Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radiative Heat Transfer Through the Fuel-Rich Core of Laboratory-Scale Pool Fires

Radiative heat transfer calculations are conducted along the axis of six axisymmetric pool fires by using the “exact” line-by-line (LBL) method, the narrow band correlated k (NBCK) model, the full-spectrum correlated k (FSCK) model, the multi-scale full-spectrum k-distribution (MSFSK) model, and the wide-band model implemented in the fire dynamic simulator (FDS). The two baseline cases correspond to 34 kW and 176 kW methane pool fires generated on a burner of 0.38 m diameter. For each heat release rate, two other moderately and heavily sooting pool fires were generated by considering higher soot volume fractions while keeping temperature and gaseous species concentrations unaltered. For each radiative model, the corresponding absorption coefficients for carbon dioxide, water vapor, carbon monoxide, and methane were generated from the same high-resolution spectroscopic databases. Model results show that the contribution of carbon monoxide to the radiative intensity can be neglected, whereas that of methane increases with the heat release rate (HRR) and decreases as the soot loading increases. It is also found that the gray approximation for soot holds for the 34 kW pool fires and the weakly and moderately sooting 176 kW pool fires but ceases to be valid for the heavily sooting 176 kW pool fire. Concerning the accuracy of the different approximate radiative models, comparisons with the LBL solutions show that the NBCK model can be used as a reference if LBL solutions are not available. On the other hand, the FDS wide-band model fails in predicting accurately the radiative intensity through the fuel-rich core of pool fires. Finally, the FSCK provide predictions within 10% of LBL solutions with the exception of the heavily sooting 176 kW pool fire where the strong attenuation of radiation by methane invalidates the “correlated” assumption of the absorption coefficient. In this case, the MSFSK model must be considered, improving substantially the predictions of the FSCK.
Cellular segregations of feline leukemia provirus and viral RNA in leukocyte subsets of long-term experimentally infected cats

Cats exposed to feline leukemia virus (FeLV) may develop different outcomes of the infection. However, during acute infection blood proviral and viral RNA loads of cats with progressive and regressive infection are not significantly different. Thus, not the overall loads but rather those of specific leukocyte subsets may influence the infection outcome. In the present study we established the methods to determine FeLV proviral and viral RNA loads in specific leukocyte subsets. In addition, they were applied to analyze long-term persistently FeLV-infected (p27positive) and FeLV exposed but nonantigenemic (p27-negative), nonviremic cats. In the latter animals, CD4 + and B lymphocytes exhibited the highest proviral loads, whereas in p27-positive cats, all leukocyte subsets showed similar high loads. In p27-positive cats, monocytes and granulocytes bore the highest viral RNA loads, whereas only one p27-negative cat was positive for viral RNA in T lymphocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate FeLV proviral and viral RNA loads in leukocyte subsets of FeLV exposed cats. The herein described methods are important prerequisites to gain a deeper insight into the pathogenesis of FeLV infection.
Crystal structure of 2,2’-bipyridindiium (2,2’-bipyridyl-κ2N,N’)- tetrabromidorhodate(III) bromide, (C10H10N2)[RhBr4(C10H8N2)]Br, C20H18Br5N4Rh

Abstract C20H18Br5N4Rh, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 19.0663(3) Å, b = 9.9988(1) Å, c = 13.5741(2) Å, β = 108.993(2)°, V = 2446.9 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0247, wRref(F2) = 0.0563, T = 295 K.
Photoluminescence Up-conversion of CdSe/ZnS Core/shell Quantum Dots under High Pressure

Efficient upconversion photoluminescence (UCPL) has been observed from CdSe/ZnS quantum dots excited at both visible and NIR wavelength, 633 and 830 nm, respectively. The UCPL excited at 633 nm exhibits a linear power dependence, while the UCPL excited at 830 nm shows a quadratic power dependence with an energy gain as high as 660 meV. The UCPL was studied under hydrostatic pressure up to ∼8 GPa at room temperature compared with the pressure dependence of normal PL excited at 514 nm. Our investigation reveals that the UCPL excited at 633 and 830 nm originate from two different energy states with two different up-conversion processes. The UCPL excited at 633 nm originates from phonon populated surface states, which are not trapped to the band edge. The UCPL excited at 830 nm originates from the band edge, and two-photon absorption is the likely up-conversion excitation mechanism.
Synthesis and characterization of linear self-healing polyurethane based on thermally reversible Diels–Alder reaction

New linear polyurethane was synthesized via a Diels–Alder (DA) reaction between a polyurethane prepolymer end-capped with furan groups (MPF) and bismaleimide (BMI). The structure of the linear polyurethane with DA bonds was characterized by 1H NMR, ATI-FTIR, TGA and AFM. The introduction of DA bonds enables the polyurethane thermal reversibility, which was studied thoroughly by 1H NMR, DSC and GPC. Besides, the new linear polyurethane with DA bonds also exhibits self-healing properties under heat treatment, which was observed by polarized optical microscope. The self-healing efficiency determined by the recovery of breaking tensile strength after being damaged and healed can reach up to 80%.
Visual number sense in untrained deep neural networks

Visual number sense can arise spontaneously in untrained deep neural networks in the complete absence of learning. Number sense, the ability to estimate numerosity, is observed in naïve animals, but how this cognitive function emerges in the brain remains unclear. Here, using an artificial deep neural network that models the ventral visual stream of the brain, we show that number-selective neurons can arise spontaneously, even in the complete absence of learning. We also show that the responses of these neurons can induce the abstract number sense, the ability to discriminate numerosity independent of low-level visual cues. We found number tuning in a randomly initialized network originating from a combination of monotonically decreasing and increasing neuronal activities, which emerges spontaneously from the statistical properties of bottom-up projections. We confirmed that the responses of these number-selective neurons show the single- and multineuron characteristics observed in the brain and enable the network to perform number comparison tasks. These findings provide insight into the origin of innate cognitive functions.
Low-temperature gas-phase formation of indene in the interstellar medium

Low-temperature indene synthesis could form a molecular building block for non-planar polycyclic aromatics and fullerenes. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are fundamental molecular building blocks of fullerenes and carbonaceous nanostructures in the interstellar medium and in combustion systems. However, an understanding of the formation of aromatic molecules carrying five-membered rings—the essential building block of nonplanar PAHs—is still in its infancy. Exploiting crossed molecular beam experiments augmented by electronic structure calculations and astrochemical modeling, we reveal an unusual pathway leading to the formation of indene (C9H8)—the prototype aromatic molecule with a five-membered ring—via a barrierless bimolecular reaction involving the simplest organic radical—methylidyne (CH)—and styrene (C6H5C2H3) through the hitherto elusive methylidyne addition–cyclization–aromatization (MACA) mechanism. Through extensive structural reorganization of the carbon backbone, the incorporation of a five-membered ring may eventually lead to three-dimensional PAHs such as corannulene (C20H10) along with fullerenes (C60, C70), thus offering a new concept on the low-temperature chemistry of carbon in our galaxy.
Metabolomic shifts associated with heat stress in coral holobionts

Metabolomic profiling identifies small peptides that may provide early diagnosis of thermal stress and bleaching in coral. Understanding the response of the coral holobiont to environmental change is crucial to inform conservation efforts. The most pressing problem is “coral bleaching,” usually precipitated by prolonged thermal stress. We used untargeted, polar metabolite profiling to investigate the physiological response of the coral species Montipora capitata and Pocillopora acuta to heat stress. Our goal was to identify diagnostic markers present early in the bleaching response. From the untargeted UHPLC-MS data, a variety of co-regulated dipeptides were found that have the highest differential accumulation in both species. The structures of four dipeptides were determined and showed differential accumulation in symbiotic and aposymbiotic (alga-free) populations of the sea anemone Aiptasia (Exaiptasia pallida), suggesting the deep evolutionary origins of these dipeptides and their involvement in symbiosis. These and other metabolites may be used as diagnostic markers for thermal stress in wild coral.
Chemical, sensory and biological evaluation of maize-bambaranut based complementary foods

processed into flours by toasting, fermentation and malting, and used for preparing complementary foods at 60:40 (maizebambaranut) ratio. The proximate composition, functional properties and sensory qualities of the diets were also evaluated through feeding trial alongside a standard diet with casein as a source of protein. Results showed that the toasted and the fermented complementary foods had protein values of 16.12% and 15.18% respectively, which compared favourably with those of commercial infant foods - Nutrend (16.00% protein) and Cerelac (15.00% protein). Results of the biological evaluation of the protein quality showed that the toasted complementary food was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from the control (casein) diet in all the qualities evaluated, having a PER (Protein Efficiency Ratio) of 2.28 which exceeded the minimum (2.1) recommended for complementary foods. The biological performance of the fermented and germinated diets were significantly lower (p
How Culture Wars Delay Herd Immunity: Christian Nationalism and Anti-vaccine Attitudes

Prior research demonstrates that a number of cultural factors—including politics and religion—are significantly associated with anti-vaccine attitudes. This is consequential because herd immunity is compromised when large portions of a population resist vaccination. Using a nationally representative sample of American adults that contains a battery of questions exploring views about vaccines, the authors demonstrate how a pervasive ideology that rejects scientific authority and promotes allegiance to conservative political leaders—what we and others call Christian nationalism—is consistently one of the two strongest predictors of anti-vaccine attitudes, stronger than political or religious characteristics considered separately. Results suggest that as Americans evaluate decisions to vaccinate themselves or their children, those who strongly embrace Christian nationalism—close to a quarter of the population—will be much more likely to abstain, potentially prolonging the threat of certain illnesses. The authors conclude by discussing the immediate implications of these findings for a possible coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine.
Social Networks in Later Life: Similarities and Differences between Sexual-Minority and Heterosexual Older Adults

Community-based research suggests that lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) older adults are more socially isolated than their heterosexual counterparts. However, little is known about how social networks in late adulthood differ between LGB and heterosexual people at the population level. Using data from the 2015–2016 National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (n = 3,929), the authors compare the size, frequency of contact, composition, diversity, and density of core discussion networks as well as family and friend support across sexual-orientation groups. The authors find that LGB people share a few network characteristics with their heterosexual counterparts, including network size, frequency of contact with network members, and proportion of nonspousal kin members in the network. However, their networks are less likely to include intimate partners, are more likely to include friends, and have lower diversity and density. LGB people also report lower family support but higher friend support than heterosexual people.
Relationships Between Selected Properties of Black Gram Seeds and Their Composition

Abstract Seeds of different black gram varieties were evaluated for their mass, density, hydration capacity, hydration index, cooking time, and instrumental textural properties (hardness, cohesiveness, and chewiness). Starch was also isolated from these varieties and evaluated for yield, amylose content, solubility, water binding capacity, and turbidity. The pasting (pasting temperature, peak viscosity, breakdown viscosity and set back) and gelatinization (T o , T p , T c , ΔH gel, and PHI) properties of starches were measured using Rapid Visco Analyzer and Differential Scanning Calorimeter, respectively. Physico-chemical, cooking, and textural properties of seeds of different black gram varieties were related to physico-chemical, gelatinization, and pasting properties of their starches using Pearson correlation. Selected properties of black gram seeds were significantly correlated to their starches. The hardness and chewiness of cooked seeds decreased with increase in amylose content of starch (p < 0.05). The physical parameters (seed mass, seed volume, seed density), hydration capacity and cooking time of black gram seeds were positively related to the starch yield (p < 0.01). Fiber content of black gram seeds was positively correlated to the water binding capacity (WBC) of starch (r = 0.610). Seed mass and hydration capacity was positively correlated to turbidity of starch (p < 0.05). Density and hydration index of seeds was related to the pasting properties of their starches. The varieties with higher seed density and hydration index had starches with low peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity and vice-versa (p < 0.01). Hydration capacity and hydration index showed positive correlation with T c (p < 0.01). Selected instrumental textural parameters had positive correlation with ΔH gel (p < 0.01).
Computation of anthropogenic sulphate aerosol forcing using radiative perturbation theory

The radiative forcing of the climate by anthropogenic aerosols has been a matter of some concern for many years now, especially in the northern hemisphere. Recently in these pages, Charlson et al. attempted to quantify this forcing. However, that calculation involved relatively crude optical and radiative transfer models. In this paper, we use a far more detailed sulphate optical model, and employ radiative perturbation theory (a technique ideally suited to answering questions of this sort) to repeat this radiation calculation. We obtain results which are similar to Charlson et al., provided that proper allowance is made for the effects of humidity. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1994. 00003.x
The crystal structure and molecular thermal motion of urea at 12, 60 and 123 K from neutron diffraction

Lattice parameters for urea have been measured at seven temperatures in the range 12 to 173 K and the crystal structure has been determined at 12, 60 and 123 K from neutron diffraction data. With 342 reflections (sin 0/A <0.77 A -I) measured for an octant of reciprocal space, full-matrix least-squares refinement gave Rw(F2) = 0.030, 0.029 and 0.029 at 12, 60 and 123 K. The atomic anisotropic thermal parameters are consistent with overall rigid-body motion together with intramolecular librations of the NH2 groups. With increasing temperature, the H-atom motion out of the molecular plane becomes dampened with respect to the overall rigid-body motion. The effect appears to be due to the H-bonding which couples the molecules in the crystal. After correction for thermal motion, including anharmonic N-H stretching, there is good agreement in the bond lengths at 12, 60 and 123 K. [Crystal data: P£~21m; 12 K: a = 5.565 (1), c = 4 6 8 4 ( 1 ) A ; 30K: a =5 . 565 ( 1 ) , c = 4 6 8 5 ( 1 ) A ; 60K: a=5 . 570 (1 ) , c = 4 . 6 8 8 ( 1 ) A ; 90K: a = 5.576(1), c = 4 . 6 8 9 ~ ; 123K: a = 5 . 5 8 4 ( 1 ) , c = 4 . 689(1)A; 150K: a=5 . 590 ( 1 ) , c = 4 . 6 9 2 ( 1 ) A ; 173 K: a = 5.598 (1), c = 4.694 (1)/~. ]
Application of Mid-Infrared Transmission Spectrometry to the Direct Determination of Glucose in Whole Blood

The capability of FT-IR transmission spectrometry was examined for the direct determination of glucose in whole blood without any sample preparation. For these investigations, the whole blood samples were automatically aspirated by a syringe pump into the transmission cell. Infrared spectra were recorded in the 1500–900 cm−1 range. Despite the high water background absorption and the complex blood matrix, significant spectral changes due to different glucose concentrations were observed. Chemometric (partial least-squares) models were applied for the determination of glucose. A standard error of calibration of 13.8 mg/dL was obtained by using a partial least-squares calibration model containing five ranks. The residues for an independent test set were less than 15 mg/dL.
Prediction of Kraft Lignin Extraction Performance Using Emulsion Liquid Membrane Carrier-Diffusion Model

This study presents the model to predict the performance of emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) to extract kraft lignin. Kraft lignin is one of the raw material that can be convert into biodiesel and also applied in producing large amount of chemical product such as vanillin. ELM is a separation method which can separate component without mechanical support. In this study, ELM model was developed and solved using MATLAB software. Three parameters were investigated in this study such as treat ratio, carrier concentration and initial concentration of feed phase. The study shows that ELM performs best at treat ratio of 1:5, concentration carrier of 0.3M and 0.5g/L of initial concentration of feed phase.
Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Sweet Cherries (Prunus avium L.)

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars 'Emperor Francis', 'Huldra', 'Sam', 'Stella', 'Kristin', and 'Van' were stored in controlled atmosphere (CA) during one, two or three seasons. The cherries were held at a temperature of 0°C, or 2°C for up to three weeks. The fruit quality was evaluated on juice optical density (OD), titratable acidity (TA), pH, soluble solids content (SSC), ethanol, firmness and flavour. In general, CA had little effect on SSC in the three seasons and did not show any effects in reducing pitting. Controlled atmosphere has shown some beneficial effects on flavour, reducing decay, reducing toughening, and maintaining TA in sweet cherries. Generally, flavour score was higher for fruit kept in CA than for fruit stored in air, and the higher the CO2 the better the taste. 'Van' and 'Sam' showed excellent taste scores after three weeks both from CA and air storage. There was very little ethanol accumulation in the fruits under CA, and it was well below the detrimental level. It is recommended that O2 levels for sweet cherry storage can be further reduced below 10% and/or CO2 can be increased above 15%.
Structure and physical properties of seed proteins. I. Glass transition and crystallization of zein protein from corn

Thermal behavior of a seed protein, zein from corn, was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), thermal expansion, X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy. Zein film cast from aqueous ethanol is amorphous in the randomcoil conformation. Water in the specimen is lost by evaporation at about 100°C. The glass transition is observed at 165°C. The amorphous zein crystallize to β-crystals at about 210°C accompanied by the random-coil → β-form conformational transition. The thermal degradation of zein occurs at about 320°C. Steam treatment of zein film results in the conformational change to the α- and β-forms, simultaneously, irrespective of treating temperature. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Monitoring of a Best Management Practice Wetland before and after Maintenance

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA) Urban Watershed Management Branch monitored a best management practice (BMP) wetland in the Richmond Creek (RC) watershed. This BMP, designated Richmond Creek #5 (RC-5), is owned and operated by the New York City Department of Environmental Protection’s as part of the Bluebelt program. During monitoring performed in 2003 and 2004, RC-5 was monitored for several water quality parameters including suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and phosphorous. Calculated SS loads demonstrated a 61% removal which is in line with the anticipated removals of 55%–57%, however, COD was not being removed from RC-5. Due to visible accumulation of sediment in the forebay and leaves throughout the BMP, maintenance activity was performed in the spring of 2005, to remove the sediment and organic matter (leaves) by vactor truck and physical labor. About four truck loads of sediment and leaf litter, estimated at 35 m3 (46 cubic yards), was removed from the site.
The role of radiation losses in high-pressure blasted electrical arcs

The paper deals with experiments carried out on an arc heater where the electric arc is stabilised by flowing working gas. Measured quantities (especially arc current, voltage drop, gas flow rate, and energy loss) serve as input data for a mathematical model of the arc inside a cylindrical anode channel. Previously, the losses of cathode and anode spots were assumed to be negligible in comparison with the total loss. In the new sets of experiments, a modular structure of the arc heater has made it possible to separate the losses of anode and cathode from the energy losses of the arc itself. Furthermore, the losses caused by radial conduction have been introduced into the model. The most significant change of the model concerns the computation of radiation losses of the arc. In the original model, radiation losses were taken as a portion ϵ of the total input power. In the modified model, the radiation loss is expressed using a theoretically calculated net emission coefficient of argon (by V. Aubrecht and M. Bartlova). This approach is possible due to a more precise determination of the arc net energy loss which results in flatter radial temperature profiles. Axial distribution of energy loss for the original and modified model is given in figures.
Effects of Hydrocolloids on Partial Baking and Frozen Storage of Wheat Flour Chapatti

The use of hydrocolloids in different foods systems has become more commonly applied to improve the texture and quality of baked products. Nevertheless, the effects of these compounds on partially baked frozen chapatti have not been studied. The objective of the present study was to improve the storage stability, quality and shelf life of partially baked chapatti by adding various hydrocolloids, hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose (HPMC), carboxy methylcellulose (CMC) and guar gum, followed by frozen storage for 28 days. Partially baked and fully baked chapattis after frozen storage were analyzed for chemical and sensory attributes at 7-day intervals. Rheological studies showed an increase in water absorption, dough development time and dough stability after the addition of hydrocolloids. In partially baked chapatti with hydrocolloids after frozen storage, an increase in moisture retention and water soluble starch was observed. Sensory characteristics were also improved by combining both techniques. Among the hydrocolloids, HPMC exhibited the best results, followed by CMC and guar gum. These hydrocolloids and partial baking with frozen storage helped to improve the quality, and extend the shelf life of partially baked chapatti.