Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ROOT AND SHOOT GROWTH IN SALINITY-STRESSED ALFALFA IN RESPONSE TO NITROGEN SOURCE

ABSTRACT The influence of nitrate–nitrogen (N) or ammonium–N on shoot and root growth in salinity-stressed alfalfa was investigated under field conditions. Two alfalfa cultivars, Batini, a relatively salinity-tolerant cultivar, and Trifecta, a susceptible cultivar, were used. Seeds were sown in transparent PVC cylinders filled with loamy sand and arranged in large plastic pots embedded in the soil. Salinity treatments were 0, 3.0, 6.4, and 12.2 dSm−1 prepared with NaCl, while the N treatments were 0, 3.0, and 6.0 mM. Shoot and root growth, as well as shoot:root ratio, were inhibited by increased salinity, inhibition being more severe in the shoot than the root. Addition of nitrate–N or ammonium–N reduced the deleterious effect of salinity, but their effectiveness did not follow a consistent pattern. Ammonium–N was superior to nitrate–N in counteracting the adverse effects of salinity in the first cut, but in the regrowth where the rate of growth was higher than the first cut, the reverse was true. Root elongation and root multiplication rate (RMR) were also significantly reduced by increased salinity, but nitrate–N was a more effective antidote in cv. Batini, while ammonium–N was more effective in cv. Trifecta.
Non-matrix matched calibration of major and minor concentrations of Zn and Cu in brass, aluminium and silicate glass using NIR femtosecond laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

The feasibility of using near-infrared (NIR) femtosecond laser ablation (fs-LA) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the analysis of solid samples with non-matrix matched standard reference materials was studied. Major and minor concentrations of Zn and Cu (433 μg g−1–0.95 g g−1) were measured in three sets of metallic and dielectric standards (brass, aluminium, silicate glass) using He as the ablation cell gas and, with admixed Ar, for aerosol transportation from the cell into an Ar-ICP-MS instrument. Not surprisingly for ICP-MS detection, the experimental Zn/Cu ion ratios were found to be dependent on the sampler cone position in the plasma. However, at a fixed sampler position the experimental Zn/Cu ratios of the brass and Al samples were found to be proportional to the certified ratios independent of the laser fluence applied (range: 2–42 J cm−2). In contrast, the Zn/Cu ratio of an optical transparent glass sample (NIST 610) was found to be strongly fluence dependent. However, with increasing fluence the measured ratio asymptotically approached the experimentally expected ratio taking into account the results obtained from the brass and aluminium measurements.
Effects of Bowl Material and Rinsing Period on Variation in the Amount of Residual Surfactant Resided in the Bowls after Dish-Washing

This study selected representative popular bowls used in daily life and laboratory and investigated the amount of residual surfactant resided in the bowls that were dish-washed. The bowls were washed by a scourer soaking 8 mL-detergent and then rinsed by flowing water for 7 or 15 seconds. One hundred milliliter of distilled water was placed in the washed-bowls to extract residual surfactant on the bowl surface and then analysed. All washed-bowls included residual surfactant after 7 second-rinsing. Residual surfactant concentrations in Ttukbaegi (earthen bowl), flying pan, glass bowl, and plastic bowl were 4.68, 1.22, 0.57, and 0.25 mg/L, respectively. However, the 15 second-rinsing showed that surfactant was detected only in Ttukbaegi and other bowls were clean. The results showed that surfactant would reside on the porous or rough surface of the bowl even after final rinsing. This study imply that all bowls and glasses should be throughly rinsed after detergent-washing to reduce continuos ingestion. Furthermore, residual surfactant in the glassware of laboratory may significantly affect experiment results.
THE SECONDARY HYDROGEN ISOTOPE EFFECTS IN THE PYROLYSIS OF ETHYL-d5 ACETATE AND ETHYL ACETATE-d3

Rate constant expressions have been obtained for ethyl acetate and ethyl-d5 acetate in the temperature ranges 500–603 °C and 501–614 °C.By measuring the relative rate of production of C2H4 and C2D4 from identical mixtures of the two esters at the temperatures 387 and 490 °C, it has been possible to determine the temperature coefficient of the relative rate constant more accurately. This, coupled with the relative rate constants at 500 °C derived from the above equations, gives the relative rate constant expression.These data are compared with the intramolecular isotope effect in the decomposition of ethyl-1,1,2,2-d4 acetate, and the differences attributed to secondary isotope effects.The rate of decomposition of ethyl acetate-d3 was found to be identical within experimental error with that of the normal acetate.
Sum frequency generation (SFG) study of the pH-dependent water structure on a fused quartz surface modified by an octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) monolayer

The interface-sensitive spectroscopic method, sum frequency generation (SFG), has been used to investigate the interfacial water structure on a fused quartz surface modified by an octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) self-assembled monolayer in phosphate buffered solutions at various pHs. The experimental results demonstrate that the water molecules at the quartz/OTS surface flip while the water molecules at the OTS surface maintain their orientation when the solution pH is changed from neutral to acidic. The results show that most of the silanol groups still exist on the fused quartz surface even after a silane coupling reaction of OTS under the reported experimental conditions.
Performance of Air Suction Flow Biofilm Reactor in Treating Municipal-Strength Wastewater

AbstractThe provision of technologies that can meet increasingly stringent wastewater discharge standards while reducing energy, operation, and maintenance costs is vital to government, local authorities, industry, and the public at large. The air suction flow biofilm reactor (ASF-BR) is a novel batch biofilm technology suitable for treating wastewaters from municipal, industrial, and agricultural sources. This paper presents an investigation into the performance of a laboratory-scale ASF-BR in treating municipal-strength wastewater over two operational periods—Phase 1 and Phase 2. Phase 1 concentrated on organic carbon removal and nitrification, whereas Phase 2 included an anoxic step to achieve denitrification. The operation of the unit was also investigated by monitoring organic carbon and nitrogen in the reactors during a number of treatment cycles. In Phases 1 and 2 (29 and 124 days of steady-state operation, respectively) of this laboratory study, using a municipal-strength synthetic wastewater, the.
Effects of Fenton Pre‐Treatment on Waste Activated Sludge Properties

Fenton process was investigated for the purpose of biological sludge disintegration. The Box-Wilson experimental design was employed to evaluate the effects of major process variables (Fe(II) and H 2 O 2 concentrations) on both disintegration and dewatering performance of sludge. Results showed that 4g Fe(II)/kg total solids (TSs) and 60 g H 2 O 2 /kg TS are efficient for floc disintegration. Fenton pre-treatment enhanced the biodegradability of sludge. For 4 g Fe(II)/kg TS and 60 g H 2 O 2 /kg TS, 19.4% higher methane production was achieved compared to raw sludge in biochemical methane potential assay. Fenton pre-treatment resulted in the release of organic sludge components into the liquid phase. For 4 g Fe(II)/kg TS and 60 g H 2 O 2 /kg TS, dissolved organic carbon and total nitrogen in sludge's supernatant increased by 75.74 and 60.60%, respectively. Fenton pre-treatment enhanced the filterability of sludge and it can be applied for conditioning purpose before mechanical dewatering units.
Adsorption, desorption and degradation of α‐endosulfan in tropical soils of Thailand

Abstract The adsorption, desorption, and degradation of endosulfan (1,2,3,4,7,7‐hexachlorobicyclo[2,2,l]‐2‐heptene‐5,6‐bisoxymethylene sulfite) in two major tropical soils from Thailand were studied. Each soil‐type, Rangsit lowland soils (Rangsit series) and Phrabat upland soils (Pakchong series), were sub‐divided into surface or plow layer, 0–20 cm depth, and subsoils, 20–40 cm depth. Adsorption was determined using 24 h batch equilibrium, with five different concentrations of 14C labelled endosulfan ranging from 1.04 to 16.64 ng/mg soils. Adsorption coefficient values (Kads) as by Freundlich's model ranged from 0.02 to 0.20. Higher adsorption coefficients were measured in Rangsit soils as compared to Phrabat soils. Desorption as attributed to hysteresis was also measured. Desorption coefficient values (Kjes) were higher than adsorption (Kads) in each study. Degradation of endosulfan was through microbial process. Little abiotic degradation was measured in sterile soil sample. Measured degradation rates .
Polycrystalline silicon thin film transistors

During the past decade there has been a rapid growth of interest in poly-Si for the active device layer in thin film transistors (TFTS) for active matrix flat-panel displays. Whilst the early work, demonstrating the high carrier mobility of these devices, employed processing temperatures of approximately 1000 degrees C and quartz susbtrates, this was soon followed by the investigation of lower-temperature processes which were compatible with the use of glass substrates. Some of the key aspects of this work are reviewed in this article: the preparation of the material by direct deposition and by crystallization from a-Si precursors, the characterization of the defect-induced trapping states within the material and their passivation, and the present understanding of the TFT leakage current mechanisms. This work is put into the context of the requirements for active matrix liquid-crystal displays, and, with the understanding and control of poly-Si which has been achieved to date, its application in this area can be expected to increase rapidly in the coming years.
Aspects of 0D and 3D Modeling of Soot Formation for Diesel Engines

In this work, zero-dimensional (0D) and three-dimensional (3D) models were applied to the same engine experiment, investigating aspects of 0D and 3D modeling of combustion and soot formation for diesel engines. The 0D simulations were carried out using a direct injection stochastic reactor model (DI-SRM), which is built on a probability density function (PDF) approach. The 0D model allows for the use of detailed chemistry for calculation of combustion, emission formation, and interaction between chemistry and turbulent flow. The 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed using a PDF-time scale combustion model and a flamelet library soot source term model. The DI-SRM results demonstrate the applicability of the flamelet model for the combustion process and also elucidate the limitations of the interactive flamelet model when calculating emission formation. The emission results, if plotted in mixture fraction space, show a dispersion for species such as NO and CO, but a flamelet structure for species such as C2H2 and OH, which makes the latter ones applicable for calculation of the source terms of soot formation in mixture fraction space. The CFD calculations were used to verify assumptions made in the DI-SRM and the DI-SRM results were used to verify the assumptions inferred by using tabulated chemistry. It is demonstrated that the DI-SRM can be used for soot modeling under diesel engine conditions and that the flamelet library approach for modeling of soot formation in CFD is sound.
Neutron Scattering from a Liquid on a Jump Diffusion Model

The incoherent inelastic scattering cross section of slow neutrons from liquids is calculated using a simple model in which the liquid is assumed to have appreciable short range order in a quasi-crystalline form. Diffusive motion takes place in large discrete jumps, between which the atoms oscillate as in a solid. The model predicts a definite, easily calculable cross section which is not dominated by diffusion effects as when continuous diffusion is assumed, but shows a characteristic variation with angle which could be looked for experimentally. The related pair correlation functions are dominated at small r and t by vibrational effects. Although simple and extreme the model explains several aspects of the observations of Brockhouse and Pope in 1959 and others. A brief discussion of the coherent scattering cross sections for the model is given although explicit formulae are not obtained.
Surface and Capillary Forces Affecting Air Bubble−Particle Interactions in Aqueous Electrolyte

The interaction between hydrophilic silica particles and air bubbles in aqueous electrolyte has been studied by colloid probe atomic force microscopy. The interaction was found to be monotonically repulsive on approach. The silica surface was also hydrophobized by dehydroxylation and by treatment with octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS). In these cases a repulsion was observed at long range with an attraction evident as the bubble−particle separation decreased. For a freshly prepared OTS−silica surface the intervening thin film rapidly collapsed, resulting in particle engulfment or establishment of a three-phase line. For an aged OTS−silica surface a stable film was formed which could be ruptured as the loading force was increased. In all cases adhesion resisted bubble−particle separation. This behavior was rationalized in terms of either attractive surface forces or capillary forces and contact angle hysteresis operating after formation of a three-phase line (TPL).
NiO Reducibilities: Structural and Catalytic Properties of Their Pure and Potassium-Doped Reduced Forms

Abstract The study of the activation energies of reduction of stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric potassium-free and potassium-doped NiO was carried out by means of temperature-programmed reduction experiments, using two compared theoretical methods. Nonstoichiometric NiO shows the lower initial activation energy of reduction, whereas stoichiometric NiO shows a higher initial activation energy for starting the autocatalytic nucleation. Studies of the chemical preparation, BET surface areas, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectra, scanning electron microscopy, and measurements of catalytic activities of the nickel samples for the catalytic hydrogenation of 1,6-hexanedinitrile, in a continuous process at 1 atm pressure and 443 K, in the absence of ammonia, were also carried out. Surface areas dcrease when NiO reduction temperature increase. XRD, XPS, TPR, and SEM measurements detect NiO incipiently reduced between 463 and 498 K, a NiO reducibility inhibitor character for potassium, and 99.9% reduction above 573 K for all NiO forms. 100% selectivities with respect to 6-aminohexanenitrile may be obtained at 60% conversions for catalysts with potassium contents of 10.5 × l0 −4 g K 2 O/g Ni on reduced nonstoichiometric NiO. A mechanism for the continuous process is proposed.
Quality and Antioxidant Properties of Sponge Cakes Incorporated with Black Tea Powder

The effect of baking on the physicochemical and sensory properties was investigated using a model system of sponge cakes incorporated with pine leaf powder (PLP) as a value-added food ingredient. PLP was incorporated into cake batter at 5 levels (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8%, w/w) by adding an equivalent amount based on the weight of wheat flour. After appropriate mixing, sponge cakes were baked at for 30 min in an oven. The baked cakes were cooled to room temperature for 1 h prior to all measurements. The pH, moisture content, specific volume, height, volume index, and symmetry index decreased significantly with the increase in PLP content (p
Effects of Octahedral-Iron Reduction and Swelling Pressure on Interlayer Distances in Na-Nontronite

A new type of environmental chamber for X-ray diffraction was designed that could sustain elevated, internal pressures of nitrogen or any other gas under oxygen-free conditions and that allowed the positions of the specimen and edge aperture to be adjusted by remote control. It was used to determine the values of the interlayer spacing, λ, of nontronite from Garfield, Washington, in different stages of reduction at different values of Π, the swelling pressure of the nontronite. At equilibrium, Π was equal to the pressure under which water was expressed from the clay. Both partially and fully expanded layers were found to exist in the reduced nontronite, the fraction of partially expanded layers increasing with increasing Π and Fe2+/Fe3+, the ratio of Fe2+ to Fe3+ in octahedral sites. Also, λ for the partially expanded layers was found to depend on Fe2+/Fe3+ but not on Π, and λ for the fully expanded layers was found to depend on Π but not on Fe2+/Fe3+. These findings were interpreted to mean that the reduction of Fe affected the short-range interlayer forces, but not the long-range ones.
Water-dependent repellency of model soils as affected by clay

Clay is an important factor that affects soil water repellency. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of clay content on water-dependent repellency curve using model soils with the clay content ranging from 0 to 20%. Water-dependent repellency was measured using the water drop penetration time (WDPT) test in a drying process. Water repellency appeared (WDPT > 1 s), increased to be extremely repellent (WDPT > 3600 s), and decreased to be wettable again during drying of the model soils. Both the marginal water content at which water repellency appeared with drying (WCWR) and the highest water content at which soils become extremely repellent (HWCE) increased with increasing clay content. In contrast, the lowest water content at which soils remain extremely repellent (LWCE) was found to be independent of the clay content. The water-dependent repellency curve was not entirely shifted, but expanded towards the higher water content by the increase in clay content.
Squalene and amentoflavone from Antidesma laciniatum

Squalene, (2 E , 7 x, 11 x )-phyt-2-en-1-ol and amentoflavone have been isolated from the extract of the leaves of Antidesma laciniatum . Their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic methods. This is the first report of these compounds from Antidesma species. KEY WORDS: Antidesma laciniatum , Euphorbiaceae, Squalene, Amentoflavone, (2 E , 7 x, 11 x )-Phyt-2-en-1-ol Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2006 , 20(2), 325-328.
Electron density distribution in the ethylene complexes with Pd-containing bimetallic clusters

The complexes of PdM bimetallic clusters (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd) with ethylene are calculated at the density functional theory level with the quantum theory of atoms in molecule approach for the electron density distribution analysis. Formation of the metal–carbon coordination bonds in the studied complexes is determined by the (3, − 1) critical point appearance between the corresponding atoms. The energy of these interactions is estimated as a measure of the PdM clusters adsorptivity. All the C–C, C–Pd and C–M bonds are classified by the characters of the electron density Laplacian at the bond critical point and by the electron energy density. It is shown that the ethylene molecule is strongly activated by adsorption on the PdM clusters. The estimated binding energy between PdM and C2H4 is in the range of 58.3–97.8 kcal/mol going from the PdCd(C2H4) to the PdNi(C2H4) complexes, respectively.
Planar Investigation of Outlet Boundary Conditions Effect on Isothermal Flow Fields of a Swirl-Stabilized Burner

The swirling flow velocity profiles can be strongly influenced by the outlet conditions of the combustion chamber especially at subcritical flow conditions. The effect of such changes on the mean flow or coherent structures is still unclear. It is investigated in the present work in an industrial swirl inducing burner in cold flow conditions with help of PIV. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) as well as acoustic measurements were used to characterize the coherent structures shed from the burner mouth. The combustor length (670, and 2020mm) and the outlet area contraction ratio (1, 0.56, 0.27, and 0.09) are varied. Major changes in the flow field are achieved when using a short combustor and the smallest contraction ratio. For this case, a central jet with streamwise velocity is added to the typical central recirculation zone. The POD analysis of the contraction ratios 1 and 0.09 for the long combustor shows that the first helical mode as well as Kelvin Helmholtz vortices are present with minor changes for both cases. At a contraction ratio of 0.09, some new structures at the jet location and near the combustor wall appear.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Investigation of accelerated carbonation for the stabilisation of MSW incinerator ashes and the sequestration of CO2

Accelerated carbonation has been used for the treatment of contaminated soils and hazardous wastes, giving reaction products that can cause rapid hardening and the production of granulated or monolithic materials. This technology provides a route to sustainable waste management and it generates a viable remedy to the problems of a decreasing number of landfill sites in the UK, global warming (due to greenhouse gas emissions) and the depletion of natural aggregate resources, such as sand and gravel. The application of accelerated carbonation (termed Accelerated Carbonation Technology or ACT) to sequester CO2 in fresh ashes from municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator/combined heat and power plants is presented. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the influence of fundamental parameters affecting the diffusivity and reactivity of CO2 (i.e. particle size, the reaction time and the water content) on the extent and quality of carbonation. In addition, the major physical and chemical changes in air pollution control (APC) residues and bottom ashes (BA) after carbonation are evaluated, as are the optimum reaction conditions, and the physical and chemical changes induced by accelerated carbonation are presented and discussed.
Dielectric Methods of Studying the Chemical Bond and the Concept of Electronegativity

The history and contemporary theories of the polarisation of molecules and crystals are considered and a systematic survey is given of dipole moments and bond ionicities in molecular chemical compounds and also of the effective charges of atoms in crystals. An interpretation of these results is given from the standpoint of the electronegativity concept. Views concerning the effective valencies and coordination numbers of atoms in crystals are considered. Bibliography of 207 references.
THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO AND ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION ON WATER QUALITY: LABORATORY STUDIES

The effects of solution sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and total electrolyte concentration (TEC) on the release of total organic carbon (TOC), total N and total P, and clay dispersion from three soils were studied in the laboratory. Solutions with high SARs and low TECs caused the greatest amount of clay dispersion, and these highly turbid solutions also had high concentrations of TOC and total P. Positive correlations were obtained between turbidity and TOC, turbidity and total P, and TOC and total P. Total N was positively correlated with turbidity and TOC for one of the soils studied, but not for the other soil for which these measurements were made. It follows from these results that SAR and TEC also have a significant influence on TOC and total P concentrations. Field data of other workers show similar relationships between these water quality factors. Decreasing the SAR and/or increasing the TEC of a solution in contact with soil will decrease the concentrations of organic carbon and total P released and decrease clay dispersion. For some soils, the concentrations of N in solution may also decrease. Increasing salt concentrations substantially is not desirable, but a decrease in SAR can be achieved through the use of calcium compounds and their application to soils in a field situation may help to improve water quality.