Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Melt ponds on sea ice in the Canadian Archipelago: 2. On the use of RADARSAT‐1 synthetic aperture radar for geophysical inversion

Microwave scattering from a first-year sea ice (FYI) melt ponded surface is examined using RADARSAT-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data collected during the 1997 Collaborative-Interdisciplinary Cryospheric Experiment (C-ICE'97) near Resolute Bay, Nunavut. This paper (1) investigates the utility of time series of microwave scattering to detect melt pond formation and (2) investigates approaches toward geophysically inverting information on the physical and radiative properties of this surface. We found melt pond formation to coincide with a sharp rise in the temporal evolution of the microwave scattering coefficient (σ°) over FYI. RADARSAT-1 incidence angle and surface wind speed explained >90% of the variation in σ°. RADARSAT-1 σ° was sensitive (R2 = 0.80) to the fractional coverage of melt ponds during windy conditions (∼ 5.3 m s−1). Spatial and temporal coincident measurements of RADARSAT-1 σ° and the integrated shortwave albedo revealed a strong negative statistical correlation (R2 = 0.91) during windy conditions (∼ 5.3 m s−1). A weaker, but strong, negative relationship (R2 = 0.78) was observed for less windy conditions (∼ 3.2 m s−1), and a very weak positive relationship (R2 = 0.19) was found for low wind speed conditions (∼ 1.5 m s−1). All relationships were observed for melt pond fractions between 13 and 34%.
A revision of mid‐late Holocene marine terrace distribution and chronology at the Pakarae River mouth, North Island, New Zealand

Abstract A suite of seven marine terraces at the Pakarae River mouth, New Zealand, provide evidence for the highest Holocene coastal uplift rates adjacent to the Hikurangi Subduction Zone. New elevation, coverbed stratigraphy, and age data allow for a timely revision of the distribution, nomenclature, and chronology of these terraces. Terrace correlation primarily is based on the elevation of the wave‐cut strath. Terrace preservation either side of the river is more equal than previously proposed. The age of abandonment of each terrace is c. 7 ka (T1), 4.3 ka (T2), 3.5 ka (T3), 2.89 ka (T4), 1.6 ka (T5), 0.91 ka (T6), and <0.91 ka (T7). The average Holocene tectonic uplift rate at Pakarae is 3.2 ± 0.8 mm/yr. The abandonment of each terrace, from T2 to T7, probably took place after a discrete uplift event. The average time interval between these events is 850 ± 450 yr and the average uplift magnitude is 2.7 ± 1.1 m per event. We infer that uplift has been accommodated by slip on an offshore reverse fault. Normal slip on the Pakarae Fault, at right angles to the margin, occurs at a comparatively slower rate and has probably made little contribution to coastal uplift.
Validation of activPALTM defined sedentary time and breaks in sedentary time in 4- to 6-year olds

This study examined the classification accuracy of the activPAL TM , including total time spent sedentary and total number of breaks in sedentary behavior (SB) in 4-6 year old children. Forty children aged 4-6 years (5.3±1.0 years) completed a ~150-min laboratory protocol involving sedentary, light and moderateto vigorous-intensity activities. Posture was coded as sit/lie, stand, walk or ‘other’ using direct observation. Posture was classified using the activPAL TM software. Classification accuracy was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC). Time spent in each posture and total number of breaks in SB were compared using paired sample t-tests. The activPAL TM showed good classification accuracy for sitting (ROC-AUC=0.84) and fair classification accuracy for standing and walking (0.76 and 0.73, respectively). Time spent in sit/lie, and stand was overestimated by 5.9% (95% CI=0.6%-11.1%) and 14.8% (11.6%17.9%), respectively; walking was underestimated by 10.0% (-12.9%--7.0%). Total number of breaks in SB were significantly overestimated (55±27 over the course of the protocol; p<0.01). The activPAL TM performed well when classifying postures in young children. However, the activPAL TM has difficulty classifying ‘other’ postures, such as kneeling. In addition, when predicting time spent in different postures and total number of breaks in SB the activPAL TM appeared not to be accurate.
Does decreasing paraglacial sediment supply slow knickpoint retreat

In four rivers in western Scotland for which there is a well constrained record of relative base-level fall, the rate of postglacial bedrock erosion is quantifi ed by measuring the concentration of in situ cosmogenic 10Be on strath terraces downstream of headward retreating knickpoints. Along-channel gradients in 10Be exposure age show two distinct trends: upstream younging and constant age, which we interpret as diagnostic of knickpoint retreat and diffusive transport-limited incision, respectively. We show that bedrock channel incision and regional formation of strath terraces began shortly after deglaciation (ca. 11.5 ka), and that knickpoint retreat rates peaked in the early to mid-Holocene. Erosion rates have since decreased by two orders of magnitude, converging in the late Holocene to low rates independent of stream power per unit channel area. We infer this regional slowing in postglacial knickpoint retreat to be the result of the depletion of paraglacial sediment supply over the Holocene, leading to a defi ciency in “tools” for bedrock erosion. Our results imply that episodes of major fl uvial erosion may be in tune with glacial cycles, and that sediment depletion following glacial-interglacial transitions may be an important cause of bedrock erosion rate variations in rivers draining glaciated landscapes.
Computers in Biology and Medicine

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread rapidly over the world and causes a tremendous crisis in global human health and the economy. Its early detection and diagnosis are crucial for controlling the further spread. Many deep learning-based methods have been proposed to assist clinicians in automatic COVID-19 diagnosis based on computed tomography imaging. However, challenges still remain, including low data diversity in existing datasets, and unsatisfied detection resulting from insufficient accuracy and sensitivity of deep learning models. To enhance the data diversity, we design augmentation techniques of incremental levels and apply them to the largest open-access benchmark dataset, COVIDx CT-2A. Meanwhile, similarity regularization (SR) derived from contrastive learning is proposed in this study to enable CNNs to learn more parameter-efficient representations, thus improve the accuracy and sensitivity of CNNs. The results on seven commonly used CNNs demonstrate that CNN performance can be improved stably through applying the designed augmentation and SR techniques. In particular, DenseNet121 with SR achieves an average test accuracy of 99.44% in three trials for three-category classification, including normal, non-COVID-19 pneumonia, and COVID-19 pneumonia. The achieved precision, sensitivity, and specificity for the COVID-19 pneumonia category are 98.40%, 99.59%, and 99.50%, respectively. These statistics suggest that our method has surpassed the existing state-of-the-art methods on the COVIDx CT-2A dataset. Source code is available at https://github.com/YujiaKCL/COVID-CT-Similarity-Regularization.
How Islamic Law Affects the Relationship Between Corporate Governance and Capital Structure? Evidence from Indonesia

Islamic ﬁnance has vast growth potential and will signiﬁcantly impact the international economy in the future. There have been many discussions on Islamic ﬁnance in the past, but it has been few discussions on corporate Islamic law, governance, and capital structure in developing countries. This article studies the inﬂuence of Islamic law and corporate governance on capital structure. The sample of this study is Indonesian-listed companies from 2012 to 2020. This study uses panel data analysis of multiple linear regression-Ordinary Least Square (OLS) with the Common Effect Model or Pooled Least Square (PLS) model. The empirical results of this paper show that board size has a negative and signiﬁcant impact on debt ratios for Sharia-compliant ﬁrms. The independent directors have a positive and insigniﬁcant impact on the debt ratio for Sharia-compliant ﬁrms. Institutional ownership has a negative and signiﬁcant impact on the debt ratio for Sharia-compliant ﬁrms. Insider ownership has a positive and insigniﬁcant impact on the debt ratio for Sharia-compliant ﬁrms. Since the conservative nature of Islam and ﬁnancing restrictions, Islamic ﬁrms are more cautious about debt ﬁnancing when considering their religious norms, resulting in a relatively low debt ratio . The principal value of this paper is the contribution of Islamic Law to the inﬂuence of corporate governance on capital structure from the Indonesian perspective.
Surabaya, city of work : a socioeconomic history, 1900-2000

Surabaya is Indonesia's second largest city but is not well known to the outside world. Yet in 1900, Surabaya was a bigger city than Jakarta and one of the main commercial cities of Asia. Collapse of sugar exports during the 1980s depression, followed by the Japanese occupation, revolution, and independence brought on a long period of stagnation and retreat from the International economy. Not until the 1990s export boom did it regain prominence as Southeast Asia's leading noncapital-city industrial area. Thinking on Indonesia is being reassessed in light of recent political and economic upheaval. Surabaya, City of Work offers an alternative to the Jakarta-centric focus of most writing on the country. It is a multifaceted view of a fascinating and complex city in the dimensions of time and space, economy and society. The current transition towards decentralisation makes it highly topical. Exploration of this eventful economic history gives new insight into Indonesia's modern economic development. Industrialization is recognised to be associated with rapid urbanization but this is the first study of Indonesia from an explicitly urban perspective. Surabaya, City of Work takes a broad approach that links industrialization to socioeconomic trends, the increasing role of government, changing land use, and trade patterns. This local history of national events and trends will be a basic work on Indonesia for years to come.
Model study of the spatial distribution of the energy and mass balance of Morteratschgletscher, Switzerland

Abstract To investigate the spatial distribution of the energy- and mass-balance fluxes of a glacier, a two-dimensional mass-balance model was developed and applied to Morteratschgletscher, Switzerland. The model is driven by meteorological input from four synoptic weather stations located in the vicinity of Morteratschgletscher. The model results were compared to observations made on the glacier. The calculated mean specific mass balance is −0.47 m w.e. for 1999, and 0.23 m w.e. for 2000. Net shortwave radiation shows a minimum at around 3350 m a.s. l. , due to the effects of shading, slope, aspect, reflection from the slopes, and obstruction of the sky. Ignoring these effects results in a 37% increase in the annual incoming shortwave radiation on the glacier, causing 0.34 m w.e. more ablation. A 1°C change in the air temperature results in a shift of 0.67 m w.e. in the mean specific mass balance, while altering the precipitation by 10% causes a change of 0.17 m w.e.
Determinatıon of stress magnification factor in welded joint by experimental and numerical analysis using ultra-high-strength steel

The use of ultra-high strength steels (UHSS) is increasing in many industries. These steels are gaining importance in structural applications due to their advantageous properties of high strength and low weight. However, the reliability and durability of welded joints are often questioned due to uncertainties that may occur in the manufacturing process and the use of different modeling techniques. Therefore, it is important to conduct experimental and numerical studies to determine the performance of welded joints and to optimize weld design. In this study, two T weld joint specimens, 20 mm and 30 mm in length, were prepared using S960QL UHSS. Loading was carried out by attaching strain gauges to the samples, and normal stress values varying over time were measured. Different finite element analysis (FEA) modeling techniques were prepared, and numerical analyses were performed using Ansys software. The stress magnification factor (km) was determined for different models. As a result of the study, the average km was determined to be 1.05 for stresses above 500 MPa in the modelling technique closest to the experimental study. Error rates and km values were found to be high for values below 500 MPa stress. As a result of the results obtained, modeling techniques were determined to accurately determine the reliability and durability of welded joints in UHSS, Additionally, new km values have been suggested.
Does Involvement in Corporate Social Irresponsibility Affect the Linguistic Features of CSR Reports?

Companies publish corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports to inform their stakeholders of their CSR efforts. However, the literature has shown that these reports can be used as a way to offset companies’ involvement in corporate social irresponsibility (CSIR). By relying on a cognitive-linguistic perspective, we investigate whether firms respond to their own irresponsible business conduct by changing their CSR reports’ linguistic features and, if so, how. We use a sample of 135 large corporations headquartered in developed countries between 1995 and 2014. An analysis of their CSR reports reveals that the more a firm is involved in irresponsible business conduct, the more likely it is to use narrative (instead of analytical) and deceptive (instead of authentic) language. Moreover, we show that these two trends are particularly evident for highly internationalised firms.
Future Changes in the Baiu Rain Band Projected by a 20-km Mesh Global Atmospheric Model: Sea Surface Temperature Dependence

Global warming projection experiments were conducted using a 20-km mesh global atmospheric model (the 20-km model), focusing on the change in the rain band of the East Asian summer monsoon (the Baiu rain band in Japan). To quantify the dependence of the projected change on the sea surface temperature (SST) prescribed to the 20-km model, we have taken different SSTs given by the two Atmospheric-Ocean General Circulation Model (AOGCM)s of MRI-CGCM2.3. 2 and MIROC(hires). In the future climate simulations, the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A1B emission scenario was assumed. The future climate simulations show that precipitation and its intensity increase over the Yangtze River valley of China and Western Japan. The termination of the Baiu season tends to be delayed until August. These changes were consistently found in the simulations regardless of different SSTs.
Brine treatment, smoking and storage techniques: their effects on the microbial quality of smoked mackerel.

Sample of Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) were treated with 800 brine for 2 hours with slight agitation while untreated fish served as control. Both treated and untreated fish were loaded in a Torry Afos Mini Kiln set at 50o C. The temperature was raised to 80o C after one hour and maintained at this temperature throughout the smoking process. Samples of treated and untreated fish (U8 and B8) were removed after 8 hours of smoking and the last batch removed at the end of 16 hours smoking (U16 and B16). Analyses for growth, identification and coverage of fish surface with mould and for sensory attributes of discoloration, off odours, brittleness (texture) and personal preference were carried out for freshly smoked and stored samples. Samples for storage were packaged in clear polythene and stored in an environmental cabinet. Bringing and smoking time retarded mould growth, controlled discoloration, off odour development, softening of the fish and positively affected personal preference. Penicillium sp was identified as the incriminated species. The Journal of Food Technology in Africa Volume 6 Number 2 (April-June 2001), pp. 59-62 KEY WORDS: Hot smoking, traditional smoking, water activity, brine strength, number of fish with mould growth and mean percentage coverage.
A revised calibration function and results for the Phoenix mission TECP relative humidity sensor

A new calibration function for the humidity sensor in the Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Probe (TECP) on the Phoenix (PHX) Mars mission has been developed. Two changes are incorporated: (1) it is now cast in terms of frost point (Tf) rather than relative humidity (RH), and (2) flight data, taken when the atmosphere is independently known to be saturated, are included in the calibration data set. Daytime (6:00 h–19:00 h) frost points ranged from 194 K to 209 K; the nighttime frost point ranged from 179 K to 206 K. The response of the sensor was smooth and continuous throughout. Daytime humidity exhibited large, high‐frequency variance driven by turbulence, whereas nighttime humidity varied smoothly with the temperature of the atmosphere. Nighttime saturation of the atmosphere begins at Ls 101°, (Martian solar day (sol) 55), which is earlier than reported by either Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) or solid‐state imager (SSI). Early mornings are the most humid part of the sol after Ls 113° (sol 80), due to sublimation of surface ice that precipitates overnight. H2O is removed from the atmosphere into the regolith, mostly during the late afternoon, although this continues into the evening. The ground ice exposed by Phoenix operations masks the naturally occurring process in the early evening and may cause the atmosphere immediately around the lander to saturate somewhat earlier in the evening than it otherwise would have. The average H2O vapor density is close to the summertime value expected for equilibrium with ground ice. A discrepancy between the H2O column calculated from TECP data and the column measured by CRISM and SSI is likely due to comparable timescales between turbulent mixing through the planetary boundary layer and adsorptive drawdown of H2O. We find that RH is mostly < 5% (daytime) or > 95% (nighttime), and the transition between the two extremes is extremely rapid.
California Serpentines: Flora, Vegetation, Geology, Soils, and Management Problems

List of Illustrations List of Tables Acknowledgments Abstract Introduction 1. History of Botanical Observations on the Serpentine Flora of California 2. Geology of Serpentine and Related Ultramafic Rocks 3. Serpentine Soils and the Mineral Nutrition of Plants 4. Physiological and Morphological Responses to Serpentine 5. Serpentine Vegetation in California 6. Serpentine Flora in California 7. Serpentine Fauna in California 8. The Evolutionary Ecology of Serpentine Biota in California 9. Exploitation of Serpentine and Other Ultramafics and Effects on Plant Life 10. Land Management and Conservation on Ultramafics Summary Appendices Literature Cited Plates
Why did the Democrats Lose the South ? Bringing New Data to an Old Debate PRELIMINARY DRAFT

After generations of loyalty, Southern whites left the Democratic party en masse in the second half of the twentieth century. To what extent did Democrats’ 1960s Civil Rights initiatives trigger this exodus, versus Southern economic development, rising political polarization or other trends that made the party unattractive to Southern whites? The lack of data on racial attitudes and political preferences spanning the 1960s Civil Rights era has hampered research on this central question of American political economy. We assemble such data, drawn largely from little used Gallup surveys dating back to 1958. From 1958 to 1961, conservative racial views strongly predict Democratic identification among Southern whites, a correlation that disappears after President Kennedy introduces sweeping Civil Rights legislation in 1963. We find that defection among racially conservative whites explains all (three-fourths) of the decline in relative white Southern Democratic identification between 1958 and 1980 (2000). We offer corroborating quantitative analysis—drawn from sources such as Gallup questions on presidential approval and hypothetical presidential match-ups as well as textual analysis of newspapers—for the central role of racial views in explaining white Southern dealignment from the Democrats as far back as the 1940s.
Stock assessment of Australian herring

Australian herring (Arripis georgiana) is an important finfish resource to both the commercial and recreational sectors in Western Australia and South Australia. A decline in the commercial catches in both states during the early 1990s and ever increasing recreational fishing pressure alerted fisheries scientists in both states to a potential problem. Despite the popularity of this species there was little validated information on which to develop stock assessment models. Therefore the objectives of this research, stated above, were to collect pertinent biological and fisheries information and to use the information to develop a stock assessment model.
Stock market development and long-run growth

The authors empirically evaluate the relationship between stock market development and long-term growth. The data suggest that stock market development is positively associated with economic growth. Moreover, instrumental variables procedures indicate a strong connection between the predetermined component in the long run. While cross-country regressions imply a strong link between stock market development and economic growth, the results should be viewed as suggestive partial correlations that stimulate additional research rather than as conclusive findings. Careful case studies might help identify causal relationships and further research could be done on the time-series property of such relationships.
Ability of the land surface model ISBA‐A‐gs to simulate leaf area index at the global scale: Comparison with satellites products

[1] The land surface model (LSM) ISBA-A-gs (Interactions between Soil, Biosphere and Atmosphere, CO2-reactive) is specifically designed to simulate leaf stomatal conductance and leaf area index (LAI) in response to climate, soil properties, and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. The model is run at the global scale, forced by the GSWP-2 meteorological data at a resolution of 1° for the period of 1986–1995. We test the model by comparing the simulated LAI values against three satellite-derived data sets (ISLSCP Initiative II data, MODIS data and ECOCLIMAP data) and find that the model reproduces the major patterns of spatial and temporal variability in global vegetation. As a result, the mean of the maximum annual LAI estimates of the model falls within the range of the various satellite data sets. Despite no explicit representation of phenology, the model captures the seasonal cycle in LAI well and shows realistic variations in start of the growing season as a function of latitude. The interannual variability is also well reported for numerous regions of the world, particularly where precipitation controls photosynthesis. The comparison also reveals that some processes need to be improved or introduced in the model, in particular the snow dynamics and the treatment of vegetation in cultivated areas, respectively. The overall comparisons demonstrate the potential of ISBA-A-gs model to simulate LAI in a realistic fashion at the global scale.