Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Water Cone Subsidence Time Of A Horizontal Well

Because of a localized decrease in pressure, water may rise to a height above the oil-water interface and be produced through a horizontal well. The localized increase in the water-oil interface elevation creates a cone of water near the well. If a large enough drawdown is exerted on the reservoir, water will start replacing the oil in the production stream. The instant when water first enters the well is known as the critical drawdown or threshold drawdown. As the producing water-oil ratio increases, the operating cost of the well as well as the oil production cost will start increasing. At some point, the well may need to be shut-in to allow the water-oil interface to subside. In this situation, an optimum shut-in time exists, and it is dependent upon the subsidence time of the water cone. Analytical solution for subsidence of water cone under a horizontal well is being presented in this paper. Usually, wells require a shut-in period if the drawdown exerted on the reservoir is above a critical value. But, depending on the amount of the drawdown exerted, the water cone can have a wide variety of shapes at the post-critical drawdown condition. To avoid this, the initial water cone shape in this solution, after the well is shut-in, is defined at the point of critical drawdown. The water cone shape under a horizontal well at the point of critical drawdown is estimated here by developing an empirical formula. The cone shape is found to be a function ofthe critical oil production rate. The water cone subsidence time is determined by solving the diffusivity equation using the separation of variables technique. The resulting solution shows that the subsiding instantaneous cone heights are exponentially related to time and are effected by hydraulic conductivity of reservoir, coefficient of specific storage of porous medium, the critical oil production rate and the reservoir geometry. Finally, the cone subsidence time is presented in a series of type curves that assumes various reservoir parameters.
Pre-Nagssugtoqidian crustal evolution in West Greenland: geology, geochemistry and deformation of supracrustal and granitic rocks north-east of Kangaatsiaq

The area north-east of Kangaatsiaq features polyphase grey orthogneisses, supracrustal rocks and Kangaatsiaq granite exposed within a WSW–ENE-trending synform. The supracrustal rocks are comprised of garnet-bearing metapelites, layered amphibolites and layered, likewise grey biotite paragneisses. Their association and geochemical compositions are consistent with a metamorphosed volcano-sedimentary basin (containing both tholeiitic and calc-alkali lavas) and is similar to other Archaean greenstone belts. The Kangaatsiaq granite forms a 15 × 3 km flat, subconcordant body of deformed, pink, porphyritic granite occupying the core of the supracrustal synform, and is demonstrably intrusive into the amphibolites. The granite displays a pronounced linear fabric (L or L > S). The post-granite deformation developed under lower amphibolite facies conditions (400 ± 50°C), and is characterised by a regular, NE–SW-trending subhorizontal lineation and an associated irregular foliation, whose poles define a great circle; together they are indicative of highly constrictional strain. The existence of a pre-granite event is attested by early isoclinal folds and a foliation within the amphibolites that is not present in the granite, and by the fact that the granite cuts earlier structures in the supracrustal rocks. This early event, preserved only in quartz-free lithologies, resulted in high-temperature fabrics being developed under upper amphibolite to granulite facies conditions.
Ionospheric response to sudden stratospheric warming events at low and high solar activity

The sensitivity of the ionospheric response to a sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event has been examined under conditions of low and high solar activity through simulations using the whole atmosphere model (WAM) and the global ionosphere plasmasphere model (GIP). During non‐SSW conditions, simulated daytime mean vertical drifts at the magnetic equator show similar solar activity dependence as an empirical model. Model results of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) and equatorial vertical drift for the January 2009 major SSW, which occurred at very low solar activity conditions, show reasonable agreement with observations. The simulations demonstrate that the E region dynamo is capable of creating the semidiurnal variation of vertical drift. WAM and GIP were also run at high solar activity conditions, using the same lower atmosphere conditions as present in the January 2009 SSW event. The simulations indicate that the amplitude and phase of migrating tides in the dynamo region during the event have similar magnitudes for both solar flux conditions. However, comparing the ionospheric responses to a major SSW under low and high solar activity periods, it was found that the changes in the ionospheric vertical drifts and relative changes in TEC decreased with increasing solar activity. The simulations indicate that the F region dynamo becomes more important throughout the daytime and contributes to the upward drift in the afternoon during the event when the solar activity is higher. Our test simulations also confirm that the increase of the ionospheric conductivity associated with increasing solar activity is responsible for the decrease of vertical drift changes during an SSW. In particular, first, the increase in F region conductivity allows the closure of E region currents through the F region, reducing the polarization electric field before noon. Second, the F region dynamo contributes an upward drift postnoon, maintaining upward drifts till after sunset. The direct changes of the thermospheric wind at higher solar activity due to increased dissipation of the tides from the lower atmosphere are relatively minor and do not contribute greatly to the changes of ionospheric responses in the low‐latitude region.
The composition of the lunar crust: Radiative transfer modeling and analysis of lunar visible and near-infrared spectra

A previous study identified eleven spectral classes present on the surface of the Moon [Tompkins and Pieters, 1999]. Here we model these spectral classes to determine the compositions that define them. We do this by mathematically matching spectral classes to radiative transfer computed spectra using spectral shape, contrast, and excursion parameters as defining characteristics. Model spectra are based upon known mineralogies, mafic-mineral Mg’s (molar (Mg/(Mg+Fe))·100), and maturities. We compare these compositional results to a compilation of ~100 Apollo samples to determine plausible representative samples for these spectra. Results indicate that unique mineralogic solutions for several spectral classes can be determined unambiguously, however classes previously interpreted to be pyroxene-rich are compositionally ambiguous. Results suggest these ambiguous mineral assemblages are not random, but correlate with variations in absolute reflectance. These data further suggest absolute reflectance is a compositionally diagnostic spectral parameter that should be used in conjunction with relative reflectance analysis to constrain mineralogy. Although absolute reflectance for the eleven spectral classes is not available to constrain their composition, we detail mineral, chemical (i.e. Mg’), and absolute reflectance variations of matching model relative reflectance spectra to narrow the possibilities. This information is used in a pilot study of Bullialdus crater, for which Clementine absolute reflectance is known. Results indicate Bullialdus’ central peak consists of Tompkins and Pieters spectral classes AN, AGN, and N. Bullialdus’ spectra that match class N are roughly consistent with previous compositional interpretations, however, matches to classes AN and AGN indicate more mafic assemblages typical of Mg-suite norite/gabbronorite rocks.
Variability of surface pigment concentrations in the South Atlantic Bight

A 1-year time sequence (November 1978 through October 1979) of surface pigment images from the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) was derived from the Nimbus 7 coastal zone color scanner. This data set is augmented with in situ observations of hydrographic parameters, freshwater discharge, sea level, coastal winds, and currents for the purpose of examining the coupling between physical processes and the spatial and temporal variability of the surface pigment fields. The SAB is divided into three regions: the east Florida shelf, the Georgia-South Carolina shelf and the Carolina Capes. Six-month “seasonal” mean pigment fields and time series of mean values within subregions were generated. While the seasonal mean isopleths were closely oriented along isobaths, significant differences between seasons in each region were found to exist. These differences are explained by correlating the pigment time series with physical parameters and processes known to be important in the SAB. Specifically, summertime concentrations between Cape Romain and Cape Canaveral were greater than those in winter, but the opposite was true north of Cape Romain. It is suggested that during the abnormally high freshwater discharge in the winter-spring of 1979, Cape Romain and Cape Fear were the major sites of cross-shelf transport, while the cross-shelf exchange during the fall of 1979 occurred just north of Cape Canaveral. Finally, the alongshore band of high pigment concentrations increased in width throughout the year in the vicinity of Charleston, but near Jacksonville it exhibited a minimum width in the summer and a maximum width in the fall of 1979.
Unstable Type Fractures:

To the Editor: We read with interest the article by Hofmann et al. (2) on “Surgical Treatment of Recurrent Cushing’s Disease. ” The authors present data on 16 patients who underwent reoperation for Cushing’s disease secondary to recurrent pituitary adenoma. The authors found that all patients had recurrence at the original site of surgery. In addition, six out of 13 patients had resolution of symptoms with reoperation, whereas the remaining patients required adjuvant therapy. Hofmann et al. went on to state that, in three patients with intraoperative tumor detected, hypophysectomy did not lead to remission. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans failed to detect an adenoma in 10 out of 16 patients. The findings by Hofmann et al. are very similar to the report by Dickerman and Oldfield (1) at the National Institutes of Health on 68 patients with recurrent Cushing’s disease who underwent reoperation. At repeat surgery in all 43 patients in whom tumor had been identified at the initial surgery, Dickerman and Oldfield reported that the tumor was found at the same site or contiguous to the same site. Despite dural invasion being noted by the surgeon in only three patients at the original surgery, dural invasion was identified during repeated surgery in 42 (62%) of the 68 patients. In addition, 39 (93%) of the 42 invasive adenomas were located laterally and involved the cavernous sinus. Dural invasion by microadenomas was found in 31 out of 57 (54%) and in all 11 macroadenomas at repeated surgery. As for MRI detecting adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing adenomas, Dickerman and Oldfield found that MRI scans did not detect the tumor in 28 of the 59 patients studied with MRI and it did not demonstrate dural invasion in any patient. In closing, Hofmann et al. found that hypophysectomy failed to control the tumor. This is not surprising based on the findings by Dickerman and Oldfield that 62% of the tumors had invaded the dura, thus hypophysectomy would have no effect on a tumor that had invaded the dura. The MRI findings by Dickerman and Oldfield are very similar and, in general, MRI is of little benefit in these microadenomas. From the previous report of Dickerman and Oldfield and that of Hofmann et al., it is obvious that the surgeon should return to the initial site of tumor resection. However, we also strongly recommend inspecting the medial wall of the cavernous sinus for these tumors. More than 90% of the tumors in our study that were located laterally had invaded the dura. In our current practice, we return to the site of previous surgery, followed by inspection of the adjacent dura along the cavernous sinus, and have good long-term surgical success rates for these difficult tumors. We commend Hofmann et al. on their report and hope that our comments will assist neurosurgeons in dealing with these cases. Rob D. Dickerman Ashley S. Reynolds Brent Morgan Plano, Texas
Association between negative mood states, psychoactive substances consumption and bullying in school-aged adolescents Asociación entre el estado de ánimo negativo, el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y el bullying en adolescentes escolarizados

* Área de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. ** Facultat de Ciències de la Salut de Manresa. Universitat de Vic Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVicUCC). Av. Universitària. *** Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia en Ciències de la Salut. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). **** Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP). ***** Facultat de Ciències de la Salut. Universitat Oberta de Catalunya.
Frequency-domain acoustic-wave modeling and inversion of crosshole data; Part II, Inversion method, synthetic experiments and real-data results

In full‐wave inversion of seismic data in complex media it is desirable to use finite differences or finite elements for the forward modeling, but such methods are still prohibitively expensive when implemented in 3-D. Full‐wave 2-D inversion schemes are of limited utility even in 2-D media because they do not model 3-D dynamics correctly. Many seismic experiments effectively assume that the geology varies in two dimensions only but generate 3-D (point source) wavefields; that is, they are “two‐and‐one‐half‐dimensional” (2.5-D), and this configuration can be exploited to model 3-D propagation efficiently in such media. We propose a frequency domain full‐wave inversion algorithm which uses a 2.5-D finite difference forward modeling method. The calculated seismogram can be compared directly with real data, which allows the inversion to be iterated. We use a descents‐related method to minimize a least‐squares measure of the wavefield mismatch at the receivers. The acute nonlinearity caused by phase‐wrapping,.
Improving lithological discrimination in exploration drill-cores using portable X-ray fluorescence measurements: (1) testing three Olympus Innov-X analysers on unprepared cores

Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analysers are increasingly popular tools for geoscientific applications, including mineral exploration. One promising application, illustrated in the companion paper, is to obtain high-spatial resolution down-hole geochemical profiles using pXRF on unprepared exploration drill-cores. However, the precision and accuracy of pXRF analysers on such samples is not well studied. We have tested three Olympus Innov-X analysers, both on a sediment standard (NIST 2702, ‘Inorganics in Marine Sediment’) and in-situ on unmineralized rock cores from volcanic and intrusive, mafic to felsic lithologies. We conclude that pXRF is quite precise for a number of elements, but not very accurate using factory calibrations. For example, the 1σ precision of one Delta Premium analyser tested on a basaltic core, in mining plus mode, with a 60 s integration time, is better than 5 % for Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mn, S, Si, Ti, Zn and Zr. The same analyser, tested on a range of volcanic and intrusive core samples, yielded the following average systematic errors: Al -23 %, Ca -4 %, Fe +1 %, K -9 %, Mg -17 %, Mn -15 %, P +218 %, Si +4 %, Ti -23 %, Cu +220 %, Zn +151 %, and Zr +17 %. These systematic errors can largely be removed by the application of correction factors, which are unique to each analyser and each project. Without such corrections, the three analysers tested, including two ‘identical’ Delta Premium models, yield different results on the same sample. Another important finding is that within 20 cm long core samples, the effect of mineralogical heterogeneity on in-situ pXRF data is much larger than that of the instrument precision. Finally, with the Delta analysers, both the ‘mining plus’ and the ‘soil’ modes are needed to determine as many elements as possible with the best data quality possible.
The flow of a polythermal glacier: McCall Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.

Abstract We have analyzed the flow of polythermal McCall Glacier in Arctic Alaska. Using measurements of surface velocity from the 1970s and 1990s, together with measurements of ice thickness and surface slope, we have investigated both the present flow and seasonal and long-term flow variations. Our analysis of the present flow reveals that (i) longitudinal stress coupling is important along the entire length of the glacier, and (ii) there is significant basal sliding beneath a 2 km long section of the lower glacier. This sliding exists year-round and it accounts for more than 70% of the total motion there. We have developed a numerical model which shows that such a sliding anomaly causes an asymmetric decrease in ice thickness. Accompanying this decrease in thickness is a decrease in surface slope at the center of the anomaly and an increase in slope up-glacier from it. Both effects are reflected in the observed surface profile of McCall Glacier.The longitudinal stress-coupling length of McCall Glacier is three times the ice thickness, almost twice that typical of temperate glaciers. This is a direct effect of lower strain rates, which themselves are associated with the smaller mass-balance gradients of Arctic and continental glaciers. Long-term variations in surface velocity between the 1970s and 1990s are explained solely by the effects of changes in glacier geometry on the deformational flow contribution. This means that long-term variations in the spatial patterns of longitudinal stresses and basal sliding must have been small. Seasonally, Velocities reach their annual minimum in spring and increase during the short summer nick season by up to 75% above mean winter values. However, the extra motion associated with the period of elevated velocities is only about 5% of the total annual motion. The speed-up is due to an increase in basal sliding. This implies that most of the glacier bed is at the melting point. The zone a affected by the melt-season speed-up extends well up-glacier of any moulins or other obvious sources for melt water at the bed.
The Effect of Clouds and Rain on the Aquarius Salinity Retrieval

where  is the radiation wavelength,  is the complex dielectric constant of water, and Im( … ) denotes taking the imaginary part of the argument. At a frequency of 1.4 GHz and a temperature 5C, aray = 3.7810 -4 mm -1 . The Rayleigh coefficient has a significant inverse dependence on temperature. Going from 15C to 0C, aray increases by 50%. The upwelling brightness temperature measured at the top of the atmosphere is given by
Out of hospital cardiac arrests in the Gulf Region: a scoping review

Background Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major cause of mortality worldwide. Recent studies demonstrated low survival rates in Middle Eastern countries. Anecdotally there are unique demographic, cultural and logistical challenges in this region. However, there remains a paucity of data published on OHCA in the Middle East. In order to address OHCA in a meaningful manner in the region, we first need to quantify the issue. Methods We conducted a scoping review of published and grey literature on OHCA in the Gulf Cooperative Council region that utilised Arksey and O'Malley's framework. Electronic databases and grey literature sources were identified and searched. Subject matter experts in the region were consulted. All types of studies in English and Arabic were included. Results A total of 24 studies were included from Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Oman, Kuwait, and Qatar. No literature was identified from the state of Bahrain. OHCA victims in the region are younger, predominantly male, and more co-morbid than those in Western studies. We observed low Emergency Medical Service utilisation, low bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation, return of spontaneous circulation, and survival to discharge rates across the region. There are differences in characteristics of OHCA among ethnic groups. Discussion and conclusions We identified unique characteristics associated with OHCA in the region, variances in processes and outcomes when compared to Western studies, and a lack of coordinated effort to research and address OHCA. We recommend creating lead agencies responsible for coordinating and developing strategies such as community response, public education, and reporting databases.
Micromagnetics and magnetomineralogy of ultrafine magnetite inclusions in the Modipe Gabbro

Iron oxide inclusions in pyroxene crystals from the Modipe Gabbro, Botswana, have been studied to determine their recording fidelity. Hysteresis parameters, first‐order reversal curves, isothermal remanent magnetization acquisition curves, and thermomagnetic data all indicate that the iron oxide occurs as stoichiometric magnetite in the form of single‐domain and/or small pseudo single‐domain particles. Using distributions for the grain shape and nearest‐neighbor spacings determined from optical micrographs as input, a first‐order reversal curve (FORC) diagram was simulated using a numerical micromagnetic model. The simulated FORC diagram was found to closely match the measured FORC distributions. Analysis of the interaction fields in the model found that the standard deviation of the interaction field distribution was 2.7 mT compared to a bulk coercivity of ~20 mT, suggesting that the majority of particles are unlikely to be affected by magnetostatic interactions. Thellier analysis of the samples induced with an initial laboratory thermoremanence yielded near‐perfect behavior. It is suggested that the Modipe Gabbro dated at 2784.0 ± 1.5 (2σ) Ma is potentially an ideal recorder of the geomagnetic field.
Cartografía de zonas probables de aludes en el Pirineo aragonés: metodología y resultados

In this work a cartography of probable snow avalanche areas in the Aragonese Pyrenees (Canal Roya-Espelunciecha, Ordesa valley and Pineta valley) is showed. In this cartography we have included the areas which have been or could be afectted by snow avalanches. The methodology adopted combines the observation of aerial photographies with field work and, to a lesser extent, the use of enquiries in the area, and it is based on the consideration of those
The electrical conductivity of the mantle beneath Europe derived from C-responses from 3 to 720 hr

SUMMARY The C-response, which connects the magnetic vertical component and the horizontal gradient of the horizontal components of electromagnetic fluctuations, forms the basis for estimating the conductivity‐depth profile of the Earth. This paper describes new estimates of the C-response obtained from observatory hourly mean values. The Z: Y-method is applied, which means that the vertical component is used locally whereas the horizontal components are used globally by expansion into terms of spherical harmonics. A special eVort is made to obtain unbiased estimates of C. When applied to 90 months of hourly mean values from about 90 observatories, the method yields consistent results for European observatories in the entire period range from 3 to 720 hr, and for two diVerent source mechanisms (S and D st ). A good description of the source structure for individual time segments is essential. This was achieved by a separate spherical harmonic analysis of the data for each month (for D st ) or each day (for S), and by estimating a large number (120) of expansion coeYcients. The results are interpreted by means of 1-D conductivity models, which show that the upper mantle has remarkably little structure, with a monotonic decrease of resistivity from 100 V m near z=200 km to 0.7 V m below z=1000 km.