Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Warm water paths in the equatorial Atlantic as diagnosed with a general circulation model

Abstract Monthly mean velocity fields from a global ocean general circulation model are used to study the main circulation patterns within the upper 1200 m of the equatorial Atlantic. Some recently developed Lagrangian techniques are used to picture and quantify the routes followed in the model by distinct water mass classes, defined by their initial temperature on model transatlantic sections at 10°S and 10°N. The qualitative description in terms of equatorial pathways of this warm component of the so-called global “conveyor belt” is found coherent with the most recent circulation schemes inferred from direct measurements. Diagnostics emphasize the crucial role of the western boundary current system and that of the equatorial subsurface jets in distributing the flow in the equatorial domain, both for northward-flowing and southward-recirculating warm water masses. As the model tracer fields are constrained to remain close to the observed climatology outside the equatorial strip, the circulation calculate.
Hydrological response characteristics of Mediterranean catchments at different time scales: a meta-analysis

ABSTRACT This work examines 140 hydrological studies conducted in the Mediterranean region. It identifies key characteristics of the hydrological responses of Mediterranean catchments at various time scales and compares different methods and modelling approaches used for individual-catchment studies. The study area is divided into the northwestern (NWM), eastern (EM) and southern (SM) Mediterranean. The analysis indicates regional discrepancies in which the NWM shows the most extreme rainfall regime. A tendency for reduced water resources driven by both anthropogenic and climatic pressures and a more extreme rainfall regime are also noticeable. Catchments show very heterogeneous responses over time and space, resulting in limitations in hydrological modelling and large uncertainties in predictions. However, few models have been developed to address these issues. Additional studies are necessary to improve the knowledge of Mediterranean hydrological features and to account for regional specificities. Editor D. Koutsoyiannis Associate editor A. Efstratiadis
Coulomb Stress Change and Evolution Induced by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and its Delayed Triggering of the 2013 Mw 6.6 Lushan Earthquake

Online Material: Table of GPS velocities. Almost five years after the 12 May 2008 M w 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, the Longmenshan fault zone was struck by the April 20 M w 6.6 Lushan earthquake, with its hypocenter located ∼45 km southwest of the southern end of the Wenchuan surface rupture (Han et al. , 2014; Zhang et al. , 2014; Fig. 1). Such proximity in space and time between the two events implies that the later event is an aftershock of the previous one, or in other words, the previous event played a more important role in the occurrence of the latter than the long‐term tectonic loading did. Early studies on the problem had split opinions. On one hand, Du et al. (2013), Liu et al. (2013), and Xu et al. (2013) considered the two earthquakes as independent events. Wang et al. (2013) and Parsons and Segou (2014), on the other hand, claimed that the Lushan earthquake should be viewed as an aftershock of the Wenchuan earthquake. Whereas each group has its own basis of reasoning, lack of quantitative examination makes these claims less convincing. In recent years, Coulomb stress change has been widely used in estimating magnitude of stress loading for identification of areas or structures at increased risk of earthquake triggering (e.g., Harris, 1998; Stein, 1999; Chery et al. , 2001; Freed and Lin, 2001; Pollitz and Sacks, 2002; Freed, 2005; Steacy et al. , 2005; Gomberg and Felzer, 2008). In this paper, we apply this method to investigate to what extent the Lushan earthquake has been triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake. Previous studies have explored the consequence of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on the changes in Coulomb stresses on …
Sex differences in the cranial and orbital indices for a black Kenyan population

Craniometric parameters including cranial and orbital indices have been employed to determine the sex of a person in forensic medicine. These parameters are usually population specific. However, they have not been documented for a black Kenyan population. This study aimed at calculating the sex differences in the cranial and orbital indices. The cranial vault height, glabellomaximal length and orbital height and length were measured from 150 crania (80 male and 70 female) using a sliding vernier caliper. Cranial and orbital indices were calculated and the results were analyzed. The cranial index was 71.04 for the male and 72.37 for the female (P=0.095). The orbital index was 82.57 and 83.48 for the male and female, respectively (P=0.472). From these results, although the cranial and orbital indices are within range of previously reported values for an African population, they cannot be used independently in sexing of black Kenyan crania.
Attitudes and practices on antibiotic use and its emerging threats among Lebanese dairy veterinarians: a case study from a developing country

Introduction This study aimed to explore how veterinarians (vets) rationalized their prescribing decisions for antimicrobial (AM) uses, the barriers they perceived to implement proper farm management in Lebanon, and the consecutive threats that might arise concerning the emergent spread of antimicrobial resistance in animals and the population. Methods Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, phone call interviews were conducted with 34 veterinarians working in different demographic regions across the country. Data were analyzed qualitatively using an inductive thematic analysis. Results and discussion The majority of veterinarians called for responsible antibiotic use. The prescribing decision of veterinarians was based mainly on suspected disease from field examination, farmer’s reports via phone calls, and the ability of the farmer to cover antibiotic costs. Very few veterinarians referred to laboratory diagnosis before prescribing a specific AM due to many obstacles. This study uncovered the absence of a trust relationship between veterinarians and farmers in Lebanon. Veterinarians provided different insights into farming practices, reflecting that farmers, in general, lack proper knowledge and implementation of farm management and that they mainly treat the herd on their own, especially in light of the current unprecedented economic crisis that Lebanon has been facing in the last three years. Above all, veterinarians revealed that AM resistance in Lebanon is markedly spreading, which calls for a serious and instantaneous set of governmental policies and regulations.
The most important climatic factors affecting distribution of Zygophyllum atriplicoides in semi-arid region of Iran (Case Study: Isfahan Province)

Zygophyllum atriplicoides is one of the important species of Iran rangelands that has special importance owing to some properties like high distribution rate, coverage percentage, density, and plant biomass that make it possible to supply a part of forage needed by livestock during spring and winter as well as to avoid soil degradation against water and wind erosions. This research tries to study the most important climatic factors affecting distribution of Z. atriplicoides using multivariate statistical methods and selecting ecological important 69 variables in Isfahan province. Four factors, such as cooling temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, and wind were determined by the factor analysis method and variables variance of 34.45, 29.43, 11.79, and 9.06 were obtained, respectively totally represents 84.74 of the changes. The mean of factor scores and climatic variables in three populations of the Z. atriplicoides species as the dominant species, Z. atriplicoides species as the associated species and regions without the Z. atriplicoides species were determined. Furthermore, the factor score matrix was used as the input of the hierarchical cluster analysis and 6 climate zones were identified in Isfahan province. The most important climatic factors affecting the species distribution were determined by incorporating the vegetation map, factors map, and climatic zones. The effect of altitude was also analyzed in the species distribution. Results showed that the temperature factor is the most important climatic factor affecting distribution of the species in the Isfahan province and the precipitation factor influences the species distribution. Also, the effect of altitude and soil salinity on analysis of Z. atriplicoides populations could not be ignored.
The Mediating Role of Acceptance Action and Self-Care in Diabetes Self-Stigma’s Impact on Type 2 Diabetes Quality of Life: A Cross-Sectional Study

Recently, the quality of life of individuals with diabetes has been reduced, owing to self-stigma that occurs in the process of managing the disease. This process can be improved by accepting diabetes. This study aimed to verify the dual mediating effect of acceptance action and diabetes self-care on the effect of diabetes self-stigma on the quality of life of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Korea. In this study, 300 of 400 data collected to develop and evaluate health equilibrium tools for individuals with T2DM were randomly selected and analyzed. Data were collected from 1 September 2020 to 31 September 2020 using a structured online questionnaire. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation analysis were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24.0. Additionally, the dual mediation effect was analyzed using PROCESS Macro for SPSS, version 4.1. Acceptance action (B = −0.088, 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.127 to −0.054) and diabetes self-care (B = 0.046, 95% CI, 0.022–0.072) had a mediating effect on the relationship between diabetes self-stigma and quality of life in patients with T2DM in Korea. In particular, these two variables had dual mediating effects (B = 0.017, 95% CI, 0.015–0.019). This study confirmed that diabetes self-care and quality of life can be increased by improving acceptance behavior to overcome the negative impact of self-stigma on the quality of life of patients with T2DM. Establishing a strategy to increase acceptance action as part of an intervention to reduce the negative impact of self-stigma on the quality of life of patients with T2DM is necessary.
The Influence of a Heuristic Approach with Blended Learning on Students' Critical Thinking Abilities

The students lack of habit in critical thinking is the background in this research. Lack of abilities due to the use of conventional learning models, so that learning activities are passive. The purpose of this study was to determine whether heuristic learning with blended learning method had an effect on the critical thinking skills of eight grade students of SMPN 12 Yogyakarta. This research is a type of quasi experimental. The population in this study were student of class VIII SMPN 12 Yogyakarta. Where class VIII D is the control class and VIII E class is the experimental class. The object of this research is the use of a heuristic approach with the help of the blended learning method. Data collection was carried out using test techniques. The instrument use in collecting data about students critical thinking skills. The test instrument used is the content validity test. Data processing is done by using descriptive analysis and inferential analysis. Based on the research that has been done, this study shows that the use of a heuristic learning approach with the help of eighth grade students if SMP N 12 Yogyakarta. The result of this study can see from the result of tcount = 2.142 and ttable = 1.99 which means that tcount­ > ttable so it can be said if there is an effect of using a heuristic approach with the help of the blended learning method on student’s critical thinking skills.
The role of ICT and mass media in post-disaster restoration and recovery progress: A case of the Great East Japan Earthquake

The aim of this study is to investigate how the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and mass media can motivate people in the disaster area to recover from the Great East Japan Earthquake with empirical data. Both ICT and mass media have played an important role after the disaster. While ICT has provided an effective way for information collection and dissemination, at the same time, the mass media has provided a reliable information source. Therefore, in order to examine the effects from the perspective of both the ICT and mass media, two different models are used. The first model examines the role of online civic participation driven by the use of ICT and mass media to see if it can create benefits offline from the perspective of social capital development. The second model investigates the effects of the use ICT and mass media on people's perception on the disaster and their intension on future recovery actions from the perspective of the cultivation theory from mass media studies.
Crustal Contamination and Fluid–Rock Interaction during the Formation of the Platreef, Northern Limb of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa

The Platreef is the main platinum group element (PGE)-bearing and contains some of the most important magmatic ore deposits yet discovered. The intrusion covers an area of facies of the northern limb of the Bushveld complex, but unlike the Merensky Reef of the eastern and western limbs, it is in direct roughly 65 000 km (e.g. Tankard et al., 1982) and lies almost entirely within the bounds of the Transvaal Basin contact with the country rock. Mineral separate O values for samples from the Upper Zone and Main Zone of the northern limb (Fig. 1). The layered igneous rocks (the Rustenburg Layered Suite, SACS, 1980) can be divided into eastern indicate crystallization from a well-mixed, already contaminated, magma having a O value of 7·5‰. Pyroxenes from the pyroxenites and western limbs of approximately the same size, and a smaller northern limb. The northern limb differs in facies of the Platreef at Sandsloot Mine have O values that are up to 2·4‰ higher than pyroxenes from the Upper and Main several important aspects from the more well-known eastern and western limbs (e.g. Van der Merwe, 1976; Zones. These differences can be explained by additional assimilation of up to 18% dolomite, which is in contact with the intrusion at Buchanan et al., 1981; Cawthorn et al., 1985; Eales & Cawthorn, 1996). First, the layered rocks show a this locality. Samples from the Platreef that have plagioclase and pyroxene not in oxygen isotope equilibrium appear to have interacted pronounced transgression across the floor rocks from a with fluids during slow cooling. Quartz veins with granophyric level above the Magaliesberg Quartzite Formation south margins have O values between 10·1 and 12·2‰, which of the town of Potgietersrus, across the whole Pretoria suggest that the fluid that passed through the cooling Platreef had Group, and the banded iron formations and dolomites a O value of 7–9‰. These data, together with hydrogen isotope of the older Chuniespoort Group, onto Archaean granitic data from minerals and whole-rock samples ( D of biotite −60 rocks (Fig. 1). Second, the igneous layering shows an to −88‰) of the Platreef suggest interaction with magmatic fluid apparent transgressive relationship with respect to the at low water/rock ratios. Interaction of this fluid with the calcsilicate contact, such that ultramafic rocks of the Lower Zone footwall rocks lowered their O values. abut against the contact south of Potgietersrus, whereas to the north, rocks forming the base of the intrusion are progressively higher in the stratigraphic succession of the
The Islamization of Jhon Locke’s Justice Theory: Integration of Islamic Concepts and Jhon Locke’s Theory of Justice

The Study world is faced with inter-community conflict, which creates disparities in social life. From this, John Locke tried to bring up the theory and concept of justice to achieve a prosperous society, but John Locke's theory and concept of justice ended in social capitalism and the behavior of prejudicial others that comes with critics from the Westerns. So, the purpose of writing this paper is to criticize John Locke's theories and concepts of justice with several theories of justice from other scientists, reveal the positive and negative sides of the whole, then only take the positive side. The writing of this paper uses the analytical-descriptive method to describe the theory of justice by John Locke and several other scientists, then analyze it to reach criticism and the positive and negative sides. So then by writing this paper will contribute to the integration of John Locke's concept of justice with including Islamic values. The result of integrating the concept of justice is that John Locke plays a role in expressing that there is a lack of wishful thinking about John Locke's concept of justice and the Islamic concept that can gain prohibition demonstrating that the Islamic law concept can support any tone without compromising any side.
Estimation of Global and Regional Climate Changes during the 19th-21st Centuries on the Basis of the IAP RAS Model with Consideration for Anthropogenic Forcing

Possible global and regional climate changes during the 21st century are analyzed on the basis of the calculations with the IAP RAS climate model (CM) of intermediate complexity under different scenarios of anthropogenic forcings. Under one of the scenarios, the CO 2 content in the atmosphere was specified for the 1860-1990 period according to observational data and for the 1991-2100 period according to the IS92a sce- nario. Under the other scenario, the CO 2 content was also specified according to the observational data for the 1860-1990 period and did not vary after 1990. Possible variations in global surface air temperature and precip- itation and also in the characteristics of atmospheric circulation, in particular, the North Atlantic and Arctic oscillations, were estimated. Estimates were also obtained for the regional changes in the hydrological regime, including the precipitation and runoff in the basins of the Volga and Caspian Sea and major Siberian rivers, such as Ob, Yenisei, and Lena, and for the boundaries of the areas whose conditions favor the formation of both con- tinuous and discontinuous permafrost, for example in Eurasia. Comparison of climate changes obtained with the IAP RAS CM under different scenarios allows one to estimate the possible global and regional changes due to anthropogenic forcings after 1990.
Evolution in a pelagic planktic system: A paleobiologic test of models of multispecies evolution

Two rival models of evolution in multispecies systems are tested against empirical species-level data. The two models are the Red Queen model of Van Valen as reformulated by Stenseth and Maynard Smith, which assumes that evolution is driven principally by biotic interactions, and the Stationary model of Stenseth and Maynard Smith, which assumes that evolution is propelled primarily by abiotic factors and will cease in the absence of changes in abiotic parameters. Testing refers to the models' predictions regarding the behavior of extinction and origination rates, and assumptions regarding equilibrium diversity and a constant effective environment. The data set includes the dates of origination and extinction for all coccolith, planktic foraminifer, and radiolarian species recorded in the Oligocene through Holocene, and all planktic diatom and silicoflagellate and ebridian species recorded in the Middle Miocene through Holocene in 111 DSDP sites of the low- to mid-latitude Pacific Ocean. The condition of stable specific age distribution over geologic time is met, which allows one to perform survivorship analysis on extinction rates. The best fit survivorship curve is a decreasing function of age for both coccolith and foraminifer species, and an increasing function of age for radiolarian species. Neither model predicts age dependence of the probability of extinction. The small disparity between these curves and age-independent curves for each group indicates, however, that an age-independent interpretation of extinction probability is a reasonable first approximation. Rates of origination are analyzed in terms of species accretion, introduced to represent the cumulative origination of species within a higher taxon as a function of the age or duration of the community. Accretion analysis indicates that the probability of accretion is both diversity-dependent and absolute time-dependent. The assumption of a constant effective environment is tested by polycohort analysis and nonparametric logistic regression analysis of true species cohorts. Both techniques indicate considerable variation in extinction probability over geologic time. When the predictions of the two evolutionary models are adjusted to take this variation into account, the results of both survivorship and accretion analysis seem to conform more closely to the predictions of the Red Queen than to the Stationary model. However, as the speed with which the effective environment changes is increased relative to speciation-extinction rates, it becomes increasingly difficult to differentiate patterns predicted by the two models. The assumption of equilibrium diversity can be neither corroborated nor rejected, since the species-level data are compatible with both an equilibrium and a nonequilibrium view of diversity behavior. Reservations concerning the basic assumptions of both models indicate an ultimate test requires that both models be reformulated to make precise and distinctive predictions under a varying effective environment.
Spatial Variability of Organic Carbon in the Soil of Wetlands in Chongming Dongtan and Its Influential Factors

Organic carbon content reflects the carbon accumulation capability of wetland soil.For clarifying difference of different types of wetland soils in carbon accumulation capability,three types of wetland soil with different vegetations and erosion/deposition properties(located at southeast,northeast,and north of Dongtan,respectively)were choose to study the spatial variability of organic carbon content of wetland soil in Chongming Dongtan,and the factors resulting in the difference were discussed from the view points of the microbial activity and envi ronmental conditions.The results showed that from high tide beach to light beach,the changing trend of organic carbon content of different types wetlands soil was similar,that presented a high tide beach in the tidal flats low beach light beach due to the decrease of organic matter input from vegetation death accordingly.However,the average contents of organic carbon in different types of wetland soil had the large spatial variability,which was characterized by:Phragmites australis-sandy soil(southeast-A area)(4.34±1.30)g·kg-1 Phragmites australis/Spartina alterniflora-clay soil(northeast-B area)(7.35±1.63)g·kg-1 Phragmites australis/Spartina alterniflora-clay soil(north-C area)(9.17±1.18)g·kg-1.The maximum and the minimum space variation coefficient of organic carbon content were 52% in A area and 22% in C area,respectively.The result also showed that the difference of microbial biomass,soil enzyme activity,moisture and salt content among these soils might be the important reasons resulting in the spatial variation of organic carbon content.The Phragmites australis-sandy soil(southeast-A area)was suitable for microbial metabolism and propagation,hence higher organic carbon decomposition capability,whereas the Phragmites australis/Spartina alterniflora-clay soi(lnorth-C area)was more beneficial to reserve organic carbon due to its lower microbial activity.The experimental results will provide a useful aid for managing wetland to optimize its eco-function.