Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IN VITRO REGENERATION OF POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L.)

The experiment was conducted during the period from January to December, 2008 at the Laboratory of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh. A two step procedure was followed for direct plant regeneration of potato. Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l -1 IBA and 30 g sugar was used for in vitro potato plants development via nodal cuttings. Leaves and internodes of in vitro grown potato variety Asterix was cultured in instant MS basal medium supplemented with 0.01 mg l -1 IAA, 0.20 mg l -1 GA3, 44.0 g l -1 CaCl 2, 20 g sucrose. Eight different concentrations of Zeatin riboside (ZR) viz., 0, 0.1, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 mg l -1 along with above supplements (step II) were tested for in vitro direct regeneration of potato. MS medium supplemented with 4-5 mg l -1 of ZR performed better in respect of shoot induction from internodal explants. All the internodes produced shoots directly from the basal and apex region within 18-21 days and from the leaves within 21-28 days in 2 - 5 mg l -1 ZR. Maximum 43.20 and 7.25 shoots were recorded from each internode and leaf explant, respectively. In vitro shoots treated with 0.5 mg l -1 of IBA produced roots profusely within 21 days. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bjpbg.v24i1. 16307
Stress induced by beta-cyfluthrin, a type-2 pyrethroid, on brain biochemistry of Albino rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Beta-Cyfluthrin is one of the most widely used type-II pyrethroid in agriculture. Toxic effects of beta-cyfluthrin are due to the presence of cyano moiety in its chemical structure. This study was designed the effect of betacyfluthrin at different doses on brain tissue, the most important vital organ in animal body and in which dose level beta-cyfluthrin shows its effects. Animal were initially divided into control and beta-cyfluthrin given groups. There were five animals in the control group and twenty five animals in beta-cyfluthrin administered group. The latter was divided into five equal subgroups: 35.48, and 5.06, 2.53, 1.68, 1.27mg/kg body weight of beta-cyfluthrin administered groups, acute (1 day) and sub-acute (7, 14, 21 and 28 days) by gavage respectively. Control group was given only water. The effect of these treatments were studied on activities of four potential biomarkers were assayed in the brain of albino rat along with neurosomatic index viz. Body weight, brain weight and brain weight body weight ratio and neurobehavioural changes. Beta-cyfluthrin treatment resulted in a significant decrease in brain acetyl-cholinesterase. Acetylcholinesterase which found to be decreased (inhibition range 53 to 18%) in albino rats after acute and sub-acute treatment (vide-supra). Further glutathione-s-transferase (GST) was also found to be decreased in brain of albino rats (inhibition range 47 to29%) after beta-cyfluthrin administration. Again brain adenosine triphosphtase (total ATPase) activity was seen to decrease in albino rats (inhibition range 36 to19%) along with succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) was also seen decreased in brain of albino rats (inhibition range 31 to 9%)) after acute and sub-acute beta-cyfluthrin intoxication. Further hypnoatremia (inhibition range 31 to 20%) along with hypokalemia (inhibition range 19 to 14%) has also been observed after acute and sub-acute intoxication of beta-cyfluthrin. Apart from AChE, which is a specific marker of pyrethroid neurotoxicity, the levels of brain GST, ATPase, SDH along with Na and K may serve as important determinants of beta-cyfluthrin induced neuronal dysfunctioning along with neurobehavioural alterations; outcomes of fluctuated brain biochemistry because clinical signs of toxicity were observed in animals which received different doses of beta-cyfluthrin after 7 th , and 14 th days of sub-acute treatment. Animals showed overt cholinergic signs which included salivation, excitability, ataxia, muscle twisting, followed by general tremors and lethargyness. The treated groups did not reveal any mortality. Exposure of animals to beta-cyfluthrin caused extensive changes in neurosomatic, neurochemical and neurobehavioural parameters. So, oral administration of beta-cyfluthrin leads to negative response on animal health.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal and dark septate fungal associations in shallot (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum) under conventional agriculture

Arbuscular mycorrhizal and dark septate fungal associations in shallot (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum) under conventional agriculture We examined roots of the shallot (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum), one of the most popular cultivated crops of the family Aliaceae, cultivated under conventional agriculture for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) and dark septate fungal endophyte (DSE) associations. All the plants had dual colonization of both AMF and DSE associations. The intermediate-type AMF morphology in the shallot is the first report of this AMF type for the family Aliaceae. The extents of total AMF and DSE colonization ranged from 20.7 to 67.3% and 3.6 to 35.3% respectively and varied significantly among fields. Though no significant relationship existed between total AMF and DSE variables, they were correlated to the soil variables. Significant correlations existed between soil P and microscelerotia and also between soils N and K and AMF spore numbers. A total of six AMF spore morphotype belonging to Glomus and Scutellospora were identified. Scutellospora calospora was the most dominant morphotype in the studied fields.
Anatomy of the Cervical Canal in the Angora Goat (Capra hircus)

Summary This study was performed to reveal the anatomy of the cervical canal in Angora goats. For this purpose, sixty genital tracts of adult Angora goats in estrus, weighing from 40 to 50 kg, obtained from Konya slaughterhouses, were used. The materials were examined by dissection and latex cast techniques. In dissections, the vaginal protrusions were star, duckbill, crescent, spiral, cluster and bump-shaped. In the materials with latex cast and dissection, because the circular folds were of high volumes in the caudal half of the cervical canal, the blind sacs were deeper than those of the cranial half. Based on the latex cast, we have noticed with interest that the cervical canal had a convexity in dorsal direction because its cranial and caudal thirds were curved ventrally. It was concluded that the anatomical structure of the cervical canal mentioned in this study might be considered in intrauterine catheter applications in Angora goats.
Land cover change 2002–2005 in Borneo and the role of fire derived from MODIS imagery

Borneo has experienced heavy deforestation and forest degradation during the past two decades. In this study the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer was used to monitor land cover change in Borneo between 2002 and 2005 in order to assess the current extent of the forest cover, the deforestation rate and the role of fire. Using Landsat and ground observation for validation it was possible to discriminate 11 land cover classes. In 2002 57% of the land surface of Borneo was covered with forest of which 74% was dipterocarp and more than 23% peat swamp forest. The average deforestation rate between 2002 and 2005 was 1.7% yr− 1. The carbon‐rich ecosystem of peat swamp forests showed a deforestation rate of 2.2%. Almost 98% of all deforestation occurred within a range of 5 km to the forest edge. Fire is highly correlated with land cover changes. Most fires were detected in degraded forests. Ninety‐eight per cent of all forest fires were detected in the 5 km buffer zone, underlining that fire is the major driver for forest degradation and deforestation.
The digestibility of wheat straw treated with sulphur dioxide

Summary Two digestion trials were performed with sheep in order to assess the effect of the sulphur dioxide treatment on the digestibility of wheat straw in vivo. In the first trial, untreated and SO2-treated straw served as the major components of the diets. Sulphur dioxide partly solubilized the cell wall (CW) material of the straw, decreasing its content from 78·5 to 55·9%. The digestibility of the residual CW was increased from 49·2 to 77·8%, whereas the digestibility values of the cell-soluble fraction (CS) were unaffected by the treatment: 55·8 and 57·8% for the untreated and treated straw, respectively. Apparent digestibility of the organic matter (OM) was increased by the treatment from 46 to 65%. In the second trial SO2-treated wheat straw was fed together with concentrates at a D.M. ratio of 30/70, and the digestibility of the OM and CW was determined. CW and OM digestibilities of the treated straw were not affected by 70% concentrate in the diet and the respective values were 77·0 and 65·5%, very similar to those found in the first trial. The reason for the in vitro–in vivo discrepancy is discussed.
Growth and condition in Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) (Carnivora : Pinnipedia)

Mass and length growth models were determined for male (n = 69) and female (n = 163) Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) collected at a breeding colony on Seal Rocks (38°31′S, 145°06′E), Bass Strait, in south-east Australia, between February and November during 1970–72. Growth was best described by the logistic model in males and the von Bertalanffy model in females. Asymptotic mass and length were 229 kg and 221 cm for males, and 85 kg and 163 cm for females. In all, 95% of asymptotic mass and length were attained by 11 years and 11 years, respectively, in males compared with 9 years and 5 years, respectively, in females. Males grew in length faster than females and experienced a growth spurt in mass coinciding with the onset of puberty (4–5 years). The onset of puberty in females occurs when approximately 86% of asymptotic length is attained. The rate of growth and sexual development in Australian fur seals is similar to (if not faster than) that in the conspecific Cape fur seal (A. p. pusillus), which inhabits the nutrient-rich Benguela current. This suggests that the low marine productivity of Bass Strait may not be cause of the slow rate of recovery of the Australian fur seal population following the severe over-exploitation of the commercial sealing era. Sternal blubber depth was positively correlated in adult animals with a body condition index derived from the residuals of the mass–length relationship (males: r 2 = 0.38, n = 19, P < 0.001; females: r 2 = 0.22, n = 92, P < 0.001), confirming the validity of using such indices on otariids. Sternal blubber depth varied significantly with season in adult animals. In males it was lowest in winter and increased during spring prior to the breeding season (r 2 = 0.39, n = 19, P < 0.03) whereas in females it was greatest during winter (r 2 = 0.05, n = 122, P < 0.05). Gr h and t r s
Calcification and ossification. Medullary bone changes in the reproductive cycle of female pigeons

This is a description of tlie rapid changes observed in the bone formed in the medulla of some of the long bones during the preovulatory, ovulatory, and postovulatory periods of the female pigeon (Bloom, Bloom, Domm and McLean, '40). This work is a part of a general study of bone formation mid destruction and was stimulatecl in particular by the observation by Kyes and Potter ('34) of the development of bone in the niarrow of pigeons with large ovarian follicles. Observations made on laying chickens and ducks and the findings in pigeons injected with male and female sex hormones will be reported separately. Our interest in the reniai-kable bone changes in the marrow of birds in connection with ovulation and egg-laying centers about the general questions of : (1) The relations between bone iiiatrix and bone salt during the deposition and removal of hone, (2) the hone-forming potentialities of reticular cells, and (3) the origin arid fate of the cells associated Fit11 tlie foi-mation and dest1*uction of bone. Because of the rapidity of the changes in the bone during certain stages of the cgg1 a ~ i n g cycle, this material offers unusual opportunities for the study of these problems.
Whey protein aggregates and their interaction with exo-polysaccharides

We made a systematic investigation of the interaction of an exo-polysaccharide (EPS) with whey proteins. The EPS was produced by a lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris strain NIZO B40. The interaction of the EPS with milk components is of relevance to the consistency of fermented milk products. EPS and whey protein isolates (WPI) can be mixed in all proportions. Even at an EPS concentration of 10 g.L -1 no instability is visible. In yoghurt milk the whey proteins are usually denatured. We prepared aggregated whey protein colloid particles (AWC particles) which had an average radius of 27 ± 3 nm, as derived from the radius of gyration. The interaction of AWC particles and EPS was studied at a neutral pH and an ionic strength of 0.1 M. At low EPS concentrations the mixture was stable. At higher concentrations the mixtures showed phase separation owing to depletion interactions. In the one-phase region the strength of the segregative interaction can be determined from turbidity, light scattering and neutron scattering measurements. Then, by applying statistical mechanical methods, the position of the phase boundary could be predicted. The viscosity of the mixtures was increased owing to the segregative interactions in the EPS/AWC mixtures. Within the two-phase region the mixtures showed so-called spinodal decomposition, during which different microstructures were formed. Understanding the formation of such structures is of interest for the development of new food structures.
CINNAMANALDEHYDE, BUT NOT THYMOL, COUNTERACTS THE CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE INDUCED GROWTH DEPRESSION IN FEMALE BROILER CHICKENS

The question addressed was whether dietary essential oils could antagonize the negative effect of Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on growth performance in broilers. Diets without or with 1% CMC, and CMC containing diet with either 100 ppm thymol, cinnamaldehyde or a commercial essential oil blend were fed to female broiler chickens for 40 days. Chicks receiving the CMC diet showed significantly depressed weight gain for the period of 0 - 21 days. Addition of cinnamaldehyde or commercial essential oil to the CMC diet partially counteracted the negative effect on growth performance. Group mean feed intake was lower in CMC-fed chicks, but was raised when cinnamaldehyde or the commercial oil was added to the diet. Intestinal viscosity was increased by CMC inclusion, but was not lowered by the additives. Fat digestibility was significantly reduced by CMC, but cinnamaldehyde or commercial oil inclusion partially reversed this effect. This study indicates that cinnamaldehyde, but not thymol, may antagonize the negative effects of CMC on growth performance which may relate to improving fat digestibility.
Agronomic characteristics of annual Trifolium legumes and nutritive values as predicted by near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy

A range of annual legume genotypes comprising one line of Trifolium subterraneum, four lines of T. michelianum, 11 of T. resupinatum var. resupinatum, and one line of T. resupinatum var. majus were grown in glasshouses under temperature regimes of 10-15 degrees C and 16-21 degrees C. Dry matter (DM) weights of stem, leaf, and flower tissues were measured when plants had six nodes, at first flower appearance, and at senescence. All samples were scanned by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). One-third of the samples, covering the range of spectral characteristics, were analysed for in vitro digestible organic matter (DOMD), organic matter, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), lignin, cellulose, and the hemicellulosic polysaccharide monomers arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and rhamnose. These data were used to develop calibration equations from which the composition of the remaining samples was predicted by NIRS. The higher temperature resulted in plants reaching respective phenological stages earlier, but did not affect either DM yields of total plant, stem, leaf, and petiole tissues or the proportions of each fraction. In vitro DOMD and arabinose and galactose levels decreased, while lignin, cellulose, NDF, xylose, mannose, and rhamnose levels increased with advancing maturity. In vitro DOMD was positively associated with contents of CP, arabinose, galactose, and the arabinose/xylose ratio and was negatively associated with contents of lignin, cellulose, NDF, xylose, mannose, and rhamnose. Lignin contents were highly correlated with levels of both xylose and mannose. Stems were more digestible than leaves in subterranean clover and T. resupinatum var. majus. The study also demonstrated that NIRS can be used routinely as a quick, inexpensive, and reliable laboratory technique to predict feed components of annual Trifolium legumes.
Binding capacities of different soil size fractions in the formation of herbicide-bound residues

Une procedure simplifiee de fractionement granulometrique de la matiere organique a ete utilisee pour localiser et quantifier les residus non-extractibles de 14 C-isoproturon dans un sol formant de grandes quantites de residus lies. Quatre fractions ont ete isolees correspondant a la matiere organique non-humifiee (fractions > 200 et 200-50 μm) et a la matiere organique humifiee (fractions 50-0,2 et < 0,2 μm). La majorite des residus lies de 14 C-isoproturon sont associees aux matieres organiques humifiees. Pour chaque fraction, les concentrations de residus lies exprimees par rapport a la quantite de carbone (C) servent d'indicateurs de la capacite de la matiere organique de chaque fraction a former des residus non-extractibles. Ces capacites different d'une fraction a l'autre et sont plus elevees pour la matiere organique humifiee des fractions < 50 μm. Les resultats sont compares a des donnees anterieures concernant l'atrazine et discutes en terme de processus physico-chimiques et microbiologiques impliques dans la stabilisation de residus d'herbicides.
Determining Fat, Protein, and Lactose in Milk from Cows Fed Formaldehyde Protected Sunflower-Soybean Supplement

Abstract To determine whether feeding cows protected lipid supplement influences reliability of analyses of milk composition, we measured fat, protein, and lactose in milk produced by two groups of six Holstein cows, one fed a conventional hay-concentrate ration and one a ration containing protected sunflower-soybean supplement. Analyses were of 36 samples from each group collected biweekly over 12 wk. The three constituents were measured by an Infrared Milk Analyzer. Reference methods were Babcock test for fat, Udy dye-binding for protein, and a polarimetric method for lactose. Fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography, and three nitrogen fractions (total, noncasein, and nonprotein) were measured by Technicon Auto Analyzer. The differences, reference method minus infrared, for cows fed the conventional and protected lipid rations, were for fat . 09 and . 46%, for protein −. 02 and −. 08%, and for lactose . 06 and . 23%. Thus, agreement between infrared and reference methods was closer for cows fed conventional rations than for those fed protected lipid supplement. For cows fed the supplement, the low fat by infrared was attributed to an increase in the mean molecular weight of the fatty acids. Changes in fatty acid composition of milkfat when cows are fed protected sunflower-soybean supplement causes errors in estimation of fat by infrared analysis unless the instrument is calibrated specially for the milk.
Acetolactate synthase activity and chlorsulfuron sensitivity of gamma-irradiated lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivars

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivars (Jordan 1 and Jordan 2) were sensitized to chlorsulfuron herbicide. Both cultivars were subjected to three doses of gamma-irradiation (90, 100 and 110 Gray) to develop plants tolerant/resistant to this herbicide. The herbicide-tolerant plants as well as the sensitized plants were subjected to acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme assay to reveal the biochemical basis of plant tolerance. The results indicated that as the radiation dose increased, the tolerance to the herbicide application decreased in both lentil cultivars. Cultivar Jordan 1 showed sensitivity to chlorsulfuron herbicide at all treatments compared with that of Jordan 2. ALS enzyme activity in the two lentil cultivars was inhibited by chlorsulfuron. The irradiated plants (90 Gray) in both treated seeds plants (M1) and seeds of tolerant plants (M2) showed a lower level of inhibition to high concentration (250 μg/l) of chlorsulfuron herbicide. The results suggested an alteration of the expression system of ALS gene(s) leading to overproduction of altered ALS enzyme at the herbicide binding site of the enzyme in lentil plant.
Molecular systematics and morphometrics of Anoplocephaloides dentata (Cestoda, Anoplocephalidae) and related species in voles and lemmings

This study presents extensive molecular phylogenetic and morphometric data for Anoplocephaloides dentata (Galli‐Valerio, 1905)‐like cestodes (Anoplocephalidae) and related species parasitizing arvicoline rodents (voles and lemmings) in the Holarctic region. The molecular phylogeny is based on nucleotide sequences of cytochrome oxidase I (mtDNA) and 28S ribosomal RNA. Anoplocephaloides dentata‐like cestodes included three main clades, two in western Eurasia and one in the Holarctic region (excluding western Eurasia). Three well‐supported sublineages were included in the southern European clade, one of which represents the true A. dentata from Chionomys nivalis and sympatric Microtus arvalis and Dinaromys bogdanovi. These clades generally had non‐overlapping distributions and showed a preference for certain host species. Multivariate analysis of morphometric data failed to discriminate unambiguously the various A. dentata‐like lineages recovered in the molecular phylogeny, although two to three of the (sub)lineages were morphologically divergent. The overall evidence suggests, however, that instead of a single host‐generalist species there are at least five more or less host‐specific species of A. dentata‐like cestodes. Colonization of new host lineages seems to have been the predominant mode of diversification, suggested by the considerable incongruence between host and parasite phylogenies at multiple taxonomic levels. Based on the results of the molecular survey, a redescription and neotype designation are provided for A. dentata.
Effects of dry pellets containing astaxanthin and squid meal on the spawning performance of striped jack Pseudocaranx dentex

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of squid meal and astaxanthin in dry pellets on the spawning performance of striped jack. Two groups of 8-year-old fish with an average bodyweight of 3.5 ± 0.4 kg were used. The control group was fed a raw fish mix (RF) and the exper- imental group was fed steam dry pellets (as-DP) containing 10 p.p.m. astaxanthin and squid meal, the latter replacing half the fish meal. Each group was fed once a day, three times a week in float- ing net cages for a period of 5 months. Seven females and seven males were selected from each group and transferred to 65 m 3 indoor concrete tanks for spawning, where they were kept at optimum spawning conditions (22∞C) for 1 month. The average bodyweights of selected fish were 3.8 ± 0.5 kg and 3.8 ± 0.6 kg for the RF and as-DP groups, respectively. Both groups spawned a total of 18 times and the mean total egg production and egg quality, measured in terms of buoyancy, fertilization and hatching rates, showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) between groups. Total larval production was 679.9 ¥ 10 3 and 678.1 ¥ 10 3 larvae/kg-female for the RF and as-DP groups, respectively. These results show that the combination of astaxanthin and squid meal in dry pellets for striped jack brood- stock improved the overall spawning performance to a level similar to that of fish fed on RF.