Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Stability of the linear Transformation in Banach Spaces.

for any $x$ in $E$ . Theorem. $1ff(x)$ is an $ap\ell^{\prime}oximately$ linear transformation from $E$ into $E^{\prime}$ , then $t\gamma_{\iota e;^{\prime}e}$ is a linear transformation $\varphi(x)$ near $f(x)$ . And suck $\varphi(x)$ is unique. Proof. By the assumption there are $1\zeta_{0}(=>0)$ and $p(0\leqq p<1)$ such that (1) $|\lfloor[(2.x)/2-J(x)||\leqq I\zeta_{0}||x||^{P}$ . We shall now prove that
Interstellar matter in early-type galaxies - Optical observations

Results of optical observations of 26 bright elliptical galaxies selected on the basis of IRAS data are discussed. Optical broadband imaging (using B and R filters) and narrow-band imaging (using H-alpha interference filters) have been performed to study dust patches and ionized gas. Long-split spectroscopy has also been made to determine gas kinematics and relative line ratios. The spectroscopic data confirm the presence and distribution of interstellar matter (dust lanes and ionized gas) seen in the direct imaging. Decoupled kinematics of interstellar gas and stars favors an external origin of the interstellar matter. However, for one isolated galaxy, an internal origin is not excluded. The rotation curves determined by optical emission lines are symmetric around the center in most galaxies observed. Galaxy masses and mass-to-light ratios are estimated using the rotation curves of the ionized gas. 78 refs.
The Theory‐Dependence of the Use of Instruments in Science

The idea that the use of instruments in science is theory‐dependent seems to threaten the extent to which the output of those instruments can act as an independent arbiter of theory. This issue is explored by studying an early use of the electron microscope to observe dislocations in crystals. It is shown that this usage did indeed involve the theory of the electron microscope but that, nevertheless, it was possible to argue strongly for the experimental results, the theory of dislocations being tested, and the theory of the instrument, all at the same time.
Use of Glosses for Reading with Computers by Turkish Pre-Service English Language Teachers

The purpose of the study is to investigate the dictionary and glossary use of pre-service English language teachers while reading on the computer. The participants of the study were 26 first- and second-year pre-service English language teachers at a large Turkish public university. In order to explore their clicking and gloss-use behavior while reading, a web page with a pop-up glossary window was designed, and a screen capture tool was used to record the participants' actions. The findings of the study suggested that pre-service teachers were usually careful about their selection when they were looking up a word with. However, the results showed a discrepancy between the words that were claimed to be known and the words that were actually checked when reading with glossed texts. The study also confirmed learners' tendency for more look-ups with pop-up glosses mentioned in the literature.
Contextual challenges for implementing strategic environmental assessment in the Global South: insights from a case study in Mexico

ABSTRACT An increasing number of countries are implementing strategic environmental assessment (SEA) to support the development of environmentally sustainable policies, plans and programs. However, some Global South countries are yet to legislate for SEA and research is needed to understand the contextual challenges to implementing SEA effectively in these jurisdictions. Here, we examine Mexico’s first attempt at applying SEA to assess the potential impacts of urban development plans on a city-wide scale, including those on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Using stakeholder interviews and reflexive thematic analysis, we identify and discuss key factors to consider when formally implementing SEA in Mexico for it to achieve its intended objectives. We relate our findings to existing studies on SEA in Global South countries and discuss contextual challenges that may be shared by these jurisdictions, namely: limited knowledge and experience with SEA, low trust in public institutions, and limited institutional capacity of environmental agencies. We then provide recommendations for addressing these shared challenges, which may also prove useful for countries experiencing difficulties with the application of SEA.
Do age and size of companies affect female directors on boardrooms?

Gender diversity on boards is one of the attributes of good corporate governance practices. Male directors over the years have continued to dominate boards of corporate bodies. Our study is aimed at exploring the impact of older and matured companies on female directors on the boards. The study employs data of companies listed on the main floor of the Nigerian Stock Market from 2012-2016. The study segregated the sampling period into pre and post mandatory periods of the SEC code. Findings from the study revealed that throughout the periods, age of company is positive and significant. In the pre mandatory period, size of company is negatively significant. During the post mandatory and the entire sample period, size of company was found to be positively associated with female directors. This implies that fear of greater liabilities from the oversight body and public outrage have encouraged larger companies to have divergent boards in terms of gender.
Dynamic hippocampal functional connectivity responses to varying working memory loads following total sleep deprivation

Sleep loss with work overload can impact human cognitive performance. However, the brain's response to an increased working memory load following total sleep deprivation (TSD) remains unclear. In the present study, we focussed on the dynamic response of the hippocampus to increased working memory load before and after total sleep deprivation of 36 h. A total of 16 male participants completed a verbal working memory task under functional magnetic resonance imaging. After whole‐brain activation analysis and region of interest analysis of the hippocampus, the generalised form of context‐dependent psychophysiological interactions (gPPI) was used to analyse the hippocampal functional connectivity with the whole brain. The results revealed that as the working memory load increased within a small range, from 0‐back to 1‐back task, the left hippocampal functional connectivity decreased with the left supplementary motor area, left pars opercularis, left rolandic operculum, right superior frontal gyrus, bilateral precentral gyrus, and left middle cingulate cortex following total sleep deprivation compared with that observed in resting wakefulness. When the working memory load further increased from 1‐back to 2‐back task, the connectivity increased between the left hippocampus and the left superior parietal lobule as well as between the left hippocampus and right lingual gyrus after total sleep deprivation compared with that observed in resting wakefulness. Moreover, the left hippocampus gPPI effect on the left middle cingulate cortex and left superior parietal lobule could predict the behavioural test accuracy in 1‐back and 2‐back task, respectively, following total sleep deprivation. These findings indicated that increased working memory load after total sleep deprivation disrupts working memory processes. The brain reacts to these disruptions in a dynamic and flexible manner, involving not only brain activation but also hippocampus‐related functional network connections.
A preliminary study on the turbulence structure of flows of non-Newtonian fluid

The turbulence structure of flows of clay suspensions in smooth-boundary open channels were experimentally studied. Clay suspensions are non-Newtonian fluids. Transition from laminar to turbulent flows occurs when a Reynolds number Rem is between 2,000 and 10.000. Three layers can be identified in transitional flows, i.e. a) laminar sublayer, b) turbulent layer, and c) upper layer. In the upper layer the turbulence intensity is low or even equal to zero. The flow between the turbulent layer and the laminar sublayer is alternatively laminar and turbulent. For various concentrations of clay suspension the mean velocity profiles follow the Coles' velocity formula with negative wake parameter and smaller Karman constant. The distribution of turbulence intensity is far more nonuniform than that of water flow. The probability density and autocorrelation coefficient are discussed and it is concluded that the turbulence in the non-Newtonian flow is produced in the turbulent layer and high frequency turbulence is .
Power spectral signatures of interplanetary corotating and transient flows

Recent studies of the time behavior of the galactic cosmic ray intensity have concluded that-long term decreases in the intensity are generally associated with systems of interplanetary flows that contain flare-generated shock waves, magnetic clouds, and other transient phenomena. In this paper the magnetic field power spectral signatures of such flow systems are compared to power spectra obtained during times when the solar wind is dominated by stable corotating streams that do not usually produce long-livved reductions in the cosmic ray intensity. We find that the spectral signatures of these two types of regimes (transient and corotating) are distinct. However, the distinguishing features are not the same throughout the heliosphere. The transient flows at 1 AU tend to have smaller correlation lengths and larger magnetic helicity scale lengths than do the corotating flows. In data collected beyond 1 AU, the primary differences are in the power spectra of the magnitude of the magnetic field rather than in the power in the field components. Consequently, decreases in cosmic ray intensity are very likely due to magnetic mirror forces and gradient drifts rather than to pitch angle scattering.
The Influence of the Chain Length of Components on the Induction of Antiferroelectric Phase and the Helical Pitch of Mixtures

The results of helical pitch measurements for the systems, in which induced antiferroelectric phase is observed, are presented. The bicomponent systems composed of the chiral three ring ester with partially fluorinated terminal alkyl chain 4-(1-methylheptyloxycarbonyl)phenyl 4′-(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyloxy)biphenylate-4 and a member of homologous series of chiral three ring ester with protonated chain – 4-(1-methylheptyloxycarbonyl)biphenyl-4′-yl 4-(3-alkanoyloxyprop-1-oxy)benzoates were investigated. The influence of alkyl chain length and the concentration of the hydrogenous component on the induction and helical pitch are discussed. The increase of concentration of a component with the alkyl chain causes the increase of helical pitch in ferro and antiferroelectric phase. The increase of alkyl chain length causes the lengthening of helical pitch in ferroelectric phase and shortening of it in antiferroelectric phase.
Almost-primes represented by quadratic polynomials

Let G(x) be an irreducible polynomial with integer coefficients. It is conjectured that the set {n ∈ N : G(n) is prime} is infinite for most G(x). If Pr denotes the set of squarefree positive integers with at most r prime factors, we consider the set {n ∈ N : G(n) ∈ Pr} with the goal of showing that it is infinite for a suitable choice of r. Considerable work has been done on this problem, with the most notable results being due to Iwaniec, Buhštab, and Richert. Here we show that if deg(G(x)) = 2, then we may take r = 2.
Experimental Investigation of Opposing Mixed Convection in a Channel with an open Cavity Below

Abstract In this article, mixed convection in an open cavity with a heated wall bounded by a horizontal unheated plate is investigated experimentally. The heated wall is on the opposite side of the forced inflow. The results are reported in terms of wall temperature profiles of the heated wall and flow visualization. The range of pertinent parameters used in this experiment are Reynolds numbers (Re) from 100 to 2,000 and Richardson numbers (Ri) from 4.3 to 6,400. Also, the ratio between the length and the height of cavity (L/D) ranges from 0.5–2.0, and the ratio between the channel and cavity height (H/D) is equal to 1.0. The lack of experimental results on mixed convection in a channel with an open cavity below was an impetus for investigating this configuration when one cavity vertical wall is heated at uniform heat flux. The present results show that at the lowest investigated Reynolds number, the surface temperatures are lower than the corresponding surface temperatures for Re = 2,000 at the same ohmic heat flux. The flow visualization shows that for Re = 1,000, there are two nearly distinct fluid motions: a parallel forced flow in the channel and a recirculation flow inside the cavity. For Re = 100, the effect of a stronger buoyancy determines a penetration of thermal plumes from the heated plate wall into the upper channel. Moreover, the flow visualization shows that for lower Reynolds numbers, the forced motion penetrates inside the cavity, and a vortex structure is adjacent to the unheated vertical plate. At higher Reynolds numbers, the vortex structure has a larger extension while L/D is held constant.
Gender diversity and earnings management: Evidence from Bangladesh

This study aims to evaluate the impact of Gender-diversity on earnings manipulation using both accrual and real earnings management techniques. All the data has been gathered from yearly reports of recorded non-financial organizations in Bangladesh from 2011 to 2019; after necessary diagnostic checking, this study finally uses the OLS regression model to evaluate the relationship. Findings show that the non-financial organizations of Bangladesh are practicing both forms of earnings management simultaneously. Evidence illustrates that female directors on the board have no significant association with any proxies of accrual earnings management but are significantly positively associated with abnormal discretionary expenses. Moreover, the gender diversity of CEOs is negatively connected with abnormal production costs and positively associated with abnormal cash flow from operating activities, and the relationship is statistically significant. Policymakers and other stakeholders can use these findings to give more concentration on the issue of women's involvement at the corporate level and the development of governance issues. IIUC Business Review Vol. 9, Dec. 2020 pp. 111-133
An Analysis of Drug Dissolution Rates in the USP 24 Type 2 Apparatus

This paper applies boundary layer theory to the process of drug dissolution in the USP 24, Type 2 Apparatus. The mass transfer rate from the top flat surface of a compact in various positions within the device is evaluated by means of a Pohlhausen integral method. (© 2009 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mathematics Test Performance: The Effects of Item Type and Calculator Use

Previous research has provided conflicting findings about whether allowing the use of calculators changes the difficulty of mathematics tests or the time needed to complete the tests. Because the interpretation of results from standardized tests via norm tables depends on standardized conditions, the impact of allowing or not allowing examinees to use calculators while taking such tests would need to be specified as part of the standardizing condition. This article examines four item types that may perform differently under different conditions of calculator use. This article also examines the effect of testing under calculator and noncalculator conditions on testing time, reliability, item difficulty, and item discrimination.
Large financial markets : asymptotic arbitrage and contiguity

We introduce a large financial market as a sequence of ordinary security market models (in continuous or discrete time). An important property of such markets is the absence of asymptotic arbitrage, i.e., a possibility to obtain “essential” nonrisk profits from “infinitesimally” small endowments. It is shown that this property is closely related to the contiguity of the equivalent martingale measures. To check the "no asymptotic arbitrage" property one can use the criteria of contiguity based on the Hellinger processes. We give an example of a large market with correlated asset prices where the absence of asymptotic arbitrage forces the returns from the assets to approach the security market line of the CAPM.
The circumstellar envelopes of Be stars: viscous disc dynamics

We have constructed models of axisymmetric, circumstellar envelopes for Be star discs by successfully combining two numerical codes: a non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) radiative transfer code which calculates the level populations and disc temperature distribution self-consistently, and a hydrodynamical code. The output of one code is used as input to the other code, and hence evolving density and thermal structures may be examined. The temperatures, disc density and velocity distribution are used to investigate the outflowing viscous disc model for Be stars. We find that these simulations place constraints on the power-law density decrease in the disc with increasing distance from the star. We find that the power-law index for the line-forming region of the disc lies between 3 and 3.5 with a small dispersion.
SOLAR DYNAMICS OBSERVATORY/ATMOSPHERIC IMAGING ASSEMBLY OBSERVATIONS OF A REFLECTING LONGITUDINAL WAVE IN A CORONAL LOOP

We report high resolution observations from the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (SDO/AIA) of intensity oscillations in a hot, T ∼ 8–10 MK, loop. The AIA images show a large coronal loop that was rapidly heated following plasma ejection from one of the loop's footpoints. A wave-like intensity enhancement, seen very clearly in the 131 and 94 Å channel images, propagated ahead of the ejecta along the loop, and was reflected at the opposite footpoint. The wave reflected four times before fading. It was only seen in the hot, 131 and 94 Å channels. The characteristic period and the decay time of the oscillation were ∼630 and ∼440 s, respectively. The phase speed was about 460–510 km s−1 which roughly matches the sound speed of the loop (430–480 km s−1). The observed properties of the oscillation are consistent with the observations of Dopper-shift oscillations discovered by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Solar Ultraviolet Measurement of Emitted Radiation and with their interpretation as slow magnetoacoustic waves. We suggest that the impulsive injection of plasma, following reconnection at one of the loop footpoints, led to rapid heating and the propagation of a longitudinal compressive wave along the loop. The wave bounces back and forth a couple of times before fading.
Application of the Simple Biosphere Model(SiB2) to a Paddy Field for a Period of Growing Season in GAME-Tropics.

The simple biosphere model (SiB2) of Sellers et al. and the revised SiB2 (SiB2-Paddy) incorporated with a paddy model are compared and evaluated using micrometeorological data measured in the paddy field that is one of the GAME-Tropics experimental sites in Thailand. In terms of the diurnal cycle, simulated net radiation, and latent heat flux, the two models are in good agreement with the observation, except for the diurnal variation of latent heat flux simulated by SiB2. Sensible and soil heat fluxes, and assimilation rate by SiB2-Paddy agree well with the observation; however, those simulated by SiB2 are found to be biased. Canopy, water, and soil temperature are also well simulated by SiB-Paddy with parameter adjustment. In terms of the total energy and water balance, net radiation, latent heat flux, and assimilation rate do not differ much between the simulations and the observation. This is partly because the values of sensible heat and soil heat fluxes are too small compared to net radiation and latent heat flux, and the mean biases are not significant. However, SiB2-Paddy is required for realistic simulations of the diurnal cycles of latent heat flux and surface temperature.
A method for constructing supersaturated designs and its Es2 optimality

A lower bound for the Es2 value of an arbitrary supersaturated design is derived. A general method for constructing supersaturated designs is proposed and shown to produce designs with n runs and m = k(n — 1) factors that achieve the lower bound for Es2 and are thus optimal with respect to the Es2 criterion. Within the class of designs given by the construction method, further discrimination can be made by minimizing the pairwise correlations and using the generalized D and A criteria proposed by Wu (1993). Efficient designs of 12, 16, 20 and 24 runs are constructed by following this approach.
Watchers do not follow the eye movements of Walkers

Eye movements are a functional signature of how the visual system effectively decodes and adapts to the en- vironment. However, scientific knowledge in eye movements mostly arises from studies conducted in laboratories, with well-controlled stimuli presented in constrained unnatural settings. Only a few studies have at- tempted to directly compare and assess whether eye movement data acquired in the real world generalize with those in laboratory settings, with same visual inputs. However, none of these studies controlled for both the auditory signals typical of real-world settings and the top-down task effects across conditions, leaving this question unresolved. To minimize this inherent gap across conditions, we compared the eye movements re- corded from observers during ecological spatial navigation in the wild (the Walkers) with those recorded in laboratory (the Watchers) on the same visual and auditory inputs, with both groups performing the very same active cognitive task. We derived robust data-driven statistical saliency and motion maps. The Walkers and Watchers differed in terms of eye movement characteristics: fixation number and duration, saccade amplitude. The Watchers relied significantly more on saliency and motion than the Walkers. Interestingly, both groups exhibited similar fixation patterns towards social agents and objects. Altogether, our data show that eye movements patterns obtained in laboratory do not fully generalize to real world, even when task and auditory information is controlled. These observations invite to caution when generalizing the eye movements obtained in laboratory with those of ecological spatial navigation.
Influence of different organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on yield and yield traits of turnip ( Brassica rapa L . ) cv. purple top white globe

The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 17 treatments along with combinations of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer including control and each treatment replicated thrice. The turnip ( Brassica rapa L.) crop in Brassicaceae family with purple Top White Glove variety was grown with each comprising of treatment replicated thrice. Result revealed that the application of T 12 (50% NPK + 50% N through Poultry manure) influenced most of the characteristics significantly and recorded the highest values of Root length (14.66 cm, 15.42 cm, and 15.04 cm), Root diameter (11.68 cm, 12.67 cm, and 12.18 cm), Days to attaining good root size (45.16 days, 44.55 days and 44.86 days), Fresh weight of whole plant (518.58 g, 587.10 g and 552.84 g), Dry weight of root (28.97 g, 31.58 g and 30.28 g), Fresh weight of whole plant (773.38 g, 846.32 g and 809.85 g), Root yield (8.03 kg/plot, 8.59 kg/plot and 8.31 kg/plot), Root yield per hectare (35.69 tn/ha, 38.18 tn/ha and 36.94 tn/ha) for the year 2018-19, 2019-20 and as pooled respectively.