Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of cultivar and heat treatment on protein quality and trypsin inhibitor content of New Zealand field peas

Abstract The aims of this study were to determine the protein quality and trypsin inhibitor level for five cultivars of white field peas ('Rex’, ‘Eiffel’, ‘Bohatyr’, ‘CFR/384’, ‘Austin') as compared with a single cultivar of marrowfat pea ('Midichi'), and to determine the effects of heat treatment on these factors. Protein quality was determined using the protein efficiency ratio (PER) rat bioassay. Trypsin inhibitor content was determined by an in vitro colorimetric assay, and heat treatment was achieved using an autoclave. PER was not significantly affected by cultivar or heat treatment, nor was there a significant cultivar × heat treatment interaction for PER (all P > 0.05). Trypsin inhibitor content ranged between 0.52 and 2.44 units mg‐1 sample and the mean overall reduction in activity with heat treatment was 11 %. No significant differences were observed in protein quality between cultivars nor between raw and heat‐treated samples when the environmental conditions and cultural practices were the same for the production of all seed.
Solubilisation and Changes in Molecular Weight Distribution of Arabinoxylans and Protein in Wheat Flours During Bread-Making, and the Effects of Endogenous Arabinoxylan Hydrolysing Enzymes

The impact of endogenous non-starch polysaccharide hydrolysing enzymes on flour non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) was investigated. Straight dough bread-making experiments were performed with three flour samples (cvs. Skirlou, Estica and Soissons) varying in endogenous NSP hydrolysing enzyme activities and/or non-starch polysaccharide contents and structures. Part of the water-unextractable NSP became extractable during the mixing (7 to 12%) and baking (14 to 15%) phases. For all three flours, very low levels (0 to 5%) of water-unextractable NSP were solubilised during fermentation. Since two wheat flours with varying endogenous activities behaved similarly it is not clear whether this solubilisation was enzymic. Changes in molecular weight distribution of the arabinoxylans during fermentation can in part be ascribed to enzymic hydrolysis. Difficulties associated with the isolation of pure arabinoxylan from dough and bread samples suggest that other phenomena, such as interaction and association with proteins and/or other wheat components, are in play.
Effects of Various Nitrogen Loads on the Nitrate Reductase Activity in Roots and Mycorrhizas of Norway Spruce Seedlings

Summary BRUNNER L, BRODBECK S. & GENENGER M. 2000. Effects of various nitrogen loads on the nitrate reductase activity in roots and mycorrhizas of Norway spruce seedlings. - Phyton (Horn, Austria) 40 (4): (43) - (48). Nitrate reductase activity (NRA, in vz'vo-assay) was measured from mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal roots and from excised mycorrhizas of Norway spruce {Picea abies) seedlings. Seedlings were grown in a greenhouse and were either non-mycorrhizal controls or inoculated with the mycorrhizal fungi Hebeloma crustuliniforme or Laccaria bicolor. Nitrogen was applied as nitrate or ammonium in loads of 50, 100 or 800 kg N/hay. Comparing the loads of 100 kg N/hay nitrate versus ammonium, NRA in the roots was significantly enhanced with nitrate. Increasing nitrate loads led to a 3-4 fold enhance of the NRA in non-mycorrhizal and in mycorrhizal roots. The inoculation with the mycorrhizal fungi, however, reduced the NRA significantly at all nitrate treatments, and the reductions were higher in roots associated with H. crustulinifor me than in roots associated with L. bicolor. In excised mycorrhizas, loads of 100 kg N/hay nitrate versus ammonium enhanced NRA significantly. Increasing nitrate loads enhanced the NRA in excised mycorrhizas 2-6-fold. L. bicolor- compared to H. crustuliniforme-mycorrhizas had higher NRA at all nitrate loads except at 800 kg N/hay. While L. bicolor-mycon hizas had the highest NRA at a nitrate load of 50 kg N/hay, H. crustulinifor me-mycorrhizas showed it at 800 kg N/hay. According to our results, the inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi led to a reduction of the NRA in roots, indicating an efficient uptake of nitrate by the extraradical mycelia, supporting the hypothesis that nutrient acquisition is improved by mycorrhizal fungi.
Diet overlap of collared lemmings and tundra voles at Pearce Point, Northwest Territories

We used a combination of faecal pellet analysis and feeding enclosure trials to determine the diets of collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx kilangmiutak) and tundra voles (Microtus oeconomus) at Pearce Point, Northwest Territories, and we looked for evidence of exploitative competition between the two species. Voles preferred monocotyledons (Carex and Eriophorum spp.) and lemmings preferred Dryas integrifolia. We found that there was little overlap in the natural diets of the two species, but that overlap was increased experimentally when both species were forced to forage in the same habitats. However, food preferences generally did not change. The diet of collared lemmings at Pearce Point was similar to that found in all other studies except those done in Alaska, where Dryas is uncommon. We conclude that exploitative competition for food is unlikely to be an important factor in interspecific relations between collared lemmings and tundra voles.
Water relations, gas exchange and abscisic acid content of Lupinus cosentinii leaves in response to drying different proportions of the root system

Soil columns in which the root system was divided into three equal layers, each 24 cm in diameter and 33 cm high were used to examine the influence of drying different proportions of the root system on the water relations, gas exchange and abscisic acid (ABA) concentration of lupin (Lupinus cosentinii Guss. cv. Eregulla) leaves. The treatments imposed were (i) all three layers adequately watered (control), (ii) the upper layer unwatered with the remaining layers kept adequately watered, (iii) the two upper layers unwatered with the basal layer kept adequately watered, (iv) all three layers unwatered. The treatments were applied at 56 d after sowing (DAS), and continued for 21 d in the treatment in which the three layers were dried and for 36 d in the other three treatments
Isolamento de enterobactérias em Alphitobius diaperinus e na cama de aviários no oeste do estado do Paraná, Brasil

This study was conducted to determine bacterial species of Enterobacteriaceae in adults of lesser mealworm, A. diaperinus and make the correlation of the bacterial species in the insects and in the litter that infest poultry brooder houses in West of Parana State, Brazil. In the first experiment, the adults were collected in 14 poultry houses. In the second experiment the insects and the litter were collected in 12 poultry houses. The adults were anaesthetized with eter, macerated in sterile saline solution and the litter material was taken off by swab. The enrichment broth was plated on the BHI and in Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Tetrationate. The agar MacConkey, agar Salmonella-Shigella and agar brilliant green was used as plating media for isolating the enterobacteria. The enterobacteria isolated in adults of A. diaperinus were: Proteus Vulgaris, P. mirabilis, Escherichia Coli, Enterobacter spp. , E. agglomerans, E. gergoviae, E. sakasakii, Citrobacter Diversus and Klebsiella Pneumoniae. In the litter were found Proteus Vulgaris, P. mirabilis, Escherichia Coli, Enterobacter Agglomerans. There was no Salmonella spp . found in the insect and the litter and P. vulgaris was predominant. E. coli was found in the poultry houses, in the litter and the insects and the bacteria are responsible for dissemination of colibacilose.
THE NEOGENE VOLUTIDAE (GASTROPODA: NEOGASTROPODA) FROM THE PACIFIC COAST OF CHILE

Abstract Fourteen species of Volutidae are recognized from the Neogene of central to southern Chile. Seven species are known from previous descriptions: Voluta triplicata, V. alta, V. domeykoana, V. obesa, V. vidali, Proscaphella taverai, and Adelomelon reconditus. A neotype is designated for Voluta alta. Proscaphella gracilior, type species of the genus Proscaphella, is considered to belong to the genus Miomelon, which places Proscaphella in synonymy with Miomelon. Most species of “Proscaphella,” excluding the type species, form a separate group well distinguished from Miomelon, and for these the new genus Palaeomelon is introduced with Voluta triplicata as type species. Seven new species are reported: Palaeomelon tucapeli, Palaeomelon angoli, Adelomelon colocoloi, Adelomelon caupolicani, Miomelon lautaroi, Miomelon? pelantaroi, and Pachycymbiola? galvarinoi. Voluta triplicata, V. domeykoana, and Proscaphella taverai are included in Palaeomelon n. gen., Voluta obesa and V. alta are referred to Adelomelon, and Voluta vidali is referred to Pachycymbiola. The fossil record of the Recent volute genera Miomelon and Pachycymbiola extends back into the Miocene, Adelomelon is known from the Late Eocene, while Palaeomelon is known in Chile only from the Miocene. Species are morphologically very similar among genera, and from this it is inferred that separation of genera probably occurred in the late Paleogene.
Bending Moment Capacity of Metal Plate Connected Wood-Splice Joints Constructed with Red Pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) Lumber

The ultimate bending moment carrying capacity of metal-plate-connected (MPC) wood-truss-splice joints constructed with red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) lumber was investigated. Lumber 38 mm by 90 mm and 3 different sizes of metal plate connectors were utilized in constructing the joints. A 4-point loading method was used to determine the joints' bending moment capacity. Tensile splice joints were tested in both flat- and edgewise positions. The effects of tooth orientation and metal plate size on the bending moment capacity of the joints were investigated. The results indicated that both tooth orientation and plate size significantly influenced the joints' bending moment capacity. Plate size seemed to increase the bending moment capacity of the joints when plate size was increased to 76 mm by 100 mm from 76 mm by 76 mm. There was no significant difference between 76 mm by 100 mm plates and 76 mm by 152 mm plates in bending moment capacity. There was also no conclusive relationship between the bending moment capacity of the joints and the specific gravity of the lumber, and between the lumber's modulus elasticity.
THE ATOMIC LAYER THERMOPILE-A FAST HEAT FLUX SENSOR FOR MEASURING HIGH HEAT LOADS IN SHORT DURATION HYPERSONIC GROUND TESTING FACILITIES

The so-called Atomic Layer Thermo Pile (ALTP) is a well established sensor in the field of infrared laser beam diagnostics. The working principle of this sensor is based on the Transverse Seebeck effect and can also be used as a universal ultra fast heat flux gauge in the field of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics. The sensor has unique characteristics with respect to temporal and spatial resolution as well as a wide operational field concerning the magnitude of heat load density. Its working principle, structure and calibration procedure have already been described in [1].
Molecular and Functional Properties of the Human α1G Subunit That Forms T-type Calcium Channels*

We describe here several novel properties of the human α1G subunit that forms T-type calcium channels. The partial intron/exon structure of the corresponding geneCACNA1G was defined and several α1G isoforms were identified, especially two isoforms that exhibit a distinct III-IV loop: α1G-a and α1G-b. Northern blot and dot blot analyses indicated that α1G mRNA is predominantly expressed in the brain, especially in thalamus, cerebellum, and substantia nigra. Additional experiments have also provided evidence that α1G mRNA is expressed at a higher level during fetal life in nonneuronal tissues (i.e.kidney, heart, and lung). Functional expression in HEK 293 cells of a full-length cDNA encoding the shortest α1G isoform identified to date, α1G-b, resulted in transient, low threshold activated Ca2+ currents with the expected permeability ratio (I Sr >I Ca ≥ I Ba) and channel conductance (∼7 pS). These properties, together with slowly deactivating tail currents, are typical of those of native T-type Ca2+ channels. This α1G-related current was inhibited by mibefradil (IC50 = 2 μm) and weakly blocked by Ni2+ ions (IC50 = 148 μm) and amiloride (IC50 > 1 mm). We showed that steady state activation and inactivation properties of this current can generate a “window current” in the range of −65 to −55 mV. Using neuronal action potential waveforms, we show that α1G channels produce a massive and sustained Ca2+ influx due to their slow deactivation properties. These latter properties would account for the specificity of Ca2+ influx via T-type channels that occurs in the range of physiological resting membrane potentials, differing considerably from the behavior of other Ca2+ channels.
Phylogenetic analysis of the tropical wolf spider subfamily Cteninae (Arachnida, Araneae, Ctenidae)

A cladistic analysis based on parsimony was performed to test the monophyly of Cteninae. The data matrix comprises 72 terminal taxa scored for 88 characters from external morphology, female internal genitalia, and two behavioural characters. Cteninae, as currently delimited, is polyphyletic. The monoplyly of Cteninae requires the transfer of two Ctenus species to Enoploctenus (Acantheinae) and two Ctenus species to Asthenoctenus (Viridasiinae). Ctenus, the genus type, comprises approximately half of the described species of the family, and is polyphyletic as currently delimited. From the 32 Ctenus species added to this analysis, only 13 are recognized as Ctenus s.s. : (C. rectipes (C. pauloterrai (C. manauara, C. nigritus ((C. dubius, C. crulsi) ((C. amphora, C. minor) (C. medius, C. paubrasil (C. fernandae (C. ornatus, C. vehemens)))))))). The results suggest that at least eight new genera should be described to accommodate species misplaced in Ctenus. The result also refutes the monophyly of Amauropelma Raven, Stumkat & Gray, 2001, Celaetycheus Simon, 1897, Leptoctenus L. Koch, 1878, and Thoriosa Simon, 1910. The following taxonomic changes are proposed: Ctenus inazensis Strand, 1909 and Ctenus miserabilis Strand, 1916 are transferred to Enoploctenus; Ctenus tarsalis F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 and Ctenus bulimus Strand, 1909 are transferred to Asthenoctenus Simon, 1897; Celaetycheus modestus Bryant, 1942 is transferred to Ohvida Polotow & Brescovit, 2009. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London
Regeneration of a Mediterranean oak: A whole-cycle approach

ABSTRACT Using the holm oak (Quercus ilex) as a model system, we quantified the losses in the potential number of recruits from the flower to the sapling stage caused by abiotic factors, pre- and post-dispersal seed predators, and invertebrate and ungulate herbivores in one well-preserved forest plot (F) and in one dehesa (savanna-like) plot (D). Tree fecundity was an order of magnitude higher in D than in F. Predispersal (flower plus fruit) losses due to abiotic factors were much larger (71% in F and 90% in D) than those originated by biotic factors (29% in F and 10% in D). Post-dispersal predation of acorns under trees led to crop depletion in F, while predators did not deplete the acorn crop despite a much higher predation level in D. Surface acorns were invariably eaten, while most buried acorns survived to germination in both plots. Ninety-five percent of seedlings emerged under oaks in D and only 20% in F, the density of newly emerged seedlings being ten times greater in F. Emergence from experimentally sown acorns was very high on average (73%), while seedling survival to the 2-y sapling stage was primarily affected by water stress in the first summer, especially in the dehesa stand. A 75-fold difference in recruitment rates between populations was found (0.00150 in F and 0.00002 in D). This whole-cycle disparity was the result of differences in the conversion rate from viable fruits to newly emerged seedlings (two orders of magnitude larger in F). The inability to direct acorns to safe (shaded) sites by means of efficient dispersers appears to limit recruitment in open dehesa stands. This finding could explain the general lack of natural regeneration of dehesas as compared to the forests from which they developed.
A benzothiadiazole derivative induces systemic acquired resistance in tobacco

Summary Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a pathogen-induced disease resistance response in plants that is characterized by broad spectrum disease control and an associated coordinate expression of a set of SAR genes. Benzo(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) is a novel synthetic chemical capable of inducing disease resistance in a number of dicotyledenous and monocotyledenous plant species. In this report, the response of tobacco plants to BTH treatment is characterized and the fact that it controls disease by activating SAR is demonstrated. BTH does not cause an accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), an intermediate in the SAR signal transduction pathway. As BTH also induces disease resistance and gene expression in transgenic plants expressing the nahG gene, it appears to activate the SAR signal transduction pathway at the site of or downstream of SA accumulation. BTH, SA and TMV induce the PR-1a promoter using similar cis-acting elements and gene expression is blocked by cycloheximide treatment. Thus, BTH induces SAR based on all of the physiological and biochemical criteria that define SAR in tobacco.
Influence of Acorn Mast on Allegheny Woodrat Population Trends in Virginia

Abstract Neotoma magister (Allegheny Woodrat) is a medium-sized rodent associated with rock outcrops, talus slopes, caves, cliffs, and boulder fields in the central and southern Appalachians and Allegheny Plateau physiographic provinces. It is currently classified as a G3G4 species and is considered threatened, endangered, or a species of concern in almost every state in which it occurs. As part of a 12-yr study on the status and distribution of the Allegheny Woodrat in Virginia, we collected data on woodrat ecology and population demographics. Herein, we investigate the relationship between acorn production and an index of woodrat abundance for several woodrat populations in Virginia. Woodrat population size was estimated using the Lincoln-Peterson index. Acorn mast surveys were conducted by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries from 1989 to 2002 to index mast abundance. Woodrat population estimates were positively correlated (P < 0.05) to the previous year's mast crop index at 2 of 4 monitoring sites. Woodrat populations were not correlated to the mast crop two years prior. Acorn production alone does not appear to account for decline in woodrat populations. Range-wide declines in Allegheny Woodrats are likely due to a combination of local and landscape factors, but forest managers should consider acorn production when writing management prescriptions if woodrats are present within the management unit.
Control of Wheat Root Elongation Growth I. EFFECTS OF IONS ON GROWTH RATE, WALL RHEOLOGY AND CELL WATER RELATIONS

Pritchard, J., Tomos, A. D. and Wyn Jones, R. G. 1987. Control of wheat root elongation growth. I. Effects of ions on growth rate, wall rheology and cell water relations. —J. exp. Bot. 38: 948-959. The nature of the ions in the bathing medium of hydroponically grown wheat seedlings strongly influenced root growth rate. In 0-5 mol m ~3 CaS04 the growth rate was 32 mm 24 h ~1 (used as 100% control rate). K+ and SO4" ions (10 mol m"3) each inhibited extension growth (to about 40% and 70% of the control value respectively). In the absence of K+, CP greatly reduced the inhibition due to SOj". Measurement of tissue plasticity and elasticity in the expanding zone with an Instron-type tensiometer indicated that both were a function of growth rate although relationship of plasticity to growth rate was the steeper and the more pronounced. Turgor pressure at the proximal end of the expanding zone was not correlated to growth, being approximately 0-65 MPa in all treatments. In mature tissue turgor pressure varied with treatment, but was also not related to growth rate. Cell membrane hydraulic conductivity (5 x 10" 7 ± 1 -3 ( 10) m s "1 MPa"1) was not influenced by the presence of K + . We propose that K+ and SOj" influence root growth rates by modulating the rheological properties of the walls of the expanding cell. The physiological significance of these properties is discussed. Key words—Growth, wall extensibility, turgor pressure, wheat roots. Correspondence to: Adran Biocemeq a Gwyddor Pridd, Colea Prifysqol Goqledd Cymru, Banqor, Gwynedd LL57 2 UW, Wales.
Interactions Between Multiple Forms of Nuptial Feeding in the Wood Cricket Nemobius sylvestris (Bosc): Dual Spermatophores and Male Forewings

Nuptial feeding is widespread in insects, with many species showing one form of feeding. In the wood cricket Nemobius sylvestris, the male may provide multiple forms of feeding during an encounter: two kinds of edible spermatophores (microspermatophore and macrospermatophore) and forewing secretions. We examined the roles and interactions of the spermatophores and forewing exposure in the mating sequence of this species. The small microspermatophore was not found to contain sperm, whereas the larger macrospermatophore contained sperm. In mating trials, the microspermatophore may be transferred to the female early in the trial. Transfer of the microspermatophore was not a necessary prerequisite to the subsequent transfer of one or more sperm-filled macrospermatophores. Forewing exposure increased male mating success, as males with exposed forewings were more successful in transferring the macrospermatophore than males with experimentally covered forewings, both in terms of occurrence of successful transfer and the number of macrospermatophores transferred. Male mating success was very low when the male’s forewings were covered and when the male did not transfer a microspermatophore. The sperm-filled macrospermatophore may have nutritional value, as females eventually consumed all transferred macrospermatophores, and males consumed all rejected macrospermatophores. Somewhat unexpectedly, this study casts doubt on the role of the forewings in nuptial feeding. Although males with exposed forewings were more successful in macrospermatophore transfer, females actually palpated these males’ forewings less. We posit the alternative hypothesis that the forewing secretions play a role in chemical communication to the female (e.g., signaling male quality), possibly instead of female nourishment.