Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of 900-MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields during the adolescence on the histological structure of rat testis and its androgen and estrogen receptors localization

Background: Mobile phones as an electronic device which are emitting radiofrequency-electromagnetic field (RF-EMF). In this study was intend to determine the contingent effects of cell phone induced RF-EMF on testicular tissue in adolescence. Materials and Methods: Rats in the RF-EMF group were exposed to 900 MHz RF-EMF, while sham and control rats were not. After the completion of the test steps, the testicular tissues which were rapidly removed from the body of sacrificed rats were examined by using histopathological and biochemical methods. Testicular tissues cut to 5 μm thickness undergo routine histological procedures. Thus, histopathological evaluation will be completed. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in testicular tissues were measured by biochemical methods to determine whether oxidative stress occurred or not. Results: Histopathologic findings were not observed in any of the studied groups. There was also no difference between the groups in terms of localization of androgen and estrogen receptors. The incidence of apoptotic index and TUNEL-positive cells was similar in all three groups. In the RF-EMF group, although the levels of MDA and CAT were significantly higher, GSH levels were lower than the other groups. There was no essential difference between the groups in terms of SOD level. Conclusions: The obtained results of this study showed that exposed to 900 MHz RF-EMF in adolescents caused oxidative stress in the testes, but testicular damage which is caused to oxidative stress is remained too low to be detected by histopathological methods in this study.
Stealthy DGoS Attack Against Network Tomography: The Role of Active Measurements

As a tool to infer the internal state of a network that cannot be measured directly, network tomography has been extensively studied under the assumption that the measurements truthfully reflect the end-to-end performance of measurement paths, which makes the resulting solutions vulnerable to manipulated measurements. In this work, we investigate the impact of manipulated measurements via a recently proposed attack model called the stealthy DeGrading of Service (DGoS) attack, which aims at maximally degrading the performance of targeted paths without exposing the manipulated links to network tomography. While existing studies on this attack assumed that network tomography only measures the paths actively used for data transfer (via passive measurements), our model allows network tomography to measure a larger set of paths, e.g., by sending probes on some paths not carrying data flows. By developing and analyzing the optimal attack strategy, we quantify the maximum damage of such an attack. We further develop a defense strategy by formulating and solving a Stackelberg game to select the best set of measurement paths under a budget constraint. Our evaluations on real topologies validate the efficacy of the proposed defense strategy while identifying areas for further improvement.
The Effect of Incentives and Leadership Styles on Creative Performance

Introduction/Main Objectives: This study investigates whether the type of incentives offered and leadership styles interact to affect creative performance. Background Problems: Creativity is highly needed by companies to survive in a volatile business environment. Prior research found that management control systems and the leadership style were able to stimulate creativity. It is still unclear which type of incentives and leadership styles are able to stimulate creativity. Therefore, this research proposes a research question, what kind of management control systems and leadership style can improve creative performance? Novelty: This research focuses on comparing monetary and non-monetary incentives, based on competition, to produce the most creative ideas, but empirical studies into the context of creativity are still limited. Furthermore, this study investigates two different leadership styles and it sheds light on the fact that the leadership styles needed in a creative environment differ from those styles used in a non-creative environment. Research Methods: This study was conducted using a 2x2 between subject experimental design with two incentive treatments (tournament and recognition) and two leadership style treatments (directive and empowering). Finding/Results: Consistent with Lourenco (2016), monetary incentives (including tournaments) and non-monetary incentives (recognition) are substitutive. Furthermore, the empowering leadership style leads to a greater creative performance than the directive style does. The results indicate that, in the condition of a tournament incentive, empowering leadership is able to produce a higher creative performance than directive leadership can. Conclusion: There is no significantly difference between the effect of monetary incentives and non-monetary incentives on creative performance. This study’s result is consistent with the situational leadership theory, certain types of leadership are appropriate for certain environmental conditions. For improved creative performance, employees need to be empowered because they need the authority and freedom to develop ideas. This study provides knowledge about the impact of incentives and leadership styles on creative performance. Furthermore, this study provides practical knowledge for companies on how to improve creativity in the work environment by using certain incentives and leadership styles.
Nonlinear modulation with low-power sensor networks using undersampling

Nonlinear modulation is a promising technique for ultrasonic non-destructive damage identification. A wireless sensor network is ideally suited to monitor large structures using nonlinear modulation in a cost-efficient manner. However, existing approaches rely on high sampling rates and resource-demanding computations that are not feasible on low-cost and low-power sensor network devices. We present a new damage indicator that uses the short-time Fourier transform to derive amplitude and phase modulation with less computational effort and memory usage. Evaluation of the proposed method using real experiment data exhibits performance and reliability similar to the conventionally used modulation index. Undersampling is demonstrated, which reduces the memory demand in a test scenario by more than 100 times, and the required energy for sampling and processing more than four times. The loss of accuracy introduced by undersampling is shown to be negligible.
Life after recovery: Increased resolution of forest resilience assessment sheds new light on post‐drought compensatory growth and recovery dynamics

Understanding the impacts of extreme drought on forest productivity requires a comprehensive assessment of tree and forest resilience. However, current approaches to quantifying resilience limit our understanding of forest response dynamics, recovery trajectories and drought legacies by constraining the temporal scale and resolution of assessment. We compared individual tree growth histories with growth forecasted using dynamic regression at an annual resolution, allowing drought impact and individual tree and stand level recovery dynamics to be assessed relative to a scenario where no drought occurred. The novel application of this approach allowed us to quantify the cumulative impact of drought legacy on radial growth at multiple stem heights at different stand densities. We show that the choice of pre‐ and post‐drought periods over which resilience is assessed can lead to systematic bias in both estimates and interpretations of resilience indices. In contrast, measuring growth resilience annually revealed clear nonlinearities in tree and stand recovery trajectories. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the influence of pre‐drought attributes such as tree size, growth rates and stand densities on growth resilience were only detectable at certain stages of recovery. Importantly, we show that the legacy of drought on tree growth can become positive for some individuals, extending up to 9 years after the event such that post‐recovery growth can result in the reclamation of some lost tree and stand basal area. Synthesis. We demonstrate the importance of increasing the temporal scale and resolution of forest resilience assessment in order to understand both patterns and drivers of drought recovery. We highlight the shortcomings of collapsing growth response into a single average value and show how drought legacy can persist into a post‐recovery phase, even positively impacting the growth of some trees. If unaccounted for, this post‐recovery growth phase can lead to an underestimation of resilience and an overestimation of above‐ground losses in productivity, highlighting the importance of considering longer‐term drought legacies and compensatory growth on basal area.
STEM Knowledge in Non-STEM Occupations: Implications for Community Colleges

ABSTRACT The U.S. faces increasing demand for STEM knowledge, contributing to enhanced products, improved health care, more efficient energy sources, a preserved environment, safeguarded national security, and economic growth. In addition, high-paying occupations increasingly require STEM knowledge, and in non-STEM occupations, workers increasingly need STEM knowledge for workplace success and earn significantly more than those without such knowledge. Community colleges supply a major portion of STEM education to the current and future workforce, and researchers have examined the role of community colleges in preparing current and future workers with for STEM occupations but less so for non-STEM occupations. The current study examined STEM knowledge in non-STEM occupations in the U.S. Using data from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the findings included 19 major groups of non-STEM occupations and 15 STEM knowledge areas in non-STEM occupations. The study further found higher levels of STEM knowledge associated with higher wages for select areas and, using O*NET benchmark standards, identified the levels of STEM knowledge required in non-STEM occupations.
Differential Circuit Mechanisms of Young and Aged Visual Cortex in the Mammalian Brain

The main goal of this review is to summarize and discuss (1) age-dependent structural reorganization of mammalian visual cortical circuits underlying complex visual behavior functions in primary visual cortex (V1) and multiple extrastriate visual areas, and (2) current evidence supporting the notion of compensatory mechanisms in aged visual circuits as well as the use of rehabilitative therapy for the recovery of neural plasticity in normal and diseased aging visual circuit mechanisms in different species. It is well known that aging significantly modulates both the structural and physiological properties of visual cortical neurons in V1 and other visual cortical areas in various species. Compensatory aged neural mechanisms correlate with the complexity of visual functions; however, they do not always result in major circuit alterations resulting in age-dependent decline in performance of a visual task or neurodegenerative disorders. Computational load and neural processing gradually increase with age, and the complexity of compensatory mechanisms correlates with the intricacy of higher form visual perceptions that are more evident in higher-order visual areas. It is particularly interesting to note that the visual perceptual processing of certain visual behavior functions does not change with age. This review aims to comprehensively discuss the effect of normal aging on neuroanatomical alterations that underlie critical visual functions and more importantly to highlight differences between compensatory mechanisms in aged neural circuits and neural processes related to visual disorders. This type of approach will further enhance our understanding of inter-areal and cortico-cortical connectivity of visual circuits in normal aging and identify major circuit alterations that occur in different visual deficits, thus facilitating the design and evaluation of potential rehabilitation therapies as well as the assessment of the extent of their rejuvenation.
Women in Policing and Legitimacy: A Vignette-Based Study of Symbolic Representation

Abstract Using a two-by-two vignette-based experimental design, this study aimed to examine the effects of women’s symbolic representation in sexual assault units and the arrest rate for interpersonal violence cases on individuals’ perceptions of police legitimacy, support for leadership, and willingness to engage in bystander intervention behaviors. Using responses from 357 students attending one university in the Midwest, the results showed that a higher level of women’s representation was associated with more police legitimacy and greater support for the leader when the agency had a low arrest rate. Whereas police legitimacy was related to bystanders’ intentions to intervene, women’s representation in the unit and the arrest rate was not. The findings indicate that women’s representation in policing strengthens the support for the police in gendered areas when the agency is underperforming.
Search for age pattern across spiral arms of the Milky Way

The age pattern across spiral arms is one of the key observational features utilised to study the dynamic nature of the Galaxy’s spiral structure. With the most updated samples of high-mass star formation region (HMSFR) masers, O stars and open clusters, we investigated their distributions and kinematic properties in the vicinity of the Sun. We found that the Sagittarius-Carina Arm traced by HMSFRs, O stars (≲ 10 Myr) and young open clusters (<30 Myr) seem to deviate gradually towards the Galactic Anticenter (GAC) direction. The Local Arm traced by HMSFRs, O stars, young clusters and also medium-young clusters (30–100 Myr) are inclined to gradually deviate toward the Galactic Center (GC) direction. The properties for the Local Arm are supported by a simplified simulation of cluster motions in the Galaxy. Indications of systematic motions in the circular and radial velocities are noticed for the old open clusters (>200 Myr). These results are consistent with the idea that star formation can be triggered by spiral shocks of density waves, and indicate that the corotation radius of the Galaxy is located between the Sagittarius-Carina Arm and the Local Arm, close to the Solar circle.
Multi-Antenna Jamming in Covert Communication

Covert communication conceals transmission of messages between Alice and Bob from an adversary, Willie, who tries to determine if a transmission took place or not. While covert communication in a basic, standard setting where all variables are known to Willie, results in the well-known square-root law, when a jammer is present and assists Alice by creating uncertainty in Willie’s decoder, a strictly positive transmission rate is possible. In this work, we analyze the case where the jammer is equipped with multiple antennas. Specifically, we analyze the effect of multiple antennas at the jammer on Alice’s transmission power and consequently on the transmission rate. We consider both the case where the channel knowledge of Willie is known as well as the case where it is unknown. We formulate several optimization problems for the transmission strategies of the jammer to maximize his assistance to Alice, in terms of maximizing Bob’s received SNR and consequently the covert rate. When the channel information is known to the jammer, we show that under an achievable covertness scheme, the optimal strategy of the jammer is to perform beamforming towards a single direction with all his available power. This direction though, is not trivial, since it reflects a tradeoff point between minimizing the interference at Bob and maximizing the interference at Willie. When the channel knowledge is unknown, we show that the optimal strategy of the jammer is either to transmit isotropically to all directions or to the null-space of Bob, where this choice depends on certain channel conditions. This is in contrast to current schemes in the literature. Furthermore, we extend the optimization problems to the case where Bob is also equipped with multiple antennas, and provide insightful results, shown to be asymptotically optimal, accompanied by simulations.
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera l. water extract and its photocatalytic evaluation

Green synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using Moringa oleifera L extract is successfully carried out. ZnO-NPs is precipitated out with the help of Moringa oleifera L water extract and thermally treated at 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500°C prior characterization. The prepared ZnO-NPs were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and The Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis). The photocatalytic activity was determined based on its ability to decompose methylene blue in solution. FTIR analysis result shows the absorption band at 422-497 cm−1 which associated with stretching of Zn-O, and the intensity of O-H bond (3417 cm−1) decreases with increasing calcination temperature. The XRD spectrum shows a significant increase in electron properties and bond formation as the temperature increase. Calcination at 500°C results in the achievement of methylene blue degradation as a pollutant model of 80% after 60 minutes of exposure. This study shows that Moringa oleifera L. water extract can be used as a green alternative in ZnO-NPs synthesis and calcination temperature affects the photocatalytic activity of the prepared nanoparticles.
Vulnerabilities to Food Insecurity: Interconnected Risks and Assets for Coping Among Low-Income Men

Objective: A consideration of low-income men’s social, economic, and environmental contexts reveals potential vulnerabilities to food insecurity, yet their experiences of food insecurity have not been well documented. As such, this paper explores the risks and assets for food insecurity as described by a sample of 30 low-income men. Method: Data were collected through in-depth semistructured interviews that took place in 11 Department of Social Services offices in five geographically diverse Maryland counties. We used thematic analysis to analyze the data. Findings: Participants reported experiencing multiple, co-occurring, and accumulating hardships that interfered with meeting basic needs and accessing food. Risks included health problems, limited employment, lack of transportation, and housing problems. Assets for coping included financial management skills, relationships, and public and private community assistance, particularly SNAP. Conclusions: Findings indicate that although policies and programs targeting one area of hardship may help meet immediate needs, they do not address the interconnected root causes and consequences of poverty. Policies and programs should support and leverage existing assets of low-income men to amplify programmatic benefits.
How Issue Framing Shapes Trade Attitudes: Evidence from a Multi-Country Survey Experiment

Abstract This paper examines general support for trade at the individual level, measures its sensitivity to pro- and anti-trade framing, and relates these effects to how framing affects specific beliefs about trade. The data come from a randomized experiment we included in the 2018 Latinobarometro survey covering 18 countries. We find that respondents' high support for trade is based primarily on perceived employment gains. General support for trade is unaffected by consumption benefits framing, but is highly sensitive downward to employment loss framing. Positive framing does shift upward respondent beliefs that trade reduces consumption prices, but also raises concerns about low wages. Negative framing substantially weakens the prevailing beliefs that trade brings higher employment. Framing impacts reflect behavioral responses and depend on country-level factors, such as unemployment and import dependence, as well as individual-level factors, education in particular moderating framing responses in line with relative factor endowments theories of trade.
Surface Analysis of Chamber Coating Materials Exposed to CF4/O2 Plasma

Coating the inner surfaces of high-powered plasma processing equipment has become crucial for reducing maintenance costs, process drift, and contaminants. The conventionally preferred alumina (Al2O3) coating has been replaced with yttria (Y2O3) due to the long-standing endurance achieved by fluorine-based etching; however, the continuous increase in radio frequency (RF) power necessitates the use of alternative coating materials to reduce process shift in a series of high-powered semiconductor manufacturing environments. In this study, we investigated the fluorine-based etching resistance of atmospheric pressure-sprayed alumina, yttria, yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), and yttrium oxyfluoride (YOF). The prepared ceramic-coated samples were directly exposed to silicon oxide etching, and the surfaces of the plasma-exposed samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We found that an ideal coating material must demonstrate high plasma-induced structure distortion by the fluorine atom from the radical. For endurance to fluorine-based plasma exposure, the bonding structure with fluoride was shown to be more effective than oxide-based ceramics. Thus, fluoride-based ceramic materials can be promising candidates for chamber coating materials.
TP-River: Monitoring and Quantifying Total River Runoff from the Third Pole

Monitoring changes in river runoff at the Third Pole (TP) is important because rivers in this region support millions of inhabitants in Asia and are very sensitive to climate change. Under the influence of climate change and intensified cryospheric melt, river runoff has changed markedly at the TP, with significant effects on the spatial and temporal water resource distribution that threaten water supply and food security for people living downstream. Despite some in situ observations and discharge estimates from state-of-the-art remote sensing technology, the total river runoff (TRR) for the TP has never been reliably quantified, and its response to climate change remains unclear. As part of the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ “Pan-Third Pole Environment Study for a Green Silk Road,” the TP-River project aims to construct a comprehensive runoff observation network at mountain outlets (where rivers leave the mountains and enter the plains) for 13 major rivers in the TP region, thereby enabling TRR to be accurately quantified. The project also integrates discharge estimates from remote sensing and cryosphere–hydrology modeling to investigate long-term changes in TRR and the relationship between the TRR variations and westerly/monsoon. Based on recent efforts, the project provides the first estimate (656 ± 23 billion m3) of annual TRR for the 13 TP rivers in 2018. The annual river runoff at the mountain outlets varies widely between the different TP rivers, ranging from 2 to 176 billion m3, with higher values mainly corresponding to rivers in the Indian monsoon domain, rather than in the westerly domain.