Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A direct numerical simulation analysis of localised forced ignition in turbulent slot jets of CH 4 /CO 2 blends

The early stages of flame evolution following successful localised forced ignition of different CH 4 /CO 2 blends in a slot jet configuration have been analysed using three-dimensional direct numerical simulations. The simulations have been conducted for three different concentration levels of CO 2 in the fuel blend composed of CH 4 and CO 2 (ranging from 0% to 20% by volume). The effects of CO 2 concentration have been analysed based on five different energy deposition scenarios which include situations where the mean mixture composition at the ignitor varies, but not its location in space, whereas other cases represent the scenarios where the mean mixture composition within the energy deposition region remains constant, but its spatial location changes with CO 2 concentration. The most favourable region for successful flame development following thermal runaway, from the mixture composition standpoint (i.e. the highest flammability factor), has been found to be displaced close to the nozzle with an increase in CO 2 concentration. The flame development following thermal runaway exhibits initial growth of hot gas kernel followed by downstream advection and eventual flame propagation along with radial expansion with a possibility of flame stabilisation irrespective of the level of CO 2 concentration. The triple flame propagation has been found to play a key role in the upstream flame propagation and eventual stabilisation. The orientation of the local flame normal plays a key role in the flame stabilisation. The lift off height has been found to increase with increasing CO 2 concentration which also adversely affect flame stabilisation for high levels of CO 2 concentration.
Monitoring the Milk Composition, Milk Microbiota, and Blood Metabolites of Jersey Cows throughout a Lactation Period

Simple Summary The shift to the sustainable production of quality milk has led to the increased breeding of Jersey cows. This study examined the milk composition, milk microbiota, and blood metabolites throughout the lactation period of Jersey cows, producing a peak milk yield of more than 25 kg/d. The prevalent families of the milk microbiota changed intermittently during the lactation period. Contamination of the environmental microbiota in milk was coupled with elevated plasma non-esterified fatty acids, haptoglobin, and aspartate transaminase levels. Thus, impaired metabolic function during the early lactation period may increase the invasion of opportunistic bacteria. Abstract This study aimed to determine how milk composition, milk microbiota, and blood metabolites may change during the lactation period in Jersey cows. Milk and jugular blood samples were collected from eight healthy cows every other month from the beginning to the end of their lactation period. Samples of airborne dust were also collected to determine whether the cowshed microbiota could affect milk microbiota. Milk yield peaked in the first two months and gradually decreased as the lactation period progressed. Milk fat, protein, and solids-not-fat contents were low in the first month, and then increased during the middle and late lactation periods. In the first month, plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), haptoglobin (Hp), and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels were elevated, and high abundances of Burkholderiaceae and Oxalobacteraceae were observed in milk and airborne dust microbiota. The finding that contamination of the environmental microbiota in milk was coupled with elevated plasma NEFA, Hp, and AST levels indicated that impaired metabolic function during the early lactation period may increase the invasion of opportunistic bacteria. This study can affirm the importance of feeding and cowshed management and should provide a helpful addition to improving Jersey cow farming.
Enhanced Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Wheat Straw to Improve Reducing Sugar Yield by Novel Method under Mild Conditions

Wheat straw is a suitable source material for bioethanol production. Removing lignin and hemicellulose in wheat straw to improve enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency is essential because of its complex structure. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have become substitutes for ionic liquids (ILs), with the characteristics of good biocompatibility, simple synthesis procedure and low cost. However, the process of removing lignin and hemicellulose using present DESs requires a high operation temperature or long operation time. Therefore, we studied a novel method under mild conditions for screening a series of novel DESs based on an inorganic base to remove lignin and hemicellulose in wheat straw. In this work, the effect of DES type, the pH of the DESs, the operation temperature and operation time for enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis, and the crystal structure and the chemical structure and surface morphology of wheat straw were investigated. In particular, Na:EG exhibited the most excellent solubility for wheat straw under mild conditions, removing 80.6% lignin and 78.5% hemicellulose, while reserving 87.4% cellulose at 90 °C for 5 h, resulting in 81.6% reducing sugar produced during hydrolysis for 72 h. Furthermore, XRD, FT-IR and SEM analysis verified the lignin and hemicellulose removal. Hence, DESs based on an inorganic base used for removing lignin and hemicellulose will enhance enzymatic hydrolysis, and thus promote the industrial application of wheat straw to produce bioethanol.
Evolution of patterns of streamwise vorticity in the turbulent near wake of a circular cylinder

High-image-density particle image velocimetry allows characterization of the instantaneous patterns of streamwise vorticity ωx over the cross-section of the near wake of a circular cylinder, and the manner in which they evolve with streamwise distance. Emphasis is on the Reynolds number Re = 10 × 103, for which the Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) mode in the separating shear layers has a streamwise wavelength much smaller than that of the Kármán mode. Consequently, the corresponding spanwise wavelength between ωx concentrations increases substantially from its value in the separating shear layer to a larger one in the near wake. This streamwise evolution is defined by spatial correlations of patterns of instantaneous ωx and interpreted with the aid of the quasi-two-dimensional topology of the wake in the base region of the cylinder. The principal features of the phase-averaged topology are foci of the initially formed Kármán vortices and a saddle point between them. Immediately downstream of this saddle, remarkably coherent patterns of ωx concentrations are evident; they have a wavelength approximately equal to the cylinder diameter. Moreover, larger-scale spanwise distortion eventually occurs. This distortion exhibits several modes; the most severe is a nearly discontinuous variation of patterns of ωx.
A Monte Carlo comparison of the small sample behaviour of the Pearson, the likelihood ratio and the Cressie-Read statistics

There has been a long debate on the applicability of the chi-square approximation to statistics based on small sample sizes. Most of the work done in this area is concerned with the Pearson chi-square and the likelihood ratio stastics. This paper reports results of a simulation study on the small sample behaviour of these statistics adding a statistic suggested by Cressie and Read (1984). Simulated percentage points and approximate 95% confidence intervals for the true percentage points are given for 13 contingency tables fitting log-linear models. It is found that the behaviour of the Cressie-Read statistic is very similar to that of the Pearson chi-square statistic. Both seem to be applicable for smaller sample sizes than suggested by other authors.
The Impact of Crop Rotation and Spatially Varying Crop Parameters in the E3SM Land Model (ELMv2)

Earth System Models (ESMs) are increasingly representing agriculture due to its impact on biogeochemical cycles, local and regional climate, and fundamental importance for human society. Realistic large scale simulations may require spatially varying crop parameters that capture crop growth at various scales and among different cultivars, as well as common crop management practices, but their importance is uncertain, and they are often not represented in ESMs. In this study, we examine the impact of using constant versus spatially varying crop parameters using a novel, realistic crop rotation scenario in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) Land Model version 2 (ELMv2). We implemented crop rotation by using ELMv2's dynamic land unit capability, and then calibrated and validated the model against observations collected at three AmeriFlux sites in the US Midwest with corn soybean rotation. The calibrated model closely captured the magnitude and observed seasonality of carbon and energy fluxes across crops and sites. We performed regional simulations for the US Midwest using the calibrated model and found that spatially varying only a few crop parameters across the region, as opposed to using constant parameters, had a large impact, with the carbon fluxes and energy fluxes both varying by up to 40%. These results imply that large scale ESM simulations using spatially invariant crop parameters may result in biased energy and carbon fluxes estimation from agricultural land, and underline the importance of improving human‐earth systems interactions in ESMs.
SOME SPECIAL CREMONA TRANSFORMATIONS

In this paper we continue the study (c. f. [C. -K.], [S. -T. 1, 2]) of special Cremona transformations, i.e. those whose base scheme Y is smooth and connected. Crauder and Katz have completely classified these when dim Y < 2. Our main results classify them when they are quadro-quadric (Theorem 2.6) and when codim Y = 2 (Theorem 3.2). In the first case they are just the maps given by systems of quadrics through Severi varieties (by a result of Zak there are just four of these: the Veronese surface V C P5, the Segre embedding of P2 x P2 in P8, the Grassmannian G(2, 6) in p14 and the 16dimensional E6-variety in p26), and in the second either Y is a quintic elliptic scroll in P4 or Y is defined in pI by the vanishing of the n x n minors of
Development of 3‐D finite element model for flexible pavements

Abstract This paper presents the development of a three‐dimensional finite element model for flexible pavements. The procedures of building a model and performing static analysis with the ABAQUS package are introduced. The element shapes and the size of the finite element model were studied to improve analysis efficiency. The model should at least consist of finite elements up to three times the loading diameter if centered at the loading position. Infinite elements should be used beyond the boundary of finite elements. The accuracy was justified with Boussnisq solutions for semiinfinite elastic solids. The surface layer was modeled with creep test data of asphalt concrete. Viscoelastic behavior was observed for the pavement model under wheel loading. The model was also validated by comparing computed results and field test data. Further calibrations of the model are underway by comparison with laboratory test results. The application of the model is introduced with an example of placing a geogrid‐reinforced asphalt concrete overlay on rigid pavement. Significant reduction of tensile strains at the bottom of the asphalt concrete was found with geogrid reinforcement.
SF3B1 mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes: A potential therapeutic target for modulating the entire disease process

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal hematologic malignancies characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and dysplasia of the myeloid cell lineage and are characterized by peripheral blood cytopenia and an increased risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Approximately half of the patients with MDS have somatic mutations in the spliceosome gene. Splicing Factor 3B Subunit 1A (SF3B1), the most frequently occurring splicing factor mutation in MDS is significantly associated with the MDS-RS subtype. SF3B1 mutations are intimately involved in the MDS regulation of various pathophysiological processes, including impaired erythropoiesis, dysregulated iron metabolism homeostasis, hyperinflammatory features, and R-loop accumulation. In the fifth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification criteria for MDS, MDS with SF3B1 mutations has been classified as an independent subtype, which plays a crucial role in identifying the disease phenotype, promoting tumor development, determining clinical features, and influencing tumor prognosis. Given that SF3B1 has demonstrated therapeutic vulnerability both in early MDS drivers and downstream events, therapy based on spliceosome-associated mutations is considered a novel strategy worth exploring in the future.
A two-dimensional numerical implementation of magnetohydrodynamics in divergence form

A numerical method for fully relativistic two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) shock problems is presented. The method is based on MHD in divergence form [van Putten, J. Comput. Phys., 105 (1993), pp. 339–353 and Comm. Math. Phys., 141 (1991), pp. 63–77]. MHD in divergence form is implemented using a two-dimensional shock-capturing method in terms of a pseudo-spectral smoothing operator [van Putten, J. Comput. Phys., 105 (1993), pp. 339–353]. This scheme for the first time yields accurate and stable numerical results in the presence of dynamically significant magnetic field strengths. The method preserves divergence-free magnetic fields to within machine round-off error.The method is illustrated on the problem of an MHD blast wave in two dimensions. In the limit of strong magnetic fields the solution is characterized by the presence of a pair of magnetic pressure-dominated stagnation points.
Patellofemoral Pain, Q-Angle, and Performance in Female Chinese Collegiate Soccer Players

Background and objective: Female sports injuries have been neglected by science, and few relevant studies have considered female subjects. Knee pain in female soccer players is more common than in male soccer players. The number of days of absence from training and competition has been shown to be higher in females than males. The reporting of knee pain is common in female soccer players, but whether knee pain is associated with morphological features is unclear. The Q-angle of the knee has been hypothesized to be a causal factor in knee pain. Asian females have shown higher levels of valgus than non-sporting Caucasian populations, but no data exist for female Chinese players. The aim of our study was to investigate whether there are associations between knee pain, the Q-angle of the lower limb, jump performance, play time, and perceived exertion in female Chinese collegiate soccer players. Materials and Methods: We measured the Q-angle, patellofemoral/anterior knee pain (SNAPPS questionnaire), and CMJ and SJ performance of 21 subjects (age: 20.09 ± 1.13 years, weight: 56.9 ± 6.26 kg, height: 164.24 ± 4.48 cm, and >10 years of practice) before and after a match; Borg scale and play time results were also recorded. Results: We found that our studied group had higher Q-angles in comparison to other ethnic groups reported in the literature, as well as an association of the Q-angle with the age, height, and weight of the players; however, contrary to other studies, we did not find any association between the Q-angle and knee pain, jumps, play time, or perceived exertion. Knee pain was not associated with any of the measured variables. Conclusions: Female Chinese soccer players showed higher Q-angles than players of other ethnic groups, a result that was associated with anthropometrics. The Q-angle was not found to be associated with knee pain, for which the sole determinant was body height.
Hyperspectral Image Classification Using Spectral–Spatial Token Enhanced Transformer With Hash-Based Positional Embedding

Hyperspectral image (HSI) classification aims to distinguish the category of a land coverage object for each pixel. In an effective way, the transformer architecture has been successfully introduced for the HSI classification task with promising performance. However, existing transformer-based HSI classification methods still suffer from the inability to fully explore both spectral information and spatial information in HSIs. To this end, we propose a spectral–spatial token enhanced transformer (SSTE-Former) method with the hash-based positional embedding, which is the first to exploit multiscale spectral–spatial information for transformer-based HSI classification in-depth. Specifically, SSTE-Former accepts multiscale HSI cubes centered on the target pixel, which are preprocessed by the principal component analysis (PCA). Then, a designed multiscale convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture is utilized to extract short-range spectral–spatial features and generate token embeddings. In parallel, a novel hash-based spatially enhanced positional embedding tailored for HSI cubes is developed to model the correlations within and across multiscale token embeddings. Finally, multiscale token embeddings and hash-based positional embeddings are concatenated and flattened into the transformer encoder for long-range spectral–spatial feature fusion. We conduct extensive experiments on four benchmark HSI datasets and achieve superior performance compared with the state-of-the-art HSI classification methods.
Nonlinear dielectric constant in relaxor ferroelectrics

Abstract We have measured the linear and the third-order nonlinear dielectric constants in (1 – x)Pb (Mg1/2W1/2)O3–xPbTiO3 with concentrations x from 0·075 to 0·6. The third-order nonlinear constant shows a broad maximum in the temperature dependence and the maximum value steeply increases as x is increased. The third-order dielectric constant is positive for all the concentrations measured. The experimental results are discussed on the basis of a few models proposed to explain the linear dielectric properties.
Volumetric negative-refractive-index metamaterials based upon the shunt-node transmission-line configuration

A volumetric negative-refractive-index transmission-line (NRI-TL) metamaterial is presented. This structure constitutes a natural extension of the planar NRI-TL metamaterials1 and maintains the desired features of broad bandwidth and low transmission loss. Unlike their planar counterparts, the proposed volumetric NRI-TL metamaterials can effectively couple incident plane waves from free space. The proposed topology can be readily made by stacking layers that are individually fabricated using standard multilayer printed-circuit board techniques at microwave frequencies. However, the creation of the volumetric structure results in the presence of a parasitic parallel-plate mode. This mode can interfere with the desired backward wave mode of the metamaterial, causing a stop band to appear. To facilitate the rapid analysis of this new design, a multiconductor transmission line model was developed. Through the use of this model and full-wave simulations, it will be demonstrated that this unwanted parallel-plat.
Robust Control of Dielectric Elastomer Smart Actuator for Tracking High-Frequency Trajectory

A dielectric elastomer smart actuator (DESA) has shown great potentials in soft robot applications. The control of the DESA is one of key issues for soft robots. However, the precise control of the DESA is a challenge work, especially when tracking high-frequency trajectories and guaranteeing a certain robustness. To this end, this article presents a robust tracking control method for a DESA to track various high-frequency trajectories. First, to characterize the complex nonlinear properties (including the quadratic input, asymmetric and rate-dependent hysteresis, as well as creep) of the DESA, its dynamic model is built by combining a square function module, a modified Prandtl–Ishlinskii (P–I) hysteresis model, and a linear system. Subsequently, by combining the inverse of the modified P–I hysteresis model with a square root function module, the quadratic input and asymmetric hysteresis properties of the DESA are compensated to reduce the tracking control error. Since model uncertainties and external disturbances are unavoidable in practical applications, a robust controller is designed to achieve the tracking control of the DESA, the controller also guarantees the robustness of the control system. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control method is demonstrated through a series of tracking control experiments with different high-frequency trajectories, whose maximal frequency is 8 Hz. The root-mean-square errors of all the experimental results are lower than 1.5%, which proves that the presented method is remarkable from the perspective of the practical application.
Population Status of the Tropical Freshwater Shrimp Xiphocaris elongata in Urban and Forest Streams in Puerto Rico

Most of the human population lives in cities, and understanding their impact on freshwater environments is essential. Streams in cities face many environmental challenges that have been described in the concept of Urban Stream Syndrome. This concept illustrates urban streams’ biological, hydrological, chemical, and physical stressors. In tropical streams, these stressors impact shrimp, fish, insects, and other macroinvertebrates that inhabit the freshwater ecosystems. Freshwater shrimp are vulnerable to urban activities, physical, chemical, and ecological impacts. For this reason, these organisms have been used as biological indicators of stream health in the tropics. The shredder shrimp Xiphocaris elongata plays a fundamental role in the organic matter process and decomposition. The objectives of this study were to characterize the population of X. elongata and to identify differences in the abundance of X. elongata between urban and forest streams. Our results showed that highly urbanized areas have a significantly lower abundance of the shredder shrimp X. elongata than medium or low urban reach in the urban and forested watersheds. This study also showed that physicochemical and geomorphological variables are important environmental factors that influence the abundance of X. elongata in Puerto Rican streams.