Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When to Walk Away and When to Risk It All

While one might expect athletes to be strongly averse to extending their career too long when there is a chance of losing everything due to a concussion or a catastrophic injury, experimental subjects consistently played longer than the optimal amount for risk-neutral decisions. A commitment to the length of play in advance, as in the case of long-term contracts, led to a greater chance of staying beyond the expected payoff-maximizing point. If the decision frame is altered so that decisions are made in each period rather than through an upfront commitment, the magnitude of potential losses is more evident.
Development of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1805) and Spodoptera frugiperda (SMITH, 1797) in winter forages

Helicoverpa armigera Hubner, 1805 and Spodoptera frugiperda Smith, 1797 are polyphagous pests of great agricultural importance in subtropical and temperate climate regions. The usual management of production areas in the southern region of Brazil occurs after the harvesting of summer crops, and the areas are sown with pasture. Thus, forages recommended for grazing are azevem (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and cornichao (Lotus corniculatus L.) due to their nutritional benefits, good palatability, regrowth, and hardiness. Considering the high degree of polyphagia of H. armigera and S. frugiperda, and the impact of maintaining continuous feeding areas (green bridges) in the management of these species, this work aimed to evaluate the development of H. armigera and S. frugiperda fed leaves of azevem and cornichao under laboratory conditions. The insects were collected in the city of Capao do Leao/RS in corn and soybean plantations. For each forage species, 130 newly hatched caterpillars were each placed in autoclaved glass tubes, with one-third of the tube length containing forage. The tubes were capped with waterproof cotton and placed in a climate-controlled room at 25 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10% relative humidity, and a 12-h photophase. The food was replenished daily until the caterpillars entered the pupae stage. The pupae were sexed and weighed, and the newly emerged adults were placed in pairs in PVC cages, lined with white A4 sulfite paper. The papers used as a laying substrate were removed and changed daily, and eggs were counted. The number of instars was determined by the linearized Dyar rule model. The complete randomization design was employed for the variables biological cycle length and viability of egg, caterpillar, pre-pupa, pupa, adult, and pre-oviposition phases and weight of caterpillars on the 14th day and pupae after 24 h. Based on the results obtained, a fertility life table was prepared. H. armigera did not complete the cycle, with only three instars and a duration of 22.1 and 24.6 days in azevem and cornichao, respectively. When evaluated in S. frugiperda caterpillars, development in forage species was observed, with five and six instars and duration of 51.7 and 45.1 days in azevem and cornichao, respectively. The azevem was distinguished by interference in the development cycle of the species, reducing the effect of the green bridge. In addition, surviving insects were susceptible to the effects of the agroecosystem due to the low-quality food source.
The effect of human exclusion on the population structure of key-hole limpets Fissurella crassa and F. Limbata on the coast of central Chile

We describe the basic ecology of two key-hole limpets, Fissurella crassa and Fissurella limbata, which are heavily harvested by coastal shellfishermen (mariscadores) at the rocky intertidal of central Chile. The ecological role of human predation on these species was assessed. Anthropic exclusion from a stretch of the rocky intertidal at Las Cruces (non-harvested area) for about two and a half years resulted in changes of the densities and size distributions of these fissurelid species as compared to populations in control zones (harvested area). Differential human predation generates, on key-hole limpets, responses of different intensities related to the accessibility of man to the mesohabitats (sheltered platforms, exposed platforms and vertical walls) and fringes of the intertidal (mid-low intertidal and Lessonia nigrescens fringe). Thus, size distributions and mean densities of both fissurelids differ widely between the harvested and non-harvested areas on both platform habitats but not on vertical walls. In the mid-low intertidal fringe, differences are greater than in the less accessible L. nigrescens intertidal fringe. Moreover, we discuss the way in which other species, directly harvested by mariscadores (i. e., the mollusc Concholepas concholepas) can affect the keyhole limpet populations of central Chile rocky shores. Finally, we highlight the ecological role of these limpets on the dynamics of intertidal ecosystems and how they can modify community landscape.
Debt and Consumption in Indonesia: Ricardian Equivalence Approach

Debt is a problem that is often discussed in all countries, especially for countries that are experiencing financial difficulties. The Asian crisis that occurred in 1998 and the global crisis in 2008 had a negative impact especially for Indonesia. This caused Indonesia to carry out foreign debt to save the economy. This research applies the Ricardian Equivalence concept in foreign debt problems in Indonesia. Ricardian Equivalence argues that current government debt will be a burden on public expenditure in the coming year. But assuming that the community behaves rationally, the foreign debt burden will not affect the consumption of the community. This study uses secondary data on household consumption, government foreign debt, gross domestic product, tax revenues, central government expenditures, and government budget deficits with the Impulse Response Function (IRF) method and Variance Decomposition with quarterly data from the first quarter of 1997 - fourth quarter 2017. Overall, if viewed from foreign debt, the Ricardian Equivalence does not apply in Indonesia after the Asian crisis in 1998 because foreign debt has an influence on public consumption. Conversely, after the global crisis in 2008 the Ricardian Equivalence prevails in Indonesia because foreign debt has no influence on public consumption.
Estudo comparativo de algumas glândulas das abelhas (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) e respectivas implicações evolutivas

The present paper presents comparative studies of the salivary gland system (including mandibular gland, hypopharingeal glands and salivary glands proper) of 78 bee species, belonging to the families Colletidae, Andrenidae, Halictidae, Megachilidae, Anthophoridae and Apidae, as well as studies of the wax and scent glands in the social Apidae (Bombini, Meliponini and Apini). The aim of the comparisons, involving situation, histology, morphology and morphogenesis, was to elucidate possible evolutionary relationships among different groups. It was confirmed that the histology of different glands was more or less constant, while localization, morphology and degree of differentiation differed considerably from group to group. Bees considered primitive based upon other criteria, such as habits, external morphology, etc., showed, in general, the simpler and less differentiated glandular organization. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that the evolutionary tendency is, in general, for an increase of secretive surface in each glandular system. Thus the Apidae possess the largest secretive surface among all bee groups examined. The only exception to this general tendency concerns the wax glands, whose secretive surface was larger in the Bombini than in the more specialized Meliponini and Apini. But it is still open to question whether or not the wax glands of Bombus are more efficient than those in the other two tribes. However, it is apparent that in general the comparisons are more illuminating within subfamilies than between them. Nevertheless, an attempt has been made to apply the data to a tentative philogenetic tree of bees so as to show the evolutionary level reached by each species examined in respect of its glandular development. To measure such degrees of development, each glandular system was given a numerical weight between zero and twenty, specialized types receiving higher values. In the phylogenetic tree presented, branching follows Michener (1944), and the sums of the above-mentioned scores (varying from zero to 140) are listed for all examined species.
Climate Variability and Change in Lithuania

The article examines the dynamics of the Lithuanian climate in the 18th–20th centuries. Evaluation of air temperature, precipitation amount and the intensity of cyclonic circulation during the observation period was made. Seasonal trends of different climatological indices were determined. To predict climate change trends in Lithuania in the 21st century, the outputs of Global Climate Model (GCM) experiments from five modelling centres were used. The results of investigation show that current climate change tendencies in Lithuania will remain in the future: against the background of air temperature rise the continentality of the Lithuanian climate will decrease.
Radar cross‐sections of pedestrians at automotive radar frequencies using ray tracing and point scatterer modelling

Simulation of radar cross-sections (RCS) of pedestrians at automotive radar frequencies forms a key tool for software verification test beds for advanced driver assistance systems. Two commonly used simulation methods are: the computationally simple scattering center model of dynamic humans; and the shooting and bouncing ray technique based on geometric optics. The latter technique is more accurate but due to its computational complexity, it is usually used only for modeling scattered returns of still human poses. In this work, we combine the two methods in a linear regression framework to accurately estimate the scattering coefficients or reflectivies of point scatterers in a realistic automotive radar signal model which we subsequently use to simulate range-time, Doppler-time and range-Doppler radar signatures. The simulated signatures show a normalized mean square error below 10% and a structural similarity above $81\%$ with respect to measurement results generated with an automotive radar at 77 GHz.
Morphology of two marine woloszynskioid dinoflagellates, Biecheleria brevisulcata sp. nov. and Biecheleriopsis adriatica (Suessiaceae, Dinophyceae), from Japanese coasts

Abstract: The morphology of two marine woloszynskioid dinoflagellates from the Japanese coast was examined by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and phylogenetic positions were inferred on the basis of partial nuclear-encoded large-subunit ribosomal (r)DNA (D1–D3) sequences. Both species had a single elongate apical vesicle (EAV) on the anterior end, a diagnostic feature of the Suessiaceae, and were identified as Biecheleriopsis adriatica and an undescribed species of Biecheleria. Cells of the undescribed Biecheleria were spherical to ellipsoidal with parietal chloroplasts, conspicuous pyrenoids, an eyespot, and a nucleus located anteriorly. Transmission electron microscope observations revealed penetrations of the thylakoid into the pyrenoid matrix and an eyespot composed of a stack of cisternae containing several brick-like materials (type E). This species had a total of nine to 10 latitudinal series of amphiesmal vesicles (AVs), including three to fo ur epiconal, three cingular, and three hypoconal series. Nineteen small globular knobs were present on the EAV. This species was distinguished from other marine woloszynskioids by cell size, position of nucleus, and the number of AV series and EAV knobs, i.e. previously reported Biecheleria have more than 25 knobs. We describe a new marine woloszynskioid dinoflagellate Biecheleria brevisulcata sp. nov. The Japanese strains of Bps. adriatica had 11–12 series of AVs in total, including four to five epiconal, three cingular, and four hypoconal series, and there were 32 knobs on the EAV. The features of these strains basically coincided with those of the original description of Bps. adriatica, but differed in the larger number of EAV knobs. Molecular phylogeny also indicated their affinity to the Suessiaceae. Strains of B. brevisulcata formed a clade related to B. baltica and B. cincta. The two genera, Biecheleria and Biecheleriopsis, have a strong morphological resemblance to one another, and they were distinguished only by rDNA sequences and the presence of a fibrous flagellar root (nuclear connective). This study also showed a morphological difference between the two genera; vesicles of the third row of cingular vesicles were larger and the lower cingular margin had a zigzag line in Biecheleria, whereas they were smaller and formed a straight line in Biecheleriopsis, especially on the dorsal side.
Lipid Deterioration in Dairy Products. The Stability of Milk Fat and Fat-Soluble Vitamins as Determined by the Re-Emulsification Test

Summary (1)It has been shown that ascorbic acid plays an important part in the oxidative deterioration of milk fat at the end of its storage life, as determined by the re-emulsification test, resulting in the development of objectionable flavors and losses in vitamins A and E and the carotene content of the fat. The susceptibility of fat to this type of deterioration is determined primarily by the treatment of milk, the temperature of pasteurization, the type of product, the conditions of storage, and to a lesser extent upon the direct and immediate effect of the exposure to light. (2)The exposure of pure fat to light generated by mercury vapor lamp (1400 foot-candles) slightly affects its vitamin E content. However, it lowers the resistance of vitamin E in the stable fat to deterioration as determined by the re-emulsification test. (3)The re-emulsification test was found to be useful in determining the end of the storage life of fat when the fat was obtained from products which have not as yet shown any apparent changes in their flavors. This view is supported by the observations showing that the depletion of cream of its total vitamin C content, either by oxygenation, or by hydrogen peroxide, has prevented the development of the objectionable flavors for 12 and 24 months at −17.7 to −16.1° C. , respectively. In the reemulsification test, however, the fat obtained from oxygenated milk pasteurized up to 76.6° C. lost its ability to resist the foregoing type of deterioration at the end of 4 to 6 months of storage, depending upon the conditions of processing. (4)Only the fat from butter churned from cream pasteurized at 71.1 and 76.6° C. and the pure fat retained their abilities to resist deterioration in the re-emulsification test at the end of two years storage at −17.7 to −16.1° C.
Seletividade de seis inseticidas utilizados em citros a pupas e adultos de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

The selectivity of the insecticides abamectin, lufenuron, fenbutatin oxide, tebufenozide, thiacloprid and deltamethrin used in citrus crops was evaluated for pupae and adults of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen). The experiments were conducted in the Entomology Department of the Universidade Federal de Lavras, MG, Brazil. The spraying was accomplished by means of Potter tower with volume of application of 1.5 ± 0.5 mg/cm2. After spraying, the pupae were kept in test tubes in a climatic chamber and the adults in PVC cages in a room at 25 ± 2oC, 70 ± 10% RH and 12h photophase. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with six products and ten replicates, each one composed of three pupae or a pair of adults. The action of lufenuron on males or females of C. externa was also evaluated under a completely randomized design with three treatments and ten replicates, each one composed of one pair. The insecticides were classified following the method established by the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC). All compounds were selective to the pupae (E 99% of mortality), whereas fenbutatin oxide and tebufenozide were selective. Lufenuron reduced the survival rate of the egg when sprayed on the females. Thus, the results indicate that only fenbutatin oxide and tebufenozide could be used with C. externa in integrated pest management programs in citrus crops.
A Machine Learning Efficient Frontier

Abstract We propose a simple approach to bridge between portfolio theory and machine learning. The outcome is an out-of-sample machine learning efficient frontier based on two assets, high risk and low risk. By rotating between the two assets, we show that the proposed frontier dominates the mean–variance efficient frontier out-of-sample. Our results, therefore, shed important light on the appeal of machine learning into portfolio selection under estimation risk.
DESEMPENHO DE CORDEIROS SANTA INÊS SUBMETIDOS A ALEITAMENTO ARTIFICIAL ENRIQUECIDO COM Spirulina platensis

The experiment was carried out in Maria Paz Ranch/Sheep Production Department, in Sao Jose de Espinharas, PB. Analyses were performed in the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Centro de Saude e Tecnologia Rural/Universidade Federal de Campina Grande. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of the supplementation with cow milk enriched with Spirulina platensis (Sp) on lamb performance submitted to creep feeding, and determine the most adequate period to suplemet nursing lambs with Spirulina platensis. Data on dry matter (DMC) and crude protein (CPC) consumptions, body weight (BW), and mean daily body weight gain (MDBWG) were colleted. The three levels of Spirulina supplementation were assigned to 30 lambs (plots) according to a randomized block (lamb weight) design with 10 replications. Data were collected in four consecutive periods, characterizing a split plot in time. DM and CP consumptions were not affected by spirulina level x period interaction, and increased with periods (animal age). BW and MDBWG were affected by the spirulina level x period interaction. Spirulina levels affected MDBWG only from day 0 to day 15, when the MDBWG (300g) was higher at level 10g than at level zero of Spirulina that resulted in 205g in MDBWG. Live body weight at the end of each period was also higher when the lambs were supplemented with 10 g of Spirulina (12.00 17.02, 19.71 and 25.30kg, respectively, for the four consecutive periods). The dilution of Spirulina platensis in cow milk showed to be efficient on the daily performance of lambs when utilized in concentration of 10g/day and from period 15 to 30 days of age. KEYWORDS: Feed, milk, sheep, Spirulina platensis.
A Systematical Study for Deep Learning Based Android Malware Detection

Nowadays with the development of smartphone and its operating system, such as Android, the amount of mobile malware is correspondingly increasing. To protect the privacy security of both users and manufacturers, Android malware detection has received a lot of research focuses. Traditional methods mainly rely on static analysis or dynamic monitoring, which is either software sensitive or time-consuming. Recently, with the development of machine learning and deep learning techniques, many efforts introduced such learning-based techniques into the Android malware detection and achieved promising detection results as well as substantially reduced time costing. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of a comprehensive summary at the deep learning technical level for these learning-based malware detection works. As a result, it is limited to improve the detection technique referring to existing works from a global map. To address the challenge, in this paper, we systematically study existing deep learning-based malware detection works and classify them from the technique perspective. We also conclude the advantages and threats within each category of detection technique and provide a concrete technical reference for future improvement work.
Mechanisms of endotoxin neutralization by synthetic cationic compounds.

: A basic challenge in the treatment of septic patients in critical care units is the release of bacterial pathogenicity factors such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) from the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria due to killing by antibiotics. LPS aggregates may interact with serum and membrane proteins such as LBP (lipopolysaccharide-binding protein) and CD14 leading to the observed strong reaction of the immune system. Thus, an effective treatment of patients infected by Gram-negative bacteria must comprise beside bacterial killing the neutralization of endotoxins. Here, data are summarized for synthetic compounds indicating the stepwise development to very effective LPS-neutralizing agents. These data include synthetic peptides, based on the endotoxin-binding domains of natural binding proteins such as lactoferrin, Limulus anti-LPS factor, NK-lysin, and cathelicidins or based on LPS sequestering polyamines. Many of these compounds could be shown to act not only in vitro, but also in vivo (e.g. in animal models of sepsis), and might be useful in future clinical trials and in sepsis therapy.
Preliminary bonobo and chimpanzee nesting by habitat type in the northern Lac Tumba Landscape, Democratic Republic of Congo

Abstract Knowing how habitat determines the distribution of greatapes is essential for understanding their ecology and con-servation requirements. Habitats in the northern LacTumba Landscape where this study was conducted aremostly swamp and ﬂooded forests, which types have beenoverlooked in many great ape surveys. This study describesand discusses patterns of bonobo and chimpanzee nestingsites across these habitat types in the general scope of habi-tat use by great apes. Considerable efforts were deployed tosurvey forests of the Ngiri Triangle (186 km), Bomongo-Lubengo (126 km) and Bolombo-Losombo (112 km). Great ape nesting site encounter rates (r) were calculatedfor Bonobos (r = 0.21 nesting sites km 1 ; Bolombo-Losombo), chimpanzees (r = 0.11 nesting sites km 1 ;NgiriTriangle)and(r= 0.02 nestingsites km 1 ;Bomongo-Lubengo). Swamps and ﬂooded forests dominated thethree zones. Nesting sites were at the highest encounterrates in ﬂooded forests; both great ape species were signiﬁ-cantly associated with swampy and ﬂood forests. Humansigns did not inﬂuence the occurrence of nesting sites inthese forests. These results conﬁrm ﬁndings from othersites where great apes were observed using swamps; theysuggest that future surveys include these types of habitatto avoid under-estimating population sizes.Key words: bonobo, chimpanzee, ﬂooded forests, habitat use,swampy forests
Influence of dietary treatment on lipid and cholesterol oxidation in pork

The effect of oxidized corn oil and α-tocopherol acetate in pig diets on oxidation of lipids in raw and cooked pork was studied. Oxidation was significantly influenced by dietary α-tocopherol supplementation but not by oxidized corn oil. The rate of formation of lipid and cholesterol oxidation products was low in raw samples compared to that in cooked samples. After 2 days of refrigerated storage, total cholesterol oxides represented 2.7% of total cholesterol content of cooked pork from pigs fed the basal level of α-tocopherol acetate (10 mg/kg of diet) and 1.6% of total cholesterol in pork from pigs fed the supplemented diet (200 mg/kg)