Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of heat sums and of heat applied separately to shoots and roots on flowering in potted Piceaglauca grafts

Two greenhouse experiments (1985, 1987) investigated the relationship between flowering and root activity in gibberellin A4/7 treated, potted Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss grafts subjected to heat (30 vs. 20 °C in 1985, 25 vs. 18 °C in 1987) applied separately to shoots and roots for 3 or 4 weeks during the period of cone-bud differentiation. Heat applied to roots significantly reduced the percentage of white-tipped roots during this period but had no effect on seed or pollen cones produced. Heat applied to shoots, which had no consistent effect on root activity, promoted flowering independent of root temperature. These results suggest that the flowering response to heat in P. glauca is mediated through the shoot, and not by retarding root activity as has been proposed. A third experiment (1988), in which entire grafts were exposed to heat treatments of 20, 25, or 30 °C for 5 or 10 h per day, disclosed a higher temperature requirement for maximizing pollen cones (10 h at 30 °C) than for maximizing seed cones .
FTIR and Solid State13C NMR Spectroscopy of Proteins of Wet Cooked and Popped Sorghum and Maize

Abstract Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and solid state 13 C NMR spectroscopic methods were used to investigate changes in maize and sorghum proteins on wet cooking and popping. FTIR spectra indicated that wet cooking led to proteins in two normal sorghums, namely NK 283 (a red hybrid) and KAT 369 (a white variety), two sorghum mutants (P850029 and P851171) and a maize hybrid (PAN 6043) assuming more antiparallel intermolecular β-sheet character, possibly at the expense of some α-helical conformation. Solid state 13 C NMR, using the technique of Cross Polarisation Magic Angle Spinning showed shifts of the protein carbonyl carbon and α-carbon resonances upfield on wet cooking in all samples, also indicating a change in protein secondary structure from α-helical to β-sheet conformation. The extent of secondary structural change on wet cooking seemed to be greater in sorghum than in maize and may have a bearing on the inferior protein digestibility of wet cooked sorghum compared to maize. Popping produced the same secondary structural change as observed for wet cooking in both sorghum and maize. However, the extent of change on popping was less than on wet cooking in sorghum and maize.
Inter- and intraspecific variation between populations of G. rostochiensis and G. pallida revealed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA.

The genetic relationships between populations of the potato cyst nematode species Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida were analyzed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Only nine of 250 amplified DNA fragments were common to both species. The intraspecific variation was small. The proportions of shared DNA fragments among G. rostochiensis populations ranged from 0.870 to 0.967 and those for G. pallida populations, from 0.829 to 1.000. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean analysis of RAPD data showed that G. rostochiensis populations cluster in groups with similar pathotype designations. No similarity between RAPD data and pathotype classifications of the G. pallida populations was found [. ]
TGF‐β1 suppresses IFN‐γ‐induced NO production in macrophages by suppressing STAT1 activation and accelerating iNOS protein degradation

TGF‐β1 is a well‐known immunosuppressive cytokine; however, little is known of the effect of TGF‐β1 on antigen‐presenting cells (APCs). In this report, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of the suppressive effects of TGF‐β1 on APCs including dendritic cells and macrophages. Although TGF‐β1 did not greatly affect the activation of APCs, as assessed by the induction of IL‐12 or the upregulation of CD40 in response to LPS, it strongly inhibited IFN‐γ‐induced nitric oxide (NO) production from macrophages and dendritic cells. Using murine macrophage‐like cell line RAW 264.7, we demonstrated that TGF‐β1 not only reduced the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) protein stability but also suppressed the iNOS gene transcription. We also found that TGF‐β1 directly inhibited IFN‐γ‐induced STAT1 activation by reducing STAT1 tyrosine phosphorylation. The IFN‐γ Type I receptor (IFNGR1) was found to be associated with the TGF‐β1 Type I receptor (TGF‐βRI) and was phosphorylated by the TGF‐βRI. Reduced activation of STAT1 by TGF‐β1 was abrogated by the mutation in the IFNGR1 in which the serine residues of potential sites of phosphorylation by TGF‐βRI were replaced by alanine residues. Thus, multiple mechanisms are present for the TGF‐β1‐mediated reduction of iNOS production, and we propose a novel mechanism for regulating inflammatory cytokine by an anti‐inflammatory cytokine, TGF‐β1; i.e. suppression of IFN‐γ‐induced STAT1 activation by an association of the IFNGR1 with the TGF‐βRI.
Restoration recovers population structure and landscape genetic connectivity in a dispersal‐limited ecosystem

Ecological restoration assists the recovery of degraded ecosystems; however, restoration can have deleterious effects such as outbreeding depression when source material is not chosen carefully and has non‐local adaptations. We surveyed 23 eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) populations along the North American Atlantic coast to evaluate genetic structure and connectivity among restored and naturally recruited populations. While populations along the North America Atlantic coast were genetically distinctive, significant migration was detected among populations. All estimates of connectivity (FST, migration rate base on rare alleles, and Bayesian modelling) showed a general north to south pattern of migration, corresponding to the typical long‐shore currents in this region. Individual naturally recruited meadows in the Virginia coastal bays appear to be the result of dispersal from different meadows north of the region. This supports the hypothesis that recruitment into this region is typically a slow, episodic process rather than a permanent, continuous connection between the populations. While natural recovery of populations that were catastrophically lost in the 1930s has been slow, large‐scale seed‐based restoration has been very successful at quickly restoring landscape‐scale areal coverage (over 1600 ha in just 10 years). Our results show that restoration was also successful at restoring meadows with high genetic diversity. Naturally recruited meadows were less diverse and exhibited signs of genetic drift. Synthesis. Our analyses demonstrate that metapopulation dynamics are important to the natural recovery of seagrass ecosystems that have experienced catastrophic loss over large spatial scales; however, natural recovery processes are slow and inefficient at recovering genetic diversity and population structure when recruitment barriers exist, such as a limited seed source. Seed‐based restoration provides a greater abundance of propagules, rapidly facilitates the recovery of populations with higher genetic diversity, and when seed sources are chosen carefully protects regional genetic structure. First‐order estimates indicated that the genetic diversity achieved by active restoration in 10 years would have otherwise taken between 125 and 185 years to achieve through natural recruitment events.
An ultrastructural survey of the chrysophycean genus Paraphysomonas under natural conditions

Electron microscopical examination of whole mounts, prepared from freshly collected seawater samples from the Isefjord area (Denmark), has led to the enumeration of seven species belonging to the chrysophycean genus Paraphysomonas. One of these is P. sideriophora sp. nov., characterised by its single type of scale, each resembling a flat-iron. Three of the species have previously been recorded from Denmark. Most of the type descriptions of Paraphysomonas species refer to accidentally cultured material. When the same species are observed under natural conditions, as in the present investigation, the variation in scale size and morphology is seen to be considerably wider than reported in the type descriptions. This applies in particular to P. foraminifera Lucas and P. imperforata Lucas. The discrepancies between the type descriptions and the present material is probably a reflection of the fact that cultured material consists of one or a few clones only (sexual reproduction is unknown), whereas the immediat.
STUDIES ON YEAST DIFFERENTIATION USING ORGANIC ACID METABOLITES PART 2. STUDIES ON THE ORGANIC ACID METABOLITES PRODUCED BY YEASTS GROWN ON GLUCOSE

A survey using four strains of yeast was made to establish whether the organic acid metabolites produced by growth on synthetic medium using glucose substrate could provide a means of differentiation. While concentrations of the various acids produced were different, they were insufficiently unique to allow predictability of the strain from which they arose. High performance liquid chromatography on the resin Aminex HPX-87H provided an ideal monitoring base but a number of components could not be identified from retention times of commonly occurring organic acid metabolites. Chromatograms and charts showing changes occurring throughout the fermentation are included.
Efectos de la planta en cojín Oreopolus glacialis (Rubiaceae) sobre la riqueza y diversidad de especies en una comunidad alto-andina de Chile central

Las plantas en cojin que crecen en ambientes de alta montana modifican microclimaticamente su entorno, generando microhabitats favorables para el establecimiento de otras especies, actuando como nodrizas. Varios estudios han demostrado que los cojines contienen una mayor riqueza de especies que los espacios abiertos. Sin embargo, hasta ahora, no se ha evaluado el efecto de los cojines sobre otros parametros comunitarios como la abundancia de individuos, la diversidad y la equitatividad. En este trabajo se analiza el efecto que posee Oreopolus glacialis, una planta en cojin de la cordillera andina, sobre la riqueza, abundancia, diversidad y equitatividad de la comunidad vegetal en un ambiente de alta montana ubicado a 1.900 m en Chile central. Se determino la riqueza y abundancia de especies que crecen tanto sobre cojines de O. glacialis como en los espacios abiertos entre cojines. Los resultados mostraron que la riqueza de especies y la abundancia de individuos por unidad de area es mayor dentro de los cojines que fuera de ellos. Sin embargo, los valores de diversidad y equitatividad sobre O. glacialis fueron menores que fuera de ellos debido a la presencia de algunas especies dominantes. Analisis particulares de la frecuencia y abundancia de cada especie mostraron que no todas las especies son afectadas de la misma manera por la presencia de este cojin, por lo que O. glacialis actuaria como nodriza solo para una parte limitada de los componentes de la comunidad
Chromosome differentiation and genome organization in carnivorous plant family Droseraceae

A carnivorous plant lineage including the Droseraceae and its closely related family Drosophyllaceae shows wide range of chromosome size or genome size, whereas all other carnivorous families possess rather small in the genomes sizes. This study gives an overview of the genome size diversity in carnivorous plant families, and evolutional trend of chromosome differentiation especially in the Doroseraceae.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF STOMATA: I. CARBON DIOXIDE FIXATION IN GUARD CELLS

The guard cells of Tulipa gesneriana L. were found to contain both chlorophylls a and b. The total chlorophyll content was estimated to be of the order of 0.5 × 10−12 gm, per cell. By exposure to radioactive carbon dioxide followed by microautoradiography, selective carbon dioxide uptake in the light was demonstrated in the stomatal cells of Allium, Hordeum, Nicotiana, Sedum, Tradescantia, Tulipa, and Vicia, A less intense uptake was observed in darkness with Allium, Sedum, Tulipa, and Vicia. The rate of guard-cell photosynthesis was estimated to be of the order of 0.02 × 10−12 M. carbon dioxide per cell per hour at 500 ft-c. and in 0.04% (v/v) carbon dioxide. It was concluded that this rate was too low to account for the increase in osmotic potential caused by illumination.
Spatial variation in tree regeneration in the forest-tundra ecotone, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado

Ecotone vegetation may be especially sensitive to climate change. In particular, the invasion of subalpine meadows by tree seedlings has been well documented. However, there has been no systematic analysis of tree regeneration across the environmental heterogeneity of the alpine forest–tundra ecotone (FTE). Also, the position of the FTE may be relictual from more favorable climates of the past and therefore unresponsive to changing climate. To assess the environmental controls on FTE tree regeneration, to determine whether the ecotone might be relictual, and to determine whether tree invasion of nonforested FTE areas is occurring, we measured tree regeneration in various environments within the FTE of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Generally, seedling establishment appears to be controlled by patterns of soil moisture. Little seedling establishment was observed in krummholz openings, except for high seedling densities in willow wetlands. Tree seedling invasion of tundra is rare. Therefore, the up.
Economics of Harem Maintenance by a Neotropical Bat

In theory harem mating systems can evolve only if it is energetically feasible for one male to defend females or some limited resource used by females (Emlen and Oring 1977). In practice quantifying the energetic cost of defense is difficult because many diverse behaviors are usually involved. In the Neotropical fruit bat Artibeus jamaicensis, males maintain harems by defending tree hollows used as day roosts by groups of 3-14 nursing, postpartum estrus females (Morrison 1979). The infrared and radio-telemetry observations reported here indicate that although several different behaviors are involved in defense, all require that the male be in flight. The energetic cost of harem maintenance could therefore be calculated by contrasting the nightly flying times of harem males to those of females and nonharem males.
Mansuyia Sun, and Tsinania Walcott, from the Furongian of North China and the evolution of the trilobite family Tsinaniidae

The Furongian trilobite family Tsinaniidae is characterized by a highly effaced surface and forms an important constituent of the Furongian trilobite faunas of east Gondwana. However, the origin of the characteristic morphology of this family has remained unclear. Only recently has the tsinaniid trilobite Lonchopygella megaspina been suggested to represent an intermediate stage in the evolutionary transition to other tsinaniids on the basis of the trunk segmentation. Here, we report successive occurrences of four species of the kaolishaniid genus Mansuyia and a tsinaniid trilobite Tsinania canens from the Furongian (late Cambrian) Chaomidian Formation in Shandong Province, China. A cladistic analysis including these taxa reveals that the four species of Mansuyia constitute stem‐group taxa to the family Tsinaniidae, rendering Mansuyia and the Kaolishaniidae paraphyletic. The youngest species of Mansuyia, M. taianfuensis, turns out to be the immediate sister taxon of the Tsinaniidae, displaying a closely similar morphology to the tsinaniid trilobite, Shergoldia laevigata. The generic and familial boundary therefore situated between M. taianfuensis and S. laevigata.
Nordenskioldia and Trochodendron (Trochodendraceae) from the Miocene of Northwestern North America

The extinct trochodendraceous genus Nordenskioldia, well represented in the Paleocene of the Northern Hemisphere, is documented for the first time from the Neogene, based upon infructescences, fruits, associated twigs, and foliage from the Miocene of Idaho, Washington, and southern British Columbia. The infructescences and fruits, assigned to Nordenskioldia interglacialis (Hollick) comb. nov., are very similar to Paleocene N. borealis, but differ in ranging to a higher number of carpels per fruit and in being less regularly dehiscent. The leaves, Zizyphoides auriculata (Heer) comb. nov., formerly attributed to Populus and Cocculus, are clearly congeneric with the leaves associated with Nordenskioldia in Paleocene deposits. Zizyphoides auriculata leaves differ from Paleocene Z. flabellum in having generally more prominent dentations along the margin and a broader divergence of the lateral primary veins. Excellent preservation of the Miocene material reveals features not preserved in the Paleocene specimens, and in particular, lignified fruitlets clearly show aborted ovules in addition to the single mature seed. Infructescences of Trochodendron are also documented from the same Miocene localities at which N. interglacialis occurs. The close similarities between Paleocene and Miocene species of Nordenskioldia, and also between the Miocene and extant species of Trochodendron, suggest relative stasis in the morphological evolution of the Trochodendraceae over intervals of up to 45 million years.
Croissance et morphogénèse postnatales de la mandibule du vison (Mustela vison Schreiber): données sur la dynamique et l'interprétation fonctionnelle des dépôts osseux mandibulaires

The postnatal growth and morphogenesis of the mink (Mustela vison Schreiber) mandible are described using 10 specimens of known age, the skeletons of which were labelled in vivo by fluorescein and alizarin. Growth is very active in all mandibular regions during the first 2 months of life. It slows down during the 3rd month. During the 4th month, the whole mandible undergoes resorption, the intensity of which varies locally. Growth resumes during or some time before the 9th month with a deposit of parallel bone fibres in some mandibular regions only. This deposit is still active but goes on at a very low rate in old animals. The structural organization of mandibular bone varies in time and space and the relationships between the structure of bone and its growth rate is clarified. The overall modalities of osteogenesis meet the geometrical requirements of mandibular growth and are obviously a transcription of a specific pattern. They probably integrate, as well, epigenetic factors related to the local mecha.
Growth and viability of commercial Bifidobacterium spp in skim milk containing oligosaccharides and inulin.

Two commercial strains of Bifidobacterium spp (Bf-1 and Bf-6) were cultured in 12% (w/w) reconstituted nonfat dry milk (NDM) containing 0, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, or 5.0% (w/v) fructooligosaccharide (FOS), galactooligosaccharide (GOS), and inulin. Inoculated samples were incubated anaerobically at 37 degrees C for 48 h. Growth and activity of the cultures in the presence of FOS, GOS, and inulin were determined. Viability of each strain was assessed after 4 weeks of refrigerated storage at 4 degrees C. Growth promotion, enhancement of activity and retention of viability were greatest when Bifidobacterium Bf-1 and Bf-6 were grown in the presence of FOS followed in a descending order by GOS and inulin. The effects of oligosaccharides and inulin increased with increasing carbohydrate concentration and was maximal at 5% (w/v).
On the Building Block and Backbone Concepts of Amylopectin Structure

ABSTRACT The molecular structure of the starch components has been a focus of research since it was discovered that starch is transformed into sugar by treatment with acid or barley malt extract in the beginning of the 19th century. Only in 1940 was it definitely recognized that starch contains two glucan polymers, wherein amylose was defined as the linear component and amylopectin as the branched polymer. Since then, the structure of amylopectin has been exhaustively investigated, and during the years several models have been suggested, of which the cluster model has obtained the most acceptance. During the last decade, however, experimental results have been obtained that are not entirely in favor of this model, and an alternative, two-directional backbone model was proposed. This article discusses the latter model and its impact on our understanding of the structure, properties, and synthesis of the starch granule.
Serum and Egg Antibody Responses in Chickens to Escherichia coli

The effects of Freund’s adjuvants on antibody production in chickens against E. coli whole cells were examined. The levels of anti-E. coli IgG antibodies in serum were higher when Freund’s complete (FCA) or incomplete adjuvant (FIA) was administered than that without adjuvant. Production of antibodies recognizing E. coli cells and their lipopolysaccharide was enhanced by FIA, while both FIA and FCA enhanced production of antibodies recognizing outer membrane components. In contrast, serum IgM antibody levels were higher when no adjuvant was used. Anti-E. coli IgG antibodies in serum were efficiently transferred to egg yolk, giving antibody activity in egg yolk similar to that in serum. However, anti-E. coli IgM antibodies were not detected in the egg, suggesting that egg (white) IgM was not influenced by antigenic stimulation of the humoral immune system. Antimicrobial activity of the egg yolk IgG was highest when the bacteria antigen was injected with FIA.
Bulk Properties of Red Pepper Powder by Drying Method and Variety

This study investigated the bulk properties of red pepper powders according to drying method and variety. Bulk density, compressive characteristics, irrecoverable work, dynamic angle, and stress relaxation were investigated. Loose bulk density ranged between 0.420 for Cheongyang cultivar and 0.427 for Hanbando cultivar by hot-air drying. The highest tapped bulk density was 0.586 for Hanbando cultivar by far-infrared drying and the lowest value was 0.523 for Hanbando cultivar by sun drying. Hausner ratio reached a maximum value of 1.370 for Hanbando cultivar by far-infrared drying. Compressibility ranged between 0.0016 for Cheongyang cultivar by sun drying and 0.0023 for Hanbando cultivar by far-infrared drying. Compression ratio reached a maximum value of 1.032 for Hanbando cultivar by hot-air drying. Dynamic angle of repose ranged between 37.47 and . Irrecoverable work ranged between 76.0 and 81.7%. Relaxation reached a maximum value of 24.31% for Cheongyang cultivar by far-infrared drying.
Investigation of the Relationship between the Steroid Hormone 11-Ketotestosterone and Reproductive Status in the Fish Lythrurus fasciolaris

Abstract In teleost fishes, 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) is a critical androgen regulating primary and secondary sex characteristics. In the sexually dimorphic Lythrurus fasciolaris (Cyprinidae), dominant nuptial males display heavy tuberculation on the head and nape, dark dorsolateral vertical bars, and dramatic red coloration in the fins, venter, and operculum area. This study aimed to quantify 11KT circulating levels in males and females, and determine any correlation with key male reproductive status indicators such as nuptial coloration, size, and gonadosomatic index (GSI). Thirty-one wild-caught L. fasciolaris were divided into three groups according to reproductive status: dominant males (D), non-dominant males (ND), and females (F). Physical measurements, digital imaging, and blood samples were used to quantify body size, GSI, nuptial coloration, and 11KT circulating levels. Dominant males had higher 11KT levels and nuptial coloration traits compared to ND males and females (red area, hue, saturation), and a higher GSI than ND males. Non-dominant males had more 11KT and coloration than females. Increased 11KT levels corresponded to increased coloration, size and GSI.