Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hatching behaviour and life cycle of Heterodera latipons Franklin under Syrian agro-ecological conditions

The cereal cyst nematode Heterodera latipons Franklin is widespread in the eastern Mediterranean area and often occurs in mixed populations with H. avenae in cereal cropping systems. Differences between the two species in hatching behaviour and development cycle may be factors responsible for the low level of detection of H. latipons in the region. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different temperature regimes, agro-ecosystem, sampling date, cyst age and barley root diffusate on the hatching behaviour of H. latipons and its life cycle. The investigations were conducted by observing hatch and development under both field and glasshouse conditions. The optimum temperature for hatching was 10°C. The hatched second-stage juveniles of H. latipons from the dry and wet agro-ecological zones are found in the soil from December to April with peak densities in January and February. Thirty to 45% of the eggs of both populations from the dry and wet zone hatch slowly over the growing season. The results of hatching tests, simulating pre-planting soil temperatures in Syria, indicate that treatment for 16 days at 5°C initiates the hatching cycle of H. latipons. There was no significant difference in total hatch when cysts were placed in tap water or in barley root diffusates.
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in flora and fauna of Hooghly estuary, east coast of India

Spectroscopic determinations of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Co and Ni were carried out in 23 organisms including seaweeds, zooplankters, molluscs and fishes from Hooghly estuary at the confluence of Bay of Bengal. Seaweeds and gastropods were more efficient in accumulating levels while zooplankters bivalves and fishes showed intermediate levels. Analyses were performed on the sediment, water and on the individual dissected organs of a mussel, oyster and teleost fish. Bioaccumulation of Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in the soft body parts (gills, mantle, liver etc.) of the three species showed a high degree of organ specificity in some cases. Major sources of the micropollutants include natural weathering, catchment runoff, urban and industrial discharges that may pose an ecological risk to the local estuarine ecosystem.
Productivity of Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) in Sublittoral Prince Edward Island, Canada. I. Seasonal Pattern

Changes in productivity of Chondrus crispus throughout the season in relation to changes in environmental conditions and physiological status of the fronds were estimated from measurements of the photosynthetic capacity in both the field and the laboratory. Steady-state measurements of the'maximum'(PS max ) and «field temperature» (PS temp ) CO 2 assimilation rates by single fronds were determined by infra-red gas analysis. The seasonal trends shown by PS max and PS temp were inversely related. The actual photosynthetic capacity (PS temp ) appeared to be constrained by temperature, whereas the nitrogen status of C. crispus seemed to be the most important factor controlling summer maximum photosynthetic capacity (PS max )
Ciliates from Scandinavian molluscs

Abstract The present paper describes the ciliate fauna living on the ciliated epithelia of aquatic invertebrates, especially bivalves, from a systematical and an ecological point of view. In 64 Scandinavian invertebrate species, of which 57 were lamellibranchs, 47 morphologically distinct ciliate species were found of which 14 are new to science. The majority of these ciliates belongs to the order Thigmotrichida, the remainder being representatives of the families Urceolariidae, Licnophoridae and Euplotidae. A new family, Peniculistomatidae is created to contain Peniculistoma mytili (De Morgan), which possesses many characters in common with the pleuronematine hymenostomes and therefore must be considered as the most primitive thigmotrich. Conchophtheridae and Thigrnophryidae are considered to be specialized families. Three types of morphological adaptations were found within the ciliates of lamellibranchs. In all types, however, the organelles of attachment and a body shape giving minimum resistance to w.
Effects of the Dwarfing Gene Originating from ‘Dee-geo-woo-gen’ on Yield and its Related Traits in Rice

Effects of the dwarfing gene sd1 originating from the Taiwanese rice variety 'Dee-geo-woo-gen' on yield, yield components and other traits were investigated using two isogenic lines, T d and S d , and their respective parental varieties, 'Taichung 65' (T65) and 'Shiokari'. At Kochi University, T d and T65 were grown at three fertilizer levels in 1998, and at one fertilizer level in 1995. S d and 'Shiokari' were grown at one fertilizer level at Hokkaido University in 1996. Yields of T d and T65 increased as the fertilizer level was increased in 1998. The yield of T d was lower than that of T65 under all four growing conditions. Similarly, the yield of S d was lower than that of 'Shiokari'. In spikelet number per panicle, T d and S d were significantly smaller than their respective parental varieties under all growing conditions. In panicle number per m 2 , differences between T d and T65 were nonsignificant under all growing conditions. In this trait, S d was larger than 'Shiokari'. In ripened-grain percentage, T d was higher than T65. In 1000 grain weight, on the other hand, T d was smaller than T65 under all growing conditions except that in 1995. In these two traits, however, S d and 'Shiokari' were similar to each other. T d and T65 were similar to each other in length and width of spikelet. To sum up, the lower yields of T d and S d were mainly due to their small numbers of spikelets per panicle in comparison with their respective parental varieties. In spikelet number per m 2 and in sink size, T d and S d were smaller than their respective parental varieties, indicating that sd1 decreases sink size. In LAI and leaf weight per m 2 at the 80%-heading stage, T d and T65 were similar to each other, indicating that sd1 has almost no effect on the total amount of photosynthetic organ.
Age under-estimation in New Zealand porbeagle sharks (Lamna nasus): is there an upper limit to ages that can be determined from shark vertebrae?

Annual deposition of growth bands in vertebrae has been validated for many shark species, and is now widely regarded as the norm. However, vertebrae are part of the shark's axial skeleton, and band deposition may stop in old sharks when somatic growth ceases. We aged vertebral sections from New Zealand porbeagle sharks (Lamna nasus) under reflected white light and using X-radiographs. Bomb radiocarbon assays supported vertebral age estimates up to ∼20 years, but not at older ages. The results suggest that older porbeagles were under-aged by as much as 50% from vertebral band counts, presumably because band width declined to a point where it became unresolvable. This has important implications for growth studies on other long-lived sharks. Estimated ages at sexual maturity were 8-11 years for males and 15-18 years for females, and longevity may be ∼65 years. New Zealand and North Atlantic porbeagles differ in these parameters, and in length at maturity and maximum length, suggesting genetic isolation of the two populations.
Análise física, sensorial e microbiológica de geléias de manga formuladas com diferentes níveis de cascas em substituição à polpa

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of jams formulated with levels of zero, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of peels in substitution of pulp of mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. 'Haden'). The quality criterion were color, consistency, sensory acceptability and microbiological characteristics. It was observed that all treatments obtained with the consumers mean scores between seven (liked moderated) and eight (liked a lot). Physical and microbiological characteristics were maintained inside of the fruit jams patterns established for Brazilian legislation. For the gotten results, the partial or total substitution of pulp for peels Haden mango in the jams formulation is viable on the physical, sensory and microbiological areas, with economic and environmental advantages.
Utilization of Diet Components Fed Blended or Separately to Lactating Cows

Abstract Fifteen lactating Holstein cows individually were fed 61% concentrate, 27% corn silage, and 12% wilted grass silage separately or blended between 43 and 183 days postpartum to examine effects of blended diet on nutrient digestibility, energy and nitrogen partitions, and efficiency of diet utilization. Milk yield per unit intake of concentrate (or total diet) was 4% more when diet components were blended than when they were fed separately. Other differences in response of cows were not significant, but there was a trend, associated with the blended diet, for slightly more milk and higher efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for milk. Digestibility of energy, dry matter, and other diet nutrients was similar between treatments.
Comparative studies on gamma radiation and high pressure induced effects on minced beef

The total viable cell count of bacteria in vacuum-packaged chilled minced beef has been decreased equally, by approx. two log-cycles, as an effect of 1.5-2.0 kGy gamma radiation or 200-300 MPa high hydrostatic pressure (UHP) treatment for 20 min. Coliform bacteria could be eliminated to non-detectable levels by the same treatments. The shelf-life of both untreated and non-thermally pasteurised samples were limited mainly by growth of lactic acid bacteria. At about equal bactericidal effect, more drastic changes of texture and colour occurred in UHP-pasteurized minced beef samples than in the radiation-pasteurized ones. Whereas radiation pasteurisation caused minimal changes in appearance, texture and DSC-thermograms of minced beef, UHP-pasteurisation of the raw samples proved to be strongly discolouring by denaturing the muscle pigments and causing extensive denaturation of the myofibrillar proteins. The water holding capacity of irradiated samples decreased, while that of high pressure treated ones increased as compared to the untreated control. Near infrared spectrometry and electronic nose measurements gave promising results to make distinctions non-destructively on changes of various physical-chemical changes and quality parameters as a function of pasteurising treatments and/or storage.
Satellite Nests, Early Males, and Plasticity of Reproductive Behavior in a Paper Wasp

We studied 298 primary nests of a single population of the paper wasp Polistes fuscatus variatus over a period of 2 yr. This population demonstrated a remarkable amount of reproductive behavioral plasticity. At least 14% of all nests produced a few males early in the season, before the emergence of the majority of reproductives. At least 17% of all nests were part of polydomous colonies that consisted of 2-9 separate nests with 2-9 foundresses. During the first year of the study, 10 satellite nests were founded, some of which contained mated, spring-produced females and, in late summer, produced male and female offspring. Early males apparently mate with early-season reproductive females that supersede orphaned nests or oviposit on satellites. The small number of males produced may represent a trade-off between their early-season reproductive value and their cost later in the season. The cost of an early male is the reproductive value of males and females that could have been produced in late summer if resources had been invested in workers. Satellite nests were closely associated with polydomous colonies. This suggests that a reduction in the ability of alpha foundresses to maintain their reproductive dominance of polydomous colonies leads to the expression of alternative reproductive behavior. Functional polygyny results in reduced genetic relationships between adults and reproductive offspring and should favor behavior that increases individual reproduction. Satellite nests were functionally like additional nests in polydomous colonies; however, alpha foundresses (queens) were never observed on them. Instead, spring-produced, female offspring appear to have been the sole egg layers on satellite nests. Other unmated, nonreproductive (presumably worker) offspring incorporated satellite nests into the set of nests they worked. Our results demonstrate the difficulty of testing kin-selection theory. Recent studies of kin recognition in the social Hymenoptera show that estimates of the genetic relationships of specific interacting individuals are needed because some important interactions among nest mates are deterministic and biased according to relatedness. In addition, our demonstration of the large repertoire of alternative reproductive options available reaffirms the need for more-comprehensive studies of reproductive biology before assessing the relative roles of genetics and ecology in the evolution of insect societies.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF LIGHT-LIMITED PHYTOPLANKTON: MICROCOSM EXPERIMENTS

This paper investigates the extent to which the predictions of an elementary model for light-limited growth are matched by laboratory experiments with light-limited phytoplankton. The model and experiments link the population dynamics of phytoplankton species with changes in the light gradient caused by phytoplankton shading. The model predicts that a phytoplankton population should continue to grow until, at steady state, the light intensity at the bottom of the water column equals its critical light intensity. The experimental results were in good agreement with the theoretical predictions: (1) the steady-state population density increased with an increase of the incident light intensity, (2) the steady-state population density (per unit volume) was inversely proportional to mixing depth, (3) the steady-state population size (per unit area) decreased linearly with mixing depth, (4) the critical light intensity decreased with an increase of the incident light intensity, (5) the critical light intensity was approximately the same at each mixing depth, and (6) the time courses predicted by the model were in line with the observed time courses of population density and light penetration. Implications for phytoplankton ecology and aquatic production biology are discussed.
Note. Seasonal Variations of Fatty Acid Composition in Wild Marine Shrimps (Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan, 1844 and Metapenaeus monoceros Fabricus, 1789) from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea

Seasonal fatty acid profiles of Penaeus semisulcatus and Metapenaeus monoceros were investigated. Palmitic (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic (18:1), palmitooleic acid (16:1), arachidonic acid (20:4), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) were found to be the most abundant fatty acids in both shrimp species. Fatty acid profile showed seasonal changes. The highest EPA DHA contents were recorded during winter (January) in both species.
Dromedary milk fat: biochemical, microscopic and rheological characteristics.

Structural and physicochemical characteristics of dromedary milk fat were investigated and compared with those of cow's milk fat. The fatty acid composition of dromedary milk fat showed the presence of very small amounts of short-chain fatty acids (C4–C12) and a higher content of 16:1 and 18:0. The microscopic study showed a discontinuous phase of globules with a smaller size but presenting a relatively thicker membrane layer. The rheological and the melting studies showed that dromedary milk fat on the one hand had a relatively higher fusion point, a higher fusion enthalpy and a higher apparent viscosity and on the other hand a relatively lower value of storage modulus (G'). These various characteristics correlated with the results obtained by microscopy and chromatography.
Genetic variability of plant characters in the partial inbreeder Collinsia heterophylla (Scrophulariaceae)

Quantitative genetic variability for six characters was estimated in four populations of the annual plant, Collinsia heterophylla, with estimated selfing rates ranging from 0.36 to 0.68. Based on large samples of parental plants, all four populations showed significant genetic variation for two or more characters, and there was no sign that the more selfing populations had lower amounts of genetic variance or lower heritability values. Autogamous fruit set rates in the absence of pollinators also showed significant heritability in one population.
Habitat Conditions of Montane Meadows associated with Restored and Unrestored Stream Channels of California

Mountain meadow habitats are valued for their ecological importance. They attenuate floods, improve water quality, and support high biodiversity. Many meadow habitats in the western US are degraded, and efforts are increasing to restore these montane meadow ecosystems. Rewatering projects such as pond-and-plug quickly raise the water table by blocking the existing incised stream channel and can result in the rapid recovery of wet meadow habitats. Based on the existing literature, however, it is difficult to determine realistic expectations for outcomes of restoration projects across a range of hydrogeologic conditions. We compared wetland, vegetation, soil carbon, and channel condition variables between ten randomly selected restored and ten paired unrestored montane meadows in California to provide a comparison of habitat conditions. We found that unrestored meadows had a higher proportion of wetland habitat, fewer indicators of channel instability, and greater topsoil carbon stores compared to restored meadows. Restored meadows had more herbaceous biomass within their wetland habitats, but also had more cattle exclosures. The restoration category of the meadow remained important when watershed variables were included in models. While restored meadows were highly degraded prior to project implementation, our results suggest that, in general, conditions do not improve beyond the average conditions of nearby unrestored meadows. Realistic expectations of outcomes and consequences are necessary for managers to make appropriate decisions about restoration options and whether or not to implement rewatering projects that often greatly alter the meadow landscape.
Pollen morphology of Miliusa and relatives (Annonaceae)

In order to provide additional data for the subdivision of the palaeotropical genus Miliusa (Annonaceae), its pollen was examined using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, including 20 of the 30 – 40 species. Further, species of the other genera in the former tribe Miliuseae (Alphonsea, Mezzettia, Orophea, Platymitra; Phoenicanthus not available) and of the Polyalthia cerasoides group, the sister group to Miliusa in a recent molecular analysis, were included. The pollen of Mezzettia and Platymitra is described for the first time with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The pollen of all species studied with transmission electron microscopy appeared to possess an inaperturate exine, but apertural areas (‘germination zones’) were observed in the intine. The pollen morphological variation within Miliusa does not correlate with the macromorphological subdivision of the genus. It appeared to be impossible to define distinct pollen types. The former tribe Miliuseae cannot be characterised or subdivided with the help of pollen characters either. All genera fit in the larger miliusoid clade (25 genera). The pollen of the Polyalthia cerasoides group deviates in its finely and densely granular infratectum.
Vertical distribution of spores of blade-forming Sarcothalia crispata (Gigartinaceae) and crustose corallines (Corallinaceae) in the water column

Abstract Changes in spore abundance of the blade-forming Sarcothalia crispata and crustose coralline seaweeds were determined to relate height above the substratum at which propagules are liberated with their dispersal potential. Recruit density was quantified on artificial substrata at the surface of the water column, mid-water, and seafloor. Spore abundance was determined in water samples obtained at the same levels during periods of calm and rough seas. Spore density was also determined along a transect running perpendicularly to the shore. Density of recruits S. crispata increased with depth, whereas coralline recruits were abundant at the seafloor level. During calm seas, spore density of S. crispata and crustose corallines increased with depth, but the latter were more variable. During rough seas, spore density was very high; spores of S. crispata increased toward the surface, or were homogenous in the water column, whereas distribution of crustose coralline spores was more variable. Finally, density of crustose coralline spores decreased more abruptly with distance from the shore than that of the bladed species. These results strongly suggest that the height at which spores are released (a correlate of algal morphology) influences spore distribution in the water column and the dispersal potential.
Food habits of northern (Eptesicus nilssoni) and brown long-eared (Plecotus auritus) bats in Sweden

Food habits of sympatric northern and brown long-eared bats were examined by analysis of droppings collected in six maternity roosts of each species. Relatively large, nocturnal flying insects such as moths (Lepidoptera), June-beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), crane-flies (Diptera: Tipulidae) and caddis-flies (Trichoptera), were eaten by both bat species, representing 47% (by volume) of the northern and 57% of the long-eared bat's diet. Small dipterans were important food items for the northern bat (47% of the diet) but not for the long-eared bat, which instead consumed large amounts of diurnal or predominantly non-flying taxa such as blow-flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae), earwigs (Dermaptera), spiders (Araneae) and harvestmen (Opiliones) (40% of the diet). The difference in food selection by the two species is probably due to the different foraging strategies used.
ÉTUDES PRÉLIMINAIRES DE SIGNAUX ACOUSTIQUES DU PONTOPORIA BLAINVILLEI GERVAIS ET D’ORBIGNY (CETACEA, PLATANISTIDAE)

Les signaux acoustiques du Pontoporia blainvillei, dauphin du Rio de la Plata, ont £t£ otudi^s de jour, en mer. Cette espece, qui n'est pas gregaire, est difficile a observer. Elle n'approche pas les bateaux, et les occasions de rencontre au cours desquelles on peut recueillir des signaux ont eu pour nous un caractere exceptionnel. Nous n'avons pas entendu de sifflements et n'avons enregistre* que des clics d'echolocation ; ceux-ci sont de trois types, les uns de basse frequence, les autres de moyenne et de haute frequence. Ces caracteres permettent de rapprocher cette espfece du Phocaena, bien qu'elle en differe par Fabsence de synchronisation des clics H.F. et B.F. Comme des animaux se prennent regulierement dans les filets des p&heurs, on peut mettre en doute qu'ils utilisent souvent leur Systeme sonar. Les clics qu'ils emettent ont cependant des caracteristiques qui leur permettraient de detecter les filets. Mais comme, localement, la nourriture de base de cette espece est constitute de poissons de fond, qui sont & la fois nombreux, emettent des signaux acoustiques, et sont luminescents, leur detection passive est probablement süffisante pour que leur capture ne necessite pas le sonar que les Delphinidos polagiques utilisent generalement pour la poursuite de proies mobiles. Ce travail, tres limite*, doit £tre considoro comme une approche preliminaire.