Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Randomized Smoothing of All Shapes and Sizes

Randomized smoothing is the current state-of-the-art defense with provable robustness against $\ell_2$ adversarial attacks. Many works have devised new randomized smoothing schemes for other metrics, such as $\ell_1$ or $\ell_\infty$; however, substantial effort was needed to derive such new guarantees. This begs the question: can we find a general theory for randomized smoothing? We propose a novel framework for devising and analyzing randomized smoothing schemes, and validate its effectiveness in practice. Our theoretical contributions are: (1) we show that for an appropriate notion of "optimal", the optimal smoothing distributions for any "nice" norms have level sets given by the norm's *Wulff Crystal*; (2) we propose two novel and complementary methods for deriving provably robust radii for any smoothing distribution; and, (3) we show fundamental limits to current randomized smoothing techniques via the theory of *Banach space cotypes*. By combining (1) and (2), we significantly improve the state-of-the-art certified accuracy in $\ell_1$ on standard datasets. Meanwhile, we show using (3) that with only label statistics under random input perturbations, randomized smoothing cannot achieve nontrivial certified accuracy against perturbations of $\ell_p$-norm $\Omega(\min(1, d^{\frac{1}{p} - \frac{1}{2}}))$, when the input dimension $d$ is large. We provide code in this http URL.
Robustness via Deep Low-Rank Representations

We investigate the effect of the dimensionality of the representations learned in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) on their robustness to input perturbations, both adversarial and random. To achieve low dimensionality of learned representations, we propose an easy-to-use, end-to-end trainable, low-rank regularizer (LR) that can be applied to any intermediate layer representation of a DNN. This regularizer forces the feature representations to (mostly) lie in a low-dimensional linear subspace. We perform a wide range of experiments that demonstrate that the LR indeed induces low rank on the representations, while providing modest improvements to accuracy as an added benefit. Furthermore, the learned features make the trained model significantly more robust to input perturbations such as Gaussian and adversarial noise (even without adversarial training). Lastly, the low-dimensionality means that the learned features are highly compressible; thus discriminative features of the data can be stored using very little memory. Our experiments indicate that models trained using the LR learn robust classifiers by discovering subspaces that avoid non-robust features. Algorithmically, the LR is scalable, generic, and straightforward to implement into existing deep learning frameworks.
Properties of Trans-fast Magnetosonic Jets in Black Hole Magnetospheres

Traveling across several orders of magnitude in distance, relativistic jets from strong gravity regions to asymptotic flat spacetime regions are believed to consist of several general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) processes. We present a semianalytical approach for modeling the global structures of a trans-fast magnetosonic relativistic jet, which should be ejected from a plasma source near a black hole in a funnel region enclosed by dense accreting flow and a disk corona around the black hole. Our model consistently includes the inflow and outflow part of the GRMHD solution along the magnetic field lines penetrating the black hole horizon. After the rotational energy of the black hole is extracted electromagnetically by the negative energy GRMHD inflow, the huge electromagnetic energy flux propagates from the inflow to the outflow region across the plasma source, and in the outflow region, the electromagnetic energy converts to the fluid kinetic energy. Eventually, the accelerated outflow must exceed the fast magnetosonic wave speed. We apply the semianalytical trans-fast magnetosonic flow model to the black hole magnetosphere for both parabolic and split-monopole magnetic field configurations and discuss the general flow properties, that is, jet acceleration, jet magnetization, and the locations of some characteristic surfaces of the black hole magnetosphere. We have confirmed that, at large distances, the GRMHD jet solutions are in good agreement with the previously known trans-fast special relativistic magnetohydrodynamic jet properties, as expected. The flexibility of the model provides a prompt and heuristic way to approximate the global GRMHD trans-fast magnetosonic jet properties.
Silver Physical Developers for the Visualization of Latent Prints on Paper.

: Silver physical developers consist of silver ions and a reducing (developing) agent. They were formulated for developing latent images on photosensitive materials such as photographic emulsions. The mechanism of how the latent image nuclei catalyze the reduction of silver ions by a reducing agent to form black colloidal silver particles has been extensively studied. These developers also happen to visualize latent prints on porous surfaces such as paper. Several hypotheses exist that identify the components in latent print residue that trigger physical development; also several hypotheses exist that explain why such developers work better on porous rather than non-porous surfaces. The more common of these developers use ferrous ions (from a ferrous/ferric redox couple) to reduce silver ions on the surface of latent print residue. Five such silver physical developers are compared through their cell potential ΔE (and the corresponding reaction quotient Q). Each developer is represented by a point on a line given by R = QC where R = [Fe3+]/[Fe2+] and C = [Ag+] and has a point on the line given by Req = QeqCeq where Qeq = K = 1.22 corresponds ΔE = 0. The quantity C - Ceq is the maximum amount of silver it can deposit. The development rate of a silver physical developer is directly related to its cell potential ΔE, the temperature, the maximum amount of silver that it can deposit, and the magnitude of [Fe2+]/[Ag+]. The contrast of a physically developed latent print (on light or dark surfaces) can be enhanced by optical, image enhancement, scanning electron, x-ray, and chemical methods. The latter includes bleaching or intensifying methods, fluorescent dye toning, and radioactive sulfur toning.
Executives' Horizon, Internal Governance and Stock Market Liquidity

In this article, we examine whether internal governance, the process through which subordinate managers effectively monitor the chief executive officer (CEO), can improve a firm's liquidity. Using the difference in horizons between a CEO and his immediate subordinates to measure internal governance, we show that firms with better internal governance have lower information asymmetry and higher liquidity. Further, we show that internal governance is effective in enhancing liquidity for firms with CEOs close to retirement, firms that require higher firm-specific skills, and firms with experienced subordinate managers. Our results are robust to inclusion of conventional governance measures, alternative model specifications, and different measures of internal governance and liquidity.
The Effects of the Louisiana Scholarship Program On Student Achievement after Two Years

The Louisiana Scholarship Program (LSP) is a statewide initiative offering publicly-funded vouchers to enroll in local private schools to students in low-performing schools with family income no greater than 250 percent of the poverty line. Initially established in 2008 as a pilot program in New Orleans, the LSP was expanded statewide in 2012. This paper examines the experimental effects of using an LSP scholarship to enroll in a private school on student achievement in the first two years following the program’s expansion. Our results indicate that the use of an LSP scholarship has negatively impacted both ELA and math achievement, although only the latter estimates are statistically significant. Moreover, we observe less negative effect estimates in the second year of the program.
Residential Property Prices in Central, Eastern and Southeastern European Countries: The Role of Fundamentals and Transition-Specific Factors

The large movements in residential property prices in emerging markets observed over the past decade have raised interest in housing market developments. Within a cointegration framework applied to an unbalanced panel, we assess the relationship between residential property price developments, economic fundamentals and transition-specific factors in Central, Eastern and Southeastern European (CESEE) EU countries from 1999 to 2011. Our results show that demand-side fundamentals (disposable income, population, interest rates) and transition-specific factors related to housing demand (such as funding through remittances and credit growth) as well as construction costs on the supply side have been particularly important in residential property price movements. Nevertheless, these factors cannot fully explain residential property price movements, i.e. we find evidence that house prices moved above the level indicated by those factors in the years preceding the crisis. The sharp correction of residential property prices that took place following the outbreak of the financial crisis reversed these overshoots and brought house prices back to – and in some countries even below – the level indicated by the explanatory factors. This suggests that residential property prices are likely to rebound somewhat when economic conditions improve.
Dampak Kebijakan Spin-off terhadap Kinerja Bank Syariah

The purpose of this study is to discover differentiation financial performance of five sharia banks in Indonesia (BNI Syariah, BRI Syariah, BJB Syariah, Bank Syariah Bukopin, and Bank Victoria Syariah) one year before spin-off activity and one year after spin-off activity. The method used in this research is Wilcoxon Match Pairs Test with nine variables, which are asset, financing, third party funds, net incomes, dan five ratios: CAR, NPF, FDR, ROA, and ROE. The result of this study are, four variables indicate that there are differences in financial performance. Therefore, sharia business units should prepare themself before clause of spin-off in 2023 DOI: 10.15408/aiq.v4i2. 2534
Proportional reinsurance and investment in multiple risky assets under borrowing constraint

ABSTRACT In this paper, we consider the ruin probability minimization of an insurance company that buys proportional reinsurance and invests in markets where borrowing is constrained. We use a diffusion approximation model for the surplus process of this company and assume that the company invests its surplus into a riskless and multiple risk assets that are modeled as geometric Brownian motions. To find the results, we introduce an auxiliary market parametrized with fictitious processes to relax the borrowing constraint and apply the techniques of stochastic optimal control. In this way, we find the optimal proportional reinsurance and investment strategy of an insurance company investing into multiple risky assets to minimize its ruin probability under the borrowing constraint. Furthermore, from our solutions, we show how our results connect to economic survival analysis and how investment and reinsurance strategies are related.
Effect of Computer-Assisted Cognitive Rehabilitation Program for Attention Training in Brain Injury

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Korean Computer-Assisted Cognitive Rehabilitation Program (CogRehabK) on cognitive function of the patients with brain injury. Method: Fifty subjects with brain injury were enrolled and classified into two groups, experimental (n=25) and control group (n=25). Control group received conventional rehabilitation therapy including physical and occupational therapy. Experimental group received additional computer- assisted cognitive training using CogRehabK software consisted of 10 level-completing programs, 3 times per week, 30 minutes per session, for 4 to 6 weeks. All patients were assessed their cognitive functions using Seoul Computerized Neuropsychological Test (SCNT, Maxmedica, 2001), minimental status examination (MMSE), digit span, and Wechsler memory scale before and after treatment. Functional independence measure and geriatric depression scale were also applied for evaluation of functional and mood status. Results: Before the treatment, two groups showed no difference in their cognitive functions. After 4 to 6 weeks of treatment, the experimental group showed significantly higher performance in forward digit span, forward visual span, auditory continuous performance test, and visual continuous performance test in CNT and MMSE than control group (p＜0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that the CogRehabK may be useful as an additional tool for the cognitive rehabilitation in patients with brain injury.
Public R&D Spending and Cross-Sectional Stock Returns

We examine how cross-sectional stock returns are influenced by research and development (R&D) spending funded by the public sector, which accounts for a substantial portion of total U.S. investments in innovation. Firms located in states with more public R&D spending earn higher abnormal stock returns. A long-short portfolio constructed by public R&D spending earns a monthly abnormal return of about 0.9%. The results persist after accounting for conventional pricing factors and state-level variables. We also find that better productivity improvements, higher R&D spillovers and greater cash flow risk explain why public R&D spending positively affects stock returns.
Firms' Internal Networks and Local Economic Shocks

Using confidential establishment-level data from the US Census Bureau’s Longitudinal Business Database, this paper documents how local shocks propagate across US regions through firms’ internal networks of establishments. Consistent with a model of optimal within-firm resource allocation, we find that establishment-level employment is sensitive to shocks in distant regions in which the establishment’s parent firm is operating, and that the elasticity with respect to such shocks increases with the firm’s financial constraint. At the aggregate regional level, we find that aggregate county-level employment is sensitive to shocks in distant counties linked through firms’ internal networks. (JEL D22, G32, L14, L22, R23, R32)
Afghanistan: Post-Taliban Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy

This report discusses Afghanistan's history of conflict, governmental structure, human rights issues, and security policies and initiatives. A special focus is put on the U.S. involvement in Afghan security and ongoing fights against the Taliban and other terrorist groups and U.S. aid to Afghanistan both economically and militarily. It includes fiscal year 2018 aid requests for both military assistance and economic and humanitarian aid.
Olfactory Neuroblastoma: A 15-Year Single Institution Experience

Background: Olfactory neuroblastoma or esthesioneuroblastoma is a rare malignant neoplasm of the olfactory neuroepithelium. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the clinical presentation, characteristics and treatment outcome of fourteen patients with olfactory neuroblastoma. Patients and Methods: This retrospective study reviewed and analyzed 14 patients with olfactory neuroblastoma during the last 15 years at two referral tertiary academic hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Patients under 16 years old were excluded from the study. Kadish classification was used for staging the tumors. In addition, the tumors were histopathologically graded according to Hyams’ grading classification. Results: There were 6 women (43%) and 8 men (57%) ranging from 16 to 56 years old, with a median age of 40 years at diagnosis. Nasal obstruction (93%), facial or sinus pain (57%), and nasal bleeding (43%) were the most frequent presentation. Two patients (14%) had stage A, 3 (21.5%) had stage B, 6 (43%) had stage C, and 3 (21.5%) had stage D disease. After initial treatment, five patients developed local and/or distant recurrent disease. After a median follow-up of 73 (range 14 108) months for surviving patients, 10 patients (71.5%) were alive and without disease, one (7%) was alive with disease, and 3 (21.5%) died due to the disease. The 5-year disease-free and overall survival rates were 71.4% and 75.7%, respectively. Conclusions: At our center, patients with olfactory neuroblastoma tend to present at advanced stages; therefore, combined local treatment and incorporation of chemotherapy may improve outcome.
The Invisible Hand of the Government: Moral Suasion during the European Sovereign Debt Crisis

Using proprietary data on banks’ monthly securities holdings, we show that during the European sovereign debt crisis, domestic banks in fiscally stressed countries were considerably more likely than foreign banks to increase their holdings of domestic sovereign bonds during months when the government needed to roll over a relatively large amount of maturing debt. This result cannot be explained by risk shifting, carry trading, or regulatory compliance. Domestic banks that received government support, are small, or with weaker balance sheets were particularly susceptible to “moral suasion,” while governance of banks played less of a role. (JEL D72, E62, G21, G28, H11, H63).
Electronic Health Records Documentation in Nursing

A descriptive study of 100 nursing personnel at a large Magnet hospital in Southwest Florida was conducted to assess their needs, preferences, and perceptions associated with Electronic Health Record (EHR) documentation methods. Nurses' attitudes about the use of EHRs and their perceived effects on patient care were assessed. The five-item, Likert-type attitude scale explained 54% of the variance in attitude scores and demonstrated sound construct validity and internal consistency (r = 0.77). More than one third, 36%, perceived that EHRs had resulted in a decreased workload. The majority of nurses, 64%, preferred bedside documentation but reported that environmental and system barriers often prevent EHR charting at the bedside. Overall, 75% of nurses thought EHRs had improved the quality of documentation and 76% believed electronic charting would lead to improved safety and patient care. Nurses with expertise in computer use, 80%, had a more favorable attitude toward EHRs than those with less expertise. Results have been used to implement clinical system changes.
Cranial ultrasonography in the evaluation of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage and its complications.

The evaluation of intracranial hemorrhage in the newborn is of major importance because much of the neurological morbidity associated with perinatal events, especially in the premature infant, occurs in the context of intracranial hemorrhage. Four major varieties of intracranial hemorrhage are recognized in the newborn, namely, subdural hemorrhage (SDH), primary subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intracerebellar hemorrhage and periventricularintraventricular hemorrhage (PVH-IVH). Subdural hemorrhage is a clinically serious lesion, though now relatively uncommon because of advances in obstetrical care. Primary subarachnoid hemorrhage is common, though rarely clinically serious. In tracerebellar hemorrhage is a clinically serious lesion, though relatively uncommon. In contrast to these other three varieties of intracranial hemorrhage, PVH-IVH is both a common and a clinically serious lesion. Because of these considerations and because cranial ultrasonography has had its greatest impact in the evaluation of PVHIVH, we will emphasize this disorder in the current review. Below we will review briefly the incidence, neuropathology and pathogenesis of PVH-IVH and then discuss in detail the role of cranial ultrasonography in the evaluation of this and related neonatal disorders. Curriculum vitae
A Comparison Of The Value-Relevance Of United-States Versus Non-United-States Gaap Accounting Measures Using Form-20-F Reconciliations

Firms registered outside the United States and listed on a primary U.S. exchange may provide their U.S. shareholders with financial statements prepared under their domestic (non-U.S.) generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The Securities and Exchange Commission requires such firms to reconcile their reported earnings and shareholders' equity to U.S. GAAP as part of a Form 20-F filing. These reconciliations provide a set of precise measures of the differences created by alternative accounting practices. We use the reconciliations to address two questions. First, are the differences in U.S. and non-U.S. GAAPas summarized in the aggregate reconciliations of earnings and shareholders' equity value-relevant? That is, do the reconciliations of accounting data to U.S. GAAP increase the associations between accounting measures and price (or return)?
Sequential moxifloxacin therapy in the treatment of elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia;clinical evaluation

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sequential moxifloxacin therapy in the treatment of elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia.Methods:One hundred and eighty-four elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia were randomly divided into three groups.In group A(control group),moxifloxacin was administered by intravenous infusion,400 mg/250 ml once daily for 7～10 d.In group B(moxifloxacin sequential group),moxifloxacin was administered by intravenous infusion 400 mg/250 ml, once daily until to sequential switch time window,followed by oral administration at the same dose.The total treatment duration was also 7～10 days.In group C(combination sequential group),Cefuroxime was administered by intravenous infusion 3.0 g/250 ml,twice daily, with Azithromycin 500 mg/250 ml,once daily until to sequential switch time window,followed by oral administration of Cefuroxime tablet 250 mg,twice daily and Azithromycin table 500 mg,once daily.The total treatment duration was also 7～10 d.Results:The overall cure rates and efficacy rates were 67.2 % and 93.4 % in group A,65.5 % and 87.9 % in group B,44.7 % and 72.3% in group C,respectively.The bacterial clearance rates were 88.5 % in group A,85.2 % in group B,60.0 % in group C,respectively. There was no significant difference(P0.05)between group A and B,and there was significant difference(P0.05)between group B and C in the above results.Sequential switch time window were(2.2±1.10)d in group B,(3.09±1.23)d in group C,respectively (P0.05). The incidence of adverse drug reactions of three groups were 4.9%,3.4 % and 13.8 %,respectively.There was no significant difference(P0.05)between group A and B,and there was significant difference(P0.05)between group B and C in the above results.Conclusion:Sequential therapy of moxifloxacin in treatment of elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia was effective and safe.
Estimating Sentiment, Risk Aversion, and Time Preference from Behavioral Pricing Kernel Theory

We estimate aggregate preferences, beliefs, and sentiment from option prices and historical returns. Our market-based estimates correlate well with independent survey-based estimates, and yet provide a number of novel insights. Our analysis points out two significant issues related to overconfidence. First, the Baker--Wurgler index strongly reflects excessive optimism but not overconfidence. Second, optimism and overconfidence comove over time and generate a perceived negative risk-return relationship, while objectively the relationship is positive.The appendices for this paper are available at the following URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2295896