Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Disturbance Characteristics in a Plane Jet

An incompressible two‐dimensional plane jet is analyzed using the spatial stability viewpoint. Two modes of unstable waves are found, the more unstable of which has a transverse disturbance velocity component symmetrical about the jet centerplane. Disturbance vorticity, Reynolds stress, and distributions of energetics in the cross‐stream direction are presented. Also included is a mechanism through which these jet disturbances interact with the mean flow to produce a vortex street configuration in the downstream jet field.
Surface Plasma Oscillations of a Degenerate Electron Gas

The anomalous characteristic energy losses of energy lower than the plasmon energy, exhibited by some metals, are attributed to quantized surface waves of the degenerate electron gas. Although the theory has been verified for an ideal pure metal, transmission experiments show a lower energy loss generally. This is accounted for by considering the relaxation produced by the oxide coating on the surface of the metal. It was concluded that a thin oxide coating (20 A) can produce a significant effect. It is established that a measurement of the dispersion of the energy loss versus angle of scattering in the transmission experiment would yield a measurement of the oxide film thickness. (W.D.M.)
Process Extraction from Natural Language Text: the PET Dataset and Annotation Guidelines

Although there is a long tradition of work in NLP on extracting entities and relations from text, to date there exists very little work on the acquisition of business processes from unstructured data such as textual corpora of process descriptions. With this work, we aim to fill this gap and establish the first steps towards bridging data-driven information extraction methodologies from Natural Language Processing and the model-based formalization aimed at Business Process Management. For this, we develop the first corpus of business process descriptions annotated with activities, gateways, actors, and flow information. We present our new resource, including a detailed overview of the annotation schema and guidelines, as well as a variety of baselines to benchmark the difficulty and challenges of business process extraction from text.
Formononetin Inhibits Hepatic I/R-Induced Injury through Regulating PHB2/PINK1/Parkin Pathway

Formononetin (FN), an isoflavone compound mainly isolated from soy and red clover, had showed its anti-inflammation, antioxidative effects in some degenerative diseases and cholestasis. However, the role of FN in protecting ischemia/reperfusion- (I/R-) induced liver injury and the possible mechanism were unclear. In this study, effects of FN on liver injury were investigated in a rat hepatic I/R model; further, mitophagy-related proteins were measured by immunoblotting or immunofluorescence. The possible roles of PHB2 and PINK1 in regulating mitophagy by FN were verified using adeno-associated virus knockdown. The results showed that FN had protective effects against hepatic I/R injury through regulating PINK1/Parkin-regulated mitophagy. Further, we found that FN inhibited PARL expression and prevented PGAM5 cropped by increasing the expression of PHB2. The knockdown of PINK1 or PHB2 both abolished the protective effects of FN. Taken together, our findings indicated that the isoflavone compound FN promoted PHB2/PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy pathway to protect liver from I/R-induced injury. These results provided novel insights into the potential prevention strategies of FN and its underlying mechanisms.
Differential Fractal Dimension of Random Walk and Its Applications to Physical Systems

In order to characterize the complexity of the path of any randomly walking test particle, we introduce the new conception, the differential fractal dimension (in short d.f.d.). This conception seems to have a special importance for the analysis of turbulence, because it clearly represents the complexity of the path observed by a scale r ( r is any given length), while the scales of the observation are particularly important for the theory of turbulence. It is shown that, as far as the diffusion and the kinetic energy are concerned, we can treat inclusively both microscopic (or thermal) motions and macroscopic (or turbulent) motions by means of the d.f. d. As an example, we obtain an analytical expression of the d.f. d. for an one-dimensional random walk with finite mean-free-path.
Ages of the disks of S0 galaxies

A photometric system using a broad-band color combined with a line strength index is employed to distinguish age differences from metallicity differences between the bulges and disks of S0 galaxies. A color difference independent of metallicity changes of about . delta. (U-V) = 0.10 is found for the sample of galaxies observed here. Several S0 galaxies have absorption line strengths that indicate the disks are as metal rich as the most luminous elliptical galaxies. It is concluded that the disks of S0 galaxies are probably younger than the bulges, but the distinction between a younger turnoff and residual star formation cannot be made.
An NSFD scheme for a class of SIR epidemic models with vaccination and treatment

An non-standard finite difference scheme is employed to discuss a class of SIR epidemic model with vaccination and treatment. The dynamical properties of the discretized model are then analysed. The results demonstrate that the discretized epidemic model is dynamically consistent with the continuous model since it maintains essential properties of the corresponding continuous model, such as positivity property and boundness of solutions, equilibrium points and their local stability properties.
Mathematical formulation and analysis of a continuum model for tubulin-driven neurite elongation

A partial–differential–equation model of neurite growth is developed. This model is the first of its kind and uses a continuum mechanical approach to model the effects of active transport, diffusion and species degradation of the oligomer tubulin, which is used in the elongation of a single neurite. The model problem is mathematically difficult since it must be solved on a dynamically growing domain. The development and implementation of a spatial transformation to a neurite length coordinate simplifies the problem. Existence and uniqueness of solutions to the steady–state problem are found and shown to be equivalent to solving a nonlinear equation for the steady–state length. This expression is not directly solvable except in certain degenerate cases. However, one system parameter is naturally small and permits solutions in terms of asymptotic series. We identify three growth regimes analytically and verify them numerically. It is then evident that a neuron may easily regulate the extent of its own neuritic growth by increasing or decreasing its tubulin production relative to the active transport/degradation fraction.
Refraction theories of radio wave propagation through the troposphere—A review

The paper presents an overall review of the literature on the subject of refraction theories of electromagnetic wave propagation through the earth's troposphere, with particular emphasis on the more recent work. Following a historical introduction to the subject, a qualitative discussion is given of the phenomenon of tropospheric refraction. The physical mechanisms of propagation associated with different types of refractive index profiles are discussed. The paper then proceeds to review the main features of the rather extensive theoretical techniques that have been employed in the past to study the phenomenon.
A theoretical and experimental study of the capsize of Salter's duck in extreme waves

This paper examines the problem of the survival of Salter's duck wave-energy device in extreme waves, both experimentally in a narrow tank at Edinburgh University and theoretically, using programs originally designed to study nonlinear ship motions (Vinje & Brevig 1981). Both approaches are essentially two-dimensional, corresponding to waves normally incident upon the duck string, and comparison of the two sets of results for a duck on a fixed axis shows good agreement.
X-Ray Spectra from Two-Phase Accretion Disks

A model for the X-ray emission from radio-quiet active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is considered. The X-rays are produced via inverse Compton (IC) emission in a hot corona embedding a colder accretion disk. Soft thermal photons emitted by the cold layer provide the main source of cooling for the hot electrons in the corona. At the same time, about half of the high-energy photons produced in the corona are effective in heating the underlying dense layers. The local viscous dissipation within the disk is considered negligible. The energy coupling between the disk and the corona forces the electron temperature to adjust so as to maintain comparable luminosities in the soft and hard components of the emitted radiation, independently of the optical depth of the scattering medium
Time Domain Scattering from Arbitrary Surfaces Using the Electric Field Integral Equation

In this paper we use the time dependent form of the electric field integral equation (EFIE) to solve transient scattering problems for perfectly conducting surfaces. In the computation of scattering from arbitrary surfaces the EFIE has the advantage of being applicable to both open and closed surfaces, whereas the magnetic field integral equation (MFIE) is applicable only to closed surfaces (i.e., solid bodies). On the other hand, for curved surfaces the EFIE is considerably more difficult to apply than the MFIE. This difficulty is primarily due to the occurrence of surface derivatives in the EFIE which are difficult to compute accurately on a curved surface. To overcome this problem in the frequency domain Rao et al. introduced a special set of basis functions defined on a triangular mesh on the surface. With these functions the appropriate derivatives are relatively easy to calculate, and the use of a triangular mesh on the surface means that general open or closed surfaces can be tackled. We use these .
HCN and CO in the Central 630 Parsecs of the Galaxy

Using the QUARRY focal plane array at the FCRAO 14 m, we have mapped the central 630 × 75 pc (l × b = 4.°3 × 0.°5) of the Galaxy at ~50'' (2 pc) resolution in both CO and HCN J = 1 → 0 emission. Since HCN emission traces gas with densities ≳100 times larger than that traced by CO, the HCN luminosity measures the mass of dense (n ≳ 105 cm-3) molecular gas, and the HCN/CO intensity ratio measures gas density. The densest molecular gas is found in the molecular clouds associated with the l = 1. °5 complex, Sgr A, Sgr B, and Sgr C. When compared with the Milky Way at the same spatial resolution, the HCN luminosities in the central kiloparsec of six nearby starburst galactic nuclei are typically larger (factors of ~0.5-20), but the CO luminosities are only moderately larger (factors of ~0.5-5). Averaged over the central 200 pc, the HCN/CO intensity ratio in the starburst galaxies is larger than in the Milky Way, but a few starburst nuclei have similar or smaller HCN/CO intensity ratios when averaged over larger regions. The spatial extent of elevated HCN/CO ratios ( ≳ 0.08) typically encompasses ≳200 pc in the starburst galaxies but only ~50 pc in the Milky Way. These results suggest that starburst nuclei have larger masses of dense gas, higher average gas densities in the central 200 pc, and larger regions of enhanced gas density than the Galactic center. When averaged to 630 pc resolution, the HCN and CO spectra show two main velocity components: (1) a broad feature of width ~250 km s-1 centered on VLSR = 0 km s-1 and (2) a narrow feature of width ~90 km s-1 centered on VLSR = 50 km s-1. For the broad component, the HCN/CO J = 1 → 0 intensity ratio is nearly constant over the entire velocity range, and its small value (R ~ 0.03) is typical of that found in normal galaxies at several kiloparsecs spatial resolution. The gas in the broad velocity component is spatially extended and may represent diffuse molecular gas bound not to individual clouds but rather directly to the Galactic center potential well in a central disk or bar. Gas in the narrow velocity component is associated with the dense giant molecular clouds associated with the l = 1. °5 complex, Sgr A, B, and C.
Transformer network for the Dial-A-Ride problem

—The Dial-a-Ride Problem (DARP) is a complex combinatorial problem considered in the operational research field. Given a set of drivers and a stream of tasks, where each task is a ride between two points under some time constraints, one has to find a mapping that assigns a driver to the given task. This problem is highly relevant in today’s economy as delivery services have gained large popularity and become widespread. It is usually solved by using hand-crafted heuristics inspired by solutions for the Travelling Salesman Problem. In this paper, we propose a transformer network capable of cloning a supervision policy on DARP. This provides evidence that such an architecture is capable of understanding the intricacies of DARP and thus similar architectures can likely be applied to other NP-hard problems in operational research.
Chemical evolution of the galactic disk with radial gas flows.

We present a series of models for the chemical evolution of the galactic disk with radial inflows of the gas at a velocity that is constant in time but may vary with galactocentric radius. The models also include the infall of metal-free gas from outside the disk at a rate that decays exponentially with time, as star formation rate that varies as the mth power of the surface density of the gas layer, with m = 1 or 2, and in some cases an outer edge to the stellar disk at a radius r/sub asterisk/. Chemical evolution is treated in the approximation of instantaneous recycling, with a constant initial mass function. The models are compared with the observed age-metalliciy relation and metallicity distribution for stars in the solar neighborhood and with the observed radial variations of the metallicity, the star formation rate, and the surface densities of gas and stars. We find that all of the observational data can be fitted when radial flows at velocities v/sub r/roughly-equal-(0.5--1.0) km s/sup -1/ are included in the models. Inflow velocities of this order of magnitude are expected on theoretical grounds and are consistent with the available observations. For models with m =more » 1, the interaction between inflows and a star formation edge, taken to be at r/sub asterisk/roughly-equal18 kpc, is important for producing metallicity gradients. For models with m = 2, the metallicity gradient mainly results from the density-dependence of the star formation efficiency. Infall is still needed to give agreement with the observations in the solar neighborhood, the present total infall rates for acceptable models being in the range M/sub D/roughly-equal(0.1--1) M/sub sun/ yr/sup -1/, with larger values for m = 1 than for m = 2. « less
Thickness dependence of the tunneling current in the coherent limit of transport

We present investigations of the tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) in planar Fe/MgO/Fe junctions performed by means of ab initio calculations. The electronic and magnetic structures of the junctions are calculated self-consistently in the framework of density-functional theory. The transport properties are investigated as a function of the barrier thickness in the limit of coherent tunneling. Interesting features such as sign reversal of the TMR ratio as a function of the bias voltage and of the interface structure are proven to be stable with increasing barrier thickness. It is shown that at large barrier thicknesses, only a small amount of states contributes to the overall current, but the ${\mathbf{k}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=0$ point is not involved for all Fe/MgO/Fe junctions we considered, in contrast to the general belief supported by simplified parabolic band models. The experimentally observed saturation of the TMR ratio with increasing barrier thickness is confirmed and can be understood only analyzing the complex band structure within the whole Brillouin zone. However, we cannot confirm an oscillating behavior of the TMR ratio depending on barrier thickness as observed experimentally. This means that the measured oscillations are not an intrinsic effect of the coherent tunneling states of the ideal crystalline Fe/MgO/Fe structure.
The Stellar Content of the Bulge of M31

We analyze the stellar populations present in M31 by using nine sets of adjacent Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS camera 1 and 2 fields with galactocentric distances ranging from 2′ to 20′. These infrared observations provide some of the highest spatial resolution measurements of M31 to date; our data place tight constraints on the maximum luminosities of stars in the bulge of M31. The tip of the red giant branch is clearly visible at Mbol ∼ -3.8, and the tip of the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) extends to Mbol ∼ -5. This AGB peak luminosity is significantly fainter than previously claimed; through direct comparisons and simulations we show that previous measurements were affected by image blending. We do observe field-to-field variations in the luminosity functions, but simulations show that these differences can be produced by blending in the higher surface brightness fields. We conclude that the red giant branch of the bulge of M31 is not measurably different from that of the bulge of the Milky Way. We also find an unusually high number of bright bluish stars (7.3 arcmin-2), which appear to be Galactic foreground stars.
Oscillator Strengths of Allowed and Intercombination Transitions in Neutral Sulfur

We have calculated oscillator strengths and transition probabilities of electric-dipole-allowed and intercombination transitions from fine-structure levels of the ground 3s23p4 configuration to the levels belonging to configurations 3s23p34s, 3s23p35s, 3s23p33d, 3s23p34d of neutral sulfur. Extensive configuration-interaction wave functions are used to represent these levels. The relativistic corrections have been included through the Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian. The results are compared with previous theoretical calculations and with measurements.
Hole transport via dangling-bond states in amorphous hydrogenated silicon nitride

Current transport through good quality undoped silicon-rich silicon nitride is normally limited by the contacts. However, if the concentration of silicon dangling bonds is increased by current stressing or raising the nitrogen content, current transport becomes bulk controlled and well described by the Poole–Frenkel effect in a defect band. Using thin-film diode structures on either p-type or n-type silicon substrates, we show that the I/V characteristics can only be explained if current transport in the defect bands within the silicon-rich nitride is via the movement of holes. Hole transport through defect states is probably a common feature in all the amorphous silicon-rich alloys.
Contrasts for Identifying the Minimum Effective Dose

Abstract Dose-response studies are frequently used to study the effects of an experimental compound on various responses. One characteristic of the compound that is frequently of interest is the minimum effective dose (MED). Generally, inference about the MED is made by comparing various dose groups with a control (Dunnett 1955; Williams 1971). This article examines two families of contrasts used for related problems, and proposes a new family of contrasts (called basin contrasts) designed specifically for identifying the MED. Monte Carlo studies are used to demonstrate the superiority of the contrast procedures and make recommendations for their use.
Levitation and dynamics of charged dust in the photoelectron sheath above surfaces in space

Bodies in space subject to solar ultraviolet flux will emit photoelectrons. At steady state the current of escaping photoelectrons is balanced by an influx of particles from the surrounding plasma. When the photoelectrons dominate the space charge close to the surface, it has previously been shown that two steady state potential distributions can exist, one in which the potential decreases from the surface value to zero monotonically and one in which it decreases to a negative minimum and then increases to zero. It has been suggested that the nonmonotonic distribution is the stable one. By assuming planar geometry and a Maxwellian distribution of the emitted photoelectrons the charging of isolated dust particles in the plasma sheath is calculated for both the monotonic and nonmonotonic potential distribution. By increasing photoemission from the surface from zero a transition from an ordinary Debye sheath above a nonilluminated surface to a photoelectron sheath is simulated. Dynamical properties of the dust particles such as oscillations, damping, stability, and trapping are investigated. After being injected into the sheath or electrostatically levitated, dust may be stably suspended above illuminated surfaces in space, even in the case of zero gravitation. However, the smallest particles may escape completely from the body. For all sheath types an unstable layer exists close to the surface where dust cannot collect. The theory is applied to bodies in the solar wind and to the spokes of Saturn.
Properties of a Sunspot Plume Observed with the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer Aboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory

We used three instruments (CDS, EIT, MDI) aboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory spacecraft to observe the large sunspot in NOAA Active Region 8539 on 1999 May 9 and 13. The spot contained a bright plume, most easily seen in EUV emission lines formed at 5.2 ≲ log T ≲ 5.7 (where T is the temperature in K), in its umbra on both dates. The plume's differential emission measure (DEM) exhibited one and only one broad peak, centered around log T ~ 5.8 on May 9 and around log T ~ 5.6 on May 13, and exceeded the DEM of the quiet Sun by more than an order of magnitude at these temperatures. The high-temperature portion of the plume's DEM resembled that of nearby quiet-Sun areas. Intensity ratios of the O IV lines at 625.8 and 554.5 Å yield log ne (where ne is the electron density in cm-3) of 9.6 in the plume on May 9 and 9.7 on May 13; values of 9.4 and 9.4 were obtained in the quiet-Sun areas on the same dates. Based on abundance enhancements derived from transition region emission lines of Ca, an element with low first ionization potential, elemental abundances in the plume appear to be coronal rather than photospheric. The plume plasma reveals a bipolar Doppler velocity flow pattern, in which maximum downflows in excess of 37 km s-1 are observed in the northeast portion of the plume, and maximum upflows that exceed 52 km s-1 are observed in the northwest.
On the asymptotic solutions of a class of ordinary differential equations of the fourth order, with special reference to an equation of hydrodynamics

The differentiations (indicated by accents or by a Roman superscript) are with respect to the (complex) variable z. For this variable a domain will be specified. The symbol X in the equation signifies a parameter. This is assumed to be large in absolute value and is dealt with also as being complex. The functions P(z, X), Q(z, X), and R(z, X), for such z and X are assumed to be expressible as power series in 1/X with coefficients that are functions of z thus