Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geomorphology and stratigraphy of Alba Patera, Mars

Geomorphic and stratigraphic analysis of Alba Patera suggests a volcanic construct built by lavas with rheologic properties similar to basalts. A series of evolving eruptive styles is suggested by changes in morphology and inferred progressive reductions in flow volume with higher stratigraphic position. Alba Patera's volcanic history has been summarized into four main phases. The first is characterized by extensive flood like flows presumably erupted from fissures associated with the initial intrusion of magma into the region. The second phase is associated with the emplacement of pyroclastic rock, a more speculative interpretation. The third phase produced the voluminous tabular, crested, and undifferentiated flows, probably from a more centralized vent source. The fourth and last phase is marked the effusion of levee like flows and the collapse of the summit calderas and final graben formation.
An enhanced nonparametric streamflow disaggregation model with genetic algorithm

Stochastic streamflow generation is generally utilized for planning and management of water resources systems. For this purpose, a number of parametric and nonparametric models have been suggested in literature. Among them, temporal and spatial disaggregation approaches play an important role particularly to make sure that historical variance‐covariance properties are preserved at various temporal and spatial scales. In this paper, we review the underlying features of existing nonparametric disaggregation methods, identify some of their pros and cons, and propose a disaggregation algorithm that is capable of surmounting some of the shortcomings of the current models. The proposed models hinge on k‐nearest neighbor resampling, the accurate adjusting procedure, and a genetic algorithm. The models have been tested and compared to an existing nonparametric disaggregation approach using data of the Colorado River system. It has been shown that the model is capable of (1) reproducing the season‐to‐season correlations including the correlation between the last season of the previous year and the first season of the current year, (2) minimizing or avoiding the generation of flow patterns across the year that are literally the same as those of the historical records, and (3) minimizing or avoiding the generation of negative flows. In addition, it is applicable to intermittent river regimes.
Modeling Salt Accumulation with Subsurface Drip Irrigation Using HYDRUS-2D

Salts that accumulate near the soil surface with subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) can hinder the establishment of succeeding direct-seeded crops. To prevent crop loss or yield reduction, producers rely on sprinklers for germination, which is often expensive and requires added capital inputs. Predicting salt movement and accumulation with SDI will allow producers to anticipate the need for sprinkler irrigation for salt control. The HYDRUS-2D model was used to model salt accumulation from an SDI system on successive crops of cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L. ssp. melo var. cantalupensis Naudin) and broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) with two tape depths (18 and 25 cm), different germination practices (germination with SDI and with sprinklers), and water salinity (1.5 and 2.6 dS m -1 ). Predicted saturated-paste electrical conductivity (ECe) values from HYDRUS-2D were significantly correlated with actual ECe data obtained from field experiments (r 2 = 0.08-0.93). After Season 1, the correlation coefficients were highly variable, with the majority of model ECe values being higher than field data. Season 2 results indicated a much stronger relationship, with R 2 values as high as 0.93. Model predictions for Season 2 showed underprediction of ECe when compared with actual ECe. Relationships between model-predicted ECe and actual ECe resulted in a slope of nearly 1.0 for all treatments and a y intercept close to -1 dS m -1 . A better understanding of the processes that occur at the field scale, such as root growth, root distribution, and plant water uptake, is essential for modeling water and solute transport with SDI. A better characterization of evapotranspiration from SDI is required to accurately model salt accumulation.
Cα/Cc Concept and K0 During Secondary Compression

The Cα/Cc concept, which completely defines secondary compression behavior of any one soil in terms of a constant Cα/Cc and the EOP e‐log συ′, is a powerful practical tool for settlement analysis and interpretation of data from load‐controlled and deformation‐controlled consolidation tests. The correct procedure for evaluating Cα/Cc for any soil is described. The Cα/Cc concept was used to obtain an expression for the behavior of the coefficient of earth pressure at rest, K0, during secondary compression. This approach predicts an increase in K0 during secondary compression. This approach also predicts that the K0=1 condition will not be reached during the typical geologic age of soft clay deposits. Laboratory measurements on the behavior of K0, including during secondary compression, are presented for four soft clays. The proposed approach also provides an estimate of in situ K0 in soft clay deposits. Two alternative laboratory procedures were used to determine in situ K0 for four soft clays. These values.
A Comparison of Urban Mapping Methods Using High-Resolution Digital Imagery

Recent advances in digital airborne sensors and satellite platforms make spatially accurate, high-resolution multispectral imagery readily available. These advances provide the opportunity for a host of new applications to address and solve old problems. High-resolution imagery is particularly well suited to urban applications. Previous data sources (such as Landsat TM) did not show the spatial detail necessary to provide many urban planning solutions. This paper provides an overview of a project in which one-meter digital imagery was used to produce a map of pervious and impervious surfaces to be used by the city of Scottsdale, Arizona for storm-water runoff estimation. The increased spatial information in onemeter or less resolution imagery strains the usefulness of image classification using traditional supervised and unsupervised spectral classification algorithms. This study assesses the accuracy of three different methods for extracting land-cover/land-use information from high-resolution imagery of urban environments: (1) combined supervised/ unsupervised spectral classification, (2) raster-based spatial modeling, and (3) image segmentation classification using classification tree analysis. A discussion of the results and relative merits of each method is included.
Content analysis of international research in geographical and environmental education: 18 years of academic publishing

This paper examines the history of the International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education (IRGEE) journal in terms of its sustainable future. The development of geographical and environmental education is evaluated, as reflected from the papers published in the journal “ IRGEE”. A content analysis of all papers and forum sections which have appeared in the journal since Volume 1 Number 1 was published in 1992 has been conducted, examining the content of as many as 526 papers. The method was a content analysis and revealed themes which have experienced an increasing or declining interest over the 18 years of publication of IRGEE (1992–2009), whilst other themes have remained current during this period. The main findings of this analysis are (a) the total number of papers has increased more than threefold, (b) papers related to geographical education (sensu stricto) outweighed those related to environmental education, (c) the themes “syllabi, textbooks, curricula” and “values, attitudes” attract the attention of researchers with increasing strength and (d) emerging subjects, such as geographic information systems (GIS) and sustainability, have appeared dynamically in the last years.
The Rainforests of West Africa: Ecology ― Threats ― Conservation

Europe Casts Its Spell upon the Rainforest. - The Distribution of West African Rainforests. - Climate and Soil Determine Forest Type. - A Diversity of Plant Life on Poor Soil. - Little-known Rainforest Fauna. - Ecological Niches in Undisturbed and Disturbed Forest. - The Coevolution of Plants and Animals. - The Forest as Human Habitat. - Sacrificing Forest for Short-term Gain. - Forest Conservation Past and Present.
Some controls on flow and salinity in Bering Strait

During 1993–1994, steric forcing of flow through Bering Strait represented a northward sea level drop of ∼0.7 m from the Bering Sea Basin to the adjacent deep Arctic Ocean, of which ∼2/3 was due to the salinity difference between the basins. Seasonal variability of steric forcing appears small (<0.05 m), in contrast to large seasonal wind effects. Interannual changes in steric forcing may exceed 20%, however, and warm inflow from the North Atlantic, accumulation of freshwater in the southwest Canada Basin, and temperature and salinity changes in the upper Bering Sea have all contributed to recent changes. The mean salinity balance in Bering Strait is primarily maintained by large runoff to the Bering shelf, dilute coastal inflow from the Gulf of Alaska, and on‐shelf movement of saline and nutrient‐rich oceanic waters from the Bering Sea Basin. In Bering Strait, therefore, both the throughflow and its salinity are affected by remote events.
Contribution of multivariate analysis to the correlation of some properties of kaolin with its mineralogical and chemical composition

Abstract According to multivariate analysis, the following were established (a) kaolinite crystallinity index (KCI) values determined by XRD are highly correlated to one another and seemingly influenced by kaolin impurities; (b) kaolin minerals are concentrated mainly in the fractions <4 µm; (c) the kaolin surface area as determined by the BET (nitrogen adsorption) method is more markedly affected by kaolin impurities than by kaolin minerals themselves; (d) BET surfaces increase when kaolinite crystallinity decreases; (e) brightness is inversely correlated with kaolin impurities; (f) the more ordered the kaolinite and the greater the proportion in the <4 µm fraction of the kaolin, the greater the brightness; and (g) KCI values are particle size-distribution dependent for sedimentary-residual kaolins. The correlations obtained were better when kaolins were selected according to their origin because the kaolin minerals and their impurities, particle size-distribution and texture were more alike. The industrial properties of kaolin can not be predicted from other basic properties such as mineralogy, KCI, etc., because they are intricately related to one another.
Wasp-waisted hysteresis loops: Mineral magnetic characteristics and discrimination of components in mixed magnetic systems

Rock magnetic studies of complex systems that contain mixtures of magnetic minerals or mixed grain size distributions have demonstrated the need for a better method of distinguishing between different magnetic components in geological materials. Hysteresis loops that are constricted in the middle section, but are wider above and below the middle section, are commonly observed in mixed magnetic assemblages. Such “wasp-waisted” hysteresis loops have been widely documented, particularly with respect to rare earth permanent magnets, basaltic lava flows, remagnetized Paleozoic carbonate rocks, and an increasingly wide range of other rocks. Our modelling, combined with a review of previous work, indicates that there are several conditions that give rise to, as well as magnetic properties that are characteristic of, wasp-waisted hysteresis loops. First, at least two magnetic components with strongly contrasting coercivities must coexist. This condition can arise from either mixtures of grain sizes of a single magnetic mineral, or a combination of magnetic minerals with contrasting cocrcivities, or a combination of these two situations. Second, materials that give rise to wasp-waisted hysteresis loops will have relatively high ratios of the coercivity of remanence to coercive force (B cr /B c ) because B0 is controlled by the soft (low coercivity) component, whereas Bcris controlled by the hard (high coercivity) component. Third, values of B cr /B c ? 10 usually only occur for strongly wasp-waisted loops when the low coercivity component comprises an overwhelmingly large fraction of the total volume of magnetic grains. Fourth, a given mixture of superparamagnetic and single-domain (SD) grains is more likely to give rise to wasp-waisted hysteresis loops than an equivalent mixture of SD and multidomain grains. Fifth, our results provide empirical confirmation that the total magnetization of a material is the sum of the weighted contributions of each component, in the absence of significant magnetic interaction between particles. Thus to contribute significantly to wasp-waisted behavior, a mineral magnetic component must give rise to a significant portion of the total magnetization of the rock. As a result, minerals with weak magnetic moments such as hematite need to occur in large concentrations to cause wasp-waistedness in materials that also contain ferrimagnetic minerals. We outline a method for determining the magnetic components that can give rise to wasp-waisted hysteresis loops. This method is based on high- and low-temperature magnetic measurements that are used to identify the dominant remanence-bearing mineral/s and on mineral magnetic techniques that are used to discriminate between different magnetic domain states. The method is illustrated with several examples from archaeological, geological, and synthetic materials.
Travel time tomography in anisotropic media

A useful method of estimating the velocities of geological structures between boreholes is traveltime tomography. Measurements of the traveltimes along different paths can be used to form an image of the velocity distribution. This approach is valid when seismic velocities are the same regardless of the direction in which waves propagate. Thus, the target media is required to be isotropic for the method to work correctly. However, in many environments, velocities to depend on the direction of wavepropagation. This effect, known as seismic anisotropy, can lead to distortions in tomographic images. The distortions may be serious enough to cause the images to be misinterpreted.
Yardea Dacite—Large-volume, high-temperature felsic volcanism from the Middle Proterozoic of South Australia

The Yardea Dacite is a large-volume felsic volcanic unit from the Middle Proterozoic Gawler Range Volcanics of South Australia; it has been previously described as an ignimbrite. However, some samples contain no petrographic evidence for a pyroclastic origin, but have characteristics compatible with final crystallization from a nonfragmented magma. These samples may have erupted as lavas, but others are likely to be extremely densely welded ignimbrites, suggesting a compound nature for the unit. Geothermometry and phase equilibria indicate that the Yardea Dacite originated from a high-temperature (∼1000 °C) felsic magma with a low water content (≤2%). The Yardea Dacite is not associated with a known caldera of the Valles type, and shares many characteristics of recently described Cenozoic felsic volcanic rocks from the western United States, interpreted as rheoignimbrites or as unusually extensive lavas.
AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN SENYAWA GOLONGAN FENOL DARI BEBERAPA JENIS TUMBUHAN FAMILI MALVACEAE

Kandungan total fenol dan aktivitas antioksidan dari 5 jenis tumbuhan famili Malvaceae yaitu kapuk pendek (Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaetrn. var. Indica Bakhuizen), kapuk panjang (Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaetrn. ), durian ( Durio acutifolius (Mast.) Kosterm. ), pahitan (Melochia corchorifolia L.), dan pungpulutan (Urena lobata L.) yang diperoleh dari Pegunungan Ambawang, Dusun Gunung Ambawang, Kalimantan Barat, telah diteliti pada penelitian ini. Uji kandungan total fenol menggunakan metode Folin-Ciocalteu dan uji aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode DPPH ( 2,2-difenil-1-pikril-hidrazil) dan kekuatan mereduksi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pahitan (Melochia corchorifolia L.) memiliki kandungan total fenol yang paling tinggi dan nilai IC 50 yang paling rendah dibandingkan sampel lainnya. Secara keseluruhan, terdapat hubungan erat antara kandungan total fenol dan nilai IC 50 , yang mana nilai IC 50 dengan menggunakan metode DPPH dan kekuatan mereduksi tidak memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan. Kata kunci : Malvaceae, fenol, antioksidan, DPPH
Measurement of the settling rate of atmospheric dust on Mars by the MAE instrument on Mars Pathfinder

The Materials Adherence Experiment (MAE) on Pathfinder was designed to measure the rate of dust settling from the Martian atmosphere onto the solar array of the Mars Pathfinder Sojourner Rover. The MAE measurements indicate steady dust accumulation at a rate of about 0.28% per day. This value is consistent with the performance of the lander solar arrays, which decreased in power at an estimated rate of 0.29% per day over the same period.
Phase relations in the Cu-Fe-Zn-S system between 500 degrees and 300 degrees C under hydrothermal conditions

Phase relations in the Cu-Fe-Zn-S system were studied between 500 degrees and 300 degrees C using both the thermal gradient transport method and the isothermal in situ recrystallization method under hydrothermal conditions. In addition, the compositional fields of chalcopyrite, intermediate solid solution (iss), and sphalerite were determined at temperatures between 500 degrees and 300 degrees C.The stable univariant phase assemblages in the central portion of the system at both 500 degrees and 400 degrees C are covellite + nukundamite + pyrite + sphalerite, covellite + bornite + nukundamite + sphalerite, bornite + nukundamite + pyrite + sphalerite, bornite + chalcopyrite + pyrite + sphalerite, bornite + chalcopyrite + iss + sphalerite, chalcopyrite + iss + pyrite + sphalerite, and iss + pyrite + pyrrhotite + sphalerite. At 300 degrees C stable assemblages of chalcopyrite + pyrite + pyrrhotite + sphalerite and chalcopyrite + iss + pyrrhotite + sphalerite appear in place of the last two assemblages at 500 degrees and 400 degrees C because of a tie line between chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite. Also, a stable tie line between bornite and pyrite commonly found in natural ores occurs in the present system instead of the tie line between nukundamite and chalcopyrite observed in the Cu-Fe-S system.Chalcopyrite has a very small solid solution field close to the stoichiometric CuFeS 2 and dissolves small amounts of zinc (<0.9 at. %) at all three temperatures. Intermediate solid solution has an extensive solid solution field which dissolves up to 3.3 at. percent at 500 degrees C and 1.2 at. percent at 300 degrees C, with a slight reduction in solubility due to pressure. The solid solution area of intermediate solid solution becomes narrower as the temperature decreases and becomes richer in copper with increasing pressure as shown in the system Cu-Fe-S by Sugaki et al. (1982). Sphalerite solid solution dissolves a maximum of about 2.4 mole percent CuS at the three temperatures and has no relation to FeS content and sulfur fugacity.
Shear Strength Correlations for Kaolin/Water Slurries: A Comparison of Recent Measurements with Historical Data

This report documents testing funded by CH2M Hill Plateau Remediation and performed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in collaboration with Fauske and Associates, LLC (FAI) to determine the behavior of vessel spanning bubbles. The shear strengths of four samples of kaolin/water mixtures obtained by PNNL from FAI were measured and are reported here. The measured shear strengths of these samples were then used to determine how the Rassat correlation fit these new measurements or if a new correlation was needed. These results were then compared with previously reported data.
Cooling trend of the tropical cold point tropopause temperatures and its implications

Operational sounding data (1973–1998) were used to determine cold point tropopause (CPT) characteristics. A cooling trend (−0.57±0.06 K/Decade during 1973–1998) in tropical CPT temperatures has been found, which is opposite to what has been hypothesized to explain the trend in stratospheric water vapor. Given this trend, the annual averages of the CPT saturation mixing ratios (SMRs) inferred from the analysis of the 1994–1997 data in the work of Dessler [1998] are substantially smaller than those from data before the mid-1990s. This implies that while Newell and Gould-Stewart's “stratospheric fountain” might not have been necessary to explain stratospheric water vapor during the mid-1990s, it was necessary in most years before that. Changes in tropical convection occurrence frequency and/or strength are suggested to explain the cooling trend in the CPT temperatures. It is suggested that the observed positive trend in stratospheric water vapor is probably due to changes in the residual circulation.
Laboratory measurements of the frictional properties of the Zuccale low-angle normal fault, Elba Island, Italy

[1] Using a case study from the island of Elba, Italy, we seek to test the hypothesis that the presence of minerals with low frictional strengths can explain prolonged slip on low-angle normal faults. The central core of the Zuccale low-angle normal fault contains a distinctive fault rock zonation that developed during progressive exhumation. Most fault rock components preserve microstructural evidence for having accommodated deformation entirely, or partly, by frictional mechanisms. One millimeter thick sample powders of all the major fault rock components were deformed in a triaxial deformation apparatus under water-saturated conditions, at room temperature, and at constant effective normal stresses of 25, 50, and 75 MPa. Pore fluid pressure was maintained at 50 MPa throughout. Overall, the coefficient of friction (μ) of the fault rocks varies between 0.25 and 0.8, emphasizing the marked strength heterogeneity that may exist within natural fault zones. Also, μ is strongly dependent on fault rock mineralogy and is 0.6 for fault rocks dominated by quartz, dolomite, calcite, and amphibole. Localization of frictional slip within talc-rich portions of the fault core can potentially explain movements along the Zuccale fault over a wide range of depths within the upper crust, although the mechanical importance of the talc-bearing fault rocks likely decreased following their dismemberment into a series of poorly connected fault rock lenses. Additionally, slip within clay-bearing fault gouges with μ between 0.4 and 0.5 may have facilitated movements in the uppermost (<2 km) crust. For several other fault rock components, μ varies between 0.5 and 0.8, and mineralogical weakening alone is insufficient to account for low-angle slip. In the latter fault rock components, other weakening mechanisms such as the development of high fluid pressures, or dissolution-precipitation creep, may have been particularly important in reducing fault strength.
Archaeology and holocene sand dune stratigraphy on Chatham Island

Four depositional episodes based on sand deposits and the soils on them are proposed for Holocene coastal sand dunes on Chatham Island: Te Onean Depositional Episode (c. 5,000 to 2,200 years BP), Okawan Depositional Episode (c. 2,200 to 450 years BP), Kekerionean Depositional Episode (c. 450 to 150 years BP) and Waitangian Depositional Episode (c. 150 years BP to present day). Each depositional episode has two phases: an unstable phase with a high rate of deposition and no soil formation, followed by a stable phase with a low rate of deposition and soil formation. The Okawan, Kekerionean, and Waitangian episodes closely match late Holocene depositional episodes on the New Zealand mainland. The earliest human occupation remains (Moriori) are in Kekerionean sands and the inferred date for Moriori settlement of Chatham Island is between 400 and 450 years BP. Bones of Hooker's sea lion are found in Te Onean and Okawan deposits. The most recent bones are in Kekerionean middens and it is inferred that Hooker's .