Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relationships between Indian Ocean sea surface temperature and the rainfall of Sri Lanka

Spatial and temporal variations of the sea surface temperature (SST) over the Indian Ocean are examined by using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The first EOF mode explains 20.54% of the total variance indicating positive values which reveal coherent interannual variations over the study area. Time coefficients of the first EOF mode show a strong relationship with the Pacific SST anomalies. Therefore, the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are observed in the time coefficients of the first EOF mode almost simultaneously. Power spectrum analysis reveals a dominant peak ranging from 18 to 48 months which covers the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and the dominant cycle in the Southern Oscillation phenomenon (30 to 40 months). The second and third EOF modes explain relatively less contributions, 5.6% and 5.1% of the total variance. A weak positive correlation coefficient is observed between the time coefficients of the first EOF mode of SST anomalies and the time coefficients of the first EOF mode of the rainfall over Sri Lanka when all months are considered, but strong relationships are noticed for the months of October, November and December which coincide with the mature and decay stages of ENSO events. The positive relationships between SST anomalies of the Pacific and Indian Oceans and rainfall anomalies of the above mentioned months first appear in March and April, and then gradually build up towards the significant level in the concurrent months. In the case of the summer monsoon season, Arabian Sea SSTs, where strong seasonal and regional variations are found, strongly influence the rainfall of Sri Lanka, particularly striking in the southwestern quadrant of the island. Rainfall of this season has a significant positive correlation with the SST over the Arabian Sea during the concurrent period, but significant negative correlation with the previous months, before six months. The changes in the sign of the correlation coefficients occur in the months of November-December of the year before the summer monsoon, thus it may be useful to foreshadow the excess and deficit rainfall over Sri Lanka few months in advance.
LAGEOS-type satellites in critical supplementary orbit configuration and the Lense–Thirring effect detection

In this paper we analyse quantitatively the concept of LAGEOS-type satellites in critical supplementary orbit configuration (CSOC) which has proved capable of yielding various observables for many tests of general relativity in the terrestrial gravitational field, with particular emphasis on the measurement of the Lense–Thirring effect. By using an entirely new pair of LAGEOS-type satellites in identical, supplementary orbits with, e.g., semimajor axes a = 12 000 km, eccentricity e = 0.05 and inclinations iS1 = 63.4° and iS2 = 116.6°, it would be possible to cancel out the impact of the mismodelling of the static part of the gravitational field of the Earth to a very high level of accuracy. The departures from the ideal supplementary orbital configuration due to the orbital injection errors would yield systematic gravitational errors of the order of a few per cent, according to the covariance matrix of the EGM96 gravity model up to degree l = 20. However, the forthcoming, new gravity models from the CHAMP and GRACE missions should greatly improve the situation. So, it should be possible to measure the gravitomagnetic shifts of the sum of their nodes ΣLT with an accuracy level perhaps less than 1%, of the difference of their perigees ΔLT with an accuracy level of 5% and of ẊLT ≡ ΣLT − ΔLT with an accuracy level of 2.8%. Such results, which are due to the non-gravitational perturbations mismodelling, have been obtained for an observational time span of about 6 years and could be further improved by fitting and removing from the analysed time series the major time-varying perturbations which have known periodicities.
An Introduction to Homological Algebra: References

Preface 1. Generalities concerning modules 2. Tensor products and groups of homomorphisms 3. Categories and functors 4. Homology functors 5. Projective and injective modules 6. Derived functors 7. Torsion and extension functors 8. Some useful identities 9. Commutative Noetherian rings of finite global dimension 10. Homology and cohomology theories of groups and moniods Notes References Index.
PAMELA and FERMI limits on the neutralino-chargino mass degeneracy

Searches for Dark Matter (DM) particles with indirect detection techniques have reached important milestones with the precise measurements of the anti-proton (p̄) and gamma-ray spectra, notably by the PAMELA and FERMI-LAT experiments. While the γ-ray results have been used to test the thermal Dark Matter hypothesis and constrain the Dark Matter annihilation cross section into Standard Model (SM) particles, the anti-proton flux measured by the PAMELA experiment remains relatively unexploited. Here we show that the latter can be used to set a constraint on the neutralino-chargino mass difference. To illustrate our point we use a Supersymmetric model in which the gauginos are light, the sfermions are heavy and the Lightest Supersymmetric Particle (LSP) is the neutralino. In this framework the W+W− production is expected to be significant, thus leading to large p̄ and γ-ray fluxes. After determining a generic limit on the Dark Matter pair annihilation cross section into W+W− from the p̄ data only, we show that one can constrain scenarios in which the neutralino-chargino mass difference is as large as ≃ 20 GeV for a mixed neutralino (and intermediate choices of the p̄ propagation scheme). This result is consistent with the limit obtained by using the FERMI-LAT data. As a result, we can safely rule out the pure wino neutralino hypothesis if it is lighter than 450 GeV and constitutes all the Dark Matter.
Quantum spin dynamics (QSD): II. The kernel of the Wheeler - DeWitt constraint operator

We determine the complete and rigorous kernel of the Wheeler - DeWitt constraint operator for four-dimensional, Lorentzian, non-perturbative, canonical vacuum quantum gravity in the continuum. We do this for the non-symmetric version of the operator constructed previously in this series. We also construct a symmetric, regulated constraint operator. For the regulated Euclidean Wheeler - DeWitt operator as well as for the regulated generator of the Wick transform from the Euclidean to the Lorentzian regime we prove existence of self-adjoint extensions and based on these we propose a method of proof of self-adjoint extensions for the regulated Lorentzian operator. Both constraint operators evaluated at unit lapse as well as the generator of the Wick transform can be shown to have regulator-independent and symmetric duals on the diffeomorphism-invariant Hilbert space. Finally, we comment on the status of the Wick rotation transform in the light of the present results and give an intuitive description of the action of the Hamiltonian constraint.
Profiling the health and safety risk associated with construction projects at the pre-construction stage

This book chapter in "Valuing People in Construction" (edited by Emuze, F. and Smallwood, J.) presents an assessment of the degree of H&S risk associated with construction project features (CPFs) and the subsequent development of a simple tool (nicknamed, “CRiMT”) for profiling the H&S risk of construction projects. The main highlight of the chapter is that: the CPFs examined are generally associated with medium risk or high risk implying a medium likelihood or a high likelihood of occurrence of accident/harm where such features apply on projects. CRiMT provides a simple and sound means by which project participants (e.g. clients and their design and project management teams) can ascertain the H&S risk associated with a project at pre-construction, and to also consider relevant risk controls.
Microfabricated force-sensitive elastic substrates for investigation of mechanical cell–substrate interactions

Mechanical cell–substrate interactions affect many aspects of cellular functions. In order to investigate these interactions, we have microfabricated force-sensitive cell adhesion substrates. A new design of the substrates has been proposed, where force detection is based on monitoring deflection of close-packed standing cantilevers constituting the surface. Such a force-sensitive substrate may be used both for modulating substrates of different elasticity as well as for measuring local mechanical forces from the cell adhesion contacts. The substrates with different cantilever geometry and spatial arrangement have been microfabricated in oxidized silicon wafers using photolithography and deep reactive ion etching. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy have been used to measure the dimensions of the cantilevers and to estimate their spring constants. Cell culture experiments on the microfabricated substrates have been performed to test the applicability of the substrates in different experimental setups.
Ignition phase and steady-state structures of a non-thermal air plasma

An AC-driven, non-thermal, atmospheric pressure air plasma is generated within the gap separating a disc-shaped metal electrode and a water electrode. The ignition phase and the steady-state are studied by a high-speed CCD camera. It is found that the plasma always initiates at the surface of the water electrode. The plasma exhibits different structures depending on the polarity of the water electrode: when the water electrode plays the role of cathode, a relatively wide but visibly dim plasma column is generated. At the maximum driving voltage, the gas temperature is between 800 and 900 K, and the peak current is 67 mA; when the water electrode is anode, the plasma column narrows but increases its light emission. The gas temperature in this case is measured to be in the 1400–1500 K range, and the peak current is 81 mA.
Numerical simulation of guided waves using equivalent source model of magnetostrictive patch transducers

While magnetostrictive patch transducers have become more widely used for damage inspection of waveguides such as plates or pipes, the numerical simulation of guided waves excited by the transducers is very limited. Recently, one-way, coupled time-harmonic, finite element analysis based on the linearized magnetostrictive coupling equation has been conducted, but transient analysis must be carried out to extract more information including the reflected waves from cracks. Naturally, fully coupled or one-way coupled multiphysics transient finite element analysis would require substantial computational resources and cost. In order to utilize an efficient structural finite element method or code, we newly propose equivalent distributed force models that can describe the actuation mechanism of the magnetostrictive patch transducer without explicitly solving coupled multiphysics equations. Once equivalent force models are established, transient wave simulations in inspected waveguides can be accomplished efficiently through any structural finite element code. The essence of this approach is to establish the equivalent actuating force models useful for various types of magnetostrictive patch transducers currently available. The validity of the developed models is checked by investigating the wave radiation patterns of the Rayleigh–Lamb and shear–horizontal waves in test waveguides, and the simulated results obtained with the proposed models are compared against the available experimental results.
Polymer and Fock representations for a scalar field

In loop quantum gravity, matter fields can have support only on the ‘polymer-like’ excitations of quantum geometry, and their algebras of observables and Hilbert spaces of states cannot refer to a classical, background geometry. Therefore, to adequately handle the matter sector, one has to address two issues already at the kinematic level. First, one has to construct the appropriate background-independent operator algebras and Hilbert spaces. Second, to make contact with low-energy physics, one has to relate this ‘polymer description’ of matter fields to the standard Fock description in Minkowski space. While this task has been completed for gauge fields, important gaps remained in the treatment of scalar fields. The purpose of this letter is to fill these gaps.
Evaluation of reconstruction algorithms in SPECT neuroimaging. I. Comparison of statistical noise in SPECT neuroimages with 'naive' and 'realistic' predictions

In the presence of statistical noise, an iterative reconstruction algorithm (IRA) for the quantitative reconstruction of SPECT brain images overcomes major limitations of applying the standard filtered back projection (FBP) reconstruction algorithm to projection data which have been degraded by convolution of the true radioactivity distribution with a finite-resolution distance-dependent detector response: (a) the non-uniformity within the grey (or white) matter voxels which results even though the true model is uniform within these voxels; (b) a significantly lower ratio of grey/white matter voxel values that in the true model; and (c) an inability to detect an altered radioactivity value within the grey (or white) matter voxels. It is normally expected that an algorithm which improves spatial resolution and quantitative accuracy might also increase the magnitude of the statistical noise in the reconstructed image. However, the noise properties in the IRA images are very similar to those in the FBP images. Thus, the IRA should provide the potential for quantitative SPECT imaging of normal physiological responses or diseases involving both the brain grey and white matter.
Study of the correlation between the velocity of motor reaction and blood lactate in different times of combat in judo

ABSTRACT The velocity of motor reaction in humans or reaction time is animportant physical capacity to judo competitors. During a high in-tensity fight, there is a considerable increase in serum lactate (SL),which is closely related to muscle fatigue. This fact may interferein the capacity of the athlete in reacting to stressful situations dur-ing the combat. The main objective of this work is to study the roleof serum lactate increases after a 1’30”, 3‘ and 5‘ combat situa-tions (Randori) in the velocity of motor reaction in high level judocompetitors. Methods: For this purpose 11 healthy male compet-itors, 23.4 ± 2 years old, were evaluated. To record the simplereaction time, initially, immediately after combat and at the threeminutes to rest, the Cybex Reactor System was employed. Serumlactate concentrations were measured by a portable lactate ana-lyzer ( Accusport). Variance analysis (Kruskal-Wallis) showed signif-icant differences between serum lactate before, immediately af-ter combat and at the three minutes to rest (p 0.05) were found.The results demonstrate that the high serum lactate concentrationdoes not affect the motor reaction time in high level judo compet-itors, indeed it suggests that there is a decrease in the reactionefficiency. This fact was demonstrated by the high correlation foundbetween the lactate concentrations and the number of errors inthe reaction tests, probably due to decreases in concentration injudo competitors to stressful situations.
Design Of Spring-Supported Diaphragm Capacitive MEMS Microphone

In this research project, the design and performance optimization techniques of a microelectromechanical (MEMS) condenser microphone will be studied and described using several established plate theories and numerical analysis. MEMS microphone is shown to have been increasingly popular to be used in various consumer electronic products especially in the mobile phone industry and hearing aid devices. Thus, it is important for the microphone designers to be able to design and improve a microphone’s performance given sets of design constraints in the shortest time possible while reducing the overall overhead cost associated with the mass production exercise. The proposed new spring-supported diaphragm MEMS microphone has a higher open-circuit sensitivity, sufficiently high pull-in voltage, adequate frequency response in the audio range bandwidth, and uses fewer fabrication masks to reduce the overall production cost and possibly reduce the production rejection rate. The mathematical modelling of the proposed spring diaphragm has been described in detail to relate its performances with several of its structural dimensions such as spring width and length, diaphragm area, air gap distance, and diameter of backplate holes. Coventor FEM software has been used to simulate the mechanical performances of the final structure and to verify the mathematical modelling derived for the proposed spring microphone. Numerical results from Matlab and Coventor FEM software show that the proposed spring diaphragm has about 100 times higher sensitivity compared with the edgeclamped diaphragm microphone of the same diaphragm area. Various numerical performance analysis graphs have been presented and used to obtain the optimizedmicrophone parameters by taking the points where the open-circuit sensitivity will be the highest, operating bandwidth of at least 20kHz, and the pull-in voltage threshold is at least 3 times its bias voltage.
Inversion of experimental multi-frequency data using the contrast source inversion method

This paper presents the results of inversion of electromagnetic scattered field data, measured by the Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France, from cylindrical objects, for both TM illumination (electric field in the cylindrical direction) and TE illumination (electric field in the transversal plane). The reconstructions are obtained with the contrast source inversion method extended with a multiplicative regularization. We perform a simultaneous multi-frequency inversion. Since there are both dielectric and metallic objects, we do not take this a priori information into account and in all cases we reconstruct both the permittivity and the electrical conductivity of the unknown objects. The results show that the present inversion method enables ‘blind’ inversion of a wide class of scattered field data.
THE CHANDRA DEEP FIELD-SOUTH SURVEY: 7 MS SOURCE CATALOGS

We present X-ray source catalogs for the ≈7 Ms exposure of the Chandra Deep Field-South (CDF-S), which covers a total area of 484.2 arcmin2. Utilizing wavdetect for initial source detection and ACIS Extract for photometric extraction and significance assessment, we create a main source catalog containing 1008 sources that are detected in up to three X-ray bands: 0.5–7.0 keV, 0.5–2.0 keV, and 2–7 keV. A supplementary source catalog is also provided, including 47 lower-significance sources that have bright ( ) near-infrared counterparts. We identify multiwavelength counterparts for 992 (98.4%) of the main-catalog sources, and we collect redshifts for 986 of these sources, including 653 spectroscopic redshifts and 333 photometric redshifts. Based on the X-ray and multiwavelength properties, we identify 711 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) from the main-catalog sources. Compared to the previous ≈4 Ms CDF-S catalogs, 291 of the main-catalog sources are new detections. We have achieved unprecedented X-ray sensitivity with average flux limits over the central ≈1 arcmin2 region of ≈1.9 × 10−17, 6.4 × 10−18, and 2.7 × 10−17 erg cm−2 s−1 in the three X-ray bands, respectively. We provide cumulative number-count measurements observing, for the first time, that normal galaxies start to dominate the X-ray source population at the faintest 0.5–2.0 keV flux levels. The highest X-ray source density reaches ≈50,500 deg−2, and 47% ± 4% of these sources are AGNs (≈23,900 deg−2).
Inequalities for inverse scattering problems in absorbing media

In this paper we derive two inequalities concerning two two-dimensional scattering problems: in the first one the infinite cylinder is an obstacle and the electric field satisfies an impedance boundary condition while in the second one the scatterer is inhomogeneous. When the impedance and the refractive index are two known constants these two inequalities can be used to obtain lower bounds on the size of the scatterer. By means of some numerical applications for the impedance problem, we show that the corresponding lower bound is reliable both in the case of full-aperture data and in the case of scattering from a limited aperture.
Momentum transfer cross section of xenon deducted from electron drift velocity data

Momentum transfer cross section of xenon is deduced from experimental electron drift velocity data over the energy range from 0.02 to 10 eV by using an algorithm based on a Boltzmann equation method. The result shows that the Ramsauer-Townsend minimum is located at an electron energy of 0.7 eV with a magnitude of 9*10-17 cm2. It is found that the present momentum transfer cross section is in excellent agreement with the experimental data points of Register et al. (1986) and that the calculated diffusion coefficient (parallel direction to the electric field) from the deduced cross section agrees very well with the measurements of Hashimoto and Nakamura (1990) for E/N above 0.07 Td. The fractional difference between the calculated electron drift velocity and the experimental one is suppressed within 1.2% at E/N below 0.1 Td and within 3% at E/N above 0.1 Td. Above an electron energy of 8.32 eV, inelastic collision cross sections are necessary for the deduction of the momentum transfer cross section. Therefore, the total excitation cross section of Hayashi (1983) and the ionization cross section of Krishnakumar and Srivastava (1988) are used to deduce the momentum transfer cross section over a range of high electron energies. As a result, the peak of the deduced momentum transfer cross section is located at an electron energy of 5 eV with a magnitude of 3*10-15 cm2.
Neutron production from picosecond laser irradiation of deuterated targets at intensities of

Neutron fluxes of up to were measured when planar deuterated targets were irradiated with 1.3 ps FWHM (full width at half maximum) laser pulses at a wavelength of 1054 nm and focused intensities up to . The neutron energy spectra are consistent with an angularly dispersed beam target interaction, whereas a thermonuclear source is considered unlikely.
Very extended Kac–Moody algebras and their interpretation at low levels

We analyse the very extended Kac–Moody algebras as representations in terms of certain Ad−1 subalgebras and find the generators at low levels. Our results for low levels agree precisely with the bosonic field content of the theories containing gravity, forms and scalars which upon reduction to three dimensions can be described by a nonlinear realization. We explain how the Dynkin diagrams of the very extended algebras encode information about the field content and generalized T-duality transformations.
A novel calibration method for current-induced wavelength shift of a laser diode

In this paper, a novel method for calibration of the current-induced optical wavelength shift in the laser diode interferometer is presented. The spatial synchronous phase measurement technique is developed for phase shift measurement. Two optical path differences in the unbalanced Michelson interferometer are independently introduced in order to calibrate the current-wavelength tuning rate of laser diodes.
Sudden future singularities in FLRW cosmologies

The standard energy conditions of classical general relativity are applied to FLRW cosmologies containing sudden future singularities. Here we show, in a model-independent way, that although such cosmologies can satisfy the null, weak and strong energy conditions, they always fail to satisfy the dominant energy condition. They require a divergent spacelike energy flux in all but the comoving frame.