Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Paleoenvironment and Taphonomy of the Chañares Formation Tetrapod Assemblage (Middle Triassic), Northwestern Argentina: Spectacular Preservation in Volcanogenic Concretions

Abstract The enigmatic concretionary exposures that typify the Chañares Formation (Ladinian, northwestern Argentina) long have defied precise paleoenvironmental characterization. Recent work indicates that the formation accumulated in an alluvial-to-lacustrine setting within an active rift basin that received sedimentary detritus from surrounding highlands, as well as copious amounts of volcanic ash. Ash- flow sheets were emplaced presumably as secondary mass flows on alluvial surfaces characterized by small fluvial channels and shallow lakes. Thin bentonite beds intercalated in the Chañares Formation indicate that ash also accumulated via direct airfall, although this mode of emplacement accounts for a very small fraction of the overall section. A shift to widespread lacustrine deposition is recorded by the superjacent Los Rastros Formation, which preserves at least six shallowing-upward hemicycles, five of which commenced amidst explosive volcanic activity as evidenced by intercalated bentonite beds. Volcanism played an important role in the generation and preservation of the Chañares Formation's exceptional tetrapod fossil record. This is especially true of the classic Los Chañares locality, where more than 100 individuals representing a diverse array of taxa (archosaurs, cynodonts, dicynodonts) are entombed in volcanogenic concretions with matrices of relic glass shards diagenetically replaced by calcite. Taphonomic attributes of the Los Chañares locality are consistent with the scenario of mass mortality, and several clues hint at the nature of the event. The killing agent was lethal to a variety of taxa, killed both adults and juveniles, and led to the concentration of taxa that under normal circumstances would tend to dissociate, such as carnivores and their potential prey. It also produced a counterintuitive bias against the preservation of large-bodied taxa, which may have been largely unsusceptible to the death event, or perhaps were excluded from the Los Chañares death assemblage via post-mortem sorting. The spatial arrangement of skeletal material in a small sample of concretions is consistent with the stranding of tetrapod carcasses along a strandline, and it is feasible that volcanism led to catastrophic flooding of the landscape via damming and/or diversion of local drainages. Uncompacted skeletal elements and relic outlines of glass shards indicate that carbonate concretions formed shortly after skeletal material was buried in reworked volcanic ash. The microbial decay of organic matter presumably catalyzed concretion diagenesis. There is no indication that bone hydroxyapatite diffused into the entombing glassy matrix and contributed to concretion formation. Bones entombed within early diagenetic concretions were safeguarded from subsequent destructive pedogenic and/or diagenetic processes, and were incorporated in exquisite quality into the fossil record.
ANALISIS KEHIDUPAN SOSIAL EKONOMI MASYARAKAT KAWASAN KUMUH DI KECAMATAN TELUK NIBUNG KOTA TANJUNG BALAI

The slump area is one of the problems in urbans, not only Indonesia but also other big countries. This research emphasizes the actions of the slump areas handling especially in Teluk Nibung, Tanjung Balai, North Sumatra. Using Kendall analysis and multiple regression, this research finds that social economy such as income, education and job significantly influce the slump condition of one area. The slump condition is calculated by the people density, quality of houses, and enviroment infrastuctures.
Epeirogeny and eustatic sea level changes as inferred from Cretaceous shoreline deposits: Applications to the central and western United States

Uplift and subsidence histories of continental margins are by now reasonably well understood in the context of plate tectonics, but the epeirogenic movements of continental interiors have been neither well documented nor properly understood. Epeirogenic movements are important to recognize when reconstructing paleogeography and may yield information regarding mantle dynamics and the amplitudes, wavelengths, and rates of lithospheric flexure. Sediments deposited at or near sea level can be used as a worldwide datum against which to measure postdepositional epeirogenic movements. The present elevations of shoreline sediments of epicontinental seas deposited during sea level highstands at particular times in the past define a warped surface documenting subsequent epeirogeny of continental interiors. When the amplitude of sea level rise during transgression is small relative to the observed epeirogenic motions, the diachronous shoreline deposits represented in the entire transgressive surface can be used as a datum in the analysis, thus greatly augmenting the available data and areal coverage. If a “stable” frame of reference can be defined, a eustatic sea level correction can be applied to every continent. The elevation of the upper Cenomanian (mid-Cretaceous) shoreline gives little evidence of warping, tilting, or uplift in central cratonic North America but indicates that a large area of the western United States, including the Colorado Plateau, has undergone more than 2 km of post-Cenomanian epeirogenic uplift.
A detailed survey in the Mediterranean Rise and Herodotus Basin area

Summary. Results from the detailed survey described in this paper, along with data from a previous cruise, indicate that N—S diapiric ridges found in the Herodotus Basin may have been triggered by N—S faulting associated with the curvature of the Mediterranean Rise, which trends NE—SW in this region. Modelling of two reflection profiles using a synthetic modelling program developed by Tanner and of the diapiric features using the simple gravity instability theory of Biot & Ode support this conclusion. The results further suggest that the Mediterranean Rise consists of sediments which were once part of the large abyssal plain to the south, and were uplifted, folded and thrusted as a result of compression. This compression may be due to the piling up of a thick sedimentary column which will not subduct at the Hellenic Trench in the north.
Difference of Neointimal Formational Pattern and Incidence of Thrombus Formation Among 3 Kinds of Stents An Angioscopic Study

Objectives The purpose of this study is to compare the neointimal formational pattern and incidence of thrombus formation among sirolimus-eluting (SES), paclitaxel-eluting (PES), and bare-metal stents (BMS) with coronary angioscopy. Background Neointimal formation and incidence of mural thrombus are different with the type of stent. Methods One hundred successive patients who received 43 SES, 40 PES, or 32 BMS implantation underwent 6-month follow-up coronary angioscopy. We evaluated angioscopic parameters, includ-ing minimum and maximum neointimal grade; presence and number of red mural thrombus; neointimal grade around thrombus; and heterogeneity score, which is deﬁned by subtracting minimum from maximum grade within 1 stent by classifying angioscopic neointimal coverage grades into 4 categories. We compared these parameters among 3 kinds of stent groups. Results Heterogeneity scores of SES, PES, and BMS were 0.79 (cid:1) 0.60, 1.27 (cid:1) 0.75, and 1.03 (cid:1) 0.82, respectively (p (cid:2) 0.011). The PES showed the highest incidence of angioscopic red mural thrombus (50% in PES, 12% in SES, and 3% in BMS, p (cid:3) 0.001), and the number of thrombus observed within 1 stent in the PES group tended to be larger than those in the SES and BMS groups. Conclusions At 6 months after stent implantation, PES
Alternating Current Stimulation for Vision Restoration after Optic Nerve Damage: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background Vision loss after optic neuropathy is considered irreversible. Here, repetitive transorbital alternating current stimulation (rtACS) was applied in partially blind patients with the goal of activating their residual vision. Methods We conducted a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial in an ambulatory setting with daily application of rtACS (n = 45) or sham-stimulation (n = 37) for 50 min for a duration of 10 week days. A volunteer sample of patients with optic nerve damage (mean age 59.1 yrs) was recruited. The primary outcome measure for efficacy was super-threshold visual fields with 48 hrs after the last treatment day and at 2-months follow-up. Secondary outcome measures were near-threshold visual fields, reaction time, visual acuity, and resting-state EEGs to assess changes in brain physiology. Results The rtACS-treated group had a mean improvement in visual field of 24.0% which was significantly greater than after sham-stimulation (2.5%). This improvement persisted for at least 2 months in terms of both within- and between-group comparisons. Secondary analyses revealed improvements of near-threshold visual fields in the central 5° and increased thresholds in static perimetry after rtACS and improved reaction times, but visual acuity did not change compared to shams. Visual field improvement induced by rtACS was associated with EEG power-spectra and coherence alterations in visual cortical networks which are interpreted as signs of neuromodulation. Current flow simulation indicates current in the frontal cortex, eye, and optic nerve and in the subcortical but not in the cortical regions. Conclusion rtACS treatment is a safe and effective means to partially restore vision after optic nerve damage probably by modulating brain plasticity. This class 1 evidence suggests that visual fields can be improved in a clinically meaningful way. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01280877
Repeated Freeze‐Thaw Cycle Effects on Soil Compaction in a Clay Loam in Northeastern Montana

Mention of trade names, proprietary products, or specific equipment is intended for reader information only and constitutes neither a guarantee nor warranty by the ARS-USDA, nor does it imply approval of the product named to the exclusion of other products. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 78:737–744 doi:10.2136/sssaj2013.07. 0280 Received 12 July 2013. *Corresponding author (jay.jabro@ars.usda.gov). © Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Repeated Freeze-Thaw Cycle Effects on Soil Compaction in a Clay Loam in Northeastern Montana Soil Physics
Melting experiments on hydrous low‐K tholeiite: Implications for the genesis of tonalitic crust in the Izu–Bonin – Mariana arc

A series of water‐deficient partial melting experiments on a low‐K tholeiite were carried out under lower crustal P–T–H2O conditions (900–1200 °C, 0.7–1.5 GPa, 2 and 5 wt% H2O added) using a piston‐cylinder apparatus. With increasing temperature at 1.0 GPa, supersolidus mineral assemblages vary from amphibolitic to pyroxenitic. Garnet crystallizes in the higher pressure runs (> 1.2 GPa). Melt compositions show low‐K calc‐alkalic trends, and are classified as metaluminous or peraluminous tonalite. These features are similar to the felsic rocks in the Izu–Bonin – Mariana (IBM) arc, for example Tanzawa plutonic rocks. The anatectic origin of Tanzawa tonalites is consistent with geochemical modeling, which demonstrates that the rare earth element (REE) characteristics of Tanzawa plutonic rocks (which represent the middle crust of the IBM arc) can be generated by partial melting of amphibolite in the lower crust (∼ 50% melting at 1050 °C and below 1.2 GPa). Estimated densities of pyroxenitic restites (∼ 3.9 g/cm3) after extraction of andesitic melts are higher than that of mantle peridotite beneath the island arc (3.3 g/cm3). The high density of the restite could cause delamination of the IBM arc lower crust. Rhyolitic magmas in the IBM arc (e.g. Niijima) could be formed by low degrees of partial melting of the amphibolitic crust at a temperature just above the solidus (10% melting at or below 900 °C).
Canadian RCM projected changes to high flows for Québec watersheds using regional frequency analysis

Information related to changes in streamflow characteristics is important in the management and future planning of various water resources‐related projects in the context of a changing climate. In this study, projected changes to selected return levels of high flows for 21 watersheds, located mainly in the Québec province of Canada, are assessed following regional frequency analysis (RFA). This assessment is based on a ten‐member ensemble of Canadian regional climate model (CRCM) transient climate change simulations, of which five correspond to current 1970–1999 period and the remaining five are the matching simulations for the future 2041–2070 period. This is the first comprehensive study on high‐flow characteristics for the entire 21 watersheds in the context of a changing climate using the RFA approach, which allows better estimation of return levels, particularly for higher return periods, than single site/grid‐cell based analysis. Validation of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Re‐Analysis‐driven CRCM simulated 5‐, 10‐, 30‐ and 50‐year return levels against those observed at selected gauging stations suggests a general overestimation, with average differences of 9 and 12% (3–5%) for the 5‐ and 10‐year (30‐ and 50‐year) return levels, respectively. Results of ensemble averaged projected changes to regional return levels show increases for most of the watersheds. In particular, changes to 5‐ and 10‐year (compared to 30‐ and 50‐year) regional return levels are found to be statistically significant more often for northern watersheds compared to the rest. An evaluation of confidence in projected changes to selected regional return levels, based on five current/future period simulation pairs, reveal a higher level of confidence for northern watersheds. When regional level projected changes are developed at the CRCM grid‐cell level, a pattern similar to that for regional level changes is noticed, though with slightly increased range of changes.
Testing a Multi-Reference GPS Station Network for OTF Positioning in Brazil

ABSTRACT Differential GPS has the capability to provide cm-levelpositioning accuracy, as long as the carrier phaseambiguities are resolved on-the-fly (OTF) to integervalues. Existing methods are based on the use of a singlefixed reference station located in the vicinity of the rover.The maximum distance allowed between the referencestation and user is generally limited to within 50 km dueto effects from the atmosphere and orbit. The number ofreference stations can be increased to extend thecoverage. However, the installation and maintenance ofsuch stations and their data transmission links isoperationally complex and expensive. The optimal use ofexisting stations is therefore of utmost importance tomaximize cost effectiveness. A novel and unique methoddeveloped at the University of Calgary uses all availablereference stations to generate regional code and carrierphase corrections, which can be transmitted to the user inorder to resolve integer ambiguities OTF over the region.One of the major advantages of this method is to increasethe coverage within which successful OTF ambiguityresolution is possible. The Brazilian Network forContinuous Monitoring of GPS (RBMC) is an activegeodetic reference network functioning in Brazil since1997. As the distances between the established stationsare too long for carrier-phase positioning, a 5-daydensification campaign was carried out in August 1999covering a 700x700-kilometer region. The generated datawas used to test the feasibility of the multi-referencestation approach in a region strongly affected by theionosphere, under the equatorial anomaly. During thecampaign, a solar eclipse occurred. Despite the fact thatthe zone of totality was mainly seen over Europe andAsia, this event added an interesting feature to thecollected data. Results and analysis using the regionalcode and carrier phase corrections are presented andcompared to the single reference receiver case todemonstrate the improvement achieved by this methodunder the conditions pointed out.
Ocean Wave Slope Observations Using Radar Backscatter and Laser Altimeters

Abstract Combination of laser and radar aboard an aircraft is used to directly measure long gravity wave surface tilting simultaneously with nadir-viewing microwave backscatter from the sea surface. The presented dataset is extensive, encompassing varied wind conditions over coastal and open-ocean wave regimes. Laser-derived slope statistics and Ka-band (36 GHz) radar backscatter are detailed separately to document their respective variations versus near-surface wind speed. The slope statistics, measured for λ > 1–2 m, show good agreement with Cox and Munk's oil-slickened sea measurements. A notable exception is elevated distribution peakedness and an observed wind dependence in this likely proxy for nonlinear wave–wave interactions. Aircraft Ka-band radar data nearly mimic Ku-band satellite altimeter observations in their mean wind dependence. The present calibrated radar data, along with relevant observational and theoretical studies, suggest a large (−5 dB) bias in previous Ka-band results. Next, wave-.
Differential developmental profiles of adolescents using sexually explicit internet material Doornwaard,

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Trends and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus in an outpatient dermatology facility.

OBJECTIVES To determine whether the relative proportions of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S aureus (MSSA) were changing or stable in an outpatient dermatology clinic and to examine the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of S aureus isolates. DESIGN Retrospective observational data were collected from skin culture isolates annually between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2010, and monthly during the 6-month period of January 1, 2011, to June 30, 2011. SETTING The University of Miami Hospital outpatient dermatology clinic. PARTICIPANTS A total of 387 S aureus isolates were analyzed between January 1, 2005, and June 30, 2011, from adult and pediatric patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The relative proportions of MRSA and MSSA skin culture isolates were measured, along with antibiotic sensitivity profiles. RESULTS The overall relative proportion of MRSA was 35.7%. The overall relative proportion of MSSA was 64.3%. During the last 6 months of the study, the relative proportion of MRSA was 33.3%, while the relative proportion of MSSA was 66.7%. The relative proportion of MRSA from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2010, was significantly higher than the relative proportion from January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2007 (45.3% vs 28.3%, P = .001). MRSA became more sensitive to ciprofloxacin, while MSSA became more resistant to ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, gentamicin sulfate, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. CONCLUSIONS The relative proportion of MRSA in the S aureus isolates increased by 17.0% during the last 3 years of our study. Despite this increase, MRSA became more sensitive to ciprofloxacin, while MSSA demonstrated increased antibiotic resistance to ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, gentamicin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Glaciological constraints on protalus rampart development

The growth of protalus ramparts is self-limiting, as progressive thickening of a firn field will increase basal shear stress, encouraging creep of ice and basal sliding, and thus cause the transformation of stationary firn into a small glacier with consequent destruction or modification of the rampart. Modelling of the threshold conditions under which significant movement of the firn field begins indicates that the maximum distance between the rampart crest and the talus foot upslope cannot exceed c. 30–70 m, the limiting value being dependent on the gradient of the firn field. This finding implies that ridges or ramps of debris lying at greater distances from the talus foot cannot be [true] protalus ramparts formed by debris descending an essentially stationary firn field, and hence that many landforms previously described as protalus ramparts have been misinterpreted. Modelling of the limiting conditions for gravitational transport of debris suggests that clasts may continue to reach the front of a steep incipient glacier even after ice movement has been initiated, at least until the toe of the ice reaches a position 85–125 m from the talus foot. This implies the possible existence of [protalus moraines] whose form is influenced by moving ice, yet which continue to receive a supply of debris by direct gravitational transport across the ice surface. La possibilite de croissance des moraines de neve est limitee d'elle-měme par l'epaississement progressif du champ de neige qui, en augmentant la force de cisaillement basale et favorisant le creep dans la masse, entraǐne la transformation d'une masse de neige immobile en un petit glacier qui detruit ou modifie le rempart. La modelisation des conditions de declenchement des mouvements dans la masse de neige, indique que la distance maximum entre le sommet de la moraine de neve et le pied du talus d'eboulis, ne peut pas exceder une valeur de l'ordre de 30–70 m, valeur determinee par la pente du champ de neige. Ce resultat implique que les rides ou rampes de debris qui se trouvent a des distances plus grandes, ne peuvent pas ětre de vraies moraines de neve formees de debris descendus sur une plaque de neige essentiellement immobile; en consequence beaucoup de morphologies qui ont ete decrites comme des moraines de neve, ont ete mal interpretees. La modelisation des conditions limites pour le transport des debris par gravite suggere que les fragments de roche peuvent continuer a atteindre le front d'un glacier en train de se former, au moins jusqu'a ce que le pied de laglace se trouve a une distance de 85–125 m du sommet de l'accumulation neigeuse. Ceci implique l'existence possible de [protalus moraines] dont la forme est influencee par le deplacement de la glace, mais qui ont pu recevoir une alimentation en debris par transport direct sur la surface de glace.
Extreme Weather: Does Nature Keep Up? Observed Responses of Species And Ecosystems to Changes in Climate and Extreme Weather Events: Many More Reasons for Concern

The authors of the report found that there were “many more reasons for concern” and specifically pointed out that “it will be impossible under such conditions of rapid climate change to uphold the UN Convention on Biodiversity’s aim to reduce the rate of biodiversity decline significantly by 2010. ”It seems that extreme weather events contribute disproportionately to recently observed climate change explaining why ecological impacts have become so abundant over the last decade. In response, the authors clearly state their scientific judgment is that “efforts be made to limit the increase in global mean surface temperature to maximally 1.5 oC above preindustrial levels and limit the rate of change to less than 0.05 oC per decade. ” In other words, there can be no further delay in reducing emissions. In fact, the scale and urgency just got bigger and greater. Global emissions must be on a steep downward trend in the next decade in order to avoid the worst impacts.