Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Produção de café sombreado

Com a crescente preocupacao ambiental e demanda por cafes especiais, a presente revisao teve como objetivo agregar informacoes a respeito dos efeitos causados pelo sombreamento sobre a cultura do cafe, visto que esta cultura e originaria de sub-bosques africanos. Entre os efeitos abordados estao o aumento da materia orgânica e melhoria da fauna do solo, ciclagem de nutrientes, reducao dos processos erosivos no solo, contaminacao ambiental, gases do efeito estufa, conservacao da biodiversidade, disponibilidade luminosa, atenuacao da temperatura e ventos, incidencia de pragas, doencas e plantas daninhas, producao das especies de sombreamento e, por fim, de que maneira todos esses fatores associados interferem na fenologia, producao e qualidade do cafe.
Soil Water Relations and Aeration Status of Single Soil Aggregates, Taken from a Gleyic Vertisol

Clayey soils have the potential to swell and to shrink depending on their hydraulic and hydrological status. Thus bulk density values vary in a range of 1.0 to 2.0 g cm−3 in the case of a gleyic Vertisol, by which also other soil physical properties e.g. the pore size distribution of the bulk soil as well as of the soil aggregates are affected. Intraaggregate airfilled porosities are reduced by shrinkage and are relatively low. Thus it appeared to be difficult to determine the airfilled porosity of the aggregates below pF 1.5. For that reason and because of the influence of pore forms we were not able to get a clear relation of diffusion constant K with airfilled porosity. Regarding soil aeration status, the existence of anoxic microsites in the interior of unsaturated soil aggregates has been proved by microelectrode measurements of oxygen partial pressure and redox potential distribution in single soil aggregates. We verified restrained oxygen supply to the aggregate center as well as reduced redox potentials only for aggregates of the A horizon. There the microbial activity, measured as soil respiration as well as the source for C and N was by a factor 2 to 4 higher than in the subsurface horizons.
Early Stages of Crystallite Growth of ZnO Obtained from an Oxalate Precursor

A detailed analysis of the microstructure of zinc oxide produced by thermal decomposition of zinc oxalate at temperatures in the range 328 o to 650 o C is described. Parameters describing the breadth and shape of X-ray diffraction line profiles were obtained by means of pattern decomposition, and a method based on the Voigt function was used to obtain information on the temperature dependence of the microstructure. It was found that the crystallites are prismatic, the dimensions increasing significantly with formation temperature, and that each contains one stacking fault, on average. The results of size determinations are in broad agreement with TEM and SEM measurements. The specific surface area of the crystallites, obtained by the BET method, is compared with the results of X-ray diffraction line-profile analysis, leading to a determination of the variation of «packing factor» with temperature. Results suggest a homogeneous crystallite growth in the initial sintering of the loosely packed zinc oxide powder
Experimental Study of Mechanically Induced Self-Propagating Reactions in Metal–Sulfur Mixtures

An investigation of mechanically stimulated self-propagating reactions has been carried out for different conditions of mechanical activation in the Zn−S−Sn system. The obtained results are generalized with focus on the determination of induction period preceding the ignition of mechanically induced self-propagating reactions (MSR). Accompanying phenomena and MSR features are studied and discussed.
The magic gold cluster Au20

The 20-nanogold cluster Au20 exhibits a large variety of two- and three-dimensional isomeric forms. Among them is the ground-state isomer Au20(Td) representing the stable cluster with a unique tetrahedral shape, with all atoms on the surface, and large HOMO-LUMO gap which even slightly exceeds that of the buckyball fullerene C60. The anionic cluster Au(Td) that holds its parent tetrahedral symmetry features a high catalytic activity. The list of the properties of the 20-nanogold clusters surveyed in the present work ranges from the energetic order of stability of its isomers to the optical absorption and excitation spectra of the Au20(Td) cluster. We also report the structures and properties of its doubly charged clusters Au and Au and computationally confirm that Au is indeed stable. The zero-point-energy-corrected adiabatic second electron affinity of Au20(Td) amounts to 0.43–0.53 eV that is consistent with the experimental data. In addition, we provide computational evidence of the existence of the novel, hollow cage isomer of Au20 and analyze its key properties. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Influence of Pulsed Electric Field and Thermal Treatments on the Quality of Blueberry Juice

Fresh blueberries were selected as trial materials. Two blueberry juice samples were sterilized using pulsed electric field and thermal treatments respectively. Their qualities were analyzed and compared by evaluating the microorganisms in the samples. The changes in the quality of fresh blueberry juice samples during storage were also assessed. The results showed that the inactivation of Escherichia coli increased as electric field strength and treatment time increased. Pulsed electric field treatments at 35 kV/cm and 82 μs reduced E. coli by 5.12 logarithms. Pulsed electric field had less effect on juice quality, but after heat treatment, the vitamin C of blueberry juice sample was reduced by 14.78%, whereas its anthocyanin content was reduced by 3.64%. After sterilization, no significant change was observed in the relative reducing sugar, total acid, phenol contents, and Brix value. The vitamin C and anthocyanins contents of the fresh blueberry juice samples treated with pulsed electric field were higher than those treated with heat sterilization.
Importance of the molecular identity of ion species in reactive ion etching at low energies

Surface reactions on Si and SiO2 induced by CF+ and CF+2 from a mass‐separated ion‐beam system were studied with x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The bombardment energies were varied from 100 to 2±0.6 eV. We found that the surface reactions induced by fluorocarbon molecular ion bombardment largely depended on the molecular identity of the ion species, its degree of molecular dissociation upon impact, and the reactivity of the substrate surface. Four examples are shown to illustrate this new approach in altering reaction pathways. (1) CF+ bombardment at 2 eV: This led to molecular adsorption on both Si and SiO2 and to SiFx formation on Si but little reaction with SiO2. (2) CF+/20 eV: This led to a higher probability of molecular dissociation upon impact and thereby opened the channel for CF disproportionation. The energy carried by the fragment was sufficiently high that the reaction channels with SiO2 was also opened. (3) CF+/100 eV: This resulted in efficient molecular dissociation and incorporation of .
Effect on properties of regenerated silk fibroin fiber coagulated with aqueous methanol/ethanol

Random coil silk fibroin membrane was designed to dissolve with HFIP, and regenerated silk fibroin fibers were obtained by wet spinning. The effect of coagulants (methanol and ethanol) on structure, mechanical properties, and actinomyces biodegradability of regenerated silk fibroin fiber was investigated through X-ray diffraction, IR spectra, and TGA. The results showed that the effect on the structure and properties of regenerated silk fibroin fibers coagulated by methanol and ethanol was negligible, but the difference in actinomyces biodegradability in vitro was obvious. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Synthesis and magnetic properties of iron(III) complexes with several quadridentate Schiff bases.

New iron(III) complexes containing quadridentate Schiff bases, [Fe(L)AB]n+, were prepared, where H2L represents a quadridentate Schiff base, and A and B, unidentate ligands, such as imidazole, pyridine derivatives, and cyanide ions. The magnetic moments of the complexes are in the range of 1.9–6.0 B.M. at room temperature. Based on the magnetic susceptibilities at various temperatures (90–295 K), these compleses were classified into four types: (1) high-spin (S=5⁄2), (2) low-spin (S=1⁄2), (3) intermediate spin (S=3⁄2), and (4) cross-over complexes, the last of which have a ligand-field strength near the cross-over point of high-spin and low-spin types. From the ESR spectra obtained, the existence of a spin-equilibrium was established for the cross-over complexes.
Reduction of formaldehyde emission from plywood

The aim of this work is to evaluate performances of tannin-based resins designed as adhesive in the plywood production. For this purpose, a part of phenol formaldehyde (PF) and melamine formaldehyde (MF) in the classic adhesive formulation was replaced by tannin. The physical properties of the formulated resins (rheological characterization, etc.) were measured. In order to analyze the mechanical performance of tannin-based resins, plywood panels were produced and the mechanical properties including tensile strength wood failure and three-point bending strength were investigated. The performance of these panels is comparable to those of plywood panels made by commercial PF and MF. The results showed that the plywood panels bonded with tannin–PF (PFT) and tannin–MF (MFT) resins exhibited better mechanical properties in comparison to the plywood panels made of commercials PF and MF. The introduction of small properties of tannin in PF and MF resins contribute to the improvement of the water performance of these adhesives. The formaldehyde emission levels obtained from panels bonded with tannin-based resins were lower than those obtained from panels bonded with control PF and MF. Although there are no actual reaction at all between PF, MF, and tannin, addition of tannin significantly improves the water resistance of PF and MF resins. This is a novel finding that manifests the possibility of replacing a convention PF and MF resins by tannin. Modified adhesive is one of the goals in the plywood production without changing any of their production conditions with improvement to their overall properties.
Shapes of Dendrimers from Rotational-Echo Double-Resonance NMR

The solid-state shape, size, and intermolecular packing of a fifth-generation dendritic macromolecule were determined by a combination of site-specific stable-isotope-labeling, rotational-echo double-resonance (REDOR) NMR and distance-constrained molecular dynamics simulations. REDOR experiments measured dipolar couplings between 13C atoms located near the chain ends and an 19F label placed at the core of benzyl ether dendrimers (generations 1−5) based on 3,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol as the monomeric repeat unit. Intramolecular 13C−19F coupling was distinguished from intermolecular coupling by dilution with nonlabeled dendrimer. The average intramolecular 13C−19F distances for generations 3−5 were each approximately 12 A, which indicates inward-folding of chain ends with increasing generation number. The average intermolecular 13C−19F dipolar coupling decreased with increasing generation number, consistent with decreased interpenetration for larger dendrimers. The measured intra- and intermolecular distanc.
Influence of mid‐summer boron sprays on boron content and quality indices of ‘delicious’ Apple 1

Abstract Boron (B) is required for optimal yield and quality of apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh.) but may impair fruit quality if present in excessive amounts. A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of a single mid‐July foliar B spray (0, 11.3, 22.6 g B/tree) on the B content and postharvest quality indices of 220‐gram ‘Starking Delicious’ apples. Fruit B concentration was positively related to B application rate and ranged from 9 to 55 mg/kg dry mass (1.3 to 7.7 mg/kg fresh mass). The relative B increases were greater in the core and inner cortex than in the outer cortex and skin, suggesting that some of the applied B entered the fruit through the tree vascular system. Increasing fruit B concentrations caused minor changes in fruit external color indices L and b and internal color index b but had no effect on firmness, soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, starch index, external color index a, or internal color indices L and a. None of the effects were of horticultural sig.
THE USE OF THE FREUNDLICH ISOTHERM FOR SOIL PHOSPHATE SORPTION DATA

Summary Phosphate sorption data for twenty-nine soils were found to fit the Freundlich adsorption isotherm better if a measure of native labile P was first added to the sorption data, and this sum plotted against intensity. The exponent from the isotherm thus obtained was closely related to exchangeable A1 (in acid soils) and exchangeable Ca (in neutral and calcareous soils), with a mole ratio of one P to 6 A1 or Ca.
Yield, in vitro digestibility, crude protein, and mineral concentration of eight Digitaria introductions in Puerto rico

Abstract Dry matter (DM) yield, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), crude protein (CP) and mineral composition of eight Digitaria accessions were compared between long‐ and short‐day seasons in the semiarid southern region of Puerto Rico and evaluated in relation to grazing ruminant requirements. Digitaria milanjiana 6416 was consistently among the highest DM yielding accessions in both seasons. The mean IVOMD was similar in both seasons for most accessions. Concentrations of CP, magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), and selenium (Se) were below the recommended levels for grazing ruminants in both seasons. This study suggests the need for livestock mineral supplementation, even under conditions of high pasture fertilization (NPK) and forage‐growing conditions in the semiarid southern region of Puerto Rico.
Study of dynamic properties and magnetic anisotropies of NiFe/MnPt in the critical thickness range

The interfacial ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic exchange coupling and ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic anisotropies of polycrystalline ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic exchange biased bilayers of NiFe/MnPt grown by RF sputtering have been investigated with quasi-static and dynamic measurements for different MnPt and NiFe thicknesses. The dynamic properties have been investigated through complex permeability frequency spectra measurements in the 100 MHz–3 GHz range. An effective field is deduced from dynamic measurements. A sharp enhancement of this effective field appears above a critical MnPt thickness (4.7 nm) lower than the critical thickness for the appearance of the easy axis hysteresis loop shift (7.8 nm). We observe also a strong enhancement of the damping parameter for the former thickness. This may be attributed to the superparamagnetic to antiferromagnetic transition in the antiferromagnetic layer. The anisotropy constant of the antiferromagnetic layer determined with dynamic measurements is in agreement with the one deduced from static measurements. The interface exchange energy JE deduced from dynamic measurement is twice higher than the one obtained with hysteresis loop measurements. The dispersion relation of the resonance frequency of imaginary part of the permeability shows hysteretic behaviour and discontinuities when measured in presence of a static magnetic field applied along the easy axis of the ferromagnetic layer. This is attributed to partial magnetization switching by rotation mechanism in the ferromagnetic layer.
Fomitiporia castilloi sp. nov. and evidences for multiples clades around F. apiahyna in Meso- and South America, representing potential spec

Fomitiporia castilloi sp. nov. from the lowland rainforest in French Guyana is described, illustrated and its phylogenetic affinities are discussed. This species is characterized by pileate basidiomata, a plicate margin, abundant, variably shaped hymenial setae and basidiospores averaging ≅ 6 × 5 μm. In phylogenetic inferences based on a DNA sequence dataset of four loci (5′ end of the LSU, ITS-5.8S, partial tef1 and rpb2), F. castilloi occupies an isolated position, basal to a clade that is composed exclusively of Neotropical species with resupinate basidiomata. The phylogenetic inferences also provide evidence of an unreported complexity within the Neotropical taxa, with multiple clades closely related to F. apiahyna and F. texana, representing additional potential species.
Influence of Solvent Quality on the Self-Organization of Archetypical Hairy Rods−Branched and Linear Side Chain Polyfluorenes: Rodlike Chains versus “Beta-Sheets” in Solution

We report on the nanoscale structure and solvent-induced phase behavior of two, nearly similar π-conjugated hairy-rod polymers, branched side chain poly[9,9-bis(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl] (PF2/6) and linear side chain poly[9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl] (PFO or PF8), in good and bad (or poor) solventsdeuterated toluene and deuterated methylcyclohexane (MCH)at 20 °C. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements exploiting contrast variation with side chain deuterated PFO polyfluorene have been employed and complemented by optical absorption measurements. In toluene both PF2/6 and PFO adopt an elongated (rodlike) conformation containing predominantly only a single polymer chain (diameter of the order of 1 nm), which indicates dissolution down to the molecular level. In contrast, in MCH, PF2/6 shows an elongated structure while PFO forms sheetlike structures (characteristic thickness of 2−3 nm), thus dissolving down to the “colloidal” level. The elongated structure of PFO consists of individual pol.
Annual and interannual variation in boreal forest aerosol particle number and volume concentration and their connection to particle formation

We investigated size-resolved submicrometre aerosol particle number and volume concentration time series as well as aerosol dynamic parameters derived from Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS) measurements at five background stations in the Nordic boreal forest area. The stations in question were Aspvreten, Hyytiälä and Utö in southern Finland and Sweden, and Värriö and Pallas in the Finnish Lapland. The objective of our investigation was to identify and quantify annual and interannual variation observable in the time series. We found that the total number and mass concentrations were much lower at the Lapland stations than at the southern stations and that the total particle number was strongly correlated to particle formation event frequency. The annual total number concentration followed the annual distribution of particle formation events at the southern stations but much less clearly at the Lapland stations. The volume concentration was highest during summer, in line with higher condensation growth rates; this is in line with the assumption that a large part of the particle volume is produced by oxidized plant emissions. The decrease of sulphate emissions in Europe was not visible in our data set. Aerosol dynamic parameters such as condensation sink, condensation sink diameter and the power law exponent linking coagulation losses and condensation sink are presented to characterize the submicron Nordic background aerosol.
Volatile and phenolic composition of a Chardonnay wine treated with antimicrobial plant extracts before malolactic fermentation

Previous studies have proven the potential of antimicrobial plant extracts to delay malolactic fermentation (MLF) in red wines. With the final end of extending their applicability in oenology, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the addition of antimicrobial extracts (from eucalyptus leaves and almond skins) to white wines (i.e., Chardonnay wine), as a way to control MLF, would affect wine organoleptic properties, in particular those related to their volatile and phenolic composition. Although addition of both extracts led to statistically significant changes (p<0.05) in the concentration of several volatile and phenolic compounds, only few of them showed contents higher than their sensory thresholds, meaning that the changes observed in their concentration could slightly affect the final wine aroma and astringency. However, use of the extracts in the elaboration of white wines needs to be assessed in future experiments at winery scale, including wine sensorial analysis.
Printable Ferroelectric PVDF/PMMA Blend Films with Ultralow Roughness for Low Voltage Non‐Volatile Polymer Memory

Here, a facile route to fabricate thin ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) blend films with very low surface roughness based on spin‐coating and subsequent melt‐quenching is described. Amorphous PMMA in a blend film effectively retards the rapid crystallization of PVDF upon quenching, giving rise to a thin and flat ferroelectric film with nanometer scale β‐type PVDF crystals. The still, flat interfaces of the blend film with metal electrode and/or an organic semi‐conducting channel layer enable fabrication of a highly reliable ferroelectric capacitor and transistor memory unit operating at voltages as low as 15 V. For instance, with a TIPS‐pentacene single crystal as an active semi‐conducting layer, a flexible ferroelectric field effect transistor shows a clockwise I–V hysteresis with a drain current bistability of 103 and data retention time of more than 15 h at ±15 V gate voltage. Furthermore, the robust interfacial homogeneity of the ferroelectric film is highly beneficial for transfer printing in which arrays of metal/ferroelectric/metal micro‐capacitors are developed over a large area with well defined edge sharpness.
Henry And Mass Transfer Coefficients In The Ozonation Of Wastewaters

Abstract A procedure for the determination of Henry and mass transfer coefficients in an ozone-industrial wastewater system is presented. The method is applied to the ozonation of a tomato plant industrial wastewater, developed in the slow kinetic regime. In so doing, molar balances of ozone (in gas and water phases) are used together with gas-liquid reaction kinetic theory. While Henry's coefficients obtained are similar to those corresponding to ozonation in organic-free water, significant deviations are observed regarding the mass transfer coefficient.