Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Response of foliar spray of different chemicals on flowering and fruit retention of dashehari mango under ultrahigh density plantation

The present experiment entitled “Response of foliar spray of different chemicals on flowering and fruit retention in Dashehari mango under ultra high density plantation” was conducted during the year 2015-16 at Regional Horticultural Research Station, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design and replicated thrice. Nine treatments comprising urea (1, 1.5 and 2 %), KNO3 (1 and 2 %), novel organic liquid fertilizer (1 and 2 %) and ethephon 200 mgl-1 along with one control and they were sprayed twice, first fortnight of October and November. The effect of these treatments on different parameters of flowering and fruit retention were recorded and analyzed statistically. Results of present investigation revealed that among all the treatments, foliar application of KNO3 @ 2 % treatment gave minimum vegetative shoot and maximum flowering shoot per terminal, minimum vegetative shoot (%), maximum flowering shoot (%), maximum length of panicle and minimum days for full bloom. Fruit setting percentage at pea, marble and maturity stage were significantly the maximum in same treatment. The yield (kg/tree) was significantly the maximum in KNO3 @ 2% treatment.
Soil Nutrients and Carbon Dynamics in the Presence of Biochar-swine Manure Mixture Under Controlled Leaching Experiment Using a Midwestern USA Soil

Biochar application to the soil can improve soil quality and nutrient leaching loss. Recent studies have reported that surficial application of biochar to stored swine manure can reduce emissions of odorous compounds and reduce the volatilization loss of ammonia. Our working hypothesis was that the biochar-treated manure application to the soil would decrease nutrient leaching from manure and increase plant-available nutrients. The study objectives were to evaluate the impact of biochar-treated swine manure on soil total C, N, and other major and minor nutrients. Three biochars (i) neutral pH red-oak (RO), (ii) highly alkaline autothermal corn (Zea mays) stover (HAP), and (iii) mild acidic Fe-treated autothermal corn stover (HAPE) were incubated with swine manure for a month. The biochar-manure mixture was applied in triplicate to soil columns with application rate determined by the P2O5-P content in manure or manure-biochar mixtures after the incubation. The ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-), and reactive P concentrations in soil column leachates were recorded for eight leaching events. Soil properties and plant-available nutrients were compared between treatments and control manure & soil. Manure-(HAP&HAPE) biochar treatments significantly increased soil organic matter (OM) and increased soil total C, N, and improved soil bulk density. Concentrations of KCl-extractable NH4+ and NO3- significantly increased in HAPE column leachates during this 4-week study and in the soil after the experiment. A significant reduction in soil Mehlich3 Cu was also observed for the manure-HAPE mixture compared with the control. Overall, the manure-biochar incubation enabled biochar to sorb nutrients from manure, and the subsequent manure-biochar mixture application to soil improved soil quality and plant nutrient availability in comparison to conventional manure application to soil. This proof-of-the-concept study suggests that biochars could be used to solve both environmental and agronomic challenges and further improve the sustainability of animal and crop production agriculture.
Evaluation of different botanicals, bioagents and fungicide against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides under in vitro condition

Anthracnose a post-harvest disease is important in konkan region because losses also reported in Alphanso. Hence by management aspect evaluation of different botanicals Garlic clove (Allium satium) at concentration 20% found to be significantly superior over rest of the botanicals by inhibiting the mycelial growth at (54.12%) followed by Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiforum) (46.88%). In case of biogents maximum mycelial growth inhibition resulted with Trichoderma viride (92.38%), followed by T. harzianum (89.33%), B. subtilis (88.41%) and T. koningi (75.30%). Finally using fungicides Azoxystrobin 23% SC at concentration 0.1 and 0.05% was found to be most effective which inhibited per cent growth of the fungus at both concentration followed by Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG at 0.1 and 0.05 per cent concentration.
Effects of Post-Anthesis Soil Water Status on the Activities of Key Regulatory Enzymes of Starch and Protein Accumulation in Wheat Grains

Two winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)varieties differing in grain protein content, Wanmai 38 and Yangmai 9 potted in a greenhouse, were used to investigate the effects of soil drought (SRWC=45%-50%) and waterlogging beginning from 4 days after anthesis (DPA) on the activities of key regulatory enzymes of grain starch and protein accumulation. The results in both leaves and grains showed that the patterns of changes in the activities of enzymes were similar in the two varieties. Compared with CK (SRWC= 75%-80%) , sucrose content and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity declined more markedly than amino acid content and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity under drought and waterlogging. Both drought and waterlogging resulted in decreases in the activities of sucrose synthase (SS) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), and especially in that of soluble starch synthase (SSS). And more marked decreases in the activity of SS occurred under drought than under waterlogging. Compared with CK, GS and glutamate pyruvic aminotransferase (GPT) activities in grain decreased markedly under waterlogging, but decreased a little under drought. By correlation analyses, it was found that the SPS, SSS and GBSS activities were more closely correlated than SS to the yield and grain starch, and GS activity in grain was correlated to a lower degree to the yield and content of grain protein than GS in leaf and GPT in grain. Further analysis revealed that the changes in activity of key regulatory enzymes of grain starch and protein accumulation in source and sink organs of wheat were the main factors through which different post-anthesis soil water status affected grain starch and protein characters.
Decay in mine timbers. III: Species ― independent stress grading

On a realise sur des bois de mine sains ou degrades de diverses especes des essais destructifs (compression parallele au grain) et non destructifs (penetration par aiguille Pilodyn et mesure des ondes de contrainte). On montre qu'on peut classer mecaniquement les bois independamment de l'espece
Dimension-expanding polynomials and the discretized Elekes-Ronyai theorem.

We prove that most real bivariate polynomials are "dimension expanding" when applied to a Cartesian product. If $P$ is a polynomial that is not of the form $P(x,y) = h(a(x) + b(y))$ or $P(x,y) = h(a(x)b(y))$, then whenever $A$ and $B$ are Borel subsets of $\mathbb{R}$ with Hausdorff dimension $0 0$ that is independent of $P$. The result is sharp, in the sense that no estimate of this form can hold if $P(x,y) = h(a(x) + b(y))$ or $P(x,y) = h(a(x)b(y))$. We also prove a more technical single-scale version of this result, which is an analogue of the Elekes-Ronyai theorem in the setting of the Katz-Tao discretized ring conjecture.
Do Language Embeddings capture Scales?

Pretrained Language Models (LMs) have been shown to possess significant linguistic, common sense and factual knowledge. One form of knowledge that has not been studied yet in this context is information about the scalar magnitudes of objects. We show that pretrained language models capture a significant amount of this information but are short of the capability required for general common-sense reasoning. We identify contextual information in pre-training and numeracy as two key factors affecting their performance, and show that a simple method of canonicalizing numbers can have a significant effect on the results.
Further investigation of the survivability of code technical debt items

Context: Technical debt (TD) discusses the negative impact of sub‐optimal decisions to cope with the need‐for‐speed in software development. Code technical debt items (TDI) are atomic elements of TD that can be observed in code artifacts. Empirical results on open‐source systems demonstrated how code‐smells, which are just one type of TDIs, are introduced and “survive” during release cycles. However, little is known about whether the results on the survivability of code‐smells hold for other types of code TDIs (i.e., bugs and vulnerabilities) and in industrial settings. Goal: Understanding the survivability of code TDIs by conducting an empirical study analyzing two industrial cases and 31 open‐source systems from Apache Foundation. Method: We analyzed 133,670 code TDIs (35,703 from the industrial systems) detected by SonarQube (in 193,196 commits) to assess their survivability using survivability models. Results: In general, code TDIs tend to remain and linger for long periods in open‐source systems, whereas they are removed faster in industrial systems. Code TDIs that survive over a certain threshold tend to remain much longer, which confirms previous results. Our results also suggest that bugs tend to be removed faster, while code smells and vulnerabilities tend to survive longer.
How well does surprisal explain N400 amplitude under different experimental conditions?

We investigate the extent to which word surprisal can be used to predict a neural measure of human language processing difficulty—the N400. To do this, we use recurrent neural networks to calculate the surprisal of stimuli from previously published neurolinguistic studies of the N400. We find that surprisal can predict N400 amplitude in a wide range of cases, and the cases where it cannot do so provide valuable insight into the neurocognitive processes underlying the response.
Navier–Stokes transport coefficients for a model of a confined quasi-two-dimensional granular binary mixture

The Navier--Stokes transport coefficients for a model of a confined quasi-two-dimensional granular binary mixture of inelastic hard spheres are determined from the Boltzmann kinetic equation. A normal or hydrodynamic solution to the Boltzmann equation is obtained via the Chapman--Enskog method for states near the local version of the homogeneous time-dependent state. The mass, momentum, and heat fluxes are determined to first order in the spatial gradients of the hydrodynamic fields, and the associated transport coefficients are identified. As expected, they are given in terms of the solutions of a set of coupled linear integral equations. In addition, in contrast to previous results obtained for low-density granular mixtures, there are also nonzero contributions to the first-order approximations to the partial temperatures $T_i^{(1)}$ and the cooling rate $\zeta^{(1)}$. Explicit forms for the diffusion transport coefficients, the shear viscosity coefficient, and the quantities $T_i^{(1)}$ and $\zeta^{(1)}$ are obtained by assuming the steady-state conditions and by considering the leading terms in a Sonine polynomial expansion. The above transport coefficients are given in terms of the coefficients of restitution, concentration, and the masses and diameters of the components of the mixture. The results apply in principle for arbitrary degree of inelasticity and are not limited to specific values of concentration, mass and/or size ratios. As a simple application of these results, the violation of the Onsager reciprocal relations for a confined granular mixture is quantified in terms of the parameter space of the problem.
A Fredholm Transformation for the Rapid Stabilization of a Degenerate Parabolic Equation

This paper deals with the rapid stabilization of a degenerate parabolic equation with a right Dirich-let control. Our strategy consists in applying a backstepping strategy, which seeks to find an invertible transformation mapping the degenerate parabolic equation to stabilize into an exponentially stable system whose decay rate is known and as large as we desire. The transformation under consideration in this paper is Fredholm. It involves a kernel solving itself another PDE, at least formally. The main goal of the paper is to prove that the Fredholm transformation is well-defined, continuous and invertible in the natural energy space. It allows us to deduce the rapid stabilization.
Experimental study of extended timescale dynamics of a plasma wakefield driven by a self-modulated proton bunch

Plasma wakefield dynamics over timescales up to 800 ps, approximately 100 plasma periods, are studied experimentally at the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). The development of the longitudinal wakefield amplitude driven by a self-modulated proton bunch is measured using the external injection of witness electrons that sample the fields. In simulation, resonant excitation of the wakefield causes plasma electron trajectory crossing, resulting in the development of a potential outside the plasma boundary as electrons are transversely ejected. Trends consistent with the presence of this potential are experimentally measured and their dependence on wakefield amplitude are studied via seed laser timing scans and electron injection delay scans.
Global H i asymmetries in IllustrisTNG: a diversity of physical processes disturb the cold gas in galaxies

Observations of the cold neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) in and around disc galaxies have revealed that spatial and kinematic asymmetries are commonplace, and are reflected in the global HI spectra. We use the TNG100 box from the IllustrisTNG suite of cosmological simulations to study the conditions under which these asymmetries may arise in current theoretical galaxy formation models. We find that more than 50% of the sample has at least a 10% difference in integrated flux between the high- and low-velocity half of the spectrum, thus the typical TNG100 galaxy has an HI profile that is not fully symmetric. We find that satellite galaxies are a more asymmetric population than centrals, consistent with observational results. Using halo mass as a proxy for environment, this trend appears to be driven by the satellite population within the virial radius of haloes more massive than $10^{13} M_{\odot}$, typical of medium/large groups. We show that, while the excess of HI asymmetry in group satellites is likely driven by ram pressure, the bulk of the asymmetric HI profiles observed in TNG100 are driven by physical processes able to affect both the central and satellite populations. Our results highlight how asymmetries are not driven solely by environment, and multiple physical processes can produce the same asymmetric shape in global HI spectra.
Systematics of fully heavy tetraquarks

In this work, we systematically study the mass spectrum of the fully heavy tetraquark in an extended chromomagnetic model, which includes both color and chromomagnetic interactions. Numerical results indicate that the energy level is mainly determined by the color interaction, which favors the color-sextet $|(QQ{)}^{{6}_{c}}(\overline{Q}\overline{Q}{)}^{{\overline{6}}_{c}}⟩$ configuration over the color-triplet $|(QQ{)}^{{\overline{3}}_{c}}(\overline{Q}\overline{Q}{)}^{{3}_{c}}⟩$ one. The chromomagnetic interaction mixes the two color configurations and gives small splitting. The ground state is always dominated by the color-sextet configuration. We find no stable state below the lowest heavy quarkonium pair thresholds. Most states may be wide since they have at least one $S$-wave decay channel into two $S$-wave mesons. One possible narrow state is the ${1}^{+}$ $bb\overline{b}\overline{c}$ state with a mass 15719.1 MeV. It is just above the ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{b}{\overline{B}}_{c}$ threshold. But this channel is forbidden because of the conservation of the angular momentum and parity.
Understanding Cu incorporation in the 
Cu2xHg2−xGeTe4
 structure using resonant x-ray diffraction

The ability to control carrier concentration based on the extent of Cu solubility in the $\mathrm{Cu_{2x}Hg_{2-x}GeTe_4}$ alloy compound (where 0 $\leq$ x $\leq$ 1) makes $\mathrm{Cu_{2x}Hg_{2-x}GeTe_4}$ an interesting case study in the field of thermoelectrics. While Cu clearly plays a role in this process, it is unknown exactly how Cu incorporates into the $\mathrm{Cu_{2x}Hg_{2-x}GeTe_4}$ crystal structure and how this affects the carrier concentration. In this work, we use a combination of resonant energy X-ray diffraction (REXD) experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to elucidate the nature of Cu incorporation into the $\mathrm{Cu_{2x}Hg_{2-x}GeTe_4}$ structure. REXD across the $\mathrm{Cu_k}$ edge facilitates the characterization of Cu incorporation in the $\mathrm{Cu_{2x}Hg_{2-x}GeTe_4}$ alloy and enables direct quantification of anti-site defects. We find that Cu substitutes for Hg at a 2:1 ratio, wherein Cu annihilates a vacancy and swaps with a Hg atom. DFT calculations confirm this result and further reveal that the incorporation of Cu occurs preferentially on one of the z = 1/4 or z = 3/4 planes before filling the other plane. Furthermore, the amount of $\mathrm{Cu_{Hg}}$ anti-site defects quantified by REXD was found to be directly proportional to the experimentally measured hole concentration, indicating that the $\mathrm{Cu_{Hg}}$ defects are the driving force for tuning carrier concentration in the $\mathrm{Cu_{2x}Hg_{2-x}GeTe_4}$ alloy. The link uncovered here between crystal structure, or more specifically anti-site defects, and carrier concentration can be extended to similar cation-disordered material systems and will aid the development of improved thermoelectric and other functional materials through defect engineering.
How Well Can We Detect Shifts in Rates of Lineage Diversification? A Simulation Study of Sequential AIC Methods

Evolutionary biologists have long been fascinated by the extreme differences in species numbers across branches of the Tree of Life. This has motivated the development of statistical phylogenetic methods for detecting shifts in the rate of lineage diversification (speciation – extinction). One of the most frequently used methods—implemented in the program MEDUSA—explores a set of diversification-rate models, where each model uniquely assigns branches of the phylogeny to a set of one or more diversification-rate categories. Each candidate model is first fit to the data, and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) is then used to identify the optimal diversification model. Surprisingly, the statistical behavior of this popular method is completely unknown, which is a concern in light of the poor performance of the AIC as a means of choosing among models in other phylogenetic comparative contexts, and also because of the ad hoc algorithm used to visit models. Here, we perform an extensive simulation study demonstrating that, as implemented, MEDUSA (1) has an extremely high Type I error rate (on average, spurious diversification-rate shifts are identified 42% of the time), and (2) provides severely biased parameter estimates (on average, estimated net-diversification and relative-extinction rates are 183% and 20% of their true values, respectively). We performed simulation experiments to reveal the source(s) of these pathologies, which include (1) the use of incorrect critical thresholds for model selection, and (2) errors in the likelihood function. Understanding the statistical behavior of MEDUSA is critical both to empirical researchers—in order to clarify whether these methods can reliably be applied to empirical datasets—and to theoretical biologists—in order to clarify whether new methods are required, and to reveal the specific problems that need to be solved in order to develop more reliable approaches for detecting shifts in the rate of lineage diversification.
Scene Gated Social Graph: Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction Based on Dynamic Social Graphs and Scene Constraints

Pedestrian trajectory prediction is valuable for understanding human motion behaviors and it is challenging because of the social influence from other pedestrians, the scene constraints and the multimodal possibilities of predicted trajectories. Most existing methods only focus on two of the above three key elements. In order to jointly consider all these elements, we propose a novel trajectory prediction method named Scene Gated Social Graph (SGSG). In the proposed SGSG, dynamic graphs are used to describe the social relationship among pedestrians. The social and scene influences are taken into account through the scene gated social graph features which combine the encoded social graph features and semantic scene features. In addition, a VAE module is incorporated to learn the scene gated social feature and sample latent variables for generating multiple trajectories that are socially and environmentally acceptable. We compare our SGSG against twenty state-of-the-art pedestrian trajectory prediction methods and the results show that the proposed method achieves superior performance on two widely used trajectory prediction benchmarks.
Does NGC 6397 contain an intermediate-mass black hole or a more diffuse inner subcluster?

We analyze proper motions from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and the second Gaia data release along with line-of-sight velocities from the MUSE spectrograph to detect imprints of an intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) in the center of the nearby, core-collapsed, globular cluster NGC 6397. For this, we use the new MAMPOSSt-PM Bayesian mass-modeling code, along with updated estimates of the surface density profile of NGC 6397. We consider different priors on velocity anisotropy and on the size of the central mass, and we also separate the stars into components of different mean mass to allow for mass segregation. The velocity ellipsoid is very isotropic throughout the cluster, as expected in post-core collapsed clusters subject to as strong a Galactic tidal field as NGC 6397. There is strong evidence for a central dark component of 0.8 to 2% of the total mass of the cluster. However, we find robust evidence disfavoring a central IMBH in NGC 6397, preferring instead a diffuse dark inner subcluster of unresolved objects with a total mass of 1000 to 2000 solar masses, half of which is concentrated within 6 arcsec (2% of the stellar effective radius). These results require the combination of HST and Gaia data: HST for the inner diagnostics and Gaia for the outer surface density and velocity anisotropy profiles. The small effective radius of the diffuse dark component suggests that it is composed of compact stars (white dwarfs and neutron stars) and stellar-mass black holes, whose inner locations are caused by dynamical friction given their high progenitor masses. We show that stellar-mass black holes should dominate the mass of this diffuse dark component, unless more than 80 per cent escape from the cluster. Their mergers in the cores of core-collapsed globular clusters could be an important source of the gravitational wave events detected by LIGO.