Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Can polar lows lead to a warming of the ocean surface?

Possible surface warming by strong wind-forcing from polar lows in the North-Atlantic has been investigated using a numerical model for vertical entrainment of waters from a subsurface warm core, and microwave satellite images of sea-surface temperature during polar low events. The hypothesis is based on the frequently observed subsurface warm core in oceans influenced by the North-Atlantic current (NAC) or by outflowing surface water from the Arctic Ocean. CTD-soundings from the Nordic Seas reveal that the waters from the NAC are located under colder and less saline surface waters in winter. For sufficiently strong wind events, turbulent entrainment of this subsurface warm core may lead to a rapid surface warming. Our main findings is that the surface warming of more than 1 ◦C may take place within a few hours. The result is based on model runs with initial temperature and salinity profiles from CTD-observations. Observational evidence of surface temperatures that support the hypothesis are found in microwave satellite observations from a polar lowevent. In the case presented here, increased sea-surface temperatures between 1 and 2 ◦C were observed. We believe that rapid surfacewarming of this magnitude may be a potential positive feedback mechanism for the cyclone intensity.
Polar observations of ion/electron bursts at the pre-dawn polar cap boundary: evidence for internal reconnection of overdraped lobe flux

Observations made by Polar of ion-electron bursts on the dawn side of the polar cap are presented. They oc- curred when conditions external to the magnetosphere cor- responded to that of the sheath region of a magnetic cloud, which was characterized by very high densities/dynamic pressure and a magnetic field which was strong in all com- ponents and which was tilted antisunward (Bx 0) with its clock angle lying between 20 and 90 (By : 8-15 nT). A clear temporal development in the energy range spanned by the individual ion bursts (from 0.2-2 keV to 1-10 keV) was present. We relate this to a corresponding temporal evolution in the cloud sheath field and plasma. We analyze the solar wind-magnetosphere aspects of the obser- vations using the concepts of (i) (i) overdraped lobe flux, (ii) Bx - and By -regulated sequential reconnections in opposite hemispheres (magnetopause and internal modes), and (iii) newly-closed magnetic flux. In particular, we find that the most energetic ion bursts (accompanied by bi-directionally streaming electrons at 1-10 keV and intense magnetosheath- origin fluxes) are located on newly closed field lines gener- ated by internal reconnection occurring between overdraped lobe field lines and the closed geomagnetic field. This re- sult corroborates a topology of lobe reconnection under con- ditions of dipole tilt and/or nonzero IMF Bx component advanced by Watanabe et al. (2006), which in our case is adapted to nonzero IMF By conditions.
Missing time‐dependent covariates in human immunodeficiency virus dynamic models

Summary. The study of human immunodeficiency virus dynamics is one of the most important areas in research into acquired immune deficiency syndrome in recent years. Non‐linear mixed effects models have been proposed for modelling viral dynamic processes. A challenging problem in the modelling is to identify repeatedly measured (time‐dependent), but possibly missing, immunologic or virologic markers (covariates) for viral dynamic parameters. For missing time‐dependent covariates in non‐linear mixed effects models, the commonly used complete‐case, mean imputation and last value carried forward methods may give misleading results. We propose a three‐step hierarchical multiple‐imputation method, implemented by Gibbs sampling, which imputes the missing data at the individual level but can pool information across individuals. We compare various methods by Monte Carlo simulations and find that the multiple‐imputation method proposed performs the best in terms of bias and mean‐squared errors in the estimates of covariate coefficients. By applying the favoured multiple‐imputation method to clinical data, we conclude that there is a negative correlation between the viral decay rate (a virological response parameter) and CD4 or CD8 cell counts during the treatment; this is counter‐intuitive, but biologically interpretable on the basis of findings from other clinical studies. These results may have an important influence on decisions about treatment for acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients.
Simulations of regional climatic effects of vegetation change in China

In the context of a regional climate model (RegCM2), simulation is undertaken of climatic effects of changed vegetation over China with their possible mechanisms studied, reaching results which show that the increase in flood events over the Yangtze–Huai River valleys and the aggravation of north‐China droughts are likely to be under the joint action of desertification of the northern grassland, and southern degradation of evergreen broadleaf trees, the latter seeming to be the primary factor. Severe vegetation degeneration leads to a positive feedback between rainfall reduction and degradation with the consequence that the disaster expands steadily outward and the area affected is difficult to turn back into farmland. In contrast, less heavy degeneration causes a negative feedback between deterioration and rainfall reduction, and the stricken sector is likely to be reclaimed when human damages are decreased or removed. However, degeneration strengthens surface runoff, allowing flood occurrence. Vegetation deterioration makes the climate even more inhospitable. On the other hand, experiments show that the vegetation enlargement of northern grassland will lead to a mild climate, responsible for precipitation reduction in the outer belts of afforestation, possibly causing newly‐planted trees to die stepwise inwardly, a result that means the current climate in the grassy land does not seem to support a plan of large‐scale afforestation there. Study of climatic response to changed surface roughness and albedo shows that the former more strongly affects rainfall, atmospheric circulation patterns and humidity field, and the latter strongly affects temperature. Moreover, surface‐released effective thermal fluxes (sensible and latent heat) follow the change in vegetation, and so does their Bowen ratio, thereby resulting in a change in moist static energy distribution in the atmosphere, followed by a corresponding alteration of atmospheric stratification and vertical motion, which, in turn, affects vapour transportation that, in connection with changed vertical motion, leads to rainfall variation. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Immunomodulatory activities of novel carbon quantum dots on in vitro activated mammalian macrophages

Quantum dots have been utilized in medicine and biology due to their biocompatibility as well as fluorescent properties. In medicinal and biological applications, they have been widely used for their in vivo imaging capacities as well as drug delivery and depending on the functional groups sometimes as treatment agents. In most of the studies, their possible immunomodulatory roles are omitted and in our study, we aimed to generate a series of novel carbon quantum dots that can be used as drug delivery vehicle or as active ingredient against inflammation. These novel carbon quantum dots were tested on the in vitro activated mammalian macrophages to examine their effects on the production of the inflammatory cytokines by ELISA method. Our results suggest that depending on the functional groups, there were differential immunomodulatory activities of these novel carbon quantum dots. Graphical Abstract
Effects of Magnetized Winds on Advective Disks. I. A Self-similar Solution

In this paper we investigate the effects of a large-scale magnetic field (with open field lines) on the structure of an advective accretion disk. We find self-similar solutions to the MHD equations describing the disk/magnetic field system; these equations reduce to the case studied by Narayan & Yi (1994) in the absence of an external, macroscopic magnetic field. Our main assumptions are the existence of a hot, tenuous corona above and below the disk, and the presence of a wind starting from the base of the corona and centrifugally accelerated along the field lines up to the Alfvén surface. The wind appears to be the most efficient mechanism for extracting angular momentum from the inflowing gas, even when the mass lost in the wind is negligible with respect to the mass accreted; other notable effects of the interplay between the disk structure and the magnetic field with its associated wind include a bending of the field lines toward the surface of the disk (dragging of the field by the accreting matter), a squeezing effect (the disk scale height is reduced because of a magnetic pressure gradient), an increased radial infall velocity (consequence of the quicker loss of angular momentum), and a decrease of the gas temperature in the disk. We can equivalently describe the loss of angular momentum in the wind by introducing an effective viscosity parameter αeff, which can become greater than 1 regardless of the true viscosity parameter α.
Insights into Synonymous Codon Usage Bias in Hepatitis C Virus and Its Adaptation to Hosts

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is enveloped RNA virus, encoding for a polyprotein that is processed by cellular proteases. The virus is responsible for liver cirrhosis, allograft rejection, and human hepatocellular carcinoma. Based on studies including compositional analysis, odds ratio analysis, parity analysis, skew analysis, relative synonymous codon usage, codon bias, and protein properties, it was evident that codon usage bias in HCV is dependent upon the nucleotide composition. Codon context analysis revealed CTC-CTG as a preferred codon pair. While CGA and CGT codons were rare, none of the codons were rare in HCV-like viruses envisaged in the present study. Many of the preferred codon pairs were valine amino acid-initiated, which possibly infers viral infectivity; hence the role of selection forces appears to act on the HCV genome, which was further validated by neutrality analysis where selection accounted for 87.28%, while mutation accounted for 12.72% force shaping codon usage. Furthermore, codon usage was correlated with the length of the genome. HCV viruses prefer valine-initiated codon pairs, while HCV-like viruses prefer alanine-initiated codon pairs. The HCV host range is very narrow and is confined to only humans and chimpanzees. Based on indices including codon usage correlation analysis, similarity index, and relative codon deoptimization index, it is evident in the study that the chimpanzee is the primary host of the virus. The present study helped elucidate the preferred host for HCV. The information presented in the study paved the way for generating an attenuated vaccine candidate through viral recoding, with finely tuned nucleotide composition and a perfect balance of preferred and rare codons.
Effect of streamwise wall curvature on heat transfer in a turbulent boundary layer

Experiments described here show that the rate of heat transfer in a supersonic, turbulent, boundary layer on a concave wall is increased by the streamwise curvature of the wall. For the arrangement investigated, the pressure is kept constant along the wall, and the increase of about 20% is therefore only due to the wall curvature. For a convex wall, a comparable decrease was found, also with constant pressure along the wall. It is likely that this change in heat-transfer rate is mainly due to an increase or decrease of turbulent mixing by the effect of the curvature. The increase on a concave wall can in principle also be explained by large-scale vortices with axes in the flow direction (Görtler vortices). However, disturbances of this type cannot explain the decrease observed on the convex wall. They cannot therefore be the only cause. A simple criterion indicating the effect of curvature on the turbulent motion normal to the wall is given. It is derived from an inviscid-flow analysis. The criterion shows that, for most Mach numbers and wall temperatures of practical interest, the change in mixing depends mainly on the velocity gradient normal to the wall. For high supersonic and hypersonic Mach numbers, however, there is a layer near the outer edge of the boundary layer where the change depends mainly on the temperature (density) gradient.
Extremal analysis of processes sampled at different frequencies

The observed extremes of a discrete time process depend on the process itself and the sampling frequency. We develop theoretical results which show how to account for the effect of sampling frequency on extreme values, thus enabling us to analyse systematically extremal data from series with different sampling rates. We present statistical methodology based on these results which we illustrate though simulations and by applications to sea‐waves and rainfall data.
Analytic fitting formulae for relativistic electron-electron thermal bremsstrahlung

We present accurate analytic fitting formulae for electron-electron thermal bremsstrahlung emissivity. The fitting formulae have an overall accuracy of higher than 0.5% for a wide electron temperature range 1 keV ≤ $k_{\rm B}T$ ≤ 7 MeV, which will be useful when analyzing the precision observational data from the non-relativistic regime to mildly-relativistic regime. Assuming the thermal plasma, the present formulae will be also applicable to the relativistic regime.
The detectability lemma and its applications to quantum Hamiltonian complexity

Quantum Hamiltonian complexity, an emerging area at the intersection of condensed matter physics and quantum complexity theory, studies the properties of local Hamiltonians and their ground states. In this paper we focus on a seemingly specialized technical tool, the detectability lemma (DL), introduced in the context of the quantum PCP challenge (Aharonov et al 2009 arXiv:0811.3412), which is a major open question in quantum Hamiltonian complexity. We show that a reformulated version of the lemma is a versatile tool that can be used in place of the celebrated Lieb–Robinson (LR) bound to prove several important results in quantum Hamiltonian complexity. The resulting proofs are much simpler, more combinatorial and provide a plausible path toward tackling some fundamental open questions in Hamiltonian complexity. We provide an alternative simpler proof of the DL that removes a key restriction in the original statement (Aharonov et al 2009 arXiv:0811.3412), making it more suitable for the broader context of quantum Hamiltonian complexity. Specifically, we first use the DL to provide a one-page proof of Hastings' result that the correlations in the ground states of gapped Hamiltonians decay exponentially with distance (Hastings 2004 Phys. Rev. B 69 104431). We then apply the DL to derive a simpler and more intuitive proof of Hastings' seminal one-dimensional (1D) area law (Hastings 2007 J. Stat. Mech. (2007) P8024) (both these proofs are restricted to frustration-free systems). Proving the area law for two and higher dimensions is one of the most important open questions in the field of Hamiltonian complexity, and the combinatorial nature of the DL-based proof holds out hope for a possible generalization. Indeed, soon after the first publication of the methods presented here, they were applied to derive exponential improvements to Hastings' result (Arad et al 2011, Aharonov et al 2011) in the case of frustration-free 1D systems. Finally, we also provide a more general explanation of how the DL can be used to replace the LR bound.
Education System in Cambodia: A Brief Review from the Prehistoric Period to the Present, and an Education Strategic Plan for the Future

Because of the scattered pieces of documents both in Khmer and English about the education systems in Cambodia from the prehistoric period to the present, we have tried to collect all the related documents to review and then combined them into one piece. The combined piece from this review makes it a lot easier for all the researchers and readers who want to know about the education system in Cambodia from the past to the present since the piece has highlighted all the stages of the education process in Cambodia along with the review from the look into the history of Cambodia. This article also looks into the future of the education strategic plan (ESP) in Cambodia based on the policy of the Royal Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia and ESP put forth by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MoEYS).
DISTANCE SPECTRA AND DISTANCE ENERGIES OF ITERATED LINE GRAPHS OF REGULAR GRAPHS

The distance or D-eigenvalues of a graph G are the eigenvalues of its distance matrix. The distance or D-energy ED(G) of the graph G is the sum of the absolute values of its D-eigenvalues. Two graphs G1 and G2 are said to be D-equienergetic if ED(G1 )= ED(G2). Let F1 be the 5-vertex path, F2 the graph obtained by identifying one vertex of a triangle with one end vertex of the 3-vertex path, F3 the graph obtained by identifying a vertex of a triangle with a vertex of another triangle and F4 be the graph obtained by identifying one end vertex of a 4-vertex star with a middle vertex of a 3-vertex path. In this paper we show that if G is r-regular, with diam(G) 2, and Fi, i =1 , 2, 3, 4, are not induced subgraphs of G, then the k-th iterated line graph Lk(G) has exactly one positive D-eigenvalue. Further, if G is r-regular, of order n ,d iam(G) 2, and G does not have Fi, i =1 , 2, 3, 4, as an induced subgraph, then for k 1, ED(L k (G)) depends solely on n and r. This result leads to the construction of non D-cospectral, D-equienergetic graphs having same number of vertices and same number of edges.
Weight Distributions of Non-binary LDPC Codes

In this paper, we study the average symbol and bit-weight distributions for ensembles of non-binary low-density parity-check codes defined on GF(2p). Moreover, we derive the asymptotic exponential growth rate of the weight distributions in the limit of large codelength. Interestingly, we show that the normalized typical minimum distance does not monotonically increase with the size of the field.
Three-dimensional stochastic analysis of macrodispersion in a stratified aquifer

A ring assembly includes two side-by-side flat ring members of uniform rectangular cross-section each being split, with the confronting split ends having radially overlapping fingers to define a circumferentially sealing joint. The ring members are dimensioned to be received in a common piston groove with the ring members being non-rotatably coupled so that the joint of one member will always be rotationally spaced from the joint of the other to define an axial seal for the ring assembly. A non-rotational coupling is provided by an integral tab formed in one member and projecting transversely therefrom and received in a mating transverse recess in the other member, with the recess having a larger dimension than the tab to permit sliding movement of the ring members relative to each other within the groove. Two forms of tabs include a partially sheared and bent tab and a partially displaced shear plug.
Evaluation of the Genetic Relationships of Some
Endangered Tunisian Peas Adapted to Arid
Regions and Turkish Accessions Revealed by Inter
Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) Markers

The study of crop genetic diversity has received attention in recent decades to develop new varieties adapted to harsh environmental conditions. Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) is one of the main sources of legumes due to its higher protein content. In the present investigation, 25 accessions of Turkish and Tunisian peas were characterized by fifteen ISSR markers in order to preserve this germplasm and develop new high-performance varieties. Means of diversity indices, Polymorphism information content (PIC), resolving power, marker index, major allele frequency and Shannon index were 0.70, 5.56, 3.20, 0.89 and 0.35, respectively. The analysis revealed a higher polymorphism (84.15%). The coefficient of similarity Jaccard varied from 0.45 to 1 exhibiting a greater genetic variety. The patterns detected by the cluster analysis, divided the 25 pea genotypes into three main groups. These findings were in agreement with the population structure which divided accessions into three main populations. Therefore, this paper has clearly shown the usefulness of the ISSR markers to provide a great degree of polymorphism for peas. The information collected from this work can help pea breeders to implement a selection program that improves the distribution of this crop in Turkey and in the arid regions of Southern Tunisia.
Corner effect and separation in transonic channel flows

An investigation into parameters affecting separation in normal shock wave/boundary layer interactions (SBLIs) has been conducted. It has been shown that the effective aspect ratio of an experimental facility (defined as δ*/tunnel width) is a critical factor in determining when shock-induced separation will occur. Experiments examining M∞ = 1.4 and 1.5 normal shock waves in a wind tunnel with a small rectangular cross-section have been performed and show that a link exists between the extent of shock-induced separation on the tunnel centre-line and the size of corner-flow separations. In tests where the corner-flows were modified ahead of the shock (through suction and vortex generators), the extent of separation around the tunnel centre-line was seen to vary significantly. These observations are attributed to the way corner flows modify the three-dimensional shock-structure and the impact this has on the magnitude of the adverse pressure gradient experienced by the tunnel wall boundary layers.
Facts and artifacts in near-field optical microscopy

Near-field optical (NFO) microscopes with an auxiliary gap width regulation (shear force, tunneling) may produce images that represent the path of the probe rather than optical properties of the sample. Experimental and theoretical evidence leads us to the conclusion that many NFO results reported in the past might have been affected or even dominated by the resulting artifact. The specifications derived from such results for the different types of NFO microscopes used therefore warrant reexamination. We show that the resolving power of aperture NFO microscopes, 30–50 nm, is of genuine NFO origin but can be heavily obscured by the artifact.
Epstein–Barr Virus and the Pathogenesis of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), defined as a group I carcinogen by the World Health Organization (WHO), is present in the tumour cells of patients with different forms of B-cell lymphoma, including Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, and, most recently, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Understanding how EBV contributes to the development of these different types of B-cell lymphoma has not only provided fundamental insights into the underlying mechanisms of viral oncogenesis, but has also highlighted potential new therapeutic opportunities. In this review, we describe the effects of EBV infection in normal B-cells and we address the germinal centre model of infection and how this can lead to lymphoma in some instances. We then explore the recent reclassification of EBV+ DLBCL as an established entity in the WHO fifth edition and ICC 2022 classifications, emphasising the unique nature of this entity. To that end, we also explore the unique genetic background of this entity and briefly discuss the potential role of the tumour microenvironment in lymphomagenesis and disease progression. Despite the recent progress in elucidating the mechanisms of this malignancy, much work remains to be done to improve patient stratification, treatment strategies, and outcomes.