Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
AN EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF EMISSIONS TRADING WITH SHARES AND COUPONS IN THE PRESENCE OF MARKET UNCERTAINTY

SUMMARY Two important decisions in designing markets for tradable emissions permits are whether to allow banking and whether to allow trading in entitlements to future permits. Recent experiments suggest that banking will be particularly important when uncertainty about actual emissions requires trading in a reconciliation period after the quantity of emissions has been determined. This paper reports on the design of an experiment to measure the individual contributions of banking permits (which are called coupons) and trading entitlements (which are called shares) under alternative conditions of certainty and uncertainty. Banking, share trading and uncertainty conditions are introduced in a complete factorial design with three observations per cell. Preliminary analysis shows that banking and share trading both lead to greater eAciency. Banking is particularly important in reducing price instability when uncertainty is present. #1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Geodetic Rotation of the Major Planets, the Moon and the Sun

On the Geodetic Rotation of the Major Planets, the Moon and the Sun The problem of the geodetic (relativistic) rotation of the major planets, the Moon and the Sun was studied in the paper by Eroshkin and Pashkevich (2007) only for the components of the angular velocity vectors of the geodetic rotation, which are orthogonal to the plane of the fixed ecliptic J2000. This research represents an extension of the previous investigation to all the other components of the angular velocity vector of the geodetic rotation, with respect to the body-centric reference frame from Seidelmann et al. (2005).
Dynamic and Stochastic Influences on Spiral Structure in the Flocculent Spiral NGC 4414

We present new Hα, CO, and H I images of the high gas surface density flocculent spiral NGC 4414 and compare them to recently published near-infrared observations that reveal kiloparsec-scale structures in the inner disk. The subtraction of an estimated supergiant contribution confirms that the near-infrared enhancements represent primarily variations in the surface density of the old stellar population. As material structures of kiloparsec extent cannot be maintained in a differentially rotating disk for sufficiently long times to be discernible in the old stellar population, the near-infrared observations suggest that global dynamical processes contribute to the formation of structure in NGC 4414. However, variations in the distribution of CO, H I, and Hα peaks with respect to near-infrared "arm" structures suggest that stochastic processes are also important.
On representing words in the automorphism group of the random graph

Abstract We discuss the solubility of equations of the form w = g, where w is a word (an element of a free group FX ) and g is an element of a given group G. A word for which this equation is soluble for every g ∈ G is said to be universal for G. It is conjectured that a word is universal for the automorphism group of the random graph if and only if it cannot be written as a proper power, corresponding to the results of [Randall Dougherty and Jan Mycielski. Representations of infinite permutations by words (II). Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 127 (1999), 2233–43. ], [Roger C. Lyndon. Words and infinite permutations. In Mots, Lang. Raison Calc. (Hermès, 1990), pp. 143–152. ], [Jan Mycielski. Representations of infinite permutations by words. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 100 (1987), 237–241. ], where the same necessary and sufficient condition was established for infinite symmetric groups. We prove various special cases. A key ingredient is the use of ‘generic’ automorphisms, and elements which suitably approximate them, called ‘special’.
REMARKS ON THE STATIONARY PHASE METHOD AND COXETER NUMBERS

We study integrals of rapidly oscillating functions. Such integrals tend to zero when the length of the oscillation wave tends to zero through wave fronts of constant form. The asymptotic decrease of the integral is determined by the character of the critical points of the function describing the front. If all of these critical points are non-degenerate (Morse), then the integral tends to zero like the wave length raised to the power of half the dimension of the space, and indeed this is the asymptotic behaviour of the integral for functions in general position.However, if the integral depends on additional parameters, then for certain caustic parameter values there arise non-Morse critical points and the integral decreases slowly. The investigation of the asymptotic behaviour of the integral of an oscillating function in caustic cases can be regarded as a generalization of the theory of Airy functions; it is closely connected with Artin's braid theory, and the answer in the case of few parameters is expressed in terms of the Coxeter numbers of the Weyl groups of the series A, D, E, and in the case of many parameters it is expressed in terms of generalizations of them.
ASCA Observations of Transient X-Ray Sources in Quiescence

Soft X-ray transients are most probably low-mass binary systems containing either a neutron star (NS-LMXB) or a black hole (BH-LMXB). We have systematically investigated thirteen soft X-ray transients (four NS-LMXBs and nine BH-LMXBs) in the quiescent state using the available ASCA data. The luminosities of the observed NS-LMXBs in quiescence are on the order of ~ JQ 32 " 33 erg s" 1 , whereas those of the BH-LMXBs are found to be systematically lower, most of them giving upper limits in the range below 10 32 erg s" 1 . The quiescent luminosity of LMXBs may be explained in terms of an optically thin, advection-dominated accretion disk, for which most of the thermal and kinetic energies of accreting matter are advected into the compact object with little X-ray emission. However, this scenario predicts a much larger luminosity for NS-LMXBs than observed, if the advected energies are liberated at the neutron-star surface, which is absent in BH-LMXBs. Mass accretion onto the neutron-star surface may be suppressed through some mechanism, such as the so-called propeller effect. The soft component observed in the NS-LMXBs is most probably emission from the magnetic pole regions of the neutron star.
Monotonicity of Positive Dependence with Time for Stationary Reversible Markov Chains

Let (X1, X2) and (Y1, Y2) be bivariate random vectors with a common marginal distribution (X1, X2) is said to be more positively dependent than (Y1, Y2) if E[h(X1)h(X2)] ≥ E[h(Y1)h(Y2)] for all functions h for which the expectations exist. The purpose of this paper is to study the monotonicity of positive dependence with time for a stationary reversible Markov chain [X1]; that is, (Xs, Xl+s) is less positively dependent as t increases. Both discrete and continuous time and both a denumerable set and a subset of the real line for the state space are considered. Some examples are given to show that the assertions established for reversible Markov chains are not true for nonreversible chains.
A large-scale relativistic configuration-interaction approach: application to the 4s2–4s4p transition energies and E1 rates for Zn-like ions

Relativistic configuration-interaction calculations of the 4s4p excitation energies and 4s2–4s4p E1 transitions for Zn-like ions from Z = 30 to 92 are shown. B-spline basis functions are used for these large-scale calculations. QED corrections to the excitation energies are also calculated. Results are in good agreement with other theories and with experiment, and demonstrate the utility of this method for high-precision atomic structure calculations not just for few-electron systems but also for large atomic systems such as Zn-like ions along the entire isoelectronic sequence.
Taylor‐model‐based enclosure of invariant manifolds for planar diffeomorphisms and applications

Fundamental questions in the study of interesting dynamics of planar diffeomorphisms like the Hénon map involve homoclinic phenomena, topological entropy and strange attractors. Inherently, answering these questions requires knowledge about the stable and unstable manifolds, which in the typical case in the plane are smooth curves. We present a method to find highly accurate Taylor Model enclosures of the invariant curves near hyperbolic fixed points. Successive iteration of these local enclosures yields similarly accurate enclosures of pieces of the global manifold tangle. Applications presented include the automatic computation of rigorous enclosures of all homoclinic points up to finite iterates. This allows to find symbolic dynamics in the original system and consequently compute rigorous lower bounds for its topological entropy. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A strong invariance principle for associated sequences

By combining the Berkes-Philipp blocking technique and the Csorgo-Revesz quantile transform methods, we find that partial sums of an associated sequence can be approximated almost surely by partial sums of another sequence with Gaussian marginals. A crucial fact is that this latter sequence is still associated with covariances roughly bounded by the covariances of the original sequence, and that one can approximate it by an iid Gaussian process using the Berkes-Philipp method. We require that the original sequence has finite (2 + r)th moments, r > 0, and a power decay rate of a coefficient u(n) which describes the covariance structure of the sequence. Based on this result, we obtain a strong invariance principle for associated sequences if u(n) exponentially decreases to 0.
Performance of subgrid-scale models in coarse large eddy simulations of a laminar separation bubble

The flow over many blades and airfoils at moderate angles of attack and Reynolds numbers ranging from 104 to 105 undergoes separation due to the adverse pressure gradient generated by surface curvature. In many cases, the separated shear layer then transitions to turbulence and reattaches, closing off a recirculation region—the laminar separation bubble. An equivalent problem is formulated by imposing suitable boundary conditions for flow over a flat plate to avoid numerical and mesh generation issues. Recent work demonstrated that accurate large eddy simulation (LES) of such a flow is possible using only O(1%) of the direct numerical simulation (DNS) resolution but the performance of different subgrid-scale models could not be properly assessed because of the effects of unquantified numerical dissipation. LES of a laminar separation bubble flow over a flat plate is performed using a pseudo-spectral Navier-Stokes solver at resolutions corresponding to 3% and 1% of the chosen DNS benchmark by Spalart and S.
Ice and Snow Feedbacks and the Latitudinal and Seasonal Distribution of Climate Sensitivity

Abstract A new parameterization of snow and ice area and albedo as functions of surface temperature is presented based on recent satellite observations of snow and ice extent. This parameterization is incorporated into a seasonal energy-balance climate model. Experiments are conducted with the model to determine the effects of this parameterization change on the latitudinal and seasonal distribution of model sensitivity to external forcings of climate change, such as solar constant variations and changes in the atmospheric carbon dioxide amount. The sea ice-thermal inertia feedback is found to be the determining factor in this sensitivity pattern, producing enhanced sensitivity in the polar regions in the winter and decreased sensitivity in the polar regions in the summer. The albedo feedbacks (snow-area and snow/ice-meltwater) are weak and produce a small amount of additional sensitivity, but do not change the pattern. The response pattern is the same as that found by Manabe and Stouffer (1980) with a ge.
Density gradients in Galactic ultra-compact H ii regions

We have used recent radiative transfer solutions for cavity-centred shells to investigate the prevalence of density gradients in Galactic ultra-compact H ii regions. We find that an analysis of 5 and 1.4 GHz data, taken from the recent compilation of Giveon et al., implies that ∼76 per cent of sources may have appreciable density gradients. It would also seem that the central cavities of these sources must be relatively small, with radii no greater than ∼20 per cent of those of the outer shells. The remainder of these sources are presumably homogenous, have much larger cavities, or possess reverse density gradients (densities which increase with increasing radius). A good fraction of the H ii regions also appear to have high brightness temperatures, implying mean electron temperatures 〈Te〉 of the order of ≈1.3 × 104 K. This value is higher than has been determined for other such sources.
Interchange motion as a transport mechanism for formation of cold‐dense plasma sheet

To evaluate whether interchange motion can provide the transport for the formation of the cold‐dense plasma sheet in the near‐Earth region, we present an event of cold‐dense plasma sheet observed by five THEMIS probes after the interplanetary magnetic field turned northward, as well as their comparisons with the simulation results from the Rice Convection Model (RCM) combined with a modified Dungey force‐balanced magnetic field solver. The observations of cold‐dense plasma at different locations show quite different characteristics: (1) closer to the flank, the appearance is more periodic and exhibits larger fluctuations in plasma moments and magnetic field; (2) further away from the flank, the cold plasma appears later; (3) in the mixture with the cold plasma, the decrease in high‐energy particle fluxes becomes less significant further away from the flank; (4) there is energy‐dispersion in the cold particles at some locations; and (5) near the magnetopause, the fluctuations have the characteristics of the Kelvin‐Helmholtz (K‐H) vortices and the colder‐denser plasma is likely to have lower entropy. In the RCM simulations, lower entropy plasma consisting of colder‐denser ions and electrons was periodically released locally at the outer boundary to represent the plasma created within a K‐H vortex. This lower entropy perturbation is interchange unstable and the resulting interchange motion through the magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling pushes the colder‐denser plasma radially inward. The simulated particle energy spectrums at different locations qualitatively reproduce the observations, strongly suggesting that the seemingly different characteristics of cold‐dense plasma observed by different probes are all a result of the same interchange‐related transport mechanism.
Electret properties of biaxially stretched polypropylene films containing various additives

Isotactic polypropylene (i-PP) films containing additives such as the commercial α -nucleation agent NA11 and the anorganic filler particles CaCO3 and Al2O3 were biaxially stretched. As a result, the films assume a cellular morphology with oblong cavities extending in the direction of the film elongation. In the present study, stretched films of 50 µm thickness with additive concentrations of 0.05–10 mass per cent were charged with a corona method to potentials of 400 or 500 V. The stability of the charges was tested isothermally at temperatures of 90 and 120 °C and by means of thermally stimulated discharge (TSD) experiments. The isothermal measurements show, for the above additives with concentrations higher than about 0.3%, a reduction of the charge decay with increasing additive concentrations. Compared with reference films of pure PP, the potential decay of the films containing additive concentrations of 10% is significantly reduced. Correspondingly, the TSD measurements indicate a shift of the main discharge peak to higher temperatures up to the melting temperature. Generally, the voiding and thus the stability also increases with the stretching ratio. These improvements of the charge stability are attributed to the barrier effect of the cavities. The results are of interest with respect to the various applications of PP electrets, such as ferroelectret devices and air filters.
Direct observation of charge transfer region at interfaces in graphene devices

Nanoscale spectromicroscopic characterizing technique is indispensable for realization of future high-speed graphene transistors. Highly spatially resolved soft X-ray photoelectron microscopy measurements have been performed using our “3D nano-ESCA” (three-dimensional nanoscale electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) equipment in order to investigate the local electronic states at interfaces in a graphene device structure. We have succeeded in detecting a charge transfer region at the graphene/metal-electrode interface, which extends over ∼500 nm with the energy difference of 60 meV. Moreover, a nondestructive depth profiling reveals the chemical properties of the graphene/SiO2-substrate interface.
Diffusion and Drift of Minority Carriers in Semiconductors for Comparable Capture and Scattering Mean Free Paths

A method of treating transport of injected minority carriers is developed applicable to cases in which the physical dimension and the mean free path for capture may be less than the mean free path for scattering. The basic differential equations of scattering and capture are those of the conservation of flux method of McKelvey, Longini, and Brody, and the results agree with theirs, the new feature being a demonstration that the basic equations are equivalent to a continuity equation of the conventional form but with a diffusion constant reduced by including the effect of capture in shortening the mean free path. This method of treatment reduces the problems to a familiar form when suitable boundary conditions are introduced. The basic differential equations of scattering and capture are shown to correspond to certain simplifying and restricting assumptions about the carrier velocity distributions. The treatment is extended from the case of one dimension with zero electric field to three dimensions with electric fields.
The higher rank numerical range is convex

In this short note we provide the final step in showing that the higher rank numerical range is convex. The previous steps appear in the paper “Geometry of Higher-Rank Numerical Ranges” by Choi, M. -D. , Giesinger, M. , Holbrook, J.A. and Kribs, D.W.
Classical Molecular Dynamics Simulation with the Velocity Verlet Algorithm at Strong External Magnetic Fields

We present a new method for incorporating arbitrarily strong static homogeneous external magnetic fields into molecular dynamics computer simulations. Conventional techniques dealing with magnetic fields demand the simulation time step ? t to be small compared to the Larmor oscillation time 2? /? In our method, in contrast, the magnetic field is built into the propagation equations in such a way as to make the choice of ? t entirely independent of 2? /? Thus, the time step is determined only by the internal physical properties of the system under consideration. This property of our method is essential for simulating strongly magnetized systems of charged particles in an efficient way. The method is developed in the framework of the second-order Velocity Verlet propagation scheme. However, the underlying concept is independent of this choice, and a generalization to arbitrary order without any reference to a specific propagation scheme is also given.
Diffraction by a wide double wedge

Following an approximate technique by Karp and Russek for the diffraction by a wide slit, an asymptotic expression for the far diffracted field to a plane wave incident on two semi-infinite wedges is derived in terms of the unperturbed field due to the two wedges in isolation plus an interaction term due to an equivalent inhomogeneous line source at each edge. Numerical results for the diffraction pattern, transmission coefficient, equivalent line source intensity, and interaction term are presented and are in good agreement with previous results.
Sky coverage and Strehl ratio uniformity in layer-oriented MCAO systems

The sky coverage and the Strehl Ratio (SR) uniformity over Field of Views (FoV) of some arcmin are two key points for the development of Natural Guide Star (NGS) based Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics (MCAO) systems. We developed a numerical code able to simulate the behavior and to evaluate the performance of MCAO Layer-Oriented systems. In this paper we study the two issues and present the results of the simulations. In particular we consider the Multiple Field of View (MFoV) version of the Layer-Oriented concept. This technique allows looking for the reference stars in sky-areas bigger than the FoV corrected by the adaptive system, with a considerable gain in term of sky coverage. In the MFoV approach of the Layer-Oriented the NGS are selected in two or more concentric annular FoVs. In the configuration we take into account the guide stars are chosen in two different FoVs. The references for the ground layer loop are chosen in an annular FoV which inner diameter has the dimension of the scientific one. This annulus has only technical purposes and only a ground layer correction is applied in those sky directions. The reference stars for the highest loop are selected, as usual, in the corrected FoV. First we take into account the sky coverage considering different galactic latitude cases and studying the results distribution of the simulated cases. In order to enable a statistical approach to the problem we considered a big number of NGS configurations for each galactic latitude case considered. Then we take into account the level of SR uniformity in the cases where a useful correction is achieved. We define a function to quantify the SR uniformity over the FoV and we study its distribution using the results computed by the numerical simulations.
Acoustic estimation of scattering‐layer composition

A method is presented for the estimation of the abundances of scatterers from their backscattering spectra. It uses constrained steepest descent and gives optimal estimates in the least‐squares sense. The population distributions of fish with gas‐filled swim bladders, calculated from a set of backscattering measurements taken in the ocean near Oregon, are generally consistent with midwater‐trawl samples in the same area.
Morphological Measures of Non-Gaussianity in Cosmic Microwave Background Maps

We discuss the tests of non-Gaussianity in CMB maps using morphological statistics known as Minkowski functionals. As an example we test degree-scale cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy for Gaussianity by studying the QMASK map that was obtained from combining the QMAP and Saskatoon data. We compute seven morphological functions Mi(ΔT), i = 1, … ,7: six Minkowski functionals and the number of regions Nc at a hundred ΔT levels. We also introduce a new parameterization of the morphological functions Mi(A) in terms of the total area A of the excursion set. We show that the latter considerably decorrelates the morphological statistics and makes them more robust because they are less sensitive to the measurements at extreme levels. We compare these results with those from 1000 Gaussian Monte Carlo maps with the same sky coverage, noise properties, and power spectrum and conclude that the QMASK map is neither a very typical nor a very exceptional realization of a Gaussian field. At least about 20% of the 1000 Gaussian Monte Carlo maps differ more than the QMASK map from the mean morphological parameters of the Gaussian fields.