Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PLANT GROWTH RESPONSES TO VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA

Summary Nine vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal endophytes were assessed for their infectivity and ability to improve the growth of alpine strawberry seedlings in sterilized, low-phosphate soils (4 and 8 mg kg−1 NaHCO3-soluble P), limed to different pHs. At pH 4, Glomus clarum greatly stimulated plant growth, but the other endophytes except Gigaspora margarita and Glomus fasciculatum‘E3’ had little or no effect. The most efficient endophytes at pH 5 were E3, Acaulospora laevis and G. clarum. The largest plants were those growing at pH 7 and inoculated with Glomus epigaeum; A. laevis and G. clarum were ineffective at this pH. The most effective endophytes at pH 6 and 7 were G. epigaeum, Glomus mosseae, E3, Glomus caledonium and Gigaspora heterogama, although results varied slightly between soils. Most endophytes infected well at all pHs, even where they did not enhance plant growth. In studies of this nature plant growth is affected by different pHs, soil P levels and the inoculum used. Nevertheless these data show clearly that different endophytes vary enormously in their symbiotic effectiveness at different soil pHs. The practical implications of these results are discussed.
THE CRUSHING BITE OF TYRANNOSAURIDS

Tyrannosaurids are a group of large meat eating theropod dinosaurs. Newly prepared material of Gorgosaurus libratus, Tarbosaurus bataar, and Tyrannosaurus rex provides additional knowledge of the structure and movement of the intramandibular jaw joint in the family. Paradoxically the theories of jaw movement and the fossil evidence in tyrannosaurids have not been comparable. It has been suggested that the joint had a wide range of movement to allow the gullet to expand, and to allow adjustment of the pitch and position of the mandibular teeth relative to the upper teeth (Maleev, 1974; Barsbold, 1983; Bakker et al., 1988; Molnar, 1991). A moveable joint suggested a feeding behaviour like lizards with a weak bite. On the other hand, the shortening and elevation of the skull in tyrannosaurids for insertion of powerful jaw muscles (Molnar and Farlow 1990), increased tooth robustness (Farlow et al., 1991), bite marks suggesting bone fragmentation (Erickson and Olson 1996), estimation of bite force from tooth-marked bone (Erickson et al., 1996), and bone fragments in coprolites (Chin et al. 1998) all suggests high bite force. Here we describe the intramandibular jaw joint and report on the discovery of the first completely preserved and fused supradentary/coronoid bones in three different tyrannosaurids. The fused supradentary/coronoid bone crosses the intramandibular jaw joint restricting its movement. This leads to a rigid lower jaw in tyrannosaurids that is a secondary specialization for a powerful crushing bite. Institutional Abbreviations-BHI, Black Hills Institute, South Dakota, USA; TMP, Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Drumheller, Alberta, Canada; ZPAL, Institute of Palaeobiology, Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.
Stock-Specific Migration Timing of Adult Spring–Summer Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River Basin

Abstract An understanding of the migration timing patterns of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and steelhead O. mykiss is important for managing complex mixed-stock fisheries and preserving genetic and life history diversity. We examined adult return timing for 3,317 radio-tagged fish from 38 stocks of Columbia River basin spring–summer Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha over 5 years. Stock composition varied widely within and between years depending on the strength of influential populations. Most individual stocks migrated at similar times each year relative to overall runs, supporting the hypotheses that run timing is predictable, is at least partially due to genetic adaptation, and can be used to differentiate between some conspecific populations. Arrival timing of both aggregated radio-tagged stocks and annual runs was strongly correlated with river discharge; stocks arrived earlier at Bonneville Dam and at upstream dams in years with low discharge. Migration timing analyses identified many between-stock .
Unionid Habitat and Assemblage Composition in Coastal Plain Tributaries of Flint River (Georgia)

Effective conservation of mussels in streams of the lower Flint River basin, southwest Georgia, requires more rigorous understanding of mussel-habitat associations and factors shaping assemblage composition in stream reaches. We surveyed mussels and habitat conditions at 46 locations, and used regression, correla- tion and multivariate direct gradient analysis (Canonical Correspondence Analyses) to identify species-habitat relationships and characteristic species-assemblage types in Flint basin streams. Riparian wetland and catchment forest cover, average mid- channel depth, and drainage network position accounted for 49% of the variability in mussel species richness, 36% of the variability in unionid abundance, and 32% of the variability observed in Shannon-Wiener diversity across survey sites. Species were grouped into four assemblage types based on their habitat associations: large-river- riffle associates, slackwater associates, habitat generalists, and stream-run associ- ates. Results are broadly concordant with anecdotal reports of mussel-habitat rela- tionships and provide insight into the habitat conservation needs of mussels.
Flow Cytometric Assessment of Acrosomal Status and Viability of Dog Spermatozoa

Contents A procedure was attempted to simultaneously evaluate viability and acrosomal integrity of dog spermatozoa by flow cytometry and the dual staining technique using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA) and propidium iodide (PI). Three ejaculates were obtained from three dogs; each of which was divided into five aliquots and increasing concentrations (0–288 μmol/l) of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) were added to each one to artificially induce the acrosome reaction in different proportions of spermatozoa. Data obtained by flow cytometric analysis of each sample were compared with those obtained by microscopic evaluation under epifluorescence illumination and by light microscopy evaluation of smears stained with Spermac® staining. Regression analysis was used to compare the flow cytometric assay with the epifluorescence and light microscopic techniques, and the results indicated that flow cytometry was highly correlated with the Spermac® staining whereas the correlation with the epifluorescence microscopy was lower. In comparison with the Spermac® staining, the results from this study validate flow cytometry as a precise method for evaluating the acrosomal integrity of canine spermatozoa.
Pathogens decreasing decorative values of rhododendron (Rhododendron L.) flowersPatogeny obniżające walory dekoracyjne kwiatów różanecznika (Rhododendron L.)

Summary Rhododendron (Rhododendron L.) is a valuable plant in modern gardens. The health of flowers, colour, size and shape are assessed in breeding programmes. The pathogenic organisms which damage flowers, cause changes in colour, spots and necroses, and lead to lowering its ornamental value, dying, accelerated fading and falling. The research were carried out in 2010–2011 on the ornamental plant collection of the University of Agriculture in Krakow. The symptoms of rot and necrosis were diagnosed on flowers of ten new-bred taxons of rhododendron. Over 500 colonies of fungi belonging to 24 species were isolated from infected flowers. Numerous colonies of: A. alternata, E. purpurascens, P. sydowiana and P. truncata. Colonies of Botrytis cinerea, Chaetomium globosum, Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum, Mortierella hyalina, M. isabellina, Phoma eupyrena, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Trichoderma koningii, T. viride and others were isolated in a smaller number.
The induction of dominant lethal mutations in rats and mice with triethylenemelamine (tem).

1. TEM resembles X-rays in inducing dominant lethal mutations in the sperm of rats and mice and sterilizing type B spermatogonia. Beyond this, however, there are several important differences. 2. The relative ease with which TEM and X-rays affect sperm and spermatogonia varies greatly. The X-ray dose which produces 50% dominant lethals in sperm (500 rad) sterilizes spermatocytes and type B spermatogonia, and has such a drastic effect on type A spermatogonia that recovery of fertility is delayed for 2½ months. The TEM dose which produces the same mutation rate in sperm (0·1 mg./kg. rat) has no detectable effect on pre-meiotic stages. Even 1 mg. /kg. only sterilizes the most sensitive stage, type B spermatogonia. 3. Taking immature sperm as the standard, mature sperm are more sensitive to X-rays, but less sensitive to TEM, and early spermatids, the most sensitive stage to X-ray-induced dominant lethals, are highly resistant to TEM. 4. Spermatocytes, in which X-rays yield a mutation rate equal to immaturesperm, are highly resistant to TEM. 5. To produce the same mutation rate in immature sperm, mice require twice as much TEM as the rat in mg. /kg. , though approximately the same X-ray dose. 6. In contrast to mid-stage rat spermatids, which are the most sensitive stage to TEM, mouse mid-stage spermatids are resistant.
Assessment of genetic diversity of a critically endangered important medicinal plant Chlorophytum borivilianum in different agro-climatic regions of India revealed by random amplified polymorphic primer (DNA Marker)

Chlorophytum borivilianum (Family: Liliaceae), an important threatened medicinal herb is designated as ‘Rare’ in Red Data Book of Indian plants. In this study, random amplified polymorphic primer DNA (RAPD) markers were used to assess the genetic diversity in six genotypes of C. borivilianum collected from different geographical regions of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand. Out of the 86 bands, 45 were found to be polymorphic and the level of polymorphism was 52.35% thus, revealing a high degree of polymorphism. The maximum polymorphism was obtained using primer number 108 that was 90.90% and least with primer number 102 that was 12.5%. The Jaccard’s similarity coefficient ranged from 0.70 ± 0.186. The maximum similarity value was noticed between SM3 and SM5 genotypes collected from KRD (M.P) and Maa Umaya farm (M.P.), respectively.
The effects of an artificial wetland dominated by free-floating plants on the restoration of a subtropical, hypertrophic lake

Lake Rodo (Montevideo, Uruguay) is a small, urban, hypertrophic lake undergoing restoration. In this study, we evaluated the nutrient removal efficiency and water quality improvement attributable to a water recirculation system, consisting of the lake and three connected pools converted to artificial wetlands dominated by free-floating hydrophytes. Eichhornia crassipes and Spirodela intermedia dominated the hydrophyte community during summer and winter, respectively, with the biomass production being maintained throughout the year. The maximum production values of E. crassipes were 11.3 and 5.6 g DW m ‐2 d ‐1 in the summers of 1998 and 2000, respectively, while those of S. intermedia were 2.7 and 0.8 g DW m ‐2 d ‐1 in the summers of 1999 and 2000, respectively. The aquatic plant community reduced the concentration of nutrients in the water column but did not significantly affect the sediment concentrations. Harvesting the hydrophytes removed the equivalent of 58‐88% and 39‐78% of the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) load associated with the water column, respectively. In contrast, the harvests accounted for only 1‐2% of the N and P load associated with the sediments. In the pools, the combination of water recirculation and hydrophytes generally diminished the algal biomass and the associated N and P, compared to that observed for the lake. The combined use of adequate aquatic plant harvests and hydraulic management increased the efficiency of the system and, therefore, seems to be a useful tool for restoring small, shallow lakes in tropical and subtropical regions.
The Atya-like shrimps of the Indo-Pacific region (Decapoda, Atyidae)

Chace, Fenner A. , Jr. The Atya-\ike Shrimps of the Indo-Pacific Region (Decapoda: Atyidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 384, 54 pages, 24 figures, 1983. —The shrimps recognized in this study comprise six freshwater species that have often been referred, untenably and sometimes in synonymy, to the genus Atya. Three of the species are here assigned to the reestablished genus Atyoida: A. bisulcata, confined to Hawaii; A. pilipes, ranging eastward from eastern Indonesia and the Philippines to the Marquesas and Gambier islands; and A. serrata, possibly limited to Madagascar and smaller islands in the tropical western Indian Ocean. Two closely related forms compose the new genus Atyopsis: A. moluccensis, ranging through Thailand and Malaya to Indonesia and perhaps westward to Sri Lanka and northeastward to the Philippines; and A. spinipes, apparently inhabiting the eastern Lesser Sunda Islands and extending northward through the Philippines to Okinawa and eastward as far as Samoa. Atya striolata, occupying streams along the east coast of Australia, is assigned to the new genus Australatya. Keys are provided to the genera and species and, for each of the latter, there are a complete synonymy, review of the literature, references to published illustrations, a diagnosis, color notes if available, size limits, the known range and material examined, variations observed, ecological information, life-history notes if any, common names, and economic importance. Special attention is paid to the heteromorphism of the chelipeds in Atyoida, especially as displayed by a series of several hundred specimens of A. pilipes from Palau, Caroline Islands. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavemosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Chace, Fenner Albert. The Atya-like shrimps of the Indo-Pacific region (Decapoda: Atyidae) (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 384) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docso. no.: SI 1.27:384 1. Atyidae. 2. Crustacea—Indian Ocean. 3. Crustacea—Pacific Ocean. I. Title II Series QL1.S54 no. 384 591s [595.3'843] 83-600083 [QL444.M33]
Real-time and qualitative PCR for detecting Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae isolates causing recent outbreaks of kiwifruit bacterial canker

Since 2008, Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae virulent strains (Psa-V) have quickly spread across the main areas of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa and A. chinensis) cultivation causing sudden and re-emerging outbreaks of bacterial canker to both species. The disease caused by Psa-V strains is considered worldwide as pandemic. Recently, P. syringae strains (ex Psa-LV, now called PsD) phylogenetically related to Psa-V have been isolated from kiwifruit, but cause only minor damage (i.e. leaf spot) to the host. The different biological significance of these bacterial populations affecting kiwifruit highlights the importance of having a diagnostic method able to detect Psa-V, which is currently solely responsible for the severe damage to the kiwifruit industry. In order to improve the specific molecular detection of Psa-V, a real-time PCR assay has been developed based on EvaGreen chemistry, together with a novel qualitative PCR (PCR-C). Both methods are based on specific primer sets for the hrpW gene of Psa. The real-time PCR and PCR-C were highly specific, detecting down to 50 and 200 fg, respectively, and were applied to a range of organs/tissues of kiwifruit with and without symptoms. These methods are important tools for both sanitary and certification programmes, and will help to avoid the spread of Psa-V and to check possible inoculum sources. In addition to being used as routine tests, they will also enable the study of the biology of Psa-V and the disease that it causes, whilst avoiding the detection of other populations of related P. syringae present in kiwifruit.
Marine diffusive boundary layers at high latitudes

The thickness of marine diffusive boundary layers (DBLs) can be calculated from the friction velocity and the water density (a function of temperature and salinity). However, DBL thickness scales differently with temperature, depending on whether free‐stream or friction velocity is used. We show that there are advantages to using frictional velocity for experimental scaling. Low seawater temperatures in polar areas cause DBLs to be up to 32% thicker than in temperate or tropical areas. This will have a significant effect on biological processes such as photosynthesis and respiration.
Characterization of the lactic acid bacteria in artisanal dairy products

In all, 4379 isolates from 35 products, including 24 artisanal cheeses, were surveyed with a view to identifying strains that could be used as starters in commercial dairy fermentations. Of the isolates, 38% were classified as Lactococcus, 17% as Enterococcus, 14% as Streptococcus thermophilus, 12% as mesophilic Lactobacillus, 10% as Leuconostoc and 9% as thermophilic Lactobacillus. Acid production by the isolates varied considerably. Of the 1582 isolates of Lactococcus and 482 isolates of mesophilic Lactobacillus tested, only 8 and 2% respectively produced sufficient acid to lower the pH of milk to <5·3 in 6 h at 30°C. In contrast, 53, 32 and 13% of Str. thermophilus, thermophilic Lactobacillus and Enterococcus isolates respectively reduced the pH to 5·3. These isolates were found only in some French, Italian and Greek cheeses. Bacteriocins were produced by 11% of the 2257 isolates tested and 26 of them produced broad-spectrum bacteriocins which inhibited at least eight of the ten target strains used, which included lactic acid bacteria, clostridia and Listeria innocua. The most proteolytic of the 2469 isolates tested were Str. thermophilus from Fontina cheese followed by Enterococcus from Fiore Sardo and Toma cheese and thermophilic Lactobacillus from all sources. Exopolysaccharides were produced by 5·3% of the 2224 isolates tested.
Cross-Breeding of Distinct Color Morphs of the Strawberry Poison Frog (Dendrobates pumilio) from the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Panama

Abstract Populations ascribed to Dendrobates pumilio, the Strawberry Poison Frog, show extreme variation in color and color pattern among island and mainland locations in the Bocas del Toro Archipelago in Panama. Previous analyses indicate that these different populations are probably members of a single species. Here we present data on crosses between several different color and color pattern morphs. Successful crosses were made between different morphs from seven populations: Bocas Island, Nancy Cay, Pope Island, Bastimentos Island, and Almirante, Rambala and the Aguacate Peninsula on the mainland. The resulting offspring were characterized for color and color pattern. Our study indicates that different color morphs can interbreed to produce viable offspring. The offspring typically displayed a mixture of colors but always showed color pattern if one parent showed color pattern. This suggests that color pattern is under single locus control with dominance, whereas coloration may be under polygenic control, or may represent a single locus system with incomplete dominance.
A century of avifaunal turnover in a small tropical rainforest fragment

Despite the alarming rate of tropical deforestation, the long‐term conservation value of forest fragments remains poorly understood. We report on the avifaunal turnover in an isolated 4 ha tropical forest fragment in Singapore (i.e. Singapore Botanic Gardens rainforest fragment (SBGRF)) between 1898 and 1998. Over 100 years, the SBGRF lost 18 (49%) species and gained 20 species. More forest‐dependent species (3) were lost from the SBGRF than survived (1) or colonised it (no species). Conversely, significantly more introduced species (4) colonised the fragment than were previously recorded (1 species). Significantly more nectarivores survived (8 species) or colonised (9 species) than were lost (two species). In essence, while the avian species richness in the SBGRF remained relatively constant after a century, its species composition underwent significant changes. The avian species composition in the SBGRF in 1998 appeared to be more similar to that of the contemporary smaller and younger Singaporean secondary forest patches than to either the larger and older forest reserves or to the SBGRF 100 years ago. Our study suggests that small isolated tropical forest fragments may have limited long‐term conservation value for native forest bird species.
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF VARIABILITY IN THE FEMALE SONG OF WILD SILVERY GIBBONS (HYLOBATES MOLOCH)

Gibbon songs are known to include species- and sex-specific characteristics. It has been suggested frequently that these songs also exhibit a high degree of individuality, but quantifying individuality has rarely been attempted. Because the statistical methods used in earlier studies were highly dependent on sample size (Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks), it was not possible to compare results among studies directly. We introduce a mean pairwise difference (MPD) of scaled variables in order to quantify great-call variability and individuality. Because of its construction as simple normalised difference, the MPD is largely independent of sample size. This makes it possible to compare results directly with those of other studies on other populations or species. Even various levels of variability (intra- vs. inter-individual, intra- vs. inter-population variability) can be determined and compared with this method. In addition, the MPD can be calculated independently for any acoustic variable. This opens up a broad variety of research options in the area of comparative analysis of acoustic communication. For instance, variability in various parts of a phrase, in various parts of a song bout, in various contexts or in various seasons can be compared, and this is possible even if the variables under comparison are not the same. As an example we analysed female great-call phrases of wild silvery gibbons in Java (Indonesia). We found that inter-individual variability is significantly higher than intra-individual variability. This implies that females can be distinguished by their great-calls, although this was not examined during the present study. Additionally, variability of female songs was found to be significantly lower within one population than among any two populations. The various sections of the great-call differ in their variability. The first half of the great-call (excluding the introductory note) shows the highest potential for individual recognition.
Sex-Specific Planktonic Larval Durations in the Bluehead Wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum

The bluehead wrasse, Thalassoma bifasciatum (Labridae), a protogynous hermaphrodite common to shallow reefs of the Caribbean, exhibits two color-phases: small, initial phase (IP) individuals may be either male or female, while larger, terminal phase individuals are always male. Among individuals in the initial phase, population sex ratios are generally female biased; however, that bias becomes increasingly pronounced on smaller reefs. We tested the hypothesis that this relationship between population size and IP sex ratio results from sex-specific recruitment strategies. Initial phase males experience very low reproductive success on small reefs, but do well on larger reefs. It would thus be adaptive for IP males to avoid small, patch reefs common in lagoons by preferentially settling on the first reef they encounter: the large, fringing reefs forming the seaward edge of lagoon systems. We used otolith analysis to test the prediction that IP males would exhibit shorter and less variable planktonic larval durations (PLD) relative to IP females. Our data confirm the second of these predictions, IP male PLDs were significantly less variable than those of IP females, but this difference was not strong enough to result in a shift in the mean PLDs of IP males and females.