Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stellar Mass Loss in Elliptical Galaxies and the Fueling of Active Galactic Nuclei

The connection between some observational properties of active galactic nuclei and their host galaxies is studied using a self-consistent model of galactic evolution which reproduces the main features of elliptical galaxies. It is shown that stellar mass loss, calculated in detail from a mixture of stellar generations, can explain the bolometric luminosities and active nucleus-to-host galaxy luminosity ratios of local quasars residing in ellipticals (i.e., the radio-loud ones), under the hypothesis that the power supply is primarily gravitational. The time dependence of the mass-loss rate, however, seems to be too weak to explain quasar evolution as inferred from observations
Methods for Optical Shape Measurement and their Measurement Uncertainty

There is a wide spectrum of optical 3-D sensors based on only a few basic principles. We calculate the measurement uncertainty for several “paradigm” methods, by means of the Cramér-Rao lower bound. It turns out that when all other sources of noise are neglected, the shot noise becomes the ultimate limit of the measurement uncertainty and the measurement uncertainty can be traced back to a Heisenberg uncertainty product. Consequently, making one of the factors uncertain, the other factor will become more precise. The different methods vary only by the way how this “uncertainty” is generated.
Continued fractions and linear recurrences

We prove that the numerators and denominators of the convergents to a real irrational number 0 satisfy a linear recurrence with constant coefficients if and only if 0 is a quadratic irrational. The proof uses the Hadamard Quotient Theorem of A. van der Poorten. Let 0 be an irrational real number with simple continued fraction expansion [ao, a1, a2, . ]. Define the numerators and denominators of the convergents to 0 as follows: (1) P-2 = O; P-1 = I; Pn = anpn-I +Pn-2 for n > 0; (2) q-2 = 1; q-1 = O; qn = anqn-1 + qn-2 for n > O. By the classical theory of continued fractions (see, for example, [2, Chapter X]), we have Pn = [ao, al, *0, an]. In this note, we consider the question of when the sequences (Pn)n>o and (qn)n>o can satisfy a linear recurrence with constant coefficients. If, for example, 0 = v3, then 0 = [1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, . ], and it is easy to verify that qn+4 = 4qn+2 qn for all n > 0. Our main result shows that this exemplifies the situation in general. Theorem 1. Let 0 be an irrational real number. Let its simple continuedfraction expansion be 0 = [ao, al, . ], and let (Pn) and (qn) be the sequence of numerators and denominators of the convergents to 0, as defined above. Then the following four conditions are equivalent: (a) (Pn)n>O satisfies a linear recurrence with constant complex coefficients; (b) (qn)n>O satisfies a linear recurrence with constant complex coefficients; (c) (an)n>o is an ultimately periodic sequence; (d) 0 is a quadratic irrational. Received by the editor July 2, 1992 and, in revised form, October 19, 1992. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 11A55; Secondary 11B37.
Evaluation of the BICGSTAB(l) algorithm for the finite-element/boundary-integral method

We discuss the application of non-stationary Krylov-subspace-based iterative solvers to linear systems resulting from the application of the finite-element/boundary-integral method. A fairly new conjugate-gradient-based solver, BICGSTAB(l) is further described. The performance of several solvers is tested on a linearly tapered slot antenna (LTSA). Results showing the convergence characteristics and memory requirements are also given.
Photometric and spectroscopic analysis of high Galactic latitude molecular clouds. I - Distances and extinctions of stars toward 25 selected regions

New photoelectric photometry in the UBV, uvby, and Hβ systems is presented for 320 stars at high Galactic latitudes, selected for their proximity to the densest portions of a variety of high Galactic latitude atomic and molecular clouds. Low-resolution digital spectra are used to classify 115 of the stars, using both stellar line strengths and statistical tests against a library of standard stars of all spectral types. Several new techniques are developed for automatic digital spectral classification, and for dereddening Stromgren uvbyβ and Johnson UBV, Hβ photometry
The Solution of the Boltzmann Equation for a Shock Wave

It is pointed out that the distribution of molecular velocities in a strong shock wave in a gas is bimodal. Assuming the distribution function to consist of a sum of two maxwellian terms with temperatures and mean velocities corresponding to the subsonic and supersonic streams, it is found that the space distribution, as determined by the solution of a transport equation, is appropriate to describe a shock wave. Comparison of the solutions of two different transport equations shows that the assumed distribution changes relatively slowly with time and so is an approximate stationary solution of the Boltzmann equation for strong shocks. The shock thickness found is considerably greater than that given by previous theories. The nominal thermal conduction coefficient is negative in the after part of the shock.
Dynamics of simple string subject to unilateral constraint: A model analysis of sawari mechanism

The suwari is an instrumental mechanism of biwa and shamisen. Its physical structure involves a solid surface of very small size that the vibrating string touches dynamically, creating a peculiar timbre in the produced sound. This paper proposes a model of the sawari mechanism, which is a unilateral constraint on the displacement of a string, that is, a mechanism that is essentially nonlinear and time-dependent because of contact/separation phenomenon. Here, the key point of the model is the repelling force caused by the lateral elastic deformation of the string. The study is focused on the dynamic effect under an idealized problem setting so that the string vibrates at no loss of mechanical energy without any interaction with other objects such as a resonator that terminates the string in the real instrument. A numerical method is given for the computation of this problem. The numerical results show a gradual build-up of high-frequency oscillations that eventually prevail over the entire string motion. The short-term spectrum changes in a continuous way with time, maintaining a nearly harmonic structure on the fundamental frequency of the associated sawari-free problem.
Microwave emission from plasmas in InSb with and without magnetic fields

A theory of wave propagation through semiconductors, assuming general orientations of the carrier drift velocities, the propagation vector, and the RF electric field relative to an applied steady magnetic field, is derived. This is specialized to obtain a theory of pseudolongitudinal wave interactions in electron and hole streams in InSb in a transverse and in a parallel (or zero) magnetic field. The theory explains the various features of high electric-field microwave emission and RF oscillations observed by experimenters over several years in a wide variety of material conditions and field configurations. Explained in particular are the facts that: 1) starting n- or p-type materials with initial density ≲ 1014cm-3have to be impact ionized to achieve electron or hole number densities adequate for microwave emission; 2) for impact-ionized plasmas, it takes a minimum transverse magnetic field ( B\perp ) on the order of 1.5-2.5 kG for the onset of microwave emission and the threshold current thereafter diminishes monotonically with increasing B\perp ; 3) p-type material with high enough initial density (n h ≳ 1 - 3 × 1015cm-3) is unstable with electron injecting contacts in the presence of 15-20 percent (or more) electron injection; and 4) in the absence of B\perp , a longitudinal magnetic field is necessary mainly to prevent pinching of the plasma at the high current densities needed for microwave emission, etc. RF oscillations observed in n- and p-type InSb with or without B\perp are also explained. The dependence of the oscillation frequency on the magnitude of B\perp shows a remarkable correlation with experimental observations.
Local hydroxyl adsorption geometry on TiO2(110)

The local structure of the hydroxyl species on the rutile TiO2(110) surface has been determined both experimentally and computationally. The experimental study exploited chemical state–specific O 1s scannedenergy mode photoelectron diffraction from a surface exposed to atomic hydrogen, while density functional theory calculations were used to provide complementary information. As expected on the basis of previous studies, the bridging O atoms of the clean surface are hydroxylated, but this causes surprisingly small changes in the surrounding surface relaxation. Experiment and theory are in good agreement regarding the magnitude of these atomic movements. Specifically, the Ti-OOH surface bond is significantly longer (by 0.10–0.15 u A) than that of Ti-Obridging bonds on the clean surface.
On the approximate controllability of Stackelberg-Nash strategies for Stokes equations

Abstract. We study a Stackelberg strategy subject to the evolutionary Stokes equations, considering a Nash multi-objective equilibrium (not necessarily cooperative) for the “follower players” (as they are called in the economy field) and an optimal problem for the leader player with approximate controllability objective. We will obtain the following three main results: the existence and uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium and its characterization, the approximate controllability of the Stokes system with respect to the leader control and the associate Nash equilibrium, and the existence and uniqueness of the Stackelberg-Nash problem and its characterization.
Hot electron x-ray diagnostics

A new method for the determination of hot electrons in high-temperature plasmas is proposed. The presence of hot electrons leads not only to a balance shift of the ion abundance but also to a qualitative distortion. In experiments the distortion is observable through the emission of H-like and the series satellites of Li- to F-like ions. The wide range of application is demonstrated and holds even for optically thick plasmas. Transient numerical calculations are carried out for typical parameters of fusion plasmas.
Brain correlates of speech perception in schizophrenia patients with and without auditory hallucinations

The experience of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH, “hearing voices”) in schizophrenia has been found to be associated with reduced auditory cortex activation during perception of real auditory stimuli like tones and speech. We re-examined this finding using 46 patients with schizophrenia (23 with frequent AVH and 23 hallucination-free), who underwent fMRI scanning while they heard words, sentences and reversed speech. Twenty-five matched healthy controls were also examined. Perception of words, sentences and reversed speech all elicited activation of the bilateral superior temporal cortex, the inferior and lateral prefrontal cortex, the inferior parietal cortex and the supplementary motor area in the patients and the healthy controls. During the sentence and reversed speech conditions, the schizophrenia patients as a group showed reduced activation in the left primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus) relative to the healthy controls. No differences were found between the patients with and without hallucinations in any condition. This study therefore fails to support previous findings that experience of AVH attenuates speech-perception-related brain activations in the auditory cortex. At the same time, it suggests that schizophrenia patients, regardless of presence of AVH, show reduced activation in the primary auditory cortex during speech perception, a finding which could reflect an early information processing deficit in the disorder.
The co-existence of spiral structure and abundance gradients

Steep abundance gradients in gas-rich disc galaxies seem to require the presence of unbarred spiral structure. Abundance gradients disappear at the same absolute magnitude that spiral structure ceases, and are considerably shallower in spirals showing a strong bar. This suggests a definite link between the existence of unbarred spiral structure and the origin of abundance gradients
Two‐Carrier Space‐Charge‐Limited Current in a Trap‐Free Insulator

The space‐charge‐limited electrical behavior of a trap‐free insulator containing both mobile electrons and holes is investigated under the approximation of neglecting diffusion current. When both contacts are ohmic, the dependence of two‐carrier space‐charge‐limited current on voltage and interelectrode spacing remains the same as in the one‐carrier case; i.e., the current varies as the square of the voltage and as the inverse cube of the spacing. For given voltage and spacing, however, the two‐carrier current is usually orders of magnitude larger than the one‐carrier current. This is in striking contrast to the case of space‐charge‐limited flow of electrons and positive ions in a vacuum. The two‐carrier current in an insulator can be reduced to the size of the one‐carrier current either by making one contact highly blocking or by reducing the mobility of one of the carriers to zero. While the first approach yields in detail the well‐known one‐carrier case, the second approach differs from the one‐carrier.
Employee accountability in Indonesia: The role of formalization, managerial monitoring behavior and perceived competence

Accountability is an imperative element of organizations that Human Resource Management establishes as a behavior guideline. It encourages employees to be responsible for decisions and actions they took. Employing Social Cognitive theory, this study aims to investigate the mechanism of how formalization influences employee accountability. We hypothesize that this relationship is mediated by managerial monitoring behavior and perceived competence. Data was collected from 331 employees of a government agency in Indonesia. Structural equation modelling analysis reveals that (1) formalization directly and indirectly influences employee accountability, and its direct effect is higher than its indirect effect, suggesting the importance of formalization system in Human Resource Management; (2) the contribution of perceived competence as a mediator between formalization and employee accountability is higher than the contribution of managerial monitoring behavior, suggesting the importance of micro-foundations of Human Resource research; (3) the relationship between formalization and employee accountability was serially mediated by managerial monitoring behavior, which was preceded by managerial monitoring behavior for task performance and continued by managerial monitoring behavior for interpersonal facilitation This study contributes to international Human Resource Management literature by explaining the mechanism by which formalization affect accountability.
Solar wind conditions in the outer heliosphere and the distance to the termination shock

The Plasma Science experiment on the Voyager 2 spacecraft has measured to date the properties of solar wind protons from 1 to 40.4 AU. We use these observations to discuss the probable location and motion of the termination shock of the solar wind. A least squares fit of proton ram pressure to heliocentric distance R over this distance yields a ram pressure equal to (1.67 × 10−8 dynes cm−2) R−2.00 ± 0.02, where R is measured in astronomical units. Assuming that the interstellar pressure is due to a 5 µG magnetic field draped over the upstream face of the heliopause, this radial variation of ram pressure implies that the termination shock will be located at an average distance near 89 AU. This distance scales inversely as the assumed field strength, i.e., for a 7 µG field, the termination shock will be located on average at 64 AU. In addition to the global falloff with distance, there are large variations in ram pressure on relatively short time scales (tens of days), due primarily to large variations in solar wind density at a given radius. Such rapid changes in the solar wind ram pressure can cause large perturbations in the location of the termination shock. Using a simple kinematic model, we study the nonequilibrium location of the termination shock as it responds to these ram pressure changes. The results of this study suggest that the position of the termination shock can vary by as much as 10 AU in a single year, depending on the nature of variations in the ram pressure, and that multiple crossings of the termination shock by a given outer heliosphere spacecraft are likely. After the first crossing, such models of shock motion will be useful for predicting the timing of subsequent crossings.
Classification of bacterial plasmid and chromosome derived sequences using machine learning

Plasmids are important genetic elements that facilitate horizonal gene transfer between bacteria and contribute to the spread of virulence and antimicrobial resistance. Most bacterial genome sequences in the public archives exist in draft form with many contigs, making it difficult to determine if a contig is of chromosomal or plasmid origin. Using a training set of contigs comprising 10,584 chromosomes and 10,654 plasmids from the PATRIC database, we evaluated several machine learning models including random forest, logistic regression, XGBoost, and a neural network for their ability to classify chromosomal and plasmid sequences using nucleotide k-mers as features. Based on the methods tested, a neural network model that used nucleotide 6-mers as features that was trained on randomly selected chromosomal and plasmid subsequences 5kb in length achieved the best performance, outperforming existing out-of-the-box methods, with an average accuracy of 89.38% ± 2.16% over a 10-fold cross validation. The model accuracy can be improved to 92.08% by using a voting strategy when classifying holdout sequences. In both plasmids and chromosomes, subsequences encoding functions involved in horizontal gene transfer—including hypothetical proteins, transporters, phage, mobile elements, and CRISPR elements—were most likely to be misclassified by the model. This study provides a straightforward approach for identifying plasmid-encoding sequences in short read assemblies without the need for sequence alignment-based tools.
Long-term changes in the rotation of the Earth : 700 B.C. to A.D. 1980

Occultations of stars by the Moon, and solar and lunar eclipses are analysed for variations in the Earth’s rotation over the past 2700 years. Although tidal braking provides the dominant, long-term torque, it is found that the rate of rotation does not decrease uniformly as would be expected if tidal friction were the only mechanism affecting the Earth’s rotation. There are also non-tidal changes present that vary on timescales ranging from decades to millennia. The magnitudinal and temporal behaviour of these non-tidal variations are evaluated in this paper.
Plasma sphingolipid abnormalities in neurodegenerative diseases

Background In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that several lipid metabolism abnormalities play an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. However, it is still unclear which lipid metabolism abnormalities play the most important role in neurodegenerative diseases. Plasma lipid metabolomics (lipidomics) has been shown to be an unbiased method that can be used to explore lipid metabolism abnormalities in neurodegenerative diseases. Plasma lipidomics in neurodegenerative diseases has been performed only in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (IPD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and comprehensive studies are needed to clarify the pathogenesis. Methods In this study, we investigated plasma lipids using lipidomics in individuals with neurodegenerative diseases and healthy controls (CNs). Plasma lipidomics was evaluated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) in those with IPD, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), multiple system atrophy (MSA), AD, and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and CNs. Results The results showed that (1) plasma sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) was significantly lower in all neurodegenerative disease groups (IPD, DLB, MSA, AD, and PSP) than in the CN group. (2) Plasma monohexylceramide (MonCer) and lactosylceramide (LacCer) were significantly higher in all neurodegenerative disease groups (IPD, DLB, MSA, AD, and PSP) than in the CN group. (3) Plasma MonCer levels were significantly positively correlated with plasma LacCer levels in all enrolled groups. Conclusion S1P, Glucosylceramide (GlcCer), the main component of MonCer, and LacCer are sphingolipids that are biosynthesized from ceramide. Recent studies have suggested that elevated GlcCer and decreased S1P levels in neurons are related to neuronal cell death and that elevated LacCer levels induce neurodegeneration by neuroinflammation. In the present study, we found decreased plasma S1P levels and elevated plasma MonCer and LacCer levels in those with neurodegenerative diseases, which is a new finding indicating the importance of abnormal sphingolipid metabolism in neurodegeneration.
Trust and distrust in interorganisational relations—Scale development

Trust and distrust are considered as crucial elements in the management of hybrid interorganisational relationships with a view to helping to deal with their uncertainty and unpredictability. In this regard this paper seeks to conceptualize and clarify the interorganisational element of organizational trust and distrust and develop scales on which to measure it. The dimensions of the constructs have been tested on a sample of 400 respondents owners or top management on a representative sample by employment size. The research also attempts to identify the relationship between trust and distrust in inter-organisational relations. As a result of the research approach adopted, a one-dimensional scale for examining inter-organisational trust has been developed, as well as a two-dimensional scale for examining distrust in inter-organisational relations. The measurement scales developed and their validation conducted in this study represent a step forward towards the effective and reliable measurement of interorganisational trust and distrust. This is one of the few attempts at empirical verification of these constructs and the relationship between them, providing a comprehensive, operationally valid measure of interorganisational trust and distrust.
Generation of partials due to nonlinear mixing in a stringed instrument

Nonlinear mixing appears to account for the production of “phantom partials” in piano tones. “Phantom partials” are those that appear at frequencies exactly harmonic to normal inharmonic string partials, and at frequencies equal to the sums of the frequencies of normal inharmonic partials. Nonlinear mixing can occur because tension varies during transverse vibration. This produces longitudinal string forces of phantom-partial frequency that appear at the soundboard bridge and are coupled to the soundboard. “Phantom partials” were found in piano tones, in the motion of a piano bridge, in the longitudinal vibrations of a monochord string, in the acoustical output of a soundboard coupled to a monochord string, and in the acoustical output of a guitar. Any plucked-string or struck-string instrument having appreciable acoustical response to longitudinal string forces could be expected to produce phantom partials. The relation in frequency between phantom partials and normal partials, which varies with inharmon.