Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Acute behavioral tolerance to nicotine in the conditioned taste aversion paradigm

Acute behavioral tolerance to nicotine is a well‐established phenomenon in animals, although previous drug discrimination studies have suggested that subpopulations of rats may exist that fail to exhibit acute tolerance to nicotine. The present study sought to determine whether these findings might extend to the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm. In experiment 1, rats were administered 0.8 mg/kg s.c. nicotine or vehicle before a pairing session with saccharin, and then administered either 0.4 mg/kg nicotine or vehicle immediately afterward. Rats treated with vehicle pre‐session and then nicotine post‐session developed a significant CTA to nicotine, whereas rats treated with 0.8 mg/kg nicotine s.c. pre‐session failed to develop a CTA to nicotine. In experiment 2, rats were identified as exhibiting or failing to exhibit acute tolerance to nicotine in a drug discrimination paradigm. Rats that produced acute nicotine tolerance failed to develop a CTA after 24 h, but did so after 48 h, while rats that did not produce nicotine tolerance exhibited CTA after 24 h, but not after 48 h. These findings indicate that acute behavioral tolerance to nicotine extends to its aversion effects. Drug Dev Res 68:522–528, 2007. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effects of plane of nutrition, genotype and sex on growth, body composition and wool production in grazing sheep

Summary Growth rates, chemical composition of the body and wool production were measured with wethers and ewes from two genotypes of sheep grazing at two planes of nutrition. The nutritional treatments were applied after weaning at 12 kg live weight. Animals were slaughtered at 6 kg intervals between 12 and 54 kg live weight. Dorset Horn × (Border Leicester × Merino) lambs grew 57% faster than South Australian Merino lambs before weaning, produced 22% more wool and contained more fat at weaning. Post-weaning growth rates on the high and low planes of nutrition were 168 and 78g/day for Merinos and 183 and 116 g/day for Cross-breds. Despite these differences, there was virtually no effect on body composition. Sheep which were starved and re-grown also had a similar body composition to sheep grown continuously. There was, however, a nutritional effect on wool production. On the high plane of nutrition the rate of wool production was 22% higher than on the low plane of nutrition. After weaning there were only small differences in the growth rate of the two genotypes but the Merinos grew 30% more wool than Cross-breds on the high plane of nutrition and 39% more wool on the low plane of nutrition. Genotype differences in the fat and protein content of the empty body were small, but Merinos contained more ash, Ca, P and Mg. After weaning the normal pattern of allometric growth was reversed; at 18 kg live weight the sheep contained a lower proportion of fat and higher proportion of water than at 12 kg live weight. Above 18 kg live weight normal allometric growth was resumed. The fat-free empty body became progressively less hydrated but the ratio of protein: ash remained constant at 79:21 for Merinos and 81:19 for Cross-breds. There was a trend towards ewes being fatter than wethers, but this was only significant with Merinos. Other sex differences in body composition, body growth and wool growth were not significant.
Gastric evacuation in walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma

The effects of meal size and temperature on food evacuation in juvenile walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) were examined. In the range of meal sizes used (0.5–2.5% of body weight), food evacuation was a negative, exponential function of time. Increasing meal size reduced instantaneous evacuation rate but increased the amount of food evacuated. In the range of temperatures used (3–9 °C), both instantaneous evacuation rate and amount of food evacuted were positive linear functions of temperature. Our evacuation rate values are higher than previous estimates for walleye pollock, suggesting that daily ration and the trophic impact on prey species may have been significantly underestimated.
Moroccans’ Attitudes towards Amazigh Language Teaching: Patterns and Perspectives

The goal of this study was to investigate Moroccans’ attitudes towards the incorporation of Amazigh into the educational system, and the extent to which self-reported ethnicity could potentially impact their attitudes towards the Amazigh teaching experience. The study was couched within a mixed-methods approach whereby data were collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. A sample of one hundred fifty-one informants were randomly selected from the region of Rabat-Sale on grounds of several social factors, including self-reported ethnicity, sex, age and mother tongue. Data analysis revealed that while the informants’ attitudes towards the Amazigh language are generally favorable; attitudes towards its incorporation into the Moroccan school system tended to significantly vary based on their self-reported ethnicity, i.e., Amazigh or Arab. The study calls for the horizontal and vertical generalization of the Amazigh teaching experience to reinforce its scope in the Moroccan educational system, and improve its social status among Moroccans.
Report on Two Egg Parasitoid Species of Riptortus clavatus (Thunberg) (Heteroptera: Alydidae) on Soybean

Two hymenopteran egg parasitoid species, Gryon japonicum (Ashmead) (Scelionidae) and Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Encyrtidae), were emerged from eggs of bean bug, Riptortus clavatus Thunberg (Heteroptera: Alydidae). The former parasitoid is first recorded in Korea. Brief morphological and biological characteristics, and parasitism on R. clavatus eggs are described.
DNA fingerprinting of Japanese plum (Prunus salicina) cultivars based on microsatellite markers

Abstract – Forty-seven Japanese plum ( Prunus salicina ) cultivars were genotyped with eight microsatellite markers, aiming at obtaining the DNA fingerprinting profiling, distinguishing and characterizing a representative set of Japanese plum cultivars. The eight SSR loci amplified 104 alleles (8 to 21 alleles per locus, mean 13). Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) ranged from 0.680 to 0.886 (mean 0.803). The observed heterozigozity (Ho) ranged from 0.529 to 0.915 (mean 0.770). Probability of Identity (I) of each locus ranged from 0.019 to 0.113 (mean 0.054). The combined Probability of Identity was 2.66 x 10 11 , and the Power of Exclusion of the eight loci was 99.99976%. 57 out of 104 alleles showed frequency lower than 0.05. These low allele frequencies contributed to raise the distinguishability of plum cultivars. These results will contribute, as excellent descriptors, to select parental for crossings, to perform early identification of segregating clones with potential to be cultivars, and to protect the cultivars.Key words: Cultivar protection, cultivar identification, genetic similarity/relationship, SSR markers.
The Systematic Wood Anatomy of the Rhamnaceae Juss. (Rhamnales). I. Tribe Zizipheae

The wood anatomy of the tribe Zizipheae sensu Suessenguth (1953a) is described in detail. Similarities and differences between the genera are discussed in relation to the taxonomy of the tribe. Wood anatomically the Zizipheae are rather heterogeneous and not clearly separated from the other tribes of the family.
Phylogeny of the African murid tribe Otomyini (Rodentia), based on morphological and allozyme evidence

Based on a cladistic analysis of 45 morphological (craniodental) and 46 binary allozyme characters, previous systematic treatments of the African murid tribe, Otomyini (laminate‐toothed rats), are reviewed. Cladistic analysis of the craniodental data, involving eight outgroup taxa, confirmed the monophyly of the Otomyini, and suggested Pelomys to represent the sister genus of the Otomyini. Craniodental synapomorphies provided strong support for certain basal relationships among Otomyini rodents, reinforcing available palaeontological evidence. However, poor statistical (Bremer decay index) support was obtained for terminal relationships. The data presented revealed a ‘mesic clade’ of southern and eastern African species, with Otomys sloggetti basal to this group. The arid‐adapted, southern Africa‐endemic species, Parotomys littledalei, P. brantsii and O. unisulcatus, were all placed basal to the ‘mesic clade’, but did not form a separate ‘arid clade’, as suggested by earlier biochemical studies. Two allozyme synapomorphies supported the existence of the ‘mesic clade’, separate from arid‐adapted southern African species. A strict cladistic interpretation of the present data did not support the existence of two genera in the tribe, and the two species of Parotomys (whistling rats) should be transferred to Otomys. At the species level, specific identity of O. lacustris and O. barbouri, distinct from O. anchietae, was supported by several autapomorphies, and O. tropicalis burtoni was shown to be included in O. angoniensis rather than O. tropicalis, extending the range of the former species into West Africa.
Surveillance of wild birds for avian influenza virus in Korea

Abstract : Avian influenza viruses (AIV) have been isolated from a wide range of domestic and wild birds. Wildbirds, predominantly ducks, geese and gulls form the reservoir of AIV in nature. The viruses in wild bird populationsare a potential source of widespread infections in poultry. Active surveillance for AIV infection provides informationregarding AIV distribution, and global AIV surveillance can play a key role in the early recognition of highly pathogenicavian influenza (HPAI). Since 2003 in Korea, there have been four H5N1 HPAI outbreaks caused by clade 2.5, 2.2and 2.3. 2. Therefore, improvement of AIV surveillance strategy is required to detect HPAI viruses effectively. Thisarticle deals with the major events establishing the role of wild birds in the natural history of influenza in Korea.We highlighted the need for continuous surveillance in wild birds and characterization of these viruses to understandAIV epidemiology and host ecology in Korea.Keywords : avian influenza, epidemiology, poultry, surveillance, wild bird
A review of the chondrite–achondrite transition, and a metamorphic facies series for equilibrated primitive stony meteorites

Here, the petrological features of numerous primitive achondrites and highly equilibrated chondrites are evaluated to review and expand upon our knowledge of the chondrite–achondrite transition, and primitive achondrites in general. A thermodynamic model for the initial silicate melting temperature and progressive melting for nearly the entire known range of oxidation states is provided, which can be expressed as Tm = 0.035Fa2−3.51Fa + 1109 (in °C, where Fa is the proportion of fayalite in olivine). This model is then used to frame a discussion of textural and mineralogical evolution of stony meteorites with increasing temperature. We suggest that the metamorphic petrology of these meteorites should be based on diffusive equilibration among the silicate minerals, and as such, the chondrite–achondrite transition should be defined by the initial point of silicate melting, not by metal–troilite melting. Evidence of silicate melting is preserved by a distinctive texture of interconnected interstitial plagioclase ± pyroxene networks among rounded olivine and/or pyroxene (depending on ƒO2), which pseudomorph the former silicate melt network. Indirectly, the presence of exsolution lamellae in augite in slowly cooled achondrites also implies that silicate melting occurred because of the high temperatures required, and because silicate melt enhances diffusion. A metamorphic facies series is defined: the Plagioclase Facies is equivalent to petrologic types 5 and 6, the Sub‐calcic Augite Facies is bounded at lower temperatures by the initiation of silicate melting and at higher temperatures by the appearance of pigeonite, which marks the transition to the Pigeonite Facies.
Machine productivity and residual harvesting residues associated with a cut-to-length harvest system in southern Tasmania

The cut-to-length method is a preferred method for harvest of pine plantations in Australia. The cut-to-length method studied in southern Tasmania consists of a feller-buncher, processor, forwarder, grapple loader and tractortrailers that were producing only pulp logs for the plantation owner Norske Skog. An elemental time study method was applied to evaluate the productivity of the machines within the flat terrain, Pinus radiata plantation. Multiple regression was used in SPSS to develop the productivity prediction models. The productivity of the feller-buncher and processor averaged 122.20 m3 per productive machine hours excluding all delays (PMH0) and 84.32 m3 PMH0 −1, respectively. The average productivity for the forwarder, grapple loader and truck were 80.90 m3 PMH0 −1, 100.80 m3 PMH0 −1 and 27.40 m3 PMH0 −1, respectively. The average fuel consumption of the feller-buncher, forwarder and processor were also documented. The trial assessed harvest residue left on the site and found 238.7 GMt ha−1 (31% of total biomass above the stump) was left of which 46% was stemwood. These research findings can be used for harvesting planning and improving logging efficiency.
The Influence of Hallyu on Africans’ Perceptions of Korea: The Moderating Role of Service Quality

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationships between Hallyu, destination image, and behavioral intentions in light of the moderating effect of service quality. To that purpose, we established two objectives: to investigate relationships between Hallyu, destination image, and behavioral intentions and to examine how service quality at a destination affects the relationship between Hallyu and destination image. We collected data from 250 African students studying in Korea, 223 of whom returned usable surveys that we subjected to structural analysis. The results revealed that there is a positive relationship between Hallyu and destination image and that destination image significantly influenced behavioral intention. Moreover, we found differences in the moderating role of service quality. Such findings contribute to tourism marketing for African tourists.
Vitamin D Supplementation Could Possibly Improve Clinical Outcomes of Patients Infected with Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-2019)

The rapid spread of COVID-2019 in many areas of the world calls for preventive health measures. Although basic guidelines on infection control are recommended, treatment has remained the best choice to avert mortality. However, for the time being, there are no known vaccines for the disease. In this paper, a multinomial logistic regression was used to predict clinical outcomes of patients infected with COVID-2019 based on 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels, the barometer for Vitamin D status. A retrospective multicentre study of 212 cases with laboratory-confirmed infection of SARS-CoV-2 was conducted. Data pertaining to clinical features and serum 25(OH)D levels were extracted from the medical records. For statistical analysis, Mann-Whitney U and χ2 tests were used to compare differences in the clinical outcomes. Multinomial logistic regression was used to explore the association between serum 25(OH)D level and clinical outcomes of the cases. Frequency and percentage were used for categorical variables. Mean was used for continuous variables. A p-value below 0.01 was considered statistically significant. Of the 212 cases of COVID-2019, majority had ordinary clinical outcome. Mean serum 25(OH)D level was 23.8 ng/ml. Serum 25(OH)D level was lowest in critical cases, but highest in mild cases. Serum 25(OH)D levels were statistically significant among clinical outcomes. Majority had insufficient Vitamin D status, most of them were not severe. Vitamin D status is significantly associated with clinical outcomes. A multinomial logistic regression analysis reported that for each standard deviation increase in serum 25(OH)D, the odds of having a mild clinical outcome rather than a severe outcome were increased approximately 7.94 times (OR=0.126, p<0.001) while interestingly, the odds of having a mild clinical outcome rather than a critical outcome were increased approximately 19.61 times (OR=0.051, p<0.001). The results suggest that an increase in serum 25(OH)D level in the body could either improve clinical outcomes or mitigate worst (severe to critical) outcomes, while a decrease in serum 25(OH)D level in the body could worsen clinical outcomes of COVID-2019 patients. In conclusion, this study provides substantial information to clinicians and health policy-makers. Vitamin D supplementation could possibly improve clinical outcomes of patients infected with COVID-2019. Further research should conduct randomized controlled trials and large population studies to evaluate this recommendation.
Recent introgressive hybridization revealed by exclusive mtDNA transfer from Oreochromis leucostictus (Trewavas, 1933) to Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Lake Baringo, Kenya

Nuclear DNA and mtDNA polymorphisms were surveyed in various species of East African Oreochromis. In Lake Baringo, where only Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis is present, alien mtDNA haplotypes were observed, apparently the result of introgressive hybridization with Oreochromis leucostictus. This introgression is not accompanied by any substantial or recorded transfer of nuclear genes into O. n. baringoensis.
Shell surface adaptations in relation to water management in rock‐dwelling land snails, Albinaria (Pulmonata: Clausiliidae)

Land snails display a great diversity of shell structures subject to adaptive explanations. Ribs, which are transverse protrusions on the shell surface, are an example. For the rock‐dwelling snail Albinaria variation of shell sculpture is attributed to water management adaptations. However, detailed experimental tests of these hypotheses are lacking. Various Albinaria species, differing in rib pattern, were examined for trait conservatism and the capacity to adhere and retain water on their shells, and the relation between ribbing and activation time after aestivation. Phylogenetic signal in all traits was random. Differences in shell sculpture affect shell weight and water adhesion but not water loss and activation time. Climatic variables have no influence on rib variation. Therefore, shell sculpture is not sufficient alone to explain the ability of Albinaria to withstand adverse conditions. Thus, additional morphological, behavioural and physiological adaptations must be considered as promising candidate traits for further studies of divergence.
Sugarbeet biochemical quality changes during factory pile storage. Part II. Non-sugars

Processing sugarbeet for sucrose production begins with an aqueous extraction. Besides sucrose, the extract also contains other water soluble root chemicals, which are viewed as undesirable impurities by the processor. Many impurities are removed or greatly diminished during processing, but some of those that remain reduce sucrose recovery, resulting in a loss of sugar to molasses. We investigated sugarbeet varietal differences in accumulation of several important impurities at harvest and after pile storage at three locations: Sidney MT, Worland WY, and Hereford TX. At each location a group of locally adapted varieties was used. Paired root samples were prepared at harvest. One of each pair immediately was analyzed for sucrose by polarimetry, and a portion of each sucrose filtrate was frozen for subsequent analysis by HPLC for sugars and quality components (Na, K, amino N, betaine). The second sample of each pair, in an air-permeable bag, was placed into the factory storage pile for 110 d at Sidney, 90 d at Worland, or 56 d at Hereford, then recovered and analyzed similarly to unstored samples. Data were analyzed separately for each location. Analyses of the sugar components (sucrose, glucose, fructose, and raffinose) have been reported previously. Component concentrations were expressed in g per 100 g sucrose (g/100S) as a relevant way to evaluate processing characteristics. Small but significant differences among cultivars for Na and K occurred at all three locations at harvest and at Sidney and Worland after storage. Sodium at harvest ranged from 0.49 to 0.65 g/100S at Sidney, 0.16 to 0.40 at Worland, and 0.34 to 0.59 at Hereford. Ranges for potassium at harvest were 0.87 to 0.99 g/100S at Sidney, 0.54 to 0.79 at Worland, and 1.51 to 1.79 at Hereford. Across cultivars, increases in at-harvest and post-storage concentrations (g/100S) occurred at all locations for K and at Sidney and Hereford for Na. Cultivars differed in amino N and betaine (g/100S) at harvest at Sidney and Worland, in amino N post-storage at Sidney, and in betaine post-storage at all three locations. Across cultivars, amino N concentration as g/100S increased with storage at all locations. Across cultivars, total impurity values incorporating all determined quality components (2.5Na + 3.5K + 9amino N + glucose + fructose + raffinose + betaine) were greatest at Hereford (16.6 and 24.2 g/100 S at harvest and after storage, respectively), least at Worland (6.0 and 9.9), and intermediate at Sidney (9.1 and 14.5).
Assessment of the Sub-acute Toxicity Profile of Vitex doniana (Sweet) Leaf Fractions on Albino Rats

Aim: To evaluate the sub-acute toxicity profile of fractions of Vitex doniana using adult albino rats. Study Design: An experimental study that lasted for 28 days. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Animal House Unit, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, between January 2019 and March 2019. Methodology: Methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane fractions of V. doniana were orally administered to 6 groups of animals at doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight for each fraction, for 28 days. At the end of the administration, the animals were sacrificed. Body weight Original Research Article Onwukwe et al.; ARRB, 35(2): 86-95, 2020; Article no.ARRB. 55925 87 changes, Relative Organ Weights (ROW), haematological analysis, serum biochemical assay and histopathological changes of vital organs were used to evaluate the potential toxic effects of the fractions after treatments. Results: The fractions had no adverse effects on the body weights, ROW and gross appearance of the tissues. There were no significant changes in the haematological and biochemical parameters of the treated animals compared to the controls. Histological assessment of the excised organs also showed no overt pathological changes apart from thickened alveolar septa in the lungs of the animals that received methanol and ethyl acetate fractions. Conclusion: The polar fractions of V. doniana at the doses tested did not induce any toxic changes in the treated animals.
ON THE DYNAMICS OF BLACKHEADED BUDWORM POPULATIONS

Abstract Based on a simple graphic analysis, I conclude that blackheaded budworm population density cycles are caused by delayed negative feedback processes, probably due to the numerical response of insect parasitoids. The parasitoid–host interaction, however, has a stable solution and continuous population density cycles can only be maintained in a variable environment. Résumé Sur la base d’une simple analyse graphique, je conclus que les fluctuations cycliques de la densité de population de la tordeuse à tête noire de l’épinette sont causées par des processus négatifs de régulation à retardement, résultant probablement de la réponse numérique des insectes parasitoïdes. L’interaction hôte–parasitoïdes a cependant une solution stable et le maintien des cycles de densité de population repose sur la variabilité environnementale.