Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Remarks on the chemical composition of highest-energy cosmic rays

We present arguments aiming to reconcile the apparently contradictory results concerning the chemical composition of cosmic rays of highest energy, coming recently from Auger and HiRes collaborations. In particular, we argue that the energy dependence of the mean value and root mean square fluctuation of shower maxima distributions observed by the Auger experiment are not necessarily caused by the change of nuclear composition of primary cosmic rays.
Quantum Hall resistances of a multiterminal top-gated graphene device

Four-terminal resistances, both longitudinal and diagonal, of a locally gated graphene device are measured in the quantum-Hall (QH) regime. In sharp distinction from previous two-terminal studies [J. R. Williams et al., Science 317, 638 (2007); B. \"Ozyilmaz et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 166804 (2007)], asymmetric QH resistances are observed, which provide information on reflection as well as transmission of the QH edge states. Most quantized values of resistances are well analyzed by the assumption that all edge states are equally populated. Contrary to the expectation, however, a 5/2 transmission of the edge states is also found, which may be caused by incomplete mode mixing and/or by the presence of counterpropagating edge states. This four-terminal scheme can be conveniently used to study the edge-state equilibration in locally gated graphene devices as well as monolayer and multilayer graphene hybrid structures.
Alma and vla observations of the outflows in iras 16293-2422

We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and Very Large Array (VLA) observations of the molecular and ionized gas at 0.1–0.3 arcsec resolution in the Class 0 protostellar system IRAS 16293−2422. These data clarify the origins of the protostellar outflows from the deeply embedded sources in this complex region. Source A2 is confirmed to be at the origin of the well-known large-scale north-east–south-west flow. The most recent VLA observations reveal a new ejection from that protostar, demonstrating that it drives an episodic jet. The central compact part of the other known large-scale flow in the system, oriented roughly east–west, is well delineated by the CO(6-5) emission imaged with ALMA and is confirmed to be driven from within component A. Finally, a one-sided blueshifted bubble-like outflow structure is detected here for the first time from source B to the north-west of the system. Its very short dynamical time-scale (∼200 yr), low velocity and moderate collimation support the idea that source B is the youngest object in the system, and possibly one of the youngest protostars known.
Electronic orbital currents and polarization in Mott insulators

Strongly correlated electron insulators are one of the most important classes of materials in modern solid-state physics. We demonstrate that certain classes of Mott insulators, that usually are geometrically frustrated, exhibit unexpected charge effects: for certain spin textures, spontaneous circular electric currents or nonuniform charge distribution exist in the ground state of Mott insulators. In addition, low-energy "magnetic" states contribute comparably to the dielectric and magnetic response functions, epsilon(ik)(omega) and mu(ik)(omega), leading to interesting phenomena such as dipole-active ESR transitions, rotation of the electric-field polarization, and resonances which may be common to both functions producing a negative refraction index in a window of frequencies.
A case study of interventions to facilitate learning for pupils with hearing impairment in Tanzania

Background Hearing is essential for learning in school, and untreated hearing loss may hinder quality education and equal opportunities. Detection of children with hearing loss is the first step in improving the learning situation, but effective interventions must also be provided. Hearing aids can provide great benefit for children with hearing impairment, but this may not be a realistic alternative in many low- and middle-income countries because of the shortage of hearing aids and hearing care service providers. Objective In this study, alternative solutions were tested to investigate the potential to improve the learning situation for children with hearing impairment. Method Two technical solutions (a personal amplifier with and without remote microphone) were tested, in addition to an approach where the children with hearing impairment were moved closer to the teacher. A Swahili speech-in-noise test was developed and used to assess the effect of the interventions. Results The personal sound amplifier with wireless transmission of sound from the teacher to the child gave the best results in the speech-in-noise test. The amplifier with directive microphone had limited effect and was outperformed by the intervention where the child was moved closer to the teacher. Conclusion This study, although small in sample size, showed that personal amplification with directive microphones did little to assist children with hearing impairment. It also indicated that simple actions can be used to improve the learning situation for children with hearing impairment but that the context (e.g. room acoustical parameters) must be taken into account when implementing interventions. Contribution The study gives insight into how to improve the learning situation for school children with hearing impairment and raises concerns about some of the known technical solutions currently being used.
A SUZAKU OBSERVATION OF MCG –2-58-22: CONSTRAINING THE GEOMETRY OF THE CIRCUMNUCLEAR MATERIAL

We have analyzed a long-look Suzaku observation of the active galactic nucleus MCG –2-58-22, a type 1.5 Seyfert with very little X-ray absorption in the line of sight and prominent features arising from reflection off circumnuclear material: the Fe line and Compton reflection hump. We place tight constraints on the power-law photon index (Γ = 1.80 ± 0.02), the Compton reflection strength (R = 0.69 ± 0.05), and the Fe K emission line energy centroid and width (E = 6.40 ± 0.02 keV, vFWHM < 7100 km s−1). We find no significant evidence either for emission from strongly ionized Fe, or for a strong, relativistically broadened Fe line, indicating that perhaps there is no radiatively efficient accretion disk very close in to the central black hole. In addition, we test a new self-consistent physical model from Murphy and Yaqoob, the “MYTorus” model, consisting of a donut-shaped torus of material surrounding the central illuminating source and producing both the Compton hump and the Fe K line emission. From the application of this model we find that the observed spectrum is consistent with a Compton-thick torus of material (column density NH = 3.6+1.3 − 0.8 × 1024 cm−2) lying outside of the line of sight to the nucleus, leaving it bare of X-ray absorption in excess of the Galactic column. We calculate that this material is sufficient to produce all of the Fe line flux without the need for any flux contribution from additional Compton-thin circumnuclear material.
Impact of shell crossing and scope of perturbative approaches, in real and redshift space

Aims. We study the effect of nonperturbative corrections associated with the behavior of particles after shell crossing on the matter power spectrum. We compare their amplitude with the perturbative terms that can be obtained within the fluid description of the system, to estimate the range of scales where such perturbative approaches are relevant. Methods. We use the simple Zeldovich dynamics as a benchmark, as it allows the exact computation of the full nonlinear power spectrum and of perturbative terms at all orders. Then, we introduce a “sticky model” that coincides with the Zeldovich dynamics before shell crossing but shows a different behavior afterwards. Thus, their power spectra only differ in their nonperturbative terms. We consider both the real-space and redshift-space power spectra. Results. We find that the potential of perturbative schemes is greater at higher redshift for a ΛCDM cosmology. For the real-space power spectrum, one can go up to order 66 of perturbation theory at z = 3, and to order 9a tz = 0, before the nonperturbative correction surpasses the perturbative correction of that order. This allows us to increase the upper bound on k where systematic theoretical predictions may be obtained by perturbative schemes, beyond the linear regime, by a factor ∼26 at z = 3a nd∼6. 5a tz = 0. This provides a strong motivation to study perturbative resummation schemes, especially at high redshifts z ≥ 1. In the context of cosmological reconstruction methods, the Monge-Ampere-Kantorovich scheme appears to be close to optimal at z = 0. There also seems to be little room for improvement over current reconstruction methods of the baryon acoustic oscillations at z = 0. This can be understood from the small number of perturbative terms that are relevant at z = 0, before nonperturbative corrections dominate. We also point out that the rise of the power spectrum on the transition scale to the nonlinear regime strongly depends on the behavior of the system after shell crossing. We find similar results for the redshift-space power spectrum, with characteristic wavenumbers that are shifted to lower values as redshift-space distortions amplify higher order terms of the perturbative expansions while decreasing the resummed nonlinear power at high k.
Gamma-ray emission from globular clusters 2MS-GC01, IC 1257, FSR 1735, NGC 5904 and 6656

Globular clusters (GCs) are the oldest stellar systems in the Galaxy, in which millisecond pulsars are widely believed to be the only steady gamma-ray emitters. So far, nine gamma-ray GCs have been identified and a few candidates, such as 2MS-GC01 and IC 1257, have been suggested. In this work, after analysing the publicly available Fermi Large Area Telescope data, we confirm the significant gamma-ray emission from 2MS-GC01 and IC 1257 and report the discovery of gamma-ray emission from NGC 5904 and 6656 within their tidal radii. Also, strong evidence of significant gamma-ray emission is found from FSR 1735. From the observed gamma-ray luminosities, we estimate the numbers of millisecond pulsars that are expected to be present in these GCs.
On the decomposition theorem for intersection de Rham complexes

We establish a positive characteristic analogue of intersection cohomology for polarized variations of Hodge structure. This includes: a) the decomposition theorem for the intersection de Rham complex; b) the $E_1$-degeneration theorem for the intersection de Rham complex of a periodic de Rham bundle: c) the Kodaira vanishing theorem for the intersection cohomology groups of a periodic Higgs bundle.
Stevia rebaudiana under a CO2 Enrichment Atmosphere: Can CO2 Enrichment Overcome Stomatic, Mesophilic and Biochemical Barriers That Limit Photosynthesis?

Due to the desire to live a healthier lifestyle, the search for nonglycosidic sweeteners has increased stevioside production in recent years. The main goal of this study was to demonstrate that S. rebaudiana grown in a CO2-enriched environment can overcome stomatic, mesophilic and biochemical barriers that limit photosynthesis (AN). We show that in an environment with a CO2-enriched atmosphere (800 and 1200 µmol CO2 mol−1), the genotype 16 (G16) shows an increase of 17.5% in AN and 36.2% in stomatal conductance in plants grown in 800 µmol CO2 mol−1 when compared to non-enriched plants. In conjunction with this issue, the plants show an efficient mechanism of dissipating excess energy captured by the photosystems. Photosystem II efficiency was increased at 1200 µmol CO2 mol−1 when compared to non-enriched plants, both in genotype 4 (25.4%) and G16 (211%). In addition, a high activity of Calvin–Benson enzymes, a high production of sugars and an enhanced production of steviosides were combined with high horticultural yield. Both genotypes (G4 and G16) showed excellent physiological indicators, with high superiority in G16. Thus, our study has demonstrated that S. rebaudiana could adapt to global climate change scenarios with higher temperatures caused by higher atmospheric CO2.
The Evolution of M/MBH Between z=2 and z=0

We propose a novel method to estimate M�=MBH, the ratio of stellar mass (M�) to black hole mass (MBH) at various redshifts using two recent observational results: the correlation between the bolometric luminosity of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and the star formation rate (SFR) in their host galaxies, and the correlation between SFR and
Fourier analysis of non-Blazhko ab-type RR Lyrae stars observed with the Kepler space telescope

Nineteen of the ∼40 RR Lyrae stars in the Kepler field have been identified as candidate non-Blazhko (or unmodulated) stars. In this paper we present the results of Fourier decomposition of the time-series photometry of these stars acquired during the first 417 days of operation (Q0-Q5) of the Kepler telescope. Fourier parameters based on ∼18400 long-cadence observations per star (and ∼150000 short-cadence observations for FN Lyr and for AW Dra) are derived. None of the stars shows the recently discovered ‘period-doubling’ effect seen in Blazhko variables; however, KIC 7021124 has been found to pulsate simultaneously in the fundamental and second overtone modes with a period ratio P2/P0 ∼ 0.59305 and is similar to the double-mode star V350 Lyr. Period change rates are derived from O−C diagrams spanning, in some cases, over 100 years; these are compared with high-precision periods derived from the Kepler data alone. Extant Fourier correlations by Kovács, Jurcsik et al. (with minor transformations from the V to the Kp passband) have been used to derive underlying physical characteristics for all the stars. This procedure seems to be validated through comparisons of the Kepler variables with galactic and LMC RR Lyrae stars. The most metal-poor star in the sample is NR Lyr, with [Fe/H]= −2.3 dex; and the four most metal-rich stars have [Fe/H] ranging from −0.6 to +0.1 dex. Pulsational luminosities and masses are found to be systematically smaller than L and M values derived from stellar evolution models, and are favoured over the evolutionary values when periods are computed with the Warsaw linear hydrodynamics code. Finally, the Fourier parameters are compared with theoretical values derived using the Warsaw non-linear convective pulsation code.
Non-local Correlations in the Haldane Phase for an XXZ Spin-1 Chain: A Perspective from Infinite Matrix Product State Representation

String correlations are investigated in an infinite-size XXZ spin-1 chain. By using the infinite matrix product state representation, we calculate a long-range string order directly rather than an extrapolated string order in a finite-size system. In the Neel phase, the string correlations decay exponentially. In the XY phase (Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid phase), the behavior of the string correlations shows a unique two-step decaying to zero within a relatively very large lattice distance for any finite truncation dimension but its disappearance with zero string correlation in the thermodynamic limit, which makes a finite-size study difficult to verify the non-existence of the string order. Thus, in the Haldane phase, the non-vanishing string correlations in the limit of a very large distance allow to characterize the phase boundaries to the XY phase and the Neel phase, which implies that the transverse long-range string order is the order parameter for the Haldane phase. In addition, the singular behavior .
Flares and variability from Sagittarius A*: five nights of simultaneous multi-wavelength observations

Aims. We report on simultaneous observations and modeling of mid-infrared (MIR), near-infrared (NIR) and submillimeter (sub-mm) emission of the source Sgr A* associated with the supermassive black hole at the center of our Galaxy. Our goal was to monitor the activity of Sgr A* at different wavelengths in order to constrain the emitting processes and gain insight into the nature of the close environment of Sgr A*. Methods. We used the MIR instrument VISIR in the BURST imaging mode, the adaptive optics assisted NIR camera NACO, and the sub-mm antenna APEX to monitor Sgr A* over several nights in July 2007. Results. The observations reveal remarkable variability in the NIR and sub-mm during the five nights of observation. No source was detected in the MIR but we derived the lowest upper limit for a flare at 8. 59µm (22.4 mJy with A8.59µm = 1.6± 0.5). This observational constraint makes us discard the observed NIR emission as coming from a thermal component emitting at sub-mm frequencies. Moreover, comparison of the sub-mm and NIR variability shows that the highest NIR fluxes (flares) are coinci dent with the lowest sub-mm levels of our five-night campaign involvin g three flares. We explain this behavior by a loss of electrons to the system and/or by a decrease in the magnetic field, as might conceivably oc cur in scenarios involving fast outflows and /or magnetic reconnection.
Parents' emotion suppression exacerbates the effect of COVID-19 stress on youth internalizing symptomatology.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in heightened stress for families in the United States, and exposure to pandemic-related stress has been found to confer risk for mental health problems among both children and parents. To isolate risk and protective factors for children living through the ongoing pandemic, several studies have begun to examine family-level factors that may exacerbate or buffer the impact of exposure to COVID-19-related stress on children's symptomatology. Building upon the extant literature documenting associations between parents' emotion regulation and children's mental health, especially during times of stress, the present study aimed to examine parents' regulation of their own emotions as a potential moderator of the association between children's exposure to family-level COVID-19-related stress and internalizing and externalizing problems. Results suggest that parents' regulation of their own emotions using expressive suppression, specifically, may exacerbate the effect of exposure to pandemic-related stress on children's internalizing problems, but not externalizing problems. Results highlight the importance of prioritizing parents' mental health and self-regulation in prevention and intervention efforts aimed at improving family-wide mental health outcomes during public health crises that place family systems under significant stress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Anisotropic flow of identified particles in Pb-Pb collisions at = 2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector

The anisotropic flow of identified particles, including charged pion, kaon, (anti-)proton as well as strange and multi-strange particles (K0S, Λ, Ξ and Ω) are measured in Pb-Pb collisions at = 2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector. The results are compared to measurements at RHIC and hydrodynamic model calculations. The mass splitting and the scaling with the number of constituent quarks of the anisotropic flow are also discussed.
A SYSTEMATIC SURVEY OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE EMISSION IN SOLAR ACTIVE REGIONS

The recent analysis of observations taken with the EUV Imaging Spectrometer and X-Ray Telescope instruments on Hinode suggests that well-constrained measurements of the temperature distribution in solar active regions can finally be made. Such measurements are critical for constraining theories of coronal heating. Past analysis, however, has suffered from limited sample sizes and large uncertainties at temperatures between 5 and 10 MK. Here we present a systematic study of the differential emission measure distribution in 15 active region cores. We focus on measurements in the “inter-moss” region, that is, the region between the loop footpoints, where the observations are easier to interpret. To reduce the uncertainties at the highest temperatures we present a new method for isolating the Fe xviii emission in the AIA/SDO 94 Å channel. The resulting differential emission measure distributions confirm our previous analysis showing that the temperature distribution in an active region core is often strongly peaked near 4 MK. We characterize the properties of the emission distribution as a function of the total unsigned magnetic flux. We find that the amount of high-temperature emission in the active region core is correlated with the total unsigned magnetic flux, while the emission at lower temperatures, in contrast, is inversely related. These results provide compelling evidence that high-temperature active region emission is often close to equilibrium, although weaker active regions may be dominated by evolving million degree loops in the core.
EFFECTS OF ANISOTROPIES IN TURBULENT MAGNETIC DIFFUSION IN MEAN-FIELD SOLAR DYNAMO MODELS

We study how anisotropies of turbulent diffusion affect the evolution of large-scale magnetic fields and the dynamo process on the Sun. The effect of anisotropy is calculated in a mean-field magnetohydrodynamics framework assuming that triple correlations provide relaxation to the turbulent electromotive force (so-called the “minimal τ-approximation”). We examine two types of mean-field dynamo models: the well-known benchmark flux-transport model and a distributed-dynamo model with a subsurface rotational shear layer. For both models, we investigate effects of the double- and triple-cell meridional circulation, recently suggested by helioseismology and numerical simulations. To characterize the anisotropy effects, we introduce a parameter of anisotropy as a ratio of the radial and horizontal intensities of turbulent mixing. It is found that the anisotropy affects the distribution of magnetic fields inside the convection zone. The concentration of the magnetic flux near the bottom and top boundaries of the convection zone is greater when the anisotropy is stronger. It is shown that the critical dynamo number and the dynamo period approach to constant values for large values of the anisotropy parameter. The anisotropy reduces the overlap of toroidal magnetic fields generated in subsequent dynamo cycles, in the time-latitude “butterfly” diagram. If we assume that sunspots are formed in the vicinity of the subsurface shear layer, then the distributed dynamo model with the anisotropic diffusivity satisfies the observational constraints from helioseismology and is consistent with the value of effective turbulent diffusion estimated from the dynamics of surface magnetic fields.
Twenty Significant Problems in AI Research, with Potential Solutions via the SP Theory of Intelligence and Its Realisation in the SP Computer Model

This paper highlights 20 significant problems in AI research, with potential solutions via the SP Theory of Intelligence (SPTI) and its realisation in the SP Computer Model. With other evidence referenced in the paper, this is strong evidence in support of the SPTI as a promising foundation for the development of human-level broad AI, aka artificial general intelligence. The 20 problems include: the tendency of deep neural networks to make major errors in recognition; the need for a coherent account of generalisation, over- and under-generalisation, and minimising the corrupting effect of `dirty data’; how to achieve one-trial learning; how to achieve transfer learning; the need for transparency in the representation and processing of knowledge; and how to eliminate the problem of catastrophic forgetting. In addition to its promise as a foundation for the development of AGI, the SPTI has potential as a foundation for the study of human learning, perception, and cognition. And it has potential as a foundation for mathematics, logic, and computing.