Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tillage impacts on depth distribution of total and particulate organic matter in three Illinois soils

The benefits of no-tillage (NT) practices to soil organic matter (SOM) are inconsistent in fine-textured, poorly drained soils. Tillage impacts on SOM were investigated in central Illinois, assuming particulate organic matter (POM) would accumulate where SOM aggraded. Soils were collected in 1994 and 1995 from a trial established in 1985 at Perry and Monmouth (somewhat poorly drained Aquic Argiudoll silt loams), and DeKalb (a poorly drained Typic Haplaquoll silty clay loam). In general, NT practices increased SOM-C and POM-C contents 25 and 70% compared with conventional till (CT) at the soil surface (0-5 cm). This was at the expense of C at depth (5-17.5 cm), which decreased by 4 and 18%, respectively. Tillage effects varied among sites. No-till increased SOM C and POM C more than 30 and 100%, respectively, in the top 5 cm of the two silt loams. In the silty clay loam, NT reduced SOM C 14% in the 5- to 17.5-cm depth and POM C more than 20% in the 5- to 30-cm depth. Bulk density was greater under NT than CT at the DeKalb (0-17.5 cm) and Monmouth sites (0-5 cm). No-till only increased C and N sequestration, assessed on an equivalent mass basis, at Monmouth. Accumulation of POM in the surface depth of the NT silt loams may have improved soil quality in those erosion-prone soils. Reduced POM contents in the NT silty clay loam may reflect SOM degradation. The high clay and organic matter content and low bulk density of the DeKalb soil may have contributed to the atypical effect of NT practices on SOM at that site.
Language Contact in a Plantation Environment: A Sociolinguistic History of Fiji

Part I. Background: 1. The plantation scenario 2. Language contact in Fiji before the plantation era Part II. Languages from the Pacific: 3. Labourers from the Pacific 4. The plantation language: English or Fijian? 5. Plantation Pidgin Fijian Part III. Languages from India: 6. Indian Labourers 7. Plantation languages of the Indian labourers 8. Plantation Pidgin Hindustani Part IV. The linguistic legacies of the plantations: 9. The development of Fiji Hindustani 10. Decendants of Pacific Islands laborers 11. Pidgin languages in Fiji today 12. Conclusions.
Pengaruh User Interface Aplikasi Shopee terhadap Minat Beli Masyarakat

Kemajuan dari teknologi telah menghadirkan banyak e-commerce. Namun, masih banyak aplikasi e-commerce yang sulit untuk digunakan, terutama pada aspek User Interface dimana hal tersebut berdampak pada minat beli masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh User Interface, khususnya pada aplikasi Shopee terhadap minat beli masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah masyarakat yang tidak diketahui jumlahnya, baik yang telah memiliki atau tidak memiliki akun Shopee. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan purposive sampling dengan rumus Cochran, sehingga jumlah sampel penelitian diperoleh sebanyak 100 orang. Metode analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan uji asumsi klasik, analisis regresi linier sederhana, uji t, dan koefisien determinasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa User Interface aplikasi Shopee memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap minat beli masyarakat sebesar 41,6% dan sisanya sebesar 58,4% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini.
Channeling instability of upwelling melt in the mantle

We present results of a theoretical study aimed at understanding melt extraction from the upper mantle. Specifically, we address mechanisms for focusing of porous flow of melt into conduits beneath mid-ocean ridges in order to explain the observation that most oceanic residual peridotites are not in equilibrium with mid-ocean ridge basalt. The existence of such conduits might also explain geological features, termed replacive dunites, that are observed in exposed mantle sections. We show here, by linear analysis, that flow in a chemically reactive porous media is unstable in the presence of a solubility gradient, such as induced by adiabatic ascent of melt underneath mid-ocean ridges. The initially homogeneous flow becomes focused in time to produce elongated high-porosity fingers that act as conduits for transport of fast flowing melt. This instability arises due to a positive feedback mechanism in which a region of slightly higher than average porosity causes increased influx of unsaturated flow, leading to increased dissolution which further reduces the porosity. Even in the presence of matrix compaction and chemical diffusion the instability is demonstrated to be robust. Our analysis also indicates the existence of growing, traveling waves which transport and amplify porosity and concentration perturbations.
Do Stable Isotope Data from Calcrete Record Late Pleistocene Monsoonal Climate Variation in the Thar Desert of India?

Late Pleistocene terrestrial climate records in India may be preserved in oxygen and carbon stable isotopes in pedogenic calcrete. Petrography shows that calcrete nodules in Quaternary sediments of the Thar Desert in Rajasthan are pedogenic, with little evidence for postpedogenic alteration. The calcrete occurs in four laterally persistent and one nonpersistent eolian units, separated by colluvial gravel. Thermoluminescence and infrared- and green-light-stimulated luminescence of host quartz and feldspar grains gave age brackets for persistent eolian units I–IV of ca. 70,000–60,000, ca. 60,000–55,000, ca. 55,000–43,000, and ca. 43,000–∼25,000 yr, respectively. The youngest eolian unit (V) is <10,000 yr old and contains no calcrete. Stable oxygen isotope compositions of calcretes in most of eolian unit I, in the upper part of eolian unit IV, and in the nonpersistent eolian unit, range between −4.6 and −2.1‰ PDB. These values, up to 4.4‰ greater than values from eolian units II and III, are interpreted as representing nonmonsoonal18O-enriched “normal continental” waters during climatic phases when the monsoon weakened or failed. Conversely, 25,000–60,000-yr-old calcretes (eolian units II and III) probably formed under monsoonal conditions. The two periods of weakened monsoon are consistent with other paleoclimatic data from India and may represent widespread aridity on the Indian subcontinent during isotope stages 2 and 4. The total variation in δ13C is 1.7‰ (0.0–1.7‰), and δ13C covaries positively and linearly with δ18O. δ13C values are highest when δ18O values indicate the most arid climatic conditions. This is best explained by expansion of C4grasses at the expense of C3plants at low latitudes during glacial periods when atmospheric pCO2was lowered. C4dominance was overridingly influenced by global change in atmospheric pCO2despite the lowered summer rainfall.
Storm- and Tide-Dominated Shorelines in Cretaceous Moosebar-Lower Gates Interval--Outcrop Equivalents of Deep Basin Gas Trap in Western Canada

The Moosebar and Gates Formations crop out in the deformed Foothills belt south of Fort St. John, British Columbia. They permit examination of the depositional environments of sandstones and conglomerates that are gas-bearing in the equivalent Wilrich-Falher interval of the Deep basin of Alberta and British Columbia. The Moosebar-Gates interval consists of several upward-coarsening and marine to nonmarine sequences. Moosebar bioturbated shales pass upward into turbidites and offshore storm deposits. Flow directions indicate a north-dipping paleoslope. A second coarsening-upward sequence at the top of the Moosebar and base of the Gates terminates in a lenticular fluvial conglomerate up to 30 m thick, which is overlain by coals, carbonaceous mudstones, and sandstones. Above the carbonaceous zone, a major lateral facies change is observed. Fluvial conglomerates in the south grade into beach conglomerates northward. The upper part of the beach conglomerate consists of exposed three-dimensional storm berms, at least 500 m long, up to 1.5 m high, with wavelengths of 12 to 24 m. The berms trend east-west. Seaward of the conglomerate beach are herringbone cross-bedded (tidal) sandstones with a marine trace fauna. Graded sharp-based conglomerates also are present, probably washed out to sea by storms. Farther north, at the same stratigraphic level, is a series of partly overlapping conglomerate bars up to 5 m thick and 40 to 50 m across. The tops of these bars are covered with storm-formed symmetric conglomeratic dunes. Details of the orientation and geometry of these conglomerate bodies, along with their internal structure and pebble fabrics, suggest that four major environments (fluvial, beach, offshore conglomerate bars, and offshore graded storm conglomerates) should be identifiable and predictable in the subsurface.
Stratospheric Transport Changes Forced By Tropical Sea Surface Temperature Perturbation: Idealized Simulation

The structure of mass transport in the stratosphere, as well as its dynamic behaviors, is explored by imposing idealized sea surface temperature (SST) perturbations in an aqua-planet model. Mass transport within stratosphere is simultaneously running through two processes: the diabatic circulation, also well known as the Brewer-Dobson Circulation (BDC), advecting air mass across isentropic surfaces, and the quasi-horizontal mixing ventilating air mass along isentropic surfaces. It is shown that, with an equatorial SST heating, the stratospheric transport will increase in strength, in a circumstance with both BDC and high-latitude isentropic mixing being accelerated. Behaviors of transport, for both BDC and isentropic mixing, turn out to be with more complexities when the imposed SST perturbation being relocated at different ranges of latitudes or expanding itself with larger longitudinal span. Dynamic diagnostics further relate the changes of stratospheric transport mainly to the changes of eddies, which are originated from the induction of SST perturbation. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Huang Yang was born in downtown Changsha City, Hunan, China and graduated from Yali Middle School, a well-known local educational institute first founded by Yale University back in 1906. During his school years, he found his interest in earth sciences and potential in physics. That becomes his initial motivation to pursue an academic career in the Atmospheric Sciences, an interdisciplinary field with both his beloved two subjects deeply involved. Upon graduation from high school, he enrolled at the Nanjing University in the School of Atmospheric Sciences and earned a Bachelor Degree of Science in Meteorology through four years of study there. At his senior year, he got the opportunity to work with Dr. Ming Bao to investigate the remote forcing, from the Indian Ocean, on the anomalies in the East-Asia monsoon in a case of summer 1991. This research helped him attain a basic understanding about large-scale Climate Dynamics as well as strengthen his belief to devote himself further onto this amazing subject. During the same time, he applied and was very luckily accepted by the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at Cornell University. After the summer 2010, he flew half of the hemisphere to reach town of Ithaca, and worked as a graduate student with Dr. Gang Chen afterwards on the project of stratospheric mass transport, which turns into the topic of this thesis.
Geologic and baseline groundwater evidence for naturally occurring, shallowly sourced, thermogenic gas in northeastern Pennsylvania

The origin of thermogenic natural gas in the shallow stratigraphy of northeastern Pennsylvania is associated, in part, with interbedded coal identified in numerous outcrops of the Upper Devonian Catskill and Lock Haven Formations. Historically documented and newly identified locations of Upper Devonian coal stringers are shown to be widespread, both laterally across the region and vertically throughout the stratigraphic section of the Catskill and Lock Haven Formations. Coal samples exhibited considerable gas source potential with total organic carbon as high as 44.40% by weight, with a mean of 13.66% for 23 sample locations analyzed. Upper Devonian coal is thermogenically mature; calculated vitrinite reflectances range from 1.25% to 2.89%, with most samples falling within the dry-gas window. Source potential is further supported by gas shows observed while drilling through shallow, identifiable coal horizons, which are at times located within fresh groundwater aquifers. Thermogenic gas detected in area water wells during predrill baseline sampling is determined not only to be naturally occurring, but also common in the region.
Rangeland hydrology and erosion model (RHEM) enhancements for applications on disturbed rangelands

The rangeland hydrology and erosion model (RHEM) is a new process‐based model developed by the USDA Agricultural Research Service. RHEM was initially developed for functionally intact rangelands where concentrated flow erosion is minimal and most soil loss occurs by rain splash and sheet flow erosion processes. Disturbance such as fire or woody plant encroachment can amplify overland flow erosion by increasing the likelihood of concentrated flow formation. In this study, we enhanced RHEM applications on disturbed rangelands by using a new approach for the prediction and parameterization of concentrated flow erosion. The new approach was conceptualized based on observations and results of experimental studies on rangelands disturbed by fire and/or by tree encroachment. The sediment detachment rate for concentrated flow was calculated using soil erodibility and hydraulic (flow width and stream power) parameters. Concentrated flow width was calculated based on flow discharge and slope using an equation developed specifically for disturbed rangelands. Soil detachment was assumed to begin with concentrated flow initiation. A dynamic erodibility concept was applied where concentrated flow erodibility was set to decrease exponentially during a run‐off event because of declining sediment availability. Erodibility was estimated using an empirical parameterization equation as a function of vegetation cover and surface soil texture. A dynamic partial differential sediment continuity equation was used to model the total detachment rate of concentrated flow and rain splash and sheet flow. The enhanced version of the model was evaluated against rainfall simulation data for three different sites that exhibit some degree of disturbance by fire and/or by tree encroachment. The coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency were 0.78 and 0.71, respectively, which indicates the capability of the model using the new approach for predicting soil loss on disturbed rangeland. By using the new concentrated flow modelling approach, the model was enhanced to be a practical tool that utilizes readily available vegetation and soil data for quantifying erosion and assessing erosion risk following rangeland disturbance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internal deformation in clay models of extension by block faulting

Clay and sand have provided useful analogues for the failure by block faulting of continental crust under extension. We performed experiments on clay models of such faulting and found that the total horizontal displacement on the major faults provided only 40–50% of the known extension. Similar experiments on sand showed that the displacement provided 70–80% of the known extension. Examination of the differential tilt in both models also underestimated the extension. The hidden extension is due to internal deformation within the blocks. Assuming that the sand and clay deform exclusively by slip and rotation on four families of faults, and that these faults have many scales, we propose that the hidden extension occurs on faults below the visible scale. We observed much of the deformation in sand because the grain size, the lower limit for faulting, was close to the minimum observable scale for the model. On the other hand, in clay, two or three orders of faults lay below this scale, giving rise to a hidden extension of 50% or more. We cannot apply our results directly to the block faulting behavior of continental crust. However, our method of analysis suggests an approach that may have value. Deformation within the continental crust occurs at many scales. Some of these scales remain hidden when determining the amount of extension. In such cases, our postulated behavior for clay may present a useful analogue as it suggests that deformation within the blocks may play an important role. For example, estimates of extension found by summing the horizontal displacement on normal faults observed on multichannel seismic lines are lower than those given from analyses of the subsidence of many sedimentary basins and continental margins. Hidden deformation at a scale below that observable on the seismic line could account for this difference.
Subfossil Tree Deposits in the Middle Durance (Southern Alps, France): Environmental Changes from Allerød to Atlantic

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the numerous holocene subfossil trees (Pinus silvestris) buried in alluvial deposits in the Southern French Alps. These trees lived between the Allerød and Subboreal periods, according to 14C dates. Our dendochronological studies explain the trees' sudden death as due to morphological crisis brought on by climatic oscillations. Tree-ring series could be used to identify the variability of early Holocene atmospheric 14C levels.
Entropy bounds for self-shrinkers with symmetries and applications

In this thesis, we derive various entropy upper bounds for self-shrinkers of the mean curvature flow which admit a symmetry, including several applications. In our first paper, which is a joint work with Niels Martin Møller and John Ma, we study the space of complete embedded rotationally symmetric self-shrinkers. We first derive explicit entropy upper bounds for this class of self-shrinkers. The proof is purely geometric and relies on an application of the general Toponogov’s theorem from metric geometry to derive length upper bounds on simple closed geodesics in an incomplete surface with curvature bounded from below by a positive constant. We then apply the entropy bounds to first prove a smooth compactness theorem for this space of self-shrinkers. Second, we show that there are finitely many such selfshrinkers which additionally are symmetric with respect to the hyperplane perpendicular to the axis of rotation. In our second paper, which is a joint work with John Ma, we generalize the entropy bounds obtained in our first work in two directions. We modify the proof of the embedded class to include entropy upper bounds for compact non-spherical immersed rotationally symmetric self-shrinkers. We also obtain entropy bounds for a larger class of embedded self-shrinkers which are constructed through the theory of isoparametric foliations of the sphere and which contain the space of complete embedded rotationally symmetric self-shrinkers as a special case.
Inter-annual to decadal sea-level variability in the coastal zones of the Norwegian and Siberian Seas: The role of atmospheric forcing

Inter-annual to decadal sea-level variations from tide gauge records in the coastal zones of the Norwegian and Siberian Seas are examined for the period 1950–2010 using a combination of hydrographic observations, wind data, and theory. We identify two large areas of highly coherent sea-level variability: one that includes the Norwegian, Barents, and Kara Seas, and another one that includes the Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi Seas. We provide evidence of a new contribution to the sea-level variability along the Norwegian coast associated with the poleward propagation of sea-level fluctuations along the eastern boundary of the North Atlantic. When this propagating signal is combined with the local wind, we are able to explain over 70% of the variance along the Norwegian coast. The steric component explains ~61% of the sea-level (corrected for the inverse barometer) variability along the Norwegian coast. The high coherency between the sea level along the Norwegian coast and that in the Barents and Kara Seas suggests that part of the Norwegian signal propagates further north into these regions. We introduce an atmospheric vorticity index that explains much of the sea-level variability in the Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi Seas with correlations ranging from 0.73 to 0.81. In the East Siberian Sea, we identify a sea-level increase of ~22? cm between 2000 and 2003, which is partly explained by the vorticity index, and a decline of ~15? cm after 2003, which we relate to the strengthening of the Beaufort Gyre.
Genomic Insights into the 2023 Outbreak of Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis in Pakistan: Identification of Coxsackievirus A24 Variant through Next Generation Sequencing

Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis (AHC) has caused a significant outbreak in Pakistan in 2023, leading to a surge in cases across various cities. To gain insights into the genetic makeup of the virus responsible for the outbreak, the National Institute of Health, Islamabad conducted a study involving twenty individuals with suspected conjunctivitis in Islamabad. Five of these samples underwent whole-genome sequencing for the first-time in Pakistan, revealing Coxsackievirus A24 variant (CVA24v), genotype IV. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a higher homology (99.38-99.43%) with isolates from Zhongshan, China, in June 2023, with notable mutations concentrated in the 3D and VP1 regions. The sample also exhibited a 94% homology with 2015 France isolates. Comparing the 2023 study sequence with partial 2005 Pakistan sequences revealed divergence in the VP1 region, marked by three non-synonymous mutations ("H25P," "I89V," and "I90L"), while no mutation was found in the VP3 region. Notably, no intertypic recombination events were detected. This study underscores the significance of genomic surveillance for effective understanding and management of infectious disease outbreaks, offering crucial insights for public health interventions.
Reproducibility of COVID-era infectious disease models

Infectious disease modelling has been prominent throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, help- ing to understand the virus' transmission dynamics and inform response policies. Given their potential importance and translational impact, we evaluated the computational reproducibility of infectious disease modelling articles from the COVID era. We found that only four out of 100 randomly sampled studies released between January 2020 and August 2022 could be com- putationally reproduced using the resources provided (e.g., code, data, instructions). For the 100 most highly cited articles from the same period we found that only 11 were reproducible. Reflecting on our experience, we discuss common issues affecting computational reproducibility and how these might be addressed