Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Search for the Higgs boson at ATLAS/LHC in WH associated production and decay to b quark pairs

The Higgs mechanism was incorporated in the Standard Model of elementary particles and interactions in the 1960’s to solve the existent conflict between massive particles and conservation laws of particle physics. A consequence of this mechanism is the prediction of a new fundamental particle, the Higgs boson, observed for the first time in 2012 by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider. This thesis describes the search for the Higgs decay into a pair of b−quarks with the ATLAS experiment, using pp collision events with an 8 TeV center-of-mass energy provided by the LHC in 2012. Although the branching fraction of the H → bb̄ decay is dominant (BR(H→ bb̄) =57.7% for mH = 125 GeV ), this decay mode was not yet observed. The search is particularly challenging given the huge amount of background events containing jets. To reduce this background, the Higgs production associated with a W/Z boson is usually explored, as the leptons resulting from the W/Z decay can effectively trigger the signal. The W associated production with the W boson decaying leptonically is considered. The data analysis searches for events compatible with the WH → `νbb̄ signal topology: one electron or muon, missing transverse energy associated with the undetected neutrino and two jets resulting from b− quark fragmentation. Events containing jets and charged leptons, as topquark production and W+jets, are the main backgrounds of the analysis. Since their production cross-section is much larger than the signal cross-section, the resulting signal-to-background proportion, S/ √ B is only 0.3. The analysis comprehends a Multivariate technique, Boosted Decision Tree (BDT), to exploit correlations in the event observables aiming at increasing the sensitivity to the signal. A study that resulted in a 12% gain in the BDT performance was carried on. Samples of signal and background simulated in the same conditions as data are also analysed. Given the small S/ √ B, it was indispensable to verify that the simulation models correctly the background processes, and to evaluate the systematical uncertainties associated with their prediction. In this context, a study to determine the systematic uncertainties of the single top background modelling was conducted. The ratio between the observed signal event rate and the Standard Model prediction was 1.65+0.58 −0.56(stat) +0.58 −0.48(syst) = 1.65 +0.82 −0.74, and therefore the measurement is compatible with the SM prediction within uncertainties. The signal significance, representing the compatibility between the data observation and the background-only hypothesis, corresponds to the gaussian probability of observing a value larger than 2.02 standard deviations and is not sufficient to state the observation of the WH→ `νbb̄ process.
Reduction and transformation formulas for the Appell and related functions in two variables

In many seemingly diverse areas of applications, reduction, summation, and transformation formulas for various families of hypergeometric functions in one, two, and more variables are potentially useful, especially in situations when these hypergeometric functions are involved in solutions of mathematical, physical, and engineering problems that can be modeled by (for example) ordinary and partial differential equations. The main object of this article is to investigate a number of reductions and transformations for the Appell functions F1,F2,F3, and F4 in two variables and the corresponding (substantially more general) double‐series identities. In particular, we observe that a certain reduction formula for the Appell function F3 derived recently by Prajapati et al., together with other related results, were obtained more than four decades earlier by Srivastava. We give a new simple derivation of the previously mentioned Srivastava's formula . We also present a brief account of several other related results that are closely associated with the Appell and other higher‐order hypergeometric functions in two variables. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of UKESM1 and CESM2 simulations using the same multi-target stratospheric aerosol injection strategy

Abstract. Solar climate intervention using stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) has been proposed as a method which could offset some of the adverse effects of global warming. The Assessing Responses and Impacts of Solar climate intervention on the Earth system with Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (ARISE-SAI) set of simulations is based on a moderate-greenhouse-gas-emission scenario and employs injection of sulfur dioxide at four off-equatorial locations using a control algorithm which maintains the global-mean surface temperature at 1.5 K above pre-industrial conditions (ARISE-SAI-1.5), as well as the latitudinal gradient and inter-hemispheric difference in surface temperature. This is the first comparison between two models (CESM2 and UKESM1) applying the same multi-target SAI strategy. CESM2 is successful in reaching its temperature targets, but UKESM1 has considerable residual Arctic warming. This occurs because the pattern of temperature change in a climate with SAI is determined by both the structure of the climate forcing (mainly greenhouse gases and stratospheric aerosols) and the climate models' feedbacks, the latter of which favour a strong Arctic amplification of warming in UKESM1. Therefore, research constraining the level of future Arctic warming would also inform any hypothetical SAI deployment strategy which aims to maintain the inter-hemispheric and Equator-to-pole near-surface temperature differences. Furthermore, despite broad agreement in the precipitation response in the extratropics, precipitation changes over tropical land show important inter-model differences, even under greenhouse gas forcing only. In general, this ensemble comparison is the first step in comparing policy-relevant scenarios of SAI and will help in the design of an experimental protocol which both reduces some known negative side effects of SAI and is simple enough to encourage more climate models to participate.
Analysis and optimization of a gated polling based spectrum allocation mechanismin cognitive radio networks

In Cognitive Radio Networks the licensed users and the cognitive users are called Primary Users and Secondary Users, respectively. The Primary Users enjoy preemptive priority during the spectrum usage, while the Secondary Users are allowed to access the unused parts of the spectrum opportunistically. In this paper we focus on the problem of improving the fairness of spectrum usage for real-time applications. We propose a novel centralized spectrum allocation mechanism with a gated polling strategy, which we model by a gated polling system with a non-zero switchover times. The approximate analysis of this polling model is performed. We derive formulas for estimating the system measures in terms of throughput of the system, average latency and delay jitter of the Secondary Users packets as well as the spectrum switching ratio and the spectrum utility. Numerical results based on the analysis and the simulation are provided to validate the analytical results and to investigate the impact of different parameters on the system performance. Finally we discuss the optimal system design by the help of building an appropriate cost function.
Self-organisation processes in (magneto)hydrodynamic turbulence

Self-organising processes occurring in isotropic turbulence and homogeneous magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence are investigated in relation to the stability of helical flow structures. A stability analysis of helical triad interactions shows that compared to hydrodynamics, equilibria of the triadic evolution equations have more instabilities with respect to perturbations on scales larger than the characteristic scale of the system. Some of these instabilities can be mapped to Stretch-Twist-Fold dynamo action and others to the inverse cascade of magnetic helicity. High levels of cross-helicity are found to constrain smallscale instabilities more than large scale instabilities and are thus expected to have an asymmetric damping effect on forward and inverse energy transfer. Results from a numerical investigation into the influence of helicity on energy transfer and dissipation are consistent with this observation. The numerical work also confirms the predictions of an approximate method describing the Reynolds number dependence of the dimensionless dissipation coefficient for MHD turbulence. These predictions are complemented by the derivation of mathematically rigorous upper bounds on the dissipation rates of total energy and cross-helicity in terms of applied external forces. Large-scale helical flows are also found to emerge in relaminarisation events in direct numerical simulations of isotropic hydrodynamic turbulence at low Reynolds number, where the turbulent fluctuations suddenly collapse in favour of a large-scale helical flow, which was identified as a phase-shifted ABC-flow. A statistical investigation shows similarities to relaminarisation of localised turbulence in wall-bounded parallel shear flows. The turbulent states have an exponential survival probability indicating a memoryless process with a characteristic lifetime, which is found to depend super-exponentially on Reynolds number akin to well-established results for pipe and plane Couette flow. These and further similarites suggest that the phase space dynamics of isotropic
Effects of polygonal wear of wheels on the dynamic performance of the gearbox housing of a high-speed train

This study investigates the effects of polygonal wear of wheels on the dynamic performance of the gearbox housing of high-speed trains. First, a dynamics model of the driving system is developed considering gear meshing and flexible deformation of the gearbox housing. Responses of the gearbox housing are calculated using the modal superposition method. Then, a multibody dynamics model of a railway motor car is established considering the driving system. Rig tests in the laboratory and field experiments on the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed rail line are, respectively, performed. Based on the simulation and experiments, the dynamic characteristics of the gearbox housing of the motor car are analysed. The results of the analysis show that polygonal wear can significantly influence the vibration of the gearbox housing, and the maximum amplitude of the acceleration of vibration is more than 200 g. In addition, resonance of the gearbox housing occurs due to the 20th-order polygonal wear. In the resonance region, the oil level sight glass of the gearbox housing vibrates severely, contributing immensely to its cracking.
Numerical simulation of two-fluid magnetohydrodynamic channel flows

Abstract A study of liquid metal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows is important for analyzing flows in the Test Blanket Module of the proposed International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. Possible accident scenarios involve the leakage of coolant into the liquid metal flow. To address this situation, the present article considers the simplified case of two-dimensional isothermal flow of two fluids of different viscosities and electrical conductivities. We present analytical solutions to the fully developed flows and a solver based on OpenFOAM. We validate the solver performance with the analytical solution, and also the limiting cases of single fluid MHD flow and two-fluid hydrodynamic flow.
Prediction of Turbulent Boundary-Layer Noise

Turbulent boundary layers, which are observed in almost all aerospace vehicles and in natural phenomena, radiate acoustic waves. A closed-form mathematical model is proposed to predict the intensity and coherence of acoustic radiation from turbulent boundary layers. For this purpose, the Navier–Stokes equations are rearranged and solved using a cross-spectral acoustic analogy. Arguments of the model are the spatial two-point cross correlations of the turbulent statistics and mean flow of the turbulent boundary layer. These arguments are modeled using relations whose coefficients are calibrated with numerical and measurement data drawn from a wide range of sources. Models for turbulent statistics are proposed for the zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer at a wide range of ambient Mach numbers. Predictions of acoustic intensity, spatial coherence, and model arguments are validated with numerical and measurement data. Predicted sound-pressure levels agree well with numerical results. The variation.
response Title : El Niño Southern Oscillation ( ENSO )-induced hydrological anomalies in central

Reviewer 1 raised concerns that our study does not add new knowledge and reviewer 2 found the novel aspects of our new results not well represented in the discussion and conclusion. Although it’s true that a number of studies have investigated the effect of ENSO on temperature and precipitation anomalies in central Chile, our main purpose of including temperature and precipitation data is to present the forcing factors of anomalies in mean discharge and the frequency and magnitude of low and high flow events. We believe that the novelty of this study lies in the detailed attention at the effect of ENSO on the hydrological response (in particular the magnitude and frequency of low and high flow events, using the quantile area and inverse gamma fitting methods) and the implications for water resources management. It appears that the reviews focused most of their attention to the analysis and results at the beginning of the paper (i.e. the mean differences in temperature, precipitation and river discharge), and we thus decided to restructure the paper in order to highlight our novel contribution in the field of effects on magnitude and frequency of flow events.
Survival rate as a parameter of sustainability of the honey bee population and bee colonies

The results of studying the number of honey bees in colonies and the results determining and the evaluation the age-stage specific survival rates of bee colonies have been presented. The survival rate depends on the egg-laying of the queen bee, the period of the season, the level of development of bee colonies and reaches a minimum in all colonies in the period after the main honey collection S = 0.3-0.5. In the spring and autumn periods, there is a high negative correlation dependence (r=−0.7÷(−0.9), between the egg-laying of the queen bee (number of brood) and survival. The average survival rate in the spring and summer periods for strong families is 20-30% lower than in weak and medium families. The values of the survival rate in the spring and autumn periods for all types of bee colonies are more than one. This result is typical for bee colonies and is associated with the presence of wintering bees with a high life expectancy (up to 9 months) in colonies. A decrease in the survival rate in the period after the main honey flow to S<0.5-0.6 may be one of the factors in the colony collapse disorder (CCD) due to a violation of the gene expression mechanism in bees during the transition from hive activity to forager or to the autumn-winter period. A high survival rate determines the sustainability of the honey bee population, increasing the survival rate to one allows you to manage the vital activity of bee colonies, reduce the impact of various adverse factors on bees, reduce the risk of CCD, and manage the population of honey bees in ecosystems.
Influence of the time interval on image-based measurement of bed-load transport

ABSTRACT The influence of the time interval (Δt) between two successive images on measurement of bed-load dynamics has been investigated both analytically and experimentally. The analytical approach is based on simplifying bed-load motion to follow a “flight-rest” pattern. The experimental work involves measuring bed-load transport in a closed channel with a particle imaging technique. The two approaches are consistent in revealing the influence of Δt on measurement results. It is shown that an increase in Δt leads to reduction in measured particle velocity and increase in the measured number of moving particles as well as the flight time. The measured flight length and bed-load transport rate are not directly affected by Δt. The influence of Δt needs to be fully addressed in image-based measurement of bed-load transport.
Turbulence Modeling Around Extremely Large Cylindrical Bluff Bodies

Various turbulence models are analyzed in order to determine the optimal approach to numerically modeling the flow around an extremely large cylindrical bluff body, such as that of an offshore wind turbine foundation. In particular, we focus our study on the ReynoldsAverage oneand two-equation turbulence models. These models are less computationally expensive and can be run on workstations that are widely available to engineers. Based on our analysis, we propose best practices on modeling the flow around large cylindrical bluff bodies using the Reynolds-Averaging approaches.
Growth response of oil palm seedling from decanter cake application as fertiliser substitute in nursery

Sustainable waste management is essential to safeguard the environment and corporate interests. Stringent regulations on quality of palm oil mill effluent (POME) discharge led to the introduction of more decanter machines, which increased output of dried POME solid namely oil palm decanter cake (OPDC). Therefore, a field experiment was planned to investigate how OPDC can be directly used as fertiliser for oil palm (OP) seedling to meet the needs of the plants. In polythene bags as planting media, topsoil was combined with OPDC at ratios of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50%. This was followed by a reduction in inorganic fertiliser at levels of 25%, 50%, a predetermined nutrient deficiency input, and up to 100% for planting medium at a ratio of 50% OPDC to topsoil. Null hypothesis was tested by comparing vegetative development i.e., seedling’s girth, height, rachis length, frond production, petiole size and true leaf area at 3rd, 6th, and 9th month after planting (MAP). OP seedlings able to tolerate OPDC application up to 50% mixture ratio with topsoil from transplanting up to twelve months old of biological age. Growth response in treatments up to 50% and nil fertiliser input showed comparable results (P>0.005) against control in all parameters evaluated across three, six and nine months of growing period. Despite of full manuring input, OPDC application on OP seedlings has neither caused leaf phytotoxicity nor deficiency. In conclusion, OPDC can be applied directly to OP seedling as a fertiliser alternative with equal growth performance to standard method.
BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COLLEGE DEFENSE COMMITTEE AND FINAL READING APPROVALS

iv LIST OF TABLES . vii LIST OF FIGURES . viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Background . 2 1.2 Problem Statement . 2 CHAPTER 2: COMMUNITY DISASTER RESILIENCE . 4 2.1 Resilience . 4 2.2 Community resilience . 6 2.3 Community resilience in a disaster . 10 2.4 Community resilience in the context of COVID-19 . 12 2.5 Summary . 14 CHAPTER 3: COMMUNITY RESILIENCE DATA . 16 CHAPTER 4: HEALTH EFFECT . 22 4.1 Global health effect . 22 4.2 U.S. health and community resilience . 24 4.3 COVID-19 and Idaho resilience data . 28 4.4 Summary . 30 CHAPTER 5: REGRESSION ANALYSIS . 32
Data, Privacy Laws and Firm Production: Evidence from the GDPR

By regulating how firms collect, store, and use data, privacy laws may change the role of data in production and alter firm demand for computation and data storage. We study how firms respond to privacy laws in the context of the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) by using seven years of confidential data from one of the world’s largest cloud-computing providers. Our difference-in-difference estimates indicate that, in response to the GDPR, EU firms decreased data storage by 26% and processing by 15% relative to comparable US firms, becoming less “data-intensive. ” To estimate the costs of the GDPR for production, we propose and estimate an “information” production function framework where data and computation serve as inputs to production. We find that data and computation are strong complements in production and that firm responses are consistent with the GDPR representing a 20% increase in the cost of data on average, with smaller firms bearing higher cost increases than larger ones. The production cost of information increased by 4% on average, with higher costs in more data-intensive industries. JEL: L51, L86, D22, L11
Survey experimental evidence from Mexico and Sweden

Economists and policy experts have long argued for the implementation of carbon taxes as the most costefficient climate policy instrument to decrease carbon emissions and enhance climate change mitigation. Public support for such taxes is generally lacking, however, compromising their political feasibility. While a range of determinants of climate policy attitudes have been studied, the role of institutional context, and specifically corruption perceptions in explaining public aversion towards climate taxes has been largely unexplored. This paper investigates the links between corruption perceptions, trust, and attitudes towards climate taxes in a survey experiment fielded in Sweden and Mexico. Using mirrored vignettes to stimulate high-corrupt and low-corrupt perceptions, the analyses evaluate the effect of corruption perceptions on trust and attitudes towards climate taxes and explore potential individual-level mechanisms at play using post-treatment questions. The study shows that increased corruption perceptions decrease positive attitudes towards climate taxes, even among those who hold pro-environmental value orientations and concerns and political value orientations in favor of state regulation. It suggests that decreased levels of political and institutional trust in particular may explain this effect. The paper contributes to an increased understanding of the negative effect of corruption perceptions on climate policy attitudes and policy-specific beliefs, and outlines avenues for future research.
Moderating Roles of Racial Identity in the Effects of Racial Discrimination on Distress

Racial discrimination has been linked to psychological distress among people of color. The degree to which psychological distress is associated with racial discrimination experiences varies across individuals. Racial identity may be one key set of individual difference factors that can influence how discrimination impacts psychological distress, but existing empirical findings remain mixed on the moderating role of racial identity in the links between discrimination and distress. The present study leveraged virtual reality technology to experimentally invoke experiences of discrimination. The study was aimed to (1) determine the causal effects of racial discrimination on psychological distress (i.e., stress and negative affect), and (2) characterize the moderating roles of the dimensions of racial identity in the links between discrimination and emotions. Participants included 185 English-speaking ethnic minority adults (Mage = 23.92, SDage = 1.35). We found that real-time experiences of racial discrimination in immersive virtual environments were linked to greater stress and negative affect. We found that racial identity centrality, public regard, and private regard did not moderate the links between discrimination and psychological distress. Findings have implications for current and future understanding of how individuals of color may be negatively impacted by or protected from the harmful experiences of discrimination.