Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NUTRIENT LIMITATION AND HIGH IRRADIANCE ACCLIMATION REDUCE PAR AND UV‐INDUCED VIABILITY LOSS IN THE ANTARCTIC DIATOM CHAETOCEROS BREVIS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) 1

The effects of high PAR (400–700 nm), UVA (315–400 nm), and UVB (280–315 nm) radiation on viability and photosynthesis were investigated for Chaetoceros brevis Schütt. This Antarctic marine diatom was cultivated under low, medium, and high irradiance and nitrate, phosphate, silicate, and iron limitation before exposure to a simulated surface irradiance (SSI) treatment, with and without UVB radiation. Light‐harvesting and protective pigment composition and PSII parameters were determined before SSI exposure, whereas viability was measured by flow cytometry in combination with a viability stain after the treatment. Recovery of PSII efficiency was measured after 20 h in dim light in a separate experiment. In addition, low and high irradiance acclimated cells were exposed outdoors for 4 h to assess the effects of natural PAR, UVA, and UVB on viability. Low irradiance acclimated cells were particularly sensitive to photo induced viability loss, whereas no viability loss was found after acclimation to high irradiance. Furthermore, nutrient limitation reduced sensitivity to photo induced viability loss, relative to nutrient replete conditions. No additional viability loss was found after UVB exposure. Sunlight exposed cells showed no additional UVB effect on viability, whereas UVA and PAR significantly reduced the viability of low irradiance acclimated cells. Recovery of PSII function was nearly complete in cultures that survived the light treatments. Increased resistance to high irradiance coincided with an increased ratio between protective‐ and light‐harvesting pigments before the SSI treatment, demonstrating the importance of nonphotochemical quenching by diatoxanthin for survival of near‐surface irradiance. We conclude that a sudden transfer to high irradiance can be fatal for low irradiance acclimated C. brevis.
Stabilization Goals and the Appropriateness of Fiscal Policy during the Eisenhower and Kennedy-Johnson Administrations

An active stabilization policy requires that policy variables respond to preceding deviations of the target variables from their goal. If there are several competing macroeconomic goals, political parties may differ on the optimal tradeoff to be sought. However, even if allowance is made for divergent political preferences between Republican and Democratic administrations, no pattern of “reverse causation” or negative feedback could be found which would indicate that the formulation of fiscal policy has been dominated by a stabilization rationale. Minimizing quadratic penalty functions subject to the Phillips curve constraint has little value in explaining actual policy shifts.
Determination and isolation of the non-volatile acids of pome fruits and a study of acid changes in apples during storage

A comprehensive scheme using ion exchange and partition chromatography is described for the determination of non-volatile organic acids of pome fruits. The method is used to investigate changes occurring in the acids of the peel and pulp of mature Bramley's Seedling apples during storage at 15°. These changes involve not only the aliphatic acids malic, citramalic and citric, but also the alicyclic acids quinic and shikimic.
Estudio comparativo de tres pruebas para evaluar el comportamiento higiénico en colonias de abejas (Apis mellifera L.)

The discriminatory capacity, cost and practicality of three assays to measure hygienic behavior in 60 honey bee colonies were compared in a fi rst experiment. Capped worker brood of these colonies were killed with an insect pin (P), frozen in a freezer at ‐18oC (CC) and with liquid nitrogen at ‐195oC (CN2). The percentage of brood removed by the bees was recorded 24 h after being killed. Since the P assay showed a low discriminatory capacity, an additional experiment with 50 colonies was performed, reducing the evaluation time to 8 h and verifying the infl uence of body fl uids and odors released by the pin-killed brood. Colonies were signifi cantly more hygienic (P 0.54, P 0.37, P < 0.01). Variation among colonies was greater with the CN2 and CC assays than with the P assay. The P assay was the least expensive and easiest to apply (6.59 pesos, 0.58 dollars per colony), but showed the lowest discriminatory capacity, that could not be enhanced even though the time of evaluation was reduced. This could have been caused by the strong stimulus from odors and haemolymph released from the pinkilled brood. The CN2 and the CC assays showed a high discriminatory capacity, but the former was more expensive (14.80 pesos, 1.31 dollars) and the least practical. The CC assay was the second least expensive (10.15 pesos, 0.90 dollars) and practical. The application of either freeze assays is recommended for screening hygienic behavior in honey bees because of their reliability.
Tomato plant architecture as affected by salinity: descriptive analysis and integration in a 3-D simulation model.

Limited information is available on the effect of salinity on plant architecture; not only on final plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area, but also on plant growth and development from the leaflet to the whole plant scale. Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Marmara’) were grown in greenhouses at four salinity levels (4, 7, 10, and 13 mS·cm–1). Plant development (leaf and inflorescence initiation), leaf growth rate, and final leaf dimensions were measured along the stem according to leaf rank and treatment. A decrease in leaflet growth and in the number of leaflets per leaf was associated with a lower growth rate and longer growth period in salinity stressed plants. Stem internode length was also reduced by salinity. At the plant scale, plant height and leaf area decreased with an increase in salinity. These parameters were the main inputs of a 3-D model of plant architecture, which enabled a complete description of plant architecture from the elementary to the canopy scale. This model of plan.
New species of the Lepraria neglecta group (Stereocaulaceae, Ascomycota) from Europe

Abstract: Lepraria granulata Slavíková, a new species from Eastern and Central Europe, is described. According to its morphology, ITS sequence and ecology, it belongs to the L. neglecta core group. Lepraria granulata is characterized by producing atranorin and two, so far unidentified, fatty acids (‘granulata unknown 1 & 2’) and phylogenetic analyses show that it is clearly distinguished from previously known species. Two additional taxa, provisionally named Lepraria sp. G and Lepraria sp. BG, are also discussed. According to their morphology and ITS sequences, they also belong to the L. neglecta group. Lepraria sp. G is sister to L. granulata whereas Lepraria sp. BG is basal and well separated from all taxa so far known in the group. Their taxonomic status is not yet entirely clear.
Aspects of stability and phenomenology in type IIA orientifolds with intersecting D6‐branes

Intersecting branes have been the subject of an elaborate string model building for several years. After a general introduction into string theory, this work introduces in detail the toroidal and \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\mathbb{Z}_N$\end{document}‐orientifolds. The picture involving D9‐branes with B‐fluxes is shortly reviewed, but the main discussion employs the T‐dual picture of intersecting D6‐branes. The derivation of the R‐R and NS‐NS tadpole cancellation conditions in the conformal field theory is shown in great detail. Various aspects of the open and closed chiral and non‐chiral massless spectrum are discussed, involving spacetime anomalies and the generalized Green‐Schwarz mechanism. An introduction into possible gauge breaking mechanisms is given, too. Afterwards, both 𝒩 = 1 supersymmetric and non‐supersymmetric approaches to low energy model building are treated. Firstly, the problem of complex structure instabilities in toroidal ΩR‐orientifolds is approached by a \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\mathbb{Z}_3$\end{document}‐orbifolded model. In particular, a stable non‐supersymmetric standard‐like model with three fermion generations is discussed. This model features the standard model gauge groups at the same time as having a massless hypercharge, but possessing an additional global B‐L symmetry. The electroweak Higgs mechanism and the Yukawa couplings are not realized in the usual way. It is shown that this model descends naturally from a flipped SU(5) GUT model, where the string scale has to be at least of the order of the GUT scale. Secondly, supersymmetric models on the \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\mathbb{Z}_4$\end{document}‐orbifold are discussed, involving exceptional 3‐cycles and the explicit construction of fractional D‐branes. A three generation Pati‐Salam model is constructed as a particular example, where several brane recombination mechanisms are used, yielding non‐flat and non‐factorizable branes. This model even can be broken down to a MSSM‐like model with a massless hypercharge. Finally, the possibility that unstable closed and open string moduli could have played the role of the inflaton in the evolution of the universe is being explored. In the closed string sector, the important slow‐rolling requirement can only be fulfilled for very specific cases, where some moduli are frozen and a special choice of coordinates is taken. In the open string sector, inflation does not seem to be possible at all.
Compressive Sensing Based Signal Processing in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

In this survey paper, our goal is to discuss recent advances of compressive sensing (CS) based solutions in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) including the main ongoing/recent research efforts, challenges and research trends in this area. In WSNs, CS based techniques are well motivated by not only the sparsity prior observed in different forms but also by the requirement of efficient in-network processing in terms of transmit power and communication bandwidth even with nonsparse signals. In order to apply CS in a variety of WSN applications efficiently, there are several factors to be considered beyond the standard CS framework. We start the discussion with a brief introduction to the theory of CS and then describe the motivational factors behind the potential use of CS in WSN applications. Then, we identify three main areas along which the standard CS framework is extended so that CS can be efficiently applied to solve a variety of problems specific to WSNs. In particular, we emphasize on the significance of extending the CS framework to (i). take communication constraints into account while designing projection matrices and reconstruction algorithms for signal reconstruction in centralized as well in decentralized settings, (ii) solve a variety of inference problems such as detection, classification and parameter estimation, with compressed data without signal reconstruction and (iii) take practical communication aspects such as measurement quantization, physical layer secrecy constraints, and imperfect channel conditions into account. Finally, open research issues and challenges are discussed in order to provide perspectives for future research directions.
Pericarp structure and generic affinities in the Anacardiaceae

Pericarp structure is surveyed in 29 genera. Homologous regions termed exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp are established. While exocarp and mesocarp structure show some uniformity, there are two very distinct types of endocarp, designated the Anacardium-type and the Spondias-type. The distribution of these indicates that the current division of the family into five tribes is artificial. The occurrence of the Spondias-type in Canarium, a member of the sister group Burseraceae, suggests that this type is plesiomorphic in the Anacardiaceae. In addition, the presence of the Anacardium-type in Blepharocarya (Blepharocaryaceae) and Orthopterygium Qulianiaceae) further supports the inclusion of these taxa in the Anacardiaceae.
Chubutolithes gaimanensis and Other Wasp Trace Fossils: Breaking through the Taphonomic Barrier

Abstract Wasp ichnofossils are scarce in the record because of their low preservational potential. Evidence comprises perforations in bee cells, cocoons, and paper and mud nests, whose preservation may involve the most unusual taphonomic processes. The record includes trace fossils preserved in other trace fossils; paper nests preserved in amber, ironstones and caves; and fragile trace fossils preserved in conglomerates. Evidence for wasps is weak in some cases and more reliable in others. Perforations in bee cells can be attributed to other insects; likewise cocoons can be attributed to other insects and other organic and inorganic processes. Some fossil paper and mud nests are the most reliable wasp ichnofossils. Brownichnus favosites preserved in ironstone and in Dominican amber, provide the oldest records of polistines known. One of the best-known examples of wasp ichnofossils is Chubutolithes gaimanensis, preserved in intraclast conglomerates. New ichnological and sedimentological evidence suggests that cells were constructed around plant stems from which they could have dropped to the soil, been covered with sediments, impregnated with carbonate, and then reworked by fluvial action along with other carbonate nodules.
Evaluation of the biochemical and physiological activity of the natural compound, 2,4-ditert-butylphenol on weeds

Abstract. 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) is a natural compounds present in medicinal plants. It is reported to have herbicidal properties. However, the mechanism of action is unknown for use in weed management. Measurements were made of lipid peroxidation, ion leakage, antioxidant enzymes, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis in the grassy weed Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees and the broadleaf weed Hedyotis verticillata (L.) Lam. at 7 and 14 days, respectively, after treatment with 2,4-DTBP. The 2,4-DTBP reduced the shoot fresh weight of L. chinensis and H. verticillata by 50% when applied at concentrations of 50 and 200 µg mL–1, respectively. Treatment with 2,4-DTBP significantly increased levels of malondialdehyde, caused excessive ion leakage and increased activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase in leaf and root tissues of the two bioassay species. Most notably, 2,4-DTBP treatment caused great reduction in chlorophyll content, thereby decreasing chlorophyll fluorescence, transpiration and net photosynthetic rate in the leaf tissues. The results suggest that 2,4-DTBP induces oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species, which cause lipid peroxidation and membrane damage in root tissues and chloroplast in leaf tissues, thus leading to increased levels of antioxidant enzymes.
Latitudinal variation in larval development of coral reef fishes: implications of a warming ocean

Latitudinal gradients in water temperature may be useful for predicting the likely responses of marine species to global warming. The ranges of coral reef fishes extend into the warmest oceanic waters on the planet, but the comparative life-history traits across their full latitudinal range are unknown. Here, we examined differences in early life-history traits of 2 coral reef fishes, the damselfish Pomacentrus moluccensis and the wrasse Halichoeres melanurus, among 8 locations across 21° of latitude, from northern Papua New Guinea (2.3°S) to the southern Great Barrier Reef (23.3°S). Water temperature during larval development ranged between 25.6 and 29.8°C among sites, with the warmest sites closest to the equator. Recently settled juveniles were collected and otolith microstructure was analysed to estimate pelagic larval duration (PLD), daily growth, and size at settlement. Latitudinal comparisons revealed a non-linear relationship between temperature and each of PLD, larval growth and size at settlement. PLD declined with increasing temperature up to approx. 28 to 29°C, above which it stabilised in P. moluccensis and increased in H. melanurus. Larval growth increased with increasing temperature up to approx. 28 to 29°C before stabilising in P. moluccensis and decreasing in H. melanurus. Size at settlement tended to be highest at mid-latitudes, but overall declined with increasing temperature above 28.5°C in both species. These results indicate that the thermal optima for growth and development is reached or surpassed at low latitudes, such that populations at these latitudes may be particularly vulnerable to global warming.
Variations in the microsporogenesis of monosulcate palm pollen

Pollen morphology has been extensively studied in the Arecaceae, and pollen aperture organization is usually distal monosulcate, as in many monocot families. Much is known about the influence of microsporogenesis on aperture configuration, but the key processes during microsporogenesis responsible for aperture type, number and arrangement are still poorly understood. In order to clarify the developmental sequence underlying aperture type and organization in palm monosulcate pollen, a study of the characteristics of male postmeiotic development was carried out in representative species of four genera of subfamily Coryphoideae, and four genera of subfamily Arecoideae. We found evidence for the occurrence of successive cytokinesis in addition to simultaneous cytokinesis in three Coryphoideae species. Tetrad shape was highly diverse within all species. Our results reveal an unexpected diversity in microsporogenesis from which it may be possible to gain further insight into pollen evolution within the family. © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 151, 93–102.
Modulation of growth factor-induced ERK signaling by the microtubule associated protein tau

The microtubule-associated protein tau is known for its ability to bind to and stabilize microtubules and for its ability to nucleate microtubule assembly. In neurodegenerative tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease, tau becomes hyperphosphorylated and loses the capacity for microtubule binding, possibly contributing to microtubule destabilization and axonal degeneration. However, evidence now indicates that soluble forms of hyperphosphorylated tau might have a toxic gain of function linked to abnormal signal transduction and cell cycle events in normally postmitotic neurons. In support of this hypothesis, tau has been found to associate with numerous signaling proteins such as tyrosine kinases, adaptor proteins, and scaffold proteins. During early brain development, fetal tau is also more phosphorylated than tau in the adult brain and weakly binds microtubules, suggesting tau has functions in addition to microtubule stabilization. The aim of this dissertation research is to investigate the possible role of tau in neuronal signaling, using tau-expressing and tau-depleted cell lines. Here, we provide evidence that during growth factor stimulation of neuronal cells, tau functions in advance of the neurite elongation stage. Tau is required for neurite initiation in a manner that does not require its microtubule binding function, and in addition, tau potentiates AP-1 transcription factor activation in response to nerve growth factor (NGF). The effect of tau on AP-1 activation is mediated through the enhanced activation of extracellular signalregulated kinase (ERK), in response to both NGF and epidermal growth factor (EGF). We show that phosphorylation of tau at Thr231 also occurs in response to NGF and is required for tau to impact on ERK signaling, whereas the ability of tau to bind to microtubules is not required. Together, these findings indicate a new functional role for tau in neuronal signal transduction and have implications for tau function during early brain development and in neurodegenerative disease.
A clinical study of aetiology of acute intestinal obstruction

Background: Acute intestinal obstruction is one of common abdominal emergency and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality especially if it progresses to bowel ischemia. The diagnosis and management of the patient with intestinal obstruction is one of the more challenging emergencies that a general surgeon can come across. Although the mortality due to acute intestinal obstruction is decreasing with better understanding of pathophysiology and improvement in diagnostic techniques, fluid and electrolyte correction, much potent anti-microbials but still mortality ranges from 10-15% and more so in developing countries.Methods: The study will be conducted in the department of general surgery with symptoms and signs of acute intestinal obstruction admitted in the surgical ward. Fifty cases of intestinal obstruction have been studied. Patients belonged to all the age groups except infants are included in present study. The criteria for selection of cases was based on clinical history, physical findings, radiological and haematological investigations. The study was divided into clinical study, investigations and treatment. The results are tabulated stressing on following points age, sex, symptoms examination findings, investigations, abnormalities, probable causative factors, operative findings and operative procedure adopted and complications if any.Results: The commonest cause of intestinal obstruction in the adults in this study series was postoperative adhesions (36%) followed by obstructed/strangulated hernia (26%). Malignancy of the large bowel was seen in 9 cases constituting 18% of cases where as incidence of Volvulus of bowel was 4% in this series. Although pulmonary tuberculosis is more prevalent in India due to advent in use of antitubercular drugs incidence of abdominal tuberculosis is becoming less. In present study incidence of ileocaecal tuberculosis was 10%. One case of mesenteric ischaemia was present in our study.Conclusions: Acute intestinal obstruction remains an important surgical emergency in the surgical field. Success in the treatment of acute intestinal obstruction depends largely upon its early diagnosis, skilful management and treating the pathological effects of the obstruction just as much as the cause itself.
Toward a Social Responsibility Theory for Educational Research (In Lifelong Learning)

This article is about educational research (not) mastering the values for decision making and change. The main issue is the yawning gap between theory and practice in educational research, as seen in a professional field such as lifelong learning. At the start of the article a variety of types of research are presented to show the differences of orientation, process, methodology and goal or focus. Next, the issue of the existing gap between theory and practice is approached by contrasting two extremist types of research: traditional empirical-analytical research and the action research paradigm. Workers within these two opposite paradigms are passionate researchers, lecturers or practitioners, but they have different epistemological assumptions and beliefs and, moreover, feel committed to different professional and scientific or academic responsibilities. Following this reasoning, subsequently the need for a social responsibility theory to bridge the yawning gap between theory and practice is discussed thoroughly. Does such a theory transcend the affective separation that exists between researchers from the two extreme paradigms?