Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improved analysis of air shower radio emission with the LOPES experiment

Galactic and Extragalactic objects produce highly energetic particles. Entering the Earth’s atmosphere, these cosmic ray particles generate extensive air showers. During the evolution of the shower high numbers of electrons and positrons are created which emit radio signals. The LOPES experiment was measuring this radio emission for around ten years. Already during that time our knowledge of the emission properties and our understanding of the physics behind the emission processes increased tremendously. The LOPES experiment played a pioneering role in bringing forward the radio measurement technique, also profiting from its host experiment KASCADE-Grande. The proof-of-principle for air shower measurements using interferometric beamforming was provided by LOPES. Many publications followed and finally it was shown that the important air shower characteristics can be reconstructed using LOPES measurements. At the same time the Monte Carlo Codes which were used for simulating the expected radio signals evolved. But one of the still open questions was why the amplitude measured by LOPES was lower than predicted by the current state-of-the-art simulation code CoREAS. This was closely connected with the question how precise the electric field component can be reconstructed from LOPES measurements. Particularly, since a simplified reconstruction needs to be applied, whose influence has never been investigated in detail. Within this work the complete reconstruction pipeline for LOPES data was overhauled and improved. In particular, the missing detector simulation was developed, which allowed to use the same analysis software for measured and simulated data. This directly provides the application of the interferometric analysis to simulations. Furthermore, it was now possible to investigate the influence of the simplified reconstruction and the influence of measured noise on the reconstruction parameters. It could be shown that neither the simplified reconstruction nor other detector effects nor the measured radio noise led to a deformation of the radio signal that could explain the observed difference between LOPES and CoREAS simulations. It became apparent that the external reference source, used for the amplitude calibration, was calibrated in a way that did not fit the needs for air shower measurements. Using updated reference values, a recalibration of the LOPES amplitude was performed. This resulted in a lower measured amplitude which now matches the expectations from CoREAS simulations. A detailed comparison between data and simulations based not only on the lateral distribution but also on the interferometric quantities was performed. With the improved analysis former results, reconstructed from amplitude parameters, were corrected and other published results were confirmed. Arrival direction and energy of the primary particle as well as the depth of the shower maximum were reconstructed using both, data and simulations and for the first time LOPES-only accuracies were provided.
Factors Affecting Home Discharge of Older Adults with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury in Japan Regional Population

Introduction Older adults with cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) often have a poor prognosis due to the high number of complications, decreased motivation to rehabilitation, and poor response to treatment. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of CSCI in Japanese older adults and examined the factors influencing their discharge home. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, we extracted data on consecutive cases with CSCI between 2005 and 2020 from the study hospital's database. Patients over 65 years old who were admitted to the hospital within 14 days of injury were selected. A univariate analysis was performed between the home discharge and out-of-home discharge groups. In addition, binary logistic regression analysis of admission findings and patient background was performed to examine independent factors influencing home discharge. Results Of the 219 patients included, 90 (41.1%) were eventually discharged to home. Comparing home discharge and out-of-home discharge groups revealed significant differences in age at injury, length of hospital stay, neurological level of injury (NLI), percentage of American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS: A), percentage of living alone, ASIA motor score (AMS), and Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM) at initial visit and discharge. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that old age (over 75 years old) at injury (odds ratio [OR]: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.16-0.60, P<.001), living alone (OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.03-0.42, P<.01), high level of injury (i.e., NLI: C1-4; OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.09-0.53, P<.0001), and percentage of AIS: A at admission (OR: 0.09, 95% CI: 0.04-0.24, P<.001) were independent factors that influenced home discharge. Conclusions More than 50% older adults with CSCI were discharged to a place other than their own home. Age, percentage of AIS: A, living alone, and high level of injury at admission were independent factors that influenced home discharge.
On the Squeezing and Over-squeezing of Photons

On the Squeezing and Over-Squeezing of Photons Lynden Krister Shalm Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Physics University of Toronto 2011 Quantum mechanics allows us to use nonclassical states of light to make measurements with a greater precision than comparable classical states. Here an experiment is presented that squeezes the polarization state of three photons. We demonstrate the deep connection that exists between squeezing and entanglement, unifying the squeezed state and multi-photon entangled state approaches to quantum metrology. For the first time we observe the phenomenon of over-squeezing where a system is squeezed to the point that further squeezing leads to a counter-intuitive increase in measurement uncertainty. Quasi-probability distributions on the surface of a Poincaré sphere are the most natural way to represent the topology of our polarization states. Using this representation it is easy to observe the squeezing and over-squeezing behaviour of our photon states. Work is also presented on two different technologies for generating nonclassical states of light. The first is based on the nonlinear process of spontaneous parametric downconversion to produce pairs of photons. With this source up to 200,000 pairs of photons/s have been collected into single-mode fibre, and over 100 double pairs/s have been detected. This downconversion source is suitable for use in a wide variety of multi-qubit quantum information applications. The second source presented is a single-photon source based on semiconductor quantum dots. The single-photon character of the source is verified using a Hanbury Brown-Twiss interferometer.
Angle sensitive imaging : a new paradigm for light field imaging

Imaging is a process of mapping information from higher dimensions of a light field into lower dimensions. Conventional cameras do this mapping into two dimensions of the image sensor array. These sensors lose directional information contained in the light rays passing through the camera aperture as each sensor element (called a pixel) integrates all the light rays arriving at its surface. Directional information is lost and only intensity information is retained. This work is in pursuit of a method to decouple this link and enable image sensors to capture both intensity and direction without sacrificing much of the spatial resolution as the existing techniques do. Numerous applications have been demonstrated in the past that benefit from the additional directional information with the passive depth estimation being an obvious one. Others include multi-view point rendering, extended depth of field imaging, post capture image refocus, visibility in the presence of partial occluders and 3D scene reconstruction. This work concentrates on the ubiquitous issue of capturing high resolution light fields, consciously relegating the potential applications as simple software solutions to the designed hardware (image sensor). Once the 4D information is available, suitable modifications to the data set result in its application to diverse areas. Existing techniques that align their goals with this work have a severe shortcoming in terms of the achievable spatial resolution. The trade-off is that of the spatial versus directional resolution. One cannot be increased without affecting the other. This work attempts to find an optimum solution that maximizes spatial resolution without affecting the quality of the directional information captured thereby ensuring that sufficient directional information is available for computational post processing techniques.
IS THERE EVIDENCE OF CONVERGENCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA?

This study sheds new light on the possibility of absolute beta-convergence among countries in subSaharan Africa (SSA). This convergence has been defined as the closing of the income gap between the poorest and richest countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition to testing for evidence of absolute beta-convergence among 43 countries in SSA, it also tests for convergence for different income groups – the middle and low-income economies respectively. Annual cross-country data from 43 SSA countries were employed between 1996 and 2020. The panel least square method was employed in the analysis. The dependent variable was the GDP growth rate while the independent variable was the initial GDP per capita. The result revealed that there is weak evidence of absolute beta-convergence among all the countries in SSA. This evidence was more pronounced among the middle-income economies, unlike the low-income economies of SSA. This implies that the inequality in the middleincome economies of SSA has reduced within this period of study but inequality has not reduced among the low-income economies. Hence, there is a need for the low-income economies of SSA to double their GDP growth rate in other to catch up with the rich countries.
Visualization of linear ordering results for metric data with the application of multidimensional scaling / Wizualizacja wyników porządkowania liniowego dla danych metrycznych z wykorzystaniem skalowania wielowymiarowego

The article discusses the two-step research procedure allowing the visualization of linear ordering results for metric data. In the first step, as a result of the application of multidimensional scaling (see [Borg, Groenen 2005; Mair et al. 2016]) the visualization of objects in two-dimensional space is obtained. In the next step, the linear ordering of a set of objects is carried out based on the Euclidean distance from the pattern (ideal) object. The suggested approach expanded the possibilities for the interpretation of the linear ordering results of a set of objects. The article applies the concept of isoquants and the path of development (the shortest way connecting a pattern and an anti-pattern object) proposed by [Hellwig 1981]. The graphical presentation of the linear ordering results based on this concept was possible for two variables only. The application of multidimensional scaling expanded the applicability of the results of linear ordering visualization for m variables. The suggested approach is illustrated by an empirical example with the application of R environment script.
UBVJHKLM Photometry and Low-Resolution Spectroscopy of Nova Delphini 2013 (V339 Del)

Abstract We present UBVJHKLM photometric observations of Nova Delphini 2013 that started several hours before maximum light and lasted for 130 nights. Using the obtained data, we derived several photometric parameters of the Nova: the time of maximum light, brightness at maximum, rate of decline, t2 = 11 d. This places Nova Del 2013 among fast novae according to the classification introduced by Payne-Gaposchkin. We estimated the interstellar reddening EB−V = 0.18 using maps of Galactic extinction and the absolute brightness in maximum light via the MMRD relation that allowed us to determine the distance D ≈ 2.7 kpc and height above the Galactic plane z ≈ 440 pc. Low-resolution spectroscopy shows that Nova Del 2013 belongs to the Fe II spectral type of novae. The broad emission feature near 6825 Å observed during 2013 August and September may be the Raman-scattered OVI 1032 Å line.
[Y/Mg] stellar dating calibration

Abstract Gaia DR1 has opened a new era of stellar age dating, that is crucial for many astrophysical objectives. In addition, the Gaia based isochrone fitting ages can be compared to other chemical clocks like the [Y/Mg] one (Nissen et al. 2015). In our work we have used ESO archived data of the AMBRE project (de Laverny et al. 2013) for UVES spectra, in order to evaluate the age [Y/Mg] abundance correlation for turn off stars. 310 turn off stars of the UVES-archive (setups 564 and 580) are included in the TGAS database. Isochrone fitting ages were derived. We have applied the GAUGUIN procedure for those stars to derive the Mg and the Y abundances. As the result we present the [Y/Mg] vs stellar age dependence for ~40 TO-stars.
Permanent Deformation Monitoring and Remaining Life Prediction of Asphalt Pavement Combining Full-Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing and FEM

Permanent deformation (rutting) is one of the typical failure modes of asphalt pavement with a semirigid base in high-temperature areas. To address issues of pavement structure deformation and remaining life prediction, a method of combining accelerated pavement testing and finite element (FE) simulation was proposed. A modified Burgers model considering creep parameter damage was obtained using strain monitoring data and laboratory test values, which was performed in the FE model to analyze rutting development. The results showed that high temperature and heavy axle loads greatly influenced rutting development: the tested road was loaded 360,000 times at high temperature, contributing 50% to accumulated rutting; rutting increased by 90.7% under the condition of 50% overload under high-temperature seasons from the simulated results. Then, the ratio of the bulge area to the depression area (KR) was proposed to define the rutting deformation mechanism. The KR analysis results illustrated that rutting development was a transition process from compaction rutting to flow rutting. Finally, the relationship between the action times of axle load in the tested and in-service roads was established based on the rutting equivalence principle. When the action times of axle load reach approximately 25 million times (insufficient remaining life) for the investigated Hu-Ning highway, necessary maintenance measures should be taken to treat rutting deformation.
On solving endogeneity with invalid instruments: an application to investment equations

Regression models relating investment demand with firms’ Tobin's q and cash flow are fraught with measurement errors which, in turn, cause endogeneity bias. We propose an alternative solution to this problem based on modelling the interaction between the endogenous Tobin's q and the error term in the investment equation as a function of lagged values of Tobin's q. We then study the identification conditions and asymptotic properties of the resulting estimator. Our analysis of a panel of US firms reveals a larger effect of Tobin's q on firms’ investment demand than that obtained by using available estimators in the literature. Moreover, the estimates highlight the importance of cash flow. We find mixed evidence on the relationship between investment demand and firms’ cash flow with respect to different measures of financial constraints. Nevertheless, this evidence is more supportive of the view that firms’ cash flows have a weaker correlation to investment demand when financial conditions tighten.
Luminescent Characteristics of Needle‐Like Single Crystal Diamonds

Luminescent properties of needle‐like single crystal diamonds are investigated in a wide range of wavelength. The luminescent spectra with zero phonon lines centered at 389, 442, 468, 534, 563, 575, and 738 nm are detected using excitation by photons and electrons. Obtained photo‐ and cathodo‐luminescent (PL and CL) spectra indicate presence in the single‐crystal diamond needles of nitrogen‐ and silicon‐vacancy centers as well as substitutional or/and interstitials related to these atomic impurities. The dependencies of PL intensities of the 575 and 738 nm lines (related, correspondingly, to nitrogen‐ and silicon‐vacancy centers) on excitation wavelength are determined. Time‐resolved measurements are performed for the 575 nm PL line. The luminescence decay behavior for this line demonstrates the presence of recombination processes with characteristic times of about 28 ns (on 200 ns time scale) and 2.8 ns (on 20 ns time scale).
Asset Pricing with Disagreement about Climate Risks

This paper analyzes how climate risks are priced on financial markets. We show that climate tipping thresholds, disagreement about climate risks, and preferences that price in long-run risks are crucial to an understanding of the impact of climate change on asset prices. Our model simultaneously explains several findings that have been established in the empirical literature on climate finance: (i) news about climate change can be hedged in financial markets, (ii) the share of green investors has significantly increased over the past decade, (iii) investors require a positive, although small, climate risk premium for holding “brown” assets, and (iv) “green” stocks outperformed “brown” stocks in the period 2011–2021. The model can also explain why investments in mitigating climate change have been small in the past. Finally, the model predicts a strong, non-linear increase in the marginal gain from carbon-reducing investments as well as in the carbon premium if global temperatures continue to rise.
A Trading Strategy Based on Analysts’ Industry Analyses – Evidence from Textual Analyses of Analyst Reports in Chinese Stock Market

ABSTRACT Applying a deep-learning method that is efficient in differentiating the order of words, we extract the tone of analysts’ industry analyses to measure analyst expertise and aggregate it at industry level as OPNI. Based on OPNI, we successfully construct the industry hedging portfolio that longs industries with highest OPNI and shorts industries with lowest OPNI, which generates significant and robust abnormal returns. Furthermore, we find that the industry hedging portfolio based on industry-level numerical forecasts cannot generate significant returns. Additionally, in mechanism analyses, we find that the informativeness of analysts’ industry analyses is driven by its predictability on industry-level unexpected revenues and earnings. Our findings suggest that industry analyses in analysts’ reports contain incremental value about their industry expertise, which is beyond analysts’ quantitative forecasts.
UTILITY OF HBME1 IMMUNOSTAIN IN DIFFERENTIATING REACTIVE MESOTHELIAL CELLS LESIONS FROM MALIGNANT EPITHELIAL CELLS LESIONS IN SEROUS EFFUSIONS

Objective: Parietal and the visceral layers of the mesothelium are separated by a thin layer of lubricating fluid and are made up of a single layer of flat cells. The three body cavities pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium are lined by mesothelium. The collection of fluid inside these cavities is called an effusion and may be due to a variety of inflammatory, infective, and neoplastic causes and often causes reactive mesothelial cells hyperplasia that sometimes is very hard to differentiate from malignant epithelial cells in cytopathological examinations of these fluids. Methods: We studied the utility of the Human Battifora Mesothelial Epitope-1 (HBME1) immunostain to differentiate these conditions. All the fluids from various effusions collected at the department of pathology, at a tertiary care institute in Lucknow were included in the study. Detailed history, examination findings, blood investigations, imaging findings, and histopathology reports were also noted. Fluids that showed reactive mesothelial hyperplasia and/or malignant epithelial cells on microscopic examination were further analyzed by the application of HBME1 on the cell block. Results: A total of 50 fluids were studied finally including 30 cases from the positive malignant cells group and 20 cases from the reactive mesothelial cells group. Out of 30 cases included in the malignant cells group, 16 cases (53.33%) were immunoreactive for HBME1, and out of the 20 cases included in the reactive mesothelial cell group, 18 cases (90%) showed immunoreactivity for HBME1. Conclusion: Observing this we can conclude that HBME1 immunoreactivity was significantly associated with the presence of reactive mesothelial cells compared to the malignant cells group.
Pyroelectric properties of the calcium-strontium-barium niobate single crystals

ABSTRACT The pyroelectric properties of solid state solution single crystals of strontium-barium niobate Sr0.61Ba0. 39Nb2O6 (SBN61) and calcium-barium niobate Ca0.28Ba0. 72Nb2O6 (CBN28) in a wide temperature range was studied. It is shown that the value in the maximum of the pyroelectric coefficient and its temperature position like the temperature of the ferroelectric phase transition significantly depend on the concentration of CBN28. We obtained that the material CSBN keep the polarized state after cooling down from paraelectric phase if they have been cooled under action of the modulated heat flow.
Property (c) and interpolation formulae induced by right invertible operators

Dedicated to the memory of Professor Edward Otto In the present paper we shall solve the following problem: To find a D-polynomial, i.e. a polynomial induced by a right invertible operator D in a linear space X which admits the given values for given initial operators. When D = we have a classical interpolation problem. An unified approach to various interpolation problems in Hilbert spaces by applications of properties of right invertible operators has been given by M. Tasche 14J.
Multiclass classification, information, divergence and surrogate risk

We provide a unifying view of statistical information measures, multi-way Bayesian hypothesis testing, loss functions for multi-class classification problems, and multi-distribution $f$-divergences, elaborating equivalence results between all of these objects, and extending existing results for binary outcome spaces to more general ones. We consider a generalization of $f$-divergences to multiple distributions, and we provide a constructive equivalence between divergences, statistical information (in the sense of DeGroot), and losses for multiclass classification. A major application of our results is in multi-class classification problems in which we must both infer a discriminant function $\gamma$---for making predictions on a label $Y$ from datum $X$---and a data representation (or, in the setting of a hypothesis testing problem, an experimental design), represented as a quantizer $\mathsf{q}$ from a family of possible quantizers $\mathsf{Q}$. In this setting, we characterize the equivalence between loss functions, meaning that optimizing either of two losses yields an optimal discriminant and quantizer $\mathsf{q}$, complementing and extending earlier results of Nguyen et. al. to the multiclass case. Our results provide a more substantial basis than standard classification calibration results for comparing different losses: we describe the convex losses that are consistent for jointly choosing a data representation and minimizing the (weighted) probability of error in multiclass classification problems.