Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Submarine channel and sediment wave formation by turbidity currents: Navier-Stokes based linear stability analysis

Submarine channel and sediment wave formation by turbidity currents: Navier-Stokes based linear stability analysis Brendon J. Hall Turbidity currents are a primary sediment transport mechanism on the continental shelf and down the continental slope. They play an important role in the evolution of seafloor morphology. Two linear stability analyses have been performed that investigate the ability of turbidity currents to generate two types of deep water bedforms: longitudinal submarine channels and transverse sediment waves. Based on the 2 & 3D Boussinesq Navier-Stokes equations, the models account for the coupled interaction of the fluid and particle motion inside the current with the erodible bed below. In both cases, for instability to occur, the suspended sediment concentration of the base flow needs to decay more slowly away from the sediment bed than does the shear stress inside the current. Under such conditions, an upward protrusion of the sediment bed will find itself in an environment where erosion decays more quickly than sedimentation, so that it will keep growing. For the case of submarine channels, the destabilizing effect of the base flow is modulated by the stabilizing perturbation of the suspended sediment concenix tration, and by the shear stress due to a secondary flow structure in the form of counter-rotating streamwise vortices. These streamwise vortices are stabilizing for small Reynolds numbers, and destabilizing for large values. For a representative current height of O(10-100m), the linear stability analysis provides a most amplified wavelength in the range of 250-2,500m, which is consistent with field observations reported in the literature. The sediment wave analysis shows that base flow provides the destablizing effect and a phase shift exists between perturbations of the bed, sediment concentration and shear. This results in the shear perturbation reaching a maximum on the downstream flank of the sediment wave, causing the resulting bedform to migrate upstream. For subcritical flow (Fr < 1) multiple unstable modes appear. It is shown that these unstable modes correspond to stationary internal lee waves, which have previously been argued to play a role in the formation of sediment waves. The analysis predicts a most amplified wavelength of six times the current height, which is consistent with the literature.
The financial planning system at louisiana national bank

In 1974 Louisiana National Bank designed and implemented a Financial Planning System. For the past five years, it has been the primary reporting, analysis, and decision support tool for the Budget Committee and the primary source of the financial reports for the Board of Directors. Top management of the bank believes that, as a direct result of the use of this system, Louisiana National Bank: 1. reversed a decreasing profit trend by increasing profits more than 92% in one year, 2. creatively managed the bank's liquidity during severe market pressures, 3. restructured the bank's asset/liability management policies to better align with newly perceived market and investment potential, and 4. sharply reduced th cost and management burden of reporting to regulators. In addition to the quantifiable benefits cited above, use of the system resulted in several other improvements, including 1. a reduction in the amount of time required to meet periodic management reporting requirements, 2. increased understanding of financial reports by the Board of Directors, 3. improved communications between bank executives and regulator examiners, and 4. a discipline and structure within which the Budget Committee could establish goals and action plans. The Financial Planning System supports financial decision making at both the tactical and strategic levels. It is an integrated system which includes reporting and analysis of historical data, long and short range forecasting, and modeling.
Biogeophysical versus biogeochemical feedbacks of large‐scale land cover change

Large‐scale changes in land cover affect near‐surface energy, moisture and momentum fluxes owing to changes in surface structure (referred to as biogeophysical effects) and the atmospheric CO2 concentration owing to changes in biomass (biogeochemical effects). Here we quantify the relative magnitude of these processes as well as their synergisms by using a coupled atmosphere‐biosphere‐ocean model of intermediate complexity. Our sensitivity studies show that tropical deforestation tends to warm the planet because the increase in atmospheric CO2 and hence, atmospheric radiation, outweighs the biogeophysical effects. In mid and high northern latitudes, however, biogeophysical processes, mainly the snow‐vegetation‐albedo feedback through its synergism with the sea‐ice‐albedo feedback, win over biogeochemical processes, thereby eventually leading to a global cooling in the case of deforestation and to a global warming, in the case of afforestation.
Nearshore morphology, benthic structure, hydrodynamics, and coastal groundwater discharge near Kahekili Beach Park, Maui, Hawaii

This report presents a brief summary of recent fieldwork conducted off Kahekili Beach Park, Maui, Hawaii, the site of the newly established U.S. Coral Reef Task Force priority study area at Kaanapali and the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Aquatic Resources, Kahekili Herbivore Fisheries Management Area (HFMA). The goals of this fieldwork are to provide new baseline information to help guide future studies and to provide first insights into rates and drivers of coastal groundwater discharge and associated constituent loadings into the priority study area’s coastal waters. This study presents the first swath acoustic mapping information, in situ oceanographic instrument measurements, and coastal groundwater discharge estimates at this site based on the submarine groundwater discharge tracer radon-222 (Rn). Coastal groundwater discharge rates ranged from about 22 to 50 centimeters per day, depending on proximity of the sampling mooring to the primary discharge vent. The water chemistry of the discharging groundwater was at times dramatically different than ambient seawater. For example, at the primary vent site at Kahekili, the concentrations of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved silicate (DSi), and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) in the discharging groundwater were 43.75 micromolar (μM), 583.49 μM, and 12.04 μM, respectively. These data extend our basic understanding of the morphology, benthic structure, and oceanographic setting of this vent site and provide a first estimate of the magnitude and physical forcings of submarine groundwater discharge and associated trace metals and nutrient loads here. Introduction The Kaanapali region north of Lahaina in west Maui, Hawaii, is a very popular tourist destination, and the shoreline is consequently largely developed with hotels, resorts, and associated infrastructure. This report presents a brief summary of recent fieldwork done off Kahekili Beach Park in Kaanapali (fig. 1; see table 1 for list of experiment personnel) to better characterize the seafloor, nearshore oceanography, and hydrogeologic exchange processes. This site has just been established as a U.S. Coral Reef Task Force (USCRTF) priority study area and the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Aquatic Resources U.S. Geological Survey. University of Alabama, Department of Geological Sciences, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. University of Hawaii, Department of Botany, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Landslide distribution and size in response to Quaternary fault activity: the Peloritani Range, NE Sicily, Italy

Landslides contribute to dismantle active mountain ranges and faults control the location of landslides. Yet, evidence of the long‐term, regional dependency of landslides on active faults is limited. Previous studies focused on the transient effects of earthquakes on slope stability in compressive and transcurrent regimes. Here we show that in the Peloritani range, NE Sicily, Italy, one of the fastest uplifting areas in the Mediterranean, a clear geographical association exists between large bedrock landslides and active normal faults of the Messina Straits graben. By interpreting aerial photographs, we mapped 1590 landslides and sackungs and 626 fault elements and their facets in a 300 km2 area in the eastern part of the range. We used the new landslide and fault information, in combination with prior geological and seismic information, to investigate the association between bedrock landslides and faults. We find that the distribution and abundance of landslides is related to the presence of large active normal faults, and matches the pattern of the local historical seismicity. Landslide material is more abundant along the East Peloritani Fault System where the long‐term activity of the faults, measured by the average yearly geological moment rate, is larger than in the West Peloritani Fault System where landslides are less abundant. Along the fault systems landslide material concentrates where the cumulated fault throws are largest. We conclude that large landslides and their cumulated volume are sensitive to local rates of tectonic deformation, and discriminate the deformation of the single fault segments that dissect the Peloritani range. Our findings are a direct test of landscape evolution models that predict higher rates of landslide activity near active faults. Our work opens up the possibility of exploiting accurate landslide and fault maps, in combination with geological and seismic information, to characterize the long‐term seismic history of poorly instrumented active regions. © 2015 The Authors Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Testosterone-dependent Variations in Plasma and Intrapituitary Corticosteroid Binding Globulin and Stress Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal Activity in the Male Rat

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) activity is governed by glucocorticoid negative feedback and the magnitude of this signal is determined, in part, by variations in plasma corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) capacity. Here, in gonadectomized male rats we examine the extent to which different testosterone replacement levels impact on CBG and HPA function. Compared with gonadect-omized rats with low testosterone replacement (2 ng/ ml), plasma adrenocorticotropin and-endorphin/-lipotropin responses to restraint stress were reduced in gonadectomized rats with high testosterone replacement (5 ng/ml). Plasma CBG levels also varied negatively as a function of testosterone concentration. Moreover, glu-cocorticoid receptor binding in the liver was elevated by higher testosterone replacement, suggesting that testoster-one acts to enhance glucocorticoid suppression of CBG synthesis. Since pituitary intracellular CBG (or transcortin) is derived from plasma, this prompted us to examine whether transcortin binding was similarly responsive to different testosterone replacement levels. Transcortin binding was lower in gonadectomized rats with high plasma testosterone replacement (7 ng/ml) than in gonadectomized rats with low testosterone replacement (2 ng/ml). This testosterone-dependent decrease in pituitary transcortin was associated, in vitro, with an enhanced nuclear uptake of corticosterone. These findings indicate that the inhibitory effects of testosterone on corticotrope responses to stress may be linked to decre-ments in plasma and intrapituitary CBG. This could permit greater access of corticosterone to its receptors and enhance glucocorticoid feedback regulation of ACTH release and/or proopiomelanocortin processing.
The Highland Boundary Fault in East Tyrone

Abstract Correlation of the metamorphic inlier of Co. Tyrone with the Connemara Schists, together with a reinterpretation of the"Tyrone Igneous Series" erected by J. J. Hartley, lends support to recent suggestions that the Highland Boundary Fault originated as a normal fault with downthrow to the north. The palaeogeographical implications of this are briefly discussed.
A multi-layer urban canopy model for neighbourhoods with trees

Process-based numerical models of urban canopy meteorology and climate – urban canopy models, or UCMs – have been designed in recent years to predict the time-averaged effects of canopy micrometeorology and to be coupled with mesoscale atmospheric models. Some UCMs include latent heat fluxes and basic urban hydrology (e.g., Masson, 2000), but very few integrate the effects of urban vegetation. Urban canopy models can be broadly divided into single-layer (e.g., Masson, 2000) and multi-layer (e.g. Martilli et al. 2002) models. Single-layer models have only one atmospheric layer in the urban canopy, i.e., between the buildings. Multi-layer models compute meteorological variables for several vertical layers within the canopy which allows for reduced empiricism in the canopy physics, inclusion of building (and tree foliage) height distributions, and more detailed prediction of street level climate and dispersion; however, multi-layer models are more computationally-demanding. According to Chen et al. (2012), a primary challenge in numerical modeling of the urban climate and energy balance is the representation of vegetation-related processes in urban canopy models, instead of including them using a ‘tile’ scheme such that they may interact only indirectly, via an atmospheric model. With a tile approach, vegetation-building interactions are not included (Fig. 1). In essence, the direct interactions between vegetation and the ‘built’ fabric (e.g., buildings, streets) in cities must be better understood and modeled. These interactions are more complex, and are expected to be more significant, for trees than for shorter vegetation.
The Impact of Agricultural Technology in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Synthesis of Symposium Findings

The Symposium on the Impact of Technology on Agricultural Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa funded by AID/AFR/ARTS and AID/RD/EID under the Michigan State University Food Security Cooperative Agreements, was held in Washington, D.C., Oct. 14-16, 1992. A primary purpose of the symposium was to present evidence which would either confirm or contradict the perception that the accomplishments of TDT were insufficient to justify continued funding. A secondary objective was to consider the adequacy of available analytical tools for impact assessment. The rate of return (ROR) is the most commonly used valuative measure of investments in technology development and transfer. Examined as a group, the estimated RORs support the proposition that African agricultural research has had people-level impacts, and that these impacts are large enough to justify the level of investment that led to the impacts. An important part of the impact assessment story is the analysis of factors that had a positive or negative effect on the impact of TDT. Five major factors emerged from the studies presented and comments by symposium participants: agroclimatic conditions, civil unrest, research system performance, policy, and markets. Progress has been made in moving forward with the process of TDT, in spite of adverse conditions. This progress includes enhancing the capabilities of national, regional and international institutions to generate new techniques, pushing forward the technology frontier, transferring technology, and increasing productivity both in farm production and post-harvest activities. Activities such as structural adjustment, improvements in agricultural and macroeconomic policy, greater reliance on democracy and capitalism, investments in infrastructure, and a greater willingness to work with the private sector have increased the potential for TDT to have significant impact. Given the importance of raising productivity in agriculture as a step towards agricultural transformation, continued investment in agricultural TDT is merited. The evidence of impact achieved from previous investments shows that those investments have paid off. Coupled with the evidence of beneficial changes in the macroeconomic policy environment in many countries, this provides the basis for expecting that future investments will pay off. What is perhaps unique about the symposium is the movement towards a commodity sector perspective as the next logical step toward including more demand-side considerations in the TDT agenda.
Assessment, Management and Future Directions for Coastal Fisheries in Asian Countries

In Asia, the fisheries sector is important in terms of food security, livelihoods and foreign exchange earnings. However, as in many parts of the world, there are signs that capture fisheries are fully exploited or overfished. Management of fisheries in the region is often hampered by lack of information on the status of fisheries in terms of biological, social, economic, policy and governance aspects. This regional project documents an alarming decline on coastal fishery resources, based on historic research surveys in South and Southeast Asia. Socio-economic analyses and policy reviews highlight the importance of the fisheries sector but also the challenges facing it. Potential interventions to improve fisheries management in the countries are outlined and defined with environmental, socioeconomic and institutional objectives.
Internal Wave Reflection and Scatter from Sloping Rough Topography

Abstract Internal gravity waves propagating in a uniformly stratified ocean are scattered on reflection from a rough inclined boundary. The boundary is inclined at angle α to the horizontal and the roughness is represented by superimposed sinusoidal ripples of amplitude A and steepness S with crests inclined at angle ζ to a horizontal line on the slope. The incident internal waves, of amplitude a and steepness s, propagate in a constant stability frequency ocean toward the boundary at azimuthal angle θI and at an angle, β > α, to the horizontal. They have a wavelength R times that of the sinusoidal roughness. Effects of the earth’s rotation are neglected. To order aS, there are three scattered components: the “primary” component, identical to that reflected from a plane slope with inclination α, and scattered “sum” and “difference” components. These scattered components have wavenumber components in the plane of the slope equal to the sum and difference of the internal wave’s wavenumber components and tho.
Chinese: A Comprehensive Grammar

Chinese: A Comprehensive Grammar is a complete reference guide to Chinese grammar. It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language, concentrating on the real patterns of use in modern Chinese. The Grammar is an essential reference source for the learner and user of Chinese, irrespective of level. It is ideal for use in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types and will remain the standard reference work for years to come. The volume is organized to promote a thorough understanding of Chinese grammar. It offers a stimulating analysis of the complexities of the language, and provides full and clear explanations. Throughout, the emphasis is on Chinese as used by present-day native speakers. An extensive index and numbered paragraphs provide readers with easy access to the information they require. Features include: * thorough and comprehensive coverage of the modern language * use of script and romanisation throughout * detailed treatment of common grammatical structures and parts of speech * extensive and wide-ranging use of examples * particular attention to areas of confusion and difficulty
Isolated Fractures of the Axis in Adults

RECOMMENDATIONS FRACTURES OF THE ODONTOID: Standards: There is insufficient evidence to support treatment standards. Guidelines: Type II odontoid fractures in patients 50 years and older should be considered for surgical stabilization and fusion. Options: Type I, Type II, and Type III fractures may be managed initially with external cervical immobilization. Type II and Type III odontoid fractures should be considered for surgical fixation in cases of dens displacement of 5 mm or more, comminution of the odontoid fracture (Type IIA), and/or inability to achieve or maintain fracture alignment with external immobilization.
Sécheresses récurrentes en Méditerranée au cours des derniers 50 000 ans

La succession de secheresses et canicules en region mediterraneenne suscite beaucoup d’inquietude en raison de la densite de population de cette region et de la fragilite de ses ressources en eaux. L’etude des secheresses passees peut-elle nous apporter quelques elements pour comprendre les mecanismes qui induisent ces secheresses ? Les valeurs de temperature et de precipitation, obtenues grâce aux enregistrements mineralogiques et polliniques du site ODP 976 collectes en mer d’Alboran, montrent que de nombreux episodes secs sont intervenus au cours des derniers 50 000 ans, et en particulier pendant le dernier glaciaire. Ces periodes d’aridite sont caracterisees par le developpement des ecosystemes semi-desertiques ainsi que des apports aeriens accrus en mineraux argileux en provenance des regions arides sahariennes. Une configuration atmospherique proche de l’une des situations majeures de l’oscillation Nord Atlantique (NAO), dite de NAO positive, aurait predomine pendant ces periodes d’aridite, impliquant une stabilite anticyclonique sur le bassin Sud-ouest mediterraneen et favorisant le transport atmospherique en provenance d’Afrique.
Performance and Proling of the LAMMPS Code on HPCx

In this paper we investigate the performance of the LAMMPS molecular dynamics code on two systems; an IBM p690+ cluster (HPCx) and an SGI Altix 3700 (CSAR). The performance of LAMMPS is measured using a number of user and application supplied benchmarks. We have investigated the speed up of the code on up to 1024 processors on the HPCx system and up to 240 processors on the CSAR system. The code is demonstrated to scale well to 1024 processors with a drop in speed up beyond 256 processors. To understand this drop o we have proled the code on the HPCx system. Proling the code has enabled us to determine the computationally intense components and to understand the communication patterns and overheads.
Topography influences management system effects on total soil carbon and nitrogen.

Topography is one of the major factors affecting soil C and N contents at the field/landscape level. However, topographical effects are likely to differ in magnitude in different agricultural systems. The objective of this study was to examine the interactions between topography and management systems on soil C and N. The study was conducted at the Kellogg Biological Station Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site in southwest Michigan. The studied treatments were chisel-plow (CT) and no-till (NT) with conventional chemical inputs and a chisel-plow organic management system with winter leguminous cover crops (CT-cover). At the 0- to 5-cm depth in both upperslope and valley positions total C and N contents of NT management were the highest followed by CT-cover and then CT. At 0- to 15-, 20- to 30-, and 30- to 40-cm depths, treatment effects varied depending on the landscape position. There were no differences among the treatments in upperslopes, while in the valleys total C and N tended to be the highest in NT and CT-cover followed by CT. The results indicated the importance of accounting for interaction between topography and management practices when assessing C sequestration across landscapes with varying topography. Total C stocks at the 0- to 30-cm depths were around 35,32, and 27 Mg C ha ― 1 soil (± 2 Mg C ha ― 1 standard error) in CT-cover, NT, and CT, respectively, across upperslopes and valleys. Overall, CT-cover was found to be as efficient in maintaining C and N content as no-till with conventional chemical inputs. Power analysis for C and N stocks at the 0- to 40-cm depth revealed that because of high variability in total C and N stocks at greater depths, the 10 to 30 samples per treatment available in this study were inadequate to detect differences in C and N stocks if thh differences were < 26 Mg C ha ― 1 .