Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of flame weeding and cultivation for weed control in organic maize

Weed management is a major constraint in organic crop production. Propane flaming combined with mechanical cultivation in a single operation could be an additional tool for weed control in organic maize. Field studies were conducted on the certified organic field at the Haskell Agricultural Laboratory of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln (UNL), Concord, NE, USA in 2010, 2011 and 2012 to evaluate the effect of flaming and cultivation within two fertility regimes (with and without manure) on the level of weed control and grain yield of organic maize. A total of 12 weed management treatments (WMTs) were applied at the 3-leaf (V3) and/or the 6-leaf (V6) growth stages of maize that included a weed-free control, weedy season-long, and 10 combinations of mechanical cultivation (inter-row), banded flaming (intra-row) and broadcast flaming (intra- and inter-row area). The treatments were applied utilizing flaming equipment developed at the UNL. All evaluated parameters (weed control, weed dry matter, crop injury, yield and yield components) indicated that there was no interaction between manure application and WMT; however, manure application increased maize yield by 1.1 t ha − 1. Overall, maize showed good tolerance to all flaming treatments averaging only 5.1% and 3.6% crop injury at 28 days after treatment in no-manure and manure plots, respectively. The best weed control was achieved with banded flaming followed by aggressive cultivation, providing over 90% weed control and yields of 7.8 t ha − 1, and flame-cultivation conducted twice as a single operation, giving 88% weed control and yields of 7.5 t ha − 1, conducted twice at the V3 and V6 growth stages. Broadcast flaming conducted twice provided 70% weed control and yielded 6.0 t ha − 1. These results suggest that flaming and cultivation applied separately or combined in a single operation, as a single trip across the field, have a potential to be used for weed control in organic maize production systems.
Acute myocardial infarction: failed thrombolysis

of treatment of acute myocardial infarction aim to rapidly normalise and maintain tissue perfusion. Primary angioplasty is probably the best current treatment but it can only be applied to a minority of patients and has its own problems. Thrombolysis remains the most commonly used treatment. It has well demonstrated benefits, saving lives and reducing left ventricular damage, but is far from perfect. The mega-trials have sent a clear message that the greatest benefits are seen with patients who are treated early. Clinical eVorts have therefore been concentrated on educating the population to heed the early symptoms, encouraging rapid admission to hospital (sometimes with thrombolytic treatment being administered in the ambulance) and minimising “door to needle” times. Continuous and widespread use of audit increases the number of patients treated and the speed with which treatment is administered. Having been treated with thrombolytic therapy and aspirin (and heparin if tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is used), patients fall into two groups—those who do benefit, and those who do not benefit. The former can be further categorised into those who respond rapidly and those who appear to reperfuse relatively late. The management of lytic failures and slow reperfusers is perhaps the most vexing current problem facing doctors working in coronary care units and interventional catheter laboratories. The use of terminology should be precise in this context. Reperfusion implies perfusion at tissue level. This can only be assessed accurately by modern imaging techniques (not conventional coronary angiography) or by near complete normalisation of the 12 lead ECG. Vessel patency implies that there is flow down the vessel, however ineVective. Recanalisation implies that a previously occluded vessel has re-opened. Recanalisation and patency are best assessed by angiography. Tissue perfusion does not necessarily imply patency, as sometimes tissue is supplied by collateral vessels. Conversely, patency does not necessarily imply perfusion—for example, as with the “noreflow” phenomenon.
Molecular Systematics of Nuclear Gene period in Genus Anastrepha (Tephritidae)

Abstract The nuclear gene period is used to reconstruct the phylogeny of Anastrepha, a genus of tephritid fruit flies. Specifically, a region of period termed C3C5 that is located in the dCLK:CYC inhibition domain (CCID) is analyzed. This is the first study using this C-terminal region of the period gene for phylogenetics. Variation in the gene is informative for this genus, and period trees are compared with phylogenies based on mitochondrial and morphological data sets. In general, branches that are supported in the other data sets are recovered in the period tree; moreover, trees built using the period gene support branching patterns previously unresolved with 16S rRNA gene data. Important relationships recovered in the period gene tree include a paraphyletic placement of Anastrepha with respect to Toxotrypana, support for the separation of Anastrepha species groups into two evolutionary sections (with the exception of the pseudoparallela species group), and evidence that several species groups are not monophyletic.
Carbon Accumulation in the Bulk Soil and Different Soil Fractions During the Rehabilitation of Desertified Grassland in Horqin Sandy Land (Northern China)

ABSTRACT Desertification, which affects more than two-thirds of the world's arid and semi-arid regions, is a significant global ecological and environmental problem. There is a strong link between desertification of the drylands and emission of CO2 from soil and vegetation to the atmosphere. The Horqin Sandy Land is a severely desertified area in China's agro-pastoral ecotone due to its fragile ecology, combined with unsustainable land management. We estimated changes of organic carbon content in the bulk soil (0–5 cm), in the light-fraction of soil organic matter (based on density fractionation), and in the various particle-size fractions in areas with mobile sand dunes after implementing grazing exclusion (12 and 27 years) and tree and shrub planting (22 and 24 years). Carbon stocks in the bulk soil and all soil density and particle-size fractions increased significantly in the exclosure and plantation plots. The average rates of carbon accumulation in the bulk soil in the exclosure and plantation plots were 16.0 and 17.8 g m-2 y-1, respectively, versus corresponding values of 2.3 and 7.1 g m-2 y-1 for the light fraction, 4.3 and 8.0 g m-2 y-1 for the coarse fraction, 5.0 and 3.4 g m-2 y-1 for the fine sand, 4.5 and 4.2 g m-2 y-1 for the very fine sand, and 1.8 and 1.8 g m-2 y-1 for the silt+clay fraction. The older the exclosure and plantation, the more carbon accumulated in the bulk soil and in each fraction. The carbon pool exceeded the level in non-desertified grasslands after 27 years of grazing exclosure and 24 years of the shrub plantation. Our results suggest that both grazing exclusion and planting trees and shrubs can restore desertified grassland, creating a high potential for sequestering soil carbon, but that the plantations appeared to accumulate soil carbon faster than the exclosures.
Arctiid moth ensembles along a successional gradient in the Ecuadorian montane rain forest zone: how different are subfamilies and tribes?

Aim We examined changes in the species diversity and faunal composition of arctiid moths along a successional gradient at a fine spatial scale in one of the world's hot spots for moths, the Andean montane rain forest zone. We specifically aimed to discover whether moth groups with divergent life histories respond differentially to forest recovery.
Genetic and morphological diversity of Ganoderma species isolated from infected oil palms (Elaeis guineensis).

The objectives of this study were to investigate the diversity of Ganoderma species isolated from upper stem rot (USR) and basal stem rot (BSR) infected palms in term of their genetic and morphological characteristics. A total of 46 samples of Ganoderma species were collected randomly from two oil palm plantations, namely Betong and Miri in Sarawak, Malaysia. The samples were identified using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (multiplex PCR) to reveal three pathogenic Ganoderma species (G. zonatum, G. boninense and G. miniatocinctum). Ganoderma zonatum was the dominant species (71.7%), followed by G. boninense (26.1%) and G. miniatocinctum (2.2%). This suggests that G. zonatum may have played a more vital role in the epidemiology of the disease than previously believed. The multiplex PCR was a precise identification technique compared to morphological based identification. Ganoderma species in the oil palm plantation was genetically heterogeneous based on somatic compatibility test which is suggestive of disease spread via spore dispersal that generates new genetically distinct individuals. There were also significant variations within and between Ganoderma species in terms of their cultural morphology and basidiospore characteristics. Cluster analysis of the cultural morphology and scattered plot of basidiospore features also indicated that there was no distinct relationship within and between species, disease types or geographical origins of Ganoderma species. © 2014 Friends Science Publishers
Germination, Growth and Biomass Accumulation as Influenced by Seed Size in Mesua ferrea L.

Mesua ferrea L. was evaluated for its germination, seedling growth and biomass across four seed size classes. The production of two- and three-seeded fruits was high. The viability of the seeds was 58-81%. Germination was positively correlated with seed weight. Heavier seeds showed early and rapid germination. The contribution of leaves to total biomass yield was 27-60 % in 1-month old seedlings. Carbon content was also related with plant length and weight in the seedlings. The study concludes that the variations in seed size have a substantial influence on growth and biomass accumulation in Mesua ferrea. Such variation also helps in the physiology and regeneration of the tree species.
Competition for nutrients and light: Stable coexistence, alternative stable states or competitive exclusion?

Competition theory has put forward three contrasting hypotheses: Compe- tition for nutrients and light may lead to (i) stable coexistence of species, (ii) alternative stable states, or (iii) competitive exclusion. This paper presents a detailed investigation of competition among phytoplankton species to test these three different hypotheses. First, we developed a competition model combining competition for nutrients and light. Next, we ran monoculture experiments in phosphorus-limited and light-limited chemostats to estimate the model parameters for five freshwater phytoplankton species. Finally, we tested the model predictions in competition experiments, using phosphorus levels ranging from oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions. The population dynamics in the competition experi- ments were all in agreement with the model predictions. This demonstrates that competition for nutrients and light can be accurately predicted over a wide range of productivities. The experiments revealed that the intensity of competition remained constant or even decreased with increasing nutrient supply. Contrary to expectation, there were no trade-offs between competitive abilities for phosphorus and light. Species that were strong competitors for phosphorus were strong competitors for light as well. Hence, we found neither stable coexistence nor alternative stable states. All competition experiments led to competitive exclusion. Furthermore, the physiological traits of the species indicated that, if one would find trade-offs in competitive abilities, competition for phosphorus and light would lead to alternative stable states rather than to stable coexistence. These results suggest that stable coexistence mediated by competition for phosphorus and light is rare, and hence an unlikely explanation for the high biodiversity commonly found in phytoplankton communities.
DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF POTENTIALLY TOXIC PSEUDO-NITZSCHIA PERAGALLO IN AVEIRO COASTAL LAGOON, PORTUGAL AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VARIETY, P. PUNGENS VAR. AVEIRENSIS VAR. NOV.

The syndrome Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) results from ingesting sea food contaminated by a neurotoxin, domoic acid. Diatoms of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia are responsible for the production of this toxin. A total of eleven species of Pseudo-nitzschia were identified during two plankton surveys at the entrance and in the southern channels of Ria de Aveiro, the largest lagoon on the west coast of Portugal. During the first survey, conducted from February to October 2000, the following species were identified: P. australis, P. cuspidata, P. delicatissima, P. dolorosa, P. fraudulenta, P. pseudodelicatissima, P. subpacifica and a new variety of P. pungens. The second survey took place from September 2003 to April 2004, except for a break between December 2003-January 2004, along with one complementary sample taken in October 2004; it revealed three additional species, P. americana, P. calliantha and P. multistriata. In contrast, P. cuspidata, P. dolorosa and P. subpacifica were not found during the second survey. Five species: P. subpacifica, P. americana, P. calliantha, P. multistriata and P. cuspidata were reported for the first time in Portuguese waters. Overall, P. australis, P. pseudodelicatissima and a new variety of P. pungens were the most common species, the latter being present in all samples except October 2000. The highest concentrations of Pseudo-nitzschia cells registered were 90, 000 cells L–1 in August 2000 and 106, 000 cells L−1 in March 2004, with P. australis accounting for 65–75% of the cells. Cell concentrations were highest near the entrance of the lagoon and decreased along with salinity in the channels. Cultures of P. australis, P. americana, P. fraudulenta, P. multistriata and a new variety of P. pungens were established and tested for the production of domoic acid, but the results were negative. Morphological differences were found between our strains of P. pungens and two other previously described varieties of P. pungens regarding valve width, densities of striae, fibulae, poroids and band striae as well as differences in the morphology of the band striae. These differences were supported by phylogenetic analyses of ITS rDNA sequences, existence of a compensatory base change and mating studies indicate the presence of a separate taxon, which was described as a new variety, P. pungens var. aveirensis var. nov.
An insight into the basis of resistance in Sorghum bicolor against Colletotrichum sublineolum

This study was done to investigate biochemical, histological and molecular basis of resistance after a compatible and incompatible interaction between Sorghum varieties andColletotrichum sublineolum. In the susceptible variety, the pathogen invaded all types of tissues but in resistance variety, pathogen invasion was redistricted. Localized cell death was obvious in cortical region of resistant variety that stopped further invasion of pathogen. Epidermis of susceptible variety ruptured shortly after pathogen inoculation and fungal bodies emerged whereas in resistant variety a long delay was noted in occurrence of same event. A steep increase in total phenolics and enzymes related to phenylpropenoid pathway was observed after pathogen challenge in resistant variety as compared to the susceptible one. Histochemical studies revealed heavy deposition of lignin, callose, suberin, phenolics and peroxidases in the resistant variety. These enhanced depositions reduced the pathogen invasion in the host plant. Similarly, RT-PCR analysis revealed higher expression levels of PR protein-genes in the resistant variety. This study presents the nature of a resistant host defense mechanism against a virulent pathogen and made us to integrate defense mechanism for development of resistant varieties in future.
The Evolutionary Dynamics of Apomixis in Ferns: A Case Study from Polystichoid Ferns

The disparate distribution of apomixis between the major plant lineages is arguably one of the most paradoxical phenomena in plant evolution. Ferns are particularly interesting for addressing this issue because apomixis is more frequent than in any other group of plants. Here, we use a phylogenetic framework to explore some aspects of the evolution of apomixis in ferns and in particular in the polystichoid ferns. Our findings indicate that apomixis evolved several times independently in three different clades of polystichoid ferns. A lineage-wide perspective across ferns indicates a correlation between apomixis and the species richness of lineages; however BiSSE tests did not recover evidence for a correlation of apomixis and diversification rates. Instead, evidence was recovered supporting an association between the establishment of apomixis and reticulate evolution, especially in the establishment of triploid hybrids. Diversification time estimates supported the hypothesis of short living apomictic lineages and indicated a link between the establishment of apomixis and the strengthening of the monsoons caused by the lifting of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. In general our results supported the hypothesis for the rare establishment of apomictic lineages, high extinction risks, and low speciation rates.
Phytochemical composition of the essential oil, total phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in Iranian Satureja sahendica Bornm. at different ontogenesis conditions

The effects of different ontogenesis conditions (pre-flowering, full-flowering and post flowering) on the yield, essential oil composition, total phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Satureja sahendica Bornm. was investigated. The essential oil was obtained from the aerial parts of the plant by hydro distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In total, 33 components were identified in the essential oil of S. sahendica under different harvesting times, that represented 98.54 to 98.72% of the oils. The major components were thymol (28.76 to 42.24%), P-cymene (23.89 to 34.33%), γ-terpinene (13.78 to 19.37%) and myrcene (1.87 to 2.28). The highest essential oil yield was obtained in flowering stage. The highest thymol content was observed in the pre-flowering and the highest p-cymene and γ-terpinene contents as precursors of thymol and carvacrol were observed in flowering and post-flowering stages. Total phenolics and antioxidant activity of plant extracts were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH free radical scavenging assays, respectively. The total phenolic content under different ontogenesis conditions varied from 24.78 to 25.56 (mg gallic acid equivalent/g dw). IC50 values in the DPPH assay ranged from 7.85 to 8.34 μg/ml and the highest activity was observed in pre-flowering stage. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of S. sahendica was evaluated using the disc diffusion method; and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum fungicidal/bactericidal concentrations (MFC/MBC) were recorded using the micro dilution method. This study confirms that the essential oil of S. sahendica possesses high antimicrobial activities in in vitro against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, two medically important pathogens. The maximum activity of S. sahendica oil was observed in the oil obtained at pre-flowering stage, against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) and the yeast (C. albicans).
Production and Demand Estimates of Livestock Feed and Fodder in Rajasthan

The average annual availability of feed and fodder in Rajasthan during 2006–07 and 2008–09 was 51.5 million tons on DM basis, about 25% less than its demand. The livestock stocking rate far exceeded the carrying capacity of pasture and grazing lands and also the roughage: concentrate ratio was very poor (1:0.06). The shortages prevailed in all the agro-climatic regions of the state except the irrigated north western plains and the arid western plain, where forage crops were important source of livestock fodder. The concentrate availability was better in southern parts of the state, but due to high livestock density, the demand was more than 1.5 times of availability.
Laboratory Method to Estimate Rain-induced Splitting in Cultivated Blueberries

Preharvest rainfall that occurs when fruit are fully ripe or approaching full ripeness can result in detrimental fruit splitting in rabbiteye and southern highbush blueberries. This study was initiated to develop a laboratory method to model rain-related incidence of splitting in cultivated blueberries with the goal of predicting the incidence of splitting in blueberry cultivars and selections. Multiyear field surveys of rabbiteye and southern highbush cultivars show that the incidence of rain-related splitting is strongly cultivar-dependent. Laboratory values for forced splitting and naturally occurring rain-related field splitting data show a strong correlation indicating that the incidence of fruit splitting can be accurately estimated by this laboratory method. Soaking the berries in distilled water 14 h at room temperature gives a confident determination of splitting tendencies. Blueberry breeders and geneticists can use this method to evaluate new potential blueberry cultivars for splitting tendencies as part of routine screening. This would lead to a long-term goal of reducing splitting susceptible blueberry cultivars in commercial plantings.
Association between allelic variations at the Glu-3 loci and wheat quality traits with Lanzhou Alkaline Stretched Noodles quality in northwest China spring wheats

Lanzou Alkaline Stretched Noodles (LASN) was a traditional staple food in northwest China for nearly 90 years. LASN specialty wheat breeding has become an important target since 1990s. In order to discover the LASN specialty wheat quality requirement for allelic variations at Glu-3 of northwest China spring wheats. Two northwest China spring wheat cultivars and 39 elite F6 breeding lines were adopted to determine the low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) composition by one step one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) basing on the protocol of Singh et al. (1991). The results showed that Glu-A3d and Glu-B3g were correlated to high protein content, high volume of SDS-sediment and super dough strength (W). While Glu-A3a was bad to dry gluten content and SDS-sediment as well as dough properties such as dough strength (W) and dough tenacity (P). Moreover, Glu-B3j has not significant influence on flour quality, but it has the negative effect on dough stren.
Ribosomal gene phylogeny and species delimitation in Geotrichum and its teleomorphs

A taxonomic revision is presented of all filamentous Hemiascomycetes that reproduce with predominantly arthric conidiogenesis. On the basis of SSU rDNA data, two widely divergent groups (1 and 2) are known to exist. Both are distantly related to the Hemiascomycetes, and show remarkable diversity in ITS rDNA, leading to the supposition that phylogenetically ancient fungi are concerned. The teleomorph / anamorph genera occurring in Groups 1 vs. 2 are classified in (1) Galactomy- ces and Dipodascus with Geotrichum anamorphs, vs. (2) Magnusiomyces with Saprochaete anamorphs. Taxonomy at the