Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Broadcasters’ content distribution and programming decisions in multi-channel environments: a literature review

ABSTRACT Despite the increasing digitisation, traditional media remains relevant. However, the importance of non-linear media is steadily growing. Thus, media companies face the challenge to target fragmented audiences by distributing content across different channels. By systematically reviewing existing research, this article identifies relevant determinants influencing broadcasters’ programming and content distribution decisions. In total, 103 articles were identified and reviewed. Based on underlying factors derived from programming and content distribution theories significant and important factors were extracted from the articles. The review (at hand) shows: decisions of broadcasting companies to distribute their content via multiple channels are influenced by many different factors. From a research perspective, the most relevant factors are the consumer demand, the revenue, the competitive environment and the attraction of an increasingly fragmented audience.
Extrapolation and Complexity∗

The market for structured retail products (SRPs) has grown rapidly in sales volume and complexity in last two decades across the world. Motivated by this phenomenon, this study seeks to understand why unsophisticated retail investors purchase complex financial products and proposes investors’ extrapolative expectations as an explanation for the demand for complex financial products using a comprehensive data set on SRPs. I find that products with higher past returns have enjoyed higher sales growth, even though past returns do not predict future performance. Interestingly, this extrapolative effect is stronger for more complex products. Extrapolation, combined with investors’ salient thinking (Célérier and Vallée, 2017), leads to the observation of greater popularity of more complex products that happen to deliver better past performance and offer higher headline rates. While there is some evidence of financial intermediaries exploiting investors in early part of the sample, my results further suggest that the rapid market growth has led to more competition among intermediaries, which in turn disciplines exploitation.
UNIFORM INFERENCE IN AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELS Proofs intended for web-posting by

The Supplementary Appendix contains proofs of some results stated in the paper “Uniform inference in autoregressive models” by Anna Mikusheva. In particular, it provides a proof of a statement about strong approximation, proofs of Lemmas 11 and 12 from the paper about the asymptotic approximations for scheme of series. It also proves results stated in Remarks 2, 3 and 4 for AR(1) processes with a linear time trend. Section 5 proves the validity of parametric and non-parametric grid bootstrap procedures for AR(p) processes with at most one root close to the unit circle. Section 7 contains an extensive Monte-Carlo study of finite sample properties of discussed methods. We keep notations introduced in the paper. 1 An arbitrary variance. This section contains the proof of the result stated in section 2.3 of the paper. Let Ỹ = (ỹ1, ., ỹT ) be a sample from an AR(1) process defined by an equation ỹj = x̃j + c; x̃j = ρx̃j−1 + ε̃j, j = 0, . , T, x̃0 = 0. (1) Assumptions A1. Let (ε̃j,Fj) be a martingale difference sequence with E(ε̃j |Fj−1) = σ and supj E(|ε̃j||Fj−1) < ∞ a.s. for some 2 < r ≤ 4. Note, that if the variance of error terms σ is known, then the process yj = ỹj/σ is an AR(1) process with errors εj = ε̃j/σ satisfying the set of Assumptions A from the paper, and all inferences could be made using the three methods discussed in the paper. Let êj = ỹ μ j − ρ̂OLS ỹ j−1 be the OLS residuals. Let us define an estimator of σ to be a sample variance of the OLS residuals: σ̂ = 1 T ∑T j=1 ê 2 j . Despite of the fact that
Determinants of income diversification among rural households: The case of smallholder farmers in Fedis district, Eastern hararghe zone, Ethiopia

This paper examines the determinants of income diversification among rural households using cross sectional data collected from Fedis District of Eastern Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. Both descriptive statistics and rigorous econometric models are used to analyze the data. Multinomial logit model was used to pinpoint factors influencing households’ participation in non/off-farm activities while the determinants of non/off-farm income were analyzed by Tobit model. The descriptive statistics result shows that agricultural activities are the most important source of income for rural households in Fedis District contributing 77% of total household income with the remaining 23% originating from non-agricultural activities. About 84% of the sample households involved in non/off-farm activities and only 16% did not participate in any non/off-farm activity. Participation in non/off-farm employment activities and the level of income derived are found to be influenced by human capital related variables (gender and age of household head, number of economically active family members, education level of household head and presence of children attending school), livelihood assets (livestock holding, size of cultivated land), livelihood diversifying strategy (crop based diversification through number of crops grown and harvested) and infrastructure related variable (proximity to market). The results imply that these factors need to be considered by policy makers in the planning of agricultural and non agricultural initiatives in this study area. Key words: Smallholder, livelihood diversification, participation decision, household income, determinants of economic choices, Ethiopia.
Sugarcane Production Based on Mineral and Organic Nitrogen Fertilizers for Ruminant Feeding

Sugarcane may be a potential feed source for ruminants in tropical and subtropical areas. An important factor that can influence the nutritional quality of sugarcane for animal feeding is nitrogen fertilization management, however, studies on this subject are still scarce. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen sources on the quality and productivity of sugarcane as a forage resource. The variety of sugarcane used was RB92579, with application of nitrogen (N) sources (urea, poultry litter, swine manure) and control (without N application). Stalk productivity and dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, Brix, NDF / Brix ratio, and in situ digestibility were analyzed during incubation periods of 6, 24, and 72 hours. At the end of the study, it was found that the N sources did not interfere with sugarcane stalk productivity (P> 0.05), with an average productivity of 102 t ha -1 . The N treatments did not influence (P> 0.05) in the nutritional quality of sugarcane, when evaluating the contents of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, Brix and NDF / Brix ratio. The dry matter degradation had an effect (P <0.05) for the different N sources and incubation times, where poultry litter and swine manure treatments showed higher values for degradation at 72 hours of incubation. The different N organic sources did not interfere in the chemical composition and productivity of the sugarcane culture, however it presented better results in the in situ degradability of the dry matter. This, it can be recommended that mineral nitrogen fertilizers can be replaced by organic fertilizers.
A standard siren measurement of the Hubble constant from GW170817 without the electromagnetic counterpart

We perform a statistical standard siren analysis of GW170817. Our analysis does not utilize knowledge of NGC 4993 as the unique host galaxy of the optical counterpart to GW170817. Instead, we consider each galaxy within the GW170817 localization region as a potential host; combining the redshift from each galaxy with the distance estimate from GW170817 provides an estimate of the Hubble constant, $H_0$. We then combine the $H_0$ values from all the galaxies to provide a final measurement of $H_0$. We explore the dependence of our results on the thresholds by which galaxies are included in our sample, as well as the impact of weighting the galaxies by stellar mass and star-formation rate. Considering all galaxies brighter than $0.01 L^\star_B$ as equally likely to host a BNS merger, we find $H_0= 76^{+48}_{-23}$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$ (maximum a posteriori and 68.3% highest density posterior interval; assuming a flat $H_0$ prior in the range $\left[ 10, 220 \right]$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$). Restricting only to galaxies brighter than $0.626 L^\star_B$ tightens the measurement to $H_0= 77^{+37}_{-18}$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$. We show that weighting the host galaxies by stellar mass or star-formation rate provides entirely consistent results with potentially tighter constraints. While these statistical estimates are inferior to the value from the counterpart standard siren measurement utilizing NGC 4993 as the unique host, $H_0=76^{+19}_{-13}$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$ (determined from the same publicly available data), our analysis is a proof-of-principle demonstration of the statistical approach first proposed by Bernard Schutz over 30 years ago.
Millennial-scale deep water oscillations: Reflections of the North Atlantic in the deep Pacific from 10 to 60 ka

Northeast Pacific benthic foraminiferal δ18O and δ13 reveal repeated millennial-scale events of strong deep-sea ventilation (associated with nutrient depletion and/or high gas exchange) during stadial (cool, high ice volume) episodes from 10 to 60 ka, opposite the pattern in the deep North Atlantic. Two climate mechanisms may explain this pattern. North Pacific surface waters, chilled by atmospheric transmission from a cold North Atlantic and made saltier by reduced freshwater vapor transports, could have ventilated the deep Pacific from above. Alternatively, faster turnover of Pacific bottom and mid-depth waters, driven by Southern Ocean winds, may have compensated for suppressed North Atlantic Deep Water production during stadial intervals. During the Younger Dryas event (∼11.6–13.0 cal ka), ventilation of the deep NE Pacific (∼2700 m) lagged that in the Santa Barbara Basin (∼450 m) by >500 years, suggesting that the NE Pacific was first ventilated at intermediate depth from above and then at greater depth from below. This apparent lag may reflect the adjustment time of global thermohaline circulation.
Limnological characteristics of Missouri reservoirs: synthesis of a long-term assessment

Abstract Jones JR, Thorpe AP, Obrecht DV. 2020. Limnological characteristics of Missouri reservoirs: synthesis of a long-term assessment. Lake Reserv Manage. 36:412–422. Missouri reservoirs reflect their edaphic location in the midcontinent ecotone between historic prairies and forests. Most are small (median surface area of 28 ha) but provide essential services in a region with few natural lakes. Long-term summer monitoring data (1978–2016) show that they span the full trophic state range, with oligotrophic reservoirs in deep, forested valleys and eutrophic–hypereutrophic impoundments in agricultural regions. In regression analysis, row crop (a surrogate for agricultural nutrient loss) along with depth and flushing rate accounted for some two-thirds of variation among reservoir nutrients. Hydrology is a strong influence; total phosphorus (TP) effectively doubles between flushing rates of 0.25/yr and 2/yr when holding land cover and depth constant. Temporal variation characterizes these impoundments; many show >3-fold range in mean summer trophic state metrics, which is influenced by the volume and timing of annual inflow. This variation may mask gradual nutrient-driven changes in trophic state; based on simulation, doubling chlorophyll (Chl) in a given lake over 20 yr could be undetectable with routine summer monitoring. Some two-thirds of cross-system variation in mean Chl was explained by TP, and inorganic solids further reduced variation (negative coefficient). On average, Chl:TP ratios increased from 0.28 to 0.48 during summer, coincident with a decline in inorganic solids. Inorganic particulates largely determine Secchi transparency and can result in light limitation of phytoplankton. Small reservoirs cover nearly double the area of major impoundments worldwide and are known for an intensity of ecological processes, making this information relevant beyond the region.
The complete chloroplast genome of Caryota obtusa, an endangered and economically important species

Abstract Caryota obtusa is an endangered and economically important species of the Arecaceae. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of this species is a circular molecule of 159,882 bp in size, including a pair of inverted repeats with length of 27,271 bp, separated by a large single-copy (87,645 bp) region and a small single-copy region (17,695 bp). In total, there are 131 genes, encoding 79 protein-coding genes, 40 tRNAs, and 10 rRNA genes, in which 123 genes, 69 CDSs, 37 tRNAs, and 10 rRNAs are unique, respectively. Phylogenetic inference confirmed the monophyly of the Caryota genus and its delimitation in subfamily Coryphoideae.
Development of Scientific Reasoning in College Biology: Do Two Levels of General Hypothesis-Testing Skills Exist?.

The primary purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that two general developmentally based levels of hypothesis-testing skills exist. The first hypothesized level presumably involves skills associated with testing hypotheses about observable causal agents; the second presumably involves skills associated with testing hypotheses involving unobservable entities. To test this hypothesis, a hypothesis-testing skills test was developed and administered to a large sample of college students both at the start and at the end of a biology course in which several hypotheses at each level were generated and tested. The predicted positive relationship between level of hypothesis-testing skill and performance on a transfer problem involving the test of a hypothesis involving unobservable entities was found. The predicted positive relationship between level of hypothesis-testing skill and course performance was also found. Both theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 37: 81–101, 2000
High Precision Individual Tree Diameter and Perimeter Estimation from Close-Range Photogrammetry

Close-range photogrammetry (CRP) can be used to provide precise and detailed three-dimensional data of objects. For several years, CRP has been a subject of research in forestry. Several studies have focused on tree reconstruction at the forest stand, plot, and tree levels. In our study, we focused on the reconstruction of trees separately within the forest stand. We investigated the influence of camera lens, tree species, and height of diameter on the accuracy of the tree perimeter and diameter estimation. Furthermore, we investigated the variance of the perimeter and diameter reference measurements. We chose four tree species (Fagus sylvatica L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. , Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. and Abies alba Mill. ). The perimeters and diameters were measured at three height levels (0.8 m, 1.3 m, and 1.8 m) and two types of lenses were used. The data acquisition followed a circle around the tree at a 3 m radius. The highest accuracy of the perimeter estimation was achieved when a fisheye lens was used at a height of 1.3 m for Fagus sylvatica (root mean square error of 0.25 cm). Alternatively, the worst accuracy was achieved when a non-fisheye lens was used at 1.3 m for Quercus petraea (root mean square error of 1.27 cm). The tree species affected the estimation accuracy for both diameters and perimeters.
An empirical analysis of financial and housing wealth effects on consumption in Turkey

This paper investigates the financial and housing wealth effects on aggregate private consumption in Turkey for the period 1987-2007. Given the lack of data, the study proposes an innovative method to construct a proxy for the housing wealth series. A long-run equilibrium relationship between consumption, disposable income, financial and housing wealth is estimated using the cointegration method, and a sensitivity analysis is undertaken following Leamer & Leonard’s (1983) extreme bound analysis approach. The results show that income elasticity of consumption is much higher in Turkey than in industrialized countries. While financial and housing wealth effects on consumption are found to be positive, there is no evidence that one effect is stronger than the other.
ASSESSING THE MILKY WAY SATELLITES ASSOCIATED WITH THE SAGITTARIUS DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXY

Numerical models of the tidal disruption of the Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf galaxy have recently been developed that for the first time simultaneously satisfy most observational constraints on the angular position, distance, and radial velocity trends of both leading and trailing tidal streams emanating from the dwarf. We use these dynamical models in combination with extant three-dimensional position and velocity data for Galactic globular clusters and dSph galaxies to identify those Milky Way satellites that are likely to have originally formed in the gravitational potential well of the Sgr dwarf, and have been stripped from Sgr during its extended interaction with the Milky Way. We conclude that the globular clusters Arp 2, M 54, NGC 5634, Terzan 8, and Whiting 1 are almost certainly associated with the Sgr dwarf, and that Berkeley 29, NGC 5053, Pal 12, and Terzan 7 are likely to be as well (albeit at lower confidence). The initial Sgr system therefore may have contained five to nine globular clusters, corresponding to a specific frequency SN = 5–9 for an initial Sgr luminosity MV = −15.0. Our result is consistent with the 8 ± 2 genuine Sgr globular clusters expected on the basis of statistical modeling of the Galactic globular cluster distribution and the corresponding false-association rate due to chance alignments with the Sgr streams. The globular clusters identified as most likely to be associated with Sgr are consistent with previous reconstructions of the Sgr age–metallicity relation, and show no evidence for a second-parameter effect shaping their horizontal branch morphologies. We find no statistically significant evidence to suggest that any of the recently discovered population of ultrafaint dwarf galaxies are associated with the Sgr tidal streams, but are unable to rule out this possibility conclusively for all systems.
Evaluation and comparative analysis of stress and deformations in seismic hazard zones in Bulgaria and adjacent lands

In this paper an attempt to elucidate the geodynamic situation in Bulgaria and adjacent lands from a seismological point of view is proposed. The fault plane solutions of 418 earthquakes and corresponding stresses and deformations are also analyzed. For the purposes of the quantitative stress and strain modeling, a seismic zonation is carried out and the Bulgarian territory and surroundings are divided in nine seismic hazard zones. The main seismological and focal mechanisms characteristics for each zone are presented. The stress tensors for the zones/fault systems are calculated by inversion of the focal mechanisms data using the technique of Gephart [1990]. The released strain is computed by means of the moment tensors of focal mechanisms according to the relation of Kostrov [1974]. In general, the obtained mean strain tensors show some agreement with the calculated mean stresses. Several local discrepancies and the whole geodynamic situation are analyzed in the light of some present tectonic hypotheses. On the basis of the analysis of the seismicity, stress and deformation on the territory of North Balkans are presented.
Non-isothermal grain growth in metals and alloys

Abstract A large portion of the previous research on grain growth has been focused on isothermal conditions and excellent reviews on this topic are available in the literature. However, most of the materials processing operations such as casting, rolling and welding take place under non-isothermal conditions. Grain growth in materials under significant spatial and temporal variation of temperature exhibits many important special characteristics. The present paper critically examines these special features of grain growth in several important materials processing operations. Various experimental and theoretical approaches used to study grain growth in non-isothermal systems are examined and compared. The classical isothermal grain growth theories are reviewed, because they are sometimes applied to non-isothermal systems by incorporating thermal history in the calculations. Various numerical techniques and their applications to non-isothermal systems are also examined and compared. Finally, progress made in understanding non-isothermal grain growth in metals and alloys is summarised and several areas of future research are identified. This review is targeted towards an audience of materials scientists and engineers interested in various materials processing operations under non-isothermal conditions.
LOSS AVERSION AND THE LOCUS OF NONLINEARITY IN DECISION UNDER RISK: A TEST BETWEEN PROSPECT THEORY AND SP/A THEORY WITH FUNCTIONAL MEASUREMENT

Measuring loss aversion requires the capability to measure subjective values of loss and gain on a common unit scale with a common known zero. The present work rests upon a previously established ratio model for the integration of uncertain gains and losses, which allows that value and probability weighting functions be derived on a common metrics with a common zero. Observed functional shapes concurred generally with those predicted by Prospect Theory (PT) and disagree with a view of probability evaluation as the major, if not exclusive, source of nonlinearities in decision under risk, as advocated, for instance, in SP/A. Loss aversion was found for some but not for all subjects, which agrees with the role given to differential risk preferences in SP/A. For those subjects who exhibited loss aversion, its magnitude was consistently found inferior to that typically estimated with PT.
Accounting for U.S. Post-War Economic Growth

We develope a growth accounting method using the whole neoclassical growth model. We obtain three primary findings from our analysis of the U.S. economy during 1954-2017. First, the efficiency wedges in the entire period accurately account for the evolution of U.S. productivity and labor share. Second, the labor wedge was the main force driving the recovery of output and worked hours per capita in the eighties and nineties as well as after the Great Recession. Finally, if factor shares adjust competitively, the main force driving the U.S. growth slowdown of both the seventies and the first decade of this century was the capital-efficiency wedge and the forces driving the U.S. Great Recession are not very different from the forces working in other OECD economies and those driving the $1982$ Recession in the United States.