Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physical Properties of Soil

Ferns and flowering plants of Hawaii National Park It is now more than 40 years since HILLEBRAND'S Flora of the Hawaiian Islands appeared. Meanwhile great advances have been made in the study of the Hawaiian plants, and hundreds of new species have been described. Such workers as C. N. FORBES, J. F. ROCK, and OTTO DEGENER have pushed forward their taxonomic studies with noteworthy zeal. Unfortunately, FORBES is now dead and ROCK has withdrawn to another field. It is all the more gratifying, therefore, to know that DEGENER remains to continue the work. His Flora Hawaiiensis, which he has in preparation, bids fair to be a really monumental work in plant taxonomy. His recently issued volume2 is more popular in its treatments than a conventional flora is apt to be, yet even this smaller work has such a valuable storehouse of taxonomic information that it will prove indispensable to students of Hawaiian plants for years to come. A comprehensive glossary of native works is given. Much of the early history of Hawaiian exploration and discovery has been incorporated. There are various excellent photographs, and these are supplemented with 95 full-page plates, most of them original and of a high degree of excellence. In this way a not inconsiderable number of obscure Hawaiian species have received published illustration for the first time. Various new names which have been found necessary under nomenclatural rules have been omitted, the author preferring to leave such names for publication in his forthcoming Flora Hawaiiensis. Aside from taxonomy, the volume makes a distinct appeal to many people of diverse tastes. The geology of the Hawaiian Islands, the ethnographic relations of the inhabitants, the wars of conquest and defense fought in bygone days, the tribal and family customs which once held sway, the primitive methods of preparing food-these and numerous other subjects receive a treatment that is both authoritative and absorbingly interesting. -E. E. SHERFE.
Germination responses of diploid Butomus umbellatus to light, temperature and flooding

Summary The germination of seeds of diploid Butomus umbellatus was studied to determine the favourable conditions for germination and whether seed germination may represent a limitation within the sexual reproductive cycle of this cytotype. The need to stratify the seeds and the response of the seeds to environmental conditions during germination were studied. The influence of light/darkness, temperature, day length, and flooding/aerobic conditions was tested. Seed germination was enhanced in the winter by cold wet stratification, which indicates prevailing seed germination in the spring. Seeds germinated best in light, at relatively high temperatures (20°–30°C), in long days. Seeds were able to germinate when flooded; in most cases, flooding supported germination. In field habitats, the optimum conditions for the germination of B. umbellatus seeds may be found on an open emerged bottom saturated with water or under a shallow water layer. The process of germination does not represent a high-risk stage in the sexual reproduction of this cytotype of B. umbellatus . The time of germination (late spring or summer months) contributes to seedling mortality due to the competition of adult plants or other early-germinating species.
Comparative gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes from salmonid fishes

Rates of gluconeogenic flux and substrate oxidation are assessed in isolated hepatocytes from three species of salmonid fishes: rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Coho salmon displays the highest capacity for gluconeogenesis from lactate and alanine, but rates are well below those of eels. Enzyme compartmentation on isolated mitochondria shows that in trout and sockeye, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is almost entirely localized in the mitochondrion and the cytosol, respectively, while in the coho, 40% of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity is associated with the cytosol. Freshly isolated salmonid hepatocytes are in negative glycogen balance. It is established here that at low (<250 μmol glucosyl units/g) glycogen concentrations a linear relationship exists between the rate of endogenous glucose production and the initial glycogen concentration. High rates of endogenous glycogen breakdown necessitate the use of radiotrace.
Early History and Mechanics of the Chick Blastoderm: A Review

BY DOROTHEA RUDNICK Osborn Zoological Laboratory, Yale University, and Albertus Magnus College EM MBRYOLOGY, since attainment of its majority, has had two fundamental ontogenetic themes. The first has been the more nearly accurate description of the visible events of normal development down to the fate of the last cellular unit of the undifferentiated germ, with the purpose of exact localization of organ-forming germinal areas;-a theme formulated as such by Wilhelm His (1874) but already implicit in the fabric of embryological thinking bequeathed by Von Baer (cf. 1827, Schol. III. p. 157: 'Ein jedes Organ ist also ein modificierter Theil eines allgemeineren Organes, und in dieser Hinsicht kannt man sagen, dassjedes Organt schon in den Fundamentalorganen thalten ist, und swar mit seinem ganzeen Umfange'). The second has been the investigation, in the tradition of Roux, of the properties of these areas: their initial innate capacities for growth and differentiation, their degree of independence, their transforming mutual relationships, and their regulability. In the chick, the first set of problems is now illuminated with much intrinsic light, while the second still depends in many ways on reflection from the analysis of amphibian development. This review will attempt to summarize the present state of these problems only for the primitive differentiation stage, which begins with the time of laying and is complete once the embryonic axis is morphologically patent. I. THE GERMINAL AREAS
Simulating and testing the sensitivity of ecosystem-based indicators to fishing in the southern Benguela ecosystem

The sensitivity of size-based, species-based, and trophodynamic indicators is examined for the fish community of the southern Benguela ecosystem (South Africa) through simulations of different fishing scenarios using the multispecies model OSMOSE. The simulations suggest that it may be erroneous to consider one absolute reference direction of change for any indicator because the direction of change is specific to both the multispecies assemblage and the fishing scenario considered. The analysis of species versus community indicators is helpful for understanding which processes drive the emergent properties of the ecosystem. Informative about the structure and state of the ecosystem, both types of indicators weighted by biomass or by abundance should be used to evaluate ecosystem changes. Indicators characterizing size distribution (e.g., slope of size spectrum) appear to be more helpful in distinguishing the cause of ecosystem changes than mean community indicators because their response is specific to th.
Influence of intra‐tree variation in time of budburst of white spruce on herbivory and the behaviour and survivorship of Zeiraphera canadensis

Abstract. 1 Field studies were carried out to determine the effects of intra‐tree variation in the time of budburst of white spruce, Picea glauca Moench (Voss.), on the behaviour and survivorship of, and herbivory by, the spruce bud moth, Zeiraphera canadensis Mutt. & Free. 2 There was significant variation in the time of budburst among whorls, shoots and buds. Budburst was acropetal, with buds in the interior of the lower crown bursting first and terminal buds on terminal shoots in the upper crown bursting last. 3 Bud moths laid the greatest proportion of their eggs in the middle of the crown and egg hatch was usually best synchronized to budburst in this region. Many eggs hatched before terminal buds on terminal shoots in the upper crown had burst and thus intra‐tree variation in budburst decreased the probability that first‐instar larvae would colonize the most important plant parts for growth. 4 However, many later instars dispersed upwards and outwards in the crown and colonized the late bursting buds in the upper crown. Such dispersal reduces the effectiveness of intra‐plant variation in budburst to reduce herbivory and permits Z.canadensis to eat young nutritious buds for a longer period of time. 5 Intra‐tree variance in the date of budburst was greater than that between trees but there were no consistent differences between the intra‐tree variance of trees in half‐sib families with high or low susceptibility to Z.canadensis. Differences between trees in herbivory, bud moth density and survivorship were not related to the amount of intra‐tree variation in budburst.
Field Tests of Theories Concerning Distributional Control

In this paper I have enumerated various factors thought to be concerned with the control of the distribution of vertebrate animals, A number of birds and mammals have been cited to show how we may use our more or less detailed knowledge of their ranges so as to demonstrate the operation of one or several out of the many possible factors as limiters to distribution. The method employed is one of examination, comparison and elimination, applied to all parts of the margin of animals' ranges. The range of any one animal must be examined at all points of its periphery in order that all of the factors concerned may be detected. One factor may constitute the barrier in one section of the periphery of the range of a species, a totally different factor in another section. The results of the geometric ratio of reproduction would bring about areas of occupancy in the shape of perfect circles But we never find such symmetrical ranges. The very fact that the outlines of the ranges of animals are extremely irregular is significant of the critical nature or inconvenience of the factors which delimit them. These factors have to do with the evolution, persistence and extermination of species. Note that we always have to take into account, in attempting to discern factors of limitation, the animal's own inherent structural equipment. This prescribes restriction at once in certain regards. Referring again to our list of suggested factors, we find the long-emphasized ones of land to aquatic species and bodies of water to terrestrial species really presenting an extreme manifestation of associational restriction. Food source, methods of food-getting and safety refuges are involved. It is to be noted further that the factors are various and that the most important factor for one species may prove of little effect with another species. Species do not react uniformly to the same environment. It is undoubtedly always a combination of factors which accounts for an animal's geographic range in all parts of the periphery of that range. It is most certainly never one factor alone. No one will claim that temperature is the only delimiting agent in controlling vertebrate distribution; nor could this claim be made for humidity alone, or for food supply alone, or for safety of breeding-places alone. Given a large continuous area, however, as upon the North
Control in vitro de garrapatas (Boophilus microplus; Acari: Ixodidae) mediante extractos vegetales

Control in vitro tick (Boophilus microplus; Acari: Ixodidae) through plant extracts. Hydro-alcohol extracts of ten tropical plants were tested by the immersion method on mature ticks (Boophilus microplus Canestrini 1887). The biological evaluation was made with raw hydro alcoholic extracts (R-OH) to determine the most promissory compounds, which later were fractioned in their polar and non-polar parts. The polar parts showed a significantly inferior effect. The species that produced the highest mortality were Zizigium aromaticum, Morus alba, Piper nigrum and the mixture of Allium sativum- Z. aromaticum (all non-polar); on oviposition: M. alba, P. nigrum and the mixture of A. sativum - Z. aromaticum (all non-polar); on eclosion: P. nigrum, Z. aromaticum, Echinacea angustiofilia, Poligonum punctatum, M. alba and the mixture of A. sativum- Z. aromaticum (all non-polar): on control percentage: P. nigrum, E. angustifolia, P. punctatum and M. alba (all non-polar, except for M. alba in which both fractions showed important activity); and finally, on the percentage of oviposition inhibition: P. nigrum, E. angustifolia, P. punctatum, Gliricidia sepium and M. alba. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 291-302. Epub 2008 March 31.
Oloigocene leaves of Epacidaceae from Little Rapid River, Tasmania, and the identification of fossil Epacidaceae leaves

The leaves of most Epacridaceae have distinctive combinations of shape, venation and cuticular morphology. Some groups of genera, but few genera or species, also have distinctive combinations of leaf traits. Two new genera, Epacriphyllum and Richeaphyllum, are proposed for fossil leaves which can be clearly attributed to tribe Epacrideae and subfamily Richeoideae respectively, but cannot be assigned to extant genera due to lack of information. Two new species of Epacriphyllum and one of Richeaphyllum are proposed from Oligocene sediments at Little Rapid River, western Tasmania. Leaves which are probably of the tribe Styphelieae also occur in these sediments. These are the earliest macrofossil records of the family, and confirm that two large phylogenetic groups within the family had differentiated by this time. A key to groups of epacridaceous genera is given to assist the identification of fossil leaves.
Qualidade de mudas de eucalipto produzidas sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação e dois tipos de substrato

The objective of this work was to evaluate irrigation depths in the production of Eucalyptus grandis seedlings, produced in two commercial substrates containing tree bark (CPV and CATV). The experiments took place in Camara- Mudas Florestais, in Ibate - Sao Paulo, from winter to spring/2003, consisting of a randomized blocks design with four replicates, with 5 daily watering (6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 mm), applied several times during the day (at 10 am, 13 pm and 16 pm). At 108 days after sowing, the following parameters were assessed: height of aerial part, neck diameter, relation height of aerial part / neck diameter, number of leaf pairs, dry matter of the aerial part and roots, and leaf area. Depths of 6 and 8 mm per day reduced drastically seedling growth. The irrigation depths also influenced all the parameters of morphological characteristics. It was concluded that the water depths as high as 12 and 14 mm day -1 helped the development of the seedlings, with excellent quality at 108 days after sowing.
Phytochemical Screening of Two Tropical Moss Plants: Thidium gratum P. Beauv and Barbula indica Brid Grown in Southwestern Ecological Zone of Nigeria

Chemical tests were carried out on the aqueous extracts of the air-dried powders of two tropical moss plants, Thidium gratum and Barbula indica using standard procedures, to identify the phytochemical constituents. The extracts were screened for the presence and quantities of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins and steroids with a view to assess their therapeutic values in ethnomedicine. The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins and steroids in varying quantities in the two moss plants but there was absence of phenol in Barbula indica. These results suggest that the two moss plants can be veritable and potential source of useful drugs in treatment of ailments.
Changes in fat depths and muscle dimensions in growing lambs as measured by real-time ultrasound

Carcass characteristics of 3-4-month-old lambs from 2 experiments were measured with a real-time ultrasound scanner 4 times over 4 months. In experiment 1, all lambs grazed 3 pasture regimes consecutively over 4 months, and in experiment 2, 3 nutritional treatments were compared. Lambs contemporary to these, from a third experiment, were scanned before slaughter, and the equivalent carcass measurements obtained. Significant (P<0.001) changes in GR tissue depth, subcutaneous fat depth at the C site, and M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LD) dimensions were detected as liveweight increased with time in experiments 1 and 2. Depth of LD was found to increase more than width during the growth phase studied. High repeatabilities were obtained for GR, with partial correlations of 0.72 and 0.86, using liveweight as the adjustment factor. For fat depth, repeatabilities were moderate at 0.57 and 0.73, respectively. An inconsistent result was found for LD depth and width, with correlations of 0.68 and 0.29 for depth and 0.36 and 0.5 1 for width. In experiment 3, there were small differences between GR, fat depth, and the area of the LD muscle as measured in vivo and on the carcass, but the accuracy with which fat depth could be estimated from ultrasonic measurements for individual lambs was low compared with the GR measurement. Depth of LD measured in vivo was significantly (P<0.001) greater than on the carcass, but the converse was true for LD width, indicating a change in shape. Partial correlations between in vivo and carcass measures were 0.60 for GR, 0.17 for fat depth, 0.36 for LD depth, and -0.15 for LD width. For LD area, there was a range of 0.31-0.42 depending on the method used to determine area on the carcass. It was considered that real-time ultrasound offered potential when used to monitor changes in GR. Measurement of fat depth in lean lambs was subject to significant error and is not recommended. Of the muscle dimensions, LD depth offers potential, but repeatability may be unsatisfactory in lightweight lambs.
CHEMICAL COMPOSItION AND AMINO ACID PROFILE OF PLEUROTUS DJAMOR AND PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS CULTIVATED IN MEXICO

Pleurotus djamor from Yucatan State, Mexico was compared with a local variety of P. ostreatus , in terms of chemical composition and amino acid profile. No differences were found (P=0.55) in crude protein content of P. djamor and P. ostreatus (20.2±0.15 vs. 20.3±0.16 g/100 g DM., respectively). P. ostreatus had a lower fiber and fat content (P 0.05). P. ostreatus has a higher proportion (P<0.05) of valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, aspartate and alanine while P. djamor had higher proportion (P<0.05) of proline and glutamate, no difference was found in the remaining amino acids. Both species had a high proportion of aspartate and glutamate. In general, the human amino acid requirements for adults are satisfied, however, leucine and lysine might become limiting. It was concluded that P. djamor can be included in human diet in similar fashion as P. ostreatus .
Factors Affecting Survival of Channel Catfish after Surgical Removal of Testes

Abstract Testes from adult male channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus; N= 73) and blue catfish (I. furcatus; N= 16) were surgically removed, and the incisions closed. Variables evaluated for their effect on survival of fish were method of anesthesia (tricaine [MS–222] at 12 and at 23°C, and metomidate at 23°C), suturing procedure (suture, adhesive, and adhesive plus suture), and treatment with antibiotic (erythromycin) or without antibiotic. Postsurgery survival was determined 8–10 weeks later. Observed survival was 61 and 53% among fish treated with MS-222 at 12 and 23°C, respectively. The lower temperature decreased bleeding and increased the efficacy of MS-222. Metomidate-treated fish had significantly higher (P < 0.05) survival (74%) than MS-222-treated fish. Fewer of the metomidate-treated fish had incisions reopen because their swimming behavior in the recovery tank was more normal than that of MS-222-treated fish. Closure of incisions with adhesive alone resulted in 100% mortality. No difference (P .
Distribution of pygmy field mouse Apodemus uralensis (Pallas, 1811) population in Poland: review of the studies and new data

Northern and western border of pygmy field mouse Apodemus uralensis population area passes through southern Poland. First sites of the species have been discovered in the '50 of the 20th century. Since then, a total of 79 sites has been found. Latest research revise data concerning the occurrence borders of pygmy field mouse. Three out of four newly found stations are located in the western part of the country, north-west from the hitherto known sites of the species.
Allozyme Variation in Korean Populations of Taxus cuspidata (Taxaceae)

The genetic diversity and structure of six Korean populations of Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc. , a widespread and dioecious tree native to east Asia, was examined. Although Korean populations are isolated and located over 1000 m a.s. l. , they maintain moderate levels of allozyme variation (average percent of loci polymorphic=45%, mean number of alleles per locus=1.78, mean expected heterozygosity=0.192) compared to species with similar life history and ecological traits. In addition, Korean populations harbour slightly higher levels of genetic diversity than populations of T. breuifolia Nutt. in the western United States and Canada. A considerable, high level of heterozygote deficiency was observed in Korean populations of T. cuspidata (mean F IS=0.299). Although significant heterogeneity in allele frequency were detected between populations at all 12 polymorphic loci (p<0.01 at Per-2 and p<0.001 at others), among-population genetic differentiation accounted for 5.6% of the total variation. Indirect estima.
Genetic and Coded Wire Tag Results Combine to Allow More‐Precise Management of a Complex Chinook Salmon Aggregate

Abstract Conservation concerns for small, relatively unproductive populations of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha limit the utility of fisheries in Canada's Fraser River. To identify population-specific migration time and to index abundance, we analyzed 4,822 fish sampled for genetic variation in 2000 and 2001 and 580 fish with coded wire tags (CWTs) caught from 1987 to 2004 in a test fishery near the river mouth. Population sizes estimated from microsatellite variation were within 3.4% of the known-origin population composition and were unbiased in comparison with known-origin population sizes. All but 1 of the 30 populations detected by both genetic methods and CWTs had overlapping migration times, but these times differed significantly for only 7 populations. Migration times were identified for another 23 untagged populations identified by using genetics, which resulted in the assignment of migration timing groups (peak passage) for 53 populations as spring (March–May), early summer (June), mids.
Effect of oestradiol‐17β immersion treatments on sex reversal of mud loach, Misgurnus mizolepis (Günther)

Mud loach, Misgurnus mizolepis (Gunther), were sex reversed using the immersion technique. Fry were raised in water containing 50, 100 or 200 μg oestradiol-17β I−1 for 1, 2 or 3 weeks. Survival rates decreased as dose and duration of treatment increased: in most instances they were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of the controls. Growth rates were unaffected except for fish in the 200 μg I−1 treatments. The 200 μg T−1 treatments for 2 and 3 weeks produced monosex female populations. The 100 μg I−1 treatment for 3 weeks produced 99% females and 1% intersex individuals. Histologically, ovaries of sex-reversed fish were similar to those of normal females. Morphologically, however, they were different in that the ovaries of sex-reversed fish were not connected to the genital pore. The hormone treatments affected the size and morphology of the pectoral fins, which exhibit sexual dimorphism in mud loach.