Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Leveraging Inference: A Regression-Based Learner Performance Prediction System for Knowledge Tracing

Learner modelling and performance prediction have seen numerous advances in the last decade which include Neural Network (NN) based approaches like Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT), Factorisation machines for estimation and automatic detection of skill tags amongst others. Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs), which try to tailor each user’s learning by adaptively scheduling problems depend upon learner modelling and the accurate prediction of learner performance to operate. ITSs have led to the availability of large-scale datasets enabling the development of richer models. The classical Bayesian approaches have been overtaken by faster, more scalable and more accurate models like DASH and DAS3H. Despite recent gains in prediction accuracy by NN based models, they are getting increasingly complex and computationally expensive. The issues with the scalability of recent models hinder their widespread adoption in Massive Online Open Courses (MOOCs) which outnumber ITSs by several magnitudes. NN models have very limited transferability. In this paper, the state-of-the-art approach involving Logistic Regression (LR) is examined on 8 public datasets and an alternative system based on variational encoding is presented. The proposed system outperforms the LR model in accuracy for 4 datasets. The new model is applied to the biggest Educational Data Mining (EDM) dataset available and shows that training on such a large dataset is possible without batching, which is not possible by other techniques. The paper focuses on the increase in scalability with a smaller memory footprint (requiring 22.5 ± 7.45 % less memory). The system also had a reduction in runtime for 5 among the 8 datasets. However, the variance in reduction is high with an average of $10.12\pm 21.55 \%$ reduced run times. The proposed system was developed specifically for lightweight MOOCs with limited Learning Management Systems (LMS) such as Moodle. By estimating a learner ability parameter, the proposed system provides richer information to downstream applications like adaptive scheduling. The proposed model retains a high level of interpretability and transferability.
The Heat about Cultured Meat in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Acceptance Study

Cultured meat, produced by culturing animal cells in vitro, is gaining increasing interest. The first products obtained using this technology were authorized for human consumption in Singapore and the United States, and more are likely to follow in other parts of the world. Therefore, it is important to assess the attitudes toward such meat in various populations and understand the grounds for its acceptance and rejection. The present cross-sectional online study of adult Poles (n = 1553) aimed to evaluate knowledge of cultured meat, the main reasons and fears associated with its production and consumption, and willingness to buy it and factors influencing such willingness. Most respondents (63%) were familiar with the concept of cultured meat, and 54% declared to purchase it when available. However, concerns over safety were expressed by individuals accepting (39%) and rejecting (49%) such meat. The main motivations for choosing it included limiting animal suffering (76%) and environmental impacts of meat consumption (67%), although over half of responders willing to buy these products were driven by curiosity (58%). Multiple logistic regression revealed that odds (OR; 95%CI) for accepting cultured meat were significantly increased for adults aged 18–40 (1.8; 1.2–2.7); women (1.8; 1.2–2.7); meat eaters (8.7; 5.6–13.6); individuals convinced that animal farming adversely affects the climate (7.6; 3.1–18.3), surface waters (3.1; 1.2–8.1), and air quality (3.0; 1.2–7.6); those familiar with cultured meat concept (4.2, 2.2–8.4); and those revealing high openness to experience (1.7; 1.2–2.4). The results highlight that the Polish population may be moderately ready to accept cultured meat and identify the groups resistant to accepting it. Well-designed and transparent promotion of these products is required to increase the general public’s understanding of the potential benefits and challenges of cultured meat technology.
Rock glacier dynamics near the lower limit of mountain permafrost in the Swiss Alps

Rock glaciers, a mass of frozen debris moving downslope, are the best geomorphological indicator of permafrost in steep mountainous regions. Although recent studies have revealed in detail the distribution, structure, surface movement and thermal conditions of rock glaciers, few have addressed mass balance and internal movement. This study aims at evaluating rock glacier dynamics near the lower limit of mountain permafrost in the light of both thermal conditions and mass balance. For this purpose, two series of field observations were undertaken in the eastern Swiss Alps. The first half addresses the contemporary dynamics of two small rock glaciers located near the lower limit of mountain permafrost. The second half focuses on the difference in activity status of rock glaciers on a regional scale, which may reflect long-term variations in climate and debris supply. The first series of observations include excavation with portable drills, triangulation survey, inclinometer measurement, seismic and two-dimensional DC resistivity soundings, ground temperature monitoring and rockfall monitoring on two small rock glaciers lying close to the boundary between the permafrost and non-permafrost terrains: BN and BW rock glaciers located on the northeastern slope and western slope of Piz dal Buz, respectively. The two rock glaciers have mean annual surface temperatures (MAST) close to 0°C. A borehole 5.4 m deep dug on the upper part of BN shows permafrost temperatures near the melting point throughout the year. DC resistivity tomograms also display that permafrost layers in these rock glaciers are extremely warm (≈0°C) and probably thin ( 5 m), resulting from degradation of permafrost. The triangulation survey indicates that BN is active but BW inactive. Subsidence of BW implies ongoing degradation of ice lenses in
Beam Squint and Committee Machine-Based Channel Estimation Scheme for Wideband THz mMIMO-OFDM Systems

Terahertz (THz) communication has been envisioned as a promising technique for the future sixth generation (6G) and beyond wireless networks because of its tens of gigahertz (GHz) bandwidth. However, wideband THz channel results in an increase in bandwidth, which gives rise to the phenomenon known as beam squint. Additionally, techniques based on the standard multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) paradigm, such as channel estimation (CE), are rendered inapplicable by beam squint. Several sparse CE algorithms have been proposed in compressed sensing (CS) to accurately estimate the wideband THz massive multiple-input-multiple-output (mMIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) channel. However, the exploitation of these expert algorithms constitutes a committee machine (CM), which is likely to be superior to that obtained by any one of the committee expert acting separately. In this paper, by leveraging the notion of CM methodology, we address the CE problem in wideband THz mMIMO-OFDM systems with beam squint. To estimate the wideband THz mMIMO sparse channel vectors efficiently, we first present a committee machine technique for CS (CMTCS), which makes use of the estimations from multiple expert algorithms. Next, in order to enhance the wideband THz mMIMO channel estimation performance, we develop the iterative CMTCS (ICMTCS) technique, a CMTCS algorithm extension. Using the restricted isometry property (RIP), the theoretical analysis of the proposed schemes for realizing an improved channel reconstruction performance is presented. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed schemes are effective and offer better CE performance in terms of normalized mean squared-error (NMSE) than those dictated by other CS-based CE algorithms and the traditional least-squares-based methods.
Implementation of Green Economy at PT. Esprite Nomade

The green economy is becoming increasingly important in the context of an increasingly fragile global environment. Unfortunately, many businesses today do not fully understand the concept and practice of green economy, as evidenced by the data and facts regarding the low awareness of this environmental issue. However, one of the companies engaged in the manufacture of tents, PT Esprite Nomade in Indonesia has become an exception by implementing various aspects of the green economy in its business activities. The company has succeeded in presenting innovative tents that are easily removable, environmentally friendly, and reduce carbon footprint through various measures such as minimizing the use of heavy equipment, minimizing the use of hazardous chemicals, easily moved to a new location without destroying the building so that it can be reused and reducing waste that has a negative impact on the environment. The company has also successfully sold its products commercially and exported them overseas, thus making a positive contribution to the country's income. With the important role of green economy in future business, this research aims to analyze the implementation of green economy policies or procedures applied by PT Esprite. This is expected to be a reference for other businesses to adopt sustainable and environmentally friendly practices. This research uses a qualitative analysis approach to analyze data collected through interviews and direct observation at PT Esprite Nomade. Data obtained from relevant parties such as company management, production, and marketing teams are used to deeply understand the implementation of green economy in various aspects of the business which are then analyzed to explore patterns, themes, and challenges faced by PT Esprite in implementing green economy. This analysis will provide an understanding of the advantages and contributions made by PT Esprite in the field of green economy and sustainable business practices. The results of the research show that PT Esprite Nomade has successfully implemented green economy in the aspects of design, production, packaging, and recycling. This implementation proves that businesses can bring innovative and sustainable solutions to reduce negative impacts on the environment. The results of this study are relevant to Presidential Regulation No. 98 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of Carbon Economic Value for Achieving Nationally Determined Contribution Targets and Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions in National Development. Thus, the application of green economy in this tent company provides a real example and is relevant to the government's efforts in achieving nationally set environmental targets. This research is expected to inspire other businesses to pay attention to the importance of green economy and implement sustainable practices in their operations. Thus, businesses in Indonesia and around the world can positively contribute to efforts to maintain environmental sustainability and build sustainable business resilience.
Comparative Study on Blowfly-Derived DNA and Camera Trapping in Assessing Mammalian Diversity in Subtropical Forests

Mammalian DNA derived from invertebrates (iDNA), including blowfly iDNA, is an alternative tool to conventional camera trapping in assessing mammalian diversity. The method has been used in tropical mammal surveillance but no attempt has been made to compare the efficacy of blowfly iDNA and camera trapping for monitoring mammal diversity in subtropical forests. We compared the blowfly iDNA monitoring with camera trapping to assess mammal diversity in the subtropical Jiulongfeng Nature Reserve (JLF), China, over a one-month period. The camera traps captured 2508 animal photos of 11 species belonging to four orders, eight genera, and eight families, whereas the blowfly iDNA method successfully detected ten species from six orders, eight genera, and eight families in JLF. Both methods were complementing each other instead of competing due to the low overlaps of mammal species detected. Of the total number of mammal species listed in JLF’s threatened list, 40% and 10% were detected through camera traps and blowfly iDNA methods, respectively. The estimated species richness curves indicated that combining camera traps and blowfly traps would increase the detection of mammal species. The strategy would significantly contribute to mammalian diversity surveillance and conservation programs in the tropical and subtropical forests.
Azimuth and slowness deviations from the GERESS regional array

Abstract For high signal-to-noise ratio events, body-wave travel times at GERESS stations are well fit by a plane-wave model corresponding to travel time uncertainties of about 1/100 sec. Slownesses obtained in this study are accurate to about 0.5 sec/deg, while azimuth uncertainties are about 2° for regional events and about 5° for teleseismic nuclear events. For illustration, we demonstrate performance for Nevada and Tuamotu nuclear tests and for regional events from Poland. Unbiased measurement requires array topography (about 200 m for GERESS) to be taken into account. If ignored, these elevation variations give rise to a systematic shift of about 0.6 sec/deg to eastern directions, which is almost independent of source location. In principle, arrays extending in vertical direction (“3D array”) can measure the vertical slowness and hence local material velocity c. For GERESS, we find c ≈ 5.2 km/sec. Compared with given accuracies, the regional GERESS array finds statistically significant deviations of slownesses and azimuths. These may be used to investigate lateral heterogeneity at regional scale.
An assessment of solid waste management in state-owned tertiary institutions, Kano State, Nigeria

The research is aimed at assessing Solid Waste Management in Kano State Owned Tertiary Institutions. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used. Key informant interview was conducted with the head of cleaners using purposive sampling technique. The data collected was analyzed and presented using tables. The research revealed that the type of waste that is most generated in the schools are polythene, papers and dead leaves. The research also discovered that the numbers of cleaners are not enough in the study area when compared to the large portion they are assigned to work on. Also the research discovered that the schools have one main waste collection point with only the School of Management Studies which has two collection points. However, to make waste disposal simpler, tiny drums are positioned throughout the schools in various locations. Some of the major challenges faced in Waste Management in the Schools are lack of cleaning equipment, lack of cooperation from students and problem of managing the workers as most of them are uneducated and are not permanent workers. It was recommended that more cleaners should be employed and the school management should provide more working equipment like brooms, rake, dustbins, cutlass etc. Also the welfare and working condition of the workers should be improved.
Shelf-Edge Architecture and Bypass of Sand to Deep Water: Influence of Shelf-Edge Processes, Sea Level, and Sediment Supply

Abstract Analysis of two Maastrichtian depositional cycles from the Lewis–Fox Hills shelf margin (S. Wyoming, U.S.A.) demonstrates that rivers played the driving role in the bypass of sand to deep water. Waves and tides were of less importance, but they had a significant influence on the relative storage and architecture of sand along the shelf edge, which in turn appear to have been driven by relative sea level and sediment supply. Clinothem 9 shows main sandstone accumulations in an extensive deltaic sandstone belt along the shelf edge and two deep-water fans. Along the deltaic sandstone belt, river channels fed sand down to deep-water areas, whereas shelf-edge segments with storm-wave domination and tidal influence did not produce channels, but passed basinwards to muddy, turbidite-starved slopes. The wave and tidal regimes, however, likely produced an eastward along-shore drift that fed sediment along the shelf edge and possibly occasionally to deep water via canyon heads. Aggradation (50 m) of the storm-wave deltas indicates a rising relative sea level, which likely favored strong wave influence by allowing open-ocean swells to shape the aggrading, shelf-edge sediment masses. Aggradation also suggests a high sediment supply for deltas to have reached the shelf edge, to have aggraded there, and to have bypassed large volumes of sand to deep water. Clinothem 10 shows main sandstone accumulations to occur in an incised shelf-edge area with a linked, large deep-water fan. The former exhibits characteristic flat-laminated sandstones (hyperpycnal flows? ) and tidally influenced facies in the delta front that are cut by a prominent fluvial incision. Fluvial and overlying tidally influenced estuarine deposits infill the incision, indicating that it is a valley, probably cut during relative-sea-level fall. Outside the valley the shelf edge lacks a continuous and thick sandstone belt, suggesting that wave influence along this shelf edge was relatively weak. A falling relative sea level and wide river incision would have interrupted the otherwise common littoral drift and would have diminished wave influence. At the same time the incised segments of the shelf edge would have provided confined areas for tidal-current amplification and for focused, efficient downslope delivery of sand.
Modulation of the dayside diffuse auroral intensity by the solar wind dynamic pressure

Compared to the recently improved understanding of the nightside diffuse aurora, the mechanism(s) responsible for the dayside diffuse auroral precipitation remains limitedly understood. We investigate the dayside diffuse aurora observed by the all‐sky imagers of Chinese Arctic Yellow River Station in the time interval of 02:00–10:00 UT (05:00–13:00 magnetic local time) on 2 January 2006. In this interval, the intensity of dayside diffuse aurora is highly correlated with the solar wind dynamic pressure with a maximum coefficient of 0.89. Moreover, there are similar spectra characteristics in the Pc5 range between the intensity of dayside diffuse aurora and solar wind dynamic pressure (proton density) during a portion of the time interval, in which the interplanetary magnetic field Bz is northward. The observation indicates that changes in solar wind dynamic pressure can efficiently modulate the magnitude of the dayside diffuse aurora, except when the interplanetary magnetic field is southward. The enhancement of the solar wind dynamic pressure can provide favorable circumstances for dayside chorus wave generation, so we consider that the dayside chorus could be a candidate for the production of the dayside diffuse aurora. Furthermore, since the compressional Pc4‐Pc5 pulsations can also modulate the intensity of whistler mode chorus waves, the solar wind dynamic pressure modulates the dayside diffuse aurora through affecting dayside chorus wave activity and the associated scattering process.
Development sites of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand

This study investigated how the seasons affect the development sites of Aedes larvae in three topographical areas: mangrove, rice paddy fields and mountainous areas. We examined how the number of Aedes larvae varied in different types of water containers. Water containers were categorized into the following groups: indoor/outdoor containers, artificial/natural containers, earthen/plastic containers, containers with/without lids and dark/light-coloured containers. Samples were collected from 300 households in both the wet and dry seasons from three topographical areas in Nakhon Si Thammarat province with 100 households per topographical area. The results showed that in the wet season, there were higher numbers of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae than in the dry season. Moreover, the number of Ae. albopictus larvae was higher in mountainous areas than in mangrove and rice paddy areas, in both the wet and dry seasons. The number of positive containers was higher in outdoor containers than in indoor containers, higher in artificial containers than natural containers, higher in earthen containers than plastic containers, higher in containers without lids than containers with lids, and higher in the dark-coloured containers than light-coloured containers in the three topographical areas in both wet and dry seasons. The number of positive earthen containers was higher in mangrove areas than in rice paddy and mountainous areas. The number of positive plastic containers was higher in rice paddy areas than mountainous and mangrove areas.
Hydrological and land use control of watershed exports of dissolved organic matter in a large arid river basin in northwestern China

We evaluated variation in dissolved organic matter (DOM) export as a function of hydrology and land use from a large arid river basin in northwestern China. Two soil‐derived, humic‐like (C1 and C2) and three protein‐like fluorescence components (C3, C4, and C5) were identified. During high discharges, river water DOM had higher values of DOC concentration, percent humic fluorescence, and humification index, but lower values of fluorescence index and percent protein fluorescence than found at base flow, suggesting that flow paths shifted to shallower depths flushing out topsoil organic matter. Loading of DOC and soil‐derived humic fluorescence were driven largely by discharge, with values over 10 times higher during high discharges than at base flow. Furthermore, both δ13C‐DOC and C1 at high flows positively correlated with %agricultural lands within 1 km river buffers, demonstrating that near‐river agricultural activities enhanced storm export of soil DOM. At base flow, C4 positively correlated with %agricultural lands, showing stimulation of aquatic bacterial carbon production as a result of elevated nutrient inputs from agricultural lands. Percent contributions of humic fluorescence in groundwater varied with well depths in shallow wells, but this pattern was not observed for deeper groundwater, suggesting that humic DOM could serve as a water source tracer indicating deeper aquifers were isolated from river water and shallow groundwater. Together, our data demonstrate that hydrology and land use controlled the sources and amount of riverine DOM in this large agricultural basin and that regulating storm runoff and near‐river agricultural activities should be incorporated in ecosystem‐based management of water resources.