Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimating nitrous oxide emissions from flood-irrigated alkaline grey clays

Concern has mounted over recent decades regarding the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere through human activities. Modern agriculture has contributed to this with elevated use of nitrogenous fertilizers and irrigation. Irrigated cotton grown on alkaline heavy clay soils often uses nitrogen fertiliser inefficiently, due largely to N loss (commonly 50–100 kg N/ha) through denitrification. However, the amount of denitrified N emitted as N2O has rarely been measured. This paper derives estimates of the quantities of N2O emitted from N fertiliser applied to alkaline grey clays. A negative exponential function between the N2O/N2 mole fraction and soil pH was derived from a search of laboratory and field studies published by numerous authors using a wide range of soil types. A greater proportion of N2O relative to N2 is emitted from acid soils; approximately equivalent amounts of each gas are emitted from soil of pH 6.0. For the alkaline grey clays (pH 8.3–8.5), the N2O/N2 mole fraction was about 0.024. The quantities of N2O emitted from alkaline grey clays during the growth of a cotton crop were estimated by applying this relationship to 15N balance studies where N fertiliser losses had been measured. Using this approach, about 2 kg N/ha (~1.1% of the N applied) was calculated to be lost as N2O during the cotton-growing season. This is similar to the value of 1.25% commonly used to estimate N2O emissions from N fertiliser, but this estimation should only be applied to alkaline soils; a larger percentage of the fertiliser N denitrified from acid soils should be emitted as N2O-N. These estimates of N2O emissions require validation with field experimentation. The low (negligible) values for N2O emission from flooded fields compared with laboratory observations are discussed. It is possible that high N2O emissions observed under laboratory conditions result from the shallow depth of soil, reducing the opportunity for N2O to be further reduced as it diffuses through the soil profile. Management strategies that have the potential to reduce N2O emissions are discussed.
Draught cattle and the South Scandinavian economies of the 4th millennium BC

Abstract This paper presents an osteomorphological survey of evidence for draught utilisation of cattle in the South Scandinavian TRB culture. The investigations focus on morphological changes in the lower limb bones of domestic cattle from a large number of archaeological sites and from several individual cattle skeletons found in bogs. The osteological results are discussed in the context of other lines of evidence, both archaeological and environmental, and one of the main themes of this discussion is the relationship between the adoption of animal traction and developments in land use. Furthermore, developments in the economic complex of the South Scandinavian TRB culture are compared with certain trends further south in Europe.
IN SEARCH OF LOST TIME: AN ENSEMBLE OF POLICIES TO RESTORE FISCAL PROGRESSIVITY AND ADDRESS THE CLIMATE CHALLENGE

The European Union needs to raise significant resources to finance a just green transition. At the same time, there is a widespread fiscal regressivity in many EU countries. Indeed, recent empirical evidence shows that the tax systems of many EU members are characterized by low degrees of progressivity, with high-income groups paying lower effective tax rates vis-á-vis middle-and low-income classes. In order to jointly tackle such issues, we propose an ensemble of tax policies at the EU level grounded on the recent proposals advanced in the literature. This fiscal reform includes a wealth tax targeting the top 1% of wealth holders, a tax on unrealized capital gains, and an increase of the minimum corporate tax. Our first estimates suggest that these measures can generate substantial yearly revenues in the order of 1,9%-2,9% of EU GDP. Such resources can contribute to the funding of the additional climate mitigation and adaptation policies required to tackle the climate emergency, while reducing inequality, thus contributing to put EU economies on sustainable and inclusive growth pathways.
Exploring the edge of a natural disaster

Natural geological, chronic and acute release of volcanic gases can have a dramatic impact on vegetative ecosystems and potential impact on regional agriculture and human health. This research incorporates a series of observations using leaf level gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and remotely sensed reflectance measurements of vegetation experiencing chronic exposure to volcanic gas emissions; to develop techniques for monitoring the relative health of vegetation along the edge of an acute vegetative kill zone of a natural disaster and potential preeruption vegetation physiology. Experiments were conducted along an elevation gradient that corresponds to the SO2 gradient on vegetation along the south flank of Volcan Turrialba, Costa Rica. This study site is a natural environment with high volcanic degassing activity with significant SO2 emissions (n/d-0.281 ppm). Corresponding to an SO2 gradient, a substantial increase in CO2 concentration of (430-517 ppm) was identified. We further show the physiological interactions of SO2 and CO2 have on vegetation along the kill zone of this natural disaster can be assessed by examining the SO2/CO2 ratios. The physiological indices tested and relationships among measurements emphasized in this research will add to the assessment of the impact atmospheric volcanic gas emissions have on the physiology of surrounding vegetation as well as advance the capability of remotely sensed environmental stress in natural settings.
Improving customer support effi- ciency through decision support powered by machine learning

More and more aspects of today’s healthcare are becoming integrated with medical technology and dependent on medical IT systems, which consequently puts stricter requirements on the companies delivering these solutions. As a result, companies delivering medical technology solutions need to spend a lot of resources maintaining high-quality, responsive customer support. In this report, possible ways of increasing customer support efficiency using machine learning and NLP is examined at Sectra, a medical technology company. This is done through a qualitative case study, where empirical data collection methods are used to elicit requirements and find ways of adding decision support. Next, a prototype is built featuring a ticket recommendation system powered by GPT-3 and based on 65 000 available support tickets, which is integrated with the customer supports workflow. Lastly, this is evaluated by having six end users test the prototype for five weeks, followed by a qualitative evaluation consisting of interviews, and a quantitative measurement of the user-perceived usability of the proposed prototype. The results show some support that machine learning can be used to create decision support in a customer support context, as six out of six test users believed that their longterm efficiency could improve using the prototype in terms of reducing the average ticket resolution time. However, one out of the six test users expressed some skepticism towards the relevance of the recommendations generated by the system, indicating that improvements to the model must be made. The study also indicates that the use of state-of-the-art NLP models for semantic textual similarity can possibly outperform keyword searches.
Three‐dimensional υp and υp/υs structure of the Hengill Triple Junction and Geothermal Area, Iceland, and the repeatability of tomographic inversion

We investigate the crustal structure of the Hengill triple junction in southwestern Iceland, applying tomographic methods to local earthquake data recorded in two field experiments with different network geometries and instrumentation. Data from the two experiments enable us to derive three-dimensional models of the compressional-wave speed υp and the wave-speed ratio υp/υs. Well resolved high-υp bodies correlate with sites of gabbroic intrusions. A small reduction in υp/υs associated with the high-temperature part of the geothermal area is probably due to mineral alteration or supercritical fluids. The RMS difference between the two υp models, about 0.26 km s−1, indicates the approximate repeatability that may be expected of good tomographic inversions.
Variation of sea surface height at periods of 65–220 days in the subtropical gyre of the North Pacific

Variations of sea surface height (SSH) in the North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent (STCC) region have been investigated using altimeter-derived SSH anomaly data during 1992–1999. It is shown by spectral analyses that the dominant temporal scale of SSH variations in the STCC region is 65–220 days. The energy of the SSH variations in this period band is mostly confined to the subtropical gyre and enhanced in the STCC, the Kuroshio and the Kuroshio Extension east of the Shatsky Rise. The broad energetic band in the STCC region can be divided into two regions: one is located in the latitudinal range of 21°–26°N and extending zonally from the Philippine Sea to ∼190° along 22°N, and the other extends from around 145° to the west of the Hawaiian Islands along 19.5°N, slightly tilting northward toward the east. The axes of these two high-variability tongues are in agreement with those of the STCC multiple bands estimated from climatological hydrographic data. The 65–220 day variations in the STCC region are characterized by westward propagating mesoscale disturbances with wavelengths of 400–1800 km. In terms of ratio of the advective speed to the phase speed the mesoscale variations can be classified into two types, i.e., nonlinear eddies with wavelengths of ∼500–700 km and quasi-linear wave motions with longer wavelengths of ∼1200 km.
Assessment of Flood Hazard of Jeddah Area 2009, Saudi Arabia

Due climatic variability and anthropogenic changes, floods have been raised lately in several regions worldwide. The resulting impact from floods is often harmful. This can be applied to Saudi Arabia, the country which is known by dry climatic conditions, and it became lately a typical region for such natural hazard. Hence, floods are observed as a yearly disaster with high magnitude of influence. Jeddah, a coastal Saudi city on the Red Sea to the west, has witnessed severe event in November 2009, when flooded water and sediments (torrents) invaded the urban areas and resulted decease of many people and destroyed the infrastructure and civilized zones. The lack of mitigation implements exacerbated the problem. This study implies an assessment of flood hazard risk in Jeddah region. It aims to identify the zones subjected to flood and then inducing the influencing factors at different levels of effect. For this purpose space techniques were utilized, with a focus on IKONOS satellite images, which are characterized by high resolution in identifying terrain features. In addition Geographic Information System (GIS) was also used to support space techniques. Thus, damaged areas and the mechanism of flooding process were recognized. This helps avoiding further urban expansion in areas under flood risk and will aid decision maker to put new strategies for hazard management.
FREE SWELL RATIO AND CLAY MINERALOGY OF FINE-GRAINED SOILS

The dominant clay minerals present in fine-grained soils control the physical and engineering behavior of the soils. Determination of the dominant clay minerals in the soils, at present, requires procedures involving sophisticated instrumentation and the knowledge to interpret the results from such tests. A user-friendly approach based on free swell ratio, defined as the ratio of the equilibrium sediment volume of 10-g oven dried soil in distilled water to that in carbon tetra chloride, has emerged as a simple methodology to predict the clay mineral(s) present in the soil as either montmorillonitic or kaolinitic type quite satisfactorily. The validation of the proposed free swell ratio method has been done with exhaustive experimental data.
A decade of dust: Asian dust and springtime aerosol load in the U.S. Pacific Northwest

We integrate SeaWiFS aerosol optical thickness (AOT) over the Taklamakan and Gobi Deserts with U.S. aerosol observations to study surface aerosol variability in the Northwest U.S. in relation to Asian dust emissions. The results indicate that ∼50% of the interannual variability in springtime average PM2.5 and PM10 can be explained by changes in Asian dust emissions. On a seasonal timescale, variations in dust emissions appear to be more important in determining the total material crossing the Pacific than the variations in meteorology represented by the PNA or the LRT3 indices. We are able to explain ∼80% of the interannual variability using three variables: AOT, a transport index, and regional precipitation. This suggests that a strong source, favorable transport and sufficient residence time are needed for Asian dust to have a maximum seasonal impact in the Northwest. The results contextualize case studies and demonstrate the utility of the Deep Blue algorithm.
DIVERSITY OF BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA ON THE SHELF AND SLOPE OF THE NE ATLANTIC: ANALYSIS OF DATASETS

The objective of this work was to review the distribution of benthic foraminiferal species at the western European continental margin from 43–58uN, determine their diversity, and generate a standardized taxonomy based on 44 publications (1913–2010) and unpublished information. Qualitative and quantitative data based upon foraminiferal occurrences and species abundances were included together with supplementary sedimentological and hydrographical data. From the species inventory, as well as from differences in morphological, physical, and hydrographic conditions in the study area, we defined six regions. The investigation of 2902 stations revealed 1486 species, of which 26% are synonymous. Most of the species have a hyaline test and live free, on or in the sediment. We recorded 608 species whose distributions were confined only to one of the six regions. Quantitative faunal data showed a general diversity increase from shelf to slope and two mid-slope diversity maxima, one located on the Basque continental margin at 550–850-m water depth and the other west of Ireland at 700–1100 m. In addition, the number of living species on the shelf generally increased from N–S. The latitudinal vs. depth distribution of six dominant species showed an irregular, lobate distribution pattern for the shelf regions. These species displayed similar distribution patterns on the continental slope, despite different modes of life, and different food and substrate preferences. This suggests that they have the same ecohabitat throughout their depth range. The faunal distribution pattern revealed close relationships between the different regions despite their varying hydrologic regimes.A delineation of one or two regions based on faunal criteria has not been attempted to date. There were no major distinctions in diversity among the six regions of the NE Atlantic, but the whole area exhibits an interregional diversity (c-diversity of 16), similar in magnitude to that of the Gulf of Mexico. In some parts of the study area, gaps in data coverage and differences in foraminiferal taxonomy and hydrographic conditions prevented the calculation of diversity indices.
The role of ocean transport in the uptake of anthropogenic CO2

Abstract. We compare modeled oceanic carbon uptake in response to pulse CO2 emissions using a suite of global ocean models and Earth system models. In response to a CO2 pulse emission of 590 Pg C (corresponding to an instantaneous doubling of atmospheric CO2 from 278 to 556 ppm), the fraction of CO2 emitted that is absorbed by the ocean is: 37±8%, 56±10%, and 81±4% (model mean ±2σ ) in year 30, 100, and 1000 after the emission pulse, respectively. Modeled oceanic uptake of pulse CO2 on timescales from decades to about a century is strongly correlated with simulated present-day uptake of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and CO2 across all models, while the amount of pulse CO2 absorbed by the ocean from a century to a millennium is strongly correlated with modeled radiocarbon in the deep Southern and Pacific Ocean. However, restricting the analysis to models that are capable of reproducing observations within uncertainty, the correlation is generally much weaker. The rates of surface-to-deep ocean transport are determined for individual models from the instantaneous doubling CO2 simulations, and they are used to calculate oceanic CO2 uptake in response to pulse CO2 emissions of different sizes pulses of 1000 and 5000 Pg C. These results are compared with simulated oceanic uptake of CO2 by a number of models simulations with the coupling of climate-ocean carbon cycle and without it. This comparison demonstrates that the impact of different ocean transport rates across models on oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2 is of similar magnitude as that of climate-carbon cycle feedbacks in a single model, emphasizing the important role of ocean transport in the uptake of anthropogenic CO2.
Chemical versus Temporal Controls on the Evolution of Tholeiitic and Calc-alkaline Magmas at Two Volcanoes in the Alaska---Aleutian Arc

RECEIVED SEPTEMBER 18, 2002; ACCEPTED JULY 22, 2003The Alaska--- Aleutian island arc is well known for eruptingboth tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmas. To investigate therelative roles of chemical and temporal controls in generatingthese contrasting liquid lines of descent we have undertaken adetailed study of tholeiitic lavas from Akutan volcano in theoceanic Aleutian arcandcalc-alkalineproductsfromAniakchakvolcano on the continental Alaskan Peninsula. The differencesdo not appear to be linked to parental magma composition. TheAkutan lavas can be explained by closed-system magmaticevolution, whereas curvilinear trace element trends and a largerange in
klogic: miniKanren in Kotlin

One of the distinguishable features of embedded domain-specific languages, like miniKanren, is an easy integration with a host language. Recently, we were asked to port our relational programs in OCaml to Java Virtual Machine (JVM). As a result, we got a miniKanren implementation in Kotlin, which resembles OCanren (miniKanren in OCaml). In this paper, we describe the peculiarities of a relational language implementing on JVM using Kotlin.
GEOCHEMICAL CORRELATION OF CRUDE OILS IN THE NW NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA

Sixty‐six oils from eleven offshore and onshore fields in the NW Niger Delta, Nigeria were analyzed geochemically for their biomarker and isotopic compositions. Multivariate statistical analysis was employed to distinguish generic oil families from the large, complex data set. Biomarker and isotopic source parameter distributions were used to group the oils into three generic families. Family A oils, located in the onshore swamp to transitional area, received charges from predominantly Late Cretaceous or younger marine source rocks laid down in a sub‐oxic to oxic depositional environment. Family B oils occur in the near‐offshore area and are derived from Tertiary source facies that received an input of mixed terrigenous and marine organic matter. Family C oils, which dominate the offshore area, were derived from Tertiary source rocks typical of those deposited in oxic, nearshore or deltaic settings receiving significant terrestrial organic matter. Biomarker maturity parameters showed that the onshore (swamp) oils were generated at the peak of the oil generating window, while the transitional to offshore oils were expelled at an earlier stage of oil generation.
Effect of water on the electrical conductivity of lower crustal clinopyroxene

[1] The electrical conductivity of lower crustal clinopyroxene was measured at 6–12 kbar, 250–1000°C, and Ni-NiO buffer conditions. The dependence of electrical conductivity on water content was studied using both natural and preannealed samples separated from a fresh xenolith granulite, with water contents from 0 to 375 ppm. An end-loaded piston cylinder apparatus and a Solarton-1260 Impedance/Gain Phase Analyzer were used in the study over a frequency range of 0.01–106 Hz to obtain the complex impedance spectra. The results show that the influence of pressure is very weak relative to temperature and water content and that two distinct mechanisms with different activation enthalpies dominate electrical conduction under dry and wet conditions. For the dry sample, the activation enthalpy is ∼102 kJ/mol and the main charge carriers are small polarons, i.e., hopping of electron holes between ferrous and ferric irons. For wet samples, the electrical conductivity is significantly enhanced with an activation enthalpy of ∼70 kJ/mol and the charge carriers are likely to be protons. Under hydrous conditions, the activation enthalpies are nearly independent of water content and the conductivity is a function of water content with an exponent of ∼1. As a major constituent of granulites with >60% modal volume in some regions, clinopyroxene containing minor amounts of water may contribute significantly to the high electrical conductivity in the lower crust, especially under stable continental regions.
PLIOPLATECARPUS PRIMAEVUS (MOSASAURIDAE) FROM THE BEARPAW FORMATION (CAMPANIAN, UPPER CRETACEOUS) OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WESTERN INTERIOR SEAWAY

ABSTRACT One almost complete mosasaur skeleton and much additional material from the Upper Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation of South Central Saskatchewan permits the first adequate description and diagnosis of Plioplatecarpus primaevus Russell. It possesses the following unique (within mosasaurs) characters: 11 maxillary teeth; a large shield-shaped septomaxilla forming a median internarial septum; a posterodorsally directed iliac process; and no obturator foramen. It can be distinguished from Plioplatecarpus marshi in the possession of a modest sized coracoid foramen, and both P. houzeaui and P. marshi in the possession of an unreduced presacral column of 30 vertebrae, all bearing functional zygapophyses, indicating that P. primaevus is the primitive sistergroup to these two taxa. Although extremely similar to UNO 8611-2, an unnamed specimen from Alabama, the lack of an eminence on the posterior surface of the quadrate shaft in the latter establishes UNO 8611-2 as the primitive sister group of P. primaevus +.
Recurrence interval of big earthquakes along the Atotsugawa fault system, central Japan: Results of seismo‐geological survey

The Atotsugawa fault system (AFS), characterized by high seismicity of micro‐earthquakes, is an active zone of right‐lateral strike‐slip faults in central Japan. We carried out seismo‐geological studies of three sites on the system. One is in the middle of the master Atotsugawa fault (AGF), one is at the end, and another is on a branching Mozumi‐Sukenobe fault (MSF). Trenching surveys demonstrated a maximum recurrence interval of 3,000 years, which is similar to that of the central AGF (2,500 years). This might indicate a uniform behavior in the seismogenic zone, despite the apparent segmentation in the shallower AGF. Another geo‐slicing survey at MSF depicted a scarce interval of 13,500 years, about six times longer than that of the master fault. Two simultaneous events on both AGF and MSF occurred in 1858 A.D. and at about 17,300 years ago, suggesting an intermittent cooperation between the master and branch faults of AFS.