Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bidirectional Relationship between HIV/HBV Infection and Comorbid Depression and/or Anxiety: A Systematic Review on Shared Biological Mechanisms

Background: Mental disorders that are comorbid with chronic infectious diseases may worsen clinical outcomes and patients’ quality of life. We hypothesized that depression and/or anxiety syndromes or symptoms comorbid with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection might stem from shared biological mechanisms. Methods: We conducted a systematic review applying the PRISMA statement by searching into the PubMed, APA PsycInfo, and Scopus databases. We examined the literature on HIV/HBV infection comorbid with depression and/or anxiety in adults ≥18 years. Results: Thirty-one studies on HIV and three on HBV were analyzed. The Tat protein contributed to HIV-associated mood disorders due to the protein’s ability to cause neurodegeneration and induce hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation in response to natural stressors. The decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels also emerged as a mechanism involved in HIV neuropathogenesis and the associated mood symptoms. Neuroinflammation was implicated in depression and/or anxiety onset in patients with HIV/HBV infections. Microglial activation and release of cytokines, in particular, appeared as potential pathogenetic mechanisms. Furthermore, an altered balance between quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid production emerged in HIV patients with comorbid depression, indicating a glutamatergic dysfunction. Inflammatory cytokine production and the downregulation of cellular immune responses contributed to persisting inflammation, delayed healing, and functional decline in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. A shift in type 1–type 2 cytokine balance might be implicated in HBV-related immune pathogenesis, and depression and anxiety might be considered immunomodulatory factors. Cytokines also caused HPA axis hyperactivity, frequently observed in HIV/HBV patients with comorbid depression/anxiety. Conclusions: The present systematic review showed, for the first time, that HIV/HBV and depression and/or anxiety might have several biological mechanisms as common denominators. The longitudinal course of the highlighted biological mechanisms should be explored to establish the causative interrelationship among the involved mechanisms. In addition, future research should investigate the possibility that a patient’s clinical outcome might improve using pharmacological treatments acting on the biological mechanisms we described as common denominators of chronic inflammatory infective diseases and depression/anxiety.
THE CONTENT OF VARIOUS DOMESTIC MICROBES AND THEIR CORRELATION TO INHALANT ALLERGEN IN HOUSE DUST BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL RESIDENTS IN MALANG RAYA INDONESIA

This research aimed at: describing the content of various domestic microbes in house dust of urban and rural residents, covering the amount of fungi, E.coli , Salmonella , and Shigella ; and analyzing the correlation between the content of domestic microbes and inhalant allergen level in house dust of urban and rural residents. The results concluded these followings: First, house dust in rural and urban areas was identified to contain domestic microbes. Second, house dust in both urban and rural areas was identified to contain inhalant allergen. Third, there was a correlation between the content of domestic microbes and the level of inhalant allergen in house dust of urban and rural residents. However, not all types of domestic microbes had predictive correlation to the level of inhalant allergen. In the urban areas, the one with predictive correlation was Salmonella ; while in the rural areas, it was E.coli .
Wave atlas for Swiss lakes: modeling design waves in mountainous lakes

The present study aims to provide a comprehensive wave atlas for Swiss lakes. The atlas is an adequate tool that contains wave characteristics of extreme events derived from numerical calculations. Swiss lakes are surrounded by mountains, and the wind field over the lakes is highly influenced by the region’s topography. Therefore, it is important to apply the winds with appropriate direction distribution. The numerical weather prediction model COSMO-2 is used for defining the wind directional distribution, whereas the spectral wave model SWAN is used for wave simulations. The evaluation results are ultimately published on a geographical information internet platform, where a wave rose correlates the wave height to the event frequency for each point on a lake. An accurate knowledge of wave parameters is essential for the design of new shore protection measures, beach erosion control and harbor silting studies.
Eo-Alpine metamorphism and the ‘mid-Miocene thermal event’ in the Western Carpathians (Slovakia): new evidence from multiple thermochronology

Abstract A combination of zircon (U–Th)/He (ZHe), apatite fission track (AFT) and apatite (U–Th)/He (AHe) dating methods is applied to constrain the metamorphic and exhumation history of the Tatric part of the Branisko Mountains in the Western Carpathians. ZHe ages from the basement samples prove the basement experienced a very low-grade to low-grade Eo-Alpine metamorphic overprint in mid-Cretaceous times. Miocene AFT and AHe ages found in the basement and in the Palaeogene sediments conclusively demonstrate that the Branisko Mts experienced a ‘mid-Miocene thermal event’. This thermal event had a regional character and was related to magmatic and/or burial heating that exposed the sediment and basement samples to ~ 120–130°C and ~ 100–190°C, respectively.
On Meso-Neoproterozoic primary petroleum resources

In view of global scale,primary oil and gas reservoirs of the Meso-Neoproterozoic,and even the Lower Cambrian,have been reported in cratons of Siberia,Africa,East Europe,India,Arabia and Australia,especially in the East Siberia and Oman regions,so far the proved oil and gas reserves are up to a scale of 108t to 109t of oil equivalents,which testifies that the Meso-Neoproterozoic petroleum is an energy resource realm worthy of notice.In China,the thermal evolution levels of the Meso-Neoproterozoic,and even the Lower Palaeozoic strata are commonly in overmature phase unfavorable for the preservation of liquid oils,thus,Meso-Neoproterozoic primary oilfields are not yet discovered up to now.However,a large number of oil seepages and/or large scale bituminous veins are found in the Meso-Neoproterozoic,the analysis of the primary petroleum prospectivity would be helpful to guiding the exploration of Meso-Neoproterozoic oil and gas resources.The cumulative thickness of overlying sedimentary covers is not big enough so that the Meso-Neoproterozoic strata have never been deeply buried,or the lithosphere is unusually thickening,resulting in a geological condition of "cool lithosphere and cool basin". Therefore,as the Longmenshan piedmont belt in the Yangtzi Craton and the North Yanshan Depression zone in the North China Craton are taken as examples,the Meso-Neoproterozoic primary hydrocarbons would be always within the category of "liquid oil window",which should still favor the preservation of the Meso-Neoproterozoic primary oil and gas resources.
Unknotting typologies in smallholder farmers investing in seed potato production in South-Western Uganda

ABSTRACT Smallholder farmer participation in seed production ensures seed security among farming communities. Interventions that promote farmer investment in seed production, however, enroll any willing farmer, yet smallholder farmers can be heterogeneously composed of receptive and new intervention-shy individuals. This study sought to identify homogenous typologies of seed potato producers investing in seed potato production in South-Western Uganda. Data collected from 213 farmers and 16 focus group discussions were analyzed using principal component and cluster analysis methods to construct farming typologies. Psychological capital and investment level were major variables in typology distilation. The results revealed 4 seed potato producer typologies including, typology 1 of ‘middle-aged female seed multipliers of moderate psychological capital and low investment level', typology 2 of ‘old-aged seed recyclers of high psychological capital but with the lowest investment level', typology 3 of for ‘young male seed recyclers of moderate psychological capital but with high investment level' and typology 4 of ‘young male seed multipliers of high psychological capital and the highest investment level’. Investing in seed potato production across the typologies was constrained by identical factors, including land shortage, limited access to markets, credit facilities and seed storage facilities. Seed interventionists are recommended to focus on typology 4, 3 and 1 producers. Future typology studies should include psychological factors to introduce practical variability nested in individual interpretations of seemly constant contexts.
Water and Energy Exchanges at Forests and a Grassland in Eastern Siberia Evaluated using a One-dimensional Land Surface Model

Water and energy exchanges are evaluated for two larch forests, one pine forest, and one grassland area in eastern Siberia near Yakutsk using a one-dimensional land surface model. Diurnal and seasonal variations of fluxes are simulated reasonably with general stomatal parameters at all sites. In the grassland site, the Bowen ratio is 0.2 in midsummer; it is smaller than that in forest sites (about 1). Sensitivity tests indicate that leaf area should be given accurately along with total plant area index including stem and branch areas. If both plant and leaf areas are given, the outline of seasonal heat balance can be simulated using the same stomatal parameters for forests and grassland sites with the model. In the larch site on the left bank of the Lena River, although input precipitation varies widely from 82 to 236 mm year to year from 1998 through 2000, calculated total evapotranspiration varies only within a range of 50 mm around 238 mm in the larch site. Understory evapotranspiration contributes 37%‐44% to total evapotranspiration; interception is 15%‐21% of precipitation. Evapotranspiration normalized by potential evaporation is 0.37 for larch sites almost independent of year; for grassland it is 0.52. At some sites, evapotranspiration in the warm season exceeds precipitation, thereby implying either a warm-season depletion of water storage in the soil column (most likely melted water from the thawing of the soil) or a horizontal transport of subsurface melt water from neighboring areas, or both.
Improved Quantification of Arterial Spin Labelling Images using Partial Volume Correction Techniques

Arterial Spin Labelling (ASL) MRI suffers from a phenomenon known as the partial volume effect (PVE), which causes a degradation in accuracy of quantitative perfusion estimates. The effect is caused by inadequate spatial resolution of the imaging system. Resolution of the system is determined by point spread function (PSF) of the imaging process and the voxel grid on which the image is sampled. ASL voxels are comparatively large, which leads to tissue signal mixing within an individual voxel that results in an underestimation of grey matter (GM) and overestimation of white matter (WM) perfusion. PV correction of ASL images is not routinely applied. When PVC is applied, it usually takes the form of correcting for tissue fraction only, often by masking voxels with a partial volume fraction below a certain threshold. There are recent efforts to correct for tissue fraction effect through the use of linear regression or Bayesian inferencing using high resolution tissue posterior probability maps to estimate tissue concentration. This thesis reports an investigation into techniques for PVC of ASL images. An extension to the linear regression method is described, using a 3D kernel to reduce the inherent blurring of this method and preserve spatial detail. An investigation into the application of a Bayesian inferencing toolkit (BASIL) to single timepoint ASL data to estimate GM and WM perfusion in the absence of kinetic information is described. BASIL is found to rely heavily on the spatial prior for perfusion when the number of signal averages is less than three, and is outperformed by linear regression in terms of spatial smoothing until five or more averages are used. An existing method of creating partial volumes estimates from low resolution data is modified to use a voxelwise estimation for the longitudinal relaxation of GM, which improves segmentation estimates in the deep GM structures and improves GM perfusion estimates. An estimate for the width of the PSF for the 3D GRASE imaging sequence used in these studies is made and incorporated into a complete solution for PVC of ASL data, which deblurs the data through the process of deconvolution of the PSF, prior to a correction for the tissue fraction effect. This is found to elevate GM and reduce WM perfusion to a greater extent than correcting for tissue fraction alone, even in the case of a segmented acquisition. The new method for PVC is applied to two clinical cohorts; a Frontal Temporal Dementia and Posterior Cortical Atrophy groups. These two populations exhibit differential patterns of cortical atrophy and reduced tissue metabolism, which remains after PV correction.
Deformation of water-saturated sand: I. uniform undrained deformation and shear banding

Experimental results from undrained plane-strain (biaxial) compression tests on water-saturated St Peter sandstone sand are analysed within the framework of continuum mixtures theory for elastoplastic materials with internal friction and dilatancy. The simple theoretical frame of non-associative plasticity is shown to be adequate for reproducing the main features of the stress–strain curves and the effective stress paths of uniformly deformed undrained specimens under axial displacement control and constant confining pressure. The outstanding stress states, such as the states of stationary deviators, the states of zero plastic volumetric strain rates and the states of zero pore-water pressure production, are defined precisely and characterized. In displacement-controlled tests and for significant portions of the effective stress path the second order plastic work is negative without visible deviations from homogeneous isochoric deformation. It is also shown that in ordinary soil mechanics testing situatio.
Analysis of students' environmental literacy at senior high school 10 palembang on environmental pollution material

The global concern for environmental issues is widely discussed worldwide. Environmental literacy, encompassing concerns for the environment, is crucial to prevent human-induced environmental damage. Education plays a pivotal role in enhancing this literacy. This research aims to describe the environmental literacy abilities of students at Senior High School 10 Palembang, namely a school that is environmentally conscious regarding environmental pollution material. The research method is descriptive research and survey techniques. The research sample was 36 students of class XI Science. The sample used a purposive sampling technique. The research instrument includes 31 multiple-choice questions for knowledge and cognitive skills and 37 questionnaire statements for behavioral and affective indicators. Data analysis was carried out by calculating the average achievement of indicator students' environmental literacy scores in the form of percentages. Analysis revealed an overall environmental literacy percentage of 49.06% in the quite good category. However, specific indicators, notably knowledge (39.44%) and cognitive skills (29.52%) poor category. Behavioral indicators (60.94%) were quite a good category, and affective indicators stood (66.33%) good category, indicating room for improvement, especially in knowledge and cognitive skills. Teachers could enhance environmental literacy by employing innovative strategies, particularly in biology classes discussing environmental pollution.
Evaluation of international shielding recommendations and applications in selected diagnostic radiology departments in Sudan

The present studyinvestigates the differences betwe en two recommendations (NCRP49& NCRP147) and their applications to calculate the shielding requirement for primary and secondary radiation barrier of an x-ray facility in four hospitals in Sudan. The studied facilities have different layout and dimension where the rooms have divergence from standard radiographic room dimensio n. The investigations were performed at the followi ng hospitals: 1) Khartoum hospital (Sudatel), 2) Khart oum hospital, 3) Khartoum Bahry hospital and 4) Al Qwaity specialist hospital. Measurement of unshielded scat ter and leakage radiation at selected point around the examination table and the scatter dose were carried out. The product of dose per unit of workload‐ x-r ay workload ‐ scatter fraction and field size as corrected for inverse square law were calculated. A comparison of scattered dose and workload distribution show that when workload dconcept is utilized to determine the do se due to scatter radiation, the unshielded scatter doses is lower than that generated by the NCRP 49 when the w orkload is performed at a single kv p. The research show that NCRP 147 reduce the thick ness of primary barriers e to 1) Khartoum hospital (Sudatel) 55% , 2) Khartoum hospi tal 56% , 3) Khartoum Bahry hospital 46% and 4) AlQ waity specialist hospital 48% than traditional method bas ed on report NCRP 49 when the workload is performed at a single kv p. Also leakage radiation was calculate and the rof the calculated to measured dose level insid e the xray room show that the exposure inside the rooms wa s highly variable and the difference between the ca lculated and measurement scatter were attributed due to measure ment uncertainties - the scatter from the surroundi ng material in x-ray room - x-ray absorption by objects inside x-ray rooms. Primary and secondary thicknesses acco rding to report 49 were estimated in order to determine lead thickness required to shield the barrier. It is found that the new method (NCRP147) better determines the thickness of the barrier required.
CARDIAC ARREST: A BEFORE-AND-AFTER POPULATION-BASED STUDY

Objective: A multi-tiered response (MTR) system has been controversial in terms of cost-effectiveness and outcome improvement. It remains uncertain whether a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)-targeted tiered response system is associated with better outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). This study aimed to investigate the effect of an MTR on OHCA outcomes. Methods: A natural experimental study was conducted for resuscitation-attempted adult OHCAs. The MTR system was implemented in Korea by the National Fire Agency in 2015 across the country where the single-tiered ambulance response system existed. The MTR program had the following 3 components: 1) detection of OHCA by dispatcher, 2) dispatch of ambulance or fire engine in addition to routine dispatch of ambulance, and 3) performance of team CPR. The study period of 2015–2016 was divided by 6 months (phases I [reference], II, III, and IV). The endpoints were prehospital defibrillation, prehospital return of spontaneous circulation (PROSC), survival to discharge and good neurological recovery. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of the intervention, and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: A total of 32,663 eligible OHCA cases were evaluated during the study period. As the intervention program spread, the MTR with ambulance increased (from 7.0% in phase I to 53.7% in phase IV, p for trend < 0.01). During the study period, prehospital defibrillation increased from 23.6% in phase I to 26.9% in phase IV and the study outcome was improved from 7.4 to 12.6% for PROSC, from 6.7 to 9.1% for survival to discharge, and from 4.5 to 5.8% for good neurological outcome (p for trend < 0.01 for all). Compared with phase I, the AORs (95% CI) of phase IV were 1.16 (1.08–1.25) for prehospital defibrillation, 1.82 (1.63–2.04) for PROSC, 1.37 (1.21–1.56) for survival to discharge, and 1.23 (1.06–1.43) for good neurological outcome. Conclusion: The nationwide implementation of a multi-tiered response system for OHCA was associated with increased prehospital defibrillation and improved outcomes of OHCA patients.
Summary of Exploration Geochemical and Mineralogical Studies at the Giant Pebble Porphyry Cu-Au-Mo Deposit, Alaska: Implications for Exploration Under Cover

Exploration geochemical and mineralogical studies by the U.S. Geological Survey at the Pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit were designed to (1) determine whether the concealed deposit can be detected with surface samples, (2) better understand the processes of metal migration from the deposit to the surface, and (3) test existing methods for assessing concealed mineral resources and/or develop new ones. Surface water (ponds, streams, and springs), pond and stream sediment, soils subjected to various leaching techniques, and glacial till samples were collected. The tilted nature of the undisturbed orebody, varying depth of cover, and later glacial processes, strongly influence the geochemical responses and processes active on the various sample media. The multimedia approach aids in identifying possible processes that caused the significant geochemical variations within and among the various media. These processes include the following: 1. In the Pebble West zone, thin cover and local exposure of the orebody have facilitated the oxidation of pyrite and other sulfides, and associated ferrous-ferric iron reactions, resulting in the local natural acidification of ponds observed in the West zone, and in associated metal anomalies in waters, sediments, and soils. 2. In contrast, the East zone is concealed by both glacial deposits and underlying thick cover rocks, which precludes the oxidation of sulfides in the underlying orebody. Low-level geochemical anomalies in circumneutral spring and pond waters from the East zone are discernible only by using high resolution-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with lower limits of determination two and perhaps three orders of magnitude lower than traditional methods. A variety of partial leaches of soils over the East zone reveal geochemical anomalies in a similar suite of elements that may be related to upwelling waters from depth along graben-bounding faults. 3. The indicator minerals gold, jarosite, and andradite in till reveal a displaced mineralogical anomaly to the west and south of the Pebble orebody, as ore-related minerals were scraped from the orebody and deposited in till downice of the deposit. Geochemical anomalies in pond water and sediment over the displaced till are attributed to the ore-related minerals in till. This orientation study demonstrates the strong control of local geologic and geochemical settings on the effectiveness of different traditional and newer reconnaissance geochemical exploration techniques and thus has important implications for exploration.