials evaluated for silage production in the Submedio Sao Francisco river Valley, Gurutuba, BR 5028 - Sao Francisco and BRS 4103 stood out. The results obtained for dry matter production (t ha -1 ) and number of ears per plant, as well as the ear stem -1 leaf -1 ratio, indicate the possibility of using the evaluated
Short communication. Comparative measurements of xylem pressure in transpiring and non-transpiring leaves by means of the pressure chamber and the xylem pressure probe

proposed more than 100 years ago by Dixon and Joly (1894). According to this theory, long-distance water Simultaneous measurements were made with the transport in xylem is driven by tension (negative pressure) xylem pressure probe on exposed, transpiring leaves gradients generated by the evaporation of water from and with the Scholander pressure chamber on both leaves and transmitted through continuous water columns transpiring and covered, non-transpiring leaves of from the leaf apoplast to the roots. Evidence supporting sugarcane and maize plants. Xylem tensions inferred the Cohesion-Tension theory consists largely of thousands from pressure chamber balancing pressures on non- of indirect estimates of xylem pressure obtained in excised transpiring leaves were similar to those measured leaves and branches with the Scholander pressure chamdirectly with the xylem pressure probe in transpiring ber (Scholander et al., 1965). The recent development of leaves. However, tensions inferred with the pressure the xylem pressure probe (xylem probe) by Balling and chamber on transpiring leaves that were placed in Zimmermann (1990) has allowed the direct measurement plastic bags just prior to excision were up to 0.6 MPa of xylem pressure in single vessels of intact plants. greater than those measured concurrently with the Measurements with the xylem probe have confirmed xylem pressure probe. These findings suggest that the existence of tensions in the xylem of both transpiring relatively large differences in water potential between and non-transpiring plants, but the values obtained are the xylem and bulk leaf tissue can exist during periods often substantially smaller than those inferred from indirof rapid transpiration, and they confirm that the ect techniques, such as the pressure chamber and psychrobalance pressure of an excised, previously transpiring meter (Balling and Zimmermann, 1990; Zimmermann leaf is only a measure of the bulk average equilibrium et al., 1991, 1994a, b). This has led some researchers to leaf water potential and not of the true xylem pressure question the validity of estimates of xylem tension that existed prior to excision. obtained with the pressure chamber and to postulate that the currently accepted hundred-year-old Cohesion
Determination of Cyclotrichium niveum Essential Oil and Its Components at Different Altitudes

Cyclotrichium niveum (Boiss.) Manden. Scheng. is a perennial species of Lamiaceae family of high importance due to essential oils compounds. Essential oil rates and essential oil components were determined in plants of this species collected from different altitudes. In order to have specific data, the plants were harvested from their natural growing area; the samples were picked up during full flowering period, from three different altitudes (890 m, 1239 m and 1605 m) in order to enhance that essential oil rates are directly influenced by this aspect. The analysis of essential oil extracted included 42 components and pulegone was the main component among these. Whereas the lowest pulegone rate was determined as 59.9% at 890 m altitude, the highest value (68.12%) was determined at 1605 m. It was also determined that as the altitude increased, the rate of this particular component in essential oil also increased, while the rate of other important components (such as isomenthone, limonene, 1,8-cineole, isopulegone) decreased.
Specificity of the Monogenean Gyrodactylus tularosae Kritsky and Stockwell, 2005, to Its Natural Host, the White Sands Pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa Miller and Echelle 1975)

Abstract We examined host specificity of a recently described parasite (Gyrodactylus tularosae Kritsky and Stockwell, 2005) to its natural host, the White Sands pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa Miller and Echelle, 1975), compared with a closely related congener, the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus). In each of 8 replicates, 1 uninfected C. tularosa and 1 uninfected C. variegatus were exposed to 3 C. tularosa infected with G. tularosae over a 4-d exposure trial. Focal fish were subsequently isolated for 5 d to evaluate infection persistence. Experiment-wide fluke infection prevalence was 100% for C. tularosa throughout the experiment. Prevalence on C. variegatus increased to 100% by d 3 of exposure but declined in isolation to 50% on the last day of the experiment. Fluke intensity was significantly higher for C. tularosa than C. variegatus throughout the experiment. Following isolation, parasite intensity declined for both species. These data suggest that G. tularosae prefers its native host, C. tularosa, but it may be able to use C. variegatus as a transient host.
The Role of Self-Regulation in Forgiveness: A Regulatory Model of Forgiveness

Forgiveness is an emotion regulation process that is important for both physical and mental health. Given its benefits, studying the facilitation of forgiveness is important. Researchers have already demonstrated the relationship between self-control and forgiveness. However, in this study, we aim to extend previous research by examining the regulating processes of forgiveness and the possible mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between self-regulatory strength and forgiveness. University students (N = 317) in Hong Kong who were recruited to participate in this study completed an online survey. The results of this study indicated that both self-regulatory strength and emotion regulation were significant predictors of forgiveness. Interestingly, cognitive reappraisal significantly mediated the association between self-regulatory fatigue and forgiveness. This suggests a potential self-regulation mechanism that leads to a prorelationship response and provides evidence for a regulatory model of forgiveness.
Distribution and abundance of scyllarid and palinurid lobster larvae in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia

Plankton samples from the Gulf of Carpentaria contained large numbers of the phyllosomata of Scyllarus martensii and an unknown scyllarid species (Scyllarus sp. A) and smaller numbers of the larvae of seven other scyllarid species (Thenus orientalis and six unidentified species of Scyllarus) and three palinurid species (Panulirus homarus homarus, P. versicolor and P. ornatus). The final phyllosoma stage of Scyllarus sp. A is described. The spatial and temporal variabilities of the more abundant scyllarid larvae are described and related to temperature, salinity and plankton biomass. Both S. martensii and Scyllarus sp. A were widespread in the deeper waters of the Gulf, living in a wide range of temperatures (21.7 to 30.3o C) and salinities (28.9 to 34.3). From the range of stages found on six cruises between April 1976 to March 1977, it appears that these two species reproduce throughout the year, although S. martensii had a broad peak period of reproduction from August to November 1976.
Math Anxiety Mediates the Link Between Number Sense and Math Achievements in High Math Anxiety Young Adults

In the past few years, many studies have suggested that subjects with high sensory precision in the processing of non-symbolic numerical quantities (approximate number system; ANS) also have higher math abilities. At the same time, there has been interest in another non-cognitive factor affecting mathematical learning: mathematical anxiety (MA). MA is defined as a debilitating emotional reaction to mathematics that interferes with the manipulation of numbers and the solving of mathematical problems. Few studies have been dedicated to uncovering the interplay between ANS and MA and those have provided conflicting evidence. Here we measured ANS precision (numerosity discrimination thresholds) in a cohort of university students with either a high (>75th percentile; n = 49) or low (<25th percentile; n = 39) score on the Abbreviate Math Anxiety Scale (AMAS). We also assessed math proficiency using a standardized test (MPP: Mathematics Prerequisites for Psychometrics), visuo-spatial attention capacity by means of a Multiple Objects Tracking task (MOT) and sensory precision for non-numerical quantities (disk size). Our results confirmed previous studies showing that math abilities and ANS precision correlate in subjects with high math anxiety. Neither precision in size-discrimination nor visuo-spatial attentional capacity were found to correlate with math capacities. Interestingly, within the group with high MA, our data also revealed a relationship between ANS precision and MA, with MA playing a key role in mediating the correlation between ANS and math achievement. Taken together, our results suggest an interplay between extreme levels of MA and the sensory precision in the processing of non-symbolic numerosity.
Engineering of Barley α-Amylase

Abstract Protein engineering of barley α-amylase addressed the roles of Ca2+ in activity and inhibition by barley α-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor (BASI), multiple attach in polysaccharide hydrolysis, secondary starch binding sites, and BASI hot spots in AMY2 recognition. AMY1/AMY2 isozyme chimeras faciliatated assignment of function to specific regions of the structure. An AMY1 fusion with starch binding domain and AMY1 mutants in the substrate binding cleft gave degree of multiple attack of 0.9–3.3, compared to 1.9 for wild-type. About 40% of the secondary attacks, succeeding the initial endo-attack, produced DP5-10 maltooligosaccharides in similar proportion for all enzyme variants, whereas shorter products, comprising about 25%, varied depending on the mutation. Secondary binding sites were important in both multiple attack and starch granule hydrolysis. Surface plasmon resonance and inhibition analyses indicated the importance of fully hydrated Ca2+ at the AMY2/BASI interface to strengthen the complex. Engineering of intermolecular contacts in BASI modulated the affinity for AMY2 and the target enzyme specificity.