Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Near-Infrared Survey of Bright Rimmed Clouds

We conductedwide-field near-infraredimaging observationsof 32 bright rimmed clouds (BRCs). Given a detec- tion limit of 17.7mag at the K-band, we identified 2099 objects as young stellar object (YSO) candidates that displayed near-infrared excesses. Their masses, estimated from luminosities, range from 0.006 Mto 2.7 Mˇ . T he candidates are not uniformly distributed. For 21 BRCs, more than half of the associated YSO candidates are located inside the cloud. We found clear evidence of triggered star formation. The number of YSO candidates is not corre- lated with the core mass of the molecular clouds. Instead, the YSO number increases with increasing UV photon flux from the exciting star illuminating the cloud surface. UV radiation activates star formation in the BRCs.
Influence of Ultrasound Upon Heat Transfer Systems

This paper summarizes the r esults of 3 exploratory investigations: (1) radiant heattransfer, both solar and infrared, into water, (2) heat conduction through metals, and (3) melting of a heterogenous system. An ultrasonic cleaning bath having a frequency of SO kHz was used in the radiant heat transfer experiments with water. When sunlight was used the heat transfer coefficient was increased 1.3 to 2 times with the addition of ultrasound. Ultrasound increased the heat transfer c oefficient 2 to 4 times with infrared lamp. through metals was increased from 2.3-3.5 times with the addition of ultrasound. The heat convection from the metal to air was also increased by a factor of 4 which substantiated the results of R. Lemlich reported in 1955. In melting of a heterogeneous system, an ultrasonic horn in contract with the material increased the melting of the system 30% faster than the electric heat lamp having the same energy input as the ultra sound. Heat conduction
AVERAGING DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS WITH ALMOST PERIODIC, RAPIDLY OSCILLATING COEFFICIENTS

The Dirichlet problem containing a small parameter is considered, where the coefficients are almost periodic functions in the sense of Besicovitch. An averaged equation having constant coefficients is contracted, and the convergence of to the solution of the averaged equation is proved. An estimate of the remainder is obtained under the condition that there are no anomalous commensurable frequencies in the spectrum of the coefficients. For the problem in the whole space a complete asymptotic expansion in powers of is constructed.Bibliography: 12 titles.
Dynamic Response of a Circular Tunnel Embedded in a Saturated Poroelastic Medium due to a Moving Load

Dynamic response of a circular tunnel embedded in a porous medium and subjected to a moving axisymmetric ring load is investigated in this paper. In this study, two scalar potentials and two vectorial potentials are introduced to represent the displacements for the solid skeleton and the pore fluid. Based on Biot’s theory and applying the Fourier transformation on time variable, a set of frequency domain governing equations for the potentials are obtained. Performing the Fourier transformation on the axial coordinate, closed-form general solutions for the potentials with arbitrary constants are obtained. Using the closed-form general solutions and boundary conditions along the tunnel surface, the arbitrary constants involved in the potentials are calculated. Representations for the displacements, the stresses and the pore pressure are derived in terms of the closed-form potentials. Analytical inversion of the Fourier transformation with respect to frequency and numerical inversion of the Fourier transformation with respect to the axial wave number lead to numerical solutions for the displacements, the stresses and the pore pressure in the porous medium. Numerical results demonstrate the soil response due to a high speed load is quite different from those due to a static load or a lower speed load. These differences become more pronounced when the velocity of moving load approaches the velocities of elastic waves of a porous medium.
Generic properties and problems of minimizing measures of Lagrangian systems

It is proved here that minimizing measures of a Lagrangian flow are invariant and the Lagrangian is cohomologous to a constant on the support of their ergodic components. Moreover, it is shown that generic Lagrangians have a unique minimizing measure which is uniquely ergodic and is a limit of invariant probabilities supported on periodic orbits of the Lagrangian flows.
Establishing Field-Based Learning by Incorporating Family Math Night into a Mathematics Methodology Course

Abstract Research shows that preservice teachers can enhance their growth and development through interactions with children in the school setting as a component of their coursework in education. Additionally, preservice teachers feel they need more interactions with parents in their university preparation. Family Math Night has the potential to address these needs. This article provides a conceptual framework for merging Family Math Night into a mathematics methodology course. First, a method for coordinating the event with local schools is described. Second, the structure for the preservice teachers' assignment is presented as a model for integration. With this structure, preservice teachers are provided with an opportunity to challenge what it means to teach and learn mathematics through field-based experiences.
Dense gas in the bulges of external galaxies

In order to probe the physical conditions in the high-pressure environments of galactic bulges, we have studied the properties of the dense molecular gas in the bulges of a sample of 19 mostly normal spiral galaxies. We observed the 3 mm emission from the molecules HCN and CS, which trace gas densities of ∼10 5 cm -3 . Our high detection rate (68% in HCN, 50% in CS) suggests that most spiral galaxies, not just starburst galaxies, contain appreciable quantities of dense gas in their bulges
Deterministic learning and nonlinear observer design

A “deterministic learning” (DL) theory was recently proposed for identification of nonlinear system dynamics under full‐state measurements. In this paper, for a class of nonlinear systems undergoing periodic or recurrent motions with only output measurements, firstly, it is shown that locally‐accurate identification of nonlinear system dynamics can still be achieved. Specifically, by using a high gain observer and a dynamical radial basis function network (RBFN), when state estimation is achieved by the high gain observer, along the estimated state trajectory, a partial persistence of excitation (PE) condition is satisfied, and locally‐accurate identification of system dynamics is achieved in a local region along the estimated state trajectory. Secondly, by embedding the learned knowledge of system dynamics into a RBFN‐based nonlinear observer, it is shown that correct state estimation can be achieved according to the internal matching of the underlying system dynamics, rather than by using high gain domination. The significance of this paper is that it reveals that the difficult problems in nonlinear observer design can be successfully resolved by incorporating the deterministic learning mechanisms. Simulation studies are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Social Forces Shape Math Attitudes and Performance

Debate has continued throughout the last decade over the existence and possible causes of differences between males' and females' mathematical skills. Several observations recur as the focus of this controversy. First, adolescent boys have been found to score higher than girls on standardized mathematics achievement tests. ' Second, males are more likely than females to engage in a variety of optional activities related to mathematics, from technical hobbies to careers in which math skills play an important role.2 Third, adolescent males typically perform better than their female
Thermodynamically consistent algorithms for a finite‐deformation phase‐field approach to fracture

Phase‐field approaches to fracture offer new perspectives toward the numerical solution of crack propagation. In this paper, a phase‐field method for finite deformations and general nonlinear material models is introduced using a novel multiplicative split of the principal stretches to account for the different behavior of fracture in tension and compression. An energy‐momentum consistent integrator is developed and applied to the arising nonlinear coupled phase‐field model. This approach is thermodynamically consistent in the sense that the first law of thermodynamics if fulfilled with respect to the dissipation function. The capabilities and the performance of the proposed approach is demonstrated in several representative examples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regional Difference in the Characteristic of Dust Event in East Asia: Relationship among Dust Outbreak, Surface Wind, and Land Surface Condition

The regional differences in the characteristics of dust events (i.e., all phenomena related with dust; dust in the production and suspension phases) in East Asia were investigated by use of surface meteorological data from March 1988 to May 2004. Referring to the topography and land cover type (e.g., Bare Desert, Semi Desert Shrubs, Grassland, Cultivated Land), East Asia was divided into 11 regions. Dust outbreaks (i.e., dust in the production phase) frequently occur in the Gobi Desert, the western part of the Loess Plateau, and the Taklimakan Desert, whose land cover types are Bare Desert and Semi Desert Shrubs (i.e., Desert). Although the result of frequent dust outbreaks is common among these regions, the frequency of floating dusts (i.e., dust in the suspension phase) differs greatly. Floating dusts are frequently observed in the Taklimakan Desert because most of the dust particles are blocked by the steep topographical surroundings such as the Tibetan Plateau, Pamirs, and Tian Shan Mountains. On the other hand, floating dusts are seldom observed in the Gobi Desert and Loess Plateau. In these regions, although dusts are produced by synoptic disturbances, they are immediately swept away by these same synoptic disturbances.We clarified the regional differences in the relationships among dust outbreak, surface wind, and land surface condition by analyzing the correlation between dust outbreak frequency and strong wind frequency at a threshold wind speed ofa constant, 6.5 m sec−1. Our analysis showed that the surface wind is primarily responsible for dust outbreaks in Desert regions in March and April. On the other hand, land surface conditions are the determining factor for dust outbreaks in Grassland regions. Land surface conditions affect dust outbreaks in May even in Desert regions, but almost no impact ofwind is seen. An examination of the effect of snow cover on the threshold wind speed, using the parameterization of Kurosaki and Mikami (2004), shows snow cover to have marked effects on dust outbreaks in Inner Mongolia and the Hexi Corridor in March, and in Northern Mongolia in April. The seasonal and year-to-year variations in dust outbreaks, and the mean threshold wind speed of dust outbreak are also compared among regions.
A New Characterization of Rain and Clouds: Results from a Statistical Inversion of Count Data

Most variables in meteorology are statistically heterogeneous. The statistics of data from several different locations, then, can be thought of as an amalgamation of information contained in several contributing probability density functions (PDFs) having different sets of parameters, different parametric forms, and different mean values. The frequency distribution of such data, then, will often be multimodal. Usually, however, in order to achieve better sampling, measurements of these variables over an entire set of data gathered at widely disparate locations are processed as though the data were statistically homogeneous, that is, as though they were fully characterized by just one PDF and one single set of parameters having one mean value. Is there, instead, a better way of treating the data in a manner that is consistent with this statistical heterogeneity? This question is addressed here using a statistical inversion technique developed by Tarantola based upon Bayesian methodology. Two examples of disdrometer measurements in real rain, one 16 h and the other 3 min long, reveal the presence of multiple mean values of the counts at all the different drop sizes. In both cases the heterogeneous rain can be decomposed into five–seven statistically homogeneous components, each characterized by its own steady drop size distribution. Concepts such as stratiform versus convective rain can be given more precise meaning in terms of the contributions each component makes to the rain. Furthermore, this discovery permits the explicit inclusion of statistical heterogeneity into some analytic theories.
Multiple-wavelength GaInAs-GaAs vertical cavity surface emitting laser array with extended wavelength span

The wavelength engineering of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL) on a nonplanar substrate enables us to realize a multiwavelength VCSEL array. We are able to control the wavelength of both a cavity resonance and the gain peak of an active region, depending on patterned shapes. A main limiting factor in expanding the wavelength span in arrays is the offset between the gain peak and the resonant wavelength. In order to overcome this offset, we optimized a gain-cavity detuning to extend the wavelength span. A wavelength span of over 100 nm was obtained from a fabricated 12-channel array. The output power is over 1 mW, and threshold current is 0.65 /spl plusmn/ 0.2 mA. We carried out the compensation of the threshold current-density variation by the precise control of oxide apertures in each element. In addition, we proposed a growth-pressure control in epitaxial growth on a patterned substrate for further extension of the lasing wavelength span. We demonstrated a 0.96-1.16-/spl mu/m multiple-wavelength VCSEL array with highly strained GaInAs-GaAs QWs exhibiting a record wavelength span of 192 nm. These technologies would enable low-cost wideband wavelength division multiplexing data links.
Personality and attitudinal influences on algebra achievements levels

This study investigated why some students of average to above‐average mathematical ability succeed in algebra, while others do not. The influence of personality traits on algebra achievement was investigated. Explicitly, the traits studied were psychological type as determined by the Myers—Briggs Type indicator, and the level of type A behaviour as determined by a rating scale developed by Bortner. Also investigated were attitudinal influences on algebra achievement levels. Results revealed no significant differences in algebra achievement levels due to personality traits. Significant correlations were found between attitudinal measures and algebra achievement levels.
Lattice Boltzmann simulation of dispersion in two‐dimensional tidal flows

A lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is applied to problems of dispersion in two‐dimensional water flows. The water flow is modelled by shallow water equations. A two‐distribution lattice Boltzmann equation algorithm is presented to solve the pollutant transport problem within the framework of shallow water flow. One distribution models the shallow water flow. The other distribution models the pollutant transport. Flow characteristics and concentration profiles of dispersive species are obtained at various flow regimes. For fast water flow, the concentration profiles are highly affected by the flow advection and become completely different from those at slow water flow. Numerical results are presented for pollutant transport in bounded and open channel flows. The proposed LBM is also used to simulate a pollution event in the Strait of Gibraltar. The obtained results indicate that the present method is useful for the investigation of transport phenomena by shallow water flows in complex geometries and practical flow problems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radicals of Semilattice-graded Rings

Let $R=\sum_{\alpha\in \Omega} R_{\alpha}$ be a semilattice Ω-graded ring and P a radical. Conditions are found under which $P(R)=\sum_{\alpha\in \Omega} P(R_{\alpha})$ if and only if $P(R_{\alpha})R_{\beta} + R_{\beta}P(R_{\alpha})\subseteq P(R_{\alpha \beta})$ for all α, β ∈ Ω. Examples are given to show that some conditions cannot be removed.
A Construction of Nonnegative Approximate Quadratures

Tchakaloff's demonstration is a very beautiful one, involving the theory of convex bodies. A separating hyperplane is employed and a nonconstructive proof is obtained. The theorem is valid for weighted integrals of dimension d _ 1. Equivalent results on finite moment spaces were obtained earlier by various authors. See, e.g., Karlin and Studden [2, Chapter II]. Tchakaloff's independent work appears to be the first to formulate the result explicitly as in (1.1), thereby stressing its numerical analysis aspect. This result is interesting for numerical analysis because: (1) Quadrature rules with nonnegative weights are more favorable than rules with mixed weights in that they lead to more stable computations; (2) Interpolating quadrature formulas determined by brute force methods do not often yield weights that are of one sign. The purpose of the present paper is to give an alternative proof of Tchakaloff's theorem which is constructive in its nature. The present proof is also a more "elementary" one than Tchakaloff 's in that it makes use only of the familiar raw materials of elementary numerical analysis. Extensions and numerical applications will be published subsequently by the author and by M. W. Wilson.
On Generating Orthogonal Polynomials

We consider the problem of numerically generating the recursion coefficients of orthogonal polynomials, given an arbitrary weight distribution of either discrete, continuous, or mixed type. We discuss two classical methods, respectively due to Stieltjes and Chebyshev, and modern implementations of them, placing particular emphasis on their numerical stability properties. The latter are being studied by analyzing the numerical condition of appropriate finite-dimensional maps. A number of examples are given to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of the various methods and to test the theory developed for them.
ELF emissions observed by the EXOS-D satellite around the geomagnetic equatorial region

As was introduced in the paper by Kimura et al. [1990], interesting ELF emissions in the frequency ranges above the cyclotron frequencies of He+ and/or O+ have been detected by ELF subsystem of the EXOS-D satellite. This paper is to propose that these emissions are ion cyclotron mode emissions trapped along the magnetic field lines around the magnetic equatorial plane, which are very similar phenomena detected in frequencies around the He+ cyclotron frequency, FHe+ by GEOS 1 and 2 nearly the geostationary altitude. The propagation characteristics can be confirmed by ray tracing including the effects of ions.
A Unified Method for Analyzing Mission Reliability for Fault Tolerant Computer Systems

A reliability model is proposed and evaluated for a fault tolerant computer system which consists of multiple classes of modules and allows for degraded modes of performance. Each module of a given class has both an active and a passive hazard rate; constant hazard rates are assumed for active and dormant failures, and the given class may operate either in N Modular Redundancy (NMR: n + 1 out of 2n + 1 = N) or as a standby sparing system. The model allows for mission-phase changes at deterministic time points when the numbers of modules per class can be changed. The analysis proceeds by generalizing the notions of standby and NMR redundancy, which for N = 3 is TMR (Triple Modular Redundancy), into a concept called hybrid-degraded redundancy. The probabilistic evaluation of the unified redundancy concept is then developed to yield, for a given modular class, the joint distribution of success and the number of nonfailed modules from that class, at special times. With this information, a Markov chain analysis gives the reliability of an entire sequence of phases (mission profile).
Shock regularization in dense gases by viscous–inviscid interactions

Transonic high-Reynolds-number flows through channels which are so narrow that the classical boundary-layer approach fails locally are considered in the presence of a weak stationary normal shock. As a consequence, the properties of the inviscid core and the viscosity-dominated boundary-layer region can no longer be determined in subsequent steps but have to be calculated simultaneously in a small interaction region. Under the requirement that the core-region flow should be considered to be one-dimensional to the leading order the resulting problem of shock–boundary-layer interaction is formulated by the means of matched asymptotic expansions for laminar flows of dense gases (Bethe–Zel'dovich–Thompson, or BZT, fluids). Such fluids have the distinguishing feature that the fundamental derivative of gas dynamics can become negative or even change sign under the thermodynamic conditions to be considered. The regularizing properties of the mechanism of viscous–inviscid interactions on the different anomalous shock forms possible in the flow of dense gases with mixed nonlinearity, namely rarefaction, sonic, double-sonic and split shocks, will be discussed. To this end we show the consistency of the resulting internal-shock profiles because of strong shock–boundary-layer interaction with a generalized shock admissibility criterion formulated for the case of purely inviscid flows. Representative solutions for the internal-shock structures are presented, and the importance of such flow phenomena in technical applications in the near future are shortly discussed by considering estimates of the actual dimensions of the interaction region for a specific representative situation in which the BZT fluid PP10 (C13F22) has been selected.
A best constant and the Gaussian curvature

For axisymmetric f E C? (S2) we find conditions to make f the scalar curvature of a metric pointwise conformal to the standard metric of S2. Closely related to these results, we prove that in the inequality (Moser [8]) 2e" Ce1 Vt&2/167F Vu E H,(S2) with | = 0, the best constant C = Vol(S2).
On the accuracy of limiters and convergence to steady state solutions

This paper addresses the practical problem of obtaining convergence to steady state solutions when limiters are used in conjunction with upwind schemes on unstructured grids. The base scheme forms a gradient and limits it by imposing monotonicity conditions in the reconstruction stage. It is shown by analysis in one dimension that such an approach leads to various schemes meeting TVD requirements in one dimension. It is further shown that these formally second order accurate schemes are less than second order accurate in practice because of the action of the limiter function in smooth regions of the solution. Modifications are proposed to the limiter that restore the second order accuracy. In multiple dimensions these schemes produce steady state solutions that are monotone and devoid of oscillations. However, convergence stalls after a few orders of reduction in the residual. With the modified limiter, on the other hand, it is shown that converged steady state solutions can be obtained.