Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Review of Natural Attenuation of BTEX and MTBE in Groundwater

Monitored natural attenuation has become accepted as an appropriate “technology” for treating petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated groundwater. Commonly, the monoaromatic compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) and oxygenated additives, e.g., methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), are the major constituents of regulatory importance. Although a variety of naturally occurring attenuation mechanisms may reduce BTEX and MTBE concentrations, intrinsic biodegradation is the primary destructive mechanism. Attenuation by anaerobic biodegradation is important for BTEX compounds because of the relative abundance of anaerobic electron acceptors as compared with dissolved oxygen. Field studies indicate that MTBE is also biodegradable in shallow aquifers, but at a slower rate relative to BTEX compounds; thus, dispersion and dilution may also be important MTBE attenuation mechanisms. To demonstrate that natural attenuation is occurring, it is critical to document the proposed natural attenuation processes i.
Examining Mental Workload in a Spatial Navigation Transfer Game via Functional near Infrared Spectroscopy

The goal of this study was to examine the effects of task-related variables, such as the difficulty level, problem scenario, and experiment week, on performance and mental workload of 27 healthy adult subjects during problem solving within the spatial navigation transfer (SNT) game. The study reports task performance measures such as total time spent on a task (TT) and reaction time (RT); neurophysiological measures involving the use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS); and a subjective rating scale for self-assessment of mental workload (NASA TLX) to test the related hypothesis. Several within-subject repeated-measures factorial ANOVA models were developed to test the main hypothesis. The results revealed a number of interaction effects for the dependent measures of TT, RT, fNIRS, and NASA TLX. The results showed (1) a decrease in TT and RT across the three levels of difficulty from Week 1 to Week 2; (2) an increase in TT and RT for high and medium cognitive load tasks as compared to low cognitive load tasks in both Week 1 and Week 2; (3) an overall increase in oxygenation from Week 1 to Week 2. These findings confirmed that both the behavioral performance and mental workload were sensitive to task manipulations.
Contemporary diagnosis and management of dental erosion.

OBJECTIVE This article is aimed at providing an overview of the topic of erosive tooth wear (ETW), highlighting the clinical signs, diagnosis, and management of dental erosion. OVERVIEW With the increased prevalence of ETW, it is important that oral health professionals are able to recognize the early signs. Early clinical signs of dental erosion are characterized by loss of enamel texture, a silky glossy appearance, and sometimes a dulling of the surface gloss, referred to as the "whipped clay effect, cupping, and restorations 'standing proud'. " The progression of ETW should be monitored by means of diagnostic models or clinical photographs. ETW can be as a result of acid attack of extrinsic or intrinsic origin. CONCLUSION There is an increase of ETW that is being recognized by the profession. The first step in diagnosing and management is to recognize as early as possible that the process is occurring. At that point a determination of whether the primary etiology is either intrinsic or extrinsic should be made. If these findings are confirmed, appropriate prevention, and management strategies can be adopted followed by appropriate restorative therapy. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The prevalence of ETW continues to increase. It is therefore important that oral health care providers have a better understanding of the etiology, pathophysiology, and management of this condition. This review aims to provide the guidelines for diagnosis and management of dental erosion.
Categorizing Susceptibility of Clinical Isolates of Candida auris to Amphotericin B, Caspofungin, and Fluconazole by Use of the CLSI M44-A2 Disk Diffusion Method

We evaluated the CLSI M44ed3E disk diffusion method compared with the CLSI M27ed4 broth microdilution method for caspofungin and fluconazole and the Etest method for amphotericin B to categorize susceptibility of 347 clinical isolates of Candida auris. Utilizing the zone diameter cutoffs established here, we observed overall categorical agreement between the two methods. ABSTRACT We evaluated the CLSI M44ed3E disk diffusion method compared with the CLSI M27ed4 broth microdilution method for caspofungin and fluconazole and the Etest method for amphotericin B to categorize susceptibility of 347 clinical isolates of Candida auris. Utilizing the zone diameter cutoffs established here, we observed overall categorical agreement between the two methods. For caspofungin, concordant results were observed for 98% of isolates, with <1% very major and 1% major errors. For fluconazole, concordant results were observed for 91% of isolates, with 1% very major and 8% major errors. For amphotericin B, concordant results were observed for 74% of isolates, with <1% very major errors and 25% major errors. The disk diffusion approach provides an accurate method for determining the susceptibility of C. auris for caspofungin and fluconazole and for identification of at least 75% of amphotericin B-susceptible isolates.
A pro-carcinogenic colon microbe promotes breast tumorigenesis and metastatic progression and concomitantly activates Notch and βcatenin axes.

Existence of distinct breast microbiota has been recently established but their biological impact in breast cancer remains elusive. Focusing on the shift in microbial community composition in diseased breast compared to normal breast, we identified the presence of Bacteroides fragilis in cancerous breast. Mammary gland as well as gut-colonization with enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF), that secretes B. fragilis toxin (BFT), rapidly induces epithelial hyperplasia in the mammary gland. Breast cancer cells exposed to BFT exhibit 'BFT-memory' from the initial exposure. Intriguingly, gut or breast-duct colonization with ETBF strongly induces growth and metastatic progression of tumor cells implanted in mammary ducts in contrast to non-toxigenic Bacteroides fragilis. This work sheds light on the oncogenic impact of a pro-carcinogenic colon bacterium ETBF, on breast cancer progression, implicates βcatenin and Notch1 axis as its functional mediators, and proposes the concept of 'BFT-memory' that can have far-reaching biological implications after initial exposure to ETBF.
Two-hourly versus Three-hourly Feeding in Very Low Birthweight Neonates: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND There is no consensus regarding the feeding interval in very low birth weight (VLBW) babies. If 2-hourly feeding schedule is feasible without increasing harm to the neonate, the nursing time consumed in the feeding of VLBW babies can be reduced. OBJECTIVES To study whether 3-hourly feeding is non-inferior to 2-hourly feeding with respect to time to reach full feeds VLBW neonates. STUDY DESIGN Open labelled, randomized controlled trial. SUBJECTS 350 Neonates weighing between 1000 to 1500 grams, in whom feed could be started within 96 hours of life randomized to either 2-hourly or 3-hourly feeding schedule. PRIMARY OUTCOME Time to achieve full enteral feed. RESULTS The primary outcome of time to achieve full enteral feed was comparable in the two feeding schedule groups (median 5 days IQR 4-6 days in both groups; p value 0.665). Among the secondary outcomes, there were no significant differences in incidence of hypoglycaemia (RR 0.86; 95% CI: 0.29-2.5) feed intolerance (RR 1.08: 95%CI: 0.5-2.3), necrotizing enterocolitis (RR 0.8; 95% CI: 0.22-2.3) in both the groups. CONCLUSION Three hourly feeding does not increase the risk of hypoglycemia, NEC or feed intolerance.
Pore Scale Simulation of Transport and Electrochemical Reactions in Reconstructed PEMFC Catalyst Layers

A mesoscale simulation is developed to simulate transport and electrochemistry in a small section of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) cathode catalyst layer. Oxygen, proton, and electron transport are considered in the model. Many simulations are run with a wide variety of different parameters on stochastically reconstructed microstructures with a resolution of 2 nm. Knudsen diffusion plays an important role in limiting the transport of oxygen through the catalyst layer. Using larger carbon spheres in the catalyst layer increases the effective diffusivity of oxygen through the catalyst layer. The effective proton conductivity increases when larger spheres are used, a normal distribution of spheres is used, or a higher overlap tolerance is used. Increasing the overlap tolerance or overlap probability results in an increase in the effective electron conductivity. When electrochemical reactions are considered in a part of the catalyst layer that is close to the gas diffusion layer, the critical parameter that determines oxygen consumption is the carbon sphere radius. Oxygen consumption at a given carbon volume fraction is larger in microstructures containing spheres with smaller radii, because there is more surface area available for electrochemical reactions.
Surgical treatment of skeletal metastases in proximal tibia: a multicenter case series of 74 patients

Background and purpose — The proximal tibia is a rare site for metastatic bone disease and is a challenging anatomical site to manage due to the proximity to the knee joint and poor soft tissue envelope. We investigated implant survival and complications of different surgical strategies in the treatment of proximal tibia pathological fractures. Patients and methods — The study comprised a 4 medical center, retrospective analysis of 74 patients surgically treated for metastases of the proximal tibia. Patient records were reviewed to identify outcome, incidence, and type of complications as well as contributing factors. Results — Reconstruction techniques comprised cement-augmented osteosynthesis (n = 33), tumor prosthesis (n = 31), and total knee arthroplasty with long cemented stems (n = 10). Overall implant survival was 88% at 6 months and 1 year, and 67% at 3 years. After stratification by technique, the implant survival was 82% and 71% at 1 and 3 years with tumor prosthesis, 100% at 1 and 3 years with total knee arthroplasty, and 91% at 1 year and 47% at 3 years with osteosynthesis. Preoperative radiotherapy decreased implant survival. Complications were observed in 19/74 patients. Treatment complications led to amputation in 5 patients. Interpretation — In this study, the best results were seen with both types of prothesis reconstructions, with good implant survival, when compared with treatment with osteosynthesis. However, patients treated with tumor prosthesis showed an increased incidence of postoperative infection, which resulted in poor implant survival. Osteosynthesis with cement is a good alternative for patients with short expected survival whereas endoprosthetic replacement achieved good medium-term results.
Googlization and Retail Investors’ Trading Activity

Building on Barber and Odean (2008), a growing body of papers document a positive relationship between Google Search Volume Index (SVI) and equity market returns. Such findings suggest that increased attention is combined with a buying pressure that subsequently results in positive returns. This relationship has been established at the market level. In this paper, we focus on a sample of retail investors and use SVI to test whether their aggregate (signed) trading activity is related to attention as well. We find that the relationship between SVI and our retail investors’ trading activity is positive, even when controlling for some socio-demographics or subjective investor characteristics. However, this relationship is not stronger for purchases than for sales, thereby providing no support for the buying pressure hypothesis. We also document a bi-directional causality between attention and trading activity, although the contemporaneous effects are economically stronger and predominate. Our results are robust to different measures of attention and trading activity.
Physical activity and screen time among youth with autism: A longitudinal analysis from 9 to 18 years

To date, studies using cross-sectional methodologies make up a majority of the literature surrounding children with autism spectrum disorders and participation in physical activity and screen time. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine how physical activity and screen time behaviors co-develop for children with and without an autism spectrum disorder. To address this research gap, this study compared how physical activity and screen time levels changed over time (9 to 18 years of age) between youth with autism spectrum disorder and youth with neurotypical development. Data on the levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, light physical activity, television-, and video game-based screen time, collected as a part of the “Growing up in Ireland” study, were compared between youth with autism spectrum disorder and a propensity-matched sample of youth with neurotypical development (n = 88 per group; 176 in total). Robust regression analyses indicated that children with autism spectrum disorder became less active over time compared to children with neurotypical development and that video game screen time also differed significantly between the groups when children were 9 years old. These findings elucidate important disparities present between these groups of children during pivotal developmental times. Lay abstract To date, studies using cross-sectional methodologies make up a majority of the literature surrounding children with autism spectrum disorders and participation in physical activity and screen time. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine how physical activity and screen time behaviors co-develop for children with and without an autism spectrum disorder. To address this research gap, this study compared how physical activity and screen time levels changed over time (from 9 to 18 years of age) between youth with autism spectrum disorder and youth with neurotypical development. Data on the levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, light physical activity, television-, and video game-based screen time, collected as a part of the “Growing up in Ireland” study, were compared between youth with autism spectrum disorder and a propensity-matched sample of youth with neurotypical development (n = 88 per group; 176 in total). Robust regression analyses indicated that children with autism spectrum disorder became less active over time compared to children with neurotypical development and that video game screen time also differed significantly between the groups when children were 9 years old. These findings elucidate important disparities present between these groups of children during pivotal developmental times.
Wavelet analysis of the correlations between soil properties and potential nitrous oxide emission at farm and landscape scales

We analysed data on nitrous oxide emission rate and some other properties of soil cores collected on a 7.5‐km transect across contrasting land uses and parent materials in eastern England. The variation on this landscape‐scale transect was compared with that of a comparable set of measurements made in a previous study on within‐farm spatial scales in the same region. We used the wavelet transform to analyse the scale dependence and spatial uniformity of the correlations between soil properties and emission rates from farm to landscape scale. The analysis revealed a complex pattern of scale dependence. Soil organic carbon was correlated with emission rates at within‐field scales only. There was a pronounced correlation between emission rates and a process‐specific function of the water‐filled pore space, seen only at landscape scales. Emission rates were strongly correlated with soil nitrate content at intermediate and coarsest scales (and significantly, although weakly, at the finest within‐field scales), and with pH at the intermediate scales. The wavelet analysis showed that these correlations were not spatially uniform. The correlation between nitrate concentration and emission rates at the finest landscape scale (between approximately 60 and 120 m) was not significant in the northern part of the transect corresponding primarily to soils over the Lower Greensand, but these variables were significantly correlated at this scale over other parent materials. These findings have implications for modelling and inventory of nitrous oxide emissions from soil. They indicate that, at the landscape scale, nitrate content and water‐filled pore space are key soil properties for predicting nitrous oxide emissions and should therefore be incorporated into process models and emission factors for inventory calculations.
Dengue virus strain 2 capsid protein switches the annealing pathway and reduces intrinsic dynamics of the conserved 5’ untranslated region

ABSTRACT The capsid protein of dengue virus strain 2 (DENV2C) promotes nucleic acid structural rearrangements using chaperone activity. However, the role of DENV2C during the interaction of RNA elements in the conserved 5’ untranslated region (5’UTR) to the 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR) is still unclear. Thus, we investigated the effect of DENV2C on the annealing mechanism of two RNA hairpin elements from the 5’UTR to their complementary sequences during (+)/(-) ds-RNAformation and (+) RNA circularization. DENV2C was found to switch the annealing pathway for RNA elements involved in (+)/(-) ds-RNA formation, but not for RNA elements related to (+) RNA circularization. In addition, we also determined that DENV2C modulates intrinsic dynamics and reduces kinetically trapped unfavourable conformations of the 5’UTR sequence. Thus, our results provide mechanistic insights by which DENV2C chaperones the interactions between RNA elements at the 5’ and 3’ ends during genome recombination, a prerequisite for DENV replication. Graphical Abstract
The Sporobiota of the Human Gut

ABSTRACT The human gut microbiome is a diverse and complex ecosystem that plays a critical role in health and disease. The composition of the gut microbiome has been well studied across all stages of life. In recent years, studies have investigated the production of endospores by specific members of the gut microbiome. An endospore is a tough, dormant structure formed by members of the Firmicutes phylum, which allows for greater resistance to otherwise inhospitable conditions. This innate resistance has consequences for human health and disease, as well as in biotechnology. In particular, the formation of endospores is strongly linked to antibiotic resistance and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, also known as the resistome. The term sporobiota has been used to define the spore-forming cohort of a microbial community. In this review, we present an overview of the current knowledge of the sporobiota in the human gut. We discuss the development of the sporobiota in the infant gut and the perinatal factors that may have an effect on vertical transmission from mother to infant. Finally, we examine the sporobiota of critically important food sources for the developing infant, breast milk and powdered infant formula.
Urban Green Infrastructure Monitoring Using Remote Sensing from Integrated Visible and Thermal Infrared Cameras Mounted on a Moving Vehicle

Climate change forecasts higher temperatures in urban environments worsening the urban heat island effect (UHI). Green infrastructure (GI) in cities could reduce the UHI by regulating and reducing ambient temperatures. Forest cities (i.e., Melbourne, Australia) aimed for large-scale planting of trees to adapt to climate change in the next decade. Therefore, monitoring cities’ green infrastructure requires close assessment of growth and water status at the tree-by-tree resolution for its proper maintenance and needs to be automated and efficient. This project proposed a novel monitoring system using an integrated visible and infrared thermal camera mounted on top of moving vehicles. Automated computer vision algorithms were used to analyze data gathered at an Elm trees avenue in the city of Melbourne, Australia (n = 172 trees) to obtain tree growth in the form of effective leaf area index (LAIe) and tree water stress index (TWSI), among other parameters. Results showed the tree-by-tree variation of trees monitored (5.04 km) between 2016–2017. The growth and water stress parameters obtained were mapped using customized codes and corresponded with weather trends and urban management. The proposed urban tree monitoring system could be a useful tool for city planning and GI monitoring, which can graphically show the diurnal, spatial, and temporal patterns of change of LAIe and TWSI to monitor the effects of climate change on the GI of cities.
Structure cristalline de (NH4)2PO3H, H2O: Stereochimie de l'Ion PO3H2− et ses relations avec PO3F2− et SO32−

(NH4)2PO3H, H2O crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c, with a = 6.322(1) A, b = 8.323(1) A, c = 12.676(1) A, β = 98.84(1) and Z = 4. The structure was refined to R = 0.022 based on 853 independent X-Rays intensities. Improved dimensions of the tetrahedral PO3H2− ion have been obtained: PH = 1.34(2) and PO = 1.514(2) A. The geometry of this ion is compared with that of PO3F2− and SO32− ions and we find a decrease of the volume: VF− > VH+ > Vlone pair. Kristallstruktur von (NH4)2PO3H · H2O: Stereochemie des PO3H2−-Ions und seine Beziehungen zu PO3F2− und SO32− (NH4)2PO3H · H2O kristallisiert im monoklinen System, Raumgruppe P21/c, mit a = 6,322(1) A, b = 8,323(1) A, c = 12,676(1) A, β = 98,84(1) und Z = 4. Die Struktur wurde auf Grund von 853 unabhangigen Rontgenreflexen verfeinert (R = 0,022), und es wurden genaue Abmessungen des tetraedrischen PO3H2−-Ions erhalten: PH = 1,34(2) und PO = 1,514(2) A. Die Geometrie dieses Ions wird mit der des PO3F2−- und SO32−-Ions verglichen, es wird folgende Volumabnahme gefunden: VF− > VH+ > Vfreies Elektronenpaar.
Unemployment Dynamics and Unemployment Insurance Extensions under Rational Expectations

This paper investigates the impact of partially endogenous unemployment insurance (UI) extensions on the dynamics of unemployment and its duration structure in the US. Using a search and matching model with endogenous separations, variable job search intensity, on-the-job search and worker heterogeneity, I allow for the maximum UI duration to depend on unemployment and for UI benefits to depend on observable employment characteristics. The model can account for a large fraction of the observed rise in the long-term unemployment and realistic dynamics of the unemployment duration distribution during the Great Recession. Eliminating all UI extensions during the Great Recession could potentially lower the unemployment rate by 0.9-3.4 percentage points via both the responses of job search and vacancy posting incentives. Disregarding rational expectations about the timing of UI extensions implies an overestimation of unemployment by up to 2 percentage points. Once the heterogeneity in UI status and benefit level is accounted for, unobserved heterogeneity of workers does not account for much of the incidence of long-term unemployment.