Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structural Dependence, Alienation, and Conflict: The Role of Foreign Investment in Civil War Onset

Does a country’s exposure to international investment directly affect its likelihood of falling into civil war? We link standard political economy theories to models of social revolution to explain how different foreign capital strategies affect state policy and substate political actors’ incentives to engage in conflict against the state. Empirically, we note that civil war expectations should reduce inflows of liquid capital from abroad, creating an endogeneity problem that cannot be resolved simply by lagging the endogenous variable. We use an instrumental variables approach to estimate the effects of foreign portfolio and direct investment on civil war onset. The pattern of statistical results strongly supports a model in which different forms of international investment, fixed and liquid, differentially affect the ability and willingness of governments to prevent internal conflict and of individuals to participate in
An Investigation of Psychological and Spiritual Wellbeing among Costal Community in Terengganu, Malaysia

Community wellbeing is a positive situation in which individuals in the community as a whole can fulfil their needs and aspirations. Numerous studies have been investigated the wellbeing among the peripheral community in term of the economic aspect. However, the current study considers the psychological factor in measuring the community wellbeing. Thus, this study investigates coastal communities' wellbeing and the influence of motivation and social support on the wellbeing (psychological wellbeing and spiritual wellbeing) of Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. This study is designed using a quantitative approach with crosssectional data conducted to 185 coastal communities through cluster-random sampling. The data analysed using descriptive (e.g. mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (e.g. multiple regression analysis). By using descriptive statistics analysis, this study found that the mean value of spiritual wellbeing (M=7.28) is higher than psychological wellbeing (M=6.88). Besides that, applying the multiple regression analysis, we found that the proposed models explained 23.9 percent and 13.8 percent of the variance in psychological and spiritual wellbeing, respectively. The result of this study indicated that social support and motivation have significantly affected psychological wellbeing. At the same time, only social support has a significant effect on spiritual wellbeing. In conclusion, this study has successfully identified and investigated the factors that influence coastal community wellbeing. The implications of the study and suggestions for future researchers are also discussed.
SIMULATED PATIENT VERSUS HIGH-FIDELITY SIMULATOR: SATISFACTION, SELF-CONFIDENCE AND KNOWLEDGE AMONG NURSING STUDENTS IN BRAZIL

HOW TO REFERENCE THIS ARTICLE: Negri EC, Almeida RG dos S, Meska MHG, Mazzo A. Simulated patient versus high-fidelity simulator: satisfaction, self-confidence and knowledge among nursing students in Brazil. Cogit. Enferm. [Internet]. 2021 [accessed “insert day, monh and year”]; 26. Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.5380/ce.v26i0. 76730. ABSTRACT Objective: to assess and compare satisfaction, self-confidence and knowledge among Nursing students in the use of simulated patients and high-fidelity simulators. Method: a quasi-experimental study conducted in 2017 with 150 students from a private university The participants answered a pretest to assess knowledge and participated in a lecture and in skills training. After the simulation, the students answered the Satisfaction with Simulated Clinical Experiences scale and the Satisfaction and Self-confidence in Learning and Knowledge scale. The data were analyzed based on non-parametric tests. Results: the students showed high rates of satisfaction (93.5 and 92.5), self-confidence (4.3 and 4.4) and knowledge gain (6.2 and 6.4). There were no significant differences in the comparison between the simulated patient group and the high-fidelity simulator group regarding satisfaction, self-confidence and knowledge. Conclusion: the findings showed that well-prepared settings can be obtained with lower costs, and with an effective impact on the students’ learning.
Synthesis and Optical Characterization of Polyaniline /Iron Oxide Nanocomposite

Polyaniline-iron oxide nanocomposites were successfully synthesized by insitu polymerization method. The polyaniline metal oxide nanocomposites formed were characterized using StellarNet UV – VIS – NIR spectrometer (Blue – Wave Miniature; Model: UVNb). The optical properties investigated include; absorbance, transmittance, reflectance, refractive index, extinction coefficient and energy band gap. Our results show that the absorbance of polyaniline – iron oxide nanocomposites decreases as amount of iron oxide nanoparticles increased with a peak value of approximately 1.00. Transmittance of polyaniline– iron oxide (PANI/Fe2O3) nanocomposites decreases as amount of iron oxide nanoparticles increased with a peak value of 58% at 800nm. Reflectance within the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum considered was found to be very low. A peak refractive index value of 2.64 was obtained at 700nm for the synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles. The extinction coefficient of our synthesized nanocomposites decreased with increase in the concentration of iron oxide nanoparticles. Optical band gap of polyaniline iron oxide nanocomposites ranged from 2.50 eV to 2.20 eV.Our x – ray diffraction result show that the PANI/Fe2O3 nanocomposites formed have Orthorhombic crystal structure with preferred orientation in the (111) plane.
The Effect of Immigration Restrictions on Local Labor Markets: Lessons from the 1920s Border Closure

In the 1920s, the United States substantially reduced immigration by imposing country-specific entry quotas. We compare local labor markets differentially exposed to the quotas due to variation in the national-origin mix of their immigrant population. US-born workers in areas losing immigrants did not benefit relative to workers in less exposed areas. Instead, in urban areas, European immigrants were replaced with internal migrants and immigrants from Mexico and Canada. By contrast, farmers shifted toward capital-intensive agriculture, and the immigrant-intensive mining industry contracted. These differences highlight the uneven effects of the quota system at the local level. (JEL J15, J18, J31, K37, N32, N42, R23)
An open innovation approach to co-produce scientific knowledge: an examination of citizen science in the healthcare ecosystem

PurposeThe article applies the citizen science phenomenon – i.e. lay people involvement in research endeavours aimed at pushing forward scientific knowledge – to healthcare. Attention is paid to initiatives intended to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic as an illustrative case to exemplify the contribution of citizen science to system-wide innovation in healthcare.Design/methodology/approachA mixed methodology consisting of three sequential steps was developed. Firstly, a realist literature review was carried out to contextualize citizen science to healthcare. Then, an account of successfully completed large-scale, online citizen science projects dealing with healthcare and medicine has been conducted in order to obtain preliminary information about distinguishing features of citizen science in healthcare. Thirdly, a broad search of citizen science initiatives targeted to tackling the COVID-19 pandemic has been performed. A comparative case study approach has been undertaken to examine the attributes of such projects and to unravel their peculiarities.FindingsCitizen science enacts the development of a lively healthcare ecosystem, which takes its nourishment from the voluntary contribution of lay people. Citizen scientists play different roles in accomplishing citizen science initiatives, ranging from data collectors to data analysts. Alongside enabling big data management, citizen science contributes to lay people's education and empowerment, soliciting their active involvement in service co-production and value co-creation.Practical implicationsCitizen science is still underexplored in healthcare. Even though further evidence is needed to emphasize the value of lay people's involvement in scientific research applied to healthcare, citizen science is expected to revolutionize the way innovation is pursued and achieved in the healthcare ecosystem. Engaging lay people in a co-creating partnership with expert scientist can help us to address unprecedented health-related challenges and to shape the future of healthcare. Tailored health policy and management interventions are required to empower lay people and to stimulate their active engagement in value co-creation.Originality/valueCitizen science relies on the wisdom of the crowd to address major issues faced by healthcare organizations. The article comes up with a state of the art investigation of citizen science in healthcare, shedding light on its attributes and envisioning avenues for further development.
A Decision Process for the Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Sustainable Operations and Supply Chain Management

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has a growing and wider presence in academic studies and this presence has affected many fields, such as business research, which has picked up on the subject, and AI is now researched from a more holistic perspective, with operations and supply chain management being recognised as one of the areas that is most likely to benefit from AI applications. In addition, many companies have pushed towards using AI in their supply chain processes in order to achieve sustainability. The influence of AI inevitably extends well beyond the production line. It refers to all business units involved in planning, manufacturing, transporting and selling goods. As a result, companies will need engineering business managers who are well-equipped with know-how of the technological changes that may affect their market and workplace in order to effectively navigate them. This paper proposes a framework that can be used as decision making tools, providing steps for practitioners to consider before and after implementing the AI techniques in their engineering businesses. The framework was developed considering the barriers, enablers and challenges of AI implementation.
Socrates, Spirituality and the 21st Century Knowledge-Building

This duty of cross-examining other men has been. signified to me by oracles, visions, and in every way in which the will of divine power was ever intimated to anyone. (Socrates in the Apology, p. 20). Often regarded as the father of Western thinking and a key reference point for the emergence of modern society, Socrates is a pivotal figure in human history, especially in terms of the gap or transition between traditional and modern knowledge systems. This study proposes to explore the ongoing, future, and also ‘spiritual’ relevance of both the general example of Socrates the educator and the methods he developed which have been a key source of Western ethics, logic, and rhetoric. Indeed, in terms of its influence on his student Plato and his own student Aristotle, Socrates’ elenchus method has been regarded as the key prototype and seminal influence on the emergence of a general model of thinking and knowledge construction typically referred to as the ‘scientific method’ (Vlastos, 1992; Sott, 2002). Likewise, the sense of irony as well as other rhetorical techniques with which Socrates both verbally and strategically or philosophically applied his general method of inducing learning, thinking, and knowledge in others was a focus for the
The immunibiochemical effect of synobiotic and phytobiotic in vaccinated and unvaccinated chicken

The current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of synbiotics, phytobiotics and their mixture on some blood parameters with respct to kidney and liver functions and some histological criteria of broilers. A total of 200 broiler chicks were randomly chosen and divided into eight groups (25 bird in each). The first four groups were unvaccinated chicken and allotted to four dietary treatments, either fed a basal diet (group 1) or the same diet supplemented with 1g synbiotic /kg body weight ( group 2) , 1g phytobiotic /kg body weight (group 3) and 1g synbiotic plus 1g phytobiotic/kg body weight (group 4) . The same previous treatments were received by four vaccinated chicken groups 5, 6,7 and 8 , respectively. Synobotic and phytobiotic tended to increase AST and ALT levels in vaccinated chicken during different periods. The mixture synbiotic and phytobiotic led to no significant increase in AST with unvac-cinated and increase of ALT level in vaccinated groups. Also, previous feed additive increased total protein in both vaccinated and unvac-cinated chickens. Supplementation mixture of both synbiotic and phytobiotic to diet increased total protein in unvaccinated and vaccinated chicken. Rations supplemented with synobiotic and phytobiotic increased albumin level in unvaccinated chicken and decreased with vac-cinated chicken during different periods. Consequently, mixtures of synobiotic and phytobiotic appeared the same trend. On the other, using synobiotic and phytobiotic showed increase globulin level with unvaccinated chicken and decrease with vaccinated chicken, while the mixture of them gave higher level of globulin with unvaccinated or vaccinated chicken during different periods, except at 21 day, the globulin level had slight decrease with unvaccinated chicken. At the same time supplementation synobiotic and phytobiotic or their mixture with unvaccinated or vaccinated chicken revealed normal histological criteria. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of syonbiotic and phytobiotic improved the gut health by decreasing the caecal total coliform count with no adverse effect.The aim of this experiment is to study the effect of dietary supplementation of synobiotic, phytobiotic and their mixture on kidney and liver functions and some histological criteria of broiler chicken.
The Consequences of Anthropomorphic and Teleological Beliefs in a Global Pandemic

To describe something in terms of its purpose or function is to describe its teleology. Previous studies have found that teleological beliefs are positively related to anthropomorphism, and that anthropomorphism decreases the perceived unpredictability of non-human agents. In the current study, we explore these relationships using the highly salient example of beliefs about the coronavirus pandemic. Results showed that both anthropomorphism and teleology were negatively associated with perceived uncertainty and threat, and positively associated with self-reported behavioural change in response to the pandemic. These findings suggest that highly anthropomorphic and teleological individuals may view coronavirus as agentive and goal-directed. While anthropomorphic and teleological beliefs may facilitate behavioural change in response to the pandemic, we also found that the associated reduction in uncertainty and threat may be detrimental to behavioural change. We discuss the implications of these findings for messaging about global events more broadly.
Ɛ34 Phage Tailspike Protein is Resistant to Trypsin and Inhibits and Salmonella Biofilm Formation

Salmonella can cause acute and chronic infections in humans. Salmonella species are known to cause food poisoning and other diseases in developing countries. Their role in the pathogenesis of these diseases has received increased international attention. Despite numerous advances in sanitation, they still can infect humans and cause outbreaks in developed countries. For example, Salmonella causes about 1.2 million illnesses in the US each year with over 450 deaths. Additionally, Salmonella outbreaks cause significant losses to chicken producers globally. The Salmonella species is also prone to acquiring resistance to various classes of antibiotics. Hence, the need for a paradigm shift from antibiotics to bacteriophages to manage, control and treat bacterial infections. The ɛ34 phage belongs to Podoviruses and categorized into the P22-like phages. The P22-like phages include ɛ34, ES18, P22, ST104, and ST64T. In this work, we investigated the antibacterial property of ɛ34 phage tailspike protein against Salmonella newington (S. newington). We demonstrate here that, the phage’s tailspike protein enzymatic property as a LPS hydrolase synergizes with Vero Cell culture supernatant in killing S. newington. Using decellularized cartilage scaffold as an ex vivo tissue model, the ɛ34 TSP protected the scaffold from S. newington biofilm formation. Computational analysis of the ɛ34 TSP interaction with membrane proteins of S. newington demonstrated a higher probability (0.7318) of binding to ompA of S. newington, and when docked to ompA extracellular component, it produced a high free energy of -11.3kcal/mol. We also demonstrate the resistance/sensitivity of the tailspike to the digestive enzyme trypsin. The data obtained in this work indicates that the trypsin resistant tailspike protein of Ɛ34 phage can be formulated as a novel antibacterial agent against S. newington.
Tetraspanins: Host Factors in Viral Infections

Tetraspanins are transmembrane glycoproteins that have been shown increasing interest as host factors in infectious diseases. In particular, they were implicated in the pathogenesis of both non-enveloped (human papillomavirus (HPV)) and enveloped (human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Zika, influenza A virus, (IAV), and coronavirus) viruses through multiple stages of infection, from the initial cell membrane attachment to the syncytium formation and viral particle release. However, the mechanisms by which different tetraspanins mediate their effects vary. This review aimed to compare and contrast the role of tetraspanins in the life cycles of HPV, HIV, Zika, IAV, and coronavirus viruses, which cause the most significant health and economic burdens to society. In doing so, a better understanding of the relative contribution of tetraspanins in virus infection will allow for a more targeted approach in the treatment of these diseases.
Competitive adsorption of heavy metal ions (Pb2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+) onto date seed biochar: batch and fixed bed experiments

ABSTRACT In a multicomponent systems, the adsorption of Pb2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+ by date seed biochar exhibited competitive behavior. Compared to single component systems, the adsorption capacities of each ion were reduced by 48–75% in both batch and column experiments. Surface complexation with carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups played a major role in the removal mechanism. Ion exchange mechanism accounted for 37–40% of the total adsorption compared to 57–72% in single component systems. Modified Langmuir isotherm best described the systems. Adsorption capacities and selectivity follow the order: Pb2+> Cu2+> Ni2+. Multi-stage sequences system is recommended to avoid premature exhaustion of biochar.
Investigation of Novel Small Molecular TRPM4 Inhibitors in Colorectal Cancer Cells

Simple Summary Transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) ion channel malfunction or aberrant expression is implicated in many diseases, including different cancers and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, there is a need for specific and potent TRPM4 inhibitors. They would allow to study the role of TRPM4 in disease models and to validate it as a potential target in therapies, including anti-cancer therapy. In colorectal cancer (CRC), TRPM4 is upregulated, and its conductivity plays a role in the regulation of viability and cell cycle of CRC cells. In this study, we tested three novel TRPM4 inhibitors, CBA, NBA, and LBA, in CRC cells. In HCT116 cells, we show that NBA inhibits TRPM4 currents in the micromolar range and alters proliferation and cell cycle. Furthermore, NBA decreases the viability of Colo205 cells. This makes NBA a promising candidate for further evaluation as a specific TRPM4 inhibitor in other cellular systems and disease models. Abstract (1) Background: Transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM4) ion channel aberrant expression or malfunction contributes to different types of cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, TRPM4 still needs to be validated as a potential target in anti-cancer therapy. Currently, the lack of potent and selective TRPM4 inhibitors limits further studies on TRPM4 in cancer disease models. In this study, we validated novel TRPM4 inhibitors, CBA, NBA, and LBA, in CRC cells. (2) Methods: The potency to inhibit TRPM4 conductivity in CRC cells was assessed with the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Furthermore, the impact of TRPM4 inhibitors on cellular functions, such as viability, proliferation, and cell cycle, were assessed in cellular assays. (3) Results: We show that in CRC cells, novel TRPM4 inhibitors irreversibly block TRPM4 currents in a low micromolar range. NBA decreases proliferation and alters the cell cycle in HCT116 cells. Furthermore, NBA reduces the viability of the Colo205 cell line, which highly expresses TRPM4. (4) Conclusions: NBA is a promising new TRPM4 inhibitor candidate, which could be used to study the role of TRPM4 in cancer disease models and other diseases.
Establishing appropriate sample size for developing and validating a questionnaire in nursing research

The number thirty is often used as the sample size in multiple questionnaires and identified as appropriate for validation of nursing research. However, this is not the best tool or strategy for sample size selection for development and validation, and this often causes immediate rejections of manuscripts. This editorial aims to provide an overview of the appropriate sample size for questionnaire development and validation. The article is the amalgamation of technical literature and lessons learned from our experiences in developing, validating, or adapting a number of questionnaires.