Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Misfit dislocations in lattice-mismatched epitaxial films

Abstract This article reviews current experimental and theoretical knowledge of the relaxation of lattice-mismatch strain via misfit dislocations in heteroepitaxial semiconductor films. The energetics and kinetics of misfit dislocation nucleation, propagation, and interaction processes are described in detail. In addition, there is a brief review of the principal properties of dislocations in bulk semiconductors and an outline of existing models for strained layer stability.
Management of chilli anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum capasici

Chilli is one of the most important spices and vegetable crop of India, Chilli is susceptible to various fungal diseases such as Anthracnose, Damping off, Fusarium wilt, collar rot, dry root rot, stem rot and powdery mildew. Among of these, Anthracnose is the most widespread and important disease. Effects of cow urine were tested by poisoned food technique in vitro to know their inhibitory effect on the growth of anthracnose pathogen. Sterilized and unsterilized cow urine at 5, 10 and 20 per cent concentration showed per cent growth inhibition of C. capsici. The growth inhibition increase with increase in concentration cow urine. An inhibition of >40% was observed at 5%, >50% was observed at 10% and 20% concentrations in sterilized cow urine. The highest inhibition growth (91.67%) was observed against 20 per cent concentration and 15 days fermented. Sterilized cow urine was more effective then unsterilized cow urine. In unsterilized cow urine the highest inhibition growth (68.20%) was observed against 20 per cent concentration and 15 days fermented. Four systemic, three non-systemic and four combined fungicides at different concentrations were tested in vitro against C. capsici through poisoned food technique. Among the systemic fungicides, the completely growth inhibition of the fungus was recorded in difenaconazole and propiconazole at 500 and 1000 ppm concentrations. The next best systemic fungicide was pyraclostrobin at 1000 ppm inhibited 100 per cent mycelial growth. Among the non-systemic fungicides, the completely growth inhibition of the fungus was recorded in copper oxychloride at 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm and mancozeb at 2500 ppm concentrations. The least effective fungicide was chlorothalonil at 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm concentrations. Among the combined fungicides, the completely growth inhibition of the fungus was recorded in captan 70% + hexaconazole and carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 64% at all the concentrations. The next best combined fungicide were Pyraclostrobin 85g/ L + Epoxiconazole 62.5g/L and Zineb 68% + Hexaconazole 4% completely inhibited per cent mycelial growth at 500 and 1000 ppm concentration. Five different fungicides, 2 SAR activator and 2 organic inputs were tested for the management of anthracnose disease of chilli under field conditions. Difenconazole (0.025%) was significantly superior over rest of the fungicides, which was recorded the minimum disease intensity of 21.13 per cent with highest fruit yield. Copper oxychloride (0.2%) found second better fungicide for controlling the disease with 26.80 per cent disease intensity, which was at par with propiconazole (0.025%) and carbendazim + mancozeb (0.2%) in controlling the disease with 28.32 and 29.88 per cent disease intensity.
Stishovite single-crystal growth and application to silicon self-diffusion measurements

Abstract Large single crystals of stishovite were successfully synthesized at 11 GPa from a silica solution in water. The potential of both slow cooling and thermal gradient methods were examined. The thermal gradient method provided crystals of 0.8 × 0.8 × 1.3 mm in size grown at 1350 °C and a thermal gradient of 50 °C/mm using stishovite as a silica source. The use of quartz as a source resulted in the appearance of numerous stishovite crystals in the solution interior resulting in diminished space for the growth of large crystals. This can be explained by a significant difference in the solubility of metastable quartz and stishovite in water, estimated to be 85.3 and 5.6 wt% SiO2 at 1000 °C and 11 GPa, respectively. Crystals up to 0.8 × 1.3 × 1.5 mm were grown by the slow cooling method in the system SiO2 + 14.7 wt% H2O as temperature was decreased from 1600 to 1000 °C with a cooling rate of 2 °C/min. The size of single crystals obtained was large enough to carry out silicon self-diffusion experiments, which were performed at a pressure of 14 GPa and temperatures from 1400 to 1800 °C. The lattice diffusion coefficients along the [110] and [001] directions can be expressed as D[110] (m2/s) = 4.10 × 10-12 exp [-322 (kJ/mol)/RT] and D[001] (m2/s) = 5.62 × 10-12 exp [-334 (kJ/mol)/RT], respectively, where R is the gas constant and T is the absolute temperature.
Magnesium and Ammonium-Potassium Lithospermates B, the Active Principles Having a Uremia-Preventive Effect from Salvia miltiorrhiza

The active components which exhibit the improving effect on uremic symptoms have been isolated from Salviae miltriorrhizae Radix and characterized as magnesium lithospermate (1) and ammonium-potassium lithospermate (2). The stereostructure of lithospermic acid, which had remained unclarified, was also determined on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic data.
A New Approach for the Prediction of Gas Holdup in Bubble Columns Operated under Various Pressures in the Homogeneous Regime

A new semi-theoretical approach for prediction of gas holdups in the homogeneous flow regime is suggested. The model is based on two different expressions for the gas–liquid interfacial area. It is argued that in the case of oblate ellipsoidal bubbles (formed in the homogeneous regime) some correction factor should be introduced in order to render both expressions equivalent. The correction term is correlated to Eotvos number and a dimensionless gas density ratio. The method was capable of predicting 386 experimental gas holdups measured in 21 organic liquids, 17 liquid mixtures and tap water with an average relative error of 9.6%.
Effect of row orientation, trellis type, shoot and bunch position on the variability of Sauvignon Blanc (Vitis vinifera L.) juice composition

Background and Aims Variation in grape berry composition around the mean has seldom been studied in its own right. From the perspective of the researcher and the viticulturist, increased variation requires greater replication to achieve good estimates of composition. Bunch position on the vine, berry position on the bunch and/or vine location in the vineyard may all contribute to differences in composition (TSS, titratable acidity, pH and malic acid) between berries. Our aim was to understand how variation may be influenced by maturity, row orientation and vine training. Methods and Results Berries were sampled regularly to study the effect of harvest time, training system, row orientation and position of fruit in the canopy on Sauvignon Blanc fruit composition. Variance, skewness (symmetry) and kurtosis (range about the mean) reduced as fruit ripened. Bunch position on a shoot contributed to >60% of the variance at harvest. Conclusions Differences in berry TSS at harvest largely reflected the date of flowering. The least mature bunches at harvest were generally the secondary bunches on basal shoots; the most mature were primary bunches on distal (Scott-Henry trained) or mid-cane (vertical shoot positioned trained) shoots. Differences in leaf area : fruit mass ratio per shoot had little effect on TSS between bunches. Significance of the Study Changes in berry population distribution as the fruit ripen have implications on the interpretation of experimental results from field trials. For convenience, experiments are harvested on a single date; however, our data clearly demonstrate differences in the population of berries at different times as fruit ripen and may be obscured by sampling strategies.
TIME-DEPENDENT MASS SPECTRA AND BREAKDOWN GRAPHS. 21. C14H10 ISOMERS

Unimolecular fragmentations of the anthracene and phenanthrene radical cations C14H10•+ were studied by time-resolved photoionization in the vacuum UV, RRKM/QET calculations, and MS/MS with electron ionization. The primary reactions observed are parallel H•, H2, C2H2, C3H3•, and C4H2 losses, as well as two consecutive H• losses from C14H9+ and C12H8•+, respectively. Appearance energies were determined for the microsecond and millisecond time ranges. Activation parameters were deduced for the reactions. The H• and C2H2 loss reactions are characterized by loose transition states. The following heats of formation were deduced: ΔHf0° (C14H9+, anthracenyl) = 282.0 ± 3.0 kcal/mol, ΔHf0°(C14H9+, phenanthrenyl) = 276.4 ± 3.0 kcal/mol and ΔHf0°(C12H8•+, biphenylene) ≤ 281.7 ± 3.0 kcal/mol. The C−H bond energies in the anthracene and phenanthrene radical cations are 4.38 ± 0.08 and 3.92 ± 0.10 eV, respectively. The role of isomerization of the parent radical cations prior to dissociation will be discussed.
Strain in epitaxial Bi2Se3 grown on GaN and graphene substrates: A reflection high-energy electron diffraction study

Topological insulator (TI) has been one of the focus research themes in condensed matter physics in recent years. Due to the relatively large energy bandgap, Bi2Se3 has been identified as one of the most promising three-dimensional TIs with application potentials. Epitaxial Bi2Se3 by molecular-beam epitaxy has been reported by many groups using different substrates. A common feature is that Bi2Se3 grows readily along the c-axis direction irrespective of the type and condition of the substrate. Because of the weak van deer Waals interaction between Bi2Se3 quintuple layers, the grown films are reported to be strain-free, taking the lattice constant of the bulk crystal. At the very initial stage of Bi2Se3 deposition, however, strain may still exist depending on the substrate. Strain may bring some drastic effects to the properties of the TIs and so achieving strained TIs can be of great fundamental interests as well as practical relevance. In this work, we employ reflection high-energy electron diffraction to follow the lattice constant evolution of Bi2Se3 during initial stage depositions on GaN and graphene, two very different substrates. We reveal that epitaxial Bi2Se3 is tensile strained on GaN but strain-free on graphene. Strain relaxation on GaN is gradual.
The Correlation of Strength and Formaldehyde Emission with the Crystalline/Amorphous Structure of UF Resins

Des panneaux de particules a faibles emissions de formaldehyde et a performances acceptables ont ete prepares a l'aide d'une resine UF de rapport molaire U:F 1:0,7 par une modification de la synthese de cette resine que l'on pourrait decrire comme l'addition d'un agent ramifiant. Des etudes cristallographiques montrent une forte influence du procede sur la cristallinite finale et les performances de la resine.
Environmental control of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) cycling under ocean acidification

Ongoing ocean acidification (OA), caused by continuous anthropogenic CO2 emissions, seems to decrease the concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the surface oceans. This might have consequences for future climate due to changes in formation and growth of atmospheric sulfate aerosols formed from DMS. However, the effect of OA on dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), another intermediate of the DMS pathway and a potential precursor of oceanic methane, is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of OA on the DMSO concentrations in a mesocosm study conducted in a Norwegian fjord in spring 2011. Dissolved and particulate DMSO concentrations (DMSOd/p) decreased with pH during the course of the experiment. Temperature correlated inversely with DMSOd concentrations during the first week of the experiment, reflecting the influence of temperature dependent biological activities on DMSOd pathways. Furthermore, DMSOd increased with the cell abundance of heterotrophic bacteria, cryptophytes, and the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. Nitrate availability influenced the distribution of cryptophytes and Synechococcus sp. in the same way as DMSOd, indicating again a possible link between these phytoplankton taxa and DMSOd. We conclude that ongoing OA may lead to decreasing DMSO concentrations in the surface ocean that, in turn, might affect the oceanic distributions of DMS and methane.
Nitrogen and boron doped monolayer graphene by chemical vapor deposition using polystyrene, urea and boric acid

Chemical doping with foreign atoms is an effective method to intrinsically modify the properties of the host materials. In this paper, we report a facile strategy to prepare nitrogen and boron doped monolayer graphene by using urea and boric acid as solid precursors. By adjusting the elemental precursors, the nitrogen content could be modulated from 0.9 to 4.8% for nitrogen doped graphene and the boron content from 0.7 to 4.3% for boron doped graphene respectively, as estimated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The mobilities of the nitrogen and boron doped graphene-based back-gate field-effect transistors are about 350–550 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 450–650 cm2 V −1 s−1 respectively. Our results are better than plasma treated nitrogen and boron doped graphene. Therefore the synthesis of nitrogen and boron doped graphene sheets by a solid doping elemental precursor method is considered to be an efficient approach to producing graphene with excellent optical and electrical performances at relatively low cost.
CHANGES IN TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS OF ROWANBERRY FRUIT DURING POSTHARVEST STORAGE

ABSTRACT Postharvest storage conditions of rowanberry (Sorbus aucuparia) fruits were investigated. The influences of temperature and storage time on total phenolic content were observed. Both variables affected phenolic content of rowanberries, and their total phenolic contents significantly reduced during the 20-day storage at 4 and 22C. The loss of total phenolic was found to be almost 50% of its initial amount (3,619.8 mg/kg fresh weight [fw]) at 22C, which was higher than occurred loss (30%) at 4C. An investigation of rowanberry flavonoids showed the presence of rutin, quercetin-3-glucoside and quercetin-3-D-galactoside (Q3DG). Quantitative analysis of berry flavonoids showed Q3DG as a major compound, being 24.55 mg/kg fw. The highest reduction (86% of its initial amount) was also seen in that compound level compared with other ones. Degradation kinetics of flavonoids was studied at 22C over 16 days of storage. Checking of model adequacies indicated that their reductions followed a first-order kinetic. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Postharvest storage has been taken, increasing the interest of scientists because of various reasons, one of which is explained next. The presented results indicated the direct and/or indirect influence of storage conditions on the quality of berries, implying that whoever is planning to store plant and/or plant origin food products in a refrigerator or at room temperature should consider the conditions and their possible effects on the quality parameters from the aspects of economics and nutritional properties of products. In the present study, the stability of an important bioactive group, phenolics, in rowanberries and the influences of environmental conditions were examined, and additionally, degradation kinetics of major phenolic group, flavonoids, was analyzed. The results are valuable and helpful for the evaluation of the postharvest storage and its effect on rowanberries. Introduced model may be helpful for the prediction of storage time required for the degradation of phenolics up to the acceptable limit.
Effect of hygroscopic nature on the electrical characteristics of lanthanide oxides (Pr2O3, Sm2O3, Gd2O3, and Dy2O3)

The hygroscopic nature of lanthanide oxides such as Pr2O3, Sm2O3, Gd2O3, and Dy2O3 was characterized by means of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and its effect on the electrical characteristics of the compounds was investigated. Among the four samples, Pr2O3 was found to be the most reactive with water which can be attributed to the relatively large ionic radius and lower electronegativity of Pr. In contrast, Dy2O3 was the least reactive with water. A direct correlation between the hygroscopicity and electronegativity of lanthanide elements was found. With increasing hygroscopicity, a significant growth of interfacial oxide with annealing temperature was observed. A clear understanding of the nature of hygroscopic effects and the optimization of process flow will be needed for future high-k gate dielectric application.
The crystal symmetry and powder pattern of hexamethylbenzene below 116 K

Laue patterns of very thin single-crystal platelets of hexamethylbenzene at a temperature (80 K) below the cold-phase transition (116 K) have been recorded. In this colder phase (Ph. III), whose flat plate pattern is interpretable as a precession photograph because of the probable ordered fagmentation of the sample, the crystal symmetry appears to be hexagonal (or trigonal), as confirmed also by previous optical and spectroscopic observations. The X-ray diffraction spectrum of the powder taken at the same temperature gives 3.59 A as the distance between the planes containing the molecular rings, and was indexed on the basis of a hexagonal cell with a = 31.5, c = 3.59 A, containing 12 molecules (probable space group P6mm, with all molecules lying in special positions); the length of the basal axis is exactly four times that of the elementary mesh obtained from the hexagonal grid on which the single-crystal pattern lies.
Influence of Zinc Fertilization levels on Growth, Yield and Quality of Some Sunflower Genotypes (Helianthus annuus L.)

: The study included two field experiments for ( Helianthus annuus L. ) conducted during spring growing seasons of 2009, 2010 in two locations. The first Sheikh Mohamed 25km west north Mosul city, the second ones Gueer 50 Km east of Mosul city at Nineveh province . The main objective was to find out effect of zinc foliar application on the growth, yield and quality of some Sunflower genotypes. Each experiment was conducted according to factorial experiment in a randomized completely block design with three replications. Each experiment included three levels of zinc foliar application (0, 5 and 10 mg.L -1 ) were sprayed on the leaves one dose during 6 leaves stage, with three genotypes of Sunflower crops (Record, Mlabar and Fodak). The genotype Mlabar gave a high level for characters Plant height (161,152 cm), stem diameter(2.06,2.20cm), leaf area index(1.78,1.74), dry weight of the head, head diameter flower disc (21.90 , 22.20 cm), number of seeds/head, weight of thousand seed, total seed yield (2.49, 2.49 ton.hectar -1 ), oil percentage (43.33 , 44.01 %) and oil yield (1.07, 1.09 ton/ha.) in both locations Sheikh Mohamed and Gueer respectively. The foliar application the zinc to the leaves with concentration 10 mg.L -1 lead to a significant increase in plant high (173.55, 163.63cm), while increasing concentration of zinc to 5 mg.L -1 cause a significant increase in number of leaves/plant, leaf area index, dry weight for flower disc, disc diameter (22.32, 22.87 cm) , number of seeds/head, weight of thousand seed, seed yield (2.73, 2.72 ton.hectar -1 ) and oil (%), oil yield (1.22,1.24 ton.hectar -1 ) in Sheikh Mohamed and Gueer locations respectively. The interaction between the genotypes and foliar application was significant in some of growth, yield and quality characters, the Mlabar genotype with zinc application to the leaves with concentration 5 mg.L -1 was superior for head diameter (22.92 , 23.27 cm), thousand seed weight (82.63 , 81.53 g), oil yield (1.33, 1.30 ton.hectar -1 ) for the Sheikh Mohamed and Gueer locations respectively.
Electrokinetic Trapping of Single Molecules, and Euler Buckling and Nonlinear Kinking of DNA

I present two applications of fluorescence spectroscopy in biophysics. The first is an instrument, the anti-Brownian electrokinetic (ABEL) trap, which is capable of trapping individual small molecules in aqueous solution at room temperature. The second is an investigation of the bending mechanics of doublestranded DNA using a novel DNA structure called a “molecular vise”. Both projects take advantage of the sensitivity and specificity of fluorescence spectroscopy, and both benefit from the interplay of experimental work with theoretical and computational modeling. The ABEL trap uses fluorescence microscopy to track a freely diffusing particle, and applies real-time electrokinetic feedback forces to oppose observed motion. Small molecules are difficult to trap because they diffuse quickly and because their fluorescence emission is typically weak. I describe the experimental and algorithmic approaches that enabled small-molecule fluorophores to be trapped at room temperature. I additionally derive and discuss the theory of the molecules’ behavior in the trap; this mathematical work informed the design of the trapping algorithm and additionally enabled trapped molecules to be distinguished on the basis of their diffusion coefficient and electrokinetic mobility. Molecular vises are DNA hairpins that use the free energy of hybridization to exert a compressive force on a sub-persistence length segment of double-stranded iv DNA. In response to the applied force, this “target strand” may either remain straight or bend, depending on its flexibility and length. Experimentally, the conformation can be monitored via Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between appended fluorophores. The experimental results quantitatively matched the predictions of the classic wormlike chain (WLC) model of DNA elasticity at lowto-moderate salt concentrations. Higher ionic strength induced an apparent softening of the DNA which was best accounted for by a high-curvature “kinked” state. The molecular vise is exquisitely sensitive to the sequence-dependent linear and nonlinear elastic properties of dsDNA and provides a platform for studying the effects of chemical modifications and small-molecule or protein binding on these properties.
Environmentally Friendly Corrosion Inhibitors

Inorganic CIs are those in which the active substance is an inorganic compound. This is one of the simplest ways to improve the passivity of a metal by adding electropositive metal salts to the medium. These metal ions must have a more positive redox potential more positive than the metal constituting the surface to be protected and also a more positive potential than that required for discharging a proton so that the electropositive metal to be reduced is deposited on the surface.
Yield and vitamin C content of tomatoes grown in vermicomposted wastes

Increasing quantities of earthworm digested materials (vermicompost) are being marketed as a peat-free growth medium for amateur and professional food producers. Several studies indicate that growing tomatoes in peat mixed with low concentrations of vermicompost (10-20% by volume) produced by the earthworm Eisenea fetida increases yield of plants and marketability of fruits. Here we examined the effect of substituting commercial peat-based compost with four different vermicomposts produced by the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta. Vermicompost was added to peat-based compost at rates of 0%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 100% (v/v) and the following characteristics of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. Money maker) assessed: germination, yield, marketability, fruit weight and ascorbic acid concentration. Vermicompost significantly increased germination rates (176%) and improved the marketability of fruits at 40% and 100% substitution rates due to the lower incidence of physiological disorders ('blossom end rot' and fruit cracking). Total fruit yield, marketable fruit yield, fruit number, individual fruit weight and vitamin C concentration were unaffected by the presence of vermicompost. Although vermicompost may provide a viable alternative to peat-based growth media, overall, we found little added benefit from using vermicompost. We conclude that some of the previously reported benefits of vermicompost on horticultural production may be overstated and that marketing strategies should reflect this in order to preserve consumer confidence in vermicompost products.