Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prediction of pediatric dose of tirzepatide from the reference adult dose using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling

Tirzepatide is an emerging hypoglycemic agent that has been increasing used in adults, yet its pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior and dosing regimen in pediatric population remain unclear. This study aimed to employ the physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict changes of tirzepatide exposure in pediatric population and to provide recommendations for its dose adjustments. A PBPK model of tirzepatide in adults was developed and verified by comparing the simulated plasma exposure with the observed data using PK-Sim&MoBi software. This model was then extrapolated to three specific age subgroups, i.e., children (10–12 years), early adolescents (12–15 years), and adolescents (15–18 years). Each subgroup included healthy and obese population, respectively. All known age-related physiological changes were incorporated into the pediatric model. To identify an appropriate dosing regimen that yielded PK parameters which were comparable to those in adults, the PK parameters for each aforementioned subgroup were predicted at pediatric doses corresponding to 87.5%, 75%, 62.5%, and 50% of the adult reference dose. According to the results of simulation, dose adjustments of tirzepatide are necessary for the individuals aged 10–12 years, as well as those aged 12–15 years with healthy body weights. In conclusion, the adult PBPK model of tirzepatide was successfully developed and validated for the first time, and the extrapolated pediatric model could be used to predict pediatric dosing regimen of tirzepatide, which will provide invaluable references for the design of future clinical trials and its rational use in the pediatric population.
Gender Analysis and Approaches to Gender Responsive Extension to Promote Quality Protein Maize (QPM) in Ethiopia

Improved technologies are important in improving agricultural productivity and food security. The NuME project aims at improving food security among rural households through the dissemination of quality protein maize varieties. However, the project has yet conducted a gender analysis, which this paper tries to address. The analysis is conducted based on literature review, key informant interviews, focus group discussions and gender audit of the implementation partners conducted in two kebeles in Dore Bafana woreda of Sidama zone and one kebele in Bure woreda of West Gojjam zone. The study presents gender strategies to inform NuME project methodologies and means. Women were fouind to play a substantial role in household food and care production and income generation. However, they face sever constraints in terms of access to resources and services such as technological information and control over income with unfavorable implications to their participation and benefit from technology endeavours. The formal extension system is reduced to addressing female headed households. Farmer-to-farmer communication seems to be a useful tool in information dissemination in the study communities. Most women and many men in the sites are illiterate, which should be taken into account. Finally, the project collaborators lack gender personnel to carry out gender equality activities in relation to the technology. Extension staff needs training on integrating gender into their activities and collect gender disaggregated data at the intra-household level.
On the structure of sum-free sets, 2

— A finite set of positive integers is called sum-free if An (A +A) is empty, where A+A denotes the set of sums of pairs of non necessarily distinct elements from A. Improving upon a previous result by G.A. Freiman, a precise description of the structure of sum-free sets included in [1,M] with cardinality larger than 0AM — x for M > MQ(X) (where x is an arbitrary given number) is given.
Quantitative Comparative Sedimentology - Value Added for a Refined Interpretation

Key Findings • The quantitative interrogation of carbonates adds value to a description and facilitates an improved interpretation of the depositional environment. • Whether analyzing modern or fossil examples, the quantitative approach produces results and insight that can improve an understanding of subsurface examples, potentially lead to better correlations between wells, and facilitate better geological and geocellular models.
Effects of water salinity, saturation and clay content on the complex resistivity of sandstone samples

Abstract Complex resistivity measurements were made on sandstone samples in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 2 MHz. The main objective was to investigate the frequency response of complex resistivity and phase angle as a function of salinity, water saturation and clay content. The results showed the classical frequency dependence behaviour where the complex resistivity decreases with increasing frequency. The complex impedance behaviour in the intermediate frequency range (10–100 kHz) was used to relate the effect of frequency dispersion with interface polarization and, hence, pore geometry, specific surface area and permeability. Both water saturation and salinity were found to influence the gradient and the relaxation frequency of the complex resistivity versus frequency relationship. A variation in water saturation from full to partial saturation resulted in a dramatic increase in the gradient and a clear shift of the relaxation frequency. Both the saturation and salinity dependence can be attributed to the polarization of both the rock-fluid and fluid-fluid interfaces within the pore space, which depend on the geometry and physical characteristics of the interfacial layers. The results presented in this paper can have important applications in identifying low resistivity and low contrast pay zones.
Solid-State Fermentation with White Rot Fungi (Pleurotus Species) Improves the Chemical Composition of Highland Barley Straw as a Ruminant Feed and Enhances In Vitro Rumen Digestibility

Lignin degradation is important for enhancing the digestibility and improving the nutritive quality of ruminant feeds. White rot fungi are well known for their bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. The objective of this paper was to evaluate whether Lentinus sajor-caju, Pleurotus ostreatus, Phyllotopsis rhodophylla, Pleurotus djamor, Pleurotus eryngii, and Pleurotus citrinopileatus treatments altered the chemical compositions of highland barley straw constituents and enhanced their nutritional value as a ruminant feed. All white rot fungi significantly increased the relative crude protein (CP), ethyl ether extract (EE), starch, soluble protein (SP), and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) contents but decreased the ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and acid detergent insoluble protein (ADFIP) contents. In addition, L. sajor-caju treatment increased (p < 0.001) the levels of PA, PB2, PB3, CA, CB1, CB2, and CNSC, but reduced (p < 0.001) the PC and CC in the solid-state fermentation of highland barley straw. Maximum ligninlysis (50.19%) was optimally produced in the presence of 1.53% glucose and 2.29% urea at 22.72 ℃. The in vitro dry matter digestibility and total volatile fatty acid concentrations of fermented highland barley straw, as well as the fermentability, were optimized and improved with L. sajor-caju, which degraded the lignocellulose and improved the nutritional value of highland barley straw as a ruminant feed.
Ground Motion Models

The current state-of-the-art ground motion models for application to the United States is summarized. The recent NGA ground motion models for shallow crustal earthquakes are in much more advanced than the currently available models for subduction earthquakes and for stable continental regions. The models for the subduction and stable continental regions will likely change significantly in the next several years as major studies are being started to improve these models. There is a move to using the larger horizontal component as compared to the average horiontal component in US building codes to define the design ground motion. A key issue for all ground motion models is the standard deviation. In particular, the standard use of the ergodic assumption tends to overestimate the standard deviation by about 40%, but removing the ergodic assumption leads to increased complexity in the models for the median ground motion as increased epistemic uncertainty in the median for a specific source/site combination is needed. In the future, there will be a greater reliance of finite-fault numerical simulations to estimate the ground motion, but there is a large range of results from different models that needs to be resolved before the can be wide-spread application of these approaches.
Communication of Mandiri farming group in increasing the welfare of dry land farmers in Leosama Village, Belu Regency, Indonesia

This paper aims to describe and analyze the role of independent farmer groups in increasing the welfare of dry land farmers in Leosama Village, Belu Regency. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The resource persons in this research amounted to 15 people who were members of independent farmer groups. Sampling of this research by purposive sampling. The results showed that independent farmer groups in increasing the welfare of its members through close cooperation between them in increasing agricultural production, openness among its members and the existence of kinship ties strengthen the relationship between them. The existence of independent farmer groups plays a very important role in increasing the welfare of its members and overcoming problems together related to the production of agricultural products. From the research data it is recommended that the kinship between the members of the farmer group needs to be maintained so that the existence of the Independent farmer group continues to exist in Leosama Village
Assessment of quality of drinking water sources in the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo state, Nigeria

Objective : Concern over exposure to drinking water contaminants and the resultant adverse effect on human health has prompted several studies evaluating the quality of drinking water sources. The present study is aimed at assessing the quality of ground water and packaged water supply in the Federal University of Technology Owerri, South Eastern Nigeria. Methodology and results : The study was carried out between May and July, 2009. The standard plate count method was used for the analysis, which involved serial doubling dilutions of the respective water samples. All the water sources sampled were within WHO physico-chemical standard for drinking water except for the slightly elevated levels of phosphate ions. The findings revealed that three of the samples were contaminated with bacterial pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus (in 50% of samples), Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus sp. , and E. coli (in 50%) of samples. The total heterotrophic plate count ranged from 1.5×10 5 -5.4×10 6 CFUml -1 with a mean of 1.9×10 6 CFUml -1 , while the total coliform plate count gave a range of 1.5×10 5 -3×10 5 cfu/ml with a mean of 2.3×10 5 CFUml -1 . Faecal coliforms were found in (50% of the samples) with a mean of 6×10 4 CFU/100ml. Conclusion and application of results :
Agarose Gel Characterization for the Fabrication of Brain Tissue Phantoms for Infrared Multispectral Vision Systems

Synthetic phantoms that recreate the characteristics of biological tissues are valuable tools for systematically studying and comprehending physiologies, pathologies, and biological processes related to tissues. The reproduction of mechanical and optical properties allows for the development and evaluation of novel systems and applications in areas such as imaging, optics, ultrasound, or dosimetry, among others. This paper proposes a methodology for manufacturing agarose-based phantoms that mimics the optical properties of healthy brain tissue within the wavelength infrared range of 800 to 820 nm. The fabrication of such phantoms enables the possibility of testing and experimentation in controlled and safe environments toward the design of new near-infrared multispectral imaging systems in neurosurgery. The results of an experimental optical characterization study indicate the validity and reliability of the proposed method for fabricating brain tissue phantoms in a cost-effective and straightforward fashion.
Knowledge, attitude and practice of antenatal exercise (ANEx) among married women in Afghanistan: A cross-sectional study

Background: Antenatal physical activity is an important physical, mental, and biochemical factor to consider. Several studies across the world have demonstrated the importance of physical activity during the antenatal period. Various factors are associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to Antenatal PA. This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to Antenatal PA among married women in Afghanistan. Methods: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Herat province. In total, 316 married women age group–16-60 were included in this study. Participants were asked about their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding Antenatal exercise (ANEx). Results: More than half (56.3%) of the participants were between 16-30 years old. Two-thirds of the participants lived in urban areas, and one-sixth of the participants were illiterate (57.9%). Less than one-third of the participants had heard of antenatal exercises (32.0%). Approximately 72% of the participants had poor knowledge, 90% had poor attitudes, and only 4% practiced antenatal exercises. Higher education, residence in urban areas, and higher monthly family income were important predictors of knowledge regarding ANEx. Similarly, a greater number of children and higher education levels are determinants of ANEx practice. Conclusion: Poor knowledge, attitudes, and practices remained the main barriers to ANEx. In the current situation of political instability and a lack of healthcare facilities, community workers can only be a way to address this issue.
Sedentary Behavior of Elementary School Students During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Restrictions on social activity due to the Covid-19 pandemic had an impact on sedentary behavior. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical fitness and sedentary behavior of elementary school students. The method of this study used quantitative descriptive research. The sampling technique used in this study was the total sampling. This study involved 89 students (male = 46; female = 43) as the samples. The instrument used in this study was the Adolescent Sedentary Activity Questionnaire (ASAQ). The data analysis employed the Microsoft Office Excel 2016 computer program. Based on the results of the research, sedentary behavior of the samples on weekdays (11 hours 45 minutes) and weekends (8 hours 49 minutes) were in the high category. This condition is concerning because it can cause many health problems in children. This research can be a reference for teachers to play a role in cultivating a healthy and active lifestyle. Researchers, for further research, are suggested to expand the size of the sample and update the instrument to gain more comprehensive results.
Models of large‐scale viscous flow in the Earth's mantle with constraints from mineral physics and surface observations

SUMMARY Modelling the geoid has been a widely used and successful approach in constraining flow and viscosity in the Earth’s mantle. However, details of the viscosity structure cannot be tightly constrained with this approach. Here, radial viscosity variations in four to five mantle layers (lithosphere, upper mantle, one to two transition zone layers, lower mantle) are computed with the aid of independent mineral physics results. A density model is obtained by converting s-wave anomalies from seismic tomography to density anomalies. Assuming both are of thermal origin, conversion factors are computed based on mineral physics results. From the density and viscosity model, a model of mantle flow, and the resulting geoid and radial heat flux profile are computed. Absolute viscosity values in the mantle layers are treated as free parameters and determined by minimizing a misfit function, which considers fit to geoid, ‘Haskell average’ determined from post-glacial rebound and the radial heat flux profile and penalizes if at some depth computed heat flux exceeds the estimated mantle heat flux 33 TW. Typically, optimized models do not exceed this value by more than about 20 per cent and fit the Haskell average well. Viscosity profiles obtained show a characteristic hump in the lower mantle, with maximum viscosities of about 10 23 Pa s just above the D �� layer— several hundred to about 1000 times the lowest viscosities in the upper mantle. This viscosity contrast is several times higher than what is inferred when a constant lower mantle viscosity is assumed. The geoid variance reduction obtained is up to about 80 per cent—similar to previous results. However, because of the use of mineral physics constraints, a rather small number of free model parameters is required, and at the same time, a reasonable heat flux profile is obtained. Results are best when the lowest viscosities occur in the transition zone. When viscosity is lowest in the asthenosphere, variance reduction is about 70‐75 per cent. Best results were obtained with a viscous lithosphere with a few times 10 22 Pa s. The optimized models yield a core-mantle boundary excess ellipticity several times higher than observed, possibly indicating that radial stresses are partly compensated due to non-thermal lateral variations within the lowermost mantle.
Spatial knowledge diffusion through collaborative networks

The theory of endogenous growth and the geography and growth synthesis both consider that local growth and spatial concentration of economic activities emanate from localised knowledge spillovers (Lucas 1988; Martin and Ottaviano 1999). Since the end of the 1980's, the spatial dimension of knowledge diffusion has been investigated from an empirical point of view, and the existence and role of local spillovers has been generally confirmed (see among others Jaffe 1989; Audretsch and Feldman 1996). The concern that now arises is to unravel the mechanisms underlying and explaining the geographical knowledge spillovers. The aim of this special issue is to present the latest new findings on such questions and to identify some new lines of research for future work. Before presenting the content of this special issue, we very briefly review the main results of the empirical literature on the geography of innovation. We also explain the context of this special issue by pointing out some of the limitations faced by this literature and, by stressing the complex dynamic and network dimensions of the observed processes of production and diffusion of knowledge.
Ambiguity and Debates on the Early Peopling of South America

An evaluation of recent claims for early human settlement of South America is presented. Some of the problems with these cases are reviewed, particularly the ways in which ambiguity weakens otherwise compelling evidence of early human presence in the continent. The roles of generalized adaptations and cobble industries, the most common explanations of claims of early occupations, are examined, and some new sites that present incomplete evidence but are deserving of further research are mentioned. The incorporation of studies of formation processes in the future may prove helpful in evaluating most of these cases as well as others that emerge in the future.
A Meta-Analysis of Short-Term Outcomes of TAVR versus SAVR in Bicuspid Aortic Valve Stenosis and TAVR Results in Different Bicuspid Valve Anatomies

Background: To provide a comprehensive analysis of the current literature comparing the outcomes of surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in patients with bicuspid aortic stenosis (BAS), with particular attention to BAV morphology in patients undergoing TAVR. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, all relevant articles with no design restrictions from PubMed, CCTR (Cochrane Controlled Trials Register), and Google Scholar were screened for inclusion. Studies were included if they reported clinical endpoints for SAVR and TAVR or, in BAS treated with TAVR, for type 1 and non-type 1 morphology. Odds ratio and Cohen’s D were considered as effect size measurements for qualitative and quantitative variables, respectively. Results: A total of eight studies comparing short-term outcomes between SAVR and TAVR and nine studies with outcomes data between type 1 and non-type 1 BAS treated with TAVR were considered for the final analysis. No statistically significant difference was found for what concerns the rates of death, stroke, and acute kidney injury between SAVR and TAVR. In comparison to patients undergoing SAVR, the incidence of PPI (permanent pacemaker implantation) was greater in the TAVR group (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.15–0.79, p = 0.01), and the frequency of bleeding events was found to be higher among patients undergoing SAVR (OR 4.3, 95% CI 2.9–6.4, p < 0.001). The probabilities of 30-day mortality, stroke, and any bleeding were not significantly affected by bicuspid valve morphology in TAVR patients. PPI or development of new conduction anomalies was found to be more frequent in type 1 anatomies (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.30–0.70, p <0.001). Mildly lower post-procedural transprothesic gradients were found in patients with type 1 morphology. Conclusions: In BAS patients, TAVR has comparable short-term outcomes rates with SAVR, but higher PPI rates and lower incidence of bleeding events. In patients undergoing TAVR, type 1 BAS is associated with lower postoperative transvalvular gradients but higher PPI rates and conduction abnormalities