Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human Papillomavirus infection in oral and anogenital sites: prevalence and rates of concordance

Introduction: HPV infection causes cancer at several anatomical sites. However, the infection’s natural history in non-cervical sites is understudied. Objective: To evaluate oral and anogenital HPV infections, correlating HPV prevalence rates and genotypes with site of infection and risk factors. Methods: In the present study, 351 samples from oral, genital, and anal sites of 117 patients were investigated by using PCR MY09/11 detection, followed by genotyping with RFLP. Results: HPV DNA prevalence was 89.7% (105/117) in genital lesions, 53.8% (63/117) in oral samples, and 58.9% (69/117) in anal samples. Regarding the risk factors associated with HPV in genital lesions, statistically significant rates for oral (p=0.039) and anal sex practices (p=0.0000012) were found. For oral samples, a relevant correlation concerning oral contraceptive use (p=0.039), tobacco smoking (p=0.036), and alcohol use (p=0.0075) were observed; whereas in anal samples, higher risk for HPV infection in patients who reported non-exclusive sexual partners (p=0.013) were found. The presence of viral DNA in all the three sites concurrently was observed in 36.8% of the cases (43/117). Among them, 18% (21/117) presented concordant HPV genotypes, diverging from the literature, and thus corroborating that there is still much to learn about HPV natural history, since different biological behaviors are expected within different populations. Differences in anatomy and physiology of the studied sites can determine different prevalence rates of infection by diverse genotypes. Conclusion: Due to the high prevalence of HPV DNA in extragenital sites, further studies are required to define aspects of HPV natural history among different human anatomical sites.
Metastasis to The Submandibular Gland In Patients Presenting With Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background:Approximately one third of patients undergoing neck dissection procedure that includes gland resection experience xerostomia, particularly nocturnal xerostomia. Metastasis to level 1b lymph nodes in patients presenting with OSCC is considered frequent, however, submandibular gland invasion is rare and preservation of the gland offers multiple benefits. Objective:The objective is to study the prevalence of submandibular gland involvement in patients presenting with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Methods:It’s a cross sectional analytical study consisting of 90 patients presenting with biopsy proven OSCC. All patients presenting to centers of Dow university of health sciences are included in the study. Data entry and analysis was carried out on SPSS version 21. Results are expressed in frequencies and percentages. Chi squared test was applied to analyze the relationship between submandibular gland involvement and patient’s sociodemographic and tumor related variables. Results:A total of 90 participants were a part of the study. 71.1% were male whereas 28.9% were female. The median age is 48. The most common tumor site among our patients is buccal mucosa (63.3%). The depth of invasion ranged from 0.2cm to 5cm (median 0.95cm) with round 55.6% patients presenting with depth of invasion <1cm. Majority of the patients (48.9%) presented with stage IVa (AJCC). 71.1% had level 1b negative nodes, whereas 28.9% patients demonstrated positive level 1b nodes. 50% of the patients presented with stage IVa. Number of patients with submandibular gland involvement were 5. Conclusion:Based on the results of our study, due to rare involvement of submandibular gland, it should be persevered wherever possible and decision to preserve should be based on determinants, such as, primary tumor site, level 1b involvement and depth of invasion.
Intelligence Impact of Children with Endemic Fluorosis Caused by Fluoride from Coal Burning

Objective To explore the adverse effect of endemic fluorosis caused by fluoride from coal burning on the intelligence of children. Methods Four primary schools were selected respectively from slight, moderate, severe endemic fluorosis areas and the control area in Xinhua county of Hu'nan Province, and twenty children of grade 5 were randomly chosen in each school. The seriousness of dental fluorosis was examined by Dean's method and intelligence level was evaluated by CRT-RC. The morning urine was collected and the fluoride content in urine was measured by fluoride ion selection electrode method. Results The dental fluorosis was positively related to the fluoride content in urine (P0.01). A significant difference of children's IQ was seen among the different disease areas (P0.01), and the children's IQ tended to decrease with seriousness of dental fluorosis. There was a negative correlation between children's IQ and urinary fluoride content (P0.01). In the abilities of cognition and analogical comparison, the difference was not significant among the different disease degree groups (P0.05), but the difference was significant in the abilities of comparative inference, serial relationship and abstract inference (P0.05). Conclusion The high fluoride exposure has an adverse effect on children's intelligence development, especially in the capacity of abstract inference.
Anaerobic digestion of microalgal (Chlorella vulgaris) biomass as a source of biogas and biofertilizer

Increased energy demand of the world poses risk because of the limitation of fossil fuel resources. Moreover, global warming has been reached to an alarming level because of carbon dioxide emissions originated from different anthropogenic activities. Therefore, alternative energy sources are needed, and in this sense, anaerobic digestion of microalgal biomass for biomethane production might be one attractive approach. In this study, biogas production from biomass of Chlorella vulgaris grown on wastewater with air as nutrient was investigated at mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. Moreover, the digestate of anaerobic reactors was tested for its biofertilizer potential. Experimental results indicated that the average biogas and biomethane production per gram of volatile solids (VSs) was 238 and 99 mL/g VS, respectively. The removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 59% and 46% for mesophilic and thermophilic reactors, respectively. Acetic and isobutyric acids were the main volatile fatty acids detected in the reactor effluent. They ranged between 2.5–5.0 and 5–15 mM, respectively. When the fertilizer quality of the digestate of the anaerobic reactors fed with microalgal biomass is considered, it was observed that it does not correspond to any significant value as a fertilizer and soil conditioner. However, the fertilizer potential of the digestate of the reactors can be improved by increasing the influent COD concentration and the loading rate. Then, it can be used as an ingredient to produce commercial fertilizers. Coupling wastewater treatment with renewable energy production from the produced microalgal biomass not only decreases the sludge to be handled and associated costs but also provides a sustainable means of wastewater treatment. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 936–941, 2016
The Secret of Health in the Daily Cuisine: the Typical Health Vegetables in the Local Markets in Central Myanmar

BackgroundCentral Myanmar locate in the Indo-Burma Biodiversity hotspot, and Barma people is the main ethnic group which had settled there over thousands years ago. Nevertheless, as the major Myanmar ethnic group, Bamar people were ignored in Ethnobotanical studies. Market surveys are considered a good strategy for the preliminary screening of potential Ethnopharmacological plant resources. In the present study, we focused on the local health knowledge of vegetables of Bamar people in local markets.Materia and methods:In the present study, we surveyed the local markets, then recorded, collected, identified and catalogued the typical vegetables, and document the knowledge of health benefits of the collected vegetables, then analyze the information of vegetables and local knowledge. The observation and interviews were used in field study, and the Ethnobotanical Indexes were used to analyze the local knowledge. We compare the local knowledge we collected with traditional medicine literatures.Results10 Markets and fairs were selected in Mandalay Region, Magway Region, Yangon Region and Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory, and in a total of 277 vegetable stalls or shops were visited. 132 plant taxa were collected and identified. Many of the healthy vegetables were cited as functional food had health benefit by the informants (106 taxa, 80.3%) while others were just regarded as “good for health” (26 taxa, 19.7%). Over half of the taxa were recorded as traditional medicinal plants with health functions in previous studies. The main health function of the vegetables was treating digestion problems.ConclusionThe diversity and use of the health vegetables in central Myanmar were very rich. Some previous Phytochemical and Pharmacological studies on these plants showed that their extracts had effective activities or compounds related to health functions. It should be noted the food safety of the vegetables in future researches.Yu Zhang and Jian-Wen Li contribute equally to the article.
Effect of Mannan Oligosaccharide (MOS) on growth, physiological and immune performance parameters of broiler chickens

Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) are obtained from the outer cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These (MOS) are among widely searched class to be used as feed additives in broiler chicken diets. Supplementation of Mannan oligo saccharides (MOS) are judiciously valuable in getting better growth performance, boosting immunity and attaining better physiological conditions during rearing of broiler chickens due to its capability of attaining equilibrium between beneficial and harmful microflora in the digestive tract, which is essential for regular working of gastro-intestinal tract. This study was intended to find out the influence of MOS supplementation on growth parameters, boost in immune status and physiological performance parameters to be tested in broilers. Significantly improved (P 0.05) difference among bursa, thymus and spleen weight. Effects of supplementing different concentration (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 grams/kg for 42 days) of MOS on different haematological (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) and serum biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, protein, globulin, albumin, cholesterol urea and creatinine) and haemoglobin showed a non-significant difference (P>0.05) in all treatment groups.
CROP RESIDUE DECOMPOSITION AS AFFECTED BY GROWTH UNDER ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2

Increasing atmospheric CO 2 level has led to concerns about process changes in the biosphere. Elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration has been shown to increase plant biomass, resulting in greater amounts of residue returned to soil. However, the effects on long-term storage of C in soil are highly debated. Changes in both quantity and quality of plant residue, as well as residue management, may alter soil C and N dynamics that will, in turn, affect the ability of soil to store C. Plant residues were collected from an experiment using open top chambers to increase C0 2 levels under field conditions. A soil incubation study was conducted with a Blanton loamy sand (loamy siliceous, thermic, Grossarenic Paleudults) to examine the effect of residue additions to two crop species (soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. and grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), grown at two CO 2 concentrations (ambient and twice ambient), and two incorporation treatments (incorporated or surface placement) on potential C and N mineralization. The difference in biomass inputs between plants grown in ambient and elevated atmospheric CO 2 was also considered. Simulated residue incorporation reduced inorganic N concentration but had no effect on C mineralization. Both inorganic N content and C mineralization were higher with soybean than with grain sorghum. Although changes to both plant residue quality and quantity caused by elevated CO 2 concentration affected C cycling in soil, residue quality may be more important for determining C storage. Nitrogen cycling in soil may be a controlling factor for C storage in terrestrial ecosystems.
Capacitance Characterization of Elastomeric Dielectrics for Applications in Intrinsically Stretchable Thin Film Transistors

Stretchable electronics exhibit unique mechanical properties to expand the applications areas of conventional electronics based on rigid wafers. Intrinsically stretchable thin film transistor is an essential component for functional stretchable electronics, which presents a great opportunity to develop mechanically compliant electronic materials. Certain elastomers have been recently adopted as the gate dielectrics, but their dielectric properties have not been thoroughly investigated for such applications. Here, a charging measurement technique with a resistor–capacitor circuit is proposed to quantify the capacitance of the dielectric layers based on elastomers. As compared with conventional methods, the technique serves as a universal approach to extract the capacitance of various elastomers under static conditions, irrespective of the charging mechanisms. This technique also offers a facile approach to reliably quantify the mobility of thin film transistors based on elastomeric dielectrics, paving the way to utilize this class of dielectrics in the development of intrinsically stretchable transistors.
From temperature to reactivity : optical diagnosis of high-density plasmas

Plasma dissociation of CO2 in a 2.45 GHz, 1 kW microwave reactor is studied with laser scattering, FTIR, and optical emission to quantify the contribution of nonthermal processes. Two operating regimes are identi ied as function of pressure: the diffuse and constricted plasma mode. Their occurrence is caused by microwave propagation behaviour, which changes with the electron-heavy particle collision frequency νe−h. In the diffuse mode, gas temperatures of 1500 3500 K are determined. The measured conversion degree, speci ic energy input, and temperature are used as input for a two-temperature thermal model, which is solved to obtain the gas temperature at the periphery of the reactor and the size of the hot zone. Solutions are found with edge temperatures of hundreds of K, and hot zone fractions which agree with the measured behaviour. The agreement shows that non-thermal processes are not needed to explain the reactor parameters in the diffuse discharge. In the constricted mode, the radial plasma size is independent of power. A skin depth equal to the plasma size corresponds to electron densities of 1018 1019 m−3. Temperatures in the central ilament are in the range 3000 5000 K. Both discharge modes are up to 50 % energy ef icient in CO production. The Rayleigh signal in the afterglow increases, which could be interpreted as gas cooling, but the composition dependence of the Rayleigh scattering cross section makes this interpretation speculative.
A Recursive Quantizer Design Algorithm for Binary-Input Discrete Memoryless Channels

The optimal quantization of output binary-input discrete memoryless channels is considered, whereby the optimal quantizer preserves at least a constant <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-fraction of the original mutual information, with the smallest output cardinality. Two recursive methods with top-down and bottom-up approaches are developed; these methods lead to a new necessary condition for the recursive quantizer design. An efficient algorithm with linear complexity, based on dynamic programming and the new necessary optimality condition, is proposed.
Clinical features and prognostic factors of male breast cancer vs. female breast cancer

Background To investigate the clinicopathological features and prognostic factors of male breast cancer (MBC) and female breast cancer (FBC) patients. Methods A total of 90 MBC and 180 FBC patients were included in this retrospective study. The clinicopathological features, disease-free survival rate (DFSR), and overall survival rate (OSR) were compared between the two groups. Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze the factors affecting the survival rates. Results Most MBC were invasive ductal carcinoma (70/90, 77.8%) and luminal type (83/90, 92.2%), and were treated with modified radical mastectomy (78/90, 86.7%). Compared with women, there were more patients with one-set age of ≥70 years old, having family history of cancer, comorbid with underlying diseases in the male patients. They also had higher portion of patients at T3 and T4 stages. The rates of male patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy, chemotherapy and endocrine therapy were lower (P<0.05) than female patients. OSR and DFSR were lower in the male patients than in the female patients (P<0.05). T stage, TNM stage, the status of progesterone receptor and endocrine therapy were independent prognostic factors for survival of MBC (P<0.05); TNM stage, chemotherapy or endocrine therapy were independent factors for survival of FBC (P<0.05). Conclusions Compared with FBC, MBC occurs later with more underlying diseases and lower survival rates. MBC is less active in adjuvant therapy and endocrine therapy. Since MBC has more luminal type, increased endocrine therapy may improve the survival.
Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Phosphorus and Potassium on their Different Fractions under Potato-Radish Cropping Sequence in a Brown Hill Soil

Field experiments were conducted during 2004–05 to 2006–07 at Central Potato Research Institute's farm on brown soils in mid hills of Shimla to investigate the role of organic and inorganic sources of phosphorus and potassium on different fractions of phosphorus and potassium in soil after three cycles in a potato-radish sequence. The eight manurial treatments consisted of inorganic and organic sources of nutrients. The potato crop received differential doses of phosphorus and potassium from inorganic fertilizers or FYM as per schedule of treatments whereas succeeding radish crop received only N. Application of recommended dose of N along with 50% PK from inorganic fertilizers and rest from FYM (on K basis) in potato resulted in the highest dry matter yield of potato (5.72 t ha−1). This treatment also gave highest dry matter yield of following radish crop (1.89 t ha−1). Therefore, for the higher productivity of the potato-radish system, 25 to 50% of the recommended dose of P and K fertilizers could be replaced with FYM in the mid hill soils of Himachal Pradesh. Results showed significant variations in different fractions of phosphorus and potassium and soil chemical properties. Highest soil pH (6.50) was obtained with application of 100% PK from farmyard manure (FYM on K basis). Likewise, integrated use of 50% PK from inorganic fertilizers and 50% from FYM resulted in highest organic carbon and available P content in soil. Total N and available K were, however, higher when 75% PK was applied though inorganic fertilizers and 25% from FYM. Fractionation studies revealed significant increase in saloid-P, AI-P, Ca-P and various forms of K under integrated use of inorganic fertilizers and FYM.
The Model and Strategic Design of Taoist Chinese Temples Built in the 19th Century in Klang Valley, Malaysia

Chinese Taoist temples feature distinctive architecture styles which signify Chinese descendants. Majority of these authentic designs are inherited and imitated from ancient China c. 1600–221 BC ( the Shang dynasty (商朝) c.1600-1046 BCE and Zhou dynasty (周朝) 1046-256 BC), particularly with regard to Geomancy or feng shui (风水). This paper aimed to investigate the design typology, model, and strategic design of Chinese Taoist temples constructed in the 19th century in Malaysia. Ten temples were selected for analysis, and these samples were assessed qualitatively under consolidation of building model for analyzation. Results revealed that none of the buildings formed a quadrangle; instead, these building models were merely strategized in either a rectangular or a square shape. This could be due to the topological features and scales of the buildings. The results also showed that all the sample buildings attempted to compromise the theory of quadrangle, which is a good mechanism for air ventilation. Only half of the sample buildings achieved the scientific theory of ‘efficient pollutant clearance’ for maintaining air quality within the interior of the buildings as the remaining 50% of the building samples did not have a water outlet built within the parameter of their courtyards. The findings suggest that the owners of these buildings may not have an in-depth understanding of the principle of ‘quadrangle’. Therefore, the author suggests that a model of design typology must be clearly formulated in order to conceptualize a better interior environment for Chinese Taoist temples.
Explaining inter‐ethnic marriage in Sub‐Saharan Africa

We use Demographic and Health Survey data to undertake the largest ever examination into the causes of inter-ethnic marriage in contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa and document a number of novel findings. First, we show that inter-ethnic marriage rates are high, at 19.4% on average, vary significantly across countries, and are rising over time. Second, we show that individual variables associated with modernization such as urbanization, literacy/education, and declines in polygamy and agricultural employment are correlated with inter-ethnic marriage. Third, we show that inter-ethnic marriage is quadratically correlated with ethnic group size and negatively correlated with both educational homogamy and country-population size.
THE SOCIAL IS PROFESSIONAL: THE EFFECTS OF TEAM CLIMATE ON PROFESSIONAL OUTCOMES FOR LGBTQ PERSONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Following decades of research on gender and racial/ethnic inequality in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM), a new line of scholarship has emerged that centers the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) persons in STEM. This research has tended to focus on experiences of social marginalization within STEM contexts such as exclusion and harassment, but LGBTQ persons may also face a myriad of career-related disadvantages that are likely tight-ly entwined with social marginalization. In this article we ask, do negative social dynamics in LGBTQ professionals’ work environments foster professional disadvantages by LGBTQ status? Drawing on survey data from an insightful case of environmental scientists working in academic teams, we find that LGBTQ scientists were less likely to experience professional respect, had more frequent encounters with negative authorship practices, and were less likely to experience positive career mentoring than their peers. LGBTQ scientists were less likely than cisgender-heterosexual scientists to experience positive interpersonal climates in their teams (in the form of procedural justice and inclusivity) and we find that these more negative team climate experiences significantly mediated (i.e., helped account for) LGBTQ status differences along two of the three professional outcomes (professional respect and authorship experiences). These findings underscore the importance of accounting for how negative social environments for LGBTQ STEM professionals can translate into negative professional outcomes. We end by discussing the implications of these results for LGBTQ inequality research and for advancing more equitable team contexts in STEM.