Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reinforcement Learning Over Knowledge Graphs for Explainable Dialogue Intent Mining

In light of the millions of households that have adopted intelligent assistant powered devices, multi-turn dialogue has become an important field of inquiry. Most current methods identify the underlying intent in the dialogue using opaque classification techniques that fail to provide any interpretable basis for the classification. To address this, we propose a scheme to interpret the intent in multi-turn dialogue based on specific characteristics of the dialogue text. We rely on policy-guided reinforcement learning to identify paths in a graph to confirm concrete paths of inference that serve as interpretable explanations. The graph is induced based on the multi-turn dialogue user utterances, the intents, i.e., standard queries of the dialogues, and the sub-intents associated with the dialogues. Our reinforcement learning method then discerns the characteristics of the dialogue in chronological order as the basis for multi-turn dialogue path selection. Finally, we consider a wide range of recently proposed knowledge graph-based recommender systems as baselines, mostly based on deep reinforcement learning and our method performs best.
Extending Randles’s Battery Model to Predict Impedance, Charge–Voltage, and Runtime Characteristics

The impedance of a battery can be modelled with an elegant fractional-capacitor or “constant phase element” (CPE) equivalent circuit and a series resistor. In this manuscript, we present new evidence that suggests that a linear model similar to Randles’ comprised solely of this impedance network is able to predict both the charge-voltage relationship epitomised by the familiar hysteresis curve of voltage as a function of charge as a battery charges and discharges through its linear region, and the recovery or “equilibration” transient that results from a step change in load current. The proposed model is unique in that it does not contain a source, either voltage or current, nor any purely reactive elements. There are important potential advantages of a passive battery model.
Particulates and the cycling of lead in Ullswater, Cumbria

SUMMARY. 1 Ullswater has been affected by former lead mining in the catchment area. This paper investigates how lead in the lake is re-distributed within the littoral zones. Concentrations in the lake water are low. Particulates including phytoplankton, seston and gelatinous ooze overlying lead-enriched sediments can have values from 1.3 to >6.0 and 26 mg Pb g-1 dry weight respectively. 2 During turbulent conditions, contaminated phytoplankton, settled algae and some of the gelatinous ooze are brought into near-homogenous suspension within the water column. In calm conditions, settlement of particulates occurs and a rate-zonal distribution results such that, in a vertical column of water, the finer particles in the upper layers have lower concentrations of lead per unit volume of water than the lower layers. 3 In non-turbulent conditions the particles which settle on all submerged surfaces form a tenuous layer termed ecton. Aufwuchs becomes coated by ecton but the latter is readily re-suspended by disturbances. The intimate contact, and the similarity of concentrations of lead in Aufivuchs and ecton from any one sample, suggests that metal flux occurs between the two. It is concluded that the variety of particulates which comprise the ecton distribute lead during turbulence. In calm conditions the ecton settles on all submerged surfaces and provides a mechanism for transfer of lead into the littoral food web.
The Distribution of Arboreal Marsupials in Relation to Eucalypt Forest Types in the Eden (Nsw) Woodchip Concession Area.

Data collected during clear felling are collated and presented on the distribution of arboreal marsupials in 16 forest vegetation types (FVT) in 7 FVT groups. Eight species were included in the study: Petaurus breviceps, P. australis, P. norfolcensis, Petauroides volans, Acrobates pygmaeus, Trichosurus vulpecula, Pseudocheirus peregrinus and Cercartetus nanus. Most of the individuals reported were in the following 6 FVTs: swamp gum (characterized by Eucalyptus ovata); mountain gum (E. dalrympleana)/manna gum (E. viminalis); peppermint (E. radiata or E. dives); southern blue gum (E. maidenii, E. cypellocarpa or E. nitens); brown barrel (E. fastigata); and brown barrel/gum (E. cypellocarpa, E. nitens, E. maidenii, E. viminalis or E. dalrympleana). The results are discussed in relation to present forest management and forest clearing procedures in the Eden region. Forests about to be cleared for Pinus radiata plantations or for farmland on private property adjacent to State Forests are predominantly of types identified as of high value as wildlife habitat.
Variability of in vitro germination of Picea omorika pollen

Serbian spruce (Picea omorika /Panc./Purkyne) is a Balkan endemic and Tertiary relict, therefore it has an exceptional significance from the historical-geographical aspect as well as from the aspect of tree im- provement and biodiversity conservation. Pollen was collected from 24 trees in two consecutive years and an- alyzed once a month. Germination of fresh pollen and pollen stored under different temperatures (room tem- perature: 23 ±1°C, +4°C, -15°C and -20°C) by in vitro method on a medium with 10% sucrose was analyzed. Fresh pollen germination was 53.63% and 68.06% for pollen collected in first and second year, respectively. After one year of storage at -20°C pollen germination was 22.36% and 60.72%, respectively. The differences between pollen collection years, temperature treatments, storage periods and individuals were statistically significant. Since pollen germination rates of individual trees between the first and the second year showed weak positive correlation, one could conclude that germination of fresh pollen grains is under the certain in- fluence of environmental conditions. It is determined strong positive correlations between fresh and stored pollen at -20°C from both years of pollen collection.
Epilogue: Whales and Elephants as Cultural Symbols

In his commentary, Dr. Peterson focuses on two of the papers presented in this volume, those by Ris and Kalland, who analyze the evolving symbolic significance of whales and how this has affected coastal whaling communities in northern Norway. As a discussant of the whaling papers at the Common Property Conference, Dr. Peterson was impressed by the commonality of the problems facing sustainable management of whales and elephants and of the need for environmental scientists to be aware of the symbolic, ethical and philosophical issues involved in managing natural resources such as marine mammals and African large mammal species, which have so excited the imagination of publics and politicians in distant places.
N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase III Antagonizes the Effect of N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V on α3β1 Integrin-mediated Cell Migration*

N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) catalyzes the addition of β1,6-GlcNAc branching of N-glycans, which contributes to metastasis. N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) catalyzes the formation of a bisecting GlcNAc structure in N-glycans, resulting in the suppression of metastasis. It has long been hypothesized that the suppression of GnT-V product formation by the action of GnT-III would also exist in vivo, which will consequently lead to the inhibition of biological functions of GnT-V. To test this, we draw a comparison among MKN45 cells, which were transfected with GnT-III, GnT-V, or both, respectively. We found that α3β1 integrin-mediated cell migration on laminin 5 was greatly enhanced in the case of GnT-V transfectant. This enhanced cell migration was significantly blocked after the introduction of GnT-III. Consistently, an increase in bisected GlcNAc but a decrease in β1,6-GlcNAc-branched N-glycans on integrin α3 subunit was observed in the double transfectants of GnT-III and GnT-V. Conversely, GnT-III knockdown resulted in increased migration on laminin 5, concomitant with an increase in β1,6-GlcNAc-branched N-glycans on the α3 subunit in CHP134 cells, a human neuroblastoma cell line. Therefore, in this study, the priority of GnT-III for the modification of the α3 subunit may be an explanation for why GnT-III inhibits GnT-V-induced cell migration. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that GnT-III and GnT-V can competitively modify the same target glycoprotein and furthermore positively or negatively regulate its biological functions.
A tiller inhibitor gene in wheat and its effect on plant growth

A recessive gene that inhibits tillering was identified in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Israel. The locus for tiller inhibition, designated Tin, is linked to the locus for hairy glume (10 ¦ 3 map units apart) and black awns, and hence is presumed to be on the distal end of chromosome IAS. Such a gene has been proposed as desirable for wheat in both low and high input environments. Serial sowings were made every 21 days between autumn and spring in buckets outdoors with lines differing in tillering. At a harvest at the 4.5 leaf stage, tillering was less in the low tillering lines than in the conventional lines in all sowings, but leaf area and weight per plant were unexpectedly higher. Stunting, which is a characteristic of low tillering lines when temperatures are low and daylength long, became apparent in one of the low tillering lines in sowings made in late winter and spring at a time when daylength was 11.5 h and increasing. In four populations segregating for the tillering trait, low tiller number was associated with a higher harvest index, reduced height, an increased duration of the flag leaf life and of grain filling, a lower leaf to stem weight ratio at maturity, higher specific leaf weight, higher stem density and a higher kernel number per unit stem weight. Traits likely to severely limit crop yield other than stunting were not found.
Metabolic Scaling and the Evolutionary Dynamics of Plant Size, Form, and Diversity: Toward a Synthesis of Ecology, Evolution, and Paleontology

A central goal of evolutionary biology is the development of a general predictive theory that incorporates the various forces structuring biological diversity. In this article, we argue that a focus on allometry and metabolic scaling theory provides the basis to begin to mechanistically link and understand patterns observed at ecological and evolutionary timescales. To make our case, we draw on and review several recently published papers and present new analyses. We argue that together, this synthesized work supports the notion that selection has maximized the scaling of resource exchange surfaces (e.g., photosynthetic surface areas) yet simultaneously minimizes the scaling of transport times and resistances. As a result, the scaling of plant metabolism, in turn, has profoundly influenced the evolution and ecology of plant form, function, and diversity, probably since the inception of the chlorophytes. In particular, we discuss preliminary support for the notion that stabilizing selection for 3/4‐power scaling of metabolism, in addition to competition for similar limiting resources, has led to the emergence of regular ecological patterns that have likely been prevalent throughout plant evolution.
Population History, Mating System, and Fitness Variation in a Perennial Herb with a Fragmented Distribution

Abstract: Patterns of genetic diversity are strongly influenced by the history of populations, which is often ignored when examining the viability of populations. We studied the relationship of population size, genetic variation, and fitness in the perennial herb Vincetoxicum hirundinaria (Asclepiadaceae) in the southwestern archipelago of Finland, where this species occurs commonly on many of the islands and its distribution is highly fragmented. We measured the magnitude and distribution of genetic variation in this species to examine how patterns of genetic diversity reflect population history, especially the colonization pattern of the islands and the mating system. Additionally, we used the genetic data to interpret previous results that suggest that fitness variation among populations is not directly related to population size. We found a high level of genetic variation (He=0.396) and a low level of genetic differentiation ( FST=0.052) among the populations. In contrast to several rare plant species, the level of genetic variation ( He) was not correlated with population size or with male or female fitness of the plants. Our results also indicated that inbreeding is common in all populations regardless of their size (mean FIS=0.460) but that it does not correlate significantly with male or female fitness traits. The observed patterns of genetic variation suggest that this species has a mixed mating system. Taken together, these results indicate that the studied populations are of recent common ancestry but may also have relatively high levels of current gene flow. The differences between our results and those from previous studies of rare plant species with a fragmented distribution pattern emphasize the importance of considering whether fragmentation is caused by recent human activities or whether it reflects a distribution pattern characteristic of the species when evaluating the conservation needs of the species.
The Gross Anatomy of the Syrinx of Adult Male Domestic Fowl Gal- lus gallus domesticus

Birds are considered a good model for studying the phonation process, the syrinx is a vocal organ in birds. The purpose of this study is to investigate the topographical and morphological characteristics of syrinx of male domestic fowl. In the current study we use the syringes of seven adult males. The study shows that the syrinx of investigated birds is tracheobronchial in type. It consists of; tympanum, tracheosyringeal and bronchosyringeal groups. In addition, there are interbronchial ligament (brachidesm), lateral and medial vibrating membranes as well as the pessulus at the tracheal bifurcation. Tympanum part forms the first part of the syrinx; it is formed of four tracheal rings. The tracheosyringeal part is located at the point of tracheal bifurcation just below the tympanum. It is formed of four highly modified incomplete tracheal rings. The bronchosyringeal part is formed of first three pairs of bronchial half-rings. The current study was presented the detailed morphological characteristics of syrinx in male domestic fowl. The Gross Anatomy of the Syrinx of Adult Male Domestic Fowl Gallus gallus domesticus Received: May 23, 2019; Accepted: June 26, 2019; Published: June 28, 2019 study. All of the birds were slaughtered. After thoracic incision, the topographical position of syrinx was observed, and the anatomical examination was done. Different measurements were taken using Precision Digital Vernier Caliper (the length of tracheolateralis and sternotrachealis muscles). The syringes of cocks were left in 1% methylene blue solution for 15 min then passed through 70% alcohol for two hours for the cartilages to become more evident and then photographed. The syringes were observed, described and photographed using a stereomicroscope (LEICA S6D) fitted with a digital camera (DFC-290). Results The syrinx of examined cocks is observed within the body cavity. It lies ventral to the esophagus and dorsal to the base of the heart. It is a tracheobronchial in type and consists of three different parts: cranial (tympanum) group, intermediate group and caudal (bronchosyringeal) group. In addition, there are interbronchial ligament (brachidesm), lateral and medial vibrating membranes as well as the pessulus at the tracheal bifurcation. The tympanum part forms the first part of the syrinx. It is formed of four tracheal rings, firmly attached together by dense fibrous tissue, especially along their sides. They are difference in size and shape between the tracheal rings immediately above it and intermediate syringeal cartilages immediately below it (Figures 1-4). The tracheosyringeal part is located at the point of the traCopyright © 2019 Maksoud A. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Volume 1 Issue 1 • Page 1 of 2 • OSP Journal of Veterinary Research and Medicine
Titanium

Titanium and its associated alloys and compounds offer wonderful combinations of properties that include a high specific strength, excellent resistance to corrosion and relatively high melting temperatures, and may also include biocompatibility and weldability. The range of applications for titanium based materials is equally impressive, ranging from aeroengines to heat exchangers, to biomedical implants, the storage of nuclear waste and, in the case of shape memory alloys, actuators and stents. This list is not exhaustive and, of course, titanium is also a vital alloying element in steels and other alloy systems. As one might expect, there is commensurate diversity in research relating to titanium. In this issue of Materials Science and Technology, we celebrate this diversity by featuring a range of papers dealing with titanium in different forms. Jung et al. [1] explore the potential for improving the mechanical properties of cast pure titanium through repeated thermal cycles, while Bańczerowski et al. [2] investigate grain refinement arising from deformation at elevated temperatures. Motyka et al. [3] address the relationship between plastic deformation and the decomposition of martensitic phases, while the articles of Urbina et al. [4] and Goryczka et al. [5] focus on shape memory alloys. Sotniczuk et al. [6] explore the effects of nanostructuring on the tendency for commercially pure titanium to corrode in the presence of fluoridated agents, while Szkliniarz and Szkliniarz [7] explore the feasibility of producing TiAl-based alloys using graphite crucibles. Finally, Zhang et al. [8] examine the precipitation mechanism of secondary alpha phase in a titanium matrix composite. As ever, we hope that readers will enjoy this thematic issue and that it will stimulate debate and inspire further research. References
The importance of climate variability changes for future levels of tree-based forest ecosystem services

The climate is changing, yet to which degree and in what pattern remains uncertain in many areas. In forest science, mainly impacts of long-term mean changes in temperature and precipitation distributions are studied. This paper therefore presents a sensitivity analysis to determine the importance of accounting for variability changes. A 10*10 matrix of different mean annual temperatures and precipitation sums is set up, covering the temperate forest zone of Europe, and the current level of several ecosystem services (ES) is calculated. Subsequently, mean and variability of temperature and precipitation distributions are changed in different steps, and new ES levels calculated. The results show that for the study of climate change impacts on forest ES, climate parameter variability is of secondary importance. The trends are well represented with scenarios of mean climate parameter changes only; however, on moisture-limited and heat-stressed sites impacts of changes in variability gain in importance. Most of these impacts are negative, and can be observed not only in monocultures already at their physiological limit, but also in diverse stands. Different ES, however, show different sensitivities towards changes in mean and variability, underlining the need to develop adaptation measures tailored to the sites and ES of interest.
Vertebra deformities in wild Atlantic salmon caught in the Figgjo River, southwest Norway

Summary In order to investigate the occurrence of vertebra deformities in wild Atlantic salmon, adult river migrating salmon were caught in the Figgjo River, Norway in 2010, 2011 and 2012 (n = 24; 21; 20). Based on a definition of a deformed fish having one or more deformed vertebrae, 28 out of 65 fish were classified as deformed. The majority were minor deviations of the morphology in vertebra no 2 and in vertebrae in the ural region (52–56). Vertebral fusions were observed, the majority of which were located in the post-cranial and posterior-truncal region of the vertebral column. Fusions typically resulted in a single large vertebra with a relatively normal amphicoelous structure, albeit with multiple neural and hemal arches. This indicates that wild salmon have a strong capability of ‘repairing’ vertebra pathologies, as this stage of a vertebra deformity should not be considered as pathological anymore. Occurrence of individuals with fusions varied over the sampling period (2010: 29%, 2011: 19%, 2012: 5%). Typical deformities observed in farmed salmon, e.g. vertebra compressions in the tail region, which often cause down-grading, financial losses and reduced welfare, were not observed in any of the analysed fish and can therefore be considered as ‘farming specific’. This is the first study of vertebra deformities in adult wild Atlantic salmon, and demonstrates that these fish can develop deformities up to a level observed in harvest-size farmed salmon. However, the severity of these malformations was found to be low compared to those commonly observed in farmed salmon. The results of this study may serve as a basis for future research on vertebra deformities in Atlantic salmon.
Macropod studies at Wallaby Creek. X. Responses of eastern grey kangaroos to cattle

The instantaneous behavioural and spatial responses of eastern grey kangaroos to the presence of cattle were studied at Wallaby Creek, north-eastern New South Wales. Kangaroo groups were distributed closer to cattle groups than would be expected by chance, both at a study-site scale (154-ha) and at a 1-ha scale; large males were recorded on average further from cattle than were smaller males. Nearest-neighbouring kangaroo groups were located such that cattle groups rarely interrupted the lines of sight between them. Observed disturbance and displacement by cattle provoked a minimal response in kangaroos, which fled only tens of metres and soon resumed their previous activity. The presence of cattle had few detectable instantaneous effects on the behaviour of the kangaroos, except to increase their alertness and the feeding time of small (but not large) kangaroo groups. These effects indicate that cattle pose little threat to kangaroos.
Use of Allozyme Markers to Evaluate Walleye Stocking Success

Abstract An unbiased assessment of the relative success of stocking walleye Stizostedion vitreum at different sizes can be accomplished only when comparisons are made simultaneously in the same lake. Previously, these comparisons had not been made because small fish could not be tagged effectively. Electrophoretically detectable allozyme polymorphisms, however, can be used as “genetic tags,” and thus large numbers of fish with permanent, heritable, selectively neutral markers can be produced. During 1987 and 1989 we used two alleles at the IDHP-1* locus to genetically tag three groups of walleyes, each with one of three distinct genotypes. Three size-groups of fish were stocked into each of several small northern Illinois impoundments as follows: fry at 2,500/hectare, 50-mm fingerlings at 125/hectare, and 100-mm fingerlings at 60/hectare. We quantified the relative success of each stocking strategy by sampling surviving walleyes by electrofishing, then assigning individuals to test groups through electrop.