Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Elevational gradients strongly mediate habitat selection patterns in a nocturnal predator

Mountain ecosystems contain strong elevational gradients in climate and vegetation that shape species distributions and the structure of animal communities. Nevertheless, studies of habitat selection for individual species rarely account for such gradients that often result in species being managed uniformly across their range, which may not improve conservation as intended. Therefore, we characterized variation in nocturnal habitat selection by 18 GPS-tagged California spotted owls (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) along a 1400-m elevational gradient in the Sierra Nevada, California. We characterized three-dimensional forest structure with light detection and ranging data that we used in mixed-effects resourceand step-selection analyses of owl habitat selection. At lower elevations, owls selected stands with shorter trees, sites closer to hard edges between tall forests and open areas, sites with less diversity in forest seral types and sites with more ridge and southwest aspects. In contrast, owls at higher elevations selected the opposite. Within public forests that had taller trees and within their home range core (45% kernel density estimate of GPS points) areas, owls selected forests with less and more canopy cover at low and high elevations, respectively. Outside of their core areas, owls selected areas with fewer and more tall trees at low and high elevations, respectively. These findings may be explained by elevational gradients in prey distribution and variation in owl diet because owls consume more woodrats (Neotoma spp; earlier seral species) at lower elevations and more flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus; older forest species) at higher elevations. Thus, at low elevations and in areas unlikely to support nesting, spotted owls could benefit from management that promotes woodrat habitat by encouraging oak regeneration and creating small brushy openings within forests with shorter (younger) trees. Conversely, at higher elevations, (1) enhancing flying squirrel habitat by promoting large trees and denser canopy on mesic sites and (2) managing for greater cover type diversity on southwest-facing slopes and ridgetops is more likely to improve foraging habitat quality for spotted owls. The patterns of owl selection over elevational gradients has not been explicitly considered in most habitat management plans but clearly would improve management throughout mountain ecosystems.
Quality Parameters, Caffeine and Theobromine Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Artisan and Commercial Chocolate from Brazil

Several types of chocolate were analysed: bitter, half-bitter, milk chocolate, 70% cocoa, white chocolate and cocoa seeds. Analysis of fat, insoluble solids, total phenols, theobromine and caffeine contents and antioxidant capacity were carried out to evaluate the quality of artisan and commercial chocolate products in Brazil. Fat contents and insoluble residues were similar to those reported in the literature. We develop a simple method by HPLC-DAD (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection) to quantify methylxanthines whose identification has been confirmed by UPLC- MS (Ultra performance liquid chromatography—mass spectrometer). The levels of phenols, caffeine and theobromine varied between types. White chocolate had no phenolics nor caffeine or theobromine. The ones with the highest phenolic contents were those with the highest cocoa mass content. The same happened with the antioxidant activity, which is correlated to the amount of phenolics, caffeine and theobromine, shown by the statistical analysis. It is the presence of cocoa that determines the antioxidant activity of chocolates. This work contributed to the confirmation of the properties of the chocolates, highlighting the importance of the artisan product. Chocolates are important for human health and are considered functional foods.
A Novel Correlation of Preoperative Gd-EOB-DTPA-contrast-enhanced MRI with FGFR4 Expression and Its Value in Targeted Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Purpose: To assess the relationship between preoperative gadolinium ethoxy-benzyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features and fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and methods: Fifty-nine HCC patients (54 males, 5 females) who underwent preoperative enhanced MRI were retrospectively enrolled in this study. Quantitative and qualitative features of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI were analyzed in these pathologically confirmed HCC patients. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were performed to determine the mRNA and protein levels of FGFR4 in HCC. The relationship between these image features and the level of FGFR4 gene expression in HCC was evaluated by correlation analysis.Results: The FGFR4 mRNA and protein expression has significant correlation with the change of signal intensity in the phase of hepatobiliary, IHC analysis revealed significant correlation between the protein expression of FGFR4 and the qualitative enhanced MRI feature, mainly the manifestation of the intratumoral vessels at the arterial phase. Furthermore, the presence of intratumoral vessels (P =0.034, OR=4.71) and heterogeneous 3 signal performance in the hepatobiliary phase (P =0.008, OR=4.2) were identified as independent indicators for high FGFR4 expression in HCC. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate novel correlation between enhanced MRI features and FGFR4 gene expression, suggesting the heterogeneous signal intensity at the phase of hepatobiliary and the present of intratumoral vessels in the arterial phase as indicators for high FGFR4 expression in HCC. Our study may have clinical implication that enhanced MRI holds promise as useful modality in treatment selection of targeted therapies to HCC patients.
Noun Composition in Mapudungun: Conceptual Patterns in the Naming of Places

This study intended to identify which referent features are more frequently selected in the naming of the concept class of places and, in turn, determine which are the preferred conceptualizations in Mapudungun. This language is mainly spoken by Mapuche people in central and southern areas of Chile and in the Central-West area of Argentina. To identify the features of this conceptualization, a cognitive-semantic analysis of the conceptual patterns of 112 nominal compounds pertaining to the concept subclasses of natural places (intervened and non-intervened) and non-natural places (installations and territorial divisions) was conducted. Results show that, for non-intervened natural places, an entity present in the natural place is preferably selected in the name, whereas for intervened places, an agricultural activity or an animal associated to the place is preferably chosen. Concerning installations, the preferred conceptual pattern specifies, by means of the constituent ruka ‘house’, the man-made nature of the place. Regarding territorial divisions, the preferred naming pattern combines two place concepts. This information is crucial for the creation of neologisms in Mapudungun because it guarantees that newly formed lexical units are coherent with the Mapuche worldview and do not import foreign models.
High-quality reversible data hiding scheme using sorting and enhanced pairwise PEE

This paper proposes a novel reversible data hiding (RDH) technique using sorting and pairwise prediction error expansion (PEE) to improve embedding capacity (EC) while retaining the quality of cover image. The proposed scheme traverses alternate pixels of the cover image in a zig-zag order to construct two independent sets for sequential embedding. The pixels of each set are sorted in an increasing order of their rhombus mean followed by a two-pass data embedding by dividing the sets into 1 × 3 size blocks based on some pre-deﬁned criteria. In pass 1, two prediction errors are calculated for the ﬁrst and the last pixels using their rhombus means; and pairwise mapping is modiﬁed and exploited to embed the secret data in such a way that the value of the ﬁrst pixel is either increased or remains unchanged, and the value of the last pixel is either decreased or remains unchanged. In pass-2, the middle pixel is utilised to predict the ﬁrst and last pixels and the values of the ﬁrst pixel and the last pixel are either decreased or remains unchanged and either increased or remains unchanged, respectively. In contrast to some existing recovery-based methods, the proposed pass-2 guarantees to complement the changes made in pass-1, thereby boosting the quality along with increased EC. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves better embedding performance than the state-of-the-art
Social Support Programs and Teachers’ Performance in Private Primary Schools in Bomet County, Kenya

Despite the use of social support programs, teacher’s performance in private primary schools is still very low. The research sought to evaluate influence of social support programs on teacher’s performance of different private-owned primary schools within Bomet County. In addition, the study was anchored functional theory of labor welfare. Moreover, descriptive research design was used in this research. The target population was 132 privately-owned primary schools in Bomet County. Stratified random sampling technique was employed in selecting 99 schools out of 132 schools. Both primary and secondary data was used. Secondary data on teacher’s performance was obtained from performance appraisal reports in the private primary schools while semi structured questionnaires were used in the collection of primary data. Assessment of the reliability as well as validity of research tool was done through a pilot test. The research tool generated both quantitative as well as qualitative data. Thematic analysis was utilized to analyze all qualitative data after which findings were presented in form of narrative. Further, quantitative data analysis was performed using both descriptive and also inferential statistics with help of statistical software known as the statistical package for social sciences. Presentations of results were done in tables and figures such as bar charts and pie charts. The relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable was established through correlation and regression analysis. The study found that social support programs have a positive and a significant effect on teacher’s performance of schools located within Bomet County. Additionally, survey showed financial assistance, emotions support and guidance and counseling affect teacher’s performance in private primary schools within Bomet County. The study recommends the establishment of counseling department for teachers teaching in private primary school within Bomet County. Also this research recommends that the schools ought to start hiring counselors to advice teachers on social matters to enhance their morale and productivity in their schools.
Economic Benefits of Medicinal Plants for Communities Around The Mount Halimun Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia

Communities in the surrounding area of Mount Halimun Salak National Park (MHSNP) actively involved in maintaining the preservation. One way is through the use of medicinal plants in the Utilization Zone of MHSNP. The purpose of this study is to determine the economic benefits of medicinal plants through agroforestry for the community in the area. The research was carried out in Gunung Malang Village, SubDistrict Cikidang, Sukabumi Regency.The survey method was conducted using interviews with 30 respondents, was selected purposively. The vegetation data obtained in from the analysis the Importance Value index (IVI). The results of IVI, there are 8 types of vegetation at the tree level. Rubber plants with IVI of 181.84%, density of 875 trees/ha and Schima wallichii Korth with IVI of 19.39%, density of 50 trees/ha are the dominant species. Most respondents (62.5%) planted cardamom and ginger. Under tree stands of 250 trees/ha, respondents' income from cardamom was USD 210/ha/year and ginger was USD 208/ha/year. The number of trees planted did not correlate significantly with the production of medicinal plants (p<0.05). Community involvement in the utilization of medicinal plants in MHSNP has significant effects in increasing the income of forest communities. The concept of green marketing is supported by internal and external components, respondents influence internal components as production while suppliers are on external components.
Photo and thermal stability of totally chlorine free softwood pulps studied by UV/Vis diffuse reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy

La sensibilite a la chaleur et a la lumiere UV de pâtes blanchies sans derives chlores a ete etudiee grâce aux spectroscopies UV/Visible et de fluorescence. Nous avons note que le traitement au peroxyde d'hydrogene induisait une sensibilite a la lumiere semblable a celle que revele le comportement des pâtes riches en lignine. L'ozone s'est revele etre un tres bon agent de blanchiment, meme si une certaine instabilite thermique a ete observee. Les proprietes mecaniques des papiers ont ete peu affectees par le vieillissement. La thioacidolyse de la pâte blanchie au peroxyde a revele certaines liaisons restantes de type β-O-4 dans la lignine residuelle.
Correlation Between The Knowledge On Health Effects Of Smoking And Motivation On Smoking Cessation In Ex-Smokers Of Lung Department Patients, Siloam General Hospital, Lippo Village.

Introduction: Data from WHO showed that deaths caused by tobacco reaches approximately ± 6 million deaths annually. There are many information about the danger of smoking which spreading from various sources. The level of knowledge about the danger of smoking can be associated with motivation to stop smoking. Therefore, motivation toward smoking cessation arises if someone knows the benefits that can be taken, through an adequate knowledge. Aim: To determine the relationship between the level of knowledge on the health effects of smoking with motivation to stop smoking in ex-smokers of lung department patients at Siloam General Hospital, Lippo Village. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study, analyzing 138 ex-smokers of Siloam General Hospital’s lung department patients using consecutive sampling techniques. Results: the results showed 73.2% of people have good knowledge about the danger of smoking and 26.8% are not. Then, 58% of people have high motivation to stop smoking and 42% have low motivation. The results of statistical test using Chi Square showed a significant relationship between the level of knowledge and the motivation to quit smoking (OR = 4.293 [95% CI: 1,921-9,594], P <.001). The results of the multivariate logistic regression test showed educational factors ( P =0.014), and the frequency of smoking ( P =0.007) also influence the motivation to stop smoking. Conclusion : There’s a significant relation between knowledge about the danger of smoking and the motivation to quit smoking.
Determination Causes of Tax Avoidance on Indonesian Manufacturing Firms with Capital Intensity as Intervening Variables

The aim of this study is to examine and analyze the effect of the independent variables, namely return on assets (ROA), debt to assets ratio (DAR), company size, and capital intensity on the dependent variable in the form of tax avoidance. The population in this study was manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2016 - 2019. By using purposive sampling technique, data analytical technique used is descriptive statistic, classic assumption test and hypothesis testing in the form of SmartPLS analysis. The test results show that the variables return on assets (ROA), debt to assets ratio (DAR), company size, and capital intensity affect the tax avoidance. Capital intensity can mediate the relation for variable return on assets (ROA), debt to assets ratio (DAR), company size to tax avoidance.
The Effect Of Internal Control And Organizational Commitment To Fraud prevention in hospital x in the city of bandung indonesia

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of internal control and organizational commitment on fraud prevention, as well as to test the two independent variables on the dependent. This type of research is a quantitative descriptive study. The sample in this study were 106 employees of X hospital in Bandung, Indonesia. The data collection method in this research is a questionnaire, and the data analysis used in this research is descriptive analysis method and multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the F test show that the variables of internal control and commitment have a significant effect on the prevention of fraud at X Hospital in Bandung. The value of Adjusted 〖R〗 ^ 2 of 0.768 indicates that Internal Control and Organizational Commitment have an effect on Fraud Prevention by 76.8% and the remaining 23.2% is explained by other variables not explained in this study.
Viability and in vivo Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 29V in Local Honey

The conservation of probiotic products requires low temperatures and suitable equipment that are less available in developing countries. The challenge today is to find a local food matrix that can also carry probiotics (microorganisms with benefits for consumers) in the gastro-intestinal tract. The study mainly focus in the current research was to study the use of honey as a food matrix to carry probiotics in treating the cardiovascular disease, hypercholestreolemia. Thus, this study aimed to assess the viability of Lactobacillus plantarum 29V and its in vivo hypocholesterolemic properties when contained in honey. The strain L. plantarum 29V was added in pasteurized honey and was studied its viability in honey and its impact on the physicochemical parameters of honey. For in vivo studies, 0.5 mL of the pasteurized honey containing approximately 10 8 CFU/mL of L. plantarum 29V were administered to rats fed on a cholesterol-enriched diet (control diet+ pure Original Research Article Bemmo et al.; JABB, 24(2): 24-33, 2021; Article no.JABB. 67117 25 cholesterol solution (0.04 g/mL) per day per rat) using a feeding syringe; the treatment lasted 4 weeks. Serum lipids were analyzed during the experiment. The results have shown that the probiotic strain L. plantarum 29V can survive in honey for 28 days without affecting the honey’s qualities. Even present in honey, this strain continues to lower serum total cholesterol, (VLDL +LDL)cholesterol and triglycerides levels of hypercholesterolemic rats. In addition, HDL-cholesterol levels significantly increased, and the atherosclerosis index was significantly lowered. The present study revealed that honey could be used as a food matrix to carry the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 29V strain very well into the gastro-intestinal tract. Hence, a probiotic formulation made of pasteurized honey and L. plantarum 29V would be used to treat or prevent hypercholesterolemia if these effects are confirmed in Human beings.
Exploring the cosmic censorship conjecture with a Gauss-Bonnet sector

The Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati (DGP) braneworld model is employed to study the gravitational collapse of dust, with a Gauss-Bonnet (GB) term present in the five-dimensional bulk. We find that, within the normal (nonself-accelerating) DGP branch and due to the curvature effects from the GB component on the brane, the black hole singularity acquires modified features. More precisely, during collapse and for a finite comoving time, before a singularity would emerge at the zero physical radius, the first time derivative of the Hubble rate diverges, whereas the brane energy density and the Hubble rate remain finite. This is a peculiar behavior which displays similar properties to the sudden singularity occurring in particular late-time cosmological frameworks. Furthermore, the question of whether this altered singularity can be viewed by an external observer or will be hidden by a black hole horizon is addressed. We establish that, depending on the given induced-gravity parameter and the GB coupling constant, there exists a threshold mass for the collapsing dust, below which no trapped surfaces evolve as the collapse proceeds toward the singularity. In other words, a naked sudden singularity may form.
Cesarean Section in a Maternity Unit of a Tertiary Care Center of Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cesarean section is a common obstetric procedure which is done to reduce complications in high risk pregnancies. The aim of study was to find out the prevalence of cesarean section in a maternity unit of a tertiary care center. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 497 pregnant women presenting in a maternity unit of a tertiary center of Kathmandu, Nepal over a period of six months from March to August 2017 after taking ethical approval from Institutional Review Committee (Ref. 24). In this study, the prevalence of cesarean section, perinatal outcome, maternal and neonatal complications if any were observed. Data and descriptive analysis were done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and percentage for binary data. Results: The prevalence of cesarean section was 171 (34.4%) at 95% Confidence interval (30.2-38.7). Most common indication for cesarean section was fetal distress 53 (31%). The maternal complications developed in 11 (6.4%) among those who delivered via cesarean delivery; Surgical Site Infection being the most common maternal complication. The neonatal intensive care unit admission rate among the newborns via cesarean section delivery was 48 (27.43%) and neonatal sepsis 14 (8%) was most common adverse neonatal outcome. Conclusions: The cesarean rate at the study center is higher than standard target rate of World Health Organization. Neonatal and maternal adverse outcome in current study were comparable with existing literatures.
In Search of Quality: Echocardiographic Mitral Regurgitation Evaluation Discrepancies

Introduction: Two-dimensional (2D) transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for mitral regurgitation (MR) evaluation plays a vital role in choosing the adequate type of treatment. Considerable undertreatment prevalence suggests a possible knowledge gap. The aim of the present study was to assess physician diagnostic adherence according to clinical echocardiographic guidelines. Methods: 438 echocardiographically confirmed MR cases evaluated by 60 beginner, intermediate, or expert level physicians were enrolled. MR eyeballing tendencies, quantitative method application accuracy, and guideline adherence were analyzed. Results: Main discrepancies were unjustified eyeballing (66.95%; p<0.001), inaccurate application of methods (22.46%, p=0.002), and misinterpretation of diagnostic criteria (10.59%). Female patient gender (p=0.026) and lower physician competence levels (p<0.001) were identified as predictors for eyeballing discrepancy possibility. The latter was also a predictor quantitative method discrepancy (p=0.043). Method choice had the most substantial correlation to discrepancies when determining moderate–severe MR (p<0.001). Conclusions: Echocardiographic evaluation of hemodynamically significant MR discrepant in 53.88% of cases as nonquantitative evaluation of hemodynamically significant MR, methodological inaccuracies, and misinterpretation of diagnostic criteria compile the largest proportion of discrepancies. Female gender, lower physician competence, and downgraded diagnostic method application were the most substantial predictors of discrepancy occurrence.