Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Light scattering and cloud condensation nucleus activity of sulfate aerosol measured over the northeast Atlantic Ocean

Measurements on the relationship between sulfate mass and light scattering coefficient and sulfate cloud condensation nucleus efficiency over the Northeast Atlantic Ocean suggest lower values for these parameters than have been used in recent estimates of the climatic impact of sulfate aerosols. Analysis suggests an important role in both processes for nonsulfate aerosol. 31 refs., 4 figs., 3 tabs.
Personal Information Management

Introduction Personal Information Management (PIM) refers to both the practice and the study of the activities people perform in order to acquire, organize, maintain and retrieve information for everyday use. One ideal of PIM is that we always have the right information in the right place, in the right form, and of sufficient completeness and quality to meet our current need<jones 2004> (W. Jones & Maier, 2003). Tools and technologies help us spend less time with timeconsuming and error-prone actions of information management (such as filing). We then have more time to make creative, intelligent use of the information at hand in order to get things done.
The correlation and sequence architecture of the Ormskirk Sandstone Formation in the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group of the East Irish Sea Basin, NW England

The existing stratigraphic nomenclature applied to the Early and Middle Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group in NW England has resulted from more than 150 years of geological investigation, but is characterized by a lithostratigraphic system that is insufficiently flexible to allow for variations in lithology and sedimentary facies within a continental depositional system. A revised well correlation based on the detrital mineralogical and chemical composition of the Ormskirk Sandstone Formation in four offshore wells, that is then extended to provide near‐basin‐wide well correlations using a regional shale marker, confirms previously suggested but unproven diachroneity at the top of the Sherwood Sandstone Group. It also reveals the presence of incised valleys filled by stacked amalgamated fluvial channel sandstones and cut into previously deposited aeolian and sandflat sequences as well as older fluvial channel sandstones. The combination of well correlations indicates that the valleys were incised by a fluvial system flowing NW from the Cheshire Basin into the East Irish Sea Basin and then west towards the Peel and Kish Bank basins. The stratal geometry of the upper part of the Sherwood Sandstone Group is suggested to conform to models of climatically mediated alternations of fluvial degradation and aggradation in response to changes in the relationship between sediment flux and stream discharge. This model is supported in the Sherwood Sandstone Group by climatically driven variations in the non‐channelized facies which record upward wetting and drying cycles that can be locally tied to fluvial incision surfaces, and suggest a hierarchy of at least three levels of climatic cyclicity recorded within the sedimentary succession. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms of the 1997–1998 El Niño–La Niña, as inferred from space‐based observations

[1] The intensity of the 1997 El Nino and the 8°C sudden drop in sea surface temperature (SST) around 0°–130°W during the turn into La Nina in 1998 were a surprise to the scientific community. This succession of warm and cold events was observed from start to finish with a comprehensive set of remotely sensed and in situ observations. In this study we employ space-based observations to demonstrate, for the first time, their maturity in capturing the preconditioning, onset, evolution, and decay of the 1997 El Nino and its transition into the 1998 La Nina. An accumulation of warm water in the west and equatorial wave reflection on the western ocean boundary appeared favorable for the development of El Nino. However, the action of a series of westerly wind bursts from December 1996 to June 1997, notably in March 1997, was instrumental in setting up this huge El Nino. The westerly wind bursts excited equatorial downwelling Kelvin waves and advected the eastern edge of the warm pool eastward, which triggered a distinct warming over the central and eastern parts of the equatorial basin. Once these warmed regions joined, the coupling between the SST and surface winds was fully effective, and El Nino reached its mature phase. By that time much of the warm waters of the western equatorial Pacific was transferred toward the east by surface eastward currents. The demise of El Nino and its turn into La Nina in spring 1998 were due to the arrival in the east of various interrelated phenomena. Upwelling was brought from the west by favorable off-equatorial wind stress curl and equatorial Kelvin waves generated by easterly winds and wave reflection on the western ocean boundary. Additional upwelling was brought from the east by equatorial Rossby waves generated by westerly winds. These various upwelling signals were added to the general uplifting of the thermocline because of the slow discharge of the upper layer of the equatorial basin by diverging surface currents. A series of equatorial Kelvin and Rossby waves, characterized by upwelling and opposite surface currents, led to the breakup of the warm waters, the surfacing of the thermocline, and the drastic drop in SST in May 1998 around 0°–130°W. With the arrival of cold water in the east the easterly winds expanded from the west, and La Nina turned into a growing mode. This view of the 1997–1998 El Nino–La Nina, afforded from space, enables the testing of various El Nino theories.
Crevasse ages on the northern margin of Ice Stream C, West Antarctica

Abstract In the 1997/98 austral summer field season, we conducted a ground-penetrating radar survey on the northern shear margin of Ice Stream C, West Antarctica. The radar data were used to identify features near the surface of the ice, including internal layers and buried crevasses. The survey was intended to determine the variation in the age of buried crevasses along the ice stream. A procedure was developed by which the accumulation rate and the age of buried crevasses can be estimated based on radar records, firn-core measurements and the assumption that the crevasses were once open to the surface. With this method we were able to determine the age of buried crevasses with a standard error of 15–20%. We discuss our new results in conjunction with those of Retzlaff and Bentley (1993) on the southern margin of the ice stream. Typical crevasse ages were found to range from 120 to 200 years, although crevasses in a few areas were significantly younger. The youngest crevasses are at the extreme upstream end of the survey, but the next youngest were found midway along the ice stream. Crevasses upstream and downstream are older, with ages 40–80 years greater than those in the middle. Crevasses on the northern shear margin of tributary C2 were 30–50 years older than those on the southern margin. These patterns of crevassing suggest that variability in shear margin response to changes in ice-stream flow played an essential role in determining the time at which crevassing became inactive.
Contribution of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) to Chronic Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a metabolite produced by the gut microbiota and has been mainly associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in humans. There are factors that affect one’s TMAO level, such as diet, drugs, age, and hormones, among others. Gut dysbiosis in the host has been studied recently as a new approach to understanding chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and Alzheimer’s disease. These disease types as well as COVID-19 are known to modulate host immunity. Diabetic and obese patients have been observed to have an increase in their level of TMAO, which has a direct correlation with CVDs. This metabolite is attributed to enhancing the inflammatory pathways through cholesterol and bile acid dysregulation, promoting foam cell formation. Additionally, TMAO activates the transcription factor NF-κB, which, in turn, triggers cytokine production. The result can be an exaggerated inflammatory response capable of inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress, which is responsible for various diseases. Due to the deleterious effects that this metabolite causes in its host, it is important to search for new therapeutic agents that allow a reduction in the TMAO levels of patients and that, thus, allow patients to be able to avoid a severe cardiovascular event. The present review discussed the synthesis of TMAO and its contribution to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases.
Evidence That Increasing Serum 25(OH)D Concentrations to 30 ng/mL in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates Could Greatly Improve Health Outcomes

Accumulating evidence supports the potential protective effects of vitamin D against chronic diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, autoimmune diseases, cancers, cardiovascular disease (ischaemic heart disease and stroke), type 2 diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, stroke, and infectious diseases such as acute respiratory tract diseases, COVID-19, influenza, and pneumonia, as well as adverse pregnancy outcomes. The respective evidence is based on ecological and observational studies, randomized controlled trials, mechanistic studies, and Mendelian randomization studies. However, randomized controlled trials on vitamin D supplementation have largely failed to show benefits, probably due to poor design and analysis. In this work, we aim to use the best available evidence on the potential beneficial effects of vitamin D to estimate the expected reduction in incidence and mortality rates of vitamin D-related diseases in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates if minimum serum 25(OH)D concentrations were to be raised to 30 ng/mL. Estimated reductions by 25% for myocardial infarction incidence, 35% for stroke incidence, 20 to 35% for cardiovascular disease mortality, and 35% for cancer mortality rates depicted a promising potential for raising serum 25(OH)D. Methods to increase serum 25(OH)D concentrations at the population level could include food fortification with vitamin D3, vitamin D supplementation, improved dietary vitamin D intake, and sensible sun exposure.
Domestic wastewater treatment with CEPT-wetlands process

This study aimed to develop an effective process with less construction and operation cost and with flexibility of meeting different temperature requirements, namely CEPT-construted wetland processes. To reduce the chemical cost for the CEPT process, fly ash was firstly utilised to develop an efficient compound coagulant. The lab-scale experimental results showed that with low Fly Ash Coagulant (FAC) dosage the removals of COD, Total Phosphorus (TP) and Suspended soild (SS) could achieve more than 62%, 91% and 93%, respectively. The coagulation effluent TP and SS had already met the level IB of the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002). When the effluent was further treated by following wetlands system with a HRT 2? 4 d, the COD could be removed up to 65-77% with the final effluent COD less than 64 mg/L.
LAND USE CHANGE ANALYSIS AND PALEO-FLOOD IN THE KAMO RIVER BASIN, KYOTO, JAPAN

1Student Member of JSCE, Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University (Kyoto daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan) 2Fellow of JSCE, Ph. D. , Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University (Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan) 3 Ph. D. , Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University (Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan) 4Ph. D. , Educational Unit for Adaptation and Resilience for a Sustainable Society, Center for Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University (Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan) 5Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA 6Member of JSCE, Ph. D. , Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University (Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan)
Eddy forcing of the mean flow in the Southern Ocean

We examine the force (or acceleration) exerted by eddies on the mean flow of the Southern Ocean using mapped sea surface height anomalies derived from satellite altimeter measurements. We compare this with the position of jets in the mean flow indicated by regions of increased gradient in the mean sea surface temperature. The eddy force itself is not of primary importance; rather, the curl of that force affects the mean flow, so the irrotational force due to the gradient of eddy kinetic energy can be ignored, leaving a remainder that can be interpreted in terms of the eddy vorticity flux. Unlike previous modeling and altimetric studies, we find that the eddies act to decelerate some of the strongest jets and act as vorticity sources for others. The strongest jets are clearly not accelerated by eddies. A problem of interpretation does remain, however, since it is not clear how sea surface temperatures are related to the mean flow. This ambiguity can only be completely resolved by measurement of the mean flow, requiring a geoid that is accurate at length scales of order 100 km.
Variability in a Mixed Layer Ocean Model Driven by Stochastic Atmospheric Forcing

Abstract A stochastic model of atmospheric surface conditions, developed from 30 years of data at Ocean Weather Station P in the northeast Pacific, is used to drive a mixed layer model of the upper mean. The spectral characteristics of anomalies in the four atmospheric variables: air and dewpoint temperature, wind speed and solar radiation, and many ocean features, including the seasonal cycle are reasonably well reproduced in a 500-year model simulation. However, the ocean model slightly underestimates the range of the mean and standard deviation of both temperature and mixed layer depth over the course of the year. The spectrum of the monthly SST anomalies from the model simulation are in close agreement with observations, especially when atmospheric forcing associated with El Nino is included. The spectral characteristics of the midlatitude SST anomalies is consistent with stochastic climate theory proposed by Frankignoul and Hasselmann (1977) for periods up to ∼6 months. Lead/lag correlations and comp.
Decadal Variability of Asian–Australian Monsoon–ENSO–TBO Relationships

AbstractA set of dynamically coupled ocean–atmosphere mechanisms has previously been proposed for the Asia–Pacific tropics to produce a dominant biennial component of interannual variability [the tropospheric biennial oscillation (TBO)]. Namely, a strong Asian–Australian monsoon is often associated with negative SST anomalies in the equatorial eastern Pacific and a negative Indian Ocean dipole in northern fall between the strong Indian monsoon and strong Australian monsoon, and tends to be followed by a weak monsoon and positive SST anomalies in the Pacific the following year and so on. These connections are communicated through the large-scale east–west (Walker) circulation that involves the full depth of the troposphere. However, the Asia–Pacific climate system is characterized by intermittent decadal fluctuations whereby the TBO during some time periods is more pronounced than others. Observations and models are analyzed to identify processes that make the system less biennial at certain times due to o.
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OBSERVATIONS ON SOIL CRUSTS AND THEIR FORMATION

Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of crusts of loessial soils are presented. SEM observations were performed on crusts formed by raindrop impact at various stages of their formation. The crust structure was compared to the natural undisturbed soil. During the crust formation, a middle-term stage developed at which coarse particles, stripped of the fine ones, composed the surface layer of the soil. At the final stage of the crust formation, the coarse particles were washed away, and a thin seal skin, about 0.1 millimeter thick, formed the uppermost layer of the soil. A depositional crust, which was formed mainly by the translocation of fine particles, was marked by the presence of a thin skin also about 0.1 millimeter thick, suggesting involvement of similar secondary mechanisms of formation. This work illustrates the use of SEM for the study of soil crust formation and structure.
The motion of a viscous fluid under a surface‐load with particular reference to the Pleistocene ice‐sheets

The problem of the motion of a semi-infinite, incompressible, viscous fluid under a radially symmetrical pressure applied on the free surface yields a simple formal solution when it is assumed that the viscosity is so high that the acceleration-term in the equations of motion can be neglected in comparison with those arising from viscous forces, and when the displacement of the surface is small relatively to the radial dimensions of the load. The general solution is valid, subject to these restrictions, for any symmetrical load, σ, and for arbitrary initial motion of the fluid. The particular case where σ = 0 and the fluid returns to equilibrium from an initial displacement may be applied to the plastic recovery of the Earth after the disappearance of the Pleistocene ice-sheets. F. Nansen's curves giving the post-glacial uplift as a function of the time at a point near the center of the Fennoscandian glaciated region and at Oslo may then be used in connection with the theory to determine the mean viscosity of the outer shells of the Earth. The kinematic viscosity, υ, is found to be of the order of 3×1021 1 c.g. s. units (cm2 sec−1).
Solubility of xenotime in a 2 M HCl aqueous fluid from 1.2 to 2.6 GPa and 300 to 500 °C

Abstract Constraining mass transfer of the rare earth elements (REE) and high field strength elements (HFSE) from subducted oceanic crust and metasediments to the mantle wedge is fundamental toward interpreting processes that affect trace element mobility in subduction zone environments. Experimental studies of the partitioning of trace elements involving aqueous fluids at P-T conditions appropriate for slab-mantle wedge conditions are complicated by the difficulties in retrieving the fluid. Here we present the results from an application of an in situ technique that permits quantitative determination of element concentrations in aqueous fluid at geologically relevant supercritical conditions. We focus on pressures and temperatures appropriate for devolatilization-induced element transfer in subduction zone environments, and conditions obtained during regional metamorphism. In this study, we used a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell (HDAC) and in situ synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) to quantify the concentration of Y, an important trace element often used as a proxy for the heavy REE in geologic systems, in a xenotime-saturated 2 M HCl-aqueous fluid at 1.19 to 2.6 GPa and 300-500 °C. At these pressures and temperatures the solubility of yttrium ranges from 2400 to 2850 ppm. We find that the concentration of Y decreases with increasing fluid density. These new data, combined with published data generated from experiments done at lower pressure, in fluids of nearly identical composition and also NaCl-H2O fluids, constrain the effects of pressure and temperature on the ability of aqueous fluid containing Cl to scavenge and transport Y and, by analogy, the HREE. Although the physical properties of Y are similar to the high field strength elements, Y exhibits geochemical behavior that is analogous to the heavy rare earth elements (HREE).
‘Little Ice Age’ precipitation in Jotunheimen, southern Norway

Recently published glaciological data from southern Norway enable analysis of changes in glacier geometry since the ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA) and estimation of the magnitude of the LIA precipitation anomaly. Glacier area extents in the Jotunheimen region have been created for 2003 using glacier outlines derived from Landsat, and for the LIA maximum (about AD 1750) by using glacier outlines defined by moraines. A 25 m digital terrain model from 1980 was used to derive inventory data for both times. Both inventories provide area and altitude range, as well as length, slope and aspect of the glaciers. Area-altitude profiles A(Z) for the LIA maximum are calculated from the 1980 profiles by assuming that the area-increase distribution ΔA(Z) was concentrated at low altitude and it integrates to the measured area difference between 1980 and the LIA. Under this assumption, the regionally averaged mean altitude change from 1980 to the LIA, ΔZ = 68 m. Glacier mass balance measurements show that the mass balance gradient varied little from year to year over recent decades. Further, mass balance profiles b(z) are nearly linear, so the average balance B over the area—altitude profile is equal to the balance at the mean altitude b(Z) When the observed balance gradient is applied to the mean ΔZ it yields a mass balance anomaly ΔB = +0.60 m w.e. /yr, which includes an adjustment of +0.20 m w.e. /yr to account for the fact that in 1980 the glaciers were not in equilibrium with the climate. Published data indicate that mass balance sensitivities are 0.14 m w.e. /yr per 10% increase in precipitation and −0.55 m/yr w.e. per °C warming, and that temperature in the region was about 0.5°C lower than present during the LIA; using these constraints, we calculate a LIA precipitation anomaly relative to 1961—1990 Δ P of +24±22%.
Tidal marshes as disequilibrium landscapes? Lags between morphology and Holocene sea level change

Historical acceleration in the rate of global sea level rise and recent observations of marsh degradation highlight the importance of understanding how marshes respond to sea level change. Here, we use an existing numerical model to demonstrate that marsh morphology, and its effect on biological productivity and vertical accretion, could lag century‐scale sea level rise rate oscillations by several decades. This suggests that marshes, and perhaps other intertidal environments, have not been in equilibrium with Holocene sea level. Additional results suggest that marshes have not yet fully responded to historical sea level acceleration. Consequently, marshes today may be out of equilibrium with modern rates of sea level rise, and further adjustment in the form of platform deepening and channel erosion could be expected. Under an accelerating sea level rise rate, the morphology and productivity of marshland will reflect environmental conditions of the past, and studies of marshes today will underestimate their response to sea level rise.
The CPI for Rents: A Case of Understated Inflation

Until the end of 1977, the method used in the U.S. consumer price index (CPI) to measure rent inflation tended to omit rent increases when units had a change of tenants or were vacant. Since such units typically had more rapid increases in rents than average units, this response bias biased inflation estimates downward. Beginning in 1978, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) implemented a series of methodological changes that reduced response bias but substantial bias remained until 1985. We set up a model of response bias, parameterize it, and test it using a BLS microdata set for rents. We conclude that from 1940 to 1985 the CPI inflation rate for rent most likely was understated by 1.4 percentage points annually in U.S. data. We construct an improved rental inflation series for 1940 to 2000; at the starting point in 1940, the revised index is 54 percent as large as the official CPI.