Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Many-Body Perturbation Theory Wavelengths of High-n X-Ray Transitions of Fe and Ni L-shell Ions

Using a combined configuration interaction and many-body perturbation theory method, we compute the wavelengths of n → 2 (3 ≤ n ≤ 7) transitions of Fe and Ni L-shell ions. The uncertainties of the results are determined to be a few mÅ through extensive comparisons with existing laboratory measurements. We provide a complete line list of these X-ray transitions of Fe and Ni and incorporate them in the emissivity tables of the Astrophysical Plasma Emission Database (APED).
Spin-valve heads with synthetic antiferromagnet CoFe/Ru/CoFe/IrMn

Spin-valve (SV) films Si(100)/Ta30/NiFe50/CoFe20/Cu26/CoFe23/Ru7/CoFe20/IrMn50/Ta30 (in A) exhibit a room temperature (RT) giant magnetoresitance (GMR) ratio of 8.5% with an effective exchange pinning field (Heex) of ∼1.3 kOe and an antiferromagnetic (AF) saturation field (Hs) of ∼6.0 kOe. The synthetic spin valve shows a GMR ratio of 5.0% at 150 °C with Heex>500 Oe, while a conventional spin valve [Si(100)/Ta50/NiFe50/CoFe20/Cu28/CoFe22/IrMn50/Ta50 in A] has a GMR ratio of 5.0% with Hex<200 Oe. The synthetic sample also showed a superior thermal stability with a RT GMR value of 6.9% (compared to 6.1% for conventional sample) after an anneal at 250 °C for 10 h. Shielded narrow track synthetic SV readers demonstrated high amplitude, large dynamic range, and excellent magnetic stability, indicating extendibility for ultrahigh density read head applications.
The ratio of molecular to atomic gas in infrared luminous galaxies

In infrared luminous galaxies the ratio of the CO(1 - 0) to H I integrated fluxes increases with the far-infrared excess, f(fir)/f(b). All infrared active galaxies with f(fir)/f(b) greater than 2 have molecular to atomic gas mass fractions greater than 0.5. Among the galaxies with the higher infrared excesses there are systems with strikingly small atomic mass fractions, where less than 15 percent of the total mass of interstellar gas is in atomic form. The optical morphology of luminous infrared galaxies indicates that the majority, if not all, of these objects are interacting systems. These observations suggest that the overall mass fraction of molecular to atomic gas, and the infrared luminosities per nucleon of interstellar gas are enhanced during galaxy-galaxy interactions. 18 refs.
The formation of tidal sand waves: steady versus unsteady approaches

To investigate the formation of the sand waves generated by tide propagation, the stability of a flat sea bottom forced by tidal currents is often analyzed. Both quasi-steady and unsteady approaches are used. The steady approaches consider a steady current characterized by a slowly varying strength, such that time t is considered as a parameter in the equations describing the phenomenon. The unsteady approaches take into account the unsteadiness of the forcing flow assuming that the terms related to ∂/∂t provide significant contributions to the momentum and sediment balances. Herein, the accuracy of the two classes of approaches is discussed along with the reliability of their predictions. The use of an unsteady approach appears to be necessary when the suspended sediment transport provides a significant contribution to the total load. A simple diagram is presented to evaluate the need of an unsteady approach.
Observations of the X-ray Nova GRO J0422+32. 1: Outburst and the decay to quiescence

We present optical photometry and spectroscopy and Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) observations of the X-ray nova GRO J0422+32, obtained during outburst and its subsequent decay to quiescence. Although the X-ray and optical properties of GRO J0422+32 are broadly similar to those of other X-ray novae, it is unique in several respects. The unusually protracted decay to quiescence of the optical light curve has been punctuated by at least two minioutbursts of approximately 4 mag. The BATSE and optical outbursts are each separated by approximately 120 days. We find that the optical luminosity of GRO J0422+32 during the primary outburst is dominated by reprocessing of E greater than 10 keV X-rays. In contrast, the optical minioutbursts are most likely generated by an intrinsically bright disk rather than X-ray reprocessing: they do not appear to have any X-ray counterparts. Extremely broad (up to 6000 km/s FWZI) absorption lines have also been observed during both primary outbursts and minioutbursts. During the second minioutburst, H-alpha and H-beta emission was observed superposed on redshifted absorption features. We find that the interoutburst light curve of GRO J0422+32 may be inconsistent with an accretion disk instability as the origin of the minioutbursts. Finally, a transient 5.1/10.2 hr modulation, which may be related to the orbital period, has been observed during roughly half of our observations. However, confirmation of the orbital period must await observations in quiescence.
Effect of growth rate on the size, composition, and optical properties of InAs/GaAs quantum dots grown by molecular-beam epitaxy

The effect of the InAs deposition rate on the properties of InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QD's) grown on GaAs(001) substrates by molecular-beam epitaxy has been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and photoluminescence (PL). PL studies performed on GaAs capped QD samples show that the emission wavelength increases with decreasing growth rate, reaching a maximum around 1.3 \ensuremath{\mu}m, with the linewidth decreasing from 44 to 27 meV. STM studies on uncapped dots show that the number density, total QD volume, and size fluctuation all decrease significantly as the growth rate is reduced. We deduce that the composition of the dots is also dependent on the growth rate, the indium fraction being highest at the lowest growth rates. The shifts in the emission wavelength and linewidth correlate with changes in the QD size, size distribution, and composition.
Optimal Growth Rates in the Quasigeostrophic Initial Value Problem

Abstract A large class of wave structures in quasigeostrophic flow have instantaneous growth rates significantly larger than normal-mode growth rates. Since energy and potential enstrophy growth rates can be defined as functions of the perturbation structure, this structure can be varied in order to maximize the growth rates. Green's model is used as an illustration of the method. The only essential constraint in the inviscid case is the conservation of wave action. When friction is included, an appropriate modification of this constraint can be found. The problem reduces to a fourth-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation for the perturbation structure function. An analytic solution is obtained for the continuous inviscid problem with no interior potential vorticity gradient (i.e., β = 0) and yields structures that include the classical Eady wave as a special case. For the more general problem, the equation is discretized and solved numerically.A general feature of the fastest-growing baroclinic w.
Optimality and duality in nonlinear programming involving semilocally preinvex and related functions

Abstract For a nondifferentiable nonlinear programming problem, Fritz John and Kuhn-Tucker necessary optimality conditions and sufficient optimality conditions are given and duality results are stated for Wolfe’s type and Mond-Weir type duals by the concepts of semilocally quasi-preinvex and semilocally pseudo-preinvex functions.
Effective writing in mathematical statistics

Care should be taken in the writing of papers in mathematical statistics for two reasons. First this enhances a paper's chances to be accepted for publication in a top journal. Second the contributions of a paper will reach a wider audience if the main ideas are easily accessible. This paper gives suggestions for improvement in two directions: presentation of mathematics and organization of papers.
Efficient regularized LDA for hyperspectral image classification

In this paper, we focus on different kinds of regularization for Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) in the context of ill-posed remote sensing image classification problems. Several LDA-based classifiers are studied theoretically and tested on various remote sensing datasets. In addition, we introduce an efficient version of the standard regularized LDA recently presented in Ref. 1 to cope with high-dimensional small sample size (ill-posed) problems. Experimental results demonstrate the suitability of the proposal.
Research on the seeding of high-energy harmonic pulse into an x-ray lasing medium

High-harmonic-seeded x-ray laser became an important issue in x-ray laser development due to the possibility to obtain a highly coherent and polarized soft x-ray source. We performed theoretical investigations into amplification of high harmonic pulses in an x-ray lasing medium by using a model based on Maxwell-Bloch equations. From the theoretical works, we analyze characteristics of energy extraction and temporal profile of output pulse. In addition, preliminary experimental results and ongoing experiments related the harmonic-seeded x-ray lasers are reported.
Collisional narrowing of the vibrational Raman band of nitrogen and carbon monoxide

Observations of the pressure narrowing of the vibrational Raman bands in N2 and CO are presented. For both gases a pressure of about 200 atm reduces the half-width of the bands by a factor 2. This behavior is explained in a semiquantitative way by the theory of motional narrowing. Motional narrowing occurs when the frequency of rotationally inelastic collisions reaches the magnitude of the frequency separation of the individual band components.
Optical Monitoring of OJ 287 in 1995–2001

VRI‐band CCD photometric observations of the BL Lac object OJ 287 have been carried out from 1995 February to 2001 December. A major outburst occurred in the fall of 1994, according to the literature. We observed that the brightness of OJ 287 declined rapidly and found that another outburst occurred between 2000 November 5 and 2001 January 3. However, we do not think that the 12 yr cycle has broken down because the 2000 outburst is weaker than the major outburst in 1994–1995.
Concepts in Thermal Physics

PART I PRELIMINARIES PART II KINETIC THEORY OF GASES PART III TRANSPORT AND THERMAL DIFFUSION PART IV THE FIRST LAW PART V THE SECOND LAW PART VI THERMODYNAMICS IN ACTION PART VII STATISTICAL MECHANICS PART VIII BEYOND THE IDEAL GAS PART IX SPECIAL TOPICS APPENDICES
Sidelobe Suppression in Time Modulated Linear Arrays with Unequal Element Spacing

In this paper, an additional degree of freedom "time" is introduced into conventional linear arrays with unequal element spacing forming the time modulated unequally spaced linear arrays (TMUSLAs). The differential evolution (DE) algorithm is adopted to optimize the positions and switch-on times of elements in the TMUSLAs to suppress the sidelobe levels (SLLs), sideband levels (SBLs) and constrain the beamwidth, simultaneously. Numerical results show that lower SLLs and SBLs are obtained by the proposed method than those by the published results.
Relationship between canopy height and Landsat ETM+ response in lowland Amazonian rainforest

This letter investigates the influence of within-pixel variation of canopy height on the spectral response recorded in Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) data for tropical rainforest. Forest canopy height is derived from airborne, small-footprint LiDAR data acquired using a Leica ALS50 II system. The field site is in the Tambopata National Reserve, in Peruvian Amazonia, where forest types include regenerating, swamp, floodplain and terra firme. For individual Landsat ETM+ bands, the strongest correlation for maximum, mean and standard deviation of canopy height occurred with ETM+ Band 4 (near infrared) for regenerating, floodplain and terra firme forest, and with ETM+ Band 5 (middle infrared) for swamp forest. For normalized difference band indices, ND42 and ND43 (i.e. the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI) showed strong correlation with both mean and maximum canopy height for regenerating and terra firme forest, and with maximum and standard deviation of canopy height for floodplain forest. The palm-dominated swamp forest showed weaker relationships, with the strongest occurring for ND45 and ND52 with mean canopy height. Many papers have identified middle-infrared bands as being most sensitive to tropical rainforest structure, although these have often focussed on young regenerative forests. By focussing on older regenerative forest (of >25 years since land abandonment) and mature rainforest types, this work has shown that there is considerable variation with how structure may influence spectral reflectance and lends support to the hypothesis that canopy height distribution and shadowing effects caused by canopy complexity and the presence of emergent trees is what most significantly influences spectral response for tropical rainforests.
DUAL-FUNCTION SEMICONDUCTING POLYMER DEVICES : LIGHT-EMITTING AND PHOTODETECTING DIODES

Thin film devices made with poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(2’‐ethyl‐hexyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene], MEH‐PPV, are known to be efficient light‐emitting diodes. The same devices, under reverse bias, exhibit excellent sensitivity as photodiodes. Thus the polymer tunnel diode is a dual‐function device. For the Ca/MEH‐PPV/ITO (indium/tin oxide) layered structure, the external quantum efficiency for electroluminescence is ≊1% photons/electron (forward bias ≳2.5 V). The same device is sensitive as a photodiode: The dc sensitivity (−10 V, reverse bias) is 9×10−2 A/W (at ∼1‐μW/cm2 input) corresponding to a quantum yield of more than 20% electrons/photon.
Introduction to the Theory of Abstract Algebras

Bargaining with reading habit is no need. Reading is not kind of something sold that you can take or not. It is a thing that will change your life to life better. It is the thing that will give you many things around the world and this universe, in the real world and here after. As what will be given by this introduction to the theory of abstract algebras, how can you bargain with the thing that has many benefits for you?
Convergence of Moving Average Processes for Dependent Random Variables

Let {Y i , − ∞ <i < ∞} be a doubly infinite sequence of identically distributed random variables with E|Y 1| < ∞, and {a i , − ∞ <i < ∞} be an absolutely summable sequence of real numbers. Under dependence conditions on {Y i }, complete convergence and complete moment convergence of moving average process of the form have been established by many authors. In this article, we give a general method for obtaining the complete moment convergence of the moving average process. Our result extends previous many results from dependent random variables to random variables satisfying some suitable conditions.
Aggregating regression procedures to improve performance

A fundamental question regarding combining procedures concerns the potential gain and how much one needs to pay for it in terms of statistical risk. Juditsky and Nemirovski considered the case where a large number of procedures are to be combined. We give upper and lower bounds for complementary cases. Under an l constraint on the linear coefficients, it is shown that for pursuing the best linear combination of n' procedures, in terms of rate of convergence under the squared L2 loss, one can pay a price of order O(log n/nl-r) when 0 < r < 4 and a price of order O((log n/n)1/2) when r < oc 00. These rates cannot be improved or essentially improved in a uniform sense. This result suggests that one should be cautious in pursuing the best linear combination, because one may end up paying a high price for nothing when linear combination in fact does not help. We show that with care in aggregation, the final procedure can automatically avoid paying the high price for such a case and then behaves as well as the best candidate procedure.
RAPID OSCILLATIONS IN CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES. VII. GK PERSEI

The discovery of a stable short-period oscillation in the UV light curve of the old nova GK Persei during 1989-91 is reported. The period is consistent with the 351.34-second pulse period seen in hard X-rays, due to the rotation of the white dwarf. In blue light, a quasi-periodic signal appears in the low-frequency wings of the coherent signal. There is evidence for long-term spin-up of the white dwarf; the most probable mean rate is 0.0008 sec/yr.
A MODEL FOR ASSESSMENT OF TRANSIENT STABILITY OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

The stability of a system is its ability to return to normal or stable operation after having been subjected to some forms of disturbances. A disturbance in a power system is a sudden change or sequence of changes in one or more of the physical quantities. In this paper, the transient reactance of a synchronous machine, mechanical input power, kinetic energy of a rotating body, moment of inertia, angular acceleration, angular displacement and the rotor displacement angles were used as input parameters for the development of the Transient Stability model.The model is validated with a single machine system, a 2-machine system and a multi-machine system. The results of the work showed that the single machine system supplying an infinite bus-bar fluctuates while the 2-machine system remains unstable throughout the period. Generator 3 of the multi-machine system experienced the most violent swing, pulled out of synchronism during the first swing thus making the system to be unstable. The Transient Stability Model developed can be used for effective planning and operation of power systems. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.11591/ijece.v4i4. 5850
Large-Scale Vortical Structure of Turbulent Separation Bubble Affected by Unsteady Wake

Large-scale vortical structure of a turbulent separation bubble affected by unsteady wake is essential to understand flow mechanisms in various fluid devices. A spoked-wheel type of wake generator provides unsteady wake, which modifies the turbulent separation bubble significantly by changing rotation directions and passing frequencies. A detailed mechanism of vortex shedding from the separation bubble with unsteady wake is analyzed by taking a conditional average with spatial box filtering, which spatially integrates measured signals at pre-determined wavelength. A convecting nature of the large-scale vortical structure is analyzed carefully. Spatial evolution of the large-scale vortical structure with frequency variance is also exemplified.
On the statistical description of inhomogeneities in the quiet solar atmosphere. I - Linear regression analysis and absolute calibration of multichannel observations of the Ca/+/ emission network

Observations with a 2/sup prime/. 4 square aperture (1968 epoch) of the Ca$sup +$ K core brightness (1.1 A bandwidth), vertical magnetic field, vertical velocity, and continuum brightness have been analyzed to yield average network and non-network values and dispersions as well as linear regression relations. The statistics of all variables but the continuum consist of a symmetric core superposed on an extended tail which is associated with the chromospheric network. Network statistics were derived by subtraction of a Gaussian fit to the core which was taken to represent non-network fluctuations. The velocity network was only partially resolved so that its distribution, and that of the continuum, was obtained by identifying network regions as those with field > or = 10 gauss. (AIP)
Mutual interaction between parallel Gaussian electromagnetic beams in plasmas

In this paper, the interaction between two Gaussian electromagnetic beams in a plasma has been investigated, when the axes of the two beams are initially (z=0) parallel along the z axis in the x-z plane; the beams are initially propagating in the z direction. For the three types of nonlinearities (viz., collisional, ponderomotive, and relativistic) the dielectric function has been expressed as a function of the irradiances of the two beams; this expression for the dielectric function has been substituted in the wave equation and a solution of the resulting nonlinear equation obtained in the paraxial approximation. The paraxial approximation is justified since the phenomena of interest occur when the beams are initially close (2x0≤r0). Further, the absorption of the beam in the plasma has been neglected, which is justified when the electron collision frequency is much less than the frequencies of the beams. Second-order coupled ordinary differential equations have been obtained for the distance between the.
Braided Groups and Quantum Fourier Transform

Abstract We show that acting on every finite-dimensional factorizable ribbon Hopf algebra H there are invertible operators S , T obeying the modular identities ( S T )3 = λ S 2, where λ is a constant. The class includes the finite-dimensional quantum groups uq(g) associated to complex simple Lie algebras. We give the example of uq(sl(2)) at a root of unity in detail, as well as an example relating to anyons. The operator S plays the role of "quantum Fourier Transform" and acts naturally on H viewed by transmutation as a braided group H (a braided-cocommutative Hopf algebra in a braided category). It obeys S 2 = s −1, where s is the antipode of H . The results follow as an application of previous category-theoretical constructions.
The Extent of Correlations in a Stochastic Coalescence Process

Abstract A stochastic model of coalescence is set up and solved for the probabilities of all possible histories of particle growth. The full stochastic model is compared with the so-called kinetic model to which it reduces in the absence of correlations. A primary objective is the assessment of the extent of correlations in poorly mixed systems or in systems of small populations. The study shows that insofar as the total number of particles is concerned, regardless of their size distribution, the results from the kinetic equations match the true stochastic averages even for very small initial populations. But, when size distributors are considered, then, in systems of small population or in large systems that are poorly mixed, the results of the kinetic equations may differ substantially from the stochastic means in the long-term tail; apart from the tail, the distributions from the full stochastic and kinetic models match quite well.