Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transition toward a fully renewable-based energy system in Chile by 2050 across power, heat, transport and desalination sectors

Renewable energies will play a significant role in transitioning towards sustainable energy system in order to match the goal under the Paris Agreement. However, to achieve this goal, it will be necessary to find the best country pathway, with global repercussions. This study reveals that an energy system based on 100% renewable resources in Chile would be technically feasible and even more cost-efficient than the current system. The Chilean energy system transition would imply a high level of direct and indirect electrification across all sectors. Simulation results using the LUT Energy System Transition model comprising 108 technology components show that the primary electricity demand would rise from 31 TWh to 231 TWh by 2050, which represents about 78% of the total primary energy demand. The remaining 22% would be composed of renewable heat and bioenergy fuels. Renewable electricity will mainly come from solar PV and wind energy technologies. Solar PV and wind energy installed capacities across all sectors would increase from 1.1 GW and 0.8 GW in 2015 to 43.6 GW and 24.8 GW by 2050, respectively. In consequence, the levelized cost of energy will reduce by about 25%. Moreover, the Chilean energy system in 2050 would emit zero greenhouse gases. Additionally, Chile would become a country free of energy imports. energy. This report shows that the country rose from the seventh position in 2017 to the first place in the ranking in 2018, which has occurred mainly due to the implementation of public policies and investments in renewable energy (RE). This South American nation is known for enormous RE potential, especially for solar and wind energy. Nowadays, it is highly competitive to produce electricity from these resources in Chile, without subsidies [5]. Moreover, Chile is the first country in the region with a geothermal power plant (PP) and soon will be the first to have a concentrating solar thermal PP which will provide electricity 24 hours a day. Chile has excellent conditions to Transition toward a fully renewable-based energy system in Chile by 2050 across power, heat, transport and desalination sectors Juan Carlos Osorio-Aravenaa,b*, Arman Aghahosseinic, Dmitrii Bogdanovc, Upeksha Calderac, Emilio Muñoz-Cerónb and Christian Breyerc a Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Patagonia s/n, 5950000 Coyhaique, Chile b University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain c LUT University, Yliopistonkatu 34, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
Risk Perceptions and International Stock Market Liquidity

We show, using data for 57 countries over the 1990–2015 period, that investors’ risk perceptions are an important determinant of international stock market liquidity. Increased risk perception reduces liquidity around the world, and its impact is not subsumed by other well-documented market-level determinants of liquidity. The effect is pervasive, but is stronger in countries with higher GDP per capita, more trade openness, stronger governance, a more individualistic culture, and no short-selling constraints. It is not driven by periods of extreme changes in risk perception, expansionary or recessionary phases of the business cycle, or the way liquidity is measured. JEL Classification Codes: G15, G18
Board Antecedents of CEO Duality and the Moderating Role of Country‐Level Managerial Discretion: A Meta‐Analytic Investigation

CEO duality reduces boards’ monitoring capacity. But governance substitution theory holds that boards of directors who can effectively monitor their CEOs are more likely to adopt the CEO duality governance structure. By examining relationships between board characteristics underlying their monitoring capacity and CEO duality, we bring evidence to bear on governance substitution theory. Further, by applying a managerial discretion theory lens to CEO duality, we extend governance substitution theory to the cross‐country context where institutional features vary in their constraints on managerial discretion. Meta‐analytic results from a dataset of 297 studies across 32 countries/regions provided support for the majority of our predictions. As predicted, board independence and certain types of board human capital were positively related to CEO duality. Unexpectedly, board ownership was negatively related to CEO duality. Additionally, country‐level managerial discretion significantly moderated the board independence‐ and human capital‐duality relationships (but not the board‐ownership‐duality relationship) as predicted.
Release of Propranolol Hydrochloride from Matrix Capsules/Disc: Effect of Matrix Additives

Propranolol Hydrochloride (PPH), non-cardio selective beta blocker, has been widely used to manage the hypertension, phaeochromocytoma, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and cardiac arrhythmias. PPH has a short half-life (3-4 hours) so it was selected as a model drug for controlled release to minimize the fluctuations of blood pressure. The aim of this research was to develop the controlled release PPH with the various additives i.e., Ethylcellulose (EC), Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC), Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO) and Glyceryl Monostearate (GMS). Eighty milligrams of PPH was mixed with the different types (EC, HPMC, HVO or GMS) and concentrations (30 to 60 %w/w) of the additives. The mix powders were granulated into granule using wet granulation, and then the fine granule was filled into the capsules or compressed into the tablets discs. The PPH labeled amount and release characteristics were further evaluated according to the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP31). The results show that PPH matrixes were successfully prepared by wet granulation method. For all formula, the PPH content was within the range of 90-110 %. The release of PPH from formulation containing 30% w/w of HPMC and HVO was significantly retarded. Moreover, the release kinetics of PPH disc was followed by Higuchi’s model. The PPH release was governed by diffusion mechanism. In conclusion, these HPMC and HVO matrixs can be effectively controlled the
Mutual impact of personal income tax and macroeconomic indicators

From mid-2006 to the end of 2008, numerous decisions were adopted in the public finances of the Republic of Serbia, which resulted in a permanent reduction in tax revenues and in increase of public expenditures. It creates a systemic imbalance between government revenue and expenditure, that is, the fiscal deficit. The emergence of the fiscal deficit is the main motive of the conducted research, where by using a simple regression analysis of the time series of macroeconomic data, authors linked the indicators of economic growth and personal income tax. The results of the research indicate the importance of the influence of personal income tax on the creation of a favorable macroeconomic environment, where the regulation and reform of the existing tax system are imposed as imperatives.
German dairy farmers’ attitudes toward farm animal welfare and their willingness to participate in animal welfare programs: a cluster analysis

Farm animal welfare (FAW) is at the center of a controversial public debate, and the demand for higher farm animal welfare standards is growing. Nevertheless, there are hardly any dairy products from pure animal welfare programs (AWPs) on the market. Although dairy farmers are a very important stakeholder group for the successful implementation of AWPs, very little is known about their attitudes toward the introduction of such programs. For this study, 258 conventional dairy farmers in Germany were questioned about FAW and AWPs via an online survey. We identified five clusters (farmer groups) that significantly differ with regard to their attitudes toward AWPs, FAW, and their own willingness to improve the level of animal welfare or take part in specialized AWPs. Cluster A consists of farmers who strongly oppose AWPs; farmers in this cluster will probably not take part in AWPs, especially because they do not consider it profitable to do so. Farmers in cluster B also view AWPs and the associated market effects with some skepticism; however, they are willing to improve their level of animal welfare and, therefore, may someday become willing to participate in AWPs. Cluster C farmers have diverse attitudes toward AWPs; since they are slightly willing to improve the level of animal welfare on their farms and as they are comparatively most optimistic concerning the market effects of higher animal welfare standards, these farmers could also become AWP participants in the future. Farmers in cluster D have positive attitudes toward AWPs and show the highest willingness among the five clusters to improve animal welfare on their farms. However, when it comes to the market effects of higher national animal welfare standards and the market potential for more animal-friendly products, these farmers are the most skeptical; if the economic security of AWPs were guaranteed, Cluster D farmers would probably constitute an important target group. Farmers in cluster E have positive attitudes toward AWPs, show a high willingness to improve the own FAW, and tend to be less skeptical about the market effects of higher animal welfare standards; these farmers constitute the most important potential target group for AWPs. Our results can provide a starting point for the design of tailor-made AWPs that fulfill the requirements of both dairy farmers and the broader public.
Clinical Significance of Blastocystis Sp. among Children with Leukemia

Background: Blastocystis spp. distributes world widely and the genus Blastocystis include many subtypes that are isolated from human intestinal tract. It is considered the most common parasite detected in human being. Objectives: To evaluate the incidence of Blastocystis spp. among leukemic children, to find out its association with the presence of symptoms (diarrhea and abdominal pain), and to assess the efficacy of different staining methods in detection of Blastocystis spp. Type of the study: cross-sectional study. Method: 103 children were enrolled in this study, 53 leukemic patients and 50 healthy controls. The study was performed during the period between January and June 2014, in Oncology department of Ibn Al-Atheer teaching hospital in Mosul city. Three consecutive samples were taken from each child and a thorough history was taken from them. The samples then treated with 3 stains, iodine, iron hematoxylin, and trichrome.The data was analyzed using minitab version 17, Fischer’s exact test, Two-proportions test, and Correlation test. The results were considered statistically significant with P-value <0.05. Results: Blastocystis spp. was detected in 18.87% of leukemic children and in 10% of healthy group. All specimens were stained by iodine, iron hematoxylin, and trichrome stains. Infection rates among patients were (9.4%, 11.3%, and 18.87% respectively) while among healthy children they were (4%, 6%, and 10% respectively). However, these differences were statistically nonsignificant. A higher infection rate was detected in the preschool children (33.3%) than school age group (6.9%). Furthermore, there was a significant association between Blastocystisspp. infection and intestinal symptoms (abdominal pain and diarrhea). Conclusion: Our study reveals a higher rate of infection with Blastocystis spp. among leukemic children than normal controls and a significant association was seen between incidence ofBlastocystisspp. infection and symptomatic children. Those results draw attention for the significance of Blastocystis spp. infection in immunosuppressed patients and lighten the way for further studies on its pathogenicity and diagnostic methods.
BALANCED FERTILIZATION OF NITROGEN AND MICRONUTRIENTS FOR WHEAT GROWN IN SALT AFFECTED SOILS

The balanced fertilization become necessary for sustainable agriculture under conditions of old and newly soils. Moreover the balanced fertilization under stress conditions especially salinity stress becomes more important. Micronutrients are part of many crucial physiological plant processes which plants suffered from their uptake in salted affected soils, and combined application of N and micronutrients helps in improving plant growth, yield and its quality. So, two field experiments were conducted at salt affected soils at Tag Al-Ezz Research station (Latitude 30.9° 68.6 ' N, Longitude 31.6° 96.5" E), Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt, during growing winter seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016, to evaluate the effect of applying rates of N fertilizer (50, 75 and 100 % of recommended N "i.e. 75 kg N fed -1 ") along with foliar application of micronutrients in chelated form; FeEDTA, ZnEDTA and Mn-EDTA (F0: control, F1: two sprays at tillering and elongation stages and F2: three sprays at tillering, elongation and heading stages) on wheat yield and its components, grain quality, NPK and micronutrients contents as well as K/Na ratio in straw and grain. Results showed that all parameters of wheat yield were significantly increased with foliar application of micronutrients at the three stages (tillering, elongation and heading stages), under nitrogen fertilization rate 100 % of recommended N (75 kg N fed -1 ). Also, the results reveal that grain quality, i.e. 1000-grain weight, protein %, P, Fe and Zn concentrations significantly increased with nitrogen rates and foliar micronutrients applications. The uptake of macro and micro nutrients increased with increasing N rate and number of sprays micronutrients. Plant growth improved under the condition of salt affected soil with foliar spraying micronutrients and the highest N rate (75 kg N fed -1 ), and this was clear from plant height, straw and grain yields and concentrations of K and Na and K/Na ratio. Interaction between the highest N rate and foliar spray of micronutrients at three growth stages recorded the highest mean of grain yield (19.24 ardab fed -1 ) and straw yields (5368 kg fed -1 ).
Temporal Selectivity in the LGN

The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is responsible for transmitting visual information from the optic nerve to the primary visual cortex. Located within the LGN is the triadic synapse, an unusual yet fundamental structure wherein a retinal ganglion cell simultaneously synapses onto a relay cell and an interneuron, with the same interneuron also providing inhibition to the relay cell. Despite the large body of physiological data available for each of these cell types individually, the triadic synapse’s behaviour and function in information processing remains poorly understood. In this work, we create a biophysical model of the triadic synapse using Python with NEURON. Our model is based on specifications from literature and consists of retinal ganglion inputs, an interneuron and a relay cell synapsing in appropriate triad formation. Computational simulations through the model find that triadic inhibition alone causes faster neuronal repolarisation following excitation than axonal inhibition alone, granting temporal precision to visual signals. Importantly, we find that our triad model expresses temporal selectivity by boosting coincident retinal spikes to selectively pass significant visual events over network noise. This occurs as synchronous retinal inputs elicit a strong relay cell response, whilst asynchronous inputs produce overlapping excitation and inhibition, thus driving relay cells less effectively. This validates the feasibility of temporal selectivity as a core functional property of the synapse and compounds current computational research in investigating triadic circuitry behaviour.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR, TEFLUBENZURON ON PECTINOPHORA GOSSYPIELLA (SAUNDERS) (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE) AND COCCINELLA UNDECIMPUNCTATA (L.) (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)

This work was conducted to study the effects of the insect growth regulator, Teflubenzuron on survival, reproduction parameters of Pectinophora gossypiella, (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) as well as on pupae and adults of Coccinella undecimpunctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). As for P. gossypiella the LC25 and LC50 values were 19.36 and 78.59 ppm, respectively, when the newly hatched larvae treated by Teflubenzuron, while LC90 value was 1189.25 ppm. Teflubenzuron treatments significantly prolonged the developmental time of survived larvae and pupae, causing longer life span compared to control. Statistical analysis of the obtained data demonstrated highly significant differences between oviposition and reproductive adults resulted from treated larvae and the control. The treatment with LC50 (78.59 ppm) of Teflubenzuron reduced the total protein content, while the phenoloxidase content was high significantly decreased. Chitinase activity was significantly increased causing failure of the pupation process. The transaminase enzymes activity (Got and GPT) were highly increased. Regarding to C. undecimpunctata, there were different mortality percentages of pupal after one to 7 days of exposing to 300, 150, 75, 37.5, 18.75 and 9.375 ppm of Teflubenzuron, where mortality and malformed was increased by increasing Teflubenzuron doses. Furthermore, pupa duration of the predator was significantly prolonged by increasing IGR doses, while adult longevity and fecundity were significantly decreased. Total protein and phenoloxidase values were significantly reduced when the pupal stages were treated and adult fed on P. gossypiella eggs treated with LC50 of Teflubenzuron.
Economic Forces and Firm Stock Returns Volatility: Role of Firm Features

Stock market volatility is always been a major concern for investors, regulators, policy makers and academicians. Unfortunately, firm level volatility has not been given the due attention. The studies dealing with the firm level volatility are scarce. Moreover, a common assumption of homogenous nature of firms is used in the aggregate stock market analysis, sectoral level analysis and even in a firm level analysis. This homogenous assumption was objected by several researchers and suggested that firms are heterogeneous even in a narrowly defined sector. Furthermore, firms are different from each other because of possessing different characteristics. Based on that firm’s response to macroeconomic changes would not be the same. Hence, the hypothesis testing ignoring this fact could be spurious. This study proposes five categories in which firms can be classified, such as firm age, firm size, firm nature of business, firm trading nature and the sectoral location of the firm. This study proposes to examine the linkages between the macro economic factors and the firm level stock returns volatility considering the given firm features. It is expected from the empirical testing that the macroeconomic factors effect firm stock returns volatility belonging to different firm features differently, both in terms of magnitude and sign.
Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Spermatogonial Stem Cells in Nile Tilapia

The identification and isolation of spermatogonial stem cells in Nile tilapia is crucial to the development of high-quality transplantation techniques as well as to understand the regulation of spermatogonia in vivo. However, specific molecular markers for spermatogonial stem cells have not yet been studied in detail. Taking advantage of this species as a good experimental fish model, we investigated the isolation and culture of spermatogonial stem cells from tilapia testis. Also, the expression of Gfra1, Notch1, and CD44 as molecular markers were studied using real-time RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry analysis. The result showed that enzymatic digestion, percoll gradient, and differential adhesion are suitable for the isolation of an enriched population of spermatogonial stem cells from tilapia ́s testis. Moreover, the isolated spermatogonia expressed Gfra1, Notch1, and CD44 in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, Gfra1, Notch1, and CD44 can be considered as good markers for spermatogonial stem cells in fish which may be effective to characterize and isolate spermatogonial stem cells from the Nile tilapia.
Does the Crown Court Discriminate Against Muslim-named Offenders? a Novel Investigation Based on Text Mining Techniques

Most research in sentencing discrimination in the United Kingdom has relied on aggregate analyses comparing disparities by ethnic group. These studies fail to consider differences in the individual characteristics of the cases processed. To circumvent the lack of official data, we scraped sentence records stored in a commercial website, from which a sample of 8,437 offenders sentenced to custody in the Crown Court from 2007 to 2017 was generated. Using the names of the offenders, we have been able to classify 8.6 per cent of our sample as having a traditional Muslim name. We find that Muslim-named offenders received sentences 9.8 per cent longer than the rest of the sample. However, this difference disappeared once we accounted for the type of offence and other key case characteristics.
Supporting Pupils in Finnish and Swedish Schools—Teachers’ Views

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate the different support systems used by teachers in compulsory education. Class and subject teachers and special educators from Finland (N = 57) and Sweden (N = 57) participated in the study, in which both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Participants completed an electronic questionnaire to identify the supports and methods they use when working with pupils who have special educational needs. The findings indicate both similarities and differences between the two countries. One of the most common forms of support was individualisation, including pedagogical modifications. Methods of supporting academic skills such as reading differed from those used to support behavioral issues. Positive pedagogy and structuring the environment were used ways of supporting pupils with behavioral challenges. Results for both countries are compared and support needs are discussed.
Soft Information in the Financial Press and Analyst Revisions

Both sell-side analysts and the media are information intermediaries in capital markets. This study investigates the association between sell-side analyst research and information in firm-specific news coverage. More frequent recent news coverage is associated with stronger market reactions to analysts' research revisions, and primarily explained by soft information in news coverage. The primary result is robust to using both an instrumental variable and a quasi-natural experimental setting to generate exogenous variation in media coverage, alleviating concerns about endogeneity. In addition, using textual analysis, we document that explicit media references in analyst research reports are significantly associated with more frequent analyst revisions and stronger market reactions to revisions. Our study provides empirical evidence of analysts' assimilation of information from the financial press and their role in the efficiency of capital markets. JEL Classifications: G12; G14; G24.