Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence des opérations de dévasage sur les lieux de nutriments à l'interface eau-sédiment (Bassin de Thau-France)

En vue d'une meilleure prevention des risques de crise dystrophique dans l'etang de Thau, une experience de devasage des sediments situes en zone conchylicole a eu lieu en 1988. Dans le cadre de cette etude, nous avons voulu preciser l'impact du devasement sur les lux de nutriments a l'interface eau-sediment. Un suivi saisonnier a deux stations, l'une dans une table devasee (TD) et l'autre dans une table envasee (TE) a ete realise en 1989. Globalement, les lux de nutriments mesures en zone conchylicole sont, par rapport a la litterature, parmi les plus eleves en raison notamment de la biodeposition et des processus de degradation de la matiere sedimentee
Gender : A Historical Perspective

Social attitudes toward women vary significantly across societies. This chapter reviews recent empirical research on various historical determinants of contemporary differences in gender roles and gender gaps across societies, and how these differences are transmitted from parents to children and therefore persist until today. We review work on the historical origin of differences in female labor force participation, fertility, education, marriage arrangements, competitive attitudes, domestic violence, and other forms of difference in gender norms. Most of the research illustrates that differences in cultural norms regarding gender roles emerge in response to specific historical situations but tend to persist even after the historical conditions have changed. We also discuss the conditions under which gender norms either tend to be stable or change more quickly.
Model Update May 2016: Upper‐Mantle Heterogeneity beneath North America from Travel‐Time Tomography with Global and USArray Data

ABSTRACT P ‐wave travel‐time residuals from USArray helped improve the scale and consistency with which the mantle beneath North America is resolved. Beginning in 2008, we published a series of P ‐wave velocity models based on a global ray theoretical inversion of USArray and global catalog data. Here, we present the final model update, MITP_USA_2016MAY, which includes the complete set of travel‐time residuals from USArray Transportable Array (TA) in the contiguous United States. In this model, the area of high resolution extends to the eastern margin of the continent, allowing us to better estimate the location and extent of slow features in Central Virginia and New England. An increasing number of data from the TA in Alaska also allows us to recover the structure of subducting Pacific plate and Yakutat terrane. In addition to highlighting new features in the final model, we visualize and discuss the improvements to the model due to the addition of USArray data through time.
FlexiShare: Channel sharing for an energy-efficient nanophotonic crossbar

On-chip network is becoming critical to the scalability of future many-core architectures. Recently, nanophotonics has been proposed for on-chip networks because of its low latency and high bandwidth. However, nanophotonics has relatively high static power consumption, which can lead to inefficient architectures. In this work, we propose FlexiShare — a nanopho-tonic crossbar architecture that minimizes static power consumption by fully sharing a reduced number of channels across the network. To enable efficient global sharing, we decouple the allocation of the channels and the buffers, and introduce novel photonic token-stream mechanism for channel arbitration and credit distribution The flexibility of FlexiShare introduces additional router complexity and electrical power consumption. However, with the reduced number of optical channels, the overall power consumption is reduced without loss in performance. Our evaluation shows that the proposed token-stream arbitration applied to a conventional crossbar design improves network throughput by 5.5× under permutation traffic. In addition, FlexiShare achieves similar performance as a token-stream arbitrated conventional crossbar using only half the amount of channels under balanced, distributed traffic. With the extracted trace traffic from MineBench and SPLASH-2, FlexiShare can further reduce the amount of channels by up to 87.5%, while still providing better performance — resulting in up to 72% reduction in power consumption compared to the best alternative.
How Do Quasi-Random Option Grants Affect CEO Risk-Taking?

We examine how an increase in stock option grants affects CEO risk-taking. The overall net effect of option grants is theoretically ambiguous for risk-averse CEOs. To overcome the endogeneity of option grants, we exploit institutional features of multi-year compensation plans, which generate two distinct types of variation in the timing of when large increases in new at-the-money options are granted. We find that, given average grant levels during our sample period, a 10 percent increase in new options granted leads to a 2.8–4.2 percent increase in equity volatility. This increase in risk is driven largely by increased leverage.
Discussion on ‘Tectonic and environmental controls on Palaeozoic fluvial environments: reassessing the impacts of early land plants on sedimentation’ Journal of the Geological Society, London, https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2016-063

The first-order importance of tectonic and environmental controls for terrigenous sediment supply has rarely been questioned, but the role of vegetation in the modification of ancient alluvial signatures has been observed since the mid-20th century (Vogt 1941). Studies of sparsely vegetated rivers (Schumm 1968) and alluvial stratigraphic variation (Cotter 1978; Davies & Gibling 2010) led to observations of (1) plant modulation of alluvial signatures and (2) Palaeozoic facies shifts (PFS): unidirectional changes to facies diversity and frequency, in stratigraphic alliance with the plant fossil record. One PFS is the Siluro-Devonian appearance of mud-rich, architecturally complex alluvium, traditionally ascribed to meandering rivers, and sedimentologically distinct from pre-vegetation strata (Davies & Gibling 2010; Long 2011). Using selected secondary data, Santos et al. (2017) dispute the correlation of these observations using three key points, as follows. (1) The mid-Palaeozoic was typified by orogenic assembly of low-gradient equatorial continents and elevated sea-level, which led to tropical weathering (abundant fine sediment) and extensive alluvial plains. This drove the PFS by promoting river meandering independently of vegetation. (2) Meandering does not require vegetation; this is shown by examples in Precambrian deposits, on other planets, and in ‘non-vegetated’ deserts. Meandering rivers were more abundant than the pre-vegetation rock record suggests, owing to selective bypass and deflation of fine material. (3) Early Siluro-Devonian (meaning Ludlow–Early Devonian) land plants were too small, their biomass and cover too limited, and their wetland habitat too narrow to have stabilized meandering channels, influencing landscape little more than earlier microbial communities. We contest the conclusions and method of the paper, and deal with each point in turn.
Lithosphere Thickness, Heat Flow and Moho Depth in The South of Portugal

In the last years, several models have been presented trying to obtain lithosphere and Moho thickness in the Iberian Peninsula, using data related to geoid elevation and topography, gravity, seismicity and thermal analysis. The results obtained show a decrease in the thickness of the crust and the lithosphere in the SW part of the Iberian Peninsula. Density anomalies in the crust are also referred. Data obtained in the region was collected and deviations from average values used were detected. In this work, models were made taking into account the specific characteristics of the region. Heat flow, thermal conductivity, heat production, topography, gravity, seismic and geological data available for the region, were used to adjust the model. The results show that this region is different from other parts of the Iberian Peninsula and a special attention must be given to it. This work shows the importance of trying to know and understand the thermal structure of the region.
Mind over matter. The impact of subjective social status on health outcomes and health behaviors

Recent insights have shown subjective status to impact health and health behavior. It is however unclear how this exactly happens. In this study we explore two mechanisms: this of a direct, mediating effect of subjective status explaining the impact of material class on health outcomes and behavior and an indirect, moderating impact on the relationship between material class and health outcomes and behavior. To test this empirically we conduct two studies, focusing on Great-Britain, using survey-data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (N: 2709–3448) and the Whitehall II-study (N: 6275–6467). Our linear and logistic regression analyses show subjective status has a mainly direct impact on health outcomes and has both a direct, mediating and indirect, moderating impact on health behavior. In the conclusion of our article we reflect on the theoretical reasons why subjective status has a direct impact in certain cases, while playing an indirect role in other cases.
The prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome/ myalgic encephalomyelitis: a meta-analysis

Purpose: To perform a meta-analysis to examine variability among prevalence estimates for CFS/ME, according to the method of assessment used. Methods: Databases were systematically searched for studies on CFS/ME prevalence in adults that applied the 1994 Centers for Disease Control (CDC) case definition. 1 Estimates were categorized into two methods of assessment: self-reporting of symptoms versus clinical assessment of symptoms. Meta-analysis was performed to pool prevalences by assessment using random effects modeling. This was stratified by sample setting (community or primary care) and heterogeneity was examined using the I 2 statistic. Results: Of 216 records found, 14 studies were considered suitable for inclusion. The pooled prevalence for self-reporting assessment was 3.28% (95% CI: 2.24–4.33) and 0.76% (95% CI: 0.23–1.29) for clinical assessment. High variability was observed among self-reported estimates, while clinically assessed estimates showed greater consistency. Conclusion: The observed heterogeneity in CFS/ME prevalence may be due to differences in method of assessment. Stakeholders should be cautious of prevalence determined by the self-reporting of symptoms alone. The 1994 CDC case definition appeared to be the most reliable clinical assessment tool available at the time of these studies. Improving clinical case definitions and their adoption internationally will enable better comparisons of findings and inform health systems about the true burden of CFS/ME.
Spacetime Conventionalism Revisited

We provide five rearticulations of the thesis that the structure of spacetime is conventional, rather than empirically determined, based upon variation of the structures that are empirically underdetermined and modal contexts in which this underdetermination occurs. Three of the five formulations of conventionalism will be found to fail. Two are found to open up new interesting problems for researchers in the foundations of general relativity. In all five cases, our analysis explores the interplay between geometric identities, symmetry, conformal structure, and the dynamical content of physical theories with the conventionalism dialectic deployed as a tool of explication, clarification, and exploration.
Reply to: Treatment of tics in patients with Tourette syndrome: Recommendations according to the European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome

We read with great interest the article by Jankovic and Kurlan on Tourette syndrome (TS). Although TS is a common disorder there is still a knowledge gap even among experts. Therefore, we highly appreciate this timely review related to the 25th anniversary of Movement Disorders. In 2000, the European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS) was established, to enhance the understanding of the causes of TS, to find effective treatments, to share good clinical practice, and to stimulate European collaboration in research. Today, ESSTS has 120 members in 19 countries. Recently, ESSTS developed the first European clinical guidelines for TS and other tic disorders on assessment, pharmacological treatment, behavioral and psychosocial interventions, and deep brain stimulation. Here, on behalf of the ESSTS, we would like to comment on the recommendations given by Jankovic and Kurlan on the treatment of tics, because we have realized that the ESSTS guidelines differ significantly from these recommendations. Beforehand, we want to emphasize that these differences reflect the fact that—although there are many studies available, particularly on the pharmacotherapy of tics—only a limited number of these studies meet rigorous quality criteria in order to be accepted for evidence based guidelines. Jankovic and Kurlan recommend guanfacine and tetrabenazine as first choice treatment followed by fluphenazine, risperidone, and other atypical antipsychotics, clonazepam, topiramte, botulinum toxin, and habit reversal training. In contrast, ESSTS experts recommend psychoeducation and behavioral treatment (habit reversal training or exposure and response prevention) first. Only if these interventions are insufficient or not available pharmacotherapy is recommended including risperidone as first choice treatment followed by tiapride, sulpiride, and aripiprazole. Clonidine is recommended, especially when coexisting attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is present. Guanfacine is used very rarely in Europe because it has been withdrawn from the market in several European countries. Because tetrabenazine has been investigated only in open uncontrolled trials, it is not recommended as first choice treatment. According to a questionnaire asking for treatment preferences of tics among ESSTS members, tetrabenazine is the eighth and guanfacine the fifteenth choice (among 17 different drugs). Most European TS experts would opt for risperidone followed by clonidine, aripiprazole, pimozide, sulpiride, tiapride, and haloperidol. Given the scarcity of randomized controlled studies on the treatment of tics, recommendations heavily depend on experts’ experiences and preferences including local availability of the drugs rather than scientific evidence.
Minimally Invasive Surgery

The minimally invasive approach has become the standard of surgical care for numerous disease processes. In addition, refinements and advances in minimally invasive surgery are evolving more rapidly than ever. The growing experience of the laparoscopic surgeon and continued technical improvements are pushing the frontier of minimally invasive surgery ever forward. This review highlights the current aspects of endoscopic and laparoscopic surgery in 2001–2002 in relation to esophageal, gastric, adrenal, and pancreatic disease.
Career Opportunities

an inflammatory response. Aim : The hypothesis was verified as to whether ozonated autohemotherapy using an ozone dose in therapeutic range changes the plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, markers of inflammation. Methods : In a controlled, single-blind, cross-over study, 12 chronically hemodialyzed patients with peripheral arterial disease were exposed to nine sessions of autohemotherapy with blood exposure to oxygen as a control followed by nine sessions of ozonated autohemotherapy with an ozone concentration of 50 mg/ml. Results : There was no statistical difference between C-reactive protein levels at baseline (1.539/1.01 mg/l), after nine sessions of control autohemotherapy (1.489/0.96 mg/l), and after nine sessions of ozonated autohemotherapy (1.559/0.84 mg/l). There was also no statistical difference between the interleukin-6 serum concentration at baseline (4389/118 pg/ml), after nine sessions of control autohemotherapy (4449/120 pg/ml), and after nine sessions of ozonated autohemotherapy (4669/152 pg/ml). Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that ozonated autohemotherapy using an ozone concentration of 50 mg/ml does not induce an inflammatory response.
The digital chart of the world project

The Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) is developing a new product, The Digital Chart of the World (DCW). It will provide worldwide coverage using a topologically structured vector representation of the Earth's land surface information on a microcomputer-accessible storage medium. The ultimate objective of this project is to develop, refine, and establish a suite of standards to support future DMA digital data products and enhance the utility of digital spatial information in vector format. The DCW database will be used to test and define product standards. Once the standards are complete, the DCW will provide an example for future DMA vector data products.
Biological network comparison using graphlet degree distribution

MOTIVATION Analogous to biological sequence comparison, comparing cellular networks is an important problem that could provide insight into biological understanding and therapeutics. For technical reasons, comparing large networks is computationally infeasible, and thus heuristics, such as the degree distribution, clustering coefficient, diameter, and relative graphlet frequency distribution have been sought. It is easy to demonstrate that two networks are different by simply showing a short list of properties in which they differ. It is much harder to show that two networks are similar, as it requires demonstrating their similarity in all of their exponentially many properties. Clearly, it is computationally prohibitive to analyze all network properties, but the larger the number of constraints we impose in determining network similarity, the more likely it is that the networks will truly be similar. RESULTS We introduce a new systematic measure of a network's local structure that imposes a large number of similarity constraints on networks being compared. In particular, we generalize the degree distribution, which measures the number of nodes 'touching' k edges, into distributions measuring the number of nodes 'touching' k graphlets, where graphlets are small connected non-isomorphic subgraphs of a large network. Our new measure of network local structure consists of 73 graphlet degree distributions of graphlets with 2-5 nodes, but it is easily extendible to a greater number of constraints (i.e. graphlets), if necessary, and the extensions are limited only by the available CPU. Furthermore, we show a way to combine the 73 graphlet degree distributions into a network 'agreement' measure which is a number between 0 and 1, where 1 means that networks have identical distributions and 0 means that they are far apart. Based on this new network agreement measure, we show that almost all of the 14 eukaryotic PPI networks, including human, resulting from various high-throughput experimental techniques, as well as from curated databases, are better modeled by geometric random graphs than by Erdös-Rény, random scale-free, or Barabási-Albert scale-free networks. AVAILABILITY Software executables are available upon request.
Ecological studies of the soil micro-fungi in a tropical forest of South Orissa in relation to deforestation and cultivation

The present study elucidates the effect of deforestation and cultivation of forest land on the nutrient status and microfungal structure of the forest soils of south Orissa. A total number of 195 species belonging to 83 genera of microfungi were isolated from three different sites of a forest in south Orissa over a period of 13 months. Deuteromycotiona group was found to contribute maximum population and Aspargillus was the dominant genera in all the three sites. The forest soils with dense surface and overlying vegetation has been found to be rich with soil nutrients harbouring more fungi. But deforestation and cultivation of forest land considerably influenced the occurrence, population pattern, abondance and dominance of microflora species due to reduced nutrient status of the concern soils.
Liquefaction Susceptibility of Uncemented Calcareous Sands From Puerto Rico by Cyclic Triaxial Testing

Title: Liquefaction Susceptibility of Uncemented Calcareous Sands From Puerto Rico by Cyclic Triaxial Testing Author: Todd H. LaVielle Laboratory tests were performed to investigate the liquefaction susceptibility of uncemented calcareous sands. A series of isotropically consolidated undrained monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests were performed using the Playa Santa sand from Porto Rico. Playa Santa sand is a poorly graded calcareous clean beach sand composed of angular particles with large intra-granular voids. A series of consolidated undrained triaxial tests were performed with the Playa Santa sand remolded to a variety of relative densities and consolidated under a range of confining pressures. In addition, cyclic triaxial tests were performed at a confining pressure of 100 kPa and three sets of relative densities (20%, 40% and 60%). Generation of excess pore pressure under different levels of cyclic loading was established. As a result, relationships were developed to relate the number of cycles required for triggering of liquefaction to cyclic stress ratio. It was seen that the Playa Santa sand was less susceptible liquefaction than quartzitic sands of the same relative density remolded and tested under similar conditions.
TREE SPECIES COMPOSITION WITHIN KANO STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY WUDIL, KANO STATE, NIGERIA

The study accessed the tree species composition within the Kano State University of Science and Technology Wudil, Kano State, Nigeria with the view of providing information that will help in the management and conservation of tree species within the campus. The study area was stratified into four (4) sections from which total enumeration of tree species was carried out. Results from the study shows that, there are 8267 tree stands, representing 43 tree species cutting across 21 family and 37 genera. Azadirachta indica recorded the highest frequency and percentage frequency of 3959 and 47.89% respectively while Borassus aethiopum, Celtis integrifolia and Sclerocarya birrea recorded the lowest frequency and percentage frequency of 1 and 0.01% respectively. The family Fabaceae recorded the highest frequency and percentage frequency of 11 and 52.38% respectively while Anonaceae, Apocynaceae, Arecoideae, Balanitaceae, Bignoiaceae, Ebenaceae, Lamiaceae, Rhamnaceae, Sapotaceae, Ulmaceae and Verbenaceae recorded the lowest number of representation of 1 and 4.76% frequency and percentage frequency respectively. Notwithstanding the large number of tree stands recorded, majority of which were exotic trees, the various distribution pattern of the various parameters accessed was typical of savanna vegetation. Concerted effort should be made for the conservation of these species, most especially the indigenous ones, some of which might be extinct in the campus if adequate measures are not taken.
Corporate Debt Structure and the Financial Crisis

We present a DSGE model where …rms optimally choose among alternative instruments of external …nance. The model is used to explain the evolving composition of corporate debt during the …nancial crisis of 2007-09, namely the observed shift from bank …nance to bond …nance despite the increasing cost of debt securities relative to bank loans. We show that substitutability among instruments of external …nance is important to shield the