Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Composition of the Crystalline Basement and Shock Metamorphism of Crystalline and Sedimentary Target Rocks at the Haughton Impact Crater, Devon Island, Canada

— About 100 cobble-sized samples collected from the surface of the central polymict breccia formation of Haughton impact crater, Canada, have been studied microscopically and chemically. Breccia clasts derived from the 1700 m deep Precambian basement consist of 13 rock types which can be grouped into sillimanite- and garnet-bearing gneiss; alkali feldspar-rich aplitic or biotite-hornblende-bearing gneiss; biotite and hornblende gneiss; apatite-rich biotite and biotite-hornblende gneiss; calcitediopside gneiss; amphibolite; tonalitic orthogneiss; and basalts. The range of chemical compositions of these rocks is wide: e.g., SiO2 ranges from 40–85 wt. %; Al2O3 from 7–20 wt. %; CaO from 0.01–25 wt. %; or P2Os from <0.01–5 wt. %. Nearly all samples of crystalline rocks are shock metamorphosed up to about 60 GPa. Most conspicuous is the absence of whole-rock melts and the very rare occurrence of unshocked rocks. The 45 samples examined can be classified into the following shock stages: stage 0 (<5 GPa): 4.5%, stage Ia (10–20 GPa): 9.0%, stage Ib (20–35 GPa): 33%, stage II (35–45 GPa): 29%, stage III (45–55 GPa): 18%, stage III–IV (55–60 GPa): 6.5%. Among Paleozoic sedimentary rock clasts higher degrees of shock than within crystalline rocks were observed such as highly vesiculated, whole-rock melts of sandstones and shales. Within the northern and eastern sectors of the allochthonous breccia no distinct radial variation of the cobble-sized lithic clasts regarding abundance, rock type, and degree of shock was observed, with the exception that clasts of shock-melted sedimentary rocks and of highly shocked basement rocks (stage III–IV) are strongly concentrated near the center of the crater. Based on our field and laboratory investigations we conclude that vaporization and melting due to the Haughton impact affected the lower section of the sedimentary strata from about 900 to 1700 m depth (Eleanor River limestones and dolomites, Lower Ordovician and Cambrian limestones, dolomites, shales, and sandstones). The 60-GPa shock pressure isobar reached only the uppermost basement rocks so that whole rock melting of the crystalline rocks was not possible.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface Coevolution of bed surface patchiness and channel morphology: 2. Numerical experiments

In gravel bed rivers, bed topography and the bed surface grain size distribution evolve simultaneously, but it is not clear how feedbacks between topography and grain sorting aﬀect channel morphology. In this, the second of a pair of papers examining interactions between bed topography and bed surface sorting in gravel bed rivers, we use a two-dimensional morphodynamic model to perform numerical experiments designed to explore the coevolution of both free and forced bars and bed surface patches. Model runs were carried out on a computational grid simulating a 200 m long, 2.75 m wide, straight, rectangular channel, with an initially ﬂat bed at a slope of 0.0137. Over ﬁve numerical experiments, we varied (a) whether an obstruction was present, (b) whether the sediment was a gravel mixture or a single size, and (c) whether the bed surface grain size feeds back on the hydraulic roughness ﬁeld. Experiments with channel obstructions developed a train of alternate bars that became stationary and were connected to the obstruction. Freely migrating alternate bars formed in the experiments without channel obstructions. Simulations incorporating roughness feedbacks between the bed surface and ﬂow ﬁeld produced ﬂatter, broader, and longer bars than simulations using constant roughness or uniform sediment. Our ﬁndings suggest that patches are not simply a by-product of bed topography, but they interact with the evolving bed and inﬂuence morphologic evolution.
Sea surface height variations in the Atlantic Ocean: A comparison of TOPEX altimeter data with results from an ocean data assimilation system

Estimates of sea surface height changes in the Atlantic Ocean derived from TOPEX altimeter data are compared with dynamic height estimates from an ocean general circulation model which assimilates temperature data. There is generally good, basin-wide agreement in the annual phase and amplitude between the two data sets. In the tropics and in the subtropical gyres, spatially averaged time series of TOPEX and model dynamic height data are well correlated and have RMS differences of about 2 cm. In western boundary regions, correlations are weaker and RMS differences can be as large as 8–10 cm.
Determination of Wave Spectrum with Intelligent Computing

Considerable works have been reported over last few decades on determination of wave spectral shapes. The resulting spectral models still involve large uncertainties, especially in handling spectra with two or more peaks. Hence studies indicating new options or re-examining some earlier ones in this regard should be welcome. This paper reports results from a fresh investigation carried out to determine wave spectral shapes with neural network (NN)s, support vector regression (SVR) and model tree (MT)s based on measurements made by wave buoys at two locations in Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal off the Indian coast. It was found that in general all the three modern data driven approaches worked satisfactorily and they were more useful than the commonly adopted semi-empirical spectra. In order to obtain consistent and stable results the model calibration however needs to be made in a careful manner. Separate training over low and high sea states as well as for cases of double and multi-peaked spectra paid rich dividends in this regard. The spectra with two or more peaks were more efficiently handled by neural networks and SVR than MT. The operation of MT involving physical domain splits without non-linear transformations appeared to have over-simplified the underlying complexities. For obtaining more sustained results neural networks can be recommended, although the user's experience and confidence in using the other two methods may make them still successful in a given application.
in decisions:

—Climate change, pollution, deforestation and water scarcity are important problems that human activities provoke. Business decisions and actions are the major causes of environmental degradation. Decisions based on broader aspects than financial ones are required to bring solutions to these environmental challenges. For that purpose, businesses need a transformation in their management and operations. The information is critical to ensure the decision-making process, in this study we present the corporate reporting ecosystem that businesses face today. The opportunities and pending challenges that this scenario of information signifies, and the role that the interoperability, understood as the ability to exchange and use information given a heterogeneous scenario of organisations and information, could play to achieve the business transformation, in the light of the European Framework for Interoperability (European Commission, 2015), are explored. CDP ( formerly known as Carbon Disclosure Project ) is the relevant case studied, as it is one of the most important environmental reporting initiatives in the world. In particular, we explore the role of interoperability in CDP through interviews with 17 CDP members. These respondents being a set of companies and their stakeholders, including investors, governments, scholars and NGOs. As a conclusion, we con-firm that (1) interoperability has a role to play to empower more environmental actions in businesses; (2) specific characteristics of interoperability are demanded in legal, organisational, semantic and technical levels in order to consider environmental information in decisions; (3) the need for ICT solutions to tackle interoperability challenges is mainly required in the areas of data standardization, data connectivity and data integration with applications and processes.
Soccer Players Cultural Capital and Its Impact on Migration

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify factors that constituted the cultural capital among soccer players. We assumed that in the increasingly globalized world of professional soccer, a player’s success would often depend on migrating and adjusting to life in other countries. Willingness to migrate and successful adjustment are tied to player’s previous attitudes and/or behaviours (habitus), significant support from others, including family members, and previous experiences and success in sports and education. Our hypothesised model of the cultural capital was based on the Pierre Bourdieu’s theoretical framework. It consisted of 26 variables related to three sets of factors: soccer experiences, a family context and support, and educational achievements of the players and their parents. The model was tested using a sample of 79 current soccer coaches who also had been players at the elite level. A factor analysis was used to empirically verify the content of the hypothetical model of the soccer players’ cultural capital. Nine latent factors were extracted and together, they accounted for 55.01% of the total model variance. Individual factors obtained showed a sufficient level of substantial connection. The Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.77 confirmed the internal consistency of the operationalised variables in the hypothetical model. In addition, the impact of these aforementioned life dimensions on the migration of soccer players was studied. The results of the binary logistic regression analysis showed that the first factor of the hypothetical model (F1) had 2.2 times and the second factor (F8) had 3.9 times higher odds for migration abroad. Sociocultural findings using this new assessment approach could help create better “success conditions” in the talent development of young players.
Bare soil evaporation under high evaporation demand: a proposed modification to the FAO-56 model

Abstract This study evaluates the evaporation component of the FAO-56 model under high evaporation demand. To perform this, two data sets were used as field evaluation, and a second model was used for comparison (a model based on the square root of time, SRT). The results show that although FAO-56, the field data and the SRT model present similar cumulative evaporation over the study period (approximately one month), when the data are analysed daily, FAO-56 overestimated evaporation at the beginning of the process and underestimated it at the end. A correction for FAO-56 is proposed to amend the mismatch between FAO-56 and the field-measured data under high evaporation conditions. Consequently, the parameters used by the FAO-56 evaporation component are discussed. Citation Torres, E. A. & Calera, A. (2010) Bare soil evaporation under high evaporation demand: a proposed modification to the FAO-56 model. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(3), 303–315.
Dynamics of sediment subduction‐accretion at convergent margins: Short‐term modes, long‐term deformation, and tectonic implications

A conceptual model is proposed for the short-term operation of subduction-accretion systems at convergent margins. The operation is described in terms of the mass fluxes among the four system components, namely, the accretionary (or prowedge) wedge (P), an uplifted plug (U), a retrowedge (R), and the subduction zone. The latter consists of a conduit (C) of slowly moving and deforming material and an underlying subduction channel where material moves and deforms more rapidly. A broad range of convergent margin types can be accommodated within the conceptual model framework, with differing short-term modes that depend on which of the P-U-R-C components that are active. Finite element geodynamical model experiments are used to investigate whether these modes are dynamically feasible. These experiments determine excitation of modes under controls that include model entry and exit mass fluxes; flexural loading by accreted material and slab pull forces; boundary velocities corresponding to subduction and subduction zone advance/retreat; distribution, thickness, and density of accreted sediment; and internal frictional properties of the Coulomb sediments. That all modes, with the exception of P (in which only a prowedge is created), are seen in the models provides support for the concepts and allows conditions that favor particular modes to be recognized. In addition, the finite deformation predicted by the models is used to infer the long-term tectonic styles associated with both single-mode evolutions and those that exhibit mode switching. A steady state mass balance can occur for modes 0 (pure subduction), P-C (i.e., where components P and C are active), or other modes when the surface mass denudation plus the subduction flux balances accretion plus tectonic underplating. The P-C mode is favored by subduction zone retreat and/or an increasing subduction load and creates an apparent landward dipping backstop. P-U-C is predicted to be the most common mode, and it creates an apparent seaward dipping backstop. P-U-R-C is an inefficient mode but is favored by easily detached retrocrust or sediment and/or a decreasing subduction load.
Kinetics of precipitation of gypsum and implications for pressure‐solution creep

In order to model the role of gypsum in crustal deformation and in trapping hydrocarbons, a quantitative, mechanism‐based understanding of the deformation and compaction behaviour of gypsum is needed. Previous laboratory experiments indicate that intergranular pressure solution is an important deformation mechanism in gypsum and may be controlled by the kinetics of gypsum precipitation. To examine this further, the growth kinetics of gypsum were investigated using seed crystals and super‐saturated aqueous solutions prepared from natural gypsum powders. The results showed both nucleation and growth dominated behaviour. Results relating purely to seed (over)growth showed that at low driving forces (<1 kJ/mole) precipitation follows a second order growth law, while at larger driving forces the order is 3–4. The growth rates are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude slower than those reported in studies on pure systems. However, pressure‐solution creep rates, predicted by coupling the present growth data with a microphysical model for pressure solution, are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude too fast to be consistent with experimentally obtained creep rates. On the other hand, the predicted and measured creep rates show an almost identical dependence on applied stress and grain size, supporting the hypothesis that pressure‐solution creep in gypsum is controlled by the kinetics of precipitation.
Geophysical and geological constraints on the evolution of the Guadalquivir foreland basin, Spain

Abstract This paper presents a compilation and reinterpretation of available geophysical and geological data recently acquired for the ENE-WSW Guadalquivir foreland basin, located on the northern margin of the Betic orogen in southern Iberia. The data include seismic reflection and refraction profiles, well logs, gravity, geoid, surface heat-flow data and field observations. The deep structure of the southern Iberian margin is characterized by large variations in crustal thickness and high heat-flow values, which result in a very low lithospheric rigidity for the whole area. Geoid and gravity data show that deformation affected the crust and the lithospheric mantle differently, producing anomalous mass distributions that could act as subsurface loads. Seismic sequence analysis of the basin infill has permitted the re-assessment of the depositional sequential arrangement of the sediments deposited from Late Langhian-Early Serravallian to Messinian. They are arranged in six sequences and do not show any E-W progradational pattern indicating that during this period the acting loads moved essentially in a NNW direction. A careful analysis of the southern border of the basin shows that the ‘so-called olistostromes’ correspond to lateral diapirs of squeezed Triassic evaporites and internally imbricated Miocene wedges. We discuss the results obtained in terms of palaeo-geographic environments, time distribution and nature of acting loads, and constraints for future basin modelling approaches.
Warm Organized Rain Systems over the Tropical Eastern Pacific

AbstractThis study uses 16-yr Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) radar precipitation feature (RPF) data to characterize warm rain systems in the tropics with large horizontal extensions, referred to as warm organized rain systems. The systems are selected by specifying the RPFs with minimum infrared brightness temperature warmer than 0°C and rain area greater than 500 km2. ERA-Interim atmospheric fields and SST from NOAA are analyzed to highlight the environmental characteristics of warm organized rain systems.Warm organized systems occur over specific oceanic regions, including the eastern Pacific ITCZ, the eastern part of the SPCZ, and coastal regions. In contrast with ubiquitous warm isolated RPFs, warm organized systems have greater near-surface radar reflectivity. The rainfall amounts generated by warm organized systems are greater in winter than in summer.Composite analyses indicate that warm organized RPFs prefer to coexist with a dry midtroposphere associated with a strong upper-level desc.
Rayleigh lidar observations of reduced gravity wave activity during the formation of an elevated stratopause in 2004 at Chatanika, Alaska (65°N, 147°W)

[1] We report Rayleigh lidar measurements of nightly temperature profiles in the 40–80 km altitude region and 15 min relative density profiles in the 40–50 km altitude region at Poker Flat Research Range, Chatanika, Alaska (65°N, 147°W), in December, January, and February over three winters (2002–2003, 2003–2004, and 2004–2005). We characterize the gravity wave activity in terms of the measurements of buoyancy period and relative density fluctuations and estimate the potential energy density and growth of potential energy density with altitude. We use satellite and reanalysis data to analyze the synoptic structure of the stratospheric vortex and the Aleutian anticyclone, the planetary wave activity, and the mean winds. These three winters have a major stratospheric warming in 2002–2003, an extreme warming event in 2003–2004 resulting in an elevated stratopause, and no warming in 2004–2005. The gravity wave activity shows significant interannual variability, with an average potential energy density of 2.1 J/kg in 2002–2003, 1.1 J/kg in 2003–2004, and 5.7 J/kg in 2004–2005. We find a positive correlation of 0.74 between the gravity wave activity in the upper stratosphere and the winds in the lower stratosphere where the winds are lightest. The reduction in gravity wave activity in 2002–2003 relative to 2004–2005 reflects the influence of the Aleutian anticyclone that is present over Chatanika in 2002–2003 but absent in 2004–2005. The occurrence of lower gravity wave activity in 2003–2004, when the Aleutian anticyclone is present less often than in 2002–2003, supports recent modeling studies that indicate that the elevated stratopause is formed due to a reduction of gravity waves propagating upward into the mesosphere.
What are the constraints to GIS usage? Selected results of a teacher survey about constraints in the school context

In this paper selected results of a survey about constraints to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) usage including 410 participating teachers in Germany are presented. The results show that especially the lack of regular teacher practice in handling the software, the lack of classroom time and the lack of simple and copyable lessons including GIS are considered the biggest constraints. As regards potential factors of influence, the teacher's private usage of a desktop GIS software combined with his general computer literacy proves to be the decisive predictor for school usage of GIS.
Estimation of surface heat and moisture fluxes over a prairie grassland: 3. Design of a hybrid physical/remote sensing biosphere model

This is the third in a series of papers describing a measurement program and modeling approach to the estimation of surface heat and moisture fluxes over a tallgrass prairie. We describe the design and formulation of an experimental biosphere model (Ex-BATS) which follows the development of Dickinson's biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme (BATS). Ex-BATS has been designed to incorporate in situ measurements and satellite parameterizations of certain canopy variables which are slowly varying in the course of a growing season. All components of a multistage biosphere process model used to simulate the exchange of heat and moisture between the canopy and the atmosphere are presented here. The remote sensing aspects of the model are described in a companion paper. The procedures used to optimize the model and the validation of the model against First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE) observations taken during 1987 are described. Validation was carried out for three of the four intensive field campaigns (IFCs): 1, 2 and 3. The validation intercomparison shows that the Ex-BATS model reproduces the diurnal behavior of the surface fluxes very closely. The rms differences between in situ measurements of sensible and latent heat fluxes and their model counterparts are of the order of 35 W m−2. Biases over the three IFCs, which ranged in duration from 10 to 17 days, are typically less than 20 W m −2. The overall bias for the 44 days within the first three IFCs is less than 10 W m −2. The biases and rms differences are of the same order as the accuracy and precision uncertainties of the measured fluxes, therefore the model provides a useful experimental tool to explain radiative, hydrological, and physiological controls on surface fluxes over vegetated canopies and the explicit sources of water flux to the atmosphere from transpiration, foliage evaporation, and soil evaporation.
Controls on Temperature in Salmonid‐Bearing Headwater Streams in Two Common Hydrogeologic Settings, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska

Headwater streams are the most numerous in terms of both number and length in the conterminous United States and play important roles as spawning and rearing grounds for numerous species of anadromous fish. Stream temperature is a controlling variable for many physical, chemical, and biological processes and plays a critical role in the overall health and integrity of a stream. We investigated the controls on stream temperature in salmon‐bearing headwater streams in two common hydrogeologic settings on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska: (1) drainage‐ways, which are low‐gradient streams that flow through broad valleys; and (2) discharge‐slopes, which are high gradient streams that flow through narrow valleys. We hypothesize local geomorphology strongly influences surface‐water and groundwater interactions, which control streamflow at the network scale and stream temperatures at the reach scale. The results of this study showed significant differences in stream temperatures between the two hydrogeologic settings. Observed stream temperatures were higher in drainage‐way sites than in discharge‐slope sites, and showed strong correlations as a continuous function with the calculated topographic metric flow‐weighted slope. Additionally, modeling results indicated the potential for groundwater discharge to moderate stream temperature is not equal between the two hydrogeologic settings, with groundwater having a greater moderating effect on stream temperature at the drainage‐way sites.