Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expectations Versus Reality: Long-Term Research on the Dog–Owner Relationship

Simple Summary People who plan to own a dog have expectations about what this experience will be like and are initially in the motivational phase of dog-ownership. Their expectations about taking care of a dog and the benefits of this relationship determine if they will acquire a dog. Once they have acquired a dog, their expectations are tested against reality; they are then in the experience phase of dog-ownership. In this phase, the owner’s relationship with their dog develops, which may be pleasant and satisfying. However, when problems appear, the owner may experience dissatisfaction with their dog. In this study, 183 people who were planning to acquire a dog answered questions before and after acquisition of their dog. How their expectations and beliefs changed over time depended on whether the participants had experience with dogs (owning a dog presently, in the past, or never). In the first six months of ownership, especially for people with no prior experience with dogs, the owners had to adapt their expectations and beliefs. In the subsequent year, only a few differences based on dog ownership history were found. To conclude, the perceptions of dog ownership do change over time, but after testing such perceptions with reality, the perceptions become stable after six months. Abstract In the framework of the early prevention of problems in the owner–dog relationship, it is important to have a broad perspective on the development of this relationship over time, starting before people actually acquire a dog. People who currently (or previously) own(ed) a dog can rely on their experiences when considering a new dog, while this knowledge is unavailable to first time dog-owners. In this study, we explore how self-efficacy, social comparison, perceptions about the (dis)advantages of ownership and commitment to the dog (so-called social cognitive factors), problematic canine behaviors, perceived costs, and satisfaction with the dog change over time. We examine changes from the motivational phase of relationship development (before acquisition of the dog) into the experience phase (six and twelve months after acquisition of the dog). We explore if patterns are different in experienced (previous (n = 73) and current (n = 80)) versus unexperienced (first time (n = 30) dog owners. The respondents filled in three online questionnaires—once before and twice after acquisition of their dog. From T0 (before acquisition of the dog) to T1 (having the dog for six months) participants (especially those with no ownership experience) had to adjust their perceptions about dogs and dog ownership. Experiencing the relationship for an additional year (from T1 to T2) barely changed the social cognitive factors, satisfaction, and perceived costs. A small decline in problematic canine behaviors was present among the experienced dog owners between T1 and T2. To conclude, perceptions about dogs and dog ownership change over time, but after testing these perceptions with reality, they become stable after about six months.
Dietary magnesium requirement and physiological responses of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low salinity water

An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the dietary magnesium (Mg) requirement and physiological responses of Litopenaeus vannamei in low salinity water of 2 g L-1. Casein-gelatin-based diets supplemented with seven levels of Mg (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4 and 8.0 g kg-1) were fed to juvenile shrimp. Prior to the experiment, the postlarvae were gradually acclimated to the low salinity media and fed with a basal diet (0.5 g Mg kg-1) for 2 weeks. After 8 weeks of feeding, survival ranged from 80.11% to 85.65% with no significant difference among the treatments. Hepatopancreas Mg2+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase activities and muscle content of lipid and protein were not significantly affected by graded levels of Mg. The weight gain and mineral (calcium, potassium, sodium and total phosphorus) content of different tissues were significantly affected by dietary Mg levels, while there were no significant differences in ash and zinc content in tissues. The Mg content in tissues except hepatopancreas was maintained relatively constant regardless of dietary treatments. The dietary Mg requirement for optimal growth was 2.60-3.46 g Mg kg-1 by using the polynomial regression analysis based on growth.
Impact of COVID-19: An Indian Perspective

Backgrounds . The Covid-19 pandemic offered a unique opportunity to investigate trends in hospitalizations related to psychoactive substance intoxication, since the usual health burden of social use at parties and gatherings was likely to be decreased during lockdowns and curfew periods. Since young adults are the main users of psychoactive substances for experimental and recreational purposes, this study identified and compared hospitalization trends in young adults and adults over 30 years old. Methods. This national cohort study was conducted using the French hospital discharge database. An interrupted time-series analysis for the period between 2014 and 2020 was performed in two groups: young (age 18-29) and other adults (30+) to ascertain the trends in the monthly incidence of hospitalization related to psychoactive substance intoxication (opiates, cocaine, benzodiazepines, psychostimulants, alcohol and cannabis). Hospitalization characteristics during the first and second lockdown and the period between them were compared to the reference period (from 01/01/2014 to 29/02/2020). Results. Among 1,358,007 stays associated with psychoactive substance intoxication, 215,430 concerned young adults. Compared with adults 30+, hospitalization trends in young adults showed a greater decrease in the number of stays during lockdown, with a maximum decrease of -39% during the first lockdown (1,566 vs . 2,576; CI95%: 2,285-2,868) versus - 20% (10,212 vs . 12,894; CI95%: 12,001-13,787) in the second lockdown. Presentations for alcohol intoxication decreased throughout the pandemic, particularly during the second lockdown, while admissions for benzodiazepine intoxication increased during both lockdowns. Admissions for cannabis intoxication increased throughout the entire period. Conclusions. Lockdowns were associated with fewer hospitalizations related to psychoactive substance intoxication in both age groups, especially among young adults, which might reflect a decrease in social use. Recreational use might therefore be an important target for prevention and risk minimization.
Aberrant Expression of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in Warthin Tumors

The Warthin tumor represents the second most frequent benign tumor of the parotid gland and is characterized by the presence of oncocytes rich in structurally and functionally altered mitochondria. Next to its role in metabolism, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is also implicated in cellular mitophagy. Immunohistochemistry was carried out on Warthin tumor and normal control (parotid gland with striated ducts) tissues, using anti-GAPDH specific antibodies followed by digital image analysis. Laser capture microdissection was used to isolate the oncocytic tumor cell and normal control striated duct compartments for RNA extraction and qPCR. Warthin tumor oncocytes exhibited a markedly spotted GAPDH staining pattern exhibiting cells with cytoplasmic and nuclear, only nuclear or none GAPDH staining. A significantly lower (p < 0.0001) total GAPDH signal was detected in Warthin tumor oncocytes. Similarly, significantly lower (p < 0.005) GAPDH mRNA levels were seen in oncocytes compared with normal ductal cells. To exclude the possibility of this GAPDH staining pattern being a general feature of oncocytic neoplasms of different organs, we tested a cohort of renal oncocytoma and oncocytic chromophobe carcinoma; none showed this type of staining. The observed progressive GAPDH loss in Warthin tumor oncocytes could be implicated in the pathogenesis of Warthin tumors.
Association of Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference with All-Cause Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients

In this study based on a large nationally representative sample of Korean adults, we investigated the potential associations of the body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis. We obtained the data of 18,699 participants >20 years of age who were followed up with for 4 years and for whom BMI and WC information were available, using a nationally representative dataset from the Korean National Health Insurance System. Patients were stratified into five levels by their baseline BMI and into six levels by their WC (5-cm increments). A total of 4975 deaths occurred during a median follow-up period of 48.2 months. Participants with a higher BMI had a lower mortality rate than those with a lower BMI. In a fully adjusted Cox regression analysis, being overweight and obese was associated with a significantly lower relative risk of all-cause mortality relative to the reference group. Conversely, the mortality rate was higher among participants with a high WC than among those with a low WC. Participants with the highest WC had a higher risk of mortality, while those with the lowest WC level had a significantly lower risk of mortality. In conclusion, all-cause mortality was positively associated with WC, a measure of abdominal obesity, and inversely associated with BMI, a measure of body volume, in patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Dynamic statistical model for predicting the risk of death among older Chinese people, using longitudinal repeated measures of the frailty index: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND Frailty is a common characteristic of older people with the ageing process. We aimed to develop and validate a dynamic statistical prediction model to calculate the risk of death in people aged ≥65 years, using a longitudinal frailty index (FI). METHODS One training dataset and three validation datasets from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) were used in our study. The training dataset and validation datasets 1 to 3 included data from 9,748, 7,459, 9,093 and 6,368 individuals, respectively. We used 35 health deficits to construct the FI and a longitudinal FI based on repeated measurement of FI at every wave of the CLHLS. A joint model was used to build a dynamic prediction model considering both baseline covariates and the longitudinal FI. Areas under time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) and calibration curves were employed to assess the predictive performance of the model. RESULTS A linear mixed-effects model used time, sex, residence (city, town, or rural), living alone, smoking and alcohol consumption to calculate a subject-specific longitudinal FI. The dynamic prediction model was built using the longitudinal FI, age, residence, sex and an FI-age interaction term. The AUCs ranged from 0.64 to 0.84, and both the AUCs and the calibration curves showed good predictive ability. CONCLUSIONS We developed a dynamic prediction model that was able to update predictions of the risk of death as updated measurements of FI became available. This model could be used to estimate the risk of death in individuals aged >65 years.
Dysfunctional metacognition processes as risk factors for drunkorexia during adolescence

Abstract Although metacognitive dysfunction has been associated with eating disorders, to our knowledge no study has yet explored the relation between metacognition and drunkorexia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential role of metacognitive processes in drunkorexia in a sample of adolescents. A total sample of 719 adolescents (353 females, 366 boys; age range 15-20) completed a self-report survey composed of Compensatory Eating and Behaviors in Response to Alcohol Consumption Scale, AUDIT-C, Metacognitions Questionnaire-30, and Positive Alcohol Metacognitions Scale. Our results showed that drunkorexia was associated with dysfunctional metacognitive processes; specifically, findings from logistic regression analysis revealed that the metacognitive beliefs in the need to control thoughts, the negative beliefs about the uncontrollability and danger of worrying and the positive metacognitions about alcohol use were significant predictors of drunkorexia. Our study suggests the relevance for prevention efforts to train adolescents to develop alternative self-regulation strategies and more adaptive ways of monitoring thoughts.
EFFECT OF SALINITY AND EXOGENOUSLY APPLIED POLYAMINES ON GROWTH AND ION RELATIONS IN SPINACH

ABSTRACT It has been suggested that polyamines are involved in many growth and development processes in plants and may serve as growth regulators. These nitrogenous compounds have been shown to be involved in cell division, nucleic acid and proteins synthesis, and normal senescence. It is thought by some that polyamines may be involved in the plant's mechanistic response to stress. More importantly, some reports indicate that exogenously applied polyamines can overcome the growth reduction brought about by salinity stress. In this report, growth studies were performed on to examine the effect of exogenously applied putrescine, spermidine, and spermine on the alleviation of salinity stress. Spinacia oleracea, L. cv. Space was chosen since much of our understanding of the sugar metabolism needed for growth has been derived from this plant. Polyamines were applied in a manner used in earlier reports, i.e., foliar spray. The effect of salinity and polyamines on leaf number, leaf area, fresh and dry weight was observed. Our analysis showed that putrescine and spermine had no significant effect on plant growth throughout the range of salinities studied (2 to 11.7 dS m−1). Spermidine slightly decreased growth. Further studies on ion uptake indicated that none of the polyamines tested had a significant effect on plant ion content. While we failed to document any growth response to putrescine or spermine treatment, we did find a significant reduction of growth as salinity increased in the irrigation water. Further analysis of the ion data indicated that K+:Na+ selectivity significantly increased with increasing salinity. This preferential increased influx of K+ ions may be an important mechanism by which spinach maintains low Na+ tissue levels relative to external concentrations. Additionally, Ca2+:Na+ selectivity as measured by the Gapon constant, K g , greatly increased. Conversely, Ca2+:Mg2+ selectivity decreased resulting in an increase in Mg2+ tissue concentrations. Our results are discussed in terms of possible salt tolerance mechanisms in spinach as they relate to the preferential uptake of specific nutrient ions from saline irrigation waters.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Trichoderma viride cooperative effect on biochemical, mineral content, and protein pattern of onion plants.

The benefits of growth-stimulating microbes in crop production represent great opportunities for recent agricultural practices. Thus, the present investigation deals with examining whether arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi or Trichoderma viride application or their dual inoculation could improve the biochemical parameters and mineral and nutrient contents of onion plants (Allium cepa) under glasshouse conditions. The results evidenced that both AM fungi and T. viride are compatible with each other, and their combined use is effective, not only in improving the biochemical parameters, such as total soluble carbohydrates, protein contents, total free amino acids, acid, and alkaline phosphatases, but also in increasing mineral and nutrient contents (N, P, K+ , Ca2+ , Mg2+ , and Zn) in onion plants, in which an increase of 67%, 49%, and 112% was observed in shoot onion P content with AM, T. viride, and with their dual inoculation, respectively, as compared with the controlled ones. Also, AM fungal colonization percentage augmented greatly with T. viride inoculation. Moreover, the protein profile of onion leaves revealed the appearance of newly protein bands with AM and T. viride applications. Therefore, their applications improved onion plant development, which could be used to replace the expensive chemical fertilizers, thus increasing onion quality.
Interactive effects of C, N and P fertilization on soil microbial community structure and function in an Amazonian rain forest

Summary1. Resource control over abundance, structure and functional diversity of soil microbial com-munities is a key determinant of soil processes and related ecosystem functioning. Copiotroph-ic organisms tend to be found in environments which are rich in nutrients, particularly carbon,in contrast to oligotrophs, which survive in much lower carbon concentrations.2. We hypothesized that microbial biomass, activity and community structure in nutrient-poorsoils of an Amazonian rain forest are limited by multiple elements in interaction. We testedthis hypothesis with a fertilization experiment by adding C (as cellulose), N (as urea) and P (asphosphate) in all possible combinations to a total of 40 plots of an undisturbed tropical forestin French Guiana.3. After 2 years of fertilization, we measured a 47% higher biomass, a 21% increase in sub-strate-induced respiration rate and a 5-fold higher rate of decomposition of cellulose paperdiscs of soil microbial communities that grew in P-fertilized plots compared to plots without Pfertilization. These responses were ampliﬁed with a simultaneous C fertilization suggesting Pand C colimitation of soil micro-organisms at our study site.4. Moreover, P fertilization modiﬁed microbial community structure (PLFAs) to a morecopiotrophic bacterial community indicated by a signiﬁcant decrease in the Gram-positive : Gram-negative ratio. The Fungi : Bacteria ratio increased in N fertilized plots,suggesting that fungi are relatively more limited by N than bacteria. Changes in microbialcommunity structure did not aﬀect rates of general processes such as glucose mineralizationand cellulose paper decomposition. In contrast, community level physiological proﬁles under Pfertilization combined with either C or N fertilization or both diﬀered strongly from all othertreatments, indicating functionally diﬀerent microbial communities.5. While P appears to be the most critical from the three major elements we manipulated, thestrongest eﬀects were observed in combination with either supplementary C or N addition insupport of multiple element control on soil microbial functioning and community structure.6. We conclude that the soil microbial community in the studied tropical rain forest and the pro-cessesitdrivesisﬁnelytunedbytherelativeavailabilityinC,NandP.Anyshiftsintherelativeabun-dance of these key elements may aﬀect spatial and temporal heterogeneity in microbial communitystructure,theirassociatedfunctionsandthedynamicsofCandnutrientsintropicalecosystems.Key-words: ecosystem functioning, functional signiﬁcance, microbial community structure,multiple resource limitation, phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA), phosphorus, soil functioning,tropical forest
The effects of hemiparasitic plant removal on community structure and seedling establishment in semi-natural grasslands

Question Hemiparasitic plants can profoundly affect the structure of the community in which they occur, mainly due to parasitic suppression of hosts. As a consequence, non-host species have the opportunity to colonize resulting gaps. In contrast to most grassland species, hemiparasites are generally short-lived and can reach high densities; as a consequence, vegetation gaps are left after their death. These gaps form microsites more suitable for seed germination and therefore might increase recruitment of other species. Which species suffer or profit from parasitism and is there a positive effect on seedling establishment? Location Semi-natural grasslands in northern Belgium. Methods We selected two hemiparasitic plant species from contrasting vegetation types: Rhinanthus angustifolius growing in mesotrophic grassland and Pedicularis sylvatica growing in oligotrophic heath-grassland. A weeding experiment was set up at six sites in which the hemiparasite was repeatedly removed in half of the plots during three growing seasons. The abundance change of individual species was compared between weeded and control plots. After the second growing season, seeds of up to ten species were added. The number of seedlings in the third year was then compared between weeded and control plots. Results Rhinanthus removal significantly affected the abundance of species relative to control plots, both positively and negatively, and decreased the species evenness. Pedicularis removal only increased the abundance of some species. Only Juncaceae (but no other graminoid families) increased after Rhinanthus and Pedicularis weeding, and there was considerable variation within functional groups. Moreover, based on our observations, we propose as a new hypothesis that species with persistent clonal spread are more vulnerable to parasitism. Once attached, resources are potentially drawn from a whole network of interconnected ramets. Finally, only half of the sown species successfully established seedlings; hemiparasite removal had a significantly negative effect on seedling number for two of these species. Conclusions Effects of hemiparasites on species differ considerably, also within functional groups. Persistent clonal spread emerges as an important plant trait determining vulnerability to hemiparasites. Finally, our results suggest that hemiparasitic plants might have a limited positive effect on seedling establishment in these semi-natural grasslands where chances for successful establishment were shown to be low.
Suppression of Bacterial Wilt of Tomato by Ralstonia solanacearum by Incorporation of Composts in Soil and Possible Mechanisms

Different composts were added to a conducive soil to study their effects on the bacterial wilt of tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. The soils to which bark compost, coffee manure and pork manure were added showed higher wilt incidence (more than 5 plants out of 6 wilted) after 30 days of cultivation compared to those in the non-treated soil, while the soils with poultry and farmyard manure (FYM) showed consistently lower wilt incidence (less than one plant out of 6 wilted). Survival of the pathogen was better in the control and in the bark, coffee and pork manure added soils than in the poultry and FYM added soils. A lower C/N ratio and higher amounts of water soluble organic carbon and nitrogen were found in the poultry and FYM than the other composts, suggesting that the contents of easily decomposable organic matters might be higher in the added soils. This was supported by higher numbers of culturable bacteria and fungi and higher microbial activity (measured by CO2 emission and dehydrogenase activity) in the poultry and farmyard manure added soils than in the other compost added soils. This study demonstrated that the bacterial wilt of tomato was suppressed in the poultry and FYM added soils, and higher microbial activity was likely responsible.