Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Huddling Behavior and the Foraging Efficiency of Muskrats

The potential benefits of social aggregation and communal grooming to the foraging ecology of muskrats were investigated. We hypothesized that muskrats in groups would be more resistant to hypothermia, would spend more time foraging in cold water, and would rewarm more quickly following emergence than solitary muskrats. Despite social grooming and aggregation behavior following episodes of aquatic activity, the post-immersion re-warming rates of muskrats increased only slightly in the presence of nestmates. The maximum rate of rewarming averaged 0.26°C/min when each animal was tested alone, and 0.30°C/min when it was tested in the presence of four nest-mates ( P = 0.096). Providing muskrats with the option to huddle between foraging and exploratory dives in cold water had little impact on the precision of control of body temperature. Although muskrats in groups tended to spend more time in water and expend less energy than solitary animals, these trends were not significant. The greatest differences were in intake of food, with grouped animals in one experiment ingesting nearly three times as much forage as animals feeding alone ( P = 0.015). We attribute the higher intake of food of grouped animals to social facilitation rather than to any gain in foraging efficiency arising from aggregation behavior out of water.
Asymmetry in mutual predation: possible reason for the replacement of native gammarids by invasives

Mutual predation among two invasive gammarids (Dikerogammarus villosus and Echinogammarus ischnus) and two natives (Gammarus fossarum and Gammarus roeseli) was studied in laboratory experiments. Both invasives were much stronger predators than the two natives. Between 56-86% of the replicates resulted in the death of natives when the invasive species were the predators, while only 10-18% resulted in the death of invasives in reverse combinations. Predation by invasives on natives generally exceeded cannibalism within species by a factor of 2 to 4. Both invasive species preyed less heavily on each other than on natives. The results suggest that the observed asymmetry in strength of mutual predation can be a key factor in the displacement of native gammarids by invasives in parts of Central European rivers and that low predation between invasives may permit their coexistence. Thus, the results of this study support the opinion that intraguild predation can be an important reason for species replacement in the field.
MULTI-TRAIT PREDICTION OF FEED CONVERSION IN FEEDLOT CATTLE

Introduction Compared to growth and more recently, carcass traits, the underlying genetic variation that controls feed and forage utilization has remained unexploited in beef cattle selection programs. This is quite surprising since feed costs for a feedlot steer can easily approach $200. The opportunity to reduce costs through genetic means seems to be present since the scientific literature indicates that feed intake and efficiency traits are heritable. However to date, no Expected Progeny Differences for efficiency traits have been published by North American breed societies due to the expense associated with collection of individual feed intake records, which are needed to maximize selection response. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of efficiency traits and their interrelationships with other economically important traits and to offer an example of how feed efficiency has been incorporated into a multi-trait selection program in the United States.
Mental health among Ebola survivors in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea: results from a cross-sectional study

Objectives To describe the prevalence and correlates of depression and anxiety among adult Ebola virus disease (EVD) survivors in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea. Design Cross-sectional. Setting One-on-one surveys were conducted in EVD-affected communities in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea in early 2018. Participants 1495 adult EVD survivors (726 male, 769 female). Primary and secondary outcome measures Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) depression scores and Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scores. Results Prevalence and severity of depression and anxiety varied across the three countries. Sierra Leone had the highest prevalence of depression, with 22.0% of participants meeting the criteria for a tentative diagnosis of depression, compared with 20.2% in Liberia and 13.0% in Guinea. Sierra Leone also showed the highest prevalence of anxiety, with 10.7% of participants meeting criteria for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7 score ≥10), compared with 9.9% in Liberia and 4.2% in Guinea. Between one-third and one-half of respondents reported little interest or pleasure in doing things in the previous 2 weeks (range: 47.0% in Liberia to 37.6% in Sierra Leone), and more than 1 in 10 respondents reported ideation of self-harm or suicide (range: 19.4% in Sierra Leone to 10.4% in Guinea). Higher depression and anxiety scores were statistically significantly associated with each other and with experiences of health facility-based stigma in all three countries. Other associations between mental health scores and respondent characteristics varied across countries. Conclusions Our results indicate that both depression and anxiety are common among EVD survivors in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea, but that there is country-level heterogeneity in prevalence, severity and correlates of these conditions. All three countries should work to make mental health services available for survivors, and governments and organisations should consider the intersection between EVD-related stigma and mental health when designing programmes and training healthcare providers.
Dyadic and triadic reconciliation in pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina)

The tendency in primates for former antagonists to approach and affiliate following aggression has been termed reconciliation because the response is thought to resolve social conflicts produced by aggression. In primate societies, however, an aggressive interaction between two individuals often spreads to include other group members, especially the kin of the combatants. If post conflict affiliation resolves aggressive conflicts in a group, then affiliative increases might occur between combatants and the kin of their opponents following aggression as well as between former opponents. This hypothesis was tested in a captive group of 39 pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) by comparing affiliative response frequencies of combatants during the 5 minute period following aggression to affiliative response frequencies during 5 minute baseline periods not preceded by aggressive activity. Following aggression, affiliation rates increased between combatants and their opponents, aggressors and the kin of their opponents, and aggressors and their own kin. Additional analyses showed that aggression among kin was reconciled more often than aggression among nonkin. Recipients of aggression reconciled with their attackers more often than aggressors reconciled with their victims. Animals with similar dominance ranks reconciled proportionately more often than those with large rank disparities and aggressive infractions of a calculated dominance hierarchy were reconciled more often than attacks consistent with the hierarchy. Results suggest that both dyadic and triadic reconciliations occur in M. nemestrina and that compared to other primate species M. nemestrina exhibit a moderate‐to‐high conciliatory tendency.
Adaptation à la sécheresse et notion d'idéotype chez le blé dur. II. Caractères physiologiques d'adaptation

Des populations locales de ble dur d'Algerie et du Moyen-Orient, et des varietes ameliorees ont ete comparees du point de vue de leurs parametres phenologiques et morphophysiologiques d'adaptation a la secheresse, l'accent etant mis sur des parametres physiologiques lies a la transpiration, a l'osmoregulation et a la photosynthese. Les resultats obtenus permettent de preciser les caracteres physiologiques ideotypiques et le comportement adaptatif de chaque type de variete
Detection of errors using multiple spectro-temporal features related to distinct post-error neural processes

Introduction: Detection of different types of errors (e.g., user’s own errors (or execution errors), interaction errors, and feedback errors) based on brain signals immediately following errors, has been increasingly studied in brain-computer interface (BCI) community [1], with the aim to improve the performance of BCI devices or developing novel BCI systems [2]. Here, we focused on the detection of execution errors using noninvasive electroencephalography (EEG) signal. Beyond the well-known error-related negativity (ERN) in previous studies [3-4], the present study investigated multiple spectro-temporal EEG features related to distinct post-error neural processes, given that different neural and behavior responses could be triggered by errors under the performance monitoring system [5-6]. We expected better detection of execution errors can be achieved by including as many as error-related EEG patterns. Material, Methods and Results: 128-channel EEG data from 18 healthy subjects was previously recorded in a color-word matching Stroop task (details of the experiment and data, as well as preprocessing procedures, can be found in [7]). Subjects made 73 (±29) error responses out of 720 trials. To extract distinct neural processes, a group-wise independent component analysis (ICA) procedure was applied on preprocessed EEG data that were temporally concatenated across all subjects [6]. Spectro-temporal features were extracted from four neural processes (i.e., independent components, ICs; Fig. 1) that were characterized with well-known event-related potentials (ERPs) [6]. Statistical comparisons demonstrated that errors show significantly enhanced theta power at early time (around 0-300 ms) and decreased alpha/beta power at late time (around 150-500 ms), at all four ICs
Plumagens e mudas de Charadriiformes (Aves) no litoral de Pernambuco, Brasil

The individuais of Charadriifonnes present plumages of either young, or adults; adults in turn, present plumages of either reproduction, ar intermediate. Aiming to monitor plumages and molts, and associating them to migrations, specimens were collected on the coast of Pernambuco State, in the Coroa do Aviao, Santa Cruz channel (7o40'S e 34o 50'W). Plumages of young, non-breeding adults, intermediate adults, and breeding adults were recorded amongst the specimens captured. The molt cicle of primary remiges indicates that individuals initiating molts in June and July will not return to their areas of reproduction, and that the ones who start from August to October, ending till February, will migrate in the same year to their breeding grounds. Retrix molts showed variations. Regarding adults of Calidris pusilla (Linnaeus, 1766) the cicle ended till March.
www.ssoar.info Material Deprivation, Social Class and Life Course in the Balkans, Eastern Europe and Central Asia

This paper employs the factor analysis technique and data from the UNDP/UNICEF Social Inclusion Survey to construct a material deprivation index for fi ve transitional societies in the Balkans (FYR Macedonia and Serbia), Eastern Europe (Moldova and Ukraine) and Central Asia (Kazakhstan). The distribution of deprivation between these societies can be largely explained by their level of economic development, but within-county variance is not limited to monetary dimension. Controlling for settlement type, human capital and employment status in multivariate settings, the paper tests the hypothesis of the continuous importance of occupational social class and the emerging role of diff erent life phases in individuals’ welfare outcomes. The results reveal that all specifi ed social classes and most of the defi ned life phases have diverse and statistically signifi cant eff ects on the constructed deprivation index and the likelihood of being under 70 per cent of the median deprivation threshold. Belonging to non-skilled manual, farmers and skilled manual social class as well as being a child or lone parent were revealed to have the highest risk of material deprivation. These fi ndings are in line with the conclusions made for the Western welfare democracies on the complementary nature of social class and life course dimensions in explaining social hardship.
Robust auditory profiling: Improved data-driven method and profile definitions for better hearing rehabilitation

Currently, the clinical characterization of hearing deficits for hearing-aid fitting is based on the pure-tone audiogram only. This relies on the assumption that the audiogram can predict performance in complex, supra-threshold tasks. Sanchez-Lopez et al. (2018) hypothesized that the hearing deficits of a given listener, both at threshold and supra-threshold levels, result from two independent types of auditory distortions. The authors performed a data-driven analysis of two large datasets with results from several tests, which led to the identification of four auditory profiles. However, the definition of the two types of distortion was challenged by differences between the two datasets in terms of the tests and listeners considered. In the Better hEAring Rehabilitation (BEAR) project, a new dataset was generated with the aim of overcoming these limitations. A heterogeneous group of listeners was tested using measures of speech intelligibility, loudness perception, binaural processing abilities and spectro-temporal resolution. As a consequence, the auditory profiles of Sanchez-Lopez et al. (2018) were refined. The updated auditory profiles, together with the investigation of optimal hearing-aid compensation strategies, are expected to form a solid basis for improved hearing-aid fitting.
Autophagic Control of Listeria Determines the Infection-Induced Death of Macrophages

Listeria induces cell death in macrophages, hepatocytes and dendritic cells. It is accepted that the cell death is induced by listeriolysin O (LLO), which has a crucial role in the escape of Listeria from the vacuole. To re-evaluate the requirement of LLO for inducing cell death, we used an hlyW492A mutant that possesses a mutation in codon Trp-492 of LLO, with leads to a 1000-fold decrease in the hemolytic activity. Although the hlyW492A mutant possesses decreased hemolytic activity, it can still escape from the phagosome into the cytosol and induces cell death in macrophages. An aroA-deficient mutant that has normal LLO activity and a reduced replication capacity in the cytosol because of the deficiency of menaquinone failed to induce cell death in macrophages. The addition of menaquinone, which is a component of the electron-transfer pathway, accelerated the cytotoxicity and bacterial growth in aroA-deficient mutant-infected macrophages. These results indicate that the Listeria-infected cell death in macrophages depends on the cytosolic Listeria numberin addition to the LLO activity. Although the autophagy system fails to exclude wild-type Listeria from the infected macrophages, the aroA-deficient mutant was co-localized with autophagy marker LC3, suggesting the involvement of an autophagic mechanism to rescue the host cells when Listeria grows slowly in the cytosol. In cases with the growth of wild-type Listeria, the intermediate substances of oxidative metabolism or the rapid replication of Listeria might allow for an escape from the autophagy machinery, which induces death in the host cells. Therefore, our findings suggest that LLO is necessary for the bacteria to invade the cytosol, but is not sufficient for inducing Listeria-infected cell death in macrophages. An autophagy system apparently rescues host cells from infection-induced cell death even in the presence of LLO when the Listeria is growing slowly in the cytosol.
Do therapists0 subjective variables impact on psychodynamic psychotherapy outcomes? A systematic literature review

Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Correspondence Prof. Vittorio Lingiardi, Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli, 1, 00185 Rome, Italy. Email: vittorio.lingiardi@uniroma1.it
Higher-level bee classifications (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Apidae sensu lato)

A higher-level classification of bees, in which the entire group is treated as a single family - the Apidae - is advocated here. A total of seven subfamilies, 51 tribes and 27 subtribes are recognized. These subfamilies correspond to the families adopted in the traditional classification. Although the proposed changes do not involve any major rearrangement, basically only changing the rank given to the main groups, the new system makes the classification of bees more consistent with that adopted for other major groups of aculeate Hymenoptera. It also departs from the 19th century practice, perpetuated in the traditional classification, of giving family-status to the main groups of bees. A correspondence table associating the taxon names used in the current traditional classification with those of the revised classification is presented. Scrapterini new tribe (type-genus Scrapter Lepeletier & Serville) is proposed to accommodate the southern African genus Scrapter.
Methods for assessing the resistance of raspberry genotypes to Phytophthora root rot

Zoospores and agar discs of the fungus causing raspberry root rot (Phytophthora fragariae) were used as inoculum to assess the resistance of raspberry genotypes in pot experiments. High zoospore concentrations resulted in more severe symptoms than low concentrations. There was a strong correlation between the results obtained with zoospores and with colonized agar discs as inocula. although disease was generally more severe with the former. The severity of root rot was correlated with a number of other symptoms, in particular growth reductions, stem lesions and leaf wilting, and some of these symptoms could possibly be used as measures of resistance. There was no evidence of physiological specialization with the range of isolates and raspberry genotypes used. Pot tests in general gave results which matched reported resistances in the field, and could be used to assess the resistance of breeding lines and selections.
LACTIC ACID BACTERIA AS METAL QUENCHERS TO IMPROVE FOOD SAFETY AND QUALITY

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have long history of safe use in diverse fermented dairy and food products and offers health enlivening possessions as probiotics. Apart from this, recently, several Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. have been found to bind with metal ions through metabolism independent mechanism like surface binding by adsorption and ion exchange. The major contaminants encountered in milk and other food products chiefly include pesticide residues, heavy metals, and aflatoxin M1. Milk may get contaminated before milking from the cattle feed, sources/materials employed during the milk processing and inappropriate handling of milk during the preand post-processing period. It will ultimately lead to magnification of the specific metal or related contaminants in the finished product. The bioquenching/biosorption abilities of LAB will help to formulate natural treatments to decrease metal toxicity from drinking water, dairy and food products as well as within human body through development of functional foods and
Yield components of nodulated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and maize (Zea mays) plants grown with exogenous phosphorus in different cropping systems

A 2-factorial experiment, involving three levels of phosphorus (0, 40, and 80 kg/ha) and four cropping systems (mono crop, maize–cowpea inter-row, maize–cowpea intra-row, and maize–cowpea intra-hole cropping) was conducted in the field for two consecutive years in 2003 and 2004 at Nietvoorbij (33°54′S, 18°14′E), Stellenbosch, South Africa. Plant density (number of plants per hectare) was 166 666 for sole cowpea, 111 111 for maize–cowpea inter-row, 55 555 for maize–cowpea intra-row and 55 555 for maize–cowpea intra-hole cropping. Applying 40 or 80 kg phosphorus (P)/ha significantly increased cowpea grain yields by 59–65% in 2003 and 44–55% in 2004. With maize, the increases in grain yield were 20–37% in 2003 and 48–55% in 2004 relative to the zero-P control. In both cropping seasons, the number of pod-bearing peduncles per plant, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, and grain yield per cowpea plant were significantly increased with the application of exogenous P. In contrast, the number of pod-bearing peduncles per plant, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, and the grain yield per plant were all significantly depressed by mixed culture relative to mono crop cowpea. There was also a significant interactive effect of P and cropping system on cowpea, such that, all cowpea yield components were generally lower in intercrop relative to mono crop. In all instances, the yield component of mono crop cowpea and, to some extent, inter-row cowpea, were markedly increased by the provision of 40 or 80 kg P/ha relative to the zero-P control. Intercropping maize with cowpea produced higher total yields per unit land area than the mono crop counterpart.
Identifying and Mapping a New Gene for Bacterial Blight Resistance in Rice Based on RFLP Markers

Bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, is one of the most serious diseases of rice worldwide. We previously identified a rice cultivar, Zhachanglong, from Yunnan Province in southwest China that showed resistance to all 10 X. oryzae pv. oryzae strains tested. The objectives of the current study were to assess the identity of the gene in Zhachanglong and to determine the chromosomal location by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) mapping. We found that the resistance of Zhachanglong to bacterial blight is controlled by a dominant gene that is not allelic to Xa1, Xa2, Xa4, or Xa14. The new gene is linked to the Xa4 locus, with a recombination frequency of 13.3 ± 4.5%. RFLP analysis resolved this gene to the end of the short arm of chromosome 11 in the rice linkage map, confirming the distinctness of this gene from all the known genes for bacterial blight resistance. We also found that this new gene is resistant to a broad range of X. oryzae pv. oryzae strains. We tentatively designated this gene as Xa22(t).
CONFIDENTIALITY OF MESSAGES IN A CARDLESS ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEM

In a cardless electronic payment system messages are used instead of credit or debit cards (plastic money). These messages are passed between different entities in order to do electronic transactions over a network. The security of the cardless electronic payment system is a critical issue. In case of security breaches huge financial damages can be occur. This paper describes the work aiming at the security of a card less payment system. The confidentiality of messages in card less payment system is done. The messages passed between different entities are secured by using hybrid encryption and decryption technique. The Analysis of different pair of encryption/decryption algorithms which are RSA-DES, RSA-AES and RSA-TRPLEDES in the hybrid encryption technique is done and conclusions are drawn on the basis of execution time and memory usage. Experimental results show that RSA-DES executes faster and takes less memory so it is most suitable for hybrid encryption/decryption of messages.