Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An improved method for estimating the median annual flood for small ungauged catchments in the United Kingdom

This paper presents a new regression equation to estimate the median annual maximum instantaneous flow (QMED) for small ungauged catchments in the UK. The regression equation utilises catchment descriptors that have been used extensively for flood and low‐flow hydrology. To derive this equation, a database of 135 gauging stations that drain areas ranging from 0.5 to 25 km2 has been compiled. This is a larger dataset than has been used in previous equivalent studies. Predictions from the new QMED equation were compared to other widely used flood estimation methods, showing a significant improvement in accuracy in some cases. The merits of including a descriptor quantifying urbanisation in the new regression equation are also discussed.
Compositional heterogeneity within a dumbbell-shaped Apollo 15 green glass: Evidence for simultaneous eruption of different magmas

The Apollo 15 green glasses that occur most prominently in 15425, 15426, and 15427 consist of compositionally distinct groups. The six groups that have thus far been defined are thought to represent different batches of magma that were erupted as fire-fountains, probably at different times in lunar history; although isotopic analyses of representative glasses within some of these groups have not yet found any differences in age at the +/- 100 Ma precision. While the petrogenesis of these picritic magmas has been contentious, the discovery of a compositionally heterogeneous, dumbbell-shaped green glass raises additional questions and problems about their origin.
Terrigenous input and paleoproductivity in the Southern Ocean

The geochemistry of several sites along the Polar Front Zone of the Southern Ocean revealed significant changes in terrigenous input and productivity on glacial timescales. Our records indicate concentrations and fluxes of terrigenous elements (i.e., Fe, Al, and Ti) are low during interglacials and increase tenfold to twentyfold during glacials. Phosphorus accumulation, reactive P concentrations, and P/Ti ratios exhibit similar trends as the terrigenous components, suggesting increased export production during glacials. In all cores, elemental ratios remain relatively constant, indicating terrigenous sources at each site have not likely varied over the past ∼250 kyr. Iron accumulation rates for these sites are 10 times higher during glacials than interglacials and exceed the estimated regional eolian fluxes by ∼50 times. The source of this terrigenous material is thus likely to be hemipelagic rather than direct eolian input or ice rafting, and we speculate Fe upwelled from this source may have stimulated glacial productivity in the Southern Ocean.
Taxocenosis de Lacértidos en un arenal costero alicantino

Se detallan las estructuras espacial, temporal y trofica de cuatro especies de saurios acanthodactylus erythrurus psammodromns algirus psammodromus hispanicos y lacerta lepida en un arenal costero en la provincia de Alicante. Se han estudiado diversas caracteristicas del biotopo y de la biocenosis tomando como ejemplo una parcela de trabajo de 8000 m2. Se han analizado las correspondencias entre la distribucion espacial de las especies y las caracteristicas del biotopo y bioegnosis asi como diversos capitulos referentes a la estructura y dinamica de la poblacion de saurios.
Electromagnetic determination of soil water content: Measurements in coaxial transmission lines

The dependence of the dielectric constant, at frequencies between 1 MHz and 1 GHz, on the volumetric water content is determined empirically in the laboratory. The effect of varying the texture, bulk density, temperature, and soluble salt content on this relationship was also determined. Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) was used to measure the dielectric constant of a wide range of granular specimens placed in a coaxial transmission line. The water or salt solution was cycled continuously to or from the specimen, with minimal disturbance, through porous disks placed along the sides of the coaxial tube. Four mineral soils with a range of texture from sandy loam to clay were tested. An empirical relationship between the apparent dielectric constant Ka and the volumetric water content θv, which is independent of soil type, soil density, soil temperature, and soluble salt content, can be used to determine θv, from air dry to water saturated, with an error of estimate of 0.013. Precision of θv to within ±0.01 from Ka can be obtained with a calibration for the particular granular material of interest. An organic soil, vermiculite, and two sizes of glass beads were also tested successfully. The empirical relationship determined here agrees very well with other experimenters' results, which use a wide range of electrical techniques over the frequency range of 20 MHz and 1 GHz and widely varying soil types. The results of applying the TDR technique on parallel transmission lines in the field to measure θv versus depth are encouraging.
Duplex Ultrasound Imaging in Free Transverse Rectus Abdominis Muscle, Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery Perforator, and Superior Gluteal Artery Perforator Flaps: Early and Long-Term Comparison of Perfusion Changes in Free Flaps Following Breast Reconstruction

Objective:Our objective was to assess the hemodynamic differences in free DIEP (deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap), S-GAP (superior gluteal artery perforator flap) flaps versus TRAM (transverse rectus abdominis muscle) flaps and to analyze any perfusion change due to perforator dissection (study 1). To examine the hypothesis as to whether flap perfusion is maintained through the pedicle (study 2), we also compared short- and long-term DIEP flap perfusion. Material and Methods:Blood volume flow, velocity, and diameter of the donor and recipient vessels of 4 TRAM flaps, 5 S-GAP flaps, and 17 DIEP flaps were examined preoperatively on day 5 and also 18 months postoperatively using duplex ultrasound. Results:The greatest volume flow and velocity are measured in the TRAM flaps, followed by S-GAP and DIEP flaps. Blood flow in the musculocutaneous and perforator flaps is twice as great as in thedonor vessels, which is proof of flap hyperperfusion. Summary:The minimum perfusion requirement is easily satisfied in musculocutaneus and free perforator flaps. In the long term, DIEP flap perfusion increases 13%, which assumes that DIEP flap perfusion is maintained on the pedicle.
Ecology of alluvial arable land polluted by copper mine tailings : new insights for restoration

On an exceptional research locality, strongly acidic, nutrient poor and Cu-enriched soils were anthropogenically created in a continental climate and calcareous surrounding. How would Nature, if left to its own, recover from this long-term and large scale pollution which has completely transformed the landscape? Using multivariate approach, space-for time substitution, and a lucky circumstance of highly patterned vegetation and soil gradients, this study sheds new light on ecological principles which underpin spontaneous succession. In particular, it offers new insights into the role of surrounding vegetation under severe environmental filtering, the functional adaptation underlying the observed novel species assemblages, and points out the overwhelming importance of nutrient deficiency on structuring the revegetation process. Finally, the pre-disaster vegetation is not likely to get established even if very high soil Cu are allowed to be leached to background levels. This study offers one interesting “would be” scenario relevant for the praxis of ecological restoration.
Precipitation measurement and derivation of precipitation inclination in a windy mountainous area in northern Costa Rica

Over small‐scale topography in windy areas, precipitation tends to be redistributed by wind through the modification of precipitation inclination. The latter is often derived from wind speed and conventional rain gauge records by application of relations—derived mainly for convective rainfall conditions—between (1) precipitation intensity and drop diameter, and (2) drop diameter and terminal fall velocity. However, it remains to be seen whether such relationships give valid results for the typically low precipitation intensities prevailing in tropical montane cloud forests. On the basis of the assumption that the total amount of near‐surface atmospheric liquid water, defined hereafter as the ‘potential precipitation’, is most likely to be identical over small distances, this paper introduces a device to measure amounts of potential precipitation. The gauge captures both the vertical and horizontal component of precipitation, and this allows derivation of precipitation inclination using simple trigonometry. Results on precipitation inclinations obtained with the ‘potential precipitation gauge’ on a wet and windy site in northern Costa Rica suggest the droplets to be smaller than those predicted by the commonly used relationships referred to above. The current gauge is also shown to be more effective in catching inclined precipitation than two different types of spherical gauges. In addition, ‘effective’ fall velocities were determined for each precipitation event using derivated precipitation inclination and wind speed. The assumption of spatially similar potential precipitation amounts and effective fall velocities throughout a small catchment allows the catchment‐wide determination of precipitation inclination and therefore of hydrologically effective precipitation from a single‐point measurement of potential precipitation and wind speed in combination with modelled spatial wind speed pattern. This approach is believed to yield appreciably better estimates of spatial precipitation inputs compared to reliance on conventional rain gauges and derivation of terminal fall velocities from precipitation intensity records. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of mercury-dissolved organic matter (DOM) complexation on toxicity in natural waters

Global industrialization, coupled with a large biogeochemical cycle that moves mercury through the environment, has resulted in higher mercury concentrations being detected in many environmental compartments. Although the presence of mercury in each compartment has the potential to elicit toxicity, mercury found in natural waters provides the greatest risk, due to the various reactions it can undergo, resulting in a plethora of different species. Due to the fact that mercury contamination in aquatic systems has the potential to bioaccumulate and biomagnify up the food chain and cause toxicity, understanding the behavior of mercury in these systems is imperative in the protection of both organisms and humans. Although much research has focused on the human health effects of mercury contamination, little research has examined the environmental implications of mercury contamination. This research attempts to bridge the gap in understanding of mercury toxicity in the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) to aquatic organisms in natural waters. Whole water samples were collected from seven sites along the length of the Ogeechee River in southeastern Georgia. Physiochemical parameters of each water sample, including hardness, alkalinity, pH, conductivity, and ion concentrations, were measured to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the sites. Due to the fact that organic matter collected from waters can be varied in both concentration and nature,
On Occlusions in Video Action Detection: Benchmark Datasets And Training Recipes

This paper explores the impact of occlusions in video action detection. We facilitate this study by introducing five new benchmark datasets namely O-UCF and O-JHMDB consisting of synthetically controlled static/dynamic occlusions, OVIS-UCF and OVIS-JHMDB consisting of occlusions with realistic motions and Real-OUCF for occlusions in realistic-world scenarios. We formally confirm an intuitive expectation: existing models suffer a lot as occlusion severity is increased and exhibit different behaviours when occluders are static vs when they are moving. We discover several intriguing phenomenon emerging in neural nets: 1) transformers can naturally outperform CNN models which might have even used occlusion as a form of data augmentation during training 2) incorporating symbolic-components like capsules to such backbones allows them to bind to occluders never even seen during training and 3) Islands of agreement can emerge in realistic images/videos without instance-level supervision, distillation or contrastive-based objectives 2 (eg. video-textual training). Such emergent properties allow us to derive simple yet effective training recipes which lead to robust occlusion models inductively satisfying the first two stages of the binding mechanism (grouping/segregation). Models leveraging these recipes outperform existing video action-detectors under occlusion by 32.3% on O-UCF, 32.7% on O-JHMDB & 2.6% on Real-OUCF in terms of the vMAP metric. The code for this work has been released at https: //github.com/rajatmodi62/OccludedActionBenchmark .
Shock experiments up to 30 GPa and their consequences on microstructures and magnetic properties in pyrrhotite

Shock experiments with pressures ranging from 3 to 30 GPa have been conducted on a mixed assemblage of hexagonal and monoclinic pyrrhotite. All samples were studied with respect to their particular shock‐induced microstructures and magnetic properties at high and low temperatures. Up to 8 GPa, microstructures in shocked pyrrhotite are characterized by mechanical deformation producing a damage of the crystal structure. At pressures of 20 GPa and upward, amorphization and mechanical twinning are the dominant structural features induced by shock. Within the lower‐pressure range coercivity, saturation isothermal remanent magnetization and coercivity of remanence increase with shock pressures, in agreement with more single‐domain (SD)‐like behavior. Simultaneously, the λ‐peak of hexagonal pyrrhotite decreases and the 34 K transition of monoclinic pyrrhotite broadens and is depressed. Magnetic hardening is triggered by grain‐size reduction, but also by the formation of SD within discrete multidomain grains. Planar deformation features subdivide such multidomain grains into lath‐shaped domains with average sizes lying in the SD range. The planar deformation features disappear at 20 GPa and irregular, nanometer‐sized “amorphous domains” occur instead. Pressure release from 30 GPa finally triggers partial melting of pyrrhotite. The sharp interfaces between molten and crystalline pyrrhotite document a rapid change of thermal conditions. Within molten pyrrhotite, quenched iron crystals occur. The presence of native iron strongly influences the magnetic properties, depending on the particular amount in the studied sample and likely affects the magnetic properties of impact lithologies on Earth and extraterrestrial material.
On the age of stratospheric air and ozone depletion potentials in polar regions

Observations of the nearly inert, man-made chlorofluorocarbon CFC-115 obtained during January 1989 are used to infer the age of air in the lower stratosphere. These observations together with estimated release rates suggest an average age of high-latitude air at pressure altitudes near 17-21 km of about 3 to 5 years. This information is used together with direct measurements of HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, CH{sub 3}Br, H-1301, H-1211, and H-2402 to examine the fractional dissociation of these species within the Arctic polar lower stratosphere compared to that of CFC-11 and hence to estimate their local ozone depletion potentials in this region. It is shown that these HCFCs are much less efficiently dissociated within the stratosphere than CFC-11, lowering their ozone depletion potentials to only about 30-40% of their chlorine loading potentials. In contrast, the observations of CH{sub 3}Br and the Halons considered here confirm that they are rapidly dissociated within the stratosphere, with important implications for their ozone depletion potentials. 20 refs., 4 figs., 3 tabs.
Rheological contrast between glaucophane and lawsonite in naturally deformed blueschist from Diablo Range, California

Deformation microstructures for a lawsonite blueschist from the New Idria serpentinite body, Diablo Range, are investigated to clarify rheological behaviors of glaucophane and lawsonite, which are main mineral assemblages of subducting oceanic crust at relatively cold geotherm. Developments of crystal‐preferred orientations (CPOs) with small grain size, irregular grain boundary and high aspect ratio of glaucophane indicate deformation mechanism as recovery and dynamic recrystallization possibly accommodated by dislocation creep, while lawsonite deforms by rigid body rotation based on euhedral grains with angular or straight grain boundaries. Higher aspect ratios, lower angle to foliation, and stronger CPOs of both minerals in the glaucophane‐rich layer rather than those in the lawsonite‐rich layer suggest the strain localization into the glaucophane‐rich layer. Additionally fabric strength (the degree of crystal alignment) and seismic anisotropy are higher in the glaucophane‐rich layer than that of the lawsonite‐rich layer, which is consistent with the microstructural analyses. All our results imply, therefore, the dominant role of glaucophane rather than lawsonite for rheological behavior and seismic anisotropy of blueschist.
Preliminary Seismological Report on the 6 August 2007 Crandall Canyon Mine Collapse in Utah

At 2:48 a.m. local time (MDT; 08:48 UTC) on 6 August 2007, a major collapse occurred in the Crandall Canyon coal mine in east-central Utah. This collapse resulted in the deaths of six miners who were working underground in the area of the collapse. Ten days later, a much smaller collapse in this mine killed three rescue workers and injured six others (Stricklin 2007). A local magnitude ( ML ) 3.9 seismic event occurred at approximately the same time and place as the Crandall Canyon Mine collapse. Seismological evidence summarized in this paper and in a companion paper by Ford et al. (2008, this issue of SRL ) indicates that most of the seismic wave energy in this event was generated by the mine collapse and not by a naturally occurring earthquake. The ML 3.9 event was preceded and followed by numerous smaller ( ML ≤ 2.5) seismic events in the same area, most of which are probably mining-related as well. These events include an ML 1.6 shock associated with the coal burst that killed the three rescuers. For convenience, we will refer to the ML 3.9 event as the Crandall Canyon Mine “main shock” and to the events that followed it as “aftershocks,” even though these terms are normally used for naturally occurring earthquakes. There is a high-quality data set for the Crandall Canyon Mine seismic events from surrounding stations of the University of Utah regional seismic network, a five-station temporary network that we deployed in the mine area after the 6 August collapse, the National Science Foundation EarthScope Transportable Array, and other networks. In this paper, we analyze the seismological data for the Crandall Canyon Mine main shock and for preceding events and aftershocks in order to gain a better understanding of these events and …
Macroinvertebrate Community Responses to Annual Flow Variation from River Regulation: An 11‐Year Study

The majority of the world's large river systems is affected by dams. The influences of unnatural regimes induced by flow management are wide‐ranging from both biotic and abiotic standpoints. However, many of these effects are not evident over short (1–2 years) periods (e.g. impacts of annual flow variation). This study examines the long‐term effects of annual flow variation on the macroinvertebrate community in the Chattahoochee River (GA) in the reaches below Buford Dam, the major water control structure on the river. Quarterly, macroinvertebrate samples were taken from 2001 to 2011 using Surber and Hester–Dendy plate samplers at six locations spread across 65 km below the dam. Data were analysed via analysis of similarities to determine differences in community composition between high‐flow (mean discharge = 58.27 m3/s) and low‐flow (mean discharge = 26.53 m3/s) years. Taxa that contributed most to community differences were determined via similarity percentages analyses and subsequent t‐tests. Several insect taxa (e.g. Cheumatopsyche and Ceratopsyche caddisfly larvae, Maccaffertium mayfly nymphs and Taeniopteryx stonefly nymphs) were more prevalent under the high‐flow regime. Non‐insect macroinvertebrates (e.g. Crangonyx amphipods, Tricladida flatworms and Caecidotea isopods) were more abundant under low‐flow conditions. In terms of taxon richness, no significant effects of flow regime were detected. Implications of macroinvertebrate patterns for the fishery and ecological health of the river are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of landslide age, landslide persistence and human impact using airborne laser scanning digital terrain models

Bell, R. , Petschko, H. , Röhrs, M. and Dix, A. Assessment of landslide age, landslide persistence and human impact using airborne laser scanning digital terrain models. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography, 94, 135–156. doi:10.1111/j.1468‐0459.2012. 00454.x ABSTRACT Landslides occur worldwide and contribute significantly to sediment budgets as well as to landform evolution. Furthermore, they pose hazards and risks to people and their goods. To assess the role of landslides, information on their age or persistence (i.e. the length of time the morphological characteristics of a landslide remain recognizable in the terrain) is essential. In this study, the potential of airborne laser scanning digital terrain models (ALS DTMs) is analysed for estimating landslide age, landslide persistence and human impact. Therefore, landslides in two study areas, Swabian Alb in Germany and Lower Austria in Austria, are mapped from hillshades of ALS DTMs and combined with historical information on landslide occurrence. It is tested whether the modification of the geomorphological features of landslides can be used to assess landslide age. In the Swabian Alb older landslides might show fresher features than younger ones because of different degrees of human impact, natural erosion and different histories of landslide reactivation. Estimated persistence times range between 27 and 320 years but are minimum values only. In Lower Austria four landslides show estimated minimum persistence times between 4 and 28 years. In Lower Austria 27 landslides disappeared in less than 7 years after occurrence mainly because of planation by farmers. The results show no clear trend in landslide persistence, neither regarding landslide magnitude, nor regarding land use. However, it is evident that human impact plays a major role in landslide persistence.