Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF TWO-TIER QUESTION SCORING METHODS: A CASE STUDY ON THE LAWSON’S CLASSROOM TEST OF SCIENTIFIC REASONING

In science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education, scientific reasoning has gained increasing attention recently from science educators and researchers. In general, the scope of scientific reasoning encompasses various thinking and reasoning skills involved in inquiry, experimentation, evidence evaluation, inference, and argumentation that support the formation and modification of concepts and theories about the natural and social world (Zimmerman, 2007). It plays a crucial role in the development of students’ creative thinking and problem -solving skills, which are necessary when managing real-world situations in professions beyond the classroom (iSTAR Assessment, 2010; Zhou et al., 2016). In K-12 education, it has been reported that effort in improving scientific reasoning skills has a profound impact on students’ academic performance (Adey & Shayer, 1990), and a positive correlation has been reported between students’ scientific reasoning abilities and course achievement (Coletta & Phillips, 2005). Furthermore, it has been shown that the level of students’ scientific reasoning skills is a better indicator of their success in biology learning, comparing with their prior knowledge (Johnson & Lawson, 1998). These results prompt the need for students to develop a strong set of scientific reasoning skills, alongside a solid foundation of content knowledge. A number of studies have been conducted to determine the mechanism of acquiring scientific reasoning skills, as well as effective teaching strategies that aid students in learning, retaining, and transferring these skills (Dunbar & Klahr, 2012; Joep, et al., 2019). In a review on scientific reasoning, Zimmerman claimed that investigation skills can interact with science knowledge to create a relationship that promotes scientific reasoning development (Zimmerman, 2007). It has also been reported that scientific reasoning requires a complex set of cognitive skills, the development of which follows a prolonged path, and students’ performance varies as they progress along this path (Zimmerman, 2007). Shao-Na Zhou South China Normal University, China Qiao-Yi Liu The Ohio State University, USA Kathleen Koenig University of Cincinnati, USA Qiu-ye Li-Yang Xiao South China Normal University, China Lei Bao The Ohio State University, USA Abstract: The Lawson’s Classroom Test of
Profitability Condition With Stylized Fact of Banking Industries in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand

The survival of banking industries are determined by many factor including profitability earn during the years. Therefore, this study investigates factors affecting profitability of banks in ASEAN. This study uses 10 banks with the largest assets in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand with sample studies of 30 banks in ASEAN with 10 years of operationalization duration. Return on assets (ROA) is the dependent variable and the independent variables used are non-performing loans (NPL), capital adequacy ratios (CAR), total assets (Size), loan-to-deposit ratio (LDR), domestic product growth gross (GDP growth), inflation, interest rates and exchange rates. Data is processed using panel data regression with the Cochrance Orcutt method on the basis of the Common and Fixed Effect Model with the combination of stylized facts among each countries. The final results of this study are varied among countries. In Indonesia only NPLs have a significant significance of ROA, which is a significant negative. In Malaysia, only the exchange rate is significant to ROA, which is a significant negative. In Thailand, only NPI has a significant effect on ROA, which is a significant negative. Overall in Southeast Asia, only NPLs, interest rates and exchange rates significantly affect ROA, which is a significant negative. In other independent variables, it does not have a significant effect on ROA.
Evaluation of IL-5 concentration level in Irritable Bowel Syndrome patients that suffering from Blastocystis infection in Al-Najaf Province

Objective: The current research aimed to evaluate the concentration level of IL-5 in irritable bowel syndrome patients infected with Blastocystis infection Methods: Stool samples were collected from 156 of respondents(78 patients were diagnosed clinically by physician suffering from IBS and 78 control apparently healthy individuals without any history of disease) attended to three Hospitals in Al-Najaf Province of Iraq from August, to December 2019. Data was collected using self-administrated questionnaire. The whole questionnaire has five sections which included age, sex , family income, living area and occupation.Fecal specimens were collected and each sample divided into three parts, the first for microscopic examination and second for culture and thrid part were quickly frozen for Immunological evaluation of IL-3 by Sandwich ELISA , shipped on dry ice and kept at–20 oCprior to analysis. Results: the Blastocystis was significantly predominant (P>0.001) parasite associated with IBS which constituted (46.2%). The results of culture were higher than light microscopic examination (48.7%). European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 07, Issue 02, 2020 3810 Individuals with blastocystis infection were found to have positive association with IBS (OR: 73.150 , 95% CI: 9.684-552.531 ). Evaluation of immune status among IBS patients infected with Blastocystis through measuring IL-5 by SandwichELISA, were significantly elevated in the IBS Blasto group (p<0.05) compared to control.
In search of keeping good teachers: Mediators of teacher commitment to the profession

To better understand teacher retention, the thrust of the study was to examine the relationships among principal support, teacher efficacy, collective efficacy and practicing teachers’ commitment to the profession. This study was designed to test the mediating role of teacher and collective efficacy beliefs on teacher commitment to the profession in three models. Data come from 260 participants, aged 20-69, who completed three questionnaires through which a predictive and mediation model of teacher commitment was tested. Teacher efficacy and collective efficacy beliefs were hypothesized to mediate the relations between the principal support and teachers’ commitment to teaching profession. Mediation regression modeling was used to test and validate three mediation models across a sample of K-12 teachers. Teacher collective efficacy beliefs were found to be partially mediated the relationship between principal support and teacher commitment to teaching profession whereas general teacher efficacy and personal teacher efficacy did not mediate the relationship between principal support and teachers’ commitment to the profession of teaching. The measures in this study can be used to guide professional development and measure how successful attempts are to increase teacher commitment.
Sources of State Revenue and State Effectiveness: The Nigerian Experience

Ineffectiveness of states has been linked to poor fiscal-social contract between states and her citizens which is a consequence of how states raise her revenues. Hence, this paper examines the relative impacts of earned and unearned revenues on different measures of state effectiveness in terms of provision of basic public goods and development of economic and political institutions in Nigeria over the period 1996 to 2018, using Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) estimation technique. The paper found that, on one hand, an increase in earned revenue instigates improvement in provision of health care, while increase in unearned revenue had no significant impact on provision of health. On the other hand, a one-percent (1%) increase in earned revenue had a greater impact on educational enrollment than a 1% increase in unearned revenue. Increase in earned revenue increases state effectiveness while increase in unearned revenue reduces state effectiveness. The paper concludes that, the effectiveness of Nigerian government in provision of basic public goods and development of strong economic and political institutions might improve if government increases their financial resources through taxes than increase in oil revenue.
OLIVE OIL ON NIPPLE TRAUMA AMONG LACTATING MOTHERS

Nipple trauma is among the challenges that a lactating mother may face during early postpartum period. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of olive oil on nipple trauma among lactating mothers. A quasi-experimental study design was carried out at three private obstetric centers in Menyat El-Nasr City in Dakahlia governorate from January, 2017 to July, 2017. A purposive sample technique of 116 lactating mothers suffering from nipple trauma at their early puerperal period were chosen according to the inclusion criteria and assigned randomly into two equal groups of 58 lactating mothers; group one was the study group who rubbed olive oil on nipple after each feeding; group two was the control group who received routine pharmacological management for nipple trauma according to physician prescription. Two tools were used to collect the data; Structured Interview Schedule, and Nipple Trauma Score. Results of the present study showed that, majority of lactating mothers who used olive oil had faster recovery of nipple trauma post intervention more than control group with statistical significant differences. Conclusion: Olive oil is a safe natural method that can be used to treat nipple trauma among lactating mothers.
An Investigation of the Character Strengths and Resilience of Future Military Leaders

The importance of a soldier’s character, relative to their brawn, has been emphasized since the dawn of North American military. While many have emphasized the importance and relevance of a soldier’s character, a widely accepted definition of character has not been clearly established. The US Army has defined character as “an individual’s moral and ethical qualities.who a person is, what a person believes, how a person acts. ” [2]. Within the academic literature, character can be thought of as, “those impenetrable and habitual qualities within individuals, and applicable to organizations that both constrain and lead them to desire and pursue personal and societal good” [3]. Character has a driving influence on many aspects of one’s life, influencing the decisions that a person makes, their behavior, and their reputation. Therefore, in order to better understand a military member’s behaviour and decisions, it is important to consider important and defining details of character, particularly the strengths that characterize them. In 2004, Peterson and Seligman sought to identify ubiquitous character strengths, or positive traits that individuals possess, that enable growth, flourishing and moral excellence [4]. Characteristics must meet a number of criteria: contribute to a fulfilling life, morally valued, have undesirable opposites, trait-like, and have institutions or rituals dedicated to their celebration. In addition the virtues and character strengths must explain not only an individual’s values, beliefs and thoughts, but also their motivations and behaviours. As a result, 24 character strengths were identified, grouped into six larger virtues, and deemed ubiquitous or cross-culturally recognized and valued. These strengths are assumed to be continuous, with each individual possessing these strengths to varying degrees. However, each of us has a more limited set of core ‘signature strengths’ which are thought to most strongly motivate and guide our behaviour. Research on Peterson and Seligman’s character strengths classification system has flourished over the past 15 years [5]. While several military doctrines emphasize the importance of character for successful military leadership (e.g., United States, New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, and Canada), there is limited empirical research evaluating character strengths
Fractionation of Organosolv Lignin Using Acetone:Water and Properties of the Obtained Fractions

Lignin fractions with different molecular weight were prepared using a simple and almost green method from switchgrass and pine organosolv lignin. Different proportions of acetone in water, ranging from 30 to 60%, were used for lignin fractionation. A higher concentration of acetone dissolved higher molecular weight fractions of the lignin. Fractionated organosolv lignin showed different molecular weight and functional groups. Higher molecular weight fractions exhibited more aliphatic and less phenolic OH than lower molecular weight fractions. Lower molecular weight fractions lead to more homogeneous structure compared to samples with a higher molecular weight. All fractions showed strong antioxidant activity.
The use of crossword puzzles as an educational tool

Introduction: Instruction in teacher-centered formats may lead to early learning fatigue, which in turn, decelerates students’ knowledge retrieval. Presently, teachers try to increase students' participation and their active attention to course content by incorporating effective, applicable, low-cost, and enjoyable teaching apparatuses. Methods: The participants of this quasi-experimental study were the students of speech therapy in 4th semester (n=83) at Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. They were simple-randomly divided into two groups of experimental (who received the crossword puzzle accompanied by lecture or the hybrid method as Group A) and control (who received the traditional method as Group B). The students' knowledge level and students' satisfaction with their received instruction methods were assessed as outcome measures throughout the experiment for both groups. The test score of students' initial knowledge of the concepts in Speech Therapy, the score from the semester final exam of the courses in forms of multiple choice questions, and the retained learning score were calculated as the pre-test, post-test and a follow-up measurement, respectively. Independent-samples T-test for comparative analyses of students' satisfaction between the pre-test and post-test, and multivariate repeated measures ANOVA test were used to analyze the students' knowledge level at three time-points (before, immediately after, and one month after the trainings). The data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 18.0 software, and at the level of statistical significance of P≤0.05. Results: Both educational methods significantly improved the students' knowledge level after the trainings (P=0.030); however, the mean score of knowledge and learning of Group A (mean=17.14) were significantly higher than that of Group B (mean=16.02) immediately after (P=0.036) and one month after the trainings (mean=18.26 vs. 16.10) (P=0.001). The mean score of students' satisfaction in Group A was also significantly higher than that in Group B (P=0.010). Conclusion: Utilizing the crossword puzzle as an enjoyable and participatory teaching tool accompanied by lecture could improve management quality in Speech Therapy sessions.
NEGATIVE CORONA CURRENT PULSES IN ARGON AND IN MIXTURE ARGON WITH SF6 1

Waveforms of the first negative current pulses in a short negative point-to plane gap in pure argon and argon with SF6 admixture have been investigated with a nanosecond time resolution at a gas pressure 50 kPa as a function of applied gap voltage and content of SF6 in the mixture. We have made an attempt to explain the differences in the discharge development in pure argon and in argon with admixture of SF6 based on the observed changes of the pulse shape. The experimental results obtained will be discussed in context with existing computer simulation models.
Growing differently? Financial cycles, austerity, and competitiveness in growth models since the Global Financial Crisis

Abstract The paper contributes to the recent growth models debate through a cross-country analysis of growth drivers before and after the 2008 Global Financial Crisis (GFC). It argues that the widely used dichotomy of export-led versus (debt-financed) consumption-led growth has lost its usefulness since the GFC. Specifically, identifying growth models through growth contributions can give misleading results when the drivers of economic growth change. The paper contends that Comparative Political Economy (CPE) has neglected the unstable nature of financial growth drivers, effectively ignores fiscal policy, and overemphasizes price competitiveness as a growth driver. It shows empirically that, first, debt-financed growth is cyclical and financial booms come with busts and debt overhang; second, post-GFC growth dynamics are strongly shaped by the fiscal policy reaction; third, price competitiveness through wage deflation has played a negligible role in driving growth. We conclude that CPE needs to broaden its analysis of growth drivers in order to understand how the GFC transformed growth models.
The role of ubiquitin–proteasome-dependent proteolysis in the remodelling of skeletal muscle

In skeletal muscle, as in any mammalian tissue, protein levels are dictated by relative rates of protein synthesis and breakdown. Recent studies have shown that the ubiquitin–proteasome-dependent proteolytic pathway is mainly responsible for the breakdown of myofibrillar proteins. In this pathway proteins that are to be degraded are first tagged with a polyubiquitin degradation signal. Ubiquitination is performed by the ubiquitin-activating enzyme, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and ubiquitin–protein ligases, which are responsible for the recognition of specific substrates. Polyubiquitinated protein substrates are then specifically recognised and degraded by the 26S proteasome. The present review focuses on: (1) the mechanisms of ubiquitination–deubiquitination that make the system highly selective; (2) the mechanisms of proteolysis in skeletal muscle. In particular, the role of the system in the remodelling of skeletal muscle during exercise and disuse and in recovery or regeneration that prevails during post-atrophic conditions is reviewed.
Genes, folate and homocysteine in embryonic development

Population-based studies of human pregnancies show that periconceptional folate supplementation has a significant protective effect for embryos during early development, resulting in a significant reduction in developmental defects of the face, the neural tube, and the cono-truncal region of the heart. These results have been supported by experiments with animal models. An obvious quality held in common by these three anatomical regions is that the normal development of each region depends on a set of multi-potent cells that originate in the mid-dorsal region of the neural epithelium. However, the reason for the sensitive dependence of these particular cells on folic acid for normal development has not been obvious, and there is no consensus about the biological basis of the dramatic rescue with periconceptional folate supplementation. There are two principal hypotheses for the impact of folate insufficiency on development; each of these hypotheses has a micronutrient component and a genetic component. In the first hypothesis the effect of low folate is direct, limiting the availability of folic acid to cells within the embryo itself; thus compromising normal function and limiting proliferation. The second hypothetical effect is indirect: low folate disrupts methionine metabolism; homocysteine increases in the maternal serum; homocysteine induces abnormal development by inhibiting the function of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the neural epithelium. There are three general families of genes whose level of expression may need to be considered in the context of these two related hypotheses: folate-receptor genes; genes that regulate methionine– homocysteine metabolism; NMDA-receptor genes.
Multiphase Flow in Permeable Media: A Pore-Scale Perspective

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