Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mineral oxygen isotope and hydroxyl content changes in ultrahigh‐pressure eclogite–gneiss contacts from Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project cores

A combined study of mineral O isotopes and hydroxyl contents was carried out for the contacts between ultrahigh‐pressure eclogite and gneiss from main hole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project in the Sulu orogen. While there is a large δ18O variation from −8.3 to 7.3‰ for all minerals, different styles of mineral‐pair fractionation occur at the boundaries of different lithologies. Both equilibrium and disequilibrium O isotope fractionations are observed between quartz and the other minerals, with reversed fractionations between omphacite and garnet in some samples of eclogite. This suggests that both eclogite and gneiss acquired their negative δ18O values by meteoric‐hydrothermal alteration of their protoliths at high temperatures before subduction, and that fluid‐assisted O isotope exchange did take place across the boundary of different lithologies at local scales during amphibolite‐facies retrogression. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis yielded H2O concentrations of 50 to 1144 p.p.m. (by weight) for garnet and 139 to 751 p.p.m. for omphacite. The state of equilibrium or disequilibrium O isotope fractionations between omphacite and garnet are correlated with variations in their water content at local scales, indicating that the internally derived fluid plays a critical role in retrograde metamorphism during exhumation. The retrograde metamorphism results in mineral reactions and O isotope disequilibria between some of the minerals, but the fluid for retrogression was derived from the decompression exsolution of structural hydroxyl and thus internally buffered in the O isotope composition. A quantitative estimate suggests that a hand specimen (3 × 6 × 9 cm) of eclogite composed of 70% garnet and 30% omphacite can release 0.316 g water by the decompression exsolution of structural hydroxyl, which can form 14.4 g amphibole during exhumation. This provides sufficient amounts of water for the amphibolite‐facies retrogression.
Bio-optical properties of east coast Malaysia waters in relation to remote sensing of chlorophyll

Surface water samples collected during the monsoon and inter-monsoon seasons of 2009 off the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia have been analysed for concentrations of total chlorophyll, suspended particulates and coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Spectral absorption coefficients of dissolved and particulate materials have also been measured. Significant seasonal variabilities in concentrations and optical properties were reported with high concentrations of all parameters during the northeast monsoon (NEM) season and low during the southwest monsoon (SWM) and inter-monsoon seasons. Contrary to previous reports on the oligotrophic nature of the waters during the inter-monsoon season, relatively high concentrations of chlorophyll (>3 mg m−3) were observed at offshore stations in the study area in the spring and fall inter-monsoon months. The chlorophyll-specific absorption spectrum changes with the seasons with the greatest absorption per unit chlorophyll during the SWM and the least during the inter-monsoon seasons, probably in response to seasonal changes in phytoplankton community and cell size structure. The water is classified as optical case 2. At the blue end of the spectrum (440 nm), light absorption by non-phytoplankton materials (CDOM and detritus) accounts for nearly 70% of the total non-water absorption regardless of the season. At the wavelength (676 nm) of the secondary chlorophyll absorption peak in the red part of the spectrum, light absorption by chlorophyll contributes 80–90% to total non-water absorption at most stations and this may provide the basis for remote sensing of phytoplankton chlorophyll in these waters.
Evaluation of the influence of sample preparation and extraction technique on soil solution composition

Soil solutions were extracted by immiscible liquid displacement with trichlorotrifluoroethane and by centrifuge drainage from surface and subsoil samples having a wide range of chemical and physical properties. Extractions were performed on field-moist samples and on air-dry samples which were re-wetted to different matric suctions and for different lengths of time. The composition of the soil solution obtained was the same with both methods of extraction when samples had been pre-wet to a matric suction of 0.1 bar. Immiscible liquid displacement extracted solution from a krasnozem surface soil at suctions as great as 15 bar; in contrast, centrifuge drainage failed to extract solution from this soil at > 3 bar. The concentration of ions in solutions extracted by displacement from soils with increasing matric suction rose to a far greater extent than that anticipated if concentration was the only mechanism operating. In re-wet air-dry samples, major cations and anions were at equilibrium levels in solution after incubation for 1 day; longer incubation times resulted in an artificial elevation of ionic strength through mineralization of organic matter in some surface samples. The levels achieved after 1 day were similar to those present in solutions extracted from field-moist samples.
Rate‐limited mass transfer and transport of organic solutes in porous media that contain immobile immiscible organic liquid

A general model is presented that simulates the effect of an immobile immiscible organic liquid, as well as rate-limited solid phase sorption, on the transport of dissolved organic contaminants in heterogeneous porous media. Specific models are developed for four cases (1) immobile immiscible liquid that resides in nonadvective domains of a heterogeneous porous medium; (2) immobile immiscible liquid that resides in the advective domain; (3) homogeneous porous media wherein mass transfer within the immiscible liquid, as well as across the liquid-water interface, is rate limited; (4) homogeneous porous media with a single resistance to liquid-liquid mass transfer. The performance of the homogeneous-based, single-resistance model was evaluated by attempting to predict a break-through curve reported in the literature. Based on the successful prediction of the data, where values for all parameters were obtained independent of the data being simulated, it appears that the conceptual basis of the model is valid. Through a series of simulations, the effect of the immiscible liquid on retention was shown to be great, even at relatively low levels of saturation. Release of solute from residual saturation located within regions of relatively low hydraulic conductivity can be significantly rate limited, even when mass transfer between immiscible liquid and water is rapid. This has ramifications concerning the efficacy of remediation systems based on imposed hydraulic gradients (e.g., pump-and-treat). The model should prove useful in further investigations of the effect of immobile immiscible organic liquids on the retention and transport of organic solutes in porous media.
Sedimentation in the meandering River Endrick

Synopsis The River Endrick carries gravel and finer sediment in a pool and riffle channel. Point bars and riffles, which alternate along most of the channel, are foci of active particle-size segregation within the general downstream size decline: they are therefore centres of facies change. This differentiation results in sediment of a particular size being systematically and repeatedly placed in similar parts of the channel: on point bars, for example, proportionately more gravel is found at the apex and more sand in the cross-over reaches of the meander. Cross-stratal dip direction in these sediments is roughly parallel to the local flow and is therefore different in sand and gravels. It also follows that sand has a higher standard deviation of cross-bed dip orientation than gravel. The bed forms of the river often have only a superficial thickness of related sediment: they were built by a lower stage of flow than most of the sediment enclosed by the form, and in this sense forms give an erroneous measure of structure. The meanders move phase downstream so that at point bars crescents of differentiated sediment accrete on the inside, as older crescents are eroded from the outside or cut bank of the channel. In this way the river builds up a facies mosaic whose interface zig-zags downstream, and the cut bank exposes a section with a lateral size decline opposite to that of the facing point bar. Sedimentary successions show more variability within than between bars and the use of this fact, together with the variation in dip of cross-strata and other criteria, facilitates the independent reconstruction of the scale and sinuosity of the river.
Wetland inundation dynamics in a model of land surface climate: Evaluation in the Niger inland delta region

[1] Observed river gauging data show significant evaporative losses from the land and water surface in the Niger inland delta. These losses indicate an important potential feedback between the land surface and atmosphere. Moreover, the reduction in river flow downstream of the wetland has clear implications for water management in the region and beyond. Here we have modeled the evaporative losses that occur over the Niger inland delta by adding an overbank flow parameterization to the Joint UK Land-Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model. The hydrological component of this model comprises a probability-distributed model of soil moisture and runoff production coupled with a discrete approximation to the one-dimensional kinematic wave equation to route river water downslope. We use subgrid-resolution topographic data to derive a two-parameter frequency distribution of inundated areas for each grid box which we then employ to represent overbank inundation in the model. The model was driven using data from the ALMIP experiment (ALMIP stands for AMMA Land surface Model Intercomparison Project, wherein AMMA stands for African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses). The model reproduces the salient features of the observed river flow and inundation patterns; these include significant evaporative losses from the inundated region accounting for doubling of the total land-atmosphere water flux during periods of greatest flooding. Our predictions of inundated area are in good agreement with observed estimates of the extent of inundation obtained using satellite infrared and microwave remote sensing.
Evaporation from Lake Kinneret: 2. Estimation of the Horizontal variability using a two‐dimensional numerical mesoscale model

The horizontal distribution of evaporation over a small lake surrounded by heterogeneous terrain is quite complex. It is therefore usually not possible to provide accurate evaporation estimates for the whole lake based upon a single observational site, even if this site is located offshore. In the present study, a numerical two-dimensional terrain-following mesometeorological model is applied to Lake Kinneret (area of 170 km2, located in northern Israel) to obtain appropriate spatial and temporal resolution of the climatic parameters needed to estimate evaporation. The model is verified by comparing its calculated evaporation rates with those measured at an offshore site by the eddy correlation system and by its ability to reproduce well-established characteristics of the microclimate over the lake. Results indicate that, for the typical meteorological conditions characterizing the experimental period, a concave horizontal distribution of evaporation rate is predicted across the lake. Consequently, the assumption of a uniform evaporation rate over the whole lake equal to that at the measuring site could lead to a misestimation of the amount of water lost through the evaporative process.
Simulations of CFC content and water mass age in the deep

A series of numerical model experiments are studied with a view to determine whether the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) burden in the North Atlantic Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) can be simulated realistically in models of coarse horizontal resolution. Five main model cases are considered, covering three different parameterizations of subgrid-scale mixing (standard Cartesian, isopycnal, and the eddy advection scheme of Gent et al. [1995]), a version with enhanced surface thermohaline forcing, and, finally, a case that incorporates the effects of topographic stress as in Alvarez et al. [1994]. Most model experiments exhibit deficient CFC content in the DWBC, except, notably, the case with a tightly constrained wintertime thermohaline forcing in the North Atlantic, as well as the run which includes the effects of topographic stress. However, the approach of strongly restoring surface temperature-salinity to observations yields excessive heat loss and large freshwater fluxes during winter and so cannot be recommended as a technique to rectify deficient North Atlantic Deep Water production in ocean models. Overall, the coarse-resolution simulations only resolve a relatively weak and diffuse CFC signal in the DWBC in the North Atlantic and typically only capture one CFC-bearing core. This is primarily due to model currents in the deep North Atlantic being too slow and broad compared to the real ocean, as well as a spurious tendency for the outflow to recirculate and upwell into the Gulf Stream. The model runs do not capture a deeper CFC core because they all fail to simulate a dense water overflow off the Greenland-Iceland-Scotland Ridge. Seawater age is analysed in each of the experiments using an idealized age tracer as well as the simulated CFC-11/CFC-12 ratio. The CFC ratio estimates water in the DWBC at the equator to be between 25 and 33 years old. In contrast, the equilibrated age tracer ranges from 141 to 210 years. The CFC-estimated age is substantially younger than the true seawater age because of a mixing bias when CFC-free waters are entrained into the DWBC. This is possible because old CFC-free waters cannot alter the CFC-1 1/CFC-12 ratio of CFC-burdened water, even though the true age is affected by such a dilution. It is therefore suggested that caution be taken when adopting the CFC-11/CFC-12 ratio to extrapolate seawater age in waters where significant dilution with CFC-free waters has occurred.
Retrieval of chlorofluorocarbon distributions from Envisat MIPAS measurements

A retrieval processor based on rapid forward modeling algorithms and an optimal estimation approach has been developed at Forschungszentrum Juelich, Germany. It has been used to derive global distributions of the chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11 and CFC-12 from Envisat MIPAS measurements. We give a detailed description of the retrieval system, show error analyses, and discuss briefly the seasonal behavior of CFC-11 and CFC-12 for January to March and July to September 2003.
Coupling of Biennial Oceanic Rossby Waves with the Overlying Atmosphere in the Pacific Basin

Abstract Anomalies of TOPEX/Poseidon sea level height (SLH), NCEP sea surface temperature (SST), and ECMWF meridional surface wind (MSW) and derived wind stress curl (WSC) are mapped biweekly over the global ocean from 60°S to 60°N for two years from 1993 to 1994. These anomalies (i.e., differences from the average over the two years) allow one cycle of biennial climate change to be examined, with the paucity of temporal degrees of freedom mitigated by greater numbers of spatial degrees of freedom. Time–longitude diagrams of SLH anomalies reveal biennial Rossby waves in the Pacific ocean with westward phase speeds in the extratropics (Tropics) faster (slower) than expected of free biennial Rossby waves. Complex empirical orthogonal function analysis of SLH, SST, MSW, and WSC anomalies finds the beta-refraction pattern of these biennial Rossby waves in all four variables over most of the eastern-central Pacific Ocean, suggesting that oceanic Rossby waves there are coupled with the overlying atmosphere. The.
Lightning incidents in Mongolia

This is one of the first studies that has been conducted in Mongolia on the distribution of lightning incidents. The study covers a 10-year period from 2004 to 2013. The country records a human death rate of 15.4 deaths per 10 million people per year, which is much higher than that of many countries with similar isokeraunic level. The reason may be the low-grown vegetation observed in most rural areas of Mongolia, a surface topography, typical to steppe climate. We suggest modifications to Gomes–Kadir equation for such countries, as it predicts a much lower annual death rate for Mongolia. The lightning incidents spread over the period from May to August with the peak of the number of incidents occurring in July. The worst lightning affected region in the country is the central part. Compared with impacts of other convective disasters such as squalls, thunderstorms and hail, lightning stands as the second highest in the number of incidents, human deaths and animal deaths. Economic losses due to lightning is only about 1% of the total losses due to the four extreme weather phenomena. However, unless precautionary measures are not promoted among the public, this figure of losses may significantly increase with time as the country is undergoing rapid industrialization at present.
Limitation of algal growth by iron deficiency in the Australian Subantarctic Region

In March 1998 we measured iron in the upper water column and conducted iron‐ and nutrient‐enrichment bottle‐incubation experiments in the open‐ocean Subantarctic region southwest of Tasmania, Australia. In the Subtropical Convergence Zone (∼42°S, 142°E), silicic acid concentrations were low (< 1.5 µM) in the upper water column, whereas pronounced vertical gradients in dissolved iron concentration (0.12‐0.84 nM) were observed, presumably reflecting the interleaving of Subtropical and Subantarctic waters, and mineral aerosol input. Results of a bottle‐incubation experiment performed at this location indicate that phytoplankton growth rates were limited by iron deficiency within the iron‐poor layer of the euphotic zone. In the Subantarctic water mass (∼46.8°S, 142°E), low concentrations of dissolved iron (0.05‐0.11 nM) and silicic acid (< 1 µM) were measured throughout the upper water column, and our experimental results indicate that algal growth was limited by iron deficiency. These observations suggest that availability of dissolved iron is a primary factor limiting phytoplankton growth over much of the Subantarctic Southern Ocean in the late summer and autumn.
Impact of Crude-Oil Spillage Pollution and Chemical Remediation on Agricultural Soil Properties and Crop Growth

Loamy sand of agricultural land in an oil producing and processing area was polluted with crude oil and the fouled soil samples were reclaimed using chemical degreasers and detergents. Both treatments showed significant effect on soil properties and crop growth parameters; however recovery level was 67-100% and significantly (p ≤ 0.01) higher than the level of degradation, except in infiltration rate. Soil pH increased by 26% in fouled soil attributable to bacterial biodegradation of crude oil under the anaerobic conditions present in the soil macro and micro-pores, and indicated the tendency of crude oil spills to buffer acidic soil to neutral. Hydraulic conductivity with 45 – 67% reduction from 82.24 cm/day in the control soil to 39.6 cm/day in polluted soil confirmed the blockage of polluted soils micropores by oil films. Crop growth, indicated by root elongation, diminished to 7.4 ± 0.64 cm in polluted soil compared to13.47 ± 6.40 cm in the control soil. Evapotranspiration and leaf mass water decreased by 90% while fertility indicated 33 – 103% increase in total nitrogen, organic carbon and available phosphorus in the polluted soil. The chemical degreaser/detergent emulsion effectively recovered soil properties and plant growth in the reclaimed soil and is recommended for short-duration restoration of crude-oildegraded soil for productive agriculture. @JASEM J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage . December, 2010, Vol. 14 (4) 147 - 154
Soil Carbon Dynamics Along an Elevation Gradient in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

The role of soil C dynamics in the exchange of CO{sub 2} between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere is at the center of many science questions related to global climate change. The purpose of this report is to summarize measured trends in environmental factors and ecosystem processes that affect soil C balance along elevation gradients in the southern Appalachian Mountains of eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina, USA. Three environmental factors that have potentially significant effects on soil C dynamics (temperature, precipitation, and soil N availability) vary in a predictable manner with altitude. Forest soil C stocks and calculated turnover times of labile soil C increase with elevation, and there is an apparent inverse relationship between soil C storage and mean annual temperature. Relationships between climate variables and soil C dynamics along elevation gradients must be interpreted with caution because litter chemistry, soil moisture, N availability, and temperature are confounded; all potentially interact in complex ways to regulate soil C storage through effects on decomposition. Some recommendations are presented for untangling these complexities. It is concluded that past studies along elevation gradients have contributed to a better but not complete understanding of environmental factors and processes that potentially affectmore » soil C balance. Furthermore, there are advantages linked to the use of elevation gradients as an approach to climate change research when hypotheses are placed in a strong theoretical or mechanistic framework. Climate change research along elevation gradients can be both convenient and economical. More importantly, ecosystem processes and attributes affecting soil C dynamics along elevation gradients are usually the product of the long-term interactions between climate, vegetation, and soil type. Investigations along elevation gradients are a useful approach to the study of environmental change, and its effect on soil processes, which can complement data obtained from controlled, large-scale, field experiments as well as other empirical and theoretical approaches to climate change research. « less
Automatic Extraction of Road Intersections From Images Based on Texture Characterisation

Abstract Nowadays an important problem in combining geospatial data from different sources is that they rarely align. In this paper we present an approach for vector-image conflation and develop an algorithm which detects road intersections from both datasets as control points by using image texture characterisation. With this technique, we first train the system on a small area of the orthoimagery to learn the road texture distribution, then we can obtain its segmentation according to its texture, and finally the system locates road intersection points. The last step is to align vector data and images by using different techniques.
Tethyshadros insularis, A New Hadrosauroid Dinosaur (Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Italy

An articulated skeleton of a hadrosauroid dinosaur, Tethyshadros insularis n. gen., n. sp. , was recovered from the Liburnian Formation (uppermost Cretaceous) of Villaggio del Pescatore in the Trieste Province of northeastern Italy. One of the most complete dinosaur fossil ever found, it shows for the first time the entire morphology of a hadrosauroid phylogenetically close to, but outside the North American and Asiatic hadrosaurids. It lived on an island developed on a carbonate platform in the Tethys Ocean and the small size of the specimens suggests that it may be an insular dwarf. The skeleton has many peculiarities including cursorial adaptations, and a mix of derived and primitive features. European hadrosauroids probably did not evolve by vicariance nor did they colonize the European Archipelago from North America, but rather came from Asia by island hopping.