Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sediment transmission and storage: the implications for reconstructing landform development

The late Holocene (last 3000 years) development of the lower Ribble valley (northwest England) displays evidence for a complex response to a sediment recharge event forced by land‐use change induced increases in erosion and sediment delivery. The deposition of fluvial sediments during the late Holocene was restricted to a series of reaches or depocenters separated by zones with no sediment accumulation constrained by older glacial and fluvial terrain. Apparent reach‐wide correlations of fluvial terraces break down under the scrutiny applied by comprehensive and extensive radiocarbon control. Bayesian testing of relative order models show that large‐scale geomorphological changes, e.g. the progression from one terrace level to another, were time transgressive between different depocenters. The different histories of sediment delivery and storage are probably a function of local‐ and process‐scale variations in these depocenters, and reflect (dis)connectivity relationships within a reach in propagating a basin‐scale change (superslug) in the sediment regime. Disconnectivity in the depositional regime through a fluvial reach limits what we can reconstruct in terms of sediment budgets, but radiocarbon dating of multiple palaeochannels offers considerable potential for landform‐based research to uncover rates of change within individual depocenters. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experiments on piping in sandy gravels

Tests on internally unstable sandy gravels show that a significant proportion of the sand content is washed out by piping at hydraulic gradients far lower than the critical gradient given by a classical theory. The probable explanation is that a major part of the overburden load is carried on a framework of gravel particles, leaving the sand under relatively small pressures. By contrast, piping of the sand from stable sandy gravels occurs at approximately the full theoretical gradient. The tests broadly confirm Kenney's criterion for the internal stability of granular materials. Des essais realises sur des graves sableuses a instabilite interne importante montrent qu'une proportion non negligeable du sable est lessivee pour des gradients hydrauliques bien inferieurs au gradient critique donne par les theories classiques. L'explication la plus probable est que la majeure partie de la surcharge des couches subjacentes est transmise au reseau des particules graveleuses, le sable n'etant alors plus soumis qu'.
Macroscale factors affecting diatom abundance: a synergistic use of Continuous Plankton Recorder and satellite remote sensing data

Diatoms exist in almost every aquatic regime; they are responsible for ∼20% of global carbon fixation and ∼25% of global primary production, and are regarded as a key food for copepods, which are subsequently consumed by larger predators such as fish and marine mammals. A decreasing abundance and a vulnerability to climatic change in the North Atlantic Ocean have been reported in the literature. In the present work, a data matrix composed of concurrent satellite remote sensing and Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) in situ measurements was collated for the same spatial and temporal coverage in the Northeast Atlantic. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were applied to recognize and learn the complex non-monotonic and non-linear relationships between diatom abundance and spatiotemporal environmental factors. Because of their ability to mimic non-linear systems, ANNs proved far more effective in modelling the diatom distribution in the marine ecosystem. The results of this study reveal that diatoms have a regular seasonal cycle, with their abundance most strongly influenced by sea surface temperature (SST) and light intensity. The models indicate that extreme positive SSTs decrease diatom abundances regardless of other climatic conditions. These results provide information on the ecology of diatoms that may advance our understanding of the potential response of diatoms to climatic change.
Tracing tropical and intermediate waters from the South China Sea to the Okinawa Trough and beyond

[1] Intermediate waters with a salinity minimum from 350 to 1350 m depths have been reported to flow out of the South China Sea (SCS) through the Luzon Strait. This eastward flowing SCS Intermediate Water (SCSIW) is blocked by the northward flowing Black Stream (Kuroshio) southeast of Taiwan and is forced to turn to the north. The SCSIW subsequently enters and occupies the western half of the Okinawa Trough. Because of strong upwelling in the SCS basin, the SCSIW contains more nutrients than does the Kuroshio Intermediate Water in the Philippine Sea. One of the major purposes of this note is to reconfirm that the SCSIW actually does upwell onto the East China Sea (ECS) shelf and to show that the South China Sea Tropical Water (SCSTW), with a salinity maximum of 50–150 m in depth, follows the same pathway as the SCSIW and similarly occupies the western half of the Okinawa Trough. Part of these relatively nutrient-rich subsurface waters upwell, thereby supplying nutrients to the ECS shelves. The remaining SCSIW and SCSTW flow along with the Kuroshio and can be traced as far east as 140°E, south of Japan. This is just around the region where the Oyashio joins the Kuroshio to form the North Pacific Intermediate Water.
Soil moisture sensing with aircraft observations of the diurnal range of surface temperature

Aircraft observations of the surface temperature were made by measurements of the thermal emission in the 8-14 micrometers band over agricultural fields around Phoenix, Arizona. The diurnal range of these surface temperature measurements were well correlated with the ground measurement of soil moisture in the 0-2 cm layer. The surface temperature observations for vegetated fields were found to be within 1 or 2 C of the ambient air temperature indicating no moisture stress. These results indicate that for clear atmospheric conditions remotely sensed surface temperatures are a reliable indicator of soil moisture conditions and crop status.
On return stroke currents and remote electromagnetic fields associated with lightning strikes to tall structures. 1. Computational models

[1] In this paper, analytical expressions relating far fields and currents associated with lightning strikes to tall towers are derived. The derived equations are general and can be used with any engineering model. It is shown that the far field can be decomposed into three terms, namely (1) contribution of the main return stroke pulse along the lightning channel, (2) contribution of the multiple-reflection process along the elevated strike object, including the contribution of upward propagating pulses transmitted into the channel, and (3) contribution of the so-called “turn-on” terms, associated with the current discontinuity at the return stroke wavefront. This discontinuity is associated with neglecting reflections at the upward moving front. It is also shown that only the first term is model-dependent and that the far field–current relationship does not significantly depend on the adopted engineering model. It is therefore possible to use the analytical equation relating the current peak and the associated distant electric or magnetic fields, derived by Bermudez et al. (2005) for the transmission line (TL) model, for any engineering model extended to include a tall strike object. It is also shown that the peak amplitude of the electromagnetic field radiated by a lightning strike to a tall structure is relatively insensitive both to the value of the return stroke speed and the top reflection coefficient. These results and findings of this paper emphasize the key differences between return strokes initiated at ground level (or from short strike objects) and those striking tall towers: (1) The electromagnetic field from lightning strikes to tall towers is largely determined by the tower and only to a lesser extent by the channel, (2) electromagnetic fields associated with tall strike objects are less model-sensitive than those corresponding to a strike to ground; in particular, the early time response of the field is nearly model-independent, and (3) unlike ground-initiated strikes, for which the far field peak is strongly dependent on the return stroke speed (proportional according to the TL model), far field peaks associated with strikes to tall strike objects are little sensitive to the return stroke speed. This is a particularly interesting result when lightning currents are measured directly on instrumented towers to calibrate the performance of lightning location systems, since in most practical cases the value of the return stroke speed is unknown. Note that points (2) and (3) can be considered as corollaries of point (1).
Studies on Gas Origin and Gas Source Correlation Using Stable Carbon Isotopes — A Case Study of the Giant Gas Fields in the Sichuan Basin, China

Sichuan basin is one of the most gas rich basins in China. After more than 50 years' industrial exploration, about 15 giant gas fields with gas reserves over 300×108m3 have been found in this basin. A number of contributions have demonstrated that stable carbon isotopic composition and molecular compositions have great significance on the determination of gas origin and gas-source correlation of thermogenic gases. We compiled 228 compositional data of gas samples from the 15 giant gas fields in the Sichuan basin to investigate the gas origin and gas-source correlation by the molecular and stable carbon isotopic compositions. Our results demonstrate that natural gases in the Bajiaochang, Qiongxi, Luodai, Hechuan, Guang'an and Xinchang gas fields have positive carbon isotopic distribution pattern between C1-C4 alkanes (δ13C1<δ13C2<δ13C3<δ13C4) and are of coal-derived gases sourced from the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation, while natural gases from the Feixianguan Formation in the Puguang, the Jialingjiang Formation in the Wolonghe, Dukouhe, Luojiazhai and Tieshanpo gas fields were oil-associated gases mainly sourced from the Permian carbonates and shales. Natural gases in the Moxi gas field can be readily categorized into two types: coal-derived gases sourced from the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation and oil-associated gases mainly sourced from the Permian carbonates and shales. Gases from the Wubaiti and Shapingchang gas fields have isotopic reversal among C1-C3 alkanes, which is very similar to the gases from the Permian and Carboniferous strata in the Wolonghe gas field. They were oil-associated gases mainly sourced from the Silurian shales and mudstones. Natural gases from the Weiyuan gas field were oil-associated gases sourced from the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation.
On three rugose coral genera from Serpukhovian strata in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland

The rugose coral specimens included by Schindewolf (1952) in the genera Claviphyllum Hudson, 1942, Fasciculophyllum Thomson, 1883 and Pentaphyllum (Tachylasma) Grabau, 1922 are revised on the basis of the original collection. The first two taxa are included in Antiphyllum Schindewolf, 1952, either in its original sense or in its newly introduced subgenus Antiphyllites . The new genus Effigies is introduced for Pentaphyllum ( Tachylasma ) silesiacum Schindewolf, 1952. The reasons for placing individual genera within given families and suborders are discussed. New, detailed descriptions of species are supplemented by text-figures in order to document their intraspecific variability and phylogenetic relationships.
Qualitative Analysis of Indoor and Outdoor Airborne Fungi in Cowshed

Air pollution is one of the most serious problems to human health. Fungi are the causal agents for different diseases in animals, plants, and human beings. Otomycosis, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, allergy, and systemic mycosis are among the fungal diseases caused. The present study was conducted to analyze the monthly incidence of airborne fungi, seasonal variation, and influence of meteorological parameters in indoor and outdoor fungi of cowshed at Hesaraghatta village, Bangalore. An aeromycological survey of indoor and outdoor area of cowshed at Hesaraghatta village in Bangalore city was carried out using the Andersen two-stage sampler onto a petri dish containing malt extract agar from January 2011 to December 2011. Altogether, 29 species belonging to 13 genera from indoor and 26 species belonging to 12 genera were recorded from outdoor environment of the cowshed; the dominant fungal species identified were Cladosporium sp. , Aspergillus sp. , and Alternaria alternata. Seasonal occurrence of fungal spores in both indoor and outdoor of the cowshed revealed that maximum spores were recorded in summer season followed by winter and rainy season.
Global Energy and Water Budgets in MERRA

AbstractReanalyses, retrospectively analyzing observations over climatological time scales, represent a merger between satellite observations and models to provide globally continuous data and have improved over several generations. Balancing the earth’s global water and energy budgets has been a focus of research for more than two decades. Models tend to their own climate while remotely sensed observations have had varying degrees of uncertainty. This study evaluates the latest NASA reanalysis, the Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), from a global water and energy cycles perspective, to place it in context of previous work and demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses.MERRA was configured to provide complete budgets in its output diagnostics, including the incremental analysis update (IAU), the term that represents the observations influence on the analyzed states, alongside the physical flux terms. Precipitation in reanalyses is typically sensitive to the observationa.
Simultaneous observations of nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances and E region field-aligned irregularities at midlatitude

[1] We report on simultaneous observations of very high frequency (VHF) radar backscatter from field-aligned irregularities (FAI) in the E region and medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTID) in 630-nm airglow images. On the night of 6 August 2002, the powerful 46.5-MHz middle and upper atmosphere (MU) radar with five beam directions at Shigaraki, Japan, observed typical quasiperiodic (QP) echoes from FAI in the E region. During this QP echo event, an all-sky charge-coupled device imager at the MU radar site detected MSTID in 630-nm airglow images. The MSTID also propagated southwestward at 80 m/s with fluctuation amplitudes of 50% from the background intensity and a wavelength of 380 km. Period of the MSTID was almost same as that of the Doppler velocity in the QP echoes. The airglow enhancement (depletion) caused by the MSTID coincided with southeastward (northwestward) velocity in the QP echo. These results indicate that the electric fields associated with the F region MSTID could be closely coupled to those associated with QP echoes in the E region.
The Aztec fish fauna (Devonian) of Southern Victoria Land: Evolutionary and biogeographic significance

Abstract The Aztec fauna is one of the most diverse fossil vertebrate faunas from Antarctica, with over 30 taxa belonging to the four major groups of jawed fishes (acanthodians, placoderms, osteichthyans, chondrichthyans), and one group of agnathans (thelodontids). Biogeographically the strongest affinity is with eastern Australia, as part of the East Gondwana Province. Biostratigraphically the Aztec succession includes probably the youngest known non-marine thelodont agnathans at the base, and the oldest known phyllolepids at the top. This transition, and an association of species of Turinia and Bothriolepis, is not seen in any other sequence. Most or all of the Aztec sequence is regarded as Givetian (late Middle Devonian) in age. The Aztec fauna contains older and/or more primitive representatives of several groups typical of younger (late Palaeozoic) strata in Euramerica, suggesting a biotic dispersal episode between Gondwana and Euramerica in the Late Devonian. Centres of origin and dispersal hypotheses in Palaeozoic biogeography can be related to disappearance of faunal barriers as manifested in different stratigraphic ranges in different areas. The change for Devonian vertebrates from the endemic patterns seen in the Early Devonian to the close similarity of Famennian faunas between East Gondwana and Euramerica suggests disappearance of a major faunal barrier in the Late Devonian, presumably the ocean between Gondwana and Euramerica.
Electrokinetic phenomena associated with a water injection experiment at the Nojima fault on Awaji Island, Japan

Abstract Self‐potential variations were measured to estimate the magnitude of electrokinetic and hydrological parameters (zeta potential and permeability) of the Nojima Fault zone in Awaji, Japan. The study observed self‐potential variations that seemed to be associated with water flow from the injection well to the fracture zone, which were induced by turning the injection on and off. Amplitudes of the variations were a few to 0.03 V across 320–450 m dipoles. These variations can be explained well with an electrokinetic model. The quantity k/ζ (permeability/zeta potential) is in the range 1.6 × 10−13− 5.4 × 10−13 m2/V. Permeability of the Nojima fault zone can be estimated as approximately 10−16–10−15 m2 on the assumption that the zeta potential is in the range –0.01 to –0.001 V.
Model Tests and Analyses of Bearing Capacity of Strip Footing on Stiff Ground with Voids

A series of 1G loading tests under the plane-strain condition were conducted on stiff ground with continuous square voids with the view of shallow foundation on calcareous sediment rocks, which contain voids because of their susceptibility to water dissolution. Detailed experimental observation revealed three types of failure modes for a single void: bearing failure without void failure, bearing failure with void failure, and void failure without bearing failure, depending on the location of the void as well as the size of the void. Upper-bound calculations were presented to interpret the changes of bearing capacity observed because of the existence of a void.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Stretch-Induced Crystallization in Polyethylene: Emergence of Fiber Structure and Molecular Network

Molecular processes of fiber formation and network genesis in polyethylene (PE) are studied by molecular dynamics simulation of crystallization from highly stretched melt. We consider a system comprising 150 molecules of 500 united atoms, which is much larger than that of our previous work on fiber structures and their deformation [Polymer 2013, 54, 3086], aiming to study crystal nucleation and growth separately. Rapid elongation of the isotropic melt gives rise to incipient crystal clusters or embryos much smaller than critical nuclei. Subsequent isothermal crystallization of the stretched melt leads to three distinct stages of structure formation. The initial stage is a period waiting for critical nucleation. In the second stage that follows, we observe independent growth of isolated lamellae and resulting polynomial increases in crystallinity. In the last stage the crystals come to collide with each other to give well-aligned stacked lamellae. By dividing the system into mesh cells (pixels) and using a.
The new chronostratigraphic classification of the Ordovician System and its relations to major regional series and stages and to δ13C chemostratigraphy

The extensive work carried out during more than a decade by the International Subcommission on Ordovician Stratigraphy has resulted in a new global classification of the Ordovician System into three series and seven stages. Formal Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSPs) for all stages have been selected and these and the new stage names have been ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy. Based on a variety of biostratigraphic data, these new units are correlated with chronostratigraphic series and stages in the standard regional classifications used in the UK, North America, Baltoscandia, Australia, China, Siberia and the Mediterranean-North Gondwana region. Furthermore, based mainly on graptolite and conodont zones, the Ordovician is subdivided into 20 stage slices (SS) that have potential for precise correlations in both carbonate and shale facies. The new chronostratigraphic scheme is also tied to a new composite δ13C curve through the entire Ordovician.
Integrating finite element and load-transfer analyses in modelling the effects of dewatering on pile settlement behaviour

A method of analysis is developed by integrating finite element (FE) and load-transfer analyses to predict the negative shaft resistance and settlement of piles due to ground water lowering. A program is written in MATLAB for linking the FE results of ground movements with the input interface system of a new pile load–settlement analysis program (named “PILESET”) developed by the author. PILESET is specially designed to allow automatic input of electronic site investigation data, although manual input of laboratory soil test data is also possible. Using PILESET, custom-defined load-transfer relationships can be either input manually or calculated internally by PILESET based on the input data from in situ or laboratory soil tests. To demonstrate the validity of the suggested analysis procedure, a case record is analyzed where sump pumping was to be carried out underneath a deep basement situated close to an existing building supported on 15 m long piles. Based on assumed steady-state flow conditions, groun.
Structure, petrology, and genesis of Cenozoic volcanism, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand—a review

Abstract The Taupo Volcanic Zone extends for approximately 300 km north-eastwards across the central North Island, New Zealand. Within the zone are five volcanic centres: Tongariro, which includes over 95% andesites; Taupo, Maroa, and Okataina, rhyolitic centres, each probably associated with multiple caldera collapse; and Rotorua, a simple collapse structure, sited on the western side of Taupo Volcanic Zone. The lavas of the Taupo Volcanic Zone are all calc-alkaline. Two types of basalt occur; a low-alumina basalt within the Tongariro Volcanic Centre and a high-alumina basalt in the Rotorua-Taupo area. Andesites can be divided into “normal” (57–63% Si02) and low-Si (53–57% Si02) types. Pyroxene low-Si andesites probably represent cumulate fractions of the “normal” andesite, but olivine low-Si andesite may be derived from a separate younger magma. Two types of dacite can also be distinguished. Bay of Plenty lavas show a complete gradation from dacite to andesite, and lavas from the Rotorua-Taupo region sh.
True-amplitude Kirchhoff depth migration in anisotropic media: The traveltime-based approach

ABSTRACTTrue-amplitude Kirchhoff depth migration is a classic tool in seismic imaging. In addition to a focused structural image, it also provides information on the strength of the reflectors in the model, leading to estimates of the shear properties of the subsurface. This information is a key feature not only for reservoir characterization, but it is also important for detecting seismic anisotropy. If anisotropy is present, it needs to be accounted for during the migration. True-amplitude Kirchhoff depth migration is carried out in terms of a weighted diffraction stack. Expressions for suitable weight functions exist in anisotropic media. However, the conventional means of computing the weights is based on dynamic ray tracing, which has high requirements on the smoothness of the underlying model. We developed a method for the computation of the weight functions that does not require dynamic ray tracing because all necessary quantities are determined from traveltimes alone. In addition, the method led t.