Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Carbonated tiger-high above-ground biomass carbon stock in protected areas and corridors and its observed negative relationship with tiger population density and occupancy in the Terai Arc Landscape, Nepal

Healthy natural forests maintain and/or enhances carbon stock while also providing potential habitat and an array of services to wildlife including large carnivores such as the tiger. This study is the first of its kind in assessing relationships between above-ground biomass carbon stock, tiger density and occupancy probability and its status in protected areas, corridors, and forest connectivity blocks. The dataset used to assess the relationship were: (1) Converged posterior tiger density estimates from camera trap data derived from Bayesian- Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture model from Chitwan National Park; (2) Site wise probability of tiger occupancy estimated across the Terai Arc Landscape and (3) Habitat wise above-ground biomass carbon stock estimated across the Terai Arc Landscape. Carbon stock maps were derived based on eight habitat classes and conservation units linking satellite (Landsat 7 ETM+) images and field collected sampling data. A significant negative relationship (r = -0.20, p<0.01) was observed between above-ground biomass carbon stock and tiger density in Chitwan National Park and with tiger occupancy (r = -0.24, p = 0.023) in the landscape. Within protected areas, we found highest mean above-ground biomass carbon stock in high density mixed forest (~223 tC/ha) and low in degraded scrubland (~73.2 tC/ha). Similarly, we found: (1) highest tiger density ~ 0.06 individuals per 0.33 km2 in the riverine forest and lowest estimates (~0.00) in degraded scrubland; and (2) predictive tiger density of 0.0135 individuals per 0.33 km2 is equivalent to mean total of 43.7 tC/ha in Chitwan National Park. Comparatively, we found similar above-ground biomass carbon stock among corridors, large forest connectivity blocks (~117 tC/ha), and within in tiger bearing protected areas (~119 tC/ha). Carbon conservation through forest restoration particularly in riverine habitats (forest and grassland) and low transitional state forests (degraded scrubland) provides immense opportunities to generate win-win solutions, sequester more carbon and maintain habitat integrity for tigers and other large predators.
Object-oriented Implementation of the Galerkin Finite Element Method and Its Application to the Numerical Study of Natural Convective Flows in Enclosures

Using object-oriented programming (OOP) techniques and philosophies, a collection of C++ tools for the rapid development of finite element applications has been created. The object-oriented finite element analysis (OOFEA) toolkit provides both the geometrical and mathematical management tools necessary for this task in the form of useful class hierarchies. In particular, the OOFEA toolkit features methods for evaluating arbitrary weak forms provided by the user in order to solve particular problems of interest. A description of the underlying concepts, philosophies and techniques used to develop the toolkit are included. A strong effort has been made to concentrate on its possibly beneficial usage in the computational fluid dynamics area. In order to demonstrate the toolkit capabilities of managing complex projects, a simulator for laminar and turbulent natural convective flows in enclosures has been developed and a numerical study of some of these flows has been conducted. Using a primitive variable approach, the Galerkin FEM is used to obtain the weak form of the coupled unsteady Navier-Stokes and energy equations for incompressible, viscous, Newtonian fluids in two and three dimensions. By including a k - k turbulence model in the governing equations, the analysis of both laminar and turbulent convective flows in enclosures is possible. With the help of a semi-implicit time stepping scheme, combined with a projection scheme, the resulting systems of equations are solved iteratively using the preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) algorithm. Time accurate two-dimensional simulations have been performed for a differentially heated square cavity in the laminar and turbulent regimes, for air with a Prandtl number of 0.71, and values of the Rayleigh number ranging between 10 3 and 10 10 . Consistency tests show that the simulator correctly implements the k - k turbulence model, and the numerical results compare well with results reported in the literature. The resulting simulator demonstrates the flexibility of the object-oriented implementation when the short implementation period involved in its development is considered together with its compactness.
Disrupted vision impairs force steadiness and accuracy in chronic ankle instability patients

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effect of visual disruption on submaximal force steadiness and accuracy among three groups including chronic ankle instability (CAI) patients, lateral ankle sprain copers, and healthy controls. Twenty patients with CAI, 20 copers, and 20 matched‐healthy controls volunteered to participate in the study. Submaximal force steadiness and accuracy for evertors, invertors, and hip abductors (10% and 20% of their maximal voluntary isometric contraction) were measured with an isokinetic dynamometer. All groups performed the tasks with and without stroboscopic glasses. The CAI group showed worse steadiness and accuracy in evertors with visual disruption compared to nonvisual disruption (p < 0.0001 and = 0.02, respectively). Relative to the control group, the CAI group showed worse force steadiness and accuracy in evertors (p < 0.0001, both), worse force accuracy in hip abductors (p = 0.02), and the coper group also showed worse accuracy in evertors (p = 0.02). Individuals with CAI demonstrated impaired force steadiness and accuracy in evertors and hip abductors compared to healthy controls. In addition, they tended to rely more on visual feedback during the force steadiness task than copers and healthy controls.
Effect of PEGylation on drug uptake, biodistribution, and tissue toxicity of efavirenz–ritonavir loaded PAMAM G4 dendrimers

Abstract The present investigations aimed to compare the efficiency of PAMAM G4 (PG4) and PEGylated PAMAM G4 (PPG4) dendrimers as novel nanocarriers for the treatment of HIV-1. Synthesized PG4 and PPG4 dendrimers were confirmed by electrospray ionization and particle size with its morphology. The anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug efavirenz (EFV) with a booster dose of ritonavir (RTV) was encapsulated into PG4 and PPG4 formerly noted as PG4ER and PPG4ER, respectively. Further, evaluated for dendrimers mediated solubilization, drug release, cytotoxicity, drug uptake, plasma, and tissue pharmacokinetics, and histopathology. PG4ER and PPG4ER both promoted a prolonged release of EFV in weakly acidic pH 4 up to 84 h and 132 h, respectively. The results of the cytotoxicity assay and drug uptake study showed that PPG4ER was safe and biocompatible up to 12.5 µg/ml. The plasma pharmacokinetic profile of EFV and RTV was significantly increased by PPG4ER with prolonged t 1/2 up to three times as compared to free EFV–RTV and PG4ER. Histopathological analysis showed remarkably lower tissue toxicity in PPG4ER as compared to free EFV–RTV. Therefore, overall data suggested that PPG4 has a great potential for prolonged release of EFV and RTV with enhanced bioavailability and lower toxicity.
Development of size-specific dose estimates for common computed tomography examinations: a study in Ghana

This study determined the size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) of computed tomography (CT) examinations and derived mathematical expressions for dose output estimation and optimization in a teaching hospital in Ghana. Demographic and scanner output indices, including CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product for adult head, chest and abdominopelvic (ABP) CT examinations carried out at the hospital from 2018 to 2020, were retrieved from the picture archiving and communication system of the CT scanner machine. Other indices such as the antero-posterior diameter (D AP), lateral diameter (D L) and diagonal diameter (D dia) of the patients’ bodies were measured on the mid-slice axial image using a digital caliper. The effective diameter (D eff) was then calculated as the square root of the product of the D AP and D L. The SSDEs were calculated as the product of the CTDIvol and the size-specific conversion factors obtained from Report 204 of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine. Regression analyses were performed to find the relationship between SSDE and the various parameters to derive mathematical equations for the dose estimations. There were more female samples (n= 468, 56.3%) than male samples (n = 364, 43.7%) for each CT procedure. The SSDEs and size-specific diagnostic reference levels (SSDRLs) were: head (83.9 mGy; 86.9 mGy), chest (8.1 mGy; 8.7 mGy) and ABP (8.4 mGy; 9.2 mGy). The variations between CTDIvol and SSDEs for head (2.50%), chest (25.9%), and ABP (26.2%) showed an underestimation of radiation dose to patients, especially in chest and ABP examinations, if CTDIvol is used to report patient doses. The SSDEs of the chest and ABP CT examinations showed linear correlations with the CTDIvol. The estimated values could be used to optimize radiation doses in the CT facility. The SSDE and SSDRLs for head, chest and ABP CT examinations have been developed at a teaching hospital in Ghana. The SSDEs of chest and ABP examinations showed linear correlations with the CTDIvol and hence can be calculated using the mathematically derived equations in the study.
High-resolution far ultraviolet emission spectra of electron-excited molecular deuterium

The high-resolution (full width at half maximum = 0.11 A) emission spectrum of the deuterium molecule produced by electron-impact excitation at 100 eV has been measured in the wavelength range 1200 - 1660 A. In conjunction with the experimental measurement, transition probabilities of and D band systems are calculated. Synthetic spectra based on the calculated transition probabilities are in very good agreement with the optically thin experimental spectra. While centrifugal effects on the overall Lyman band emission intensity in D2 and H2 are similar, the effect of rotation-vibrational perturbations between the B 1u+ and C 1u+ states on spectral intensities is found to be less significant in D2. Excitations via isotropic ( J = 0) and anisotropic ( J = ±2, and 0) interactions for the dipole forbidden E, F 1g+-X 1g+ transition are inferred from the measured spectra. Excitation cross sections of the B 1u+-X 1g+ and C 1u-X 1g+ bands, along with the estimated E, F 1g+-B 1u+ cascade cross section, for D2 are obtained.
Gambler's Ruin and the First Exit Position of Random Walk from Large Spheres

Let T r be the first time a sum S n of nondegenerate i.i. d. random vectors in R d leaves the sphere of radius r in some given norm. We characterize, in terms of the distribution of the individual summands, the following probabilistic behavior: S Tr /∥S Tr ∥ has no subsequential weak limit supported on a closed half-space. In one dimension, this result solves a very general form of the gambler's ruin problem. We also characterize the existence of degenerate limits and obtain analogous results for triangular arrays along any subsequence r k →∞. Finally, we compute the limiting joint distribution of (∥S Tr ∥-r, S Tr /∥S Tr ∥)
Immediate release fentanyl in general practices: Mostly off-label prescribing

Abstract Background The immediacy of the onset of opioids may be associated with the risk of dependency and accidental overdose. Nasal and oromucosal fentanyl dosage forms are so called immediate release fentanyl (IRF). These IRFs have been approved to treat breakthrough pain in patients with cancer who are on chronic opioid treatment only. There are signals of increased off-label prescribing of IRFs in general practices. Objectives This study aims to provide insight into the frequency of IRF prescription in Dutch general practices and the extent to which IRF is prescribed off-label. Methods Routinely collected electronic health records of general practices (GPs) participating in Nivel Primary Care Database were used. Adult patients with IRF prescriptions in 2019 were selected from whom dispensing data on 2018 and 2019 was available. Diagnoses were recorded by GPs using International Classification of Primary Care. Descriptive analyses were performed. Results This study included 342 GPs with a patient population of 1,297,942 patients, 1,368 patients received at least one IRF prescription in 2019, which is equal to 1.1 patients per 1,000 registered patients. Most patients (74.9%) with an IRF prescription received an off-label prescription. A slight majority had a cancer diagnosis but nearly 65.2% did not have a maintenance therapy and 14% were opioid-naive before receiving their first IRF prescription. Conclusion IRFs are not prescribed frequently in Dutch general practices. However, when prescribed, a relatively large portion of patients received an off-label prescription.
Effectiveness of peer-led education interventions on contraceptive use, unmet need, and demand among adolescent girls in Gedeo Zone, South Ethiopia. A cluster randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT Background Peer-led education interventions are assumed to be an effective means of increasing contraceptive utilization and demand in adolescents. However evidence is lacking on whether peer-led education is effective in promoting the demand for and use of contraceptives in adolescent girls, especially in resource-limited settings. Objective The present study evaluated the effectiveness of peer-led education interventions in improving contraceptive use, unmet needs, and demand among sexually active secondary school adolescent girls in Gedeo Zone, South Ethiopia. Methods A single-blinded cluster randomised controlled trial study was performed in six randomly selected secondary schools in the Gedeo Zone, southern Ethiopia. A total of 224 participants were recruited and randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. The intervention group received peer-led education intervention for six months. A pre-tested and validated questionnaire was used to measure contraceptive use, unmet need, and contraceptive demand. A generalised estimating equation (GEE) model was used to examine the effectiveness of the intervention. Result After six months of intervention, the Differences-in-difference in contraceptive use, unmet need, and contraceptive demand between the intervention and control groups were 25.1%, 7.4%, and 17.7%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in contraceptive use [AOR = 8.7, 95% CI: (3.66, 20.83), unmet need for contraceptives [AOR = 6.2, 95% CI: (1.61, 24.36)] and contraceptive demand [AOR = 6.1, 95% CI: (2.43, 15.11)] between the intervention and control groups. Conclusions School-based peer education intervention effectively improved contraceptive use and unmet needs in a low-resource setting and created demand in sexually active adolescent girls. These results support the potential utility of this approach in similar settings for the promotion of contraception use and demand.
Gastrointestinal disorders potentially associated with Semaglutide: an analysis from the Eudravigilance Database

ABSTRACT Background Semaglutide is a Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist used in the second-line treatment of poorly controlled type 2 diabetes and can be used in monotherapy or associated with other oral antidiabetics or even insulin, increasing the effectiveness of the treatment. This work aims to analyze the profile of adverse drug reactions reported for semaglutide in Eudravigilance. Research design and methods Data on Individual Cases Safety Reports were obtained from the database of the centralized European spontaneous reporting system Eudravigilance by accessing www.adrreports. eu. (1 December 2021). Results It is possible to observe a high prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders (N = 3502, 53.2%). The most severe reported cases were primarily gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic, and nutritional disorders, eye disorders, renal and urinary disorders and cardiac disorders, with an evident higher prevalence of adverse gastrointestinal events both in oral and injectable dosage form (N = 133, 50.0% vs N = 588, 47.2%, respectively). Through a comparative analysis, semaglutide had a greater number of reported gastrointestinal adverse events compared to sitagliptin and empaglifozin (p < 0.00001). Conclusions Semaglutide has a good safety profile, however the definition of subgroups within the type 2 diabetes population who are particularly prone to develop serious adverse event when treated with GLP-1 RAs is crucial.
A Personalized Opioid Prescription Model for Predicting Postoperative Discharge Opioid Needs

Background: Opioid overprescribing after surgery is common. There is currently no universal predictive tool available to accurately anticipate postdischarge opioid need in a patient-specific manner. This study examined the efficacy of a patient-specific opioid prescribing framework for estimating postdischarge opioid consumption. Methods: A total of 149 patients were evaluated for a single-center retrospective cohort study of plastic and reconstructive surgery patients. Patients with length of stay of 2 to 8 days and quantifiable inpatient opioid consumption (n = 116) were included. Each patient’s daily postoperative inpatient opioid consumption was used to generate a personalized logarithmic regression model to estimate postdischarge opioid need. The validity of the personalized opioid prescription (POP) model was tested through comparison with actual postdischarge opioid consumption reported by patients 4 weeks after surgery. The accuracy of the POP model was compared with two other opioid prescribing models. Results: The POP model had the strongest association (R2 = 0.899; P < 0.0001) between model output and postdischarge opioid consumption when compared to a procedure-based (R2 = 0.226; P = 0.025) or a 24-hour (R2 = 0.152; P = 0.007) model. Accuracy of the POP model was unaffected by age, gender identity, procedure type, or length of stay. Odds of persistent use at 4 weeks increased, with a postdischarge estimated opioid need at a rate of 1.16 per 37.5 oral morphine equivalents (P = 0.010; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.30). Conclusions: The POP model accurately estimates postdischarge opioid consumption and risk of developing persistent use in plastic surgery patients. Use of the POP model in clinical practice may lead to more appropriate and personalized opioid prescribing.
Simultaneous XMM-Newton and BeppoSAX observation of the Seyfert I galaxy IC 4329A

0:03 keV with an equivalent width of 431 eV. An absorption edge is detected at 7:10:4 keV in the source rest frame that has not been reported before. The energy of these features is consistent with reflection of the primary X-ray continuum by a optically thick material containing iron in low states of ionization. The narrow Fe K feature suggests that the reflection arises relatively far from a putative central black hole. Spectral tting of simultaneous XMM{Newton and BeppoSAX data over the 0.3{130 keV energy range shows that the primary continuum is well described by a cut-o power law with a photon index of 1:93 0:03 and a folding energy of 260 130 keV. The high energy tail >10 keV constrains the reflection fraction close to unity. Fitting over the overall spectral range indicates that the Fe abundance within the cool reflecting material is not signicantly dierent from the cosmic value. The extrapolation of the primary power law continuum to energies <1 keV indicates the presence of absorption edges produced by neutral and ionized oxygen. The optical depth of the O I edge at 0.54 keV constrains the intrinsic absorption by neutral material to an hydrogen column density of = (33 3) 10 20 cm 2 along the line of sight to IC 4329A nucleus. The energy of the edge at 0:854 0:009 keV is consistent with absorption by O VIII. A third edge at 0:660 0:008 keV is likely related to absorption by O VI and N VII. The simultaneous presence of O VI and O VIII edges without signicant O VII absorption indicates that the warm absorber originates from at least two zones.
Relating parental stress with sleep disorders in parents and children

Objective To assess whether child sleep disorders positively correlate with parental insomnia, hypersomnia, and sleep apnea, and whether parental and child sleep disorders simultaneously positively associate with parental stress. Potential modifying influences of these associations by age, sex, and marital status will be considered. Methods Analyses are based on 14,009 employees aged 18–64 with dependent children (n = 44,157) insured by Deseret Mutual Benefit Administrator (DMBA) in 2020. Rate ratios are adjusted for age, sex, and marital status. Results The rate of parental stress is 3.00 (95% CI 2.33–4.85) times greater for those with insomnia and 1.88 (95% CI 1.59–2.22) times greater for those with sleep apnea. There is no increased risk of stress for those with hypersomnia. The number of dependent children filing one or more medical claims for a sleep disorder is 2.0%. Mean age is significantly older among those with a sleep disorder (17.1 vs. 14.4, t p < .0001). Child sex is not associated with the risk of having a sleep disorder. The rate of employee insomnia is 111% greater if their child has a sleep disorder, and employee sleep apnea is 115% greater if their child has a sleep disorder. The association between child sleep disorders and sleep apnea decreases with employee age (Wald chi-square p = 0.0410). The rate of employee stress is 90% greater if their child has a sleep disorder, 189% greater if they have insomnia, and 81% greater if they have sleep apnea. The strength of the association between insomnia and stress is greater for women (Wald Chi-square p = 0.0114), between sleep apnea and stress is greater for women (Wald chi-square p = 0.0010), and between sleep apnea and stress is greater for singles (Wald chi-square p = 0.0010). Conclusions Better understanding the connection between parent and child sleep problems and parent stress, and modifying influences, may improve treatment of these disorders.