Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Qualité de quelques laits fermentés camerounais

Les laits fermentes notamment le yaourt, le kindirmou et le pendidam, connaissent un developpement considerable a Garoua et a N'Gaoundere (Cameroun). On s'est interesse aux qualites physicochimiques, microbiennes et organoleptiques de ces laits fabriques soit par des centres pilotes, soit par des artisans et preleves au hasard entre juin et septembre sur les points de fabrication ou sur les lieux de vente. L'acidite titrable du kindirmou et du pendidam est comprise entre 60 et 90 °D avec une teneur en matiere seche variable entre 13 et 17 % (p : p) alors que celle du yaourt varie entre 90 et 100 °D avec une teneur en matiere seche voisine de 18 % (p : p). Pour l'ensemble de ces laits fermentes, la flore microbienne est la suivante : germes totaux :1 . 10 4 a 6 . 10 5 ufc . ml - 1 , flore fongique : > 2. 10 4 ufc. ml - 1 , les coliformes: 0 a 2. 10 5 ufc. ml - 1 et les streptocoques fecaux: 0 a 3. 10 5 ufc.ml - 1 . Les echantillons analyses son indemnes de coliformes fecaux, de Salmonella, de Staphylocoques, de sulfitoreducteurs et de Clostridium. Les laits fermentes (kindirmou, pendidam, yaourt) sont tres apprecies par les consommateurs camerounais d'autant plus que bon nombre d'entre eux ne metabolisent pas le lactose. Les teneurs en matiere seche de ces laits fermentes sont du meme ordre de grandeur que ceux rencontres dans les autres pays; leur charge microbienne est par contre tres elevee. Les contaminations en coliformes et streptocoques fecaux proviendraient du process de fabrication (pasteurisation defaillante, levains contamines, emballages inadaptes) et du circuit de commercialisation (chaine du froid interrompue, produits non emballes). Tout en encourageant ces petites unites de production, on suggere que les levains du kindirmou soient etudies et commercialises, qu'une vaste campagne d'education axee sur l'hygiene soit menee aupres des fabricants et que soit mis sur pied une solide legislation.
Cereal variety and species mixtures in practice, with emphasis on disease resistance

Les varietes en melanges, de par leur diversite genetique, limitent le developpement des epidemies et des ravageurs. Cette diversite peut etre organisee selon notre connaissance des interactions hote - agent pathogene pour influer sur l'evolution des populations parasites. La culture de varietes en melange ou de melanges interspecifiques est une des methodes les plus efficaces a la fois pour limiter le risque de contournement des resistances, et pour utiliser avec benefice des resistances deja contournees. Les principaux facteurs de reduction de la severite des epidemies dans les melanges sont les effets de barriere, la proportion de plantes sensibles et la resistance induite. L'adaptation d'isolats de meme race au fond genetique d'un hote, ou adaptation differentielle, pourrait ralentir la selection de races complexes dans les melanges. D'une facon generale, les melanges stabilisent les rendements. Le risque de pertes de rendement dues aux stress biotiques et abiotiques est plus limite dans un melange que dans une culture pure. Un choix judicieux des composants du melange peut permettre d'obtenir une qualite du produit de recolte equivalente ou superieure a celle d'une culture pure. L'utilisation des melanges au niveau mondial est discute.
Persistence of Several Temperate Grasses Grown with Alfalfa and Harvested Two, Three, or Four Times Annually at Two Stubble Heights1

Six grass species were established in 1968 in rows within a seeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) at Arlington, Wisconsin. The mixtures were harvested two, three, or four times annually at two stubble heights, 4 and 10 cm, during 1969 and 1970. Alfalfa was eliminated by spraying with a selective herbicide during autumn of 1970. Grasses were then evaluated for stand persistence and dry matter yields during the first growth of 1971. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), and meadow fox,all (Alopecurus pratensis L.) persisted well with alfalfa under all cutting schedules and stubble heights. Tall rescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) was nearly eliminated by cutting twice at the short stubble height, but persisted well in other treatments. Stands of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) were affected most by the cutting practices. Stands of both grasses were reduced more by three than four cuts annually and were significantly lower with both cutting schedules at the short than at tall stubble height; stands were nearly eliminated with three cuts at the short stubble height. With two cuts annually, cutting height had no significant effect on stand persistence, but timothy stands were poor at both stubble heights. Survival of the grasses as related to stage of development at time of cutting and to tillering pattern is discussed, especially with regard to their persistence with alfalfa under the three-cutting schedule used widely in the northern Great Lakes States. Of the grasses studied, orchardgrass and reed canarygrass showed wide adaptability to all cutting practices used and were most amenable for use in mixture with alfalfa harvested three times aunually.
Creel Census of Amateur Line Fishermen in the Blackwood River Estuary, Western Australia, during 1974-75

A creel census was carried out from May 1974 to April 1975 on the amateur line fishermen of Blackwood River estuary, from the Swan Lakes and Deadwater to Alexandra Bridge. The estimated total fishing pressure was 76 149 fisherman hours which was mainly concentrated in the summer and autumn months. The rate of success averaged 3.86 fish per fisherman per hour fishing. The estimated harvest of fish was 287 300. In the Hardy Inlet and Swan Lake region, western sand whiting (Sillago schomburgkii) was the main species caught for most of the year, except for the autumn months when Australian herring (Arripis georgianus) was the major species. In the Blackwood River, black bream (Mylio butcheri) dominated the catch throughout the year.
A CULTURE METHOD FOR HERCINOTHRIPS FEMORALIS (REUTER) (THYSANOPTERA)

Adult females from a greenhouse infestation laid eggs through Parafilm into 3% sucrose solution. Eggs were incubated on wet filter paper. Larvae were fed on leaf discs. Prepupae and pupae also developed on the leaf discs. All stages are visible and accessible and only the adults need to be handled. At 27°C, Hercinothrips femoralis took 19 days to develop from oviposition to adult emergence.
Growth performance, haematological indices and some biochemical enzymes of juveniles Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) fed varying levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal diet.

The study examined the utilization, hematological and biochemical enzymes of Clarias gariepinus juveniles fed varying levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal diets for a period of 8 weeks. Moringa oleifera leaf meal substituted fish meal at 0% (control), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% in the six different diets. Clarias gariepinus juveniles (mean weight 29.69 ± 0.91 g) were randomly distributed into 18 concrete tanks at 10 fish/tank in triplicate treatments and were fed twice daily at 8.00 hrs-9.00 hrs and 17.00 hrs-18.00 hrs for 8 weeks. The mean weight gained (MWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) were calculated. The results obtained in the experiment showed that fishes fed with the control diet did not show statistical significant (p>0.05) difference from fishes fed with 10% and 20% M. oleifera leaf meal diet in mean weight gain (MWG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The haematological parameters results showed that the mean values of packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) and haemoglobin (Hb) were 27.17 ± 1.94%, 2.33 ± 0.38×106 mm-3 and 8.06 ± 0.54 g/100 ml respectively in the fishes in the experiment. These parameters decreased as M. oleifera leaf meal increased in the diet. The serum enzymes: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), in the fishes fed with diet containing 0%, 10% and 20% M. oleifera leaf meal were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The present study showed that M. oleifera leaf meal has good potential for use as fish meal substitute in C. gariepinus diet up to 10% level without compromising growth. The toxicological investigation indicated that at above 20% M. oleifera leaf meal in the diet, the serum enzymes increased suggesting cellular damage.
Efeito do paclobutrazol em duas épocas de produção da mangueira

The growth regulators have been used as a practice to alter the mango phenologic cycle in order to forecast the harvest. With the aim to define doses and Paclobutrazol (PBZ) application forms, an experiment was carried out in Itaberaba, State of Bahia, Brazil. Two ways of application were tested, via soil and foliar, and two different paclobutrazol doses. It was found that PBZ via soil, promotes flowering in mango trees in any season of the year, under tropical semi-arid conditions, but its efficiency are related to the maximum and minimum air temperatures at the time of bud break. The results showed that PBZ is inefficient when applied via foliar.
A Conostoma with a Tentacular Sarcotesta from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Illinois

A new species of the lagenostomalean seed genus Conostoma (C. villosum) is described from Illinois coal ball petrifactions of upper Pennsylvanian age. In longitudinal sections, the body of the seed measures approximately 4.5 mm long and 2.8 mm in maximum diameter and is ovoid with a rounded chalaza and a tapering apex that is bluntly flattened at the summit. Specimens are circular in transverse sections of the chalazal and midregions, becoming four-angled at the apex, and are characterized by tentacle-like, sarcotestal appendages that radiate outward from the seed body for approximately 0.7 mm. These appendages are abundantly distributed over the seed body and vary considerably in form; some are essentially uniseriate except at their bases, while others are multiseriate for varying distances outward from the seed body. The presence of the appendages increases the overall dimensions of the seed to approximately 6.0 mm long and 4.2 mm maximum diameter. Features of the nucellus and pollen-receiving structures correspond to those present in other species of the genus. Scalariform wall thickenings are present in cells of the lagenostome and central column. A single vascular bundle enters the chalaza and undergoes two closely spaced dichotomies producing four terete vascular bundles. These bundles extend distally toward the seed apex where they occur opposite the four angles of the integument. The traditional zonation of the integument into endo-, sclero-, and sarcotesta is more clearly evident in C. villosum than in any other lagenostomalean ovule.
Estimativas de herdabilidade de efeitos direto e materno de características de crescimento de bovinos Guzerá, no Estado da Paraíba

Weight data of 205 (205W), 365 (365W) and 550 (550W) days old of Guzera herds raised on Paraiba State from 1975 to 1990 were analysed. Genetic and maternal effects were estimated by Restricted Maximum Likelihood method (REML). It was used an animal model with fixed effects of year-month-sex, farm and age of dam at calving (linear and quadratic). The general means for 205W, 365W and 550W were respectively 141.85 ± 28.67 kg, 199.08 ± 48.43 kg and 252.32 ± 64.90 kg. The heritability of direct genetic effect at 205W, 365 W and 550W days old were: 0.35 ± 0.08, 0.39 ± 0.11 and 0.46 ± 0.16, respectively. The heritability of maternal effect and correlations between direct genetic and maternal effects at 205W, 365W and 550W days old were: 0.26 ± 0.08, 0.28 ± 0.14 and 0.30 ± 0.25 and ¾0. 68, -0.48 and ¾0. 74, respectively. All effects were significant, except for the age of dam (linear). Direct genetic and maternal effects were antagonic.
INFLUENCES OF NATIVE AMERICANS AND SURVEYOR BIASES ON METES AND BOUNDS WITNESS-TREE DISTRIBUTION

Witness trees recorded in surveyors' notes have been extensively used to describe presettlement forest vegetation throughout eastern North America. Relatively few studies, however, have discussed surveying inconsistencies that could affect the quality of witness-tree data in Colonial metes and bounds surveys. To increase the accuracy of these data, we developed techniques to quantify and mitigate the effects of several irregularities in metes and bounds witness-tree data using Lancaster County, southeastern Pennsylvania, USA, as a model. Irregularities included unequal sampling intensities among regions of contrasting topographic relief, and on a finer scale, unequal sampling among landform classes. We mitigated the effects of these inconsistencies by subdividing the study area into physiographic (topographic) sections, and then subdividing each physiographic section into landform classes before witness-tree analysis. Pre-European settlement forests were dominated by Quercus velutina and Q. alba, with Carya spp. in regions of low topographic relief and Castanea dentata in regions of high topographic relief. We then assessed the effects of Native Americans using catchment analysis in which we tallied witness trees within 5 and 7 km of Susquehannock village sites and compared the forest composition to edaphically similar catchment areas of low Native American activity. Elevated frequencies of Carya spp. , Juglans spp. , and Robinia pseudoacacia, with depressed frequencies of Quercus alba, occurred on sites with a history of Native American occupation, possibly as a result of disturbance or active cultivation. Together, bias-correction techniques and catchment analysis greatly extend the usefulness of witness-tree data by improving methods for evaluating pre- and post-European settlement disturbance on forest change.
Variable spatial structure of schooling pelagic fish off Namibia: implications for acoustic surveys

Schools of horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus capensis, sardine Sardinops sagax and round herring Etrumeus whiteheadi were surveyed by conventional echo-integration along systematic transects. The transects were surveyed twice, in opposite directions. Clupeoid biomass was concentrated in a few dense aggregations, whereas horse mackerel were less dense and distributed over larger areas. The influence of aggregation patterns of the different species on the precision of the acoustic estimates was analysed with respect to spatial variability and diurnal effects. Isotropic variograms computed from values of acoustic back-scattering strength showed little or no structure for all three species. Indicator variograms showed relatively large structures (>15 miles) for all three species at the lowest cut-off level, confirming the influence of high values on the variograms. The autocorrelation range decreased with an increase in cut-off value for horse mackerel, whereas variograms of sardine and round herring showed no structure at larger cut-off values. There were large variances in estimated biomass for sardine (77%) and round herring (90%) between surveys, whereas biomass estimates of horse mackerel were relatively similar between surveys.
The effect of vitamin B12 on phytoplankton growth and community structure in the Gulf of Alaska

A majority of eukaryotic phytoplankton species require an exogenous source of vitamin B12 for growth and recent field studies in some coastal and polar regions indicate that the addition of vitamin B12 alone, or with another limiting nutrient can influence the accumulation of phytoplankton biomass. We quantified the concentrations and uptake rates of vitamin B12, characterized phytoplankton community composition, and examined the ability of vitamin B12 to alter the growth and composition of phytoplankton communities in the Gulf of Alaska. Picoplankton (0.2–2 μm) were responsible for the majority of vitamin B12 uptake in both coastal and high‐nutrient low‐chlorophyll (HNLC) regions and B12 concentrations and uptake rates were higher in HNLC regions compared to coastal regions with higher iron (Fe) concentrations. During vitamin amendment experiments, B12 alone or in conjunction with other limiting nutrients (N or Fe) significantly enhanced algal biomass and increased the growth rates of multiple groups of larger (> 2 μm) phytoplankton. This included ecologically significant, B12 auxotrophs such as Gymnodinium sp. and Alexandrium sp. (in the costal experiment) as well as Chaetoceros sp. and Gymnodinium sp. (in the HNLC experiment). The ability of vitamin B12 to shape algal community composition in coastal and HNLC areas of the Gulf of Alaska, even in cases where it does not limit total phytoplankton production, suggests that it may influence carbon export in this and other polar ecosystems.
Factors influencing survival of sclerotia of Sclerotium cepivorum in New Zealand soils

Abstract The influence of soil type, location, and sclerotial condition on survival of sclerotia of Sclerotium cepivorum Berk, was examined under field conditions. There was no significant difference in sclerotial survival in the two soil types tested (Patumahoe clay loam and Wakanui silt loam). Experiments were conducted at two locations (Auckland and Lincoln, New Zealand), which differed substantially in both average soil temperature and rainfall. Location had little effect on sclerotial survival over time. The condition of the sclerotia, related to structural damage caused by desiccation and re‐wetting in the field, was an important influence on survival. A significant proportion of sclerotia (40–60%) decayed after just 2 months in soil, after which numbers declined slowly over a period of 2 years. The sudden drop in viability over the first few months in soil was attributed to damage caused by adverse environmental conditions and subsequent attack by microbes.
First record of a reef coral spawning event in the western South Atlantic

Summary The first record of coral spawning in the South Atlantic was observed among Mussismilia hispida colonies at the “Laje de Santos” (24°19′ S, 046°11′ W). Several colonies were observed spawning for about 15 min, early on the night of April 29, 2000. Some colonies did not spawn and no colonies were observed spawning later than circa 20:00 h. The report of M. hispida spawning in Santos came from the southernmost area of occurrence of this species. Data from this record are compared with those from previous studies on the reproduction of this species.
Development of Microbial Diversity and Functional Potential in Bauxite Residue Sand under Rehabilitation

Sustainable plant establishment on ore processing residues requires development of a functional soil, which includes the introduction of organic matter and reestablishment of active microbial communities. This study investigated the development of microbial diversity and function in residue sand generated from alumina refining of mined bauxite ore. The residue sand embankments underwent rehabilitation with native vegetation over time, allowing study of a 3‐year chronosequence using space‐for‐time substitution. A coastal dune ecosystem was used as a natural alkaline sand analog with which to compare residue properties. Microbial biomass carbon in the residue sands were typically well below that of the coastal sand analog (< 50 mg kg−1 in residue sand compared to circa 450 mg kg−1 in coastal sand). Although the size of the microbial biomass appeared to be limited by the low organic matter content of the residue sand, a decline in microbial metabolic quotient indicated a potential alleviation of microbial stress with rehabilitation age. Despite the low microbial biomass, the ability of the residue sand microbial community to function with respect to the metabolism of added amino acids developed rapidly. Contrary to our original hypothesis, the diversity of the bacterial and fungal community also developed rapidly, and was similar to, or higher than, the coastal sand analog in 0.5‐year‐old rehabilitation. However, the bacterial, and in particular the fungal, community structure within residue sands were significantly different to that of the coastal sand analog with shifts in community structure driven, in part, by changing physicochemical conditions.
PRODUCTION AND PERSISTENCE OF SOIL ENZYMES WITH REPEATED ADDITION OF ORGANIC RESIDUES

Soil enzymes mediate biochemical transformations involving organic residue decomposition and nutrient cycling in soil. A field study was conducted to determine the activity and persistence of soil enzymes with repeated additions of different organic residues. The activities of 10 soil enzymes involved in carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycling were assayed in an Arlington coarse-loamy soil which had received 100 Mg ha-1 of either poultry manure, sewage sludge, barley straw, (Hordeum vulgare) or fresh alfalfa (Medicago sativa) over a 31-month time period (25 Mg ha-1 × 4 additions). The enzyme activity assayed in the amended soil was increased by an average of 2− to 4-fold by incorporation of the four organic amendments when compared with the unamended soil (tillage alone) during the 31-month study. In general, the addition of organic amendments greatly increased the enzyme activity during the first year of the experiment, but subsequent additions failed to sustain high enzyme activity in the amended soil. The straw amendment was the most effective amendment enhancing the soil enzyme activity for all the enzymes assayed except for urease. In contrast to other reported studies, soil enzyme activities were not inhibited by sewage sludge addition in this investigation. The increased level of enzyme activity in the organic-amended soil may be a reflection of the increased protective sites within the soil as a result of enhanced humus content.
PASSAGE OF INFLUENZA STRAINS IN THE PRESENCE OF AMINOADAMANTANE

1-adamaiitanamine hydrochloride (1-aminoadamantane) has been shown to have a moderate viristatic effect against influenza A viruses in tissue cultures and eggs1, in experimental animals2 and in prophylactic trials in human volunteers3r415. Previous studies have noted a considerable variation in the sensitivity of influenza A2 strains to aminoadamantanel 16. In addition, under conditions of high multiplicity of infection in tissue cultures, breakthrough of influenza virus multiplication was noted7. This was attributed to either drug-resistant influenza virus particles in the inoculum, or to the resistance of a proportion of the cells to the protective effect of aminoadamantane.
Grazer-induced colony formation in Scenedesmus: are there costs to being colonial?

Grazer-induced colony formation in the common green alga Scenedesmus acutus may be interpreted as an anti-grazer defense. Costs are to be expected because otherwise the protected colonial morph would be the norm. Analysis of growth rates, light harvesting in terms of photosystem II (PSII) efficiency using Xe-PAM fluorescence measurements and sedimentation rates were compared among unicellular and induced colonial populations. No differences in growth rates and PSII efficiency were detected between unicellular and colonial populations. However, colonial populations had higher settling velocities than unicellular populations. Hence, costs may be attributed to enhanced sinking out of the euphotic zone resulting in reduced growth due to lower light and temperature in deeper water layers.