Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chemical composition of Late Svecofennian granite in the Bothnian Basin, central Sweden

Late Svecofennian granite is frequent in the Bothnian Basin, especially in zones of rapidly changing metamorphic grade but also in areas, where the metamorphic grade is elevated. The granite is essentially undeformed, but weakly foliated or lineated rocks are common; more rarely are rocks strongly foliated. X-ray fluorescence was used for major-element and ICP-MS for trace-element analyses. The chemical composition is almost invariably peraluminous, calc-alkaline and strict granitic. The mean of the molecular ratio Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O) is 1.3 with an almost normal distribution. It straddles the boundary between S- and I-type granites (where the value 1.1 is used as the boundary). The source is made up of mixtures in any proportions of igneous and sedimentary rocks, and this boundary is not a strict boundary between source rocks. Trace-element variation is immense. Rare earth element patterns are somewhat different for I- and S-type granites, but otherwise no systematic difference depending on the I/S character has been found. The metasedimentary rocks in the source were probably enriched in Sr and show evidence of oxidation. Breakdown of biotite and, probably to some extent, muscovite delivered the necessary volatiles for melting. Volatiles were important for the evolution of the granite giving non-CHARAC effects among others tetrad effects to the low-temperature granite. Degrees of melting were moderate and probably variable but cannot be quantified. Zr-saturation temperatures vary (820 ± 148°C (2σ)), but are higher for I-type than for S-type granites. The lowest temperatures occur in low-grade areas probably representing high intrusion levels.
Open-ocean, off-bank transport of fine-grained carbonate sediment in the Northern Bahamas

Summary The contribution of fine-grained, bank-derived versus pelagic-derived carbonate sediment in periplatform oozes has been evaluated by means of a detailed, quantitative carbonate mineralogy study of 35 surface sediment samples from north of Little Bahama Bank. Our data indicate that large volumes of aragonite and magnesian calcite are being exported along the open-ocean margin of Little Bahama Bank during the present high-stand of sea-level. Percentages of mud-size aragonite + magnesian calcite display a strong negative correlation (r = −0.912) with distance from the edge of the bank, whereas percentages of calcite show a strong positive correlation (+0.914). Immediately adjacent to the northern, windward margin of Little Bahama Bank, 86% of the fine-grained carbonates are bank-derived. This value decreases in a linear fashion to 50% bank-derived muds at a distance of 50 km from Little Bahama Bank. Direct seaward projection of our data suggests that fine-grained, metastable, shallow-water carbonate sediments are transported laterally at least 120 km from open-ocean bank margins. This has important implications for the global budget of CO2, the diagenetic potential of periplatform oozes, and the growth potential of carbonate slopes.
Effect of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway on vegetation abundance

Large-scale engineering projects such as mines and dams cause ecological damage that can persist after construction is complete. The Qinghai–Tibet Railway (QTR) from Golmud to Lhasa was constructed entirely during the Landsat era and began operating in 2006. Therefore, it presents an opportunity for determining both the extent of ecological damage and the time required for some level of natural restoration after a major construction project. We have studied the effect of the QTR construction on vegetation abundance measured using multi-endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) of a time series of Landsat TM/ETM+ images (2001, 2007, 2010) covering the 231 km stretch of the railway from south of Kaixinling Station to north of Chumaerhe Station. We found that the effect of QTR construction on vegetation abundance was limited to within 5.0 km of the tracks, the largest decrease, 2.9%, occurring within 0.125 km of the tracks from 2001 to 2007. There was only 0.4% further decrease in vegetation abundance from 2007 to 2010. We attributed the decrease in vegetation abundance within 0.125 km of the tracks mostly to the accumulation of drifting sand resulting from the barrier of the railway and the measures adopted to keep the sand away from the railway under the prevailing west or northwest winds. It appears that in this sensitive cold desert, vegetation damage was limited to the period of railway construction.
How to connect two scales of behaviour in constitutive modelling of geomaterials

Localised failure of geomaterials involves deformation at two scales: a narrow localisation zone and the surrounding bulk. The behaviour associated with both scales should be properly taken into account in the development of constitutive models. This article presents a general constitutive modelling framework to connect these two scales, each of which is associated with a different stage of the material behaviour. It is demonstrated how this approach can be applied to any geomaterial model and how it could help obtain solutions independent of the spatial discretisation in numerical analysis.
The impact of built environment on mental health: A COVID-19 lockdown perspective

study represents one of the first to inform policymakers and built environment design professionals of how built environment should be designed to accom- modate features that could mitigate mental health problems in any future crisis. As such, it contributes to the body of knowledge of built environment planning by considering mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown.
The impact of built environment on mental health: A COVID-19 lockdown perspective and Place

health, COVID-19 recurrent local and national lockdowns. the by previous that the design of the built environment can mental health, is not clear if the same pattern remains when a ‘black swan ’ event (e.g., COVID-19) occurs. To we performed logistic regression and hierarchical regression analyses to examine the relationship between built environment and mental health utilising a data sample from the United Kingdom (UK) residents during the COVID-19 lockdown while considering their social demographics. Our results show that compared with depression and anxiety, people were more likely to feel stressed during the lockdown period. Furthermore, general house type, home workspace , and neighbourhood environment and amenity were identified to have significantly contributed to their mental health status. With the ensuing implications, this study represents one of the first to inform policymakers and built environment design professionals of how built environment should be designed to accom- modate features that could mitigate mental health problems in any future crisis. As such, it contributes to the body of knowledge of built environment planning by considering mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown.
Effect of landscape form on export of dissolved organic carbon, iron, and phosphorus from forested stream catchments

Predicting the effects of climate change and atmospheric deposition on water quality requires predicting the effects of landscape form on export of substances downstream. In this paper, we present dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total phosphorus (TP), and iron (Fe) export data (1980–1992) for 20 relatively undisturbed, forested catchments draining into seven lakes in central Ontario and develop regression models of chemical export as functions of landscape composition. The extent of wetlands was correlated with export of DOC and TP; the proportion of the catchment covered by peatlands accounted for 78% of the variance in a regression model of long‐term average DOC export and 76% of the variance in a model of color “export. ” Peatland coverage and Fe export together explained 76% of the variance in a long‐term average TP export model, which is consistent with published experimental evidence that Fe facilitates P complexation with DOC in surface waters. The long‐term average Fe export model was not significant when all 20 catchments were included. However, Fe export from the 14 catchments with thin tills was a function only of peatland coverage (R2 = 0.71), suggesting that Fe export is dependent to a large extent upon either the export of organic material or the reducing conditions. The long‐term export models worked well when export of a substance was dominated by peatlands but was not very sensitive to the influence of mineral soils. The long‐term average TP/DOC ratio was remarkably constant among most whole‐lake catchments, ranging from 1.4 to 2.0 mg P/g C, the exception being the catchment of anthropogenically acidified Plastic Lake with a ratio of 0.8. Fe export to Plastic lake was also enriched relative to TP export compared with the other lakes. Therefore TP export to Plastic Lake may be limited by some mechanism related to acidification.
The impact of boundary spanners on the network performance of DBFM and D&C infrastructure projects

5 Introduction . 6 Problem definition and relevance . 6 Research objective and research questions . 7 Scope . 7 Reading guide . 8 Theoretical background . 8 What is a public-private-partnership? 8 PPP as a brand . 9 Argumentation and Rationale for PPP . 9 Form of PPP . 9 Theories on network management . 10 Theoretical framework . 11 Network performance . 11 Trust and collaboration . 12 Role of the boundary spanner . 12 Boundary spanning activities, roles, and strategies . 13 Contract type . 14 Similarities . 15 Differences . 15 Importance of personal networks . 16 Conceptual model . 16 Methodology . 17 Literature review . 17 Research strategy . 17 Case selection . 17 Boundary spanner interviews . 18 Operationalization . 19
Currency Misalignments and Optimal Monetary Policy: a Reexamination †

2796 Exchange rates among large economies have fluctuated dramatically over the past 30 years. The dollar/euro exchange rate has experienced swings of greater than 60 percent. Even the Canadian dollar/US dollar exchange rate has risen and fallen by more than 35 percent in the past decade, but inflation rates in these countries have differed by only a percentage point or two per year. Should these exchange rate movements be a concern for policymakers? Or would it not be better for policymak-ers to focus on output and inflation and let a freely floating exchange rate settle at a market determined level? Empirical evidence points to the possibility of " local-currency pricing " (LCP) or " pricing to market. " 1 Exporting firms may price discriminate among markets, and/ or set prices in the buyers' currencies. A currency could be overvalued if consumer prices are generally higher at home than abroad when compared in a common currency , or undervalued if these prices are lower at home. 2 Currency misalignments can be very large even in advanced economies. In a simple, familiar framework, this paper draws out the implications for monetary policy when currency misalignments are possible. Currency misalignments lead to inefficient allocations for reasons that are analogous to the problems with inflation in a world of staggered price setting. When there are currency misalignments, households in the Home and Foreign countries may pay different prices for the identical good. A basic tenet of economics is that violations of the law of one price are inefficient—if the good's marginal cost is the same irrespective of where the good is sold, it is not efficient for the good to sell at different prices. We find that these violations lead to a reduction in world welfare and that optimal monetary policy trades off targeting these misalignments with inflation and output goals. In our model, because there are no transportation costs or distribution costs, any deviation from the law of one price would be inefficient. More generally, if those costs were to be included, then pricing would be inefficient if consumer prices in different locations do not reflect the underlying resource costs of producing and distributing the goods. 1 Many studies have found evidence of violations of the law of one price for consumer prices. Two prominent studies are Engel (1999) and Andrew Atkeson and Ariel Burstein (2008). The literature is voluminous—these two papers contain …
An empirical modeling approach to predict and understand phytoplankton dynamics in a reservoir affected by interbasin water transfers

In this paper, we use empirical modeling to predict and understand phytoplankton dynamics in a reservoir affected by water transfers. Prediction of phytoplankton biovolume is central to the management of water resources, particularly given the significant impacts on quality of the water‐quantity oriented management of transfers between reservoirs. A novel tree‐based iterative input variable selection algorithm is applied for the first time in an ecological context, and identifies a maximum of eight driving factors out of 77 candidates to explain the biovolume of chlorophytes, cyanobacteria and diatoms. The stepwise forward‐selection to iteratively identify the most important inputs leads to a physically interpretable model able to infer the physical processes controlling phytoplankton biovolume. Reservoir inflows and outflows are found to exert a strong control over diatom and chlorophyte dynamics while water temperature, nitrate and phosphorus determine the biovolume of cyanobacteria. Following the selection of the most relevant inputs, the 1 week ahead predictions of four different data‐driven model classes, i.e., neural networks, extra trees (ETs), model trees and linear regressions, are compared based on performance indices and statistical tests. ETs are found to outperform the other models by providing accurate predictions of cyanobacteria, chlorophyte and diatom biovolume by explaining 66.6%, 66.9%, and 80.5% of the variance, respectively. The methodology is applicable to different environmental studies and combines the strength of empirical modeling, i.e., compact models and accurate predictions, with a good understanding of the physical processes involved.
Quartz microtextures of the Sambagawa schists and their implications in convergent margin processes

Quartz c-axis fabrics of the Sambagawa schists produced along a late Mesozoic convergent plate margin were analysed so that their tectono-metamorphic history could be clarified. It has been noted by many authors that quartz fabrics produced by earlier phase deformation are easily modified by strain increment during later phase deformation. This paper attempts to elucidate the high-temperature phases of prograde metamorphism (Sim-Bim phase) and of retrograde metamorphism (Sb1 phase and Sb2−1 phase) from quartz grains included in garnet and plagioclase porphyroblasts. Quartz c-axis fabrics for all these phases are explained in terms of a type I crossed girdle, without (only rarely with) higher concentration in the principal axis of strain Y (X>Y>Z), that must have been produced by the activity of a dominant slip system such as rhomb and basal. As a result, the plastic deformation of quartz, which was responsible for the formation of the type I crossed girdle, occurred even under temperatures greater than 500°C and pressures a little greater than 10–11 kb, which correspond to the physical condition of the Sim-Bim phase. It has been assumed that a high strain rate (and/or low H2O content) caused rhomb and basal to be active as dominant slip systems in the subduction zone related to the formation of the Sambagawa schists even under high temperatures (> 500°C).
Reservoir Drawdown Highlights the Emergent Effects of Water Level Change on Reservoir Physics, Chemistry, and Biology

Water level drawdowns are increasingly common in lakes and reservoirs worldwide as a result of both climate change and water management. Drawdowns can have direct effects on physical properties of a waterbody (e.g., by altering stratification and light dynamics), which can interact to modify the waterbody's biology and chemistry. However, the ecosystem‐level effects of drawdown remain poorly characterized in small, thermally stratified reservoirs, which are common in many regions of the world. Here, we intensively monitored a small eutrophic reservoir for 2 years, including before, during, and after a month‐long drawdown that reduced total reservoir volume by 36%. During drawdown, stratification strength (maximum buoyancy frequency) and surface phosphate concentrations both increased, contributing to a substantial surface phytoplankton bloom. The peak in phytoplankton biomass was followed by cascading changes in surface water chemistry associated with bloom degradation, with sequential peaks in dissolved organic carbon, dissolved carbon dioxide, and ammonium concentrations that were up to an order of magnitude higher than the previous year. Dissolved oxygen concentrations substantially decreased in surface waters during drawdown (to 41% saturation), which was associated with increased total iron and manganese concentrations. Combined, our results illustrate how changes in water level can have cascading effects on coupled physical, chemical, and biological processes. As climate change and water management continue to increase the frequency of drawdowns in lakes worldwide, our results highlight the importance of characterizing how water level variability can alter complex in‐lake ecosystem processes, thereby affecting water quality.
Impact of sea breeze air masses laden with ozone on inland surface ozone concentrations: A case study of the northern coast of Taiwan

[1] This work examines how ozone-laden sea breeze air masses contribute to inland surface ozone concentrations. The vertical distributions of ozone in sea breeze air masses and the characteristics of sea breezes are investigated using tethered ozonesondes and meteorological radiosondes, respectively, at a measurement site near the northern coast of Taiwan during 24–30 August 2003. The investigations reveal that, initially, sea breeze air masses are stable with relatively high concentrations of ozone distributed in the upper portions of the air masses. Elevated ozone layers with concentrations of 60–100 ppb were frequently observed at 500–1600 m. The growth of a thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) inland that can bring ozone-rich air aloft in a sea breeze air mass into the growing TIBL subsequently increases the surface ozone concentrations farther inland. Accordingly, the surface ozone concentrations increase with distance inland, regardless of the photochemical production of ozone inland. A new conceptual model was presented to depict this pollution feature. According to a simple Lagrangian analysis, ozone-rich sea breeze air masses under the observed conditions generated a difference of as much as a 30 ppb between the surface ozone concentration at a near-coast location and that at a far inland location. TIBL development at a near-coast area can protect the area from fumigation of elevated ozone layers because the depth of the TIBL is limited there, such that the ozone in the elevated ozone layers cannot be brought to the ground.
The Width of Shore Platforms in Britain, Canada, and Japan

Variations in the width of shore platforms were investigated within southern Wales, Gaspe in eastern Canada, and southern Japan. The strong, positive linear relationship between platform gradient and tidal range implies that platform width may be largely independent of tidal range, although regional negative correlations between platform gradient and width suggest that platforms become narrower with increasing tidal range. Platform width increases with wave intensity, and the widest platforms are oriented toward the dominant waves. The width of the platforms also decreases with increasing rock dip. A structural classification, based upon combinations of rock dip and strike, relative to the orientation of the cliff face, helped to explain variations in platform width in Canada and Japan. Changes in structural class induced by variations in coastal orientation may partially account for differences in the width of platforms on headlands and in embayments. Platform width is also influenced by the presence and type of cliff-foot deposits.
Reflection of acoustic waves from a continuously varying interfacial region

Reflection-transmission problems for plane waves can be analytically solved in a restricted number of special cases for which asymptotic connection formulas exist. The technique is demonstrated for the case of a parabolic barrier. A method of Epstein's, which makes use of the properties of hypergeometric functions, can be used to obtain solutions for a variety of transitional structures. This method is taken from the field of ionospheric radio-wave propagation and is adapted to the acoustic problem without neglect of the density gradient. The solution for a monotonic transitional zone is obtained, and the behavior of the subcritical reflection is discussed, with reference to the inner core reflection as an example.
Three-Month FVC Change: A Trial Endpoint for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Based on Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis

Rationale: Novel therapies for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are in development, but there remains uncertainty about the optimal trial endpoint. An earlier endpoint would enable assessment of a greater number of therapies in adaptive trial designs. Objectives: To determine whether short-term changes in FVC, D L CO , and six-minute-walk distance could act as surrogate endpoints to accelerate early-phase trials in IPF. Methods: Individual participant data (IPD) from IPF clinical trials were included in a two-step random-effects meta-analysis to determine whether baseline or 3-month changes in FVC, D L CO , and 6-minute-walk distance were associated with mortality or disease progression in placebo arms. Three-month and 12-month FVC decline endpoints were compared with treatment arm data from antifibrotic studies by meta-regression. Measurements and Main Results: IPD were available from 12 placebo cohorts totaling 1,819 participants, with baseline and 3-month changes in all physiological variables independently associated with poorer outcomes. Treatment data were available from six cohorts with 1,684 participants. For each 2.5% relative decline in FVC over 3 months, there was an associated 15% (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06 – 1.24; I 2 = 59.4%) and 20% (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.12 – 1.28; I 2 = 18.0%) increased risk for mortality in untreated and treated individuals, respectively. An FVC change treatment effect was observed between treatment and placebo arms at 3 months (difference in FVC change of 42.9 ml; 95% CI, 24.0 – 61.8 ml; P , 0.001). Conclusions: IPD meta-analysis demonstrated that 3-month changes in physiological variables, particularly FVC, were associated with mortality among individuals with IPF. FVC change over 3 months may hold potential as a surrogate endpoint in IPF adaptive trials.