Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Feeding behavior of beef cattle fed different forages and housed in individual or collective pens

The understanding of feeding behavior may be useful to evaluate the performance of animals fed different diets. Twenty-four non-castrated Red Norte × Nelore males with an average initial body weight of 439.8 ± 59.6 kg and 21.7 ± 2.7 months of age were distributed in three experimental groups, and housed in individual (twelve animals) or collective pens (twelve animals in three collective pens) at the Dairy and Beef Research and Education Center of the Instituto Federal Goiano (Ipora Campus). The experiment lasted 84 days (14 of adaptation and 70 days for data collection). Animals were fed diets containing sugar cane in natura (CI), sugar cane silage (SCS) or corn silage (CS) as sources of forage. Feeding behavior was determined every 14 days for one-hour intervals beginning at 0, 1, 5, and 9 hours post-feeding. Eating, resting and rumination activities were monitored for three-minute intervals through visual observations from individual animals. Time spent with eating was greater (P<0.05) for CS (21.8 ± 1.2 minutes/hour) and time spent with resting was greater (P<0.05) for CI and SCS (38.8 and 36.5 ± 1.5 minutes/hour, respectively). Animals housed individually increased (P<0.05) time spent with both eating (19.7 ± 1.0 minutes/hour) and rumination (8.2 ± 0.6 minutes/hour), while time spent with resting was greater (P<0.05) for the collective pen-housing (38.9±1.2 minutes/hour). Corn silage can be recommended for beef cattle feeding in feedlot system due to an increased time spent with eating.
The Economic Limits of Bitcoin and Anonymous, Decentralized Trust on the Blockchain new form of decentralized trust suffers from a pick-your-poison conundrum

Satoshi Nakamoto invented a new form of trust. This paper presents a three equation argument that Nakamoto’s new form of trust, while undeniably ingenious, is extremely expensive: the recurring, “flow” payments to the anonymous, decentralized compute power that maintains the trust must be large relative to the one-off, “stock” benefits of attacking the trust. This result also implies that the cost of securing the trust grows linearly with the potential value of attack — e.g., securing against a $1 billion attack is 1000 times more expensive than securing against a $1 million attack. A way out of this flow-stock argument is if both (i) the compute power used to maintain the trust is non-repurposable, and (ii) a successful attack would cause the economic value of the trust to collapse. However, vulnerability to economic collapse is itself a serious problem, and the model points to specific collapse scenarios. The analysis thus suggests a “pick your poison” economic critique of Bitcoin and its novel form of trust: it is either extremely expensive relative to its economic usefulness or vulnerable to sabotage and collapse. ∗This paper originally circulated in June 2018 in a shorter form as Budish (2018). The present draft addresses a small bug in the attack math (see footnote 11), expands the analysis of double-spending attacks, sabotage attacks and collapse scenarios, and expands the discussion of the relevant computer science, institutional details and related literature to clarify the paper’s arguments. An appendix provides additional discussion of some of the responses to the June 2018 version. †Acknowledgments: thanks are due to Susan Athey, Vitalik Buterin, Glenn Ellison, Alex Frankel, Joshua Gans, Edward Glaeser, Austan Goolsbee, Hanna Halaburda, Zhiguo He, Joi Ito, Steve Kaplan, Anil Kashyap, Judd Kessler, Scott Kominers, Randall Kroszner, Robin Lee, Jacob Leshno, Neale Mahoney, Gregor Matvos, Sendhil Mullainathan, Vipin Narang, Neha Narula, David Parkes, John Shim, Scott Stornetta, Alex Tabarrok, Aviv Zohar, and seminar participants at Chicago Booth, the MIT Digital Currency Initiative, NBER Monetary Economics, Harvard, Carnegie Mellon, UPenn, Virtual Market Design, UIC, University of Tokyo, and Northwestern. Ethan Che, Natalia Drozdoff, Matthew O’Keefe, Anand Shah, Peyman Shahidi, and Jia Wan have provided excellent research assistance. Disclosure: the author is a technical advisor to a project pursuing frequent batch auctions for decentralized finance. The author does not have any other financial interests that relate to this research. ‡University of Chicago Booth School of Business, eric.budish@chicagobooth.edu
A transient finite element model for pultrusion processing

Finite element analysis is a general numerical tool for solving the field equations of engineering practice, and this paper demonstrates its use in modeling the nonisothermal cure of pultruded composite material. A very simple grid is used in this case to model a narrow strip of material, and this grid is then solved using a time-stepping algorithm to simulate the passage of the strip along the pultruder die. As time proceeds, heat is conducted into the strip from the heated boundaries at the die walls, and cure proceeds at a rate dependent on the local temperature. The computer model can be used to minimize the time needed for sufficient cure, and helps avoid such processing errors as undercure or thermal degradation.
Truncated Bayesian nonparametrics

Many datasets can be thought of as expressing a collection of underlying traits with unknown cardinality. Moreover, these datasets are often persistently growing, and we expect the number of expressed traits to likewise increase over time. Priors from Bayesian nonparametrics are well-suited to this modeling challenge: they generate a countably infinite number of underlying traits, which allows the number of expressed traits to both be random and to grow with the dataset size. We also require corresponding streaming, distributed inference algorithms that handle persistently growing datasets without slowing down over time. However, a key ingredient in streaming, distributed inference-an explicit representation of the latent variables used to statistically decouple the data-is not available for nonparametric priors, as we cannot simulate or store infinitely many random variables in practice. One approach is to approximate the nonparametric prior by developing a sequential representation-such that the traits are generated by a sequence of finite-dimensional distributions-and subsequently truncating it at some finite level, thus allowing explicit representation. However, truncated sequential representations have been developed only for a small number of priors in Bayesian nonparametrics, and the order they impose on the traits creates identifiability issues in the streaming, distributed setting. This thesis provides a comprehensive theoretical treatment of sequential representations and truncation in Bayesian nonparametrics. It details three sequential representations of a large class of nonparametric priors, and analyzes their truncation error and computational complexity. The results generalize and improve upon those existing in the literature. Next, the truncated explicit representations are used to develop the first streaming, distributed, asynchronous inference procedures for models from Bayesian nonparametrics. The combinatorial issues associated with trait identifiability in such models are resolved via a novel matching optimization. The resulting algorithms are fast, learning rate-free, and truncation-free. Taken together, these contributions provide the practitioner with the means to (1) develop multiple finite approximations for a given nonparametric prior; (2) determine which is the best for their application; and (3) use that approximation in the development of efficient streaming, distributed, asynchronous inference algorithms. 3 Thesis Supervisor: Jonathan P. How Title: Richard C. Maclaurin Professor, Aeronautics and Astronautics Committee Member: John W. Fisher III Title: Senior Research Scientist, CSAIL Committee Member: Nicholas Roy Title: Associate Professor, Aeronautics and Astronautics Committee Member: Tamara Broderick Title: ITT Career Development Assistant Professor, CSAIL
POSITIVE SOLUTIONS FOR THE ONE-DIMENSIONAL SINGULAR SUPERLINEAR p -LAPLACIAN PROBLEM

We prove the existence of positive classical solutions for the p Laplacian problem where 0 < δ < 1, φ ( s ) = | s | p − 2 s , p > 1, f : (0 , 1) × [0 , ∞ ) → R is a Carath´eodory function satisfying limsup z → 0 + f ( t,z ) z p − 1 < λ 1 < liminf z →∞ f ( t,z ) z p − 1 uniformly for a.e. t ∈ (0 , 1) , where λ 1 denotes the principal eigenvalue of − ( r ( t ) φ ( u (cid:48) )) (cid:48) with zero boundary conditions, and λ is a small nonnegative parameter.
INFLUENCE OF THE RELATIVE AGE EFFECT ON HEIGHT, MOTOR PERFORMANCE AND TECHNICAL ELEMENTS OF OLYMPIC VOLLEYBALL ATHLETES

Introduction: The Relative Age Effect (RAE) refers to the chronological age difference that occurs between athletes of the same age category, which can benefit individuals born in the first two quartiles of the year. This phenomenon is commonly studied in team sports, yet the results are still inconsistent, especially in volleyball. Objective: This study analyzed the distribution of the number of births per quartile of Olympic volleyball athletes and whether this would influence anthropometric/motor variables and technical elements. Methods: The sample consisted of 116 male athletes who scored during the Rio 2016 Olympics. For data analysis, we identified each athlete’s quartile as well as data on height, attack and defensive (or block) range, and respective scores during the games. The Chi-square test was then used to verify interquartile distribution. To assess the normality of the other variables, we conducted the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Once accepted, one-way ANOVA was performed with the Bonferroni post-hoc test to verify significance between quartiles. A significance level of p≤0.05 was adopted. Results: There was no significant difference in the distribution of athletes between quartiles (p = 0.74). When comparing the other variables in terms of the athletes’ trimester of birth, we did not observe any significant difference between height (p = 0.79), attack (p=0.59) and defensive range (p=0.07), and in the scores for serving, attacking and blocking between quartiles either. Conclusion: The Relative Age Effect was not observed in Olympic volleyball athletes, therefore this phenomenon is not related to the athletes’ performance. This shows that other possible variables may influence the development of these athletes, discarding the relative age phenomenon. Level of Evidence III; Retrospective and Comparative Study.
Reproductive performance of singleton and twin female offspring born to ewe-lamb dams and mature adult dams

This study was undertaken to compare the reproductive and live weight performance of female singleton and twin ewes born to either mature or young dams from 18 months to 2.5 years of age. One hundred and fi fteen singletonand twin-born female offspring born to either ewe-lamb (8 months at breeding) or adult ewe dams were maintained as one cohort under commercial New Zealand grazing conditions. Ewe live weights and body condition scores were recorded, as were ovulation rates at a synchronised breeding and number of fetuses present at pregnancy scanning. The live weight of ewes born to ewe-lambs were lighter (P<0.05) than those born to adult ewes at breeding and during their fi rst pregnancy but not (P>0.05) at the weaning of their lambs. Twin-born ewes were lighter (P<0.05) than their singleton-born counterparts. There was no difference in corpora lutea number (P>0.05) at breeding or number of fetuses at pregnancy scanning. Lambs whose grand dam was a ewe-lamb were heavier at birth (P<0.05) but not at weaning (P>0.05) compared to those lambs whose grand dams was an adult ewe. This data suggests there are few negative impacts from selecting progeny born to ewe lambs as replacement ewes. However, before this hypothesis can be supported, lifetime data of these ewes needs to be collected.
A decadal assessment of the climatology of aerosol and cloud properties over South Africa

Abstract. Aerosol–cloud interactions (ACI) play an essential role in understanding precipitation occurrence and climate change but remains poorly understood. Conducting a climatology study on a regional or global scale constitutes a prospect better to understand ACI and their influence on precipitation and climate. This study analysed the characteristics of ACI over South Africa based on two instruments: the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the multiangle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR) onboard the Terra satellite, and ground-based meteorology data from South Africa Weather Service (SAWS) between 2007–2016. The region mainly splits into the upper, central, and lower sub-regions based on the aerosol loading characteristics. Findings from the study show that depending on the atmospheric conditions, aerosol exhibits dual features of increasing and decreasing the potential formation of precipitating clouds. However, more often, fine-mode predominated aerosols suppress rain-bearing clouds. Furthermore, the cloud top height (CTH) demonstrates an upward increment from the lower to the upper part of the region, and the cloud fraction (CF) is in the downward direction. Both the CF and CTH display the characteristic enhancers of the precipitation intensity, mainly when the initial conditions necessary for rain bearing occurs. Besides, the cloud optical depth (COD) depends significantly on the liquid water path (LWP) and is suggestively associated with the aerosol–vapour ratio ingested into the cloud. Also notably, the temperature over the entire region has generally increased steadily and continuously from 2013.
A Simple Baseline for Weakly-Supervised Human-centric Relation Detection

In this paper we address the problem of weakly-supervised Visual Relation Detection (VRD) and human-centric Scene Graph generation. Unlike prior works, we assume weaker, yet more natural, supervisory signals. Specifically, we only assume a pre-trained person detector, a generic region proposal mechanism and a set of image-level object and relation labels per frame. Given this data we formulate a very simple architecture with multi-task weak-supervision at object level (for individual proposed regions) and relation level (for each person-object region pair). We show that despite simplicity, our approach achieves state-of-the-art results as compared to other weakly-and strongly-supervised VRD models that are significantly more complex. In ablations, we also show that proposed multi-task learning improves relation predictions. Our goal in this paper is to propose a strong, yet simple, baseline which will spur further developments in the VRD task.
Variations and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban region: insights from measurements on a tall tower

Abstract. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are key precursors of ozone and particulate matter, which are the two dominant air pollutants in urban environments. However, compositions and sources of VOCs in urban air aloft have rarely been reported so far. To address this matter, highly time-resolved measurements of VOCs were made by a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) at a 450 m platform on the Canton Tower in Guangzhou, China. A combination of in situ measurements and modeling techniques was used to characterize variations in and sources of VOCs. Five sources were identified from positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, namely daytime mixed (e.g., biogenic emissions and secondary formation), visitor-related (e.g., human breath, cooking, and volatilization of ethanol-containing products), vehicular–industrial, regional transport, and volatile chemical product (VCP) (i.e., volatilization of personal care products), contributing on average to 21 %, 30 %, 28 %, 10 %, and 11 % of total VOC (TVOC) mixing ratios, respectively. We observe that contributions of the visitor-related source, mainly composed of ethanol, followed with the variation in visitor numbers on the tower well. The VCP-dominated source only had an average contribution of ∼5.7 ppb during the campaign, accounting for a small fraction (11 %) of TVOC mixing ratios but a large fraction (22 %) of the total OH reactivity. However, large fractions of reactive VOC species, e.g., monoterpenes (49 %), were attributed to the VCP-dominated source, indicating important contributions of VCPs to ambient concentrations of these species in urban environments. Vertical profiles of air pollutants (namely NOx, ozone, Ox, and PM2.5), measured at 5, 118, 168, and 488 m, exhibited more evident gradients at night than in the daytime owing to the stronger stability of the nocturnal boundary layer. Mixing ratios of VOC species during the nighttime generally decreased with time when the 450 m platform was located in the nocturnal residual layer and markedly increased when impacted by emissions at ground level. The results in this study demonstrated composition characteristics and sources of VOCs in urban air aloft, which could provide valuable implications in making strategies for control of VOCs and secondary air pollutants.
The Unique Characteristic Skin Lesions of Borderline Leprosy with Severe Reversal Reaction: The Uncommon Case

: Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous progresssive infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae . Clinical features of leprosy is dependent upon the equilibrium between bacillary multiplication and the host cell-mediated immune response. Borderline leprosy is the immunologic intermediate of the granulomatous spectrum and is the most unstable area. The characteristic skin changes in borderline leprosy are said to be annular lesions with sharply marginated interior and exterior margins. It could be complicated by potential intermittent hypersensitivity or leprosy reactions. Reversal reaction is one of leprosy reaction that most commonly occurs in the borderline cases. We report here a case of the unique characteristic skin lesions of borderline leprosy with reversal reaction. It was the uncommon manifestation because the lesions are distributed in all over the body. Because of the reversal reaction, the lesions become more prominent and have more sharply marginated borders. This case report aims to describe the characteristic of skin lesions and clinical aspects of reversal reaction in leprosy. A 39-year-old man was diagnosed with borderline leprosy with reversal reaction who was treated by methylprednisolone for 2 weeks adding up to the multi drug therapy. There was clinical improvement and no side effect found during this study.
Linearizing contextual bandits with latent state dynamics

In many real-world applications of multi-armed bandit problems, both rewards and contexts are often inﬂuenced by confounding latent variables which evolve stochastically over time. While the observed contexts and rewards are nonlinearly related, we show that prior knowledge of latent causal structure can be used to reduce the problem to the linear bandit setting. We develop two algorithms, Latent Linear Thompson Sampling (L 2 TS) and Latent Linear UCB (L 2 UCB), which use on-line EM algorithms for hidden Markov models to learn the latent transition model and maintain a posterior belief over the latent state, and then use the resulting posteriors as context features in a linear bandit problem. We upper bound the error in reward estimation in the presence of a dynamical latent state, and derive a novel problem-dependent regret bound for linear Thompson sampling with non-stationarity and unconstrained reward distributions, which we apply to L 2 TS under certain conditions. Finally, we demonstrate the superiority of our algorithms over related bandit algorithms through experiments.
Ventral forebrain organoids derived from individuals with schizophrenia recapitulate perturbed striatal gene expression dynamics of the donor’s brains

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a brain disorder originating during neurodevelopment with complex genetic and environmental etiologies. Despite decades of clinical evidence of altered striatal function in affected patients, its cellular and molecular underpinnings remain unclear. Here, to explore neurodevelopmental alterations in the striatum associated with SCZ, we established a method for the differentiation of iPS cells into ventral forebrain organoids. Given substantial genetic heterogeneity among individuals, which can obscure disease-associated phenotypes, we generated organoids from postmortem dural fibroblast-derived iPS cells of 3 patients and 4 healthy control individuals with nonoverlapping polygenic risk score (PRS) for SCZ and whose genotype and postmortem caudate transcriptomic data were profiled in the Brainseq neurogenomics consortium. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analyses of the organoids revealed differences in developmental trajectory between SCZ cases and controls in which inhibitory neurons from patients exhibited accelerated maturation. Furthermore, we found a significant overlap of genes upregulated in the inhibitory neurons in SCZ organoids with upregulated genes in postmortem caudate tissues from patients with SCZ compared with control individuals, including the donors of our iPS cell cohort. Our findings suggest that striatal neurons in the patients with SCZ carry abnormalities that originated during early brain development and a ventral forebrain striatal organoid model can recapitulate those neurodevelopmental phenotypes in a dish.
EXTENT OF UTILIZATION OF ICT TOOLS AMONG FIELD VETERINARIANS OF ANDHRA PRADESH

The present study was undertaken with the main objective to assess the ICT utilization pattern and attitude of field veterinarians towards ICT utilization. Ex-postfacto research design was followed in the present investigation. Andhra Pradesh state was selected purposively for carrying out the study. Three districts were selected each from northern most, central and southern most districts of Andhra Pradesh. Forty respondents from each district were selected randomly and thus making a total of 120 respondents. The data were collected by personal interview method through structured interview schedule. Majority of the respondents were males belonging to young age group and had medium work experience. Majority of them belonged to rural background and had their school education in public schools. Majority of the respondents possessed medium level of social participation, innovativeness, management orientation, mass media exposure, extent of knowledge, familiarity and information management behaviour. A vast majority of the respondents had not acquired any trainings in ICTs.Majority of the respondents possessed medium level of ICT utilization and had favourable attitude towards ICT utilization.