Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Internal Wave-Maker for Navier-Stokes Equations Models

The flow motion of incompressible fluid can be described by Navier-Stokes equations with the continuity equation, which requires zero divergence of the velocity vector (i.e., ∂ui/∂xi = 0). A new method is developed to generate specific wave trains by using designed mass source functions for the equation of mass conservation, i.e., ∂ui∂xi = f(x, t), in the internal flow region. The new method removes the difficulty in specifying incident waves through an inflow boundary with the presence of strong wave reflection. Instead, only the open (radiation) boundary condition is needed in the simulation. By using different source functions, the writers are able to generate various wave trains, including the linear monochromatic wave, irregular wave, Stokes wave, solitary wave, and cnoidal wave. By comparing numerical results with analytical solutions, the writers have shown that the proposed method can accurately generate not only small amplitude waves but also nonlinear waves in both intermediate and shallow water.
A Ten-Fold Improvement to the Limit of the Electron Electric Dipole Moment

The wonderfully successful Standard Model is incomplete in that it fails to explain how a matter universe survived annihilation with antimatter following the big bang. Extensions to the Standard Model, such as weak-scale Supersymmetry, explain this phenomena by asserting the existence of new particles and interactions that break time-reversal symmetry. These theories predict a small, yet potentially measurable electron electric dipole moment (EDM), de. Our new measurement of the electron EDM with thorium monoxide (ThO) gives de =(−2.1 ± 3.7stat ± 2.5syst) × 10−29 e cm, which corresponds to an upper limit of |de| < 8.7 × 10−29 e cm with 90 % confidence. This order of magnitude improvement in EDM sensitivity sets strong constraints on new physics at an energy scale (TeV) at least as high as that directly probed by the Large Hadron Collider. The unprecedented precision of this EDM measurement was achieved by using the extremely high effective electric field within ThO to greatly magnify the EDM signal. The reported measurement is a combination of about 200,000 separate EDM measurements performed with about 20 billion ThO molecules in a cold, slow buffer gas beam. Unique features of ThO, such as a nearzero magnetic moment and high electric polarizability, drastically suppress potential systematic errors.
Active management of naturally separated flow over a solid surface. Part 1. The forced reattachment process

The forced reattachment of flow to an inclined flat surface, simulating a simple flap, was investigated experimentally. The transition from a separated to an attached state of the flow was initiated by an abrupt change in the frequency and the amplitude of periodic perturbations emanating from a slot at the flap shoulder. The excitation parameters determined the total duration of the reattachment process. Minimum reattachment time occurred at an optimal excitation frequency of $F_{\hbox{\scriptsize{\it opt}}}^{+} \approx 1.5$, which was independent of amplitude and flap inclination. The control over the process was achieved by enhancing large spanwise vortices in the flow. Spatial amplification of consecutive vortices induces mean transport of fluid away from the flap surface which causes the main stream to reattach. The time scales of the excitation are at least an order of magnitude smaller than the typical reattachment times.
Resonance theory of water waves in the long-wave limit

Abstract The instability due to resonant interactions of finite-amplitude water waves is examined in the long-wave limit. In contrast to the well-known case of a small-amplitude limit in which the resonance is considered for a flat surface, here we consider a periodic approximate of the finite-amplitude solitary wave which is the long-wave limit of the periodic wave. The resonance conditions for the corresponding perturbations yield a new family of resonance curves that are totally different from those of the small-amplitude limit obtained by Phillips and Mclean. Under these resonance conditions, we conduct a systematic asymptotic analysis for small wavenumbers to obtain the growth rates of the perturbations explicitly and clarify whether each resonance curve is associated with instability. These results are verified numerically by showing that the instability bands for finite-amplitude periodic waves in shallow water are located along these unstable resonance curves.
CRRES observations of radiation belt protons: 1. Data overview and steady state radial diffusion

The Proton Telescope (PROTEL) instrument on the CRRES satellite made measurements of omnidirectional differential proton flux in the energy range 1-100 MeV, with full pitch angle resolution. An overview of the equatorially mirroring particle data is presented for the entire CRRES mission. We then consider the equatorially mirroring particle distribution in terms of steady state radial diffusion theory. The outer zone, 1.7 ≤ L ≤ 3, is shown to have deviated drastically from steady state profiles both before and after the magnetic storm of March 24, 1991, which rearranged the outer zone but left the inner zone, L ≤ 1.7, largely unaffected. Time-averaged measurements are compared to theoretical steady state diffusion profiles of the inner zone, which are calculated using several different, previously introduced models of the plasmaspheric electron density and cosmic ray albedo neutron decay (CRAND). For each combination of models, a four-parameter (electrostatic plus magnetic) radial diffusion coefficient is sought which minimizes the difference between the measurements and calculated flux values. While the best fit values found are physically implausible, nearly equally good results are obtained for values only moderately adjusted from standard, consensus values.
Chaos in a fractional order logistic map

In this paper we investigate a fractional order logistic map and its discrete time dynamics. After a brief introduction to the discrete-time dynamical systems and fractional dynamics we show some basic properties of the fractional logistic map. We then move on to prove that the special case α = 1/2 exhibits a period doubling route to chaos. A bifurcation diagram for the special case of α = 1/2 is also included. Finally a discussion concerning the results and open problems is given.
Low loss metallisation of solar cells

The effective shading of electroplated solar cell metal fingers after cell encapsulation is only about a third of what would be expected from simple geometric calculations. The reason for this is that most of the light reflected from the fingers is either directed downwards towards the silicon or is totally internally reflected at the air/glass interface. Experimental data is presented to support calculations of this effect. Solar cells with electroplated metal fingers match the loss potential of other low-loss metallization schemes such as putting both metal contacts on the rear or the buried contact approach. The electroplated finger approach appears less costly than any other low-loss metallization procedure. <<ETX>>
Impedances of rigid cylindrical foundations embedded in transversely isotropic soils

A complete formulation and implementation for assessment of the response to dynamic loads of cylindrical rigid structures embedded in transversely isotropic elastic half‐spaces is presented. The analysis is performed in the frequency domain and the steady‐state structure response is obtained. The method is based on a non‐singular version of the indirect boundary element method which uses influence functions, instead of Green's functions, as fundamental solutions. These influence functions are the response of an elastic half‐space to distributed, internally applied loads. The proposed method imposes full bonding contact between the foundation and the surrounding soil. Numerical results for displacement (vertical and horizontal) and rotation (twisting and rocking) impedances, showing the influence of the soil anisotropy, are presented. Results for the soil–structure interface tractions and for the displacement field throughout the half‐space are also shown. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability analysis of shift-invariant multidimensional systems

In a state-space model of a class of linear discrete-time shift-invariant multivariable multidimensional dynamical systems, the problem of internal stability of a system is studied from various aspects. A sequence of equivalent statements is presented to characterize the necessary and sufficient conditions for the internal stability of a multidimensional dynamics. These statements are generalized to further enhance ones for meeting the stability of a mixed multidimensional-and-multicircular dynamic, while they degenerate into the stability condition of a circulant matrix when the underlining structure entirely degenerates. As a related topic, a model degree reduction problem is studied by the balancing realization method in a class of linear shift-invariant multivariable multidimensional systems.
T HE I NFLUENCE OF P SYCHOSOCIAL L EARNING E NVIRONMENTS ON S TUDENTS ’ S ELF -E FFICACY B ELIEFS IN E NGLISH L ANGUAGE L

The overarching aim of this study was to investigate whether the psychosocial learning environments of English classes influence students‟ self-efficacy beliefs in English language. In order to achieve this purpose, correlational design was adopted. The study involved the gathering of data through What Is Happening In this Class and Self-Efficacy Belief questionnaires from 371 samples. Simple random sampling was used to draw the samples from the population. Simple correlations, multiple regression and standardized regression coefficients were computed to analyze the collected data. The results depict that all of the six psychosocial learning environment aspects were significantly related to students‟ self-efficacy beliefs. The set of learning environment scales also significantly influence students‟ self-efficacy beliefs. Among the six aspects, student involvement, task orientation and student cohesiveness contributed to the influence on students‟ self-efficacy beliefs. The influence of the task orientation aspect was the strongest; this is followed by student cohesiveness and student involvement. This implies that students tend to have high self-efficacy beliefs in English language when there were more task-oriented and cohesive classroom environment and when students were encouraged to involve themselves well in class activities. Hence, the psychosocial learning environments of English classes need improvement to enhance students‟ self-efficacy beliefs towards English language. In particular, the learning environment aspects of task orientation, student cohesiveness and involvement play a pivotal role in enhancing students‟ self-efficacy beliefs in English learning.
Oscillation of electron counts at 500 eV downstream of the quasi‐perpendicular bow shock

(1) We investigate an event with oscillations of electron counts at 500 eV, with a period of � 3 s measured by the electron drift instrument (EDI) on Cluster. These oscillations are detected at the overshoot of a quasi-perpendicular bow shock and in its downstream region. During this event, the Alfven Mach number is supercritical, and the proton b is >1. The correlation of the electron counts between three pitch angle ranges (� 10, � 90, and � 170) is in-phase. However, the correlation between the electron counts and the magnitude of the magnetic fields is antiphase. As EDI has a higher time resolution than that of conventional particle instruments, the correlation at a period of � 3si s examined for the first time. The oscillations are inferred as mirror mode waves with oblique propagation angles to the magnetic field. The oscillation of electron counts in the parallel direction might indicate the oscillation of the parallel electric potential. We have estimated this electric potential by Liouville's mapping, taking into account the shape of the electron distribution function as well as using the linear hot plasma dispersion relation. We have found that this kind of parallel electric potential is related to heating of particles with a comparable magnitude as the cross-shock potential. The elliptical polarization of these waves indicates a possible interaction with gyrating particles so that the waves would be related to the particle dynamics. Finally, in-phase correlation between parallel and perpendicular counts is explained in terms of Liouville's mapping.
Cobalt related defect levels in silicon analyzed by temperature- and injection-dependent lifetime spectroscopy

Temperature- and injection-dependent lifetime spectroscopy (TIDLS) as a method to characterize point defects in silicon with several energy levels is demonstrated. An intentionally cobalt-contaminated p-type wafer was investigated by means of lifetime measurements performed at different temperatures up to 151°C. Two defect energy levels were required to model the lifetime curves on basis of the Shockley-Read-Hall statistics. The detailed analysis is based on the determination of the recently introduced defect parameter solution surface (DPSS) in order to extract the underlying defect parameters. A unique solution has been found for a deep defect level located in the upper band gap half with an energy depth of EC−Et=0.38±0.01eV, with a corresponding ratio of capture cross sections k=σn∕σp=0.16 within the interval of uncertainty of 0.06–0.69. Additionally, a deep donor level in the lower band gap half known from the literature could be assigned to a second energy level within the DPSS analysis at Et−EV=0.41.
Effect of uniaxial stress on excitons in a self-assembled quantum dot

The fine structure of the neutral exciton in a single self-assembled InGaAs quantum dot is investigated under the effect of an applied uniaxial stress. The spectrum of the excitonic Rayleigh scattering was measured in reflectivity using high-resolution laser spectroscopy while the sample was submitted to a tunable uniaxial stress along its [110] crystal axis. We show that using this stretching technique, the quantum dot potential is elastically deformable such that the exciton fine structure splitting can be substantially reduced.
Weakly nonlinear surface waves over a random seabed

We study the effects of multiple scattering of slowly modulated water waves by a weakly random bathymetry. The combined effects of weak nonlinearity, dispersion and random irregularities are treated together to yield a nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a complex damping term. Implications for localization and side-band instability are discussed. Transmission and nonlinear evolution of a wave packet past a finite strip of disorder is examined.
The Interplanetary MHD Fluctuations and Its Relation with the Heating and Acceleration of the Solar Wind

The major progress made in recent years in the study of solar wind turbulence may be summarized as follows: 1) The evolution of the solar wind fluctuations with heliocentric distance has been established. 2) The wave description and the turbulence description have been combined together to develop a uniform picture and phenomenological theory for a turbulent magnetofluid. 3) The existence of inward propagating fluctuations and their resulting nonlinear interactions and of a cascade process in the Alfvenic fluctuations has been widely accepted. 4) Blsasser variables has been introduced to the data analysis. By their means the morphology of the spectra e± and eR in the inner solar system has been clearly established. This progress has been briefly reviewed in this paper.
Study of interaction in bioindication research on tobacco plant injuries caused by ground level ozone

Tropospheric ozone is one of the most phytotoxic air pollutants. Its concentration has increased over recent decades. Bioindication methods could help to measure ozone levels in places where automatic methods are not available. The investigations described were carried out in the city of Poznan (Poland) and in its vicinity, using tobacco plants as a bioindicator for ozone. Plants were located at 10 sites during the years 2002–2004, and visible ozone injuries were assessed. Statistical methods based on multidimensional models were used to interpret the results. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the level of ozone‐related injury to the 5th tobacco leaf, using multivariate analysis of variance. Differences of leaf injury levels between certain years and exposition sites were especially analyzed. The results of multivariate analysis were presented graphically in the space of canonical variates. The described study shows that multidimensional analysis of variance using canonical variates appears be an appropriate technique for testing hypotheses about differences between years and exposition sites as regards 5th leaf injury degree. The studies revealed a high variability of tobacco leaf injury caused by ozone in Poznan and its vicinity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solving the Problem of Forbidden States in Discrete Event Systems: A Novel Systematic Method for Reducing the Number of Control Places

This paper deals with the problem of forbidden states in Discrete Event Systems modelled by non‐safe Petri Nets. To avoid these states, some Generalized Mutual Exclusion Constraints can be assigned to them. These constraints limit the weight sum of tokens in some places and can be enforced on the system using control places. When the number of these constraints is large, a large number of control places should be added to the system. In this paper, a method is presented to assign the small number of constraints to forbidden states using some states which cover the forbidden states. So, a small number of control places are added to the system leading to obtaining a maximally permissive controller.
Stability regimes and high-frequency modulation of laser diodes with short external cavity

The results of a linear analysis of stationary generation stability for short external cavity laser diodes in a wide range of coupling coefficients, with the effect of external cavity mode beating being taken into account, are presented. Besides the coherence-collapse transition, high-frequency instability due to mode interaction is revealed and investigated. The results of linear theory are confirmed by computer simulations. They may be considered as guidelines for the design of high-speed laser diodes with integrated passive cavities. >
On closure and factorization properties of subexponential and related distributions

Abstract For a distribution function F on [0, ∞] we say F ∈ if {1 – F(2)(x)}/{1 – F(x)}→2 as x→∞, and F∈, if for some fixed γ > 0, and for each real , limx→∞ {1 – F(x + y)}/{1 – F(x)} ═ e– n. Sufficient conditions are given for the statement F ∈ F * G ∈ and when both F and G are in y it is proved that F*G∈pF + 1(1 – p) G ∈ for some (all) p ∈(0,1). The related classes ℒt are proved closed under convolutions, which implies the closure of the class of positive random variables with regularly varying tails under multiplication (of random variables). An example is given that shows to be a proper subclass of ℒ 0.
Posterior ranges of functions of parameters under priors with specified quantiles

Suppose some quantiles of the prior distribution of a nonnegative parameter θ are specified. Instead of eliciting just one prior density function, consider the class Γ of all the density functions compatible with the quantile specification. Given a likelihood function, find the posterior upper and lower bounds for the expected value of any real-valued function h(θ), as the density varies in Γ. Such a scheme agrees with a robust Bayesian viewpoint. Under mild regularity conditions about h(θ) and the likelihood, a procedure for finding bounds is derived and applied to an example, after transforming the given functional optimisation problems into finite-dimensional ones.
Vocal communication of wild parrots

Field studies of four sympatric parrot species in Costa Rica are revealing several possible functions for the well‐known ability of parrots to mimic new sounds throughout life. Despite earlier suggestions that this might facilitate exchanges of environmental information, all data so far suggest that vocal mimicry in the wild is associated with mediation of the fission/fusion of groups of parrots and/or of conflicts between mated pairs. Recent results using array recording and interactive playback will be summarized, and several technical problems created by the mechanisms of parrot vocal signal production discussed. [Research supported by NSF Grant IBN‐022927 and by continued encouragement and logistics provided by the staff of the Area Conservacion Guanacaste (Costa Rica). ]
Improved Methods for the Measurement and Analysis of Stellar Magnetic Fields

The paper presents several improved methods for the measurement of magnetic fields on cool stars which take into account simple radiative transfer effects and the exact Zeeman patterns. Using these methods, high-resolution, low-noise data can be fitted with theoretical line profiles to determine the mean magnetic field strength in stellar active regions and a model-dependent fraction of the stellar surface (filling factor) covered by these regions. Random errors in the derived field strength and filling factor are parameterized in terms of signal-to-noise ratio, wavelength, spectral resolution, stellar rotation rate, and the magnetic parameters themselves. Weak line blends, if left uncorrected, can have significant systematic effects on the derived magnetic parameters, and thus several methods are developed to compensate partially for them. The magnetic parameters determined by previous methods likely have systematic errors because of such line blends and because of line saturation effects. Other sources of systematic error are explored in detail. These sources of error currently make it difficult to determine the magnetic parameters of individual stars to better than about + or - 20 percent.
A Contribution to Metric Diophantine Approximation: the Lebesgue and Hausdorff Theories

This thesis is concerned with the theory of Diophantine approximation from the point of view of measure theory. After the prolegomena which conclude with a number of conjectures set to understand better the distribution of rational points on algebraic planar curves, Chapter 1 provides an extension of the celebrated Theorem of Duffin and Schaeffer. This enables one to set a generalized version of the Duffin–Schaeffer conjecture. Chapter 2 deals with the topic of simultaneous approximation on manifolds, more precisely on polynomial curves. The aim is to develop a theory of approximation in the so far unstudied case when such curves are not defined by integer polynomials. A new concept of so–called “liminf sets” is then introduced in Chapters 3 and 4 in the framework of simultaneous approximation of independent quantities. In short, in this type of problem, one prescribes the set of integers which the denominators of all the possible rational approximants of a given vector have to belong to. Finally, a reasonably complete theory of the approximation of an irrational by rational fractions whose numerators and denominators lie in prescribed arithmetic progressions is developed in chapter 5. This provides the first example of a Khintchine type result in the context of so–called uniform approximation.