Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biological Flora of Britain and Ireland: Viscum album

This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Viscum album L. (Mistletoe) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of Britain and Ireland: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, and conservation. Viscum album is a widespread obligate hemiparasite on a wide range of angiosperm and gymnosperm trees. Once thought to take just water and nutrients from its host via a haustorium, it is now suggested to also take carbon. Heavy infestations can reduce host vitality through prolific water use and carbon removal. Flowers are highly reduced but are primarily pollinated by flies, ants and bees. Seeds are dispersed by birds. Removal of the epicarp is necessary for successful seedling establishment, and seeds have a sticky viscin coat, adhering it to the host bark. Vegetative spread also happens under the bark of its host resulting in densities of >700 Mistletoe plants per host. Viscum album is a lowland species, most frequent in open human‐made habitats extending into woodlands in Europe. It has been widely planted for folklore use centred around Christmas. Despite conservation concerns following removal of Mistletoe‐laden old orchards, the species is thriving and needs control in some areas. Viscotoxins and lectins in leaves and shoots have been widely used in herbal medicine and now potentially in complementary cancer therapy.
Spectral element approximation of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in a moving domain and applications

In this thesis we address the numerical approximation of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations evolving in a moving domain with the spectral element method and high order time integrators. First, we present the spectral element method and the basic tools to perform spectral discretizations of the Galerkin or Galerkin with Numerical Integration (G-NI) type. We cover a large range of possibilities regarding the reference elements, basis functions, interpolation points and quadrature points. In this approach, the integration and differentiation of the polynomial functions is done numerically through the help of suitable point sets. Regarding the differentiation, we present a detailed numerical study of which points should be used to attain better stability (among the choices we present). Second, we introduce the incompressible steady/unsteady Stokes and Navier-Stokes equations and their spectral approximation. In the unsteady case, we introduce a combination of Backward Differentiation Formulas and an extrapolation formula of the same order for the time integration. Once the equations are discretized, a linear system must be solved to obtain the approximate solution. In this context, we consider the solution of the whole system of equations combined with a block type preconditioner. The preconditioner is shown to be optimal in terms of number of iterations used by the GMRES method in the steady case, but not in the unsteady one. Another alternative presented is to use algebraic factorization methods of the Yosida type and decouple the calculation of velocity and pressure. A benchmark is also presented to access the numerical convergence properties of this type of methods in our context. Third, we extend the algorithms developed in the fixed domain case to the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian framework. The issue of defining a high order ALE map is addressed. This allows to construct a computational domain that is described with curved elements. A benchmark using a direct method to solve the linear system or the Yosida-q methods is presented to show the convergence orders of the method proposed. Finally, we apply the developed method with an implicit fully coupled and semi-implicit approach, to solve a fluid-structure interaction problem for a simple 2D hemodynamics example.
Background‐error covariances for a convective‐scale data‐assimilation system: AROME–France 3D‐Var

AROME–France is a convective‐scale numerical weather prediction system running operationally at Météo‐France since the end of 2008. It uses a 3D‐Var assimilation scheme to determine its initial conditions. Climatological background‐error covariances of such a system are calculated using differences between forecasts from an AROME ensemble assimilation. These statistics are compared with the lower‐resolution ALADIN–France system ones: they provide 3D‐Var analysis increments that are more intense and more localized, in accordance with the actual AROME model resolution.
Obliquity and precession for the last 5000000 years

A new solution is numerically determined for the obliquity of the ecliptic and the longitude of the perihelion measured from the equinox of date. For the eccentricity, the longitude of the perihelion measured from the equinox of epoch, the inclination and the longitude of the node, the solution by Bretagnon (1974) has been used. For the obliquity and the precession in longitude, Sharaf's (1967) analytical expansions are used. Parameters of the expansions are tabulated and a graphical representation extends back to 5000000 years before the present and forwards to 10,000,000 years after the present.
The effects of endocrine‐disrupting chemicals on ovarian‐ and ovulation‐related fertility outcomes

Exposure to endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is unavoidable, which represents a public health concern given the ability of EDCs to target the ovary. However, there is a large gap in the knowledge about the impact of EDCs on ovarian function, including the process of ovulation. Defects in ovulation are the leading cause of infertility in women, and EDC exposures are contributing to the prevalence of infertility. Thus, investigating the effects of EDCs on the ovary and ovulation is an emerging area for research and is the focus of this review. The effects of EDCs on gametogenesis, uterine function, embryonic development, and other aspects of fertility are not addressed to focus on ovarian‐ and ovulation‐related fertility issues. Herein, findings from epidemiological and basic science studies are summarized for several EDCs, including phthalates, bisphenols, per‐ and poly‐fluoroalkyl substances, flame retardants, parabens, and triclosan. Epidemiological literature suggests that exposure is associated with impaired fecundity and in vitro fertilization outcomes (decreased egg yield, pregnancies, and births), while basic science literature reports altered ovarian follicle and corpora lutea numbers, altered hormone levels, and impaired ovulatory processes. Future directions include identification of the mechanisms by which EDCs disrupt ovulation leading to infertility, especially in women.
Evaluation and Assessment of Community Awareness About Coronary Artery Disease in the Aseer Region

Background Coronary artery disease (CAD), a severe cardiovascular disorder, still remains the major reason for death among adults. In Saudi Arabia, the most common risk factors noticed were hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and dyslipidemia. To date, various therapies have been used for managing CAD, but primary prevention remains the cornerstone to reducing the incidence of CAD-linked mortality and morbidity. The present research aimed to evaluate public awareness levels about CAD in the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods A structured questionnaire was used to assess the demographic variables, information regarding risk factors, and knowledge and awareness about CAD. To analyze the knowledge and awareness of the general population regarding CAD, 26 well-constructed questions were framed and asked. General characteristics like knowledge, awareness, risk factors, signs and symptoms, complications, effects, treatment, and prevention of CAD were recorded by asking questions with different options. The data obtained were then subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 20.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results Out of 651 participants, 66.51% were males and 33.48% were females, and 36.40% were aged between 26 and 35 years. Of the participants, 14.13% had a positive family history of CAD, 66.05% had inactive lifestyle habits, and 59.60% did not report any stress. A total of 61.29% were unaware of CAD, but many of them were aware of the risk factors, symptoms, and complications of the disease. A total of 5.529% were suffering from CAD, with a time period of less than one year. Only 1.84% of participants were taking medicines for CAD. Conclusion Our study suggested that the community of the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia has meager knowledge and awareness about CAD. Westernized lifestyles and urbanization have caused poor physical well-being in people, leading to increased risk factors for CAD. Thus, we suggest that different educational public health awareness programs should be implemented by the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia to decrease the prevalence of these life-threatening diseases.
Orbital bi-stripes in highly doped bilayer manganites

We present high-resolution high-energy and resonant x-ray-diffraction results from La{sub 2-2x}Sr{sub 1+2x}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 7} for x=0.55, 0.575, and 0.60. These compounds show superlattice reflections at wave vectors of (h{+-}{delta},k{+-}{delta},l) and (h{+-}2{delta},k{+-}2{delta},l), arising from orbital ordering with associated Jahn-Teller distortions and charge ordering, respectively. We observe a phase transition boundary between the x=0.55 and x=0.575 doping levels. Samples with x=0.55 display structural characteristics similar to those previously reported for x=0.5. Compared to this the long-range order in samples with x=0.55 and x=0.6 have a distinct change in wave-vector and correlation length. We attribute this to a new orbital bi-stripe phase, accompanied by weak, frustrated, charge ordering. The observed azimuthal dependence of the orbital order reflection supports the model proposed for this new phase.
Knowledge and attitudes about emergency management of avulsed teeth among primary and secondary school teachers in Malatya, Turkey

Background and Aim: Dental trauma is highly frequent in children during school time and school teachers are often the first witnesses of the incident. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the knowledge of school teachers about dental avulsion and its management. Methods: This cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted on 782 primary and secondary school teachers in Malatya, Turkey. The questionnaire included three sections assessing ( i ) demographic characteristics, ( ii ), knowledge and attitudes about emergency management of avulsed permanent teeth, and ( iii ) teachers’ perspective on dental trauma education and self-evaluation of dental trauma knowledge. The correct answer scores were calculated according to section 2 (6 questions-17 items). Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: The correct answer score was calculated out of 17; the highest score was 13 and the mean score was 8.5. The level of knowledge on emergency management of avulsed teeth was higher among the teachers who had previously been trained on the subject. Conclusıon: The knowledge of Turkish school teachers about emergency management of avulsed teeth is limited. The findings obtained in this study indicated that an educational strategy for teachers is strongly required.
Experimental Investigation of Flow Boiling Instability in a Single Horizontal Microtube With and Without Inlet Restriction

An experimental study is conducted to investigate the effects of inlet restriction (orifice) on flow boiling instability in a single horizontal microtube. The test-section is composed of a stainless steel tube with an inner diameter of 889 μm, and a length of 150 mm. Experiments are performed for three different orifice configurations with 20%, 35%, and 50% area ratio. Mass flux is varied from 700 to 3000 kg/m 2 · s, whereas the heat flux is varied from 6 to 27 W/cm 2 . The dielectric coolant FC-72 is selected as the working fluid. In the absence of an orifice at the inlet, four oscillation types are observed at the onset of flow instability; it is also noticed that the frequency of the oscillations increases with increasing heat flux, while the amplitude remains constant. The addition of an orifice at the inlet helps stabilizing the flow without generating significant pressure drop at the same operating condition as the microtcrbe without orifice. The 20% area ratio orifice shows better performance at low mass fluxes ( 2000 kg/m 2 · s), 50% and 35% area ratio orifices are efficient in stabilizing the flow or delaying the onset of flow instability. Therefore, selecting the area ratio of the orifice depends on the operating condition. A small area ratio orifice is preferably used at low mass fluxes, whereas a large area ratio orifice is more suitable for high mass fluxes.
Interstellar Medium Abundances in Sculptor Group Dwarf Irregular Galaxies

Using the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory 4 m telescope, we have obtained optical spectra of H II regions in five Sculptor group dwarf irregular galaxies. We derive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur abundances from the H II region spectra. Oxygen abundances are derived via three different methods (the "direct" method, the empirical method guided by photoionization modeling of McGaugh [published in 1991], and the purely empirical method of Pilyugin, published in 2000) and are compared. Significant systematic differences are found between the three methods, and we suggest that a recalibration of the empirical abundance scale is required. Until differences between these three methods are better understood, the issue of the degree of uniformity of the interstellar medium abundances in a dwarf galaxy cannot be properly addressed. The N/O ratio for the metal-poor dI ESO 473-G24 of log (N/O) = -1.43 ± 0.03 lies well above the plateau of log (N/O) = -1.60 ± 0.02 found by Izotov & Thuan for a collection of metal-poor, blue compact galaxies. This shows that not all galaxies with 12 + log (O/H) ≤ 7.6 have identical elemental abundance ratios, and this implies that the Izotov & Thuan scenario for low-metallicity galaxies is not universal. Measurements of the H II regions in NGC 625 yield log (N/O) ≈ -1.25. Assuming N production by intermediate-mass stars, this relatively high N/O ratio may be indicative of a long quiescent period prior to the recent active burst of star formation. The oxygen abundances in the Sculptor group dI's are in good agreement with the relationship between metallicity and luminosity observed in the Local Group dI's. Taken together, the observations show a better relationship between metallicity and luminosity than between metallicity and galaxy central surface brightness. The Sculptor group dI's, in general, lie closer to the simple closed-box model evolutionary path than the Local Group dI's. The higher gas contents, lower average star formation rates, and closer resemblance to closed-box evolution could all be indicative of evolution in a relatively low density environment.
Successful Black Mathematics Teachers Building Collectivity, Autonomy, and Mathematics Expertise of Their Black Girls

Background: Traditional mathematics logics lead to inequities that reproduce narratives such as the myths of racialized and gendered hierarchies of mathematical ability (Hottinger, 2016; Martin, 2009). Black girls sit at the bottom of both racialized and gendered hierarchies; however, research over the past decade has provided evidence that Black teachers challenge these hierarchies for their Black students. Therefore, we show how two teachers work against these logics to create space for their Black girl students to flourish as learners and producers of mathematics. Focus of Study: This research documents the logics that lead to supportive spaces for Black girls in two Black mathematics teachers’ classrooms: What are the supportive logics of successful mathematics teachers who support Black girls’ achievement in middle school classrooms? Setting: This research was a secondary analysis of videos collected as part of the Gates-funded Understanding Teaching Quality (UTQ) project. Case Study Selection: The study used MANOVA to quantitatively select teachers based on change in mathematics achievement. Two teachers were selected based on number and percentage of Black girls in the top 5% of change in achievement across the dataset. Although not part of the selection criteria, both mathematics teachers identified as Black. Research Design: The study used a case study design to describe the mathematics practices and the logics that they supported for the two successful Black mathematics teachers. Data Collection and Analysis: The dataset included four lessons per teacher with two cameras for each lesson. Open coding was used to identify the practices used by teachers drawing on logics as an orienting concept. Findings: Interestingly, both classrooms were fairly procedural in their mathematics focus; however, the classrooms challenged logics of individualism, racialized and gendered hierarchies of mathematics ability, and carceral pedagogy. Teachers supported Black student autonomy in terms of both behavior and intellectual contribution, and specifically positioned Black girls as experts and highlighted collective responsibility for peers’ mathematics learning. Conclusions: Although the classrooms did not display the cultural competence or sociopolitical consciousness foundational to culturally relevant pedagogy, the Black teachers did challenge traditional logics found in mathematics classrooms. Through a focus on collectivity, autonomy, and competence, the relational ways in which teachers positioned Black girls ran counter to logics that too often frame them as incapable mathematically.
The Starburst-Interstellar Medium Interaction in NGC 1569. II. Small-Scale Examination of Nebular Emission, H II Region Size Distribution, and H II Region Luminosity Function

As the nearest dramatic example of a poststarburst galaxy driving a galactic wind, NGC 1569 is an ideal test environment to understand the impact of "feedback" from massive star lives and deaths on the surrounding interstellar medium. We present Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 narrowband imagery of NGC 1569 in an attempt to understand the underlying ionizing emission mechanisms on a 3 pc scale and to generate a H II region size distribution and luminosity function. We use [O III]/Hβ and [S II]/Hα ratio maps to find that nonphotoionizing mechanisms (e.g., shocks) are responsible for 10% ± 3% of the Hα emission, 2.5-3 times larger than results from similar galaxies. Note that our method of determining this result is different from these past results, a point that we discuss further in this paper. The area of the nonphotoionized region is 10%-23% of the total. Our results for NGC 1569 indicate that these nonphotoionized areas do not lie in low surface brightness regions exclusively. A comparison with multiwavelength point-source catalogs of NGC 1569 indicates that the dominant nonphotoionizing mechanisms are shocks from supernovae or winds from massive stars. To explain this large percentage of nonphotoionized emission, we suggest that NGC 1569 is, indeed, in a poststarburst phase, as previous authors have claimed. We also derive slopes for the H II region luminosity function (-1.00 ± 0.08) and size distribution (-3.02 ± 0.27). The luminosity slope, although shallow, is similar to previous work on this galaxy and other irregular galaxies. The size distribution slope is shallower than previous slopes found for irregular galaxies, but our slope value fits into their confidence intervals, and vice versa. Within 4 pc of the 10-20 Myr old super star clusters A1, A2, and B, no bright H II regions exist to a luminosity limit of 2.95 × 1036 ergs s-1, suggesting that the winds and shocks have effectively terminated star formation in this small cavity. In the three annular regions around the super star clusters, both the H II region luminosity function and H II region size distribution are consistent with respect to one another and the galaxy as a whole. The H II region surface densities within the annuli remain the same as the annuli are moved away from the super star clusters. These results indicate that feedback effects in NGC 1569 are confined to the immediate vicinity of the most recent massive star formation event on scales of ∼1 pc.
Level repulsions of bulk acoustic waves in composite materials

Level repulsions of bulk acoustic waves in two-dimensional composite materials and phononic crystals are analyzed in this paper. Detail dispersion curves and displacement fields (polarizations) of bulk acoustic modes in the $\mathbf{k}$ (wave vector) space around the region of level repulsion are calculated and discussed. We show that some cross points of the modes that appear in the dispersion curves in the literature are not true intersections. Those cross points due to the level repulsions in the dispersion curves imply mode anticrossing. The displacement fields of the two modes around the cross points interchange with each other abruptly. On the other hand, the other cross points appearing in the dispersion curves are true intersections which implies that the couplings between the modes are vanishingly small. The continuous displacements of the two wave modes around the cross points provide the continuous dispersion curves. The polarizations of the different modes could be used as the criterion of real or apparent cross points in the dispersion curves.
Self-consistent Solutions for Line-driven Winds of Hot Massive Stars: The m-CAK Procedure

Massive stars present strong stellar winds that are described by the radiation driven wind theory. Accurate mass-loss rates are necessary to properly describe the stellar evolution across the Hertzsprung–Russel Diagram. We present a self-consistent procedure that coupled the hydrodynamics with calculations of the line-force, giving as results the line-force parameters, the velocity field, and the mass-loss rate. Our calculations contemplate the contribution to the line-force multiplier from more than ∼900,000 atomic transitions, an NLTE radiation flux from the photosphere and a quasi-LTE approximation for the occupational numbers. A full set of line-force parameters for Teff ≥ 32,000 K, surface gravities higher than 3.4 dex for two different metallicities are presented, with their corresponding wind parameters (terminal velocities and mass-loss rates). The already known dependence of line-force parameters on effective temperature is enhanced by the dependence on . The terminal velocities present a stepper scaling relation with respect to the escape velocity, this might explain the scatter values observed in the hot side of the bistability jump. Moreover, a comparison of self-consistent mass-loss rates with empirical values shows a good agreement. Self-consistent wind solutions are used as input in FASTWIND to calculate synthetic spectra. We show, comparing with the observed spectra for three stars, that varying the clumping factor, the synthetic spectra rapidly converge into the neighborhood region of the solution. It is important to stress that our self-consistent procedure significantly reduces the number of free parameters needed to obtain a synthetic spectrum.