Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spectral Schemes: Controversial Color Use on Maps

Cartographers have long discouraged the use of spectral, or rainbow, color schemes on thematic maps of quantitative geographic data, though such color use is common in GIS and scientific visualization. Recent research, however, has shown that spectral schemes are preferred and are interpreted accurately when used as multi-hue renditions of diverging schemes. Both spectral and diverging schemes can emphasize a critical point within a data range with light colors and emphasize both high and low extremes of the data with dark colors. Although spectral schemes include multiple saturated hues, they can be designed to accommodate map reading by people with red-green impaired color vision by skipping over the yellow-greens in the spectral sequence. Cartographers should encourage use of spectral color schemes for depicting diverging quantitative data, rather than insisting that these schemes should not be used.
Observation of wave refraction at an ice edge by synthetic aperture radar

In this note the refraction of waves at the ice edge is studied by using aircraft synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Penetration of a dominant swell from open ocean into the ice cover was observed by SAR during the Labrador Ice Margin Experiment (LIMEX), conducted on the marginal ice zone (MIZ) off the east coast of Newfoundland, Canada, in March 1987. At an ice edge with a large curvature, the dominant swell component disappeared locally in the SAR imagery. Six subscenes of waves in the MIZ from the SAR image have been processed, revealing total reflection, refraction, and energy reduction of the ocean waves by the ice cover. The observed variations of wave spectra from SAR near the ice edge are consistent with the model prediction of wave refraction at the ice edge due to the change of wave dispersion relation in ice developed by Liu and Mollo-Christensen (1988).
RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION BY A COMBINED MICRO‐EXTRACTION — MICRO THIN‐LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY (IATROSCAN) METHOD: A CALIBRATION STUDY WITH EXAMPLES FROM THE NORWEGIAN NORTH SEA

Well logging is used routinely to delineate variations in the physical properties of the water, gas and oil zones in a petroleum reservoir The analysis of petroleum extracted from reservoir samples is a complementary approach to reservoir screening. For this study, we studied core samples of Jurassic reservoir rock from the Rind discovery (offshore Norway). Bitumen was extracted from these samples using a rapid procedure known as “micro‐extraction”. The extracts were then separated into compound classes (saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and polar compounds) by Iatroscan thin‐layer chromatography —flame ionisation detection (TLC‐FID). Using this approach, we show how problematic transition zones in this reservoir, which had not been resolved by logging techniques, were targeted, analysed and categorised. Furthermore, we demonstrate how oil and water zones can be differentiated from residual oil zones, and how the early existence of oil in currently gas‐charged reservoir strata can be inferred. Examples from the Hild, Visund and Ula fields from the Norwegian North Sea illustrate the identification of sand bodies which served as highly interconnected “pipelines” during reservoir filling.
The effect of nonelliptical cracks on the compressibility of rocks

Dislocation theory is used to study the deformation of nonelliptical thin cracks in a loaded elastic material. The cracks considered are two-dimensional with nonblunted, tapered ends such that opposite faces are tangent to each other at points of contact. Under compression the cracks shorten by closing near the crack tips, the proportion of crack surface area in contact becoming gradually larger. Some cracks make contact between the crack tips, becoming multiple cracks. Normal stresses on the crack surface vary rapidly over the closed portions from zero near the open surfaces to a peak value at the original crack tip. Stresses remain finite everywhere. At a given load the effective rock compressibility due to arbitrarily shaped, tapered cracks depends only on crack length, giving results identical to a distribution of elliptical cracks of the same lengths. However, at different loads the varying length causes the modulus to vary. As a result, interpretation of features like porosity and modulus under varying applied stress will depend on the specific crack model chosen. In particular, a single aspect ratio of a simply tapered crack yields the same nonlinear effect as a flat distribution of elliptical cracks. Consequently, estimates of crack spectra from nonlinear strain data are totally nonunique.
Estimate of the steric contribution to global sea level rise from a comparison of the WOCE one‐time survey with 2006–2008 Argo observations

Abstract It is well known from observations by altimetric satellites (predominantly TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason‐1) that global sea level is rising. What is less well known is exactly how the observed sea level rise is partitioned between a steric contribution (sea level rising because of changes in ambient temperature and salinity) and a contribution arising from the addition of new water mass to the oceans. Strictly speaking, such a separation is not possible because of the non‐linearity in the equation of state for sea water, but in practice the non‐linearities are sufficiently small to allow this separation as a very good first approximation. A careful comparison of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) one‐time survey with recent observations by the Argo array indicate a steric component to sea level rise of 2.2 mm y–1 between the early 1990s and 2006 to 2008. This is a significantly larger rise rate than previously estimated and, along with recent estimates of melt rate from ice sheets, is in much closer agreement with the total rise rate as reported by altimetric satellites, 3.2 ± 0.4 mm y–1 over this period.
Sensitivity of climate to dynamically‐consistent zonal asymmetries in ozone

Previous investigations into the effect of zonal asymmetries in ozone on climate have compared simulations with prescribed 3‐D ozone, in which the ozone is not necessarily consistent with the model dynamics, to simulations with prescribed zonal mean ozone. We assess the impact of zonal asymmetries in ozone by comparing a control simulation of a coupled chemistry version of the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM) in which the ozone and model dynamics are consistent, with a simulation in which only the zonal mean of the ozone is passed to the radiative transfer scheme. These simulations reveal a robust stratospheric zonal‐mean temperature and geopotential height response to zonal asymmetries in ozone that is consistent with that identified in previous studies and of a magnitude comparable to observed trends. These results suggest that the inclusion of zonal asymmetries in ozone may be essential for the accurate simulation of future stratospheric temperature trends.
Global dinoflagellate event associated with the late Paleocene thermal maximum

The late Paleocene thermal maximum, or LPTM (ca. 55 Ma), represents a geologically brief time interval (∼220 k.y.) characterized by profound global warming and associated environmental change. The LPTM is marked by a prominent negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE) interpreted to reflect a massive and abrupt input of 12 C-enriched carbon to the ocean-atmosphere reservoir, possibly as a result of catastrophic gas-hydrate release, on time scales equivalent to present-day rates of anthropogenic carbon input. The LPTM corresponds to important changes in the global distribution of biota, including mass extinction of marine benthic organisms. The dinoflagellate cyst record indicates that surface- dwelling marine plankton in marginal seas also underwent significant perturbations during the LPTM. We report on the dramatic response of representatives of the genus Apectodinium from two upper Paleocene–lower Eocene sections in the Southern (New Zealand) and Northern (Austria) Hemispheres, where the dinoflagellate records are directly correlated with the CIE, benthic foraminifera extinction event, and calcareous nannofossil zonation. The results indicate that the inception of Apectodinium -dominated assemblages appears to be synchronous on a global scale, and that the event is precisely coincident with the beginning of the LPTM. Apectodinium markedly declined in abundance near the end of the LPTM. This Apectodinium event may be associated with (1) exceptionally high global sea-surface temperatures and/or (2) a significant increase in marginal-marine surface-water productivity. Such a globally synchronous acme of dinoflagellate cysts is unprecedented within the dinoflagellate cyst fossil record.
A numerical study on nutrient sources in the surface layer of the Japan Sea using a coupled physical-ecosystem model

[1] A nitrogen-based four-compartment ecosystem model coupled with a physical model is applied to the Japan Sea. Seasonal variability in ecosystem dynamics simulated by the coupled model is in good agreement with the observations. A set of artificial tracers labeled according to specified regions is introduced to identify nutrient sources in the surface layer of the Japan Sea. The results of the labeled tracer experiment show that one of the large nutrient sources in the southern Japan Sea is located along the east coast of Korea. The upward flux of dissolved inorganic nitrogen along the east coast of Korea and the nitrogen flux through the western channel of the Tsushima/Korea Straits (TKS) sustain high primary productivity in the southwestern Japan Sea. The surface nutrient conditions in the nearshore region along the Japanese coast depend on the nitrogen flux through the eastern channel of the TKS throughout the year. Since materials transported through the TKS have significant impact on the biological productivity of the southern Japan Sea, field observations of chemical and biological data, in addition to physical ones, should be continued in the TKS.
Glacier-Derived August Runoff in Northwest Montana

Abstract The second largest concentration of glaciers in the U.S. Rocky Mountains is located in Glacier National Park (GNP), Montana. The total glacier-covered area in this region decreased by ∼35% over the past 50 years, which has raised substantial concern about the loss of the water derived from glaciers during the summer. We used an innovative weather station design to collect in situ measurements on five remote glaciers, which are used to parameterize a regional glacier melt model. This model offered a first-order estimate of the summer meltwater production by glaciers. We find, during the normally dry month of August, glaciers in the region produce approximately 25 × 106 m3 of potential runoff. We then estimated the glacier runoff component in five gaged streams sourced from GNP basins containing glaciers. Glacier-melt contributions range from 5% in a basin only 0.12% glacierized to >90% in a basin 28.5% glacierized. Glacier loss would likely lead to lower discharges and warmer temperatures in streams draining basins >20% glacier-covered. Lower flows could even be expected in streams draining basins as little as 1.4% glacierized if glaciers were to disappear.
Novel risk factors for atrial fibrillation in an urban population

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia in the general population, and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Low-grade inflammation, erythrocyte volume variation, and subclinical atherosclerosis have repeatedly been associated with cardiovascular disease, but it remains unclear whether these risk factors are also associated with incident AF. This thesis is based on four epidemiological papers. Paper I-II included subjects from the Malmo Preventive Project (n=22 444, aged 26-61 years), followed during a mean follow-up time of 25 years. Paper III-IV included subjects from the Malmo Diet and Cancer Study (n=30 477, aged 44-74 years), followed during mean follow-up of 13.6 and 15.3 years respectively. Cases of incident AF were retrieved by linkage with the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register and the Swedish Cause of Death Register. Participants in Paper I-II underwent measurements of inflammation-sensitive proteins (ISPs) and genotyping of polymorphisms in the ceruloplasmin gene (CP). Red blood cells distribution width (RDW) was measured in participants of Paper III. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was measured in participants of Paper IV. All subjects were without history of AF, myocardial infarction and heart failure at study entry. A score of five ISPs (ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, orosomucoid and α1-antitrypsin) were significantly associated with incidence of AF. Plasma levels of ceruloplasmin were associated with incidence of AF. Genetic polymorphisms in the promoter of the ceruloplasmin gene were associated with elevated plasma levels of ceruloplasmin. One of these polymorphisms was also associated with incidence of AF, suggesting a causal relationship between ceruloplasmin and AF. RDW and carotid IMT were both independently associated with incidence of AF. In conclusion, this thesis shows that ceruloplasmin, RDW and carotid IMT are all factors that may predict future events of AF in the general population. Further studies are needed to elucidate the causal pathway between ceruloplasmin and AF.
Macro‐regional definition and characteristics of Indian summer monsoon rainfall, 1871–1985

A case is made for regional-scale Indian summer monsoon rainfall data and analysis, intermediate between the widely used all-India and meteorological subdivision data sets. Macro-regional units are constructed from the data provided by Parthasarathy et al., 10 being defined using principal components analysis and a classification algorithm. The temporal changes of summer monsoon rainfall over the period 1871–1985 are analysed and described for each of these regions, and the marked diversity of fluctuations between the regions is emphasized by a variety of methods. The degree of relationship is considered for each region between drier and wetter conditions and (i) El Nino and non-El Nino years, and (ii) SST anomalies in the eastern tropical Pacific. Clear regional differences are apparent, but even statistically highly significant relationships are not large in any absolute sense. The need for explanatory analyses at the regional scale, in addition to those at the more common all-India scale, is stressed.
Activated cholesterol metabolism is integral for innate macrophage responses by amplifying Myd88 signaling

Recent studies have shown that cellular metabolism is tightly linked to the regulation of immune cells. Here, we show that activation of cholesterol metabolism, involving cholesterol uptake, synthesis, and autophagy/lipophagy, is integral to innate immune responses in macrophages. In particular, cholesterol accumulation within endosomes and lysosomes is a hallmark of the cellular cholesterol dynamics elicited by Toll-like receptor 4 activation and is required for amplification of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (Myd88) signaling. Mechanistically, Myd88 binds cholesterol via its CLR recognition/interaction amino acid consensus domain, which promotes the protein’s self-oligomerization. Moreover, a novel supramolecular compound, polyrotaxane (PRX), inhibited Myd88‑dependent inflammatory macrophage activation by decreasing endolysosomal cholesterol via promotion of cholesterol trafficking and efflux. PRX activated liver X receptor, which led to upregulation of ATP binding cassette transporter A1, thereby promoting cholesterol efflux. PRX also inhibited atherogenesis in Ldlr–/– mice. In humans, cholesterol levels in circulating monocytes correlated positively with the severity of atherosclerosis. These findings demonstrate that dynamic changes in cholesterol metabolism are mechanistically linked to Myd88‑dependent inflammatory programs in macrophages and support the notion that cellular cholesterol metabolism is integral to innate activation of macrophages and is a potential therapeutic and diagnostic target for inflammatory diseases.
An evaluation of total solar reflectance and spectral band ratioing techniques for estimating soil water content

For several days in March of 1975, reflected solar radiation measurements were obtained from smooth and rough surfaces of wet, drying, and continually dry Avondale loam at Phoenix, Arizona, with pyranometers located 50 cm above the ground surface and a multispectral scanner flown at a 300-m height. The simple summation of the different band radiances measured by the multispectral scanner proved equally as good as the pyranometer data for estimating surface soil water content if the multispectral scanner data were standardized with respect to the intensity of incoming solar radiation or the reflected radiance from a reference surface, such as the continually dry soil. Without this means of standardization, multispectral scanner data are most useful in a spectral band ratioing context. Our results indicated that, for the bands used, no significant information on soil water content could be obtained by band ratioing. Thus the variability in soil water content should insignificantly affect soil-type discrimination based on identification of type-specific spectral signatures. Therefore remote sensing, conducted in the 0.4- to 1.0-μm wavelength region of the solar spectrum, would seem to be much more suited to identifying crop and soil types than to estimating of soil water content.
Spanish/English Contact in Historical Perspective: 19 th Century Documents of the Californias

th century, based on seventy-two unpublished documents. It aims to provide a panoramic and comprehensive description of this borderland variety of Spanish by considering its linguistic characteristics and its social context, in particular, its sustained contact with English. In order to do so, documents were chosen from before and after the annexation of Alta California to the United States, and their main linguistic characteristics were identified and analyzed. It was found that Spanish retained considerable vitality in private and public domains well into the century among the Spanish-speaking population, known as Californios. A linguistic analysis revealed three main features of this variety. Firstly, it was closely connected to the varieties of northern Mexico. Secondly, it tended to be conservative, exhibiting some archaisms and rural features. Finally, it resisted the influence of the English superstratum after annexation, with only sporadic and superficial traces of contact noticeable in the later documents. In the sections that follow, this paper provides a brief outline of the historical context of the documents, both before and after the American annexation. This is followed by an analysis of their main linguistic characteristics and a discussion of the effects of political annexation to the United States on the Spanish of California, as evidenced in the documents. 2. Objectives, Methodology, and Sources of the Study
Productivity potentials of Timanhal micro-watershed soils*

Productivity potentials of soils of Timanhal micro-watershed, Kushtagi Taluk of Karnataka state was carried out. Both red and black soils occur in the micro-watershed. The soils were shallow to deep in depth, reddish brown to grey in colour, sandy clay loam to clay in texture, neutral to moderately alkaline in reaction, low to medium in organic carbon, low to moderately high in cation exchange capacity. The productive potential indices were derived from the ratings assigned individually for each of the parameters. The soil moisture and drainage were the most deciding parameter for deriving the productivity potentials of the soils of the micro-watershed. Moderately deep red loamy soils, moderately deep calcareous red loamy soil, moderately deep calcareous red clayey soil and deep calcareous black soils had average productivity class. Deep red loamy soil with rock outcrops and moderately deep calcareous black soil with slightly salinity had poor productivity class. While, moderately deep calcareous black soil with saline-sodic and shallow calcareous black soil with saline-highly sodic had extremely poor category due to their inherent limiting physico-chemical properties.
Asymptotic analysis of high-frequency acoustic modes in rapidly rotating stars

The asteroseismology of rapidly rotating pulsating stars is hindered by our poor knowledge of the effect of the rotation on the oscillation properties. Here we present an asymptotic analysis of high-frequency acoustic modes in rapidly rotating stars. We study the Hamiltonian dynamics of acoustic rays in uniformly rotating polytropic stars and show that the phase space structure has a mixed character, regions of chaotic trajectories coexisting with stable structures like island chains or invariant tori. In order to interpret the ray dynamics in terms of acoustic mode properties, we then use tools and concepts developed in the context of quantum physics. Accordingly, the high-frequency acoustic spectrum is a superposition of frequency subsets associated with dynamically independent phase space regions. The sub-spectra associated with stable structures are regular and can be modelled through EBK quantization methods while those associated with chaotic regions are irregular but with generic statistical properties. The results of this asymptotic analysis are successfully confronted with the properties of numerically computed high-frequency acoustic modes. The implications for the asteroseismology of rapidly rotating stars are discussed.
Ozone destruction and production rates between spring and autumn in the Arctic stratosphere

In situ measurements of radical and long‐lived species were made in the lower Arctic stratosphere (18 to 20 km) between spring and early autumn in 1997. The measurements include O3, ClO, OH, HO2, NO, NO2, N2O, CO, and overhead O3. A photochemical box model constrained by these and other observations is used to compute the diurnally averaged destruction and production rates of O3 in this region. The rates show a strong dependence on solar exposure and ambient O3. Total destruction rates, which reach 19%/month in summer, reveal the predominant role of NOx and HOx catalytic cycles throughout the period. Production of O3 is significant only in midsummer air parcels. A comparison of observed O3 changes with destruction rates and transport effects indicates the predominant role of destruction in spring and an increased role of transport by early autumn.
Asymptotic periodic solutions of differential equations with infinite delay

In this paper, by using the spectral theory of functions and properties of evolution semigroups, we establish conditions on the existence, and uniqueness of asymptotic 1-periodic solutions to a class of abstract differential equations with infinite delay of the form \begin{equation*} \frac{d u(t)}{d t}=A u(t)+L(u_t)+f(t) \end{equation*} where $A$ is the generator of a strongly continuous semigroup of linear operators, $L$ is a bounded linear operator from a phase space $\mathscr{B}$ to a Banach space $X$, $u_t$ is an element of $\mathscr{B}$ which is defined as $u_t(\theta)=u(t+\theta)$ for $\theta \leq 0$ and $f$ is asymptotic 1-periodic in the sense that $\lim\limits_{t \rightarrow \infty}(f(t+1)-$ $f(t))=0$. A Lotka-Volterra model with diffusion and infinite delay is considered to illustrate our results.