Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cenozoic tectonic and geomorphic evolution of the Red River Region, Yunnan Province, China

This thesis outlines the Cenozoic development of the Red River region, exploring regional landscape evolution and tectonic accommodation of the India-Eurasia collision, focusing on the Oligo-Miocene, left-lateral Ailao Shan shear zone and the active, right-lateral Red River fault on the northeast margin of the shear zone, along which the Red River has incised a deep valley. Oligo-Miocene fluvial and alluvial conglomerates in the valley record shear zone unroofing: pervasive, syn-depositional shortening indicates transpressional exhumation. A low-relief landscape, developed in Late Miocene time, was probably uplifted in Pliocene time, triggering the incision of the Red River and isolating the low-relief landscape from modem base level. On the basis of stratigraphic data, river incision began in Pliocene time or later. Tributary longitudinal profiles indicate two-phase incision, the result of pulsed plateau growth or trunk channel adjustments to changing climate conditions. Paleo-Red River reconstruction indicates ~1400 m river incision, 1400-1500 m surface uplift and 750 m vertical displacement across the northern part of the Red River fault. Minimum right-lateral displacement on the fault is 40 km, 15-16 km of which predates river incision, plateau growth and development of other regional fault systems. Long term average slip-rate is a minimum of ~5 mm/yr. Rotation of a crustal fragment around the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, bounded on the east by the XianshuiheXiaojiang fault system, causes deflection of the Red River fault, accommodated by distributed shear along strike of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system. The Red River fault has decreased in regional importance since the initiation of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system during growth of the southeast plateau margin. Cosmogenic 26Al and 1Be basin-wide erosion rate and burial ages indicate a background incision rate of ~0.05 to 0.10 mm/a, lower than the long-term incision rate minimum of -0.26 mm/a. Cosmogenically-determined incision rate approximately doubles to ~0.20 mm/a in the region of maximum dip-slip displacement on the Red River fault. This thesis also develops a new cosmogenic tool for quantitative landscape analysis: using depth dependence data for multiple cosmogenic nuclides from a single site to constrain an erosion history. This method is applied in the Dry Valleys region of Antarctica. Thesis supervisor: Dr. B. Clark Burchfiel Title: Schlumberger Professor of Geology
Measurement of nitrogen oxide emissions from an agricultural soil with a dynamic chamber system

Biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide (NO) were measured from an intensively managed agricultural row crop (corn, Zea mays) during a 4 week period (May 15 through June 9, 1995). The site was located in Washington County, near the town of Plymouth, which is in the Lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Soil NO flux was determined using a dynamic flowthrough chamber technique. The measurement period was characterized by two distinguishing features: an application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer at the midpoint of the experiment and a nontypical rainfall pattern. Average NO flux prior to the application of N fertilizer was 31.5 ± 10.1 ng N m−2 s−1, and more than doubled (77.7 ± 63.7 ng N m−2 s−1) after the application of a side-dressing of N fertilizer. Average soil extractable nitrogen values did not change significantly following application of the side-dressing of N fertilizer. We attribute this failure to detect a significant difference in soil extractable nitrogen following N fertilization to the method in which the fertilizer was applied, the subsequent rainfall pattern, and the technique of soil sampling. NO flux followed the same diurnal trend as soil temperature, with maximum NO emissions coinciding with maximum soil temperature, and minimum NO emissions coinciding with minimum soil temperature. NO flux was found to increase exponentially with soil temperature, but only after fertilization. Due to subsurface irrigation practices employed by the farmer, changes in soil water content were minimal, and no relation could be drawn between soil water content and NO flux. Simultaneous measurements of NOy, NO2, and NO emissions revealed that NO and NO2 emissions represent 86 and 8.7%, respectively, of NOy emissions leaving the soil. Simultaneous NO flux measurements made by a closed box flux technique, at the same site, revealed no statistically significant differences between the two different methodologies for measuring NO flux.
Ordovician-Silurian Boundary Interval in the Williston Basin Outcrop Belt of Manitoba: A Record of Global and Regional Environmental and Biotic Change

FIELD TRIP OBJECTIVES During latest Ordovician to earliest Silurian time, deposition and biotas were influenced globally by environmental changes that led to glaciation and subsequent deglaciation in southpolar Gondwana. At the centre of equatorial Laurentia, the Williston Basin provides a record of global and regional change in an epicontinental sea. Classic localities in southern Manitoba will be compared with sites north of Grand Rapids and northeast of The Pas, including the only known exposures of the Ordovician – Silurian boundary in this vast basin. New research, integrating lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and C-isotope stratigraphy, suggests that deposits of latest Ordovician (Hirnantian) age are present and that the Ordovician – Silurian boundary is at a higher position than previously thought. Strata exposed in southern and west-central Manitoba provide a superb opportunity to examine this extraordinary time in Earth’s history. This field trip will focus on the Stony Mountain, Stonewall (Figs. 1, 2), and Fisher Branch formations. These predominantly carbonate strata record environments and events leading up to and following the major Hirnantian glacial episode. The succession of fossils represents the culmination of the ‘Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event’, the Late Ordovician mass extinction, and the Early Silurian recovery. The Williston Basin outcrop belt in Manitoba provides a dip section, from relatively basinal deposits in the south to more marginal in the north. On Day 1, we will visit the type sections of the three formations in the southern part of the outcrop belt. Exposures of correlative strata in two areas within the northern part of the outcrop belt will be examined on Days 2 and 3. This field trip complements several GAC–MAC 2013 Special Sessions, including Williston Basin and Other Intracratonic Basins – Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, Paleontology and Resources; Advances in Phanerozoic Geoscience in the Hudson Bay Basin, Foxe Basin and Hudson Strait; and Evolving Carbonate Environments from Precambrian to Modern: Sedimentological and Geochemical Perspectives; and the symposium on Life and Times of Phanerozoic Seas (in Honour of Rolf Ludvigsen).
Radiative susceptibility of cloudy atmospheres to droplet number perturbations: 2. Global analysis from MODIS

[1] Global distributions of albedo susceptibility for areas covered by liquid clouds are presented for 4 months in 2005. The susceptibility estimates are based on expanded definitions presented in a companion paper and include relative cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) changes, perturbations in cloud droplet asymmetry parameter and single-scattering albedo, atmospheric/surface effects, and incorporation of the full solar spectrum. The cloud properties (optical thickness and effective radius) used as input in the susceptibility calculations come from MODIS Terra and Aqua Collection 5 gridded data. Geographical distributions of susceptibility corresponding to absolute (“absolute cloud susceptibility”) and relative (“relative cloud susceptibility”) CDNC changes are markedly different indicating that the detailed nature of the cloud microphysical perturbation is important for determining the radiative forcing associated with the first indirect aerosol effect. However, both types of susceptibility exhibit common characteristics such as significant reductions when perturbations in single-scattering properties are omitted, significant increases when atmospheric absorption and surface albedo effects are ignored, and the tendency to decrease with latitude, to be higher over ocean than over land, and to be statistically similar between the morning and afternoon MODIS overpasses. The satellite-based susceptibility analysis helps elucidate the role of present-day cloud and land surface properties in indirect aerosol forcing responses. Our realistic yet moderate CDNC perturbations yield forcings on the order of 1–2 W m−2 for cloud optical property distributions and land surface spectral albedos observed by MODIS. Since susceptibilities can potentially be computed from model fields, these results have practical application in assessing the reasonableness of model-generated estimates of the aerosol indirect radiative forcing.
Revised tuning of Ocean Drilling Program Site 964 and KC01B (Mediterranean) and implications for the δ18O, tephra, calcareous nannofossil, and geomagnetic reversal chronologies of the past 1.1 Myr

[1] High-resolution color reflectance records of KC01 and KC01B (Calabrian Ridge, Ionian Sea) are presented and compared with a modified spliced high-resolution color reflectance record of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 964. This comparison revealed that KC01B is characterized by intensive deformation between ∼27 and 28.5 m piston depth and that some sapropels are tectonically reduced in thickness. Moreover, the piston coring has caused considerable stretching in the top of KC01 and KC01B. Using a new splice of ODP Site 964 as guide, previous astronomical tuned timescales of KC01B and ODP Site 964 were evaluated. This evaluation resulted in a new sapropel-based astronomical timescale for the last 1.1 Myr. The new timescale implies a much more uniform change in sedimentation rate for the Ionian Sea cores. Two prominent excursions to lighter values in the δ18O record of the planktonic foraminiferal species Globigerinoides ruber occur during marine isotopic stages 12 and 16 applying the new timescale. These shifts correspond with maxima in obliquity and are punctuated by minima in the precession cycle. They are absent in global ice volume records and are interpreted as reflecting a (summer) low-salinity surface water lens that floats on top of extremely saline intermediate and deep waters at times of the very low sea levels during these glacial periods. All biostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic events found in KC01B and ODP Site 964 were re-dated according to the new timescale, and the ages of 33 tephra layers were reviewed. The new ages for the Calabrian Ridge 2 and 3 magnetic events in the Brunhes are concordant with minima in the global Sint800 composite record, derived from worldwide deep-sea records of relative paleointensity and have been attributed to the Big Lost and La Palma excursions, respectively.
Mapping Careers and Mobility of Doctorate Holders: Dratf Guidelines, Model Questionnaire and Indicators

Human resources are recognised as being key to the creation, commercialisation and diffusion of innovation. Among them, doctorate holders are not only the most qualified in terms of educational attainment, but also those who are specifically trained to conduct research. Not much is known however about their career and mobility patterns on the labour market. This is why the OECD launched in 2004 a collaborative project with the UNESCO Institute for Statistics and Eurostat aimed at developing internationally comparable indicators on the careers and mobility of doctorate holders. An expert group with representatives from national statistical bodies was formed to develop the technical components of the project and start compiling data at national level. This document presents the three main technical components of the project which are: 1) the methodological guidelines; 2) a core model questionnaire and instruction manual; and 3) the output indicator tables used for reporting data at the international level. The current draft was discussed by the OECD Working Party of National Experts on Science and Technology Indicators (NESTI) in June 2007 and approved for broader diffusion. Its aim is to provide guidance to countries that wish to implement the project at national level. It is planned to work on a new and improved version following the outcomes of the data collection launched in November 2007. Suivi des carrieres et de la mobilite des titulaires de doctorats : proposition de directives, questionnaire modele et indicateurs Les ressources humaines ont un role determinant pour la creation, la commercialisation et la diffusion d'innovations. Parmi cette population, les titulaires de doctorat ne sont pas seulement ceux les plus qualifies en terme de niveau d'education, mais aussi ceux qui ont ete specifiquement formes a la recherche. Peu de choses sont connues neanmoins sur leurs trajectoires de carrieres et de mobilites. C'est pourquoi l'OCDE a lance en 2004 un projet en collaboration avec l'Institut statistique de l'UNESCO et Eurostat ayant pour objectif de developper des indicateurs sur les carrieres et la mobilite des titulaires de doctorat comparables au plan international. Un groupe d'experts formes de representants des agences statistiques nationales a ete mis en place pour developper les composantes techniques du projet et initier la collecte de donnees au niveau national. Ce document presente les trois principales composantes techniques du projet qui sont : 1) les directives methodologiques ; 2) un questionnaire modele et manuel d'instruction ; et 3) des tableaux d'indicateurs de sortie utilises pour recueillir les donnees au niveau international. Le document dans sa presente forme a ete discute par le Groupe de travail des experts nationaux sur les indicateurs de science et de technologie (GENIST) en juin 2007 et approuve pour une diffusion plus large. Il est prevu d'en preparer une version amelioree sur la base de l'experience acquise au cours de la collecte de donnees lancee en novembre 2007.
Numerical simulations of the Mjlnir marine impact crater

[1] The 40-km-diameter Mjolnir crater in the Barents Sea was created by a meteoroid impact into a 400 m shallow sea about 142 Ma. We have used a multimaterial hydrocode with depth-depending target strength to model numerically the cratering and early modification stages of the Mjolnir impact. Our models are constrained by the observed crater morphology and structure. The best results were obtained for a composite target strength structure: very low strength for the upper 3 km of sedimentary rocks and gradual increase from 3 to 6.5 km depth before using strength values typical for granitic rocks at greater depths. The low strength of the target sediments at shallow depths led to exceptionally intensive slumping and gravitational collapse of the order of 2.0–2.5, considerably larger than the average expected values for typical terrestrial craters. As a result, we obtain a crater collapse in between simple and complex, where slumping and gravitational collapse counteract the crater floor uplift and lead to suppression and burial of the central high. The Mjolnir impact in a shallow sea was responsible for a major disturbance of the water column. Following the impact-induced outward water surge, large-amplitude tsunamis were formed, and the rapid resurge of seawater into the excavated crater transported large amounts of ejecta and crater wall material back into the crater, accounting for the redestribution of ejecta material and extensive infilling.
Latitude dependency of the geomagnetic secular variation S parameter: A mathematical artifact

Secular variation, the change in the Earth's magnetic field through time, reflects the energy state of the geodynamo. Secular variation is commonly quantified by paleomagnetists as the standard deviation of the angular distances of the virtual geomagnetic poles to their mean pole, known as the S value. This parameter has long been thought to exhibit latitude dependence [S(λ)], whose origin is widely attributed to a combination of time‐varying dipole and non‐dipole components. The slope and magnitude ofS(λ) are taken as a basis to understand the geomagnetic field and its evolution. Here we show that S(λ) stems from a mathematical aberration of the conversion from directions to poles, hence directional populations better quantify local estimates of paleosecular variation.
Free and polymerized tubulin in cultured bone cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells: the influence of cold and hormones

Free and polymerized tubulin were measured in bone cells and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells cultured on plastic substrata. Polymerized tubulin was stabilized in a microtubule- stabilizing medium (MSM) containing 50 percent glycerol and separated from free tubulin by centrifugation. Tubulin content was assayed in both fractions by the colchicines- binding assay. The measured degree of polymerization in both bone cells and CHO cells varied with stabilixation conditions. The degree of polymerization in both bone cells and CHO cells varied with stabilization conditions. The degree of polymerization in both bone cells and CHO cells varied with stabilization conditions. The degree of polymerization in attached cells was found to increase up to 73 percent during the first 20 min after addition of the MSM at 24 degrees C, and remained constant thereafter. Stabilization of 0 degrees C resulted in a decrease down to 62 percent in the degree of constant thereafter. Stabilization at 0 degrees C resulted in a decrease down to 62 percent in the degree of polymerization during the first 20 min after addition of the MSM at 24 degrees C, and remained constant thereafter. Confluent bone cells maintained at 0 degrees C for 1 h before stabilization contained significantly less polymerized tubulin than control cells kept at 37 degrees C using stabilization both at 0 degrees C and at 24 degrees C. Changes in bone cell morphology induced by incubation of cells with prostaglandin E(1) or E(2), parthyroid hormone, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP were not associated with a change in the degree of tubulin polymerization. This was confirmed morphologically by immunofluorescence using affinity-purified tubulin antibodies: microtubules in hormone- treated cells were not noticeably reorganized when compared to microtubule organization in control cells. They were, however, squeezed closer together in cellular pseudopods due to the altered cell shape. This altered cell shape appears to be correlated with disorganization of the microfilament system, since microfilaments, detected using affinity-purified actin antibodies, did alter drastically their appearance and distribution after hormone addition.
New excavations at the Tabun Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel, 1967-1972: a preliminary report

New excavations were undertaken in the Tabun Cave on Mount Carmel between 1967 and 1972 in an attempt to refine the geological and cultural history of the site. Current results indicate that the structure of the deposits is much more complex than had been believed, with over 60 discernable stratigraphie units and an important hiatus between the deposition of Layers N and D as designated by Professor Garrod. Pollen and sedimentary studies suggest that the lowest deposits in the site date to an interglacial interval equivalent to the Riss/Wurm of Western Europe, and that the deposits of uppermost Layer E and Layer D correspond to a cooler interval when the sea was at a greater distance from the cave. This is confirmed by the limited sample of faunal material from Layer D. Layer N and the overlying deposits appear to have accumulated relatively rapidly, coincident with the opening of the chimney in the inner chamber and during a somewhat warmer interval. The faunal changes observed by Miss Bate at this level seem to be best explained by a partial mixing of material from Layers N and D in the original excavation, and from the use of the cave as a natural trap rather than a place of habitation following the deposition of Layer N. The industrial sequence thus far analyzed is generally comparable to Garrod's succession with several specific exceptions. The deepest layers sampled precede the hiatus marked by the opening of the "swallow-hole" in the outer chamber and contain an industry that shows features of both Layers F and G. The lower portions of Layer E, which are possibly separated from the upper portions by a disconformity, contain very abundant artifacts, some in a dense concentration which may be natural in origin. Amudian artifacts seem most concentrated near the junction of Layers Ea and Eb, as reported by Garrod. The industry of Layer D, which seems to follow E without a significant time gap, is distinctive in its high concentrations of Levallois blades and points. Layer C, which was deposited following an extensive collapse of sediments in the inner chamber, is essentially as described by Garrod. However, in earlier levels it shows heavier artifact concentrations, including manufacturing debris, and a thin scatter of artifacts in later levels as roof-fall from the chimney becomes more abundant.
Bioinformatics Original Paper Bayesian Search of Functionally Divergent Protein Subgroups and Their Function Specific Residues

Motivation: The rapid increase in the amount of protein sequence data has created a need for an automated identification of evolutionarily related subgroups from large datasets. The existing methods typically require a priori specification of the number of putative groups, which defines the resolution of the classification solution. Results: We introduce a Bayesian model-based approach to simultaneous identification of evolutionary groups and conserved parts of the protein sequences. The model-based approach provides an intuitive and efficient way of determining the number of groups from the sequence data, in contrast to the ad hoc methods often exploited for similar purposes. Our model recognizes the areas in the sequences that are relevant for the clustering and regards other areas as noise. We have implemented the method using a fast stochastic optimization algorithm which yields a clustering associated with the estimated maximum posterior probability. The method has been shown to have high specificity and sensitivity in simulated and real clustering tasks. With real datasets the method also highlights the residues close to the active site.