Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dilute alkali pretreatment and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of amur silvergrass for ethanol production

A dilute alkali pretreatment (NaOH) was used to remove lignin and some hemicelluloses, as well as to efficiently increase the accessibility of enzymes to the cellulose in Amur silvergrass. A single factor experiment was designed with 4 factors (1 to 5% w/w NaOH, 1/6 to 1/14 solid to liquid ratio, 15 to 90 min residence time, and 80 to 125 °C digestion temperature) with 3 duplicates of 5 levels for each factor. On the basis of the single factor test, an L8 (24)-orthogonal experiment was conducted to identify the main influencing factor and the optimal factor combinations verified by an enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation experiment. The main factors influencing ethanol production were NaOH concentration and digestion temperature, while residence time and solid to liquid ratio had a lesser effect. The enzymatic hydrolysis rate of cellulose reached 82.6%, and the highest conversion rate of ethanol was 78.3% with 4.0% (w/w) NaOH and a 1:6 solid to liquid ratio at 100 °C for 15 min. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the lignocellulosic surface structure of non-pretreated and optimum pretreated Amur silvergrass displayed obvious differences. The lignin was the key recalcitrance-causing factor for ethanol production, which can be effectively removed by the NaOH.
Effect of fasting and refeeding on growth and body composition of red porgy, Pagrus pagrus L.*

Red porgies, Pagrus pagrus L. , were fasted for 7, 14 or 28 days, and were then allowed to feed on pellets released from demand feeders. Biological responses during fasting and refeeding were examined. The factors considered were growth, organosomatic indices and proximate body composition (protein, fat, ash and moisture). Fasted red porgies lost weight and had higher relative weights of eviscerated body than control fish. Refeeding was accompanied by hyperphagy, which resulted in similar total food demand being shown by all groups. Fish which had been deprived of food displayed compensatory growth and the final weights of these fish at the end of the experiment were similar to controls. There were no significant changes caused by fasting in the relative proportion of body chemical components. Calculations based upon changes in protein and lipid content suggest that more protein than lipid is metabolized during the first phase (14 days) of a fast.
Uncertainty, Wages, and the Business Cycle

We show that limited wage flexibility in economic downturns generates strong and state-dependent amplification of uncertainty shocks. It also explains the cyclical behaviour of empirical measures of uncertainty. In the presence of matching frictions, an occasionally binding constraint on downward wage adjustment enhances the concavity of firms’ hiring rule, resulting in an endogenous profit risk-premium. In turn, higher uncertainty increases the profit risk-premium when the economy operates close to the wage constraint, deepening a recession. Non-linear local projections and vector autoregression estimates support the model predictions. In addition, we show that measured uncertainty rises in a recession even without uncertainty shocks.
Obstacles in Implementing the School Committee Policy on Primary School in Banda Aceh

This study aims to analyze the readiness and constraints of principals, teachers and school committees and communities in implementing policies related to school committees at Primary School in Banda Aceh. A qualitative research approach with a survey method in which the research subjects consisted of principals, teacher representatives, school committees and parents of students who were randomly selected at five elementary schools in the city of Banda Aceh. Data collection was carried out starting from 2017 until mid 2018 through interviews, questionnaires for seminars and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Furthermore, the data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman methods. The results showed that the fundamental problems that the effectiveness of school citizens in implementing school committee policies are the lack of knowledge about school committee policies, lack of knowledge in arranging school programs based on the School Internal Quality Evaluation (EMIS) and not synergizing school committees at the beginning of school programming and model problems Information communication systems that have not yet existed among school citizens with relevant parties that are involved hinder the coordination between school and the community who have the opportunity to assist school activities.
Effects of dietary guar meal with or without beta-mannanase on performance and egg quality traits in laying hens

In this study, the effects of beta-mannanase supplementation to laying hens? diets with different guar meal GM ratios on performance and egg quality traits were investigated. The experimental period lasted 126 days. Ninety-six Lohman Brown hens at the age of 56 weeks were kept in individual cages. They were divided into 8 treatment groups as follows: 0% guar meal GM0 control ; 0% GM + 0.05% beta-mannanase GM0E ; 8% GM GM8 ; 8% GM + 0.05% beta-mannanase GM8E ; 16% GM GM16 ; 16% GM + 0.05% beta-mannanase GM16E ; 24% GM GM24 ; and 24% GM + 0.05% beta-mannanase GM24E . A photoperiod of 16.5 h light and 7.5 h dark was applied throughout the experiment. The present treatments had significant effects on changes in final live body weight, feed consumption, feed efficiency, egg production, egg weight, shell thickness, eggshell weight, shape index, yolk index, Haugh unit, and yolk pigmentation values P 0.05 . According to our results, guar meal might be used maximally at 16% in laying hen diets, because of its negative effects on laying performance and egg quality traits.
Long dsRNA but not siRNA initiates RNAi in western corn rootworm larvae and adults

Transgenic maize plants expressing dsRNA targeting western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) v‐ATPase subunit C mRNA for RNAi provided significant root protection from WCR larval feeding damage in greenhouse assays compared to negative controls. Transcribed hairpin dsRNA in WCR‐resistant maize plants was present as both intact hairpin‐derived dsRNA and plant‐processed siRNA. Therefore, the ability of dsRNA and siRNA targeting Dv v‐ATPase CmRNA to cause an RNAi response was studied in both WCR larvae and adults. In 9‐day diet‐based feeding assays, dsRNA of at least 60 bp in length resulted in high levels of larval mortality. In contrast, 15‐, 25‐ or 27‐bp dsRNAs or pooled 21‐bp siRNAs did not cause mortality of exposed larvae. When larvae were fed with diet overlaid with siRNAs, Dv v‐ATPase C transcript levels did not change. Conversely, when WCR larvae were fed with diet overlaid with 184‐bp dsRNA, the mRNA level was reduced by >20‐fold relative to yfp dsRNA negative control. Similarly, 184‐bp dsRNA caused 100% mortality of WCR adults, whereas the mortality of adults fed on diet treated with siRNAs was similar to the negative control. Feeding adults with siRNAs on diet did not affect the level of Dv v‐ATPase CmRNA transcripts, whereas adults fed with the 184‐bp dsRNA showed approximately 35‐fold reduction in the target mRNA level. Similar results were obtained with the WCR adults injected with 184‐bp dsRNA or 21‐bp siRNA. These results suggest that only long dsRNA or hairpin‐derived dsRNA is effective in causing lethal knock‐down of Dv v‐ATPase CmRNA. These results have implications for efficacious plant‐delivered dsRNA for the protection of transgenic maize from WCR feeding damage and for the risk assessment of transgenic maize expressing insecticidal dsRNA.
Phylogeny and systematics of Achillea (Asteraceae-Anthemideae) inferred from nrITS and plastid trnL-F DNA sequences

The N Hemisphere genus Achillea includes about 130 perennial and allogamous species, is centered in SE Europe/SW Asia, and exhibits a complex phyletic structure due to excessive hybridization and polyploidy. About half ofthe species and five of the six traditional sections together with several outgroup genera were studied using nrITS and plastid trnL-F DNA sequences. In spite of some discordance, these markers were shown by Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference to be suitable for revealing relationships with generic allies and for distinguishing the main lineages within Achillea. With the inclusion of Otanthus (and possibly Leucocyclus) Achillea s.1. becomes monophyletic and appears as sister to Anacyclus. A basal clade is formed by the xerophytes of Achillea sections Babounya and Santolinoideae in SW Asia together with the Mediterranean coastal Otanthus. Achillea sect. Ptarmica s.l. has to be divided into the meso- to hygrophytic herbs of A. sect. Ptarmica s.s. in the N Hemisphere and the mountain species of A. sect. Anthemoideae. The latter differentiated in the mountains from NW Anatolia to the Pyrenees, possibly originating from ancestors related to the extant A. ligustica. Finally, taxa of sect. Achillea s.l. (to be merged with A. sect. Filipendulinae) radiated from a center in SE Europe, occupied very different open habitats, and reached an extensive distribution with the very polymorphic polyploid and reticulate complex A. millefolium agg. Here and in other groups of Achillea, various instances of conflicting evidence from nrITS, plastid trnL-F, and morphology point to hybridization and lineage sorting. This means that reticulate evolution is not only involved in recent radiations but must have been active already in the early diversification of the genus.
Haematozoa of British birds. VII. Haematozoa of raptors in Scotland with a description of Haemoproteus nisi sp. nov. from the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus)

Summary A study of haematozoa in free-living raptors in southern Scotland showed that in Accipiter nisus there was a very high infection rate with Leucocytozoon toddi. Nestlings showed patent parasitaemias, often very high, as early as 14 days of age. Most patent infections in adult birds were considered to be due to relapses. A description is given of Haemoproteus nisi sp. nov. which was observed in 32 birds; H. figueiredoi was observed in one bird. Most haemoproteid infections were observed in adult birds, especially breeding females at the nest. Trypanosoma corvi was found in A. nisus and B. buteo, mostly in nestlings. Two species of hippoboscids, Ornithomyia avicularia and O. chloropus, were collected and may be involved in the transmission of H. nisi and T. corvi. Although there was no direct evidence of pathogenicity with any of the parasites observed it is suggested that L. toddi may be a contributing factor in the mortality of chicks in some areas.
Disassortative pollination in the distylous plant Jepsonia heterandra

Stigmatic pollen loads were analyzed from naturally pollinated intact and emasculated pin- and thrum-form flowers of Jepsonia heterandra. Observed pollen loads on stigmas of emasculated flowers were compared with expected loads based on random pollination. Observed pollen loads indicated that 13.2% disassortative pollination occurred in the pin form and 43.5% disassortative pollination in the thrum form. Pollen loads from intact flowers indicated that much more self pollination and geitonogamy takes place in the pin form than in the thrum form. In this species, distyly effectively promotes phenotypic disassortative pollination.It is suggested that the adaptive significance of distyly m a diallelic self-incompatible species is that the resultant disassortative pollination increases seed set in the population.
Chemical control of porina in South Otago sheep pastures

Abstract Granular, emulsifiable concentrate and micro-encapsulated EC formulations of diazinon, fenitrothion, and chlorpyrifos, micro-encapsulated methyl parathion EC. and the growth regulator diflubenzuron were compared for control of porina (Wiseana spp.) in three trials in Otago. Porina mortality from fenitrothion EC applied at different times between February and June was compared to that obtained with diflubenzuron applied to pasture at different times between March and June and at a range of application rates. Fenitrothion EC. chlorpyrifos EC. and methyl parathion MEC caused the highest mortality of porina with fenitrothion EC applied in late May at a rate of 1.1 kg a.i./ha being the most cost-effective. However, chemical control of porina may not be economic at current prices for chemicals and pastoral products. Diflubenzuron did not appear to control porina effectively in these South Otago trials regardless of rate or time of application.
Genetic influence of parr versus anadromous sires on the life histories of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

The potential for sire size to influence life history patterns from fry to sea age at maturity was established by rearing individually identified half-sibs of a single dam and either small (parr) or large (anadromous) sires in a common tank environment. Male sexual maturity was higher among progeny of small versus large sires at both parr (age 0+, 50% versus 32%, p = 0.065) and grilse stages (age 2+, 23% versus 10%, p = 0.034). In contrast, rates of female grilse (6.8%) and smolt age 1+ (>95%) were independent of sire size. Logistic regression indicated that grilse of small sires had an asymptote body weight (BW) 30% lower than grilse of large sires (1.0 versus 1.4 kg). In comparison, repeated measures analysis of BW, fork length (FL), and condition factor (CF) indicated that growth changes associated with grilsing were independent of sire size and sex. The highest-order interaction for which sire size was significant was day × sire × sex (p < 0.034). Independent of sire size, sexual maturation at both ag.
Plant responses to fertilization and species removal in tundra related to community structure and clonality.

A range of tundra plant communities were experimentally perturbed in 1984 by 1) application of NPK-fertilizer to three stable and two frost-heaved sites and 2) by removal of the dominant deciduous shrubs from the three stable tundra sites. Effects on vertically projected plant area (PPA) on perturbed plots and on unperturbed controls were measured by point intercepts in 1985, 1986 and 1988. There were no significant changes of the PPA of vascular plants and bryophytes on the control and removal plots during 1984-1988, and few changes among lichens. Fertilization increased the PPA of vascular plants strongly, reduced the PPA of lichens and increased or reduced the PPA of bryophytes. The PPA of only two vascular species declined, whereas that of 21 species increased (.)
PROFESSIONAL COMMITMENT OF NURSES IN GHANA: THE CASE OF THE VOLTA REGION

This study examines what stimulates and sustains commitment of nurses to their profession in the Volta Region of Ghana and whether commitment is shaped by similar variables. A quantitative approach was adopted using a validated questionnaire developed by Blau (1989) and modified by Reilly & Orsak (1991) to fit the nursing profession. A Kruska Wallis test was used to analyse the data with SPSS as an interface. The findings revealed a high commitment rate to the nursing profession in Ghana due to love of the profession and monetary considerations. However, a significant number of nurses are not committed to the profession at all which poses managerial and theoretical implications.
IMPACT OF DIFFERENT RADIATION FORMS ON BEECH WOOD DISCOLOURATION

This study analyses beech wood surface discolouration induced through UV radiation during an accelerated ageing process and with radiation emitted from a CO2 laser beam operating under specific settings. The results show that the extent of beech wood surface discolouration was dependent on the amount and the type of the energy delivered and on the absorption performance of the main wood components. It was observed that increasing irradiation dose caused decreasing wood surface lightness in both UV radiation and CO2 laser-produced radiation scenarios. In most cases, the values of colour coordinates a* and b* increased, and the wood surface was gradually turning dark brown. At high irradiation doses from the CO2 laser, there were recorded decreasing trends in a* and b*, and the beech surface darkened substantially (up to black). To attain purpose-oriented wood surface discolouration under specific modification modes, there is necessary to carry out thorough chemical analyses of the treated wood surface and to express quantitatively the dependence between the energy supplied, colour, adsorption capacity of the main wood components and the ongoing chemical changes.
On the occurrence of the Indo-Pacific Champsodon nudivittis (Ogilby, 1895) (Perciformes, Champsodontidae) from the Mediterranean coast of Israel, and the presence of the species in the Red Sea.

The Indo West Pacific nakedband gaper, Champsodon nudivittis, is recorded for the first time from Israel on the basis of a single specimen collected off Ashdod, southern Israel. This species was previously recorded in the Mediterranean from eastern Turkey. Examination of Champsodon specimens deposited in the National Collection at Tel Aviv University revealed the previously unknown presence of C. nudivittis in the Red Sea. This presence suggests the species may have entered the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal.
Evolution of Approaches to Sentiment Classiﬁcation in Computational Linguistics

This work reviews two diﬀerent systems for sentiment clas-siﬁcation, the pioneer system of Pang et al. (2002) and the successor system developed by Tang et al. (2014). In contrast to the former sys-tem that treats sentiment classiﬁcation of texts as a special case of text categorization and uses a bag-of-words representation, the latter one exploits word embedding models that can incorporate sentiment information into the feed-forward neural network to learn sentiment-speciﬁc word embeddings from scratch. Focusing on learning sentiment-speciﬁc word embeddings tailored for sentiment classiﬁcation tasks, Tang et al. managed to overcome the limitations of existing word embedding learning algorithms that did not prove to be eﬀective enough if directly used for sentiment classiﬁcation. I will review in this paper how the pioneer sys-tem set new perspectives and outlined the further direction of the work in the domain of sentiment classiﬁcation and how the work of Tang et al. adjusted the latest approaches to the NLP tasks in such a way that they incorporated sentiment information necessary for the tasks of sentiment categorization.
Prevalence of plasmodium, leptospira and rickettsia species in Northern Tanzania: a community based survey

Background The overlap of symptoms, geographic and seasonal co-occurrence of Plasmodium, Leptospira and Rickettsia infections makes malaria diagnosis difficult, increasing the chances of misdiagnosis. The paucity of data on the prevalence Plasmodium, Leptospira and Rickettsia infections contributes to an overly diagnosis of malaria. We aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of Plasmodium, Leptospira and Rickettsia infections in northern Tanzania. Methods A community based, cross sectional survey was conducted in two sites in Northern Tanzania. PCR was used to detect Plasmodium, Leptospira and Rickettsia infections. Results The prevalence of P. falciparum and Leptospira spp were 31/128 (24.2%) and 3/128 (2.3%), respectively. No Rickettsia infection was detected in any of the two sites. Taking study sites separately, Plasmodium infection was detected in 31/63(49.2%) of participants in Bondo while Leptospira infection was detected in 3/65(4.6%) of participants in Magugu. Plasmodium was not detected in Magugu while no Leptospira infections were detected in Bondo. Fever was significantly associated with Plasmodium infection (χ2= 12.44, p<0.001) and age (χ2=17.44, p=0.000). Conclusion Results from this study indicate Plasmodium infection as the main cause of fever in the studied sites. While Plasmodium and Leptospira contribute to fevers, Rickettsia infection is an insignificant cause of fever in Northern Tanzania.
Resting EEG-based subject identification System: a Practical Scenario for Offline Analysis

: Rapid advancements in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have fostered the wide-spread application of biometric systems built on electroencephalography (EEG) measurements in recent years. While current subject identiﬁcation approaches exhibit high performance, most efforts rely on limited number of EEG recording runs to validate the feasibility and practical usability of EEG-based biometric systems. For a realistic system however, quantitative assessment over long time series is essential due to the intrinsic non-stationary behaviour of EEG signals. In this work, we propose a more practical scenario of the resting EEG-based subject iden-tiﬁcation system for off-line analysis using public dataset. Moreover, we implement a subject recognition system based on widely-adopted functional connectivity measures. The system is applied to assess performance variations under consecutive EEG recording runs over time. We also provide a simple approach to overcome the performance degradation and eventually, raise several issues as potential future works relating EEG-based systems.
Taenia krabbei (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) in Germany and its Delimitation from T. ovis

Abstract In the intestine of two wolves ( Canis lupus ) from Germany 33 adult tapeworms were found. The cestodes were determined as Taenia krabbei Moniez, 1879 (Syn. T. cervi Christiansen, 1931). Adult parasites were compared with cysticerci from thigh muscles of roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ) as well as cysticerci from cardiac muscles of sheep ( Ovis ammon ). It is postulated that T. krabbei from wolf and roe deer is a valid and distinct species which uses Cervidae as original intermediate hosts. T. krabbei is highly similar in all morphological criteria to T. ovis . However, the life history of T. ovis includes Bovidae, preferably sheep as intermediate hosts.
Beyond Accuracy: Behavioral Testing of NLP Models with CheckList

Although measuring held-out accuracy has been the primary approach to evaluate generalization, it often overestimates the performance of NLP models, while alternative approaches for evaluating models either focus on individual tasks or on specific behaviors. Inspired by principles of behavioral testing in software engineering, we introduce CheckList, a task-agnostic methodology for testing NLP models. CheckList includes a matrix of general linguistic capabilities and test types that facilitate comprehensive test ideation, as well as a software tool to generate a large and diverse number of test cases quickly. We illustrate the utility of CheckList with tests for three tasks, identifying critical failures in both commercial and state-of-art models. In a user study, a team responsible for a commercial sentiment analysis model found new and actionable bugs in an extensively tested model. In another user study, NLP practitioners with CheckList created twice as many tests, and found almost three times as many bugs as users without it.