Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Photometry of a Sodium Laser Guide Star at the Starfire Optical Range

Measurements of a laser‐pumped sodium guide star produced over the Starfire Optical Range in 2002 November show that the brightness of the spot produced by 11.5 W of linearly polarized power on the sky was equivalent to a V = 8.0 mag star. However, taking into account that the transmission through a V filter is only 55% at the wavelength of sodium, its corrected magnitude, V1, was 7.4, or 800 photons s−1 cm−2 at the top of the telescope. In 2003 March, tests with linearly and then circularly polarized beams out of the telescope showed that a circularly polarized beam from 12 W of power out of the telescope produced a spot with V1 = 7.1 (1015 photons s−1 cm−2 at the top of the telescope), 0.7 mag brighter than a linearly polarized beam from 11.1 W of power out of the telescope. Over the 4 nights of experiments over two seasons, the apparent 2σ width of the spot varied between 36 and 46, or 1.6 and 2.0 m at 92 km altitude, and its length through the sodium layer was 4.6–8.5 km, but no variation of spot size with power on the sky was seen.
A Study on the Effectiveness of the Internal Organizational Communication Process of Alano & Sons Credit Corporation: Basis for Continuous development of Company Operations, Dipolog City, Philippines

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the internal communication process of Alano & Sons Credit Corporation during the calendar year 2019. This study used the descriptive research design with survey as the chosen data-gathering tool. The effectiveness of the communication process was measured using the components of effective communication. The respondents consisted of 171 regular employees of Alano and Sons Credit Corporation. Frequency counting, percentage, weighted mean, and ANOVA were used to answer the research problems and test the null hypothesis. The study found no significant differences on the level of effectiveness of communication process when employees are grouped in terms of sex, age, highest educational attainment, position, length of service, and area/office of assignment. The study also found that the employees see the overall communication process of Alano & Sons Credit Corporation as effective. This is consistent in all components namely, communicator, message, channel, feedback and environment. Furthermore, the evaluation on the effect of the barriers of communication present within the company found that the employees see them as having a significant effect.
Selenization of Sb2Se3 absorber layer: An efficient step to improve device performance of CdS/Sb2Se3 solar cells

Sb2Se3 appeared as a very promising solar absorber because of their attractive material, optical and electrical properties. Previously, we reported thermal evaporated superstrate CdS/Sb2Se3 solar cell achieving 1.9% efficiency. In this letter, we improved device performance to 3.7% (Voc = 0.335 V, Jsc = 24.4 mA/cm2, and FF = 46.8%) by an additional selenization step. Careful external quantum efficiency, capacitance-voltage profiling, and photoresponse study indicated selenization probably compensated selenium loss during thermal evaporation, reducing VSe associated recombination loss and improving device performance.
Estimation of the Maximum Possible Magnitude in the Framework of a Doubly Truncated Gutenberg–Richter Model

We discuss to what extent a given earthquake catalog and the assumption of a doubly truncated Gutenberg–Richter distribution for the earthquake magnitudes allow for the calculation of confidence intervals for the maximum possible magnitude M . We show that, without further assumptions such as the existence of an upper bound of M , only very limited information may be obtained. In a frequentist formulation, for each confidence level α the confidence interval diverges with finite probability. In a Bayesian formulation, the posterior distribution of the upper magnitude is not normalizable. We conclude that the common approach to derive confidence intervals from the variance of a point estimator fails. Technically, this problem can be overcome by introducing an upper bound ! [Graphic][1] for the maximum magnitude. Then the Bayesian posterior distribution can be normalized, and its variance decreases with the number of observed events. However, because the posterior depends significantly on the choice of the unknown value of ! [Graphic][2] , the resulting confidence intervals are essentially meaningless. The use of an informative prior distribution accounting for preknowledge of M is also of little use, because the prior is only modified in the case of the occurrence of an extreme event. Our results suggest that the maximum possible magnitude M should be better replaced by M T , the maximum expected magnitude in a given time interval T , for which the calculation of exact confidence intervals becomes straightforward. From a physical point of view, numerical models of the earthquake process adjusted to specific fault regions may be a powerful alternative to overcome the shortcomings of purely statistical inference. [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif
Plasma physics and plasma technology

Plasma physics has its great potential as a pure science. This comes from the physics for collective phenomena, non-linear and turbulent phenomena, as well as its effects on the relaxation and transport phenomena in the plasma. On the other hand, application of the plasma started from the telecommunication through the ionosphere, electric discharge. From the 1950s, research on controlled fusion energy required plasma physics, including waves and instabilities, transport and heating of the plasma in a magnetic field and interaction between electromagnetic waves and plasmas in inertial confined plasma. Recently, plasma applications expanded to many key technologies, which will be used in the 21st century, such as semiconductor and computer chip production, hardening of cutting tools, thin film coating of ceramics or metals or other solid items for many new quality improvements by modification of surfaces, and many applications to environmental issues, including dissociation of hazardous gases such as dioxin. In these applications, ready-made plasmas have been used, so far. In future, the technological requirements encourage better plasma production and better plasma control for customized plasmas. For those new purposes, plasma physicists are encouraged to study the plasma phenomena in industrial plasmas. This would give a new perspective in the plasma physics in the 21st century.
Analysis of segmented-cladding fiber by the radial-effective-index method

A segmented-cladding fiber consists of a uniform core of high refractive index and a cladding with regions of high and low refractive index alternating angularly. This type of fiber provides an effective approach for achieving widely extended single-mode operation with a large core size. We analyze the fiber in detail by the radial-effective-index method, which replaces the fiber with an effective circular fiber. The accuracy of the method is confirmed by comparison with results obtained from the finite-element method. By applying the transverse-matrix method to the effective fiber, the leakage losses of the first two modes of the fiber are calculated. These then form the basis for discussion of the single-mode operation of the fiber. The analysis elucidates not only the physics of the fiber, but also the dependence of the performance of the fiber on various fiber parameters. With illustrations, we demonstrate the possibility of designing an ultralarge-core, segmented-cladding fiber that is single moded over the entire S+C+L band. The fiber should be able to suppress nonlinear optical effects and therefore prove useful for broadband optical communication employing dense-wavelength-division multiplexing.
Measurement-Based Analysis of Millimeter-Wave Channel Sparsity

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) channel sparsity is widely exploited to reduce the complexity of compressed sensing and beamtracking algorithms for 5G, yet there are still many misconceptions about it: that it arises from pencilbeam antennas admitting just a few paths, that the channel in fact has just a few paths, and that the channel is always sparse. What is missing to confirm these conjectures is a measurement-based analysis, to our knowledge conducted by only two papers thus far, however, both at microwave (5 GHz), in a single environment, and based on just a few ($\leq$49) measurements. For conclusive analysis on mmWave sparsity, we have collected measurements with our high-resolution 3-D double-directional 60 GHz channel sounder in three indoor and two outdoor environments, comprising a total of 750 measurements while investigating both line-of-sight (LoS) and obstructed LoS (OLoS) conditions. We learned that in LoS, the channel is always sparse that sparsity drops notably from LoS to OLoS and that mmWave sparsity is inherent to the channel itself—not to pencilbeam antennas—since our sounder has omnidirectional field-of-view. We also propose a sparsity metric that accounts for channels with just a few paths, which we found to occur in some environments.
Cataclysmic Variable Evolution with Circumbinary Disks

The results of a systematic investigation of the evolution of cataclysmic variable binary systems with angular momentum losses associated with a circumbinary disk are presented. A grid of models characterized by initial donor masses ranging from 0.15 to 1.2 M☉ and white dwarf masses ranging from 0.3 to 1.4 M☉ has been constructed. In contrast to previous studies, the detailed evolution of the binary and that of a geometrically thin, viscous Keplerian circumbinary disk are both fully taken into account in the computations. The numerical results show that the circumbinary disk can promote the mass transfer between the binary components in the system at sufficient rates even for low fractional mass input rates into the circumbinary disk, δ ~ 10-4. The existence of only a few systems in the period gap requires that the majority of systems with initial orbital periods greater than about 3 hr undergo a period bounce. Such evolutionary behavior implies that δ is a function of the evolutionary state of the donor, in the sense that δ must be higher for more evolved systems to bounce above an orbital period of 3 hr. For the orbital periods ≲2 hr where the majority of dwarf novae exist, small δ are indicated, suggesting that δ is a function of the mean mass transfer rate in the system. In this picture there is no tendency for systems to converge toward a common period as they approach the period minimum, which is consistent with observations indicating that there is not a peak in the period distribution. The implications of these low fractional mass input rates into circumbinary disks on their detectability via their continuum radiation are also discussed.
A Comparative Analysis of Data Quality in Online Zoom Versus Phone Interviews: An Example of Youth With and Without Disabilities

Qualitative researchers are increasingly using online data collection methods, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. I compared the data quality (i.e., interview duration, average number of themes and sub-themes, and inaudible words) of 34 interviews (29 conducted by Zoom (16 with camera on, 13 camera off) and 5 conducted by phone) drawn from a study focusing on youth’s coping experiences during the pandemic. Findings showed that phone interviews had a longer duration compared to Zoom. However, phone interviews had a similar average word count to Zoom interviews (with the camera on). Zoom interviews conducted with the camera off were shorter in duration than interviews with the camera on. The number of themes was similar across the different interview formats but there were fewer sub-themes for Zoom interviews with the camera off. The findings suggest that Zoom interviews conducted with the camera off could affect the data quality. This research also emphasizes the importance of giving participants choice in the format of their interview to allow for optimal sharing of experiences while enhancing the equity, diversity and inclusion of the participants.
Atomic scale investigations on CdxZn1−xSe quantum dots: Correlation between the composition and emission properties

Atom probe tomography and photoluminescence spectroscopy have been used to study CdxZn1−xSe quantum dots embedded in a ZnSe layer grown on a (001) GaAs substrate. Atom probe tomography analyses show significant cadmium incorporation in the center of the dots surrounded by poor cadmium region. These measurements illustrate that the maximum cadmium concentration in the quantum dots is significantly higher than the concentration estimated by transmission electron microscopy. The composition and size of quantum dots obtained by atom probe tomography have been used to calculate the transition energies including excitonic and strain effects.
Interdependence of Diffusion and Straining of Helicopter Blade Tip Vortices

An experiment was performed to help quantify the interdependence of viscous/turbulent diffusion and straining effects on the development of helicopter rotor tip vortices. The properties of the blade tip vortices were measured in the wake of a small-scale hovering rotor and compared to the results for the case when the wake approached a solid boundary. The presence of the boundary created velocity gradients that forced the tip vortex filaments to strain, allowing the effects of this process on the vortices to be measured relative to the baseline case without the boundary. It is shown that vortex stretching begins to decrease the viscous core size, and when the strain rates become large, this can balance the normal growth in the vortex core resulting from diffusion. The present results were used to help develop a more general tip vortex model suitable for use in a variety of helicopter rotor aeroacoustic applications. The proposed engineering model combines the effects of turbulent diffusion and strain on the vortex core growth. The empirical coefficients of this model have been derived based on the best available results from rotating-wing tip vortex measurements.
Dispersive and scattering properties of a ZrF4 based glass

In a previous letter we presented the material dispersion in a ZrF4 based fluoride glass. The zero crossover wavelength λc was found to occur between 1.6 and 1.7 μm. Here, we analyse the refractive index measurements against wavelength data in order to obtain some physical parameters of this material on which λc is dependent: electronic energy gap E0, electronic oscillator strength ED, lattice oscillator strength E1 and structure factor B. Such values, which are not yet known for fluoride glasses, will be then compared with those corresponding to SiO2 glass. Evaluation of the Rayleigh scattering coefficient will also be made.
NONPARAMETRIC TRUNCATED SEQUENTIAL CHANGE-POINT DETECTION

New nonparametric truncated sequential changepoint detection processes are considered via a theorem of Darling and Erdös (1956). Their asymptotic and finite sample properties are examined and compared to existing procedures. They are found to stop faster than other existing procedures for relatively large changes that occur early in the sequence of observations.
Investigating Dishonesty-Does Context Matter?

This paper introduces frame-specific randomization devices to vary the situational context of an online lying experiment. Participants are asked to report outcomes of random draws from two different sources of uncertainty—decimals of the value of a stock index or a neutrally framed random number generator. The findings show that the frame-specific randomization device is not prone to the social norm effects documented in the literature. Because different environments can evoke different norms, I replicate the experiment in the more constrained setting of a traditional physical laboratory revealing no systematic differences in behavior. Furthermore, I am not able to show that participants who take longer to report are more honest and this is specific to the physical laboratory environment. Finally, the findings reveal gender differences in honesty depending on the environment—males are more honest when they participate in the laboratory as opposed to online.
CCD photometry of the old open cluster M67

We present a CCD photometric survey of the central one-half degree of the old open cluster, M67, in U, B, V, and I colors to magnitude V=20. Extensive comparison of our photometry with other published datasets shows excellent agreement, indicating that CCD photometry is capable of producing a uniform set of measurements consistent with the photometric system defined primarily by the Landolt standard sequence. The color-magnitude diagram of the cluster shows a well-defined main sequence extending at least to the limit of the photometry at M V =10.55 and a substantial binary sequence. At least 38% of cluster stars are binaries. The current generation of theoretical isochrones cannot be fit to the observed sequences within the observational errors
Effective dynamics for ferromagnetic thin films: a rigorous justification

In a thin–film ferromagnet, the leading–order behaviour of the magnetostatic energy is a strong shape anisotropy, penalizing the out–of–plane component of the magnetization distribution. We study the thin–film limit of Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert dynamics, when the magnetostatic term is replaced by this local approximation. The limiting two–dimensional effective equation is overdamped, i.e. it has no precession term. Moreover, if the damping coefficient of three–dimensional micromagnetics is a, then the damping coefficient of the two–dimensional effective equation is a + 1/a; thus reducing the damping in three dimensions can actually increase the damping of the effective equation. This result was previously shown by García–Cervera and E using asymptotic analysis; our contribution is a mathematically rigorous justification.
ON (m, n)-INJECTIVITY OF MODULES

Let R be a ring. For two fixed positive integers m and n, a right R-module M is called (m, n)-injective if every right R-homomorphism from an n-generated submodule of Rm to M extends to one from Rm to M. This definition unifies several definitions on generalizations of injectivity of modules. The aim of this paper is to investigate properties of the (m, n)-injective modules. Various results are developed, many extending known results.
Thermal variation across collisional orogens: Insights from the hinterland–foreland transition zone of the Sardinian Variscan belt

Unravelling the architecture and evolution of orogenic wedges are often hampered by the presence of strongly deformed large‐scale nappes made by homogeneous metasedimentary rocks lacking diagnostic metamorphic phases. Involving nappes or tectonic units which occupy most of the chain, reconstructing the thermal architecture of the hinterland–foreland transition zone of collisional belts represents a key point to comprehend the orogenic wedge tectonics. This work provides new thermal data from Raman Spectroscopy on Carbonaceous Material (RSCM) carried out in the low‐grade metamorphic rocks of the hinterland–foreland transition zone in the Variscan belt of Sardinia. The obtained TRSCM highlighted a temperature difference, from ~470–440°C down to ~440–380°C, for the internal and external nappes, respectively. We propose that both nappes experienced syn‐nappe greenschist‐facies metamorphism with different TRSCM, further heating localized along the tectonic boundary in between, that is the Barbagia Thrust (BT), and finally, post‐nappe stacking regional‐scale folding, that deformed the TRSCM spatial distribution and drove the present‐day thermal architecture.
Abdominal Stretching Relieves Dysmenorrhea in Home Industry Workers

Dysmenorrhea can have an impact that affects women's activities, this problem bothers at least 50% of women of reproductive age and 60-85% in their teens. This research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of abdominal stretching in reducing menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) in women of childbearing age. The research design used was the Pre-Experiment with One Group Pretest Posttest design. Sampling in this study using purposive sampling technique. The samples used in this study totaled 32 WUS samples of Kelanting home industry workers and filter and border craftsmen in East Lampung Regency which were conducted in 2019. The results of the study showed that abdominal stretching had an effect on reducing menstrual pain
Cumulonimbus vertical velocity events in GATE. Part I: Diameter, intensity and mass flux

Abstract This is the first part of a two-part paper defining the nature of the vertical air motion in and around GATE cumulonimbus clouds. The statistics are from a total of 104 km of flight legs, flown on six days in GATE, at altitudes from near the surface to 8100 m. The basic data sets analyzed are time series of vertical velocity at a frequency of 1 Hz. For the purpose of study, convective events are divided into two categories: drafts, requiring only that vertical velocity be continuously positive (negative) for 500 m and exceed an absolute value of 0.5 m s−1 for 1 s; and cores, the stronger portions of the stronger drafts, requiring that upward (downward) vertical velocity be continuously greater than an absolute value of 1 m s−1 for 500 m. The distributions of average vertical velocity, maximum vertical velocity, diameter and mass flux are given for drafts and cores at five altitude intervals between 150 m and 8 km. In all cases, the distributions are approximately log-normal. Above cloud base, upd.
Conceptual Framework Factors Affecting Construction Labour Productivity

Productivity is one means to measure the efficiency of a construction project. Most of the problems that are always encountered in construction projects are problems related to labour productivity. Labour productivity has become part of the issues that significantly affect the construction project (CP) performance (cost, quality, and time). Labour turn into the most significant productive resource in achieving profitability and successful project. Based on previous investigations, the amount of costs spent on workers is above 30 % of the total cost of the overall project. So it is essential to pay attention to the increase in productivity of construction labour. Labour performance in the construction business remains an indicator of competitiveness and achievement in the construction company. Therefore, by focusing on the productivity of the construction labour, it is very likely that a construction company can achieve a higher level of project completion, more economical construction costs, and control the performance of the ongoing project. One way to increase the productivity of construction labour then requires an understanding of the factors that influence labour productivity. To achieve the increasing construction labour productivity (CLP), it needs a conceptual framework of variables in the form of affecting factors in the CLP. The conceptual framework is obtained by conducting a literature review of related articles from indexed journals and contributions from construction management practitioners in Indonesia. The concept of this framework was built for future research by making a model of CLP.