Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modification of Turbulence at the Air-Sea Interface Due to the Presence of Surfactants and Implications for Gas Exchange. Part II: Numerical Simulations

We conducted high-resolution non-hydrostatic numerical simulations to study the effect of surfactants on near-surface turbulence. Laboratory experiments at the UM RSMAS ASIST facility presented in a companion paper report a reduction of turbulence below the air-sea interface and an increase of the surface drift velocity in the presence of surfactants. We implement the effect of surfactants as a rheological, viscoelastic boundary condition at the surface. Our numerical experiments are consistent with the results of the laboratory experiments. We also simulated the effect of surfactants on the temperature difference across the thermal molecular sublayer (cool skin) and on gas transfer velocity. The numerical simulations demonstrate an increase in the temperature difference across the cool skin and reduction of the gas transfer velocity in the presence of surfactant. The results also reveal the effect of surfactants on the different types of molecular sublayers (viscous, thermal and diffusion), which is important for the development of proper parameterization of the interfacial component of air-sea gas exchange under low and moderate wind speed conditions.
An experimental demonstration of diamond formation in the dolomite-carbon and dolomite-fluid-carbon systems

The results of a study of diamond crystallisation in dry and fluid-rich dolomite-carbon systems are presented. For the dry system an induction period preceding spontaneous diamond nucleation was found of about 4 h at 7 GPa, 1700 °C. No diamonds were observed after 42 h of reaction at 5.7 GPa, 1420 °C. Adding H 2 O and H 2 O-CO 2 fluids to the dolomite-carbon system resulted in spontaneous diamond nucleation at 1420 °C, and growth of diamond on seed crystals at 1300–1420 °C. In the presence of H 2 O or H 2 O-CO 2 fluids, dolomite decomposes to dolomite solid solution + brucite + aragonite. Results of the experiments indicate that dolomitic melts in the mantle, enriched in H 2 O and CO 2 , promote the formation of natural diamond.
Vegetation controls on the formation of gold anomalies in calcreteand other materials at the Barns Gold Prospect, Eyre Peninsula,South Australia

A biogeochemical study was undertaken at Barns Gold Prospect, a Au-in-calcrete discovery in the Northern Eyre Peninsula (South Australia). The prospect is located in highly weathered Proterozoic rocks and is overlain by at least 1 m of aeolian quartz sand that thickens to 8 m as a longitudinal sand dune over part of the mineralization. The dune is well-vegetated, with Melaleuca shrubs and Eucalyptus trees up to 5 m high. Over mineralization anomalous Au concentrations occur in plant organs, litter, soils and sand. The highest Au concentrations (9 ppb) occur in calcareous rhizomorphs high up within the dune. Luminescence dating shows that the dune took no longer than 27 000 years to form and mass balance calculations indicate that the Au anomaly in the dune has formed in less than 10 000 years. Mechanisms for the Au accumulation in the sand are postulated and it appears that a biological process, principally involving vegetation, is the most viable. A 200-m sample spacing of vegetation appears to be adequate for exploration of this type of deposit. Below the sand, calcrete provides a robust sampling medium. At present, due to limited knowledge of exploration methods in this type of environment, the mineral explorer must either expend significant financial resources augering through areas of sand cover to collect buried calcrete samples, or have lower confidence that vegetation and surface soil samples will detect mineralization.
Effects of organic ligands on granite dissolution in batch experiments at pH 6

Yosemite granite from the Tuolumne River series was dissolved under oxic and anoxic conditions in the presence (0.001 or 0.01 M) and absence of organic ligands in batch experiments at pH 6. Release of all elements was enhanced considerably in the presence of organic ligands. Citrate (tridentate) and gallate (tetradentate) increased element release to the greatest extent among the aliphatic and aromatic ligands, respectively. The extent of element mobilization observed for the aliphatic ligands decreased in the order citrate > oxalate ≈ malonate and for the aromatic ligands gallate > salicylate ≈ phthalate. The effects of the ligands generally followed trends in cation-ligand stability constants, but aromatic ligands were less effective in element mobilization than aliphatic ligands. This was attributed to protonation of the functional groups of aromatic ligands at pH 6. Rock dissolution was non-stoichiometric regardless of the presence or absence of organic ligands. Release of P and Cu (% of total element content in the unweathered rock) in the presence of organic ligands was considerably greater than that of other elements. Findings of the present study were compared to the findings of our previous study on dissolution of basalt. Differences in the mobility patterns of Y, Fe, Cu, Ti, and Zr during dissolution of granite and basalt were observed. In basalt, release of Y was enhanced considerably in the presence of citrate. In contrast, in the present study, release of Y from granite with and without citrate was at the detection limit. This difference was attributed to the difference in Y-hosting parent minerals: apatite (basalt) and sphene (granite). With and without organic ligands, no significant differences were observed in the extent of Fe released from granite under oxic versus anoxic conditions, while the extent of Fe release from basalt was considerably greater under anoxic versus oxic conditions with and without organic ligands. These differences can be attributed to the difference in major Fe-hosting phases in the rocks: biotite (granite) versus glass and augite (basalt). In the granite, concentrations of Cu released increased considerably in the presence of organic ligands under both oxic and anoxic conditions. In contrast, concentrations of Cu released from basalt were increased considerably only under oxic conditions, especially in the presence of organic ligands. This difference was attributed to the different extent of Fe release from basalt and granite that affected dissolution of Cu/Fe-sulfides. Although both Ti and Zr can be mobilized in the presence of organic ligands, in the rock where zircons hosted Zr (granite), this element was the most immobile, while in the rock where Fe/Ti oxides hosted Zr (basalt), Ti was the most immobile.
SemParser: A Semantic Parser for Log Analysis

Logs, being run-time information automatically generated by software, record system events and activities with their timestamps. Before obtaining more insights about the run-time status of the software, a fundamental step of log analysis, called log parsing, is employed to extract structured templates and parameters from the semi-structured raw log messages. However, current log parsers regard each message as a character string, ignoring the semantic information included in parameters and templates. Thus, we propose the semantic parser SemParser to unlock the critical bottleneck of mining semantics from log messages. It contains two steps, an end-to-end semantic miner and a joint parser. Specifically, the first step aims to identify explicit semantics inside a single log, and the second step is responsible for jointly inferring implicit semantics and computing structural outputs based on the contextual knowledge base. To analyze the effectiveness of our semantic parser, we first demonstrate that it can derive rich semantics from log messages collected from seven widely-applied systems with an average F1 score of 0.987. Then, we conduct two representative downstream tasks, showing that current downstream techniques improve their performance with appropriately extracted semantics by 11.7% and 8.65% in anomaly detection and failure diagnosis tasks, respectively. We believe these findings provide insights into semantically understanding log messages for the log analysis community.
The living conditions and health status of international immigrants in Chile:Comparisons among international immigrants, and between them and the Chilean-born

The Republic of Chile is a middle-income South American country. In recent decades, Chile has faced a “new immigration” pattern, described as young immigrants, coming mostly from Latin American countries to work. This thesis is the first quantitative population-based study exploring the living conditions and health status of international immigrants in Chile. Secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional population-based survey carried out in 2006 is used (the CASEN survey 2006; 268,873 participants from 73,720 households). This study encompasses a large set of Social Determinants of Health (SDH) and analyses their relationship to several health outcomes among immigrants and the Chilean-born population. Those sets of SDH are the following: demographic, socioeconomic, material living standards, access to health care and migration related determinants. A wide range of statistical methods are used throughout this thesis in order to account for the great variability found in this dataset, as well as the complexity and co-linearity involved in most of its variables. Results show 1% of the sample report as international immigrants, coming mainly from Peru (28%), Argentina (26%), Bolivia (6%) and Ecuador (5%). An additional 0.7% chose not to report their migration-status (migration status missing values) and this group is more likely to live in socioeconomic derivation than immigrants. International immigrants are a heterogeneous group, with wide variation in socioeconomic status (SES). The "healthy migrant" effect appears within the total international immigrant population: this group has a lower prevalence of all health problems compared to the Chilean-born. However, when analyzing prevalence by SES, significant differences are found. Immigrants show clear gradients of health by SES, with different patterns according to the nature of the problem considered. Immigrants with low-SES show no "healthy migrant" effect and they have similar disease prevalence to the average Chilean-born, despite being younger. The “healthy migrant” effect also disappears among those living longer than 20 years in Chile. These key findings have direct policy implications for Chile and suggest relevant future research in this topic in the Latin American region.
Activation of SIRT1 Promotes Renal Fibroblast Activation and Aggravates Renal Fibrogenesis

Although activation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has been shown to protect the kidney from acute injury, its role in renal fibrosis remains controversial since both inhibition and activation of SIRT1 have been reported to attenuate renal fibrosis. To resolve this conflict, we further examined the effect of SIRT1 activators on the activation of renal interstitial fibroblasts and development of renal fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. In a murine model of renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction, administration of SRT1720, a potent activator of SIRT1, accelerated deposition of collagen fibrils and increased expression of fibroblast activation markers ( α -smooth muscle actin, collagen I and fibronectin) in the obstructive kidney of mice. In cultured rat renal interstitial fibroblasts (NRK-49F), exposure of cells to SRT1720 or YK-3-237, another SIRT1 activator, also resulted in enhanced expression of α -smooth muscle actin and fibronectin. Mechanistic studies showed that augmentation of renal fibrogenesis by SRT1720 is associated with elevated phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor
Interpretation of the Martian polar cap spectra

Laboratory measurements of CO2-H2O frost spectral reflectance are applied to spectral observations of the Martian polar caps. There is some discrepancy between the 1.5-μ absorption feature reported for the polar cap and the spectra of either H2O or CO2 frost. Even if the original interpretation of absorption due to H2O frost is accepted, the predominantly CO2 polar cap model cannot be excluded. Similar spectra could result from the concentration of H2O expected on a CO2 cap during the late spring, the season the Martian cap spectra were taken. Thus the existing observations of the polar cap are inconclusive and do not demonstrate that the Martian polar caps are composed primarily of H2O.
Glacier fluctuations, suspended sediment flux and glacio‐lacustrine sediments

ABSTRACT. In order to perform inverse modelling of climate variability based on palaeoclimate proxy records, the complexity of intermediate steps in the chain of processes from the climate forcing to the responding proxy has to be considered. In reconstructing climate‐forced glacier fluctuations from proglacial lacustrine sediments it is important to understand how climate affects glacier dynamics. A glacier system is complex with many factors influencing sediment production, transport and deposition. Fluvial and mass movement processes in the proglacial environment may affect lake sedimentation substantially. We argue that it is easy to over‐interpret glaciolacustrine sediment variability by ignoring these complications. The sediment records may contain individual layers resulting from single precipitation or melt events, as well as persistent changes in climate‐forced glacier dynamics. We conclude that it is necessary to consider all possible influencing factors in order to derive reliable palaeoclimate data from lacustrine sediment sequences.
Enhanced dust deposition by trees recently established on degraded rangeland

Abstract Results from 2 years of dust deposition monitoring in a 10‐year‐old Pinus nigra plantation near Lake Tekapo are presented. They show that recently established plantations significantly enhance dust deposition rates. This could reverse a cycle of soil loss and enhance vertical accretion of soil, which would provide more options for future land use. However, observations indicate that even under such enhanced conditions for soil formation, it would take several thousand years to replace the soil lost to erosion since European farming practices were first introduced to the northern section of the Mackenzie Basin.
technology impacts on global

Modern organizations face many significant challenges because of turbulent environments and a competitive global economy. Among these challenges are the use of information and communication technology (ICT), a multicultural workforce, and organizational designs that involve global virtual teams. Ad hoc teams create both opportunities and challenges for organizations and many organizations are trying to understand how the virtual environment affects team effectiveness. Our exploratory study focused on the effects of cultural diversity and ICT on team effectiveness. Interviews with 41 team members from nine countries employed by a Fortune 500 corporation were analyzed. Results suggested that cultural diversity had a positive influence on decision‐making and a negative influence on communication. ICT mitigated the negative impact on intercultural communication and supported the positive impact on decision making. Effective technologies for intercultural communication included e‐mail, teleconferencing combined with e‐Meetings, and team rooms. Cultural diversity influenced selection of the communication media.
A depositional model for the terminal Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian Ara Group evaporites in south Oman

Abstract Six evaporite–carbonate sequences are recognized in the terminal Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian Ara Group in the subsurface of Oman. Individual sequences consist of a lower, evaporitic part that formed mainly during a lowstand systems tract. Overlying platform carbonates contain minor amounts of evaporites and represent transgressive and highstand systems tracts. Detailed sedimentological and geochemical investigation of the evaporites allowed reconstruction of the depositional environment, source of brines and basin evolution. At the beginning of the evaporative phase (prograding succession), a shallow‐water carbonate ramp gradually evolved into a series of shallow sulphate and halite salinas. Minor amounts of highly soluble salts locally record the last stage of basin desiccation. This gradual increase in salinity contrasts sharply with the ensuing retrograding succession in which two corrosion surfaces separate shallow‐water halite from shallow‐water sulphate, and shallow‐water sulphate from relatively deeper water carbonate respectively. These surfaces record repeated flooding of the basin, dissolution of evaporites and stepwise reduction in salinity. Final flooding led to submergence of the basin and the establishment of an open‐water carbonate ramp. Marine fossils in carbonates and bromine geochemistry of halite indicate a dominantly marine origin for the brines. The Ara Group sequences represent a time of relatively stable arid climate in a tectonically active basin. Strong subsidence allowed accommodation of evaporites with a cumulative thickness of several kilometres, while tectonic barriers simultaneously provided the required restricted conditions. Subsidence allowed evaporites to blanket basinal and platform areas. The study suggests a deep‐basin/shallow‐water model for the evaporites.
Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics

1. Introduction 2. Archaeology and the Historical Determinants of Punctuation in Language-Family Origins 3. An Indo-European Linguistic Area and its Characteristics: Ancient Anatolia. Areal Diffusion as a Challenge to the Comparative Method? 4. The Australian Linguistic Area 5. Descent and Diffusion: The Complexity of the Pilbara Situation 6. Contact-Induced Change in Oceanic Languages in North-West Melanesia 7. Areal Diffusion, Genetic Inheritance, and Problems of Subgrouping: A North Arawak Case Study 8. Linguistic Diffusion in Present-Day East Anatolia: From Top to Bottom 9. The Role of Migration and Language Contact in the Development of the Sino-Tibetan Language Family 10. On Genetic and Areal Linguistics in Mainland South-East Asia: Parallel Polyfunctionality of 'Acquire' 11. Genetic Versus Contact Relationship: Prosodic Diffusibility in South-East Asian Languages 12. Language Contact and Areal Diffusion in Sinitic Languages 13. Areal Diffusion Versus Genetic Inheritance: An African Perspective 14. Convergence and Divergence in the Development of African Lanaguages 15. What Language Features can be 'Borrowed'?
Poleward‐displaced electron precipitation from lightning‐generated oblique whistlers

New simulation results show that obliquely‐propagating lightning‐generated whistlers which fill vast volumes of the magnetosphere readily induce significant energetic electron precipitation over large regions of the ionosphere, depositing appreciable energy flux to the upper atmosphere at locations substantially poleward of the lightning source. These results provide a new interpretation for the observed spatial relationships between lightning discharges and subsequently disturbed ionospheric regions inferred from subionospheric signal perturbations (i.e. Trimpi events) reported in several lightning‐induced electron precipitation (LEP) studies.
De-Constructing Wonderland: Surfing Tourism in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to deconstruct surfing tourist space (Wonderland) in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia, and to show the distribution of wealth generated through foreign tourists accessing local resources is inequitable and unsustainable. The discovery of world-class surf in this region in the early 1990’s spawned the rapid development of a foreign-controlled surfing tourism industry. This paper seeks to establish the notion of ‘tourist space’ as a conceptual tool for analysing the rise of surfing tourism in Indonesia based on 50 years of narrative, surf exploration and idealized media representations of uncrowded surf breaks and high adventure – in short, Wonderland. In the Mentawai context, a marketing synergy between foreign surf-tour operators, the media, and surfwear manufacturers have written local populations, government, and NGOs out of the ‘Wonderland’ equation. This paper analyses the construction of surfing tourist space in Indonesia by unpacking its components to reveal foundations historically based in surfer mythology. We argue that through a comparison with best practice principles of tourism development, a re-evaluation of self and other, and empowerment of community based organizations that a re-conceptualisation of tourist space may allow new, more effective foundations to be laid in pursuit of sustainable tourism development.
Late Cenozoic, post-collisional Aegean igneous rocks: Nd, Pb and Sr isotopic constraints on petrogenetic and tectonic models

Nd isotopic composition has been determined for 16 igneous rocks, representing the wide geochemical, spatial and temporal range of post-collisional, late Cenozoic magmas in the Aegean area. Nd isotopes are used to further interpret previously published Pb and Sr isotope data. The overall pattern of late Cenozoic volcanism resulted from rapid extension, with thermal effects causing melting of hydrated, enriched, subcontinental lithosphere to produce widespread K-rich magmas. Slab break-off and intrusion of hot asthenosphere caused partial melting of rift-related continental margin basalts at the detachment point to generate adakitic magmas. Further outboard, mafic magma from enriched lithospheric mantle melted thickened lower crust to produce the granitoid plutons of the Cyclades. Nd isotopic variation in these varied rock types correlates with pre-Cenozoic palaeo-geography. Proterozoic subduction-related enrichment in Th and U, together with other large-ion lithophile elements, produced distinctive Pb isotope composition. This was later modified where Mesozoic subduction of terrigenous sediment was important, whereas subduction of oceanic carbonate sediments produced enrichment in radiogenic Sr and low Ce/Sr ratios. Late Cenozoic magmas sourced in eastern Pelagonian zone sub-continental lithospheric mantle have Nd model ages of about 1.0 Ga, and generally high 87Sr/86Sr and high 207Pb/204Pb (∼ 15.68) and 208Pb/204Pb (∼ 39.0) for low 206Pb/204Pb (∼ 18.6), but rocks to the west have more radiogenic Pb and higher Ce/Sr as a result of greater subduction of terrigenous sediment from the northern Pindos ocean. Magmas sourced from sub-continental lithosphere beneath the Apulian continental block were strongly influenced by subduction of oceanic crust and sediments north of the passive margin of north Africa. Subduction of Nile-derived terrigenous sediment in the east resulted in Nd model ages of 0.7 to 0.8 Ga and radiogenic Pb isotopes. Greater subduction of oceanic carbonate in the west resulted in magmas with higher 87Sr/86Sr and lower Ce/Sr. The strongly negative εNd for adakites in the central Aegean rules out a source from subducted oceanic basalt, and the adakite magma was probably derived from melting of hydrated Triassic sub-alkaline basalt of continental origin. Where trachytic rocks are succeeded by nepheline-normative basalts (e.g. Samos), Nd isotope data imply that early partial melting of the enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle involved hydrous amphibole and phlogopite, but once these minerals were consumed, younger magmas were produced by partial melting dominated by olivine and orthopyroxene.
The age of the Cuttie's Hillock Sandstone (Permo-Triassic) of the Elgin area

Synopsis The Cuttie's Hillock Sandstone is of non–marine origin and caps hills of Upper Old Red Sandstone. It is thus stratigraphically isolated and has to be dated by comparing its fossil reptiles with allied forms from Permo–Triassic sequences elsewhere, particularly Russia and South Africa, on the bases of presumed phylogeny and degree of specialization. Its age lies within the range late Permian to early Triassic, the evidence tending to favour the latter alternative, that is, equivalent to a position low in the Lystrosaurus Zone of South Africa.