Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clarification of tomato juice by cross-flow microfiltration

Summary Clarification of fruit and vegetable juice is one of the integrated parts of modern industrial juice processing. This paper describes the clarification of tomato juice through microfiltration process. In this regard, the influence of transmembrane pressure (1, 2 and 3 bar), cross-flow velocity which corresponds with Reynolds number (300, 1500 and 2500) and temperature (30, 40 and 50 °C) on permeate flux and some properties of clarified juice such as colour, turbidity, density, viscosity, pH and total soluble solid have been studied. The results revealed that the investigated parameters had an increasing effect on the permeate flux and colour and the greatest effect on the permeate flux and colour was supplied by cross-flow velocity. The other permeate properties did not significantly change with variations of the operating parameters. Eventually, the statistical analysis indicated that the interactional effect of cross-flow velocity and TMP on the permeate flux was significant.
An investigation of the mineralogical properties of chemical grade chromite minerals

The chemical grade chromite ores are used extensively for the production of sodium chromate. The mineralogical properties, which pose a major limitation in utilising a wide variety of chemical grade chromite ores from different origins, determine the yield of sodium chromate in the soda-ash roasting process. In this paper, the mineralogical properties of chemical grade chromite ores from 5 different countries, namely South Africa, India, Philippines, Indonesia and China are reported. The physical and chemical properties of the chromite ores were investigated using the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) techniques. The results obtained from the X-ray diffraction of phases and their scanning electron microscopic analyses were used for explaining the properties of chemical grade chromite ores. The research is aimed at improving the efficiency of extraction of chromium from chromite minerals from different origins, and thereby reducing the amount of chromium lost in the waste stream after the extraction process.
Evaluation of Storm-Water Impacts on Larviciding Chemicals at Catch Basins for West Nile Virus Control

Methoprene larvicide is a biochemical insect growth regulator used in North America to control the mosquito population. It can be incorporated in clay pellets or chalks and dropped into a catch basin sump. The slow release mechanism of methoprene has the potential to inhibit the growth of mosquito larvae into pupae in the sump and reduce the emergence of adult mosquitoes. As a result, the vector transport of the West Nile virus can be minimized. The main concern is whether or not the methoprene pellets or ingots will remain in a catch basin sump or be flushed during storm events, resulting in ecological impacts on the receiving waters. A full-scale physical model was constructed to investigate the flushing characteristics of methoprene pellets and chalks in a catch basin. It was found that (1) the sump water could provide a cushion against the hydraulic turbulence of inflows and trap the pellets and ingots; (2) flushing of pellets or ingots was more sensitive to the critical inflow magnitude than the time.
Catalytic Cracking of Cycloparaffins Admixed with Olefins: 2. Single-Event Microkinetic (SEMK) Assessment

The developed SEMK model is used to provide an insight into the contribution of individual reactions in the cracking of methylcyclohexane as well as the site coverage by various carbenium ions. The preferred reaction pathways for the conversion of methylcyclohexane are hydride transfer reactions followed by PCP-isomerizations, deprotonation and en- docyclic β-scission, accounting for 61%, 22% and 12% of its disappearance, respectively, at 693 K and 30% conversion of methylcyclohexane. Protolysis plays a minor role in the cracking of methylcyclohexane. Once cyclic diolefins are formed, all of them can be instantaneously transformed to aromatics, which are easily interconverted via disproportionation. Judg- ing from the carbenium ion concentrations it is evident that, at the investigated operating conditions, less than 5% of the acid sites are covered by carbenium ions, less than 2% of which corresponds to cyclic type species including allylic ones.
An effective secondary electron emission suppression treatment for copper MDC electrodes

Untreated oxygen-free, high-conductivity (OFHC) copper, commonly used for MDC electrodes, exhibits relatively high secondary electron emission characteristics. This paper describes a specialized ion-bombardment procedure for texturing copper surfaces which sharply reduces the emission properties relative to untreated copper. The resulting surface is a particle-free, robust, uniformly highly-textured all-metal structure. The use of this process requires no modifications to copper machining, brazing, or other MDC normal fabrication procedures. The flight TWT for a planned NASA deep space probe, the Cassini Mission, will incorporate copper MDC electrodes treated with the method described here. <<ETX>>
EFFECTS OF PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND WATER CONTENT AT COMPACTION ON SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND STRENGTH OF HIGH SAND CONTENT ROOT ZONE MATERIALS

Athletic field root zones are built with high sand content materials primarily to maintain drainage and macroporosity with compaction. However, these materials can also create problems due to their lack of strength. The objective of this study was to develop a better understanding of how particle size distribution and water content at compaction affect the strength and the hydraulic conductivity of high sand content root zones. One sand and one sandy loam textured soil were mixed in various proportions to produce seven mixtures. The sand/soil mixtures were subjected to four tests: standard Proctor compaction test, modified California bearing ratio, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and pore size distribution. The sand/soil mixtures were compacted at three water contents (5%, 9%, 13% kg kg−1) for mixes containing 2%, 5%, 7%, 8% silt + clay and at five water contents (5%, 7%, 9%, 11%, 13% kg kg−1) for mixes containing 10%, 12%, 15%, 19% silt + clay. For mixes containing 10% and 12% silt + clay, compacted at 5% water content, more than 100% increase in strength was observed over sand alone while maintaining hydraulic conductivity values of 19.0 and 8.5 cm h−1, respectively.
MoS2 quantum dot decorated RGO: a designed electrocatalyst with high active site density for the hydrogen evolution reaction

Active, stable and cost-effective electrocatalysts are the key to water splitting for hydrogen production through electrolysis. In this work, we report MoS2 quantum dots (MoS2 QDs) decorated on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) synthesized by a facile sonication method as highly effective electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Compared with MoS2 sheets, the zero-dimensional MoS2 QDs have a defect-rich structure rendering these quantum dots with plentiful active sites, which can further enhance the catalytic activity by a synergistic effect with RGO. Electrochemical experiments demonstrated that the catalyst exhibited large cathode currents (a small overpotential of 64 mV for 10 mA cm−2 current density) and a Tafel slope as small as 63 mV per decade, achieving high stability simultaneously. This work opens up possibilities for preparing non-noble metal electrocatalysts while achieving high HER performance similar to commercial Pt catalysts (Pt/C).
Dynamic Simulation and Control of a Continuous Bioreactor Based on Cell Population Balance Model

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) can exhibit sustained oscillations during the operation in a continuous bioreactor that adversely affects its stability and productivity. Because of heterogeneous nature of cell populations, the cell population balance equation (PBE) can be used to capture the dynamic behavior of such cultures. In this work, an unstructured- segregated model is used for dynamic simulation and controller synthesis. The mathematical model consists of a partial integro-differential equation describing the dynamics of the cell mass distribution (PBE) and an ordinary integro-differential equation accounting for substrate consumption. In order to solve the mathematical model, three methods, finite difference, orthogonal collocation on finite elements and Galerkin finite element are used to approximate the PBE model by a coupled set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Then the resulted ODEs are solved by 4 th order Rung-Kutta method. The results indicated that the orthogonal collocation on finite element not only is able to predict the oscillating behavior of the cell culture but also needs much little time for calculations. Therefore this method is preferred in comparison with other methods. In the next step two controllers, a globally linearizing control (GLC) and a conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller are designed for controlling the total cell mass per unit volume, and performances of these controllers are compared through simulation. The results showed that although the PI controller has simpler structure, the GLC has better performance.
Synthesis and Structure of Polynuclear Indoxanes and Thalloxanes Containing Bulky m-Terphenyl Substituents

Depending on the reaction conditions, the base hydrolysis of (2,6-Mes2C6H3In)2(μ-Cl)2Cl2 (1) in a two-layer system of aqueous NaOH/diethyl ether or toluene afforded 2,6-Mes2C6H3InCl2·H2O (2), (2,6-.
Preparative liquid chromatography

1. Strategies for Successful Preparative Liquid Chromatography (P.D. McDonald, B.A. Bidlingmeyer). Introduction. Planning the Separation. Achieving a Separation. Column Loadability. Scaling up a Separation. Preparative LC Packings and Eluents - Choosing a Separation System. Preparative LC System Configurations. Conclusion. Acknowledgments. References. 2. Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography (J. Sherma, B. Fried). Introduction. Layers for PTLC. Sample Application. Development. Detection of Zones. Removal of Substances from the Layer. Applications of PTLC. Transfer of Results from TLC to Preparative Liquid Chromatography. References. 3. Increasing the Efficiency of Very Large Scale Packed Bed Chromatographic Separations (P.C. Wankat). Introduction. Inefficiencies in Preparative Elution Chromatography. Counter-Current Systems. Simulated Moving Bed Systems. Hybrid Methods: Combine SMB and Elution Chromatography. Other Methods for Large-Scale Chromatography. Acknowledgments. Nomenclature. References. 4. Preparative Liquid Chromatography in the Pharmaceutical Industry (A. Wehrli). Introduction. Major Areas of Preparative LC Application in Pharmaceutical Industry. Chromatographic Systems Used. Apparatus and Examples. Summary. References. 5. Preparative Liquid Chromatography for the Synthetic Chemist (J.K. Whitesell). Introduction. Computer Simulations. The Real World. Practical Matters. References. 6. Biochemical Applications of Preparative Liquid Chromatography (W.S. Hancock, R.L. Prestidge). Introduction. General Requirements for Amino Acid and Polypeptide Separations. Preparative Separations of Amino Acids and Peptides. Use of Reversed Phase Thin Layer Chromatography for the Monitoring of Preparative Separations. Preparative Separations of Proteins. Other Classes of Biochemicals. References. 7. The Direct Preparative Resolution of Enantiomers by Liquid Chromatography on Chiral Stationary Phases (W.H. Pirkle, B.C. Hamper). Introduction. Chromatographic Methods for the Isolation of Enantiomers. Chromatographic Properties of Chiral Stationary Phases (CSPs). CSPs from Naturally Occurring Materials. Synthetic CSPs. Conclusions. Addendum. References. 8. Preparative Size Exclusion Chromatography (G.L. Hagnauer). Introduction. Instrumentation, Columns and Column Packing Materials. General Requirements and Special Techniques. Optimization of the Preparative Separation. Applications. References. Index.
Self-ordering Regimes of Porous Alumina: The 10% Porosity Rule

Transmission electron microscopy analysis of self-ordered porous alumina obtained by electrochemical anodization shows that self-ordering requires a porosity of 10%, independent of the specific anodization conditions. This corresponds to a volume expansion of alumina to aluminum of about 1.2. We propose that self-ordering of porous alumina with any interpore distance is possible if the applied potential, which mainly determines the interpore distance, and the pH value of the electrolyte, which mainly defines the pore radius, match the 10% porosity rule.
On the Multipole Character of the X‐Ray Transitions in the Pre‐Edge Structure of Fe K Absorption Spectra. An Experimental Study

The K absorption edge of pure Fe and the pre-edge Fe K absorption of FeS2 (pyrite), Fe2O3 (hematite), and FeCO3 (siderite) are investigated with single crystal absorbers of these materials using linearly polarized synchrotron X-radiation. From the angular dependence of the pre-edge K absorption the existence of predominantly ligand-field-induced dipole transition in Fe2O3 and of quadrupole transitions in FeCO3 is concluded. The multipole character and the mechanism of the pre-edge K absorption are discussed. Die K-Absorptionskante von reinem Fe und die Fe K-Vorkantenabsorption von FeS2 (Pyrit), Fe2O3 (Hamatit) und FeCO3 (Siderit) werden an einkristallinen Absorbern dieser Materialien mit linear polarisierter Synchrotron-Rontgenstrahlung untersucht. Aus der Winkelabhangigkeit der K-Vorkantenabsorption wird auf das Auftreten von uberwiegend ligandenfeldinduzierten Dipolubergangen im Fe2O3 und von Quadrupolubergangen im FeCO3 geschlossen. Der Multipolcharakter und der Mechanismus der K-Vorkantenabsorption werden diskutiert.
Spin-dependent transport phenomena in organic semiconductors

Thin-film organic semiconductors transport can have an anomalously high sensitivity to low magnetic fields. Such a response is unexpected considering that thermal fluctuation energies are greater than the energy associated with the intrinsic spin of charge carriers at a modest magnetic field of 100 Oe by a factor of more than 10 at room temperature and is still greater by 10 even at liquid helium temperatures. Nevertheless, we report experimental characterization of (1) spin-dependent injection, detection and transport of spin-polarized current through organic semiconductors and (2) the influence of a magnetic field on the spin dynamics of recombination-limited transport. The first focus of this work was accomplished by fabricating basic spinvalve devices consisting of two magnetic layers spatially separated by a nonmagnetic organic semiconductor. The spin-valve effect is a change in electrical resistance due to the magnetizations of the magnetic layers changing from parallel to antiparallel alignment, or vice versa. The conductivities of the metallic contacts and that of the semiconductor differed by many orders of magnitude, which inhibited the injection of a spin-polarized current from the magnet into the nonmagnet. We successfully overcame the problem of conductivity mismatch by inserting ultra-thin tunnel barriers at the metal/semiconductor interfaces which aided in yielding a ∼20% spin-valve effect at liquid helium temperatures and the effect persisted up to 150 K. We built on this achievement by constructing spin valves where one of the metallic contacts was
Biomimetic calcium phosphate coatings: physicochemistry and biological activity

Plasma-sprayed hydroxylapatite coatings on metallic prosthesis significantly increased the success rate of hip arthroplasty, namely from about 90% after 10 years for cemented hip stems to 98% for HA coated ones. Nowadays, the biomimetic approach has received increased interest because of the possible advantages of this route. The physiological conditions of the biomimetic process can broaden the variety of materials to be coated such as heatsensitive or porous implants, and the variety of calcium phosphate phases, including those that are solely stable under mild temperature conditions. In addition, drugs and growth factors can be easily included into such coatings. The aim of this thesis was to accelerate and to optimize the biomimetic process, to study the physicochemistry involved in the formation of calcium phosphate on a heterogeneous substrate, to evaluate the flexibility of the biomimetic route, and finally to investigate the in vitro and in vivo behavior ofthese novel coatings.
Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, and DNA‐Binding Levels of Ammine/Cyclohexylamine Platinum(II) Complexes with Dicarboxylates

Four new ammine/cyclohexylamine platinum(II) complexes with dicarboxylates (a–d) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, conductivity, IR, UV, and 1HNMR spectra techniques. The cytotoxicity of the complexes was tested by MTT assay. The cell cycle analysis and the levels of total platinum bound to DNA were measured by flow cytometry and ICP‐MS. The results show that the cytotoxicity of complexes (a–d) against EJ, HCT‐8, BGC‐823, HL‐60, and MCF‐7 cell lines decreases in the sequence: b>a>c>d. Complexes (a–d) have better cytotoxicity against EJ and HL‐60 and complex (b) demonstrates cytotoxicity superior to that of the clinically established cisplatin. The complexes (a–d) induced a concentration‐dependent accumulation of HL‐60 cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle as cisplatin. The levels of total platinum bound to DNA in HL‐60 and EJ cells decrease in the sequence: b>cisplatin>a>c>d under the same experimental conditions.
Designing a Written Assignment To Promote the Use of Critical Thinking Skills in an Introductory Chemistry Course

This article describes the creation, use, and application of a rubric to a written assignment in order to promote the critical thinking skills of students in an introductory chemistry course. Inquiry-guided instruction was the primary strategy used in the classroom to introduce freshmen to the application of critical thinking skills. The rubric targeted particular cognitive skills. The intellectual standards that define critical thinking are embedded in the rubric. The delineation of a specific rubric provided students with clear goals, allowing them to identify a deficiency without providing the specificity that could potentially hamper the students' critical thinking process. Teachers may use this rubric to foster critical thinking skills over a semester-long assignment.
Energy Conversion: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells First-Principles Modeling of Elementary Processes

Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that directly transform the chemical free energy of combustion (e.g., H2 + O2 and CHx + O2) into electrical energy. The avoidance of a thermal detour guarantees high theoretical efficiency. As far as the temperature regimes are concerned, we distinguish between high temperature ceramic fuel cells, intermediate-temperature fuel cells, and low temperature (i.e., only slightly above room temperature) fuel cells. The high temperature fuel cells are usually based on oxide components (ternary transition metal oxides as cathodes, Ni or Cu cermets as anodes, and acceptor-doped zirconia or ceria as electrolytes). The high temperature necessary for ion conduction (though giving rise to problems concerning materials durability and compatibility) is favorable for the electrode reaction kinetics and additionally allows direct electrochemical conversion of hydrocarbons. Low temperature fuel cells basically rely on the reaction between H2 and O2 and typically use polymeric proton conductors (ionomers) ([1] and references cited there). A major materials challenge is the selection of the
Preparation of high activity Ga and Cu doped ZnS by hydrothermal method for hydrogen production under visible light irradiation

Ga(0.1),Cu(x)-ZnS (x = 0.01, 0.03, 0.05) photocatalysts were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method. The synthesized Ga and Cu codoped ZnS photocatalysts showed photocatalytic property effective for hydrogen production from aqueous solution containing Na2SO3 and Na2S as sacrificial reagent under visible light irradiation. The rate of hydrogen production was found to be strongly dependent on Cu doping content. The highest photocatalytic activity is observed for Ga(0.1),Cu(0.01)-ZnS with hydrogen production rate of 114 µmol/h. The addition of Ga as codoped increased the photocatalytic activity to 58 times as compared to single doped Cu-ZnS. The Ga and Cu codoped ZnS photocatalysts are also stable under long irradiation. The enhancement in the photocatalytic activity of Ga and Cu codoped photocatalyst can be attributed to the synergistic effect between Ga and Cu. The photocatalytic activity was greatly enhanced with the addition of 0.5 wt% Ru as cocatalyst with a hydrogen production rate of 744 µmol/h.
The Politics of Interruptions: Gendered Disruptions of Legislative Speeches

Floor time in legislatures is a valuable commodity that legislators use to gain political capital and electoral beneﬁts. There are well-known political and institutional barriers to participation, but these do not explain gender diﬀerences in access to ﬂoor time. In this paper, we look at the role interruptions play as potential barriers to ﬂoor time. We explore how women strategically react to these barriers, and consider how these reactions ultimately lead to gendered diﬀerences in legislative participation. Our ﬁndings show that diﬀerences in participation across genders are a consequence of rational strategies followed by women who sacriﬁce ﬂoor time in the short term to avoid the long-term consequences of challenging gendered barriers, such as interruptions. We test our argument using original data on legislative speeches from the Ecuadorian Congress between 1988 and 2018.
An Investigation of Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag as a Toxic Waste Solidification/Stabilization Reagent

ABSTRACT This study summarizes an investigation into the performance of different ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS)-based binders in toxic waste solidification/stabilization (S/S). The properties of two real industrial heavy metal wastes solidified/stabilized (S/S) with GGBS-based binders, including conventional ordinary Portland cement (OPC) + GGBS mixes and alkali-activated slag (AAS), were compared with those of wastes treated with conventional S/S systems involving OPC and 50% OPC + 50% pulverized fuel ash (PFA). The S/S wastes properties investigated were unconfined compressive strength (UCS), pore solution chemical composition, and leachability (using a modified version of the ANSI/ANS 16.1). This study showed that despite the higher strength of wastes treated with pure OPC, S/S wastes have variable leachability behavior primarily related to pore solution composition. In fact, leachates generated by ANSI/ANS 16.1 resembled diluted pore solution chemical compositions. The variation in conce.