Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identification of Furaneol Glucopyranoside, the Precursor of Strawberry-like Aroma, Furaneol, in Muscat Bailey A

2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (furaneol) was reported to be responsible for the strawberry-like aroma in some Vitis labrusca and hybrid (V. labrusca × V. vinifera) winegrapes. This study identified furaneol glucopyranoside in the juice of a Japanese hybrid grape, Muscat Bailey A [V. labrusca (Bailey) × V. vinifera (Muscat Hamburg)], using high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The concentrations of furaneol glucopyranoside and furaneol in the juices of Concord (V. labrusca) and Muscat Bailey A were much higher than those in the juices of other V. vinifera varieties. It was also demonstrated that furaneol and its glucopyranoside were accumulated mainly in Muscat Bailey A berry flesh. These findings are expected to contribute to the elucidation of the mechanism of formation in grapes and to the understanding of the characteristic strawberry-like aroma of Muscat Bailey A wines.
Joint Modeling of Crop and Irrigation in the central United States Using the Noah‐MP Land Surface Model

Representing climate‐crop interactions is critical to Earth system modeling. Despite recent progress in modeling dynamic crop growth and irrigation in land surface models (LSMs), transitioning these models from field to regional scales is still challenging. This study applies the Noah‐MP LSM with dynamic crop‐growth and irrigation schemes to jointly simulate the crop yield and irrigation amount for corn and soybean in the central United States. The model performance of crop yield and irrigation amount are evaluated at county‐level against the USDA reports and USGS water withdrawal data, respectively. The bulk simulation (with uniform planting/harvesting management and no irrigation) produces significant biases in crop yield estimates for all planting regions, with root‐mean‐square‐errors (RMSEs) being 28.1% and 28.4% for corn and soybean, respectively. Without an irrigation scheme, the crop yields in the irrigated regions are reduced due to water stress with RMSEs of 48.7% and 20.5%. Applying a dynamic irrigation scheme effectively improves crop yields in irrigated regions and reduces RMSEs to 22.3% and 16.8%. In rainfed regions, the model overestimates crop yields. Applying spatially varied planting and harvesting dates at state‐level reduces crop yields and irrigation amount for both crops, especially in northern states. A “nitrogen‐stressed” simulation is conducted and found that the improvement of irrigation on crop yields is limited when the crops are under nitrogen stress. Several uncertainties in modeling crop growth are identified, including yield‐gap, planting date, rubisco capacity, and discrepancies between available data sets, pointing to future efforts to incorporating spatially varying crop parameters to better constrain crop growing seasons.
Monetary Policy with Opinionated Markets

Central banks (the Fed) and markets (the market) often disagree about the path of interest rates. We develop a model that explains this disagreement and study its implications for monetary policy and asset prices. We assume that the Fed and the market disagree about expected aggregate demand. Moreover, agents learn from data but not from each other---they are opinionated and information is fully symmetric. We then show that disagreements about future demand, together with learning, translate into disagreements about future interest rates. Moreover, these disagreements shape optimal monetary policy, especially when they are entrenched. The market perceives monetary policy "mistakes" and the Fed partially accommodates the market's view to mitigate the financial market fallout from perceived "mistakes. " We also show that differences in the speed at which the Fed and the market react to the data---heterogeneous data sensitivity---matters for asset prices and interest rates. With heterogeneous data sensitivity, every macroeconomic shock has an embedded monetary policy "mistake" shock. When the Fed is more (less) data sensitive, the anticipation of these mistakes dampen (amplify) the impact of macroeconomic shocks on asset prices.
On the Cost of Detection Response Task Performance on Cognitive Load

Objective This study investigates the cost of detection response task performance on cognitive load. Background Measuring system operator’s cognitive load is a foremost challenge in human factors and ergonomics. The detection response task is a standardized measure of cognitive load. It is hypothesized that, given its simple reaction time structure, it has no cost on cognitive load. We set out to test this hypothesis by utilizing pupil diameter as an alternative metric of cognitive load. Method Twenty-eight volunteers completed one of four experimental tasks with increasing levels of cognitive demand (control, 0-back, 1-back, and 2-back) with or without concurrent DRT performance. Pupil diameter was selected as nonintrusive metric of cognitive load. Self-reported workload was also recorded. Results A significant main effect of DRT presence was found for pupil diameter and self-reported workload. Larger pupil diameter was found when the n-back task was performed concurrently with the DRT, compared to no-DRT conditions. Consistent results were found for mental workload ratings and n-back performance. Conclusion Results indicate that DRT performance produced an added cost on cognitive load. The magnitude of the change in pupil diameter was comparable to that observed when transitioning from a condition of low task load to one where the 2-back was performed. The significant increase in cognitive load accompanying DRT performance was also reflected in higher self-reported workload. Application DRT is a valuable tool to measure operator’s cognitive load. However, these results advise caution when discounting it as cost-free metric with no added burden on operator’s cognitive resources.
STAD Cooperative Pedagogy in Teaching English First Additional Language in KwaZulu-Natal Secondary Schools

This article explores the training that English First Additional Language (EFAL) teachers have received on Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) and how they employ it to teach in Kwazulu-Natal secondary schools. Twelve EFAL teachers voluntarily participated in three focus group discussions in this qualitative phenomenological study. An examination of the results showed that while some teachers had received training in the STAD cooperative learning strategy from established institutions, others had to learn it on their own. The findings further established that the teachers were using the active and participative, communicative, and direct instructional approaches to implement the strategy. It was interesting to note that the training received by the EFAL teachers on the use of STAD affected its implementation positively. It was also evident that the core concepts of the strategy and its underlying model resonated in the way the EFAL teachers applied it in their classrooms.
THE INFLUENCE OF FEEDING LEVEL DURING LACTATION AND GESTATION ON THE ENDOCRINE STATUS AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF SECOND PARITY SOWS

During their second lactation, 123 second-parity Yorkshire × Landrace sows were fed either 6 kg or 3 kg d−1 of a barley-soybean meal diet formulated to provide 12.5 MJ DE kg−1 and 16% crude protein (approximately 90 and 45% of National Research Council (NRC 1988) requirements). From 48 h after the onset of the post-weaning estrus, sows from each lactation feed treatment were allocated equally to receive the same diet at 3.6 kg or 1.8 kg d−1 (approximately 160 and 80% of NRC (1988) requirements), until slaughtered at 25 d of gestation. On days 4, 8, 12 and 16 of gestation, eight sows from each of the four feed level combinations were blood sampled at 15-min intervals for 4 h. Additionally, a further eight sows were sampled once on each of the above days. The lower plane of feeding during lactation resulted in a greater body weight and backfat loss (26.6 vs. 13.8 kg and 6.5 vs. 3.6 mm, respectively; P < 0.01 for both), an increased incidence of anestrus (21 vs. 8%; P < 0.05) and a longer and more variable i.
Sorghum Root Morphogenesis and Growth. I. Effect of Maturity Genes 1

Root development of two sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. ] maturity isogenic lines (early ✕ 60 SM and late ✕ 100 M) was closely studied in plants growing up to 38 days after emergence (DAE) in hydroponics. Each adventitious (crown) root was tagged upon appearance and periodically measured for length. Root diameters, root volume, leaf area, and transpiration were also measured periodically. Seminal roots and mesocotyls were removed on some plants at 10 DAE, in order to simulate the effect of some common fungal or insect damage in the field. The onset of initiation of adventitious roots occurred at 4 and 6 DAE in the early and late genotypes, respectively. Root initiation rates cycled with time, within a range of 0 to 1.5 roots-plant-l−day−1. Cycling of root initiation rates appeared to correspond with the formation of concentric whorls of these roots in the crown. Total number of adventitious roots at 38 DAE was 17 and 23 in the late and early genotypes, respectively. In the early genotypes, growth rate of adventitious roots that were initiated at an early stage was the same as for roots initiated later, being about 3 cm day−1 In the late genotype, growth rate of later initiated roots was slower than that of roots initiated earlier. Although the early genotype had a greater total adventitious root length per plant than the late one, the latter had a greater root volume than the former, due to greater number and growth of lateral branches. Removal of the seminal root and mesocotyl increased the number and growth of lateral branches of existing adventitious roots and subsequently increased root volume in the early genotype. Similar effects were not observed in the late genotype.
Seismic behavior of reinforced concrete thin shear walls under various axial load ratios

shear wall due to the economic or structural and architectural issues, thin shear walls instead of column and common shear walls are used throughout the structure of the building. In this paper the various effects of axial load ratios on ductility and lateral displacements of every axial load on thin concrete shear walls have been investigated. ABAQUS finite element software for modeling and analyzing has been used. Also the results of analyzing compared with the results of existing experimental data, which shows the results are all correct. In addition, the results show that increasing the amount of axial load ratio more than 37.5% can cause bad effect on vibration behavior of shear walls and destroy it in little displacements.
On Solutions of a Parabolic Equation with Nonstandard Growth Condition

A parabolic equation with nonstandard growth condition is considered. A kind of weak solution and a kind of strong solution are introduced, respectively; the existence of solutions is proved by a parabolically regularized method. The stability of weak solutions is based on a natural partial boundary value condition. Two novelty elements of the paper are both the dependence of diffusion coefficient bx,t on the time variable t, and the partial boundary value condition based on a submanifold of ∂Ω×0,T. How to overcome the difficulties arising from the nonstandard growth conditions is another technological novelty of this paper.
Predicting forest management effects on oak–rodent mutualisms

This study is a contribution to the projects VULGLO (CGL2010-22180-C03-03), RISKDISP (CGL2009-08430) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (secretary of I+D+i) and REMEDINAL 2 (CM S2009 AMB 1783) funded by the Comunidad de Madrid.
Understanding Determinants for STEM Major Choice Among Students Beginning Community College

Objective: This study explored how high school and postsecondary academic parameters may relate to the choice of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) major for students beginning their postsecondary education at community colleges. Our study incorporated these two clusters of factors into a statistical model to examine STEM major choice in community colleges. In particular, our study was one of the first to examine the direction and magnitude of the relationship between earned college credits in science laboratories and advanced mathematics and STEM college major selection. Method: We analyzed national data from the Education Longitudinal Study (2002) for students who were in 10th grade in 2002, entered community college as their first postsecondary institution, and declared a college major by 2006. A comprehensive integrated model was analyzed through binary logistic regression with the outcome variable of choice of STEM major or not. Results: We found math self-efficacy in high school, postsecondary introductory science laboratory courses, and postsecondary advanced mathematics courses were each positively associated with the choice of STEM major among community college students. Gender continues to be influential, with women less likely to pursue STEM than men. Contributions: Our study highlights the opportunities the science laboratory holds for engaging beginning community college students interested in STEM fields. The linchpin role of mathematics and science for students aspiring to study STEM is underscored by the findings of this study.
The effects of biochar and nitrification inhibitors on reactive nitrogen gas (N2O, NO and NH3) emissions in intensive vegetable fields in southeastern China

ABSTRACT Application of biochar and nitrification inhibitors (NIs) to soil has been suggested as a strategy for mitigating climate change and promoting nitrogen use efficiency. However, few studies have focused on how N2O, NO and NH3 emissions and vegetable yield are affected by simultaneous biochar and NI application in vegetable fields. This study aims to investigate the effects of biochar and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP, one type of NIs) amendment on reactive nitrogen gas emissions (GNrEs), vegetable yield, and reactive gaseous N intensity (GNrI) in an intensive vegetable field. There were three treatments: U: urea, UB: urea combined with biochar, UDMPP: urea combined with DMPP. The results show that biochar amendment increased NH3 volatilization by 92.8% (p < 0.05) compared to that under the U treatment. DMPP application abated significantly NO and GNrEs by 49.9% and 21.4%, respectively, compared to those of the U treatment. No significant differences were observed in GNrI among all three treatments; however, DMPP addition had more potential to reduce GNrI than biochar application, based on their results compared to those of the U treatment. Our findings suggest that DMPP application is a suitable practice to reduce GNrEs and maintain yields in intensive vegetable fields. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Influence of aromatics on tropospheric gas-phase composition

Abstract. Aromatics contribute a significant fraction to organic compounds in the troposphere and are mainly emitted by anthropogenic activities and biomass burning. Their oxidation in lab experiments is known to lead to the formation of ozone and aerosol precursors. However, their overall impact on tropospheric composition is uncertain as it depends on transport, multiphase chemistry, and removal processes of the oxidation intermediates. Representation of aromatics in global atmospheric models has been either neglected or highly simplified. Here, we present an assessment of their impact on gas-phase chemistry, using the general circulation model EMAC (ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry). We employ a comprehensive kinetic model to represent the oxidation of the following monocyclic aromatics: benzene, toluene, xylenes, phenol, styrene, ethylbenzene, trimethylbenzenes, benzaldehyde, and lumped higher aromatics that contain more than nine C atoms. Significant regional changes are identified for several species. For instance, glyoxal increases by 130 % in Europe and 260 % in East Asia, respectively. Large increases in HCHO are also predicted in these regions. In general, the influence of aromatics is particularly evident in areas with high concentrations of NOx, with increases up to 12 % in O3 and 17 % in OH. On a global scale, the estimated net changes of trace gas levels are minor when aromatic compounds are included in our model. For instance, the tropospheric burden of CO increases by about 6 %, while the burdens of OH, O3, and NOx (NO+NO2) decrease between 3 % and 9 %. The global mean changes are small, partially because of compensating effects between high- and low-NOx regions. The largest change is predicted for the important aerosol precursor glyoxal, which increases globally by 36 %. In contrast to other studies, the net change in tropospheric ozone is predicted to be negative, −3 % globally. This change is larger in the Northern Hemisphere where global models usually show positive biases. We find that the reaction with phenoxy radicals is a significant loss for ozone, on the order of 200–300 Tg yr−1, which is similar to the estimated ozone loss due to bromine chemistry. Although the net global impact of aromatics is limited, our results indicate that aromatics can strongly influence tropospheric chemistry on a regional scale, most significantly in East Asia. An analysis of the main model uncertainties related to oxidation and emissions suggests that the impact of aromatics may even be significantly larger.
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF THE EVISCERATION PROCESS IN THYONE BRIAREUS

1. The pharyngeal retractor muscles of Thyone briareus autotomize during evisceration at the junction of the PRM and LBWM. Autotomy involves a loss of tensile strength at the connection between the PRM and the LBWM.2. An evisceration factor (EF) is present in the coelomic fluid expelled by eviscerating Thyone. This factor induces autotomy of isolated PRMs.3. Most tissues have some EF activity, but haemal system is the richest source of the factor.4. Purified EF causes evisceration on injection into intact animals.5. The factor is a small molecule (~150 MW), of unknown character. It probably has other roles in muscle and connective tissue physiology.
Seasonal Abundance and Insecticidal Control of Citrus Leafminer in a Citrus Orchard

Additional index words. Phyllocnistis citrella, citrus canker, Admire, imidacloprid, Temik Abstract. Population density of citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidop- tera: Gracillariidae), was monitored in a Florida citrus grove for 5 years by scouting weekly for larval-induced mines (leafminer-created tunnels in the leaves) in a replicated citrus plot treated with seven insect control regimes: Admire (imidacloprid) applied at 12, 6, 3, or 2-month intervals; Temik (aldicarb) applied annually; Metasystox-R (oxydemeton-methyl) appliedannually;or noinsect control.Leafminer populationswere highest during the warmer months (April to September) and lowest during the cooler months (November to March). Populations peaked during June in all 5 years monitored. Trees treated with Temik or Metasystox-R had the same number of mines as the untreated controls. A biannual treatment with Admire reduced leafminer damage (number of mines) all 5 years compared with the controls. Additional Admire ap- plications further reduced damage during some, but not all, years. A single application of Admire significantly reduced mines in 3 of the 5 years.
Neckbands, Harvest, and Survival of Ross's Geese from Canada's Central Arctic

Abstract We studied harvest of Ross's geese in North America by examining recoveries from 30,774 Ross's geese marked from 1989 to 2001 in Queen Maud Gulf Migratory Bird Sanctuary (QMGMBS), Nunavut, in Canada's central arctic. Recoveries reported by hunters in North America provided information about timing and location of harvest for 2,152 birds. Banded Ross's geese were shot and reported mostly from the U.S. (68%) and Canada (30%), but also Mexico (2%) during the study. From 1989 to 2001, there have been eastward shifts in distribution of recoveries from the Pacific Flyway to the midcontinent in the U.S., and from Alberta to Saskatchewan in Canada. Harvest in Canada was concentrated in southern Saskatchewan (85%), whereas U.S. distribution of recoveries was much broader with most recoveries from the Pacific (49%), Central (39%), and Mississippi (12%) Flyways. Continental harvest of Ross's geese began to increase in 1994 concurrent with liberalization of hunting regulations in the Canadian Prairie provinces and the Central and Mississippi Flyways, and the increased propensity of U.S. hunters, who now account for 90% of the continental harvest, to hunt outside of the U.S. Harvest from further liberalization of hunting regulations for light geese as part of the U.S. conservation order has accounted for ≤15% of continental harvest annually since 1998. Nevertheless, increased harvest of Ross's geese from the 1989 hunting season (˜8,000 birds) to the 2001 season (˜90,000 birds) best accounted for annual variation in adult survival, but was unrelated to juvenile survival. Survival of adults was >0.91 before 1994 but declined to ˜0.80 by 1998–2000 hunting seasons. Juvenile survival was relatively stable among years and ranged from 0.33 to 0.41. We found that mortality probability of adults marked with neckbands was 1.94 to 2.62 times higher than for adults without neckbands, but only 1.08 to 1.13 times higher in respective groups of juvenile Ross's geese. Thus, we advise against use of neckbands for estimation of survival in Ross's geese. The similarity and mixing of Ross's geese with snow geese in western and central North America are impediments to separate harvest management of each species. However, geographical adjustment of harvest regulations for Ross's geese in Canada is advised, with the dual objective of reducing midcontinent snow geese while conserving populations of Ross's geese on traditional winter areas in the Pacific Flyway. We recommend Ross's geese continue to be marked with legbands in QMGMBS, their principal breeding range, at least as long as liberal harvest regulations remain in place for reduction of midcontinent snow geese.
Cell expansion rate, temperature and turgor pressure in growing leaves of Lolium temulentum L.

SUMMARY Leaf growth rate and the turgor pressure of cells in the expanding zone of leaves of Lolium temulentum were measured simultaneously. Growth rate was reduced over a range from 30μm min−1 to zero by reducing the temperature of the expanding zone from 20 to 2 °C. Turgor pressure remained constant at 05 MPa. This implies that growth reduction by low temperature is due to changes in cell wall rheology. Cell membrane hydraulic conductivity (Lp) was reduced with temperature as expected, but this was not sufficient to influence growth rate detectably.
Contributions of fine root production and turnover to the carbon and nitrogen cycling in taiga forests of the Alaskan interior

Fine root production and turnover were studied in hardwood and coniferous taiga forests using three methods. (1) Using soil cores, fine root production ranged from 1574 ± 76 kg•ha−1•year−1 in the upland white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) stand to 4386 ± 322 kg•ha−1•year−1 in the floodplain balsam poplar (Populusbalsamifera L.) stand, accounting for 49% of total production for coniferous stands and 32% of total production for deciduous stands. Fine root turnover rates were higher in floodplain (0.90 ± 0.06 year−1) stands than in upland (0.42 ± 0.10 year−1) stands. Across all sites, the ratio of fine root turnover to litter fall averaged 2.2 for biomass and 2.8 for N. Both values were higher in floodplain stands than in upland stands, and in coniferous stands than in deciduous stands. (2) The C budget method showed that C allocation to fine roots varied from 150 to 425 g C•m−2•year−1 and suggested that soil respiration was more dependent on C derived from roots than from aboveground inputs. The C allo.