Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dusty plasma formation: Physics and critical phenomena. Theoretical approach

Kinetics of the many‐stage process of particle nucleation and growth in low‐pressure rf discharge in silane SiH4–Ar is considered. The particle growth is considered in an analytical model as a chain of negative‐ion molecular reactions, stimulated by vibrational excitation. In the framework of this model, a limitation of first generation particle size is explained as well as the strong temperature effect on cluster growth. A theory of critical phenomena of cluster trapping in discharge area has been elaborated to describe the neutral particle selection by size, and the particle concentration increases during a period exceeding the residence time in plasma. Finally, an analytical model of critical phenomena of particle coagulation and its influence on plasma parameters is developed to explain the latest experimental results on supersmall 2–10 nm cluster kinetics. All theoretical results are presented in comparison with corresponding new experimental data and with results of an especially made computer simulation.
FACE: Free-Air CO{sub 2} Enrichment for plant research in the field

The Free Air Exposure System- Global Greenhouse Studies: Need for a New Approach to Ecosystem Manipulaflon (G.R. Hendrey). The DOE/USDA FACE Program: Goals, Objectives, and Results Through 1989 (G.R. Hendrey). Field Techniques for Exposure of Plants and Ecosystems to Elevated Co, and Other Ti-ace Gases (L.H. Allen, jr., B.G. Drake, H.H. Rogers, and J.H. Shinn). Free-Air C02 Enrichment Field Experiments: An Historical Overview (L.H. Allen, jr.). Brookhaven National Laboratory Free-Air Cafl)on Dioxide Enrichment Facility (K.F. Lewin, G.R. Hendrey, and Z. Kolber), Performance Analysis of the BNL FACE Gas Injection System (F.W. Lipfeft, Y. Alexander, G.R. Hendrey, K.F. Lewin, and J. Nagy). FACE Facility Engineering Performance in 1989 Q. Nagy, K.F. Lewin, G.R. Hendrey, F.W. Lipfert, and M.L. Daum). Distribution of Carbon Dioxide Within and Above a Cotton Canopy Growing in the FACE System (D.R. Hileman, N.C. Bhattacharya, P.P. Ghosh, P.K. Biswas, L.H. Allen, jr., K.F. Lewin, and G.R. Hendrey). A Comparison of the Uniformity of an Elevated CO, Environment in Three Different Types of Open-Top Chambers (D.R. Hdeman, P.P. Ghosh, N.C. Bhattacharya, P.K. Biswas, L.H. Allen, jr., G. Peresta, and B.A. Kimball). Biological Responses: Responses of Cotton Foliage to Short-Term Fluctuations in C02 Partial Pressures (L.S. Evans and G.R. Hendrey). Growth and Yield of Cotton Exposed to Free-Air C02 Enrichment (FACE) (Q.R. Mauney, K.F. Lewin, G.R. Hendrey, and B.A. Kimball). Influence of Elevated CO, on Leaf Starch of Field-Grown Cotton (D.L. Hendrix). Responses of Photosynthesis and Stomatal Conductance to Elevated Carbon Dioxide in FieldGrown Cotton (D.R. Hfleman, N.C. Bhattacharya, P.P. Ghosh, P.K. Biswas, K.F, Lewin, and G.R. Hendrey). Cotton Leaf and Boll Temperatures in the 1989 FACE Experiment (B.A. Kimball, Pj. Pinter, jr., and J.R. Mauney). Evaluating Cotton Response to Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment with Canopy Reflectance Observations (Pj. Pinter, jr., Rj. Anderson, B.A. Kimball, and J.R. Mauney). Cotton Root and Rhizosphere Responses to Free-Air CO, Enrichment (H.H. Rogers, S.A. Prior, and E.G. O'N-ein). Cost. Cost Comparisons Among Free-Air CO, Enrichment, Open-Top Chamber, and Sunlit Controlled-Environment Chamber Methods of CO, Exposure (B.A. KLtnball). Appendices: Weather, Soils, Cuhural Practices, and Cotton Growth Data from the 1989 FACE Experiment in @NAT Format (B.A. Kimball, R.L. La Mofte, Gj. Peresta, J.R. Mauney, K.F. Lewin, and G.R. Hendrey). Glossary (B.A. Kimball, R.L. La Morte, G. Peresta, J.R. Mauncy, K.F. Lewin, and G.R. Hendrey). Soils Data Sources (B.A. Kimball, R.L. La Morte, G.J. Peresta, J.R. Mauney, K.F. Lewin, and G.R. Hendrey). List of Data FAe Names 1989 FACE Experiment, Maricopa, Arizona (B.A. Kimball, R.L. La Morte, Gj. Peresta, J.R. Mauney, K.F. Lewin, and G.R. Hendrey) The 1989 FACE Data Files in IBSNAT Format (B.A. Kimball, R.L. La Morte, Gj. Peresta, J.R. Mauney, K.F. Lewin, and G.R. Hendrey).
Synthesis of 2-Indolyl-1-nitroalkane Derivatives Using Nanocrystalline Titanium(IV) Oxide

Abstract The catalytic Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with nitroalkenes to furnish 2-indolyl-1-nitroalkane derivatives at room temperature with moderate to excellent yields is reported using nanocrystalline titanium(IV) oxide (nano-TiO2) catalyst. In all cases, a single regioisomer was obtained. After completion of the reaction, the catalyst was recovered by centrifugation and activated under a nitrogen flow for 1 h at 250°C for further reuse. The nano-TiO2 can be reused for four cycles with a slight decrease of activity under the same reaction conditions.
Thin Films of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) End-Capped with n-Butyltrithiocarbonate

Thin thermoresponsive hydrogel films of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) end-capped with n-butyltrithiocarbonate (nbc-PNIPAM) are prepared on solid supports having silicon oxide surfaces with spin-coating. The film thickness is varied from 5 to 240 nm. As measured with optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray reflectivity, the films are homogeneous and smooth for films thicker than 5 nm. Microbeam grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (µGISAXS) shows that these nbc-PNIPAM films are physically cross-linked gels, where the end-group domains form the physical cross-links with a defined nearest-neighbor distance of 25 nm. Along the surface normal, with µGISAXS the presence of long-ranged correlations between substrate and film surface is detected. The thinner the nbc-PNIPAM films are, the stronger is the response to swelling in saturated water vapor atmosphere. A swelling up to a factor of 6.5 as compared to the dry film and a factor of 2.9 as compared to the collapsed film is found. The tra.
Modeling of temporally complex breathing patterns during Pd-catalyzed CO oxidation

A mathematical model is formulated to account for experimental infrared thermography observations of spatiotemporal patterns during catalytic oxidation of CO over Pd supported on a glass-fiber disk-shaped cloth in a continuous reactor with feed flowing perpendicular to and through the disk. The model predicts the following observed features: (a) The sustained pattern that the system exhibits is a breathing motion in which a hot spot expands and contracts continuously. This motion emerges due to the imposed cold-edge boundary condition and a qualitative analysis of the experiments supports this suggestion and rules out other mechanisms. (b) The emerging temporally complex patterns can be classified as mixed-mode oscillations with a large relaxation-type conversion peak superimposed with several smaller peaks. (c) The mathematical mechanism that accounts for the change in the number of smaller peaks with varying operating conditions (the reactor temperature) could be characterized as period adding. The math.
Flame Retardant and Antimicrobial Jute Textile Using Sodium Metasilicate Nonahydrate

Abstract Flame retardant and antimicrobial functionalities were imparted in jute textile using sodium metasilicate nonahydrate (SMSN), commonly known as “water glass”. Sodium metasilicate nonahydrate (SMSN) was applied in jute fabric in different concentration by padding method followed by drying. Flame retardancy of the fabric was evaluated by Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) and burning behaviour under vertical flammability tester including the char length. Burning rate was found to decrease by almost 10 times after an application of 2% SMSN compared to the control sample. Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of both the control and treated jute fabrics were utilized to understand the mechanism of developed flame retardance in jute fabric. It was observed that the SMSN treated samples showed excellent antimicrobial property against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Antimicrobial properties of both the control and treated jute fabrics were also measured quantitatively.
Effect of cassava varieties on the sorption isotherm of tapioca grits

Summary Cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranzt) deteriorates rapidly. Hence it is processed into various products within 2 to 3 days after harvesting. For this work, tapioca was produced from three different varieties of cassava. They are Odongbo, Okoiyawo and TMS30572. The sorption isotherm for the tapioca grits from three different varieties of cassava at temperatures 25, 32 and 45 °C were determined experimentally and modelled using five different models. Using analysis of variance at 0.01 level, it was shown that the experimental sorption isotherms of the tapioca from the various cassava varieties are not significantly different from each other. However, the Guggenheim (1966), Anderson (1946) & de Boer (1953) (GAB) model gave the best fit for sorption isotherm of tapioca from either the Odongbo or Okoiyawo varieties, while the exponential model was the best for that from TMS30572 variety.
p-Methoxybenzaldehyde nicotinoylhydrazone dihydrate

The nearly planar aroylhydrazone molecule of the title compound, C 14 H 13 N 3 O 2 . 2H 2 O, exists as the keto tautomer in the solid state with an E configuration across the C=N bond. The crystal structure is stabilized by extensive hydrogen bonding involving the water and the hydrazone molecules.
Ab‐initio tight‐binding study of the core structures of the c ‐edge dislocation in wurtzite GaN

In the framework of ab‐initio tight‐binding methods, we modelled and studied the atomic and electronic core structures of the c‐edge basal dislocation in wurtzite GaN. We found this dislocation to have four core configurations displaying 5/8/5‐ or 4/8‐atom rings structures. All these configurations induce unfilled deep states in the top half of band gap. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Efficient removal and separation of anionic dyes from aqueous medium by the application of reverse micelles of cationic surfactants

AbstractA new protocol based on liquid/liquid extraction using reverse micelles is proposed. The recovery of solvent and reuse of dye and surfactant, after extracting the dye molecules from the core of reverse micelles of surfactant is related to the economic viability of the process. Experiments were conducted by mixing a known quantity of dye in aqueous phase and solvent-containing surfactants in a simple mixer. The separation of solvent phase, containing encapsulated dye in reverse micelles, from aqueous phase due to gravity results in separation of dye from water. The removal of different anionic dyes (methyl orange, congo red and aniline blue) from aqueous phase in amyl alcohol solvent using different cationic surfactants was studied. The percentage removal of dye depends upon the size of the reverse micelle of the surfactant. The solvent used for the dye removal can be recovered by distillation method and can be reused. The dye is separated from reverse micelles by lowering the temperature below the.
Temperature Dependence of Excitation Transfer in LH2 of Rhodobacter sphaeroides

Using two-color pump−probe femtosecond spectroscopy, the temperature dependence of the energy transfer rate within the peripheral light-harvesting antenna (LH2) of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides has been measured. The energy transfer time from B800 to B850 is determined to be 0.7, 1.2, and 1.5 ps at 300, 77, and 4.2 K, respectively. These data, combined with earlier results, have been analyzed with regard to the crystal structure and spectroscopic properties of the purple bacterial LH2 complex. We conclude that the transfer within B800 occurs mainly via the incoherent Forster hopping mechanism. For B800 to B850 transfer, estimates based on the Forster formula yield considerably slower transfer times than experimentally observed, suggesting that an additional mechanism may be involved in enhancing the transfer rate. We suggest two possibilities: transfer via the upper excitonic component of B850 band and/or transfer mediated by a carotenoid molecule.
Heavy Metal Studies of Industrial Effluent on Alaro Stream Sediment

A study of the effect of industrial effluents from oluyole industrial Area on alaro stream and a pond was carried out in August – November, 2002. The physico-chemical parameters and the heavy metal concentrations of the effluents were investigated to determine their effects on the water quantity. Metals (heavy, trace and non-metals) contents of the sediments were also analysed to determine their level in the sediments. The lowest and highest mean heavy metal concentration (Cmolkg -1 ) in the sediment ranged between : As (0.06) and (0.10), Cd (0.01) and (0.03), Pb (0.04) and (0.10), Hg (0.03) and (0.07), Zn (0.03) and (0.08).
Effect of gamma‐sterilization and autoclaving on soil organic matter structure as studied by solid state NMR, UV and fluorescence spectroscopy

Sterilized soil is often used, for example in degradation studies, sorption experiments, microbiological tests and plant test systems, to distinguish between microbial processes and abiotic reactions. The most commonly used technique for sterilization is autoclaving of the soil. Another technique is irradiation with high‐level gamma radiation (γ‐radiation). One major drawback of sterilization procedures is the possible alteration of the structure of soil components, for example the organic matter. A change in the chemical structure of the soil organic matter can cause different reactions in the above‐mentioned experiments and hence interfere with the aim of clearly distinguishing between biotic and abiotic processes. Two soils (Gleyic Cambisol and Orthic Luvisol) were sterilized by two γ‐irradiation procedures (4 kGy hour−1 for 9 hours and 1.3 kGy hour−1 for 27 hours) and repeated autoclaving at 121°C. Gentle physical aggregate fractionation of the sterilized soils revealed a decrease in the aggregation of the soil, which was reflected in an increase of the clay fraction. Subsequent analysis of the aqueous phase revealed much more dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the γ‐sterilized and autoclaved soils than in the untreated soils. Ultraviolet (UV) and fluorescence spectra of the DOM showed a decrease in the aromaticity and polycondensation of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC). 13C cross‐polarization/magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (13C‐CP/MAS NMR) spectra of the unfractionated soils and their respective soil fractions before and after sterilization showed that the most important change occurred in the carbohydrate and N‐alkyl region, the main components of microorganisms. In general, the impact of the sterilization method was stronger for autoclaving. The γ‐sterilized soils and fractions displayed both fewer and smaller changes in the soil organic matter.
Computational analysis of the high-pressure structures of InSb

We present results of pseudopotential calculations for the high-pressure phases of indium antimonide, showing that the recently observed Cmcm superlattice structure is the most stable crystal structure at high pressure. Furthermore, we show that the competing high-pressure phases observed in this and other III-V semiconductors can be characterized into a hierarchy by ordering and topology and that symmetry is a secondary characteristic in determining the energy.
Measurement of copper and zinc in San Diego Bay by automated anodic stripping voltammetry

Cu and Zn values were measured in San Diego Bay by anodic stripping voltammetry with a specially built, automated instrument. During 1975--1977, trace metal surveys were conducted in the bay from a small vessel. Samples were collected and analyzed aboard the craft while under way. Cu and Zn concentrations were less than 0.1 and 0.6 . mu.g/L, respectively, at the mouth of the bay and increased toward the center of the bay to approximately 2.5 and 2.9 . mu.g/L, respectively. Also, synoptic measurements made at a stationary pier location showed that Cu and Zn concentrations coincided precisely but inversely with tidal cycles. Cu and Zn measurements made by automated anodic stripping voltammetry were compared to measurements made by extraction on Chelex 100 followed by analysis by flame atomization atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The two methods produced values that were indistinguishable within experimental error.
Synthesis of 5-(substituted phenylazo)-6-hydroxy-4-methyl-3- cyano-2-pyridones from ethyl 3-oxo-2-(substituted phenyldiazenyl)butanoates

A new procedure for the synthesis of known azo pyridone dyes is presented. A series of 5-(substituted arylazo)-6-hydroxy-4-methyl-3- cyano-2-pyridones were prepared from ethyl 3-oxo-2-(substituted phenyldiazenyl)butanoates and cyanoacetamide in acetone using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst by simple refluxing the reaction mixture. The structure of these dyes was confirmed by FT-IR, NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
CURVATURE EFFECTS ON EDGE-FLAME PROPAGATION IN THE PREMIXED-FLAME REGIME

We examine the effects of curvature on edge-flame propagation speeds as a function of the fuel Lewis number. The diffusion flame supporting the flame edge is assumed to be in Liñán's “premixed-flame regime” with oxygen leak-age through the flame caused by excessive heat loss to the bounding surface. Adopting an approximate one-dimensional model, we calculate flame-edge propagation velocities in the limit of large activation energy for a one-step gas-phase reaction. Both negative and positive curvatures, corresponding to flame holes and flame disks, respectively, are considered. We predict finite-time singular behavior for both flame-hole closing and flame-disk collapse, meaning that the fronts approach the annihilation with ever-increasing speeds. For Lewis numbers sufficiently large, advancing-edge and retreating-edge solutions are obtained for the same Damköhler number. The results of this study may help to better understand the behavior of spiral flames experimentally observed in swirling flows.
Self-diffusivity, hydrogen bonding and density of different water models in carbon nanotubes

In this paper, the density, hydrogen bonding and self-diffusivity of water confined in carbon nanotubes are investigated. Molecular dynamics is used to simulate a large variety of nanotubes with various water models. Our results produce, for the first time, the complete trend of these properties from narrow nanotubes, where water shows particularly anomalous behaviour, to large ones where its characteristics are similar to those of bulk.
Synthesis and characterization of zeolite 4A-type desiccant from kaolin

Abstract Natural kaolin, from Fujian province in China, was used as raw material to synthesize zeolite 4A powder under low-temperature hydrothermal treatment in alkali solution. Optimization studies on various reaction parameters were conducted. With the addition of an inorganic binder (montmorillonite), the as-prepared powder was shaped into spheres for desiccant application in industrial fields. Zeolite 4A powder was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the obtained powder was a cubic phase with high crystallinity. The water sorption capacity (WSC) and final compression strength (FCS) of zeolite 4A desiccant were studied. Higher crystallinity of zeolite 4A powder led to the higher WSC of zeolite desiccant. The observed WSC and FCS of 21.0% and 44.8 N, respectively, confirmed the potential application of zeolite 4A for water sorption
Thixotropic Behaviour of Concentrated Fruit Pulps

The thixotropic behaviour of peach pulp at soluble solids concentrations (SS) of 26°, 30° and 34.2° Brix was measured with a cone-and-plate rheometer. Time evolution of shear stress at a shear rate of γ = 1.0s-1 was acceptably represented by first order kinetics. Final, or equilibrium shear stress (τc) was found to increase linearly with SS. Considerable differences among the thixotropic parameters were found when comparing peach and plum pulp samples having practically the same SS, pectin and fiber levels. Scanning electron micrographs showed that differences in thixotropic behaviour could be attributed to differences in the microscopic structure of pulps.
Temperature dependence of henry's law constants for selected chlorobenzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Modeling the fate of organic micropollutants in aquatic systems requires information about gas/water partitioning at environmental temperatures. In this paper experimental data are presented on Henry's law constant (H) for seven chlorobenzenes, three polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, and six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The studied compounds were 1,2,3–; 1,2,4– and 1,3,5–tri–; 1,2,3,4– and 1,2,3,5–tetra–; penta–; and hexachlorobenzene; 2–5–di–; 2,4,4′–tri-; and 2,2′5,5′–tetrachlorobiphenyl; and the PAH compounds fluoranthene, benzo[b]flu-oranthene, benzo[kfluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene, and indeno[1,2,3–cd]pyrene. H was measured in a buffer solution using a modified gas-purge technique. Values for this set of PAH compounds have not been determined experimentally before. The temperature dependence of H was measured for the tetra-, penta-, and hexachlorobenzenes and for all PCBs and PAHs over a temperature range of 10 to 55°C. The experimental data and temperature dependence are in good agreement with partitioning theory and available literature data. The observed temperature dependence results in a doubling of H for every 10°C temperature increase.
Effect of single-screw extruder die temperature, amount of distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and initial moisture content on extrudates

ABSTRACT Corn distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS) was extruded with corn meal in a pilot plant single-screw extruder at different extruder die temperatures (100, 120, and 150°C), levels of DDGS (0, 10, 20, and 30%) and initial moisture contents (11, 15, and 20% wb). In general, there was a decrease in water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), radial expansion, and L* value with an increase in DDGS level, whereas a* value and bulk density increased. Increase in extruder die temperature resulted in an increase in WSI and WAI but a decrease in L* and bulk density. Peak load was highest at 30% DDGS as compared with 0, 10, and 20% DDGS extrudates. Die temperature of 120°C and initial moisture content of 20% resulted in least peak load. The a* value remained unaffected by changes in extruder die temperature. Radial expansion was highest at extruder die temperature of 120°C. Maximum WAI, WSI, radial expansion, and L* value were obtained at 15% initial moisture content. An increase in .
Notes on Evaluation of Added Mass by the Finite Volume Method

Abstract An unstructured finite-volume method (FVM) is applied to free-surface potential flow problems; added mass is calculated once the flow variables have been determined. The approach is applied to two test cases: flow over a circular cylinder and a generic geometry with a transom stern. Results are compared with an analytical solution and a finite-difference method.