Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reasons for hospitalizations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the CANVAS Program

Aim: To determine the reasons for hospitalizations in the CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study (CANVAS) programme and the effects of the sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor canagliflozin on hospitalization. Materials and Methods: A secondary analysis was performed on the CANVAS programme that included 10 142 participants with type 2 diabetes randomized to canagliflozin or placebo. The primary outcome was the rate of total (first plus all recurrent) all-cause hospitalizations (ACH). Secondary outcomes were total hospitalizations categorized by the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities hierarchy at the system organ class level, reported by investigators at each centre. Outcomes were assessed using negative binomial models. Results: Of the 7115 hospitalizations reported, the most common reasons were cardiac disorders (23.7%), infections and infestations (15.0%), and nervous system disorders (9.0%). The rate of total ACH was lower in the canagliflozin group (n = 5795) compared with the placebo group (n = 4347): 197.9 versus 215.8 participants per 1000 patient-years, respectively (rate ratio [RR] 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86, 0.98). Can-agliflozin reduced the rate of total hospitalizations because of cardiac disorders (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.75, 0.88). There was no significant difference between the canagliflozin and placebo groups in the rates of total hospitalizations because of infections and infestations (RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.86, 1.02) or nervous system disorders (RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.88, 1.05). Conclusions: In the CANVAS programme, the most common reasons for hospitalization were cardiac disorders, infections and infestations, and nervous system disorders. Canagliflozin, compared with placebo, reduced the rate of total ACH.
Returns to Higher Education in China-Evidence Based on the 1999 Higher Education Expansion using Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity

China experienced a 40% expansion in higher education between 1998 and 1999, and a sixfold expansion in the decade to 2008. In this paper, we explore a fuzzy discontinuity in the months of births induced by the expansion to study the returns to higher education in China. We find that the mean years of education increased by roughly one full year around the cutoff point of the 1999 expansion as defined by months of births. Importantly, each additional year of university education induced by the 1999 higher education expansion increases monthly wage income by 21%, whereas the corresponding OLS estimate is only 8%. Our findings are insensitive to alternative window widths, functional forms, or the exclusion of the self-employed. Moreover, the returns to degrees also appear to vary by gender, with lowers returns to women except when they are the only child in the family.
MLS observations of lower stratospheric ClO and O3 in the 1992 Southern Hemisphere winter. [Microwave Limb Sounder]

UARS MLS measurements of ClO in the 1992 southern hemisphere winter are described. Lower stratospheric ClO abundances greater than 1 ppbv were observed in the vortex beginning 1 June. The enhanced ClO reached largest areal extent in mid-August, then retreated poleward. ClO abundances at 22 hPa decreased in early September while those at 46 hPa remained high. O3 decrease within the vortex was observed by mid-August, and was coincident with the enhanced ClO.
0 Remittances and the Problem of Control : A Field Experiment Among Migrants from El Salvador

While remittance flows to developing countries are very large, it is unknown whether migrants desire more control over the uses to which remittances are put. This research uses a randomized field experiment to investigate the importance of migrant control over the use of remittances. In partnership with a large Salvadoran bank, we offered US-based migrants from El Salvador facilities for channeling remittances into savings accounts in their home country. We randomly varied migrant control over El Salvador-based savings by offering different types of accounts across treatment groups. The treatment that offered migrants the greatest degree of control over savings had the highest impact on savings accumulation at the partner bank, compared to comparison groups offered less or no control over savings. Effects of this treatment on savings are concentrated among migrants who express demand for control over remittances in the baseline survey. We also find positive spillovers of our savings intervention in the form of increased savings at other banks (specifically, banks in the U.S.), which is likely due to the financial education implicitly conveyed by our intervention. Our findings point to the potential for future innovations to enhance migrant control over remittance uses in other areas such as financing for education, health, housing, or micro-enterprises.
Mutation nsp6 L232F associated with MERS-CoV zoonotic transmission confers higher viral replication in human respiratory tract cultures ex-vivo

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes zoonotic disease. Dromedary camels are the source of zoonotic infection. We identified a mutation of amino acid leucine to phenylalanine in the codon 232 position of the non-structural protein 6 (nsp6) (nsp6 L232F) that is repeatedly associated with zoonotic transmission. We generated a pair of isogenic recombinant MERS-CoV with nsp6 232L and 232F residues, respectively, and showed that the nsp6 L232F mutation confers higher replication competence in ex-vivo culture of human nasal and bronchial tissues and in lungs of mice experimentally infected in-vivo. Mechanistically, the nsp6 L232F mutation appeared to modulate autophagy and was associated with higher exocytic virus egress, while innate immune responses and zippering activity of the endoplasmic reticulum remained unaffected. Our study suggests that MERS-CoV nsp6 may contribute to viral adaptation to humans. This highlights the importance of continued surveillance of MERS-CoV in both camels and humans.
Strains in Sand Due to Cyclic Loading in Triaxial Conditions

The experimental results dealing with the cyclic loading of sand samples in triaxial conditions are presented. These results show the development of both the volumetric and deviatoric permanent strains due to a large number of loading cycles. The analysis of experimental data has led to the formulation of semi-empirical constitutive equations, expressed in the incremental form, for these strains as functions of the cyclic shear stress amplitude, number of loading cycles and the initial stress state, around which the cyclic shearing takes place.
Recreational benefits of wetlands: a survey on the Dal Lake in Jammu and Kashmir of India

Purpose – A wetland is a place of tourist attraction, and tourism values play a key role in economic development.Amongvariousservicesprovidedbyawetland,recreationalservicesareincreasinglyvaluablein thetourismsector.ThispaperaimstounfoldthepotentialrecreationalvaluesoftheDalLakeinJammuandKashmir,India. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses individual travel cost methods (TCMs) and assesses its impact on regional development in terms of income and employment generation. A sample of 200 tourists is selectedthroughanon-sitesurveyonDalLake,andthedemandforrecreationalvisitsanditsvalueisestimatedbyemployingthetruncatedPoissonregressionmodel(TPRM)andun-truncatedPoissonregressionmodel (UTPRM). Theconsumers ’ surplus is estimated and tourists ’ benefit to visiting the wetland is explored. Findings – On average, estimated consumers ’ surplus per visitor is Rs 6,250 (US$96.15) and Rs 25,000 (US$384.61) from respective models. The annual total recreational value of the lake is accounted for Rs 1713m (US$ 26m). This high consumer surplus (CS) and recreational values of the lake indicate large demand for its recreational facilities. Originality/value – The study is based on primary data and thus, is original. The paper has implications for the policymakers to formulate sustainable management plans for the proper use of Dal Lake and tourism development.
Perceptions of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions in Select Communities in Central America. Recommendations to Explore the Issue of Sustainability

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Public Health at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Public Health Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact scholarworks@gsu.edu. Recommended Citation Gleaton, Arlyn Nathalia, "Perceptions of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions in Select Communities in Central America. Recommendations to Explore the Issue of Sustainability. " Thesis, Georgia State University, 2012. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/iph_theses/243 brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac. uk
Environmental Injustice: Is Race or Income a Better Predictor?

Objective . Drawing on recent debates over environmental justice and environmental racism, this paper investigates the distribution of Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) emissions in Michigan in an attempt to ascertain whether these emissions are inequitably distributed according to race. Methods. The analysis examines TRI emissions for the entire state, the state's urban areas, and the Detroit Metropolitan Area (DMA). Results . TRI emissions for the entire state are inequitably distributed according to race. This finding does not hold for multivariate analyses of the state's urban areas and the DMA. However, in these areas, race is significantly correlated with TRI emissions in bivariate regressions. Conclusions. I make several arguments. First, the nature of specific conclusions drawn from this and another, similar study depends on a) whether one holds an institutional or intentional model of environmental discrimination and b) whether one gives more weight to statewide analyses or analyses restricted to urban areas. Second, one should not theorize race and income as competing explanatory variables. Third, qualitative historical case studies are necessary if we are to adequately explain the formation of current environmental hazard distributions.
Repeat COVID-19 Molecular Testing: Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 Culture with Molecular Assays and Cycle Thresholds

BACKGROUND: Repeat COVID-19 molecular testing can lead to positive test results after negative tests and to multiple positive test results over time. The association between positive tests and infectious virus is important to quantify. METHODS: A two months cohort of retrospective data and consecutively collected specimens from COVID-19 patients or patients under investigation were used to understand the correlation between prolonged viral RNA positive test results, cycle threshold (Ct) values and growth of SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture. Whole genome sequencing was used to confirm virus genotype in patients with prolonged viral RNA detection. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was used to assess the rate of false negative COVID-19 diagnostic tests. RESULTS: In two months, 29,686 specimens were tested and 2,194 patients received repeated testing. Virus recovery in cell culture was noted in specimens with SARS-CoV-2 target genes' Ct value average of 18.8 ± 3.4. Prolonged viral RNA shedding was associated with positive virus growth in culture in specimens collected up to 20 days after the first positive result but mostly in individuals symptomatic at time of sample collection. Whole genome sequencing provided evidence the same virus was carried over time. Positive tests following negative tests had Ct values higher than 29.5 and were not associated with virus culture. ddPCR was positive in 5.6% of negative specimens collected from COVID-19 confirmed or clinically suspected patients. CONCLUSIONS: Low Ct values in SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic tests were associated with virus growth in cell culture. Symptomatic patients with prolonged viral RNA shedding can also be infectious.
Watershed Scale Climate Change Projections for Use in Hydrologic Studies: Exploring New Dimensions

Any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only, and you may not make them available to any other person. Authors control the copyright of their thesis. You will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of this thesis, and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate. You will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from their thesis.
Edinburgh Explorer Evaluation of antigen detection and antibody detection tests for Trypanosoma evansi infections of buffaloes in Indonesia

SUMMARY Two Ag-ELISAs, an IgG-speciﬁc antibody detection ELISA (IgG ELISA) and a card agglutination test (CATT) for the detection of Trypanasoma evansi infections in buﬀaloes in Indonesia, were compared. Diagnostic sensitivity estimates were obtained by testing sera from 139 Indonesian buﬀaloes which had been found to be infected by parasitological tests. Diagnostic speciﬁcity was estimated by testing sera from 263 buﬀaloes living in Australia. Response-operating characteristic curves were constructed, and optimal ELISA cut-oﬀ values, which minimized the number of false–negative and false–positive results, were chosen. The IgG ELISA had the highest sensitivity (89%) and the CATT had the highest speciﬁcity (100%). There was a signiﬁcant diﬀerence between the sensitivities (71 and 81%), but not between the speciﬁcities (75 and 78%), of the two Ag-ELISAs. The four tests were further compared by calculation of post-test probabilities of infection for positive and negative test results using a range of prevalence values, and likelihood ratios. The results suggested that the CATT was the best test to ‘rule-in’ infection (i.e. the highest probability of infection in test-positive animals) and the IgG ELISA was the best test to ‘rule-out’ infection (i.e. the lowest probability of infection in test-negative animals).
Interval Timer Control of Puberty in Photoinhibited Siberian Hamsters

Puberty, which is markedly delayed in male Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) born into short day lengths, is controlled by an interval timer regulated by the duration of nocturnal melatonin secretion. Properties of the interval timer were assessed by perturbing normal patterns of melatonin secretion in males gestated and maintained thereafter in 1 of 2 short day lengths, 10 h light/day (10L) or 12L. Melatonin secretion of short-day hamsters was suppressed by constant light treatment or modified by daily injection of propranolol to mimic nocturnal melatonin durations typical of long-day hamsters. Constant light treatment during weeks 3 to 5 induced early incomplete gonadal growth in 12L but not 10L hamsters but did not affect late onset of gonadal development indicative of puberty in either photoperiod. Propranolol treatment during postnatal weeks 3 to 5 induced transient growth of the testes and ultimately delayed the timing of puberty by 3 weeks. Similar treatments between weeks 5 and 7 or on alternate weeks for 24 weeks did not affect the interval timer. The first 2 weeks after weaning may constitute a critical period during which the interval timer is highly responsive to photoperiod. Alternatively, the hamsters' photoperiodic history rather than age or developmental stage may be the critical variable. The interpolation of long-day melatonin signals at the time of weaning does not appear to reset the interval timer to its zero position but may reduce timer responsiveness to long-day melatonin signals several weeks later.
Anticancer properties of lipid and poly( ε -caprolactone) nanocapsules loaded with 1 ferrocenyl tamoxifen derivatives

28 Objective: We synthesized new tamoxifen derivatives as anticancer drug candidates and 29 elaborated on convection-enhanced delivery (CED) as strategy for delivery. 30 Methods: To overcome the issue of their poor solubility, these ferrocenyl-tamoxifen 31 derivatives were esterified and encapsulated into different nanocarriers, i.e lipid (LNC) and 32 polymeric nanocapsules (PNL-NC). We describe the chemistry, the encapsulation and the 33 physicochemical characterization of these formulations. 34
Impact of supplemental phosphorus source and form on utilization in lactating dairy cattle

Supplemental phosphorus (P) in varying forms and sources: pellet (PELLET), meal (MEAL), liquid (LIQUID) and corn dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) were compared in twelve multiparous Holstein cows producing approximately 43 kg of milk (115 ± 55 DIM) in a 4x4 Latin square with 21d periods. PELLET and MEAL diets contained monocalcium phosphate with a wheat middlings carrier, and the LIQUID contained ammonium polyphosphate in a cane molasses base. The DDGS supplied an organic P source. Cows were blocked by parity, DIM and milk production and randomly assigned to treatments. Data were analyzed using the MIXED model procedure of SAS. Phosphorus intakes of 116, 116, 119 and 118 g/d were similar for PELLET, MEAL, LIQUID and DDGS diets, respectively. Cows consuming the LIQUID diet experienced greater sugar intakes (P<0.001). Fat intake was lower (P<0.001) for the PELLET, MEAL and LIQUID diets compared to the DDGS diet (1.14, 1.12, 1.07 and 1.36 kg/d, respectively). NEL intake was similar for all treatments (P=0.55). Milk yield differences (P=0.05) occurred with the DDGS diet yielding the most milk (34.6, 35.4, 34.1 and 36.5 kg/d). No differences resulted for either milk fat (P=0.26) or milk protein (P=0.33) percentages or for daily lactose production (P=0.22). Excretion of P in feces tended (P=0.07) to differ between treatments (67.4, 66.3, 57.5 and 60.0 g/d) resulting in a trend (P=0.10) for greater P retention in diets excreting less P. Secretion of P in milk did not differ (P=0.51) between treatments. Differences (P=0.04) occurred in P concentration between diets (0.47, 0.47, 0.49 and 0.47%), but the amount of P fed was not different (P=0.83). With similarities for DMI and P concentration in refusals (P=0.21) it may be deduced that sorting of the P supplement did not occur. These data show that supplemental P sources do not affect DMI or P intake, however P source resulted in slight differences in P utilization, but it was not related to sorting of the diet. Utilizing DDGS showed similar responses to inorganic P mineral supplements with favorable production yields making it an adequate substitute for mineral sources of P.
Organisational Learning: A Critical Review.

This paper reviews the conceptual framework of organisational learning, and identifies five focuses of the concept and practices within the existing literature, namely, focus on collectivity of individual learning; process or system; culture or metaphor; knowledge management; and continuous improvement. In line with current industrial contexts, this paper tentatively redefines the concept of organisational learning, incorporating the aspect of radical innovation and creativity. The aim of this paper is to provide a clarified and updated understanding of organisational learning.
Organisational learning: research issues and application in SME sector firms

Over the last two decades the UK Government has massively expanded support for SME sector firms. Two important elements of this expansion have been the funding of intervention by commercial consultants and the provision of training schemes covering start‐ups, owner‐manager development and employee skills acquisition. Argues that a fresh approach is required which ensures embedding of the concept that firms should be more self‐responsible and continually strive to find ways of enhancing their performance. This view then permits one to posit the idea that the introduction of organisational learning into the SME sector is a highly attractive proposition. However, the majority of espoused theory is based on application of the concept in large firms moreover, there is very limited empirical research that supports the fundamental assumption that organisational learning contributes towards enhancing performance. Research to determine whether identifiable relationships exist between the performance of the firm, the learning mode of the organisation and organisational competence does not provide clear statistically significant relationships and further work is clearly needed. A grounded theory approach was adopted for developing an organisational learning programme for small firms. Preliminary results indicate the approach offers significant advantages over the classic, external intervention driven support models currently in common use among TECs and business links.
Synthetic Temperature Profile in the Gulf of Mexico. Part 1. Statistical Relationship Between Modal Amplitudes and Dynamic Height at Surface

Abstract : The feasibility of estimating temperature profiles (synthetic temperature profiles) from Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite (GEOSAT) altimeter- derived sea-surface heights in the Gulf Stream region has been explored. The scheme was based on a statistical relationship between sea surface heights and subsurface temperature profiles derived by deWitt. DeWitt found that the first two empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the temperature profiles represented more than 95 percent of the overall temperature variance. Furthermore, he found that there is a tight relationship between relative dynamic height and amplitude of the first two EOF modes. This relationship was used to generate the synthetic temperature profiles from GEOSAT data. The synthetic temperature profiles compared well with the expendable bathythermograph (XBT) measurements. In this study the temperature and salinity profiles in the Gulf of Mexico were collected and analyzed. Then the deWitt scheme was employed. The feasibility of using sea-surface heights to estimate temperature profiles (synthetic profiles) in the Gulf of Mexico was investigated.
TRANSIENT HYPERGLYCEMIA DURING ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA THERAPY: REVISITING RISK FACTORS AMONG INTERNATIONAL PROTOCOLS

Background/Objectives: Transient hyperglycemia is an early endocrine eﬀect observed during ALL chemotherapy. The goal of this study was to identify risk factors to hyperglycemia, compare data from two international protocols, and perceive if its occurrence leads to worse outcomes, such as infection, ALL relapse, or death. Methods: Data refers to a cohort of 188 pediatric patients undergoing ALL treatment at GRAACC/UNIFESP between 2004 and 2017. The eﬀect of individual characteristics (protocol treatment, gender, age, ethnicity, family history of diabetes, puberty, nutritional status, ALL cell lineage
Controversial Mathematical Issues : Problem Based Learning on Critical Thinking

This study aims to describe the study of controversial mathematical issues as problems that facilitate cognitive conflict and metacognitive knowledge. The research method used is a Systematic Literature Review with the process of identifying, assessing, and interpreting the available research facts, with the research object being a mathematical problem. The research design used was to summarize, review, and analyze 27 articles relevant to the research object in Sinta-accredited journals, indexed by Scopus and Web of Science. Then, these articles were analyzed using content analysis techniques. From the Systematic Literature Review, the results showed that controversial problems were different from metacognitive problems and the problems that facilitate cognitive conflict. These unique problems suit the mathematical problems’ criteria and support the application of Problem-Based Learning.