Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Novel Investigation on Single-Input Three-Output DC-DC Buck Converter For Electrical Vehicles

In present era, efficient electrical vehicle (EV) design is an ever-increasing interest to the industry and academia. The research work carries a novel investigation on Single-Input Three-Output DC-DC Buck Converter for converting single DC voltage input to multi-output DC voltage levels in EVs. The proposed convertor topology is a non-isolated bidirectional DC-DC Buck converter with a single input of 48V and multi-outputs 12V (for Horn) and 5V (for telemetry). In addition, the investigation has been carried on the performance of Single-Input to Three-Output level DC-DC Buck converter. The proposed research work also presents model operation, design specifications, and stability analysis and control strategies. The performance of the proposed converter topology has been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment and the results are computed. The results show that the proposed convertor topology reduces the cost and switching losses and also enhances the efficiency, reliability and availability of proposed converter.
Allende Xenolith AF: Undisturbed Record of Condensation and Aggregation of Matter in the Solar Nebula

Abstract Allende-AF (All-AF) is chemically similar to bulk Allende, its texture is. however, completely different. It consists mainly of highly porous silicate-rich aggregates embedded in a largely opaque matrix. Occasionally olivine-sulfide-metal aggregates and large sulfide-andradite objects are found. Chondrules are absent and grain size in matrix and aggregates is the same, quite different from normal Allende. The main mineral in All-AF is olivine (22-41 wt% FeO). low Ca-pyroxene is absent, but a variety of clinopyroxenes were encountered. Rare phases found throughout All-AF are refractory metal nuggets (Ir, Os, Ru etc.), HgS, and Ca-phosphate. Associated with sulfide-andradite objects are native-Cu, Ti-magnetite, perovskite, barite, and calcite. Morphology, crystalline state and minor element contents of olivine strongly suggest an origin by condensation from a gas. Al20 3-contents, for example, range from 0.5 to 3% and Cr2O3-contents reach 2.5%. Texture of All-AF indicates that condensation of olivine continued during formation of aggregates. Relictic low-Fe aluminous diopsides suggest that olivine was initially FeO-poor. Before final accretion into a solid rock exchange reactions between condensed phases and an (increasingly oxidized) vapor established the high FeO-content of olivine. A similar process led to sulfurization of most of the original metal. The exotic sulfide-andradite objects are probably alteration products of unusual, metal-rich calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions. It appears that All-AF has preserved a unique record of condensation, hierarchical aggregation, and metasomatic exchange reactions in the solar nebula.
Conditions of Formation of Copper Phyllosilicates in Silica-Supported Copper Catalysts Prepared by Selective Adsorption

It is shown that, during the preparation of Cu/SiO2 samples by selective adsorption of copper tetraammine complex [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ on silica, two types of supported CuII species form: grafted CuII ions and copper phyllosilicate. The formation of grafted CuII ions results from electrostatic adsorption of CuII ammine complex cations in solution onto the surface of silica particles negatively charged due to the high solution pH. Grafting of CuII ions occurs during the subsequent drying step. The formation of copper phyllosilicate takes place in solution. It results from a reaction between silicic acid arising from silica dissolution and [Cu(OH)2(H2O)4]0 complex in solution. Both CuII species lead to small metal particles after reduction. Several preparation parameters were investigated in this paper: the metal precursor concentration, the pH of the precursor solution, the solution/silica contact time, and the addition of ammonium nitrate to the precursor solution. The amount of copper phyllosilicate depe.
Gaseous Tracer Technique for Estimating Air–Water Interfacial Areas and Interface Mobility

A series of gaseous miscible displacement experiments were conducted to estimate specific air-water interfacial areas (a{sub i}) and water contents in an unsaturated sand column. A straight-chain hydrocarbon (h-decane) was used as the gaseous interfacial tracer and methylene chloride and chloroform were used as the water-partitioning gaseous tracers. A gas chromatographic technique was employed for the tracer experiments conducted at room temperature using nitrogen as the mobile phase and water as the immobile liquid. Tracer experiments covered a water saturation (S{sub w}) range of 1.5 to 56%. The largest a{sub i} value, measured at the lowest S{sub w} (1.5%), was somewhat smaller than the solid surface area as determined using the nitrogen-sorption technique. As S{sub w} increased, a{sub i} values decreased exponentially to {approximately}80 cm{sup 2} cm{sup {minus}3} at S{sub w} of 56%. Within a limited S{sub w} range (0.29 < S{sub w} < 0.55), where both aqueous and gaseous interfacial tracer data were measured, the a{sub i} values measured using a gaseous tracer (n-decane) were 2 to 3 times larger than those measured in a previous study using an aqueous interfacial tracer (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate [SDBS]). The velocity of the air-water interface was estimated to be between 23 andmore » 36% of the bulk pore-water velocity. The water contents measured using water-partitioning tracers were within {+-}5% of those based on gravimetric measurements. « less
Crystal structure of the oxygen conducting compound Nd5Mo3O16

Abstract Structure of the Nd5Mo3O16 single crystal grown in the Nd2O3–MoO3 system was studied using the X-rays diffraction technique at 293 K and 110 K temperatures. The unit-cell values were always cubic relating to that of CaF2 fluorite as a ≈ 2af (af = 5.5 Å). The structure was solved within the Pn-3n symmetry group. It was found that the Nd5Mo3O16 compound has a fluorite-like structure with all atoms disordered. An indirect confirmation for the violation of translational periodicity in the distribution of Mo and Nd atoms was obtained. The possible oxygen diffusion paths were analyzed using the one-particle potentials of the oxygen atoms. The ionic conductivity of Nd5Mo3O16 compound is associated with the disordering of the oxygen atoms in several positions, and their deficiency in comparison with the initial fluorite.
Interfacial phenomena in suspensions

Recent resuspension experiments suggest that a possible interfacial tension exists between pure fluid and suspension consisting of the same fluid and heavy, small solid beads of identical size and density. Since little is known about interfacial phenomena in suspensions we experimentally investigated the formation and expansion of a suspension drop in the same fluid. To our surprise, the motion of the droplet exhibits all phenomena demonstrated by the classical experiments in which vortex rings of one liquid are created in another from drops falling from rest under gravity [1]. Membranes formed even when the concentrations of particles were smaller than 5%. We also observed the breaking of the torus by Rayleigh-Taylor instability and the formation of a cascade of new rings. Two drops falling one behind the other penetrate and do not lose their distinct nature for several moments until they finally mix and move as a single drop. Larger drops typically create a long cylindrical tail of particles throughout the vessel that contains the clear liquid. This column is unstable and it breaks and forms small ‘capillary droplets’. By making use of the investigation by Kojima et al. [2] we were able to estimate the interfacial tension from the growth of the torus. Here we present the experimental findings and estimates for the interfacial tension between a suspension drop and pure fluid as a function of concentration.
BIOLOGICAL IMMOBILIZATION OF FERTILIZER NITROGEN IN HUMID TROPICAL SOILS OF MAURITIUS

We studied the influence of the biological immobilization rate on the mobility and fate of fertilizer N under the humid climate of Mauritius in soil columns using (NH4)2SO4 labeled with 10% atom excess 15N and sorghum as the test plant. Our results showed that biological immobilization of fertilizer N occurred rapidly and was almost complete within 2 mo after fertilization. Most (>70%) of the immobilized fertilizer N remained hydrolyzable in 6 M HCl 10 mo after fertilization. Rapid biological immobilization, coupled with the fast uptake of fertilizer N by sorghum, led to less than 5 and 12% of fertilizer N being leached from the rock-free (3035 mm water added) and rocky soils (1325 mm water applied), respectively. This study draws attention to the fact that in wet tropical regions, such as Mauritius, where soil temperature is always conducive to biological immobilization and where the soil colloids fix negligible quantities of NH4+, biological immobilization plays a leading role in hampering the mobility of N in soils, thereby altering the fate of fertilizer N.
Effects of Polyhydric Alcohols on the Mechanical Properties of Soy Protein Plastics

Abstract Polyhydric alcohols, i.e., ethylene glycol, glycerol, propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol (trimethylene glycol), and polyethylene glycol (200 and 400), were investigated for their plasticizing effects on soy protein plastics. Tensile strength and percentage elongation at break of compression-molded soy protein specimens containing each of the polyhydric alcohols were measured, and Young's modulus was calculated. Ethylene glycol and glycerol demonstrated the greatest effects on the tensile properties. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) thermograms of soy protein with glycerol showed a major exothermic transition. Dynamic mechanical spectra showed that dry plastic specimens had a shear-storage modulus (G' = 1.76 GPa) about 50% larger than those of the high performance synthetic polymers tested. The shear-storage modulus was little dependent on temperature change up to ca. 130°C. After the specimens were moisturized at 50% relative humidity, the G' was reduced to 0.22 GPa. The shear-storage modu.
Heat Transfer in Turbulent Separated Flow

An investigation was carried out with the object of determining the physical effects of separation and the associated reattachment and redevelopment, upon the heat transfer characteristics of turbulent flow in pipes and to compare the results of these flow conditions with the fully developed one-dimensional condition and with a recently developed numerical technique for the solution of recirculating flows. Separation of the flow was induced in a 4 ft length of 2 in. internal diameter nicrome tube of wall thickness 0.001 in. by means of a sudden enlargement of diameter at the entry of the tube. The tube was electrically heated by the passage of a current along its length. The first 25 in. of the tube was metered by thermocouples which gave the wall temperatures and from these the local heat transfer rates and Reynolds numbers up to 5×104 using air as the working fluid.
Operational modes for heat pump drying: new technologies and production of a new generation of high quality dried fish products.

The paper presents new technology based on heat pump drying with production costs considerably lower than vacuum freeze drying but with similar qualities of dried products. The focus is on the design, dimensioning and operation of such heat pump dryers using a combined mode with drying temperatures below and above the product freezing point. Several materials were dried in test plants, including fish products, fruits, vegetables and dairy products. The interaction between the air side of the plant and the heat pump was studied and different system solutions with ammonia as the working fluid were scrutinized. Consequences on the dryer thermal efficiency and the heat pump coefficient of performance are presented.
An accurate and efficient scheme for propagating the time dependent Schrödinger equation

A new propagation scheme for the time dependent Schrodinger equation is based on a Chebychev polynomial expansion of the evolution operator U=exp(−iHt). Combined with the Fourier method for calculating the Hamiltonian operation the scheme is not only extremely accurate but is up to six times more efficient than the presently used second order differencing propagation scheme.
Dielectric Constant of Water Confined in a Nanocavity

The dielectric constant of water confined in a nanodimensional spherical cavity is calculated by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations are carried out by using two different water models: soft sticky dipole and simple point charge/extended. Three different sizes of the confining cavity are considered for each water model. For both the models, the dielectric constant of water in the cavity is found to be significantly smaller than that of bulk water. A nearly 50% decrease of the dielectric constant is observed when water is confined in a cavity of about 12 A in diameter. In the present models, there is no electrostatic interaction between water and the cavity surface, and thus, the reduction of the dielectric constant observed in this study is purely a result of confinement.
Some Thiophene Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for Carbon Steel in Hydrochloric Acid

Corrosion inhibitive performance of some thiophene derivatives during the acidic corrosion of carbon steel surface in 1 M HCl was investigated by chemical technique (weight loss) and electrochemical techniques (potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical frequency modulation, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). The effect of temperature on the corrosion rate was investigated by the weight loss method, and some thermodynamic parameters for corrosion and adsorption processes were determined and discussed. The results show that the inhibition efficiency increased with the increase in inhibitor concentration and temperature. The adsorption of thiophene derivatives on the carbon steel surface obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The obtained results indicated that the investigated compounds are chemically adsorbed on the steel surface. Potentiodynamic polarization studies showed that these compounds are mixed-type inhibitors and the results obtained from the techniques are in good agreement.
Some stereochemical criteria concerning the structural stability of A2BX4 compounds of type β-K2SO4

Abstract In A2BX4 structures which are isostructural to β-K2SO4 (with A being a monoatomic cation) there are two crystallographically independent cations surrounded by 11 and 9 X-atoms. The 11-coordinated cation is less firmly bound and the arrangement of its five closest neighbours is irregular. One of these contacts is approximately parallel to the pseudohexagonal axis of the structure and is often shorter than the sum of the corresponding ionic radii. A survey of available structural data indicates that the low-temperature structural instability of a good number of these compounds is related to the coordination of this 11-coordinated cation and especially to the bonding strength of this short bond, which is often the shortest cation-anion contact in the structure. Typically, the relative contribution of this contact to the bond-valence sum of the 11-coordinated cation is larger in the compounds which undergo phase transitions at lower temperatures. The presence of this short contact is correlated with .
GENOTYPE BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION FOR SOYMILK AND TOFU QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS

Understanding the genetic and environmental influences responsible for variation in end-use quality of soymilk and tofu will help soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.J breeders develop cultivars for use in high-quality products. This study was conducted to examine the relative contribution of genotype, environment, and their interaction to soymilk and tofu quality. Twelve genotypes were evaluated at two locations for 2 years, and a second group of 60 genotypes was tested at three locations for a single year. Genotype was the primary source of variation for most quality characteristics measured in soymilk and tofu. The relatively important genotype by environment interactions for tofu firmness and gumminess suggested the need for extensive testing to evaluate for these traits. A large genotype by environment interaction for chewiness prevented selection for this trait. These results indicate that breeders should consider genotype by environment interaction when developing soybean cultivars for soymilk and tofu. Cette etude evalue la contribution du genotype, de l'environnement et de leur interaction sur la qualite du lait de soja et du tofu. Le genotype est la principale source de variation dans les caracteristiques de qualite des produits. L'effet des interactions entre genotype et environnement sur la texture (durete, elasticite) du tofu montre que le developpement des cultivars de soja doit prendre en compte ces relations.
Complete unfolding of fibronectin reveals surface interactions

Surface interactions between proteins and biomaterials are fundamental to biological processes and a means to measure these interactions with minimum perturbation to the system of interest has remained elusive. In this paper we address this problem by analysing the total unfolding force of a surface adsorbed protein, in this case fibronectin. By summing all unfolding events, domains that may be interacting with the surface are considered. We propose a protocol for comparing like with like in terms of protein behaviour based on the number of events in the sawtooth pattern. Using this method it is possible to distinguish surface behaviour between several biologically relevant surfaces including hydroxyapatite, collagen and lipids. Moreover the difference in total unfolding confirms the difference in protein interaction/conformation on the various surfaces.
Structure and vibrations of dihydroxybenzene cations and ionization potentials of dihydroxybenzenes studied by mass analyzed threshold ionization and infrared photoinduced Rydberg ionization spectroscopy as well as ab initio theory

In this paper structures of resorcinol (1,3-dihydroxybenzene) and hydroquinone (1,4-dihydroxybenzene) cations are presented. The adiabatic ionization potentials of the dihydroxybenzenes and the vibrations of the ionic ground state of the dihydroxybenzene cations are experimentally obtained by mass analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) and infrared photoinduced Rydberg ionization (IR-PIRI) spectroscopy. In contrast to the catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) cation, two isomers of different symmetry can be obtained for resorcinol and hydroquinone cations. The MATI and IR-PIRI spectra of the isomers of resorcinol will be interpreted by comparing the experimental results with the results of density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio calculations performed at the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) level of theory. Furthermore, the adiabatic ionization potentials as well as the excitation energies (for the S1←S0 transition of neutral dihydroxybenzenes) are derived from CASSCF calculations for th.
Water States in Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry

The water states in perfluorosulfonic acid membranes (Nafion®) were evaluated using low temperature differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) on both vapor and liquid penetrants. At low sorption levels, water sorbed in Nafion existed in the nonfreezable bound state until a critical value was reached. The critical, nonfreezable water content corresponded to 4.8 water molecules per sulfonate group. Beyond that critical value, additional sorbed water was partitioned between freezable and nonfreezable bound states. The freezable water was in intermediate or freezable bound water state with subzero fussion temperatures. The observed water fusion enthalpy for every additional gram of sorbed water was less than that of pure water. The partition coefficient (K) between the nonfreezable bound state and the freezable state water was estimated as 0.755. The critical nonfreezable water content (W c ) and the partition coefficient for vapor permeate in Nafion were similar to those of liquid water penetrant. These findings allow one to estimate the bound and freezable water distribution in Nafion. The K value, in conjunction with the critical water content (W c ), can be used as a quantitative indicator to characterize water states in ionomers. This model may serve as the basis to account for water transport, ionic conductivity, and proton transfer changes in various solid electrolyte membranes.
Mechanisms of Terpene Release During Sawdust and Flake Drying

Summary The water and α-pinene released during sawdust and flake drying were simultaneously measured. For sawdust, the drying profiles for water and pinene are very different at oven temperatures of 105 °C, but are similar at 200 °C. There is an initial burst of pinene very early in the process, which is mainly attributed to the loss of pinene dissolved in surface water. Later, the pinene and water are released in a nearconstant ratio, which is ascribed to water mobilizing pinene from the interior of the wood matrix to the wet line. The surfactants present in wood are believed to solubilize pinene into water. Finally, pinene is lost through evaporation when the wood is almost dry. Hence, at least three mechanisms are operative for the movement and release of α-pinene and other terpenes from wood.
On Polarization in Liquid Dielectrics

A theory of polarization originally developed for crystals is extended in such a way as to be applicable to dc measurements in liquid dielectrics. In Sec. II the general time dependent solution of the relevant differential equation is obtained by the method of eigenvalues. It leads to expressions for the ``charging current'' in Eq. (22) and the ``discharge current'' in Eq. (29), which are characteristic of liquids. In Sec. III the measurements and their results are described. They refer to solutions in hexane, and to pure hexane rendered conductive by radium radiation. Attempts to obtain photoconductivity were futile. In Sec. IV it is shown that the observations can be correlated by the theory of Sec. II provided the presence of two species of ions of different mobilities is assumed. A few cases of quantitative analysis are carried out. They lead to the determination of the mobility of the slower ions, and of the thickness of the polarization layers. In Sec. V some aspects of polarization in crystals are discussed in the light of the more recent development.
X-Ray Photoelectron and X-Ray Excited Auger Electron Spectroscopic Analysis of Surface Modifications of Chromia during Heterogeneous Catalyzed Chlorine/Fluorine Exchange

Abstract When chromia is employed as a catalyst for heterogeneous chlorine/fluorine exchange reactions drastic modifications in the solid surface regions occur due to chemical reactions with the gas phase. As a result the solid develops its full catalytic activity. Certain amounts of halides (chloride as well as fluoride) are analytically detectable but XRD does not reveal any changes due to small amounts and/or the amorphous character of the surface products. XPS and XAES have been employed to obtain further information on the phases formed during the conditioning process. Different chromium compounds (oxides and fluorides) have been investigated as reference samples. The catalytic behavior has been determined and compared with changes of the photoelectron and Auger electron spectra of the solid samples. From the results it can be stated that a catalytically active phase is formed in all cases during the conditioning process. This phase exhibits chemical and topological properties very similar to β-CrF 3 . By contrast, α-CrF 3 is completely inactive catalytically. Explanations are given on the basis of structural differences between the two CrF 3 modifications.