Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aerosol production and growth in the upper free troposphere

During the Second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 2), aircraft measurements of aerosol number concentration and size distribution were performed in the upper free troposphere. Temporal changes in aerosol number concentration and size distribution were studied by repeatedly probing three different altitude levels during one single flight. The observations provide indirect evidence for particle formation and growth. Simulations with a coupled gas-phase chemistry and aerosol dynamical model, including binary homogeneous nucleation of sulfuric acid and water vapor, suggest that the ultrafine particles observed in the early morning were most likely formed when the air mass was lifted over a cold front, one day prior to the measurements. Particle growth was studied using two different aerosol dynamical models assuming particle growth by condensation of sulfuric acid and water vapor. The models were unable to simulate the observed particle growth, which suggests that another process might be important for aerosol growth, or multicomponent condensation involving species not observed and modeled play a key role in the evolution of the aerosol size distribution.
Whole Earth structure estimated from seismic arrival times

The arrival times of 10 compressional and shear phases (P, S, PP, PcP, SS, ScS, PK Pab, PK Pbc, PK Pdf, SK Sac) and two sets of differential times (SS-S410S and SS-S660S) are used to infer the Earth's three-dimensional structure. With the exception of SS-SdS, the raw data are composed of arrival times from the International Seismological Centre (ISC) catalogue. The ISC events have been relocated using P and S phases and the ak135 radial Earth model. A total of 818,655 summary arrival times constrain lateral velocity variations in the crust, mantle, and core. We also determine relocation parameters for all events, stations corrections for each phase, boundary topography (410 km, 660 km, core-mantle boundary, inner core boundary), and inner core anisotropy variations. Our model of P and S velocity variations in the crust and mantle contains the general features observed in other body wave inversions: a low-velocity ring around the Pacific Ocean basin in the depth range 35–400 km, high-velocity anomalies associated with subducting slabs most prominent in the depth range 660–1070 km, and high-velocity anomalies surrounding the Pacific basin just above the core-mantle boundary. In the outer core there is evidence of a latitudinal variation in velocity, approaching 0.6% in magnitude, with lower P velocities at the poles and higher velocities near the equator. This pattern is observed throughout the outer core but is most prominent in the depth range 3671–4071 km and near the inner core boundary. Synthetic tests indicate that outer core features are moderately resolvable and inversions of random arrival times indicates that the anomalies are a factor of 2 above the estimated parameter noise level. Lateral heterogeneity in the inner core trades off with anisotropy resulting in poor resolution of isotropic velocity variations. Anisotropy in the inner core is predominantly subparallel to the Earth's axis and of the order of 3% but this value can decrease if more inner core isotropic lateral heterogeneity is allowed. A comparison of structure above and below the core-mantle boundary (CMB) indicates that velocity heterogeneity is uncorrelated across the CMB, but there is a moderate correlation between CMB topograpy and outer core heterogeneity. An inversion in which the PK Pdf residuals were absent indicates that the latitudinal pattern of outer core velocity variations is not due to the influence of inner core velocity structure.
Nest Structure for Sauropods: Sedimentary Criteria for Recognition of Dinosaur Nesting Traces

Abstract Six egg-filled depressions discovered in the Upper Cretaceous Anacleto Formation (Campanian) of Patagonia, Argentina, and interpreted as dinosaur nests, provide the only known evidence of titanosaurid sauropod nest construction. These nest trace fossils show truncation of sedimentary structures as well as differences in texture between the host substrate and in-filling sediment. Titanosaurid sauropods excavated and laid eggs in open nests rather than burying clutches in sediment. In addition, this paper establishes criteria for definitive recognition of excavated nests in the stratigraphic record.
Palaeomagnetic and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data bearing on the emplacement of the Western Granite, Isle of Rum, NW Scotland

Abstract The Western Granite is the largest of several granitic bodies around the margin of the Rum Central Igneous Complex. We report palaeomagnetic and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data that bear on the emplacement and deformation of the Western Granite. The collection includes samples from 27 sites throughout the Western Granite, five sites in adjacent feldspathic peridotite, and two sites in intermediate to mafic hybrid contact aureole rocks. Palaeomagnetic data from 22 of the 27 sites in the granite provide an in situ group mean D = 213.2°, I = −69.5°, α95 = 5.5° that is discordant to an early Paleocene reverse polarity expected field (about 184°, −66°, α95 = 4.3°). The discrepancy is eliminated by removing an inferred 15° of northwest-side-down tilting about a best fit horizontal tilt axis trending 040°. Data from the younger peridotite and hybrid rocks of the Rum Layered Suite provide an in situ group mean of D = 182.6°, I = −64.8°, α95 = 4.0°, which is statistically indistinguishable from an early Paleocene expected field, and imply no post-emplacement tilting of these rocks since remanence acquisition. The inferred tilt recorded in the Western Granite, which did not affect the younger Layered Suite, suggests that emplacement of the ultrabasic rocks resulted in roof uplift and associated tilt of the Western Granite to make space for mafic magma emplacement. Magnetic fabric magnitude and susceptibility parameters yield two subtle groupings in the Western Granite AMS data set. Group 1 data, defined by rocks from exposures to the east and south, have comparatively high bulk susceptibilities (Kmean, 29.51 × 10−3 in SI system), stronger anisotropies (Pj, 1.031) and oblate susceptibility ellipsoids. Group 2 data, from rocks in the west part of the pluton, have lower values of Kmean (15.89 × 10−3 SI) and Pj (1.014), and triaxial susceptibility ellipsoids. Magnetic lineations argue for emplacement of the granite as a tabular sheet from the south–southeast toward the north and west. Moderate to steeply outward-dipping magnetic foliations, together with deflection of the country rock bedding in the north, are consistent with doming accompanying magma emplacement.
Patrones de diversidad de plantas trepadoras y epifitas vasculares en el bosque lluvioso Valdiviano de Sudamérica: una síntesis entre los años 2000 y 2010

Knowledge about the diversity patterns of vascular epiphytes and vines in the Valdivian rainforest of South America between 2000 and 2010 was systematized. The method was based on the review of publications available in four electronic databases using keywords. The results showed 12 studies conducted in Chile and two in Argentina, mostly in primary forests within protected areas. Re- search was carried out essentially at the habitat level, although there were one study at a landscape level and two reviews at a regional scale. The samples used came from ground-based observations and only two studies accessed the canopy of emergent trees. The most rel - evant findings showed that: (1) diversity was greater in primary than secondary forests; (2) the abundance of epiphytic ferns (Hymeno- phyllaceae) correlated positively with the habitat moisture gradient; (3) climbing plants showed differential tolerance to shade; (4) the diversity of both groups of plants was positively correlated with the diameter of phorophytes, and (5) the majority of vines and epiphytes showed selectivity for the phorophyte species. In addition, richness of vascular epiphytes and vines at a habitat scale ranged from 8 to 16 and 6 to 14 species, respectively. Knowledge about the level of species interchange between habitats is scarce in fragmented environments and at a landscape scale. This knowledge must be prioritized in areas with high human pressure to improve the conservation opportunity of this group of plants.
Evidence for late stage fluvial activity in Kasei Valles, Mars

[1] Two inner channels in the southern branch of Kasei Valles are among the best preserved examples of fluvial erosion on Mars. Attributes of the channels include arcuate alcoves, perched boulders, and a concave-up longitudinal profile, all of which are consistent with the interpretation that these channels were carved by a Newtonian fluid. The sharp concavity of the longitudinal profile is comparable to a terrestrial alluvial system with a minimum work profile. The shape of the profile suggests that the system was in a quasi-equilibrium state but was not active long enough to achieve grade. Associated with these channels is a “platy” meter-scale texture, identified in high-resolution Mars Orbiter Camera images. Although a lava flow could explain many of the material properties of the platy surface texture, we speculate that this texture in the immediate proximity to the southern Kasei Valles inner channels may be related to waning floodwaters moving through the inner channels and is a mudflow deposit.
Impact of large‐scale reservoir operation on flow regime in the Chao Phraya River basin, Thailand

The Chao Phraya River basin, the largest basin in Thailand, is located in the centre of the northern part of the country. This basin has two large‐scale reservoirs: the Bhumibol Reservoir on the Ping River and the Sirikit Reservoir on the Nan River. A comparison of the annual and monthly flow regimes downstream from the reservoirs before and after reservoir development showed a constant increase in low flow and a drastic decrease in high flow. The spectrum of the daily discharge was analysed using the fast Fourier transform on data collected in the area of Nakhon Sawan and immediately downstream from the Bhumibol Reservoir after the reservoir was constructed. The flow at Nakhon Sawan had a periodic characteristic of 7 days. The water released from the Bhumibol Reservoir at hydrological station P.12 also had a periodic characteristic of 7 days. Reservoir operations have a significant impact on the hydrological cycles. The effect of human activities is evident in the spectrum analysis of recorded historical discharge data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A biofacies analysis of the Gastrioceras cumbriense Marine Band (Namurian) of the central Pennines

SUMMARY The Gastrioceras cumbriense Marine Band (G 1b ) is the highest marine horizon in the Namurian Series of the central Pennines and does not generally exceed 60cm in thickness. In the present paper local variations are examined at six sections along a 60km distance from west Yorkshire to south Lancashire. The initial onset of marine conditions is recorded by Lingula -bearing grey shales in the central Pennines, but by the productoid facies (Calver 1968) to the west in south Lancashire. This is interpreted as reflecting a slight shallowing of the sea towards the west, a palaeotopography that persisted throughout the marine phase. The deepest water conditions, which occurred at the acme of the incursion, produced a marked change in cephalopod and bivalve species ratios and an associated change to a black shale lithology. Euxinic conditions appear to have occurred only temporarily. Over the whole of northern England the basal marine shales record a series of distinct faunal profiles, with fully marine faunas recorded to the west of the area. The regression appears to have been more rapid than the advance, and retreat faunal facies are more sporadically developed.
Large HF bearing errors for propagation paths tangential to auroral oval

Large electron density gradients in the ionosphere associated with the walls of the midlatitude trough produce tilted reflecting surfaces which lead to HF signals propagating over paths well displaced from the great circle. Measurements are presented of signals propagating over two paths along the midlatitude trough for which bearings deviations of up to 100° from the great-circle path, i.e. the expected direction of arrival, were frequently recorded. The times of occurrence and magnitude of these large deviations are consistent with the known features of the midlatitude ionospheric trough. Such large deviations of the measured bearing from the great-circle path, which far exceed the instrumental errors, have serious implications for the operation of position location systems operating within the HF band.
Mass estimations of ejecta from Strombolian explosions by inversion of Doppler radar measurements

[1] We present a new method for estimating particle loading parameters (mass, number, volume) of eruptive jets by inversion of echo power data measured using a volcano Doppler radar (VOLDORAD) during typical Strombolian activity from the southeast (SE) crater of Mount Etna on 4 July 2001. Derived parameters such as mass flux, particle kinetic and thermal energy, and particle concentration are also estimated. The inversion algorithm uses the complete Mie (1908) formulation of electromagnetic scattering by spherical particles to generate synthetic backscattered power values. In a first data inversion model (termed the polydisperse model), the particle size distribution (PSD) is characterized by a scaled Weibull function. The mode of the distribution is inferred from particle terminal velocities measured by Doppler radar for each explosion. The distribution shape factor is found to be 2.3 from Chouet et al.’s (1974) data for typical Strombolian activity, corresponding to the lognormal PSDs commonly characteristic of other Strombolian deposits. The polydisperse model inversion converges toward the Weibull scale factor producing the best fit between synthetic and measured backscattered power. A cruder, alternative monodisperse model is evaluated on the basis of a single size distribution assumption, the accuracy of which lies within 25% of that of the polydisperse model. Although less accurate, the monodisperse model, being much faster, may be useful for rapid estimation of physical parameters during real-time volcano monitoring. Results are illustrated for two explosions at Mount Etna with contrasted particle loads. Estimates from the polydisperse model give 58,000 and 206,000 kg as maxima for the total mass of pyroclasts, 26,400 and 73,600 kg s � 1 for mass flux rates, 38 and 135 m 3 (22 and 76 m 3 equivalent magma volume) for the pyroclast volumes, and 0.02–0.4 and 0.06–0.12 kg m � 3 for particle concentrations, respectively. The time-averaged kinetic energy released is found to be equal to 4.2 � 10 7 and 3.9 � 10 8 J, and thermal energy is estimated at 8.4 � 10 10 and 3 � 10 11 J.
EXPERIMENTS AND PREDICTIONS OF SOIL DESATURATION BY AIR-INJECTION TECHNIQUE AND THE IMPLICATIONS MEDIATED BY MULTIPHASE FLOW SIMULATION

Measures preventing an earthquake-induced soil liquefaction are of significant importance to mitigate the liquefaction hazards. An air-injection technique may be a simple, inexpensive method - this leads the saturated soils to the desaturated by injecting pressurized air, resulting in a higher liquefaction strength and lower susceptibility. The objective of this study is to investigate the evolution of desaturation process during air injection into saturated soil deposits and verify the validity of a multiphase flow simulator if it is capable of being applied for predicting the process as well as the distribution of degree of saturation after the air injection ceased. In this study simplified model tests that simulate the air injection into saturated soils using air-injection probes, are conducted using two different sizes of soil containers. The experiments using the small container are aimed to examine the nominal rates and magnitudes of the soil desaturation driven by air injection, whilst those with the large container are performed to obtain not only the rates and magnitudes but also the distributions of the desaturated zones within the soil. The results obtained indicate, although clearly depending on the physical properties of targeted soils, that the evolution of desaturation is strongly controlled by the air pressures injected and the soil permeabilities. Numerical analyses are also conducted using a multiphase flow simulator to describe the evolution of the soil desaturation, and to examine the applicability of the model as a prediction tool enabling an evolution of desaturation in situ to be followed with time and space. Predictions show a relatively good agreement with the experimental measurements regarding the rates, magnitudes, and distribution of desaturation specifically for the small-container experiments although predictions of desaturated domain slightly overestimate the measurements for the large-container experiments. Thus, this study indicates that the numerical model described is applicable to field problems when the soil properties in terms of flow transport are well-constrained.
Decadal-Scale Variations in Glacier Area Changes Across the Southern Patagonian Icefield Since the 1970s

Abstract A combination of Landsat and ASTER satellite scenes are used to quantify changes in the areal extent of glaciers in 130 basins across the Southern Patagonian Icefield (SPI). There was extensive net overall loss, with a reduction in ice area of 542 km2 (∼4% of the SPI) between the late 1970s and 2008/2010. For glaciers measured within individual periods, average losses occurred at a rate of 3.24% decade-1 between 1976/1979 and 1984/1986, 2.04% decade-1 between 1984/1986 and 2000/2002, and 2.24% decade-1 between 2000/2002 and 2008/2010. This indicates sustained losses, but no evidence for a recent acceleration. Since the 1980s, glaciers located in the northwest part of the SPI experienced the highest mean annual loss rates at 2.9% decade-1. Mean glacier elevation provides the only significant topographic control on glacier changes for all measurement periods, and glacier losses are consistent with recent warming and changes in precipitation observed for this region.
Analysis of international and European policy instruments: pollution swapping . Task 2 Service contract "Integrated measures in agriculture to reduce ammonia emissions"

This Report describes the results of Task 2 ‘Analysis of International and European policy instruments’. The aim of this task is to analyze the existing International and European policy instruments aiming at reducing emissions of ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane to the atmosphere and nitrate to groundwater and surface waters. Specifically, the study addresses the possible synergies and/or possible antagonisms in these policies, and provides suggestions and recommendations to ensure an optimal coherence
Sensitivity of lightweight deflectometer deflections to layer stiffness via finite element analysis

A dynamic finite element (FE) model of lightweight deflectometer (LWD) loading on a two-layer soil system, validated with an analytical solution and experimental data, is presented. Peak dynamic FE vertical deflections can be substantially different (almost always smaller) than FE static deflections. The numerically simulated measurement depth of the LWD center sensor is found to be 2–2.5 times the plate diameter, deeper than other experimental studies. Using the FE model, we conduct a sensitivity analysis of peak vertical deflections to the top layer Young’s modulus and underlying Young’s modulus of two-layer systems. Peak deflections from the center sensor are found to be more sensitive to the top layer Young’s modulus while peak deflections at radial offsets are found to be more sensitive to the underlying layer Young’s modulus. Sensitivities of layer moduli to FE deflections offer guidance in selecting weighting factors for the inverse solver in an LWD back-calculation procedure.
The Social Process of Undocumented Border Crossing

In this paper we develop a theoretical model that views undocumented border-crossing as a well-defined social process influenced by the kind of human and social capital migrants bring with them to the border and constrained by the intensity and nature of U.S. enforcement efforts. We draw upon detailed histories of border-crossing from undocumented migrants originating in 34 Mexican communities to estimate equations corresponding to this model. We find that having a migrant parent greatly increases the odds of crossing the border with family or friends, and that people with ties to migrant parents and those who come from communities where U.S. migration is prevalent are more likely to cross with paid smugglers, or coyotes. As people accumulate migratory experience across U.S. trips, however, they grow progressively less likely to travel with others and more likely to cross alone, thus substituting migration-specific human capital for social capital. On initial undocumented trips, crossing with either a paid or unpaid guide (a coyote, friend, or relative) dramatically lowers the odds of arrest; but on subsequent trips the mode of crossing has no effect on the odds of apprehension, which are determined primarily by the migrant's own characteristics, particularly the knowledge and experience gained on earlier trips. U.S. enforcement efforts have little effect on the likelihood of arrest, except that INS involvement in drug enforcement sharply lowers the odds of apprehension.
On the changing seasonality over the North Pacific

Although many marine organisms have life histories adapted to seasonal events in the environment, most studies aimed at understanding biotic responses to environmental variability assume a stationary and deterministic seasonal cycle, or remove it altogether. Here we use historical sea level pressure data for the period 1948–2000 to document significant changes in the amplitude and phase of the seasonal cycle in the Aleutian Low and North Pacific High, the two dominant pressure centers over the northeast Pacific Ocean. The Aleutian Low seasonal amplitude, which is dominated by the annual component, has nearly doubled over this period, mostly due to wintertime deepening. Changes in the amplitude and phase of both the annual and semi‐annual components have contributed to the time‐varying structure of the North Pacific High. Observed long‐term changes in the biological community structure and productivity of the North Pacific Ocean may be associated with this changing seasonality.
Polyribosomes from Pear Fruit II. CHANGES OCCURRING IN PULP TISSUES DURING RIPENING AND SENESCENCE

Detailed analyses of polysome profiles from Iyophilized pulp tissues of pear fruits (Pyrus communis L. cv. Passe-Crassane) at different stages of ripening and senescence, and estimates of the amount of polysomal-asso-ciated mRNA, lead to the conclusions that during senescence (ripening), the ripening and the over-ripening processes can clearly be separated and respectively Unked to the first and the second increase in the large mRNA species. Ethylene synthesis which occurs at the beginning of a normal ripening at 15°C after a cold storage or an ethephon treatment is related to an increase in mRNA and ribosomal material found only in pulp tissues. Finaily, we suggest that in the pear fruit, the sequence of events which occurs during senescence (ripening) is initiated by two systems which regulate ethylene biogenesis, and that the first system is efficient only at low temperatures (from 0 to 4°C).