Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in Tertiary Education: What Explains STEM Participation?

IZA Policy Paper No. 165 OCTOBER 2020 Gender Differences in Tertiary Education: What Explains STEM Participation? 1 The share of women achieving tertiary education has increased rapidly over time and now exceeds that of men in most OECD countries. However, women are severely underrepresented in mathsintensive science fields, which are generally referred to as STEM (science, technology, engineering, and maths). The under-representation of women in these subject areas has received a great deal of attention. This is because these fields are seen to be especially important for productivity and economic growth and are associated with occupations that have higher earnings. Subject of degree is an important part of the explanation for the gender wage gap. The aim of this paper is to review evidence on explanations for the STEM gap in tertiary education. This starts with statistics about background context and evidence on how well-prepared male and female students may be for studying STEM at a later stage. I then discuss what the literature has to say about the role of personal attributes: namely confidence, self-efficacy and competitiveness and the role of preferences and expectations. I go on to discuss features of the educational context thought to be important for influencing attributes and preferences (or mediating their effects): peers; teachers; role models; and curriculum. I then briefly discuss broader cultural influences. I use the literature reviewed to discuss policy implications. JEL Classification: I20, J16
EFFECT OF HOT AIR VELOCITY ON DRYING KINETICS UNDERGOING STR DRYING OF PADDY

Drying characteristics of paddy in STR dryer was studied at three air velocities 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 ms -1 respectively. Drying of paddy occurred in falling rate period. It was observed that duration of drying of paddy from 14.5 to 8 % moisture content (w.b.) was 4–6 h depending upon the source of energy used. In order to select a suitable drying curve five drying models (Exponential, Henderson and Pabis, Page, Logarithmic and Power law) were fitted to the experimental moisture ratio data. Among the mathematical models investigated, Page model best described the drying behaviour of paddy with highest coefficient of determination (r 2 ) values and least chi-square, χ 2 , mean bias error (MBE) and root mean square error (RMSE) values. Among all the drying models, Page model adequately described the drying behaviour of paddy using electrical heating source.
Evaluating Models’ Local Decision Boundaries via Contrast Sets

Standard test sets for supervised learning evaluate in-distribution generalization. Unfortunately, when a dataset has systematic gaps (e.g., annotation artifacts), these evaluations are misleading: a model can learn simple decision rules that perform well on the test set but do not capture the abilities a dataset is intended to test. We propose a more rigorous annotation paradigm for NLP that helps to close systematic gaps in the test data. In particular, after a dataset is constructed, we recommend that the dataset authors manually perturb the test instances in small but meaningful ways that (typically) change the gold label, creating contrast sets. Contrast sets provide a local view of a model’s decision boundary, which can be used to more accurately evaluate a model’s true linguistic capabilities. We demonstrate the efficacy of contrast sets by creating them for 10 diverse NLP datasets (e.g., DROP reading comprehension, UD parsing, and IMDb sentiment analysis). Although our contrast sets are not explicitly adversarial, model performance is significantly lower on them than on the original test sets—up to 25% in some cases. We release our contrast sets as new evaluation benchmarks and encourage future dataset construction efforts to follow similar annotation processes.
Foliar application of plant growth regulators to ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapevine influences leaf age

We hypothesized that phytohormones and essential mineral nutrients influence the duration of leaf photosynthetic activity, fruit production and quality. We used a randomized block design, with four treatments and six replicates. Two commercial products were studied: Stimulate® (Stim), which is composed of a mixture of 0.009% cytokinin [N6-furfuryladenine or kinetin (Kt)], 0.005% auxin [4-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)], and 0.005% gibberellin [gibberellic acid (GA3)], and Hold® (CoMo), which is composed of 2% cobalt and 3% molybdenum. These products were applied alone or in combination at different concentrations as follows: T1 - control, T2 - 1.8 L ha-1 Stim, T3 - 1.8 L ha-1 Stim + 1.0 L ha-1 CoMo, and T4 - 1.8 L h-1 Stim + 1.5 L ha-1 CoMo. The treatments were applied via foliar spraying at three phases: the inflorescence primordial stage (19 days after pruning [DAP]), the point at which the berries were 6 to 8 mm in diameter (49 DAP), and the initiation of berry elongation (56 DAP). We revealed that in semiarid conditions, the grapevines were characterized by evergreen leaves (do not lose their leaves) that maintained their photosynthetic capacity throughout their lifecycles (133 days after sprouting). The application of Stim alone (T2) yielded the maximal net CO2 assimilation rates and increased the carboxylation efficiencies, which indicated that this treatment might improve the photosynthetic output. These effects led to increases in the average mass, total length and width of the clusters per plant and decreased acidity level. Thus, we recommend the application of T2 for grapevines.
THE IDEAL BODY: BODY REPRESENTATION IN SUBJECTIVITY AND CONTEMPORANEITY1 O CORPO IDEAL: REPRESENTAÇÃO DE CORPO NA SUBJETIVIDADE E CONTEMPORANEIDADE EL CUERPO IDEAL: REPRESENTACIÓN DEL CUERPO EN LA SUBJETIVIDAD Y CONTEMPORANEIDAD

This paper, through a bibliographical review, approaches the connection between the subject and the image it has of its body, covering the influence received by the media print media, television and advertising appeals, which contribute to the massification of concepts and values about the body, which is seen as something that can be manipulated or modified, becoming a pole of deep desires and a great object of investment. The cult of the body shows itself as a characteristic of this time and is based on the daily search for physical perfection, being able to overcome any problem and meet any expectation. It also deals with subjectivity in the face of phenomenological and psychoanalytical findings, as well as its fragmentation as a result of the subject divided in contemporaneity. As to the confrontation of the issue, in what refers to the ideal body pattern, possible harm and psychological consequences of a disproportionate search are listed here.
Special Session on Aerosols, Air Quality and Climate Change in the Himalayan Region

Seasonal open biomass burning contributes to significant carbonaceous aerosol loading over South Asia. This study analyzes long-term trends in emissions in two hot spot regions, Myanmar and Punjab, based on data from the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED4s) and Fire INventory (FINN) from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). Our analysis reveals that emissions during active fire seasons increase by approximately 83–106% and 2338–3054% for Punjab and Myanmar, respectively, compared to the estimates of anthropogenic emissions obtained with FINN. We also examine the impact of carbonaceous aerosol from open biomass burning on regional weather by using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) to conduct a year-long simulation of the post-monsoon and pre-monsoon periods when active fires were reported. The results indicate that the carbonaceous aerosol is vertically lofted by as much as 3–5 km into the atmosphere and, rising as high as the 850 hPa level from the surface, disperses horizontally throughout South Asia. Our calculations on the radiative forcing suggest that changes of up to –6.14 W m–2 and –0.50 W m–2, and –42.76 W m–2 and –1.91 W m–2 occur at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere over Punjab and Myanmar, respectively. We also find that carbonaceous aerosol (black carbon + organic carbon), similar to black carbon (BC), reduces the surface temperature, despite the scattering effects of organic carbon (OC). Overall, open biomass burning causes the surface temperature to decrease by 2 K, the relative humidity to increase by 8% and the planetary boundary layer height to change by as much as 600 m. Changes in the precipitation patterns and volume due to the carbonaceous aerosol from open biomass burning, however, are negligible when considering only the direct radiative feedback.
Fisheries-induced Life History Changes in Herring (Clupea harengus)

Fishing changes not only the population abundance of the target species, but also its population dynamics and life-history traits. A number of studies have shown that life history traits related to the timing of maturation can respond quickly to fishing mortality. Because changes in such life-history traits feed back into population dynamics and, consequently, may also affect the yield and thus profitability of a fishery, we need better understand the factors that hasten or hinder such changes. In this study we analyze how fisheries have affected the maturation process of an economically important herring ("Clupea harengus") stock, the North Sea (NSH) herring. The harvest of North Sea herring targets both mature and immature individuals. Life-history theory predicts that under this kind of mortality regime fisheries can be expected to induce an adaptive decrease in the age at maturation. This kind of studies are a critical for testing theoretical predictions, and will facilitate our understanding under which conditions large life history changes can and cannot be expected. Such understanding is needed for evolutionarily enlightened management of marine biodiversity. The results will provide guidance for evolutionarily enlightened management strategies, particularly with respect to fisheries targeting mature and immature individuals differently.
The Impact of Financial Development and Economic Growth on Environmental Quality of Kenya

Of recent times many countries are suffering from environmental problems such as global warming and emission of greenhouse gases. Emissions of carbon dioxide as been recognized as the major contributor to global warming and climate change. This paper examines the long run relationship among the variables environmental quality, financial development and economic growth in Kenya using time series for the period 1970-2019. Autoregressive distributed lag bounds test is used to investigate long run relationship and Granger causality method is used to test for causality among the variables. Empirical results indicate that there is long-run relationship among the variables. Long run results suggest that increases in financial development, lagged CO 2 , energy consumption, population growth, and trade openness significantly worsens environmental quality in Kenya. Natural resources significantly improve environmental quality in Kenya. According to the results the relationship between CO 2 and financial development in Kenya is non-linear suggesting presence of EKC between CO 2 and financial development. The empirical results confirm that the Environmental Kuznets curve does not exist between CO 2 and economic growth in Kenya in the long run. Short-run results also show that financial development, lagged CO 2 , FDI, population growth, and trade openness increase CO 2 emissions while natural resources reduce it. Causality results show unidirectional causality running from financial development to environmental quality and from CO 2 to GDP. According to the findings, there is evidence of neutrality hypothesis between financial development in Kenya and economic growth. Existence of long run relationship suggests that the government of Kenya needs to implement appropriate environmental policies that reduce pollution during economic growth. The government should set policies and guidelines to the financial sector so that the sector offers credit to firms that reduce air pollution. Keywords : Financial development, economic growth, CO 2 , Autoregressive distributed lag model, Kenya JEL Classification: E44, C32, Q43, Q56 DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-12-03 Publication date: June 30th 2020
Using avalanche problems to examine the effect of large-scale atmosphere–ocean oscillations on avalanche hazard in western Canada

Abstract. Numerous large-scale atmosphere–ocean oscillations including the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), the Pacific North American Teleconnection Pattern (PNA), and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) are known to substantially affect winter weather patterns in western Canada. Several studies have examined the effect of these oscillations on avalanche hazard using long-term avalanche activity records from highway avalanche safety programmes. We present a new approach for gaining additional insight into these relationships that uses avalanche problem information published in public avalanche bulletins during the winters of 2010 to 2019. For each avalanche problem type, we calculate seasonal prevalence values for each forecast area, elevation band, and season, which are then included in a series of beta mixed-effects regression models to explore both the overall and regional effects of the Pacific-centered oscillations (POs; including ENSO, PDO, and PNA) and AO on the nature of avalanche hazard in the study area. We find significant negative effects of PO on the prevalence of storm slab avalanche problems, wind slab avalanche problems, and dry loose avalanche problems, which agree reasonably well with the known impacts of PO on winter weather in western Canada. The analysis also reveals a positive relationship between AO and the prevalence of deep persistent slab avalanche problems, particularly in the Rocky Mountains. In addition, we find several smaller-scale patterns that highlight that the avalanche hazard response to these oscillations varies regionally. Even though our study period is short, our study shows that the forecaster judgement included in avalanche problem assessments can add considerable value for these types of analyses. Since the predictability of the most important atmosphere–ocean oscillations is continuously improving, a better understanding of their effect on avalanche hazard can contribute to the development of informative seasonal avalanche forecasts in a relatively simple way.
Tribochemistry and Lubrication of Alkaline Glass Lubricants in Hot Steel Manufacturing

Nowadays, the increasing demand to reduce energy consumption and improve process reliability requires an alternative lubricant with an effective tribological performance and environmentally friendly properties to replace traditional lubricants in hot steel manufacturing. The current work reviews recent comprehensive experimental and theoretical investigations in a new generation of alkaline-based glass lubricants, with phosphate, borate, and silicate being intensively researched. This class of lubricants showed an outstanding friction reduction, anti-wear, and anti-oxidation performance on coupled steel pairs over a wide range of temperatures (from 650 °C to 1000 °C). Each type had different tribochemical reactions within itself and with oxidized steel surfaces, which were largely determined by their chemical nature. In addition, the critical role of each structural component was also determined and corroborated by computational simulation. The theoretical studies at quantum and atomic levels reinforced our experimental findings by providing insights into the reaction mechanism using the static and dynamic simulations of the adsorption of lubricant molecules onto iron oxide surfaces. Additionally, the new reactive molecular dynamics (MD) model developed for alkali phosphate will need to be extended further to consider the realistic operating conditions of these lubricants at the atomic scale.
Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. Pulp Oil Supplementation Reduces Total Cholesterol, LDL-c, and Non-HDL-c in Animals

The fruit of Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. is a source of oil with active compounds that are protective to the organism. In our work, we analyzed the physicochemical characteristics and evaluated the effects of supplementation with C. brasiliense oil in an animal model. We characterized the oil by indices of quality and identity, optical techniques of absorption spectroscopy in the UV–Vis region and fluorescence, and thermogravimetry/derived thermogravimetry (TG/DTG). For the animal experiment, we utilized mice (Mus musculus) supplemented with lipidic source in different dosages. The results demonstrated that C. brasiliense oil is an alternative source for human consumption and presents excellent oxidative stability. Primarily, it exhibited oleic MFA (53.56%) and palmitic SFA (37.78%). The oil level of tocopherols and tocotrienols was superior to the carotenoids. The supplementation with C. brasiliense oil reduced the levels of total cholesterol, LDL-c, and non-HDL-c. Regarding visceral fats and adiposity index, the treatment synergically supplemented with olive oil and C. brasiliense oil (OO + CO) obtained the best result. Therefore, C. brasiliense oil is a high quality product for consumption. Its supplementation promotes beneficial effects mainly on the lipidic profile.
Nitrous Oxide Fuels Blends: Research on premixed Monopropellants at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) since 2014

In 2014 DLR started research activities focused on premixed monopropellants consisting of nitrous oxide and hydrocarbons. Those propellants offer promising characteristics as they are non-toxic, deliver a high Isp consist of components with low cost and could simplify a propulsion system due to self-pressurized operation. Initially DLR chose a mixture of nitrous oxide (N2O) and ethene (C2H4). In the course of the project, a mixture of nitrous oxide and ethane (C2H6) was included to the research activities. The activities are part of DLR’s Future Fuels project and divided into five main parts: 1) investigations of the combustion behavior of the propellant in a rocket combustor, 2) testing and developing of flame arresters, 3) development and reduction of reaction mechanisms, 4) numerical simulations of the combustion process and 5) basic miscibility investigations. The emphasis within the project is on the first three tasks, while the last two tasks are used to widen the knowledge about the
Comparative Study of Total Polyphenol and Antioxidant Activity in Different Forms of Al-Kbous Black Tea

This study aimed to compare total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of different forms of Al-Kbous black tea: teabag (TB), loose tea (LT), and opened teabag (OTB). Total polyphenol content was assessed by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, and DPPH and FRAP assays were used to determine antioxidant activity. The results revealed that TB and OTB have significantly more polyphenol than LT at the 5and 15-minute brewing times. In addition, the data indicated that TB and OTB exhibit significantly greater DPPH radical scavenging activity than LT at all brewing times, while the results of the FRAP assay revealed that TB and LT had significantly greater reducing antioxidant power than OTB at all brewing times. In conclusion, the present results revealed that Al-Kbous black TB brewed for 5-20 minutes produces greater quantities of polyphenol and has either a greater or similar antioxidant capacity in comparison to LT. Additionally, the given results showed no effect on total polyphenol content or the radical scavenging activity of tea extract when prepared by opening the teabag.
Epidemiological Study of Small Ruminant Cryptosporidium Infection in Ziway Dugda District of East Arsi Zone, Ethiopia

This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and intensity of small ruminant Cryptosporidium infection and to investigate the role of potential risk factors associated with the occurrence of the disease in Ziway dugda district of east arsi zone, Ethiopia. Faecal samples were collected from 174 sheep and 210 goats under the age of one year. Samples were analysed using the sheather’s sugar solution flotation technique and Modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining technique. 59 samples were found positive giving an overall prevalence of 15.4%. Significant difference (P<0.05,) was observed in the prevalence of small ruminant Cryptosporidium infection among poor, medium and good body condition animals (p-value=0.004), and in between diarrheic and nondiarrheic animals (p-value=0.002). However, all the risk factors considered in this study had no significant effect (pvalue>0.05) on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection. Regarding the intensity of the infection, 31 samples (8.1%) were scored as “high,” 17 (4.4%) were scored as “moderate,” and 11 (2.9%) were scored as “low,” while the remaining 325 samples (84.6%) were “negative”. The intensity of Cryptosporidium infection is significantly higher in small ruminants having poor body condition (p-value=0.038) and diarrhea (p-value=0.025). This study demonstrated the importance of Cryptosporidium infection in small ruminants less than one year of age and having diarrhea and poor body condition in Ziway dugda district of east arsi zone, Ethiopia.
Multivariate Estimations of Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity From Short Transient Warming Simulations

One of the most used metrics to gauge the effects of climate change is the equilibrium climate sensitivity, defined as the long‐term (equilibrium) temperature increase resulting from instantaneous doubling of atmospheric CO2. Since global climate models cannot be fully equilibrated in practice, extrapolation techniques are used to estimate the equilibrium state from transient warming simulations. Because of the abundance of climate feedbacks—spanning a wide range of temporal scales—it is hard to extract long‐term behavior from short‐time series; predominantly used techniques are only capable of detecting the single most dominant eigenmode, thus hampering their ability to give accurate long‐term estimates. Here, we present an extension to those methods by incorporating data from multiple observables in a multicomponent linear regression model. This way, not only the dominant but also the next‐dominant eigenmodes of the climate system are captured, leading to better long‐term estimates from short, nonequilibrated time series.
LUKE: Deep Contextualized Entity Representations with Entity-aware Self-attention

Entity representations are useful in natural language tasks involving entities. In this paper, we propose new pretrained contextualized representations of words and entities based on the bidirectional transformer. The proposed model treats words and entities in a given text as independent tokens, and outputs contextualized representations of them. Our model is trained using a new pretraining task based on the masked language model of BERT. The task involves predicting randomly masked words and entities in a large entity-annotated corpus retrieved from Wikipedia. We also propose an entity-aware self-attention mechanism that is an extension of the self-attention mechanism of the transformer, and considers the types of tokens (words or entities) when computing attention scores. The proposed model achieves impressive empirical performance on a wide range of entity-related tasks. In particular, it obtains state-of-the-art results on five well-known datasets: Open Entity (entity typing), TACRED (relation classification), CoNLL-2003 (named entity recognition), ReCoRD (cloze-style question answering), and SQuAD 1.1 (extractive question answering). Our source code and pretrained representations are available at this https URL.