Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pile-Ups Formation in AFM-Based Nanolithography: Morpho-Mechanical Characterization and Removal Strategies

In recent decades, great efforts have been made to develop innovative, effective, and accurate nanofabrication techniques stimulated by the growing demand for nanostructures. Nowadays, mechanical tip-based emerged as the most promising nanolithography technique, allowing the pattern of nanostructures with a sub-nanometer resolution, high reproducibility, and accuracy. Unfortunately, these nanostructures result in contoured pile-ups that could limit their use and future integration into high-tech devices. The removal of pile-ups is still an open challenge. In this perspective, two different AFM-based approaches, i.e., Force Modulation Mode imaging and force-distance curve analysis, were used to characterize the structure of pile-ups at the edges of nanogrooves patterned on PMMA substrate by means of Pulse-Atomic Force Lithography. Our experimental results showed that the material in pile-ups was less stiff than the pristine polymer. Based on this evidence, we have developed an effective strategy to easily remove pile-ups, preserving the shape and the morphology of nanostructures.
The Taylor internal structure of weak shock waves

G. I. Taylor's solution in 1910 for the interior structure of a weak shock wave is, with appropriate generalization, an essential component of weak-shock theory. The Taylor balance between nonlinear convection and thermoviscous diffusion is, however, endangered when other linear mechanisms - such as density stratification, geometrical spreading effects, tube wall attenuation and dispersion, etc. - are included. The ways in which some of these linear mechanisms cause the Taylor shock structure to break down when a weak shock has propagated over a large (and in some cases quite moderate) distance will be studied. Different forms of breakdown of the Taylor shock structure will be identified, both for quadratic (gasdynamic) nonlinearity and also for cubic nonlinearity appropriate to transverse waves in solid media or electromagnetic waves in nonlinear dielectrics. From this a description will be given of the fate of a nonlinear wave containing a pattern of weak shock waves, as it propagates over large ranges under the influence of linear and nonlinear mechanisms.
Excitation of Deep Convection to the North of Tropical Storm Bebinca (2006)

Tropical storm Bebinca (2006) was characterized by an abrupt termination due to the generation of an explosive convection to the north of its center. No convective clouds were observed near its center, nor did typical cloud patterns with spiral bands and eyewalls appear in the storm. Reanalysis data (ERA-Interim) was used in this study, and a set of sensitivity experiments conducted with a numerical model (NICAM) to examine the cause of the explosive convection. The analyses of the reanalysis data elucidated mechanisms for excitation of deep convection, including a high convective available potential energy environment due to moisture convergence at lower levels, potential vorticity generation by a diabatic Rossby vortex mechanism, and dynamical forcing formation of upward motion induced by upper levels. Moreover, two sensitivity experiments were conducted by modifying the vortex structure of Bebinca. The results suggested that Bebinca’s unusual characteristic, the weak low-level pressure gradient near the center was fundamental for excitation of the explosive convection in the northern area.
Diffusion-limited one-species reactions in the Bethe lattice

We study the kinetics of diffusion-limited coalescence, , and annihilation, , in the Bethe lattice of coordination number z. Correlations build up over time so that the probability of finding a particle next to another varies from ρ2 (ρ is the particle density), initially, when the particles are uncorrelated, to [(z−2)/z]ρ2, in the long-time asymptotic limit. As a result, the particle density decays inversely proportionally to time, ρ∼1/kt, but at a rate k that slowly decreases to an asymptotic constant value.
Modelling the luminosities and sizes of radio sources : radio luminosity function at z = 6

We present a model to predict the luminosity function for radio galaxies and their linear size distribution at any redshift. The model takes a black hole mass function and Eddington ratio distribution as input and tracks the evolution of radio sources, taking into account synchrotron, adiabatic and inverse Compton energy losses. We first test the model at z = 2 where plenty of radio data are available and show that the radio luminosity function (RLF) is consistent with observations. We are able to reproduce the break in luminosity function that separates locally the Fanaroff-Riley class I and Fanaroff-Riley class I radio sources. Our prediction for linear size distribution at z = 2 matches the observed distribution too. We then use our model to predict an RLF and linear size distribution at z = 6, as this is the epoch when radio galaxies can be used as probes of reionization. We demonstrate that higher inverse Compton losses lead to shorter source lifetimes and smaller sizes at high redshifts. The predicted sizes are consistent with the generally observed trend with redshift. We evolve the z = 2 RLF based on observed quasar space densities at high redshifts, and show that our RLF prediction at z = 6 is consistent. Finally, we predict the detection of 0.63, 0.092 and 0.0025 z ≥ 6 sources deg2 at flux density limits of 0.1, 0.5 and 3.5 mJy. We assess the trade-off between coverage area and depth and show that LOFAR surveys with flux density limits of 0.1 and 0.5 mJy are the most efficient at detecting a large number of z ≥ 6 radio sources.
Specific-heat evidence for strong electron correlations in the thermoelectric material(Na,Ca)Co2O4

The specific heat of $(\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a},\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}){\mathrm{Co}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ is measured at low-temperatures to determine the magnitude of the electronic specific-heat coefficient $\ensuremath{\gamma},$ in an attempt to gain an insight into the origin of the unusually large thermoelectric power of this compound. It is found that $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is as large as $\ensuremath{\sim}48 {\mathrm{m}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{K}}^{2},$ which is an order of magnitude larger than $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ of simple metals. This indicates that $(\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a},\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}){\mathrm{Co}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ is a strongly-correlated electron system, where the strong correlation probably comes from the low-dimensionality and the frustrated spin structure. We discuss how the large thermopower and its dependence on Ca doping can be understood with the strong electron correlations.
Integrated Analysis of Long Non-Coding RNA and mRNA to Reveal Putative Candidate Genes Associated with Backfat Quality in Beijing Black Pig

Pigs’ backfat quality has an important impact on the quality of pork and pork products and has a strong relationship with nutrition and sensory characteristics. This study aimed to identify the related candidate genes of backfat quality and to preliminary clarify the molecular regulatory mechanism underlying pig backfat quality phenotypes. Expression assessments of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and mRNA profiling in backfat from high-quality (firm and white) and low-quality (soft and yellow) Beijing Black pigs were performed by RNA sequencing. Significantly different expressions were observed in 610 protein-coding genes and 290 lncRNAs between the two groups. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway annotation showed that some candidate differentially expressed genes that participate in lipid-related pathways and pigmentation terms may play a role in backfat quality in pigs. The cis-target and trans-target genes were predicted to explore the regulatory function of lncRNAs, and integrative analyses of different expression lncRNAs targets and different expression genes were performed. The results showed the regulatory networks of lncRNA-mRNA related to backfat quality, and our study obtained strong candidate genes for backfat quality: ELOVL5, SCD, DGAT2, SLC24A5, and TYRP1, which were involved in fat metabolism, adipogenesis regulation, and pigmentation. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the molecular genetic mechanisms of backfat quality in pigs, and these findings improve the current understanding of backfat quality mechanisms and provide a foundation for further studies.
Magnetic molecular clouds: indirect evidence for magnetic support and ambipolar diffusion

More than 120 measurements of molecular-cloud size (R), velocity dispersion (sigma), and density (n) were compiled to investigate the approximate relationships proposed by Larson (1981) for these characteristics (as well as for molecular cloud mass M), which state that the value of sigma is proportional to sq root of R, n is proportional to 1/R, and GM/R is approximately equal to sigma-squared, by comparing simple cloud models to observations. A crude virial equilibrium model of thermal and magnetic support against gravity is presented that was found to fit the observed trends for cloud sizes from 0.1 to 100 pc, provided the magnetic field strength is in the range 15-40 microG. This range is comparable to that of available field strength measurements in self-gravitating clouds. 70 references.
Do Wage Subsidies to Nationals Enhance Their Employability? New Evidence from Kuwait

Due to the persistent unemployment of nationals in the midst of millions of gainfully employed foreign workers, Kuwait, the focus of this study, introduced a new generation of active labor market policies (ALMPs) in 2000, capped by an expansive wage subsidy to nationals who join the private sector. This study employs the Fully Modified Least Square (FM-OLS) model to evaluate the effectiveness of these policies by means of estimating employment elasticities of Kuwaitis in the private sector in response to wage subsidies. The results show that the subsidies have been ineffective, contrary to their well-documented broad positive impact in industrial economies. This outcome has been attributed generally to wage differentials between Kuwaitis and non-Kuwaitis. This study presents a holistic diagnosis of the problem by challenging the received ‘wage differentials’ as the sole cause. It identifies a host of heretofore-unidentified structural disequilibria in the labor market that are responsible for the subsidy’s ineffectiveness such as the local economy’s inherent bias towards low-tech methods of production that rely heavily on low-skilled labor, Kuwaitis’ penchant to pursue higher levels of education, low national participation rates in the labor force, the absence of critical vocational training programs, and the government’s liberal immigration policies. Based on the revised prognosis, a new integrated remedial plan of actionable steps is suggested to address the unemployment problem.
Cage-size control of guest vibration and thermal conductivity in Sr 8 Ga 16 Si 30 − x Ge x

We present a systematic study of thermal conductivity, specific heat, electrical resistivity, thermopower, and x-ray diffraction measurements performed on single-crystalline samples of the pseudoquaternary type-I clathrate system ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{8}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{16}{\mathrm{Si}}_{30\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}$, in the full range of $0\ensuremath{\leqslant}x\ensuremath{\leqslant}30$. All the samples show metallic behavior with $n$-type majority carriers. However, the thermal conductivity and specific heat strongly depend on $x$. Upon increasing $x$ from 0 to 30, the lattice parameter increases by 3%, from $10.446\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}10.726\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$, and the localized vibrational energies of the Sr guest ions in the tetrakaidecahedron (dodecahedron) cages decrease from $59(120)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}35(90)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Furthermore, the lattice thermal conductivity at low temperatures is largely suppressed. In fact, a crystalline peak found at $15\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ for $x=0$ gradually decreases and disappears for $x\ensuremath{\geqslant}20$, evolving into the anomalous glasslike behavior observed for $x=30$. It is found that the increase of the free space for the Sr guest motion directly correlates with a continuous transition from quasi-on-center harmonic vibration to off-center anharmonic vibration, with consequent increase in the coupling strength between the guest's low-energy modes and the cage's acoustic phonon modes.
On The Boundedness Of Certain Bilinear Oscillatory Integral Operators

We prove the global L2 × L2 → L1 boundedness of bilinear oscillatory integral operators with amplitudes satisfying a Hormander type condition and phases satisfying appropriate growth as well as the strong non-degeneracy conditions. This is an extension of the corresponding result of R. Coifman and Y. Meyer for bilinear pseudo-differential operators, to the case of oscillatory integral operators.
Longitudinal associations between mindfulness and change in attachment orientations in couples: The role of relationship preoccupation and empathy

Attachment orientations predict relationship outcomes and health and well-being, making it important to illuminate factors which enhance attachment security. We investigated how general and relationship-specific mindfulness predict changes in attachment orientations in couples over time, testing relationship preoccupation and partner-focused empathy as mediators. We also explored whether the longitudinal links between general mindfulness and attachment are bidirectional. Couples reported their general and relationship mindfulness and attachment orientations in a baseline session (Phase 1). They then reported relationship preoccupation and empathy each day for 14 days (Phase 2). Lastly, they reported general mindfulness and attachment orientations 2 months later (Phase 3). Results revealed that higher Phase 1 actor general—but not relationship—mindfulness directly predicted Phase 1-3 decreases in actor attachment anxiety. Conversely, greater Phase 1 actor relationship—but not general—mindfulness indirectly predicted Phase 1-3 decreases in actor attachment avoidance via greater Phase 2 actor empathy. Finally, lower Phase 1 actor and partner attachment anxiety directly predicted Phase 1-3 increases in general mindfulness. This research provides the first dyadic longitudinal demonstration of the interplay between partners’ mindfulness and attachment.
A homogeneous aa index: 1. Secular variation

Originally complied for 1868–1967 and subsequently continued so that it now covers 150 years, the aa index has become a vital resource for studying space climate change. However, there have been debates about the inter-calibration of data from the different stations. In addition, the effects of secular change in the geomagnetic field have not previously been allowed for. As a result, the components of the “classical” aa index for the southern and northern hemispheres (aa S and aa N ) have drifted apart. We here separately correct both aa S and aa N for both these effects using the same method as used to generate the classic aa values but allowing δ , the minimum angular separation of each station from a nominal auroral oval, to vary as calculated using the IGRF-12 and gufm1 models of the intrinsic geomagnetic field. Our approach is to correct the quantized a K -values for each station, originally scaled on the assumption that δ values are constant, with time-dependent scale factors that allow for the drift in δ . This requires revisiting the intercalibration of successive stations used in making the aa S and aa N composites. These intercalibrations are defined using independent data and daily averages from 11 years before and after each station change and it is shown that they depend on the time of year. This procedure produces new homogenized hemispheric aa indices, aa HS and aa HN , which show centennial-scale changes that are in very close agreement. Calibration problems with the classic aa index are shown to have arisen from drifts in δ combined with simpler corrections which gave an incorrect temporal variation and underestimate the rise in aa during the 20th century by about 15%.
Multi-color Optical Monitoring of 10 Blazars from 2005 to 2011

We carried out multi-color optical monitoring of a sample of 10 blazars from 2005 to 2011. The sample contains 3 LBLs, 2 IBLs, 4 HBLs, and 1 FSRQ. Our monitoring focused on the long-term variability and the sample included nine BL Lac objects and one flat-spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ). A total of 14,799 data points were collected. This is one of the largest optical databases for a sample of 10 blazars. All objects showed significant variability except for OT 546. Because of the low sampling on each single night, only BL Lacertae were observed to have intraday variability on 2006 November 6. Most BL Lac objects showed a bluer-when-brighter (BWB) chromatism, while the FSRQ, 3C 454.3, displayed a redder-when-brighter trend. The BWB color behaviors of most BL Lacs can be at least partly attributed to the trend of increasing variation amplitude with increasing frequency observed in these objects. The average spectral index of LBLs is around 1.5, as expected from the model dominated by synchrotron self-Compton loss. The optical emission of HBL is probably contaminated by the thermal emission from the host galaxies. Correlation analysis did not reveal any time delay between variations at different wavelengths.
Factors Affecting Clinical over and Underestimation of Fetal Weight—A Retrospective Cohort

Clinical estimation of fetal weight is an integral component of obstetric care that might dictate the timing and mode of delivery. Inaccurate fetal weight estimation might result in unnecessary interventions or in underestimating potential risks, resulting in inappropriate intrapartum care. This retrospective study assessed factors associated with under- or overestimation of birthweight and evaluated the obstetric implications. It included singleton births ≥24 w with clinically estimated fetal weight (EFW) up to 1 week before delivery, during 2014–2020. Estimates >±10% of the actual birthweight were considered inaccurate and categorized as overestimation (>10% heavier than the actual birthweight) or underestimation (>10% smaller than the birthweight). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to reveal factors associated with inaccurate EFW. Maternal characteristics and obstetric outcomes were compared. The primary outcomes for the overestimation group were the neonatal composite adverse outcome, induction of labor and cesarean delivery rates. The primary outcomes for the underestimation group were rates of shoulder dystocia, 3rd- or 4th-degree perineal lacerations, and failed vacuum extraction. Among 38,615 EFW, 5172 (13.4%) were underestimated, 6695 (17.3%) were overestimated and 27,648 (69.3%) accurate. Multivariable logistic regression found increasing gestational age as an independent risk-factor for underestimation (odds ratio (OR) 1.15 for every additional week, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12–1.2). Major factors independently associated with overestimation were nulliparity (OR 1.95, CI 1.76–2.16), maternal obesity (OR 1.52, CI 1.33–1.74), smoking (OR 1.6, CI 1.33–1.93), and oligohydramnios (OR 1.92, CI 1.47–2.5). Underestimation was an independent risk-factor for shoulder dystocia (OR 1.61, CI 1.05–2.46) and 3rd- or 4th-degree perineal lacerations (OR 1.59, CI 1.05–2.43). Overestimation was an independent risk-factor for neonatal composite adverse outcome (OR 1.15, CI 1.02–1.3), induced labor (OR 1.30, CI 1.21–1.40) and cesarean delivery (OR 1.59, CI 1.41–1.79). Clinicians should be aware of factors and adverse obstetric implications associated with over- or underestimation of birthweight.
XY frustrated systems: Continuous exponents in discontinuous phase transitions

XY frustrated magnets exhibit an unsual critical behavior: they display scaling laws accompanied by nonuniversal critical exponents and a negative anomalous dimension. This suggests that they undergo weak first order phase transitions. We show that all perturbative approaches that have been used to investigate XY frustrated magnets fail to reproduce these features. Using a nonperturbative approach based on the concept of effective average action, we are able to account for this nonuniversal scaling and to describe qualitatively and, to some extent, quantitatively the physics of these systems.
Effect of ion‐slip current on the thermal instability of mixed connection in a boundary layer flow

Effect of ion‐slip current on the thermal instability in a boundary layer is studied. The criterion on the position marking the onset of longitudinal vortices is defined in the present paper. The results show that the onset position characterized by the Grashof number depends on the Prandtl number, the Reynolds number, the wave number, the Hall parameter, the ion‐slip parameter, and the Hartmann number. The flow becomes more stable as the magnetic field increases. However, the destabilizing effects are found on the flow when the Hall and ion‐slip currents are presented. The results of the present numerical prediction show reasonable agreement with the experimental data in the case of zero Hartmann number, ion‐slip parameter, and Hall parameter in the open literature. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture; Analysing Contributions of Different Biological Compartments to Nutrient Removal in a Duckweed-Based Water Remediation System

Duckweed (Lemnaceae) can support the development of freshwater aquaculture if used as extractive species in Integrated MultiTrophic Aquaculture (IMTA) systems. These aquatic plants have the advantage of producing protein-rich biomass that has several potential uses. On the contrary, other biological compartments, such as microalgae and bacteria, present in the water and competing with duckweed for light and nutrients cannot be harvested easily from the water. Moreover, as phytoplankton cannot easily be harvested, nutrients are eventually re-released; hence, this compartment does not contribute to the overall water remediation process. In the present study, a mesocosm experiment was designed to quantify the portion of nutrients effectively removed by duckweed in a duckweed-based aquaculture wastewater remediation system. Three tanks were buried next to a pilot-scale IMTA system used for the production of rainbow trout and perch. The tanks received aquaculture effluents from the adjacent system, and 50% of their surface was covered by duckweed. Daily water analyses of samples at the inlet and outlet of the mesocosm allowed quantification of the amount of nutrients removed in total. The portion removed by duckweed was determined by examining the nutrient content in the initial and final biomass. The portion of nutrients removed by other compartments was similarly estimated. The results show that duckweed is responsible for the removal of 31% and 29% of N and P, respectively. Phytoplankton removed 33% and 38% of N and P, respectively, while the biofilm played no major role in nutrient removal. The remainder of the removed nutrients were probably assimilated by bacteria or sedimented. It is speculated that a higher initial duckweed density can limit phytoplankton growth and, therefore, increase the portion of nutrients removed by the duckweed compartment.
PLANCK-SCALE RELATIVITY FROM QUANTUM κ-POINCARÉ ALGEBRA

Extending the commutator algebra of quantum κ-Poincare symmetry to the whole of the phase space, and assuming that this algebra is to be covariant under action of deformed Lorentz generators, we derive the transformation properties of positions under the action of deformed boosts. It turns out that these transformations leave invariant the quadratic form in the position space, which is the Minkowski metric and that the boosts saturate. The issues of massless and massive particles motion as well as time dilatation and length contraction in this new framework are also studied.