Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Salicylic acid perturbs small RNA-gibberellin regulatory network in immune response of potato to Potato virus Y infection and renders plants tolerant to the pathogen

18 Potato virus Y is the most economically important potato viral pathogen. We aimed at 19 unraveling the roles of small RNAs (sRNAs) in the complex immune signaling network 20 controlling the establishment of tolerant response of potato cv. Désirée to the virus. We 21 constructed a sRNA regulatory network connecting sRNAs and their targets to link sRNA 22 level responses to physiological processes. We discovered an interesting novel sRNAs23 gibberellin regulatory circuit being activated as early as 3 days post inoculation, before viral 24 multiplication can be detected. Increased levels of miR167 and phasiRNA931 were reflected 25 in decreased levels of transcripts involved in gibberellin biosynthesis. Moreover, decreased 26 concentration of gibberellin confirmed this regulation. The functional relation between lower 27 activity of gibberellin signaling and reduced disease severity was previously confirmed in 28 Arabidopsis-virus interaction using knockout mutants. We additionally showed that this 29 regulation is salicylic acid dependent as the response of sRNA network was attenuated in 30 salicylic acid-depleted transgenic counterpart NahG-Désirée expressing severe disease 31 not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was . http://dx.doi. org/10.1101/130757 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Apr. 26, 2017;
Altered primary production during mass-extinction events

The Big Five mass-extinction events are characterized by dramatic changes in primary producers. Initial disturbance to primary producers is usually followed by a succession of pioneers that represent qualitative and quantitative changes in standing crops of land plants and/or phytoplankton. On land, a transient collapse of arborescent (tree-bearing) vegetation and the rapid spread of a pioneer vegetation dominated by ferns and fern allies characterizes the Permian/Triassic (P/T), Triassic/Jurassic (T/J), and Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) mass-extinction events. The availability of low-quality food, such as herbaceous low-growing plants, likely played a role in triggering secondary extinctions of herbivores (reptiles, insects). Furthermore, malformation of acritarchs, pollen, and spores during the end-Ordovician, end-Devonian, P/T and T/J extinctions also suggests primary producers were of lesser quality. More importantly, changes in vegetation drove important increases in weathering and erosion leading to elevated nutrient transfer from the continents to the oceans. In the marine realm, the end-Ordovician, endDevonian, end-Permian, and end-Triassic extinction events are all followed by periods of high primary production, which is reflected in the widespread deposition of black shales. Due to their small size, low nutritional quality, and possible toxicity, the abundance of picoplankton, such as prasinophytes, acritarchs, as well as bacterioplankton (cyanobacteria and green sulfur bacteria) may have been additional factors in delaying ecosystem recovery.
Origin of the long head of biceps brachii from the supraglenoid tubercle and glenoid labrum

The long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) provides stability to the glenohumeral joint. Although it has been observed to arise from the supraglenoid tubercle and glenoid labrum, its mode of attachment to the glenoid labrum is variable. This study therefore aimed to (i) identify the origin of the LHBT, and (ii) investigate if there are differences in attachment related to age, gender and side. A total of 140 shoulders from 30 male and 40 female cadavers were examined: the glenoid fossa with the glenoid labrum and LHBT attached were exposed. The classification of Vangsness et al. (1994) was adopted to determine the mode of attachment of the LHBT. Gender, age, side and type of attachment were double-entered into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Chi square tests were conducted to determine statistical significance, which was set at P<0.05. Type I was the most common attachment (47.7%) of the LHBT, then Type II (31.5%), Type III (16.2%) and Type IV (4.6%). No significant difference was observed between the type of attachment of the LHBT and sex, side or age. The LHBT consistently arose from the glenoid labrum and supraglenoid tubercle in all the specimens, with the majority of tendons having a posterior orientation. Involvement of the glenoid labrum can be associated with injury to the LHBT: this may explain the existence of a combined injury in shoulder joint instability. Further study is needed to investigate the association between variations of the LHBT attachment to the glenoid labrum and shoulder joint stability.
JCB_201407039 1..12

The Rockefeller University Press $30.00 J. Cell Biol. Vol. 208 No. 2 211–222 www.jcb. org/cgi/doi/10.1083/jcb.201407039 JCB 211 *T. Fujii and H. Takazaki contributed equally to this paper. Correspondence to Etsuko Muto: emuto2@brain.riken. jp H. Takazaki’s present address is Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Abbreviations used in this paper: CC2, coiled coil 2; cryoEM, electron cryomicroscopy; CTF, contrast transfer function; MT, microtubule; MTBD, MT-binding domain; pf, protofilament. Introduction
Detection of<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> in Samples Containing <i>Listeria innocua</i>

Strains. The bacterial isolates used in this study were maintained in frozen glycerol stocks (-70°C in 15% glycerol). The laboratory identification numbers for the L. monocytogenes and L. innocua isolates were SLR33 and SLR44I, respectively. SLR33 was isolated from an ice cream plant and is serotype 1/2b. Isolate SLR441 is strain 33091 from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland. Working cultures were obtained from the stocks by streaking a loop of culture on trypticase soy agar with 0.6% yeast extract (TSA-YE) and incubated at 35C for at least 18 h. Single colonies were streaked on modified Oxford agar and incubated under the same conditions.A culture tube with trypticase soy broth and 0.6% yeast extract (TSB-YE) was inoculated from a single colony and incubated overnight at 35C. Viable cell concentrations were determined by plate count on TSA-YE incubated 48 h at 35C at time of use. (Received February 14, 1994/Accepted May 13, 1994)
Metformin Enhances Analgesia of Low-Dose Fluoxetine in Models of Acute and Persistent Pain in Mice: A Role of Astrocytic Activation

Abstract: This work was designed to investigate the antinociceptive effects of combinations of pioglitazone or metformin with fluoxetine in acute and persistent pain models in Swiss mice. Besides control groups, treatment groups (n=8) were given intraperitoneally (mg/kg) the following: fluoxetine (10, 20 and 40), pioglitazone (20), metformin (50), fluoxetine (20) + pioglitazone (20) and fluoxetine (20) + metformin (50). Sixty min post-injection, mice were subjected to three sets of experiments: 1) hot plate test (acute nociception), 2) formalin test (persistent pain) followed by measurement of paw edema, serum cytokines and immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, a marker for astrocytic activation), and 3) rotarod test. In hot plate test, pretreatments with fluoxetine (20), fluoxetine (40), metformin, and the combinations significantly increased the latency time. Moreover, pretreatments with fluoxetine (40), pioglitazone, metformin and the combinations significantly decreased licking time in the second phase of formalin test, formalin-induced paw edema, and formalin-induced GFAP overexpression. All treatments significantly decreased serum This work was designed to investigate the antinociceptive effects of combinations of pioglitazone or metformin with fluoxetine in acute and persistent pain models in Swiss mice. Besides control groups, treatment groups (n=8) were given intraperitoneally (mg/kg) the following: fluoxetine (10, 20 and 40), pioglitazone (20), metformin (50), fluoxetine (20) + pioglitazone (20) and fluoxetine (20) + metformin (50). Sixty min post-injection, mice were subjected to three sets of experiments: 1) hot plate test (acute nociception), 2) formalin test (persistent pain) followed by measurement of paw edema, serum cytokines and immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, a marker for astrocytic activation), and 3) rotarod test. In hot plate test, pretreatments with fluoxetine (20), fluoxetine (40), metformin, and the combinations significantly increased the latency time. Moreover, pretreatments with fluoxetine (40), pioglitazone, metformin and the combinations significantly decreased licking time in the second phase of formalin test, formalin-induced paw edema, and formalin-induced GFAP overexpression. All treatments significantly decreased serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattactant protein-1 while increased level of interleukin-10. In rotarod test, treatments did not affect motor function. In conclusion, combination of metformin with low-dose fluoxetine effectively inhibits nociceptive behavior in acute and persistent pain models in mice, suggesting its potential clinical benefit in treatment of pain comorbidities.
Participatory on Farm Evaluation of Improved Maize Varieties in Chilga District of North Western Ethiopia

Participatory variety selection (PVS) trials were conducted in 2012 and 2013 in Chilga district of North West Ethiopia to evaluate the performance of improved maize (Zea mayz L.) varieties and to assess farmers' criteria for maize variety selection for future maize improvement. Six improved varieties including the local check were used for the study at four farmer villages: Anguaba, Serako and Eyaho. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design and the trials were replicated over farmers' field in the three villages. The results of analysis revealed that a significant difference among the varieties for most the agronomic traits recorded except for grain yield which was not significant. With regard to location, no significant difference was observed for the majority of the traits except plant height and ear height indicating similarity in agro ecologies of the three villages. The results also revealed that farmers' preferences in some cases coincide with the researchers' selection. However, in general farmers have shown their own way of selecting a variety for their localities. These parameters include earliness, drought tolerance, grain yield, vigorousity, husk cover, cob size, grain color and grain size. Hence, it is a paramount important to include farmers' preferences in a variety selection process. Therefore, based on objectively measured traits, farmers' preferences and the agro ecologies of the site the varieties BH-540 and BHQPY-545 are recommended in the study area. The variety BHQPY-545 should be given high attention by the responsible body since it has quality protein content besides having favored traits in the study area.
Prevalence of Myopathy in Subjects on Statin Therapy Attending the National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics in Jordan

Objective: This study aims to find the prevalence and risk factors of myopathy in subjects on statin therapy. Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted on 1046 subjects on statin therapy for dyslipidemia who were attending the National center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics [NCDEG] in Jordan between Sep. and Dec. 2012. Questionnaire was used to collect demographic data, medical history and muscular symptoms. Results: The prevalence of muscular symptoms among subjects taking statin was 27.9%, when subjects referred their muscular symptoms to statin the prevalence drop to 16.4%. Bivariate and multivariate analyses showed significant association between muscular symptoms and hypothyroidism, taking medication or substances that are known to interact with statin treatment [Fibrates, Verapamil, Amiodarone, Warfarin, Digoxin or Grapefruit juice [>1 quart/day]], and allopurinol therapy. Conclusions: Statin use is significantly associated with high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain [27.9%]. Although many clinicians perceive myalgia as a minor adverse effect, its clinical significance should not be underestimated, as myalgia could be a major obstacle to treatment adherence.
Role of Interleukin 21 in CD4 T cell regulation

IL-21 is crucial for anti-viral defense, the germinal center reaction and anti-tumour immunity. Conversely, it has been implicated in various autoimmune conditions, including type-1 diabetes. This study set out to explore how IL-21 influences CD4 T cell immune responses, with particular emphasis on its ability to counteract Treg-mediated suppression. These experiments revealed that IL-21 acted on conventional CD4 T cells to release them from suppression. This was associated with loss of Treg homeostasis, as IL-21 was able to inhibit IL-2 production and could substitute for IL-2 in conventional but not regulatory T cells. Analysis of how CD4 T cell responses are controlled was broadened by investigation of the CTLA-4 pathway, a major regulator of T cell immunity. We showed that CTLA-4 could decrease the level of CD86 expression on APCs by trans-endocytosis in vivo, thereby limiting T cell CD28 signalling. In a further development, we showed that IL-21 could directly upregulate CD86 expression by B cells, illustrating the opposing functions of CTLA-4 and IL-21. Finally, we explored how the nature of T cell activation influences cytokine production and pathogenicity. These experiments revealed that IL-21 production by CD4 T cells was strongly induced during responses driven by DCs, whilst stimulation with B cells promoted IFNγ expression. Moreover, T cells activated in the presence of DCs were profoundly diabetogenic in an adoptive transfer system, unlike those co-stimulated with B cells. These data provide new insight into the regulation of CD4 T cell responses and how levels of IL-21 produced in vivo could modulate the balance between tolerance and immunity.
Dysphania sect. Botryoides (Amaranthaceae s.lat.) in Asia

Abstract Uotila P.: Dysphania sect. Botryoides (Amaranthaceae s.lat.) in Asia. — Willdenowia 43: 65–80. June 2013. — Online ISSN 1868-6397; © 2013 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. Stable URL: http://dx.doi. org/10.3372/wi.43. 43107 Of the seven species of Dysphania sect. Botryoides recognized from Asia, the Mediterranean and Central Asian D. botrys is widespread in the area and D. nepalensis is widespread in the Hindu Kush, Himalaya and China. They are sympatric only from the E Hindu Kush and Pamir to NW Himalaya. Dysphania schraderiana from East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula has a restricted area in NW Pakistan, and the recently described D. bhutanica is known from Bhutan and China (Xizang). Two species are described here as new to science and illustrated: D. kitiae from China (Gansu) and D. himalaica from high altitudes in N India, Nepal and China (Xizang). Dysphania tibetica, also from high altitudes in N India to China (Xizang), is transferred from Chenopodium to Dysphania. Dysphania kitiae has narrowly lobed leaves, the back of the perianth lobes with a forward-projecting tooth near the apex and seeds with an undulate testa; D. himalaica is characterized by vertical seeds, previously almost unknown in this section; and D. tibetica has a very dense indumentum and the ultimate branchlets of its inflorescence are sterile. Descriptions for all recorded species are provided, a key to them is presented and distribution maps for D. botrys, D. himalaica, D. nepalensis and D. tibetica are given. A lectotype for C. foetidum (≡ C. schraderianum, D. schraderiana) is designated.
Relationship of Hormonal Parameters to Sperm Production in Patients with Varicocele

Idiopathic varicocele is a one of the all too often organic causes of male infertility and may can affect hormonal and spermatogenic function of the testis. We demonstrated relationships of hormonal parameters to sperm production on follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), (LH) and testosterone blood concentrations to sperm production. The investigations involved a total of 329 patients with varicocele, at aged from 20 to 48 years, mean age 28.76 ± 0.66 years, divided into three groups: group I – patients with varicocele dextra; group II – patients with varicocele sinistra; and group III – patients with varicocele bilateralis. We established in our investigations that in 65.35% of cases the varicocele was attended coupled by with some disorders in the fertilizing ability, included including oligospermia Gr I-II (groups I and II) in 41.33% of cases, oligospermia (Gr.II-IIIgroups II and III) in 15.5% of cases and azoospermia in 8.52% of cases. In 56.83% of cases, the low sperm concentration was attended by decreasedcoupled with reduced sperm motility and velocity. Our data did not demonstrated a statistically significant increase in blood plasma T testosterone and we noted no significant correlation between the magnitude of the change in serum androgen and improvements in sperm concentration or total sperm motility per ejaculate in patients with varicocele. No significant correlations were noted in mean blood LH and FSH concentrations in patients with varicocele and in controls group.
Efficacy and tolerability of a single-pill combination of telmisartan 80 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg according to age, gender, race, hypertension severity, and previous antihypertensive use: planned analyses of a randomized trial

Background The purpose of this work was to describe the efficacy and safety of a telmisartan 80 mg + hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg (T80/H25) single-pill combination therapy in patients with moderate-severe hypertension (mean seated trough cuff systolic blood pressure [BP] ≥ 160 mmHg and diastolic BP ≥ 100 mmHg) in specific patient subpopulations. Methods This was a planned analysis of a double-blind, multicenter, parallel-group trial that demonstrated the superiority of a single-pill combination of T80/H25 versus T80 monotherapy in terms of systolic BP change from baseline to week 7. Subpopulations included older (aged ≥ 65 years) versus younger, gender, race, hypertension severity, and prior antihypertensive therapy. Endpoints were change from baseline in mean seated trough cuff systolic and diastolic BP, proportion of patients achieving their BP goal (systolic/diastolic BP < 140/90 mmHg), and proportion of patients attaining systolic BP reductions of >30 mmHg and >40 mmHg. Results Across all subgroups, the T80/H25 single-pill combination provided consistently greater systolic and diastolic BP reductions than T80 and more patients had systolic BP reductions of >30 mmHg. In the T80 and T80/H25 groups, BP control was achieved in 34.1% and 48.8% of men, 35.5% and 62.7% of women, 34.5% and 56.6% of Asians, 22.6% and 38.6% of blacks, 36.7% and 57.8% of whites, 36.9% and 57.5% of patients < 65 years, 29.3% and 49.3% ≥65 years, 44.2% and 66.2% of those with grade 2 hypertension, 20.4% and 39.4% of those with grade 3 hypertension, 38.9% and 53.2% of previously untreated patients, 38.1% and 62.5% of patients previously treated with one antihypertensive, and 29.7% and 48.9% of patients previously treated with two or more antihypertensive agents respectively. Treatment was generally well tolerated across the patient subgroups. Conclusion The T80/H25 single-pill combination provides consistent BP reductions and higher goal attainment rates versus T80 across a range of hypertensive patient subgroups, which are likely to have a positive impact on patients’ cardiovascular risk.
JCB_201412024 1..16

The Rockefeller University Press $30.00 J. Cell Biol. Vol. 208 No. 6 729–744 www.jcb. org/cgi/doi/10.1083/jcb.201412024 JCB 729 Correspondence to Susan R. Wente: susan.wente@vanderbilt.edu Abbreviations used in this paper: ANOVA, analysis of variance; CCFW, calcofluor white; cNLS, classical NLS; DR, dietary restriction; ERC, extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA circle; HGPS, Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome; Kap, karyopherin; LS, low salt; NPC, nuclear pore complex; Nup, nucleoporin; RLS, replicative life span; SB, sample buffer; SC, synthetic complete. Introduction
The relationship of social support, mental health, and health-related quality of life in human immunodeficiency virus-positive men who have sex with men

Abstract The objective of this study was to reveal the relationships of mental health, social support, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) as well as their dimensions in HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM). HIV-positive MSM were interviewed by a cross-sectional study design using the world Health Organization quality of life bref scale, social support rating scale, and self-rated anxiety and depression scales. Canonical correlation analysis and structural equation model (SEM) were utilized to analyze to the collected data. Three first pair of canonical variables that was statistically significant (P < .0001) and verified could account for the largest cumulative proportion were computed from canonical correlation analysis. The results showed, among the dimensions, depression and anxiety were negatively correlated with support utilization and physical health, while subjective support and support utilization were positively correlation with social relationship health. Structural equation model results showed that support utilization (0.632, T = 10.44), depression (0.816, T = 20.37), and environmental dimension (0.833, T = 38.47) had the largest standardized factor loading in social support, mental health, and HRQOL. The structural coefficient between social support and mental health was −0.433 (T = −5.88), between mental health and HRQOL was −0.592 (T = −10.33), between social support and HRQOL was 0.290 (T = 4.10), indicated social support not only exerted a direct influence, but also mediated mental health to have an indirect effect on HRQOL for HIV-positive MSM. Environmental dimension is the foremost factor of HRQOL for HIV-positive MSM. Alleviating anxiety symptoms maybe improve physical health, while promoting the support utilization is an effective measure of alleviating depression and improving social relationship health for this special group.
English proficiency level in Colombian undergraduate students of medical programs

Introduction: The government intends to position Colombia as a health and welfare tourism destination. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to increase the levels of English proficiency in health professionals, which is in line with the goal set by the Colombian Ministry of National Education for 2014: 20% of medical graduates should score at intermediate or advanced English proficiency levels. Objectives: To determine if the bilingualism goal set for 2014 was achieved by students of undergraduate medical programs in Colombia. Materials and methods: Descriptive and statistical approach (parametric and nonparametric tests) based on data from the Saber Pro test (2011-2015) for medical programs offered in universities of academic nature. Results: The overall percentage of students who met the goal countrywide (28.6%) was satisfactory; however, only 16 medical programs out of 43 (37.2%) achieved the goal. Conclusions: In general, the English proficiency level of potential medical graduates is aligned with the government’s goal. However, there is much to be improved considering that about 70% of future medical graduates do not have an intermediate or advanced level in this skill.