Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
N2O emissions during the freezing and thawing periods from six fields in a livestock farm, southern Hokkaido, Japan

In many countries, high nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions have been observed during soil freezing and thawing periods. Quantification of those emissions is crucial to evaluate annual N2O emissions. For this study, we measured N2O and nitric oxide (NO) fluxes along with soil N2O concentrations at a corn (Zea mays L.) field and five grasslands (Phalaris arundinacea L. and Phleum pratense L.) during a winter-spring period in southern Hokkaido, Japan. We also measured denitrification activities of the soils from those sites. During the observation period, the soils froze to a maximum depth of 370 mm under saturated conditions and the lowest soil temperature at a 50 mm depth was −4.5°C. After 6 March 2005, daily air temperature rose above 0°C, but the soil temperature remained approximately 0°C for about two weeks. These two weeks were defined as the “transition period,” while the periods before and after the transition period were defined as the “freezing” and the “thawing” periods, respectively. During the freezing and transition periods, N2O concentration increased in the frozen soils relative to the unfrozen soils, and the highest values were observed in the frozen soils during the transition period. During the thawing period, the N2O concentration in the soils decreased. N2O emissions were much higher during the thawing period than during the freezing and transition periods, and remarkably higher N2O emissions were observed at the corn site compared to those at the grassland sites. NO emissions were also observed during the thawing period but at much lower levels than N2O emissions at all the sites. N2O-N/NO-N ratio exceeded one at all the sites during the entire period, indicating N2O production through denitrification. At the corn site, denitrification activity was much lower and N2O/(N2O+N2) was much higher than at the grasslands. The result indicated that high N2O emissions at the corn site were caused by complementary processes: (1) high accumulated N2O through denitrification in the frozen soil during the freezing and transition periods, and (2) low N2O reduction rate during the thawing period.
Modeling of transfer phenomena on heterogeneous Ziegler catalysts: Differences between theory and experiment in olefin polymerization (an introduction)

This article begins by briefly reviewing the more important contributions to the area of modeling heat and mass transfer, and particle growth during the polymerization of olefins on Ziegler–Natta catalysts. It is shown that these models are capable of identifying the critical areas involved in heat and mass transfer, and of modeling polymerizations where the observed activity is less than approximately 5,000 g of polymer per gram of catalyst per hour (g/g/h). However, it is not possible to use these models “as-is” to model more modern catalysts whose activity levels can surpass the 50,000 g/g/h mark because they predict prohibitively large concentration gradients inside the growing particles during slurry polymerizations, and temperature gradients outside the particles during polymerization in the gas phase. An analysis of the mass and heat transfer Peclet numbers (Pe) reveals that certain simplifying assumptions may not always be valid. Pe values in the transition range suggest that convection inside the particles during polymerization in the liquid phase may help to explain why observed mass transfer rates are higher than the predicted rates. In an opposite vein, a Pe analysis shows that conductive heat transfer may play an important role at length scales characteristic of those in the early stages of polymerization. A new mechanism for heat transfer at reduced length scales is proposed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A DRYING HEAT PUMP USING CARBON DIOXIDE AS WORKING FLUID

ABSTRACT The application of carbon dioxide as working fluid in refrigeration and heat pump systems is regaining increasingly importance in view of the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) substitution problem. It is both under ecological and economical aspects an attractive alternative to the hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) working fluids being in practical use. The thermophysical properties and characteristics of carbon dioxide are quite different from those of refrigerants used in conventional vapour compression cycles. Its application in conventional vapour compression refrigerating systems is limited by its critical parameters (t c = 31.1°C and p c = 73.8 bar). The possibility to use carbon dioxide also beyond these limits in high temperature processes, e.g., heat pumps, is given by the application of a trans-critical process. The design and construction of a commercial drying heat pump system (batch type cabinet dryer with 12 kW heating capacity and closed air circuit) using the natural working fluid carbon dioxide is shown and experimental results of investigations carried out are presented. Possible energy savings calculated theoretically are given for comparison.
Prediction of unit cells and atomic coordinates for the n‐alkanes

b~ trois atomes d'iode, les liaisons Sm-I sont toutes 6gales et ont pour valeur 3,29 A, valeur sup6rieure la somme des rayons ioniques Sm-I. Un atome d'iode est entour6 par trois atomes de samarium, trois atomes de soufre et trois autres atomes d'iode, les liaisons I-S et I-I ont des longueurs respectivement 6gales b. 3,80 A et 4,32 A. On observe 6galement des contacts entre atomes de soufre, la distance entre ces atomes est de 3,34/~, valeur plus faible que la valeur normale dans les sulfures: 3,64 A Les distances interatomiques, b. l'int6rieur des couches (SmS), sont plus courtes que les liaisons qui ont 6t6 obtenues dans les sulfures de samarium; au contraire les liaisons entre ces feuillets et les couches d'iode sont plus longues que celles que l 'on attendrait normalement; cette constatation nous conduit b. envisager la structure de SmSI comme r6sultant de l 'empilement de feuillets dans lesquels la terre rare est fortement li6e ~t l 'anion de plus forte ~lectron6gativit6, le soufre. Ces feuillets (SmS), sont s6par6s par de doubles couches d'iode, le cation 6tant bien moins fortement 1i6 b. l 'anion de moins forte 61ectron6gativit6, l'iode. Une 6tude actuellement en cours sur les halog6nosulfures de terres rares entreprise par Dagron & Thevet (1971), montre que tous les compos6s 6tudi6s ont une structure en feuillets contenant des t6tra6dres (L4S) arrang6s suivant deux types de sym6trie: soit quadratiq tte comme pour CeSi, Etienne (1969); la maille fait intervenir l 'empilement de deux feuillets, et l 'on observe une structure voisine de PbFC1, soit hexagonale (type SmSI): il faut superposer trois feuillets pour obtenir la maille.
Reactions of N+(3P) ions with normal, para, and deuterated hydrogens at low temperatures

The reactions of N+(3P) ions with normal, para, and deuterated hydrogens have been examined at temperatures below 163 K by using the CRESU technique with both helium and nitrogen buffer gases. All these reactions have decreasing rate coefficients with decreasing temperature. Comparison of the data for normal and para‐H2 reveals the drastic importance of rotational energy in promoting these processes. Analysis of these results shows a better agreement between the n‐H2, p‐H2, and HD data if the spin–orbit energy of N+(3P) is also considered as efficient as kinetic and rotational energies in driving the reactions. It follows that the endothermicity of the reaction N+(3P0) +H2(X 1Σ+g,J=0) →NH+(X 2Π,J=0) +H(2S) is (18±2) meV. This yields a proton affinity of N equal to (3.524±0.003) eV and a dissociation energy of NH of (3.42±0.01) eV.
Impurity-Related Luminescence of Homoepitaxial GaN Studied with High Magnetic Fields

Recent magnetoluminescence results obtained for homoepitaxial GaN layers are presented. The neutral impurity-bound excitons and donor–acceptor pair emission lines have been studied in magnetic fields up to 27 T. Low-temperature luminescence spectra have been measured with the magnetic field parallel and perpendicular to the hexagonal c-axis of the GaN layers. Experimental results allowed us to evaluate diamagnetic shifts, effective g-factors of electrons and holes involved in neutral donor and neutral acceptor complexes as well as the electron–hole exchange constant for close donor–acceptor pairs. Both the fine structure of the neutral acceptor-bound exciton emission and the specific properties of donor–acceptor pair spectra observed in magnetoluminescence experiments are tentatively attributed to the internal structure of the acceptor state.
Runoff of sulfometuron-methyl and cyanazine from small plots : effects of formulation and grass cover

To determine the effects of application rates, grass cover, and formulation type on herbicide losses in runoff, we applied 4.5 kg/ha cyanazine (2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)] amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile) with 0.4 kg/ha sulfometuron-methyl (methyl-2[[[[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)amino] carbonyl] amino] sulfonyl] benzoate) to 1.2 by 2.4 m plots, using suspension concentrate (SC) and dispersible granule (DG) formulations of cyanazine, and SC and emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations of sulfometuron-methyl. (.)
Greywater treatment using different designs of sand filters

AbstractDifferent designs of sand filter as a secondary treatment step for the treatment of the primary sedimented effluent were studied. Gravel filter down flow (GFDF), gravel filter up flow (GFUF), sand filter down flow (SFDF), gravel filter followed by sand filter (GFSF), and horizontal flow sand filter (HFSF) were used as a secondary treatment step. During the study period, GFDF, GFUF, and SFDF were operated with an influent flow rate of 173 m3/m2/d, while GFSF and HFSF were operated at flow rate of 86.5 m3/m2/d. The final effluent of GFSF and HFSF were found to be complying with the National Regulatory Standards for the treated effluent reuse in irrigation. The residual concentration of COD, BOD5, and TSS for GFSF was 43, 16, and 7.5 while, the corresponding concentration for HFSF was 40, 17, and 9 mg/l, respectively.
Lichen Sulfur Contents as Bioindicators of Crop Sulfur: Deficiency or Luxury Uptake

Abstract The most important, immediate source of sulfur (S) for agricultural crops is the soil, but the soil supply is augmented by anthropogenic and natural S additions. In either case, lichen S contents provide a means for evaluating the effective S supply. Thus, lichen S content may be a way of determining locations where S emissions are large and extensive and why soil levels may vary from sufficient to deficient. Lichen S and phosphorus (P) contents were determined in two contrasting areas of the North Central United States, one east and one west of the Mississippi River. Mean contents were in µg g−1 S 4100 and P 1550 in Area East and S 2100 and P, 1660 in Area West. Population density and S emissions are much greater in Area East. Sulfur deficiencies are not generally recognized there. Area West includes regions that range from severely S deficient to adequate in soil S, with regions that are borderline predominating. Lichen S in the Gulf Coast Plain area and northwest of the Great Lakes was in the range 1000–2000 µg g−1. Sulfur deficiencies are well documented in the region, suggesting that 2000 µg g−1 lichen S‐represents a boundary between near adequate and S‐deficient crops unless soil sources are adequate. An east‐west lichen S transect from southern Indiana to southwest Missouri suggests that a response to S fertilizer can be expected if the soil is sandy or lichen S is less than 2000 µg g−1 and crops are well supplied with other nutrients. High‐S contents observed along the transect may have resulted from long‐distance S transport from cities along the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers and the west shore of Lake Michigan. Lichen S contents along transects from Ontario, Canada, to the Gulf of Mexico ranged from 6000 µg g−1 near the Great Lakes to 1000 µg g−1 near the Gulf of Mexico. By using 2000 µg g−1 as the desired S level, half of the area is, to a certain extent, potentially S deficient.
Loss of Cesium-137 in the Ashing of Milk Samples.

Milk samples were ashed at temperatures ranging from 400 to 750 deg C and the percentage of Cs/sup 137/ lost from the sample during the ashing process was determined. Appreciable losses for temperatures above 550 deg C were found. It was concluded that a furnace temperature of 450 deg C is perfectly safe for ashing purposes, even when samples with high organic content are being ashed. The results indicate that in ashing at this temperature the only loss to be expected is due to adsorption by the crucible used, which should be only a few per cent at most. (P.C.H.)
Inhibition of Mild Copper Metal Corrosion in HNO3 Medium by Acid Extract of Azadirachta Indica Seed

Efficiency of acid extract of dry azadirachta indica seed as corrosion inhibitor for mild copper metal in various concentration of (1 N,2 N and 3N) HNO3 medium was investigated in the present study. Experimental methods include weight loss, determination of corrosion rate, inhibition efficiency and phytochemical analysis was studied. The results indicate azadirachta indica seed to be a good corrosion inhibitor of a mixed type and having efficiency as high as 95% at 1% inhibitor concentration in different time duration.
Variabilidade espacial de atributos mineralógicos de um latossolo sob diferentes formas do relevo: II - correlação espacial entre mineralogia e agregados

Kaolinite, gibbsite, goethite and hematite are the main clay fraction components in Brazilian Oxisols. The abundance of these mineral influence the physical-chemical properties of such soils, which is thought to depend on the relief. This study aimed to characterize the spatial dependence of the crystallinity of kaolinite, gibbsite, goethite and hematite and aggregates of an Oxisol under sugar cane and to assess the spatial correlation between the attributes. In a grid with regular 10 m intervals 119 samples were collected from a depth of 0.2-0.4 m. in an area of 1 ha, where the relief variations were mapped. The mean geometric diameter and the percentage of aggregates in the classes > 2 and < 1 mm of the samples, and mineralogy of the clay fraction was characterized by X ray diffraction These results were analyzed statistically and geostatistically. Cross semivariograms were established to correlate stability and the different aggregate size classes with the crystallinity of soil clay minerals. It was observed that the goethites with lowest crystallinity are related to the largest mean geometric diameter and size of aggregate, and that the attributes studied and their relations depend on the relief forms.
Loop Dependence of the Dynamics of DNA Hairpins

The kinetics of unwinding of DNA hairpins with varying loop sizes L was monitored using time-resolved absorbance measurements after a laser temperature jump. The characteristic time for forming hairpins is found to scale with the loop size as L2.0±0.2, for loops consisting of both poly(dT) and poly(dA) strands, in close agreement with the scaling of loop-closure probability expected for semiflexible polymers. In contrast, equilibrium measurements show that the hairpins with smaller loops are stabilized by a factor that is much larger than can be accounted for simply by the entropic cost of bringing two ends of the polymer together. This excess stability of smaller loops partitions into the opening times, which are found to decrease as L-2.0±0.3. The temperature dependence of the observed relaxation times, together with the equilibrium measurements, yields negative activation energy (≈ −11 ± 2.3 kcal/mol) for the closing step at temperatures near the melting temperature of the hairpins. In contrast, temper.
Stable, freestanding Ge nanocrystals

Freestanding Ge nanocrystals that are stable under ambient conditions have been synthesized in a two-step process. First, nanocrystals with a mean diameter of 5nm are grown in amorphous SiO2 by ion implantation followed by thermal annealing. The oxide matrix is then removed by selective etching in diluted HF to obtain freestanding nanocrystals on a Si wafer. After etching, nanocrystals are retained on the surface and the size distribution is not significantly altered. Freestanding nanocrystals are stable under ambient atmospheric conditions, suggesting formation of a self-limiting native oxide layer. For freestanding as opposed to embedded Ge nanocrystals, an additional amorphouslike contribution to the Raman spectrum is observed and is assigned to surface reconstruction-induced disordering of near-surface atoms.
Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation in Mytilus Galloprovincialis: A Transplantation Experiment in Venice Lagoon

Mussels were transplanted from a marine reference site to a polluted area of the Venice Lagoon to study heavy metal bioaccumulation responses in soft tissues and shells. Soft tissue levels of Mn, Cu, Fe and Cr were initially lower in reference than in lagoon resident mussels, while no differences were observed for Pb and Zn. After one month, the Mn, Cu, Fe and Cr levels in the transplanted mussels increased and overtook both values recorded in resident and marine organisms. Two months after transplantation, metal levels dropped off. At the time of the last sampling, the metal levels seemed to stabilize at lagoon values, except for Cu. Shell levels of Cu, Zn and Pb were lower in mussels from the reference site than in those resident in the lagoon. After three month from transplantation, the bioaccumulation shell data indicated a sharp increase in Mn, Fe and Zn overtaking the levels of lagoon resident bivalves. The results show the usefulness of field transplantation experiments in studying bioaccumulation responses in polluted coastal environments.
La mécanique ondulatoire et la structure atomique de la matière et du rayonnement

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. La mécanique ondulatoire et la structure atomique de la matière et du rayonnement Louis De Broglie
Synthesis and Characterization of Ethyl Cellulose–Based Liquid Crystals Containing Azobenzene Chromophores

Two compounds based on the ethyl cellulose having azobenzene side chain mesogenic units were prepared and the structures of the cellulosic liquid crystals were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. Liquid-crystalline properties were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing optical microscopy in which compound 4a shows a columnar phase and compound 4b shows a semectic A phase. The absorption spectra of the azobenzene units display a high-intensity π–π* transition at about 364 and 366 nm for compounds 4a and 4b, respectively, and a lower intensity n–π* transition at around 468 nm for both compounds. Hence, photochromism can be achieved by the introduction of the azo linkage to ethyl cellulose containing liquid crystals.
Water -soluble NaYF4:Yb,Er (Tm)/NaYF4/Polymer Core/Shell/Shell nanoparticles with significant enhancement of upconversion fluorescence

Hexagonal phase nanoparticles of NaYF4:Yb,Er and NaYF4:Yb,Tm (∼8.5 ± 0.8 nm) were synthesized. Significant enhancements of upconversion fluorescence were observed after coating with an undoped NaYF4 shell (core/shell ∼ 11.1 ± 1.5 nm). The hydrophobic core/shell nanoparticles were rendered hydrophilic by a subsequent amphiphilic coating of PAA. These nanostructures have great potentials as bio-probes.
The Involvement of Wood Nitrogen in the Formation of Toxic Isonitriles. An Initial Preservative Evaluation

Browning, B. L. and L. O. Bublitz. 1953. The Isolation of Holocellulose from Wood. Tappi 36, 452—458. Czirnich, W. und R. Patt. 1976. Untersuchungen über die Stabilisierung von Hemicellulosen beim Sulfit-Verfahren auf Magnesium-Basis. Holzforschung 30, 19—27. Dennis, D. T. and R. D. Preston. 1961. Constitution of Cellulose Microfibrils. Nature 191, 667—668. Dietrichs, H. H. und K. J. Zschirnt. 1972. Untersuchungen über den enzymatischen Abbau von Holocellulosen in vitro. Holz Roh-Werkstoff 30, 66—74. Domansky, R. , A. Ebringerova and A. Kramar. 1971. Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) Wood Polysaccharides. Drevarsky Vyskum 16, 17—22. Ebringerovä, A. , A. Kramar, F. Rendos und R. Domansky. 1967. Stufenweise Extraktion von Hemicellulosen aus Hainbuchenholz (Carpinus betulus L.). Holzforschung 2i, 74—77. Kirillova, V.v V. and I. I. Beinart. 1974. Structural Uniformity of Birchwood Glucuronoxylan Macromolecules. Khim. Drev. 15, 27—31. Korbett, W. M. and J. A. D. Ewart. 1959. Separation of Xylan from Beech Holocellulose. Svensk Papperstidn. 62, 277—283. Lengyel, P. und S. Morvay. 1973. Chemie und Technologie der Zellstoffherstellung. Güntter Staib Verlag, Biberach/ Riss. Musha, Y. and D. A. I. Goring. 1974. Klason and AcidSoluble Lignin Content of Hardwoods. Wood Science 7, 133—134Pereira, H. M. N. , R. Patt und M. Sinner. 1974. Über das Verhalten der Hemicellulosen beirrt 'Aufschluß von Fichte mit Magnesiumbisulfitlösung. Paperi ja Puu 56, 321—336. Pereira, H. M. N. und R. Patt. 1976. Untersuchungen über das Verhalten von Hemicellulosen beim Aufschluß von Fichte und Buche mit Magnesiumund Natriumbisulfitlösung. i. Mitt. Der Aufschluß von Fichtenholz. Holzforschung 30, Heft 5. Saeman, J. F. , W. E. Moore, R. L. Mitchell and M. A. Mille 11. 1954. Techniques for the Determination of Pulp Constituents by Quantitative Paper Chromatography. Tappi 37, 336—343Sinner, M. , M. H. Simatupang and H. H. Dietrichs. 1975. Automated Quantitative Analysis of Wood Carbohydrates by Borate Complex Ion Exchange Chromatography. Wood Sei. Technol. 9, 307—322. Tim eil, T. E. 1967. Recent Progress in the Chemistry of Wood Hemicelluloses. Wood Sei. Technol. i, 45—70. Treiber, E. 1957. Die Chemie der Pflanzenzellwand. SpringerVerlag, Berlin, 151 ff. Wegen er, G. 1974. Beitrag zur Charakterisierung der Natriumchlorit-Delignifizierung von Fichtenholz. I. Einfluß von Reaktionstemperatur, Reaktionszeit und Aktivchloreinsatz auf Kenndaten der Delignifizierung. Papier 28, 478—486. Wegener, G. 1975. II. Untersuchung von Aufschlußlösungen verschiedener Delignifizierungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ausgelöster Polysaccharide. Papier 29, 429—437.
Factors affecting the adoption of green supply chain management practices in Brazil: empirical evidence

The aim of this study is to identify and analyse the factors that affect the adoption of Green Supply Chain Management practices based on empirical evidence from the Brazilian electronics sector. Data are collected in a survey of 100 electronics companies and analysed using statistical analysis of variance and regression methods. The study finds that the size of the company, previous experience with Environmental Management Systems, and the use of hazardous inputs are positively correlated with GSCM practices adoption. Surprisingly, formal pressure from the stronger tier/player in the supply chain is not correlated with the adoption of GSCM practices. Finally, we present some explanations for these findings and suggestions for future research.