Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How fast do quasar emission lines vary? First results from a program to monitor the Balmer lines of the Palomar-Green quasars

We have monitored spectrophotometrically a subsample (28) of the Palomar-Green Bright Quasar Sample for 2 years in order to test for correlations between continuum and emission-line variations and to determine the timescales relevant to mapping the broad-line regions of high-luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Half of the quasars showed optical continuum variations with amplitudes in the range 20-75%. The rise and fall time for the continuum variations is typically 0.5-2 years. In most of the objects with continuum variations, we detect correlated variations in the broad H-alpha and H-beta emission lines. The amplitude of the line variations is usually 2-4 times smaller than the optical continuum fluctuations. We present light curves and analyze spectra for six of the variable quasars with 1000-10,000 A luminosity in the range 0.3-4 x 10(exp 45) ergs/s. In four of these objects the lines respond to the continuum variations with a lag that is smaller than or comparable to our typical sampling interval (a few months). Although continued monitoring is required to confirm these results and increase their accuracy, the present evidence indicates that quasars with the above luminosities have broad-line regions smaller than about 1 1t-yr. Two of the quasars monitored show no detectable line variations despite relatively large-amplitude continuum changes. This could be a stronger manifestation of the low-amplitude line-response phenomenon we observe in the other quasars.
A TRANSFORMATION OF THE PHASE SPACE OF A DIFFUSION PROCESS THAT REMOVES THE DRIFT

In this paper we construct a one-to-one (and quasi-isometric) transformation of a phase space that allows us to pass from a diffusion process with nonzero drift coefficient to a process without drift. Using this transformation we construct strong solutions of stochastic differential equations with a "bad" drift coefficient and give other applications. Bibliography: 21 items.
Non-destructive measurement of malic acid content of sapodilla fruit using visible near infrared (VisNIR) spectroscopy with variations in storage temperature

Sapodilla fruit (Manilkara zapota) is a climacteric fruit having a short shelf life. To extend shelf life, cold temperature storage is often used. During storage, one of the parameters that could change is malic acid. Malic acid can be measured non-destructively using visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy. However, measurement using VisNIR spectroscopy has limitations, one of which is the sensitivity of the instrument towards temperature. The temperature of the fruit influences VisNIR spectral data, therefore prediction of malic acid using VisNIR is challenging. This study was conducted to study fruit temperature effect on the malic acid measurement of sapodilla fruit using VisNIR spectroscopy. Partial least square regression (PLSR) combined with spectral preprocess (Savitzky-Golay smoothing, normalization, Savitzky-Golay 1st & 2nd derivatives, standard normal variate (SNV), detrending, and multiple scattering correction (MSC) was used to build calibration model. Fruits were stored in three storage temperature i.e. 8°C, 13°C, and 29°C. Spectra of fruit were taken directly after stored in cold condition and after immersed in a water bath at 30°C to obtain normal temperature. Calibration models were built using cold temperature spectra at 8°C and 13°C and normal temperature spectra at 8°C, 13°C, and 29°C. Determination of calibration coefficient (R²c) of fruits measured in cold condition after stored at 8°C and 13°C were 0.89 and 0.87 obtained using MSC spectra. R²c of fruits measured after submersed in a water-bath after stored at 8°C and 13°C were 0.88 and 0.87 obtained using detrending and MSC spectra. Moreover, R²c of fruit stored in room temperature of 29°C was 0.92 obtained using mean normalization spectra. In general, PLSR models for determination malic acid of sapodilla were not significantly different between spectra of fruits which were cold and were heated to normal temperature. However, the PLSR model was the highest for fruits stored in room temperature (29°C). The results showed the potency of VisNIR spectroscopy for malic acid determination of sapodilla. Moreover, the result also showed that storage temperature and fruit temperature affected PLSR models developed using VisNIR spectroscopy.
Effect of media on the percentage of Cratoxylum arborescens cutting

Gerunggang (Cratoxylum arborescens Blume.) is one of native peat swamp species which good potential for pulp material and rehabilitation. One factor affecting the success of vegetative propagation is rooting media. The objectived of this study was observed the suitability of four rooting medium for gerunggang cuttings i.e: river sand, mixture of peat+ rice husk (3:1), mixture of top soil+rice husk (3:1), and mixture of cocopeat+rice husk (2:1). A number of 20 gerunggang cuttings with 4 replication were tested at four rooting media during 16 weeks observation period. Some parameter were observed i.e: number of shoots, leaves and roots per cutting, length of primary root (cm), rooting speed, rooted percentage (%), and survival percentage (%). Different rooting media significantly affect (p<0.01) on number of buds per cutting and length of primary root. However, the type of rooting media did not significantly affect (p>0.05) to the number of leaves and roots per cutting, rooted percentage (%) and survival percentage (%). High rooting percentage was achieved by media topsoil+ricehusk with average of 67.50%, while the lowest percentage was obtained peat+ricehusk medium with average of 38.75%. A mixture of topsoil+rice husks (3:1) is a best medium for early growth of gerunggang cutting which indicate by best number of buds, leaves and roots per cutting, rooted percentage (%) and survival percentage (%). Survival rate of cutting in this research is ranging from 56.25% - 77.50%.
ELEMENTARY PROOF OF FURSTENBERG'S DIOPHANTINE RESULT

We present an elementary proof of a diophantine result (due to H. Furstenberg) which asserts (in a special case) that for every irrational a the set {2m3"a|m, « > 0} is dense modulo 1. Furstenberg's original proof employs the theory of disjointness of topological dynamical systems.
Use of reference distributions when dealing with unknown regression errors

A problem of estimating regression coefficients is considered when the distribution of error terms is unknown but symmetric. We propose the use of reference distributions having various kurtosis values. It is assumed that the true error distribution is one of the reference distributions, but the indicator variable for the true distribution is missing. The generalized expectation–maximization algorithm combined with a line search is developed for estimating regression coefficients. Simulation experiments are carried out to compare the performance of the proposed approach with some existing robust regression methods including least absolute deviation, Lp, Huber M regression and an approximation using normal mixtures under various error distributions. As the error distribution is far from a normal distribution, the proposed method is observed to show better performance than other methods.
Optical imaging of ultraluminous IRAS galaxies: how many are mergers?

We present the results of R-band imaging observations of a sample of 60 ultraluminous lRAS galaxies (ULIRGs). All the objects are taken from our ULIRG survey. The bulk of these objects are in a magnitude-limited subsample of this survey with B J < 19.5, consisting of 56 objects. We find that 51 of the 56 main-sample objects (91 per cent) are merging and/or disturbed systems, whilst four of the remaining five have close, usually disturbed, companions. Only one of the main sample of objects is isolated and quiescent. The result that almost all of these ULIRGs are disturbed systems contradicts some of the earlier observations. We consider possible origins for this discrepancy, and conclude that deeper images of isolated and quiescent ULIRGs may well reveal previously undetected signs of disturbance.
Some Top(cid:2)Quark Properties Measured in Collisions Using CDF Detector at = 1.96 TeV (Review) 1

—This review considers important properties of the top(cid:2)quark. The top(cid:2)quark decays before hadroni(cid:2) zation, and the spin information is directly transferred to the decay products. Therefore the structure of the weak interaction is investigated by measuring the helicity fractions, f, of the W boson—the top(cid:2)quark decay prod(cid:2) uct. Other investigations: search for the presence of V+A interaction, search for exotic top(cid:2)quark charge – 4/3 and for (cid:2) resonances—all of them, so far, were not found in the experiments – testifies against of going out of the Standard Model.
Variation of Ovalization for Sharp-Notched Circular Tubes Under Cyclic Bending

In this paper, an experimental investigation on the variation of ovalization for sharp-notched circular tubes subjected to cyclic bending is discussed. The tube bending machine and curvature-ovalization measurement apparatus were used to test the unnotched and sharp-notched 304 stainless steel tubes. For sharp-notched tubes, five different notch depths (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0mm) were considered in this study. It was found that the experimental curve of the ovalization and the number of cycles could be divided into three stages-an initial, secondary and tertiary stage. An empirical relationship was proposed for simulating the aforementioned curve for the initial and secondary stages in this study. It has been shown that the derived empirical relationship was in good agreement with the experimental data.
Raman spectra of semiconductor nanoparticles: Disorder-activated phonons

We present Raman spectra of four semiconductor doped glasses and a single crystal of ${\mathrm{CdS}}_{0.55}{\mathrm{Se}}_{0.45}$ in the range 30\char21{}800 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ in the backscattering geometry. This includes the first-order Raman scattering from the disorder-activated zone-edge phonons and the LO phonons. TO phonon modes are not observed, as in bulk CdS, for the excitation well above the lowest gap. We show that the asymmetric line profile of the LO phonon structure can be understood as a composite of two phonon modes: the zone center and the zone edge phonons. Disorder-activated modes in the (30\char21{}${130)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ range and the higher-order Raman spectra are also observed and found to be consistent with this assignment.
Angular resolution of two‐dimensional, hexagonally sampled interferometric radiometers

A theoretical analysis of the angular resolution of two‐dimensional interferometric radiometers for Earth observation from low‐orbit satellites and its degradation due to spatial decorrelation effects is presented. The analysis extends basic effects known in the context of radio astronomy (application with narrow field of view, very few baselines) and in one dimension (ESTAR L band, few baselines interferometric radiometer) to the wide‐field‐of‐view, many‐baseline, high‐resolution two‐dimensional system required by Earth observation applications and computes beam width, encircled energy (or main beam efficiency), and side lobe level as a function of windowing (apodization) to allow for an optimum angular versus radiometric resolution trade‐off. It is found that the extension of the Barlett window (which has a poor performance in one dimensional signal processing) to two dimensions produces high‐quality results, comparable or better than those of Gaussian and Blackmann windows. Theory is extended to hexagonally sampled systems based on a Δ or Y‐shaped instrument, with hexagonal‐ and star‐shaped support regions in the visibility space, respectively. The superior performance of the latter over the former for the same number of antennas and correlators is quantified and details of the angular resolution of one instrument of this kind, MIRAS, under development by the European Space Agency, are presented. For this radiometer Gaussian or Barlett windows should be used for good radiometric sensitivity or spatial resolution, respectively. In both cases the effects of decorrelation within the small alias‐free field of view are negligible. It is also found that the impact of hardware imperfections which exist within the strict requirements of the specifications have a negligible effect on the angular resolution. Finally, experimental angular resolution results with a laboratory breadboard in a focused near‐field setup are presented and compared to the theoretical predictions.
Measurement of boiling heat transfer coefficient in liquid nitrogen bath by inverse heat conduction method

Inverse heat conduction method (IHCM) is one of the most effective approaches to obtaining the boiling heat transfer coefficient from measured results. This paper focuses on its application in cryogenic boiling heat transfer. Experiments were conducted on the heat transfer of a stainless steel block in a liquid nitrogen bath, with the assumption of a 1D conduction condition to realize fast acquisition of the temperature of the test points inside the block. With the inverse-heat conduction theory and the explicit finite difference model, a solving program was developed to calculate the heat flux and the boiling heat transfer coefficient of a stainless steel block in liquid nitrogen bath based on the temperature acquisition data. Considering the oscillating data and some unsmooth transition points in the inverse-heat-conduction calculation result of the heat-transfer coefficient, a two-step data-fitting procedure was proposed to obtain the expression for the boiling heat transfer coefficients. The coefficient was then verified for accuracy by a comparison between the simulation results using this expression and the verifying experimental results of a stainless steel block. The maximum error with a revised segment fitting is around 6%, which verifies the feasibility of using IHCM to measure the boiling heat transfer coefficient in liquid nitrogen bath.
Magnitude and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Gram-Negative bacterial isolates among patients suspected of urinary tract infections in Arba Minch General Hospital, southern Ethiopia

The emergence of drug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial uropathogens poses a grave threat worldwide, howbeit studies on their magnitude are limited in most African countries, including Ethiopia. Therefore, measuring the extent of their drug resistance is essential for developing strategies to confine the spread. A cross-sectional study was conducted at title hospital from 01 June to 31 August 2020. Midstream urine specimens were collected and inoculated onto MacConkey agar. Positive urine cultures showing significant bacteriuria as per the Kass count (>105 CFU/mL) were further subjected to biochemical tests to identify the type of uropathogens. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique, and potential carbapenemase producers were phenotypically determined by the modified carbapenem inactivation method as per the CLSI guidelines. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26; P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Totally, 422 patients were included, and the majority were females (54.7%). The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative uropathogens was 12.9%, and 64.7% of them were carbapenemase producers. Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 5) was the predominant carbapenemase producer, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 4). Consumption of antibiotics prior to six months of commencement of the study, the presence of chronic diseases and hospitalizations were statistically associated with UTI caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative uropathogens. Carbapenemase producers were resistant to most of the antibiotics tested. Our findings highlight the need for periodic regional bacteriological surveillance programs to guide empirical antibiotic therapy of UTI.
Diurnal raptors at rescue centres in the Czech Republic: Reasons for admission, outcomes, and length of stay

Rescue centres play an important role in the protection of raptors living in the wild by caring for injured or debilitated animals and abandoned young with the aim of returning them to the wild. A total of 22,538 raptors were admitted to 34 rescue centres in the Czech Republic in the years 2010–2019, with an increasing trend during the monitored period (rSp = 0.7333, p < 0.05). The most frequent reasons for their admission were other injuries and fractures (26.52%), the admission of young (22.98%), and the admission of raptors injured by electric shock injuries (20.51%). It proved possible to release 42.45% of admitted raptors back into the wild, the majority of which (91.05%) were released using the hard-release method. Foster parents were used in 1% of cases and a replacement nest in 0.2% of cases involving the rearing of young. In spite of all the care provided at rescue centres, a total of 39.97% of raptors admitted either died or had to be euthanized. Among them, most raptors were euthanized or died due to injuries caused by collision with a vehicle, electric shock injuries, and other injuries. This generally occurred shortly after admission (a median of two days). The importance of the work of rescue centres lies not merely in returning injured raptors back into the wild (which proves possible in around half of all cases), but also in obtaining information about the factors endangering raptors in the wild and contributing toward a decline in their populations. The findings provide information about human-wildlife interactions in the Czech Republic and their implications for conservation as well as on the effectiveness of rescue centres to successfully treat and subsequently release raptors back into the wild.
Trainable grammars for speech recognition

Algorithms which are based on modeling speech as a finite‐state, hidden Markov process have been very successful in recent years. This paper presents a generalization of these algorithms to certain denumerable‐state, hidden Markov processes. This algorithm permits automatic training of the stochastic analog of an arbitrary context free grammar. In particular, in contrast to many grammatical inference methods, the new algorithm allows the grammar to have an arbitrary degree of ambiguity. Since natural language is often syntactically ambiguous, it is necessary for the grammatical inference algorithm to allow for this ambiguity. Furthermore, allowing ambiguity in the grammar allows errors in the recognition process to be explicitly modeled in the grammar rather than added as an extra component.
A retail investor in a cobweb of social networks

In this study, using AI, we empirically examine the irrational behaviour, specifically attention-driven trading and emotion-driven trading such as consensus trading, of retail investors in an emerging stock market. We used a neural network to assess the tone of messages on social media platforms and proposed a novel Hype indicator that integrates metrics of investor attention and sentiment. The sample of messages, which are written in Russian with slang expressions, was retrieved from a unique dataset of social network communication of investors in the Russian stock market. Applying different portfolio designs, we evaluated the effectiveness of the new Hype indicator against the factors of momentum, volatility, and trading volume. We found the possibility of building a profitable trading strategy based on the Hype indicator over a 6-month time horizon. Over short periods, the Hype indicator allows investors to earn more by buying stocks of large companies, and over «longer» periods, this indicator tends to perform better for illiquid stocks of small companies. As consensus trading tends to produce negative returns, the investment strategy of ‘Go against the crowd’ proves rewarding in the medium term of 3 months.
Effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors on body composition in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Objective Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) is closely related to sarcopenic obesity(SO). Body composition measurement including body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, percentage body fat, fat mass, muscle mass, visceral adipose tissue and subcutaneus adipose tissue, plays a key role in evaluating T2DM and SO. The weight reduction effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2(SGLT-2) inhibitors has been demonstrated. However, there are warnings that SGLT-2 inhibitors should be used with caution because they may increase the risk of sarcopenia. The effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors on body composition in T2DM is inconclusive. In this work, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted to evaluate the effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors on body composition in T2DM. Methods PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMbase and Web of Science databases were searched by computer. All statistical analyses were carried out with Review Manager version 5. 3. Results were compared by weight mean difference(WMD), with 95% confidence intervals(CI) for continuous outcomes. A random effects model was applied regardless of heterogeneity. The I2 statistic was applied to evaluate the heterogeneity of studies. Publication bias was assessed using Funnel plots. Results 18 studies with 1430 participants were eligible for the meta-analysis. SGLT-2 inhibitors significantly reduced body weight(WMD:-2. 73kg, 95%CI: -3. 32 to -2. 13, p<0. 00001), body mass index(WMD:-1. 13kg/m2, 95%CI: -1. 77 to -0. 50, p = 0. 0005), waist circumference(WMD:-2. 20cm, 95%CI: -3. 81 to -0. 58, p = 0. 008), visceral fat area(MD:-14. 79cm2, 95%CI: -24. 65 to -4. 93, p = 0. 003), subcutaneous fat area(WMD:-23. 27cm2, 95% CI:-46. 44 to -0. 11, P = 0. 05), fat mass(WMD:-1. 16kg, 95%CI: -2. 01 to -0. 31, p = 0. 008), percentage body fat(WMD:-1. 50%, 95%CI:-2. 12 to -0. 87, P<0. 00001), lean mass(WMD:-0. 76kg, 95%CI:-1. 53 to 0. 01, P = 0. 05) and skeletal muscle mass(WMD:-1. 01kg, 95%CI:-1. 91 to -0. 11, P = 0. 03). Conclusion SGLT-2 inhibitors improve body composition in T2DM including body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, visceral fat area, subcutaneous fat area, percentage body fat and fat mass reduction, but cause adverse effects of reducing muscle mass. Therefore, until more evidence is obtained to support that SGLT-2 inhibitors increase the risk of sarcopenia, not only the benefit on body composition, but also the adverse effect of the reduction in muscle mass by SGLT-2 inhibitors in T2DM should be considered.