Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Neuroprotective Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Decline: A Preventive Approach to Alzheimer Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to slowly degenerate and die. This leads to a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that disrupts a person's ability to function independently. AD is the most common cause of dementia globally. Neuroinflammation caused by intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular amyloid deposits leads to atrophy of brain cells especially the hippocampus, which is associated with memory formation. This atrophy leads to dementia and cognitive decline. Among the many preventive factors being studied, exercise is thought to play a vital role in not only preventing the pre-clinical stage of AD but also slowing the clinical progression of AD. It is also deployed as a treatment option for late-stage AD along with pharmacological treatment options. Various studies and clinical trials in both human and animal models are of the opinion that exercise slows the onset and progression of cognitive decline in AD patients. Some studies suggest that this effect is due to a decrease in neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid deposits in brain parenchyma. Others suggest that exercise causes an increase in angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and synaptogenesis mainly due to an increase in blood flow, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), hormones, and second messengers.
IRON INTERVENTION FOR IMPROVEMENT OF IRON STATUS INADULT FEMALE

The importance of micronutrient deficiencies to the health and development of nation is universally recognized. Anemia both in terms of prevalence as well as in its ill effects has been recognized as one of the most important micronutrient deficiency. It is the major public health problem today. Iron deficiency anemia affect more than 3.5 billion people in the developing world. Therefore, prevention and control of iron deficiency anemia is imperative for improving quality of life.A total of 120 unmarried college going adult females aged 18-25 years were selected for the study on the basis of their hemoglobin level. 90 anemic females were divided into three groups (30 in each group) on the basis of type of intervention i.e. food based powder group (FBPG), synthetic iron group (SIG), and dietary improvement group (DIG). Anthropometric measurements and hematological status were assessed before and after intervention to evaluate the effects of intervention. Data on anthropometric measurements revealed that weight, skinfold thickness at subscapular and suprailiac site, waist hip circumference of anemic subjects were significantly low as compared to reference group. Similarly other body indicesweight for age, weight for height and BMI of the anemic subjects were significantly low than the value of reference group. Results showed that anthropometric measurements, body indices and body composition were not affected and changed by iron intervention. Hematological status of anemic adult females revealed that mean hemoglobin level of subjects was 9.85g/dl before intervention, which increased significantly to 11.59g/dl after intervention. Data showed that there was no significant difference among the three groups with respect to hemoglobin level before intervention as well as after intervention and all three methods of intervention were equally effective to improve iron status.Iron intervention also had positive effect on other hematological status i.e. RBC count, hematocrit, MCV, MCH and MCHC. These results clearly depicts that iron intervention had positive impact on iron status.
Evidence for uterine Effects on fetal Development in the Pig

piglets fed rice tended to grow faster (345 vs 315 g/d; P=0.08) but had same feed conversion than piglets fed corn. Adding oat hulls to the diet did not affect growth but improved feed conversion (1.51 vs 1.59 g/g; P<0.05). Apparent fecal digestibility of organic matter (76.0 vs 73.8%), crude protein (67.1 vs 62.8%), and gross energy (72.0 vs 69.0%) improved when oat hulls were included in the diet (P<0.01) but was not affected by the main cereal used. In a second trial we compared diets with 52% of heat-processed rice or corn and 0, 2, or 4% of cooked and expanded oat hulls. Each of the six treatments was replicated eight times and the trial lasted 20 d. At the end of the trial, average daily gain was greater for rice than for corn diets (315 vs 286 g/d; P<0.01) but feed conversion was not affected by the main cereal. Increasing the level of oat hulls did not affect performance from 20 to 29 d but improved feed conversion from 29 to 40 d of age (P<0.01). It is concluded that the inclusion of cooked rice in diets for piglets improves performance during the first 20 d after weaning. Also, the inclusion of a moderate amount of heat-processed oat hulls improves feed conversion from 29 to 40 d of age without modifying body weights at any age.
Gradual Typing as if Types Mattered

Gradual typing is a principled approach to integrating static and dynamic type checking. To clarify what gradual typing means, Siek and collaborators articulated criteria for gradually typed languages: essentially that type checking and execution must smoothly transition between the two type checking regimes. However, these criteria say nothing about the relationship between the semantics of gradual and static types. This absence, which can be ascribed to gradual typing’s tendency to focus on simple types, becomes critical for advanced type disciplines, where type safety does not imply type soundness. We assert a semantic criterion for gradual types. To coherently blend static and dynamic checking of a particular type discipline, a gradual type system must enforce the same invariants as those intended by its purely-static counterpart. We justify this stance by considering several type disciplines, highlighting key challenges and opportunities.
EFFECT OF USING AN ANDROID-BASED MODULE ON KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF NURSING STUDENTS ABOUT THE PROVISION OF TRANSCULTURAL NURSING

Background: The essence of transcultural nursing is to guide nursing students in order to be able to provide nursing care based on patients’ needs and their cultural backgrounds. To transfer the knowledge and attitude of the transcultural nursing effectively among generation Z students, an android-based module can be used and it is considered effective. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of using an android-based module on the knowledge and attitudes of nursing students regarding the provision of transcultural nursing. Methods: This study employed a quasi-experiment with a non-equivalent control group design. Ninety-four students were selected using a purposive sampling, which forty-seven were assigned in an android-based module group and a printed-module group. Data were measured using knowledge and attitude questionnaires about transcultural nursing, and perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use questionnaire for android-based modules. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and independent t-test with a significance level of . 05). Based on the Independent t-test, there was no significant difference in students' knowledge and attitude about transcultural nursing between both groups ( p >.05). However, the android-based module was considered useful (97.9%) with a mean value of 44, and was easy to use (91.5%) with a median value of 40. Conclusion: The use of both printed-based module and android-based module is effective to increase the students’ knowledge and attitudes about transcultural nursing.
Dome Craters on Ganymede and Callisto May Form by Topographic Relaxation of Pit Craters Aided by Remnant Impact Heat

The icy Galilean satellites display impact crater morphologies that are rare in the Solar System. They deviate from the archetypal sequence of crater morphologies as a function of size found on rocky bodies and other icy satellites: they exhibit central pits in place of peaks, followed by central dome craters, anomalous dome craters, penepalimpsests, palimpsests, and multi-ring structures. Understanding the origin of these features will provide insight into the geophysical factors that operate within the icy Galilean satellites. Pit craters above a size threshold feature domes. This trend, and the similarity in morphology between the two classes, suggests a genetic link between pit and dome craters. We propose that dome craters evolve from pit craters through topographic relaxation, facilitated by remnant heat from the impact. Our finite element simulations show that, for the specific crater sizes where we see domes on Ganymede and Callisto, domes form from pit craters within 10 Myr. Topographic relaxation acts to eliminate the stresses induced by crater topography and restore a flat surface: ice flows downwards from the rim and upwards from the crater depression driven by gravity. When the starting topography is a pit crater, the heat left over from the impact is concentrated below the pit. Since warm ice flows more rapidly, the upward flow is enhanced beneath the pit, leading to the emergence of a dome. Given the timescales and the dependence on heat flux, this model could be used to constrain the thermal history and evolution of these moons.
On cross-validated Lasso in high dimensions

In this paper, we derive non-asymptotic error bounds for the Lasso estimator when the penalty parameter for the estimator is chosen using $K$-fold cross-validation. Our bounds imply that the cross-validated Lasso estimator has nearly optimal rates of convergence in the prediction, $L^2$, and $L^1$ norms. For example, we show that in the model with the Gaussian noise and under fairly general assumptions on the candidate set of values of the penalty parameter, the estimation error of the cross-validated Lasso estimator converges to zero in the prediction norm with the $\sqrt{s\log p / n}\times \sqrt{\log(p n)}$ rate, where $n$ is the sample size of available data, $p$ is the number of covariates, and $s$ is the number of non-zero coefficients in the model. Thus, the cross-validated Lasso estimator achieves the fastest possible rate of convergence in the prediction norm up to a small logarithmic factor $\sqrt{\log(p n)}$, and similar conclusions apply for the convergence rate both in $L^2$ and in $L^1$ norms. Importantly, our results cover the case when $p$ is (potentially much) larger than $n$ and also allow for the case of non-Gaussian noise. Our paper therefore serves as a justification for the widely spread practice of using cross-validation as a method to choose the penalty parameter for the Lasso estimator.
Trade Shocks and Labor Market Adjustment

We develop a framework to analyze the impact of trade shocks on a range of labormarket adjustment margins in economies with a large number of sectors and labor groups. We provide analytic results characterizing equilibria. We show that labor groups earning a greater share of wage income in sectors with relative price declines experience a relative increase in unemployment and non-participation and decrease in wages and welfare. Our framework provides a guide for quantitative and empirical investigations into the labor-market impacts of trade shocks. ∗We thank Ariel Burstein, Pablo Fajgelbaum, and Andres Rodriguez-Clare for helpful comments. This paper extends and subsumes a previous paper circulated under the title “Trade and inequality across local labor-markets: The margins of adjustment. ”
Maltese bats show phylogeographic affiliation with North-Africa : implications for conservation

In the Mediterranean region, cryptic diversity of bats is common. As distinct genetic lineages should be managed independently for conservation, insight into bat phylogeography is important. The Maltese islands are located in the centre of the Mediterranean between North Africa and Sicily and are densely populated. At present, it is thought that at least seven species of bats are native, but phylogeographic affiliations remain largely unexplored. Therefore, we sequenced a ca. 540 bp fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene from 23 bats, which were captured during the citizen-science project Akustika. We found two morphologically cryptic lineages common in North Africa, Plecotus gaisleri and a mainly North-African lineage of Hypsugo savii (named Hypsugo cf. darwinii in some recent studies). We also recorded two Pipistrellus species. The P. kuhlii haplotype belonged to a lineage present in North-Africa and across the Mediterranean. Within P. pipistrellus we found two novel haplotypes that clustered within a North-African clade, well distinguished from the European haplotypes. Our results highlight the historic connection between the bat fauna of the Maltese Islands and North Africa. Malta is one of the few regions in the European Union where P. gaisleri and the North-African clades of P. pipistrellus and H. savii occur. Hence, Malta has an exceptionally high responsibility for the conservation of these taxa in Europe.
Protecting children across borders – child protection in an international context (Germany/Switzerland) as an interprofessional teaching unit

Introduction: Interprofessional collaboration (IPC) in everyday clinical practice is a prerequisite for good patient care but currently this is not sufficiently anchored in the education of health care professionals. Project description: A course on child protection in the interprofessional and international domain was established at the Medical School, University of Freiburg. In this course, students of medicine, nursing science and social work acquire skills for successful interprofessional cooperation. Its participants learn across professional and national borders, not only with but also from and about each other. In this way, they deepen their insights into international IPC through a key topic that is relevant to many disciplines. The course is run as a one-day campus day. This paper presents the course setup and evaluation results. Methods: The evaluation was carried out online and in writing in a before and after format using the Freiburg Questionnaire for Interprofessional Learning Evaluation (FILE) in addition to oral feedback. Learning objectives for IPC and child protection were formulated and the participants were asked about their subjective achievements. Results: From summer semester (SuSe) 2017 to SuSe 2018, 39 participants took part in the course. It was rated as m=1.5 (using German school grades where 1=very good, 6=unsatisfactory). In 18 of the 26 FILE items, participants report a self-assessed increase in knowledge or skills/abilities. This growth in learning coincides with the learning objectives set. Discussion & conclusion: From the perspective of the participants, the course teaches interprofessional competencies in an international setting and is seen as an informative course offer. The continuation or expansion of such courses as a supplement to purely single-country interprofessional courses is desirable.
Money Illusion: A Rationale for the TIPS Puzzle

Why is the TIPS market so small? We show that a rational individual, dynamically investing into multiple asset classes over a 20-year horizon, benefits by 1.2% per annum from having access to inflation-indexed bonds. However, if the investor suffers from money illusion, the perceived certainty equivalent gains reduce to less than 0.3%. Furthermore, the benefits become totally negligible if the money-illusioned investor is less sophisticated and ignores time variations in risk premia. Money illusion causes significant portfolio shifts from inflation-indexed toward nominal bonds, with little effects on equity allocations. JEL classification: E43, E52, G11, G12.
Ethanol Marketing and Input Procurement Practices of U.S. Ethanol Producers: 2008 Survey Results

A mail survey was used to collect information about input procurement and ethanol and co-product marketing practices from 60 U.S. ethanol production facilities. Data were used to answer questions about the conduct or behavior of ethanol producers. It was anticipated that firm conduct or behavior would be fairly homogeneous because the ethanol industry was in Stage II of the industry life-cycle, and societal support for ethanol production resulted in large volumes of publicly available information about technology and markets. Age of facility, size of facility, and type of ownership jointly explained a limited number of differences in responses across ethanol facilities, thus supporting the concept of fairly homogeneous conduct or behavior.
Working together to provide research , education , and support for people affected by Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis PSC Partners Seeking a Cure Board Members :

• NIH/NIDDK Action Plan for Liver Disease Research and Progress Review p. 1-2 • Morgan Foundation p. 3 • NIH/NIDDK IBD Genetics Consortium p. 4 • Other NIH Funding Opportunities p. 5 • CCFA Research Awards p. 5 • American Liver Foundation p. 6 • PSC Partners Seeking a Cure Funding Proposals p. 7-9 • Time magazine article: Ken, Patty and John Shepherd p. 9 • Highlight This Weekend on Your Calendar p. 10 • Update on Donations to PSC Partners Seeking a Cure p. 11 • Revised PSC Brochure p. 11 • Recent Developments in IBD Genetics p. 12-16 • Recent PSC Literature p. 17-18 www.pscpartners. org Working together to provide research, education, and support for people affected by Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Democratization, Inequality, and Risk Premia

Periods of democratization exhibit economically large spikes in risk premia. Using a panel data set covering 57 countries over 200 years, I show that during periods of democratization, the equity premium and corporate credit spreads are significantly elevated, despite little to no effect on aggregate consumption and dividends. Further, I use a quasi-natural experiment coming from a shift in Catholic church attitudes toward democracy and show that this change was associated with a large increase in average excess returns for majority Catholic and autocratic countries. Finally, I show that these results can be rationalized through a standard political economy model in which the wealthiest segments of society are negatively impacted by the consolidation of democracy. These results are key to understanding how political institutions and the distribution of wealth and political power influence asset returns.
Management in Mexico: Market Size, Frictions and Misallocation1

We analyze drivers of management practices using a firm-level survey in Mexico spanning manufacturing and services sectors. We first show that structured management practices are associated with higher firm productivity, profitability, growth and innovation. From these management scores we obtain three stylized facts. First, Mexican firm management scores that are both lower and more dispersed than in the US. Second, shorter drive times between firms to the US are associated with better management in manufacturing, especially in the most trade-intensive industries. By contrast, distance to the US does not matter for service sector firms, but local market size (which causes greater competition) does seem to increase management scores in the service sectors. Third, the strength of the positive firm size-management relationship is weakest in Mexican services, moderate in Mexican manufacturing, and strongest in US manufacturing. This suite of results is consistent with market frictions being a cause of lower and more dispersed management practices (and productivity) in Mexico. JEL Classifications: E22, F14, L25, O33, D24
Vegetable production technical efficiency and technology gaps in Ghana

This study characterises the nature of the vegetable production shortfall throughout Ghana for remedial action to be taken. By applying the meta-stochastic frontier analysis to a sample of okra, pepper and tomato farmers, the results show that the ranking of production inputs in production is in the order land, hired labour, fertiliser, pesticide and family labour. Furthermore, the results also suggest that vegetable production is characterised by diseconomies of scale. Technical efficiency for okra, pepper and tomato farmers in Ghana is estimated at 54%, 74% and 58% respectively, and this has generally increased for okra and pepper but remained stable for tomato. Technology gaps are close to non-existent for pepper cultivation, modest for tomato, and severe for okra. This implies that, whilst there is no potential for production gain from redistributing pepper technology throughout Ghana, there is limited potential for tomato and substantial potential for okra. Pepper farmers could potentially benefit from managerial improvements.
MULTI-ETHNIC REFERENCE VALUES FOR SPIROMETRY FOR THE 3–95 YEAR AGE RANGE: THE GLOBAL LUNG FUNCTION

Objective—Derive continuous prediction equations and their lower limits of normal for spirometric indices, which are applicable globally. Material—Over 160,000 data points from 72 centres in 33 countries were shared with the European Respiratory Society Global Lung Function Initiative. Eliminating data that could not be used (mostly missing ethnic group, some outliers) left 97,759 records of healthy nonsmokers (55.3% females) aged 2.5–95 years. Methods—Lung function data were collated, and prediction equations derived using the LMS (λ, μ, σ) method, which allows simultaneous modelling of the mean (mu), the coefficient of variation (sigma) and skewness (lambda) of a distribution family. Results—After discarding 23,572 records, mostly because they could not be combined with other ethnic or geographic groups, reference equations were derived for healthy individuals from 3–95 years for Caucasians (N=57,395), African Americans (N=3,545), and North (N=4,992) and South East Asians (N=8,255). FEV1 and FVC between ethnic groups differed proportionally from that in Caucasians, such that FEV1/FVC remained virtually independent of ethnic group. For individuals not represented by these four groups, or of mixed ethnic origins, a composite equation taken as the average of the above equations is provided to facilitate interpretation until a more appropriate solution is developed. Conclusion—Spirometric prediction equations for the 3–95 age range are now available that include appropriate age-dependent lower limits of normal. They can be applied globally to different ethnic groups. Additional data from the Indian subcontinent, Arab, Polynesian, Latin American countries, and Africa will further improve these equations in the future.
Preventive effects of Topiramate on Methylphenidate induced behavioral disorders

Neuronal cell damage is often caused by prolonged misuse of Methylphenidate (MPH). Topiramate (TPM) carries neuroprotective properties but its assumed mechanism remains unclear. The present study evaluates in vivo role of various doses of TPM and its mechanism against MPH-induced motor activity and related behavior disorder. Thus, we used domoic acid (DOM), bicuculline (BIC), Ketamine (KET), Yohimibine (YOH) and Haloperidole (HAL) as AMPA/kainite, GABAA, NMDA, ɑ2 adrenergic and D2 of dopamine receptor antagonists respectively. Open Field Test (OFT), Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Forced Swim Test (FST) were used to study motor activity, anxiety and depression level. TPM (100 and 120 mg/kg) reduced MPH-induced rise and inhibited MPH-induced promotion in motor activity disturbance, anxiety and depression. Pretreatment of animals with KET, HAL, YOH and BIC inhibited TPMimproves anxiety and depression through the interacting with Dopaminergic, GABAA, NMDA and ɑ2-adrenergic receptors.