Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Capture of the Canary mantle plume material by the Gibraltar arc mantle wedge during slab rollback

SUMMARY Recent evidence suggests that a portion of the Canary plume travelled northeastwards below the lithosphere of the Atlas Mountains in North Africa towards the Alboran domain and was captured ∼10Ma ago by the Gibraltar subduction system in the Western Mediterranean. The capture would have been associated with the mantle return flow induced by the westwardretreating slab that would have dragged and trapped a portion of the plume material in the mantle wedge of the Gibraltar subduction zone. Such material eventually contaminated the subduction related volcanism in the Alboran region. In this work, we use scaled analogue models of slab–plume interaction to investigate the plausibility of the plume capture. An upper-mantle-scaled model combines a narrow (400 km) edge-fixed subduction plate with a laterally offset compositional plume. The subduction dominated by slab rollback and toroidal mantle flow is seen to increasingly impact on the plume dynamics as the area of influence of the toroidal flow cells at the surface is up to 500 × 1350 km 2 . While the plume head initially spreads axisymmetrically, it starts being distorted parallel to the plate in the direction of the trench as the slab trench approaches the plume edge at a separation distance of about 500 km, before getting dragged towards mantle wedge. When applied to the Canary plume–Gibraltar subductionsystem,ourmodelsupportstheobservationallybasedconceptualmodelthatmantle plume material may have been dragged towards the mantle wedge by slab rollback-induced toroidal mantle flow. Using a scaling argument for the spreading of a gravity current within a channel, we also show that more than 1500 km of plume propagation in the sublithospheric Atlas corridor is dynamically plausible.
Measuring the sea ice floe size distribution

Sea ice is broken into floes whose diameters range from meters to a hundred kilometers. This fragmentation affects the resistance of the ice cover to deformation and the melting at floe sidewalls in summer. Floes are broken by waves and swell near the ice edge and, throughout the pack, by isostatic imbalances, thermal cracking, winds, and currents. In winter, they are welded together by freezing. Floe size can be measured by several properties p, for instance, area or mean caliper diameter. Two definitions of floe size distribution seem useful: F(p), the fraction of area covered by floes no smaller than p; and N(p), the number of floes per unit area no smaller than p. F(p) can be measured by sets other than areas, such as the fraction of a line or of a point set covered by floes no smaller than p. If N behaves like ρα for small ρ, where ρ is mean caliper diameter, α must be greater than −2 so that the small floes occupy finite area. If −2<α<−1, the perimeter of small floes is infinite. Several summertime distributions have been measured. On a log-log graph their slopes (local values of α) range from −1.7 to −2.5. One distribution follows a power law; the others have steeper slopes for larger floes and more gradual slopes for smaller floes. Another sampling strategy is to measure the lengths of line segments on floes. The distribution of these chord lengths is equivalent to the distribution of floe diameters. The variance of an estimate of the fraction g of area covered by floes in any size range is g(1 - g)K−1, where K is the equivalent number of independent samples. K can be found from the autocovariance of the indicator function for the chosen size range. For line sampling of a narrow range of floe diameters, K is the ratio of the sample length to the floe diameter.
Contemporary Squamish River sediment flux to Howe Sound, British Columbia

Squamish River drains 3600 km2 in the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia to Howe Sound at Squamish, some 50 km north of Vancouver. This study uses differencing of digitized bathymetric surfaces based on the Canadian Hydrographic Services surveys of 1930, 1973, and 1984 at the head of Howe Sound to yield a long-term sedimentation rate for Squamish River delta. The sediment flux from Squamish River to Howe Sound is determined to be 1.29 × 106 m3 a−1 or 1.81 × 109 kg a−1, rates consistent with loads calculated from flow and sediment-concentration regimes measured in the estuary in 1973 – 1975 and 1987 – 1988. The latter data indicate that the modal discharge-effectiveness class is 600 – 700 m3 s−1, moving 13% of the annual suspended-sediment load. Discharges up to 1400 m3 s−1 constitute 99.8% of all flows and are responsible for transporting 81.5% of the annual load. A very significant 18.5% of the load is moved by large-magnitude floods (> 1400 m3 s−1), which occur less than 0.2% of the time.Squam.
Numerical analysis of air‐water‐heat flow in unsaturated soil: Is it necessary to consider airflow in land surface models?

[1] From a subsurface physical point of view, this paper discusses the necessity of considering the two-phase heat and mass transfer process in land surface models (LSMs). The potential-based equations of coupled mass and heat transport under constant air pressure form the basis of the proposed model. The model is developed considering dry air as a single phase, and including mechanical dispersion in the water vapor and dry air transfer. The adsorbed liquid flux due to thermal gradient is also taken into account. The set of equations for the two-phase heat and mass transfer is formulated fully considering diffusion, advection, and dispersion. The advantage of the proposed model over the traditional equation system is discussed. The accuracy of the proposed model is assessed through comparison with analytical work for coupled mass and heat transfer and experimental work for isothermal two-phase flow (moisture/air transfer). The influence adding airflow has on the coupled moisture and heat transfer is further investigated, clearly identifying the importance of including airflow in the coupled mass and heat transfer. How the isothermal two-phase flow is affected by considering heat flow is also evaluated, showing the influence of heat flow only to be significant if the air phase plays a significant role in solving the equations of the water phase. On the basis of a field experiment, the proposed model is compared with the measured soil moisture, temperature, and evaporation rate, the results showing clearly that it is necessary to consider the airflow mechanism in soil-atmosphere interaction studies.
Enhancing Customer Loyalty among Small-Scale Indonesian Food Enterprises in Surabaya through Service Quality, Marketing Mix, and Customer Satisfaction

This study aims to enhance customer loyalty among small-scale Indonesian food enterprises (SIFE) in Surabaya by examining the factors of service quality, marketing mix, and customer satisfaction. The research involved a total of 460 respondents affiliated with 50 small-scale Indonesian food enterprises in Surabaya. The respondents were required to be at least 17 years old, and the enterprises were expected to specialize in selling Indonesian food within the price range of IDR 8000 to IDR 25,000. The data was analyzed using two methods: factor analysis and structural equation modeling employing GeSCA. The findings indicate that both service quality and marketing mix exert significant influence on customer satisfaction. Furthermore, service quality directly and significantly impacts customer loyalty, whereas the direct influence of marketing mix on customer loyalty is not statistically significant. Notably, customer satisfaction significantly affects customer loyalty, acting as a mediator that links the variables of service quality, marketing mix, and customer loyalty within SIFE.
Modeling the formation of secondary organic aerosol within a comprehensive air quality model system

The Secondary Organic Aerosol Model (SORGAM) has been developed for use in comprehensive air quality model systems. Coupled to a chemistry-transport model, SORGAM is capable of simulating secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation including the production of low-volatility products and their subsequent gas/particle partitioning. The current model formulation assumes that all SOA compounds interact and form a quasi-ideal solution. This has significant impact on the gas/particle partitioning, since in this case the saturation concentrations of the SOA compounds depend on the composition of the SOA and the amount of absorbing material present. Box model simulations have been performed to investigate the sensitivity of the model against several parameters. Results clearly show the importance of the temperature dependence of saturation concentrations on the partitioning process. Furthermore, SORGAM has been coupled to the comprehensive European Air Pollution and Dispersion/Modal Aerosol Dynamics Model for Europe air quality model system, and results of a three-dimensional model application are presented. The model results indicate that assuming interacting SOA compounds, biogenic and anthropogenic contributions significantly influence each other and cannot be treated independently.
Discussion of “Effects of temporal resolution on hydrological model parameters and its impact on prediction of river discharge”

Citation Littlewood, I. G. , Croke, B. F. W. & Young, P. C. (2011) Discussion of “Effects of temporal resolution on hydrological model parameters and its impact on prediction of river discharge” by Y. Wang, B. He & K. Takase (2009, Hydrol. Sci. J. 54(5), 886–898). Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(3), 521–524.
Persuasive Communication through Social Media Study of the Factors Influencing The Effectiveness Of Da'wah Communication Through Youtube Media

The phenomenon of da'wah today is developing so broadly and dynamically with the presence of information technology and the internet, that da'wah can be carried out in cyberspace. The second is to find a da'wah communication model through YouTube media . The theory used is the theory of Cognitive Dissonance from Festinger. The research method used was an explanatory survey method, with a sample of 216 people from YouTube viewers of Ustadz Abdul Somad's lectures whose subscribers numbered 2.31 million. Analysis used multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS IBM 25 software. Data was collected using a closed questionnaire. To complete the quantitative data interviews were conducted. The results showed that media factors, communicator credibility, and messages influenced the effectiveness of Ustadz Abdul Somad's da'wah communication, both in cognitive, affective and conative aspects. The model for the da'wah communication process through YouTube social media is as follows: In a state of dissonance (between actions and beliefs regarding Islamic teachings) people will seek information that can reduce or eliminate dissonance, selective exposure occurs, selective perception, selective memory, exposure occurs with UAS da'wah communication through YouTube social media (there is the influence of media factors, credibility, messages), resulting in changes in cognitive, affective and conative aspects, the cognitive system returns to a consistent or balanced condition.
Prevalence of Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases in Patients Visiting the Dental Outpatient Department of Sindh, Pakistan

OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to evaluate the awareness of oral health workers in identifying the prevalence of oral manifestations of systemic diseases in patients visiting the Dental Out-Patient Department of Sindh, Pakistan. METHODOLOGY A descriptive, cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan, from October to December 2021. The study was conducted in various institutes from all over Sindh, Pakistan. An online, well-structured questionnaire was designed using Google Forms and distributed to the participants through social media platforms in the dental community. Using the Open-Epi software regarding a parent article, the sample size of this study was calculated. Keeping the confidence interval at 95% and the desired percentile at 50, the total sample size was calculated to be 100. Around 175 questionnaires were given out to the candidates. RESULTSThe results showed that 81% male and 19% female participated, including 45% postgraduate trainees, 30% house officers, and 25% general dentists. 80% detected 2-3 systemic diseases in a patient, with 75% observing oral manifestations preceding systemic illness diagnosis. The majority favoured treating underlying ailments (75%), and prevalent conditions included hypertension (90%), diabetes (80%), anaemia (75%), and lichen planus (40.7%). CONCLUSION Oral health workers play a vital role in the initial and early identification and multidisciplinary medical management of various systemic diseases. A coordinated approach between physicians and dentists in diagnosing and managing these conditions is necessary to achieve optimal clinical outcomes.
Developing a Digital Atlas of Environmental Risks and Hazards

Abstract Quality information about the hazards that exist within local communities is often elusive. This article discusses the utility of the South Carolina Atlas of Environmental Risk and Hazards for both classroom instruction and as a resource for the general public. We highlight issues that both contributed to or constrained the creation and development process, introduce the content of the atlas, and conclude with some thoughts on future opportunities to disseminate hazards information within a rapidly growing information-technology environment. As a prototype for other states, we encourage others to collect similar data and to create their own atlases using their experience and understanding of local hazards and places.
Texture analysis of urban areas in ERS SAR imagery for map updating

In single-band and single-polarized SAR image classification, textural information is important, both for pixel and segment based classification schemes. To study the map updating capabilities of such sensors in urban areas, several texture measures were studied. Among them are statistical measures, wavelet energy, fractal dimension, lacunarity, and semivariogram. The latter was chosen as an alternative for the well known gray-level co-occurrence family of features. Two urban areas were studied using ERS1/2 data, one of which is reported: the conurbation around Rotterdam and The Hague in The Netherlands. The area can be characterized as a well-planned dispersed urban area with residential areas, industry, greenhouses, pasture, arable land, and some forest. The digital map is a 1:250,000 vector map (VMapl). The texture measures that gave the best landcover separability for this area are: mean intensity, variance, skew, weighted-rank fill ratio, semivariograms (or alternatively wavelet energy measures), and lacunarity. The latter is preferred to be included in case more than one man-made landcover class is involved, which is often the case in urban environments.
Dust‐rainfall feedbacks in the West African Sahel

Dust aerosols can suppress rainfall by increasing the number of cloud condensation nuclei in warm clouds and affecting the surface radiation budget and boundary layer instability. The extent to which atmospheric dust may affect precipitation yields and the hydrologic cycle in semiarid regions remains poorly understood. We investigate the relationship between dust aerosols and rainfall in the West African Sahel where the dust‐rainfall feedback has been speculated to contribute to sustained droughts. We find that the amount of dust loadings is negatively correlated with rainfall values, suggesting that dust entrained in the atmosphere can significantly inhibit rainfall in this region.
More on the births of jet drops from bubbles bursting on seawater surfaces

The parameters of the births of jet drops originating from bubbles bursting on seawater surfaces are presented. This report supplements an earlier one by providing the birth times and heights of all the jet drops, not just the top. Results are given for bubble sizes from 350- to 1500-μm equivalent volume radius. The ejection speeds of the jet droplets generated by a collapsing bubble and the height above the surface, as well as the time, at which all the drops break off the ascending jet have been measured. For the bubble sizes used in this study, the first drop emitted, the top drop, is closest to the surface at birth, the second is the highest, and all subsequent drops are at intermediate heights. Furthermore, each drop after the second is born at a height that is lower than the drop that preceded it. Size distributions of the jet drops from each of 10 bubble sizes are reported. They differ from size distributions published earlier in that the sizes of the lower drops are not bimodally distributed. This difference is attributed to a difference in water temperature.
Primary prevention with lipid lowering drugs and long term risk of vascular events in older people: population based cohort study

Objective To determine the association between use of lipid lowering drugs (statin or fibrate) in older people with no known history of vascular events and long term risk of coronary heart disease and stroke Design Ongoing prospective population based cohort study recruited in 1999-2000, with five face-to-face examinations. Setting Random sample of community dwelling population aged 65 years and over, living in three French cities (Bordeaux, Dijon, Montpellier). Participants 7484 men and women (63%) with mean age 73.9 years and no known history of vascular events at entry. Mean follow-up was 9.1 years. Main outcome measures Adjusted hazard ratios of coronary heart disease and stroke in baseline lipid lowering drug users compared with non-users, calculated using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for numerous potential confounding factors. Hazard ratios were estimated for use of any lipid lowering drug and for statin and fibrate separately. Results Lipid lowering drug users were at decreased risk of stroke compared with non-users (hazard ratio 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.49 to 0.90); hazard ratios for stroke were similar for statin (0.68, 0.45 to1.01) and fibrate (0.66, 0.44 to 0.98). No association was found between lipid lowering drug use and coronary heart disease (hazard ratio 1.12, 0.90 to 1.40). Analyses stratified by age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride concentrations, and propensity score did not show any effect modification by these variables, either for stroke or for coronary heart disease. Conclusion In a population based cohort of older people with no history of vascular events, use of statins or fibrates was associated with a 30% decrease in the incidence of stroke.
Recrystallization of dolomite: evidence from the Monterey Formation (Miocene), California

Dolomites from the upper calcareous-siliceous member of the Miocene Monterey Formation exposed west of Santa Barbara, California, were analysed for geochemical, isotopic and crystallographic variation. The data clearly document the progressive recrystallization of dolomite during burial diagenesis in marine pore fluids. Recrystallization is recognized by the following compositional and crystallographic variations. Dolomites have decreasing δ18O and δ13C compositions, decreasing Sr contents and increasing Mg contents with increasing burial depths and temperatures from east to west in the study area. δ18O values vary from 5·3‰ in the east to − 5·5‰ PDB in the west and are interpreted to reflect the greater extent and higher temperature of dolomite recrystallization in the west. δ13C values correlate with δ18O and decrease from 13·6‰ in the east to − 8·7‰ PDB in the west. Sr concentrations correlate positively with δ18O values and decrease from a mean of 750 ppm in the east to a mean of 250 ppm in the west. Mol% MgCO3 values inversely correlate with δ18O values and increase from a minimum of 41·0 in the east to a maximum of 51·4 in the west. Rietveld refinements of powder X-ray diffraction data indicate that the more recrystallized dolomites have more contracted unit cells and increased cation ordering. The fraction of the Ca sites in the dolomites that are occupied by Ca atoms increases slightly with the approach to stoichiometry. The fraction of the Mg sites occupied by Mg atoms strongly correlates with mol% MgCO3. Even in early diagenetic, non-stoichiometric dolomites, there is little substitution of Mg in Ca sites. During recrystallization, the amount of Mg substituting for Ca in Ca sites decreases even further. Most of the disorder in the least recrystallized, non-stoichiometric dolomites is related to substitution of excess Ca on Mg sites.
Practical techniques for 3D resistivity surveys and data inversion1

Techniques to reduce the time needed to carry out 3D resistivity surveys with a moderate number (25 to 100) of electrodes and the computing time required to interpret the data have been developed. The electrodes in a 3D survey are normally arranged in a square grid and the pole-pole array is used to make the potential measurements. The number of measurements required can be reduced to about one-third of the maximum possible number without seriously degrading the resolution of the resulting inversion model by making measurements along the horizontal, vertical and 45° diagonal rows of electrodes passing through the current electrode. The smoothness-constrained least-squares inversion method is used for the data interpretation. The computing time required by this technique can be greatly reduced by using a homogeneous half-space as the starting model so that the Jacobian matrix of partial derivatives can be calculated analytically. A quasi-Newton updating method is then used to estimate the partial derivatives for subsequent iterations. This inversion technique has been tested on synthetic and field data where a satisfactory model is obtained using a modest amount of computer time. On an 80486DX2/66 microcomputer, it takes about 20 minutes to invert the data from a 7 by 7 electrode survey grid. using the techniques described below, 3D resistivity surveys and data inversion can be carried out using commercially available field equipment and an inexpensive microcomputer.