Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bank Capitalization Heterogeneity and Monetary Policy

This paper shows that heterogeneity in bank capitalization rates plays a crucial role in the transmission of monetary policy to bank lending. First, I offer new empirical evidence on the dependence of bank lending responses to monetary policy shocks on their capitalization rates. Highly-capitalized banks reduce their lending more after a monetary tightening, even after controlling for bank liquidity, size, and market power in the deposit market. I also document that highly capitalized banks have a riskier portfolio, as measured by loan charge-off rates, and default rates on their loans increase relatively more after a tightening in monetary policy. I then construct a dynamic macroeconomic model that rationalizes the empirical evidence through the interaction of heterogeneous recovery technologies of banks facing a risk-weighted capital constraint. In particular, after an increase in the policy rate, the model predicts that loan rates and default probabilities increase in both sectors. Higher-capitalized banks with a riskier portfolio are more sensitive because the risk-weighted capital constraint affects them more, so they contract lending more. In a counterfactual analysis, I find higher capital requirements amplify the effects of monetary policy. *I owe my sincere gratitude to my advisors Jaroslav Borovicka, Simon Gilchrist, and Ricardo Lagos for invaluable guidance, encouragement, inspirational mentoring, and support throughout this project. This paper has greatly benefited from discussions with Jorge Abad, Milena Almagro, Jose Berrospedi, Saki Bigio, Corina Boar, Carlos Burga, Matias Covarrubias, Dean Corbae, Josue Cox, Tomas Dominguez-Iino, Vadim Elenev, Mark Gertler, German Gutierrez, Gazi Kara, Nobuhiro Kiyotaki, Simone Lenzu, Sydney Ludvigson, Elena Manresa, Virgiliu Midrigan, Galo Nuno, Pablo Ottonello, Daniel Paravisini, Diego Perez, Rafael Repullo, Phillipp Schnabl, Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh, Venky Venkateswaran, Olivier Wang, and Christian Wolf. I owe special thanks to seminar participants at NYU macro lunch, and the ITAM Alumni Conference for their comments and suggestions. Any errors or omissions are my own. Department of Economics, New York University. Email: peterpaz@nyu.edu
The Field-Dependent Magnetization of d5–d7 Metal β−Diketonate Complexes and Their Macromolecular Polymers

A vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) has been used to study the field-dependent magnetization, M(H), of the d5−d7 metal acetates [M(OAc)2.nH2O], metal β−diketonate complexes [M(tba)2(H2O)2] and the macromolecular polymers [M(tba)2(4,4-bipy)]n (where, M = Mn(II), Fe(II), and Co(II), OAc = O2CCH3, tba = deprotonated 3-benzoyl-1.1.1-trifluoroacetone, and 4,4-bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine). The magnetic field strength (H) was applied in the range of 0−104 Oe at ambient temperature (ca. 23°C). The experimental results showed that the d5−d7 metal acetate, complexes and polymers exhibit low paramagnetic properties excepting [Fe(tba)2(4,4-bipy)]n polymer, which had negative magnetization M(emu/g) showing diamagnetic properties in the range 0−104 Oe. The magnetization was almost equal to zero without an applied magnetic field (H(Oe)) for each d5−d7 metal acetate, complex, and polymer. The linear M(H) curve had a magnetic saturation for iron and manganese acetate species at the magnetic field strengths of 3.1 × 103 and 4.7 × 103 Oe, respectively. The external magnetic field reached 9.0 × 103 Oe without any saturation magnetization for the cobalt compounds. The coordination effect of 3-benzoyl-1.1.1-trifluoroacetone (H-tba) and 4,4′-bipyridine (4,4′-bipy) ligands on the field-dependent magnetization M(H) and paramagnetic behavior of d5−d7 metal atoms is discussed. The field-dependent magnetization M(H) curves of metal β−diketonate complexes and the polymers including d5−d7 metal acetates showed a weak field octahedral geometry.
Determination of the Principal Volatile Compounds of Turkish Raki

ABSTRACT J. Inst. Brew. 113(3), 302–309, 2007 Turkish Raki is a type of traditional aniseed spirit produced in different areas of Turkey. The amounts and the repartition of the alcoholic fermentation products (fusel alcohols, esters, and alde-hydes) are mainly responsible for the flavours and quality of the spirit. Previous studies have been carried out on the quantifica-tion of the volatiles of the different aniseed spirits using GC and GC-MS. In this study of 20 different commercial brands of bottled Raki and 5 homemade Turkish Raki products, the major volatiles and methanol were determined using direct injection with GC-MS. SPME extraction was also used as a confirmation method for the separation of Raki volatiles. Eight different sub-stances were successfully identified using SPME extraction. The results indicated that some homemade Turkish Raki products from the different regions contained slightly higher concentra-tions of the most studied compounds. The toxic compound methanol was detected only at a level far below the acceptable legal limit.
Modeling of the Strain Rate Contribution to the Flame Surface Density Transport for Non-Unity Lewis Number Flames in Large Eddy Simulations

The strain rate contribution in the generalized flame surface density (FSD) transport equation remains a leading order unclosed source term, which plays a pivotal role in the modeling of transport for all filter widths in the context of large eddy simulations (LES). To date, most FSD-based closures have been proposed for flames without differential diffusion effects of heat and mass, characterized by a global Lewis number equal to unity (i.e., ). The effects of differential diffusion arising due to non-unity Lewis number on the FSD transport have rarely been analyzed in existing literature. In the present analysis, the statistical behaviors of the strain rate term of the FSD transport equation have been analyzed using a DNS database of freely propagating statistically planar turbulent premixed flames with a global Lewis number ranging from 0.34 to 1.2 (i.e., = 0.34–1.2). The FSD strain rate term has been split into components originating from the gradients of Favre-filtered velocity components (i.e., ), strain rate contribution due to chemical heat release (i.e., ) and sub-grid processes (i.e., ). The contributions of and assume positive values throughout the flame brush for all values of . The performances of the existing models for and have been assessed for flames with different values of global Lewis number . The contribution of remains positive throughout the flame brush for the = 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 flames but the variation of towards the burned gas side of the flame brush for the flame remains qualitatively different in comparison to the other cases considered here. The effects of on the local alignment of reaction progress variable gradient with principal strain rates are responsible for the observed influences of Lewis number on the sub-grid strain rate term . The existing models have been found to be inadequate for the purpose of capturing the qualitative behaviors of the sub-grid strain rate term for flames. Here a new model has been proposed based on a-priori analysis of explicitly filtered DNS data, which has been demonstrated to capture both the qualitative and quantitative behaviors of for all values of for flames with ranging from 0.34 to 1.2.
Nitrification with High Nitrite Accumulation for the Treatment of “Old” Landfill Leachates

“Old” leachates are generally difficult of access to conventional biological and physicochemical nitrogen removal processes due to high-strength ammonium, recalcitrant carbon source, and strong buffering capability. The new processes based on partial nitrification of ammonium to nitrite coupling with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) are considered a promising option for treating “old” leachates and stable nitrite accumulation is the prerequisite step. Many studies have been conducted on the nitrite-type nitrification process, but few relative investigations were reported on the treatment of “old” leachates in the literature. In this research, temperature, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were selected as operational variables to study the possibility of stable nitrite-type nitrification from “aged” leachates without pH adjustment. The experimental results showed that satisfactory nitritation (nitrite-type nitrification) performance could be easily achieved for the treatment .
Structure and Kinetics of Gas Hydrates from Methane/Ethane/Propane Mixtures Relevant to the Design of Natural Gas Hydrate Storage and Transport Facilities

The kinetics of gas hydrate growth from binary CH4/C2H6 and CH4/C3H8 and ternary CH4/C2H6/C3H8 gas mixtures were obtained by the gas uptake method in a semibatch stirred vessel at constant pressure and a temperature of 273.7 K. These data are of interest for the design of facilities for natural gas storage and transportation in the solid (hydrate) state. During hydrate formation, samples from the gas phase were taken and analyzed by gas chromatography. It was found that the molar composition of CH4 in the vapor phase increased as hydrate crystallization progressed. The observed fractionation effect (enrichment of the hydrate phase with propane) complicates the natural gas storage process. The fractionation effect was also confirmed with molecular-level studies where hydrate from the CH4/C2H6/ C3H8 gas mixture was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), NMR, and Raman spectroscopy. The hydrate phase composition and cage occupancy of each gas were calculated with the help of information obtained by Raman spectroscopy, gas chromatography, and PXRD. The results were consistent with those obtained by NMR. The composition of the gas phase and the hydrate are found to
Analysis of the Pollutant Formation in the FLOX® Combustion

FLOX®, or flameless combustion is characterized by ultralow NO x emissions. Therefore the potential for its implementation in gas turbine combustors is investigated in recent research activities. The major concern of the present paper is the numerical simulation of flow and combustion in a FLOX®-combustor [Wunning, J. A. , and Wunning, J. G. , 1997, "Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, " 23, pp. 81―94; Patent EP 0463218] at high pressure operating conditions with emphasis on the pollutant formation. FLOX®-combustion is a highly turbulent and high-velocity combustion process, which is strongly dominated by turbulent mixing and chemical nonequilibrium effects. By this means the thermal nitric oxide formation is reduced to a minimum, because even in the nonpremixed case the maximum combustion temperature does not or rather slightly exceeds the adiabatic flame temperature of the global mixture due to almost perfectly mixed reactants prior to combustion. In a turbulent flow, the key aspects of a combustion model are twofold: (i) chemistry and (ii) turbulence/chemistry interaction. In the FLOX®-combustion we find that both physical mechanisms are of equal importance. Throughout our simulations we use the complex finite rate chemistry scheme GRI3,0 for methane and a simple partially stirred reactor (PaSR) model to account for the turbulence effect on the combustion. The computational results agree well with experimental data obtained in DLR test facilities. For a pressure level of 20 bar, a burner load of 417 kW and an air to fuel ratio of λ = 2.16 computational results are presented and compared with experimental data.
THIN LAYER SOLAR DRYING OF SOME VEGETABLES

In this study, a solar cabinet dryer consisting of a solar air heater and a drying cabinet, was used in drying experiments. Pumpkin, green pepper, stuffed pepper, green bean, and onion were dried in thin layers. Three different drying air velocities were applied to the process of drying to determine their effects on drying time. Fresh materials were dried by a natural sun drying method. In order to explain drying curves of these products different moisture ratio models were performed and evaluated based on their determination coefficients (R2). Our results revealed that drying air temperature could increase up to about 46°C. Drying air velocity had an important effect on drying process. Drying time changed between 30.29 and 90.43 hours for different vegetables by the solar drying. This drying time was between 48.59 and 121.81 hours for the natural sun drying. Drying curves could be explained by determined thin layer drying models satisfactorily with very high determination coeffcients.
The Countenance of Educational Evaluation

Dr. Stake, who is Associate Director of CIRCE (Center for Instructional Research and Curriculum Evaluation) at Illinois, here takes an innovative and suggestive approach to the problem of formal evaluation. He offers a conceptual background for developing a plan of evaluation of educational programs rather than educational products; and, in doing so, he makes the significant point that "the two basic acts of evaluation" are description and judgment, both of which are essential if educational pro-grams are to be understood. Drawing attention to the need for data banks documenting information on antecedent conditions, transactions, and intents—as well as "goals" and "objectives"—he makes, we believe, an invaluable contribution to the clarification of guidelines and the rational choice of programs for public schools.
Transient multiphase model for the high-temperature thermal treatment of wood

The hygrothermal behavior of wood at high temperature is analyzed, taking into account all the phases present such as wood, liquid water in free and bound forms, and water vapor. The moisture transport phenomenon includes water vapor convection and diffusion along with capillary water convection in the pores of the particle as well as bound water diffusion in the solid wood. Local thermodynamic equilibrium is assumed, which is represented by a sorption isotherm that relates the moisture contents in the solid and gas phases. The equations of the model were solved numerically using the commercial software Femlab® for the temperature and the moisture content profiles. The mathematical model predictions were compared with the experimental data and a reasonably good agreement was obtained. A parametric study was also carried out to determine the effects of several parameters such as heating rate, initial moisture content, and the sample thickness on the temperature and moisture content distributions within the samples during heat treatment. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Movimento de nitrato proveniente de água residuária em colunas de solos

The present work was accomplished seeking the evaluation of the movement of the nitrate (N-NO-3) originated from freezer residual waters in soil columns. For the experiment two soil types were used, one of loamy texture and another of sandy texture, respectively areas from Medianeira and Umuarama, Parana - Brazil. Four columns of PVC, of 500 mm of length and 75 mm of diameter, were mounted and filled out with the soils, with and without limestone (80% CaCO2). In the columns, after saturation with CaCl2 0,01 M, was maintained in the superior part, through flask of Mariotte, a sheet of 100 mm of residual water which allowed a displaced fluid in a total of 2.5 times the total volume of pores (Vp). It was collected for each column a total of 100 samples of the percolated effluent and it was analyzed 20 samples in an interval of each 5 samples. It was analyzed pH values, electric conductivity (CE) and concentrations of nitrate. The results of this study showed an elevation in the rate of nitrate over the initial concentration CO, for all the percolated effluent in the soils, being these values more accentuated for the column of sandy soil with limestone. The limestone addition induced a predisposition lixiviation of the nitrate and also a smaller decrease in the pH of the leached. The sandy soil, independently of the limestone, presented a larger lixiviation of total salts and of nitrate.
Models for calculating daily global solar radiation from air temperature in humid regions—A case study

Solar radiation is an important parameter for the proper design of solar energy conversion devices and building energy systems. As air temperature is readily available at most meteorological stations, the models based on air temperature for estimating solar radiation are more attractive and practical. To improve the air temperature‐based models' performance in humid regions, the effects of seasonality and relative humidity are introduced to (Hargreaves and Samani [1982]: Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division 108, 225–230) and (Bristow and Campbell (BC) [1984]: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 31, 159–166) correlations, and thus six candidate models are proposed in this article. These models are tested at Guangzhou station in China with humid subtropical climate influenced by the Asian monsoon as a case study. Results show that relative humidity has a greater effect than that of seasonality on the air temperature‐based models for daily global solar radiation estimation, and the models of BC family including the effects of seasonality and/or relative humidity give better estimates. Accordingly, a strategy for selecting an optimum model for estimating daily global solar radiation in the humid regions is proposed. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 595–599, 2015
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN VISUALIZATION AUDITORY KINESTETIC (VAK) DALAM MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPS SISWA SMPN MONCOK

Pembelajaran IPS di SMP Negeri Moncok masih terdapat berbagai permasalahan yang menyebabkan kualitas pembelajaran dan hasil belajar belum optimal. Salah satu model pembelajaran yang dapat digunakan adalah model pembelajaran Visualization Auditory Kinestetic (VAK). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil belajar sebelum dan sesudah penerapan model Visualization Auditory Kinesthetic. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen, dengan desain penelitian one group pre-test post-test design. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri Moncok Pengambilan sampel dilakukan melalui teknik purposive sampling yaitu satu kelas. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik tes dan teknik dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis statistik t-Test. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, menggunakan rumus uji t-Test diketahui bahwa t hitung = - 8,172 dan untuk t tabel diperoleh dengan cara nilai @ = 5 % (0,05) dengan derajat kebebasan (df) n-1 atau 29-1 = 28. Pengujian 2 sisi (signifikansi = 0,025) hasil diperoleh untuk t tabel adalah 2,048. Didapatkannya hasil -t hitung < -t tabel (-8,172 < -2,048) maka H0 ditolak dan Ha diterima. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran Visualization Auditory Kinestetic pada materi interaksi sosial dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS Sosiologi siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri Moncok.
Electronic Structure of Diatomic Molecules. III. A. Hartree—Fock Wavefunctions and Energy Quantities for N2(X1Σg+) and N2+(X2Σg+, A2Πu, B2Σu+) Molecular Ions

The problem of the convergence of a sequence of Hartree—Fock—Roothaan wavefunctions and energy values to the true Hartree—Fock results is examined for N2(X1Σg+). This critical study is based on a hierarchy of Hartree—Fock—Roothaan wavefunctions which differ in the size and composition of the expansion basis set in terms of STO symmetry orbitals. The concluding basis set gives a total Hartree—Fock energy of −108.9956 hartree and Re(HF)=2.0132 bohr for N2(X1Σg+). Results are also presented from direct calculations for three states of the N2+ molecular ion (X2Σg+, A2Πu, B2Σu+) which are also thought to be very close approximations to the true Hartree—Fock values. The results give EHF=−108.4079, −108.4320, and −108.2702 hartree and Re(HF)=2.0385, 2.134, and 1.934 bohr for the X2Σg+, A2Πu, and B2Σu+ states of N2+, respectively. Extensive calculations for various R values establish that the X2Σg+ and A2Πu states are reversed in order relative to experiment, a short‐coming ascribed to the Hartree—Fock approximation.
Health Benefits of Probiotics: Probiotics for Helicobacter pylori Infection

Probiotics have been defined as live microbial food supplements that have been shown to benefit human health. Probiotic products are marketed widely throughout the world. Until recently, probiotics were mainly selected on the basis of technological properties and resistance to acid and bile and were used in products aimed at promoting the well-being of consumers. However, now research efforts are focusing on the development of probiotics with special functional properties. Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2716 (LG21) was selected as a promising probiotic for Helicobacter pylori infection by in vitro and animal studies. The effects of yogurt containing LG21 on H. pylori infection in humans were examined. The ingestion of yogurt containing LG21 decreases the number of H. pylori and alleviates mucosal inflammation in the stomach. LG21 was shown to be effective as a probiotic for H. pylori infection.
Development of New Pyrrolocoumarin Derivatives with Satisfactory Fluorescent Properties and Notably Large Stokes Shifts

Small, organic, fluorescent molecules with large Stokes shifts and long emission wavelengths are ideal dyes for various modern fluorescent imaging technologies such as FRET. In this study, we designed and synthesized a number of new fluorescent molecules on the basic structures of two pyrrolocoumarin skeletons where Fischer's indole synthesis and the Suzuki coupling successfully served as the efficient molecular editing protocols. The examination of the fluorescent properties and further structural optimization of these compounds afforded three new pyrrolocoumarin dyes with notably large Stokes shifts and satisfactory fluorescent properties. Among these, 30 showed a large Stokes shift (113 nm) and intense fluorescence (φ = 0.55, λem = 523 nm), and thus showed great potential in biological imaging studies. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Reaction diffusion in a medium containing a random distribution of nonoverlapping traps

The transient reaction diffusion kinetics in a system containing a random distribution of stationary spherical traps is analyzed. It is shown that recently obtained results concerning the long‐time behavior of the trap‐averaged density at the origin ρ(o,t) may be readily extended to the cases of partially absorbing and nonoverlapping traps, independently of the number density of traps. We also estimate the size of the relative fluctuations about ρ(o,t) and show that these fluctuations diverge at long times.
Nitriding of AISI 4140 steel by a low energy broad ion source

A comprehensive study of the thermochemical nitriding process of steel AISI 4140 by low energy ion implantation (Kaufmann cell) is reported. Different times of implantation were employed and the studied samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction, in situ photoemission electron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and hardness (nanoindentation) measurements. The linear relationship between nitrogen content and hardness was verified. The structure of the nitrided layer was characterized yielding that the compound layer is formed by coarse precipitates, around small grains, constituted principally by e-Fe2–3N and γ-Fe4N phases and the diffusion zone is formed by fine precipitates, around big grains of the original martensitic phase, constituted principally by γ-Fe4N phase. Finally, a diffusion model for multiphase systems was applied to determine effective diffusion coefficients of nitrogen in the different phases.