Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Multimedia Tool to Deliver Professional Development of Vocabulary Instruction

Supporting teachers' implementation of evidence-based vocabulary practices with fidelity during instruction is critical. In this study, researchers investigated a multimedia-based intervention that integrates a modeling video and a Content Acquisition Podcast (i.e., video plus CAP) to teach elementary teachers how to implement a vocabulary intervention to students performing below grade level. The video plus CAP tool was created based on theories of cognitive learning. Researchers observed teachers during a four-week span following professional development using this intervention. Results demonstrated that teachers consistently increased their use of practices associated with an evidence-based vocabulary intervention. The video plus CAP tool has promising implications for teacher professional development as a way of bridging the research to practice gap.
Modeled variations of precipitation over the Greenland Ice Sheet

Abstract A parameterization of the synoptic activity at 500 hPa and a simple orographic scheme are used to model the spatial and temporal variations of precipitation over the Greenland Ice Sheet for 1963–88 from analyzed geopotential height fields produced by the National Meteorological Center (NMC). Model coefficients are fitted to observed accumulation data, primarily from the summit area of the ice sheet. All major spatial characteristics of the observed accumulation distribution are reproduced apart from the orographic accumulation maximum over the northwestern coastal slopes. The modeled time-averaged total precipitation amount over Greenland is within the range of values determined by other investigators from surface-based observations. A realistic degree of interannual variability in precipitation is also simulated. A downward trend in simulated ice sheet precipitation over the 26 years is found. This is supported by a number of lines of evidence. It matches the accumulation trends during this peri.
Identification of geographic runoff sources in a data sparse region: hydrological processes and the limitations of tracer‐based approaches

There exists a growing need to improve our understanding of catchment processes on larger scales. This need is especially enhanced in rapidly developing countries such as China where the turnover of traditionally used land to urbanized and industrialized areas influences water resources. In this study, we chose a multi‐tracer approach in a large, ungauged basin in Inner Mongolia to elucidate the processes that generate stream flow. We applied end member mixing analysis (EMMA) to identify and quantify the major runoff generating sources in a three end member system. Stream water and a set of eight possible end members were sampled throughout three consecutive vegetation periods. Samples were analysed with an inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) and an ion chromatograph (IC) for a suite of 33 solutes including 24 cations and 7 anions. We determined that seven tracers exhibited conservative behaviour, they were Li, Rb, Sr, Na, Mg, Cl and electrical conductivity (EC). Stable water isotopes (δD and δ18O) highlight differences between the end members. Our results indicate strong interannual variability of end member composition and contribution between the 3 years. We were able to identify shallow groundwater aquifers as important runoff generating sources in some years and deeper groundwater aquifers in other years which vary in rainfall and discharge. A shallow sand dune aquifer which covers a significant part of the area plays an important role in storing and contributing water to the river. Our results also suggest that the major runoff generating source in the dryer year has not been identified yet. Our results prompt us to focus future work on understanding interannual changes in end member contribution especially in semi‐arid regions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear internal waves generated and trapped upstream of islands in the Kuroshio

Nonlinear internal waves (NIWs) induce strong surface currents which are observable in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. SAR images of the Kuroshio show parabolic features around Japan's Izu Islands implying possible NIWs. Most images were taken during the summer when the Kuroshio approached the islands, and the winds were relatively weak. Nonhydrostatic numerical simulations revealed that around the islands, mode 1 internal waves are not trapped but higher modes, with lower propagation speeds, are trapped. The surface convergence field predicted by the model reproduces prominent, parabolic features observed in the SAR images. Based on this agreement, we suggest that the NIWs are generated around the Izu Islands by the Kuroshio and the parabolic features detected by SAR are surface manifestations of these NIWs. Specific atmospheric and oceanic conditions which are conducive for NIW detection by SAR are defined.
Interpretation of non‐double‐couple earthquake mechanisms derived from moment tensor inversion

Some of the proposed physical explanations for non-double-couple moment tensor inversion results for shallow-focus earthquakes include source multiplicity, rupture on nonplanar fault surfaces, and tensile failure under high fluid pressure. Experiments using synthetic seismograms demonstrate that the first two effects can result in non-double-couple mechanisms due to the inadequacy of the source model used in the inversion; the latter explanation, however, implies the existence of non-double-couple mechanisms that are intrinsic to the source process. A waveform inversion algorithm for estimating seismic source parameters, in which the elements of the deviatoric moment tensor are allowed to have indepedent time histories, is applied to four approximately equal sized (M ∼ 6) shallow-focus earthquakes, all of which had large non-double-couple components in their moment tensor solutions when the solutions were constrained to be point sources with step function time histories. The Coalinga, California, event of May 2, 1983, is shown to have had a complex source with a significant change in geometry, and the Yemen earthquake of December 13, 1982, is shown to have been a multiple event with little or no change in source orientation. Of the two largest events in the May 1980 Mammoth Lakes, California, sequence, the larger had a complex time history, but the smaller showed no evidence of source complexity. For these two events, tensile failure under high fluid pressure is the most likely explanation for the large non-double-couple components. For the larger event the complex time history could be explained by the existence of barriers to fluid flow which are broken during the rupture process. Thus all three of the previously mentioned explanations, either alone or in combination, may result in non-double-couple solutions being found.
The geochemistry of Atlantic hydrothermal particles

Particles were collected from the dilute portion of neutrally buoyant hydrothermal plumes from four Mid-Atlantic Ridge sites (MARK, 23°N; TAG, 26°N; Broken Spur, 29°N; Lucky Strike, 37°N). Comparison of data from proximal portions of the TAG (Atlantic) [German et al., 1991; this study] and North Cleft (Pacific) [Feely et al., 1994] plumes show that oxyanion (e.g., V) scavenging is more efficient at TAG, possibly due to a higher proportion of Fe removed as sulfides at North Cleft and/or the more vigorous mixing in the high energy TAG buoyant plume. Chalcophile elements (e.g., Cu) show two stage removal. They are precipitated as sulfides during initial mixing of vent fluids with seawater and are sedimented from the buoyant plume. In the dilute plume they are scavenged from seawater by Fe oxyhydroxides. The REE show continued scavenging in the neutrally buoyant plume and lower levels in 1993 samples, compared to 1988 samples [German et al., 1990] suggesting that the amount of scavenging is related to particle recycling.
An Evaluation of the Tax-Transfer Treatment of Married Couples in European Countries

This paper presents an evaluation of the tax-transfer treatment of married couples in 15 EU countries using the EUROMOD microsimulation model. First, we show that many tax-transfer schemes in Europe feature negative jointness defined as a situation where the tax rate on one person depends negatively on the earnings of the spouse. This stands in contrast to the previous literature on this question, which has focused on a specific form of positive jointness. The presence of negative jointness is driven by family-based and means-tested transfer programs combined with tax systems that usually feature very little jointness. Second, we consider the labour supply distortion on secondary earners relative to primary earners implied by the current tax-transfer systems, and study the welfare effects of small reforms that change the relative taxation of spouses. By adopting a small-reform methodology, it is possible to set out a simple analysis based on more realistic labour supply models than those considered in the existing literature. We present microsimulations showing that simple revenue-neutral reforms that lower the tax burden on secondary earners are associated with substantial welfare gains in most countries. Finally, we consider the tax-transfer implications of marriage and estimate the so-called marriage penalty. For most countries, we find large marriage penalties at the bottom of the distribution driven primarily by features of the transfer system.
Effects of Porous Medium Heterogeneity on Vadose Zone Desiccation: Intermediate‐Scale Laboratory Experiments and Simulations

Soil desiccation (drying), involving water evaporation induced by dry gas injection, is a potentially robust vadose zone remediation process to limit contaminant transport through the vadose zone. A series of four intermediate‐scale flow cell experiments was conducted in homogeneous and simple layered heterogeneous porous medium systems to investigate the effects of heterogeneity on desiccation of unsaturated porous media. The permeability ratios of porous medium layers ranged from about 5 to almost 2 orders of magnitude. The insulated flow cell was equipped with 20 humidity and temperature sensors while a dual‐energy γ system was used to determine water saturations at various times. The multiphase code STOMP was used to simulate the desiccation process. For the layered systems, results show that injected dry gas flowed predominantly in the higher permeability layer and delayed water removal from the lower permeability material. For the configurations tested, water vapor diffusion from the lower to the higher permeability zone was considerable over the duration of the experiments, resulting in much larger relative humidity values of the outgoing air than based on permeability ratios alone. Acceptable numerical matches with the experimental data were obtained when an extension of the saturation‐capillary pressure relation below the residual water saturation was used. The agreements between numerical and experimental results suggest that the correct physics is implemented in the simulator.
Integrated mercury cycling, transport, and air‐water exchange (MECAWEx) model

[1] The MECAWEx model (Pirrone et al., 2005) has been tested using measured total gaseous mercury data obtained during the four Mediterranean Atmospheric Mercury Cycle System (MAMCS) project measurement campaigns performed simultaneously at five coastal sites around the Mediterranean between 1998 and 1999. The model has also been tested using Hg(g)0, Reactive Gaseous Mercury (RGM) and Total Particulate Mercury (TPM) data from two oceanographic cruise campaigns. The model has been run for the whole 12 month period of the campaigns and thus has allowed annual deposition and emission fluxes to and from the Mediterranean Sea to be estimated. The results show that the combined wet and dry Hg deposition to the sea surface during the model run was 20.4 tons, while the emissions were 90.4 tons making the Mediterranean Sea a net emitter of Hg. The results allow the relative importance of wet and dry deposition pathways to be assessed over the modeling domain. The Mediterranean region as a whole is an area where the dry deposition flux of Hg almost always outweighs the wet deposition flux.
Distribution, flux, and photoproduction of carbon monoxide in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea in spring

[1] The distribution, photoproduction, and sea-to-air flux of carbon monoxide (CO) were investigated in the East China Sea (ECS) and the Yellow Sea (YS) during April–May 2009. The concentrations of CO in the surface seawater ranged from 0.12 to 6.99 nmol L−1, with a mean of 2.24 nmol L−1. Concentrations of CO showed pronounced diurnal variations within the euphotic zone with early afternoon or noon maxima 5–40 fold that of the predawn minima. The sea-to-air flux of CO was significantly correlated with the supersaturation factor of CO and wind speeds. The sea surface was a net source of atmospheric CO, and the supersaturation factors of CO varied from 1.1–50.4 with an average of 16.0. On the basis of the concentration of CO in the atmosphere and sea surface, wind speeds, and gas exchange, the calculated mean flux of CO from the ECS and the YS to the atmosphere was 6.67 ± 4.61 μmol m−2 d−1. Using Simple Model of the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer of Sunshine spectral irradiance and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) based apparent quantum yield of CO (AQYCO) spectrum, the estimate of CO production from CDOM of the ECS and the YS was 64.5 Gg CO-C in spring. The total photomineralization dissolved organic carbon in the ECS and the YS was estimated to be 5.4–10.5 Tg C yr−1, representing 2.9–5.7% of the primary production in the two seas. Our results indicate that CO cycling in coastal areas was significant to the global carbon cycle.
Influence of grass soil cover on water runoff and soil detachment under rainfall simulation in a sub‐humid South African degraded rangeland

In most regions of the world overgrazing plays a major role in land degradation and thus creates a major threat to natural ecosystems. Several feedbacks exist between overgrazing, vegetation, soil infiltration by water and soil erosion that need to be better understood. In this study of a sub‐humid overgrazed rangeland in South Africa, the main objective was to evaluate the impact of grass cover on soil infiltration by water and soil detachment. Artificial rains of 30 and 60 mm h−1 were applied for 30 min on 1 m2 micro‐plots showing similar sandy‐loam Acrisols with different proportions of soil surface coverage by grass (Class A: 75–100%; B: 75–50%; C: 50–25%; D: 25–5%; E: 5–0% with an outcropping A horizon; F: 0% with an outcropping B horizon) to evaluate pre‐runoff rainfall (Pr), steady state water infiltration (I), sediment concentration (SC) and soil losses (SL). Whatever the class of vegetal cover and the rainfall intensity, with the exception of two plots probably affected by biological activity, I decreased regularly to a steady rate <2 mm h−1 after 15 min rain. There was no significant correlation between I and Pr with vegetal cover. The average SC computed from the two rains increased from 0·16 g L−1 (class A) to 48·5 g L−1 (class F) while SL was varied between 4 g m−2 h−1 for A and 1883 g m−2 h−1 for F. SL increased significantly with decreasing vegetal cover with an exponential increase while the removal of the A horizon increased SC and SL by a factor of 4. The results support the belief that soil vegetation cover and overgrazing plays a major role in soil infiltration by water but also suggest that the interrill erosion process is self‐increasing. Abandoned cultivated lands and animal preferred pathways are more vulnerable to erosive processes than simply overgrazed rangelands. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ridge formation in the lower stratosphere and its influence on ozone transport: A general circulation model study during late January 1992

Satellite total ozone measurements showed the development of an ozone mini-hole over northern Europe in late January 1992, during the observational phase of the European Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Experiment (EASOE). During the same period, ozone profiles, recorded with ozonesondes, showed that layers below 20 km were strongly depleted in ozone at some locations over northern and central Europe. The perturbed chemistry involving the reactive species, which play a role in the ozone-destroying catalytic cycles, was the focus of intensive observational investigations during the EASOE campaign. These processes are likely to take place between 15 and 30 km, and the question of mixing between vortex air and midlatitude air in the lower stratosphere, especially at the base of the polar vortex, is a central one. High-resolution (T106) 7-day forecast simulations have been performed with a GCM, in which the ozone field was realistically initialized, in order to study the formation and evolution of the ozone mini-hole, and the nature of large-scale mixing in the lower stratosphere. In particular, we tried to examine whether the model could reproduce with some degree of realism ozone tongues seen in the satellite data. The study has revealed that the formation of the mini-hole was linked to the poleward extension in the lower stratosphere of an anticyclonic ridge. The effect of tropospheric forcing was evident up to at least 40 hPa. Ozone-poor air from subtropical latitudes was advected toward Scandinavia at the same time as a tongue of polar air extended northeasterly toward central Europe. During the course of the 1-week simulation, the modeled ozone mixing ratio and potential vorticity (PV) revealed strong large-scale isentropic mixing between high, middle, and low latitudes in the lower stratosphere. This mixing may occur through either the formation of narrow ozone/PV tongues, or of more vortex-like blobs of ozone/PV also seen to be peeled off from the vortex. There is good correspondence with the structures seen in the satellite-derived total ozone field at medium and synoptic scales.
Seasonal variations in methane flux andδl3CH4 values for rice paddies in Japan and their implications

We have made measurements of the methane (CH4) flux and δ13C value in CH4 from rice paddies in Ryugasaki, Japan. This study is the first we are aware of in which a significant change in the δ13C signature of emitted CH4 has been documented over the rice growing season. Nutrient treatments studied were of two kinds: compound mineral fertilizer either with or without rice straw from the previous growing season incorporated into the inorganic fertilizer. The calculated annual emission rates during the 1990 growing season were 43.1 g/m2 (straw) and 40.6 g/m2 (no straw) for the two treatments. In both treatments, CH4 started out relatively enriched in 13C, became lighter in 13C, and then became more enriched again during the latter part of rice growth. The 1991 growing season showed a lower integrated flux in both nutrient treatments than for 1990 but plots of the fluxes versus time had the same general shape as the flux curves in 1990 and a similar although less pronounced trend in δ13CH4 signal. Seasonal changes in δ13C are probably related to changes in CH4 production and oxidation and plant-mediated transport. The likelihood of each process occurring and its effect on δ13C values is discussed. The range of δ13CH4 values from seasonal effects was ∼12‰ in 1991 for both nutrient treatments. The δ13CH4 range for 1991 was ∼10‰ (straw) and ∼5‰ (no straw). Our data indicate that when using flux-weighted isotopic signatures to put constraints on the tropospheric CH4 budget, attention should be paid to seasonal changes in isotopic signatures from rice paddy CH4 in a manner similar to that previously suggested from measurements in natural wetlands.
microRNAs Regulate Survivin in Colorectal Cancer Patients

Background: Impaired levels of surviving are associate with increased survival of tumor cells. In this study, we intended to profile the microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting survivin in the tumoral and marginal tissues obtained from Iranian patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Materials and Methods: Fifty CRC patients of Iranian Azari ethnicity were recruited. The RNA content of the tumoral and marginal tissues was isolated and the transcript levels of miR-34a, miR-16, miR-150, and miR-203a and survivin were determined through quantitative Real-time PCR. Results: The mRNA expression of survivin was significantly increased (fold change = 3.21, P = 0.0029) in the tumoral tissues in comparison to the marginal tissues. There was significant downregulation of miR-16 (fold change = 0.28, P = 0.003) and miR-203a (fold change = 0.36, P = 0.014) in the tumoral samples in comparison to marginal samples. There was an inverse significant correlation (rho = -0.81; P < 0.001) between the expression of miR-203a and mRNA expression of survivin in the tumoral tissues of CRC patients. The mRNA expression of survivin was higher significantly in the tumoral tissues of CRC patients with lymph node metastasis in comparison to those without lymph node metastasis (P = 0.020). In addition, there was a significantly higher miR-203 expression level in the tumoral tissues of CRC patients with lymph node metastasis in comparison to those without lymph node metastasis (P = 0.011). Conclusion: It is suggested that miR-203 plays an oncogenic role in CRC cancer by regulating survivin and lymph node metastasis.
Culture suitability of stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis in homestead tank: Selection of suitable stocking size

The present experiment was conducted for a period of 150 days to assess the effects of different stocking size on growth and production of stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) in three homestead cemented tanks (12×10×4 ft). Three different size groups of fish viz., 3.79±0.11, 3.09±0.13 and 2.53±0.18 cm was stocked at treatment T1, T2 and T3, respectively at a stocking density of 5000 individuals/tank each with three replications. Fish were feed twice daily with floating feed containing 35-40% protein at the rate of 15-10% for 1st 60 days, 8-6% for 2nd 60 days and 5-2.50% for rest of the culture period. The water quality parameters were within the suitable ranges for the fish culture. Mean weight gain (g) of stinging catfish was 49.03 ± 1.04, 36.72 ± 1.59 and 28.09 ± 0.41g, specific growth rate was 1.76 ± 0.02, 1.70 ± 0.04 and 1.66 ± 0.05 %/day in T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Food conversion ratio was 3.45 ± 0.82, 3.31 ± 0.10 and 3.30 ± 0.06 and survival rate were 90.67 ± 1.51, 88.20 ± 2.62 and 87.56 ± 1.26% in T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Higher stocking size also resulted in a significantly higher economic output in the form of benefit cost ratio (BCR) at T1 (2.13 ± 0.05) and the lowest at T3 (1.21 ± 0.03). The findings of the present study revealed that the highest weight gain and BCR was found in T1 which dictates that larger stocking size has a significant impact on better production.
El uso sostenible del agua en núcleos urbanos: las tarifas como herramienta de control del consumo

The Water Framework Directive requires the adoption of a tariff system that recovers the costs of water resources and the establishment of national water-pricing policies that help to achieve a sustainable water use. Water rates (tariffs) should be used as an auxiliary tool for consumption control, seeking for efficiency and a sustainable resource use. In this research, we studied the characteristics of the existing rates in seven Spanish cities, analyzing the behavior of consumption of domestic water during the period 2003-2010, in order to check whether the current Spanish rates conforms to the state of resources and the objectives of the Directive. The main conclusion of our work is that the current system has lost its effectiveness as a control consumption tool, making it necessary to rethink the pricing policy and a new tariff system in Spain.