Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geographic Variation in the Petiole–Lamina Relationship of 325 Eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Woody Species: Analysis in Three Dimensions

The petiole–lamina relationship is central to the functional tradeoff between photosynthetic efficiency and the support/protection cost. Understanding environmental gradients in the relationship and its underlying mechanisms remains a critical challenge for ecologists. We investigated the possible scaling of the petiole–lamina relationships in three dimensions, i.e., petiole length (PL) vs. lamina length (LL), petiole cross sectional area (PCA) vs. lamina area (LA), and petiole mass (PM) vs. lamina mass (LM), for 325 Qinghai–Tibetan woody species, and examined their relation to leaf form, altitude, climate, and vegetation types. Both crossspecies analysis and meta-analysis showed significantly isometric, negatively allometric, and positively allometric scaling of the petiole–lamina relationships in the length, area, and mass dimensions, respectively, reflecting an equal, slower, and faster variation in the petiole than in the lamina in these trait dimensions. Along altitudinal gradients, the effect size of the petiole–lamina relationship decreased in the length and mass dimensions but increased in the area dimension, suggesting the importance of enhancing leaf light-interception and nutrient transport efficiency in the warm zones in petiole development, but enhancing leaf support/protection in the cold zones. The significant additional influences of LA, LM, and LA were observed on the PL–LL, PCA–LA, and PM–LM relationships, respectively, implying that the single-dimension petiole trait is affected simultaneously by multidimensional lamina traits. Relative to simple-leaved species, the presence of petiolule in compound-leaved species can increase both leaf light interception and static gravity loads or dynamic drag forces on the petiole, leading to lower dependence of PL variation on LL variation, but higher biomass allocation to the petiole. Our study highlights the need for multidimension analyses of the petiole–lamina relationships and illustrates the importance of plant functional tradeoffs and the change in the tradeoffs along environmental gradients in determining the relationships.
The rise of cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis, normalisation, and the continuum model of psychosis

Over recent decades a research programme involving nonclinical samples has provided a justification for the use of normalising practices within cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis. These studies have found that, contrary to mainstream psychiatric assumptions, beliefs considered delusional are neither rare in the general population nor qualitatively different from “nondelusional” beliefs, whilst theories from a “normal” rather than “abnormal” psychology have shown them to be intelligible rather than un-understandable. Yet the programme’s inherent limitations have meant that the potential of nonclinical research has not been fully realised. An alternative research programme is proposed which could elucidate the diversity of belief in the general population by examining the role of social norms and lived belief narratives in unconventional belief communities. This could address the limitations of the normalising programme, provide a necessary corrective to the “clinician’s illusion” bias, and prompt a more fundamental reconceptualisation of beliefs considered delusional.
Homesickness, Anxiety, Depression among Pakistani International Students in Indonesia during Covid-19

Introduction: International students are exposed to multiple mental health crises due to social, environmental and culture shocks in foreign lands but it gets worse in presence of life-threatening disease outbreak. This research was conducted to evaluate the homesickness, anxiety and depression among Pakistani international students in Indonesia during Covid-19 Outbreak. The Methodology conducted on 86 random students that are pursuing their studies in different public and private universities in Indonesia. The data were collected by distributing goggle forms via email and social media groups and the responses from the respondents were recorded and analysed statistically. Results: The study findings revealed that there is a correlation between Covid-19 pandemic and the development of various mental health crises where 33 students (38.37%) developed homesickness, 11 students (12.79%) developed anxiety and 2 students (2.33%) manifested low-grade depression. Homesickness was outstandingly observed in females (72.72%) whereas anxiety was highly reported in males (90.90%). The study findings demonstrated that there is a strong negative correlation between student financial statuses and the development of homesickness (r:-0.977, P:0.023) and anxiety (r:-0.944, P:0.056). Conclusion: All in all, the fear to contract coronavirus, lockdowns, financial instability, death toll of citizens and medical professionals, run out of medical facilities and social media hoaxes are significant risk factors of mental health crisis among Pakistani international students in Indonesia.
The Implicit Memory Bias During Pandemic Covid-19 in University Students

The Covid-19 pandemic has been causing mental health problems, one of which is anxiety. The cognitive model theory state bias in implicit memory plays a significant role in causing a person to experience intense anxiety and severity. This study aimed to examine the effect of stimulus presentation (threatening & non-threatening) on implicit memory bias in the anxious and non-anxious participants. This study used a factorial experimental research design and used the Psycopy version 3 program to create computer-based experimental manipulations. A total of 46 participants (22 anxious and 24 non-anxious) of college students joined this research. A computer-based Word Stem Completion Test (WSCT) used for measuring implicit memory bias and STAI for participants selection. A two-way ANOVA (2x2) with JASP software to test the hypothesis. The results showed that there was an effect of the presentation of the stimulus on implicit memory bias. The presentation of a threatening stimulus caused implicit memory bias in both groups (anxious and non-anxious). The implication study results will be discussed in more detail in the discussion. © IEOM Society International.
A Time Traveller’s Guide to Law and Finance: Comments on Carsten Gerner-Beuerle, ‘Law and Finance in Emerging Economies: Germany and Britain 1800–1913’ (2017) 80(2)

The article by Carsten Gerner-Beuerle compares Germany and the UK in relation to the evolution of company and securities law in the 19th and early 20th century. In addition, the article makes the original contribution that it contextualises this research on corporate legal history by way of exploring the reasons that explain the legal evolution and divergent development of financial markets in both countries.
IoTLS: understanding TLS usage in consumer IoT devices

Consumer IoT devices are becoming increasingly popular, with most leveraging TLS to provide connection security. In this work, we study a large number of TLS-enabled consumer IoT devices to shed light on how effectively they use TLS, in terms of establishing secure connections and correctly validating certificates, and how observed behavior changes over time. To this end, we gather more than two years of TLS network traffic from IoT devices, conduct active probing to test for vulnerabilities, and develop a novel blackbox technique for exploring the trusted root stores in IoT devices by exploiting a side-channel through TLS Alert Messages. We find a wide range of behaviors across devices, with some adopting best security practices but most being vulnerable in one or more of the following ways: use of old/insecure protocol versions and/or ciphersuites, lack of certificate validation, and poor maintenance of root stores. Specifically, we find that at least 8 IoT devices still include distrusted certificates in their root stores, 11/32 devices are vulnerable to TLS interception attacks, and that many devices fail to adopt modern protocol features over time. Our findings motivate the need for IoT manufacturers to audit, upgrade, and maintain their devices' TLS implementations in a consistent and uniform way that safeguards all of their network traffic.
CROWDFUNDING AS VALUE CO-CREATION MODEL: THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTS AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

Crowdfunding describes a collaborative online process that enables the creation of new ventures (Ordanini et al., 2011) through the financial and non-financial support of a large number of individuals (backers). Furthermore, in the crowdfunding process, actors collaborate intensively, by exchanging several type or resources with the expectation of non-mutually exclusive benefits. Due to these features, the current study explores CF as a specific VCC model. In particular, a first objective is to advance the extant research in the crowdfunding field by adopting the VCC perspective. Consistent with Ranjan and Read (2016) VCC framework, we adopt two theoretical dimensions, such as co-production and value-in-use axioms. Secondly, the study empirical addresses the CF as a VCC model through the development and validation of backers VCC behavioural scale. Based on a large sample (3.592) of backers who financially supported a new venture in the gaming sector, our findings confirm the two mentioned theoretical dimensions as explicative of VCC in the CF context. The implications of the current study are both theoretical and practical, by shedding new light in the comprehension of CF as means for funding and value co-creation.
Coating Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized from Spent Coffee Ground Extract to Enhance Their Stability

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized using the extract from cold-brew spent coffee grounds. The colloids were characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy. When using 1.8 mM and 4.0 mM HAuCl4, the average diameter of AuNPs was 10.51 and 13.75 nm, corresponding to the peak at 533 and 539, respectively. The colloidal stability was studied using the results from spectrophotometry. The aggregation of as-synthesized AuNPs, reflected by the red shift of the spectrum, occurred after the centrifugation at 10000 rpm for 10 minutes but this was prevented after coating with 5%w/v PEG400, 5%w/v PEG6000, 0.1%w/v alginate, and 0.5%w/v SDS solutions. Electrostatic stabilization using alginate and SDS could withstand up to three times of centrifugation, while steric stabilization using PEG400 and PEG6000 could withstand the disturbance of Ca2+ more effectively. The smaller AuNPs were more affected by Ca2+ than the larger ones. In highly acidic solutions, all coated AuNPs showed the red shift and SDS-coated AuNPs were the most effective against acid disturbance, and in highly basic solutions, all coated AuNPs showed the blue shift. Besides, the coated AuNPs were still stable at 52oC. This study could be applied in situations where mechanical, chemical, thermal and acid disturbances are concerned.
Relationship between Adherence to the Traditional Mediterranean Diet and Body Compositions in a Turkish Population

Background: The Mediterranean diet is one of today's popular d iet patterns. The adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with a healthier a nd longer life. Aim: The aim of our study is to determine the relations hip between adherence to the traditional Mediterran ean diet and body compositions. Methodology: Two hundred fifty-six participants who applied to . State Hospital Nutrition and Diet Polyclinic were included to this cross-sectional st udy. The questionnaire form consisting of four part s [descriptive information, weekly physical activity duration, anthropometric and Bioelectrical Impedanc e Analysis (BIA) measurements and 14-item Mediterrane an Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS)] was applied to the participants. Participants were divided into tw groups as those below the acceptable MEDAS level of seven (Group 1, n=128) and those with the acceptable MEDA S level of seven or above (Group 2, n=128). Results: The mean value of the MEDAS score was found to be 6.15 ± 2.16. Considering the effects of adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet on b dy composition; body weight, height, body mass in dex, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist / hei g t ratio, neck circumference, body fat mass, body muscle mass, body water mass and BMR were found to be stat istic lly significantly lower in Group 2 where adhe rence with the Mediterranean diet is high than Group 1. P earson correlation analysis showed that as the MEDA S scores increased, the above body compositions of pa rtici nts decreased. Conclusion: In this study, the adherence to the Mediterranean d iet was moderate and as the adherence to diet increased, obesity rates decreased.
A Bioimpedance-Based Device to Assess the Volume Conduction Properties of the Tongue in Neurological Disorders Affecting Bulbar function

<italic>Goal:</italic> Current instruments for bulbar assessment exhibit technical limitations that hinder the execution of clinical studies. The volume conduction properties (VCP) of the tongue reflect ionic content and myofiber integrity and they can serve as a new biomarker for evaluating neurological disorders with bulbar dysfunction. <italic>Methods:</italic> We designed a standalone bioimpedance measurement system that enables accurate, multi-frequency measurement of tongue anisotropic VCP including conductivity and relative permittivity. The system includes a tongue depressor with 16 non-invasive surface sensors for electrical contact with the tongue at directions 0<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>, 45<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>, 90<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula> and 150<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>. The depressor is interfaced with the tongue electronic system with Bluetooth connectivity, and a smartphone application. De-identified patient data is sent by email. <italic>Results:</italic> We first determined the accuracy of the hardware performing phantom measurements mimicking a broad range of tongue values and determined the error to be <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$< $</tex-math></inline-formula>1%. We then validated our new technology measuring a cohort of 7 healthy human subjects under Institutional Review Board approval. <italic>Conclusions:</italic> None of the subjects who participated suffered discomfort or gag reflexes. The novel technique presented for intra-oral assessment of tongue VCP provides standard, objective and quantitative data potentially sensitive to alterations in tongue internal structure and composition.
ABOVE AND BELOW GROUND CARBON STOCK OF ACACIA MANGIUM STAND IN SABAH, MALAYSIA

This study aimed to estimate above and belowground carbon stock in Acacia mangium stands of different silvicultural systems (planted and regeneration) at the Bengkoka Forest Plantation, Pitas, Sabah, Malaysia. Aboveground biomass (AGB) and belowground biomass (BGB), and soil organic carbon content (SOC) at depth of 30 cm were quantified. A comparison was done between the two different silvicultural systems of Acacia mangium. A random systematic sampling method was used for conducting the forest inventory. Three circular plots of 0.25 ha were established in each of the Acacia mangium systems. Diameter at breast high (DBH) of every tree was measured using a diameter tape. Shrub layer and organic layer were measured at five randomly selected positions in each plot. Five litter fall traps (1m x 1m) were set up in the same position as the shrub and organic layer. Three holes (25 cm x 25 cm x 30 cm) were dug to get the roots for quantifying the roots biomass and soil for carbon content. The soil bulk density was determined by using undisturbed soil samples collected by using 51 mm diameter ring (100 cc.). The results showed that the total amount of carbon stock was 73.56 t ha-1 and 82.40 t ha-1 for planted and regeneration stands, respectively. The study revealed that the major contributor to total carbon stock for both planted and regeneration Acacia mangium stands was the aboveground biomass with mean values of 46.99 t ha-1 and 53.83 t ha-1 followed by belowground biomass with mean values of 26.57 t ha-1 and 28.57 t ha-1, respectively.
International Journal of Instruction

This study aims to test the effectiveness of Self-Assessment Based Counseling services using Quasi-Experimental Pretest-Posttest Nonequivalent Group Designs. Research subjects totaled 105 high-school students consisting of 53 male students and 52 female students. Subjects were divided into two groups, 55 students in the experimental group, and 50 students in the control group. The research data on the form of a certainty score of students’ further study plan was measured using the Certainty Scale of Further Study Plan. The results indicate that self-assessment counseling services are effective to help high school students improve their further study plan certainty. The average score of students from the experimental group increased significantly compared to students from the control group. The scores of male and female students did not differ significantly, and their mean scores showed equal improvement. The use of self-assessment in further study counseling does not depend on the sex of the students, both for men and women equally effectively.
Price transmission in biofuel-related global agricultural networks

This article investigates the connections among the prices of biofuels, agricultural commodities and other relevant assets in Europe, the US, and Brazil. The analysis includes a comprehensive data set covering price data for 38 traded titles during the period from 2003 to 2020. We used the minimum spanning tree (MST) approach to identify price connections in a complex trading system. Our analysis of mutual price connections reveals the major defining features of world-leading biofuel markets. We provide the characteristics of the main bioethanol and biodiesel markets with respect to government policies and technical and local features of the production and consumption of particular biofuels. Despite a relatively long and dynamically evolving history of biofuels, the biofuel systems in the US, Brazil and Europe do not converge toward the same pattern of relations among fossil fuels, biofuels, agricultural commodities and financial assets.
Jupiter's Overturning Circulation: Breaking Waves Take the Place of Solid Boundaries

Cloud‐tracked wind observations document the role of eddies in putting momentum into the zonal jets. Chemical tracers, lightning, clouds, and temperature anomalies document the rising and sinking in the belts and zones, but questions remain about what drives the flow between the belts and zones. We suggest an additional role for the eddies, which is to generate waves that propagate both up and down from the cloud layer. When the waves break they deposit momentum and thereby replace the friction forces at solid boundaries that enable overturning circulations on terrestrial planets. By depositing momentum of one sign within the cloud layer and momentum of the opposite sign above and below the clouds, the eddies maintain all components of the circulation, including the stacked, oppositely rotating cells between each belt‐zone pair, and the zonal jets themselves.
Developing and Testing a Design-Based Learning Approach to Enhance Elementary Students’ Self-Perceived Computational Thinking

Abstract Computational Thinking (CT) is regarded as a crucial competency for all children in the 21st century. There are misconceptions about CT which confounds CT skills with programming skills. However, CT skills and programming skills are not the same. CT is a broader skillset of cognitive thinking that is integral to complex problem solving. Teaching and assessing CT should not only focus on computer programming. In this project, a new design-based learning (DBL) approach was proposed to improve elementary school students’ CT. This approach not only included programming skills, but also integrated CT practices with authentic real-life contexts. Corresponding to recent conceptions of CT, we also assessed CT in a more comprehensive manner. A quasi-experiment study was carried out to assess how the intervention was associated with students’ self-perceived CT skills using both quantitative and qualitative methods. In the treatment group, twenty-three fourth graders engaged in three curriculum units to create artifacts that solve specific real-world problems using LabPlus electronic kits and Scratch programming software. The control group took a traditional computer science class. Results revealed that students’ self-perceived CT skills increased to a greater extent in the treatment group compared to the control group. In addition, we observed and interviewed three student cases in the treatment group to understand the potential learning effects of our new DBL approach. This study contributes to research in CT instruction, its application in STEM education in particular, and how it can be used in elementary level education in general.
Populations restored using regional seed are genetically diverse and similar to natural populations in the region

1. Ecological restoration and plant re-introductions aim to create plant populations that are genetically similar to natural populations to preserve the regional gene pool, yet genetically diverse to allow adaptation to a changing environment. For this purpose, seeds for restoration are increasingly sourced from multiple populations in the target region. However, it has only rarely been tested whether using regional seed indeed leads to genetically diverse restored populations which
The Effect of Using the Student Academic Ability- Problem Solving and 5E Cycle Learning Models on the Student Learning Outcomes

Education in the 21st century aims to change the learning paradigm from teacher-centered to student-centered in order to improve student learning outcomes. Hence, a learning model is needed to improve the students' ability to solve problems by paying attention to their academic ability. This study aims to determine the effect of using the student academic ability-based problem solving and 5E cycle learning models on the student learning outcomes in addictive materials and addictive substances. This study used an experimental method with a 2x2 factorial design. The population in this study was all students of grade VIII SMPN 18 Padang. This study's sample was chosen using the purposive sampling technique, the data collection techniques for the student learning outcomes used to test techniques at the end of learning. The data analysis was performed by using the prerequisite tests (normality and homogeneity tests) and the hypothesis tests using 2-way ANOVA and continued with Bonferroni advanced test. The results show that: There is an interaction between the problem-solving model and the academic ability-based 5E Cycle learning model on the student learning outcomes, but there is no significant difference in learning outcomes between the problem-solving model and the 5E learning cycle model. There is an effect on the academic ability towards the student learning outcomes. There is no difference in the student learning outcomes between students with high academic ability in the two sample classes. There is no difference between the students with low academic ability in the two sample classes.