Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chronic Cerebral Ischaemia Forms New Cholinergic Mechanisms of Learning and Memory

The purpose of this research was a comparative analysis of cholinergic synaptic organization following learning and memory in normal and chronic cerebral ischaemic rats in the Morris water maze model. Choline acetyltransferase and protein content were determined in subpopulations of presynapses of “light” and “heavy” synaptosomal fractions of the cortex and the hippocampus, and the cholinergic projective and intrinsic systems of the brain structures were taken into consideration. We found a strong involvement of cholinergic systems, both projective and intrinsic, in all forms of cognition. Each form of cognition had an individual cholinergic molecular profile and the cholinergic synaptic compositions in the ischaemic rat brains differed significantly from normal ones. Our data demonstrated that under ischaemic conditions, instead of damaged connections new key synaptic relationships, which were stable against pathological influences and able to restore damaged cognitive functions, arose. The plasticity of neurochemical links in the individual organization of certain types of cognition gave a new input into brain pathology and can be used in the future for alternative corrections of vascular and other degenerative dementias.
On the scope and assessment of pesticides in groundwater in Skåne, Sweden

Pesticides are known to occur in groundwater worldwide. However, long-term pollution concerns and cause-effect relationships for specific regions remain limited. This thesis explores the occurrence of pesticides in south-Swedish groundwater, with the aims of providing a better knowledge basis for assessment and management of present-day and future pollution risks. The investigations are restricted to Skane, which is a relatively populous, intensively cultivated and geologically diverse region located at the tip of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The research shows that pesticides are present in very different types of groundwater systems around Skane, suggesting a wide-ranging, multi-faceted and potentially long-lasting pollution concern. Seemingly, it is only the groundwater environments devoid of influence of waters having recharged since the onset of widespread pesticide use that may be regarded as completely safe and unaffected. Many of the pesticides detected stem from past, less restricted use, primarily for weed control outside of agriculture. Yet, current and future pollution concerns should not be regarded only as a matter of “old sins” as residues from currently used substances manifestly continue to leach towards and into the groundwater system. Through various analyses of comprehensive data sets both at the regional and the catchment scale, a number of particularly important aspects of regional pesticide occurrence in groundwater and future prediction thereof are inferred and investigated. In addition to application intensities and fundamental physicochemical pesticide properties, these include precipitation and recharge patterns in relation to pesticide application events, (mainly superficial) sorption and degradation processes efficiencies, multiple-scale subsurface physical heterogeneity directing water and solute flow (particularly the presence of preferential flow pathways), and groundwater turnover rates. Environmental tracers show great potential as tools for simple but effective calibration of transport models and for deciphering pollution trends and patterns. However, there are certain tracer-specific complications in need of further attention for future application in Skane. For the future, regional as well as nationwide monitoring of pesticides in groundwater needs to be expanded and regulated for sound groundwater and pollution risk management and in order to be able to comply with environmental directives and the EU Water Framework Directive.
Aspects of the validation of magnetic remanence in meteorites

Abstract— Meteorite magnetic records constitute physical evidence of processes acting during early solar system evolution. Consequently, the validation of these records is important in meteorite research. The first step in the validation process should be the REM value. The REM value is the ratio of natural remanence (NRM) to saturation remanent magnetization imparted by a 1 T magnetic field (SIRM). The REM values range over 3 to 4 orders of magnitude for stony meteorites and for chondrules from Allende (C3V‐S1), Bjurböle (L4‐S1), and Chainpur (LL3‐S1) meteorites.
Relationship between serum uric acid and clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors and renal disorders among Shanghai population: a multicentre and cross-sectional study

Objectives To estimate the current prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors (CRFs) and renal disorders across serum uric acid (SUA) quartiles, and evaluate the relationships between SUA and CRFs and renal diseases in Shanghai population. Study design Observational, cross-sectional study. Setting Data were obtained from the physical check-up of local residents at three hospitals in Shanghai. Participants Residents were invited to take part in a physical check-up and provided informed consent. Exclusion criteria were diseases that resemble cancer, hepatic disease, and other coexisting illnesses including autoimmune kidney diseases and renal artery stenosis, individuals treated with xanthine oxidase inhibitors, and those with incomplete information. There are 26 768 individuals in our study. Primary and secondary outcome measures Hyperuricaemia was defined as SUA ≥7 mg/dL in men and ≥6 mg/dL in women or taking xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Subjects were divided into gender-specific quartiles. We estimate the prevalence of CRFs and renal disorders across SUA quartiles. The relationships between SUA and CRFs and renal disorders in both genders were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Results There was a significant increase in the prevalence of major CRFs and renal diseases across SUA quartiles in a separate analysis among men and women (all p trend <0.001). After multiple adjustment, hyperuricaemia positively correlated with obesity (male OR=3.165, p<0.001; female OR=3.776, p<0.001), hypertension (male OR=1.341, p<0.001; female OR=1.289, p=0.006), dyslipidaemia (male OR=2.490, p<0.001; female OR=3.614, p<0.001), chronic kidney disease (male OR=7.081, p<0.001; female OR=11.571, p<0.001) and nephrolithiasis (male OR=1.469, p<0.001; female OR=1.242, p=0.041), but negatively correlated with diabetes mellitus (male OR=0.206, p<0.001; female OR=0.524, p<0.001). There was a stronger association between hyperuricaemia and clustered CRFs as well as chronic kidney disease in women than in men. Conclusions In Shanghai population, concomitant with the elevated level of SUA, the prevalence of CRFs and renal diseases was rising. Hyperuricaemia was significantly associated with CRFs and renal disorders, especially in women.
Numerical Modeling of Surface Waves Over Shallow Cavities

A new stable and accurate, finite-difference 2D elastic seismic wave propagation modeling algorithm is developed, with a Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition to avoid reflections from the edges of the numerical model. This is used to study the interaction of seismic surface waves with near-surface heterogeneities. The effects of different empty cavity shapes and depths and altered zones is evaluated from the direct and diffracted seismograms and corresponding Rayleigh wave dispersion images. Differential seismograms calculated for models both with and without a cavity show a complex, non-symmetrical, diffraction pattern and their dispersion images show well-localized scattering from heterogeneities. Missing coherent energy appears in specific frequency bands, related to the cavity depth, shape and degree of modification of the surrounding medium. The cavity more strongly affects seismograms when it is shallower. A 2‐m deep rectangular cavity generates more severe perturbations than a.
Linear planetary wave dynamics in a 2.5-layer ventilated thermocline model

Linear planetary wave dynamics in a 2.5-layer ventilated thermocline model is investigated by a local eigenvalue analysis and simple numerical computations. It is known that there are two types of waves in this system; we refer to one of them as the N-mode (Non-Doppler shift mode), which propagates almost westward, and the other as the A-mode (Advection mode), which propagates almost along the second layer basic current. First, we study the local longwave dynamics, assuming that the wavelength is much longer than the deformation radius and shorter than the gyre scale. It is shown that the N-mode and the A-mode cannot neatly be separated in the ventilated zone, and even in the Rhines and Young pool, a compact A-mode disturbance cannot exist by itself. When anomalous Ekman pumping is applied in the ventilated zone, the N-mode is generated in the forcing region, and the A-mode is generated at the wave front of the N-mode. For diabatic forcing, a similar phenomenon occurs. It is also found that the shadow zone is unstable to longwave disturbances. Secondly, the wave behavior in the linear planetary geostrophic model is numerically investigated. The main features can be interpreted by the local wave dynamics, and the disturbances around the maximum amplitudes are dominated by the waves whose wavenumber vectors are perpendicular to the second layer potential vorticity contours. The amplitude changes during the wave propagation are also discussed. Finally, the effects of the finite wavelength are studied. The N-mode is strongly dispersive at the scale of the Rossby deformation radius, while the A-mode is weakly dispersive. It is also shown that the ventilated zone is unstable to shortwave disturbances, although it is stable to longwave disturbances.
Observational constraints on the causes of Holocene CO2 change

The mechanisms that controlled past atmospheric CO2 levels are not directly measurable, hence many proxy data sources are combined when reconstructing past carbon cycling. The accuracy of Holocene modeling reconstructions is checked by seeking consistency between data‐based observables and their numerically simulated counterparts. A new framework is presented to evaluate which combinations of observables can best constrain carbon cycle mechanisms with the minimum of uncertainty. We show that when previous studies have combined ocean temperatures, ocean [CO32−], and the δ13C of atmospheric CO2 as observables, uncertainties in the data sources are amplified by over 2 orders of magnitude when reconstructing the mechanisms responsible for CO2 increase. However, incorporating mean δ13C of ocean DIC since 8000 years ago as an additional data source reduces the uncertainties by more than a factor of 5, making this observable a priority for future research. Our analysis indicates that the 20 ppm increase in CO2 between 8000 years BP and preindustrial was caused by significant CaCO3 precipitation and a reduction in the ocean soft tissue pump. Meanwhile, an increase in terrestrial carbon storage opposed the CO2 increase. The methods presented here are useful for investigating a range of paleoclimate events.
A seismic reflection profile study of lithospheric flexure in the vicinity of the Cape Verde Islands

[1] Seismic reflection profile data are used to determine the stratigraphic “architecture” of the flexural moat that flanks the Cape Verde Islands. The moat region is characterized by upward of 1–2 km of poorly to well-stratified material. The two lowermost units thicken from west to east and are attributed to sediment loading and flexure at the nearby West Africa continental margin during Early Cretaceous to early Miocene. The two uppermost units, in contrast, thicken concentrically around the islands and are attributed to the infilling of a flexural moat that formed by volcanic loading since the early Miocene. Flexure modeling shows that the thickness of the moat infill cannot be explained only by surface loading and requires that the downward flexure due to surface loads is opposed by an upward acting subsurface load. The best fit combined surface and buried loading model is for an elastic thickness, Te, of 29 km, a load and infill density of 2700 kg m−3, and a ratio of surface to subsurface loads, f, of 0.2. These results are in accord with spectral studies of free-air gravity anomaly and topography data based on the admittance technique. The subsurface loads are spatially limited to the islands and their submarine flanks. Nevertheless, they are associated with a broad regional uplift of up to ∼400 m. The uplift is large enough to explain why the moat infill is generally tilted away from, rather than toward, the islands. The uplift is too small, however, to account for the height of the swell, upon which the Cape Verde Islands are superimposed. The origin of the Cape Verde swell is not known. However, a normal Te and a modest heat flow anomaly suggest that the swell cannot be fully explained by uplift due to thermal reheating of the lithosphere by an underlying “hot spot” and that other, deep-seated, mantle processes must be involved.
Numerical performances of a hybrid local‐time stepping strategy applied to the reverse time migration

The numerical simulation of wave propagation in heterogeneous media involves very significant computational costs that can be considerably reduced by using finite elements whose order is adapted to the characteristics of the medium. In this paper, we show that we can further reduce these costs by using a mixed time scheme, combining two discrete formulas and using local time steps. We illustrate the effectiveness of the new scheme considering an application to seismic imaging treated by reverse time migration. We also show that the new scheme greatly reduces the numerical dispersion problems that appear frequently when adapting the orders of approximation in space only.
Pimecrolimus cream in the management of patients with atopic eczema

: Atopic eczema is a common pediatric skin disorder. This review examines the use of pimecrolimus cream in the treatment of acute and chronic stages of the disease. The standard therapy is the treatment of acute flares with topical medications including pimecrolimus. The use of pimecrolimus cream for the first sign and symptoms of atopic eczema reduces the occurrence of flares as defined by the need for topical corticosteroids. The side effects of pimecrolimus cream are mild without any increase of infections or systemic immune suppression.
Chemistry of rainfall, throughfall and stemflow in a eucalypt forest and a pine plantation in south-eastern Australia: 2. Throughfall

A rainfall event-based study allowed the examination of factors affecting the amounts and chemical concentrations of throughfall. The amount and frequency of antecedent rainfall was of influence in both forests, in that concentrations were higher with dry antecedent conditions. The debarking season influenced throughfall in the eucalypt forest. Potassium was the dominant cation in the throughfall of both forests, being 50% of the sum of the major cations (Ca, Mg, Na and K) for the pines and 70% for the eucalypts. The largest difference was in sodium, being 29% of the combined cations for the pines and 10% for the eucalypts. There was net uptake of hydrogen ions from rainfall for both forests, i.e. throughfall was less acid than rainfall, but release occurred for a significant proportion of events and was associated with higher rainfall pH. There was a small net input of NH4-N and NO3-N by the eucalypts. A more substantial input of both ions occurred in the pines. However, uptake and release of both ions occurred for different events in both forests. Throughfall samples taken during events showed that the chemical concentration was related to variations in the intensity and continuity of the rainfall, particularly for the major cations. NH4-N and NO3-N did not always follow the cation trends through time.
117. Comparative Analysis of Two Hemiarthroplasty Techniques for Symptomatic Distal Radial Ulnar Joint

PURPOSE: The purpose of our study was to examine the outcomes between operative and non-operative management for all comers carrying a diagnosis of pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis (PFT) using a large national database. In the absence of clinical trials and paucity of evidence regarding the treatment for this diagnosis, we aimed to provide clarity as to whether conservative, non-operative management provides acceptable outcomes with primary endpoints being 90-day readmission and amputation. METHODS: ICD-10 codes were used to identify patients admitted with PFT from 2016-2019 within the National Readmissions Database, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. We identified baseline comorbidities and socioeconomic characteristics. We then identified the top ten diagnoses of 90-day readmissions. A multivariate regression analysis was then performed to identify factors associated with 90-day readmissions and a separate multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with amputation during the initial admission. Patients were then separated into two groups: those that underwent drainage of the flexor tendon sheath vs. those who did not undergo operative intervention based on ICD-10 PCS pro-cedure codes. Baseline characteristics between the two groups were then compared, and 90-day readmission rate, amputation rate, and length of stay were then determined amongst the two groups. RESULTS: We identified a weighted count of 16,596 cases of PFT. The overall 90-day readmissions rate was 13.25% for all comers. Nine out of ten of the leading diagnoses associated with readmission were infectious sequelae. The variables associated with 90-day readmission on multivariate regression analysis were higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (
Allelopathy in Agroecosystems

Summary Allelopathy plays an important role in the agroecosys-tems leading to a wide array of interactions between crop-crop, crop-weed and tree-crops. Generally, these interactions are harmful to the receiver plants but provide a selective benefit to the donor. Soil microbes play a key role in determining such interactions as they not only alter the nature of allelopathic interactions but also modify the expression of allelochemicals. Soil sickness problem in the croplands could also be attributed to the allelopathic property or even the autotoxicity. The allelochemicals released largely by the plant residues that are left in the fields after the harvest of crops add to the multifarious problems. If properly managed, these residues could be used for controlling weeds and pests. As is true for any chemical based response, allelopathic interactions are also concentration specific. The promotory functions that are inbuilt need to be worked out and exploited. Now a days allelopathic interactions, in general,.
Behavioral and Brain Functions

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), characterized by hyperactivity, impulsiveness and deficient sustained attention, is one of the most common and persistent behavioral disorders of childhood. ADHD is associated with catecholamine dysfunction. The catecholamines are important for response selection and memory formation, and dopamine in particular is important for reinforcement of successful behavior. The convergence of dopaminergic mesolimbic and glutamatergic corticostriatal synapses upon individual neostriatal neurons provides a favorable substrate for a three-factor synaptic modification rule underlying acquisition of associations between stimuli in a particular context, responses, and reinforcers. The change in associative strength as a function of delay between key stimuli or responses, and reinforcement, is known as the delay of reinforcement gradient. The gradient is altered by vicissitudes of attention, intrusions of irrelevant events, lapses of memory, and fluctuations in dopamine function. Theoretical and experimental analyses of these moderating factors will help to determine just how reinforcement processes are altered in ADHD. Such analyses can only help to improve treatment strategies for ADHD. Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common and persistent behavioral disorders of childhood, consisting of developmentally inappropriate, persistent, and impairing levels of hyperactivity, impulsiveness and inattention [1]. The prevalence of the disorder is similar in different cultures [2-4], about 5% of school-aged children [5] and 4% of adults [6] are affected worldwide. The disorder places the child at increased risk of school failure, juvenile delinquency, criminality, substance abuse, and HIV/AIDS as a consequence of sexual promiscuity and disregard for preventative measures [79]. For these reasons, the disorder is extremely costly to the afflicted individuals, their families, and to their society Published: 18 February 2009 Behavioral and Brain Functions 2009, 5:7 doi:10.1186/1744-9081-5-7 Received: 4 August 2008 Accepted: 18 February 2009 This article is available from: http://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions. com/content/5/1/7 © 2009 Johansen et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Factors Influencing Sustainability Of Water Treatment Projects. A Case Of Innovations For Poverty Action Chlorine Project In Rachuonyo South District, Homabay County, Kenya

xix ii CHAPTER ONE . 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1Background of the study . 1 1.2 Statements of the problem . 6 1.3 Purpose of the study . 7 1.4 Objectives of the study . 7 1.5 Research questions . 7 1.6 Significance of the study . 8 1.7 Basic assumptions of the study . 8 1.8 Limitations of the study . 9 1.9 Delimitations of the study . 9 1.10 Definition of significant terms used in the study . 9 1.11 Organization of the study . 10 CHAPTER TWO . 11 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW . 11 2.
The Importance of High-Frequency Sea Surface Temperature Variability to the Intraseasonal Oscillation of Indian Monsoon Rainfall

Abstract While the Indian monsoon exhibits substantial variability on interannual time scales, its intraseasonal variability (ISV) is of greater magnitude and hence of critical importance for monsoon predictability. This ISV comprises a 30–50-day northward-propagating oscillation (NPISO) between active and break events of enhanced and reduced rainfall, respectively, over the subcontinent. Recent studies have implied that coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) were better able to simulate the NPISO than their atmosphere-only counterparts (AGCMs). These studies have forced their AGCMs with SSTs from coupled integrations or observations from satellite-based infrared sounders, both of which underestimate the ISV of tropical SSTs. The authors have forced the 1.25° × 0.83° Hadley Centre Atmospheric Model (HadAM3) with a daily, high-resolution, observed SST analysis from the United Kingdom National Center for Ocean Forecasting that contains greater ISV in the Indian Ocean than past products. One ensemble of .