Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Life Quality, Comfort and Anxiety Levels of Family Members Caring for the Cancer Patient

Objective: This study aimed to assess the life quality, comfort and anxiety levels of family caregivers of cancer patients in Turkey. Methods: The study population consisted of first degree relatives caring for cancer patients who went to the adult unit of a Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Hospital in a University to receive ambulatory chemotherapy (n=85). The study data were collected by using the Individual Description Form, the Scale of Quality of Life-Family Version (QOL-FV), General Comfort Scale (GCQ) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Results: It was determined that the family members had an age average of 41.31±12.60 (min-max: 19-64) and a caring duration of 13.17±9.07 months. 54.1% were women, 44.7% workers and 70.6% married. Total score averages of family members caring for cancer patients were determined as follows; QOL-FV; 164.51±56.32, GCQ; 2.62±0.44, BAI; 16.49±14.09. Conclusions: It was determined that family members caring for cancer patients have a moderate level of life quality, comfort and anxiety. Nurses should assess their caregiver’s quality of life, comfort, anxiety levels before, during and after treatment periods and educate them about adverse effects of cancer treatments and needed care.
Dramatic decline in orang-utan numbers in the Leuser Ecosystem, Northern Sumatra

Abstract The Leuser Ecosystem, northern Sumatra, Indonesia, contains the world's largest orang-utan Pongo pygmaeus population. We examine the consequences of the recent wave of forest conversion, and legal and illegal logging, on orang-utan numbers in the Leuser Ecosystem. We review density variation inside the Leuser Ecosystem and its causes, and the consequences of selective logging, exhaustive logging and clear-felling for habitat conversion on orang-utan densities. The analysis of the orang-utan's decline is based on information on forest loss, logging intensity, and the delineation of logging concessions and legal changes in land use status. The results indicate a very rapid decline, by c. 45 per cent, from c. 12,000 in early 1993, over a 6- to 7-year period. During 1998 and 1999, losses occurred at a rate of about 1000 orang-utans per year. At this rate, further losses in the near future are expected to put the survival of Leuser's orang-utans in serious doubt.
Influence of Media Composition on the Production of alpha-Amylase and Amyloglucosidase by a Strain of Aspergillus niger

The nature of thermophilic amylolytic enzymes produced by a strain of Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem was influenced by media composition. While glucose, maltose, dextrin and soluble starch induced the production of amyloglucosidase, pectin and sodium polypectate almost exclusively induced the formation of α-amylase. Alkali ions suppressed the formation of amyloglucosidase. NH4NO3, (NH4)2HPO4 and (NH4)2C4H4O6 served as good inorganic nitrogen sources, while casein, groundnut protein and corn steep liquor served to a similar capacity as nitrogen sources from organic material. Deletion of the growth factors pyridoxine-hydrochloride and inositol suppressed enzyme production, while the absence of riboflavin had the opposite effect.
Effect of Supplementation of Rumen Protected Methionine plus Lysine on Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilization and Blood Metabolites in Calves

Twelve female calves (6–12 months age; 94.95 kg body weight), were divided into two groups of six in each. Animals were offered a basal diet consisting of wheat straw, green fodder and concentrate mixture to meet their nutrient requirements in control group for a period of 90 days. Animals in treatment group were fed the basal diet plus 2 g RPM (net 0.78 g RPM deliverable) and 17 g RPL (net 3.7 g RPL deliverable) per calf per day. Feed intake was recorded daily whereas body weights were recorded fortnightly. In the middle of the experiment, a metabolic trial was conducted. Average daily gain and percent feed efficiency were higher (P<0.05) by 16.1% and 12.5% in treatment group over that of control group. There was no difference in average DM, CP and TDN intake. Also there was no effect on digestibility of nutrients except that of CP which was higher (P<0.05) in treatment group. N balance was similar in all the groups. Plasma triglycerides, VLDL, total protein, concentration increased (P<0.01) and BUN concentration decreased (P<0.05), whereas no difference was observed in blood glucose, albumin, globulin, NEFA concentration and A: G ratio in rumen protected methionine plus lysine supplemented groups. Supplementation of 2 g RPM plus 17 g RPL per day in the ration of growing crossbred calves improved (P<0.05) the average daily gain in calves.
Protein kinase C‐β, fibronectin, α5β1‐integrin, and tumor necrosis factor‐α are required for phorbol diester–induced apoptosis in human myeloid leukemia cells

The human myeloid HL‐60 cell line and its cell variant HL‐525 were used to study signaling events leading to apoptosis induction by phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA), an activator of protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes. Unlike parental cells, HL‐525 cells are PKC‐β deficient and resistant to PMA‐induced apoptosis. These cells regain susceptibility to apoptosis induction after transfection with a PKC‐β expression vector. By using this vector and specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), it was established that PMA‐induced apoptosis also called for an interaction between cell‐surface α5β1‐integrin and its deposited ligand fibronectin (FN), which is downstream of PKC‐β activation. Experiments with mAbs, the PKC‐β vector, and exogenous FN revealed that the next step entailed an interaction between secreted tumor necrosis factor‐α and its type I receptor. By using a sphingomyelinase inhibitor, it was concluded that the subsequent step involved ceramide production. Moreover, a permeable ceramide was effective in inducing apoptosis in both HL‐60 and HL‐525 cells, and this induction was caspase‐1 and/or ‐4 dependent because an inhibitor of these caspases abrogated the induced apoptosis. Based on these and related differentiation studies, we conclude that the above signaling events, the early ones in particular, are shared with PMA‐induced macrophage differentiation in the HL‐60 cells. It is likely that once these cells acquire their macrophage phenotype and perform their tasks, they become superfluous and are eliminated from the body by a self‐triggered apoptotic process that involves our proposed signaling scheme. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Late Eocene Chrysomelidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) from Baltic, Rovno and Danish ambers

New fossil taxa of Chrysomelidae are described: from Baltic amber, Succinispa stainesi Nadein gen. et. sp. nov. (Cassidinae: Oposispini); from Danish (Scandinavian) amber, Psyllototus viking Nadein sp. nov. (Galerucinae: Alticini), Calomicroides danicus Nadein gen. et sp. nov. (Galerucinae: Galerucini: Luperina), Paleomolpus hirtus Nadein gen. et sp. nov. (Eumolpinae: Eumolpini); from Rovno amber (Ukraine, Klesov), Archealtica convexa Nadein gen. et sp. nov. (Galerucinae: Alticini), Taphioporus rovnoi Moseyko and Perkovsky sp. nov. (Eumolpinae: Euryopini). Leaf beetles in succinites are represented by four species of extant ‘Holarctic' (temperate) genera in contrast to one species of a Recent ‘tropical' genus. Faunal composition of leaf beetles of late Eocene succinites supports the opinion of Archibald and Farrell ( ) that arthropods with different climatic preferences preserved in Baltic amber were able to co‐exist under an extinct equable climate with temperate summers and mild winters.
Propriedades físicas e carbono orgânico do solo sob plantio direto comparados à mata natural, num Cambissolo Háplico

A qualidade fisica do solo esta relacionada com o seu uso e manejo e com o teor de carbono orgânico do mesmo. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito do periodo de tempo de adocao do sistema de plantio direto cultivado com fumo e cebola, comparativamente a mata natural, sobre alguns atributos fisicos do solo, teor de carbono orgânico e infiltracao de agua no solo. O estudo foi conduzido em 2007, no municipio de Ituporanga, SC, em areas de lavoura manejada sob plantio direto durante cinco, dois e um ano, e numa area de mata natural, num Cambissolo Haplico. O uso com lavouras modificou os atributos fisicos do solo em relacao aos da mata natural. A taxa infiltracao de agua foi mais influenciada pelo uso e manejo do solo do que os demais atributos, com valores de taxa constante iguais a 72 mm h -1 na mata e 2 mm h -1 a 8 mm h-1 nas lavouras. O preparo convencional do solo adotado antes do plantio direto e o periodo de tempo de conducao do plantio direto influenciaram a porosidade, a estabilidade de agregados, a resistencia ao penetrometro e a taxa inicial de infiltracao de agua. A resistencia do solo ao penetrometro e a densidade do solo apresentaram relacao inversa com o teor de carbono orgânico do solo.
Observations on siting, dimensions and structure of salmonid redds

Redds of trout, Salmo trutta L. , Atlantic salmon, S. salar L. , and rainbow trout, S. gairdneri Richardson, were studied at sites in north-east England, south-west Wales and southern England (Dorset). Spawning females preferred gravels of 20–30 mm diameter and water velocities at 0·6 depth of 15 cm s-1 and <c. 2·0 body lengths s-1. After logarithmic transformation the major horizontal dimensions of redds could be related to one another by linear regressions, and redd tail length could, similarly, be related to female fish length. Egg burial depth in upland stony streams in north-east England and south-west Wales could be predicted from a linear regression of mean depth upon female length. Information is also given on gravel composition and redd structure.
Women and men in the informal economy: a statistical picture

Two billion workers - representing 61.2 per cent of the world's employed population - are in informal employment. Evidence shows that most people enter the informal economy not by choice, but as a consequence of a lack of opportunities in the formal economy and in the absence of other means of livelihood. Workers in the informal economy differ widely in terms of income level, age, education level, status in employment, sector, type and size of enterprise, location of workplace (rural or urban, private or public areas), degree of coverage of social and employment protection. The main challenge for the transition to the formal economy is finding the right policy mix that corresponds to the diversity of characteristics and drivers of informality. Reliable and relevant statistics are needed to better understand these complex aspects of informality and monitor progress towards formalization.
Seasons’ influence on bulb, seed yield and quality of aggregatum onion, Allium cepa var aggregatum

A field experiment was conducted at the Department of Vegetable Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during September 2010 to April 2011. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of planting season and genotypes performance on the bulb and seed production and quality of small onion. Four different planting seasons S1 (September), S2 (October), S3 (November) and S4 (December) and three genotypes G1 (CO (On) 5), G2 (Puttarasal type) and G3 (Santhaipadugai Local) were used in the experiment. Data on different growth, yield and quality parameters were recorded and statistically analyzed. The results revealed that the highest seed and residual bulb yield (807 kg/ha and 8000 kg/ha respectively) was obtained from the September season planting (S1) in Puttarasal genotype (G2). Hence early planting season with local varieties is suggested for onion bulb and seed production in Coimbatore conditions.
A phylogenetic analysis of the nursery‐web spider family Pisauridae, with emphasis on the genera Architis and Staberius (Araneae: Lycosoidea)

This study presents a general cladistic analysis of pisaurid genera, with emphasis on the Neotropical genera Architis Simon and Staberius Simon. The analysis was based on a matrix with 21 terminal taxa: eight species of Architis, Staberius spinipes (Taczanowski), seven exemplars of other pisaurid genera and five outgroup taxa. These terminals were scored for 59 morphological and three behavioural characters. An analysis with all characters equally weighted resulted in two most parsimonious trees, differing only in the position of Architis colombo Santos. In both trees Pisauridae arouse as a monophyletic group, and the exemplars of Architis composed a clade with S. spinipes. Contrary to hypotheses from the literature, Thalassius Simon emerged as sister‐group of all remaining pisaurids, not as a close relative of Dolomedes Latreille. The genera Tinus F.O. P. ‐Cambridge and Thaumasia Perty appeared in the trees as the closest relatives of Architis and Staberius Simon. The analysis strongly supported S. spinipes as the sister‐group of A. helveola (Simon), indicating that Architis as currently delimited is paraphyletic. Based on these results, Staberius is considered a subjective junior synonym of Architis. Additionally, the genus Mimicosa Petrunkevitch, originally described in Tetragnathidae, is transferred to Pisauridae and considered a junior synonym of Architis. Two species are proposed as junior synonyms of A. spinipes comb.n. Mimicosa spinosa Petrunkevitch and Staberius lemoulti Caporiacco.
What the neurocognitive study of inner language reveals about our inner space

Our inner space is furnished, and sometimes even stuffed, with verbal material. The nature of inner language has long been under the careful scrutiny of scholars, philosophers and writers, through the practice of introspection. The use of recent experimental methods in the field of cognitive neuroscience provides a new window of insight into the format, properties, qualities and mechanisms of inner language. Gathering findings from introspection and empirical works, this article first assesses the proportion of language in our inner space. Several variants of inner language are then described, including wilful vs spontaneous instances, condensed vs expanded forms, silent vocalisation during reading or writing, contained vs ruminative occurrences, and self-controlled vs hallucinatory cases. The nature of these variants and their embodied multisensory qualities are examined. Finally, a neurocognitive model of the production of inner language is drawn, in the framework of predictive control, speculating on the neural mechanisms that underlie one of the most significant components of our inner space.
Influence of pruning intensities on leaf nutrient composition in some mango cultivars planted under high density

A field experiment was conducted on mango cultivars (Amrapali, Mallika and Dashehari) planted under high density to study the changes in the nutrient composition in leaves after pruning. The maximum nitrogen percentage was found in Amrapali in ‘on’ year while Dashehari recorded the lowest. Similarly, the highest phosphorus, calcium and sulphur was estimated in leaves of Mallika, whereas Amrapali had the lowest phosphorus, calcium and magnesium content. The significant difference was also observed for N, P (‘on’ year), Ca, Mg and S due to different pruning levels. The highest N and Ca content were observed in control (un-pruned) trees, which had the lowest levels of Mg and S. The light pruning improved the level of phosphorus but reduced the nitrogen concentration. Severe pruning led to lowest P and Mg content with better S content. The interaction effect due to cultivar and pruning intensity was found to be significant for nutrient like N, C and M. The pruning intensity did not have any significant effect on potassium content. Consequently, major nutrients (primary and secondary) reduced during flowering, while during ‘on’ year the N, P and Ca levels increased. In contrast, Mg and S were observed to be higher during vegetative phase.
Planar (Rolling) Shear Strength of Structural Panels Using 5-point Bending Test

1) This study was conducted to evaluate the planar (rolling) shear strength of OSB (oriented strand board) panels and domestic plywood through 5 point bending test method in ASTM D2718 standard. The test specimens were prepared in parallel and perpendicular direction to major axis (along the length of panels) and tested up to failure, and failure modes were also examined. From the test results, rolling shear strength were found to be 1.32 ~ 1.94N/mm in parallel to major axis, and 1.46 ~ 1.99N/mm in perpendicular to major axis respectively. Little difference was found between parallel and perpendicular direction of rolling shear strength. There were no statistically significant differences in rolling shear strength between Canadian OSB and domestic plywood in the parallel direction, and between Chilean OSB and domestic plywood in the perpendicular direction. The shear failure was observed in all tested OSB panels, whereas shear failure, glue line delamination, and bending combined with shear failure were observed in the domestic plywood.
Population structure of island‐associated dolphins: Evidence from mitochondrial and microsatellite markers for common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) around the main Hawaiian Islands

Abstract : We used mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers to investigate population structure of common bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, around the main Hawaiian Islands. Though broadly distributed throughout the world s oceans, bottlenose dolphins are known to form small populations in coastal waters. Recent photoidentification data suggest the same is true in Hawaiian waters. We found genetic differentiation among (mtDNA phi(sub st) = 0.014 0.141, microsatellite F (sub st) = 0.019 0.050) and low dispersal rates between (0.17 5.77 dispersers per generation) the main Hawaiian Island groups. Our results are consistent with movement rates estimated from photo-identification data and suggest that each island group supports a demographically independent population. Inclusion in our analyses of samples collected near Palmyra Atoll provided evidence that the Hawaiian Islands are also occasionally visited by members of a genetically distinct, pelagic population. Two of our samples exhibited evidence of partial ancestry from Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (T. aduncus), a species not known to inhabit the Hawaiian Archipelago. Our findings have important implications for the management of Hawaiian bottlenose dolphins and raise concerns about the vulnerability to human impacts of pelagic species in island ecosystems.
Fish Assemblages in Talladega National Forest's Choccolocco, Shoal, and Scarbrough Creeks

Abstract Fish assemblages within Choccolocco, Shoal, and Scarbrough creeks (Shoal Creek District, Talladega National Forest, AL) were surveyed each July from 2003–2007. Mean species diversity (Shannon Index) was 2.3 or higher for all sites except Scarbrough Creek (headwater site). Calculated IBI's for all sites scored were “good” with the exception of Scarbrough Creek which scored “poor. ” At all sites except Scarbrough creek, fish communities were dominated by Cyprinella trichroistia (Tricolor Shiner), Semotilus atromaculatus (Creek Chub), Hypentelium etowanum (Alabama Hogsucker), Campostoma oligolepis (Largescale Stoneroller), and Notropis xaenocephalus (Coosa Shiner). At one site near a large lake (Shoal Creek), sunfish were also predominant. Limited numbers of the state-listed Etheostoma brevirostrum (Holiday Darter) were also observed in Shoal Creek. The Creek Chub was the only fish species observed in Scarbrough Creek at its headwaters. Although species diversity may be reduced relative to historical data, those fish populations observed in the streams currently appear stable.
Antimicrobial activity of extracts and a germacranolidetype sesquiterpene lactone from Tithonia diversifolia leaf extract

The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the leaf of Tithonia diversifolia, and one sesquiterpene lactone 1 isolated from the ethyl acetate extract was studied. Of the fourteen strains of bacteria used, the ethyl acetate extract was the most active, showing inhibitory activity against five Gram +ve and two Gram ‐ve organisms. This was followed by the hexane extract and then methanol. The ethyl acetate fractions (TDE 2 ‐ TDE 5, TDE 7, TDE 8 and TDE 10) showed varying degrees of inhibitory activity. The sesquiterpene lactone 1 showed activity against all the tested microorganisms, except Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus (MICs = 15.6 ‐ 62.5 μg/ml for most stains). All the extracts, fractions and compound 1 showed activity against the fungus Candida albicans. The results of the present study indicate that the non-polar leaf extract of T. diversifolia could be useful in the treatment of some disease conditions and the sesquiterpene lactone 1 could be a good candidate as a phytotherapeutic agent against some bacterial infections.
Determination of post-dredging concentrations of selected trace metals in water, sediment and the freshwater mudfish (Clarias gariepinus) from Ikpoba river in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

This investigation monitored the post-dredging concentrations of Cu, Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni and Pb in the water, sediment and the freshwater mudfish, Clarias gariepinus, from Ikpoba River in Benin City, Nigeria, over a six-month (February – July, 2005) period. The results showed that the levels of Mn, Ni and Pb in water and Cu, Mn, Cr and Pb in fish were higher than the recommended levels in drinking water and food fish and could pose health hazards. The results also showed that the post-dredging metal contamination levels in water and sediment of the river were lower than available pre-dredging levels, but in fish the differences between the post-dredging and pre-dredging levels were not significant and suggested that dredging could reduce metal contamination levels in the river. Consequently, continued dredging of the river is recommended as it has the potential to substantially improve the quality of the water and reduce hazards posed by heavy metals to the livestock and human population that depend on the river for drinking and other uses. Key words: Trace metals, pollution, Ikpoba River, Nigeria.
THE SYMBIOTIC BIRTH AND SPREAD OF PLASTIDS: HOW MANY TIMES AND WHODUNIT?

I discuss the evidence for a single origin of primary plastids in the context of a paper in this issue challenging this view, and I review recent evidence concerning the number of secondary plastid endosymbioses and the controversy over whether the relic plastid of apicomplexans is of red or green algal origin. A broad consensus has developed that the plastids of green algae, red algae, and glaucophytes arose from the same primary, cyanobacterial endosymbiosis. Although the analyses in this issue by Stiller and colleagues firmly undermine one of many sources of data, gene content similarities among plastid genomes used to argue for a monophyletic origin of primary plastids, the overall evidence still clearly favors monophyly. Nonetheless, this issue should not be considered settled and new data should be sought from better sampling of cyanobacteria and glaucophytes, from sequenced nuclear genomes, and from careful analysis of such key features as the plastid import apparatus. With respect to the number of secondary plastid symbioses, it is completely unclear as to whether the secondary plastids of euglenophytes and chlorarachniophytes arose by the same or two different algal endosymbioses. Recent analyses of certain plastid and nuclear genes support the chromalveolate hypothesis of Cavalier‐Smith, namely, that the plastids of heterokonts, haptophytes, cryptophytes, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans all arose from a common endosymbiosis involving a red alga. However, another recent paper presents intriguing conflicting data on this score for one of these groups—apicomplexans—arguing instead that they acquired their plastids from green algae.