Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interfacial instabilities in sediment suspension flows

Abstract We report the existence of interfacial instability in the two-dimensional channel flow of a sediment suspension whose particles diffuse in the carrier fluid due to shear-induced collisions. We derive partial differential equations that govern the deformations of the interface between the sediment suspension and the clear fluid, and devise a perturbation method that preserves the positivity of the particle volume fraction. We solve perturbed momentum, particle transport and deforming interface equations to show that a Kelvin–Helmholtz-type unstable wave develops at the interface for wavelengths longer than a critical value. Short-wavelength oscillations of the interface are damped due to shear-induced diffusion of particles. We also show that the lowest critical Reynolds number, above which the interface is unstable, occurs for intermediate values of the total volume fraction of particles.
Limitations in utilization and prioritization of standardized somatosensory assessments after stroke: A cross-sectional survey of neurorehabilitation clinicians

ABSTRACT Background and Purpose Somatosensory impairments are common after stroke, but receive limited evaluation and intervention during neurorehabilitation, despite negatively impacting functional movement and recovery. Objectives Our objective was to understand the scope of somatosensory assessments used by clinicians in stroke rehabilitation, and barriers to increasing use in clinical practice. Methods An electronic survey was distributed to clinicians (physical therapists, occupational therapists, physicians, and nurses) who assessed at least one individual with stroke in the past 6 months. The survey included questions on evaluation procedures, type, and use of somatosensory assessments, as well as barriers and facilitators in clinical practice. Results Clinicians (N = 431) indicated greater familiarity with non-standardized assessments, and greater utilization compared to standardized assessments (p < 0.0001). Components of tactile sensation were the most commonly assessed modality of somatosensation (25%), while proprioception was rarely assessed (1%). Overall, assessments of motor function were prioritized over assessments of somatosensory function (p < 0.0001). Discussion Respondents reported assessing somatosensation less frequently than motor function and demonstrated a reliance on rapid and coarse non-standardized assessments that ineffectively capture multi-modal somatosensory impairments, particularly for proprioceptive deficits common post-stroke. In general, clinicians were not familiar with standardized somatosensory assessments, and this knowledge gap likely contributes to lack of translation of these assessments into practice. Conclusions Clinicians utilize somatosensory assessments that inadequately capture the multi-modal nature of somatosensory impairments in stroke survivors. Addressing barriers to clinical translation has the potential to increase utilization of standardized assessments to improve the characterization of somatosensory deficits that inform clinical decision-making toward enhancing stroke rehabilitation outcomes.
The use of topical nasal steroids to improve continuous positive airway pressure compliance in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials.

BACKGROUND Nasal steroids are commonly prescribed to reduce nasal side effects, which are the primary cause of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) intolerance in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of OSA patients to assess the effect of nasal steroids on CPAP compliance and nasal symptoms. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, and Cochrane Library were searched through March 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of nasal steroids on CPAP compliance in adult patients, which reported quantitative data on CPAP use and nasal symptoms, were included. RESULTS Three RCTs (224 patients) were eligible for the meta-analysis. At the 4-week follow-up, the study did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference in CPAP compliance (average hours of CPAP use per night: mean difference 0.45; 95% confident interval (CI) (-0.01, 0.90); P = 0.06, percentage of nights device used: mean difference 1.79; 95%CI (-2.59, 6.17); P = 0.42). There was also no difference in overall nasal symptoms (mean difference 0.47, 95%CI (-0.00, 0.94); P = 0.05), with significantly more sneezing and rhinorrhea among patients with nasal steroids (sneezing: mean difference 0.64, 95%CI (0.23, 1.05); P = 0.002, rhinorrhea: mean difference 0.78, 95%CI (0.24, 1.31); P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS At the 4-week follow-up, the pooled results did not demonstrate significant benefits of nasal steroids on CPAP compliance. There was also no significant benefit for relieving nasal symptoms. To further explore the benefit of nasal steroids on CPAP use, additional, longer-term studies are required.
Network structure of avian mixed-species flocks decays with elevation and latitude across the Andes

Birds in mixed-species flocks benefit from greater foraging efficiency and reduced predation, but also face costs related to competition and activity matching. Because this cost–benefit trade-off is context-dependent (e.g. abiotic conditions and habitat quality), the structure of flocks is expected to vary along elevational, latitudinal and disturbance gradients. Specifically, we predicted that the connectivity and cohesion of flocking networks would (i) decline towards tropical latitudes and lower elevations, where competition and activity matching costs are higher, and (ii) increase with lower forest cover and greater human disturbance. We analysed the structure of 84 flock networks across the Andes and assessed the effect of elevation, latitude, forest cover and human disturbance on network characteristics. We found that Andean flocks are overall open-membership systems (unstructured), though the extent of network structure varied across gradients. Elevation was the main predictor of structure, with more connected and less modular flocks upslope. As expected, flocks in areas with higher forest cover were less cohesive, with better defined flock subtypes. Flocks also varied across latitude and disturbance gradients as predicted, but effect sizes were small. Our findings indicate that the unstructured nature of Andean flocks might arise as a strategy to cope with harsh environmental conditions. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mixed-species groups and aggregations: shaping ecological and behavioural patterns and processes’.
Alarming decline of the Little Bustard Tetrax tetrax in one of its two population strongholds in Sardinia, Italy

Summary Farmland biodiversity is declining worldwide, and especially in Western countries largely owing to the large-scale intensification of agricultural practices. The Little Bustard Tetrax tetrax is a steppe bird adapted to agro-pastoral ecosystems in Western Europe, and is one of those many farmland species declining due to changes in agricultural production systems. In the EU, the majority of the extant population of this species is concentrated in the Iberian Peninsula. In Italy, the species has now disappeared from the mainland and is currently present only in Sardinia, where two populations, in the central-western areas, hold about two-thirds of the whole island’s numbers, with the rest scattered across numerous smaller nuclei. While there are indications and anecdotal information suggesting a possible population decline during recent decades, robust monitoring across different time periods that would allow a comparison of numbers is lacking in Sardinia. Here we repeated a Little Bustard survey performed in 2008 in two areas of western Sardinia: Abbasanta, which is one of the two strongholds for the species in Sardinia, and Campeda, which holds a small population (about 10 territorial males). Using the same methodology as in the past survey, we assessed current population size and density, and quantified changes over time. We found alarming declines, at a rate of around 30% in 14 years in both areas, with an estimated current population of 87 males in Abbasanta and 8 males in Campeda. We highlight current and emerging threats, such as the downsizing of the Special Protection Area of Abbasanta, and the encroachment of solar power plants within the same area.
The role of latent heat release in explosive cyclogenesis: three examples based on ECMWF operational forecasts

Abstract Operational forecasts from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts of three cases of explosive cyclogenesis of large magnitude that occurred in the North Atlantic during a 1-week period in January 1986 are presented, and results of numerical experiments performed on the three cases are described. Two of the cases were well predicted, and the third was not. The experiments were aimed at 1) determining the contribution of latent heat release to the explosive deepenings in the two cases that were well predicted and 2) diagnosing the cause of the poorer forecast performance in the third case. It was found that condensation heating accounted for 40%–50% of the deepening in the well-predicted cases and that most of the heating derived from stable, frontal type precipitation rather than from convective precipitation. The results of the attempt to determine the cause of the relative failure of the third forecast were inconclusive but pointed toward problems in the initial analysis. In part.
The effects of proficiency level and dual-task condition on L2 self-monitoring behavior

Abstract The current study examined the effects of task condition (TC; single vs. dual) and proficiency level (PL) on self-monitoring of second language (L2) speakers. Data were collected from sixty-six female L2 learners of English performing two speaking tasks under two task conditions. While performance in the single-task condition involved only narrating a picture-based oral narrative, the dual-task condition involved performing the same oral narrative as well as a secondary task. Factor analysis, MANOVA, and two-way ANOVAs were used to examine the effects of PL and TC on a range of self-monitoring measures. The results indicated that the higher proficiency learners made significantly fewer filled pauses, repetitions, and hesitations, and a higher ratio of error correction and error-free clauses than the lower proficiency learners. These results suggest that with the development of proficiency L2 learners’ performance becomes more fluent, and a more active and effective monitoring process seems to be at work. Compared to the single-task condition, performance in the dual-task condition led to significantly more repetitions implying the increased demand of TC triggers more dysfluency. These results are discussed in relation to the L1 monitoring models.
Supporters First: Understanding Online Social Support on Mental Health from a Supporter Perspective

Social support or peer support in mental health has successfully settled down in online spaces by reducing the potential risk of critical mental illness (e.g., suicidal thoughts) of support-seekers. While the prior work has mostly focused on support-seekers, particularly investigating their behavioral characteristics and the effects of online social supports to support-seekers, this paper seeks to understand online social support from supporters' perspectives, who have informational or emotional resources that may affect support-seekers either positively or negatively. To this end, we collect and analyze a large-scale of dataset consisting of the supporting comments and their target posts from 55 mental health communities in Reddit. We also develop a deep-learning-based model that scores informational and emotional support to the supporting comments. Based on the collected and scored dataset, we measure the characteristics of the supporters from the behavioral and content perspectives, which reveals that the supporters tend to give emotional support than informational support and the atmosphere of social support communities tend also to be emotional. We also understand the relations between the supporters and the support-seekers by giving a notion of "social supporting network'', whose nodes and edges are the sets of the users and the supporting comments. Our analysis on top users by out-degrees and in-degrees in social supporting network demonstrates that heavily-supportive users are more likely to give informational support with diverse content while the users who attract much support exhibit continuous support-seeking behaviors by uploading multiple posts with similar content. Lastly, we identified structural communities in social supporting network to explore whether and how the supporters and the support-seeking users are grouped. By conducting topic analysis on both the support-seeking posts and the supporting comments of individual communities, we revealed that small communities deal with a specific topic such as hair-pulling disorder. We believe that the methodologies, dataset, and findings can not only expose more research questions on online social supports in mental health, but also provide insight on improving social support in online platforms.
From Screens to Projector, Wall, and TVs: Conceptualizing Livestreams as Design Material for Direct and Indirect Viewership Experiences

Livestreams are now ubiquitous-moving beyond web and mobile-based platforms into products such as fitness machines and smart home assistants. As such, viewership practices have also become varied and diverse: livestreams are used for interactive entertainment, social companionship, and multi-perspective spectatorship for music festivals and sporting events. At the premier in-person gaming livestream event, Games Done Quick (GDQ), attendees engage in a variety of different viewership practices across different event spaces where the livestream is projected on large stage screens, onto walls as peripheral displays, and routed to televisions in hotel venue rooms. This study takes GDQ as an information-rich fieldsite to examine how livestream viewership shifts, changes, and interleaves across physical spaces to provide an expanded livestream experience. From 11 semi-structured interviews with GDQ attendees and participant observations at three GDQ events, we found diverse practices of both direct and indirect viewership: the livestream is viewed in collocation with an audience and stage, but is also used to establish viewership continuity across disjoint spaces, tangentially to shop for interesting moments, as a timekeeping device, and even as a means of auditory obfuscation. To unpack these forms of viewership, we conceptualize livestreams as design material and identify its two key qualities of focality and metacontent. We illustrate how examining livestreams' focality and metacontent qualities allow us to understand the relationship between different livestream configurations and different viewership behaviors, as well as chart out new under-explored design directions for livestreaming that blend physical and digital spaces.
You Know What I Meme: Enhancing People's Understanding and Awareness of Hateful Memes Using Crowdsourced Explanations

Good explanations help people understand hateful memes and mitigate sharing. While AI-enabled automatic detection has proliferated, we argue that quality-controlled crowdsourcing can be an effective strategy to offer good explanations for hateful memes. This paper proposes a Generate-Annotate-Revise workflow to crowdsource explanations and presents the results from two user studies. Study 1 evaluated the objective quality of the explanation with three measurements: detailedness, completeness, and accuracy, and suggested that the proposed workflow generated higher quality explanations than the ones from a single-stage workflow without quality control. Study 2 used an online experiment to examine how different explanations affect users' perception. The results from 127 participants demonstrated that people without prior cultural knowledge gained significant perceived understanding and awareness of hateful memes when presented with explanations generated by the proposed multi-stage workflow as opposed to single-stage or machine-generated explanations.
Energy in Vectorial Relativity: E ≈ m.c2

In previous work it was shown that assumptions, y y = ' and , within Lorentz Transformations were needless, and therefore groundless. Because of such assumptions, Lorentz Transformations (LT) depend on the body’s spatial orientation, i.e. the well-known transverse and longitudinal transformations of magnitudes, characterized by different scaling factors. On the contrary, the development of LT without assumptions, brought about new transformations that do not depend on spatial orientation, and a unique mass definition was devised, z z = '
Temperature and mental health–related emergency department and hospital encounters among children, adolescents and young adults

Abstract Aims We examine the association between high ambient temperature and acute mental health-related healthcare encounters in New York City for children, adolescents and young adults. Methods This case-crossover study included emergency department (ED) visits and hospital encounters with a primary diagnosis of any mental health disorder during warm-season months (June–August) in New York City from 2005 to 2011 from patients of three age groups (6–11, 12–17 and 18–25 years). Using a distributed lag non-linear model over 0–5 lag days, by fitting a conditional logistic regression for each age group, we calculated the cumulative odds ratios of mental health encounters associated with an elevated temperature. Analyses were stratified by race/ethnicity, payment source and mental health categories to elucidate vulnerable subpopulations. Results In New York City, there were 82,982 mental health–related encounters for young people aged 6 to 25 years during our study period months. Elevated temperature days were associated with higher risk of mental health–related ED and hospital encounters for the 6- to 11-year-olds (odds ratio [OR]: 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13–1.46), for the 12- to 17-year-olds (OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.09–1.25) and for the 18- to 25-year-olds (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04–1.15). Children with reaction disorders, adolescents with anxiety and bipolar disorders, young adults with psychosis and reaction disorders and Black and non-Hispanic children and adolescents showed vulnerability to elevated temperature. Conclusions We found that elevated ambient temperatures were associated with acute mental health ED or hospital encounters across childhood, adolescence and young adulthood.
From Bias to Repair: Error as a Site of Collaboration and Negotiation in Applied Data Science Work

Managing error has become an increasingly central and contested arena within data science work. While recent scholarship in artificial intelligence and machine learning has focused on limiting and eliminating error, practitioners have long used error as a site of collaboration and learning vis-à-vis labelers, domain experts, and the worlds data scientists seek to model and understand. Drawing from work in CSCW, STS, HCML, and repair studies, as well as from multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork within a government institution and a non-profit organization, we move beyond the notion of error as an edge case or anomaly to make three basic arguments. First, error discloses or calls to attention existing structures of collaboration unseen or underappreciated under 'working' systems. Second, error calls into being new forms and sites of collaboration (including, sometimes, new actors). Third, error redeploys old sites and actors in new ways, often through restructuring relations of hierarchy and expertise which recenter or devalue the position of different actors. We conclude by discussing how an artful living with error can better support the creative strategies of negotiation and adjustment which data scientists and their collaborators engage in when faced with disruption, breakdown, and friction in their work.
Do Streamers Care about Bystanders' Privacy? An Examination of Live Streamers' Considerations and Strategies for Bystanders' Privacy Management

Live streaming has become a popular activity world-wide that has warranted research attention on its privacy related issues. For instance, bystanders' privacy, or the privacy of third-parties captured by streamers, has been increasingly studied as live streaming has become almost ubiquitous in both public and private spaces in many countries. While prior work has studied bystanders' privacy concerns, a gap exists in understanding how streamers consider bystanders' privacy and the steps they take (or do not take) to preserve it. Understanding streamers' considerations towards bystanders' privacy is vital because streamers are the ones who have direct control over whether and how bystanders' information is disclosed. To address this gap, we conducted an interview study with 25 Chinese streamers to understand their considerations and practices regarding bystanders' privacy in live streaming. We found that streamers cared about bystanders' privacy and evaluated possible privacy violations to bystanders from several perspectives. To protect bystanders from privacy violations, streamers primarily relied on technical, behavioral, and collaborative strategies. Our results also indicated that current streaming platforms lacked features that helped streamers seamlessly manage bystanders' privacy and involved bystanders into their privacy decision-making. Applying the theoretical lens of collective privacy management, we discuss implications for the design of live streaming systems to support streamers in protecting bystanders' privacy.
Understanding Disclosure and Support for Youth Mental Health in Social Music Communities

Online music platforms that include social networking features sometimes become supportive social communities where young people can disclose their emotional distress and receive support. However, few studies have examined young people's disclosure in social music communities or the support they provide or receive. In this study, which focuses on a large online music platform as a research site, we used mixed methods to analyze young users' comments (N = 163) and the associated replies (N = 2,732) related to their psychological distress (e.g., depression, anxiety, stress, and loneliness). We found that the main types of comments involved experience sharing, and these comments often invoked peer support in the form of encouragement, caring, or self-disclosure. We also conducted an interview study with 13 young users of our research site to understand their perceptions of and motives for engaging in disclosure and support. The interviewees stated that music-induced and comment-induced emotional resonance was the main reason for their disclosure and support. Finally, we discussed the implications of our findings for designing a supportive social music community to benefit youth mental health.