Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How to win trust: The case of P2P financial fraud in China

Originally, the establishment of peer-to-peer lending (P2P) helped poor people to solve short-term financial problems or had a charitable nature. Along with its development, it became a financial method that helps people invest. It has been developing rapidly in China since 2007 and was claimed as a Ponzi scheme since many investors have been deceived. That is, P2P in China is viewed more as a fraud rather than a formal financial method. Although some studies have explored the overall picture of P2P, this study filled the research gaps by i) using court cases and media reports for analysis, and ii) adopting trust theory and the concept of guanxi, to explore the trust relationship in the P2P. To investigate the process and mechanism in P2P, the present study aimed to examine the situation of P2P investment in China and the trust-building process between investors and P2P companies by using trust theory. A case study method was adopted using published court and media cases. A thematic analysis approach was used to analyse the data. The results demonstrate that investors were guaranteed high financial returns by the companies, and they profited from their initial investments. However, they were commonly deceived in subsequent investments after their trust in the P2P companies was established through the initial gain. The results also reveal a trust-building process between investors and P2P companies through the quality of search, experience and credence as adopted in trust theory. The study complements the trust theory with Chinese cultural concepts such as authority and guanxi and reveals how these are applied in Chinese business malpractices.
A New Explanation for the Frog-in-the-Pan Phenomenon Based on the Cognitive-Evolutionary Model of Surprise

The frog-in-the-pan (FIP) phenomenon suggests that investors are more sensitive to abrupt price changes than gradual price changes in the stock market. Based on the cognitive-evolutionary model of surprise and the reinforcement learning model, this paper provides a new explanation for the FIP phenomenon in that this phenomenon could be explained by the elicitation of surprise emotion. We predict that when a change substantially and abruptly occurs, the significant prediction error triggers participants’ surprise, which makes participants more sensitive to the change. To ascertain these hypotheses, we recruited 109 participants and compared participants’ learning rates and surprise responses under different contexts. We observed that participants’ learning rate soared when the prediction error was large enough to trigger surprise emotion under abruptly changed conditions and confirmed that the FIP phenomenon could be explained by the elicitation of surprise emotion. In a word, this research demonstrates the significant role of surprise emotion in the decision-making process.
The Promise of Multiwavelength and IFU Observations

Abstract Many of the advances of the last decade in this subject have been the result of large spectroscopic surveys of galaxies on the one hand, and multi-wavelength surveys of galaxies on the other. This talk highlights applications that exploit a combination of spectroscopic and multi-wavelength diagnostics. Most applications to date have been based on spatially integrated measurements of galaxies, but the introduction of wide-field integral field spectrometers promises to extend ths approach to spatially-resolved analyses of galaxies.
Transient Eddy Forcing of Blocking Flows.

Abstract The net forcing of blocking flows by transient eddies having synoptic time scales is examined within the framework of quasi-geostrophic theory. Temporal filtering is used to distinguish the effects of transients having synoptic lime scales (i.e., periods less than approximately seven days) from those having longer time scales. Convergences of transient eddy transports of heat and vorticity during blocking conditions are computed from highpass-filtered time series. The eddy flux convergences for individual blocking events are then composited according to the locations of the blocks. The quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity equation relating geopotential tendency and the eddy flux convergences of heat and vorticity is solved for composite blocking conditions. The diagnosis is performed for both observed blocks and blocks simulated by a general circulation model. The net quasi-geostrophic geopotential tendencies due to transports by the synoptic-scale transient eddies exhibit a quadrature relations.
Dietary Nitrate Supplementation Enhances Performance and Speeds Muscle Deoxyhaemoglobin Kinetics during an End-Sprint after Prolonged Moderate-Intensity Exercise

Short-term dietary nitrate (NO3−) supplementation has the potential to enhance performance during submaximal endurance, and short-duration, maximal-intensity exercise. However, it has yet to be determined whether NO3− supplementation before and during submaximal endurance exercise can improve performance during a short-duration, maximal-intensity end-sprint. In a randomised, double-blind, crossover study, 9 recreationally active men ingested NO3−-rich (BR: 8 mmol NO3−/day) and NO3−-depleted (PL: 0.75 mmol NO3−/day) beetroot powder for 7 days. On day 7, participants completed 2 h of moderate-intensity cycling, which immediately transitioned into a 60 s maximal-intensity end-sprint, with supplements ingested 2 h before and 1 h into the moderate-intensity exercise bout. Plasma [NO3−] and [NO2−] were higher in BR compared to PL pre- and post-exercise (p < 0.05). Post-exercise plasma [NO3−] was higher than pre-exercise (562 ± 89 µM vs. 300 ± 73 µM; p < 0.05) and plasma [NO2−] was not significantly different pre- (280 ± 58 nM) and post-exercise (228 ± 63 nM) in the BR condition (p > 0.05). Mean power output during the final 30 s of the end-sprint was greater after BR (390 ± 38 W) compared to PL (365 ± 41 W; p < 0.05). There were no differences between BR and PL in any muscle oxygenation variables during moderate-intensity cycling (p > 0.05), but muscle [deoxyhaemoglobin] kinetics was faster during the end-sprint in BR (6.5 ± 1.4 s) compared to PL (7.3 ± 1.4 s; p < 0.05). These findings suggest that NO3− supplementation has the potential to improve end-sprint performance in endurance events when ingested prior to and during exercise.
Electromagnetic fluctuations, correlation and localization in the time domain

In this paper, we attempt to find a unified framework in which the statistics of wave propagation in random media can be understood as strengths of scattering and absorption increase. First, we discuss the weak scattering, diffusive limit without absorption. In this limit, the suppression of transmission by weak localization, the distribution of total transmission and the intensity correlation functions with displacement and polarization rotation are all described in terms of the dimensionless conductance so that these effects are explicitly linked. When absorption is introduced, the dimensionless conductance can no longer serve as a fundamental scaling parameter, but the variance of the total transmission is still able to chart the changing statistical character of propagation and localization with sample size. By examining transport at a fixed time following pulsed excitation, the affect of absorption can be removed while the growing impact of localization can be clearly discerned. The functional form of probability distributions of intensity and total transmission and of the spatial and polarization intensity correlation functions in the time domain are the same as in the frequency domain. The connection of mesoscopic fluctuations to localization can be seen in the spectral correlation function of the field, which is the Fourier transform of average pulsed transmission. The spectral field correlation function can be expressed as a product of the correlation function of the field normalized to the average amplitude in a given configuration and of the square root of the total transmission.
Dynamic operation of magnetic reed relays

A model is developed for the dynamic operation of magnetic reed relays. From experimental data, it is found that the processes of dynamic magnetization and mechanical motion can be treated as separate and consecutive in time. Remarkable agreement was found between the experimentally determined static magnetic force and a force calculation based on an assumed domain structure inside the reed tips. The model basically assumes that the flux passes through the air gap in two areas near the tips of the reeds, each area equals half the cross-sectional area of the reed. The dynamic magnetization process is modeled with an improved version of Agarwal's [7] model for eddy-current losses in laminations, and a differential equation for dynamic reed motion is derived. The very good agreement between theoretical and experimental results shows that this model gives a good representation of the dynamics of the system. Furthermore, the findings of the static force model based on domain concepts have basic application to the knowledge of magnetics in addition to the application here to reed relays.
TOWARD A STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS OF STEADY STATES

The rate of change of the entropy {ital S} and free energy {ital A} with respect to time for a nonequilibrium system in a steady state is considered. A modified Liouville equation is derived to account for the phase space Jacobian arising from nontrivial phase space compression. With due allowance for this factor, the relations {dot S}=0 and {dot A}=0 are obtained, results that are consistent with the assumption of a smooth, differentiable phase space distribution function. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Riesz transforms on spheres

is the vector valued Riesz transform of f . cn is a constant that only depends on the dimension and that is chosen so that (Rjf )̂ (ξ) = i ξj |ξ| f̂(ξ), where Rjf is the j-th component of Rf, ξ = (ξ1, . . . , ξn), and f̂ is the Fourier transform of f . It is well known that there are several equivalent ways to define R. One way is related to a Neumann problem. Let F be the solution in the upper half space
Symmetrical jet action in the R Aquarii binary system

Collimated mass flow in opposite directions is detected in the R Aqr binary-system jet by means of high-resolution long-slit spectroscopy of several optical emission lines. Also presented are images of the jet structure in the forbidden line of O III, which clearly show bipolar symmetry extending to distances of about 2750 AU on either side of the central Mira variable. The Mira light was greatly reduced by utilization of a vignetting disk on the window of the imaging CCD. This result confirms the recent report of morphological evidence for an R Aqr jet from the detection of bipolar radio continuum emission at 6 cm, and provides the necessary kinematical evidence to show that jet action is actually taking place. 20 refs.
Event-Triggered Quantized Input-Output Finite-Time Synchronization of Markovian Neural Networks

This paper addresses the event-triggered input-output finite-time mean square synchronization for uncertain Markovian jump neural networks with partly unknown transition rates and quantization. Considering the limited network resources, an event-triggered technique and a logarithmic quantizer are both provided. The error system model with uncertainty is established in the unified framework. Then, based on Lyapunov functional approach, interesting results are presented to guarantee the properties of the input-output finite-time mean square synchronization for the error systems. Furthermore, some solvability conditions are induced for the desired input-output finite-time mean square synchronization controller under linear matrix inequality techniques. Eventually, the theoretical finding’s efficiency is shown by an example.
Could lactate clearance be a marker of mortality in pediatric intensive care unit?

Background/aim Hyperlactatemia is a common finding in critically ill patients and has significant prognostic implications. However, a single lactate measurement has not been correlated to mortality consistently. In this study, we aimed to correlate the clinical efficacy of lactate clearance for the prediction of mortality in pediatric intensive care unit patients. Materials and methods This retrospective observational study was performed in the pediatric intensive care unit in patients with lactate level >3 mmol/lt. Initial, 6th h, and 24th h lactate levels were recorded and lactate clearance was calculated using these values (lactate level at admission – level 6 h later × 100/lactate level at admission). Results A total of 172 patients were included in the study. Forty-four out of 172 patients died. Median (IQR) lactate (mmol/L) at admission was low in those who survived in comparison to nonsurvivors 4.4 (3.1) vs. 5.75 (7.7) (p = 0.002). Clearance at 6th h was significantly lower in those who died (11.7%) than those who survived (36.7) (p = 0.001). 6th h lactate clearance level <20.7% predicted mortality with a sensitivity of 63.6% and specificity of 69.5% along with a positive predictive value of 41.8 and a negative predictive value of 84.8 (p = 0.004). Both lactate levels and lactate clearance values were significantly predictive factors for mortality (p < 0.05). Only a positive moderate correlation was found between the percentage of PRISM-IV % and 6th h lactate level. Conclusion The present study revealed that lactate clearance is a simple and rapid risk-stratification tool holding to be a potential biomarker of managing the treatment efficacy of children in the pediatric intensive care unit.
Travel Equity between Relocatees and Non-Relocatees before and after a Shopping Plaza’s Opening in the Megacity-Peripheral Large-Scale-Residential Area: A Case in Shanghai, China

In Chinese megacity centers, substandard housing is being removed. The inhabitants are relocated to peripheral large-scale residential areas, and we call them “relocatees”. After the relocation, their housing quality is improved but travel quality may worsen. Little attention has been paid to the change in travel equity over time for shopping-related trips of relocatees and non-relocatees in these areas in rapidly developing countries, especially for the change before and after the major built environment development, such as a shopping plaza’s opening. To fill this research gap, we conducted two surveys before and after Wanda Shopping Plaza’s opening. We used statistical analysis, estimated discrete choice models focusing on mode choice, and calculated consumer surplus as a measurement of travel equity. Results show a relocatee has a lower travel quality for shopping-related trips. Travel equity between relocatees and non-relocatees for shopping-related trips becomes worse after Wanda’s opening. Differences in consumer surplus between relocatees and non-relocatees provide a reference for the travel subsidy policy.
Sugar-free chewing gum versus conventional analgesic drugs for pain relief with fixed orthodontic appliances. A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: To compare the effect of chewing sugar-free gum towards alleviating self-reported orthodontic treatment (OT) pain compared with conventional analgesic drugs (CADs). Search sources: An unrestricted search of indexed databases and manual searching was performed up to September 2021. Data selection: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the impact of chewing gum and CADs on relieving self-reported orthodontic pain were included. Data extraction: Data screening, extraction and risk of bias (RoB) assessment were performed by two authors. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model. The quality of available evidence was assessed using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Results: Nine RCTs were included. Eight RCTs used the Visual Analogue Scale for self-reported pain assessment, while one RCT used the Numeric Rating Scale. Five RCTs had a high RoB and four RCTs had a moderate RoB. Power analysis for sample size estimation was performed in six RCTs. Separate meta-analyses were performed by pooling quantitative data from five RCTs that compared self-reported orthodontic pain between chewing gum and ibuprofen groups for the following timepoints: baseline; immediately; 2 hours; 6 hours; bedtime; 24 hours; 2 days; 3 days; 5 days; and 7 days after the placement of orthodontic appliances. None of the timepoints individually indicated a difference in self-reported pain scores between chewing sugar-free gum and ibuprofen groups. The overall level of evidence was very low. Conclusion: Chewing sugar-free gum is a potentially useful alternative to CADs towards pain alleviation during fixed OT.
Unrecognised depression among older people: a cross-sectional study from Norwegian general practice

Background Depression is common in old age and is associated with disability, increased mortality, and impairment from physical diseases. Aim To estimate the prevalence of depression among older patients in Norwegian general practice, to evaluate the extent they talk about it during their consultation, whether it was previously known or suspected by their GP, and how frequently patients with depression visit their GP. Design & setting Cross-sectional study among patients and GPs at 18 primary care clinics in the south of Norway. Method Patients aged ≥65 years who visited their GP were asked to complete the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The GPs reported what kind of issues the patient presented at the consultation, if a current depression was known, and the consultation frequency. Results Forty-four (11.4%) of 383 patients reported moderate or severe depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥10). Among the cases with data from both patient and GP (n = 369), 38 patients (10.3%) reported moderately depressive symptoms. Of these, only 12 (31.6%) mentioned psychological problems to their GP during their consultation; 12 (31.6%) with previous depression were neither known to the GP nor suspected of currently having depression; and 67.6% of them visited their GP ≥5 times a year. Conclusion Older patients tend to speak little of their depression to the GP. Almost one in three older patients with moderate depressive symptoms were unrecognised by their GP. Older patients who frequently visit the GP should be suspected of potentially having mental health problems.
On the global real analytic coordinates for Teichmüller spaces

Let $G$ be a Fuchsian group acting on the unit disk $D$ . The group $G$ is called type $(g, m)$ , if the quotient space $D/G$ is conformally equivalent to a compact Riemann surface of genus $g$ with $m$ disjoint disks removed. Then the Euler-Poincar\’e characteristic $\chi(D/G)$ is $2-2g-m$ . From now on we only consider those types $(g, m)$ satisfying $\chi(D/G)<0$ or $2g+m\geqq 3$ . A Fuchsian group is marked by choosing a system of generators. Let $G$ be a marked Fuchsian group of type $(g, m)$ . Then all other marked Fuchsian groups of this type are considered as deformations of $G$ and they form the Teichm\"uller space $T(g, m)$ . The Teichm\"uller space $T(g, m)$ has the structure of a real analytic manifold of dimension $6g-6+3m$ . Keen [5] found that $9g-9+4m$ absolute values of traces of hyperbolic elements in a marked Fuchsian group give global real analytic coordinates for
Preparation of catalyst from natural montmorillonite mineral and its application in the synthesis of carbon nanosphere

In developed countries, nanoparticles derived from natural minerals and high-purity chemicals both are widely studied, while in developing countries like Mongolia, the natural minerals-based nanoparticles have more interest because of the low production cost and applicability of domestic natural minerals for their production. For the synthesis of natural mineral-based nanomaterials, it is important first to define the chemical composition and physical structure of local minerals and their possible processing route. We employed an environmentally friendly alkaline leaching procedure to recover silica from the clay mineral at 90°C for 24 hours. We applied an organic surfactant (CTAB) and a simple coprecipitation approach to form iron-doped silica nanoparticles. Consequently, we used iron-doped silica nanoparticles as a substrate and catalyst for the synthesis of carbon nanosphere at 750 °C for 1 hour in an argon and acetylene gas atmosphere. As a result, vast quantities of superhydrophobic carbon nanospheres (CNS) were obtained. The physicochemical properties of nanosilica substrate, non-functionalized carbon nanosphere, and functionalized carbon nanosphere (CNS) samples were characterized using XRD, XRF, SEM, EDS, TEM, and FTIR spectrometer. Iron-doped mineral-derived nanosilica particles demonstrated high catalytic efficiency and the potential to produce a large amount of value-added carbon nanospheres. Superhydrophobic CNS can be used in a variety of applications, particularly drug delivery; however, to use CNS in both aqueous and non-aqueous media, the superhydrophobic properties of CNS can be modified using different oxidizers. The changes in hydrophobicity of the CNS were examined and suggested possible oxidizing agents.
Psychometric evaluation of the Swedish Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI)

ABSTRACT Psychiatric disorders are common, and reliable measures are crucial for research and clinical practice. A cross-diagnostic construct that can be used to index treatment outcomes as well as prevalence of psychological ill health is psychological flexibility. The aim of this study was to validate a Swedish version of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI). The MPFI has 12 subscales, six of which measure flexibility, and six that measure inflexibility. Using confirmatory factor analysis in a community sample of 670 participants, we found that a model with two higher order factors had satisfactory fit (CFI = .933) and a 12-factor model had the best fit to the data (CFI = .955). All 12 subscales showed adequate reliability (CRs = .803–.933) and the factor structure was similar across age groups and gender. Findings suggest that the Swedish version of the MPFI is a reliable instrument that can be used to index psychological flexibility. Potential areas for improvement of the instrument are discussed.