Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ATTRIBUTIONS OF VICTIM BLAME 1 Attributions of Victim Blame in Stranger and Acquaintance Rape : A Quantitative Study

Aims and objectives: are to, on a sample of nurses and the general public, examine whether victim blame varies according to level of familiarly between victim and perpetrator. It also examines how Ambivalent Sexism (AS) and Rape Myth Acceptance (RMA) impacts on this. Background: Around one in five women will be victims of sexual assault during their lifetime. The majority are acquaintance rapes, and these victims are generally attributed more blame than victims of stranger rape. Research indicates that nurses hold similar attitudes on gender roles and victim blame as do the general public. Methods: Eighty-one participants read a story depicting a sexual assault of a woman by either a stranger or an acquaintance, and completed scales measuring victim blame, AS and RMA. Results: indicated that victim-perpetrator relationship, benevolent sexism (BS), hostile sexism (HS) and whether he participant was a nurse contributed to the variance in attributed victim blame. Hierarchical regressions revealed that whether or not the participant was a nurse contributed to the variance in victim blame in the acquaintance rape condition, and HS and BS contributed to the variance in victim blame in the stranger rape condition. Conclusions: This paper gives a novel insight into attitudes involved in victim blame in rape cases, and makes a unique comparison between nurses and the general public. Findings suggests that victim blame correlates primarily with aggressively sexist attitudes, and that nurses generally attribute more blame to the victim of acquaintance rape. ATTRIBUTIONS OF VICTIM BLAME 2 Relevance to clinical practice: This study has practical implications for the provision of medical services for victims of sexual assault, as it highlights problems in identifying and accessing rape victims, as well as recommending the sexual assault training of all practicing nurses. What does this paper contribute to the wider global clinical community?  Drawing on international research, this paper highlights key issues involved in encouraging victim of rape (specifically acquaintance rape) to access medical services following their assault.  By making a novel comparison between a medical and non-medical sample, this paper examines key attitudinal factors that are likely to impact the care given to of victims of sexual assault by medical nurses.  By examining both of the above, this paper gives recommendations for the clinical practice of nurses, which will be relevant in a global community.
Sedimentology and Facies Architecture of Overbank Deposits of the Mississippi River, False River Region, Louisiana

This detailed study of the sedimentology and facies architecture of three overbank subenvironments which occur marginal to a meander belt in the lower Mississippi River Valley leads to the following conclusions: 1) backswamp, levee and splay deposits can be subdivided into units related to the establishment of the associated channel belt; 2) cycles related to avulsion, levee progradation, splay progradation and abandonment, and sheet-flood events are preserved in flood basin deposits; and 3) flood basin facies prograde basinward as the levee builds upward over time along a channel belt margin. The establishment of the channel belt is divided into four phases: 1) a pre-avulsion stage, 2) an avulsion stage, 3) an early channel belt, and 4) a late channel belt stage. In the study area, the flood basin sequence affiliated with the avulsion and establishment of the channel belt (30 m) has a maximum thickness of about 10 m. The avulsion event is probably recorded in the sedimentary sequence as the lithologic change from blue clay with detrital organie debris deposited in standing water to sheet-flood silts and sands related to levee and splay progradation during incipient formation of the channel belt. Surficial levee deposits (silty sand unit) exhibit an overall coarsening-upward sequence (2.5 m) that reflects meander bend migration toward the sampling site during the late stage of channel belt development. Surficial splay deposits (silty sand unit) initially coarsen upward during the progradational phase and then fine upward as the splay is abandoned (3 m). Individual flood cycles (mm-cm) occur as small-scale fining-upward rhythmites with poorly preserved stratification in all sub-environments.
Modeling ocean heat content changes during the last millennium

Observational studies show a significant increase in ocean heat content over the last half century. Herein we estimate heat content changes during the last millennium with a climate model whose forcing terms have been best‐fit to surface proxy data. The model simulates the observed late 20th century ocean heat content increase and a comparable Little Ice Age minimum. When glacial advances are factored in, these results imply a sea level fall after the Middle Ages that is consistent with some geologic data. The present ocean heat content increase can be traced back to the mid‐19th century, with a near‐linear rate of change during the 20th century.
The Role of the Natural Resource Curse in Preventing Development in Politically Unstable Countries: Case Studies of Angola and Bolivia

For about three decades now, development economics researchers have consistently claimed that third world resource-rich countries were not developing as well and/or as fast as they were expected to, given that their natural resources endowment was considered a great opportunity for development. The phenomenon of underperformances concerning primary commodity exporters relative to non resource-rich countries has been often referred to as to the “Natural Resource Curse”. The authors use an historical and political approach to the manifestations of the curse in the specific cases of Angola and Bolivia, both resource abundant countries, but suffering among the lowest development standards in their respective continents. In chapter one, the authors make a quick review of the literature explaining both causes and manifestations of the Resource Curse. The authors go beyond the classical Dutch Disease explanations and show how natural resources lead to behaviours of looting, rent-seeking and civil confrontations. In chapter two, the authors present the framework where they adjust the “African Anti-growth Policy Syndromes” described by Paul Collier to the specific case of the Natural Resource curse. In addition, they add some considerations of the negative effect of natural resource extraction by analysing externalities on environment, education and inequalities. Chapters three and four analyse the case studies of Angola and Bolivia respectively, emphasizing the role of historical context explaining policy behaviour and the critical impact of unexpected windfalls and sudden price collapses. The authors find that natural resources could sustain long lasting conflicts, but that conditions of fractionalization of society determine the possibility of conflict. A country divided in two rigid political factions is more prone to internal conflict, like in Angola, whether in countries where frontiers between blocks are blurried or the country is multi-polar, like in Bolivia, the risks of long-lasting civil war seem less important. Apart from conflict, the authors show that lack of institutions and inequality make of natural resources a source of political instability that has far more impact on economic performances than other factors.
SALINITY INTRUSION IN THE GUAPIMIRIM ESTUARY, RIO DE JANEIRO STATE, BRAZIL

ABSTRACT. This work was conducted in the Guapimirim estuary, the main tributary of the Guanabara Bay. This system is located in a preserved area in the catchmentbasin of the bay, inside the Guapimirim Environmental Protection Area. The estuary presents a meandering channel with 3 meters mean depth. The aim of thiswork is to evaluate the salinity intrusion dynamics in response to the tide and freshwater discharge, as well as its effects on the water column structure and residencetime. Surveys were performed to assess the salinity structure along the estuary main channel under different freshwater discharges (dry and rainy period) and tide (neapand spring). The results showed significant differences in the water column structure, presenting high stratification in neap tide and conditions homogeneous in springtide. The salinity front (SF) showed a bigger displacement in the spring tide. Under highly stratified conditions, in neap tide, its displacement was bigger with smallertidal amplitude. The location of SF inside of the estuary, in the high water, was influenced manly by freshwater discharge. The residence time in the Guapimirim estuarywas longer in neap tide and dry period, presenting a good relationship with freshwater discharge. Keywords: Guapimirim estuary, salinity intrusion, residence time. RESUMO . Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no estuario de Guapimirim, principal tributario da Baia de Guanabara. Este sistema se localiza em uma area ainda preservadana bacia de drenagemda baia, dentro da Area de Protecao Ambiental de Guapimirim. O estuario apresenta um canal meandrante com uma profundidade media de 3 metros. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em avaliar a dinâmica da intrusao salina em resposta a atuacao dos processos fisicos como a vazao fluvial e a mare, assimcomo, sua consequencia na estrutura da coluna d’agua e tempo de residencia. Foram realizados levantamentos sobre a estrutura salina ao longo do canal principal doestuario em diferentes condicoes de vazao fluvial (periodo seco e chuvoso) e mare (quadratura e sizigia). Os resultados mostraram diferencas marcantes na estrutura dacoluna d’´agua sendo estratificado em mare de quadratura e mais homogeneo em mare de sizigia. A frente salina apresentou um maior deslocamento em mare de sizigia.Em condicoes de alta estratificacao, em mare de quadratura, o maior deslocamento da frente salina esteve associado a uma menor amplitude da mare. A vazao fluvial foio principal processo fisico que atuou no alcance maximo da frente salina. O tempo de residencia de uma parcela de agua dentro do estuario de Guapimirim foi maiorem condicao de mare de quadratura e em periodo seco, apresentando boa relacao com a vazao fluvial. Palavras-chave: estuario de Guapimirim, intrusao salina, tempo de residencia.
The Loss of Luteal Progesterone Production in Women Is Associated With a Galectin Switch via alpha 2,6-Sialylation of Glycoconjugates

Context: Luteal progesterone is fundamental for reproduction but the molecular regulation of 27 the corpus luteum (CL) in women remains unclear. Galectin-1 and galectin-3 bind to the sugar 28 chains on cells to control key biological processes including cell function and fate. Methods: The expression and localization of LGALS1 and LGALS3 was analyzed by 30 quantitative PCR and histochemical analysis, with special reference to  2,6-sialylation of 31 glycoconjugates, in carefully-dated human CL collected across the menstrual cycle and after 32 exposure to hCG in vivo . The effects of hCG and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) on the expression 33 of galectins and an  2,6-sialyltransferase, ST6GAL1, in granulosa lutein cells were analyzed in 34 . 35 Results: Galectin-1 was predominantly localized to healthy granulosa lutein cells and galectin-3 36 was localized to macrophages and regressing granulosa
A physical approach for a simultaneous retrieval of sounding, surface, hydrometeor, and cryospheric parameters from SNPP/ATMS

We present in this study the results obtained when applying a physical algorithm based on a variational methodology to data from the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) onboard the Suomi National Polar‐Orbiting Partnership (SNPP) for a consistent retrieval of geophysical data in all weather conditions. The algorithm, which runs operationally at the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, is applied routinely to a number of sounders from the Polar‐Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites, the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, and the European Meteorological Operational satellite constellations. The one‐dimension variational (1DVAR) methodology, which relies on a forward operator, the Community Radiative Transfer Model, allows for solving the inversion of the radiometric measurements into geophysical parameters which have a direct impact on the brightness temperatures. The parameters that are produced by this Microwave Integrated Retrieval System algorithm include the atmospheric temperature T(p), moisture Q(p), and vertically integrated total precipitable water; and the surface skin temperature and emissivity as well as the hydrometeor products of nonprecipitating cloud liquid water and rain‐ and ice‐water paths. In this algorithm, a simple postprocessing is applied to the 1DVAR‐generated emissivity to derive cryospheric products (snow water equivalent and sea‐ice concentration) when the data are measured over these surfaces. The postprocessing is also applied to the hydrometeors products to generate a surface rainfall rate. This comprehensive set of sounding, surface, hydrometeor, and cryospheric products generated from SNPP/ATMS is therefore radiometrically consistent, meaning that when input to the forward operator, it will allow the simulation of the actual brightness temperatures measurements within noise levels. The geophysical consistency between the products, also critical, is satisfied due to the physical approach adopted and the geophysical constraints introduced through the correlation matrix used in the variational system. The results shown in this paper confirm that the performances of all products are within the expected accuracy and precision figures and comparable to performances usually obtained with single‐parameter‐dedicated algorithms, with the added value that the inverted products are both radiometrically and geophysically consistent.
Relative rates of optical maturation of regolith on Mercury and the Moon

Quantifying relative differences in regolith optical maturation rates is critical to interpreting multispectral reflectance measurements of airless bodies. In this study, normalized reflectance measurements of crater ejecta blankets and rays are used as indicators of the relative state of regolith maturation on Mercury and the Moon, as well as for a comparison of surface reflectance. Characterization of craters with high‐reflectance ejecta from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera and Mercury Dual Imaging System orbital mosaics indicates that the optical maturation rate is up to 4 times faster on Mercury than on the Moon. Observations also show that there are fewer immature craters (per unit area) on Mercury than on the Moon and suggest a younger average age for mercurian rayed craters than for lunar rayed craters. A comparison of crustal reflectance of immature material yields a ratio of 1.9 ± 0.4 for the average photometrically normalized reflectance of lunar material to that of mercurian material. The difference in reflectance is attributed primarily to differences in composition between the lunar highlands and average surface material on Mercury. The new observations of immature craters per unit area and surface reflectance of immature materials are consistent with previous proposals that regolith maturation rates are faster on Mercury than the Moon, and but here we quantify the relative rate from empirical observations for the first time.
Subversion of host defense mechanisms by murine tumors. I. A circulating factor that suppresses macrophage-mediated resistance to infection

The subcutaneous injection of cells of any one of five unselected murine tumors resulted very rapidly in the liberation into the circulation of a small molecular weight factor that severely impaired the capacity of the host to resist experimental infection with Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica. It was found that the factor appeared in blood within 8 h of injecting tumor cells subcutaneously. That it possessed potent physiological activity was evidenced by the demonstration that an infusion of as little as 0.015 ml of tumor-bearer serum strikingly suppressed the capacity of normal recipients to resist bacterial infection. It was reasoned on the basis of the knowledge that the only cells in mice with the capacity to destroy Listeria are macrophages, that suppression of antibacterial resistance was caused by the ability of the tumor-suppressor factor to interfere, either directly or indirectly, with the antibacterial functions of these mononuclear phagocytic cells. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that at least some malignant neoplastic cells are naturally selected to avoid destruction by native and acquired antitumor mechanisms of mononuclear phagocytes.
Physical mechanisms of the ionospheric storms at equatorial and higher latitudes during the recovery phase of geomagnetic storms

The paper studies the physical mechanisms of the ionospheric storms at equatorial and higher latitudes, which are generally opposite both during the main phase (MP) and recovery phase (RP) of geomagnetic storms. The mechanisms are based on the natural tendency of physical systems to occupy minimum energy state which is most stable. The paper first illustrates the recent developments in the understanding of the mechanisms during daytime MPs when generally negative ionospheric storms (in Nmax and TEC) develop at equatorial latitudes and positive storms occur at higher latitudes, including why the storms are severe only in some cases. The paper then investigates the relative importance of the physical mechanisms of the positive ionospheric storms observed at equatorial latitudes (within ±15°) during daytime RPs when negative storms occur at higher latitudes using CHAMP Ne and GPS‐TEC data and Sheffield University Plasmasphere Ionosphere Model. The results indicate that the mechanical effect of the storm‐time equatorward neutral winds that causes plasma convergence at equatorial F region could be a major source for the positive storms, with the downwelling effect of the winds and zero or westward electric field, if present, acting as minor sources.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of a multi-dimensional intervention to reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for children with upper respiratory tract infections in China

Background: We developed a multifaceted intervention to reduce antibiotic prescription rate for children with upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) among primary care doctors in township hospitals in China. The intervention achieved a 29% (95% CI: 16% to 42%) absolute risk reduction in antibiotic prescribing. This study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of our intervention at reducing antibiotic prescribing in rural primary care facilities as measured by the intervention’s effect on the APR for childhood URTIs. Methods: We took a health-care provider perspective, measuring costs of consultation (time cost of doctor), prescription monitoring process and peer-review meetings (time cost of participants) and medication costs. Costs on provider side were collected through a bespoke questionnaire from all 25 township hospitals in December 2016, while medication costs were collected prospectively in the trial. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated by dividing the mean difference in cost of the two trial arms by the mean difference in antibiotic prescribing rate. Results: This showed an incremental cost of $0.03 per percentage point reduction in antibiotic prescribing. In addition to this incremental cost, the cost of implementing the intervention, including training and materials delivered by township hospitals was $390.65 (SD $145.68) per healthcare facility. Conclusions: This study shows that a multifaceted intervention programme, when embedded into routine practice, is very cost-effective at reducing antibiotic prescribing in primary care facilities, and has the potential of scale-up in similar resource limited settings.
Etude géomécanique de glissements de terrain dans les argiles glacio-lacustres de la vallée du Drac

Nous avons etudie un glissement de terrain affectant le lotissement du mas d'avignonet, situe sur la rive gauche de la retenue du monteynard. Une campagne de reconnaissance in situ comportant sondages, releves geologiques, indices de mouvement, mesures inclinimetriques, topographiques et piezometriques nous a permis de mettre en evidence plusieurs surfaces de deformations. On propose des mecanismes probables de rupture de ces glissements; on definit leur geometrie et on evalue les valeurs residuelles des caracteristiques mecaniques a la rupture des argiles litees, formation a l'origine de nombreuses instabilites dans la region. On analyse la stabilite du lotissement ainsi que le role des seismes sur la stabilite a long terme du versant
Evidence for northward expansion of Antarctic Bottom Water mass in the Southern Ocean during the last glacial inception

[1] We investigated deep water changes in the Southern Ocean during the last glacial inception, in relationship to surface hydrology and global climatology, to better understand the mechanisms of the establishment of a glacial ocean circulation. Changes in benthic foraminiferal δ13C from three high-resolution cores are compared and indicate decoupled intermediate and deep water changes in the Southern Ocean. From the comparison with records from the North Atlantic, South Atlantic, and the Southern Ocean, we show that the early southern deep water δ13C drop observed at the MIS 5.5–5.4 transition occurred before any significant reduction of North Atlantic Deep Water ventilation. We propose that this drop is linked to the northward expansion of poorly ventilated Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) mass in the Southern Ocean. Associated with an early cooling in the high southern latitudes, the westerly winds and surface oceanic fronts would migrate equatorward, thus weakening the upwelling of Circumpolar Deep Waters. Reduced heat brought to Antarctic surface waters would enhance sea ice formation during winters and the deep convection of cold and poorly ventilated AABW.
Suction pressure measurement and behavioral observations of sprawning-run sea lampreys ( Petromyzon marinus )

Sea lampreys utilize attachment by suction throughout their life cycle. Despite the importance of this behavior, the role of surface texture in the attachment process has not been fully understood. The goal of this study was to develop a technique to quantitatively examine attachment abilities on surfaces of different texture and then to test whether the lampreys would seek out the surface that best promoted attachment. Results of the first experiment showed that the ability to attach depended on the interaction between a surface’s characteristics and the sea lamprey’s oral disk anatomy. For management applications where lamprey attachment is a concern, this pressure-measurement method would be ideal for surface creation and testing. In the second experiment, sea lampreys displayed little preference among surfaces with varying levels of texture. Repeating this experiment in a high sheer environment may yield more insight into the management implications of surface preference and attachment.
Consequences of forest fires on the hydrogeological response of mountain catchments: a case study of the Riale Buffaga, Ticino, Switzerland

The debris flow of 28 August 1997 which occurred in the Riale Buffaga, a torrent channel in the territory of the village of Ronco s. /Ascona (Ticino, Switzerland), has been simulated with a good degree of reliability due to the existence of morphologic surveys of the torrent channel preceding the flood event and the presence of a rain gauge that registered the rainfall event at a resolution of 10 minutes. With these data it is possible to conduct a quantitative analysis of the effect of a forest fire on the hydrogeological response of a given catchment. In the case at hand, a 10‐year rainfall event caused a 100‐ to 200‐year flood event. This result clearly quantifies the possible consequences of a forest fire in terms of territorial safety. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.