Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A high-spectral resolution study of the near-infrared solar flux disposition in clear and overcast atmospheres

The sensitivity of the near-infrared spectral atmospheric and surface fluxes to the vertical location of clouds is investigated, including a study of factors (drop-size distribution, drop optical depth, solar zenith angle, cloud geometrical thickness, atmospheric profiles) which govern this dependence. Because of the effects of the above cloud, in-cloud and below-cloud water vapor the atmospheric absorbed flux in each spectral band depends critically on the cloud location, with a high cloud resulting in lesser absorption and greater reflection than a low one having the same drop optical depth. The difference between a high and a low cloud forcing of atmospheric absorption increases with drop optical depth. For any optical depth, clouds with larger drops cause a greater forcing of the spectral atmospheric absorption than those with smaller ones, so high clouds can even cause an increase rather than a decrease of the atmospheric absorption relative to clear skies. In contrast, the spectral and total surface fluxes are relatively insensitive to cloud vertical location. Instead, they are determined by the drop characteristics, notably drop optical depth. This near-invariance characteristic is attributable to the fact that most of the insolation reaching the surface is in the weak water vapor spectral absorption regions; here drops dominate the radiative interactions and thus there is little dependence on cloud height. In addition, the overlap of the drop spectral features with the moderate-to-strong vapor absorption bands ensures that insolation in these regimes fails to reach the surface no matter where the cloud is located; instead, these bands contribute the most to atmospheric absorption. The near-invariant behavior of the spectral and total surface flux holds separately for a wide variety of conditions studied. As a consequence, the difference in reflection, between two columns containing clouds with the same optical depth but located at different altitudes, is approximately balanced in magnitude by the difference in the atmospheric absorption; this holds for every spectral interval whether it be a weak, moderate, or strong vapor/drop absorption band. It also follows that the net fluxes at the top and surface of overcast atmospheres do not have a general, unambiguous relationship; this is in sharp contrast to a linear relation between them in clear skies. However, under certain overcast conditions (e.g., specific vertical location of clouds and solar zenith angle), a simple linear relationship is plausible.
Hydraulics of High-Gradient Streams

Onsite surveys and 75 measurements of discharge were made on 21 high-gradient streams (slopes greater than 0.002) for the purpose of computing the Manning roughness coefficient, n, and to provide data on the hydraulics of these streams. These data show that: (1) n varies inversely with depth, (2) n varies directly with slope, and (3) streams thought to be in the super-critical flow range were actually in the subcritical range. A simple and objective method was employed to develop an equation for predicting the n of high-gradient streams by using multiple-regression techniques and measurements of the slope and hydraulic radius. The average standard error of estimate of this prediction equation was 28% when tested with Colorado data. The equation was verified using other data available for high-gradient streams. Regime-flow equations for velocity and discharge also were developed.
Characteristics of soil respiration in Pinus densiflora stand undergoing secondary succession by fire-induced forest disturbance

Abstract The purpose of this study is to compare soil CO 2 efflux between burned and unburned sites dominated by Pinus densi-flora forest in the Samcheok area where a big forest fire broke out along the east coast in 2000 and to measure soil CO 2 ef-flux and environmental factors between March 2011 and February 2012. Soil CO 2 efflux was measured with LI-6400 once a month; the soil temperature at 10 cm depth, air temperature, and soil moisture contents were measured in continuum. Soil CO 2 efflux showed the maximum value in August 2011 as 417.8 mg CO 2 m -2 h -1 (at burned site) and 1175.1 mg CO 2 m -2 h -1 (at unburned site), while it showed the minimum value as 41.4 mg CO 2 m -2 h -1 (at burned site) in December 2011 and 42.7 mg CO 2 m -2 h -1 (at unburned site) in February 2012. The result showed the high correlation between soil CO 2 efflux and the seasonal changes in temperature. More specifically, soil temperature showed higher correlation with soil CO 2 ef-flux in the burned site (
Shipboard paleomagnetic age estimates for an acoustic basement emplacement in Marion Plateau, off northeast Australia

Ocean Drilling Program Leg 194 was carried out in the Marion Plateau, located to the northeast of Australia. Drilling penetrated few metres of altered olivine basalt flows, underlying the sediments. Shipboard paleomagnetic investigations on these basalts resulted in well-defined paleomagnetic directions. The directions from the archive-half long-core measurements at hole 1193C between 540.97 and 543.97 m below seafloor, together with the archive-half long-core and discrete measurements from the working-half of hole 1198B between 513.85 and 517.25 m below seafloor, yielded an overall mean inclination value of 52.7° (α 95 = 4.0°, K = 537, n = 129, N = 4). These give the paleolatitude of the Marion Plateau to be 33.3°S with upper and lower 95% confidence limit 37.3°S and 29.6°S, respectively. Comparison of the corresponding paleo-colatitude result with the Australian apparent polar wander path indicates a possible emplacement time for the basalt of either 130–110 Ma or 190–165 Ma. The latter result is in better agreement with the available 40Ar/39Ar age of 162 ± 0.9 Ma reported for the basalt.
Organocatalytic upgrading of biomass-derived furaldehydes: An emerging chemical technology for biorefineries

Abstract Identifying novel and highly efficient catalytic processes for biomass to commercially important products is crucial to find economically friendly options for biorefineries. Despite decades of efforts, several chemical biomass-to-useful product conversion processes still lack the potential to overcome economic barriers. Organocatalysis is one of the most suitable options for biorefineries considering the natural presence of many powerful and variety of organocatalysts, lower toxicity associated with organocatalysts and an easy tuning of the organocatalytic activity through chemical modifications. Using selected examples of organocatalytic conversion of furaldehydes, this article reviews the organocatalysts and organocatalytic processes that can be used at biorefineries to improve the economic feasibility and sustainability of the production of value-added products from renewable biomass. This review provides new insights and directions toward the development of practically efficient, accessible, and economically viable conversion technologies. Graphical abstract
Trans Obturator Tape (TOT) Procedure in cases of Stress Urinary Incontinence: Patients' Satisfaction and Cure Rates (Retrospective Analysis)

Background: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is the involuntary escape of urine on exertion or physical effort, including sports activities, or on coughing or sneezing, affecting the women's health-related quality of life, either the psychological well-being or physical activity. Aim of the Work: To assess the rates of cure, complications, and patient's satisfaction after doing a Trans-obturator tape (TOT) procedure in patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Patients and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at at the Urogynecology Department, Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital from June 2022 till January 2023 and performed on a total of 79 women who underwent trans-obturator tape (TOT) procedure for treatment of female urinary incontinence in the last four years in urogynecology department. Results: As regards Follow-up postoperatively, our study results revealed that cure rate and satisfaction rate were 55.7% and leak and Unsatisfaction were reported in 44.3% of cases and the cases with urine leak and more frequent hypertension, pelvic prolapse and urinary positive culture as well as longer hospital stay. In addition, total ICIQ-SF scores and IIQ-7 were 0 in all patients after the surgery while before the surgery, the ICIQ-SF scores and IIQ-7 were missed which is the disadvantage the retrospective study design of the current study. Conclusion: Our study showed that the TOT procedure is effective in the treatment of pure SI and Mixed incontinence with high success rates, high patient satisfaction and the least complications.
The shallow magmatic system of Kilauea Volcano

The shallow magmatic system of Kilauea Volcano currently consists of two distinct summit magma reservoirs, a vent at Pu'u 'O'o, and a conduit connecting that vent to the shallower of the two summit reservoirs. Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements and leveling surveys record long-term subsidence over a magma reservoir near the southeast border of the summit caldera, centered no deeper than about 3.5 km below ground level (2.5 km below sea level). The yearly volume loss from this source is, at most, 2.5 million m 3 , approximately 2 percent of the annual eruption output from Pu'u 'O'o. Electronic borehole tiltmeters image another, much shallower magma reservoir about 0.5 km east of Halemaumau at a depth of 500 to 700 m above sea level (500 to 700 m below ground level). The deformation from this shallow reservoir is episodic and short-lived, each event persisting for only a few days. Four of these deformation events, which occurred from 2000 to 2002, are highly self-similar and appear to reflect a brief interruption of magma supply. We conclude, from the style of deformation and from the timing of seismicity during these events, that the conduit from the summit to Pu'u 'O'o leaves from the shallower reservoir. From there it runs horizontally along the rift zone until it intersects the surface topography at Pu'u 'O'o. We estimate the radius of this cylindrical conduit at about 2.75 m.
A Certain Class of Equi-Statistical Convergence in the Sense of the Deferred Power-Series Method

In this paper, we expose the ideas of point-wise statistical convergence, equi-statistical convergence and uniform statistical convergence in the sense of the deferred power-series method. We then propose a relation connecting them, which is followed by several illustrative examples. Moreover, as an application viewpoint, we establish an approximation theorem based upon our proposed method for equi-statistical convergence of sequences of positive linear operators. Finally, we estimate the equi-statistical rates of convergence for the effectiveness of the results presented in our study.
Stress estimates for South American shallow and deep earthquakes

Amplitude spectra of long-period mantle and body waves were used to obtain seismic moments for 37 earthquakes associated with the South American trench system. Corresponding seismic energies were estimated from the spectral densities of short-period P waves and also from the Gutenberg energy-magnitude relation. The apparent average stress (efficiency times average stress) in the source region was obtained from the ratio of energy to moment. The apparent average stress is a lower bound for the actual average stress. Near the surface a mean value for the apparent average stress is 18 bars. The mean value for depths between 45 and 150 km is 270 bars. Around 600 km depth the mean value is very similar to that at the surface, 21 bars. Differences in apparent average stress most likely reflect differences in strength of the material in the source region. The pattern of strength versus depth can be explained by ocean floor consumption. As lithospheric material plunges underneath oceanic trenches, it reaches higher pressures but is heated very slowly and thus will have relatively high strength until the temperature rises enough to weaken it. Comparison of the apparent average stress with estimates of the stress drop indicates an upper bound of about 0.1 for the seismic efficiency of deep and intermediate earthquakes.
Immunosenescence and multiple sclerosis: inflammaging for prognosis and therapeutic consideration

Aging is associated with a progressive decline of innate and adaptive immune responses, called immunosenescence. This phenomenon links to different multiple sclerosis (MS) disease courses among different age groups. While clinical relapse and active demyelination are mainly related to the altered adaptive immunity, including invasion of T- and B-lymphocytes, impairment of innate immune cell (e.g., microglia, astrocyte) function is the main contributor to disability progression and neurodegeneration. Most patients with MS manifest the relapsing-remitting phenotype at a younger age, while progressive phenotypes are mainly seen in older patients. Current disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) primarily targeting adaptive immunity are less efficacious in older patients, suggesting that immunosenescence plays a role in treatment response. This review summarizes the recent immune mechanistic studies regarding immunosenescence in patients with MS and discusses the clinical implications of these findings.
Dispersion mechanisms and the effect of parameter uncertainty on hydrologic response in urban catchments

The link between river network structure and hydrologic response for natural watersheds has been the subject of ongoing research for the past 30 years. In this paper we investigate the link between sewer network structure and hydrologic response in urban catchments. It has been shown in natural watersheds that there are dispersion mechanisms that contribute to the impulse response function of the catchment: hydrodynamic dispersion, geomorphologic dispersion, and hydrodynamic dispersion. We introduce a fourth dispersion mechanism, intrastate dispersion, which accounts for the variance in conduit (e.g., slope, length, diameter, etc.) and overland region input parameters (e.g., slope, area, imperviousness, etc.) within an order. This dispersion mechanism is found to be the second largest contributor to the total dispersion in the urban catchments analyzed, contributing less than hydrodynamic dispersion but more than kinematic and geomorphologic dispersion. This is primarily a result of the shorter network travel times observed in urban catchment. The dispersion mechanisms are incorporated in the Illinois Urban Hydrologic Model, which is a recently developed probabilistic approach for predicting the hydrologic response in highly urbanized catchments. Furthermore, an analysis is performed to help better understand the uncertainty in the predicted hydrologic response that is introduced by spatial variation in conduit and overland input parameters. It is identified that conduit slope and length are the greatest sources of uncertainty in the predicted direct runoff hydrograph for the CDS‐51 catchment in the village of Dolton, Illinois, and the CDS‐36 catchment in the city of Chicago, Illinois.
Multiscalar model for the determination of spatially explicit riparian vegetation roughness

Improved understanding of the connection between riparian vegetation and channel change requires evaluating how fine‐scale interactions among stems, water, and sediment affect larger scale flow and sediment transport fields. We propose a spatially explicit model that resolves patch‐scale (submeter) patterns of hydraulic roughness over the reach scale caused by stands of shrubby riparian vegetation. We worked in tamarisk‐dominated stands on the Yampa and Green Rivers in Dinosaur National Monument, northwestern Colorado, USA, where questions remain regarding the role of vegetation in inducing or exacerbating documented channel changes. Hydraulic roughness patterns were derived from patch‐scale measurements made with detailed terrestrial laser scan (TLS) data that were extrapolated to reach scales based on correlation with light detection and ranging (LiDAR) (ALS) data. Two‐dimensional, patch‐scale, hydraulic models were used to parameterize the stage dependence of hydraulic roughness of typical patch types (i.e., sparse, moderate, and dense patches). We illustrate the value of using this approach to characterize vegetation roughness by applying our results to a two‐dimensional hydraulic model of flow for one of our study sites. Results from this work predict that the roughness of vegetated floodplains increases with flow depth and is dependent on patch‐scale stem organization. Geomorphically relevant patterns (i.e., areas of low or high shear stress that are likely to scour or fill during high flows) become apparent with the detail introduced by spatially explicit, depth‐dependent roughness. To our knowledge, the multiscalar analysis presented here is the first to mechanistically account for shrubby riparian vegetation stand structure, and associated hydraulic roughness of vegetation patches, at the reach scale.
Studies on the physico-chemical characteristic and nutrients in the Kottakudi Estuary of Thirupulani, Ramanathapuram - District, South East Coast of India.

The present study was carried out to determine the physico-chemical characteristics and nutrients in two stations in Kottakudi Estuary, Thirupulani, Ramanathapuram, Southeast coast of India during January to December 2009. Various parameters have been studied: surface water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate, silicate. Concerning the salinity, the maximum value has been recorded in the station 2 when compared to station 1 and this is due to salt pane discharge and evaporation also. The minimum and maximum values of pH and dissolved oxygen (mg L) were: 7.4-8.2 and 4.8-5.4, respectively. The nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicate and ammonia were found to be higher in the station 2 than in station 1. It has been observed from the present study that the higher values are observed in station 2 than station 1 may be due to the industrial effluents mixing up with estuary.
Growth Faults in Carboniferous of Western Ireland

In County Clare, western Ireland, the Namurian consists of a sandstone-shale sequence made up of repeated coarsening-upward, deltaic cyclothems, each 200 to 400 ft (60 to 120 m) thick. Sedimentologic details of these cyclothems indicate that they were deposited in deltas of high load input but low wave and littoral-drift influence; the ancient sequences are comparable to those of the modern Mississippi delta. Syndepositional disturbances are an essential part of the cyclothems: the controlling and dominant feature is that of growth faults. These are scoop-shaped normal faults, that dip down current, and have a steep upper surface which passes downward into a flat shear plane. The insides of the scoops are filled almost entirely by overthickened sequences of distributary-mouth sandstones. It is suggested that the growth faults of County Clare simply indicate the release of gravity forces inherent in a sediment column with an inverted density profile (sands over lighter, more mobile clays) like that in front of a prograding distributary. Release of the gravity forces by faulting allowed the entire delta mass to move downward and basinward, as an enormous "delta slip" abetted by continuous, rapid sedimentation. The presence of growth faults in the sequence is both typical and symptomatic of the type of progradation.
Response of Seafloor to Ocean Waves

Methods for estimating the stability of the ocean floor under wave loading and the determination of wave-induced pore-water pressures are critically reviewed. Two new computer programs for analyzing the effects of waves on the seafloor are described: (1) STAB-MAX for computing the transient pore-water pressures and effective stresses; and (2) STAB-W for computing residual pore-water pressures and estimating liquefaction potential. Predictions by STAB-MAX are verified by field measurements of transient wave-induced pore-water pressures. Ranges of validity of simple procedures for predicting transient pore-water pressures are established. Parametric studies are described which provide data on the pore-water pressure response of dense and loose sands over a wide range of anisotropic permeabilities.
Chloritoid-staurolite assemblages in central Perthshire

is full of unconformities whereas it is in fact only full of bedding planes each of which of course marks a break of sequence. True angular unconformities should persistently cut out major lithostratigraphic units over significant areas. We believe that, despite undoubted local inconsistencies and difficulties of interpretation, the five formations we have defined can indeed be mapped from available evidence over the greater part of the Craven Basin. We eagerly look forward to the refinements which will certainly materialise when the remapping by the I.G. S. of the bulk of the Basin is undertaken.
Benefit functions for instream water uses – a case of the Teesta River, Bangladesh

The functional relationship between benefit level and resource availability, which is demonstrated in a marginal benefit (MB) function but not in a total benefit (TB) function, is mostly absent in environmental valuation studies. This paper aims to establish the total and MB functions for instream water direct uses. Incomes of the beneficiaries considered as the water-use benefit and its seasonal variation within a year obtained from a semi-structured primary survey are used to establish a quadratic TB and subsequently a linear MB function. The Teesta River from Bangladesh is taken as a case study where capture fishery and small-scale navigation are the instream water direct uses on which many riparian poor rely for their livelihood. Despite several challenges including data paucity, the study carries importance to persuade instream flow provision and safeguard the livelihoods of the poor riparian communities in a developing country perspective.
Some aspects on biological treatment of bleached pulp effluents

The amount of organically bound chlorine (measured as TOCl or AOX) in bleached pulp effluents has to be reduced. Both high and low molecular mass chlorinated materials are expected to have detrimental effects on the environment. The reduction of AOX can be accomplished either by changing the cooking and bleaching processes or by external effluent treatment. In many cases a combination of both will probably be necessary. The article describes the most important methods presently used for external treatment of bleach plant effluents. They are in most cases designed to reduce BOD and are not very effective in reducing AOX. None of the biological methods currently used can degrade high molecular mass material. The possibility of using special fungi, able to attack the high molecular mass chlorinated lignins, is discussed. Anaerobic dechlorination is also mentioned. A combination of physical/chemical methods and biological treatment is proposed for the development of new purification processes. Ultrafiltration of the alkaline stage effluent is the preffered method for reducing the amount of high molecular mass AOX. Various kinds of biological treatment can be used in a combined process. Aerated lagoons with recirculation of biomass, activated sludge systems with low organic load, a fungal system and anaerobidaerobic bacterial treatments are suggested. A combined process with ultrafiltration and effective biological treatment is estimated to give at least 95% reduction of BOD and 70-90% reduction of COD and AOX.