Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FORMS OF SOIL PHOSPHORUS ALONG A NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT GRADIENT IN THE NORTHERN EVERGLADES

About 60 MT y−1 of P from agricultural runoff have flowed into an area of the northern Everglades marshes of Florida since the late 1960s, creating a nutrient enrichment gradient. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) in what forms the added and native P have been stored over the past 30 years and (ii) whether forms that are resistant to recycling are the main forms of P storage. The peat soils were sampled at 18 stations along a gradient from the source of nutrient inflow in February, May, August, and December and were then subjected to sequential extraction of P. In general, the P concentrations along the gradient decreased to relatively low concentrations about 8 to 10 km into the interior of the marsh. Concentrations of humic organic P, residual insoluble organic P, Ca-bound P, exchangeable inorganic P, and Fe/Al-bound inorganic P (only at the 20 to 25-cm depth) were all correlated negatively with distance from the nutrient input, i.e., they were 2 to 4 times higher in the enriched area. In contrast, concentrations of microbial biomass P in the surface soil were not correlated with distance from the nutrient input although variability was great. Because more peat is accreting in the enriched area, all forms of P are accreting faster (1.8 to 8 times faster, depending on the form) in the enriched area. Deposition of organic P in the peat was the most important process storing excess P from the nutrient inflows. Formation of Cabound P in these neutral to slightly alkaline (pH 7.2 to 7.9) peat soils was also an important mechanism of P deposition at the stations closest to the phosphorus input. The excess P enrichment has permeated most components of the marsh system, including organic and inorganic forms as well as rapidly and slowly cycling forms.
Electrophoretic Deposition of Biocomposite Lignin/Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Titanium

In this work, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) was applied to obtain novel hydroxyapatite (HAP)/lignin (Lig) biocomposite coatings on titanium substrate. Nanosized hydroxyapatite powder, prepared by using the modified chemical precipitation method, was used for the fabrication of HAP/Lig composite coatings. EPD was performed at different values of constant voltage and constant deposition time. It was confirmed that control over deposited mass can be achieved by applied voltage and time. The uniform and compact coatings were successfully deposited at applied voltage of 60 V in various deposition times lower than 1 minute. The effect of lignin as natural non-toxic polymer on microstructure, morphology and thermal behavior of biocomposite HAP/Lig coatings was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The electrophoretically deposited HAP/Lig coating has been successfully sintered at lower sintering temperature of 900°C, producing non-fractured coating and indicating that lignin may exhibit adhesive role, strengthening the bonding between HAP particles and substrate surface.
Comparing the effectiveness of five low-cost home water treatment devices for Cryptosporidium, Giardia and somatic coliphages removal from water sources

AbstractThis study compared the effectiveness and sustainability of five selected cost-effective home water treatment systems in removing Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. from water sources. These systems included: silver impregnated porous pot (SIPP), biosand filter combined with zeolite (BSF-Z), biosand filter without zeolite (BSF-S), bucket filter (BF) and ceramic candle filter (CCF). The USEPA Methods 1623 were used for the isolation and the detection of the protozoan parasites. The flow rates of the devices ranged between 0.05 and 160.5 L/h. The average turbidity of the environmental intake water samples ranged between 1.47 and 42.93 NTU before filtration and between 0.05 and 14.49 NTU after filtration. The performance of the SIPP in removing the parasites (98–100% of both oocysts and cysts from synthetic water; 96–99.6% oocysts and 96.6–99.8% cysts from the environmental water sources) and in removing viral indicator (97.7–100%) was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to other filte.
Cellulose-Based Native and Surface Modified Fruit Peels for the Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution: Langmuir Adsorption Isotherms

A viable and cost-effective technology was explored in this present task for removal of heavy metal ions such as Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ from aqueous solution using three fruit peels such as orange peel (OP), lemon peel (LP), and banana peel (BP). The surface of the LP and lemon peel cellulose (LPC) was chemically modified. All these adsorbents were characterized by FT-IR, BET, and SEM. The widely used Langmuir adsorption isotherms were used to describe the adsorption equilibrium process. The adsorption capacity of metal ions such as Cu2+ and Ni2+ was found to be more than that of other metal ions. Upon comparison of the adsorbents, surface modified LPC (LPCACS) was found to show enhanced adsorption activity. A comparative study of adsorption was carried out with activated carbon (AC) also from which it was inferred that the order of the adsorption capacity is as follows: LPCACS > LPC > AC > LP.
Chemical Exchange at the Sediment-Water Interface of Cannonsville Reservoir

ABSTRACT Rates of chemical exchange at the sediment-water interface of Cannonsville Reservoir were determined using intact sediment cores. Reference sites for coring were selected based on the results of a surficial sediment survey. Higher levels of volatile suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were noted at deep water stations proximate to the dam and near the discharge of the West Branch of the Delaware River (WBDR, the reservoir's major tributary). Rates of sediment oxygen demand (SOD), measured at 20 °C at the three reference sites, ranged from 0.66 to 1.67 gO2 · m−2 · d−1 with a mean±s.d. of 1.06±0.23 gO2 · m−2 · d−1. No statistically significant variation in SOD with location in the reservoir was noted. No phosphorus (P) release was detected under aerobic conditions. Rates for cores incubated under anaerobic conditions ranged from 9.2 to 15.6 mgP · m · −2 · d−1, with a reservoir-wide mean±s.d. of 12.9 ± 2.2 mgP · m−2 · d−1. P-release ra.
Structure of a chalcone

1-(7-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylchroman-6-yl)-3-phenyl-2-propen-1-one, C 20 H 20 O 3 , M r =308.38, P2 1 /a, a=12.002 (2), b=11.013 (2), c=12.652 (3) A, β=106.24 (3) o , V=1605.6 A 3 , Z=4, D m =1.26 (2), D x =1.275 Mg m -3 , λ(Mo Kα)=0.71069 A, μ=0.079 mm -1 , F(000)=656, T=293 K, R=0.037, wR=0.034 for 892 reflections with I>3σ(I). There is an internal hydrogen bond O-H.O between the carbonyl O atom in the cinnamoyl group and the hydroxy group of the chroman moiety. The conformational analysis shows that the phenyl ring is trans with respect to the double bond linking it with the chroman group. The pyran ring is in the prevalent half-chair conformation
Factors affecting available micronutrient concentrations in soils using coca‐cola® as extractant

Abstract Coca‐Cola® has been found to be an excellent extractant for micronutrients in soils. Correlations with plant concentrations are comparable or superior to already adopted methods. The determination of available micronutrient concentrations in soils in the Coca‐Cola® extract provides several advantages: ready to use extraction solution, environmentally friendly extractant and world‐wide distribution. The comparability of results, however, requires a high quality standard of the Coca‐Cola® product in terms of chemical composition. Extensive research on samples from all over the world shows that the Coca‐Cola® product has a very consistent composition in major constituents and thus data for available micronutrients obtained by the method show a good comparability. The application of 55 Coca‐Cola® samples from a total of 18 countries to a sandy podzolic soil yielded coefficients of variation for iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) of 10, 8, 8, and 12%, respectively.
Structural incorporation of iron into Ge–imogolite nanotubes: a promising step for innovative nanomaterials

Novel iron-doped aluminogermanate nanotubes were obtained using a single step, aqueous phase synthesis protocol. These nanotubes are isostructural with imogolite, a natural occurring nanofiber, but are obtained by-product free in substantially larger quantities with aluminum substitution levels around 1%. Increasing the Fe concentrations led to higher substitution levels but also to the co-precipitation of Fe (oxy)hydroxides.
Relations between curie temperature and chemical bond in octahedral monodimensional ferroelectrics

Abstract Octahedral monodimensional ferroelectrics are an important group of compounds due to their great number, the theoretical studies made on them, their property modulation by various ionic substitutions and their applications. They belong to different structural families: perovskites, tetragonal tungsten bronzes, LiNbO3… The Curie temperature is related to the chemical bond of these materials. Various aspects are described. They concern the influence of the size, the charge, the coordination, the electronic configuration of the cations, either in or out of the octahedron, the bond covalency and the degree of cationic order.
Impinging-Jet Ozone Bubble Column Modeling: Hydrodynamics, Gas Hold-up, Bubble Characteristics, and Ozone Mass Transfer

A transient back flow cell model was used to model the hydrodynamic behaviour of an impinging-jet ozone bubble column. A steady-state back flow cell model was developed to analyze the dissolved ozone concentration profiles measured in the bubble column. The column-average overall mass transfer coefficient, kLa (s−1), was found to be dependent on the superficial gas and liquid velocities, uG (m.s−1) and uL (m.s−1), respectively, as follows: kLa = 55.58 · uG 1.26· uL 0.08 . The specific interfacial area, a (m−1), was determined as a = 3.61 × 103 · uG 0.902 · uL −0.038 by measuring the gas hold-up (ϵ G = 4.67 · uG 1.11 · uL −0.05 ) and Sauter mean diameter, dS (mm), of the bubbles (dS = 7.78 · uG 0.207 · uL − 0.008 ). The local mass transfer coefficient, kL (m.s−1), was then determined to be: kL = 15.40 · uG 0.354 · uL 0.118 .
Intrinsic luminescence and energy transfer processes in pure and doped YVO4 crystals

Luminescence properties of nominally pure and neodymium doped YVO4 single crystals have been studied by means of time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy technique. It was detected that, besides the main well-known blue excitonic emission band near 2.8 eV, an additional UV emission band at ∼3.1 eV appears in the spectra of intrinsic luminescence at low temperatures (∼80 K) for all crystals studied. Decay time of the UV band is much faster in comparison with the blue one and the UV band is quenched at temperatures above 150 K. Origin of the UV emission band is discussed. A significant rise front was observed in the relaxation kinetics of Nd3+ emission under band-to-band excitation. The time constant of the rise front of the Nd3+ emission is very close to decay time of the blue emission in a wide temperature range. It is suggested that the energy transfer process from the host lattice to neodymium ions occurs via excitonic states. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic structure of Fe2+ in normal human hemoglobin and its isolated subunits

A comparison study of the Mossbauer spectra of deoxy Hb‐A (low oxygen affinity) and its isolated α and β subunits (high oxygen affinity) was carried out over the temperature range 77–200°K. Within experimental error, no difference was detected between these three proteins, either in the isomeric shifts or in the quadrupole splittings. These results show that the characteristically different oxygen affinity of deoxy Hb‐A and its isolated subunits is not a consequence of different electronic states for the ferrous ions in Hb‐A and its isolated subunits. The electronic structure of the ferrous ion in hemoglobin was determined using a crystal field approximation. The adjustable parameters in the crystal field model were systematically searched for an electronic level configuration that would give good agreement with the experimental data of the temperature‐dependent quadrupole splitting and magnetic susceptibility of deoxy Hb‐A. The resulting low lying energy levels in order of increasing energy were 5B2, 1A1.
Atributos químicos do solo e lixiviação de compostos fenólicos após adição de resíduo sólido alcalino

The use of alkaline residues from pulp and paper industry ('dregs') in agriculture as a corrective of soil acidity is being widely used as an alternative of ground disposal in order to reduce the environmental impact. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of application of the 'dregs', waste from pulp and paper industry, in soil chemical properties and leaching of phenolic compounds. The experimental units consisted of leaching columns filled with soil incorporated with 'dregs' at doses of 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 g kg-1. Chemical analysis were performed in these soils, a Humic Camibissolo and a Typic Quartzipsamment soils, tests of solubilization of phenolic compounds and leaching tests were also carried out to determine the total content of phenolic compounds present in the leachate. The use of the 'dregs' modified the chemical attributes of the Humic Cambisol and Typic Quartzipsamment. The results obtained in the analysis of the leachate showed that the application of the 'dregs' led to an increase of compounds above the maximum allowed by law, which is 0,01 mg L-1 (ANBR, 2004a) and 0,5 mg L-1 (CONAMA, 2008).
Indicadores da condição hídrica do solo com soja em plantio direto e preparo convencional

Soil water condition indicators were assessed in a field experiment conducted in Eldorado do Sul, Brazil. The Paleudult soil of the experimental area has been managed during eight years under no-tillage and conventional tillage. Soy bean cultivar Fepagro Rs-10 was sown on November 20, 2003, with 0.40 m of row spacing and 300,000 plants ha-1, with and without irrigation. Variables of soil, plant and atmosphere were monitored with emphasis during drought periods. Variations of the matrix water potential were monitored from 0.075 to 1.20 m of soil depth. A regular delay was observed in the soil drying process in no-tilled plots, in particular during drought periods, indicating higher water storage in no-tillage than in conventional tillage. Higher matrix water potential, lower maximum temperature and smaller thermal amplitude were observed in no-tillage, in comparison to the conventional tillage. Indirect indicators, such as plant height and leaf area index, were in accordance to the higher water storage in no-tilled plots, due to reductions of water deficit in plants. This set of indicators demonstrated the importance of evaluating crop responses in a systemic approach to soil and water management.
Catalytic Effect of Various Kaolinite Forms on the Emulsion Polymerization of Vinylacetate Using Acetone Sodium Bisulfite as Initiator

Kaolinite was intercalated with N-methylformamide (NMF) and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), separately. The intercalation of these species expanded the basal space of kaolinite from 0.72 to 1.08 and 1.13 nm, respectively as shown by the X-ray diffraction (XRD). Emulsion polymerization of vinylacetate (VAc) was carried out at different temperatures (60–80°C) using acetone sodium bisulfite as initiator in the absence and presence of untreated as well as the modified forrms of kaolinite (K-NMF, K-DMSO). The results revealed that the presence of kaolinite decreased the rate of polymerization (Rp) by factor of 4 at 60 and 70°C and 7 at 80°C and also the activation energy of polymerization (E a ) was decreased from 43.35 × 104 to 10.32 × 104 J mole−1 if compared with the polymerization of VAc in absence of kaolinite. Using the modified forms of kaolinite (K-NMF, K-DMSO) enhanced the Rp and reduced effectively the E a to − 27.92 and − 55.78, respectively. Conversely to untreated kaolinite, the Rp was declining with increasing the temperature in these cases. In all cases, Rp was the highest in the absence of any kaolinite form but in the same time the E a was also the highest. These results were discussed and explained on the basis of the catalytic activity of the different forms, radical scavenging nature of the kaolinite, and chain transfer.
Electrochemical Stability of Imidazolium Based Ionic Liquids Containing Cyano Groups in the Anion: A Cyclic Voltammetry, XPS and DFT Study

The electrochemical stability of ionic liquids based on the 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium [EMIM](+) cation and three different anions, dicyanoamide ([N(CN)(2)](-)), tricyanomethanide ([C(CN)(3)](-)) and tetracyanoborate ([B(CN)(4)](-)), has been investigated. Cyclic voltammetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the valence band, as well as density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed. A clear dependence of the anodic stability on the anion can be observed by cyclic voltammetry which is confirmed by XPS valence band spectra. The experimental data are in good agreement with DFT calculations. The valence band spectra and the DFT calculations of the ionic liquids show energetic differences in the position of the highest occupied molecular orbital state and confirm the electrochemically measured stability following the sequence [EMIM][B(CN)(4)] > [EMIM][N(CN)(2)] > [EMIM][C(CN)(3)]. (C) 2012 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.001207jes] All rights reserved.
Highly efficient and stable dye-sensitized solar cells based on SnO2 nanocrystals prepared by microwave-assisted synthesis

Highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with excellent long-term stability were fabricated based on tin(IV) oxide (SnO2) nanocrystals with tunable morphologies and band energy levels. The nanocrystals were prepared by a facile, fast, and energy-saving microwave-assisted solvothermal reaction. Through variation of the precursor base used during nanocrystal synthesis control over morphology was achieved—precursor metal cations are known to have a strong influence on the growth process of SnO2 nanostructures. A simple and economic way to prepare semiconducting pastes for photoanodes was devised. The photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells based on SnO2 photoanodes was investigated. A very high power conversion efficiency of up to 3.2%, based on very high Voc and comparable Jsc and FF [under 1 Sun condition (AM 1.5, 100 mW cm−2, with shading masks)] was achieved, reporting the highest efficiency value for the cells based on unmodified SnO2 nanocrystals so far. In order to elucidate the efficient cell behavior, electrochemical properties such as the charge transport in the photoanodes as well as SnO2/electrolyte interfacial properties were investigated. Uncharacteristically for DSSCs, all devices tested in the present study show an unusual long-term stability under ambient conditions over several weeks.
Single-crystal Raman spectroscopy of ‘square-planar’ and ‘tetrahedral’ CuCl42– ions, of the ZnCl42– Ion, and of CuCl2,2H2O

The Raman spectrum of CuCl2,2H2O is assigned unambiguously from single-crystal and deuteriation studies. In the case of (CH3NH3)2CuCl4 the assignment of the main bands from single-crystal studies is again unambiguous, but for the species containing ‘tetrahedral’ ions (Cs2CuCl4 and Cs2ZnCl4) only tentative assignments can be given in terms of the molecular ions. Discussions of the position of fundamental vibrations of ‘long’ and ‘short’ Cu—Cl bonds in the absence of adequate analysis are meaningless. The following points arise from this study: (a) for CuCl2,2H2O ‘short’ bond stretching modes occur at 216 and 237 cm. –1 while the ‘long’ bond stretching mode occurs (as a libration of linear Cl—Cu—Cl) at 112 cm. –1. (b) For (CH3NH3)2CuCl4 the motion involving stretching of the ‘long’ Cu—Cl bond involves simultaneous compression of a ‘short’ bond. This mode is also largely coupled with the ‘terminal’ Cu—Cl stretch, with ‘in phase’ frequencies 248 and 286 cm. –1(ag of the free planar ion) and ‘out of phase’ at 174 and 182 cm. –1(b1g or b2g of the free ion according to choice of x and y axes). (c) In Cs2CuCl4 and Cs2ZnCl4 the considerable distortions of the ions from regular tetrahedral are exhibited in terms of splitting of degenerate modes, the f2 modes of Td symmetry both being split over a range of 29 cm. –1 for Cs2CuCl4, and over a range of 17 and 13 cm. –1 respectively for Cs2ZnCl4. It must be noted that various assumptions were necessary to reach the conclusions of the last sentence.
Assessment of Polylactide Foil Degradation as a Result of Filamentous Fungi Activity

Degree of poly (lactic acid) (PlA) foil degradation by the filamentous fungi i.e. Aspergillus ustus, A. sydowii, A. fumigatus, Paecilomyces lilicanus and Penicillium verrucosum has been investigated. A degradation process has been conducted in dynamic conditions at 30°C for 10 days in a medium containing 0.1% of foil as carbon source. To activate the enzymes involved in the poly (lactic acid) foil degradation, triple passaging on the medium has been conducted. Each passage lasted 10 days. After passages, increase of the mycelium biomass, its enzymatic activity and structural foil changes have been investigated using scanning electron mi croscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Strain passaging has resulted in the activation of the enzymes of the esterase group responsible for foil degradation, expressing itself in the mycelium biomass increase. Penicillium verrucosum and Aspergillus ustus appeared to be the most active strains. Structural and thermal changes of the material have been demonstrated. Filamentous fungi have a wide range of enzymes of the esterase group which, following initial activation, may actively participate in PlA foil degradation.
The EPRG guidelines on the assessment of defects in transmission pipeline girth welds

The EPRG guidelines on the assessment of defects in transmission pipeline girth welds are based on literature reviews, an extensive laboratory test programme, published experimental data and accepted fitness for purpose methodologies. The guidelines are structured in three tiers and specify defect acceptance levels in Tier 1 (good workmanship) and defect limits in Tiers 2 and 3 (fitness-for-purpose). The application of current welding standards can lead to quite different defect limits, but the EPRG guidelines provide uniform acceptance levels and defect limits, with a comprehensive technical justification. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die EPRG-Richtlinie zur Beurteilung von Fehlern in Rundschweissnaehten bei Fernleitungsrohren wurde auf Basis von Literaturrecherchen, einem umfangreichen Versuchsprogramm, veroeffentlichten Versuchsergebnissen, und Berechnungen erstellt. Die Richtlinie ist in drei Stufen (`Tier` 1 bis 3) unterteilt und spezifiziert in `Tier 1` nach dem Stand der Technik erlaubte Schweissnahtfehler und in `Tier 2 und 3` aufgrund von Berechnungen maximal zulaessige Fehlergroessen. Die Anwendung der zur Zeit gueltigen Normen zur Beurteilung von Schweissnaehten kann zu deutlich unterschiedlichen zulaessigen Fehlergrenzen fuehren. Die EPRG Richtlinie benennt einheitliche Fehlergrenzen auf einer umfangreichen technischen Grundlage. (orig.)