Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
‘How do you say it in Arabic, in Hebrew, in English?’ Towards a better understanding of children’s agentic behaviour in novel language learning

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to explore patterns of children’s agency enactment in second-language learning as reflected in their language learning and social interactions in a bilingual Arabic–Hebrew-speaking classroom. We examined the connection between these behaviour patterns and the children’s L2 progress in the bilingual classroom. The study used purposive sampling to select five information-rich cases that were representative of the bilingual classroom population. We performed two year-long ethnographic observations of the children whom we chose to participate in the study and collected testimonies from their parents and teachers to enhance credibility. The analysis revealed the following three patterns of language-based agentic behaviour: enthusiastic behaviour; unwilling behaviour, and fluctuating behaviour. The enthusiastic pattern was easy to observe because two children, who were identified as proactive L2 learners, tended to integrate socially with native L2-speaking peers and made considerable progress in L2. In our analysis of the unwilling and fluctuating patterns, we relied more on triangulating our observations with the teachers’ and parents’ input. An implication of this study for educators is the importance of thinking about how to increase enthusiasm for L2 learning among children who either show reluctance or lack self-confidence in L2 use in peer communication.
Practice of the Caesarean Section in Four Maternities in Benin Using Robson Classification

Objective: To measure for each of the ten (10) groups of women defined in Robson’s classification, the cesarean section rate, group size and its contribution to the overall cesarean section rate in four maternities in Benin. Methods: This was a retrospective study over a period of 3 years, from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2016. Two workshops were organized for training in data collection and interpretation of results. Results: A total of 5442 files were included for the four health facilities during the study period. The overall cesarean section rate was 43.9%. The most represented group (30.3%) was multiparous women without scarred uterus, with a single term fetus, in cephalic presentation, and spontaneous labour (Group 3). The largest contributor to the overall cesarean section rate was that of multiparous women with at least one uterine scar with a single fetus, eventually in cephalic presentation (Group 5) with 29.5%. Conclusion: Caesarean section rates are high in groups of women with a favourable prognosis for vaginal delivery. It is also high in women with scarred uterus (Group 5).
"Why Even Bother? They Are Not Going To Do It": Racism and Medicalization in the Lactation Profession

Research confirms that breastfeeding disparities persist and that lactation consultants play a key role in reducing them. However, there continues to be a limited availability of International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs) in the US with racial minorities in particular facing persistent barriers in the certification process. Through semi-structured interviews with 36 IBCLCs across the US, this study takes a systematic look at breastfeeding disparities through the lens of the IBCLC. Specifically, this study addresses barriers to certification and employment discrimination faced by IBCLCs of color, race-based discrimination against patients, and the ways in which IBCLCs work to both medicalize and demedicalize breastfeeding. Each of these areas can impact breastfeeding equity, and each help to reveal the ways in which race, class, gender and medicine shape views and practices related to lactation and motherhood. Cost and the increasingly university-focused approach of the IBCLC certification process are found to be significant barrier for participants. Race-based discrimination during the certification process and in the workplace is also an ongoing and persistent reality that affects participant’s relationships with patients and coworkers and their ability to secure workplace resources and to advance in their careers. IBCLCs report instances of race-based discrimination against patients such as unequal care provided to patients of color and overt racist remarks said in front of or behind patient’s backs. Finally IBCLCs are found to demedicalize breastfeeding, but they often lack the authority to change breastfeeding policies. They also engage in other work that medicalizes breastfeeding and perpetuate the idea that mothers are anxiety-prone patients in need of professional intervention. INDEX WORDS: breastfeeding, lactation consultant, employment discrimination, patient discrimination, racism, medicalization, health equity, breastfeeding disparities “WHY EVEN BOTHER? THEY ARE NOT GOING TO DO IT”: RACISM AND MEDICALIZATION IN THE LACTATION PROFESSION
A machine learning examination of hydroxyl radical differences among model simulations for CCMI-1

Abstract. The hydroxyl radical (OH) plays critical roles within the troposphere, such as determining the lifetime of methane ( CH4 ), yet is challenging to model due to its fast cycling and dependence on a multitude of sources and sinks. As a result, the reasons for variations in OH and the resulting methane lifetime ( τ CH 4 ), both between models and in time, are difficult to diagnose. We apply a neural network (NN) approach to address this issue within a group of models that participated in the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI). Analysis of the historical specified dynamics simulations performed for CCMI indicates that the primary drivers of τ CH 4 differences among 10 models are the flux of UV light to the troposphere (indicated by the photolysis frequency JO1D ), the mixing ratio of tropospheric ozone ( O3 ), the abundance of nitrogen oxides ( NO x ≡ NO + NO 2 ), and details of the various chemical mechanisms that drive OH. Water vapour, carbon monoxide (CO), the ratio of NO:NOx , and formaldehyde (HCHO) explain moderate differences in τ CH 4 , while isoprene, methane, the photolysis frequency of NO2 by visible light ( JNO2 ), overhead ozone column, and temperature account for little to no model variation in τ CH 4 . We also apply the NNs to analysis of temporal trends in OH from 1980 to 2015. All models that participated in the specified dynamics historical simulation for CCMI demonstrate a decline in τ CH 4 during the analysed timeframe. The significant contributors to this trend, in order of importance, are tropospheric O3 , JO1D , NOx , and H2O , with CO also causing substantial interannual variability in OH burden. Finally, the identified trends in τ CH 4 are compared to calculated trends in the tropospheric mean OH concentration from previous work, based on analysis of observations. The comparison reveals a robust result for the effect of rising water vapour on OH and τ CH 4 , imparting an increasing and decreasing trend of about 0.5 % decade −1 , respectively. The responses due to NOx , ozone column, and temperature are also in reasonably good agreement between the two studies.
Grant Allocation Disparities from a Gender Perspective: Literature Review. Synthesis Report

The methodology of this report has consisted in documentary research and analytical reading and comparative synthesis of the secondary sources and references, mostly original research publications, but also books and relevant reports. In addition to the main report, an annex was produced that contains an annotated bibliography. This bibliography was developed gathering the descriptions that partners produced following a common template which was designed by leaders of WP1.
Variability in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grain Yield Response to Nitrogen Fertilization in Long-Term Experiments

ABSTRACT Crop nitrogen (N) use is always affected by the variability in production environment. Dataset (2001 to 2014) from long-term winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) experiments at Lahoma and Stillwater, Oklahoma was used. Both experiments have a randomized complete block design with four replications, and fertilizer N was applied as urea pre-plant. Responsiveness of grain yield to maximum fertilizer N rate (112 kg ha−1 – Lahoma; 135 kg ha−1 – Stillwater) was compared with that from check plot (0 kg ha−1). The objective was to determine the relative influence of environment, management, and variety on winter wheat grain yield. The combined analysis of variance indicated that the main effect of year, treatment, location, and variety accounted for 29.3%, 21.2%, 3.1%, and 22.6%, respectively of the variance terms. Over the study period, the non-responsiveness of winter wheat to fertilizer N accounted for 29% and 23% of grain yield at Lahoma and Stillwater, respectively where yield at maximum N rate did not significantly differ from check plot. This highlights the importance of random changes in a crop production environment and its influence in dictating the response to applied N fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizer losses could be reduced by adopting in-season variable N application techniques.
Evaluation of the residual nitrogen effect liberated by the soybean straw on the maize yield in the second crop

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Nitrogen (N) liberated by the early soybean straw, inoculated in function of dosage and application means of the inoculant, over the vegetative growth and grain yield of second crop corn, in succession. The hybrid corn Land® was sowed in January 1st, 2017 over the soybean straw from a former experiment in Sinop (MT). The trial design used was randomized blocks (DBC) with four replications and ten treatments. For the soybean treatments: witness without N application (only inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and B. elkanii); for the other treatments, it has been applied the dosage of 10 kg ha-1 of N in different phenological stages and ways of application (by haul at sowing; in V2 by haul and leaf fertilization; in V4 by haul and leaf fertilization; in R1 by haul and leaf fertilization; in R2 by haul and leaf fertilization). Plant height, stalk diameter, total chlorophyll and grain yield were evaluated. The N mineralization from the soybean straw is not enough to fulfill the corn N demand. Even though there were no significant differences among the treatments, the N application in V2 and R1 stages, by topdressing on former soybean, provided the highest grain yield of corn.
MOBILE LEARNING IN HIGHER EDUCATION: MAPPING PERCEPTIONS AND PRACTICES OF ONLINE STUDENTS

Mobile-learning is still an emergent field of research, especially if we consider the scope of higher education (HE). In fact, few studies have been developed with regard to higher education contexts, namely within Open Universities [1], [2], [3], [4]. Given the importance of studying mobility in real learning contexts, we aim at studying the perceptions that higher education students have about mobile and non-mobile devices and also how they describe their uses and practices in different types of interactions in online courses at a Distance Virtual University. In this context it was intended to know a) what are the students' perceptions about the affordances of various mobile and non-mobile devices, and b) what types of devices do students prefer to use in interactions with teachers, with other students and with contents. The data obtained in this study show that there is some discrepancy between students' perceptions of mobile devices, their educational potential and their actual use. The actual use of mobile devices seems to be much more conservative than we would be led to assume from the discourse of learning everywhere at any time with any device.
Quasars as standard candles

We present a new catalogue of ~2,400 optically selected quasars with spectroscopic redshifts and X-ray observations from either Chandra or XMM-Newton. The sample can be used to investigate the non-linear relation between the UV and X-ray luminosity of quasars, and to build a Hubble diagram up to redshift z~7.5. We selected sources that are neither reddened by dust in the optical/UV nor obscured by gas in the X-rays, and whose X-ray fluxes are free from flux-limit related biases. After checking for any possible systematics, we confirm, in agreement with our previous works, that (i) the X-ray to UV relation provides distance estimates matching those from supernovae up to z~1.5, and (ii) its slope shows no redshift evolution up to z~5. We provide a full description of the methodology for testing cosmological models, further supporting a trend whereby the Hubble diagram of quasars is well reproduced by the standard flat $\Lambda$CDM model up to z~1.5-2, but strong deviations emerge at higher redshifts. Since we have minimized all non-negligible systematic effects, and proven the stability of the $L_{\rm X}-L_{\rm UV}$ relation at high redshifts, we conclude that an evolution of the expansion rate of the Universe should be considered as a possible explanation for the observed deviation, rather than some systematic (redshift-dependent) effect associated with high-redshift quasars.
A micro-computed tomographic evaluation of root canal filling with a single gutta-percha cone and calcium silicate sealer

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the void of root canal filling over time when a calcium silicate sealer was used in the single gutta-percha cone technique. Materials and Methods Twenty-four J-shaped simulated root canals and twenty-four palatal root canals from extracted human maxillary molars were instrumented with ProFile Ni-Ti rotary instruments up to size 35/0.06 or size 40/0.06, respectively. Half of the canals were filled with Endoseal MTA and the other half were with AH Plus Jet using the single gutta-percha cone technique. Immediately after and 4 weeks after the root canal filling, the samples were scanned using micro-computed tomography at a resolution of 12.8 μm. The scanned images were reconstructed using the NRecon software and the void percentages were calculated using the CTan software, and statistically analyzed by 1-way analysis of variance, paired t-test and Tukey post hoc test. Results After 4 weeks, there were no significant changes in the void percentages at all levels in both material groups (p > 0.05), except at the apical level of the AH Plus Jet group (p < 0.05) in the simulated root canal showing more void percentage compared to other groups. Immediately after filling the extracted human root canals, the Endoseal MTA group showed significantly less void percentage compared to the AH Plus Jet group (p < 0.05). Conclusions Under the limitations of this study, the Endoseal MTA does not seem to reduce the voids over time.
Sensitivity study of the planetary boundary layer and microphysical schemes to the initialization of convection over the Arabian Peninsula

In this study, we present a five‐member Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) physics ensemble over the Arabian Peninsula on the convection‐permitting (CP) scale and investigate the ability to simulate convection and precipitation by varying the applied cloud microphysics and planetary boundary layer (PBL) parametrizations. The study covers a typical precipitation event ocurring during summertime over the eastern part of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Our results show that the best results are obtained by using water‐ and ice‐friendly aerosols combined with aerosol‐aware Thompson cloud microphysics and the Mellor‐Yamada‐Nakanishi‐Niino (MYNN) PBL parametrization. The diurnal cycle of 2‐m temperature over the desert is well captured by all members, although a cold bias is present during the morning and evening transition. All members are capable of simulating the correct timing of the onset of convection. Simulations with the MYNN PBL and Thompson scheme produce the highest convective available potential energy (CAPE) and convective inhibition (CIN), associated with stronger mixing inside the PBL, leading to the formation of more dense liquid water clouds. The WDM6 microphysics scheme is not a suitable option, as there are hardly any liquid water clouds; mainly ice clouds are simulated. Precipitation is best captured by applying the MYNN and Thomspon scheme. Although the ensemble size is relatively small, this allows for the provision of cloud probability maps suitable for cloud‐seeding applications.
Channel Selection over Riemannian Manifold with Non-Stationarity Consideration for Brain-Computer Interface Applications

In this paper, we propose and compare multiple criteria for selecting ElectroEncephaloGraphic (EEG) channels over the Riemannian manifold, for EEG classification in Brain- Computer Interfaces (BCI). These criteria aim to promote EEG covariance matrix classifiers to generalize well by considering EEG data non-stationarity. Our approach consists of both increasing the discriminative information between classes over the manifold and reducing the dispersion within classes. We also reduce the influence of outliers in both discriminative and dispersion measures. Using the proposed criteria, channel selection is done automatically in a backward elimination process. The criteria are evaluated on EEG signals recorded from a tetraplegic subject and dataset IVa from BCI competition III. Experimental evidences confirm that considering the dispersion within each class as a measure for quantifying the effects of non-stationarity and removing the most affected channels can improve the performance of BCI by 5% on the tetraplegic subject and by 12 % on dataset IVa.
Outcomes of patients with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung after complete resection

Background: Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the lung is a relatively uncommon, aggressive, and preoperatively difficult-to-diagnosis malignancy. Treatment outcomes have not been extensively investigated. Methods: A cohort of 90 patients who underwent surgical resection and systematic nodal dissection for LCNEC between 2008 and 2014 at a single institution was retrospectively reviewed. Results: The 90 patients included 80 males and 10 females, with an average age of 62 years. The median survival was 34 months. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were 36.3% and 32.2%, respectively. Multivariate analyses using Cox’s proportional hazards models showed that smoking history [no vs . yes, hazards ratio (HR) =0.390; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.182–0.835; P=0.015], pathological stage (stage I vs . stage III, HR =0.098, 95% CI: 0.043–0.221; P vs . III, HR =0.119, 95% CI: 0.044–0.324, P vs . No, HR =0.223; 95% CI: 0.112–0.443; P Conclusions: Post-operative chemotherapy is beneficial for patients with completely resected and systematic nodal dissection. An SCLC-based chemotherapy regimen leads to better survival than a NSCLCbased regimen in patients with completely resected LCNEC.
Dynamics of Factors Responsible for the Resurgence of Cervical Cancer Lesions in Women in Developing Countries

Cervical cancer is a major public health problem worldwide and it remains one of the most common malignancies of women. The purpose was to determine, factors responsible for the upsurge of the uterine cells lesions observed on cervical smear abnormalities among Cameroonian women. To achieve our goals, the current study was carried out in three regions of Cameroon: South, Far North and Center Region for a period of two years. It was a cross sectional and descriptive study. Analyses of samples collected were performed at the biological laboratory of each hospital. All women aged 18 to 65, with sexually active were included in our study. Principal techniques used microbial infections.
Refractive errors in medical students

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Refractive errors are becomingmore of a problem in many societies, withprevalence rates of myopia in many Asian urbancountries reaching epidemic proportions. Thisstudy aims to determine the prevalence ratesof various refractive errors in Singapore medicalstudents.Methods: 157 second year medical students(aged 19-23 years) in Singapore were examined.Refractive error measurements were determinedusing a stand-alone autorefractor. Additionaldemographical data was obtained via questionnairesfilled in by the students.Results: The prevalence rate of myopia inSingapore medical students was 89.8 percent(Spherical equivalence (SE) at least -0.50D). Hyperopia was present in 1.3 percent (SE morethan +0.50D) of the participants and the overallastigmatism prevalence rate was 82.2 percent(Cylinder at least 0.50D). Conclusion: Prevalence rates of myopia andastigmatism in second year Singapore medicalstudents are one of the highest in the world.Keywords: astigmatism, epidemiology, myopia,prevalence rates
A Three-Dimensional Perspective on Extratropical Cyclone Impacts

Cyclones can be identified from gridded pressure data at different levels of the troposphere, with vertical structure known to influence the temporal development and impacts of midlatitude cyclones. However, studies of midlatitude cyclones typically focus on cyclones identified at a single atmospheric level. This paper examines how the frequency of vertically organized or deep cyclones varies around the world, with a focus on southeastern Australia. About 50% of global cyclones identified from mean sea level pressure show a coherent vertical structure extending to at least 500 hPa, based on ERA-Interim reanalysis data, and shallow cyclones are most common in the global midlatitudes. Using a combination of reanalysis data and satellite-based rainfall and lightning, we show that in southeast Australia deep cyclones have higher intensities, longer durations, and more severe winds and rainfall than either shallow surface cyclones or upper-level cyclones with no surface low, motivating a three-dimensional approach for future cyclone analyses.
The lived experience of a university law clinic supervisor : an autoethnographic inquiry

Supervision is an acknowledged hallmark of clinical legal education (Giddings, 2013; Evans et al., 2017). Law clinic supervisors are at the heart of delivering the full possibilities of the clinic environment. However, despite the recognised value of supervision within law clinics, research on the supervisory role is limited. Existing studies overwhelmingly provide detached advice designed to increase the effectiveness of supervisory practice for the benefit of clinic students. There is a paucity of detailed insider accounts examining the realities of being a supervisor. The literature is fragmented, out of date, and lacks deeply critical analysis of supervisors’ lived experiences.