Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform

This study and previous studies indicate that the current marine catch could be achieved with approximately half of the current global fishing effort. In other words, there is massive overcapacity in the global fleet. The excess fleets competing for the limited fish resources result in stagnant productivity and economic inefficiency. In response to the decline in physical productivity, the global fleet has attempted to maintain profitability by reducing labor costs, lobbying for subsidies, and increasing investment in technology. Partly as a result of the poor economic performance, real income levels of fishers remain depressed as the costs per unit of harvest have increased. Although the recent changes in food and fuel prices have altered the fishery economy, over the past decade real landed fish prices have stagnated, exacerbating the problem. The value of the marine capture seafood production at the point of harvest is some 20 percent of the $400 billion global food fish market. The market strength of processors and retailers and the growth of aquaculture, which now accounts for some 50 percent of food fish production, have contributed to downward pressure on producer prices. In technical terms, this study estimates the loss of potential economic rent in the global fishery. For the purposes of this study, economic rent is considered broadly equivalent to net economic benefits, which is the term used throughout most of the report. This study estimated the difference between the potential and actual net economic benefits from global marine fisheries using 2004 as the base year. The estimate was made using a model that aggregated the world's highly diverse fisheries into a single fishery. This made it possible to use the available global fisheries data such as production, value of production, and global fisheries profits as inputs to the model.
Physical and seismic modelling of listric normal fault geometries

Abstract Scaled analogue models of listric fault systems display a characteristic rollover anticline and crestal collapse graben features. Faults nucleate in sequence into the hangingwalls of the crestal collapse graben and towards the footwall of the master fault. Superposition of crestal collapse grabens produces complex fault arrays. When the basal detachment surface is tilted a characteristic panel of unfaulted synfault stratigraphy forms adjacent to the detachment. These experiments produce structures with close similarities to listric growth fault systems on prograding delta slopes. Synthetic seismic sections of the experimental models have been produced using Kirchhoff integral techniques. These illustrate the complexities in trying to image complex structures in listric fault systems but also show good agreement with natural seismic examples.
Robustness of Cash Flow Value: Investment in ASEAN

This study examines the different roles of cash flow in assessing investment returns in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The analysis covers over 900 listed firms across Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand for the period post the Asian financial crisis of 2001-2017. Firm-level panel data analysis shows that cash flow factors are important in all contexts of cash return on assets, earnings quality and market value multiple across the region even after controlling for typical measures of profitability. The results suggest that firms should manage cash flow prudently in considerations of firm value from the shareholder’s perspective, measured directly using stock return. Cash profitability on assets should become an important firm performance indicator, whilst higher cash component over reported earnings is preferred. The market also tends to respond favourably to cash flow yield as a price multiple in valuation, outpacing the role of earnings yield. Such findings are robust across the pre and post subprime crisis periods, across estimation methods pertaining to finance panel standard errors, as well as across static and dynamic considerations of returns. It is hence sensible to consider cash flow factors in the research pertaining to asset pricing and factor investing in the ASEAN region.
Alterations to headwater stream microbial communities and carbon cycling in response to environmental change

Title of Document: ALTERATIONS TO HEADWATER STREAM MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES AND CARBON CYCLING IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Jacob Daniel Hosen, Doctor of Philosophy, 2015 Directed By: Dr. Margaret Palmer Professor, Department of Entomology and Director, National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center Organic carbon, principally as dissolved organic matter (DOM), is a fundamental energy source that powers microbial metabolism and shapes food webs in stream ecosystems. The community structure and metabolic activity of stream microbes are significantly impacted by the quantity and quality (i.e. molecular structure) of organic matter resources. Much of the organic matter in headwater streams originates on landscapes. Thus, external inputs of terrestrial organic carbon shape microbial community structure and, subsequently, food webs of headwater streams. Despite the recognized importance of DOM, there is limited understanding of how stream organic matter resources and bacterial community structure respond to watershed urbanization. I studied DOM quantity and quality, microbial heterotrophic function, and bacterial community composition along a gradient of watershed urbanization in headwater streams of the Parkers Creek watershed (Coastal Plain, Maryland, USA). In Chapter 1, I found that watershed impervious cover was significantly related to stream water DOM composition: increasing impervious cover was associated with decreased amounts of natural humic-like DOM and enriched amounts of anthropogenic fulvic acid-like and protein-like DOM. The DOM found in urbanized streams was more bioavailable, but only during spring and summer experiments. I report in Chapter 2 that microbial heterotrophic enzyme production was not strongly related to urbanization. Instead, enzyme levels were most strongly related to temperature and natural groundwater chemical gradients. I show in Chapter 3 that bacterial community composition and cooccurrence patterns also changed significantly in response to increasing urbanization, becoming more dominated by primary producers common to eutrophic waters. I conclude from my research that watershed urbanization fundamentally alters microbial communities and carbon cycling in headwater streams. This urbanized material is more readily metabolized by microbial communities, but only during warmer months. Increased biodegradation of DOM in warm seasons was related to greater microbial enzyme activity, which generally responds positively to increasing temperature. Thus, rising temperatures with climate change and urbanization combined with altered organic matter content are predicted to result in greater CO2 evasion from urbanized streams. ALTERATIONS TO HEADWATER STREAM MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES AND CARBON CYCLING IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
Dimension formula for the space of relative symmetric polynomials of D n with respect to any irreducible representation

For positive integers d and n , the vector space H d ( x 1 , x 2 ,., x n ) of homogeneous polynomials of degree d is a representation of the symmetric group S n acting by permutation of variables. Regarding this as a representation for the dihedral subgroup D n , we prove a formula for the dimension of all the isotypical subrepresentations. Our formula is simpler than the existing one found by Zamani and Babaei ( Bull. Iranian Math. Soc. 40(4) (2014) 863–874). By varying the degrees d we compute the generating functions for these dimensions. Further, our formula leads us naturally to a speciﬁc supercharacter theory of D n . It turns out to be a ∗ -product of a speciﬁc supercharacter theory studied in depth by Fowler et al. (The Ramanujan Journal (2014)), with the unique supercharacter theory of a group of order 2.
Dynamics of active‐layer detachment failures, Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada

Dozens of fresh active‐layer detachments were observed on the Fosheim Peninsula in late‐summer 2005 following one week of high air temperatures and nearly continuous bright sunshine. One of these shallow translational landslides started as a minor movement on an upper, steeper slope segment but over several days its front propagated 250 m downslope at velocities of 2–9 m h−1. A second, smaller active‐layer detachment developed within less than 2 hours and subsequent movement was limited. Effective stress analyses can explain the initiation of these landslides on moderate gradients. Movements across extremely low‐angled slope segments, however, likely require both dynamic loading from the moving mass and very low basal undrained shear strengths produced by high porewater pressures. The lengthy development of the large active‐layer detachment helps explain stratigraphic and morphologic features previously observed in these slope failures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Age of the Connemara Schists and of their Metamorphism

In Connemara and South Mayo, three main rock groups have been distinguished. The first group, largely developed in South Mayo (see sketch-map), consists of slates, phyllites, grits, conglomerates and thin limestones, and, although these rocks are much cleaved, sufficient fossils have been found to prove that they vary in age from Arenig to Ludlow. The second group of rocks, occurring principally in northern Connemara, consists essentially of quartzites, limestones and schists, and in this group fossils have not been found. In the pelitic schists of this group, biotite, garnet, staurolite and fibrous sillimanite are of widespread occurrence, proving that the group as a whole is in a state of medium to high grade regional metamorphism. We propose that the term Connemara Schists, which has previously only been used vaguely, should be restricted to this group. The third group, occurring in Southern Connemara, is a gneissic series which was tentatively correlated with the Lewisian Gneiss by early workers, and which is indeed remarkably similar to it in general appearance. Later work by Callaway (1887) and McHenry (1903) has, however, shown that these gneisses are not overlain unconformably by the Connemara schists, but are orthogneisses intrusive into them. Their age, therefore, relative to the Connemara Schists, is not in doubt.
Can a narrow, melt‐rich, low‐velocity zone of mantle upwelling be hidden beneath the East Pacific Rise? Limits from waveform modeling and the MELT Experiment

One of the goals of the Mantle Electromagnetic and Tomography (MELT) Experiment is to determine whether a narrow zone of enhanced melt concentration consistent with focused upwelling exists beneath the East Pacific Rise. Using SKKS, sScS, and S phases from two intermediate-depth earthquakes in the Banda Sea and the Tonga-Kermadec region, we demonstrate that there is no positive evidence for the existence of such a zone and that travel time delays for shear waves traveling through it must be <0.5 s. To test whether diffraction and wave front healing could obscure evidence for its existence, we employ a pseudospectral method to simulate finite frequency teleseismic waves propagating through narrow, vertical low-velocity zones. A rich set of reflected, diffracted, and guided waves is generated when S waves encounter such a low-velocity channel, particularly at high frequencies. Limiting the frequency content to the lower-frequency bands with good signal-to-noise ratios in the observed phases obscures these waveform complexities. The travel time anomaly is broadened and reduced in amplitude but remains detectable unless the low-velocity zone is very narrow or has only modest velocity contrast. The lower limit of detectability corresponds to a 5-km-wide channel of partial melt extending from 10 to 60 km below the seafloor at the ridge axis with a shear velocity contrast of 0.5 km/s. Although these limits are severe, 3 to 4% melt retention might cause a large enough viscosity reduction and anomalous buoyancy to dynamically focus upwelling into a 5-km-wide channel that falls within the limits. Strongly focused, dynamic upwelling beneath the ridge, however, is probably not compatible with the existence of a broad region of very low shear velocities in the surrounding mantle.
MAASTRICHTIAN–DANIAN DINOFLAGELLATE CYST BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY FROM TWO EQUATORIAL SECTIONS IN COLOMBIA AND VENEZUELA

Abstract Two outcrop sections from the Maastrichtian Colon and Mito Juan Formations were analyzed for dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy. Samples from the Rio Molino section (Cesar‐Rancheria Basin, Colombia) represent a subset of samples from the 240 m‐thick hemipelagic limestones and calcareous mudstones reported in Martinez's (1989) foraminiferal study. The upper Campanian, lower Maastrichtian and uppermost Maastrichtian intervals were identified in this section based on some significant dinocyst biostratigraphic events, which are in agreement with planktonic foraminiferal data. In ascending Stratigraphic order these events include the lowest occurrence (LO) of Areoligera spp. , LO of Senegalinium spp. , highest occurrence (HO) of Trichodinium castanea, HO of Xenascus ceratioides, LO of Cerodinium diebelii, LO of Trithyrodinium evittii, HO of Odontochitina operculata, LO of Phelodinium tricuspe, HO of Palaeohystrichophora infusorioides, LO of Glaphyrocysta perforala, LO of Disphaerogena carposphaeropsis .
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS, MANAGEMENT AND STATISTICS UNIVERSITY OF MILAN – BICOCCA

In this study, we implement a series of voting games in the laboratory to test whether a strategic voting behavior in a proportional system would arise and induce a two-party system. In each voting game, a finite number of subjects with single-peaked preferences, uniformly distributed on a 0–20 line, are asked to vote for a number within the interval 0–20. The policy outcome is the average of the chosen numbers—a realistic representation of a compromise between parties in a parliament elected through the proportional rule. Our main result shows that polarization and strategic voting occur in the proposed proportional rule scenario. Moreover, experience and information concerning the electoral outcome of the previous period drive individuals to opt for strategic voting.
Does European Cohesion Policy affect Regional Business Dynamics?

This paper assesses whether European Cohesion Policy funds from the 2007‑2013 programming period affected business dynamics in European regions. Using a regression discontinuity approach, the analysis shows that regions receiving more funds experienced higher firm births, without statistically significant firm deaths, resulting in positive net firm creation and growing firm-related employment. In addition, this study confirms previous findings in the literature according to which regions receiving more funds show higher increases gross value added per worker. Finally, funds have a significantly higher effect on net business employment creation in regions with lower levels of perceived corruption, although this is not necessarily conductive to higher levels of labour productivity in those regions.
Accumulation and uptake of anthropogenic CO2 in the Southern Ocean, south of Australia between 1968 and 1996

Increases in the anthropogenic CO2 inventory for Southern Ocean waters to the south of Australia were estimated by comparing measurements made 28 years apart in 1968 and 1996. For this period, the deepest penetration of anthropogenic CO2 is consistent with the depth of 28 year old water from CFC-11 age estimates. Significant accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 (13±10 μmol kg−1) was found in Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) from 500–4500 m south of 58°S suggesting AABW to be an important water mass for the storage of anthropogenic CO2 in the deep ocean. Deep penetration of anthropogenic CO2 (<1900 m) was found in the sub-Antarctic zone (SAZ) between 48°S and 51°S while little accumulation (<400 m) was observed south of 53°S. A simple one dimensional box model was used to investigate the anthropogenic CO2 uptake potential in the SAZ based on observed CFC-11 concentrations and the calculated anthropogenic CO2 inventory. Formation and export of sub-Antarctic Mode Water (SAMW) was estimated by reproducing the observed present day SAMW CFC-11 concentration using time histories of atmospheric CFC-11 concentrations. The anthropogenic CO2 uptake for the SAZ (45°–50°S) ranged from 0.73 to 0.86 μmol kg yr−1. The calculated range of SAMW formation and export rates only increased the anthropogenic CO2 uptake potential for the SAZ by as much as 18% (<0.13 μmol kg−1 yr−1). Extrapolating our estimate to the circumpolar SAZ gives an anthropogenic CO2 uptake of 0.07–0.08 GTC yr−1. Even though SAMW formation does not considerably enhance anthropogenic CO2 uptake in the SAZ, it provides an important mechanism for transporting anthropogenic CO2 into the ocean interior. SAMW therefore may be important for anthropogenic CO2 uptake on a larger regional scale.
Trends in lead concentrations in major U.S. rivers and their relation to historical changes in gasoline-lead consumption

: Declines in concentrations of dissolved lead occurred at nearly two-thirds of 306 locations on major U.S. rivers from 1974 to 1985. Declines in dissolved lead concentrations are statistically significant (p < 0.10) at approximately one-third of the sampling locations. Statistically significant increases in dissolved lead concentrations occurred at only 6 percent of the sites, but are clustered in the Texas-Gulf and Lower Mississippi regions. Possible explanations for the observed trends in lead concentrations are tested through comparisons with (1) records of lead discharges from major sources including leaded-gasoline consumption and municipal- and industrial-point source discharges, (2) trends in various water-quality constituents such as pH and total alkalinity, and (3) basin characteristics such as drainage area. Statistically significant declines in lead concentrations in streams and gasoline lead (i.e., the largest source of lead at these sites) are highly coincident for the 1979 to 1980 period at most sampling locations. The greatest amount of decline in gasoline lead occurred at sites showing statistically significant downtrends in stream concentrations of lead from 1974 to 1985. No more than 5 percent of the trends in stream lead are influenced by municipal- and industrial-point sources of lead. Factors that affect the transport of dissolved lead, including lead solubility, suspended sediment, and basin characteristics such as drainage basin size, are not significantly related to trends in dissolved lead. Trends in streamflow explain no more than 7 percent of the downtrends in concentrations of lead and may partly explain the frequent increases in lead concentrations in the Texas-Gulf and Lower Mississippi regions.
Grain size distribution and depositional processes of the mineral component of abyssal sediments: Lessons from the North Pacific

Grain size analyses of the mineral component of abyssal Pacific surface sediments show two distinctly different size distributions that can be associated with sediments that are dominantly eolian and dominantly hemipelagic, respectively. In the range of 1 to 30 µm, eolian grains show a distinct size mode at about 2 µm (9Φ) and little material coarser than about 16 µm (6Φ). Hemipelagic grains are characterized by a much flatter size distribution that has a broad size mode near 2 µm (9Φ) and important amounts of material coarser than 16 µm (6Φ). This ability to distinguish between hemipelagic and eolian grains will obviate some long-standing concerns in the interpretation of deep-sea sediments. Examples of the utility of this technique are given for the North Pacific and South Atlantic.
Roads to Prosperity or Bridges to Nowhere ? Theory and Evidence on the Impact of Public Infrastructure Investment by Sylvain Leduc and

We examine the dynamic macroeconomic effects of public infrastructure investment both theoretically and empirically, using a novel data set we compiled on various highway spending measures. Relying on the institutional design of federal grant distributions among states, we construct a measure of government highway spending shocks that captures revisions in expectations about future government investment. We find that shocks to federal highway funding positively affect local GDP both on impact and after six to eight years. However, we find no permanent effect (as of ten years after the shock). Similar impulse responses are found in a number of other macroeconomic variables. Our results suggest that the transmission channel for these responses operates through initial funding leading to building, over several years, of public highway capital, which then temporarily boosts private sector productivity and local demand. To help interpret these findings, we develop an open economy New Keynesian model with productive public capital in which regions are part of a monetary and fiscal union. We show that our empirical responses are qualitatively consistent with an initial effect due to nominal rigidities and a subsequent medium-term productivity effect that arises once the public capital is put in place and available for production. *We thank Brian Lucking and Elliot Marks for superb and tireless research assistance. We are grateful to John Fernald, Bart Hobijn, Òscar Jordà, John Williams, and seminar attendees at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, the University of Nevada, and the SEEK/CEPR Workshop on “News, Sentiment, and Confidence in Fluctuations” for helpful comments. We thank the many transportation officials who improved our understanding of the institutional complexities of highway financing and spending, especially Ken Simonson (Associated General Contractors of America), Nancy Richardson (formerly of Iowa DOT), Jack Wells (U.S. DOT), and Alison Black and William Buechner (both of American Road and Transportation Builders Assn). Finally, we are grateful to the editors of the 2012 NBER Macroeconomic Annual for excellent guidance. The views expressed in this paper are solely the responsibility of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, or of any other person associated with the Federal Reserve System.
Lunar iron and titanium abundance algorithms based on final processing of Clementine ultraviolet‐visible images

The Clementine mission to the Moon returned global imaging data collected by the ultraviolet visible (UVVIS) camera. This data set is now in a final state of calibration, and a five-band multispectral digital image model (DIM) of the lunar surface will soon be available to the science community. We have used observations of the lunar sample-return sites and stations extracted from the final DIM in conjunction with compositional information for returned lunar soils to revise our previously published algorithms for the spectral determination of the FeO and TiO2 content of the lunar surface. The algorithms successfully normalize the effects of space weathering so that composition may be determined without regard to a surface's state of maturity. These algorithms permit anyone with access to the standard archived DIM to construct high spatial resolution maps of FeO and TiO2 abundance. Such maps will be of great utility in a variety of lunar geologic studies.