Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bedload and river hydraulics - Inferences from the East Fork River, Wyoming

During 1973-79, bedload data were collected in a sophisticated trap on a river of moderate size, the East Fork. The transport rate was measured most days through a full snowmelt season, and the rate was determined separately for eight zones across the channel width. The quantitative data are unique and unlikely to be repeated. Nor need they be, because as a result of this effort a practical bedload sampler was adequately tested against full river measurement. It was shown that bedload moves sporadically and randomly on the river bed. Therefore, transport rate is highly variable in short periods of time. There is also a wide variance from day to day. Yet, different rivers have transport rates, which are functions of discharge, depth, and sediment size, that are clearly distinct. Comparison of computed and measured transport rates indicates that a major problem remains: What grain size is representative of the bedload when there is a wide or heterogeneous particle-size distribution? Size of the bedload in motion may be very different from the size of bed material obtained from samples of the streambed. For general computation, the river channel slope may be averaged, and it may be assumed that water-surface slope does not change materially with changing discharge. Indeed, this generality is correct, in that, compared with depth, velocity, and width, slope is conservative at-a-station. However, in more detail, slope changes importantly with discharge in short reaches of from the channel, and those changes are very different in pool and riffle. an aspect of a detailed longitudinal profile but involve cross-channel as well as down-channel components. The pool and riffle sequence involves not only undulation of bed elevation and bar formation on alternate sides of the channel, but alternation of the zone of superovulation of the water surface, and changing relation of watersurface slope to discharge. These details can be seen only in the full topography of the water surface. low flow. Changes in local water-surface slope illustrate this process. Pools are a storage zone for sediment in the low-flow season. Even though large volumes of sediment move, the distance moved is not large-in the East Fork River, sand of size 0.51 millimeter moved 650 meters during the 1979 snowmelt runoff season. bars and not in the deepest part of the channel. Direct observation of the locus of sediment transport indicates that this locus moves from one side of the channel to the other in concert with the occurrence of alternate bars. Separately, data indicate that at constant stream power, transport rate increases as depth decreases. These local changes in slope are not merely Riffles fill during high flow and scour at Bedload transport is greatest over or near
Indigenous African Institutions

Since the publication of the first edition of "Indigenous African Institutions" in 1992, Africa has undergone a substantial change. Still, much mythology and misconception enshroud Africa and its people. An enduring myth claims that pre-colonial Africa had no viable institutions. This book is an attempt to provide a better, modern understanding of Africa and its people - not for cultural rehabilitation or romanticism but for practical reasons. Traditional or indigenous Africa has not vanished; it is still the home of the real people of Africa - the peasant majority, who produce Africa's real wealth using ancient institutions and practices. Kings, chiefs, and village markets still exist in Africa. The object of development is to improve the lot of the peasants - not the pockets of Africa's ruling elites - and it starts from the "bottom up" - not from the "top-down. " What is there at the bottom are the peasants, their institutions, practices, and economic ways of life? Africa cannot be developed by ignoring its traditional sector, nor can this sector be developed without understanding how it works. Africa's salvation, then, lies in returning to its roots and building upon its own indigenous institutions. This ethos is captured by such phrases as "sankofa" by the Asante, "majimbo" in Swahili, and the mantra, "African Renaissance," touted by President Thabo Mbeki of South Africa. Botswana is the only African country that built upon its own indigenous institutions and prospered. Moreover, it was the same indigenous institutions African peasants utilized to engineer what historians call, "The Golden Age of Peasant Prosperity, 1880-1950. " In recent times, pro-democracy activists revived and modernized an indigenous African institution (the village meeting) into a "sovereign national conference" and used it as a vehicle to craft a new political dispensation for Benin, Cape Verde Islands, South Africa and Zambia - in the same way as the United Nations used a loya jirga, an ancient tribal democratic institution, to chart a new political order for Afghanistan in 2002. Similarly, the same indigenous African institutions can also be used to craft uniquely "African solutions to African problems. " Thus, the blueprint for Africa's economic rejuvenation can be found in its on backyard; that is, its own indigenous institutions. Tragically, African leaders, elites and their Western development partners have seldom looked there.
Low-Latitude Freshwater Influence on Centennial Variability of the Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation

Abstract Variability of the thermohaline circulation (THC) has been analyzed in a long control simulation by the Met Office's Third Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation Model (HadCM3). It is shown that internal THC variability in the coupled climate system is concentrated at interannual and centennial time scales, with the centennial mode being dominant. Centennial oscillations of the THC can impact surface climate via an interhemispheric SST contrast of 0.1°C in the Tropics and more than 0.5°C in mid- and high latitudes. A mechanism is proposed based on detailed process analysis involving large-scale air–sea interaction on multidecadal time scales. Anomalous northward ocean heat transport associated with a strong phase of the Atlantic THC generates a cross-equatorial SST gradient. This causes the ITCZ to move to a more northerly position with increased strength. The extra rainfall resulting from the anomalous ITCZ imposes a freshwater flux and produces a salinity anomaly in the trop.
Carbonate Sands of Isla Perez, Alacran Reef Complex, Yucatán

Beach sediments of Isla Perez consist of about 60 per cent Halimeda algae, 25 per cent coral, and 15 per cent foraminifera and others. Six discrete sediment populations are present, distinct in skeletal origin, grain size, grain shape, and position on the island. Large blocks of massive coral occur on the southeast margin, facing the strongest waves. Sticks of staghorn coral make up extensive ramparts chiefly along the south coast, and also form a pavement with sticks oriented perpendicular to shore just below the water line. The most abundant sediment is 0ø sand, chiefly discoidal Halimeda segments; superbly sorted 2ø sand, chiefly coral grit, blankets the west coast where waves are gentlest. Gastropod fecal pellets form a thick layer at the back ends of two shallow, calm, restricted bays. Carbonate mud, resulting from abrasion of coral and Halimeda, is present in small amounts in the subtidal sediments. All the pure sediment populatons have very similar good sorting values,σranging from 0.3 to 0. 6ø over a thousandfold range of mean size; these values are equivalent to those achieved on terrigenous beaches, therefore surf action tends to produce similar sorting values on pure materials no matter whether the beach material is calcareous or siliceous. Mean size, sorting, and skewness form a helical trend when coplotted for these samples. Subtidal sediments, particularly those from marine grass flats, are much more poorly sorted, give more non-normal curves, and have a much larger content of material finer than 3ø. Staghorn coral breaks down selectively into two size fractions: sticks, the size of the joints in the parent colony, and 2ø grit, the size of the crystal packets composing the skeleton. Halimeda breaks down into 0ø flakes and into 10ø dust, the size of the component microcrystals. Grains of all sizes are uniformly angular and dull except on one part of the coast, where measurable rounding and polish occur. This is probably caused by the low rate of supply of fresh coral at this site.
Ocean island densities and models of lithospheric flexure

Estimates of the effective elastic thickness (Te) of the oceanic lithosphere based on gravity and bathymetric data from island loads are commonly significantly lower than those based on the wavelength of plate bending at subduction zones. The anomalously low values for ocean islands have been attributed to the finite yield strength of the lithosphere, to erosion of the mechanical boundary layer by mantle plumes, to pre-existing thermal stresses, and to overprinting of old volcanic loads by younger ones. A fifth possible contribution to the discrepancy is an incorrect assumption about the density of volcanic loads. We suggest that load densities have been systematically overestimated in studies of lithospheric flexure, potentially resulting in systematic underestimation of effective elastic thicknesses and overestimation of the effects of hotspot volcanism. We illustrate the effect of underestimating load density with synthetic examples and an example from the Marquesas Islands. This effect, combined with the other effects listed above, in many cases may obviate the need to invoke hotspot reheating to explain low apparent elastic thicknesses.
Indoor Positioning Technologies

6 1 Introduction . 7 1.1 Motivation . 7 1.2 Previous Surveys . 8 1.3 Overview of Technologies . 9 1.4 Indoor Positioning Applications . 11 1.5 Structure of this Work . 14 2 User Requirements . 15 2.1 Requirements Parameters Overview . 15 2.2 Positioning Requirements Parameters Definition . 17 2.3 Man Machine Interface Requirements . 19 2.4 Security and Privacy Requirements . 20 2.5 Costs . 20 2.6 Generic Derivation of User Requirements. 20 2.7 Requirements for Selected Indoor Applications . 21 3 Definition of Terms . 25 3.1 Disambiguation of Terms for Positioning . 25 3.2 Definition of Technical Terms . 27 3.3 The Basic Measuring Principles . 29 3.4 Positioning Methods . 31 4 Cameras . 34 4.1 Reference from 3D Building Models . 35 4.2 Reference from Images . 36 4.3 Reference from Deployed Coded Targets . 37 4.4 Reference from Projected Targets . 38 4.5 Systems without Reference . 39 4.6 Reference from Other Sensors . 40 4.7 Summary on Camera Based Indoor Positioning Systems . 40 5 Infrared . 42 5.1 Active Beacons . 42 5.2 Imaging of Natural Infrared Radiation . 43 5.3 Imaging of Artificial Infrared Light . 43 5.4 Summary on Infrared Indoor Positioning Systems . 44
Yield Estimation of the 25 May 2009 North Korean Nuclear Explosion

We collect nine vertical component broadband seismograms from the 25 May 2009 North Korean nuclear explosion for a regional seismic network in which eight stations also recorded the 9 October 2006 North Korean nuclear test. Comparing the observed waveforms and spectra from the two events, we estimate that the amplitudes of the records from the second event are approximately five times those from the first one. Additionally, we use 599 vertical broadband seismograms from 82 regional events recorded on the regional network between December 1995 and May 2009 to calibrate the network Lg ‐wave magnitude. The calibrated network is used to calculate the Lg ‐wave body‐wave magnitude m b( Lg )=4.53 for the 25 May 2009 North Korean nuclear explosion. Based upon 15 first arrivals from the two North Korea nuclear explosions, the regional Pn velocity in the northeast China–North Korea region is calculated to be 8.0 km/s. This result, along with the regional geological structures, suggests that the North Korean test site (NKTS) is located at a relatively stable continental region. We thus use a modified fully coupled magnitude–yield relation to estimate the explosion yield, and the result shows that the yield of the 25 May 2009 North Korean nuclear test is approximately 2.35 kt under the minimum burial depth assumption. Online Material: Epicentral parameters, computed m b( Lg ), and corrected m b( Lg ) for 82 events used in the study.
Was It the Orinoco?: GEOLOGIC NOTES

Depositional characteristics of the Miocene oil-bearing sandstones of southern Trinidad suggest deltaic origin. Trinidad is embraced by the modern Orinoco delta. At first sight, the conclusion appears logical, therefore, that the Cruse-Forest oil sandstones represent the proto-Orinoco delta, extending farther east in the Miocene than now. Closer study, however, reveals flaws in this interpretation. In adjacent eastern Venezuela a marine embayment occupied the region through which the supposed proto-Orinoco River would have flowed, and there is no suggestion whatever of a delta prograding eastward during the Miocene. The sandstone patterns in Trinidad and eastern-most Venezuela (Pedernales) point strongly to a southeasterly source of the Cruse-Forest sediments, whereas the Orinoco's basin lies on the southwest. The suggestion arises that the proto-Essequibo River, rather than the proto-Orinoco, was the main source of the Cruse-Forest sediments.
Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models

Language models demonstrate both quantitative improvement and new qualitative capabilities with increasing scale. Despite their potentially transformative impact, these new capabilities are as yet poorly characterized. In order to inform future research, prepare for disruptive new model capabilities, and ameliorate socially harmful effects, it is vital that we understand the present and near-future capabilities and limitations of language models. To address this challenge, we introduce the Beyond the Imitation Game benchmark (BIG-bench). BIG-bench currently consists of 204 tasks, contributed by 450 authors across 132 institutions. Task topics are diverse, drawing problems from linguistics, childhood development, math, common-sense reasoning, biology, physics, social bias, software development, and beyond. BIG-bench focuses on tasks that are believed to be beyond the capabilities of current language models. We evaluate the behavior of OpenAI's GPT models, Google-internal dense transformer architectures, and Switch-style sparse transformers on BIG-bench, across model sizes spanning millions to hundreds of billions of parameters. In addition, a team of human expert raters performed all tasks in order to provide a strong baseline. Findings include: model performance and calibration both improve with scale, but are poor in absolute terms (and when compared with rater performance); performance is remarkably similar across model classes, though with benefits from sparsity; tasks that improve gradually and predictably commonly involve a large knowledge or memorization component, whereas tasks that exhibit"breakthrough"behavior at a critical scale often involve multiple steps or components, or brittle metrics; social bias typically increases with scale in settings with ambiguous context, but this can be improved with prompting.
Analyzing Contextualized Knowledge Base Aware Representation Learning models for Word Sense Disambiguation

Representation learning is crucial in solving most Natural Language Processing (NLP) problems, including Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD). The WSD task tries to ﬁnd the best meaning in a knowledge base for a word with multiple meanings (ambiguous word). WSD methods choose this best meaning based on the context, i.e., the words around the ambiguous word in the input text document. Word representations may improve the eﬀectiveness of the disambiguation models if they carry helpful information from the context and the knowledge base. In this paper, ﬁrst, we provide an in-depth quantitative and qualitative analysis of existing transformer-based language models to understand their capabilities and potential limitations in encoding and recovering word senses. Second, we present a novel contextual-knowledge base aware sense representation method. The novelty in our representation is the integration of the knowledge base and the context. This representation lies in a space comparable to contextualized word vectors, thus allowing a word occurrence to be easily linked to its meaning by applying a simple nearest-neighbor approach. Finally, we compare our approach with state-of-the-art embedding methods for WSD.
Dimethylsulfide, aerosols, and condensation nuclei over the tropical northeastern Atlantic Ocean

Concentration of dimethylsuifide (DMS) in seawater, concentrations of DMS and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the atmosphere, concentrations of methanesulfonate (MSA) and non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO42−) in size-segregated aerosols, and number concentration of condensation nuclei (CN) were measured during September and October 1991 in the northern tropical Atlantic Ocean in order to assess the role of DMS in CN production over this oceanic area. Radon-222 activity and aerosol ionic composition were used to distinguish air masses with oceanic, continental, and/or polluted characters. No obvious covariation appeared between DMS and its oxidation products (SO2, H2SO4, and MSA) over the whole period of the experiment. However, the division of data into subsets according to continental tracer information allowed us to show that SO2 and nss-SO4 concentrations correlated with DMS concentration in unpolluted air masses. MSA and nss-SO42− were found to be mainly concentrated in particles with diameters < of 0.6 μm. Daily mean nss-SO42− in the <0.6-μm-diameter range and CN concentration were correlated (R = 0.91, n = 17, P < 0.001), which suggests that H2SO4 is an important CN precursor. Atmospheric DMS and CN number daily mean concentrations also correlated (R = 0.82, n = 21, P < 0.001). However, the CN population was strongly influenced by continental inputs less than 500 km downwind of Africa, whereas DMS seemed to be able to affect the CN number concentration at about 1500 km from this continent.
Population ecology of the mallard IV: A review of duck hunting regulations, activity, and success, with special reference to the mallard

Abstract : This is Part IV in a series of comprehensive reports on the ecology of the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) in North America. The present report reviews and summarizes long-term hunting regulations, duck stamp sales, and data from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Hunter Questionnaire Survey and various other surveys. Detailed information is presented on season dates, season length, bag and possession limits, shooting hours, bonuses, restrictions, and special seasons affecting the mallard in the United States from 1948 through 1974.
New stratospheric dust belt due to the Chelyabinsk bolide

The Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite (OMPS) Limb Profiler (LP) on the recently launched NASA/NOAA NPP/Suomi satellite detected aerosol excess in the mid‐stratosphere (25–45 km altitude) between 50°N and 70°N latitudes. OMPS/LP observations trace this aerosol plume to the meteor that struck near Chelyabinsk, Russia on 15 February 2013. This new dust layer, located above the Junge aerosol layer, has persisted over at least a 3 month period. Material collected on the ground following the bolide explosion showed that the meteor was mostly composed of olivine and pyroxenes. Simulations using Lagrangian and Eulerian atmospheric models trace the plume back to Chelyabinsk and confirm that the plume altitude was at altitudes between 25 and 45 km. The models also confirm the plume circumpolar longitudinal spreading observed by OMPS/LP, with propagation speeds up to 85 m/s.
Phonetics and phonology of Tashlhiyt geminates: An overview

Length functions as an important element of lexical contrast, opposing singletons and geminates in various unrelated languages all over the world. A growing body of research has been conducted on the phonetics and phonology of this contrast over the last few decades. This chapter offers a general overview into this research, focusing on gemination in Tashlhiyt. It provides a concise summary of previous and ongoing research, including the nature of the phonological representation of gemination, and how the articulatory and acoustic-perceptual characteristics of geminates account for their phonetic pattern. Tashlhiyt is an excellent case in point since, most unusually, it has contrastive geminates initially and finally as well as medially, and presents different types of geminates, including lexical, morphological and phonological geminates.
Exploring Students' Perceptions of Individual Performance in Online Learning

Issues for technology and data science are highly relevant to the objective of investigating the behavioral patterns of students on e-learning platforms, with a focused goal on the academic performance of students. This research also generates the support attribute for online behavior, such as the quality, usefulness, and effectiveness of the learning experience. This research utilizes a survey methodology that is specifically designed to gather data from students who have previously participated in online learning activities in Bandung. The survey collected quantitative data from 491 users from a questionary. The questionary was tabulated and processed regarding the statistics tool (SmartPLS). For the final discussion, the analysis regarding the hypothesis test. According to the data analysis, it appeared that there was good support for user satisfaction through online learning in enhancing individual performance. Similar findings are known that there is good support for the value of continuance intention in developing individual performance. Another advantage of student intention is its ability as a mediator to support individual performance. Regarding satisfaction with online study, it is established for three attributes can constitute it, namely e-learning quality, effectiveness, and usefulness. The research model developed as a comprehensive summary of the essential learning for students involved in online learning processes. It is essential for organizers of online learning to assess the quality, usefulness, and efficacy of the e-learning materials being provided. By leveraging technology effectively, educators can create e-learning experiences that are more engaging, accessible, and effective for students, leading to higher e-learning satisfaction and improved performance.
Endothelial Progenitor Cell Cotransplantation Enhances Islet Engraftment by Rapid Revascularization

Impaired revascularization of transplanted islets is a critical problem that leads to progressive islet loss. Since endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are known to aid neovascularization, we aimed to enhance islet engraftment by cotransplanting EPCs with islets. Porcine islets, with (islet-EPC group) or without (islet-only group) human cord blood–derived EPCs, were transplanted into diabetic nude mice. The islet-EPC group reached euglycemia by ∼11 days posttransplantation, whereas the islet-only group did not. Also, the islet-EPC group had a higher serum porcine insulin level than the islet-only group. Islets from the islet-EPC group were more rapidly revascularized at the early period of transplantation without increment of final capillary density at the fully revascularized graft. Enhanced revascularization rate in the islet-EPC group was mainly attributed to stimulating vascular endothelial growth factor-A production from the graft. The rapid revascularization by EPC cotransplantation led to better graft perfusion and recovery from hypoxia. EPC cotransplantation was also associated with greater β-cell proliferation, probably by more basement membrane production and hepatocyte growth factor secretion. In conclusion, cotransplantation of EPCs and islets induces better islet engraftment by enhancing the rate of graft revascularization. These findings might provide a directly applicable tool to enhance the efficacy of islet transplantation in clinical practice.