Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Temperature estimates for a railgun plasma armature

A free-flowing plasma in a railgun refers to a plasma which is not impeded by a projectile during a firing. One advantage in performing experiments with such plasmas is that spectroscopic measurements can be made when they are ejected. In this paper we analyse absorption and emission spectra of a free-flowing plasma for wavelengths between 300 and 625 nm in several firings. Calculations of the degree of ionization for the various species identified on the spectra are used to produce an estimate for the temperature of a free-flowing plasma in a RAPID railgun that lies between 11 × 103 and 25 × 103 K. This temperature range is reduced to 11 × 103 K by using a special computer code that predicts the thermochemical functions and transport coefficients of partially- and fully-ionized plasmas. The code is then used to develop temperature estimates of the plasma armature in railgun firings with projectiles. For these plasmas, which are expected to be denser than free-flowing plasmas, a temperature estimate of 14 × 103 K is obtained for a RAPID railgun firing at shot-out.
Birationally rigid varieties with a pencil of Fano double covers. II

The study of the birational geometry of Fano fibrations whose fibres are Fano double hypersurfaces of index 1 is continued. Birational rigidity is proved for the majority of families of this type, which do not satisfy the condition of sufficient twistedness over the base (in particular, this means that there exist no other structures of a fibration into rationally connected varieties) and the groups of birational self-maps are computed. The principal components of the method of maximal singularities are considerably improved, chiefly the techniques of counting multiplicities for fibrations into Fano varieties over the line.
Actual vs . Perceived Motor Competence in Children 2 ( 8-10 y ) : An Issue of Non-Veridicality 3

The purpose of this study was to investigate the betweenand within-sex differences in 15 actual and perceived locomotor and object control skills in children (8-10y). All participants (58 16 children [29 boys; 9.5±0.6y; 1.44±0.09m; 39.6±9.5kg; body mass index; 18.8±3.1 kg.m2]) completed the 17 Test of Gross Motor Development (2nd edition) and the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill 18 Competence for Young Children. Betweenand within-sex differences were assessed using 19 independent and paired samples t-tests, respectively. For all tests, effect sizes and Bayes factors were 20 calculated. There were significant differences (P<0.001) between sexes for perceived locomotor and 21 perceived object control skills (boys>girls), with Bayes factors extremely in favour of the alternate 22 hypothesis (BF: 55,344 and 460, respectively). A significant difference (P<0.001) was found between 23 girls’ actual and perceived locomotor skills (d=-0.88; 95% CI: -0.46 to -1.34), with Bayes factors 24 extremely in favour of the alternate hypothesis (BF: 483). A significant difference (P<0.001) was found 25 between boys’ actual and perceived object control skills (d=0.69; 95% CI: 0.2 to 1.12), with Bayes 26 factors very strongly in favour of the alternate hypothesis (BF: 41). These findings suggest that there 27 exists an issue of non-veridicality between actual and perceived motor competence skills, and their 28 subsets, and a sex-mediated discord in children (8-10y). 29
Braneworld models of dark energy

We explore a new class of braneworld models in which the scalar curvature of the (induced) brane metric contributes to the brane action. The scalar curvature term arises generically on account of one-loop effects induced by matter fields residing on the brane. Spatially flat braneworld models can enter into a regime of accelerated expansion at late times. This is true even if the brane tension and the bulk cosmological constant are tuned to satisfy the Randall–Sundrum constraint on the brane. Braneworld models admit a wider range of possibilities for dark energy than standard LCDM. In these models the luminosity distance can be both smaller and larger than the luminosity distance in LCDM. Whereas models with dL ⩽ dL(LCDM) imply w = p/ρ ⩾ −1 and have frequently been discussed in the literature, models with dL > dL(LCDM) have traditionally been ignored, perhaps because, within the general-relativistic framework, the luminosity distance has this property only if the equation of state of matter is strongly negative (w < −1). Within the conventional framework, `phantom energy' with w < −1 is beset with a host of undesirable properties, which makes this model of dark energy unattractive. Braneworld models, on the other hand, have the capacity to endow dark energy with exciting new possibilities (including w < −1) without suffering from the problems faced by phantom energy. For a subclass of parameter values, braneworld dark energy and the acceleration of the universe are transient phenomena. In these models, the universe, after the current period of acceleration, re-enters the matter-dominated regime so that the deceleration parameter q(t) → 0.5 when t >> t0, where t0 is the present epoch. Such models could help reconcile an accelerating universe with the requirements of string/M-theory.
A measurement of axial velocity and temperature in a free-burning arc using Thomson scattering

High-resolution lineshape analysis of Thomson-scattered laser light was used to determine the centreline temperature and velocity of ions in a free-burning arc. The arc was maintained at in atmospheric-pressure argon. The technique allows direct measurement of plasma gas velocity without disturbing conditions within the plasma - the values found were lower than previously reported using indirect methods and increased with time, over 2 h. On the other hand, the ion temperature was found to drift little over the same period and its value was higher than previously reported for Thomson scattering, yet lower than found by emission spectroscopy. Possible reasons for these differences are examined and, in particular, the role of small concentrations of oxygen is discussed. This preliminary study highlights experimental difficulties that are inherent in this type of measurement.
MOJAVE: MONITORING OF JETS IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI WITH VLBA EXPERIMENTS. VIII. FARADAY ROTATION IN PARSEC-SCALE AGN JETS

We report observations of Faraday rotation measures for a sample of 191 extragalactic radio jets observed within the MOJAVE program. Multifrequency Very Long Baseline Array observations were carried out over 12 epochs in 2006 at four frequencies between 8 and 15 GHz. We detect parsec-scale Faraday rotation measures in 149 sources and find the quasars to have larger rotation measures on average than BL Lac objects. The median core rotation measures are significantly higher than in the jet components. This is especially true for quasars where we detect a significant negative correlation between the magnitude of the rotation measure and the de-projected distance from the core. We perform detailed simulations of the observational errors of total intensity, polarization, and Faraday rotation, and concentrate on the errors of transverse Faraday rotation measure gradients in unresolved jets. Our simulations show that the finite image restoring beam size has a significant effect on the observed rotation measure gradients, and spurious gradients can occur due to noise in the data if the jet is less than two beams wide in polarization. We detect significant transverse rotation measure gradients in four sources (0923+392, 1226+023, 2230+114, and 2251+158). In 1226+023 the rotation measure is for the first time seen to change sign from positive to negative over the transverse cuts, which supports the presence of a helical magnetic field in the jet. In this source we also detect variations in the jet rotation measure over a timescale of three months, which are difficult to explain with external Faraday screens and suggest internal Faraday rotation. By comparing fractional polarization changes in jet components between the four frequency bands to depolarization models, we find that an external purely random Faraday screen viewed through only a few lines of sight can explain most of our polarization observations, but in some sources, such as 1226+023 and 2251+158, internal Faraday rotation is needed.
Polymer gel dosimetry

Polymer gel dosimeters are fabricated from radiation sensitive chemicals which, upon irradiation, polymerize as a function of the absorbed radiation dose. These gel dosimeters, with the capacity to uniquely record the radiation dose distribution in three-dimensions (3D), have specific advantages when compared to one-dimensional dosimeters, such as ion chambers, and two-dimensional dosimeters, such as film. These advantages are particularly significant in dosimetry situations where steep dose gradients exist such as in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery. Polymer gel dosimeters also have specific advantages for brachytherapy dosimetry. Potential dosimetry applications include those for low-energy x-rays, high-linear energy transfer (LET) and proton therapy, radionuclide and boron capture neutron therapy dosimetries. These 3D dosimeters are radiologically soft-tissue equivalent with properties that may be modified depending on the application. The 3D radiation dose distribution in polymer gel dosimeters may be imaged using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical-computerized tomography (optical-CT), x-ray CT or ultrasound. The fundamental science underpinning polymer gel dosimetry is reviewed along with the various evaluation techniques. Clinical dosimetry applications of polymer gel dosimetry are also presented.
Measuring Filter Transmittance Using Heterodyne Detection

We use heterodyne detection to measure optical transmittance over an unprecedented dynamic range, with high accuracy and high sensitivity. Our set-up uses a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with acousto-optic frequency shifting to produce a 30 MHz frequency difference between the two light beams, resulting in a beat envelope on the interferometer output beam. We determine the optical transmittance of a filter by inserting it into one of the interferometer arms and measuring the change in amplitude of the optical beat signal. This method allows direct comparison between optical and RF attenuators, ultimately tying optical transmittance measurements to 30 MHz RF attenuation standards in an absolute way. Using this method, we have measured filters that cover 12 decades of transmittance. We discuss a recently developed instrument that improves the accuracy and dynamic range over which the optical-RF connection can be made. This instrument functions as a lock-in amplifier with a dynamic range of up to 180 dB. In addition, we extend the technique into the infrared at 10,6 μm, where we demonstrate that transmittances of filters at room temperature can be measured with a dynamic range of more than 11 decades.
The synergy between CMB spectral distortions and anisotropies

Spectral distortions and anisotropies of the CMB provide independent and complementary probes to study energy injection processes in the early universe. Here we discuss the synergy between these observables, and show the promising future of spectral distortion missions to constrain both exotic and non-exotic energy injections. We show that conventional probes such as Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and CMB anisotropies can benefit from and even be surpassed by future spectral distortion experiments. For this, we have implemented a unified framework within the Boltzmann code CLASS to consistently treat the thermal evolution of photons and baryons. Furthermore, we give an extensive and pedagogical introduction into the topic of spectral distortions and energy injections throughout the thermal history of the universe, highlighting some of their unique features and potential as a novel probe for cosmology and particle physics.
Analysis of railway fatalities in central India.

A two year retrospective study of railway related fatal cases has been carried out in the Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur. Railway fatality cases were stand for 5.99% (Total 173) of all autopsies (n=2888) conducted during the period of January 2001 to December 2002.The fatalities were predominantly seen in the males. Male to female ratio was 8.62:1.The maximum numbers of victims were in the age group of 20-49 years (n= 120 cases, 69.34%). Majority of victims died on the spot (96.53%). Maximum number of railway fatalities were accidental (91.32 %) followed by the suicidal (8.68 %) in nature, whereas none of the homicidal railway fatalities noted. Crush injuries were found mostly over lower limbs followed by the upper limb then over the face and head. Maximum victims (84.38 %) died due to hemorrhage and shock following injuries to the vital organs.
The premelting of ice studied with photoelectron spectroscopy

We address the century-old puzzle of the existence of a liquid-like layer at the ice surface near its melting point with new photoelectron spectroscopic tools using synchrotron radiation. Near-edge x-ray absorption shows that a liquid-like film exists at temperatures as low as -20 °C. Near 0 °C this film is about 20 Å thick, i.e., six bilayers. With high-pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we have further investigated the effect of surface contamination, which is ubiquitous in natural environments, on the state of the ice. Our results show that the premelting of ice can be strongly enhanced by the presence of hydrocarbon contamination.
A structure theory for isometric representations of a class of semigroups.

Using Mackey's theory of Systems of imprimitivity, we develop a structure theory for isometric representations of subsemigroups of the nonnegative real numbers. This structure theory extends the well known results of Helson and Lowdenslager concerning those isometric representations of the nonnegative real numbers which arise naturally in the study of stationary stochastic processes and prediction theory.
The paths of gravity in galileon cosmology

Galileon gravity offers a robust gravitational theory for explaining cosmic acceleration, having a rich phenomenology of testable behaviors. We explore three classes of Galileon models — standard uncoupled, and linearly or derivatively coupled to matter — investigating the expansion history with particular attention to early time and late time attractors, as well as the linear perturbations. From the relativistic and nonrelativistic Poisson equations we calculate the generalizations of the gravitational strength (Newton's constant), deriving its early and late time behavior. By scanning through the parameters we derive distributions of the gravitational strength at various epochs and trace the paths of gravity in its evolution. Using ghost-free and stability criteria we restrict the allowed parameter space, finding in particular that the linear and derivative coupled models are severely constrained by classical instabilities in the early universe.
Two Dimensional Signal And Image Processing

Thank you for downloading two dimensional signal and image processing. As you may know, people have look hundreds times for their chosen novels like this two dimensional signal and image processing, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some infectious virus inside their computer. two dimensional signal and image processing is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our digital library spans in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the two dimensional signal and image processing is universally compatible with any devices to read.
THE CANADA–FRANCE ECLIPTIC PLANE SURVEY—FULL DATA RELEASE: THE ORBITAL STRUCTURE OF THE KUIPER BELT

We report the orbital distribution of the trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) discovered during the Canada–France Ecliptic Plane Survey (CFEPS), whose discovery phase ran from early 2003 until early 2007. The follow-up observations started just after the first discoveries and extended until late 2009. We obtained characterized observations of 321 deg2 of sky to depths in the range g ∼ 23.5–24.4 AB mag. We provide a database of 169 TNOs with high-precision dynamical classification and known discovery efficiency. Using this database, we find that the classical belt is a complex region with sub-structures that go beyond the usual splitting of inner (interior to 3:2 mean-motion resonance [MMR]), main (between 3:2 and 2:1 MMR), and outer (exterior to 2:1 MMR). The main classical belt (a = 40–47 AU) needs to be modeled with at least three components: the “hot” component with a wide inclination distribution and two “cold” components (stirred and kernel) with much narrower inclination distributions. The hot component must have a significantly shallower absolute magnitude (Hg) distribution than the other two components. With 95% confidence, there are 8000+1800−1600 objects in the main belt with Hg ⩽ 8.0, of which 50% are from the hot component, 40% from the stirred component, and 10% from the kernel; the hot component's fraction drops rapidly with increasing Hg. Because of this, the apparent population fractions depend on the depth and ecliptic latitude of a trans-Neptunian survey. The stirred and kernel components are limited to only a portion of the main belt, while we find that the hot component is consistent with a smooth extension throughout the inner, main, and outer regions of the classical belt; in fact, the inner and outer belts are consistent with containing only hot-component objects. The Hg ⩽ 8.0 TNO population estimates are 400 for the inner belt and 10,000 for the outer belt to within a factor of two (95% confidence). We show how the CFEPS Survey Simulator can be used to compare a cosmogonic model for the orbital element distribution to the real Kuiper Belt.
Low- and high-frequency vibration isolation for scanning probe microscopy

A study of the vibration isolation system in scanning probe microscopes (SPMs) to reduce external noises in a wide range of frequencies is presented. For the low-frequency isolation case, a pneumatic system based on a cylindrical plastic tube with an elastic membrane for damping is studied. The theoretical model and the experimental results obtained from it to isolate noises above 2 Hz are discussed. For the high-frequency isolation, a design based on stacked metallic sheets, with cylindrical elastomers (viton) between them, is simulated. The effect of the elastomer geometry when it is used in a real case by means of the transfer function of the vibration system is discussed. From the results, we are able to predict and optimize the performance of SPMs with regard to noise isolation.
Electronic conductivity of PbO2–xAg2O–0.75C system

Investigation on phase transformation and electrical transport are carried out for PbO2–xAg2O–0.75C composite alloys. When the Ag2O content decreases, a percolation effect takes place near x = 0.275 for the distribution of the metallic particles embedded in the insulator matrix. With decreasing Ag2O content, the temperature dependence of resistivity of the composites changes from a typical metallic behaviour to an insulating one. A metal–insulator transition appears in the PbO2–0.275Ag2O–0.75C composite, with decreasing temperature. The electronics in the PbO2–0.23Ag2O–0.75C composite are described by hopping conductivity in terms of the variable-range-hopping model.
Changes to the BIPM primary air-kerma standards for x-rays

The BIPM primary standards for air kerma in x-rays are changed following the adoption of new values for certain correction factors. The changes are effective from 1 October 2003 and result in corresponding changes to the calibration coefficients issued by the BIPM for the calibration of national secondary standards for x-rays.
Beta-cell deficit in Obese Type 2 Diabetes, a Minor Role of Beta-cell Dedifferentiation and Degranulation

Context: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a beta-cell deficit and a progressive defect in beta-cell function. It has been proposed that the deficit in beta-cells may be due to beta-cell degranulation and transdifferentiation to other endocrine cell types. Objective: Toestablishthepotentialimpactofbeta-celldedifferentiationandtransdifferentiation on beta-cell deficit in type 2 diabetes, and to consider the alternative that cells with an incomplete identity may be newly forming rather than dedifferentiated. Design, Setting, And Participants: Pancreata obtained at autopsy were evaluated from 14 non diabetic and 13 type 2 diabetic individuals, from 4 fetal cases and from 10 neonatal cases. Results: While there was a slight increase in islet endocrine cells expressing no hormone in type 2 diabetes (0.11 (cid:2) 0.03 vs 0.03 (cid:2) 0.01 cells/islet, p (cid:3) 0.01), the impact on the beta-cell deficit would be minimal. Further, we established that the deficit in beta-cells per islet cannot be accounted for by an increase in other endocrine cell types. The distribution of hormone negative endocrine cells in type 2 diabetes (most abundant in cells scattered in the exocrine pancreas) mirrors that in developing (embryo and neonatal) pancreas, implying that these may
Superconformal symmetry, supergravity and cosmology

We introduce the general N = 1 gauge theory superconformally coupled to supergravity. The theory has local SU(2,2|1) symmetry and no dimensional parameters. The superconformal origin of the Fayet-Iliopoulos (FI) terms is clarified. The phase of this theory with spontaneously broken conformal symmetry gives various formulations of N = 1 supergravity interacting with matter, depending on the choice of the R-symmetry fixing. We have found that the locally superconformal theory is useful for describing the physics of the early universe with a conformally flat FRW metric. Few applications of superconformal theory to cosmology include the study of (a) particle production after inflation, particularly the nonconformal helicity-±½ states of gravitino, (b) the super-Higgs effect in cosmology and the derivation of the equations for the gravitino interacting with any number of chiral and vector multiplets in the gravitational background with varying scalar fields, (c) the weak-coupling limit of supergravity MP→∞ and gravitino-goldstino equivalence. This explains why gravitino production in the early universe is not suppressed in the limit of weak gravitational coupling. We discuss the possible existence of an unbroken phase of the superconformal theories, interpreted as a strong-coupling limit of supergravity MP→0.
Edinburgh Within-trio tests provide little support for post-copulatory selection on MHC haplotypes in a free-living population

11 Sexual selection has been proposed as a force that could help maintain the diversity of major 12 histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes in vertebrates. Potential selective mechanisms can 13 be divided into pre-copulatory and post-copulatory, and in both cases the evidence for 14 occurrence is mixed, especially in natural populations. In this study, we used a large number 15 of parent-offspring trios that were diplotyped for MHC class II genes in a wild population of 16 Soay sheep ( Ovis aries ) to examine whether there was within-trio post-copulatory selection 17 on MHC class II genes at both the haplotype and diplotype levels. We found there was 18 transmission ratio distortion of one of the eight MHC class II haplotype (E) which was 19 transmitted less than expected by fathers, and transmission ratio distortion of another 20 haplotype (A) which was transmitted more than expected by chance to male offspring. 21 However, in both cases these deviations were not significant after correction for multiple 22 tests. In addition, we did not find any evidence of post-copulatory selection at the diplotype 23 level. These results imply that, given known parents, there is no strong post-copulatory 24 selection on MHC class II genes in this population. 25