Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Solar forced Dansgaard/Oeschger events?

It has been suggested that the strong climatic changes during the last ice age, the so‐called Dansgaard/Oeschger (D/O) events, could have been prompted by solar activity changes. This hypothesis is based on the apparent cyclic occurrence of the D/O events and the solar influence on climate during the Holocene on similar time scales. We test this hypothesis by comparing the 10Be and δ18O records from the GRIP ice core. A superimposed epoch analysis allows us to reduce the noise in the data and to extract estimates of solar activity changes in connection to the D/O events. This comparison does not provide convincing evidence for a persistent solar influence on these strong climatic oscillations during the last ice age.
Late Paleozoic remagnetization in limestones of the Craven Basin (northern England) and the rock magnetic fingerprint of remagnetized sedimentary carbonates

Samples of Lower Carboniferous Chatburn and Pendleside limestones collected from 27 sites in the Craven Basin (northern England) carry a syn-Hercynian remagnetization residing in magnetite. The paleomagnetic directions are all of reversed polarity consistent with a Kiaman Superchron remagnetization. The partially (62%) tilt corrected mean direction has the minimum correlation statistic implying a synfolding magnetization. The resulting pole appears to be Late Carboniferous in age, and there is no indication of any magnetization component that predates the remagnetization event. The magnetization appears to be of the same type as the synfolding remagnetizations documented in several Appalachian carbonate units. Jackson (1990) reported that remagnetized Appalachian carbonates have distinctive hysteresis properties, and we have obtained similar hysteresis loops from remagnetized Paleozoic carbonates from the Craven Basin (England), the Great Basin (Nevada), Alaska, and New York State. The hysteresis loops are all “wasp-waisted” and yield highly anomalous hysteresis ratios, compared to data from synthetic or “typical” magnetite-bearing samples. In contrast, unremagnetized limestones from Italy show hysteresis behavior which is more typical for magnetite-bearing rocks (Channell and McCabe, this issue). These results suggest that remagnetization in magnetite-bearing carbonates can be readily detected on the basis of hysteresis properties, prior to a full-scale paleomagnetic investigation.
Landslide-generated tsunamis at Réunion Island

[1] Landslides that occur on oceanic volcanoes can reach the sea and trigger catastrophic tsunamis. Reunion Island has been the location of numerous huge landslides involving tens to hundreds of cubic kilometers of material. We use a new two-fluid (seawater and landslide) numerical model to estimate the wave amplitudes and the propagation of tsunamis associated with landslide events on Reunion Island. A 10 km3 landslide from the eastern flank of Piton de la Fournaise volcano would lift the water surface by about 150 m where it entered the sea. The wave thus generated would reach Saint-Denis, the capital of Reunion Island (population of about 150,000 people), in only 12 min, with an amplitude of more than 10 m, and would reach Mauritius Island in 18 min. Although Mauritius is located about 175 km from the impact, waves reaching its coast would be greater than those for Reunion Island. This is due to the initial shape of the wave, and its propagation normal to the coast at Mauritius but generally coast-parallel at Reunion Island. A submarine landslide of the coastal shelf of 2 km3, would trigger a ∼40 m high wave that would severely affect the proximal coast in the western part of Reunion Island. For a landslide of the shelf of only 0.5 km3, waves of about 2 m in amplitude would affect the proximal coast.
Inferring interannual changes in global upper ocean heat storage from TOPEX altimetry

Good agreement is found between global patterns of TOPEX dynamic height and expendable bathythermograph (XBT) heat storage anomalies from approximately 30°S to 60°N for the 2-year period from 1993 to 1994, with both variables dominated by the biennial signal. This is due to the physical dependence of absolute dynamic height upon relative steric height (i.e., an alias of heat storage). Regression finds these two variables correlated from 0.5 to 0.8 over the global ocean, with slopes of regression ranging from 0.05 to 0.15×109 W−s m−2 cm−1. While these statistics are not definitive, they do provide representative estimates of regression error, sampling error, and sampling frequencies for determining the role that TOPEX altimetry can play in estimating upper ocean heat storage over large portions of the global ocean. We examine this role within the framework of optimum interpolation methodology (Gandin, 1963), finding regression errors for inferred heat storage anomalies larger than instrumental errors expected from XBT heat storage estimates but of the same order as uncertainties incurred from subgrid ambient noise. While this increases the noise-to-signal ratio of the inferred heat storage anomalies by a factor of 2, the greater density of TOPEX observations reduces the interpolation errors for gridded fields of upper ocean heat storage anomalies to half those incurred from the smaller density of XBT sampling. So, when inferred heat storage anomalies are used to compute the time sequence in upper ocean heat storage anomaly over large portions of the global ocean during 1993–1994, errors of ±2 W m−2 are half those achieved with XBT sampling. Moreover, the time rate of change in upper ocean heat storage anomalies becomes statistically significant, with inferred heat storage anomalies in the North Atlantic Ocean remaining constant for 1993–1994 but increasing in both the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The latter dominate the time rate of change of upper ocean heat storage anomaly over the global ocean, yielding an average rate of 3 W m−2 over the 2-year period.
Triggers for Late Twentieth Century Reform of Australian Coastal Management

This paper identifies four triggers that underpinned the late 20th century reform of coastal management in Australia. These have operated across federal, state and local levels of government. The triggers are global environmental change, sustainable development, integrated resource management, and community awareness of management issues and participation in decision making. This reform has been driven by international and national forces. A number of inquiries into coastal management in Australia culminated in the production of a national coastal policy in 1995. This has led to fundamental changes in coastal management and to the recognition of the inevitability of changes in coastal systems. Federal policies and programs are being translated into action at the state and local government levels through a variety of funding mechanisms and programs. These involve capacity building, a memorandum of understanding between all levels of government, an enhanced role for state advisory or co-ordinating bodies, and an increased role for public participation.
Revealing subgroup-specific mechanisms of change via moderated mediation: A meditation intervention example.

OBJECTIVE Effective psychosocial interventions exist for numerous mental health conditions. However, despite decades of research, limited progress has been made in clarifying the mechanisms that account for their beneficial effects. We know that many treatments work, but we know relatively little about why they work. Mechanisms of change may be obscured due to prior research collapsing across heterogeneous subgroups of patients with differing underlying mechanisms of response. Studies identifying baseline individual characteristics that predict differential response (i.e., moderation) may inform research on why (i.e., mediation) a particular subgroup has better outcomes to an intervention via tests of moderated mediation. METHOD In a recent randomized controlled trial comparing a 4-week meditation app with a control condition in school system employees (N = 662), we previously developed a "Personalized Advantage Index" (PAI) using baseline characteristics, which identified a subgroup of individuals who derived relatively greater benefit from meditation training. Here, we tested whether the effect of mindfulness acquisition in mediating group differences in outcome was moderated by PAI scores. RESULTS A significant index of moderated mediation (IMM = 1.22, 95% CI [0.30, 2.33]) revealed that the effect of mindfulness acquisition in mediating group differences in outcome was only significant among those individuals with PAI scores predicting relatively greater benefit from the meditation app. CONCLUSIONS Subgroups of individuals may differ meaningfully in the mechanisms that mediate their response to an intervention. Considering subgroup-specific mediators may accelerate progress on clarifying mechanisms of change underlying psychosocial interventions and may help inform which specific interventions are most beneficial for whom. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
LOCAL SCOUR AND RIPRAP STABILITY AT BRIDGE PIERS IN A DEGRADING CHANNEL

The experimental study examines local scouring and riprap stability at bridge piers in rivers subject to bed degradation. The data show that the equilibrium bed profile associated with that with or without a pier is essentially the same, except for the obvious section around the pier. Total scour depth is shown to be the sum of bed degradation and pier scour depth. The latter can be computed from the time-average live-bed scour depth associated with the undisturbed velocity ratio before bed degradation. The experimental data also show that pier-scour depth is invariant with time, for \it⩾24 h. In a degrading channel, riprap around a pier will eventually develop into a stable mound when the bed shear stresses reduce with bed degradation. An auxiliary test shows that the mound is very vulnerable to another designed flood flow accompanied by large dunes. This type of riprap instability may be called bed-degradation induced failure.
A microearthquake survey of the high-temperature vent fields on the volcanically active East Pacific Rise (9° 50'N)

A 3 month deployment of nine ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) on the axis of the East Pacific Rise at 9°50′N detected 283 local microearthquakes in the spring of 1995. The earthquakes exhibit small, uniform seismic moments of 1014–1016 dyne-cm (). Accurate locations were determined for 147 of the earthquakes, with hypocenters clustered beneath two high-temperature hydrothermal fields (Bio9/P and Tube Worm Pillar/Y) at depths <1.4 km beneath the seafloor. Waveform cross-correlation techniques relocated 76 events, 65 of which had lateral standard errors <100 m. Relocated hypocenters lie along two vertical columns from 0.7 to 1.1 km depth. A continuous level of seismic activity was observed beneath the Tube Worm Pillar and Y vent fields, while activity beneath the Bio9 and P vent fields was dominated by a vigorous swarm of 162 events during 3 hours that triggered a 7°C temperature increase in Bio9 exit fluids. The close correlation between the hydrothermal systems and the observed seismicity suggests the microearthquakes were generated by thermal strain associated with cooling of the shallow crust and that the water-rock reaction zone is also a seismogenic zone. The earthquake depths suggest that brittle deformation on the rise axis is restricted to the upper kilometer of crust.
Cirque analysis as a method of predicting the extent of a Pleistocene ice advance

Thirteen quantitative and two qualitative variables were measured for 53 cirques and their respective valleys in the Front and Main Ranges of the southern part of Banff National Park, Alberta. Each cirque and valley showed good evidence for a Late Wisconsin advance that never extended into major trunk valleys.The question being asked was: Can the maximum extent of this relatively minor advance be predicted by measuring the physical parameters of the cirque? The following equation can predict the maximum ice extent with a standard error of ±808 ft (±246.4 m): Y = 1012.8801X6 + 0.8552X3 + 2.6836X1 − 7763.6370, where Y is the maximum ice extent in ft; X6, X3, and X1 are the area (ft2), elevation (in ft), and the east–west location of the cirque respectively. However, only 64.48% of the variance of the ice extent is explained by this equation.It is suggested that the 35.52% unexplained variance is due to climatic variables, particularly those on the meso-scale, in the cirque at the time of the advance. It is .
Ecophysiology of Forest and Savanna Vegetation

Ecophysiological characteristics of forest and savanna vegetation are compared in an attempt to understand how physiological differences within and between these vegetation types relate to their geographical distributions. A simple ordination first shows that although precipitation exerts a key effect on Amazonian vegetation distributions, soil characteristics are also important. In particular, it is found that under similar precipitation regimes, deciduous forests tend to occur on more fertile soils than do cerrado vegetation types. A high subsoil clay content is also important in allowing the existence of semievergreen forests at only moderate rainfall. Such observations are consistent with biome specific physiological characteristics. For example, deciduous trees have higher nutrient requirements than do evergreen ones which also tend to have characteristics associated with severe water deficits such as a low specific leaf area. Nutrient contents and photosynthetic rates are lower than for savanna than for forest species with several ecosystem characteristics suggesting a primary limitation of nitrogen on savanna productivity. By contrast, phosphorus seems to constrain the productivity of most Amazonian forest types. Differentiation is made between the fast-growing, high-nutrient-requiring forest types of western Amazonia and their counterparts in eastern Amazonia, which tend to occupy infertile but deeper soils of high water-holding ability. On the basis of observed physiological characteristics of the various vegetation forms, it is argued that, should Amazonian precipitation decline sharply in the future, the slower growing forests of eastern Amazonia will transform directly into an evergreen cerrado type vegetation but with the more fertile western Amazonian forests being replaced by some form of drought-deciduous vegetation.
A new cycle of jökulhlaups at Russell Glacier, Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland

Abstract Jökulhlaups in 2007 and 2008 from an ice-dammed lake at the northern margin of Russell Glacier, West Greenland, marked the onset of a renewed jökulhlaup cycle after 20 years of stability. We present a record of successive ice-dammed lake drainage events and associated ice-margin dynamics spanning ∼25 years. Robust calculations of lake volumes and peak discharges are made, based on intensive field surveys and utilizing high-spatial-resolution orthophotographs of the lake basin and ice margin. These data enable identification of controls on the behaviour of the ice-dammed lake and provide the first field-based examination of controls on jökulhlaup magnitude and frequency for this system. We find that Russell Glacier jökulhlaups have a much higher peak discharge than predicted by the Clague–Mathews relationship, which we attribute to an unusually short englacial/subglacial routeway and the presence of a thin ice dam that permits incomplete sealing of jökulhlaup conduits between lake drainage events. Additionally, we demonstrate that the passage of jökulhlaups through an interlinked system of proglacial bedrock basins produces significant attenuation of peak discharge downstream. We highlight that improved understanding of jökulhlaup dynamics requires accurate information about ice-dammed lake volume and ice-proximal jökulhlaup discharge.
A Tertiary age for Alpine high‐pressure metamorphism in the Gran Paradiso massif, Western Alps: a Rb–Sr microsampling study

The timing of high‐pressure (HP) metamorphism in the internal basement massifs of the Western Alps has been contentious. In the Gran Paradiso massif silvery micaschists, thought to have developed from granitic precursors, contain assemblages indicative of pressures in excess of 18 kbar at 500–550 °C. This paper presents unique geochronological data for the paragenesis of the silvery micaschist HP assemblage. Rb–Sr microsampling of an apatite–phengite pair thought to have remained closed to Rb–Sr exchange since the HP paragenesis formed has yielded an age of 43.0 ± 0.5 Ma. Greenschist retrogression occurred after 36.3 ± 0.4 Ma, probably in the interval 36–34 Ma. The localised disturbance of the Rb–Sr system in phengite, apatite and allanite during retrogression means that only in situ microsampling could obtain meaningful ages from these rocks. The new data indicating a Tertiary age for HP metamorphism in the Gran Paradiso massif agree with recent data for other internal basement massifs in the Western Alps. A model fitting the Gran Paradiso massif into the Western Alpine framework is presented.
Monthly rainfall–runoff modelling using artificial neural networks

Abstract Rainfall–runoff models usually present good results, but parameter calibration sometimes is tedious and subjective, and in many cases it depends on additional data surveys in the field. An alternative to the conceptual models is provided by empirical models, which relate input and output by means of an arbitrary mathematical function that bears no direct relationship to the physical characteristics of the rainfall–runoff process. This category includes the artificial neural networks (ANNs), whose implementation is the main focus of this paper. This study evaluated the capacity of ANNs to model with accuracy the monthly rainfall–runoff process. The case study was performed in the Jangada River basin, Paraná, Brazil. The results of the three ANNs that produced the best results were compared to those of a conceptual model at monthly time scale, IPHMEN. The ANNs presented the best results with highest correlation coefficients and Nash-Sutcliffe statistics and the smallest difference of volume. Citation Machado, F. , Mine, M. , Kaviski, E. & Fill, H. (2011) Monthly rainfall–runoff modelling using artificial neural networks. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(3), 349–361.
Dolní Věstonice 15: Pathology and persistence in the Pavlovian

Several lines of archaeological and human palaeontological data from the Moravian earlier Gravettian (or Pavlovian) indicate a high level of mobility among these earlier Upper Palaeolithic human populations. The congenitally abnormal young adult Dolni Věstonice 15 human remains support this pattern. Dolni Věstonice 15 suffered serious developmental abnormalities, most likely as a result of the X-linked dominant form of chondrodysplasia calcificans punctata, that included pronounced infantile and minor later childhood developmental defects of dental enamel (enamel hypoplasia), asymmetrical curvature and angular deformities of the proximal femora, asymmetrical shortening of the femora, a diaphyseal deformity of the distal right humerus, a probable healed left ulnar fracture with associated deformity of the radial diaphysis, elevated length asymmetries of the forearms, and an unusual pattern of anomalies of tooth position and number. These are combined with trivial intervertebral articular degenerations, plus localized pronounced osteoarthritis of the right glenohumeral joint and right second and fifth ray hand proximal interphalangeal joints. Yet, there is little asymmetry of the lower limbs distal of the mid-femora, and both diaphyseal hypertrophy of the humeri, femora and tibiae and relative arm and leg muscle attachment size and moment arms indicate a level of skeletal hypertrophy average to high for an earlier Upper Palaeolithic human. The severe upper limb osteoarthritis may indicate a pattern of pronounced and repetitive carrying or dragging of heavy loads. These data indicate the ability of the population to keep a severely affected individual alive through development, yet they also emphasize the necessity for all individuals to participate actively in the elevated mobility and overall activity levels of these earlier Upper Palaeolithic human populations.
Recirculation of plasma sheet particles into the high‐latitude boundary layer

We examine the transport of plasma sheet particles in the dayside magnetosphere using three-dimensional single particle codes. In this region of space, whereas the equatorial plane is the locus of the field minimum at low L shells (typically, below L = 8), this field minimum is found at midlatitudes at high L shells. We show that this topological change which follows from the current system at the magnetopause, has important implications for the overall circulation of magnetospheric plasma. It is responsible for de-trapping of plasma sheet particles originally mirroring at low latitudes. At some point during E×B transport toward the magnetopause, these particles escape from the equatorial vicinity and flow into the cusp region. Because these particles experience different energy changes in the low and high L shell field configurations, significant phasing effects are obtained between bounce and convective motions with possible violation of the second adiabatic invariant. We show that in the region adjacent to the frontside magnetopause, these phasing effects lead to characteristic energy-latitude spectrograms with repeated streaks of enhanced flux. Most notably, we demonstrate that after their injection into the cusp, the de-trapped particles can flow back toward the tail along the magnetopause with energies comparable to those inside the plasma sheet. Numerical calculations indicate that recirculation of these plasma sheet particles can significantly contribute to populating of the high-latitude boundary layer, especially at high energies (a few keV up to a few tens of keV).
Errors in soil moisture content estimates induced by uncertainties in the effective soil dielectric constant

Soil moisture content (SMC) is an important variable in the hydrological cycle. Sensors have been developed to enable continuous monitoring of SMC (remote sensing from satellite and devices for in situ measurements), many of which are based on measurement of the soil dielectric properties from which SMC is inferred. Most SMC estimation techniques depend on the relationship between SMC and its dielectric properties, but the lack of a universal effective soil dielectric model introduces an additional source of error on SMC estimates. This work compares nine models of this relationship, and quantifies errors due to uncertainties in the relation between water content and dielectric properties. Errors of around 4% are reported with maximum figures at relatively low water content. Inconsistency between these models and the inconsistency in the effect of soil texture on SMC retrieval from satellite‐based sensors is also evaluated.
The Waiouru, New Zealand, earthquake swarm: Persistent mid crustal activity near an active volcano

A persistent swarm of earthquakes occurs 25 km southeast of the summit of Mt Ruapehu, an active volcano in the central North Island of New Zealand. 319 swarm events recorded during a six‐month seismograph deployment in 2001 have been relocated using the double‐difference technique. The relocated events define a vertical sheet in the mid crust, with most activity 11–21 km deep. Both focal mechanisms and a stress inversion indicate strike‐slip motion for the swarm events, in contrast to the normal faulting seen on a parallel active fault mapped at the surface. Various lines of evidence suggest the swarm is of tectonic origin and due to fluid movement. It currently reflects the regional stress field rather than local stresses related to volcanic activity at Mt Ruapehu. Nevertheless, changes in the activity of the swarm appear to correlate with eruptions, and the swarm appears to have potential as a stress meter for monitoring nearby volcanic activity.