Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Barotropic background currents in the Gulf of California Corrientes básicas barotrópicas en el Golfo de California

A field of barotropic background currents (BC) in the Gulf of California is constructed numerically. The definition of BC used here is based on suppositions about (i) the horizontal homogenization of potential vorticity in large-scale gyres, and (ii) the tendency of a current structure to evolve to a state with a minimum of system mechanical energy. In the barotropic case here, the numerical algorithm is reduced to the solution of the Dirichlet boundary problems for planetary, topographic and flowing integral streamfunction components separately. The results obtained are compared to observations and the results of other numerical models. The calculated barotropic BC realistically describe the main features of the circulation in the southern part of the Gulf of California, including its mouth. Cyclonic movement in the deep-water and anticyclonic movement near the coasts are observed. The numerical results for the central and northern parts of the gulf, where seasonal climatological differences are pronounced, coincide with observations in the upper layer only during the winter season; i.e., the circulation here is anticyclonic. Thus, there are reasons to suggest that mainly planetary-topographic forcing, especially in the southern part, forms the circulation in the lower layer. The seasonal variability of currents in the upper layer caused by non-stationary effects such as wind, heat flux and baroclinicity, is apparently in phase with these mechanisms during winter, and in antiphase during summer, particularly for the central and northern gulf.
The earthworm Expressed Sequence Tag project

This paper aims to provide a brief description of the earthworm Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) project. ESTs are short single read sequences randomly derived from cDNA libraries and provide the means to acquire large scale sequence information of coding DNA. The earthworm EST project is growing rapidly and the analysis of the first 577 sequences corresponded to 400 different genes, with 79 represented by two or more ESTs. Significant sequence similarity to known proteins was observed in 76 % of cases and the remaining 24 % were classified as novel genes. Using a combination of bioinformatic tools the sequence information was used to build a relational database, LumbriBASE, which can be queried via an internet interface by sequence similarity and key word searches (see http://www.earthworms.org).
En busca de la resiliencia

En tiempos menos turbulentos, los ejecutivos se podian dar el lujo de asumir que sus modelos de negocios eran mas o menos eternos. Las empresas siempre tuvieron que empenarse en mejorar, pero rara vez en volverse diferentes, al menos no en su nucleo, en su esencia. Hoy, el imperativo es volverse diferente. Es el desafio que enfrenta Coca-Cola en su esfuerzo por aumentar su participacion en el mercado de las gaseosas. Esta es la tarea que frustra a McDonald? s en su intento de volver a crecer en un mundo lleno de clientes cansados de las hamburguesas. Es el obstaculo que enfrenta Sun Microsystems al buscar como proteger su rentable negocio de servidores de la embestida de Linux. El exito continuo ya no depende del impulso, sino de la resiliencia: la capacidad de reinventar los modelos de negocios y estrategias de forma dinamica a medida que las circunstancias cambian. La resiliencia estrategica no es cuestion de reaccionar ante una crisis unica o recuperarse de un reves. Se trata de anticipar y adaptarse continuamente a las tendencias profundas y de largo plazo que puedan interferir con la capacidad de generar utilidades. Se trata de tener la capacidad de cambiar antes que la necesidad de hacerlo llegue a ser obvia. Para prosperar en tiempos turbulentos, las empresas deben llegar a ser tan efi cientes en la renovacion como lo son en la produccion de sus actuales productos y servicios. Para lograr la resiliencia estrategica las empresas deberan superar cuatro desafios: el desafio cognitivo de eliminar la negacion, la nostalgia y la arrogancia; el desafio estrategico de aprender a crear abundantes experimentos tacticos pequenos; el desafio politico de reubicar los recursos fi nancieros y humanos donde estos produzcan mayores retornos; y el desafio ideologico de entender que la renovacion estrategica es tan importante como la optimizacion.
No-tillage greatly increases earthworm populations in Paraná state, Brazil

Summary No-tillage (NT) agroecosystems now occupy >18 million ha in Brazil, of which 5 million are in the state of Parana, where NT began in the early 1970’s. The first NT farmers created an association to promote their practices, the ‘Clube da Minhoca’ (Earthworm Club), thus named because of the observed increase in earthworm numbers in their fields after adopting NT. However, little data were available on the topic until 1996, when more intensive studies began near Londrina, in N Parana. Earthworms were sampled by hand-sorting soil monoliths (25 × 25 cm square, 30‐40 cm depth) at 8 sites, comprising various natural and agricultural land-use and management systems. Data from the literature were collected from a further 6 sites for comparative purposes. The results for N Parana confirm the presence of higher earthworm populations under NT (46‐116 indiv., 0.49-1.06 g f.wt. m-2; mean values in dry-wet seasons, respectively), minimum tillage (42‐179 indiv., 0.68‐1.05 g f.wt. m -2 ), pastures (48‐182 indiv. m -2 ) and native forests (16‐42 indiv., 1.56‐0.83 g f.wt. m -2 ) than under conventional tillage (13‐22 indiv. and 0.13‐0.02 g f.wt. m-2). Soil disturbance thus had a negative impact on earthworm populations, and significant positive relationships were observed between earthworm abundance and age of NT systems, as well as with soil % C. In the Londrina area, some species present in the primary forests were absent in NT, where most earthworms were small-sized endogeic or epi-endogeic species. These results contrasted greatly with those from the cooler region in E Parana, where the exotic epi-endogeic Amynthas spp. dominated, reaching high densities (up to >100 indiv. m-2) and biomass (up to >30 g f.wt. m-2), especially under NT. Given the high abundance of worms under NT, further work should focus on estimating their potential contributions to soil processes, fertility and plant production in these systems.
A platform for numerical computations with special application to preconditioning

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Analysis of diploid and its autotetraploid Paulownia tomentosa with AFLP and MSAP

DNA base sequence and DNA methylation of diploid and autotetraploid Paulownia tomentosa seedlings were investigated with amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP) and the methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism(MSAP) respectively. The results show that there was no change of their DNA base sequences between diploid Paulownia tomentosa and its autotetraploid; there were 2 262 and 2 180 sites were detected in the diploid and its autotetraploid by MSAP, and their methylation sites were 35.32% and 38.58%(where fully methylation rate were 12.86% and 14.13%) respectively; DNA methylation and demethylation levels of the autotetraploid Paulownia tomentosa were higher than those of its corresponding diploid, but its total DNA polymorphism was low than the diploid.
Survival and reproduction of Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) in a natural sandy loam soil amended with the nitro-heterocyclic explosives RDX and HMX

Munition manufacturing, disposal, testing, training and other operations at military sites produced elevated levels of explosives and related materials in soil. The effects of these persistent and highly mobile in the environment energetic materials on soil biota have not been sufficiently investigated. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in conjunction with stakeholders, is developing Ecological Soil Screening Level (Eco-SSL) benchmarks for ecological risk assessment (ERA) of contaminants at Superfund sites to identify those contaminants in soil that warrant additional evaluation in a Baseline ERA, and to eliminate those that do not. Eco-SSLs are developed from literature values whenever sufficient quantity and quality of data exist. Insufficient data were available on the toxicity of energetic compounds, RDX and HMX, to soil invertebrates, necessitating toxicity testing. Tests were conducted under conditions preferred for Eco-SSL benchmarks, using a Sassafras sandy loam soil that supports relatively high bioavailability of test compounds. Toxicity testing was performed using enchytraeid reproduction test (ISO/16387 2001) measuring adult survival and juvenile production by the potworm Enchytraeus crypticus in freshly amended soil and weathered/aged amended soil. RDX or HMX had no effect on adult survival in the definitive tests in all treatment concentrations. Juvenile production EC 2 0 values were 3,715 and 8,797 mg kg - 1 RDX in freshly amended and weathered/aged amended soils, respectively. Juvenile E. crypticus production was not adversely affected by exposure to HMX in freshly amended and weathered/aged amended soils. Juvenile production was stimulated in freshly amended soil up to 21,750 mg kg - 1 HMX. Results of these toxicity studies will be submitted to the Eco-SSL Task Group for quality control review, and pending approval will be included in the Eco-SSL database for Eco-SSL derivation.
Electron scattering and ionization of ozone, O2 and O4 molecules

Total cross sections (TCSs) including ionization cross sections for the impact of intermediate and high energy electrons on ozone as well as O, O2 and O4 targets are calculated and compared with available measurements. The calculation proceeds through a complex energy-dependent potential derived from the atomic/molecular electron charge density. The summed total inelastic cross sections determined in this formalism are used to derive total ionization cross sections Qion, as done in our recent work on many other atomic and molecular targets. The present TCS results show good accord with the recent experimental data on e–O3 scattering, but the corresponding ionization results favour the available theoretical rather than the experimental data. Our results on atomic and molecular oxygen show good accord with previous investigations of other workers. Preliminary estimates on O4 are also given.
US – Export Restraints: United States – Measures Treating Export Restraints as Subsidies*

This study examines the dispute brought before the World Trade Organization (WTO) concerning the United States – Measures Treating Export Restraints as Subsidies (WT/DS 194), euphemistically referred to herein as US – Export Restraints. In this dispute, Canada challenged the US treatment of export restraints under US countervailing duty law and practice. The principal legal focus was therefore on the WTO Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) Agreement. This is one of a handful of WTO cases where the complainant (Canada) was not challenging the application of a governmental measure (by the US here) but rather the WTO consistency of existing legal measures. Essentially, Canada claimed that certain US legislation along with established practice by the US Department of Commerce constitute a violation of US obligations under the SCM Agreement.
The Racial Wage Gap: The Importance of Labor Force Attachment Differences

Labor market attachment differs significantly across black, Mexican and white men; black and Mexican men are more likely to experience unemployment and out of the labor force spells than are white men. While it has long been agreed that potential experience is a poor proxy of actual experience for women, many view it as an acceptable approximation for men. Using the NLSY, this paper documents the substantial difference between potential and actual experience for both black and Mexican men. We show that the fraction of the black/white and Mexican/white wage gaps that are explained by differences in potential experience are very different than the fraction of the racial wage gaps that are explained by actual (real) experience differences. We further show that the fraction of the racial wage gap explained by education is substantially overstated when potential experience is used instead of actual experience.
Effects of earthworms on plant growth: patterns and perspectives

Summary A total of 67 studies were located in which the response of plants to presence of earthworms was investigated. The number of studies increased strongly during the last decade. In most of the studies (79 %) shoot biomass of plants significanty increased in the presence of earthworms. However, knowledge on effects of earthworms on plant growth is very biased; most studies investigated crop plants, particularly cereals, and pastures; very little is known on plant species in more natural communities. Recently, interest in tropical plant species has increased considerably, however, the studies have considered almost exclusively agricultural plant species. Generally, experiments focused on the response of plant shoots but 45 % of the studies also considered roots. Most of the studies investigated European earthworms (Lumbricidae); very little is known on other earthworm species. Some early studies indicated that earthworms affect the composition of plant communities but only very recently has it been documented that earthworms affect plant competition. However, there is virtually no information on how earthworms affect plant performance in detail including fitness parameters such as flowering and seed production. It has been realized recently that earthworms not only modify plant growth and vegetation structure but also the susceptability of plants to herbivores. Herbivore performance might be stimulated but also reduced due to the presence of earthworms. Furthermore, earthworms function as subsidiary food resources to generalist predators when herbivore prey is scarce. The complex indirect interactions between earthworms and the aboveground system deserve further investigation in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. The imperative for future research is adopting an ecological rather than an agricultural perspective in studying earthworm-plant interrelationships and viewing earthworms as driving factors of the aboveground food web. It is suggested that studies on earthworm-plant interactions may contribute significantly to a more comprehensive understanding of terrestrial ecosystems and to the development of more environmentally friendly agricultural practices.
Educating Our Black Children: New Directions and Radical Approaches.

1. 50 Years of Failure: 'Race' and Education Policy in Britain David Gillborn 2. The Education of Black Children: Why do Some Schools do Better than Others? M. Blair 3. Academic Disidentification: Unravelling Underachievement among Black Boys Jason W. Osborne 4. The African-centred Worldview - Developing Effective Educational Strategies to Enhance the Development and Achievement of Young People of African Descent Mekada J. Graham 5. Lessons from America: The African American Immersion Schools Experiment Diane S. Pollard and Cheryl S. Ajiortutu 6. Black Supplementary Schools: Spaces of Radical Blackness Dr Diane Reay and Dr Heidi Safia Mirza 7. The Exclusions of Black Children: Implications for a Racialised Perspective Richard Majors, David Gillborn and Tony Sewell 8. Educational Psychology, Equal Opportunities and Exclusions: Towards a New Framework Karl Brooks and Denny Grant 9. Black Exclusions in Moral Vacuum Richard Harris and Carl Parsons 10. Enhancing Achievement in Adolescent Black Males: The Rites of Passage Link Keith A. Alford, Patrick McKenry and Stephen M. Gavazzi 11. An After School Manhood Development Program Aminifu Harvey 12. Black Boys at School: Negotiating Masculinities and Race James Davis 13. Black Boys and Schooling: An Intervention Framework for Solving the Dilemmas of Masculinity, Identity and Underachievement Tony Sewell 14. Mentoring Black Males: Responding to the Crisis in Education and Social Alienation Richard Majors, Vince Wilkinson and Bill Gulam 15. School Based Mentoring for Minority Youth: Program Components and Evaluation Strategies Teresa Garate-Serafini, Fabricio E. Balcazar, Christopher B. Keys and Julie Weitlauf
Impact of water deficit on light interception, radiation use efficiency and leaf area index in a potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L.)

SUMMARY The aim of the current research was to analyse the effect of four water irrigation treatments (1·20, 1·00, 0·80 and 0·60 of the crop water requirement) on the relationships among leaf area index (LAI), radiation use efficiency (RUE) and green canopy cover in a potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Agria. The crop was established in a commercial plot irrigated with a centre pivot system in Southeast Spain during the 2011 and 2012 seasons. In both seasons, the highest light absorption efficiency values occurred at the LAI value of 3 that corresponded to maximum ground cover. With regard to the irrigation treatment, a significant linear response was indicated for RUE. The results indicate that the 1·00 irrigation treatment produced the best result, improving water resources management without reducing crop yield.
Population dynamics of white-backed planthopper and its predatory spiders in hybrid rice fields with different nitrogen regimes

Effects of nitrogen regimes on the population dynamics of white-backed planthopper(WBPH),Sogatella furcifera,and its predatory spiders on hybrid rice were determined in single season rice fields in Jinhua,China.The results showed that there was a similar tendency in WBPH population dynamics in the three tested hybrid rice fields with different nitrogen regimes,and the peak of population was found at the rice elongating stage.The abundance of WPBH population was significantly increased with the elevated application of nitrogen fertilizer,while the highest abundance of WBPH population was recorded during rice elongating and booting stages in the rice field of Shenliangyou 5814.Application of nitrogen fertilizer could obviously increase the number of predatory spiders before full panicle stage in all three tested rice fields.Three-way ANOVA indicated that the population dynamics of WBPH and spiders were significantly affected by nitrogen regime,hybrid varieties and their growth stages.
Emotionally Charged Autobiographical Memories Across the Life Span: The Recall of Happy, Sad, Traumatic, and Involuntary Memories

A sample of 1,241 respondents between 20 and 93 years old were asked their age in their happiest, saddest, most traumatic, most important memory, and most recent involuntary memory. For older respondents, there was a clear bump in the 20s for the most important and happiest memories. In contrast, saddest and most traumatic memories showed a monotonically decreasing retention function. Happy involuntary memories were over twice as common as unhappy ones, and only happy involuntary memories showed a bump in the 20s. Life scripts favoring positive events in young adulthood can account for the findings. Standard accounts of the bump need to be modified, for example, by repression or reduced rehearsal of negative events due to life change or social censure.
Abscisic acid alleviates the deleterious effects of cold stress on ‘Sultana’ grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) plants by improving the anti-oxidant activity and photosynthetic capacity of leaves

ABSTRACT The effects of exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA) on anti-oxidant enzyme activities and photosynthetic capacity in ‘Sultana’ grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) were investigated under cold stress. When vines had an average of 15 leaves, 0 (control), 50, 100, or 200 µM ABA was sprayed to run-off on all leaves of each plant. Twenty-four hours after foliar spraying with ABA, half (n = 5) of the water-only control vines and half (n = 5) of each group of ABA-treated plants were subjected to 4°C for 12 h, followed by a recovery period of 3 d under greenhouse conditions (25°/18°C day/night). The remaining plants in each treatment group were kept at 24°C. Cold stress increased H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in vine leaves, whereas all foliar ABA treatments significantly reduced their levels. Chilled plants showed marked increases in their total soluble protein contents in response to each ABA treatment. ABA significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase in cold-stressed grapevine leaves. In contrast, cold stress markedly decreased the rates of leaf photosynthesis (A) and evaporation (E), stomatal conductance (gs), and chlorophyll concentrations in leaves, but increased intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci) in leaves. Treatment with all concentrations of ABA resulted in lower leaf A, E, and gs values, but higher Ci values at 24°C. However, following cold stress, ABA-treated vines showed higher leaf A, E, and gs values, but lower Ci values compared to control vines without ABA treatment. The application of 50–200 µM ABA allowed chilled vines to recover more quickly when re-exposed to normal temperatures, enabling the vines to resume their photosynthetic capacity more efficiently following cold stress. These results showed that, by stimulating anti-oxidant enzyme systems and alleviating cold-induced stomatal limitations, ABA reduced the inhibitory effect of cold stress on the rate of CO2 fixation in ‘Sultana’ grapevine plants.
Direct and indirect effects of zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton in a hypereutrophic lake

In situ column enclosures were successfully colonized by introduced monocultures of Daphnia galeata mendotae or Bosmina longirostris after extermination of native zooplankton and fish with CO2. Bosmina enclosures proceeded from green (Scenedesmus, Ankistrodesmus) to blue-green (Microcystis) dominated phytoplankton communities accompanied by increasing algal biomass, gross primary productivity and pH. Concurrently, Daphnia enclosures featured periods of low biomass, primary productivity and pH with a reduced proportion of blue-greens. Field observations, laboratory experiments and previous studies suggest that Daphnia may reduce the relative abundance of blue-green algae and total phytoplankton biomass by (1) grazing directly on the large, colonial algae such as Microcystis and (2) through heavy grazing pressure and subsequent low standing crops of phytoplankton producing a set of abiotic factors (low pH, high transparency, reduced total phosphorus) favoring edible, non-blue-green forms which are more efficiently consumed. This dual interaction provides a solution to the paradox of managing 'inedible' blue-green algae by manipulations to favor large zooplankton.