Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geochemistry and mineral chemical behavior of hydrothermal alteration of the Tuwu porphyry copper deposit, Eastern Tianshan, Northwest China

The Tuwu deposit is one of the largest porphyry copper deposits in the Eastern Tianshan, Northwest China. Ore bodies of the deposit are associated with the tonalite porphyry, which intruded the Early Carboniferous Qi´eshan Group. The hydrothermal ore‐forming processes include the porphyry mineralization episode with potassic, chlorite‐sericite/albite, phyllic, and propylitic alteration and the overprinting mineralization episode. These hydrothermal alteration episodes were studied on the basis of mass transfer and element mobility. The mass balance data and isocon diagrams reveal that Cu is highly associated with the chlorite‐sericite (albite) stage and followed by phyllic and potassic stages. On the basis of electron probe analysis, the SO3 contents of the igneous apatite from the tonalite porphyries range from 0.016 to 0.288 wt. %, which are higher than those from the diorite porphyries (SO3 = 0.088–0.179 wt.%). Similarly, the apatite saturation temperature (861–926°C) and magmatic S content (mean = 52.16 ppm) from the tonalite porphyries are also higher that from the diorite porphyries (T = 813–877°C; S = 28.25 ppm). These results suggest that the S content of the apatite is related to the temperature and S content of the melt. In the hydrothermal alteration zones, the F favours partitioning into apatite under lower temperature, the F contents of hydrothermal apatite increase from the potassic zones to the propylitic zones accompanying with the decrease of temperature. Cl element is much more sensitive to the pH, pressure, and fluid composition than F element. The Cl contents of the apatite increase from the potassic zones (0.18–0.46 wt.%) to the chorite‐sericite (albite) zones (0.28–0.58 wt.%), resulting from the decrease of fluid pH and pressure. The lower Cl contents of apatite (0.07–0.48 wt.%) in the phyllic zones were due to the lower Cl content of hydrothermal fluids. The highest Cl contents (0.09–0.69 wt.%) of apatite in the propylitic zones were caused by the decrease of pressure. The δ18Owater values of quartz in chlorite‐sericite (albite) zones and phyllic zones range from −0.8‰ to −0.4‰ and from −5.3‰ to 4.8‰, and the δD values vary from −57‰ to −47‰ and from −52‰ to −44‰, respectively. Gaseous compositions of the fluid inclusions in quartz are dominated by H2O with minor CO2, and the liquid compositions mainly consist of Na+ and Cl−. These data imply that the ore‐forming fluids belong to the H2O‐NaCl system and evolved from magmatic water to meteoric water in origin.
FLOODPLAIN TAPHONOMIC MODE OF EARLY MIOCENE VERTEBRATES OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA, ARGENTINA

Abstract: A continental assemblage of fossil mammals from the Santa Cruz Formation (early Miocene, Burdigalian) recovered from the coast of the Santa Cruz Province (Anfiteatro locality), Argentina, was evaluated taphonomically. Due to its stratigraphic position and age (∼ 17.5 Ma), the fossiliferous level corresponds to the lower section of the Estancia La Costa Member (lower part of the Santa Cruz Formation). The Anfiteatro assemblage (Santacrucian South American Land Mammal Age) is dominated by mammals, but some birds and carnivore coprolites were also recorded. The recorded taphonomic features and the sedimentological interpretation suggest that the bone remains were preserved in a floodplain related to a fluvial system influenced by volcaniclastic input. The assemblage was interpreted as a result of death of mammals over a short period of time. The residence time of carcasses on the surface was variable. Although most bones were quickly buried, the exposure was sufficiently long for the disarticulation and scattering of different skeletal components and the agency of other processes (e.g., trampling, weathering). The loss of skeletal elements is linked to the action of water flows generated in the plain, during overbank floods or rainfalls, which mobilized those elements more susceptible to transport. After burial, the specimens were affected by diagenetic processes (e.g., soil corrosion, infilling, impregnation, deformation). The taphonomic evaluation of the Anfiteatro locality provides a framework for the analysis of other fossil assemblages with similar features worldwide.
An assessment of the state of forest reserves in Southwestern Nigeria

It is a common knowledge that deforestation and land degradation have far reaching effects on the sustainability of natural resources and on the world’s climate as well as the current unstable weather conditions being witnessed every year. The ability of the country to withstand the impacts of future climate change will likely be compromised if the forests and forest reserves continue to be degraded and eventually destroyed. The other phenomenon of southward movement of desertification, among other phenomena, is also worth being considered. This paperhas carried out an assessment of the state of forest reserves in southwestern Nigeria over a period of three decades with a view to determining the rate of deforestation and demonstrating the crucial role of geoinformation production in forest reserve management. The techniques of Geoinformatics have been employed. The results of the study showed that the average annual rate of deforestation in southwestern Nigeria was 2.55% while the analyses showed that the forest reserves were on the verge of disappearing.
Evaluating Relevance Ranking Strategies for MEDLINE Retrieval

This paper evaluates three relevance ranking strategies for MEDLINE retrieval effectiveness: the reverse chronological order in PubMed, the TF-IDF weighted vector space model, and a co-occurrence based model that weights the co-occurrence in three structures: title, abstract sentences, and MeSH. The idea is that a document may be more likely to be relevant if search terms co-occur in all three structures. We performed comparisons on a collection of 36 queries and about 160,000 MEDLINE® citations used in the 2007 TREC Genomics Track. Retrieval effectiveness is assessed using both mean average precision and mean rank precision. The mean average precisions for the three ranking strategies are 0.126 (Reverse chronological order), 0.163 (Sentence-level co-occurrence) and 0.182 (TF-IDF weighting), respectively. Furthermore, we performed the bootstrap shift precision test to compare results of different ranking strategies. Statistical tests show that both TF-IDF weighting and Sentence-level co-occurrence performed significantly better than the reverse time order, and that there is a statistically significant difference between performance achieved by using TF-IDF weighting and Sentence-level co-occurrence. We saw similar results in mean rank precisions when we chose cut-off ranks to be 5, 10 and 20 (as most of the retrievals occur before 20). The results of mean rank precisions varied, ranging from 0.385 (use reverse time order at a cut-off rank of 20) to 0.556 (using co-occurrence at a cutoff rank of 5). Based on the results of our large-scale analysis comprised of real biological questions and independently judged relevant documents, we conclude that TF-IDF weighting is the most effective strategy among the ones we examined in this study, and that the newly proposed Sentence-level co-occurrence can deliver better performance than the baseline, but not as much improvement as TF-IDF. Therefore, we recommend TF-IDF weighting for relevance ranking in operational search engines like PubMed.
Evaluation of Respiratory Symptoms, Spirometric Lung Patterns and Metal Fume Concentrations among Welders in Indoor Air-Conditioned Building at Malaysia

Welding is one of the fundamental processes for metal joining in automotive industries and there is an increasing concern over occupational lung disease among welder due to exposure towards welding fumes. A lung disease questionnaire (ATS-DLD-78) was used to record the presence of respiratory symptoms among welders and in assessing lung function assessment, FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC are considered for identifying the lung condition; normal, obstructive or restrictive. The data were tabulated and subjected to logistic and multivariate analyses. Meanwhile, in order to trace metal in welders’ body, this study utilized a non-invasive approach of toenail as a biomarker. Lung functions decrement was established in linear regression for FEV1 and FEV1/FVC respectively although not statistically significant. Analysis conducted revealed the presence of the following trace elements concentration in ascending sequence: As < Al < Cu < Mn < Cr < Ni < Co < Fe (in the toenail) and Co < Al < Cu < Ni < As < Cr < Fe < Mn (in the cassette), respectively. The results validated the postulation that toenail metals composition shared a similar route of exposure with an anthropogenic source of activity. It is suggested a longer follow-up study is required to assess individual effects on lung function systems and the incidence of respiratory diseases among welders and this study indicates that toenail is a reliable biomarker of metal-workplace pollution and suitable for acquiring chronological information of welding fumes exposure.
Parameterized Approximation Algorithms for Bidirected Steiner Network Problems

The Directed Steiner Network (DSN) problem takes as input a directed graph G=(V, E) with non-negative edge-weights and a set D⊆ V × V of k demand pairs. The aim is to compute the cheapest network N⊆ G for which there is an s\rightarrow t path for each (s, t)∈ D. It is known that this problem is notoriously hard, as there is no k1/4−o(1)-approximation algorithm under Gap-ETH, even when parametrizing the runtime by k [Dinur & Manurangsi, ITCS 2018]. In light of this, we systematically study several special cases of DSN and determine their parameterized approximability for the parameter k. For the bi-DSNPlanar problem, the aim is to compute a solution N⊆ G whose cost is at most that of an optimum planar solution in a bidirected graph G, i.e., for every edge uv of G the reverse edge vu exists and has the same weight. This problem is a generalization of several well-studied special cases. Our main result is that this problem admits a parameterized approximation scheme (PAS) for k. We also prove that our result is tight in the sense that (a) the runtime of our PAS cannot be significantly improved, and (b) no PAS exists for any generalization of bi-DSNPlanar, under standard complexity assumptions. The techniques we use also imply a polynomial-sized approximate kernelization scheme (PSAKS). Additionally, we study several generalizations of bi-DSNPlanar and obtain upper and lower bounds on obtainable runtimes parameterized by k. One important special case of DSN is the Strongly Connected Steiner Subgraph (SCSS) problem, for which the solution network N⊆ G needs to strongly connect a given set of k terminals. It has been observed before that for SCSS a parameterized 2-approximation exists for parameter k [Chitnis et al., IPEC 2013]. We give a tight inapproximability result by showing that for k no parameterized (2 − ε)-approximation algorithm exists under Gap-ETH. Additionally, we show that when restricting the input of SCSS to bidirected graphs, the problem remains NP-hard but becomes FPT for k.
ELEVATION-BASED SEA-LEVEL RISE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF MINDANAO, PHILIPPINES: ARE FREELY-AVAILABLE 30-M DEMS GOOD ENOUGH?

Abstract. We assessed the vertical accuracies and uncertainties of three freely-available global DEMs as inputs to elevation-based sea-level rise vulnerability assessment of Mindanao, Philippines – an area where above average SLR of 14.7 mm/year was recently found. These DEMs are the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM, ASTER Global DEM (GDEM Version 2), and ALOS World 3D-30 (AW3D30). Using 2,076 ground control points, we computed each DEM’s vertical accuracies and uncertainties, and from these we determined the smallest increment of sea-level rise (SLRImin) that should be considered when using the DEMs for SLR impact assessment, as well as the Minimum Planning Timeline (TLmin) for an elevation-based SLR assessment. Results of vertical accuracy assessment revealed Root Mean Square Errors of 9.80 m for ASTER GDEM V2, 5.16 m for SRTM DEM, and 4.32 m for AW3D30. Vertical uncertainties in terms of the Linear Error at 95 % Confidence (LE95) were found to be as follows: 19.21 m for ASTER GDEM V2, 10.12 m for SRTM DEM, and 8.47 m for AW3D30. From these, we found that ASTER GDEM2 is suitable to model SLR increments of at least 38.41 m and it will take 2,613 years for the cumulative water level increase of 14.7 mm/year to reach the minimum SLR increment afforded by this DEM. For the SRTM DEM, SLRImin and TLmin were computed as 20.24 m and 1,377 years, respectively. For the AW3D30, SLRImin and TLmin were computed as 16.92 m and 1,151 years, respectively. These results suggest that the readily available global DEMs' suitability for mapping coastal inundations due to SLR in our study area is limited by their low vertical accuracies and high uncertainties. All the three DEMs do not have the necessary accuracy and minimum uncertainties that will make them suitable for mapping inundations of Mindanao at smaller increments of SLR (e.g., SLR ≤ 5 m). Hence, users who apply any of these DEMs for SLR impact assessment at SLRIs lower than the DEM’s SLRImin must be cautious in reporting the areas of SLR vulnerable zones. Reporting the inundated areas as a range instead of a singular value for a given SLR scenario can highlight the inherent accuracy and uncertainty of the DEM used in the assessment.
International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies

Since 2005, IEEE 802.11-based networks have been able to provide a certain level of quality of service (QoS) by the means of service differentiation, due to the IEEE 802.11e amendment. However, no mechanism or method has been standardized to accurately evaluate the amount of resources remaining on a given channel. Such an evaluation would, however, be a good asset for bandwidth-constrained applications. In multihop ad hoc networks, such evaluation becomes even more difficult. Consequently, despite the various contributions around this research topic, the estimation of the available bandwidth still represents one of the main issues in this field. In this paper, we propose an improved mechanism to estimate the available bandwidth in IEEE 802.11-based ad hoc networks. Through simulations, we compare the accuracy of the estimation we propose to the estimation performed by other state-of-the-art QoS protocols, BRuIT, AAC, and QoSAODV.
Comparative Studies of Burning Rates and Water Boiling Time of Wood Charcoal and Briquettes Produced from Carbonized Martynia annua woody Shells

This study was conducted to compare the combustion properties of briquettes produced from carbonized Martynia annua woody shells and wood charcoal. Two different briquette samples were produced: Sample (A), is made up of carbonized shells powder plus starch as binding agent while Sample (B), consists of carbonized shells plus waste paper as binding agent. The parameters investigated include calorific value, ignition time, burning rate, and specific fuel consumption. Water boiling time and time taking by the Samples to burn to ashes were also determined. Water boiling time of the briquettes Sample A competed favorably with wood charcoal. Sample B has the lowest calorific value (5479.31 ± 4.14cal/g), wood charcoal (6815.12±0.53cal/g) was the highest, followed closely by fuel briquettes Sample A (6811.18 ± 4.33cal/g). The calorific values of Sample A and wood charcoal were not significantly different (P>0.05). The burning rate of the fuel briquettes and wood charcoal ranged from 3.16 ± 0.06 g/min in Sample A to 3.03 ± 0.05 g/min. The time taken by Sample A and wood charcoal to burn to ashes were 95.0 ± 2.5 min. and 99.2 ± 4.2 minutes respectively. Briquettes sample B took 73.5 ± 3.2 min to completely burn to ashes. The values for the water boiling time and specific fuel consumption for Sample A and wood charcoal were also not significantly different (P>0.05). Sample B has the shortest ignition time and highest burning rate compare to Sample A and wood charcoal. The results confirmed that, the fuel briquettes from carbonized Martynia annua woody shells can serve as supplement or alternative energy sources to wood charcoal for domestic cooking and heating. Key words : Biomass, Martynia annua , Woody shells, Carbonization, Briquettes
Assessment of beyond-the-field nutrient management practices for agricultural crop systems with subsurface drainage

This paper reviews the characteristics, benefits, and drawbacks of agricultural ditches and wetlands, as well as strategies for applying agricultural best management practices (BMPs) at the watershed scale for improving water quality. This synthesis focuses on the Great Lakes Region and the Mississippi River Basin in the United States, and specifically crop production systems in watersheds with subsurface drainage. The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) has developed conservation practice standards for open channels and wetlands, which mitigate nutrient and sediment loading to surface water bodies from agricultural lands. Practices that use agricultural ditches to improve water quality, such as the two-stage ditch, have emerged in the last two decades and are starting to see a greater application in the region. Using wetlands as water treatment systems has a long history in a range of settings and over the past several decades is seeing more widespread application in agriculture. Water quality and watershed models are increasingly used to develop watershed strategies for reducing nutrient exports with agricultural BMPs. Models are also helpful in evaluating combinations of practices from the farm scale to the watershed scale. Application and limitations of several models commonly used in these regions of the United States are discussed. Finally, successful conservation strategies at the watershed scale must consider the human dimensions of watershed management, and we summarize the literature in this region on farmer perceptions and adoption of practices.
AIS Electronic

The underrepresentation of women in IT is a research area that has received much attention in recent years. Extant research has examined many factors that contribute to and/or improve the widening gender gap. Review articles to date have focused on certain aspects of the field, e.g., the pipeline (Gürer and Camp, 2001), secondary and post-secondary education (Sanders, 2005; Singh, Allen, Scheckler, and Darlington, 2007), and women in IT careers (Ahuja, 2002). There is a need for a comprehensive framework that synthesizes and extends existing research using a new research lens. We propose an integrative organizing model that draws on the career theory literature, Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory (Bronfenbrenner, 2004), the relational model of career decisions (Mainiero and Sullivan, 2005), and Super's life-span, life-space approach to career development (Super, 1990). Examples of how the framework can be applied are discussed.
A Hybrid ETAS‐Coulomb Approach to Forecast Spatiotemporal Aftershock Rates

Aftershock sequences are an ideal testing ground for operational earthquake forecasting models as they contain relatively large numbers of earthquakes clustered in time and space. To date, most successful forecast models have been statistical, building on empirical observations of aftershock decay with time and earthquake size frequency distributions. Another approach is to include Coulomb stress changes from the mainshock which influence the spatial location of the aftershocks although these models have generally not performed as well as the statistical ones. Here we develop a new hybrid Epidemic‐Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS)/Coulomb model which attempts to overcome the limitations of its predecessors by redistributing forecast rate from negatively to positively stressed regions based on observations in the model learning period of the percentage of events occurring in those positively stressed regions. We test this model against the 1992 Landers aftershock sequence using three different ETAS kernels and five different models for slip in the Landers earthquake. We also consider two variations of rate redistribution, one based on a fixed value and the other variable depending on the percentage of aftershocks observed in positively stressed Coulomb regions during the learning period. We find that the latter model performs at least as well as ETAS on its own in all tests and better than ETAS in 14 of 15 tests in which we forecast successive 24‐hr periods. Our results suggest that including Coulomb stress changes can improve operational earthquake forecasting models.
Ecosystem of a small and shallow lake suffering from cyanobacterial blooms — hypereutrophic, phytoplankton-dominated or both?

The preliminary study of Lake Syczyrískie, Eastern Poland, carried out in summer 2000, accompanied by analysis of archival data, revealed a high rate o f eutrophication resulting in its current extremely high fertility (KoRNIJów et. al. 2002). This paper aims for insight into the mechanisms that maintain the actual trophic state ofLake Syczyrískie, as well as to define the lake category according to both the classic trophic classification schemes and to the concept o f a1ternative stab1e states (SCHEFFER et al. 1993 ).
Perspectives on leadership development in post-Soviet Eurasia

Young people throughout Eurasia are looking for leadership that is different from what preceding generations experienced in the Soviet era and many people are still accustomed to, namely a less top-down authoritarian style by a solo leader reflecting the outdated ‘Great Man’ model of ‘strong’ leadership and for a more collaborative, participative style with more dispersed leadership. This implies the need for a significant cultural change. Leadership development programmes now need to refocus their philosophy, objectives and methods on ways of developing a culture of participation, trust, a sense of belonging, teamwork and accountability and the required know-how and skills in today’s and future leaders. We present two research projects and a case study that reveal these needs and how a new approach to ethical and effective leadership development that appropriately integrates Western and Eastern values can help to liberate and develop the culture and economies of the Eurasia region and thereby make Eurasia a new global powerhouse.