Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thermal Wall Model Effect on the Lid-Driven Nanocavity Flow Simulation using the Molecular Dynamics Method

An accurate molecular dynamics simulation of the nanocavity flow cannot be achieved without considering correct thermal treatments for the molecules both distributed in the flow and located at the cavity walls and without including their interactions correctly. In this study, we specify constant temperature at the nanocavity vertical walls; however, we examine three different thermal wall models, including a rigid wall, a controlled-temperature flexible wall, and a noncontrolled-temperature flexible wall, to model the horizontal wall behaviors. Comparing the results of these three models with each other, it is possible to evaluate the effect of wall model on the resulting temperature and velocity field behaviors. The results indicate that the velocity field is not affected that much using these three different wall models; however, they predict different temperature fields. We show that the differences are mainly due to different characteristics of these three thermal wall models in absorbing, transferring, and dissipating the heat generated by the viscous effects via the wall–fluid molecule interactions.
Simultaneous Estimation of Location Parameters Under Quadratic Loss

Simultaneous estimation of p (p 3) location parameters are considered under quadratic loss. Explicit estimators which dominate the best invariant one are given mainly when coordinates of the best invariant one are independently, identically and symmetrically distributed. Effectiveness of integration by parts in evaluating the risk function of the dominating estimator is shown for three typical continuous distributions (uniform, double exponential and t). Further explicit dominating estimators are given in terms of second and fourth moments of the best invariant one.
Turbulent Mixing, Spectral Evolution and Dynamics in a Warm Cumulus Cloud

Abstract The analysis of Paluch suggests that some cumuli contain cloudy air from only two sources: cloud base and cloud top. A framework is presented for the investigation of droplet spectral evolution in clouds composed of air from only these two sources. The key is the investigation of the dependence of droplet concentration N on the fraction of cloud base air F in a sample of cloudy air. This N-vs-F analysis is coupled with an investigation of droplet spectral parameters to infer the types and scales of entrainment and mixing events. The technique is used in a case study of a small, nonprecipitating continental cumulus cloud which was sampled during the 1981 CCOPE project in eastern Montana. The mixing between cloudy and entrained air in this cloud often appears to occur without total removal of droplets, although there is evidence that total evaporation occurs in some regions with low liquid water content. The observed droplet spectra are compared with those calculated from an adiabatic parcel model.
The reciprocity principle in the theory of magnetic recording

The reciprocity principle that is used frequently in the theory of magnetic recording is generalized so as to be valid under rather general conditions, the most fundamental one of which requires the linearity of the materials with respect to their electric and magnetic properties. The general reciprocity principle is derived from Maxwell's equations and presented in two forms containing the open-circuit voltage and the short-circuit current, respectively, of the magnetic reproducing head. The familiar forms of the principle, which are currently used in the cases of impulse response and harmonic response of the reproducing head, are obtained as specializations of the general principle.
Cox Regression with Accurate Covariates Unascertainable: A Nonparametric-Correction Approach

Abstract Many survival studies involve covariates that are not accurately ascertainable; CD4 lymphocyte count in HIV/AIDS research is a typical example for which the gold standard of the measurement is not available. This article proposes a consistent estimation procedure for Cox regression under the additive measurement error model. Distinct from existing methods, the proposed estimation for regression coefficients does not require any additional assumptions. We establish the normalized partial-score function as a functional of empirical processes, which facilitates the construction of an estimating function with the same limit using replicated mismeasured covariates. The resulting regression coefficient estimators are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal; a consistent sandwich variance estimate is presented. We also suggest estimators for the baseline cumulative hazard function. Numerical studies demonstrate that the procedure performs well under practical sample sizes. Application to an AIDS clinical trial is provided. Finally, we suggest a unified approach to estimating function construction and large-sample study with partial covariate information, in light of the functional representation of the partial-score function.
Diurnal Variations In Flow Over A Succession of Ridges and Valleys

Observations of flow in a nearly two-dimensional valley located within a succession of similar ridges and valleys are presented. Measurements of the mean flow have been made at all times of the day and are found to be well characterized by a suitably defined Froude number. the unstable and neutral daytime flow shows a flow separation whilst when the Froude number has a value of about two (usually around evening and dawn transitions) the flow is attached and the valley well ventilated. For smaller values of Froude number the flow speed in the valley reduces and a characteristic ‘drainage’ flow occurs. In addition to mean flow measurements and soundings of temperature structure, measurements were also made of turbulence energy and stress. This allows an estimate of the effective value of the surface roughness, zo, and an indication of the stability dependence of the momentum transfer to be made.
Surface Observations of Landfalling Hurricane Rainbands

Abstract This study examines the rainband-scale fluctuations of various meteorological parameters for Hurricanes Bonnie (1998) and Dennis (1999). Hurricane rainbands, identified by Next Generation Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (NEXRAD WSR-88D) data, are examined shortly after making landfall on the North Carolina coastline. Additionally, Wind Engineering Mobile Instrumented Tower Experiment (WEMITE) data are exploited to provide a unique look into the surface structure of the captured rainbands. The observed meteorological data suggest equivalent potential temperature minima and decreasing hurricane-relative inflow to be commonly associated with intensifying or mature landfalling hurricane rainbands. Available vertical thermodynamic profiles suggest the source of the lower equivalent potential temperature air to range anywhere from 750 to 869 m above the surface, assuming no entrainment. Additionally, no discernable trend in wind speed is found to accompany the rainband’s passage.
TIDAL EFFECTS ON CLUSTERS OF THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD

1 T. Gold, in Vistas in Astronautics, 2, M. Alperin and H. F. Gregory eds. (New York: Pergamon Press, 1959), p. 261. 2 F. L. Whipple, in Vistas in Astronautics, 2, M. Alperin and H. F. Gregory eds. (New York: Pergamon Press, 1959), p. 267. 8 R. A. Roche, in Vistas in Astronautics, 2, M. Alperin and H. F. Gregory eds. (New York: Pergamon Press, 1959), p. 22. 4 V. A. Fedorets, Trudy Kharkov Astr. Ohs. , 2, 49, 1952. 6 N. T. Bobrovnikoff, Natural Environment of the Moon, ASTI A Doc. No. AD-242 177, Div. 2, 1959, WADC Phase Technical Note 3 (WrightPatterson Air Force Base, Ohio: Wright Air Development Center, 1959), p. 70. 6 J. D. Klein, personal communication.
Observational Results of the Sea Breeze with a Weak Wind Region over the Northern Osaka Urban Area

An analysis was performed of the observed sea breeze circulation penetrating from Osaka Bay to the inland Kyoto basin. A weak wind region (wind speeds of 2 m s -1 or less) of greater than 1000 m in depth, was found just ahead of the inland moving sea breeze front. The formation of the weak wind region was discussed from the view point of the interaction between the sea breeze and heat island circulations. Similar weak wind regions have also been reported to exist in association with the sea breezes observed over the northern periphery of the Tokyo urban area.
Gravitational Infall in the Dense Cores L1527 and L483

Lines of N2H+, C3H2, and H2CO show kinematic evidence of gravitational infall in L1527, and probably also in L483. Three trends appear to indicate infall, rather than outflow or rotation: (a) at each protostar position, line peak and centroid velocities get bluer by 0.1-0.3 km s-1 with increasing line optical depth; (b) in maps of C3H2 and H2CO lines, peak and centroid velocities get bluer by a similar amount as positions approach each protostar; and (c) C3H2 line widths in L1527 increase as positions approach the protostar. Also, in both sources H2CO lines show the infall “signature” of spatially concentrated double-peaked profiles, with their blue peaks brighter than their red peaks, as seen previously in B335. Many asymmetric profiles have a single blueshifted peak with a red shoulder, or two peaks with blue/red intensity ratio greater than 3. These are hard to fit with spherical infall models, owing perhaps to the effects of the bipolar outflow. In each source, H2CO line wings show clear evidence of collimated outflow.
Quasi-two-dimensional turbulence on the polar beta-plane: laboratory experiments

Results from a new series of experiments on turbulent flows decaying in a thin layer of water with a free surface in a rotating circular container are presented. The flows are generated electromagnetically using a regular array of permanent magnets. The Particle Image Velocimetry method is used to determine the velocity and vorticity fields in the flow. The experimental results demonstrate the formation of a polar vortex and jets perturbed by stationary Rossby waves in experiments with higher values of the beta parameter. Blocking events similar to those occurring in the Earth's atmosphere were observed in the laboratory flows. The Two-dimensional energy spectra of the flow demonstrate anisotropy in the space of the azimuthal and total wavenumbers. The One-dimensional energy spectra are characterized by a peak at the Rhines wavenumber.
Centrifugal instability of Couette flow over a wavy wall

Linear stability of Couette flow over a wavy wall is considered. It is shown that centrifugal effects may create an instability that leads to the formation of streamwise vortices. The conditions leading to the onset of the instability depend on the amplitude and the wavelength of the waviness and can be expressed in terms of the critical Reynolds number. The global critical conditions describing the minimum critical Reynolds number and the associated wave number of wall waviness required to create the instability for the specified amplitude of the waviness are also given.
Finite size effect of transmission property for metal hole arrays in subterahertz region

The mechanism of the high band-pass transmission property of metal hole arrays (MHA), which is metal slabs perforated periodically with circular holes, in the subterahertz (sub-THz) wave region has been investigated. We measured the transmission spectra varying the number of holes using a THz time domain spectroscopy and observed that the peak transmittance normalized by the porosity of holes increases with increasing the number of holes. This finite size effect of the transmission characteristics of the MHA is attributed to the increase of the coupling efficiency between the incident THz wave and the surface mode excited on the MHA surface with increasing the number of holes.
A new perspective on the form of the first and second laws in rational thermodynamics: Korteweg fluids as an example

Abstract A generalized Coleman–Noll procedure for the exploitation of the entropy principle is presented. It is shown that it is able to dismantle some physical properties of nonlocal materials, which do not emerge if one uses the classical procedure. As an application, Korteweg fluids with a scalar internal variable are studied.
Optical Photometry of the Double‐lined Cataclysmic Variable Phoenix 1

We have obtained 7 nights of time‐resolved VI photometry of the double‐lined cataclysmic variable Phoenix 1. We detect two candidate orbital periods, 0.1344 day and 0.2683 day. The former, which would correspond to a single modulation caused by viewing the irradiated face of the secondary star, is the less favored choice based on the folded light curves. The latter, which would correspond to a double modulation with unequal minima depths caused by ellipsoidal variation of the secondary star, is inconsistent with the observed late spectral type (M2–5) of the secondary star. However, we discuss some recent results from the literature that may make it possible to reconcile the longer orbital period and later spectral type. Some ambiguity remains as to which of these two periods is the true orbital period.
Solutal-convection regimes in a two-dimensional porous medium

Abstract We numerically characterize the temporal regimes for solutal convection from almost first contact to high dissolved solute concentration in a two-dimensional ideal porous layer for Rayleigh numbers $\mathcal{R}$ between $100$ and $5\times 10^4$. The lower boundary is impenetrable. The upper boundary is saturated with dissolved solute and either impermeable or partially permeable to fluid flow. In the impermeable case, initially there is pure diffusion of solute away from the upper boundary, followed by the birth and growth of convective fingers. Eventually fingers interact and merge, generating complex downwelling plumes. Once the inter-plume spacing is sufficient, small protoplumes reinitiate on the boundary layer and are swept into the primary plumes. The flow is now in a universal regime characterized by a constant (dimensionless) dissolution flux $F=0.017$ (the rate at which solute dissolves from the upper boundary). The horizontally averaged concentration profile stretches as a simple self-similar wedge beneath a diffusive horizontal boundary layer. Throughout, the plume width broadens proportionally to $\sqrt{t}$, where $t$ is (dimensionless) time. The above behaviour is parameter independent; the Rayleigh number only controls when transition occurs to a final $\mathcal{R}$-dependent shut-down regime. For the constant-flux and shut-down regimes, we rigourously derive upscaled equations connecting the horizontally averaged concentration, vertical advective flux and plume widths. These are partially complete; a universal expression for the plume width remains elusive. We complement these governing equations with phenomenological boundary conditions based on a marginally stable diffusive boundary layer at the top and zero advective flux at the bottom. Making appropriate approximations in each regime, we find good agreement between predictions from this model and simulated results for both solutal and thermal convection. In the partially permeable upper boundary case, fluid from the convecting layer can penetrate an overlying separate-phase-solute bearing layer where it immediately saturates. The regime diagram remains almost the same as for the impermeable case, but the dissolution flux is significantly augmented. Our work is motivated by dissolution of carbon dioxide relevant to geological storage, and we conclude with a simple flux parameterization for inclusion in gravity current models and suggest that the upscaled equations could lay the foundation for accurate inclusion of dissolution in reservoir simulators.
On Generic Rigidity in the Plane

Let G be a graph. Let us place the points of G in “general” position in the plane and then replace its edges by rigid bars (with flexible joints). We would like to know if the resulting structure is rigid and if not, compute its “degree of freedom”. This problem was solved by Laman [6] (see also [2]). In this note we give some new formulations and a new proof of Laman’s theorem, based on matroid theory, and then apply these to prove the following result: if G is 6-connected, then it will be rigid in the plane. We also construct infinitely many 5-connected graphs which do not have this property.
Tunable coherent IR and FIR sources utilizing modulational instability

A new tunable coherent infrared (IR) source is presented. It utilizes the sideband produced by modulational instability of an optical signal in a fiber which results from a combination of anomalous dispersion and the nonlinear Kerr effect. The generated frequency is in proportion to the square root of the optical pump signal. A coherent IR signal is generated by extracting the sideband.
Variational data assimilation with moist threshold processes using the NMC spectral model

This paper describes a detailed study of variational 4-D data assimilation including the physical processes of large-scale precipitation and deep cumulus convection. The length of the assimilation window is 6 h, and the data are NMC's operational analyses. A comparison of the minimization behaviour, the computational complexity, the quality of the retrieved initial state, with and without physical processes is presented. The results demonstrate the ability to perform 4-D variational data assimilation with discontinuous physical processes. The experiments are carried out with the NMC global spectral model in a resolution of 18 layers in the vertical and a 40 wave triangular truncation. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1993. t01-4-00004.x
Molecular Alteration and Carbonization of Glycine by Ion Irradiation

A set of experimental results obtained by irradiating glycine (C2H5O2N) with 3 keV He ions is presented. The technique used to get an insight into the induced processes is in situ IR spectroscopy. Evidence of ion-induced decrease in the intensity of the IR molecular bands is shown. Probably this is due to molecular (H2, NH3, CO2) desorption. The decrease in the band intensities becomes ~ zero after a fluence of ~ 5 · 1016 ions cm-2. It is likely that this behaviour is due to progressive carbonization of the target. If we assume that the decrease is entirely due to a loss of the corresponding molecules, then the atomic concentration from the initial C:O:N = 0.4:0.4:0.2 varies to an asymptotic value of C:O:N = 0.82:0.18: ~ 0. Some possible astrophysical implications of the results are also suggested.
A hierarchical Bayesian model for predicting the functional consequences of amino‐acid polymorphisms

Summary. Genetic polymorphisms in deoxyribonucleic acid coding regions may have a phenotypic effect on the carrier, e.g. by influencing susceptibility to disease. Detection of deleterious mutations via association studies is hampered by the large number of candidate sites; therefore methods are needed to narrow down the search to the most promising sites. For this, a possible approach is to use structural and sequence‐based information of the encoded protein to predict whether a mutation at a particular site is likely to disrupt the functionality of the protein itself. We propose a hierarchical Bayesian multivariate adaptive regression spline (BMARS) model for supervised learning in this context and assess its predictive performance by using data from mutagenesis experiments on lac repressor and lysozyme proteins. In these experiments, about 12 amino‐acid substitutions were performed at each native amino‐acid position and the effect on protein functionality was assessed. The training data thus consist of repeated observations at each position, which the hierarchical framework is needed to account for. The model is trained on the lac repressor data and tested on the lysozyme mutations and vice versa. In particular, we show that the hierarchical BMARS model, by allowing for the clustered nature of the data, yields lower out‐of‐sample misclassification rates compared with both a BMARS and a frequen‐tist MARS model, a support vector machine classifier and an optimally pruned classification tree.
Two sample nonparametric tests based on subsamples

The paper introduces a general class of nonparametric tests for the two-sample location problem based on subsamples. Includ- ed in this class is the Mann-Whitney (or the Wilcoxon rank sum) test. General formulas for the Pitman efficacy for different methods of subsampling are derived. A small sample power simu- lation compares the performance of members of this class
Self-similar pulse shape mode for femtosecond pulse propagation in optical fiber with multi-photon absorption and nonlinear refraction

We investigate the self-similar mode of laser pulse propagation in the medium with both nonlinear absorption (twophoton or multi-photon) and cubic nonlinear response (both self-focusing and de-focusing). This mode of laser pulse propagation takes place along certain distance. We showed that the self-similar shape of pulse is like optical soliton, propagating in a medium with cubic nonlinearity. However, the duration of this pulse is less in comparison with the soliton duration for Kerr medium under the corresponding conditions. We used as analytical approach for considered problem as well as computer simulation.
Quantum-mechanically corrected variational principle for metal–oxide–semiconductor devices, leading to a deep sub-0.1 micron capacitor model

We treat an integral expression for electrostatic energy as a variational principle, with electric potential as the sole argument. We modify this principle to incorporate the quantum-mechanical (QM) effect of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) interface charge confinement. The result is a QM-corrected variational principle for application to MOS devices. We apply this principle to develop a model of the sub-0.1 μm MOS capacitor. This variational-quantum-mechanical (VQM) model gives closed-form expressions for the behavior of threshold voltage, Vth, oxide capacitance, Cox, and depletion capacitance, Cj, as functions of the perimeter and area of the gate, thickness of the oxide, doping level, and temperature. Using this model, we further obtain closed-form expressions for QM-corrected dopant fluctuation-induced statistical deviation of Vth and Ctotal, as functions of gate dimensions, oxide thickness, doping level, and temperature. Excellent agreement is obtained when comparison with published detailed three-di.
Temporal Evolution of Nonthermal Spectra from Supernova Remnants

Assuming that supernova shocks accelerate nonthermal particles, we model the temporally evolving nonthermal particle and photon spectra at different stages in the lifetime of a standard shell-type supernova remnant (SNR). A characteristic νFν spectrum of an SNR consists of a peak at radio through optical energies from nonthermal electron synchrotron emission and another high-energy gamma-ray peak due primarily to secondary pion production, nonthermal electron bremsstrahlung, and Compton scattering. We find that supernova remnants are capable of producing maximum gamma-ray luminosities ≳1035 ergs s-1 if the density of the local interstellar medium is ≳10 cm-3. This emission will persist for ≳105 yr after the supernova explosion because of the long energy loss timescales for electrons with kinetic energy ~1 GeV. This long gamma-ray lifetime implies that SNRs with a wide range of ages could be gamma-ray sources and could constitute some of the unidentified EGRET sources.
Ferromagnetic resonance in metal-evaporated video tapes

Ferromagnetic resonance measurements at 34 GHz were carried out to study the magnetic anisotropy of metal-evaporated (ME) tapes for video recording. From the angular dependence of the resonance field in the vertical plane, the following values of the saturation magnetization , the intrinsic anisotropy field , and the oblique angle of the intrinsic anistropy axis from the film normal were determined: kG, , and . Also, the resonance fields in the tape plane are well fitted except for high-angle data (along the tape width direction). This is due to tightly-bound-column structure along the tape width direction; this structure is comparable to obliquely stacked scales.