Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP): Analysis of Agriculture of the State of Paraná-Brazil

The way the researcher groups his research data will influence the result of his work. In the literature, this phenomenon is treated as a Problem of the Modifiable Areal Unit. The objective of this article was to analyze the three spatial levels by Municipalities, Regional Centers and Mesoregions using the following data: gross domestic product, effective agricultural production, grain production and gross value of agricultural production for the state of Paraná-Brazil in the period since 2012 until 2015. The methodological procedure studied data from the Paranaense Institute for Economic and Social Development of the above-named variables collected on the website of the Paranaense Institute for Economic and Social Development of the 399 municipalities, 23 regional centers and 10 mesoregions. The results found show the presence of the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem, presenting different results for each level of grouping. The study revealed the problem of the modifiable areal unit is a relevant occurrence and it should be disregarded by researchers who work with clusters of spatial data in their studies. The results found allow a better understanding of the scale effect and demonstrate the efficiency of spatial analysis in socioeconomic data.
Aggregation Index in Representative Soils of the Paraiba State

The stability of soil aggregates is an important physical parameter as it mainly influences the flow of water and air in the soil. In this sence, the research aimed to determine the stability aggregates index in six representative soil classes in the Paraíba State-Brazil at different stages of pedological development. The soil classes analyzed is localized on the Microregions of the Curimataú Occidental (Ferrasol, Planosol, Leptosol, Arenosol) and Brejo Paraibano (Acrisol, Lixisol), on the Paraíba state, Brazil. At depths of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm and 10-20 cm was collected three undeformed soil samples were collected per mini trench (one per depth), making a total of 15 samples per soil class and 90 total samples. In each soil class was analysed: chemical parameters, granulometrics parameters, stability of agregates, Weighted average diameter via wet sieving (DMPAu) and Weighted average diameter via dry sieving (DMPAs); agregate stability index (IEA). For the conditions that research was developed can conclude that: The IEA values tended to increase with clay contents in all soil classes; Among the less developed soils, the IEA values were better in the Planosol soil, denoting that there is a probable relationship with the low contents of K, Na and Al; In the more developed soils, the high values of Na and Al may have contributed to the lower IEA in the PVd, while the lower values may have contributed to the higher IEA in Ferrasol and Lixisol soils.
INFLUÊNCIA DO THIDIAZURON E DA INOCULAÇÃO COM Azospirillum brasilense NO CRESCIMENTO E PRODUTIVIDADE DO ARROZ DE TERRAS ALTAS / INFLUENCE OF THIDIAZURON AND INOCULATION WITH Azospirillum brasilense IN THE GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF HIGHLAND RICE

A inoculacao com bacterias do genero Azospirillum pode contribuir com o fornecimento de nitrogenio (N) e com o crescimento das plantas, pois esses microrganismos sao tambem promotores de crescimento. Por outro lado a aplicacao nas doses e epocas adequadas do regulador vegetal de efeito citocininico thidiazuron (TDZ) pode vir a beneficiar a produtividade de graos. Dessa maneira, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses de TDZ sobre a produtividade do arroz, na presenca e ausencia da inoculacao foliar com Azospirillum brasilense. Foi utilizada a cultivar ANa 5015, no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, sendo quatro doses de TDZ (0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5g ha -1 ) aplicadas por ocasiao do perfilhamento, 30 DAE, e da aplicacao de Azospirillum brasilense (presenca ou ausencia) em dose fixa aos 20 DAE. Verificou-se que a cultivar ANa 5015 nao se mostrou responsiva para a inoculacao foliar com Azospirillum brasilense na dose de 200 mL ha -1 . Para as doses de TDZ aplicadas via foliar, houve uma variacao significativa na altura de plantas, cuja dose de 0,41 g ha -1 resultou na altura maxima de 1,11 m. Nao houve efeito das doses de TDZ na produtividade, massa de 100 graos, numero de paniculas por m², graos por panicula e massa hectolitrica.
Influence of Soil Quality for Yield and Biometric
Features of Sida hermaphrodita L. Rusby

Although the domain role of agriculture is food production, a part of agricultural land has always been devoted to non-food products, mainly within the framework of emerging technologies. One of the plants that can be used for various non-food purposes is Virginia mallow (Sida hermaphrodita L. Rusby). Following this study it was found that Sida hermaphrodita yields less on poor soil and on soils of good quality, but is too heavy. This plant has best yields on good soils with proper water-air relations. Nevertheless, good yields were also obtained on poorer and medium-quality soils. This is particularly important from the standpoint of competition for land resources between production for food and non-food products. Achieving yield at 1-2 kg DM (m2) -1 is possible in the case of plants that grow from 16 to 24 shoots for stumps with a diameter of 11-13 mm and a height of 2.2-2.6 m.
A Review on Physiological Signal Based Emotion Detection

Emotions are feelings that are the result of biochemical processes in the body that are influenced by a variety of factors such as one's state of mind, situations, experiences, and surrounding environment. Emotions have an impact on one's ability to think and act. People interact with each other to share their thoughts and feelings. Emotions play a vital role in the field of medicine and can also strengthen the human computer interaction. There are different techniques being used to detect emotions based on facial features, texts, speech, and physiological signals. One of the physiological signal breathing is a parameter which represents an emotion. The rational belief that different breathing habits are correlated with different emotions has expanded the evidence for a connection between breathing and emotion. In this manuscript different recent investigations about the emotion recognition using respiration patterns have been reviewed. The aim of the survey is to sum up the latest technologies and techniques to help researchers develop a global solution for emotional detection system. Various researchers use benchmark datasets and few of them created their own dataset for emotion recognition. It is observed that many investigators used invasive sensors to acquire respiration signals that makes subject uncomfortable and conscious that affects the results. The numbers of subjects involved in the studies reviewed are of the same age and race which is the reason why the results obtained in those studies cannot be applied to diverse population. There is no single global solution exist.
A Study for Accurate Reporting of Bacteria in Urine by Manual Microscopic Examination

Background: Since there is no standardized criterion for the semi quantitation of bacteria in manual microscopic examination, activities for re-ducing the subjectiveness of manual microscopic examination for detecting urinary bacteria are required. Methods: This study was performed on specimens with result of WBC 0-1/a few bacteria in an automated urine sediment analyzer (Roche Diagnostic International, Switzerland). To establish the criterion for semi quantitation of bacterial counting, 43 specimens were examined by five technologists using manual microscopy and compared with the results of Gram staining. After application of the criterion, 71 specimens were examined by manual microscopy, following which, Gram staining and a urine culture were also performed. Results: The newly established criterion was as follows: negative ( < 20/high-power field, HPF), a few (20-30/HPF), moderate (31-49/HPF), and many ( ≥ 50/HPF). The analytical sensitivity of the instrument was adjusted (from 18.18/field to 30/field) to decrease false positivity. After establishment of the criterion and education, the agreement rate was increased from 52.8 % to 95.8 % , and the specificity increased from 32.5 % to 87.7 % with the same sensitivity. Conclusions: It will be necessary to ensure that all technologists apply the same criterion in the laboratory and clinical settings, assess the analytical sensitivity of an automated analyzer, and educate on the correct interpretation of urine microscopic examination.
Implementing theoretical intervention principles in teaching mathematics to struggling students to promote problem-solving skills

ABSTRACT A teacher–researcher searched for and defined theoretical principles in the literature that could be used as a basis for teaching high-school students who were struggling in mathematics (in a regular-level mathematics classroom) and could offer a framework to design tasks to encourage a problem-solving, thinking classroom. After identifying 13 principles, she refined them to a list of nine. Over the duration of the academic year, she designed lessons for two high-school classes (one Grade 11 and one Grade 12; 300 lessons in total) according to the principles to promote her class’s group problem-solving skills, carefully documented them all, and then analysed her findings. The principles identified pertain mainly to awareness of how to promote active thinking and meta-cognition, explicit heuristic strategies for problem-solving, and using worked examples. All these to allow students (not only struggling) to build a general schema for approaching problem-solving with increasing efficiency. Two authentic class scenarios demonstrate how specific principles were applied and their effect on problem-solving efficiency in the classes. The findings suggest that introducing these principles into the class culture can offer a significant way to improve group problem-solving skills and, in particular, involve struggling students in the class discussions.
Computational analysis of optical trapping of transparent and reflecting micron-sized spherical particles

In the ray-optics regime, we calculated the radial and axial force field on a micron-sized spherical particle in an optical levitation trap. The momentum change in the photon-stream path of tightly focused incident laser beam causes the calculated force field in the optical trap. The computational results for the force field are compared with the literature and a good agreement is obtained. Utilizing the benchmarked force field, the optical trapping dynamics of (i) a transparent spherical particle with continuous-wave 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 00 Gaussian beam and (ii) a reflecting spherical particle with continuous-wave
Adopting e-learning facilities during COVID-19: Exploring perspectives of teachers working in Indian Public-funded Elementary Schools

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 outbreak has led to an influx of research studies focusing on the new norm of online teaching–learning in higher education. However, much less is known about how this profound shift in pedagogy has impacted school education especially among rural children of India. The present study is an attempt to understand the barriers and challenges that teachers of Public-funded (PF) elementary schools face while teaching online. We developed a semi-structured questionnaire and administered it to teachers of PF elementary schools in rural areas of Uttar Pradesh, India, using the online survey method. Thematic analysis of the responses we received (N = 203) reveals five broad themes, namely physical environmental constraints, socio-environmental limitations, parental support, issues of effective learning and health and well-being hazards. These findings have several implications for developing appropriate online teaching methods and making policy interventions to enhance learners’ as well as educators’ experiences.
The Western International Peace Architecture and the Emergence of the Eastphalian Peace

ABSTRACT This article explores the nexus between the International Peace Architecture (IPA) and the Eastphalian Peace. The IPA subsumes ideas, norms, legal frameworks and institutions established for the purpose of maintaining international peace. The Eastphalian Peace encompasses phenomena associated with the rise of Asian powers such as China and India in their efforts to maintain or reform the IPA to meet the challenges of peacebuilding, statebuilding and development assistance in the twenty-first century. This article examines the contributions made by China and India to the IPA and analyses how the emergence of the Eastphalian Peace would impact on Stage Six of the IPA which is supposed to connect Peace with Global Justice (PGJ).
Wind Tunnel Validation of a Particle Tracking Model to Evaluate the Wind‐Induced Bias of Precipitation Measurements

A physical full‐scale experimental set‐up was designed and implemented in the wind tunnel to reproduce and capture the trajectories of falling water drops when approaching the collector of catching type precipitation gauges, reproducing rainfall measurements in windy conditions. The experiment allowed to collect, for the first time, a large data set of high‐resolution footages of the deviation of such trajectories, as induced by the bluff‐body aerodynamics of the outer gauge shape. By processing the collected images, a consistent quantitative interpretation of each drop pattern was possible, based on a detailed Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation of the airflow updraft and acceleration features above the collector of the gauge. Numerical airflow simulations were extensively validated in the wind tunnel, using local flow measurements and Particle Image Velocimetry. Capturing the deviation of the drop trajectories in the wind tunnel allowed a clear visualization of the physical reason for the wind‐induced undercatch of precipitation gauges, since drops were individually observed to fall outside instead of inside of the collector, contrary to what would be expected by extrapolating their undisturbed trajectory. The adopted Lagrangian Particle Tracking model and the formulation used for the drag coefficient were suitable to closely reproduce the observed drop trajectories when affected by the airflow deformation due to the bluff‐body aerodynamics of two investigated gauge geometries. The wind tunnel experiment provided the basis for the validation of the particle tracking model in terms of the difference between simulated and observed trajectories, after initial conditions were suitably set to represent the experimental setup.
SIX YEARS AFTER GOOGLE CARDBOARD: WHAT HAS HAPPENED IN THE CLASSROOM? A SCOPING REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON THE USE OF IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL REALITY IN SECONDARY EDUCATION

As virtual reality headsets have become more affordable since 2015, they are increasingly being used in educational settings. Immersive virtual reality (iVR) does offer unique learning opportunities, and making it as such an interesting instructional tool. Virtual reality technology has been used and studied widely in higher education. This scoping review aims to bring an overview of empirical studies of immersive virtual reality learning experiences in secondary education. Following the scoping review methodology by Arksey and O’Malley (2005) the databases of Web of Science and Eric were searched for relevant articles based on the following inclusion criteria: published from 2015 onwards, with an empirical ground, focussing on secondary education, using immersive virtual reality headsets, aimed at formal education and written in English or Dutch. From the initial 863 potentially relevant articles, 33 studies were investigated further, after applying the inclusion criteria. These articles were then charted and analysed closely. Most studies integrate tethered devices and focus on STEM-related topics. Four distinct research aims could be identified: media comparison, effectiveness, design and classroom integration. Immersive virtual reality generates improved test results, mostly higher than less immersive conditions, but not always significantly higher. Several design elements were tested but often lack a theoretical grounding. Studies set up in an ecological valid classroom setting are scarce. Future research directions are suggested on the base of the findings.
Tailoring Water Adsorption Capacity of APO-Tric

Microporous triclinic AlPO4-34, known as APO-Tric, serves as an excellent water adsorbent in thermal energy storage, especially for low temperature thermochemical energy storage. Increased water adsorption capacity of thermochemical material usually leads to higher thermal energy storage capacity, thus offering improved performance of the adsorbent. The main disadvantage of aluminophosphate-based TCM materials is their high cost due to the use of expensive organic templates acting as structure directing agents. Using ionic liquids as low cost solvents with associated structure directing role can increase the availability of these water adsorbents for TES applications. Here, a green synthesis of APO-Tric crystals at elevated and ambient pressure by using 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide ionic liquid is presented. Large 200 µm romboid shaped monocrystals were obtained at 200 °C after 6 days. The structure of APO-Tric and the presence of 1,3-dimetylimidazolium cation in the micropores were determined by single crystal XRD at room temperature and 150 K. Water sorption capacity of APO-Tric prepared by ionothermal synthesis at elevated pressure increased in comparison to the material obtained at hydrothermal synthesis most probably due to additional structural defects obtained after calcination. The reuse of exhausted ionic liquid was also confirmed, which adds to the reduction of toxicity and cost production of the aluminophosphate synthesis.
The COVID-19 Vaccination: Realization on Halal Vaccines for Benefits

Vaccination is one of the alternatives that has been found to overcome the COVID-19 outbreak. The long-awaited discovery of its reality remains a debate among the public. Various issues continue to emerge, both health-based and religious-based. The refusal is wrapped by questions related to doubts about treatment with vaccination or the halalness of vaccine products. MUI as an institution that is trusted by the public in determining the results of its ijtihad, issues a fatwa number 2 of 2021 concerning vaccines. This paper will conduct related studies regarding the permissibility of using the COVID-19 vaccine from the perspective of fiqh and applicable laws in Indonesia. This study uses a normative legal research method with a rule of law approach and a doctrinal approach, In addition, the data obtained by library research. The results of this study explain that the vaccines used are of course required to use halal and holy vaccines. However, immunization with haram and/or unclean vaccines can be permitted under several conditions, namely when used in an emergency; halal and holy vaccine ingredients have not been found, and there is information from competent and trusted medical personnel that there is no halal vaccine.
Theorizing Status Distance: Rethinking the Micro Theories of Representation and Diversity in Public Organizations

Through bringing the concept of status distance to representative bureaucracy and diversity management literature, this article develops new hypotheses that can guide future studies on representation and diversity in public organizations. First, including status distance brings consideration of the tensions that minority representation creates between integration within the workforce and the pressures on minority bureaucrats to actively represent clientele. Second, the way status distance plays out in the interaction of bureaucrats with co-workers and citizen-clients depends on characteristics of the national and organizational environment and type of service.
Low-Noble-Metal-Loading Hybrid Catalytic System for Oxygen Reduction Utilizing Reduced-Graphene-Oxide-Supported Platinum Aligned with Carbon-Nanotube-Supported Iridium

Hybrid systems composed of the reduced graphene oxide-supported platinum and multiwalled carbon nanotube-supported iridium (both noble metals utilized at low loadings on the level of 15 and ≤2 µg cm−2, respectively) were considered as catalytic materials for the reduction of oxygen in acid media (0.5-mol dm−3 H2SO4). The electrocatalytic activity toward reduction of oxygen and formation of hydrogen peroxide intermediate are tested using rotating ring–disk electrode (RRDE) voltammetric experiments. The efficiency of the proposed catalytic systems was also addressed by performing galvanodynamic measurements with gas diffusion electrode (GDE) half-cell at 80 °C. The role of carbon nanotubes is to improve charge distribution at the electrocatalytic interface and facilitate the transport of oxygen and electrolyte in the catalytic systems by lowering the extent of reduced graphene oxide restacking during solvent evaporation. The diagnostic electrochemical experiments revealed that—in iridium-containing systems—not only higher disk currents, but also somehow smaller ring currents are produced (when compared to the Ir-free reduced graphene oxide-supported platinum), clearly implying formation of lower amounts of the undesirable hydrogen peroxide intermediate. The enhancement effect originating from the addition of traces of iridium (supported onto carbon nanotubes) to platinum, utilized at low loading, may originate from high ability of iridium to induce decomposition of the undesirable hydrogen peroxide intermediate.
Follow the Money: Gender, Incumbency, and Campaign Funding in Chile

We examine women’s access to campaign resources using data from all 960 candidates competing in Chile’s 2017 legislative elections. Even when controlling for district characteristics, women candidates receive less money in party transfers, bank loans, and donations; place fewer personal funds in their campaigns; and have fewer resources overall. However, previous experience and incumbency narrow the gap. When women are newcomers, gender serves as an important cue about candidate quality and funders default to favoring men. Our results lend credence to practitioners’ claims that money disadvantages women candidates in democracies, but focuses attention on the disadvantage faced by women newcomers. Moreover, this gender gap in campaign funding exists despite a gendered electoral financing scheme designed to make political actors more likely to invest in women’s campaigns. While increasingly popular among development experts, our research suggests such schemes might be insufficient for equalizing campaign funding between men and women.
Core-city climate leadership in metropolitan contractual management agreements

ABSTRACT Metropolitan governance and planning increasingly are understood as essential in managing urban growth and fostering a sustainable and climate-friendly metropolitan development. Lately, a contractual turn can be observed in metropolitan governance, in which traditional coordination tools are supplemented by contractual management tools between governmental layers and sectors. This article analyses two cases of metropolitan contractual management agreements, one in the Oslo region and one in the Gothenburg region. The article finds that both agreements build on regional strategies and plans to commit national authorities to invest in infrastructure in these metropolitan areas. The Oslo agreement has more layers than the Gothenburg case, in trying to align national, regional and local authorities’ efforts in both land use and mobility politics. The agreements require advanced leadership competence from the core-city, curbing centre-periphery tensions in metropolitan areas and building local alliances to pressure national authorities in agreement negotiations. We argue that this requires a co-creational leadership role, which, in a multilevel governance setting, must be extended to include dimensions such as distributional balance sensitivity, delineation sensitivity and upward pressure.