Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Process-based management of downy brome in salt desert shrublands: Assessing pre- and post- rehabilitation soil and vegetation attributes

33 Introduction . 34 Materials and Methods . 41 Study Location and Description.41 Experimental Design . 42 Sampling Approach . 44 vii Statistical Analysis . 46 Results . 48 Relationships Between Soil Properties and Downy Brome Abundance . 48 Effects of Independent and Combined Control Treatments . 49 Influence of Control Treatments on Resident Species Abundance . 51 Discussion . 52 Relationships Between Soil Properties and Downy Brome Abundance . 53 Effects of Independent and Combined Control Treatments . 55 Influence of Control Treatments on Resident species Abundance . 58 Implications.60 Literature Cited . 61 3. COMPARISON OF HERBICIDES FOR REDUCING ANNUAL GRASS EMERGENCE IN TWO GREAT BASIN SOILS . 100 Abstract . 100 Introduction. 101 Materials and Methods . 105 Experimental Design . 106 Statistical Analysis . 110 Results . 110 Discussion . 112 Implications.117 Literature Cited . 118 4. CONCLUSION . 138
Strategies for building material reuse and recycle

Reuse and recycling of building material is a growing area of interest and concern in many parts of the USA. Current practices and trends in the building material waste management area are examined from a building life cycle standpoint or cradle to reincarnation concept. Strategies include zero waste, integrated recycling, international approaches, reuse of materials, resource optimisation, waste reduction, and deconstruction. Examination of the waste management hierarchy and life cycle management of material is used to improve the understanding of reuse and recycle opportunities. Other considerations include cost, economic factors, social factors and environmental factors. All of these assessments are needed to develop a comprehensive waste management plan for a specific project. Four case studies are also presented to illustrate the benefits that can be derived from effective building material reuse and recycle.
Prewetting rate and sodicity effects on the hydraulic conductivity of soils

Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. No. 604/2000 series. Exchangeable sodium deteriorates the hydraulic conductivity of soils. The susceptibility of soils to sodicity depends on the soils’ inherent properties, and is known to increase with an increase in clay content and the presence of 2:1 clay minerals, and decrease with an increase in sesquioxides content. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of an extrinsic time-dependent property, such as soil prewetting rate (PWR), on the hydraulic conductivity (HC) of smectitic soils varying in their exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) between 1 and 10 and in clay content. Five soils were studied: a loamy sand, a loam, a sandy clay, and 2 clay soils. Air-dried soil samples with ESP of 2, 6, and 10 were packed in plexiglass columns and were prewetted from below at 3 rates (1.7, 4.25, and 50 mm/h) with deionised water. The columns were then leached at constant hydraulic head with deionised water, and flow rates were measured. The reference hydraulic conductivity (HC0) of the loamy sand was not affected by both PWR and sodicity. In the loam, HC0 was not affected by rate of wetting. However, increasing the ESP from 2.1 to 9.5 decreased HC0 from 15.8 to 5.0 mm/h for the fast wetting. Similar decreases were noted in the other 2 wetting rates. The hydraulic conductivity of the sandy clay and the 2 clay soils were effected by PWR. In the sandy clay with ESP 5.5, increasing PWR from 1.7 to 50 mm/h resulted in a decrease in HC0 from 78.7 to 3.2 mm/h The decrease in HC0 in these soils with the increase in wetting rate was ascribed to aggregate slaking. The effect of PWR on HC0 was more notable, especially at the low ESP, as clay content increased. The hydraulic conductivity of the sodic soils leached with distilled water decreased more steeply and to lower values with increasing PWR. Fast prewetting, which increased breakdown of soil aggregates, increased the susceptibility of the soils to sodicity
Linking Australia's landscapes: lessons and opportunities from large-scale conservation networks.

Networks of land managed for conservation across different tenures have rapidly increased in number (and popularity) in Australia over the past two decades. These include iconic large-scale initiatives such as Gondwana Link, the Great Eastern Ranges Initiative, Habitat 141°, and the South Australian NatureLinks, as well as other, landscape-scale approaches such as Biosphere Reserves and Conservation Management Networks. Their aims have been multiple: to protect the integrity and resilience of many Australian ecosystems by maintaining and restoring large-scale natural landscapes and ecosystem processes; to lessen the impacts of fragmentation; to increase the connectivity of habitats to provide for species movement and adaptation as climate changes; and to build community support and involvement in conservation. This book draws out lessons from a variety of established and new connectivity conservation initiatives from around Australia, and is complemented by international examples. Chapters are written by leaders in the field of establishing and operating connectivity networks, as well as key ecological and social scientists and experts in governance. Linking Australia's Landscapes will be an important reference for policy makers, natural resource managers, scientists, and academics and tertiary students dealing with issues in landscape-scale conservation, ecology, conservation biology, environmental policy, planning and management, social sciences, regional development, governance and ecosystem services.
Beach and Shoreface Ooid Deposition on Shallow Interior Banks, Turks and Caicos Islands, British West Indies

ABSTRACT Modern ooids are forming and accumulating as beach-dune complexes which face into and prograde across the very shallow, broad, low-energy Caicos Bank. This contrasts with other modern oolite occurrences that are located at shelf margins or at the heads of steep ramps facing deeper water where tidal energy plays an important role in ooid generation. Ooid quality and distribution coupled with radiocarbon dating indicates that the Caicos ooids are forming in the beach and shoreface environment in response to wave and current agitation generated by prevailing southeasterly trade winds. The Caicos model is a useful analog for many ancient sheetlike oolite accumulations deposited on broad, epeiric shelves or gently sloping ramps.
"It's déjà vu all over again".

SEVERALYEARSAGO,TWOOFUSPUBLISHED a manuscript in this journal entitled “Foreign Language Learning Differences: Affective or Native Language Aptitude Differences? ” (Sparks & Ganschow, 1991). In that manuscript, we introduced to the foreign language (FL) field the Linguistic Coding Differences Hypothesis (LCDH) and responded to a manuscript about anxiety and FL learning by Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope (1986). In the LCDH, FL learning is based primarily on one’s native language learning ability (i.e., language aptitude), students’ anxiety about FL learning is likely to be a consequence of their FL learning difficulties, and students’ language learning ability is a confounding variable when studying the impact of affective differences (e.g., anxiety, motivation, attitude) on FL learning. We suggested that any hypothesis that views affective variables as causal factors in learning a FL must be approached with caution. Since that time, we have conducted numerous empirical studies that have supported the basic premises of the LCDH (for a review of these studies, see Ganschow & Sparks, in press; Ganschow, Sparks, & Javorsky, 1998; and Sparks, Ganschow, Artzer, Siebenhar, & Plageman, 1998). Other researchers have conducted studies that support the tenets of the LCDH (e.g., HumesBartlo, 1989; Olshtain, Shohamy, Kemp, & Chatow, 1990; Papagno, Valentine, & Baddeley, 1991; Service, 1992; Service & Kohonen, 1995). In a recent article published in this journal, Saito, Horwitz, and Garza (MLJ, 83, 1999, pp. 202–218) introduced the concept of FL reading anxiety and reported the results of a preliminary study of reading anxiety. In that study, they found that reading a FL was anxiety-provoking for some students, that reading anxiety varied by target language, that FL reading anxiety increased with students’ perceptions of difficulty in reading the FL, and that students’ FL grades decreased in conjunction with their levels of FL reading anxiety and general FL anxiety. Some of Saito et al.’s findings (e.g., reading a FL was anxiety-provoking for some students) are not surprising. However, their explanation for these findings, for example, that anxiety is responsible for a decrease in FL grades, is misguided in our view. In fact, Saito et al.’s hypotheses about FL reading anxiety are almost identical to Horwitz et al.’s (1986) hypotheses about general FL anxiety. For several years, we have studied the issues of FL learning problems and also affective differences, particularly anxiety, in FL learners. Based on our research findings, we have taken a position contrary to Saito et al.’s on RICHARD L. SPARKS College of Mount St. Joseph Education Department 5701 Delhi Road Cincinnati, OH 45233–1670 Email: richard_sparks@mail.msj. edu LEONORE GANSCHOW Miami University Department of Educational Psychology Oxford, OH 45056 Email: lganschow@aol.com JAMES JAVORSKY Oakland University Department of Special Education Rochester, MI 48309 Email: javorsky@oakland.edu
A clinical perspective on the role of chronic inflammation in gastrointestinal cancer

: Chronic inflammation has been identified as an important risk factor for the development of malignancy, and knowledge about its molecular and cellular mechanisms is increasing. Several chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are important as risk factors for malignancy and have been studied in detail. In this review, we summarize important molecular mechanisms in chronic inflammation and highlight established and potential links between chronic inflammation and gastrointestinal cancer. In addition, we present the role of chronic inflammation in numerous tumors within the gastrointestinal tract as well as the relevant pathways or epidemiologic observations linking the pathogenesis of these tumors
A comparative Study of Some Biochemical Characteristics of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in Earthen ponds at Different Locations of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers / Middle of Iraq.

This study was conducted with the aim of showing the effect of different locations and water quality on some blood enzyme properties of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). This study was carried out in four different locations in central Iraq for the period from June 1, 2022 to November 30, 2022. The Dujail and Suwayra sites on the Tigris River were used, and the Fallujah and Mahaweel sites on the Euphrates River were used. 120 fish were collected from the four sites, 30 fish for each site, and some biochemical traits were measured, including total protein, albumin, kinase phosphatase, glucose and total cholesterol. The results of the current study showed that the values of blood enzymes increased with the rise in temperatures during the hot months and decreased with the decrease in temperatures in the cold months. It was also found that there were highly significant differences between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the values of total protein, kinase phosphatase, glucose and total cholesterol, as the Tigris River was significantly superior to the Euphrates River in the values of these four enzymes, and this indicates that the Euphrates River is better than the Tigris River. As for the value of the two albums, there are no significant differences between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The current results also showed that there were significant differences in the values of total protein and kinase phosphatase, as these values were significantly higher in the Dujail site than in the Fallujah site, while no significant differences were observed between the Suwayrah and Al-Mahaweel sites. The current results also showed that there were no significant differences between the four sites in the value of the two albums. The current results showed higher values of blood enzymes in the Dujail site compared to the Fallujah site, and this indicates that the Fallujah site is one of the best sites in the values of enzymes, being close and within the natural limits, and this is due to the availability of an appropriate healthy environment in the Fallujah site compared to other sites.
A Handbook for the Field Assessment of Land Degradation

Preface * Acknowledgements * List of Acronyms and Abbreviations * Gaining a Farmer-perspective on Land Degradation * What is Land Degradation? * What About the Land User? * Indicators of Soil Loss * Indicators of Production Constraints * Combining Indicators * Consequences of Land Degradation for Land Users * The Benefits of Conservation * Appendix I: Visual Indicators of Land Degradation * Appendix II: Forms for Field Measurements * Appendix III: Glossary - Terms Closely Related to Assessment of Land Degradation * Appendix IV: Annotated Bibliography * Appendix V: Major Tropical Soils and their Susceptibility to Land Degradation * Appendix VI: Investment Appraisal * Appendix VII: Suggested Outline for a Two Week Training Workshop in Land Degradation Field Assessment * Notes * Index
On the robustness of the solar cycle signal in the Pacific region

The potential role of the stratosphere for the 11‐year solar cycle signal in the Pacific region is investigated by idealized simulations using a coupled atmosphere‐ocean general circulation model. The model includes a detailed representation of the stratosphere and accounts for changes in stratospheric heating rates from prescribed time dependent variations of ozone and spectrally high resolved solar irradiance. Three transient simulations are performed spanning 21 solar cycles each. The simulations use slightly different ozone perturbations representing uncertainties of solar induced ozone variations. The model reproduces the main features of the 20th century observed solar response. A persistent mean sea level pressure response to solar forcing is found for the eastern North Pacific extending over North America. Moreover, there is evidence for a La Niña‐like response assigned to solar maximum conditions with below normal SSTs in the equatorial eastern Pacific, reduced equatorial precipitation, enhanced off‐equatorial precipitation and an El Niño‐like response a couple of years later, thus confirming the response to solar forcing at the surface seen in earlier studies. The amplitude of the solar signal in the Pacific region depends to a great extent on the choice of the centennial period averaged.
Geomorphometrical analysis of glacial and Aeolian lineaments on satellite images.

Some glacial and aeolian geomorphological features express themselves as parallel lineaments on satellite images. These landforms represent readily available evidence for reconstructing Quaternary environments, and are believed to have preserved in their morphometry, evidence of their formation. Drumlins, megatlutes, tlutes and mega-lineaments are typical examples of glacial lineaments, while linear sand dunes are examples of aeolian lineaments. The main aim of this thesis was to develop an objective method of characterising the spacing between parallel glacial and aeolian lineaments and to attempt to answer some geomorphological questions about them. The method of spectral analysis based on fourier transformation was used. Spectral analysis on radiometric transects taken perpendicular to the trend of parallel lineaments on satellite images permits the spacing between these lineaments to be assessed and thus the dominant spatial frequency to be determined. This provides a quick and efficient method of morphometric analysis. A methodology for doing this has been established and applied to examples of large scale ice moulded landforms in Canada and aeolian linear sand dunes from the Kalahari desert. Analysis of the spacings obtained showed that for the case of aeolian lineaments in the study area, there was no significant trend in spacing up or downwind indicating equilibrium in spacing in the overall dunefield. The analysis of the spatial frequency of glacial lineaments established that a significant relationship existed between lineament spatial frequencies and inferred velocities and that the behaviour of the spacing is systematic up/down ice. An important result obtained from analysing these lineaments was that the spatial distribution showed a concentration of spacing at a particular range of frequencies (150 to 750 metres) proving that the distribution of the landforms is not multimodal as has been previously hypothesised but is scale continuous.
PROVA DI COLTIVAZIONE BIOLOGICA DI ANTICHI MAIS PIEMONTESI DESTINATI ALL'ALIMENTAZIONE UMANA

La ricerca sul territorio di varieta locali di mais ha permesso di individuare sette ecotipi caratteristici della nostra regione: Pignoletto Rosso, Pignoletto Giallo, Ottofile Giallo, Ottofile Bianco, Ottofile Rosso, Nostrano dell’Isola, Ostenga. Al fine di definire le caratteristiche agronomiche e l’attitudine a determinate trasformazioni per uso alimentare, verificare i livelli produttivi e la possibilita di coltivazione in agricoltura biologica, sono stati allestiti campi di confronto delle varieta piemontesi in diversi siti a vocazione maidicola. Inoltre sono state eseguite analisi qualitative delle produzioni ottenute, prove di trasformazione e verifica del livello di gradimento da parte dei consumatori.
Degenerative Neurological and Neuromuscular Disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis : update and new developments

Correspondence: J Perry The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, MB-4, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA Tel +1 858 784 2284 Fax +1 858 784 2289 Email jjperry@scripps.edu Abstract: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common form of motor neuron disease. It is typically characterized by adult-onset degeneration of the upper and lower motor neurons, and is usually fatal within a few years of onset. A subset of ALS patients has an inherited form of the disease, and a few of the known mutant genes identified in familial cases have also been found in sporadic forms of ALS. Precisely how the diverse ALS-linked gene products dictate the course of the disease, resulting in compromised voluntary muscular ability, is not entirely known. This review addresses the major advances that are being made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms giving rise to the disease, which may eventually translate into new treatment options.
Young upper crustal chemical composition of the orogenic Japan Arc

A new geochemical estimate of the young (mainly Paleozoic age to present) upper crust of the Japan Arc shows a dacitic composition in contrast to the idea that andesite is predominant in active orogenic arcs. Temporal changes in composition are not significant from the Paleozoic age to the present for the Japan Arc. The major element composition is similar to previous models of old cratonic upper crusts. The coincidence in the major elements between young and old crusts indicates that essential mechanisms during crust formation have not changed from the Archean era to the present. In trace element compositions the average young upper crust of the Japan Arc has higher Sb and As concentrations and lower concentrations of alkaline, light rare earth, and high field strength elements with respect to previous models of continental upper crusts. The large degree of constancy of trace element composition in marine sedimentary rocks is in contrast to the large variety in igneous rocks. However, the averages for both accretionary and nonaccretionary sedimentary rocks are almost identical to the average for the igneous rocks of the Japan Arc, with the exceptions of high Sb and As concentrations in unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks. The compositional homogeneity among different types of rocks on an arc scale implies that recycling processes mechanically mix the arc‐derived igneous materials to homogenize the chemical composition during erosion, transportation, sedimentation, accretion, and uplifting. Since the contribution of oceanic crust to the composition of arc crust is small, the recycling processes have not changed the bulk upper crustal composition of the active continental margin except increase the Sb and As from sediments. Instead, the influx of differentiated acidic rocks from depth is essential to characterize the orogenic crust formation of the young Japan Arc. The characteristically low incompatible element content of the Japanese upper arc crust appears inherited from parental magmas derived from a mantle source depleted during a long‐term evolution.
The Relative Roles of Different Physical Processes in Unstable Midlatitude Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions

Abstract Following Goodman and Marshall (hereinafter GM), an improved intermediate midlatitude coupled ocean–atmosphere model linearized around a basic state is developed. The model assumes a two-layer quasigeostrophic atmosphere overlying a quasigeostrophic upper ocean that consists of a constant-depth mixed layer, a thin entrainment layer, and a thermocline layer. The SST evolution is determined within the mixed layer by advection, entrainment, and air–sea flux. The atmospheric heating is specified at midlevel, which is parameterized in terms of both the SST and atmospheric temperature anomalies. With this coupled model, the dynamical features of unstable ocean–atmosphere interactions in the midlatitudes are investigated. The coupled model exhibits two types of coupled modes: the coupled oceanic Rossby wave mode and the SST-only mode. The SST-only mode decays over the entire range of wavelengths, whereas the coupled oceanic Rossby wave mode destabilizes over a certain range of wavelengths (∼10 500 km) w.
Dexmedetomidine protects against lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte deformability alterations in experimental hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury

Background : Hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury is a common clinical problem in hepatic surgery and transplantation. Several cellular and tissue structural and functional alterations are observed in such injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte deformability during ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats. Methods : Twenty-four Wistar Albino rats were randomly separated into three groups as control (C), ischemia–reperfusion injury (I/R) and dexmedetomidine group (I/R-D). Ischemia was induced with portal clampage for 45 min and reperfusion period was 45 min after declampage. Group I/R-D received dexmedetomidine 100 µg/kg i.p. 30 min before portal clampage. Serum malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase activities to document lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte deformability index were investigated. Results : Serum superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde activity levels were significantly higher and erythrocyte deformability index was decreased in hepatic ischemia–reperfusion group. However, these changes were observed to be prevented with dexmedetomidine treatment when given before portal clampage. Conclusion : These findings clearly indicate that erythrocyte deformability index is decreased in hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury and has a potential role to prevent these alterations. The protective effect of dexmedetomidine on hepatic I/R injury is also decreased lipid peroxidation. Further experimental and clinical investigations may clarify the molecular mechanisms and clinical significance of these findings.