Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rice-Shaped Extruded Kernels: Physical, Sensory, and Nutritional Properties

Rice-shaped kernels were produced from micronutrient-fortified blends of corn and wheat flours, sorghum and wheat flours, or rice flour alone using a pilot-scale twin screw extruder. The color of extruded kernels from rice flour was similar to that of natural rice grain, but other treatments had significant color differences. Sorghum/wheat kernels had the highest cooking loss (13.4%) and water uptake (137.8%), and were also significantly different from other treatments with regard to instrumental texture profile and descriptive analysis. Vitamin C retention in extruded kernels was the lowest, ranging from 4.3 to 27.6%, whereas iron and folic acid had high stability.
Molecular orbital calculations for dialuminum and disilicon hydrides and related systems

Abinitio MO calculations for Si2H2 are reviewed and discussed in qualitative terms. New calculations are reported, by MNDO for Si2H2 and Si2H4, and using both MNDO and abinitio methods (including electron correlation at the MP2 level) for various possible structures for Al2H2 (3). As with the analogous silicon dihydride, a dibridged structure 3a is found to be superior to classical structures 3b, 3c, and 3d. MNDO calculations for derivatives of Al2H2 are reported. Finally, some implications of the calculations for the surface structures of partially-hydrogenated elemental aluminum and silicon are discussed.
International Journal of Food Engineering Three-Dimensional Mathematical Modeling of Microbiological Destruction of Bacillus stearothermophilus in Conductive Baby Food Packed in Glass Container

Three-dimensional mathematical model of the heat transfer during the sterilization process of a conductive baby food packed into glass container was built using the finite element technique. The heat transfer model was experimentally validated through processes carried out in water at 121°C. Chi-square and regression lines were obtained for each set of temperatures generated by the model against experimental data. Thermal death parameters, D and z, of Bacillus stearothermophilus in baby food were determined. The results obtained for D value were 32.67, 9.31 and 1.57 minutes at 110, 115 and 121°C, respectively. The z value obtained was 8.32°C. The mass average value was also estimated and experimental processes were carried out at 110 and 115°C in order to validate the microbiological destruction model. For 110°C processes the differences between experimental and predicted results were less than 12% and for 115°C processes these differences were less than 27%.
Chemical Flame Length and Volume in Liquified Propane Gas Combustion Using High-Temperature and Low-Oxygen-Concentration Oxidizer

In this paper, the effect of a high-temperature oxidizer at different oxygen concentrations on chemical flame length and volume has been numerically studied. Liquified propane gas (LPG) was used as the fuel. Hot exhaust flue gas was used as the dilution gas. The studied parameters include oxygen concentration and temperature of the oxidizer, fuel temperature, fuel firing rate, and diameter of the fuel nozzle. The following results were obtained: (1) Chemical flame length increased as either the oxygen content decreased, the oxidizer temperature increased, or the fuel temperature decreased; furthermore, the chemical flame length was independent of the fuel flow rate and the diameter of the fuel nozzle for the studied cases. (2) Chemical flame volume increased either as the oxygen content decreased and the oxidizer temperature increased, the fuel temperature was reduced, or the fuel firing rate was increased; chemical flame volume was dependent very much on the oxygen concentration in the oxidizer. (3) Inf.
Axial/equatorial proportions for 2-substituted cyclohexanones

Axial-equatorial conformational proportions have been measured for 2-substituted cycloheranones in chloroform by the Eliel method for F, Cl, Br, I, MeO, MeS, Me 2 N, MeSe, and Me. For the first seven of these, at least five experimentally independent measurables were used and the resulting conformational preferences appear to be accurate to within 10%. Systematic errors degraded the results for MeSe and Me. For Me 2 N, the conformational preference also was measured for the first time at slow exchange in the low-temperature 13 C spectrum in several solvents. In chloroform, steric and polar effects contribute to the conformational preferences, with steric effects dominant for large groups such as I and MeS
Mercury content of some foodstuffs of vegetable origin

An analytical method and results are given for the determination of total mercury residues in: Brussels sprouts; cabbages, heading broccoli and kale; potatoes; apples; carrots; imported tomatoes; tinned tomatoes, tomato juices and purees; rice; sugar. Residues in the 146 samples were in the range <0.001 to 0.010 parts/million, the mean being 0.0027 parts/million.
On experimental sensitivity analysis of the turbulent wake from an axisymmetric blunt trailing edge

The sensitivity to local disturbances of the turbulent wake over a 3D blunt body with an axisymmetric detachment is investigated at Re = 2.1·10 4. The flow presents a favored m = 2 azimuthal symmetry set by two wings. The instantaneous wake is measured either above or below the plane containing the wings but leads a statistical symmetric wake. Topology shifts are random but occur mostly after a large number of global mode periods. The statistical symmetry is highly sensitive to any asymmetric disturbance. As a consequence, depending on its position a small control cylinder in the close wake fixes the wake to one asymmetric topology affecting shedding activity and drag. The effect of an axisymmetric perturbation (m = 0) on flow topology and dynamics is also studied ; it induces significant drag reductions and global mode modifications when acting on mixing layers. Whatever the disturbance, the sensitivity of the wake seems concentrated into the mixing layers and may depend more on their local turbulent characteristics than on the inviscid dynamics of vorticity.
Effects of Pore Sizes on Dissociation Temperatures and Pressures of Methane, Carbon Dioxide, and Propane Hydrates in Porous Media

Equilibrium conditions of CH4, CO2, and C3H8 hydrates confined in small pores of porous glass were determined. The dissociation temperature of each hydrate at a given pressure shifted lower than that for bulk hydrate; the largest shift for CH4 hydrate was −12.3 K ± 0.2 K for 4-nm-diameter pores and the shift decreased to only −0.5 K for 100-nm pores. CH4 hydrate experiments at temperatures lower than the quadruple point of 270.6 K in 30-nm porous glass showed no shift of the equilibrium line. All temperature shifts were fitted by the Gibbs-Thomson equation; the best fits for CH4, CO2, and C3H8 hydrates predicted hydrate−water interfacial energies of 1.7(3) × 10-2 J/m2, 1.4(3) × 10-2 J/m2, and 2.5(1) × 10-2 J/m2, respectively. Both type-I hydrates of CH4 and CO2 had interfacial energies within 20% of each other but significantly smaller than the type-II hydrate of C3H8. Ice formation in the same porous glass fit the Gibbs−Thomson relation with an interfacial energy of 2.9(6) × 10-2 J/m2, which is in good a.
Wetting Behaviour of GaN Surfaces with Ga‐ or N‐Face Polarity

The wetting behaviour of GaN surfaces with N-face and Ga-face polarity and the influence of different surface treatments is studied by measuring the wetting angle of highly purified water by microscopic imaging. We found that wet thermal oxidation of the surface leads to a decreased wetting angle indicating an improved wetting behaviour. The presence of Al in AIN or AlGaN leads to a further reduction of the wetting angle, which is attributed to the presence of Al 2 O 3 on the surface. In addition the comparison of Ga- and N-face material revealed a lower wetting angle for all N-face samples. XPS analysis showed the enhanced formation of native oxide on the surface with N-face polarity.
Toxicological and ecotoxicological potencies of biofuels used for the transport sector—a literature review

In the past few years, the development and use of biofuels for the transport sector have attracted growing attention worldwide due to their promising benefits including a reduced dependence on fossil fuels and a potential to slow down the effect of global climate change. Nevertheless, concerns have also started to emerge regarding their potentially adverse environmental impacts and possible effects on human health. In this context, literature research was carried out to obtain an overview of the current research activities on the (eco)toxicological relevance of biofuels. The literature review revealed an increase in research activities on biofuels, in general, especially within the last four years. In contrast, comparatively few research activities were focused on the (eco)toxicological effectiveness of biofuels or their emissions even though this topic will be of great relevance as soon as a biofuel becomes commercially marketed in the future. Furthermore, the results of the available studies vary widely. Several findings on acute and mechanism-specific toxicity indicate less or comparable effects induced by biofuels in comparison to fossil diesel fuels. However, indications for negative impacts that are inducible both by the biofuels themselves and their emissions were found. Based on the data available, an (eco)toxicological relevance or human health risks associated with spills or the use of biofuels currently cannot be ruled out. Therefore, additional experimental studies are necessary to provide a more comprehensive dataset for the identification of future alternative fuels with low environmental impact.
Controlling D.I. Diesel engine emissions using multiple injections and EGR

Experiments have been performed using a modern heavy-duty direct-injection diesel engine equipped with a common-rail, electronically-controlled high-pressure fuel injection system. The experimental results demonstrate the utility of using multiple or split fuel injections in combination with EGR for giving significant emissions reduction over the entire engine operating range. The mechanisms of emission reduction have been revealed by means of combustion visualization and CFD modeling. Soot is reduced due to the fact that the soot producing regions at the tip of the sprays are not replenished with fresh fuel when each injection is terminated and then restarted. The large reduction in soot possible with multiple injections allows the use of higher levels of EGR than is possible with single injections, so that NOx can be reduced significantly while soot levels are simultaneously kept low.
Battery State of Health Monitoring by Side Reaction Current Density Estimation via Retrospective-Cost Subsystem Identification

This paper introduces a method to estimate battery state of health (SoH) via health-relevant electrochemical features. Battery state of health estimation is a critical part of battery management because it allows for balancing the trade-off between maximizing performance and minimizing degradation. In this paper, a health-relevant electrochemical feature, the side reaction current density, is used as the indicator of battery SoH. An estimation algorithm is required due to the unavailability of the side reaction current density via noninvasive methods. In this paper, Retrospective-Cost Subsystem Identification (RCSI) is used to estimate the side reaction current density via identification of an unknown battery health subsystem that generates the side reaction current density. Simulation results are provided for constant current charge and discharge cycles with different C rates. A current profile for an electric vehicle (EV) going through Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) cycles is also used as the excitation signal during estimation. The simulations show promising results in battery health dynamic identification and side reaction current density estimation with RCSI. NOMENCLATURE j Electrode name, where p stands for the cathode and n stands for the anode. cs Li-ion concentration in the solid phase. [mol=m 3 ] cse Solid-electrolyte interface Li-ion concentration. [mol=m 3 ] J1; j Intercalation current density. [A=m 3 ] J j Total current density. [A=m 3 ] Jsd Side reaction current density. [A=m 3 ] fe; j Potential of electrolyte phase. [V ] fs; j Potential of solid phase. [V ] R j Radius of electrodes. [m] Ds Diffusion coefficient in solid phase. [m 2 =sec 3 ] k e f f Conductivity of electrolyte. [S=m] s e f f Conductivity of solid phase. [S=m] as; j Specific surface area of porous electrodes. [1=m 3 ] i0; j Intercalation exchange-current density. [A=m 2 ] h j Overpotential for intercalation reaction. [V ] aa; j Anodic transfer coefficients of electrochemical reaction. ac; j Cathodic transfer coefficients of electrochemical reaction. F Faraday constant. 96487 [C=mol] R Universal gas constant. 8.314 [J=mol] T Temperature. [K]
Study of inlet materials for sampling atmospheric nitric acid

The adsorption of nitric acid (HNO3) from a flowing gas stream is studied for a variety of wall materials to determine their suitability for use in atmospheric sampling instruments. Parts per billion level mixtures of HNO3 in synthetic air flow through tubes of different materials such that >80% of the molecules interact with the walls. A chemical ionization mass spectrometer with a fast time response and high sensitivity detects HNO3 that is not adsorbed on the tube walls. Less than 5% of available HNO3 is adsorbed on Teflon fluoropolymer tubing after 1 min of HNO3 exposure, whereas >70% is lost on walls made of stainless steel, glass, fused silica, aluminum, nylon, silica-steel, and silane-coated glass. Glass tubes exposed to HNO3 on the order of hours passivate with HNO3 adsorption dropping to zero. The adsorption of HNO3 on PFA Teflon tubing (PFA) is nearly temperature-independent from 10 to 80 °C, but below −10 °C nearly all HNO3 that interacts with PFA is reversibly adsorbed. In ambient and syntheti.
The Development of a True Boiling Point Distillation Apparatus

Abstract A new true boiling point distillation apparatus was designed, fabricated, and tested as part of a larger research effort on characterization studies of condensate fluids. Mixtures from heptanes, C6, to dodecanes, C12, were separated under atmospheric conditions and from tridecanes, C13, to nonadecanes, C19, under vacuum conditions. Benchmarking of the results from true boiling point analyses was performed by high-precision gas chromatography. Such data are not only scarce but those available indicate differences ranging from 20 to 30% mainly due to carryover of volumes outside the boiling range. This work has shown a difference of less than 10%, which indicates that this new true boiling point equipment is capable of producing results suitable for conducting reservoir fluids characterization studies.
Results of the IEA round robin on viscosity and stability of fast pyrolysis bio-oils

An international round robin study of the stability of fast pyrolysis bio-oil was undertaken. Fifteen laboratories in five different countries contributed. Two bio-oil samples were distributed to the laboratories for stability testing and further analysis. The stability test was defined in a method provided with the bio-oil samples. Viscosity measurement was a key input. The change in viscosity of a sealed sample of bio-oil held for 24 h at 80 °C was the defining element of stability. Subsequent analyses included ultimate analysis, density, moisture, ash, filterable solids, and TAN/pH determination, and gel permeation chromatography. The results showed that kinematic viscosity measurement was more generally conducted and more reproducibly performed versus dynamic viscosity measurement. The variation in the results of the stability test was great and a number of reasons for the variation were identified. The subsequent analyses proved to be at the level of reproducibility, as found in earlier round robins on bio-oil analysis. Clearly, the analyses were more straightforward and reproducible with a bio-oil sample low in filterable solids (0.2%), compared to one with a higher (2%) solids loading. These results can be helpful in setting standards for use of bio-oil, which is just coming into the marketplace.
Temperature and water content influence on thermophysical properties of coffee extract

Abstract Specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and density of coffee extract were experimentally determined in the range of 0.49 to 0.90 (wet basis) water content and at temperatures varying from 30 to 82°C. Thermal conductivity and specific heat were measured by means of the same apparatus‐ a cell constituted of two concentric cylinders ‐ operating at steady and unsteady state, respectively. The thermal diffusivity was measured by the well‐known Dickerson's method and density was determined by picnometry. The results obtained were used to derive mathematical models for predicting these properties as a function of concentration and temperature.
Waste Activated Sludge Disintegration in an Ultrasonic Batch Reactor

The production of excess sludge is one of the most serious challenges in biological wastewater treatment. In the present work, disintegration is added as a new additional unit operation in a wastewater treatment plant, and the main objective is to reduce the amount of excess sludge. The use of high power ultrasound can effectively disintegrate the bacterial cells, and thereby, enhance the subsequent biodegradation during digestion. In the study, attempts are made to determine the disintegration capacity of waste activated sludge that has different total solids (TS) concentrations with low ultrasound frequency (20 kHz) and a fixed amplitude value (50%). The results show that in terms of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) release, sludge disintegration was primarily governed by ultrasonic density (W mL -1 ), whereas specific energy input appears to be more critical for protein release. A SCOD release of about 329 mg SCOD gTS -1 was obtained at a TS content of 2% and specific energy input of 5 kWs gTS -1 . The SCOD release decreased to 248.5 and 124.2 mgSCOD gTS -1 at TS contents of 4 and 6%, respectively. The highest protein release of 80.7 mg gTS -1 was obtained at a TS content of 2% and a specific energy input of 10 kWs g -1 The sludge disintegration efficiency declined significantly at higher TS content.
ICCD Speckle Observations of Binary Stars. X. A Further Survey for Duplicity Among the Bright Stars

Speckle interferometric observations from the Canada-France-Hawaii 3.6 m and Cerro Tololo 4 m telescopes are reported for 1123 stars selected from the Yale Bright Star Catalogue in a continuing effort to detect new binaries among the bright stars. Thirty-two previously unresolved binaries have been detected, including companions to ξ UMa and 15 S Mon. Measures of 107 previously resolved systems, many of which resulted from earlier speckle observations, are also presented. No evidence of duplicity within a specific (m,Δm,ρ) window of detectability was found for 984 bright stars. These observations combined with two previously published surveys represent the inspection of 2088 stars, representing 23% of the members of the Bright Star Catalogue
Photodissociation of NH3 at 106–200 nm

Cross sections and quantum yields of emissions from the photofragments of NH3 were measured in the 106–200 nm region using synchrotron radiation as a light source. The emission systems of NH2 (A 2A1→X 2B1), NH(c 1Π→a 1Δ, b 1Σ+), and NH(b 1Σ+→X 3Σ−) were observed from the NH3 photodissociation. The dependences of emission intensities on the NH3 and/or He (buffer gas) pressures were studied. The NH(c→a,b) and NH(b→X) emissions were observed when the NH2(A2A1) species was quenched by 10 Torr of He. The NH(b→X) and NH(c→a) emissions start to appear at 182.3±1.5 and 127.9±0.9 nm, respectively. From these emission thresholds the threshold energy for photodissociation of NH3 into NH(X 3Σ−)+H2(X 1Σ+) is determined to be 4.17±0.06 eV, and the upper limit for the heat of formation of NH is 3.81±0.06 eV. For excitation wavelengths longer than 128 nm the NH(b 1Σ+) species is produced by a primary photodissociation process, and at shorter excitation wavelengths the NH(b 1Σ+) may be partly produced by a cascading p.
Freeze-Quench Resonance Raman and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Studying Enzyme Kinetics: Application to Azide Binding to Myoglobin

In the present work we have developed a reliable approach for probing the reaction dynamics of metalloproteins on the millisecond time scale. It is based on the combination of the freeze-quench method with resonance Raman (RR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The reactions are initiated in a mixing chamber and rapidly quenched at low temperature in liquid isopentane after variable delay times. The experimental device is designed in such a way that the same frozen samples can be subsequently studied by two analytical techniques, thereby providing complementary information about the active site structures of intermediate states of the enzyme. In particular, the present setup permits the measurement of high-quality RR spectra despite the interference by the Raman bands of isopentane. With the use of the azide binding reaction to myoglobin as a test case, it is found that RR spectroscopy allows a reliable determination of rate constants, whereas the quantitative analysis of the EPR spectra is associated with a relatively high and unavoidable uncertainty mainly due to irreproducible packing of the freeze-quenched samples.
One-step synthesis of hollow porous Fe3O4 beads–reduced graphene oxide composites with superior battery performance

We report the synthesis of a novel hollow porous Fe3O4 bead–rGO composite structure for lithium ion battery anode application via a facile solvothermal route. The formation of hollow porous Fe3O4 beads and reduction of graphene oxide (GO) into rGO were accomplished in one step by using ethylene glycol (EG) as a reducing agent. In this composite structure, the hollow porous Fe3O4 beads were either chemically attached or tightly wrapped with rGO sheets, leading to a strong synergistic effect between them. As a result, the obtained Fe3O4–rGO composite electrodes could deliver a reversible capacity of 1039 mA h g−1 after 170 cycles between 3 V and 50 mV at a current density of 100 mA g−1, with an increment of 30% compared to their initial reversible capacity, demonstrating their superior cycling stability.
Heavy Metal Ion Adsorbents Formed by the Grafting of a Thiol Functionality to Mesoporous Silica Molecular Sieves: Factors Affecting Hg(II) Uptake

A new approach to heavy metal ion adsorbents based on the covalent grafting of 3-mercaptopropylsilyl groups to the framework pore walls of mesoporous silica molecular sieves has been investigated with regard to hydroxyl group densities, channel dimensions, and morphologies. Two types of silicas were examined, namely, MCM-41 with an initially anionic silicate framework and HMS with an electrically neutral framework. The MCM-41 derivative was obtained through electrostatic S+X-I+ assembly, where S+ was a quaternary ammonium ion surfactant, X- was a halide, and I+ was the silica precursor derived from tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in acidic solution. HMS silicas were assembled by a S°I° pathway using alkylamines as surfactants (S°) and TEOS as the neutral silica source (I°). Prior to thiol functionalization of the mesostructures by a one-step grafting procedure, S+ was removed from MCM-41 by calcination, whereas for HMS, S° was removed by solvent extraction. The grafting process was much more effective for.