Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of Complexed Zinc Products on Live Performance and Carcass Grade of Broilers

Abstract Hess, J.B. , Bilgili, S.F. , Parson, A.M. and Downs, K.M. 2001. Influence of complexed zinc products on live performance and carcass grade of broilers. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 49–60. The influence of supplementing diets with zinc (Zn) amino acid complexes on live performance and carcass quality of female (Experiment 1) and male broiler chickens (Experiment 2) was investigated. In Experiment 1, day-old female chicks were fed, under summer conditions, one of 4 dietary treatments: a control and diets supplemented with Zn (40 ppm) from Zn-methionine, Zn-lysine, or a commercial mixture of Zn-methionine and Zn-lysine. During the rearing period, body weight and feed conversion were measured. Randomly selected birds were processed with subsequent evaluation of foot pad lesions and carcass grades. In Experiment 2, male chicks were fed similar diets as Experiment 1, but under cool weather conditions. Live performance variables were measured and randomly selected- birds were processed to assess carcass defects, carcass grade, foot pad lesions and carcass yields. In Experiment 1, feed conversion and foot pad- lesions were reduced (P<0.05) in female broilers fed the Zn-amino acid, complexes, with no consistent alterations in carcass grade other than improvements in wing and back bruising. Body weight of male broilers was improved at 21d with Zn-methionine and Zn-lysine supplemented diets, with improvements in bach bruising. No differences in foot pad quality or carcass yields of male broilers was observed among the dietary treatments (P>0.05). The influence of zinc complexes on broiler live performance, carcass bruising and foot pad quality appeared to vary with environmental conditions.
Doses de nitrogênio no acúmulo de nitrato e na produção da alface em hidroponia

Lettuce production in hydroponic system presents growing expansion in Brazil, but still there are problems of quality and risk of nitrate accumulation. This work was carried out to evaluate the lettuce production and nitrate accumulation in hydroponic system depending on the increasing levels of nitrogen in the nutrient solution. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse of the Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Brazil. The lettuce plants were grown in nutrient solution containing increasing levels of N (11, 13, 15, 17, 19 and 21 mmol L-1) during a 25-day period. An entirely randomized design with four replications was used. Plant total yield (PTT), plant commercial yield (PCM) and nitrate contents in the fresh matter of roots, stems and leaves of the lettuce were evaluated. There were no significant effects of increasing levels of N in nutrient solution on PTT and PCM, average values of 357.3 and 352.5 g/plant being observed, respectively. The increased levels of N in nutrient solution increased linearly nitrate content on all lettuce parts. The nitrate content reached 659, 623 and 615 mg/kg in the fresh matter of roots, stems and leaves, respectively, at the highest N level. Nevertheless, the maximum nitrate content observed in leaves was far below the risk level for human health.
Seasonal Movements of Striped Bass, Roccus saxatilis (Walbaum), Tagged and Released in the Potomac River, Maryland, 1959-61'

During 1959–61, 8,793 striped, bass,Roccus saxatilis (Walbaum), were tagged and released in the Potomac River, Maryland. Of the 3,344 (37.3%) recaptured, 98.0% were taken in the Maryland part of Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, 0.5% were recovered in the Virginia part of Chesapeake bay and its tributaries, and 1.5% were taken outside Chesapeake Bay along the Atlantic coast from Delaware to Nova Scotia. In the wintering season (November–March), the tagged fish were concentrated in the lower river and were very active, traveling several miles a day. In the spawning season (April–June), they mostly moved upstream to the spawning grounds where the tagged fish remained for most of the season, and then dispersed downstream to the lower river and into Chesapeake Bay. In the feeding season (July–October), tagged fish were scattered throughout Chesapeake Bay and tributaries. Some striped bass which overwintered in the Potomac were recaptured during the following spawning season in other Chesapeake Bay tributaries, and fish from the Potomac contributed materially to the stocks of striped bass along the northeast Atlantic coast. Spawning striped bass return to the same spawning grounds in successive years. Recaptures of tagged fish by date and location during the wintering, spawning, and feeding seasons, and the miles traveled and days at large by individuals, are tabulated.
The relative importance of Colletotrichum musae as a crown‐rot pathogen on Windward Island bananas

Low numbers of conidia of Colletotrichum musae (10–50) applied directly to the surface of freshly cut banana crowns caused extensive rot development. At least 20 times more conidia of Fusarium pallidoroseum were required to cause comparable levels of crown rot. Examination of the relative pathogenicity of the major fungal species involved in development of crown rot, C. musae, F. pallidoroseum, Fusarium moniliforme, F. moniliforme var. subglutinans, and Botryodiplodia theobromae, using a standard inoculum of 2 × 103 conidia per crown, showed C. musae to be the most aggressive species. C. musae produced a distinctive soft, dry fibrous rot while the fruit was still green, and on ripening further rotting, softening and blackening of crown tissues occurred. The other crown-rot pathogens tested did not rot green fruit. Fruit inoculated with C. musae and held for 0, 1, 2 and 3 days at ambient temperature before ripening sustained increasingly more severe crown rot. C. musae was isolated with increasing frequency from rotting tissue the longer the period under ambient conditions. Crowns which had been inoculated with F. pallidoroseum and held for a comparable period did not display such extensive rot development although the pathogen was very frequently isolated from the tissue.
Checklist of Fishes Found in the Fresh and Brackish Waters of Negros and Siquijor, Philippines

A total of 89 species of fish found in fresh and brackish waters belonging to 45 families is known in Negros and Siquijor islands. The most species rich is the Family Gobiidae (13 species) followed by the Family Eleotridae (10 species), Ophichthidae (six species), Cyprinidae (three species), and Poeciliidae (four species). The Families Muraenidae, Ambassidae and Mugilidae are represented by three species each and the Families Plotosidae, Syngnathidae, Terapontidae, Apogonidae, Carangidae, Lutjanidae, and Cichlidae are represented by two species each. The rest of the families are represented by only one species. Most of the species belonging to the Families Poeciliidae, Clariidae, Cyprinidae, and Loricariidae are all introduced species and brought to the country through the aquarium trade and aquaculture programs. Keywords - fresh and brackish water fishes, fish checklist, fish fauna
Salinity effects on germination and mobilization of reserves in jojoba seed

Salt concentrations having electrical conductivities of 0, 5, 10 and 15 dS/m significantly reduced germination, fresh weight of seedlings and the amount of lipid used in Vista' jojoba. Germination was reduced from 82.6% in nonsaline conditions to 42.6%, fresh weight was reduced from 314 to 98 mg and the amount of lipid used was reduced from 136 to 83 mg in strong (15 dS/m) saline treatments. Higher levels of salinity also resulted in accumulation of total soluble sugars, delayed initiation of germination and lipid breakdown, and decreased C38 and C40 esters with an increase in C42
Diabetogenic effects of streptozotocin on endocrine pancreatic islets, adrenal and carbohydrate profiles in turtles, Lissemys punctata punctata (Bonnoterre) (Reptilia: Chelonia)

Abstract Diabetogenic effect of streptozotocin was not adequately studied in chelonians. This topic was investigated in the current article. Objective of the current study was to investigate the role of streptozotocin on B- and non B-cells of the endocrine pancreas, adrenal and carbohydrate profiles in soft-shelled turtles. A single intramuscular injection of streptozotocin at a dose of 200 mg/kg body wt once, after 7 days caused increase of necrotic B-cell population followed by ultrastructural degeneration. Insulin immunoreactivity of B-cells (insulin-IR B cells) was reduced with a fall in serum insulin level. It also caused necrosis of A-, D- and PP-cells with decrease of their cell size and nuclear size, and ultrastructural degenerations. Glucagon-immunoreactivity of A-cells (glucagon-IR-A-cell) was not altered. Adrenal corticosterone and norepinephrine levels were increased with decrease of epinephrine level. Serum glucose level was elevated with a fall in liver glycogen level. But muscle glycogen level was elevated with a fall in blood lactate level. These changes were no longer observed after 14 days of single dose of SZ treatment. Insulin level was elevated with a fall in corticosterone and epinephrine levels. Serum glucose, liver and muscle glycogen, and blood lactate levels were reversely altered in 14 days of SZ treatment to those of 7 days of treatment. The findings suggest that streptozotocin (SZ) initially causes diabetes with disturbance in adrenal hormone production and carbohydrate metabolism after 7 days treatment and that, the diabetogenic effects are subsided subsequently after 14 days of SZ treatment in turtles.
Hepatoprotective activity of fruit extract garcinia pedunculata

The objective of this study was to explore the hepatoprotective activity of fruits of Garcinia pedunculata in paracetamol-induced liver toxicity in rats. Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity was evaluated by an increase in serum transaminases and alkaline phosphatase activity. Histopathological observation showed extensive disturbance in the liver cytoarchitecture in comparison to normal control liver sections. Pre-treatment with aqueous extract of fruits of G. pedunculata prevented the paracetamol-induced increase in serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and histopathological changes. Based on the above observation it can be concluded that G. pedunculata pretreatment exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bjp.v9i4. 19910
A Comparison Between Ladell's Wood Section Method and the Macerated Wood Method for Tracheid Length Determination

A comparison has been made between the method of Ladell, in which tangential longitudinal sections are used for the determination of mean tracheid length and the traditional method using macerated wood. The two methods produced identical results. Ladell's method was quicker, enabled precise location of measured cells and required less sample preparation.
The Transcriptional and DNA Binding Activity of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α Is Inhibited by Ethanol Metabolism

Fatty acids are ligands for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). Fatty acid levels are increased in liver during the metabolism of ethanol and might be expected to activate PPARα. However, ethanol inhibited PPARα activation of a reporter gene in H4IIEC3 hepatoma cells expressing alcohol-metabolizing enzymes but not in CV-1 cells, which lack these enzymes. Ethanol also reduced the ability of the PPARα ligand WY14,643 to activate reporter constructs in the hepatoma cells or cultured rat hepatocytes. This effect of ethanol was abolished by the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole and augmented by the aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor cyanamide, indicating that acetaldehyde was responsible for the action of ethanol. PPARα/retinoid X receptor extracted from hepatoma cells exposed to ethanol or acetaldehyde bound poorly to an oligonucleotide containing peroxisome proliferator response elements. This effect was also blocked by 4-methylpyrazole and augmented by cyanamide. Furthermore, in vitro translated PPARα exposed to acetaldehyde failed to bind DNA. Thus, ethanol metabolism blocks transcriptional activation by PPARα, in part due to impairment of its ability to bind DNA. This effect of ethanol may promote the development of alcoholic fatty liver and other hepatic consequences of alcohol abuse.
Controls on conifer regeneration in managed riparian forests: effects of seed source, substrate, and vegetation

Red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) commonly dominates the overstory in managed riparian forests of the Pacific Northwest. Although it is assumed that competition with a dense shrub layer inhibits succession from hardwoods to shade-tolerant conifers within these forests, this assumption has not been explicitly tested. We hypothesized that seed availability rather than competitive interactions largely shape patterns of conifer regeneration in managed riparian for - ests. At nine locations in western Washington, we established paired transects in riparian sites adjacent to abundant versus few or no sources of seed to examine the importance for conifer regeneration of dispersal limitation, rooting substrate, and vegetation cover. Frequency and density of regeneration were significantly greater in transects within 100 m of remnant forest patches than in paired sites at greater distances (mean frequencies of 59 vs. 18% and densities of 0.23 vs. 0.16 trees/m 2 , respectively). Where seed sources were present, regeneration was positively associated with coarse woody debris and negatively associated with fine litter. Regeneration was most abundant in plots with <10% herb or shrub cover; however, for most species, recruitment occurred across the full range of understory plant cover. We detected no relationship between regeneration density and overstory conifer or hardwood cover. Our results suggest that, in managed forests, conifer regeneration is largely limited by seed availability and only secondarily by competitive interactions or substrate conditions. In managed landscapes, conventional strategies of vegetation control are not likely to be as effective in increasing conifer regeneration in riparian forests as managing for seed sources through green-tree retention.
Understanding the VIX

Financial news services now routinely report the level of the Chicago Board Option Exchange's Market Volatility Index, or VIX. This practice may be healthy in the sense that investors are seeking more information with which to assess the state of the economic environment, but investors need to understand exactly what the index means in order to fully appreciate its usefulness and to avoid misunderstandings and misconceptions. The author explains the VIX, its history and purpose, and explains its place within the array of indices that help describe where the economy stands relative to recent historical points of reference.
Variability within cotton cultivars for yield, fibre quality and physiological traits

SUMMARY Selection within elite cotton cultivars is ineffective; it is believed that they are genetically homogeneous. Research in other crops, however, has verified significant intra-cultivar variation based either on phenotypic differentiation or molecular analysis techniques. The present study primarily investigated possible intra-cultivar variation for seedcotton yield. Honeycomb selection within three elite cotton cultivars, on the basis of single-plant seedcotton yield and under the ultra-low density of 1·2 plants/m2, was performed. From each cultivar, six selfed (hand-pollinated) plants were selected and seed of each selected plant constituted a separate line. The 18 first generation lines were evaluated in three locations at a density of 1·2 plants/m2. Within each line, the 10 selfed plants which yielded the highest were selected. Mixed seed from these selected plants constituted the respective second generation line. Offspring performance of the 18 second generation lines was also tested in three locations at a density of 1·2 plants/m2. The results were indicative of intra-cultivar variation, since significant differentiation between lines of each cultivar was found for seedcotton yield per plant, averaged across two years and three locations. Additionally, significant intra-cultivar variation was found for fibre quality properties (length and micronaire, but not strength and uniformity) averaged across two years in a single location, as well as for physiological traits (leaf carbon isotope discrimination, ash content and K concentration) averaged across two years and three locations. In comparison with the original cultivars the second generation lines had higher seedcotton yields supporting the existence of exploitable genetic variation. The conclusion was that honeycomb selection in the absence of competition could be an effective technique in breeders' seed treatment in order to avoid gradual degeneration and beneficially exploit any latent or newly developed genetic variation.
Statistical inference on accumulation curves for inventorying forest diversity: A design-based critical look

Abstract Statistical inference on accumulation curves is considered from a design-based perspective. Preliminaries on probabilistic sampling of plants and species are given, emphasizing the fundamental role of independent replications of the sampling scheme. The role of rarefaction curves as a tool for making inference on the effectiveness of the sampling procedures to compile accurate species lists is outlined. Design-based and model-based inference are discussed and compared. Some future developments for design-based inference are considered.
Um nematodeo parasito do pinguim Spheniscus magellanicus (Forster) (Ascaridoidea, Anisakidae)

The nematodes were collected from the penguin Spheniscus magellanicus (Forster) (Sphenisciformes). A study from the main species of Contracaecum that occur in penguins and piscivorous birds from the south hemisphere is made, more specifically the C. eudyptulae Johnston & Mawson, 1942a, C. eudyptes Johnston & Mawson, 1953, C. heardi Mawson, 1953, C. antarcticum Johnston, 1938, C. prevosli Tcheprakoff, 1966, C. spiculigerum (Rudolphi, 1809), C. osculatum (Rudolphi, 1802), C. scotti (Leiper & Atkinson, 1914) and C. pelagicum Johnston & Mawson, 1942b. C. pelagicum is redescribed and turns to be a new rference for Spheniscus magellanicus (Foster).
The male reproductive cycle of three species of Australian vespertilionid bat

AbstractThe male reproductive cycles of three species of vespertilionid bat (Nyctophilus geoffroyi, N. major, andVespadelus regulus) are described. Descriptions are based on the degree of testicular and cauda epididymaldevelopment estimated from ﬁeld captures, and for N. geoffroyi, on histological examination of ﬁxedspecimens and assays of their testicular testosterone concentrations. All species were found to undergo adissociated pattern of reproduction; the activity of the testes and accessory glands of reproduction wereasynchronous. Spermatogenesis occurred in summer/early autumn (December–March) and testes generallyregressed before mating began in autumn (March–May). Spermatozoa were stored in the caudaepididymides during the mating period. Leydig cells of N. geoffroyi involuted prior to mating but theprostate gland remained enlarged and secretory during winter (June–August), regressing in late spring(November). Testicular testosterone concentrations were greatest when Leydig cells were maximallyenlarged, and concentrations were low during the mating period. The reproductive cycle of all speciesapparently involved asynchrony between primary and secondary sexual function, which is typical ofvespertilionid bats inhabiting temperate latitudes. As mating occurs when sperm stores cannot bereplenished, selection for prudent sperm allocation may be expected.Key words: vespertilionid bat, reproduction, testes, spermatogenesis, sperm storage
A Chromosomal Study on Four Species of Snake-Heads (Ophiocephalidae: Pisces) with Comments on Their Karyotypic Evolution

SUMMARYChromosomal analysis has been carried out in four species of snake-heads (Ophiocephalidae: Pisces). Channa punctatus has revealed 2n = 52 (10 metacentric, 6 submetacentric pairs), C. orientalis 2n = 52 (10 metacentric, 3 subtelocentric, 13 acrocentric pairs), C. stewartii 2n = 104 (1 metacentric, 51 acrocentric pairs) and C. striatum 2n = 40 (4 metacentric, 1 subtelocentric, 15 acrocentric pairs). Sex chromosomes are indistinguishable. The karyotypic evolution in the Ophiocephalid species has been interpreted as due to many types of rearrangements, resulting in a distinct karyotype for each species.
Quality Characteristics of High Acidity Apple Vinegar Manufactured Using Two Stage Fermentation

This study investigated the manufacturing conditions of apple vinegar with high acetic acid content following fermentation according to alcohol concentration without any nutrients. We compared and analyzed the quality characteristics of high acetic acid fermentation by varying the initial alcohol content (6%, 7%, 8%, and 9%). In the results, it was possible to manufacture high acetic acid vinegar with 12% titratable acidity and an alcohol content of 6% and 7%. Lower initial alcohol content was associated with higher yield due to a shorter lag phase. For quality characteristics of the high acetic acid apple vinegar, pH was 2.91∼3.20, titratable acidity was 12.0%, and organic acid consisted of acetic acid, malic acid, critic acid and oxalic acids. Based on the results, high acetic acid apple vinegar was produced using a two stage fermentation process after alcohol fermentation but the further research is needed to reduce the time of fermentation in fed-batch culture for industrial use.
Time of Tuber Infestation and Relationships Between Pheromone Catches of Adult Moths, Foliar Larval Populations, and Tuber Damage by the Potato Tuberworm

Time of tuber infestation by Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) was markedly affected by the type of irrigation system employed. Tuber infestation under furrow irrigation was above 25% for 4 wk prior to vine senescence while sprinkler irrigated potatoes sustained less than 5% damage during this period. After irrigation was terminated, infestation increased rapidly in sprinkler irrigated plots. Tuber infestation continued to increase in all irrigation blocks late in the season, but rows which were hilled and rolled sustained less damage than ones which were only rolled. Larval populations in the foliage and moth counts in pheromone traps increased during the season and were significantly correlated. Under furrow irrigation, pheromone trap catches and larval counts in the foliage were significantly correlated with tuber damage.
Activation of IκB Kinase by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are ubiquitous pathogens causing a variety of diseases ranging from mild illness to severe life-threatening infections. HSV utilize cellular signaling pathways and transcription factors to promote their replication. Here we report that HSV type 1 (HSV-1) induces persistent activation of transcription factor NF-κB, a critical regulator of genes involved in inflammation, by activating the IκB kinase (IKK) in the early phase of infection. Activated NF-κB enhances HSV-1 gene expression. HSV-1-induced NF-κB activation is dependent on viral early protein synthesis and is not blocked by the anti-herpetic drug acyclovir. IKK inhibition by the anti-inflammatory cyclopentenone prostaglandin A1 blocks HSV-1 gene expression and reduces virus yield by more than 3000-fold. The results identify IKK as a potential target for anti-herpetic drugs and suggest that cyclopentenone prostaglandins or their derivatives could be used in the treatment of HSV infection.