Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Application of PSO in CNN attribute weighting for banana tree classification based on leaf images

Banana (Musa paradisiaca) is a very popular fruit in Indonesia. Banana production in Indonesia, with more than 200 types of bananas, accounts for more than 50% of banana production in Asia. Differences in how to consume Ambon bananas and Kepok bananas and their various benefits encourage cultivators to be careful in choosing seeds to avoid mistakes. Distinguishing the seeds of Ambon bananas and kepok bananas is more difficult than distinguishing between Ambon bananas and kepok bananas. This is because the leaves and stems of the seeds look the same. The purpose of this study is to use an optimization algorithm to improve the performance of the image classification algorithm on the image of kepok banana leaves and Ambon bananas to assist in the selection of banana plant seeds that can be used by banana cultivators to get the maximum benefit according to the desired type of banana. The results of this study are used as the basis for making a decision support system to assist in the selection of banana plant seeds that can be used by banana cultivators in order to get the maximum benefit according to the desired type of banana
Summer Extreme Rainfall Over the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River: Role of Synoptic Patterns in Historical Changes and Future Projections

It is one of the major challenges in climate science to project future changes in extreme rainfall. To overcome this challenge, in this study, four typical synoptic patterns (SPs) triggering summer extreme rainfall over the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River (MLYR) are identified through hierarchical clustering. These typical SPs share common characteristics of intensified Mei‐yu trough and Western Pacific Subtropical High but differ in terms of mid‐latitudes disturbances, such as an intensified ridge (Cluster 1, Cluster 2) or trough (Cluster 3, Cluster 4) near Lake Baikal (Cluster 1, Cluster 3) or Northeast China (Cluster 2, Cluster 4). The linkage between extreme rainfall and typical SPs is verified at various time scales. The typical SPs associated with extreme rainfall are substantially different from the circulation patterns found on ordinary days, and their frequency is significantly correlated with that of extreme rainfall across the interannual scales. Furthermore, the distinct changes in different typical SPs serve as a “bridge” for understanding the long‐term impact of circulation changes on local extreme rainfall, even though the two do not appear to be connected at first sight. Specifically, the circulation changes imply more (less) frequent SP‐Cluster 1 (SP‐Cluster 3), which tends to produce more extreme rainfall to the south (north) of the Yangtze River within MLYR. To project future changes in extreme rainfall, we utilize a weighting method for the multi‐model ensemble based on each model's capability to capture the observed typical SPs. This method effectively narrows the inter‐model spread.
Orden Trichoptera (Insecta) en Panamá: Listas de especies y su distribución por cuencas y unidades administrativas

In order to ascertain the distribution of the insect order Trichoptera (caddisflies) in Panama, we reviewed the taxonomic literature for the adult stage. This was necessary because almost none of the immature stages in this order have been associated. Aguila (1992) generated the first summary of information about the adult Trichopteran species and distribution, and noted 168 taxa in 13 families and 39 genera. Through 2015, a large number of publications, based on work by a dedicated cadre of individuals, have produced a net gain of one family, eight genera, and 132 species. Thus, a total of 300 species of caddisflies, now known from the Republic of Panama, are distributed among 14 families and 47 genera. However, our knowledge of the distribution of caddisflies in Panama is limited because we only have information on 20 of the 52 watersheds and in eight of the 14 administrative units in which the country is divided. The concentration of collecting in the Canal Zone and some other basins, in addition to the administrative divisions, has resulted in a very incomplete picture. Although advances in our knowledge of Panamanian caddisfly diversity are being made, we also need to address other aspects of their biology to expand our knowledge of their general distribution, ecology and life history. PALABRAS CLAVES:
LEARNING STYLES OF A STORY ABOUT SUSTAINABILITY: THEIR EFFECT ON THE LEVEL OF QUESTIONING OF STUDENTS IN PRIMARY EDUCATION

The use of stories in science education can make science more interesting and engaging, illustrate concepts, and provide opportunities for contextual and meaningful learning. Also, integrating a scientific story in which the sustainability goals are incorporated can lead to increasing students’ motivation to learn as well as improve and facilitate the learning process. Having children ask questions allows the educator to learn about the child's insights, views, level of interest, motivation for learning, and knowledge. Therefore, this study focuses on the relationship between science storytelling, questioning, and sustainability among elementary school students. It compares the levels of questioning among primary students who learned a sustainability story in segments versus those who learned the story in its entirety. A quantitative study was conducted involving 120 second graders from the Arab sector in Israel. The results revealed a significant difference in the two groups’ level of questions: the students in the experimental group, who learned the story in segments, asked higher-level questions than those in the control group. The study concluded that learning a scientific story in segments proved effective in enhancing primary students' questioning ability, and that there was a notable preference for this segmented storytelling approach over traditional whole unit learning methods. Keywords: asking questions, science story, storytelling, sustainability education, text learning
Checklist, Diversity and Abundance of the Flora in some Selected Local Government of Zamfara State, Northwestern Nigeria

Check list of the flora in some selected Local Governments of Zamfara State, North Western Nigeria, was studied. The objective of the study was to provide a comprehensive checklist document and evaluate the diversity and abundance of floral species in the study area. A field inventory of floral species was adopted for data collection. The result showed a total of 306 species belonging to 229 genera within 58 families represented in the study area. The result showed that twenty-six families consist of only 1 species each, eight families have 2 species each and five families have 3 species each, two families have 4 species each while the other families consist of 5 species, 6 species 7 species, 9 species, 14 species 24 species and 86 species respectively. Of these, the family Fabaceae has the highest number of species, 86 occurring in all the study areas, followed by Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae with 24 each. This result reveals a high rate of degradation of the remnant flora species as a result of human activities, habitat conversion into residential areas (urbanization), and expansion of Farmland. It's recommended that State Government management and the entire communities pay attention to conservation planning and management activities that will take ecological implications into consideration. More research should be conducted on the identified species in order to ascertain their morphological, anatomical, ethnobotanical and economic importance.
Correcting for Undercounting of Lightning Flashes by Space‐Based Optical Sensors

Accurate measurements of global lightning are essential for understanding present and future atmospheric electricity, composition, and climate. The latest space‐based lightning detector, the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM), was the first to be placed in geostationary orbit, with a continuous view of most of the American continents. Prior to the GLM, the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite collected lightning measurements from which numerous lightning climatologies have been developed, including those used in global models. However, this study finds that both the GLM and a second, similar LIS placed on the International Space Station (ISS) in 2017 detect lightning at similar rates and are undercounting lightning compared to ground‐based Lightning Mapping Arrays (LMAs). The GLM undercounts lightning by an average factor of 7.0, reaching a maximum over 120 as a function of satellite zenith angle, radar reflectivity at a height where the temperature is −10°C, flash height, and thunderstorm polarity. The LIS is estimated to undercount lightning by an average factor of 5.6, reaching a maximum of 75.0 as a function of radar reflectivity at the −10°C level, flash height, and thunderstorm polarity. Preliminary predictive equations for the GLM and LIS lightning undercount factor, or scaling factor (SF), use ice‐water content, equilibrium level, flash height, and satellite zenith angle, all of which can be derived in models. These equations are developed to encourage updating lightning parameterizations within global models and will likely increase modeled lightning's effects on atmospheric electrical circuits, composition, chemistry, and climate change.
A New Source of Energy Present in Plants and Animals

Introduction In previous studies we described the release of a replicate cell from a moribund dwarf cell of the Genus and species, Stentor coeurleus into the ambient environment. Furthermore, when presented with a favorable, cell free medium, these active dwarf cells reappeared. Evidence was presented that suggested that these dwarfs were electromagnetic organisms. Methods: Magnetic plate (3975 Gauss) and non-magnetized plate of the same size were placed on a stone table 10 inches apart. Two strips of aluminum foil were placed under each plate with connectors to serve as electrodes. A Voltmeter was then connected to the electrodes to read any voltage across the plates. Results. Investigators placed hands on the non-magnetic plate causing a significant registration of an alternating current (AC) compared to background (no hands on). Conclisions: Recenly a new concept has been formulated called the Biofield encorporation all emmissions derived from the human body, Besides the well-known ECG and EEG, heat, electromagnetic and light have been detected mostltly using highly sophisticated technologies. We describe a novel but smple method using a eletomagnetic to detect and quantify the AC voltage associated with the hidden energy source previously undecribed in the Biofield literature.
The Influence of Capital Structure on the Financial Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Mitooma District, Uganda

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are pivotal for a nation's economic growth, representing 90% of global businesses and generating 50% of job opportunities. In Uganda, this sector employs approximately 2.5 million individuals and contributes 18% to the GDP. Despite this significant impact, 45% of Ugandan SMEs face imminent collapse due to financial hurdles. Consequently, this study aimed to explore how capital structure influences the financial performance of SMEs in Mitooma District. The objectives were to scrutinize the impact of equity capital, debt capital, and retained earnings on SMEs' financial performance. Grounded in the Pecking Order Theory and Trade Theory, the study followed a quantitative research approach employing a descriptive research design. With a population of 836, a scientifically determined sample of 271 was selected through random and purposive sampling methods. Data collection involved a validated and reliable questionnaire. Using regression analysis through SPSS, the study found that the model provided a robust level of prediction (R=.678), explaining 45.9% (R2=.459) of the variability in SMEs' financial performance. Specifically, equity capital (t=-1.975, P=.045, P<.05), debt capital (t=7.015, P=.000, P<.05), and retained earnings (t=6.289, P=.000, P<.05) emerged as statistically significant factors. Conclusively, the study highlighted that equity capital, debt capital, and retained earnings significantly influence SMEs' financial performance. To enhance their financial standing, the recommendation is for SMEs to adopt innovative strategies. These findings hold relevance for policymakers, SME stakeholders, academic circles, and SME owners, offering valuable insights into bolstering this critical sector. Keywords: Small and medium Enterprises, Economic development, financial performance, Equity capital, Retained earnings.
Effects of Sustainable Monetary and Fiscal Policy on FDI Inflows to EMDE Countries

Emerging Market and Developing Economies (EMDE) countries are the leading destinations of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). We investigate whether sustainable monetary and fiscal policy through indicators that reflect the expectations concerning the central bank’s commitment to a target and the sustainability of government finance affects FDI inflows. Based on a large sample of 75 EMDE countries from 1990 to 2019, we provide empirical evidence through panel data analysis that sustainable macroeconomic policies are an essential driver of FDI inflows. The findings show EMDE countries should increase the central bank credibility, decrease the fiscal imbalance, and adopt inflation targeting to enhance FDI inflows.
Misidentifying changes of illuminant in natural scenes due to failures in relational colour constancy

of scene images from hyperspectral data were presented side-by-side on a computer-controlled display. On one side, the scene underwent illuminant changes and on the other side, it underwent the same changes but with images corrected for any residual deviations in spatial ratios. Observers systematically misidentified the corrected images as being due to illuminant changes. The frequency of errors increased with the size of the deviations, which were closely correlated with the estimated failures in relational colour constancy.
Optimal Video Length Effect on Flow Experience and Perceived Learning: A Repeated Measure Experimental Design with Randomization

Videos are commonly used in education. Benefitting from instructional videos in learning processes empowers students’ academic outcomes. In spite of this, educators have no consensus on optimal video length. There is a need to cease speculations on optimal video length since most of them have been relying only on context-based tips or best practices. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to delve into the optimal video length discussion through the lens of perceived learning and flow experience. We employed repeated measure experimental design with randomization of treatment order for each participant. Twenty-eight university students from two big cities in Türkiye volunteered to participate in the study. Short, medium, and long videos were compared via Friedman test. Results of this study substantiated instructional video length does not seem to affect students’ perceived learning and their overall flow experience. However, they tend to concentrate and focus better on short videos. We call for an end to optimal video length discussion for videos shorter than 10 minutes, especially in terms of learning. The implications relying on the findings were discussed in terms of differences between “thinking to be in flow” and “being actually in flow. ” The recommendations are given in detail in the full text.
Isoscapes of δ18O and δ2H reveal climatic forcings on Alaska and Yukon precipitation

Spatially extensive Arctic stable isotope data are sparse, inhibiting the climatic understanding required to interpret paleoclimate proxy records. To fill this need, we constrained the climatic and physiographic controls on δ18O and δD values of stream waters across Alaska and the Yukon to derive interpolated isoscape maps. δ18O is strongly correlated to winter temperature parameters and similarity of the surface water line (δ2H = 8.0 × δ18O + 6.4) to the Global Meteoric Water Line suggests stream waters are a proxy for meteoric precipitation. We observe extreme orographic δ18O decreases and a trans‐Alaskan continental gradient of −8.3‰ 1000 km−1. Continental gradients are high in coastal zones and low in the interior. Localized δ18O increases indicate inland air mass penetration via topographic lows. Using observed δ18O/temperature gradients, we show that δ18O decreases in a ∼24 ka permafrost ice wedge relative to the late Holocene indicate mean annual and coldest quarter temperature reductions of 8.9 ± 1.7°C and 17.2 ± 3.2°C, respectively.
The quasi 2 day wave response in TIME‐GCM nudged with NOGAPS‐ALPHA

The quasi 2 day wave (QTDW) is a traveling planetary wave that can be enhanced rapidly to large amplitudes in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region during the northern winter postsolstice period. In this study, we present five case studies of QTDW events during January and February 2005, 2006 and 2008–2010 by using the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Electrodynamics‐General Circulation Model (TIME‐GCM) nudged with the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System‐Advanced Level Physics High Altitude (NOGAPS‐ALPHA) Weather Forecast Model. With NOGAPS‐ALPHA introducing more realistic lower atmospheric forcing in TIME‐GCM, the QTDW events have successfully been reproduced in the TIME‐GCM. The nudged TIME‐GCM simulations show good agreement in zonal mean state with the NOGAPS‐ALPHA 6 h reanalysis data and the horizontal wind model below the mesopause; however, it has large discrepancies in the tropics above the mesopause. The zonal mean zonal wind in the mesosphere has sharp vertical gradients in the nudged TIME‐GCM. The results suggest that the parameterized gravity wave forcing may need to be retuned in the assimilative TIME‐GCM.
Time and thyme again: Connecting spoken word duration to models of the mental lexicon

Eﬀects of lexical frequency have long informed theories of the mental lexicon. This study compares two approaches (localist spreading-activation vs. discriminative learning models integrating distributional semantics) by assessing regression models of spoken word duration of English homophones grounded in each. The regression models avoid assumption violations of earlier analyses of the same data set. We point out a major methodological ﬂaw beset-ting corpus-based research on pronunciation. We also show that the relationship between a homophone’s form and its semantics is predictive of its duration. Implications for theories of the mental lexicon are discussed.
Neuroimaging in Human Category Learning: A Comparison Neuroimaging in Human Category Learning: A Comparison Between Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIR) and Between Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIR) and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Functional Magnetic Resonance Ima

The objective of this thesis is to examine the validity of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIR) to examine brain regions involved in rule based (RB) and information integration (II) category learning. We predicted similar patterns of activation found by past studies that used fMRI scans. Our goal was to test if fNIR would be able to detect changes in blood oxygenation levels of participants who learned to categorize (learners) vs. those that did not (non learners). The stimulus set comprised of lines that differed in length and orientation. Participants had to learn to categorize by trial and error based on the feedback provided. Behavioral and neuroimaging data was recorded for both RB and II conditions. Results showed an upward trend in response accuracy over trials for participants identified as learners. Furthermore, blood oxygenation levels reported by fNIR indicated a systematic increase in oxygen consumption for learners as compared to non learners. These areas of increased prefrontal cortex activity recorded by fNIR correspond to the same areas found to be involved in categorization by fMRI. This paper reviews the background of category learning, explores various neuroimaging techniques in categorization research, and investigates the efficacy of fNIR as a relatively new neuroimaging modality by comparing it to fMRI.
“ADAPT: Efficient Multi-Agent Trajectory Prediction with Adaptation”

In this supplementary, we present the details of implementation (Section 1) and training (Section 2), perform a complexity analysis of our method compared to other meth-ods (Section 3), provide an additional ablation study on the model components (Section 4), identify failure cases of our method (Section 5)
The Qualitative Report The

Abstract This paper discusses experiences from school-based needs assessment within a Participatory Action Research (PAR) project aimed at facilitating quality education in public schools of rural Nepal. Being often a first stage in the process of research-action, Participatory Needs Assessment (PNA) offers space for community members’ perceptions and attitudes toward their collective needs. In this light, this paper takes evidence from the first and the second authors’ Ph.D. experiences, under the supervision of the third and the fourth authors to initiate PNA of a school. Also, incorporating the reflections from the fifth author as a critical friend, it observes the political, epistemological, ethical, and methodological challenges of doing such assessments; the challenges of involving all the stakeholders in identifying problems, and the transformative possibilities the approach inherently brings within it. On the whole, the paper reflects how, despite manifold conflicting interests of the multi-group stakeholders, relational ontology(ies) emerged in the cyclical and spiral process.
The Qualitative Report The

Abstract The collaborative use of technology and online teaching and learning is a new pedagogical trend following the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. This pedagogy has created flexible learning modes for teachers and students to practice and develop their speaking skills in English as a foreign language through collaborative activities, interactive group projects, and peer feedback. Despite the plethora of studies pertinent to online learning, online collaborative learning (OCL) insights in rural areas are not well-documented, leaving knowledge gaps. Thus, a study of teachers' and students' perceptions of OCL in rural areas of Papua, Indonesia, is needed. Researchers have confirmed that the OCL is a new pedagogical approach to lifelong and sustainable learning. This study employed a qualitative report, using a triple-case study approach. The results propose that: (1) OCL can be implemented using two learning modes: synchronous and asynchronous. The WhatsApp group (WAG) chat feature was used to deliver written discussions and peer evaluations and the WhatsApp voice note tool to provide oral feedback synchronously. Google Classroom asynchronously provided the materials, tasks, and teacher feedback. (2) Teachers’ reasons for choosing OCL in EFL speaking courses include effectiveness, efficiency, interest, and engagement. Students’ perceptions highlighted the OCL effect in light of three aspects: (a) social, (b) psychological, and (c) speaking skills. (3) Teachers’ barriers during OCL implementation: (a) poor internet connection, (b) free-riders, (c) unpunctuality, and (d) unfamiliarity with technology use. (4) Teacher strategies to overcome the barriers to OCL: (a) university-sponsored internet, (b) OCL orientation at the beginning of class, (c) forming groups and choosing topics regarding students’ prior knowledge, (d) extra peer tutoring time, and (e) self-directed learning.