Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the RISC-V Instruction Set Architecture

Since its emergence, RISC-V has offered a license-free alternative to proprietary instruction sets designed by ARM and Intel by providing a stable base to researchers and small companies. This makes it possible for small companies and researchers to design new cores without incurring exorbitant costs. In our two-part project we explore RISCV’s performance compared to the commercial ARM and X86 architectures. Most of the first part focuses on static code size, where we find that RISC-V performs very reasonably, but is behind Thumb2. For this reason, we propose improvements to RISC-V which constitute of new prologue and epilogue instructions that almost fully bridge this gap. We give ideas for other possible enhancements and plan to extend the project to cover dynamic measures in the second part. Overall, we conclude that RISC-V performs very well given the resources invested in it and open instruction sets, in general, deserve to be developed further for the better of the computer architecture field as a whole.
Impact du dioxyde de carbone sur la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae : caractérisation du transfert liquide/gaz et implications sur les métabolismes énergétiques

L’objectif de ce travail est l’etude de l’impact du dioxyde de carbone (CO2) sur la physiologie et le metabolisme de la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae, en particulier son impact sur le catabolisme oxydatif du glucose et son role dans le declenchement de la transition respiro-fermentaire. Le CO2 est au coeur des interactions entre phenomenes biologiques et phenomenes physiques de transfert existant au sein d’un reacteur biologique. La comprehension de son impact sur la physiologie de la levure necessite la connaissance de sa concentration en phase liquide et donc la maitrise des phenomenes de transfert interphasiques.Le transfert liquide / gaz du CO2 en fermenteur a ete etudie par une approche couplant modelisation et experimentation avec un effort particulier sur l’analyse integree des phenomenes biologiques et de transfert. En comparaison avec les hypotheses de transfert generalement admises une sursaturation du mout en CO2 dissous dans le mout a ete observee lors de cultures de S.cerevisiae et attribuee a l‘existence d’une distribution asymetrique de tailles de bulles de la phase dispersee. Il a ete demontre que le transfert liquide / gaz du CO2 lors d’une culture microbienne intensive ne peut etre decrit par analogie avec le transfert gaz / liquide de l’oxygene et que la connaissance de la concentration en CO2 dissous ne peut etre realisee que par sa mesure directe.L’impact du CO2 sur le metabolisme oxydatif de la levure a ete investigue par le suivi de la reponse dynamique de la reponse a differents increments mesures de la concentration en CO2 dissous en culture continue. Cette reponse est constituee d’une reponse transitoire et intense et d’une reponse a long-terme plus moderee Elle se caracterise par l’impact du CO2 sur l’energetique cellulaire en augmentant la generation et la dissipation d’energie ce qui est traduit a court-terme par une augmentation transitoire de +24 a +37 % des vitesses specifiques de respiration lors d’echelons de la concentration en CO2 dissous de +2.96 et +5.29 mM et a long-terme par une diminution de 18% YATP de % lorsque la concentration en CO2 dissous augmente de 1.6 mM a 17 mM. L’effet du CO2 sur la transition respiro-fermentaire a ete etudie en culture de type accelerostat en presence d’une concentration elevee en CO2 dissous. Dans ces conditions, la bascule vers le metabolisme reductif est obtenue pour un taux de croissance (0.122 h-1) et des vitesses specifiques de respiration (5.2 mmoleO2.gX-1.h-1) inferieurs aux valeurs obtenues avec un accelerostat sans apport exogene de CO2 (0.256h-1 et 8.65 mmoleO2.gX-1.h-1) respectivement. Cette modification du metabolisme n’a pu etre correlee directement a un deficit de potentiel energetique oxydatif et semble probablement liee a une perte de flexibilite d’adaptation a la dynamique de variation de l’environnement.
Rapid Decline of Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus Parasitism in Red-Backed Shrikes Lanius collurio

Several 19th and 20th century studies on Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus brood parasitism suggest that Red-backed Shrikes Lanius collurio used to be one of its common hosts in central Europe. However, since the late 1960s parasitism ceased to occur in Red-backed Shrikes in Hungary. Using data from bird ringing records in the Czech Republic and Slovakia we evaluate whether this finding holds on a broader scale. We found a rapid decline in the parasitism rate, expressed as the frequency of Common Cuckoo chicks encountered in Red-backed Shrike nests, during 1964–2006. During the first decade of the study, on average 2.19% of Shrike nests contained a Cuckoo chick, while in the last decade Cuckoos occurred in 0.37% of the nests only. This suggests a six-fold decline over the study period. Parasitism rates showed strong regional variations which were positively related to the size of regional host populations. In addition to the high ability of Shrikes in discriminating Cuckoo eggs, as found in previous studies, we suggest that decreases in regional host population numbers might lead to host abandonment within a few decades. Whether these two factors work in tandem, or independently, remains to be answered.
Edinburgh’s Submissions to the 2020 Machine Translation Efficiency Task

We participated in all tracks of the Workshop on Neural Generation and Translation 2020 Efficiency Shared Task: single-core CPU, multi-core CPU, and GPU. At the model level, we use teacher-student training with a variety of student sizes, tie embeddings and sometimes layers, use the Simpler Simple Recurrent Unit, and introduce head pruning. On GPUs, we used 16-bit floating-point tensor cores. On CPUs, we customized 8-bit quantization and multiple processes with affinity for the multi-core setting. To reduce model size, we experimented with 4-bit log quantization but use floats at runtime. In the shared task, most of our submissions were Pareto optimal with respect the trade-off between time and quality.
Thin sectioning, freeze fracturing, energy dispersive x-ray analysis, and chemical analysis in the study of inclusions in seed protein bodies: almond, Brazil nut, and quandong

Protein bodies from almond (Prunus dulcis), Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), and quandong (Santalum acuminatum) have been studied in thin sections of fixed and embedded tissue, in freeze-fracture replicas of unfixed tissue, by chemical analysis of tissue for P, K, Mg, and Ca, and by energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis of both sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue and freeze-dried tissue powders. The protein bodies in all three species contained globoid crystals, protein crystalloids, and proteinaceous matrix regions. Results of EDX analyses were consistent with globoid crystals being rich in phytin. Variation in both the structure and the elemental composition of globoids was common. In almond some globoids were lobed rather than spherical, and large globoid crystals often contained considerable calcium whereas small globoid crystals contained little if any calcium. The globoid crystals of Brazil nut often contained barium in addition to P, K, Ca, and Mg. Protein crystalloids of Brazil nut were com.
Studies on the phylogenetic relationship of Acridoidea based on the male follicle morphology (Orthoptera: Acridoidea)

Abstract The phylogenetic relationship among 8 families of Acridoidea were analysed based on the male follicle morphology of 101 species, using SPSS 10.0. Euclidean distance (interval) method for the hierarchical cluster analysis. Tetrix japonica (Bolivar) (Tetrigoidea) served as the outgroup. The results suggest that the male follicle morphology is different at the family level. Their shape varied from short to long, and small to large. The phylogenetic trend of Acridoidea is Pyrgomorphidae—Pamphagidae—Chro-togonidae—Gomphocoridae—Oedipodidae—Arcypteridae—Catantopidae—Acrididae. According to the classification system of Xia Kai-ling (1985, conference, unpublished), Gomphocoridae should be a more evolutionary family, compared with Catantopidae. Although, there are some differences between the traditional classification system and the results obtained here, the phylogenetic relationship of Acridoidea based on the male follicle morphology did reveal some evolutionary trends. The follicle morphology, therefore, may be a useful taxonomic character.
IMPLEMENTATION OF LTE ADVANCED USING DIFFERENT RELAY ENVIRONMENT IN OFDMA SYSTEM WITH SER PERFORMANCE

: The challenging task in a wireless communication system is to design an efficient communication system because of many factors, which affects the performance. In recent years due to rapid development in wireless communication, huge demands for broadband mobile wireless communications and the emergence of new wireless multimedia applications have constituted the motivation to the development of broadband wireless access technologies. The Long Term Evolution (LTE) system has been specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) on the way towards Fourth-Generation (4G) mobile to ensure 3GPP keeping the dominance of the cellular communication technologies. LTE-A will meet or exceed the requirements of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) for the 4G radio communication standard. LTE-A is being specified initially as part of the 3GPP specifications. Where the current generation of mobile telecommunication networks are collectively known as 3G (for "third generation"), LTE is marketed as 4G. In this paper, LTE-A WINNER MIMO uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for the downlink is proposed. OFDMA meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for very wide carriers with high peak rates. The multiple access schemes in LTE downlink uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA). Power saving in transmission is an extensive issue for the multiple access techniques used in LTE, therefore in this paper, an important transmission factor SER for OFDMA system, is considered. It is proved that the proposed model with the existing model by the comparison of SER performance versus SNR, CCDF of PTS-PAR reduction with different fading models (Rayleigh, Rician and Standard) and CDF plot for capacity of power with various cases (Random, Water Filling / Pouring and Equal) in both channel and link of OFDMA system for different relay environments in WINNER MIMO LTE-A has better performance in all aspects.
EFFECTIVENESS OF PRODUCT PACKAGING ON CUSTOMER PATRONAGE OF BOURNVITA IN EKITI STATE

The study examined the effectiveness of product packaging on customer patronage. Survey method was adopted. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and purposive sampling was used to determine respondents. Sample size of 322 was used. Collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics and hierarchical multiple regression. Constructs tested as explanatory variables were product size, colour, quality of packaging material, quality of product content and shape. The results showed that all the tested variables have significant positive effects on customer patronage of Bournvita. In order of significant, the R change, in order of hierarch, for the variables was: product size =. 215, quality of packaging material =. 058, colour = . 049, shape =. 044, and quality of product content = . 028. It was concluded that customer decision to patronise could be influenced by taken into consideration size, colour, package material, product content and shape of a product. Based on these findings, it is recommended, among others, that producing different sizes of the product should be a continuous practice that firm should undertake. As well, producers should consciously adopt colours suitable and capable of appealing to customer interest and consequently influence their choice of a product by mere sighting of the package colour.
Cross-talk between Stat5b and estrogen receptor- and - in mammary epithelial cells

Both 17-estradiol and prolactin play important roles in the mammary gland, raising the possibility of functional cross-talk between the two signaling pathways. Here, we demonstrate that estrogen receptor- (ER) and - (ER) are both able to potentiate transcription from a Stat5-responsive promoter when activated by prolactin. Potentiation was observed not only in the presence of 17estradiol, but also in the presence of anti-estrogens such as tamoxifen and ICI 182,780. The magnitude of the response was dependent on cell-type: in the HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cell line ER potentiates transcription efficiently whereas ER showed low activity. Conversely, in COS-7 cells, both estrogen receptors were active. We show that activation domains in the N-terminus (AF-1) and the C-terminus (AF-2) of the ERs are dispensable for potentiation. The effects are dependent on the presence of an intact DNA-binding/hinge domain, which we show is capable of interacting with Stat5b in vitro and in HC11 cell extracts. We conclude that ER and ER act as coactivators for Stat5b through a mechanism which is independent of AF-1 and AF-2.
Ontogenetic Changes in Some Larval Characters of a Species Tentatively Identified to Meristogenys amoropalamus (Anura, Ranidae)

ABSTRACT Larval anuran jaw sheaths are corneous flat covers overlying the lateral surface of upper and lower jaws. Although most anuran tadpoles have a single sheath on both jaws, some have a pair of divided sheaths on one or both jaws, and sometimes both undivided and divided conditions are observed even within a species. We examined morphology of larval specimens tentatively identified as Meristogenys amoropalamus, collected from Borneo, and found that the lower jaw sheaths changed from a divided to an undivided state with larval development. Furthermore, the numbers of undivided rows of lower labial tooth, and of serrations of upper and lower jaw sheaths also changed ontogenetically. From these observations, we suggest that developmental stages should be taken into consideration when we use these larval characters for morphological comparisons in this genus.
Multi-Task Supervised Pretraining for Neural Domain Adaptation

Two prevalent transfer learning approaches are used in recent works to improve neural networks performance for domains with small amounts of annotated data: Multi-task learning which involves training the task of interest with related auxiliary tasks to exploit their underlying similarities, and Mono-task fine-tuning, where the weights of the model are initialized with the pretrained weights of a large-scale labeled source domain and then fine-tuned with labeled data of the target domain (domain of interest). In this paper, we propose a new approach which takes advantage from both approaches by learning a hierarchical model trained across multiple tasks from a source domain, and is then fine-tuned on multiple tasks of the target domain. Our experiments on four tasks applied to the social media domain show that our proposed approach leads to significant improvements on all tasks compared to both approaches.
Propagação de orquídea Gongora quinquenervis por semeadura in vitro

The aim of this experiment was to study in vitro germination and organogenesis of Gongora quinquenervis in two culture media (Knudson "C" and Murashige & Skoog) on three concentrations of BAP (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1). The protocorms cultured on Knudson "C" medium died. The majority of the embryos cultured on the Murashige & Skoog medium formed calli. The calli presented a high morfogenetic potential, regenerating great number of plant through indirect organogenesis, and the treatment without BAP presented the highest regeneration frequency. Few plants were germinated through the normal route, performing a total of 41 plants, which contrasts with the 715 plants regenerated through indirect organogenesis.
Are Tutors’ Perceptions of Multimedia Computer Laboratories Related to Use?

In a bid to embrace the modern trend of using computer technology (CT) in curriculum delivery, the Kenya government has equipped public primary teacher training colleges (PPTTCs) with Multimedia Computer Laboratories (MCLs). This paper uses data from a survey that sought to examine tutors’ perceptions and use of MCLs in PPTTCs in Kenya. Research has shown that availability of CT infrastructure without considering the perceptions of the user cannot yield the desired results. Using a descriptive survey design, the study found that tutors had positive perceptions of the MCLs but actual use was not proportional. The study concluded that positive perceptions by tutors did not automatically lead to pedagogical use of the MCLs and recommended interventions from relevant stakeholders.
Photosynthetic light response and epidermal characteristics of sun and shade pecan leaves.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the morphologic characteristics and photosynthetic response of sun and shade leaves of mature pecan (Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch) trees. Treatments were established according to leaf type (sun or shade leaves) and cultivar (Pawnee and Stuart). Sun leaves were chosen from those growing on exterior portions of the tree canopy and exposed to full sunlight for most of the day ($1500 mmolm -2 s -1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF)). Shade leaves were those growing in interior parts of the tree canopy (#100 mmolm -2 s -1 PPF). Epidermis characteristics, leaf area, and chlorophyll (Chl) content were also measured. Results indicated that stomatal density (stomata/mm 2 ), leaf area, and leaflet area were greater in sun leaves than in shade leaves in both cultivars investigated. Specific leaf area was greater in shade leaves than sun leaves. Chlorophyll fluorescence, total Chl content, Chl a, Chl b, and Chl a/b were unaffected by leaf type or cultivar. In both cultivars, photosynthetic light response curves showed that area-based maximum assimilation rate (Amax) in shade leaves was about half of that measured in sun leaves in June through August. However, in October, Amaxof sun leaves dropped to values similar to those measured in shade leaves. Light compensation point of photosynthesis and dark respiration rate were always lower in shade leaves than in sun leaves. Overall, there were only minor differences between the cultivars. Pecan trees require careful canopy management to avoid self shading and to maintain productivity. These results could help determine optimal levels of canopy light interception and could be used to develop canopy and crop management practices.
Reproduction of Diaeretiella rapae on Russian wheat aphid hosts at different temperatures

Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh), a polyphagous and cosmopolitan parasite of aphids, was imported from China to the USA for biological control of Diuraphis noxia (Mordwilko), a pest of small grains. We studied several aspects of its biology on D. noxia hosts in the laboratory at 3 constant temperatures, 10.0, 21.1, and 26.7 °C. Females lived significantly longer than males at all 3 temperatures, and longevity was greatest at 10 °C, followed by 21.1 and 26.7 °C. Fecundity (= number of mummies) did not differ significantly among the 3 temperatures studied. The ovarian egg‐load was 129.1 ± 9.3, and was significantly affected by the size of adult females. A pre‐oviposition period (0.95 ± 0.26 days) was detected at 10 °C, but not at the other temperatures. Pre‐imaginal survivorship was similar among temperatures, while Ro and Tc decreased with temperature, and rm increased with temperature. The offspring sex ratio (proportion females) was lowest at 26.7 °C, and similar between 10.0 and 21.1 °C. In addition, the offspring sex ratio significantly declined with the age of the female parent. The suitability of D. rapae for colonization against D. noxia in North America is discussed in relation to its responses to temperature and the climate of its home range.
Robust Neural Machine Translation with ASR Errors

In many practical applications, neural machine translation systems have to deal with the input from automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems which may contain a certain number of errors. This leads to two problems which degrade translation performance. One is the discrepancy between the training and testing data and the other is the translation error caused by the input errors may ruin the whole translation. In this paper, we propose a method to handle the two problems so as to generate robust translation to ASR errors. First, we simulate ASR errors in the training data so that the data distribution in the training and test is consistent. Second, we focus on ASR errors on homophone words and words with similar pronunciation and make use of their pronunciation information to help the translation model to recover from the input errors. Experiments on two Chinese-English data sets show that our method is more robust to input errors and can outperform the strong Transformer baseline significantly.
THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF ALECTONA (PORIFERA, DEMOSPONGIAE): A TETRACTINELLID SPONGE

The affinities of the genus Alectona Carter and of Spiroxya levispira (Topsent) have been investigated using 28S rDNA sequences and SEM study of their boring pattern. The close relationships of Alectona millari with the tetractinellids are strongly supported by molecular data, although its affinities with the orders Astrophorida or Spirophorida remain unresolved. Spiroxya levispira has no relationship with the tetractinellids. These results imply modifications of the conventional classification of Alectona within Hadromerida. In the Systema Porifera, Alectona and Spiroxya were classified in the family Alectonidae, whereas Thoosa was placed in the Clionaidae. We propose maintaining Spiroxya in the Clionaidae, and Alectona and Thoosa, which share a unique hoplitomella larva, in the family Thoosidae of the tetractinellids. Morphological evidence suggests the placing, possibly temporary, of Thoosidae in the order Astrophorida. However, the molecular data, and the uniqueness of the reproduction pattern and of spiculation suggest that the family could represent a special order of Tetractinomorpha.
Germplasm characterization in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is an important solanaceous vegetable in many countries of Asia and Africa. Assessment of genetic resources is the starting point of any crop improvement programme. In the present study, 192 accessions of eggplant were evaluated for ten quantitative and eleven qualitative characters. A significant difference was observed in all characters. The wide regional variations for plant, flower and fruit descriptors revealed enough scope for improvement of yield characters by selection. The genetic differences among the genotypes are potentially relevant to breeding programmes in that the variability created through hybridization of the contrasting forms could be exploited.