Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A composite study on the structure and formation of ozone miniholes and minihighs over central Europe

Two different mechanisms have been proposed to be important for the formation of extreme total ozone events in mid‐latitudes, so‐called miniholes: (A) far‐range meridional transport of air masses from regions with different climatological ozone mixing ratios, and (B) (local) adiabatic vertical displacement of isentropes. Here, the relative importance of these two mechanisms is studied using two different ozone profile reconstruction techniques for all miniholes and minihighs (events with anomalously high ozone) during the time period 1980–1989 over Switzerland. Composites for the two types of events of their vertical potential vorticity (PV) reveal a vertical dipole structure of PV anomalies in the lower and middle stratosphere. They, in agreement with the profile reconstructions, highlight the importance of fast far‐range transport (mechanism A). Dynamically consistent with this PV structure is a relatively weak vertical displacement of isentropes between the PV dipole, that provides an additional but less important contribution (mechanism B).
Long-term learning transforms prefrontal cortex selectivity during working memory

The lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) is reliably active during working memory (WM) across human and animal models, but the role of lPFC in successful WM is under debate. For instance, non-human primate (NHP) electrophysiology research finds that lPFC circuitry stores WM representations. Human neuroimaging instead suggests that lPFC plays a control function over WM content that is stored in sensory cortices. These seemingly incompatible WM accounts are often confounded by differences in the amount of task training and stimulus exposure across studies (i.e., NHPs tend to be trained extensively). Here, we test the possibility that such long-term training may alter the role of lPFC in WM maintenance. We densely sampled WM-related activity across learning, in three human participants, using a longitudinal functional MRI (fMRI) protocol. Over three months, participants trained on (1) a serial reaction time (SRT) task, wherein complex fractal stimuli were embedded within probabilistic sequences, and (2) a delayed recognition task probing WM for trained or novel stimuli. Participants were scanned frequently throughout training, to track how WM activity patterns change with repeated stimulus exposure and long-term associative learning. WM task performance improved for trained (but not novel) fractals and, neurally, delay activity significantly increased in distributed lPFC voxels across learning. Pattern similarity analyses also found that item-level WM representations emerged within lPFC, but not in sensory cortices, and lPFC delay activity increasingly reflected sequence relationships from the SRT task, even though that information was task-irrelevant for WM. These findings demonstrate that human lPFC develops stimulus-selective WM responses with learning and WM representations are shaped by long-term experience. Influences from training and long-term memory may reconcile competing accounts of lPFC function during WM.
Effects of vocabulary instruction using bottom-up and top-down instructional approaches on Bhutanese secondary studentsâ•Ž vocabulary knowledge

THAI) เปม เชนโช : ผลของการสอนค าศพัทโ์ดยวิธีการสอนแบบล่างข้ึนบนและบนลงล่างต่อความรู้ค าศพัทข์องนกัเรียน ภูฏานระดบัชั ้นมธัยมศึกษา. ( Effects of Vocabulary Instruction Using Bottom-Up and Top-down Instructional Approaches on Bhutanese Secondary Students’ Vocabulary Knowledge) อ. ท่ีปรึกษาหลกั : ผศ. ดร. มณีรัตน์ เอกโยคยะ งานวิจัยน้ีมีวตัถุประสงค์เพื่อ (1)ศึกษาประสิทธิภาพของการสอนค าศพัท์โดยใช้วิธีการสอนแบบล่างข้ึนบน (BU) และวิธีการสอนแบบบนลงล่าง (TD) ท่ีมีต่อความรู้ค าศพัทข์องผูเ้รียนภาษาองักฤษเป็นภาษาท่ีสอง (2)เปรียบเทียบ ประสิทธิภาพของวิธีการสอนทั ้ งสองแบบท่ีมีต่อการพฒันาความรู้ค าศัพท์ของนักเรียนระดับมัธยมศึกษาชาวภูฏานและ (3)ส ารวจความคิดเห็นของผู เ้รียนท่ีมีต่อวิธีการสอนทั ้งสองแบบ กลุ่มตวัอยา่งท่ีใชใ้นการวิจยัไดแ้ก่นกัเรียนระดบัชั ้นมธัยมศึกษา ปีท่ี 4 ชาวภูฏานจ านวน 70 คนจากโรงเรียนมธัยมศึกษาแห่งหน่ึงโดยแบ่งผู เ้รียนออกเป็นสองกลุ่ม แต่ละกลุ่มเรียนค าศพัทด์ว้ย วิธีการสอนท่ีแตกต่างกนัคือเรียนดว้ยวิธีการสอนแบบ BU และเรียนดว้ยวิธีการสอนแบบ TD ผูเ้รียนไดรั้บการสอนดว้ยวิธี ดงักล่าวเป็นระยะเวลา 2 เดือนในการเรียนค าศพัท์เชิงวิชาการจ านวน168ค า จากนั ้นหาขอ้มูลเชิงปริมาณดว้ยการทดสอบ ผูเ้รียนดว้ยแบบทดสอบวดัขนาดความรู้ค าศพัท์(VST)และแบบทดสอบวดัระดบัความรู้ค าศพัท์(UVLT) การวิเคราะห์ ขอ้มูลใชส้ถิติพรรณาและสถิติอา้งอิง นอกจากน้ีใชก้ารสัมภาษณ์ก่ึงโครงสร้างเพื่อศึกษามุมมองของผูเ้รียนท่ีมีต่อวิธีการสอน ดงักล่าวเพื่อหาขอ้มูลเชิงคุณภาพ โดยสัมภาษณ์ผูเ้รียนจ านวนทั ้งส้ิน 8 คน (กลุ่มละ 4 คน โดยผูเ้รียนท่ีไดค้ะแนนสูงและต ่า อยา่งละ 2 คน) การวิเคราะห์ขอ้มูลจากการสัมภาษณ์ใชก้ารวิเคราะห์เน้ือหา ผลการวิจยัพบวา่วิธีการสอนทั ้งสองแบบช่วยพฒันา ความรู้ค าศพัทข์องผูเ้รียนไดอ้ยา่งมีประสิทธิภาพ และไม่พบความแตกต่างอยา่งมีนยัส าคญัทางสถิติระหว่างผลการพฒันาความรู้ ค าศพัทจ์ากวิธีการสอนทั ้งสองแบบ ผู เ้รียนส่วนใหญ่มีความเห็นเชิงบวกต่อวิธีการสอนทั ้งสองแบบ สาขาวิชา การสอนภาษาองักฤษเป็น ภาษาต่างประเทศ ลายมือช่ือนิสิต . ปีการศึกษา 2564 ลายมือช่ือ อ. ท่ีปรึกษาหลกั .
Rates and mechanisms of Fe‐Mg interdiffusion in olivine at 980°–1300°C

Fe-Mg interdiffusion rates have been measured in olivine solid solutions using the diffusion couple technique. Measured diffusion rates along [001] at fo2=10−12 bars and between 980°C and 1300°C are found to be slower by about 2 orders of magnitude, compared to previous studies with the exception of some isolated data points of Misener [1974]. There is no change in temperature dependence within this temperature interval for any composition studied. The temperature dependence at a composition of Fo86 is described by an activation energy of 226±18 kJ/mol and a preexponential factor of (5.38±0.89)×10−9 m2/s. The data are consistent internally as well as with well-established theoretical models relating tracer and chemical diffusivities. It is shown that diffusion coefficients are a unique function of pressure, temperature, major element composition and oxygen fugacity for olivines and are not dependent on trace element contents of starting crystals. It is argued that a twofold classification of diffusion mechanisms into intrinsic and extrinsic is inadequate for Fe-bearing silicates, and at least three categories need to be defined. Consideration of the data in combination with the point defect chemistry indicates that the observed diffusion in olivines occurs within a “transition-metal extrinsic” regime. For low temperature extrapolations, significant changes in temperature dependence of diffusion rates are not anticipated, although the oxygen fugacity dependence may change. For calculations in natural systems the present data would yield higher closure temperatures, longer timescales, slower cooling rates, and shorter length scales of diffusion compared to those obtained using earlier diffusion data.
A plotting rule for extreme probability paper

A primary purpose in plotting a set of ordered observations on probability paper is to simplify the inspection of their distribution. With this limited objective a plotting rule for the ith of n ordered observations from a double exponential distribution is obtained as i = (i - 0.44)/(n + 0.12), where n is the number of observations, i is the order of the observation from the smallest, and i is the estimate of the cumulative frequency of the ith term.
Texture discrimination of green tea categories based on least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) classifier

This research aimed for development multi-spectral imaging technique for green tea categories discrimination based on texture analysis. Three key wavelengths of 550, 650 and 800 nm were implemented in a common-aperture multi-spectral charged coupled device camera, and images were acquired for 190 unique images in a four different kinds of green tea data set. An image data set consisting of 15 texture features for each image was generated based on texture analysis techniques including grey level co-occurrence method (GLCM) and texture filtering. For optimization the texture features, 5 features that weren't correlated with the category of tea were eliminated. Unsupervised cluster analysis was conducted using the optimized texture features based on principal component analysis. The cluster analysis showed that the four kinds of green tea could be separated in the first two principal components space, however there was overlapping phenomenon among the different kinds of green tea. To enhance the performance of discrimination, least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) classifier was developed based on the optimized texture features. The excellent discrimination performance for sample in prediction set was obtained with 100%, 100%, 75% and 100% for four kinds of green tea respectively. It can be concluded that texture discrimination of green tea categories based on multi-spectral image technology is feasible.
Recent advances in statistical methods for the estimation of sediment and nutrient transport in rivers

This paper reviews advances in methods for estimating fluvial transport of suspended sediment and nutrients. Research from the past four years, mostly dealing with estimating monthly and annual loads, is emphasized. However, because this topic has not appeared in previous IUGG reports, some research prior to 1990 is included. The motivation for studying sediment transport has shifted during the past few decades. In addition to its role in filling reservoirs and channels, sediment is increasingly recognized as an important part of fluvial ecosystems and estuarine wetlands. Many groups want information about sediment transport [Bollman, 1992]: Scientists trying to understand benthic biology and catchment hydrology; citizens and policy-makers concerned about environmental impacts (e.g. impacts of logging [Beschta, 1978] or snow-fences [Sturges, 1992]); government regulators considering the effectiveness of programs to protect in-stream habitat and downstream waterbodies; and resource managers seeking to restore wetlands.
Characteristics of Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization and genesis of the Jinchuan Deposit, Northwest China

The Jinchuan Ni-Cu sulfide deposit is hosted by a northwest-striking ultramafic body located at the southwest margin of the Sino-Korean platform, China. Sulfide mineralization occurs in the lower part of the intrusion and comprises three main orebodies, 24 and 1 in the west, and 2 in the east of the intrusion. Three types of sulfide ores are identified: net textured, disseminated, and a small amount of massive ore which occurs only in orebody 2. The principal ore minerals are pyrrhotite, pentlandite, violarite, chalcopyrite, and cubanite.A systematic study has been made of the S, Ni, Cu, Co, platinum-group elements (PGE), and Au of the ore samples. A lateral zonation is defined by these elements in the two western orebodies. The concentrations of Ni, Cu, and PGE increase from the margins toward the center of the orebodies. This trend is also present when the metal elements are normalized to the S content of the samples. A vertical variation of elements is present in the east orebody where the amounts of Ni, Cu, and PGE, as well as S, decrease upward. However, when normalized to the S content, PGE increase upward, but Ni and Cu remain more or less constant. A plot of PGE versus S clearly shows three sample sets: (1) samples from orebody 24 have lower S contents, mostly less than 5 wt percent, and their PGE contents roughly increase with that of sulfur; (2) orebody 1 has higher PGE contents, but the PGE plots are more scattered, suggesting multiple processes during PGE mineralization; and (3) orebody 2 has very low PGE concentrations.Ore samples studied show an average Ni/Cu ratio of 2, and (Pt + Pd)/(Ru + Ir + Os) ratios of 5 to 30, with most values falling in the range of 10 to 15. These are typical features of sulfide ores that relate to mafic magma. There is little difference in the (Pt + Pd)/Os + Ir + Ru) ratios and the chondrite-normalized PGE distribution patterns between the PGE-rich and PGE-poor ores, suggesting that they originated from magmas with similar major element compositions.The close association of PGE enrichment with sulfide mineralization and the strong correlations exhibited in all ore types between S and Ni, Co, and PGE indicate that the ores are the consequence of the segregation of sulfide from silicate magmas. The high PGE contents of ore-bodies 24 and 1 and the low PGE contents of orebody 2 suggest that two batches of sulfide liquid were involved. The PGE-rich sulfide liquid equilibrated with a relatively primitive silicate magma whereas the PGE-poor sulfide liquid equilibrated with a silicate magma from which PGE had been depleted by prior (probably fractional) sulfide segregation.The low values of Ni/Cu ratios (about 2) and high values of (Pt + Pd)/(Ru + Ir + Os) ratios (10-15) of the samples, together with the chemical composition and rare earth element data of the intrusive rocks provide convincing evidence that the initial magma of the intrusion was gabbroic rather than ultramafic.
Rare Earth and Rare Metal Elements Mobility and Mineralization During Magmatic and Fluid Evolution in Alkaline Granite System: Evidence from Fluid and Melt Inclusions in Baerzhe Granite, China

Baerzhe Be–Nb–Zr–REE deposit is hosted in alkaline granite (125 Ma) which intrudes in the late Jurassic Baiyingaolao Formation in the middle of the Great Hinggan Metallogenic Belt in China. The ore‐forming granite consists of three lithological facies: arfvedsonite‐bearing alkaline granite at the bottom, aegirine‐bearing albite aplite in the middle and pegmatite crust on the top. The albite aplite is the main orebody. We recognized three magmatic‐hydrothermal stages: orthomagmatic stage, late‐magmatic stage and hydrothermal stage, with the late‐magmatic stage being divided into two substages, the pegmatite substage and the aplite substage. Petrographic study on the granite, the microthermometric study on fluid inclusions and in situ laser‐ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis for quartz‐hosted melt inclusions reveal the process of magmatic‐hydrothermal evolution. The finding indicates that primary magma evolved to more peralkaline by fractional crystallization, with synchronously increasing high field strength elements. An extremely high content of Zr and Nb are in the melt inclusions from last stage albite aplite (Zr, min 52 548 ppm, and Nb, min 4104 ppm). This implies that the residual magma directly formed the orebody of rare metal elements. Meanwhile, volatility was increasing during the magma evolution process and F‐bearing aqueous fluid was oversaturated at temperatures higher than 800°C. The separation of fluid from magma caused Li‐REE enrichment in F‐bearing fluid and depletion in residual melt, and led to the difference of the Y/Ho ratio between whole rock compositions and melt inclusion data. Fluid separated into a high‐salinity liquid and a low density vapor phase above 697°C, and enriched REE in the high‐salinity liquid. The oxygen isotope data shows mixing between primary magmatic‐hydrothermal fluid and meteoric water. The ubiquitous pseudo‐secondary fluid inclusions have a wide range of salinity below 462°C, which is similar to the melting temperatures of REE‐bearing daughter minerals. A model involving the mixing by meteoric water could be a mechanism for precipitation of REE minerals.
The topographic signature of a major typhoon

In August 2009, the typhoon Morakot, characterized by a cumulative rainfall up to 2884 mm in about three days, triggered thousands of landslides in Taiwan. The availability of LiDAR surveys before (2005) and after (2010) this event offers a unique opportunity to investigate the topographic signatures of a major typhoon. The analysis considers the comparison of slope–area relationships derived by LiDAR digital terrain models (DTMs). This approach has been successfully used to distinguish hillslope from channelized processes, as a basis to develop landscape evolution models and theories, and understand the linkages between landscape morphology and tectonics, climate, and geology. We considered six catchments affected by a different degree of erosion: three affected by shallow and deep‐seated landslides, and three not affected by erosion. For each of these catchments, 2 m DTMs were derived from LiDAR data. The scaling regimes of local slope versus drainage area suggested that for the catchments affected by landslides: (i) the hillslope‐to‐valley transitions morphology, for a given value of drainage area, is shifted towards higher value of slopes, thus indicating a likely migration of the channelized processes and erosion toward the catchment boundary (the catchment head becomes steeper because of erosion); (ii) the topographic gradient along valley profiles tends to decrease progressively (the valley profile becomes gentler because of sediment deposition after the typhoon). The catchments without any landslides present a statistically indistinguishable slope–area scaling regime. These results are interesting since for the first time, using multi‐temporal high‐resolution topography derived by LiDAR, we demonstrated that a single climate event is able to cause significant major geomorphic changes on the landscape, detectable using slope–area scaling analysis. This provides new insights about landscape evolution under major climate forcing. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the Oceansat‐1 Multi‐frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer and its potential for soil moisture retrieval

The Multi‐frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR) aboard the Indian Space Research Organization—Oceansat‐1 platform measured land surface brightness temperature at a C‐band frequency and provided an opportunity for exploring large‐scale soil moisture retrieval during its two‐year period of operation. These data may provide a valuable extension to the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) since they covered a portion of the time period between the two missions. This investigation was one of the first to utilize the MSMR data for a land application and, as a result, several data quality issues had to be addressed. These included geolocation accuracy, calibration (particularly over land), erroneous data, and the significance of anthropogenic radio‐frequency interference (RFI). Calibration of the low frequency channels was evaluated using inter‐comparisons between the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission/Microwave Imager (TRMM/TMI) and the MSMR brightness temperatures. Biases (TMI T B>MSMR T B) of 3.4 and 3.6 K were observed over land for the MSMR 10.65 GHz horizontal and vertical polarization channels, respectively. These results suggested that additional calibration of the MSMR data was required. Comparisons between the MSMR measured brightness temperature and ground measured volumetric soil moisture collected during the South Great Plain experiment (SGP99) indicated that the lower frequency and horizontal polarization observations had higher sensitivity to soil moisture. Using a previously developed soil emission model, multi‐temporal regional soil moisture distributions were retrieved for the continental United States. Comparisons between the MSMR based soil moisture and ground measured volumetric soil moisture indicated a standard error of estimate of 0.052 m3/m3.
Performance Evaluation of Artificial Neural Networks for Runoff Prediction

Spring runoff prediction in the Red River Valley, southern Manitoba, Canada, is an important issue because of the devastating effect of the flood of 1997 in that area. Increasing the accuracy of the prediction process is a practical necessity. This study looks at the artificial neural networks (ANN) technique and compares it to linear and nonlinear regression techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of the three modeling techniques are discussed. To fill the predictive accuracy evaluation gap left by the mean squared error and the mean relative error, a modified statistic, namely, pooled mean squared error, is developed and explained. The aim of this work is to show the applicability of ANN for runoff prediction and to evaluate their performances by comparing them with traditional techniques. In this study, according to the accuracy of results, the ANN models show superiority in most of the cases. However, in some situations, the performance of the other two techniques was comparable.
Cementation Effects in Frictional Materials

Cementation effects are studied on the basis of three series of drained triaxial compression tests on compacted soil, soil‐cement, and mortar. The frictional materials have the same gradation curve and the same water content, and the specimens are produced using the same compactive effort and have nearly the same initial, total density. The only difference between the three sets of specimens is the amount of cement exchanged with inert rock flour. Increasing cement contents produces increasing cohesion and tensile strength as well as increasing friction angle at low confining pressures. The curvature of the failure envelopes increases with cementation, and the failure envelopes are parallel at medium confining pressures. At high confining pressures, they cross each other such that the compacted soil becomes stronger than the two cemented soils. Analyses of the strengths show that this behavior can be explained in terms of the different compressibilities and different rates of dilation observed for the thr.
The Southern Oscillation, sea‐surface‐temperature, and interannual fluctuations in Australian tropical cyclone activity

The relationship between interannual variations of the number of tropical cyclones observed in the Australian region during a cyclone season and the Southern Oscillation (SO) has been explored. Strong, significant, stable correlations were found between the SO and cyclone numbers. Years with relatively many tropical cyclones were preceded by high North Australian SST, low east Pacific SST and low Darwin pressure. Such years also tended to be followed by the reverse pattern. The study confirms an earlier suggestion (Nicholls, 1979a) that Australian tropical cyclone activity is predictable some months prior to the start of the cyclone season. The observed correlations may result from feedback between the atmosphere and the ocean.