Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Photosynthetic traits of freshwater lichens are consistent with the submersion conditions of their habitat

In this study, we compared the photosynthetic performance of epilithic freshwater lichens on siliceous stream rock submerged for: more than 9 (hyper-), 6–9 (meso-) or 3–6 months (sub-hydrophilic lichens). In the dry state, neither variable fluorescence nor respiration activity could be detected. In the wet state, rates of dark respiration (O2 uptake and CO2 production for immerged and in-air samples) were in the lower range of that reported for non-aquatic lichens. With 200 (under water) or 500 mmol.mx2. sx1 photosyntheticallly active photon flux density (PPFD) (aerial), photosynthesis was positive but rates were lower than that published for non-aquatic species. Under intense PPFD (2000 mmol.mx2.sx1, aerial), photo- synthesis increased in sub- but became negative in hyper-hydrophilic species. After hydration, dry samples increased photosystem II (PSII) efficiency, which reached near steady state in <6–7 min. Hyper-hydrophilic lichen took longer than sub-hydrophilic species. A long period of desiccation (4 months) had a negative effect on subsequent PSII photochemistry of hyper- but not of sub-hydrophilic hydrated lichens. When thalli were allowed to dehydrate, all types of lichens lost PSII activity after about 15–20 min. Deactivation was faster in the hyper- than in the sub-hydrophilic species. The metabolic traits presented here are thus consistent with the ecological amplitude of the freshwater lichens studied.
Biology of Nabis alternatus (Hemiptera: Nabidae)

Laboratory studies were made during 1969 and 1970 at Tucson, Arizona, of the biological characteristics affecting the potential rate of increase of populations of Nabis alternatus Parshley. Under laboratory conditions, (28°C, 59% RH and 15 hr light per day) adults lived about 38 days. Females laid eggs for about 30 days, averaging 281 eggs per female. Nearly 79% of the eggs hatched and incubation averaged 6.5 days. Average nymphal duration was 16.1 days, with a total nymphal mortality of 67.8%.
Osmium

normalen e]ektrischen Wellen ,,nattirliche" Wellen mischen. Von den wirklichen Telegrammzeichen, die sich im Telephon wie T6ne anhSren, sind sie durch ihren Charakter als Knac~geriiusche leicht zu unterscheiden. Diese ,,natiirlichen" Wellen riihren wohI yon elektrisehen Entladungen her, die yon Wolke zu Wolke oder yon Wotke zur Erde vor sich gehen. Dabei handelt es slch nicht um Nahgewitter, sondern um ferne Vorg~inge, die mehrere Tausende yon Kilometern yon der Empfangsstation entfernt erfolgen. Ecc~es hat durch Vergleich der l~adiogramme von Stationen, die nut Hunderte von ]~ilometern voneinander entfernt waren, den lkTachweis daftir erbracht. Diese natiirlichen ~¥ellen , ,Vagabunden" kSnnte man sie nach Eccles nennen ~ werden h~iufiger bet ~ach t als bet Tage gehSrt. Es h~ng~ das nicht etwa mit einer Tagesperiode der betr. elek*rischen :Entladungen zusammen, sondern erkl~rt sich durch die bekannte Tatsache, daJ~ sich die elektrischen Wellen bet ~Tacht wetter fortzupflanzen vermSgen als am Tage. Wir erha]ten demnach bei RTacht aus einem weiteren Uml~2eis Kenntnls von elektrischen Ent ladungen als sm Tage. Die neue und sehr merkwfirdige Entdeckung yon Eccles ist die, daI3 die Frequenz dieser nati ir l lchea VVellen nicht einen stetigen Anstieg beim Ubergange vom Tage zur Nacht oder eine stetige Abnahme voa der Nacht zum Tage ergibt, sondern dab etwa 15 l~[inuten vor Sonnenaufgang und etwa 10:3£inuten nach Sonnenuntergang die , ,Vagabunden" ein ~[inimum haben. Die Abschwiichung ist mitunter so priizis, dal] die Intensit~it der natiirlichen Wellen vollkommen auf 1Wull herabgehen kann. Um die ~Erscheinung zu erkliiren, gibt es zwel ]~iSglichkeiten: entweder weisen die elektrisehen Entladungen innerhalb der Atmosphere zur Zeit der Diimmerung ein Minimum auf diese Annahme ist, wle Eccles eingehend zeigt, unhaltbar ~ oder die Wege, welche die natiirlichen Wellen im Zwielieht zurtickzulegen vermSgen, sind nleht blo~ kleiner als die bet Nacht, sondern auch kleiner als die am Tage durch]aufenen Strecken. Die SchwSchung, we]che alle elektrischen Wellen sm Tage er]eiden, ist bereits vollkommen erkl~rt: die Sonnenstrahlung ionisiert die Luft , welche durch ihren Ionenreichtum fiir die elektrischen Wellen ,,opak" wird. Die elektrischen Ladungstriiger wirken als Resonatoren fiir elektrische Wellen ganz ~hnlich wie die l~[olekiile ether absorbierenden Substanz fiir die Lichtwellen im Bereiche der selektiven Absorption. Die Ionisation der Luf t hat ein l~aximum am Tage, ein ~ i n i m u m bet l~acht. Bet Sonnenuntergang t r i t t die Wiedervereinigung tier am Tage ge ~ bi! deten Ionen ein. Der ~bergang vollzieht sich nach Eccles n~cht stetig. Stel]en rascherer Wiedervereinigung in der Atmosphiire wechseln ab mi t ,,Biinken" und ,,Fleeken;', in welehen die Ionisatlon noch einige Zeit bestehen bleibt. Diese Unstetigkeiten wirken besonders stSrend auf die Ausbreitung der elektrischen Wellen, es t r i t t ,,Ionenrefraktion" Kleine Mitteilungem 27
Mania

3258 randomly selected houshold residents of Edmonton, Alberta were interviewed by trained lay interviewers using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). The lifetime prevalence of mania was 0.6%, for both sexes combined. Lifetime morbidity risk was 1.4% for men and 0.6% for women. The mean age of onset was 20 years of age for both men and women. Ninety‐five percent of bipolar individuals had had their first onset by age 26, and less than 5% had their onset before the age of 10. The mean number of manic episodes was 23. Comorbidity with other disorders occurred in 92% of the manic subjects. Depression (62%), alcohol abuse (45%), substance abuse (35%), and phobias (54%) had an increased lifetime prevalence in individuals with a history of a manic episode(s).
Studies on Haematology and Serum Biochemistry of Broiler Chickens Finished on an Unprocessed and Processed Velvet Bean (Mucuna Pruriens (L.)) as Dietary Protein Sources

The effects of different processed velvet seed on haematology and serum indices of Broiler chickens was studied using 150 four weeks old broiler chicks. The birds were randomly assigned to five treatment groups of 30 birds with three replications of 10 birds each. The chickens were finished on five dietary treatments formulated to contain 5% raw, soaked and boiled, cracked and boiled and roasted velvet bean seed meal as protein source in diets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The haematological parameters indicated no significant difference (P> 0.05) among treatment groups for PCV, Hb, RBC, WBC, MCHC and PLT while MCV and MCH differ significantly (P< 0.05) where chickens on treatment T 3 (boiled) had the highest values of 133.33 fl and 42.80 pg while lower values were chickens in T 4 (cracked and boiled) 123.90 fl and 39.80 pg as the lowest. Urea concentration range of 7.88-10.08 mmol/l obtained with significant difference (P< 0.05) among treatment groups with T 5 (roasted) having value of 10.08 mmol/l and T 2 (soaked) having least value of sodium 7.88 mmol/l. Serum electrolytes such as Sodium (Na + ), Chloride (Cl - ) and bicarbonate showed significant (P< 0.05) difference among treatment groups. The study concluded that, on account of adequate haematocrit and immune statuses, in addition to its hypoglycaemic ability, boiling mucuna seed meal with 5.00 % level of inclusion can be used without any deleterious effect on haematological and serum biochemical assay parameters of broiler chickens. Keywords: Velvet bean seeds, Haematology, Biochemistry Assay, Carcass Characteristics
Chromosome numbers of Dendroctonus parallelocollis and D. rhizophagus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and new reports of Dendroctonus populations from Mexico and Guatemala

The male meiotic karyotypic formulae of Dendroctonus parallelocollis Chapuis and D. rhizophagus Thomas & Bright are 13 AA + Xyp. These karyotypes are similar to those from D. valens LeConte (13 AA + Xyp) and D. terebrans Olivier (12 AA + Xyp), a situation that confirms the taxonomic grouping of these species by morphological characteristics and their status as closely related species. The chromosome numbers and the sexual systems of populations of Dendroctonus adjunctus LeConte, D. approximatus Dietz, D. frontalis Zimmermann, D. mexicanus Hopkins, and D. valens agree with what has been published for these species. No geographic variation in the karyotypes, supernumerary chromosomes, or irregular associations were observed in the species examined.
Ecological and morphological correlates of residual fat reserves in passerine migrants at their spring arrival in southern Europe

We analysed fat reserves of 28 species of trans-Saharan migrants after their crossing of the Sahara and most of the central Mediterranean on their way towards the breeding grounds in spring. A considerable variability was observed, with both fat and lean species, indicating species-specific strategies adopted to cross the Sahara and the Mediterranean. Lean species showed mean body mass values well below those reported during the breeding season, suggesting a pronounced physical stress caused by the migratory flight. To investigate the factors influencing the levels of residual fat reserves, we analysed correlates of mean fat load of each species at this stage of the journey. A stepwise multiple regression was run, with the fat reserve level as the dependent variable and the mean latitude of the wintering and breeding quarters, the northernmost latitude of the preferred habitat south of the Sahara, and wing morphology as independent variables. Residual fat load was standardised for each species' flying efficiency, using the residual of a regression of fat load on fat consumption per unit of distance covered, calculated using Pennycuick's (1989) model. After standardisation, residual fat load was significantly correlated only with the northernmost latitude of the optimal habitat south of the Sahara. The explained variance did not change when admitting for the species adapted to open habitats to make a stopover in northern Africa. Morphology (wing shape and tail/wing ratio) was significantly related to the distance covered but not to the residual fat levels. Our results suggest that the crossing of the Sahara and Mediterranean is constrained by the distribution of preferred habitat south of the Sahara. The ongoing desertification process in sub-Saharan Africa might therefore have a negative impact not only on the species wintering in the sub-Saharan area, but also on those species wintering in equatorial Africa.
Health and disease of hunter-gatherer groups from the eastern Pampa–Patagonia transition (Argentina) during the Late Holocene

In the eastern Pampa–Patagonia transition, hunter-gatherer groups experienced a series of changes in social organization (e.g. subsistence, mobility, and demography) during the Late Holocene (c. 3000–250 years BP), mainly in the last c. 1000 years. In this context, some biological aspects, including health, might have also been modified. The aim of this paper is to present a review and synthesis of a recent pathological analysis of hunter-gatherer skeletons from the lower basin of the Colorado River (Argentina) during the Late Holocene. The sample includes 94 individuals from six archaeological sites. Bone and dental pathologies (e.g. osteoarthrosis, systemic stress, bone infections, trauma, caries, periodontal disease, antemortem tooth loss, and dental calculus) were considered. The results show low frequencies in most of the bone and oral pathologies. Trauma, infectious, and systemic stress processes did not show large variation among samples from the Late Holocene. However, increasing prevalence of dento-alveolar lesion and osteoarthrosis were observed in samples from the final moments of this period (c. 1000–250 years BP). These results are discussed taking into account the archaeological model proposed for the eastern Pampa–Patagonia transition, which suggests social transformations and reorganizations during the last 1000 years.
Resistance in Barley to the Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum. 1. Toxicity of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds and Related Substances

Biotype B greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphidae), were reared on chemically defined diets containing some commercially available phenolic and flavonoid compounds individually incorporated at 3.75 × 10−4M or less. Compounds having ortho-hydroxyl groups which included catechol, tannic acid, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, and protocatechuic acid, were detrimental to greenbug growth; almost none of the progeny survived when these compounds were included in the diet and the number of progeny was drastically reduced. Cis-caffeic acid at 7.6 × 10−5M greatly reduced growth, and reproduction was nil whereas trans-caffeic acid at 1.9 × 10−4M somewhat reduced weight gain but had no effect on reproduction. Another group of compounds, less toxic but one which effectively reduced the survival of the progeny, were either benzoic or cinnamic acid derivatives having a para-hydroxyl group. There was less than 20% survival of greenbugs feeding on diets that included vanillic, sinapic, syringic, gentisic, or ferulic acids. Many of these compounds are constituents of barley leaves. It is therefore likely that at least part of the resistance to greenbugs of some barley varieties is attributable to the presence of these phenolic and flavonoid substances in quantities sufficient to retard the insect's growth and reproduction.
Update on and Review of the Incompatibility (S-) Genotypes of

Apple cultivars display a self-incompatibility system that restricts self-fertilization and fertilization between cultivars bearing identical S-alleles. There has been considerable progress in identifi cation of S-alleles in apple in recent years and methods are now avail- able for the accurate S-genotyping of cultivars. Following a recently revised numerical identifi cation system for apple S-alleles, we present the fi rst extensive compilation of apple cultivars with their S-genotypes. This list contains data from our own investigations using S-allele-specifi c PCR methodology, including a number of new data, as well as published data from various other sources. Eighteen different S-alleles are discriminated, which al- lowed the determination of the S-genotypes for 150 diploid or triploid European, American, and Japanese cultivars. Many of these cultivars are cultivated worldwide for their fruit. Also included are a number of old, obsolete cultivars and a few nondomestic genotypes. We observed a wide variation in the frequency of S-alleles in the apple germplasm. Three S-alleles (S 2 , S 3 , and S 9 ) are very common in the cultivars evaluated, presumably as a result of the widespread use of the same breeding parents, and seven alleles are very rare (S 4 , S 6 , S 8 , S 16 , S 22 , S 23 , S 26 ).
Causes of short stature in Iraqi hospital based study patients

Backgrounds: Growth is an important objective parameter of general health of the child. Normal growth requires adequate nutrition along with various hormonal stimuli. Short stature is a common cause of referral to pediatric endocrinologists.Objectives: To find the causes of short stature in patients referred to pediatric endocrinology clinic of children welfare teaching hospital, the significance of bone age assessment and the variation of growth hormone level in these patients.Patients and methods: This prospective study was carried out in the endocrine clinic of Children Welfare Teaching Hospital/Medical City over ten months period, included 150 patients. A proper detailed medical history was taken, physical examination performed included growth parameters, and general investigations with bone age, thyroid function test, celiac screening and growth hormone level were done for all patients. Growth hormone stimulation test was done when indicated and phenotype, Karyotyping was done in selected cases.Result: The total number of patients included in this study was150, ranging from ≥ 2 to 16 years old, and the male to female ratio was 1.14:1. The relationship between age and gender is significant(p-value 0.04). The commonest etiology was endocrine causes in 92(61.33%), non-endocrine causes in 34(22.67%) and normal variant in 24(16%) patients. Bone age was delayed in 86(57.33%) and normal in 6(4%) of endocrine cause which is highly significant (p-value< 0.001), and in non-endocrine causes it was delayed in 24(16%) and not delayed in 10(6.67%) patients which is significant (p-value<0.01). Growth hormone level was deficient in 80(53.33%) patients of endocrine causes of short stature which is highly significant (p-value <0.001%), and deficient in 15(10%) patients of non-endocrine causes which is significant (p-value<0.03%). Conclusions: Growth hormone deficiency, familial short stature and constitutional growth delay were thleading causes of short stature in patients referred . Growth hormone deficiency is the commonest cause of short stature in those patients, bone age is a corner stone in evaluating short stature and it gets delayed in some cases with systemic and endocrine causes other than growth hormone deficiency and constitutional growth delay
Tolerance of adzuki bean to pre-emergence herbicides

Soltani, N. , Nurse, R. E. , Shropshire, C. and Sikkema, P. H. 2015. Tolerance of adzuki bean to pre-emergence herbicides. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 959-963. Limited pre-emergence herbicide options are available for weed management in adzuki bean in Ontario. Eight field trials were conducted in Ontario over a 3-yr period (2012, 2013, 2014) to evaluate the tolerance of adzuki bean to pyroxasulfone (150 and 300 g a.i. ha-1), flumioxazin (71 and 142 g a.i. ha-1), sulfentrazone (420 and 840 g a.i. ha-1), fomesafen (240 and 480 g a.i. ha-1), imazethapyr (75 and 150 g a.i. ha-1), and cloransulam-methyl (35 and 70 g a.i. ha-1) applied pre-emergence. Pyroxasulfone, flumioxazin and sulfentrazone applied pre-emergence at the proposed 1× and 2× rates caused 25-96% injury and reduced plant stand up to 78%, shoot dry weight up to 95%, plant height up to 67% and seed yield up to 76% in adzuki bean. Cloransulam-methyl resulted in 1 to 9% injury with no adverse effect on plant stand, shoot dry weight, plant height, seed moisture content and seed yield of adzuki bean. Fomesafen and imazethapyr resulted in 1-3% injury with no adverse effect on plant stand, shoot dry weight, plant height, seed moisture content and seed yield of adzuki bean. Based on these results, pyroxasulfone, flumioxazin and sulfentrazone do not have an adequate margin of crop safety for weed management in adzuki bean. Cloransulam-methyl has potential for use in adzuki bean, especially at the lower rate. Imazethapyr and fomesafen at the rates evaluated can be used safely in adzuki bean production under Ontario environmental conditions.
Call characteristics of Malaysian Leptolalax with a description of two new species (Anura : Pelobatidae)

Advertisement call characteristics of Leptolalax heteropus from Peninsular Malaysia and L. gracilis, L. dring, and two undescribed forms from Borneo are described. Leptolalax heteropus differs from the others in call characteristics, suggesting phylogenetic divergence; the call is short, lasting only 207-513 ms, and consists of a short series of 3-6 notes, the first note being longer in duration and higher in dominant frequency than subsequent ones. Calls of the remaining taxa are much longer, lasting 1.8-38 sec, and composed of a long series of 21-345 notes, each similar in duration and frequency within a call. However, dominant frequencies differ dramatically between species. Two new Bornean species, L. hamidi from Sarawak and L. arayai from Sabah, are described using acoustic and morphological characteristics.
Phylogenetic Relationships of Aracanin Genera of Boxfishes (Ostraciidae: Tetraodontiformes)

A cladistic analysis of the external characters, osteology and myology of the seven genera currently assigned to the ostraciid (trunkfishes and boxfishes) subfamily Aracaninae (boxfishes) results in our proposal of its division into two tribes, the Aracanini (Aracana, Strophiurichthys, Anoplocapros, Caprichthys and Capropygia) and the Kentrocaprini (Kentrocapros and Polyplacapros). In the case of the Aracanini, the phylogeny can be derived from the classification either from sequencing or from the numerical suffix method. Evidence is presented which corroborates the hypotheses that: a) the Aracaninae is monophyletic; b) the Ostraciinae is monophyletic; c) the Aracaninae and Ostraciinae are sister groups (the Ostraciidae); d) the Balistidae is monophyletic; and e) the Balistidae and Ostraciidae are sister groups.
Small‐for‐gestational‐age infants need dietary quality more than quantity for their development: The role of human milk

Infants born small for gestational age (SGA) show some forms of developmental delay throughout paediatric age, and up to adolescence. The positive effect of breastfeeding on development, observed in most studies on healthy, term infants, seems to be further stressed in the group of SGA infants, particularly if breastfeeding is protracted. Besides the close maternal–infant contact of breastfeeding, the nutritional factors of human milk, above all long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid, may at least partly account for the observed association.
Floral Phenology Patterns and Breeding Systems in Thaspium and Zizia (Apiaceae)

Protogyny, in concert with a well-defined pattern of andromonoecism in umbel inflorescences and strong synchrony of floral and inflorescence develop- ment within individual stalks of Thaspium and Zizia, produces sexual phase alter- nations that promote a strong outcrossing system in plants of these genera despite full self-compatibility. Study of these phenology patterns in conjunction with selfing studies, analysis of stigmatic pollen loads, and determinations of pollen: ovule ratios in 9 populations (including 4 taxa) of Thaspium and Zizia revealed that incomplete protogyny in some individuals allows 5-10% mechanical self-pollination in T. bar- binode and Z. trifoliata and up to 20% mechanical self-pollination in T. trifoliatum. Stalks of one plant do not generally flower synchronously and insect-mediated gei- tonogamy between stalks of a single plant may account for significant amounts of selfing within populations. Strong xenogamy within Thaspium and Zizia is suggested, however, by high pollen: ovule ratios and by stigmatic pollen-load data. A sparse literature suggests that members of Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) have a potential for strong outcrossing systems based on characteristic timing in floral and inflorescence development. Muller (1883) noted that protandrous dichogamy in species of Apiaceae effected phase alterna- tions "so that in the first period of flowering, a whole community dusts with pollen the insects that visit it, and in the second, exposes its stigmas to be dusted in return. " Similarly, Knuth (1908) commented that sexual patterns in umbellifers, in combination with well-marked protandry, pro-