Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Laser spectroscopy of wire-like molecules

Cavity-enhanced Laser-Induced Fluorescence With the incorporation of a new optic mount and focussing lens a cavity ring-down set-up was altered to collect fluorescence signal from molecules seeded in a molecular beam. Running both the CRDS and fluorescence measurements simultaneously produced a technique with significantly enhanced sensitivity compared to either of the two individual methods. Preliminary analysis with SO2 and a selection of polyaromatic molecules point to the method been best suited for measuring the fluorescence spectra of fast fluorescence lifetime (< 1 ns) molecules and in confined environments i.e. molecular beams. This has been characterised using a known sample and also compared to the CRDS and fluorescence measurements ran as individual techniques. The method was found to increase the sensitivity of the current experimental set-up by two orders of magnitude. This was then applied in the analysis of two new molecular samples to obtain spectra for use in analysing the torsional motions within the molecule. Torsional Motion Analysis of 2,5-bis(phenylethynyl)thiophene Torsional motions in polyphenyls, potential molecular wires, are important in the charge carriage capability of the species. Using a combination of UV-cavity ring-down and fluorescence detection the absorption and photoexcitation spectra of 2,5-bis(phenylethynyl)thiophene were successfully measured. Using a simple cosine potential and simulation program the spectra were reproduced and were found to be close to the values determined in previous research on the two ring system tolane and 1,4-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene.
Spectroscopic Investigations of the Structural Phase Transition in Gd2(Ti1-yZry)2O7 Pyrochlores

The Gd2(Ti1-yZry)2O7 pyrochlore series undergoes a structural phase transition from pyrochlore (Fd3m) to defect fluorite (Fm3m) that can be driven compositionally by increasing the Zr content or thermally by sintering Zr-rich compositions at temperatures above 1550 °C. Our results demonstrate that ion-beam irradiation can also drive the structural phase transition for Zr-rich compositions. In an effort to understand the effects of composition and ion-beam irradiation on this phase transition, powder X-ray diffraction, polarized Raman, reflection infrared, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments were conducted on Gd2(Ti1-yZry)2O7 pyrochlores prior to and following irradiation with 2 MeV Au2+ ions to a fluence of 5 ions/nm2. Analysis of the vibrational and X-ray absorption data suggests that the structural integrity of the pyrochlore structure is based on distorted corner-shared TiO6 or ZrO6 octahedra. The vibrational spectra indicate that both anion and cation disorder precede the compositionally d.
Composition and organoleptic characteristics of oil from Arbequina olive (Olea europaea L) trees under deficit irrigation

This study evaluated the effects of different regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies applied to olive (Arbequina cultivar) trees on the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the resulting oil during the maximum evaporative demand period for three consecutive crop seasons. Quality indices, fatty acid composition, pigments, colour, α-tocopherol and phenolic contents, bitter index, oxidative stability and organoleptic properties of the oil were determined. Irrigation did not affect those parameters used as criteria for classifying olive oil in its commercial grades. Only polyphenol and o-diphenol contents and, consequently, the bitter index and oxidative stability were affected by the RDI strategy, with increasing values as the water applied decreased. Regulated deficit irrigation resulted in important savings in irrigation requirements without detriment to oil quality. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Thermochemistry of a synthetic Na-Mg-rich triple-chain silicate: Determination of thermodynamic variables

Abstract An understanding of the thermodynamics of triple-chain silicate phases can offer insight into their formation in nature. Because the more common Mg triple-chain silicates have not yet been synthesized, this study focused on the Na-analogue to clinojimthompsonite (Na-cjt), which forms readily in a laboratory setting. Synthetic Na-cjt was characterized using electron microscopy and microanalysis, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and loss on ignition to determine its water content. The results of these studies indicated a formula for Na-cjt of Na3.74Mg8. 13Si12O32.00(OH)4 ·1.40H2O, although there was substantial uncertainty (±13%) associated with the total water (OH + H2O) content. A series of experimental reversals was performed over a temperature range of 350-650 °C and a pressure range of 0.1-1 GPa for the reaction between Na-cjt and a double-chain silicate. In the pressure range of 0.2-0.5 GPa, this reaction has the stoichiometry Na3.74Mg8. 13Si12O32.00(OH)4·1.40 H2O (Na-cjt) = 1.5 Na2.49Mg5. 42Si8O21.34(OH)2.66 (Na-Mg amph) + 1.40 H2O. The equilibrium boundary reaches a maximum temperature near 550 °C at 0.4 GPa, continuing to lower temperatures above this pressure. The third-law entropy and enthalpy of formation of both Na-cjt and the associated Na-Mg amphibole were measured using adiabatic and oxide-melt solution calorimetry, respectively. Calculating the equilibrium boundary for the reaction using the calorimetrically determined values does not produce the same boundary found through the experimental reversals. The discrepancy was attributed to water variability in Na-cjt with pressure. This variability and its effect on Na-cjt’s thermodynamic values can be expressed by the following equations that, for simplicity, indicate the total water content (OH + H2O) as moles of H2O in Na-cjt over the range of 0.1 to 1.0 GPa: νH₂O (moles of H2O in Na3.74Mg8.13Si12O30.60·νH₂O) = 11.06 + 28.36P - 5.25P2 - 29.01P0.5 (P in GPa) ΔH°f of Na3.74Mg8. 13Si12O30.60·νH₂O (kJ/mol) = -295. 5νH₂O,Na-cjt - 17 408.8 S° of Na3.74Mg8. 13Si12O30.60·νH₂O [J/(K⋅mol)] = 43. 4νH₂O,Na-cjt + 756.5 V of Na3.74Mg8. 13Si12O30.60·νH₂O [J/(bar·mol)] = 1. 46νH₂O,Na-cjt + 36.90 where the entropy does not include any contributions from configurational mixing. If one includes configurational entropy contributions from cation and vacancy disorder in the triple-chain silicate and amphibole, one obtains S° and ΔH°f for Na-cjt of 919.2 J/(K⋅mol) and -18 417.6 kJ/mol, respectively, and S° and ΔH°f for Na-Mg amphibole of 650.9 J/(K⋅mol) and -11 919.7 kJ/mol, respectively.
Heat transfer and pressure drop penalization terms (exergy losses) during flow boiling of refrigerants

Heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop correlations are used to analyse the boiling heat transfer performance potentials in plain evaporator tubes of several conventional refrigerants and two newer fluorinated propene isomers possessing low global warming potentials. These correlations are used to calculate two penalization quantities expressed in terms of the refrigerant saturation temperature drop due to pressure drop and the driving temperature difference. These penalization terms are combined into a single Performance Evaluation Criterion dubbed Total Temperature Penalization (TTP). Using the two penalization terms and the TTP, several refrigerants, including the newer alternatives R1234yf (CF3CF=CH2) and R1234ze(E) (CF3CH=CHF), are evaluated for their boiling heat transfer performance potentials in plain evaporator tubes. Furthermore, the usefulness of the technique is illustrated through several examples of the optimization of evaporator tube length. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry

1. Organic synthesis 2. Experimental techniques. 3. Spectroscopic methods. 4. Solvents and reagents. 5. Aliphatic compounds. 6. Aromatic compounds. 7. Selected alicyclic compounds. 8. Selected heterocyclic compounds. 9. Investigation and characterisation of organic compounds. 10. Physical constants of organic compounds.
Air Chemistry Measurements 2

Abstract : This report describes a comprehensive set of measurements of electron, negative-ion, and positive-ion mobilities together with attachment and ionization rate coefficients for dry air and mixtures of dry air with water vapor. These measurements were made for values of E/N (the ratio of electric field to gas density) ranging from about 10 to the -22nd power Vm2 to about 3x10 to the -19th power Vm2. This range of E/N corresponds to values of electric field at atmospheric pressure from about 10 thousand to 10 million V/m and covers values of electron mean energy from near thermal to values well above the onset of impact ionization. Keywords: Air chemistry; Drift tube; Ionization coefficient; Mobility; Swarm parameters.
Economic soil treatment of iron chlorosis in grain sorghum grown on a gypsum affected soil

Abstract Field studies in 1980, 1981 and 1982 were used to evaluate the effectiveness and economic feasibility of FeEDDHA, Fe‐lignosulfonate, acidified mining residue, and Eagle Iron for correction of iron chlorosis in grain sorghum grown on a gypsum affected soil. Treatments were applied as a band in the seed furrow at planting. Rates of Fe included 0.13 kg Fe/ha as FeEDDHA; 0.25, 0.49, 1.23, 1.48, 1.97, 2.46, and 3.70 kg Fe/ha as Fe‐lignosulfonate; 8.96, 11.2, and 17–9 kg Fe/ha as acidified mining residue; and 1.34 and 2.80 kg Fe/ha as Eagle Iron. Treatments of 0.31 kg Zn/ha as Zn‐lignosulfonate were also included with Fe‐lignosulfonate as complimentary treatments in 1980 and 1981. All treatments were selected based on their potential cost‐effectiveness to provide correction of iron chlorosis in grain sorghum. All treatments gave some degree of increase in grain or stover yield, with the exception of the 0.49 and 1.48 Fe/ha and 8.96 kg Fe/ha rates of Fe‐lignosulfonate and acidified mining residue, respe.
Comparative Studies on the Constituents of Ophiopogonis Tuber and Its Congeners. III. Studies on the Constituents of the Subterranean Part of Ophiopogon ohwii OKUYAMA and O. jaburan (KUNTH) LODD.

Six steroidal glycosides, tentatively named glycosides O-1, O-2 (1), O-3 (2), O-4 (3), O-5 (4) and O-6 (5), were isolated from the subterranean part of Ophiopogon ohwii OKUYAMA (Liliaceae) and another six steroidal glycosides, tentatively named glycosides J-1, J-2 (6), J-3 (7), J-4 (8), J-5 (9) and J-6 (10), were isolated from the subterranean part of O. jaburan (KUNTH) LODD. Glycosides O-1 and J-1 were identified as so-called β-sitosterol β-D-glucopyranoside. The structures of 1-10 were established as ophiopogonin B (1), ophiopogonin D (2), ruscogenin 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-4-O-sulfo-β-D-fucopyranoside (3), ruscogenin 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-4-O-sulfo-α-L-arabinopyranoside (=glycoside E of O. planiscapus NAKAI) (4), 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl 22-hydroxy-25(R)-furost-5-en-1β, 3β, 26-triol 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-4-O-sulfo-β-D-fucopyranoside (5), ophiopogonin D (=glycoside O-3 (2)) (6), a mixture of 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-4-O-sulfo-β-D-fucopyranosido-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosides of ruscogenin and neoruscogenin (7), neoruscogenin 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-4-O-sulfo-α-L-arabinopyranosido-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8), a mixture of 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl 22-hydroxy-25(R)-furost-5-en-1β, 3β, 26-triol 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-4-O-sulfo-β-D-fucopyranosido-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl 22-hydroxyfurost-5, 25(27)-dien-1β, 3β, 26-triol 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-4-O-sulfo-β-D-fucopyranosido-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (9), and 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl 22-hydroxyfurost-5, 25(27)-dien-1β, 3β, 26-triol 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-4-O-sulfo-α-L-arabinopyranosido-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10). It is interesting that the main saponins, ophiopogonins B and D, found in Ophiopogonis Tuber (obtained from O. japonicus KER-GAWLER) were also found in O. ohwii OKUYAMA and the latter saponin was also found in O. jaburan (KUNTH) LODD. Further, several steroidal glycosides carrying sulfate on the sugar moiety were found in Liliaceous plants belonging to the genus Ophiopogon.
Study of an H2/CH4 moderate pressure microwave plasma used for diamond deposition: modelling and IR tuneable diode laser diagnostic

Infra-red tuneable diode laser spectroscopy (IR TDLAS) has been used to detect and quantify the methyl radical and three stable carbon-containing species (CH4, C2H2 and C2H6) in a moderate pressure microwave (f = 2.45 GHz) bell-jar reactor used for diamond films deposition. A wide range of experimental conditions was investigated, with typical pressure/power required to perform diamond deposition, i.e. pressure from 2500 to 12 000 Pa and power from 600 W to 2 kW, which means gas temperatures ranging from 2200 to 3200 K, when the power density increases from 9 to 30 W cm−3. Since TDLAS is a line of sight averaged technique, the analysis of the experimental data required the use of a one-dimensional non-equilibrium transport model that provides species density and gas temperature variations along the optical beam. This model describes the plasma in terms of 28 species/131 reactions reactive flow. The thermal non-equilibrium is described by distinguishing a first energy mode for the electron and a second one for the heavy species. Parametric studies as a function of power density and methane percentage in the gas mixture are presented. The good agreement obtained between measurement and one-dimensional radial calculations allows a validation of the thermo-chemical model, which can be used as a tool to enlighten the chemistry in the spatially non-uniform H2/CH4 microwave discharge used for diamond deposition. This is especially of interest for high power density discharge conditions that remain poorly understood.
Of Green

डा. गोकणर्पर्साद ज्ञवाली22* लखे सार कोरोना महामारील ेिव अथर्तन्तर् र नपेालको सम्पूणर् आिथक के्षतर्हरु िनकै गिहरो ढंगले पर्भािवत भएका छन् l खासगरी, कोरोना भाइरस िनयन्तर्णका लािग गिरएको लकडाउन, िनशेधाज्ञा र िविभ स्थानहरुमा जान आउन लगाइएको पर्ितवन्धले सामािजक, आिथक, मनोबैज्ञािनक तथा सांस्कृितक के्षतर्हरु अस्त स्त भएका छन् । किरब डेढ वषर्यता आिथक गितिविधका सम्पूणर् के्षतर्हरु ठप्प पर्ाय छन, जसका कारण त्यहा कायर्रत ६० पर्ितशत शर्िमकले तलब नपाएको शर्म, रोजगार तथा सामािजक सुरक्षा मन्तर्ालयले जनाएको छ । संयुक्त रा संघको एकपर्ितवेदन (२०२१) ल े नेपालका २५ लाख ७० हजार िक्तले लकडाउनको अविधमा रोजगारी गुमाएको र किरब साढे २१ लाख नेपाली पुनः चरम गिरवीमा फसेको जनाएको छ । सोिह पर्ितवेदनका अनुसार लकडाउनकै कारण किरब ७ पर्ितशतले गिरबी वढेको छ भने ठुलो संख्यामा बालबािलकाहरु मानिसक रुपले पर्भािवत बनेका छन् । त्यस्तै, केिह समय पिहले अन्तराि य शर्मसंगठन, आइ एल ओ (२०२०) ले पर्कािसत गरेको पर्ितवेदन अनुसार, कोिभड-१९ को कारणले ३७ लाख नेपालीहरुले रोजगारी गुमाएको उल्लेख गिरएको िथयो । कोिभड-१९ को कारणले िवशेष गिर पयर्टन, होटेल ब्यबशाय, उ ोग तथा कलकारखाना, यातायात र अन्य उत्पादनमुलक के्षतर्हरु अत्यन्त पर्भािवत बनेका छन् भने अनौपचािरक के्षतर्मा कायर् रत ठुलो संख्या जीवन धा ेसंकट वाट गुिजर्रहकेो छ l यो लेखले कोिभड-१९ ले नेपालको अथर्तन्तर्का िविभ के्षतर्मा पारेको पर्भावको िव ेषण गन छ l मखु्य शब्दहरु: उिदयमान अथर्तन्तर्, महामारी, पर्शोधन, िनशेधाज्ञा, मुदर्ास्फीित पिरचय
EFFECT OF SOY PROTEIN ISOLATE COATING ON QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF CUT RAW HAN‐WOO (KOREAN COW) BEEF, AEROBICALLY PACKAGED AND HELD REFRIGERATED

Soy protein isolate (SPI)-based edible coating was used to reduce oxidative degradation of Han-Woo (Korean cow) beef stored at 4C for 5 days in aerobic packaging. The SPI coating reduced (P < 0.05) thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and peroxide value (PV) formation compared with control beefs. At 5 days of storage, the percent inhibition of TBARS and PV for SPI-coated beefs compared with the control was 28.5 and 32.2%, respectively. SPI coating prevented loss of Hunter L and a values of beef compared with the control after 2 days of storage. The ability of the SPI coating to provide a moisture barrier for the beefs was reduced (P < 0.05). In addition, a reduction of moisture loss by 31.4% compared with the control was achieved by SPI coating after 5 days of storage. However, SPI coating of beefs did not inhibit the growth of either total plate counts or Listeria monocytogenes during storage. Overall, SPI coating can effectively be used as a natural antioxidative coating to extend the shelf life of beef by reducing oxidation and moisture loss during refrigerated storage in aerobic packaging. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Oxidative and microbiological degradation are major problems faced by the food industry today. As the educated consumer is highly health conscious, any effort in extending the shelf life will have to be nonchemical, and preferably natural. Our research investigated the possibility of using soy protein as a final coating material to enhance the freshness of beef packed aerobically during refrigerated storage. Soy protein-based edible coating used in this present study was capable of acting as a natural antioxidative and moisture barrier coating for meat products to maintain the quality and the shelf-life during refrigerated storage.
Unbiased Diffusion through a Linear Porous Media with Periodic Entropy Barriers: A Tube Formed by Contacting Ellipses

This work is devoted to the study of unbiased diffusion of point-like Brownian particles through channels with radial symmetry of varying cross-section and elliptic shape. The effective one-dimensional reduction is used with distinct forms of a position-dependent diffusion coefficient, , found in literature, to obtain expressions for (I) narrow escape times from a single open-ended tube, (II) its correspondent effective diffusion coefficient, both as functions of the eccentricity of the tube, e, where e = 0 returns the system to a spherical vesicle with two open opposite sides, and (III) finally, Lifson-Jackson formula that is used to compute expressions to assess the mean effective diffusion coefficient for a periodic elliptic channel formed by contacting ellipses, also as a function of the eccentricity. Mathematical expressions are presented and contrasted against computational simulations to validate them.
Multiple ion counting measurement strategies by SIMS – a case study from nuclear safeguards and forensics

A primary tool of nuclear safeguards authorities for detecting undeclared nuclear activities is environmental sample analysis containing uranium-bearing aerosol particles. SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry) has been established as a powerful technique for performing uranium isotope analysis on safeguards samples. Typically, a screening of the sample for locating the particles of interest is followed by micro-beam measurements of individual particles in order to obtain their precise isotopic composition. The uncertainty of these measurements, in particular for the minor isotopes 234U and 236U, is mainly limited by the counting statistics as the total amount of uranium available is very low, usually less than 1 pg. This uncertainty can be reduced when recording several isotopes simultaneously using a multi-collection system. This has been available commercially for many years and has been used for different applications in geosciences on Large Geometry-SIMS (LG-SIMS) instruments. This paper will describe and discuss how isotope measurements of low content uranium materials can be optimized using a multi-ion counting system consisting of five discrete dynode electron multiplier (EM) detectors. The results obtained for uranium isotope ratios are presented for different measurement protocols: static multi-collector, dynamic multi-collector and single collector measurements. Some of the fundamental properties of the detector system that affect the overall measurement uncertainty are discussed. Best practices are also suggested based on the current experience.
Removing Arsenic From Drinking Water

Pilot-plant tests of two treatment methods, activated alumina and ion exchange, for removing arsenic from drinking water were evaluated at the Fallon, Nevada, Naval Air Station (NAS). The arsenic concentration was 0.080-0.116 mg/liter, exceeding the 0.05 mg/liter maximum contaminant level. Although the valence of arsenic was not determined, in prechlorination process and test results suggest it was probably arsenic V. Chlorinated drinking water from the NAS was used for evaluating the efficacy of treatment under several different conditions. The activated alumina and ion exchange systems were operated through three different loading and regeneration cycles each. The major water quality factors affecting the removal of arsenic by these methods were pH of feedwater, arsenic concentration, sulfate concentration, and alkalinity. The major operational factors affecting removal were flow rate, down time, and media clogging. Capital and operating costs for arsenic removal are estimated for the activated alumina method at optimum pH (5.5) for each of the three small community systems drawing water from the same aquifer. In addition, several containers of the regeneration waste were used for a special study to characterize, dewater, and render the waste non-toxic for disposal in a sanitary landfill.
Photocyclization of N-Alkoxyalkylphthalimides with Favored δ-Hydrogen Abstraction : Syntheses of Oxazolo [4, 3-α] isoindoles and Oxazolo [4, 3-α]-isoindole-1-spiro-1'-cycloalkane Ring Systems

Photolysis of N-ω-alkoxyalkylphthalimides 1 gave the intramolecularly cyclized compounds, oxazolo [4, 3-a] isoindoles 2a-g, pyrrolo [2, 1-a] isoindoles 6i-j, oxazolo [4, 3-a]-isoindole-1-spiro-1'-cycloalkanes 2k-n and 3, 4-dihydro-2-benzazepine-1, 5 (2H)-dione 3, via δ-hydrogen abstraction and/or two-fold Norrish type II processes.
Phase transformation of Mg–Fe alloys

An Mg–Fe alloy system prepared through mechanical alloying (MA) was structurally analyzed. MA can produce single-phase bcc alloys using Mg concentrations up to about 15 mol %. Use of conventional average structure analysis and x-ray pair-distribution function method enabled the long-range and short-range order structures of the Mg–Fe alloys to be bridged. The substituted Mg atoms were randomly arranged in the low-Mg composition but started to have an order structure. The partially ordered Mg–Fe alloy undergoes an austenitic (cubic) to martensitic (orthorhombic) phase change, as increasing Mg composition.
Synthesis, structure, and spectroscopic properties of vanadium(III) and -(IV) complexes containing hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands. 3

A series of vanadium(III) and -(IV) complexes of the type [L 2 V]BPh 4 , [LVCl 2 DMF], [LVOCIDMF], and [LVO(acac)] where L is either the anion of hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate, HB(pz) 3 , or hydridotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate, HB(Me 2 pz) 3 , have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, electrochemistry, magnetic, UV-vis, IR, and ESR techniques. In all cases, the metal ion is in a distorted octahedral environment
ORDERING KINETICS IN SYMMETRICAL DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS

Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and rheology are employed to study the microphase separation transition in a symmetric poly(styrene-b-isoprene) diblock copolymer. The order-disorder transition temperature TODT has been identified with a good precision (TODT=359 K) and the interaction parameter is extracted using mean field theory at temperatures well above TODT. The kinetics of microphase separation have been studied by means of rheology in a small temperature range below the order-disorder transition, following a quench from the disordered state. The time evolution of the storage and loss moduli exhibited shapes which are reminiscent of the crystallization isotherms of semicrystalline materials (of the Avrami type). For shallow quenches, we find a temperature range of 3 K below TODT where the ordering proceeds by heterogeneous nucleation and growth of three-dimensional objects with lamellar microstructure. At higher undercooling, the kinetic curves change in form, indicating a different mechanism of structure formation. Our results are compared with theoretical predictions for the ordering kinetics of symmetric diblocks.