Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An assessment of two classification methods for mapping Thames Estuary intertidal habitats using CASI data

The aim of this study was to find the most appropriate method of classification for the Thames intertidal habitat types at Crayford Marsh and Dartford Creek by using Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI ) data. Preliminary evaluation of commonly available classification algorithms produced two candidate techniques: the Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) and the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM). Pre-classification enhancements and the two different classifiers were compared. Ten different dataset combinations were created for two pilot sites: one at Crayford Marsh and one at Dartford Creek. These consisted of the original CASI bandset (15 bands in spatial mode from blue to near-infrared) and nine other combinations resulting from band subsets, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI ). Twelve classes were established for each site although only some of these were common to both. Each classified image was accuracy assessed using a combination of field mapping, field photographs and air photograph interpretation as reference data. The most accurate classification (68% for Crayford Marsh and 53% for Dartford Creek) for both sites comprised the use of MLC with a dataset created from PCs 2, 3 and 4 from a PCA carried out on the original 15 band data, combined with an additional NDVI band. CASI data proved useful for the mapping of salt-marsh vegetation and sediments especially in the Crayford Marsh site. In the Dartford Creek site, however, there was significant confusion between some classes. Further work is recommended to test the classification
Dependence of the Omori‐Utsu law parameters on main shock magnitude: Observations and modeling

[1] We examine the dependence on main shock magnitude m of the p and χ parameters appearing in Omori-Utsu formula λ(t, m) = χ × (t + c)−p relating the rate of aftershocks λ at time t after a main shock. Observations point out to a significant increase of p with m, along with a scaling relationship of the form χ ∼ 10αm. Here we show that these observations can be explained within the framework of the rate-and-state friction model when accounting for realistic levels of coseismic stress heterogeneity on the main fault. We constrain the model parameters in order to recover the trends observed in previous and new analyses of aftershock sequences. The expected ratio of the coseismic stress drop standard deviation to its mean is found to be of the order of a few units for large (m = 7) earthquakes, resulting in a very rough stress field at the small scale, while it is much smoother at small magnitudes (ratio ≃ 0.1 at m = 2). Finally, the influence of afterslip on parameters p and χ is studied to highlight the fact that it can significantly perturb the p(m) and χ(m) relations obtained with the initial afterslip-free model.
Heat transport in hyporheic zones due to bedforms: An experimental study

Heat transport in hyporheic zones is critical for many temperature‐sensitive physical, chemical, and biological processes. It also plays a role in the energy balance of rivers. To complement previous theoretical studies, we investigated the effects of hyporheic flow due to bed topography on hyporheic thermal dynamics through flume experiments. Diel temperature cycles were imposed in the channel and propagation of temperature signals into the sediment was examined for three different bed morphologies (flat bed, pool‐riffle‐pool, and rippled bed), three‐channel flow rates, and two sediment grain sizes. Results show that the downwelling upstream and downstream of the bedforms and upwelling focused near the crest caused substantial advective heat transport and distinct thermal patterns in the sediment, with downwelling zones reflecting most of the surface water diel thermal range whereas upwelling zones were more buffered. Increasing permeability and channel flow rates increased advective transport. The results corroborate previous theoretical models further showing that hyporheic flow distinctly affects thermal patchiness in sediment. The results also have implications for heat tracing using analytical models which work well for flow fields without pronounced divergence and convergence and minimal dispersion, features atypical of hyporheic flow.
John Salter and the Ediacara Fauna of the Longmyndian Supergroup

John W. Salter's papers of 1856 and 1857 reported trace and body fossils from rocks of the Longmyndian Supergroup, Shropshire, that conventional wisdom had deemed literally “Azoic. ” The significance of this work is reflected by its mention in On the Origin of Species, where it is cited as evidence for the existence of life prior to the Cambrian radiation. This study of Salter's historic specimens combined with recent field studies confirms that these structures likely represent microbial rather than metazoan markings. Nevertheless, this review confirms Salter as the unheralded founder of Precambrian palaeontology, many years before the existence of a Precambrian fossil record was widely known. This study also gives credit to a highly skilled palaeontologist, who appears to have struggled with psychological problems throughout his life. Salter had once been Adam Sedgwick's “youthful and cheerful companion” in the field, prior to embarking on an initially successful Geological Survey career. He was a widely renowned expert on Palaeozoic palaeontology, especially trilobites, but eventually fell into serious depression, which culminated in his suicide in 1869. Study and reinterpretation of his original materials reaffirms the importance of Salter's discoveries, and the Longmynd for our understanding of late Ediacaran palaeobiology.
Conditions for fault-valve behaviour

Abstract Evidence for fluid pressures well in excess of hydrostatic during crustal deformation is provided by direct measurements of pressure levels in active tectonic regions and by hydrothermal vein systems in ancient orogenic belts. Faults that act as impermeable seals except immediately postfailure, when they become highly permeable channelways for fluid discharge, may behave as fluid-pressure-activated valves wherever they transect a suprahydrostatic fluid pressure gradient. Such fault-valve behaviour, causing abrupt fluctuations in fluid pressure linked to the earthquake cycle, is particularly likely for faults that remain active while unfavourably oriented for frictional reactivation in prevailing stress fields. The most extreme fault-valve action is likely to be associated with high-angle reverse faults. Valve activity may be especially prevalent near the base of the seismogenic zone when unstable frictional faulting gives way to aseismic shearing with increasing depth. At such structural levels, cyclic variations in the style of deformation may accompany fluid pressure cycling. Fault-valve activity plays an important role in the development of much fault-hosted mineralization, and may also assist the migration of hydrocarbon fluids in some structural settings.
The Texture and Mineralogy of Lunar Peridotite, 15445,10

Rock fragment 15445,10 consists of dominant olivine (91 mole % Mg₂SiO₄, 0.03 wt % NiO) and aluminous enstatite (91 mole % MgSiO₃, 5 wt % Al₂O₃), together with substantial chrome spinel (14 wt % Cr₂O₃), minor amounts of granular, interstitial plagioclase (94 mole % CaAl₂Si₂O₈), and traces of rutile (? ) (1.0 wt % Nb₂O₅) and armalcolite. Calcium-rich pyroxene, sulfide, metal, and ilmenite were not found. The texture and mineralogy of the rock is consistent with initial igneous accumulation (solid residue) at moderate pressure (e.g., 2 kbar), followed by partial recrystallization during granulation at 950 ± 50° C and a pressure greater than or equal to 1.3 ± 0.5 kilobars.
An algorithm that retrieves aerosol properties from dual‐wavelength polarized lidar measurements

[1] We developed two types of algorithms, backward and forward, to estimate vertical profiles of extinction coefficient at a wavelength of λ = 532 nm for each aerosol type, using information from three-channel Mie-lidar measurements, i.e., copolarization and cross-polarization components at λ = 532 nm and total component (copolarization and cross polarization) at λ = 1064 nm. The mode radii, standard deviations, and refractive index for each aerosol type are assumed in the algorithms. The algorithms have the following main features: (1) Extinction coefficient of total aerosols at a far end is estimated in the backward algorithm, while the value at a far end is prescribed as the boundary condition in the Fernald method. (2) They determine aerosol types, i.e., water soluble, sea salt, or dust, for each layer. (3) The vertical profiles of microphysical properties of aerosols such as lidar ratio are also estimated. The backward algorithm is first applied to the lidar signals only calibrated for the spectral ratio to the total components to derive the calibration constant and aerosol properties under clear-sky condition. Next, the forward algorithm is used to retrieve aerosol properties under cloud bottom. We performed intensive error analyses. The errors for each aerosol component in the extinction coefficient are found to be smaller than 20% (50%) for the backward (forward) algorithms, respectively, when measurement errors are ±5%. The validation of the algorithms from the comparison against sky radiometer measurements over ocean shows that the optical thickness agrees within 2% (10%) for the backward (forward) algorithms.
Short-period geomagnetic variations recorded concurrently with an aeromagnetic survey across the Bendigo area, Victoria

ABSTRACT A high-resolution aeromagnetic survey was undertaken by the Australian Geological Survey Organisation (AGSO) across the Bendigo 1:250 000 map sheet area during February to April 1994. For part of this period, high-resolution ground magnetometers were also deployed to test for the way that short-period variations of the geomagnetic field (including micropulsations) affect data recorded by the aircraft. These ground instruments consisted of the newly developed Helium base-station for AGSO aeromagnetic surveys, and two ring-core fluxgate magnetometers developed by the School of Earth Sciences at The Flinders University of South Australia. The Helium instrument was deployed at the Bendigo airport, in the south-west corner of the area, and the ring-core instruments were buried in the north-west and north-east corners of the area. Preliminary results indicate that while the phases of continuous Pc3 micropulsations of about 20 s period change little across the map sheet area, the amplitudes can vary sig.
Moisture conditions during the Younger Dryas and the early Holocene in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, central China

The last glacial–interglacial climate transition in East Asia was characterized by an intensified monsoon, but knowledge about hydrological responses at a regional scale during this transitional period is limited. Here we provide a novel lipid-based paleohydrological record for this period from the Dajiuhu peat deposit, central China. High water levels and persistent wet conditions during the Younger Dryas (12.5–11.6 ka) and the early Holocene (10.5–9.9 ka) were inferred on the basis of enrichments of sterenes, a group of unstable intermediate diagenetic products derived from biogenic sterols that are most likely preserved under a waterlogged peatland surface. These two wet intervals were accompanied by temperature decreases indicated by an increase in pollen abundance from cold favoring conifer trees and a decrease in total hardwood tree pollen. This cold and wet climate pattern, which is different from the concordant cold-dry pattern documented in north China, was probably caused by the regional influence of the western Pacific subtropical high on the residence time of the Meiyu rainband in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley.
The Early Mesozoic evolution of the Western Greater Caucasus (Russia): Triassic–Jurassic sedimentary and magmatic history

Abstract The Greater Caucasus (GC) forms a high Alpine fold-and-thrust belt on the southern margin of the East European Platform (EEP). The Triassic, and particularly, the Jurassic history of the Western Greater Caucasus region is important for our understanding of the palaeogeographic and tectonic evolution of the western Tethys area. In order to better constrain the nature and relevance of these events in the evolution of the region, which are classically described as the Late Triassic to Late Jurassic Cimmerian events, a field campaign in the Western Greater Caucasus was undertaken. Analysis of structural, sedimentological and petrological data from 41 sites in the Fore-Caucasus (Malaya Laba, Mount Tkhach-Belaya River), the Central Greater Caucasus (Georgievskoye, Otdaleni) and Southern Slope (Krasnaya Poliana) areas of the Western Greater Caucasus revealed that a broad asymmetric basin, with associated emergent volcanic islands, formed in the area in Jurassic times. Incipient back-arc rifting in Pliensbachian times was coeval with similar rifting episodes in the Pontides and South Caspian Sea areas. The synchroneity of these events may have been related to the renewal of the Tethys subduction to the south of the Eo-Cimmerian accretionary belt. Rift reactivation, with significant thinning of the continental lithosphere, occurred in the Aalenian. Despite the strong Alpine tectonic overprinting, some structural data confirms that the extension trend was east–west (almost parallel to the active margin) resulting in the formation of a series of pull-apart basins in the GC and the South Caspian region behind the Eastern Pontides–Lesser Caucasus subduction-related volcanic belt. In Bajocian times, subduction-related volcanic activity largely expanded from the Eastern Pontides–Lesser Caucasus to encompass the Transcaucasus, the southern part of GC and the Crimea region. Such widening of the volcanic arc was probably due to a shallowing of the northward subducting slab. In the back-arc GC region, this signalled the onset of the post-rift stage. The return of the slab to normal steepness resulted in subsidence in the back-arc region and in the GC with extensive accommodation space creation. This was subsequently filled by the Late Jurassic, Cretaceous and Cenozoic sedimentary successions.
Timing of the Amorgos detachment system and implications for detachment faulting in the southern Aegean Sea, Greece

Abstract We present apatite and zircon fission-track (AFT and ZFT) ages from the Amorgos detachment system in the Aegean Sea, Greece. The Amorgos detachment system consists of a basal and an upper detachment. The lower Amorgos detachment occupies the same tectonic position as the regionally important large-magnitude Cretan detachment and therefore can provide improved constraints on the evolution of the latter. AFT ages from the footwalls of both detachments show that detachment-related cooling occurred in the early Miocene, coeval with an important phase of cooling in the footwall of the Cretan detachment on Crete. We interpret the footwall AFT ages to indicate an early Miocene age of movement on the Amorgos detachments, essentially simultaneously with slip on the Cretan detachment. ZFT ages from rocks above the lower Amorgos detachment are not reset indicating that metamorphic temperatures during the Tertiary Hellenic orogeny did not exceed c. 300 °C significantly. We discuss a model in which top‐to-the-north movement on the Cretan/Amorgos detachment commenced in the early Miocene. Soon after the inception of the Cretan/Amorgos detachment, top‐to-the-south movement on the South Cyclades shear zone deformed the latter and brought the Amorgos detachment into a higher crustal position.
Importance of temporal variability for hydrological predictions based on the maximum entropy production principle

This work builds on earlier work by Kleidon and Schymanski (2008) who explored the use of the maximum entropy production (MEP) principle for modeling hydrological systems. They illustrated that MEP can be used to determine the partitioning of soil water into runoff and evaporation—which determines hydroclimatic conditions around the Globe—by optimizing effective soil and canopy conductances in a way to maximize entropy production by these fluxes. In the present study, we show analytically that under their assumption of constant rainfall, the proposed principle always yields an optimum where the two conductances are equal, irrespective of rainfall rate, evaporative demand, or gravitational potential. Subsequently, we show that under periodic forcing or periodic variations in one resistance (e.g., vegetation seasonality), the optimal conductance does depend on climatic drivers such as the length of dry spells or the time of closure of stomata.
Forced Stage Response to a Moving Hurricane

Abstract The upper ocean's response to three hurricanes [Norbert (1984), Josephine (1984) and Gloria (1985)] is examined using field observations and a numerical ocean model. Our goal is to describe the physical processes that determine the structure and amplitude of hurricane-driven upper-ocean currents. All three of these Northern Hemisphere hurricanes produced a rightward-biased response of the mixed-layer current and transport. This asymmetry arises because the wind stress vector rotates clockwise on the right side of the track and remains nearly parallel with the inertially rotating mixed-layer current during most of the hurricane passage. The maximum observed mixed-layer current varied from 0.8 m s−1 in response to Josephine, which was a large but comparatively weak hurricane, to 1.7 m s−1 in response to Gloria, which was very large and also intense. These cases have been simulated with a three-dimensional numerical model that includes a treatment of wind-driven vertical mixing within the primitive .
A QuAntitAtive Content AnAlysis of UtUsan Malaysia And the star's RepoRting on A ContRoveRsiAl thAnksgiving dinneR in dAmAnsARA utAmA methodist ChuRh

Recently, religious conflicts that happened in Malaysia are gaining attention from the mass media. Issues related to the threat of Muslims’ faith are increasingly becoming a hot topic in Malaysia even more so after the last 12th General Election. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine and compare between two mainstream newspapers in Malaysia with different languages—Utusan Malaysia and The Star on their reports concerning a controversial religious issue relating to the matter of faith and beliefs among Muslims, which was triggered during a multiracial Thanksgiving dinner at the Damansara Utama Methodist Church (DUMC), organised by Harapan Komuniti on 3rd August, 2011. The objectives of this study are to determine the (a) visibility/prominence given by both newspapers; (b) type of news used by both newspapers; (c) news sources used by both newspapers and (d) inclination of the newspapers articles towards the parties involved in the conflict. The results had shown that Utusan Malaysia had given more prominence and visibility on the issue than The Star newspaper.
A new specimen of Utatsusaurus (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Lower Triassic Sulphur Mountain Formation of British Columbia

An incomplete skull and mandible of the primitive ichthyosaur Utatsusaurus is described from the Lower Triassic Vega Phroso Member of the Sulphur Mountain Formation of British Columbia. The specimen contributes to our knowledge of the cranial anatomy of the genus, which was previously known primarily from postcranial material, and extends its geographic range to Canada. The presence of an isodont dentition in this primitive genus suggests that isodonty rather than heterodonty may be the primitive character state for the Ichthyosauria.
Ductile Precambrian fabric control of seismic anisotropy in the Açu dam area, northeastern Brazil

[1] In the Joao Câmara area, NE Brazil, seismic anisotropy has been interpreted as the result of either Precambrian ductile fabric or stress-aligned, fluid-filled grain boundary caused by high pore fluid pressures. The first interpretation is based on the fact that the direction of the fastest S wave splitting agrees with the north-south trending Precambrian fabric. The second interpretation, related to the extensive dilatancy anisotropy (EDA), is based on the stress field orientation and on the assumption that the pore fluid pressure in the region is high enough to modify microcrack distribution and cause S wave polarization to become parallel to the north-south oriented minimum horizontal stress SHmin. Here we address this question by investigating this ambiguity. We have analyzed the seismicity in the Acu dam area, ∼150 km west of Joao Câmara, over a 3-year period. In the Acu area, the northeast-southwest trending ductile Precambrian fabric is not parallel or orthogonal to the east-west trending, maximum horizontal stress SHmax. We combined the interpretation of fastest S wave polarizations, their time delays, and fabric orientation measured in the field with side-looking airborne radar imagery taken before the lake impoundment. Thus we discriminate between (1) stress-aligned fluid-filled cracks, (2) high pore pressure fluids modifying the microcrack distribution and therefore causing 90° flips, and (3) fabric or “paleostrain” as causes for the observed S wave anisotropy. Our main result indicates that the direction of the fastest S wave polarization in the Acu dam area agrees with the northeast-southwest trending fabric (∼N40°E). EDA or 90°Flips control of seismic anisotropy, if occurring in Acu, have minor effects.
Ketersediaan Nitrogen Pada Tiga Jenis Tanah Akibat Pemberian Tiga Bahan Organik Dan Serapannya Pada Tanaman Jagung

This research concernsof knowing nitrogen(N) availability in soil, N-plant absorption and plant growth in three different kinds of soil with the incrementof three organic matters from different sources. The research conducted at the screen house, Chemistry and Fertility Laboratory, and Research and Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of North Sumatera, Medan. This researchused Randomized Block Designed (RBD) Factorial that consists of two factors and three repeatations which had made thirty six units of experiment. The first factor are the kind of soil (T) that consists of Entisol soil (T1), Inceptisol soil (T2) and Ultisol soil (T3), and the second factor are the organic matter (K) that consist of rice straw compost (K1), chicken dirt (K2), cocoa shell compost (K3), and control (K0). The resultof the research showed that different kind of soil singnificanly influencedthe C-organic soil, and total soil N, and the difference of organic matter singnificanly influenced the total soil N, plant crowndry weight, N-absorptionof the plant and plant growth, and the interaction between each different kind of soil with different organic matter singnificanly influenced the plant crowndry weight.
Gamma-ray log shape used as a facies indicator: critical analysis of an oversimplified methodology

Abstract Gamma-ray log shapes are often used by geologists to determine sandstone grain size trends and hence depositional facies. However, for the simple methodology of relating shapes to facies to be valid, there must be consistent relationships between gamma-ray log values and clay content and between clay content and grain size. Log to core comparisons and sandstone textural analyses show that these relationships are naturally variable. Consequently, correlation of log shape with grain size trend is tenable only under very limited (and defineable) conditions. A universal application of gamma-ray log shape to grain size trend and depositional facies is wrong.