Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
nterventions to prevent HIV and Hepatitis C in people who inject rugs: A review of reviews to assess evidence of effectiveness

Background: Injecting drug use is a major risk factor for the acquisition and transmission of HIV and Hepatitis C virus (HCV). Prevention of these infections among people who inject drugs (PWID) is critical to reduce ongoing transmission, morbidity and mortality. Methods: A review of reviews was undertaken involving systematic literature searches of Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsychINFO, IBSS and the Cochrane Library (2000–2011) to identify English language reviews regarding the effectiveness of harm reduction interventions in relation to HIV transmission, HCV transmission and injecting risk behaviour (IRB). Interventions included needle and syringe programmes (NSP); the provision of injection paraphernalia; opiate substitution treatment (OST); information, education and counselling (IEC); and supervised injecting facilities (SIFs). Reviews were classified into ‘core’ or ‘supplementary’ using critical appraisal criteria, and the strength of review-level evidence was assessed. Results: Twelve core and thirteen supplementary reviews were included. From these reviews we identified: (i) for NSP: tentative review-level evidence to support effectiveness in reducing HIV transmission, insufficient review-level evidence relating to HCV transmission, but sufficient review-level evidence in relation to IRB; (ii) for OST: sufficient review-level evidence of effectiveness in relation to HIV transmission and IRB, but tentative review-level evidence in relation to HCV transmission; (iii) for IEC, the provision of injection paraphernalia and SIFs: tentative review-level evidence of effectiveness in reducing IRB; and either insufficient or no review-level evidence for these interventions in relation to HIV or HCV transmission. Conclusion: Review-level evidence indicates that harm reduction interventions can reduce IRB, with evidence strongest for OST and NSP. However, there is comparatively little review-level evidence regarding the effectiveness of these interventions in preventing HCV transmission among PWID. Further studies are needed to assess the effectiveness and impact of scaling up comprehensive packages of harm reduction e HIV interventions to minimis ∗ Corresponding author. Tel. : +44 0 117 928 7295; fax: +44 0 117 331 2094. E-mail address: georgie.macarthur@bristol.ac. uk (G.J. MacArthur). 955-3959/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ttp://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.drugpo. 2013.07. 001 and HCV transmission among PWID. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The cost of strategic adaptation in a simple conceptual model of climate change

A simple theoretical model of the process of strategic adaptation to climate change is proposed. Climate change is represented by a non-stationary Markov process on the space of climate states, and strategic adaptation by a simple resource allocation task in which agents incur costs when moving resources from one activity to another. A stationary analysis allows diagnostics that quantify the net costs of climate change, and the long-run benefits to adaptation, to be defined. A full dynamic analysis of the model allows for the computation of the costs of negotiating the transition between two stationary climate regimes. We analyze the dependence of these adaptation costs on the behavioural parameters of the model, and the costs of adjusting resources from one activity to another. We find that adaptation costs have a complex and counterintuitive dependence on adjustment costs, and can be more sensitive to the details of the climate change process than adaptation benefits are. This has important implications for adaptation planning, and understanding the linkages between adaptation and climate change mitigation.
Relationship Between Health Literacy and Social Support and the Quality of Life in Patients With Cancer: Questionnaire Study

Background Low health literacy is associated with factors such as not taking medication as prescribed as well as poor health status and increased hospitalization and mortality risk, and has been identified as a risk factor for decreased physical function in older individuals. Health literacy is becoming an increasingly important issue because of the increased number of people affected by cancer who must make complicated treatment decisions. Health literacy has been shown to be positively associated with quality of life (QOL), and social support has been identified as important for addressing health-related problems and reducing the relative risk of mortality in patients with cancer. However, few studies have examined the relationship between health literacy, social support, age, and QOL. Objective The aim of this study is to examine the effects of health literacy, social support, and age on the QOL of patients with cancer. Methods An anonymous, self-administered online questionnaire was conducted from March 28 to 30, 2017, in Japan on patients with lung, stomach, or colon cancer that were voluntarily registered with an internet survey company. The survey covered basic attributes, health literacy, social support, and QOL. The European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire, a comprehensive measure of health literacy instrument, was used to measure health literacy; the Japanese version of the Social Support Scale was used to measure social support; and the Japanese version of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (7-item version) assessment tool was used to measure QOL. Results A total of 735 survey invitations were randomly sent to patients with lung, stomach, or colorectal cancer, and responses were obtained from 619 (82.2% response rate). Significant effects on the QOL in patients with lung, stomach, or colon cancer were observed for health literacy, social support, and age, and for the interactions of health literacy and social support and of social support and age. Health literacy, social support, and the interaction between these variables also showed a significant effect on the QOL in patients 50 years or older, but not on those younger than 50 years. Conclusions The results of this study revealed that higher health literacy, social support, and age were associated with the QOL in patients with cancer. In addition, the relationship with QOL was stronger for social support than for health literacy. These findings suggest the importance of health literacy and social support and indicate that social support has a greater effect on QOL than does health literacy, while the QOL in patients with cancer aged younger than 50 years was lower than that of those 50 years or older. Therefore, elucidating the needs of these patients and strengthening social support based on those needs may improve their QOL.
WHAT WE KNOW AND WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW

Drawing from empirically based and theoretical literature in the field, this review examines Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) and the accountability provisions found in Title One of the NCLB legislation. States have the ability to statistically manipulate their AYP implementation, which may give a false impression to the public that AYP is a consistent measure of school effectiveness across the country. The first section identifies the measurement concerns with the implementation of AYP. The second section of the review deals with the benefits of AYP and the unintended consequences. The review also analyzes the complexities involved with establishing school accountability and the effective and ineffective provisions of the NCLB reform. Finally, this paper concludes with recommended areas of research for policymakers and educators alike who are interested in sustainable reform.
Human Resource Management Practices and Employee Job Satisfaction In Ghana

This study was conducted among employees of CSIRFood Research Institute (CSIR-FRI) in Accra, and sought to, firstly, establish the average job satisfaction level of all employees in the institute, and secondly, to elicit their views on the relationship between prevailing Human Resource Management (HRM) practices at the institution, and their job satisfaction. The motivation for this was the dearth of published research on the subject, and within the context of Ghanaian research institutions. The study adopted a quantitative survey approach in which questionnaire were distributed to sixty (60) employees who were recruited using a stratified and convenience sampling methods. Fifty-eight (58) responses were duly completed and returned. Response data were analysed descriptively using Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics.Findings revealed that majority of CSIRFRI employees are generally satisfied with their present jobs. Employees also agreed that standard HRM practices prevail in the institution, and that these are implemented effectively by management. More importantly, employees agreed that the HRM practices being implemented have contributed in improving their job satisfaction levels. Based on these findings, the study recommended that Management of CSIR-FRI should place more emphasis on creating a conducive work environment, and also on providing training and development opportunities for all categories of staff both within and outside the institution, as these have been determined to be the dominant factors contributing towards employee job satisfaction.
Risk factors for Podoconiosis: Kamwenge District, Western Uganda, 2015

Podoconiosis, a form of non-infectious elephantiasis, is a disabling Neglected Tropical Disease. In August 2015, a non-government organization reported an increase in elephantiasis cases in Kamwenge District. We conducted an investigation to confirm the diagnosis, identify causes and risk factors, and guide control efforts. We defined a suspect case-person as a Kamwenge resident with bilateral asymmetrical swelling of lower limbs lasting ≥ 1month, plus ≥ 1 of the following: skin itching; burning sensation; plantar oedema; lymph-ooze; prominent skin markings; rigid toes; mossy papillomata. A probable case was a suspect case with negative microfilaria antigen immunological-card test results. We conducted active case-finding in affected communities. In a case-control study we compared shoe-use and feet-washing practices before disease onset among 40 probable case-persons and 75 asymptomatic village control-persons, matched by age (± 5y) and sex. We collected soil samples to characterize soil-irritant composition. Our active case-finding identified 52 suspect cases in two affected sub-counties during 1980-2015 (incidence = 2.9/100,000/year), including 40 probable cases (mean age = 47y; range: 13-80y). The annual case counts did not increase significantly over time. All case-persons had negative immunological-card test. In the case-control study, 93% (37/40) of probable case-persons and 31% (23/75) of controls-persons never wore shoes at work (OR M-H = 6.7; 95%CI = 1.7-26); 80% (32/40) of probable case-persons and 55% (39/75) of control-persons never wore shoes at home (OR M-H =4.4, 95%CI=1.5-13); 70% (27/39) of probable case-persons and 47% (34/72) of control-persons washed feet at day-end rather than immediately after work (OR = 11, 95%CI = 2.1-57). Soils samples were characterized as being rich black-red volcanic clay. The reported elephantiasis was podoconiosis, which was associated with prolonged foot exposure to volcanic soil. We recommended health education on foot protection and washing, and universal use of protective shoes.
Accessibility and Utilization of Family Planning Services Among Married Couples in Kogi State, North Central Nigeria

Family Planning serves several purposes, including, the reduction of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality rates, sustainable population growth rate, improved economy security for both family and community and treatment of infertility among others. Despite these huge benefits, many factors stand to impede on the practice. This cross-sectional community-based survey examined the access and utilization to family planning services (contraceptive use) and the factors serving as impediments to the overall use among married couples in the purposively selected Local Government Area of Kogi State, North Central Nigeria. The survey adopted both qualitative and quantitative methods and the data were analyzed using Frequency counts, Pearson Chi-square and Linear regression statistics in a Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 25.0) environment. The survey recorded a high level of awareness and access to family planning services across the state; however, this did not translate to its uptake. Factors found to influence this result include, perceived side-effects, friends’ disapproval, age, culture and poor level of education among others. Also, the study found a positive association between couples’ level of awareness, availability of family planning methods/services and husbands’ involvement (Chi-Square Tests (X2)=23.991; df=1; p=0.000 Chi-Square Tests (X2)=63.404; df=6; p=0.000; Improved family health β=0.270, t=6.120, p-value=<0.000; attendance of school by children β=0.180, t=4.229, p-value=<0.000; experience of fewer pregnancy β=0.091, t=2.189, p-value=<0.029; improved socio-economics status and well-being β=0.080, t=2.037 p-value=<0.042) respectively in the uptake of the service in the state. However, the availability of family planning methods was found to be strongly associated (63.4%) with the uptake of the services. Therefore, the low level of utilization of family planning in Kogi State among the (49.0%) may be responsible for about (30.5%) who reported terminating an unwanted pregnancy. Not only does this add to the rate of maternal mortality, but the socio-cultural, economic and psychological impact on the women, their families and the entire community can be quite devastating. Therefore, it was recommended among others, that women in their reproductive age be sensitized on the need to maximize the practice of modern family planning methods. Also, increase on the access to contraceptive methods through joint efforts of government and non-governmental agencies to reduce the unmet needs for contraceptive use in the state are encouraged.
Benthic Macro Invertebrates Composition And Physico-Chemical Characteristics Of Garin Garba Stream, Tumu, Gombe State, Nigeria

Macro invertebrates composition and physico-chemical characteristics of Garin Garba Stream Tumu, Gombe, Nigeria was investigated between April and June, 2019. Physical and chemical characteristics includes temperature, pH, Electrical conductivity, turbidity, depth and width and macro invertebrates were sampled fortnightly for a period of three months. It was recorded that physico-chemical characteristics of the four sampling stations shows no variation in all the sampling stations. Shannon Weiner index was employed to determine the abundance of macro invertebrates in each sampling station. The results showed a total of 68 individual organisms of Macro invertebrates in 5 family among the four invertebrates taxa of Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Odonata and Mollusca. The taxa abundance of Garin Garba Stream arranged in lessening trend as Mollusca > Odonata > Coleoptera >Hemiptera with percentage composition of invertebrates values 45.59%, 38.23%, 8.82%, and 7.52% respectively. The Shannon Weiner diversity index for the four sampling stations of A, B, C and D were 1.5, 1.11, 1.03 and 1.54 respectively. The Macro invertebrates abundance and distribution observed in this study showed Garin Garba Stream can support and sustain various organisms.
Do Parenteral Medication Administration Skills of Nursing Students Increase with Educational Videos Materials?

Background: In order to increase the quality of patient care a nd to ensure patient safety, nursing students should be given the best possible clinical skil s education. Therefore, nursing educators should be strengthening their skills training throu gh the use of education technologies. Objective: This randomized controlled trial study was conduct ed to examine the effects of the use of supported educational videos on the nursing student ’s skills to administer parenteral medication. Methods: The sample was 80 first year nursing students who enr lled at a University in Turkey. The 40 of students were randomly selected into the cont rol group while the remaining 40 students were assigned to the experimental group. The parenteral tre tment training was given to the control group (n= 40) only with the demonstration method while th experimental group (n= 40) was trained using educational videos in addition to the demonstration method. A questionnaire and obstructed skill clinical examination (OSCE) were used for the data collection Results: The obstructed skill clinical examination posttest skill scores of the experimental group trained with supported educational videos were foun d to be higher than control group was trained with just demonstration method. In addition, most of the students who were experimental group were quite satisfied. Conclusion: A supported of educational videos education and co nventional teaching methods will contribute to the training nursing skills education .
Religious Beliefs, Faith Communities and Intimate PartnerViolence

This study examined the role of religious beliefs in the perpetration of domestic violence in aconservative Christian Church in Nigeria. Domestic violence, which sometimes goes unnoticed, is a huge social problem in Nigeria and has profound impact on the physical, mental, psychological and spiritual health of its victims. A number of population-based surveys, have measured the health and psychological implications of violence against women. However, much less has been done so far to understand the influence of religiosity and religious beliefs in the perpetration of intimate partner violence in the Seventh Day Adventist Church in Nigeria.This gap in literature has caused religious abuse itself to be understudied as a risk factor in intimate partner relationships. This study is therefore designed to fill that gap. The study utilized survey method and sampled 377 participants attending Seventh Day Adventist Church in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Findings from the research revealed that domestic violence in Christian communities is partly influenced by religious beliefs that negate the status of women in the society. The study thereforeemphasizes the role of the Church on violence prevention against women asa priority in order to make the Christian community a safer place for victims.
Pretreatment Staging Colorectal Cancer EVIDENCE TABLE

* See Last Page for Key 2016 Review Fowler/Kaur Page 1 Reference Study Type Patients/ Events Study Objective (Purpose of Study) Study Results Study Quality 1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(1):5-29. Review/OtherTx N/A To provide the expected numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in 2015 nationally and for each state, as well as a comprehensive overview of cancer incidence, mortality, and survival rates and trends using the most current population-based data. The article also estimates the total number of deaths averted nationally during the past 2 decades and by state in 2011 as a result of the continual decline in cancer death rates and present actual number of deaths reported in 2011 by age for the 10 leading causes of death and for the 5 leading causes of cancer death. Cancer death rates have been continuously declining for the past 2 decades. Overall, the risk of dying from cancer decreased by 22% between 1991 and 2011. Regionally, progress has been most rapid for residents of the Northeast, among whom death rates have declined by 25% to 30%, and slowest in the South, where rates declined by about 15%. Further reductions in cancer death rates can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population, with an emphasis on those in the lowest socioeconomic bracket and other disadvantaged populations. 4
Enhancement of Primary and Secondary School Education Through School-Based Mentorship Program

In teaching and learning process, every system of education needs an instruction media as well as pedagogical input. These show off when a change in this instruction media get to change or poor teaching methods arise.It is in this context, the current study investigated the enhancement of primary and secondary school education through school-based mentorship program in Rwanda. The population consisted of 118 primary and secondary school teachers in Rwanda. Stratified random sampling was used to select 36 school-based mentors and 82 primary and secondary teachers. A questionnaire survey consisting of open and closed questions was administered to 82 teachers and 36 school-based mentors both from primary and secondary schools. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyze data where descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages and inferential statistics such as tTest was used to check the mean difference among the respondents. As findings, we found that through the help of school-based mentors, teacher’s English language of instruction have improved as 63 out of 82 (76.8%) who responded rated this program’s benefit more than 50%. Teachers confirmed that they gained several skills such as developing teaching materials, teach in English instruction media confidently, and they were able to discuss their challenges during mentoring sessions in the classrooms which never existed before this program. The t-Test was used to check whether there was the mean difference among the respondents, the study found that there is no statistical significance difference between school-based mentors and teachers’ responses. The study concluded that the mentorship program was crucial for the success, continuous strengthening the capacity of the ministry staff is key to sustaining and embedding program interventions. Therefore, it is recommended that the ministry of education concerned departments and school administrators to continuously support the mentorship program as it was appreciated by the beneficiaries.
Epidemiology of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Bahrain, five years review

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, drug resistance is one of the major contributors to that. No existing published data about the burden of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) TB in the kingdom of Bahrain, the aim of our study is to estimate the prevalence of MDR TB in the kingdom and to define its resistance profile.
Singlesession brief counseling in a high school

Counseling designed to be time-limited is a valuable tool for counselors in school settings. Three approaches to brief counseling were investigated in this naturalistic study: problem-focused with task, problem-focused without task, and solution-focused with task. Quantitative and qualitative measures were used to explore aspects of single-session brief counseling. High school students made significant changes from the second-week follow-up to the sixth-week follow-up in alleviating their concerns and increasing the percentage of goal achieved. Students dramatically decreased the intensity of undesired feelings from before the counseling session through the second follow-up. Solution-focused counseling was as effective as the other two approaches, while taking less time.