Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Growth analysis of soybean under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] plants grown with no-tillage (NT) often appear smaller than those grown with conventional tillage (CT), yet they produce similar grain yield. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that the early-season growth depression is offset by compensatory growth and changes in plant development. A 2-yr field study was conducted at Urbana, IL, on a long-term tillage experiment. Grain yield, moisture, protein, and oil content were similar for CT and NT treatments. Total plant, stem leaf, and pod dry biomass were all initially about 15 to 20% greater under CT, but the difference declined until about R5 or R6; thus, compensatory growth did occur. At the initiation of sampling (V2) crop growth rate was about 20% greater under CT, but the difference declined until about R2. The advantage shifted to NT until about R6. Leaf area index (LAI) was greater for CT until about R4. Net assimilation rate was greater for NT until about R5. Increases in early-season crop growth rate for CT was due to increased LAI. Greater crop growth rate for NT late in the season was due to increased net assimilation rate. Leaf weight ratio was larger for the CT crop until about R6. Specific leaf area was less in CT than NT. This work supports our hypothesis that compensatory growth and alterations in plant development occur when soybean is grown in NT systems and helps to explain why grain yield does not decrease with NT even though early-season growth is affected.
Haematological responses of heteroclarias fed dietary levels of Microdesmis puberula leaf meal.

The haematological responses of feeding 35% isonitrogenous dietary levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% Microdesmis puberula leaf meal on Heteroclarias ( Heterobranchus bidorsalis x Clarias gariepinus) post fingerlings were assessed. These were fed to the fingerlings, randomly assigned to 5 treatments: 0%-control(TCN), 5%(TM 1 ), 10%(TM 2 ), 15%(TM 3 ) and 20% (TM 4 ) MPLM in 3 replicates of 15 post fingerlings each using 15 plastic aquaria of 250 x 150cm dimension. The fish were fed at 5% body weight twice daily within the experimental period of 56 days. Samples of blood were collected from the treatments bi-weekly and analyzed to evaluate some of the haematological profile, and data subjected to a one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). There were significant (p>0.05) differences among the treatments, except for the packed cell volume. The haemoglobin value for TM 4 was significantly (p>0.05) higher than all the other treatments. TCN (control) was different (p 0.05) difference between TM 1 and TM 3 and between TCN and TM 2 (p>0.05). The red blood cell values for TCN and Tm 4 respectively were significantly (p>0.05) higher than the other treatments. These were followed by TM 2 and TM 3 , which were in the same vein significantly (p>0.05) different from TM 1. The white blood cell of the fish of TM 4 was significantly (p>0.05) higher than the other treatments. TM 3 on the other hand was significantly (p 0.05). TM 1 had the highest MCV value of 100.47mm 3 . This was followed by 92.53mm 3 , 91.30mm 3 , and 83.02mm 3 for TM 3 , TM 2 and TM 4 , respectively, while TCN (79.20mm 3 ) was the least. The MCH values of 23.80pg, 22.68pg and 23.86pg for TM 1 , TM 2 and TM 4 , respectively were significantly (p>0.05) higher than those of TCN (20.82pg) and TM 3 (21.25pg). The mean cell Haemoglobin concentration value of 28.73% for TM 4 however was significantly (p>0.05) higher than the rest of the treatments. This was followed by TCN (25.02%) and TM 2 (24.84%) which were significantly (p>0.05) higher than TM 3 (22.94%). TM 2 (23.70%) was similar to the values for TCN and TM 2 .
Presencia de toxinas tipo benzoato en una cepa de Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) aislada de Manzanillo, Colima, México

The extract of a Gymnodinium catenatum strain, isolated from Manzanillo, Colima, in the Mexican Pacific coast, was analized by nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H-NMR) to determine the presence of benzoate-type analogs. The extract was fractioned using solid-phase extraction (SPE) partitioning on a C-18 cartridge, using a stepwise gradient from 0 to 100% (v/v). Fraction 2 (10% methanol) showed two aromatic doublet signals at 7.91 and 7.53 ppm, consistent with an AA’BB’ system, corresponding to a para substituted bencenic ring, attributed to the hydroxybenzoate moiety on C-17 of the toxin basic structure. These findings indicate the presence of benzoate type analogs in this Mexican strain. These analogs have been poorly studied, and the report on their existence in our country is of great importance because they could represent a public health risk, but in the other hand, their existence generates the opportunity to continue the research to determine their toxicity in mammals and, eventually, their pharmacological potential.
Image analysis of wheat grains developed in different environments and its implications for identification

Varietal identification is an important aspect of crop research and utilization. Identification using computer-based image analysis could be an alternative to visual identification. However, the effectiveness of image analysis systems needs to be established under various real conditions. Three wheat varieties were sown on three different dates. Variation in the grain size and shape of these varieties, brought about by changes in the environmental conditions, was measured using Comprehensive Image Processing Software (CIPS). Some parameters showed considerable grain-to-grain variation, which was either inherent or due to environmental changes during grain filling. Euclidean distances were calculated using either means of all the parameters (ED1), or using only those parameters that did not show a high coefficient of variation (ED2). For samples of the same variety sown at different times, Euclidean distances were smaller compared with samples of different varieties, indicating that grains of the same variety resembled one another. By using the criterion of minimum Euclidean distance it was possible to distinguish between varieties, in spite of variation in grain shape and size due to environmental conditions. It was possible to identify correctly an unknown sample, taken as a test case.
Hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effects of Withania coagulans fruit ethanolic extract in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

ABSTRACT The study deals with the effect of ethanolic extract of Withania coagulans fruits on normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic models. The maximum reduction of 39.2% in fasting blood glucose at 4 h and 39.9% during oral glucose tolerance test at 2 h was observed with the dose of 750 mg/kg in normal rats, whereas the reduction observed was 47.1 and 42.7% in blood glucose levels of sub- and mild diabetic rats, respectively, at 2 h during oral glucose tolerance test with the same dose. Long-term study of severely diabetic rats showed reduction of 48.5 and 52.6% in fasting blood glucose and postprandial glucose levels, respectively, after 30 days of treatment. In addition 75% decrease in urine sugar and 13.08% increase in body weight of treated group was found at the end of the experiment. Trace elements present in the text were identified through laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The Withania coagulans has been shown to possess varied medicinal properties. The aqueous extract of the fruits has been shown to exert hepatoprotective, antiinflammatory and antidiabetic activity. Recently, it has been reported by our research group that the aqueous extract of W. coagulans has hypoglycemic potential. The present communication is an endeavor in the direction of evaluating the in vivo hypoglycemic as well as antidiabetic effect from ethanolic extract W. coagulans fruits in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats so that it can be used as a value added agent for managing diabetes.
ALIMENTACION Y CONDUCTA ALIMENTARIA DE LA ALMEJA DE AGUA DULCE DIPLODON CHILENSIS (BIVALVIA: HYRIIDAE)

Con el proposito de conocer cualitativamente la alimentacion y la conducta alimentaria de la almeja de agua dulce Diplodon chilensis, se analizo mediante estudios de laboratorio y de campo el comportamiento alimentario y el contenido digestivo de especimenes procedentes de sustratos areno-pedregosos y arenosos del Lago Panguipulli y se relaciono con la oferta ambiental existente en el sustrato (fitobentos) y en el agua (fito-plancton). El analisis del contenido digestivo de los especimenes y los resultados experimentales, indican que Diplodon chilensis tiene una alimentacion mixta en base a fitoplancton, fitobentos y materia organica existente en el plancton y en el bentos
Permeance to oxygen of detached Capsicum annuum fruit

The internal oxygen concentration and rate of oxygen consumption of detached capsicum fruits (Capsicum annuum L.) were monitored over several days. From this their overall permeance to oxygen was calculated. When wax was applied to the pedicel and its scar, permeance was reduced by 80–90%, indicating that most gas exchange occurred through this area. Readings from O2 sensors attached to the skins of the fruits were compared to those from O2 sensors inserted into the fruit cavity. These indicated that the cuticle was the major barrier to gas diffusion and that there was a concentration gradient through the capsicum flesh. Permeance of the cuticle was found to be about 0.64 x 10–4 mol O2/Pa.m2. s, while permeance to CO2 was 2–3 times higher. This suggests that the cuticle is composed of a coherent film. The low rate of gas diffusion through capsicum cuticle may allow recycling of respired CO2 by photosynthesis in the flesh before harvest.
APPLICATION OF WATER QUALITY MODELING TECHNOLOGY TO INVESTIGATE THE MORTALITY OF LOBSTERS (HOMARUS AMERICANUS) IN WESTERN LONG ISLAND SOUND DURING THE SUMMER OF 1999

Abstract A phased approach was taken for applying previously developed numerical models to address quantitatively whether application of 4 pesticides (i.e., methoprene, malathion, resmethrin and sumithrin) to combat mosquitoes carrying West Nile virus could alone have caused the massive die-off of lobster observed in western Long Island Sound during 1999. Model results show that even with an overly conservative model input assumption (i.e., that the entire mass of pesticides applied in the watershed reached the open waters of Long Island Sound without any attenuation or decay in either the watershed or the Sound) the calculated 24-h average ambient levels of methoprene in the Sound were less than 0.0005 μg/L and well below the lowest reported ecologic endpoint of lobster stress (i.e., 2.8 μg/L stage 2 larvae LC50). Under the assumed conservative model loadings, results for malathion were highest in the East River (maximum 24-h average = 10.3 μg/L) and were much lower in the western Sound area of the lobster die-off. These levels are below the lowest reported ecologic endpoint of lobster stress (i.e., 4.1 μg/L larvae LC50). Model calculations for resmethrin and sumithrin were compared with ecologic endpoints for lobster stress measured for resmethrin. The lowest reported ecologic endpoints reported for resmethrin were 0.01 μg/L and 0.095 μg/L for reduction in adult phagocytosis after weekly exposure and larval 96-h LC50, respectively. Calculated resmethrin levels on a 24-h average basis were as high a 0.225 μg/L, but were significantly lower in western Long Island Sound. For sumithrin, the maximum calculated 24-h average concentration, 0.151, occurred in Eastchester Bay in near surface waters. The calculated levels of neither resmethrin nor sumithrin reached the LC50 value for adult lobsters of >1 μg/L. Malathion, resmethrin and sumithrin were also modeled with a less conservative and more realistic set of assumptions that included decay of the pesticide within the receiving water. Based on a 24-h average malathion concentrations calculated by the model were <1 μg/L in near bottom waters throughout Long Island Sound and probably did not represent a stress to the lobsters. Calculated resmethrin levels throughout near bottom waters of Long Island Sound were <0.005 μg/L and, therefore, did not represent a stress to lobsters. Calculated sumithrin concentrations in near bottom waters were as high as 0.08 μg/L in portions of western Long Island Sound. Assuming that resmethrin endpoints are applicable to sumithrin, it is unlikely that sumithrin could have caused mortality in adult lobsters, however, we cannot fully rule out the possibility that sumithrin may have been a stressor at sublethal levels.
Diet and population biology of the invasive crab Charybdis hellerii in southwestern Atlantic waters

Abstract For many species the population structure varies along latitudinal gradients, especially at the extremes of their distributions. This may apply to invasive species, whose ability to grow, reproduce, feed and compete is hypothesized to be lower at higher latitudes. A population of Charybdis hellerii was investigated on a rocky shore at Armação do Itapocoroy (Santa Catarina, 26°40′–26°47′S and 48°36′–48°38′W), Brazil. The study was carried out over two periods to test the hypotheses that: (1) this population differs from other populations that presumably became established earlier and at lower latitudes; (2) the population parameters change over time (number and size of individuals and ovigerous females), progressively showing more indications of establishment; and (3) the diet overlaps with the native crabs. In total, 642 individuals were caught: 544 males, 55 females, and 43 ovigerous females. This population of C. hellerii is similar to others presumably established earlier and at lower latitudes on the Atlantic coast, with a predominance of larger males and a male-biased sex ratio. The population is reproducing, but the similarity in the population size and frequency of ovigerous females between periods may indicate that this population is encountering difficulty in increasing in size. The generalist diet was composed mainly of crustaceans, molluscs and algae, thus overlapping with other native crab species. Although the direct and indirect impacts of this invasive species were not assessed, the population parameters indicate that this population of C. hellerii is established and may act as a centre of dispersal to higher latitudes.
PERSISTENCE OF BUTACHLOR IN SOILS UNDER DIFFERENT MOISTURE REGIMES

Persistence of butachlor was studied at two levels (2.5 & 5.0 mg kg−1 soil) of application in three different soils (Hiriyur, Mandya and Mudigere) of Karnataka under three moisture regimes (air dry, field capacity and submergence). The persistence of butaehlor indicated a close correspondence to the first order exponential degradation kinetics in soils and mainly influenced by soil organic matter and moisture. Faster disappearance was noticed under field capacity followed by submergence and air dry conditions in all soils. Half-lives of butachlor under air dry, field capacity and submergence ranged from 52.40 to 59.57, 12.35 to 20.58 and 28.48 to 39.20 days at 5 mg kg−1 application, respectively. The disappearance of butachlor in soils under field capacity was found to follow two different phases of disappearance and both the phases were described by first order degradation kinetics. The disappearance of butachlor was higher in nonsterile soils than in sterile soils under both field capacity and submerged conditions indicating the major pathways of degradation to be microbial. The disappearance of butachlor in all three soils was rapid under field capacity than under submergence even with the addition of farm yard manure and paddy straw as organic amendments.
Genetic diagnosis and prevalence of urinary tract fungal pathogen with antifungal susceptibility pattern in Iraq.

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is considered as one of the frequent diseases affecting humans. Usually, emphasis has been on bacteriological etiologies but this study focuses on fungal etiologies. Aims: The aim of this study is isolation and characterisation of fungal spp. from urine of patients diagnosed of urinary tract infections genetically and phenotypically. Secondly, to evaluate antifungal sensitivity of isolated fungi against 5 antifungals in Iraq. Methods: A total of 150 urine specimens were collected from 150 UTI suspects patients attending Marrjan hospital in Babylon province from October 2012 to October 2013. Fungal organisms were isolated, virulence of Candida was detected and both genetic analysis of isolates and antifungal susceptibility test, using 5 antifungals were performed on the most frequent isolate. Original Research Article Imran and Abuad; BJMMR, 7(5): 410-418, 2015; Article no. BJMMR.2015. 347 411 Results: Candida albicans (32.7%) and Aspergillus fumigatus (10.9%) were the most frequent fungal isolates. Other isolated fungi from the urinary tract of patients include: Acremonium polychromium, Penicillium digitatum, A. fumigatus, A. niger and some other Candida species including C. albicans, Geotrichum capitatum, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii and C. famata. Most Candida spp. produced proteinase and lipase. Candida spp. has the ability to ferment most of sugar types under interest except lactose. Clotrimazole, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, and Amphotercin B showed high activity while Miconazole showed low activity to the most frequent isolate of C. albicans, C. guilliermondii, C. famata. The range of antifungal activity concentration for Amphotericin B was 10-100 mg while for Fluconazole, Miconazole and Ketoconazole was 100-1000 mg. Females (39 cases) aged 18-30 years showed frequency of 26% while males (21cases) aged 30-40 years showed frequency of 14%. Eighteen isolates were genetically analyzed and identified as Candida genus with PCR product size of 210 bp. Conclusion: Fungal organisms are common etiological agents of UTI patients. Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. showing highest frequency in our study. All isolates of yeast were genetically diagnosed as Candida except Geotrichum isolates. The common antifungals like Clotrimazole, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole and Amphotericin B are still effective in eradicating these pathogens in Iraq.
HETEROSIS IN RELATION TO COMBINING ABILITY FOR FLOWERING BEHAVIORS AND YIELD PARAMETERS IN PUMPKIN

Combining ability and heterosis studies carried out through diallel method using seven parents with eight characters. The analysis revealed that none of the parents was found good general combiner for all the characters consistently, however parent P-18, VRPG-7, Pumpkin-172 and IVPK-226 were best general combiners for yield and flowering traits. The gca variances were higher than the sca variance for days to first female flowering, node at which first female flower appears, number of fruits per plant and average fruit weight. While other characters viz.; number of female flowers per plant, equatorial and polar circumferences of fruit and yield per plant had gca variances lower than the sca variances indicating the predominance of non- additive gene effects. The maximum heterosis for number of female flower per plant was exhibited by Pumpkin-172 x BS-165. The selection should be made for improvement of traits like days to first female flowering, node at which first female flower appears, number of fruits per plant and average fruit weigh. While number of female flowers per plant, equatorial and polar circumferences of fruit and yield per plant may he improved through hybridization.
Influence of Inoculum Density, Fungicide Treatment of Substrate and Temperature on the Growth and Yield of Pleurotus ostreatus

Five rates of Pleurotus ostreatus inoculum (1, 2, 4, 6 and 8%) and two fungicide treatmentsof the substrate (methyl thiophanate plus CaCO3 vs no treatment) have been studied in a factorialexperiment in two complete randomized blocks. Main results show that the fungicide treatment of thesubstrate allows obtaining a better inoculation at all densities, a lower infection by non-desiredorganisms and for a 6% inoculum rate a yield 25% higher than the yield of the highest inoculum rate(8%) on untreated substrate. Observations and measurements in a commercial crop and in the factorialtrial have allowed to establish several correlations such as between the carpophore diameter andweight; between the carpophore thickness and its density, relation that could be important if density ismore taken in account as a quality parameter. Measures have also allowed to determine growthparameters such as growth rates in function of the carpophores diameter with daily values GRDV from400% (young carpophores with diameters 30 mm). Differences found between growth temperatures 15Â°C and 20Â°C were not significantindicating flexibility regarding the temperature regulation.
Improving HIV/AIDS consultations in Malawi : how interactional sociolinguistics can contribute

Rachel Chimbwete-Phiri Stephanie Schnurr This chapter illustrates and discusses some of the ways in which applied linguistic research can make valuable contributions to ongoing endeavours to improve the delivery and format of HIV/AIDS consultations in Malawi. Malawi is a developing country with a population of just over 13,000,000, and like in many of its neighbouring countries, HIV/AIDS is the most common disease (Bowie and Mwase, 2011) . In spite of various HIV/AIDS programmes initiated and funded by the government and several non-governmental agencies, public health services are suffering from inadequate patient compliance and adherence to the programmes’ recommendations (Ministry of Health, 2012) . In this chapter, we argue that a better understanding of the ways in which healthcare professionals and clients communicate with each other during consultation sessions can help improve this situation. However, while we focus on HIV/AIDS consultations in the context of Malawi, the linguistic approach we demonstrate.
RELATIONSHIP OF ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS AND AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS IN BARLEY

The number of adventitious roots of two- and six-row barleys (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown under irrigation at Bozeman, Montana in 1970 and 1971, was related to yield and other agronomic characteristics. Adventitious roots were counted shortly before heading and at maturity and correlated with 15 agronomic characteristics. Adventitious root number was not correlated with yield of barley, except for two out of six cases in two-row barley. Roots per tiller, per plant and per square metre were all positively correlated with each other. The number of kernels per spike increased as roots per tiller increased but decreased with a high number of tillers per plant. Kernel plumpness and numbers of tillers were negatively correlated in two-row barley, but not in six-row barley. Cultivars differed significantly in yield and adventitious root number. Six-row barley had more roots per tiller but fewer tillers per square metre than two-row barley. Roots per tiller and roots per square metre measurements had the best repea.