Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STUDIES OF EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN DENTITION OF THE SIWALIK TRAGULIDS

The tragulids belonging to the siwaliks of Pakistan are studied in detail, and a very comprehensive systematic has been worked out, which reveal the status and position of the two genera of family tragulidae i.e, Dorcatherium and dorcabune. The genus dorcatherium includes three species, I ) Dorcatherium magus, ii) dorcatherium minus and iii) docrcatherium minimus from the Siwalik Hills of Pakistan . Dorcatherium majus is characterized by its large size very prominent hypsodonty. The upper molars bear strongly developed styles and cingulum, whereas the lower molars have well developed median basal pillars. Dorcatherium minus on the other hand is distinguished by its small size and subhypsodonty. Its upper molars have well developed styles and cingulum whereas the lower molars are characterized by moderately developed or vestigial median basal pillar. Third species Dorcatherium minimus was erected by West (1980), on the basis of only one specimen and after which no other specimen is reported so far which makes the validity of this species doubtful. The genus dorcabune includes four species, i ) dorcabune anthracotherioides,ii ) Dorcabune hyaemoschoides, iii) Dorcabune nagrii and iv) Dorcabune latitens. Dorcabune anthracotherioides is characterized by bunodonty as well as selenodonty. The upper molars are with very much pronounced median rib, strong parastyle and mesostyle and weakly developed metastyle. Protocone is more pyramidal and displays three strong folds. The species dorcabune hyaemoschoides is found synonymous with dorcabune anthracotherioides (Colbert, 1935). The species dorcabune nagrii is well distinguished by small size and weakly developed cingulum. Dorcabune latidens is found synonymous with dorcabune nagrii (Colbert, 1935). Hence according to Colbert (1935) only two species of the genus dorcabune are valid, which are i) Dorcabybe anthracotherioides and ii) Dorcabune nagrii. A trend towards increase in thickness of enamel as well as in size of the dentition of Dorcadtherium majus from chinjian to Dhokpathanian Formation has been studied. In Docatherium minus there is a tendency towards decrease in prominence of cingulum from chinji to Dhokpathan Formation. As far as dorcabune anthracotherioides is concerned it reveals a tendency toward decrees in size with slight deviations from lower siwaliks to the Middle sewaliks. Dorcabune nagrii is very similar to docrcabune anthracotherioides. This species is differentiated by its small size, faint cingulum and less defined posterior inner fold of protoconid. It exhibits a trend towards decrease in size from Nagri Formation to Dhokpathan Formation.
RANBP9 suppresses tumor proliferation in colorectal cancer

RAN binding protein 9 (RANBP9) is widely expressed in mammalian tissues, including osteosarcoma, lung, gastric and breast cancer tissues. However, currently, not much is known about the role of RANBP9 in colorectal cancer (CRC). In the present study, RANBP9 expression in CRC tissues and cell lines was measured by immunohistochemistry and western blotting, respectively. Subsequently, RANBP9-short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and RANBP9 plasmids were constructed and transfected into HCT116 and HT29 cells. The effects of RANBP9 knockdown were assessed by Cell Counting kit-8 and colony formation assays, and its effects on tumorigenicity in a nude mouse animal model were investigated. The effect of RANBP9-shRNA on cell cycle progression was analyzed by flow cytometry, while cell cycle-associated protein expression levels were examined by western blotting. Compared with in paired normal mucosa, RANBP9 was overexpressed in CRC tissues. Inhibition of RANBP9 in HCT116 and HT29 cells significantly promoted cell growth, colony formation and S phase transition, and increased tumorigenesis in vivo. Accordingly, RANBP9 overexpression inhibited cell growth and colony formation. Knockdown of RANBP9 was associated with upregulated cyclin A2 in the two cell lines. In conclusion, RANBP9 served an inhibitory role in CRC in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, RANBP9 may be considered a potential target for treatment of CRC.
Genetic diversity between diverse height categories of bread wheat

Sixty four F1’s and F2 of wheat from a 8 × 8 diallel and 55 F2’s from a 10 × 10 diallel (where eight parents were common) were subjected to D2-analysis to measure the genetic diversity and components of genetic variation involving different height group parents and their F2, populations.
Arsenic

254 CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians The toxicity and carcinogenicity of arsenic are well known, but vexing questions remain. The current controversy over the appropriate Federal limit for arsenic in drinking water highlights some of the difficult scientific, ethical, economic, and political issues that complicate standard-setting in occupational and environmental health. These include limitations in the scientific evidence concerning the risk at low doses, uncertainty about the appropriate mathematical models for estimating the risk at low-level exposures based on data from higherlevel exposures, and controversies concerning the appropriate safety margin, level of evidence required for standard-setting, and costs of remediation.
BRITISH SOCIETY FOR ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY

We have asked the question whether IgE antibody responsiveness ofthe young animal might be influenced by in utero or neonatal contact with antigen or by maternal immunization. We have examined this possibility using a rat model in which we have previously demonstrated antigen-specific IgE regulation: thus immunization of Hooded Lister rats with an antigen such as egg-albumin in addition to evoking a specific IgE response, activates a specific suppressor mechanism which inhibits IgE booster responses (Jarrett, 1978). We have now shown that such suppression of specific IgE antibody responsiveness is passed from mother to ofl"spring. The suppression of response in the (adult) offspring of immunized mothers is antigen-specific and IgE class-selective. It occurs against a background of enhanced total antibody responsiveness (Jarret & Hall, 1979). Experiments in which the litters of immunized and normal mothers were exchanged at birth have shown that the phenomenon is mediated by the transfer of immune factors in the mother's milk. The possible function of this phenomenon as an allergy-protective device was discussed.
Seasonal fluctuations of carbohydrate accumulation and metabolism of three tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars grown at seven sowing times

Summary Seasonal fluctuations of carbohydrate composition and concentrations, and the activities of related enzymes of three domesticated tomato cultivars including two large (Lady First and Momotaro) and one cherry-fruited (Minicarol) cultivar were examined at 45 d interval with seven sowing times. Fruits picked in cool seasons (early winter to spring seasons) had higher sugar concentrations than those of warm seasons. Fructose and glucose in nearly equal amounts were the predominant sugar in all seasons. Sucrose was present in trace quantities, but cherry tomato cultivar ‘Minicarol’ accumulated more than the large fruited types. Acid invertase (AI) (EC 3.2.1.26) activity was highest during cool seasons at the red stage of ripening, while fruit matured during warm seasons (May to August) had lowest activity. The sucrose synthase (SuSy) (EC 2.4.1.13) showed significantly higher activity during cool seasons in rapidly growing fruits followed by very low activity in mature non-growing fruits. There were no significant differences in sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) (EC 2.4.1.14) activity. A highly significant positive correlation was found with sucrose accumulation in the case of SuSy but there was a negative correlation with AI activity and none with SPS. Therefore, in all growing seasons, AI and SuSy, rather than SPS could play a central role in regulating sugar accumulation in both large and cherry tomatoes. The result suggested planting season had no adverse effect on the trends of carbohydrate accumulation and metabolism in developing tomato cultivars, but in cool-season crops there is an improvement in fruit carbohydrate accmulation with more enhanced enzyme activities than in warm-season crops. These observations may help in selecting molecular genetic targets, and provide information for biotechnologists who wish to improve desired quality criteria of domesticated tomato genotypes.
Platelet indices in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Aim: We aimed to compare platelet counts (Plt), plateletcrit (PCT) and platelet distribution width (PDW) values of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients with those of healthy subjects. Methods: The records of 39 T1DM patients who were hospitalized between January 2016 and May 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Control group consisted age and body mass index matched nondiabetic patients. Subjects having history of cardiovascular disease or any other systemic disease were excluded. Results: Compared to control group Plt (270±63 vs. 215±35 k/mm3), PCT (0.217±0.057 vs. 0.168±0.034 %) and PDW [17.4(16.2-20.4) vs. 17(12.5-19.4) %] were significantly higher in T1DM patients. Conclusion: Platelet indices which are common, simple and inexpensive hemogram parameters are increased T1DM patients.
North American monogenetic trematodes. VIII. The family Hexostomatidae.

This paper is a continuation of the series dealing with the North American monogenetic trematodes and of a general revision of the Monogenea. The purpose and organization of this installment are the same as for previous sections (Price, 1937, 1938, 1939a, 1939b, 1942, 1943a and 1943b). Following the appearance of Part VII, in 1943, work on this series had to be suspended because of other duties. Since that time a great deal of work has appeared by other workers, notably, Bychowsky, Sproston, Hargis, Mizelle and his associates, Yamaguti, Caballero and his associates, Chauhan, Tripathi, Jain, and others, which has necessitated a reconsideration of some ideas previously held regarding relationships and classification. While some changes in viewpoint are incorporated in this paper, and will be in others to follow, the major revision Avill be reserved until the completion of the present series. HEXOSTOMATIDAE PRICE, 1936 DIAGNOSIS : Opisthohaptor not distinct from body proper, usually with four pairs of sessile, sucker-like clamps containing three dissimilar sclerites, two small, ii'regular and tending to be bipartite, one on either side of lateral wall of capsule, and a larger, more or less saddle-shaped sclerite in middle; anchors two pairs, dissimilar, located between most posterior pair of clamps. Intestine reticulate. Genital atrium and cirrus unarmed; testes numerous, postovarial. Ovary U-shaped, with both limbs directed posteriad. Vagina present, aperture dorsal and median; terminal portion expanded and containing a pair of opposing hemispherical bodies armed on their free margins with backwardly directed spines. Parasites of the gills of scombroid fishes. TYPE GENUS : Hexostoma Rafinesque, 1815.
Comparative genomics using pairwise evolutionary distances

Comparative genomics is the study of genome structure, function, and evolution across species enabled by the recent availability of complete genome sequences. In this context, and assuming a common origin, one of the fundamental notion is the degree of evolutionary relatedness among sequences. This is usually expressed either as a tree structure, or as the matrix of distances between pairs of sequences. In this thesis, we explore and develop comparative genomics methods that rely on pairwise distances. Part one of the thesis reviews and extends methods to estimate and combine distances between pairs of biological sequences. To estimate distances, the homologous characters must be identified; thus we begin with an evaluation of sequence alignment methods using simulation and real biological sequences. The main other contribution of part one consists in two methods to estimate the covariance of pairwise distances obtained from independent alignments (as can be the case in large-scale studies). The first method approximates the variance of the difference between two distances under empirical amino-acid substitution models. This is equivalent to computing the covariance between two distances that involve a common sequence. The second method is more general in the sense that it works with arbitrary Markovian models, and it also estimates the covariance of distances involving four distinct sequences, thereby allowing for the computation of full covariance matrices. Part two applies these tools to large-scale comparative genomics analyses. The first application is an algorithm to detect differential gene losses, which often lead to misclassifications in orthologs detection methods based on genomespecific best hits, and in particular in the COGs database. Using it, we show that about a third of all COG groups include non-orthologs. These results motivate the second application, our own orthology inference effort, OMA. Besides the ability to detect differential gene losses, OMA has several other distinctive features: it computes evolutionary distances from pairwise maximum likelihood alignments, it uses confidence intervals to account for statistical inference uncertainty and to allow for many-to-many orthology, and clusters groups of orthologs using an edge-weighted clique algorithm. Our results are validated and compared with those resulting from 11 other projects and methods. The results of OMA are among the best in the phylogenetic tests. In functional tests, OMA, strict by design, performs comparatively well if high functional specificity is required. In terms of size, OMA is by a wide margin the largest effort of orthology inference; as of August 2008, we had performed all-against-all alignments of 670 complete genomes and had built orthologous matrices for the major clades of genomes. The third application of part two is an algorithm to detect lateral gene transfer based on pairwise distances. At its core, it computes a likelihood ratio between hypotheses of LGT and no LGT. As opposed to explicit phylogenetic LGT detection approaches, it avoids the high computational cost and
Ultrastructure

s from the Immunopathology of Asthma Symposium, London, U.K., 5 February 1991 A one-day symposium on the Immunopathology of Asthma under the auspices ofthe Royal College of Pathologists was held at the National Heart and Lung Institute, London, on 5 February 1991. A number of important topics in this rapidly growing and exciting area were addressed. These included ultrastructural, immunohistologieal and molecular biological studies. The abstracts which arose from this meeting provide a good summary of that enjoyable and informative day.
LETTERS TO THE EDITORS

Sirs, Rendell & Salmon (1985) determined serum T4 and T3 in patients receiving increasing doses of L-thyroxine (L-T4). When serum T4 exceeded the upper limit of the normal range, no clinical signs of hyperthyroidism were seen unless T3 was also supranormal. Therefore, serum T3 appeared to be a more reliable indicator of hyperthyroidism than serum T4 in these circumstances. The authors conclude that ‘it would appear that there exists a higher margin of safety in the use of L-thyroxine than previously appreciated’ and they ‘would suggest that greater liberty exists in the selection of the appropriate dosage range’. I think there is a place for some caution here. Since serum T3 in these patients stems exclusively from extrathyroidal conversion of T4, it comes as no surprise that the T3/T4 ratio, is, on average, lower than in euthyroid control subjects. However, it appears from their data that the mean value not only of serum T4 but also T3 was higher than in the untreated control group when the dose reached 0-20 mg L-T4 per day, even if individual T3 values did not exceed the upper limit of the normal range. From this it may be inferred that ‘subclinical hyperthyroidism’ will probably have existed in some of these patients. This seems particularly undesirable in elderly and cardiac patients. Rendell & Salmon (1985) do not report TSH values. In earlier studies, however, Nilsson et al. (1977) and Davis et af . (1984) found that in most if not all patients daily doses of 0.0625415 mg L-T4 were sufficient to normalize serum TSH and its response to TRH, and 0.075-0-175 mg to suppress the TSH response to TRH. The highest serum T4 level recorded by Davis et af. (1984) was 12 pg/dl (or 155 nmol/l)-just about the upper limit of the normal range in most laboratories. The problem is further complicated by at least three factors: (1) Not only in childhood but also in adult life the turnover of T4 decreases with age (Gregerman et al., 1962); consequently, the replacement dose of L-T4 necessary to normalize both serum T4 and TSH was found to decrease significantly with age (independent of changes in body weight) in adult hypothyroid patients (Rosenbaum & Barzel, 1982). (2) After long-standing hypothyroidism it may take several months for the metabolic clearance rate of T4 to become normal; as a consequence, Brown & Refetoff (1980) found higher serum levels of T4 (and T3) after 2-6 weeks than after 4-8 months on the same replacement doses in the same patients. (3) In congenital hypothyroidism it is not unusual to find an elevated threshold for thyrotrophin suppression; a situation of clinical euthyroidism and (high-)normal serum T4 with grossly elevated serum TSH may persist for months or even some years after birth (Schultz et al., 1980). J. D. Wiener Department of Medicine Academisch Ziekenhuis Vrije Universite 1007 MB Amsterdam The Netherlands
Changes in the Food Niche during Postmetamorphic Ontogeny of the Frog Pseudacris triseriata

The food niche and foraging strategies of the chorus frog Pseudacris triseriata were investigated by examining the prey/predator size relationship as it relates to prey availability, and they were found to be dynamic from metamorphosis to adulthood. Snout to vent length of the frogs proved to be a good predictor of the mean size of prey taken. Relative availability of the different sized prey items in the environment was estimated from samples of potential prey obtained by suction sampling. This availability information was used in addition to the data on stomach contents to describe the foraging strategies of the different size classes of frogs. It was found that small frogs (- 17.0 mm) ate prey as they were encountered in the environment, and that large frogs (>23.1 mm) selected larger prey which were rarer in the community. Intermediate sized frogs (between 17.1 and 23.0 mm) were characterized by an intermediate pattern. Intermediate frogs consumed large numbers of prey per unit time, and the possibility that this facilitated rapid growth is discussed. The mean maximum prey size increased with increasing frog size, but leveled off for the largest size classes, whereas mean minimum prey size continued to increase with increasing frog size. The large frogs were selective in their diet as they apparently chose the more optimal (in terms of benefits and costs of pursuit, capture and consumption) sized prey while they discriminated against the smaller prey. This ontogenetic pattern of foraging strategies is somewhat unique among predators for which there exists information in the literature, and it is suggested that the small body size (<30 mm) of P. triseriata relative to the size of their prey (terrestrial arthropods) allows this pattern.
Antibacterial potential of crude leaf extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis against some pathogenic bacteria

The antibacterial activity of the crude leaf extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were determined using the agar well diffusion method against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis andKlebsiella pneumoniae. At an extract concentration of 50 mg/ml, the growths of all the pathogenic bacteria were arrested, though to varying degrees. The least activity in terms of zones of growth inhibition was shown by aqueous extract against E. coli (7 mm), K. pneumoniae (9 mm), P. mirabilis (13 mm), S. typhi (12 mm) and S. aureus (12 mm) while the highest was demonstrated by the acetone extract, with a recorded zone diameter for E. coli (12 mm), K. pneumoniae (13 mm), S. typhyi (14 mm), P. mirabilis (15 mm) and S. aureus (14 mm). The effects of pH and temperature on the efficacy of the crude drug extracts were also determined. The effectiveness of the extracts were more pronounced under alkaline conditions and lower temperatures. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 6.25 - 50 mg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranged from 6.25 - 100 mg/ml. The ability of the crude extracts to inhibit the growth of the bacteria used in this study is an indication that the leaves of E. camaldulensis can be used as a source for the development and formulation of antibacterial drugs, thus justifying the use of the leaves in herbal medicines to treat a variety of infectious conditions. Key words: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, maceration, agar well diffusion, efficacy, alkaline, antimicrobial activity.
Cytological Studies in Indian Cyperaceae

Cytotaxonomical studies have been carried out on 30 species and varieties under 4 genera belonging to the tribe Scirpeae, as part of a programme of investigation of Indian representatives of the family Cyperaceae with the aid of suitable schedules. Detailed karyotype analysis shows a general resemblance of the chromosome morphology, testifying to the homogeneity of the group as a whole. The genus Fimbristylis has been found to represent a very primitive level of evolution as compared to the genus Eleocharis. On the basis of evidences, it has been pointed out that possibly the evolution from diffuse to localised centromere has been achieved in a short step, since both types of centromere have been recorded in the species of Scirpus and Eleocharis.
Commentary

Albright, F. , Butler, A.M., Hampton, A.O. & Smith, P. (1937) Syndrome characterized by osteitis fibrosa disseminata, areas of pigmentation and endocrine dysfunction, with precocious puberty in females. New England Journal of Medicine, 216,727-746. Barnard, L.B. , Grantham, W.G. , Lamberton, P., ODoriosio, T.M. & Jackson, I.M.D. (1986) Treatment of resistant acromegaly with a long acting somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995). Annals of Internal Medicine, 105, 856-861. Cuttler, L. , Jackson, J.A. , Uz-Zafar, M.S., Levitsky, L.L. , Mellinger, R.C. & Frohman, L.A. (1989) Hypersecretion of growth hormone and prolactin in McCune-Albright syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 68, 1148-1 154. Frohman, L.A. (1991) Therapeutic options in acromegaly. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 72, 1175-1 181.