Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do Reciprocal Strategies Work in Social Dilemmas?

According to computer simulations by Parks and Komorita (1997), group-based reciprocal strategies (GBRS; i.e., strategies in which players cooperate only when a sufficient number of others do) are more effective than the strategy of unconditional defection (ALL-D) in 100-person social dilemmas. In this article, theoretical arguments and a replication of the Parks and Komorita simulations are presented, which demonstrate that when strategies are analyzed at the individual level (at which they were defined), GBRS are actually less effective than ALL-D. The divergence of this conclusion from that of Parks and Komorita is attributed to specific selection factors in design and analysis of the original simulations. However, when the strategies are analyzed as strategies for subgroups rather than individuals, the claim that GBRS are more effcetive than ALL-D finds more support, most notably because players using these and other conditionally cooperative strategies tend to defect when single or in small subgroups but to cooperate when in large subgroups.
Sorption of Tannin and Related Phenolic Compounds and Effects on Extraction of Soluble-N in Soil Amended with Several Carbon Sources

Some tannins sorb to soil and reduce soluble-N. However, we know little about how they interact with organic amendments in soil. Soil (0–5 cm) from plots, which were amended annually with various carbon substances, was treated with water (control) or solutions containing tannins or related phenolic subunits. Treatments included a proanthocyanidin, catechin, tannic acid, β-1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-D-glucose (PGG), gallic acid, and methyl gallate. We applied solutions of each of these materials to soil and measured soluble-C and -N in supernatants after application and following extraction with hot water (16 h, 80 °C). Sorption was low for non-tannin phenolics, methyl gallate, gallic acid, and catechin, and unaffected by amendment. Sorption of tannins, proanthocyanidin, tannic acid, and PGG, was higher and greater in plots amended with biosolids or manure. Extraction of soluble-N was not affected by amendment or by catechin, proanthocyanidin, or methyl gallate, but was reduced with PGG, tannic acid and gallic acid. Soil cation exchange capacity increased following treatment with PGG but decreased with gallic acid, irrespective of amendment. Tannins entering soil may thus influence soil organic matter dynamics and nutrient cycling but their impact may be influenced by the composition of soil organic matter.
Gamification as a tool for engaging student learning: A field experiment with a gamified app

In this paper, we reflect on the implementation of a gamified application for helping students learn important facts about their study program. We focus on two design features, of which different configurations were tested in a field experiment among Dutch university students (N = 101). The first feature is feedback, which is expected to increase engagement, with personalized (“tailored”) feedback being more effective than generic feedback. The second feature is a session limit that was designed to prevent users from “binging” the game, because this could prevent deep learning. Results showed that generic feedback was more effective than tailored feedback, contrasting our expectations. The session limit, however, did prevent binging without reducing the overall number of sessions played. Our findings suggest that careful consideration of game properties may impact sustaining and encouraging play via a gamified application.
Use of nitrate and Propionibacterium acidipropionici to reduce methane emissions and increase wool growth of Merino sheep

The effects of dietary nitrate and of Propionibacterium acidipropionici (PA) on methane and nitrous oxide emissions, methaemoglobinaemia, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and productivity of sheep were studied. It was hypothesised that PA supplementation would increase the rate of nitrite reduction to ammonia in the rumen and therefore reduce risks of methaemoglobinaemia. Fine-wool Merino wethers (n = 28; 31.8 ± 3.7 kg; 11 months of age) were acclimated to four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets based on oaten chaff (1.0 kg/day) supplemented with either urea (1.1% of DM; T1 and T2) or a nitrate source (2.0% of DM; T3 and T4) while T2 and T4 were also supplemented with PA (11.5 × 1010 CFU/day). Replacing urea with nitrate lowered methane production (g/day) by 19% and methane yield (g/kg DMI) by 15%, improved clean wool growth by 12% (P < 0.001) and tended to increase skin temperature (P < 0.1). Nitrate increased ruminal acetate to propionate ratio by 27%, increased plasma nitrite and nitrate concentrations and blood methaemoglobin (MetHb) level up to 45% of total haemoglobin. Nitrous oxide emission from sheep confined in respiration chambers was higher (P < 0.001) when nitrate was fed, lowering the net benefit of methane mitigation on global warming potential (CO2 equivalents/kg DMI) by 18%. In contrast, PA had little effect, decreasing total VFA concentration (P < 0.05), increasing rumen pH (P < 0.05) and clean wool growth (P < 0.05) of urea-fed sheep. This study confirmed the beneficial effects of nitrate on net greenhouse gas reduction and wool growth, but showed that methaemoglobinaemia risks may be higher when diets are fed at a restricted level and contain only low levels of readily fermented carbohydrate. PA supplementation was not effective in reducing methaemoglobinaemia, but did increase clean wool growth of urea-fed sheep.
Atmospheric CO2 enrichment of alpine treeline conifers.

• Experimental CO2 enrichment of mature Larix decidua and Pinus uncinata trees and their understory vegetation was used to test the carbon limitation hypothesis of treeline formation at the alpine treeline in Switzerland. • Forty plots (each 1.1 m2 ) were established; half of them were exposed to elevated (566 ppm) atmospheric CO2 using a free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) system releasing pure CO2 , and the other half were treated as controls at current ambient [CO2 ]. • Reliable and adequate CO2 control was achieved, with 63% and 90% of 1-min averages having a [CO2 ] within ±10% and ±20% of the target value, respectively, which is comparable to previous FACE systems. Both tree species showed higher net photosynthesis, lower stomatal conductance, and increased accumulation of nonstructural carbohydrates in response to CO2 in the first year of treatment. Quite unexpectedly, shoot length increment increased significantly at elevated CO2 (up to 23%) compared with controls in both species. • The pure CO2 release technology proved suitable for CO2 enrichment of native trees on this remote mountain slope. Our results suggest an improved C balance and growth of treeline trees in response to elevated CO2 . However, it is unclear whether this initial growth stimulation will persist in the longer term.
Deliberating Competence

The “participatory turn” cutting across technical approaches for appraising environment, risk, science, and technology has been accompanied by intense debates over the desired nature, extent, and quality of public engagement in science. Burgeoning work evaluating the effectiveness of such processes and the social study of science in society more generally is notable, however, for lacking systematic understanding of the very actors shaping these new forms science-society interaction. This paper addresses this lacuna by drawing on United Kingdom based in-depth empirical research that made space for participatory appraisal experts to reflect on effective practice and novel questions of competence, expertise, and citizen-specialist relations within analytic-deliberative processes. Emerging practitioner principles warn that existing participatory models have not sufficiently considered constructivist perspectives on knowledge, analysis, and deliberation. Effective participatory appraisal under uncertainty needs to guard against the “technocracy of participation” by opening up to diversity, difference, antagonism, and uncertainties/indeterminacies.
Food borne diseases bacteria; frequency antibiotic resistance bacteria in Iranian foods

Food borne illnesses result from eating food or drinking beverages that are contaminated with chemicals matter, heavy metals, parasites, fungi, viruses and Bacteria. Bacillusspecies and Staphylococcus aureus are one of food borne diseases Bacteria. Bacillusspecies are spore forming bacteria and the spores may be present on raw foods, and their ability to survive high cooking temperatures requires that cooked foods be served hot or cooled rapidly to prevent the growth of this bacteria. S. aureus are found on humans (skin, infected cuts, pimples, noses and throats). The subject of this study was study on frequency antibiotic resistance bacteria in Iranian foods. Related papers on importance and frequency of antibiotic resistance bacteria in foods were extracted from original and review articles published in Pubmed and Elsivier Science during the period of 1995 to 2011. For this study key words which were search include “food borne diseases bacteria,Staphylococcus, Bacillus, antibiotic resistance and Iran”. About the spread of antibiotic resistance bacteria in foods in all of similar original and review articles, there is consensus that the existence of antibiotic resistance strains in foods, finally lead to increase ofantibiotic resistance nosocomial in humans. Result of this study indicates high frequency of antibiotic resistant and beta lactamase producer pathogen bacteria in Iranian foods. Key words: Food borne diseases bacteria, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, antibiotic resistance.
Armazenamento de carbono em frações lábeis da matéria orgânica de um Latossolo Vermelho sob plantio direto

Carbon storage in the soil organic matter (SOM) is an important strategy to mitigate carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the no-tillage (NT) use for six years, under four autumn (dry-season) cover crops based maize and soybean crop rotations (pigeon pea- pearl millet, bengan hemp-sorghum, sunflower-black oat, and wild radish-maize), on C storage in the particulate (>53 µm) and mineral-associated (<53 µm) SOM fractions of a clayey Oxisol from Brazilian Cerrado region. In comparison to conventional tillage (CT) under summer cash-crops, NT increased the total organic carbon (TOC) stocks in the surface soil layer (0-5 cm). In the top 20 cm layer, NT soil under wild radish-maize had 9% (4.66 Mg ha -1 ) more TOC than the conventionally tilled soil. On the other hand, C storage in NT soil under other cropping systems was statiscally similar to the CT soil. The C stocks in the particulate SOM fraction increased by 37 to 52% in NT soil (0-20 cm) in comparison to CT. The higher sensitivity to soil management changes made the particulate organic matter a more adequate soil quality index compared to the TOC stocks. The C stock in the mineral-associated SOM fraction was not affected by soil management systems, which can be related to the short-term under NT and or to the highly stable soil microaggregates in this clayey Oxisol. The preferential C storage in the labile SOM fraction is an environmental benefit, which is expected to occur only under continuous no-tillage and crop residues addition.
Relationship between leptin levels and lipid profile in obesity adult in Puskesmas Nanggalo Padang working area

Background: Obesity is a condition with abnormal or excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue so that it can interfere with health. Leptin is an adipokine produced by adipose tissue that acts as the main regulator in regulating energy balance and weight. High leptin levels inhibits lipid synthesis, fatty acid synthesis and acetyl CoA carboxylase which contributes to lipid accumulation. Leptin and lipid profiles were found to be elevated in obese subjects. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in leptin levels and lipid profiles between obese and non-obese adults, to know the association between leptin levels and lipid profiles in obese adults in the Nanggalo Padang health center work area.Methods: Comparative cross sectional research design. The research was carried out in the Nanggalo Padang Health Center, Biomedical and Biochemistry Laboratory, Medical Faculty of Andalas University in December 2017 until August 2018. The sample was 22 obese adults and 22 non-obese adults. The sample was taken by consecutive sampling technique. Serum leptin levels was measured using the ELISA method and lipid profile using the CHOD-PAP and GPO-PAP methods. Data analysis using data normality test with Shapiro Wilk, mann whitney T-Test and correlation.Results: There was a significant difference between obesity and non-obesity leptin (p<0.05), there was no significant difference between total cholesterol (p>0.05), triglycerides (p>0.05), LDL (p>0.05), HDL (p>0.05), there is a weak association between leptin levels and lipid profile.Conclusions: There was significant difference in leptin levels between obese adult and non-obese adults, there was no significant difference in lipid profiles between obese adults and non-obese adults, and there was a weak association between leptin levels and lipid profiles in obese adults.
Insecticide residues cross-contamination of oilseeds during storage (second part)

This article is a continuation of the article Insecticide residues cross-contamination of oil- seeds during storage published in OCL vol. 14, n°6, November-December 2007. The last article presen- ted the results obtained by an investigation on stored sunflower seeds, and this new work presents results on stored rapeseed. Pesticide residues are found in oilseeds and crude oils: they are mainly organophos- phate insecticides (pirimiphos-methyl, malathion) used in empty storage facilities and for application to stored cereal grains. French regulation does not allow use of these insecticides on stored oilseeds. These residues arise from cross-contamination from storage bins and facilities, and not from illegal use. This uptake of insecticide residues from their storage environment by oilseeds can lead to levels that can exceed regulatory limits. An investigation in 13 grain storage companies allowed us to follow the course of 21 rapeseed batches, from their receipt at the storage facilities to outloading. Samples from each of these batches, made at outloading, were analysed by ITERG, looking for insecticide residues. Traceability of rapeseed established by storers allowed us to identify cross-contamination sources. Results are slightly dif- ferent from those obtained the previous year on sunflower seeds. Substances discovered were mostly pirimiphos-methyl, and malathion, plus chlorpyriphos-methyl (two cases) and deltamethrin (one case). Pirimiphos-methyl was most commonly detected, and caused most cases of non-accordance with regula- tory levels. Main cross-contamination hazard resulted from treatment of cereals at their receipt during the same period than rapeseed receipt, especially when these cereals treatments were frequent on that silo. Other situations led to cross-contaminations, but generally of lower levels: outloading of rapeseed after outloading of treated cereals, rapeseed stored in bin that contained previously treated cereals, empty bins and handling equipment treated before receipt of rapeseed.
Habitat characteristics and seasonal changes of Laurencia brongniartii (CeramiaIes, Rhodophyta) in Kagoshima, Southern Japan

The seasonal change in size of Laurencia brongniartii was observed for the year 2002 at Banshobana Park, Satsuma Peninsula and Tsuchihama Beach, Amami Oshima, both in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Additionally, the vertical distribution of this species was also studied at Tsuchihama Beach (second site), where the largest populations were found. Maximum lengths were observed in October ‐ November with a size of 100 ± 6 mm at Banshobana Park and 111 ± 5 mm at Tsuchihama Beach. Line‐transects conducted at Tsuchihama Beach, were analyzed to determine the vertical distribution of L. brongniartii due to depth and the slope of the substrate. Alga was found growing in areas restricted to low levels of light.
ANTAGONISTIC EVOLUTIONARY PATHWAYS OF HIV-1 RESISTANCE TO NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS: A VIROLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

K65R, a lysine to arginine change at codon 65 of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), has been selected in vitro by many NRTIs (nucleoside analog RT inhibitors), but until recently, was infrequently detected in patients. Located in the fingers subdomain of RT, K65R causes NRTI resistance through a discrimination mechanism by increasing selectivity for natural deoxynucleotide triphosphate substrates (dNTP) incorporation over triphosphorylated NRTI incorporation. The thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) include the following amino acid changes in RT: M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y and K219Q. Different combinations of TAMs facilitate AZT resistance by a primer unblocking mechanism, also known as an "excision" mechanism, in which the chain-terminating NRTI is removed from the nascent DNA strand to allow polymerization to resume. From in vitro and clinical observations, we proposed that K65R and TAMs represent two different pathways of NRTI resistance that exhibit bi-directional phenotypic antagonism and counterselection in vivo. We have generated several lines of evidence in support of this hypothesis: (1) HIV encoding K65R has reduced susceptibility to all NRTIs tested except those with a 3' azido in the pseudosugar component (AZT and AZA); (2) in a large clinical database, K65R is increasing in prevalence in patient isolates, whereas TAMs are decreasing in prevalence; (3) a strong negative relation exists between the frequency of K65R and specific TAMs among HIV-1 isolates in a large clinical database; (4) K65R reverses viral resistance to AZT caused by TAMs and TAMs reverse resistance to abacavir and tenofovir caused by K65R; (5) K65R antagonizes the primer unblocking activity of TAMs and TAMs antagonize discrimination by K65R; and (6) in plasma samples in which both K65R and TAMs were detected by population sequencing, K65R was not found on the same genome with T215F/Y and 2 or more other TAMs, except when the Q151M multi-drug resistance complex was also present. HIV-1 drug resistance is a significant public health problem. This work contributes to the understanding of NRTI resistance and will help to optimize current and future therapy for HIV-1 infection.
Tobacco Response to Residual and In-Season Treatments of CGA-3626221

Experiments were conducted to determine tobacco tolerance to CGA-362622 applied pretransplant (PRE-T) and postemergence (POST) to tobacco and applied the previous year preemergence (PRE) and POST to cotton. CGA-362622 applied at 3.75 or 7.5 g ai/ha PRE-T injured ‘K326’ flue-cured tobacco 1%, whereas POST treatments resulted in 4 to 5% injury. Tobacco injury was transient with no mid- or late-season injury noted. Tobacco yields from all CGA-362622 POST treatments were not different from the nontreated weed-free check. Tobacco treated with 7.5 g/ha CGA-362622 PRE-T yielded greater than nontreated weed-free tobacco or tobacco treated with CGA-362622 POST. When grown in rotation, tobacco was not injured, and yields were not influenced by CGA-362622 applied PRE or POST to cotton the previous year. Nomenclature: CGA-362622; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ; tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L. Additional index words: Carryover, crop injury, sulfonylurea herbicide. Abbreviations: ALS, acetolactate synthase; LAYBY, late POST-directed; POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence; PRE-T, pretransplant.
Ecological and Morphological Characteristics and in vitro Conservation of Ramonda serbica Panc in Kosovo

Ramonda serbica is a Balkan endemic and relict plant, included in the European list of rare plants. The aim of this study is to present the current natural condition and to elaborate the risk assessment for extinction, and in vitro conservation of R. serbica populations from Kosovo. We began a thorough exploration of the various habitats and ecological characteristics of R. serbica locations in the Sharri Mountains and Albanian Alps. The ecological responses of this species were more diverse than expected. We can explain the observed differences mostly as a response to the variations in the basic environmental conditions of the habitats. Almost all examined morphological characteristics, plant density and phenological traits were significantly different between the locations. In this case, locations with a small number of rosettes per m2 and a smaller regeneration were Radaci, The Rugova Canyon , Zhlebi Gorge , and The Sushica River Gorge , therefore, the risk for extinction is very high. According to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, the conservation status of R. serbica populations in Kosovo should be estimated as Vulnerable (VU), B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii). For the first time in Kosovo our research group began the in vitro micropropagation and conservation of the rare plant R. serbica. During the micropropagation some differences, but not significant, for the number of shoots per plantlets were recorded for the plantlets originating from the different locations. After micropropagation, plantlets from the different locations of R. serbica were transferred for in vitro conservation and preserved for 8-12 months without transfers.
Effect of dose of the corticosteroid injected locally on inflammatory diseases

Background: Local injection of corticosteroid medication is one of the most common therapeutic treatments in inflammatory diseases, yet there are still many controversies surrounding its use. Methods: One hundred and seventy patients with de Quervain disease, lateral epicondylitis, or plantar fasciitis were entered into the study and divided into two groups (groups 1 and 2) according to doses of the steroids (20 mg and 40 mg methylprednisolone acetate, respectively). Patients were evaluated before injection and at 3 wk and 6 wk after injection using a visual analogue scale, quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score, the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society Score, and grip strength. Complications were recorded at each visit. Results: All outcome parameters significantly improved 3 wk after injection in all patients. Improvement between weeks 3 and 6 was not significant. There was no significant difference between patients in group 1 and 2 except patients in group 1 with plantar fasciitis had better outcome than those in group 2 at 6 wk. The only encountered complication was change in color of the skin in three patients. Conclusions: A 20-mg injection of methylprednisolone acetate locally was sufficient for improvement of symptoms in patients with de Quervain disease, lateral epicondylitis, and plantar fasciitis. More doses of the steroid had no more beneficial effect.
New insight regarding mode of action of brown rot decay of modified wood based on DNA and gene expression studies: A review

Modified wood shows resistance against wood deteriorating fungi, but the mechanisms are still not fully understood. The aim of this paper was to summarise the molecular studies performed on modified wood with regard to brown rot decay fungi. The DNA data showed that fungi are present inside the laboratory wood test samples already after two weeks of inoculation. Generally the fungal DNA content reflects mass loss and wood moisture content. The oxidative gene expression seems to be higher in modified wood than in untreated wood and it tend to increase during incubation. Based on the gene expression data we suggest that the hypothesis of lack of substrate recognition by the fungus should be rejected. In the reviewed studies, total wood moisture content in the samples was generally not low enough to inhibit fungal colonisation. Hence, moisture distribution within the wood should be studied more closely.