Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NEST-SITE REUSE PATTERNS FOR A CAVITY-NESTING BIRD COMMUNITY IN INTERIOR BRITISH COLUMBIA

Abstract Most obligate cavity-nesting birds are considered to be nest-site limited, either by time or energy to excavate or to acquire suitable holes for nesting. We examined rates of nest-cavity reuse for a rich community of cavity-nesting birds in mixed forests in interior British Columbia. Using a sample of 402 cavity-reuse cases over five years, we measured cavity reuse for 20 cavity-nesting bird and mammal species (three guilds), and examined the relationship between nest-cavity reuse and features of cavities, nest trees, and forest stands. Eight percent of used cavities were destroyed between years. Reuse rates were 17% for the cavities of weak excavators such as nuthatches and chickadees, 28% for formerly active woodpecker nests, and 48% for cavities previously used by secondary cavity nesting birds, but there was considerable species variation within all guilds. Nest cavities in aspen that were deep with large entrances had the highest reuse. At the forest stand level, cavities in trees close to edges and in sites with more edge habitat had greater reuse. Reused cavities tended to be occupied in sequential years rather than being inactive for a year. With increasing amounts of managed landscapes, availability of suitable cavities for forest nesting vertebrates is decreasing. Reuse of existing cavities might help mitigate the problem of nest-site limitation.
Implications of Individualist Bias in Social Identity Theory for Cross-Cultural Organizational Psychology

Social Identity Theory (SIT) as used in cross-cultural organizational psychology (CCOP) shows individualistic biases by envisioning an autonomous person whose culture supports temporary, largely independent, and readily interchangeable relationships with multiple categorical groups, organizations, and other collectives. We seek to reduce these biases in CCOP by drawing from recent social psychological analyses, notably Motivated Identity Construction Theory, that have refined identity theory’s original principles. To make a broad range of organizational applications, we rely heavily on our cross-cultural psychology audience’s familiarity with basic SIT topics and controversies by discussing them quite briefly. We apply such refinements to theories about correlates of organizational identification (OI) measures, interpretive OI theorizing, and an intrapersonal network approach to OI. We conclude by extending these refinements to other constructs linking individuals to organizations: organizational commitment, attachments to organization groups and components, and roles and norms.
STUDI INFEKSI NEMATODA GASTROINTESTINAL PADA KAMBING DAN DOMBA DI RUMAH POTONG HEWAN BANDA ACEH = STUDY OF GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES INVESTING GOATS AND SHEEP AT THE BANDA ACEH SLAUGTHERHOUSE

Telah dilakukan suatu penelitian untuk mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis parasit nematoda gastrointestinal yang menyerang kambing dan domba jantan lokal yang dipotong di Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Banda Aceh. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui jumlah masing-masing genus cacing yang menyerang kedua ternak tersebut. Masing-masing sebanyak 50 gastrointestinal kambing dan domba yang ada di RPH Banda Aceh ditentukan secara acak akan digunakan sebagai objek penelitian. Pemeriksaan terhadap cacing untuk keperluan identifikasi cacing nematoda gastrointestinal dilakukan setelah cacingcacing yang didapat dimasukkan ke dalam laktofenol selama 6 jam. Penentuan genus cacing nematoda gastrointestinal dilakukan sesuai dengan metode Soulsby (1982). Hasil identifikasi ternak kambing dan domba yang dipotong di RPH Banda Aceh menunjukkan bahwa kedua ternak tersebut sudah terinfestasi oleh cacing-cacing nematoda gastrointestinal. Adapun masingmasing genus untuk kambing adalah : Trichostrongylus spp, Oesophagustontum spp, Bunostomum spp, Chabertia spp, Trichuris spp dan Haemonchus spp. Sedangkan untuk domba cacing nematoda gastrointestinal dari genus: Gaigeria sp, Strongyloides spp, Bunostomum spp, Oesophagustomum spp, Haemonchus spp, Chabertia spp, dan Trichuris spp. Jumlah cacing nematoda gastrointestinal yang menyerang temak kambing sebanyak 514 ekor cacing sedangkan yang menyerang domba sebanyak 543 ekor cacing. Prilaku atau kebiasaan makan tidak signifikan (P > 0,05) terhadap jumlah cacing.nematoda gastrointestinal.
Influence of patch characteristics on browsing of tree seedlings by mammalian herbivores

Summary 1. In south-eastern Australia, browsing of commercial tree seedlings by mammalian herbivores in plantation forestry incurs a large economic cost to the industry, through its effect on tree survival, growth and form. In the absence of lethal methods to control herbivore populations, appropriate manipulation of vegetation through silvicultural management may reduce browsing but it relies on understanding the feeding responses of the herbivores to such changes. 2. We evaluated the extent to which vegetation patch characteristics affected browsing of pine Pinus radiata seedlings by generalist mammalian herbivores, including redbellied pademelons Thylogale billardierii , Bennett’s wallaby Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus and the common brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula . 3. In field trials, browsing of pine seedlings was greatest when they were located in patches of high quality, i.e. palatable short vegetation (grass), intermediate in high-quality tall vegetation ( Lomandra longifolia ) and least in low-quality tall vegetation (bracken and shrub). Patch structure also affected browsing: in low-quality patches pine seedlings were browsed more in short vegetation patches (12‐24 cm shorter than the seedling) than in tall vegetation patches (at least as tall as the seedling). This difference was at least partly because herbivores took, on average, 2 weeks longer to locate seedlings in tall than in short vegetation. 4. In trials with captive red-bellied pademelons and brushtail possums, pine seedlings were browsed similarly in small short grass and soil patches. However, when these patches were large and spatially separated, they were browsed more in short grass than soil patches. Selection at the patch or individual plant level therefore depended on spatial scale and proximity of the patches. 5. Synthesis and applications . The influence of patch characteristics on browsing has the potential to be exploited for the management of browsing damage to commercially important tree seedlings in forestry plantations. Retention of relatively tall vegetation, particularly if it is unpalatable, in areas at risk of heavy browsing, for example by delaying the use of herbicide, may be a useful management strategy for reducing browsing. This needs to be weighed against the potential detrimental competitive effects of neighbouring vegetation on the seedlings.
Effects of astragalus polysaccharide on structure of intestinal villus and intestinal immunocyte of tilapia.

This experiment was conducted to discuss the effects of astragalus polysaccharide on the structure of intestinal villus and distribution and quantity of intestinal mucous cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes of tilapia.One hundred and fifty tilapia with average body weight of 47 g were randomly divided into 5 groups with 3 replicates each and 10 fish in each replicate.Five groups were fed basal diet supplemented with 0,500,1 000,1 500 and 2 000 mg/kg astragalus polysaccharide,respectively.After 40 days,5 tilapia in per group were randomly selected,anatomized,taken out intestine,fixed,embedded and sliced.Then the structure of intestinal villus and the distribution and quantity of mucous cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes were observed by histochemical staining method.Results were as follows: the structure of intestinal villus in all groups were rather integrally.The length of intestinal villus,depth of crypt,thickness of muscular and quantity of intestinal mucous cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes in four experimental groups were larger than those in control group,and that in 1 000 and 1 500 mg/kg groups had significantly improved except thickness of muscular and quantity of intraepithelial lymphocytes in foregut(P0.05 or P0.01). In conclusion,supplementing astragalus polysaccharide to the diet could improve the length of intestinal villus,depth of crypt,thickness of muscular and quantity of intestinal mucous cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes of tilapia,and the appropriate addition levels were 1 000 and 1 500 mg/kg.
Sex-Selective Harvesting of Polar Bears

We explored limits and consequences of male-biased harvesting of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) using a population simulation model. Our model was based on a life table analysis of polar bears inhabiting Nunavut, Canada, using empirically-derived estimates of age-specific rates of survival and reproduction. The maximum sustainable harvest of females was identified as the number that could be taken with ≤5% decline over 50 years. The maximum sustainable harvest of both males and females depended on the proportion of males in the harvest, although the effect of male-selection on the post-harvest population was to reduce the mean age and number of males. A practical limit to the increase in maximum sustained yield that was possible from male-selective harvesting was identified at the 3:1 (M/F) sex ratio. At 3:1 (M/F), all males were eventually harvested as 2-year olds and males were reduced to 25% of pre-harvest levels. A more conservative harvest strategy of 2:1 (M/F) resulted in a 30% reduction of males and a reduction of the mean age of males from 10.0 to 7.7 years post-harvest. We thus recommend that sex-selective harvesting of polar bears not exceed 67% males (i.e., 2:1 harvest ratio)—a demonstrably safe and sustainable harvest strategy—to avoid depletion of males and possibly reduce recruitment by having too few sexually mature males in the population. When females are harvested at levels less than the maximum sustainable level, harvest strategies that select for males at rates greater than 2:1 (M/F) can be conservative because the increase in females also increases the reproductive performance of the population. For example, when the harvest rate is determined as the maximum sustainable yield at 2:1 (M/F), increasing the proportion of males is conservative so long as the number taken does not increase. Increases in population numbers resulting from harvests at less than maximal rates will eventually be regulated by density effects. In the absence of information on density effects, managers should be conservative in their expectations of increases in the female population.
RECENT ADVANCES IN PENAEID VIRUS DISEASE INVESTIGATIONS

Of the approximately 30 known viruses affecting crustaceans, at least six viruses are known in cultured penaeid shrimp. New information is presented here on five of the six penaeid viruses. Baculovirus penaei (BP) in penaeids from widely separated geographic locations was compared by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of BP-infected hepatopancreatocytes. Regardless of source or host species, the cytopathology and virion morphology was similar, but differences were found in the dimensions of BP nucleocapsids as a function of geographic source. P. monodon-type baculovirus (MBV) was discovered in P. monodon from Asia, but it has recently been found to also infect cultured p. merguiensis and p. semisulcatus from other sites in Asia and the Middle East, and possibly P. kerathurus in Italy. Cytopathology and histopathology resulting from MEV infection in each of the species appears identical. Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), a picorna-like virus known previously to infect P. stylirostris, P. vannamei, and P. monodon, has been found to experimentally infect P. japonicus, P. duorarum, P. aztecus and P. setiferus. IHHN appears to be widely distributed in culture facilities in the Americas, Asia, and the Pacific Basin. HPV (hepatopancreatic parvo-like virus) was discovered in 1983, in four species of cultured or captive wild penaeids in Asia and Australia. TEM studies of HPV-infected hepatopancreatocytes show HPV virions and cytopathology to be identical in the affected species. REO, a reo-like virus of cultured P. japonicus in France and Hawaii, infects hepatopancreatic epithelial cells and causes chronic disease and high accumulative mortalities in tanks and possibly grow-out ponds.
Caractérisation et traitement par coagulation-décantation d'un effluent de laiterie

Dairy effluent characterization and treatment by coagulation-decantation. The qualitative and quantitative characterization of an effluent produced by a dairy plant located in the Doukkala region (Morocco) for one year showed that this plant consumed on average 632 m 3 /day of drinkable water, of which 85% was rejected as wastewater. This dairy effluent is overloaded with organic matter: (average chemical oxygen demand (COD): 6140 mg·L -1 ± 10%), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (average TKN-N: 148 mg·L -1 ± 10%), total phosphorus (average TP-P: 29 mg·L -1 ± 10%), fecal coliforms (average FC: 2.33 × 104 CFU·mL-1 ± 10%) and fecal streptococci (average FS: 4.00 × 104 CFU·mL-1 ± 10%). These parameters go beyond the limit values fixed by the Moroccan project of norms relative to rejected liquids, which shows the necessity of treating this polluted liquid before releasing it into the natural environment. The treatment of this effluent, which consists of coagulation-decantation by iron chloride (FeCl3, 6 H2O), aluminium sulfate (Al2(SO4)3, 18 H2O) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ), is insufficient for the removal of organic matter and nitrogen (the percentage of elimination does not surpass 40%). However, this treatment considerably reduced the suspended matter (94%) and total phosphorus (89%) with calcium hydroxide. Consequently, it respected the Moroccan standards for these two latter parameters. In order to suggest a more effi- cient treatment, this chemico-physical treatment may serve as a stage of pretreatment and it would then be necessary to proceed to a complementary biological process. Dairy effluent / characterization / pollution / coagulation-decantation Resume - La caracterisation physico-chimique et bacteriologique de l'effluent global brut rejete par une industrie laitiere situee dans la region des Doukkala (Maroc) a revele que ce rejet liquide est tres charge en matiere organique exprimee en terme de demande chimique en oxygene (DCO moyenne : 6140 mg·L-1 ± 10 %), en azote total Kjeldahl (N-NTK moyen : 148 mg·L-1 ± 10 %), en phosphore total (P-PT moyen : 29 mg·L -1 ± 10 %), en coliformes fecaux (CF moyenne : 2,33 × 10 4 UFC·mL -1 ± 10 %) et en streptocoques fecaux (SF moyenne : 4,00 × 10 4 UFC·mL -1 ± 10 %). Le traitement de cet effluent par coagulation-decantation a l'aide du chlorure ferrique, du sulfate d'aluminium et de la chaux, quoique insuffisant vis-a-vis de l'elimination de la pollution organique et azotee, dont le taux d'abattement optimal ne depasse guere 40 %, a permis de reduire considerablement la matiere en suspension (94 %) et le phosphore total (89 %) par la chaux et par consequent de respecter les nor- mes marocaines en vigueur pour ces deux parametres. Dans le but de suggerer un traitement qui soit plus efficace, la coagulation-decantation peut servir comme une etape de pretraitement. Il serait donc necessaire de proceder a un traitement biologique complementaire. Effluent laitier / caracterisation / pollution / coagulation-decantation
Muddy waters: elevating sediment input to coastal and estuarine habitats

Changes in land use and the development of coastal regions around the world have markedly increased rates of sediment input into estuarine and coastal habitats. Field studies looking at the consequences of terrestrial sediment deposition, water-borne sediment, and long-term changes in habitats indicate that increasing rates of sediment loading adversely affect the biodiversity and ecological value of estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Managing this threat requires means with which to convey the magnitude of the problem, forecast long-term trends, and assess the risks associated with changes in land use. Here we focus on approaches for assessing the risks of changes in land use, which include combining biological effect studies with catchment and hydrodynamic modeling, using statistical models that forecast the distribution and abundance of species relative to changes in habitat type, and using sensitive species that play important ecological roles as indicators of change.
Weed Seed Pools Concurrent with Corn and Soybean Harvest in Illinois

Abstract At the time of grain harvest, weed seeds can be classed into one of four pools on the basis of dispersal status and location: (1) undispersed, remaining on the mother plant; (2) dispersed in the current year, on the soil surface; (3) dispersed in the current year and collected by harvest machinery; and (4) dispersed in a previous year and persisting within the soil seed bank. Knowledge of the relative sizes of these seed pools for different weed species under different crop environments will be useful for determining the best way to reduce the size of inputs to the soil seed bank. In fall 2004 and fall 2005, four randomly selected commercially managed corn and soybean fields in east-central Illinois were sampled to quantify weed seed pools at time of crop harvest. Thirty randomly located 0.125-m2 quadrats were placed within each field, the four seed pools mentioned above were sampled for each quadrat, and the species composition and abundance of each seed pool was determined. The magnitude of the weed seed rain varied among species and between years and crops. Twenty-six weed species were found to contribute to at least one of the four seed pools. However, the weed seed pools were consistently dominated by six species: velvetleaf, Amaranthus complex (redroot pigweed and waterhemp), ivyleaf morningglory, giant foxtail, prickly sida, and common cocklebur. For each of these species, the ratio of undispersed seeds to seeds in the soil seed bank at harvest time was ≥ 1 in at least one crop during one of the two experimental years, indicating a potential for the soil seed bank to be completely replenished or augmented by that year's seed rain. This analysis demonstrates the urgent need for techniques to limit weed seed inputs to the soil seed bank at the end of the growing season. Nomenclature: Common cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium L. XANST; common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis Sauer AMATA; giant foxtail, Setaria faberi Herrm. SETFA; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. IPOHE; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. SIDSP; redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L. AMARE; velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medik. ABUTH; corn, Zea mays L; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Zoosporic fungi growing on freshwater molluscs.

Mycoflora developing on the living and dead specimens of eleven species of molluscs were investigated under laboratory conditions. Sixty zoosporic fungus species were found to grow on the specimens investigated, including 2 chytridiomycetes, 57 oomycetes and 1 zygomycetes fungus. Out of these 60 species, 32 are known as parasites or necrotrophs of fish. On the living specimens of investigated molluscs were found to grow 25 species of fungus. Two fungus species were recorded for the first time from Poland.
Structure and topology of the non‐amyloid‐β component fragment of human α‐synuclein bound to micelles: Implications for the aggregation process

Human α‐synuclein is a small soluble protein abundantly expressed in neurons. It represents the principal constituent of Lewy bodies, the main neuropathological characteristic of Parkinson's disease. The fragment corresponding to the region 61–95 of the protein, originally termed NAC (non‐amyloid‐β component), has been found in amyloid plaques associated with Alzheimer's disease, and several reports suggest that this region represents the critical determinant of the fibrillation process of α‐synuclein. To better understand the aggregation process of α‐synuclein and the role exerted by the biological membranes, we studied the structure and the topology of the NAC region in the presence of SDS micelles, as membrane‐mimetic environment. To overcome the low solubility of this fragment, we analyzed a recombinant polypeptide corresponding to the sequence 57–102 of α‐synuclein, which includes some charged amino acids flanking the NAC region. Three distinct helices are present, separated by two flexible stretches. The first two helices are located closer to the micelle surface, whereas the last one seems to penetrate more deeply into the micelle. On the basis of the structural and topological results presented, a possible pathway for the aggregation process is suggested. The structural information described in this work may help to identify the appropriate target to reduce the formation of pathological α‐synuclein aggregation.
Inhibition of neurite initiation and growth by taxol

We cultured sensory neurons from chick embryos in media containing the alkaloid taxol at concentrations from 7 X 10(-9) to 3.5 X 10(-6) M. When plated at taxol concentrations above 7 X 10(-8) M for 24 h, neurons have short broad extensions that do not elongate on the culture substratum. When actively growing neurites are exposed to these levels of taxol, neurite growth stops immediately and does not recommence. The broad processes of neurons cultured 24 h with taxol contain densely packed arrays of microtubules that loop back at the ends of the process. Neurofilaments are segregated from microtubules into bundles and tangled masses in these taxol-treated neurons. At the ends of neurites treated for 5 min with taxol, microtubules also turn and loop back abnormally toward the perikaryon. In the presence of 7 X 10(-9) M taxol neurites do grow, although they are broader and less branched than normally. The neurites of these cells appear to have normal structure except for a large number of microtubules. Taxol probably stimulates microtubule polymerization in these cultured neurons. At high levels of the drug, this action inhibits neurite initiation and outgrowth by removing free tubulin from the cytoplasm and destroying the normal control of microtubule assembly in growing neurites. The rapid inhibition suggests that microtubule assembly may occur at neurite tips. At lower concentrations, taxol may slightly enhance the mechanisms of microtubule assembly in neurons, and this alteration of normal processes changes the morphogenetic properties of the growing neurites.