Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Convective motions in the sidearm of a small reservoir

We present observations of the diurnal formation of horizontal temperature gradients in the surface waters of a sidearm of a small water supply reservoir at a time during summer when radiative heating and vertical stratification of the reservoir’s waters were both quite strong. Our measurements show that because the closed end of the sidearm was relatively shallow, daytime heating and nighttime cooling created larger temperature changes there than in the body of the lake, resulting in large horizontal temperature gradients that drove strongly sheared, horizontal exchanges. Because of more vigorous turbulent mixing during cooling, cooling-driven flows were slower and of greater vertical extent than were heating-driven flows. The overall flow exhibited inertia in that it was not in phase with the daily heating cycle. Averaged over the daily cycle, there appeared to be a net residual flow, with surface waters flowing out and metalimnetic waters flowing in. This thermally driven flow, the “thermal siphon,” greatly enhanced the rate of horizontal exchange between the sidearm and the body of the reservoir such that the time required to replace water in the sidearm when the siphon is operating is substantially less than estimates with conventional formulae based on horizontal turbulent diffusion.
Some factors influencing the free fluoride content in black tea infusions

Fluoride is an essential micro-nutrient owing to its role in the prevention of dental caries. Chronic exposure to high levels of the ion (F ) results in both dental and skeletal fluorosis. A study was carried out to determine free fluoride content in tea (Camellia sinensis ) infusions of different grades of black Cut, Tear and Curl (CTC) tea. Tea infusions, 1% w/v of 112 teas of different grades and origins, were prepared using boiling distilled water and their free fluoride contents quantified using a Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode (FISE) method. The free fluoride content of the teas was 0.37±0.04 µg F ml -1 . Infusions of tea grades BP1 and BMF gave the highest (0.40±0.22 µg F ml -1 ) and lowest (0.32±0.10 µg F ml -1 ) free fluoride contents, respectively . There being no national and international Maxima Residue Limit (MRL) for fluoride in tea, all the teas analysed may be regarded to be safe for consumption with regard to their free fluoride contents based on the 1.5 µg F ml -1 , World Health Organisation’s (WHO) guideline for fluoride in drinking water. Further, the effects of tea grades and area of production, on the fluoride content in tea infusions were significant (P<0.05), hence the need to enact safety guidelines and monitor continuously the fluoride levels for all types of tea products to prevent excessive intake.
Varietal identification of coffee seeds by RAPD technique

This study aimed the identification of cultivars and/or lines of Coffea arabica of commercial interest, using PCR-RAPD markers. The DNA of ground seeds lots of 12 cultivars and/or lines were evaluated with five primers (Operon OPA 01, OPA 04, OPG 11, OPY 16, and OPX 09) were obtained from a selection of 56 primers. The electrophoretic profiles allowed distinction among eight cultivars and/or lines as well as heterogeneity between and within lots of IAPAR59.
A Simulation of Exosphere of Ceres

After Vesta, the NASA Dawn spacecraft will visit the largest asteroid Ceres, to carry out in-depth observations of its surface morphology and mineralogical composition. We examine different source mechanisms of a possible surface-bounded exosphere composed of water molecules and other species. Our preliminary assessment is that solar wind interaction and meteoroid impact are not adequate because of the large injection speed of the gas at production relative to the surface escape velocity of Ceres. One potential source is a low-level outgassing effect from its subsurface due to thermal sublimation. In this work, the scenario of building up a tenuous exosphere by ballistic transport and the eventual recycling of the water molecules to the polar cold trap is described. It turns out that a large fraction of the sublimated water might be transferred to the polar cap area as originally envisaged for the lunar polar ice storage.
Genetic causes involved in Leishmania Chagasi infection innortheastern: Brazil

A sample of 502 individuals from 94 families from Jacobina, State of Bahia, Brazil, was investigated to determine the causal mechanisms involved in Leishmania chagasi (the causal agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the American hemisphere) infection, as measured by the intradermic reaction to antigens derived from this parasite, using complex segregation analyses. The results showed evidence of a major genetic mechanism acting on infection, with a frequency of a recessive (or additive) susceptibility gene (q) of approximately 0.45. A small multifactorial component (H = 0.29) acting in conjunction with a major recessive gene (q = 0.37) is not ruled out as a concomitant causative factor.
Pedotransfer functions for water retention in different soil classes from the center-southern Rio Grande do Sul State

Water retention in soil is used in many agronomic and environmental applications, but its direct measurement is time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, pedotransfer functions (PTFs) are alternatives to obtain this information faster and more economically. The objectives of this study were to generate and validate PTFs to estimate the water content at potentials of -33 kPa (field capacity) and -1500 kPa (permanent wilting point) for different soil classes from the central-south portion of Rio Grande do Sul State. The physical and chemical analyses database from soil surveys of the Celulose Riograndense Corp were used. The database is composed of particle size distribution (coarse and fine sand, silt and clay), soil organic matter, and water content data at the above mentioned potentials, besides other information concerning the behavior of the soil classes at field conditions. Firstly, the data were stratified by soil classes and depths, and then 70% of the data were separated for PTF generation and 30% for validation. PTFs were generated for each specific soil class and also general PTFs which were not stratified by soil class, by means of stepwise multiple regression. In most situations, PTFs for a specific soil class showed a better fit than the general PTFs. Proper adjustment of the data showed that the water retention values at potentials of -33 kPa and -1500 kPa can be estimated for the soils from the central-south portion of Rio Grande do Sul State that do not have such analyses through the use of PTFs.
QUALITY EVALUATION OF MAIZE SNACKS FORTIFIED WITH BAMBARA

Kokoro is a popular maize-based snack in Nigeria, which is consumed by adults and children but characterized by low protein content. The snacks were produced from blends of maize flour substituted with Bambara groundnut flour. Maize and Bambara groundnut flours were mixed in various proportions using central composite rotatable design. Flour blends were evaluated for functional and pasting properties, while snacks were analyzed for proximate composition and sensory qualities. The water absorption capacity value decreased with increased Bambara flour in the blends ranging from 1.68-1.90. There were significant changes (p < 0.05) in the pasting properties of the resulting flour blends where sample containing highest amount of Bambara (30%) had the highest value of 366.0 RVU and 90 o C for final viscosity and pasting temperature respectively. Proximate analysis results revealed significant (p < 0.05) increase in protein (13.0-32.3%) while carbohydrate content (73.12–51.27%) decreased with inclusion of Bambara flour. No significant difference (p < 0.05) occurred in the sensory qualities of products from 100% maize and 82.5:17.5% (maize: Bambara) flour blend. Hence, acceptable Kokoro snacks from an 82.5:17.5(maize: Bambara flour) blend have been formulated, which could enhance the nutritional wellness of the target consumers.
Rheological properties and phase transition of cornstarches with different amylose/amylopectin ratios under shear stress

The rheological properties and phase transition of cornstarch with low moisture content under shear stress was investigated using a mixer with twin-roller rotors by the variation of torque as functions of temperature and time. Cornstarches with different AM/AP ratios (wx: 4:96, maize: 29:71, Gelose 50: 62:38, and Gelose 80: 77:23) were used as model materials in the experimental work. The results showed that, as the AM content increased from 0 to 77%, the maximum torque increased from about 54 to 66 N/m and the final torque increased from about 27 to 47 N/m, respectively, and a longer mixing time was required to achieve a stable state (constant torque value). Microscopic and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies showed that the phase transition reflected by changes of birefringence and endotherms could well be associated with the torque curve measured by the mixer. The higher gelatinization temperatures of the starches with higher AM content, and especially the existence of multi-phase transitions at high temperatures, could explain the rheological behaviors detected by the mixer. The technique can be used to study the starch melting and destructuration under shear stress with low moisture content (<45%), which represents the most of extrusion conditions for starch-based materials. Copyright © 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Cytogenetic Studies of Fishing Cat, Prionailurus viverrinus (Bennett 1833) and Asiatic Golden Cat, Catopuma temminckii (Vigors and Horsfield 1827) by Conventional Staining, G-banding and High-resolution Techniques

The fishing cat, Prionailurus viverrinus (Bennett 1833) and the Asiatic golden cat, Catopuma temminckii (Vigos and Horsfield 1827) are two of many wild cat species currently listed as vulnerable or endangered in Thailand. 20 conventional staining, G-banding and high-resolution metaphase spreads obtained from lymphocyte cultures were analyzed for each animal. The female fishing cat has diploid chromosome number of 2n=38 and the fundamental number (NF) was 74. There are 6 autosome types: A type had 6 large submetacentric, B type had 8 large acrocentric, C type had 4 large metacentric, D type had 4 medium and 4 small submetacentric, E type had 8 small metacentric and F type had 2 small telocentric chromosomes. The female Asiatic golden cat had 2n=38, and the NF was 72. There are 6 autosome types: A type had 4 large and 2 medium submetacentric, B type had 6 large and 2 medium acrocentric, C type had 4 large metacentric, D type had 8 small submetacentric, E type had 6 small metacentric and F type had 4 small telocentric chromosomes. The female fishing cat and the Asiatic golden cat have a pair of the short arm of chromosome E1 (chromosome pairs 14) showed clearly observable satellite chromosomes. The X chromosome was submetacentric chromosome. From G-banding and high-resolution technique, number of bands were 184, 211 and 204, 245, respectively. We found that chromosomes A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B4, X (fishing cat) and A1, A2, A3, C2, D1, D4, E1, E2, E3, F1, F2, X (Asiatic golden cat) patterns are same as domestic cat (Felis catus) chromosomes. Chromosomes B3, C1, C2, D1, D2, D3, D4, E1, E2, E3, F1 (fishing cat) and C1, D2, D4 (Asiatic golden cat) are similar to those of domestic cat chromosomes. These results show the evolutionary relationship between the wild cat (fishing cat, Asiatic golden cat) and the domestic cat. The karyotype formula of the female fishing cat and the Asiatic golden cat are as follows:Fishing cat: 2n(38)=L4m+L6sm+L8a+M4sm+S8m+S4sm+S2t+sex chromosomes.Asiatic golden cat: 2n(38)=L4m+L4sm+L6a+M2sm+M2a+S6m+S8sm+S4t+sex chromosomes.
Resistance pattern of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among nasal isolates of HIV infected patients in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Patients infected with HIV have an increased risk of nasal Staphylococcus aureus carriage as well as consecutive staphylococcal infections and is a major reservoir for MRSA which is potential risk factors for community acquired MRSA. Knowing the Nasal carriage status of Staphylococcus aureus and their Antibiogram will be beneficial for effective management of these patients.Methods: Nasal swab sample were collected from all the participants and processed for culture and identification of Staphylococcus aureus and their antimicrobial sensitivity. All the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were tested for Methicillin resistance by Oxacillin screen agar test, cefoxitin disc diffusion test and further confirmed by mecA gene PCR.Results: In this study out of 220 HIV seropositive patients, 43.64% isolates were confirmed to be S. aureus, 18.75% MRSA and 81.25% were MSSA. Cefoxitin disc diffusion showed 100% specificity (95% CI; 97.05%-100.00%), 100% sensitivity (95% CI; 83.89-100.00%) and 100% accuracy (95% CI; 97.47% to 100.00%) while comparing with gold standard mecA gene PCR. Among the nasal carriers; males (60%) ware dominant on females (40%). 31-50 years age group was strongly associated with MRSA nasal carriage. None of the isolates were resistant against lenozolid, teicoplanin and vancomycin while ampicillin (75%), ciprofloxacin (62.5%), clindamycin (59.38%) and cotrimoxazole (53.13%) showed increased resistance against S. aureus nasal carriage.Conclusions: Resistance among HIV positive persons for all antibiotics showed statistically significant while compared to control group. Cefoxitin disc diffusion can be used as surrogate agent for mecA gene detection.
The direct connection between box & Jenkins methodology and adaptive filtering theory

This work discusses the direct relation between linear tools to solve forecasting tasks: Autoregressive (AR) and Autoregressive and Moving Average (ARMA) models, from Box \& Jenkins methodology, and the Finite and Impulse response linear adaptive filters. The aforementioned filters are commonly used in channel equalization, but they also can be used to perform predictions. It is presented the similarities, differences and the distinct concepts of transfer function. We show their structures and a comparative overview, as the time series forecasting field and the Adaptive Filter Theory do not present the details of the connection between the proposals.
First phase of macroinvertebrate repopulation of Lake Orta (Buccione Basin) after liming

The research described here was performed during 1993 and 1994 in the context of studies on the recovery of Lake Orta from acidification after the liming conducted from May 1989 to June 1990. The causes of the pollution were due to the oxidation of ammonium sulphate discharged from a factory producing rayon by a cupro-ammoniacal method and to the loads of heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn) derived from plating factories. One year after liming, an increase in pH and a marked decrease in metal concentrations were observed, and as a consequence some qualitative and quantitative changes were observed in 1992-93 in the planctonic communities and in the littoral macrobenthic fauna. This paper presents qualitative and quantitative data on macrobenthos collected along a transect between the littoral and the maximal depth in the Buccione Basin, which was directly affected by the effluents of the rayon factory. The data revealed some quantitative repopulation of this community, especially along the littoral. Qualitatively, however, the macrobenthos was still quite poor, consisting essentially of Oligochaeta and Diptera Chironomidae. The former were rare and mainly represented by Naididae between 15 and 22 m, while the Tubificidae were well represented in the littoral and the profundal zones. As regards the Chironomidae, the genera Procladius and Chironomus gr. thummi extended as far as the maximum depth, while others, such as Ablabesmyia, Parakiefferiella bathophila and Dicrotendipes gr. nervosus were mostly distributed in the littoral layers. Among the other taxonomic groups only the Trichoptera and the Diptera Ceratopogonidae were quantitatively significant. However, many systematic entities typical of the less polluted Italian subalpine lakes are still absent. In fact, the colonisation of Lake Orta by macrobenthic organisms is still influenced by the increased concentrations of heavy metals in the sediment precipitated from the water column. The research included analysis of lake water and sediments chemistry to obtain information on the trophic level of the environment.
Incidence and virulence of Bacillus cereus isolated from Egyptian foods during four seasons.

The incidence of Bacillus cereus in many food products including beef luncheon, koshary, karish cheese, double white cream cheese, white salty cheese and corn snacks was tested during four seasons. Generally, there was a high incidence rate during summer in all food samples and this rate decreased during winter. The incidence of B. cereus was high in karish cheese (25 to 80%), koshary (45 to 70%) and corn snacks (20 to 50%) during the four seasons reflecting their ability to proliferate in milk products and starchy foods. All 38 isolates were motile and had the ability to ferment fructose and glucose, while 43 and 73% were able to ferment lactose and salicin, respectively. Also, all isolates had the ability to utilize citrate, reduce nitrate into nitrite, grow at 7.5% NaCl and hydrolyze casein but not urea. Meanwhile, the isolates showed variable results for anaerobic growth. In addition, allB. cereus isolates showed amylase, gelatinase and catalase activities and did not show any oxidase, cellulase or pectinase activities. Almost all the identified strains were pathogenic since they were able to produce several virulence factors. In addition, all isolates also were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and vancomysin antibiotics. Key words: Bacillus cereus, virulence factors, extracellular enzymes, antibiotic susceptibility.
Perception-based Image Interpolation

We present a perception-based method for image interpolation, aiming for perceptually convincing transitions between real-world images. Without 3D geometry or scene motion, perception-based image interpolation enables smooth viewpoint navigation across space and time. We show how global visual effects can be created from a collection of unsynchronized, uncalibrated images. A user study confirms the perceptual quality of the proposed image interpolation approach.
Isolasi dan Uji Kualitatif Hidrolisat Jamur Penghasil Enzim Selulase dari Tanah Tumpukan Ampas Tebu

A Study on the isolation and qualitative test of cellulose producer fungus from waste product soil of Saccharum officinarum in Tabek Patah West Sumatera has been done by using Czapek Dox Agar (CDA) selective media. The selulolitic ability test of this isolated fungus by giving the congo red solution on the surface of medium that was enriched with Carboxy Methyl Cellulose, the formed of transparent area around the colonies showed that the fungus has the capability to decomposed the cellulose. The hydrolitic enzyme in glucose form was analyed using Fehling solution and Thin Layer Chromatograph. The result from this research showed that the sample consist of two species of decomposed cellulose fungus Aspergillus terreus Thom and Rhizopus sp.
Community and Leadership: The Role of Humility, Rhythm, and Experiential Learning

This qualitative ethnographic study explored student learning in relation to community and leadership through experiential learning at a Benedictine Monastery. As part of an elective Leadership and Community course, graduate students engaged in an intensive onsite experience of learning and participating in the monastic tradition. Student reflection papers and interviews with the course instructor contributed to themes and categories that represented gained competencies and student learning. Findings showed that humility, organizational rhythm, and experiential learning greatly enhanced individual learning, which together contributed to the development and sustainability of community. Findings also indicated that non-individualistic leadership may contribute to community and continued individual growth. Set firmly within the context of community, this paper presents emerging constructs and discusses implications for both practitioners and scholars.
Geographical patterns of micro-organismal community structure: are diatoms ubiquitously distributed across boreal streams?

A topic under intensive study in community ecology and biogeography is the degree to which microscopic, as well as macroscopic organisms, show spatially-structured variation in community characteristics. In general, unicellular microscopic organisms are regarded as ubiquitously distributed and, therefore, without a clear biogeographic signal. This view was summarized 75 years ago by Baas-Becking, who stated ‘‘everything is everywhere, but, the environment selects’’. Within the context of metacommunity theory, this hypothesis is congruent with the species sorting model. By using a broad-scale dataset on stream diatom communities and environmental predictor variables across most of Finland, our main aim was to test this hypothesis. Patterns of spatial autocorrelation were evaluated by Moran’s I based correlograms, whereas partial regression analysis and partial redundancy analysis were used to quantify the relative importance of environmental and spatial factors on total species richness and on community composition, respectively. Significant patterns of spatial autocorrelation were found for all environmental variables, which also varied widely. Our main results were clear-cut. In general, pure spatial effects clearly overcame those of environmental effects, with the former explaining much more variation in species richness and community composition. Most likely, missing environmental variables cannot explain the higher predictive power of spatial variables, because we measured key factors that have previously been found to be the most important variables (e.g. pH, conductivity, colour, phosphorus, nitrogen) shaping the structure of diatom communities. Therefore, our results provided only limited support for the Baas-Becking hypothesis and the species sorting perspective of metacommunity theory.
Photoperiodic time signals during twilight

Abstract. Although daylength has a major effect on flowering and several other aspects of plant development, the actual environmental time signals for the beginning and the end of day are obscure. An intensive spectroradiometric study was carried out in three contrasting environments: namely, unshaded sites, a mature oak woodland and a sugar beet crop. Spectral photon distributions were obtained describing numerous twilight phases and intervening photoperiods throughout the year. From each, absolute photon fluence rates, photon fluence rate ratios and phytochrome photoequilibria were calculated. Although substantial changes in spectral composition occurred during twilight, they were less capable of providing reliable and accurate time signals than the absolute fluence rate; this was especially apparent beneath the canopies. Thus, spectral changes are unlikely to be valuable in photoperiodic perception. The results are discussed in relation to the possible involvement of the known plant photoreceptors in photoperiodism.