Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Leap of Faith

Venture capitalists (VCs) are financial intermediaries that invest in growth companies on behalf of their investors, effectively creating an agency relationship where the venture capitalist is the agent and the investor is the principal. Instability has characterized the venture capital industry the past 15 years, and as a result, other structures than the traditional fund structure are emerging. Deal-by-deal structures, structures where the investors commit to investing in one deal at a time, are becoming increasingly popular in venture capital finance. As in any traditional agency relationship, contractual covenants are used by both the investors and the GP to control each other’s behavior. However, in a deal-by-deal structure, it becomes apparent that contracts alone are not enough to explain the way the behavior between the parties is regulated, as there are no long-term contracts between the investor and the VC across the investments. Several researchers mention trust as an effective mechanism for regulating behavior, but there is no research on how trust is connected to information asymmetries in deal-by-deal structures. Furthermore, there is an apparent lack of research on both the agency relationship between the LP-GP and deal-by-deal structures in general. Due to this, the purpose of this study is to explore how trust is connected to asymmetric information in a deal-by-deal structure. The purpose is examined through the research question how is trust connected to how the investors cope with the perceived information asymmetries in a deal-by-deal structure? The method chosen for this thesis is qualitative case study. Viking Venture serves as the case company. Viking Venture is a Trondheim-based venture capital firm who successfully transitioned to a deal-by-deal model in 2014. Empirical data has been collected by conducting semi-structured interviews with a sample of Viking’s investors. A framework was created based on existing theory to analyze the data collected through the interviews. The findings indicate that information asymmetries are not reduced by trust, but trust makes the investors more willing to accept the risks related to the asymmetries, providing them with feelings of security. It is also found that trust becomes more relational over time, indicating that the investors’ trust in Viking grow as the business relationship develops and the investors learn more about Viking’s true abilities. The deal-by-deal structure in itself facilitates trust, as it is more transparent than a limited partnership structure, providing the private investors with much needed flexibility, and allows for more information sharing between Viking and the investors. The findings show that social ties play an important role in building trust and reducing the perceived information asymmetries in the deal-bydeal structure. The authors conclude the thesis by proposing a new analytical framework where social ties are seen as an antecedent of trust.
Long‐term trend of tropopause over New Delhi and Thiruvananthapuram

Radiosonde observations taken during the past 32 years at New Delhi (28°N, 77°E) and 26 years at Thiruvananthapuram (8°N, 76°E) have been analyzed to examine the long‐term trend of tropopause height (TPH) and tropopause temperature (TPT) at these two stations. It appears that TPH is increasing and TPT is decreasing over the years. The trend of change is not same throughout the period of study. Considering the whole period of data we find that the increase of TPH is in the range of +0.57 to +1.13%/decade and the decrease of TPT is in the range range of −0.53 to −0.94%/decade. Qualitatively this is explainable with the decreasing trend of ozone in the stratosphere.
Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes Risk Among Young Adult Students in the Health Sciences from Kathmandu, Nepal

Background: The widespread dissemination of unhealthy dietary habits, childhood-teenage obesity, and sedentary lifestyle in young adults has paved the way for public health burden metabolic syndrome and early onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors for metabolic syndrome and diabetes among young adult students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among students of age group (18 to 25 years) studying at Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences and Central Institute of Science and Technology. The diabetes risk score of each individual was calculated by the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC tool). Independent risk factors for diabetes and metabolic syndrome were measured by multivariable logistic regression analysis. The p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant in this study. Results: A total of 825 students were recruited and 739 (89.6%) students completed the study with all the fulfilled criteria. The metabolic syndrome (Harmonized Joint Scientific Statement (HJSS) criteria) was present in 7.1%, and the most prevalent defining component was low HDL-C (78%); 74.8% of students were under low risk, 22.18% were at slightly elevated risk, 2.02% were at moderate risk, and 1.01% were at high risk of diabetes. The cardiometabolic risk factors like BMI, TC, and LDL-C were higher at a significant level (p<0.001) with an increased diabetes risk score. Independent lifestyle risk factor for metabolic syndrome was current smoking (AOR, 4.49, 95% CI 1.38–14.62) whereas, an independent lifestyle risk factor for diabetes was low adherence to physical exercise (AOR, 4.81, 95% CI, 2.90–7.99). Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome is present, although in low numbers in young adults putting them at risk to develop diabetes in the near future. Early assessment of metabolic syndrome and diabetes risk in young may provide insights for preventive and control plans for risk population.
response to an

A railroad causeway across Great Salt Lake, Utah (GSL), has restricted water flow since its construction in 1959, resulting in a more saline North Arm (NA; 24%–31% salinity) and a less saline South Arm (SA; 11%–14% salinity). Here, we characterized microbial carbonates collected from the SA and the NA to evaluate the effect of increased salinity on community composition and abundance and to determine whether the communities present in the NA are still actively precipitating carbonate or if they are remnant features from prior to causeway construction. SSU rRNA gene abundances associated with the NA microbialite were three orders of magnitude lower than those associated with the SA microbialite, indicating that the latter community is more productive. SSU rRNA gene sequencing and functional gene
Characterization of aquifer heterogeneity using indicator variables for solute concentrations

A new approach to the use of tracer test concentration data for inference of the parameters characterizing the hydraulic conductivity heterogeneity is introduced. Rather than using concentration data directly, the concentrations are transformed into indicator variables, whose time‐dependent mean and covariance structure in a control plane orthogonal to the mean flow direction are developed in terms of the log conductivity variance, vertical and horizontal correlation lengths, and the mean flow velocity. Parameter values can be inferred by comparison of the theoretical indicator moments with field measurements. The approach is found to have several advantages over the direct use of concentrations. These include (1) insensitivity of the indicator covariance to the log conductivity variance, allowing for independent determination of the integral scale in isotropic media, and (2) less susceptibility to measurement errors or interference from ambient groundwater concentrations. Also, because the indicator records only the first concentration detect, it is more efficient than methods such as travel time moment analysis, which require the entire breakthrough record.
Emotion and Proactivity at Work

determine what behavioural outcomes will be triggered, including positive proactive behaviours such as voice, feedback, information-and helping-seeking behaviours, as well as negative avoidance behaviours, such as workplace deviant behaviours and turnover. We further propose employee approach/ avoidance temperament and employee attributions of JI as conditions that determine the mediating effects of the four discrete emotions.
MLS - HEALTH & NUTRITION RESEARCH

Summary. The purpose of this literature review was to examine the most recent scientific evidence on the effect and real benefits of enteral immunonutrition in postoperative recovery compared to standard formulas in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing elective surgery. The main bibliographic sources of high scientific impact have been rescued from databases such as Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Elsevier, Scielo and major medical oncological societies such as: SEOM, NIH and clinical guidelines such as ESPEN. There is great heterogeneity among the results examined in the different reviews and meta-analyses on the effect of immunonutrition on postoperative complications. Overall, the findings indicate a benefit in the use of immunonutrition, however, for head and neck cancer they are based on poor quality evidence due to numerous limitations, so the scientific community has not yet found a common consensus. More prolific research could confirm such results with greater benefits for patient survival and, consequently, a shorter hospital stay, which would burden less on the costs of the healthcare system.
Art as an investment Comparison with financial markets

This literature review examines the characteristics of art as an investment object and whether art can produce rates of return comparable to equity or bonds. The literature reviewed covers a theoretical model on the utility of art to consumers based on both financial returns and emotional dividends by Lovo and Spaenjers (2018) and a study of the role of discrete consumption in demand for art. Empirical evidence on rates of return is examined with results showing an opportunity cost when investing in art compared to equity and mixed evidence when compared to bonds. Risk factors specific to art are described and the risk-return profile of art is compared to other. Another question asked is if masterpieces produce the highest returns, since famous paintings are often the ones to break record prices at auctions. Empirical measures of the rate of return of art differ to varying degrees in each study reviewed due to differences in data and methods.
Private, Collective, and Centralized Institutional Arrangements for Managing Forest “Commons” in Nepal

Abstract The main forest management strategy of Nepal, community forestry, is based on people's participation and was formally introduced in 1978. Under the community forestry structure, local people make decisions regarding forest management, utilization, and distribution of benefits from a forest; they are organized as a Community Forest User Group (CFUG). Presently, about 1 million ha of forest are under the control of about 13,000 CFUGs. The present article gives an overview of the status of community forestry and its features in Nepal and analyzes the institutional arrangements of 3 CFUGs from different parts of the country. The collective institutional arrangement is a legally supported approach in community forestry. It was found that the CFUGs have developed alternative institutional arrangements to this approach, ie private and centralized systems. As the case studies show, the practice of allocating limited use rights and protection responsibility to individual users as private property is decisive for the successful rehabilitation of degraded forests in the Churiya region. In the Terai region, centralized institutional arrangements are found to be the most appropriate option for the implementation of community forestry. In the Mid Hill region, from where community forestry originates, collective institutional arrangements are successful. These different forms of arrangement appear to be the best alternatives in the prevailing local situation. The findings suggest that various contextual factors in a community and their interaction affect the formulation of institutional arrangements. Successful groups are able to craft innovative arrangements well suited to local conditions. But common property resource models based on linear relations are not always sufficient to explain the dynamism of the interfaces between people's innovations and forest resources.
Low frictional strength of quartz rocks at subseismic slip rates

Laboratory experiments on rocks at low sliding velocity typically yield values of the friction coefficient of 0.6–0.85. Here we demonstrate that an extraordinary decrease in friction coefficient accompanies sliding of ‘room dry’ quartz rocks at rates faster than in most laboratory experiments, but slower than seismic slip rates. In some cases, the friction coefficient decreases from low‐speed values by more than a factor of 3. This extraordinary weakening likely results from the formation of finely comminuted, amorphous, wet material on the sliding surface.
Structural development and metallogenesis of Paleoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Rombak Tectonic Window

The Rombak-Skjomen shear zone (RSSZ) is a major crustal scale Paleoproterozoic ductile structure that cuts through Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary and felsic igneous rocks of the Rombak Tectonic Window, situated within the Paleozoic Caledonian thrust nappes, Northern Norway. This window is an important link to understand and tie the basement rock outliers to the west in Norway and the juvenile Paleoproterozoic rocks of the Fennoscandian shield to the east in Finland and Sweden. The main deformation in the Rombak window is of Svecofennian age (1.92-1.75 Ga) and located within several N-S running metasedimentary belts consisting of ductile folds, thrusts and anastomosing shear zones. The RSSZ has a complex structural evolution and geometry also involving syn-deformational injection of granitoids and strain partitioning with four phases of deformation; Early pure shear folding event (D1), pure shear dominated fold-thrust belt event (D2), two phases of combined simple shear and pure shear oblique systems with a conjugate set of N-S trending sinistral reverse oblique-slip shear zones (D3), and a NE-SW dextral reverse oblique-slip shear zone event (D4) where the fold-thrust belt is nearly fully overprinted. The crosscutting relationship between the granite and the structures shows that the granite cuts the fold-thrust belt and parts of the oblique-slip deformation and can also be locally cut by the D4 event consistent with synto late orogenic plutonism. We present a strain partitioning model of interacting high-low strain domains for the RSSZ, in an overall oblique transpressional setting.The strain partitioning have developed progressively from a monoclinic transpressional symmetry with pure shear and fold-thrust belt to a triclinic 4 transpressional symmetry with combined simple shear and pure shear resulting in oblique-slip shear zones. In this scenario the anastomosing arrays of steep mylonitic shear zones (D3) may have formed from a strain pattern of triclinic deformation superimposed on the earlier monoclinic fold-thrust belt deformation (D1-D2), leaving isolated domains of the monoclinic deformation intact. These four progressive structural events lead to a complex outcrop pattern of remnant fold-thrust belt blocks segmented and attenuated by two later phases of steep reverse oblique-slip ductile shear zone fabrics which shows a regional conjugate pattern with the direction of main principal shortening in a WNW-ESE direction. Regional EM and radiometric data support the tectonic model and demonstrate that graphitic shales and potentially mineralized bodies in the fold-thrust belt have been dextrally displaced up to 6 km. The understanding of the structural evolution of the RSSZ in the Rombak Tectonic Window is important in order to understand the Svecofennian orogeny in the Norwegian portion of the Fennoscandian shield and to possibly be able to link the structures to the east and also to understand how progressive transpressive margins may develop in general.
Frequency and time domain permittivity measurements on solid CO2 and solid CO2–soil mixtures as Martian soil simulants

[1] Permittivity and conductivity measurements were performed to assess the dielectric behavior of solid CO2 (i.e., CO2 ice, snow, and powder) and solid CO2/soil mixtures. For comparison, some dielectric measurements were also conducted on H2O ice, dry glass beads, glass beads saturated with water, drained glass beads, and frozen drained glass beads. The measurements were performed in the frequency domain (20 Hz to 1 MHz) using a capacitive cell (Parallel Plate Capacitor) and in the time domain using a transmission line (Time Domain Reflectometry). The data obtained with both techniques have shown that solid CO2 has a permittivity value that ranges between 1.4 and 2.1 as a function of density, values that distinguish it from H2O ice. In contrast, H2O ice, dry glass beads, frozen (drained) glass beads, and dry volcanic sand all have very similar permittivity values, and thus they cannot be clearly distinguished at higher frequencies. Data have also shown that a high volume fraction of solid CO2 significantly reduces the permittivity value of a soil. Furthermore, almost all the samples tested in this work seem to behave like low loss materials, having a conductivity which is generally equal to or lower than 10−6 Sm−1 at the highest frequency (and smaller values at lower frequencies). Finally, TDR measurements and data from some dielectric models were compared in order to assess the capability of these models to predict the permittivity of a granular multiphase material.
The Importance of Packaging in Certified Organic Food: A Matter of Conscience

Organic food production offers many advantages and is more environmentally friendly than conventional food. However, despite the certification guaranteeing organic management, soil and water preservation, and social well-being, it generally does not assess the type of packaging the food is sold in. The legislation of some countries, such as Brazil, does not require the use of biodegradable packaging. Thus, it is common to find organic food sold in plastic or styrofoam packaging, making it ecologically incorrect throughout its life cycle. This study demonstrates the importance of consumer awareness and how it can act in a global paradigm shift, demanding greater environmental responsibilities from those who produce the food. Also, the role of consumers, fulfilling their part as non-polluting agents, is essential for ecological well-being. A qualitative meta-analysis showed that, although green consumers are gradually increasing, they are still in the minority. For the time being, they are currently insufficient to generate significant changes in the production chain. Because of this, it is important that public, technological, and environmental institutions talk about these issues more and start calling for specific laws about the right way to use packaging, especially for certified organic foods.
Analysis of Building Damage during the 8 October 2005 Earthquake in Pakistan

The strongest earthquake in the history of Pakistan jolted the northern region at 08:50 local time (03:50 UTC) 8 October 2005. The epicenter of the earthquake was determined by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to be 34.493°N and 73.629°E. This location is in the northern portion of Muzaffarabad district. It had a magnitude of 7.6 with a depth of 26 km. The earthquake caused extensive damage, destruction, and loss of life over a wide region (almost 30,000-km2) including Muzaffarabad, Mansehra, Batagram, Bagh, and Poonch (see figure 1). The impact of the main shock was felt as far away as Lahore (350 km from epicenter). About 90,000 people died, 79,000 were injured, and more than 3.5 million were rendered homeless. More than 1,200 aftershocks were recorded through 7 November 2005. According to government figures, 19,000 children died in the earthquake, most due to the collapse of school buildings. The earthquake affected more than 500,000 families. More than 400,000 buildings were damaged. The destruction of about 7,000 school buildings and several hospitals caused further difficulties in relief operations and social rehabilitation. Adobe, stone masonry, concrete block masonry, brick masonry, and timber structures are the dominant building types in the region. Reinforced concrete frame structures usually are constructed only in urban areas. Figure 1. Epicenter, most affected area and selected seismic recording station. This article is the outcome of a field visit made just after the event. The field visit was supported by the German Task Force for Earthquakes (GeoForschungsZentrum, Potsdam) and Earthquake Damage Analysis Center (EDAC), Weimar (Maqsood et al. 2006). ### Regional Seismic History Figure 2 shows the past seismicity in and around Pakistan. There was no major event recorded in the recent past in the epicentral area before the 8 October 2005 earthquake. But very high seismic activity was seen after the main event, …
Moisture sources and synoptic to seasonal variability of North Atlantic water vapor isotopic composition

The isotopic composition of near surface (or planetary boundary layer) water vapor on the south coast of Iceland (63.83°N, 21.47°W) has been monitored in situ between November 2011 and April 2013. The calibrated data set documents seasonal variations in the relationship between δ18O and local humidity (ppmv) and between deuterium excess and δ18O. These seasonal variations are attributed to seasonal changes in atmospheric transport. A strong linear relationship is observed between deuterium excess and atmospheric relative humidity calculated at regional sea surface temperature. Surprisingly, we find a similar relationship between deuterium excess and relative humidity as observed in the Bermuda Islands. During days with low amount of isotopic depletion (more enriched values), our data significantly deviate from the global meteoric water line. This feature can be explained by a supply of an evaporative flux into the planetary boundary layer above the ocean, which we show using a 1‐d box model. Based on the close relationship identified between moisture origin and deuterium excess, we combine deuterium excess measurements performed in Iceland and south Greenland with moisture source diagnostics based on back trajectory calculations to establish the distribution of d‐excess moisture uptake values across the North Atlantic. We map high deuterium excess in the Arctic and low deuterium excess for vapor in the subtropics and midlatitudes. This confirms the role of North Atlantic water vapor isotopes as moisture origin tracers.
International Opportunity Recognition among Small and Medium‐Sized Family Firms*

Current research in the field of entrepreneurship emphasizes the importance of opportunity recognition as a key element in the entrepreneurial process. It has been recognized that network ties, activeness and alertness, and prior knowledge are related to how entrepreneurs recognize new opportunities. However, it is unclear how important these factors are when a firm explores opportunities for entry into a foreign market. In this exploratory case study, covering the international opportunity recognition of eight family‐owned small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs), we found that the firms in question mainly recognized international opportunities by establishing new formal ties rather than using existing informal or family ties. The findings also indicated that due to the small size and the flexibility of the management team in family SMEs, these firms were able to react quickly to new international opportunities. However, there was no direct relationship between the prior knowledge of the firms and their international opportunity recognition. In addition, we found that trade exhibitions formed the primary context for the international opportunity recognition of the SMEs in this study. These findings motivate a set of five propositions that may lead to further studies on this topic.