Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biocontrol of reinfection of oilseed rape stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by Coniothyrium minitans and its survival on leaf of oilseed rape (Brassica napus).

In this paper, the ability of Coniothyrium minitans to inhibit the infection of oilseed rape ( Brassica napus )stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was assessed. The survival of the conidia of C.minitans on the leaf of oilseed rape was also examined. The results showed that C.minitans on the leaf could not prevent the primary infection of S.sclerotiorum although it could influence the expansion of lesion at high concentration (10 6 conidia per ml). The reinfection of stem rot by diseased leaves could be decreased effectively when the leaves carried any dose of conidia of C.minitans tested. The germination of the conidia of C.minitans could be stimulated by S.sclerotiorum on lesion to the rate of 51 percent and 95 percent, respectively, after 48 hrs and 72 hrs, while on health leaf there was not any germination of conidia even after six days. S.sclerotiorum could not be isolated from diseased leaf that carried conidia of C.minitans at different doses tested. So it suggested that the hypha of S.sclerotiorum on lesion could be parasitized and destroyed by C.minitans . The amount of cfu of C.minitans isolated from health leaf dropped gradully as time goes on, while the conidia could survive on surface of leaf for at least 28 days. According to these results, C.minitans has great potential to control oilseed rape stem rot caused by S.sclerotiorum .
Photophysics and Photochemistry of Iron Carbene Complexes for Solar Energy Conversion and Photocatalysis

Earth-abundant first row transition metal complexes are important for the development of large-scale photocatalytic and solar energy conversion applications. Coordination compounds based on iron are especially interesting, as iron is the most common transition metal element in the Earth’s crust. Unfortunately, iron-polypyridyl and related traditional iron-based complexes generally suffer from poor excited state properties, including short excited-state lifetimes, that make them unsuitable for most light-driven applications. Iron carbene complexes have emerged in the last decade as a new class of coordination compounds with significantly improved photophysical and photochemical properties, that make them attractive candidates for a range of light-driven applications. Specific aspects of the photophysics and photochemistry of these iron carbenes discussed here include long-lived excited state lifetimes of charge transfer excited states, capabilities to act as photosensitizers in solar energy conversion applications like dye-sensitized solar cells, as well as recent demonstrations of promising progress towards driving photoredox and photocatalytic processes. Complementary advances towards photofunctional systems with both Fe(II) complexes featuring metal-to-ligand charge transfer excited states, and Fe(III) complexes displaying ligand-to-metal charge transfer excited states are discussed. Finally, we outline emerging opportunities to utilize the improved photochemical properties of iron carbenes and related complexes for photovoltaic, photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic applications.
Compound TCP Performance for Industry 4.0 WiFi: A Cognitive Federated Learning Approach

Understanding the performance of compound transmission control protocol (C-TCP) in wireless settings is complicated because of C-TCP's hybrid congestion control, and the complex interdependencies between losses due to wireless channel errors, medium access control (MAC)-layer collisions, and access point (AP) buffer overflows. In this article, we develop a comprehensive model to study the performance of long-lived C-TCP flows over Industry 4.0 WiFi infrastructure, taking all losses into account. Our mathematical model includes WiFi system parameters, such as the retransmissions limit and the AP buffer size, in order to see how they affect transport-layer throughput and fairness. More importantly, we extend the analytical model to multiple APs, and compare the performance of a dual AP scenario with a conventional single AP scenario. Our results show that using cognitive radio and federated learning techniques in the industrial multiple APs scenario can substantially improve the performance.
Entrepreneurial behaviour of tribal fish farmers in Tripura, north-east India

Tripura, second smallest state in the north-eastern part of India has been witnessing significant growth in freshwater aquaculture in recent years. Entrepreneurial interest coupled with support from the Government is the main reason for this development. Entrepreneurial attributes like innovativeness, achievement motivation, risk taking and leadership abilities influenced the behavioural dynamics of fish farmers. In the present study an attempt was made to understand entrepreneurial behaviour of tribal fish farmers in Tripura State. Data were collected using interview schedule from 90 farmers selected randomly from two districts of Tripura. Respondents were found to possess medium level of innovativeness, motivation, risk taking ability and leadership qualities. Information source utilisation and level of aspiration were found to influence entrepreneurial behaviour of the farmers. Tailor made entrepreneurship development programme based on the attributes identified in the study would further boost entrepreneurial interest in aquaculture sector of the state in future.
University‐firm competition in basic research and university funding policy

We characterize equilibrium investments in basic research by the commercial and university sectors contingent on public funding of the university. We find that firms invest in basic research despite the opportunities for free riding and we present conditions under which firms even have incentives to augment the public funding to the university. We characterize the socially optimal volume of public funding for the university sector. Finally, we compare total investments in a mixed duopoly with those of duopolies composed of two universities as well as two profit‐maximizing firms.
Recent mitochondrial lineage extinction in the critically endangered Javan rhinoceros

The Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) is one of five extant rhinoceros species and among the rarest large mammals on Earth. Once widespread across Southeast Asia, it is now on the verge of extinction, with only one wild population remaining (estimated at ~60 individuals) on the island of Java, Indonesia. To assess the past genetic diversity of the female lineage of R. sondaicus, we generated mitochondrial genome data from eight museum specimens dating back to the 19th century, before the range of the Javan rhinoceros was dramatically reduced, for comparison against mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of current R. sondaicus and other rhinoceros species. We succeeded in reconstructing five full and three partial ancient mitogenomes from the eight samples. We used BEAST to assess the phylogenetic relationship of the five extant rhinoceros species and the historical samples. The results show that the oldest and most diverse mtDNA lineages of R. sondaicus are found in historical samples, indicating a significant reduction of mtDNA diversity in modern Javan rhinos. We anticipate that the newly sequenced data will represent a useful resource for improving our understanding of evolutionary history of this species, should future studies be able to increase the available dataset. We hope this information may help in conservation efforts for this species.
Xylem vessel‐diameter–shoot‐length scaling: ecological significance of porosity types and other traits

Flowering plants predominantly conduct water in tubes known as vessels, with vessel diameter playing a crucial role in plant adaptation to climate and reactions to climate change. The importance of vessels makes it essential to understand how and why vessel diameter, plant height, and other ecological factors are interrelated. Although shoot length is by far the main driver of variation in mean vessel diameter across angiosperms, much remains to be understood regarding the factors accounting for the abundant variation around the y-axis in plots of mean species vessel diameter against shoot length. Here, we explore the potential role of porosity types, wood density, leaf phenology, background imperforate tracheary element type, vasicentric tracheids, vascular tracheids, perforation plate type, and successive cambia in causing variation in the y-intercept or slope of the mean species vessel-diameter– and vesseldensity–shoot-length associations at the shoot tip and base. We detected numerous cases of ecologically significant variation. For example, latewood vessels of ring porous species scale with a lower slope than earlywood, i.e., latewood vessels are relatively narrow in taller plants. This pattern is likely the result of selection favoring freezing-induced embolism resistance via narrow vessels. Wood density was negatively associated with vessel diameter, with low wood density plants having wider vessels for a given height. Species with scalariform perforation plates scale with a lower shoot base vessel-diameter–shoot-length slope, likely reflecting selection against scalariform plates in wide vessels. In other cases, functional groups scaled similarly. For example, species with successive cambia did not differ from those with conventional single cambia in their mean vessel-diameter–shoot-length scaling, rejecting our prediction that species with successive cambia should have narrower vessels for a given shoot length. They did, however, have fewer vessels per unit shoot cross-sectional area than plants of similar heights, likely because vessels have longer functional lifespans (and therefore are fewer) in species with successive cambia. Our methods illustrate how vessel diameter can be studied taking shoot length into account to detect ecologically important variation and construct theory regarding plant adaptation via the hydraulic system that includes plant size as a vital element.
Modeling Artificial Ground Freezing for Construction of Two Tunnels of a Metro Station in Napoli (Italy)

An artificial ground freezing (AGF) technique in the horizontal direction has been employed in Naples (Italy), in order to ensure the stability and waterproofing of soil during the excavation of two tunnels in a real underground station. The artificial freezing technique consists of letting a coolant fluid, with a temperature lower than the surrounding ground, circulate inside probes positioned along the perimeter of the gallery. In this paper, the authors propose an efficient numerical model to analyze heat transfer during the whole excavation process for which this AGF technique was used. The model takes into account the water phase change process, and has been employed to analyze phenomena occurring in three cross sections of the galleries. The aim of the work is to analyze the thermal behavior of the ground during the freezing phases, to optimize the freezing process, and to evaluate the thickness of frozen wall obtained. The steps to realize the entire excavation of the tunnels, and the evolution of the frozen wall during the working phases, have been considered. In particular, the present model has allowed us to calculate the thickness of the frozen wall equal to 2.1 m after fourteen days of nitrogen feeding.
Crystallisation and Structure Solution of the c-Ring of FoF1 ATP Synthase from Spinach Chloroplasts

Die ATP Synthase aus Spinat gehort zu einer Gruppe von essentiellen Proteinen, die den grosten Teil an ATP in einer Zelle produzieren. Die in Licht gespeicherte Energie wird von den photosynthetisch aktiven Komplexen genutzt, um einen nach Ausen gerichteten Elektronen-/Protonengradienten uber die Thylakoidmembran der Chloroplasten aufzubauen. Diese Energetisierung der Membran ist die Voraussetzung fur eine aktive FoF1 ATP Synthase. Diese pumpt im Gegenzug die Protonen in den Chloroplasten. Wahrend dieses Transportprozesses, wird die elektrische Energie des Gradienten in die mechanische Energie einer Rotation ubersetzt. Diese Rotation findet im Membranteil Fo statt, und wird uber einen Stab in den membranassozierten Teil F1 weiter gegeben, der die katalytisch aktiven Bindungstaschen tragt. Konformationsanderungen in diesen Bindungstaschen resultiert in der Ausbildung einer Anhydridbindung zwischen den Substraten ADP und anorganischem Phosphat, um ATP zu produzieren. Fur F1 ist bereits eine detaillierte Struktur bekannt, und sowohl Reaktionsmechanismus als auch der Aufbau der Bindungstaschen sind auf atomarer Ebene gelost. Die Methode der Rontgenkristallanalyse wurde in dieser Arbeit genutzt, um die Struktur des Hauptbestandteils von Fo, den protonentransportierenden Rotor aus Untereinheit c, aufzuklaren. Dies gelang mit einer Auflosung von 3.8 A. In dieser Arbeit wird die erste detaillierte Struktur des rotierenden Rings einer protonentranslozierenden ATP Synthase vorgestellt. Diese Struktur kann genutzt werden, um Ergebnisse zu Bindungsverhalten sowie vorgeschlagene Strukturdetails und Mechanismen zu erklaren. Mit Anderungen in den Kristallisationsbedingungen, an die Kristallisation anschliesende Manipulationen und allgemeine Verbesserungen in der Reinigung wurde versucht die Auflosung zu verbessern und eine detailliertere Struktur zu erhalten. Kristalle, die unter neuen Bedingungen gewachsen waren zeigten leider keine Verbesserung in der Auflosung, hatten aber hingegen scharfere Reflexprofile in Beugungsexperimenten und eine niedrigere Mosaizitat. In einem weiteren Projekt, sollte der Membranteil zusammen mit den Inhibitoren DCCD (N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid), Phloretin und Phloridzin kristallisiert werden. Fur DCCD gibt es bereits detaillierte biochemische Informationen, aber noch keine Struktur in kovalent gebundener Form am c-Ring einer Protonen ATP Synthase. Phloridzin ist ein Zuckerderivat von Phloretin. Fur beide Substanzen werden inhibitorische Effekte berichtet. Es sind aber nur wenige biochemische Informationen vorhanden und eine Bindungstasche ist nicht bekannt. In einem Datensatz mit einem Co-Kristall aus Phloridzin und dem c-Ring konnte zusatzlich positive Elektronendichte an einer Protonenbindungstasche identifiziert werden. Eine Zuordnung zu Phloridzin war aber wegen der geringen Auflosung von 4.25 A nicht moglich.
Robustness of Projective IRT to Misspecification of the Underlying Multidimensional Model

As a method to derive a “purified” measure along a dimension of interest from response data that are potentially multidimensional in nature, the projective item response theory (PIRT) approach requires first fitting a multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) model to the data before projecting onto a dimension of interest. This study aims to explore how accurate the PIRT results are when the estimated MIRT model is misspecified. Specifically, we focus on using a (potentially misspecified) two-dimensional (2D)-MIRT for projection because of its advantages, including interpretability, identifiability, and computational stability, over higher dimensional models. Two large simulation studies (I and II) were conducted. Both studies examined whether the fitting of a 2D-MIRT is sufficient to recover the PIRT parameters when multiple nuisance dimensions exist in the test items, which were generated, respectively, under compensatory MIRT and bifactor models. Various factors were manipulated, including sample size, test length, latent factor correlation, and number of nuisance dimensions. The results from simulation studies I and II showed that the PIRT was overall robust to a misspecified 2D-MIRT. Smaller third and fourth simulation studies were done to evaluate recovery of the PIRT model parameters when the correctly specified higher dimensional MIRT or bifactor model was fitted with the response data. In addition, a real data set was used to illustrate the robustness of PIRT.
Political connection heterogeneity and firm value in Vietnam

Abstract The observation of firms’ political connections (PCs) in both types of ascribed and acquired PCs has raised the question of their benefits to firms’ operation. Based on 1,365 Vietnamese listed firm-year observations from 2010 to 2014, we find that although firms with both ascribed and acquired PCs have lower firm value (FV) than firms without any PCs, firms with acquired PCs exhibit better FV than those with ascribed PCs. The paper also reveals that concentrated ownership (CO) has a mediation impact on the association between acquired PCs and FV while it can help firms with acquired PCs in improving FV.
Organ culture-cell culture system for studying multistage carcinogenesis in respiratory epithelium. [Mice]

An organ culture-cell culture system was used to demonstrate carcinogen dose-dependent transformation of tracheal epithelial cells in vitro. Tracheal explants were exposed to MNNG (N-methyl-N/sup 1/-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine) in organ culture. Outgrowths from these explants provided epithelial cell cultures. The numbers of long term epithelial cell cultures and cell lines that were established per explant increased as MNNG exposure concentration increased. At the present time, more cell lines derived from explants exposed to the highest MNNG concentration have produced palpable tumors than cell lines derived from explants exposed to lower MNNG concentrations. No cell lines were established from primaries derived from control explants. TPA (12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate), stimulates DNA synthesis in tracheal epithelium in organ culture in a manner simular to that described for mouse skin. Short exposures to TPA not only stimulated DNA synthesis earlier, but the stimulation was greater than that obtained with continuous exposure. At the present time, exposure of tracheal organ cultures to MNNG followed by TPA has resulted in an enhanced production of morphologically altered cells in primary epithelial cell cultures, than exposure to either agent alone.
Phytochemical Compounds of Branches from P. halepensis Oily Liquid Extract and S. terebinthifolius Essential Oil and Their Potential Antifungal Activity

In the present study, the antifungal activity of wood treated with Pinus halepensis branch n-hexane oily liquid extract (OLE) and Schinus terebinthifolius branch essential oil (EO) was evaluated against the growth of four phytopathogenic fungi—Bipolaris oryzae, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Rhizoctonia solani. Air-dried wood samples of Pinus roxburghii were autoclaved, and each wood received 100 µL of the concentrated oils from P. halepensis and S. terebinthifolius. The main compounds identified in S. terebinthifolius branch EO were terpinen-4-ol (18.25%), cis-β-terpineol (15.60%), γ-terpinene (12.46%), sabinene (9.83%), α-terpinene (8.56%), and 4-thujanol (6.71%), while the main compounds in P. halepensis branch HeO were 2-undecenal (22.25%), 4-hydroxy-10-methyl-3,4,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-2H-oxecin-2-one (8.43%), (Z)-2-decenal (6.88%), nonanal (5.85%), (2E)-2-decenal (4.65%), (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (4.41%), arachidonic acid methyl ester (4.36%), and 2-(7-heptadecynyloxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran (4.22%). P. halepensis OLE at a concentration of 3% showed the highest inhibition percentage of fungal growth (IPFG) of B. oryzae, followed by S. terebinthifolius EO at 3% and 2%, with IPFG values of 80%, 74.44%, and 71.66%, respectively. At a concentration of 3%, branch oils from S. terebinthifolius and P. halepensis were found to have the highest IPFG values with 45.55% and 40.55%, respectively, against F. oxysporum growth. Moderate to weak activity was found against F. solani when S. terebinthifolius EO and P. halepensis OLE were applied to wood. EO and OLE-treated wood samples at 3% produced inhibitions of 54.44% and 41.11%, respectively, against R. solani.
Urban Rivers as Dispersal Corridors: Which Factors Are Important for the Spread of Alien Woody Species along the Danube?

Cities are hotspots of invasions, and this is particularly the case for urban rivers, which are known to serve as corridors for the spread of alien plant species to floodplain forests. Here, we present a case study on woody (shrubs, trees) species invasions across a gradient from a metropolis (Vienna) to rural regions along the Danube River in eastern Austria. In total, we identified 44 native and 25 alien woody species in 75 plots. Five alien woody species occur in at least 10 plots. The most wide-spread ones were species of floodplain forests (Acer negundo, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, and Populus x canadensis), while Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia—which prefer dry sites—were recorded substantially less often. The average level of invasion—i.e., the relative proportion of alien to native woody species in plots—was high across all three study regions. Still, there was a moderate decline of alien woody species richness along the urban—peri-urban—rural gradient. Generalized Linear Mixed Models showed that population density and the proportion of urban habitats in the environs of the plots is significantly positively correlated with the presence of Acer negundo and Ailanthus altissima. Conversely, the occurrence of Robinia pseudoacacia is negatively correlated with surrounding population density and urban habitats. Occurrence of Acer negundo is positively correlated with urban habitats. For Fraxinus pennsylvanica, we found no significant relationships. Our results confirm that gallery forests at river banks are highly susceptible to invasions. We argue that managing alien woody species in urban and peri-urban sites is not appropriate and useful, given that re-invasion is likely in most cases (from adjacent urban green spaces). We acknowledge that this recommendation entails the implicit recognition that gallery forests along urban sections of the Danube will contain a substantial—and likely further increasing—proportion of alien woody species.
Visual learning methods: strategy for mitigating unethical decisions in accounting education

The purpose of this study is to examine the causality between obedience pressures and unethical decisions making and whether the causality can be mitigated by visual-based ethics learning methods. This study employs 2x2 between subjects factorial experiment methods with 114 participants from undergraduate students in accounting. The result of this study shows that there is a causal relationship between obedience pressures and unethical decisions making and that visual-based learning methods have encouraged subjects to make more ethical decisions. In addition, this study also finds that the most ethical decision outcomes are generated by the subjects who are under high obedience pressures and receive visual-based ethics learning methods.