Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of different additives on the fermentation quality, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of pea/wheat bi‐crop silages containing contrasting pea to wheat ratios

Studies were conducted to compare the effects of using two microbial inoculants, a sulphite salt-based additive, formic acid and quebracho tannins, on the fermentation quality, nutritive value and aerobic stability of pea/wheat bi-crop silages. Spring peas (Pisum sativum var. Magnus) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Axona) were drilled together at rates that gave high (HP/W; 3:1) or low (LP/W; 1:3) pea to wheat ratios. The peas and wheat were harvested at the yellow wrinkled pods and late milk/early dough maturity stage, respectively, and conserved in 1·5-kg polyethylene bag, laboratory silos. The bi-crops were conserved without treatment (control) or treated with either of two lactic acid bacteria-based inoculants [Lactobacillus buchneri; applied at 105 colony-forming units (CFU) g–1 fresh weight (FW) or Lactobacillus plantarum (applied at 106 CFU g–1 FW)], sulphite salts (applied at the rate of 1 ml sulphite solution kg–1 FW), quebracho tannins (applied at 16 g kg–1 FW) and formic acid (applied at 2·5 g kg–1 FW). Six replicates were made for each treatment, and the silos were opened after 112 days of ensilage. The level of peas in the bi-crop influenced the effectiveness of the additives. With the exception of sulphite salts, all the additives significantly reduced the soluble nitrogen (N) and ammonia-N concentrations of all the silages. The ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid was generally lower in the LP/W silages than in the HP/W silages, and the additive treatments only increased the in vitro digestible organic matter in dry matter of the LP/W silages. Of all the additives evaluated, formic acid resulted in the least aerobic spoilage in HP/W bi-crop silages. However, in the LP/W bi-crops, additive treatment was not necessary for ensuring aerobic stability.
Individual and Social-Contextual Factors Underlying Adolescents’ Commitment to Victimizing Friendships: A Qualitative Analysis

Previous research indicates that victimized youth are reluctant to address their friends’ victimizing behaviors and are likely to remain in a victimizing friendship despite experiencing significant distress. Research investigating the complex factors underlying this commitment to victimizing friendships is required. To this end, a qualitative research design was used as previously victimized youth asynchronously contributed to an anonymous online discussion forum for 2 months. Guided by two theories used to understand staying/leaving processes in intimate partner violence and a social-ecological systems perspective, the data were captured into descriptive categories. The results demonstrate that adolescents (N = 25) were reluctant to address their friends’ victimizing behaviors and many persisted in their victimizing friendships. The factors underlying this reluctance were categorized as cognitive, relational, and contextual. The results indicate that persisting in a friendship despite feeling victimized can seem paradoxical to outsiders but there are clear reasons underlying adolescents’ choices.
Mitotic effect of leaf extracts of Ipomoea carnea on Allium cepa

The effect of plant extract on seed germination, seedling growth and on chromosome be haviour has attracted considerable interest. Le Tourneau et al. (1956) studied the effect of aqueous extracts of plant tissues on germination of seed and growth of seedlings. They found that the aqueous extracts of some plants inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of wheat and peas. Bhalla et al. (1973) treated onion root tips with different concentrations of tobacco smoke condensate and observed a number of abnormalities in somatic chromosomes. Datta and Chakravarti (1975) reported the presence of germination and growth inhibitor in Clerodendron viscosum Vent. Pandya (1975) worked on the effect of Celosea argentea extracts on root and shoot growth of bajra seedlings and observed that the aqueous extracts of fresh leaves, stem and root caused inhibition being more at higher concentrations. He also reported that the leaf and root extracts were more toxic than the stem extracts. Shehab et al. (1978) studied the cytological effects of Achillea fragrantissima extracts on Allium cepa and Vicia faba. In 1979 Shehab had shown that the extracts of Pulicaria crispa affected the mitotic index and the percentage of abnormalities increased with an increase of concentration and duration of treatment in onion. Shehab (1980) found the extract of Teucrium pilosum to cause the an timitotic effect. Kabarity and Malallah (1980) reported mitodepressive effect of Cata edulis extracts in meristematic region of Allium cepa root tips. Adam et al. (1974) and Tartour et al. (1975) studied the effects of Ipomoea carnea on the liver and on the serum enzymes in young ruminants. They found the development of anaemia, leukopenian, general weakness, tremors, paresis of hind limbs, lateral recumbancy, focal haepotic necrosis and congestion of the brain in goats feed with Ipomoea carnea leaves and the goats were died within 75 days. These were more marked in sheep and goat than the claves. But the informations regarding cytological effects of aqueous extracts of Ipomoea carnea and their constituents are not adequate. Therefore an attempt was made to observe the effect of the leaf extracts of Ipomoea carnea in somatic chromosomes of Allium cepa.
Detection of virus DNA in Ectocarpus siliculosus and E. fasciculatus (Phaeophyceae) from various geographic areas

The filamentous marine brown algae Ectocarpus siliculosus and E. fasciculatus are frequently infected by DNA viruses. We used polymerase chain reaction amplification (PCR) of a virus-specific nucleotide sequence to detect the presence of viral DNA in extracts of Ectocarpus plants, and applied this technique to a collection of 97 unialgal Ectocarpus cultures from coasts of all oceans and continents. We found that 42 isolates contained viral DNA. Among these were four sporophytes, which produced gametophytes free of virus DNA. This observation supports previous studies showing that the viral genome segregates like a Mendelian trait during meiosis. The pandemy and epidemiology of the host-virus relationship in Ectocarpus is discussed.
Meaning in Life as Mediator of Family Allocentrism and Depressive Symptoms Among Chinese and Italian Early Adolescents

Establishing a coherent meaning in life has long been considered to be a protective factor of well-being, but this construct has been understudied in early adolescent development. The current study investigated the relationships between family allocentrism and depressive symptoms as well as the mediation effect of meaning in life in 214 Chinese and 201 Italian early adolescents. Although family allocentrism was higher in Chinese than Italian participants, it was significantly associated to lower depressive symptoms in both countries. Moderated mediational analyses showed that in both countries: (a) family allocentrism was positively related with presence of meaning; (b) family allocentrism and presence of meaning were negatively related to depressive symptoms; and (c) presence of meaning mediated the relationship between family allocentrism and depressive symptoms. In conclusion, family allocentrism and presence of meaning in life are important preventive factors of early adolescents’ depressive symptoms in both collectivistic and in individualistic countries.
Temperature and strain effects on reproduction and survival of Trichogramma oleae and Trichogramma cacoeciae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Abstract To assess differences in temperature sensitivity during development, life tables for two lines derived from the species Trichogramma oleae Voegelé and Pointel and a strain of Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were elaborated at 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 36, and 37°C in the laboratory. Eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller together with a fresh drop of honey were supplied every 2 days until the death of the test females, and the removed host egg batches were placed in the equivalent rearing cabinet. The line ‘2F’ of T. oleae was found to be the most efficient at any range of temperatures except at 20 and 37°C, in comparison to the other tested strains. For all species, no progeny emerged from eggs incubated at 36°C and none of the parasitized eggs turned black at 37°C. The better performance at a broader range of temperatures by T. oleae (line 2 F) might be caused by a shorter history in artificial rearing in comparison to the other strains. Fewer generations at laboratory conditions and frequent multiplication on eggs of its natural host (the olive moth Prays oleae) may have prevented a deterioration in the rearing population of this strain, maintaining its genetic diversity at a higher scale. Applying varying temperature regimes on the rearing stock at regular intervals during the mass production process may help to maintain the essential quality of the biological control agents for field performance at higher temperatures.
Fotossensibilização e colangiopatia associada a cristais em caprinos mantidos sob pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens no Mato Grosso do Sul

This study describes two outbreaks of hepatic photosensitization in goats grazing Brachiaria decumbens, in Mato Grosso do Sul state. Brazil. The outbreaks occured in May and June. 2 four-month-old goats in a total of 18 animals (case l), and 15 out of 100 goats of 3-4 months old of age (case 2) were affected. It was observed increased serum levels of g GT (g- glutamyltransferase) in 2 goats that showed clinical signs of photosensitization. The histopathological findings revealed cholangiohepatitis associated with the presence of refringent crystals. Brachiaria decumbens is incriminated as the probable etiology of the photosensitization.
The immediate impact of 1080 aerial baiting to control wild dogs on a spotted-tailed quoll population

In eastern Australia, the spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) is the species thought to be most likely at risk from aerial baiting with compound 1080 to control wild dogs (Canis lupus familiaris and C. l. dingo). Although it is known that quolls occasionally die of 1080 poisoning, the broader impact on populations remains unresolved. We therefore assessed the impact of a regular aerial baiting campaign on a population of spotted-tailed quolls. Baiting with 1080 meat baits was conducted by the local Wild Dog Control Association and followed the same procedure as in previous years with the exception that the biomarker, rhodamine B, was added to the baits. Prior to the baiting, 36 quolls were trapped and fitted with mortality radio-collars; 31 of these collars were still functional at the time of baiting. Quolls were monitored from a helicopter and on the ground until retrapped 5–9 weeks after baiting. Transmitters were then removed and a sample of vibrissae was taken for rhodamine B analysis. Carcasses found were analysed for 1080. Predator numbers were assessed before and after baiting using track pads across trails. Among the initial 36 radio-collared quolls, nine mortalities were recorded during the course of the study (seven after baiting). Only one of the nine deaths could be directly attributed to 1080 poisoning. In addition, vibrissae from five of the 35 individuals sampled after baiting were marked with rhodamine B, indicating that these individuals had consumed bait, and survived. Consequently, mortality attributable to this particular aerial baiting campaign was low, apparently because few quolls ate bait and most of those that did survived. Track counts for predators indicated a significant decrease in dog and fox numbers after baiting. Cat activity remained unchanged and the number of quoll tracks increased.
TAKAYAMA GEN. NOV. (GYMNODINIALES, DINOPHYCEAE), A NEW GENUS OF UNARMORED DINOFLAGELLATES WITH SIGMOID APICAL GROOVES, INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES 1

A new potentially ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate genus, Takayama de Salas, Bolch, Botes et Hallegraeff gen. nov., is described with two new species isolated from Tasmanian (Australia) and South African coastal waters: T. tasmanica de Salas, Bolch et Hallegraeff, sp. nov. and T. helix, de Salas, Bolch, Botes et Hallegraeff, sp. nov. The genus and two species are characterized by LM and EM of field samples and laboratory cultures as well as large subunit rDNA sequences and HPLC pigment analyses of several cultured strains. The new Takayama species have sigmoid apical grooves and contain fucoxanthin and its derivatives as the main accessory pigments. Takayama tasmanica is similar to the previously described species Gymnodinium pulchellum Larsen, Gyrodinium acrotrochum Larsen, and G. cladochroma Larsen in its external morphology but differs from these in having two ventral pores, a large horseshoe‐shaped nucleus, and a central pyrenoid with radiating chloroplasts that pass through the nucleus. It contains gyroxanthin‐diester and a gyroxanthin‐like accessory pigment, both of which are missing in T. helix. Takayama helix has an apical groove that is nearly straight while still being clearly inflected. A ventral pore or slit is present. It has numerous peripheral, strap shaped, and spiraling chloroplasts with individual pyrenoids and a solid ellipsoidal nucleus. The genus Takayama has close affinities to the genera Karenia and Karlodinium.
Feature Counting Under Dichoptic Viewing in Anisometropic and Strabismic Amblyopia

Purpose While using their amblyopic eye, individuals with strabismic amblyopia count inaccurately and underestimate the number of features. These deficits are attributed to limitations in high-level cortical functions and attention. In the current study, we examined whether feature counting is affected in strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia during dichoptic viewing, a setup that can better capture binocular function disruptions. Methods Through a mirror stereoscope, Gabor patches were presented for 200 msec (Experiment 1) or 350 msec (Experiment 2) in both the left eye and the right eye of observers, who were required to combine the percepts and report the total number of patches. Counting performance and errors were compared across amblyopic groups and normal-sighted observers. The contribution and relation of each eye to performance was also evaluated. Results Anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia groups counted inaccurately and underestimated the number of features compared to the normal-sighted group. In both amblyopic groups, the amblyopic eye contributed less in comparison to the fellow eye. The strabismic group exhibited worse performance, and a more pronounced difference in eye contribution, in comparison to the anisometropic group. Conclusions Overall, our results support the view of higher-level cortical and binocular function deficits in amblyopia. Translational Relevance The current study bridges the gap between research on high-cortical function deficits and clinical binocular function disruptions in amblyopia, which can help us better understand the neural mechanism of amblyopia and inform clinical therapeutic tasks and strategies.
Mobility of heavy metals in soil and their uptake by sunflowers grown at different contamination levels

Un essai en pots a ete realise pour etudier I'action des metaux lourds sur des tournesols (Helianthus annuus L.) cultives sur trois sols presentant differents niveaux de contamination en metaux lourds. Ceux-ci ont ete ajoutes au sols sous forme de sels en 1987. L'acetate d'ammonium et une resine chelatee (Chelex) ont ete utilises pour etudier extraire les metaux lourds et etudier leur disponibilite dans le sol. La teneur totale des sols en metaux lourds n'a pas varie sur la periode consideree, alors que la disponibilite des metaux s'est sensiblement reduite. Il semble donc que les metaux lourds retournent avec le temps sous des formes moins disponibles pour la plante dans le sol des complexes fortement lies. Le pH a diminue lorsque les ajouts de metaux lourds ont augmente. Ceci peut etre du a des changements dans les exudats ou a la liberation de protons par les racines. Le Cd, le V et le Zn sont en general plus concentres dans les feuilles que dans les graines et c'est l'inverse pour le Cu et le Ni. Dans les graines le V est toujours reste sous la limite de detection. Les effets toxiques sont nettement lies a la mobilite des metaux lourds dans le sol. Les methodes pour evaluer la disponibilite des metaux lourds presentent une forte correlation. La correlation entre les metaux lourds extraits par l'acetate d'ammonium ou par le Chelex d'une part et la concentration dans les tissus des pousses de tournesol d'autre part montre que la methode au Chelex est legerement meilleure que celle a l'acetate d'ammonium.
100 million years of morphological conservation in bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Abstract Scolytine weevils (bark and ambrosia beetles) have a unique ecological significance in forest ecosystems, which equates to major effects on landscape ecology and to monetary losses. Fossilized galleries of scolytines have been reported in Late Mesozoic wood, but here we describe a well‐preserved body fossil from the Cretaceous, c. 100 Ma, preserved in amber from northern Myanmar. Moreover, the specimen is remarkably similar to Recent species of the genus Microborus, revealing stasis unexpected within scolytines and thus highlighting the antiquity of the group. Stratigraphic dating and comparison of insect palaeofaunas included in other well‐dated ambers from multiple sites support the age estimate of the Burmese amber. A minimum age for one clade of scolytines is thus established, indicating an early divergence of scolytines from other weevils in the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous and challenging the current perspective of weevil evolution.
Assessing teacher-related experiential avoidance: Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Teachers Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (TAAQ-PT)

ABSTRACT The Teachers Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (TAAQ) was designed to assess teachers’ experiential avoidance (EA) related to their professional context. The current study aimed to adapt the TAAQ for European Portuguese (TAAQ-PT) and address its factor structure and psychometric characteristics. EA is defined as an emotion regulation process encompassing the unwillingness to stay in touch with negative private events and deliberate efforts to control them. EA has been pointed out as a transdiagnostic process associated with a wide range of psychological difficulties, playing a pivotal role in their development and maintenance (e.g., depression and anxiety). A sample of 304 Portuguese teachers completed the TAAQ-PT, the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21), the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). The TAAQ-PT one-factor structure was tested through confirmatory factor analysis and revealed a good fit to the data and excellent internal consistency. The TAAQ-PT showed significant positive correlations with depression, anxiety and stress symptoms and negative correlations with mindfulness and work engagement. Overall, the TAAQ-PT revealed to be a short, valid and reliable measure of teachers’ EA.
Endophyte fungus confers resistance to ryegrass: Argentine stem weevil larval studies

ABSTRACT. 1 Conferred insect resistance arises from a mutualistic relationship between claviciptaceous endophytic fungi and various grasses. A number of secondary compounds are responsible for the insect resistance. This paper describes studies of the relationship between the endophytic fungus Acremonium lolii Latch, Christensen & Samuels and the Argentine stem weevil Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel) (Curculionidae); in particular, the effects on larval feeding behaviour, growth and survival. 2 Larvae are stem borers. Tunnel length and distance bored into the basal sheath zone of ryegrass was reduced when the plants were infected by A. lolii. 3 Lolitrem B, a potent mammalian neurotoxin, levels were highest in A. lolii infected grasses and ranged from 2.61 to 7.08 μg/g dry wt, the higher value being recorded in summer. 4 Lolitrem B extracted from A. lolii‐infected perennial ryegrass reduced larval growth rates and survival. 5 Lolitrem B acted via the insect stomach rather than by absorption through the integument. 6 The potential role of endophytic fungi in plants is discussed briefly in relation to herbivory.
Comparing productivity of North Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stocks and limits to growth production

Data from stock assessments were used to compare stock biomass, annual growth (Gs) and surplus production per capita (TSPc) and per unit biomass (TSPb) among 15 cod (Gadus morhua) stocks in the North Atlantic. TSPc ranged from 99 to 1012 g per fish among stocks and averaged 448 g per fish. TSPb ranged from 140 to 469 g kg−1 among stocks and averaged 294 g kg−1. Gs varied considerably with low growth production associated with low surplus production. On average, cod produced 724 g per fish in growth annually with cod in the least productive stock producing 7.2 times less than in the most productive stock. The stocks divided into four clusters reflecting four levels of production. Celtic Sea, Irish Sea and West Scotland cod showed the highest levels of production whereas Eastern Scotian Shelf, Northeast Arctic, Northern Grand Bank, Northern and Southern Gulf of St Lawrence showed the lowest levels. Surface and bottom salinity and temperature differed significantly among clusters in a canonical discriminant analysis. Temperature and salinity correlated with the first and second canonical variates, respectively. The most productive stocks were associated with higher bottom salinity and temperature. None of the stocks, including stocks with a fast growth rate and living at higher temperatures, had a specific growth rate (SGR) close to the maximum rate observed in laboratory experiments. The difference between observed and maximum SGR decreased at temperatures above 6°C. Very cold temperatures resulted in smaller cod also achieving SGR values closer to the maximum. Temperature is a major determinant of stock production.
Nutritional Status and Humoral Immune Response to Plasmodium falciparum in Children Aged 6–59 Months

Malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Africa. Children are mostly exposed to this disease; numerous studies have investigated the relationship between child malnutrition and either malaria morbidity or infection. Few studies demonstrated the interaction between child malnutrition and specific anti-Plasmodium falciparum immune responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of nutritional status and iron on total anti-Plasmodium falciparum IgG levels in children living in the Gado-Badzéré refugee camp. We carried out a cross-sectional study during August–November 2017 in the Gado-Badzéré refugee camp in the East region of Cameroon. Children aged from 6 to 59 months with fever were recruited from the medical center. The data were recorded using a standardized data collection sheet and were analyzed using SPSS and WHO Anthro software. The total anti-Pf 3D7 total IgG level was determined using an ELISA technique while a colorimetric method was used to measure the total iron level. A total of 83 patients aged 6–59 months were enrolled in this study. The prevalence of malaria and malnutrition was 47% and 31%, respectively. Acute malnutrition was statistically less recurrent in noninfected children compared with that in the infected children. The infection tended to have significant influence on the level of anti-Plasmodium falciparum antibodies in children. In addition, nutritional status and serum iron levels had no significant influence on children's anti-Pf IgG T levels. Malaria and malnutrition remain real public health problems in the Gado-badzéré refugee camp. Knowledge of the nutritional profile of the population would be of great benefit in setting up an appropriate health program. We therefore suggest that more standardized studies be conducted to highlight the effect of nutrition and micronutrients on immunological status.