Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preoperative Assessment to Predict Difficult Airway Using Multiple Screening Tests

Background Predicting a difficult airway is one of the necessities in anesthesiology practice. Recognition of an obviously difficult airway leads to a series of communication and preparations to assist, as well as the establishment and maintenance of the airway. In this study, we compared various predictors of difficult laryngoscopy/intubation to determine the best possible difficult airway predictors. The present study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of the following airway assessment tests to predict difficult airway: (1) Modified Mallamapati test; (2) thyromental distance; (3) inter-incisor gap; (4) upper lip bite test; (5) LEMON airway assessment test; and (6) atlantooccipital movement. Methodology A total of 300 patients who presented for different operative procedures were selected. Screening tests were done in the preoperative examination room. The tests included the Modified Mallamapati test, thyromental distance, upper lip bite test, inter-incisor gap, LEMON airway assessment, and atlantooccipital movement. Laryngoscopy was done in the operation theater and the view was classified according to Cormack-Lehane’s scale. Using this clinical data, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of each test in predicting difficult airways were calculated. Results The thyromental distance test had the highest sensitivity, NPV, and accuracy. The upper lip bite test had the highest specificity and PPV. LEMON airway assessment test had the lowest specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy. Thyromental distance had the highest accuracy followed by the Modified Mallampati test. Inter-incisor gap had low sensitivity and PPV, and the atlantooccipital extension test had low sensitivity. Conclusions The currently available screening tests for difficult intubation have only poor-to-moderate discriminative power when used alone. No single airway test can provide a high index of sensitivity and specificity for the prediction of difficult airways. The upper lip bite test had the highest specificity and the thyromental distance test had the highest NPV. Every anesthesiologist must be trained and equipped to deal with now much less common, unexpected failure to intubate.
Gender trait preferences among smallholder cowpea farmers in northern Ghana: lessons from a case study

Introduction This case study reports on how a gender responsive breeding program contributes to meeting the trait preference of men and women for improved cowpea varieties in northern Ghana. Methods Fifty-eight early-maturing, medium-maturing and dual-purpose cowpea lines were planted at the CSIR-SARI research fields and women and men farmers invited for participatory plant breeding (PPB) in 2016. Selected lines from the PPB were further evaluated in 2017 using participatory varietal selection (PVS) in 5 districts in northern Ghana. In addition, 20 focus group discussions (FGDs) were held in 2018 in 10 randomly selected communities with 260 participants (130 women and 130 men) across the districts where the PVS had been held previously. Results and discussion The study finds drought tolerance, short cooking time and pest resistance to be the most preferred cowpea traits among both men and women. The study also finds that gender differences exist in trait preference, especially for traits such as seed coat color, earliness, pod above canopy and indeterminate growth habit. As breeding programs focus on improving genetic gains for tolerance of biotic and abiotic stresses, equal attention must be given to breeding for traits desired by women.
Examining Standards Across Five K-12 Academic Disciplines in the United States: Similarities, Distinctions, and Implications for Teacher Preparation

ABSTRACT Teacher preparation has long suffered from an issue of status in the United States. As a way to professionalize teaching, subject area-specific standards have materialized as one of its most powerful tools in homogenizing what teacher candidates should know and do upon graduation. These standards play a large role in accreditation, but they operate in isolation from one another. To actualize clinically based teacher education, such standards can no longer remain in silos. The purpose of this study was to understand what subject area standards for teacher education exist; on what key concepts, topics, and ideas do they collectively agree; what is distinct to each; and what the implications are for teacher education. Using document analysis, seven sets of standards for teacher education across five subject areas were examined. Findings show that while there were distinctions, there were more similarities among the subject areas. This finding demonstrates a common understanding of basic knowledge and skills across disciplines teacher candidates need to be profession-ready teachers.
Sources, Dispersal, and Clay Mineral Composition of Fine-Grained Sediment off Central and Northern California

Fine-grained sediment delivered to the continental margin of central and northern California is dominated by input from coastal rivers. Suspended sediment from northern California rivers (the Eel, Klamath-Trinity, Mad, Smith, and Mattole Rivers, and Redwood Creek) amounts to 81% of the sediment produced between Point Conception and the Oregon border. Steep and uns Table hillslopes combined with high rainfall and land use alterations produce average annual sediment yields up to nearly $$2800 tons/km^{2}$$. Offshore circulation during periods of peak sediment discharge is dominated by the northerly flowing Davidson Current. LANDS AT imagery reveals large clockwise gyres that transport suspended sediment at least 100 km offshore in surface waters. Along the central coast the regional sediment yields are less than those along the northern California coast by an order of magnitude. Lower precipitation and numerous impoundments and diversions reduce sediment discharge. The Russian, Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers do discharge significant volumes of suspended sediment, however. From Monterey Bay to Point Conception the climate is even drier, and sediment input declines further. Distinct sediment plumes on LANDS AT imagery, however, often extend offshore from Monterey Bay and also along the coast north of Point Conception. Based on the clay mineral composition of sediment samples from the continental margin, five distinct provinces were delineated. The composite clay mineral composition of the sediments taken from rivers draining into the individual provinces in general agree reasonably well with offshore compositions. Compositional differences existing off the central coast, however, are believed to be a result of relict Pleistocene sediments on the shelf which have not yet been covered by post-glacial sediment input.
Evaluation of the Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Isolates from Feed and Water of Selected Poultry Farms in Awka Anambra State, Nigeria

The susceptibility of microorganisms isolated from poultry feeds and poultry water samples to selected antibiotics was assessed. Standard methods were used to analyze selected poultry feeds and poultry water samples. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates were determined against the following antibacterial agents: erythromycin (10 µg), ciprofloxacin (10 µg), ampiclox (20 µg), rifampicin (20 µg), amoxil (20 µg), septrin (30 µg), ampicillin (30 µg), ceporex (10 µg), levofloxacin (20 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), streptomycin (30 µg), norfloxacin (10 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), ofloxacin (10 µg), nalidixic acid (30 µg), reflecine (10 µg), and augmentin (30 µg). The highest viable counts of bacteria isolated from poultry feed and water samples were 2.7x106 cfu/g and 1.69x103 cfu/ml, respectively. The highest fungal counts in the poultry feed and water samples were 1.60x105 cfu/g and 2x105 cfu/ml, respectively. Bacterial isolates from poultry feed and water samples included Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella species, and Staphylococcus aureus. Fungal isolates included Aspergillus species, Penicillium species, Mucor species, and Candida species.Staphylococcus aureus exhibited the highest susceptibility to most of the antibiotics, while Klebsiella pneumoniae showed the highest resistance, as it was resistant to five out of the ten antibiotics tested in this study. The research has demonstrated that poultry feed and poultry water showed varying levels of contamination, which may pose serious health risks to poultry. Amoxil, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, reflecine, and ofloxacin are recommended for use as antibiotics to treat diseases that may be caused by some of these pathogens.
Accuracy of analyzed stratospheric temperatures in the winter Arctic vortex from infrared Montgolfier long-duration balloon flights 2. Results

[1] Long series of temperature measurements in the winter Arctic stratosphere have been obtained from infrared Montgolfier (MIR) long-duration balloon flights in 1997, 1999, and 2000, from which the performance of a variety of meteorological analyses has been investigated. In this first paper of a series of two, the experimental setup and the measurements are described. First flown in the winter Arctic in 1997, the MIR platform appears well adapted to perform flights for several weeks in the vortex. Flights of 12 and 22 days (1997), 7 and 17 days (1999), and 3 and 18 days (2000) have been achieved along which altitude, pressure, and temperature have been sampled every 9–10 min. Comparisons between various independent sensors on the same balloon, and to Vaisala and Russian radiosondes, have made it possible to evaluate the performances of the instruments. The accuracy of the altitude/location of the Global Positioning System proved to be ±100 m but that of the pressure sensors only ±2 hPa. The most accurate method for deriving pressure appears to be the use of GPS altitude together with the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) geopotential height. Finally, the temperature was demonstrated to be measured with a precision of ±0.4 K and an average bias of less than ±0.5 K, but during nighttime and at an altitude below only 28 km.
Bank performance in achieving Islamic bank stability conditions: Evidence from Islamic Banks in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the effect of Islamic bank performance on Islamic bank stability in Indonesia. Research using monthly time series data from OJK Sharia Banking Statistics 2015-2022. The analytical tool uses ECM and ECT tests to test the long-term impact and short-term response of operational efficiency, liquidity and bank size on the stability of Islamic banks. The research results found that the performance of Islamic banks in terms of operational efficiency has a negative effect on the stability of Islamic banks in both the short and long term. Furthermore, liquidity has no effect on the stability of Islamic banks in the long term, but has a positive effect in the short term. While bank size has a positive effect on the stability of Islamic banks in the long term, it has no effect in the short term
Gate Characteristics of Enhancement-Mode Fully Depleted p-GaN Gate HEMT

The conventional <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-GaN in Schottky-type <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-GaN gate HEMTs is converted into an insulator-like <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-GaN, i.e., fully depleted <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-GaN in the reverse-biased Schottky junction under forward gate bias (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {GS}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), by inadequate activation of Mg. Consequently, the gate current (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{\text {G}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) is reduced by 3–5 orders of magnitude at <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {GS}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 7-V over a temperature range of 25 °C–150 °C, compared with devices adopting conventional adequate activation. The fully depleted <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-GaN converts the current-balance-based forward <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {GS}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> division in the conventional partially depleted <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-GaN gate stack, into thickness-based voltage division in <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-GaN and AlGaN between gate and channel, which is like that in a MIS (metal-insulator-semiconductor) gate. As a result, the hole current through the Schottky junction is significantly reduced while the electron spillover current starts to dominate at high forward <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {GS}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Besides, hot carriers are excluded from the forward gate breakdown mechanism.
How much can air conditioning increase air temperatures for a city like Paris, France?

A consequence of urban heat islands in summer is an increase in the use of air conditioning in urbanized areas, which while cooling the insides of buildings, releases waste heat to the atmosphere. A coupled model consisting of a meso‐scale meteorological model (MESO‐NH) and an urban energy balance model (TEB) has been used to simulate and quantify the potential impacts on street temperature of four air conditioning scenarios at the scale of Paris. The first case consists of simulating the current types of systems in the city and was based on inventories of dry and evaporative cooling towers and free cooling systems with the river Seine. The other three scenarios were chosen to test the impacts of likely trends in air conditioning equipment in the city: one for which all evaporative and free cooling systems were replaced by dry systems, and the other two designed on a future doubling of the overall air conditioning power but with different technologies. The comparison between the scenarios with heat releases in the street and the baseline case without air conditioning showed a systematic increase in the street air temperature, and this increase was greater at nighttime than day time. It is counter‐intuitive because the heat releases are higher during the day. This is due to the shallower atmospheric boundary layer during the night. The increase in temperature was 0.5 °C in the situation with current heat releases, 1 °C with current releases converted to only sensible heat, and 2 °C for the future doubling of air conditioning waste heat released to air. These results demonstrated to what extent the use of air conditioning could enhance street air temperatures at the scale of a city like Paris, and the importance of a spatialized approach for a reasoned planning for future deployment of air conditioning in the city.
Working with farmers : The key to achieving adoption of more sustainable cassava production practices on sloping land in Asia

Farmers in Asia like to grow cassava because the crop will tolerate long dry periods and poor soils, and will produce reasonable yields with little inputs. Most farmers realize, however, that cassava production on slopes can cause severe erosion, while production without fertilizer inputs may lead to a decline in soil productivity. Research has shown that cassava yields can be maintained for many years with adequate application of fertilizers, and that there are various ways to reduce erosion. Adoption of erosion control practices, however, has been minimal as farmers generally see little short-term benefits of these practices. To enhance the adoption of soil conserving practices and improve the sustainability of cassava production, a farmer participatory research (FPR) approach was used to develop not only the best soil conservation practices, but also to test new varieties, fertilization and cropping systems that tend to produce greater short-term benefits. The FPR methodology was initially developed in 2-3 sites each in China, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam, but has now extended to about 99 villages in Thailand, Vietnam and China. The methodology includes the conducting of RRAs in each site, farmer evaluation of a wide range of practices shown in demonstration plots, FPR trials with farmerselected treatments on their own fields, field days with discussions to select the best among the tested practices, scaling-up to larger fields, and farmer participatory dissemination to neighbors and other communities. Based on the results of these trials, farmers have readily adopted better varieties, fertilization and intercropping practices, and many farmers have now adopted the planting of contour hedgerows to control erosion. The resulting increases in cassava yields in Asia over the past eight years have increased the annual gross income of cassava farmers by an estimated 250 million US dollars.
The atmospheric helium isotope ratio: Is it changing?

We have compared the helium isotope ratio of samples of Pacific marine air collected over the 30‐year period from 1973 to 2003 against a secondary geothermal gas standard and also against a running air standard. The results are consistent with zero rate of change for atmospheric 3He/4He. When the errors are taken into account, the rate of change in the air 3He/4He ratio is between −0.0102 and +0.0019 %/year. At the most this corresponds to a 0.3% change in the air 3He/4He ratio over the past 3 decades, which is at or below the detection limit of most laboratories. While there may be a small decrease in air 3He/4He due to anthropogenic release of 4He associated with use of fossil fuels, this decrease is not large enough to prevent the use of air helium as an isotopic standard.
Paleomagnetic poles of Mars: Revisited

[1] The huge amount of data acquired by Mars Global Surveyor during its mapping period provides a unique opportunity to reassess the paleomagnetic pole positions of Mars previously determined on the basis of the limited low-altitude magnetic data. We identify nine small and isolated magnetic anomalies on the basis of the global magnetic maps and model each anomaly using a vertical prism of elliptical cross section. Both high-altitude (360–430 km) and low-altitude (100–200 km) magnetic data are used simultaneously. We calculate a paleomagnetic pole position assuming that the body is magnetized by a dipole core field. Although the new pole positions do not cluster as closely as the old ones, the new cluster overlaps the older cluster. The clustering suggests that Mars' rotation axis has likely wandered by ∼50°–60° in the last ∼4 Gyr. The number of north and south poles in the cluster suggests at least one reversal of the core field during the time the source bodies acquired magnetization.
Dynamical Effects of Convective Momentum Transports on Global Climate Simulations

Abstract Dynamical effects of convective momentum transports (CMT) on global climate simulations are investigated using the NCAR Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3). To isolate the dynamical effects of the CMT, an experimental setup is proposed in which all physical parameterizations except for the deep convection scheme are replaced with idealized forcing. The CMT scheme is incorporated into the convection scheme to calculate the CMT forcing, which is used to force the momentum equations, while convective temperature and moisture tendencies are not passed into the model calculations in order to remove the physical feedback between convective heating and wind fields. Excluding the response of complex physical processes, the model with the experimental setup contains a complete dynamical core and the CMT forcing. Comparison between two sets of 5-yr simulations using this idealized general circulation model (GCM) shows that the Hadley circulation is enhanced when the CMT forcing is included, in agreeme.
A dendroclimatic reconstruction of annual precipitation amounts in Iowa since 1680

Tree ring widths from white oak (Quercus alba) in central Iowa were found to be accurate indicators of total precipitation for a period beginning near the end of the prior growing season and extending until the end of the growing season in the year of ring formation. Regression-based estimates of annual (August–July) precipitation for Iowa were obtained for the 300-year period of tree ring record (1680–1979). The correlation coefficient between actual and estimated precipitation values was +0.74 for the 60-year period of data used to calculate the regression coefficients and +0.72 for the preceding 46 years of independent data. These results show that tree rings are reliable indicators of wet and dry periods in Iowa, thereby providing a 300-year record of precipitation variations for use by scientists and planners.
In search of common ground: towards a model for the integration of local and scientific perspectives in the selection of community-based marine protected areas

The accuracy of household reporting of subsistence fishing catch and effort and seafood consumption on the Fijian island of Ono-i-Lau was studied. A creel survey was carried out concurrently to validate the household survey data. Reported estimates of fishing participation, effort, and fish consumption were not signi- ficantly different to the creel survey estimates. Householder’s appeared to overestimate the number of fish from the most abundant family Lethrinidae, and underestimate rarer fish. However, there was no significant difference between the reported and observed contribution of the majority of finfish families and invertebrate taxa. The reported and observed catch rate estimates were not significantly different, indicating that Ono-i-Lau villagers are relatively accurate in their estimation of the number and size of fish from recalled catches.