Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
for “The realized warming fraction: 2 A multi-model sensitivity study”

a comparison of the two methods. However, the resulting ECS estimates are very similar from few outlier members where the exponential ﬁt fails. Therefore, the resulting skill-weighted are very close agreement between the two methods C and with an identical median (2.88 ◦ C). These results indicate that the ECS median and range speciﬁed by and Joos (2016) are robust with respect to the two diﬀerent ECS estimation methods we tested.
All-optical logic gates based optimized XY-branch waveguide utilizing SnO 2 nonlinear material

Optical waveguide with XY-branch structure have been proposed in this paper as all-optical logic gates. SnO2 nanomaterial utilized as film material and PMMA as substrate material. SnO2 shows a large third order nonlinear susceptibility in range of 10−10–10−12 esu, meanwhile, glass and silica fiber are only 10−14 esu. The proposed waveguide is designed to be the simplest form so it is easy to produce, but has as many as logical gate functions. Analysis is done by numerical simulation via Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method with appropriate scattering boundary condition. The results show that XY-branch structure with SnO2 nanomaterial as film could really function as AND, OR, and ALWAYS ZERO logic gates with relatively low input power 0.3 W–0.5 W and relatively small size of length 5 mm and width 25 μm. Therefore, the proposed optical waveguide can favorably be applied to simple optical-signal processing in high capacity core network like wavelength converter.
MITIGATING NODE ISOLATION ATTACK IN OLSR PROTOCOL USING DCFM TECHNIQUE

: A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile devices which are connected by wireless links without the use of any fixed infrastructures or centralized access points. The Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol is an important proactive routing protocol designed for mobile ad hoc networks. It employs periodic exchange of messages to maintain topology information of the network at each node. Based on topology information, each node is able to calculate the optimal route to a destination. One major DoS attack against the Optimized Link State Routing protocol (OLSR) known as the node isolation attack occurs when topological knowledge of the network is exploited by an attacker who is able to isolate the victim from the rest of the network and subsequently deny communication services to the victim. The proposed method named Denial Contradictions with Fictitious Node Mechanism (DCFM) relies on the internal knowledge acquired by each node during routine routing, and augmentation of virtual (fictitious) nodes. Moreover, DCFM utilizes the same techniques used by the attack in order to prevent it. DCFM successfully prevents the attack, specifically in the realistic scenario in which all nodes in the network are mobile.
Three-dimensional visualization software assists learning in Three-dimensional visualization software assists learning in students with diverse spatial intelligence in medical education students with diverse spatial intelligence in medical education

This study evaluated effect of mental rotation (MR) training on learning outcomes and explored effectiveness of teaching via three-dimensional (3D) software among medical students with diverse spatial intelligence. Data from n = 67 student volunteers were included. A preliminary test was conducted to obtain baseline level of MR competency and was uti-lized to assign participants to two experimental conditions, i.e., trained group (n = 25) and untrained group (n = 42). Data on the effectiveness of training were collected to measure participants’ speed and accuracy in performing various MR activities. Six weeks later, a large class format (LCF) session was conducted for all students using 3D software. The usefulness of technology-assisted learning at the LCF was evaluated via a pre- and post-test. Students’ feedback regarding MR training and use of 3D software was acquired through questionnaires. MR scores of the trainees improved from 25.9 ± 4.6 points to 28.1 ± 4.4 ( P = 0.011) while time taken to complete the tasks reduced from 20.9 ± 3.9 to 12.2 ± 4.4 minutes. Males scored higher than females in all components ( P = 0.016). Further, higher pre-and post-test scores were observed in trained (9.0 ± 1.9 and 12.3 ± 1.6) versus untrained group (7.8 ± 1.8; 10.8 ± 1.8). Although mixed-design analysis of variance suggested significant difference in their test scores ( P < 0.001), both groups reported similar trend in improvement by means of 3D software ( P = 0.54). Ninety-seven percent of students reported technology-assisted learning as an effective means of instruction and found use of 3D software superior to plastic models. Software based on 3D technologies could be adopted as an effective teaching pedagogy to support learning across students with diverse levels of mental rotation abilities. Anat Sci Educ 0: 1–12. © 2018 American Association of Anatomists.
Neurogastroenterology and Motility Vagally mediated gastric effects of brain stem (cid:2) 2 -adrenoceptor activation in stressed rats

mediated gastric effects of brain stem (cid:2) 2 -adrenoceptor activation in stressed rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 314: G504–G516, 2018. Chronic stress exerts vagally dependent effects to disrupt gastric motility; previous studies have shown that, among other nuclei, A2 neurons are involved in mediating these effects. Several studies have also shown robust in vitro and in vivo effects of (cid:2) 2-adrenoceptor agonists on vagal motoneurons. We have demonstrated previously that brainstem vagal neurocircuits undergo remodeling following acute stress; however, the effects following brief periods of chronic stress have not been investigated. Our aim, therefore, was to test the hypothesis that different types of chronic stress inﬂuence gastric tone and motility by inducing plasticity in the response of vagal neurocircuits to (cid:2) 2 -adrenoreceptor agonists. In rats that underwent 5 days of either homotypic or heterotypic stress loading, we applied the (cid:2) 2 adrenoceptor agonist, UK14304, either by in vitro brainstem perfusion to examine its ability to modulate GABAergic synaptic inputs to vagal motoneurons or in vivo brainstem microinjection to observe actions to modulate antral tone and motility. In neurons from naïve rats, GABAergic currents were unresponsive to exogenous application of UK14304. In contrast, GABAergic currents were inhibited by UK14304 in all neurons from homotypic and, in a subpopulation of neurons, heterotypic stressed rats. In control rats, UK14304 microinjection inhibited gastric tone and motility via withdrawal of vagal cholinergic tone; in heterotypic stressed rats, the larger inhibition of antrum tone was due to a concomitant activation of peripheral non-adrenergic, noncholinergic pathways. These data suggest that stress induces plasticity in brainstem vagal neurocircuits, leading to an upregulation of (cid:2) 2 -mediated responses. Catecholaminergic neurons of the A2 area play a relevant role in stress-related dysfunction of the gastric antrum. Brief periods of chronic stress load induce plastic changes in the actions of adrenoceptors on vagal brainstem neurocircuits.
A RETROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ON THE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF DENGUE FEVER IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL, PALAKKAD

D engue is the most common mosquito-borne viral disease of humans that in recent years has become a major international public health concern. The principal vector is the day biting Aedes aegypti, which typically breeds in clean stagnant water in a wide variety of sites, including man-made containers in domestic and per domestic urban areas. Methodology : The study is to analyse the clinical manifestation and complication of dengue fever from the medical record department of a tertiary care teaching hospital. This is a retrospective observational study conducted at the medical record department in Karuna medical college hospital Chittur, Palakkad during a period of 6 months from November 2018-April 2019. Result : Among the 350 dengue serology positive cases, 156 (44.5%) had DF with no warning signs, 110 (31.4%) had DFWS, and 84 (24%) had SD. Out of this, 196(56%) were male patients and 154(44%) were female patients. Male patients were more enrolled in the study. Most of the patients were under the age group of 20-39 years (52%) followed by 40-59years (36.2) and 1-19(11.7%). Fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, myalgia and rash continue to be the common presentation. The most common complications encountered in this were thrombocytopenia and leucopenia. The haematological parameters such as WBC, HCT, Hb and Platelet count can be used as markers to assess the severity of dengue illness and thus initiating appropriate therapy. Conclusion: Clinical and laboratory parameters of acute febrile illness in children can act as early prognosticators of dengue fever and its severity.
Niche evolution reveals disparate signatures of speciation in the â•Ÿgreat speciatorâ•Ž (whiteâ•’eyes, Aves: <fi>Zosterops</fi>)

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri butio nNonCo mmerc ialNoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is noncommercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Biogeography published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 1Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium 2Chair of Computational Landscape Ecology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany 3School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK 4Ecosystem Modeling, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Characterization of Adherence of Nontypeable Haemophilus inﬂuenzae to Human Epithelial Cells

The adherence of 58 nontypeable Haemophilus inﬂuenzae isolates obtained from patients with otitis media or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and obtained from the throats of healthy individuals to Chang and NCI-H292 epithelial cells was compared. Otitis media isolates, but not COPD isolates, adhered signiﬁcantly more to both cell lines than did throat isolates. Since high-molecular-weight (HMW) proteins are major adhesins of nontypeable H. inﬂuenzae , the isolates were screened for HMW protein expression by Western blotting with two polyclonal sera and PCR with hmw -speciﬁc primers. Twenty-three of the 32 adhering isolates (72%) and only 1 of the 26 nonadherent strains were HMW protein or hmw gene positive. Among the 32 isolates adhering to either cell line, 5 different adherence patterns were distinguished based on the inhibiting effect of dextran sulfate. Using H. inﬂuenzae strain 12 expressing two well-deﬁned HMW proteins (HMW1 and HMW2) and its isogenic mutants as a reference, we observed HMW1-like adherence to both cell lines for 16 of the 32 adherent isolates. Four others showed HMW2-like adherence of with 10C5. The hmw - and HMW-positive strain of group V showed reactivity with MAbs 2G3 and 3D6, and the nonad- herent hmw - and HMW-positive isolate reacted with MAb AD6. These results indicate that the HMW1- and HMW2-like adherence patterns of the isolates are not expressed together with the epitopes for the HMW1- or HMW2-speciﬁc MAbs. Cloning and sequencing of the hmw gene of a COPD isolate.
The evaporation of spherical clouds in a hot gas. II - Effects of radiation. [for supernova remnants, interstellar medium and galactic clusters

We consider the effects of radiation on the evaporation of spherical clouds in a hot medium. The critical cloud radius at which radiative losses balance conductive heating is determined as a function of the external temperature and density. Smaller clouds evaporate, and larger clouds condense. The present results supplement the results of a previous paper in which the mass loss rates from an evaporating cloud were determined. We discuss the conditions under which the surfaces of the clouds may be detected. Net radiative losses for evaporating clouds are calculated, and an effective cooling function for a cloudy medium is obtained. The results of this and the preceding paper may be applied to clouds in supernova remnants, in the interstellar medium, and in clusters of galaxies; we briefly discuss a few of these possibilities.
'Fake Tense' in Counterfactuals : A Temporal Remoteness Approach

Cross-linguistically, counterfactual conditionals are often built by inserting an additional layer of tense morphology, known as ‘fake’ tense. The present paper combines and further develops two intuitive ideas from the literature in the analysis of these conditionals: ‘fake’ tense signals a temporal back shift scoping over the entire conditional (Dudman 1983, 1984) and the remaining tense morphology locates the hypothetical event with respect to the speech index i0. Implementing these ideas gives rise to two challenges: a mismatch between the surface location and the interpretation site of ‘fake tense’ and the lack of linearization between the index i’ quantified by the conditional and the speech index i0. We propose to solve these problems by applying interpretive mechanisms independently motivated in sequence of tense and double access readings. Finally, the new proposal is compared with previous accounts within the temporal remoteness line.
Genetics of Tobacco Use The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters

: The worldwide prevalence of tobacco use is widespread, resulting in nearly 4.5 million deaths every year. Nicotine is addictive and has psychopharmacological effects that maintain the use of tobacco products. Several studies have documented a strong hereditary component to tobacco use. The present article reviews results from twin and adoption studies and proceeds to present association studies of specific genes that may be involved in tobacco use. Cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta polypeptide 2, serotonin receptor and transporter genes, dopamine receptor and transporter genes, and the cytochrome P450A6 gene are reviewed. Linkage studies help to identify regions of the genome that may be worth further investigation. The paper concludes with a discussion of the limitations of genetic research and the future of genetic epidemiology in this domain.
C ONSONANCE P REFERENCES W ITHIN AN U NCONVENTIONAL T UNING S YSTEM

R ECENTLY , B OWLING , P URVES , AND G ILL (2018a), found that individuals perceive chords with spectra resembling a harmonic series as more consonant. This is consistent with their vocal similarity hypothesis (VSH), the notion that the experience of consonance is based on an evolved preference for sounds that resemble human vocalizations. To rule out confounding between harmonicity and familiarity, we extended Bowling et al.’s (2018a) procedure to chords from the unconventional Bohlen-Pierce chromatic just (BPCJ) scale. We also assessed whether the association between harmonicity and consonance was moderated by timbre by presenting chords generated from either piano or clarinet samples. Results failed to straightforwardly replicate this association; however, evidence of a positive correlation between harmonicity and consonance did emerge across timbres following post hoc exclusion of chords containing intervals that were particularly similar to conventional equal-tempered dyads. Supplementary regression analyses using a more comprehensive measure of harmonicity confirmed its positive association with consonance ratings of BPCJ chords, yet also showed that spectral interference independently contributed to these ratings. In sum, our results are consistent with the VSH; however, they also suggest that a composite model, incorporating both harmonicity as well as spectral interference as predictors, would best account for variance in consonance judgments.
15. Fan F, Yuan Z, Qin X et al. Optimal systolic blood pressure levels for primary prevention of stroke in general hypertensive adults: findings from the CSPPT

Background. The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations are recommended for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation in the general population. They have not been evaluated in community-based populations, including Blacks at higher levels of GFR, but are commonly applied in such populations. Methods. In an ancillary study of Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis conducted at one site, we evaluated the performance of the CKD-EPI equations for creatinine (eGFRcr), cystatin C (eGFRcys) or the combination (eGFRcr–cys) compared with GFR measured as plasma clearance of iohexol. || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || | VC The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. 417 D ow naded rom http/academ ic.p.com /ndt/article-at/33/3/417/3823337 by gest on 03 M ay 2019
Cross Cultural Variations in Adult Female Perceived and Ideal Body Image

Body image is a growing concerns in the mass especially in the young adults females who are witnessing several secondary changes and are striving to establish and sustain their own identity. Dissatisfaction with physical body and striving for betterment has been found to be partly nurtured by our social, cultural norms and traditions as well as the publicization by media. There has been many researchers conducted in this realm. But, the cross cultural variations between India and the USA within the young adults females exploring the role of ethnicity, religion, media, society etc has been les explored. Hence, the aim of the present review was to investigate the effect of various sources in the nurturance of perceived and ideal body image in the young adults’ females of India and the USA. Overall, it has been found that there has been dearth of research findings especially in the population selected in this study and that interplay of factors accounting to the discrepancy between perceived and ideal self body image.
PAPERS Glial Cells and Neuronal Signaling White matter and cognition: making the connection

RD. White matter and cognition: making the connection. J the cerebral cortex has long been regarded by neuroscientists as the major locus of cognitive function, the white matter of the brain is increasingly recognized as equally critical for cognition. White matter comprises half of the brain, has expanded more than gray matter in evolution, and forms an indispensable component of distributed neural networks that subserve neurobehavioral operations. White matter tracts mediate the essential connectivity by which human behavior is organized, working in concert with gray matter to enable the extraordinary repertoire of human cognitive capacities. In this review, we present evidence from behavioral neurology that white matter lesions regularly disturb cognition, consider the role of white matter in the physiology of distributed neural networks, develop the hypothesis that white matter dysfunction is relevant to neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease and the newly de-scribed entity chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and discuss emerging concepts regarding the prevention and treatment of cognitive dysfunction associated with white matter disorders. Investigation of the role of white matter in cognition has yielded many valuable insights and promises to expand understanding of normal brain structure and function, improve the treatment of many neurobehavioral disorders, and disclose new opportunities for research on many challenging problems facing medicine and society.
Statistical Discrimination and the Rationalization of Stereotypes András Tilcsik

The theory of statistical discrimination is a dominant social scientific framework for understanding discrimination in labor markets. To date, the literature has treated this theory as a model that merely explains employer behavior. This article contends that the idea of statistical discrimination, rather than simply providing an explanation, can lead people to view social stereotyping as useful and acceptable and thus help rationalize and justify discriminatory decisions. A preregistered survey experiment with more than 2,000 participants who had managerial experience shows that exposure to statistical discrimination theory strengthened people’s belief in the accuracy of stereotypes, their acceptance of stereotyping, and the extent to which they engaged in gender discrimination in a hiring simulation. Reading a critical commentary on the theory mitigated these effects. These findings imply that theories of discrimination, and the language associated with them, can rationalize—or challenge the rationality of— stereotypes and discrimination and, as a result, shape the attitudes and actions of decision-makers in labor markets. of (MBA) GMAT ranges from measures performance on the quantitative and together, a single score. act an to select 4 of these people to join team. team of 4 members’ total GMAT is as possible. will depend entirely on the combined GMAT score of the people you for your
“CONJUGAL MIXEDNESS” OR HOW TO STUDY MARITAL NORMS AND INEQUALITIES IN INTERETHNIC RELATIONSHIPS

Research on mixed couples goes back to the early 20 th century. Quantitative studies mainly use the term intermarriage and concentrate on integration or group barriers; other approaches speak of transnational marriage: mixed couples are seen as a consequence of migration. In this article, we will define conjugal mixedness as involving all sorts of interethnic or interreligious couples, even those who are not directly linked to migration. What makes them mixed is not their cultural differences, but the inequality between the majority and the minority partner. Prevalent in-marriage norms (endogamy) and conjugal inequality lead to social disapproval, which varies historically and depends on the societal context. Conjugal mixedness furthermore requires an intersectional approach; questions of ethno-cultural, racial or religious belonging are linked to gender, social class and migration. Illustrated by empirical examples in France, we show how conjugal mixedness is defined from the outside, i.e. through social perceptions or disapproval, and constructed from the inside (the couples’ own experiences of mixedness in daily life and the adjustments they make). We argue that the way spouses deal with mixedness depends on factors other than ethnic belonging, namely gender, class and migration history.
Generic Brands in Swedish Supermarkets

Background and problem: Generic brands have been part of the society for more than 30 years. The consumers of these brands have changed through the years and so have their reasons to buy them. Some questions can be raised: are generic brands perceived as low quality brands? Are low income people the consumers of generic brands? Therefore, this study is aimed to discover the factors that influence consumer decisions on purchasing generic brands along with consumer characteristics based on the Swedish supermarkets in Jönköpings Län. Purpose: The purpose of our paper is to determine who buys generic brands, their characteristics and why. Frame of reference: The frame of reference consists of previous research, brands including generics and buying behavior. Method: To fulfill the purpose of this paper, a quantitative method was chosen. An interviewed-administered survey was carried out in the area of Jönköping Län. Conclusion: The authors of this paper can conclude that generic consumers in Jönköpings Län do not share all the same characteristics as generic consumers in other countries. Many of the trends and characteristics, described by the research from the 1980s, are congruous with the empirical results of this study.