Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE BINARY FREQUENCY OF EXTREME SUBDWARFS REVISITED.

Spectroscopic observations of 70 extreme subdwarfs, obtained over a 4-yr period with the 1.8-m telescope at Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, are presented in tables and analyzed statistically along with the data reported by Abt and Levy (AL; 1969) and Crampton and Hartwick (CH; 1972). The data-reduction procedures and statistical techniques employed are explained, and significance limits are established by performing similar analyses for known binary stars. For a subsample of 46 subdwarfs with at least three observations spanning 100 d or more, a binary-frequency lower limit of 20-30 percent and a semiamplitude limit of about 14 km/s are determined, with similar frequencies for a set of 12 subdwarfs with Fe/H less than -1.5 and for the samples of AL and CH. The reasons for the discrepancy between these findings and the low frequencies (0-15 percent) calculated by AL and CH are examined, and a list of binary candidates for observation is provided.
Laser excitation dynamics of argon metastables generated in atmospheric pressure flows by microwave frequency microplasma arrays

The optically pumped rare-gas metastable laser is a chemically inert analogue to diode-pumped alkali (DPAL) and alkali-exciplex (XPAL) laser systems. Scaling of these devices requires efficient generation of electronically excited metastable atoms in a continuous-wave electric discharge in flowing gas mixtures at atmospheric pressure. This paper describes initial investigations of the use of linear microwave micro-discharge arrays to generate metastable rare-gas atoms at atmospheric pressure in optical pump-and-probe experiments for laser development. Power requirements to ignite and sustain the plasma at 1 atm are low, <30 W. We report on the laser excitation dynamics of argon metastables, Ar (4s, 1s5) (Paschen notation), generated in flowing mixtures of Ar and He at 1 atm. Tunable diode laser absorption measurements indicate Ar(1s5) concentrations near 3 × 1012 cm-3 at 1 atm. The metastables are optically pumped by absorption of a focused beam from a continuous-wave Ti:S laser, and spectrally selected fluorescence is observed with an InGaAs camera and an InGaAs array spectrometer. We observe the optical excitation of the 1s5→2p9 transition at 811.5 nm and the corresponding laser-induced fluorescence on the 2p10→1s5 transition at 912.3 nm; the 2p10 state is efficiently populated by collisional energy transfer from 2p9. Using tunable diode laser absorption/gain spectroscopy, we observe small-signal gains of ~1 cm-1 over a 1.9 cm path. We also observe stable, continuous-wave laser oscillation at 912.3 nm, with preliminary optical efficiency ~55%. These results are consistent with efficient collisional coupling within the Ar(4s) manifold.
Negative differential conductance in planar one-dimensional/zero-dimensional/one-dimensional GaAs/AlGaAs structures

By using high-resolution electron beam lithography and wet etching, we have fabricated semiconducting islands between quantum wires from GaAs/AlGaAs modulation-doped heterostructures. The zero-dimensional islands were realized by displacing a 180 nm section at the center of a 1 μm long and 180 nm wide straight wire in well-controlled steps perpendicular to the wire direction. The narrow connections between the island and the wires introduce potential barriers. Finite bias voltages applied between the source and the drain of the electron waveguide structures permit to observe negative differential conductance, which is interpreted in terms of resonant tunneling of electrons through the barriers. Furthermore, we observe Coulomb blockade oscillations in the differential conductance of the structures.
Metastable states during magnetization reversal in square permalloy rings.

Cornell Nanofabrication Facility, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853~Received 12 November 2002; revised manuscript received 12 February 2003; published 28 April 2003! The magnetic reversal process in a two-dimensional array of permalloy square rings is presented. Rings ofthickness of 25 nm, of lateral size of 2.1 mm, and with ring width of 240 nm were microfabricated usingelectron-beam lithography and lift-off techniques. Analysis of the diffracted magneto-optical Kerr effect hys-teresis loops, magnetic force microscopy images, and micromagnetic simulations show that the magnetizationreversal path depends on the direction of the in-plane applied magnetic ﬁeld. On reducing the ﬁeld fromsaturation, for ﬁelds along an edge or a diagonal of the square, the ‘‘onion’’ state is the stable state atremanence. In a narrow ﬁeld range around reversal we ﬁnd that the reversal occurs via a metastable interme-diate state. For ﬁelds along the diagonal this intermediate state is a magnetic vortex. When the ﬁeld is appliedalong an edge direction the intermediate state is a ‘‘horseshoe’’ state.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.67. 134429 PACS number~s! : 75.75. 1a, 75.60. Jk, 78.20. LsINTRODUCTION
Micron-Scale Deep Hole Drilling for Beryllium Capsule Fill Applications

Abstract A laser processing system has been developed to drill high aspect ratio holes through the impermeable beryllium capsules envisioned for ignition shots on NIF. The drilling system was designed to produce holes with an entrance and exit diameter of approximately 5 μm through the full 175 μm thickness of the capsule. To meet these requirements, a frequency doubled femtosecond-class Ti:Sapphire laser is directed through a high numerical aperture lens to provide the spot geometry needed to drill the hole. The laser pulse is confined by the metallic walls of the hole, thereby maintaining the diameter of the channel well beyond the Rayleigh range of the optical system. Presented is the current state of this work-in-progress, including descriptions of the device and the technique used to produce the holes. The various means of characterizing the laser-drilled channels are also discussed.
The hyperbolic distribution of particle sizes

Many natural collections of small particles, such as cosmic and terrestrial dust, mineral and organic particles suspended in sea water, and fine sediments, have a size distribution well formulated by the equation N = Kx−c, where N is the number of particles larger than size x and K and c are constants. A number of equations are derived for calculating the interesting parameters characterizing hyperbolic distribution, which are illustrated by new Coulter Counter measurements of dust and sea water. An appendix lists useful equations, generalized for different size parameters.
Preoperative Function Assessment of Ex Vivo Kidneys with Supervised Machine Learning Based on Blood and Urine Markers Measured during Normothermic Machine Perfusion

Establishing an objective quality assessment of an organ prior to transplantation can help prevent unnecessary discard of the organ and reduce the probability of functional failure. In this regard, normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) offers new possibilities for organ evaluation. However, to date, few studies have addressed the identification of markers and analytical tools to determine graft quality. In this study, function and injury markers were measured in blood and urine during NMP of 26 porcine kidneys and correlated with ex vivo inulin clearance behavior. Significant differentiation of kidneys according to their function could be achieved by oxygen consumption, oxygen delivery, renal blood flow, arterial pressure, intrarenal resistance, kidney temperature, relative urea concentration, and urine production. In addition, classifications were accomplished with supervised learning methods and histological analysis to predict renal function ex vivo. Classificators (support vector machines, k-nearest-neighbor, logistic regression and naive bayes) based on relevant markers in urine and blood achieved 75% and 83% accuracy in the validation and test set, respectively. A correlation between histological damage and function could not be detected. The measurement of blood and urine markers provides information of preoperative renal quality, which can used in future to establish an objective quality assessment.
Ice Particles Observed in a Cirriform Cloud at

Abstract Mesurements obtained in a thin, cirriform cloud that formed in the temperature range of −83° to −84°C and an altitude range at 16.2 to 16.7 km are presented. Implications of the results for particle generation in polar stratospheric clouds developing with similar conditions are discussed.
A WSR-88D Radar View of Tropical Cyclone Ed

Abstract The Guam WSR-88D (Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler) Doppler radar collected reflectivity, Doppler radial velocity, and other information for Supertyphoon Ed as it traversed the northern sections of Guam as a minimal tropical storm on 30 September 1993. This was the first-ever recorded passage of a tropical cyclone over a Next Generation Weather Radar WSR-88D Doppler radar site. Reflectivity data provided valuable information about the location of a precipitation-free “eye,” while radial velocity data provided useful information about tropical cyclone wind center location and strength. The velocity data also provided a 3-h lead time to upgrade the tropical cyclone to tropical storm intensity prior to landfall. Forecasters at Andersen Air Force Base used this information to give what turned out to be a very accurate short-range forecast of a brief period of gales with maximum gusts to 26 m s−1. Land-based surface wind observations correlated extremely well with 75%–80% of the 1500-m radial v.
Permeability and effective porosity of porous media

Department of Physics, University of Jyva ¨skyla, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40351 Jyvaskyla, Finland~Received 4 December 1996! The concept of permeability of porous media is discussed, and a modiﬁcation of Kozeny’s permeabilityequation to include the effect of effective porosity is introduced. An analytical expression for the speciﬁcsurface area of a system constructed of randomly placed identical obstacles with unrestricted overlap isderived, and a lattice-gas cellular automaton method is then used to simulate the dependence on porosity ofpermeability, tortuosity, and effective porosity for a ﬂow of Newtonian uncompressible ﬂuid in this two-dimensional porous substance. The simulated permeabilities can well be explained by the concept of effectiveporosity, and the exact form of the speciﬁc surface area. The critical exponent of the permeability near thepercolation threshold is also determined from the simulations. @S1063-651X~97! 11109-6#PACS number~s! : 47.55. Mh, 47.15. 2xI. INTRODUCTION
Energy cost modeling for high speed hard turning

This study presented an empirical study to model the cost of the energy for high speed hard turning. A set of experimental machining data to cut hard AISI 4340 steel was obtained with a different range of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut with negative rake angle. Regression models were developed by using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) as one of Respond Surface Methodology (RSM) collections. Neural network technique was deployed using MATLAB to predict the energy as a part of the artificial intelligent methods. The data collected was statistically analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique. Second order energy prediction models were developed by using (RSM) then the measured data were used to train the neural network models. A comparison of neural network models with regression models is also carried out. Predictive Box-Behnken models are found to be capable of better predictions for energy within the range of the design boundary
APPLICATION OF THREE SOUND SCATTERING MODELS TO THREADFIN SHAD (DOROSOMA PETENENSE)

Three sound scattering models [T. K. Stanton, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86, 691–705 (1989), C. S. Clay, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 89, 2168–2179 (1991), and C. S. Clay and J. Horne, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96, 1661–1668 (1994)] were used to model backscatter measurements from individual threadfin shad. Thirty three threadfin shad from Lake Norman, North Carolina were insonified at 120, 200, and 420 kHz to determine acoustic backscattering cross sections. The measurements covered the range of fish total length (TL) over acoustic wavelength (λ) of 4<TL/λ<25. The finite bent cylinder and low‐resolution acoustic scattering models require conversion of fish body and swimbladder morphology to equivalent cylindrical parameters. There appears to be a direct relationship between fish morphology and cylindrical parameters. The ray‐mode model uses the actual morphology of the swimbladder and body. Probability density functions (PDF’s) from the same fish at 120 and 420 kHz support the idea that knowledge of fish orientation in the fi.
X-Ray Emission from Optically Selected Galaxy Groups

We use the ROSAT All Sky Survey to compute X-ray luminosities for an optically selected sample of 32 galaxy groups. The groups were identified by an objective algorithm as three-dimensional density enhancements in the magnitude-limited Center for Astrophysics Redshift Survey. The sample of groups includes five poor Abell clusters. We use the optical galaxy positions to limit the sky area in which we search for the faint, extended X-ray emission from the groups. Nine of the groups have significant diffuse X-ray emission, with 0.5-2.0 keV luminosities in the range 0.12-1.6 h-2 × 1043 ergs s-1, where we use h = H0/(50 km s-1 Mpc-1). Among these nine groups, only three are Abell clusters. For the remaining 23 systems we compute 3 σ upper limits. The relationship between the X-ray luminosities and the radial velocity dispersions differs significantly from that for rich clusters. We find L ∝ σ1. 56 ± 0.25, whereas L ~σ4. This shallow slope is consistent with models in which intragroup gas concentrated around individual galaxies makes a substantial contribution to the extended X-ray emission. Previous work suggests that in this case LX ∝ σ1.6. The X-ray/optical luminosity relationship for these systems is LX ∝ L, physically consistent with the shallow LX - σ relation. There is some correlation (Kendall's τ = 0.4, P = 0.1) between the fraction of member ellipticals and LX.
A Composite Study of Comma Clouds and their Association with Severe Weather over the Great Plains

Abstract Sixty-eight comma-cloud systems over the Great Plains during two spring seasons were examined using satellite imagery and rawinsonde data. Composite soundings were produced for each of ten distinct parts of the comma cloud in order to describe quantitatively the atmospheric structure associated with wave cyclones that produced 585 severe weather events. Composite sectionals and soundings document the different kinematic and thermodynamic environment of each part of the comma-cloud system. Relative-wind, isentropic analyses show air flow relative to the storm and provide additional evidence that the clear region intruding northward east of the cyclone center is an area of strong ascent of dry air with a previous history of subsidence. Stability computations from the mean soundings suggest that the most likely location for severe weather is near the central part of the comma tail, in agreement with the tabulated severe weather reports. A case study from 21–22 March 1981 is conducted to investigate .
A Parameter-Free Elicitation of the Probability Weighting Function in Medical Decision Analysis

An important reason why people violate expected utility theory is probability weighting. Previous studies on the probability weighting function typically assume a specific parametric form, exclude heterogeneity in individual preferences, and exclusively consider monetary decision making. This study presents a method to elicit the probability weighting function in rank-dependent expected utility theory that makes no prior assumptions about the functional form of the probability weighting function. We use both aggregate and individual subject data, thereby allowing for heterogeneity of individual preferences, and we examine probability weighting in a new domain, medical decision making. There is significant evidence of probability weighting both at the aggregate and at the individual subject level. The modal probability weighting function is inverse S-shaped, displaying both lower subadditivity and upper subadditivity. Probability weighting is in particular relevant at the boundaries of the unit interval. Compared to studies involving monetary outcomes, we generally find more elevation of the probability weighting function. The robustness of the empirical findings on probability weighting indicates its importance. Ignoring probability weighting in modeling decision under risk and in utility measurement is likely to lead to descriptively invalid theories and distorted elicitations.
The contribution of the saddle point mechanism to the total ionization cross section in slow atomic collisions

Approximation analytic expressions for the total ionization cross section for H+-H and He2+-H collisions are obtained within the framework of the theory of non-adiabatic transitions in slow atomic collisions. Theoretical predictions for the cross section of the saddle point mechanism are presented. It is shown that this ionization channel contributes significantly to the total ionization. For both collision systems the calculated total ionization cross section agrees well with experimental data obtained by Shah et al. (1987).
Modeling Compositional Time Series with Vector Autoregressive Models

Multivariate time series describing relative contributions to a total (like proportional data) are called compositional time series. They need to be transformed first to the usual Euclidean geometry before a time series model is fitted. It is shown how an appropriate transformation can be chosen, resulting in coordinates with respect to the Aitchison geometry of compositional data. Using vector autoregressive models, the standard approach based on raw data is compared with the compositional approach based on transformed data. The results from the compositional approach are consistent with the relative nature of the observations, while the analysis of the raw data leads to several inconsistencies and artifacts. The compositional approach is extended to the case when also the total of the compositional parts is of interest. Moreover, a concise methodology for an interpretation of the coordinates in the transformed space together with the corresponding statistical inference (like hypotheses testing) is provided. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlling a Stochastic Process with Unknown Parameters

The problem of controlling a stochastic process, with unknown parameters over an infinite horizon, with discounting is considered. Agents express beliefs about unknown parameters in terms of distributions. Under general conditions, the sequence of beliefs converges to a limit distribution. The limit distribution may or may not be concentrated at the true parameter value. In some cases, complete learning is optimal; in others, the optimal strategy does not imply complete learning. The paper concludes with examination of some special cases and a discussion of a procedure for generating examples in which incomplete learning is optimal. Copyright 1988 by The Econometric Society.
EPR studies of defects in electron-irradiated silicon: A triplet state of vacancy-oxygen complexes

Three new EPR spectra (Si-A14, -A15, and -A16) and two previously known spectra (Si-P2 and -P4) are observed for the first time in electron-irradiated silicon. The microscopic defect models are established as multivacancy-oxygen complexes with the oxygen(s) in Si-O-Si structure inside the vacancy chain: a (divacancy plus oxygen) for Si-A14, a (divacancy plus two oxygen) for Si-P2, a (trivacancy plus oxygen) for Si-P4, a (trivacancy plus two oxygen) for Si-P5, and a (trivacancy plus three oxygen) for Si-A15. The number of vacancies in the chain is determined from the zero-field fine structure and the number of oxygens from the evolutionary kinetics, with the g tensor, /sup 29/Si hyperfine structure, and stress response providing strong supportive evidence. It is emphasized that some of these oxygen-dependent defects play an important role as trapping centers for other point defects. (AIP)
Mapping gravity waves and turbulence in the stratosphere using satellite measurements of stellar scintillation

If stellar light passed through the atmosphere is measured on board a satellite with a high-frequency device, the stellar flux exhibits fluctuations that may exceed the mean value by several hundred per cent. This effect is called scintillation. Stellar scintillations are caused by air density irregularities generated mainly by internal gravity waves (GWs) and turbulence. Exploitation of stellar scintillation is a new approach in studying small-scale air density irregularities in the stratosphere. In this paper, we explain the methodology for reconstructing GW and turbulence spectra parameters from scintillation measurements. The analysis is based on fitting the modeled scintillation spectra to the measured ones. We use a two-component spectral model of air density irregularities: the first anisotropic component corresponds to the GW spectrum, while the second one describes locally isotropic turbulence resulting from GW breaking and other instabilities. The retrieval of GW and turbulence spectra parameters—structure characteristics, inner and outer scales of the GW component—is based on the maximum-likelihood method. We review the main results of analyses of the scintillation measurements by GOMOS fast photometers on board the Envisat satellite and discuss the global distributions of turbulence structure characteristic CT2 in the stratosphere, at altitudes of 30–50 km.
A Theory of D-E Hysteresis Loop Based on the Avrami Model

The D - E hysteresis loop of ferroelectrics is theoretically studied on the basis of the extended Avrami theory. If the sideway velocity depends only on the instant value of the applied field, the volume fraction of the reversed area is expressed as q ( E )=1-exp (- f - d Φ( E )), where f and d are, respectively, the frequency of the applied field and the growth dimension of domains, and Φ is a function of E . This result is obtained irrespective of the waveform of the applied field and the field dependence of the sideway velocity, if the nucleation event is deterministic. For the stochastic nucleation due to thermal fluctuation, on the other hand, the above result is modified as q ( E )=1-exp (- f -( d +1) Φ( E )). The effect of the delay of wall motion is also discussed.
Transcendence of Numbers with a Low Complexity Expansion

Abstract A sequence is Sturmian if it has complexity n + l −1, that is, n + l −1 factors of length n for every n ; we show that real numbers whose expansion in some base k ⩾ l is Sturmian are transcendental, and give explicit expressions for these numbers. We then generalize the transcendence property to other sequences of low complexity, particularly the Arnoux–Rauzy sequences.
Stratiform cloud formation in the marine boundary layer

Abstract Observations of stratiform clouds in a region several hundred kilometers west of the southern California coast were made from the NCAR Electra research aircraft in the summer of 1987 during the First ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) Regional Experiment (FIRE). Examples are shown of how heating or cooling of air by the sea and the evaporation of precipitation affect the stability of the temperature profile above the surface layer, which in turn affects the vertical moisture transports and the resulting cloud formation. We expect that sea-surface heating leads to the formation of stratus layers, while sea-surface cooling or cooling from evaporation of precipitation may produce fields of cumuli. The observations lead to a conceptual model of the life cycle of a stratus layer, starting as a thin, rather homogeneous layer, which grows and becomes patchy with time, produces precipitation, followed by formation of small cumuli below, and finally disintegrates, leaving a field of.