Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Turfgrass Revegetation on Amended Sea Sand Dredged from the Yellow Sea

Abstract A field experiment was conducted to determine the optimal method for turfgrass revegetation at the new Incheon International Airport, Republic of Korea. The existing soil base was reclaimed sea sand dredged from the Yellow Sea. Ten different soil media main plots were created by treating the sand with combinations of mountain soil, chemical fertilizer [15–11–14 nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (N–P–K)], peat moss, a wetting agent, pig manure, and composted pine bark. Subplots were established with five turfgrass treatments that included Zoysia japonica (ZJ), Z. sinica (ZS), Z. koreanna (ZK), cool‐season grass combination I (CSG I: Festuca arundinacea 30%, Poa pratensis 40%, and Lolium perenne 30%), and cool‐season grass combination II (CSG II: Festuca arundinacea 40%, L. perenne 20%, F. rubra 20%, and Puccinellia distans 20%). The highest percentage cover rate for all grass treatments occurred in sea sand treated with 5 cm of mountain soil plus 114 g m−2 of chemical fertilizer. Zoysia japonica had the highest percentage cover rates throughout the study. On 4 July 1998, the turfgrass cover ranking was ZJ (99.5% cover)>ZK (86.7%)>ZS (39.6%)>CSG II (33.3%), CSG I (33.1%). Zoysia japonica also showed the highest drought tolerance among turfgrass species on all soil bases. The treatment that included mountain soil plus chemical fertilizer reduced the pH, EC, alkalinity, and soluble sodium (Na+) by the exchange of calcium (Ca2+) for Na+. The amendment of sea sand with mountain soil and chemical fertilizer, followed by establishment to ZJ, was determined to be the best method of reclamation for the new airport.
Effects of drought stress on photosynthesis, rhizosphere respiration, and fine‐root characteristics of beech saplings: A rhizotron field study

Soil drought influences the C turnover as well as the fine-root system of tree saplings. Particularly during the period of establishment, the susceptibility to drought stress of saplings is increased because of incompletely developed root systems and reduced access to soil water. Here, we subjected beech saplings (Fagus sylvatica L.) to different levels of drought stress. Beech saplings were planted in rhizotrons, which were installed in the soil of a Norway spruce forest before bud burst. Soil moisture was manipulated in the following year during May to September. We measured photosynthetic net CO2 uptake, volume production of fine roots, and rhizosphere respiration during the growing season. Biometric parameters of the fine-root system, biomass, and nonstructural carbohydrates were analyzed upon harvest in October. Photosynthesis and rhizosphere respiration decreased with increasing drought-stress dose (cumulated soil water potential), and cumulative rhizosphere respiration was significantly negatively correlated with drought-stress dose. Fine-root length and volume production were highest at moderate soil drought, but decreased at severe soil drought. The proportion of fine-roots diameter < 0.2 mm and the root-to-shoot ratio increased whereas the live-to-dead ratio of fine roots decreased with increasing drought-stress dose. We conclude that the belowground C allocation as well as the relative water-uptake efficiency of beech saplings is increased under drought.
Fluorophobic Effect Induces the Self-Assembly of Semifluorinated Tapered Monodendrons Containing Crown Ethers into Supramolecular Columnar Dendrimers Which Exhibit a Homeotropic Hexagonal Columnar Liquid Crystalline Phase

The rational design, synthesis, and characterization of the building blocks obtained by the esterification of the first generation of tapered monodendrons 3,4,5-tris(p-dodecan-1-yloxy)benzoic acid (12-AG) and 3,4,5-tris[p-(n-dodecan-1-yloxy)benzyloxy]benzoic acid (12-ABG) containing semifluorinated dodecyl groups [i.e., 12Fn-AG-15C5 (n = 0, 4, 6, 8), 12Fn-AG-B15C5, 12Fn-ABG-15C5, and 12Fn-ABG-B15C5 (n = 0 and 8) where n following the letter F represents the number of outer perfluorinated methylenic units of the dodecyl group] with 4‘-hydroxymethyl(benzo-15-crown-5) (B15C5) and 1-hydroxymethyl(15-crown-5) (15C5) are described. All building blocks self-assemble into supramolecular cylindrical or rod-like dendrimers via ion-mediated complexation processes. These rod-like supermolecules form a thermotropic hexagonal columnar (Φh) liquid crystalline (LC) phase. The fluorination of the dodecyl groups of these tapered building blocks enhances dramatically their self-assembly ability. The building blocks based on.
Free radical induced oxidation of phloroglucinol. A pulse radiolysis and EPR study

Phloroglucinol-derived radicals have been studied using pulse radiolysis and EPR spectroscopy. Phloroglucinol 1a(pKa= 8.0) and its anion 1b(pKa= 9.2) have phenolic structures while the 3,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dienone structure predominates in the dianion 2c. The neutral OH-adduct radicals (λmax= 345 nm) rapidly eliminate water (k= 2 × 105 s–1) yielding the 3,5-dihydroxyphenoxyl radical 4a(λmax= 495 nm, pKa= 6.5). This radical as well as its monoanion 4b(λmax= 550 nm, pKa= 8.6), its isomer 5b, derived from 2c(λmax > 800 nm), and the dianion 4c(λmax= 640 nm) can be generated directly with the N3 radical (k= 1.4 × 109 dm3 mol–1 s–1 at pH 6). All four radicals have been characterized by EPR spectroscopy. Radical 5b reacts with the phloroglucinol monoanion 1b with a rate constant of 2 × 107 dm3 mol–1 s–1. Formation of an adduct is excluded by EPR. Therefore, electron transfer from the phloroglucinol monoanion 1b to radical 5b is favoured as an explanation for this reaction.While 4a does not react with O2(k < 4 × 105 dm3 mol–1 s–1), the anions 4b and 5b do so quite rapidly (k= 2.1 × 108 and 1.9 × 108 dm3 mol–1 s–1, respectively) and at pH 7, O2 is consumed with G= 15 × 10–7 mol J–1.Although Br2˙– mainly produces radicals 4a and b, bromination occurs with an efficiency of at least 10%.
Current–voltage characteristics of dendrimer light-emitting diodes

We have investigated current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of unipolar and bipolar organic diodes that use phosphorescent dendrimers as the emissive organic layer. Through simulation of the measured I–V characteristics we were able to determine the device parameters for each device structure studied, leading to a better understanding of injection and transport behaviour in these devices. It was found that the common practice of assuming injection barriers are equal to the difference between bare electrode work functions and molecular orbital levels is unsuitable for the devices considered here, particularly for gold contacts. The studies confirm that different aromatic units in the dendrons can give significant differences in the charge transporting properties of the dendrimers.
Kinetics of chromite ore reduction from MgO-CaO-SiO2-FeO-Cr2O3-Al2O3 slag system by carbon dissolved in high carbon ferrochromium alloy bath

Abstract Kinetic experiments were performed in an induction furnace to investigate the reduction of chromite ore by carbon dissolved in a high carbon ferrochromium alloy melt under conditions of varying Cr2O3 concentration, slag basicity, and temperature. The results obtained show that chromite reduction by dissolved carbon in slag systems of the type MgO-CaO-SiO2-FeO-Cr2O3- Al2O3 occurs principally by a stagewise process encompassing an intermediate reaction in which the divalent chromium oxide species is involved. During the fast period, Cr2O3 reduction is controlled by the diffusion of oxygen species in the slag for which a mass transfer coefficient of 0·003 cm s-1 was calculated. An activation energy value of 117 kJ mol -1 obtained for the reduction of Cr2O3 implies the rate controlling step is mass transfer of Cr2O3 from the slag to the slag/metal interface, since activation energies for metal phase control are typically <70 kJ mol -1. The second period represents a pseudo-equilibrium condition with respect to Cr2O3 reduction that is probably under thermodynamic control by a step or mechanism involving the reduction of divalent chromium oxide to chromium.
Principals' perceptions of parent involvement in Catholic and Protestant schools in Southern California

xii Chapter 1: Problem and Purpose . 1 Statement of the Problem . 1 Statement of Purpose . 4 Research Questions . 5 Hypotheses . 5 Theoretical Basis . 6 Significance of Study . 9 Definition of Terms . 10 Assumptions . 12 Delimitations . 12 Organization of the Dissertation . 13 Chapter 2: Literature Review . 15 Parameters for Survey of Literature . 15 Historical Background . 16 The Nature of Parent Involvement . 17 Research on Parent Involvement in Public Schools . 23 Benefits of Parent Involvement . 23 Barriers to Parent Involvement . 25 California Strategic Plan for Parental Involvement . 28 Strategies to Overcoming Barriers . 28 Student Attitudes Toward Parent Involvement . 35 Effects of Parent Involvement on Preschoolers . 36 Two Recent AERA Studies on Parent Involvement . 36 Christian School Leadership . 38 Parent Involvement in Catholic Schools . 38 Parental Involvement in Protestant Schools . 50 Summary . 56
Curvature Dependence of the Surface Tension and the Theory of Solubility

While the theory of the dependence of surface tension on curvature was well formulated in 1950, experimental support for the surface tension of molecular‐sized spherical interfaces is extremely sparse. Here, a correlation between the solubility of a solute gas and the surface tension of the solvent liquid is discussed theoretically and the curvature dependence of the surface tension is calculated for C6H6, C6H12, and CCl4. The determined dividing thickness, Z, for CCl4, C6H6, and C6H12 is 4.7, 4.2 and 4.9 A, respectively. The calculated values of the solubility and the molar heat of solution for various gases He, Ne, H2, O2, N2, Ar, CH4, and Kr shows good agreement with experimental data. The equilibrium radius and the surface tension at that radius are evaluated and tabulated.
Radiation effects and pulsed laser deposition of titanium by Nd:Yag laser

A study of Ti laser irradiation and thin film deposition produced by an Nd:Yag pulsed laser is presented. The laser pulse, 9 ns width, has a power density of the order of 1010 W/cm2. The titanium etching rate is of the order of 1 µg/pulse, it increases with the laser fluence and shows a threshold value at about 30 J/cm2 laser fluence. The angular distribution of ejected atoms (neutrals and ions) is peaked along the normal of the target surface. At high fluence, the fractional ionization of the plasma produced by the laser is of the order of 10%. Time-of-flight measurements demonstrate that the titanium ions, at high laser fluence, may reach kinetic energies of about 1 keV. Obtained results can be employed to produce energetic titanium ions, to produce coverage of thin films of titanium and to realize high adherent titanium-substrate interfaces. The obtained results can be employed to produce energetic titanium ions, to produce a coverage of thin titanium films on polymers, and to realize highly adherent titanium–substrate interfaces.
Variation in fungi toxicant sensitivity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. isolates infecting major fruit crops in Khandesh region of Maharashtra

Twelve Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates from four fruit hosts grown in different district in Khandesh region of Maharashtra (India) expressed significant variation in their sensitivity to fungicides. All isolates expressed highly sensitive reaction to azoxystrobin. Azoxystrobin (0.04%), thiophanate methyl (0.1%) and carbendazim 12 % + mancozeb 63 % WP (0.15%) fungicides were highly sensitive against all of the isolates followed by carbendazim (0.1%) and mancozeb (0.25%) was sensitive while, propineb (0.2%) was highly resistant against all isolates. Azoxystrobin fungicide inhibit growth of all isolates was 92.19%, thiophanate methyl fungicide inhibit growth 91.01% and carbendazim + mancozeb fungicide inhibit growth was 89.64 % of all isolates. In general, C. gloeosporioides isolates from pomegranate, sweet orange, banana and guava are tending towards propineb non sensitive it inhibit growth was 45.05%.
Soil and stream-water impacts of sewage effluent irrigation onto steeply sloping land

In a pilot study, the authors investigated how irrigation of secondary sewage effluent onto steeply sloping land affected soil physical, chemical, and biochemical properties, the composition of soil- and surface-waters and the vegetation of the site. The 3.36-ha site received up to 44 mm effluent/wk for 65 wk. Irrigation significantly improved total- and Olsen-P status of the soils and greatly enhanced nitrification potential. Respiration increased with increasing soil water content, but microbial biomass was not greatly affected by irrigation. Soil phosphatase activity decreased with increasing P fertility. Soil physical properties were not affected by effluent and hydraulic conductivities were sufficient to conduct water into and through the soil profiles. Soil- and surface-water NO{sub 3}{sup {minus}}-N concentrations increased markedly, especially in the second half of the trial when soil nitrification rates were also high. However, the streamwater NO{sub 3}{sup {minus}}-N concentrations remained well below the drinking water limit concentration of 11.3 g m{sup {minus}3}. In contrast, streamwater NH{sub 4}{sup +}-N and PO{sub 4}{sup 3{minus}}-P concentrations remained low and results indicated that concentrations of PO{sub 4}{sup 3{minus}}-P in river water, resulting from a full-scale irrigation scheme, would not exceed the target limit level of 0.0056 g m{sup {minus}3}. Irrigation accelerated natural successionalmore » changes in the vegetation, with a decline in undesirable fire-prone and shrubby species and an increase in native trees and tree ferns. These results demonstrated that, in the short term at least, a carefully designed and implemented irrigation scheme on steepland could renovate secondary sewage effluent, without adversely affecting soil properties and surface water quality. « less
Effects of Postdeposition Annealing in Argon Ambient on Metallorganic Decomposed CeO2 Gate Spin Coated on Silicon

Cerium oxide (CeO 2 ) solution was prepared by cerium(III) acetylacetonate hydrate, methanol, and acetic acid as the starting materials via the metallorganic decomposition (MOD) method. Postdeposition annealing was performed onto the MOD-derived CeO 2 films deposited onto n-type Si substrates at different temperatures (600, 800, and 1000°C) under the flow of argon gas. A slow cooling rate was then accomplished for samples to cool down to room temperature. Four orientations [(111), (200), (220), and (311)] of CeO 2 films were revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis as well as α-Ce 2 O 3 and cerium silicate (Ce 2 Si 2 O 7 ). Epitaxial-like behavior was shown in the sample annealed at 600°C due to the (200)-oriented CeO 2 film, and the dominance of this plane ceased with the increase in annealing temperature. A negative voltage shift was observed in all of the samples, indicating that positive oxide charges were trapped in the oxide as a result of the presence of oxygen vacancies. An interface trap density was extracted from the capacitance-voltage measurement, and it was related to the current density-voltage characteristics of the investigated samples. The lowest density was perceived by the sample annealed at 1000°C due to the increment in the Ce 2 Si 2 O 7 layer, reduction in total interface trap density, and effective oxide charge.
Characterization of Polyphenylene Sulfide Using Gel Permeation Chromatography with Triple Detection

The increasing world demand for polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) due to its unique properties has augmented the pressure on development of analytical methods to evaluate its molecular weight distribution and structure. Whilst gel permeation with triple detection (GPC3D) has been considered for PPS analysis, its development and effectiveness has been impaired because of, firstly, the high temperature needed to maintain solubility (>205°C), and, secondly, a very low dn/dc for the polystyrene calibration standards in 1-chloronaphthalene. This article presents practical recommendations to overcome these early difficulties by discussing the results obtained on PPS samples analyzed with a commercially available GPC3D instrument.
Accurate Analytic Formulas for the Double-Layer Interaction between Spheres

Abstract Very simple but accurate analytic formulas are presented for the electrical double-layer force and interaction free energy between two spherical colloidal particles, valid up to the moderate-to high-potential regime. These formulas represent a remarkable improvement on previous analytic and semianalytic formulas for the interaction, while maintaining an excellent degree of analytic simplicity. Furthermore, a detailed derivation of the interaction free energy between two dissimilar spheres in the linear Debye-Huckel approximation is presented that is valid for all κ h , where κ is the Debye screening parameter and h is the distance of closest approach between the spheres. In doing so, it is demonstrated that the well-known Hogg-Healy-Fuersteneau (HHF) formula, which is valid only in the small κh regime, may be trivially modified to extend its range of applicability to all κh.
Cadmium Accumulations and Bioavailability in Soils From Long‐Term Phosphorus Fertilization

Soils from citrus groves that had been fertilized with the equivalent of approximately 175 kg P/ha per year (as treble superphosphate (TSP)) over a 36-year period were sampled and analyzed for total P, Cd, and Zn as well as water-soluble P and Cd. A P fertilization rate of 175 kg/ha is much higher than normal field rates, which are typically about 30 kg/ha. Concentrations of total Cd in surface soil were highly correlated (r = 0.89) with concentrations of total P. The concentrations of Cd in surface soil receiving broadcast P for 36 years averaged 1.0 . mu.g/g, and were considerably greater than those of the controls, which showed a mean concentration of 0.07 . mu.g/g. Phosphorus in soil saturation paste extracts ranged from 0.10 . mu.g/ml (controls) to 8.87 . mu.g/ml in P fertilized soils. Water-soluble saturation extract Cd ranged from 0.008 . mu.g/ml in controls to 0.017 . mu.g/ml in fertilized soils, and was not well correlated with water-soluble P. Cadmium levels in barley (Hordeum vulgare var. U.C. 566) grain and leaves grown in the field on soil subject to long-term heavy P fertilization were not elevated above levels in barley grown on the control soil. Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla) was grownmore » in the greenhouse on the above surface soils collected from the field. Although Cd levels averaging 1.6 . mu.g/g in plant tissue were significantly elevated over those on the control soil (0.26 .mu.g/gm), no yield depression was observed. « less
On the chemistry and mineralogy of boron in pure and in mixed systems: A review

Abstract Boron (B) is the third member of the third periodic group. It is a nonmetal with an atomic number of five and a constant valence of 3+. Boric acid [B(OH)3]and H2Bo3 − are the most common geologic forms of B, with boric acid the predominant form of B in agricultural soils. Boron occurs mainly in silicate minerals. The 10 μg/g B concentration of the earth's crust is distributed among common rock types. Less than five percent of total soil B is available for crop uptake. This helps to explain the occurrence of B deficiency in 41 of the 50 states. The availability of soil B depends on soil texture, pH, and soil moisture content. A number of soil components have shown an affinity for B. These include Al‐ and Fe‐ hydroxy compounds, ferromagnesian minerals found in sand and silt separates, Al‐ and Fe‐ oxides, and organic matter. Studies have shown B adsorption to increase with increasing pH. Boric acid predominates at pH values less than 7.0 and borate ions predominate in solutions of higher pH. Boron a.
Giant Gold−Glutathione Cluster Compounds: Intense Optical Activity in Metal-Based Transitions

A series of giant metal-cluster compounds, each composed of a gold core and a glutathione (GSH) adsorbate layer, have been prepared from Au(I)SG polymers and separated by gel electrophoresis, using methods reported in a recent Letter [J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 10643−6]. Identification of the separated compounds by core mass is accomplished through laser desorption mass spectrometry of matrix-diluted films. Three principal compounds have core masses of ca. 4.3, 5.6, and 8.2 kDa (in the range of ∼20−40 Au atoms), and show structured optical absorption spectra with clear optical absorption onsets near 1.7, 1.3, and 1.0 eV, respectively. Each of these shows unusually strong chiroptical activity in the metal-based electronic transitions across the near-infrared, visible, and near-ultraviolet regions, whereas neither the crude (unseparated) mixture nor its higher molecular weight components possess such strong optical activity. The location and strength of the optical activity suggest a metal electronic struc.
Nutrient Solution Prepared with Ozonated Water does not Damage Early Growth of Hydroponically Grown Tomatoes

Ozonated water as a water source for nutrient solution was investigated in hydroponically grown tomatoes. Nutrient solution was prepared by diluting concentrated nutrient solutions with ozonated water with dissolved ozone (DO3) concentrations of 0 to 10 mg L−1. Manganese concentration in the nutrient solution decreased with increasing DO3 concentrations. Initial growth of tomato plants supplied with nutrient solution prepared with ozonated water with a DO3 concentration of 1.5 mg L−1 was greater than that with a DO3 concentration of 0 mg L−1. These results indicate that ozonated water can be used as a disinfectant for source water in hydroponics during the early growth stage of tomatoes.
Synthesis and Structural Determination of a Novel Heterometallic Complex [Sb2(edta)2‐µ4‐Co(H2O)2]·5.15H2O

The novel three-dimension edta-linked (edta=ethylenediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetate) heterometallic complex [Sb2(edta)2-µ4-Co(H2O)2]·5.15H2O has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR spectrum, X-ray diffraction analyses and thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n, lattice parameters: a=0.69969(2) nm, b=2.08705(4) nm, c=1.08106(2) nm, β=90.031(1)°, V=1.57866(6) nm3, Z=2, Mr=1007.76, Dc=2.120 g·cm−3, F(000)=1001, µ=2.323 mm−1, the final R=0.0235 and wR=0.0629 for 3480 observed reflections [I>2δ(I)]. In the structure each Co(II) ion is connected with Sb(III) ions bridging by four carboxylic oxygen atoms, and in each [Sb(edta)]− anion, the Sb(III) ion is six coordinated by two nitrogen and four oxygen from edta ions, together with a lone electron pair at the equatorial position. In the complex, the coordination number of Co(II) ion is six and its coordination environment is composed of four carboxylic oxygen atoms from four different edta ions and two oxygen atoms from two H2O molecules. The degradation of the sample proceeds in several steps and the water molecules and ligands are successively emited.