Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Apportionment and Inventory Optimization of Agriculture and Energy Sector Methane Emissions Using Multi‐Month Trace Gas Measurements in Northern Colorado

Quantifying sector‐resolved methane fluxes in complex emissions environments is challenging yet necessary to improve emissions inventories and guide policy. Here, we separate energy and agriculture sector emissions using a dynamic linear model analysis of methane, ethane, and ammonia data measured at a Northern Colorado site from November 2021 to January 2022. By combining these sector‐apportioned observations with spatially resolved inventories and Bayesian inverse methods, energy and agriculture methane fluxes are optimized across the study's ∼850 km2 sensitivity area. Energy sector fluxes are synthesized with previous literature to evaluate trends in energy sector methane emissions. Optimized agriculture fluxes in the study area were 3.5× larger than inventory estimates; we demonstrate this discrepancy is consistent with differences in the modeled versus real‐world spatial distribution of agricultural sources. These results highlight how sector‐apportioned methane observations can yield multi‐sector inventory optimizations in complex environments.
More than one landslide per road kilometer – surveying and modeling mass movements along the Rishikesh-Joshimath (NH-7) highway,

The rapidly expanding Himalayan road network connects rural mountainous regions. However, the fragility of the 10 landscape and poor road construction practices lead to frequent mass movements along-side roads. In this study, we investigate fully or partially road-blocking landslides along the National Highway (NH-7) in Uttarakhand, India, between Rishikesh and Joshimath. Based on an inventory of >300 landslides along the ~250 km long corridor following exceptionally high rainfall during September and October, 2022, we identify the main controls on the spatial occurrence of mass-movement events. Our analysis and modeling approach conceptualizes landslides as a network-attached spatial point pattern. 15 We evaluate different gridded rainfall products and infer the controls on landslide occurrence using Bayesian analysis of an inhomogeneous Poisson process model. Our results reveal that slope, rainfall amounts, lithology and road widening are the main controls on landslide occurrence. The individual effects of aggregated lithozones are consistent with previous assessments of landslide susceptibilities of rock types in the Himalayas. Our model spatially predicts landslide occurrences and can be adapted for other rainfall scenarios, and thus has potential applications for efficiently allocating efforts for road 20 maintenance. To this end, our results highlight the vulnerability of the Himalayan road network to landslides. Climate change and increasing exposure along this pilgrimage route will likely exacerbate landslide risk along the NH-7 in the future.
First results of optical meteor and meteor trail irregularity from simultaneous Sanya radar and video observations

Meteoroids entering the Earth's atmosphere can create meteor trail irregularity seriously disturbing the background ionosphere. Although numerous observations of meteor trail irregularities were performed with VHF/UHF coherent scatter radars in the past, no simultaneous radar and optical instruments were employed to investigate the characteristics of meteor trail irregularity and its corresponding meteoroid. By installing multiple video cameras near the Sanya VHF radar site, an observational campaign was conducted during the period from November 2016 to February 2017. A total of 242 optical meteors with simultaneous non‐specular echoes backscattered from the plasma irregularities generated in the corresponding meteor trails were identified. A good agreement between the angular positions of non‐specular echoes derived from the Sanya radar interferometer and those of optical meteors was found, validating that the radar system phase offsets have been properly calibrated. The results also verify the interferometry capability of Sanya radar for meteor trail irregularity observation. The non‐specular echoes with simultaneous optical meteors were detected at magnetic aspect angles greater than ~78°. Based on the meteor visual magnitude estimated from the optical data, it was found that the radar non‐specular echoes corresponding to brighter meteors survived for longer duration. This could provide observational evidence for the significance of meteoroid mass on the duration of meteor trail irregularity. On the other hand, the simultaneous radar and video common‐volume observations showed that there were some cases with optical meteors but without radar non‐specular echoes. One possibility could be that some of the optical meteors appeared at extremely low altitudes where meteor trail irregularities rarely occur.
What CloudSat cannot see: liquid water content profiles inferred from MODIS and CALIOP observations

Abstract. Single-layer nonprecipitating warm clouds are integral to Earth's climate, and accurate estimates of cloud liquid water content for these clouds are critical for constraining cloud models and understanding climate feedbacks. As the only cloud-sensitive radar currently in space, CloudSat provides very important cloud-profiling capabilities. However, a significant fraction of clouds is missed by CloudSat because they are either too thin or too close to the Earth's surface. We find that the CloudSat Radar-Visible Optical Depth Cloud Water Content Product, 2B-CWC-RVOD, misses about 73 % of nonprecipitating liquid cloudy pixels and about 63 % of total nonprecipitating liquid cloud water content compared to coincident Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations. Those percentages increase to 84 % and 69 %, respectively, if MODIS “partly cloudy” pixels are included. We develop a method, based on adiabatic parcel theory but modified to account for the fact that observed clouds are often subadiabatic, to estimate profiles of cloud liquid water content based on MODIS observations of cloud-top effective radius and cloud optical depth combined with lidar observations of cloud-top height. We find that, for cloudy pixels that are detected by CloudSat, the resulting subadiabatic profiles of cloud water are similar to what is retrieved from CloudSat. For cloudy pixels that are not detected by CloudSat, the subadiabatic profiles can be used to supplement the CloudSat profiles, recovering much of the missing cloud water and generating realistic-looking merged profiles of cloud water. Adding this missing cloud water to the CWC-RVOD product increases the mean cloud liquid water path by 228 % for single-layer nonprecipitating warm clouds. This method will be included in a subsequent reprocessing of the 2B-CWC-RVOD algorithm.
Ground- and ship-based microwave radiometer measurements during EUREC4A

Abstract. During the EUREC4A field study, microwave radiometric measurements were performed at Barbados Cloud Observatory (BCO) and aboard RV Meteor and RV Maria S Merian in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic. We present retrieved integrated water vapor (IWV), liquid water path (LWP), and temperature and humidity profiles as a unified, quality-controlled, multi-site data set on a 3 s temporal resolution for a core period between 19 January and 14 February 2020 in which all instruments were operational. Multi-channel radiometric measurements were performed at BCO and aboard RV Meteor between 22 and 31 GHz (K-band) and from 51 to 58 GHz (V-band). Combined radar–radiometer measurements of a W-band Doppler radar with a single-channel radiometer instrument were conducted at 89 GHz aboard RV Meteor and RV Maria S Merian. We present a novel retrieval method to retrieve LWP from single-channel 89 GHz measurements, evaluate retrieved quantities with independent measurements, and analyze retrieval uncertainties by site and instrument intercomparison. Mean IWV conditions of 31.8 kg m−2 match independent radiosoundings at BCO with a root-mean-square difference of 1.1 kg m−2. Mean LWP conditions in confidently liquid cloudy, non-precipitating conditions ranged between 63.1 g m−2 at BCO and 46.8 g m−2 aboard RV Maria S Merian. Aboard the ships, 90 % of LWP was below 120 g m−2 with a 30 % uncertainty for LWP of 50 g m−2. Up to 20 % of confidently liquid cloudy profiles ranged below the LWP detection limit due to optically thin clouds. The data set comprises of processed raw data (Level 1), full quality-controlled post-processed instrument data (Level 2), a unified temporal resolution (Level 3), and a ready-to-use multi-site time series of IWV and LWP (Level 4), available to the public via AERIS (https://doi.org/10.25326/454##v2.0; Schnitt et al., 2023a). The data set complements the airborne LWP measurements conducted during EUREC4A and provides a unique benchmark tool for satellite evaluation and model–observation studies.
Spatial variation in shallow slow earthquake activity in Hyuga-nada, southwest Japan

Hyuga-nada, off the Pacific coast of Kyushu along the Nankai Trough in southwest Japan, is one of the most active slow earthquake regions around Japan. We estimated the energies of shallow tremors and moments of shallow very low frequency earthquakes (VLFEs) in Hyuga-nada using data from a permanent onshore broadband network and temporary ocean bottom seismometer observations. The energies and moments of these slow earthquakes have a similar along-strike variation and are generally higher south of the subducted Kyushu-Palau Ridge than near the top of the ridge. This spatial variation is also related to the characteristics of slow earthquake migration. The along-strike migration speed was faster at initiation in the south, where the moments of slow earthquakes are higher. After migration entered the subducted Kyushu-Palau Ridge, its speed was decelerated with a parabolic pattern and their moments became smaller. Assuming a constant patch size of slow earthquakes, we estimated that the stress drop of VLFEs in the south of the subducted ridge was approximately three times higher than that near the top of the subducted ridge. According to our observations and a physical model, this stress drop difference between adjacent regions may cause parabolic migration. We also estimated the scaled energy of slow earthquakes from the ratio of the seismic energy rates of tremors to the seismic moment rates of accompanying VLFEs. The spatial variation in scaled energy is not identified inside the Hyuga-nada. Since the range of scaled energy is similar between the south and near the top of the subducted ridge, the apparent stress may be similar if the rigidity is the same. The dominant range of scaled energy of slow earthquakes in Hyuga-nada is 10−11.5–10−8.5. In addition to having similar or one order smaller values compared to other slow earthquake regions, the range of scaled energy in Hyuga-nada is broader. This broader range suggests wide range of characteristic time and various spectral features of slow earthquakes in Hyuga-nada. Based on a Brownian slow earthquake model, the wide range of characteristic time in this area suggests width variations of slow earthquake source area.
Human-Centric Test Generation

—Despite the tremendous advances observed over the recent years in automated test generation, existing techniques are far from achieving their goal of fulﬁlling some informed coverage criteria. That happens because the search-space that generators explore are often intractable. This paper presents one approach to involve the human actively in the test generation process. Intuitively, humans can easily solve problems that a machine encounters diﬃculty, and conversely. Our goal is to facilitate the interaction between the human and the tool for the particular purpose of test generation. Our solution builds on the infrastructure of the search-based EvoSuite test-generator. We evaluate our approach on a well-known benchmark (SF100); results show that by sparing the search from hard-to-solve problems, the search is able to improve its performance and in most cases solve subproblems on its own.
A User-centred Design and Feasibility Analysis of the WiGlove - A Home-based Rehabilitation Device for Hand and Wrist Therapy after Stroke

—Stroke survivors often experience deficits in their hand’s motor function, which can greatly impact their ability to perform Activities of Daily Life (ADL). Home-based rehabilita- tion with robotic devices has been shown to improve the recovery of hand functions. The WiGlove is a home-based robotic orthosis that has been developed using a user-centred approach to offset the hyperflexion in the hand and wrist of hemiparetic stroke survivors. It facilitates training the distal joints of the upper limb at home while performing ADL or playing therapeutic games on a tablet. In a formative evaluation, stroke therapists positively rated the WiGlove’s usability and provided feedback which assisted in improving its design. Additionally, the preliminary results of a feasibility analysis at a stroke survivor’s home showed evidence of the WiGlove’s usability and acceptance with a noticeable impact on reducing the tone in the impaired hand.
Convergence analysis on the Gibou–Min method for the Hodge projection

The Hodge projection of a vector field is the divergence-free component of its Helmholtz decomposition. In a bounded domain, a boundary condition needs to be supplied to the decomposition. The decomposition with the non-penetration boundary condition is equivalent to solving the Poisson equation with the Neumann boundary condition. The Gibou-Min method is an application of the Poisson solver by Purvis and Burkhalter to the decomposition. In the decomposition by the Gibou-Min method, an important L2-orthogonality holds between the gradient field and the solenoidal field, which is similar to the continuous Hodge decomposition. Using the orthogonality, we present a novel analysis which shows that the convergence order is 1.5 in the L2-norm for approximating the divergence-free vector field. Numerical results are presented to validate our analyses.
Technical note: Enhancement of float-pH data quality control methods: A study case in the Subpolar Northwest Atlantic region

Since a pH sensor has become available that is suitable for this demanding autonomous measurement platform, the marine CO 2 system can be observed independently and continuously by BGC-Argo floats. This opens the possibility to detect variability and long-term changes in interior ocean inorganic carbon storage and quantify the ocean sink for atmospheric CO 2 . In combination with a second parameter of the marine CO 2 system, pH can be a useful tool to derive the surface ocean CO 2 partial pressure ( p CO 2 ). 5 The large spatiotemporal variability of the marine CO 2 system requires sustained observations to decipher trends and punctual events (e.g., river discharge, phytoplankton bloom) but also puts a high emphasis on the quality control of float-based pH measurements. In consequence, as the interpretation of changes depends on accurate data, and because sensor offsets or drifts might appear, a consistent and rigorous correction procedure to process and quality-control the data has been established. By applying standardized routines of the Argo data management to pH measurements from a pH/O 2 float pilot array in the subpolar 10 North Atlantic Ocean, we investigate the uncertainties and lack of objective criteria associated with the standardized routines, notably the choice of the reference method for the pH correction (CANYON-B or LIRPH) as well the reference depth for this correction. For the studied float array, significant differences of ca. 0.02 pH units are observed between the two reference methods which can be used to correct float-pH data from water samples. Through comparison against discrete pH data from water samples, an assessment of the adjusted float-pH data quality is presented. The results point
Spatio-temporal Sign Language Representation and Translation

This paper describes the DFKI-MLT submission to the WMT-SLT 2022 sign language translation (SLT) task from Swiss German Sign Language (video) into German (text). State-of-the-art techniques for SLT use a generic seq2seq architecture with customized input embeddings. Instead of word embeddings as used in textual machine translation, SLT systems use features extracted from video frames. Standard approaches often do not benefit from temporal features. In our participation, we present a system that learns spatio-temporal feature representations and translation in a single model, resulting in a real end-to-end architecture expected to better generalize to new data sets. Our best system achieved $5{pm1$ BLEU points on the development set, but the performance on the test dropped to $0.11{pm0.06$ BLEU points.
Glacial inception through rapid ice area increase driven by albedo and vegetation feedbacks

Abstract. We present transient simulations of the last glacial inception using the Earth system model CLIMBER-X with dynamic vegetation, interactive ice sheets, and visco-elastic solid Earth responses. The simulations are initialized at the middle of the Eemian interglacial (125 kiloyears before present, ka) and run until 100 ka, driven by prescribed changes in Earth's orbital parameters and greenhouse gas concentrations from ice core data. CLIMBER-X simulates a rapid increase in Northern Hemisphere ice sheet area through MIS5d, with ice sheets expanding over northern North America and Scandinavia, in broad agreement with proxy reconstructions. While most of the increase in ice sheet area occurs over a relatively short period between 119 and 117 ka, the larger part of the increase in ice volume occurs afterwards with an almost constant ice sheet extent. We show that the vegetation feedback plays a fundamental role in controlling the ice sheet expansion during the last glacial inception. In particular, with prescribed present-day vegetation the model simulates a global sea level drop of only ∼ 20 m, compared with the ∼ 35 m decrease in sea level with dynamic vegetation response. The ice sheet and carbon cycle feedbacks play only a minor role during the ice sheet expansion phase prior to ∼ 115 ka but are important in limiting the deglaciation during the following phase characterized by increasing summer insolation. The model results are sensitive to climate model biases and to the parameterization of snow albedo, while they show only a weak dependence on changes in the ice sheet model resolution and the acceleration factor used to speed up the climate component. Overall, our simulations confirm and refine previous results showing that climate–vegetation–cryosphere feedbacks play a fundamental role in the transition from interglacial to glacial states characterizing Quaternary glacial cycles.
Determinants of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in Selected North African Countries

: China and North African economic relations are expanding rapidly as both an important trading partner and increasingly as an investor into the region. The main objective of this study is to examine the determinants of Chinese FDI in selected North African countries of Egypt, Sudan and Morocco between 2002 and 2020. The study employed standard OLS and standard date panel techniques which enabled us to differentiate between efficiency effects of fixed and random effects. The results of the analysis indicated that market size, openness and inflation rate were found to be positively related to Chinese FDI inflows with the coefficient of openness significant. The indicators of institutional quality namely control of corruption and government effectiveness were found to be positively related to Chinese FDI inflows with coefficients significant. Furthermore, political stability, regulatory quality, and rule of law were found to be negatively related to Chinese FDI inflows with their coefficients significant. Voice and accountability is found to be negative and insignificant. The result for DEBT is found to be negatively related to Chinese FDI inflows with coefficient significant. The results revealed that geographical distance between sampled North African countries and China does not encourage Chinese FDI inflows. Based on the results, this study concludes that improvement in the institutional quality, and enacting policies that facilitates open economy and helps moderates inflation rate are keys to spurring Chinese FDI inflows to the selected North
MAREL Carnot data and metadata from Coriolis Data Center

The French coast of the Eastern English Channel (ECC) is classified as potential eutrophication zone by the Paris and Oslo Convention (OSPAR), and as moderate to poor according to phytoplankton quality element of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). Indeed, the French part of the EEC is regularly affected by Phaeocystis globosa bloom events, which have detrimental effects on the marine ecosystem, economy as well as public health. Since phytoplankton is an important indicator of water quality, the MAREL Carnot oceanographic multi-sensor station was installed in the Eastern English Channel at the 15 Carnot wall in Boulogne sur Mer in 2004. The aim of this station was to monitor water quality and phytoplankton in order to complement results from existing more conventional low resolution monitoring programs, with high frequency data (sampling every 20 minutes). The purpose of this paper is to introduce the MAREL Carnot dataset and show how it can be used for several research objectives. MAREL Carnot collects high frequency, multi-parameter observations from surface water, as well as meteorological measurements, and send data almost immediately to an inshore data center. In this paper, we present several 20 physiochemical and biological parameters measured by this station. In addition, we demonstrated, based on previous research activities, that the MAREL Carnot dataset is useful for evaluating environmental or ecological statuses, marine phytoplankton ecology, physical oceanography, turbulence, as well as public policy. Most importantly, we showed its contribution to Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and other regional or universal conventions.
The Effect of Spending-Unit Authority and Accrual-Based Accounting on the Effectiveness of Performance-Based Budgets and Its Impact on the Quality of Spending Performance (A Survey On Spending Units Of Line Ministries/ Agencies In Indonesia)

This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of spending unit authority and accrual-based accounting on the effectiveness of performance-based budgeting and its impact on spending quality performance. The approach used in this study is quantitative with the structural equation modeling (SEM) method and LISREL analysis tool. The study was conducted on treasury officials within spending units of line ministries/agency in Indonesia. The results of the study suggests that: (1) the implmentation of greater spending-unit authority has no effect on the effectiveness of performance-based budgeting; (2) Accrual-based accounting has a positive and significant effect influence on the effectiveness of performance-based budgeting; (3) the effectiveness of performance-based budgeting has positive and siginificant effect on quality of spending performance of spending-unit; (4) the implementation of spending unit authority has no indirect effect on quality of spending performance through the effectiveness of performance-based budgeting; (5) accrual-based accounting has indirect effect on quality of spending performance through the effectiveness of performance-based budgeting. The findings in this research provide insight that the exercise of greater authority in spending the budget should be accompanied by close monitoring to ensure the accountability of sepnding