Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Glyphosate-Resistant Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Control in WideStrike® Flex Cotton

Abstract A field study was conducted in 2009, 2010, and 2011 on a grower's field with a known population of glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed to determine potential control options utilizing a WideStrike® cotton variety. Glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed control and cotton response to herbicide applications were both assessed. Few herbicide treatments provided greater than 80% control. Glufosinate followed by glufosinate was the only treatment that provided greater than 90% control at each assessment timing. Other effective treatments were glufosinate alone, glufosinate plus glyphosate, glyphosate plus pyrithiobac, and glufosinate plus fluometuron. Results from this study indicate that few of the studied herbicide treatments provide effective control of glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed without reducing yield in WideStrike cotton. Treatments that had the highest level of giant ragweed control at all ratings and also had the highest yield included glufosinate followed by glufosinate, glufosinate plus pyrithiobac, and glufosinate plus fluometuron at either rate. However, glufosinate followed by glufosinate was the only treatment that resulted in greater than 90% control of giant ragweed without reducing crop yield. Nomenclature: Fluometuron; glufosinate; glyphosate; pyrithiobac; giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida L. ; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. Resumen Se realizõ un estudio de campo en 2009, 2010 y 2011 en el campo de un productor que tenĩa una poblaciõn de Ambrosia trifida resistente a glyphosate, para determinar opciones potenciales de control utilizando una variedad WideStrike® de algodõn. Se evaluõ el control de A. trifida resistente a glyphosate y la respuesta del algodõn a aplicaciones de herbicidas. Pocos tratamientos con herbicidas brindaron un control superior al 80%. Glufosinate seguido de glufosinate fue el ũnico tratamiento que brindõ un control superior al 90% en cada momento de evaluaciõn. Otros tratamientos efectivos fueron glufosinate solo, glufosinate más glyphosate, glyphosate más pyrithiobac, y glufosinate más fluometuron. Los resultados de este estudio indican que pocos de los tratamientos con herbicidas estudiados proveen un control efectivo de A. trifida resistente a glyphosate sin reducir el rendimiento del algodõn WideStrike. Los tratamientos que tuvieron los mayores niveles de control de A. trifida en todas las evaluaciones y además tuvieron los mayores rendimientos incluyeron: glufosinate seguido de glufosinate, glufosinate más pyrithiobac y glufosinate más fluometuron en cada dosis. Sin embargo, glufosinate seguido de glufosinate fue el ũnico tratamiento que resultõ en un control de A. trifida superior al 90% sin reducir el rendimiento del cultivo.
Leaf and fruit yield performance of Telfairia occidentalis Hook F. (fluted pumpkin) as influenced by fruit size.

An experiment to ascertain the influence of fruit size on the yield of fluted pumpkin ( Telfairia occidentalis Hook F.) was conducted in 2011 and 2012 at Nsukka. The mature fruits of T. occidentalis were graded into three length groups: large (more than 50 cm), medium (34-50 cm) and small (less than 34 cm). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six replications. The following data were collected: length of the longest vine, number of leaves/plant, vine diameter, marketable leaf and fruit yield. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance while Genotype by Genotype x Environment interaction biplot was used to show which-won-where among the groups. Significant means were separated using Fisher’s least significant differences. Medium sized fruits gave the highest marketable leaf yield that was significantly higher than the small sized fruits in both years. Small sized fruits were significantly (p<0.05) lower in total leaf yield, fruit weight/hectare, fruit circumference (33.9 cm) and length (22 cm). The biplot explained 100% of the variation in the fruit sizes. Large sized fruits were the best performer in fruit length, while medium sized fruits performed better in total marketable leaf yield, average fruit weight, number of fruits/hectare and total fruit weight/hectare. The highest Benefit Cost Ratio of 1.2 and 2.6 in 2011 and 2012, respectively were obtained from medium sized fruits Medium sized fruit are recommended in favour of small sized fruit for leaf and fruit production, having higher economic returns.
Flavonoids chemistry of the adonis amurensis complex in eastern Asia

Flavonoids were isolated and identified from flowers and/or leaves of the Adonis amurensis complex. This complex has been a persistent source of taxonomic confusion due to the exclusive use of continuous variation in flower morphology for species definition and recognition. Nineteen flavonoids, including C‐glycosylflavones, O‐glycosylflavones, and flavonol O‐glycosides were characterized. The flavonoids isolated from flowers and leaves of the A. amurensis complex were not the same. The phenogram indicated three major clusters; A. multiflora, A. ramosa‐A. pseudoamurensis, and A. amurensis. A. amurensis was characterized by a higher flavonoid diversity composed of a variety of C‐glycosylflavones, while A. multiflora was generally characterized by a reduced flavonoid profiles. It is probable that evolutionary advancement is reflected in loss of some of C‐glycosylflavone and all of O‐glycosylflavone synthesis, resulting in A. multiflora within this series. The present study has demonstrated that the flavonoid chemistry may indeed be as variable as the morphological features, and no significant flavonoid differences at the species level were observed. It was suggested that parallel and/or radiate modes of evolution could have taken place within this complex.
Comparative bite forces and canine bending strength in feline and sabretooth felids: implications for predatory ecology

The sabretooth felids were widespread across much of the world in the Late Tertiary, and appear to have been an important group of large predators. Owing to the substantially different skull morphology of derived sabretooths compared with extant felids, there has been considerable debate over the killing mode, bite forces, and bending strength of the large upper canines, and over the implications of these characteristics on feeding ecology. Debates have, however, usually been based on indirect comparisons of force vectors. In this paper, I provide assessments of the estimated force output from the jaw adductor muscles, based on estimates of muscle cross-sectional areas and force vectors, along with canine bending strengths, in a variety of sabretooth felids, in comparison with extant felids. In general, sabretoothed felids had moderately powerful bites, albeit with less jaw adductor power for their body sizes compared with extant felids, sometimes markedly so. Less derived sabrecats appear to have had proportionally higher bite forces than derived forms. The length of the upper canines seemingly compromised their bending strength at any given body size, and again this was most marked in derived forms. However, compared with estimated jaw adductor forces, the canines of sabrecats appear, if anything, to have been stronger than those of extant conical-toothed felids. It has previously been suggested that large sabretoothed felids hunted large prey with a canine shearing bite, powered in part by the jaw adductors and in part by the muscles of the upper neck–occipital region. The present results of canine bending strengths versus the predicted bite force from the jaw adductors supports this suggestion. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 151, 423–437.
Structural Change of Begging Vocalisations and Vocal Repertoires in Two Hand-raised Australian Passerines, the Little Raven Corvus mellori and White-winged Chough Corcorax melanorhamphos

Change in vocal structure during development was investigated in two large Australian passerines, a corvid, the Little Raven Corvus mellori and a corcoracid, the White-winged Chough Corcorax melanorhamphos. Begging calls in both species were harsh vocalisations covering a wide frequency range. The major ontogenetic change in begging call structure was in pulse duration. Little Raven begging calls increased in pulse duration with increasing age while White-winged Chough begging calls decreased in duration. In both species pulse duration of begging calls gradually approached the duration of other vocalisations such as alarm, distress and contact calls given by fledglings and juveniles. The vocalisations of the White-winged Chough included both noisy (harsh), pure harmonic and tone vocalisations, while the vocalisations of the Little Raven showed less variation, with most vocalisations having a combined noisy and harmonic structure. In both species, begging calls were very similar in structure to other vocalisations produced in later stages of development, suggesting that the production of begging vocalisations may be important in the development of adult vocalisations.
Evaluation and application of microsatellite and major histocompatibility complex variation for stock identification of coho salmon in British Columbia

Abstract Variation at eight microsatellite loci and two linked exons of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus was surveyed in approximately 21,000 coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch sampled from 138 localities ranging from southeast Alaska to the Columbia River, the majority of the sites being in British Columbia. The observed regional population structure enabled evaluation of the utility of using microsatellite and MHC variation for estimating the stock composition of coho salmon in mixed-stock fisheries. Both MHC exons were more effective for stock identification than any of the eight microsatellite loci examined. The two MHC exons combined were nearly as effective, on average, as the eight microsatellite loci combined. Some loci were particularly effective at discriminating stocks from specific regions. Mixed-stock analysis provided accurate estimates of contributions from the threatened Thompson River and upper Skeena River stocks, even when they composed less than 5% of the sampled fish. From.
Increased Serum Levels of sCD14 and sCD163 Indicate a Preponderant Role for Monocytes in COVID-19 Immunopathology

Background Emerging evidence indicates a potential role for monocytes in COVID-19 immunopathology. We investigated two soluble markers of monocyte activation, sCD14 and sCD163, in COVID-19 patients, with the aim of characterizing their potential role in monocyte-macrophage disease immunopathology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind. Methods Fifty-nine SARS-Cov-2 positive hospitalized patients, classified according to ICU or non-ICU admission requirement, were prospectively recruited and analyzed by ELISA for levels of sCD14 and sCD163, along with other laboratory parameters, and compared to a healthy control group. Results sCD14 and sCD163 levels were significantly higher among COVID-19 patients, independently of ICU admission requirement, compared to the control group. We found a significant correlation between sCD14 levels and other inflammatory markers, particularly Interleukin-6, in the non-ICU patients group. sCD163 showed a moderate positive correlation with the time lapsed from admission to sampling, independently of severity group. Treatment with corticoids showed an interference with sCD14 levels, whereas hydroxychloroquine and tocilizumab did not. Conclusions Monocyte-macrophage activation markers are increased and correlate with other inflammatory markers in SARS-Cov-2 infection, in association to hospital admission. These data suggest a preponderant role for monocyte-macrophage activation in the development of immunopathology of COVID-19 patients.
The importance of the riparian ecotone and river hydraulics for sustainable basin‐scale restoration scenarios

1. The effect of riparian ecotone functional complexity and stream hydraulics on an upland river ecosystem has been analysed. 2. The amount of nutrients retained by bottom sediment was lowest on a sandy substrate (range: 26–104 mg m−2 P-PO4) and highest in wetland bays (range: 558–5368 mg m−2 P-PO4). A stream bed covered by Berula erecta had about three times higher retentive nutrient capacity ( x = 584 mg m−2 day−1) than did a sandy substrate( x = 205 mg m−2 day−1). 3. The amount of allochthonous organic matter (CPOM) deposited on the stream bed decreased with current velocity. The trophic potential of CPOM, measured as total protein, was significantly correlated with the amount of deposited CPOM (r = 0.863; p<0.00001) and depended on stream order. 4. Both invertebrate and fish biomass in the upland river were significantly correlated with calcium/bicarbonate (benthos: r = 0.858; p<0.006; fish: r = 0.918; p<0.001). 5. Fish biomass, diversity and species richness were highest in pools, lower in riffles and lowest in the run/transition zone. 6. Macroinvertebrate biomass was highest at an intermediate riparian ecotone complexity with an adequate supply of organic matter and incident light. Fish biomass followed the same trend, being lowest in heavily shaded areas and in open channels without riparian vegetation (range: 1–4.5 g m−2), but highest in ecotones of intermediate complexity (range: 1.6–92.8 g m−2). The ‘cascading effect’ of invertebrate density depletion, which was inversely related to fish biomass, was observed seasonally. 7. The above results indicate that riparian ecotone structure and the heterogeneity of the stream channel may regulate biodiversity, productivity and nutrient retention in the fluvial corridor. These quantitative data help to create alternative scenarios for sustainable river basin management. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Natural Occurrence of Parasitoids ofAnastrephaspp. Schiner, 1868 (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Different Host Plants, in Itaguai (RJ), Brazil

Abstract The relationship amongAnastrephaspp. flies, their parasitoids, and host plants in Itaguai (RJ), Brazil, is described. Samples of mature fruit were taken from 12 different host plant species. Four species of braconid parasitoids and four species of tephritids subsequently emerged from the collections.Anastrepha fraterculus(Wiedemann) was parasitized by all of the braconids, i.e.,Doryctobracon areolatus(Szepligeti),D. brasiliensis(Szepligeti),Utetes (Bracanastrepha) anastrephae(Viereck), andOpius bellusGahan.A. obliqua(Macquart) andA. distinctaGreene were attacked by all the parasitoids, exceptD. brasiliensis. A. sororculaZucchi was parasitized byD. areolatusandU. anastrephae. A. obliquawas the most common fly species.D. areolatusaccounted for 89.23% of the total parasitization. The overall rate of parasitism ofAnastrephaspp. was 10.4%. However, parasitism varied considerably among host plants. Flies fromEugenia uniflora, E. brasiliensis, Spondias purpurea,andPsidium guajavawere the most heavily parasitized at 59.64, 23.27, 17.47, and 16.02%, respectively. Some tropical fruit host plants for theAnastrephaflies markedly facilitate parasitoid multiplication and deserve attention both as reservoirs of natural enemies and as targets for biological control within integrated fruit fly control programs.
Factors That Influence the Downstream Migration Rates of Juvenile Salmon and Steelhead through the Hydroelectric System in the Mid-Columbia River Basin

Abstract We investigated the extent to which key factors influenced the migration rate of the smolts of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. through impounded portions of the mid-Columbia River, during the years 1989–1995. Actively migrating chinook salmon O. tshawytscha (oceantype and stream-type forms), sockeye salmon O. nerka, and steelhead O. mykiss were analyzed by bivariate and multiple-regression methods. The dependent variable was the rate (km/d) at which uniquely coded PIT-tagged (passive integrated transponder tags) smolts migrated between Rock Island Dam and McNary Dam. Predictor variables consisted of indices of river discharge volume (flow), water temperature, release date of tagged fish, and fish size. The variable of key interest was flow because water management strategies are in place to increase water velocity through flow augmentation, with the intention of increasing smolt migration rate to decrease smolt mortality. For spring-migrating sockeye salmon, hatchery steelhead, and wild steelhea.
Cadmium-induced oxidative stress and antioxidative enzyme response in water hyacinth and salvinia

The reactive oxygen species generation, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme response of water hyacinth and salvinia to Cd were evaluated. Cadmium was absorbed/accumulated mainly in the roots, but significant amounts also translocated to the leaves. No Cd effect on dry weight was detected, although toxicity symptoms were visible. Superoxide and H2O2 concentrations increased, in addition to lipid peroxidation in both species, especially in the leaves of salvinia. In general, antioxidative enzyme activities were reduced in both species following Cd treatment, especially in salvinia. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX, EC 1.11.1.9) activity decreased in water hyacinth but increased in salvinia. Glutathione S-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) activity increased in the leaves but decreased in the roots of both species. So, Cd induced ROS generation/accumulation, but the antioxidative enzymes were not able to combat the Cd-induced oxidative injury in these two species. Nevertheless, water hyacinth consistently showed a higher tolerance to Cd than salvinia.
Comparative study of biochemical parameters in response to stress in Oreochromis aureus, O. mossambicus and two strains of O. niloticus

This study was aimed at detecting differences among tilapia species in immunological and biochemical parameters that are indicators for fish health. In addition, six blood parameters that are indicators of stress were measured, glucose concentration, ceruloplasmin activity, lysozyme activity, respiratory burst activity, haematocrit and leucocrit, and their levels were compared among groups. A calibration experiment was conducted with commercial stock of tilapia to optimize a protocol for measuring stress response in tilapia. An air exposure stress was induced to six groups of fish and blood samples were taken at six different times: 15 min, 1, 2.5, 4.5, 6 and 24 h, after inducing stress. The highest responses to stress were observed after 2.5–4.5 h. A second experiment was conducted with four tilapia species: Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner), O. mossambicus (Peters), a red strain and the wild type of O. niloticus L. Levels of serum biochemical components and parameters of the innate immunity response to stress were compared in ten fish from each species. Significant differences were observed. Oreochromis aureus differed from the other three species (notably from O. mossambicus) in most of the measured immune response traits (glucose concentration, lysozyme activity, haematocrit and levels of total protein and IgM after stress) and serum biochemical components (protein, albumin, triglyceride, cholesterol, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, bilirubin and β-hydroxybotiric acid). The identified differences suggest that hybrid families from O. aureus and O. mossambicus may be used to construct a segregating population for genetic analysis of the innate immune response to stress. Thus, these two species were bred for segregating F2 population, suitable for quantitative trait loci studies for the innate immune response to stress.
Phenology of and heat unit requirements for growth in Protea 'Carnival' induced by benzyladenine-containing growth regulators

Benzyladenine (BA) application to induce budbreak and inflorescence initation in mature shoots in late summer to autumn has been studied as a tool for manipulation of flowering time in Protea. Dormant terminal buds on three-flush shoots of eight-year-old Protea 'Carnival' plants were treated with a single application of 500 mg·L -1 benzyladenine (BA), prepared by diluting either ABG-3062 (2% active ingredient w / w ) or Accel ® (1.8% active ingredient w / w ). Treatment dates were spaced two weeks apart starting from 14 March until 22 May 2003. Three phenological stages and the days required to complete each stage was recorded for all treatments. Monitored stages included: date of ABG-3062 or Accel ® application to green point; green point to cessation of induced shoot elongation and from the latter until anthesis. Base temperatures of 9, 6 and 1°C were determined for the respective stages. Between 17-57 days were required from date of ABG-3062 application to green point. No significant difference was obtained for means of Accel and ABG-3062 treatments. The number of days required from cytokinin application to green point was negatively correlated with the mean temperature that prevailed for that period. Shoots required approximately 5400 growing degree hours (GDH) to complete this phenological phase. The relationship between temperature and the number of days required to complete the phase 'green point to cessation of shoot elongation' was not clear. The phenological phase of 'cessation of shoot elongation to inflorescence anthesis' needed between 121-177 days to completion and the duration was negatively correlated with the prevailing temperatures. Inflorescences on three-flush shoots required between 53300 and 54400 GDH to anthesis.
The role of endogenous gibberellin in seed and fruit development of tomato: Studies with a gibberellin‐deficient mutant

The role of endogenous gibbereUin (GA) in seed and fmit development was studied with the use of the GA-deficient ga-1 mutant of tomato {Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Moneymaker). Flowers of the ga-1 mutant were abnormal and sterile, but parthenocarpic fmit development was observed occasionally on the dwarf plants. A single application of GA|. ^7 restored the fertility of the mutant flowers and resulted in seed set. Development of GA-produeing and GA-deficient seeds in GA-deficient fmits was compared by pollination oi ga-1 iga-1 flowers with wild-type or ga-1 pollen, respectively. In ga-llga-I seed dehydration started about 1 week earlier than in Ga-Ilga-1 seeds. Ultimate fresh and dry weights of mature Ga-llga-I seeds were Mghet than those of ga-Ilga-1 seeds and Snowed negative correlations witb the total number of seeds per fruit. Total content and composition of seed proteins were not influenced by the GA-deficiency. Germination of the mature seeds depended on embryonal GA synthesis and was not influenced by matemal GA production. Final fresh weight of the ga-llga-I fmits was positively correlated with the number of seeds per fruit. In these fruits, the minimum number of seeds for growth above the parthenocarpic level was about 10 or 35 in the presence of Ga-llga-I or ga-Ilga-1 seeds, respectively. Fmits containing GA-producing seeds reached a higher fresh weight than those containing GA-deficient seeds, and their ripening was delayed by one week. It is concluded that gibberellin is indispensable for the development of fertile flowers and for seed germination, but only promoting in later stages of fruit and seed development.
Characterization of peanut proteins during roasting as affected by initial moisture content

Etude des variations de la temperature interne des arachides a differentes teneurs en eau, au cours du grillage. Effets de la duree et de la temperature du traitement sur les teneurs en proteines des arachides. Etude, par electrophorese, du comportement des arachines et des autres proteines au cours du grillage