Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimation of mixture models

We analyze mixture density approximation and estimation. We form a convex set of density functions by taking the convex hull of a parametric family, e.g. mixtures of the Gaussian location family. A sequence of finite mixture densities is formulated to provide a parsimonious approximation for the target density. If the target density itself is in the convex hull, we show that the approximation error goes to zero with a rate of 1/k, where k is the number of components in the approximation. If the target density is outside of the convex hull, the approximation error is equal to the best achievable error plus a term that goes to zero with a rate of 1/k. A greedy algorithm that introduces one component at each step is shown to achieve such an error rate. Similarly, a greedy estimation algorithm is provided to find such approximation for data from an arbitrary density. This algorithm estimates one mixture component at one time. We prove that such an algorithm achieves a likelihood nearly as good as the MLE (maximum likelihood estimate) over the whole convex hull. And we identify the difference as being bounded by order O(1/k), where k is the number of components in the estimate. Risks of such estimators are shown to be bounded by a sum of approximation error and estimation error. The error terms are identified. An optimal choice of k can be derived by minimizing the risk bound. Acting as a similar role as the bandwidth in non-parainetric density estimation, k controls two error terms in opposite directions. A large k reduces approximation error and increases estimation error. A MDL (minimum description length) principle is derived to provide an estimation method for k. And the estimated k is shown to achieve the risk bound as if we know the best k in advance. A new information projection theory is derived to expand the approximating class to include its information closure. We prove the existence and uniqueness of a f* in the closure of the convex hull C (in a sense we identify), such that D ( fpf* ) = infg∈CD fpg , where Dfpg is the Kullback-Leibler divergence. And log(fk) → log(f*) in L1 (f) for any sequence fk in C with Dfpfk→ infg∈CD fpg. Other characterizing properties of f* are also given.
Contribution of Vector Meson Dominance to the Single-Spin Azimuthal Asymmetry in Semi-inclusive Pion Electro-Production

We calculate the contribution of vector meson dominance to deeply inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering in the kinematic region of the HERMES experiment. The results obtained show that this contribution is quite significant. Together with the fact that there exist very striking left-right asymmetries for hadrons produced in single-spin hadron-hadron collisions, these results imply that the single-spin azimuthal asymmetry observed by HERMES cannot be simply regarded as a pure fragmentation effect.
Assessment of the Subjectively Perceived Cognitive Deficit in Hospitalized Elderly Patients with Depression and the Relationship of Perceived Deficit Questionnaire – PDQ-D5 with the Socio-demographic and Clinical Factors

The aim of the current study was to assess subjective cognitive dysfunction in elderly depressed patients and the impact of socio-demographic and clinical factors on its presentation. All patients aged ≥ 65 years, which were hospitalized in the Psychiatric Clinic of “Alexandrovska” University Hospital for a two-year period and met the ICD-10 criteria for depression, were included. They were evaluated by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 24 items (HDRS24), its emotional-cognitive subscale (HDRScog) and its suicidal item (HDRSsuic), Geriatric Depression Scale 15 items (GDS15), its suicide subscale (GDSsuic), Perceived Deficit Questionnaire – Depression 5 items (PDQ-D5) and University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS). The PDQ-D5, UCLA-LS and GDS15 were also applied to a control group of 50 healthy elderlies. The data were processed with the IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0. Out of 131 patients, 29 had late-onset depression (LOD), 80 had recurrent depressive disorder (RDD) and 22 had bipolar depression (BD). Patients with BD had more episodes than those with RDD, and higher PDQ-D5 and HDRScog scores than those with LOD and RDD. The severity of PDQ-D5 correlated significantly with the severity of depression, loneliness, suicidal and HDRScog scores. After applying multiple linear regression analysis (R2 = 0.489, p <0.001) the UCLA-LS severity had the greatest impact on PDQ-D5, followed by HDRScog and depression severity, assessed by GDS15. The diagnosis of BD hadthe least impact. PDQ-D5 reflects the severity of the current late-life depression and correlates significantly with the loneliness, emotional-cognitive symptoms and self-assessment of depression.
The spatial and temporal development of pseudospark switch plasmas

Optical spectroscopy is used to investigate the spatial and temporal development of high-current pseudospark switch plasmas. At a peak discharge current of 12 kA in amplitude and a current reversal of 20%, the electron density is measured from Stark width broadening of the hydrogen Balmer beta line. The peak electron density of approximately 4*10/sup 15/ cm/sup -3/ is measured briefly after the current maximum. The discharge initially starts on the symmetry axis of the cathode hole. A cylindrical plasma column is observed, which is produced mainly by ionizing collisions of beam electrons formed in the hollow cathode during the early part of the discharge. This plasma column rapidly expands in the radial direction, until it contacts the edge of the cathode hole. The same behavior is found when the Balmer beta line intensity is evaluated rather than the line shape. Although statistically distributed, localized bursts of light are found occasionally, an axially symmetric, homogeneous light intensity distribution is always predominant, and the local arcing is merely superimposed on it. These results confirm that the discharge remains diffuse during most of the current pulse. >
Cross sections for the interactions of 1 eV–100 MeV electrons in liquid water and application to Monte-Carlo simulation of HZE radiation tracks

High charge (Z) and energy (E) (HZE) nuclei are the main contributors to the uncertainty of radiation risk in space. They ionize a large number of molecules when they interact with matter, initiating a complex succession of events that leads to the radiation track structure. Radiation tracks are often studied by Monte-Carlo simulations that provide detailed information on energy deposition and production of radiolytic species that damage cellular components. These simulations require total and differential elastic and inelastic cross sections. Most ionized electrons have low energy; therefore, most calculations and experiments have been performed on electrons below 1 MeV. Electrons of ∼1–100 MeV are also produced; they interact with many target molecules when they slow down and determine the radial extension of HZE tracks. Much less work has been done in this energy range. In this paper, a simulation code named RETRACKS uses interaction cross sections (including bremsstrahlung) to calculate the stopping power, range and average energy needed to produce an ion pair (W) for electrons up to 100 MeV. It was also used previously with the RITRACKS program to calculate the radial dose of HZE ions. These cross sections should allow the simulation of higher energy HZE ions, which will help improve our models of space radiation risk.
Investigating the safety impacts of discontinuities in cycle network: A case study of London

Abstract With the dramatic increase in the number of cyclists, cycling safety has become a critical issue worldwide. It is important to ensure a safe, comfortable, and continuous cycling environment for cyclists. However, the safety effects of discontinuities in cycle network have been greatly ignored in the literature. This study aims to investigate the safety effects of discontinuities in cycle network inside and between Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZs) in London. Bayesian hierarchical spatial model is employed using the number of accesses as spatial weights. Covariates, including cycle network characteristics, road network characteristics, exposure variables, cycle-related facilities, traffic characteristics, and environmental conditions are also considered in the model. The results reveal that the discontinuities in cycle network are significantly associated with cycle crashes. For inside-TAZ level, “discontinuity in cycle lane class” and “standard deviation of cycle link length” have positive effects on cycle crashes. For between-TAZs level, the discontinuities in cycle lane accesses, and cycle lanes and tracks density are positively associated with cycle crashes. The results emphasize the importance of minimizing the discontinuities in cycle network, not only inside the TAZ but also between TAZs. This study also provides several practical implications for future cycling infrastructure planning and construction.
The unsteady characteristics of laminar juncture flow

The popular view that juncture flows are dominated by an array of steady horseshoe vortices is not universally correct. Visualizations are presented that show that vortices do form but that they undergo a periodic generation and shedding motion. The temporal scale of this cycle does not depend strongly on the characteristics of the incoming boundary layer. Also, the vortices exhibit an unusual pinching‐off process in the wake of the cylinder leading to new horseshoe‐vortex filaments existing behind the cylinder, which are then convected downstream.
On convergence of chains with occupational self–interactions

We consider stochastic chains on abstract measurable spaces whose evolution at any given time depends on the present position and on the occupation measure created by the path up to this instant. This generalization of reinforced random walks enables us to impose conditions ensuring Lp, p⩾1, or a.s. convergence of the empirical measures towards some fixed point of a probability–valued dynamical system. We present two sets of hypotheses based on weak contraction properties, leading to two different proofs, but in both situations the rates of convergence are optimal in the examined level of generality.
The impact of proactive personality and psychological capital on innovative work behavior: evidence from software houses of Pakistan

PurposeThe purpose of the contemporary research study is to develop and empirically investigate antecedents of innovative work behavior (IWB) in organizations by applying the broaden-and-build theory, associating both personal and contextual factors in encouraging employees' IWB.Design/methodology/approachA conceptual model has been developed, examining the influence of proactive personality and psychological capital (PsyCap) on innovative performance. Data were collected through an in-person administered questionnaire-based survey from the employees working in the software houses of Pakistan.FindingsThe analysis revealed that proactive personality and PsyCap have a significant impact on employee innovative performance, given that proactive personality and PsyCap are the critical antecedents of IWB.Originality/valueThis contemporary research study is original and will impart constructive contribution for a substantial number of reasons. First, this research study provides suggestions on proactive personality, which relate remarkably to innovative work behavior. Second, this research study observes the relationship between several organizational aspects and employees' creativity for the evaluation and advancement in the results of prior classic research studies conducted in the given field. This research study integrates both personal and organizational dynamics to evaluate the innovative and creative ability not only in the perspective of multinational, but also in the national corporations.
A NOVEL GENETIC FUZZY MARKUP LANGUAGE AND ITS APPLICATION TO HEALTHY DIET ASSESSMENT

In this paper, we present a novel Genetic Fuzzy Markup Language (GFML)-based genetic fuzzy system, including the genetic learning base, the knowledge base and rule base of FML, the fuzzy inference engine, and the genetic learning mechanism. The GFML is applied to the genetic fuzzy system for dealing with the knowledge base, the rule base, and the genetic learning base of the healthy diet domain, including the ingredients and the contained servings of six food categories of some common food in Taiwan. Moreover, the proposed novel system is able to infer the healthy status of human's daily eating. In the proposed system, the domain experts first define the nutrient facts of the common food to construct the fuzzy food ontology. Meanwhile, the involved Taiwanese students of National University of Tainan (NUTN) record their daily meals for a constant period of time. Then, based on the built fuzzy profile ontology, fuzzy food ontology, and fuzzy personal food ontology, a GFML-based genetic fuzzy system is carried out to infer the possibility of dietary healthy level for one-day meals. The experimental results show that the proposed GFML-based genetic fuzzy system gives good results for the healthy diet assessment.
DEFLECTIONS OF AN INFINITE PLATE

Problems associated with the thickness of ice sheets on Canadian lakes led the author to investigate mathematically the deflection of a loaded plate resting upon an elastic foundation. Certain simplifying assumptions, which appear to be not unreasonable, permit the solutions obtained to be applied to the strength of a floating ice sheet. Relations for maximum stress and maximum deflections in terms of known functions are derived, both for a concentrated load and a uniform load distributed over a circular area. The resulting expressions should be tested experimentally to determine their domain of validity. Owing to similarity of conditions, these results may also be applied to the design of concrete roadways and airport runways.
High-Thermoelectric Figure of Merit Realized in p-Type Half-Heusler Compounds: ZrCoSnxSb1-x

We studied the thermoelectric properties of heavily Sn-doped ZrCoSb half-Heusler compounds, ZrCoSnxSb1-x (x≤0.15), to develop p-type thermoelectric materials. With increasing Sn content x, electrical resistivity decreased and the sign of the thermoelectric power changed from negative to positive. Thermal conductivity was reduced by an alloy scattering effect between Sn and Sb. A high figure of merit (ZT) was obtained: ZT = 0.45 at 958 K in ZrCoSn0.1Sb0. 9. This ZT is approximately 2-fold higher than those of the p-type half-Heusler compounds that have been reported to date.
Chemical composition of copra, palm kernel, and cashew co-products from South-East Asia and almond hulls from Australia

Objective Oilseeds and nut co-products can be used as alternative feed ingredients in animal diets because they may have a lower cost than traditional ingredients. A study was, therefore, conducted to determine the chemical composition of copra, palm kernel, and nut co-products from South-East Asia or Australia. The hypothesis that country of production influences nutritional composition was tested. Methods Oilseed meals included 2 copra expellers, 3 copra meals, and 12 palm kernel expellers. One source of almond hulls and cashew nut meal were also used. Samples were obtained from suppliers located in South-East Asia or Australia. All samples were analyzed for dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen, amino acids (AA), acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), ash, minerals, insoluble dietary fiber, and soluble dietary fiber. Copra and nut co-products were also analyzed for total starch and sugars. Results Copra expellers had greater (p<0.05) concentrations of dry matter and AEE compared with copra meal. However, copra meal had greater (p<0.05) concentrations of total dietary fiber (soluble and insoluble) and copper than copra expellers. Palm kernel expellers from Indonesia had greater (p<0.05) concentration of histidine and tyrosine compared with palm kernel expellers from Vietnam. Almond hulls was high in dietary fiber, but also contained free glucose and fructose, whereas cashew nut meal was high in AEE, but low in all free sugars. Conclusion Copra expellers have greater concentration of AEE, but less concentration of total dietary fiber when compared with copra meal, and except for a few AA, no differences in nutrient composition of palm kernel expellers produced in Indonesia or Vietnam were detected. According to the chemical composition of nut co-products, cashew nut meal may be more suitable for non-ruminant diets than almond hulls.
SMOOTH GROUP ACTIONS ON 4-MANIFOLDS AND SEIBERG–WITTEN INVARIANTS

In this paper we study the Seiberg–Witten invariants of 4-manifold acted on by a finite group (or a compact Lie group). Among other things, we have: Let X be a smooth closed 4-dimensional ℤp-manifold, where p is a prime. Suppose H1(X,ℝ) = 0 and where . If ℤp acts trivially on the space of self dual harmonic 2-forms, then, for any ℤp-equivariant Spinc-structure on X, the Seiberg–Witten invariant satisfies provided for j = 0,1,…,p-1, where , DA: Γ(W+) → Γ (W-) is the equivariant Dirac operator determined by for an equivariant connection A on detW+.
Ultrafast nonlinear all-optical processes in silicon-on-insulator waveguides

In this review we present an overview of the progress made in recent years in the field of integrated silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide photonics with a strong emphasis on third-order nonlinear optical processes. Although the focus is on simple waveguide structures the utilization of complex structures such as microring resonators and photonic crystal structures is briefly discussed as well. Several fabrication methods are explained and methods which improve optical loss, coupling efficiency and polarization dependence are presented. As the demand for bandwidth increases communication systems are forced to use higher bit rates to accommodate the load. A consequence of high-bit-rate systems is that they require short pulses where the importance of waveguide dispersion tailoring becomes increasingly important. The impact of short pulses on the efficiency of all-optical processes is discussed and recent accomplishments in this field are presented. Numerical results of femtosecond, picosecond and nanosecond pulse propagation in SOI waveguides are compared to provide an insight into the physical processes that dominate at these different time scales. In this work we focus on two-photon absorption (TPA), free-carrier absorption (FCA), plasma dispersion and the optical Kerr effect. After describing these nonlinear effects, some other important all-optical processes based on plasma dispersion and the Kerr effect are described, namely cross-absorption modulation (XAM), self-phase modulation (SPM), cross-phase modulation (XPM), four-wave mixing (FWM) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). The latter provides the best hope for practical and/or commercial applications and finds its use in amplification and lasing. Furthermore, we present some guidelines for efficient numerical modelling of propagation in SOI waveguides. This review is a good starting point for those who are new in this hot and rapidly emerging field and gives an overview of important considerations that need to be taken into account when designing, fabricating and characterizing SOI waveguides for ultrafast third-order nonlinear all-optical processing.
Production of nongyrotropic and gyrotropic backstreaming ion distributions in the quasi‐perpendicular ion foreshock region

A curved shock is analyzed in the whole quasi‐perpendicular propagation region (90° ≥ θBn≥45°) in a supercritical regime with the help of a 2‐D particle‐in‐cell code including self‐consistent effects such as the shock front curvature and the time‐of‐flight effects. Two distinct ion populations are observed within the foreshock: a (gyrotropic) field‐aligned beam population, hereafter named “FAB,” and a (nongyrotropic) gyrophase bunched population, hereafter named “GPB. ” The origin of these high‐energy particles and their corresponding acceleration mechanisms are analyzed in details in the present paper. Both FAB and GPB populations are shown to be produced by the shock front itself and more important, do have exactly the same origin. At the shock front, the two populations gain a nongyrotropic distribution, but FAB population loses its initial phase coherency after suffering several bounces along the curved front. This result has one main consequence: the time evolution of the two populations does not involve some distinct reflection processes as often claimed in the literature, but results only from the particle time history at the shock front. This important result was not expected and greatly simplifies the question of their origin. More precisely, a new parameter, the injection angle θinj has been defined between the shock normal direction and the ion gyrating velocity vector. We found that the FAB population is formed by ions injected almost along the shock front, while GPB population is formed by ions injected almost along the shock normal.
Estradiol Levels and Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients: A Prospective Clinical Study

Background Breast cancer remains a global health issue, including in Indonesia, which has a relatively high incidence of breast cancer. Several theories have proved the role of estrogen in breast cancer carcinogenesis, but there is yet to be a preventive measure against breast cancer. Chemotherapy is one of the therapeutic modalities for breast cancer that disturbs ovarian function in producing estrogen due to damaged ovarian granulosa cells. Chemotherapy becomes an alternative option to decreasing circulating estradiol levels through interventions in ovarian functions, either by surgery, such as oophorectomy, or medications that disturb the ovarian functions. This study aimed to observe the estradiol levels in breast cancer patients before and after chemotherapy. Methods This was a prospective cohort study. We observed the estradiol levels before and after adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Subjects’ characteristics are presented in mean ± standard deviation, distribution frequency, and percentage. Subjects’ characteristics based on chemotherapy were tested using an independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U, and Chi-square/Fisher exact test. Effects of chemotherapy on estrogen levels were tested using the Wilcoxon rank test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results A total of 194 research subjects were included. There were changes in estradiol levels before and after therapy. The decrease of estradiol levels in patients who did not receive chemotherapy was -6.9% (P > 0.05). Patients who received anthracycline cyclophosphamide (AC) regimen, paclitaxel and anthracycline (TA) regimen, paclitaxel, anthracycline and trastuzumab (TA + H) regimen, and platinum regimen experienced a significant decrease in estradiol levels (-21.4% (P < 0.05), -20.2% (P < 0.001), -31.7% (P < 0.01), and -23.7% (P < 0.05), respectively). Among chemotherapy groups, the estradiol levels before and after chemotherapy did not have significant differences (P = 0.937 and P = 0.730, respectively). Conclusion There are no significant differences in estradiol levels between chemotherapy and hormonal therapy groups. Patients in both groups have decreased estradiol levels after therapy, although patients in hormonal therapy do not experience as much decrease as those in chemotherapy.
Analytic Approximations of Uniformly Continuous Functions in Real Banach Spaces

Abstract It is shown that if a separable real Banach space X admits a separating analytic function with an additional condition (property (K), concerning uniform behaviour of radii of convergence) then every uniformly continuous mapping on X into any real Banach space Y can be approximated by analytic operators. In particular, the result applies to c0.