Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessment and Treatment of Selective Mutism in a Child With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Over 60% of children diagnosed with selective mutism are also diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Previous research established that behavioral interventions are effective at increasing speech in children with both diagnoses. However, few studies conducted assessments to determine environmental variables that inhibit speech, and such assessments are necessary for the development of effective and efficient treatments. This case study describes an assessment that evaluated the function(s) of selective mutism. The results confirmed that the participant did not talk to avoid social interaction and that mutism occurred primarily in the presence of multiple, unfamiliar people. Our first treatment focused on increasing tolerance for social interaction, demonstrated by an increase in speech production in the presence of unfamiliar people. Our second treatment focused on increasing qualitative aspects of the participant’s speech (i.e., both responses and initiations). Finally, we taught the participant’s parents to implement the treatment in naturalistic settings, and the participant demonstrated generalization of treatment effects across people and settings. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.
Rate and impact on patient outcome and healthcare utilization of complications requiring surgical revision: Subcutaneous versus transvenous implantable defibrillator therapy

Comparison data on management of device‐related complications and their impact on patient outcome and healthcare utilization between subcutaneous implantable cardioverter–defibrillator (S‐ICD) and transvenous ICD (TV‐ICD) are lacking. We designed this prospective, multicentre, observational registry to compare the rate, nature, and impact of long‐term device‐related complications requiring surgical revision on patient outcome and healthcare utilization between patients undergoing S‐ICD or TV‐ICD implantation.
Historical Loss: Implications for Health of American Indians in the Blackfeet Community.

BACKGROUND Historical loss in American Indians (AIs) is believed to contribute to high incidence of mental health disorders, yet less is known about the associations between historical loss and physical health. PURPOSE To investigate whether frequency of thought about historical loss predicts risk factors for chronic physical health conditions in an AI community. METHODS Using Community Based Participatory research (CBPR) and Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), we measured frequency of thoughts about historical loss in 100 AI adults residing on the Blackfeet reservation. Participants completed a 1-week monitoring period, during which ambulatory blood pressure and daily levels of psychological stress were measured. At the end of the week, we collected a dried blood spot sample for measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS In hierarchical linear regression models controlling for demographics and relevant covariates, greater frequency of thoughts about historical loss predicted higher average daily psychological stress (B = .55, t = 6.47, p < .001, ΔR2 = .30) and higher levels of CRP (B = .33, t = 3.93, p < .001, ΔR2 = .10). Using linear mixed modeling with relevant covariates, we found that greater thoughts about historical loss were associated with higher systolic ambulatory blood pressure (B = .32, 95% CI = .22-.42, t = 6.48, p < .001, ΔR2 = .25; Fig. 1c) and greater diastolic ambulatory blood pressure (B = .19, 95% CI = .11-.27, t = 4.73, p < .001, ΔR2 = .19). CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that frequency of thought about historical loss may contribute to increased subclinical risk for cardiovascular disease in the Blackfeet community.
Theories of Prejudice Development

As demonstrated in Johnson’s and Aboud’s article reviewed in this issue of Word of Mouth, it is difficult to modify children’s ethnic or prejudicial attitudes. Research literature reveals that young children exhibit more positive attitudes toward their own ethnic/racial ingroup and less positive attitudes toward children not in their racial/ethnic group. It has often been assumed that children learn their prejudices from persons around them, but the issue is not that simple (Jackson, 2020). Although parents and peers may influence children’s attitudes toward others, children’s social-cognitive developmental stage appears to contribute more toward their attitudes to themselves and others. If we are to reduce children’s prejudicial attitudes, we need to understand how or why they develop prejudicial attitudes.
Dietary patterns and hip fracture in the Adventist Health Study 2: combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation mitigate increased hip fracture risk among vegans.

BACKGROUND Concerns regarding the adequacy of vegetarian diets with respect to fracture risk continue. OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore the influence of 5 previously defined dietary patterns on hip fracture risk and whether this association is modified by concomitant calcium and vitamin D supplementation. METHODS The Adventist Health Study 2 is a prospective cohort study in which participants were enrolled during 2002-2007; proportional hazards regression analyses were used to estimate fracture risk. Participants reside throughout the United States and Canada. A total of 34,542 non-Hispanic white peri- and postmenopausal women and men 45 y and older responded to the biennial hospital history form and were followed for a median of 8.4 y. RESULTS The study identified 679 incident hip fractures during 249,186 person-years of follow-up. Fracture risk varied according to dietary pattern, with a clear effect modification by concurrent supplementation with both vitamin D and calcium. In multivariable models, including adjustment for calcium and vitamin D supplementation, female vegans had 55% higher risk of hip fracture (HR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.26) than nonvegetarians (NVEGs), whereas there was no association between diet pattern and hip fracture risk in men. When further stratifying females on supplement use with both vitamin D and calcium, vegans taking both supplements were at no greater risk of hip fracture than the subjects with other dietary patterns including the NVEGs. CONCLUSIONS Without combined supplementation of both vitamin D and calcium, female vegans are at high risk of hip fracture. However, with supplementation the excessive risk associated with vegans disappeared. Further research is needed to confirm the adequacy of a vegan diet supplemented with calcium and vitamin D with respect to risk of fracture.
Tracheostomy ventilation in motor neurone disease: a snapshot of UK practice

Abstract Introduction: Motor neurone disease (MND) is characterized by rapidly progressive motor neurone degeneration which leads to muscle wasting. Mortality and morbidity are due to respiratory muscle failure which may be offset by ventilation. The aim of this observational study was to quantify the number and characteristics of patients living with MND choosing tracheostomy ventilation (TV) in the UK. Methods: Long-term ventilation services in the UK were invited to undertake a retrospective 5-year audit of MND patients under their care between April 2013 and March 2018 who had TV. Patient characteristics, the time spent on ventilation, hospital length of stay, discharge destination, and survival data were collected. Results: Sixty-eight MND patients were initiated on TV over the 5-year period. Eighty-one percent of patients received TV in an emergency setting with more than a third of these undiagnosed at presentation. Patients choosing elective TV were more likely to be male (85%) have a bulbar presentation (54%) and an increased survival of 10 months over the observation period. The mean length of hospital stay post TV was 136 days. Two-thirds of patients were discharged to their own home. Conclusion: Very few patients living with MND in the UK are currently receiving TV. In those who choose TV, there may be a survival advantage to planning an elective procedure. Despite the long inpatient stay and high care costs involved a majority of patients survived and were discharged to their own home.
What Happens If They Come for You? An Exploration of Mothers’ Racial Socialization on Discrimination With Black College Women

Few scholars have considered the racial socialization that Black mothers offer to their daughters on racial discrimination and violence or how mothers’ other social identities (social class and ethnicity) may influence their discourse on these topics. To address this gap, we used consensual qualitative research methods to explore the racial socialization that 47 Black college women recalled from their mothers on racial discrimination and violence during their formative years. The following themes emerged: (a) the nature of Black mothers’ socialization on racial discrimination (consistent messaging, messaging focused on sons, more socialization in response to police shootings, anti-Black messaging from immigrant mothers, and absence of messages) and (b) the ways that mothers socialized their daughters to respond to racial discrimination (self-advocacy, get home safe, code switching, and take the high road). Participants described how their mothers’ socialization messages reflected their personal race-related beliefs and experiences including perceptions of the United States racial climate. Our findings highlight the need for socialization in Black family contexts that addresses the unique and intersectional experiences of Black girls. In particular, scholars and practitioners must draw attention to how racism and sexism contribute to the state-sanctioned violence that Black women and girls experience. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub. com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684320979679
Psychotic-like experiences? Trajectories and typologies of hallucinations and delusions from early adolescence to early adulthood in a population-based sample of Irish youth

Objectives: Hallucinations and delusions that occur in the absence of a psychotic disorder are common in children and adolescents. Longitudinal phenomenological studies exploring these experiences are notably lacking. The objective of the current paper was to explore the phenomenology and characteristics of hallucinations and delusions from early adolescence to early adulthood. Methods: Participants were 17 young people aged 18–21 years from the general population, all of whom had a history of childhood hallucinations and/or delusions. Longitudinal data on the phenomenological characteristics and attributions of reported hallucinatory and delusional phenomena spanning nine years were explored using content analysis. Results: Hallucinatory and delusional phenomena were transient for two-thirds of the sample. The remaining one-third reported reoccurring hallucinatory and delusional phenomena into early adulthood. In those, two typologies were identified: (1) Paranormal typology and (2) Pathological typology. The former was characterised by hallucinatory and delusional phenomena that were exclusively grounded in subcultural paranormal or spiritual belief systems and not a source of distress. The latter was characterised by delusion-like beliefs that were enmeshed with individuals’ mood states and a source of distress. The perceived source, the subcultural context and how young people appraised and integrated their experiences differentiated the Paranormal and Pathological typologies. Conclusions: Not all hallucinatory and delusion-like experiences are psychotic-like in nature. To reliably differentiate between pathological and non-pathological hallucinations and delusions, assessments need to explore factors including the phenomenology of individuals’ experiences, how people make sense and appraise them, and the subcultural contexts within which they are experienced.
Palbociclib-mediated cell cycle arrest can occur in the absence of the CDK inhibitors p21 and p27

The use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in the treatment of a wide range of cancers is an area of ongoing investigation. Despite their increasing clinical use, there is limited understanding of the determinants of sensitivity and resistance to these drugs. Recent data has cast doubt on how CDK4/6 inhibitors arrest proliferation, provoking renewed interest in the role(s) of CDK4/6 in driving cell proliferation. As the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in cancer therapies becomes more prominent, an understanding of their effect on the cell cycle becomes more urgent. Here, we investigate the mechanism of action of CDK4/6 inhibitors in promoting cell cycle arrest. Two main models explain how CDK4/6 inhibitors cause G1 cell cycle arrest, which differ in their dependence on the CDK inhibitor proteins p21 and p27. We have used live and fixed single-cell quantitative imaging, with inducible degradation systems, to address the roles of p21 and p27 in the mechanism of action of CDK4/6 inhibitors. We find that CDK4/6 inhibitors can initiate and maintain a cell cycle arrest without p21 or p27. This work clarifies our current understanding of the mechanism of action of CDK4/6 inhibitors and has implications for cancer treatment and patient stratification.
Using WhatsApp to support EFL reading comprehension skills with Turkish early secondary learners

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of reading tasks delivered through WhatsApp on students' achievements in English reading comprehension and explore students' views on the process. A mixed-method research model was used. The participants were 54 seventh grade students, aged 11-12, who were divided into experimental and control groups. Reading texts with comprehension questions were sent to the experimental group students' WhatsApp accounts. The tasks were designed to use all the facilities of WhatsApp. Finishing the reading comprehension activities over a set period of time, students sent their answers via WhatsApp to the teacher who returned the answer key to them. The control group students completed the same reading texts and activities in the classroom. The results showed that the experimental group performed better. It should be noted that the success of the WhatsApp group may be linked to the ranking and reward system which was implemented to encourage them. At the end of the study, students in the experimental group generally expressed their positive attitudes towards using WhatsApp to enhance their reading comprehension skills. We discuss the limitations and implications of this small-scale study for the further use of mobile technology to support language skills.
A Multi-task Model for Multilingual Trigger Detection and Classification

In this paper we present a deep multi-task learning framework for multilingual event and argument trigger detection and classification. In our current work, we identify detection and classification of both event and argument triggers as related tasks and follow a multi-tasking approach to solve them simultaneously in contrast to the previous works where these tasks were solved separately or learning some of the above mentioned tasks jointly. We evaluate the proposed approach with multiple low-resource Indian languages. As there were no datasets available for the Indian languages, we have annotated disaster related news data crawled from the online news portal for different low-resource Indian languages for our experiments. Our empirical evaluation shows that multi-task model performs better than the single task model, and classification helps in trigger detection and vice-versa.
Robust Text Classification using Sub-Word Information in Input Word Representations.

Word based deep learning approaches have been used with increasing success recently to solve Natural Language Processing problems like Machine Translation, Language Modelling and Text Classification. However, performance of these word based models is limited by the vocabulary of the training corpus. Alternate approaches using character based models have been proposed to overcome the unseen word problems arising for a variety of reasons. However, character based models fail to capture the sequential relationship of words inherently present in texts. Hence, there is scope for improvement by addressing the unseen word problem while also maintaining the sequential context through word based models. In this work, we propose a method where the input embedding vector incorporates sub-word information but is also suitable for use with models which successfully capture the sequential nature of text. We further attempt to establish that using such a word representation as input makes the model robust to unseen words, particularly arising due to tokenization and spelling errors, which is a common problem in systems where a typing interface is one of the input modalities.
Minimally Invasive Surgery versus Open Surgery for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is being recommended over more invasive methods. MIS advantages are less time in the operating room, less blood loss, a shorter recovery time, and shorter length of stay. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed using the literature from minimally invasive and open surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). We conducted this analysis to see whether MIS has advantages over traditional surgery. A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus to find articles comparing minimally invasive and open surgery techniques for AIS patients. Data extraction and meta-analysis were completed. The primary data points collected were correction rate and functional outcomes, including perioperative and postoperative parameters. A total of six studies were included in the final analysis. The MIS group had 123 patients, and the open surgery group had 150 patients. The correction rate and functional outcomes favored the open surgery group with a mean difference of 4.60 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08 to 9.12) and 0.11 (95% CI, 0.04 to 0.17), respectively. The duration of surgery, blood loss, number of patients requiring transfusion, and analgesic requirements favored the MIS group with a significant difference. Open surgery is better than MIS in achieving a better correction rate and good functional outcomes. MIS is better over open surgery when perioperative parameters are considered.
A Deep Ensemble Framework for Fake News Detection and Multi-Class Classification of Short Political Statements

Fake news, rumor, incorrect information, and misinformation detection are nowadays crucial issues as these might have serious consequences for our social fabrics. Such information is increasing rapidly due to the availability of enormous web information sources including social media feeds, news blogs, online newspapers etc. In this paper, we develop various deep learning models for detecting fake news and classifying them into the pre-defined fine-grained categories. At first, we develop individual models based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and Bi-directional Long Short Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) networks. The representations obtained from these two models are fed into a Multi-layer Perceptron Model (MLP) for the final classification. Our experiments on a benchmark dataset show promising results with an overall accuracy of 44.87%, which outperforms the current state of the arts.
Pulp Friction in the La Plata Basin: The Importance of Natural Resource Governance for South American Regionalism

Over the last two decades, natural resource governance has become an increasingly important element of South American regionalism as commodities became a central driver for regional development strategies. Yet, due to socio-environmental impacts and dissatisfaction with decision-making processes, it is also frequently contested. This article focuses on one particularly prominent contestation with transboundary and regional repercussions, the case of the pulp mill conflict which escalated between Argentina and Uruguay in the 2000s. Using the concepts of regionness and politics of scale, it examines in which ways the pulp mill conflict affected regional cohesion and seeks to understand why it evolved in this way. This shows that the way national governments address socio-environmental conflicts is an important additional obstacle to regional cohesion which has received little attention in studies of South American regionalism so far.
Nitrogen-doped activated carbon/graphene composites as high-performance supercapacitor electrodes

Nitrogen-doped activated carbon/reduced graphene oxide composites are prepared by pre-carbonization of the precursors (mixture of graphene oxide and nitrogen-doped activated carbons) and KOH activation of the pyrolysis products. Nitrogen-doped activated carbons were prepared from waste particleboard bonded with ureaformaldehyde resin adhesives. Graphene oxide was prepared from graphite according to the modified Hummers' method. The effects of the mass ratio of KOH and the precursor and the mass radio of graphene oxide in the precursor on electrochemical properties are investigated, respectively. The results demonstrated that graphene oxide as precursor was activated and reduced via high temperature and wrapped on the outer surface of the active carbon particles. The thermally reduced graphene oxide sustains the activated carbon particles as a wrinkled carrier after activation. The electrode of GO–AC–KOH 1–4–4 has achieved the highest specific capacitance of 265 F g−1 and increased 17.8% comparing with the activated carbon (225 F g−1) under a current density of 50 mA g−1 in a 7 mol l−1 KOH electrolytic solution. Moreover, the symmetrical supercapacitor show an excellent cycling stability with capacitance retention 92% of the initial capacitance after 3000 cycles at a current density of 5 A g−1. It is also found that KOH activation of disused composite panels is an efficient and straightforward approach to production of low-cost GO–AC composite for electrochemical capacitors.