Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Azimuthal flow bursts in the inner plasma sheet and possible connection with SAPS and plasma sheet earthward flow bursts

We have combined radar observations and auroral images obtained during the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar Ion Neutral Observations in the Thermosphere campaign to show the common occurrence of westward moving, localized auroral brightenings near the auroral equatorward boundary and to show their association with azimuthally moving flow bursts near or within the subauroral polarization stream (SAPS) region. These results indicate that the SAPS region, rather than consisting of relatively stable proton precipitation and westward flows, can have rapidly varying flows, with speeds varying from ~100 m/s to ~1 km/s in just a few minutes. The auroral brightenings are associated with bursts of weak electron precipitation that move westward with the westward flow bursts and extend into the SAPS region. Additionally, our observations show evidence that the azimuthally moving flow bursts often connect to earthward (equatorward in the ionosphere) plasma sheet flow bursts. This indicates that rather than stopping or bouncing, some flow bursts turn azimuthally after reaching the inner plasma sheet and lead to the bursts of strong azimuthal flow. Evidence is also seen for a general guiding of the flow bursts by the large‐scale convection pattern, flow bursts within the duskside convection being azimuthally turned to the west, and those within the dawn cell being turned toward the east. The possibility that the SAPS region flow structures considered here may be connected to localized flow enhancements from the polar cap that cross the nightside auroral poleward boundary and lead to flow bursts within the plasma sheet warrants further consideration.
High-Sensitivity Optical Fiber-Based Glucose Sensor Using Helical Intermediate-Period Fiber Grating

An all-fiber glucose sensor is proposed and demonstrated based on a helical intermediate-period fiber grating (HIPFG) produced by using a hydrogen/oxygen flame heating method. The HIPFG, with a grating length of 1.7 cm and a period of 35 μm, presents four sets of double dips with low insertion losses and strong coupling strengths in the transmission spectrum. The HIPFG possesses an averaged refractive index (RI) sensitivity of 213.6 nm/RIU nm/RIU in the RI range of 1.33–1.36 and a highest RI sensitivity of 472 nm/RIU at RI of 1.395. In addition, the HIPFG is demonstrated with a low-temperature sensitivity of 3.67 pm/°C, which promises a self-temperature compensation in glucose detection. In the glucose-sensing test, the HIPFG sensor manifests a detection sensitivity of 0.026 nm/(mg/mL) and a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 mg/mL. Moreover, the HIPFG sensor exhibits good stability in 2 h, indicating its capacity for long-time detection. The properties of easy fabrication, high flexibility, insensitivity to temperature, and good stability of the proposed HIPFG endow it with a promising potential for long-term and compact biosensors.
RR Lyrae Period Changes: Still Puzzling After All These Years

The period of an RR Lyrae variable can be determined far more accurately than any other characteristic of the star, in principle affording an exquisitely sensitive means of measuring tiny changes in the density of the star, and thus its evolution through the instability strip. Although much effort has been devoted to determining RR Lyrae period changes in the century since the class of RR Lyrae variables was defined, period change "noise" has complicated the measurement of evolution in RR Lyrae stars. These noisy period changes are themselves of interest, however, and they may reveal hitherto unsuspected attributes of RR Lyrae stars. The status of the problem is reviewed.
Can social networks improve job search behaviours among low-income youth in resource-limited settings? Evidence from South Africa

ABSTRACT Previous studies have established the importance of social networks in determining youth employment outcomes. The quality and quantity of social entities in social networks and effectively using them, have a positive influence on employment outcomes. However, limited evidence exists on the composition and role of social networks on youth employment in resource-limited countries. Our study addresses current evidence gaps by investigating the association of social networks and job search behaviours in a sample of South African youth who are neither in employment, education, or training (NEET). Our results indicate that the association of social networks with job search behaviours depends on the type of social network and job search behaviours. Having more people in youth’s social network was associated with a higher likelihood of attending a job interview but no association with job applications’ submission. Additional family members were positively associated with job interviews, as well. Age, gender, relationship status, geographic residence, formal postsecondary education, training experience, caregiver status, and mobile phone ownership were also associated with job search behaviours. Overall, our findings indicate that social networks, particularly family members, are more predictive of job interviews than job applications.
Joint distributions of apparent open and shut times of single-ion channels and maximum likelihood fitting of mechanisms

The openings and shuttings of individual ion channel molecules can be modelled in terms of an underlying Markov process with discrete states in continuous time. In practice, some of the open times, and/or shut times, are too short to be detected reliably, making the durations of some of these intervals appear to be longer than they really are. Under certain assumptions about how this happens, the probability densities of these apparent times have previously been obtained. It has been shown that the ability to distinguish between alternative postulated reaction mechanisms can be greatly improved by considering bivariate distributions. In this paper we obtain joint distributions, and hence conditional distributions, of adjacent apparent open and shut times. Numerical examples illustrate what insight these conditional distributions may provide about the underlying mechanism. Bivariate distributions are readily generalized to multivariate distributions which enable the likelihood for an entire single-channel recording to be computed, and hence efficient maximum likelihood estimates for the mechanism’s rate constants can be obtained. Numerical examples of such fitting are given.
A Review of Wavelet-based Conjugate Gradient Method for Solving Poisson Equations

This is a review of the paper [10] that describcs a powerful and simple new wavelet-based preconditioning method for solving large systems of linear equations and shows how it is implemented in simulations of fluid flow modeled by Poisson equations. The linear systems can be solved with an iterative matrix solver, however, in the absence of our method, the computing time will increase markedly with respect to an increase in grid points. Use of our technique leade to a matrix with a bounded condition number so that computing time is reduced significantly. Our technique also overcomes difiiculties associated with earlier wavelet-based solvers, which assume periodic boundary conditions making them difiicult to apply to real simulation problems. Results from our numerical experiments with oneand tw(~dimensional Paisson equations confirm the power and accuracy of our wavelet-based preconditioning method. Unlike many preconditioning methods which are not suitable for vector and parallel proccssing, our algorithm can take advantage of the extra processing capabilities and enhance computing performance. For example, a speed up of over 100 fold can be achieved when solving Poisson equations on a Cray T3D using 128 processors in parallel.
Deep Learning Approach for Prediction of Brain Tumor from Small Number of MRI Images

Daily, the computer industry has been moving towards machine intelligence. Deep learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI)'s machine learning (ML). It has AI features that mimic the functioning of the human brain in analyzing data and generating patterns for making decisions. Deep learning is gaining much attention nowadays because of its superior precision when trained with large data. This study uses the deep learning approach to predict brain tumors from medical images of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This study is conducted based on CRISP-DM methodology using three deep learning algorithms: VGG-16, Inception V3, MobileNet V2, and implemented by the Python platform. The algorithms predict a small number of MRI medical images since the dataset has only 98 image samples of benign and 155 image samples of malignant brain tumors. Subsequently, the main objective of this work is to identify the best deep learning algorithm that performs on small-sized datasets. The performance evaluation results are based on the confusion matrix criteria, accuracy, precision, and recall, among others. Generally, the classification results of the MobileNet-V2 tend to be higher than the other models since its recall value is 86.00%. For Inception-V3, it got the second highest accuracy, 84.00%, and the lowest accuracy is VGG-16 since it got 79.00%. Thus, in this work, we show that DL technology in the medical field can be more advanced and easier to predict brain tumors, even with a small dataset.
Early Locomotor Training in Tetraplegic Post-Surgical Dogs with Cervical Intervertebral Disc Disease

Simple Summary Acute cervical disk disease may result in tetraplegic dogs without the ability of sternal posture, which could result in aspiration pneumonia, hypoventilation and other complications. The main treatment approach is surgical, depending on the clinical sign’s severity, and early post-operative rehabilitation may also be considered, including in dogs with spinal hyperesthesia, through the implementation of locomotor training with specific guidelines in the first days after surgery. Abstract Locomotor training (LT) is task-specific repetitive training, with sensorimotor stimulation and intensive exercises that promote neuromuscular reorganization. This study aimed to observe if LT could be initiated safely in the first 3–15 days after surgery in tetraplegic C1–C5 IVDD—Hansen type I dogs. This prospective blinded clinical study was conducted at two rehabilitation centers in Portugal, with 114 grade 1 (MFS/OFS) dogs, divided by the presence of spinal hyperesthesia into the SHG (spinal hyperesthesia group) (n = 74) and the NSHG (non-spinal hyperesthesia group) (n = 40), evaluated in each time point for two weeks according to a neurorehabilitation checklist by three observers for inter-agreement relation. LT was safely applied with 62.3% of the OFS ≥ 11 within 15 days and of these, 32.4% achieved a OFS ≥ 13. There were no new cases of hyperesthesia in the NSHG and from the SHG all recovered. Comparing groups, a significant difference was observed in their ability to achieve ambulatory status (p < 0.001), between the presence of hyperesthesia and days until ambulation (p < 0.006) and in each time point (p < 0.001; R2 = 0.809). Early LT may be a safe treatment to be applied in the first 3 days on these dogs and spinal hyperesthesia should be important to the rehabilitation team. This study should be continued.
A Triggering Mechanism for Enhanced Star-Formation in Colliding Galaxies

We propose a physical mechanism to explain the origin of the intense burst of massive-star formation seen in colliding/merging, gas-rich, field spiral galaxies. We explicitly take account of the different parameters for the two main mass components, H-2 and H I, of the interstellar medium within a galaxy and follow their consequent different evolution during a collision between two galaxies. We also note that, in a typical spiral galaxy-like our galaxy, the Giant Molecular Clouds (GMCs) are in a near-virial equilibrium and form the current sites of massive-star formation, but have a low star formation rate. We show that this star formation rate is increased following a collision between galaxies. During a typical collision between two field spiral galaxies, the H I clouds from the two galaxies undergo collisions at a relative velocity of approximately 300 km s-1. However, the GMCs, with their smaller volume filling factor, do not collide. The collisions among the H I clouds from the two galaxies lead to the formation of a hot, ionized, high-pressure remnant gas. The over-pressure due to this hot gas causes a radiative shock compression of the outer layers of a preexisting GMC in the overlapping wedge region. This makes these layers gravitationally unstable, thus triggering a burst of massive-star formation in the initially barely stable GMCs.The resulting value of the typical IR luminosity from the young, massive stars from a pair of colliding galaxies is estimated to be approximately 2 x 10(11) L. , in agreement with the observed values. In our model, the massive-star formation occurs in situ in the overlapping regions of a pair of colliding galaxies. We can thus explain the origin of enhanced star formation over an extended, central area approximately several kiloparsecs in size, as seen in typical colliding galaxies, and also the origin of starbursts in extranuclear regions of disk overlap as seen in Arp 299 (NGC 3690/IC 694) and in Arp 244 (NGC 4038/39). Whether the IR emission from the central region or that from the surrounding extranuclear galactic disk dominates depends on the geometry and the epoch of the collision and on the initial radial gas distribution in the two galaxies. In general, the central starburst would be stronger than that in the disks, due to the higher preexisting gas densities in the central region. The burst of star formation is expected to last over a galactic gas disk crossing time approximately 4 x 10(7) yr. We can also explain the simultaneous existence of nearly normal CO galaxy luminosities and shocked H-2 gas, as seen in colliding field galaxies.This is a minimal model, in that the only necessary condition for it to work is that there should be a sufficient overlap between the spatial gas distributions of the colliding galaxy pair.
An example of interaction between information and control

This paper presents an example of a two-person cooperative game, where the control of the first player is at the same time information to the second player. It is proved that, under mild assumptions, the information constraint is transparent, i.e., the players behave as if both had been given the same information by means of a coding system. The consequences of this result are examined for noncooperative games. Finally similar results are obtained for multistep games.
SCHOOL TEACHERS’ VIEWS TOWARDS THE EFFECTS OF A CRISIS ON CONFLICTS: THE CASE OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The investigation of conflicts and their management in primary school units emerges as extremely important, given that the educational process must be conducted within a positive working environment. This paper examines the phenomenon of conflict in primary schools at a time of crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic. This is for the reason that the above period is likely to have reshaped the relationships of cooperation and, by extension, the number, intensity and impact of the inevitable conflicts in social organizations such as schools. According to the research results, the school conflicts were found to concern existing issues prior to the pandemic and to a lesser extent reflected problems that arose as a result of health protection measures against the new coronavirus, the extensive use of ICT, distance teaching and the new conditions of organization and operation to which schools had to adapt. Also, they contributed decisively to the tackling of issues that emerged regarding the operation of the school as a consequence of the new health and social conditions. This finding demonstrates to school management that the crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic, just like any other crisis, in fact, takes on both negative and positive qualities. Article visualizations:
Explore the Interaction between Ellagic Acid and Zein Using Multi-Spectroscopy Analysis and Molecular Docking

With the increasing interest in value-added maize products, the interaction of zein with bioactive molecules to become more nutritional and beneficial to human health has gained a lot of attention. To broaden the application of ellagic acid (EA) in maize flour products, we investigated the interaction between zein and EA. The fluorescence quenching type of zein interacting with EA was mainly static quenching through hydrophobic interaction, as demonstrated by quenching behavior modeling, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy confirmed the formation of zein–EA complexes. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy showed that EA reduced the polarity of zein around tyrosine residues, which were exposed to a more hydrophobic microenvironment. Meanwhile, circular dichroism suggested that EA noticeably changed the secondary structure of zein, which was mainly reflected in the increase of α-helix and β-sheet content and the decrease of random coil content. Finally, the molecular docking simulation found that zein could have five active sites binding to EA and there was hydrogen bond interaction besides hydrophobic interaction. The findings of this study provided a basis for a theory for the interaction mechanism between zein and EA, which could be essential for developing value-added plant-derived protein products using EA as a functional component.
The origin of the WMAP quadrupole

The cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature maps from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) are of great importance for cosmology. In previous work we had developed a pipeline for map-making independently of the WMAP team. The new maps produced from the WMAP raw data by our pipeline are notably different to the official ones, and the power spectrum as well as the best-fit cosmological parameters are significantly different too. What's more, by revealing the inconsistency between the WMAP raw data and their official map, we had pointed out that there must exist an unexpected problem in the WMAP team's pipeline. In this work, we find that the trouble comes from the inaccuracy of antenna pointing direction caused by a systematical time drift between the attitude data and the science data in the WMAP raw time-order data (TOD). The CMB quadrupole in the WMAP release can be exactly generated from a differential dipole field which is completely determined by the spacecraft velocity and the antenna directions without using any CMB signal. After correcting the WMAP team's error, the CMB quadrupole component disappears. Therefore, the released WMAP CMB quadrupole is almost completely artificial and the real quadrupole of the CMB anisotropy should be near zero. Our finding is important for understanding the early universe.
Pepper Plants Harboring L Resistance Alleles Showed Tolerance toward Manifestations of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus Disease

The tobamovirus tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) infects tomato plants harboring the Tm-22 resistance allele, which corresponds with tobamoviruses’ avirulence (Avr) gene encoding the movement protein to activate a resistance-associated hypersensitive response (HR). ToBRFV has caused severe damage to tomato crops worldwide. Unlike tomato plants, pepper plants harboring the L resistance alleles, which correspond with the tobamovirus Avr gene encoding the coat protein, have shown HR manifestations upon ToBRFV infection. We have found that ToBRFV inoculation of a wide range of undefined pepper plant varieties could cause a “hypersensitive-like cell death” response, which was associated with ToBRFV transient systemic infection dissociated from disease symptom manifestations on fruits. Susceptibility of pepper plants harboring L1, L3, or L4 resistance alleles to ToBRFV infection following HRs was similarly transient and dissociated from disease symptom manifestations on fruits. Interestingly, ToBRFV stable infection of a pepper cultivar not harboring the L gene was also not associated with disease symptoms on fruits, although ToBRFV was localized in the seed epidermis, parenchyma, and endothelium, which borders the endosperm, indicating that a stable infection of maternal origin of these tissues occurred. Pepper plants with systemic ToBRFV infection could constitute an inoculum source for adjacently grown tomato plants.
System-theoretical model reduction for reservoir simulation and optimization

This thesis is concerned with low-order modelling of heterogeneous reservoir systems for the purpose of efficient simulation and optimization of flooding processes with multiple injection and production (smart) wells. Typically, one is initially equipped with a physics-based ('white-box') model consisting of O(103-106) equations and parameters representing a (coupled) system of discretized PDEs defined on a geometric grid. The model-order reduction (MOR) methodology undertaken in this research is fundamentally different from the traditional, 'grid-coarsing' approximation methods, in that no coarse-grid approximation of the fine-grid problem is employed at all. Instead, the reduced-order models are here based on 'system-theoretic' and dynamically intrinsic properties of the fine-scale system. In single-phase flow problems that can be modelled as linear time-invariant state-space systems these properties are, e.g., the system's transfer function in the Laplace domain, the eigenstructure of the system matrix, or controllability and observability of the (particular state-space realization of the) system. For multi-phase flow problems resulting in nonlinear state-space models, intrinsic information needs to be sought in data obtained by simulating the fine-scale model. The contribution of this thesis can be divided into three themes: 1) Standard 'projection-based' MOR: assessment of the performance of modal truncation, singular perturbation, balanced truncation, transfer function moments maching (inc. Krylov-subspaces), and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), 2) Acceleration of solving the fine-scale problem: use of MOR as a 'shadow simulation' to determine an improved fine-scale initial guess, and 3) Acceleration of waterflooding optimization: use of POD in the inner-loop of an adjoint-based optimization scheme.
Reconfigurations of polygonal structures

This thesis contains new results on the subject of polygonal structure reconfiguration. Specifically, the types of structures considered here are polygons, polygonal chains, triangulations, and polyhedral surfaces. A sequence of vertices (points), successively joined by straight edges, is a polygonal chain. If the sequence is cyclic, then the object is a polygon. A planar triangulation is a set of vertices with a, maximal number of non-crossing straight edges joining them. A polyhedral surface is a three-dimensional structure consisting of flat polygonal faces that are joined by common edges. For each of these structures there exist several methods of reconfiguration. Any such method must provide a well-defined way of transforming one instance of a structure to any other. Several types of reconfigurations are reviewed in the introduction, which is followed by new results. We begin with efficient algorithms for comparing monotone chains. Next, we prove that flat chains with unit-length edges and angles within a wide range always admit reconfigurations, under the dihedral model of motion. In this model, angles and edge lengths are preserved. For the universal model, where only edge lengths are preserved, several types of hexagons that cannot be reconfigured are exhibited. New bounds are provided for the number of operations required to reconfigure between triangulations, using "point moves" and "edge flips". Finally, unfolding motions are proven to always be possible for specific slices of polyhedra.