Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radiation Transport of Cosmic Ray Nuclei in Lunar Material and Radiation Doses

MAINTENANCE I N ITS EARLIEST MANIFESTATIONS, the lunar base simply will be a space station. Crews can be ferried there and returned home. Consumables can be replenished periodically, and wastes removed. Of course, the transportation system will be more elaborate than the Earth-to-orbit system needed to support the LEO space station. However, any space platform beyond LEO (e.g.,at geosynchronous Earth orbit, or GEO) would have similar transport requirements. Consequently, no new major technical issues are raised, in general, by a lunar base program. As mentioned earlier, a distinguishing quality of a planetary base is the availabilityof resources for expansion or sustenance of the operation If the technology and the resource base is sufficient to make the facility self-sustaining, then the space station becomes transformed into something very much more-a colony. tue self-sufficiency implies closure of the life support system, which does represent new technology. For short duration missions of the space shuttle, food, water, and oxygen are supplied; wastes are collected and retuned. Some chemical regeneration of water and air will take place in the space station,but food must be imported and wastes exported. A closed system that supplies food must have a biological component. NASA has sponsored research on such systems under the acronym CELSS for Controlled Ecological Ldfe Support System. MacElroy et al.,review the CELSS concept and discuss the evolution of complexity of life support systems. Salisbury and Bugbee present data on an extraordinarilyenergy efficient plant that could form the basis of a lunar agriculture. Sauer cites the metabolic needs of human crews which must be met by the system. Sedej describes a new engineering concept for a water recycling subsystem. A second aspect of self-sulliciency not explicitly addressed by the papers in this section concerns expanding the life support system to support a growing population. Increasing food production can only be accomplished by an increase in the inventory of the critical biological elements in the system. Yet, the Moon is entirely lacking in water and quite deficient in aU volatile elements, as far as we know. Carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen seem to exist only as solar wind implanted gases in small grains of the lunar regolith. Although the total quantity spread over the entire Moon may be quite large, the concentrationsare very small, making the resource difficult to exploit. Some scientists speculate that primordial indigenous lunar gases or volatile residues from comet impacts are cryogenically trapped in …
Optimized Quantification of Fragmented, Free Circulating DNA in Human Blood Plasma Using a Calibrated Duplex Real-Time PCR

Background Duplex real-time PCR assays have been widely used to determine amounts and concentrations of free circulating DNA in human blood plasma samples. Circulatory plasma DNA is highly fragmented and hence a PCR-based determination of DNA concentration may be affected by the limited availability of full-length targets in the DNA sample. This leads to inaccuracies when counting PCR target copy numbers as whole genome equivalents. Methodology/Principal Findings A model system was designed allowing for assessment of bias in a duplex real-time PCR research assay. We collected blood plasma samples from male donors in pools of 6 to 8 individuals. Circulatory plasma DNA was extracted and separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Separated DNA was recovered from the gel in discrete size fractions and analyzed with different duplex real-time PCR Taqman assays detecting a Y chromosome-specific target and an autosomal target. The real-time PCR research assays used differed significantly in their ability to determine the correct copy number ratio of 0.5 between Y chromosome and autosome targets in DNA of male origin. Longer PCR targets did not amplify quantitatively in circulatory DNA, due to limited presence of full-length target sequence in the sample. Conclusions PCR targets of the same small size are preferred over longer targets when comparing fractional circulatory DNA concentrations by real-time PCR. As an example, a DYS14/18S duplex real-time PCR research assay is presented that correctly measures the fractional concentration of male DNA in a male/female mixture of circulatory, fragmented DNA.
Hydraulic and Leaf Economics of Woody Plants of the Tropical Environment

Leaf photosynthesis and hydraulic traits are closely related to the maintenance of the plants, especially in tropical environments. There is scarce information about the xylem structure and hydraulic efficiency in tropical species, mainly considering the leaf. Environmental changes influence the species performance, conditioning differences of anatomical traits and functional efficiency of xylem cells related to the water flow inside the plant. The hydraulic conductivity and the theoretical leaf-specific conductivity allow estimating the xylem cells flow and inform about the efficiency of the water transport inside the plant. The relation among leaf biometry and anatomic/hydraulic characteristics of the xylem cells of leaves with different stages of growth, of five woody species from the tropical environment, was evaluated . Differences among leaves of different ages and species indicate to be responsible for the anatomical traits variations. The xylem hydraulic traits indicate a greater or smaller efficiency in leaves water transport and are related to the species. The hydraulic and structural differences indicate an adaptation to higher efficiency in water transport in leaves related to the prevailing environmental conditions during the leaf development.
Adaptive shadow identification through automatic parameter estimation in video sequences

This paper introduces a new algorithm for the discrimination of moving object and moving shadow pixels in video sequences. The algorithm works in HSV space and is designed to be unaffected by scene type (indoor, outdoor), background type (plain, patterned, complex) or lighting conditions (direct sunlight, fluorescent lights, diffuse lighting). In order to operate successfully in both indoor and outdoor environments (possibly with dynamically changing illumination) without the need for manual calibration, or the manual adjustment of any parameters, an algorithm for the dynamic determination of the parameter required by this method is also presented.
Representativeness of the IAGOS airborne measurements in the lower troposphere

In the framework of the In Service Aircraft for Global Observing System (IAGOS) program, airborne in-situ O3 and CO measurements are performed routinely using in-service aircraft, providing vertical profiles from the surface to about 10–12 km. Due to the specificity of IAGOS measurements (measurements around busy international airports), uncertainties exist on their representativeness in the lower troposphere as they may be impacted by emissions related to airport activities and/or other aircraft. In this study, we thus investigate how the IAGOS measurements in the lower troposphere compare with nearby surface stations (from the local Air Quality monitoring network (AQN)) and more distant regional surface stations (from the Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) network). The study focuses on Frankfurt but some results at other European airports (Vienna, Paris) are also discussed. Results indicate that the IAGOS observations close to the surface do not appear to be strongly impacted by local emissions related to airport activities. In terms of mixing ratio distribution, seasonal variations and trends, the CO and O 3 mixing ratios measured by IAGOS in the first few hundred metres above the surface have similar characteristics to the mixing ratios measured at surrounding urban background stations. Higher in altitude, both the difference with data from the local AQN and the consistency with the GAW regional stations are higher, which indicates a larger representativeness of the IAGOS data. Despite few quantitative differences with Frankfurt, consistent results are obtained in the two other cities Vienna and Paris. Based on 11 years of data (2002–2012), this study thus demonstrates that IAGOS observations in the lowest troposphere can be used as a complement to surface stations to study the air quality in/around the agglomeration, providing important information on the vertical distribution of pollution.
Internal Tide Dissipation at Topography: Triadic Resonant Instability Equatorward and Evanescent Waves Poleward of the Critical Latitude

Several studies have shown the existence of a critical latitude where the dissipation of internal tides is strongly enhanced. Internal tides are internal waves generated by barotropic tidal currents impinging rough topography at the seafloor. Their dissipation and concomitant diapycnal mixing are believed to be important for water masses and the large-scale ocean circulation. The purpose of this study is to clarify the physical processes at the origin of this strong latitudinal dependence of tidal energy dissipation. We find that different mechanisms are involved equatorward and poleward of the critical latitude. Triadic resonant instabilities are responsible for the dissipation of internal tides equatorward of the critical latitude. In particular, a dominant triad involving the primary internal tide and near-inertial waves is key. At the critical latitude, the peak of energy dissipation is explained by both increased instability growth rates, and smaller scales of secondary waves thus more prone to break and dissipate their energy. Surprisingly, poleward of the critical latitude, the generation of evanescent waves appears to be crucial. Triadic instabilities have been widely studied, but the transfer of energy to evanescent waves has received comparatively little attention. Our work suggests that the nonlinear transfer of energy from the internal tide to evanescent waves (corresponding to the 2f-pump mechanism described by Young et al., 2008, https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0022112008001742) is an efficient mechanism to dissipate internal tide energy near and poleward of the critical latitude. The theoretical results are confirmed in idealized high-resolution numerical simulations of a barotropic M2 tide impinging sinusoidal topography in a linearly stratified fluid.
The Known Unknowns: Neural Representation of Second-Order Uncertainty, and Ambiguity

Predictions provided by action-outcome probabilities entail a degree of (first-order) uncertainty. However, these probabilities themselves can be imprecise and embody second-order uncertainty. Tracking second-order uncertainty is important for optimal decision making and reinforcement learning. Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging investigations of second-order uncertainty in humans have drawn on an economic concept of ambiguity, where action-outcome associations in a gamble are either known (unambiguous) or completely unknown (ambiguous). Here, we relaxed the constraints associated with a purely categorical concept of ambiguity and varied the second-order uncertainty of gambles continuously, quantified as entropy over second-order probabilities. We show that second-order uncertainty influences decisions in a pessimistic way by biasing second-order probabilities, and that second-order uncertainty is negatively correlated with posterior cingulate cortex activity. The category of ambiguous (compared with nonambiguous) gambles also biased choice in a similar direction, but was associated with distinct activation of a posterior parietal cortical area; an activation that we show reflects a different computational mechanism. Our findings indicate that behavioral and neural responses to second-order uncertainty are distinct from those associated with ambiguity and may call for a reappraisal of previous data.
Tricyclic Antidepressants Found in Pilots Fatally Injured in Civil Aviation Accidents

Prevalence of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) has not been explored in pilots. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) aviation accident and the Federal Aviation Administration's Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) toxicology and medical certification databases were searched for pilots fatally injured in aviation accidents. During 1990–2012, CAMI received bio‐samples of pilots from 7037 aviation accidents. Of these, 2644 cases were positive for drugs. TCAs were present in 31. TCA blood concentrations ranged from therapeutic to toxic levels. The NTSB determined that the use of drugs and ethanol as the probable cause or contributing factor in 35% (11 of 31) of the accidents. None of the 31 pilots reported the use of TCAs during their aviation medical examination. The prevalence of TCAs in aviators was less than 0.5% (31 of 7037 cases). There is a need for aviators to fully disclose the use of medications at the time of their medical examination.
Usability of expressive description logics-a case study in UMLS

Research in (medical) terminological knowledge representation is showing an increased interest in the family of Description Logics (DLs), as they allow for automatic reasoning. This interest is driven by an increase in demands on the quality of and reasoning ability with medical terminological knowledge. Recent advances in Computer Science have demonstrated the computational decidability and empirical tractability of quite expressive DLs. The question arises whether this expressivity is usable and useful. This paper motivates and describes an exploratory study to address this question by examining the surplus value of individual DL constructors based on an investigation of UMLS terms. Our study indicates that the disjunction and negation operators comprise very valuable extensions to current DLs. The impact of formalization depends on the involved semantic type; "Injury and Poisoning" is one of the semantic types in which a large portion of concepts will benefit from the extension.
Approximating Game-Theoretic Optimal Strategies for Full-scale Poker

The computation of the first complete approximations of game-theoretic optimal strategies for full-scale poker is addressed. Several abstraction techniques are combined to represent the game of 2-player Texas Hold'em, having size O(1018), using closely related models each having size O(1O7). Despite the reduction in size by a factor of 100 billion, the resulting models retain the key properties and structure of the real game. Linear programming solutions to the abstracted game are used to create substantially improved poker-playing programs, able to defeat strong human players and be competitive against world-class opponents.
Component sizes of the random graph outside the scaling window

We provide simple proofs describing the behavior of the largest com- ponent of the Erd} os-R enyi random graph G(n; p) outside of the scaling window, p = 1+ (n) n where (n) ! 0 but (n)n 1=3 ! 1.
Numerical Simulation of the Effect about Groundwater Level Fluctuation on the Concentration of BTEX Dissolved into Source Zone

The water level fluctuation of groundwater will affect the BTEX dissolution in the fuel leakage source zone. In order to study the effect, a leakage test of gasoline was performed in the sand-tank model in the laboratory, and the concentrations of BTEX along with water level were monitored over a long period. Combined with VISUAL MODFLOW software, RT3D module was used to simulate the concentrations of BTEX, and mass flux method was used to evaluate the effects of water level fluctuation on the BTEX dissolution. The results indicate that water level fluctuation can significantly increase the concentration of BTEX dissolved in the leakage source zone. The dissolved amount of BTEX can reach up to 2.4 times under the water level fluctuation condition. The method of numerical simulation combined with mass flux calculation can be used to evaluate the effect of water level fluctuation on BTEX dissolution.
Dimensional design of hexaslides for optimal workspace and dexterity

The paper presents the dimensional design of a class of parallel manipulators, namely, Hexaslides. The design of hexaslides is formulated as a multiobjective optimization problem considering workspace and dexterity as dual objectives. As the relative emphasis on workspace and dexterity varies depending on the application, a set of Pareto-optimal solutions is found. The present analysis is a useful tool for designers to select suitable hexaslide parameters for a given application, particularly, in machine tool applications.
Mutants of Bacillus subtilis Temperature Sensitive in the Outgrowth Phase of Spore Germination

Thirteen thermosensitive mutants of Bacillus subtilis defective in the outgrowth phase of spore germination were isolated. The spores of the mutants grow into vegetative cells at 35 C but not at 47 C, whereas the vegetative cells grow equally well at both temperatures. At 47 C all the mutant spores are able to initiate germination, but the process stops at an early phase of outgrowth in one strain and in a late phase in the other 12 strains. The spore of the latter gives rise to a swollen cell unable to divide. In all mutants, the normal phenotype is restored when the spores are grown in the presence of 20% sucrose or 2% NaCl. The synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid and proteins does not seem to be altered in the mutants giving swollen cells. The mutants were grouped into three distinct genetic classes by transformation.
Impact of Global Climate Change on Extreme Streamflow: A Case Study of the Great Miami River Watershed in Southwestern Ohio

Several studies have indicated that climate change will profoundly affect hydrological processes at various temporal and spatial scales. Since climate has the capacity to change stream flow regimes, the regulatory low flows criteria for waste load allocation and point source permitting needs to be reviewed. This study aims to assess the alteration of water resource availability and low flows frequencies driven by the changing climates in different time periods of the 21st century. In addition, this analysis evaluates the adaptability of prevailing Global Circulation Models (GCMs) through flow regimes in channels. The study was conducted in the Great Miami River Watershed, Ohio by analyzing historical and future low flows using climate model outputs and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The climate change scenarios from ten downscaled CMIP5 climate models, each one under two emission scenarios, “Representative Concentration Pathways”, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, were selected based on the correlation of daily precipitation with the observed records and model outputs. The streamflow for three future periods: 2016 2043, 2044 2071 and 2072 2099 (2035s, 2055s, and 2085s, respectively) were independently analyzed using each climate model and compared with a baseline condition (1988 2015). The output from ten climate models projected that low flows in the Great Miami River would increase significantly in the 21st century for both scenarios. The average 7-day low flows have a two-fold increase during 2035s but decrease slightly during 2085s. This trend was also consistent for both hydrological and biological low flows statistics 7Q10, 1Q10 and 4B3, 1B3, respectively. The large increase in low flows could be caused by the high 9 variability in precipitation that is projected by GCMs and the inadequacy of climate models to represent appropriately the uncertainties associated with extreme weather events. However, the MPI-ESM-LR model predicted more reliable and analogous low flows conditions. The model suggested that biologically based low flows statistics, 4B3, and 1B3 would significantly decrease in the later part of the century (-41.6% and -36.1% respectively) under RCP 8.5 scenario, meanwhile the majority of the climate models showed a consistently increasing pattern.
Supervised Classification and Estimation of Hydrometeors From C-Band Dual-Polarized Radars: A Bayesian Approach

In this paper, a Bayesian statistical approach for supervised classification and estimation of hydrometeors, using a C-band polarimetric radar, is presented and discussed. The Bayesian Radar Algorithm for Hydrometeor Classification at C-band (BRAHCC) is supervised by a backscattering microphysical model, aimed at representing ten different hydrometeor classes in water, ice, and mixed phase. The expected error budget is evaluated by means of contingency tables on the basis of C-band radar noisy and attenuated synthetic data. Its accuracy is better than that obtained from a previously developed fuzzy logic C-band classification algorithm. As a second step of the overall retrieval algorithm, a multivariate regression is adopted to derive water content statistical estimators, exploiting simulated polarimetric radar data for each hydrometeor class. The BRAHCC methodology is then applied to a convective hail event, observed by two C-band dual-polarized radars in a network configuration. The hydrometeor classification along the line of sight, connecting the two C-band radars, is performed using the BRAHCC applied to path-attenuation-corrected data. Qualitative results are consistent with those derived from the fuzzy logic algorithm. Hydrometeor water content temporal evolution is tracked along the radar line of sight. Hail vertical occurrence is derived and compared with an empirical hail detection index applied along the radar connection line during the whole event.
Regularized Output Kernel Regression applied to protein-protein interaction network inference

Link prediction in social networks as well as in biological networks [8, 12] have recently attracted considerable interest among machine learning community. In the area of social networks applications, many link predictors have been defined within the framework of probabilistic graphical models, building posterior probabilities [13, 15] while in the area of biological networks, a large number of methods have been built on kernel tools. In this paper, we address the link prediction issue within a recently introduced new learning framework called Output Kernel Regression and extend it to the case of a transductive setting. The approach was built to complete protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks but is in fact general and could be applied to other applicative domains.
SPIDERS : A Multiprocessor Network Development Testbed

¶ This work is being supported by the Engineering Research Fund, grant no. 41/08/EE; the Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute Research Fund, grant no. KURDI-6.42 and the Thailand Research Fund, grant no. PDF42-mongkol. § The authors are associated with the SCORPion (Superior COmmunications Research and Prototyping for commercialization) group at the Electrical Engineering Department, Kasetsart University. Abstract Multiprocessor network is a communication fabric that handles all the global transactions among processing nodes and therefore is central to the development of multiprocessor systems. Recent technological trends have indicated that the performance of multiprocessor systems is limited by the available network bandwidth, which is provided through the conventional electrical interconnects. Optical interconnects based on optoelectronic technology, on the other hand, has the potential to solve the problem through its hugebandwidth capability. Since this technology comes at high cost, it must be efficiently utilized. To achieve this goal, this paper presents the work of the SPIDERS project—a multiprocessor network development testbed that is being constructed at the Electrical Engineering Department, Kasetsart University. This tool will be used not only for studying in depth the concepts of multiprocessor network but also for investigating novel architectural techniques, which is necessary to improve the bandwidth utilization of optical interconnects and, therefore, justifies its viability in next-generation multiprocessor systems.