Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Numerical Computation of Low Reynolds Number Viscous Flow Past Bluff Bodies

Abstract This article presents a two-dimensional steady viscous flow simulation past circular and square cylinders at low Reynolds numbers (based on the diameter) by the finite volume method with a non-orthogonal body-fitted grid. Diffusive fluxes are discretized using central differencing scheme, and for convective fluxes upwind and central differencing schemes are blended using a ‘deferred correction’ approach. A simplified pressure correction equation is derived, and proper under-relaxation factors are used so that computational cost is reduced without adversely affecting the convergence rate. The governing equations are expressed in Cartesian velocity components and solution is carried out using the SIMPLE algorithm for collocated arrangement of variables. The mesh yielding grid-independent solution is then utilized to study, for the very first time, the effect of the Reynolds number on the separation bubble length, separation angle, and drag coefficients for both circular and square cylinders. Finally, functional relationships between the computed quantities and Reynolds number (Re) are proposed up to Re = 40. It is found that circular cylinder separation commences between Re= 6.5-6.6, and the bubble length, separation angle, total drag vary as Re, Re−0.5, Re−0.5 respectively. Extrapolated results obtained from the empirical relations for the circular cylinder show an excellent agreement with established data from the literature. For a square cylinder, the bubble length and total drag are found to vary as Re and Re−0.666, and are greater than these for a circular cylinder at a given Reynolds number. The numerical results substantiate that a square shaped cylinder is more bluff than a circular one.
How private is your period?: A systematic analysis of menstrual app privacy policies

Abstract Menstruapps are mobile applications that can track a user’s reproductive cycle, sex life and health in order to provide them with algorithmically derived insights into their body. These apps are now hugely popular, with the most favoured boasting over 100 million downloads. In this study, we investigate the privacy practices of a set of 30 Android menstruapps, a set which accounts for nearly 200 million downloads.We measured how the apps present information and behave on a number of privacy related topics, such as the complexity of the language used, the information collected by them, the involvement of third parties and how they describe user rights. Our results show that while common pieces of personal data such as name, email, etc. are treated appropriately by most applications, reproductive-related data is not covered by the privacy policies and in most cases, completely disregarded, even when it is required for the apps to work. We have informed app developers of our findings and have tried to engage them in dialogue around improving their privacy practices.
Agronomic attributes and stability of exotic sunflower hybrids in Iran

Abstract In order to identifying of high yielding compatible sunflower hybrids for different regions of Iran, a set of 10 exotic hybrids from Serbia, Turkey, and Italy and four Iranian hybrids were evaluated for agronomic traits; days to flowering and maturity, plant height, head and stem diameter, 1000-achenes weight, achene number per head, oil content and achene, and oil yield. The experiments were conducted as completely randomized block design with four replications in Alborz, Mazandaran, Khuzestan, and West Azerbaijan Provinces for two years (2017–2018). According to the results growing period of the hybrids were variable from 86 days for Dukat to 98 days for Fantaziya. The hybrids Slatki and Dukat had the highest (70 g) and lowest (56 g) 1000-achenes weight. The highest oil content was observed in 08TR003 (45.6%). Among the locations, Miandoab had the highest achene yield (3110 kg/ha). In Sari; the hybrids Barzegar, Fantaziya, and Slatki (3080, 2893, and 2853 kg/ha respectively), In Dezful; Barzegar, Cartago, and Oscar (3234, 3409, and 3226 kg/ha respectively), in Karaj; Oscar, Shams, and Fantaziya (3138, 3081, and 3050 kg/ha respectively), and in Miandob Shams, Fantaziya, and Slatki (4093, 4038, and 3895 kg/ha respectively) had the highest achene yield. Considering overall mean Fantaziya, Shams, and Oskar had the highest achene yield (3286, 3145, and 3087 kg/ha respectively), as well as Fantaziya followed by Barzegar and Shams had the highest oil yield (1396, 1335, and 1330 kg/ha respectively). Considering phenotypic variability among the exotic hybrids Fantaziya, Oskar, Slatki, Novak, 08TR003, and Meteor with lower coefficient of variation and higher achene yield considered as the stable higher yielding hybrids in four test locations of Iran. Through identifying high-yielding and compatible hybrids, the results of this study can assists in increasing of sunflower yield and production in Iran.
GROWTH IN DOMESTIC AND WILD REINDEER IN NORWAY

Growth is compared between two wild reindeer ( vRangifer tarsndus ) populations and also be- tween these two populations and the now-dispersed Trio domestic herd from which the two aFild popula- tions were derived. The two wild populations are located in North Ottadalen a near-virgin area, and South Ottadalen an area that was partially heavily grazed. Both areas vere utilized by the Trio herd. Intensive herding of the Trio animals is deemed responsible for their 23 to 43 percent losver dressed weights when compared with the South Ottadalen herd. The longer diastema lengths of the North Otta- dalen population,, when compared with both the South Ottadalen and the Trio populations, reflect the dif- ference in range quality between the North and South Ottadalen areas. GROWTH IN DOMESTIC AND WILD REINDEER IN NORWAY EIGIL REIMERS, The Norwegian Stote Game Reseorch Institute, Vollebekk Abstract: Growth is compared between two wild reindeer ( vRangifer tarsndus ) populations and also be- tween these two populations and the now-dispersed Trio domestic herd from which the two aFild popula- tions were derived. The two wild populations are located in North Ottadalen a near-virgin area, and South Ottadalen an area that was partially heavily grazed. Both areas vere utilized by the Trio herd. Intensive herding of the Trio animals is deemed responsible for their 23 to 43 percent losver dressed weights when compared with the South Ottadalen herd. The longer diastema lengths of the North Otta- dalen population,, when compared with both the South Ottadalen and the Trio populations, reflect the dif-
The effect of type and level of carbohydrate supplementation on intake and digestibility of Atriplex nummularia cv. De Kock

The effects of type of carbohydrate supplementation on intake and digestibility of Atriplex nummularia cv. De Kock were investigated. Ten rumen cannulated sheep were fed different increments of maize and barley supplements (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%) to a basal diet of A. nummularia cv. De Kock. Supplementation of A. nummularia cv. De Kock with an energy source tended to increase NDF digestibility, decrease rumen pH and with maize as a supplement, increase intake.
Chromosomal NOR Phenotypes of Seven Species of North American Cyprinidae, with Comments on Cytosystematic Relationships of the Notropis volucellus Species-group, Opsopoeodus emiliae, and the Genus Pteronotropis

in the fifth (P. hubbsi), the single NOR was located terminally on the short arm of a large-sized acro-/subtelocentric chromosome. Pteronotropis signipinnis and P. welaka each possessed two pair of NOR-bearing chromosomes: one pair had a NOR located terminally on the short arm of a medium-sized submetacentric chromosome; whereas the other pair had a NOR located terminally on the short arm of a large-sized acro-/subtelocentric chromosome. Consideration of these and previous NOR data in North American cyprinids suggest that: 1) the N. volucellus species-group as presently constituted may not be monophyletic; 2) the species Opsopoeodus emiliae may belong in an assemblage which includes, among others, at least four species of the genus Cyprinella; 3) 0. emiliae may not be closely related to N. maculatus; and 4) P. hubbsi may belong in an assemblage which includes P. signipinnis and P. welaka, and hence may be a valid member of the genus Pteronotropis.
Graspable cues for everyday recollecting

• A submitted manuscript is the author's version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.
Finite antenna arrays : an eigencurrent approach

• A submitted manuscript is the author's version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.
Reintroduction of Captive Mammals for Conservation Guidelines for reintroducing endangered species into the wild

epatriating an endangered species to its homeland is an attractive, although expensive, approach to saving rare or endangered species currently maintained in captivity. This approach is particularly popular among conservationists with ties to zoos. Among birds, for example, many species have been released in areas where populations have declined or disappeared. However, in a review of bird reintroductions, translocations, and introductions, Long (1981) estimated that approximately half of the more than 1000 cases have failed (see also Cade 1986). By comparison, few mammalian reintroductions have been attempted. Perhaps four or five of the fewer than 20 mammalian reintroductions using captive-bred animals have been successful in establishing viable populations (Wemmer and Derrickson 1987). But the successes, including the American bison (Bison bison) and the European wisent (Bison bonasus) (Campbell 1980, Conway 1980) demonstrate the positive impact that this technique can have on populations of threatened species. The American bison by 1889 had High costs, logistical difficulties, and the
Behavioral trade-off on shell exchange and exploration of the white spotwrist hermit crab Pagurus criniticornis (Crustacea, Anomura, Paguridae)

̶ The regulatory mechanisms of shell selection and occupation by hermit crabs can be determined by many factors such as competition, risk of predation, shell size, type and availability and also by physical damage. However, the relative importance among them has been scarcely studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of predator, shell quality and size in shell exchanges and exploratory behaviors of Pagurus criniticornis. The experiments were carried out by placing a hermit crab with a naturally damaged shell in an arena with or without a caged predator (the narrowback mud crab, Panopeus americanus) and 10 empty shells. Concerning the male data and the shell exchange dependency on the factors of shell quality and predator presence, we suggest that individuals were sensitive to the predator presence when carrying a damaged shell. This data could represent a clear trade-off between the benefit of occupying a better shell and the imminent risk of predation. Considering that shells provide protection and that extremely damaged shells may increase the risk of predation, the exchange behavior is directly related to the increase in protection from predators, even if the exchange activity itself exposes the animal to a high predation risk for a short time.
Phylogenetic analyses and perianth evolution in basal angiosperms

Using a compartmentalization approach, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of the basalmost extant angiosperms using sequences from six genes (over 12,000 bp per taxon) from all three genomes (chloroplast-atpB, rbcL; nuclear- 18S rDNA, 26S rDNA; mitochondrial-matR, atpA). Trees resulting from parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of the compartmentalized data are identical. We find strong support (100% for each node) for the earliest-branching angiosperms: Amborellaceae, Nymphaeaceae, and an Austrobaileyales clade (Illiciaceae, Schisandraceae, Trimeniaceae, Austrobaileyaceae). Whereas most recent studies using multiple genes provided poor resolution and support for relationships among the remaining basal angiosperms (Ceratophyllaceae, Chloranthaceae, Canellales ( = Winterales), Piperales, monocots, Magnoliales, Laurales), with compartmentalization, we find high levels (> 90%) of bootstrap support for relationships among these clades. Canellales and Piperales form a strongly supported (100%) sister group that is, in turn, sister to a well-supported (100%) clade of Laurales and Magnoliales. Canellales + Piperales and Magnoliales + Laurales form a well-supported magnoliid clade. Ceratophyllaceae are strongly supported (100%) as sister to the monocots; the monocot/Ceratophyllaceae clade is well supported (86%) as sister to all remaining angiosperms (Chloranthaceae, the magnoliid clade, and eudicots). The addition of entire 26S rDNA sequences clearly contributed to this increased internal support. We examined the diversification of perianth phyllotaxis, merosity, and differentiation using our phylogenetic hypothesis for angiosperms. Ancestral perianth phyllotaxis and merosity are equivocal for each node of the Amborellaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Austrobaileyales grade; however, an undifferentiated perianth is reconstructed as the ancestral state for the angiosperms. Trimery and whorled perianth phyllotaxis have played a major role in basal angiosperm perianth evolution and represent the ancestral states for the large Glade comprising all angiosperms other than Amborella, Nymphaeaceae, and Austrobaileyales. A differentiated perianth has apparently evolved multiple times.
INSIGHTS INTO RETROVIRAL ASSEMBLY FROM MUTATION OF THE ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS p10 NUCLEAR EXPORT SEQUENCE

Assembly of retroviruses is mediated by a polyprotein termed Gag, which is both necessary and sufficient to drive particle assembly. Gag functional domains are conserved among retroviruses, and each Gag protein encodes a matrix, capsid, and nucleocapsid protein that serves specific functions during particle assembly. Numerous protein-interaction partners and conformational changes occur during the course of assembly to mediate each step of the process. In this dissertation, I present my work on the subcellular trafficking patterns of the Gag protein of the simple avian retrovirus Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) to gain insights into the role of nuclear transport mechanisms in the assembly of retroviruses. RSV Gag undergoes transient nuclear localization in which nuclear export is mediated through the host cellular factor CRM1. The nuclear trafficking step divides the assembly process into early (pre nuclear) and late (post nuclear) events. Utilizing a complementation approach, I found that Gag proteins interact early in the assembly process, either prior to nuclear import or within the nucleus. Under normal conditions, higher-ordered protein complex formation is prevented from occurring in the nucleus because of efficient nuclear export. However, in the overexpression system, Gag multimers form in the nucleus when Gag is capable of interacting with RNA. Through the use of CRM1-dependent and CRM1-independent nuclear export signal substitutions, I showed that CRM1-dependent export signals could substitute for the Gag nuclear export signal and virus assembly, although infectivity was impaired. In the course of these experiments, I made several novel observations. In addition to the CRM1-mediated nuclear export pathway, RSV Gag appears to be exported from
The impact of privatisation on firm performance in a transition economy: the case of Vietnam

The Vietnamese privatisation programme, launched in 1992, differs from usual Western privatisation programmes in terms of the residual percentage of shares owned by the state and the portion of shares transferred to insiders. This begs the question whether these differences influence the effects of the programme on firm performance. This study measures the impact of privatisation on firm performance in Vietnam by comparing the pre- and post-privatisation financial and operating performance of 121 former state-owned enterprises (SOEs). We find significant increases in profitability, sales revenue, efficiency and employee income. In addition, an increase in employment and a decline in leverage of newly-privatised firms is found, although the changes are statistically insignificant. Regression analyses reveal that firm size, residual state ownership, corporate governance and stock-market listing are key determinants of performance improvements.
Leaf Decomposition Rates in Costa Rican Lowland Tropical Rainforest Streams

Whole leaves of five species of riparian plants and five species of upland plants were placed in a tropical stream in a wet, lowland, Costa Rican forest. Leaves of the five riparian species disappeared faster than did the leaves of the upland species. Whole leaves of four species of riparian plants were placed in three streams and on the forest floor. Two species, Ficus glabrata and Trema micrantha, decomposed within 32 days; Ardisia sp. and Pithecelobium longifolium did not decompose over that period. For the two species that decomposed, decomposition occurred at a slower rate on the forest floor than in a stream 50 m from the forest floor site. Leaves of one species, F. glabrata, decomposed faster in water in the wet than in the dry season. Decomposition rates were similar for leaves of F. glabrata and T. micrantha placed in three streams during the wet season. Results differ markedly from previously published results for tropical streams. Differences in the dynamics of allochthonous leaf nutrient inputs into heterotrophic mid-latitude and tropical streams are discussed. BECAUSE STREAMS AND RIVERS running through forested watersheds receive very little sunlight, nutrients from primary production of aquatic origin contribute little toward the accumulation of basic nutrients by which the biogeochemical cycle operates. Nutrient inputs come primarily from ground water, tributaries, precipitation runoffs, or from terrestrial insects and plants parts, especially leaves, falling into the water (Boling et al. 1975, Fittkau 1969, Cummins 1974). In addition to serving as nutrient input sources, leaves serve as substrata for aquatic invertebrates. Consequently, considerable literature has developed concerning the role leaves play in heterotrophic mid-latitude streams (Peterson and Cummins 1974, Reice 1974, Davis and Winterbourn 1977, Kaushik and Hynes 1971, Cummins et al. 1973, Iverson 1973). In tropical areas where soil nutrients are very low (Janzen 1974), essential elements from soil and rain are concentrated by both terrestrial and streamside emergent plants (Howard-Williams and Junk 1977). In lowland tropical areas studied, leaves have the highest content of total elements of all plant parts (Klinge and Rodrigues 1968, Stark 1971a, b). It is probable that plant tissue, especially leaves, provide heterotrophic streams with a source of essential element unattainable to any major degree by runoff. As such, the roles that any plant parts play in tropical rainforest streams may be accentuated, in particular, in tropical environments low in soil nutrients. Not only do all plants concentrate essential elements from nutrient-poor soils, but some defensive compounds produced by secondary plant metabolic pathways are found at higher levels within leaves from plants grown on nutrient-poor soils (Janzen 1974, Davies et al. 1964, McKey et al. 1978) than in plants on "good" soils. Defensive compounds, in general, may be allelopathic to decay organisms or may be more difficult to break down by those organisms than other nutrient-rich compounds in the plant
Repurposing Drugs for COVID-19: An Approach for Treatment in the Pandemic.

Context Drug repurposing is a relevant approach during the COVID-19 pandemic, because development of new drugs is time-consuming and costly, and the safety of new drugs is paramount. Drug repurposing focuses on researching new indications for existing drugs and can reduce the challenges faced in drug development. Objective The current review intended to examine the current status of drugs being repurposed for COVID-19 treatment. Design The research team performed a literature review, searching relevant literature databases to find abstracts of relevant articles in journals published from 2010 until May 16, 2020. The sources of data included Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The search terms used included repositioning of drugs, repurposing of drugs and COVID-19 therapy, and SARS-CoV-2 therapy. Setting The research team conducted this study at the Department of Pharmacology, Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Mangalbare Hospital, Morang, Nepal; and Dr Iwamura Memorial Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal. Results Repurposing of drugs from different pharmacological groups including antivirals like remdesivir, lopinavir, ritonavir, arbidol, oseltamivir, penciclovir, favipiravir, ganciclovir, and ribavirin; other antibiotics like azithromycin, ivermectin, eravacycline, valrubicin, streptomycin, nitazoxanide, teicoplanin, caspofungin, and colistin; and other agents like hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, tocilizumab, camostat, nafamostat, carfilzomib, interferon, aprepitant, and dexamethasone can be considered for COVID-19 therapy. Conclusions Although current results are promising, limitations to drug repurposing, such as a low success rate and the possibility of adverse events, can't be overlooked. With continuous research and technical advancements, repurposing will no doubt provide a notable scientific contribution to innovation in drug development and pharmacotherapy practice for the treatment of new diseases or existing diseases in a new way.
CHANGES IN MINERAL COMPOSITION, UPTAKE AND USE EFFICIENCY OF SALT STRESSED WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) PLANTS RAISED FROM SEED TREATED WITH TRIACONTANOL

The role of pre-sowing treatment with triacontanol (TRIA) on two cultivars [MH-97 (moderately salt sensitive) and S24 (salt tolerant)] of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was assessed under saline and non-saline conditions. Twenty four day old plants raised from seed pretreated with TRIA for 24 h were subjected to 0 (control) or 150 mM NaCl. After 21 days of salt application, changes in shoot and root mineral nutrient concentrations, nutrient uptake and use efficiency, and shoot and root K + /Na + ratios were measured. Salt stress (150 mM NaCl) significantly increased the shoot and root Na + and Cl contents, while decreased that of K + , and K + /Na + ratios in shoot and root of both cultivars under saline conditions. The uptake of shoot Na + increased significantly, while that of the remaining nutrients decreased under saline conditions. Shoot and root nutrient (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Cl ) use efficiency (NUE) decreased significantly in both cultivars under saline conditions. The exogenous application of TRIA as pre-sowing seed treatment significantly increased the shoot Na + and K + contents, shoot K + uptake and shoot Cl use efficiency, while its effect was non-significant on the remaining attributes in both cultivars under nonsaline or saline conditions. Overall, the performance of S-24 was better than MH-97 in shoot and root K + and Ca 2+ contents and the uptake of these nutrients under both saline and non-saline conditions.