Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coordination and control – limits in standard representations of multi-reservoir operations in hydrological modeling

Abstract. Major multi-reservoir cascades represent a primary mechanism for dealing with hydrologic variability and extremes within institutionally complex river basins worldwide. These coordinated management processes fundamentally reshape water balance dynamics. Yet, multi-reservoir coordination processes have been largely ignored in the increasingly sophisticated representations of reservoir operations within large-scale hydrological models. The aim of this paper is twofold, namely (i) to provide evidence that the common modeling practice of parameterizing each reservoir in a cascade independently from the others is a significant approximation and (ii) to demonstrate potential unintended consequences of this independence approximation when simulating the dynamics of hydrological extremes in complex reservoir cascades. We explore these questions using the Water Balance Model, which features detailed representations of the human infrastructure coupled to the natural processes that shape water balance dynamics. It is applied to the Upper Snake River basin in the western US and its heavily regulated multi-reservoir cascade. We employ a time-varying sensitivity analysis that utilizes the method of Morris factor screening to explicitly track how the dominant release rule parameters evolve both along the cascade and in time according to seasonal high- and low-flow events. This enables us to address aim (i) by demonstrating how the progressive and cumulative dominance of upstream releases significantly dampens the ability of downstream reservoir rules' parameters to influence flow conditions. We address aim (ii) by comparing simulation results with observed reservoir operations during critical low-flow and high-flow events in the basin. Our time-varying parameter sensitivity analysis with the method of Morris clarifies how independent single-reservoir parameterizations and their tacit assumption of independence leads to reservoir release behaviors that generate artificial water shortages and flooding, whereas the observed coordinated cascade operations avoided these outcomes for the same events. To further explore the role of (non-)coordination in the large deviations from the observed operations, we use an offline multi-reservoir water balance model in which adding basic coordination mechanisms drawn from the observed emergency operations is sufficient to correct the deficiencies of the independently parameterized reservoir rules from the hydrological model. These results demonstrate the importance of understanding the state–space context in which reservoir releases occur and where operational coordination plays a crucial role in avoiding or mitigating water-related extremes. Understanding how major infrastructure is coordinated and controlled in major river basins is essential for properly assessing future flood and drought hazards in a changing world.
CEO Equity Incentives and Accounting Manipulation: The Role of Auditor Expertise

Prior studies find inconsistent evidence regarding the effect of CEO equity incentives on accounting manipulation. We argue that this inconsistency stems from non-consideration of detection mechanisms that mitigate the effect of equity incentives on accounting manipulation by inhibiting the ability of managers to carry out such manipulative activities. Using auditor industry expertise as one such detection mechanism, we document that CEO equity incentives are positively associated with accounting manipulation only in sub-samples where auditor expertise is low, but not where expertise is high. The implication of these results is that auditor expertise lowers the cost of granting equity-based incentives, and that firms audited by an industry expert grant their CEOs greater equity incentives. We find strong evidence in favor of this implication. Controlling for previously identified determinants of CEO equity incentives, we find that firms audited by an industry expert grant their CEOs more equity incentives (to the tune of 14%) as compared to those audited by a non-expert. To put aside endogeneity concerns, we use the collapse of Arthur Andersen as a quasi-natural experiment and find analogous evidence. Overall, our study documents the critical role of detection mechanisms in the link between CEO contracting and financial misreporting. # Olin Business School, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1133, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130. Contact author: milbourn@wustl.edu. We appreciate very helpful comments from two anonymous referees, the editor (John Harry Evans), Amir Amel-Zadeh, Chris Armstrong, Nick Dopuch, Gerald Garvey, Eitan Goldman, Radha Gopalan, Todd Gormley, Allison Koester, Adair Morse, Doug Skinner and seminar participants at the Penn State Accounting Research conference and University of Illinois at Chicago. We thank Lauren Barth and Sisi Ren for excellent research assistance. Any errors are our own.
Parental childcare support, sibship status and mothers’ second-child plans in urban China

Background: Most previous research on intergenerational impacts on childbearing behaviors has overlooked the interrelation between having siblings and the availability of childcare assistance provided by grandparents. Objective: This study examines how the siblings of young couples dilute the resources of grandparental childcare assistance and thus influence a mother’s plans to have a second child in urban China. Methods: We use data from the survey on Fertility Decision-Making Processes in Chinese Families conducted in 2016 and focus on the subsample of mothers who have only one child and live in urban areas. Results: The husband’s parents are less likely to take care of grandchildren if the husband has male siblings, while the probability will be higher if the wife has male siblings. The chance of receiving childcare support from the wife’s parents is also associated with the sibship status of both wife and husband. The results suggest that the decision regarding primary childcare providers might be made collectively within extended families. Under the two-child policy, childcare support from parents or in-laws in raising the first child increases the probability of a mother planning a second child. Furthermore, the positive effect of childcare support from the husband’s parents is lessened if the husband has siblings. Contribution: This article tests the resource-dilution model in adulthood by examining the association between grandparental childcare assistance and young couples’ sibship status. Siblings may compete for grandparental childcare support and thus reduce the positive influence of grandparental childcare assistance on a mother’s plans for another child.
A GENERALIZED “Z–LESS” MIXING LENGTH-SCALE FOR STABLE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYERS

Recent research suggests that the evolution of the stable ABL is still poorly understood. Certain advances in theory and modeling of the stable ABL (SABL) are assessed. Inclined strongly SABL is addressed. We show that a relatively thin and strongly SABL, as recently modeled using an improved “z-less” mixing length, can be successfully treated; the result is quietly extended to other types of SABL. Finally, a generalized “z-less” mixing length is proposed.
Evaluation of Therapeutic Potential of Atorvastatin against Diabetic Retinopathy: A Biochemical Histopathological Study

The aim of the present work is to investigate the potential retinal neuroprotective effects of atorvastatin in a diabetic hypercholesterolemic animal model in rats and the possible development of hepatotoxicity as a drug adverse effect. Twenty four albino Wistar rats of both sexes were used and divided into four groups; two groups (I and II) served as controls. In group III, diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan 120 mg/kg. Hypercholesterolemia was also induced by addition of cholesterol to the animal diet (10 grams cholesterol/ 1kg diet). In group IV, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia were induced and rats received atorvastatin in a dose of 5 mg/kg daily orally for two months. Serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total antioxidants, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and asparate aminotransferse (AST) were measured after 1 and 2 months. Then, animals were sacrificed and subjected to light microscopic examination of the retina and liver. Untreated diabetic hypercholesterolemic animals exhibited significant deterioration of the measured biochemical parameters; elevation of serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, ALT and AST and significant decrease in serum total antioxidants in addition to marked histopathological changes of the retina and liver. Treatment with atorvastatin in group IV improved significantly the diabetes-induced deterioration of serum cholesterol, triglyceride and total antioxidants together with significant improvement of retinal histopathological picture as compared to untreated model of group III suggesting its protective role against diabetic retinopathy. However, there was insignificant effect on the AST serum level and the histopathological picture of the liver in addition to significant deterioration of serum level of ALT when comparing group IV with group III. In conclusion, atorvastatin can partially protect the retina against the development of diabetic retinopathy but care should be taken as regards the hepatotoxic effect of the drug.
make up JUNE issue nicky

THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HIV MEDICINE 18 More than 60% of the estimated 40 million persons with HIV/AIDS worldwide live in sub-Saharan Africa, where poverty, social insecurity, food shortages and malnutrition are major problems. In children under the age of 5 years, who live in developing countries, malnutrition has been associated with 50% of the 10.8 million deaths mainly caused by neonatal disorders, diarrhoea, pneumonia, malaria and HIV/AIDS. Likewise micronutrient deficiencies are widespread and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality particularly in relation to infectious diseases. This review focuses on the interaction between micronutrients and HIV/AIDS and discusses recent research findings that may have important public health implications in terms of the case management of persons with HIV/AIDS.
Contribution to hierarchical modeling in tunnel design practice

Abstract This work presents a comparative analysis between two model hierarchies commonly applied in tunnel structural design: continuum ground models and bedded-beam models. Firstly, the main characteristics of each model and the interfaces between them are discussed. Based on those evaluations a simple procedure is proposed for determining the bedded-beam model imposed loads which lead to results compatible to those of a given continuum model. Said procedure is then explored to estimate simplified compatibilization loads for basic and illustrative cases, where a reasonable compatibilization was achieved for a relatively simple applied load.
Fiscal policy, international investors, and the current account

The relationship between the scal policy and the current account balance is an open question for open economies analysis. Traditional view leads to the so-called "twin de cits hypothesis", which establishes a direct relationship between the government budget de cit and the current account de cit. However, intertemporal approach of the current account doubts on the existence of such a relationship. In this paper, we study this twin de cits hypothesis using a dynamic general equilibrium model in a monetary union context, in which it is considered the role of international investors in nancing government de cit. We nd that the proportion of government debt purchased by foreign investment is a key factor in explaining the relationship between scal policy and the current account. In general, we obtain that the e¤ects of di¤erent shocks on the current account dynamics are magni ed as the proportion of government debt held by foreing investors increases. Keywords: Fiscal policy; government budget de cit; trade balance; Twin de cits. JEL Classi cation: E62; F32; F41.
Principals’ Role in Promoting Teachers’ Professional Development and Learners’ Performance In Secondary Schools in Murang’a and Kirinyaga Counties, Kenya

Students’ overall performance in country wide national examinations in Kenya has recorded below mean achievement as attested by Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) results. The number of students scoring grade D+ and below has consistently remained high compared with those attaining grade C+ and above which is the country’s minimum university entry. Concerns have been raised regarding this trend in students’ achievement. This study examined the performance of the principals’ role in promoting teachers’ professional development and learners’ performance in Kirinyaga and Murang’a counties, Kenya. The study involved a sample of 205 principals and 367 teachers selected from secondary schools in the two counties. Researchers used validated questionnaires and interview schedules to collect data from teachers and principals and analysed data using descriptive and inferential statistics. The hypothesis was tested at p>0.5 level of significance using Pearson Product Moment Correlation. The study established that there was no statistically significant relationship between principals’ role in promoting teachers’ professional development and learners’ performance. The study recommended that principals should ensure that teachers put into practice knowledge and skills learnt during in-service courses so that students benefit from the investment. The Ministry of Education should also take keen interest in how in-service courses are conducted.
Local Agroforestry as Landslide Mitigation in the Gede Catchment in Malang Regency

Gede catchment is the part of Bromo Volcano System. It is located in the Malang Regency, East Java Province. The wide of Gede Catchment is around 17 Km. Based on the landslide prone area mapping, this area has high potential landslide around 52,9%. There were several landslides which had been occurred in this area. Based on the physical condition, this area is rather not appropriate for living. In the other hand, the community had been survived to live in harmony with high potential landslide prone area. The aim of paper is to elaboration of community adaptation strategies which had been survived in landslide prone area.The method was carried by field survey including observation and in-deep interview to the Gede Catchment’s community regarding adaptation strategies for surviving to live harmony with high potential landslide prone area. Field survey for data collection was carried out by grounded research technique.Based on the real condition, the Gede Catchment’s community had been survived to live in harmony with high potential landslide prone area. They were very much aware on their living environmental as well as their economic income. Mostly, the community planted several local plantation (agroforestry system) in the inactive landslide (ex-landslide area) and active landslide. It is as the solution between how conserving the landslide prone area with the sustainable economic income. The plantation is the effective protection to soil movement
The Dependence of Northwest Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensification Rates on Environmental Factors

The Northwest Pacific tropical cyclone (TC) intensification is classified into rapid intensification (RI), normal intensification (NI), and slow intensification (SI) categories. The initial location and intensity, the preceding intensity change, the motion direction, the occurrence month, and the intensification duration time are all found to differ for RI cases compared with NI and SI cases. The dependence of RI, NI, and SI on environmental conditions is further examined statistically by using the intensification rates of named TCs, for the 21-year period 1995–2015, obtained from JTWC best track data, and the environmental conditions derived from the ERA-Interim reanalysis data and GODAS high-resolution global ocean analysis data. It was found that deep-layer and upper-mid vertical wind shear (VWS), upper-level outflow, sea surface temperature (SST), and ocean heat content (OHC) are statistically different among RI, NI, and SI both before and during intensification. RI is enhanced by weaker and decreasing VWS, warmer oceans, and stronger and increasing outflow. In contrast, SI typically occurs with larger and increasing VWS, cooler oceans, and weaker, static outflow. The impacts of low-level VWS and net moisture inflow are only significantly different between RI and SI and between NI and SI, but not between RI and NI. Another key finding is that increased upper-level outflow and decreased VWS are important precursors and hence are possible predictors, of RI onset. The direction of upper-level outflow affects TC intensification, with NW and NE outflow being more favorable for TC RI than SE and SW outflow.
Theoretical Description for Zitterbewegung of electrons in SWCNT (Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes)

The problem of the time evolution of localized quantum states for electrons in the semiconducting and metallic single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) are studied analytically and numerically. In the long-wave approximation 1 0 ≤ k a , where a is the interatomic distance of carbon atoms in the graphene lattice, 0 k the carrier wave vector of the wave packet, we consider the time evolution of localized quantum states by using a model Hamiltonian. The localized quantum states are interpreted as a superposition of the valence band and the conduction band. The dynamic of the wave packet which is represented by localized quantum states in carbon nanotubes was considered with cylindrical symmetry. The time dependent average values of the angular and axial coordinate operators and its oscillations behavior are calculated. In addition, we taken into account the effect of an external magnetic field which is applied along the axis of carbon nanotube. The evaluations of the frequency and amplitude of zitterbewegung in the carbon nanotube are presented, which can be used for the experimental prospective studies in the nanoelectronic applications. Heisenberg representation in the present study are used to evaluate the average values of the coordinate operators , furthermore , Schrödinger representation are used for interpreting the results of the trembling motion (Zitterbewegung) in the carbon nanotubes.
Politics, technology, and accountability: The Transparency Façade of Open Government Data Reforms in Paraguay

Governments have adopted the rhetoric of promoting transparency, citizen engagement, and accountability through technological innovation. The provision of open government data has been encouraged as a foundational reform in that direction. This study argues that, in Paraguay’s education sector, these reforms were never capable of matching said rhetoric. Using a case study design, the research shows that the stated goals of intuitively simplifying information to facilitate citizen monitoring of funds for education infrastructure were never realistically attempted by the government. It will advocate the relevance of considering the relationship between politics, accountability, and technology to uncover transparency façades.
The indirect effect of experience between personality hardiness and situational awareness

Studies on the relation between personality and Situation Awareness (SA) have been inconclusive. The present study investigates the relation between personality hardiness and SA during a simulated police scenario using a mediation approach. One hundred and sixty-seven police officers completed the test in a scenario with the arrest of a suspected perpetrator. The results showed a direct relationship neither between hardiness and SA, nor a total effect of the model tested. However, an indirect relationship between hardiness and SA, through the amount of annual operational training, beyond mandatory training, occurred. This indirect effect of training occurred for the total hardiness score, and for the control dimension on the facet level of the Dispositional Resilience Scale (15 items). The findings were interpreted as police officers high on hardiness being more motivated and engaged in voluntary operational training. By being more involved in training, they were gaining more experience in perceiving and interpreting critical stimuli in operational scenarios. Thus, the findings of an indirect effect was seen as a result of the relationship between experience and SA.
An implicit function learning approach for parametric modal regression

For multi-valued functions---such as when the conditional distribution on targets given the inputs is multi-modal---standard regression approaches are not always desirable because they provide the conditional mean. Modal regression algorithms address this issue by instead finding the conditional mode(s). Most, however, are nonparametric approaches and so can be difficult to scale. Further, parametric approximators, like neural networks, facilitate learning complex relationships between inputs and targets. In this work, we propose a parametric modal regression algorithm. We use the implicit function theorem to develop an objective, for learning a joint function over inputs and targets. We empirically demonstrate on several synthetic problems that our method (i) can learn multi-valued functions and produce the conditional modes, (ii) scales well to high-dimensional inputs, and (iii) can even be more effective for certain uni-modal problems, particularly for high-frequency functions. We demonstrate that our method is competitive in a real-world modal regression problem and two regular regression datasets.
Electrocardiographic Indices, Circulating Electrolytes and Cardiac Enzymes of Apparently Healthy Aged Layer Hens

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is a highly versatile pathogen of a large number of domestic ani- mals, including avian species. There is limited information about S. aureus isolated from companion and wild birds in Iran. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine drug resistance and random-amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) pattern of S. aureus isolated from birds referred to the pet birds’ clinic of University of Tehran. METHODS: During the study period, 53 isolates of S. aureus were recovered from companion birds of var- ious species using standard bacteriologic procedures and the respective drug resistance patterns were deter- mined for a panel of 30 antimicrobial agents by agar disk-diffusion method. RAPD-PCR was performed with two different 10-bp oligonucleotide primers in a duplex-PCR procedure. RESULTS: The findings of this study demonstrated that S. aureus resistance to oxacillin, clindamycin and methicillin were 58, 53 and 53%, respectively. The multi-drug resistance (MDR) was found among all isolates. The MDR pattern was variable and ranged from 0 to 17 drugs. In total, all 53 isolates generated 43 different resistance patterns. In RAPD-PCR, five different patterns of A, B, C, D and E were found. Among 53 isolates, 20, 62, 3, 9 and 3% belonged to RAPD patterns of A, B, C, D and E, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the widespread antimicrobial resistance among S. aureus isolated from pet birds; in particular, the presence of MRSA isolates. The value of RAPD-PCR for epidemiologic monitoring of S. aureus in pet birds also was noticed.