Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
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NEW YoRK, Nov. 13 (AP)-C1ov' ~rnol' Alfrp,1 1'1. Rlnl th tolll the eoulI· tl')' OVPI' thp m! llo lon lght IhM the pl'lnclpll'H oC Ihe <lelnoPl'lttic ]lal·tr "N'r n~ '::I'ont III ! lpfeat nil Ih! 'y WOUlll have b(,C n III vletol'Y, Ilnd that it WIlH tho J"\I-ty' ~ ,Iuty "to cal'l'Y on I\ml vlndlcllte" the pl'inciples fOI' which It had fou ! ;ll t. HI . s peech, bl'On dcllst OV('I' ,t na· tlon ·wld" hookup of ~t11 t101lf'. 1II'g"('(1 '''' ile.1 "uppm't of Heri)('I·t ltoover~ nllhough he diel not mention him b). nl1me-asR<'l'ting' that the ma n selpp t , eel bY the peolllp last 'T'uesday 10 lClld the country was " not the pl'esl· dt' nt of the I'epublican party, but pte~ide n t or th e United States. " ' 'It woultl not clot" ! =laid Gove1'nor f;mith, "to l('t hlttf'l'ne.ss. I'uncol' or In llignlltlon over (he l'eHult hllnd UH til thp out~lnnl1ing foct thllt we t\l'e Anl{? " i (,Cln~ . " \V ill ('nlll illnc Stand n" Ra id 11(' dill not l'cl\'ll l'11 thl' (\p. feot 01' his ow n pnrty a s intcreerin;; with th . "oUnan"SA of tho princil>leA fO! ' wllich It s tood, Ilnel that wltb all t; l(! vlelor he could ('ommaml lI e woula eon(fnuc not only to stand for those pl'inciples Imt to "bo.[tlo for thpm." H e adlled a pledge or In crl'nsing Intel'est in nnel devotion to th~m. "To th e youn,:: men an" women of till' coun t ry." he sa ll1, "Tho demo oCl'atic pal'Iy with its fine tradition , nn,1 111'1 hl'PII(lf h of vlHion, offers the ,only inspimllon. ,'he tlemocrlttlc Pllrty wouirl not he In a J)osltlon foul' Yf:'U I'f: frOm now to ~ollcit the conr.ic\pnce n nd lIlI' . uppor t Of the Amel'lrnn peoplf', If dul'ing that pe' l'Iod It IH'I::\l'C(pd to built] UP It (,all' strll('tlVl' pl'Ogrnm oml l'pllcd ent! J:c" Iy upon the rulhll'p or thf' vpj),,~ I­ tlOII pnl<b', Too I\Il\('h p()tti,," "'I'hnt C:l nnot 11(' Oonp by th! ' min· orlty party permitting i tSf:'1r to be· camp a \)UI'ty of de~true tion a.nd cp· jlo~ltlcn tor political PUI'POSE'S only. 'VI' hnv~ Rf'e n too much of that In thi, ('ountl')' nnd in muny Of its civil (]i vision ~. "It would b(' leglU'clNI 0. con~ t l' u(, li ve uchievpment," he lidded, if Ih~ (lemoel'all(' par ty a t 'Va.shi nt;ton were to rOI'mulate 1\ P" og'I'am o.dopt· e.l nnel oCfer"d to the cont;l'eSfl of t he nllUonal and there defend It. Arc· (usal all thE' part DC the P:ll'ty In POW"I' ·to accept It 01' their inubility to bring about pu! 'ty unity (01' the ~olution of these problem~ WOtllrl then fix the responsibility Ilnd ll1'lke a I''' "~rd uoon whlel, A su c~('s~ ful cam· palgn could be Wo.gcd (OUl' years lI 'om now. "
Comparative Evaluation between Nested RT-PCR andMono-Screen Antigen ELISA for Diagnosis of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in cattle

T HE MOST frequent cause of bovine respiratory illness in the world is respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) of cattle. The objective of the present investigation was to detect the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) utilizing nested RT-PCR and a mono-screen antigen-enzyme-immunosorbent assay (Antigen-ELISA). It also searched for to evaluate the success of the diagnostic techniques. A total of four hundred and fifty nasal swabs from suspected respiratory infection cattle of local breeds aged 1-4 years were obtained. Out of the Four hundred and fifty nasals wabs, 168(37.3%) samples were positive to BRSV using RT-PCR technique (P< 0.05), while 139 (30.8%) samples were positive to BRSV using direct ELISA. However, 29 (6.4%) animals were negative results for the direct ELISA test but positive results for the RT-PCR technique. Considering antigen ELISA as the gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR technique were 82.70% and 97% respectively. Based on Kappa value was (0.838), a perfect agreement between the two diagnostic methods. In conclusion , the One Tube RT-PCR System Script RT-PCR Premix Kit had the best sensitivity, specificity, and agreement when compared to the mono screen Antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay BRSV /Sandwich double well (Antigen -ELISA). This implies that BRSV infection is detected using both assays. Antigen-ELISA is a sensitive, inexpensive test that may be used for routine diagnosis.
Modeling land‐climate coupling in Europe: Impact of land surface representation on climate variability and extremes

[1] Land-climate coupling has been shown to be important for European summer climate variability and extreme events. However, the sensitivity of these feedbacks to land surface model (LSM) choice has been little investigated up to now. In this study, we assess the impact of the LSM on the simulated climate variability in a regional climate model (RCM). The experiments were conducted with the COSMO-CLM2RCM. COSMO-CLM2can be run with two alternative LSMs, the 2nd-generation LSM TERRA_ML or the more sophisticated 3rd-generation LSM Community Land Model (CLM3.5). The analyzed simulations include control and sensitivity experiments with prescribed soil moisture (dry or wet). Using CLM3.5 instead of TERRA_ML improves the simulated temperature variability by alleviating an overestimation of temperature inter-annual variability in the RCM. Also, the representation of the probability density functions of daily maximum summer temperature is improved when using the more advanced LSM. The reduced climate variability is linked to a larger ground heat flux and smaller variability in soil moisture and short-wave radiation. The latter effect results from the coupling of the LSM to the atmospheric module. In addition, using CLM3.5 reduces the sensitivity of COSMO-CLM2to extreme soil moisture conditions. An analysis assessing the relationship between the standard precipitation index and the subsequent number of hot days in summer reveals a better representation of this relationship using CLM3.5. Hence, we find that biases in climate variability and extremes can be reduced and the representation of land-climate coupling can be improved with the use of the more sophisticated LSM.
A Turning Point? Recent Developments on Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean

This paper documents patterns and recent developments on different dimensions of inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). New comparative international evidence confirms that LAC is a region of high inequality, although maybe not the highest in the world. Income inequality has fallen in the 2000s, suggesting a turning point from the significant increases of the 1980s and 1990s. There have been some significant improvements toward the reduction in inequalities in the access to primary and secondary education, and to some services (water, sanitation, electricity, cell phones). However, there is an increasing gap between the rich and the poor in the access to tertiary education, and important differences in the access to new technologies.
Assessing the performance of the International Monitoring System's infrasound network: Geographical coverage and temporal variabilities

[1] A global-scale analysis of detections made at all 36 currently operating International Monitoring System (IMS) infrasound arrays confirms that the primary factor controlling signal detectability is the seasonal variability of the stratospheric zonal wind. At most arrays, ∼80% of the detections in the 0.2- to 2-Hz bandpass are associated with propagation downwind of the dominant stratospheric wind direction. Previous IMS infrasound network performance models neglect the time- and site-dependent effects of both stratospheric meteorological variability and ambient noise models. In this study both effects are incorporated; we compare empirical and improved specifications of the stratospheric wind and include station-dependent wind noise models. Using a deterministic approach, the influence of individual model parameters on the network performance is systematically assessed. At frequencies of interest for detecting atmospheric explosions (0.2–2 Hz), the simulations predict that explosions equivalent to ∼500 t of TNT would be detected by at least two stations at any time of the year. The detection capability is best around January and July when stratospheric winds are strongest, compared to the equinox periods when zonal winds reduce and reverse. The model predicts that temporal fluctuations in the ground-to-stratosphere meteorological variables generate detection threshold variations on daily and seasonal timescales of ∼50 and ∼500 t, respectively. While the strong zonal winds lead to an improvement in detection capability, their highly directional nature leads to an increase in the location uncertainty owing to the decreased azimuthal separation of the detecting stations.
Primary Hyperoxaluria

Primary hyperoxalurias (PH) are inborn errors in the metabolism of glyoxylate and oxalate. PH type 1, the most common form, is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of the liver-specific enzyme alanine, glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT) resulting in overproduction and excessive urinary excretion of oxalate. Recurrent urolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis are the hallmarks of the disease. As glomerular filtration rate decreases due to progressive renal damage, oxalate accumulates leading to systemic oxalosis. Diagnosis is often delayed and is based on clinical and sonographic findings, urinary oxalate assessment, DNA analysis, and, if necessary, direct AGT activity measurement in liver biopsy tissue. Early initiation of conservative treatment, including high fluid intake, inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization, and pyridoxine in responsive cases, can help to maintain renal function in compliant subjects. In end-stage renal disease patients, the best outcomes have been achieved with combined liver-kidney transplantation which corrects the enzyme defect.
Relationship between Goal-Orientation Culture and Job Commitment among Lecturers in Public Universities in Kenya

One of the management strategies which guides people and organizations to focus their efforts towards achievement of individual and organizational objectives is goal orientation. While it has been documented by previous researchers that learning goal as well as performance goal orientations are significant in influencing employee behaviour, how the same influence job commitment among university lecturers is still a matter of conjecture. This knowledge would be significant especially in the context of public universities in Kenya where missing lecture sessions are rampant on one hand, while more employers prefer graduates from Technical, Industrial and Vocational Enterprise Training (TIVET) institutions than university graduates, on the other hand. This study explored the influence of goal orientation culture on job commitment among lecturers at the University of Nairobi and South Eastern University. The hypothesis that: Organizational goal orientation culture does not have significant relationship with job commitment among lecturers at the Nairobi University and South Eastern Kenya University was tested. Self-determination theory (SDT) of motivation originated by Ryan and Deci was used to guide the study. Descriptive survey design was used on a target population of 56191 lecturers, Deans and students from which 377 was derived as a sample size via Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) Table. Closed and open-ended questionnaire was used for data collection, and regressions (at 0.05 level of significance) as well as thematic analyses used respectively to analyse quantitative and qualitative data. Findings revealed that 86.1% of changes in job commitment among the lecturers is attributed to goal-oriented culture (R2 =0.861), with goals related to timelines for examination result submission and number of units taught strictly adhered to. It is concluded that matching of the university and lecturers’ goals related to teaching timelines among others significantly enhance lecturers’ job commitment. Professional development opportunities for lecturers should be enhanced to improve their capacities, while challenges facing lecturers in enhancing their job commitment need further exploration.
Physical Activity and Motor Competence Present a Positive Reciprocal Longitudinal Relationship Across Childhood and Early Adolescence.

BACKGROUND The current study evaluated the reciprocal longitudinal relationship between physical activity (PA) and motor competence (MC) and the potential mediation of cardiorespiratory endurance across 7 years. METHODS This was a 7-year longitudinal study, the Copenhagen School Child Intervention Study (CoSCIS), with 3 measuring points [mean ages (in years) and respective sample size: 6.75 ± 0.37, n = 696; 9.59 ± 1.07, n = 617; 13.35 ± 0.34, n = 513]. PA was assessed using accelerometers. MC was evaluated by the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK) test battery. Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak) was evaluated using a continuous running protocol until exhaustion. Structural equation modeling was performed to evaluate the longitudinal associations. RESULTS Vigorous PA (VPA) and MC presented reciprocal longitudinal association during the 7-year follow-up (VPA → MC; β = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.26; MC → VPA; β = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.21). In addition, VO2peak mediated the relationship in both directions (VPA → MC; β = 0.09; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.12; MC → VPA; β = 0.06; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.09). CONCLUSIONS PA and MC presented a positive reciprocal relationship across childhood through early adolescence and VO2peak mediated the association in both directions. Interventions targeting to increase PA in children and adolescents should also address the development of MC skills because of the clear positive feedback loop between PA and MC.
The Effects of Seawalls on the Beach: Part II, Numerical Modeling of SUPERTANK Seawall Tests

This paper presents calculation results from a numerical model of cross-shore transport and beach profile change at seawalls. For this work, the SBEACH model was re-written to include wave reflection at a wall. The reflected waves modify the radiation stress, modulate the wave setup/setdown, and cause the incident waves to begin breaking farther offshore. However, the influence of the reflected wave on the cross-shore transport rate and the beach profile is rather minor for the dissipation-type sediment transport model employed, and in the absence of longshore processes. Profile responses to a storm for a beach with and without a seawall are surprisingly similar, except close to the wall. Predictions from the model are compared to measurements made at the large-scale seawall tests conducted during the SUPERTANK Laboratory Data Collection Project. Results for predicted wave heights across the surf zone are in good agreement with measurements. Reasonable agreement was observed for the profile change and scour at the seawall. The large-scale tests also supported the observation that the influence of reflection on the profile is minor. This paper is the second of a companion set of papers that investigate the effects of seawalls on the beach. The first paper presents a critical review and synthesis of the literature on seawalls and the beach published since a previous review in 1988.
Inundation flow velocity of tsunami on land

An estimation of tsunami inundation flow velocity is one of the most challenging issues among tsunami research. Based on field data of inundation depth and inundation flow velocity u estimated using Bernoulli's theorem and inundation depth, fundamental characteristics of the relationship between inundation flow velocity and inundation depth are examined. Fundamental characteristics of the velocity coefficient where g is gravitational acceleration, hf and hr are inundation depths at the front and the back of structures such as a rectangular building with vertical walls, respectively) implicitly included in the relationship are examined through hydraulic experiments. As a result, Cv = 0.6 is recommended as its simple and practical value. It is confirmed through these examinations that the Froude number, defined by where , ranges 0.7–2.0, and when Cv = 0.6 is adopted this Froude number ranges 0.42–1.2. By using the relationship and Cv = 0.6, two simple and practical relationships are presented for two cases where inundation flow velocity exerts the largest or the smallest fluid force on structures. These relationships can be used to roughly grasp the practical side of tsunami damage, and estimate fluid force acting on individual structures, moving velocity and collision force of floating objects and sediment transport such as boulder and sand. Fundamental characteristics of the waterline (tsunami trace) distribution around/on the typical object model (square pillar, corn and column) are also examined through steady flow experiments, and it is confirmed that the maximum and the minimum values of hf/h0 in the full type model of the square pillar are almost the same as those of hf/hr obtained by field surveys where h0 is uniform flow depth. It is also confirmed that hr ≅ h0 when the Froude number, defined by where u0 is uniform flow velocity, is much less than 1.0. Using a newly defined velocity coefficient, tsunami inundation flow velocity on land can be estimated practically and would be useful for checking proposed sediment transport models that are now being developed by tsunami geologists.
Regime shift in Arabian dust activity, triggered by persistent Fertile Crescent drought

The Arabian Peninsula has experienced pronounced interannual to decadal variability in dust activity, including an abrupt regime shift around 2006 from an inactive dust period during 1998–2005 to an active period during 2007–2013. Corresponding in time to the onset of this regime shift, the climate state transitioned into a combined La Niña and negative phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, which incited a hiatus in global warming in the 2000s. Superimposed upon a long‐term regional drying trend, synergistic interactions between these teleconnection modes triggered the establishment of a devastating and prolonged drought, which engulfed the Fertile Crescent, namely, Iraq and Syria, and led to crop failure and civil unrest. Dried soils and diminished vegetation cover in the Fertile Crescent, as evident through remotely sensed enhanced vegetation indices, supported greater dust generation and transport to the Arabian Peninsula in 2007–2013, as identified both in increased dust days observed at weather stations and enhanced remotely sensed aerosol optical depth. According to backward trajectory analysis of dust days on the Arabian Peninsula, increased dust lifting and atmospheric dust concentration in the Fertile Crescent during this recent, prolonged drought episode supported a greater frequency of dust events across the peninsula with associated northerly trajectories and led to the dust regime shift. These findings are particularly concerning, considering projections of warming and drying for the eastern Mediterranean region and potential collapse of the Fertile Crescent during this century.
The Warsaw soundscape - structure and specifics

Abstract The Warsaw soundscape has been examined according to the principles of acoustic ecology. The soundscape is the acoustic environment tested primarily by qualitative research. Warsaw residents were asked in a survey about their sound impressions and requirements for the Warsaw soundscape. The aim of this research was to learn both the conditions of acoustic environment and the needs of space users in accordance with the space category. The present and expected sound structures of five different categories of space were examined (residential areas, streets, city centre, tourist areas and green areas). Information on both the specific Warsaw sounds and the ideas for new sounds (which could be introduced into the city) was collected.
Green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using lentinan for catalytic activity and biological applications

The green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) for catalysis and biological applications has been gaining great interest. To replace complex plant extracts, lentinan (LNT) may be a good reducing and stabilizing agent. In this work, a simple and green method using LNT to reduce and stabilize palladium Pd NPs was verified. The resulting LNT stabilized palladium nanoparticles (Pdn-LNT NPs) were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, DLS, TEM, and XPS. The results indicated that Pd NPs inside of Pdn-LNT NPs had a small size (2.35–3.32 nm). Pdn-LNT NPs were stable in solution for 7 days. In addition, Pdn-LNT NPs had higher catalytic activity towards the reduction of 4-nitrophenol than other catalysts. More importantly, Pdn-LNT NPs had negligible cytotoxicity towards cells and showed good antioxidant activity. Taken together, the prepared Pdn-LNT NPs have great potential bio-related applications.
Group reduction factors for analysis of laterally loaded pile groups

The lateral response of piles embedded in soil is typically analyzed using the beam on nonlinear Winkler springs approach, in which soil–pile interaction is modeled by nonlinear p–y curves (where p is soil resistance and y is horizontal displacement). In this approach, one of the most common methods of accounting for interaction effects in pile groups is to modify the single pile p–y curves using a p-multiplier for each row of piles in the group, with higher values for leading row and lower values for trailing rows. The leading and trailing rows interchange during seismic loading; therefore, sometimes an average p-multiplier is used for all piles in the group. This average p-multiplier is called the group reduction factor. Group reduction factors have been established from experimental data from static loading tests on small pile groups, mostly 3 × 3 groups with free pile head conditions and center-to-center pile spacings of about 3 pile diameters. In this paper, continuum simulations are used to study th.
DETERMINATION OF SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETERS OF UNSATURATED SILTS AND SANDS BASED ON THE WATER RETENTION CURVE

Great efforts have been made to understand and determine the stress parameters of unsaturated soils. However, this requires elaborate laboratory tests, which are both difficult and time consuming to perform. A hypothesis for determination of the shear strength of unsaturated soils is suggested. The hypothesis suggests a simple way of determining the shear strength based on the water retention curve and the angle of internal friction. Values of shear strengths have been taken from the literature and compared with shear strengths calculated according to this hypothesis. The shear strengths obtained from the hypothesis are in surprisingly good agreement with those found in the literature. The suggested hypothesis is critically examined and its limitations discussed. Finally, a reasonable way of applying the hypothesis in engineering practice is proposed.
Towards a Unified Aggregation Framework for Preferences and Judgements

The "doctrinal paradox", also called "discursive dilemma", shows that the aggregation of judgements held by different individuals is problematic and can lead to group-level inconsistencies, although each individual is consistent. This aggregation problem has intuitive similarities with the Condorcet paradox in the aggregation of preferences. Indeed, List and Pettit (2002) proved an im- possibility theorem in the framework of judgement aggregation, analogous to Arrow's Theorem from the framework of preference aggregation. However, List and Pettit (2004) claim that the judgement aggregation framework is "more ex-pressive" than the classical social choice framework, in the sense that while the framework of preference aggregation can be mapped into the framework of judgement aggregation, there exists no obvious reverse mapping. In this paper we show instead that the social choice framework has enough power to express the judgement aggregation framework. To do so, we present a graph-theoretic version of the social choice framework and show that it is sufficient to embed the judgement aggregation framework. As an application of this framework, we show that the doctrinal paradox and Condorcet's paradox (both under the majority aggregation rule) arise for essentially the same reason.