Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES CONTRACT FARMING AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION: EVIDENCE FROM A FIELD EXPERIMENT IN BENIN

In recent decades contract farming has emerged as a popular mechanism to encourage vertical coordination in developing country agriculture. The goal of such coordination is to better integrate smallholder farmers into the modern agricultural food system, fostering rural transformation. We use panel data from a randomized control trial to quantify the impact of different contract attributes on rural transformation and welfare of smallholder rice farmers in Benin. We vary the terms of contract, with some farmers being offered a contract that only guarantees a price, while other contracts add extension training or input loans. While all three types of contracts had positive and significant effects, we find that contracts which only included an agreement on price had nearly as large of an impact as did contracts with additional attributes. This suggests that once price uncertainty is resolved, farmers are able to address other constraints on their own. Aminou Arouna AfricaRice 01 B.P. 2551 Bouake Cote d’Ivoire A.Arouna@cgiar.org Jeffrey D. Michler University of Arizona McClelland Park 301K 650 N. Park Ave. Tucson, ARIZ 85719 jdmichler@email.arizona. edu Jourdain C. Lokossou ICRISAT BP 320 Bamako Mali J.Lokossou@cgiar.org A randomized controlled trials registry entry is available at https://www.socialscienceregistry. org/trials/2619
The Campbell Collaboration

In this article, we begin with an introduction and overview to the Campbell Collaboration’s potential contribution to evidence-based practice. We then examine the precedent set by the Campbell Collaboration and afterward discuss a case scenario and the rationale for the Campbell Collaboration. Next, we identify and discuss the Campbell Collaboration’s operating principles and current and planned products. The last part of this article focuses on systematic reviews of evidence-based practices. [Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 4:277–287 (2004)]
General Theory of Spin-Wave Interactions

An ideal model of a ferromagnet is studied, consisting of a lattice of identical spins with cubic symmetry and with isotropic exchange coupling between nearest neighbors. The aim is to obtain a complete description of the thermodynamic properties of the system at low temperatures, far below the Curie point. In this temperature region the natural description of the states of the system is in terms of Bloch spin waves. The nonorthogonality of spin-wave states raises basic difficulties which are examined and overcome.
Meddies in the Mercator North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea eddy‐resolving model

The new generation of high-resolution ocean models offers a new way to investigate the characteristics and the evolution of the ocean mesoscale. An analysis of the simulated Mediterranean eddies, the so-called ''meddies,'' is presented. The model used in this study is the Mercator North Atlantic [9°N, 70°N] and Mediterranean Sea Prototype (PAM), a high-resolution configuration (3.5-8 km horizontal grid) based on the OPA ocean general circulation model. The meddies are coherent structures of warm and salt Mediterranean Water (MW) advected in the northeast Atlantic. A 5 year experiment performed with PAM reproduced the main observed characteristics of the meddies: thermohaline properties (11.8°C, 36 psu), sizes (radius between 25 and 110 km), thickness (between 500 and 1000 m), westward advection velocities (1.4 cm.s-1), angular velocities (a period of 20 days), a good estimate of the number of meddies in the northeast Atlantic (~22), and their realistic geographical distribution (80% south of 40°N). Moreover, and in agreement with a previous study based on an observation cruise, these modeled meddies represent half of the westward salinity transport of MW.
On the Effects of Preanalysis Standardization

In spatial analysis the data are often assumed to be normally distributed, which may not be a property of the earth science phenomenon studied. Different types of pre-analysis standardization lead to disparate qualitative or quantitative interpretations: The standardization techniques compared are Gaussian normal-ization and proportion of range transformation. For two case studies: (1) oceanographic data investigated with Q-mode factor analysis, and (2) stratigraphic data analyzed by algebraic map comparison, proportion of range standardization is more appropriate than Gaussian standardization, in view of the scientific interpretation, with the results of factor analysis generally being more sensitive to pre-analysis standardization than the results of map comparison.
The relation between water use and pesticides – Some remarks on the influence of integrated farming practices

Agriculture is the main user of the world’s water resources. Due to increasing concern on water quality and quantity, there is a growing interest to use the scarce water resources in the most efficient way to feed the growing world population. By employing a meta-analysis, this paper shows that pesticide use in combination with other improved production technologies have tripled agricultural water use efficiency (WUE) in the last 30 years. Recently, the European Union banned several active substances, among these more than 20 pesticides formerly used in crop growing. By doing so the progress in WUE has been put into question. This paper argues that a sudden reduction of pesticides by 50 % would lead to a need for more than 55 million hectares of additional arable land and for more than 158 km3 of additional water. Furthermore, in such a case the global irrigated area would have to be increased by 4 %. As most studies on the worldwide potential of additional arable land show, this land does not exist. Therefore, there are strong arguments to invest even further into new water saving technologies including pesticides. Specific research is needed to clarify which countries would be affected most by a sudden restriction or even ban of pesticides.
PAN: a high-performance active network node supporting multiple mobile code systems

A capsule-based active network transports capsules containing code to be executed on network nodes through which they pass. Active networks facilitate the deployment of new protocols, which can be used without any changes to the underlying network infrastructure. This paper describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of a high-performance active network node which supports multiple mobile code systems. Experiments, using capsules executing unsafe native Intel ix86 object code, indicate that active networks may be able to provide significant flexibility relative to traditional networks with only a small performance overhead (as little as 13% for 1500 byte packets). However, capsules executing JavaVM code performed far worse (with over three times the performance overhead of native code for 128 byte packets), indicating that mobile code system performance is critical to overall node performance.
Nitrate and phosphate contamination in ground water of Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

This paper entails the results of nitrate and phosphate analysis performed in the ground water samples of Varanasi city and around. The study reveals that unorganized sewage system, agricultural waste, solid waste and industrial effluents have greatly threatened the ground water resources in Varanasi. Over exploitation of ground water resources has increased the contamination of ground water by increasing the salinity in most part of the city area. Study reveals that eighteen ground water samples have shown nitrate (10.5ppm to 36ppm) content exceeding the limit of EPA recommendation and three water samples have shown to have phosphate (6.4ppm to 8.4ppm) content exceeding the EPA recommendation limit. Highest concentration of nitrate (36ppm) was found in the ground water samples of Lakharaw village of Varanasi city at a depth of 130ft. A significant observation reveals that the contamination of nitrate is higher at depth zone of 130-160ft. However, the nitrate contamination in ground water is also decreases with depth below 160 ft. Phosphate contamination of ground water is also observed to be decreasing with depth.
Baseline musculoskeletal pain and impaired sleep related to school pressure influence the development of musculoskeletal pain in N=107 adolescents in a five-year longitudinal study”

Purpose : This longitudinal study followed 10- to 13-year-old adolescents for five years to investigate the effects of juvenile musculoskeletal (MSK) pain and psychosocial risk factors on future pain. We further predicted that increased MSK pain at follow-up would be positively related to current school pressure at follow-up and negatively related to current sleep quality. Sleep quality was tested as a potential mediator of the link between school pressure and MSK pain at follow-up after controlling for baseline MSK pain. Methods : The baseline sample comprised 189 adolescents and five-year follow-up resulted in 107 15- to 18-year-old adolescents who had completed mandatory education. Adolescents responded to an online questionnaire about psychosocial stressors, MSK pain, school achievement, and leisure activities. A longitudinal hierarchic linear regression including all significant baseline predictors was run to assess their impact on MSK pain five years later. Mediation analysis was used to investigate sleep quality as a potential mediator of the relationship between school pressure and MSK pain at follow-up. Results : Baseline MSK pain predicted MSK pain over a time lag of five years ( ß = .26, p = .02). The relationship between follow-up school pressure and current MSK pain was mediated by sleep quality at follow-up (B = .17, SE B = .07, CI-95 = .06 to .34) when baseline MSK pain was controlled. Conclusions : Juvenile MSK pain predicts MSK pain in adolescence. A psychosocial mediation model including school pressure and sleep impairments has the potential to explain MSK pain mechanisms in adolescents. mediation of the link between school pressure and MSK pain by short-term sleep problems is to be expected. This study represents a continuation of the study of Erne and Elfering [9] in the form of a five-year follow-up. The longitudinal data allowed us to test the extent to which juvenile MSK predicted MSK. Additionally, we aimed to investigate the relationships between developments of MSK pain, school pressure, and sleep quality in adolescents.
Differential downregulation of CD46 by measles virus strains

Recently, we found that several lymphotropic wild-type isolates of measles virus (MV) did not lead to the downregulation of CD46 following infection. We hypothesized that either the site of virus isolation, e.g., throat swab versus peripheral blood mononuclear cells, or the cell type used for the isolation may exert selective pressure on a mixed population of viruses, resulting in isolates with the differential properties observed. This hypothesis has been tested by simultaneously isolating MV from a throat swab and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a single patient by cultivation on B95 and Vero cells. We report that neither the source of MV nor the cell type used for isolation directly influenced the capacity for CD46 modulation of these MV isolates.
Root Coverage Predictability in the Treatment of Gingival Recessions on Mandibular Anterior Teeth

Introduction: Mandibular anterior teeth are most frequently affected by gingival recession. However, data regarding mucogingival treatment aimed at root coverage in this specific location are limited. Objective: The purpose of this study was to systematically review the scientific literature and to use the meta-analytic approach to address the following focused question: “What is the effectiveness of different surgical approaches on clinical and patient-related outcomes in the treatment of buccal gingival recessions on mandibular anterior teeth? ” Methods: Studies were located by searching 3 electronic databases (Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane databases) and cross-referencing. Randomized and nonrandomized studies including at least 1 arm involving the use of pedicle flaps and/or free soft tissue grafts in the treatment of gingival recessions (recession type [RT] 1 and RT2) located on the buccal aspects of mandibular centrals, laterals and canines, were included in the analysis. Primary outcome was mean root coverage (mRC), expressed in percentage, based on a 3- to 12-mo follow-up observation. A Bayesian single-arm network meta-analysis was performed to identify a treatment hierarchy of the different surgical techniques. Results: Sixteen studies, with a total of 23 arms, were included in the quantitative analysis. The greatest mRC is associated with laterally positioned flap (LPF) + connective tissue graft (CTG) (91.2%) and tunnel (TUN) + CTG (89.4%), whereas LPF alone, coronally advanced flap (CAF) + CTG, and free gingival graft (FGG) showed lower mRC (79.1%, 78.9%, and 68.5% respectively). TUN + CTG provides significantly greater mRC compared to CAF+CTG. No difference among the procedures could be observed in terms of keratinized tissue width gain. Conclusions: Treatment hierarchy generated by an arm-based network meta-analysis model suggested that tunnel and laterally positioned flap, both in combination with connective tissue graft, may provide the greatest mean root coverage in the treatment of mandibular anterior recessions. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The results of the present systematic review can be used by clinicians when deciding which approach to adopt when treating buccal gingival recessions on mandibular anterior teeth. In particular, procedures based on a laterally positioned flap or a tunneling technique, both in combination with connective tissue graft, seem to be the most predictable therapeutic decision.
Actividad física y apoyo de la autonomía : el rol del profesor de Educación Física

Physical Education (PE) teachers play an essential role in promoting physical activity (PA) with their teaching activity. The purpose of this study was to analyse the influence that perceived autonomy support from PE teachers exerts on regular engagement in PA, both from the students' and teachers' viewpoint. A total of 831 teenagers took part (M = 14.32; SD = .73; 372 boys and 459 girls) and 18 PE teachers (9 men and 9 women) from the cities of Huesca (Spain) and Tarbes (France). A linear regression analysis was performed in stages, which showed that both greater perceived autonomy support from the PE teachers by students, and highly autonomous orientation of the PE teachers positively predict greater engagement in regular PA in teenagers. The development of an autonomy-oriented climate in PE must make up one of the main pillars of the whole education process. This favourable climate must be based on the teaching intervention and discourse of the PE teachers as determining elements of the teenagers' behaviour, being able to contribute to their development as more active people in their free time.
Effect of corners in strutted excavations : Field monitoring and case histories

This paper discusses the effects of corners on wall deflection and ground movement around multistrutted deep excavations. To assess the significance of such effects in a typical-sized excavation in Singapore, a field monitoring exercise was conducted into an excavation in soft marine clay. Field data from this exercise indicate that the strengthening effect of the corner can lead to a significant reduction in wall deflection and ground settlement. Finite-element back-analyses of the excavation also showed that, where corner effects are significant, three-dimensional analysis may be able to offer significantly better predictions of movement than two-dimensional analysis. Comparison with several other excavation projects where corner effects were considered or observed suggests that the significance, or otherwise, of such effects depends on three factors: the length-to-depth ratio of the excavation, the depth to a relatively stiff stratum, and the stiffness of the strutting system.
Air and permafrost temperatures at Mount Melbourne (1989–98)

Recent meteorological studies suggest a mixed pattern of climate change in Antarctica: a general cooling of the interior continent and warming in the Antarctic Peninsula over the past several decades (e.g. Comiso 2000, Doran et al. 2002, Vaughan et al. 2003). This note presents 10 years of continuous recording of air and permafrost temperature at Mount Melbourne (74°21′S, 164°42′E) in Northern Victoria Land. Mount Melbourne is a quiescent volcano belonging to a wide-spread volcanic belt which has developed since the Oligocene along the western margin of the Ross Sea, parallel to the Transantarctic Mountains (Fig. 1a). In 1988 a tilt network composed of five continuous recording sensors each equipped with four temperature sensors (Fig. 1b) was installed within the framework of Italian PRNA between the end of 1988 and the beginning of 1989 (Bonaccorso et al. 1995).
A German catalogue of archaeomagnetic data

SUMMARY A catalogue has been compiled of existing published and unpublished archaeomagnetic directional data from sites in Germany. The data comprise 125 results dated mainly in the past two millennia. The stability of the natural remanent magnetization was proven for most structures with at least a Thellier viscosity test, although for the majority of the data the direction is based on the characteristic remanent magnetization obtained from demagnetization experiments. Rock magnetic experiments carried out on the samples from many of the sites reveal that the dominant magnetic carrier is magnetite, often oxidized or with impurities. For many sites the archaeological age estimate is supported by physical dating methods. While the Roman epoch (0–400 AD) and the period from medieval to modern times (800–1700 AD) are reasonably well covered with data, the time interval in between and the first millennium BC are only poorly covered. The geographical distribution of data throughout Germany shows a concentration along the Rhine valley during Roman times, with in general a better coverage to the north. Nevertheless this data set clearly shows the secular variation during the past three millennia, and it extends the European archaeomagnetic data set considerably.
Title: What is the Relationship between the Quality of Care Experience and Quality of Life Outcomes? Some Evidence from Long-Term Home Care in England

Acknowledgements: The research on which this article is based is independent research commissioned and funded by the NIHR Policy Research Programme in the Quality and Outcomes of person-centred care. The views expressed in the publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, the Department of Health and Social Care, arm’s length bodies or other government departments.
KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Lipid Management in Chronic Kidney Disease Foreword

262 Summary of Recommendation Statements 263 Introduction: The case for updating and context 266 Chapter 1: Assessment of lipid status in adults with CKD 268 Chapter 2: Pharmacological cholesterol-lowering treatment in adults 271 Chapter 3: Assessment of lipid status in children with CKD 280 Chapter 4: Pharmacological cholesterol-lowering treatment in children 282 Chapter 5: Triglyceride-lowering treatment in adults 284 Chapter 6: Triglyceride-lowering treatment in children 286 Methods for Guideline Development 287 Biographic and Disclosure Information 297
Ectonucleotidase tri(di)phosphohydrolase-1 (ENTPD-1) disrupts inflammasome/interleukin 1β-driven venous thrombosis

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), caused by alterations in venous homeostasis is the third most common cause of cardiovascular mortality; however, key molecular determinants in venous thrombosis have not been fully elucidated. Several lines of evidence indicate that DVT occurs at the intersection of dysregulated inflammation and coagulation. The enzyme ectonucleoside tri(di)phosphohydrolase (ENTPD1, also known as CD39) is a vascular ecto-apyrase on the surface of leukocytes and the endothelium that inhibits intravascular inflammation and thrombosis by hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds from nucleotides released by activated cells. Here, we evaluated the contribution of CD39 to venous thrombosis in a restricted-flow model of murine inferior vena cava stenosis. CD39-deficiency conferred a >2-fold increase in venous thrombogenesis, characterized by increased leukocyte engagement, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, fibrin and local activation of tissue factor in the thrombotic milieu. This was orchestrated by increased phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of NFκB, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) release in CD39-deficient mice. Substantiating these findings, an IL-1β-neutralizing antibody attenuated the thrombosis risk in CD39-deficient mice. These data demonstrate that IL-1β is a key accelerant of venous thrombo-inflammation, which can be suppressed by CD39. CD39 inhibits in vivo crosstalk between inflammation and coagulation pathways, and is a critical vascular checkpoint in venous thrombosis. 3 Kanthi CD39 inflammasome DVT
Characteristics of midlatitude coherent backscatter from the ionospheric E region obtained with Sporadic E Scatter experiment

Sporadic E Scatter (SESCAT) experiment is a continuous wave radio Doppler experiment in Crete, which operates at 50 MHz and observes coherent backscatter from field‐aligned irregularities in the midlatitude E region ionosphere (L = 1.35). In this paper a large database of high‐resolution Doppler spectrum observations from over one and a half years of radar operation is utilized to investigate the properties of coherent radio wave scattering. The statistics of the spectral moments show that echo intensities are in the 5‐ to 15‐dB range, Doppler velocities point northward and upward having magnitudes usually less than 100 m/s, whereas spectrum widths are narrow taking values mostly in the range from 50 to 150 m/s. On the basis of the data, we postulate that 50‐MHz midlatitude echoes are largely due to secondary irregularities generated during conditions of weak plasma turbulence; A striking feature is the seasonal and diurnal echo occurrence. The echoes are overwhelmingly present in the summer months and appear only during nighttime, mostly in the premidnight local time sector. Knowing the close connection with the midlatitude sporadic layers, Es, the echo occurrence can be understood in terms of the well‐known morphology of intense Es layers. On the other hand, the absence of daytime echoes means that the gradient drift instability is inoperable during the day, probably because of electron density gradient smoothing due to strong solar photoionization production. Finally, the mean Doppler velocities are larger in amplitude but vary approximately in phase with the ambient northward and upward E × B drifts, infeired from past incoherent scatter radar measurements, and model predictions of meridional neutral winds.
An investigation into changes in climate characteristics causing the recent very low runoff in the southern Murray‐Darling Basin using rainfall‐runoff models

The recent drought in the southern Murray‐Darling Basin has seen a larger reduction in annual runoff in many places compared to historical droughts with similar annual rainfall reductions. Several reasons have been suggested for this, including proportionally less autumn and winter rainfall, fewer high rainfall years, and increased temperatures. Using the SIMHYD daily rainfall‐runoff model and scenarios of rainfall and potential evapotranspiration, we investigate the causes of the observed runoff reduction over 1997–2008 in the Campaspe river basin, an area representative of the southern Murray‐Darling Basin. This method accounts for 83% of the runoff reduction, with the reduction in annual rainfall accounting for 52%. The remainder is not explained by any single hydroclimatic feature but is mostly accounted for by the combination of changes in rainfall variability outside monthly and annual time scales (15%), changed seasonality of rainfall (11%), and increased potential evapotranspiration (5%).