Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Statistical Investigation of Fall Velocity of Snowflakes

落下速度の分散を考慮して、雪片の成長過程を論ずるには、落下速度の確率分布関数、即ち、質量M∼M+ΔMの雪片が落下速度V∼V+ΔVをもつ、条件付確率P(V|M)ΔM・ΔVを求める必要がある。 このために、雪片の落下速度、質量、垂直断面積の同時測定を行なった。 測定は、1978年1月27～28、29日～30日、1979年2月2日、2月4日の4回の降雪について行なった。 観測場所は、新潟県、長岡市の雪害実験研究所構内である。 観測装置の概観はFig. 1に示した。 落下速度は、一定間隔にセットされた2つのphoto-coupler間を落下する雪片の通過時間から求めた。 断面積は、photo-couplerに同調させた、単発フラッシュによる写真撮影から測定し、質量の決定は、濾紙法に依った。 各降雪毎に求めた、雪片の質量、断面積、落下速度の頻度分布をFig. 3に示した。 これから、各降雪の粒度特性が推定出来る。 又、質量M(mg)、落下速度V(cm/s) のデーターをM-V座標にプロットして、Fig. 4-a～dを得た。 いずれの降雪でも、M-V関係は大きな分散を示している。 特に質量のちいさい雪片ほど分散は大きい。 これは、meltingの度合が、落下速度に大きく影響するためと考えられる。 (Fig. 5) 安定した速度分布関数を得るため、上記4降雪を一括して扱った。 この母集団に対する、質量、断面積及び落下速度の頻度分布はFig. 8に示した。 これらは北陸の雪片に対する平均特性を示すものと考えてよかろう。 質量～落下速度の同時観測データー327ケを、質量間隔ΔM=1mgの部分母集団に分け夫々の部分母集団について、速度の頻度分布を求め、これを速度分布関数P(V|M)ΔMΔVとした。 ここで速度間隔ΔV=10cm/sにとった。 速度分布関数の特質は (1) すべての速度分布関数P (V|M) ΔM・ΔV (M=0, 1, 2,…) は、数ケの要素Gaus分布の一次結合で示すことが出来た (Fig. 9, 10) (2) これらの要素Gaus分布の中で、速度分布関数に30%以上寄与する2つの主Gaus分布が存在した。 この主Gaus分布の中、大きい平均値をもつものを第1種Gaus分布、ちいさい平均速度のものを第2種Gaus分布と呼んだ。 (3) 第1種、第2種Gaus分布の平均落下速度は質量M (融解直径D) と共に増加し、第1種Gaus分布に対しV=292D0.46,第2種Gaus分布に対しV=203D0.39,で近似出来た。 一方標準偏差は、質量に関係なく、ほぼ一定12cm/sであった。 従って、今回観測した、雪粒子の70～80%は、標準偏差12cm/s、平均速度V1あるいはV2をもつ正規分布のいずれかに属しているといえる。 質量～断面積の関係はFig. 11に示した。 この関係も、大きな分散を示しているが、平均的にM=0.012S3/2,で示すことが出来た。 この係数0. 012は、雪片の密度及び形の関数である。
Amendment of Altered Immune Response by Curcumin in Drosophila Model of Huntington's Disease.

BACKGROUND Though primarily classified as a brain disorder, surplus studies direct Huntington's disease (HD) to be a multi-system disorder affecting various tissues and organs, thus affecting overall physiology of host. Recently, we have reported that neuronal expression of mutant huntingtin induces immune dysregulation in Drosophila and may pose chronic threat to challenged individuals. Therefore, we tested the polyphenolic compound curcumin to circumvent the impact of immune dysregulation in Drosophila model of HD. OBJECTIVE The present study examined the molecular basis underlying immune derangements and immunomodulatory potential of curcumin in HD. METHODS UAS-GAL4 system was used to imitate the HD symptoms in Drosophila, and the desired female progenies (elav > Httex1pQ25; control and elav > Httex1pQ93; diseased) were cultured on food mixed without and with 10μM concentration of curcumin since early development. Effect of curcumin supplementation was investigated by monitoring the hemocytes' count and their functional abilities in diseased condition. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in cells was assessed by DHE staining and mitochondrial dysfunction was assessed by CMXros red dye. In addition, transcript levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-microbial peptides were monitored by qRT-PCR. RESULTS We found that curcumin supplementation commendably reduced higher crystal cell count and phenoloxidase activity in diseased flies. Interestingly, curcumin significantly managed altered plasmatocytes count, improved their phagocytic activity by upregulating the expression of key phagocytic receptors in HD condition. Moreover, substantial alleviation of ROS levels and mitochondria dysfunction was observed in plasmatocytes of diseased flies upon curcumin supplementation. Furthermore, curcumin administration effectively attenuated transcriptional expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and AMPs in diseased flies. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that curcumin efficiently attenuates immune derangements in HD flies and may prove beneficial in alleviating complexities associated with HD.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF WOOD IN HEADWATER STREAMS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST 1

This paper synthesizes information on the spatial and temporal dynamics of wood in small streams in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The literature on this topic is somewhat confused due to a lack of an accepted definition of what constitutes “small” streams and what is the relative size of woody debris contained within the channel. This paper presents a matrix that defines woody debris relative to channel size and then discusses the components of a wood budget. Headwater streams are in close proximity to wood sources and, in steeplands, are often tightly constrained by steep hillslopes. Special consideration is given to ecosystem characteristics and to management practices that affect the wood dynamics in this context. Knowledge gaps and uncertainties that can be used to guide future research are identified. Very little is currently known about the role of mass wasting in wood recruitment and storage relative to other processes, such as bank erosion and mortality, in larger streams. Further, very little work has addressed the relative importance of different wood depletion processes, especially those associated with wood transport. The effect of other ecosystem variables on wood dynamics locally across a watershed (from valley bottom to mountaintop) and regionally across the landscape (from maritime to continental climates) is not addressed. Finally, the scientific community has only begun to deal with the effects of management practices on wood quantity, structure, and movement in small streams.
Safety and Effectiveness of Intensive Treatments Administered Outside the Intensive Care Unit to Hematological Critically Ill Patients: An Intensive Care without Walls Trial

Historically, the admission of hematological patients in the ICU shortly after the start of a critical illness is associated with better survival rates. Early intensive interventions administered by MET could play a role in the management of hematological critically ill patients, eventually reducing the ICU admission rate. In this retrospective and monocentric study, we evaluate the safety and effectiveness of intensive treatments administered by the MET in a medical ward frame. The administered interventions were mainly helmet CPAP and pharmacological cardiovascular support. Frequent reassessment by the MET at least every 8 to 12 h was guaranteed. We analyzed data from 133 hematological patients who required MET intervention. In-hospital mortality was 38%; mortality does not increase in patients not immediately transferred to the ICU. Only three patients died without a former admission to the ICU; in these cases, mortality was not related to the acute illness. Moreover, 37% of patients overcame the critical episode in the hematological ward. Higher SOFA and MEWS scores were associated with a worse survival rate, while neutropenia and pharmacological immunosuppression were not. The MET approach seems to be safe and effective. SOFA and MEWS were confirmed to be effective tools for prognostication.
Olivine‐poor sources for mantle‐derived magmas: Os and Hf isotopic evidence from potassic magmas of the Colorado Plateau

The contribution of olivine‐poor lithologies (pyroxenite, eclogite, etc.) in the mantle to the composition of mantle‐derived melts is a growing topic of discussion in light of results suggesting that some magmatic characteristics are not easily explained by melt derivation solely from peridotitic sources. To investigate this issue, we have examined the Hf and Os isotopic composition of potassic magmas from the Navajo Volcanic Field of the Colorado Plateau. Most of the magmas have Os isotopic compositions much more radiogenic than observed for any uncontaminated oceanic basalt. The Os isotope compositions of these samples overlap those measured for crustal/upper mantle eclogitic xenoliths carried by nearby intrusions. Compositional and Os isotope systematics, however, suggest that the characteristics of the magmas are not determined by crustal contamination, but rather are the result of melting of pyroxene‐ and mica‐rich veins/layers in the lithospheric mantle beneath the plateau. Once generated, the melts of olivine‐poor lithologies interacted with surrounding metasomatized peridotite to create the compositional spectrum from katungite to minette. One component of this compositional variation is the appearance of strong relative depletions of high field strength elements in the minette end‐member, suggesting that this chemical signature, common in convergent margin magmas, may be caused by melt‐wall rock interaction.
The Integration of Western Hemisphere Grain Markets in the Eighteenth Century: Early Progress and Decline of Globalization

In this work it is shown evidence supporting the idea that, if globalization is defined as the convergence of commodity prices between distant markets, the process started and advanced gradually in the eighteenth century instead of suddenly appearing after 1820, as claimed by the canonical version developed in a series of important works by O’Rourke and Williamson (1999, 2002, 2004). We use long time-series of grain prices for several markets in Western Europe and the Americas to explore the extent and dynamics of market integration across the Western Hemisphere throughout the eighteenth century. An innovative methodology, consisting in studying the standard deviations of the innovations in the ARMA model of pairwise relative prices between markets, is used. A general decrease in price dispersion is observed when the early eighteenth century is compared with the three decades preceding 1793. Neither Argentina nor Mexico participated in this general trend towards closer market integration across the Western Hemisphere. From 1793 to 1828 we observe a substantial increase in dispersion between markets. After this first backlash, globalization resumed at an unprecedented pace since it was favored by the transport revolution and other factors.
salvage radiotherapy improves survival in patients with locoregionally relapsed stage ie–iie extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type

Background: This study aims to retrospectively analyze the salvage treatment outcomes and prognostic factors of patients with early stage locoregionally recurrent (LRR) extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTCL). Methods: Between January 1995 and December 2014, 540 patients with stage IE–IIE ENKTCL received chemotherapy (ChT) and/or radiotherapy (RT) in our hospital, and among these, 56 patients who experienced LRR were included in this study. Salvage treatments included RT alone in 4 patients (7.1%), ChT alone in 30 patients (53.6%), and ChT combined with RT in 22 patients (39.3%). Median RT dose was 50 Gy (range 36–60 Gy). The effect of salvage treatment on overall survival (OS) rate from start of initial treatment (IT) as well as that after recurrence was analyzed. Results: The overall median follow-up time from IT was 35.9 months, with a 3-year OS of 72.7%. The median follow-up time after relapse was 14.8 months, and the 3-year OS after relapse was 57.8%. Compared to ChT alone (n = 30), treatment with salvage RT (n = 26) improved the OS from IT ( p = 0.040) and after relapse ( p = 0.009); further, re-irradiation improved the OS from IT ( p = 0.018) and after relapse ( p = 0.019). Acute and late toxicities after re-irradiation were mostly grades 1–2 (84.3%). At both univariate and multivariate analyses, better Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS), RT in IT, and RT in salvage treatment were found to be significant factors influencing OS after recurrence. Conclusion: Salvage RT improved survival in patients with LRR stage IE–IIE ENKTCL, and the treatment toxicity was acceptable.
Direct measurements of ozone and nitrogen dioxide photolysis rates in the troposphere

Direct measurements of the rate of O3 photolysis to O2(1Δg) and O(1D) and of NO2 photolysis to NO and O(3P) are reported as photolysis frequencies j(O3) and j(NO2). The effects of solar zenith angle, total ozone column, cloud cover, aerosol loading, temperature, pressure, and altitude are examined. For a clear sky, zero albedo, and zenith angle between 0° and 65°, the expression j (NO2) = 1.67 × 10−2 exp (−0.575 sec θ) (s−1) gives NO2 photolysis frequencies (photolysis rates per unit reactant) to within about 10% of the measured values, where θ is the solar zenith angle. Pressure has no measurable effect on j(NO2) between 0.15 and 1.2 bars. Temperature has only a small effect between 230 and 400 K, which can be described in terms of an effective activation energy of 0.48±0.05 kJ mol−1. Frequencies of ozone photolysis to O(1D) depend strongly on overhead ozone column and temperature as well as zenith angle; for 300 K, a clear sky, zero albedo, 45° zenith angle, 0.345-cm ozone column, and altitude between 1.6 and 6 km, j(O3) = 1.6(±0.25) × 10−5 s−1. From 300 to 273 K, j(O3) drops by 40±3% for a 65° zenith angle and a 0.306-cm ozone column; this value is not valid for different effective ozone columns. Measured photolysis frequencies show only weak dependence on altitude and aerosol loading. These frequencies were measured with instruments sensitive to radiation from the upward 2π sr only. Clouds dramatically reduce both photolysis frequencies, but they reduce the total radiation by a significantly larger factor. Airborne UV radiometers, calibrated against direct measurements of j(NO2), were used to measure albedos of many surfaces. While natural surfaces such as vegetation and oceans have albedos near zero, dense clouds and snow have an albedo near unity. With increasing altitude, molecular and particulate scattering often increase the effective albedo with respect to photolysis frequencies.
Integration of scRNA-Seq and bulk RNA-Seq uncover perturbed immune cell types and pathways of Kawasaki disease

Introduction Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile illness primarily affecting children and characterized by systemic inflammation and vasculitis that can lead to coronary artery complications. The aim of this study was to gain a comprehensive understanding of immune dysregulation in KD. Methods To this end, we employed integration of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) and bulk RNA sequencing (bulk RNA-Seq) data. Furthermore, we conducted flow cytometry analysis for a cohort of 82 KD patients. Results Our analysis revealed significant heterogeneity within immune cell populations in KD patients, with distinct clusters of T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Importantly, CD4+ naïve T cells in KD patients were found to predominantly differentiate into Treg cells and Th2 cells, potentially playing a role in the excessive inflammation and vascular damage characteristic of the disease. Dysregulated signaling pathways were also identified, including the mTOR signaling pathway, cardiomyopathy pathway, COVID-19 signaling pathway, and pathways involved in bacterial or viral infection. Discussion These findings provide insights into the immunopathogenesis of KD, emphasizing the importance of immune cell dysregulation and dysregulated signaling pathways. Integration of scRNA-Seq and bulk RNA-Seq data offers a comprehensive view of the molecular and cellular alterations in KD and highlights potential therapeutic targets for further investigation. Validation and functional studies are warranted to elucidate the roles of the identified immune cell types and pathways in KD pathogenesis and to develop targeted interventions to improve patient outcomes.
The Indian Ocean 13C Suess Effect

The δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) decrease (the 13C Suess effect) in the Indian Ocean was calculated using a multiparameter linear regression comparison of the 1978 Geochemical Ocean Sections Study and 1995 World Ocean Circulation Experiment δ13C of DIC, hydrographic, and nutrient data. The surface ocean δ13C decrease rate along 80° and 115°E ranged from approximately −0.1‰ decade−1 at 55°S to a maximum of approximately −0.18‰ decade−1 at ∼ 35°S and decreased northward to around −0.13‰ decade−1 at the equator. Using a global extrapolation based on ocean model results [Bacastow et al., 1996] and previous δ13C changes calculated from 1970 to 1993 station reoccupations in the Pacific Ocean and based on preformed δ13C versus chlorofluorocarbon age trends in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans [Sonnerup et al., 1999], an ocean‐wide average surface ocean δ13C rate of change of −0.15 to −0.17‰ decade−1 was estimated. The average depth‐integrated δ13C change rate between 1978 and 1995 along 80° and 115°E was −6.9 ± 0.5‰ m yr−1 from 58°S to 5°N.
Wind Modifications to Density-Driven Flows in Semienclosed, Rotating Basins

Abstract An analytical two-dimensional model is used to describe wind-induced modifications to density-driven flows in a semienclosed rotating basin. Wind stress variations produce enhancement, inversion, or damping of density-driven flows by altering the barotropic and baroclinic pressure gradients and by momentum transfer from wind drag. The vertical structure of wind-induced flows depends on αH, the nondimensional surface trapping layer, where α is the inverse of the Ekman layer depth d and H is the maximum water depth. For αH > 5 wind-driven flow structures are similar to the Ekman spiral; for αH < 2 wind-driven flows are unidirectional with depth. The relative importance of density to wind forcing is evaluated with the Wedderburn number W = τ−1ρH2D, which depends on water density ρ, mean depth H, a proxy of the baroclinic pressure gradient D, and wind stress τ. Because D depends on α and therefore on the eddy viscosity of water Az, wind speed and Az both modify W. Moreover, wind direction alters W by.
Cinema and tourism in large cities

El texto examina las potencialidades del turismo cinematográfico en una gran ciudad como Madrid (España). Se analiza si existe una verdadera demanda, y si la ciudad cuenta con recursos suficientes para diseñar productos competitivos vinculados al cine. Para ello se ha investigado la relación que se da entre ciertas variables sociodemográficas, el conocimiento del cine rodado en la ciudad y la propensión a consumir turismo cinematográfico. La conclusión es, que por el momento, no existe esa demanda, y que resultará difícil construir productos turísticos vinculados al cine que se conviertan en un atractivo principal en la ciudad de Madrid.
The filtering capacity of a tropical riverine wetland: I. Water balance

Wetlands in the coastal catchments adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef lagoon play an important role in local hydrological processes and provide important ecological habitats for terrestrial and aquatic species. Although many wetlands have been removed or degraded by agricultural expansion, there is now great interest in their protection and restoration as important aquatic ecosystems and potential filters of pollutant runoff. However, the filtering capacity of tropical wetlands is largely unknown, so the current study was established to quantify the water, sediment and nutrient balance of a natural riverine wetland in tropical north Queensland. Surface and groundwater fluxes of water, sediment and nutrients into and out of the wetland were monitored for a 3‐year period. This paper focuses on the water balance of this natural wetland and a companion paper presents its sediment and nutrient balance and estimates of water quality filtering. Wetland inflows and outflows were dominated by surface flows which varied by 3–4 orders of magnitude through the course of the year, with 90% of the annual flow occurring during the period January to March. Although groundwater inputs to the wetland were only 5% of the annual water balance, they are very important to sustaining the wetland during the dry season, when they can be the largest input of water (up to 90%). Water retention times in this type of wetland are very short, particularly when most of the flow and any associated materials are passing through it (i.e. 1–2 h), so there is little time to filter most of the annual flux of water through this wetland. Longer retention times occur at the end of the dry season (up to 8·5 days); but this is when the lowest fluxes of water pass through the wetland. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Henoch–Schönlein purpura in the setting of COVID-19 infection: Two pediatrics cases and review of the literature

Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) is the most common systemic vasculitis in children, often following a viral infection. Various types of rashes attributed to COVID-19 infection have been described in the literature; however, HSP has rarely been reported. We report two children with HSP associated with acute COVID-19 infection with a review of the available literature. We highlight the clinical presentation, medical management, outcome and age-related difference of reported patients. A limitation of this article is the retrospective nature, limiting full patient history and associated conditions. The findings of this review show that HSP in the setting of COVID-19 is more common in children than adults, with a male predominance, involving various body systems creating a constellation of presentations. Given that HSP can have long-term morbidity from renal disease if untreated, this review may help guide the practitioner's approach to HSP and recognition in the setting of COVID-19 infection.
Tertiary oxygen isotope synthesis, sea level history, and continental margin erosion

Tertiary benthic and planktonic foraminiferal oxygen isotope records are correlated to a standard geomagnetic polarity time scale, making use of improved chronostratigraphic control and additional Oligocene isotope data. Synchronous changes in both benthic and planktonic δ18O values which occurred in the Oligocene to Miocene (36–5.2 Ma) are interpreted, in part, to represent ice growth and decay. The inferred ice growth events correlate with erosion on passive continental margins as interpreted from seismic and chronostratigraphic records. This association is consistent with a link between Oligocene to Miocene erosional events and rapid (>15 m/m.y.) glacioeustatic lowerings of about 50 m. High benthic foraminiferal δ18O values suggest the presence of continental ice sheets during much of the Oligocene to Recent (36–0 Ma). Substantially ice-free conditions probably existed throughout the Paleocene and Eocene (66–36 Ma). The mechanisms and rates of sea level change apparently were different between the early and late Tertiary, with glacioeustatic changes restricted to the past 36 m.y. Pre-Oligocene erosion on passive continental margins was caused by eustatic lowerings resulting from global spreading rate changes. We apply a model which suggests that large areas of the continental shelves were subaerially exposed during such tectonoeustatic lowstands, stimulating slope failure and submarine erosion. The different mechanisms and rates of eustatic change may have caused contrasting erosional patterns between the early and late Tertiary on passive continental margins. This speculation needs to be confirmed by examination of data from several passive margins.
A Metallurgical Site Survey in the Peruvian Andes

AbstractTo help document and interpret the development of pre-Columbian metallurgy prior to the Spanish invasion of the Andes, the author conducted a survey of portions of northern and southern Peru to identify and describe early metallurgical sites including mines, ore-processing areas, smelting installations. Several of the more interesting sites are discussed in detail. Coastal and highland sources of copper ores were identified, particularly along the north coast and in the altiplano bordering Lake Titicaca. Among the most provocative results of the survey is new evidence that sulfide ores of copper were being smelted long before the arrival of the Europeans, thereby indicating a level of sophistication of Andean metallurgy not previously recognized.