Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Survey on Major Honey Bee Pests and Predators in Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Finfine in Walmara District

The study was conducted from October to March 2014 in Welmera district Oromia region, Ethiopia to survey on major honey bee pests and predators and to asses on other bee keeping constraints. Cross-sectional types of studies were used to collect data. Using a purposive sampling technique, 126 households were interviewed. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20 software. From the total of 126 sample households interviewed to generate qualitative and quantitative data on beekeeping, about 91.3% were male headed and the rest 8.7% were female headed with the average family size of 5.5 persons, with maximum and minimum family size of 12 and 1 person, respectively. The experience of the respondents rests between 5-10 years (40.5%), greater than ten years (39.7%) and less than five years (19.84%) decreasing order. The age of the respondents were mostly found between 15-64 years (90.48%) and 9.52% is greater than 64 years of age. This result shows that beekeeping can be performed by economically active age groups and in most cases people at younger and old age is actively engaged in beekeeping activities. The range of total bee hives owned by the sample respondents were ranged from 1-38 with the mean average of 7.635 and 5.755 Std.Dev. According to the result obtained the sample respondents have knowledge on pests and predators as 75.4% of the sample respondents were lose up to five colony due to pests and predators and 93.65% of the sample respondents were recognize as weak colony is more susceptible to any disease than other colony. The general effect caused by pests and predators is colony dew as it was underlined by 80.95% of the respondents. Respondents were asked to identify major honeybee pests and predators. Based on the result of this study, the existence of pests and predators were a major challenge to the honeybees and beekeepers. After having identified the major pests facing the beekeeping activities, farmers were requested to rank them and the result indicated that bee eater birds (67.46%), ants (66.67%), wax moth (39.68%), lizards (26.68), termites (18.25%) and hive beetles (13.49%) were the most harmful pests in order of decreasing importance.
Determinants For Youth Access To Government Procurement Opportunities In Kenya: A Case Of Judiciary

Public procurement is undergoing a paradigm shift; from a clerical government function to a more strategic function and as such being used as an effective tool to drive policy and development agendas. Statistics however indicate poor Youth access to government procurement. For instance, a survey by the Women Enterprise Fund, established that only 1.4 % of needs were sourced from special interest groups. This study therefore sought to establish the critical success factors for youth acccess to government procurement as its general objective. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design to study where the main instrument for data collection was a questionnaire. The target population for the study was hence drawn from the 302 employees of the juduciary in Nairobi; with the sample size of 169 respondents, obtained through stratified sampling of employees from judiciary offices in Nairobi. Descriptive analysis such as mean, frequencies and percentages were used to analyze the data; and the data is presented in graphs, bar chart and pie charts all generated by the use of microsoft windows office version 10. With the assistance of Statistical software, the study applied inferential statistics to analyze the relationship between Youth access to government procurement and; Access to financial resources, Access to information, ethical issues and technical capacity using the regression analysis presented in this project. After the multiple regression analysis using the SPSS package version 21,the software determined R-squared a quantity used to check for goodness of fit and dertemine the percentage variation on the dependent variable explained by the independent variable. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) used to test the level of significance of the variables on the dependent variable at 95% level of confidence. Findings reveal that youth access to government procurement opportunities in the Judiciary of Kenya has improved over the last 5 years, running from 2011 to 2015. Financial resources was found to be a key deterrent to a significant number of youths from accessing government procurement opportunities as most are not in a capacity to raise capital to finance contracts if awarded. It was also found that information on procurement opportunities is however generally highly and widely available for the youth to access. It was however notable that most advertisements are done on print media, which ideally, youth do not have as much interest in, as they would social media. The study also found that a major hindrance to youth access to procurement opportunities is unethical conducts among bidders. The study finally found that most youth bidders possess the requisite technical skills and capacity to participate in bidding.
Effect of FTS-based perioperative nursing on postoperative rehabilitation of tibia-fibula fracture

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effects of fast track surgery (FTS)-based perioperative nursing in patients with tibia-fibula fracture. Methods: 79 patients with tibia-fibula fracture in our hospital from June 2018 to May 2019 were divided into the Group 1 (G1, n=40, FTS-based perioperative nursing) and the Group 2 (G2, n=39, routine perioperative nursing) according to their time of admission. Postoperative recovery, swelling of the affected limb, pain intensity, incidence of complications, ankle range of motion (ROM), and functions of lower extremities were compared between the two groups. Results: Compared with the G2, the G1 consumed less time to first exsufflation, stay in the hospital, and fracture healing (P<0.05), and obtained lower swelling scores of the affected limb from 1 week to 4 weeks and VAS scores at the end, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after the surgery (P<0.05), higher scores of ankle function and knee joint function at 3 and 6 months, and larger extension, bending, pronation, supination, loaded eversion and inversion angles of the ankle at 6 months (P<0.05). Furthermore, the incidence of complications was 12.50% in the G1 and 30.77% in the G2 (P<0.05). Conclusion: While improving ankle ROM and functions of lower extremities, FTS-based perioperative nursing can reduce swelling, postoperative deep vein thrombosis of lower extremities and other complications in patients with tibia-fibula fracture.
Not Everything Needs to Be Big or Small: Evidence from Children’s Interpretation of Vague Adjectives

Adjectives such as big and small are vague predicates, which are characterized by (i) their context-dependent interpretation and (ii) the existence of ‘borderline cases’ (e.g., Kennedy, 2007). Vague adjectives are gradable, that is, they must be interpreted relative to a standard of comparison to evaluate whether the property introduced by the adjective holds of an individual. Crucially, for vague adjectives this standard is context-dependent. Consider Figure 1: water balloon 8 may be considered big in a context of other water balloons, but not for toys in general. This context-dependency is also mirrored by the relation between antonyms: the negation of one form (e.g., The water balloon is not big) does not entail the assertion of the other (e.g., The water balloon is small) (Kennedy, 2007; Solt, 2011). According to Kennedy (2007), this inference is not possible because the standards for big and small need not be the same due to their context dependency. Let us turn to the second property of vague predicates, the existence of borderline cases. Borderline cases are entities for which it is difficult to judge whether a predicate like is big is true or false. In the context displayed in Figure 1, there is a set of objects that can be clearly judged as big (e.g., water balloons 6, 7, and 8) and a set of objects that can be clearly judged as not big (e.g., water balloons 1, 2, and 3). In addition, there may be objects that are more difficult to judge as big or not big (e.g., water balloons 4 and 5).
Interactive effects of grazing and shrubs on the annual plant community in semi-arid Mediterranean shrublands

Abstract Question: We studied the interactive effects of grazing and dwarf shrub cover on the structure of a highly diverse annual plant community. Location: Mediterranean, semi-arid shrubland in the Northern Negev desert, Israel. Methods: Variation in the biomass and plant density of annual species in the shrub and open patches was monitored during four years, inside and outside exclosures protected from sheep grazing, in two contrasting topographic sites: north and south-facing slopes that differed in their dominant dwarf shrubs species: Sarcopoterium spinosus and Corydothymus capitatus, respectively. Results: Above-ground biomass, density and richness of annual species were lower under the canopy of both shrub species compared to the adjacent open patches in the absence of grazing. Grazing reduced the biomass of annuals in open patches of both topographic sites, but not in the shrub patches. On the north-facing slope, grazing also reduced plant density and richness in the open patches, but increased plant density in the shrub patches. At the species level, various response patterns to the combined effects of grazing and patch type were exhibited by different annuals. Protection against the direct impacts of grazing by shrub cover as well as species-specific interactions between shrubs and annuals were observed. A conceptual mechanistic model explaining these interactions is proposed. Conclusion: In semi-arid Mediterranean shrublands grazing and dwarf shrub cover interact in shaping the structure of the annual plant community through (1) direct impacts of grazing restricted to the open patches, (2) species-specific facilitation/interference occurring in the shrub patches and (3) subsequent further processes occurring among the interconnected shrub and open patches mediated through variation in seed flows between patches. Nomenclature: Feinbrun-Dothan & Danin 1998.
Benefits and Mechanisms of Group Living in the Nomadic Social Forager Malacosoma disstria

The present work has two main objectives; to determine the benefits and the mechanisms of group-living in M. disstria caterpillars. A combination of laboratory and field experiments showed that groups of M. disstria caterpillars can thermoregulate, that body temperatures achieved while basking in a group coincided with temperatures at which development rate is maximal for this species, and resulted in higher growth rates in the laboratory. Not only is collective thermoregulatory behaviour possible and advantageous in this species, it also drives much of the colony’s behaviour, in large part dictating temporal and spatial patterns of movement. The objective of the second section of the study was to determine if the gregarious habit of M. disstria caterpillars is advantageous against different invertebrate natural enemies as a function of group size and larval instar. We found that behavioural tactics in response to attacks were specifically tailored to the particular mortality agents acting on them and were more diverse and more effective for larger caterpillars. We also show that grouping benefits caterpillars through both the dilution of risk and group defences. Synchronization of activity between individuals is necessary to derive the benefits that ensue from an aggregated lifestyle. Which individuals decide which activities to perform and when to perform them is therefore a fundamental question. The results of our study indicate that unfed caterpillars initiate foraging bouts and are more likely to lead locomotion. Consistent behavioural differences between individuals, if they exist, are therefore not necessary to explain task allocation and synchronisation during foraging in this species. In conclusion, these findings suggest that group thermoregulation and protection from predation may be important selection pressures keeping larval colonies of M. disstria together. Like other groups of animals with self-organization, these caterpillars are able to make collective decisions as a result of individual behaviours in order to benefit from these advantages.
USING A LIENARD-WIECHERT SOLVER TO STUDY COHERENT SYNCHROTRON RADIATION EFFECTS

We report on coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) modeling using a massively parallel, first-principles 3D Lienard-Wiechert solver. The solver is able to perform simulations with hundreds of millions to billions of simulation particles, the same as the real-world number of electrons per bunch typically present in modern accelerators. We have recently extended this tool to model a variety of beam transport systems including undulators. In this paper we provide an overview of the tool and present several examples. We also describe the concept of a Lienard-Wiechert particle-mesh (LWPM) code, and how such a code might make it possible to perform parallel, self-consistent modeling using a Lienard-Wiechert approach.
Identification of the fungal catabolic D-galacturonate pathway

Pectin is a natural polymer consisting mainly of D-galacturonic acid monomers. Microorganisms living on decaying plant material can use D-galacturonic acid for growth. Although bacterial pathways for D-galacturonate catabolism had been described previously, no eukaryotic pathway for D-galacturonate catabolism was known at the beginning of this work. The aim of this work was to identify such a pathway. In this thesis the pathway for D-galacturonate catabolism was identified in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. The pathway consisted of four enzymes: NADPH-dependent D-galacturonate reductase (GAR1), L-galactonate dehydratase (LGD1), L-threo-3-deoxy-hexulosonate aldolase (LGA1) and NADPH-dependent glyceraldehyde reductase (GLD1). In this pathway Dgalacturonate was converted to pyruvate and glycerol via L-galactonate, L-threo3-deoxy-hexulosonate and L-glyceraldehyde. The enzyme activities of GAR1, LGD1 and LGA1 were present in crude mycelial extract only when T. reesei was grown on D-galacturonate. The activity of GLD1 was equally present on all the tested carbon sources. The corresponding genes were identified either by purifying and sequencing the enzyme or by expressing genes with homology to other similar enzymes in a heterologous host and testing the activities. The new genes that were identified were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and resulted in active enzymes. The GAR1, LGA1 and GLD1 were also produced in S. cerevisiae as active enzymes with a polyhistidine-tag, and purified and characterised. GAR1 and LGA1 catalysed reversible reactions, whereas only the forward reactions were observed for LGD1 and GLD1. When gar1, lgd1 or lga1 was deleted in T. reesei the deletion strain was unable to grow with D-galacturonate as the only carbon
Cultural Energy Analysis of Pasturing Systems for Cattle Finishing Programs

ABSTRACT Data from a three-year study conducted to integrate pasturing systems with drylot feeding systems were used to assess cultural energy analysis of the cattle production systems. Each year, 84 fall-born and 28 spring-born calves of similar genotypes were brought from Oklahoma and used in the experiment. Fall-born and spring-born calves were started on test in May and October, respectively. Seven treatments were imposed: (1) fall-born calves directly into feedlot; (2) and (3) fall-born calves put on pasture with or without an ionophore and moved to the feedlot at the end of July; (4) and (5) fall-born calves put on pasture with or without an ionophore and moved to the feedlot at the end of October; and (6) and (7) spring-born calves put on pasture with or without an ionophore and moved to the feedlot at the end of October. A 12.1 ha bromegrass pasture was available and divided into 16 paddocks of 0.69 ha each. Each treatment group had access to one paddock at a time and was rotated through one of four paddocks at approximately 3-day intervals. In the feedlot, steers were provided an 82% concentrate diet containing whole-shelled corn; ground alfalfa hay; and a protein, vitamin, and mineral supplement containing ionophore and molasses. When pens of cattle reached approximately 522 kg average live weight, they were processed into beef. Cultural energy used for pasture establishment and maintenance was calculated using the actual inputs and their corresponding energy values from literature. Cultural energy used for feedlot operations for Kansas feedlots obtained from literature was used. Cultural energy used for feed for treatments was derived from their corresponding lot feed consumption and their corresponding values from literature. Transportation energy was also included in the analysis. Since the objective of the study was to evaluate cultural energy analysis of the feeding systems, energy that the calves had deposited in their muscle and fat tissue when they were bought was deducted from carcass energy. Cattle going directly to feedlot had higher total cultural energy expenditures and those that spent longer time on pasture had lower than other treatments (P < 0.01). Feed energy constituted more than half of the total cultural energy and was highest for cattle going directly to feedlot and lowest for cattle spending the longest time on pasture (P < 0.01). Energy expended per kg live weight was highest for spring-born cattle (P < 0.01). The more time cattle spent on pasture, the lower was the energy output ratio defined as kcal input/kcal output (P < 0.01). Results show that pasturing for cattle is an effective way of reducing cultural energy expenditure and could be used to enhance the sustainability of agriculture and energy conservation.
NEANDERTAL DENTAL MORPHOLOGY: IMPLICATIONS FOR MODERN HUMAN ORIGINS

Research on Neandertal dentitions has been limited primarily to simple dental metrics, dental proportions and a few dental traits that seem to distinguish these from anatomically modern Homo sapiens (e.g., derived incisor morphology and taurodont molars). Consequently, Neandertal postcanine dental morphology has been generally assumed to be much like our own. This research examines this assumption through a systematic and comparative study of Neandertal postcanine dental morphology. Results are interpreted in light of two competing models for modern human origins: Multiregional Evolution (MRE) and Recent African Origin (RAO). Postcanine dental data were collected using the well-standardized methodology of the Arizona State University dental anthropology system. Additional dental traits were added by the author. Samples include individuals representing Homo erectus, archaic Homo sapiens, Neandertals, early anatomically modern Homo sapiens, Upper Paleolithic Europeans and seven recent human geographic populations. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses, together with cladistic analysis, were used to make quantified assessments of Neandertal affinities. The results are inconsistent with predictions of the Multiregional Evolution hypothesis as it concerns Europe: phenetic analyses indicate that contemporary and Upper Paleolithic Europeans are among the groups least similar to Neandertals, and that there is no evidence of gradual evolution toward the modern human dental condition in Europe. In addition, Neandertals were found to exhibit a number of dental traits whose frequencies and combination of occurrence should be considered uniquely derived in their lineage. The results of the cladistic analysis are inconsistent with the phylogenetic hypothesis that Neandertals and amHs share a recent common ancestor that is unique to them. Instead, the data are consistent with a hypothesis that archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertals share a more recent common ancestor with each other then either does with anatomically modern Homo sapiens. Finally, the complete lack of derived Neandertal dental traits in Upper Paleolithic Europeans is difficult to reconcile with hypotheses of intensive gene flow between Neandertals and Upper Paleolithic Europeans. The fact that Upper Paleolithic Europeans and early amHs are phenetically similar, together with the fact that Upper Paleolithic Europeans are less similar to recent Europeans than to some other recent groups, likely indicates that the modern European dental pattern was acquired relatively recently. Finally, the overall phenetic similarity and evidence for dental synapomorphies between Neandertals and European archaic Homo sapiens conform to the hypothesis that European archaic Homo sapiens is best interpreted as an early representative of the Neandertal lineage.
Macroscopic Quantum Effects in Biophysics and Consciousness1

It is shown that investigations in the field of microwave resonance stimulation of the acupuncture system, as well as investigations of the interactions of consciousness with microscopic and macroscopic environment imply the existence of local and nonlocal macroscopic quantum biophysical effects, with great potential implications in medicine, psychology, biology, physics, engineering, and philosophy/religion. The parallels between classical and quantum Hopfield-like neural networks were also emphasized, as well as biophysical quantum-relativistic model of altered and transitional states of consciousness, the roots of relative metatheory of consciousness in the quantum decoherence theory, and anthropic "coincidences" in classical and quantum cosmology.
Relationship between locomotor activity, environmental factors, and timing of the spawning migration in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla

At the onset of sexual maturation, European eels Anguilla anguilla exhibit high locomotor activity which may correspond to migratory restlessness. We measured activity of captive eels and determined whether it correlated with downstream runs of silver eels as well as changes in environmental factors. Groups of eels at different stages of the silvering process (yellow to silver stage) were tagged and placed in separate tanks supplied with either river or tap water. Activity was measured by means of a flat-board antenna placed vertically in the middle of the tank at the surface of the water. Wild migrating silver eels were caught in the nearby river. Activity of eels in the river water tanks increased 1 to 2 days before downstream migrating eels were caught in the trap, and concurrently with a rise in turbidity and a decrease in conductivity. Activity of eels in the tap water tank showed a different pattern, which did not correspond to downstream runs. A peak in activity corresponded to a drop in tap water pH. It is concluded that eels do show periods of high locomotor activity at the onset of migration and this could be used to predict downstream migration. Movements are triggered by changes in water composition (as opposed to changes in discharge, atmospheric pressure and lunar cycle) measured using turbidity and/or conductivity as proxies. If eels are able to detect such small changes in water conductivity (80 µ Sc m −1 ), they may use it to find their way to the estuary.