Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
16 000 years of vegetation and settlement history from Egelsee (Menzingen, central Switzerland)

Past vegetation dynamics and human impact from the Lateglacial to the present are reconstructed by pollen analysis of a core 12 m long from the raised bog Egelsee, central Switzerland (770 m a.s.l.). The depth—age model of the core is based on 29 AMS 14C dates. The oldest dated macrofossil has an age of 13 080 ± 105 radiocarbon yr BP (15 370 cal. yr BP); extrapolation leads to a basal age of the core of 16 200 cal. yr BP. The biostratigraphy shows a typical vegetation development for Central Europe from open pioneer vegetation to Betula-Pinus forests in the Lateglacial, thermophilous mixed deciduous forests in the early Holocene, then mesophilous Abies-Fagus forests, and finally to the present cultural landscape. The initial population expansion of Abies alba may have coincided with climatic change at c. 8500 cal. yr BP. The mass expansion of Abies alba at 8100 cal. yr BP may have been triggered by the 8.2-ka event and coincided with the empirical limit of Fagus silvatica, indicating initial population expansions. The succession of ecosystems with different plant composition is confirmed by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA): the main changes in the DCA axis 1 and 2 correspond to the transition phases between the different ecosystems. DCA axis 1 has an eigenvalue of λ1 = 0.46 and is significantly correlated (r = 0.82) to the non-arboreal pollen percentage curve. Rarefaction analysis shows a high pollen diversity in the Lateglacial, lower pollen diversity in the Holocene before human impact, and increasing pollen diversity correlated with increasing human impact. Very little is known about the archaeology of the montane belt in central Switzerland. This study provides new data concerning human impact and settlement history in this area. Human activities are indicated by cereal pollen (earliest Hordeum/Triticum type at 4700 cal. yr BP). Distinct pulses of anthropogenic forest clearances can be observed from the Neolithic period onwards.
Wenlock to Givetian deformation in the British Isles and the Canadian Appalachians

Summary A combination of stratigraphic evidence and dates on igneous rocks suggests that the climax of Caledonian deformation in the British Isles and of Acadian deformation in the Canadian Appalachians both occurred during the middle to late Emsian stage, or about 397 to 390 Ma ago. In addition to this event, many small regions show uplift and/or deformation spasmodically throughout Silurian and Devonian time, both before and after the Emsian.
Impacts of sediment load on Manning coefficient in supercritical shallow flow on steep slopes

The Manning equation is one of the most widely used formulae for calculating the velocity of shallow overland flow in hydrological and erosion models. Precise estimation of the Manning's friction coefficient (n) is critical to determining overland flow and soil erosion processes. Few studies have been conducted to quantify the effects of sediment load on Manning's n on steep slopes. This study was conducted to investigate the potential effects of sediment load on Manning's n in a flume with a fixed bed, under wide ranges of hydraulics and sediment loads. Slope gradient varied from 8·7 to 34·2%, unit flow rate from 0·66 to 5·26 × 10−3 m2 s−1, and sediment load from 0 to 6·95 kg m−1 s−1. The Reynolds number ranged from 350 to 5899. Results showed that Manning's n varied in both sediment‐free and sediment‐laden flows ranging from 0·012 to 0·055. The apparent Manning's coefficients of sediment‐laden flow were much greater than those of sediment‐free flow. The mean Manning coefficient of sediment‐laden flow was 51·27% greater than the mean value of sediment‐free flow. For sediment‐laden flow, Manning's n could be estimated with a power function of unit flow discharge and sediment content. Further studies are needed to quantify the potential effects of sediment load on the Manning's n on erodible beds and in fields. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deep cyclogenesis by synoptic eddies interacting with a seamount

Strong deep eddies with cyclonic vorticity greater than 0.2f0 were detected using an array of bottom current and pressure measurements in the Kuroshio Extension System Study (KESS) in 2004–2006. Daily maps showed these deep eddies developed locally. As in the Gulf Stream, meandering of the upper baroclinic jet generates deep cyclones and anticyclones by stretching and squashing the lower water column. However, unlike the Gulf Stream, the smaller vertical stretching and greater water depth in the Kuroshio Extension limits the relative vorticity generated by this vertical coupling process to about 0.1f0. In the deep Kuroshio Extension the strong cases of vorticity generation and cyclone development are related to stretching driven when water columns are advected off isolated seamounts in the region. The large observed values of relative vorticity are consistent with a straightforward calculation of deep layer potential vorticity conservation. A barotropic model is used to illustrate the topographic generation of cyclones by ambient currents in synoptic eddies. Positive potential vorticity filaments also develop during the cyclogenetic process with width LR = O(20 km), where LR is the topographic Rhines scale, and travel anticyclonically around the seamount. Observational evidence lends support to the existence of submesoscale filaments, insomuch as current meter records near the flanks of seamounts exhibited bursts of eddy kinetic energy when bandpass-filtered between the inertial period and eight days.
Amino acid profile of four earthworms species from Nigeria.

The amino acid profile of four species of earthworms from Nigeria namely Eudrilus eugeniae, Hyperiodrilus africanus, Alma millsoni and Libyodrilus violaceus were evaluated in this study. The amino acid analysis was conducted using the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) specifically the Technichon TSM-1 (technosequential multisample) analyser for amino acid. Nine essential namely Lysine, Histidine, Arginine, Threonine, Valine, Methionine, Isoleucine, Leucine and Phebylalanine and eight non-essential amino acids namely Aspartic acid, Serine, Glutamic acid, Proline, Glycine, Alanine, Cystine and Tyrosine were recorded in this study. Cystine with a range of 0.64-0.80 g/100kg protein had the least concentration while Glutamic acid with a range of 11.50-13.22 g/100kg protein was the highest. Lysine and methionine, which were limiting amino acids in most feedstuffs, were present in all the earthworm species and ranges from 4.95-5.70 g/100g protein for lysine and 2.08-2.30 g/100g protein for methionine
The Iceland Basin excursion: Age, duration, and excursion field geometry

The Iceland Basin geomagnetic excursion coincided with the marine isotope stage (MIS) 6/7 boundary. The age and duration of the excursion, at seven North Atlantic sites with sufficient isotope data, are estimated by matching marine isotope stage (MIS) 7a–7c to a calibrated template. Two criteria for defining the excursion, virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) latitudes <0° and <40°N, yield excursion durations of 1–4 and 2–5 kyr, respectively. The midpoints of the excursion are in the 189–192 ka range, with a mean of ∼190.2 ka. Although component magnetization directions are generally well defined, rapid changes in field direction during a time of low field intensity are not adequately recorded. During the excursion, VGPs transit southward over Africa and the South Atlantic, reach high southern latitudes at the culmination of the excursion, with partial recovery in relative paleointensity (RPI), and then track northward through the western Pacific. The high southern latitude VGPs, and the recovery in RPI, imply that the Earth's main axial dipole reversed polarity during the excursion, if only for ∼1 kyr; implying that excursions can be manifested globally and are important in millennial‐scale stratigraphy. VGP clustering in the South Atlantic and NW Pacific roughly coincide with maxima in the vertical‐downward component of the modern nondipole (ND) field determined at the Earth's surface, which implies that the ND field became dominant as the geocentric dipole field weakened during the excursion, and also that the ND field configuration is long‐lived on multimillennial timescales.
Thermal Contrast between the Middle-Latitude Asian Continent and Adjacent Ocean and Its Connection to the East Asian Summer Precipitation

Abstract To analyze the middle-to-lower-troposphere atmospheric thermal contrast between the middle latitude over the Asian continent and over its eastern adjacent ocean near Japan, an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data of the June–August (JJA) 500-hPa geopotential height over the Asia–Pacific area (10°–80°N, 60°–180°E) during 1958–2000 was done. It shows that the dominating pattern of the thermal contrast may well be represented by a “seesaw” of 500-hPa geopotential height anomalies between a land area (40°–55°N, 75°–90°E) and an oceanic area (35°–42.5°N, 140°– 150°E). An index showing the difference between the two areas is defined as the middle-latitude land–sea thermal contrast index (LSI). The LSI has significant interannual and interdecadal variability. Its interannual variation is mainly attributed to the atmospheric thermal condition over the ocean, which has a remarkably regional unique feature, while the interdecadal variability is greatly a.
Geothermal heat flux and its influence on the oceanic abyssal circulation and radiocarbon distribution

Geothermal heating of abyssal waters is rarely regarded as a significant driver of the large‐scale oceanic circulation. Numerical experiments with the Ocean General Circulation Model POTSMOM‐1.0 suggest, however, that the impact of geothermal heat flux on deep ocean circulation is not negligible. Geothermal heating contributes to an overall warming of bottom waters by about 0.4°C, decreasing the stability of the water column and enhancing the formation rates of North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water by 1.5 Sv (10%) and 3 Sv (33%), respectively. Increased influx of Antarctic Bottom Water leads to a radiocarbon enrichment of Pacific Ocean waters, increasing Δ14C values in the deep North Pacific from −269‰ when geothermal heating is ignored in the model, to −242‰ when geothermal heating is included. A stronger and deeper Atlantic meridional overturning cell causes warming of the North Atlantic deep western boundary current by up to 1.5°C.
Sand Winning and Land Degradation: Perspective of Indigenous Sand Winners of Wa, Ghana

The study investigated the effects of sand winning by combining qualitative methods and descriptive statistics. Key informant interviews, observation, photography plus questionnaire survey targeted 50 sand winners (drivers). The findings revealed that 56% of sand winners have mined sand/gravel for at least five years, 78% do 6-10 trips of sand and 70% make 6-10 trips of gravel daily. About 96% of sand winners employed labourers from Wa and 82% employed 6 labourers per day. About 30% of the sand winners own the vehicle/truck whilst 70% drives on contract basis. Majority of the driver-respondents (52%) disagree with the proposition that sand winning degrade the land. Another 70% argued that sand winning does not make farmers unemployed. Furthermore, 74% disagree with the view that sand winning causes food shortage. Also, 76% disagree that sand winning increases mosquitoes and malaria cases. However, 84% agree that sand winning is a profitable business. Key words : sand winning, land degradation, farm land, Wa, Ghana
New Miocene scarabeid and hymenopterous nests and early miocene (santacrucian) paleoenvironments, patagonian Argentina

Three new trace fossils are described from Miocene paleosols of southern Argentina. Celliforma pinturensis, n. ichnosp. and Celliforma rosellii, n. ichnosp. are interpreted as cells of digging bees, possibly Anthophoridae, and Coprinisphaerafrenguellii, n. ichnosp. are brood balls of dung‐beetles. Both burrowing bees and dung‐beetles are common nesters in relatively open areas, confirming previous reconstructions of the paleoenvironment of the Pinturas Formation. A brief review of scarabeid and bee fossil nests from South America is presented, and we propose that constructed nests have a higher preservation potential than excavated nests. This fact explains their more common occurrences as trace fossils in paleosols. A new ethological category, calichnia, is proposed for hymenopterous and coleopterous traces, in which adult individuals make nests exclusively for larvae.
DEM based investigation of loess shoulder-line

The existence of shoulder line is a typical and important characteristic of loess relief, which also plays a significant role in the study of loess landform and erosion process. The construction of a classification and quantifying indexes system are the essential work in the cognition of loess shoulder line. On one hand, along with the development of stream networks, shoulder lines extend themselves in the drainage area, the type and the indexes vary correspondingly as well; on the other hand, a specific type of a shoulder line and its character are the representation of gully development phases. High precision DEMs proves to be a suitable information source in the extraction of loess shoulder lines. Experiment in this study show that 5 meter resolution DEMs is available in extracting of loess shoulder lines after some specific processing. Mathematic morphological method is employed in the process to creating a consecutive shoulder line. Based on proper derivation method and the quantifying indexes system, a deep study of shoulder could be achieved. Shoulder line spatial distribution result is accordant to that of the loess relief character. The study of shoulder line temporal distribution gives an even deeper and comprehensive understanding to the development of loess relief development.
Fire Behaviour Modelling in Tasmanian Buttongrass Moorlands .II. Fire Behaviour

An experimental burning program was carried out in Tasmanian buttongrass moorlands to develop fire behaviour prediction models for improving fire management. A range of previously developed prediction models were examined, but none provided adequate fire behaviour predictions. Empirical models were then developed to predict rate of fire spread and flame height in flat terrain, using the variables site age, dead fuel moisture content and surface wind speed. The models should provide good predictions for low to moderate intensity fires and adequate predictions for high intensity wildfires.
Dinosaur tracks in Lower Jurassic coastal plain sediments (Sose Bugt Member, Rønne Formation) on Bornholm, Denmark

Fluvial palaeochannels of coastal plain sediments of the Lower Jurassic Sose Bugt Member of the Ronne Formation exposed in the coastal cliffs at Sose Bugt, Bornholm, contain abundant dinosaur or other large vertebrate tracks in the form of deformation structures exposed in vertical section. The tracks are represented by steep-walled, flat-to-concave-bottomed depressions, with a raised ridge at each side. The tracks are filled with laminated sediments, draping the contours of the bottom of the depression. Underprints, stacked concave deformations beneath the prints, are present beneath each track. Contemporary Upper Triassic – Lower Jurassic strata from southern Sweden and Poland contain a diverse track fauna, supporting our interpretation. This is the earliest evidence of dinosaur activity in Denmark.
Inversion of tsunami waveforms for the estimation of a fault heterogeneity: Method and numerical experiments.

A method for estimating fault heterogeneity by an inversion of tsunami waveforms is presented. The ocean bottom bathymetry, by which the velocity of tsunami wave is determined, is more accurately known than the seismic velocity structure, so that the effect on the propagation path can be precisely evaluated by means of numerical computation. Since the propagation velocity of tsunami is much smaller than any kind of seismic waves or rupture velocity, only a final slip distribution on a fault can be estimated. The amount of slip on each segment of the fault is obtained by an inversion of the observed tsunami waveforms by using the numerically computed waveforms from each segment as the Green's function. Several numerical experiments are carried out to examine the spatial resolution of the fault heterogeneity by the present method. It is clarified that the size of the segment needs to be more than eight times the grid size used for the computation of the Green's function, indicating that accurate bathymetric data and large computation are required to get a fine picture of the heterogeneous fault motion. Simulation of the inversion shows that the slip distribution on the fault can be estimated stably. The effect of tide gauge response is the only unknown parameter contained in tsunami records besides the source information, so it is necessary to investigate it before the present method is applied to actual tsunami records.
AMS in basalts: is there a need for prior demagnetization?

(MD) and pseudo-single-domain (PSD) grains, axial demagnetization will align the domain (bloch) walls according to the applied ﬁeld. Especially specimens showing a normal magnetic fabric react very sensitively to changes in the domain structure. kmax will get aligned parallel to the last applied ﬁeld and the other principal magnetic axes will follow the orthogonal geometry of the ﬁeld. Specimens with an inverse magnetic fabric can also be affected by the demagnetization. However, inverse specimens with an apparent high fraction of SD particles show no redistribution of their principal axes. Demagnetization with a tumbling device will not impress a direction on the AMS but will remove the magnetic remanence in MD/PSD grains. This change of the domain structure can lead to aberrations of the principal magnetic axes from their initial position. These observations point to a signiﬁcant inﬂuence of a remanence vector on the initial AMS. It is therefore advisable to demagnetize specimens showing a strong magnetic remanence by using a tumbling demagnetizer before any AMS experiments to get better information on the ‘true’ preferred distribution of ferrimagnetic grains. Axial demagnetization should be avoided, as an applied static magnetic ﬁeld can impress on the AMS. directions on AMS. The results have important implications for AMS measurements in strongly magnetic basalts.
Visible and near-ultraviolet spectroscopy at McMurdo Station, Antarctica: 4. Overview and daily measurements of NO2, O3, and OClO during 1987

Near-ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy in the wavelength range from 330 to 370 nm was used to measure O3, NO2, OClO, and BrO at McMurdo Station (78°S) during 1987. Visible absorption measurements of O3, NO2, and OClO were also obtained using the wavelength range from about 403 to 453 nm. These data are described and compared to observations obtained in 1986. It is shown that comparisons of observations in the two wavelength ranges provide a sensitive measure of the altitude where the bulk of atmospheric absorption takes place. The measurements indicate that the bulk of the NO2 column abundance is located near 30 km, while those of OClO and O3 are near 20 km. The measurements of NO2 display a systematic increase during the month of September, probably reflecting the release of odd nitrogen from reservoirs formed earlier in the winter season. The measurements of OClO display a strong diurnal variation, with considerably higher values being obtained in the evening than those measured in the morning. The evening twilight OClO column abundances obtained in 1987 were notably larger than those in 1986, perhaps because stratospheric temperatures were colder, and associated heterogeneous chemistry may have been more intense. This in turn implies a faster rate of ozone destruction in 1987 than in 1986 by halogen chemistry. These observations provide important constraints on the coupled nitrogen-halogen chemistry of Antarctic spring and its influence on the springtime Antarctic ozone depletion.
Aerosol properties at a midlatitude Northern Hemisphere continental site

Measurements of chemical, physical, and optical properties of ambient aerosol particles were obtained at Bondville, Illinois. This research was completed to increase the spatial and temporal resolution of measured aerosol. Results from measurements describe (1) the physical and chemical characteristics of the aerosol and (2) the dependence of light scattering and backscattering on wavelength of light λ, controlled relative humidity RH, and aerosol particle chemical composition. Formulations for the hygroscopic growth factor f(RH), and backscatter ratio b, as functions of λ and RH and estimates of the upscatter fraction β¯, and Angstrom exponent a are also provided. For aerosol sampled at the site from January to December 1995, the mean gravimetric mass concentration for particles with aerodynamic diameter (dpa)≤1 μm had an arithmetic mean and standard deviation of 10.6±6.5 μg/m3, respectively. Ion chromatography (IC) speciated 53% of the total gravimetric mass for particles with dpa≤1 μm. Most of the IC-identified material (88.0±13.5%) consisted of NH4+ and SO42−. Material not identified with IC was primarily elemental and organic carbon. The total aerosol light-scattering coefficient at λ = 550 nm and RH≤40% was 51.6±43.2 Mm−1 for dpa≤10 μm and 42.0±34.9 Mm−1 for dpa≤1 μm. Mean values of f(RH = 82.5%, λ) for total scattering ranged between 1.4 and 1.5 and for back scattering between 1.1 and 1.2. Mean values of b(λ) ranged from 0.11 to 0.18 for RH<40% and from 0.09 to 0.14 for RH = 82.5%. Mean values of β¯ ranged from 0.21 to 0.30 depending on λ, RH, and the particle size distribution. Mean values of a ranged between 1.8 and 2.4 for RH<40% and 1.8 and 2.1 for RH = 82.5%. These measured properties are now available for use in models to reduce uncertainties when quantifying direct aerosol radiative forcing at a continental site influenced by aerosol with anthropogenic origin.
Hydraulics of Embankment Weirs

Embankment weirs often found in engineering applications with a side slope 1V:2H, are considered in this paper. For free overflow, the discharge coefficient is determined in terms of relative crest length for long broad-crested, broad-crested, short-crested, and thin-crested weirs. A considerable increase of capacity is noted when compared to broad-crested weirs with vertical face. For submerged overflow, four regimes are identified: (1) A-jump; (2) plunging jet; (3) surface wave; and (4) surface jet. Particular attention is focused on plunging jets and surface waves. The flow regimes are discussed in terms of submergence, crest length, and modular limit. A description is given of the forward and backward (recirculation) zones with indications of typical lengths. Also, the entire velocity field is described, including the maximum forward and backward velocities, and the velocity distribution in arbitrary sections of the tailwater region. It is found that plunging jets and surface jets are hydraulically similar, and that the profile of one regime can be transformed into the other profile by inversion about the median. All results are generalized and can be directly applied.