Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON OF THREE CONCENTRATIONS OF AQUA-SEDTM FOR IMMERSION EUTHANASIA OF BUTTERFLY SPLITFIN (AMECA SPLENDENS)

Abstract: The efficacies of three concentrations of 2-phenoxyethanol from Aqua-sedTM were examined to determine the suitability for euthanasia of butterfly splitfin (Ameca splendens). Thirty fish were randomly assigned to be immersed in one of three Aqua-SedTM concentrations: 0.5, 2, and 6 ml/L. Opercular rates and caudal fin stroke rates were quantified, and time to the cessation of physiological measures including heartbeat, caudal fin strokes, reaction to external stimuli, righting reflex, swimming, and operculation were recorded. To test for the effects of concentration of Aqua-sedTM on all times to cessation of physiological measures, a linear mixed model was performed followed by pairwise comparisons with a Bonferroni correction. A proportions test compared the number of fish that lost their heartbeat across Aqua-sedTM concentrations. Varying anesthetic induction times were observed for all three Aqua-sedTM concentrations; time to cessation of physiological measures was fastest with 6 ml/L, followed by 2 then 0.5 ml/L, but only concentrations of 2 and 6 ml/L induced anesthesia in less than the recommended 180 s. Aqua-sedTM concentration had a significant effect on time to cessation of physiological measures (P < 0.01), but not on time to cessation of a heartbeat (P > 0.05). Pairwise comparisons indicate time to cessation of caudal fin strokes, reaction to external stimuli, righting reflex, and swimming significantly decreased as concentration increased (P < 0.01). After 60 min of immersion in Aqua-sedTM the number of fish without a heartbeat differed significantly across concentrations (P < 0.01); 20% of fish immersed in 0.5 ml/L, 90% of fish immersed in 2 ml/L, and 90% of fish immersed in 6 ml/L had no heartbeat. A minimum dose of 2 ml/L of Aqua-sedTM, and an immersion time of 60 min for euthanasia of butterfly splitfin is recommended, with a secondary euthanasia measure to confirm death when the heartbeat remains.
INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF SERUM BIOMARKERS FOR THE DETECTION OF CARDIAC DISEASE IN MARINE MAMMALS

Abstract: Cardiac disease has been extensively documented in marine mammals; however, it remains difficult to diagnose antemortem. Assays measuring cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) are used as sensitive and specific biomarkers of cardiac disease in many species, but have not been widely investigated in marine mammals. This study aimed to provide a set of reference values for cTnI and NT-proBNP in belugas (BW) (Delphinapterus leucas), sea otters (SO) (Enhydra lutris), Steller sea lions (SSL) (Eumetopias jubatus), and California sea lions (CSL) (Zalophus californianus) with and without cardiac disease, and to determine if these biomarkers are useful indicators of cardiac disease in these species. First, existing immunoassays for cTnI and NT-proBNP were successfully validated utilizing species-specific heart lysate spiked serum. Cohorts were defined by histopathology as animals with no evidence of cardiac disease (“control”), with confirmed cardiac disease (“disease”), and with concurrent renal and cardiac disease (“renal”) for which serum samples were then analyzed. Serum concentration ranges for cTnI (ng/ml) and NT-proBNP (pmol/L) were determined for control and disease cohorts. There was significantly higher cTnI (P= 0.003) and NT-proBNP (P= 0.004) concentrations in the CSL disease cohort, as well as positive trends in BW, SO, and SSL disease cohorts that did not reach statistical significance. NT-proBNP concentrations were significantly higher in the CSL renal cohort compared with the control (P < 0.001) and disease (P= 0.007) cohorts. These results suggest that cTnI and NT-proBNP may be clinically useful in the antemortem diagnosis of cardiac disease in CSL, and warrant further investigation in BW, SO, and SL.
REFERENCE VALUES AND COMPARISON OF BLOOD CHEMISTRY AND PLASMA PROTEIN VALUES BETWEEN GOLD STANDARD ANALYZERS AND FOUR POINT-OF-CARE DEVICES IN FREE-RANGING CANVASBACKS (AYTHYA VALISINERIA)

Abstract: Accurate, timely, and cost-effective blood chemistry analysis is an essential tool for directing emergency treatment, monitoring the health status of captive and free-ranging individuals and flocks, and improving the efficacy of conservation actions. Blood samples were obtained from 52 canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) that were captured on San Francisco Bay, California, during December 2017 as part of a long-term study. Reference values and clinical agreement were determined for blood chemistry and plasma protein parameters among four commonly used point-of-care devices (VetScan® VS2, i-STAT®, AlphaTRAK®2 glucometer, refractometer) and two gold standard laboratory analyzers (Roche cobas® c501, Helena SPIFE 3000 system). Canvasback reference values were generally within expected ranges for Anatidae species with the exception of higher upper limits for sodium and chloride. Creatine kinase and aspartate transaminase values exceeded a published threshold for diagnosis of capture myopathy even though study birds were captured using low-stress techniques and successfully released. With the exception of higher alkaline phosphatase in hatch-year canvasbacks, no age or sex differences were observed for any analyte in this population that was captured during a nonbreeding period. Analysis of analyzer agreement found raw VetScan aspartate transaminase, calcium, glucose, and uric acid values; corrected VetScan albumin, potassium, sodium, and total protein values; raw i-STAT glucose and potassium values; and corrected i-STAT sodium and chloride values were clinically interchangeable with Roche cobas values. Raw VetScan and i-STAT glucose values were also interchangeable. However, none of the Roche or point-of-care analyzer plasma protein values were in clinical agreement with gold standard electrophoresis values. The findings of this study highlight the need for analyzer- or technique-specific reference values and provide biologists and veterinarians quantitative reference values using currently available analyzers to better assess and respond to the health of individuals and populations.
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF SUSPECTED CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE SECONDARY TO DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY IN A SAND TIGER SHARK (CARCHARIAS TAURUS) WITH ESTABLISHMENT OF PRELIMINARY NORMAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC INDICES

Abstract: Elasmobranch cardiac anatomy and physiology has been well described; however, there is a dearth of information regarding cardiac disease. In support of a clinical case of suspected congestive heart failure in a 22-yr-old male sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus), a study was undertaken to identify feasible echocardiographic imaging planes and preliminary indices for this species. Eleven echocardiograms were performed on six apparently healthy sand tiger sharks. Echocardiographic parameters are presented using descriptive statistics, including mean, median, standard deviation (SD), minimum and maximum values. These data were utilized for the diagnosis and clinical management of the affected shark. The shark initially presented with increased respiratory effort, dependent, peripheral edema, and anemia. Echocardiography revealed atrial, ventricular, and sinus venosus dilation. As congestive heart failure secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy was strongly suspected, therapy was initiated with oral benazepril and torsemide, and later pimobendan. After a year of therapy, clinical signs resolved. Cardiac size and function improved on echocardiography with a reduction in sinus venosus dilation, maximum and minimum atrial and ventricular inner diameters, and an increase in atrial and ventricular fractional shortening. Cardiac disease in elasmobranchs may be underdiagnosed, so it may be necessary to develop standardized ultrasound techniques and cardiac measurements for each species of elasmobranch managed within zoos and aquaria.
SHORT-TERM BIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY OF HEMATOLOGY PARAMETERS IN THE BEARDED DRAGON (POGONA VITTICEPS)

Abstract: Determination of the biological variation of laboratory tests is essential for accurate interpretation during health assessments. Few studies investigate the biological variation of CBC variables in reptiles, and none of these involve squamates. Thus, we investigated the biological variation of hematology parameters in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) to determine if conventional population-based reference intervals are appropriate in evaluating single laboratory samples. Blood was collected from 10 bearded dragons five separate times over 10 wk and placed in lithium heparin (LH) microtainers, and CBC were performed. WBC were evaluated via both a fresh, non-anticoagulated blood smear and a LH anticoagulated blood smear as well as two manual hemocytometer counts with blood stained with either Natt and Herrick's (NH) solution or Leukopet™ (LO) solution. The between-animal coefficient of variation (CVG), within-animal coefficient of variation (CVI), reference change value (RCV), and index of individuality were determined for PCV, total solids (TS), and WBC using all leukocyte quantification methods. The RVC for PCV, TS, and WBC in bearded dragons were 37%, 84%, and >100%, respectively. The calculated index of individuality values all fell between 0.6 and 1.4, suggesting that the use of judiciously applied population-based reference intervals in interpreting the WBC, PCV, and TS in bearded dragons is appropriate.
RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF MORTALITY CAUSES IN MANAGED KIRK'S DIK-DIKS (MADOQUA KIRKII) IN NORTH AMERICA FROM 1988 to 2019

Abstract: Kirk's dik-diks (Madoqua kirkii) are the most common dik-dik species managed in North American zoological institutions, but their numbers are declining at a concerning rate, with less than 40 individuals currently housed in accredited institutions. This retrospective study reports the causes of mortality in Kirk's dik-diks in North American zoological institutions from 1988 to 2019. Out of 15 institutions accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) currently housing Kirk's dik-diks, nine contributed to this study (60% participation). Eighty-four necropsy records were reviewed to determine the primary affected body system and etiological cause of death across and within age categories. Neonatal death (prior to 1 mon of age) was most common (38.1%), followed by death in adults (29.8%), geriatric animals (19.0%), and juveniles (13.1%). As a whole population, causes of death by body system were multisystemic (47.6%), musculoskeletal (15.5%), respiratory (8.3%), and digestive (8.3%). Neonatal complications accounted for 50.0% of all deaths in animals prior to 1 mon of age. In juveniles, a nutritional cause of death was most common (27.3%) and significantly higher compared to measures of this cause within other age categories. In adults, metabolic etiologies and trauma each accounted for 28.0% of deaths. Degenerative etiologies were most common in geriatric individuals, representing 31.3% of the deaths. Death from infectious disease was found across all ages, representing 11.9% of all mortalities. Results from this study provide a baseline reference for this species and may aid clinicians in decision-making as it relates to the medical care and management of this species during different life stages.
Spin-orbit coupling and helical molecular orbitals in oligoyne-bridged bifluorene conformers

Helical molecular orbitals forming in oligoynes (chains of sp hybridized carbons) are intriguing for control of electron’s spin in simple organic molecules. Spin-Orbit coupling induced by mixing of orthogonal p electron orbitals leads to enhanced singlet-to-triplet intersystem crossing. However, the role of conformers for spin-orbit coupling is still unclear in oligoyne-bridged systems. Herein, we report a theoretical study of spin-orbit coupling and intersystem crossing rates as a function of axial torsion between bifluorene end-fragments bridged by various length oligoynes. Density functional theory computations revealed that conformers can exist at room temperature due to low torsional barrier. Highest calculated intersystem-crossing rates were found for torsional angles around 30° and agreed well with experimental values. Elongation of oligoyne bridge up to three triple bond fragments leads to steep increase of spin-orbit coupling, and thus, intersystem-crossing rates. Interestingly, at intermediate torsional angles oligoyne bridge allows to maintain high oscillator strength of the lowest singlet transition together with substantial spin-orbit coupling, which is a desirable property for photosensitizer and emitter molecules.
The ‘Better sleep better well-being’ intervention for parents of infants with moderate sleep problems: A quasi-experimental study

Healthy development of infants/toddlers is associated with adequate parent–child interactions, infant sleep patterns, and infant nutrition. In early childhood, learning to fall and stay asleep is essential and can contribute to infants’ self-regulation and to regulating emotions and behavior. Sleep problems in infancy are, however, of significant concern to parents. This study aimed to research the benefit of a face-to-face family education and support intervention concerning ‘Better sleep better well-being’ (FES-BSBW). Six advanced community healthcare nurses provided three sessions of FES-BSBW intervention to the parents. Data were assessed from 35 primary caregivers. The TREND and TIDieR guidelines were used to report findings. The intervention focused on parent–child interactions and normal child development, temperament, parents’ beliefs about the infants’ sleep patterns, and the impact of the infants’ sleep problems on the parents’ quality of life after the intervention. The intervention was delivered over approximately one month. The primary findings showed that mothers reported significantly higher perceived family support, improved sleep pattern beliefs, better physical functioning and longer infants sleep periods on average at nights after the FES-BSBW intervention. These findings are promising and might prevent sleep problems in infants/toddlers from escalating later into more severe health problems.
Gun violence as a public health issue: Media advocacy, framing and implications for communication

Following a recent push to reframe gun violence as a public health issue, an online survey (N = 510) helped explore frame salience and frame adoption through the lens of media advocacy. Findings revealed that gun control and gun rights frames are salient, and television, social media and newspapers are the most popular sources of gun violence information. Individuals are being held responsible, while background checks were the most salient and adopted solution among Americans. Three gun rights organizations were the most salient organizations from media coverage related to gun violence. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
The Use of Arabic Electronic Dictionaries in The Industrial Revolution Era 4.0

For students of Arabic in Indonesia who are non-native speakers, dictionaries are media and also learning resources that play an important role in understanding language. Now, along with the birth of the industrial revolution era 4.0, printed versions of Arabic dictionaries have evolved into electronic dictionaries, both website-based and in the form of mobile applications which are certainly more efficient and effective, easier to use and faster to update. In addition, the language learning model also began to shift from conventional learning to e-learning and blended learning by utilizing various application features in cyberspace. Therefore, it is important for the education world to know the ins and outs of electronic dictionaries about the type, type, systematics, advantages and disadvantages. This paper describes electronic dictionaries that are popularly used by teachers and students of Arabic language in Indonesia. Sources of data in writing come from the results of the author's dissertation after mapping Arabic dictionaries commonly used in Indonesia. KeywordsElectronic Dictionary; Industrial Revolution; E-learning
New Dolev-Reischuk Lower Bounds Meet Blockchain Eclipse Attacks

In 1985, Dolev and Reischuk proved a fundamental communication lower bounds on protocols achieving fault tolerant synchronous broadcast and consensus: any deterministic protocol solving those tasks requires at least a quadratic number of message to be sent by nonfaulty parties. Followup work by Abraham, Chun, Dolev, Nayak, Pass, Ren and Shi shows a similar lower bound for randomized protocols. With the rise of blockchain systems, there have been many real-world systems that achieve consensus with seemingly linear communication per instance. We bridge this discrepancy in two ways. First, we generalize the lower bound to Crusader Broadcast protocols, and to all-but 𝑚 Crusader Broadcast. Second, we discuss the ways these lower bounds relate to the security of blockchain systems. Specifically, we show how eclipse style attacks in such systems can be viewed as specific instances of Dolev-Reischuk style attacks . Our observation suggests a more systematic way of analyzing and thinking about eclipse style attacks through the lens of the Dolev-Reischuk family of attacks. Finally, we present an example of a simple subquadratic Crusader Broadcast protocol whose security is highly dependent on insights from the presented lower bounds.
The Simplest SAT Model of Combining Matsui's Bounding Conditions with Sequential Encoding Method

As the ﬁrst generic method for ﬁnding the optimal diﬀeren-1 tial and linear characteristics, Matsui’s branch and bound search algo-2 rithm has played an important role in evaluating the security of sym-3 metric ciphers. By combining the Matsui’s bounding conditions with 4 automatic search models, the search eﬃciency can be improved. All the 5 previous methods realize the bounding conditions by adding a set of con-6 straints. This may increase the searching complexity of models. In this 7 paper, by using Information Theory to quantify the eﬀect of bounding 8 conditions, we give the general form of bounding conditions that can use 9 all the information provided by Matsui’s bounding conditions. Then, a 10 new method of combining bounding conditions with sequential encoding 11 method is proposed. Diﬀerent from all the previous methods, our new 12 method can realize the bounding conditions by removing the variables 13 and clauses from Satisﬁability Problem (SAT) models based on the orig-14 inal sequential encoding method. With the help of some small size Mixed 15 Integer Linear Programming (MILP) models, we build the simplest SAT 16 model of combining Matsui’s bounding conditions with sequential en-17 coding method. Then, we apply our new method to search the optimal 18 diﬀerential and linear characteristics of some SPN, Feistel, and ARX 19 block ciphers. The number of variables, clauses and the solving time of 20 the SAT models are decreased signiﬁcantly. And we ﬁnd some new diﬀer-21 ential and linear characteristics covering more rounds. For example, the 22 optimal diﬀerential probability of the full rounds GIFT128 is obtained 23 for the ﬁrst time. 24
On the Cryptographic Fragility of the Telegram Ecosystem

Telegram is a popular messenger with more than 550 million active users per month and with a large ecosystem of different clients. The wide adoption of Telegram by protestors relying on private and secure messaging provides motivation for developing a profound understanding of its cryptographic design and how this influences its security properties. Telegram has its own bespoke transport layer security protocol, MTProto 2.0. This protocol was recently subjected to a detailed study by Albrecht et al. (IEEE S&P 2022). They gave attacks on the protocol and its implementations, along with a security proof for a modified version of the protocol. We complement that study by analysing a range of third-party client implementations of MTProto 2.0. We report practical replay attacks for the Pyrogram, Telethon and GramJS clients, and a more theoretical timing attack against the MadelineProto client. We show how vulnerable third-party clients can affect the security of the entire ecosystem, including official clients. Our analysis reveals that many third-party clients fail to securely implement MTProto 2.0. We discuss the reasons for these failures, focussing on complications in the design of MTProto 2.0 that lead developers to omit security-critical features or to implement the protocol in an insecure manner. We also discuss changes that could be made to MTProto 2.0 to remedy this situation. Overall, our work highlights the cryptographic fragility of the Telegram ecosystem.
Pseudodifferential operators on a-modulation spaces

We study expansions of pseudodifferential operators from the Hormander class in a special family of functions called brushlets. We prove that such operators have a sparse representation in a brushlet system. Using this sparsity, we show that a pseudodifferential operator extends to a bounded operator between α -modulation spaces. These spaces were introduced by Grobner in [15]. They are, in some sense, intermediate spaces between the classical Besov and Modulation spaces.
Byzantine Fault Tolerance from Weak Certificates

State-of-the-art Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) protocols assuming partial synchrony such as SBFT and HotStuff use regular certificates obtained from 2 𝑓 + 1 (partial) signatures. We show in this paper that one can use weak certificates obtained from only 𝑓 + 1 signatures to design more robust and much more efficient BFT protocols. We devise Dashing (a family of three HotStuff-style BFT protocols) and Star (a parallel BFT framework). We begin with Dashing1 that targets both efficiency and robustness using weak certificates. Dashing1 is partition-tolerant and network-adaptive, and does not rely on fallback asynchronous BFT protocols. Dashing2 is a variant of Dashing1 and focuses on performance only. Then we show in Dashing3 how to further enable a fast path by using strong certificates obtained from 3 𝑓 + 1 signatures, a challenging task we tackled in the paper. We then leverage weak certificates to build a highly efficient BFT framework (Star) that delivers transactions from 𝑛 − 𝑓 replicas using only a single consensus instance in the standard BFT model. Star completely separates bulk data transmission from consensus. Moreover, its data transmission process uses 𝑂 ( 𝑛 2 ) messages only and can be effectively pipelined. We demonstrate that the Dashing protocols achieve 10.7%-29.9% higher peak throughput than HotStuff. Meanwhile, Star, when being instantiated using PBFT,