Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ten year radiation budget of the Earth: 1984–93

A 10 year (1984–93) climatology is given of the global distributions of net shortwave (SW), net longwave (LW) and net all‐wave radiation budget at both top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) and at the Earth's surface, on a mean monthly basis, computed with a radiative transfer model with input data for key atmospheric and surface parameters. The model input data were taken from complete and comprehensive global climatological data sets, such as the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research Global Reanalysis or the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder, among others. Seasonal and latitudinal variations and mean annual and mean hemispherical and global averages are given, based on model results computed for each month of the period from January 1984 to December 1993. At TOA, the net incoming SW radiation has larger latitudinal variation and range of values (0–400 W m−2) than the outgoing LW radiation (100–350 W m−2). At the surface, the net downward SW radiation has similar features to that at TOA, but with smaller magnitudes. The net upward LW radiation is quite different than at TOA, with a smaller seasonal and geographical variability than the surface net SW radiation. The global system of Earth–atmosphere is found to be net radiatively heated at TOA by 3 W m−2; the Earth's surface is net heated by 98 W m−2, mainly due to solar absorption equal to 147 W m−2, a value in agreement with surface‐based measurements. At TOA, there is a radiative energy surplus between 40 °S and 30 °N and a radiative loss poleward; however, at the surface the surplus regions extend from 70 °S to 70 °N. Globally, the atmosphere is found to absorb 27% of the incoming solar radiation at TOA, while it emits 79% of the outgoing terrestrial radiation. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
The Kübler Index in Late Diagenetic to Low-Grade Metamorphic Pelites: A Critical Comparison of Data From 10 Å and 5 Å Peaks

A set of 99 samples covering the whole range of low- and very low-grade metamorphic conditions has been used to compare Kübler index (KI) values measured on the illite 10 Å reflection (KI10 Å) with those obtained from the 5 Å reflection (KI5 Å). Evaluation of peak widths have been carried out both graphically on the recorded peak profiles from chart-strip X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and with the WINFIT computer program (Krumm, 1996) on fitted and decomposed profiles. All the measurements were performed both on air-dried and glycolated preparations. The data collected show that in the rock samples where illite is associated with significant amounts of I-S interstratified minerals, and/or K/Na intermediate micas, paragonite and other interfering phases, full width at half-maximum (FWHM) measurements on the 5 Å peak in fitted and decomposed XRD profiles from glycolated mounts give more reliable KI values than those obtained from the 10 Å peak. This is because of the easier and more complete de-summation of the illite second reflection from the contributions of all the interfering phases. In each sample population in which the rocks have the same metamorphic grade, KI5 Å values from fitted and decomposed profiles show much lower scattering in comparison with KI10 Å values and appear consistent with the values measured in lithologies without interfering phases.The relationship between KI10 Å and KI5 Å appears very close to a 1:1 linear relationship; nevertheless, the conversion from KI5 Å to KI10 Å through the appropriate equation (KI10 Å = KI5 Å × 0.965 + 0.023°2θ) is recommended in order to avoid a small, but systematic, error.In the range from late diagenesis to middle anchizone, where several phases may give diffraction effects interfering with illite peaks, the proposed procedure (i.e. FWHM measurements on the 5 Å peak in fitted and decomposed XRD profiles from glycolated mounts) seems to allow better estimates of the metamorphic grade than those obtained through traditional KI measurements.
On the (im)possibility of fairness

What does it mean for an algorithm to be fair? Different papers use different notions of algorithmic fairness, and although these appear internally consistent, they also seem mutually incompatible. We present a mathematical setting in which the distinctions in previous papers can be made formal. In addition to characterizing the spaces of inputs (the "observed" space) and outputs (the "decision" space), we introduce the notion of a construct space: a space that captures unobservable, but meaningful variables for the prediction. We show that in order to prove desirable properties of the entire decision-making process, different mechanisms for fairness require different assumptions about the nature of the mapping from construct space to decision space. The results in this paper imply that future treatments of algorithmic fairness should more explicitly state assumptions about the relationship between constructs and observations.
Tectonic controls on the evolution of the Clutha River catchment, New Zealand

Abstract A synthesis of published information on mountain uplift and river capture in Otago suggests that the Clutha River catchment has evolved westwards and expanded since the Pliocene. River capture events that facilitated catchment expansion are indicated by sediment provenance, drainage geometry and freshwater fish genetics. The catchment has been partly confined by NW-trending ranges and the Southern Alps to the west, and drainage geometry was disrupted by subsequent growth of NE-trending ranges. Examination of crustal-scale deformation via an established numerical model, which portrays the Otago Schist basement as rheologically weak compared to adjacent greywacke-dominated structural blocks, suggests that uplift geometry was controlled by the inherited Cretaceous boundary between these crustal blocks. Pre-existing faults had relatively minor effects on uplift geometry. A low-relief corridor between Canterbury and Southland permitted genetic connections of freshwater fish populations through to <1 Ma, to the west of the developing Clutha catchment.
Automated database of mesocyclones from the HIRLAM(INM)‐0.5° analyses in the western Mediterranean

An automated procedure has been developed to detect and select mesoscale cyclones and describe their tracks by means of the numerical analysis model, the HIRLAM(INM)‐0.5°, operational at the Spanish Institute of Meteorology (INM). This procedure gives us a description of features of these cyclones, such as their frequency of appearance, geographical distribution and horizontal dimensions, and it also enables us to study the movement and the evolution of the cyclone centres. This procedure was developed in order to obtain an automated database of Mediterranean cyclones. To check the performance of this method, the distribution of cyclones was compared with the distribution obtained from a manual catalogue of mesoscale cyclones, and selected cases were studied using both methods. Some results obtained for the western Mediterranean are presented. A large number of cyclones are detected and most of them are located in specific zones, such as the Gulf of Genoa, south of the Pyrenees, south of the Iberian Peninsula and the Alboran Sea. The cyclones follow preferred tracks, which are different depending on the season. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
The LX-T Relation and Temperature Function for Nearby Clusters Revisited

The X-ray luminosity-temperature relation for nearby T ≃ 3.5-10 keV clusters is rederived using new ASCA temperatures and ROSAT luminosities. Both quantities are derived by directly excluding the cooling flow regions. This correction results in a greatly reduced scatter in the LX-T relation; cooling flow clusters are similar to others outside the small cooling flow regions. For a fit of the form Lbol ∝ Tα, we obtain α = 2.64 ± 0.27 (90%) and a residual rms scatter in log Lbol of 0.10. The derived relation can be directly compared to theoretical predictions that do not include radiative cooling. It also provides an accurate reference point for future evolution searches and comparison to cooler clusters. The new temperatures and LX-T relation together with a newly selected cluster sample are used to update the temperature function at z ~ 0.05. The resulting function is generally higher and flatter than, although within the errors of, the previous estimates by Edge and coworkers and Henry and Arnaud (as rederived by Eke and coworkers). For a qualitative estimate of constraints that the new data place on the density fluctuation spectrum, we apply the Press-Schechter formalism for Ω0 = 1 and 0.3. For Ω0 = 1, assuming cluster isothermality, the temperature function implies σ8 = 0.55 ± 0.03, while taking into account the observed cluster temperature profiles, σ8 = 0.51 ± 0.03, consistent with the previously derived range. The dependence of σ8 on Ω0 is different from the earlier results because of our treatment of the slope of the fluctuation spectrum, n, as a free parameter. For the considered values of Ω0, n = -(2.0-2.3) ± 0.3, somewhat steeper than that derived from the earlier temperature function data, in agreement with the local slope of the galaxy fluctuation spectrum from the Automatic Plate Measuring Facility (APM) survey, and significantly steeper than the standard cold dark matter prediction.
Short‐Term Effects of Mineral and Organic Fertilizer on Denitrifiers, Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Denitrification in Long‐Term Amended Vineyard Soils

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 77:113–122 doi:10.2136/sssaj2012.0096 Received 22 Mar. 2012. *Corresponding author (claudia.goyer@agr.gc.ca). © Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Short-Term Effects of Mineral and Organic Fertilizer on Denitrifiers, Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Denitrification in Long-Term Amended Vineyard Soils Soil Biology & Biochemistry
Apple Stack Cake for Dessert: Appalachian Regional Foods

Abstract How is the culture of Appalachia conveyed through its foods? Local experts in Appalachian counties were asked to create a hypothetical menu for a meal that was representative of their home region. Fried chicken and ham were the preferred main dishes and dessert selections focused on apple pie and peach or blackberry cobbler. Virtually everyone would serve iced tea. Other Appalachian specialties that appeared regularly included apple stack cake, ramps, and soup beans. Several tradition foods, survivors in isolated settings, are now being revived as symbols of regional identity and pride.
Lie superalgebras and the multiplet structure of the genetic code. I. Codon representations

It has been proposed by Hornos and Hornos [Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 4401–4404 (1993)] that the degeneracy of the genetic code, i.e., the phenomenon that different codons (base triplets) of DNA are transcribed into the same amino acid, may be interpreted as the result of a symmetry breaking process. In their work, this picture was developed in the framework of simple Lie algebras. Here, we explore the possibility of explaining the degeneracy of the genetic code using basic classical Lie superalgebras, whose representation theory is sufficiently well understood, at least as far as typical representations are concerned. In the present paper, we give the complete list of all typical codon representations (typical 64-dimensional irreducible representations), whereas in the second part, we shall present the corresponding branching rules and discuss which of them reproduce the multiplet structure of the genetic code.
Model-Driven End-to-End Learning for Integrated Sensing and Communication

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) is envisioned to be one of the pillars of 6G. However, 6G is also expected to be severely affected by hardware impairments. Under such impairments, standard model-based approaches might fail if they do not capture the underlying reality. To this end, data-driven methods are an alternative to deal with cases where imperfections cannot be easily modeled. In this paper, we propose a model-driven learning architecture for joint single-target multi-input multi-output (MIMO) sensing and multi-input single-output (MISO) communication. We compare it with a standard neural network approach under complexity constraints. Results show that under hardware impairments, both learning methods yield better results than the model-based standard baseline. If complexity constraints are further introduced, model-driven learning outperforms the neural-network-based approach. Model-driven learning also shows better generalization performance for new unseen testing scenarios.
Functional universality in slow-growing microbial communities arises from thermodynamic constraints

The dynamics of microbial communities is incredibly complex, determined by competition for metabolic substrates and cross-feeding of byproducts. Species in the community grow by harvesting energy from chemical reactions that transform substrates to products. In many anoxic environments, these reactions are close to thermodynamic equilibrium and growth is slow. To understand the community structure in these energy-limited environments, we developed a microbial community consumer-resource model incorporating energetic and thermodynamic constraints on an interconnected metabolic network. The central ingredient of the model is product inhibition, meaning that microbial growth may be limited not only by depletion of metabolic substrates but also by accumulation of products. We demonstrate that these additional constraints on microbial growth cause a convergence in the structure and function of the community metabolic network -- independent of species composition and biochemical details -- providing a possible explanation for convergence of community function despite taxonomic variation observed in many natural and industrial environments. Furthermore, we discovered that the structure of community metabolic network is governed by the thermodynamic principle of maximum heat dissipation. Overall, the work demonstrates how universal thermodynamic principles may constrain community metabolism and explain observed functional convergence in microbial communities.
Aminostratigraphy and sea-level history of the Pleistocene Bridgewater Formation, Mount Gambier region, southern Australia

A geochronological framework based on amino acid racemisation (AAR) and constrained by previously reported optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages is presented for the evolution and paleosea-level record of the Pleistocene Bridgewater Formation of the Mount Gambier region, of southern Australia. Within the study area, the Bridgewater Formation is represented by late early Pleistocene [Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 23 at 933 ka] to Holocene barrier shoreline successions deposited during sea-level highstands. Regional monotonic uplift (0.13 mm yr–1) and pervasive calcrete development during the Pleistocene have preserved the sequence of calcarenite (mixed quartz-skeletal carbonate sand) shoreline complexes from denudation. AAR analyses confirm that the barriers generally increase in age landwards and correlate with sea-level highstands associated with interglacials as defined by the marine oxygen isotope record. AAR analyses on the benthic foraminifer Elphidium crispum have proved more reliable than the whole-rock method in extending the age range of AAR dating of these relict shoreline successions. Paleosea-levels from the coastal plain are as follows: MIS 7, –9 ± 2 m; MIS 9, 4 ± 1 m; and a minimum sea-level of 2 ± 2 m is derived for MIS 11. Paleosea-level could not be determined for MIS 15, 19 or 23 as diagnostic sea-level indicators were not identified within these sedimentary successions. Dismal Range, dated at 933 ± 145 ka (MIS 23), represents a correlative feature to the East Naracoorte Range but is some 25 km seaward of the Kanawinka Fault compared with the same barrier at Naracoorte. Mingbool Range (788 ± 18 ka) is of similar age to the West Naracoorte Range (MIS 19) and formed as an arcuate shoreline complex that became attached to the higher relief of the area represented by the Mount Burr Volcanic Province. The higher topographical relief resulted from crustal doming of the Oligo-Miocene Gambier Limestone caused by the intrusion of magma associated with the volcanic province. The AAR age of 788 ± 118 ka for Mingbool Range indicates that the Mount Burr volcanics predate the deposition of this shoreline complex.
ASYMPTOTICS FOR RANDOM WALKS IN ALCOVES OF AFFINE WEYL GROUPS

Asymptotic results are derived for the number of random walks in al- coves of ane Weyl groups (which are certain regions in n-dimensional Euclidean space bounded by hyperplanes), thus solving problems posed by Grabiner (J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 97 (2002), 285-306). These results include asymptotic expressions for the number of vicious walkers on a circle, as well as for the number of vicious walkers in an interval. The proofs depart from the exact results of Grabiner (loc. cit.), and require as diverse means as results from symmetric function theory and the saddle point method, among others.
Upper ocean variability between Iceland and Newfoundland, 1993–1998

We investigate the variability of upper ocean temperature and surface salinity between Iceland and Newfoundland along World Ocean Circulation Experiment line AX2 in 1993–1998. North of 54°N, as well as close to Newfoundland, deviations from the seasonal cycle indicate upper ocean warming from 1994 to 1998, with largest anomalous warming during late 1995/early 1996 and during the winter 1997/1998. North of 54°N, surface salinity increases after mid-1996. The winter of 1995/1996 is the first winter of weak westerlies after more than 20 years of strong westerly conditions in the subarctic gyre, and the ocean loses less heat during that winter than during a normal year. The magnitude of upper ocean heat content change is at least twice as large as what results from the change in air-sea fluxes, which indicates a complementary contribution to heat content change by advection. Altimetric sea level data indicate also an increase of sea level of the order of 6.5 cm during that year, out of which more than 4 cm is contributed by the steric change associated with the temperature increase. A principal component analysis of the sea level data suggests that the increase sensed along line AX2 west of the Reykjanes ridge is found in most of the subpolar gyre, although to a lesser extent in most other areas.
The dynamics of liquid drops and their interaction with solids of varying wettabilities

Microdrop impact and spreading phenomena are explored as an interface formation process using a recently developed computational framework. The accuracy of the results obtained from this framework for the simulation of high deformation free-surface flows is confirmed by a comparison with previous numerical studies for the large amplitude oscillations of free liquiddrops. Our code's ability to produce high resolution benchmark calculations for dynamic wetting flows is then demonstrated by simulating microdrop impact and spreading on surfaces of greatly differing wettability. The simulations allow one to see features of the process which go beyond the resolution available to experimental analysis. Strong interfacial effects which are observed at the microfluidic scale are then harnessed by designing surfaces of varying wettability that allow new methods of flow control to be developed.
Petrography of Ordovician and Silurian sediments in the western Irish Caledonides: tracers of a short-lived Ordovician continent-arc collision orogeny and the evolution of the Laurentian Appalachian-Caledonian margin

Abstract Ordovician orogeny affected the Laurentian margin of the Appalachian-Caledonian Belt from the Southern Appalachians to the British Isles and is dated, stratigraphically, as post-uppermost Lower Cambrian and pre-upper Llandovery. Geochronological data favour a short Grampian orogeny from c. 470 to 460 Ma during the late Arenig-mid-Llanvirn, which is supported by the late Arenig-earliest Llanvirn termination of the Laurentian rifted margin carbonate shelf. The likeliest plate tectonic model for the Grampian Orogeny is of a continent-facing oceanic (Laurentia) arc, created as an infant mafic arc during the Middle Cambrian, evolving into an Early Ordovician intermediate-silicic arc with suprasubduction-zone ophiolites. This arc collided with the Laurentian margin and forearc ophiolites were obducted across the margin creating an orogen and accreting the arc to the margin. Continued plate convergence was accommodated by a flip in subduction polarity that terminated late orogenic retrocharriage, and led to the rapid final stages of uplift and unroofing of the orogen and to subduction accretion in the new mid-Ordovician trench. Presented in this paper are definitive new detrital heavy mineral evidence that supports and enhances this model of a short-lived orogenic event involving ophiolite obduction, and the rapid development and unroofing of a Grampian Barrovian metamorphic complex over c. 10 Ma. High-resolution heavy mineral analysis (HRHMA) has been undertaken on most of the Ordovician and Silurian stratigraphical units in the South Mayo Trough in western Ireland. It is shown that ophiolite unroofing began during the Arenig and that, by the early Llanvirn, a Barrovian complex was being eroded. The Killadangan ‘Formation’, of the Clew Bay Complex is confirmed as part of a pre-Grampian early Ordovician accretionary prism by both HRHMA and by quartz-felspar-lithic (QFL) analysis, which show it to have been derived from Precambrian rocks of the Laurentian margin. QFL analysis also shows that the Ordovician provenance of the South Mayo Trough sequence evolves from an undissected arc through a dissected arc to a recycled orogenic detrital pattern, except for the earliest sediments (Letterbrock), which were derived from the transitional continental sediments of the Killadangan accretionary prism, which, in turn, were derived from Laurentia. The problem of timing the Grampian deformation and metamorphism of the Dalradian is now regarded as being solved. It was an Arenig-Llanvirn event lasting c. 10 Ma, which occurred during and is recorded, faithfully, by the detrital heavy mineral assemblage in the conformable Ordovician sequence of the South Mayo Trough. The Miocene evolution of New Guinea is strikingly similar to the Arenig-Llanvirn evolution of the Laurentian margin and was, analogously, the short-lived result of the collision of an arc with the north Australian margin followed by subduction polarity flip.