Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sole vein offenders confirmed by disappearance of the lateral spread response during microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm

Sole vein offenders are rare and can be difficult to identify on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and intraoperative microscopy. The objective of this case review was to investigate factors resulting in successful decompression in venous offender cases. Among 234 cases of microvascular decompression surgery performed for hemifacial spasm from September 2020 to April 2022 at Konkuk University Medical Center, only two cases were identified as having a definite venous offender. We reviewed preoperative MRI and intraoperative microscopic findings and studied the correlation between decompression and lateral spread response (LSR) changes. Our two patients had possibility of a small venous offender on preoperative MRI, but it was ambiguous. A definite venous offender was identified on the operative microscopic findings and decompressed successfully, referring to the disappearance of the LSR waveform. Postoperatively, spasm disappeared or significantly improved. A venous offender is difficult to identify on preoperative MRI findings or even on intraoperative microscopic findings. In such cases, changes in the LSR waveform in response to decompressing the suspected vein can be a valuable reference for successful facial outcomes.
Multi-line diagnostics of magnetized stellar atmospheres

This thesis is devoted to the polarization spectra emerging from stellar photospheres, and the methods to recover the physical conditions under which they formed. Stars are the most prominent constituents of our universe. They convert nuclear binding energy into electromagnetic radiation, an energy source necessary to maintain thermodynamical order, which is equivalent to information, or life in the broadest sense. It is natural that they amazed humanity ever since, and that, driven by their relentless curiosity, people put unreasonable effort into the accumulation of knowledge about stars. Understanding our Sun as an only very nearby member of these nocturnal skyresidents, however, has justified the investigation of stellar activity phenomena in modern astronomy. Stellar magnetism is of particular importance, not only because it plays a growing role in stellar evolution models, from the formation phase to the expulsion of planetary nebulae, but it is also believed to be the origin of energy released in flares, which in the case of the Sun can affect life on earth. Accordingly, this thesis is partly concerned with the detection of stellar magnetic fields. Especially for late-type stars, magnetic activity is often observed to go along with other surface inhomogeneities, such as chemical abundance, temperature and density divergence. The complete physical properties of stellar photospheres are imprinted in the spectral lines. The limited amount of flux arriving at the earth, during a time interval short enough that the observable stellar disk can be assumed as unchanged, often results in insufficient photon
Four-quark hadrons: An updated review

The past decade witnessed a remarkable proliferation of exotic charmonium-like resonances discovered at accelerators. In particular, the recently observed charged states are clearly not interpretable as mesons. Notwithstanding the considerable advances on the experimental side, conflicting theoretical descriptions do not seem to provide a definitive picture about the nature of the so-called XYZ particles. We present here a comprehensive review about this intriguing topic, discussing both those experimental and theoretical aspects which we consider relevant to make further progress in the field. At this state of progress, XYZ phenomenology speaks in favor of the existence of compact four-quark particles (tetraquarks) and we believe that realizing this instructs us in the quest for a firm theoretical framework.
Scale-invariant alternatives to general relativity

We study the general class of gravitational field theories constructed on the basis of scale invariance (and therefore absence of any mass parameters) and invariance under transverse diffeomorphisms, which are the 4-volume conserving coordinate transformations. We show that these theories are equivalent to a specific type of scalar-tensor theories of gravity (invariant under all diffeomorphisms) with a number of properties, making them phenomenologically interesting. They contain, in addition to the dimensionless coupling constants of the original theory, an arbitrary dimensionful parameter Lambda(0). This parameter is associated with an integration constant of the equations of motion, similar to the arbitrary cosmological constant appearing in unimodular gravity. We focus on the theories where Newton's constant and the electroweak scale emerge from the spontaneous breaking of scale invariance and are unrelated to Lambda(0). The massless particle spectrum of these theories contains the graviton and a new particle-dilaton. For Lambda(0) = 0, the massless dilaton has only derivative couplings to matter fields and the bounds on the existence of a 5th force are easily satisfied. As for the matter fields, we determine the conditions leading to a renormalizable low-energy theory. If Lambda(0) not equal 0, scale invariance is broken. The arbitrary constant Lambda(0) produces a "run-away" potential for the dilaton. As a consequence, the dilaton can act as a dynamical dark energy component. We elucidate the origin of the cosmological constant in the class of theories under consideration and formulate the condition leading to its absence. If this condition is satisfied, dark energy is purely dynamical and associated to the dilaton.
A COMPREHENSIVE CENSUS OF NEARBY INFRARED EXCESS STARS

The conclusion of the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) mission presents an opportune time to summarize the history of using excess emission in the infrared as a tracer of circumstellar material and exploit all available data for future missions such as the James Webb Space Telescope. We have compiled a catalog of infrared excess stars from peer-reviewed articles and perform an extensive search for new infrared excess stars by cross-correlating the Tycho-2 and all-sky WISE (AllWISE) catalogs. We define a significance of excess in four spectral type divisions and select stars showing greater than either 3σ or 5σ significance of excess in the mid- and far-infrared. Through procedures including spectral energy distribution fitting and various image analyses, each potential excess source was rigorously vetted to eliminate false positives. The infrared excess stars from the literature and the new stars found through the Tycho-2 and AllWISE cross-correlation produced nearly 500 “Prime” infrared excess stars, of which 74 are new sources of excess, and >1200 are “Reserved” stars, of which 950 are new sources of excess. The main catalog of infrared excess stars are nearby, bright, and either demonstrate excess in more than one passband or have infrared spectroscopy confirming the infrared excess. This study identifies stars that display a spectral energy distribution suggestive of a secondary or post-protoplanetary generation of dust, and they are ideal targets for future optical and infrared imaging observations. The final catalogs of stars summarize the past work using infrared excess to detect dust disks, and with the most extensive compilation of infrared excess stars (∼1750) to date, we investigate various relationships among stellar and disk parameters.
Hybrid water adsorption and solubility partitioning for aerosol hygroscopicity and droplet growth

Abstract. In this work, we studied the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity and subsaturated droplet growth of phthalic acid (PTA), isophthalic acid, (IPTA) and terephthalic acid (TPTA), significant benzene polycarboxylic acids and structural isomers found in the atmosphere. Köhler theory (KT) can be effectively applied for hygroscopicity analysis of PTA due to its higher aqueous solubility compared to IPTA and TPTA. As with other hygroscopicity studies of partially water-soluble and effectively water-insoluble species, the supersaturated and subsaturated hygroscopicity derived from KT principles do not agree. To address the disparities in the sub- and supersaturated droplet growth, we developed a new analytical framework called the Hybrid Activity Model (HAM). HAM incorporates the aqueous solubility of a solute within an adsorption-based activation framework. Frenkel–Halsey–Hill (FHH) adsorption theory (FHH-AT) was combined with the aqueous solubility of the compound to develop HAM. Analysis from HAM was validated using laboratory measurements of pure PTA, IPTA, TPTA and PTA–IPTA internal mixtures. Furthermore, the results generated using HAM were tested against traditional KT and FHH-AT to compare their water uptake predictive capabilities. A single hygroscopicity parameter was also developed based on the HAM framework. Results show that the HAM-based hygroscopicity parameter can successfully simulate the water uptake behavior of the pure and internally mixed samples. Results indicate that the HAM framework may be applied to atmospheric aerosols of varying chemical structures and aqueous solubility.
Oral Health Care of People with Down Syndrome in Germany

Background: Due to a dearth of information on preventive and supportive oral care for people with Down Syndrome (PDS) in Germany, caregivers of PDS were surveyed on the topic. Methods: An anonymized questionnaire was sent to the 610 members of the German Down Syndrome Association. The study was approved by the ethics committee of Witten/Herdecke University (# 165/2017). Results: The parents/caregivers of 207 PDS responded. These PDS were between 1 and 55 years old (mean age 24.4 years) and included 111 males and 96 females. At their first dental appointment, 40.7% (n = 82) had been younger than three years. Although 78.3% (n = 162) tooth brushed twice daily, only 30.9% (n = 64) brushed for 2–3 min; 84.0% (n = 135) did not use other dental hygiene products apart from toothbrushes. Age-specific differences were found: Although only 30.8% (n = 12) of PDS < 18 years (n = 39) independently performed dental self-care; this was 67.3% (n = 113) for PDS ≥ 18 years (n = 168). A statistically significant (p < 0.001; Chi-Square-Test) difference in toothbrush preferences emerged: While PDS < 18 years mainly used manual toothbrushes, PDS ≥ 18 years preferred electric toothbrushes. In contrast to 72.6% of PDS ≥ 18 years, only 51.3% of PDS < 18 years accepted most types of toothpaste. Conclusions: Age-dependent differences in tooth brushing behaviour became evident within the group of PDS in Germany. Hence, better age-specific, inter-professional dental prophylaxis concepts need to be developed and offered for all age groups of PDS. These concepts should include personalized check-up intervals and hands-on instruction in dental hygiene procedures by dental practitioners.
A Retrospective Cross-sectional Survey on Urinary Tract Infections in a Non-hospital Medical Laboratory

Background and Aim: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) that influence millions of humans yearly are still among the most common infections in the community and hospitals. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of UTIs and their antibiotic resistance susceptibility in patients in Qazvin province, northwest Iran, from 2017 to 2019. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 3521 urine samples of patients referred to a non-hospital medical laboratory (Mehr) between April 2017 and January 2019. Samples were collected and processed immediately for laboratory analysis. Biochemical tests were conducted the bacteria identification, and the antibiotic susceptibility test of the bacterial isolates was determined using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion. Results & Conclusion: 347 of the 3521 urine samples had significant bacteriuria, with a prevalence of 9.9 %. Escherichia coli occurred more frequently (54.4 %), while Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the lowest frequency of occurrence (1.4 %) in the samples. Nitrofurantoin and Amikacin were the most effective antibiotics against gram-negative and positive, respectively. This study revealed that bacterial resistance in UTIs continues to be a great problem and needs drug resistance surveillance periodically.
THE WYOMING SURVEY FOR Hα. III. A MULTI-WAVELENGTH LOOK AT ATTENUATION BY DUST IN GALAXIES OUT TO z ∼ 0.4

We report results from the Wyoming Survey for Hα (WySH), a comprehensive four-square degree survey to probe the evolution of star-forming galaxies over the latter half of the age of the universe. We have supplemented the Hα data from WySH with infrared data from the Spitzer Wide-area Infrared Extragalactic Survey and ultraviolet data from the Galaxy Evolution Explorer Deep Imaging Survey. This data set provides a multi-wavelength look at the evolution of the attenuation by dust, and here we compare a traditional measure of dust attenuation (L(TIR)/L(FUV)) to a diagnostic based on a recently developed robust star formation rate (SFR) indicator, . With such data over multiple epochs, the evolution in the attenuation by dust with redshift can be assessed. We present results from the ELAIS-N1 and Lockman Hole regions at z ∼ 0.16, 0.24, 0.32, and 0.40. While the ensemble averages of both diagnostics are relatively constant from epoch to epoch, each epoch individually exhibits a larger attenuation by dust for higher SFRs. Hence, an epoch-to-epoch comparison at a fixed SFR suggests a mild decrease in dust attenuation with redshift.
Usage of Grammatical Cohesive Devices in Paragraph Writing among Foundation-Year Medical Students at a University in Saudi Arabia

Before entering a medical college, Saudi pre-medical freshmen study a Foundation-Year English language course for their English language enhancement. Writing is one of the language skills taught in English language courses at the Foundation-Year level. This study investigates Foundation-Year medical students’ difficulties using cohesive grammatical devices for paragraph writing. The study attaches considerable significance to exploring the pre-medical freshmen’s problems using cohesive grammatical devices while writing paragraphs in English. The sample of sixty-seven student-written paragraphs was chosen randomly from the Foundation-Year medical students. The paragraphs were analyzed to determine students’ difficulties using cohesive grammatical devices. A qualitative research approach was carried out, and Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) framework was adopted for analyzing cohesive devices, i.e., reference, conjunction, ellipsis, and substitution. The findings showed that Saudi pre-medical students at the Foundation-Year level could not use cohesive grammatical devices effectively. The study recommended a need to introduce an appropriate writing skill module in the Foundation-Year English courses and improve the teaching strategies to overcome the students’ deficiencies in writing paragraphs.
Physicochemical characterization, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of apis mellifera honey from western paraná state, brazil

The objective of this work was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics, the bioactive compounds and the antioxidant potential of honey produced by Africanized bees (Apis mellifera L.) from municipalities in western Paraná state. Sixty-six samples of honey were analyzed from October 2018 to August 2019. The physicochemical parameters evaluated were: color, moisture, hydroxymethylfurfural, pH and free acidity, with mean values ​​of 0.36±0.24nm, 18 . 80±1.01%, 10.34±3.24mg. kg-1, 4.01±0.18 and 17.36±4.11 meq.kg-1, respectively. The bioactive compounds (phenolic compounds and flavonoids) and the antioxidant activity were also analyzed, and the mean values ​​of 16.34±7.41mg. GAE 100 g-1 were observed for Total Phenols, 21.35±9.63mg. QE 100 g-1 for flavonoids and 0.09±0. 03µmol. TE g-1 for antioxidant activity (DPPH). The honey samples were influenced by their phytogeographic origin and have antioxidant potential.
Formation of cavities in the foreshock

Results from electromagnetic hybrid simulations (kinetic ions, fluid electrons) of the magnetosphere during radial IMF are discussed with focus on the structure of the ion foreshock and the associated ULF waves. In particular, we show that this region is populated with numerous structures that are associated with large (∼50%) drops in solar wind density and magnetic field strength. These cavity structures are carried by the solar wind until they cross the bow shock leading to large variations in plasma and field properties in the magnetosheath. It is shown that the cavity structures are formed due to the nonlinear evolution of two types of ULF waves generated by the backstreaming ions in the foreshock. One class is parallel propagating, sinusoidal waves with right or left hand polarization. The second class corresponds to highly oblique, linearly polarized, fast magnetosonic waves. Verification of the presence of this newly predicted class of waves in spacecraft data remains a topic of future work. Relevance of the simulation results to observations of foreshock cavities and density holes in the foreshock are also discussed.
The Herschel Dwarf Galaxy Survey - I. Properties of the low-metallicity ISM from PACS spectroscopy

Context. The far-infrared (FIR) lines are important tracers of the cooling and physical conditions of the interstellar medium (ISM) and are rapidly becoming workhorse diagnostics for galaxies throughout the universe. There are clear indications of a different behavior of these lines at low metallicity that needs to be explored. Aims. Our goal is to explain the main differences and trends observed in the FIR line emission of dwarf galaxies compared to more metal-rich galaxies, and how this translates in ISM properties. Methods. We present Herschel/PACS spectroscopic observations of the [C ii] 157 μm, [O i] 63 and 145 μm, [O iii] 88 μm, [N ii] 122 and 205 μm, and [N iii] 57 μm fine-structure cooling lines in a sample of 48 low-metallicity star-forming galaxies of the guaranteed time key program Dwarf Galaxy Survey. We correlate PACS line ratios and line-to-LTIR ratios with LTIR, LTIR/LB, metallicity, and FIR color, and interpret the observed trends in terms of ISM conditions and phase filling factors with Cloudy radiative transfer models. Results. We find that the FIR lines together account for up to 3 percent of LTIR and that star-forming regions dominate the overall emission in dwarf galaxies. Compared to metal-rich galaxies, the ratios of [O iii]88/[N ii]122 and [N iii]57/[N ii]122 are high, indicative of hard radiation fields. In the photodissociation region (PDR), the [C ii]157/[O i]63 ratio is slightly higher than in metal-rich galaxies, with a small increase with metallicity, and the [O i]145/[O i]63 ratio is generally lower than 0.1, demonstrating that optical depth effects should be small on the scales probed. The [O iii]88/[O i]63 ratio can be used as an indicator of the ionized gas/PDR filling factor, and is found to be ~4 times higher in the dwarfs than in metal-rich galaxies. The high [C ii]/LTIR, [O i]/LTIR, and [O iii]/LTIR ratios, which decrease with increasing LTIR and LTIR/LB, are interpreted as a combination of moderate far-UV fields and a low PDR covering factor. Harboring compact phases of a low filling factor and a large volume filling factor of diffuse gas, the ISM of low-metallicity dwarf galaxies has a more porous structure than that of metal-rich galaxies.
Monitoring land-cover changes in Mediterranean coastal dunes, northwest Tunisia, using remote sensing data

Coastal dune landscapes are subject to morphological and ecological changes. In many parts of the world, coastal dunes are under severe pressure. The present study illustrates an integrated remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) approach, i.e., geospatial techniques for assessing land-cover dynamics in Zouaraa coastal dunes, located in northwest Tunisia. As a main result, the analysis of the situation in the past six decades indicates that the dune area showed a decreasing trend with up to 31% (i.e., 6198 ha) in favour of forest area, which has increased by up to 6485 ha. The geo-spatial analysis revealed that restoration works have positively contributed to stabilize coastal dune systems with a substantial increase in vegetation cover. An increase in drought frequency and intensity was detected during the 1952-2017 period using the SPEI index, which enhanced the vegetation activity and growth in the study area. The SPEI significantly correlated with vegetation greenness on the 12- and 24-months’ time scales. The croplands, water and buildings in the study area have increased respectively by 6% (i.e., 1256 ha), 13% (i.e., 3073 ha) and 3% (i.e., 719 ha). In contrast, land cover like shrub and bare soil has decreased respectively by 13% (i.e., 3073 ha) and 2% (i.e., 1831 ha) during the same period. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of the revegetation techniques undertaken for conserving coastal dune systems. The findings of this study allow land-use planning decision makers to manage and improve situations in similar coastal regions.
THE SMITH CLOUD: HIGH-VELOCITY ACCRETION AND DARK MATTER CONFINEMENT

The Smith Cloud is a massive system of metal-poor neutral and ionized gas (Mgas ≳ 2 × 106 M☉) that is presently moving at high velocity (VGSR≈ 300 km s−1) with respect to the Galaxy at a distance of 12 kpc from the Sun. The kinematics of the cloud's cometary tail indicates that the gas is in the process of accretion onto the Galaxy, as first discussed by Lockman et al. Here, we re-investigate the cloud's orbit by considering the possibility that the cloud is confined by a dark matter halo. This is required for the cloud to survive its passage through the Galactic corona. We consider three possible models for the dark matter halo (Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW), Einasto, and Burkert) including the effects of tidal disruption and ram pressure stripping during the cloud's infall onto and passage through the Galactic disk. For the NFW and Einasto dark matter models, we are able to determine reasonable initial conditions for the Smith Cloud, although this is only marginally possible with the Burkert model. For all three models, the progenitor had an initial (gas+dark matter) mass that was an order-of-magnitude higher than inferred today. In agreement with Lockman et al., the cloud appears to have punched through the disk ≈70 Myr ago. For our most successful models, the baryon-to-dark matter ratio is fairly constant during an orbital period but drops by a factor of 2–5 after transiting the disk. The cloud appears to have only marginally survived its transit and is unlikely to retain its integrity during the next transit ≈ 30 Myr from now.