Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Model selection with misspecified spatial covariance structure

Spatial data analysis has become more and more important in the studies of ecology and economics during the last decade. One focus of spatial data analysis is how to select predictors, variance functions and correlation functions. However, in general, the true covariance function is unknown and the working covariance structure is often misspecified. In this paper, our target is to find a good strategy to identify the best model from the candidate set using model selection criteria. This paper is to evaluate the ability of some information criteria (corrected Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and residual information criterion (RIC)) for choosing the optimal model when the working correlation function, the working variance function and the working mean function are correct or misspecified. Simulations are carried out for small to moderate sample sizes. Four candidate covariance functions (exponential, Gaussian, Matern and rational quadratic) are used in simulation studies. With the summary in simulation results, we find that the misspecified working correlation structure can still capture some spatial correlation information in model fitting. When the sample size is large enough, BIC and RIC perform well even if the the working covariance is misspecified. Moreover, the performance of these information criteria is related to the average level of model fitting which can be indicated by the average adjusted R square (), and overall RIC performs well.
Hands off the Mink! Using Environmental Sampling for SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance in American Mink

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous non-human species were shown to be susceptible to natural infection by SARS-CoV-2, including farmed American mink. Once infected, American mink can transfer the virus from mink to human and mink to mink, resulting in a high rate of viral mutation. Therefore, outbreak surveillance on American mink farms is imperative for both mink and human health. Historically, disease surveillance on mink farms has consisted of a combination of mortality and live animal sampling; however, these methodologies have significant limitations. This study compared PCR testing of both deceased and live animal samples to environmental samples on an active outbreak premise, to determine the utility of environmental sampling. Environmental sampling mirrored trends in both deceased and live animal sampling in terms of percent positivity and appeared more sensitive in some low-prevalence instances. PCR CT values of environmental samples were significantly different from live animal samples’ CT values and were consistently high (mean CT = 36.2), likely indicating a low amount of viral RNA in the samples. There is compelling evidence in favour of environmental sampling for the purpose of disease surveillance, specifically as an early warning tool for SARS-CoV-2; however, further work is needed to ultimately determine whether environmental samples are viable sources for molecular epidemiology investigations.
Coalescing neutron stars as possible gamma-ray burst sources

We have simulated a variety of models, in order to shed light on the accessible physical conditions during the mergers, on the amount of matter dynamically ejected during the merging, on the timescales of mass accretion by the (forming) black hole, on the conversion of energy into neutrino emission, on the amount of energy deposited by νν-annihilation, and on the baryon loading of the created pair-plasma fireball. To this end, we varied the masses and mass ratios as well as the initial spins of the neutron stars, changed the impact parameter to consider spiral-in orbits and direct collisions, included a black hole (vacuum sphere) in our simulations, and studied the dynamical evolution of the accretion torus around the black hole formed after the neutron star merging until a (nearly) stationary state was reached. While the neutrino emission during the dynamical phases of the mergings is definitely too small to power gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), we find that the masses, lifetimes, and neutrino luminosities of .
Effects of Winter Housing, Exercise, and Dietary Treatments on the Behaviour and Welfare of Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus) Hinds

To assess the welfare of red deer (Cervus elaphus) confined at pasture or in indoor housing over winter, behaviour, productivity, skin damage and adrenal response to ACTH challenge were measured in six groups of eight weaner hinds over 91 days from June to September 1990 in Otago, New Zealand. The hinds were confined either indoors (I), indoors with daily exercise (IE), or outdoors (O); (n - 2 groups to each treatment). All groups were fed concentrate ad libitum plus 100g lucerne head−1 day−1.Indoor confinement was associated with a greater incidence of nosing/chewing other hinds, aggression, chewing of the enclosure, and closer distances between individuals, compared with outdoor confinement (P < 0.05). Ad libitum provision of hay over a 2-week period reduced the incidence of chewing of indoor enclosures (P <0.01). Weight gain was greater for indoor groups than outdoor groups in August and September (P <0.05) and overall weight gains for indoor groups (from two weeks into the study, until the end) were higher for the exercise treatment (P <0.05). Intake of concentrates did not differ significantly between treatments. Skin damage was greater for indoor than outdoor groups (P <0.05), and positively related to weight gain (P <0.01) and receiving aggression (P <0.01), which in turn was negatively related to liveweight (P < 0.001). A negative relationship was found between pre-challenge levels of plasma Cortisol and the number of aggressive interactions received (P < 0.05). Pre-challenge Cortisol was greater for IE than I (P < 0.05), and the increase in Cortisol post-challenge was greater for outdoor groups than indoor groups (P <0.01). Conclusions were that indoor confinement had a positive effect on weight gain, but increased aggression and skin damage, indicating that the deer were compromised socially. Provision of ample forage reduced chewing of the walls. The slightly greater weight gain in IE compared with I deserves further investigation.
VIETNAMESE EFL STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS A TASK-BASED READING COMPREHENSION CLASS AT A SECONDARY SCHOOL

Dạy ngôn ngữ dựa vào nhiệm vụ được xem là một trong những phương pháp hiệu quả vì thông qua phương pháp này người học có nhiều cơ hội sử dụng tiếng Anh khi họ thực hiện các nhiệm vụ. Tuy nhiên, không nhiều nghiên cứu tìm hiểu về việc áp dụng phương pháp này ở bậc trung học cơ sở (THCS) tại Việt Nam. Bài viết nhằm nghiên cứu thái độ của nhóm học sinh THCS đối với việc vận dụng phương pháp dạy học dựa vào nhiệm vụ trong lớp học đọc hiểu tiếng Anh. Đối tượng khảo sát bao gồm 33 học sinh lớp 8 tại một trường THCS ở thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. Bảng khảo sát với các câu hỏi kín được sử dụng để thu thập dữ liệu. Kết quả chỉ ra rằng đa số học sinh có thái độ tích cực đối với lớp đọc hiểu dựa vào nhiệm vụ. Trong đó, khía cạnh hành vi được nhận được nhiều sự đồng tình nhất của học sinh, tiếp theo là khía cạnh nhận thức và khía cạnh cảm xúc. Vì vậy, nhóm tác giả khuyến nghị giáo viên nên sử dụng phương pháp này trong các lớp đọc hiểu tiếng Anh.
Keeping Circus Elephants Temporarily in Paddocks - The Effects on Their Behaviour

The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavioural effects of keeping circus elephants in paddocks. Therefore some species-typical behavioural characters and the occurrence of stereotyped movements were observed and compared in unshackled paddock keeping versus shackled keeping. The investigation includes 29 elephants (19 Elephas maximus, 10 Loxodonta africana) at four circuses located in Germany and in Switzerland.The results showed that paddocks offered more freedom for comfort, social and play behaviour since such activities were observed more frequently in paddocks than in shackled keeping. Also, stereotyped movements were nearly absent in paddocks and very frequent in shackled keeping. In comparison to shackled keeping, paddocks were more suitable for the needs of elephants.
GFSOP-based ternary quantum logic synthesis

Quantum technology is one of the most promising technologies for future computing systems, since quantum algorithms solve problems much more efficiently than classical algorithms. All quantum algorithms are made up of quantum logic circuits. A quantum logic circuit is made up of quantum gates (reversible in nature) and is designed using reversible logic synthesis methods. For a given Hilbert space, ternary quantum system requires 0.63 times qutrits than the corresponding number of qubits. Thus, the ternary quantum system provides a much more compact and efficient information encoding. Beside other technologies, ternary quantum logic system can be realized using photon polarization. These advantages of ternary quantum system open avenue for developing ternary quantum algorithms. Galois field sum of products (GFSOP) based synthesis of ternary quantum logic circuit is the most practical approach, since any ternary logic function with many inputs can be represented as GFSOP expression and the GFSOP expression can be implemented as cascade of ternary quantum gates. Here we discuss minimization of ternary logic function as GFSOP expression using quantuminspired evolutionary algorithm. We also discuss a method of realization of ternary GFSOP expression using ternary quantum gates. Experimental results are given to show the effectiveness of the ternary GFSOP minimization technique.
Stability of gravitational systems and gravothermal catastrophe in astrophysics

On etudie la stabilite d'un systeme de particules en interaction gravitationnelle pure, dont l'etat initial est une sphere d'Emden. La gravitation est consideree comme etant la superposition d'un champ moyen et d'une contribution a court rayon d'action exprimee par un terme de collision de Fokker-Planck. On montre que ce terme gouverne l'echelle de temps et est absolument necessaire pour l'instabilite
Megabenthic invertebrate diversity in Mediterranean trawlable soft bottoms: a synthesis of current knowledge

Mediterranean bottom trawling is generally characterised by a highly diversified mixed catch, composed of fish, cephalopods,crustaceans, and other megabenthic invertebrates. Although management of Mediterranean trawling requires a multispecies approach on a community basis, this does not seem to be the case in the relevant literature. Herein, we present an extensive review ofthe existing knowledge on megabenthic invertebrate communities, focusing on the trawlable bottoms. A total of 207 publicationsfrom 1930 to the early 2021 was collected and classified into seven research areas. Research effort on soft bottom megabenthicinvertebrates of trawlable grounds was higher for the Western Mediterranean and the depth zone of 50-200 m. Overall, 1,797 taxawere reported belonging to different taxonomic groups, the most diverse of which were Mollusca, Crustacea, Polychaeta, andPorifera. Among the reported taxa, 43 species are alien to the Mediterranean Sea, and 42 are included in the lists of threatened/ endangered and protected species under the Barcelona and Bern Conventions. The Western Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea werethe ecoregions with the highest number of megabenthic invertebrate species reported from trawlable grounds. All Mediterraneanecoregions were grouped according to their megabenthic fauna at a similarity level of 27%. The present work compiles the knownscattered information, highlights knowledge gaps, and underlines the need for time series data on the megabenthic communitiesof the Mediterranean fishing grounds.
Enhanced Catalytic Palladium Embedded Inside Porous Silicon for Improved Hydrogen Gas Sensing

In this work, we reported on room temperature porous silicon (PS) and embedding PS using simple and economical techniques of electrochemical etching and thermal evaporation. The PS substrate was prepared using the technique of electrochemically etching the n-type Si (100) wafer at a constant current density of 10 mA/cm2 for 10 min under the illumination of incandescent white light. After PS formation, Ge pieces were thermally evaporated onto the two PS substrates in a vacuum condition. This was then followed by the deposition of the ZnO layer onto the Ge/PS substrate by the same method using commercial 99.9% pure ZnO powders. The three samples were identified as PS, Ge/PS and ZnO/Ge/PS samples, respectively. Pd finger contacts were deposited on the PS and embedding PS (Ge/PS and ZnO/Ge/PS) to form Pd on PS hydrogen sensors using RF magnetron sputtering. SEM and EDX suggested the presence of substantial Ge and ZnO inside the uniform circular pores for Ge/PS and ZnO/Ge/PS samples, respectively. Raman spectra showed that good crystalline Ge and ZnO nanostructures embedded inside the pores were obtained. For hydrogen sensing, Pd on ZnO/Ge/PS Schottky diode exhibited a dramatic change of current after exposure to H2 as compared to PS and Ge/PS devices. It is observed that the sensitivity increased exponentially with the hydrogen flow rate for all the sensors. The ZnO/Ge/PS showed more sensitivity towards H2 than that of PS and Ge/PS especially at high flow rate of H2 with higher current gain (69.11) and shorter response (180 s) and recovery times (30 s).
ON SZEGÖ'S LIMIT THEOREM

In this article a problem in the theory of Toeplitz forms is analyzed. The problem was first formulated and solved by G. Szeg? in 1952, and since solved by many authors under more general conditions. A solution is given to Szeg? 's problem under conditions which are best possible, and also some refinements of the problem are examined.
Examining relationships between precautionary measures taken for COVID-19 at the destination, service quality, brand equity and behavioral intention: a comparison market segments

ABSTRACT This study examines the relationships between the precautionary measures taken for COVID-19 (PMC) at the destination and destination service quality (DSQ), destination brand equity (DBE), and tourists’ behavioral intention, and it also investigates the moderating role of PMC between these variables. In addition, this study also examines whether the relationship between the variables is different for domestic and international visitors, as well as being first-time/repeat visitors. The quantitative research method was implemented to test research hypotheses, and it was exploited the survey for research data. Overall, 423 valid data were collected from tourists who came to the Turkey-Fethiye destination between July and October 2021. The structural equation model was established, and was tested the research hypotheses with the help of path analysis. The findings showed that the PMC had significant impacts on tourists’ perceptions of DSQ, DBE, and their behavioral intention. On the other hand, while the DBE and behavioral intention are positively affected by DSQ, the PMC has a moderating role in the relationships between these variables. Finally, the empirical results provide theoretical and practical implications for destination managers for the development of safety measures in tourism services and the design of effective actions to gain a competitive advantage.
Observations of Slantwise Convective instability in Winter Cyclones

Abstract Seven precipitation bands observed during the Canadian Atlantic Storms Program (CASP) are studied to assess the importance of slantwise convective instability. Using three-hourly radiosonde data from regular and special stations, vertical cross sections of θe*(saturated equivalent potential temperature) and M,(absolute angular momentum) and θe(equivalent potential temperature) and M surfaces are constructed. A comparison of the slopes of constant M,θe and θe* surfaces indicates the presence of potential and conditional slantwise instability. This study focuses on the time evolution of the stability field and on the adjustment to its neutral state. Consistent results were found in seven cases analyzed. The atmosphere is shown to contain shallow layers of air that are slightly unstable for conditional slantwise convection, particularly in regions having pronounced windshear. In the upper levels, the potential for instability usually remains only a potential because the lack of moisture precludes th.
Turbulent Diffusion, Particle Orbits, and Field Fluctuations in a Plasma in a Magnetic Field

A universal relationship is deduced between diffusion coefficients, electric field spectra, and averaged Liouville orbit functions for a turbulent plasma in a magnetic field. This relation is a generalization of a similar relation previously derived by Dupree from completely different considerations. In particular, the solution of the Vlasov equation is avoided. Aside from generality and rigor, the present result differs from Dupree's in that the latter involves Vlasov orbit functions whereas the former involves Liouville orbit functions. The Liouville orbit function is easily evaluated by expanding in terms of the cumulants (semi‐invariants) of the moments of the exact particle orbits. Dupree's results are thus produced without having to solve the nonlinear Vlasov equation. The present results can be viewed as an extension of Spitzer's diffusion formula to strong plasma turbulence. Conditions for the validity of the diffusion expression are determined, and corrections are made for mode frequencies in excess of gyro‐frequencies.
Round-trip turbulence scintillation effects on laser radar: Monte Carlo simulation results for unresolved targets

The effects of round-trip atmospheric turbulence on ladar for unresolved target detection are being investigated using a Monte Carlo code with many phase-screens to simulate atmospheric turbulence effects. These phase-screens are located along the outward path of the laser-mode and the inward path of the backscattered laser speckle pattern. The targets used are variable in size and smaller than the propagated laser-mode transverse dimension, and they are therefore termed 'unresolved'. In this paper previous round- trip turbulence analyses and data are reviewed, and the current Monte Carlo simulation code for unresolved targets is discussed. Simulation results to date are presented indicating that intensity fluctuations are best described by a new two-parameter K-distribution probability density function. This intensity distribution may then be used in deriving a ladar receiver-operating-characteristic for determining the target detection probability including round-trip turbulence.
Health Belief Model in studies of influenza vaccination among health care workers

Vaccines prevent numerous infectious diseases, including influenza. Despite their significant contribution to controlling influenza, vaccine coverage against this disease varies among health care workers. The Health Belief Model could thus help to understand the reasons why these workers accept (or not) the immunobiological. The aim of this study was to describe the main results of research performed on influenza vaccination among health care workers using the Health Belief Model. This is an integrative literature review. Data search took place in October 2020 in the PubMed database, with the following descriptors: “influenza vaccine“; “health professionals”; “Health Belief Model,” and their synonyms. Eleven studies were included in this review. The main dimensions of the model (susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers) were more explored by the studies, and self-efficacy was the least studied dimension. Moreover, we observed a relationship between the theory’s dimensions (susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy) and influenza vaccination in health care workers. In conclusion, this review identified profiles of beliefs for each dimension of the Health Belief Model, which has traditionally been an ally for determining refusal or acceptance of the influenza vaccine among health care workers.
Numerical Simulations of Merging Clusters of Galaxies

We present results from three-dimensional numerical simulations of head-on mergers between two clusters of galaxies using a hybrid hydro/N-body code. In these simulations, the gaseous intracluster medium (ICM) is evolved as a massless fluid within a changing gravitational potential defined by the collisionless dark matter component. The ICM is represented by the equations of hydrodynamics which are solved by an Eulerian, finite-difference method. The cluster dark matter component is represented by the N-body particle distribution. A series of simulations have been conducted in which we have systematically varied the cluster-subcluster mass ratio between 8:1 and 1:1. We find that cluster-subcluster mergers result in an elongation of both the cluster dark matter and gas distributions. The dark matter distribution is elongated parallel to the merger axis and accompanied by anisotropy in the dark matter velocity dispersion. Both the elongation and corresponding velocity anisotropy are sustained for more than 5 Gyr after the merger. The elongation of the gas distribution is also generally along the merger axis, although shocks and adiabatic compressions produce elongations perpendicular to the merger axis at various times during the merger. We also find a significant offset between dark matter and gas centroids in the period following core passage. The gasdynamics is also severely affected by the cluster-subcluster merger. In these simulations, the subcluster enters the primary at supersonic speeds initiating bulk flows that can exceed 2000 km s-1. The width of the bulk flows are seen to range between several hundred kiloparsecs to nearly 1 Mpc. We believe the bulk flows can produce the bending of wide-angle tailed (WAT) radio sources. The most significant gasdynamics is seen to subside on timescales of 2 Gyr, although still significant dynamics is seen even after 5 Gyr. The merger-induced gasdynamics may also play a role in the formation of radio halo sources, and, consequently, the sustained nature of the gasdynamics may extend the lifetime of halos beyond the canonical synchrotron lifetime of the source. Substructure, shocks, and adiabatic cooling during the merger can result in a very complex temperature structure within the intracluster medium. As a result of these mergers, we find temperature inhomogeneities of several keV on linear scales of ≤0.5 Mpc. Finally, these simulations indicate that even relatively high mass-ratio mergers (e.g., 8:1) result in nonequilibrium conditions for an extended period of time. The period of time with the most significant dynamical evolution is within 2 Gyr after core passage. The nonequilibrium conditions have implications for cluster mass estimates. The observable consequences of cluster mergers and their influence on cluster mass estimates are addressed in Roettiger, Burns, & Loken (1996).
Hall magnetic reconnection: Guide field dependence

Two-dimensional Hall magnetohydrodynamic simulations are used to study the dependence of a guide field on magnetic reconnection. The simulations are run until a steady state is achieved for Bgf∕B0=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 where Bgf is the guide field and B0 is the reversed field. It is found that the reconnection rate and plasma energization are reduced for increasing guide field strength. This is caused by a J×B force associated with Hall currents and the guide field that reduce the inflow and outflow velocities. However, the reconnection rate and plasma energization are only reduced by a factor of 2 for Bgf=5B0. Additionally, the quadrupole field associated with Hall reconnection is eliminated for Bgf≃B0∕3. Applications to magnetospheric plasmas are discussed.