Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Morphine Tolerance in Spinal Cord Is Due to Interaction between μ- and δ-Receptors

When the opioid agonist morphine is given chronically and systemically to mice by pellet implantation for 3 days, the animals develop substantial tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of a test dose of morphine given systemically. When the test dose is administered to the spinal cord, however, very little tolerance is observed. We tested six strains of mice differing in the degree to which they develop systemic tolerance to morphine and found that none of them developed significant tolerance to spinal morphine. However, most of these strains did develop substantial spinal tolerance to antinociception induced by the selective mu-agonist [D-Ala(2),N-Me-Phe(4),Gly(5)-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) and by the selective delta-agonist [D-Pen(2),D-Pen(5)]-enkephalin (DPDPE). Moreover, in naive animals, the antinociceptive effect of both DAMGO and DPDPE was blocked by D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH(2), a selective mu-antagonist, indicating that both agonists mediate antinociception in the spinal cord through mu-receptors. In addition to directly mediating antinociception, however, DPDPE potentiated the antinociceptive activity of DAMGO in the spinal cord of naive animals, and this antinociception was blocked by the delta-antagonist H-TyrTicPsi[CH(2)NH]Phe-Thr-OH (TIPPpsi), indicating mediation through delta-receptors. In contrast, in tolerant animals, TIPPpsi enhanced the antinociception of DAMGO. These results thus demonstrate not only that mu- and delta-opioid receptors interact in naive animals, but that the nature of this interaction changes during tolerance, from a potentiation to an inhibition. The lack of tolerance to spinal morphine may result from the ability of morphine to act as a partial antagonist at delta-receptors.
Designed Assemblies of Metal Halo and Pseudohalo Coordination Polymers with Bridging 1-Substituted Ditetrazoles

The simple reactions between inorganic salts [CuX 2 or M(SCN) 2 ] and 1-ditetrazoles [btzb = 1,4-bis(tetrazol-1 yl)butane or btze = 1,2-bis(tetrazol-1-yl)ethane] at room temperature produced seven new coordination polymers: three-dimensional (3-D) CuX 2 (1,4-btzb) (X - = Cl - 1, Br - 2), two-dimensional (2-D) Cd(SCN) 2 (1,4-btzb) (3) and Cd(SCN) 2 (1,2-btze) (4), and one-dimensional (1-D) M(SCN) 2 (1,4-btzb) 2 (M = Ni 5, Co 6) and Ni(SCN) 2 (1,2-btze) 2 (7). With 1-ditetrazoles as the bridges, the 2-D grid-like CuX 2 secondary building units (SBUs) are extended into 3-D network compounds 1 and 2, the 1-D chained Cd(SCN) 2 SBUs based on Cd(SCN) 2 Cd units are linked into 2-D layered compounds 3 and 4 with the macrocyclic rings, whereas the mononuclear trans-M(SCN) 2 units are connected into 1-D chained compounds 5-7 based on M(1-ditetrazole) 2 M macrocyclic rings. It deserves mentioning that 1-ditetrazoles show different shapes in different complexes: Z-shape in 1-4 and V-shape in 5-7. All the complexes are characterized by elemental analysis (CHNS), infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis.
Correlation studies in f2 populations of three superior crosses viz., ML 267 × LGG 528, MGG 390 × LM 95, LM 95 × EC 362096 in mungbean

The simple correlation coefficients were calculated in F2 populations of three superior crosses viz., ML 267´LGG 528, MGG 390´LM 95 and LM 95´EC 362096 for fourteen quantitative characters. Correlation studies among the fourteen characters indicated different degrees of association between characters. Both positive and negative correlations were found between different pairs of characters. Knowledge on inter-relationship among yield components, water use efficiency and heat stress tolerance related traits may facilitate breeder to decide upon the intensity and direction of selection pressure to be given on related traits for the simultaneous improvement of these traits. Correlation studies in F2 populations of three identified superior crosses revealed that improvement in seed yield coupled with drought and heat stress tolerance could be brought through component characters like number of pods per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, plant height, branches per plant, SLA, SCMR, SLW and relative injury.
Distribution of Heavy Metals and Arsenic in Soils of Belgrade (Serbia and Montenegro)

Soils of the urban and suburban area of Belgrade have been hardly studied, especially concerning their concentrations of potentially toxic metals. The present paper is aimed at determining the possible pollution in soils. The total acid soluble concentrations of heavy metals and As in the samples were determined. It was found that they were arranged in the order Zn > Ni > Pb > Cr > Cu > As > Hg > Cd in samples collected in the examined area (the order of the elements is based on their arithmetic mean concentrations). In all the samples collected at 0–10 and 40–50 cm depths from 46 selected sites, the contents of Pb and Zn were lower at the depth 40-50 cm. Using target values given by the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment, it may be concluded that Belgrade soil can, for the most part, be regarded as unpolluted. Traffic seems to be one of the main sources of these metals, but the influence of other factors cannot be excluded. 1Serbia and Montenegro was the name of the country at the time this paper was accepted; the name was changed to Serbia as of May 21, 2006.
Out-of-Field Teaching: Experiences of Non-Filipino Majors

The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of non-Filipino majors on out-of-field teaching. Employing phenomenological research design, in-depth interview and focus group discussion, this study revealed that out-of-field teaching is present among all schools. The findings revealed that out-of-field teachers had diverse experiences such as: compliance and submission, lack of aptitude for the language, lack of administrative and logistics support, inability to muster enthusiasm and establish rapport, and frustration and insecurity. In order to cope with the challenges posed by out-of-field teaching, the participants employed different mechanisms: being resourceful and creative, being diligent and conscientious, making instruction stimulating for students, and being calm and collected. It was found out that proper teacher placement is essential to counter problems with out-of-field teaching. Student learning can be seriously compromised with out-of-field teaching. However, teaching the subject out of expertise broadened the horizon of teachers. When assigned to teach in a school, teachers have a calling to be flexible and versatile.
Raman spectroscopy of nanocrystalline Mn-doped BiFeO3 thin films

Enhancement of magnetic and electric properties in multiferroic Mn-substituted BiFeO3 thin films (BiFe1− x Mn x O3 with x = 0.00–0.05) grown via the low-temperature chemical solution deposition process on low-cost substrates like indium tin oxide (ITO)/glass and silicon is reported in this work. A detailed structural analysis by high-resolution X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy indicates that the grown films exhibit rhombohedral distorted perovskite structure without any impure phase. Raman spectroscopic analysis shows all 13 Raman active (4A1 + 9E) phonon modes corresponding to distorted rhombohedral BFO R3c structure. BFO thin film with 5% Mn substitution showed maximum saturation and remnant magnetisation (M s = 16.70 emu/g and M r = 2.58 emu/g) and remarkably reduced leakage current due to distortion in the spin cycloid structure and suppression of oxygen vacancies due to partial replacement of Fe3+ ion by Mn3+ ion, respectively. These enhanced multifunctional properties highlight the potential applications of BFMO system in thin film devices which can couple magnetic and ferroelectric order parameters.
Evaluation of haematological and biochemical parameters in fingerlings of Indian major carp Labeo rohita fed with nutraceutical Stimulin

The present study was designed to evaluate haematological and biochemical effect of commercial nutraceutical Stimulin on the fingerlings of Indian major carp Labeo rohita. Therefore, the fingerlings with average weight of 7.203 ± 0.24 g were distributed randomly into four treatment groups T1, T2, T3 and T4. Experimental diets were prepared by mixing rice bran, deoiled mustard oil cake, deoiled soybean cake and vitamin mineral mixture. The nutraceutical Stimulin was incorporated into diet D2 @ 0.5%, D3 @ 0.75% andD4 @ 1.00%. In control diet D1, Stimulin was not incorporated. T1 group fishes were fed with D1 diet, T2 with D2, T3 with D3@ 5% body weight per day for 90 days. The water quality parameters were regularly monitored. Fingerlings fed with diet D4 in T4 group achieved higher value of total leukocyte counts (33.646 × 103/µl), total erythrocyte counts (3.26× 106/µl), haemolglobin (9.9 g %), total serum protein (8.8 g/dl), albumin (1.445 g/dl) and globulin (7.358 g/dl) as compared to control and all other treatments. Haematological examination was carried out to estimate the effect of experimental diet on the fish to evaluate the growth, stress resistance and specific and non specific immunity of the fish. The obtained results indicated that T4 was the best treatment which realized significant (P
Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Masinga Reservoir, Kenya

In Kenya, monitoring of heavy metal pollution is a priority area of research since their concentrations in aquatic ecosystems affect the fish industry which is a major source of livelihood. Therefore, an assessment of heavy metal contamination (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Mn and Cd) in sediments, water and in three selected fish species (Cyprinus carpio, Clarius gariepinus and Oreochromis spirulus niger) in Masinga reservoir was carried out between January and December 2013 in five sampling sites. Physical parameters (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity and electrical conductivity) were measured on site. Heavy metal Concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The data obtained was analyzed using one way analysis of variance and significant differences accepted at p ≤ 0.05. Tukey’s HSD test was used to separate means. The mean values for the physical parameters ranged from 24.93 – 27.530C (water temperature), 4.66 - 5.36 mgL-1(DO), 41.50 – 64.23NTU (Turbidity), 109.79 – 125. 98μS cm-1 (EC) and 7.51 – 7.88 (pH). The results revealed significant difference only in water temperature (p =0.044). Mean heavy metal concentrations (mg kg-1) in sediments were Cu (11.38 – 23.67), Zn (60.04 – 75.84), Pb (11.14 – 14.47), Cr (21.39-49.62) and Mn (259.12 – 642.30). There were significant differences in metal concentrations for Cu (p =0.00), Cr (p=0.00) and Mn (p=0.00) among the sites. Surface water from different sites did not show significant differences in heavy metal contamination (p > 0.05). The mean metal levels (mg kg-1) in Cyprinus carpio muscle tissues were in the range of Cu (0.519 – 1.422), Zn (39.466 – 62.233), Pb (0.994 – 1.424), Cr (0.324 – 0.709) and Mn (0.660 – 1.432). There was significant difference in Zn (p=0.006) and Mn (p=0.001) in Cyprinus carpio muscles at different sites. In Clarias gariepinus muscles, mean metal concentrations (mg kg-1) were Cu (0.677 – 0.974), Zn (32.929 – 37.205), Pb (0.643 – 0.078), Cr (0.516 – 0.858) and Mn (0.452 – 0.990). Pb exhibited significance difference between the sites (p=0.026). Mean values for heavy metals in Tilapia (mg kg-1) for different sites were Cu (0.515 – 0.782), Zn (29.645 – 37.999), Pb (0.552 – 0.765), Cr (0.559 – 0.791) and Mn (0.183 – 1.480). Only Mn showed significant differences between the sites (p=0.00). Pearson matrix correlation analysis showed some significant correlations among the heavy metal levels in water, sediments and different fish species. Bioaccumulation transfer factor (TF) calculated showed that water had higher TF compared to sediments. The concentrations for all metals in surface water did not exceed the WHO recommended limit for drinking water. In sediments and the three fish species they were also lower than WHO set limit except for Cr. Results from this study demonstrate the need for an ecosystem approach towards sustainable management of reservoirs. This will curb aquatic pollution which is a health risk to people consuming aquatic resources contaminated with heavy metals.
Thermodynamic database on U-Pu-Zr-Np-Am-Fe alloy system II ? Evaluation of Np, Am, and Fe containing systems-

A thermodynamic database on a U-Pu-Zr-Np-Am-Fe alloy system is being constructed for developing metallic fuels containing minor actinides. The binary sub-systems containing Np, A m, and Fe were assessed by the CALPHAD method. The phase diagrams of ternary sub-systems were evaluated using both the assessed binary parameters and experimental information for some ternary systems, and then inconsistencies among the binary and ternary phase diagrams were adjusted. The assessed results were summarized as a database file for a thermodynamic calculation program such as Thermo-calc. The available experimental data on the binary, ternary, and quaternary sub-systems in the U-Pu-Zr-Np-Am-Fe system were fitted reasonably using the database.
A Reactive Force Field Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of Corrosion of Nickel

The interaction of water molecules on a nickel surface was studied using ReaxFF (reactive force field) molecular dynamics. This approach was originally developed by van Duin et al. to study the hydrocarbon chemistry and the catalytic properties of organic compounds. To our knowledge, this method has not been used to study the corrosion processes of nickel exposed to water, which is what we set out to achieve in the present investigation. To do so, calculations were first performed using ReaxFF in order to reproduce certain well-known properties of pure nickel and nickel-water systems. This allowed us to study the adsorption of a single water molecule interacting with an optimized nickel surface. We also investigated the interaction of 405 molecules of water (ρ=0.99 g.cm-3) on the (100), (110) and (111) surfaces of a single crystal of nickel at 300 K. The results show that a water bilayer is adsorbed on nickel surfaces: the first water layer is directly bonded to the surface, whereas the molecules in the first and second layers are held together by hydrogen bonds.
A CLINICAL STUDY ON CARCINOMA BREAST IN RELATION TO ER AND PR STATUS

INTRODUCTION: Breast carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor and the leading cause of death in women worldwide1. It accounts for 15 % of all cancer deaths2. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), approximately 70% of breast cancers occur in women with none of the known risk factors. Only about 5% of breast cancers are inherited. Various protocols are in use for the assessment of prognosis, and also to assist further management of these cases. Of various parameters, expression of hormonereceptors Estrogen receptor (ER) and Progesterone receptor (PR) are significant AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To study the occurrence of ER and PR status in breast cancer patients attending S.V. R.R. G.G. Hospital. To correlate the expression of prognostic factors like age at presentation menarche, menopause, parity, tumor size, number of lymph nodes, metastasis histology, grading with ER and PR status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This clinic opathological study of carcinoma breast was carried out in patients admitted to SVRRGG Hospital, Tirupati during the period from September 2011 to August 2013 after obtaining approval from scientific committee and ethical committee . Forty cases of breast carcinoma were taken into study. The clinical study done by interviewing, detailed examination and subjecting to relevant investigations and surgeries depending upon the stage of the disease. Excised specimen is sent for Histopathological examination in 10% formaline Reports of light microscopy (Hematoxilin and Eosin) and immunohistochemistry on tumor histology including MBR (Modified Bloom Richardson) grading and Estrogen and Progesterone status is analysed. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, ER and PR status correlates well with histopathological grading and other clinico-pathological parameters. Higher grade is associated with ER PR negativity. Hence. Immunohistochemical assessment of ER and PR status should be incorporated as a routine investigation. This along with histopathological grading will guide the clinicians to make correct choice of treatment protocols and helps in providing improved quality of life.
Poole-Frenkel electron emission from the traps in AlGaN/GaN transistors

Defect-related localized electronic states in AlGaN/GaN transistors give rise to commonly observed charge trapping phenomena. Electron dynamics through the trapping centers is strongly affected by electric fields, which can exceed values of 10(6) V/cm during device operation. The field-assisted emission characteristics provide a unique way to determine the physical properties of the trapping centers. We present a detailed study of the effects of electric field and temperature on the rate of electron emission from the barrier traps in AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors. We demonstrate that for temperatures above 250 K, the Poole-Frenkel (PF) emission is the dominant mechanism for electrons to escape from the trapping centers. The emission rate increases exponentially with the square root of the applied field consistent with the decrease of the apparent activation energy predicted by the PF model. We find that the observed trapping center is described by the attractive long-range Coulomb potential with the zero-field binding energy of similar to0.5 eV. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.
Vacuum arc anode plasma. II. Collisional‐radiative model and comparison with experiment

A one‐dimensional model describing the ionization and excitation of Al2+ ions in the anode plasma of a vacuum arc is developed using collisional‐radiative ionization and recombination coefficients. The model is constructed so that local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) is approached in the collision‐dominated limit; however, when the results of the model are compared with the experimental data, the anode plasma is shown not to be in LTE. The experimental and theoretical results are shown to be consistent for Ne? 5×1020 m−3 and kTe/e? 30 V within about 0.3 mm of the anode surface. At distances greater than 0.3 mm from the anode, kTe/e<15 V. The change in Te at Z=0.3 mm suggests that a potential ’’hump’’ exists in the anode plasma out to Z=0.3 mm. Theoretical Al2+ excited‐state densities are shown to be related by a Boltzmann factor with a ’’temperature’’ that is considerably less than and independent of the electron temperature in the plasma.
Arsenic Exposure and Cancer-Related Proteins in Urine of Indigenous Bolivian Women

Indigenous people living in the Bolivian Andes are exposed through their drinking water to inorganic arsenic, a potent carcinogen. However, the health consequences of arsenic exposure in this region are unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate associations between arsenic exposure and changes in cancer-related proteins in indigenous women (n = 176) from communities around the Andean Lake Poopó, Bolivia. Arsenic exposure was assessed in whole blood (B-As) and urine (as the sum of arsenic metabolites, U-As) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Cancer-related proteins (N = 92) were measured in urine using the proximity extension assay. The median B-As concentration was 2.1 (range 0.60–9.1) ng/g, and U-As concentration was 67 (12–399) μg/L. Using linear regression models adjusted for age, urinary osmolality, and urinary leukocytes, we identified associations between B-As and four putative cancer-related proteins: FASLG, SEZ6L, LYPD3, and TFPI2. Increasing B-As concentrations were associated with lower protein expression of SEZ6L, LYPD3, and TFPI2, and with higher expression of FASLG in urine (no association was statistically significant after correcting for multiple comparisons). The associations were similar across groups with different arsenic metabolism efficiency, a susceptibility factor for arsenic toxicity. In conclusion, arsenic exposure in this region was associated with changes in the expression of some cancer-related proteins in urine. Future research is warranted to understand if these proteins could serve as valid biomarkers for arsenic-related toxicity.
Three Aphid-Transmitted Viruses Encourage Vector Migration From Infected Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Plants Through a Combination of Volatile and Surface Cues

Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) are important pathogens of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), a crop vital for food security in sub-Saharan Africa. These viruses are vectored by aphids non-persistently, with virions bound loosely to stylet receptors. These viruses also manipulate aphid-mediated transmission by altering host properties. Virus-induced effects on host-aphid interactions were investigated using choice test (migration) assays, olfactometry, and analysis of insect-perceivable volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using gas chromatography (GC)-coupled mass spectrometry, and GC-coupled electroantennography. When allowed to choose freely between infected and uninfected plants, aphids of the legume specialist species Aphis fabae, and of the generalist species Myzus persicae, were repelled by plants infected with BCMV, BCMNV, or CMV. However, in olfactometer experiments with A. fabae, only the VOCs emitted by BCMNV-infected plants repelled aphids. Although BCMV, BCMNV, and CMV each induced distinctive changes in emission of aphid-perceivable volatiles, all three suppressed emission of an attractant sesquiterpene, α-copaene, suggesting these three different viruses promote migration of virus-bearing aphids in a similar fashion.
Measuring Perseverance and Passion in Distance Education Students: Psychometric Properties of the Grit Questionnaire and Associations With Academic Performance

With modern technological advances, distance education has become an increasingly important education delivery medium for, for example, the higher education provided by open universities. Among predictive factors of successful learning in distance education, the effects of non-cognitive skills are less explored. Grit, the dispositional tendency to sustain trait-level passion and long-term goals, has raised much research interest and gained importance for predicting academic achievement. The Grit Questionnaire, measuring Perseverance of Effort and Consistency of Interests, has been shown to be a reliable instrument in traditional university student populations. However, the measurement and predictive validity of this questionnaire is still unknown for adult distance education university students who differ from traditional students in various ways (e.g., having a wider range of student ages). Based on a sample of 2,027 students from a distance education university, this study assessed the psychometric properties of the two-factor structure grit measured by the Grit Questionnaire. The findings suggest that the short form of the Grit Questionnaire is a potentially useful assessment tool for measuring the grit construct for distance learning higher education and that the Consistency of Interests factor is especially relevant to consider the improvement of learning performance for distance education in terms of courses credit and exam attempts. The measurement precision of the Perseverance of Effort factor, however, should be improved in future research to provide higher measurement accuracy and broader item coverage.