Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ocean wave scattering by natural sea ice transects

[1] Ocean waves propagate in continuous sea ice as flexural-gravity waves, so named because their dispersion is influenced by bending of the ice plate and by buoyancy. Such waves are scattered by topographic heterogeneity in the ice, e.g., features like pressure ridges, yet current models fail to account for the complexity that is symptomatic of sea ice. Here a two-dimensional wave scattering model is described that allows real data from natural sea ice to be assimilated rather than synthetic ice terrain. On the basis of linear wave theory and the elastic thin plate equation, the model assumes an unbroken compliant sea ice cover with no free edges and uses Green's Functions to obtain an integral equation that is solved numerically. While scattering in physical stretches of sea ice can vary greatly, all transects behave as low-pass filters and can display resonances that relate to how features are separated or to transect length, the latter being an undesirable trait of the model. In the paper an association is made between the statistical properties of the sea ice terrain and the nature of the scattering that results. Not unexpectedly, sea ice with greater relative draft variation is more reflective. It is proposed that this observation can be used to identify the draft variation for an unknown transect if its scattering response is known. Finally, the progression of median energy density for ensembles of similarly sampled transects is examined at wave periods of less than 10 s and is found to decay exponentially with distance traveled, in accord with the few observations available.
CONE SHEET FORMATION AND INTRUSIVE GROWTH OF AN OCEANIC ISLAND: THE MIOCENE TEJEDA COMPLEX ON GRAN CANARIA (CANARY ISLANDS)

More than 500 trachytic to phonolitic cone sheet dikes, hypabyssal syenite stocks, and subordinate radial dikes form a 20-km-diameter intrusive complex in the volcaniclastic fill of the Miocene Tejeda caldera (20 × 35 km) on Gran Canaria (Canary Islands). The dikes intruded concentrically around a central axis of radial symmetry and dip uniformly an average of ∼41° toward the center. Single-crystal 40Ar/39Ar ages of dikes and syenite stocks ranging from 12.3 ± 0.1 to 7.32 ± 0.05 Ma suggest more or less continuous intrusive activity during both volcanically active and inactive phases. Intrusions were emplaced at average intervals of ∼5–10 k.y. , while explosive eruptions took place at >50 k.y. intervals. The estimated aggregate volume of evolved cone sheet magma added at shallow level (<2000 m below sea level) amounts to ∼250 km3 compared to ⋙500 km3 of evolved extrusive volcanics erupted during the same period. Formation of the Tejeda cone sheets most likely resulted from deformation processes due to resurgent doming, initiated by the recurrent replenishment of a flat, laccolith-like shallow magma chamber. Magma supply exceeding the volume that could be compensated for by updoming of the overlying caldera fill resulted in the formation of cone-shaped fractures.
Propagation Parameters of Sea Surface Waves Inferred from Observations from Two Closely Spaced Vector Magnetometers

The alternating magnetic dynamo field of sea surface waves, a consequence of their Lorentz electric field, has been observed with a pair of simultaneously operated, closely spaced tri-axial magnetometers. Measurements from a magnetometer located in the centre of a tiny, uninhabited island served to compensate measurements from a near-shore magnetometer for magnetic pulsations of ionospheric origin, leaving the water wave dynamo field, effective close to shore only, as the dominant residual magnetic field. Amplitude and frequency of waves and swell were recorded with a vertical accelerometer (wave rider buoy), floating on the sea surface. The wave rider data are in good agreement with those obtained from the magnetometers. Amplitude and phase relations between the three vector components of the magnetic oscillations yield a sea surface wave vector which is consistent with the swell propagation direction usually found in that area. The magnetic field data further demonstrate that the water mass motion close to shore was not confined to a vertical plane (as would be the case for freely propagating gravity waves in the open ocean). The motion rather took place in a plane inclined at about 40° from the horizontal, which is roughly twice the inclination of the island flanks. We conclude that the magnetometer measurements yield a reasonably accurate description of the surface wave water motion within about one wavelength from shore.
Carbon isotopic composition, methanogenic pathway, and fraction of CH4oxidized in a rice field flooded year-round

[1] Values of δ13C were investigated of CH4 trapped in the soil pore water and floodwater of and emitted from a rice field under continuous flooding throughout the fallow and following rice seasons, and CH4 produced via different pathways and fraction of CH4 oxidized was calculated by using the isotopic data. Pore water CH4 was relatively 13C depleted, with δ13C values about −65‰ over the season except between July and August (around −55‰). Also, hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was very important (around 50%) for most of the season, while acetoclastic methanogenesis dominated (about 70%) only between July and August. Floodwater CH4 was heavier in δ13C value (from −50‰ to −34‰) than pore water CH4 (from −68‰ to −54‰) over the season, demonstrating that it is highly influenced by methanotrophy. The δ13C value of emitted CH4was negatively correlated with flux in temporal variation (P <0.05), and it was more positive in the fallow season (between −56‰ and −44‰) than in the rice season (between −68‰ and −48‰). This indicates that plant-mediated CH4 transport is probably a more important pathway and causes less CH4 oxidation during the rice season than during the fallow season, which is further confirmed by the fraction of CH4 oxidized being generally greater in the fallow season (60%–90%) than in the rice season (10%–80%). These findings suggest a low contribution of acetoclastic methanogenesis and a high fraction of CH4 being oxidized in the field, especially in the fallow season.
Bursting-Layer Modeling Based on the Assumption of the Averaged Sea Surface for Strong Wind-Driven Currents

Abstract In the sea, which is affected by strong winds that cover the water surface with wind-wave breakers, the sea surface layer, called the bursting layer by authors, is generated immediately below the mean water level. For treatment of strong wind-driven currents, it is necessary to model the bursting layer correctly based on observed data. However, an essential difficulty occurs in that, because of large water surface displacement caused by developed wind waves, water particle velocities above the wave trough level cannot be measured continuously in the Eulerian coordinates when measuring the velocity of strong wind-driven currents. Consequently, it is impossible to apply the Reynolds average rule to the velocity field above the wave trough level. In this study, an experiment that uses a wind-wave tank with a double bottom is performed to measure the horizontal velocity of currents driven only by the wind stress. The vertical distribution up to the mean water level is determined to make its verticall.
Adenosine, lidocaine and Mg2+ update: teaching old drugs new tricks

If a trauma (or infection) exceeds the body’s evolutionary design limits, a stress response is activated to quickly restore homeostasis. However, when the injury severity score is high, death is often imminent. The goal of this review is to provide an update on the effect of small-volume adenosine, lidocaine and Mg2+ (ALM) therapy on increasing survival and blunting secondary injury after non-compressible hemorrhagic shock and other trauma and infective/endotoxemic states. Two standout features of ALM therapy are: (1) resuscitation occurs at permissive hypotensive blood pressures (MAPs 50–60 mmHg), and (2) the drug confers neuroprotection at these low pressures. The therapy appears to reset the body’s baroreflex to produce a high-flow, hypotensive, vasodilatory state with maintained tissue O2 delivery. Whole body ALM protection appears to be afforded by NO synthesis-dependent pathways and shifting central nervous system (CNS) control from sympathetic to parasympathetic dominance, resulting in improved cardiovascular function, reduced immune activation and inflammation, correction of coagulopathy, restoration of endothelial glycocalyx, and reduced energy demand and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Recently, independent studies have shown ALM may also be useful for stroke, muscle trauma, and as an adjunct to Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA). Ongoing studies have further shown ALM may have utility for burn polytrauma, damage control surgery and orthopedic surgery. Lastly, we discuss the clinical applications of ALM fluid therapy for prehospital and military far-forward use for non-compressible hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Etude de la rhéologie des mastics bitumineux à l'aide d'un rhéomètre à cisaillement annulaire

Le comportement thermomecanique des bitumes, mastics (phase intermediaire composee de bitume et de fines ou filler) et enrobes bitumineux, dans le domaine des petites deformations essentiellement, a ete etudie dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre l’ENTPE et la societe TOTAL. Les proprietes des mastics sont mesurees grâce a un nouvel outil d’investigation experimental, le rheome��tre a cisaillement annulaire de grande dimension. Dans le domaine de comportement viscoelastique lineaire (a « faibles niveaux » de deformations), l’evolution du module complexe des materiaux bitumineux est analysee sur une large gamme de temperatures et de frequences. Plusieurs liants et plusieurs fillers dont un compose d’ultrafines uniquement ont ete selectionnes de maniere a constituer differentes formulations de mastics ayant des concentrations en fines variees. L’influence des parametres suivants sur le comportement des mastics est analysee : i) caracteristiques des fines (concentration, courbe granulometrique, nature), ii) nature du liant et iii) vieillissement du liant. Il est en particulier mis en evidence que l’utilisation des ultrafines dans le bitume augmente fortement la rigidite des mastics a « haute » temperature, par rapport a ceux a base de filler « classique ». Le renforcement du bitume par les fines est quantifie par le coefficient complexe de renforcement introduit dans cette these. Une etude experimentale sur le comportement en fatigue des mastics bitumineux complete ce travail. Les ultrafines ont egalement ete utilisees dans des enrobes bitumineux en substituant une partie ou la totalite des fines « classiques ». Quelques essais de determination du module complexe de ces enrobes montrent que les ultrafines apportent une rigidification importante a « haute » temperature. Enfin, les modeles analogiques 2S2P1D (2 Springs, 2 Parabolic elements, 1 Dashpot) et DBN (Di Benedetto, Neifar), developpes a l’ENTPE, sont utilises pour simuler le comportement viscoelastique lineaire des liants et melanges bitumineux testes lors de la campagne experimentale. Une extension de ces modeles au cas tridimensionnel est egalement proposee dans le domaine des « petites deformations ».
Effective permeability to water in petroleum column from capillary pressure data: implications for hydrodynamic effects on capillary seal capacity

ABSTRACT Effective permeability to water in a petroleum column was estimated from routinely-measured mercury injection capillary pressure data of reservoir rocks, by applying a well-known reservoir engineering formula. The gradient of hydraulic potential across the column for a simplified petroleum trap model was then calculated to assess the realistic magnitude of hydrodynamic effects on capillary seal capacity under abnormally pressured conditions. The estimated effective permeability to water in the column ranges from 10–2 to 10–3 mD, even at several hundreds of metres above the free water level where it must become minimal. Since this figure is significantly larger than permeability of typical seals, it results in a negligible gradient of hydraulic potential in the column. The calculation, though including inherent uncertainties, indicates that hydrodynamics play a minor role on capillary sealing of typical petroleum traps, providing the reservoirs are water-wet, their tortuosity does not change with water saturation, and their anisotropy is not significantly large.
Modeling Arabian dust mobilization during the Asian summer monsoon: The effect of prescribed versus calculated SST

Emission of soil (or ‘mineral’) dust aerosol over the Arabian Peninsula during the Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer monsoon increases in response to dust radiative forcing in an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) with prescribed sea surface temperature (SST). Radiative heating within the dust layer reinforces the monsoon circulation, which is further strengthened by column latent heating through a wind‐evaporative feedback. The strengthened circulation raises additional dust into the atmosphere over Arabia. In contrast, this positive feedback is absent when SST is calculated by the AGCM using a mixed‐layer ocean. This discrepancy results from the surface energy constraint in the mixed‐layer experiment, where surface evaporation is decreased by the reduction of sunlight beneath the dust layer. In contrast, evaporation and column latent heating increase in the prescribed SST experiment, where the surface energy constraint is absent. Realization of the positive feedback exhibited by the prescribed SST experiment requires that anomalous ocean heat transport (which is not included here) balance the surface radiative forcing by dust.
A Comprehensive Review and Comparison of the Fragility Curves Used for Resilience Assessments in Power Systems

Over the years, power systems have been severely affected by extreme events. This situation has worsened given that climate change has proven to exacerbate their frequency and magnitude. In this context, resilience assessments have proved crucial to prevent and tackle the effects of these events on power systems. Some resilience studies have taken advantage of the so-called fragility curves (FCs) to evaluate the vulnerability of the system components against these natural hazards. Conceptually, FCs provide the failure probability of a particular grid asset according to the intensity of an extreme event, which can be determined based on the hazard intensity inherently dictated by the nature of the event. The probability of failure can be obtained following diverse methodologies and criteria. Thus, the resilience assessment of the event may vary significantly depending on how the probability of failure was determined. This paper provides, for the first time, a comprehensive review of the FCs used to model the vulnerability of the power system components, classifying them according to the physical magnitude and the system element subject to each type of event. Furthermore, a comparison of results obtained applying different FCs is developed to show the relevance of their modelling. The content of this paper can be used as a hands-on guide for researchers and power systems engineers to perform resilience studies.
Analysis of Bender Element Tests

A study is presented of potential errors in, and methods of interpreting, the results of cantilever-type, piezoceramic bender element tests for measuring the shear wave velocity of laboratory soil specimens. Interpretations based on the first direct arrival in the output signal are often masked by near-field effects and may be difficult to define reliably. Interpretations based on characteristic points or cross-correlation between the input and output signals are shown to be theoretically incorrect in most cases because of: (1) the effects of wave interference at the boundaries; (2) the phase lag between the physical wave forms and the measured electrical signals; and (3) non-one-dimensional wave travel and near-field effects. Interpretations based on the second arrival in the output signal are theoretically subject to errors from non-one-dimensional wave travel and near-field effects. Differences in Vs values obtained by the different interpretation methods are illustrated analytically and experimentally.
Metabolic Basis of Circadian Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease

Simple Summary Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Although genetic predisposition plays an important role, circadian dysfunction caused by chronic sleep disorders in response to the industrialization of modern society has increased the prevalence of PD. This review highlights the intricate interplay between circadian rhythm, cellular metabolism, and PD pathogenesis. Understanding the metabolic underpinnings of circadian dysfunction in PD could lead to identifying novel biomarkers for early diagnosis of PD and developing targeted therapeutic strategies to better manage and treat this complex neurodegenerative disorder. Abstract Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. The management of PD is a challenging aspect for general physicians and neurologists. It is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. Impaired α-synuclein secretion and dopamine release may cause mitochondrial dysfunction and perturb energy metabolism, subsequently altering the activity and survival of dopaminergic neurons, thus perpetuating the neurodegenerative process in PD. While the etiology of PD remains multifactorial, emerging research indicates a crucial role of circadian dysfunction in its pathogenesis. Researchers have revealed that circadian dysfunction and sleep disorders are common among PD subjects and disruption of circadian rhythms can increase the risk of PD. Hence, understanding the findings of circadian biology from translational research in PD is important for reducing the risk of neurodegeneration and for improving the quality of life. In this review, we discuss the intricate relationship between circadian dysfunction in cellular metabolism and PD by summarizing the evidence from animal models and human studies. Understanding the metabolic basis of circadian dysfunction in PD may shed light on novel therapeutic approaches to restore circadian rhythm, preserve dopaminergic function, and ameliorate disease progression. Further investigation into the complex interplay between circadian rhythm and PD pathogenesis is essential for the development of targeted therapies and interventions to alleviate the burden of this debilitating neurodegenerative disorder.
Effect of open innovation on firm performance through type of innovation: Evidence from SMES in Malang City, East Java, Indonesia

Abstract This study investigates the effect of open innovation on firm performance through different types of innovation, namely, product, service, and process innovation. Set in the context of the small and medium enterprise (SME) sector, the study examines SME capabilities obtained from outbound and inbound knowledge flow to adopt innovation. Several studies have demonstrated that the open innovation variable and the type of innovation are some of the most important factors influencing firm performance. This study uses quantitative methods and a research sample of 107 SMEs in Malang City, East Java Province, Indonesia. The results indicate that open innovation has a positive and significant effect on product, process, and service innovation, but does not have a significant direct effect on firm performance. In addition, product innovation and process innovation do not have a significant effect on firm performance; however, service innovation does have a significant effect on firm performance. Furthermore, service innovation is able to mediate the relationship between open innovation and firm performance. The study results and their theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.
An approach for estimating the shrinkage geometry factor at a moisture content

Soil shrinkage is characterized, along with the shrinkage curve, by a partition of the volume change of the soil matrix between contributions of cracks and soil subsidence. This partition is determined by the shrinkage geometry factor (r s ). Knowledge of the value of r s is important for the consideration of water and solute transport in swelling and cracking soils. The r s concept was recently used for the generalization of flow equations in the case of the axially symmetric two-dimensional deformation of shrink-swell soils. Sufficient accuracy of the r s value is very essential for all these applications. However, the theoretical definition and available measurement method of the r s factor include some implicit assumptions that are disturbed in real conditions. These disturbances, which are not accounted for in r s measurements, can lead to distortion of the r, value. The objectives of the work are: to explicitly formulate the assumptions; to introduce a new presentation of the r s concept based on a comparison between different shrinkage curves of a soil; to suggest an approach for estimating the r s values corrected by taking into account the disturbance of one of the assumptions; and to experimentally illustrate the approach using the simplest case of pure-clay paste samples when they dry, shrink, and crack. The results show the necessity and practical possibility of considering the r s factor as a function of soil moisture and introducing to the factor the multiplicative correction that is connected with accounting for possible macrocracks in soil samples to be used for experimental estimation of the r s factor.
Evaluation and interpretation of the effects of heterogeneous layers in an OBS/air-gun crustal structure study

Abstract We present a method for interpreting seismic records with arrivals and waveforms having characteristics which could be generated by extremely inhomogeneous velocity structures, such as non-typical oceanic crust, decollement at subduction zones, and seamounts in oceanic regions, by comparing them with synthetic waveforms. Recent extensive refraction and wide-angle reflection surveys in oceanic regions have provided us with a huge number of high-resolution and high-quality seismic records containing characteristic arrivals and waveforms, besides first arrivals and major reflected phases such as PmP. Some characteristic waveforms, with significant later reflected phases or anomalous amplitude decay with offset distance, are difficult to interpret using only a conventional interpretation method such as the traveltime tomographic inversion method. We find the best process for investigating such characteristic phases is to use an interactive interpretation method to compare observed data with synthetic waveforms, and calculate raypaths and traveltimes. This approach enables us to construct a reasonable structural model that includes all of the major characteristics of the observed waveforms. We present results here with some actual observed examples that might be of great help in the interpretation of such problematic phases. Our approach to the analysis of waveform characteristics is endorsed as an innovative method for constructing high-resolution and high-quality crustal structure models, not only in oceanic regions, but also in the continental regions.