Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Explaining vineyard specialization in the province of Barcelona (Spain) in the mid-19th century

We present a statistical model of agrarian vineyard specialization in the province of Barcelona towards 1860, that combines the Boserupian push of population increase, the demand pull of a Smithian-type of growth (measured by the time-distances to the nearest seaport), and the agrological lands suitability for sowing grain or growing vines (as measured by water stress, slopes and frost risk). The overall outcome of the adjusted R2 levels, which range from 0.608 to 0.826, can be considered very successful. The inequality in land ownership is another factor that we believe to have played an important role, but has had to be omitted for the moment due to the lack of statistical data. Further research is also needed to deal with a possible endogeneity problem that working with socio-demographic variables entails.
Changing geophysical contrast between archaeological features and surrounding soil

Electromagnetic (EM) techniques are used to locate and map archaeological features through differences in soil EM properties (linked to geotechnical properties and climatic conditions), but these have poorly understood seasonality to their response, and poor performance on certain (especially fine grained) soils. Customised Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) monitoring stations were used to collect hourly apparent relative dielectric permittivity (ARDP), bulk electrical conductivity (BEC) and temperature data from archaeological features and the surrounding soil matrix (SSM) for four sites over a 16-23 month period. Soil samples were taken to study links between geotechnical and EM properties in the laboratory. Differences in BEC-VWC (volumetric water content) and ARDP-VWC relationships between fine and coarse grained soils were found, but differences between archaeological and SSM soils were small, confirming field measured contrasts predominantly result from VWC differences. ARDP-VWC relationships were affected by the EM loss tangent rather than just bound water as previously suggested, making BEC and magnetic properties of the soil significant. Both archaeological and SSM soils showed similar trends in recorded values and infiltration responses after rainfall events, and differences were predominantly due to water holding capacities of the soils and variations in drying patterns which were tied to the properties of the soil, especially porosity, clay content and mineralogy. Whilst coarse grained soils showed good EM contrasts throughout, smaller contrasts were found on fine grained soils, with optimum times for detection found during dry conditions when VWC differences were at a maximum and during warm periods where BEC differences were accentuated.
A global analysis of human settlement in coastal zones

Recent improvements in mapping of global population distribution makes it possible to estimate the number and distribution of people near coasts with greater accuracy than previously possible, and hence consider the potential exposure of these populations to coastal hazards. In this paper, we combine the updated Gridded Population of the World (GPW2) population distribution estimate for 1990 and lighted settlement imagery with a global digital elevation model (DEM) and a high resolution vector coastline. This produces bivariate distributions of population, lighted settlements and land area as functions of elevation and coastal proximity. The near-coastal population within 100 km of a shoreline and 100 m of sea level was estimated as 1.2 X 10(9) people with average densities nearly 3 times higher than the global average density. Within the near coastal-zone, the average population density diminishes more rapidly with elevation than with distance, while the opposite is true of lighted settlements. Lighted settlements are concentrated within 5 km of coastlines worldwide, whereas average population densities are higher at elevations below 20 m throughout the 100 km width of the near-coastal zone. Presently most of the near-coastal population live in relatively densely-populated rural areas and small to medium cities, rather than in large cities. A range of improvements are required to define a better baseline and scenarios for policy analysis. Improving the resolution of the underlying population data is a priority.
MEASUREMENTS OF BRIDGE SCOUR AND BED CHANGES IN A FLOODING SAND-BED RIVER.

RIVER-BED SCOUR WAS MEASURED AT SEVERAL BRIDGES ON THE BEAVER RIVER, ALBERTA, AFTER AN EXCEPTIONAL FLOOD IN JUNE 1962. ECHO SOUNDINGS SHOWED THAT DEEP SCOURING OCCURRED BELOW 2 BRIDGES WITH SUBSEQUENT RE-FILLING AS THE WATER SUBSIDED, AND SUBSTANTIAL CHANGES TOOK PLACE IN THE LONGITUDINAL PROFILE OF THE RIVER. THE PAPER IS ALSO CONCERNED WITH THEORY OF ALLUVIAL CHANNELS AND METHODS OF ESTIMATING SCOUR DEPTH. /RRL/
A Lagrangian Analysis of the Atmospheric Branch of the Global Water Cycle. Part I: Method Description, Validation, and Demonstration for the August 2002 Flooding in Central Europe

Understanding and quantifying the relationships between evaporation of water in one region, precipitation in another, and the transport processes connecting them, is one of the key problems in hydrometeorology. However, to date few methods exist that are suitable for establishing these relationships. In this paper, a new Lagrangian technique is described that builds on methods that have been developed for investigating source‐receptor relationships for air pollutants. It is based on meteorological analysis data and a particle dispersion model and uses a Lagrangian analog to the Eulerian budget method to diagnose the surface moisture flux. Because of its Lagrangian nature, regions of net evaporation are connected by trajectories with regions of net precipitation, and these trajectories can be used to examine how the two are related. The method is shown to yield estimates for the global distribution of the annual mean surface freshwater flux that are equally accurate as those obtained with the Eulerian budget method. It is then applied in a case study of an extreme precipitation event that occurred in central Europe in August 2002 and led to floodings with return periods of 100 to 300 yr in some river catchments. Again it is shown that the moisture fluxes obtained with the Lagrangian and Eulerian method, respectively, agree well with each other, and both agree well with observed precipitation patterns and shortrange precipitation forecasts. Then the new method is used to determine where the water that became precipitation during the flooding event has evaporated. It is found that in addition to a strong Mediterranean source, much of the water evaporated from land. The strong extra evaporation over land was likely due to a wet spell the weeks before that left soils saturated with water in large parts of Europe and flooded in some smaller regions. It appears that precipitation forecasts suffered from predicting too little evaporation in these regions.
Velocity structure in upper ocean crust at Hole 504B from vertical seismic profiles

Hole 504B provides the only opportunity to directly correlate seismic velocity structure to the lithology and physical properties of upper ocean crust, providing a baseline for comparison with seismic measurements elsewhere. We determine P and S velocities from vertical seismic profiles (VSPs) obtained on Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Legs 111 and 148. Four issues are considered: the location of the seismic layer 2/3 boundary, P to S wave conversion by scattering, transverse isotropy, and Poisson's ratio as an indicator of lithology, porosity, and structure. (1) In the P velocity profile, the change in slope marking the layer 2/3 boundary coincides with the top of the sheeted dike unit. Seismic layer 2 is composed of the extrusives and the lithologic transition zone, the layer in which flows and dikes interfinger. (2) Even in these normal incident VSPs, several second arrivals with velocities indicative of vertically polarized shear energy are observed. P to S wave conversion within the upper 110 m of basement occurs by scattering from surface roughness and volume heterogeneities and does not depend on angle of incidence as predicted by plane boundary transmission coefficient analysis. (3) Vertical velocities determined from the VSP differ by <10% from horizontal velocities obtained from the oblique seismic experiment (OSE) on Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Leg 92. The P wave velocity structure is determined by small and intermediate (<1 cm) pore structure with no measurable anisotropy. The large-scale, well-oriented vertical fractures, which are formed tectonically, do not have a detectable effect on compressional wave velocities. (4) High Poisson's ratio in the upper 300 m of basement coincides with an extrusive layer composed of pillows and thin flows. Low Poisson's ratio at 850–1150 m below seafloor (mbsf) coincides with the downhole decrease in bulk porosity caused by the transition from extrusives to dikes. Relatively large-aspect ratio cracks are required to produce such low values of Poisson's ratio. The cracks were likely created by hydraulic fracturing when hot dikes encountered low-temperature seawater.
Comment on ‘Shaw SB, Riha S. 2011. Assessing temperature‐based PET equations under a changing climate in temperate, deciduous forests. Hydrological Processes 25: 1466–1478’

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a fundamental component of the hydrologic cycle, and modelers need accurate ways to approximate this process. However, the suite of processes involved can be complicated to model because ET depends not only on meteorological conditions such as temperature and humidity, but also on the soil moisture status and biological activity driving transpiration. Potential ET (PET), essentially the amount of evaporation that would occur if there was an abundant supply of water in the landscape, is a useful concept that allows practitioners to estimate the upper limit of ET using only metrological data (Thornthwaite, 1948). Some widely used PET models are based purely on temperature, day of the year, and latitude, such as those proposed by Thornthwaite (1948), Hamon (1963), and Oudin et al. (2005). The attraction of temperature-based PET modeling is that temperature measurements are much more accessible than the data required for energybudget PET models; these data include radiation, humidity, and wind speed and sometimes other information. However, Shaw and Riha (2011) convincingly demonstrate that temperature-based models have a much larger response to increasing temperatures under climate change than models that incorporate additional components, in particular, radiation. While their conclusion is correct and also recently shown by other researchers (e.g. Milly and Dunne, 2010; Lofgren et al., 2011),
Spatial variability of Soil Nutrients Using Geospatial Techniques: A case study in soils of Sanwer Tehsil of Indore district of Madhya Pradesh

Abstract. A study was conducted to explore the spatial variability of major soil nutrients in a soybean grown region of Malwa plateau. From the study area, one hundred sixty two surface soil samples were collected by a random sampling strategy using GPS. Then soil physico-chemical properties i.e., pH, EC, organic carbon, soil available nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) were measured in laboratory. After data normalization, classical and geo-statistical analyses were used to describe soil properties and spatial correlation of soil characteristics. Spatial variability of soil physico-chemical properties was quantified through semi-variogram analysis and the respective surface maps were prepared through ordinary Kriging. Exponential model fits well with experimental semi-variogram of pH, EC, OC, available N, P, K, S and Zn. pH, EC, OC, N, P, and K has displayed moderate spatial dependence whereas S and Zn showed weak spatial dependence. Cross validation of kriged map shows that spatial prediction of soil nutrients using semi-variogram parameters is better than assuming mean of observed value for any un-sampled location. Therefore it is a suitable alternative method for accurate estimation of chemical properties of soil in un-sampled positions as compared to direct measurement which has time and costs concerned.
Application of adaptive joint time-frequency algorithm for focusing distorted ISAR images from simulated and measured radar data

An adaptive joint time-frequency algorithm has been applied and evaluated for focusing distorted ISAR (inverse synthetic aperture radar) images when the target motion is confined to a two-dimensional plane. It is shown that the adaptive joint time-frequency algorithm provides an effective method of achieving rotational motion compensation for ISAR imaging. Examples provided demonstrate the effectiveness of the adaptive joint time-frequency algorithm with both simulated and experimental ISAR data. Results show that if a target is moving smoothly, standard motion compensation generates a clear image of the target by using the conventional Fourier transform methods. However, when a target performs complex motion such as perturbed random motions, standard motion compensation is not sufficient to generate an acceptable image. In this case, the adaptive joint time-frequency algorithm provides an efficient candidate to resolve the image smearing caused by the time-varying behaviour and leads to a well focused ISAR image when the target motion is confined to a two-dimensional plane. The study also adds insight into the distortion mechanisms that affect the ISAR images of a target in motion
Short Note: The first appearance and establishment of an alien vascular plant in natural habitats on the forefield of a retreating glacier in Antarctica

1985). However, there is no evidencefrom palaeorecords that any other vascular plants existedin this region during the Holocene, despite the fact that amajor source of potential immigrants is located only900km to the north in Tierra del Fuego (Smith 2003). With the current trend in regional warming in the maritimeAntarctic (King
Crustal structure at the Blake Spur Fracture Zone from expanding spread profiles

We present results from WKBJ and reflectivity synthetic seismogram modeling of 10 reversed expanding spread profiles (ESPs), along flow lines parallel to the Blake Spur fracture zone across 140 Ma Atlantic crust. These profiles provide detailed constraints on variations in crustal structure at the fracture zone. Seven profiles on either side of the fracture zone show a normal structure for old oceanic crust. A 2–3 km thick upper layer with a steep velocity gradient is underlain by 4–5 km of crust with velocities of 6.5–7.2 km/s and low gradient and a sharp transition to upper mantle velocities of 8 km/s. Several velocity discontinuities were detected within the upper 2–3 km, but these do not generally coincide with intracrustal reflectors detected by simultaneous normal incidence reflection profiles. This structure shows little regional variation toward the fracture zone. Despite the small magnetic anomaly offset (∼12 km) and the indistinct topographic signature of the fracture zone, three ESPs within a 10–20 km wide ribbon centered on the fracture zone trough show clearly anomalous crustal structure, relative to normal oceanic crust. A 2–4 km thick high gradient upper layer is underlain by a thick prism of material with a velocity of 7.2–7.6 km/s and high Poisson's ratio (probably at least 0.29), which is consistent with 15–30% serpentinization of upper mantle peridotites. This interpretation requires the action of off-axis hydrothermal circulation, penetrating the cracked and relatively permeable fracture zone lithosphere to a depth of at least 7 km. The original igneous crust in a narrow region close to the fracture zone is thus inferred to have been much thinner than adjacent “normal” crust, which may imply a sharp reduction in the magma budget at the ends of the adjacent spreading segments.
Evaluating the schmidt hammer as a method for distinguishing the relative age of late holocene moraines: svellnosbreen, jotunheimen, norway

Abstract In this study we used the chmidt hammer to assess the relative exposure ages of previously dated ittle ce ge moraines deposited by vellnosbreen glacier in otunheimen southern orway. chmidt hammer measurements were taken on moraine surfaces which have been deglaciated for 79–259 years since the ittle ce ge, to reconstruct and date previous snout positions. Dating used a typical linear ittle ce ge age‐calibration curve and the ages of unknown surfaces were predicted based on chmidt hammer measurements with the support of lichenometric dates. Calibrated ages exhibited potential dating errors of ±63–103 years, which were estimated using 95% confidence intervals associated with two control points based on moraines of known ages. chmidt hammer R‐value variability was identified and sources of significant errors were attributed to variations in boulder surface texture and the incorporation of weathered boulders into moraines through push mechanisms and paraglacial reworking.
The influence of framework design on the load-bearing capacity of laboratory-made inlay-retained fibre-reinforced composite fixed dental prostheses

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Hydrometeorological application of a microwave link: 1. Evaporation

A method to estimate areal evaporation using a microwave link (radio wave scintillometer) in combination with an energy budget constraint is proposed. This radio wave scintillometry‐energy budget method (RWS‐EBM) is evaluated for its applicability in different meteorological conditions and for its sensitivity to various variables (the structure parameter of the refractive index of air Cn2, the total available energy Rn − G, the wind velocity u, the effective average vegetation height h0, and the correlation coefficient between the temperature and humidity fluctuations rTQ). The method is shown to be best suited for use in wet to moderately dry conditions, where the latent heat flux is at least a third of the total available energy (i.e., Bowen ratio ≤2). It is important to accurately measure the total available energy and the wind velocity as the RWS‐EBM is most sensitive to these variables. The Flevoland field experiment has provided the data, obtained with a 27‐GHz radio wave scintillometer (over 2.2 km), a large‐aperture scintillometer (also 2.2 km), and four eddy covariance systems, which are used to test the RWS‐EBM. Comparing 92 daytime measurements (30‐min intervals) of the evaporation estimated using the RWS‐EBM to that determined in alternative manners (eddy covariance and two‐wavelength scintillometry) leads to the conclusion that the method provides consistent estimates (coefficient of determination r2 = 0.85 in both cases) under relatively wet conditions.
Personality characteristics below facets

Mõttus and colleagues (2017) reported evidence that the unique variance in specific personality characteristics captured by single descriptive items often displayed trait-like properties of crossrater agreement, rank-order stability and heritability. They suggested that the personality hierarchy should be extended below facets to incorporate these specific characteristics, called personality nuances. The present study attempted to replicate these findings, employing data from 6,287 individuals from six countries (Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Japan, and United States). The same personality measure—240-item Revised NEO Personality Inventory—and statistical procedures were used. The present findings closely replicated the original results. When the original and current results were meta-analyzed, the unique variance of nearly all items (i.e., items’ scores residualized for all broader personality traits) showed statistically significant crossrater agreement (median = .12) and rank-order stability over an average of 12 years (median = .24), and the unique variance of the majority of items had a significant heritable component (median = . 14). These three item properties were inter-correlated, suggesting that items systematically differed in the degree of reflecting valid unique variance. Also, associations of items’ unique variance with age, gender, and Body Mass Index (BMI) replicated across samples and tracked with the original findings. Moreover, associations between item residuals and BMI obtained from one group of people allowed for a significant incremental prediction of BMI in an independent sample. Overall, these findings reinforce the hypotheses that nuances constitute the building blocks of the personality trait hierarchy, their properties are robust and they can be useful.
BENN: Bias Estimation Using a Deep Neural Network

Utilizing existing methods for bias detection in machine learning (ML) models is challenging since each method: 1) explores a different ethical aspect of bias, which may result in contradictory output among the different methods; 2) provides output in a different range/scale and therefore cannot be compared with other methods; and 3) requires different input, thereby requiring a human expert’s involvement to adjust each method according to the model examined. In this article, we present BENN, a novel bias estimation method that uses a pretrained unsupervised deep neural network. Given an ML model and data samples, BENN provides a bias estimation for every feature based on the examined model’s predictions. We evaluated BENN using three benchmark datasets, one proprietary churn prediction model used by a European telecommunications company, and a synthetic dataset that includes both a biased feature and a fair one. BENN’s results were compared with an ensemble of 21 existing bias estimation methods. The evaluation results show that BENN provides bias estimations that are aligned with those of the ensemble while offering significant advantages, including the fact that it is a generic approach (i.e., can be applied to any ML model) and does not require a domain expert.
Sport Tourism Development

Acknowledgements ForewordPart 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Sport Tourism in Times of ChangePart 2: Foundations of Sport Tourism Development Chapter 2: The Study of Sport Tourism Chapter 3: Sport Tourism Markets Chapter 4: Development Processes and IssuesPart 3: Sport Tourism Development and Space Chapter 5: Space: Location and Travel Flows Chapter 6: Place, Sport and Culture Chapter 7: Environment: Landscape, Resources and ImpactsPart 4: Sport Tourism Development and Time Chapter 8: Sport and the Tourist Experience Chapter 9: Seasonality, Sport and Tourism Chapter 10: Evolutionary Trends in Sport TourismPart 5: Conclusions Chapter 11: Reflections and Conclusions