Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Composição química e avaliação das atividades antibacteriana e de toxicidade dos óleos essenciais de Lantana camara L. e Lantana sp.

The essential oils from Lantana camara L. and Lantana sp. Verbenaceae, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. This GC/MS analysis revealed the sesquiterpenoids bicyclogermacrene (19.42%), isocaryophyllene (16.70%), valencene (12.94%) and germacrene D (12.34%) as majoritaries in the essential oil of L. camara, and bicyclogermacrene (13.93%), germacrene D (27.54 and β-caryophyllene (31.50%) in the essential oil from Lantana sp. The two essential oils were evaluated to antibacterial activity and toxicity using Artemia salina. The results revealed considerable antibacterial activity for essential oil from L. camara, meanly for Proteus vulgaris (ATCC 13315) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). The essential oil of Lantana sp. showed major activity for Sthaphylococcus aureus (ATCC 10390). The evaluation of toxicity CL50 revealed results with minor values to limit pattern of 1000 μg/mL.
Biological control of rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola through mixture of Pseudomonas fluorescens strains

Abstract The plant growth promoting rhizobacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens strains PF1, TDK1, and PY15 were evaluated individually and in combinations for their efficacy against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, in rice plants under in vitro, glass house and field conditions. Culture filtrates of these strains either individually or as mixture inhibited egg hatching and caused mortality of juveniles of M. graminicola in vitro. The efficacy was more pronounced when filtrates of the strain were used as mixtures than as individual strains. Mixtures of P. fluorescens strains signficantly reduced M. graminicola infestation when applied as bacterial suspensions through seed treatment. The higher activity of peroxidase and chitinase enzymes was observed in plants treated with P. fluorescens mixtures than the plants treated with individual strains, two strain mixtures and untreated control. In field trials on rice, talc formulations of the P. fluorescens strains individually as well as mixtures were evaluated as seed treatment, soil treatment and combination of both. A mixture of the three strains was the most effective when applied either as seed + soil treatment or as seed treatment alone. The introduced P. fluorescens strains survived endophytically on rice roots. The application of the P. fluorescens mixture PF1 + TDK1 + PY15 in seed + soil treatment resulted in higher grain yield which provided a 27.3% increase over the control followed by P. fluorescens mixture PF1 + TDK1 + PY15 in seed treatment alone, which increased the grain yield of rice by 24.7% compared to the control.
The evolution of the apoid endophallus, its phylogenetic implications, and functional significance of the genital capsule (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

Abstract An eversible endophallus is present in most groups of bees. Its presence or absence and its morphological variation were studied in 122 species, representing nine families of bees. An eversible endophallus is absent in the sphecoid wasps and other aculeate Hymenoptera, as well as in the bee families Colletidae and Oxaeidae, and part of the subfamily Andreninae of the Andrenidae. It is suggested that the families Colletidae and Oxaeidae may represent early offshoots in bee phylogeny. Extremely complex endophalli occur in some groups of bees: a positive correlation between complex endophalli and polyandrous mating system was found, suggesting that sexual selection may be the evolutionary force shaping endophallic morphology. The function of the endophallus, as well as of other parts of the external genitalia, was studied in specimens in copula of Nomia nevadensis and Perdita albipennis. The study of the mechanics of copulation was extended to other species, showing that the several sclerotized part.
The Roles of Beetles and Flies in Yak Dung Removal in an Alpine Meadow of Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Abstract: Flies and beetles are 2 major functional invertebrate groups responsible for dung removal and nutrient cycling in many alpine pastures. In order to determine the effect of the 2 groups on dung removal rate, as well as the associated mechanisms, we conducted a two-factor, two-level factorial-designed experiment in an alpine meadow of eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Four treatments were included: (A) flies excluded, beetles included; (B) beetles excluded, flies included; (C) both flies and beetles excluded; and (D) both flies and beetles included, each having 45 replicates of artificial dung pats (17 cm in diameter; ca. 248 g in dry weight). We examined dung quality, removal rates, and abundance and biomass of macro-soil faunas within the dung 9 times (5 replicates sampled each time) during the experimental period of 32 d. Both beetles and flies (maggots), as well as the interaction between the 2 groups, markedly affected the dung removal rates. The total dry weight loss of the dung during the experiment was 167.6 g and 127.5 g on average for the beetle and fly groups, respectively. The removal rate in terms of both dung weight and organic matter loss was significantly greater for the beetles than the flies, which was principally because the consumption rate was lower and the resident time was shorter for fly maggots than for the beetles. The coexistence of the 2 species increased dung removal synergistically on the first sampling day and additively between the 2nd and the 5th day. However, after the 8th day of the experiment, the coexistence effect was negative, such that the dung loss of treatment D was comparable to treatment A but significantly greater than treatment B. The synergistic control might be due to the mediating effect of predator beetles on the relative abundance of coprophagous beetles and maggots, and the negative effect of the functional group diversity was because of the overwhelming competitive advantage of the beetles over fly maggots. In conclusion, although both fly and beetle species may significantly contribute to dung removal, the effect of the interaction between flies and beetles appears to depend on dung age (the sampling timing) in the alpine meadow.
Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents

Various equations for the determinations of total chlorophyll and individual amounts of chlorophylls a and b in extracts from plant tissues exist (see Holden, 1976) and some of them (e.g. Arnon, 1949) are widely used. Additional modifications to the equations have also been developed so as to permit an estimate of total carotenoids to be made from the spectrum of the same mixture in diethyl ether (Ziegler & Egle, 1965; Gaudillire, 1974). During the course of studies that involved the use of various solvents we noted large discrepancies (>40%) between estimations made using the different published equations for particular solvents, all of which were known to contain the same amount of pigments. Taking advantage of a t.1. c. method (Lichtenthaler 8t Pfister, 1978) that permits a distinct separation of the two chlorophylls and also the major carotenoids using light petroleum (b.p. 40-6O0C)/dioxane/propan-2-ol (7 :3 : 1, by vol.) as developing solvent, fresh samples of chlorophyll a and b uncontaminated with each other were readily available for re-evaluation of the published specific absorption coefficients. Those values published by Smith & Benitez (1955), using diethyl ether, were found to be still the most acceptable, and relative specific absorption coefficients to these values were established (Table 1) for various other solvents. The red peak maxima of the chlorophylls were shifted to longer wavelengths with increasing polarity of the solvents; in our case diethyl ether, acetone, 80% (v/v) acetone, 96% (v/v) ethanol and methanol. The red absorption peaks of the chlorophylls were also broadened in the same sequence and the values for the specific absorption coefficients decreased. At the same time suitable values for total carotenoids at 470nm were also determined. On the basis of these coefficients the following equations were derived to determine the individual levels of both chlorophyll a (C,) and chlorophyll b (C,) and the total amounts of carotenoids (Cx+c) and chlorophylls (C,+ C,) [in pg. (ml of plant extract)-'] the measured absorbance values (A) at different wavelengths:
The effect of lemon juice on bonito (Sarda sarda, Bloch, 1793) preserved by sous vide packaging

Summary This study examined the effect of lemon juice on sensory, biochemical and microbiological quality of sous vide (SV)-packaged bonito. Bonitos were salted (0.2%) and divided into two groups. The first group (SV) was vacuum-packaged in a gas barrier plastic pouch, pasteurised (70 °C, 10 min) and stored at 4 ± 1 °C. The second group [(lemon juice-treated sous vide (LSV)] was treated with lemon juice, vacuum-packaged, pasteurised and stored similarly. LSV samples had lower pH, mesophilic and psychrophilic aerobic counts than SV samples (P < 0.05), and they had better sensory quality. SV samples spoiled on the 35th day, while the LSV samples were acceptable until 49th day of storage. This result shows that treatment with lemon juice increased the acceptability and shelf life of SV packaged bonito for 2 weeks (40%). When compared to several other mild preservation procedures, addition of lemon juice to SV fish is inexpensive and uncomplicated method.
Effect of protein level on performance, nitrogen utilisation and carcass composition in finisher pigs

Abstract For 6 weeks, 256 female finisher pigs (initially 53.9 kg) were fed four dietary treatments of 136, 148, 159 and 168 g crude protein (CP)/kg diet. The latter diet was the 159 g CP/kg diet supplemented with dispensable amino acids, to study the effect of excess CP. Week 4 included use of metabolic cages. Feed intake, gain and feed utilisation were not significantly affected. Plasma urea (P < 0.001) and urinary nitrogen (P = 0.01) decreased linearly by lowering CP. The weight of the carcass tended to increase linearly by reducing CP, but neither nitrogen retention nor carcass meat percentage and back fat depth differed among treatments. In conclusion, the study indicated that CP could be decreased to 136 g/kg as-fed for growing pigs in the weight range 50–100 kg without negative impact on growth performance and carcass traits. Moreover, leanness was not affected by excess CP.
MILKABILITY IN HOLSTEIN COWS

The aim of this work was evaluation of milkability in Holstein cows. We collected a total 63 milk flow curves, using electronic mobile milk flow meter – lactocorder. The measuring was carried out in cows from 5 to 305 days in milk. The average milk yield per milking was 15.63 kg, with average milk flow rate 2.84 kg.min-1 and average maximum milk flow rate of 4.49 kg.min-1. The average duration of incline phase was 1.09 min., duration of plateau phase was 1.82. min, and duration of decline phase was 2.26 min. Percentage of bimodal milk flow curves was 52 %, on average. The highest average milk flow rate (3.01 kg.min-1) and the highest average peak milk flow rate (4.96 kg.min-1) were found in cows in second lactation, in comparison with primiparous cows (2.87 kg.min-1, and 4.37 kg.min-1) and cows in another lactation (2.7 kg.min-1, and 4.3 kg.min-1).
Regulation of Structure in Complex Systems: Experimental Temporary Pond Communities

Interactions among competition, predation, and disturbance in determining the abundances of four species of anurans were studied in a factorial experiment using 36 replicated experimental ponds. Hatchlings of the four species (Rana utricularia, Scaphiopus holbrooki, Bufo americanus, and Hyla chrysoscelis) were introduced at the same relative abundances at a low or a high initial density. Competition determined survival, body size at metamorphosis, and length of larval period in high-density communities, which were food-limited. The predatory salamander Notophthalmus viridescens did not alter either the total number of metamorphs or their combined biomass in the high-density communities, but the relative abundance of metamorphs was shifted as Scaphiopus holbrooki, the com- petitive dominant, was selectively eaten. In low-density communities, predation decreased survival and biomass production of tadpoles, often to zero, in all species. For each of the four combinations of tadpole density and presence or absence of predators, ponds were drained at three rates to simulate different drying regimes. Competition slowed growth and thus increased the risk of desiccation in high-density populations in drying ponds. Predation ameliorated the effects of competition, allowing survivors to grow rapidly enough to meta- morphose before ponds dried. Survival of tadpoles to metamorphosis, body size at metamorphosis, and the timing of metamorphosis were determined in a complex way by interactions among all of the treatment effects and the life history characteristics of the four species studied. Scaphiopus was the species least sensitive to tadpole density and was the competitive dominant in ponds without newts. It has a rapid growth rate and metamorphosed soon enough to escape desiccation. It suffered the greatest risk of predation and was eliminated from even some of the high-density communities. Rana was most successful in low-density communities without predators. No Rana survived in rapidly drying (50-d) ponds because of insufficient time to obtain a minimum size for metamorphosis. Rana were also eliminated from most populations exposed to predation. The effect of competition on Bufo in high-density pop- ulations, few or no survivors, was reversed by predation as newts selectively fed on Sca- phiopus and Rana. This result was most striking in the tanks that dried most rapidly. Hyla did very poorly in all slowly drying (1 OO-d) tanks compared with controls because of intense competition. It had moderate success in high-density communities where newts had re- moved most competitors. These results show that biological and environmental factors interact to determine the structure of anuran communities. Neither competition nor predation is the single unifying force, but rather they interact to determine the different consequences of the date of drying of a pond to the success of each species.
CRYOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF TREHALOSE ON GRASS CARP (CTENOPHARYNGODON IDELLUS) SURIMI DURING FROZEN STORAGE

The cryoprotective effects of sucrose (4%)/sorbitol (4%)/polyphosphate (0.3%, composed of sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium hexametaphosphate at a ratio of 2:2:1), sucrose (4%)/sorbitol (4%), trehalose (6%) and trehalose (6%)/polyphosphate (0.3%) on grass carp surimi protein during frozen storage at −18C for up to 25 weeks were investigated. All cryoprotectants were proved to be effective at alleviating protein denaturation by the lower decrease in salt extractable protein (SEP) content, Ca2+-ATPase activity, total sulfhydryl content as well as gel-forming ability comparied with the control. Especially, trehalose (6%)/polyphosphate (0.3%) showed the greatest protective effect on protein. Cryoprotective effect of trehalose (6%) was better than that of sucrose (4%)/sorbitol (4%), but not as good as that of sucrose (4%)/sorbitol (4%)/polyphosphate (0.3%). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Frozen storage is an important method to preserve fish mince. However, fish protein still suffers a great damage during this period. Cryoprotectants are used to prevent fish protein denaturation. Trehalose is one kind of cryoprotectant that has low caloric value and sweetness. Grass carp is one main species of fish in China, and used for processing many of fish products. This study investigated the cryoprotective effect of trehalose and polyphosphate on grass carp surimi and compared its effect with sugar and sorbitol. It will provide some useful information for exploring nonsweet cryoprotectant in grass carp mince storage.
Resistance of Salix caprea, S. phylicifolia, and their F1 hybrids to herbivores and pathogens

Abstract Traits that make plants unpalatable to herbivores are often believed to have evolved as a response to herbivory. Thus, it has been suggested that the genetic re-combinations that occur when plants hybridize might result in a breakdown in plant resistance to herbivores and pathogens. In this study, we tested whether hybrid plants are less resistant to herbivores and pathogens than the parental species under controlled environmental conditions. Two common and widespread willow species, the tree-forming Salix caprea L. and the shrub-forming S. phylicifolia Sm. (L.) and their F1 hybrids were used in the study. To control the origin of plant material used in the experiments, we hand-pollinated plants in the field to create F1 hybrids and pure parental individuals, which were potted and kept outdoors in an experimental field. During the third growing season we measured plant survival, leaf numbers, and the densities of three species (gallers and leaf-folders of sub-genus Pontania and Phyllocolpa) of galling sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) and the frequency of leaves infected by the parasitic fungus, Rhytisma salicinum. The experimental design used should minimize the influence of environmental variation on the plant characters. Therefore, the results primarily reflect genetically based differences in quality between hybrids and parental species. Hybrids and S. phylicifolia had more leaves than S. caprea. In addition, hybrids and S. caprea had higher densities of the leaf-galler Pontania pedunculi and the leaf-folder Phyllocolpa sp. than S. phylicifolia, whereas no differences were found between S. caprea and hybrids. We found little evidence suggesting a resistance breakdown in hybrids. Instead, the results are consistent with prediction from the dominance hypothesis, i.e., similar herbivore load on hybrids and one of the parental species. The density of bean-galls (Pontania bridgmanii) and the frequency of leaves infected by the tar-spot disease, Rhytisma salicinum did not differ significantly between the plant categories. We conclude that to understand the mechanisms responsible for the disease/attack patterns on hybrid plants, the life cycle/life history traits of the involved organisms must be considered.
AVALIAÇÃO DE PLANTIOS DE PARICÁ ( Schizolobum parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby DE DIFERENTES IDADES E SISTEMAS DE CULTIVO NO MUNICÍPIO DE AURORA DO PARÁ - PA (BRASIL)

This work aimed to study the behavior of the species Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum ( Huber ex Ducke ) Barneby (In the Portuguese language ‘Parica’) at different ages and cultivation systems in Aurora do Para (Para state, Brazil). The experiment was carried out in the experimental territory of ‘Tramontina Belem S.A. company’ (2°10’00”s; 47°32’00”w), using a thoroughly random statistical outline with subdivided plots. We selected six plantation forests of Parica: 1- agroforestry system of Parica and Curaua ( Ananas comosus var. erectifolius ) (SAFpc); 2- monoespecific plantation of Parica (MONp); 3- agroforestry system with Parica, freijo ( C. goeldiana) and curaua(SAFpfc); 4- consortium of Parica and Friejo (CONpf); 5- agroforestry system with Parica, Freijo, Mogno and Curaua (SAFpfmc); 6- Consortium of Parica, Magno and Freijo (CONpmf). The plot size was 18m x 24m with four repetitions per treatment, amounting for 28 plots and 10.368 m 2 of experimental area. The numbers used as reference to evaluate the growth of Parica were height (H) and breast height diameter (DAP). Based on those values the average increments per year were calculated in DAP (IMAdap), H (IMAalt) and volume (V); The data was submitted a Variance Analysis and the average compared through Student Newman Keuls test (SNK), at 95% probability level. The results showed that Parica and Curaua, if associated, presented statistically higher numbers in height and diameter at breast height, increment and volume, if compared to same age treatments in the absence of the agricultural species.
Host discrimination in a gregarious parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae).

1. Females of Nasonia vitripennis cannot distinguish newly parasitized hosts from unparasitized ones but after 60 hr parasitization the parasitized puparia are rejected as oviposition sites. 2. The sheath and stylets of the ovipositor have nerves passing down their canals leading to several types of receptor at the tip of the ovipositor shaft. 3. Differences are detectable in the chemical composition of host haemolymph after 3 days parasitization as compared with the unparasitized condition. These may be the factors bringing about discrimination.
Plastid microsatellites for the study of genetic variability in the widespread Cephalanthera longifolia, C. damasonium and C. rubra (Neottieae, Orchidaceae), and cross-amplification in other Cephalanthera species

Plastid microsatellite loci developed for Cephalanthera longifolia were used to examine the level of genetic variation within and between populations of the three widespread Cephalanthera species (C. damasonium, C. longifolia and C. rubra). The most detailed sampling was in C. longifolia (42 localities from Ireland to China; 147 individuals). Eight haplotypes were detected. One was detected in the vast majority of individuals and occurred from Ireland to Iran. Three others were only found in Europe (Ireland to Italy, England to Italy and Austria to Croatia). Two were only found in the Middle East and two only in Asia. In C. damasonium, 21 individuals from 10 populations (England to Turkey) were sampled. Only one haplotype was detected. In C. rubra, 34 individuals from eight populations (England to Turkey) were sampled. Although it was not possible to amplify all loci for all samples of this species, nine haplotypes were detected. Short alleles for the trnS-trnG region found in two populations of C. rubra were characterized by sequencing and were caused by deletions of 26 and 30 base pairs. At this level of sampling, it appears that C. rubra shows the greatest genetic variability. Cephalanthera longifolia, C. rubra and C. damasonium have previously been characterized as outbreeding, outbreeding with facultative vegetative reproduction and inbreeding, respectively. Patterns of genetic variation here are discussed in the light of these reproductive system differences. The primers used in these three species of Cephalanthera were also demonstrated to amplify these loci in another five species (C. austiniae, C. calcarata, C. epipactoides, C. falcata and C. yunnanensis). Although it is sometimes treated as a synonym of C. damasonium, the single sample of C. yunnanensis from China had a markedly different haplotype from that found in C. damasonium. All three loci were successfully amplified in two achlorophyllous, myco-heterotrophic species, C. austinae and C. calcarata. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 163, 181–193.
Changes in the Viscosity of Expressible Water in Meat during Heating: Description Based on the Denaturation Kinetics of Water-soluble Proteins

The change in viscosity of expressible water associated with mass transfer during meat cooking was described using dynamic viscoelasticity measurement of meat juice containing 78.9 ± 5.71 mg/mL of protein. We observed a temperature-dependent decrease in the complex viscosity of meat juice up to 49.4 ℃ ; however, the viscosity increased drastically when the temperature exceeded 60 ℃ . This trend was similar to that observed for temperature-dependent denaturation of dissolved water-soluble proteins in the meat, suggesting that the change in viscosity of meat juice is dependent on the denaturation of dissolved water-soluble proteins as well as the temperature. Therefore, a hypothetical new model equation, incorporating the denaturation of water-soluble proteins into Andrade’s equation (in order to demonstrate the relationship between liquid temperature and viscosity), enabled the estimation of changes in the viscosity of expressible water in meat associated with mass transfer at an arbitrary temperature during heating.