Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of irrigated land-use intensification on the topsoil physical properties of a pastoral silt loam

ABSTRACT In Canterbury, New Zealand, there has been a widespread conversion of dryland sheep grazing to more intensive irrigated dairying. We determined the effects of these land uses on soil physical properties, and water release characteristics, on adjacent sites: a centre-pivot sprinkler-irrigated dairy farm site, a dryland sheep site, and a non-grazed, non-irrigated control site. Despite the Pallic Soil being well drained, greater soil compaction occurred at the dairy site than at other sites, to at least 30 cm depth. The dairy site typically had significantly lower total porosity and macroporosity, and greater bulk density and volumetric water content, than the other sites. Available water capacity varied but was greater at the dairy site (0–30 cm) than at the sheep site and control site. Further research is required across more farms and soils to confirm these results in other conditions.
Spatio‐temporal dynamics of water quality and eutrophication in Lake Taihu, China

Water quality evaluation in Lake Taihu, China, is vital for the regional water security. Recent studies have focused on understanding the spatio‐temporal dynamics of water conditions using long‐term data series. In this study, water conditions of Lake Taihu during non‐cyanobacterial/cyanobacterial growth periods were assessed based on water quality index (WQI), trophic level index (TLI), chlorophyll a concentration, and algal density; the spatio‐temporal changes in water quality were quantified, and their corresponding driving forces were discussed. The study employed water quality data from 2013 to 2018 and algal density data from 2013 to 2017. The results revealed that the water conditions varied over the years; it was the poorest in 2013, improved slightly in 2014, deteriorated during 2015–2017, and improved again in 2018. Slow algal growth was observed from May to July, which accelerated from August–September. The TLI in Lake Taihu may increase due to significant inflow during wet years, which may increase the eutrophication area and algae density in the following year, necessitating extreme caution. The northwestern part of Lake Taihu exhibited a lower WQI and higher TLI than its southeastern part. In the bays with high TLI, the WQI during the cyanobacterial growth period was lower than the non‐cyanobacterial growth period; the converse was observed in bays with low TLI. The results of this study imply that water conditions of Lake Taihu could be enhanced by reducing the nutrient load in wet seasons and wet years and improving the hydrodynamic conditions through water diversion, especially in Zhushan and Meiliang bays.
Minimum temperature drives community leaf trait variation in secondary montane forests along a 3000-m elevation gradient in the tropical Andes

ABSTRACT Background: Leaf functional traits (LFT) influence resource acquisition and are important for understanding ecosystem processes. Climate and land use are key filters of community composition and LFT, however, how the relative importance of these filter changes with elevation has been little studied in the Andes. Aims: To gain insight into the functional response of Andean forests to climate and disturbance in naturally regenerated forest stands. Methods: We measured leaf blade thickness (LBT), leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf dry matter content (LDMC) from 13 secondary forest communities, along a 3000-m elevation transect. We derived basal area-weighted mean community (CWM) trait values to assess the effect of climate and disturbance on the functional structure of regenerating tree communities. Results: Community LFT progressively shifted along the elevation gradient driven by changes in temperature and successional stages towards communities with thicker leaves with low SLA. Reduction in LDMC with elevation suggested that both succulence and sclerophylly were important strategies in these forests. Conclusions: Our findings reinforce the validity of LFT as a powerful predictor to explore the ecological strategies of tree species in climate scenarios. Warmer conditions could result in a shift from slower to faster resource acquisition strategies at higher elevations.
Boards of directors and performance in autonomous public sector entities

ABSTRACT The adoption of business-like boards of directors in the public sector has to be evaluated in terms of financial and non-financial outcomes. This paper investigates, using a structural equation model, the relationship of certain board characteristics with the performance of English NHS foundation trusts. Larger and more independent boards do not harm performance. Having a woman chairing the board is related to better service quality. Boards seem to be more concerned about service quality issues than about financial problems.
Factors Associated with Moderate to Severe Pain after Laparoscopic Surgery

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe associated factors of patients with moderate to severe pain after laparoscopic abdominal surgery in Post Anesthetic Care Unit. Material and Methods: This retrospective study included patients who underwent laparoscopic abdominal surgeries (bariatric, colorectal, gynecological, urological, and upper gastrointestinal surgery) between February and July 2019. Demographic data were retrieved from the anesthetic records. Pain score was evaluated by selfrating using verbal numerical rating scale (0-10). Logistic regression was used to obtain independent risk factors of moderate to severe (score 4-10) pain against no or mild pain. Results: Two-hundred and ten patients were included. The incidence of moderate (score 4-6) to severe pain (score 7-10) was 50.0%. Those who suffered from moderate to severe pain required higher consumption of analgesic drugs in recovery room than the other groups, however durations of hospitalization were not different between the two groups (p-value=0.329). This was because the highest intensity of pain was in the first postoperative day. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that abdominal pressure more than 12 mmHg (odd ratio (OR)=1.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8-4.22, p-value=0.153), and operation time more than 3 hours (OR 1.49, 95% CI 0.86-2.61, p-value=0.158) were independent risk factors of moderate to severe pain after laparoscopic procedure Conclusion: High intra-abdominal pressure (≥12 mmHg) and prolonged operation time (>3 hours) are the independent risk factors of moderate and severe pain in laparoscopic surgery.
A thermomechanical comparative study on carbon and boron nitride nanotube-reinforced polymer composites

Abstract The reinforcement effect of boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) and carbon nanotube (CNT) on thermoelastic behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposites was compared through a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and mean-field micromechanics model. Uniaxial tension, shearing, cooling down, and pullout simulations were implemented in MD simulations. In micromechanics, the multi-inclusion (M–I) model was adopted. Both nanocomposites showed similar transversely isotropic elastic constants and coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs). BNNTs provided better interfacial load transfer and dispersibility with PMMA; meanwhile, CNTs reduced the CTE of the matrix more. For both nanocomposites, the thermoelastic behavior was sensitive to the interfacial imperfection and interphase zone.
Delegation and Decentralization: Reform Ideas for Bihar’s Economic Transformation

This article proposes reform ideas for Bihar using advances in economics research on the role of institutions in economic development. Institutions—the formal and informal rules of the ‘game’ of how people interact in society—are fundamental determinants of economic activity and entrepreneurship. Historical institutions of caste-based feudalism in Bihar have been regarded as depressing entrepreneurship and encouraging lawlessness and corruption. New survey data–based evidence shows the potential of two reforms to bring about Bihar’s institutional and economic transformation: greater delegation of public policy implementation in bureaucracies and greater decentralization of public policy selection to local governments. Greater delegation means giving autonomy and discretion to agents in bureaucracies, and promoting professional norms for service delivery rather than hierarchical monitoring and disciplining to achieve performance. Greater decentralization means that more policy choices—such as on the composition of public expenditures, tariffs and fees for public infrastructure—are made by local leaders who gain the power to make these choices by winning more local elections. Communication within bureaucracies and through local media about the performance of public policies is part of these institutional reforms. Taken together, these can reduce the influence of patronage politics and enable the selection of leaders who pursue policies in the broad public interest. In turn, these institutional changes can spur greater economic activity and entrepreneurship, including all social groups in growth and prosperity.
Universal Discourse Representation Structure Parsing

Abstract We consider the task of crosslingual semantic parsing in the style of Discourse Representation Theory (DRT) where knowledge from annotated corpora in a resource-rich language is transferred via bitext to guide learning in other languages. We introduce 𝕌niversal Discourse Representation Theory (𝕌DRT), a variant of DRT that explicitly anchors semantic representations to tokens in the linguistic input. We develop a semantic parsing framework based on the Transformer architecture and utilize it to obtain semantic resources in multiple languages following two learning schemes. The many-to-one approach translates non-English text to English, and then runs a relatively accurate English parser on the translated text, while the one-to-many approach translates gold standard English to non-English text and trains multiple parsers (one per language) on the translations. Experimental results on the Parallel Meaning Bank show that our proposal outperforms strong baselines by a wide margin and can be used to construct (silver-standard) meaning banks for 99 languages.
Fill‐and‐Spill: A Process Description of Runoff Generation at the Scale of the Beholder

Descriptions of runoff generation processes continue to grow, helping to reveal complexities and hydrologic behavior across a wide range of environments and scales. But to date, there has been little grouping of these process facts. Here, we discuss how the “fill‐and‐spill” concept can provide a framework to group event‐based runoff generation processes. The fill‐and‐spill concept describes where vertical and lateral additions of water to a landscape unit are placed into storage (the fill)—and only when this storage reaches a critical level (the spill), and other storages are filled and become connected, does a previously infeasible (but subsequently important) outflow pathway become activated. We show that fill‐and‐spill can be observed at a range of scales and propose that future fieldwork should first define the scale of interest and then evaluate what is filling‐and‐spilling at that scale. Such an approach may be helpful for those instrumenting and modeling new hillslopes or catchments because it provides a structured way to develop perceptual models for runoff generation and to group behaviors at different sites and scales.
The construction of the political agenda on Twitter and Facebook during the 2016 Spanish elections: issues, frame and users’ interest

ABSTRACT During the last decades, the field of political communication has experienced a great transformation due to the appearance and consolidation of digital technologies. The aim of this research is to analyse the political agenda developed on Twitter and Facebook by the main Spanish political parties during the electoral campaign of June 2016, as well as to examine the users’ engagement to their messages. According to the results obtained, political actors prefer sharing content related to the strategic aspects of the campaign instead of sharing their political proposals. In addition, our research has detected strong discrepancies between the interests of political actors and the interests of users. In addition, a ‘more is less’ effect has been observed, in which the interaction that political parties get for each message is inversely proportional to the number of messages that they published.
Multidimensional effect of covid-19 on the economy: evidence from survey data

Abstract This study aims to analyze the multidimensional effects of COVID-19 on the economy via considering the individuals and multi-sectors such as individuals/households, tourism, travel and transportation sector, environment, globalization, trade, economy, and the response of the government to the pandemic and also the economic and financial conditions of the respondents. Gathering primary data of 1015 sample sizes from eleven countries (including three countries from the top-ten most affected COVID-19 countries), the descriptive and graphical analysis and pre and post COVID-19 comparison confirmed the real impact of the global pandemic. All the mentioned sectors and the education and individual/household, are negatively affected except the environment positively affected. Based on the findings, policy recommendations are provided.
The effect of intramolecular donor–acceptor moieties with donor–π-bridge–acceptor structure on the solar photovoltaic performance

A series of intramolecular donor-acceptor polymers containing different contents of (E)-1-(2-ethylhexyl)-6,9- dioctyl-2-(2-(thiophen-3-yl)vinyl)-1H-phenanthro(9,10-d)imidazole (thiophene-DOPI) moiety and 4,4-diethylhexyl- cyclopenta(2,1-b:3,4-b! )dithiophene (CPDT) unit was synthesized via Grignard metathesis (GRIM) polymerization. The synthesized random copolymers and homopolymer of thiophene-DOPI contain the donor-"-bridge-acceptor conjugated structure to tune the absorption spectra and energy levels of the resultant polymers. UV-vis spectra of the three polymer films exhibit panchromatic absorptions ranging from 300 to 1100 nm and low band gaps from 1.38 to 1.51 eV. It is found that more thiophene-DOPI moieties result in the decrease of band gap and lower the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) values of polymers. Photovoltaic performance results indicate that if the content of the intramolecular donor-acceptor moiety is high enough, the copolymer structure may be better than homopolymer due to more light-harvesting afforded by both monomer units.
Clinical Course and Clinical Features in MDD Patients: General and Specific Role of Subtypes of Childhood Trauma Ψ: 重性抑郁障碍患者的临床病程及特征：一般及特定童年创伤亚型的作用

Our study focused on childhood emotional neglect and several forms of abuse (i.e., physical, sexual, and emotional) and the diagnosis and clinical courses of disease in Chinese adults with major depressive disorder (MDD), including MDD with anxiety, with suicidality, and with other presentations. MDD and other clinical presentations were determined with the American Psychiatric Association’s (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) and subtypes of trauma were assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (95 patients and 94 comparisons). Patients with MDD and suicidality scored higher on childhood emotional abuse and neglect than other MDD patients. Both emotional abuse and physical abuse correlated with a younger age of onset and more relapses of MDD. General linear modeling also showed that controlling for demographic variables, emotional and physical abuse predicted more MDD relapses. Overall, childhood trauma was correlated with a MDD diagnosis, the role of specific types of trauma in the clinical courses of MDD varied.
Ways to Develop Employability Skills in Teaching Translation to Final-Year Students

This paper considers methodology and pedagogical approaches used in higher education in the United Kingdom and Russia in developing transferable employability skills when teaching final-year undergraduates. The paper analyses outcomes of introducing innovative approaches to teaching translation at the University of Bristol and at Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU). The MSU approach is aimed at the development of self-motivation, continual learning, ability to influence others through effective communication while at the same time developing students’ discipline-related skills in the field of translation studies.The innovation introduced at the University of Bristol involves a move from traditional classroom-based delivery of a final-year undergraduate translation module to a blended e-learning approach, thus addressing organisational needs (developing an effective mechanism of peer assessment in large translation classes) while achieving a higher quality of work and developing valuable employability skills.The primary objective is to show the students that they can improve their translation and analytical skills through conducting research online and by interacting with the other members of the group using a virtual learning environment. Recent results confirm that both approaches proved to be extremely beneficial. The students developed a better awareness of what is expected of them in assessed assignments. They enhanced their discipline-related skills in the field of translation studies. Their communication skills, ability to provide constructive feedback and analyse their own and other students’ work have also significantly improved. This contributed to the development of transferable employability skills including working as part of a team, critical thinking, communicating and influencing, problem solving, decision making and time management.
Determinant of Indonesian Banking Profitability: Case Study Dual Banking System

Islamic banking is considered as the perfect alternative of the current conventional financial system. However, there is still a huge amount of criticisms in terms of its practice, with many claims that Islamic banking and finance simply replaces conventional banking terminology and offers near-identical services to its clients but at a higher cost. The objective of this study is to make a comparative empirical assessment on the determinants of profitability between the Islamic and conventional banks in Indonesia. The panel data regression is applied to analyze the relationship between profitability indicators and both industry and country level characteristics. As far as the author knows, only few studies compare the profitability of Indonesian Islamic banks and conventional banks, especially in using econometrics approach. From the empirical result in the combined model, it is known that conventional banks are more profitable than Islamic banks. Compared to the combined regression, there is no significant difference in terms of significance of the independent variables and its relationship with the dependent variable for the conventional bank regression. Conventional banks are more familiar for the community due to the long operation compared to Islamic banks. Socialization needs to be done with some approach starting from mosques and Islamic schools. The development of supporting industries such as halal industry and halal tourism are also important to increase the demand for Islamic banking product. Beside increasing the demand, efforts to increase the economics of scale is also important with various efforts such as merger or acquisition.
Well-Being Impact on Banking Systems

The present research focuses on the influence of the well-being indicators, more specifically, the indicators reflecting the life quality on the banking systems evolution from the EU member states. The study offers a unique approach to comparing the two country groups: the eurozone countries and the EU noneuro countries during the 2008–2019 period. The model is estimated with the help of the OLS method by using panel data. The study aims to identify which life quality indicators significantly influence the EU member states’ banking systems evolution and develop models dividing the countries into two groups. Our conclusions show that, among all the determinant factors analysed in this study, household consumption and internet users strongly influence all EU countries’ banking systems.
Can machine learning extract the mechanisms controlling phytoplankton growth from large-scale observations? – A proof-of-concept study

Abstract. A key challenge for biological oceanography is relating the physiological mechanisms controlling phytoplankton growth to the spatial distribution of those phytoplankton. Physiological mechanisms are often isolated by varying one driver of growth, such as nutrient or light, in a controlled laboratory setting producing what we call “intrinsic relationships”. We contrast these with the “apparent relationships” which emerge in the environment in climatological data. Although previous studies have found machine learning (ML) can find apparent relationships, there has yet to be a systematic study examining when and why these apparent relationships diverge from the underlying intrinsic relationships found in the lab and how and why this may depend on the method applied. Here we conduct a proof-of-concept study with three scenarios in which biomass is by construction a function of time-averaged phytoplankton growth rate. In the first scenario, the inputs and outputs of the intrinsic and apparent relationships vary over the same monthly timescales. In the second, the intrinsic relationships relate averages of drivers that vary on hourly timescales to biomass, but the apparent relationships are sought between monthly averages of these inputs and monthly-averaged output. In the third scenario we apply ML to the output of an actual Earth system model (ESM). Our results demonstrated that when intrinsic and apparent relationships operate on the same spatial and temporal timescale, neural network ensembles (NNEs) were able to extract the intrinsic relationships when only provided information about the apparent relationships, while colimitation and its inability to extrapolate resulted in random forests (RFs) diverging from the true response. When intrinsic and apparent relationships operated on different timescales (as little separation as hourly versus daily), NNEs fed with apparent relationships in time-averaged data produced responses with the right shape but underestimated the biomass. This was because when the intrinsic relationship was nonlinear, the response to a time-averaged input differed systematically from the time-averaged response. Although the limitations found by NNEs were overestimated, they were able to produce more realistic shapes of the actual relationships compared to multiple linear regression. Additionally, NNEs were able to model the interactions between predictors and their effects on biomass, allowing for a qualitative assessment of the colimitation patterns and the nutrient causing the most limitation. Future research may be able to use this type of analysis for observational datasets and other ESMs to identify apparent relationships between biogeochemical variables (rather than spatiotemporal distributions only) and identify interactions and colimitations without having to perform (or at least performing fewer) growth experiments in a lab. From our study, it appears that ML can extract useful information from ESM output and could likely do so for observational datasets as well.