Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of horizontal resolution and air-sea coupling on simulated
moisture sources for regional East Asian precipitation

Abstract. Precipitation over East Asia (EA) simulated in six experiments using the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) is compared with observations and ERA-Interim reanalysis. These simulations are performed at resolutions of 200–40 km and with both atmosphere-only and air-sea coupled configurations. EA precipitation in MetUM is systematically overestimated, especially over southeastern EA and the Tibetan Plateau. Moisture sources for simulated and observed regional EA precipitation are traced using the Water Accounting Model-2layers (WAM-2layers) – a moisture tracking model that traces moisture sources using a combination of evaporation, atmospheric moisture and circulation. Biases in moisture sources are linked to biases in precipitation. For southeastern EA, positive precipitation biases are linked to errors in mid-latitude sources rather than tropical ocean sources. Increasing resolution reduces precipitation biases over the Tibetan Plateau. From the perspective of moisture source, this reduction comes from reduced remote moisture source that is blocked by the better representations of topography at higher resolution. Including coupling does not necessarily improve EA precipitation, however, coupling alters moisture sources. Because the effect of coupling on moisture source varies on location and sign, the collective impact on EA precipitation may not be noticeable. By using WAM-2layers, these changes in moisture sources can be attributed to changes in SST, circulation and associated evaporation. WAM-2layers can be a useful tool to identify model biases that cause biases in regional precipitation.
Distribution and abundance of resting cysts of the toxic Alexandrium spp.(Dinophyceae) in sediments of the western Seto Inland Sea, Japan.

: Sediment samples were collected from 135 stations in the western part of the Seto Inland Sea (Iyo Nada, Suo Nada, Beppu Bay, Tokuyama Bay, Hiroshima Bay, Aki Nada, Hiuchi Nada and Bingo Nada) to determine the horizontal distribution and abundance of resting cysts of Alexandrium spp. (A. tamarense + A. catenella). Enumeration of the cysts was performed using the primuline-staining direct count method. Cysts of Alexandrium spp. were rarely found in Iyo Nada, Suo Nada and Beppu Bay, but were widely distributed in Tokuyama Bay, Hiroshima Bay, Aki Nada, Hiuchi Nada and Bingo Nada. Cyst concentrations ranged from not detected (ND) to 14, ND to 17, ND to 4, 93 to 8137, 8 to 4454, ND to 6, ND to 18 and 4–29 cysts/cm3 wet sediment in Iyo Nada, Suo Nada, Beppu Bay, Tokuyama Bay, Hiroshima Bay, Aki Nada, Hiuchi Nada and Bingo Nada, respectively. The majority of cysts occurred in Tokuyama Bay and Hiroshima Bay, where higher densities were observed in the inner bay and along the coastal margin. Relatively higher cyst concentrations were observed at stations with a higher mud content. The abundance of Alexandrium spp. cysts in western Seto Inland Sea is lower than in the eastern Seto Inland Sea, except for Tokuyama Bay and Hiroshima Bay. However, because sporadic blooms of Alexandrium have been observed, continuing monitoring is necessary to prevent paralytic shellfish poisoning outbreaks in this area.
MUDAS DE ESPÉCIES ARBÓREAS INOCULADAS COM BACTÉRIAS SOLUBILIZADORAS DE FOSFATO E FUNGOS MICORRÍZICOS ARBUSCULARES

This study aimed to verify the inoculation of P-solubilizing bacteria effect on the growth of tree species seedlings cultivated under nursery conditions. Acacia holosericea, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Schinus terebinthifolius and Eucalyptus grandis were grown in nursery during 11 months. N2-fixing tree species were inoculated with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) while Non-N2-fixing tree species were inoculated only with AMF. Otherwise, half of the plants were inoculated with P-solubilizing bacteria. Population of P-solubilizing bacteria inoculated decreased during plant growth. On the other hand, these bacteria stimulated the growth of Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia and Acacia holosericea in spite of inhibiting growth of Enterolobium contortisiliquum.
Lebanese Pharmacists’ Knowledge and Attitude toward Cannabis Medical Use Legality

Cannabis grows profusely in the world and designates Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis [1,2]. The major cannabinoids responsible for its action include the psychoactive Δ-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the nonpsychoactive Cannabidiol (CBD), and Cannabinol (CBN) [1]. Interestingly, THC and CBD have antagonistic effects on addiction-related behaviors. THC boosts drug use, whereas CBD has low hedonic property and impedes drug seeking [3]. CBD is generally well tolerated with a good safety profile, yet reported adverse effects may be as a result of drug–drug interactions between CBD and patients’ existing medications [4].
Prey Foraging Movements by Hippodamia convergens 1 in Wheat are Influenced by Hunger and Aphids

Abstract. We investigated foraging movements by adult female convergent lady beetles, Hippodamia convergeas Guerin-Meneville, on wheat, Triticum aestivum L. , growing in 1.8 × 1.8 m plantings in a greenhouse with a soil floor. The wheat was planted to simulate wheat in a typical production field. One planting was infested with English grain aphids, Sitobion avenae L. , whereas the other planting was not infested. Beetles were maintained on one of two feeding regimes, partially starved (light-fed) and fed excess aphids (heavy-fed). The average distances moved by beetles per minute were 20.3 and 21.3 cm for light- and heavy-fed beetles in aphid-free plots compared to 4.6 and 10.1 cm by light- and heavy-fed beetles in aphid-infested plots. Light- and heavy-fed beetles moved almost the same distance per minute in the absence of aphids. However, in the aphid-infested plot, light-fed beetles moved a shorter distance than did heavy-fed beetles. The numbers of turns per minute were 0.29 and 0.49 for light- and heavy-fed beetles in aphid-free plots, and 0.75 and 0.81 for light- and heavy-fed beetles in aphid-infested plots. The number of turns a beetle made per minute was greater for heavy- than light-fed beetles in both the aphid-free and aphid-infested plots. Beetles in all treatments took few flights per minute, averaging less than 0.02 flight per minute for heavy-fed beetles in the aphid-free plots (the treatment with the greatest flight frequency). Light-fed beetles flew less frequently than did heavy-fed beetles in both aphidinfested and non-infested plots. Both light-fed and heavy-fed beetles flew less frequently in the aphid-infested than non-infested plots. The horizontal distance traversed by beetles, presumed to be related to prey searching, was affected by the presence of aphids, feeding regime (presumed to determine the physiological state of the beetles), and temperature. The reduced flight frequency and reduced rate of movement by walking observed in this study for light-fed beetles may be significant in assessing the potential for convergent lady beetles to exert effective biological control of aphids. The reduced dispersal rates, presumably resulting from insufficient energy for optimal dispersal, would reduce the likelihood that adult convergent lady beetles would find and exploit patchily distributed aphid infestations. For a population of beetles exploiting aphids within a landscape, the outcome would be less than optimal biological control.
Fluctuating asymmetry in antlers of fallow deer (Dama dama): the relative roles of environmental stress and sexual selection.

Antler lengths were recorded of a total of 250 male fallow deer (Dama dama (L)). Animals sampled were from marked populations where the majority of individuals were of known age. Asymmetry in antler length was normally distributed with a mean not significantly different from zero, confirming that differences in length between the antler pair constitute a true fluctuating asymmetry (FA). We found no clear relationship between the degree of asymmetry in antler length of an individual male and either population density or actual body mass. We did, however, detect a significant relationship between asymmetry and deviation from maximum cohort bodyweight. If deviation from maximum weight within a cohort may be considered some index of competitive success or increasing environmental stress, this may suggest that asymmetry in antler length relates in some way to developmental stress suffered by the individual concerned. The degree of asymmetry recorded in antler length also showed a significant decline with animal age, with antlers of animals of 2 years or older showing significantly greater symmetry. This is consistent with a hypothesis that despite continued competition for resources, there is a changing balance of selection pressure as animals reach maturity, with increased pressure from sexual selection requiring males to produce significantly more symmetrical ornaments.
Studies on Biological Activity of Cyclic Imide Compounds

The structure-activity relationships of 3-phenyloxazolidine-2, 4-diones, 3-phenyl-4-imino-oxazolidine-2-ones and n-phenylcarbamates were investigated on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by the agar medium dilution method. In addition, antimicrobial spectra of several compounds against other 15 pathogenic microbes were investigated by the same method. In each series, 3, 5-dihalo-substituents on benzene ring are essential to high antifungal activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and in the case of n-phenylcarbamates, it is necessary that the α-position of alcohol moiety is substituted by such a group as cyano group, ethoxy-carbonyl group or carbamoyl group. α-Cyanoisopropyl N-(3, 5-dichlorophenyl) carbamate, 3-(3′, 5′-dichlorophenyl)-5, 5-dimethyl-4-iminooxazolidine-2-one and 3-(3′, 5′-dichlorophenyl)-5, 5-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione were the most effective and completely inhibited the mycelial growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at 3.2 γm (about l.0 ppm). In general, 3-(3′, 5′-dichlorophenyl) oxazolidine-2, 4-.
Single‐cell protein production by photosynthetic bacteria cultivation in agricultural by‐products

The growth of the nonsulfur photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa was investigated as a possible way to produce single‐cell protein from agricultural by‐products. Of the various raw materials examined as potential feedstocks, wheat bran infusion was selected as the substrate for mass culture and continuous cultivation studies. Harvested photosynthetic cells contained approximately 65.0% crude protein and 5.1% nucleic acid (RNA). The amino acid content of harvested photosynthetic proteins was comparable with conventional proteins of plant and animal origin.
Phosphorus speciation in cultivated organic soils revealed by P K-edge XANES spectroscopy

Cultivated organic soils make a significant contribution to phosphorus (P) leaching losses from agricultural land, despite occupying a small proportion of cultivated area. However, less is known about P mobilisation processes and the P forms present in peat soils compared with mineral soils. In this study, P forms and their distribution with depth were investigated in two cultivated Histosol profiles, using a combination of wet chemical extraction and P K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy.Both profiles had elevated P content in the topsoil, amounting to around 40 mmol kg(-1), and P speciation in both profiles was strongly dominated by organic P. Topsoils were particularly rich in organic P (P-org), with relative proportions of up to 80%. Inorganic P in the profiles was almost exclusively adsorbed to surface reactive aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) minerals. In one of the pro-files, small contributions of Ca-phosphates were detected.A commonly used P saturation index (PSI) based on ammonium-oxalate extraction indicated a low to moderate risk of P leaching from both profiles. However, the capacity of soil Al and Fe to retain P in organic soils could be reduced by high competition from organic compounds for sorption sites. This is not directly accounted for in PSI and similar indices.Accumulation of P-org in the topsoil may be attributable by microbial peat decomposition and transformation of mineral fertiliser P by both microbiota and crops. Moreover, high carbon-phosphorus ratio in the surface peat material in both profiles suggests reduced net mineralisation of P-org in the two soils. However, advancing microbial peat decomposition will eventually lead to complete loss of peat horizons and to mineralisation of P-org. Hence, P-org in both profiles represents a huge potentially mobilised P pool.
Several New Aspects of the Foraging Behavior of Osmia cornifrons in an Apple Orchard

We investigated the foraging behavior of Osmia cornifrons Radoszkowski, which is a useful pollinator in apple orchards consisting of only one kind of commercial cultivars such as “Fuji”, and of different types of pollinizers, such as the red petal type, “Maypole” or “Makamik”. It was confirmed that, in terms of the number of foraging flowers per day, visiting flowers during low temperatures, strong wind, and reduced sunshine in an apple orchard, O. cornifrons were superior to honeybees. We indicated that O. cornifrons seemed to use both petals and anthers as foraging indicator, and that not only female, but also males contributed to apple pollination and fertilization by the pollen grains attached to them from visiting flowers, including those at the balloon stage. It was confirmed that O. cornifrons acts as a useful pollinator in an apple orchard consisting of one kind of cultivar with pollinizers planted not more than 10 m from commercial cultivars.
A 1-V, 3-GHz Strong-Arm Latch Voltage Comparator for High Speed Applications

This brief proposes a parallel path based strong-arm latch voltage comparator. The proposed architecture improves the speed performance when compared to the conventional strong-arm latch. The improvement is achieved by the addition of parallel paths to the output node. This increases the effective transconductance at the output node, allowing the load capacitor to discharge faster during the regenerative phase. The architecture has been designed and extensively simulated at pre- and post-layout level in a 65-nm CMOS technology with a supply voltage of 1 V and it achieves a 3-GHz bandwidth. The speed increases by approximately 50% with respect to the conventional topology. The Monte-Carlo analysis is performed for 200 samples, which results in an offset standard deviation of 2.05 mV.
Herbivore Diet Affects Fecal Pellet Settling

The sinking rates of fecal pellets produced by herbivorous zooplankton grazing upon phytoplankton stocks composed primarily of diatoms and flagellates were studied and found to be significantly (P < 0.01) different. Under diatom diet, fecal pellets of Calanus sp. showed ranges of volume and sinking rate of 0.38–2.51∙106 μm3 and 70–171 m∙d−1, respectively; under flagellate-based diet the pellet volumes and sinking rates ranged from 0.42 to 3.52∙106 μm3 and 51 to 152 m∙d−1, respectively. Sinking rates for the two sets of fecal pellets were related to compositional density, and significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with the excess density (Δρ = ρp − ρsw) between the particle and the fluid. No significant (P < 0.05) correlation was found between the sinking rates and volumes of fecal pellets examined in these two sets. Calculated pellet densities (ρp) under diatom and flagellate-based nutrition averaged 1.174 and 1.114 g∙cm−3, and conferred average sinking rates of 123.3 and 87.9 m∙d−1, respectively. A mathemat.
Decline in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency with leaf age and nitrogen resorption as determinants of leaf life span

1 Cost‐benefit models predict that leaf life span depends on its initial photosynthetic rate and construction cost and on the rate of decline in photosynthesis with age. Leaf gas exchange rates and N contents were measured in nine woody evergreen Mediterranean species with different leaf life spans to determine the effects of leaf ageing on photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE). N costs of leaf construction were assumed to be in part dependent on N resorption from senescing leaves. 2 Leaf ageing had significant negative effects on photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area. As N content per unit leaf area did not decline until the end of leaf life, PNUE also decreased with age. PNUE generally declined faster in species with a shorter leaf life span. There were no significant interspecific differences in maximum CO2 assimilation rates per unit leaf area and in N resorption that could be related to differences in leaf life span. 3 As PNUE decreases with leaf age, shedding of the older leaves and retranslocation of N to the current year's leaf biomass would result in an increase in the mean instantaneous efficiency of use of the N retranslocated. However, total CO2 assimilation can be improved by such shedding only when the increase in the efficiency of use of the remobilized N compensates for the remaining N lost in the shed leaves. 4 The photosynthesis of the old leaf cohorts exceeded the increase in photosynthesis that would be obtained from the N retranslocated to the younger leaves, given the observed efficiencies of N resorption. The retention of old leaves thus resulted in a higher whole‐canopy CO2 assimilation, despite their low PNUE.
Temporal variations in isolation frequency of endophytic fungi of Japanese beech

To determine the dominant fungal endophytes of the Japanese beech (Fagus crenata Blume) and to monitor their isolation frequency, we isolated fungi from symptomless organs of beech including leaves, petioles, and current and old (1- to 5-year-old) twigs after surface sterilization. Of the 13 fungal taxa obtained, 3 were isolated most often. An unidentified species of Discula and an unidentified sterile fungus, Lb, were isolated frequently from leaves, and an unidentified species of Phomopsis was isolated most frequently from twigs. The isolation frequency over the growing season varied for the two dominant fungal species in the leaves, Discula sp. and Lb. These two species had similar patterns of isolation, even in petioles and current-year twigs, although isolation frequencies of a given species varied with organs. An organ-specific distribution of the fungal species in the host plant was apparent. The three fungal species noted above were considered to be the dominant endophytes of the Japanese beech.Ke.
Deposição de calda de pulverização sobre plantas de salvínia em função de pontas de pulverização e arranjos populacionais entre plantas de Aguapé e Alface-D'Água

This study aimed to evaluate two types of spray tips (ConeJet TXVK-8 and TeeJet DG 11002 VS) and the amount of spray mix deposited on Salvinia auriculata plants organized under different population arrangements with Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes plants. In addition to a full-dominance proportion over the area, corresponding to 100% cover of the water tank by eared water moss plants, arrangements with either water hyacinth or water lettuce were made at 75%:25%, 50%:50%, and 25%:75%. A triple density, in which the three species were equally disposed at a 33.33% proportion, was also used. Dye solutions of FD&C Yellow no. 5 at 3,500 ppm and FD&C Blue no.1 at 1,000 ppm were used, as spraying tracers for TXVK-8 and DG 11002 VS nozzles, respectively. Both solutions were sprayed at the same plot within a 30-minute interval each, through a CO2 pressured backpack, calibrated to deliver a spray volume of around 200 L ha -1. The total spray deposits were estimated in mL per plant and the unit deposits in mL cm2 of foliar surface. No significant differences were observed between the nozzle tips used at different population arrangements, except total spray mix deposited on plants at 100% of eared water moss dominance proportion, with ConeJet TXVK-8, providing superior spray mix deposition, compared with TeeJet DG 11002 VS. The highest spray mix deposition was obtained under 100% of salvinia dominance. However, the spray mix quantity decreased with increase of water hyacinth in the proportion and reached the lowest value when 25% of eared water moss plants were associated with 75% of water hyacinth plants. The presence of water lettuce did not influence spray mix deposition over eared water moss plants.
Shifts in Reproductive Investment in Response to Competitors Lower Male Reproductive Success

In many species, males exhibit phenotypic plasticity in sexually selected traits when exposed to social cues about the intensity of sexual competition. To date, however, few studies have tested how this plasticity affects male reproductive success. We initially tested whether male mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki (Poeciliidae), change their investment in traits under pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection depending on the social environment. For a full spermatogenesis cycle, focal males were exposed to visual and chemical cues of rivals that were either present (competitive treatment) or absent (control). Males from the competitive treatment had significantly slower-swimming sperm but did not differ in sperm count from control males. When two males competed for a female, competitive treatment males also made significantly fewer copulation attempts and courtship displays than control males. Further, paternity analysis of 708 offspring from 148 potential sires, testing whether these changes in reproductive traits affected male reproductive success, showed that males previously exposed to cues about the presence of rivals sired significantly fewer offspring when competing with a control male. We discuss several possible explanations for these unusual findings.
The I 550 V polymorphism in the renal human sodium/dicarboxylate cotransporter 1 ( hNaDC -1) gene is associated with the risk for urolithiasis in adults from Southeastern, Mexico

Urolithiasis (UL) is an endemic disease in Southeastern, Mexico. In order to evaluate the association of I550V polymorphism in the hNaDC-1 gene with risk for hypocitraturia and/or for UL; 139 adults with UL and 132 adults without UL, were included under a case-control association study. Citrate levels in 24-h urine were quantified (citraturia). The polymorphism I550V-hNaDC-1 was determined by PCR-RFLP. Statistical analysis was performed using the STATA10.2 software. Comparison of genotype and allele frequencies between subjects with and without UL showed significant differences for genotype bb (OR = 2.34, CI: 1.19-4.59, p = 0.01) and for allele b (OR = 1.62, CI: 1.15-2.28, p = 0.005), suggesting an association with the risk for UL. Comparison of genotype and allele frequencies between subjects with hypocitraturia and subjects with normocitraturia, did not show any significant difference (p > 0.05), suggesting that this polymorphism is not associated with the risk of hypocitraturia. Interestingly, the risk for UL was increased due to an additive effect of hypocitraturia with the genotype bb (OR = 6.6, CI: 2.38-18.28, p = 0.0002) or with the allele b (OR: 4.2, CI = 2.52-6.97, p < 0.0001) in the studied population.
PD19-11 TUMOR IMMUNE MICROENVIRONMENT ALTERATIONS IN PENILE SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA USING MULTIPLEX IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE AND IMAGE ANALYSIS APPROACHES

patients with metastatic GCT without SSM, those with elevated markers were generally treated with GCT-directed chemotherapy regimens followed by RPLND and resection of any other residual disease. SSM histology-directed chemotherapy was generally reserved for adjuvant treatment of resected SSM and for unresectable disease lacking evidence of residual GCT. Estimated 5-year overall survival was: CS1 100%, CS2 92% (1 death of disease), and CS3 76% (3 death of disease) [Log rank p[0.01 CS3 vs. CS1/2]. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with clinical stage 1 testicular GCT containing SSM have an excellent prognosis when managed with orchiectomy and primary RPLND. Clinical stage 2/3 GCT with SSM in the testis are managed similarly to patients without SSM, with an emphasis on PC-RPLND and resection of extra-retroperitoneal postchemotherapy masses.