Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Examining Developer and Vulnerability Correlation in the Kibana Project

Open-source software is often chosen with the expectation of increased security [1]. The transparency and peer review process of open development offer advantages in terms of more secure code. However, developing secure code remains a challenging task that requires more than just expertise. Even with adequate knowledge, human errors can occur, leading to mistakes and overlooked issues that may result in exploitable vulnerabilities. It is reasonable to assume that not all developers introduce bugs or vulnerabilities randomly since each developer brings unique experience and knowledge to the development process. The objective of this thesis is to investigate a method for identifying high-risk developers who are more likely to introduce vulnerabilities or bugs, which can be used to predict potential locations of bugs or vulnerabilities in the source code based on the developer who wrote the code. Metrics related to developers’ code churn, code complexity, bug association, and experience were collected during a case study of the opensource project Kibana. The findings provide empirical evidence suggesting that developers that write code with higher complexity and have a greater project activity pose a higher risk of introducing vulnerabilities and bugs. Developers who have introduced vulnerabilities also tend to exhibit higher code churn, code complexity, and bug association compared to those who have not introduced a vulnerability. However, the metrics employed in this study were not sufficiently discriminative for identifying developers with a higher risk of introducing vulnerabilities or bugs per commit. Nevertheless, the results of this study serve as a foundation for further research in this area exploring the topic further. Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, Uppsala universitet. Utgivningsort Uppsala/Visby. Handledare: Förnamn Efternamn, Ämnesgranskare: Förnamn Efternamn, Examinator: Förnamn Efternamn Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten Uppsala universitet, Utgivningsort Uppsala Handledare: Pontus Johnson Ämnesgranskare: Elias Castegren Examinator: Lars-Åke Nordén
Swimming sea cucumbers (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea) : a survey, with analysis of swimming behavior in four bathyal species

Miller, John E. , and David L. Pawson. Swimming Sea Cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea): A Survey, with Analysis of Swimming Behavior in Four Bathyal Species. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences,xmrribtT 35,18 pages, 4 figures, 1990. —New information on swimming behavior of four species of deep-sea holothurians has been obtained using the research submersibles Johnson-Sea-Link (Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution) and Pisces V (University of Hawaii, HURL Program). Hansenothuria benti Miller and Pawson and Enypniastes eximia Theel were studied off the Bahama Islands, Paelopatides retifer Fisher off the Hawaiian Islands, and Pelagothuria natatrix Ludwig off the Galapagos Islands. Video recordings were made of swimming behavior, and individuals of all species were collected at the time of observation. Four contrasting life modes are represented: H. benti lives and feeds on the seafloor, but when disturbed it can swim vigorously for several minutes by rapidly flexing the anterior and posterior ends of the body into S curves. Enypniastes eximia swims almost continuously, briefly settling to the seafloor to ingest surface sediments. The bulbous body is propelled upwards by rhythmic pulsation of a webbed anterodorsal veil; stability during swimming is maintained by counteractive flexing of posterolateral veils. Paelopatides retifer lives on or near the seafloor and has been found up to 300 meters above the seafloor. The swimming behavior of this species combines locomotory movements of the two preceding species. An anterior veil pulsates, and the posterior half of the body flexes into S curves. Pelagothuria natatrix is truly pelagic, floating or drifting near the seafloor or high in the water column. Swimming is effected by infrequent and irregular pulsation of an enormous anterior veil. There is no evidence to suggest that P. natatrix descends to feed on the seafloor. Published data on the approximately 25 known species of swimming holothurians are summarized Probable reasons for swimming behavior are discussed Swimming appears to be most useful in predator avoidance, escape from physical hazards, locomotion, seeking out suitable substrata for feeding, and dispersal of juveniles or adults. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: Seascape along the Atlantic coast of eastern North America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Miller, John E. Swimming sea cucumbers (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea) : a survey, with analysis of swimming behavior in four bathyal species / John E. Miller and David L. Pawson p. cm. —(Smithsonian contributions to the marine sciences ; no. 35) Includes bibliographical references. Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.41:35 1. Holothurians—Behavior. 2. Holothurians—Locomotion. I. Pawson, David L. (David Leo), 1938-. II. Title. III. Series. QL384.H7M55 1990 89-600398 593.9'6-dc20 CIP
Vegetation change along a geothermal stress gradient at the Te Kopia steamfield

Naturally thermotolerant vegetation in New Zealand is concentrated in approximately 39 geothermally heated areas totalling only 580 ha scattered along the 300 km length of the Taupo Volcanic Zone. Relationships between composition and structure of vegetation and environment were analysed at the comparatively large (95 ha) and unmodified Te Kopia geothermal steamfield. Vascular vegetation was mostly influenced by a strong gradient in soil temperature, ranging at 15 cm depth from 15°C to 90°C across the steamfield. Dominant species changed from evergreen, broadleaved forest at the cool end of this gradient to dominance on increasingly hot soils by myrtaceous and epacrid (southern heath) shrubs with small needle‐like leaves and shallow roots. While differences in cryptogam composition were mostly associated with spatial variation in soil temperature, they were also significantly influenced by soil acidity and Al concentration. All soils sampled along the gradient had low fertility, high acidity, and high lev.
Kinematic analyses of the Hsüehshan Range, Taiwan: A large-scale pop-up structure

The Hsuehshan Range, exposed in the northern and central Taiwan slate belt, is a fault-bounded structural high cored by biotite grade slates and metasandstones. Syntectonic overgrowths in pyrite pressure shadows indicate that much of the eastern Hsuehshan Range experienced coaxial strain histories and that finite strain magnitudes generally increase toward the hinterland. Near the eastern boundary of the Hsuehshan Range, however, pressure shadows record noncoaxial strain histories consistent with a top-to-the-east sense of shear along a steep NW dipping shear zone. This noncoaxiality is attributed to SE directed backthrusting on the Lishan fault, which separates the higher-grade, Eo-Oligocene rocks of the Hsuehshan Range from the lower-grade Miocene rocks of the Backbone Range. Because it is bounded to the east by the SE-vergent Lishan fault and to the west by a series of NW-vergent thrusts (e.g., the Chuchih fault), the Hsuehshan Range is envisaged as a pop-up structure. Strain magnitudes measured from pressure shadows in the coaxial part of the range are consistently lower than those predicted by steady state wedge models that assume all deformation is accommodated by penetrative strain. Departure from the model predictions is attributed primarily to strain localization along discrete fault surfaces (e.g., the Lishan fault). The Hsuehshan Range tapers in width to the south; thus the pop-up may be buried or die out to the south where the collision is younger.
Self-constrained Inversion of Potential Fields

We propose a constrained inversion procedure based on a priori information derived exclusively from the potential field data themselves (self-constrained inversion). To set up effective constraints, we utilize two source parameters, namely the structural index N and the position of the source body edges, both estimated through analysis of the field itself. With some synthetic examples, we show that this information, incorporated in the objective function as depth and horizontal weighting functions, is enough to obtain rather accurate and realistic magnetization models.
Evidence for a 3.45‐billion‐year‐old magnetic remanence: Hints of an ancient geodynamo from conglomerates of South Africa

Paleomagnetic and rock magnetic analyses of ∼3445‐million‐year‐old dacite conglomerate clasts and parent body rocks from the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa, define two dominant components of magnetization. One component, unblocked at low temperature, is an overprint acquired ∼180 million years ago. The other component is unblocked at high temperatures and passes a conglomerate test, indicating that this component is older than the depositional age of the conglomerate (∼3416 Ma). The high unblocking temperature component shows scatter in the parent body rocks that can be explained by the effects of modern lightning strikes, Archean overprinting, and the presence of multidomain magnetic grains that are conducive to carrying secondary magnetizations. Alternatively, this scatter can be explained by exotic magnetization scenarios in the absence of a dynamo, including magnetization by an external field related to solar wind interaction with the atmosphere. Such exotic mechanisms can be tested with the acquisition of paleointensity data. While more scattered than paleomagnetic data recording the more recent geomagnetic field, the high unblocking temperature component in the dacite parent body shows some consistency, and the simplest explanation of the data is that they reflect a geodynamo ∼3445 million years ago.
The relative light intensity produced by a lightning stepped leader

The relative light intensities produced by five leader steps immediately preceding a return stroke in a discharge to ground are presented with submicrosecond time resolution. A typical step rises from zero to peak in about 1 μs, falls to half peak in 1–2 μs, and then decays slowly until the next step occurs.
Mortality from non-malignant respiratory diseases among workers in the Norwegian silicon carbide industry: associations with dust exposure

Objectives Increased mortality from asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema has previously been reported among workers in the silicon carbide (SiC) industry. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of specific exposure factors on mortality from obstructive lung diseases (OLD), using a newly revised job-exposure matrix. Materials and methods 1687 long-term workers employed in 1913–2003 in the Norwegian SiC industry were characterised with respect to cumulative exposure to quartz, cristobalite, SiC particles and SiC fibres. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for underlying causes of death, 1951–2007, were calculated stratified by category of cumulative exposure, and Poisson regression analyses of OLD were performed using cumulative exposure variables. Results An increased total mortality (SMR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.2) and increased mortality from cancer, non-malignant respiratory diseases and external factors, were observed. The SMR of OLD was increased at the highest level of cumulative exposure to all investigated exposure factors. In the internal analyses, a twofold increased risk of OLD was observed with increasing levels of cumulative exposure to SiC particles. In a multivariate model, SiC particles showed the most stable increased risk estimate when controlled for other exposure factors, among workers with less than 15 years of employment. Among workers with more than 15 years of employment, crystalline silica, primarily cristobalite, seemed to be the most important exposure factor. Conclusion Exposure to SiC and crystalline silica may contribute to OLD development among SiC industry workers in different time windows, and possibly through different mechanisms.
Wild 2 and interstellar sample collection and Earth return

[1] Stardust, launched in 1999, is the first mission designed to bring samples from a known, recently deflected comet, 81P/Wild 2, on 2 January 2004 and is also the first to capture newly discovered contemporary interstellar dust streaming through our solar system. The Stardust aerogel collector accomplishes Stardust's primary science and will be returned to Earth with its captured samples on 15 January 2006 in a reentry capsule. Wild 2 samples will be captured at 6.12 km/s and represent well-preserved relics of the outer regions of our solar nebula and fundamental building blocks of our planetary system. Interstellar grains captured at velocities of less than 10 km/s are expected to survive intact and represent the main repositories of condensable elements that permeate the galaxy. These solid cometary and interstellar samples will be captured in two back-to-back sample collection trays filled with variable-density aerogel. There are 132 silica aerogel capture cells of 3 cm and 1 cm thickness for the cometary and the interstellar sides, respectively. The aerogel capture cells were wedged into the sample collection trays and wrapped on all four sides with 100-μm-thick pure aluminum foil to facilitate aerogel cell removal. The total exposed Wild 2 surface area is 1039 cm2 of aerogel and 153 cm2 of aluminum foil. Results from a preliminary examination for the Wild 2 samples will be reported within 9 months of sample return and for the interstellar samples a year later. After preliminary examination the samples will be transferred to the NASA Office of the Curator and made available to the general science community.
Growth characteristics of three Eucalyptus clonal hybrids in response to drought stress : the underlying physiology.

Previous research by Drew et al. (2009) on a SAPPI dendrometer trial, in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, yielded growth results for two Eucalyptus grandis clones (termed E. grandis x urophylla (GU) and E. grandis x camaldulensis (GC)). The GU clone was found to have a greater diameter than the GC clone, and further research has demonstrated that age, not environmental conditions, is the major determinant of tree growth for the GU and GC clone. The clones also showed different patterns of growth response following a rainfall event. In current study, young plants of three Eucalyptus grandis clones (two GU clones (GUA and GUW) and one GC clone) were grown in 80 L planting bags for 18 months at UKZN, Westville, South Africa. The experiments for this study entailed subjecting the three clones to three watering regimes. The trial was conducted using a randomised complete block (RCB) with a 3 3 factorial design (i.e. 9 treatments with 12 replicate plants in each treatment). The three watering regimes were monitored daily with a soil moisture probe and were a control (little or no water stress was applied), chronic water stress (mild, long-term, gradual water stress) and acute water stress (rapid, severe, cyclic water stress with periods of recovery from stress by re-watering). Physiological (photosynthesis, plant water relations and hydraulic conductance characteristics) and morphological (height, diameter and total biomass) measurements were performed. Two harvest periods determining Kh and total biomass at 9 and 18 months were undertaken, whereas morphological measurements were taken monthly throughout the trial. Considering that there were differing growth responses of clones in response to rainfall events (observed by Drew et al., 2009), the recovery of the plants from water stress was also studied (resistance to water flow in leaves, assimilation rates and stomatal conductance). Further investigation of leaf characteristics was performed to assess different aspects of the water transport system (stomatal density) and improvement of water use efficiency (WUE) in response to water stress by measurement of δ 13 C in leaf samples. The GC clone showed 30% greater height growth than the GU clones. Growth efficiency, root biomass and root:shoot were significantly greater in the GC clone. The GU clones showed significantly greater stem and leaf biomass, primarily due to the 25% greater total leaf area, after 18 months growth. Diameter of the plants subjected to the control, was 8% higher compared with water stress treatments (p = 0.036). Water stress significantly reduced tree volume by up to 10% and leaf area by 30%. Jmax and Vcmax were significantly lowered in plants subjected to acute stress at leaf wilting point (p < 0.001). After as little as 7 days re-watering however, Jmax and Vcmax were not different from the control.
Geochemical anomalies near the Eocene/Oligocene and Permian/Triassic boundaries

Evidence is presented to support the theory that several mass extinctions, i.e., those that define the Permian-Triassic boundary, the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, and the Eocene-1 Oligocene boundary, were caused by impact on the earth of extraterrestrial objects having the composition of carbonaceous chondrites and diameters of about 10 km. The evidence consists of anomalously high concentrations of iridium and other siderophile elements at the stratigraphic levels defining the extinctions. (ACR)
Palynological contributions to the chronology and stratigraphy of the Hartford basin in Connecticut and Massachusetts

Abstract Recent discoveries of palynoflorules at numerous localities in the Newark Group basins of the eastern United States provide new evidence for correlation of deposits in these basins. Floras from the Shuttle Meadow and Portland Formations of the Newark Group rocks in the Hartford Basin of Connecticut and Massachusetts indicate that the Triassic‐Jurassic boundary is located within the rocks of this basin: a shift of Corollina from more than 90% C. meyeriana to more than 90% C. torosus occurs somewhere between the Shuttle Meadow and Portland Formations and generally indicates a Rhaeto‐Liassic age. In the Shuttle Meadow Formation, the overall shape of the palynoflora (particularly the presence of Convolutispora klukiforma), associated fish, paleomagnetic data, and radiometric dates, as well as megafossil evidence of Brachyphyllum scotii and Clathropteris menis‐coides, support a basal Liassic age for this formation. Reptilean evidence in older strata of the Hartford Basin suggests that the Triassic‐Jur.
Colluvial deposits in dry valleys of southern England as proxy indicators of paleoenvironmental and land‐use change

Investigations of colluvial sequences infilling the dry valleys of the southern English chalk escarpment have been undertaken since the late 1950s. Chalkland environments are characterized by a rich prehistoric cultural record and, because of poor pollen preservation in the highly calcareous chalkland sediments, molluscan analysis of such deposits has frequently been undertaken to reconstruct past land use and environment. Archaeologists often base their interpretations of past chalkland environments on these reconstructions. In order to test the value of this proxy data source, seven dry valley systems in southern England were investigated using a combination of lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic techniques. The results of this study demonstrate that patterns of sedimentation are similar within valley systems, but that the mechanisms and chronology of deposition vary between valleys. The differences are probably caused by a combination of factors, including variations in past land use, the impact of storm activity, and local topography. It can therefore be argued that it is unwise to use dry valley sequences and their accompanying biological assemblages for regional environmental reconstruction, although the data are invaluable when examining land use on a local level—the scale at which most archaeological projects in the United Kingdom are carried out. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultimate bearing capacity of foundations on layered soils under inclined load

The ultimate bearing capacity of footings resting on subsoils consisting of two layers has been investigated for the cases of a dense or stiff layer overlying a weak deposit, and a loose or soft layer overlying a firm deposit. The analyses of different modes of soil failure are compared with the results of model tests on circular and strip footings on layered sand and clay soils.
Tidal and subtidal currents in the Strait of Sicily

[1] Current measurements, from shipboard and moored instruments, from the Strait of Sicily are examined to evaluate the importance of tidal and subtidal currents during summer 2000. The results show that the principal tidal components (M2, K1, S2, and O1) are particularly important in the western shelf and sill region but are significantly less important over the eastern shelf and almost negligible in the central part of the strait. There is a significant internal tide in the narrowest passage through the western sill. The residual (nontidal) currents describe the main pathways and local structures of Atlantic Water as it crosses the strait. The residual currents are compared with the geostrophic velocity calculated from simultaneous hydrographic measurements.
Electromagnetic emission accompanying fracture of quartz-bearing rocks

Fracture of quartz-bearing rocks and other hard piezoelectric materials is associated with radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic emission that can be readily detected in the laboratory. Using a standard RF coil and a transient recorder it was found that small cracks in quartz and tourmaline single crystals produce exponentially-decaying RF transients with a time constant of about 10/sup -5/ s. Failure of quartz-bearing rocks generates longer and more complex transients, presumably due to interference of radiation emitted by numerous piezoelectric crystals as a result of the sudden drop in piezoelectric field accompanying the release of stress. The spectral content of these transients depends on grain size, shifting to higher frequencies as grain size decreases. This fracture-related emission has a variety of potential geophysical applications ranging from monitoring cracks in rock deformation experiments to studies of electromagnetic effects associated with earthquakes, hydraulic fracture and mine failure.
Cenozoic palaeogeography and the rise of modern biodiversity patterns

Abstract The steepest latitudinal and longitudinal gradients in taxonomic diversity at the present day are those associated with tropical high diversity foci. Although there has been a tendency in the past to regard these features as either evolutionary ‘cradles’ or ‘museums’ of considerable antiquity, this may not be the case. Within the marine realm, a uniform, pan-tropical fauna was progressively disrupted by a series of plate tectonic events, the most important of which were the Early Miocene (c. 20 Ma) collisions of Africa/Arabia with Europe and Australia/New Guinea with Indonesia, and the Middle Miocene-latest Pliocene rise of the Central American Isthmus. This had the net effect of establishing two main tropical high diversity foci: the Indo-West Pacific and the Atlantic-Caribbean-East Pacific. Similar foci were also established at the same time in the terrestrial realm. Together with the physical isolation of Antarctica, these same tectonic events contributed significantly to global cooling throughout the Cenozoic Era. This in turn led to the imposition of a series of thermally defined provinces, and thus a considerable degree of biotic differentiation on a regional scale. However, something else seems to have been involved in the creation of very steep tropical diversity peaks. This could in part be a coincidental radiation of a series of unrelated taxa, or some sort of evolutionary feedback mechanism between interacting clades. Alternatively, Late Cenozoic rates of origination may have been enhanced by an external forcing mechanism such as changes in Orbital Range Dynamics.