Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Socio-psychological Constructs and Perceived Economic Variables on Entrepreneurial Behavior among Farmer Producer Organization Members in Kerala: A Comprehensive Analysis

In the realm of the Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), there is a compelling need for comprehensive scholarly investigation to assess the quantitative relationship between profile characteristics and entrepreneurial behavior of members within Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) to address the existing knowledge gap and contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamics that enhance livelihood security. Therefore, the present study focused on examining the relationship between the entrepreneurial behaviour of FPO members and their socio-psychological constructs and perceived economic variables. The study was conducted in Kerala. Districts from Northern, Central, and Southern Kerala having the maximum number of FPOs were selected for the study. Thus, Wayanad from Northern Kerala, Idukki from Central Kerala, and Trivandrum from Southern Kerala were selected for the study. A purposive sampling technique was used for the selection of the FPOs. Two functioning FPOs were purposively selected from the three districts based on discussion with National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC), and Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK). From each selected FPO, 20 farmer members were randomly selected. A total of 40 farmers were surveyed from each district. Thus, a total of 120 farmer members were selected from six Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) located in three districts, resulting in a sample size of 120 respondents. A random sampling technique was used for the selection of the farmer members from each FPOs. Karl Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used in the study to understand the strength and direction of the relationship between the variables. The socio-psychological constructs and perceived economic variables were age, education, annual income, scientific orientation, number of training attended, social participation, group cohesion and credit orientation. The findings demonstrated that there were positive and significant relationships between education, annual income, training, scientific orientation, group cohesion, and creativity with entrepreneurial behavior. The variables age and credit orientation exhibited non-significant correlation coefficients, suggesting no significant relationship with entrepreneurial behavior.
Statistical Analysis of Individual Solar Active Regions

Abstract In the last decades, numerous observational and computational studies have shown that the global flare distribution is a power-law with a slope less than 2. In these studies, active regions are treated as statistically indistinguishable. To test this, we identify and separately analyze the flares produced by ten individual active regions (2006-2016). In five regions, we find a single power-law distribution, with a slope of a < 2. In the other five, we find a broken double power-law distribution, with slopes a1 < 2 and a2 > 2.
Non-Ideal Compressible Fluid Dynamics: A Challenge for Theory

The possibility that compression as well as rarefaction shocks may form in single phase vapours was envisaged first by Bethe (1942). However calculations based on the Van der Waals equation of state indicated that the latter type of shock is possible only if the specific heat at constant volume cv divided by the universal gas constant R is larger than about 17.5 which he considered too large to be satisfied by real fluids. This conclusion was contested by Thompson (1971) who showed that the type of shock capable of forming in arbitrary fluids is determined by the sign of the thermodynamic quantity Γ=v32c2∂2p∂v2|s to which he referred to as fundamental derivative of gas dynamics. Here v, p, s and c denote the specific volume, the pressure, the entropy and the speed of sound. Thompson and co-workers also showed that the required condition for the existence of rarefaction shocks, that Γ may take on negative values, is indeed satisfied for a number of hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon vapours. This finding spawned a burst of theoretical studies elaborating on the unusual and often counterintuitive behaviour of shocks with rarefaction shocks present. These produced both results of theoretical character but also results suggesting the practical importance of Non-Ideal Compressible Fluid Dynamics in general. The present paper addresses some of the challenges encountered in connection with the theoretical treatment of the associated flow behaviour. Weakly nonlinear acoustic waves of finite amplitude serve as a starting point. Here mixed rather than strictly positive nonlinearity generates a wealth of phenomena not possible in perfect gases. Examples of steady flows where these non-classical effects play a decisive role (and which may be useful also for future experimental work) are quasi one-dimensional nozzle flows and transonic two-dimensional flows past corners. The study of viscous effects concentrates on laminar flows of boundary layer type. Here non-classical phenomena are caused by the uncommon smallness of the Eckert number but also by the unconventional Mach number dependence on p in the external inviscid flow region.
Progress towards a source of cold, slow molecules for tests of fundamental physics

This thesis examines two beam sources of ytterbium fluoride (YbF), and assesses their viability for use in precision measurements of the electron electric dipole moment. The first source is a single-stage cryogenic buffer-gas source optimized for high extraction efficiency and low forward velocity. Velocity distributions of beams produced by this source have been measured, with corresponding mean speeds in the range 190 m s−1 to 210 m s−1 for flow rates between 10 and 40 SCCM. The characteristic YbF flux from this source has been measured as (2.10 ± 0.34)×10 sr−1pulse−1, and the flux of a similarly produced beam of ytterbium found to have a flux (5.30 ± 0.86)× 10 sr−1pulse−1. The second source is a two-stage cryogenic buffer-gas source, where the first stage is supposed to produce a high flux and the second stage is meant to slow the beam to low velocity. We find optimal behaviour running at lower pressures than the single-stage source, and have measured molecular beams with a peak velocity of 70 m s−1. Although not fully optimised, the source shows clear evidence of deceleration in the second stage, and drastically outperforms even the best measured fluxes from the singlestage source in terms of molecules with velocities below 100 m s−1. Typical fluxes from this source at its current state of development are (6.8 ± 0.7)×10 sr−1pulse−1. In characterising the two-stage source, we have developed a new scheme to accurately measure the velocity distribution of molecular beams in the low signal-to-noise limit. We use the Doppler effect to address a small subset of velocities in a beam, bleaching population from a target level as we do so. Integrating over the total population loss of this level, we are able to reconstruct the true distribution with excellent fidelity, as we have demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally. We have applied this technique to beams of YbF produced in the two-stage source, and have found good agreement with results obtained using more traditional measurement schemes.
VARIABILITY AND CORRELATION IN SAFFLOWER

Twenty-eight diverse genotypes of safflower studied for the extent of genetic variability for yield and yield components revealed that maximum difference between GCV and PCV under rainfed and irrigated cropping was observed for number of heads and branches per plant indicating the susceptibility of these traits to environment. In general, the spiny types performed under irrigated condition and the non-spiny genotypes under rainfed conditions. The dwarf genotypes recorded high seed yield under irrigated conditions and the non-spiny genotypes under rainfed conditions. The dwarf genotypes recorded high seed yield under irrigated conditions and the intermediates under rainfed condition. Number of branches and heads were interrelated under both conditions.
ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ON COMPANY VALUE WITH PROFITABILITY AS A VARIABLE MODERATION IN MANUFACTURING COMPANIES LISTED ON INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE

This study aims to determine the effect of good corporate governance, namely the size of the board of commissioners, managerial ownership, institutional ownership, independent commissioners and risk management on firm value in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. In addition, this study also aims to determine whether profitability can be used as a moderating variable in the model.The research design is a causal relationship research with a quantitative approach. The sample in this study was 57 manufacturing companies listed on the IDX from 2016 to 2020. The type of data used in this study is secondary data. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. And the data analysis technique used multiple linear regression analysis and interaction test (moderating) which was carried out with the help of SPSS software.The results in this study indicate that partially the size of the board of commissioners has no significant effect on firm value. Institutional ownership has a negative and significant effect on firm value. Managerial ownership, independent commissioners and risk management have a positive and significant impact on firm value. Meanwhile, profitability cannot moderate the size of the board of commissioners, institutional ownership, managerial ownership, independent commissioners and risk management on firm value in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange.
Environmental challenges of the Northern Indian plains and their implications

The Northern Indian Plains are facing severe environmental challenges that threaten the health and well-being of millions of people in the region. Deforestation, soil degradation, water pollution and scarcity, and poor air quality are some of the major environmental issues that require urgent attention. Deforestation in the region has resulted in the loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and reduced water availability. Soil degradation is another major issue in the region, resulting from unsustainable agricultural practices, overuse of chemical fertilizers, and erosion caused by deforestation. It has also reduced soil fertility, resulting in lower crop yields and reduced agricultural productivity. Using chemical fertilizers and pesticides has also led to water pollution, affecting the health of people and animals who rely on these water sources. Water scarcity and pollution are major challenges in the region, with many people having limited access to clean and safe drinking water. The pollution of water sources due to industrial and agricultural activities has further compounded the problem, leading to waterborne diseases and various health issues. Finally, air pollution is a major environmental challenge in the Northern Indian Plains, with high levels of particulate matter and other pollutants affecting people's health in the region. Burning crops, vehicular emissions, and industrial activities contribute to poor air quality, leading to respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular disease, and other health issues. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the mentioned environmental challenges in the Northern India Plains by utilizing contemporary literature and evidence-based research to establish its findings.
On the Source and Instability of Probability Weighting

We propose and experimentally test a new theory of probability distortions in risky choice. The theory is based on a core principle from neuroscience called efficient coding, which states that perception is more accurate for those stimuli that the agent expects to encounter more frequently. We show that when the agent holds a prior that attaches greater likelihood to extreme probabilities compared to intermediate probabilities, efficient coding generates the inverse S-shaped probability weighting function from prospect theory. More important, as the agent’s prior varies, the model predicts that probability distortions change systematically. Across two experiments, we provide novel support for the efficient coding hypothesis. In the first experiment, we show that perception of probability is more precise for those values near the boundaries of 0 and 1. These data validate the key model assumption about the shape of the prior, which generates the steeper slope of the weighting function for low and high probabilities compared to intermediate probabilities. In the second experiment, we provide evidence that the shape of the weighting function can be modulated through changes in the prior. Our theory generates additional novel predictions regarding heterogeneity and time variation in probability distortions. JEL classification: G02, G41
Implicit measures of anthropomorphism: affective priming and recognition of apparent animal emotions

It has long been recognized that humans tend to anthropomorphize. That is, we naturally and effortlessly interpret the behaviors of nonhuman agents in the same way we interpret human behaviors. This tendency has only recently become a subject of empirical research. Most of this work uses explicit measures. Participants are asked whether they attribute some human-like trait to a nonhuman agent on some scale. These measures, however, have two limitations. First, they do not capture automatic components of anthropomorphism. Second, they generally only track one anthropomorphic result: the attribution (or non-attribution) of a particular trait. However, anthropomorphism can affect how we interpret animal behavior in other ways as well. For example, the grin of a nonhuman primate often looks to us like a smile, but it actually signals a state more like fear or anxiety. In the present work, we tested for implicit components of anthropomorphism based on an affective priming paradigm. Previous work suggests that priming with human faces displaying emotional expressions facilitated categorization of words into congruent emotion categories. In Experiments 1–3, we primed participants with images of nonhuman animals that appear to express happy or sad emotions, and asked participants to categorize words as positive or negative. Experiment 4 used human faces as control. Overall, we found consistent priming congruency effects in accuracy but not response time. These appeared to be more robust in older adults. They also appear to emerge with more processing time, and the pattern was the same with human as with primate faces. This demonstrates a role for automatic processes of emotion recognition in anthropomorphism. It also provides a potential measure for further exploration of implicit anthropomorphism.
Type A Trichothecene Metabolic Profile Differentiation, Mechanisms, Biosynthetic Pathways, and Evolution in Fusarium Species—A Mini Review

Trichothecenes are the most common Fusarium toxins detected in grains and related products. Type A trichothecenes are among the mycotoxins of greatest concern to food and feed safety due to their high toxicity. Recently, two different trichothecene genotypes within Fusarium species were reported. The available information showed that Tri1 and Tri16 genes are the key determinants of the trichothecene profiles of T-2 and DAS genotypes. In this review, polymorphisms in the Tri1 and Tri16 genes in the two genotypes were investigated. Meanwhile, the functions of genes involved in DAS and NEO biosynthesis are discussed. The possible biosynthetic pathways of DAS and NEO are proposed in this review, which will facilitate the understanding of the synthesis process of trichothecenes in Fusarium strains and may also inspire researchers to design and conduct further research. Together, the review provides insight into trichothecene profile differentiation and Tri gene evolutionary processes responsible for the structural diversification of trichothecene produced by Fusarium.
Forbidden zones for the expectation of a random variable. New version 1

A forbidden zones theorem is deduced in the present article. Its consequences and applications are preliminary considered. The following statement is proven: if some non-zero lower bound exists for the variance of a random variable, that takes on values in a finite interval, then non-zero bounds or forbidden zones exist for its expectation near the boundaries of the interval. The article is motivated by the need of rigorous theoretical support for the practical analysis that has been performed for the influence of scattering and noise in the behavioral economics, decision sciences, utility and prospect theories. If a noise can be one of possible causes of the above lower bound on the variance, then it can cause or broaden out such forbidden zones. So the theorem can provide new possibilities for mathematical description of the influence of such a noise. The considered forbidden zones can evidently lead to some biases in measurements.
Factors Associated with Depressive and Anxiety Symptom Trajectories Across Pregnancy and Postpartum in Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor‐Treated Individuals

Objective The primary purpose of this article is to identify factors that are associated with worsening mood and anxiety trajectories across the perinatal period among pregnant individuals receiving treatment with a selective‐serotonin reupdate inhibitor. Methods This secondary analysis of primary data from the original article, Trajectories of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms Across Pregnancy and Postpartum in Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor‐Treated Women, explores if number of lifetime episodes of depression as characterized in the Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview, elevated maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACE) score, or specific obstetric or neonatal factors from the Peripartum Events Scale (PES) were associated with membership in trajectory groups with the highest symptom burden. Results No difference in ACE scores or obstetric or neonatal factors were associated with membership in the trajectory groups using Wilcoxon rank sum tests and bi‐variable logistic regression. The trajectory group with the highest anxiety symptom burden experienced more lifetime episodes of depression compared to other groups (odds ratio = 1.17, 95% confidence intervals, 1.02–1.34, p = 0.03). Conclusions Congruent with other studies, we found a high prevalence of co‐occurring mood and anxiety symptoms and that past episodes of depression remain an important historical risk factor for perinatal symptom burden. This reinforces that past experiences of depression increase not only the risk of future symptoms but also higher symptom burden during antidepressant treatment.
Multiple Representations Appear When Students Interpret Signs in Constructing Rectangle Concepts

Multiple Representation the ability to use several mathematical expressions. The purpose of this study is to describe the representations that appear when students interpret the signs. Descriptive explorative research is used in this study with three elementary school students in the Jember Regency. The research was conducted teacher’s teaching process, recording students 'activities using field note sheets, and analyszing the results of students' notes when constructing concepts. The research findings showed that the subject interpreted the sign by investigating the sign and then using some interpretations to express his mathematical ideas in the form of writing, pictures, tables, numbers, and symbols. This shows when interpreting the subject's sign using multiple representations. The representations used are image, verbal, and symbol representations. The results of this study are useful for teachers to stimulate children to make more than one representation when constructing a rectangle concept.
Effects of Hard Water Boiling on Chalky Rice in Terms of Texture Improvement and Ca Fortification

In the present paper, we investigated the characteristics of chalky rice grains generated by ripening under high temperature and compared them with whole grains. We evaluated 14 unpolished Japonica rice grains harvested in Japan in 2021, and these samples (original grains) were divided into two groups (a whole grain group and a chalky grain one). We found that not only activities of endogenous amylase and proteinase, but also cell wall-degrading enzymes, such as xylanase and cellulase, changed markedly between chalky grains and whole grains. Using rice grains blended with 30% of chalky grains as the material, we compared the sugar and mineral contents and textural properties of the rice grains soaked and boiled in either ordinary water or hard water, such as Evian or Contrex. It was shown that xylanase, in addition to amylase and proteinase, may play an important role in changing the texture of the boiled chalky rice grains. For the sake of preventing the above-mentioned deterioration in the texture of boiled grains of chalky rice, we tried to use hard water, such as Evian or Contrex, to soak and cook the chalky rice grains. It was shown that the hard water was useful for the prevention of texture deterioration of the boiled rice grains due to inhibition of the activities of endogenous hydrolytic enzymes, such as α-amylase, β-amylase, proteinase, and xylanase. Furthermore, we found that the hard water was useful in increasing the calcium absorption through the meal by 2.6 to 16.5 times.
TRUNCATED SUM OF SQUARES ESTIMATION OF FRACTIONAL TIME SERIES MODELS WITH DETERMINISTIC TRENDS

We consider truncated (or conditional) sum of squares estimation of a parametric model composed of a fractional time series and an additive generalized polynomial trend. Both the memory parameter, which characterizes the behavior of the stochastic component of the model, and the exponent parameter, which drives the shape of the deterministic component, are considered not only unknown real numbers but also lying in arbitrarily large (but finite) intervals. Thus, our model captures different forms of nonstationarity and noninvertibility. As in related settings, the proof of consistency (which is a prerequisite for proving asymptotic normality) is challenging due to nonuniform convergence of the objective function over a large admissible parameter space, but, in addition, our framework is substantially more involved due to the competition between stochastic and deterministic components. We establish consistency and asymptotic normality under quite general circumstances, finding that results differ crucially depending on the relative strength of the deterministic and stochastic components. Finite-sample properties are illustrated by means of a Monte Carlo experiment.
Detecting and Measuring Nonlinearity

This paper proposes an approach to measure the extent of nonlinearity of the exposure of a financial asset to a given risk factor. The proposed measure exploits the decomposition of a conditional expectation into its linear and nonlinear components. We illustrate the method with the measurement of the degree of nonlinearity of a European style option with respect to the underlying asset. Next, we use the method to identify the empirical patterns of the return-risk trade-off on the SP500. The results are strongly supportive of a nonlinear relationship between expected return and expected volatility. The data seem to be driven by two regimes: one regime with a positive return-risk trade-off and one with a negative trade-off.