Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A mixed methods study exploring lower key stage 2 children ’ s self-concept and risk taking in mathematics Student Dissertation

101 words) 3 Chapter 1 – Introduction (819 words) 4 Chapter 2 – Literature review – The topic (4748 words) 7 Chapter 3 – Literature review – The conceptual framework (2846 words) 22 Chapter 4 – The research proposal (887 words) 31 Chapter 5 – Research design, research methods, and methods of analysis (2856 words) 34 Postscript – Narrative critical reflection (611 words) 44
A Survey of z > 5.8 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I. Discovery of Three New Quasars and the Spatial Density of Luminous Quasars at z ∼ 6

We present the results from a survey of i-dropout objects selected from ∼1550 deg2 of multicolor imaging data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to search for luminous quasars at z ≳ 5.8. Objects with i*-z* > 2.2 and z* < 20.2 are selected, and follow-up J-band photometry is used to separate L- and T-type cool dwarfs from high-redshift quasars. We describe the discovery of three new quasars, SDSSp J083643.85+005453.3 (z = 5.82), J130608.26+035626.3 (z = 5.99), and J103027.10+052455.0 (z = 6.28). The quasar SDSSp J083643.85+005453.3 is a radio source with flux of 1.1 mJy at 20 cm. The spectra of all three quasars show strong and broad Lyα + N V emission lines and very strong Lyα forest absorption, with a mean continuum decrement DA > 0.90. The ARC 3.5 m spectrum of SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 shows that over a range of ∼300 Å immediately blueward of the Lyα emission, the average transmitted flux is only 0.003 ± 0.020 times that of the continuum level, consistent with zero flux over a ∼300 Å range of the Lyα forest region and suggesting a tentative detection of the complete Gunn-Peterson trough. The existence of strong metal lines in the quasar spectra suggests early metal enrichment in the quasar environment. The three new objects, together with the previously published z = 5.8 quasar SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2, form a complete color-selected flux-limited sample at z ≳ 5.8. We estimate the selection function of this sample, taking into account the estimated variations in the quasar spectral energy distribution, as well as observational photometric errors. We find that at z = 6, the comoving density of luminous quasars at M1450 < -26.8 (H0 = 50 km s-1 Mpc-1, Ω = 1) is 1.1 × 10-9 Mpc-3. This is a factor of ∼2 lower than that at z ∼ 5 and is consistent with an extrapolation of the observed quasar evolution at z < 5. Using the current sample, we discuss the constraint on the shape of the quasar luminosity function and the implications for the contribution of quasars to the ionizing background at z ∼ 6. The luminous quasars discussed in the paper have central black hole masses of several times 109 M⊙ by the Eddington argument, with likely dark halo masses on the order of 1013 M⊙. Their observed space density provides a sensitive test of models of quasar and galaxy formation at high redshift.
Investigating Disk Evolution: A High Spatial Resolution Mid-Infrared Survey of T Tauri Stars

We present a high spatial resolution, 10-20 μm survey of 65 T Tauri binary stars in Taurus, Ophiuchus, and Corona Australis using the Keck 10 m telescopes. Designed to probe the inner ~1 AU region of the circumstellar disks around the individual stellar components in these binary systems, this study increases the number of binaries with spatially resolved measurements at 10 μm by a factor of ~5. Combined with resolved near-infrared photometry and spectroscopic accretion diagnostics, we find that ~10% of stars with a mid-infrared excess do not appear to be accreting. In contrast to an actively accreting disk system, these passive disks have significantly lower near-infrared colors that are, in most cases, consistent with photospheric emission, suggesting the presence of an inner disk hole. In addition, there appears to be a spectral type/mass dependence associated with the presence of a passive disk, with all passive disks occurring around M-type stars. The presence of a passive disk does not appear to be related to the fact that these objects are in visual binary systems; the passive disk systems span the entire range of binary separations present in the sample, and a similar fraction of passive disks is observed in a sample of single stars. The possibility that the passive disks are caused by the presence of an as yet undetected companion at a small separation (0.3-3 AU) is possible for any individual system; however, it cannot account for the spectral type dependence of the passive disk sample as a whole. We propose that these passive disks represent a subset of T Tauri stars that are undergoing significant disk evolution. The fraction of observed passive disks and the observed spectral type dependence can both be explained by models of disk evolution that include disk photoevaporation from the central star.
Four-wave mixing and nonlinear parameter measurement in a gallium-nitride ridge waveguide

Gallium-nitride (GaN) is a promising material platform for integrated electro-optic devices due to its wide direct bandgap, pronounced nonlinearities and high optical damage threshold. Low-loss ridge waveguides in GaN layers were recently demonstrated. In this work we provide a first report of four-wave mixing in a GaN waveguide at telecommunication wavelengths, and observe comparatively high nonlinear propagation parameters. The nonlinear coefficient of the waveguide is measured as 1.6 +/- 0.45 [W*m]-1, and the corresponding third-order nonlinear parameter of GaN is estimated as 3.4e-18 +/- 1e-18 [m^2/W]. The results suggest that GaN waveguides could be instrumental in nonlinear-optical signal processing applications.
Homological combinatorics and extensions of the cd-index

Many combinatorial proofs rely on induction. When these proofs are formulated in traditional language, they can be bulky and unmanageable. Coalgebras provide a language which can reduce reduce many inductive proofs in graded poset theory to comprehensible size. As a bonus, the visual form of the resulting recursive proofs suggests combinatorial interpretations for constants appearing in the longer arguments. We use the techniques of coalgebras to compute invariants of toric and affine arrangements as well as of poset products. In additional chapters we prove structure theorems for acyclic orientations and critical groups of graphs.
The Anatomy of eps'/eps Beyond Leading Logarithms with Improved Hadronic Matrix Elements

Results of a recent calculation of the effective $\dS$ Hamiltonian at the next-to-leading order will be presented\footnote{Work done in collaboration with A. J. Buras and M. E. Lautenbacher. }. These, together with an improved treatment of hadronic matrix elements, are used to evaluate the measure for direct CP-violation, $\epe$, at the next-to-leading order. Taking $\mt=130\,GeV$, $\Lms=300\,MeV$ and calculating $\langle Q_6 \rangle$ and $\langle Q_8 \rangle$ in the $1/N$ approach, we find in the NDR scheme $\epe = (6.7 \pm 2.6)\times 10^{-4}$ in agreement with the experimental findings of E731. We point out however that the increase of $\langle Q_6 \rangle$ by only a factor of two gives $\epe = (20.0 \pm 6.5)\times 10^{-4}$ in agreement with the result of NA31. The dependencies of $\epe$ on $\Lms$, $\mt$, and some $B$-parameters, parameterizing hadronic matrix elements, are briefly discussed.
The Nature and Evolution of Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies:A Mid-Infrared Spectroscopic Survey

We report the first results of a low-resolution mid-infrared spectroscopic survey of an unbiased, far-infrared-selected sample of 60 ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) (LIR > 1012 L☉) using ISOPHOT-S on board the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). We use the ratio of the 7.7 μm "polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon" (PAH) emission feature to the local continuum as a discriminator between starburst and active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity. About 80% of all ULIRGs are found to be predominantly powered by star formation, but the fraction of AGN-powered objects increases with luminosity. Whereas only about 15% of ULIRGs at luminosities below 2 × 1012 L☉ are AGN powered, this fraction increases to about half at higher luminosity. Observed ratios of the PAH features in ULIRGs differ slightly from those in lower luminosity starbursts. This can be plausibly explained by the higher extinction and/or different physical conditions in the interstellar medium of ULIRGs. The PAH feature-to-continuum ratio is anticorrelated with the ratio of feature-free 5.9 μm continuum to the IRAS 60 μm continuum, confirming suggestions that strong mid-infrared continuum is a prime AGN signature. The location of starburst-dominated ULIRGs in such a diagram is consistent with previous ISO-Short Wavelength Spectrograph spectroscopy, which implies significant extinction even in the mid-infrared. We have searched for indications that ULIRGs that are advanced mergers might be more AGN-like, as postulated by the classical evolutionary scenario. No such trend has been found among those objects for which near-infrared images are available to assess their likely merger status.
Embedding spherical spacelike slices in a Schwarzschild solution

Given a spherical spacelike 3-geometry, there exists a very simple algebraic condition which tells us whether and in which Schwarzschild solution this geometry can be smoothly embedded. One can use this result to show that any given Schwarzschild solution covers a significant subset of spherical superspace and these subsets form a sequence of nested domains as the Schwarzschild mass increases. This also demonstrates that spherical data offer an immediate counterexample to a weak version of the thick sandwich ‘theorem’.
The Effects of Thermonuclear Reaction-Rate Variations on Nova Nucleosynthesis: A Sensitivity Study

We investigate the effects of thermonuclear reaction-rate uncertainties on nova nucleosynthesis. One-zone nucleosynthesis calculations have been performed by adopting temperature-density-time profiles of the hottest hydrogen-burning zone (i.e., the region in which most of the nucleosynthesis takes place). We obtain our profiles from seven different, recently published, hydrodynamic nova simulations covering peak temperatures in the range from Tpeak = 0.145 to 0.418 GK. For each of these profiles, we individually varied the rates of 175 reactions within their associated errors and analyzed the resulting abundance changes of 142 isotopes in the mass range below A = 40. In total, we performed ≈7350 nuclear reaction network calculations. We use the most recent thermonuclear reaction-rate evaluations for the mass ranges A = 1-20 and 20-40. For the theoretical astrophysicist, our results indicate the extent to which nova nucleosynthesis calculations depend on currently uncertain nuclear physics input, while for the experimental nuclear physicist, our results represent at least a qualitative guide for future measurements at stable and radioactive ion beam facilities. We find that present reaction-rate estimates are reliable for predictions of Li, Be, C, and N abundances in nova nucleosynthesis. However, rate uncertainties of several reactions have to be reduced significantly in order to predict more reliable O, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, and Ar abundances. Results are presented in tabular form for each adopted nova simulation.
Multidimensional sigma-models with composite electric p-branes

We consider a gravitational model on a manifold M = M_0 x M_1 x.x M_n with oriented connected Einstein internal spaces M_1,. ,M_n. The matter part of the action contains several scalar fields and antisymmetric forms. With Ricci-flat internal spaces, the model has a midisuperspace representation in form of a sigma-model on M_0. The latter can be used to determine exact composite electric p-brane solutions, which depend on a set of harmonic functions on M_0.
ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Do Government Preferences Matter for Tax Competition? Do Government Preferences Matter for Tax Competition?

This paper explores how government preferences aﬀect the choices of capital tax rates in the presence of tax competition. We develop a model in which governments, diﬀer-entiating in their preferences for economic development and regional equality, compete for mobile capital over corporation taxes. The key prediction of the model, borne out in data from OECD countries over the years 1990-2007, is that countries emphasizing more on economic development tend to choose lower level of corporate income tax rates than the counterparts that stressing more on regional equality. Our result contributes to the tax competition literature by advancing a new element, heterogeneous government preferences, as another potential source of asymmetric tax policy responses that is widely observed across countries.
The Centers of Early-Type Galaxies with HST II: Empirical Models and Structural Parameters

We present a set of structural parameters for the central parts of 57 early-type galaxies observed with the Planetary Camera of the Hubble Space Telescope. These parameters are based on a new empirical law that successfully characterizes the centers of early type galaxies. This empirical law assumes that the surface brightness profile is a combination of two power laws with different slopes gamma and beta for the inner and outer regions. Conventional structural parameters such as core radius and central surface brightness are replaced by break radius r_b, where the transition between power-law slopes takes place, and surface brightness mu_b at that radius. An additional parameter alpha describes the sharpness of the break. The structural parameters are derived using a chi-squared minimization process applied to the mean surface brightness profiles. The resulting model profiles generally give very good agreement to the observed profiles out to the radius of 10 arcseconds imaged by the Planetary Camera. Exceptions include galaxies which depart from pure power-laws at large radius, those with strong nuclear components, and galaxies partly obscured by dust. The uncertainties in the derived parameters are estimated using Monte-Carlo simulations which test the stability of solutions in the face of photon noise and the effects of the deconvolution process. The covariance of the structural parameters is examined by computing contours of constant chi squared in multi-dimensional parameter space.
17 (cid:2) -Estradiol nongenomically induces vascular endothelial H 2 S release by promoting phosphorylation of cystathionine (cid:3) -lyase

showed that E2 rapidly induced phosphorylation of CSE, the key enzyme for vascular endothelial H 2 S generation, and enhanced H 2 S release in a nongenomic manner. We also found that pGC-A/cGMP/PKG signaling was required for E2’s nongenomic effects on vascular endothelial H 2 S release. Our findings provide novel mechanistic insights into estrogen’s nongenomic effects on vascular endothelial H 2 S release and advances our current understanding of estrogen’s cardiovascular protective actions.
Finite cover method for linear and non‐linear analyses of heterogeneous solids

We introduce the finite cover method (FCM) as a generalization of the finite element method (FEM) and extend it to analyse the linear and non‐linear mechanical behaviour of heterogeneous solids and structures. The name ‘FCM’ is actually an alias for the manifold method (MM) and the basic idea of the method has already been established for linear analyses of structures with homogeneous materials. After reviewing the concept of physical and mathematical covers for approximating functions in the FCM, we present the formulation for the static equilibrium state of a structure with arbitrary physical boundaries including material interfaces. The problem essentially involves the discontinuities in strains, and possibly has the discontinuities in displacement caused by interfacial debonding or rupture of material interfaces. We simulate such non‐linear mechanical behaviour after presenting simple numerical examples that demonstrate the equivalence between the approximation capabilities of the FCM and those of the FEM. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of Dietary Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load in Mediating Genetic Susceptibility via MC4R s17782313 Genotypes to Affect Cardiometabolic Risk Factors among Apparently Healthy Obese Individuals

Background The association of genetic and dietary factors with occurrence and progression of chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome (MetS) has long been addressed but there is a lack of evidence for complex interrelationships, including direct and indirect effects of these variables. Hence, this study is aimed at evaluating the mediating role of glycemic indices in the association of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) rs17782313 polymorphism, sociodemographic, and psychological factors with the risk of MetS in obese adults using structural equation modeling. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of data from 287 apparently healthy adults. Dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) were calculated from a validated 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). MC4R s17782313 genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Structural equation modeling was used to explore direct and indirect effects of genetic and nongenetic factors on MetS. Results MC4R gene variant was directly associated with the risk of MetS (B = 0.010; P = 0.023). On the other hand, this variant was found to be indirectly and positively associated with LDL-C (B = 6.589; P = 0.042) through mediatory effects of GI and GL. Moreover, GI and GL also mediated indirect positive effects of sex and age on LDL-C (B = 3.970; P ≤ 0.01; B = 0.878; P ≤ 0.01, respectively) and HDL (B = 2.203; P ≤ 0.01; B = 0.129; P ≤ 0.01, respectively). MC4R rs17782313 polymorphism had positive effects on GI (B = 1.577; P ≤ 0.01) and GL (B = 1.235; P ≤ 0.01). Conclusion Our data may state a hypothesis of the mediating effect of quantity and quality of carbohydrates consumed in relationship between genetic susceptibility to obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors. Further analyses should be carried out in high-quality cohort studies in order to confirm the findings.
Dynamics of ultrathin metal films on amorphous substrates under fast thermal processing

A mathematical model is developed to analyze the growth/decay rate of surface perturbations of an ultrathin metal film on an amorphous substrate (SiO2). The formulation combines the approach of Mullins [W. W. Mullins, J. Appl. Phys. 30, 77 (1959)] for bulk surfaces, in which curvature-driven mass transport and surface deformation can occur by surface/volume diffusion and evaporation-condensation processes, with that of Spencer etal. [B. J. Spencer, P. W. Voorhees, and S. H. Davis, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 26 (1991)] to describe solid-state transport in thin films under epitaxial strain. Modifications of the Mullins model to account for thin-film boundary conditions result in qualitatively different dispersion relationships especially in the limit as kho≪1, where k is the wavenumber of the perturbation and ho is the unperturbed film height. The model is applied to study the relative rate of solid-state mass transport as compared to that of liquid phase dewetting in a thin film subjected to a fast thermal pulse.
Correlations of Optical and Infrared Excesses in T Tauri Stars

The results of a survey of excess optical continuum emission (veiling) in a sample of 35 K7-M1 pre-main-sequence stars in Taurus-Auriga are reported. Stars with detectable veiling emission always show significant near-infrared K-L excesses. This result agrees with the prediction of a simple accretion disk model, where a boundary layer produces the veiling and the infrared excess comes from the disk. The K-N colors of T Tauri stars fall into two distinct groups: stars in the group with small or absent K-N excesses have no detectable veiling emission, while objects with large K-N excesses usually have detectable veiling. This result also agrees with the prediction of the disk model, where a large K-N excess indicates an optically thick disk, and an optically thick disk is required to generate a mass accretion rate large enough to produce detectable veiling. 27 refs.
Discovery of a Lensed Ultrabright Submillimeter Galaxy at z = 2.0439

We report an ultrabright lensed submillimeter galaxy (SMG) at z = 2.0439, WISE J132934.18+224327.3, identified as a result of a full-sky cross-correlation of the AllWISE and Planck compact source catalogs aimed to search for bright analogs of the SMG SMM J2135, the Cosmic Eyelash. Inspection of archival SCUBA-2 observations of the candidates revealed a source with fluxes ( S 850 μ m = 130 mJy) consistent with the Planck measurements. The centroid of the SCUBA-2 source coincides within 1 arcsec with the position of the AllWISE mid-IR source, and, remarkably, with an arc-shaped lensed galaxy in HST images at visible wavelengths. Low-resolution rest-frame UV-optical spectroscopy of this lensed galaxy obtained with 10.4 m GTC reveals the typical absorption lines of a starburst galaxy. Gemini-N near-IR spectroscopy provided a clear detection of H α emission. The lensed source appears to be gravitationally magnified by a massive foreground galaxy cluster lens at z = 0.44; modeling with Lenstool indicates a lensing amplification factor of 11 ± 2. We determine an intrinsic rest-frame 8–1000 μm luminosity, L IR , of ( 1.3 ± 0.1 ) × 10 13 L ⊙ , and a likely star formation rate (SFR) of ∼ 500 – 2000 M ⊙ yr − 1 . The SED shows a remarkable similarity with the Cosmic Eyelash from optical-mid/IR to submillimeter/radio, albeit at higher fluxes.
Complex quantum groups and a deformation of the Baum–Connes assembly map

We define and study an analogue of the Baum-Connes assembly map for complex semisimple quantum groups, that is, Drinfeld doubles of $ q $-deformations of compact semisimple Lie groups. Our starting point is the deformation picture of the Baum-Connes assembly map for a complex semisimple Lie group $ G $, which allows one to express the $ K $-theory of the reduced group $ C^* $-algebra of $ G $ in terms of the $ K $-theory of its associated Cartan motion group. The latter can be identified with the semidirect product of the maximal compact subgroup $ K $ acting on $ \mathfrak{k}^* $ via the coadjoint action. In the quantum case the role of the Cartan motion group is played by the Drinfeld double of the classical group $ K $, whose associated group $ C^* $-algebra is the crossed product of $ C(K) $ with respect to the adjoint action of $ K $. Our quantum assembly map is obtained by varying the deformation parameter in the Drinfeld double construction applied to the standard deformation $ K_q $ of $ K $. We prove that the quantum assembly map is an isomorphism, thus providing a description of the $ K $-theory of complex quantum groups in terms of classical topology. Moreover, we show that there is a continuous field of $ C^* $-algebras which encodes both the quantum and classical assembly maps as well as a natural deformation between them. It follows in particular that the quantum assembly map contains the classical Baum-Connes assembly map as a direct summand.