Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Small angle scattering and asphaltenes

Petroleum is a mixture of organic material consisting of a series of molecules with increasing molecular weight but with decreasing carbon to hydrogen ratios. This monotonic trend leads to distinctive properties of each class, cut by solvents. Asphaltenes are a class soluble in toluene but not in heptane. The importance of asphaltenes lies in their relevance to petroleum operations. Many properties of petroleum liquids are due to the interplay between asphaltenes and other co-existing components. These complex interactions impact on petroleum phases, and thus the operations. So-called petroleomics is a scheme to link the molecular structures of the most relevant components in the petroleum liquid to its overall properties, similar to the proteomics widely accepted in biological sciences. However, though the asphaltene molecular structure and compositions are relevant to the macroscopic properties of petroleum liquids, their aggregates on the colloidal length scale could be the most relevant elementary unit that dictates the properties of the petroleum mixtures. In this regard, it is legitimate to use small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques to bridge the molecular structures of asphaltenes and the operational parameters that are commonly applied in the field. In this review, the linkages between asphaltene molecules and their aggregates and the asphaltene aggregates and the macroscopic properties are described. Applications of small angle x-ray and neutron scattering for characterizing asphaltene aggregates and asphaltene emulsions are also discussed.
Interactions of flame balls

Flame ball interactions are numerically investigated in a reaction–diffusion system characterized by single-step Arrhenius kinetics and radiative heat losses. It is found that the interactions of two neighbouring flame balls are characterized by two distinct regimes – a repulsion regime and an attraction regime, depending upon the separation distance. The two regimes join at a critical separation distance, which corresponds to an unstable equilibrium state. For supercritical separation distances, the two flame balls repel and drift apart from each other; whereas for sub-critical separation distances, they move towards each other and eventually merge into a single stationary flame ball. In this connection, flame ball interactions are found to exhibit a qualitatively reverse character in comparison with the well-known van der Waals curve which characterizes intermolecular forces.
Solvent Effects on the Activation Rate Constant in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Rate constants of activation (kact) for the reactions of tertiary alkyl halides with the ATRP catalyst CuIBr/1,1,4,7,10,10-hexamethyltriethylenetetramine (HMTETA) have been determined in 14 different solvents. The measurements have been performed at 25 °C by spectrophotometrically following the time-dependent absorbances of the CuII species. A large excess of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO), which quantitatively trapped the alkyl radicals, ensured the irreversible generation of CuII. The rate constant for the least active solvent butanone is 30 times smaller than that of the most active solvent DMSO. In addition, the effect of increasing amounts of monomer in a solvent on the activation rate has been analyzed. A linear correlation of activation rate constants with previously determined equilibrium constants (KATRP) provides a Leffler–Hammond coefficient of 0.45. However, the activation rate constants do not correlate with dielectric constants and Dimroth’s and Reichardt’s ET(30) values. Appl.
Stem Cell Aligned Growth Induced by CeO2 Nanoparticles in PLGA Scaffolds with Improved Bioactivity for Regenerative Medicine

Hybrid 2D polymeric–ceramic biosupports are fabricated by mixing a nanostructured CeO2 powder with 85:15 poly(D,L‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA)/dichloromethane solutions at specific concentrations, followed by solvent casting onto pre‐patterned molds. The mold patterning allows the orientation of ceramic nanoparticles into parallel lines within the composite scaffold. The ability of the produced films to host and address cell growth is evaluated after 1, 3, and 6 days of culturing with murine derived cardiac and mesenchymal stem cells (CSCs and MSCs), and compared with PLGA films without ceramics and loaded with nanostructured TiO2. Aligned cell growth is observed only for scaffolds that incorporate oriented ceramic nanoparticles, attributed to the nanoceramic ability to modulate the roughness pitch, thus improving cell sensitivity towards the host surface features. Better CSC and MSC proliferative activity is observed for CeO2 composites with respect to either TiO2‐added or unfilled PLGA films. This evidence may be related to the nanostructured CeO2 antioxidative properties.
Finite-element analysis on performance and shear stress of cemented tungsten carbide anvils used in the China-type cubic-anvil high-pressure apparatus

Stress distribution in cemented tungsten carbide (WC) anvils is of primary interest in high pressure research, but is very difficult to determine experimentally. We have performed finite-element simulations to study the performance and the shear stress distribution of WC anvils used in the China-type cubic-anvil high pressure apparatus (SPD-6×2000). Our results show that in order to avoid failure cracks in high-stress areas, the maximum shear stress should be lower than 3.17 GPa for the WC anvils (8% cobalt). The simulations have been verified by high-pressure experiments. Our method of analyzing stress distribution helps in evaluating the ability of WC anvils, and would aid in designing a new anvil to enhance performance.
Volumetric behaviour of water under high pressure at subzero temperature

New apparatus was designed and constructed for the measurement of accurate volumetric behaviour at subzero temperature under high pressures. The specific volumes of water were measured along 11 isotherms at temperatures from 253 to 298 K and pressures up to 200 MPa including the metastable supercooled region. The uncertainty in the specific volumes obtained was estimated to be less than ±0.01%. The specific volume data obtained were correlated with an empirical Tait equation as a function of temperature and pressure. Isothermal compressibility and thermal expansivity calculated with this equation were compared with previous data. The temperature of maximum density that was one of the anomalous properties of water was also determined.
STABILITY, MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY, AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF EXTRACTS FROM BERRY FRUITS

The purpose of the study has been to determine the stability, microbiological quality, and antioxidant properties of extracts from the berry fruits of black chokeberry, American blueberry, and bilberry. In addition, the content of polyphenolic compounds in the extracts was analysed and the ratio of the content of anthocyanins to total phenols (the ACY/TP ratio) was determined. Extracts from the fruits of black chokeberry, American blueberry, and bilberry had different stability, microbiological quality, content of polyphenols, and ACY/TP ratio. The highest stability of anthocyanins and the highest ACY/TP ratio were determined in the extracts from bilberry, and the lowest ones appeared in the extracts from American blueberry. The stability of anthocyanins tended to decline during storage, either cooled or frozen. No bacteria were found in the berry fruit extracts although small contamination with microorganisms (yeast, mould) was detected. The highest content of polyphenolic compounds was determined in the extracts from black chokeberry and the lowest one in the extracts from American blueberry. The antioxidant activity of the extracts ranged from 1.99 to 2.41 TEAC mmol TR/100 g, and the antiradical activity varied from 84.91% to 86.30%. The applied extraction method with citric acid had a positive influence on the stability, microbiological quality, and antioxidant properties of the fruit extracts.
Shear-induced fragmentation of laponite suspensions

Simultaneous rheological and velocity profile measurements are performed in a smooth Couette geometry on laponite suspensions seeded with glass microspheres and undergoing the shear-induced solid-to-fluid (or yielding) transition. Under these slippery boundary conditions, a rich temporal behaviour is uncovered, in which shear localization is observed at short times, which rapidly gives way to a highly heterogeneous flow, characterized by intermittent switching from plug-like flow to linear velocity profiles. Such a temporal behaviour is linked to the fragmentation of the initially solid sample into blocks separated by fluidized regions. These solid pieces get progressively eroded over timescales ranging from a few minutes to several hours depending on the applied shear rate . The steady-state is characterized by a homogeneous flow with almost negligible wall slip. The characteristic timescale for erosion is shown to diverge below some critical shear rate * and to scale as ( − *)−n with n ≃ 2 above *. A tentative model for erosion is discussed together with open questions raised by the present results.
Autodetachment spectroscopy and dynamics of CH2CN− and CD2CN−

The technique of autodetachment spectroscopy is utilized in a study of two electronic states of CH2CN− and CD2CN−. The ground electronic state is a normal valence state while the outermost electron in the excited state is bound by the dipole moment of the neutral radical. Autodetachment occurs from excited rotational levels of this dipole bound state, giving some 5000 sharp features near the photodetachment threshold. All of these features were assigned and spectroscopic constants for both states are reported. The binding energy of the electron in this latter state is determined to be ≲66 cm−1 and analysis of the autodetachment spectrum shows the electron affinities of CH2CN and CD2CN to be ∼12 500 and ∼12 430 cm−1, respectively. The dynamics of the autodetachment process is studied and various mechanisms for detachment are described.
The chemistry of vitamin B12. Part IX. Evidence for five-co-ordinate cobalt(III) complexes

Solutions of organocobinamides show reversible changes in the optical spectrum and in the 1H n.m. r. of the H-10 of the corrin ring on varying the temperature. Similar reversible changes in the optical spectrum are observed in the solid state on varying the water content. The simplest explanation is that the observed equilibria represent the reversible removal of co-ordinated water to form a five-co-ordinate complex: [CoIII·corrin·X·H2O]=[CoIII·corrin·X]+ H2O The magnitude of the equilibrium constant depends on the nature of the trans-ligand X, the ease of removing H2O increasing in the order cyanide vinyl < methyl < ethyl < isopropyl. The following values were obtained for the enthalpy and entropy changes in methanol: X = vinyl, ΔH=+4·5 ± 2·0 kcal. /mole, ΔS=+15·5 ± 7 e.u; X = methyl, ΔH= 4·4 ± 2·0 kcal. /mole, ΔS= 16 ± 7 e.u. On varying the temperature of the solution or the water content of the solid, ethylcobalamin and 5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin also show changes in spectrum, caused by the reversible co-ordination of the benzimidazole to the cobalt.
Morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane side‐chain epoxy hybrid material

The side-chain polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-type epoxy (IPEP) hybrid material was synthesized, and the particle sizes of the POSS segment were less than 5 nm and which particles dispersed uniformly. The 3D AFM microphotograph of the IPEP/DGEBA (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A) hybrid material exhibited the unique “island” shape, and their XRD pattern displayed amorphous halo structure. The POSS segments of the IPEP could improve the thermal degradation activation energies. Additionally, introduction of the IPEP into the DGEBA could improve the char yield and provide the antioxidation property in the air atmosphere. The char yields of the IPEP/DGEBA hybrid materials could improve from 14.48 to 19.21% and from 0.18 to 1.17% in the nitrogen and air atmospheres, respectively. The IPEP segments could also improve the hardness when the IPEP contents of the IPEP/DGEBA hybrid materials were less than 50 wt %. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Formulation and Development of Self-Nanoemulsifying Granules of Olmesartan Medoxomil for Bioavailability Enhancement

The present investigation was aimed to formulate self-nanoemulsifying granules (SNEGs) of poorly water soluble drug, Olmesartan Medoxomil (OLM) to improve its solubility and oral bioavailability. Acconon sorb 20, Tween 80, and Carbitol were selected as oil, surfactant and cosurfactant, respectively for the development of liquid self-nanoemulsifying system (L-SNEDDS), which subsequently adsorbed on a carrier (Aerosil 200) to develop SNEGs. The results of in vitro and in vivo study of OLM-SNEGs revealed remarkable improvement compared to pure OLM. The present study proposed SNEGs as one of the suitable approach for developing nanosized solid oral dosage forms of OLM.
Effect of pipeline installation on crop yield and some biological properties of boreal soils

Pipeline construction on the Grey soils of the Canadian boreal plains, which have a thin Ah horizon, could have considerable impact on their properties and productivity. This study was conducted because the effects of pipeline installation on crop yield and biological properties of these soils have not been well-documented. Soil was sampled from a Grey Luvisol and a Dark Grey Solod prior to pipeline construction in 1991, and in each of the following 3 yr. The right-of-way (RoW) was divided into three zones: a road (or work) area used for vehicular traffic; a trench where the pipeline was buried; and a pile (or spoil) area where soil was stockpiled during construction. The RoW was cropped to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in 1992 through 1994. Barley yield was low in 1992 (830–1120 kg ha−1), and near average (2050–3290 kg ha−1) in 1993 and 1994. Except for low shoot P concentration (1.1–1.3 mg g−1) in 1992, macronutrient concentrations (N, P and K) in barley tissues were within normal ranges. Soil organic car.
Osteomyelitis treated with gentamicin-PMMA beads: 100 patients followed for 1-12 years.

We treated 100 patients having osteomyelitis with debridement and gentamicin-PMMA beads and followed them for 5 (1–12) years. 66 of the infections were chronic, in 18 cases combined with arthritis and in 3 cases with pseudarthrosis. They underwent 117 “treatment periods”, consisting of one or more operations (total 152), in most cases with an interval of 2 weeks. No systemic antibiotics were necessary besides the local antibiotic treatment in 52 of the treatment periods. Healing was achieved in 92 patients, in 78 after a single treatment period which included 1–5 operations, in 14 after two or three treatment periods. Healing was more difficult to achieve when the infection was chronic, especially with a duration of more than 6 years or when caused by elective surgery. Local antibiotic treatment with gentamicin PMMA beads has the advantage that the wound can be closed primarily and that a higher local antibiotic concentration in the tissues can be achieved, often making systemic antibiotic treatment unnec.
MODELING TURBULENT REACTIVE FLOWS WITH VARIABLE EQUIVALENCE RATIO: APPLICATION TO THE CALCULATION OF A REACTIVE SHEAR LAYER

Based on the Libby–Williams analysis of partially premixed turbulent combustion, a new closure model is proposed that allows the calculation of a two-scalar probability density function (PDF) that is used to evaluate mean chemical rates. This model requires the use of transport equations for only mean and intensities of the two independent thermodynamic quantities, namely, the fuel mass fraction and a mixture fraction. Application is made to the calculation of a turbulent flame stabilized in a shear layer obtained by mixing a stream of premixed reactants with a stream of hot combustion products; these two streams initially have different equivalence ratios. A complete analysis of this situation, including the evolution of the PDF, is presented. Moreover, calculated mean temperature and fuel mass fraction profiles are compared successfully with available experimental data.
Baking of Flat Bread in an Impingement Oven: An Experimental Study of Heat Transfer and Quality Aspects

A new impingement oven was designed and tested for its thermal and quality performance for baking of thin flat bread. The test facility was instrumented to monitor and record during the baking process. Bread temperature and weight loss were recorded on-line during baking at oven temperatures of 150, 175, 200, 225, and 250°C and 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 m/s jet velocities, respectively. Image processing was used for monitoring the bread volume and surface color changes during baking. Better baking conditions were obtained with the impingement oven in comparison with the conventional direct fired ovens. Experiments showed that a higher jet velocity can be used for flat bread baking at lower oven temperatures and yield shorter baking times for the same quality product. For very thin breads (such as the Iranian breads), results show that conduction heat transfer from the bottom surface of the tray must also be considered along with the convective heat transfer from the jets in selection of optimal operating parameters. It is noted that desirable baking conditions, e.g., good browning, uniform color, high volume increase, etc., can be achieved in a well-designed and operated impingement oven in shorter baking times compared to the conventional ovens.
Retro-crystal engineering analysis of two N-methylethylenediammonium cadmium halide salts obtained by dimensional reduction and recombination of the hexagonal CdX2 lattice

The reaction of the N-methylethylenediammonium dication (MEDA 2+ ) with cadmium halides in acid solutions leads to the formation of the compounds (MEDA.H 2 O) 2 Cd 4 Cl 12 . 2H 2 O and [MEDA.H 2 O)Cd 3 Br 8 . xH 2 O. Crystal structure determinations were carried out on both salts, and retro-crystal engineering analyses were made on the structures. The inorganic framework in both structures contain networks of edge-shared octahedra. The chloride complex has the appearance of slices cut from the hexagonal CdCl 2 lattice by the MEDA 2+ dications. The dications sheath the ribbons with one set of cations lying on the faces of the ribbons and with the second set capping the edges. N-H.Cl, O-H.Cl, N-H.O as well as C-H.Cl hydrogen bonds provide three-dimensional stability to the lattice. The bromide salt contains a microporous, stepped layer structure. This structure is derived from the parent hexagonal CdBr 2 lattice by dimensional reduction to serrated (Cd 3 Br 9 3- )∞ ribbons of edge-shared CdBr 6 octahedra. Recombination via formation of edge-shared linkages between these ribbons leads to the development of a stepped layer structure. These layers are perforated due to the excision of Cd 2 Br 2 2+ units at the step-edges in the layers. The MEDA 2+ dications sit above and below these holes, providing charge compensation for the excised fragments. Thermal analyses of both compounds show the loss of water molecules in the temperature range of 80-120 °C with subsequent decomposition of the organic cations occurring above 300° C. Structural phase transitions were observed near 230 °C in both compounds.
The crystal structure of benzene iododichloride

The crystal of benzene iododichloride, C6HsIC12, is monoclinic. The unit cell, containing 8 molecules, has the dimensions a--~ 15.6, b = 5.45, c : 19.6 /~, fl = 90 ° 30' and the space group is B2~/a. An alternative space group is P21/a, with unit cell dimensions a---15.6, b---5.45, c---12.3 /~, fl---128 ° 30'. The method of double Fourier synthesis was applied, using first Cu K a and later Mo K a radiation, and the projections of the electron density on the a c and b c planes were made. The IC1 z group is linear and symmetrical, and its direction is approximately at right angles to the plane of the benzene ring. The line joining the I, C~ and C4 atoms is approximately parallel to the a c plane. The I-C1 distance is 2.45 A, the C-I distance is 2.00 A. The angle Cl~-I-C1 is 86 °. The closest approach between I and C1 in adjacent molecules is 3.40 /~, between I and I 4.70 /~, between C1 and C1 4-44 A, between I and CH 4.08 /~, between C1 and CH 3-77 /~ and between CH and CH 3-55 A. The main binding forces in the crystal are evidently between neighbouring iododichloride groups.
Effect of Carrageenan and Oat Flour on Quality Characteristics of Meat Kofta

Meat kofta, a typical Indian meat product, was prepared by incorporation of 8% oat flour and 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5% carrageenan in formulation with an objective of developing a low-fat and high fiber meat product. The uncooked, cooked and deep fat fried kofta were analyzed for proximate composition and pH. The addition of oat flour and carrageenan moisture retention, cooking yield, diameter, juiciness, water holding capacity (WHC) texture profile analysis (TPA), color traits, and sensorily acceptance were assessed in cooked and fried kofta. Inclusion of oat flour and carrageenan in the formulation resulted in significant (P < 0.05) higher moisture retention and the yield on cooking and frying. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in diameter in cooked kofta, whereas, a decrease in diameter was noticed for fried kofta as compared to control sample decreased (P < 0.05) in fried kofta compared to control (without carrageenan and oat flour). The cooked kofta had a better juiciness than control (P < 0.05); however, inclusion of carrageenan and oat flour in the formulation lowered juiciness in fried kofta (P < 0.05). Uncooked and cooked meat kofta had higher (P < 0.05) WHC than control. Hardness of cooked and fried kofta decreased (P < 0.05) and adhesiveness increased (P < 0.05) with the increase of carrageenan levels in the formulation. Low fat high fiber meat kofta can be prepared by using 8.0% oat flour and 0.5% carrageenan without much detrimental effect on its physicochemical and sensory attributes.
Assessment of Motor Proficiency Levels in Children in Saudi Arabia

Assessing children’s motor development is important for determining their developmental levels and needs in order to promote their motor skills. Differing environmental and cultural backgrounds can impact upon children’s motor development, and thus need to be taken into account in motor assessments. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the motor development levels of children in Saudi Arabia using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2). The investigation included both genders (males and females) at three school grade levels (1st, 3rd, 5th) from two residential areas (urban and rural). Moreover, the study investigated the effects of gender, grade, and residence on the performance of a sample of 188 Saudi children. These results were compared to BOT-2 norms from a United States sample. Furthermore, this study examined the possibility of using BOT-2 in Saudi society (objectivity, reliability, and validity). A quantitative research paradigm was used in the study to achieve the study’s objectives. One-sample-t-test was utilised to identify any significant differences between the study groups and BOT-2 norms in the subtest point scores. A three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine any effect of the independent variables (gender, grade, and residential area) on the dependent variables (motor-area composite scores). Lastly, several statistical methods were used to examine the objectivity, reliability, and validity of using BOT-2 with Saudi children.