Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Method of Lines Transpose: A Fast Implicit Wave Propagator

As a follow up to \cite{Causley2013}, we provide a detailed description of the numerical implementation of an O(N), A-stable, second order accurate solution of the wave equation, constructed from semi-discrete boundary value problems. We improve on the previous algorithm by replacing the Lax-type correction used in \cite{Causley2013}, which was necessary for convergence when $\Delta t < \Delta x/c$, with a more accurate spatial quadrature, which we prove is convergent. We also demonstrate that the resulting solver remains fast even in the case of unstructured meshes, can incorporate domain decomposition, and allows for the implementation of Dirichlet, Neumann, periodic and outflow boundary conditions. Building upon results for the 1d formulation, we utilize alternate direction implicit (ADI) splitting to achieve a fast O(N) solver in higher spatial dimensions. Our solver is built upon line objects and, combined with the flexibility of the integral solver, allows us to solve problems on arbitrary spatial domains, by embedding the boundary in a regular Cartesian mesh. Our solver is designed to couple with particle codes, where scale separation is an issue. We therefore demonstrate the ability of our solver to take time steps well beyond that of the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) stability limit of explicit codes.
Monotonicity Results for Delta and Nabla Caputo and Riemann Fractional Differences via dual identities

Recently, some authors have proved monotonicity results for delta and nabla fractional differences separately. In this article, we use dual identities relating delta and nabla fractional difference operators to prove shortly the monotonicity properties for the (left Riemann) nabla fractional differences using the corresponding delta type properties. Also, we proved some monotonicity properties for the Caputo fractional differences. Finally, we use the $Q-$operator dual identities to prove monotonicity results for the right fractional difference operators.
LTB4R Promotes the Occurrence and Progression of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) by Regulating the AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway

ccRCC is highly immunogenic, yet its underlying immune-related molecular mechanisms are unknown. Leukotriene B4 Receptor 1 (LTB4R), a novel immune-related gene associated in our previous research with the prognosis of ccRCC patients, has been found in many cancers; however, its potential mechanism in renal clear carcinoma is unclear. This study was conducted to investigate LTB4R’s action mechanism in renal clear cell carcinoma. First, a CCK8 assay was performed to verify LTB4R’s effect on the proliferation viability of renal clear cell carcinoma cells. Scratch and transwell assays verified LTB4R’s effect on the migration and invasion ability of renal clear cell carcinoma cells. Flow cytometry validated LTB4R’s effect on renal clear cell carcinoma cells’ apoptosis and cell cycle. A Western blot assay was conducted to further investigate LTB4R’s effect on apoptosis, cell cycle, EMT process, and AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in renal clear cell carcinoma at the protein level. In vitro experiments showed that LTB4R knockdown inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of renal clear cell carcinoma cells and promoted their apoptosis, whereas LTB4R overexpression promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of renal clear cell carcinoma cells and inhibited their apoptosis. In addition, we found that LTB4R regulated the proliferation and apoptosis of renal clear cell carcinoma cells by regulating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway’s phosphorylation process. Furthermore, we verified some of these results using bioinformatic analysis. LTB4R plays an oncogenic role in renal clear cell carcinoma; it is expected to be a molecular target for renal clear cell carcinoma treatment and a predictive biomarker for prognosis.
Reduction of τ-Tilting Modules and Torsion Pairs

The class of support $\tau$-tilting modules was introduced recently by Adachi, Iyama and Reiten. These modules complete the class of tilting modules from the point of view of mutations. Given a finite dimensional algebra $A$, we study all basic support $\tau$-tilting $A$-modules which have given basic $\tau$-rigid $A$-module as a direct summand. We show that there exist an algebra $C$ such that there exists an order-preserving bijection between these modules and all basic support $\tau$-tilting $C$-modules; we call this process $\tau$-tilting reduction. An important step in this process is the formation of $\tau$-perpendicular categories which are analogs of ordinary perpendicular categories. Finally, we show that $\tau$-tilting reduction is compatible with silting reduction and 2-Calabi-Yau reduction in appropiate triangulated categories.
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on admission patterns to paediatric intensive care units in a tertiary care centre

: Background: While COVID-19 per se does not seem to represent a significant threat to the paediatric population, the pandemic has caused indirect detrimental consequences in the management of children in paediatric intensive care units (PICUs). This study analyses the impact of the pandemic on PICU admission patterns in a tertiary care centre. Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study of all admissions to PICU during COVID-19 pandemic i.e. from April 2020-September 2021, and compared the data with corresponding pre-covid times. Results: There were 3439 inpatient admissions compared to 9478 admissions in corresponding pre-covid months. There were 486 admissions to PICU in 2020 compared to 1400 from corresponding pre-covid months (September 2018-March 2020). During the pandemic, there was a reduction in all PICU admissions (14%) compared to pre pandemic period. There was a 79% reduction in respiratory admissions, and a 90% reduction in children admitted with exacerbation of asthma. We also observed a reduction in trauma related admissions (60%) and also 63.5% reduction in seizure disorders. There were 64 admissions (13%) with COVID positive status with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) accounting for 9 cases. Conclusion: The spread of COVID-19 and subsequent policies to address the pandemic has had wide-reaching implications on children’s overall health seeking behaviour and wellbeing. A significant reduction in PICU admissions, particularly secondary to respiratory diseases, and lesser mortality in PICU was noted. This could be attributed to widely implicated public health measures like lockdown and shut down of schools. During times of pandemic and other public health emergencies, policy makers and service providers must ensure continued provision of essential healthcare and social services, including targeted responses for those with existing conditions to improve quality of life and reduce morbidity and mortality.
To be or not to be oblate: the shape of the dark matter halo in the polar ring galaxies

With the aim to determine the spatial distribution of the dark matter halo, we investigate two polar ring galaxies NGC 4262 and SPRC-7. For both galaxies the stellar kinematics data for the central galaxy were obtained from optical spectroscopy at the 6-m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The information about polar gaseous components was taken from the optical 3D-spectroscopic observations of ionized gas (for SPRC-7) and H {\sc i} radio observations (for NGC 4262). SPRC-7 is the system with a relative angle $\delta=73^{\circ}$ towards the central galaxy and a quite massive stellar-gaseous polar component. Meanwhile NGC 4262 is the classic polar case with $\delta=88^{\circ}$ where the polar ring mainly consists of neutral gas with a negligible stellar contribution to the mass. We are hence dealing with two different systems and the results are quite diverse too. The observed properties of both galaxies were compared with the results of self consistent simulations of velocity fields of the polar component along with the rotation curve of the central lenticular galaxy. For SPRC-7 we have found a slightly flattened halo towards the polar plane with the axis ratio $c/a \simeq 1.7 \pm 0.2$ for the isothermal halo model and $c/a \simeq 1.5 \pm 0.2$ for the NFW model. The case of NGC 4262 is more unusual, the shape of the dark matter distribution varies strongly with radius. Namely, the dark matter halo is fattened in the vicinity of the galactic disc ($c/a \approx 0.4 \pm 0.1$), however it is prolate far beyond the central galaxy ($c/a \approx 1.7$ for the isothermal halo and $c/a \approx 2.3$ for NFW).
Deformations of residually reducible Galois representations via $A_\infty$-algebra structure on Galois cohomology

We introduce homotopy-algebraic structures on Galois cohomology that determine presentations for universal deformation rings of Galois representations. From this, we deduce presentations for universal deformation rings of Galois pseudorepresentations. The latter presentation is used to supply a tangent and obstruction theory for pseudorepresentations. This generalizes the well-used tangent and obstruction theory for Galois representations. We also give an application, calculating the ranks of certain Hecke algebras.
Notes on nonsingular models of black holes

We discuss static spherically symmetric metrics which represent non-singular black holes in four- and higher-dimensional spacetime. We impose a set of restrictions, such as a regularity of the metric at the center $r=0$ and Schwarzschild asymptotic behavior at large $r$. We assume that the metric besides mass $M$ contains an additional parameter $\ell$, which determines the scale where modification of the solution of the Einstein equations becomes significant. We require that the modified metric obeys the limiting curvature condition, that is its curvature is uniformly restricted by the value $\sim \ell^{-2}$. We also make a "more technical" assumption that the metric coefficients are rational functions of $r$. In particular, the invariant $(\nabla r)^2$ has the form $P_n(r)/\tilde{P}_n(r)$, where $P_n$ and $\tilde{P}_n$ are polynomials of the order of $n$. We discuss first the case of four dimensions. We show that when $n\le 2$ such a metric cannot describe a non-singular black hole. For $n=3$ we find a suitable metric, which besides $M$ and $\ell$ contains a dimensionless numerical parameter. When this parameter vanishes the obtained metric coincides with Hayward's one. The characteristic property of such spacetimes is $-\xi^2=(\nabla r)^2$, where $\xi^2$ is a time-like at infinity Killing vector. We describe a possible generalization of a non-singular black-hole metric to the case when this equality is violated. We also obtain a metric for a charged non-singular black hole obeying similar restrictions as the neutral one, and construct higher dimensional models of neutral and charged black holes.
Reflection in Seyfert galaxies and the unified model of AGN

We present a deep study of the average hard X-ray spectra of Seyfert galaxies. We aim to test the unified model of active galactic nuclei, and constrain differences and similarities between different classes of objects. We analyzed all public INTEGRAL IBIS/ISGRI data available on all the 165 Seyfert galaxies detected at z < 0.2. Our final sample consists of 44 Seyfert 1s, 29 Seyfert 1.5s, 78 Seyfert 2s, and 14 narrow-line Seyfert 1s. For each subsample, we stacked all the images, and derived their average hard X-ray spectra in the 17–250 keV energy range. We performed a detailed spectral analysis using both a model-independent and a model-dependent approach. All classes of Seyfert galaxies show on average the same nuclear continuum, as foreseen by the zeroth order unified model, with a cutoff energy of EC 200 keV, and a photon index of Γ � 1.8. The average optical depth of the Comptonizing medium is consistent for the different classes (τ � 0.8). Compton-thin Seyfert 2s show a reflection component stronger than Seyfert 1s and Seyfert 1.5s. Most of this reflection is due to mildly obscured (10 23 cm −2 ≤ N H < 10 24 cm −2 ) Seyfert 2s, which have a significantly stronger reflection component (R = 2.2 +4.5 −1.1 ) than Seyfert 1s (R ≤ 0.4), Seyfert 1.5s (R ≤ 0.4), and lightly obscured (N H < 10 23 cm −2 ) Seyfert 2s (R ≤ 0.5). This cannot be explained easily by the unified model. The absorber/reflector in mildly obscured Seyfert 2s might cover a large fraction of the X-ray source, and contain clumps of Compton-thick material. The large reflection found in the spectrum of mildly obscured Seyfert 2s reduces the amount of Compton-thick objects needed to explain the peak of the cosmic X-ray background. Our results are consistent with the fraction of Compton-thick sources being ∼10%. The spectra of Seyfert 2s with and without polarized broad lines do not show significant differences, the only difference between the two samples being the higher hard X-ray and bolometric luminosity of Seyfert 2s with polarized broad lines. The average hard X-ray spectrum of narrow-line Seyfert 1s is steeper than those of Seyfert 1s and Seyfert 1.5s, probably due to a lower energy of the cutoff.
Evidence from stellar rotation of enhanced disc dispersal - I. The case of the triple visual system BD−21 1074 in the β Pictoris association

Context. The early stage of stellar evolution is characterized by a magnetic coupling between a star and its accretion disc, known as a star-disc locking mechanism. The disc-locking prevents the star to spin its rotation up, and its timescale depends on the disc lifetime, which should not be longer than about 10 Myr. Some mechanisms can significantly shorten this lifetime, allowing a few stars to start spinning up much earlier than other stars and increasing the observed rotation period dispersion among coeval stars. Aims. In the present study, we aim to investigate how the properties of the circumstellar environment can shorten the disc lifetime, more specifically the presence of a close stellar companion. Methods. We have identified a few multiple stellar systems, composed of stars with similar masses, which belong to associations with a known age. Since all parameters that are responsible for the rotational evolution, with the exception of environment properties and initial stellar rotation, are similar for all components, we expect that significant differences among the rotation periods can only arise from differences in the disc lifetimes. A photometric timeseries allowed us to measure the rotation periods of each component, while high-resolution spectra provided us with the fundamental parameters, vsini and chromospheric line fluxes. Results. In the present study, we have collected timeseries photometry of BD−211074, a member of the 21 Myr old β Pictoris association, and measured the rotation periods of its brightest components A and B. They differ significantly, and the component B, which has a closer companion C, rotates faster than the more distant and isolated component A. It also displays a slightly higher chromospheric activity level. Conclusions. Since components A and B have similar mass, age, and initial chemical composition, we can ascribe the rotation period difference to either different initial rotation periods or different disc-locking phases arising from the presence of the close companion C. In the specific case of BD−211074, the second scenario seems to be more favored. However, a statistically meaningful sample is yet needed to be able to infer which scenario is more likely. In our hypothesis of different disc-locking phase, any planet orbiting this star, if found by future investigations, is likely formed very rapidly owing to a gravitational instability mechanism, rather than core accretion. Only a large difference of initial rotation periods alone could account for the observed period difference, leaving comparable disc lifetimes.
Original Research Article Effect of Outdoor Activity in daylight over Myopia Progression in Young People: A Longitudinal Study

PURPOSE- To determine the effect of outdoor activities in daylight over myopia progression in young people METHOD- This prospective observational single centered hospital-based study was conducted in Department of Ophthalmology of Shyam Shah Medical college and associated GM Hospital Rewa, during the period of January 2019 to September 2020. Cycloplegic autorefration with 1% cyclopentolate eye drop followed by subjective refinement of refraction was done and Spherical equivalent was calculated at baseline (Time 1), and then after 6 months (Time 2), and at 1 year (Time 3). Progression of myopia was calculated as the change in spherical equivalent during 1 year. Questionnaire survey about amount of time spent in outdoor activities in daylight was done. Multivariate analysis was done to estimate the adjusted odds ratio for outdoor activities associated with myopia progression. RESULT-Significant increase in odds of myopia progression was observed in young people with shorter outdoor activity hours (p<0.05). COCLUSION -Longer duration of outdoor activities in day light has protective effect over myopia progression (p<0.05).
Technical Efficiency and Export Potential of the World Palm Oil Market

Palm oils have been proven to have the highest yield among vegetable oils, which is one of the critical factors in ensuring global food security. However, the world palm oil market has not been entirely utilised due to intervention policies that disrupt the global trade flow. Hence, this study aims to identify the technical efficiency of palm oil exports and then analyse the export potential of two leading producers and exporters of palm oil, Malaysia and Indonesia. A stochastic frontier model (SFM) has been used to estimate the level of technical efficiency across two countries for a sample of 59 major palm oil importing countries during 2009–2019. Palm oil export potential is then calculated using the value of technical export efficiency obtained from the SFM. The main findings revealed the technical inefficiency of world palm oil exports. Comparing the two countries, the Indonesian average technical efficiency value is higher than Malaysian throughout the year. Moreover, the technical efficiency estimates reveal that Malaysia and Indonesia dominate different markets, except in the Netherlands. In terms of export potential, the study found that both major exporting countries of palm oil have great potential to tap more into the same countries, namely China, India, Thailand and the United States. The policy implications of this study suggest that policymakers from both countries should set up a new combined strategy to maximise the palm oil export to their trading partners. Low technical efficiency values in several importing countries show great potential to explore further. Hence, there is a vast potential market for palm oil export to be tapped in those countries.
FUSE Spectroscopic Analysis of the Slowest Symbiotic Nova AG Peg During Quiescence

We present a far-UV (FUV) spectroscopic analysis of the slowest known symbiotic nova AG Peg that underwent a nova explosion in 1850 followed by a very slow decline that did not end until ∼1996, marking the beginning of quiescence. In 2015 June, when AG Peg exhibited a Z And-type outburst with an optical amplitude of ∼1.5 mag. We used accretion disk and WD photosphere synthetic spectral modeling of a Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) spectrum obtained on 2003 June 5.618. The spectrum is heavily affected by ISM absorption as well as strong emission lines. We dereddened the FUSE fluxes assuming , which is the maximum galactic reddening in the direction of AG Peg. We discuss our adoption of the pre-Gaia distance over the Gaia parallax. For a range of white dwarf surface gravities and surface temperatures, we find that the best-fitting photosphere is a hot WD with a temperature Twd = 150,000 K, and a low gravity log(g) ∼ 6.0–6.5. For a distance of 800 pc, the scaled WD radius is Rwd ∼ 0.06 × R⊙, giving log(g) = 6.67 for a 0.65 M⊙ WD mass. The Luminosity we obtain from this model is L = 1729 L⊙. The hot photosphere models provide better fits than the accretion disk models, which have FUV flux deficits toward the shorter wavelengths of FUSE, down to the Lyman limit. Given the uncertainty of the nature of a true symbiotic accretion disk, and, while a very hot low gravity degenerate star dominates the FUV flux, the presence of a steady-state (standard) accretion disk cannot be summarily ruled out.
The spectrum of Lung and Pleural Neoplasms in Patients Presented to a Referral Hospital In Nepal

Background: Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Lung and pleural biopsies are the most commonly performed procedures for the diagnosis of suspicious lesions in the lungs and pleura. The main objective of the study was to identify t he incidence pattern of lung and pleural neoplasms in the tertiary care center of Nepal. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out from April 20, 2019, to April 19, 2020, taking the histopathological specimens with suspicion of lung or pleural neoplasms. Demographic data, type of biopsy obtained, laterality of involvement, smoking status, and histopathological diagnosis in lungs and pleura were collected in the pro forma and entered in Microsoft excel. The statistical analysis was done by using SPSS version 16. Results : Out of 7859 biopsies and resection specimens, 272 (3.5%) cases of lung and pleural specimens were obtained during the study period, out of which 101 (37.1%) were lung and 16 (5.9%) were pleural neoplasms altogether constituting 117 (43.01%) cases of the total lung and pleural biopsies. The mean age for lung and pleural neoplasms was 63.38 (SD±12.5) years. Male predominance was seen with M:E ratio of 1.6:1 and 1.3:1 in lung and pleural neoplasms respectively. Out of 117 cases, trucut biopsy was done for 104 (88.9%) cases and 62 (53%) cases specimens were obtained from the right side. Among the lung neoplasms, 87 (86.1%) were epithelial tumors among which 38 (43.7%) cases were Squamous cell carcinoma. Among the pleural neoplasms, 9 (56.3%) cases were metastatic tumors. Smokers with more than 20 pack years were at significant risk of developing epithelial lung neoplasms (p≡0.042). The adjusted odds ratio for epithelial lung neoplasm was 15.26 [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 2.91-20.07] in persons who smoke. Conclusion: Lung and pleural neoplasms were more prevalent in males in this study. Squamous cell carcinoma is the commonest histological type of lung cancer, closely followed by Adenocarcinoma in our study. Metastatic tumors were the most common among the pleural neoplasms in our study. Smokers were 15 times more likely to have epithelial lung neoplasms than non-smokers. jurisdictional assertions in any published articles, their contents, and the authors' institutional affiliations, the Journal and its publisher maintain their objectivity.