Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parametric Study of Magnetosheath Jets in 2D Local Hybrid Simulations

We perform 2D local hybrid simulations of collisionless shocks in order to study the properties of simulated magnetosheath jets as a function of shock properties, namely their Alfvénic Mach number (M A ) and geometry (angle between the upstream magnetic field and the shock normal, θ BN ). In total we perform 15 simulations with inflow speeds of V in = 3.3 C A (Alfvén velocity), 4.5 C A and 5.5 C A and θ BN = 15°, 30°, 45°, 50°, and 65°. Under these conditions, the shock M A varied between 4.28 and 7.42. In order to identify magnetosheath jets in the simulation outputs, we use four different criteria, equivalent to those utilized to identify subsets of magnetosheath jets, called high-speed jets (Plaschke and Hietala and Angelopoulos, Ann. Geophys., 2013, 31, 1877–1889), transient flux enhancements (Němeček et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 1998, 25, 1273–1276), density plasmoids (Karlsson et al., J. Geophys. Res., 2012, 117, a–n; Karlsson et al., J. Geophys. Res., 2015, 120, 7390–7403) and high-speed plasmoids (Gunell et al., Ann. Geophys., 2014, 32, 991–1009). In our simulations, the density plasmoids were produced only by shocks with M A ≥5.7, while the high-speed plasmoids only formed downstream of shocks with M A ≥6.97. We show that higher M A shocks tend to produce faster jets that tend to have larger surface area, mass, linear momentum and kinetic energy, while these quantities tend to be anticorrelated with θ BN . In general, the increase of θ BN to up to 45° results in increased jet formation rates. In the case of high-speed jets in runs with V in = 3.3 C A and high-speed plasmoids, the jet formation anticorrelates with θ BN . The jet production all but ceases for θ BN = 65° regardless of the shock’s M A . The maximum distances of the magnetosheath jets from the shocks were ≲140 d i (upstream ion intertial lengths), which, estimating 1 d i ∼100–150 km at Earth, corresponds to 2.4–3.3 Earth radii. Thus, none of the simulated jets reached distances equivalent to the average extension of the Earth’s subsolar magnetosheath, which would make them the equivalents of geoeffective jets. Higher M A shocks are probably needed in order to produce such jets.
Simulated Tropical Precipitation Assessed across Three Major Phases of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP)

The representation of tropical precipitation is evaluated across three generations of models participating in phases 3, 5, and 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Compared to state-of-the-art observations, improvements in tropical precipitation in the CMIP6 models are identified for some metrics, but we find no general improvement in tropical precipitation on different temporal and spatial scales. Our results indicate overall little changes across the CMIP phases for the summer monsoons, the double-ITCZ bias, and the diurnal cycle of tropical precipitation. We find a reduced amount of drizzle events in CMIP6, but tropical precipitation occurs still too frequently. Continuous improvements across the CMIP phases are identified for the number of consecutive dry days, for the representation of modes of variability, namely, the Madden–Julian oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and for the trends in dry months in the twentieth century. The observed positive trend in extreme wet months is, however, not captured by any of the CMIP phases, which simulate negative trends for extremely wet months in the twentieth century. The regional biases are larger than a climate change signal one hopes to use the models to identify. Given the pace of climate change as compared to the pace of model improvements to simulate tropical precipitation, we question the past strategy of the development of the present class of global climate models as the mainstay of the scientific response to climate change. We suggest the exploration of alternative approaches such as high-resolution storm-resolving models that can offer better prospects to inform us about how tropical precipitation might change with anthropogenic warming.
Estimation of Serum Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance and Lipid Profile in Beta-thalassemia Major Patients and their Correlation with Iron Overload in Koya City

The current study focused on 43 patients who suffer from major beta-thalassemia at the hospital of shaheed Dr. Khaled in the Koya city. Out range, age of cases was 8.03 ± 4.0 and of controls was 7.81 ± 3.11 years. Our aim is to observe the prevalence of homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance and other physiological and biochemical changes in major beta-thalassemia. While we a significant changes confirm that serum glucose concentration was significantly higher in the patients than in the controls (P ? 0.01) and lipid abnormality occurs in beta-thalassemia major patients, which include high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), serum total cholesterol (TC), serum triglycerides (TG), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels compared with normal healthy controls. There was no significant difference between the serum insulin level of cases and controls (P = 0.214), the mean values of serum HDL-C, LDL-C, TC, TG, and VLDL in cases were 29.5 ± 7.8, 65.2 ± 1.9, 121.9 ± 36.7, 182.09 ± 43.1, and 26.47 ± 12.13 mg/dl, respectively. Moreover, the mean values of serum HDL-C, LDL-C, TC, TG, and VLDL in controls were 48.6 ± 4.2, 79.7 ± 14.5, 178.7 ± 14.6, 124.14 ± 12.1, and 23.52 ± 5.47 mg/dl, respectively. In conclusion, the results suggested that revealed that beta-thalassemia patients had hypertriglyceridemia, hypocholesterolemia, and low LDL-C, and HDL-C levels.
Endophyte infection in perennial ryegrass reduces the susceptibility of black cutworm to an entomopathogenic nematode

Abstract The perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne, forms a symbiotic relationship with Neotyphodium lolii, a fungus that produces alkaloids. This relationship provides a competitive advantage to the host plant in grassland communities by increasing drought tolerance, and disease and herbivore resistance. Black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon, is among the few insect species that are able to feed and develop on endophytic perennial ryegrass. Some insects can use plant secondary compounds to defend themselves against predators, therefore we hypothesized that the cutworms fed on endophytic grasses would exhibit greater defense against a lethal endoparasitic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae. Laboratory experiments involving 4–5th instars support the hypothesis that A. ipsilon feeding on grass clippings from field plots with high (> 90%) incidence of endophyte infected perennial ryegrass are less susceptible to entomopathogenic nematodes than larvae fed grass clippings from plants with little or no incidence of endophyte. Laboratory studies resulted in similar overall mortality after 48 h. Field studies, however, show decreased susceptibility to S. carpocapsae when larvae were confined to areas of endophytic grass (> 75% infected). Early instars (2–3rd) fed on endophyte free grass suffered greater overall mortality at all nematode concentrations than 4–5th instars fed similarly. Early (2–3rd) instars were equally susceptible to nematode attack regardless of food source. Our results indicate that the fungal endosymbionts of grasses can influence the biology of natural enemies of an herbivorous insect.
Why are offspring born larger when it is colder? Phenotypic plasticity for offspring size in the cladoceran Simocephalus vetulus (Müller)

It has been predicted on theorerical grounds (Sibly & Calow, 1983; Taylor & Williams, 1984) that optimal offspring size should be highly sensitive to juvenile growth and survival rates. To test such models, genetically-identical individuals of Simicephalus vetulus were reared at different temperatures and monitored for offspring size and juvenile growth rate. As adult size correlates negatively with temperature, an analysis of covariance was performed to separate the effects of temperature and maternal size. The result is that offspring size indeed correlates negatively with juvenile growth rate. Comparisons are made with field observation of several authors on seasonal variation of offspring size and alternative explanations are discussed. It is concluded that present experiments support the prediction of the theoretical models.
Effects of elevated CO2 on the foraging behavior of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera

Abstract Effects of elevated CO2 on the foraging behavior of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hübner reared on milky grains of spring wheat grown in ambient, 550 αL/L and 750 αL/L CO2 concentration atmospheres in open‐top chambers (OTC) were studied. The results indicated that: (i) elevated CO2 significantly affected both the type and amount of food eaten by H. armigera reared on milky grains of ambient CO2‐grown wheat were significant higher than those for bollworm larvae reared on wheat grains grown in 550 and 750 αL/L CO2 atmospheres; (ii) when bollworm larvae were reared on mixed milky grains from different CO2‐grown wheat (food‐choice condition), larval duration increased significantly ‐ pupal weight, adult longevity, and fecundity decreased significantly, comparing with those reared on milky grains of ambient CO2‐grown wheat, 550 αL/L CO2‐grown wheat and 750 αL/L CO2‐grown wheat respectively; (iii) significant decreases in the contents of fructose and gross protein (GP) and significant increases in the contents of glucose, amylose, total saccharides (TSC), TSC: GP ratio, free amino acids and soluble protein in the wheat grains with CO2 rising; (iv) and selected‐foraging amount/food‐choice index of cotton bollworm H. armigera were significantly positive correlated with the contents of fructose and GP of wheat grains, but they had significantly negative relationships with the contents of glucose, amylose, TSC and TSC: GP ratio of wheat grains.
Decomposing Rural Income into Sectors to Identify Their Likely Contributions to Rural Poverty Reduction in Bangladesh

Abstract The article estimates the contribution of total income from each sector to the overall rural income. It tests if the poor, who are concentrated in the lower-income quintiles, gain most from farm or non-farm sources of income growth. Also, within the farm or non-farm income, what are the relative contributions of its different sources. The dominance of agriculture is still there for the lowest quintile of rural households, farming still being the dominant sub-category. Over 1991–2010, a 13 per cent decrease in per capita real income from agricultural wages for all rural households and a 41 per cent decrease in that for Quintile 1 rural households contradict the earlier finding that increases in real wages were one of the main contributors to poverty reduction. Quintile-wise decomposition suggests that a substantial income enhancement was realised at upper quintiles of rural households. It also appears from the quintile-wise decomposition that the efficiency enhancement was realised more at upper quintiles leaving a relatively smaller effect on poverty reduction.
Did Modern Plant Breeding Lead to Genetic Erosion in European Winter Wheat Varieties

The objective of this study was to assess whether modern plant breeding has led to any loss of genetic diversity in modern European winter wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.). For this purpose, a collection of 511 widely grown winter wheat varieties of Central and Northern Europe was genotyped with 42 microsatellite markers. In the varieties representing the National List of the UK during the 1980s and 1990s the allelic richness and gene diversity were lower than in the varieties of Recommended Lists covering the time period 1945– 2000. However, no apparent quantitative loss of genetic diversity was found by comparing the different decadal groups of varieties present in the Recommended Lists. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the variance component among varieties within decadal groups accounted for 96.41% of the genetic variation, but among decadal groups only for 3.59%. The Fst values increased from the 1950s to the 1990s compared to the 1940s with a slight decrease in the 1970s. These results suggested that modern plant breeding has resulted in changes of alleles present in the germplasm; however, it appears that modern plant breeding has resulted in no apparent loss of allele numbers, or genetic diversity, in the investigated European wheat varieties over time.
Quality of Alfalfa Protein Concentrate with Changes in Processing Conditions During Coagulation

Abstract Protein in freshly extracted alfalfa juice was coagulated by heat at 60 or 80°C for 30, 60, 120, 240, or 480s, then freeze dried. Nitrogen content was higher while solubility, nonprotein nitrogen, and ash content were less at a coagulation temperature of 80°C compared to 60°C. Acid detergent fiber, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, and pepsin insoluble nitrogen remained unchanged. Both essential and nonessential amino acid concentrations were higher for alfalfa protein concentrate coagulated at 80°C. Degradability of alfalfa protein concentrate was estimated by in situ procedures with polyester bags suspended in the rumen of lactating cows for up to 48h. Residual dry matter (%) after . 5, 24, or 48-h incubation in the rumen were 73, 36, and 12 for alfalfa protein coagulated at 60°C and 85, 52, and 18 for alfalfa protein coagulated at 80°C. Residual nitrogen percents were 89, 44, 15, and 95, 56, 20 according to the same sequence. Rate of nitrogen disappearance (% h −1 ) was 3.7 and 3.2 for alfalfa protein coagulated at 60 and 80°C. Duration of heat at coagulation tended to affect nitrogen disappearance when incubation time in the rumen was prolonged. The correlation coefficient between residual nitrogen and dry matter of alfalfa protein concentrate was . 98.
Modified glycosylation of cellobiohydrolase I from a high cellulase-producing mutant strain of Trichoderma reesei

Cellobiohydrolase I is an industrially important exocellulase secreted in high yields by the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. The nature and effect of glycosylation of CBHI and other cellulolytic enzymes is largely unknown, although many other structural and mechanistic aspects of cellulolytic enzymes are well characterised. Using a combination of liquid chromatography, electrospray mass spectrometry, solid-phase Edman degradation, and monosaccharide analysis we have identified every site of glycosylation of CBHI from a high cellulase-producing mutant strain of T. reesei, ALKO2877, and characterised each site in terms of its modifying carbohydrate and site-specific heterogeneity. The catalytic core domain comprises three N-linked glycans which each consist of a single N-acetylglucosamine residue. Within the glycopeptide linker domain, all eight threonines are variably glycosylated with between at least one, and up to three, mannose residues per site. All serines in this domain are at least partially glycosylated with a single mannose residue. This linker region has also been shown to be sulfated by a combination of ion chromatography and collision-induced dissociation electrospray mass spectrometry. The sulfate is probably mannose-linked. The biological significance of N-linked single N-acetylglucosamine in the catalytic core, and mannose sulfation in the linker region, is not known.
Genetic parameters for reproduction and lamb production and their components and liveweight, fat depth and wool production in Hyfer sheep

Hyfer is a new composite breed suited to specialized lamb production and developed from Dorset (+), Booroola Merino (+)and Trangie Fertility Merino (+) genotypes. Genetic parameters estimated by restricted maximum likelihood methods are reported for liveweight, wool production and a range of reproduction and lamb production traits. Estimates of heritability were 0 44 ¦ 0.10, 0.222 ¦ 0-08 and 0.28 ¦ 0.08 for liveweight, ultrasonic fat depth (C site) and fat depth adjusted for liveweight respectively, for 1454 rams averaging 14 months of age, which were the progeny of 130 sires. The genetic correlation for ram liveweight and fat depth was 0.06 ¦ 0.17 and -0.30 ¦ 0.16 with adjusted fat depth. Estimates of heritability for ewe liveweight at 12-18 months of age and greasy fleece weight at 11-19 months of age were 0.61 ¦ 0.10 and 0.38 ¦ 0.08 respectively, with a genetic correlation of 0.35 ¦ 0.13, based on 1619 ewes, which were the progeny of 135 sires. A maternal effect was significant for ewe liveweight and its inclusion in the model reduced the estimate of heritability to 0.44 ¦ 0.09. Young ewes were joined three times in two years in an accelerated 8-monthly lambing system, and joinings commenced in mid-February, late October and mid-June. The estimates of heritability for overall ewe performance were for lambs born 0.09 ¦ 0.03, lambs weaned 0.04 ¦ 0.02 and weight of lamb weaned 0 -06 ¦ 0.02 (all per ewe joined). Heritabilities for the component traits were: fertility 0 -03 ¦ 0 02, litter size 0.19 ¦ 0.04 and lamb survival 0.07 ¦ 0.03. Estimates of repeatability for the corresponding traits ranged from 0.11 to 0.15, except for litter size (0.26 ¦ 0.02). Estimates of heritability for lambs born, lambs weaned and weight weaned were higher for the first joining than when estimates were based on three joining records. This was associated with higher heritability for fertility from first joining (0.10 ¦ 0.06) than for all three records and the reverse for lamb survival. Estimates of heritability for mean ewe performance were considerably higher and in agreement with the values predicted from the repeatability analyses and number of records, illustrating the value of using repeated ewe records for selection. The genetic correlations between the component traits and overall measures of lamb production were not high enough to consider using component traits as indirect selection criteria. The genetic correlations of liveweight with reproduction traits were positive, but generally not significant, and ranged from 0.01 to 0.63, except for litter size (-0.19 ¦ 0.17). The genetic correlations of greasy fleece weight with reproduction traits were generally smaller than those for liveweight, were not significant and ranged from -0.12 to 0.32. These results, together with others, will be used to compile parameter sets for use in LAMBPLAN to provide meatsheep breeders with comprehensive breeding objectives incorporating growth, leanness, wool and reproduciton.
Non-target host risk assessment of the idiobiont parasitoid Bracon celer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for biological control of olive fruit fly in California

Abstract Non-target risk posed by an African parasitoid, Bracon celer Szépligeti (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), was assessed for a classical biological control program against olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae), in California, USA. Behavioral and reproductive responses to non-target tephritid species were tested with beneficial (Chaetorellia succinea [Costa] and Parafreutreta regalis Munro) (Tephritidae: Tephritinae) and native (Rhagoletis fausta [Osten Sacken]) (Tephritidae: Trypetinae) fruit fly species in successive no-choice and choice experiments under close confinement in quarantine. Non-target host-plant substrates exposed to B. celer were yellow-starthistle flower heads containing C. succinea, Cape ivy stem galls containing P. regalis, and bitter-cherry fruit containing R. fausta. The parasitoid probed all three infested non-target plant substrates, but significantly less than olives infested with B. oleae. It produced offspring from P. regalis in Cape ivy stem galls, but appeared unable to penetrate yellow-starthistle flower heads with its ovipositor. Bracon celer killed some B. oleae and R. fausta larvae without parasitism. Reproduction on P. regalis indicates that B. celer has a broad physiological host range, which, combined with the parasitoid's acceptance of all three host-plant substrates, indicates a strong potential to negatively impact non-target species. Although physical and temporal barriers to host attack may reduce risk to most non-target tephritids by B. celer in California, the parasitoid should not be released due to its risk of harming the beneficial P. regalis. Release of P. regalis is still under consideration, however, and final risk assessment should depend on whether the fly proves useful for weed control.
Characterization of Heavy Metal Resistance of Metal-Reducing Shewanella Isolates From Marine Sediments

This study focuses on heavy metal resistance of marine, benthic Mn(IV)- and Fe(III)-reducing bacteria and their potential to mobilize heavy metals from sedimentary phases, as hydrous ferric oxides (HFO) and Mn(IV)-oxides (δ -MnO 2 ). One isolate was obtained from enrichments of metal-polluted sediment with δ -MnO 2 (strain MB4, 99% similarity to S. marisflavi), and two strains were isolated from enrichments on HFO (strain FB18 and FS8, 98 and 97% 16S rRNA gene similarity to Shewanella collwelliana). The 16S rRNA sequences similar to isolates MB4 and FS8 were detected previously in DGGE profiles and clone libraries of the original sediment samples. Toxicity tests under aerobic conditions showed that the latter two ceased growth at 150 μ M Cu, but strain MB4 and reference strain S. oneidensis MR1 were more tolerant to copper; growth with 150 μ M Cu reached 56–58 ± 0.1% of maximal optical density, ODmax, in control cultures. Similar experiments conducted under anaerobic conditions with fumarate indicated no significant change in copper tolerance in strain MB4 (66 ± 3% ODmax at 150 μ M). Biphasic experiments with δ -MnO 2 -reduction followed by use of fumarate, furthermore indicated that the presence of manganese oxides decreased bio-availability of copper through sorption processes, thereby alleviating the toxicity of copper to strain MB4 to some extent. Scanning electron microscopic images showed the initial amorphous Mn(IV)-oxides and newly formed, highly crystalline, lemon-shaped, particles making up the precipitate that remained after microbial reduction. Concomitant electron dispersive x-ray spectrometry confirmed presence of copper in the initial sample, yet detected no copper in the precipitate after microbial reduction, indicating that the Mn(IV)-reducing Shewanella strain MB4 mobilized copper adsorbed to δ -MnO 2 .