Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
AN EXAMINATION OF THE SPECTRAL RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF SEVEN ROBERTSON‐BERGER METERS AFTER LONG‐TERM FIELD USE

Abstract— Seven Robertson‐Berger ultraviolet meters located at National Weather Service stations were subjected to a laboratory analysis of their spectral response functions. The analysis revealed that all spectral response functions were similar in shape in the important erythematogenic wavelength region of 300–330 nm; however, a few of the spectral response function wavelength positions varied slightly. The average of the spectral response functions was compared to Robertson‐Berger meter spectral response functions published in the 1970s. and they agreed within experimental error. This finding suggests that the shapes of the spectral response functions did not change or changed only slightly during the meters' long‐term exposure in the network. To provide insight into the problems associated with measurement of ultraviolet radiation in the UV‐B region (295–320 nm), examples of errors caused by wavelength band shifts and calibration procedures are given.
Soft collinear effective theory, QCD, and Wilson lines

Soft Collinear Effective Theory (SCET) is an effective field theory which describes the interactions of low invariant mass jets which are highly boosted with respect to one another. In the standard formulation of SCET, the effective Lagrangian for collinear fields is expanded in inverse powers of the energy. At leading order this leads to manifest decoupling of soft and collinear degrees of freedom; however, subleading terms in the effective Lagrangian violate this manifest decoupling. In this paper we point out that the collinear expansion in the SCET Lagrangian is unnecessary, and that the SCET Lagrangian may instead be written as multiple decoupled copies of QCD. The interactions between the sectors in full QCD are reproduced in the effective theory by an external current consisting of QCD fields coupled to Wilson lines. We illustrate this picture with two examples: dijet production and B->X_s + gamma.
An improved ionized‐impurity scattering model for Monte Carlo simulations

An improved Monte Carlo model for ionized‐impurity scattering is developed and used to calculate majority‐ and minority‐electron mobilities in silicon. The model includes scattering cross sections derived from phase‐shift analysis, implementation of the Friedel sum rule, and a simple phenomenological model for multiple‐potential scattering. This model provides a very good fit to experiment using a single adjustable parameter. Electron mobilities in n‐ and p‐type Si are calculated and fit to experimental data at 300 and 77 K. Experimental results for Si of μn(NA)/μn(ND) ≊ 2 at 300 K are reproduced and a value of 3 < μn(NA)/μn(ND) < 4 is predicted at 77 K.
Assessment of direct radiative forcing due to secondary organic aerosol over China with a regional climate model

Using the regional climate model (RegCM4), optical depth and shortwave (SW) direct radiative forcing (DRF) of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are investigated over China during the summer period. The biogenic emission and gas phase chemistry modules are updated to investigate α-pinene and limonene emissions and their reactions with atmosphere oxidants. The VBS (volatility basis set) model is implemented into RegCM4 to illustrate gas-particle partition process. During the study period (July 2006), the mean surface concentration and column burden of anthropogenic SOA (ASOA) over China are 1.90 µg m−3 and 4.50 mg m−3, respectively. The ones of biogenic SOA (BSOA) are 2.00 and 3.35 mg m−3, respectively. Monthly mean calculated optical depths (at 550 nm) are 0.020 and 0.013 for ASOA and BSOA. The domain averaged simulated ASOA direct SW radiative forcing at surface and at the top of atmosphere (TOA) are −1.21 and −0.66 W m−2. For BSOA, the surface and TOA SW DRF are −0.75 and −0.46 W m−2. The errors induced by applying optical parameters of primary organic aerosol for SOA DRF modelling are also accessed. For DRF at TOA, it will increase by 156 and 161% for ASOA and BSOA. Though the optical parameters applied in this study are still rough, especially for intermediate SOA, this is a first step to apply explicit optical parameters for both ASOA and BSOA in DRF estimation.
On the plasma constriction close to the electrodes of high-pressure mercury and sodium lamps

The arc attachment on electrodes is investigated in 50 Hz high-pressure mercury and sodium discharges between 50 and 150 W. In the cathode and also in the anode phase the discharges are constricted towards the electrodes, and in case of mercury a spot is formed at the electrode. For sodium a diffuse attachment is found in both phases. Side-on intensities in the electrode region are measured with an intensified CCD camera connected to a spectrograph. This leads to a spatial resolution of ~10 µm. The plasma temperature is determined from absolute line intensities of optically thin lines. A rapid temperature increase to nearly 11 000 K is found for mercury within 200 µm in front of the cathode. The same tendency is found in case of sodium but the sheath is smaller and the temperatures are lower compared to mercury.
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF DESIGN METHODS FOR LIQUID PHASE FIXED-BED ADSORBERS

The validity of methods for designing fixed-bed adsorbers is experimentally examined. The breakthrough curves predicted by two design methods without the assumption of the constant pattern and three methods with the assumption are compared with those obtained from the experiments of the liquid phase fixed-bed adsorption of DBS and p-nitrophenol on an activated carbon (CAL). A diagram is presented for estimating minimum column lengths required to establish the constant pattern for the Freundlich isotherm. The validity of this diagram is also examined experimentally.
Synthesis and characterization of stable aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles through the Tollens process

This paper describes a simple and convenient procedure based on the Tollens process for the preparation of silver nanoparticles with a relatively narrow distribution in size. The starting reagents were similar to those commonly used in the electroless deposition of silver. Only under appropriate conditions, mixing of these reagents was able to generate stable aqueous dispersions of silver colloids rather than thin films of silver deposited on the surfaces of objects immersed in the plating solution (including the interior surface of the container). We have demonstrated the capability and feasibility of this approach by forming silver nanoparticles with dimensions in the range of 20–50 nm. These silver nanoparticles could exist as very stable dispersions in water, or as submonolayer coating on microscale colloids. We have also explored the use of light scattering simulation to study the oxidation (by air) of these nanoparticles.
Influence of technological variables on release of drugs from hydrophilic matrices

AbstractHydrophilic matrices are an interesting option when developing an oral sustained-release formulation. Entering the field of pharmaceutical technology almost 40 years ago, they have been steadily growing as regards applications, largely as a result of the increasing need for suitable polymers. Recently, the physico-chemical mechanisms implied in controlling release from such systems have been subjected to new studies, providing the basis for en interpretation of the many deta concerning the dependence of the behaviour of these systems with respect to the technological variables involved in the processes used in their fabrication. It is from this viewpoint that this article analyzes bibilographic information and considers the possibilites for modulating release of drugs of high end low solubility through control of their physical properties, the correct choise of gelling agent and correctly setting up the conditions for fabrication.
Quasielastic neutron scattering characterization of the relaxation processes in a room temperature ionic liquid

We report the first quasielastic neutron scattering measurements on a room temperature ionic liquid: 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [bmim][PF6]. Data were collected using a medium resolution spectrometer as a function of temperature in the range 250–320 K. The data unequivocally indicate the existence of two different relaxation processes: a fast, localized motion occurring in the subpicosecond range and a slower process spanning the subnanosecond regime. These results provide experimental support to recently published molecular dynamics simulations. Evidence for slower, unresolved dynamics (under the present experimental conditions) is also obtained. Both temperature and momentum transfer dependence of the intermediate incoherent dynamic structure factor were investigated, after Fourier transformation into the temporal domain. The fast process shows no appreciable Q- and T-dependence. On the other hand the slow process shows evidence of a complex, non-Debye and non-Arrhenius behavior.
Enrichment of 65 Zn in two contrasting rice genotypes under varying methods of zinc application

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for growth and development of almost all organisms and its deficiency severely affects the health of plants, animals and humans. In order to investigate the enrichment of Zn in cereals a pot experiment was performed in two contrasting rice varieties viz., PD16 (zinc efficient) and NDR359 (zinc inefficient) under different levels of zinc regimes such as control (0 Zn), soil application (5 mg Zn/kg soil tagged with 3.7 MBq of 65 Zn/pot), foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO 4 at 30, 60 and 90 days (925 KBq of 65 Zn/pot), soil application (5 mg Zn/kg soil tagged with 3.7 MBq of 65 Zn/pot) + foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO 4 at 30, 60 and 90 days (925 KBq of 65 Zn/pot). Both varieties markedly differ in 65 Zn accumulation and grain Zn content. NDR359 showed poor translocation efficiency and accumulated relatively less 65 Zn in all the plant parts. In both rice varieties, highest concentration of Zn in dehusked grains could be obtained with soil application of Zn + foliar spray of zinc sulphate. Though NDR359, a zinc inefficient variety exhibited poor zinc translocation efficiency yet, it contained more Zn content in grains with husk and dehusked grains than PD16.
An evaluation of the relationship between SUVA and NOM coagulation using the ICR database

The Objective of this research was to examine relationships between specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) and the amenability of water to coagulation for the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) to demonstrate that the removal of total organic carbon, UV‐absorbing organics, and disinfection by‐product precursors is a function of the raw water SUVA value. Theory and previous studies suggest that SUVA (defined as UV254 normalized with respect to dissolved organic carbon) is a useful indicator of the characteristics of dissolved organic matter in relation to its susceptibility to coagulation and its reactivity with chlorine. Data collected and assimilated under the Information Collection Rule, the largest nationwide water quality survey ever conducted, were analyzed to investigate the association between raw water SUVA and the enhanced coagulation matrix as outlined in the Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule. Findings demonstrated the ability of SUVA to predict the reactivity of NOM and provide the basis for an alternative enhanced coagulation matrix.
The Museum and the Marketplace The Constitution of Value in Contemporary Art

The marketplace of interest to us here is the international market of contemporary art. There is no generic definition of the term "contemporary" in the present state of the art field: The label "contemporary" is an international label that constitutes one of the major stakes, subject to continual reevaluation, of artistic competition. Our choice implies no value judgments on artists labeled contemporary; our sole aim is to analyze the economic and social conditions of the production of such artists. The internationalization of the art business is certainly not new, nor is it limited to trade in so-called contemporary art. Trade in important "pieces" of ancient or modern art is quite international - witness the great auctions held all over the world. Trade in the "sous-bois" produced by artisans in Taiwan or elsewhere is also international. The internationalization of the contemporary art business is unique, however, in that it is inseparably combined with a process of cultural promotion; it depends on an international network of galleries and an international network of cultural institutions.
Molecular modeling of the enthalpies of adsorption of hydrocarbons on smectite clay

We have calculated the enthalpies of adsorption of 13 hydrocarbons on a smectite clay mineral using molecular modeling techniques. The molecules, Cs-Clo linear, branched, and cyclic hydrocarbons, were studied by computer simulation using classical mechanical' energy minimization and molecular dynamics (MD) methods. We held the atoms in the clay surface rigid, while the hydrocarbons were allowed complete flexibility both internally and in relationship to the clay. The atomic coordinates for the clay were developed from a model proposed for an Ascan smectite. We modeled the nonbonded atomic interactions between the clay surface and the hydrocarbons with a simple Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential. The main purpose of our investigation was to determine the sensitivity of the results to the LJ potential parameters. We thus used two sets of values, those from the MM2 force field and those of Hopfinger. To evaluate the usefulness of these potential sets, we compared the calculated enthalpies of adsorption to experimental values from gas chromatography retention studies. The results show that both sets of LJ potentials can represent the trend in the enthalpies of adsorption but give substantially different absolute values. We also find that the calculated trends are quite different if the data are taken from MD simulations of ensembles of molecules, rather than energy minimizations of individual molecules. In particular, the MD calculated values are 4.3 kcal/mol less negative due to the explicit inclusion of temperature. There is still much work needed in developing nonbonded potentials for these types of systems. However, the results demonstrate the great utility of molecular modeling techniques for studying adsorbate-clay interactions.
Mass Transfer Kinetics of Eggplant during Osmotic Dehydration by Neural Networks

Mathematical models and artificial neural networks were applied to best describe water loss and solids gain during osmotic dehydration of eggplant in salt concentrations of 5, 10 and 15%, sample to osmotic solutions ratios of 1:10, 1:15 and 1:20 and temperatures of 30, 45 and 60C, supplemented by oven drying at 70C. Water loss and solids gain were calculated after 15, 30, 60, 90, 150, 210 and 270 min. Temperature and salt concentrations had a direct relationship with effective water and salt diffusivities, which were in the range of 1.931 × 10−9 −3.762 × 10−10 m2/s and 1.371 × 10−9 −7.061 × 10−10 m2/s at different temperatures and salt concentrations, respectively. Generally, concentration of osmotic solution had a reverse relationship with activation energies of water loss and solids gain reactions. Predicting percentages of water loss and solids gain by artificial neural networks was maximized in topologies of 4-25-2 and 4-16-2 with R2 coefficients of 0.9825 and 0.9761, respectively. Practical Applications Osmotic dehydration (OD) of fruits and vegetables is usually carried out simply by their immersion in various types of hypertonic solutions. Nevertheless, determining details of mass transfer kinetics in those products is very crucial to achieve the optimal performance of OD process in fruits and vegetables before applying other efficient treatments and formulating a special product in food industry. In this paper, we investigated the effects of variable parameters of OD process on mass transfer kinetics, optimal duration of the process and performance ratio of this process for eggplant samples; besides, feasibility of predicting mass transfer kinetics by mathematical and artificial neural networks was evaluated. The results of this study will be helpful for all researchers and producers who want to know more about the nuances of impacts of different OD variables on kinetics of mass transfer in fruits and vegetables.
Teaching Concepts through Interdisciplinary Modeling Problem: Energy Conservation Problem

The main purpose of this study is to see how students develop models and how they learn some particular scientific concepts with interdisciplinary modeling problem. For this purpose, researchers have developed ÂEnergy Conservation ProblemÂ which is an interdisciplinary modelling problem in collaboration with Science teacher. The problem was applied to 7th grade students in groups of 3-4 in an Eastern city of Turkey. In the process of interdisciplinary problem solving, students learned some terms about Science discipline and after interrelating these concepts, discussed which factors to include in their prospective models and how to quantify them. The models of the students were different from each other because of studentsÂ first exposure to such a process, different way of thoughts in the groups and inherent complexity of the modelling problems.
Design and optimization of ultrathin crystalline silicon solar cells using an efficient back reflector

Thin film solar cells are cheaper but having low absorption in longer wavelength and hence, an effective light trapping mechanism is essential. In this work, we proposed an ultrathin crystalline silicon solar cell which showed extraordinary performance due to enhanced light absorption in visible and infrared part of solar spectrum. Various designing parameters such as number of distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) pairs, anti-reflection layer thickness, grating thickness, active layer thickness, grating duty cycle and period were optimized for the optimal performance of solar cell. An ultrathin silicon solar cell with 40 nm active layer could produce an enhancement in cell efficiency ∼15 % and current density ∼23 mA/cm2. This design approach would be useful for the realization of new generation of solar cells with reduced active layer thickness.
Chlorophyll meter readings in corn as affected by plant spacing

Abstract Heightened environmental consciousness has increased the perceived need to improve nitrogen (N) use efficiency by crops. Synchronizing fertilizer N availability with maximum crop N uptake has been proposed as a way to improve N‐use efficiency and protect ground water quality. Chlorophyll meters (Minolta SPAD 502) have the potential to conveniently evaluate the N status of corn (Zea mays L.) and help improve N management. A potential problem with the use of chlorophyll meters is the effect of within‐row plant spacing on meter reading variability. Chlorophyll meter readings and leaf N concentration of irrigated corn at anthesis and grain yield at harvest were measured on plants grouped into eight within‐row plant spacing categories. Leaf N concentration was not affected by plant spacings, but chlorophyll meter readings and grain yield per plant increased as plant competition decreased and N fertilizer rate increased. These data indicate that avoiding plants having extreme spacings can greatly incre.
Nitrogen balance in a pond system receiving tertiary effluent

A constructed wetland system near Riverside, CA, received tertiary treated effluent from the local wastewater treatment plant. This nitrate-dominated effluent flowed through four ponds with a combined area of 10 ha, which were connected in series. Flow measuring devices were installed on the inlet and outlet to the pond system and suction lysimeters were installed beneath the ponds. Flow data, samples of surface water, and lysimeter extracts were collected for over 18 mo. Water and N balances were developed for a 1-yr period, during which flow to the ponds was continuous. Of the water entering the pond system, 37% left as outflow, 3% evaporated, and 60% infiltrated. The average total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) concentration in the outflow was reduced by 32% compared with the inflow concentration. The average TIN concentration was 3.6 mg L{sup {minus}1} in extracts from beneath the ponds. Using a mass balance approach, 62% of the inflow TIN was not accounted for by TIN leaving the pond system in surface and subsurface flow. This TIN was lost from the system, most likely by denitrification. When expressed on an area basis, the TIN loss was approximately 1,500 mg m{sup {minus}2} d{sup {minus}1}, a value typical for many effluentmore » dominated wetlands. Based on the results of this study, the city of Riverside decided to expand and enhance the wetlands for use in meeting their N discharge requirements, rather than investing in major capital improvements in additional in-plant treatment facilities. « less
The ultra-high lime with aluminum process for removing chloride from recirculating cooling water

The Ultra-High Lime with Aluminum Process for Removing Chloride from Recirculating Cooling Water. (May 2003) Ahmed Ibraheem Ali Abdel-Wahab, B.S., Al-Minia University; M.S., Al-Minia University, Egypt Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Bill Batchelor Chloride is a deleterious ionic species in cooling water systems because it is important in promoting corrosion. Chloride can be removed from cooling water by precipitation as calcium chloroaluminate using the ultra-high lime with aluminum process (UHLA). This research program was conducted to study equilibrium characteristics and kinetics of chloride removal by UHLA process, to study interactions between chloride and sulfate or silica, and to develop a model for multicomponent removal by UHLA. Kinetics of chloride removal with UHLA was investigated. Chloride removal was found to be fast and therefore, removal kinetics should not be a limitation to applying the UHLA process. Equilibrium characteristics of chloride removal with UHLA were characterized. Good chloride removal was obtained at reasonable ranges of lime and aluminum doses. However, the stoichiometry of chloride removal with UHLA deviated from the theoretical stoichiometry of calcium chloroaluminate precipitation. Equilibrium modeling of experimental data and XRD analysis of precipitated solids
The study on radiation grafting of acrylic acid onto fluorine‐containing polymers. III. Kinetic study of preirradiation grafting onto poly(tetrafluoroethylene–hexafluoropropylene)

A kinetic study has been made on the preirradiation grafting of acrylic acid (AAc) onto poly(tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene) (FEP) film. The effect of grafting conditions was investigated. The dependencies of the grafting rate on preirradiation dose and monomer concentration were found to be 0.58 and 1.25 order, respectively. The overall activation energy for the graft polymerization was 7.4 kcal/mol. The final degree of grafting increased with preirradiation dose and monomer concentration and slightly decreased as the grafting temperature was elevated. The relationship between the grafting rate and film thickness gave a negative first-order dependency, which is in agreement with that obtained for polytetrafluoroethylene-AAc grafting system. It was reasonably concluded that this grafting proceeds from the surface to the center of film with progressive monomer diffusion through the grafted layer which swells in the monomer solution.