Rearing practices and early performance of migratory fish for stocking program : study of the critically endangered European sturgeon (Acipenser sturio)

Stocking for conservation purposes is the practice of raising animals in captivity and releasing the min to an area from which the species have either declined or disappeared, in an attempt to enhance the natural population. Fish reared in hatcheries are exposed to selective reproduction, and early life experiences in a safe setting can strongly influence the behavioral, genetic, morphological and physiological attributes necessary to respond adequately to natural conditions after stocking.Exposing naive individuals to variability during early stages −enriched environment− could reduce such deficiencies and improve fish survival after release. This approach needs to be studied tounderstand how it affects performance traits that will directly impact fish fitness in the wild and consequently, its effects on stocking programs efficiency for conservation. The last remaining wild sturgeon population in Western Europe, the European sturgeon (Acipenser sturio), is located in theGironde (Southwest France). This species is critically endangered and subject of a recovery plan with specific action plans in France and Germany. In this study, this species was used as a model to assess effects of rearing practices on survival, growth and behavioral performance of young-of-the-yearsturgeons before stocking and their behavior and survival in the wild after release. Captive-born sturgeons belonging to two crossings were reared under traditional (i.e. low spatial and temporal variability) and enriched (i.e. higher spatial and temporal variability) practices for 3 months and their performance was evaluated in laboratory. Then, the fish were released in the Dordogne River and their individual movements were tracked for 20 days using a acoustic telemetry system; after evaluating the tagging effects on fish performance. Results in the laboratory demonstrated that enriched environment resulted in bigger fish from the first month. Growth curve analysis revealed that enriched environment made both fish crossings grow in a similar manner. In contrast, crossings’growth differed in traditional rearing. Behaviorally, enriched-reared fish were slower to explore a new environment but more individuals engaged on doing so than traditional-reared fish. Post-release assessment on such small individuals was carried out for the first time for a sturgeon species. Fish over all survival was 69.3% (52.2−90.2%) where the lowest survival was found for one crossing reared under traditional conditions. After release, most movements (85.7%) occurred during the first three days after stocking and downstream direction. During the study, 82% of the fish were detected within 13.5km from the release site and no fish reached the saline estuary. Fish were mainly active during night hours, but traditional-reared fish were significantly more active during the day than enriched-reared fish during the first three days. Our findings advocate for the integration of enriched rearing practices within the juvenile production for release in order to boost the performances linked fitness. Stocking practices and life history research should work together to favor adaptive aquaculture approaches, which support species conservation