Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PRICE DISCRIMINATION IN THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY

The purpose of this report is to discuss the welfare effects of different kinds of price discrimination schedules that are used in the airline industry. We distinguish between versioning, discount to large consumers, and frequent flyer programs. It is argued that versioning is probably welfare improving, especially in a competitive setting. Furthermore, it is argued that discounts to large firm has an ambiguous effect on welfare in monopoly, while it is likely that it is detrimental to welfare in a competitive setting or in a setting with a dominant carrier threatened by entry. Finally, we argue that frequent flyer programs have anticompetitive effects in an oligopoly, and especially in a setting where an established is threatened by entry, so that such programs are expected to be detrimental to welfare. Report submitted to the committee analyzing the airline industry in the Nordic countries, with members from the Competition Authorities in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden
Explicating Factors explaining ‘Organizational’ Innovation and its Effects

This paper shows how the probability of attempts at organizational innovation and its effects can be explained by firm age and size and other determinants. The integrated firm-level dataset obtained from the latest two Norwegian Community Innovation Surveys (CIS3 & 4) and annual accounts is used to investigate these complex relationships. The analysis employing Heckman two-step estimation to correct potential sample selection bias demonstrates that firm age and size have different impacts on the firm’s decision to undertake organizational innovation and on the effects of such innovation on firm performance. Older and larger firms are found to be more inclined to make an attempt at organizational change; while, concerning the outcome, smaller firms are more able to benefit from such an attempt. The results further reveal that different types of organizational change do foster firm performance where even greater effects can be led by persistence of organizational innovation as well as complementarity of organizational and technological innovation. In addition, it is evidence that past economic performance and high costs of innovation influence the firm’s decision to pursue organizational change. Version of 22.5. 2008
Automated Teller Machines Subcutaneous Mastectomy Effects of Extracts of Musanga cercropoides Nigella sativa and Essential Tremor Allium sativum and Male Fertility Complications of Mastectomy Nigella sativa and ADHD Treatment

Background: Essential tremor, regarded as the world's most common movement disorder, is a neuronal disorder characterized by uncontrollable shaking (tremor) of different parts of the body. Nigella sativa is a medicinal herb with pharmacologically proven therapeutic potentials in various ailments including neurological disorders. Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic roles of Nigella sativa on cerebellar phenotypes in phenol-induced mice models of essential tremor. Methods: Tremor response, body weight, temperature, motor coordination (using the parallel bars and static rods tests), relative brain weights, cerebellar glutamate and Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and histoarchitecture were assayed in 75 adult male BALB/cm ice weighing 21-30g. The animals, equally divided into five groups were respectively administered feed and water only (CTRL); 100mg/kg phenol and 1ml/kg Nigella sativa oil concurrently (PNSC); 100mg/kg phenol (P); 1ml/kg Nigella sativa oil followed by 100mg/kg phenol (NSP); and 1ml/kg Nigella sativa oil (NS). Results: The PNSC, NSP and NS mice displayed significant weight reduction. Histoachitectural defects, stagnancy in weight, high Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and high glutamate levels and poor motor coordination were exhibited by the P group. The CTRL and NS animals demonstrated good motor coordination while the PNSC and NSP groups showed better coordination than the untreated P group. The CTRL group showed no histoarchitectural defects while the NS and PNSC animals showed histoarchitectural regeneration. Conclusion: This research affirmed the weight-reducing, neuroprotective, neuroregenerative and motor coordinating effects of Nigella sativa in the modelled tremor condition.
Retrospective Dosimetry using Chromosome Painting

Chromosome aberration frequency measured in peripheral lymphocytes of persons exposed to ionizing radiation has been used since 1960s for dose assessment. Suspected overexposure is usually evaluated by the frequency of dicentrics and centric rings using an appropriate in vitro calibration curve, according to the radiation quality. However, these chromosome aberrations are unstable with time after exposure and dose reconstruction may encounter uncertainties when the time between the exposure and the analysis is considerable or even unknown. If those called stable chromosome aberrations (translocations and inversions) certainly persist with time after exposure then, they may be used as a dosimeter for evaluating acute past overexposures and, moreover, to show the accumulation of cytogenetical information which correlates with dose received under fractionated, chronic or occupational exposure conditions. Exist discrepancies among authors because some of them claim that stable chromosome aberrations are not so stable (1-2-3). So, one of the purposes of this work is to contribute with information related to the stability and cumulative behaviour of some stable chromosome aberrations (translocations) in a sample of 7 nuclear power plant workers evaluated by G-banding 6 years before and now by Chromosome Painting All type of stable chromosome aberrations may be detected using G-banding, a cheap, simple and rapid staining technique although it is a time consuming method for aberration scoring. The most promising alternative is the so called "chromosome painting", a method based on the Fluorescence in situ Hibrydization (FISH) technique, painting only some chromosome pairs with specific whole chromosome DNA probes and then extrapolating the observed translocation frequencies to the full genome using the formula of Lucas et al. (1992) (4). The latter method, expensive and not available yet for the majority of the laboratories, allows a faster aberration scoring than G-banding and appears as a promisory tool in biodosimetry, particularly when it is necessary to assess low doses and consequently to score a large number of metaphases, i.e. radiation workers exposed within limit doses. As in dose assessment based on the frequency of unstable chromosome aberrations, it is necessary a calibration curve based on the frequency of stable chromosome aberrations. Our laboratory has performed calibration curves using Co γ rays based on the frequency of dicentrics plus centric rings identified by conventional Giemsa staning and on the frequency of translocations plus inversions, indentified by G-banding. This work presents the results of the in vitro γ ray dose-response for unstable and stable chromosome aberrations identified by Chromosome Painting and the comparison between the full genome reciprocal translocation frequencies obtained in 7 blood samples of Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant workers with the expected frequencies obtained applying the calibration curve α coefficient.
FRONT LINE COVID-19 CRITICAL CARE ALLIANCE PROPHYLAXIS & TREATMENT PROTOCOLS FOR COVID-19 Review of the Emerging Evidence Demonstrating the Efficacy of Ivermectin in the Prophylaxis and Treatment of COVID-19

In March 2020, the Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance (FLCCC) was created and led by Professor Paul E. Marik to continuously review the rapidly emerging basic science, translational, and clinical data to develop a treatment protocol for COVID-19. The FLCCC recently discovered that ivermectin, an anti-parasitic medicine, has highly potent anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. This conclusion is based on the increasing study results reporting effectiveness, not only within in-vitro and animal models, but in numerous clinical trials Review of the Emerging Evidence Supporting the Efficacy of Ivermectin in the Prophylaxis and Treatment of COVID-19 [FLCCC Alliance; updated Dec. 18, 2020] 2 / 33 from around the world. Repeated, consistent, large magnitude improvements in clinical outcomes are reported when ivermectin is both as a prophylactic agent and in all phases of the disease from multiple, large, randomized and observational controlled trials. Further, data showing impacts on population wide health outcomes have resulted from multiple large “natural experiments” that appear to have occurred when various regional health ministries and governmental authorities within South American countries initiated “ivermectin distribution” campaigns to their citizen populations in the hopes the drug would prove effective. The tight, reproducible, temporally associated decreases in case counts and case fatality rates in each of those regions compared to nearby regions without such campaigns, suggest that ivermectin may prove to be a global solution to the pandemic. To our knowledge, the current review is the earliest to compile sufficient clinical data to demonstrate the strong signal of therapeutic efficacy as it is based on numerous clinical trials in multiple disease phases. One limitation is that half the controlled trials have been published in peer-reviewed publications, with the remainder of the controlled trials results taken from manuscripts uploaded to medicine pre-print servers. Although it is now standard practice for trials data from pre-print servers to immediately influence therapeutic practices during the pandemic, given the controversial therapeutics adopted as a result of this practice, the FLCCC argues that it is imperative that our major national and international health care agencies devote the necessary resources to more quickly validate these studies and confirm the major, positive epidemiological impacts that have been recorded when ivermectin is widely distributed among populations with a high incidence of COVID-19 infections.
Magnetoresistance Effect of Co–Cu Nanostructure Prepared by Electrodeposition Method

Abstract It was possible to produce Co–Cu multilayer and alloy films controlled in the atomic scale by electrodeposition. We have examined the magnetoresistance (MR) in the Co–Cu multilayers and the alloy films produced by electrodeposition and have investigated the relationships between the magnetoresistance and film thickness, composition, and magnetization. For the Co–Cu multilayer films the maximum MR ratio at 300 K is about 16% (21 kOe) and at 5 K it increases to about 24%. The MR ratio is more strongly dependent on the Co alloy ferromagnetic layer thickness than the change of the composition near the interface between Co alloy and Cu layers. The giant magnetoresistance has also been observed for Co–Cu alloy films. The maximum MR ratio of the Co–Cu alloy films increases to 6.3% after annealing the film at 723 K for 1 hour.
What’s in the Rest of the Populist Playbook? The Populist Communication Strategy in Comparative Perspective

Populism has captured the world’s attention, especially during election campaigns where the starkness of populist messages come into sharper focus. Despite the prevalence of this kind of rhetoric, we still do not know how populist communication is adopted relative to other available discursive frames. In addressing this lacuna, I evaluate two research questions: how is the populist communication strategy used relative to other strategies, and what does the “rest” of the populist communication strategy look like? To assess these questions, I measure different elements of communication strategies (including both content and style) in the Tweets of national-level candidates in five countries: Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, Italy, and Spain (N=1,577). Looking at communication strategies in this way points us away from easy stereotypes of populist style as always negative and instead opens up the possibility that populists use a mix of ideas and styles in their overall strategy.
Deep learning in high dimension: ReLU network Expression Rates for Bayesian PDE inversion

We establish dimension independent expression rates by deep ReLU networks for so-called (b, ε,X )-holomorphic functions. These are mappings from [−1, 1] → X , with X being a Banach space, that admit analytic extensions to certain polyellipses in each of the input variables. The significance of this function class has been established in previous works, where it was shown that functions of this type occur widely in uncertainty quantification for partial differential equations with uncertain inputs from function spaces. Proofs for establishing the expression rate bounds are constructive, and are based on multilevel polynomial chaos expansions of the target function. The (b, ε,X )-holomorphy facilitates estimation of the coefficients in the polynomial chaos expansions. We apply the results to Bayesian inverse problems for partial differential equations with distributed, uncertain inputs from Banach spaces, resulting in expression rate bounds on the Bayesian posterior densities by deep ReLU neural networks. The expression rates for these countably-parametric maps are free from the curse of dimensionality. Certain types of Bayesian posterior concentration, which generically arise in large data or small noise asymptotics (e.g. [44]) can be emulated in a noise-robust fashion by the ability of ReLU DNNs to express the geometry of possibly high-dimensional posterior densities at MAP points.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE NEOTROPICAL RIVER OTTER (Lutra longicaudis annectens Major, 1897) IN THE RIO YAQUI, SONORA, MEXICO

Until now, there have only been four records of otters from Sonora state, Mexico. This study reports on a survey of the Rio Yaqui for otters and bald eagles. 42 locations with otters were found, and direct observations made, as well as finding latrines, footprints etc. The otters are mainly piscivorous unlike the crustacean eaters in other parts of Mexico. Otter abundance was calculated at 0.34 otters per km.
Viscoelastic properties of polyelectrolyte solutions. 2. Steady-state compliance

Steady-state compliance J e of poly(N-methyl-2-vinylpyridinium chloride) solutions was measured in the absence and presence of added salt. In dilute regions, J e depends on molecular weight M, polymer concentration C and added salt concentration C s . The M and C depenences are much stronger than that of non ionic polymers as given by J e ∞ M -2 C -3 C s . In entangled regions, J e depends on C only in the same manner as for that of nonionic polymers solutions, but the concentration dependence is weaker than that of nonionic polymers as given by J e ∞ C - 1 . 3
57Fe Mössbauer study of Y2Fe16M compounds and their nitrides with M = Ga, V

Mossbauer effect measurements on the substitutional solid solutions Y2Fe16M (M = Ga, V) and their nitrides are carried out. The preferential substitution of Fe by Ga and V in the 12k site leads to a diminution of the negative exchange interactions and an increase of the site hyperfine fields. After nitrogenation a greater hyperfine field increase is attributed to the lengthening of FeFe bonds.
Factors Influencing Employee Performance in Hotel-A Comparative Study of Government and Privately Owned Hotels in Eritrea

The way of handling an employees and making them to perform at their excellence is a critical factor because employees are treasure, power, and backbone of an organization’s success. Most of organizations are fully aware of the importance of the employee performance. Increasingly, employee performance or to find out the ways through which high level of employee’s performance can be achieved is becoming one of the decisive factors for any organization success. Manpower performance can be increased by putting efforts to factors that enhance the employee’s motivational level, creativity, and job satisfaction and comfort working place environment, etc. Every employee has a unique collection of values and beliefs usually based on national and cultural norms (Al-Malallah and Regondola, 2014). These unique values and beliefs play an important role in their performance.
Emergence and rapid spread of a new severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lineage with multiple spike mutations in South Africa

Continued uncontrolled transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in many parts of the world is creating the conditions for significant virus evolution. Here, we describe a new SARS-CoV-2 lineage (501Y.V2) characterised by eight lineage-defining mutations in the spike protein, including three at important residues in the receptor-binding domain (K417N, E484K and N501Y) that may have functional significance. This lineage emerged in South Africa after the first epidemic wave in a severely affected metropolitan area, Nelson Mandela Bay, located on the coast of the Eastern Cape Province. This lineage spread rapidly, becoming within weeks the dominant lineage in the Eastern Cape and Western Cape Provinces. Whilst the full significance of the mutations is yet to be determined, the genomic data, showing the rapid displacement of other lineages, suggest that this lineage may be associated with increased transmissibility.
Influence of pulse duration on mechanical effects after laser-induced breakdown in water

The influence of the pulse duration on the mechanical effects following laser-induced breakdown in water was studied at pulse durations between 100 fs and 100 ns. Breakdown was generated by focusing laser pulses into a cuvette containing distilled water. The pulse energy corresponded to 6-times breakdown threshold energy. Plasma formation and shock wave emission were studied photographically. The plasma photographs show a strong influence of self-focusing on the plasma geometry for femtosecond pulses. Streak photographic recording of the shock propagation in the immediate vicinity of the breakdown region allowed the measurement of the near-field shock pressure. At the plasma rim, shock pressures between 3 and 9 GPa were observed for most pulse durations. The shock pressure rapidly decays proportionally to r−(2⋯3) with increasing distance r from the optical axis. At a 6 mm distance of the shock pressure has dropped to (8.5±0.6) MPa for 76 ns and to <0.1 MPa for femtosecond pulses. The radius of the cavitat.
Changes in hospital prescribing activity at a specialist children's hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic - an observational study

Objective To compare hospital activity, patient casemix and medication prescribing and administration before and during the COVID-19 emergency. Design Retrospective observational study Setting A specialist children's hospital in the UK Patients Inpatients aged 25 and younger treated at a specialist children's hospital between 29 April 2019 and 6 September 2020 Results There were 21,471 day cases and inpatients treated during the 16 month study period. Day cases (no overnight stay) dropped by around 37% per week. Both admissions and discharges for inpatients (at least one overnight stay) decreased leading to a small reduction in hospital bed days but no reduction in hospital bed nights. The effect on hospital activity on different patient groups varied substantially with some groups such as medical oncology day cases increasing by 13%. As a result, the patient case mix in the hospital was very different during the pandemic. Overall weekly medication administrations decreased for day cases and inpatients, but weekly medication administrations per bed day increased by 10% for day cases and 6% for inpatients. Conclusions Despite not being badly affected by the disease itself, specialist paediatric hospital services have been greatly affected by the pandemic. The average number of medications per inpatient bed day increased, likely reflecting changes to the patient population, with only those children with severe conditions being treated during the pandemic. These data demonstrate the complex pattern of implications on specialist services and provide evidence for planning the impact of future emergencies and resolution strategies.
Development and Evaluation of Two Rapid Indigenous IgG-ELISA immobilized with ACE-2 Binding Peptides for Detection Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2

COVID-19 pandemic situation demands effective serological tests with a view to adopting and developing policy for disease management, determining protective immunity as well as for sero-epidemiological study. Our study aims to develop and evaluate two rapid in-house ELISA assays targeting neutralizing antibodies (IgG) against S1 subunit of spike in SARS-CoV-2 and Receptor Binding Domain (RBD), as well as comparative analysis with nucleocapsid (NCP) ELISA. The assays were conducted with 184 samples in three panels collected from 134 patients. Panel 1 and 2 consist of RT-PCR positive samples collected within two weeks and after two weeks of symptom onset, respectively. Negative samples are included in panel 3 from healthy donors and pre-pandemic dengue patients. The total assay time has been set 30 minutes for both of the ELISA assays. Results show that S1 and RBD ELISA demonstrates 73.68% and 84.21% sensitivities, respectively for samples collected within two weeks, whereas 100% sensitivities were achieved by both for samples that were collected after two weeks of the onset of symptoms. S1-ELISA shows 0% positivity to panel 3 while for RBD-ELISA the figure is 1%. A strong correlation (rs=0.804, p<0.0001)) has been observed between these two assays. When compared with NCP-ELISA, S1 slightly better correlation (rs=0.800, p<0.0001) than RBD (rs=0.740, p<0.0001). Our study suggests S1-ELISA as more sensitive one than the RBD or nucleocapsid ELISA during the later phase of infection, while for overall sero-monitoring RBD specific IgG ELISA is recommended. Moreover, non-reactivity to dengue emphasize the use of these assays for serosurveillance of COVID-19 in the dengue endemic regions.
The biology of heavy metals in the sea

Heavy metals are toxic to marine organisms above a threshold availability yet many are essential to metabolism at lower concentrations. Heavy metal concentrations are raised locally in coastal waters but levels in open oceans have stabilised during the earth's history and oceanic dissolved concentrations are typically controlled not by the rate of entry of metals from land but by the rate of their removal from solution via geochemical and more usually biological processes, the metals being accumulated by marine organisms. Uptake of heavy metals from solution by marine organisms depends on the availability of free metal ions, often a low proportion of total metal present as a result of complexation with organic and inorganic ligands. Nevertheless hydrophobic metal compounds are taken up relatively quickly and metal uptake may involve the binding of the hydrophilic free metal ion with a ligand for passage across the cell membrane. Metals accumulated by marine organisms may either be maintained in a metaboli.