Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geometry and origin of dolomudstone reservoirs: Pekisko Formation (Lower Carboniferous), western Canada

Abstract Dolomudstones of the Pekisko Formation in western Canada form small but important oil and gas reservoirs. The reservoirs are irregularly shaped bodies 1 km or so wide and commonly 5–8 m thick. Porosity development within the dolomudstones is a complex function of sedimentation, early facies-selective dolomitization and later telogenetic leaching of calcareous components. The carbonate sediment precursor of the dolomudstone, interpreted from relict textures preserved in chert nodules, was a microwackestone with abundant silt-sized skeletal fragments. Dolomudstone reservoirs are comprised of dolomudstones, calcareous dolomudstones, and subordinate interbedded dolowackestones and dolograinstones. Some dolomudstone reservoirs are contained entirely within grainstones. Others are capped by tight fenestral lime mudstone that has been dolomitized locally. Dolomitization has been most intense within the centres of these reservoirs, and dolomudstones grade laterally into calcareous dolomudstones. The association of facies indicates that microwackestones were deposited in subtidal intershoal and lagoonal environments on an inner ramp. Grainstone shoals provided a broad barrier that absorbed wave energy seaward of the lagoon. Fenestral lime mudstones accumulated in peritidal environments in restricted areas of the inner ramp, landward of the lagoon. Dolomitization is interpreted to have been early and selective to the microwackestone facies because it retained permeability or was reactive during early burial. Dolomitizing fluids were most probably derived from overlying formations and made their way downwards through spatially separated conduits. The Pekisko Formation was exposed and sculptured at several Jurassic-Early Cretaceous unconformities. During these times, sandstones and shales were deposited in solution cavities developed within the dolomudstones. Concomitant leaching of calcite increased porosity of the dolomudstone reservoirs.
Evidence for Late Jurassic release of methane from gas hydrate

Four Late Jurassic carbonate successions deposited in the Tethys-Atlantic Ocean record a negative carbon isotope excursion of at least 2‰. The excursion is present in both organic and carbonate carbon records and is comparable in magnitude and duration to isotopic changes during the late Paleocene thermal maximum. Our results indicate that during the Late Jurassic, long considered a warm greenhouse time, additional greenhouse gas was input to the atmosphere by a sudden release of methane from buried gas hydrate. A potential triggering mechanism may have been the opening of an oceanic gateway through the early Atlantic between the ancient Tethys and Pacific Oceans.
Evidence of gravity wave breaking in lidar data from the mesopause region

An outstanding question about the dynamics of the mesosphere is the temporal and spatial distribution of nonlinear events such as wave‐breaking, wave saturation, and wave‐critical layer interactions. A climatology of these events will help us understand how the mesoscale dynamical features, such as gravity waves, interact with the background mean wind and temperature structure. New lidar systems have the resolution to show us a height versus time “picture” of the dynamics so that identifying individual events within the observation window of the instrument is now possible. At the Starfire Optical Range (SOR) a sodium resonance lidar provides simulataneous sodium density, temperature, and three components of the winds. In this paper we present “pictures” of individual wave events apparent in the lidar data using the temperature (plotted as potential temperature and spectra) to show the time evolution of the wave structure.
Measurements of spectral similarity for microearthquakes in western Nagano, Japan

[1] We use P wave spectral ratios to estimate the seismic energy of 23 microearthquakes (Mw ≈ 0.9–2.7) recorded on a dense network of surface and borehole stations in western Nagano, Japan. These events were recorded at 45 surface stations and 2 borehole stations. The data set is unique in that most events have high signal-to-noise ratio at several surface stations and at the two borehole stations. The redundancy provided by the large number of stations recording these events allows us to assess the uncertainty of our results. We find that the seismic energy to moment (ER/M0) ratios from P waves for the events in our data set are reliable, that they vary between 1 × 10−6 and 1 × 10−4, and that smaller events tend to have smaller values of ER/M0 because they are relatively deficient in radiated energy above the corner frequency. We observe two spectral effects: a variation in corner frequency, which accounts for most of the variation in ER/M0, and steeper spectral falloff rates, which contribute to the small values of ER/M0 for some of the smaller events. Our estimates of moment and corner frequency suggest that M0 ∝ fc−(3+e) (ɛ > 0), and this implies that either the static stress drop or rupture velocity or both change with earthquake size.
Multi-Source Domain Adaptation for Object Detection with Prototype-based Mean-teacher

Adapting visual object detectors to operational target domains is a challenging task, commonly achieved using unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) methods. Recent studies have shown that when the labeled dataset comes from multiple source domains, treating them as separate domains and performing a multi-source domain adaptation (MSDA) improves the accuracy and robustness over blending these source domains and performing a UDA. For adaptation, existing MSDA methods learn domain-invariant and domain-specific parameters (for each source domain). However, unlike single-source UDA methods, learning domain-specific parameters makes them grow significantly in proportion to the number of source domains. This paper proposes a novel MSDA method called Prototype-based Mean Teacher (PMT), which uses class prototypes instead of domain-specific subnets to encode domain-specific information. These prototypes are learned using a contrastive loss, aligning the same categories across domains and separating different categories far apart. Given the use of prototypes, the number of parameters required for our PMT method does not increase significantly with the number of source domains, thus reducing memory issues and possible overfitting. Empirical studies indicate that PMT outperforms state-of-the-art MSDA methods on several challenging object detection datasets. Our code is available at https://github.com/imatif17/Prototype-Mean-Teacher.
Cross-Dataset-Robust Method for Blind Real-World Image Quality Assessment

Although many effective models and real-world datasets have been presented for blind image quality assessment (BIQA), recent BIQA models usually tend to fit specific training set. Hence, it is still difficult to accurately and robustly measure the visual quality of an arbitrary real-world image. In this paper, a robust BIQA method, is designed based on three aspects, i.e., robust training strategy, large-scale real-world dataset, and powerful backbone. First, many individual models based on popular and state-of-the-art (SOTA) Swin-Transformer (SwinT) are trained on different real-world BIQA datasets respectively. Then, these biased SwinT-based models are jointly used to generate pseudo-labels, which adopts the probability of relative quality of two random images instead of fixed quality score. A large-scale real-world image dataset with 1,000,000 image pairs and pseudo-labels is then proposed for training the final cross-dataset-robust model. Experimental results on cross-dataset tests show that the performance of the proposed method is even better than some SOTA methods that are directly trained on these datasets, thus verifying the robustness and generalization of our method.
Policy Optimization in a Noisy Neighborhood: On Return Landscapes in Continuous Control

Deep reinforcement learning agents for continuous control are known to exhibit significant instability in their performance over time. In this work, we provide a fresh perspective on these behaviors by studying the return landscape: the mapping between a policy and a return. We find that popular algorithms traverse noisy neighborhoods of this landscape, in which a single update to the policy parameters leads to a wide range of returns. By taking a distributional view of these returns, we map the landscape, characterizing failure-prone regions of policy space and revealing a hidden dimension of policy quality. We show that the landscape exhibits surprising structure by finding simple paths in parameter space which improve the stability of a policy. To conclude, we develop a distribution-aware procedure which finds such paths, navigating away from noisy neighborhoods in order to improve the robustness of a policy. Taken together, our results provide new insight into the optimization, evaluation, and design of agents.
Video-adverb retrieval with compositional adverb-action embeddings

Retrieving adverbs that describe an action in a video poses a crucial step towards fine-grained video understanding. We propose a framework for video-to-adverb retrieval (and vice versa) that aligns video embeddings with their matching compositional adverb-action text embedding in a joint embedding space. The compositional adverb-action text embedding is learned using a residual gating mechanism, along with a novel training objective consisting of triplet losses and a regression target. Our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on five recent benchmarks for video-adverb retrieval. Furthermore, we introduce dataset splits to benchmark video-adverb retrieval for unseen adverb-action compositions on subsets of the MSR-VTT Adverbs and ActivityNet Adverbs datasets. Our proposed framework outperforms all prior works for the generalisation task of retrieving adverbs from videos for unseen adverb-action compositions. Code and dataset splits are available at https://hummelth.github. io/ReGaDa/.
Rill hydraulics on a semiarid hillslope, southern Arizona

Seventy field experiments were conducted in seven rills located on a semiarid rangeland hillslope underlain by gravelly soils at Walnut Gulch, Arizona. The rills, which are characterized by wide, shallow cross-sections and gravel-covered beds, have mean at-a-station hydraulic geometry exponents of b = 0·33, f = 0·34 and m = 0·33. Although the differences between these values and typical values of b = 0·30, f = 0·40 and m = 0·30 for cropland rills are not statistically significant, they are thought to be real, as cropland rills often have more rectangular cross-sections and steeper sides than the rangeland rills under study. For rills formed in silty loamy soils, Govers developed an empirical relation between mean flow velocity and discharge. Emphasizing the generality of this relation, he suggested that it may be used as a simple means of routing runoff through rills. He also noted that this relation appeared to be unaffected by either slope or soil materials. The present data represent rills underlain by coarser and somewhat more varied gravel-rich soils. These data do not conform to Govers' relation, and a multiple regression analysis reveals that slope and soil materials, either directly or indirectly through bed roughness, exert almost as much influence on flow velocity as does discharge. Three alternative methods are developed for predicting flow velocity in the rills under study. All three methods give good results with the largest root mean square deviation being 3·115 cm s−1.
Rayleigh-Taylor Unstable Flames: the Coupled Effect of Multiple Perturbations

The Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability is important in the fields of aerospace engineering, nuclear physics, and astrophysical research, particularly in studies of Type Ia supernovae. In some applications, the RT instability is complicated by a reaction at the unstable interface. In this paper, we show how this reaction changes the behavior of the RT instability. Using 2D direct numerical simulations (DNS) of Boussinesq premixed flames with a model reaction rate, we show how the flame responds to three types of perturbation: a large amplitude single mode primary perturbation, a smaller amplitude single mode secondary perturbation, and a numerically generated system perturbation with both single mode and multimode components. Early on, the evolution of the flame is dominated by the primary perturbation and, differently from single mode nonreacting RT, the flame propagates as a metastable traveling wave in the form of bubbles separated by cusp-like spikes. However, the lifetime of this traveling wave depends on the properties of the secondary and system perturbations and on the strength of gravity. Once the traveling wave is destabilized, the flame front bubbles rapidly grow to large scales. We identify five distinct flame growth solution types, with the symmetry and properties of each depending on the balance and interactions between the three types of perturbation. In particular, we show that the primary and secondary modes can couple to generate a tertiary mode which ultimately dominates the flow. Depending on the wavenumber of the tertiary mode, the flame may stall, develop coherent pulsations, or even become a metastable traveling wave again, behaviors not seen in nonreacting RT.
The Cretaceous Shales of Jamaica

A well preserved specimen 46mm. long and 22·5mm. wide (Fig.17) was found by Mr. R. Cory near Catadupa. The body whorl is contracted below the suture and has ten varices which die away at the anterior contraction and are slightly acute at the shoulder; the anterior part of the shell has five wavy spiral ridges. A smaller and more delicate but poorly preserved form (Fig. 18), with similar but more anteriorly produced varices, occurs just above the Barrettia limestone at St. Ann's Great River and resembles specimens of L. crassicostata Stol. from Assam figured by Spengler (Pal. Ind., N. Series, vol. viii, mem. i, 1923, pl. iii, figs. 34a, and b). Another species of Lyria or Volutilites (Fig. 16) with elongated spire has about 7 coarse uneven varices on the body whorl and occurs as badly preserved casts in the Providence shales. It attains a length of 47 mm.
Colorful Borsuk--Ulam theorems and applications

We prove a colorful generalization of the Borsuk--Ulam theorem and derive colorful consequences from it, such as a colorful generalization of the ham sandwich theorem. Even in the uncolored case this specializes to a strengthening of the ham sandwich theorem, which given an additional condition, contains a result of B\'{a}r\'{a}ny, Hubard, and Jer\'{o}nimo on well-separated measures as a special case. We prove a colorful generalization of Fan's antipodal sphere covering theorem, we derive a short proof of Gale's colorful KKM theorem, and we prove a colorful generalization of Brouwer's fixed point theorem. Our results also provide an alternative between Radon-type intersection results and KKM-type covering results. Finally, we prove colorful Borsuk--Ulam theorems for higher symmetry.
Systematic variations in the concentration of NO x (NO Plus NO2) at Niwot Ridge, Colorado

Measurements of the concentrations of NO and NO2 were made in the rural troposphere during a year's period in 1980–1981, during the summers of 1983, 1984, and 1987, and during the fall of 1984. The field site was located near Niwot Ridge, Colorado, at an elevation of 3 km. NO was measured with a chemiluminescence instrument, and NO2 was photolyzed to NO and measured by the same instrument. The performance of this instrument is discussed in detail. Aspects of the NOx (sum of NO and NO2) concentrations discussed include the overall distribution, the seasonal and diurnal cycles, the interannual variations, and the correlation with meteorological parameters. The meteorological dependence of [NOx] elucidates the mechanisms that transport NOx to the site. Even though the Denver urban area lies downwind from the site with respect to the prevailing winds, it is NOx from that area that predominates and is responsible for the enhanced acidic deposition and elevated ozone levels at the site. The valley-mountain flow that is primarily responsible for this transport also may be an important mechanism for transporting anthropogenic pollution from the planetary boundary layer to the free troposphere. The major photochemical loss processes of NOx are reaction of NO2 with hydroxyl radicals to form HNO3 and the formation of PAN (peroxyacetyl nitrate) and perhaps other organic nitrates in the summer and reaction of NO2 with O3 to form NO3, N2O5, and further oxidized species in the winter.
Validation of the Canadian land surface scheme (class) for a subarctic open woodland

Abstract This study reports on testing of the peatland version of the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) for simulating the energy balance of subarctic open woodland terrain. Model results are compared against several years of measured data from a site near Churchill, Manitoba. In contrast to most forest environments, the floor of the open forest plays a large role in total ecosystem energy exchange. This behaviour presents a significant challenge for land surface models like CLASS and their simplified treatment of vegetation canopies. Simulations of summer energy balance for seven years encompassing a wide range of meteorological conditions produced consistent results. Root mean square errors for sensible and latent heat fluxes fell between 11 and 28 W m−2. CLASS consistently underestimated slightly the daily latent heat flux and overestimated the sensible heat flux, average mean bias errors being ‐7.6 and 9.1 W m−2, respectively. The soil heat flux was less well represented. In general, CLASS was able to capture the diurnal and seasonal behaviour of the measured fluxes under a range of conditions with reasonable accuracy. In a full year simulation, CLASS reproduced the annual variations in energy balance with some discrepancies associated with snow accumulation and ablation periods. The model performance was sensitive to both snow density and specification of the surface cover. Recommendations for improving the model for subarctic woodlands and terrain types with similar features are discussed.
Last Millennium Climate and Its Variability in CCSM4

AbstractAn overview of a simulation referred to as the “Last Millennium” (LM) simulation of the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4), is presented. The CCSM4 LM simulation reproduces many large-scale climate patterns suggested by historical and proxy-data records, with Northern Hemisphere (NH) and Southern Hemisphere (SH) surface temperatures cooling to the early 1800s Common Era by ~0.5°C (NH) and ~0.3°C (SH), followed by warming to the present. High latitudes of both hemispheres show polar amplification of the cooling from the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) to the Little Ice Age (LIA) associated with sea ice increases. The LM simulation does not reproduce La Nina–like cooling in the eastern Pacific Ocean during the MCA relative to the LIA, as has been suggested by proxy reconstructions. Still, dry medieval conditions over the southwestern and central United States are simulated in agreement with proxy indicators for these regions. Strong global cooling is associated with large volcanic erup.
Adaptively parametrized surface wave tomography: methodology and a new model of the European upper mantle

SUMMARY In this study, we aim to close the gap between regional and global traveltime tomography in the contextofsurfacewavetomographyoftheuppermantleimplementingtheprincipleofadaptive parametrization. Observations of seismic surface waves are a very powerful tool to constrain the3-DstructureoftheEarth’suppermantle,includingitsanisotropy,becausetheysamplethis volumeefficientlyduetotheirsensitivityoverawidedepthrangealongtheraypath.Onaglobal scale, surface wave tomography models are often parametrized uniformly, without accounting for inhomogeneities in data coverage and, as a result, in resolution, that are caused by effective under- or overparametrization in many areas. If the local resolving power of seismic data is not taken into account when parametrizing the model, features will be smeared and distorted in tomographic maps, with subsequent misinterpretation. Parametrization density has to change locally,formodelstoberobustlyconstrainedwithoutlosinganyaccurateinformationavailable in the best sampled regions. We have implemented a new algorithm for upper mantle surface wave tomography, based on adaptive-voxel parametrization, with voxel size defined by both the ‘hit count’ (number of observations sampling the voxel) and ‘azimuthal coverage’ (how welldifferentazimuthswithrespecttothevoxelarecoveredbythesource-stationdistribution). High image resolution is achieved in regions with dense data coverage, while lower image resolution is kept in regions where data coverage is poorer. This way, parametrization is everywhere tuned to optimal resolution, minimizing both the computational costs, and the non-uniqueness of the solution. The spacing of our global grid is locally as small as ∼50 km. We apply our method to identify a new global model of vertically and horizontally polarized shear velocity, with resolution particularly enhanced in the European lithosphere and upper mantle. We find our new model to resolve lithospheric thickness and radial anisotropy better than earlier results based on the same data. Robust features of our model include, for example, the Trans-European Suture Zone, the Panonnian Basin, thinned lithosphere in the Aegean and Western Mediterranean, possible small-scale mantle upwellings under Iberia and Massif Central, subduction under the Aegean arc and a very deep cratonic root underneath southern Finland.
A model of grease ice growth in small leads

When a strong, cold wind blows over open polar leads, ice grows in the form of small crystals which are herded downwind by both wind waves and a wind-driven surface current to pile up at the downwind edge of the lead. As this process continues, the piled-up ice, called ‘grease ice,’ advances upwind until the entire lead is ice covered. In a numerical model of ice growth in a horizontally one-dimensional lead with a wind blowing along its length we use the heat flux taken from existing formulations to determine the ice production rate. Similarly, we use the wave field and surface current, which are functions of wind speed and fetch, to calculate the ice pileup depth and the ice cover advance rate. Because this ice growth mechanism allows water at its freezing point to remain in contact with the cold air, high heat and salt fluxes are maintained. The ice growth predicted from this model is an order of magnitude greater than one-dimensional vertical growth.
Carbon dioxide supersaturation in peatland waters and its contribution to atmospheric efflux from downstream boreal lakes

[1] Carbon fluxes at two boreal peatland-dominated catchments in northeastern Alberta were investigated through the analysis of fen and lake water chemistry and the measurement of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) using headspace gas analysis. All waters had low pH ( 15 mg L−1), and were supersaturated with carbon dioxide (CO2) with respect to the atmosphere (CO2: 1.2–54 times atmospheric). Nonetheless, CO2 concentrations in the study lakes were significantly lower compared with surface water pools in associated fen systems. Average atmospheric flux of CO2 from the two lakes were 0.18 and 0.48 g C m−2 d−1, while potential fluxes from small surficial pools on the fen complexes were an order of magnitude higher. The higher average efflux estimated at one of the lakes (relative to the other) was attributed to shorter lake residence time and smaller relative lake area (i.e., higher relative carbon loading). Carbon mass balances for the lakes suggest that they act as conduits for dissolved CO2 from surrounding fen complexes to the atmosphere. In one of the two study catchments (with negligible groundwater sources), inputs of dissolved CO2 from fen surface waters supported a substantial component (∼30%) of the lake atmospheric CO2 efflux.