Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spread of zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus in squash in Hungary

The temporal and spatial distribution of zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV) was studied in a 3000‐m2 zucchini squash field. The first infected plants were found 4 weeks after the field was exposed to virus source plants. The infection increased to nearly 74% by the end of the study. Alate aphids were active from the beginning of the study and 43 species were trapped in the field. Flights of vector species Acyrthosiphon pisum and Myzus persicae peaked during the fourth week which resulted in high virus incidence 4 weeks later. There was a significant correlation between the number of vectors caught in yellow pan traps and the number of infected plants in the field. In laboratory studies evaluating 11 aphid species, Aphis pomi de Geer was identified as a new vector species of ZYMV. Although this aphid was not caught in our field studies, it may be an important contributor in other areas where cucurbits are grown in close proximity to apple or other hosts of this aphid.
Kinetic analysis of amino acid radicals formed in H2O2-driven CuI LPMO reoxidation implicates dominant homolytic reactivity

Significance Degradation of polysaccharides such as cellulose is biologically important for fungi and bacteria and industrially relevant for production of second-generation biofuels. Enzymes called lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyze the degradation of crystalline polysaccharide substrates. These enzymes have mononuclear copper active sites that use reductant and an oxygen source to oxidatively cleave polysaccharide bonds. An important controversy remains regarding the role of H2O2 as the reactant in oxygenation. Here, we present data consistent with the involvement of H2O2 in the catalytic cycle. Our spectroscopic data define the identities of intermediates formed during H2O2 reaction with an LPMO and we develop a kinetic model that provides mechanistic insight into peroxidase reactivity that involves homolytic activity of the H2O2. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) have been proposed to react with both O2 and H2O2 as cosubstrates. In this study, the H2O2 reaction with reduced Hypocrea jecorina LPMO9A (CuI-HjLPMO9A) is demonstrated to be 1,000-fold faster than the O2 reaction while producing the same oxidized oligosaccharide products. Analysis of the reactivity in the absence of polysaccharide substrate by stopped-flow absorption and rapid freeze–quench (RFQ) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) yields two intermediates corresponding to neutral tyrosyl and tryptophanyl radicals that are formed along minor reaction pathways. The dominant reaction pathway is characterized by RFQ EPR and kinetic modeling to directly produce CuII-HjLPMO9A and indicates homolytic O–O cleavage. Both optical intermediates exhibit magnetic exchange coupling with the CuII sites reflecting facile electron transfer (ET) pathways, which may be protective against uncoupled turnover or provide an ET pathway to the active site with substrate bound. The reactivities of nonnative organic peroxide cosubstrates effectively exclude the possibility of a ping-pong mechanism.
Regional seed mixtures for the re‐creation of species‐rich meadows in the White Carpathian Mountains: results of a 10‐yr experiment

Questions How does sowing a regional seed mix compare with a commercial grass mix and natural regeneration for re-creating species-rich hay meadow vegetation? What is the trajectory of vegetation change of these treatments over 10 yr compared with ancient meadow vegetation on a nearby nature reserve? What factors indicate successful restoration on ex-arable land? Location White Carpathian (Bile Karpaty) Mountains, Czech Republic. Methods In 1999 an experiment was set up to investigate methods of re-establishing species-rich meadow vegetation on ex-arable land. Large plots sown with a regional seed mixture (RSM) were compared with three other ‘lower cost’ treatments – sowing narrow 2.5-m wide strips of the RSM into a matrix of commercial grasses (RCG), sowing strips of RSM into a matrix of natural regeneration (RNR) and natural regeneration alone (NR). Results are presented for years 2000, 2004 and 2009. Results Regional grass species established and persisted in cover and species number, regional herb species established and persisted in number but declined in cover. Perennial weeds increased in years 2000–2004 but had declined by 2009. The vegetation showed a gradual convergence in the direction of the ancient meadow vegetation and the vegetation was species-rich but a long way from the ancient meadow composition. Conclusions The experiment demonstrated lasting benefits of regional seed mixtures, including rapid establishment of meadow species with no perennial weed stage, producing vegetation suitable for haymaking. However, sowing regional seed mixtures is the most expensive method and colonization of these plots by unsown target species was slow. Satisfactory results were achieved by the cheaper method of sowing strips of regional seed mixture in a matrix of natural regeneration or natural regeneration alone, and colonization by unsown target species was the more successful here, although some of this was due to colonization (cross-contamination) from adjacent plots. The poorest results were in the commercial grass treatments due to strong competition from sown commercial grasses. Overall, to achieve biodiversity goals in grassland restoration it is essential to use seeds of regional provenance.
Real-world efficacy, safety, and clinical outcomes of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir ± dasabuvir ± ribavirin combination therapy in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 or 4 infection: The Turkey experience experience.

BACKGROUND/AIMS mbitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir (OMV/PTV/r) ± dasabuvir (DSV) ± ribavirin (RBV) combination has demonstrated excellent rates of sustained virologic response (SVR) and a very good safety profile in patients with the chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 or 4 infections. We aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of OMV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV combination regimen in a real-world clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from HCV genotype 1 and 4 patients treated with OMV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV (n=862) in 34 centers across Turkey between April 1, 2017 and August 31, 2018 were recorded in a large national database. Demographic, clinical, and virologic data were analyzed. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 55.63, and 430 patients (49.9%) were male. The majority had HCV genotype 1b infection (77.3%), and 66.2% were treatment-naïve. Non-cirrhosis was present at baseline in 789 patients (91.5%). SVR12 rate was 99.1% in all patients. Seven patients had virologic failure. No significant differences were observed in SVR12 according to HCV genotypes. HCV RNA was undetectable at treatment week 4 in 90.9%, at treatment week 8 in 98.5%, and at the end of treatment (EOT) in 98.9%. SVR12 ratio was significantly higher in the non-cirrhotic patients compared to that in the compensated cirrhotic patients. Rates of adverse events (AEs) in the patients was 59.7%. CONCLUSION The present real-life data of Turkey for the OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV treatment of patients with HCV genotype 1b, 1a, or 4 infection from 862 patients demonstrated high efficacy and a safety profile.
Clopidogrel, a CYP2C8 inhibitor, causes a clinically relevant increase in the systemic exposure to the active metabolite of selexipag in healthy subjects

Selexipag is a prostacyclin receptor agonist approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8 is involved in the metabolism of selexipag and its active metabolite, ACT‐333679. This study evaluated the interaction of selexipag and clopidogrel, a CYP2C8 inhibitor.
Single Amino Acid Substitutions in Proteins of the armadillo Gene Family Abolish Their Binding to -Catenin (*)

Analysis of the calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin has led to the identification of catenins, which are necessary for cadherin function. Growing evidence that cadherins and catenins are subjected to genetic alterations in carcinogenesis makes it especially important to understand protein-protein interactions within the cadherin-catenin complex. Here we report the identification and analysis of the α-catenin binding site in plakoglobin (-catenin). Using N- and C-terminal truncations of plakoglobin, we identified a domain of 29 amino acids necessary and sufficient for binding α-catenin. The α-catenin binding site is fully encoded within exon 3 of plakoglobin but only partially represented in Armadillo repeat 1. This suggests that exons rather than individual Arm repeats encode functional domains of plakoglobin. Site-directed mutagenesis identified residues in the α-catenin binding site indispensable for binding in vitro. Analogous mutations in β-catenin and Armadillo had identical effects. Our results indicate that single amino acid mutations in the α-catenin binding site of homologs of Armadillo could prevent a stable association with α-catenin, thus affecting cadherin-mediated adhesion.
Evaluation of different digestible lysine levels for male broilers during the period of 18 to 40 days of age

A total of 1.500 male Cobb 500 broilers were used to determine the optimal digestible lysine level for 18 to 40-day-old broilers. The experimental period started when broilers were 18 days old and had an initial average weight of 737 ± 20 g. A completely randomized experimental design was applied, with five lysine levels, totaling five treatments with 10 replicates of 30 birds each. The experimental diets contained equal energy and protein levels, and 0.86, 0.95, 1.04, 1.13, and 1.22% digestible lysine. The following parameters were evaluated: average body weight at 40 days of age, daily weight gain, daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield and parts yield, and abdominal fat percentage. There was a quadratic effect (p<0.05) of digestible lysine levels on average body weight at 40 days of age, daily weight gain, and breast yield, and a cubic effect on feed conversion ratio and abdominal fat. There was no influence of lysine levels of daily feed intake, carcass yield, leg, or wing yields. It was concluded that digestible lysine requirements for male broilers during the evaluated period was 1.22% for performance and 1.04% for carcass yield.
The Use of Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) in the Delivery of Drugs: A Review

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is a hydrophilic polymer widely employed as a carrier in the pharmaceutical, biomedical, and nutraceutical fields. Up to now, several PVP-based systems have been developed to deliver different active principles, of both natural and synthetic origin. Various formulations and morphologies have been proposed using PVP, including microparticles and nanoparticles, fibers, hydrogels, tablets, and films. Its versatility and peculiar properties make PVP one of the most suitable and promising polymers for the development of new pharmaceutical forms. This review highlights the role of PVP in drug delivery, focusing on the different morphologies proposed for different polymer/active compound formulations. It also provides detailed information on active principles and used technologies, optimized process parameters, advantages, disadvantages, and final applications.
Flower Induction and Flower Bud Development in Apple and Sweet Cherry

ABSTRACT As a result of studies conducted in the last 20–30 years, new information has been obtained about the flower bud formation in apple and cherry, including some data about the presence of genes determining the reproductive organs of the apple. Some issues about the flower induction, histological transformation of the apical meristem, morphological differentiation of the flower buds, factors and conditions influencing the flower bud formation and the quality of the reproductive organs are discussed in this survey. Some attention has been paid to the tree pruning, summer pruning in particular, the fertilization, irrigation and treatment with growth regulators, by means of which processes of flower bud formation can be regulated.
Bartonella rochalimae, a newly recognized pathogen in dogs

Abstract Background Bartonella spp. comprise a genus of bacteria that frequently cause persistent, often subclinical infection. Although many Bartonella spp. have been implicated in a variety of clinical presentations, Bartonella rochalimae has yet to be documented in association with a clinical presentation other than infectious endocarditis (IE) in dogs. Objectives To document a spectrum of clinical presentations accompanied by mild hematological abnormalities in B rochalimae‐infected dogs from the United States. Animals Eight dogs with documented B rochalimae infection. Methods Retrospective 10‐year study of B rochalimae naturally infected dogs. Clinical and clinicopathologic data, including medical history, CBC, serum biochemistry panel, urinalysis, echocardiogram, and comprehensive vector‐borne disease diagnostic panel results, were reviewed. Results Eight dogs were diagnosed with B rochalimae via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Five dogs were diagnosed with IE. Three dogs, PCR positive for B rochalimae, were diagnosed with seizures or antibiotic responsive lameness or during routine screening of a military working dog. Conclusions This case series provides support for an association between B rochalimae and IE and provides documentation of dogs infected with B rochalimae with other clinical diagnoses.
Inoculum density, temperature, and genotype effects on in vitro growth promotion and epiphytic and endophytic colonization of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) seedlings inoculated with a pseudomonad bacterium

The effects of inoculum density (0, 4.6 × 107, 4.2 × 108, and 8.8 × 108 cfu∙mL−1), temperature (10, 20, and 30 °C), and plant genotype (cultivars Celebrity, Blazer, Scotia, and Mountain Delight) on.
Putting the Brakes on Tumorigenesis with Natural Products of Plant Origin: Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Actions and Immune Targets for Bladder Cancer Treatment

Bladder cancer is the 10th most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Although the incidence in men is 4 times higher than that in women, the diagnoses are worse for women. Over the past 30 years, the treatment for bladder cancer has not achieved a significant positive effect, and the outlook for mortality rates due to muscle-invasive bladder cancer and metastatic disease is not optimistic. Phytochemicals found in plants and their derivatives present promising possibilities for cancer therapy with improved treatment effects and reduced toxicity. In this study, we summarize the promising natural products of plant origin with anti-bladder cancer potential, and their anticancer mechanisms—especially apoptotic induction—are discussed. With the developments in immunotherapy, small-molecule targeted immunotherapy has been promoted as a satisfactory approach, and the discovery of novel small molecules against immune targets for bladder cancer treatment from products of plant origin represents a promising avenue of research. It is our hope that this could pave the way for new ideas in the fields of oncology, immunology, phytochemistry, and cell biology, utilizing natural products of plant origin as promising drugs for bladder cancer treatment.
Peracetic Acid vs. Sodium Hypochlorite: Degradation and Transformation of Drugs in Wastewater

Numerous substances from different chemical sectors, from the pharmaceutical industry to the many consumer products available for everyday usage, can find their way into water intended for human consumption and wastewater, and can have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Thus, the disinfection process is an essential stage in water and wastewater treatment plants to destroy pathogenic microorganisms but it can form degradation byproducts. Sodium hypochlorite is the most common disinfectant, but the most important drawback associated with this kind of compound is the generation of toxic disinfection byproducts. Many studies have been carried out to identify alternative disinfectants, and in the last few years, peracetic acid has been highlighted as a feasible solution, particularly in wastewater treatment. This study compares the transformations of five emerging pollutants (caffeine, tramadol, irbesartan, diclofenac, trazodone) treated with peracetic acid, to evaluate their degradation and the possible formation of byproducts with those obtained with sodium hypochlorite. Although peracetic acid has many advantages, including a wide field of use against microorganisms and a low toxicity towards animal and plant organisms, it is not as effective in the degradation of the considered pollutants. These ones are recovered substantially and are unchanged quantitatively, producing a very low number of byproducts.
Morphology and peculiar features of spores of fern species occurring in Poland

The morphology of fern spores collected from natural sites in Poland was examined under light microscopy. Spore samples represented 44 species in 18 genera and in 13 families. Only spores of Ophioglossaceae were obtained from the herbarium of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan while the remaining samples were obtained from living plants. Spore size ranges between 20 to 75 μm and the spores of Osmunda regalis and Polypodium interjectum were found to have remarkably large dimensions. The spores are ellipsoidal, tetrahedral and spherical/globoid in shape. Their apertures are monolete or trilete types. The exine surface patterns are baculate, cristate, granulate, reticulate, tuberculate and verrucate. Pictures of the analyzed spores are collected in a contrasting (size, colour) table to make it easier to distinguish between species. The peculiar characters of fern spores are described after a review of major articles concerning the allergenic features of fern spores with special attention to Pteridium aquilinum whose spores and vegetative tissues revealed mutagenic and carcinogenic activity.
Grain legume effects on soil nitrogen mineralization potential and wheat productivity in a Mediterranean environment

The objective of this work was to provide evidence on the effects of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) on the dynamics of soil N availability and yield parameters of wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) in a legume–wheat rotation in comparison with the effects of the more extensively studied common vetch (Vicia sativa L.). Soil samples were taken from field plots just before wheat sowing and incubated in the laboratory to assess N mineralization potential, soil respiration and N immobilization after incorporation of legume residues. Soil after vetch cultivation showed the highest residual N and mineralization potential (120 mg N kg−1 soil), the greatest CO2 release and the smallest N immobilization. Smaller mineral N release (80 mg N kg−1 soil) was shown by soil after faba bean cultivation, which, however, would be capable to support an average wheat production without fertilization. Soil after chickpea and wheat cultivation manifested no differences in residual N and mineralization or immobilization potential. Laboratory results were well correlated with grain yield and N uptake during the second season of rotation in the field. All legumes resulted in significant yield surpluses and provided N credit to the following unfertilized wheat.
Fertilizer Rate on Growth, Yield, and Nutrient Concentration of Leafy Vegetables

ABSTRACT In the Mount Cameroon region, vegetables are traditionally planted without use of fertilizers. Increased demand and continuous cultivation on the same land over a long period requires that crops require addition of fertilizer, but most farmers apply fertilizers indiscriminately. As a result, yields of Amaranthus cruentus L. and Vernonia hymenolepis A. Rich have been reduced. It is necessary to investigate the effects of type and amount of fertilizers on growth, yield, and nutrient concentrations in these vegetables. Nine fertilizer treatments and a no fertilizer treatment (a common practice) were used. Data were collected biweekly for plant height, number of leaves, relative leaf area, collar diameter, and petiole length. For V. hymenolepis and A. cruentus, respectively, tallest plants (56.67 and 84 cm), most leaves (38 and 84), highest relative leaf area (137.67 and 177.23 cm2), widest collars (19.10 and 33.17 mm), and longest petioles (5.61 and 13.58 cm) were for those treated with a combination of poultry manure at 30 Mt·ha−1 and NPK at 275 kg·ha−1. Leaf N, P, Ca, and K and Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn contents increased due to application of fertilizers compared to the control. Optimum yield (17.05 and 10 Mt·ha−1) in A. cruentus and V. hymenolepis, respectively, was with application of poultry manure at 30 Mt·ha−1 + 20N–10P–10K at 275 kg·ha−1. Combining specific amounts of synthetic fertilizer and manures appears to be useful for improved yields at a potentially lower cost.
Structure and Function of the Normal Testis and Epididymis

The structure and function of the testis and epididymis are described, emphasizing the general similarities and specific differences between various species and humans. Current concepts of spermatogenesis are reviewed and the developmental stages of the germinal epithelium are discussed, as well as the complex hormonal interactions that take place. It is crucial to recognize that the efficiency of sperm production and the epididymal reserves in the human are considerably lower than those of conventional animal models. Therefore, the human male is more susceptible to a decline in fertility caused by a specific decrement in spermatogenesis than is an animal model.
Early historic human remains from the Hasekouji-Shuhen site in Kamakura, Japan

Eight human skeletons in a good state of preservation have been recovered from excavations at the Hasekouji-Shuhen site in Kamakura city, Kanto region, Japan. We conducted AMS radiocarbon dating that revealed the skeletons to belong to the early historic Asuka, Nara, and early Heian periods (circa 670–970 calAD). In terms of their cranial, dental, and limb bone measurements, the Hasekouji-Shuhen skeletons exhibit morphological characteristics that show affinities with the earlier Yayoi series, which are generally considered to represent immigrant populations from the Asian continent. Furthermore, an early indication of dolichocephalization was observed in these early historic people, a trait which became more pronounced in later medieval times. Three adult males have scars that may have been caused by assaults with a spear or a sword-like weapon. One male individual exhibits skeletal abnormalities including multiple cartilaginous exostosis.