Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Charitable Behavior and Public Intervention: a Survey Experiment ∗

In this paper, we measure the extent of charitable behavior crowding out public intervention and how this phenomenon affects the welfare of the poor. To achieve this objective, we collect novel survey data on a representative sample of the U.S. adult population. In the survey, respondents are asked to go through several hypothetical scenarios, starting from a simple model of public good contribution to learn about their preferences and expectations regarding donations and taxation. We find that when donations are available, government expenditure on the poor is less in equilibrium. Yet, households in need are better off due to disproportionately higher donations. So, in our setting, private charity crowds out public intervention only to a limited extent, affecting equilibrium-level taxes only slightly. Moreover, as equilibrium tax rates without donations are not high enough to compensate for the lack of private charity, our results suggest that people are less driven by inequity aversion than by the direct utility of donating (warm glow). As an implication, we conclude that the widespread availability of private charity in the United States plays a pivotal role in alleviating poverty, which government intervention cannot substitute for due to the structure of voters’ preferences.
Anuario de Psicología Jurídica 2021

This article reports on a conducted systematic review focused on conceptualization and measurement methods of legal consciousness, which can be understood as the equivalent for the legitimacy of law. A systematic search identified 2,054 articles, resulting in the inclusion of 156 relevant articles after two phases of the screening process. Articles analyzed lacked a clear conceptualization of a legal consciousness construct and validated methods of its measurement with satisfactory quality. A considerable room for improvement was found for both conceptualization and measurement methods of legal consciousness. This review identifies six separate components of legal consciousness (general knowledge, skills, specific knowledge, attitudes, trust, and identity) and offers a unifying and comprehensive definition of legal consciousness based on those components. Using descriptive characteristics and inference statistics, main methodological weaknesses of selected articles were discussed and a set of criteria for optimal measurement method of legal consciousness was introduced.
LEAF MORPHOLOGY AND POLLEN VIABILITY OF BLACKGRAM

Laboratory experiment was conducted to screen fifty blackgram genotypes for high temperature tolerance using Temperature Induction Response (TIR) technique with nine tolerant blackgram genotypes viz. , LBG 977, PU 1504, LBG 982, LBG 977, ABF 04, LBG 973, NRISRI, TBG 129, LBG 888 and one susceptible genotype TBG 125 were selected based on TIR for further screening them for high temperature stress tolerance under field condition. Sowings were carried in such a way that flowering of the genotypes coincided with the high temperatures. A wide variation was observed among the genotypes in their leaf characters such as leaf thickness, leaf pubescence, cuticle thickness and pollen viability percentage. The genotypes LBG 888 and TBG 129 were found to have higher leaf thickness, pubescence and pollen viability percentage, which denote their heat tolerance and ability to withstand higher temperature. Whereas, the susceptible genotype TBG 125 recorded lower values for leaf thickness pubescence and pollen viability percentage.
The effect of social housing developments on housing prices in Amsterdam

The Netherlands provides a significant amount of social housing. Of all residences, 30% is estimated to be social housing. Amsterdam especially has a high density of social housing of about 40%. Even though social housing is considered as a useful policy, additional social housing units can expect resistance from the surrounding neighborhood. Though housing shortages and long waiting lists for social residences exist, careful decision-making is required when it comes to social housing developments and values of properties in its vicinity. This thesis aims to examine the effect that new social housing developments have on property prices in their respective neighborhoods. Using a difference-in-difference approach to hedonic regression, the effect of social housing developments undertaken by social housing corporations on property prices in Amsterdam is measured. Consequently, the size of the projects and the average income level of the neighborhood is taken into account. The results indicate that large-size projects have the ability to improve house prices by a few percentage points on average. Projects in high-income neighborhoods can lead to a decrease in house prices. This outcome can help government institutes and Dutch social housing corporations in carefully crafted but highly needed developments that are beneficial to everyone involved.
Multiplicity Phenomena for Fully Nonlinear Equations with Quadratic Growth in the Gradient

We consider fully nonlinear uniformly elliptic equations with quadratic growth in the gradient, such as $$ -F(x,u,Du,D^2u) =\lambda c(x)u+\langle M(x)D u, D u \rangle +h(x) $$ in a bounded domain with a Dirichlet boundary condition; here $\lambda \in\mathbb{R}$, $c,\, h \in L^p(\Omega)$, $p>n\geq 1$, $c\gneqq 0$ and the matrix $M$ satisfies $0<\mu_1 I\leq M\leq \mu_2 I$. Recently this problem was studied in the "coercive" case $c\le0$, where uniqueness of solutions can be expected. It was conjectured that the solution set is more complex for non-coercive equations. This conjecture was recently verified by Arcoya, de Coster, Jeanjean and Tanaka for equations in divergence form, where the integral formulation of the problem was exploited. Here we show that similar phenomena occur for general, even fully nonlinear, equations in non-divergence form. We use novel techniques based on the maximum principle. We develop a method to obtain the crucial uniform a priori bounds, which permit to us to use degree theory. This method is based on basic regularity estimates such as half-Harnack inequalities, and on a V\'azquez-type strong maximum principle for our kind of equations.
Lightweight Human Pose Estimation Network and Angle-based Action Recognition

Human pose estimation and action recognition is challenging. There are many end-to-end convolutional neural network-based methods for pose estimation, but they are too diﬃcult and costly to train. We propose an improved lightweight network for pose estimation, which greatly reduces the diﬃculty and time of training. It can also greatly improve Frames Per Second(FPS). In the meanwhile, based on the pose estimation, the cosine theorem is used to analyze the angle information of key points in real time. Finally, with comprehensive information, our method achieves rapid action recognition and does not require training in advance. We evaluate our models on standard pose estimation benchmarks and show that proposed lightweight models outperform base deterministic ones
Imaging the Breast with Microwaves: The Dartmouth Experience

Interest in imaging the breast with electromagnetic fields in the 1-3 GHz range has been motivated by certain deficiencies in current screening and diagnostic practices based on x-ray mammography and the apparently striking contrast in the electrical properties of cancer relative to normal tissue found in historical studies of breast properties generated from measurements on ex-vivo specimens. Our microwave imaging experience involving the delivery of breast exams to women with normal and abnormal mammography indicates that the asymptomatic breast has electrical properties that are not only heterogeneous but also much higher than reported in earlier work. Similar findings have been presented in the most recent and comprehensive studies of breast tissue properties in tissue samples. These results also suggest that the cancer contrast is large (~10:1) relative to adipose tissue but rather modest (~1.1:1) when compared to glandular and fibroconnective tissue and thus indicate that the potential for microwave imaging of the breast has been largely overstated when based on the older literature. Our studies involving more than 80 women with breast abnormalities and 50 women with normal mammography show the image contrast for cancer is 2:1 on average in electrical conductivity and 1.2:1 in relative permittivity. About 60% of these cases occurred in women with scattered to fatty breast parenchymal density while the other 40% involved heterogeneously to extremely dense breasts. Thus, we have found some encouraging evidence for image contrast in cancer based on spatial discrimination of tissue electrical properties in the microwave range on the 10 mm scale.
Rationalization of healthcare expenses may be beneficial for both the healthcare system and patients - a case of Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy

Background: Venom immunotherapy is the only method to radically reduce the risk of a systemic reaction to a Hymenoptera sting. Currently, venom immunotherapy in Poland is generally carried out in a hospital setting. Covering venom extracts with a pharmacy refund, which would allow them to be administered on an outpatient basis could generate savings for the public payer. Methods: Alutard SQ® is in the process of applying for reimbursement for the first time. Due to the progress in negotiations, the price of the drug proposed by MAH, is close to the upper price level of the drug currently available commercially in pharmacies. In this paper, the potential savings for the payer related to drug reimbursement were estimated, taking into account the currently used procedure and drug valuation as well as the expected re-imbursement price. The indirect costs and the advantages of the proposed solution for patients were estimated. Results: In the 5-year horizon of the therapy, savings may reach up to PLN 40,000 per patient, which, in the case of 2,000 patients amounts to PLN 80 million. Additionally, potential annual indirect savings related to lost productivity and transportation cost amount to as much as PLN 5 million. Conclusion: Proposed solution would be beneficial for the
In-vitro evaluation of antithelminthic activity of albendazole and three midicinal plant extracts on Capillaria sp and its characterization with RAPD-PCR.

Capillaria species are nematodes of serious fish diseases which may be transferred to human. The present study aimed to evaluat the anthelminthic activity of different concentrations of albendazole and three medicinal plants ( Allium sativum, Lupinus termis, and Cucrbita pepo) on Capillaria sp. Infested fresh water catfishes, Bagrus docmac and B.bayad. collected from Menoufia and Kalyobia Governorates, Egypt. Five different media; RPMI 1640(Formula 1), RPMI 1640 (Formula 11), RPMI 1640 (Formula 111), Hank`s saline and Natural calf serum in optimum conditions were used for in vitro maintaining of Capillaria sp. Natural calf serum was the best medium for maintenance of Capillaria sp. as observed by high activity and low mortality rate in optimum conditions for 24 hours (pH; 7&20 o C). Albendazole at a dose of 5.5x10 6 ppm showed high mortality rate (86.6%) after 24 hours exposure time. Water extracts of the medicinal plants ( A.sativum ,l.termis, and C.pepo ) have higher effect on the mortality rate of adult Capillaria sp. in vitro than albendazole. A.sativum water extract was high effective than L.termis and C. pepo extracts where lower concentration (18x10 3 ppm ) gave maximum mortality rate (100%) 24 hours post exposure. DNA of Capillaria sp. was isolated and the RAPD-PCR was applied . using 6 arbitrary primers: [G-11 b (TGCCCGTGG), G-15 b (ACTGGGACTC), G-18 b (GGCTCATCTC), M-1(AGGTCACTGA ), M-are(ATCTGGCAAC),G-7 b (GAACCTGCGG) ]. The obtained result indicated that RAPD-PCR assay can be used to differentiate Capillaria sp. from its geneticallay close species of the superfamily Trichuroidea in which genera Trichinella, Trichuris and Capillaria are included. RAPD-PCR has proved useful to detect genomic instability and DNA variation induced by treatments of sublethal concentrations (LC 50 ) of albendazole and Allium sativum water extract.
LETID-AND (EXTENDED) BO-RELATED DEGRADATION AND REGENERATION IN B-AND GA-DOPED MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON DURING DARK AND ILLUMINATED ANNEALS

: We study the degradation effects of boron-oxygen related light-induced degradation (LID) and light-and elevated temperature-induced degradation (LeTID) on both B-and Ga-doped Cz-Si wafers from the same industrial producer. The wafers of the two doping types were subjected to the same sample processing and degradation conditions. The studied conditions include dark anneal (DA) at 175°C and illuminated anneals at 75°C and either 1 or 0.1 sun eq. illumination intensity, which allow a good direct comparison of the influence of the dopant elements on the degradation effects. We find an atypical injection dependence of LeTID in the Ga-doped samples compared to the “standard” behavior in B-doped silicon. The Ga-doped samples degrade strongly only when the carrier injection is low. Degradation of Ga-doped samples during DA is only observed on long timescales, resulting in an injection-dependent lifetime dissimilar to LeTID-degraded Ga-doped samples and B-doped samples after both DA and LeTID. The results indicate that the dopants have a strong influence on the degradation behavior.
R EVISITING THE F ARM S IZE -P RODUCTIVITY R ELATIONSHIP B ASED ON A R ELATIVELY W IDE R ANGE OF F ARM S IZES : E VIDENCE FROM K ENYA

This paper revisits the inverse farm size-productivity relationship in Kenya. The study makes two contributions. First, the relationship is examined over a much wider range of farm sizes than most studies, which is particularly relevant in Africa given the recent rise of medium-and large-scale farms. Second, we test the inverse relationship hypothesis using three different measures of productivity including proﬁts per hectare and total factor productivity, which are arguably more meaningful than standard measures of productivity such as yield or gross output per hectare. We ﬁnd a U-shaped relationship between farm size and all three measures of farm productivity. The inverse relationship hypothesis holds on farms between zero and 3 hectares. The relationship between farm size and productivity is relatively ﬂat between 3 and 5 hectares. A strong positive relationship between farm size and productivity emerges within the 5 to 70 hectare range of farm sizes. Across virtually all measures of productivity, farms between 20 and 70 hectares are found to be substantially more productive than farms under 5 hectares. When the analysis is conﬁned to ﬁelds cultivated to maize (Kenya’s main food crop) the productivity advantage of relatively large farms stems at least partially from differences in technical choice related to mechanization, which substantially reduces labor input per hectare, and from input use intensity.
Semi-discrete Optimal Transport for Long-tailed Classification

The long-tailed data distribution poses an enormous challenge for training neural networks in classification. The classification network can be decoupled into a feature extractor and a classifier. This paper takes a semi-discrete optimal transport perspective to analyze the long-tailed classification problem, where the feature space is viewed as a continuous source domain, and the classifier weights are viewed as a discrete target domain. The classifier is indeed to find a cell decomposition of the feature space with each cell corresponding to one class. The imbalanced training set causes the more frequent classes to have larger volume cells, which means that the classifier’s decision boundary is biased towards less frequent classes, resulting in reduced classification performance in the inference phase. Therefore, we pro-pose a novel OT-dynamic softmax loss, which dynamically adjusts the decision boundary in the training phase to avoid overfitting in the tail classes. In addition, our method incorporates the supervised contrastive loss so that the feature space satisfies the uniform distribution condition. Extensive and comprehensive experiments demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on multiple long-tailed recognition benchmarks, including CIFAR-LT, ImageNet-LT, iNaturalist 2018, and Places-LT.
Gender Equality in High-Quality Anesthesiology Research - A Descriptive Bibliometric Study on Scientific Authorships

Background: As in other scientific disciplines, medicine has undergone a huge movement in sex distribution due to an increasing number of women entering the field. The effects of this shift on gender equality in anesthesiology research are discussed in this study. Authorships in medical publications provide information of the grade of the author within the medical discipline. As a result, they can be used as indicators for integration within medical research. The central aspect of this analysis included the examination of the assignment of authorships between male and female researchers in anesthesiology research. Methods: This
Response of different cultivars of apricot to the postharvest application of methyl jasmonate

Apricots have restricted marketability and commercial viability due to their high degree of perishability, which generally leads to huge post-harvest losses. A study was conducted to evaluate the physical and geometrical characteristics of different cultivars of apricots ( CITH-1, CITH-2, Erani, Harcot, and Tilton ) and to assess the effect of post-harvest application of methyl jasmonate (MeJ; 0.1 mmolL -1 and 0.2mmolL -1 ) on its quality, enzyme-specific activities, and shelf life. Apricots were dipped in different concentrations of MeJ and then stored at a refrigerated temperature (1 ± 1 o C, RH 80-85 %) for 42 days. Apricots treated with MeJ (0.1 mmolL -1 ) followed by refrigeration significantly (p < 0.05) retained higher levels of antioxidant activity and total and reducing sugars compared to MeJ (0.2 mmolL -1 ) and the control. In terms of reducing decay percentage, weight loss, fruit firmness, as well as inhibition of enzyme activity, both MeJ treatments were significantly (p < 0.05) effective in preserving the quality and extending the shelf life of apricots. According to the findings of this study, post-harvest application of MeJ (0.2 mmolL - 1 ) can be applied to preserve the quality of fresh apricots and their bioactive constituents in refrigerated storage for up to 42 days.
Long-term carbon dioxide toxicity and climate change: a major unapprehended risk for human health .

As atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide continue to escalate and drive climate change, the safe level for breathing is not clear. The toxicity of CO 2 has been defined for short-duration exposures at high concentrations but it is unknown what levels will compromise human health when individuals are perpetually exposed for their lifetime. There is now substantial evidence that permanent exposure, to CO 2 levels predicted in the future, will have significant effects on humans. Blood CO 2 levels in populations are increasing and unhealthy concentrations have been measured from people in common indoor environments where reduced thinking ability, altered brainwaves and health symptoms have been observed at levels of CO 2 above 600 ppm for relatively short-term exposures. Although humans and animals are able to deal with elevated levels of CO 2 in the short-term due to compensation mechanisms in the body, the eventual failure of these may have severe consequences in a perpetual environment of elevated CO 2 . Protein malfunctions in cells due to elevated CO 2 and associated low pH has the potential to cause threats to life including cancer, neurological disorders, lung disease, diabetes, etc. In particular excess CO 2 causes the overexpression of carbonic anhydrase, the enzyme that catalyses CO 2 in the body, causes calcification in the kidneys, arteries and tissues, along with other diseases and this may be an existential threat. Although there is very low awareness of this risk and its proximity is yet to be adequately defined, it is likely that human physical and mental health will be affected in the near-future with the progressive severity dependant on CO 2 emissions.
Perception of Autism Spectrum Disorders Among Medical Students in Malaysia: Cross-Sectional Study

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often results in negative stigma and rejection, causing autistic individuals to be unjustly treated, resulting in them being socially isolated. Adults who have been diagnosed with ASD would be judged more negatively than childhood autism due to more empathy towards a child. This study is to explore the perception of Autism Spectrum Disorders among medical students in Manipal University College Malaysia (MUCM). An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2021 to June 2021 on undergraduate medical students of Manipal University College Malaysia (MUCM). The sampling method used was purposive sampling which the sample of our study was selected based on the characteristic of the population and objective of the study. A validated questionnaire was taken from a previous study and was distributed to the sample via electronic survey form. The students were asked to respond to the questionnaire by using a five-point Likert scale depending on the personal extent to which they agreed on the questions based on each scenario. The analysis included frequency, percentages, mean, standard deviation, 95% CI and p-value with the level of significance of 5%. Unpaired T-test, Paired T-test and ANOVA test were used in data analysis. The electronic questionnaire consisting of 49 questions was distributed to the medical students of Manipal University College Malaysia (MUCM). A total of 152 responses were received with a mean age of 21.65. The overall perception towards autism was 3.63 which showed a positive view of autism among medical students. This study revealed that exposure is a critical factor affecting the perception of medical students towards Autism Spectrum Disorder in Manipal University College Malaysia (MUCM). The present study is only an initial step to examine the perception. Future research may enlarge on this topic in several directions such as more in-depth studies are needed to have better identifying factors in influencing the perception and potential factors to reduce negative perception of autism for enhancement of better treatment services for individuals with autism which benefit both the future doctors and the patient.