Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptation of higher plants to environmental stressesland stress signal trans-duction

Higher plants play the most important role in keeping a stable environment on the earth, which regulate global circumstances in many ways in terms of different levels (molecular, individual, community, and so on), but the nature of the mechanism is gene expression and control temporally and spatially at the molecular level. In persistently changing environment, there are many adverse stress conditions such as cold, drought, salinity and UV-B(280-320mm), which influence plant growth and crop production greatly. Unlike animals, higher plants, which are sessile, can't escape from the surroundings, but adapt themselves to the changing environments by forming a series of molecular responses to copying with these problems. The physiological processing basis for these molecular responses is the integration of many transduced events into a comprehensive network of signaling pathways. Higher plant hormones occupy a central place in this transduction network, frequently acting in conjunction with other signals, to co-ordinately regulate cellular processes such as division, elongation and differentiation, which are the fundamental basis for higher plant development and related character expressions. In a word, it is at the molecular level-gene expression and control in time and space that we can bring out the mystery of living organisms and explore the nature of environmental changes. Ecological science is the fused and ramified field between natural sciences and social sciences where the frontier is molecular ecology and very important to conducting the practice of vegetation restoration and reconstruction and crop production on Loess Plateau. It is obvious that molecular biology is the purposeful basis for improving diverse types of eco-environment. The common stress factors mentioned above are those important ecological factors influencing environment, which are general environmental stimuli and cues to higher plants. Molecular responses to such common environmental stresses have been studied intensively over the last few years, in which there is an intricate network of signaling pathways controlling perception of these environmental stress signals, the generation of second messengers, signal transduction, and therefore, deeper understanding of these molecular processes is even vital to the agricultural production in the semiarid area of Loess Plateau. In this review, up-dated progresses were introduced in terms of functional analysis of signaling components and problems with respect to agricultural eco-environment, and a probable general network of stress-responsive gene expression -control model were summarized, with an emphasis on the integration between stress signal transduction pathways and agricultural eco-environment. The viewpoint is that the molecular information from higher plant cells, tissues, and organs should be efficiently popularized to levels of individuals, community, and ecosystem, which can play a greater role, and which is also one of the greatest challenges for plant systems biology during the 21st century.
Origin of the Post-Triassic Stenolaemata (Bryozoa): a Taxonomic Oversight

The most widely recognized classification of the class Stenolaemata requires that all post-Triassic members belong to the order Cyclostomata and that all were derived from simple Permo-Triassic stomatoporid cyclostomes. This results from pre-Triassic and post-Triassic classifications, independently developed, using different characters and juxtaposed at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary with no consideration of possible phylogenetic connections. Preliminary evidence based on using the same taxonomic characteristics suggests that post-Triassic stenolaemates were also derived from the Paleozoic orders Trepostomata, Cystoporata, and possibly the Cryptostomata, making the present concept of the order Cyclostomata polyphyletic. --Modified journal abstract.
Daily and seasonal dynamics of soil respiration and their environmental controlling factors in Stipa krylovii steppe

Soil respiration was measured by using a Li6400-09 soil respiration chamber from May to September 2005 in Stipa krylovii steppe,Inner Mongolia.Environmental variables including air temperature,total radiation,soil temperature and soil water content were also measured during the same period.Our results showed that daily variations of soil respiration could be characterized by a mono-peak pattern.The highest soil respiration rates occurred in between 10:00am and 13:00 pm,and the lowest at about 4:00 am.Seasonal changes of soil respiration can also be described by a mono-peak pattern with the highest(0.14mgCO2m-2s-1)in June and the lowest(0.03mgCO2m-2s-1)in August.While air temperature,soil water content,and total radiation determined both daily and seasonal changes of soil respiration,we found a significant correlation in the seasonal changes that can be modeled as R=0.011W1-0.005W2+6.117×10-5D+0.038(R2=0.72 P〈0.001),where R is the soil respiration rate,D is the radiation,and W1,W2 are soil water contents in the depth of 0-10,10-20 respectively.The soil water content at the 0-10 cm depth was found a dominating factor that can account for 51% of the seasonal variation of soil respiration.
Middle Stone Age lithic point experimentation for macro-fracture and residue analyses: the process and preliminary results with reference to Sibudu Cave points

We describe the protocol in the first in a series of experiments to replicate macro-fractures, use-wear and residue distribution patterns on stone tools of the kind used in the Middle Stone Age (MSA) of southern Africa. To our knowledge, no similar experiments have previously been conducted in the region. Unretouched convergent flakes were produced from a selection of raw materials, especially quartzite and hornfels, hafted and used as hunting spears and butchery knives on parts of a Connochaetes taurinus (blue wildebeest) carcass. The hunting experiments were compared with results obtained in Europe on flint tools, and tested whether the concept of diagnostic impact fracture types can be applied to local raw materials and southern African MSA points. The differences in residue distribution patterns between hafted tools used for hunting as opposed to those employed for butchering were also replicated and documented. The preliminary results of these experiments are briefly compared with an archaeological sample from Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal. We demonstrate for local raw materials and MSA points the applicability of the diagnostic impact fracture types as described by Fisher et al.l/Ig
Biology of the Spider Mite, Tetranychus evansi,

The biology of T. evansi Baker & Pritchard (Acarina: Tetranychidae) was studied in the laboratory at 23.3 ± 1°C and 40–50% relative humidity, using Solarium douglasii Dunal as the host plant. The different life stages are briefly described, illustrated, and their measurements are given. The incubation period averaged 65.2, larval period 42.8, protonymph 42.7, and deutonymph 64.2 hours. The total time from egg to adult averaged 8.9 days. Time spent in copulation averaged 1¼ min. The preoviposition period averaged 21 hr and 37 min. Oviposition began the day after copulation and reached a peak on the 4th day with an average of 18.1 eggs per female. Fertilized females averaged 163.7 eggs in 26.7 days. Virgin females averaged 105.1 eggs in 33.1 days; only males emerged. Fertilized females lived an average 26.2 days, unfertilized females 34.5 days, and males 24.7 days. Females laid 86.8% of their eggs on the lower leaf surface. Leaf pubescence and relative humidity affected oviposition; fewer eggs were deposited on lightly pubescent leaves, and eggs were more evenly distributed on both leaf surfaces when the relative humidity was increased to 100%.
The Classification of Endoparasitic Gastropods

PARASITIC MOLLUSKS form a wide and diversified group. They are mainly parasites of echinoderms, but they also attack fishes (Unionidae), and even members of their own group (Odostomia on bivalves). The great majority of parasitic Mollusca are gastropods. Some look like typical gastropods with only a few organs lacking, while others are wormlike with nearly all their organ systems missing (Entoconchidae and Enteroxenidae). The one organ they all lack which is present in typical gastropods is the radula. It is for this reason that Thiele (1929) placed them all in his Stirps Aglossa under the Prosobranchia. This arrangement, however, is unsatisfactory, for the recent studies of Thorson (1946) and Fretter and Graham (1949) have shown that some of these gastropods are actually opisthobranchs. The systematic position of the endoparasitic gastropods is still more difficult to determine, because nearly all organ systems are absent in the adult stage. However, several species have been described and need to be arranged systematically. J. MUller (1852) described Entoconcha mirabilis, the first parasitic gastropod, in Leptosynapta (Lapidoplax) digitata, but did not recognize it as such.
Habitat quality for raptors: a field experiment

A major factor influencing the quality of raptor habitats is food availability, which is determined not only by prey density, but also by various habitat features influencing the accessibility of prey. Many raptors hunt ground-living prey by using the energysaving pause-travel search tactic. If perches to hunt from are lacking, a habitat may be difficult to exploit even if prey is abundant, hence perches are an important component of prey availability. The boreal forest landscape is drastically changed by very intensive forest management. Clearcuts, where mature forest has been harvested, are rich in prey (rodents) but lack perches. An experiment was performed to test if abundance of perches is a factor limiting the utilization of these habitats by foraging raptors. Eleven clearcuts were provided with man-made perches, and 11 clearcuts served as control. Foraging raptors used clearcuts with perches significantly more than clearcuts lacking perches, and raptor utilization changed accordingly when the control and experimental areas were switched.
BACTÉRIA FIXADORA DE NITROGÊNIO E PRODUTIVIDADE E DESENVOLVIMENTO DE ARROZ IRRIGADO POR INUNDAÇÃO

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of Azospirillum brasilense, a nitrogen-fixing bacterium, on flooded irrigated rice yield. Evaluations were carried out in a shaded nursery, with seedlings grown on an Alfisol. Were performed two sets of experiments. In the first, were carried out four experiments using the flooded rice cultivars INIA Olimar, Puita Inta-CL, Br Irga 409 and Irga 424; these trials were set up as completely randomized design in a 5x4 factorial scheme, with four replications. Treatments consisted of five nitrogen rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha -1 ) and four levels of liquid inoculant Ab-V5 and Ab-V6 - A. brasilense (0, 1, 2 and 4 times the manufacturer's recommendation) without seed treatment. In second set, were performed two experiments using the cultivars Puita Inta-CL and Br Irga 409, arranged in the same design, but using a 4x2 factorial. In this set, treatments were composed of four levels of Ab-V5 and Ab-V6 - A. brasilense liquid inoculant (0, 1, 2 and 4 times the recommendation of 100 mL ha -1 ), using rice seeds with and without insecticide and fungicide treatment. Shoot dry matter, number of panicles, and rice grain yield per pot were the assessed variables. The results showed that rice seed inoculation with A. brasilense had no effects on rice grain yield of the cultivars INIA Olimar, Puita Inta-CL, Br Irga 409 and Irga 424.
Factors Affecting Egyptian Broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) Control in Carrot

Abstract Carrot is a high-value cash crop that is grown in Israel throughout the year. Egyptian broomrape is a chlorophyll-lacking, obligate, root holoparasite that parasitizes members of many botanical families, including the Apiaceae. At high infestation levels, Egyptian broomrape can cause total yield loss in carrot. A protocol has been developed for the control of Egyptian broomrape in carrot. Because carrots are grown in Israel under fall, winter, and spring conditions, information about the relations between the efficacy of control and temperature is important. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the response of carrot and Egyptian broomrape to herbicides at different phenological stages under varying temperature regimes. This study was conducted under temperature-controlled conditions in a multiclimate greenhouse and in a net house. Applications of the imidazolinone herbicides imazapic and imazamox (each applied at 4.8 g ai ha−1) injured carrot plants and reduced yield and yield quality. Glyphosate effectively controlled Egyptian broomrape and did not negatively affect the carrot plants when applied three times at ≤ 108 g ae ha−1. High temperatures increased the carrot plants’ sensitivity to glyphosate. This study found that three applications of glyphosate at 108 g ae ha−1 can prevent Egyptian broomrape damage without causing any damage to the carrot crop. Our results indicate that weather conditions can affect herbicide phytotoxicity in carrot. The highest temperature at the time of herbicide application corresponded to the strongest observed phytotoxic effect. To summarize, effective Egyptian broomrape control can be achieved by three sequential foliar applications of glyphosate (108 g ae ha−1), beginning during the early parasitism stage (i.e., small tubercles). Moreover, applying glyphosate on carrot at high temperature (i.e., 28/22 C day/night temperatures) can injure carrot plants and reduce control efficacy. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; imazamox; imazapic; Egyptian broomrape, Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. ORAAE; carrot, Daucus carota L. var. sativus Hoffm.
Analysis of domestication, cultivation and nutritional componentsPholiota squarrosoides(Peck) Sacc.

Inthispaper,thebiologicalcharacteristicsofPholiotasquarrosoidesmycelia,artificialtechnique of cultivation, and nutritional components analyses were determined. The results showed that, the optimal carbon source was glucose, optimal nitrogen source for mycelia growth was yeast extract powder, the most suitable C/N ratio was 20:1, the optimal growth factor was thiamin, the optimal temperature was 28 ℃and the best pH was 7.0. It could fruit in the compost main mixed with cotton seed hull and sawdust. The recorded biological efficiency was 51.29%, and duration of cultivation cycle was 75-87 days. The fruiting bodies of P. Squarrosoides contained higher contented of polysaccharides, niacin, and methionine, eight kinds essential amino acids accounted for 46.00% of total amino acids, the ratio of essential amino acids to non-essential amino acids was 85.19%. P. squarrosoides was found to be delicious mushroom of high nutritionalvalue, which well deserves exploitation and utilization.
A New Species of Microteiid Lizard (Genus Neusticurus) from Colombia

A large species of Neusticurus, allied to the bicarinatus group by having a strongly compressed tail, tympanum deeply recessed, high number of femoral/preanal pores in males, but unique in having a combination of high number of prefrontal/frontal head scales and scales around the body, large snout-vent size in males (to 121 mm), and absence of dorsal tubercles. It has been collected at two localities in the Vaupes region of Colombia. Its closest relative appears to be N. racenisi, from which it differs by having 58-64 preanal/femoral pores, 84-89 scales around body, 3 lateral caudal scales per two ventral caudals, 29-31 fourth toe lamellae, and complete absence of dorsal tubercles. Adults of both sexes are chocolate brown dorsally with an alternating series of paired paravertebral square spots of three shades of brown, sides are ash gray with bluish white ocelli, and venter bluish white. Fecal samples suggest it feeds on spiders, leaf beetles, scarabeid beetles; weevils, ants and grasshoppers from its arboreal perches. Reptilian streamside associates included Uranoscodon, Mabuya, Kentropyx, and Anolis.
Expansion of lugworms towards southern European habitats and their identification using combined ecological, morphological and genetic approaches

: This study presents the first record of the recently colonizing lugworm species Arenicola defodiens in the Iberian Peninsula, and both A. defodiens and Arenicola marina in the Ria de Aveiro lagoon (northwest Portugal). We aimed firstly to provide a distinction between these 2 species, using combined morphological and genetic approaches, and secondly to determine their spatial distribution in the lagoon. Morphological characteristics such as annulation pattern, gill morphology, and faecal cast size enabled differentiation between both species, and we provide an updated taxonomic key for the valid species of the Family Arenicolidae known in the Iberian Peninsula. To confirm the distinction between A. defodiens and A. marina , 16S rDNA and COI gene sequencing analyses were performed. The percentage of nucleotide divergence between A. defodiens and A. marina was 13.5% for COI and 5% for 16S, and phylogenetic analyses showed that these are closely related species. Recent surveys conducted in Ria de Aveiro lagoon indicate that both species are dispersing throughout the system. Lugworm faecal casts were observed for the first time at 4 sites in 2009, and then at 7 sites in 2011. In 2014, A. marina was recorded at 2 intertidal sites of the Ria de Aveiro, which were characterized by very fine and medium sand. A. defodiens displayed a wider distribution, being reported at 13 intertidal and 5 subtidal sites where sediment characteristics ranged from mud to medium sand. A. marina densities ranged from 20.5 to 26.0 ind. m 2 , higher than those recorded for A. defodiens , which did not exceed 3 ind. m 2 . The expansion and the establishment of arenicolids in the Ria de Aveiro lagoon could be a result of the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 cold winters. Possible consequences of the spread of these bioturbators in this lagunar ecosystem are discussed.
New pepper accessions proved to be suitable as a genetic resource for use in breeding nematode-resistant rootstocks

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs), Meloidogyne spp. , are considered, worldwide, as one of the main pathogens of solanaceous crops, including pepper (Capsicum spp.). Restrictions on the use of standard nematicides have motivated the development and use of resistant cultivars and rootstocks. Three genes in pepper, called Me1, Me3 and N, confer resistance to the three main RKN species (Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica and Meloidogyne arenaria). However, their effectiveness seems to be limited because nematode populations that have overcome the resistance have been found, leading to a search for new sources of resistance and strategies to preserve their effectiveness. In two greenhouses and over a 7-month growing period, we evaluated the resistance to M. incognita and the agronomic behaviour as rootstocks of nine pepper (Capsicum annuum) accessions – HDA330 (Me1 carrier), Serrano Criollo de Morelos, (Me3 carrier), Yolo Wonder (partially resistant) and another six accessions of unknown resistance originating from cultivars well adapted to the local growing conditions. The resistance conferred by the Me1 gene was more robust than that conferred by Me3. Resistance to M. incognita was found in four new accessions: P13, CTL, CT5, and P14. In P13, the level of resistance was similar to that of HDA330. The resistant accessions showed better agronomic behaviour than the susceptible accessions, which was most noticeable towards the final of the growing period. Some accessions constitute a potential resource for use in the genetic breeding of RKN-resistant rootstocks.
Notes on Mimosoideae: VIII

A FURTHER NOTE ON PIPTADENIA BENTH. In the note by Cowan & Brenan (Taxon 9: 56 (1960)), on the typification of Piptadenia (Benth.) Britt. & Rose, it was shown that the genus had been published earlier than generally realized, and that in consequence the choice of type-specimen supported by Brenan in Notes on Mimosoideae: I (in Kew Bull. o: i71 (1955)) could not be upheld. This involves important changes in the nomenclature of certain genera and species dealt with in Part I of these Notes, notably that the genus then called Pityrocarpa now becomes Piptadenia Benth. , and that what was then called Piptadenia requires a new name.
Post-harvest control of Penicillium expansum on pome fruits by the bacterium Pantoea ananatis CPA-3

Summary Antagonistic bacteria and yeasts were isolated from the epiphytic flora of different cultivars of apples, stored in different packing-houses, and evaluated for their ability to control Penicillium expansum on pome fruits. Most microorganisms isolated from apples stored in packing-houses were bacteria (96% of strains), and only 4% were yeasts. A bacterial strain, identified as Pantoea ananatis (CPA-3), was particularly effective in post-harvest control of blue mould in different cultivars of pome fruits. This strain provided excellent control of the blue mould pathogen during short-term storage at 20oC, at concentrations close to 108 cfu ml–1, for ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Starking Delicious’ apples, and for ‘Blanquilla’ and ‘Devoe’ pears. Moreover, this bacterium provided good control of blue mould on ‘Golden Delicious’ apples under cold storage conditions for 2 months, but was better in a low oxygen atmosphere than in air. The rapid growth of P. ananatis in fruit wounds under different storage temperatures demonstrates that this bacterium can be considered as a biocontrol agent for pome fruits. Moreover, in vitro studies showed that this bacterium could not grow at pH values close to that of gastric juice, or at 37oC.
A Review of the Genus Laemanctus (Reptilia, Iguanidae)

guished primarily by differences in size of body scales and dorsal head scales. The name alticoronatus Cope is applied to the Yucatan Peninsula population of Laemanctus serratus. Complete synonymies and bibliographies are given for all forms, and the natural history of the genus is briefly reviewed.
ESTUDO SOROEPIDEMIOLÓGICO DA Babesia equi EM EQÜINOS DO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRASIL DETERMINADO PELOS TESTES DE IMUNOFLUORESCÊNCIA INDIRETA E ELISA*

3 ABSTRACT:- GOLYNSKI, A.A. ; FERNANDES, K.R. ; BALDANI, C.D. ; GOLYNSKI, A.L. ; MADEIRO, A. S. ; MACHADO, R.Z. ; BOTTEON, P. DE T.L. ; MASSARD, C.L. (Seroepidemiological studies on Babesia equi in horses from the State of Rio Grande do Sul determined by indirect immunoflorecence test and Elisa). Estudo soroepidemiologico da Babesia equi em equinos do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil determinado pelos testes de imunofluorescencia indireta e ELISA. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaria, v. 17, supl. 1, p. 317- 321, 2008. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus Parecis, Rodovia MT-235, Km 12, Mato Grosso, MT 78360-000, Brasil. E-mail: golynsky@yahoo.com. br This research was performed to study the prevalence of antibodies against Babesia equi in horses of the northern region of Rio Grande do Sul state, using ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFA). The total sera sample was 380, this number was considered as statistically representative of the population, as determined by mathematical model. The prevalence of B. equi was 31.6% and 35.8% by ELISA and IFA, respectively. The concordance between the assays was 0.87 (indices kappa), which is considered an optimal result. The results did not show any significant statistical difference (P<0.05) between sex, age and horses breed. The results of this study allowed the characterization of the northern region of Rio Grande do Sul as an instable enzootic area for B. equi, which indicates a potential risk of economic losses caused by babesiosis outbreaks, especially for sensible horses from non enzootic areas or even born is the studied region.