Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radial basis function neural networks classification using very high spatial resolution satellite imagery: an application to the habitat area of Lake Kerkini (Greece)

This study investigates the potential of applying the radial basis function (RBF) neural network architecture for the classification of multispectral very high spatial resolution satellite images into 13 classes of various scales. For the development of the RBF classifiers, the innovative fuzzy means training algorithm is utilized, which is based on a fuzzy partition of the input space. The method requires only a short amount of time to select both the structure and the parameters of the RBF classifier. The new technique was applied to the area of Lake Kerkini, which is a wetland of great ecological value, located in northern Greece. Eleven experiments were carried out in total in order to investigate the performance of the classifier using different input parameters (spectral and textural) as well as different window sizes and neural network complexities. For comparison purposes the same satellite scene was classified using the maximum likelihood (MLH) classification with the same set of training samples. Overall, the neural network classifiers outperformed the MLH classification by 10–17%, reaching a maximum overall accuracy of 78%. Analysis showed that the selection of input parameters is vital for the success of the classifiers. On the other hand, the incorporation of textural analysis and/or modification of the window size do not affect the performance substantially.
The Carbonate Ramp: An Alternative to the Shelf Model

ABSTRACT One of the common depositional models for carbonate rocks is the "shallow shelf. " This model is typically constructed to show a nearly flat platform and a clearly defined "shelf-slope break. " Typically, there are detrital carbonates on the platform, reefs or banks at the "shelf-margin" and basinal rocks seaward of the reefs. The modern analogs are the Florida-Bahamas (recent), the Cretaceous of Texas and Northern Mexico (Edwards-El Abra), and the Permian of West Texas-New Mexico (Capitan model). Less common--but very important--is the ramp depositional model. The ramp is an inclined platform that extends basinward without a pronounced break in slope. Carbonate facies, therefore, are not necessarily protected by a shelf-margin barrier, reefs and facies patterns of the detrital carbonates tend to be distributed in bands which (1) parallel the coastline and (2) reflect the greater wave and current activity near the mainland shore. A recent example of the ramp model is the Campeche Bank. The detrital carbonates of the Campeche Bank are arranged in concentric bands which range from grainstones and boundstones in shallow, agitated water to mudstones and wackestones on the seaward reaches of the ramp. Coral-algal reefs are common, but they do not occupy a position at the "margin" of the ramp. An ancient example of the ramp model is the Jurassic (Smackover and Cotton Valley) around the ancestral Gulf of Mexico. This example of the ramp is modified by salt tectonics.
Emission of biogenic halocarbons in temperate and tropical coastal zones

Biogenically-produced halocarbons play an important role in regional and global biogeochemical processes. These compounds are short-lived (lifetimes <6 months) and so have temporal and spatial variability in their atmospheric distributions. Marine regions, in particular coastlines, have been identified as important source regions for these compounds, and within these regions macroalgae (seaweeds) are an important source. Despite their short lifetime, it is believed that biogenic bromocarbons may contribute to stratospheric inorganic bromine (Bry). Measurement and model studies have identified a 6 (1-8) ppt excess of stratospheric Bry that cannot be accounted for via known sources of longer-lived halocarbons. Tropical regions are believed to play an important role in this process, as deep convection may act as a rapid transport mechanism allowing these compounds to reach the upper troposphere within their atmospheric lifetimes. Despite this potential importance, gaps still remain in our knowledge of halocarbon biogeochemistry in this region. This study provides the first dedicated measurements of tropical macroalgae via laboratory incubations of 15 species. Laboratory studies on temperate macroalgae were also performed, with a focus on the impact of exposure and desiccation on halocarbon emissions. Desiccation-related halocarbon emissions are of interest due to a growing seaweed aquaculture industry; seaweeds are often left to dry before processing. In situ atmospheric measurements of halocarbons around Malaysia as part of the SHIVA campaign are also reported here. A study of halocarbon concentrations in Malaysia allowed the identification of different regions characterised by different source and atmospheric transport processes. We identified that strong coastal sources do exist in this region, but that their distribution is patchy and model studies should not assume a constant, strong coastal source. Laboratory and field measurements were combined in a final discussion providing annual emission estimates for the Malaysian and south east Asian region. Of particular interest is the potential impact of aquaculture, which, if projected expansions in production are met, could account for a considerable proportion of future Malaysian annual bromoform emissions.
D/H and 18 O/ 16 O Ratio in the Hydronium Ion and in Neutral Water from in Situ Ion Measurements in Comet Halley

The D/H ratio and the 18O/16O ratio in hydronium ions in the gas coma of comet Halley have been determined from ion data obtained by the high intensity sensor (HIS) of the ion mass spectrometer (IMS) on board the spacecraft Giotto in 1986. The HIS instrument measured reliable data for the water group ions over a large distance range from the nucleus. We could therefore minimize the statistical errors. This large range also allowed us to study the systematic influence of formaldehyde on the D/H ratio in the hydronium ion and to deduce from the hydronium ion a D/H ratio for the water molecule. The measured 18O/16O ratio of (1.93±0.12) × 10−3 is compatible with the telluric value of 2.06 × 10−3. The D/H ratio for the hydronium ion measured is D/H = 3.08−0.53+0.38 × 10−4. We show that since the water chemistry is not significantly different for deuterated and nondeuterated water molecules and ions and since the contribution from other deuterated molecules to the deuterium abundance in the hydronium ion is small, the D/H value of the neutral water molecule is not significantly different from the value determined for the ion, although the uncertainty is somewhat larger. An upper limit for the deuterium abundance in formaldehyde in comet Halley can be derived from the D/H ratio in the hydronium ion as a function of distance from the nucleus. From our results we conclude that the D/H ratio in formaldehyde is certainly smaller than 2% and probably smaller than 0.5% and that the enrichment of the deuterium in the hydronium ion due to formaldehyde is lower than 5%. The D/H ratio in water in comet Halley is therefore significantly higher than the telluric sea water value, whereas the deuterium enrichment in formaldehyde is not as high as, for example, that observed in the Orion compact ridge.
Effects of Convective Microphysics Parameterization on Large-Scale Cloud Hydrological Cycle and Radiative Budget in Tropical and Midlatitude Convective Regions

AbstractA two-moment microphysics scheme for deep convection was previously implemented in the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) by Song et al. The new scheme improved hydrometeor profiles in deep convective clouds and increased deep convective detrainment, reducing the negative biases in low and midlevel cloud fraction and liquid water path compared to observations. Here, the authors examine in more detail the impacts of this improved microphysical representation on regional-scale water and radiation budgets. As a primary source of cloud water for stratiform clouds is detrainment from deep and shallow convection, the enhanced detrainment leads to larger stratiform cloud fractions, higher cloud water content, and more stratiform precipitation over the ocean, particularly in the subtropics where convective frequency is also increased. This leads to increased net cloud radiative forcing. Over land regions, cloud amounts are reduced as a result of lower relative humidity, leading to weaker clo.
Identification of functional relationships between atmospheric pressure and CO2 in the cave of Lascaux using the concept of entropy of curves

The cave of Lascaux (Dordogne, France) is a reputable place known for its paintings and engravings. Since 1963, its conservation has been given a priority. Many and various sensors have been set into and around the cave to know underground flow conditions, climatic conditions and carbon dioxide fluctuation. For this gas, abnormal concentrations have been recorded in the lower part of the Lascaux cave. The gas is produced by biogenic activity but the source is still not understood. We have been studying the functional relationship between the concentration of CO2 and the atmospheric pressure, by means of the technique of entropy of curves, which leads to a more rigorous statistical analysis. Results show that external parameter such as rainfall could influence CO2 fluctuation and that a sandy‐clayey formation, located all around the cave, may be the major source of carbon dioxide.
The effect of protozoan grazers on the cycling of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in marine systems

Abstract : The goal of this thesis was to understand how microbially-mediated recycling processes affect chiorobiphenyl (CB) cycling in marine systems by monitoring CB dynamics among organic carbon pools represented by dissolved organic matter, bacterial prey and phagotrophic protozoan grazers. When grazing and non-grazing protozoa were equilibrated with aqueous polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); no difference in equilibration time was observed, indicating that diffusion was the primary uptake pathway. The transition size of an organism where rates of diffusive and ingested uptake are equivalent was determined. Enhanced CB diffusive fluxes across the diffusive boundary layer were observed due to CB-DOC complex disassociation within this layer. Temporal dynamics of DOC, surfactants, lipo-polysaccharides and cells were monitored in protozoan cultures as a function of protozoan species and prey growth substrate. Production of surface-active material in ciliate cultures was significantly higher than in flagellate cultures, and all protozoan cultures were higher than the bacterial control. Affinities of protozoan and bacterial culture filtrates (<0.2 micrometers) for PCBs were compared relative to a seawater control.
University of Birmingham Heterogeneity in multiple perpetrator rapes

The effect of number of perpetrators involved in multiple perpetrator rapes on offense characteristics is under-researched despite beliefs that duos/dyads will differ in their interactions and dynamics to groups of 3+ members. We analyzed a national sample of 336 allegations of completed and attempted rape of female victims from the United Kingdom. Rapes committed by multiple (duos and groups of 3+ perpetrators) and lone offenders were compared on offense characteristics (incorporating the approach, maintenance and closure phases of each rape) and victim and offender socio-demographic characteristics. Significant differences between rapes committed by lone, duo and 3+ group offenders were found for the age and ethnicity of the offenders; the type of approach used; the locations of the initial contact, assault and release of the victims; the use of a vehicle; the precautions utilized; the verbal themes present; and the sex acts performed. These results have implications for educational prevention programs and interventions with offenders.
Higher dietary diversity scores and protein-rich food consumption Higher dietary diversity scores and protein-rich food consumption were associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality in the oldest were associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality in the oldest old old

Correspondence to: Xiaoming Shi, Ph.D.; National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; #7 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100021, China; shixm@chinacdc.cn; Telephone: (+86) 1050930101; Fax: (+86) 1058900247.
University of Birmingham Adrenaline release evokes hyperpnoea and an increase in ventilatory CO2 sensitivity during hypoglycaemia: a role for the carotid body

Adrenaline release evokes hyperpnoea and an increase in ventilatory CO 2 sensitivity during hypoglycaemia: a role for the carotid body Abstract Hypoglycaemia in vivo induces a counter-regulatory response that involves the release of hormones to restore blood glucose levels. Concomitantly, hypoglycaemia evokes a carotid body mediated hyperpnoea that maintains arterial CO 2 levels and prevents respiratory acidosis in the face of increased metabolism. It is unclear whether the carotid body is directly stimulated by low glucose or by a counter-regulatory hormone such as adrenaline. Minute ventilation was recorded during infusion of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia (8-17 mIU kg -1 min -1 ) in Alfaxan-anaesthetized male Wistar rats. Hypoglycaemia significantly augmented minute ventilation (123±4 to 143±7 ml min -1 ) and CO 2 sensitivity (3.3±0.3 to 4.4±0.4 ml min -1 mmHg -1 ). These effects were abolished by either β-adrenoreceptor blockade with propranolol or adrenalectomy. In this hypermetabolic, hypoglycaemic state, propranolol stimulated a rise in P a CO 2 , suggestive of a ventilation-metabolism mismatch. Infusion of adrenaline (1µg kg -1 min 1 ) increased minute ventilation (136±4 to 161±5 ml min -1 ) without altering P a CO 2 or pH and enhanced ventilatory CO 2 sensitivity (3.4±0.4 to 5.1±0.8 ml min -1 mmHg -1 ). These effects were attenuated by either resection of the carotid sinus nerve or propranolol. Physiological concentrations of adrenaline increased the CO 2 sensitivity of freshly dissociated carotid body type I cells in vitro . These findings suggest that adrenaline release can account for the ventilatory hyperpnoea observed during hypoglycaemia by an augmented carotid body and whole body ventilatory CO 2 sensitivity.
Signals of anthropogenic influence on European warming as seen in the trend patterns of daily temperature variance

Signals of anthropogenic warming over Europe are searched for in the spatial trend patterns for the variance and skewness (expressed by the 10th and 90th percentiles) of the distribution of daily mean temperature. Comparisons are made between these patterns in the station records of the European Climate Assessment dataset for the 1976–99 period, the patterns associated with natural variability in the observations (which were empirically derived from the observations in the 1946–75 period), and the patterns of future warming and natural variability as simulated by the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model in the Challenge ensemble experiment.
Thermal stress reduces pocilloporid coral resilience to ocean acidification by impairing control over calcifying fluid chemistry

Thermal stress reduces pocilloporid coral resilience to ocean acidification by impairing control over calcifying fluid chemistry. The combination of thermal stress and ocean acidification (OA) can more negatively affect coral calcification than an individual stressors, but the mechanism behind this interaction is unknown. We used two independent methods (microelectrode and boron geochemistry) to measure calcifying fluid pH (pHcf) and carbonate chemistry of the corals Pocillopora damicornis and Stylophora pistillata grown under various temperature and pCO2 conditions. Although these approaches demonstrate that they record pHcf over different time scales, they reveal that both species can cope with OA under optimal temperatures (28°C) by elevating pHcf and aragonite saturation state (Ωcf) in support of calcification. At 31°C, neither species elevated these parameters as they did at 28°C and, likewise, could not maintain substantially positive calcification rates under any pH treatment. These results reveal a previously uncharacterized influence of temperature on coral pHcf regulation—the apparent mechanism behind the negative interaction between thermal stress and OA on coral calcification.
Evolution of the morphology and microphysics of contrail cirrus from airborne remote sensing

Contrail cirrus were observed by airborne lidar and multispectral infrared remote sensing. Results of microphysical analysis were obtained for two cases of persistent contrail cirrus which form in the same area but of differing maturity. The cross section area of the older contrail was 18 times greater than the newer case. In both cases the inferred number of particles per distance along the flight track dimension of contrails was nearly similar, close to 26 ×1011/m. The average liquid water concentration of the two cases was similar, but the amount of water per distance along the flight line dimension was much greater for the older contrail, 34 g/cm and 680 g/cm. In both cases the amount of liquid water in the contrail was much greater than the amount generated by the aircraft which produced the contrail. These results are consistent with a model of contrail evolution where the effect of the jet exhaust is to generate a dense concentration of small ice particles. Mixing then maintains the total number of particles, and particles grow to the extent of the available vapor in the ambient air.
HIGHLIGHTING THE HISTORY OF FRENCH RADIO ASTRONOMY. 3: THE WÜRZBURG ANTENNAS AT MARCOUSSIS, MEUDON AND NANÇAY

During the 1940s and 1950s ex-World War II 7.5m WOrzburg radar antennas played a crucial role in the early development of radio astronomy in a number of European nations. One of these was France, where three different antennas began to be used during the late 1940s. Two of these were associated with the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris, and were in itially sited at Marcoussis, near Paris, before being transferred to the Nan9ay field station in 1957. The third WOrzburg antenna was used by staff from the Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, and was installed at Meudon Observatory on the outskirts of Paris. This paper describes the three antennas, lists the personnel involved. discusses the observations made, evaluates the significance of this research in a national and international context, and comments on their current whereabouts.
A Multi-Overloading-Factor Sparse Code Multiple Access Decoder for 5G Communications

This paper presents a multi-overloading-factor sparse code multiple access (SCMA) decoder IC for 5G massive machine-type communications. This design supports three different overloading factors. We applied the delayed update technique and an early-stop method to the message-passing algorithm (MPA) for better pipeline and decoding efficiency. Moreover, novel techniques, such as common term reuse, approximate distance, and sum/max circuit sharing, significantly reduce the circuit complexity and critical path delays. At 560MHz, the $40 \mathrm{~nm}$ decoder IC achieves $2.777 \mathrm{Gbps} / \mathrm{mm}^{2}$ area efficiency and $46.8 \mathrm{pJ} / \mathrm{b}$ energy with 152.7Mbps throughput. The decoder can achieve maximum energy efficiency of $28 \mathrm{pJ} / \mathrm{b}$ when working at $0.66 \mathrm{~V}$ Vdd and 360MHz clock rate.
Regional Information Correction Network for Polyp Segmentation

The malignant transformation of polyps is closely related to colorectal cancer. After malignant transformation, most polyps can be transformed into colorectal cancer. Therefore, accurate detection of polyps at an early stage or prior to colorectal cancer development is critical. However, clinically, the size of the polyp is variable, the margin between the polyp and the mucosa surrounding the large intestine is blurred, and several small polyps in close proximity may appear in the same image. These problems may lead to missed detection of polyps. To this end, a regional information correction network algorithm is proposed. Colonoscopy images of polyps are precisely segmented using multi-scale context information and feature rectification paired with foreground, background, and unsure area maps computed based on the distribution features of saliency feature map values. The suggested method is tested on EndoScene dataset, Kvasir-SEG dataset and CVC-ColonDB benchmark test dataset, and shows better performance than other advanced methods.
The detectability of water by NMR considering the instrumental dead time - a laboratory analysis of unconsolidated materials

The geophysical technique of magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) is directly sensitive to groundwater but a part of groundwater is not detected by MRS because of an instrumental dead time, during which the signal is not recorded. In order to estimate the influence of physical and hydrous properties of the porous media on the amount of water that cannot be detected because of this instrumental dead time, laboratory nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements on synthetic samples have been performed. The laboratory measurements allow recording the signal without dead time and offer the possibility of easily controlling physical properties and hydrous conditions of the media. The effect of a dead time similar to that of the common MRS instrumentation (NUMIS equipment) has been modelled on the signals and the amount of undetectable water has been estimated for different grain size distributions, different clay contents and different saturation degrees. Results show that the amount of the dead-time-related undetectable water is controlled by the distribution of the decay time T2. Both the average and the uniformity of T2 influence the percentage of undetectable water. Variations of median grain size, sorting of grains, clay content and/or saturation degree cause variations in decay time distributions. Less water is missed when median T2 is long and/or when the distribution of T2 is narrow. Generally the fraction of undetectable water decreases when enlarging or better sorting the grains, when decreasing the clay content, as well as when increasing the saturation degree. However, a median grain size lower than 0.2 mm or clay contents higher than 20% may also lead to decreasing fractions of undetectable water in comparison to respectively higher median grain size and lower clay contents because of the narrowing of the decay time distribution.