Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Orbit based treatments of quantum interference in atomic and molecular high-order harmonic generation.

Orbit-based theoretical approaches to modelling strong eld phenomena allow physical intuition to be extracted from complex multi-dimensional quantum processes. Highorder harmonic generation (HHG) has been interpreted relatively successfully for almost two decades as a three step process in which an ionized electron is accelerated by the eld and recombines with its parent ion, resulting in high-order multiples of the laser frequency. This process is often modelled within the strong-eld approximation (SFA), where the eect of the Coulomb potential on the electron is neglected while the electron is accelerated by the eld, and the single-active electron (SAE) approximation. The SFA provides an appealing interpretation of HHG in terms of interfering electron trajectories. Although successful in reproducing experimental observables in atomic systems, in recent years the importance of multi-electron eects, molecular orbital symmetry and the Coulomb potential in atoms and diatomic molecules have been seen experimentally and theoretically. These eects, neglected by the original SFA formulation, mean that either modications to the original SFA, or new trajectory based theories, are essential for a more complete physical understanding of the HHG phenomenon. This thesis investigates these eects in HHG from homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomic molecules in strong elds. We model and assess the importance of multiple molecular orbital contributions, molecular orbital geometry and two-centre interference on the HHG spectrum. These problems are approached within a semi-analytical, SFA, framework and with a static core. It is found that these eects can be seen in the HHG spectrum. By predicting novel features in the spectrum arising from such eects we obtain not only a better understanding and interpretation of current experimental results, but also new insight and applicability to molecular imaging. In addition to these modications, a new theoretical approach, the coupled coherent state (CCS) method is used to model Hydrogen in an intense eld, although it can be extended to multi-electron systems and diatomic molecules. In the CCS method, the Coulomb potential is fully included at all stages in the HHG process, and most notably, during the electron propagation, where it is neglected by the SFA. The CCS method has favourable scaling with dimensionality, compared to other numerical approaches, as well as being fully quantum. It is trajectory based, facilitating comparison with the three step model and the strong eld approximation. Therefore we benet from the physical intuition of semi-classical approaches but within a fully quantum framework and without the approximations of semi-analytical methods.
Optimal Intergenerational Risk-Sharing When Stock and Labor Markets Are Co-Integrated

A well-established belief in the pension industry is that collective pension funds with mandatory participation can take more stock market risk compared to pension schemes based on individual retirement accounts, because current risks can be shared with future generations. We setup a continuous time overlapping generations model with labor income risk and show that this idea may be misguided. For the empirical range of parameter values reported in the literature, we find that optimal risk-sharing actually implies that collective pension funds should take less stock market risk, not more. If stock and labor markets move together in the long run, it is no longer efficient to shift risk from current to future generations, because their human wealth becomes correlated with current financial shocks. Furthermore, we find that the potential welfare gains from intergenerational risk-sharing are significantly reduced.
PREGNANCY OUTCOME OF MULTIPLE GESTATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT TEACHING HOSPITAL, NIGERIA: A 5-YEAR REVIEW.

Multiple pregnancies are considered as high-risk pregnancies due to the increased associated maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The incidence of multiple pregnancy varies from region to region, with a very high incidence recorded in Nigeria and other African countries. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and the feto-maternal outcome of multiple pregnancies. This was a retrospective study of all pregnant women who had multiple gestation at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2016. Data was obtained from the case notes and the special care baby unit (SCBU). The data obtained was entered into a spread sheet and analyzed using SPSS 22. Results are presented in simple percentages and tables. The P value was set at < 0.05. During the period under review there were 9,895 deliveries, of which 287 were multiple pregnancies, giving a multiple pregnancy rate of 29/1000 deliveries. The mean age of the women was 29.0 ±4.3 years, while the mean parity was 1.6± 1.5. Majority (85%) of the pregnancies were achieved spontaneously, while 15% were achieved through assisted reproductive technology. Twin pregnancies made up 92.1% of multiple gestations. The most common antenatal complication was pregnancy induced hypertension (22%). The caesarean section rate was 71%, the most common indication for caesarean section was abnormal lie and presentation of the leading twin (26.3%). About half (53%) of the babies were delivered preterm, with a mean gestational age at delivery of 35.1± 1.5 weeks. Of the 558 babies delivered, 52.3% had low birth weight. There were 43 perinatal deaths, giving a perinatal mortality rate of 77/1000 total births. Perinatal mortality was significantly associated with prematurity (0.0001) and booking status (0.0001). There were three maternal deaths, giving a maternal mortality ratio of 556.04/ 100,000 live births. All the maternal deaths were in unbooked patients. Multiple pregnancy is a high-risk pregnancy, associated with a high rate of perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. It is recommended that women with multiple pregnancy should have supervised antenatal care and delivery in a facility with good obstetric and neonatal intensive care services.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Crude Oil and Stock Markets in the US: A Time-Varying Analysis

This research explores the interaction among the COVID-19 pandemic, crude oil market and stock market in the U.S. by utilizing a time-varying parameter vector autoregression (TVP-VAR) model. Our results indicate that there is a negative connection between crude oil returns and stock returns. Interestingly, contrary to our intuition, we find that the COVID-19 pandemic cannot exert a negative effect but has a statistically significantly positive effect on crude oil returns and stock returns.
Effects of Class Purity of Training Patch on Classification Performance of Crop Classification with Convolutional Neural Network

As the performance of supervised classification using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are affected significantly by training patches, it is necessary to analyze the effects of the information content of training patches in patch-based classification. The objective of this study is to quantitatively investigate the effects of class purity of a training patch on performance of crop classification. Here, class purity that refers to a degree of compositional homogeneity of classes within a training patch is considered as a primary factor for the quantification of information conveyed by training patches. New quantitative indices for class homogeneity and variations of local class homogeneity over the study area are presented to characterize the spatial homogeneity of the study area. Crop classification using 2D-CNN was conducted in two regions (Anbandegi in Korea and Illinois in United States) with distinctive spatial distributions of crops and class homogeneity over the area to highlight the effect of class purity of a training patch. In the Anbandegi region with high class homogeneity, superior classification accuracy was obtained when using large size training patches with high class purity (7.1%p improvement in overall accuracy over classification with the smallest patch size and the lowest class purity). Training patches with high class purity could yield a better identification of homogenous crop parcels. In contrast, using small size training patches with low class purity yielded the highest classification accuracy in the Illinois region with low class homogeneity (19.8%p improvement in overall accuracy over classification with the largest patch size and the highest class purity). Training patches with low class purity could provide useful information for the identification of diverse crop parcels. The results indicate that training samples in patch-based classification should be selected based on the class purity that reflects the local class homogeneity of the study area.
Hall Current and Joule Heating Effects on Peristaltic Flow of a Sisko Fluid with Mild Stenosis through a Porous Medium in a Tapered Artery with Slip and Convective Boundary Conditions

This work is arranged to investigate the Hall current and Joule heating effects on peristaltic flow of a Sisko fluid through a porous medium. The streaming is through tapered artery with mild stenosis. The influences of radiative heat transfer and chemical reactions are taken in consideration. Convective conditions are considered for heat and mass transfer. However, the slip conditions are adopted for the velocity distribution. The combined effects of viscous dissipation and radiation in energy expression are presented. Soret and Dufour features produce the coupled differential systems. The presumptions of the long wavelength and low Reynolds number are adopted to examine the governing equations of motion. The analytical solutions of these equations are given by two methods. The first one uses regular perturbation technique, which based on small wave number for small artery. The second one is based on utilizing the Homotopy perturbation technique. The approximate analytical solutions of the pressure rise and friction force are predestined along a numerical integration. The influences of various physical parameters of the problem are debated and depicted graphically through a set of figures. It is found that the axial velocity increases with the increase of Hall current parameter and with the decrease of Hartmann number. Also, it can be observed that the Brickmann number and Dufour number give rise to the fluid temperature. Meanwhile, reverse effect is observed towards concentration for both Schmidt number and chemical reaction number. Furthermore, the stream lines are graphically shown.
Disease self-management in patients with moderate COPD: a thematic analysis

ABSTRACT Background Treatment of patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is challenged by the low priority of the disease by patients and general practitioners (GPs) affecting the extent of self-management. The aim of this study was to explore (i) attitudes to COPD self-management in patients with moderate COPD, (ii) perceptions of GP commitment to pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with moderate COPD, and (iii) COPD knowledge in patients with moderate COPD. Methods The study had a qualitative design using semi-structured interviews to explore the views of 14 patients diagnosed with moderate COPD. We applied strategic sampling to obtain maximum variation and conducted a thematic analysis of the data. Results Our main findings were that the degree of COPD self-management was linked to the resources of the informants. Further, the patients experienced that GPs only availed themselves of selected parts of the recommendations for COPD treatment by focusing on medical treatment and smoking cessation rather than physical activity and diet. Many patients lacked knowledge regarding the tolerated level of physical activity and therefore avoided activity increasing their heart rate. Finally, many patients were reluctant to accept the diagnosis because the disease is known to be self-inflicted. Conclusion Our study suggests that patients with moderate COPD need more information, especially regarding the positive effects of physical activity. GPs might need to devote more time to the three main elements of COPD treatment, smoking cessation, medical treatment, and physical activity, to promote self-management and a healthier lifestyle in patients with COPD.
Factors of Using Non-Cash Payments to the Consumption Level of Students in Pematangsiantar City

This study aims to determine the factors of the use of non-cash payments to the consumption levels of Pematangsiantar City students. In this study the level of student consumption as the dependent variable and the factors of using non-cash payments are perceived usefulness, perceivedease of use and perceived trust as independent variables. The population in this study were students of Accounting Department in the seventh semester at STIE Sultan Agung Pematangsiantaras many 167 people. This study used quantitative data in the form of a questionnaire. Data analysis techniques used in this research are classic assumption test, multiple linear regression, determination test, F test and t test.The results showed that the perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and perceived trust had a positive and significant effect on student consumption levels. This is because students prefer to make any purchases (consumption) using non-cash payments. The benefits of non-cash payments can be used anywhere, easy to carry, more secure and has trust in the accuracy of the transactions made
Kaolin Consumption Affects Serum Electrolytes, Glucose and Amylase Levels of Pregnant Women

Background: Geophagy is the consumption of earth materials which occurs across several cultures. For several reasons, pregnant women in many parts of West Africa including Nigeria frequently consume kaolin. This study was carried out to determine the influence of kaolin consumption on serum electrolytes, glucose and amylase levels of pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in a Teaching Hospital in the south east Nigeria. Methods: A total of eighty pregnant women recruited for this study were grouped as follows; Group 1, (30 geophagic pregnant women in the first trimester), Group 2 (30 geophagic pregnant women in the second trimester) and Group 3 (20 non-geophagic pregnant women that served as control). Subjects in Groups 1 and 2 were subdivided into three based on the quantity of kaolin consumed per week: group A (100 g/week), group B (150 g/week) and group C (200 g/week). Preliminary analysis of the calcium content of kaolin was carried out. Serum levels of potassium, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, glucose and amylase of the subjects were determined. Results: Calcium level in kaolin was below the recommended daily intake in food. The concentrations of potassium in geophagic pregnant women who consumed 150 g and 200 g of kaolin per week were significantly (p st and 2nd trimester groups., There was a significant (p nd trimester pregnant women that consumed 200 g of kaolin per week. The concentrations of chloride and bicarbonate were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected in all the groups. Serum amylase concentration decreased significantly (p st and 2nd trimester pregnant women on 150 g and 200 g of kaolin per week, while the plasma glucose concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) elevated in the same groups. Conclusion: This study concludes that kaolin consumption in pregnant women may predispose to gestational diabetes, electrolytes imbalance and reduced intestinal enzymes activities.
Contrasting Demographic History and Population Structure of Zamia (Cycadales: Zamiaceae) on Six Islands of the Greater Antilles Suggests a Model for Population Diversification in the Caribbean Clade of the Genus

Premise of research. After Cuba, the three largest islands of the Greater Antilles are Hispaniola, Jamaica (JAM), and Puerto Rico (PR), all of which are inhabited by the Zamia pumila complex, a monophyletic group of dioecious gymnosperms treated as a single polymorphic or as many as nine species. We sought to test the following hypotheses for Zamia: (i) Dominican Republic (DR) and JAM fit evolutionary models of panmixis and isolation, respectively; (ii) historical gene flow has occurred between PR and DR, and admixture has occurred between the Caymans (CAY) and JAM; and (iii) vegetative morphological characters in common with populations on different islands do not conform to genetic relationships. Methodology. We genotyped a total of 30 populations from CAY, DR, JAM, and PR with 21–28 microsatellite (simple sequence repeat [SSR]) loci and haplotypes from 10 single-copy nuclear genes (SCNGs) and analyzed the data with permuted analysis of molecular variance, Bayesian clustering, approximate Bayesian computation coalescent modeling, and network and gene flow analyses. By using two different sets of molecular markers with very different mutation rates (SSRs and SCNGs), we sought to capture two distinct time slices of evolutionary history in the populations of each island. Pivotal results. Diversification of Caribbean Zamia follows a different path on each island after migration or vicariance from ancestors putatively originating in Cuba. DR and PR evolved from a common ancestral gene pool. DR fits a model of panmixis, while PR fits a vicariance model of semispeciation. Northern and western populations in JAM represent separate introductions to the island. Overall, JAM shows minimal levels of gene flow among populations and apparent admixture with CAY. Conclusions. We conclude that niche adaptation and associated vegetative morphological character states evolve convergently among different islands in response to environmental and other stochastic variables. We present a model of how these dioecious gymnosperms diversified in the Greater Antilles.
Caffeine but not acetaminophen increases 4-km cycling time-trial performance

Acetaminophen has been combined with caffeine for therapeutic purpose, but the effect of co-ingestion of acetaminophen and caffeine on exercise performance has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of isolated and combined ingestion of caffeine and acetaminophen on performance during a 4-km cycling time-trial. In a double-blind, crossover design, eleven men, accustomed to cycling recreationally, completed a 4-km cycling time-trial one hour after the ingestion of cellulose (PLA), acetaminophen (20 mg·kg−1 body mass, ACT), caffeine (5 mg·kg−1 body mass, CAF) or combined acetaminophen and caffeine (20 and 5 mg·kg−1 body mass, respectively, ACTCAF). The perception of pain and rating of perceived exertion were recorded every 1-km, and electromyography and oxygen uptake were continually recorded and averaged each 1-km. Plasma lactate concentration was measured before and immediately after the trial. The time and mean power during the 4-km cycling time-trial was significantly improved (P < 0.05) in CAF (407.9 ± 24.5 s, 241.4 ± 16.1 W) compared to PLA (416.1 ± 34.1 s, 234.1 ± 19.2 W) and ACT (416.2 ± 26.6 s, 235.8 ± 19.7 W). However, there was no difference between ACTCAF (411.6 ± 27.7 s, 238.7 ± 18.7 W) and the other conditions (P > 0.05). The perception of pain, rating of perceived exertion, electromyography, oxygen uptake, and plasma lactate were similar across the conditions (P > 0.05). In conclusion, caffeine but not acetaminophen increases power output ultimately increasing performance during a 4-km cycling time-trial.
How Government Leaders Violated Their Epistemic Duties During the SARS-CoV-2 Crisis

ABSTRACT:In spring 2020, in response to the COVID-19 crisis, many world leaders imposed universal lockdowns. We argue that these restrictions have not been accompanied by the epistemic practices morally required for their adoption or continuation. While in theory lockdowns can be justified, governments did not meet and have not yet met their justificatory burdens. We will not argue that less stringent policies were optimal or better justified. Rather, we explain how government leaders failed and have continued to fail to meet their epistemic duties by relying upon data, models, and evidence of insufficiently good quality to justify their actions.
Finding and Characterizing Information Warfare Campaigns

Today the borderless internet is used by state and non-state actors to manipulate information and societies in ways that were unheard of 50 years ago. Malicious actors can rapidly conduct information maneuvers with little cost at unprecedented scales to achieve far reaching consequences across the internet. They do this byexploiting features of the various social media platforms and the way humans naturally understand what they read and hear. These cyber-mediated threats to open anddemocratic societies have led to an emerging discipline known as social cybersecurity. While various aspects of these campaigns have been explored, little research hasfocused on the campaign level of engagement. Our research seeks to answer the question: How can information warfare campaigns be identified and characterizedquickly? Our goal is to 1) Improve understanding of information operations, and 2) Develop techniques to rapidly identify key factors such as bots and memes.To accomplish this, I present the strategic context of the information warfare that we see today, and identify and define information warfare forms of maneuver. I developvarious supervised and unsupervised methods to identify bots at four different data granularities. I present a deep learning model to classify memes as well as studythe evolution of memes within a conversation. I present a template for understanding the major components of an information campaign and develop automatic waysto populate this template for a specific event. Finally, we present a Bot, Cyborg, and Troll Field Guide to help analysts and the general population understand these entities.
The density and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with maize rhizosphere in Malakaji Highland, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Mirsam H, Muis A, Nonci N. 2020. The density and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with maize rhizosphere in Malakaji Highland, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2654-2661. Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are one of the important pathogens, especially in tropical countries, including Indonesia. Nematodes can cause high yield losses and economic damage if not managed properly. This study aims to analyze PPN density in the vegetative phase of maize in the Malakaji Highland Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi. The sampling method was a diagonal sampling technique, done by taking samples at points along a diagonal line, which were the middle and fourth corners of the maize crop. Nematode extraction was done by the modified Baerman method. The density of parasitic nematode communities counted was absolute community density, relative community density, absolute frequency, relative frequency, frequency of all nematodes, and dominance values. Nematode identification was based on morphological characters. The highest PPNs density was found in two weeks old of maize planted area where the absolute community density reaching 618 and the dominance value of 61.80%. Age of maize plants is negatively correlated with PPNs community with a regression coefficient of (-3.85). So that it can be assumed that the older the age of maize plants, the lower the amount of PPNs. Five genera of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with the rhizosphere of maize plants were found, namely Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, Haplolaimus, Longidorus, and Xiphinema. In addition to parasitic nematodes, non-parasitic nematodes were also identified as having no stylet, namely Campydoroides, Mononchus, and Rhabditis.