Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
1 Processing Plural DPs : Collective , Cumulative , and Distributive Interpretations

1. Abstract and Summary of Findings This paper investigates the interpretation of sentences containing plural DPs. I consider sentences with plural DPs in both subject and object position, as in (1), which could have collective, cumulative, or distributive interpretations. (1) Three architects designed four buildings. In both the collective and cumulative interpretations, the total number of buildings designed is four. The difference is that with the collective interpretation, all three of the architects collaboratively design all four buildings, while with the cumulative interpretation, it is underspecified as to how many architects design each building. With the distributive interpretation, there are twelve buildings designed; each architect designs four buildings. I compare two semantic theories that attempt to account for how these three interpretations are derived. Building on previous theories of lexical cumulativity, Kratzer (2003, 2005) proposes that the collective and cumulative interpretations are derived from the same structure. Verbs enter the syntactic structure with inherently cumulative denotations, and this inherent cumulativity gives rise to these two interpretations. Distributive interpretations, on the other hand, come about via phrasal cumulativity. Kratzer proposes that plural agreement morphology on a DP that is sister to the verb phrase introduces a (*) operator that pluralizes the VP. On this account, the final structure for all three interpretations is the same. However, the distributive interpretation comes about only after the VP has been pluralized by the external (*) operator. In contrast, Sternefeld (1998) proposes that collective, cumulative, and distributive interpretations are all derived from distinct structures. For Sternefeld, collective interpretations involve no movement of the subject or the object; cumulative interpretations involve movement
Summer-to-Winter Sea-Ice Linkage between the Arctic Ocean and the Okhotsk Sea through Atmospheric Circulation

AbstractContemporary climate science seeks to understand the rate and magnitude of a warming global climate and how it impacts regional variability and teleconnections. One of the key drivers of regional climate is the observed reduction in end of summer sea-ice extent over the Arctic. Here the authors show that interannual variations between the September Arctic sea-ice concentration, especially in the East Siberian Sea, and the maximum Okhotsk sea-ice extent in the following winter are positively correlated, which is not explained by the recent warming trend only. An increase of sea ice both in the East Siberian Sea and the Okhotsk Sea and corresponding atmospheric patterns, showing a seesaw between positive anomalies of sea level pressures over the Arctic Ocean and negative anomalies over the midlatitudes, are related to cold anomalies over the high-latitude Eurasian continent. The patterns of atmospheric circulation and air temperatures are similar to those of the annually integrated Arctic Oscillatio.
Continuous earthquake detection and classification using discrete Hidden Markov Models

SUMMARY We present a novel technique to solve the automatic detection and classification problem of earth tremor in a single step by using Hidden Markov Modelling (HMM). While this technique was originally developed in speech recognition, it already showed great promise when applied to volcano induced seismic signals. We apply the HMM classifier to a much simpler problem, that is, the detection and distance dependent classification of small to medium sized earthquakes. Using the smaller and possibly not perfect data set of earthquakes recorded with three stations of the Bavarian Earthquake Service enables us to better evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed algorithm and to compare the results with simple and widely used detection techniques (e.g. recursive short-term versus long-term average). Overall the performance of HMM shows good results in the pre-triggered classification tasks and reasonable results in the continuous case. The application of HMMs is illustrated step by step so it can be used as recipe for other applications. Special emphasize is given to the important problem of selecting the features, which best describe the properties of the different signals that are to be classified.
Dynamics of Biweekly Oscillations in the Equatorial Indian Ocean

Variability of the wind field over the equatorial Indian Ocean is spread throughout the intraseasonal (10–60 day) band. In contrast, variability of the near-surface field in the eastern, equatorial ocean is concentrated at biweekly frequencies and is largely composed of Yanai waves. The excitation of this biweekly variability is investigated using an oceanic GCM and both analytic and numerical versions of a linear, continuously stratified (LCS) model in which solutions are represented as expansions in baroclinic modes. Solutions are forced by Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) winds (the model control runs) and by idealized winds having the form of a propagating wave with frequency and wavenumber kw. The GCM and LCS control runs are remarkably similar in the biweekly band, indicating that the dynamics of biweekly variability are fundamentally linear and wind driven. The biweekly response is composed of local (nonradiating) and remote (Yanai wave) parts, with the former spread roughly uniformly along the equator and the latter strengthening to the east. Test runs to the numerical models separately forced by the x and y components of the QuikSCAT winds demonstrate that both forcings contribute to the biweekly signal, the response forced by y being somewhat stronger. Without mixing, the analytic spectrum for Yanai waves forced by idealized winds has a narrowband (resonant) response for each baroclinic mode: Spectral peaks occur whenever the wavenumber of the Yanai wave for mode n is sufficiently close to kw and they shift from biweekly to lower frequencies with increasing modenumber n. With mixing, the higher-order modes are damped so that the largest ocean response is restricted to Yanai waves in the biweekly band. Thus, in the LCS model, resonance and mixing act together to account for the ocean’s favoring the biweekly band. Because of the GCM’s complexity, it cannot be confirmed that vertical mixing also damps its higher-order modes; other possible processes are nonlinear interactions with near-surface currents, and the model’s low vertical resolution below the thermocline. Test runs to the LCS model show that Yanai waves from several modes superpose to form a beam (wave packet) that carries energy downward as well as eastward. Reflections of such beams from the near-surface pycnocline and bottom act to maintain near-surface energy levels, accounting for the eastward intensification of the near-surface, equatorial field in the control runs.
Toxicity of Aluminum to Coffee in Ultisols and Oxisols Amended with CaCO3, MgCO3, and CaSO4·2H2O1

A greenhouse experiment was conducted with six acid soils from southern Brazil to investigate the effect of available Al on growth and mineral nutrition of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) seedlings. Coffee seedlings were grown for 7 months in pots containing soil treated with varying amounts of CaCO/sub 3/ up to twice the lime equivalent, and amounts of MgCO/sub 3/ and CaSO/sub 4/ x 2H/sub 2/O equal to the lime equivalent. Leaf samples were collected immediately before harvesting the seedlings and analyzed for Ca and Al. At this time, soil was collected from each pot and analyzed for exchangeable cations and soluble ions. The chemical composition of the soil solution was used as input data for a computer program (GEOCHEM) to chemically speciate Al in the soil solutions. Shoot and root weights were correlated with KCl-exchangeable Al of soil, percent Al saturation of soil, the concentrations of total Al (Al/sub t/) and Al/sup 3 +/ (calculated), and the activity of Al/sup 3 +/ (calculated) in the soil solution. Growth reductions of the seedlings correlated best with the Al/sup 3 +/ activity value. The toxicity threshold for the Al/sup 3 +/ activity was approximately 4.0 x 10/sup -6/. Leaf Al concentrations likewisemore » correlated best with Al/sup 3 +/ activity. Threshold leaf Al concentrations of approximately 62 and 100 . mu.g/g, respectively, were observed for reduction in root and shoot growth. « less
Lightning activity over India: a study of east–west contrast

This article presents a study of east–west regional contrast in lightning activity over India (8°N–35°N, 68°E–98°E) using monthly satellite-based lightning flash grid (0.5° × 0.5°) data for a period of 10 years (1998–2007). On the premise of nearly equality to land mass location for the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), India is divided in two regions – eastern and western – spanning the 79°E longitude line. The spatial variation of the east–west contrast shows that lightning flash rate density is higher over east-northeast India (30 flashes km−2 year−1). The lower elevation of the eastern region is an important factor in maintaining a maximum surface temperature contrast in regard to influencing the development of strong convection and thunderstorms, and hence high flash rate density. The results suggest that the hot and humid extensive land region of the ITCZ in the eastern region is more likely to lead to the development of thunderstorms and high flash rate density.
‘Older’ granites as time-markers in Dalradian evolution

The ‘older’ granites of Perthshire were emplaced in the Dalradian between the second and third deformation episodes of a Caledonian D1–D4 sequence. Pankhurst & Pidgeon (1976) have furnished a zircon U-Pb and Rb/Sr whole-rock age (514 +6/–7 Ma) for emplacement of the Ben Vuirich granite which provides a minimum age for the D2 event. A somewhat younger Rb/Sr whole-rock isochron age (491 ± 15 Ma) obtained from the Dunfallandy Hill granite may date D3. Migmatisation which occurred in the D2–D3 interval is, by inference, also dated. Dl and D2, which deform Arenig rocks of the Southern Highlands Group are pre-514 Ma events implying a pre-514 Ma time base for the Ordovician.
Impact Of Governance Factors on Firm Performance: A Case from Vietnam Consumer Goods Firms

The objective of this paper focuses on evaluating the impacts of governance factors on the firm performance of Vietnamese listed consumer goods enterprises. The study uses 2 factors representing firm governance such as the size of the director board (BS), CEO Duality (CDU), and 4 controlling factors like the stock price (SP), capital expenditure to total assets (CAPEX), sale growth (GS), as well as firm size (AS) to assess the influence on firm performance. Firm performance is measured by Tobin Q (TOB). Three kinds of models like Pooled OLS, Random Effected, and Fixed Effected are applied to analyze data from 75 listed consumer goods firms with 825 observations in the period from 2010 to 2020. The study uses Stata software 15 for implementing the regression models as well as testing research variables. The findings show that there is an impact of governance factors on firm performance in which size of director board, stock price, capital expenditure to assets, sale growth express positive statistics significant on firm performance. CEO duality has an unclear result in all three models. Besides, total asset still indicates a different result. It proves that there is a negative relationship with firm performance. The findings are a necessary base for firms’ managers as well as policymakers to issue suitable policies in the future.
Sovereign Credit Risk, Banks' Government Support, and Bank Stock Returns Around the World

We explore the joint effect of expected government support to banks and changes in sovereign credit ratings on bank stock returns using data for banks in 37 countries between 1995 and 2011. We find that sovereign credit rating downgrades have a large negative effect on bank stock returns for those banks that are expected to receive stronger support from their governments. This result is stronger for banks in advanced economies where governments are better positioned to provide that support. Our results suggest that stock market investors perceive sovereigns and domestic banks as markedly interconnected, partly through government guarantees.
An Examination of the Signaling Effect of the Dividend Policy on Synchronization of Stock Returns

The paper examines the signaling effect of Dividend Policy for the non-financial firm that are listed in Egypt Stock Exchange. The data cover the years 1998 to 2022 annually. The signaling effect uses the synchronization of stock returns. The analysis of this paper examines the Dividend Policy that affect synchronization of stock returns. Model 1 shows that for dividend information ratios, the results indicate that only Dividend Yield is found statistically significant and negative with synchronization of stock returns. Moreover, for model 2, the analysis shows that firm size has great effect on the synchronization of stock returns. The firms’ size is examined through dummy variable using the natural log of total assets. The results indicate that corporate size has significant and positive effects on stock return synchronization. As for the effects of types of industries (Model 3), the results show that industry type have no effect on the synchronization of stock returns, since none of 16 industries are statistically significant with the synchronization of stock returns.
REEXAMINATION OF MONONOBE-OKABE THEORY OF GRAVITY RETAINING WALLS USING CENTRIFUGE MODEL TESTS

Gravity retaining walls are widely used in Japan because of their simplicity of structure and ease of construction. In design procedure, the seismic coefficient method is widely employed, in which the earth pressure and inertia force are calculated by converting the seismic force into a static load. Earth pressure is usually calculated by the Mononobe-Okabe formula, which applies Coulomb's earth pressure computed from the equilibrium of forces in the static state. However, the Hyogoken-Nambu Earthquake of 1995 prompted the need to reexamine seismic design methods for various civil engineering structures. Gravity retaining wall is one of such structures whose seismic design has to be reexamined and rationalized. At this moment there is no clear empirical basis for converting the seismic force into a static load. The design method has to take into account the behavior of gravity retaining walls during earthquakes. At the Public Works Research Institute, model tests were conducted on gravity retaining walls using a centrifuge. The acceleration and displacement of a retaining wall and its backfill as well as the earth pressure acting on the wall were measured simultaneously together with the deformation behavior of the wall and its backfill, using a high-precision high-speed camera. The data show that the hypothetical conditions of the Mononobe-Okabe formula do not appropriately express the real behavior of backfill and gravity retaining walls during earthquakes.
Retrospective analysis for the LNM risk factors and effect of chemotherapy for the early colorectal cancer: A Chinese multicenter study

Background Estimating the risk of lymph node metastasis (LNM) is crucial for determining subsequent treatments following curative resection of early colorectal cancer (ECC). This multicenter study analyzed the risk factors of LNM and the effectiveness of postoperative chemotherapy in patients with ECC.Methods We retrospectively analyzed the data of 473 patients with ECC who underwent general surgery in five hospitals between January 2007 and October 2018. The correlations between LNM and sex, age, tumor size, tumor location, endoscopic morphology, pathology, depth of invasion and tumor budding (TB) were directly estimated based on postoperative pathological analysis. We also observed the overall survival (OS) and recurrence in ECC patients with and without LNM after matching according to baseline measures. Results In total, 473 ECC patients were observed, 288 patients were enrolled, and 17 patients had LNM (5.90%). The univariate analysis revealed that tumor size, pathology, and lymphovascular invasion were associated with LNM in ECC (P=0.026, 0.000, and 0.000, respectively), and the multivariate logistic regression confirmed that tumor size, pathology, and lymphovascular invasion were risk factors for LNM (P=0.021, 0.023, and 0.001, respectively). There were no significant differences in OS and recurrence between the ECC patients with and without LNM after matching based on baseline measures (P=0.158 and 0.346, respectively), and no significant difference was observed between chemotherapy and no chemotherapy in ECC patients without LNM after surgery (P=0.729 and 0.052). Conclusion Tumor size, pathology, and lymphovascular invasion are risk factors for predicting LNM in ECC patients. Adjuvant chemotherapy could improve OS and recurrence in patients with LNM but not always in ECC patients without LNM.
Indications of photochemical histories of Pacific air masses from measurements of atmospheric trace species at Point Arena, California

Measurements of light hydrocarbons, ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), HNO3, NO3−, NOx, NOy, and meteorological parameters were made during a 10-day period in April and May 1985 at Point Arena, a coastal inflow site on the Pacific Ocean in northern California. The meteorological measurements indicate that during this study the sampled air was usually from the marine boundary layer with little land influence on the meteorological parameters. In this marine air the mixing ratios of the alkanes, ozone, PAN, and HNO3 showed strong correlations coincident with variations in the origins of calculated air parcel trajectories and with variations in the ratios of the light alkanes. This variation in the ratios is attributed to different degrees of photochemical aging of the alkanes that are generally consistent with the calculated trajectories. This behavior indicates that the alkane levels are determined by transport to the marine area from continental sources, most likely Asian, followed by photochemical removal over the Pacific Ocean. Since the concentrations of PAN and ozone correlate well with the alkane ratios, it is concluded that the observed PAN and ozone were dominated by continental sources and removal processes in the marine areas. This and other marine studies have observed a strong correlation of PAN and ozone, and it is suggested that production over the continents, transport to the marine areas, and parallel removal processes account for much of the observed correlation. From the correlation of these two species with the measured alkane ratios, approximate net lifetimes of PAN and ozone in the marine troposphere of ≤2.5 and ≥19 days, respectively, are derived. The primary conclusion is that the alkanes, ozone, and PAN in these air parcels from the Pacific marine troposphere are dominated by transport from continental sources and removal by photochemical processes. Direct emissions of the alkanes and in situ photochemical production of PAN and ozone from precursors emitted into the marine region from the surface or the stratosphere must play less important roles. Similar indications of continental influence in marine areas have been seen in other studies of ozone, the sulfur cycle, oxidized nitrogen, and hydrocarbons. It is suggested that the ratios of the light alkanes provide photochemical “clocks” that are useful for gauging the importance of continental influence in a particular marine measurement.
Active and passive millimeter- and sub-millimeter-wave imaging

We have developed several millimeter/submillimeter/terahertz systems to study active and passive imaging and associated phenomenology. For measuring the transmission and scattering properties of materials, we have developed a dual rotary stage scattering system with active illumination and a Fourier Transform spectrometer. For imaging studies, we have developed a system based on a 12-inch diameter raster-scanned mirror. By interchange of active sources and both heterodyne and bolometric detectors, this system can be used in a variety of active and passive configurations. The laboratory measurements are used as inputs for, and model calibration and validation of, a terahertz imaging system performance model used to evaluate different imaging modalities for concealed weapon identification. In this paper, we will present examples of transmission and scattering measurements for common clothing as well as active imaging results that used a 640 GHz source and receiver.
Explicit Methods for 2‐D Transient Free Surface Flows

MacCormack and Gabutti explicit finite‐difference schemes are introduced to integrate the equations describing two‐dimensional, unsteady gradually varied flows. Both schemes are second‐order accurate in space and time, allow sharp discontinuous initial conditions, and do not require isolation of the bores. Both sub‐ and supercritical flows may be present simultaneously in different parts of the channel or in a sequence in time. The inclusion of boundaries and stability conditions and the addition of artificial viscosity to smooth high‐frequency oscillations are discussed. To illustrate application of the schemes in hydraulic engineering, two typical problems are solved and the results of different schemes are compared.
Sciences Économiques

In this paper, we investigate the role of young adult mortality on child labor and educational decisions. We show that, in the absence of appropriate insurance mechanisms, the level of child labor is ineﬃcient. It may be too high if parents are not very altruistic and anticipate positive transfers from their children in the future, but it can also be too low, in particular when parents expect to make positive transfers to their children in the future. Imperfect capital markets unambiguously increase the equilibrium level of child labor. We also show that a cash transfer conditional on child’s schooling can always restore eﬃciency regarding child labor.
Tectonic significance of 24 Ma crustal melting in the eastern Hindu Kush, Pakistan

Northward-directed subduction has continued beneath the Hindu Kush from the Mesozoic, when the region formed part of the southern margin of Asia, until today. The Kohistan arc was accreted at ca. 100 Ma, followed by the Indian plate at 54–50 Ma. After the India-Asia collision, a regional crustal-melting event occurred at ca. 25–21 Ma to the east of the Hindu Kush in the Karakoram Range, producing the Baltoro pluton. In the eastern Hindu Kush Range, most of the granitoids appear to be subduction-related plutons that predate the India-Asia collision. However, the Gharam Chasma pluton is a two-mica (± garnet ± tourmaline) leucogranite that has intruded into staurolite-grade schists and (sillimanite ± K-feldspar)–grade migmatites. U-Pb ages on monazite, xenotime, and uraninite from undeformed samples of the Gharam Chasma pluton and a leucogranite dike that crosscuts the migmatites indicate that crustal melting occurred at ca. 24 Ma, synchronous with the Baltoro melting event. This age also provides an upper limit on the age of the regional staurolite-grade metamorphism in the eastern Hindu Kush.
Biological Anthropology of Latin America Historical Development and Recent Advances Edited

This article integrates a series of studies carried out with the aim to illustrate important aspects of the biology of the prehistoric human population that lived in the south-central Andean area, a key region of South America. These studies include (1) biological characterization of the local populations through analysis of a set of factors such as sex, age