Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Temperature–Precipitation Relationships from Observations and As Modeled by the General Circulation Model of the Canadian Climate Centre

Abstract A simple temperature and precipitation relationship, as obtained from observed daily values for Canadian stations, has been compared with the relationship produced by the Canadian Climate Centre second-generation climate model. In the winter, over broad areas, the model and the observations agree, both showing more precipitation when the average daily “screen-level” temperature is warmer than the median daily value. The observations show that more precipitation falls on days that are cooler than normal throughout most of the country in warmer seasons, and in the lee of the Rocky Mountains year-round. However, the model only rarely predicts more precipitation with cooler temperatures, which suggests that parameterization schemes in this model could be improved. This method of comparing observations and model results using a relationship among several important variables has significant value, and it could be applied to other models.
Efficiency of Competency Training Program on Intensive Care Nurses Performance Regarding the Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Background: Recently one of the most essential therapeutic skills that aids in the quick detection of cardiovascular disease that could be fatal is the interpretation of electrocardiograms. Nurses should have a competency training program with a high-quality content of knowledge and skills for providing competent electrocardiograms interpretation and procedure correctly that can result in wise clinical judgements with favourable effects. Aim: The study aims to evaluate the efficiency of competency training program on intensive care nurses’ performance regarding the electrocardiogram interpretation. Design: This study's research methodology was quasi-experimental. Setting: The study was carried out in three public hospitals connected to the Ministry of Health's intensive care units. Subjects: A purposive sample of 60 nurses who were employed in the aforementioned location. Data collection tools: Nurses' knowledge structured questionnaire and electrocardiograms’ practical competency checklist. Results: The study denoted that 85% of the studied nurses’ knowledge had improved to a satisfactory level; however, this number fell to 80% on the follow-up test, as opposed to 13.3% on the pre-test , additionally, Shubra Hospital had a higher mean score of knowledge (13.9 ± 4.0, 22.6 ± 3.4 & 22.0 ± 4.19), after that Embaba Hospital (13.5 ± 3.61, 22.0 ± 4.1& 21.4 ± 4.61) up from Om-Elmasreen Hospital (12.9 ± 2.93, 21.8 ± 4.3& 21.2 ± 4.8) through the program implementation phases respectively. Conclusion: The competency training program had a positive large effect size on total knowledge and practices regarding electrocardiogram interpretation and procedure across the program phases among the studied nurses at (η 2 = 0.499, & 0.284) respectively, with a highly statistically significant positive correlation between cumulative total knowledge and practice at (r= 0.924 & P= 0.000). Recommendations: Create a generic self-instructional program on nursing interventions for electrocardiograms procedure and interpretation with various clinical cardiovascular disorders.
North Atlantic Winter SLP Anomalies Based on the Autumn ENSO State

The winter sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere have been analyzed over the period 1873-2000 based on the ENSO state during the previous autumn. First, a set of extreme cold and warm ENSO events and periods that may be regarded as normal is selected using the SST data of the Nino-3 region. This selection is carried out for autumn and with the constraint that the ENSO event is well developed. For the winters following these selected autumn events, composites of Northern Hemisphere SLP anomalies have been obtained and compared to each other. A study of the consistency among events of the relationship between ENSO and SLP anomalies was also carried out. Results show the preference for a positive NAO-like SLP anomaly pattern in the North Atlantic region during the winters following autumns of strong cold ENSO events and, thus, suggest the existence of a potential source of predictability for the North Atlantic climate. An additional analysis of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index confirms this finding. The possible physical basis of this source of predictability for the North Atlantic climate is discussed.
EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION

Employment and program opportunities are offered to all people regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability. North Carolina contains areas that are frequently considered among the best places to live in America. The state's growth rate is consistently one of the highest in the country. The resulting urban influx affects many facets of the state's infrastructure–more cars drive our roads, more children enroll in our schools, more people create higher wastewater discharges, and more development necessitates stormwater runoff controls. How does urbanization affect stormwater runoff? Roads, parking lots, sidewalks, homes, and offices replace the natural–and permeable–landscape. Rainfall that once soaked into vegetated ground is now " available " for stormwater runoff. As surfaces become more and more impermeable, water simply moves across them. Impermeable surfaces connect to form a " stormwater superhighway " that allows runoff to reach streams more quickly. The effect is manyfold: (1) more stormwater reaches streams because there is less opportunity for it to infiltrate the ground; (2) peak flows increase because the " stormwater superhighway " transports runoff from large areas rapidly; (3) velocities in the stream increase, causing a larger erosion potential; and (4) baseflow is lower during dry weather due to a lack of infiltration. Using traditional analyses such as the Natural Resources Conservation Services' stormwater model, TR-55, or the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' many versions of HEC, it can be shown that peak flows alone can increase by up to four-fold from pre-to post-development conditions. The public knows this effect of urbanization as flooding. While an increase in stormwater runoff is an easily seen result of urbanization , there are many less visible water quality impacts associated with development. Erosion and sedimentation have long been recognized as water quality concerns. Although the North Carolina legislature passed laws to curb sedimen-tation in 1973, sediment remains the number one pollutant of N.C. waters. In addition, metals and organic chemicals from vehicles and industries pollute stormwater runoff in increasing amounts. These pollutants otherwise would only be found in trace amounts under forested conditions. By the mid-1990s the focus in many piedmont and eastern North Carolina watersheds turned toward excess nutrients in surface waters. Fish kills due to a lack of oxygen (hypoxia) caused by excess nutrients and the discovery of a fish-killing organism called Pfiesteria piscicida, which is stimulated by excessive nutrient levels, prompted action to reduce the amount of nutrients–particu-larly …
Fracaso escolar, PISA y la difícil ESO

We can define the school failure as an administrative fact that the student may not achieve the minimum academic degree or as the fact that the student does not reach certain minimum level of knowledge, as defined in PISA studies. With the first definition, Spain is a country with a level of school failure much greater than the OECD average, but with the second definition the school failure is much closer to the average of OECD. It also notes that the repetition of course is much greater in Spain, and the fact that students who do not get repetitions get results similar to the youth of the countries that score better in PISA. It seems that high rates of school failure in Spain are due more to high standards of education that the low level of students. Furthermore, the article analyzes the factors that affect school failure, as youth unemployment, the funding per student and the educational level of the family. Article concludes that, despite being the result of many factors, the most influential in school failure are related to processes that happen outside the school, as the educational level of the family and the labor market.
Effect of Action Observation Physical Training on Quality of Upper Limb and Functional Independence in Children with Hemiplegia

Purpose: The reason for doing this study was to see how action-observation physical training affected the quality of upper limb functions and functional independence among children who have hemiplegic cerebral palsy (HCP). Subjects and Methods: Thirty children who have a diagnosis of HCP, aged 6-9 years, have been randomized into 2 groups: the control group got a routinely chosen physiotherapy program, whereas the examined group got action observation physical training (AOPT) on the upper limb besides a standard selected physiotherapy program for three successive months. Children who have cerebral palsy (CP) underwent the Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test (QUEST) in order to determine the level of quality of their upper limbs’ functions, including their movement patterns and hand functions, while the Wee Functional Independence Measure (Wee FIM) was utilized to assess their functional independence. Results: According to statistical analysis, there had been no substantial variance between the two groups prior to therapy. After treatment, the examined group's four QUEST domains (dissociated movement, weight-bearing, grasp, and protective reaction) and WEE FIM significantly improved (P = 0.0001) when contrasted with the control group. Conclusions: The addition of action observation physical training to physical therapy resulted in better, more effective and significant results on upper limb functional abilities in HCP children.
Deep-Water Ediacaran Fossils from Northwestern Canada: Taphonomy, Ecology, and Evolution

Abstract Impressions of soft-bodied Ediacaran megafossils are common in deep-water slope deposits of the June beds at Sekwi Brook in the Mackenzie Mountains of NW Canada. Two taphonomic assemblages can be recognized. Soles of turbidite beds contain numerous impressions of simple (Aspidella) and tentaculate (Hiemalora, Eoporpita) discs. A specimen of the frond Primocandelabrum is attached to an Aspidella-like holdfast, but most holdfast discs lack any impressions of the leafy fronds to which they were attached, reflecting Fermeuse-style preservation of the basal level of the community. Epifaunal fronds (Beothukis, Charnia, Charniodiscus) and benthic recliners (Fractofusus) were most commonly preserved intrastratally on horizontal parting surfaces within turbidite and contourite beds, reflecting a deep-water example of Nama-style preservation of higher levels in the community. A well-preserved specimen of Namalia significantly extends the known age and environmental range of erniettomorphs into deep-water aphotic settings. Infaunal bilaterian burrows are absent from the June beds despite favorable beds for their preservation. The June beds assemblage is broadly similar in age and environment to deep-water Avalonian assemblages in Newfoundland and England, and like them contains mainly rangeomorph and arboreomorph fossils and apparently lacks dickinsoniomorphs and other clades typical of younger and shallower Ediacaran assemblages. Fossil data presently available imply that the classically deep- and shallow-water taxa of the Ediacara biota had different evolutionary origins and histories, with sessile rangeomorphs and arboreomorphs appearing in deep-water settings approximately 580 million years ago and spreading into shallow-water settings by 555 Ma but dickinsoniomorphs and other iconic clades restricted to shallow-water settings from their first known appearance at 555 Ma until their disappearance prior to the end of the Ediacaran.
A Self-Replication Model for Long Channelized Lava Flows on the Mars Plains

[1] A model is presented for channelized lava flows emplaced by a self-replicating, levee-building process over long distances on the plains of Mars. Such flows may exhibit morphologic evidence of stagnation, overspills, and upstream breakouts. However, these processes do not inhibit the formation and persistence of a prominent central channel that can often be traced for more than 100 km. The two central assumptions of the self-replication model are (1) the flow advances at the average upstream velocity of the molten core and (2) the fraction of the lava that travels faster than the average upstream velocity forms stationary margins in the advancing distal zone to preserve the self-replication process. For an exemplary 300 km long flow north of Pavonis Mons, the model indicates that ∼8 m of crust must have formed during emplacement, as determined from the channel and levee dimensions. When combined with independent thermal dynamic estimates for the crustal growth rate, relatively narrow constraints are obtained for the flow rate (2250 m3 s−1), emplacement duration (600 d), and the lava viscosity of the molten interior (106 Pa s). Minor, transient overspills and breakouts increase the emplacement time by only a factor of 2. The primary difference between the prodigious channelized Martian flows and their smaller terrestrial counterparts is that high volumetric flow rates must have persisted for many hundreds of days on Mars, in contrast to a few hours or days on Earth.
14C distribution in the Atlantic Ocean

The amount of /sup 14/C produced by nuclear bomb testing that entered the Atlantic Ocean by late 1972 was 1.71 x 10/sup -8/ . mu.mol/cm/sup 2/ of ocean surface area for the west Atlantic (36/sup 0/S-45/sup 0/N) and 1.18 x 10/sup -8/ . mu.mol/cm/sup 2/ for the east Atlantic (50/sup 0/S-28/sup 0/N) Geochemical Ocean Sections Study stations. There are strong latitudinal differences in the integrated amount of bomb /sup 14/C content in Atlantic waters. Bomb-produced /sup 14/C is mostly encountered near the center of the large mid-latitude gyres, whereas the equatorial region has a lower /sup 14/C inventory. The average ocean wide vertical distribution of bomb /sup 14/C in the Atlantic can be explained by a vertical eddy diffusion coefficient of 4.0 cm/sup 2//s in the surface mixed layer plus thermocline gyre reservoirs. The average /sup 14/C activity per unit area measured in the Atlantic yields an atmosphere-ocean CO/sub 2/ exchange rate of 23 mol/m/sup 2/ yr, which is equivalent with an atmospheric CO/sub 2/ residence time of 6.8 years.
Response of the HadGEM2 Earth System Model to Future Greenhouse Gas Emissions Pathways to the Year 2300

AbstractA new ensemble of simulations from the Earth System configuration of the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model, version 2 (HadGEM2-ES), is used to evaluate the response to historical and projected future greenhouse gas forcings that follow Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). In addition to the projected changes during the twenty-first century, extended simulations to the year 2300 allow an investigation into inertia in the climate system post-2100 that may occur even if atmospheric CO2 concentrations have stabilized. Projections of temperature, precipitation, sea level, permafrost, heat waves, and compatible carbon emissions are analyzed. The low emissions scenario RCP2.6 is the only scenario considered here that is approximately consistent with a 2°C global warming limit, though there are regions where local changes in temperature are projected to considerably exceed 2°C, particularly over northern high-latitude areas. An aggressive mitigation approach, represented here by RCP2.6, co.
Hyperspectral imaging of foodborne pathogens at colony and cellular levels for rapid identification in dairy products

Abstract This study evaluated the efficacy of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) for the rapid identification of pathogens in dairy products at the colony and cellular levels. The colony and cellular levels studies were designed as completely randomized with six replications. Three strains of Listeria monocytogenes, four strains of Escherichia coli O157: H7, Big Six Shiga toxin‐producing E. coli, three strains of Staphylococcus aureus, and ten serovars of Salmonella were used in this study. Pure cultures were streaked for isolation on respective selective media, and hyperspectral data (400–1100 nm wavelength) at the colony and cellular levels were collected and stored as reference libraries. Whole milk and whole milk powder were artificially inoculated (<10 CFU/g or mL) with individual pathogenic strains/serovars. All milk and milk powder samples were enriched using brain heart infusion (BHI) broth at 37°C for 24 h, streaked for isolation on the respective selective media, and hyperspectral data for individual pathogenic strains/serovars at the colony and cellular levels were acquired and treated as test samples data. The acquired colony or cellular images were imported into ENVI software and three regions of interest were selected for each image to obtain hyperspectral data for reference libraries and test samples. Using the kNN classifier and cross‐validation technique, overall classification accuracies of 90.38% and 34% were obtained for the colony‐ and cellular‐level identification, respectively. The individual classification accuracies of pathogens in dairy products at the colony level varied between 77.5% to 100%, whereas the accuracy varied between 2.78% and 49.17% for the cellular level.
Effect of Jigsaw learning Strategy on Maternity Nursing Students' Theoretical Achievements

Background: cooperative learning is a form of learning, in which nursing students are actively involved in the teaching-learning process Aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of jigsaw learning strategy on maternity nursing students' theoretical achievements. Sample Type: simple random sample. Research design: Quasi-experimental design was used in this study. Setting : at the Faculty of nursing in Kafr-elsheikh University. Sample size: Total sample size was one hundred and fifty (150) students . Those students were divided into two groups, control group (75) and study group (75), Data was collected by: 1) A self-administered questionnaire. 2) Student's knowledge assessment questionnaire (pre-post-test), and 3) Students' Opinion Sheet. Results: the result of the present study findings revealed that there was a significant difference between both groups regarding the students' theoretical achievements (post & follow up) as students' theoretical achievement scores were higher among study group compared to control group at post and follow up test. Conclusion : Jigsaw learning strategy is effective in enhancing maternity nursing students' theoretical achievements. Recommendations: apply jigsaw learning strategy as a teaching method in theory and practice of all nursing academic courses.
Smallholder timber production and marketing: the case of Gmelina arborea in Claveria, Northern Mindanao, Philipines

ABSTRACT A survey of the production and marketing system of Gmelina arborea (Roxb.) in smallholder farms was conducted in Claveria. Survey respondents included farmers, who planted and have undertaken their first harvest of Gmelina trees, and sawmill operators in the nearby coastal towns who are processing and marketing Gmelina logs. Average farm size in the study was 2.5 ha. The majority of farmers have planted half or less than half of their farms to Gmelina arborea. The most common method of planting Gmelina is block planting while some farmers planted Gmelina as hedgerows along contour areas. The number of trees planted in these smallholder farms ranged from less than 100 to 1020 trees. Farmers planted Gmelina trees mainly for construction materials for future family houses. However, most of the farmers had to cut and sell their trees to meet immediate financial needs such as payment of their children's schooling and loans, and to buy farm equipment, household appliances, and animal feed. Harvested tr.
Middle Jurassic air fall tuff in the sedimentary Latady Formation, eastern Ellsworth Land

Rhyolitic volcanism along the proto-Pacific margin of Gondwana occurred at intervals throughout the Jurassic. Silicic melt generation has been interpreted as a result of interaction between mantle plumes and subduction modified lower crust. The rhyolitic Mount Poster Formation of the southern Antarctic Peninsula is c. 184 Ma in age (V1), whereas silicic volcanism of the northern Antarctic Peninsula is c. 168 Ma (V2). A thin, (13.5 cm) reworked air fall tuff, interbedded with sandstone and mudstone of the Latady Formation in the southern Antarctic Peninsula has a REE pattern similar to V2 volcanic material but is isotopically similar to the extracaldera, low-Ti rhyolites of the V1 Mount Poster Formation. The tuff is interbedded with lithofacies that have been assigned a Callovian age (164–159 Ma) in the west of the area. Simple mixing between a MASH source and reworked Early Jurassic (184 Ma) V1 volcanic material during V2 volcanism in the area explains the apparent discrepancy between the faunal age and the isotopic characteristics of the ash fall. This supports a Middle Jurassic (168 Ma) age that also corresponds to a 167 ± 3 Ma age from Mt Rex on the periphery of the Mount Poster Formation, which was previously thought to be anomalous.
Avalanche slope angles in low‐gravity environments from active Martian sand dunes

The properties of granular material have an important effect on surface landforms and processes. Recently, it has been suggested that material properties called dynamic and static angle of repose vary with gravitational acceleration, which would have a significant effect on many planetary surface processes such as crater collapse and gully formation. In order to test that hypothesis, we measured lee slopes of active aeolian sand dunes on Mars using the High Resolution Imaging Experiment (HiRISE) DTMs (Digital Terrain Model). We examined dune fields in Nili Patera, Herschel Crater, and Gale Crater. Our measurements showed that the dynamic angles of repose for the sands in these areas are 33–34° in the first region and 30–31° in the other two. These results fall within the 30° to 35° window for the dynamic angles of repose for terrestrial dunes with similar flow depths and grain properties and thus show that this angle does not significantly vary with decreasing gravity.
In situ stress orientations in the Witch Ground Graben, North Sea, revealed by borehole breakouts: preliminary results

Abstract Directions of minimum horizontal stress (σh) derived from borehole breakouts are presented for seven boreholes in the Witch Ground Graben, North Sea. We have found a clear tendency for a dominant N-S (more accurately a NNW-SSE) direction of σh, approximately perpendicular to the graben axis. However, significant variations from this general trend were encountered even within this relatively small area, especially within the boreholes from the Tartan and Highlander fields. Contrasts in local structure and lithology within the area may explain these differences although such contrasts have yet to be quantified. Broad regional trends of σh are apparent throughout Northwest Europe, although previously published data show a certain amount of variability. It has been shown that the minimum compressive stress direction changes significantly across many of the graben structures within the North Sea basin, and this also appears to be the case within the Witch Ground Graben.