Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Truncated Variational Expectation Maximization

We derive a novel variational expectation maximization approach based on truncated posterior distributions. Truncated distributions are proportional to exact posteriors within subsets of a discrete state space and equal zero otherwise. The treatment of the distributions' subsets as variational parameters distinguishes the approach from previous variational approaches. The specific structure of truncated distributions allows for deriving novel and mathematically grounded results, which in turn can be used to formulate novel efficient algorithms to optimize the parameters of probabilistic generative models. Most centrally, we find the variational lower bounds that correspond to truncated distributions to be given by very concise and efficiently computable expressions, while update equations for model parameters remain in their standard form. Based on these findings, we show how efficient and easily applicable meta-algorithms can be formulated that guarantee a monotonic increase of the variational bound. Example applications of the here derived framework provide novel theoretical results and learning procedures for latent variable models as well as mixture models. Furthermore, we show that truncated variation EM naturally interpolates between standard EM with full posteriors and EM based on the maximum a-posteriori state (MAP). The approach can, therefore, be regarded as a generalization of the popular `hard EM' approach towards a similarly efficient method which can capture more of the true posterior structure.
Effects of adherence to bracing treatment in children with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a preliminary study

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the different biological, psychological, and social factors that affect patient adherence in bracing treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. By comparing adherent and non-adherent bracing patients, we hope to gain insight into how to improve patient adherence in bracing as a means of primary treatment and to avoid secondary and tertiary treatments such as surgery. Methods: Of the 19 patients (15 adherent, 4 non-adherent) who were examined for this study, the majority of them completed all psychosocial surveys at one time point in their bracing treatment. Patients answered surveys for multidimensional anxiety, generalized anxiety, pain-related fear and avoidance, pain catastrophizing, and quality of life. Quantitative sensory testing was performed on only 5 of the 19 patients at the time of writing. Sensory testing was conducted to gather information on thermal sensitivities and thresholds. Statistical t-test significance was determined for all surveys distributed to adherent and non-adherent bracing groups, and scaled T-scores were calculated for each survey measure to determine clinical significance.
A Clinical Study on C - Reactive Protein in Periodontal Diseases: Systemic Inflammatory Relationship.

Periodontitis is associated with elevated levels of systemic inflammatory biomarker C-reactive protein (CRP). This study is outlined to determine and correlate the C-reactive protein level in health, gingivitis and periodontitis and to assess the CRP values after complete scaling and root planning. Sixty systemically healthy subjects enrolled in the study. Twenty subjects each categorized under three group’s i.e. periodontally healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis. Clinical parameters and serum CRP is recorded at the baseline, 15th and 30th day. Patients with chronic periodontitis had statistically significant elevations in serum C- reactive protein levels as compared to gingivitis and absence of detection of serum CRP level in health group. Results showed a highly significant change in clinical parameters and serum CRP with regard to improvement in the gingival inflammation and reduced bleeding on probing and plaque accumulation from the baseline when compared to the 15th day and 30th day. A correlation exists between the periodontal disease and CRP, as the periodontal disease regresses the value of CRP lowers down significantly. Non-surgical periodontal treatment i.e. scaling and root planing was effective in reducing the levels of serum C - reactive protein.
Amplitude analysis of B0→D¯0K+π− decays

The Dalitz plot distribution of B0→D¯0K+π− decays is studied using a data sample corresponding to 3.0 fb−1 of pp collision data recorded by the LHCb experiment during 2011 and 2012. The data are described by an amplitude model that contains contributions from intermediate K∗(892)0, K∗(1410)0, K∗2(1430)0 and D∗2(2460)− resonances. The model also contains components to describe broad structures, including the K∗0(1430)0 and D∗0(2400)− resonances, in the Kπ S-wave and the Dπ S- and P-waves. The masses and widths of the D∗0(2400)− and D∗2(2460)− resonances are measured, as are the complex amplitudes and fit fractions for all components included in the amplitude model. The model obtained will be an integral part of a future determination of the angle γ of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa quark mixing matrix using B0→DK+π− decays.
The Clinical Study of the Treatment of Intertrochanteric Fractures in the Elderly with DHS,Gamma nail and PFN

Objective:To compare the operative procedures, complication incidence and postoperative functional restoration of the treatment to intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients with dynamic hip screw (DHS) , Gamma nail and proximal femoral nail (PFN). Methods:From February, 2001 to May, 2005, One hundred and twenty-seven patients with intertrochanteric fractures were included in the study. Of all the patients, 56, 20 and 51 cases were treated by DHS, Gamma nail and PFN respectively. All the cases were followed up. The operative procedures, complication incidences and therapeutic effects of the three groups were compared. Results: There was significant difference in the mean operation time between each other among the three groups (P0. 01). The mean intraoperative blood loss in DHS group was statistically more than those in the other two groups (P0. 01). The number of patients with complications in DHS group was significantly higher than those in the other two groups (P0. 01). The excellent rate of DHS group, Gamma nail group and PFN group was 82. 14%, 85. 00% and 90.20% respectively (P0. 05). Conclusion:There was no significant difference among three operative methods as far as the therapeutic effect was concerned. Gamma nail and PFN may shorten the mean operation time, reduce the mean intraoperative blood loss and reduce the complication incidence.
Incidence, intensity, and correlates of catastrophic out-of-pocket health payments in India

Sekhar Bonu, Indu Bhushan, and David H. Peters write that despite posting more than 8% annual GDP growth in the past few years, the catastrophic health payments have not changed significantly in India. Around 39.5 million people fell below the poverty line in India due to out-of-pocket health payments in 2004–2005. Policies to reduce poverty in India need to include measures to reduce catastrophic out-ofpocket health payments.
Dynamics of Starbursting Dwarf Galaxies

The mechanisms that trigger strong bursts of star formation in dwarf galaxies are poorly understood. Blue Compact Dwarfs (BCDs) are nearby starburst galaxies that may hold the key to understand these mechanisms. We are studying a sample of 18 BCDs using both new and archival HI data. In several cases we find that BCDs have a steeply-rising rotation curve that flattens in the outer parts. This points to a strong central concentration of mass. We introduce a new parameter to quantify the central mass concentration in dwarf galaxies (BCDs and irregulars): the circular-velocity gradient V(Rd)/Rd, where Rd is the galaxy scale-length. We find that V(Rd)/Rd correlates with i) the central surface brightness; ii) the mean HI surface density over the stellar disk; and iii) the SFR density. BCDs have higher V(Rd)/Rd than typical irregulars, suggesting that the starburst activity is closely linked with the gravitational potential and the concentration of gas. We decompose the rotation curves of BCDs into mass components and find that baryons (stars and gas) are dynamically important. This is remarkable, as dwarf galaxies are commonly thought to be entirely dominated by dark matter. We discuss the implications of these results on the evolution of dwarf galaxies and in particular on the properties of the progenitors and descendants of BCDs.
Using the transtheoretical model to enhance self‐management activities in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review

The objective of this article is to present a review of the literature focusing on the use of the TTM in improving self‐management activities in patients with type 2 diabetes. Self‐management activities include following a healthier diet, exercising more regularly, enhanced medication adherence and targeting outcomes such as reduction in glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c).
Uptake and Urinary Excretion of Uranium after Oral Administration in Man

A recently published radiotoxicological technique makes it possible to detect traces of uranium in urine in routine monitoring. This technique was used in an experimental study carried out with several volunteers to check ICRP uranium metabolism data. The volunteers agreed to consume natural mineral water containing uranium. It is shown that: (1) except for the initial components, which are clearly over-estimated, the theoretical urinary excretion function is acceptable; and (2) the nominal intestinal uptake of the soluble uranium components should be significantly lowered
Pattern of Co-morbidities in Children with Severe Acute Malnutrition admitted in MTC of a teaching hospital of Westeren Rajasthan, India

1 Incharge of Malnutrition Treatment Center, Department of Paeditrics, S. P. Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, INDIA 2* Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, S. P. Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, INDIA 3 Professor and Head of Dept, Department of Paeditrics, S. P. Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, INDIA *Corresponding Author Dr Anita Verma Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, S. P. Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, INDIA Phone (or Mobile) No.: +919460995741 Email: anita.verma. meena@gmail.com Abstract Objective: To study the pattern of co-morbidities in children having Severe Acute Malnutrition in MTC attached to a teaching hospital. Methods: In a span of five years all the children (1082), admitted in MTC of PBM Hospital,S.P.Medical College Bikaner, were studied for presence of one or more comorbid conditions along with severe acute malnutrition. Results: Out of the 1082 children who were admitted to Malnutrition Treatment Center (MTC), acute respiratory infection is the most common (55.17%) co-morbidity in children with Severe Acute Malnutrition and followed by Anaemia (43.17%). Out of 1082 children having SAM 63.58% children were having one comorbidity, 26.89% were having two co-morbidity and 9.42% were having more than two co-morbidty. Conclusions: It is imperative to suspect and anticipate co-morbid condition in these children. High index of suspicion for these co-morbidities is the key to reduce mortality and better outcome in children having acute severe malnutrition.
Updates in Genetic Molecular Targeted Therapy for Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and devastating primary brain tumor in adults. Current standard treatment after maximal safe surgical resection with concurrent chemoradiotherapy by temozolomide and radiation therapy has a modest improvement in progression free and overall survival with frequent recurrences. With advancement in molecular biology and gene technology a novel treatment strategies with promising outcome have been provided. In this review, the most commonly studied molecular targets in the treatment of glioblastoma will be discussed. EGFR and its variant EGFRvIII have an important role in GBM cellular proliferation. VEGF and its receptor are active factors in tumor angiogenesis. Ras pathway, its regulators and others as protein kinase C and integrin contribute to tumorigenesis and resistance to conventional therapy. With inhibition of the aforementioned pathways more direct and targeted method of GBM treatment will be provided. Also combination of these treatment modalities may create an innovative therapeutic approach for GBM management.
When Asthma is not Asthma

When asthma is not asthma requires first an understanding of what asthma is, how to diagnose it, and what to expect when its treated. Asthma is an exceedingly common disorder manifested by varying degrees of cough, wheeze, and dyspnea. Familiarity with asthma, in contrast to lack of familiarity with
Reduced density matrix functional theory at finite temperature. II. Application to the electron gas: Exchange only

Using the newly introduced theory of finite-temperature reduced density matrix functional theory, we apply the first-order approximation to the homogeneous electron gas. We consider both collinear spin states as well as symmetry broken states describing planar spin spirals and investigate the magnetic phase diagram as well as the temperature-dependence of the single particle spectra.
Use of audiovisual equipment (SKYPE) for the treatment of hand injuries for remote consultations

Introduction We present this case of a British patient living and working in Africa who used audiovisual (SKYPE) equipment as a treatment option for remote consultation. This was investigated in response to a request by the patient for further postoperative support at a distance after a complex hand surgery procedure. Methods Audiovisual (SKYPE) equipment was used by the team in combination with manual therapy as a means of seeking advice, progressing treatment and liaison with a specialist hand therapist and surgeon. The audiovisual equipment was used to complete follow-up of treatment episodes once the patient had returned to Africa. Results After five months of audiovisual consultations with the surgeon and clinical specialist hand therapist, the patient reported significant reductions in anxiety regarding the management of his extensive hand injury. The patient's active and passive range of movement and Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand scores had all improved. The wider multidisciplinary team in his local area was supported by a specialist service and evidence was gathered to support the organizational benefits of using audiovisual equipment. Conclusion This case report highlights the potential, clinical and cost benefits of utilizing audiovisual equipment in conjunction with other treatments in the management of remote hand injury patients.
Effect of caulis sargentodoxae prescription on the growth of endometrial cells cultured in vitro in rats

[Objective] To study the effect of Caulis Sargentodoxae prescription on the growth of endometrial cells cultured in vitro in rats. [Methods] Female Sprague-Dawley rats were collected to establish the model of endometriosis in vitro. After culture in media with different concentration Caulis Sargentodoxae prescription and Danazol drug-containing serum for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, the cell viability was determined by MTT assay. [Results] After different culture periods in different concentration media with drug-containing rat serum, cell viability cultured with drug-containing serum was lower than control cells timeand dosadependently. [Conclusion] Caulis Sargentodoxae prescription and Danazol can restrain the growth of rat endometrial cells.
Hadrons and Quark–Gluon Plasma

Before matter as we know it emerged, the universe was filled with the primordial state of hadronic matter called quark–gluon plasma. This hot soup of quarks and gluons is effectively an inescapable consequence of our current knowledge about the fundamental hadronic interactions: quantum chromodynamics. This book covers the ongoing search to verify the prediction experimentally and discusses the physical properties of this novel form of matter. It begins with an overview of the subject, followed by a discussion of experimental methods and results. The second half of the book covers hadronic matter in confined and deconfined form, and strangeness as a signature of the quark-gluon phase. It is ideal as an introduction for graduate students, as well as providing a valuable reference for researchers already working in this and related fields. This title, first published in 2002, has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.
A matrix representation of phylogenetic trees

In this paper we begin by describing two currently used methods for evaluating phylogenetic trees, one proposed by Fitch and Margoliash [5] and the other proposed by Saitou and Nei [7]. Both methods are heuristic in the sense that not all possible trees are tested to ensure that the best solution has been reached. We develop a matrix representation of unrooted binary trees. The problem of evaluating phylogenetic trees is then transformed into the standard linear least squares problem. Then we propose a matrix decomposition method for evaluating phylogenetic trees.
Approximating a Gram Matrix for Improved Kernel-Based Learning (Extended Abstract)

A problem for many kernel-based methods is that the amount of computation required to find the solution scales as O(n 3 ), where n is the number of training examples. We develop and analyze an algorithm to compute an easily-interpretable low-rank approximation to an n × n Gram matrix G such that computations of interest may be performed more rapidly. The approximation is of the form ˜ Gk = CW +
Diophantine approximation onplanar curves andthe distribution of rational points

Let C be a nondegenerate planar curve and for a real, positive decreasing function ψ let C(ψ) denote the set of simultaneously ψ-approximable points lying on C. We show that C is of Khintchine type for divergence; i.e. if a certain sum diverges then the one-dimensional Lebesgue measure on C of C(ψ) is full. We also obtain the Hausdorff measure analogue of the divergent Khintchine type result. In the case that C is a rational quadric the convergence counterparts of the divergent results are also obtained. Furthermore, for functions ψ with lower order in a critical range we determine a general, exact formula for the Hausdorff dimension of C(ψ). These results constitute the first precise and general results in the theory of simultaneous Diophantine approximation on manifolds.
Elliptic and Hexadecapole Flow of Charged Hadrons in Au + Au Collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV

Differential measurements of the elliptic (ν 2 ) and hexadecapole (ν 4 ) Fourier flow coefficients are reported for charged hadrons as a function of transverse momentum (p T ) and collision centrality or number of participant nucleons (N part ) for Au + Au collisions at Vs NN = 200 GeV. The υ 2 , 4 measurements at pseudorapidity |η| ≤ 0.35, obtained with four separate reaction-plane detectors positioned in the range 1.0 < |η| < 3.9, show good agreement, indicating the absence of significant Δη-dependent nonflow correlations. Sizable values for υ 4 (p T ) are observed with a ratio υ 4 (p T, N part )/υ 2 2 (p T, N part ) ≈ 0.8 for 50 ≲ N part ≲ 200, which is compatible with the combined effects of a finite viscosity and initial eccentricity fluctuations. For N part ≳ 200 this ratio increases up to 1.7 in the most central collisions.
A Deep Neuro-Fuzzy Network for Image Classification

The combination of neural network and fuzzy systems into neuro-fuzzy systems integrates fuzzy reasoning rules into the connectionist networks. However, the existing neuro-fuzzy systems are developed under shallow structures having lower generalization capacity. We propose the first end-to-end deep neuro-fuzzy network and investigate its application for image classification. Two new operations are developed based on definitions of Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) fuzzy model namely fuzzy inference operation and fuzzy pooling operations; stacks of these operations comprise the layers in this network. We evaluate the network on MNIST, CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets, finding that the network has a reasonable accuracy in these benchmarks.
Effect of N, C, and B interstitials on the structural and magnetic properties of alloys with 
Cu3Au
 structure

High-throughput density functional calculations are used to investigate the effect of interstitial B, C and N atoms on 21 alloys reported to crystallize in the cubic Cu$_3$Au structure. It is shown that the interstitials can have a significant impact on the magneto-crystalline anisotropy energy (MAE), the thermodynamic stability and the magnetic ground state structure, making these alloys interesting for hard magnetic, magnetocaloric and other applications. For 29 alloy/interstitial combinations the formation of stable alloys with interstitial concentrations above 5\% is expected. In Ni$_3$Mn interstitial N induces a tetragonal distortion with substantial uniaxial MAE for realistic N concentrations. Mn$_3X$N$_x$ ($X$=Rh, Ir, Pt and Sb) are identified as alloys with strong magneto-crystalline anisotropy. For Mn$_3$Ir we find a strong enhancement of the MAE upon N alloying in the most stable collinear ferrimagnetic state as well as in the non-collinear magnetic ground state. Mn$_3$Ir and Mn$_3$IrN show also interesting topological transport properties. The effect of N concentration and strain on the magnetic properties are discussed. Further, the huge impact of N on the MAE of Mn$_3$Ir and a possible impact of interstitial N on amorphous Mn$_3$Ir, a material that is indispensable in today's data storage devices, are discussed at hand of the electronic structure. For Mn$_3$Sb, non-collinear, ferrimagnetic and ferromagnetic states are very close in energy, making this material potentially interesting for magnetocaloric applications. For the investigated Mn alloys and competing phases, the determination of the magnetic ground state is essential for a reliable prediction of the phase stability.
On t-adic Littlewood conjecture for generalised Thue-Morse functions

We consider a Laurent series defined by infinite products $g_u(t) = \prod_{n=0}^\infty (1 + ut^{-2^n})$, where $u\in \mathbb{F}$ is a parameter and $\mathbb{F}$ is a field. We show that for all $u\in\mathbb{Q}\setminus\{-1,0,1\}$ the series $g_u(t)$ does not satisfy the $t$-adic Littlewood conjecture. On the other hand, if $\mathbb{F}$ is finite then $g_u(t)\in \mathbb{F}((t^{-1}))$ is either a rational function or it satisfies the $t$-adic Littlewood conjecture.
Biologically-Motivated Deep Learning Method using Hierarchical Competitive Learning

This study proposes a novel biologically-motivated learning method for deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The combination of CNNs and back propagation (BP) learning is the most powerful method in recent machine learning regimes. However, it requires large labeled data for training, and this requirement can occasionally become a barrier for real world applications. To address this problem and utilize unlabeled data, I propose to introduce unsupervised competitive learning which only requires forward propagating signals as a pre-training method for CNNs. The method was evaluated by image discrimination tasks using MNIST, CIFAR-10, and ImageNet datasets, and it achieved a state-of-the-art performance as a biologically-motivated method in the ImageNet experiment. The results suggested that the method enables higher-level learning representations solely from forward propagating signals without a backward error signal for the learning of convolutional layers. The proposed method could be useful for a variety of poorly labeled data, for example, time series or medical data.