Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chilensosides E, F, and G—New Tetrasulfated Triterpene Glycosides from the Sea Cucumber Paracaudina chilensis (Caudinidae, Molpadida): Structures, Activity, and Biogenesis

Three new tetrasulfated triterpene glycosides, chilensosides E (1), F (2), and G (3), have been isolated from the Far-Eastern sea cucumber Paracaudina chilensis (Caudinidae, Molpadida). The structures were established based on extensive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra and confirmed by HR-ESI-MS data. The compounds differ in their carbohydrate chains, namely in the number of monosaccharide residues (five or six) and in the positions of sulfate groups. Chilensosides E (1) and F (2) are tetrasulfated pentaosides with the position of one of the sulfate groups at C-3 Glc3, and chilensoside G (3) is a tetrasulfated hexaoside. The biogenetic analysis of the glycosides of P. chilensis has revealed that the structures form a network due to the attachment of sulfate groups to almost all possible positions. The upper semi-chain is sulfated earlier in the biosynthetic process than the lower one. Noticeably, the presence of a sulfate group at C-3 Glc3—a terminal monosaccharide residue in the bottom semi-chain of compounds 1 and 2—excludes the possibility of this sugar chain’s further elongation. Presumably, the processes of glycosylation and sulfation are concurrent biosynthetic stages. They can be shifted in time in relation to each other, which is a characteristic feature of the mosaic type of biosynthesis. The hemolytic action of compounds 1–3 against human erythrocytes and cytotoxic activities against five human cancer cell lines were tested. The compounds showed moderate hemolytic activity but were inactive against cancer cells, probably because of their structural peculiarities, such as the combination of positions of four sulfate groups.
Nursing workload in oncological intensive care in the COVID-19 pandemic: retrospective cohort.

OBJECTIVE To compare the nursing workload in an oncology intensive care unit according to the condition of COVID-19 infection. METHOD A retrospective cohort study. The Nursing Activities Score was used to measure the workload and document analysis for data extraction. The medical records were divided into a group of patients with COVID-19 and another group of patients without the infection. RESULTS The values of the Nursing Activities Score were not different depending on the sociodemographic variables, but the average of this score was statistically different depending on whether the patient had the diagnosis of COVID-19 or not, being higher in those who had the disease. CONCLUSION It was proved that the nursing workload is high in the context of the oncology intensive care unit. However, COVID-19 increased this score even more, with the Nursing Activities Score being an important tool to size the team in this context.
Associations between Parenting, Temperament-Related Self-Regulation and the Moral Self in Middle Childhood

The moral self is increasingly being debated in research, i.e., what causes children to internalise and evaluate the importance of certain moral values. The aim of the present study is to analyse associations between parental warmth and harsh parenting, temperamental self-regulation (inhibitory control and impulsivity), and the moral self in middle childhood. A total of 194 (n = 52 children with special educational needs in emotional–social development) six- to eleven-year-old children (Mage = 8.53, SDage = 1.40) and their primary caregivers (Mage = 40.41, SDage = 5.94) participated in this cross-sectional questionnaire study. Parental warmth and impulsivity were associated with the moral self. Impulsivity mediated the relationship between harsh parenting as well as parental warmth and the moral self. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance to social information processing theory. The importance of parenting and temperamental self-regulation is discussed as implications that may in turn strengthen children’s moral selves.
Increased Nuclear FOXP2 Is Related to Reduced Neural Stem Cell Number and Increased Neurogenesis in the Dorsal Telencephalon of Embryos of Diabetic Rats through Histamine H1 Receptors

Diabetic rat embryos have increased cortical neurogenesis and neuron maturation, and their offspring presented altered neuron polarity, lamination, and diminished neuron excitability. The FOXP2 overexpression results in higher cortical neurogenesis by increasing the transition of radial glia to the intermediate progenitor. Similarly, histamine through H1-receptor activation increases cortical neuron differentiation. Indeed, blocking the H1-receptor by the systemic administration of chlorpheniramine to diabetic pregnant rats prevents increased neurogenesis. Here, we explore the relationship between the H1-receptor and FOXP2 on embryo neurogenesis from diabetic dams. Through qRT-PCR, Western blot, immunohistofluorescence, and flow cytometry, we showed an increased FOXP2 expression and nuclear localization, a reduced Nestin expression and -positive cells number, and a higher PKCα expression in the cortical neuroepithelium of fourteen-day-old embryos from diabetic rats. Interestingly, this scenario was prevented by the chlorpheniramine systemic administration to diabetic pregnant rats at embryo day twelve. These data, together with the bioinformatic analysis, suggest that higher H1-receptor activity in embryos under high glucose increases FOXP2 nuclear translocation, presumably through PKCα phosphorylation, impairing the transition of radial glia to intermediate progenitor and increasing neuron differentiation in embryos of diabetic rats.
Stochastic diffusion in two-dimensional periodic flows

The global effective diffusion coefficient D* for a two‐dimensional system of convective rolls with a time‐dependent perturbation added is calculated. The perturbation produces a background diffusion coefficient D, which is calculated analytically using the Menlikov–Arnold integral. This intrinsic diffusion coefficient is then enhanced by the unperturbed flow to produce the global effective diffusion coefficient D*, which can be calculated theoretically for a certain range of parameters. The theoretical value agrees well with numerical simulations.
Sagnac Effect Compensations and Locked States in a Ring Laser Gyroscope

Frequency lock-in-induced deadband phenomena are major problems of ring laser gyroscopes (RLGs), which deteriorate linear responses to changes in the applied rotation rate. In this work, the frequency lock-in phenomenon occurring in the RLG was successfully investigated by compensating for the Sagnac effect through frequency analysis using a newly defined error function. Integrative and generalized viewpoints from the analyzed results provide new possibilities for relevant performance improvements of optical gyroscopes, as well as a deeper understanding of locked states in principle aspects.
Soluble suppression of tumorigenicity-2 (sST2) predicts mortality and right heart failure in LVAD patients

Background: Soluble suppression of tumorigenicity-2 (sST2) predicts mortality in heart failure patients. The predictive value of sST2 in left ventricular assist device (LVAD) patients remains unknown. Therefore, we studied the relationship between sST2 and outcome after LVAD implantation. Methods: Patients implanted between January 2015 and December 2022 were included. Survival of patients with normal and elevated pre-operative sST2 levels was compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis. The relationship between post-operative sST2, survival and right heart failure (RHF) was evaluated using a Joint Model (JM). Multivariate JM analysis adjusted for serially measured NT-proBNP was performed. Results: The median follow-up was 25 months, during which 1573 post-operative sST2 levels were measured in 199 patients, with a median of 29 ng/ml. Survival in patients with normal or elevated pre-operative sST2 levels (n=86) did not differ significantly (p=0.22). Time-dependent post-operative sST2 levels were significantly associated with mortality, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.20 (95% CI: 1.10-1.30, p<0.01) and a HR of 1.22 (95% CI: 1.07-1.39, p=0.01) for RHF, both per 10 unit sST2 increase. The sST2 instantaneous change was not predictive for survival or RHF (p=0.99, p=0.94 respectively). Multivariate JM analysis showed a significant relationship between sST2 with mortality adjusted for NT-proBNP with HR 1.19 (95% CI: 1.00-1.42, p=0.05), while the HR of RHF was not significant (1.22, 95% CI: 0.94-1.59, p=0.14), both per 10 unit sST2 increase. Conclusion: Time-dependent post-operative sST2 predicts all-cause mortality after LVAD implantation independently of NT-proBNP. Future research is warranted into possible target interventions and the optimal monitoring frequency.
Diabetes-related Distress and the Association to Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease Among Individuals Living with Type 2 Diabetes in Rural areas in Vietnam

Objective The prevalence of diabetes has been rising in rural areas of Vietnam over the last years to the extend where it has become a public health burden. Individuals with diabetes-related distress (DRD) is in greater risk of adverse health outcomes e.g. lower blood sugar control and polypharmacy. The objective of this study is to assess the association between hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the occurrence of DRD among individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in rural areas of Vietnam. Method This is a cross-sectional study of 806 individuals who had been receiving treatment for T2D at a district hospital in the northern Vietnamese province Thai Binh. Based on self-reported data DRD was assessed through Problem Areas in Diabetes scale 5 (PAID5) and defined as a score of 8 or above. The occurrence of the comorbid conditions hypertension and CVD were self-reported. Results Among 806 individuals with T2D 37.7% of the men and 62.3% of the women presented with DRD. Out of the total group 35.6% reported hypertension, 7.3% reported CVD and 21.2% reported a combination of hypertension and CVD. The results of the multivariate analyses showed that the odds ratio of DRD was significantly higher (OR=1.67, CI95: 1.11-2.52) in the group who reported a combination of hypertension and CVD. Conclusion Among individuals with T2D in rural areas of Vietnam there is an increased risk of DRD if a combination of hypertension and cardiovascular disease is also present. Hence, considering diabetes-related comorbidities can be useful in order to successfully identify individuals in risk of DRD.
Why Clinical Trials Stop: The Role of Genetics

Many drug discovery projects are started, but few progress fully through clinical trials to approval. Previous work has shown that human genetics support for the therapeutic hypothesis increases the chance of trial progression. Here, we applied natural language processing to classify the freetext reasons for 28,842 clinical trials that stopped before their endpoints were met. We then evaluated these classes in the light of the underlying evidence for the therapeutic hypothesis and target properties. We show that trials are more likely to stop due to lack of efficacy in the absence of strong genetic evidence from human populations or genetically-modified animal models. Furthermore, trials are more likely to stop for safety reasons if the drug target gene is highly constrained in human populations and if the gene is not selectively expressed. These results support the growing use of human genetics to evaluate targets for drug discovery programmes.
Characteristics of COVID-19 in children and potential risk factors for requiring mechanical ventilation; an analysis of 22,490 cases from the United States

The pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has lasted more than two years and caused millions of deaths. While the characteristics and outcomes have been more widely studied in the adult population, we conducted an in-depth analysis via the 2020 National Inpatient Sample to understand the characteristics and predictors for the use of mechanical ventilation in patients of ages 18 and less in the United States. Twenty-two thousand four hundred ninety hospitalizations involving COVID-19-positive children were found. 52.7% (11850 cases) were females, 37.0% were Hispanics, 38.0% (8555 cases) were in the first percentile 0-25th of Median household income, and 66.9% used Medicaid. In total, 1140 cases (5.1%) needed mechanical ventilation. Among factors such as obesity (aOR 1.662, 95%CI 1.368-2.019, p<0.001), Blacks (vs. White) (aOR 1.472, 95%CI 1.23-1.761, p<0.001), private insurances (aOR 1.241, 95%CI 1.06-1.453, p=0.007) or remaining forms of payment other than Medicaid or private insurances (aOR 1.763, 95%CI 1.428-2.177, p<0.001, vs. Medicaid), ages 6 to 10 years (aOR 1.531, 95%CI 1.259-1.862, p<0.001, vs. ages 0-5) showed higher odds of needing mechanical ventilation. On the contrary, Females (aOR 0.54, 95%CI 0.472-0.617, p<0.001, vs. Males), hospitalized patients in November (aOR 0.542, 95%CI 0.399-0.736, p<0.001) and December (aOR 0.446, 95%CI 0.329-0.606, p<0.001) (vs. April), Hispanics (aOR 0.832, 95%CI 0.699-0.99, p=0.038, vs. White), ages 16-18 years (aOR 0.804, 95%CI 0.673-0.96, p=0.016, vs. 0-5years), and in the 76th-100th median household income percentile (aOR 0.783, 95%CI 0.628-0.976, p=0.03, vs. 0-25th percentile) showed reduced odds. 9.6% of patients on mechanical ventilation died.
Incorporating data from multiple endpoints in the analysis of clinical trials: example from RSV vaccines

Background: To achieve licensure, interventions typically must demonstrate efficacy against a primary outcome in a randomized clinical trial. However, selecting a single primary outcome a priori is challenging. Incorporating data from multiple and related outcomes might help to increase statistical power in clinical trials. Inspired by real-world clinical trials of interventions against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), we examined methods for analyzing data on multiple endpoints. Method: We simulated data from three different populations in which the efficacy of the intervention and the correlation among outcomes varied. We developed a novel permutation-based approach that represents a weighted average of individual outcome test statistics (varP) to evaluate intervention efficacy in a multiple endpoint analysis. We compared the power and type I error rate of this approach to two alternative methods: the Bonferroni correction (bonfT) and another permutation-based approach that uses the minimum P-value across all test statistics (minP). Results: When the vaccine efficacy against different outcomes was similar, VarP yielded higher power than bonfT and minP; in some scenarios the improvement in power was substantial. In settings where vaccine efficacy was notably larger against one endpoint compared to the others, all three methods had similar power. Conclusions: Analyzing multiple endpoints using a weighted permutation method can increase power while controlling the type I error rate in settings where outcomes share similar characteristics, like RSV outcomes. We developed an R package, PERMEATE, to guide selection of the most appropriate method for analyzing multiple endpoints in clinical trials.
Assessing the performance of ChatGPT in answering questions regarding cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma

Background: Patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) require extensive care. Personalized education can improve their outcomes. ChatGPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer), a natural language processing model, has shown potential to provide professional yet patient-freindly responses. Aim: To examine the accuracy and reproducibility of ChatGPT in responding to questions regarding knowledge, management, and emotional support for cirrhosis and HCC. Method: ChatGPT's responses to 164 frequently asked questions were independently graded by two transplant hepatologists, with a third reviewer resolving any discrepancies. We also compared the performance of ChatGPT on two previously validated and published questionnaires to the physicians or trainees who were tested in the included publications. Furthermore, we formulated the 26 quality measures of cirrhosis management into questions and tested ChatGPT's knowledge in cirrhosis care. Finally, the capacity to provide emotional support to patients or caregivers was tested. Results: ChatGPT regurgitated extensive knowledge about both cirrhosis and HCC, but for questions with correct responses, only a small proportion was labelled as comprehensive. The performance was better in basic knowledge, lifestyle, and treatment than in the domains of diagnosis and preventive medicine. For the quality measures, the model answered 76.9% of questions correctly but failed to specify the cut-off values for making medical decisions and treatment durations. When compared to physicians/trainees, ChatGPT fell short in knowledge of guidelines varying across geographic regions, such as HCC screening criteria. The model also provided practical and multifaceted advice to patients and caregivers regarding the next steps and adjusting to a new diagnosis. Conclusion: In summary, we analyzed the areas of robustness and limitations of ChatGPT's responses on the management of cirrhosis and HCC and relevant emotional support. ChatGPT may have a role as an adjunct informational tool for patients and physicians to improve outcomes.
Zur Dynamotheorie magnetischer Sterne: Der,, symmetrische Rotator'' als Alternative zum ,, schiefen Rotator''

Die Erregung von nichtaxialsymmetrischen Magnetfeldern in Sternen durch Dynamowirkung wird anhand von Modellen diskutiert, die von Steenbeck und Krause fruher beschrieben wurden [1]. Unter der Annahme, das die Sterne axiale Symmetrie in bezug auf die Rotationsachse und Spiegelsymmetrie in bezug auf die Aquatorebene zeigen, wird der Nachweis gefuhrt, das nichtaxialsymmetrische Felder im Vergleich mit den axialsymmetrischen kleinere Eigenwerte haben konnen und daher schneller aufgebaut werden. Dieses Ergebnis zeigt, das axialsymmetrische Dynamos nicht notwendig axialsymmetrische Felder aufbauen mussen. Andererseits erweist sich die Aquatorsymmetrie als eine Eigenschaft, die in den allgemeinen Symmetriegesetzen der Physik begrundet ist. Daher mus im Normalfall erwartet werden, das die erregten Felder Aquatorsymmetrie zeigen. Dieses Ergebnis steht im Widerspruch zu der gebrauchlichen Interpretation von Magnetfeldbeobachtungen auf Sternen durch den “schiefen Rotator”. Jedoch ist, wie hier gezeigt wird, eine Alternativinterpretation, der “symmetrische Rotator”, ebensogut in Ubereinstimmung mit den Beobachtungen wie der schiefe Rotator. Es ergibt sich der Hinweis, das in erster Linie versucht werden sollte, Interpretationen von Beobachtungen an Einzelsternen durch Modelle vorzunehmen, die Symmetrie in bezug auf die Aquatorebene zeigen. The excitation of non-axisymmetric magnetic fields by dynamo action of stars is discussed by investigating models described earlier by Steenbeck and Krause [1]. The stars are assumed to show axisymmetry with regard to the axis of rotation and reflection symmetry with regard to the equator plane. The possibility was prooved to exist that non-axisymmetric fields may have smaller eigenvalues than the axisymmetric one, and will be excited first therefore. This result shows that the excited field must not be axisymmetric with regard to the axis of rotation even for dynamos with that symmetry. On the other hand it is shown that the symmetry with regard to the equator plane is a property, which is founded in the general symmetry laws of physics. Hence symmetry with regard to the equator plane must be expected to be the normal case for the excited field. There is a contradiction to the usual interpretation of magnetic field observations on stars by the ‘oblique rotator’. However, as shown in the paper presented, an alternative interpretation, the ‘symmetric rotator’, is as well in agreement with the observations as the ‘oblique rotator’. The suggestion comes out that primarily one has to try to interprete the observations on single stars by models, which show symmetry with regard to the equator plane.
Interferometric moving ground target imaging

This paper describes an interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing technique, interferometric moving target focusing (IMTF), which is capable of creating clutter suppressed moving ground target images. One-meter range resolution data has been processed and is presented. The potential benefit of a moving ground target imaging system, the IMTF processing approach, differences between IMTF and other moving ground target imaging techniques and attributes of the moving target imagery are discussed.
Maternal mRNA covid-19 vaccination during pregnancy and delta or omicron infection or hospital admission in infants: test negative design study

Abstract Objective To estimate the effectiveness of maternal mRNA covid-19 vaccination during pregnancy against delta and omicron severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and hospital admission in infants. Design Test negative design study. Setting Community and hospital testing in Ontario, Canada. Participants Infants younger than six months of age, born between 7 May 2021 and 31 March 2022, who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 between 7 May 2021 and 5 September 2022. Intervention Maternal mRNA covid-19 vaccination during pregnancy. Main outcome measures Laboratory confirmed delta or omicron infection or hospital admission of the infant. Multivariable logistic regression estimated vaccine effectiveness, with adjustments for clinical and sociodemographic characteristics associated with vaccination and infection. Results 8809 infants met eligibility criteria, including 99 delta cases (4365 controls) and 1501 omicron cases (4847 controls). Infant vaccine effectiveness from two maternal doses was 95% (95% confidence interval 88% to 98%) against delta infection and 97% (73% to 100%) against infant hospital admission due to delta and 45% (37% to 53%) against omicron infection and 53% (39% to 64%) against hospital admission due to omicron. Vaccine effectiveness for three doses was 73% (61% to 80%) against omicron infection and 80% (64% to 89%) against hospital admission due to omicron. Vaccine effectiveness for two doses against infant omicron infection was highest with the second dose in the third trimester (53% (42% to 62%)) compared with the first (47% (31% to 59%)) or second (37% (24% to 47%)) trimesters. Vaccine effectiveness for two doses against infant omicron infection decreased from 57% (44% to 66%) between birth and eight weeks to 40% (21% to 54%) after 16 weeks of age. Conclusions Maternal covid-19 vaccination with a second dose during pregnancy was highly effective against delta and moderately effective against omicron infection and hospital admission in infants during the first six months of life. A third vaccine dose bolstered protection against omicron. Effectiveness for two doses was highest with maternal vaccination in the third trimester, and effectiveness decreased in infants beyond eight weeks of age.
Apparent Persistence Effects in the Nelspruit Area from Silver Iodide Seeding for Hail Suppression

Abstract Daily precipitation records during the period of the hail suppression seeding program in the Eastern Transvaal around Nelspruit, South Africa are examined for evidence of persistence effects from silver iodide iodine similar to those reported by Bigg and Turton in Australia. Using their method of analysis, a positive anomaly is found in the comparison of target-to-control rainfall commencing 11 to 12 days after a seed day and lasting 10 to 11 days. The Australian anomaly commences 9 to 10 days after a day and lasts about 9 days. Otherwise, the “peristence signatures” in the two areas are very similar. This repetition of apparent persistence effects in another area on a different continent raises serious doubts about conventional statistical assessments of the success of randomized seeding experiments when silver iodide is used.