Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
LOCALIZATION OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN AT THE NIDATORY SITE OF TUBAL PREGNANCY

Localization of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) at the nidatroy sites of tubal pregnancies was studied using immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent methods. In the villous trophoblast including anchoring villi, HCG was exclusively located in the syncytiotrophoblast. The amount of HCG which syncytiotrophoblast contained decreased in relation to the degenerative changes of the placental villi. In the anchoring villi, HCG was shown to exist more at the proximal part of the syncytiotrophoblast than at the distal part of the same villi. A markedly strong immunoreaction was observed at the syncytiotrophoblast which was scattered in the trophoblastic shell and also partly covered the trophoblastic shell. Not only the mononuclear trophoblast with abundunt glycogen in the cytoplasm, which usually existed in the trophoblastic column and shell and was classified as transitional trophoblast based on ultrastructural features, but also the mononuclear trophoblast that existed in the fibrinoid layer showed a weak but not negligible immune reaction. The characteristic localization of HCG at the nidatory site of the tubal pregnancy seemed to imply some special roles of HCG on nidation and various phenomena correlated with it. And it was also shown from these findings that the transitional trophoblast contained a small amount of HCG and that HCG concentration of the villous syncytiotrophoblast reflected the degenerative changes of the villi.
Sinopse dos gêneros de Acanthocinini neotropicais: II. Élitros sem setas, com crista centro-basal e carenas laterais (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae)

Acanthodoxus Martins & Monne, 1974, Cleodoxus Thomson, 1864 and Lathroeus Thomson, 1864 are studied. Cleodoxus lineaticollis Gounelle, 1910 is transferred to Baryssinus Bates, 1864. A key to the genera is added.
Incompleteness of the Permian–Triassic fossil record: a consequence of productivity decline?

Analysis of published data shows that, for most animal groups, the fossil record in the immediate aftermath of the end‐Permian biotic crisis is less complete than during the Late Permian or Middle Triassic. Completeness is measured by the Simple Completeness Metric. The interval of poor quality fossil record spans the entire Lower Triassic and may have serious consequences for our perception of the magnitude of the end‐Permian event. A model is presented which seeks to explain this phenomenon. There is abundant evidence that levels of primary productivity were severely reduced in the very latest Permian. In response to this, animal biomass must also have been reduced. The biomass of a particular taxon is the product of the size of individual organisms multiplied by the number of individuals. Those taxa that reduced population size, but maintained original body size, would tend not to be preserved (apparent extinction) and would also be more prone to ‘real’ extinction. Those taxa that retained large population sizes, but reduced body size, would resist extinction and would also maintain their presence in the fossil record. One testable prediction is that taxa present in the fossil record in the immediate aftermath of the end‐Permian crisis will have smaller body size than their pre‐event relatives, regardless of their initial size. Anecdotal evidence supports this prediction. Such a biomass reduction model may also be applicable to other mass extinction events. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investor Protection and the Role of Firm-Level Financial Transparency in Attracting Foreign Investment

We ask if companies can attract foreign equity capital by improving the transparency of their financial statements. Using a large panel of firms across fifty-one countries outside the U.S., we show that the answer is yes, but only in countries with relatively high levels of investor protection. In countries with poor investor protection, unilaterally increasing firm-level transparency has no effect on foreign ownership. Furthermore, our results indicate that in countries with higher levels of investor protection the positive association between transparency and foreign ownership is stronger following a country’s adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards.
The Stability of MNL-Based Demand under Dynamic Customer Substitution and its Algorithmic Implications

We study the dynamic assortment planning problem under the widely utilized multinomial logit choice model (MNL). In this single-period assortment optimization and inventory management problem, the retailer jointly decides on an assortment, that is, a subset of products to be offered, as well as on the inventory levels of these products, aiming to maximize the expected revenue subject to a capacity constraint on the total number of units stocked. The demand process is formed by a stochastic stream of arriving customers, who dynamically substitute between products according to the MNL model. Although this dynamic setting is extensively studied, the best known approximation algorithm guarantees an expected revenue of at least 0.139 times the optimum, assuming that the demand distribution has an increasing failure rate. In this paper, we establish novel stochastic inequalities showing that, for any given inventory level, the expected demand of each offered product is “stable” under basic algorithmic operations, such as scaling the MNL preference weights and shifting inventory across comparable products. We exploit this sensitivity analysis to devise the first approximation scheme for dynamic assortment planning under the MNL model.
A New Perspective on the Price & Amount of Consumption Risk: Implications on Asset Dynamics

We propose a model where heterogeneous investors endogenously enter or exit the stock market. We characterize the equilibrium and present a novel conditional consumption-CAPM. The model implies a mild procyclical market entry and countercyclical exit. This small change in the composition of stockholders implies a strongly countercyclical stockholders’ amount of consumption risk while maintaining a procyclical aggregate consumption risk. The price of consumption risk dynamics is affected by two counterbalancing effects: consumption re-distribution and market entry/exit. We find that the latter effect dominates the former, leading to a procyclical price of consumption risk. Overall, our model provides a new perspective on the main drivers of asset dynamics. It is the procyclical consumption risk-sharing implied by changes in stockholders' composition that contributes to the dynamics of risk premium, excess volatility, and price-dividend ratio. We provide empirical evidence on market participation, amount of risk, and price of risk supporting our theory.
Net Neutrality in Europe: Desperately Seeking a Market Failure

Net Neutrality has become the focus of attention in the regulatory debate on the Internet. This article attempts to strip down the debate to its bare essential. It identifies two main types of Net Neutrality obligations that have been put forward and assesses what type of potential concerns they may be designed to address. It concludes that while some of these concerns may be important it remains doubtful (at least in Europe) that an ex ante per se rule, such as those proposed under the Net Neutrality term, is the best way to address them.
Gravity in the Exchange Rate Factor Structure

We relate the risk characteristics of currencies to measures of physical, cultural, and institutional distance. Currencies of countries which are more distant from other countries are more exposed to systematic currency risk. This is due to a gravity effect in the factor structure of exchange rates: When a currency appreciates against a basket of other currencies, its bilateral exchange rate appreciates more against currencies of distant countries. As a result, currencies of peripheral countries are more exposed to systematic variation than currencies of central countries. Trade network centrality best predicts a currency’s average exposure to systematic risk.
Genetic Analysis of Energy Production in the Soybean 1

W. D. Hansen, R. C. Lefifel, and Robert W. Howell THE emphasis in soybean breeding has been on the production of high yielding, high oil lines; however, a shift in emphasis from oil to protein has been made to obtain a balanced total program. In practice, an increase in oil percentage has been associated with a decrease in protein percentage. The change in percent oil to the change in percent protein is considered to be approximately 1 to 2. The basis for this statement or, for that matter, the basic measures for studying the genetic control of the energy are not clearly defined. The objective of this paper is to quantify the genetics involving the production of energy by the soybean plant and to relate this information with the present breeding program. A plant produces energy by first synthesizing sugar. The energy which is not used for plant metabolism and growth is stored. The form in which the energy is stored and the quality and the quantity of the stored energy is the unique expression of a genotype grown within an environment. Yield components such as seed size, seeds per fruiting unit, and units per plant are genetically controlled but must be considered subservient to the ability of a genotype to produce energy unless storage limitations exist. Two genetic systems should be considered: (i) the genetic potential required to produce total seed energy and (ii) the genetic control of the distribution of energy between seed fractions.
The Wage‐Share in an Open Economy. Discussing Mexico's Experience

Mexico's wage share in manufacturing has shown a downward trend. We discuss the main factors that have shaped this evolution during the period of 1994 to 2009 and we analyze this issue on the basis of Kalecki's theory of income distribution, but adapting to an open economy. We show that, changes in the degree of monopoly and in the composition of prime costs have had a great impact on income distribution. Further, trade opening has contributed to magnify the effect on manufacturing wage share of changes in the exchange rate.
Human Capital, Income Growth and Inequality: The Issue of Convergence in Indian States During 1960-2005

This paper tries to concentrate on the issue of convergence under neoclassical paradigm across Indian states through the passage of human capital education variables during the period between 1960 and 2005. The paper tries to address the issue in a broad landscape of cross section, pooled and dynamic panel models to scrutinize the effects of education variables like literacy rate, enrollment ratio and per capita public education expenditure along with controlled time and state-specific effects in five, ten, twenty, thirty and forty years growth episodes. The outcomes emphasize the significance of policy mechanism to achieve balanced growth and regional convergence in Indian states.
Estimating biomass and macronutrient content of some commercially important plantation species in South Africa

The removal of biomass, in any combination of stemwood, bark or branch harvesting, can cause a significant increase in nutrient loss from commercial timber plantations. Ensuring long-term site productivity of forest plantations is a key issue for forestry management. Managers need to secure a continued supply of tree biomass components, while understanding the impact of various harvesting operations on plantation nutrient reserves. It is imperative to quantify the biomass and nutrient stocks and their removal during silvicultural operations, such as harvesting, burning and various forms of site preparation. At present, there are no simple methods to estimate inherent site nutrient reserves, or nutrient gains through processes such as atmospheric deposition or rock weathering, or the quantities of nutrients lost through silvicultural operations (harvesting, burning and site preparation). The aim of this work was to construct simple multipliers that can be used in conjunction with plantation timber volumes to estimate stem, branch and bark biomass and nutrient contents. The multipliers were developed from data existing for Eucalyptus spp. , Pinus patula and Acacia mearnsii stands throughout the summer rainfall region of South Africa and Swaziland. Due to limited data unique nutrient multipliers were not developed for each productivity range and the multipliers were assumed to be consistent across all productivity ranges. The ratios may underestimate on fertile sites where luxury consumption of nutrients may occur and not accurately predict where stand management practices have altered wood density, allometry or canopy architecture. Although genus and species impacted on the quantity of nutrients held in the plantation biomass, productivity and harvesting intensity were the biggest driver of nutrient removal. Although the multipliers developed here have value in creating a general estimate of nutrient content they are from a limited dataset and need to be expanded upon across species, site and age ranges before being able to precisely estimate nutrient contents. Although harvesting is a major component of nutrient export, natural additions and losses of nutrients, and site nutrient reserves need to be known in order to gain a complete understanding of the impact of nutrient loss on site nutrient reserves.
Stock-Bond Return Correlations: Moving Away from ‘One-Frequency-Fits-All’ by Extending the DCC-MIDAS Approach

This paper explores the determinants of U.S. stock-bond correlations estimated at various frequencies. For this purpose, the two-component DCC-MIDAS model of correlation Colacito, Engle &amp; Ghysels (2011) is used and extended to incorporate a third correlation frequency component. Subsequently, macroeconomic and financial variables are studied as determinants of each component. We show that the daily correlation component is driven by financial market factors, while the monthly component is more influenced by macroeconomic factors. Finally, the yearly component is determined by funding opportunities in the economy. These results are important as they show that different correlation components and determinants should be considered for different investment horizons.
Perforated Ray Cells in the Wood of Roots and Branches of Cerrado Species from Brazil

Perforated ray cells (PRCs) are recorded here for the first time in the roots and branches of Schefflera vinosa, Caryocar brasiliense, Acosmium subelegans, Byrsonima basiloba, B. coccolobifolia, B. verbascifolia and Alibertia concolor which occur in Pratâniaʼs cerrado (SP, Brazil). PRCs are larger than normal ray cells, occurring isolated or in groups of two or more in the same ray, and are present predominantly in the uniseriate portion of multiseriate rays in all species studied. In the roots and branches, the types of perforation plates (PP) of the PRCs are similar to those of the vessel elements (VE) in most species, with the exception of the branches of Schefflera vinosa and the branches and roots of Caryocar brasiliense. The diameter of the PRC plates was greater in the roots than in the branches, but the differences were only statistically significant in Schefflera vinosa, Byrsonima basiloba and B. verbascifolia. In a general way the PRC plates were greater in diameter than the VE plates in both roots and branches of most species.
The Structure of the Spermatozoon of the Japanese Quail, Coturnix coturnix L., var. japonica

The spermatozoa of the Japanese quail conform, in their general ‘sauropsid’ plan, to that of other non-passerine birds. They are notable, however, in that the flagellum is very elongated (208 μm) and carries approximately 2,500 mitochondria in an extensive midpiece. Ultrastructurally, the acrosome and acrosome-nucleus junction is exactly as reported for other galliform birds. The neck region contains two centrioles arranged almost in-line; this unusual layout apparently occurs also in guinea fowl sperm. At the tip of the axoneme, beyond the termination of the central pair microtubules, is a structure—the tip granule—previously recognized in sperm of the domestic fowl. Trypsin digestion splits the axonemal cylinder, and the doublets then spiralize. This response has been reported before, in the sperm tails of other avian species.
Stock Market Prices and Financial System Stability

We study the macrofinancial linkage of stock market and financial system stability in Indonesia. Three stock market-based measures are proposed and are tested to search for possible empirical link from observed stock prices (stock market mispricing), combination of observed price and fundamental information (distress risk or probability of default) and fundamental information (financial friction) to the financial system stability indicators. We found significant linkage from probability of default measure as it provides additional information contribution ranging from 18% to 41% to the financial system stability. The result indicates potential macrofinancial link between stock market and financial system stability in Indonesia.
A New Measure of Monetary Policy Shocks

This paper constructs a new measure of monetary policy shocks that is orthogonal to fundamentals by combining the high-frequency approach of Gurkaynak et al. (2005) and Romer and Romer (2004)'s narrative approach. The empirical features of the new measure are: (i) contractionary monetary policy surprises revise the private sectors' unemployment rate expectation upward and inflation expectation downward; (ii) the hypothesis that the new measure is white noise cannot be rejected at both the daily and the monthly frequency; (iii) the new measure has insignificant effects on the long-term real rates; (iv) the new measure co-moves negatively with the current stock prices and the stock price futures.
DEVELOPMENTAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE INFLORESCENCE IN HEXAPLOID WHEAT CULTIVARS WITH AND WITHOUT THE CULTIVAR NORIN 10 IN THEIR ANCESTRY

The morphological development of the spike in short-statured hexaploid wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) derived from the cultivar Norin 10, and in Norin 10 as well, was markedly different from that in standard hexaploid wheats. In Norin 10 and its derivatives, the single ridges (slowly growing leaf primordia) on the elongating apex were considerably larger and spikelet primordia initiation and expansion were markedly delayed, resulting in a long apex with many single ridges. When spikelet development commenced, it was much more synchronous and hence gave rise to longer heads than in standard wheat in which spikelet development began soon after the start of the elongation of the apex. In most Norin 10 derivatives, more spikelets were initiated than in standard wheat. Apical dominance in the spike appeared to be stronger than in standard wheats. Also, apical dominance within the individual spikelets appeared to be greater, the net result being more fertile florets per spikelet. The developmental pattern of the.
Isolamento, fracionamento e atividade anticoagulante de iota-carragenanas da Solieria filiformis

This study aimed to isolate, fractionate and evaluate the anticoagulant potential of iota-carrageenans (i-CARs) from Solieria filiformis when two extraction methods (M I and M II) were used. i-CARs were isolated with papain in 0.1M sodium acetate (pH 5.0) containing 5mM cystein and 5mM EDTA (M I) or water (80°C) (M II), and then their chemical composition of total carbohydrates, free sulfate (FS) and contaminant proteins were determined. i-CARs were submitted to anion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-cellulose) using a sodium chloride gradient,being evaluated the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time of obtained fractions and compared to heparin (193IU mg-1). A rich fraction of anticoagulant was also submitted to 0.5% agarose gel electrophoresis procedure. The difference of yield between methods was 10.14%. The chemical composition of FS (29.40%) and the fractionation by DEAE-cellulose showed M I more effectiveness in the obtaining of i-CARs compared to M II. The APTT was also modified for i-CARs from M I. However, the in vitro anticoagulant activity of a rich fraction (8.52IU mg-1) was inferior to heparin.
Threshold Effects in the Debt-Growth Relationship

Following the 1980s debt crisis a consensus has emerged that there is a debt threshold in the debt-growth relationship. This paper estimates the debt threshold empirically using endogenous threshold model proposed by Hansen (1996, 2000) and several other modelling strategies to check the robustness of the findings. The following results emerge: (i) the optimal debt is different for different model specifications and across different estimators; (ii) the quadratic model predicts that debt threshold occurs between 24%-46% debt-to-GDP ratio; (iii) Hansen’s threshold model suggests that debt becomes detrimental to growth when debt-to-GDP ratio approaches 45%.
QUANTIFICATION OF FREE FATTY ACIDS AND FLAVOR CHARACTERISTICS OF KASAR CHEESES

Thirty commercial Kasar cheeses were analyzed for their free fatty acids (FFAs) and gross composition as well as flavor profiles. The flavor notes and chemical parameters were grouped by factor analyses and correlated. The predominant free fatty acids in Kasar cheeses were palmitic (C16:0) , oleic (C18:1 ), myristic (C14:0 ) and stearic (C18:0 ) acids. Factor analysis showed that the last group of FFA consisted of butyric, caprylic, capric and palmitic acids. The Kasar cheeses were mainly described by panelists as pungent, sour and rancid as well as having an animal-like flavor. Butyric, caproic, caprylic, capric and lauric acids exhibited these flavors notes and were also statistically correlated with flavor (taste-odor) (P < 0.05). The desirable-flavored Kasar cheeses had intermediate concentrations (mg/kg cheese) of individual FFA: 665 for butyric acid, 398 for caproic acid, 254 for caprylic acid, 476 for capric acid, 688 for lauric acid, 2153 for myristic acid, 5559 for palmitic acid, 1703 for stearic acid, 3701 for oleic acid and 15,597 for total FFA.
Computational Complexity and Asset Pricing

We study how markets help spread knowledge about solutions to the standard but computationally hard problem of maximizing value over indivisible goods subject to a budget constraint. In a first experiment, we f ind that complete markets are fairly ineffective. Still, participants use prices and volumes to improve their choices. In a second experiment, inspired by the notion of oracles in computer science, we show that a reduction to only one carefully chosen asset dramatically improves price quality and knowledge dispersion. Our analysis provides a formalization of Hayek's (1945) conjecture that markets help disseminate knowledge in society.
Mobile Money, Cashless Society and Financial Inclusion: Case Study on Somalia and Kenya

Almost two billion, 40% of world adult population, lack a basic service without which life is difficult in our modern world, and that is financial account (Anders Borg, 2016). Exclusion from formal financial system has been recognized as one of the barriers to reach of “a world without poverty” (WorldBank, 2012). At the same time, mobile subscribers outnumbered financial account holders in many countries and almost half of un-banked people have mobile phones. This opens a window of opportunity for financial inclusion stakeholders including governments, financial institutions and practitioners. In the last decade, mobile money has accelerated financial inclusion for many people in the developing world as evidenced by progress made in Somalia, Kenya and other countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. For this reason, it is seen as both “potential” financial inclusive and financial integration tool (Africa Development Bank, 2012). This paper investigates effect of mobile money on financial inclusion. By using Kenya and Somalia as a case study the research found that Mobile Money Services are an effective tool that can be used to tackle financial exclusion in developing countries.