Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physico-chemical, nutritional and functional properties of defatted marama bean flour

Physico-chemical, nutritional and functional properties of defatted marama bean flours by Gaamangwe Nehemiah Maruatona Supervisor: Prof. A. Minnaar Co-supervisor: Dr. K.G. Duodu Marama bean (Tylosema esculentum (Burch) A. Schreib) is an underutilised, droughttolerant legume native to the drier parts of Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. The bean is comparable to soya beans in protein content and quality whereas its oil content is comparable to that of peanuts. By adding value to the marama bean through processing into protein-rich flours, its utilisation may be increased. Therefore, one of the objectives of this study was to adopt suitable low-cost processing technologies used for soya processing to produce protein-rich marama bean flours. The effect of dry heating of whole marama beans on lipoxygenase enzymes of its defatted flour was determined since oxidative rancidity catalysed mainly by lipoxygenase enzymes can reduce the shelf-life of the flour. The presence of trypsin inhibitors can affect the protein digestibility of the marama bean flour adversely. The effect of dry heating of whole marama beans on invitro protein digestibility and amino acid content of its defatted flour was determined. Lastly, the effect of dry heating of whole marama beans on the protein-related functional properties of the resultant defatted flour was determined. The presence of lipoxygenase iso-enzymes (L-1 and L-2) activity in marama beans was determined by a visual and spectrophotometeric method using unheated soya beans as reference. Lipoxygenase iso-enzymes (L-1 and L-2) activity was not detected in marama beans. This may possibly suggest that these lipoxygenase iso-enzymes are absent or possibly inhibited in marama beans. In an attempt to optimise dry heating to inactivate trypsin inhibitors in marama beans, whole marama beans were dry heated at 100 C, 120 C and 150 C, respectively for 20 min. Defatted flours prepared from the heated marama beans (HMF’s) were analysed for their trypsin inhibitor activity using defatted flours from unheated marama beans (UMF) and soya beans (USF) as control and
NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGY OF DUIKERS: A SYNTHESIS

Duikers (Cephalophus and Sylvicapra spp) form a guild of small antelope inhabiting the forests of sub-Saharan Africa. Local duiker communities are diverse, with 17 species ranging 10-fold in body mass (3 – 80 kg.) Duikers can be adversely affected by forest management and hunting, thus 15 species are listed in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature red list of threatened animals. 15, 18 Duikers are known for their largely fruit diets, and are classified as concentrate selectors according to ruminant feeding strategy scheme of Hofmann. 8, . Because small ruminants (< 15 kg) have a high ratio of metabolic rate to fermentation capacity, they are expected to select and require low-fiber, nutrient dense concentrate diets.
Control of Multiple Magnetic Domain Walls by Current in a Co/Ni Nano-Wire

All-electrical control and local detection of multiple magnetic domain walls in perpendicularly magnetized Co/Ni nano-wires were demonstrated. A series of domain walls was reproducibly shifted in the same direction by the current, keeping the distance between the walls almost the same. Furthermore, the walls can be shifted back and forth depending on the direction of the pulsed currents.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ROBERTSON‐BERGER ULTRAVIOLET METER AND MEASUREMENTS: INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS

Concerns over changes in the abundance of ozone in the earth’s atmosphere arise from the negative biological effects of ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation. While the concept that declining ozone amounts imply an increasing UV irradiance at the earth’s surface appears straightforward, there is a growing awareness that changes in UV radiation may result from any of several factors which determine the absorbing and scattering properties of the atmosphere. It is not necessarily true that an observed change in surface UV irradiance at constant solar elevation implies a change in column ozone of the opposite sign. The UV irradiance reaching the earth’s surface at any location varies with the elevation of the sun above the horizon, the column ozone amount and its vertical distribution, gaseous and particulate air pollutant abundances, atmospheric aerosol loading and cloudiness. Systematic increases or decreases in any of these quantities would lead to a trend in UV irradiance at the ground. One can easily imagine opposing trends in the optical properties of the atmosphere which result in little or no net response in UV radiation levels. A prime example would be a decline in stratospheric ozone being offset in part by an increase in ozone amounts near the ground. Despite the complexity of radiative transfer in a realistic atmosphere, the belief that a decline in column ozone will be accompanied by an increase in biologically damaging UV irradiance is reasonable. Given this, the results reported by Scotto et al. (1988) caused considerable controversy. These authors performed a statistical analysis of measurements obtained over the period 1974-1985 by eight Robertson-Berger (R-B) sunburn ultraviolet meters (Berger, 1976) located at various sites in the continental United States. The annually averaged data set from each locale contained a negative trend, although three of these were not significant at the 5% level of confidence. The statistically significant trends vary from -0.5 to -1.0% of the annual mean
Computer simulation of diffusion‐controlled reactions in dispersions of spherical sinks

The diffusion‐controlled reaction rate of dispersions of overlapping (fully penetrable) and nonoverlapping static sinks are determined through computer simulations. The diffusive or random‐walk motions of the solutes are simulated in continuum space based on the first passage time probability distribution. This method yields accurate results for the reduced diffusion‐controlled reaction rate k/ks where ks represents the dilute concentration Smoluchowski limit. Values of k/ks over a wide range of sink concentrations are obtained. These ‘‘exact’’ data are compared with a number of approximate theories. The merits and the regimes of validity of these theories are determined.
DETERMINANTS OF USER SATISFACTION IN HOUSING AND EN VIRONMENTAL QUALITY: SAMPLE OF ISTANBUL METROPOLITAN AREA

This study aims to assess the factors that improve h using and environmental quality satisfaction. To this aim, the study has mainly focused on the following three objectives: a) the concepts of housing and it s environment, and the subject of housing and environ mental quality satisfaction have been investigated, b) the conceptual model of housing and environmental q u ity satisfaction has been developed, which takes up the subject of user satisfaction in housing and env iro mental quality as a whole, c) the factors incre asing level of satisfaction in housing and environmental quality have been specified. Totally, 400 questionn aire inquiries have been made in planned mass housing ar eas in Istanbul Metropolitan Area. Factor analysis has been applied to the data collected in these inquiri es. As a result of the analysis, in order to increa se the level of user satisfaction in housing and environmental q uality, the following factors have been determined according to their level of importance: Under the s ubject of convenient accessibility, centrality and accessibility to educational institutions, to open areas, to health institutions, and to public transp ortation have constituted the first level of factors. The se cond subject of environmental quality variables inc ludes satisfaction in recreational areas, in centrality, in the social structure – physical features of the settlement – satisfaction in transportation and accessibility, a nd satisfaction in social facilities. The third sub ject of environmental security is composed of structural an d e vironmental security of the housing as well as ife and property security. Under the subject of neighbo r relationships, social homogeneity and distanced neighbor relationships constitute the fourth level of factors. The last subject of appearance of housi ng environment and economic value consists of the comp atibility between the physical appearance of the housing area and user status.
Study of the Mechanisms Involved in the Adsorption of Amitriptyline from Aqueous Solution onto Activated Carbons

Two commercial activated carbons (DA and CB) differing in their porosity (one being microporous and the other mesoporous) and in their surface chemistries (one being acidic and the other basic in character) were modified by thermal and oxidizing treatment in order to change their surface properties. The changes induced by these processes were studied by means of ultimate analyses, nitrogen adsorption isotherms measured at −196 °C, mercury porosimetry, FT-IR spectroscopy and determination of their point of zero charge (PZC) values. Subsequently, the adsorption of amitriptyline onto both the pristine and treated carbons was studied at pH values of 3 and 7 and a temperature of 25 °C. The results obtained allowed the possible mechanisms governing the adsorption process to be analyzed in order to optimize the type of adsorbent needed to remove this particular drug from aqueous solution.
Trace Analysis of Mutagenic Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Cigarette Smoke Condensate and its Base Fractions via Silylation-GC-MS

Abstract Among the more than 5000 chemicals reported in cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are considered to be a contributor to observed biological activity. HAAs are non-volatile and are reported at ppb levels in CSC. A new method for HAA analysis at the trace level is reported here. N, O-Bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) containing 1% trimethylchlorosilane was employed to derivatize amino groups by heating the reagent containing a sample of CSC at 80 °C for 30 min followed by analysis employing gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) in the selected-ion-monitoring (SIM) mode. This derivatization method afforded symmetrical peak shapes on a ZB-50 stationary phase and achieved instrumental limits of quantification (LOQ) at 10:1 S/N from -1 ng/mL for AαC to120 ng/mL for Glu-P-1. The chemical identity of each derivative was confirmed by comparison of retention time and mass spectra of standards. The latter were characterized by the following ions: M·+ or [M-1]+, [M-15]+, and m/z 73 (i.e., trimethylsilyl). CSC and its base sub-fractions were studied using the GC-MS method. Ten HAAs were screened and five were quantified in cigarette smoke condensate, while 2-5 HAAs were quantified in each of three base sub-fractions. Values obtained with the new procedure agree well with values reported in the literature and with results obtained from a commercial laboratory via a different analytical method. The potential contribution of each HAA to the overall mutagenic activity observed for CSC and its base fractions is discussed. When considered together, HAAs account for only a small portion (-7.8%) of the observed mutagenicity of the CSC.
Color, Chemical and Functional Properties of Plantain Cultivars and Cooking Banana Flour as Affected by Drying Method and Maturity

Effects of drying method and maturity on color, chemical and functional properties of plantain (Agbagba and Obino L'ewai) and cooking banana flour were investigated. Generally, dried cooking bananas and plantain cultivars showed higher CIE L (60.96–84.86), lower a (0.39–9.01) and b (11.08–26.88) than fresh (undried) samples (CIE L = 62.22–70.32; a = 2.52–11.06; b = 24.5–30.02). Loose bulk density of unripe, turning and yellow ripe cooking and plantain cultivars varied from 0.459 to 0.556, 0.267 to 0.546 and 0.204 to 0.562 g/mL, while the packed bulk density varied from 0.560 to 0.668, 0.295 to 0.665 and 0.233 to 0.640 g/mL, respectively. Flour of unripe samples showed significantly higher water absorption capacity (WAC). The WAC of unripe, turning and yellow ripe cooking bananas and plantain cultivars varied from 0.98–1.69, 0.68–2.35 and 0.61–0.89 g water/g flour while oil absorption capacity ranged from 0.90 to 1.39, 1.00 to 2.41 and 1.03 to 2.65 g oil/g flour, respectively. Cyclodextrins (A and B), L(−)-glucose, D-(+) glucose, L-glyceraldehyde, α- and β-D-(+) glucose, α -D-(+) galactose, Octyl-β- D-(+) glucose were found in the flour. Practical Applications Plantains and cooking bananas are known to have high starch contents and characteristic flavors that change with acid composition during ripening. These climacteric commodities ripen rapidly, and can only be stored for a few days in the fresh form. Plantains and cooking bananas have great potentials as food, processing into shelf-stable low-moisture flour using less capital-intensive technologies reduce their postharvest losses, add value and make the commodities available all year round. Selection of the appropriate drying method and the maturity of the commodities would be necessary for the production of high-quality cooking banana and plantain flour for cottage and industrial use. Understanding of the changes during ripening and processing of these commodities is required for necessary processing actions and decisions.
MULTI-COMPONENT OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINANTS ADSORPTIVITY AND COMPATIBILITY ONTO VARIABLE CHARGE CLAY MINERAL

This work examines the adsorptivity of different combinations of lead, copper and cadmium ions onto the clay mineral kaolinite covering a wide range of concentrations of single, binary and ternary solutions. Batch adsorption equilibrium tests were used. The results of single Pb 2+ , Cu 2+ and Cd 2+ solutions were compared with those of binary Pb 2+ Cu 2+ , Pb 2+ Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ Cd 2+ and ternary Pb 2+ Cu 2+ Cd 2+ solutions. Results indicate that the adsorptivity of heavy metal ions is slightly lower in binary and ternary solutions than for single ion species in the solution. Lead shows a higher selectivity on kaolinite of the three heavy metal ions, while Cu 2+ and Cd 2+ give very similar selectivities.
Supporting Information Heterostructured Cu2O/CuO decorated with nickel as a highly efficient photocathode for photoelectrochemical water reduction

Supporting Information Heterostructured Cu2O/CuO decorated with nickel as a highly efficient photocathode for photoelectrochemical water reduction Amare Aregahegn Dubale1,†, Chun-Jern Pan1 †, Andebet Gedamu Tamirat1, Hung-Ming-Chen1, Wei-Nien Su2,*, Ching-Hsiang Chen2,*, John Rcik1, Delele Worku Ayele1, Belete Asefa Aragaw1, Jyh-Fu Lee3, Yaw-Wen Yang3and Bing-Joe Hwang1,3* 1 NanoElectrochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan. 2 NanoElectrochemistry Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan. 3 National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan. † These authors contribute equally * Corresponding authors: bjh@mail.ntust. edu.tw; wsu@mail.ntust. edu.tw; bluse@mail.ntust. edu.tw
Hypoglycemic Effect of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) in Diabetics

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a functional food and one of the ancient cultivated cereal grains in the world. Many potential benefits have been linked to intake of barley as it contains pharmaceutical properties. Barley aids in lowering blood sugar, blood pressure, cholesterol and for the promotion of weight loss. Barley contains fiber in significantly high quantity (about 15.6 g/100g). The present study is devised to investigate the effect of barley on postprandial blood glucose response in diabetics. The research study was conducted on 20 individuals with Type 2 diabetes. Subjects were divided into two groups: G0 and G1; with G0 being the control group (0g barley diet) while G1 group being the experimental group (100g barley diet). This trial was done for the course of one month. The blood glucose of each subject was checked at fasting and after the consumption of barley porridge i.e. Postprandial blood glucose level at 90 minutes. The data thus obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. Hence the human study showed that barley caused significant reduction in blood sugar level.
The crystal structure of ferrocene

Detailed X-ray analysis of crystals of ferrocene by Dunitz, Orgel & Rich confirms that the molecule has a 'sandwich' structure with approximate D5d symmetry, and Fe-C, 2.045±0.01 A; C-C, 1.403±0.02 A.
SMART HYDROCULTURE CONTROL SYSTEM BASED ON IOT AND FUZZY LOGIC

Limited agricultural land due to increasing development leads to a decline in agricultural production capacity. Therefore, a new solution for modern agriculture is needed to overcome this problem. Technology is useful for modern agriculture, such as the use of IoT for hydroponic farming systems. By using IoT with a smart controlling system, the hydroponic agriculture becomes easier. With the use of IoT in this research, nutrition, pH management, and temperature can be controlled easily. This research also uses fuzzy logic to make the decision making in the control system more eﬃcient and precise. The results of experiments with bok choy and lettuce indicate that the system automatically measures the nutritional value and pH according to the time speciﬁed. Then, the system will immediately adjust the value of nutrient content and pH within the speciﬁed range. Smart control system shows better plant growth which can be seen from the growth of the leaves’ width, length and plant’s height.
Beyond Institutions: Political Settlements Analysis and Development

Few concepts have captured the imagination of the conflict and development community in recent years as powerfully as the idea of a ‘political settlement’. At its most ambitious, ‘political settlements analysis’ (PSA) promises to explain why conflicts occur and states collapse, the conditions for their successful rehabilitation, different developmental pathways from peace, and how to better fit development policy to country context. Yet despite the meteoric rise of the term and its tremendous promise, not all is well in the world of PSA. Rival definitions of the concept abound; there are disagreements about its scope and the way it should be used; and little progress has been made on measurement. In response, this paper proceeds in three broad steps. It first reviews existing debates to propose a new and revised definition of political settlements. It then develops two key dimensions—social foundation and political configuration—of the revised concept into a typology of political settlements. In a third step the paper draws on the typology to explore some of the explanatory possibilities the revised concept generates, before the conclusion sets out a broader research agenda, providing both methodological and theoretical pointers for how political settlements analysis could be taken forward.
Reactions of simple hydrocarbons with Nb n : Chemisorption and physisorption on ionized niobium clusters

In a Fourier transform‐ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer the gas phase reactivities of niobium clusters Nb+n (n=1–28) with molecular hydrogen, water, methane, ethane, n‐propane, n‐heptane, cyclohexane, acetylene, ethylene, allene, benzene, propene, toluene, xylene, and acetonitrile were investigated under single collision conditions as well as the reactivities of oxidized niobium cluster cations with ethylene and benzene. The reactions of larger clusters with a variety of unsaturated hydrocarbons are believed to proceed via long lived ‘‘physisorbed’’ addition intermediate complexes, which subsequently rearrange to form ‘‘chemisorbed,’’ extensively dehydrogenated final products. The overall reaction seems to proceed with near collision rates, almost independent of cluster size. In some cases also the physisorbed primary products are stabilized and detected. Their yields depend sensitively on the specific nature of the reactant, and on the niobium cluster size n. Fully saturated hydrocarbons unable .
High-pressure phase transitions in FeCr2O4 and structure analysis of new post-spinel FeCr2O4 and Fe2Cr2O5 phases with meteoritical and petrological implications

Abstract We determined phase relations in FeCr2O4 at 12-28 GPa and 800-1600 °C using a multi-anvil apparatus. At 12-16 GPa, FeCr2O4 spinel (chromite) first dissociates into two phases: a new Fe2Cr2O5 phase + Cr2O3 with the corundum structure. At 17-18 GPa, the two phases combine into CaFe2O4- type and CaTi2O4-type FeCr2O4 below and above 1300 °C, respectively. Structure refinements using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data confirmed the CaTi2O4-structured FeCr2O4 (Cmcm), and indicated that the Fe2Cr2O5 phase is isostructural to a modified ludwigite-type Mg2Al2O5 (Pbam). In situ high-pressure high-temperature X-ray diffraction experiments showed that CaFe2O4-type FeCr2O4 is unquenchable and is converted into another FeCr2O4 phase on decompression. Structural analysis based on synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data with transmission electron microscopic observation clarified that the recovered FeCr2O4 phase has a new structure related to CaFe2O4-type. The high-pressure phase relations in FeCr2O4 reveal that natural FeCr2O4-rich phases of CaFe2O4- and CaTi2O4-type structures found in the shocked Suizhou meteorite were formed above about 18 GPa at temperature below and above 1300 °C, respectively. The phase relations also suggest that the natural chromitites in the Luobusa ophiolite previously interpreted as formed in the deep-mantle were formed at pressure below 12-16 GPa.
SEEING THE USE OF FIRST LANGUAGE THROUGH THE EYES OF TEACHER AND STUDENTS

The use of first language in EFL classroom has long been the subject of much controversy and academic debate in both Second Language Acquisition research literature and educational teaching concerns. Teachers and students have their own reasons and justifications about the use of L1 in the classroom. To that point, this study tries to figure out the reasons of using L1 in EFL classroom from the viewpoint of a teacher and class of students of the study. To gain more insight, this study also captures the students’ perspective of their teacher’s L1 use. The collected data from observation, interview and questionnaire were analyzed using thematic analysis in relation to the concerns of this study. The findings demonstrate the variations of the reasons of using L1 from the two sides perspective and the attitude toward the teachers use of L1 from student viewpoint which both of them could inform the teachers, educators and other researchers about what and how should be conducted next.
A Simple Method for Enumerating Gasoline- and Diesel-Degrading Microorganisms

A miniaturized most-probable-number method was designed to enumerate specific fuel-degrading populations of microorganisms. The protocol for this method is described for the estimation of populations of total het-erotrophs as well as gasoline- and diesel-degrading microorganisms. We have found the method to be useful for assessing the numbers of specific microbial populations in arctic and subarctic groundwater and soils contaminated by various refined fuel products. The assay is easy to perform and provides one inexpensive indicator of the microbial potential for degradation of contaminants at polluted sites.
SOC Removal in a Membrane Softening Process

This article describes the results obtained during a nine-month project at the University of Central Florida in Orlando to investigate the rejection of the SOCs ethylene dibromide, dibromochloropropane, chlordane, heptachlor, methoxychlor, and alachlor using a nanofiltration membrane operated at low pressure (50-200 psi)