Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Avulsions, channel evolution and floodplain sedimentation rates of the anastomosing upper Columbia River, British Columbia, Canada

Ages of channels of the anastomosing upper Columbia River, south‐eastern British Columbia, Canada, were investigated in a cross‐valley transect by 14C dating of subsurface floodplain organic material from beneath levees. The avulsion history within the transect was deduced from these data, and morphological stages in channel development were recognized. Additionally, floodplain sedimentation rates were established. The new data demonstrate that the upper Columbia River is a long‐lived, dynamic anastomosing system. Results show that anastomosis at the study location has persisted since at least 2700 cal. years BP, with avulsions occurring frequently. At least nine channels have formed in the studied cross‐valley transect within the past 3000 years. Channel lifetimes from formation to abandonment appear to be highly variable, ranging from approximately 800 to 3000 years. Log jams provoking avulsions and/or silting up of old channels are proposed as reasons for this variability. Long‐term average floodplain sedimentation rates appear to be significantly lower than previously proposed by Smith (1983, Int. Assoc. Sedimentol. Spec. Publ., 6, 155–168). A long‐term (4550 years) average of 1·75 mm year−1 (after compaction) was based on 14C dates, while a short‐term sedimentation rate of 0·8 mm was determined for a single, relatively small, seasonal flood in 1994 using sediment traps. However, short‐term sedimentation rates vary considerably over the floodplain, with levees aggrading up to four times faster than floodbasins. Channels of the upper Columbia River anastomosed reach follow a consistent pattern in their development, with each stage being characterized by different morphology and processes. Channel evolution comprises the following succession: (1) avulsion stage, in which a crevasse splay channel deepens by scour and levee sedimentation; (2) widening and deepening stage, in which bank slumping and bed scouring dominates; (3) infilling stage, in which either channel narrowing (bank accretion) or channel shallowing (bed accretion) takes place; and (4) abandonment stage, in which the residual (remnant) channel is filled exclusively by silt, clay and organic material. Vertical stacking (super‐ imposition) of active channels on recent channel‐fill sand bodies is a notable feature of the upper Columbia River, which suggests that reoccupation of residual channels is a common process.
Holocene temperature and environmental reconstruction from lake sediments in the Søndre Strømfjord region, southern West Greenland

Instrumental temperature records indicate that the mean annual surface-air temperature of the Earth has risen approximately 0.6°C since 1860 (IPCC 2001). Increased global warming can have considerable influence at high latitudes, and among the major concerns are the effects on the sensitive arctic ecosystems and the possible reduction in the diversity of regional flora and fauna. Arctic organisms are highly adapted to extreme environmental conditions and have difficulties coping with any additional stresses or disturbances. In the ongoing palaeolimnological projects in West Greenland (Anderson & Bennike 1997; Brodersen & Anderson 2000) we address to what extent climate variation has influenced the low-arctic West Greenland lakes during the Holocene. Palaeolimnological data provide independent information on the recent warming, and also place the 19th to 20th century (instrumental temperature records) warming in a long-term context. The sedimentary records allow us to look at the lake-specific ecological response to regional temperature fluctuations over the last several centuries to millennia. This perspective is an important capability in any aim to predict the possible outcome of late 20th century global warming. An important prerequisite, however, is to have good knowledge of the present lakeecological conditions and the regional climate variability in southern West Greenland, keeping in mind that West Greenland regionally has experienced a decline in average temperature in the second half of the 20th century (Heide-Jorgensen & Johnsen 1998; see also Mikkelsen et al. 2001, this volume).
Short-term cardiovascular effects of methylphenidate and adderall.

OBJECTIVE The primary purpose of this study was to examine the cardiovascular effects of Adderall (ADL) in a clinic-based group of youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ranging in age from 4 to 17 years. METHOD One hundred thirty-seven patients were treated with either methylphenidate (MPH) or ADL. Youths prescribed MPH were given medication twice daily, and youths treated with ADL received medication once daily. Patients were evaluated under five conditions: baseline, placebo, 5 mg/dose, 10 mg/dose, or 15 mg/dose. Resting pulse, diastolic blood pressure, and systolic blood pressure were examined after 1 week at each treatment condition. Changes from baseline on these parameters were examined. RESULTS The short-term cardiovascular effects of both ADL and MPH were modest. No patients experienced any clinically significant change in these cardiovascular measures during the course of this brief trial. CONCLUSION Since the short-term cardiovascular effects of ADL appear minimal, specific cardiovascular monitoring during short-term ADL treatment at doses of 15 mg/day or less does not appear to be indicated. In addition, under similar conditions, using similar methods, both medication treatments led to changes in blood pressure and pulse that were clinically insignificant.
Chemical leaching of loess deposits in China and its implications for carbonate composition

Chemical leaching is widely applied to geochemical research of sediments. In this paper, 1 mol/L hydrochloric solution (HCl) and 1 mol/L acetic acid (HAc) were used to conduct leaching experiments on loess and paleosol samples. HAc leaches mainly the carbonate fraction in the loess and paleosols but has little effect on silicates or iron oxides. In contrast, 1 mol/L HCl solution dissolves not only carbonates but also some of iron oxides and chlorites, as evidenced by higher concentrations of Mg and Fe and higher leaching percentages of elements in the HCl leachate. Experimental results show that 1 mol/L HAc is an ideal dissolvent that can selectively leach the carbonate fraction in the loess and paleosols. On the basis of the leaching results, the average composition of the carbonate fraction, i.e., 1.71% of MgO, 490×10 -6 of Sr and 670×10 -6 of MnO, was obtained. The leaching parameters reflect the degree of pedogenesis of the loess and paleosol sequence; moreover, the MnO content of HAc leachate is the best parameter to indicate the degree of pedogenesis.
Managing Potential and Realized Absorptive Capacity: How Do Organizational Antecedents Matter?

Exploring how organizational antecedents affect potential and realized absorptive capacity, this study identifies differing effects for both components of absorptive capacity. Results indicate that organizational mechanisms associated with coordination capabilities (cross-functional interfaces, participation in decision making, and job rotation) primarily enhance a unit's potential absorptive capacity. Organizational mechanisms associated with socialization capabilities (connectedness and socialization tactics) primarily increase a unit's realized absorptive capacity. Our findings reveal why units may have difficulty managing levels of potential and realized ab-sorptive capacity and vary in their ability to create value from their absorptive capacity. The turbulence of the business environment has ensured focused attention on knowledge as a dominant source of competitive advantage. To survive selection pressures, firms need to recognize new external knowledge, assimilate it, and apply it to commercial ends. This ability, referred to as ab-sorptive capacity (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990), has emerged as an underlying theme in strategy and organization research. Recent research has focused on the role of absorptive capacity in innovation Despite the growing interest in absorptive capacity , few have captured the richness and multidi-mensionality of the concept. Moreover, while most studies have focused on the competitive benefits of absorptive capacity, organizational antecedents have been largely ignored (Lane, Koka, & Pathak, 2002). The lack of research regarding this link is surprising, especially since Cohen and Levinthal (1990) emphasized the importance of organizational mechanisms and suggested considering what aspects of absorptive capacity are distinctly organizational. Even when organizational antecedents have been considered (e., their relationships with different dimensions of absorptive capacity have not been tested empirically. Although the ability to absorb new external knowledge can generate significant benefits (Cockburn, Hender-son, & Stern, 2000; Zollo & Winter, 2002), organizational antecedents may have differing effects on dimensions of absorptive capacity and subsequently lead to different performance outcomes. Zahra and George (2002), for instance, distinguished among four dimensions of absorptive capacity that constitute potential and realized absorp-tive capacity. They argued that firms need to manage these dimensions of absorptive capacity successfully to obtain superior performance. Firms focusing on acquisition and assimilation of new external knowledge (i.e., potential absorptive capacity) are able to continually renew their knowledge stock, but they may suffer from the costs of acquisition without gaining benefits from exploitation. Conversely, firms focusing on transformation and exploitation (realized absorptive capacity) may achieve short-term profits through exploitation but fall into a competence trap (Ahuja & Lampert, 2001) and may not be …
Trace-based process algebras for real-time probabilistic systems

We study the problem of defining trace-based models for systems with real-time and stochastic behaviour. Trace semantics is a simple and intuitive model that describes the behaviour of a system in terms of the possible actions it can perform, and it can be used for the specification of safety properties. We present two process algebras, one featuring real-time and another stochastic behaviour, and investigate their trace semantics. In the case of real-time systems, we propose a real-time extension to the process algebra CSP. Inspired by timed automata, a successful formalism for the specification and verification of real-time systems, we handle real time by means of clocks, i.e. real-valued variables that increase at the same rate as time. We give a discrete trace semantics to our language and define the resulting refinement and equivalence relations. One advantage of our proposal is that it is possible to automatically verify refinement relations between processes. We demonstrate how this can be achieved and also describe the syntactic restrictions needed and the limitations of this approach. We take a different approach in the case of stochastic systems: in this case we focus on the operational model, and investigate ways to define a trace semantics. We study the interaction between non-deterministic and probabilistic behaviour in systems with continuous state spaces, arbitrary probability distributions and uncountable branching. We identify the class of schedulers that ensures measurability properties on executions, and show that such measurability properties are preserved by parallel composition. Under these restrictions, we define trace semantics and show that a more general notion of bisimulation is needed when dealing with continuous state spaces in order to preserve linear-time semantics. Finally, we show how this model can be used to give semantics to a stochastic process algebra.
The Social Dynamics of Aggressive and Disruptive Behavior in School: Implications for Behavior Consultation

The role of social dynamics in the establishment and maintenance of aggressive and disruptive behavior is reviewed and discussed in light of consultation. Three key areas are outlined: the contributions of social structures to interpersonal conflict, the relation between peer associations and problem behavior, and the relation between social positions and problem behavior. This article suggests that direct intervention efforts (e.g., social skills training, behavior management strategies, peer support strategies, grouping practices) can be augmented by information about ongoing social dynamics in the classroom and school. Specific ways that behavior consultants can use social dynamic information to support the direct intervention efforts of teachers and administrators are discussed.
Behavior of recycled concrete aggregate improved with lime addition during cyclic loading

In this paper, study on the use of reclaimed waste in Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) was conducted. Reclaimed concrete problem has increased over the past decade, due to the replacement of the old concrete parts, such as rail substructures or pavement curb. The main idea of this article was the introduction of recycled materials to pavement engineering, which in Poland were usually deposited on waste landfills. Geotechnical study was undertaken to obtain physical and mechanical properties of RCA. For better understanding of its exceptional behavior under repeated loading, cyclic triaxial test was conducted in various stages of loading. For the purpose of bearing capacity analysis, uniaxial tests were made. Moreover, RCA improvement of mechanical properties was proposed. Chemical stabilization with lime and gypsum was undertaken in order to ameliorate mechanical characteristics. While the mechanical stabilization is a cause of aggregates crushing, created fine fraction could be a stabilizing medium. Stabilization process in this study demonstrates existence of free pozzolanic compound in crushed concrete. Determination of resilient modulus Mr from repeated loading test for non-stabilized and stabilized material was also presented for non-stabilized and stabilized RCA Mr value was 543.2MPa and 816.5MPa respectively. In this article, plastic strains occurrence was also analyzed. As a brittle material, RCA can response to cyclic loading by crushing. Repeated excitations can cause another mechanism of plastic strains development, not present in natural aggregates, where main causes of plastic strains are frictional forces occurring during contact between particles.
The Leadership Game: Experiencing Dynamic Complexity under Deep Uncertainty

In this ever more complex, interconnected, and uncertain world, leadership is needed more than ever. But the literature and most leaders largely ignore dynamic complexity and deep uncertainty: only futures characterized by ever faster change, ever more (required) flexibility, and ever more scarcity (especially in terms of highly qualified human resources) are taken into account. Plausible consequences of dynamic complexities and deep uncertainties are ignored and robustness of strategies for dealing with many different futures is hardly ever considered. But what if this future does not materialize? This paper describes a System Dynamics-based leadership flight simulator and the experiential serious gaming workshop it was tailor-made for. During the first part of the workshop, participants play the part of the leader of an organization but in rather different virtual worlds (scenarios) in order to experience the impact of long-term dynamic complexity and deep uncertainty on leadership, as well as the influence of leadership on the success of their virtual organization. After having experienced the role and effect of different leadership styles/strategies in different virtual worlds, participants dialogue/brainstorm in a bounce-casting session about strategies and actions to build robust leadership capabilities for an uncertain complex world.
Static Stress Transfer and Aftershock Triggering by the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake in Taiwan

The static stress changes caused by the Chi-Chi mainshock with M L =7.3 were analyzed with an elastic dislocation model in a homogenous half-space. The results show that most aftershocks in the fold-and-thrust belt might best be interpreted as the re-activation of pre-existing thrust faults triggered by the mainshock. Strike-slip motions near the terminations of the Chelungpu fault are also likely to have been enhanced by the static stress transfer. The Chukou fault, on the other hand, fell in a stress shadow; as a result, few aftershocks occurred there. The Chia-Yi earthquake sequence which occurred a month after the Chi-Chi earthquake turns out to have been an exception in this study. No evidence of static stress enhancement was found in that area. Unless the large aftershocks which followed the Chi-Chi earthquake altered the stress field and promoted failure, the time lag of the Chia- Yi earthquake might well be attributed to the influence of a stress shadow.
Quartz Cement in the Fontainebleau Sandstone, Paris Basin, France: Crystallography and Implications for Mechanisms of Cement Growth

Abstract Authigenic quartz cement is the most abundant form of diagenetic cement in clastic sedimentary rocks. Despite this, there are many unknowns relating to mechanisms of growth of quartz cement and the crystallography of quartz cement. The key focus of this paper is to investigate further the issues of crystallography and quartz cement growth mechanisms, using the shallowly buried Oligo-Miocene Fontainebleau sandstone, France, as a case study. We address the following points: (1) are authigenic quartz overgrowths really in crystallographic continuity with their substrate grains? (2) What is the crystallographic inter-relationship between zones of quartz cement growth? (3) Are all quartz overgrowths entirely quartz, or do other silica polymorphs exist within overgrowths? The study combines an array of techniques to answer these questions, including transmitted-light optics, cathodoluminescence (CL), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), the latter of the two being performed with the use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The use of EBSD to this study is crucial because it provides essential crystallographic information on the grains and their overgrowths. The data revealed: (1) quartz overgrowths comprise several zones visible in optical and CL images as parallel, isopachous, alternating bright and dark bands; (2) these bands represent areas of poorly crystalline silica and fully crystalline quartz; (3) one entire zone consists only of poorly crystalline quartz; (4) the final growth stage occurred as prismatic microcrystalline quartz into the remaining porosity; (5) the crystallographic orientation across most of the overgrowth, as far as the microcrystalline quartz layer, is the same as that of the detrital grain (i.e., it is syntaxial); and (6) the microcrystalline quartz layer has crystals with different and variable orientations relative to the detrital grain. This indicates that part of the quartz cement is not in crystallographic continuity with the substrate grain and displays an epitaxial relationship. Detailed analysis of the orientation data shows that there is a rational crystallographic rotation around a variety of axes, which indicates that the orientation of the final growth stages was not random.
Estimating discharge of shallow groundwater by transpiration from greasewood in the Northern Great Basin

Evapotranspiration from bare soil and phreatophytes is a principal mechanism of groundwater discharge in arid and semiarid regions of the midwestern and western United States including the Great Basin. The imbalance between independent estimates of groundwater recharge from precipitation and of groundwater discharge based on estimates of groundwater evapotranspiration leads to large uncertainties in groundwater budgets. Few studies have addressed this problem. Energy budget micrometeorological field studies were conducted in a stand of sparse-canopy greasewood growing in an area of shallow groundwater in the western Great Basin during the summer of 1989. The data were used to calculate above-canopy fluxes of sensible and latent heat using the energy budget-Bowen ratio method. The calculated energy budget fluxes were used, with soil surface and plant canopy temperature measurements, to calibrate and apply a two-component, energy-combination model that partitions the energy and heat fluxes between bare soil and the canopy. This permitted the separation of evaporation from the soil and transpiration from greasewood. The calibrated model was used to estimate daily transpiration of groundwater by greasewood growing in an area with a depth to water of about 2 m. The daily rate of groundwater discharge by transpiration during July and August was estimated to be 2.4 mm. A period of 100 days for groundwater discharge at this rate was assumed to estimate an annual discharge of groundwater of 24 cm at the study site.
Tactile Massage as Part of the Caring Act

Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to illuminate the nursing staff’s lived experiences and meaning in giving tactile massage (TM) while caring for patients in short-term emergency ward. Method: Data were collected through individual qualitative interviews with six nurses and eight assistant nurses working with TM in short-term emergency wards in two hospitals in Sweden. The narratives were analyzed using a phenomenological hermeneutical method. Findings: Nurses experienced providing TM to patients as a present awareness in connection with compassion for the patient. TM provided the nurses with a tool to ease patient suffering and pain. Three dimensions were found where touch became a tool of doing, was an aware presence as a mindful being, and was embodied in a human-to-human connection with a changed caregiver. Conclusion: Given the current high-tech health care system with overcrowded units and a shortage of nursing staff, TM could be included as a caring tool to improve the caring in caregiving, allowing nurses to act in aware presence by touch to encourage health and well-being for both the patient and themselves.
How Powerful Is Demography? the Serendipity Theorem Revisited. How Powerful Is Demography? the Serendipity Theorem Revisited

Introduced by Samuelson (1975), the Serendipity Theorem states that the competitive economy will converge towards the optimum steady-state provided the optimum population growth rate is imposed. This paper aims at exploring whether the Serendipity Theorem still holds in an economy with risky lifetime. We show that, under general conditions, including a perfect annuity market with actuarially fair return, imposing the optimum fertility rate and the optimum survival rate leads the competitive economy to the optimum steady-state. That Extended Serendipity Theorem is also shown to hold in economies where old adults work some fraction of the old-age, whatever the retirement age is fixed or chosen by the agents. The authors are most grateful to Julio Davila for his helpful comments on this paper. The first author acknowledges the financial support of the Belgian French speaking community (Grant ARC "Sustainability") and the Belgian Federal Government (Grant PAI P6/07 Glonomics).
How Powerful Is Demography? the Serendipity Theorem Revisited Www.pse.ens.fr How Powerful Is Demography? the Serendipity Theorem Revisited *

Introduced by Samuelson (1975), the Serendipity Theorem states that the competitive economy will converge towards the optimum steady-state provided the optimum population growth rate is imposed. This paper aims at exploring whether the Serendip-ity Theorem still holds in an economy with risky lifetime. We show that, under general conditions, including a perfect annuity market with actuarially fair return, imposing the optimum fertility rate and the optimum survival rate leads the competitive economy to the optimum steady-state. That Extended Serendipity Theorem is also shown to hold in economies where old adults work some fraction of the old-age, whatever the retirement age is fixed or chosen by the agents.