Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interfacial electronic structure of SrTiO3/SrRUO3 heterojuctions studied by in situ photoemission spectroscopy

In situ photoemission spectroscopy (PES) has been performed on SrTiO3 (STO)∕SrRuO3 (SRO) bilayers to study the interfacial electronic structure of a SRO layer buried in STO. Using the interface (surface) sensitivity of PES measurements, the interface spectra of Ru 4d derived states near the Fermi level (EF) were extracted from the spectra of STO/SRO bilayers, as well as the surface spectra of SRO films. We found that the Ru 4d derived sharp peak at EF persists at the interface, while it smears out at the surface. These results suggest that the physical properties of SRO are maintained at the interface with STO.
Removal of bacterial indicators and pathogens from domestic wastewater by the multi-soil-layering (MSL) system

Abstract This paper presents the performance and behavior of a multi-soil-layering (MSL) system to remove fecal contamination bacteria indicators and pathogens from domestic wastewater. The experimental setup was performed using a laboratory-scale MSL system (depth 30 × width 36 × height 65 cm). The MSL system was composed of soil mixture blocks (SMB) arranged in a brick-like pattern and surrounded by permeable gravel layers (PL). The SMB comprised sandy soil, charcoal, sawdust and metal iron at a dry weight ratio of 7:1:1:1. The hydraulic loading rate was 200 L m−2 day−1. Bacteriological analyses comprised total bacterial count at 22 and 37°C, fecal coliforms, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, streptococci, intestinal enterococci and pathogenic bacteria: Clostridium sp. , Staphylococcus sp. , Pseudomonas sp. and Salmonella sp. The best removal efficiency was achieved for Staphylococcus sp. by 1.42 log unit, while the lowest removal efficiency was found for E. coli by 1.01 log unit. The mean removal efficiencies of total suspended solids (SS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) were 93, 86, 81, 78 and 80%, respectively. Based on these results, the MSL system could efficiently remove organic matter, phosphorus and nitrogen. However, the performance to reduce bacterial indicators and pathogens was still moderate.
Lubricating properties of Cyanex 302‐modified MoS2 microspheres in base oil 500SN

The lubricating properties of molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) microspheres modified by Cyanex 302 (bis(2,4,4‐trimethylpentyl) monothiophosphinic acid) in base oil 500SN were investigated and compared with those of commercial colloidal MoS2 on a four‐ball tester and an Optimol SRV oscillating friction and wear tester in a ball‐on‐disc contact configuration. The worn surfaces of the flat disc lubricated with the additive‐containing base oil were analysed by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscope and scanning electron microscopy. The MoS2 microspheres showed much better extreme pressure properties and anti‐wear and friction‐reduction properties in 500SN than commercial colloidal MoS2. The effective chemical adsorption and protection film formed by the active elements (S and P) and long chain alkyls in Cyanex 302 and boundary‐lubricating transfer film of thin sheets containing the solid lubricant particles (tribochemical products) of the additives could account for the boundary lubrication mechanism. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blends composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and an ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer: Thermal and morphological studies

Blends of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and an ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVAL) were obtained through casting from dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions and phase inversion in 50/50 DMSO/H2O solutions. The miscibility and morphology of the PNIPAM/EVAL blends were investigated with thermal and morphological analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated that the crystallinity of EVAL decreased with increasing PNIPAM content and that the blends cast from DMSO/H2O solutions were miscible in the melt state. Measurements of the melting point depression allowed the determination of the interaction energy density (B) and Flory–Huggins interaction parameter (χ12) with the Nishi–Wang equation. The negative B and χ12 values obtained were examined in terms of the specific intermolecular interactions between the polymers. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that blends obtained by the casting method led to dense membranes, whereas the phase-inversion method rendered typical macroporous membranes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 501–505, 2004
Preparation and Evaluation of Risperidone Oro-dispersible Tablets

The demand for Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) has been growing during the last decade especially for elderly and children who have swallowing difficulties. Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug which is extensively metabolized due to the hepatic metabolism. Although the formulation of Risperidone into oro-dispersible dosage form will improve the release and bioavailability, the bitter taste of the drug will be a great problem. In the current work, the aim was masking the taste by complexation technique, with a formulation into oro-dispersible tablets by sublimation and lypholization. The inclusion complex of Risperidone with 2HP-βCD (1:1 molar ratio) was prepared by solvent evaporation method. Phase solubility showed stability constant 39.13M -1 . The prepared complex was evaluated for taste masking and characterized by using Infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and in-vitro drug release. Risperidone ODTs were successfully prepared by either of sublimation method using camphor as subliming or lypholization technique which involved addition of disintegration accelerators. The prepared tablets were evaluated for weight variation, friability, hardness, in-vitro disintegration, wetting time, drug content and in-vitro dissolution. The formulations R15 prepared by lypholization using 1% of tween 20 as disintegration accelerator is a promising novel formula for Risperidone where 100% of the labeled dose was dissoluted within 3 minutes.
The Bioremediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil

The efficiency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain (1640) and an indigenous strain that previously isolated from a petroleum contaminated soil designated as PTCC1074 was compared for the biodegradation of PAH in soil. The effect of selected bacterial additions on the bioremediation of South part of Caroon soil was evaluated in laboratory scale experiments. Results of 15 days’ incubation time revealed that 72% (1074) and 36% (1640) of PAH degradation occurred by two strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Interestingly, in the first 72 h, 27% of PAH was degraded by PTCC1074. This is to prove that the indigenous culture reacts well with its natural environment.
DEVELOPMENT AND PROCESS OPTIMIZATION OF SPRAY DRIED POWDER FROM ENZYMATICALLY EXTRACTED RIPE PALM (Borassus flabellifer) JUICE

Ripe Palm (Borassus flabellifer) juice contains high sugars that make it difficult to store for a longer period, which limits its use for spray drying. The present work explores the feasibility and optimization of spray drying to make powder from enzymatically extracted ripe palm juice using maltodextrin and gum Arabic as wall materials. Various parameters such as moisture, water activity, solubility, ascorbic acid, colour change, and yield were optimized using response surface method with the central composite design. A mixture of maltodextrin and gum Arabic at a ratio of 3:1(w/w) combined with lactose, and spray drying with an inlet temperature of 140⁰C resulted in the optimum powder quantity and quality. The palm powder yield was maximum (63.5±0.29 %) with acceptable solubility (31.6±0.33 secs), colour change (ΔE= 18.37±0.03), ascorbic acid content (54±0.0003 µg /ml), moisture content (3.3±0.61), and water activity (0.29±0.05). The optimized conditions can be replicated on an industrial scale for the production of palm powder.
Fabrication of Polyaniline Nanostructures under Ultrasonic Irradiation: From Nanotubes to Nanofibers

An ultrasonic irradiation assisted polymerization method has been used to prepare PANI nanotubes and nanofibers by using different doping concentrations of mineral or organic acids. It has been found that PANI nanotubes can be produced when the concentration of the dopant acid is low. However, PANI nanofibers can also be produced when the concentration of the dopant acid is high. For nanotubes synthesized at a low concentration of the dopant acid, the outer average diameter can be changed from about 150 nm using phosphoric acid to 200 nm using nitric acid as the dopant and the inter diameter is in the range of 10-50 nm. For nanofibers, the diameter ranges from about 50 nm using nitric acid to more than 110 nm using perchloric acid as the dopant. The mechanism of the formation of the nanotubes and nanofibers may be due to the formation of different kinds of micelles and the prevention of the second growth of the PANI by ultrasonic irradiation. The chemical structure of the PANI nanotubes and nanofibers are characterized by FTIR and UV-vis absorption spectra and XRD patterns. The conductivity of the PANI nanofibers is comparable to that of conventional PANI samples.
Comparative study of 3D ordered macroporous Ce0.75Zr0.2M0.05O2−δ (M = Fe, Cu, Mn, Co) for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3

The three dimensional ordered macroporous (3DOM) Ce0.75Zr0. 2M0.05O2−δ (M = Fe, Cu, Mn, Co) is synthesized by a colloidal crystal template method for comparative study on selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH3. The obtained catalysts are mainly investigated by the measurements of X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 sorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature-programmed reduction by hydrogen (H2-TPR), as well as temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD). The XRD, XPS and TPR analysis clarified the dopants are effectively doped into the Ce–Zr oxide solid solution, which contribute to the strong synergistic effect between the dopants and Ce–Zr oxides. Moreover, higher Oα/(Oα + Oβ) ratio, improved surface reducibility and enhanced surface acidity are observed after the in situ doping. These facts lead to a better low temperature catalytic performance for the Ce0.75Zr0. 2M0.05O2−δ catalysts. Particularly, the Co doped catalysts exhibit the highest active oxygen species, the highest reducibility as well as the strongest NH3 absorption ability, which corresponds to the significant increase of low temperature activity. Meanwhile, the specific surface area and pore volume are increased efficiently by Fe and Mn doping, which broadens the operating temperature window. Moreover, the strong interaction between the dopants and the Ce–Zr oxide solid solution could be ascribed to the good stability of those catalysts doped with Fe, Mn and Co.
Ultrafine Electrospun Polyamide‐6 Fibers: Effect of Solution Conditions on Morphology and Average Fiber Diameter

Summary: In the present contribution, the electrostatic spinning or electrospinning technique was used to produce ultra-fine polyamide-6 (PA-6) fibers. The effects of solution conditions on the morphological appearance and the average diameter of as-spun fibers were investigated by optical scanning (OS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. It was shown that the solution properties (i.e. viscosity, surface tension and conductivity) were important factors characterizing the morphology of the fibers obtained. Among these three properties, solution viscosity was found to have the greatest effect. Solutions with high enough viscosities (viz. solutions at high concentrations) were necessary to produce fibers without beads. At a given concentration, fibers obtained from PA-6 of higher molecular weights appeared to be larger in diameter, but it was observed that the average diameters of the fibers from PA-6 of different molecular weights had a common relationship with the solution viscosities which could be approximated by an exponential growth equation. Raising the temperature of the solution during spinning resulted in the reduction of the fiber diameters with higher deposition rate, while mixing m-cresol with formic acid to serve as a mixed solvent for PA-6 caused the solutions to have higher viscosities which resulted in larger fiber diameters. Lastly, the addition of some inorganic salts resulted in an increase in the solution conductivity, which caused the fiber diameters to increase due to the large increase in the mass flow. Average diameter of as-spun fibers plotted as a function of the viscosity of the solutions.
Separation of the Raman Spectral Signatures of Bioapatite and Collagen in Compact Mouse Bone Bleached with Hydrogen Peroxide

We studied the effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide in removing visible laser-induced photoluminescence from the Raman spectra of compact bone of mice. In testing various bone sample preparations, we found that hydrogen peroxide bleaching was most effective when applied directly to fresh or fresh-frozen bone samples. The extent of the reduction in photoluminescence in the peroxide-bleached bone was such that the Raman spectrum could be readily recorded with 532-nm laser excitation. A comparison of bone samples before and after hydrogen peroxide bleaching shows that the Raman shifts of all the collagen and bioapatite bands are unaffected by the peroxide bleach. Moreover, the low spectral backgrounds of the peroxide-treated bone samples permit the Raman spectra of these two major components of bone to be fully separated. The Raman spectrum of collagen-rich periosteum was subtracted from the Raman spectrum of compact bone, which isolated the Raman spectral signature of the bioapatite fraction of the bone. This derived spectrum of bioapatite was then used, through spectral subtraction, to generate the spectral signature of the collagen component of the bone. All the major and minor Raman bands of collagen and bioapatite can be identified in these separate spectra.
Gender, Voice and Online Space: Expressions of Feminism on Social Media in Spain

Feminism’s current momentum, encouraged by movements such as #NiUnaMenos or #MeToo, has caused many social media agents to adopt some degree of feminism as a part of their online image or personal brand. ‘Being a feminist,’ for some, has become a marketing strategy in times of great polarisation between progressive forces and a reactionary backlash against feminism. The appropriation of feminism by the global market challenges public opinion, media, and academia to think and rethink feminism, and to consider whether these changes have voided it of political meaning (Banet-Weiser, 2012, 2018; Gill, 2016b). In Spain, the (extreme) right is continually launching attacks against feminism. At the same time, minority collectives such as LGBTQ+ or Roma are helping to spread feminist values into the mainstream, denouncing one of its main struggles: structural and intersectional violence against women, including online hate and harassment. In this context of confrontation, social media agents are keeping the debate about feminism alive and are picking up Spanish grassroots movements’ claims (Arauna, Tortajada, & Willem, in press). In this article we outline the latest trends in feminist media research in Spain, examining 20+ years of postfeminism as an analytical tool, and highlighting new trends. Through recent research results, we show that in the Spanish (social) media landscape many different strands of feminism are entangled, all struggling to impose their narrative of what feminism looks like in the post-#MeToo era. We will examine the main fault lines along which feminism is divided into different undercurrents, some of which are fostering the progress of feminism, and some of which are undermining it: age (generation), class, race, and sexual identity.
Preparation of polypyrrole/graphene nanosheets composites with enhanced thermoelectric properties

Polypyrrole/graphene nanosheets (PPy/GNs) composites with enhanced thermoelectric properties have been successfully synthesized by a simple in situ chemical polymerization method with the weight ratio of Py to GNs ranging from 1 : 0.1 to 1 : 0.4. FTIR, Raman spectra, SEM and XRD analyses show that strong π–π interactions exist between PPy and GNs, and during polymerization the PPy grew along the surface of the GNs to form a more ordered molecular structure with increased crystallinity. The thermoelectric properties of PPy and PPy/GNs composites were investigated after being cold pressed at room temperature. As the GNs content increases, the Seebeck coefficient can be effectively improved and a remarkably enhanced electrical conductivity has been obtained, while the thermal conductivity of the composites shows no significant change even with high GNs content. As a result, the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT increases with increasing GNs content and the maximum ZT value of 2.80 × 10−3 is obtained for the composite with the highest GNs content, which is about 210 times higher than that obtained from pure PPy. The results of thermogravimetric analysis indicate that the PPy/GNs composites exhibit better thermal stability than pure PPy.
Study of the effects of unsteady downstream conditions on the gas flow through a critical nozzle

Abstract The present study addresses a computational result of unsteady gas flow through a critical nozzle. The axisymmetric unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a finite volume method that makes use of the second-order upwind scheme for spatial derivatives and the multi-stage Runge-Kutta integral scheme for time derivatives. The steady solutions of the governing equation system are validated with the previous experimental data to ensure that the present computational method is valid to predict the critical nozzle flows. In order to simulate the effects of back-pressure fluctuations on the critical nozzle flows, an excited pressure oscillation with an amplitude and frequency is assumed downstream of the exit of the critical nozzle. The results obtained show that, for low Reynolds numbers, the unsteady effects of the pressure fluctuations can propagate upstream of the throat of the critical nozzle, thus giving rise to the applicable fluctuations in mass flow rate through the critical nozzle, while, for high Reynolds numbers, the pressure signals occurring at the exit of the critical nozzle do not propagate upstream beyond the nozzle throat. For a low Reynolds number, it is found that the sonic line near the throat of the critical nozzle markedly fluctuates with time, providing an important mechanism for pressure signals to propagate upstream of the nozzle throat, even in choked flow conditions. The present study is the first investigation to clarify the unsteady effects on the critical nozzle flows.
Effects of wastewater irrigation on soil and cabbage‐plant (brassica olerecea var. capitate cv. yalova‐1) chemical properties

The use of wastewater for irrigation is increasingly being considered as a technical solution to minimize soil degradation and to restore nutrient contents of soils. The aim of this study is to increase fertility and minimize degradation of soils irrigated with wastewater exposed to different purification treatments. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of control and irrigation with wastewater, which had undergone different purification treatments, on macro- and micronutrient distribution within the soil profile and nutrient contents of cabbage (Brassica olerecea var. Capitate cv. Yalova-1) in Erzurum, Turkey. Wastewater irrigation and preliminary treatment–wastewater irrigation significantly affected soil chemical properties especially at 0–30 cm soil depth and plant nutrient contents after one year. Application of wastewater increased soil salinity, organic matter, exchangeable Na, K, Ca, Mg, plant-available P, and micro-elements and decreased soil pH. Wastewater increased also yield and N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, and Mo contents of cabbage plants. Undesirable side effects were not observed in plant heavy-metal contents, due to salinity and toxic concentrations of metals from the application of wastewater to soil.
Effect of pre-exposure to methamphetamine in male rats at two training levels subthreshold to habit

Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behaviors become more or less likely to reoccur after being rewarded or punished. Habits are motor responses performed automatically in response to a particular stimulus, which can be adaptive because it frees up cognitive workspace for other tasks. Habits form after repeated pairings of the behavior with a desirable outcome, and eventually the behavior will occur even when the outcome is no longer rewarding. The parallel to addiction is not coincidental, as substance abuse is thought to change the networks involved with habit. However, the neural circuitry underlying the transition in behavior from goal-directed to environment-elicited is not completely understood. Exposure to psychostimulants prior to training has been shown to decrease the number of reward exposures needed during operant training for an animal to begin to respond habitually rather than in a goal-directed manner. This study investigated the effect of pre-exposure to methamphetamine on Long Evans male rats with 120 and 160 response-reinforcer exposures on a variable-interval 30-s schedule, which is a level of reinforcement subthreshold to habit in male rats. Following pairing of the sugar-pellet reward with taste-aversive lithium chloride, the rate of responding (nose-poke behavior) for both the methamphetamine pre-treated and control groups showed that both were sensitive to reward devaluation. This implies that the methamphetamine pre-treatment did not accelerate habit formation at either level of training. While this is the same result as a previous study with female rats, it does indicate a divergence from the literature which indicates that pre-exposure with psychostimulants accelerates habit formation in males. EFFECT OF PRE-EXPOSURE TO METHAMPHETAMINE ON HABIT 2
Chlorine Penetration into Artificial Biofilm Is Limited by a Reaction−Diffusion Interaction

The retarded penetration of chlorine into artificial biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa entrapped in agarose gel slabs was investigated experimentally and shown to be consistent with an unsteady reaction−diffusion model. A chlorine microelectrode was used to measure transient chlorine concentration profiles in artificial biofilms in a flow cell. While chlorine penetrated relatively quickly into pure agarose films (∼15 min), its penetration into biofilms was greatly retarded when cells were present. The degree of retardation was proportional to the initial cell density in the biofilm. After 3 h of treatment with a flowing chlorine solution, the chlorine concentration at the substratum under a 526 μm thick biofilm containing 14 400 mg L-1 cell mass had only risen to 10% of the bulk solution value. A mathematical model of the transient reaction−diffusion interaction correctly captured the qualitative behavior of experimentally measured chlorine concentration profiles. Parameter values for the simulations wer.
Kinetics of absorption of hydrogen sulfide into aqueous ferric sulfate solutions

Absorption experiments of H2S into aqueous Fe2(SO4)3 solutions, concerned with a unique process capable of regenerating by biological oxidation the reactant from the products, were performed at 20–40°C in an agitated vessel with a flat interface. The absorbents were aqueous solutions of Fe2(SO4)3 with and without the addition of K2SO4, KOH or H2SO4 of various concentrations, which was added to change the ionic strength or pH of the solutions. The experimental results revealed that the species which reacts with H2S is FeOH2+. While comparing the observed absorption rates with the theoretical predictions, it was found that the reaction is irreversible and first order with respect to H2S and FeOH2+. The reaction rate constants were measured and correlated.