Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
3-D density and magnetic crustal characterization of the southwestern Barents Shelf: implications for the offshore prolongation of the Norwegian Caledonides

SUMMARY The presented study focuses on understanding the Barents Sea tectonic evolution. 3-D joint gravity and magnetic modelling of the southwestern Barents Shelf is based on a wealth of offshore seismic and onshore geological information. It allows characterizing the crust with respect to its density and magnetic properties. The main outcomes of the study are (1) new information on key geological interfaces through the production of a new top basement map and upper/lower crustal boundary and Moho maps. In addition, (2) a crustal units map based on density and magnetic properties distribution is proposed and helps understanding of the tectonic evolution of the region. Finally, (3) the study has highlighted disparate basin evolution east and west of the Loppa high. To the east of the Loppa High, a combination of Timanian and Caledonian faults and weakness zones may have played an important role in the evolution of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary basins. To the west of the Loppa High, the basinal evolution seems mostly controlled by the reactivated Caledonian suture. The integration of new interpretations leads to a new structural conception of the Caledonian orogen with a unique Caledonide branch propagating towards the north and a confirmation of Caledonian nappes emplaced asymmetrically in the western Barents Sea. The proposed geometry is interpreted as linked to the palaeogeography of the Baltican Plate.
Components of the ice age circulation

Four general climate model (GCM) simulations are compared to investigate the influence of ice age boundary conditions on atmospheric dynamics and regional climate patterns. Starting with a simulation of the current climate, the ice age distributions of (1) sea surface temperatures; (2) 10-m-thick land ice in locations of ice age ice sheets; and (3) ice sheets elevated to their proper altitude were added sequentially. The results show that these different boundary conditions often impart conflicting influences, with the full ice age simulation representing a compromise between different tendencies inherent in the different boundary components. In particular, the ice age sea surface temperatures stablize the atmosphere over the oceans, increase the frequency of storms tracking through central North America, and amplify transient eddy energy without increasing baroclinic generation. Low-elevation ice generates low pressure over eastern North America and southern Europe in winter, while increasing cloud cover and cooling the land in summer. Elevation of the ice sheets cools the land in winter, further intensifies storms off northeastern North America, induces subsidence warming downstream of the European ice sheets in summer, and increases both transient and stationary eddy energy through increased baroclinicity. In all of the experiments the atmosphere is transporting a similar amount of energy poleward, consistent with the similarity in sea surface temperature gradients, but the eddy characteristics employed in the process vary with the longitudinal distribution of the boundary conditions. Other results show that the Broad raised ice sheets have both a topographic and a thermal effect (due to the reduced optical thickness above) which occur simultaneously and lead to a greater stationary eddy forcing of the zonal mean flow. The stationary wave change in the northern hemisphere is accompanied by a similar change in the southern hemisphere, implying a dynamical interhemispheric connection. The Walker circulation and the July Hadley circulation weaken as a result of the altered sea surface temperature patterns, but the poleward extent of the Hadley cell and the zonally averaged jet stream show little difference from current climate values. The results are compared with two-dimensional model expectations, paleoclimate evidence, and previous ice age simulations.
THE DISPLACEMENT OF A MODEL RIGID SURFACE FOOTING ON DENSE SAND UNDER GENERAL PLANAR LOADING

ABSTRACT Estimation of the displacement of shallow, rigid, sand-supported footings when subjected to general, planar loading and unloading is a fundamental but, as yet, inadequately understood problem. The paper presents extensive new data on the load-displacement response and vertical, horizontal and rotational displacement trajectories of such a model footing derived from a series of precise experiments carried out at the University of Padova. A simple, new transformation applied to both the horizontal and moment load-components, and their associated displacements, is shown to provide a unified interpretation of the results of inclined-central and vertical-eccentric load tests. Displacement trajectories of the footing produced by quite general load-paths, including unloading, are also presented together with a comprehensive set generated by horizontal and moment loading tests at constant vertical load. Key features of the displacement responses are identified and discussed, in particular in relation to the geometrical properties required of a plastic potential curve if the displacements are to be interpreted in a framework of work-hardening plasticity.
Sonographic Appearances in Adult Cases Second Branchial Cleft Cysts: Variability of

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous reports have suggested that second branchial cleft cysts (BCCs) appear on sonograms as well-deﬁned, cystic masses with thin walls and posterior enhancement. Previous CT and MR imaging ﬁndings, however, have indicated heterogeneity of these masses, and, in our experience, sonography also shows a similar variable appearance. In this communication, we report the cases of 17 patients with second BCCs and document the variability of sonographic patterns. METHODS: The sonograms of 17 adults with second BCCs were reviewed. Only patients with surgical or cytologic evidence of BCCs were included in this study. The features evaluated were the location, internal echogenicity, posterior enhancement, and presence of septa and ﬁstulous tract. RESULTS: Four patterns of second BCCs were identiﬁed: anechoic (41%), homogeneously hypoechoic with internal debris (23.5%), pseudosolid (12%), and heterogeneous (23.5%). The majority (70%) showed posterior enhancement. All were situated in their classical location, posterior to the submandibular gland, superﬁcial to the carotid artery and internal jugular vein, and closely related to the medial and anterior margin of the sternomastoid muscle. Fourteen (82%) of the 17 BCCs had imperceptible walls, and all were well deﬁned. For none of the patients was a ﬁstulous tract revealed by sonography; the presence of internal septations was revealed for three patients. CONCLUSION: As previously suggested by CT and MR imaging ﬁndings, sonography re-inforces that second BCCs in adults are not simple cysts but have a complex sonographic pattern ranging from a typical anechoic to a pseudosolid appearance. Second branchial
A Cold Climate Wooden Home and Conflagration Danger Index: Justification and Practicability for Norwegian Conditions

The vast majority of fire-related deaths occur in residential buildings. Until recently, the fire risk for these buildings was only considered through static risk assessments or period-based assessments applying to certain periods of the year, e.g., Christmas holidays. However, for homes with indoor wooden panelling, especially in the ceiling, a dynamic fire danger indicator can be predicted for cold climate regions. Recognising the effect of fuel moisture content (FMC) of indoor wooden panelling on the enclosure fire development allows for the prediction of a wooden home fire danger indicator. In the present study, dry wood fire dynamics are analysed and experimental observations are reported to support in-home wooden panel FMC as a suitable wooden home fire danger indicator. Then, from previous work, the main equation for modelling in-home FMC is considered and a generic enclosure for FMC modelling is justified based on literature data and supported through a sensitivity study for Norwegian wooden homes. Further, ten years of weather data for three selected locations in Norway, i.e., a coastal town, an inland fjord town and a mountain town, were analysed using a three-dimensional risk matrix to assess the usability of the fire risk modelling results. Finally, a cold climate wooden home fire danger index was introduced to demonstrate how the risk concept can be communicated in an intuitive way using similar gradings as the existing national forest fire index. Based on the generic enclosure, the findings support FMC as a fire risk indicator for homes with interior wooden panelling (walls and ceiling). Large differences in the number of days with arid in-home conditions were identified for the selected towns. The number of days with combined strong wind and dry wooden homes appears to depend more on the number of days with strong wind than days of in-home drought. Thus, the coastal town was more susceptible to conflagrations than the drier inland towns. This aligns well with the most significant fire disasters in Norway since 1900. In addition, it was demonstrated that the number of high-risk periods is manageable and can be addressed by local fire departments through proactive measures. In turn, the fire risk modelling and associated index respond well to the recent changes in Norwegian regulations, requiring the fire departments to have systems for detecting increased risk levels. Testing the modelling for a severe winter fire in the USA indicates that the presented approach may be of value elsewhere as well.
Circulation Regimes: Chaotic Variability versus SST-Forced Predictability

Abstract The circulation regimes in the Pacific–North American region are studied using the NCEP–NCAR reanalyses for the 18-winter period (1981/82–1998/99; NCEP18) and for the 54-winter period (1948/49–2001/02; NCEP54). The sampling properties of the regimes are estimated using very large ensembles (of size 55) of winter simulations made for the NCEP18 period with the atmospheric general circulation model of the Center for Ocean–Land–Atmosphere Studies, forced by observed SST and sea ice. The regimes are identified using a modified version of the k-means method. From the NCEP54 dataset a set of four clusters was found [i.e., the Alaskan ridge (AR), Arctic low (AL), Pacific trough (PT), and the Arctic high (AH)], which are significant (vis-a-vis a multinormal background), and more reproducible (within randomly chosen half-length samples) than would be expected from a multinormal process. The frequency of occurrence of the PT (AH) has increased (decreased) significantly during the past two decades. The PT c.
Molecular fossils of Aptian–Albian blue marls of the Vocontian Basin (France), depositional conditions and connections to the Tethys Ocean

The Mesozoic witnessed some episodes of marked accumulation and burial of organic matter (OM) in the Tethys Ocean and satellite basins, such as the Vocontian Basin (SE-France). These famous episodes, termed Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs), resulted from various factors, acting in complex synergies; the consensus about the key factors has not been reached yet. The Aptian–Albian Blue Marls Formation (Fm.) of the Vocontian Basin recorded the various substages of OAE1, plus additional organic-rich levels of regional extension. The semi-pelagic marlstones of the Blue Marls Fm. allow to carry out a detailed examination of the molecular fossils, to assess the respective weights of the factors involved in the OM storage process. In this work, we examined the lipid biomarkers of six organic-rich levels ranging from the Goguel Level to the Paquier Level in stratigraphic order. Biomarkers reputed to be characteristic of some OAEs are observed here: 2-methylhopanoids in the Goguel Level (OAE1a) and archaeal lipids in the Jacob, Kilian and Paquier Levels (OAE1b). This study shows that, in the Vocontian Basin, OM deposition resulted mostly from local factors and that each level has its own peculiarities; however, overarching connections with the Tethys Ocean were critical for the recording of global anoxic events.
Pressure Heads and Simulated Water Uptake Patterns for a Severely Stressed Bean Crop

In modeling, actual crop transpiration as a function of soil hydraulic conditions is usually estimated from a water content or pressure head dependent reduction function. We compared the performance of the empirical pressure head based reduction function of Feddes (FRF) and a more physically based reduction function using matric flux potential as the main parameter (DRF), both available in the SWAP ecohydrological model. Model performance was evaluated by comparison of SWAP predictions and observed water contents and pressure head values in a field experiment with a common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crop. For >50 d, no rain occurred and the soil reached very dry conditions with pressure heads in the range −100 to −150 m. The SWAP–DRF‐predicted pressure head and water content values were less sensitive to root length density distribution than those predicted by SWAP–FRF. Varying wilting pressure head did not improve predictive performance. Root water uptake distribution with time and depth simulated by SWAP showed very different patterns depending on the reduction function used. Root water uptake estimated by SWAP–FRF showed smooth transitions with time and between layers, whereas SWAP–DRF, highly sensitive to hydraulic conditions, generally predicted uptake to be concentrated at a few depths. The order of magnitude of the pressure head difference between root xylem and root surface based on SWAP–DRF‐predicted uptake rates, root length density, and reported values of root conductance was the same as the order of magnitude of the limiting root water pressure head, implying the necessity to include root hydraulic resistance in the DRF.
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) from Humans in the Netherlands

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O104:H4 emerged as an important pathogen when it caused a large outbreak in Germany in 2011. Little is known about the evolutionary history and genomic diversity of the bacterium. The current communication describes a comprehensive analysis of STEC O104:H4 genomes from the 2011 outbreak and other non-outbreak related isolates. Outbreak-related isolates formed a tight cluster which shared a monophyletic relation with two non-outbreak clusters, suggesting that all three clusters originated from a common ancestor. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms, seven of which were non-synonymous, distinguished outbreak from non-outbreak isolates. Lineage-specific markers indicated that recent partitions were driven by selective pressures associated with niche adaptation. Based on the results, an evolutionary model for STEC O104:H4 is proposed. Our analysis provides the evolutionary context at population level and describes the emergency of clones with novel properties, which is necessary for developing comprehensive approaches to early warning and control.
Marked freshening of North Pacific subtropical mode water in 2009 and 2010: Influence of freshwater supply in the 2008 warm season

Changes in salinity of the North Pacific subtropical mode water (STMW) were investigated using profiles for 2003–2011. In 2009 and 2010, the STMW freshened markedly (S < 34.7 psu), with salinity 0.1 psu lower than other years. Freshening in 2009 was caused by excess rainfall in the 2008 warm season, which was related to an increase in the number of low pressures passing over the STMW formation region associated with a southeastward shrinkage of the summertime North Pacific subtropical high. The freshening signal persisted under the seasonal pycnocline during the 2009 warm season. This resulted in the freshening of STMW in 2010.
Growth, mortality, maturity and length-weight parameters of fishes in Lake Kariba, Africa

This preliminary compilation presents vital parameters for 22 species of freshwater fish from Lake Kariba. The majority of the growth parameters are derived from tables in Balon and Coche's "Lake Kariba: a man-made tropical ecosystem in central Africa". The rest of the parameters are compiled from more recent sources and unpublished data.
Fine roots are the dominant source of recalcitrant plant litter in sugar maple‐dominated northern hardwood forests

Summary Most studies of forest litter dynamics examine the biochemical characteristics and decomposition of leaf litter, but fine roots are also a large source of litter in forests. We quantified the concentrations of eight biochemical fractions and nitrogen (N) in leaf litter and fine roots at four sugar maple (Acer saccharum)‐dominated hardwood forests in the north‐central United States. We combined these results with litter production data to estimate ecosystem biochemical fluxes to soil. We also compared how leaf litter and fine root biochemistry responded to long‐term simulated N deposition. Compared with leaf litter, fine roots contained 2.9‐fold higher acid‐insoluble fraction (AIF) and 2.3‐fold more condensed tannins; both are relatively difficult to decompose. Comparatively, leaf litter had greater quantities of more labile components: nonstructural carbohydrates, cellulose and soluble phenolics. At an ecosystem scale, fine roots contributed over two‐thirds of the fluxes of AIF and condensed tannins to soil. Fine root biochemistry was also less responsive than leaf litter to long‐term simulated N deposition. Fine roots were the dominant source of difficult‐to‐decompose plant carbon fractions entering the soil at our four study sites. Based on our synthesis of the literature, this pattern appears to be widespread in boreal and temperate forests.
EVALUATION OF THE CORDEX-SEA MODELS PERFORMANCE IN SIMULATING CHARACTERISTICS OF WET SEASON IN INDONESIA

Indonesia's climate is known to be challenging to adequately simulate by climate models because of the complexity of the weather system and sea-land distribution. Model evaluation is essential to measure confidence in the model results. This study evaluates the performance of the CORDEX-SEA model in simulating monthly rainfall patterns and the characteristics of seasonal rainfall, i.e., pattern, timing, length, and intensity, in Indonesia during 1986-2005. The performance of weighted (WMME) and unweighted ensemble methods are also calculated. Corrected CHIRPS data with similar seasonal patterns with point observation data is used as reference data to evaluate models. Percentage of the agreement of seasonal patterns between models and observation, FAR, and POD values were used to assess the model's ability to simulate seasonal patterns. WMME has the best seasonal patterns agreement with observation, 67% of all grids. The best model performance is shown by monsoonal patterns, with a POD value of 83% by WMME. Otherwise, all models could not describe an anti-monsoonal pattern, with a small POD (0-33%) and a high FAR (60-100%). In simulating the wet season on climatological, annual, and annual mean scales, both MMEs have similar performance and are better than individual models, with WMME performing best. However, on an annual scale, the yearly wet season produced by all models tends to approach its climatology value, making it less reliable in extreme years. Most models have higher daily and monthly rainfall than observation. In conclusion, the weighted ensemble method describes Indonesia's rainy season well, thus providing a reasonable basis for further research in climate projection analysis.
Interactions hydrodynamiques surface/souterrain en milieu karstique - Approche descriptive, analyse fonctionnelle et modélisation hydrologique appliquées au bassin versant expérimental du Coulazou, Causse d'Aumelas, France -

Ce travail de these s'inscrit dans la problematique generale de la caracterisation de l'alea inondation. Plus precisement, cette etude cherche a caracteriser l'influence des eaux souterraines sur la genese et la propagation des crues en surface dans les cas d'un bassin versant a forte composante karstique. Le site experimental du bassin versant du Coulazou, riviere temporaire qui traverse le massif karstique du Causse d'Aumelas a l'Ouest de Montpellier a ete retenu pour etudier de maniere approfondie les interactions entre les ecoulements de surface et les ecoulements souterrains en situation de crue. L'etude hydrodynamique de ce systeme karst/riviere s'appuie sur un dispositif experimental adapte a l'observation des phenomenes hydrologiques (pluie, ruissellement) et hydrogeologiques (piezometrie en forage et dans les drains karstiques, suivi hydrodynamique des exutoires du systeme) tres rapides et tres intenses. La dynamique de ces ecoulements est liee au contexte climatique Mediterraneen mais aussi aux structures de drainage en surface et en souterrain qui permettent un transfert et un transit tres rapide des eaux au sein du systeme karst/riviere. Une description hydrodynamique classique est completee par une approche fonctionnelle des echanges karst/riviere dans le but de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement hydrodynamique d'un tel systeme et de mettre en avant des indicateurs utilisables dans une demarche de modelisation des echanges surface/souterrain. Un premier modele est presente dans la derniere partie de ce document.
Triggering Modes in Spectrum-Based Multi-location Fault Localization

Spectrum-based fault localization (SBFL) techniques can aid in debugging, but their practicality in industrial settings has been limited due to the large number of tests needed to execute before applying SBFL. Previous research has explored different trigger modes for SBFL and found that applying it immediately after the first test failure is also effective. However, this study only considered single-location bugs, while multi-location bugs are prevalent in real-world scenarios and especially at our company Cvent, which is interested in integrating SBFL to its CI/CD workflow. In this work, we investigate the effectiveness of SBFL on multi-location bugs and propose a framework called Instant Fault Localization for Multi-location Bugs (IFLM). We compare and evaluate four trigger modes of IFLM using open-source (Defects4J) and close-source (Cvent) bug datasets. Our study showed that it is not necessary to execute all test cases before applying SBFL. However, we also found that that applying SBFL right after the first failed test is less effective than applying it after executing all tests for multi-location bugs, which is contrary to the single-location bug study. We also observe differences in performance between real and artificial bugs. Our contributions include the development of IFLM and CVent bug datasets, analysis of SBFL effectiveness for multi-location bugs, and practical implications for integrating SBFL in industrial environments.
Wrangellia-A displaced terrane in northwestern North America

A large terrane extending along the Pacific margin of North America, from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to south-central Alaska, is characterized throughout by similar sequences of Triassic rocks. These rocks, including a thick pile of tholeiitic flows and pillow lava (Nikolai Greenstone and Karmutsen Formation) capped with inner-platform carbonates (Chitistone Limestone, Whitestripe Marble, Kunga Formation, and Quatsino Limestone), overlie an upper Paleozoic andesitic arc sequence and Permian argillite and limestone. This coherent terrane, herein named Wrangellia, is juxtaposed against unlike sequences of Triassic and older rocks throughout its extent and is interpreted to be allochthonous. Paleomagnetic data obtained from the Nikolai Greenstone and published in a companion article by Hillhouse indicate that Middle and (or) Upper Triassic rocks in southern Alaska formed in low paleolatitudes, probably within 15" of the paleo-equator.