Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative Evaluation of the Influence of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth Performance of Tetrapleura tetraptera

The continuous destruction of our rainforest has threatened the existence of many useful and multipurpose plant species such as Tetrapleura tetraptera. To revert this situation, efforts must be made towards its sustainable use by encouraging reforestation which entails raising of seedlings for mass propagation of this crop. This study was aimed at comparing the effects of organic (chicken litter) and inorganic (NPK 15:15:15) fertilizers on seedling growth in four accessions of Tetrapleura tetraptera and hence determining fertilizer preference for this forest species. The Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was used in a factorial arrangement with four accessions and three fertilizer types in eight replicates. One month after transplanting, the fertilizers (organic and inorganic) were uniformly applied at the rate of 45 kg/hectare according to the experimental design. Data were collected monthly for a period of three months on plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf length, member of branches, number of leaves, primary and secondary internode length per plant. Data on seedling emergence were also taken. Data collected were subjected to a two-way analysis of variance. Least significant difference (LSD) was used to separate significant means at p = 0.05. Result obtained revealed that the soil was rich in calcium, phosphorus and organic matter but low in nitrogen and potassium which were adequately complemented in mean days to seedling emergence in four accessions studied. Our findings also revealed that the organic (chicken litter) fertilizer did better (P<0.05) in all accessions than inorganic (NPK 15:15:15) fertilizer for all morphological traits studied. The performance of Cross River accession was outstanding as illustrated by the significant interaction obtained in most parameters. With chicken, litter fertilizer, Cross River accession produced the tallest plant (27.38 cm), largest leaf area (1.99 cm2), highest number of branches (20.13), highest number of leaves (66.75), longest stem diameter (0.93 cm), longest leaf length (1.94 cm), lowest primary (0.80) and lowest secondary (0.83) internode length. The use of organic fertilizers is therefore recommended for improved seedling growth of Tetrapleura tetraptera.
Modification of Herbal Product(Herb Mix ® ) to Improve the Efficacy on the Growth and Laying Performance of Chickens

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of modification of a herbal recipe(Herb Mix Ⓡ ) on the growth of pullet and laying performance of hens. The formula of Herb Mix Ⓡ , a mixture of Rehmannia glutinosa, Angelica gigas, Discorea japonica, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Schisandra chinensis and Ligusticum jeholense, was modified in mixing ratio. A total of 1,120 pullets(Hy-Line Brown) of 14 wks old were assigned to seven treatments; control, Herb Mix Ⓡ (HM), R. glutinosa fortified HM, A. gigas fortified HM, D. japonica fortified HM, G. uralensis fortified HM, S. chinensis fortified HM, L. jeholense fortified HM and Flavomycin supplemented diet. Each treatment had 8 replicates of 20 birds each housed in 2 birds cages. Body weight at 10% egg production was significantly(P<0.05) influenced by treatments. Birds fed A. gigas forti- fied HM diet were heaviest followed by L. jeholense fortified HM, HM-original and D. japonica fortified HM, Flavomycin supplemented diet and R. glutinosa while those fed control diet were lightest. Also, age reaching 50% egg production and peak production was earliest in A. gigas fortified HM and latest in the control. Egg production, feed intake, feed conversion and egg weight were significantly influenced by treatments. Significant improvement in egg production and feed intake was shown in A. gigas fortified HM treatment. Feed conversion ratio was lowest in antibiotic(Flavomycin) treatment and egg weight was heaviest in L. jeholense fortified HM treatment. There were no significant differences among treatments in intestinal microflora but cfu of Cl. perfringnes and E. coli tended to be lower in HM treatments than the control. Among the leucocytes of blood, the HM treatments were lower than the control in counts of white blood cell and heterophils. It was concluded that modification of Herb Mix Ⓡ fortifying with A. gigas, D. japonica and L. jeholense significantly influence growth and laying
Nitrogen and phosphorus resorption efficiency and proficiency in six sub‐arctic bog species after 4 years of nitrogen fertilization

1 Plant growth at high‐latitude sites is usually strongly nutrient‐limited. The increased nutrient availability predicted in response to global warming may affect internal plant nutrient cycling, including nutrient resorption from senescing leaves. 2 The effect of increased N supply (10 g N m−2 year−1) on nitrogen and phosphorus resorption efficiency and proficiency in six sub‐arctic bog species, belonging to four different growth‐forms, was studied in northern Sweden. 3 We hypothesized that while increased N supply would not affect N or P resorption efficiency, it would lead to lower N resorption proficiency (higher N concentrations in leaf litter) and higher P resorption proficiency (lower P concentrations in leaf litter). We also investigated whether the basis on which resorption was expressed (leaf mass, leaf area or unit leaf) influenced the patterns observed. 4 Contrasting with our hypothesis, a general trend of decreased N resorption efficiency occurred in response to increased N supply, but the expected decrease in N resorption proficiency was seen in all species except Betula nana. 5 P resorption efficiency did not change in four species (B. nana, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Eriophorum vaginatum and Rubus chamaemorus) but it decreased in Andromeda polifolia, and increased in Vaccinium uliginosum. P resorption proficiency showed the expected increase in only two species (B. nana and V. uliginosum). 6 Apart from P resorption efficiency, the different calculation methods generally produced similar responses of resorption efficiency and proficiency to N supply. 7 Increased N supply at high‐latitude sites clearly leads to more N being returned to the soil through leaf litter production. However, decomposition of such litter will probably become P‐limited. 8 Considerable interspecific differences in nutrient resorption proficiency were found, indicating that long‐term changes in vegetation composition need to be considered when evaluating plant‐mediated effects on ecosystem nutrient cycling in response to increased nutrient supply.
Analysis of Varietal Differences in Self- and Cross-Incompatibility Reactions of Japanese Pears Using Stylar Culture Technique

Varietal differences of pollen tube growth among self-, cross-incompatible and cross-compatible pollinations were investigated by semi vitro assay using detached styles in Japanese pear (Pyrus serotina Rehd. var. culta Rehd.) cultivars. Among the 52 self-compatible and -incompatible cultivars, the pollen tubes grew in considerably different ways. The percentages of styles with protruding pollen tubes from the basal cut end ranged from 0 to 47. Pollen tubes of 'Shinsetsu', Nihonyamanashi, self-compatible 'Osa-Nijisseiki', and self-compatible strains obtained from 'Osa-Nijisseiki' grew well, and those of 'Okusankitsu', 'Yasato', 'Kikusui', 'Nijisseiki', and 'Kisui' did intermediately, whereas pollen tubes of 'Shinsui', 'Chojuro', 'Kimizukawase', 'Hohsui', 'Kohsui', and 'Kohzo' grew poorly. Similar tendencies were observed when the number of pollen tubes protruding from the basal cut end among cultivars was counted. Generally, pollen tubes of cultivars derived from 'Nijisseiki' grew better than did those of 'Kohsui' and 'Shinsui', indicating that the rate of pollen tube elongation of cultivars is a heritable character. In cross-incompatible and -compatible pollination combinations, the pollen tubes grew quite differently, depending on the parental combinations. The percentages of styles with protruding pollen tubes from the cut end ranged from 0 to 40 in cross-incompatible combinations, and from 26 to 97 in cross-compatible ones. By using excised styles shortened to 1/2 or 1/3 of the original length, the percentage of styles with protruding pollen tubes from the cut end improved. The growth of self-and cross-incompatible pollen tubes became much better so that the promotion patterns were classified as follows : 1) tube elongation becomes better as the style is shortened ; 2) tube elongation becomes better but there are no differences between 1/2 and 1/3 reduction in style length ; 3) pollen tube elongation becomes better only in the 1/3 style length, and 4) no change was found. These differences indicate that the inhibition of pollen tube growth occurs in different parts of the style among respective cultivars.
Effect of the Growth Stage of False Flax (Camelina sativa L.) on the Phenolic Compound Content and Antioxidant Potential of the Aerial Part of the Plant

False fl ax (Camelina sativa L.) is a member of the Brassicaceae family and is an ancient crop that is native to Europe in areas from the Mediterranean Sea to the Arctic Circle. The commercially utilized part of C. sativa is its seeds, due to their oil content, which accounts for up to 42% of the seed matter [Peiretti & Meineri, 2007; Belayneh et al., 2017]. False fl ax seed oil is appreciated as a food ingredient, and interest in it as a potential low input source of biofuel has recently been growing [Berti et al., 2016]. From a nutritional point of view, a high content of its polyunsaturated fatty acids (about 50% of the total fatty acids) and its favorable fatty acid profi le (its α-linolenic acid content constitutes up to 40% of the total fatty acids) are important [Zubr & Matthäs, 2002; Kirkhus et al., 2013]. C. sativa oil is also a rich source of antioxidants, such as tocopherols, phytosterols and phenolic compounds, which are benefi cial to human health and increase the oxidative stability of the oil [Zubr & Matthäs, 2002; Abramovič et al., 2007; Kirkhus et al., 2013; Belayneh et al., 2017]. Among the phenolic compounds, sinapic, p-hydroxybenzoic, salicylic and gallic acids, as well as catechin and quercetin, have been identifi ed in false fl ax seed oil [Terpinc et al., 2012a].
HOURLY PRECIPITATION PATTERNS IN A BRAZILIAN TROPICAL CITY

The research on precipitation is related to analysis of its spatiotemporal variability using daily, monthly and annual data. However, there is a scarcity in the availability of information on how this variable is distributed over the hours of the day. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the intensity and hourly patterns of precipitation in Cuiaba in the State of Mato Grosso. Precipitation data were collected at the Cuiaba weather station of the National Institute of Meteorology from 2003 to 2018. The relative frequency of hourly precipitation was analyzed by the Spiegel method. The relative frequency of precipitation in wet season was high in the afternoon from 16:00 h (6.2%) to 17:00 h (5.9%) and low in the morning from 10:00 (3.0%) to 11:00 (2.8%). The relative frequency of precipitation during the dry season was high at 05:00 h (5.0%) and 17:00 h (5.4%) and low from 12:00 h (2.6%) and 13:00 h (2.2%). In general, the intensity of precipitation in the region was predominantly weak, followed by moderate, strong and very strong. The precipitation events in Cuiaba generally occur in the late afternoon, resulting from convective activity in the region.
Antagonism of the endophytic insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii against the bean plant pathogen Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli

Abstract The antagonism of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) root rot fungus Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli by the endophytic insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Dual cultures on Petri dishes showed antagonism of M. robertsii against F. solani. A relative inhibition of c. 60% of F. solani growth was observed in these assays. Cell-free culture filtrates of M. robertsii inhibited the germination of F. solani conidia by 83% and the inhibitory metabolite was heat stable. Beans plants colonized by M. robertsii, then exposed to F. solani, showed healthier plant growth and lower disease indices compared with plants not colonized by M. robertsii. These results suggest that the endophytic insect pathogenic fungus M. robertsii could also be utilized as a biocontrol agent against certain plant root pathogens.
INTRACRISTAL RODS

Workers in many laboratories (1, 4, 5, 11, 1315) have isolated outer membrane, inner membrane, and matrix fractions from beef heart and rat liver mitochondria and have assayed the enzymes associated with each fraction . Little attention has been directed towards the contents of the intracristal space, that space within the infoldings of the cristae and continuous with the space between the outer and inner membranes of the mitochondrion . Adenylate kinase, creatine kinase, and perhaps nucleosidediphosphate kinase are reportedly localized in this space (3, 6, 14), as these enzymes are eluted from mitochondria which have a broken, but attached, outer membrane . However. no structural element has been reported in the intracristal space . A new structure which has been observed in the intracristal space of isolated heavy beef heart mitochondria by means of thin sectioning will be described here .
Ecological implications of biomass and morphotype variations of bacterioplankton: an example in a coastal zone of the Northern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean)

This study had the objective of quantifying the variability in abundance, cell volume, morphology and C content of a natural bacterioplankton community in a coastal zone of the North Adriatic Sea during two periods (February and June) of two consequent years (1996 and 1997). We used epifluorescence microscopy with Acridine Orange staining procedures and a microphotographic technique. Low variability in bacterial abundance (range 0.3–3.1 × 105 cells ml−1) occurred between summer and winter periods. Conversely, the cell volume and the calculated carbon content changed greatly with warm and cold periods (ranges: 0.015–0.303 μm3 and 5.83–42.17 fg C cell−1, respectively). Elongated bacteria were dominant while coccoid cells prevailed only in February 1997. Biomass showed high variability (range 0.12–10.21 μg C l−1) whilst the abundance did not show noticeable differences among the sampling periods. As a consequence, quantification of bacterial biomass based solely on cell abundance must be considered with caution because the true biomass could depend on variability in cell volumes and morphotypes.
Structure–activity relationships for the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of simple and α‐β unsaturated aldehydes

Aldehydes are important industrial compounds that are used for the synthesis of chemicals and pharmaceuticals and as solvents, food additives, and disinfectants. Because of their reactivity, aldehydes are able to interact with electron‐rich biological macromolecules and adverse health effects have been reported, including general toxicity, allergenic reactions, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. The cost, time, and number of animals necessary to adequately screen these chemicals places serious limitations on the number of aldehydes whose health potential can be studied and points to the need of using alternative methods for assessing, at least in a preliminary way, the risks associated with the use of aldehydes. A method of choice is the study of quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs). In the present work, we present QSAR models for the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of simple aldehydes and α‐β unsaturated aldehydes. The models point to the role of electrophilicity, bulkiness, and hydrophobicity in the genotoxic activity of the aldehydes and lend themselves to the prediction of the activity of other untested chemicals of the same class. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 42:136–143, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relative sensitivity of three daphnid species to selected organic and inorganic chemicals

Static acute and renewal chronic tests were conducted with Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulex and Ceriodaphnia reticulata to determine their relative sensitivities to selected organic and inorganic chemicals: 2-chloroethanol, 2,4-pentanedione, pentachlorophenol, hexachloroethane, 2,2,2-trichloroethanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-methyl-2,4-pentadiol, Endrin®, silver, lead, chromium, cadmium, copper, arsenic and mercury. The three species tested yielded comparable acute EC50 values for most chemicals tested. The acute EC50 values for D. magna, D. pulex and C. reticulata varied twofold for hexachloroethane, Endrin, cadmium, arsenic and mercury. Chronic EC50 values for the three species were within one order of magnitude for 2-chloroethanol, 2,4-pentanedione, cadmium, chromium and silver. Differences in the sensitivities of these three popular cladoceran test species were within one order of magnitude. Reproductive impairment in all three test species appeared to be a more sensitive indicator of chronic toxicity than survival. This study suggests that the 7-d Ceriodaphnia chronic test may be used as an alternative short-term method for the screening of chemical toxicities.
Caecilian phylogeny and biogeography inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences of the 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes (Amphibia : Gymnophiona)

The classification and phylogeny of the caecilians has received much attention in the past decade, yet no consensus has been reached. We present new mitochondrial ribosomal gene sequence data from 13 caecilian species representing 10 genera from four of the six recognized families. Out of 1208 total sites, 890 were aligned, 475 were variable, and 329 were informative under the parsimony criterion. A phylogeny for these taxa supports the Caudata (as represented by Amphiuma) as the sister lineage to the Gymnophiona, the basal position of the Rhinatrematidae and Ichthyophiidae, the paraphyly of the Caeciliaidae, and the monophyly of the Seychellean caecilians. These sequence data support previous morphological studies suggesting that the typhlonectids were derived from Neotropical caeciliaids, and therefore the Typhlonectidae is synonymized within the family Caeciliaidae. Species previously placed in the Typhlonectidae are assigned to a separate subfamily (Typhlonectinae) of the Caeciliaidae. Resolution of relationships within the largest family, the Caeciliaidae, remains the major task of caecilian systematics.
Do Tropical Bird‐Pollinated Plants Exhibit Density‐Dependent Interactions? Field Experiments

In a tropical cloud forest at Monteverde, Costa Rica, three understory shrub species overlap greatly in flowering seasons and share hummingbird pollinators (Lampornis calolaema). We conducted two field experiments to determine if a plant's pollination and subsequent reproductive output reflect local densities of conspecific and heterospecific flowers. We controlled floral composition in the neighborhoods surrounding 12 focal plants of self—compatible Besleria triflora (Gesneriaceae) and of self—incompatible Palicourea lasiorrachis (Rubiacaea), producing prescribed mixtures of flowers of the focal plants' conspecifics and of Cephaelis elata (Rubiaceae). Each experiment subjected each focal plant to four different treatments; a floral neighborhood of 10 conspecific flowers and 10 of Cephaelis within a radius of 20 m (Treatment A); 90:10 (B); 10:90 (C); and 50:50 (D). Focal plants themselves always had 10 open flowers. We assigned the sequence of treatments to each focal plant in a Latin Square crossover design using three balanced blocks of four plants each. Dependent variables were: frequency of hummingbird probes per flower; pollen tubes in styles; and seed output per flower. From standard models of competition for pollination, we predicted that pollination levels and seed production would be ranked among treatments: B(90:10) > D(50:50) > A(10:10) > C(10:90). These overall predictions were supported for both Palicourea and Besleria, based on tests for directionality showing that the rank order among adjusted treatment means did not differ from the order predicted. Separate a priori treatment contrasts indicated that in both species increasing flower density above base levels (Treatment A, 10:10) by adding conspecific flowers alone (B, 90:10) or along with Cephaelis (D, 50:50) increased the rate at which hummingbirds visited focal plants' flowers. In Palicourea, both the number of pollen tubes in styles and seed output per flower increased in the same fashion. In Besleria, the only effect was increased pollination (but not seed output) from A (10:10) to B (90:10). In contrast, enriching the basic neighborhood (A. 10:10) with Cephaelis flowers (C, 10:90) did not alter frequencies of hummingbird probes to either species of focal plant. Heterospecific enrichment did, however, decrease both pollination levels and seed output in Palicourea, and seed output in Besleria. In general, altering the floral neighborhood affected Palicourea more strongly than Besleria. Apparently the intensity of density dependence, at least in terms of female reproductive success, varies among plant species sharing pollinators. Seed outputs in self—incompatible plants such as Palicourea may closely reflect flower densities of neighbors, but interspecific effects on fertilization in self—compatible plants such as Besleria may be density vague.
Degradation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27Kip1 in Oral Cancer

p27 is a cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor and plays an important role in negative regulation of the cell cycle during G0 and G1 phases. Protein level of p27 is controlled by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in cell cycle dependent manner. Therefore, degradation of p27 is a critical event for the G1/S transition and occurs through ubiquitination by SCFSkp2 and subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome. In various types of cancer including oral cancer, down-regulation of p27 is frequently observed. Importantly, down-regulation of p27 is well associated with its malignancy in various cancers. Moreover, It has been revealed that down-regulation of p27 in cancers is due to an enhancement of its degradation. More recent evidence suggests that Skp2 and Cks1, the specific recognition factors for p27 ubiquitination, are involved in down-regulation of p27 in cancer and have oncogenic properties. In the present review, we draw attention to p27 degradation in oral cancer.
Rotylenchus dalikhaniensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae), a monosexual species recovered from the rhizosphere of Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow in Mazandaran province, northern Iran

Summary – A new monosexual species of Rotylenchus is described and illustrated based on morphological, morphometric and molecular studies from northern Iran. Rotylenchus dalikhaniensis n. sp. is characterised by having a continuous, conoid lip region with four, rarely three, annuli, lateral fields regularly areolated in pharyngeal region and irregularly throughout the body except in tail region, rarely with anastomoses at mid-body, body without longitudinal striations, stylet 34-36 μm long, vulva located at 59-64%, tail with 16-19 annuli and ventral projection, and having no males in population. The differences of the new species with five known species, namely R. breviglans, R. alii, R. pakistanensis, R. echelimae and R. provincialis, are discussed. Phylogenetic analyses using 681 bp partial sequences of D2-D3 expansion region of the 28S and 383 bp ITS1-rRNA genes revealed that the new species formed a clade with some species of Helicotylenchus and Rotylenchus, respectively.