Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Small-scale physics of the ocean

Four years ago, we noted that, although there was a widespread belief that the key to many ocean processes must be the communication of energy by internal waves, there had been little progress in definitely relating small-scale processes to internal waves (Caldwell, 1983a). For example, although it seemed plausible that the energy that supplies spots of turbulence in the thermocline is delivered to those spots by internal waves, the process had neither been directly observed nor shown theoretically in a verifiable calculation. In the past four years there has been some progress; observations have been made which render such connections more plausible and some theoretical ideas have been advanced, but we've seen no breakthrough in this direction. Instead, progress has come on other fronts. Our picture of turbulent processes in the upper ocean, especially in the equatorial ocean, is becoming more clear (and more complicated). Strong downdrafts in the mixed layer have been discovered. Dissipation in the convective mixed layer has been found to scale very much as it does in similar layers in the atmosphere. The dynamics of intrusions have drawn attention because they may contribute a good deal of the mixing of the oceans. Although significant laboratory experiments are now available, controversy remains concerning the application of laboratory turbulence concepts to the ocean. Bottom-layer flows have now been carefully defined. One notable development is the increased interest in the effect of mixing conditions on biological activity. Our instrumentation is becoming more routinely deployable, an important step toward obtaining the large amount of sampling required to form a reasonably accurate picture of small-scale processes in the ocean.
Non-monotonic piezocone dissipation curves of backfills in a soil-bentonite slurry trench cutoff wall

Pore pressure dissipation during piezocone testing provides a unique tool for estimating the hydraulic properties of in-situ backfills in soil-bentonite (SB) slurry trench cutoff walls. Six tests were performed in an SB slurry trench cutoff wall located in Jiangsu Province, China. The pore pressure dissipation curves obtained are non-monotonic, which, as far as the authors are aware, is reported for the first time in SB cutoff walls. The non-monotonic dissipation curves are attributed to the redistribution of excess pore pressures between the base soil clods and the rest of the backfill around the cone. Four existing interpretation methods are adopted to analyze the measured non-monotonic piezocone dissipation curves. The horizontal coefficients of consolidation (ch) of the backfills obtained by three methods are close to each other and in agreement with the results of fixed-ring consolidometer tests, while the other method gives a high overestimate. The hydraulic conductivities (kh) of the backfills are also estimated by four methods, three based on dissipation test results and one based on piezocone penetration data. kh estimated by consolidation theory are close to the results of flexible wall permeameter tests. Two empirical expressions for dissipation tests give relatively low kh, but the method based on penetration gives kh much larger than the laboratory test results.
The Mean Ages of S0 Disks: Evidence for Star Formation 5 Gigayears Ago

Optical and infrared photometry of about 35 S0 disks and bulges has been acquired. Comparison to model colors suggests that the disks are 3-5 Gyr younger than the bulges. In some extreme cases, evidence of AGB light is found, indicating that star formation was active as little as 2-3 Gyr ago. This extended period of formation for S0 disks provides the most natural explanation for the prevalence of blue galaxies observed in intermediate redshift clusters of galaxies. The preponderance of S0 galaxies in nearby clusters indicates that they probably were born in that environment and experienced a star formation history that was either terminated by astration or by the process of cluster virialization. 73 refs.
An operational analysis of Lake Surface Water Temperature

Operational analyses of Lake Surface Water Temperature (LSWT) have many potential uses including improvement of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models on regional scales. In November 2011, LSWT was included in the Met Office Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Ice Analysis (OSTIA) product, for 248 lakes globally. The OSTIA analysis procedure, which has been optimised for oceans, has also been used for the lakes in this first version of the product. Infra-red satellite observations of lakes and in situ measurements are assimilated. The satellite observations are based on retrievals optimised for Sea Surface Temperature (SST) which, although they may introduce inaccuracies into the LSWT data, are currently the only near-real-time information available. The LSWT analysis has a global root mean square difference of 1.31 K and a mean difference of 0.65 K (including a cool skin effect of 0.2 K) compared to independent data from the ESA ARC-Lake project for a 3-month period (June to August 2009). It is demonstrated that the OSTIA LSWT is an improvement over the use of climatology to capture the day-to-day variation in global lake surface temperatures.
Basin-filling Peano omega-branches and structural stability of a chaotic attractor

Attractors demonstrating randomly transitional (or chaotic) phenomena usually exhibit the following three outstanding properties: • Sensitive dependence on initial conditions. • Fractal structure of alpha-branches of principal saddles. • Transitive property, i.e., one trajectory or sequence of images can come arbitrarily close to every point in the attractor. Among the three properties given above, the third property is always observed in simulation experiments. However, rigorous mathematical demonstration has not been provided yet. It supports the proposition that the omega branches of the principal saddle in a chaotic attractor must be basin-filling Peano curves.
Dislocation patterning in fatigued metals as a result of dynamical instabilities

The nucleation of persistent slip bands in stressed materials is described as a cooperative phenomenon for dislocation populations. It is the competition between their mobility and their nonlinear interactions (creation, annihilation, and pinning) which causes the instability of uniform dislocation distributions versus inhomogeneous ones and leads to the formation and persistence of dislocation patterns.
Remarks to an equivalent formulation of ekeland’s variational principle

A recent theorem Of W.Takahashi will be pointed out as an equivalent formulation of Ekelands variational principle. This gives rise to study functions having sets of weak sharp minimas in a generalized sense. Connections to the proximal point algorithm in the convex case leads to the basic and still open question: How to use Ekelands principle numerically
A multiscale strength model for tantalum over an extended range of strain rates

A strength model for tantalum is developed and exercised across a range of conditions relevant to various types of experimental observations. The model is based on previous multiscale modeling work combined with experimental observations. As such, the model's parameterization includes a hybrid of quantities that arise directly from predictive sub-scale physics models and quantities that are adjusted to align the model with experimental observations. Given current computing and experimental limitations, the response regions for sub-scale physics simulations and detailed experimental observations have been largely disjoint. In formulating the new model and presenting results here, attention is paid to integrated experimental observations that probe strength response at the elevated strain rates where a previous version of the model has generally been successful in predicting experimental data [Barton et al., J. Appl. Phys. 109(7), 073501 (2011)].
The Effects of Shared Singing Picture Book Instruction on Chinese Immersion Kindergarteners’ Spoken Vocabulary Recall and Retention

The present study investigates the effects of shared singing of a picture book on the Chinese vocabulary recall and retention of young bilingual learners in Chinese immersion programs using an experimental study design. One hundred and six immersion kindergarteners from three different school districts in the U.S. Midwest were assigned to the experimental group (n = 53) and the control group (n = 53) at the class level. The experimental group listened to a song-based storybook (also known as a story song) and shared in singing it, while the control group heard the same story, read aloud and shared in reading it. The pre-test was administered to determine the participants’ vocabulary level before the study. Immediate and delayed post-tests were used to assess their immediate recall and delayed retention of vocabulary targeted in the shared reading/singing. Independent t-test and one-way ANOVA analysis were employed to examine differences between the two groups in vocabulary recall and retention. The results showed that the experimental group achieved greater improvement in their vocabulary than the control group. This finding suggests that shared singing can be a useful pedagogical tool for spoken vocabulary acquisition and retention in picture books.
Influence of phonons on the temperature dependence of photoluminescence in InN with low carrier concentration

We report the temperature dependence of photoluminescence (PL) spectra for InN. For a free-carrier concentration n=5.9×1017 cm−3 and low temperature, the main PL band is observed at 0.669 eV. The PL shift and broadening are described from 20 to 300 K based on electron-phonon interactions. Two discrete phonon sidebands (PSBs) are observed with corresponding phonon energy of ∼69 meV. The PSB temperature shift and linewidth broadening are well described by previous theory.
Selective oxidation of AlInN layers for current confinement in III–nitride devices

Highly selective oxidation of an AlInN interlayer buried in a GaN matrix is demonstrated. This technique was successfully applied to form current apertures in III-nitride light-emitting diodes (LEDs). GaN LEDs were grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy with a lattice-matched AlInN layer inserted in the n-doped region of the device. Mesas were etched by Cl2∕Ar reactive ion etching to give access to the AlInN sidewalls. The sample was then oxidized anodically in a nitrilotriacetic acid solution. Using this technique, the AlInN layer was oxidized laterally up to 22μm deep while the surrounding GaN layers were kept unaffected. It was subsequently demonstrated that the oxidized AlInN layers are insulating and are therefore suitable for lateral current confinement in optoelectronic devices.
Natural populations of lactic acid bacteria in douchi from Yunnan Province, China

This research was aimed at isolating and identifying the predominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the traditional Chinese salt-fermented soybean food, douchi, from Yunnan, China. The predominant LAB present were isolated and identified by conventional culture-dependent methods combined with molecular biological methods. Two hundred and sixty isolates were obtained from thirty kinds of traditional fermented douchi from six cities and counties in Yunnan, and those strains were divided into twelve groups by their morphological and biochemical characteristics. Based on 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing and analysis, 56 representative strains were identified as belonging to 6 genera and 14 species: Lactobacillus (4 spp.), Weissella (3 spp.), Pediococcus (2 spp.), Staphylococcus (2 spp.), Enterococcus (1 sp.), and Bacillus (2 spp.). The results show that douchi contains a large natural population of LAB of diverse composition from which some strains could be selected as starters for functional fermented foods. This is the first study on the original douchi from Yunnan, and the results suggest that it may be a useful source for the isolation of LAB. This study has also laid a foundation for further research on developing functional douchi products.
Ge–Sb–Te thin films deposited by pulsed laser: An ellipsometry and Raman scattering spectroscopy study

Pulsed laser (532 nm) deposited Ge2Sb2Te5 thin films were investigated by means of spectroscopic ellipsometry and Raman scattering spectroscopy. Tauc–Lorentz and Cody–Lorentz models were employed for the evaluation of optical functions of thin films in as-deposited (amorphous) and crystalline (cubic) phases. The models’ parameters (Lorentz oscillator amplitude, resonance energy, oscillator width, optical band gap, and Urbach energy) calculated for amorphous and crystalline states are discussed. The vibrational modes observed in Raman spectra of amorphous layers are attributed to GeTe4−nGen (n=1, 2, eventually 0) tetrahedra connected by corners (partly by edges) and SbTe3 units. The Raman spectra of crystalline thin films suggest that the local bonding arrangement around Ge atoms changes; GeTe component is thus mainly responsible for the phase transition in Ge2Sb2Te5 alloys.
Thermal cyclotron absorption coefficients

The accuracy of some of the analytic formulas for thermal cyclotron absorption coefficients is checked for temperatures in the range of 5-50 keV. It is suggested that the Robinson and Melrose (1984) analytic formulas provide the best accuracy for these absorption coefficients at large viewing angles theta with the magnetic field and sufficiently high harmonics where the harmonic structure is unimportant. It is shown, however, that their formulas are much less accurate for small theta (less than about 30 deg) than has been previously thought. In order to facilitate comparisons with the literature the cyclotron absorption coefficient has been calculated numerically by two independent methods: the dielectric tensor method of Tamor and the single-particle method. Excellent agreement is found between these methods, but a number of discrepancies with other calculations remain. Extensive opacity tables are presented for cyclotron harmonics up to about 25 at temperatures 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 keV. 39 refs.
Differences of Multiple Fibonacci Numbers

Abstract We show that every integer can be written uniquely as a sum of Fibonacci numbers and their additive inverses, such that every two terms of the same sign differ in index by at least 4 and every two terms of different sign differ in index by at least 3. Furthermore, there is no way to use fewer terms to write a number as a sum of Fibonacci numbers and their additive inverses. This is an analogue of the Zeckendorf representation.
Do They Really Get It? Evaluating Evidence of Student Understanding of Power Series

Abstract Most teachers agree that if a student understands a particular mathematical topic well, he/she will probably be able to do problems correctly. The converse, however, frequently fails: students who do problems correctly sometimes do not actually have robust understandings of the topic in question. In this paper we explore this phenomenon in the context of power series, one of the most challenging topics in the calculus curriculum. We report on a small pilot study of calculus students working in pairs on power series problems in an interview setting. We first describe general tendencies in the students' work and then, concentrating on one pair of students, we document how they arrived at correct answers, explaining their answers in appropriate terms, despite having significantly flawed ideas about those series. Implications for further research and the teaching of power series are discussed.
Clinical characteristics and treatment of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents: a retrospective analysis of 83 patients

To study the clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents. We performed a retrospective analysis of clinical data from 83 cases of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents from January 1990 to December 2010. We compared extra-thyroid extension, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and prognosis between pediatric patients ≤12 years of age (27 cases) and those >12 years of age (56 cases). All the patients agreed to undergo thyroidectomy and endocrine therapy, and the consent was obtained from parents or guardians. Histopathology included papillary carcinoma in 67 cases, papillary carcinoma with partial follicular growth pattern in 1 case, papillary carcinoma with squamous metaplasia in 4 cases, follicular carcinoma in 7 cases, medullary carcinoma in 3 cases, and poorly differentiated carcinoma in 1 case. The total lymph node metastasis rate was 78.31%. Patients ≤12 years of age showed a higher rate of lymph node metastasis than the older group (92.59% vs. 71.43%, P=0.028). The incidence rate in females in the older group was higher than that in the younger group (80.36% vs. 59.26%, P=0.041). There were no significant differences in extra-thyroid extension, distant metastasis, survival rate, or recurrent disease between the two groups. The lymph node metastasis of thyroid cancer is higher in patients ≤12 years of age than in those >12 years of age; the incidence rate is higher in females than in males. Childhood thyroid cancer has a good prognosis, surgery being the most effective treatment. Choosing a reasonable surgery method and comprehensive postoperative treatment can achieve a cure and satisfactory survival rate.
Dependence of elastic stiffness on electronic band structure of nanolaminate M2AlC (M=Ti,V,Nb, and Cr) ceramics

We investigate the elastic stiffness and electronic band structure of nanolaminate M2AlC (M=Ti,V,Nb, and Cr) ceramics by using the ab initio pseudopotential total energy method. The relationship between elastic stiffness and valence electron concentration (VEC) is discussed. The results show that the bulk and shear moduli enhance monotonously as VEC increases in M2AlC. The shear modulus c(44), which by itself represents a pure shear shape change and is directly related to hardness, reaches its maximum when the VEC is in the range of 8.4-8.6. This implies that the bulk modulus, shear modulus, and hardness vary in different trends when the VEC changes in M2AlC. Furthermore, trends in the elastic stiffness are well explained in terms of electronic band structure analysis, e.g., occupation of valence electrons in states near the Fermi level of M2AlC. We show that increments of bulk and shear moduli originate from additional valence electrons filling states involving Md-Alp covalent bonding and metal-to-metal t(2g) and e(g) orbitals. For the case of c(44), strengthening the M-Al pd covalent bonds effectively enhances the shear resistance and excessive occupation of dd orbitals gives rise to a negative contribution. The maximum of c(44) is attributed to the complete filling of the Md-Alp bonding states.
Molecular clouds and star formation. II. Star formation in the Cepheus OB3 and Perseus OB2 molecular clouds

Molecular clouds of mass approx.10/sup 4/ M/sub sun/ and linear extent approx.60 pc have been detected in the vicinity of the young OB associations Cepheus OB3 and Perseus OB2. These clouds have been mapped in the J=1. -->. 0 transition of /sup 12/CO, and observations of /sup 13/CO and 2 mm H/sub 2/CO have been made in selected regions.Three regions which illustrate different stages of star formation have been identified in the Cepheus OB3 cloud. An embedded star may be present in one region. A new subgroup of the association is being created in another. The third is probably the precursor of a star-forming region. All are situated at one edge of the molecular cloud, close to the association stars and the H II region S155. The site of the currently active star-forming region adjacent to the birth sites of the older and younger subgroups of the Cepheus OB3 association suggests that each burst of star formation is produced as a result of the birth of a previous group and thus continues sequentially. Although the way in which star formation is initiated in this association is not established, it is clearly very different from the manner in which it proceeds and maymore » well have resulted from the passage of the galactic density wave.The Perseus OB2 association and molecular cloud are found to deviate considerably from the pattern frequently observed in OB associations and typified by Cepheus OB3. The two known stellar birth sites, IC 348 and NGC 1333, are spatially very far apart, and no other star-forming regions have been discovered. There is no evidence that the birth of stars in one region triggers star formation in an adjacent area. This may be due to the orientation of the cloud with respect to the local magnetic field. It is clear, however, that no unique mechanism produces OB associations. « less
Avalanche‐Induced Negative Resistance in Thin Oxide Films

A current‐controlled negative resistance phenomenon, similar to that exhibited by a gas discharge tube, has been observed in suitably prepared thin oxide films of Nb, Ta, and Ti, sandwiched between thin‐film metal electrodes, at frequencies up to 1 Mc/sec. The voltage required to sustain the negative resistance in both directions of current is independent of the electrode materials, apparent area and thickness (up to 500 A) of the oxide film, and is about 0.4, 1.3, and 3.5 V for Ti, Nb, and Ta oxide films, respectively. The corresponding electric fields are approximately 0.8×106, 3×106, 9×106 V/cm. These values increase slightly with decrease of temperature. Experimental evidence supports the interpretation of the phenomenon in terms of avalanche multiplication of carriers in a thin region of the oxide film attended by space‐charge‐limited flow conditions.
TIDALLY INDUCED OUTBURSTS IN OJ 287 DURING 2005–2008

The blazar OJ 287 has produced two major optical outburst events during the years 2005–2008. These are the latest in a series of outbursts that have occurred repeatedly at 12 year intervals since early 1900s. It has been possible to explain the historical light curve fairly well by using a binary black hole model where the secondary black hole impacts the accretion disk of the primary twice during the 12 year orbital cycle. We will ask here how well does the latest light-curve fit with this model. We use a 10 million particle disk to model the accretion disk of the primary black hole. The rate of transfer of particles through the 10 Schwarzschild radius cylinder around the primary is followed. The secondary induces an inward flow through this surface. The inward flow rate is compared with the historical light curve as well as with the most recent observations reported in this paper. The observations have been carried out by using a number of small and medium size telescopes in different locations in order to ensure a dense light-curve coverage. The “inflow light curve” and the optical light curve of OJ 287 have a close resemblance to each other. It suggests that the tidally induced accretion flow is responsible for the main features of the optical light curve, with the exception of the quasi-periodic double peaks. It implies a close connection between the accretion disk and the jet where the optical synchrotron emission is presumably generated.
Extension of Elementary Siphons in a Class of Generalized Petri Nets

This work presents an effective method on computing strict minimal siphons and elementary siphons based on the concept of initial resource weighted digraphs for a class of generalized Petri nets, namely WS3PR. In addition, the controllability conditions of dependent siphons are developed. Monitors are added for the elementary siphons only and the controllability of a dependent siphon is ensured by properly supervising its elementary siphons. Through fully investigating the structure of the net, especially weight information, the set of elementary siphons obtained by the proposed method is more compact and well suits for WS3PR. An example is illustrated to demonstrate the proposed method.