Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Increasing motivation in effort-based decision-making tasks: effects of salience and reward expectancy manipulations

ABSTRACT Background A significant proportion of patients with affective and psychotic disorders show a marked reduction in goal-directed behaviour, which is also reflected in the behavioural outcomes of effort-based decision-making paradigms. The factors underlying this reduction are not yet fully understood. Reward salience and reward expectancy have been discussed as factors that potentially influence approach behaviour. The aim of this study was thus to test their effects on behaviour in an effort-based decision-making paradigm. Methods In two studies with community samples we applied a modified version of the Balloon Task. In study 1, we manipulated reward salience in a within-subject design (N = 32) by highlighting the monetary rewards. In study 2, we manipulated reward expectancy in a between-subject design (N = 72) by adding five practice trials with either positive or negative feedback prior to the task. Results The salience of rewards manipulation significantly increased effort expenditure and the allocation of effort to the level of rewards whereas the reward expectancy manipulation did not. Conclusions The finding that increasing the salience of rewards increases motivated behaviour in an effort-based decision-making paradigm offers promising possibilities for intervention in disorders characterised by motivational deficits, such asaffective and psychotic disorders.
Multimodal MRI data fusion reveals distinct structural, functional and neurochemical correlates of heavy cannabis use

Heavy cannabis use (HCU) is frequently associated with a plethora of cognitive, psychopathological and sensorimotor phenomena. Although HCU is frequent, specific patterns of abnormal brain structure and function underlying HCU in individuals presenting without cannabis‐use disorder or other current and life‐time major mental disorders are unclear at present. This multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study examined resting‐state functional MRI (rs‐fMRI) and structural MRI (sMRI) data from 24 persons with HCU and 16 controls. Parallel independent component analysis (p‐ICA) was used to examine covarying components among grey matter volume (GMV) maps computed from sMRI and intrinsic neural activity (INA), as derived from amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuations (ALFF) maps computed from rs‐fMRI data. Further, we used JuSpace toolbox for cross‐modal correlations between MRI‐based modalities with nuclear imaging derived estimates, to examine specific neurotransmitter system changes underlying HCU. We identified two transmodal components, which significantly differed between the HCU and controls (GMV: p = 0.01, ALFF p = 0.03, respectively). The GMV component comprised predominantly cerebello‐temporo‐thalamic regions, whereas the INA component included fronto‐parietal regions. Across HCU, loading parameters of both components were significantly associated with distinct HCU behavior. Finally, significant associations between GMV and the serotonergic system as well as between INA and the serotonergic, dopaminergic and μ‐opioid receptor system were detected. This study provides novel multimodal neuromechanistic insights into HCU suggesting co‐altered structure/function‐interactions in neural systems subserving cognitive and sensorimotor functions.
Differences in Fosfomycin Resistance Mechanisms between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacterales

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa presents a serious threat to public health due to its widespread resistance to numerous antibiotics. P. aeruginosa commonly causes nosocomial infections including urinary tract infections (UTI) which have become increasingly difficult to treat. The lack of effective therapeutic agents has renewed interest in fosfomycin, an old drug discovered in the 1960s and approved prior to the rigorous standards now required for drug approval. ABSTRACT Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa presents a serious threat to public health due to its widespread resistance to numerous antibiotics. P. aeruginosa commonly causes nosocomial infections including urinary tract infections (UTI) which have become increasingly difficult to treat. The lack of effective therapeutic agents has renewed interest in fosfomycin, an old drug discovered in the 1960s and approved prior to the rigorous standards now required for drug approval. Fosfomycin has a unique structure and mechanism of action, making it a favorable therapeutic alternative for MDR pathogens that are resistant to other classes of antibiotics. The absence of susceptibility breakpoints for fosfomycin against P. aeruginosa limits its clinical use and interpretation due to extrapolation of breakpoints established for Escherichia coli or Enterobacterales without supporting evidence. Furthermore, fosfomycin use and efficacy for treatment of P. aeruginosa are also limited by both inherent and acquired resistance mechanisms. This narrative review provides an update on currently identified mechanisms of resistance to fosfomycin, with a focus on those mediated by P. aeruginosa such as peptidoglycan recycling enzymes, chromosomal Fos enzymes, and transporter mutation. Additional fosfomycin resistance mechanisms exhibited by Enterobacterales, including mutations in transporters and associated regulators, plasmid-mediated Fos enzymes, kinases, and murA modification, are also summarized and contrasted. These data highlight that different fosfomycin resistance mechanisms may be associated with elevated MIC values in P. aeruginosa compared to Enterobacterales, emphasizing that extrapolation of E. coli breakpoints to P. aeruginosa should be avoided.
Passive Non-Line-of-Sight Imaging Using Optimal Transport

Passive non-line-of-sight (NLOS) imaging has drawn great attention in recent years. However, all existing methods are in common limited to simple hidden scenes, low-quality reconstruction, and small-scale datasets. In this paper, we propose NLOS-OT, a novel passive NLOS imaging framework based on manifold embedding and optimal transport, to reconstruct high-quality complicated hidden scenes. NLOS-OT converts the high-dimensional reconstruction task to a low-dimensional manifold mapping through optimal transport, alleviating the ill-posedness in passive NLOS imaging. Besides, we create the first large-scale passive NLOS imaging dataset, NLOS-Passive, which includes 50 groups and more than 3,200,000 images. NLOS-Passive collects target images with different distributions and their corresponding observed projections under various conditions, which can be used to evaluate the performance of passive NLOS imaging algorithms. It is shown that the proposed NLOS-OT framework achieves much better performance than the state-of-the-art methods on NLOS-Passive. We believe that the NLOS-OT framework together with the NLOS-Passive dataset is a big step and can inspire many ideas towards the development of learning-based passive NLOS imaging. Codes and dataset are publicly available (https://github.com/ruixv/NLOS-OT).
The architecture of the simian varicella virus transcriptome

Primary infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella and the establishment of lifelong latency in sensory ganglion neurons. In one-third of infected individuals VZV reactivates from latency to cause herpes zoster, often complicated by difficult-to-treat chronic pain. Experimental infection of non-human primates with simian varicella virus (SVV) recapitulates most features of human VZV disease, thereby providing the opportunity to study the pathogenesis of varicella and herpes zoster in vivo. However, compared to VZV, the transcriptome and the full coding potential of SVV remains incompletely understood. Here, we performed nanopore direct RNA sequencing to annotate the SVV transcriptome in lytically SVV-infected African green monkey (AGM) and rhesus macaque (RM) kidney epithelial cells. We refined structures of canonical SVV transcripts and uncovered numerous RNA isoforms, splicing events, fusion transcripts and non-coding RNAs, mostly unique to SVV. We verified the expression of canonical and newly identified SVV transcripts in vivo, using lung samples from acutely SVV-infected cynomolgus macaques. Expression of selected transcript isoforms, including those located in the unique left-end of the SVV genome, was confirmed by reverse transcription PCR. Finally, we performed detailed characterization of the SVV homologue of the VZV latency-associated transcript (VLT), located antisense to ORF61. Analogous to VZV VLT, SVV VLT is multiply spliced and numerous isoforms are generated using alternative transcription start sites and extensive splicing. Conversely, low level expression of a single spliced SVV VLT isoform defines in vivo latency. Notably, the genomic location of VLT core exons is highly conserved between SVV and VZV. This work thus highlights the complexity of lytic SVV gene expression and provides new insights into the molecular biology underlying lytic and latent SVV infection. The identification of the SVV VLT homolog further underlines the value of the SVV non-human primate model to develop new strategies for prevention of herpes zoster.
Plasticity in the Absence of NOTCH Uncovers a RUNX2-Dependent Pathway in Small Cell Lung Cancer

A genetically engineered mouse model of NOTCH-mutant SCLC reveals that nonneuroendocrine plasticity persists in the absence of NOTCH, driven by a RUNX2-REST–dependent pathway and innate immune signaling. Neuroendocrine to nonneuroendocrine plasticity supports small cell lung cancer (SCLC) tumorigenesis and promotes immunogenicity. Approximately 20% to 25% of SCLCs harbor loss-of-function (LOF) NOTCH mutations. Previous studies demonstrated that NOTCH functions as a SCLC tumor suppressor, but can also drive nonneuroendocrine plasticity to support SCLC growth. Given the dual functionality of NOTCH, it is not understood why SCLCs select for LOF NOTCH mutations and how these mutations affect SCLC tumorigenesis. In a CRISPR-based genetically engineered mouse model of SCLC, genetic loss of Notch1 or Notch2 modestly accelerated SCLC tumorigenesis. Interestingly, Notch-mutant SCLCs still formed nonneuroendocrine subpopulations, and these Notch-independent, nonneuroendocrine subpopulations were driven by Runx2-mediated regulation of Rest. Notch2-mutant nonneuroendocrine cells highly express innate immune signaling genes including stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and were sensitive to STING agonists. This work identifies a Notch-independent mechanism to promote nonneuroendocrine plasticity and suggests that therapeutic approaches to activate STING could be selectively beneficial for SCLCs with NOTCH2 mutations. Significance: A genetically engineered mouse model of NOTCH-mutant SCLC reveals that nonneuroendocrine plasticity persists in the absence of NOTCH, driven by a RUNX2-REST–dependent pathway and innate immune signaling.
Psychological profiles of individuals with type 2 diabetes and their association with physical and psychological outcomes: a cluster analysis

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to identify clusters of participants with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at risk for developing psychological and somatic distress symptoms. Moreover, we investigated whether the different clusters were associated with glycemic control, sleep, and physical activity levels. Design and main outcome measures. In a cross-sectional design, participants with T2DM (n = 269) completed questionnaires on psychological and somatic distress, sleep disorders and physical activity. Results Cluster analyses yielded three groups: a) "high self-confident and low demoralised"; b) "low support and low involvement"; c) "high consequences, high demoralisation and nagging". The groups were distinguished by the social, cognitive, and vital exhaustion variables and significant differences in diabetes-related psychological distress and physical activity. The measure of glycemic control did not differ between clusters. The "high self-confident and low demoralised" group displayed the lowest scores on psychological distress compared to the other clusters. Conclusions Results suggest that social cognitive dimensions and affective states play a key role in defining clusters in participants with T2DM. Thus, we need to consider the psychological profiles of participants with T2DM when designing interventions to improve self-management strategies.
Risk for Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Subsegmental Pulmonary Embolism Managed Without Anticoagulation

BACKGROUND The incidence of pulmonary embolism has been increasing, but its case-fatality rate is decreasing, suggesting a lesser severity of illness. The clinical importance of patients with pulmonary embolism isolated to the subsegmental vessels is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the rate of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with subsegmental pulmonary embolism managed without anticoagulation. DESIGN Multicenter prospective cohort study. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01455818). SETTING Eighteen sites between February 2011 and February 2021. PATIENTS Patients with isolated subsegmental pulmonary embolism. INTERVENTION At diagnosis, patients underwent bilateral lower-extremity venous ultrasonography, which was repeated 1 week later if results were negative. Patients without deep venous thrombosis did not receive anticoagulant therapy. MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome was recurrent venous thromboembolism during the 90-day follow-up period. RESULTS Recruitment was stopped prematurely because the predefined stopping rule was met after 292 of a projected 300 patients were enrolled. Of the 266 patients included in the primary analysis, the primary outcome occurred in 8 patients, for a cumulative incidence of 3.1% (95% CI, 1.6% to 6.1%) over the 90-day follow-up. The incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism was 2.1% (CI, 0.8% to 5.5%) and 5.7% (CI, 2.2% to 14.4%) over the 90-day follow-up in patients with single and multiple isolated subsegmental pulmonary embolism, respectively. No patients had a fatal recurrent pulmonary embolism. LIMITATION The study was restricted to patients with low-risk subsegmental pulmonary embolism. CONCLUSION Overall, patients with subsegmental pulmonary embolism who did not have proximal deep venous thrombosis had a higher-than-expected rate of recurrent venous thromboembolism. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada and French Ministry of Health Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique.
Design of novel cross‐coupling elliptic function filters with the miniaturized edge‐coupled split ring resonators

In this paper, a new class of cross‐coupled planar microwave filters using the microstrip edge‐coupled split‐ring resonator (EC‐SRR) is introduced and its simple equivalent circuit is proposed. The utilization of the microstrip split‐ring resonators not only makes the filters compact, but also allows either positive or negative cross coupling to be realized. Also, three‐pole and four‐pole cross‐coupled microstrip elliptic function bandpass filters using the EC‐SRR are presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 495–499, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20862
Rapid Estimation of the Zero-Lift Drag Coefficient of Transport Aircraft

A rapid method for estimating the zero-lift drag coefficient of transport aircraft is presented. The method is based on the principle of equivalent skin friction. The method considers an empirical relation between the equivalent skin-friction coefficient and Reynolds number based on a reference length calculated from the aircraft's geometry. The method can be used throughout the conceptual design phase as a prediction and verification tool
Trait groups as management entities in a complex, multispecies reef fishery

Localized stressors compound the ongoing climate‐driven decline of coral reefs, requiring natural resource managers to work with rapidly shifting paradigms. Trait‐based adaptive management (TBAM) is a new framework to help address changing conditions by choosing and implementing management actions specific to species groups that share key traits, vulnerabilities, and management responses. In TBAM maintenance of functioning ecosystems is balanced with provisioning for human subsistence and livelihoods. We first identified trait‐based groups of food fish in a Pacific coral reef with hierarchical clustering. Positing that trait‐based groups performing comparable functions respond similarly to both stressors and management actions, we ascertained biophysical and socioeconomic drivers of trait‐group biomass and evaluated their vulnerabilities with generalized additive models. Clustering identified 7 trait groups from 131 species. Groups responded to different drivers and displayed divergent vulnerabilities; human activities emerged as important predictors of community structuring. Biomass of small, solitary reef‐associated species increased with distance from key fishing ports, and large, solitary piscivores exhibited a decline in biomass with distance from a port. Group biomass also varied in response to different habitat types, the presence or absence of reported dynamite fishing activity, and exposure to wave energy. The differential vulnerabilities of trait groups revealed how the community structure of food fishes is driven by different aspects of resource use and habitat. This inherent variability in the responses of trait‐based groups presents opportunities to apply selective TBAM strategies for complex, multispecies fisheries. This approach can be widely adjusted to suit local contexts and priorities.
Interaction of helical arc devices with interconnected networks

Rotary arcs driven electromagnetically by a fault or load current are used for interrupting duties at distribution level and as preheaters for high temperature chemical reactors. One such form of rotary arc device is the helical arc unit. The paper investigates the electrical interaction between repeated arc short circuiting and the connected network or power supply. The results are relevant to medium and high voltage AC interrupters and chemical processing preheaters.
Upper Eyelid Contour Changes After Orbital Decompression in Graves Orbitopathy

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of orbital decompression on the upper eyelid contour. Methods: A paired cross-sectional analysis of the upper eyelid contour was performed for 103 eyes of 66 patients who underwent orbital decompression. A control group of 26 normal subjects was also included. The eyelid contour of all participants were measured with Bézier lines adjusted to the eyelid contour and 9 midpupil eyelid margin (MPD) distances from a horizontal line bisecting the pupil. One central, corresponding to the margin reflex distance (MRD 1), and 8 equally distributed medially and laterally at 20% of the interval between the lines. Patients were classified as with flare if the height of the most lateral MPD relative to the MRD 1 was above the upper limit of the controls. Results: Preoperatively 63 of the 103 contours were classified as flare + (F+). After decompression MRD1 showed a mean decrease of 0.4 mm and the location of the contour shifted 0.8 mm medially. These changes were not correlated with proptosis reduction. Orbital decompression decreased the lateral curvature of the contours especially for the F+ lids. In 40% of the F+ eyelids the flare sign disappeared after decompression. Conclusions: Orbital decompression affects the lateral eyelid contour and diminishes the amount of lateral eyelid retraction surgery necessary to correct the flare sign. In 40% of the patients, the eyelid contour is normalized with proptosis reduction only. Lateral upper eyelid retraction in graves orbitopathy is partially corrected by orbital decompression.
Validation of a digital, tablet‐based version of the Trail Making Test in the ∆elta platform

Using digital technology for neuropsychological assessment is gaining popularity in both clinical and research settings. Digital neuropsychology offers many benefits over the traditional paper‐pencil assessments; however, their comparability requires further validation. The aim of this study was to compare a digital, tablet‐based Trail Making Test to the standard paper version. In a within‐subject design, 108 healthy adults completed both digital and paper Trail Making Test in a counterbalanced order. Each participant also performed other tasks measuring core executive abilities (inhibition, working memory, and flexibility) on the tablet. Our findings indicated that the Trail Making Test performance on the two different modalities correlated significantly. Furthermore, correlations of Trail Making Test performance with other cognitive tasks revealed that digital Trail Making Test is comparable with the paper version. However, the modality had a significant effect on Trail Making Test performance; that is, participants were generally faster on the digital platform. Taken together, our findings suggest that with new normative data, traditional Trail Making Test can be adapted successfully to a digital platform.
Eligibility of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction for sacubitril/valsartan according to the PARAGON‐HF trial

In the heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) PARAGON‐HF trial, sacubitril/valsartan vs. valsartan improved mortality/morbidity in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) below median (57%). We assessed eligibility for sacubitril/valsartan based on four scenarios.
Scaling concepts in ‘omics: Nuclear lamin-B scales with tumor growth and often predicts poor prognosis, unlike fibrosis

Significance Nonlinear scaling analyses pervade polymer physics and chemistry, yielding characteristic exponents that conceivably apply to expressed genes and their assemblies. Stoichiometric scaling and fractal scaling indeed emerge as gene-gene power laws in human cancer data for key structural polymers in nuclei or extracellular matrix. Only one nuclear envelope factor, lamin-B1, scales with tumor proliferation genes, predicting poor survival for multiple cancers, including liver cancer. These genes include one transcription factor that directly regulates lamin-B1 and broadly categorizes prognosis. In contrast, collagen-1 scales with fibrosis genes, increases in tumors relative to adjacent tissue, and predicts “wound that heals”–type survival only for liver cancer—albeit intertumor comparisons show no correlation without adjacent referencing. Scaling thus identifies and characterizes fundamental gene-gene interrelationships. Physicochemical principles such as stoichiometry and fractal assembly can give rise to characteristic scaling between components that potentially include coexpressed transcripts. For key structural factors within the nucleus and extracellular matrix, we discover specific gene-gene scaling exponents across many of the 32 tumor types in The Cancer Genome Atlas, and we demonstrate utility in predicting patient survival as well as scaling-informed machine learning (SIML). All tumors with adjacent tissue data show cancer-elevated proliferation genes, with some genes scaling with the nuclear filament LMNB1, including the transcription factor FOXM1 that we show directly regulates LMNB1. SIML shows that such regulated cancers cluster together with longer overall survival than dysregulated cancers, but high LMNB1 and FOXM1 in half of regulated cancers surprisingly predict poor survival, including for liver cancer. COL1A1 is also studied because it too increases in tumors, and a pan-cancer set of fibrosis genes shows substoichiometric scaling with COL1A1 but predicts patient outcome only for liver cancer—unexpectedly being prosurvival. Single-cell RNA-seq data show nontrivial scaling consistent with power laws from bulk RNA and protein analyses, and SIML segregates synthetic from contractile cancer fibroblasts. Our scaling approach thus yields fundamentals-based power laws relatable to survival, gene function, and experiments.