Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biological phosphorus removal from wastewater by anaero-bic-anoxic sequencing batch reactor

In this study an anaerobic-anoxic SBR (sequencing batch reactor) was used in order to investigate the possibility of phosphorus removal utilizing nitrate as an electron acceptor, instead of oxygen in biological phosphorus removal processes. The reactor was supplied with synthetic wastewater, in which acetic acid (HAc) and phosphate were added at concentrations of 400 mg-COD/l and 15 mg-P/l. A conventional anaerobic-aerobic SBR was also operated to compare with the anaerobic-anoxic SBR. The objectives of this research are to examine (i) feasibility and stability of the systems, (ii) kinetics and stoichiometry of phosphorus release and uptake. The anaerobic-anoxic SBR operation resulted in a stable phosphorus removal and accumulation of phosphorus removing bacteria using nitrate as an electron acceptor. Immediately after inoculation from a phosphorus removing plant (Renpho system) phosphorus uptake was observed, indicating that phosphorus removing bacteria which are able to utilize nitrate were already present in conventional phosphorus removing sludge. Comparison of stoichiometry and kinetics with the conventional anaerobic-aerobic SBR system shows a similar potential for phosphorus removal by denitrifying organisms. Therefore in the design of phosphorus removal processes one should not be afraid of nitrate, but use it.
Lung Injury After Acute Inhalation Of Perfluoroisobutylene: Exposure Concentration-Response Relationships

AbstractPerfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) is a toxic, potentially lethal pneumoedematogenic gas. An investigation was undertaken to examine the kinetic course of the pulmonary injurious response to PFIB when inhaled by adult Fischer 344 rats for 10-min durations at mass concentrations ranging from 50 to 200 mg/m3. No lung gravimetric increases or histopathological changes were observed after exposure to 50 or 83 mg/m3 concentrations of PFIB. At ≥ 90 mg/m3, overt lung injury that was detectable by lung gravimetric and histopathological changes was observed within hours after the exposures, with the postexposure times or “latency periods” prior to onset of these responses being inversely related to exposure mass concentration. Latency periods occurring after exposure to 100, and 110 mg/m3 were ∼8 and 4 hr, respectively. No latency period was observed following the exposure of rats to 200 mg/m3. The ultimate severity of the pulmonary injurious response to PFIB increased with increasing exposure mass concentration.
Aquaphotomics: Dynamic Spectroscopy of Aqueous and Biological Systems Describes Peculiarities of Water

ISSn: 0967-0335 © IM publications llp 2009 doi: 10.1255/jnirs.869 all rights reserved Water is the most substantial and widely distributed component of biological systems. It is a complex subject which has received considerable attention over the years. Groups from different scientific areas have been working on its properties, structure, functions etc., yet static analysis on a narrow set of water characteristics has only provided a limited picture of this unique substance. Several methods have been applied to study the physical chemistry of water itself: X-ray spectrometry,1–3 infrared (Ir) spectrum analysis,4,5 raman scattering spectroscopy,6 nuclear magnetic resonance (nMr) spectroscopy,7 dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (drS),8,9 tHz spectroscopy,10 neutron diffraction11 etc. each technique provides us with valuable information on a different aspect of a water system. on the other hand, water is not simply a physical subject. It is a basic constituent of all life structures. In order to understand water from a system point of view, new tools are needed for real time monitoring and non-invasive dynamic analysis of biological and aqueous systems. Human body cells contain up to 90% water, but biological sciences are very much focused on pinpointing single biomolecules related to natural phenomena or disease. the possibility that these phenomena rely on the simultaneous dynamic contribution of various components of the living system, especially of water as a medium, is not fully considered. the structure of biomolecules (i.e. proteins, nucleotides) is highly related to their functions.12 folding and stabilisation of tertiary and quaternary structures is largely due to the creation of hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules. for example, protein tertiary structure formation, the protein function defining structure, is largely a process of exposing hydrophilic areas and burying hydrophobic residues. Hence, protein functional structure formation is a result of interactions with the surrounding water. Water structure still remains unknown, but a spectroscopic point of view agrees that it could be described as a matrix, i.e. molecular network13 of water molecular conformations with different hydrogen-bond populations and special distribution to accommodate and facilitate various functions, including biological ones. as the strength of the hydrogen bond13–15 and its location defines its functionality, it could be described as a multi-functional “body” simultaneously having many “faces”, i.e. many structures.
Neutralization of sulfuric acid aerosol by ammonia

The rate of neutralization of sulfuric acid aerosol by ammonia gas has been measured in a laboratory flow reactor for particle diameters between 0.3 and 1.4 micrometers and for relative humidities between 8 and 80%. The rates were between 21 and 70% of the rates expected if diffusion of NH/sub 3/ to the aerosol droplets was the rate-determining factor, and the reaction coefficient, which is the fraction of gas-particle collisions resulting in a chemical reaction, increased with increasing particle size. A simple model of H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ aerosol generation and neutralization in the atmosphere showed that sulfate aerosol more acidic than NH/sub 4/HSO/sub 4/ should only be present during periods of rapid oxidation of the precursor SO/sub 2/ and high ratios of (SO/sub 2/) to (NH/sub 3/) or when the equilibrium vapor pressure of NH/sub 3/ over the partially neutralized H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ droplet exceeds the ambient NH/sub 3/ partial pressure.
Evaluation of Various Zinc Extractants in Lowland Rice Soil under the Influence of Zinc Sulfate and Chelated Zinc

Field experiments were conducted on rice (cv ‘IET 4094’) in an Aeric endoaquept (pH 7.2) to evaluate the various zinc (Zn) extractants in lowland rice soil under the influence of Zn sulfate and chelated Zn. The diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), 0.1 N hydrochloric acid (HCl), and 0.05 N HCl‐extractable Zn concentrations in soil increased initially up to the Z29 stage of crop growth when Zn was applied as a single basal source, being greater with Zn ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Zn‐EDTA) compared to zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) application. Among the various extractants, the performance of 0.1 N HCl in extracting Zn was better than the other two extractants and followed the trend 0.1 N HCl > 0.005 M DTPA > 0.05 N HCl. The greatest increase in grain and straw yield of rice was 37.8 and 20.4%, respectively, over the control in the treatment T7 (1 kg Zn ha−1 as Zn‐EDTA at basal).
Ethyl lactate as a solvent: Properties, applications and production processes – a review

Ethyl lactate is an environmentally benign solvent with effectiveness comparable to petroleum-based solvents. The worldwide solvent market is about 30 million pounds per year, where ethyl lactate can have an important share. It is considered a chemical commodity and has attracted much attention in recent years, since it is formed by the esterification reaction of ethanol and lactic acid, which can be generated from biomass raw materials through fermentation. In this work, an overview regarding the main properties and applications of ethyl lactate, as well as its synthesis and production processes, with a particular emphasis on reactive/separation processes, is presented.
Physisorption and Diffusion of Hydrogen Atoms on Graphite from Correlated Calculations on the H−Coronene Model System

Correlated, counterpoise corrected wave function calculations on the hydrogen−coronene system are used to investigate the energy landscape and the dynamic behavior of hydrogen atoms physisorbed on graphite. The adopted MP2 correlation level, employing the aug-cc-pVDZ basis set augmented with bond functions, has been selected after extensive investigation on the smaller hydrogen−benzene system. The computed physisorption energy (39.7 meV) is in excellent agreement with the existing experimental value of (39.2 ± 0.5) meV for a graphite single layer (Ghio, E.; Mattera, L.; Salvo, C.; Tommasini, F.; Valbusa, U. J. Chem. Phys. 1980, 73, 557) and makes one confident of the computed barriers to diffusion. A simple, analytical expression of the corrugated potential energy surface fitted to the calculated energy values is then used in 3D quantum dynamical calculations of the tunneling contribution to the diffusion coefficient. Results show that hydrogen atoms physisorbed on graphite are highly mobile on the surfac.
Synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of catecholato adducts of iron(III) triaza- and tetraazamacrocyclic complexes: chemical evidence of the role of the metal ion in the oxidative cleavage

Iron(III)-catecholatocomplexes of formulas [Fe(SS-CTH)(Cat)]Y, [Fe(Cyclam)(Cat)]Y, and [Fe(TACN)(Cat)Cl] (SS-CTH=(SS)-5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane; Cyclam=1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane; TACN=1,4,7-triazacyclononane; Cat=DTBCat=3,5-di-tert-butylcatecholate; TCCat=tetrachlorocatecholato; Y=PF 6 , ClO 4 ) have been synthesized. Magnetic measurements and EPR spectra indicate that all these complexes have to be formulated as high-spin iron(III) derivatives.
EFFECT OF ANTI-BROWNING AGENTS AND WRAPPING FILMS ON BROWNING INHIBITION AND MAINTAINING QUALITY OF BABY CORN DURING STORAGE.

An experiment was carried out at Kaha Experimental Station, Kalubia Governorate, during 2009 and 2010 seasons, to study the influence of anti-browning agents (ascorbic acid 1% and calcium chloride at 1% ) and wrapping films (polypropylene and stretch ) on reducing browning, maintaining quality and inhibiting pathogens of baby corn ( Zea mays L )ears 321 Tribal hybrid (TH). All studied treatments reduced weight loss, browning, poly phenol oxidase (ppo) activity, total microbial count and the loss of total sugars comparing with untreated (control) treatment. However, dipping baby corn ears in ascorbic acid (AA) at 1% or calcium chloride at 1% then wrapped with polypropylene film was the most effective treatments in this concern. Baby corn ears treated with 1% ascorbic acid (AA) or 1% Cacl 2 then wrapped with polypropylene film did not exhibit any changes in their appearance till 12 th day of storage of 5 °C and gave good appearance at the end of storage (15 days), while untreated ears resulted in poor appearance after 9 days of storage.
The production of ethene/propene/5‐ethylidene‐2‐norbornene terpolymers using metallocene catalysts: Polymerization, characterization and properties of the metallocene EPDM

Metallocene catalysts Et(Ind)2ZrCl2/MAO and Et(Ind)2HfCl2/MAO were used in ethene/propene copolymerization and in ethene/propene/5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (E/P/ENB) terpolymerization. The copolymerization activity of the Et(Ind)2ZrCl2/MAO system was 20 × 103 kgpolym/molMt *h, the Et(Ind)2HfCl2/MAO yielding 5 × 103 kgpolym/molMt *h. The polymerization activity decreased with diene addition, but this effect was significant only at very large diene feeds. The catalysts incorporated diene readily. Materials with an ethene content of 55 to 70 mol % and an ENB content of 2 to 16 mol % were produced. Et(Ind)2HfCl2 produced a considerably higher molar mass material than the Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 catalyst. The molar mass distributions were narrow. Copolymers and terpolymers with up to 3 mol % ENB content had some crystallinity. Copolymer Tgs were between −59°C and −55°C. The terpolymer glass transition temperature rose 1.5°C per wt % of ENB in the polymer. Polymer characteristics reported include composition, molar mass distribution, melt flow rate, density, and thermal behavior. The dynamic mechanical and rheological properties of the materials in comparison with commercial E/P/ENB terpolymers are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 35–44, 1997
Stable relativistic/charge-displacement channels in ultrahigh power density (≈1021 W/cm3) plasmas

Abstract Robust stability is a chief characteristic of relativistic/charge-displacement self-channeling. Theoretical analysis of the dynamics of this stability (i) reveals a leading role for the eigenmodes in the development of stable channels, (ii) suggests a technique using a simple longitudinal gradient in the electron density to extend the zone of stability into the high electron density/high power density regime, (iii) indicates that a situation approaching unconditional stability can be achieved, (iv) demonstrates the efficacy of the stable dynamics in trapping severely perturbed beams in single uniform channels, and (v) predicts that ≈104 critical powers can be trapped in a single stable channel. The scaling of the maximum power density with the propagating wavelength λ is shown to be proportional to λ−4 for a given propagating power and a fixed ratio of the electron plasma density to the critical plasma density. An estimate of the maximum power density that can be achieved in these channels with a power of ≈2 TW at a UV (248 nm) wavelength gives a value of ≈1021 W/cm3 with a corresponding atomic specific magnitude of ≈60 W/atom. The characteristic intensity propagating in the channel under these conditions exceeds 1021 W/cm2.
The status and perspectives of metal oxide thin-film transistors for active matrix flexible displays

The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the state-of-the-art of metal oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs). First, the question of how to achieve high-performance oxide TFTs is addressed, including the exploration of new channel materials, the realization of low-resistance ohmic contacts and the implementation of high-k dielectric materials as the gate insulator. The electrical instability of the oxide TFTs is also discussed, which is critical for their application in flexible backplane electronics: special attention is given to the understanding of the degradation mechanism of oxide TFTs against bias thermal stress (BTS) and light illuminated BTS. Finally, the recent application of oxide TFTs in active matrix displays, such as electronic paper, liquid crystal displays and organic light-emitting diodes, is addressed.
The impact of ionic liquid pretreatment on the chemistry and enzymatic digestibility of Pinus radiata compression wood

Compression wood represents a unique challenge for biochemical processing of softwoods to biofuels and chemicals on account of its high lignin and galactan, and low glucan contents. Here we report the impact of ionic liquid pretreatment on the chemistry and enzymatic digestibility of Pinus radiata compression wood and opposite wood. Samples were pretreated using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate at 120 °C and 155 °C for 3 h. Hemicelluloses were preferentially extracted during the pretreatment and the recovered biomass was enriched in cellulose and lignin. The pretreatment caused structural modifications to the lignin and polysaccharides that included loss of ether linkages and formation of condensed structures in the lignin, reduced cellulose crystallinity and possible depolymerisation of polysaccharide chains. The enzymatic digestibility of the cellulose was significantly enhanced in both wood types after pretreatment. Approximately 90% of the glucan was converted to glucose after enzyme treatment for 24 h following pretreatment at 120 °C compared to only 3–8% in untreated samples. Because the ionic liquid pretreatment was equally effective on both compression wood and opposite wood the outcome of the saccharification was largely determined by the original chemical composition of the two wood types.
The Characterization of a New Pale Blue Corrosion Product Found on Copper Alloy Artifacts

Abstract A new pale blue corrosion product has been found on copper alloy artifacts in the collections of a number of institutions. The corrosion product has been characterized using X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, wavelength X-ray dispersive spectroscopy and Raman microspectroscopy. The corrosion product is a copper(II) compound, containing copper and sodium in a ratio of approximately 1:1 along with formate and acetate groups. It is speculated that formic (methanoic) and acetic (ethanoic) acid vapors arising from materials used to house the objects contribute to the formation of this compound.
Nonlinear viscoelasticity of wormlike micelles (and other reversibly breakable polymers)

A model, previously introduced to describe the linear dynamics of entangled, reversibly breakable polymers, is extended to describe nonlinear effects. This extension of the model requires that (1) the nonlinear effects of a flow enter solely through its influence on polymer diffusion (not through any direct effect on the reaction rates for chain scission and recombination processes) and (2) the stress is dominated by polymer entropy contributions. With these assumptions, the viscoelastic functions are predicted to closely resemble those of the Doi-Edwards/Marrucci theory for monodisperse unbreakable polymers. The status of each assumption is discussed, with reference to recent experiments on viscoelastic solutions of polymer-like surfactant micelles.
Thermodynamic Study of Enantioseparation of Arylpropionic Acids with the Chirex 3001 Stationary Phase

Abstract Enantioseparation data of ketoprofen, fenoprofen, and ibuprofen have been obtained and thermodynamically analyzed. The Chirex 3001 column was used for chiral separation. The mobile phases were 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, and 70/30 v/v% methanol/water mixtures with 0.02 M ammonium acetate, and 80/20 v/v% methanol/water with 0.005, 0.01, and 0.02 M ammonium acetate. The capacity factors of the solutes were measured at 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, 40°C, 45°C, and 50°C. The thermodynamic properties of solute transfer from the mobile to the stationary phase were strongly dependent on mobile phase composition. The variations in solute transfer enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) were found to be primarily influenced by the cavity formation effect. The differential thermodynamic properties between the R‐ and S‐isomers were also computed. The absolute magnitudes of ΔΔH° and TΔΔS° were far smaller than those of ΔH° and TΔS°. The variation trend of ΔΔH° is very similar to that of TΔΔS°, and the differential free energy of transfer (ΔΔH°−TΔΔS°) is slightly negative and virtually invariant with respect to mobile phase composition. S‐profen isomers were found more retained in the Chirex 3001 column although, the difference in solute‐stationary phase interactions between the R‐ and S‐enantiomers is very low.
Fabrication and Characterization of ZnO Single Nanowire-Based Hydrogen Sensor

Vertically aligned ZnO nanowires were grown on c-plane sapphire substrate by metal organic chemical vapor deposition technique. The nanowires were single crystalline and structurally uniform and did not exhibit any noticeable defects. Pt/ZnO single nanowire Schottky diodes were fabricated by using e-beam lithography and then characterized by measuring temperature-dependent I−V characteristics. The diode exhibited a low Schottky barrier height of 0.42 V and ideality factor of 1.6 at room temperature. Temperature-dependent hydrogen-sensing measurements were carried out with different hydrogen concentrations. A good sensing characteristic (S ≈ 90%) has been observed at room temperature with a response time of ∼55 s.
PMRD investigations of molecular dynamics and phase transitions in the liquid crystal 6CHBT

Proton Magnetic Relaxation Dispersion (PMRD) measurements were carried out over a wide Larmor frequency range near the isotropic-nematic transition temperature (T NI) and in the mid nematic phase of a low viscous liquid crystal 4-(trans-4′-hexylcyclohexyl)-isothiocyanatobenzene (6CHBT), with a view to examining the pre-transitional effects just above isotropic-nematic transition (T > T NI) and the role of director fluctuations (DF) on the nematic phase stability of this system. The results near the transition indicate critical slowing down of the short-range nematic order modes just above T NI with a mean field critical exponent characterizing the coherence length (ξ). The observed temperature independence of the correlation time associated with the reorientations (τR) and the extension of DF mode spectrum, in the mid-nematic phase, to relatively higher resonance frequencies seem to suggest fairly low hindering barriers for the tumbling of the molecules about their short axes.
Oxygen reduction catalysis of the Pt3Co alloy in alkaline and acidic media studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical methods

The surface structure, stability, and electrocatalytic activity of the Pt3Co alloy toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) (with reference to Pt black) in both alkaline and acidic media were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry, and by the rotating disk electrode method. The XPS data show that two species of cobalt, metallic cobalt and cobalt oxides, coexist in the as-received Pt3Co sample. In combination with the voltammetric results, the XPS data demonstrate that there is dissolution of cobalt upon exposure of the sample to acidic media, whereas the cobalt forms in the catalyst are stable in alkaline media. In addition, the Pt 4f binding energy was found by XPS to be upshifted by 0.2 eV vs that of the pure Pt black reference. In acids, Pt3Co alloy has a slightly but demonstratively higher activity than Pt black toward the oxygen reduction reaction as shown by the positive half-wave potential shift of ca. 10 ± 2 mV, while in alkaline media a decrease in the ORR activity wa.
Hydrogen Peroxide Production in the Radiolysis of Water with Heavy Ions

The radiation chemical yields of hydrogen peroxide in water at neutral pH have been determined with protons, helium ions, and carbon ions at energies of a few to 30 MeV. The long-time yields of hydrogen peroxide increase with increasing linear energy transfer, LET, for protons and helium ions, but it decreases for carbon ions due to higher order reactions within the particle track. However, the maximum increase in hydrogen peroxide yields is only about 50% from γ rays (LET = 0.2 eV/nm) to helium ions (LET = 156 eV/nm). Methanol was used as an OH radical scavenger in order to probe the temporal dependence of hydrogen peroxide formation. The differences in the time dependence of the formation of hydrogen peroxide with various ions are discussed and compared to that observed with γ rays.
Magnetization buckling in elongated particles of coated iron oxides

The whole eigenvalue spectrum is investigated for the nucleation of the magnetization reversal in an infinite circular cylinder, which has a uniaxial anisotropy (parallel to the cylinder axis) only in a cylindrical shell, on the surface. Numerical solution for the buckling mode is carried out for the physical parameters of acicular γ‐Fe2O3 particles, coated with CoFe2O4, and show that it is the curling mode which takes place in the experiments on such particles. The best fit to the available experimental data yields an exchange constant A≂9×10−8 erg/cm for γ‐Fe2O3.
Size control of InAs quantum dashes

Self-organized InAs quantum dashes grown on In0.53Ga0. 23Al0.24As∕InP have been investigated by chemically sensitive scanning transmission electron microscopy. The quantum dashes, which consist of pure InAs, exhibit a triangular cross section. Most important, the quantum dash size depends linearly on the nominal InAs layer thickness and can be varied by a factor of 3 without changing the height∕width ratio. Thus, the emission wavelength can be controlled between 1.37 and 1. 9μm without modifying shape and composition of the quantum dashes by adjusting a single growth parameter.