Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
1 A Review of Nonscaling CW FFAs for Proton and Ion Ther- apy Applications

Significant progress on compact, variable-energy versions of non-scaling fixed field accelerators with alternating strong-focusing gradients (nsFFA) has been made and adapted to proton and ion therapy. Not only has isochronous (CW) capability been demonstrated in a realizable design, an isochronous racetrack format has evolved which supports lengthy, synchrotron-like straight sections. Long straight insertions promote low-loss injection and extraction systems and further facilitate extracting lower-energy orbits using a bipolar bump-magnet system. To efficiently extract variable energy using this method, the accelerator complex requires separated accelerator stages, each stage with limited but therapeutically optimized energy ranges targeting specific cancer types and penetration depths. Different energy stages further support multiple treatment rooms increasing patient throughput and reducing treatment cost. The staged system proposed here also realizes cost savings in gantries by tailoring delivery to different therapeutic energies and beam requirements, promoting the requirement for only one high-energy gantry in the facility. The proposed facility consists of 3 stages, a 30 MeV injector, a 30 90 MeV/nucleon FFA for shallow cancers, and 90 250/330 MeV/nucleon stage for deep tumors, pelvis for example. The higher energy of the final stage, 330 MeV/nucleon is preferred to support Proton Computed Tomography. Isochronous FFA stages can be designed to accelerate either protons or ions with charge to mass of 1/2.
Policy Analysis of Teacher Professional Improvement in YPPSB Elementary School

The purpose of the research was to identify policy formulation, policy implementation, policy environment, and performance professional improvement of teachers in the elementary school of YPPSB. This policy research used a qualitative approach. The data of this research was collected by in-depth interviews, observation, documentation study. Analysis of data using a technique of organizing data, coding, verification, and conclusions). This research's findings are as follows: (1) policy of the teacher professional improvement of SD YPPSB - PT. Kaltim Prima Coal follows a Top-down approach and bottom-up approach model of formulation policy, (2) the implementation of teacher professional improvement policy successfully conducted to its vision, mission, and goal; (a) recruitment of qualification teachers, (b) Conducting and includes teachers in the education and training, (c) professionalization of teachers through KKG and MGMP, (d) facilitating teachers to continue their studies S2, (e) educational supervision, ( f) course intensification, (g) weekly meeting, (h) reward, and (i) allowance. Policy recommendations that can be given are as follows, (1) Principal of SD YPPSB needs to increase teachers' professional development, primarily through forms of training, (2) the Education Department to develop comprehensive education, especially for private schools, and (3) The Government continually strive to find alternatives to increase the professionalism of teachers.
LABORATORY TESTS ON E-PELLETS EFFECTIVENESS FOR ORE TRACKING

: Assigning transported material with a supplementary information is becoming relevant for the needs of improving the efficiency of industrial processes. In the mining industry annotating the mined ore could bring benefits due to expected decrease of the processing energy consumption and increase of productivity. DISIRE project was focused on the implementation of e-pellets for various raw material processing and transportation processes. The paper presents laboratory tests of alternative RFID equipment for annotating ore with marked tags. Several aspects of tags traceability were investigated for the needs of the industrial tests that were eventually done in the underground mine environment. The laboratory tests results were compared with the similar tests described in the literature, that were done in the different conditions.
Predictors of Malnutrition among Pregnant Women in Ethiopia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background Women of reproductive age are especially vulnerable to protein energy deficiency and under nutrition. Malnutrition is the underlying cause of significant maternal morbidity and mortality. In addition, malnutrition among women is a major risk factor for adverse birth outcomes. Its extent and consequences is highly prevalent in developing countries. This major burden can be reduced through effective nutritional interventions. So, up to date meager evidences were warranted. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed to estimate the overall pooled prevalence of malnutrition and its predictors among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Methods Articles were systematically searched using PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, World Health Organization’s (WHO) Hinari portal data bases and institutional repositories. Newcastle‒Ottawa quality assessment scale adapted for observational studies was applied. We used Stata version 14 for data analysis. Heterogeneity and publication bias were checked using I2 statistic, funnel plot asymmetry and Egger’s test. Random effect model was applied to estimate the pooled prevalence of malnutrition and its predictors. Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was also considered to identify factors. Result 24 eligible articles were included for final analysis. The average pooled prevalence of malnutrition among pregnant women in Ethiopia was 29.07% (95% CI: 24.84, 33.30). Maternal education (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.53), income (OR = 3.07, 95% CI: 1.36, 6.92), pregnancy intention (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.37), number of meal (OR = 4.63, 95% CI: 3.00, 7.15), dietary diversity (OR = 2.89, 95% CI: 1.28, 6.53), antenatal care (OR = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.18, 5.42) and iron supplementation (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.45, 0.88) were predictors of the pooled prevalence of malnutrition among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Conclusion Generally, significant number of pregnant women in Ethiopia were suffered from malnutrition. Maternal education, income, pregnancy intention, number of meal, dietary diversity, antenatal care and iron supplementation were significant predictors of malnutrition. Strategies targeting advocating women education, standard antenatal care, family planning utilization, and encouraging pregnant women to have good dietary diversity and frequent meal should be undertaken by Ministry of Health and its stake holders to handle this signficant budren of malnutrition among pregnant women.
Systematic review of the effects of pandemic confinements on body weight and their determinants

Abstract Pandemics and subsequent lifestyle restrictions such as ‘lockdowns’ may have unintended consequences, including alterations in body weight. This systematic review assesses the impact of pandemic confinement on body weight and identifies contributory factors. A comprehensive literature search was performed in seven electronic databases and in grey sources from their inception until 1 July 2020 with an update in PubMed and Scopus on 1 February 2021. In total, 2361 unique records were retrieved, of which forty-one studies were identified eligible: one case–control study, fourteen cohort and twenty-six cross-sectional studies (469, 362 total participants). The participants ranged in age from 6 to 86 years. The proportion of female participants ranged from 37 % to 100 %. Pandemic confinements were associated with weight gain in 7·2–72·4 % of participants and weight loss in 11·1–32·0 % of participants. Weight gain ranged from 0·6 (sd 1·3) to 3·0 (sd 2·4) kg, and weight loss ranged from 2·0 (sd 1·4) to 2·9 (sd 1·5) kg. Weight gain occurred predominantly in participants who were already overweight or obese. Associated factors included increased consumption of unhealthy food with changes in physical activity and altered sleep patterns. Weight loss during the pandemic was observed in individuals with previous low weight, and those who ate less and were more physically active before lockdown. Maintaining a stable weight was more difficult in populations with reduced income, particularly in individuals with lower educational attainment. The findings of this systematic review highlight the short-term effects of pandemic confinements.
Nonverbal overload: A theoretical argument for the causes of Zoom fatigue.

For decades, scholars have predicted that videoconference technology will disrupt the practice of commuting daily to and from work and will change the way people socialize. In 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic forced a drastic increase in the number of videoconference meetings, and Zoom became the leading software package because it was free, robust, and easy to use. While the software has been an essential tool for productivity, learning, and social interaction, something about being on videoconference all day seems particularly exhausting, and the term “Zoom Fatigue” caught on quickly. In this article, I focus on nonverbal overload as a potential cause for fatigue, and provide four arguments outlining how various aspects of the current Zoom interface likely lead to psychological consequences. The arguments are based on academic theory and research, but also have yet to be directly tested in the context of Zoom, and require future experimentation to confirm. Instead of indicting the medium, my goal is to point out these design flaws to isolate research areas for social scientists and to suggest design improvements for technologists.
Silver uptake by the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in relation to chemical speciation: Influence of chloride

Short‐term (<1 h) silver uptake by the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was measured in the laboratory in defined inorganic media over a range of silver and chloride concentrations. For a low, fixed, free Ag+ concentration (e.g., 8 nM), silver uptake increases markedly (up to ∼4×) as a function of the chloride concentration (5 μM→4 mM Cl−); the free‐ion model would have predicted a constant silver uptake rate. No evidence could be found for the passive diffusion of the neutral AgCl0 complex or for the facilitated uptake of the anionic AgCl−2 complex. The enhanced uptake observed in the presence of chloride is related to the very high silver uptake rates demonstrated by the test alga, which lead to diffusion limitation in the boundary layer surrounding the algal cell. In such a situation, metal accumulation is proportional to the total metal concentration (i.e., to the concentration gradient between the bulk solution and the algal surface). At higher silver concentrations (e.g., ≥ 10−7 M), diffusion in the phycosphere is no longer rate limiting, the chloride stimulation disappears, and silver uptake is sensitive to the free‐ion concentration. However, such a high concentration of silver is not likely to be encountered in the environment, even in wastewater effluents.
Real World Performance of SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Diagnostic Tests in Various Clinical Settings

Background: Several uses of Antigen rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDT) have been suggested. Analytical studies reported high specificity yet with lower sensitivity for detecting SARS-CoV-2 compared to qRT-PCR. Here, we present the use of these tests as a decision support tool in several settings. Methods: Samples were collected for both Ag-RDT and qRT-PCR in three different clinical settings; 1. Symptomatic patients presenting at the Emergency Departments 2. Asymptomatic patients screened upon hospitalization and 3. Health-care workers (HCW) following SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Positive percent agreement (PPA), negative percent agreement (NPA), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. To estimate the association between Ct value, Ag-RDT and the number of days since SARS-CoV-2 exposure or symptomatic COVID-19, a mixed model was applied. Results: A total of 5172 samples were obtained from 4595 individuals, with Ag-RDT and qRT-PCR results. Of these, 485 samples were positive by qRT-PCR. The PPA of Ag-RDT was greater for lower Ct values, reaching 93% in cases where Ct value was lower than 25 and 85% where Ct value was lower than 30. PPA was similar between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. The NPV and PPV were 96.8% and 99.1%, respectively. We observed a significant correlation between Ct value and time from infection onset (p<0.001). Lower Ct values were significantly associated with a positive Ag-RDT (p=0.01). Conclusions: Ag-RDT can be used as a decision support tool in various clinical settings and play a major role in early detection of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, highly specific and with high sensitivity to the infectious stage of disease, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic.
Isoprene emission from phytoplankton monocultures: the relationship with chlorophyll-a, cell volume and carbon content

We report here isoprene emission rates determined from various phytoplankton cultures incubated under PAR light which was varied so as to simulate a natural diel cycle. Phytoplankton species representative of different phytoplankton functional types (PFTs) namely: cyanobacteria, diatoms, coccolithophorides, and chlorophytes have been studied. Biomass normalised isoprene emission rates presented here relative to the chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) content of the cultures showed that the two cyanobacteria (Synechococcus and Trichodesmium) were the strongest emitters with emission rates in the range of 17 to 28 mu g C(5)H(8) g(-1) Chl-a h(-1). Diatoms produced isoprene in a significantly lower emission range: 3 to 7.5 mu g C(5)H(8) g(-1) Chl-a h(-1) and Dunaliella tertiolecta was by far the lowest emitter of our investigated plankton cultures. Despite the group specific differences observed, a high emission rate variance was observed to occur within one phytoplankton group. However, a combination of literature and our own data showed a clear relationship between the actual cell volume and the isoprene emission rates. This relationship could be a valuable tool for future modelling approaches of global isoprene emissions.
Supplement to “ The Size-Power Tradeoff in HAR Inference ”

CONTENTS S1. Monte Carlo Study . 1 S1.1 Estimators and Design . 1 S2.2 Monte Carlo Results . 2 S2. Supplemental Proofs . 6 S2.1 Additional Proofs of Main Results. 6 S2.2 Proofs for Remarks and Additional Statements . 17 References . 24
Characterization and Modeling of Reversible Antibody Self-Association Provide Insights into Behavior, Prediction, and Correction

Reversible antibody self-association, while having major developability and therapeutic implications, is not fully understood or readily predictable and correctable. For a strongly self-associating humanized mAb variant, resulting in unacceptable viscosity, the monovalent affinity of self-interaction was measured in the low μM range, typical of many specific and biologically relevant protein–protein interactions. A face-to-face interaction model extending across both the heavy-chain (HC) and light-chain (LC) Complementary Determining Regions (CDRs) was apparent from biochemical and mutagenesis approaches as well as computational modeling. Light scattering experiments involving individual mAb, Fc, Fab, and Fab’2 domains revealed that Fabs self-interact to form dimers, while bivalent mAb/Fab’2 forms lead to significant oligomerization. Site-directed mutagenesis of aromatic residues identified by homology model patch analysis and self-docking dramatically affected self-association, demonstrating the utility of these predictive approaches, while revealing a highly specific and tunable nature of self-binding modulated by single point mutations. Mutagenesis at these same key HC/LC CDR positions that affect self-interaction also typically abolished target binding with notable exceptions, clearly demonstrating the difficulties yet possibility of correcting self-association through engineering. Clear correlations were also observed between different methods used to assess self-interaction, such as Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Affinity-Capture Self-Interaction Nanoparticle Spectroscopy (AC-SINS). Our findings advance our understanding of therapeutic protein and antibody self-association and offer insights into its prediction, evaluation and corrective mitigation to aid therapeutic development.
Adult Acquired Buried Penis: A Hidden Problem in Obese Men

Buried penis is a condition where the penis is hidden by abdominal or suprapubic skin or fat. In adult men, buried penis occurs as an acquired condition most commonly caused by morbid obesity. The clinical characteristics of three obese men with adult acquired buried penis are described and the associated features of the buried penis are reviewed. In addition to morbid obesity, a buried penis can result from other etiologies, such as hidradenitis suppurativa, iatrogenic causes such as elective surgeries, infections, lichen sclerosus, penoscrotal lymphedema, and traumatic events. Lower urinary tract symptoms, such as voiding, and post-voiding problems are the most common presenting complaints; however, bacterial and fungal infections, phimosis, psychological issues, and sexual dysfunction, are also buried penis-related symptoms. The evaluation of a man with adult acquired buried penis begins with a detailed history for condition-related symptoms. Examination of the patient, both standing and supine with an attempt to demonstrate the penis using digital compression of the surrounding skin and fat, should be performed to determine the extent of the problem and whether comorbid conditions-such as infection and lichen sclerosus-are present. Both buried penis and lichen sclerosus can predispose to the development of penile squamous cell carcinoma; the diagnosis of this tumor can be delayed in men with adult acquired buried penis since an adequate penile examination is difficult or impossible. A multidisciplinary approach-including surgeons, primary care physician, registered dietitian nutritionist, and psychiatrist-should be considered for a patient with a buried penis. The surgical management is individualized and based on not only the extent of the problem but also whether an associated condition, such as urethral stricture, is present. Most patients are pleased with the functional and aesthetic outcome following surgery.
The Relationship between Theory of Mind and Intelligence: A Formative g Approach

Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability understand that other people’s mental states may be different from one’s own. Psychometric models have shown that individual differences in ToM can largely be attributed to general intelligence (g) (Coyle et al. 2018). Most psychometric models specify g as a reflective latent variable, which is interpreted as a general ability that plays a causal role in a broad range of cognitive tasks, including ToM tasks. However, an alternative approach is to specify g as a formative latent variable, that is, an overall index of cognitive ability that does not represent a psychological attribute (Kovacs and Conway 2016). Here we consider a formative g approach to the relationship between ToM and intelligence. First, we conducted an SEM with reflective g to test the hypothesis that ToM is largely accounted for by a general ability. Next, we conducted a model with formative g to determine whether the relationship between ToM and intelligence is influenced by domain-specific tasks. Finally, we conducted a redundancy analysis to examine the contribution of each g variable. Results suggest that the relationship between ToM and intelligence in this study was influenced by language-based tasks, rather than solely a general ability.
A Descriptive Study Examining Trends in Pharmacist-Authored Original Research Publications in the Journal of the American Medical Association Network from 2000 to 2019

Pharmacists are expected to participate in the conduction of research to advance the profession and health care broadly. Additional opportunities for pharmacist research engagement have emerged with the increased integration of clinically trained pharmacists into interprofessional care teams. Research conducted over the past four decades has demonstrated an increasing trend of pharmacist-authored publications in medical journals. The purpose of this study was to build upon this work and investigate trends in pharmacist-authored original research publications within the JAMA Network over the past 20 years. A descriptive study design was used to retrospectively evaluate trends in the numbers of pharmacist-authored publications and authorship within those publications in nine JAMA Network journals. Data were aggregated into ten-year time periods (2000–2009 and 2010–2019) and compared using chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. Overall, pharmacist-authored publications significantly increased over the ten-year period (2.0% to 3.0%, p < 0.001), including in five specific journals: JAMA, JAMA Dermatology, JAMA Neurology, JAMA Ophthalmology, and JAMA Surgery. There was no change in first—and senior-authored publications. While the overall pharmacist publication trend was positive, room for significant growth remains. A deeper understanding of the barriers and facilitators to pharmacist engagement in research is needed, along with strategies to enhance pharmacist research training.
Endoscopy infection control strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic: experience from a tertiary cancer center in Brazil

OBJECTIVES: Strategic planning for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) care has dominated the agenda of medical services, which have been further restricted by the need for minimizing viral transmission. Risk is particularly relevant in relation to endoscopy procedures. This study aimed to describe a contingency plan for a tertiary academic cancer center, define a strategy to prioritize and postpone examinations, and evaluate the infection rate among healthcare workers (HCWs) in the endoscopy unit of the Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo (ICESP). METHODS: We created a strategy to balance the risk of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and to mitigate the effects of postponing endoscopic procedures in oncological patients. A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on all endoscopies between March and June 2020 compared with those during the same period in 2019 was carried out. All HCWs were interviewed to obtain clinical data and SARS-CoV-2 test results. RESULTS: During the COVID-19 outbreak, there was a reduction of 55% in endoscopy cases in total. Colonoscopy was the most affected modality. The total infection rate among all HCWs was 38%. None of the senior digestive endoscopists had COVID-19. However, all bronchoscopists had been infected. One of three fellows had a serological diagnosis of COVID-19. Two-thirds of all nurses were infected, whereas half of all technicians were infected. CONCLUSIONS: In this pandemic scenario, all endoscopy services must prioritize the procedures that will be performed. It was possible to maintain some endoscopic procedures, including those meant to provide nutritional access, tissue diagnosis, and endoscopic resection. Personal protective equipment (PPE) seems effective in preventing transmission of COVID-19 from patients to digestive endoscopists. These measures can be useful in planning, even for pandemics in the future.