Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On $\varphi$-families of probability distributions

We generalize the exponential family of probability distributions. In our approach, the exponential function is replaced by a $\varphi$-function, resulting in a $\varphi$-family of probability distributions. We show how $\varphi$-families are constructed. In a $\varphi$-family, the analogue of the cumulant-generating function is a normalizing function. We define the $\varphi$-divergence as the Bregman divergence associated to the normalizing function, providing a generalization of the Kullback-Leibler divergence. A formula for the $\varphi$-divergence where the $\varphi$-function is the Kaniadakis' $\kappa$-exponential function is derived.
Diffuse gamma-ray emission from self-confined cosmic rays around Galactic sources

The propagation of particles accelerated at supernova remnant shocks and escaping the parent remnants is likely to proceed in a strongly non-linear regime, due to the efficient self-generation of Alfv\'en waves excited through streaming instability near the sources. Depending on the amount of neutral hydrogen present in the regions around the sites of supernova explosions, cosmic rays may accumulate an appreciable grammage in the same regions and get self-confined for non-negligible times, which in turn results in an enhanced rate of production of secondaries. Here we calculate the contribution to the diffuse gamma-ray background due to the overlap along lines of sight of several of these extended halos as due to pion production induced by self-confined cosmic rays. We find that if the density of neutrals is low, the halos can account for a substantial fraction of the diffuse emission observed by Fermi-LAT, depending on the orientation of the line of sight with respect to the direction of the Galactic centre.
Hyperfiniteness of boundary actions of cubulated hyperbolic groups

We show that if a hyperbolic group acts geometrically on a CAT(0) cube complex, then the induced boundary action is hyperfinite. This means that for a cubulated hyperbolic group, the natural action on its Gromov boundary is hyperfinite, which generalizes an old result of Dougherty, Jackson and Kechris for the free group case.
Crucial role of atomic corrugation on the flat bands and energy gaps of twisted bilayer graphene at the magic angle 
θ∼1.08∘

We combine state-of-the-art large-scale first principles calculations with a low-energy continuum model to describe the nearly flat bands of twisted bilayer graphene at the first magic angle $\theta =1.08^\circ$. We show that the energy width of the flat band manifold, as well as the energy gap separating it from the valence and conduction bands, can be obtained only if the out-of-plane relaxations are fully taken into account. The results agree both qualitatively and quantitatively with recent experimental outcomes.
The antiretroviral 2 0 ,3 0 -dideoxycytidine causes mitochondrial dysfunction in proliferating and differentiated HepaRG human cell cultures

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) were the ﬁ rst drugs used to treat human immunode ﬁ ciency virus infection, and their use can cause mitochondrial toxicity, including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion in several cases. The ﬁ rst-generation NRTIs, including 2 0 ,3 0 -dideox-ycytidine (ddC), were originally and are still pursued as anticancer agents. NRTI-sensitive DNA polymerases localizing to mitochondria allow for the opportunity to poison proliferating cancer cell mtDNA replication as certain cancers rely heavily on mitochondrial functions. However, mtDNA replication is independent of the cell cycle creating a signi ﬁ cant concern that toxicants such as ddC impair mtDNA maintenance in both proliferating and nonproliferating cells. To examine this pos-sibility, we tested the utility of the HepaRG cell line to study ddC-induced toxicity in isogenic proliferating (undifferenti-ated) and nonproliferating (differentiated) cells. Following ddC exposures, we measured cell viability, mtDNA copy number, and mitochondrial bioenergetics utilizing trypan blue, Southern blotting, and extracellular ﬂ ux analysis, respectively. After 13 days of 1 μ M ddC exposure, proliferating and differentiated HepaRG harbored mtDNA levels of 0.9% and 17.9% compared with control cells, respectively. Cells exposed to 12 μ M ddC contained even less mtDNA. By day 13, differentiated cell viability was maintained but declined for proliferating Proliferating by of and (day
Predicting Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Related 5-Fluorouracil Toxicity: Opportunities and Challenges of DPYD Exon Sequencing and the Role of Phenotyping Assays

Deficiency of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), encoded by the DPYD gene, is associated with severe toxicity induced by the anti-cancer drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). DPYD genotyping of four recommended polymorphisms is widely used to predict toxicity, yet their prediction power is limited. Increasing availability of next generation sequencing (NGS) will allow us to screen rare variants, predicting a larger fraction of DPD deficiencies. Genotype–phenotype correlations were investigated by performing DPYD exon sequencing in 94 patients assessed for DPD deficiency by the 5-FU degradation rate (5-FUDR) assay. Association of common variants with 5-FUDR was analyzed with the SNPStats software. Functional interpretation of rare variants was performed by in-silico analysis (using the HSF system and PredictSNP) and literature review. A total of 23 rare variants and 8 common variants were detected. Among common variants, a significant association was found between homozygosity for the rs72728438 (c.1974+75A>G) and decreased 5-FUDR. Haplotype analysis did not detect significant associations with 5-FUDR. Overall, in our sample cohort, NGS exon sequencing allowed us to explain 42.5% of the total DPD deficiencies. NGS sharply improves prediction of DPD deficiencies, yet a broader collection of genotype–phenotype association data is needed to enable the clinical use of sequencing data.
Quality profiling of Indian walnut (Juglans regia) from Kashmir valley

The aim of this study was to know the nutritional composition of walnuts grown in Kashmir valley of north western Himalayan region for their commercial exploit at farm and consumer level. Samples were collected from earmarked trees growing in major walnut producing areas of Kashmir valley. The research work was conducted during 2002-18 at ICAR-CITH, Srinagar. The observations were assessed in 11 walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes (BHU-01, ZC- 05, NU-03, SPS-02, BPP-05, MPU-04, NU-05, CSB-02, DU-07, NU-02 and BPP-07). Mineral content: zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), and iron (Fe), were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Fat content was determined by standard Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods. Nut and kernel exterior quality traits were recorded as per the IBPGR descriptor. Results revealed that micro-mineral nutrient contents expressed in mg/100 g dry weight ranged between 147.39-68.07 (Mg), 19.71-74.16 (Mo), 7.32-15.57 (Mn), 2.25-9.03 (Cu), 2.90-3.53 (Zn), 1.99-3.81 (Fe), 0.11-0.93 (Al), 0.007-0.069 (Co) and 0.00-0.006 (Se). The fats accounted for more than 60% of the walnut kernel weight and it was ranged from 53.54-74.93%. Significant variability (P<0.05) recorded for physical properties can be attributed to quality criteria of nuts and kernel in walnut.
Braiding defects in topological stabiliser codes of any dimension cannot be universal

Braiding defects in topological stabiliser codes has been widely studied as a promising approach to fault-tolerant quantum computing. We present two no-go theorems that place very strong limitations on the potential of such schemes for universal fault-tolerant quantum computing in any spatial dimension. In particular, we show that all logical operators implemented by braiding defects in topological stabiliser codes are in the Clifford group, regardless of dimension, and therefore cannot be universal. Moreover, supplementing braiding of defects with locality-preserving logical operators (a generalisation of transversal gates to topological codes) still cannot achieve a universal gate set in any topological stabiliser code.
GZK Photons Above 10-EeV

We calculate the flux of "GZK-photons", namely the flux of photons produced by extragalactic nucleons through the resonant photoproduction of pions, the so called GZK effect. This flux depends on the UHECR spectrum on Earth, of the spectrum of nucleons emitted at the sources, which we characterize by its slope and maximum energy, on the distribution of sources and on the intervening cosmological backgrounds, in particular the magnetic field and radio backgrounds. For the first time we calculate the GZK photons produced by nuclei. We calculate the possible range of the GZK photon fraction of the total UHECR flux for the AGASA and the HiRes spectra. We find that for nucleons produced at the sources it could be as large as a few % and as low as 10 4 above 10 19 eV. For nuclei produced at the sources the maximum photon fraction is a factor of 2 to 3 times smaller above 10 19 eV but the minimum could be much smaller than for nucleons. We also comment on cosmogenic neutrino fluxes.
Ion distribution and ablation depth measurements of a fs-ps laser-irradiated solid tin target

The ablation of solid tin surfaces by a 800-nanometer-wavelength laser is studied for a pulse length range from 500 fs to 4.5 ps and a fluence range spanning from 0.9 to 22 J/cm2. The ablation depth and volume are obtained employing a high-numerical-aperture optical microscope, while the ion yield and energy distributions are obtained from a set of Faraday cups set up under various angles. We found a slight increase of the ion yield for an increasing pulse length, while the ablation depth is slightly decreasing. The ablation volume remained constant as a function of pulse length. The ablation depth follows a two-region logarithmic dependence on the fluence, in agreement with the available literature and theory. In the examined fluence range, the ion yield angular distribution is sharply peaked along the target normal at low fluences but rapidly broadens with increasing fluence. The total ionization fraction increases monotonically with fluence to a 5%-6% maximum, which is substantially lower than the typical ionization fractions obtained with nanosecond-pulse ablation. The angular distribution of the ions does not depend on the laser pulse length within the measurement uncertainty. These results are of particular interest for the possible utilization of fs-ps laser systems in plasma sources of extreme ultraviolet light for nanolithography.
The random walk of cars and their collision probabilities with planets

On February 6th, 2018 SpaceX launched a Tesla Roadster on a Mars crossing orbit. We perform N-body simulations to determine the fate of the object over the next several million years, under the relevant perturbations acting on the orbit. The orbital evolution is initially dominated by close encounters with the Earth. The first close encounter with the Earth will occur in 2091. The repeated encounters lead to a random walk that eventually causes close encounters with other terrestrial planets and the Sun. Long-term integrations become highly sensitive to the initial conditions after several such close encounters. By running a large ensemble of simulations with slightly perturbed initial conditions, we estimate the probability of a collision with Earth and Venus over the next one million years to be 6% and 2.5%, respectively. We estimate the dynamical lifetime of the Tesla to be a few tens of millions of years.
Circuit-Aided Dummy Design for Human Body-Worn ESD Application

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is considered for different postures of the body and for different positions of a device under test (DUT). These scenarios lead to large variations in peak discharge currents, and a traditional commercial ESD generator cannot test these satisfactorily. Instead of using actual humans, a full-size dummy has been designed for different body-worn ESD test scenarios, its discharge currents and fields are verified by comparing the measurement results with those taken from volunteers. A wearable DUT on the wrist, elbow, and waist is taken into consideration to compare the characteristics of the dummy to those of the real human body. Furthermore, a circuit model is proposed to aid in understanding the dummy design and the different body-worn scenarios. Finally, the effect of an external connection with different waist positions is analyzed and discussed in a more complex application scenario.
Actions Are Weak Stellar Age Indicators in the Milky Way Disk

The orbital properties of stars in the Milky Way disk are signatures of their formation, but they are also expected to change over time due to the dynamical evolution of the Galaxy. Stellar orbits can be quantified by the three dynamical actions, Jr, Lz, and Jz, which provide measures of the orbital eccentricity, guiding radius, and non-planarity, respectively. Changes in these dynamical actions over time reflect the strength and efficiency of the evolutionary processes that drive stellar redistributions. We examine how dynamical actions of stars are correlated with their age using two samples of stars with well-determined ages: 78 solar twin stars (with ages precise to ∼5%) and 4376 stars from the APOKASC2 sample (∼20%). We compute actions using spectroscopic radial velocities from previous surveys and parallax and proper motion measurements from Gaia DR2. We find weak gradients with significant scatter for all actions as a function of stellar age. These gradients and their associated variances provide strong constraints on the efficiency of the mechanisms that drive the redistribution of stellar orbits over time and demonstrate that actions are informative as to stellar age. However, the shallow action–age gradients combined with the large dispersion in each action at a given age render the prospect of age inference from orbits of individual stars bleak. Using the precision measurements of [Fe/H] and [α/Fe] we find that, similarly to our stellar age results, the dynamical actions afford little discriminating power between individual low- and high-α stars.
Relationship between Helicopter Parenting and Chinese Elementary School Child Procrastination: A Mediated Moderation Model

Background: The family environment is essential for elementary school children’s development. With smartphone penetration into all aspects of people’s lives, how parenting affects children’s behavior may show new patterns. Objective: This study constructed a mediated moderation model, focusing on the mediating role of child self-control and parental phubbing to clarify the relationship between helicopter parenting (over-parenting) and child procrastination and its mechanisms. Methods: The Smartphone Addiction Scale for Chinese Adults, Brief Self-Control Scale, Over-Parenting Questionnaire, and Short General Procrastination Scale were employed to investigate 562 elementary school-age children and their parents. Results: After data analysis, this study showed the following: (1) helicopter parenting was significantly and positively related to child self-control, child procrastination, and parental smartphone use; (2) child self-control partially mediated the relationship between helicopter parenting and child procrastination; and (3) pathways between helicopter parenting and child self-control were moderated by mother-phubbing behavior. Conclusion: These findings inform parents of their roles in family education.
New Constraints on the Geometry and Kinematics of Matter Surrounding the Accretion Flow in X-Ray Binaries from Chandra High-energy Transmission Grating X-Ray Spectroscopy

The narrow, neutral Fe Kα fluorescence emission line in X-ray binaries (XRBs) is a powerful probe of the geometry, kinematics, and Fe abundance of matter around the accretion flow. In a recent study it has been claimed, using Chandra High-Energy Transmission Grating (HETG) spectra for a sample of XRBs, that the circumnuclear material is consistent with a solar-abundance, uniform, spherical distribution. It was also claimed that the Fe Kα line was unresolved in all cases by the HETG. However, these conclusions were based on ad hoc models that did not attempt to relate the global column density to the Fe Kα line emission. We revisit the sample and test a self-consistent model of a uniform, spherical X-ray reprocessor against HETG spectra from 56 observations of 14 Galactic XRBs. We find that the model is ruled out in 13/14 sources because a variable Fe abundance is required. In two sources a spherical distribution is viable, but with nonsolar Fe abundance. We also applied a solar-abundance Compton-thick reflection model, which can account for the spectra that are inconsistent with a spherical model, but spectra with a broader bandpass are required to better constrain model parameters. We also robustly measured the velocity width of the Fe Kα line and found FWHM values of up to ∼5000 km s−1. Only in some spectra was the Fe Kα line unresolved by the HETG.
Pre-Hispanic Periods and Diet Analysis of the Inhabitants of the Quito Plateau (Ecuador): A Review

In all of the different historical periods during its development, the pre-Hispanic inhabitants of the Quito plateau and its valleys used the flora and fauna for food and the development of their society. The objective of this study is to review the chronological periods that correspond to the territory of the current city of Quito, as well as the possible diet, and the toxic substances to which the inhabitants could be exposed. The main archeological sites in the territory of Quito are as follows: (1) 11000–1500 BC (Preceramic): El Inga-Rancho Bajo; (2) 1500–500 BC (Formative): Rancho Bajo-Cotocollao-Tajamar; (3) 500 BC–500 AD (Regional Development): Jardín del Este; (4) 500–1500 AD (Integration): La Florida–Rumipamba-Chillogallo-Chilibulu and; (5) 1500–1534 AD (Inca period): Quito, which is today’s historic center and urban area. The probable main vegetable foods that were consumed were corn, potato, quinoa, beans, chili, and oca, while the main meat foods were rabbit, guinea pig, deer, guanta, and llama. The possible toxic substances to which the inhabitants could be exposed by consuming contaminated foods were glycoalkaloids (α-solanine and α-chaconine), tropane alkaloids, and heavy metals. The analysis of biomolecules in archeological remains is feasible, and some physicochemical analytical techniques are capable of using small samples. Moreover, the possible application of spectroscopic methods, supported by quantum chemistry, in order to predict the occurrence of molecules in the past cannot be ruled out.
Development of Real-Time Landmark-Based Emotion Recognition CNN for Masked Faces

Owing to the availability of a wide range of emotion recognition applications in our lives, such as for mental status calculation, the demand for high-performance emotion recognition approaches remains uncertain. Nevertheless, the wearing of facial masks has been indispensable during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we propose a graph-based emotion recognition method that adopts landmarks on the upper part of the face. Based on the proposed approach, several pre-processing steps were applied. After pre-processing, facial expression features need to be extracted from facial key points. The main steps of emotion recognition on masked faces include face detection by using Haar–Cascade, landmark implementation through a media-pipe face mesh model, and model training on seven emotional classes. The FER-2013 dataset was used for model training. An emotion detection model was developed for non-masked faces. Thereafter, landmarks were applied to the upper part of the face. After the detection of faces and landmark locations were extracted, we captured coordinates of emotional class landmarks and exported to a comma-separated values (csv) file. After that, model weights were transferred to the emotional classes. Finally, a landmark-based emotion recognition model for the upper facial parts was tested both on images and in real time using a web camera application. The results showed that the proposed model achieved an overall accuracy of 91.2% for seven emotional classes in the case of an image application. Image based emotion detection of the proposed model accuracy showed relatively higher results than the real-time emotion detection.
Entropy Formulas For Dynamical Systems With Mistakes

We study the recurrence to mistake dynamical balls, that is, dynamical balls that admit some errors and whose proportion of errors decrease tends to zero with the length of the dynamical ball. We prove, under mild assumptions, that the measure-theoretic entropy coincides with the exponential growth rate of return times to mistake dynamical balls and that minimal return times to mistake dynamical balls grow linearly with respect to its length.Moreover we obtain averaged recurrence formula for subshifts of finite type and suspension semiflows. Applications include $\beta$-transformations, Axiom A flows and suspension semiflows of maps with a mild specification property. In particular we extend some results from [4, 9, 17] for mistake dynamical balls.
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4 as a Marker for Aggressive Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Simple Summary Many solid tumours, such as those of the breast, colon, and prostate, have well established molecular markers of malignancy. However, in certain cancers, such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), few clinically useful biomarkers exist. Recently, several candidates that might be used for diagnosis in SCC have been proposed. The purpose of this review is to discuss chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) as a tumour biomarker and explain why its expression might be considered in clinical decision making for patients with SCCs, including those of the head and neck, and those arising from rare genetic disorders, such as epidermolysis bullosa (EB). Abstract Chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) is a cell surface proteoglycan that is currently under investigation as a marker of cancer malignancy, and as a potential target of anticancer drug treatment. CSPG4 acts as a driver of tumourigenesis by regulating turnover of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to promote tumour cell invasion, migration as well as inflammation and angiogenesis. While CSPG4 has been widely studied in certain malignancies, such as melanoma, evidence is emerging from global gene expression studies, which suggests a role for CSPG4 in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). While relatively treatable, lack of widely agreed upon diagnostic markers for SCCs is problematic, especially for clinicians managing certain patients, including those who are aged or infirm, as well as those with underlying conditions such as epidermolysis bullosa (EB), for which a delayed diagnosis is likely lethal. In this review, we have discussed the structure of CSPG4, and quantitatively analysed CSPG4 expression in the tissues and pathologies where it has been identified to determine the usefulness of CSPG4 expression as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in management of malignant SCC.