Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cerebrospinal fluid leak after combat penetrating gunshot wound to the head

Introduction: Cerebrospinal fluid leak is a common complication after head gunshot wounds, which commonly leads to infectious complications. This complication may prolong hospital staying and prevents soldiers from return to operation theatre as soon as possible. The purpose of this article is to determine the impact of the quality of primary surgical debridement and other factors that influenced the presence of cerebrospinal fluid leak in the military stuff with gunshot wounds to the head. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study of 20 military cases with cerebrospinal fluid leak, which were admitted during the combat actions in Eastern Ukraine in the period from March 2014 to the end of December 2017. Information was collected on demographics, evacuation assistance, type of injury and infectious complications. R commander version 4.2. 0 (http://www.r-project.org) was used for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was defined as p<0.05. Results: Cerebrospinal fluid fistulas were detected in 20 cases (25,31%). Factors affecting the rate of leaks are number of re-operations (p<0.001), multiple sites of injury (p=0.002), ventricular injury (p<0.005). CSF leakage significantly lengthens hospitalization time. Conclusions: CSF fistula influenced significantly rate of infection complication. Reoperation should follow initial surgery in cases of CSF leak development. To avoid development of cerebrospinal fluid fistulas, the operation should be performed by neurosurgeons in specialized department.
An Overview of Spirits Made from Sugarcane Juice

Among the family of sugarcane spirits, those made from juice are diverse and often produced in a traditional way. They must be distinguished from other sugarcane spirits, which are more widely produced and made from other sugarcane derivatives, such as molasses. These alcoholic beverages contribute significantly to the socio-economic development of many countries. However, despite ancestral know-how, there is a lack of contemporary data required to characterize some sugarcane juice spirits (SCJSs) and to overcome the current and future threats that producers will have to face. While preserving their authenticity and specificity, SCJS producers expect to improve and ensure sufficient yield and a superior quality product. Even if the scientific knowledge on these spirits is not comparable, the available data could help identify the critical points to be improved in the making process. This review aims to present the main SCJSs encountered worldwide, defining their specific features through some important aspects with, notably, references to the complex notion of terroir. To continue, we discuss the main steps of the SCJS process from harvesting to aging. Finally, we expose an inventory of SCJS’s chemical compositions and of their sensory description that define the specific organoleptic properties of these spirits.
The Costs of Reducing CO2 Emissions: A Comparison of Carbon Tax Curves with GREEN

This paper forms part of an OECD project which addresses the issue of the costs of reducing CO2 emissions by comparing the results from six global models of a set of standardised scenarios. This paper provides evidence of regional differences with respect to carbon tax curves through the middle of the next century. It also develops some analytical tools that can help to explain the main mechanisms at work in GREEN. Finally, it evaluates the welfare and output costs entailed in reduction emissions . Ce document fait partie d'un project de l'OCDE qui s'interroge sur les couts de reduction des emissions de CO2 en comparant les resultats de six modeles globaux formes d'un ensemble de scenarios standardises de reduction. Cet etude met en evidence les differences regionales concernant des courbes de taxation du carbone jusqu'au milieu du siecle prochain. Un certain nombre de outils methodologiques sont developpes a cette fin qui peuvent expliquer les principaux mecanismes a l'oeuvre dans GREEN. Sont aussi evalues les couts en termes de bien-etre et de PIB associes a la reduction des emissions .
Lateral textural grading in overwash sediments

Overwash deposits are characterized by horizontally layered laminations. Vertical sequences could be interpreted in terms of individual storm deposits by recognizing time breaks or discontinuities in the stratigraphic section. Results from comparison of channel deposit data for textural grading across the washover fan were inconclusive. Samples taken from individual laminations revealed the true textural grading when traced along a 61 m trench and sampled at designated localities. The overwash deposit was found to become finer in grain size from the apex to the margins of sedimentation in the direction of transport.
Effects of Weight Loss and Aerobic Exercise Training on Adi-Pose Tissue Zinc α2-Glycoprotein and Associated Genes in Obesity

Zinc α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) has been implicated in fatty acid metabolism and utilization and is lower in obese and higher in cachexic adults compared to those of normal weight. Previous studies suggest that ZAG binds to the beta3-adrenergic receptor (β3AR) to influence fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue by regulating hormone sensitive lipase (HSL). The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a six-month weight loss (WL) or aerobic exercise (AEX) intervention on adipose tissue and skeletal muscle ZAG mRNA levels and protein expression, as well as the expression of β3AR, and HSL. Abdominal adipose tissue (AB) and gluteal adipose tissue (Glut) and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were performed before and after WL (n = 13) or AEX (n = 13). ZAG, HSL, and β3AR expressions were determined by RT-PCR, and ZAG and HSL plasma levels by ELISA. Body weight decreased by 9.69% (p < 0.001) in WL and did not change with AEX. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) increased by 7.1% (p < 0.005) after WL and by 16.69% (p < 0.001) after AEX. WL significantly decreased body weight with a reduction of percentage of fat, fat mass, fat-free mass (FFM). AEX decreased percent fat and increased VO2max, but did not change fat mass and FFM. Abdominal ZAG and HSL mRNA levels did not change significantly after WL or AEX. There were no changes in plasma ZAG, HSL and adipose tissue β3AR mRNA levels after WL and AEX. ZAG, HSL and β3AR mRNA expressions in adipose tissue are positively associated each other. Adipose tissue abdominal and gluteal HSL are negatively associated with HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance), and both ZAG and HSL adipose tissue are negatively associated with fasting glucose and the glucose area under the curve. Further work is needed to elucidate the role of ZAG and HSL in the propensity for weight gain and the ability of exercise to mitigate these responses.
Hydrological impacts of land use/land cover change in a large river basin in central–northern Thailand

The purpose of this study is to determine the hydrological impacts of land use/land cover (LULC) change in the Yom watershed in central–northern Thailand over a 15‐year period using an integration of remote sensing, Geographic Information System, statistical methods, and hydrological modelling. The LULC changes showed an expansion of urban areas by 132% (from 210 km2 in 1990 to 488 km2 in 2006). The Yom River's daily discharge long‐term trend significantly increased at most of the measurement stations (p value < 0.05), and the rate of increase in discharge at areas downstream of the rapid urbanisation was significantly greater than that at areas upstream. There were no significant long‐term trends in precipitation characteristics in the basin, except for one station. The rate of change in discharge after changes in LULC showed a systematic increase over a range from 0.0039 to 0.0180 m3 s−1 day−1 over a 15‐year period, with the increase in urbanised area spanning a range from 81 to 149% in two flood‐prone provinces. A rainfall‐runoff model simulated a small increase (∼10%) in peak flows. The coupling of surface observations, remote sensing, and rainfall‐runoff modeling demonstrated the impacts of changes in LULC on peak river discharge, hence flooding behaviour, of a major river in central–northern Thailand. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
O TEMPO DOS PATRÕES 'BRABOS': FRAGMENTOS DA HISTÓRIA DA OCUPAÇÃO HUMANA DA RESERVA DE DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL AMANÃ

This article aims to present some aspects of the social and economic history that characterized the human occupation of the Sustainable Development Reserve Amana territory from the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Data comes from oral reports of people living in several towns, collected during intensive field research. The oral stories tell about the difficulties and challenges faced by dozens of families in order to guarantee their subsistence; about the ways that extrativism was conducted as the basic economic enterprise in the region; and also the role played by the traders (the employers), in the process of occupation of that territory, and its subsequent replacement by other agents of development. Key Words: Amazonian history, social memory, migration.
Neural representations for multi-context visuomotor adaptation and the impact of common representation on multi-task performance: a multivariate decoding approach

The human brain's remarkable motor adaptability stems from the formation of context representations and the use of a common context representation (e.g., an invariant task structure across task contexts) derived from structural learning. However, direct evaluation of context representations and structural learning in sensorimotor tasks remains limited. This study aimed to rigorously distinguish neural representations of visual, movement, and context levels crucial for multi-context visuomotor adaptation and investigate the association between representation commonality across task contexts and adaptation performance using multivariate decoding analysis with fMRI data. Here, we focused on three distinct task contexts, two of which share a rotation structure (i.e., visuomotor rotation contexts with −90° and +90° rotations, in which the mouse cursor's movement was rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise and clockwise relative to the hand-movement direction, respectively) and the remaining one does not (i.e., mirror-reversal context where the horizontal movement of the computer mouse was inverted). This study found that visual representations (i.e., visual direction) were decoded in the occipital area, while movement representations (i.e., hand-movement direction) were decoded across various visuomotor-related regions. These findings are consistent with prior research and the widely recognized roles of those areas. Task-context representations (i.e., either −90° rotation, +90° rotation, or mirror-reversal) were also distinguishable in various brain regions. Notably, these regions largely overlapped with those encoding visual and movement representations. This overlap suggests a potential intricate dependency of encoding visual and movement directions on the context information. Moreover, we discovered that higher task performance is associated with task-context representation commonality, as evidenced by negative correlations between task performance and task-context-decoding accuracy in various brain regions, potentially supporting structural learning. Importantly, despite limited similarities between tasks (e.g., rotation and mirror-reversal contexts), such association was still observed, suggesting an efficient mechanism in the brain that extracts commonalities from different task contexts (such as visuomotor rotations or mirror-reversal) at multiple structural levels, from high-level abstractions to lower-level details. In summary, while illuminating the intricate interplay between visuomotor processing and context information, our study highlights the efficiency of learning mechanisms, thereby paving the way for future exploration of the brain's versatile motor ability.
Bystander Effect of Therapeutic Ultrasound in the Presence of Cisplatin: An in Vitro Study on Human Melanoma Cells

Background: In the bystander effect, non-irradiated cells receive biological signals from adjacent irradiated cells and undergo a variety of alterations, considered recently in non-ionizing irradiation like ultrasound waves. In this study, the bystander effect of therapeutic ultrasound exposure alone and in combination with cisplatin was determined. Objective: This study aims to determine the bystander effect caused by ultrasound and cisplatin. Material and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on the human melanoma cell line including two groups of target and bystander cells. The target cell group was divided into three sub-groups of ultrasound irradiation alone, cisplatin alone, and ultrasound irradiation in the presence of cisplatin that the culture medium of these three groups of cells was transferred to the bystander cell group using the medium transfer technique. Then, apoptotic bystander cells and the expression of P53 and HO-1 in target and bystander groups were measured. Results: The results of the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and apoptosis assay showed that cell death in target and bystander groups receiving the ultrasound with cisplatin is higher than in the ultrasound without cisplatin. PCR (the polymerase chain reaction) results in the target and bystander groups receiving treatments with increased expression of the P53 gene. Target and bystander groups receiving the ultrasound without cisplatin showed a decrease in HO-1 gene expression, while the ultrasound with cisplatin showed an increase in the HO-1 gene compared to the control group. Conclusion: Combining ultrasound with ultrasound and without it can transfer bystander signals to the cells that are not directly treated.
The Saharan–Sahelian boundary during the Brunhes chron

SUMMARY Atmospheric circulation patterns over NW Africa are recognized in isopoll maps of offshore bottom sediments. Assuming that the atmospheric circulation model of the last glacial–interglacial transition, based on snapshots of three time-slices, holds for the entire Brunhes chron, the 0·7 My-long pollen record of ODP Site 658 has been interpreted. Fluctuating percentages and influx rates of pollen of Chenopodiaceae–Amaranthaceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and savanna elements record a repeatedly shifting Saharan–Sahelian boundary between c. 14° and 23°N during the Brunhes chron. Most of the humid interglacials occured before 280 ka, and extreme glacial conditions are only found during the last 480 ka. Assumptions and possible conclusions are argued. A coherency between the pollen signal of Poaceae and that of Cyperaceae is demonstrated by cross-correlation and a distinct 42 ka periodicity suggests forcing by obliquity.
The Pacific marine aerosol: Evidence for natural acid sulfates

Optical, chemical, and physical measurements of marine boundary layer aerosol were made during two oceanographic cruises in the central Pacific in the fall of 1983 and spring of 1984. Both cruises revealed a ubiquitous accumulation mode atmospheric aerosol that showed marked increases in the region of equatorial upwelling, 4°N to 15°S, between Hawaii and Tahiti. Changes in the aerosol size distribution in response to thermal conditioning revealed properties consistent with those of sulfuric acid and/or ammonium sulfate/bisulfate depending upon the sampling location. Changes in the apparent acidity of the accumulation mode varied in conjunction with physical and chemical properties of the region sampled, while the number concentration suggests that it is the dominant and possibly limiting aerosol for cloud condensation nuclei in the remote central Pacific.
Contribution of sea ice in the Southern Ocean to the cycling of volatile halogenated organic compounds

The contribution of sea ice to the flux of biogenic volatile halogenated organic compounds to the atmosphere in the Southern Ocean is currently not known. To approach this question, we measured halocarbons in sea ice, sea ice brine, and surface water of the Amundsen and Ross Seas. Concentrations in sea ice of these compounds, normalized to seawater salinity, ranged from 0.2 to 810 pmol L−1. Salinity‐normalized chlorophyll a concentrations in the ice ranged from 3.5 to 190 µg L−1. Our results suggest biological production of halocarbons in sea ice, with maxima of halogenated organics and chlorophyll a commonly found in the interior of the ice cores. Iodinated VHOCs were found to be more enriched in sea ice than brominated ones. Furthermore, depth distributions indicated a transport of halocarbons from sea ice to air and underlying water.
Phytocannabinoids Reduce Inflammation of Primed Macrophages and Enteric Glial Cells: An In Vitro Study

Intestinal inflammation is mediated by a subset of cells populating the intestine, such as enteric glial cells (EGC) and macrophages. Different studies indicate that phytocannabinoids could play a possible role in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by relieving the symptoms involved in the disease. Phytocannabinoids act through the endocannabinoid system, which is distributed throughout the mammalian body in the cells of the immune system and in the intestinal cells. Our in vitro study analyzed the putative anti-inflammatory effect of nine selected pure cannabinoids in J774A1 macrophage cells and EGCs triggered to undergo inflammation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The anti-inflammatory effect of several phytocannabinoids was measured by their ability to reduce TNFα transcription and translation in J774A1 macrophages and to diminish S100B and GFAP secretion and transcription in EGCs. Our results demonstrate that THC at the lower concentrations tested exerted the most effective anti-inflammatory effect in both J774A1 macrophages and EGCs compared to the other phytocannabinoids tested herein. We then performed RNA-seq analysis of EGCs exposed to LPS in the presence or absence of THC or THC-COOH. Transcriptomic analysis of these EGCs revealed 23 differentially expressed genes (DEG) compared to the treatment with only LPS. Pretreatment with THC resulted in 26 DEG, and pretreatment with THC-COOH resulted in 25 DEG. To evaluate which biological pathways were affected by the different phytocannabinoid treatments, we used the Ingenuity platform. We show that THC treatment affects the mTOR and RAR signaling pathway, while THC-COOH mainly affects the IL6 signaling pathway.
Nitrous oxide emission from soil of the Mata Atlantica, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Emissions of nitrous oxide by the soils of the Mata Atlantica subtropical forest were measured, on 21 days spread over one year, using a static chamber technique with natural flux calculation from nonlinear curves of chamber concentration versus time. The average of measured fluxes was 4.8 ng N Cm−2h−1 (n = 131). Emission rates increased by an order of magnitude during and after rainfall, and a mean flux from this environment, weighted for mean weather conditions, was estimated as 3.6 ng N cm−2h−1. These fluxes are comparable to others reported for humid tropical forests, among the highest for any environment.
Assessment of Occipital Involvement Among a Large Population of Females with Pattern Hair Loss in Saudi Arabia

Background Cumulative evidence suggests the involvement of the occipital region in female pattern hair loss (FPHL). However, most of the studies that have been published so far concerned relatively small samples of patients. Purpose To assess the occipital involvement in FPHL and analyze its correlation with disease severity among a large sample of patients. Patients and Methods A retrospective study involved 1000 adult women with FPHL, between January 2020 and August 2022. Occipital involvement was defined as more than 10% of thin hairs (<0.03 mm). Baseline trichometry parameters in the frontal and occipital regions were analyzed. Results Occipital involvement was observed in 32.4% of the patients. Positive correlations between frontal and occipital regions were observed for all trichometry parameters; the strongest concerned average hair shaft thickness (Pearson’s coefficient r=0.708), cumulative hair thickness (r=0.673), and trichometry-derived Sinclair scale (r=0.656). The risk of occipital involvement increased independently with the disease severity in frontal region; however, the disease progression was slower in the occipital compared to frontal region. Conclusion One-third of females in our study with FPHL had occipital involvement. This has a major impact on the methods used to diagnose pattern hair loss in females and their treatment plan including hair restoration surgery.
Records of Compaction Subsidence of Argillaceous Sediments in the Modern Yellow River Delta

The distributary lobe of the modern Yellow River Delta formed after 1855 was 15 m in thickness before it was abandoned, where the compaction subsidence has reached as high as 2.28∼3.87 m in the past 30 years. The compaction ratio of clayey silty sand (25.8%) is 1.7 times greater than that of silty sand (15.2%). It means that the compaction process has basically terminated. On the other hand, the compaction subsidence of underlying sediment is quite limited and shows an insignificant difference. For example, for the underlying sediment of 20∼30 m in thickness, the subsidence varies between 0.2 and 0.28 m. The average compaction ratio of clayey silty sand is 0.91%, while that of silty sand is 1.19%, and the average compaction ratio of all sediment is 1%. There's a negative exponential function relationship between porosity and burial depth of the sediment, and the higher the clay content, the more difficult it is for pore water to drain. The superficial sediments contribute more to the compaction subsidence than the underlying strata.
A Natural History of Amphibians

This is a book for all readers who want to learn about amphibians, the animal group that includes frogs, toads, salamanders, and caecilians. It draws on many years of classroom teaching, laboratory experience, and field observation by the authors. The authors explore some of nature's most interesting creatures, interspersing their own observations throughout the book. The book can serve as a textbook for students and independent learners, as an overview of the field for professional scientists and land managers, and as an introduction for general readers. The class Amphibia contains more than 4500 known living species. New species are being discovered so rapidly that the number may grow to more than 5000 during our lifetimes. However, their numbers are being rapidly diminished around the globe, largely due to the encroachment of humans on amphibian habitats and from growing human-caused environmental pollution, discussed at length in the final chapter. The authors focus our attention on the "natural history" of amphibians world-wide and emphasize their interactions with their environments over time: where they live; how they reproduce; how they have been affected by evolutionary processes; what factors will determine their destinies over time.