Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inversion of anomalies due to remanent magnetisation: an example from the Black Hill Norite of South Australia

There has been a recent renewal of interest in estimation of magnetisation direction for improved magnetic field interpretation. In this study we review practical issues of recovering magnetisation direction using magnetic moments of the causative body. We also investigate the recovery of magnetisation directly from multi-stage inversion of magnetic field data. We apply these methods to the well-studied magnetic anomalies over the Black Hill Norite of South Australia. Both magnetic moment analysis and inversion recover consistent magnetisation directions, and these can be used in further studies to estimate geological structure. The magnetisation directions agree closely with measured remanent magnetisation directions. This implies that the anomalies are principally due to the remanence of a high Koenigsberger ratio (Q).
Do sophisticated parameterizations of aerosol‐cloud interactions in CMIP5 models improve the representation of recent observed temperature trends?

Model output from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) archive was compared with the observed latitudinal distribution of surface temperature trends between the years 1965 and 2004. By comparing model simulations that only consider changes in greenhouse gas forcing (GHG) with simulations that also consider the time evolution of anthropogenic aerosol emissions (GHGAERO), the influence of aerosol forcing on modeled surface temperature trends, and the dependence of the forcing on the model representation of aerosols and aerosol indirect effects, was evaluated. One group of models include sophisticated parameterizations of aerosol activation into cloud droplets; viz., the cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) is a function of the modeled supersaturation as well as the aerosol concentration. In these models, the temperature trend bias was reduced in GHGAERO compared to GHG in more regions than in the other models. The ratio between high‐ and low‐latitude warming also improved compared to observations. In a second group of models, the CDNC is diagnosed using an empirical relationship between the CDNC and the aerosol concentration. In this group, the temperature trend bias was reduced in more regions than in the model group where no aerosol indirect effects are considered. No clear difference could be found between models that include an explicit aerosol module and the ones that utilize prescribed aerosol. There was also no clear difference between models that include aerosol effects on the precipitation formation rate and the ones that do not. The results indicate that the best representation of recent observed surface temperature trends is obtained if the modeled CDNC is a function of both the aerosol concentration and the supersaturation.
Rapid and rhythmic ice sheet fluctuations in western Scandinavia 15-40 Kya–a review

The onshore record of Middle to Late Weichselian sediments and glacial history in Norway indicates a succession of four major ice advances alternating with rapid, considerable ice recessions and interstadial conditions. During all the glacial advances the ice sheet expanded from onshore/inland positions to the shelf areas. The basis for visualizing these variations in glaciation curves constructed along nine transects from inland to shelf, and for interpretation of the palaeoclimatic history, is the regional Quaternary stratigraphy, more than 300 datings, fossil content and some palaeomagnetic data. The methods applied in recent years for AMS radiocarbon dating of glacial sediments with low organic carbon content have given promising results with respect to accuracy and precision, and the results of such datings were an important tool for our reconstructions and for timing of the ice oscillations. The rapid and rhythmic ice fluctuations, as reconstructed in our new model, have been fairly synchronous in most parts of Norway. Ice advances commenced and culminated at 40, 30-28, 24-21 and 18-15 (14C) Kya. We describe three intervening interstadials from inland sites: Hattfjelldal I, Hattfjelldal II and Trofors. Our stratigraphical record also includes many indications of high, pre-Holocene, relative sea levels, suggesting a considerable glacioisostatic depression of western Scandinavia during the interstadials. In our glaciation model we suggest that, in addition to precipitation, the mountainous fjord and valley topography, glacial isostasy and relative sea level changes were probably more important for the size of the glacial fluctuations than were air temperature changes.
Evidence for the Postconquest Demographic Collapse of the Americas in Historical CO2 Levels

Abstract This article promotes the hypothesis that the massive demographic collapse of the native populations of the Americas triggered by the European colonization brought about the abandonment of large expanses of agricultural fields soon recovered by forests, which in due turn fixed atmospheric CO2 in significant quantities. This hypothesis is supported by measurements of atmospheric CO2 levels in ice cores from Law Dome, Antarctica. Changing the focus from paleoclimate to global population dynamics and using the same causal chain, the measured drop in historic atmospheric CO2 levels can also be looked upon as further, strong evidence for the postconquest demographic collapse of the Americas.
The reservoir geochemistry of the Eldfisk Field, Norwegian North Sea

Abstract A detailed geochemical study has been performed on the North Sea Eldfisk Field chalk reservoir, which forms part of a larger regional evaluation of the Greater Ekofisk area. Utilizing rapid screening methods (Rock-Eval, Iatroscan), conventional biomarker maturity parameters, stable carbon isotope data (bulk and individual n-alkanes) and pyrrolic nitrogen distributions, it is shown that the Eldfisk Field petroleum is heterogeneous, both laterally on a kilometre scale and vertically on a metre scale. The chemical heterogeneities throughout the field led to a better understanding of the charging of the reservoir, the nature of communication between the Upper Jurassic source rocks and trap, and the identification of geological barriers to petroleum mixing within the field itself. The biomarker maturity and pyrrolic nitrogen compound data suggest that charging of the Eldfisk Field ocurred from the south, petroleum moving northwards up and along the Skrubbe fault zone charging the Eldfisk Alpha and Bravo structures. Although filling has largely taken place since c. 10 Ma BP, initial charging of the Eldfisk structure started c. 20 to 25 Ma BP. The data suggest that petroleum emplacement was via faults and fractures, with communication between the source rocks and trap being discontinuous. The distribution of the different petroleum populations within the field was controlled significantly by the internal field plumbing which is sedimentologically influenced. Sharp, step-like biomarker-parameter maturity variations downhole in several wells have been identified and verified statistically. These geochemial discontinuities can be correlated with specific geological features (hard-grounds and tight zones) which have prevented mixing of the petroleum column. In one case, the presence of a barrier in the reservoir has been confirmed by repeat formation test (RFT) pressure data. The identification of lithofacies variations laterally across the field and barriers vertically in the petroleum column may become important when assessing production scenarios.
El Batolito Elqui-Limari (Paleozoico superior-Triásico): características petrográficas, geoquímicas y significado tectónico

RESUMEN:El Batolito Elqui-Limari (BEL) constituye la porcion centro-occidental y meridional, de un macizo granitico de edad paleozoica superior-triasica, expuesto en la Cordillera de los Andes entre los 28°y 31°S, el cual, junto con una secuencia de rocas volcanicas contemporaneas, representa la prolongacion hacia el norte y hacia el oeste del cinturon magmatico de la Cordillera Frontal argentina. El BEL esta formado por un conjunto de plutones individuales, agrupados en dos asociaciones intrusivas mayores: Superunidad Elqui (SUE), de edad carbonifera y Superunidad Ingaguas (SUI), de edad permico-triasica. La SUE esta formada por plutones de emplazamiento profundo, con una extensiva deformacion sinmagmatica y, en parte, tambien milonitica, expuestos en el sector occidental de BEL y agrupados, a su vez, en tres unidades plutonicas: tonalitas y granodioritas de homblenda y biotita, con dioritas cuarciferas y gabros subordinados (Unidad Guanta); granodioritas y granitos de biotita±muscovita (Unidad Cochiguas); y granodioritas y granitos cataclasticos de biotita, con inclusiones de esquistos peliticos (Unidad El Volcan). La SUI aflora fundamentalmente al este de la SUE y esta formada por plutones epizonales y "stocks" subvolcanicos no deformados, agrupados en cinco unidades plutonicas; pequenos cuerpos de gabros de piroxeno (Gabros de La Laguna); granodioritas de biotita y homblenda (Unidad Los Carricitos); granitos rosados de biotita y grano medio (Unidad El Leon); granitos rosados de grano grueso, con biotita±anfibola e inclusiones microdioriticas (Unidad Chollay); y granitos rojos y porfidos rioliticos con "ojos" de cuarzo (Unidad Colorado). Ambas superunidades representan una sucesion de intrusiones desde terminos basicos a acidos, de tendencia calcoalcalina, similar a la de otros granitoides calcoalcalinos de margenes continentales activos. La SUE muestra una variacion desde granitoides tempranos metaluminosos, con bajas razones iniciales Sr87/Sr86, a granitoides tardios, marcadamente peraluminosos, de posible origen cortical (tipo S). La SUI incluye tambien granitoides tempranos, metaluminosos, de tipo I y facies tardias muy evolucionadas, pero moderadamente peraluminosos de tipo I y S, con razones iniciales Sr87/Sr86, que sugieren un origen cortical. La diferente naturaleza y evolucion de ambas superunidades parece reflejar un cambio desde una corteza prebatolitica, con una importante componente metasedimentaria al oeste, a una corteza mas bien "granitica" al este. Desde el punto de vista tectonico, ambas superunidades representan dos etapas en la evoluci6n del Arco Magmatico del Paleozoico superior-Triasico a lo largo del margen Pacifico de Gondwana.
Sound velocity of hexagonal close‐packed iron up to core pressures

We determined the compressional velocity of hcp‐Fe using high‐resolution inelastic X‐ray scattering combined with in situ X‐ray powder diffraction: Our measurements extend up to 174 GPa at room temperature, to 88 GPa at 700 K, and to 61.5 GPa at 1000 K. Our data, including those obtained at high temperature, are well described by a linear relation to density, extending the range of verification of Birch's law and suggesting only small temperature dependence up to 1000 K. This result, once compared to the preliminary reference Earth model seismologically based model, indicates that there is either a strong temperature effect on Birch's law above 1000 K or the composition of the core is rather different than expected, containing, e.g., heavy impurities. Noting that both recent theoretical calculations and shock wave velocity measurements are consistent with modification of Birch's law at high temperature, we favor the former explanation.
The Coastal Boundary Layer in Lake Ontario. Part I: The Spring Regime

Abstract Originally prompted by a desire to search for theoretically predicted “coastal jets,” an extensive series of observations on currents in the coastal zone near Oshawa, in Lake Ontario, were carried out during 1969 and 1970. The observation technique consisted of anchoring marker flag stations at increasing distances from the shore, forming a “coastal chain” more or less perpendicular to the shore, then collecting current and temperature observations from a small boat by hand-held instruments at a number of depths at each station. During the 1970 season a set of four fixed current meters was also used, providing a temporal history of the currents. This paper presents the results of observations collected during the “spring” period (May to early June) which showed a current regime different in character from that observed during summer or fall. A near-shore band (∼7 km wide) becomes a unique kind of boundary layer in which mid-lake motions adjust to the presence of the shores. During the spring sign.
The layered sequence of the Potgietersrus Limb of the Bushveld Complex

The Potgietersrus limb, occupying a buffalo-horn-shaped area of approximately 2,000 km 2 , constitutes one of the compartments of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa. The Layered Sequence occupies roughly the eastern half of the area and consists of the Basal, Critical, Main, and Upper zones. A platiniferous horizon forms the base of the Main Zone.Gravimetric and field observations suggest a north-striking trough-shaped body almost at longitude 29 degrees , with a feeder just west of Potgietersrus. The south part of the body is dike-like; the wider north part has the shape of a sheet. The body appears to be a separate compartment of the Bushveld Complex.According to detailed field work, the stratigraphy as well as the thickness of the sequence differs from that of the rest of the Bushveld Complex. The south part of the complex appears to have been emplaced concordantly on a floor of the Magaliesberg Stage. Northward and northwestward, the complex transgresses and fingers into the Transvaal Supergroup until the complex rests on a floor made up of the Archean Granite Complex. The so-called Basal Zone is developed as satellitic bodies and as an inclusion within the main body proper. Two major transgressions occur within the Layered Sequence. Differentiation indices suggest that the magma chamber had at least four major influxes of fresh, undifferentiated magma.
The Real Exchange Rate in Open-Economy Taylor Rules: A Re-Assessment

This paper re-examines the merits of including an exchange rate response in Taylor-type interest rate rules for small open economies. Taylor (2001) and Taylor and Williams (2011) express what has been the conventional view: inclusion of the real exchange rate will either add little or might negatively affect the rule's performance. We argue that developments in the theory of optimal monetary policy for open economies taken together with increased instability in world financial markets warrant a re-examination of the issue. Examining three flexible inflation targeting strategies, we find that a small weight on real exchange rate stability in the loss function is sufficient to improve the performance of Taylor-type rules relative to optimal policy. Gains are substantial for domestic and REX inflation targets because a small weight on real exchange rate fluctuations inhibits the aggressive use of the policy instrument under optimal policy. As real exchange rate stability is a built-in feature of a CPI inflation objective, the gains under a CPI inflation target are considerably lower. A central bank that values real exchange rate stability and follows a Taylor-type rule should respond to the real exchange rate. Doing so reduces relative losses irrespective of the specification of the inflation objective. Only a complete disregard for exchange rate stability bears out the view that there is no substantive role for the real exchange rate in Taylor-type rules.
Survival of natural and planted seedlings under a shelterwood in southwest Oregon

The effects of naturally shaded microsites on survival and height growth of natural and planted seedlings were evaluated after an initial shelterwood harvest in the eastern Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern Oregon. After 2 years, the probabilities of survival for planted Douglas-fir (84 percent) and ponderosa pine (56 percent) were significantly greater than those for natural Douglas-fir (13 percent) and white fir (18 percent). Stress from heat and drought was the greatest cause of mortality for both planted and natural seedlings. Survival of natural seedlings was significantly greater on shaded then on unshaded microsites, but shading did not affect survival of planted seedlings. Survival of planted seedlings seemed to be associated with root size.
Considering Climate Change in the Estimation of Long‐Term Flood Risks of Devils Lake in North Dakota

Terminal lakes are impacted by regional changes in climate. Devils Lake (DL), North Dakota, United States (U.S.), is a case in which a prolonged shift in the precipitation pattern resulted in a 10‐m water‐level rise over the past two decades, which cost over one billion U.S. dollars in mitigation. Currently, DL is 1.5 m from an uncontrolled overspill to the nearby Sheyenne River, which could lead to unprecedented environmental, social, and economic costs. Water outlets recently implemented in the lake to slow the water‐level rise and prevent an uncontrolled overspill are subject to significant concerns over the introduction of invasive species and downstream water quality. We developed a hydrological model of the DL basin using the soil and water assessment tool and analyzed DL's overspill probability using an ensemble of statistically downscaled General Circulation Model (GCM) projections of the future climate. The results indicate a significant likelihood (7.3‐20.0%) of overspill in the next few decades in the absence of outlets; some members of the GCM integration ensemble suggest an exceedance probability of over 85.0 and 95.0% for the 2020s and 2050s, respectively. Full‐capacity outlets radically reduce the probability of DL overspill and are able to partially mitigate the problem by decreasing the average lake level by approximately 1.9 and 1.5 m in the 2020s and 2050s, respectively.
Jaw-bearing polychaetes of the Silurian Eramosa Lagerstätte, Ontario, Canada

Abstract. The Wenlock (middle Silurian) Eramosa Lagerstätte of the Bruce Peninsula, Ontario, Canada, is becoming known for its rich and diverse faunas, different preservational styles, and a combination of soft-body preservation associated with shelly body and trace fossils. Sampling for scolecodonts—the jaws of polychaete annelids—has yielded unique material. Hindenites parkheadensis new species is described from abundant specimens, including apparatuses, from a monospecific fauna that has allowed the complete dorsal maxillary apparatus to be reconstructed. The new species was recovered by acid digestion of carbonates, which are interpreted as having been deposited in shallow, marginally marine environments; the species may become a useful paleoenvironmental indicator, and the occurrence of Hindenites at Park Head, Ontario, is the first record of the genus outside of Baltoscandia. Bedding-plane material from Wiarton, Ontario, reveals a more diverse fauna of seven to nine additional polychaete taxa, most belonging to Kettnerites and Oenonites. Strata at Wiarton are interpreted as having been deposited in environments with good water circulation and open-marine conditions. The faunal composition of Eramosa polychaetes varied between localities of the Lagerstätte outcrop belt, supporting previous interpretations of differences in environment and/or taphonomic history. The relative abundance of scolecodonts suggests that jaw-bearing polychaetes played a significant role in the biotas that are now preserved in the Eramosa Lagerstätte. Moreover, the results underpin the notion that different polychaete species had variable environmental preferences and tolerances during the Silurian, and that polychaetaspids and paulinitids formed two of the most common and widely distributed families.
An analysis of diurnal cycles in the mass of ambient aerosols derived from biomass burning and agro‐industry

Strong diurnal cycles in ambient aerosol mass were observed in a rural region of Southeast Brazil where the trace composition of the lower troposphere is governed mainly by emissions from agro‐industry. An optical particle counter was used to record size‐segregated aerosol number concentrations between 13 May 2010 and 15 March 2011. The data were collected every 10 min and used to calculate aerosol mass concentrations. Aerosol samples were also collected onto filters during daytime (10:00–16:00 local time) and nighttime (20:00–06:00) periods, for subsequent analysis of soluble ions and water‐soluble organic carbon. Biomass burning aerosols predominated during the dry winter, while secondary aerosols were most important in the summer rainy season. In both seasons, diurnal cycles in calculated aerosol mass concentrations were due to the uptake of water by the aerosols and, to a lesser extent, to emissions and secondary aerosol formation. In neither season could the observed mass changes be explained by changes in the depth of the boundary layer. In the summer, nighttime increases in aerosol mass ranged from 2.7‐fold to 81‐fold, depending on particle size, while in the winter, the range was narrower, from 2.2‐fold to 9.5‐fold, supporting the possibility that the presence of particles derived from biomass burning reduced the overall ability of the aerosols to absorb water.
Eastward propagating planetary waves with periods of 1–5 days in the winter Antarctic stratosphere as revealed by MERRA and lidar

This study presents the first report of planetary wave (PW) influences on significant temperature perturbations (10–20 K) within a course of one day detected by an Fe lidar from 35 to 51 km in the austral winter of 2011 at McMurdo (77.8°S, 166.7°E), Antarctica. Such large temperature perturbations are captured in the Modern Era Retrospective‐Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) data and correspond to various phases of eastward propagating PWs with periods of 1–5 days as revealed in MERRA. The strongest PW dominating the temperature perturbations has a period of 4–5 days with wavenumber −1. A 2−day wave with wavenumber −2 and a 1.25−day wave with wavenumber −3 also have significant influences. We find that these eastward propagating PWs are highly confined to winter high latitudes, likely because negative refractive indices equatorward of ~45°S result in evanescent wave characteristics and prevent the PWs from propagating to lower latitudes. The Eliassen‐Palm flux divergence and instability analyses suggest that barotropic/baroclinic instability at 50°S–60°S induced by the stratospheric polar night jet and/or the “double‐jet” structure is the most likely wave source. Such instability in the region poleward of 70°S is a complementary source for the 4−day wave, where we find that the heat flux of the 4−day wave is large and transported from ~70°S toward the pole above 40 km. This transport direction is likely linked to the meridional gradient of background temperature. The migrating diurnal tide near 78°S in the upper stratosphere is discernable, but significantly smaller than that of the dominant 4−day wave.
Ecology of Root Use by the Aborigines of Southern Australia

hunters rather than female gatherers is discounted, the diet seems to have been high in animal protein of all sorts (Wedge 1836, in Morgan 1852 (1980): 180; Beveridge 1889:19); a substantial proportion of this would have been contributed by women (Hiatt 1978:12). Nevertheless a healthy diet requires a proportion of vegetable food, to provide carbohydrate, fibre and vitamins, and even in seasons when animal protein was abundant, vegetable food seems to have been eaten as an accompaniment. Eyre (1845:250) reported the eating of leaves of Mesembryanthemum (Carpobrotus, Disphyma spp.) as 'a sort of relish with almost any other kind of food. ', whilst Backhouse (1834-5), speaking of rhizomes of Pteridium esculentum, said 'they eat it to their roasted kangaroo, etc., in the manner that Europeans eat bread', and considered that the health of the Port