Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biogeochemical Characteristics of Lacustrine Sediments Reflecting a Changing Alpine Neotropical Ecosystem during the Pleistocene

Abstract Continuous lacustrine deposits of the Funza-II core from the Bogotá basin, Colombia (5°N74°W) record late Pleistocene climatic variations, providing an opportunity to assess the influence of glacial–interglacial climate changes on alpine ecosystems in equatorial South America. Biogeochemical response of this tropical alpine system to climate change was inferred from changes in elemental concentrations and ratios and isotopic signatures in the upper 120 m of the lacustrine Funza core. Values of δ13Corg exhibit eight abrupt, positive shifts that are thought to reflect rapid expansions of C4 grasses in the tropical Andes and algal blooms. One of these excursions, interpreted to correspond to C4 vegetation expansion, occurred in sediments accumulated during the last glaciation (∼30,000–50,000 yr B.P.) and implies a downslope shift of the upper Andean treeline, regardless of prevailing temperatures. Sedimentary carbon/sulfur ratios are low and indicate significant sequestering of sulfur. Monosulfides are the dominant constituent of sedimentary sulfur during relatively humid intervals, when increased supply of iron caused by enhanced weathering favored the formation of monosulfide minerals under strongly reducing conditions. In contrast, organosulfur compounds dominate the sedimentary sulfur-species in relatively drier intervals when mildly reducing conditions and limited iron input promoted the diagenetic incorporation of sulfur in organic matter. Dry events inferred from the sulfur record typically correlate with glacial maxima, whereas glacial terminations are usually associated with wet periods.
CLIMATE AND THE OCEAN CIRCULATION

Abstract The ocean model used in a calculation of the earth's climate is described in detail. Compared with earlier numerical models used in ocean circulation studies, the present model includes several new features. Temperature and salinity are treated separately. Density is calculated with an accurate equation of state for sea water. The model also includes a method for calculating the growth and movement of sea ice. Due to the very slow adjustment of the deep water in the ocean model, a numerical integration extending over the equivalent of a century fails to reach a climatic equilibrium. At the termination of the run, the surface layers of the ocean show little change with respect to time, but the average heating rate for the ocean as a whole is 2° per century. The salinity patterns at the termination of the run are highly realistic compared to observations. A halocline forms in the Arctic Zone and a surface salinity maximum is present in the subtropics. A weak salinity minimum at a depth of 1 km indi.
Fabrication and Characterization of Nylon 6 Fiber via Wet Spinning Method for Application as a Reinforcing Material for a Direct Dental Bridge

Nylon is a biocompatible thermoplastic polymer that is well known for its excellent fracture resistance, making it suitable for fabricating fiber-reinforced composite (FRC)-based dental bridges. FRC is widely used in dentistry. This study aimed to investigate the structural and morphological characteristics of the nylon 6 fiber prepared using five different weights of nylon 6 dissolved in formic acid. The nylon 6 fiber was successfully fabricated via a simple wet spinning method using water as a coagulant. The fiber was then characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, optical microscopy
Locational Detection of False Data Injection Attacks in Smart Grids: A Graph Convolutional Attention Network Approach

As a typical application supported by the Internet of Thing (IoT), smart grids, which are critical complex cyber–physical infrastructures, are facing increasing cybersecurity threats. One major substantial cybersecurity threat to smart grids is false data injection attacks (FDIAs), which could bypass bad data detectors so as to disrupt the operation of power grids. In this work, we consider the locational detection problem for FDIAs, namely, detecting the presence of FDIAs and locating the compromised buses, by utilizing smart grid data (either power injection measurements or system state estimates). Regarding smart grid data residing on the inherent underlying graph structures of power grids, we model smart grid data as non-Euclidean graph signals. We correspondingly develop the FDIA detector based on the graph convolutional attention network (GCAT) for the locational detection of FDIAs, by considering the underlying graph topology of a power grid. The proposed FDIA detector leverages the graph attention mechanism, which could elastically assign the graph shift operators in the GCAT, to enhance the locational detection performance. Integration of the proposed FDIA detector in a noninvasive way could endow existing power systems with the capability of locational detection of FDIAs. Illustrative simulation results demonstrate the superior locational detection performance of the proposed GCAT-based FDIA detector, compared to the other state-of-the-art FDIA detectors.
Ekman transports, tidal mixing, and the control of temperature structure in Australia's northwest waters

Fifteen years of expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data from three lines that cross Australia's Northwest Shelf and the shallow part of the Arafura Sea, a region of broad continental shelf referred to below as “the Shelf,” have been used, with climatological salinity data, to estimate onshore geostrophic flow to the Shelf. A wind stress climatology is used for onshore Ekman transports. Onshore geostrophic flow in the top 200 m onto the whole Shelf has an annual mean of 3.1 Sv; it is weakest (0.8 Sv) in May–June and strongest (5.1 Sv) in January. The onshore Ekman transport has an annual mean of only −0.5 Sv, but its annual cycle almost completely cancels that of the geostrophic flow, so that the net onshore flow varies little through the year from its annual mean of 2.6 Sv. Most of this probably exits through the southern end of the shelf as the annual mean Leeuwin Current. The small annual cycle of the net onshore flow suggests that longshore flow at the northern end of the section has a similar seasonal cycle as flow at the southern end. We have not been able to test this idea or to obtain adequate mass budget closure owing to limitations and interannual variability in longshore current data. There is ∼1 Sv of onshore geostrophic flow below 200 m in winter onto the northern Shelf. We have used climatological heat fluxes and temperatures on the Shelf to estimate mean seasonal net heat export from the Shelf; export is positive throughout the year on the northern Shelf and is negative foi only 3 months or less on the southern Shelf. Despite the lack of mass closure we can infer (1) the Gentilli [1972] mechanism of alternating longshelf seasonal flow cannot explain all of the observations, (2) summer wind-driven upwelling can export substantial amounts of heat from both the northern and southern Shelf, and (3) the deep winter inflow to the northern Shelf probably upwells into the Arafura Sea, where nutrient-rich inflow has been observed [Rochford, 1966]. This flow has the right magnitude to supply westward Ekman transports in winter between Irian Jaya and Australia. We describe some striking observations of internal and bottom mixed layers; bottom mixed layer formation may permit the deep inflow to warm as much as 8°C before it flows off the Shelf. It may also permit upwelling of the Leeuwin Undercurrent.
Cydonia oblonga-Seed-Mucilage-Based pH-Sensitive Graft Copolymer for Controlled Drug Delivery—In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation

The primary objective of this study was to assess the potential utility of quince seed mucilage as an excipient within a graft copolymer for the development of an oral-controlled drug delivery system. The Cydonia oblonga-mucilage-based graft copolymer was synthesized via a free radical polymerization method, employing potassium per sulfate (KPS) as the initiator and N, N-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as the crosslinker. Various concentrations of monomers, namely acrylic acid (AA) and methacrylic acid (MAA), were used in the graft copolymerization process. Metoprolol tartarate was then incorporated into this graft copolymer matrix, and the resultant drug delivery system was subjected to comprehensive characterization using techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The swelling behavior of the drug delivery system was evaluated under different pH conditions, and in vitro drug release studies were conducted. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic parameters including the area under the curve (AUC), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach Cmax (Tmax), and half-life (t1/2) were determined for metoprolol-loaded hydrogel formulations in rabbit plasma, and these results were compared with those obtained from a commercially available product. The key findings from the study include observations that higher concentrations of acrylic acid (AA) and Cydonia oblonga mucilage (CM) in the graft copolymer enhanced swelling, while the opposite trend was noted at elevated concentrations of methacrylic acid (MAA) and N, N-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA). FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of the graft copolymer and established the compatibility between the drug and the polymer. SEM imaging revealed a porous structure in the prepared formulations. Additionally, the swelling behavior and drug release profiles indicated a pH-sensitive pattern. The pharmacokinetic assessment revealed sustained release patterns of metoprolol from the hydrogel network system. Notably, the drug-loaded formulation exhibited a higher Cmax (156.48 ng/mL) compared to the marketed metoprolol product (96 ng/mL), and the AUC of the hydrogel-loaded metoprolol was 2.3 times greater than that of the marketed formulation. In conclusion, this study underscores the potential of quince seed mucilage as an intelligent material for graft-copolymer-based oral-controlled release drug delivery systems.
Paleocene–Eocene high-grade metamorphism, anatexis, and deformation in the Thor–Odin dome, Monashee complex, southeastern British Columbia

The Thor–Odin dome of the Monashee complex, in the southeastern Canadian Cordillera, comprises Paleoproterozoic basement gneiss with infolds of unconformably overlying rocks of a supracrustal cover sequence and is the deepest exposed structural level in the Omineca belt. Orthogneiss and paragneiss of the basement are migmatitic and contain ubiquitous stromatic leucosome and discrete phenocrystic and pegmatitic vein-type leucosome, which are all interpreted to have formed as a result of in situ melting. The stromatic leucosome is infolded with the country rock (F2), contains a weakly developed foliation, and has a biotite-rich melanosome. The phenocrystic and pegmatitic vein-type leucosome crosscut the stromatic leucosome and the transposition foliation (S2). Evidence to support an igneous and anatectic source for the leucosome includes (i) petrography, (ii) major and trace element chemistry, (iii) zircon morphology, and (iv) peak pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions. Sensitive high-resolution ion micropr.
Glaciodynamics, Deglacial Landforms and Isostatic Uplift during the last Deglaciation of Norrbotten, Sweden

The aim of this thesis was to reconstruct the glaciodynamics, deglacial landforms, isostatic uplift and to date the deglaciation. Glaciodynamics and deglacial landforms were focused on to provide a process and depositional model for De Geer moraine and Niemisel moraine and to reveal their internal and spatial relationship, based on detailed sedimentological and structural investigations. The isostatic uplift and deglacial chronology was reconstructed from age measurements on the initial organic production in two lakes above the highest shoreline and isolation of lake basins at different altitude below the highest shoreline. The results show that the deglaciation of Norrbotten occurred earlier than previously thought, at 10 500 cal. yr BP, which implies that the deglaciation after the Younger Dryas re-advance, from the Skovde-Billingen and Salpausselka moraines, was more rapid than previously thought. Within c. 1 000 years the ice sheet retreated c. 600 km, or in the order of 600 m/yr given an even recessional rate. This rapid ice sheet retreat is supported by the glaciodynamic conditions, i.e. the deforming bed. As the margins of the late-glacial Scandinavian ice sheet became wet-based, ice-flow velocities increased resulting in thinning of the ice. As the ice margin was subaqueous, situated in the Gulf of Bothnia, calving was enhanced promoting the rapid deglaciation. The De Geer moraine ridges was formed due to subglacial sediment advection to the ice margin during temporary halts in grounding-line retreat, forming gradually thickening sediment wedges. The proximal part of the moraines were built up in submarginal position through continuous stacked sequences of deforming bed diamictons, intercalated with glaciofluvial canal-infill sediments, whereas the distal parts were built up from the grounding line by prograding sediment gravity-flow deposits, distally interfingering with glaciolacustrine sediments. The Niemisel moraine ridges was formed due to subglacial folding/thrust stacking of pre-deposited sediments contemporaneously with lee-side cavity deposition, forming vertically and distally prograding moraine ridges transverse to ice-flow. The proximal part of the moraines were built up by subglacial folding and thrust stacking sequences of pre-ridge formation sediments, whereas the distal parts were built up by glaciofluvially and gravityflow deposited sediment in lee-side cavities.
Analysis of Prospective Elementary School Teachers' Inquisitiveness in Solving Mathematics Problems

Teachers must model critical thinking skills and dispositions in front of their students. This is useful for helping students develop their critical thinking skills. Inquisitiveness is one part of the critical thinking disposition that teachers need to have. However, there is still very little research investigating the readiness of prospective teachers in critical thinking dispositions, especially inquisitiveness. This research is intended to determine the level of curiosity of prospective elementary school teachers. This research uses a descriptive qualitative research method, case study type, data, and data sources obtained from 20 prospective elementary school teacher informants in Madiun. Four indicators of inquisitiveness were identified from this case study: Asking questions, seeking information, feeling interested, and final investigation/evaluation. The curiosity of most primary school teacher candidates has not met the four indicators. Few fulfill only one indicator, namely seeking information, and very rarely fulfill three indicators. It can be concluded that prospective elementary school teachers do not yet have the disposition to think critically, especially inquisitiveness. There is a need to improve teacher education learning to improve their students' critical thinking skills and dispositions.
A total electron content space weather study of the nighttime weddell sea Anomaly of 1996/1997 southern summer with TOPEX/Poseidon radar altimetry

This paper reports on a total electron content space weather study of the nighttime Weddell Sea Anomaly, overlooked by previously published TOPEX/Poseidon climate studies, and of the nighttime ionosphere during the 1996/1997 southern summer. To ascertain the morphology of spatial TEC distribution over the oceans in terms of hourly, geomagnetic, longitudinal and summer-winter variations, the TOPEX TEC, magnetic, and published neutral wind velocity data are utilized. To understand the underlying physical processes, the TEC results are combined with inclination and declination data plus global magnetic field-line maps. To investigate spatial and temporal TEC variations, geographic/magnetic latitudes and local times are computed. As results show, the nighttime Weddell Sea Anomaly is a large (∼1,600(°)2; ∼22 million km2 estimated for a steady ionosphere) space weather feature. Extending between 200°E and 300°E (geographic), it is an ionization enhancement peaking at 50°S–60°S/250°E–270°E and continuing beyond 66°S. It develops where the spacing between the magnetic field lines is wide/medium, easterly declination is large-medium (20°–50°), and inclination is optimum (∼55°S). Its development and hourly variations are closely correlated with wind speed variations. There is a noticeable (∼43%) reduction in its average area during the high magnetic activity period investigated. Southern summer nighttime TECs follow closely the variations of declination and field-line configuration and therefore introduce a longitudinal division of four (Indian, western/eastern Pacific, Atlantic). Northern winter nighttime TECs measured over a limited area are rather uniform longitudinally because of the small declination variation. TOPEX maps depict the expected strong asymmetry in TEC distribution about the magnetic dip equator.
Steep subduction geometry of the Rivera Plate beneath the Jalisco Block in western Mexico

The morphology of the Rivera plate subducted beneath the Jalisco block in western Mexico is determined from accurately located hypocenters of locally recorded microearthquakes, and from earthquakes with magnitude mb≥4.5 recorded at teleseismic distances. The hypocenters of these latter earthquakes are relocated, and for five of them the focal depth is constrained by the inversion of long-period body waves. The Wadati-Benioff zone inferred from these data indicates a steep subduction of the Rivera plate that resembles the geometry of subduction of the Cocos plate beneath Central America. It is, however, very different from the shallower and almost subhorizontal subduction of the Cocos plate observed in southern Mexico, southeast of this region. The Rivera plate is comparable to the Juan de Fuca plate in terms of the small areal extent, young seafloor age, low relative velocity, and low teleseismic activity in the subduction zone. This study shows that the dip of both the Juan de Fuca and Rivera plates are similar once they are decoupled from the overriding continental crust. The downgoing Rivera plate initially starts with a dip of ∼10° down to a depth of 20 km and then increases gradually to a constant dip of ∼50° below a depth of 40 km. Intermediate-depth seismicity is low in this zone associated with the subduction of the slow (2 cm/yr) and young (9 m.y.) Rivera plate. The maximum depth extent of earthquakes observed in the Rivera subduction zone is about 130 km. The andesitic, calc-alkaline Colima volcano appears to be directly related to the subduction of the Rivera plate. To the NW of this volcano, the observed Quaternary volcanism in the Jalisco block, which is parallel to the trench, may also be explained by the subduction of the Rivera plate.
The role of snow melting upon landslides in the central Argentinean Andes

This paper focuses on the historical range of variability of landslide activity and its relation to climate in the Aconcagua Park, Argentina. Landslide frequency data are obtained through historic compilation, including the review of more than 85 data sources and personal interviews with members of the local community. Based on these records, the study analyzes major landslide triggering mechanisms and evaluates the role of climate. Slope instability in Aconcagua Park appears to be mainly forced by the melting of snow accumulated during the winter season, which in turn promotes soil saturation and landslide occurrence the following spring–summer (December–February). This finding is supported by a strong correlation between landslides and stream flows of Andean rivers. These peaks occur during warmer seasons, fed by snow and ice‐glacier melting. In contrast, the correlation between landslide frequency and precipitation (diary/accumulative/monthly/annual) is less certain; and the relationship of landslide to temperature records (mean annual temperature/mean temperature during November–February period) is weak. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical Simulation of Bay of Bengal Circulation Features from Ocean General Circulation Model

The Bay of Bengal circulation features have been analyzed using a three-dimensional Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM). The northward propagation of eastern boundary coastal Kelvin wave and its movement throughout the entire Bay is evident from the study. The trapping of Kelvin waves in the central Bay for many months causes warming of the central basin, which acts as a potential breeding ground of cyclones. The seasonal variations of circulation, temperature, and salinity have been reproduced by the model. These variations compare favorably with observations. The existence of a salt finger towards north and its eastward movement are two important results of the study. The cyclonic gyres in the Bay of Bengal during different months agree reasonably well with the SeaWiFS chlorophyll observations and indicate the upwelling zones over the basin. The presence of a subsurface Bay-of-Bengal dipole in summer monsoon months is another important result of the study.
Population History of Japan as Viewed from Cranial Nonmetric Variation

Incidence data of cranial nonmetric traits were analysed in eight population samples from Japan, ranging in age from 4, 000 B.P. to the present time. The trait frequencies were extremely homogeneous in the Japanese samples during the last 600 years from early medieval to modern times when no significant gene flow from overseas was evident in Japan. It was inferred that the incidence pattern of cranial nonmetric traits faithfully reflected the Japanese genetic constitution of historic times.SMITH's Mean Measures of Divergence (MMDs) based on the incidence data of 20 nonmetric traits between the protohistoric and historic Japanese samples were statistically insignificant, whereas those between the Neolithic Jomon and the foregoing Japanese samples far exceeded the significance level of 0.01. The MMDs as well as the cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis of MMDs suggested that (1) there existed population discontinuity between the Jomon and the protohistoric Kofun people; (2) the Aeneolithic Yayoi period was a phase when a number of different populations - natives and immigrants from the Continent - were struggling for their dispersals; (3) genetic constitution of the immigrants had predominated over that of the natives by the end of the Yayoi period and as a result the direct ancestral population of the modern Japanese was stablished during the protohistoric Kofun period. As for the Jomon and Ainu, their close affinity was demonstrated.