Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trace organic compounds in landfill gas at seven U.K. waste disposal sites

The trace volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in landfill gas were examined at seven U.K. waste disposal facilities. Over 140 compounds were identified, of which more than 90 were common to all seven sites. The groups of compounds and concentrations observed were alkanes, 302−1543 mg m-3; aromatic compounds, 94−1906 mg m-3; cycloalkanes, 80−487 mg m-3; terpenes, 35−652 mg m-3; alcohols and ketones, 2−2069 mg m-3; and halogenated compounds, 327−1239 mg m-3. The observed variations in landfill gas composition were largely attributed to differ ences in the waste composition and the stage reached in the decomposition processes at each of the sites. Three sites were found to have total chlorine concentrations, derived from the organochlorine compounds in the gas, of above 250 mg m-3. Chlorine contents of this level were considered to be potentially damaging to landfill gas fueled engines used for electricity generation. Chloroethene (>0.1−87 mg m-3) was identified as the most abundant toxic component. Chloroethe.
Continuous Production of Tailored Silver Nanoparticles by Polyol Synthesis and Reaction Yield Measured by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy: Toward a Growth Mechanism

Two complementary topics are discussed: (i) the continuous production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and (ii) the measurement of reaction yield by X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES). The continuous polyol synthesis of AgNPs in grams amount and in the size range of 7-104 nm was carried out in the segmented flow tubular reactor (SFTR). Particle size was tailored by controlling the synthesis parameters such as temperature, reactant concentrations, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) molecular weight. The continuous production was tested for 4 h, and the product has shown constant particle size distribution over the whole production time. Reliable continuous production of 2.3 g h(-1) of similar to 100 nm AgNPs can be achieved with a lab-scale SFTR. The produced particles were fully characterized with respect to size, size distribution, and chemical purity. To better understand the growth mechanism, synchrotron-radiation high-resolution X-ray diffraction, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy data were collected directly on the AgNPs suspension. In particular, from}CANES experiments, the conversion yield of Ag+ to Ag-0 was measured. The results are consistent with a two-step process where PVP controls the particle nucleation while growth is ensured by thermally induced ethylene glycol oxidation.
The experience of closeness and distance in the therapeutic relationship of patients with different attachment classifications: an exploration of prototypical cases

Background Individuals with different attachment classifications (Secure, Avoidant and Preoccupied) may experience emotional closeness differently, in their intimate relationships but also as clients in psychotherapy. However, evidence for this assumption almost exclusively comes from research with self-report questionnaires. Aims In this paper, we use observer-rated measures to explore in depth how patients with different attachment classifications experience closeness and distance from the therapist in different phases of therapy. Method Three patients’ and their therapists’ narratives about the therapeutic relationship at three time points during therapy were extracted and analyzed with two transcript-based observational measures: The Patient Attachment Coding System (PACS), which classifies patients’ attachment according to their discourse behavior, and the therapeutic-Distance Scale-Observer version (TDS-O), which assesses the therapeutic relationship in terms of closeness, distance, autonomy and engagement. Cases were chosen from a larger research project due to their different prototypical attachment classification on the PACS. The narratives were obtained from Relationship Anecdote Paradigm (RAP) interviews in which the patients and their therapists narrated separately about meaningful interactions with each other, at early, middle and late phases of therapy. In addition, we followed patients self-report of the alliance and symptoms (OQ-45). Results Although all patients reported experiencing discomfort with feeling distant from the therapist the therapeutic distance, the secure patient was able to reflect on his feelings and, in the therapist’s recollection, was able to share them with the therapist. This allowed the therapist to harness these feelings for the benefit of the therapy. The avoidant and the preoccupied patients both experienced the therapist as distant, but the avoidant patient prevented closeness by a minimal expression of feelings, and the preoccupied described strong frustration with the therapist in a one-sided manner that prevented collaborative processing and left the therapist confused. Discussion It appears that patient discourse is a stable (trait-like) component of attachment, while the therapeutic-distance is a process (state-like) component that may change along therapy. The discourse of insecure patients may hinder therapists’ ability to adjust the therapeutic-distance to patients’ needs. Therapists’ knowledge about the ways patients with different attachment classifications communicate their proximity wishes may improve their attunement.
Dynamics of dielectric barrier discharges in different arrangements

Based on experimental results, numerical investigations of dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) have been performed in three basic configurations: in the volume, coplanar and surface discharge arrangements. It is shown that the DBD dynamics is the same in all arrangements and it is determined by the development of a few principal constituents, i.e. cathode- and anode-directed streamers, discharge channel, cathode layer and surface charges. It is found that the anode- and cathode-directed streamers appear with a highly conductive channel in between. The interaction of the streamers with conductive and dielectric surfaces determines the filamentary or homogeneous appearance of the discharge and its properties. The cathode-directed streamer is a self-sustaining phenomenon, which moves in a gas gap or along an electrode driven by a positive loop-back between photoemission and electron multiplication. The anode-directed streamer plays a subsidiary role. Depending on the kind of gas (electronegative or electropositive) and/or the degree of development of the cathode-directed streamer, the field strength in the conductive channels changes significantly. When the cathode-directed streamer touches the electrode surface, a cathode layer appears with parameters close to those of normal glow discharges. In volume discharge arrangements the movement of the streamers results in the appearance of Lichtenberg figures on dielectric surfaces.
Effects of the Establishment of a Forested Riparian Buffer and Grazing on Soil Characteristics

Poultry-litter applications to pastures can result in relatively high soil phosphorus (P) levels, which in turn can contaminate runoff and degrade surface water quality. New management protocols for temperate grasslands are needed to reduce the risk of P transport to surface water. The effects of three land-use treatments on soil characteristics related to P runoff were investigated using small watersheds with 8% slope near Booneville, Arkansas, U.S. The land use treatments were (1) haying of bermudagrass overseeded with winter annual forage (ryegrass or rye), (2) rotationally grazed, and (3) rotationally grazed with 12-m-wide tree buffer on the downhill portion of the plot. Plots and trees were established in 2003. Annual spring application of poultry litter (5.6 Mg ha−1) to the hayed or grazed portions of the plots was started in 2004. Grazing treatments were imposed shortly thereafter. By the summer of 2008 (4 years of treatments), soil concentrations of Bray 1–extractable P and soluble reactive P had increased significantly from approximately 40 and 4 mg P kg−1 soil, respectively, to more than 200 and 30 mg P kg−1 soil, respectively, in the areas of the plots receiving poultry litter. Soil bulk density in the portions of the plots being grazed had increased significantly also. The soil collected from the forested riparian buffer in 2008 had similar soil bulk densities and Bray 1–extractable P concentrations as the plots did in 2003 before treatments were imposed.
Modeling of Damage Accumulation during Ion Implantation into Single‐Crystalline Silicon

A critical review is given on phenomenological models of damage accumulation used in binary collision (BC) computer simulations of the dose dependence of the shape of as-implanted profiles and of the interdependence of channeling and damage buildup. The statistical approach, which assumes the accumulation of amorphous pockets, is found to be the most realistic model for doses below the amorphization threshold. The dynamic simulation of the formation of amorphous layers is described by an improved model. If within a certain depth interval the density of amorphous pockets exceeds a critical value, abrupt amorphization occurs. The model is applied in the Crystal-TRIM code. Using only two empirical parameters, the change of the shape of range distributions with growing dose as well as the formation of amorphous layers during ion bombardment can be simulated. One parameter describes the accumulation of amorphous pockets and depends on the target temperature. The other parameter is independent of temperature and models the onset of amorphization. Results of Crystal-TRIM calculations for B{sup +}, BF{sub 2}{sup +}, P{sup +}, and As{sup +} implantations are compared with a comprehensive set of experimental data on range and damage profiles obtained by secondary ion mass spectroscopy, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, andmore » channeling Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. In general, good agreement between simulations and measurements is found. « less
Experimental investigations and modelling of strain rate and temperature effects on the flow behaviour of 1045 steel

If structures have to be designed to sustain low and high loading rates, the appropriate constitutive equations are essential for the accurate modelling of the structural response. However, a lack of the required data is observed very often, especially, if a very wide range of strain rates has to be covered. Therefore, the flow behaviour of the steel 1045 (C45E) was investigated with defined chemical composition and microstructure in a very wide range of strain rates between 10 -4 and 10 5 1/s and different temperatures. The rate-dependent thermomechanical behaviour was determined using low strain rate (10 -4 to 10 0 1/s) servo-hydraulic compression testing, high strain rate (∼10 2 1/s and 10 3 1/s) compression drop weight testing and split Hopkinson pressure bar testing, and for very high strain rates (10 5 1/s) the plate-impact test. Additionally, strain rate jump tests at relatively low strain rates and different temperatures were performed to determine the activation volume at constant temperature and deformation. The measured flow stresses as well as the strain and strain rate hardening behaviour as a function of strain rate and test temperature are discussed in terms of the microstructural deformation processes. The theory of thermally activated flow is applied and compared to the widely used models like the Johnson-Cook model and a dislocation drag model. The occurrence of possible dislocation drag effects is discussed in conjunction with the measured data. Our results show, that the strain rate dependence of the flow stress of 1045 steel can be described completely by the theory of thermal activation up to strain rates of 10 5 1/s.
New Galloylated Flavonoid Glycosides from Geranium stepporum DAVIS

Two new galloylated flavonoid glycosides, quercetin-3-O-(3 ''-O-galloyl)-beta-glucopyranoside (1) and quercetin-3-O-(3 ''-O-galloyl)-beta-galactopyranoside (2) were isolated from the aerial parts of Geranium stepporum along with the four known flavonoids, quercetin 3-O-beta-glucopyranoside (3), quercetin 3-O-beta-galactopyranoside (4), quercetin 3-O-(6 ''-O-galloyl)-beta-glucopyrinoside (5) and quercetin 3-O-(6 ''-O-galloyl)-beta-galactopyranoside (6). The structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was accomplished by spectroscopic methods (UV, 1D- and 2D-NMR, and ESI-TOF-MS).
Morphology-controllable synthesis of tetragonal LaVO4 nanostructures

Nanostructured tetragonal LaVO4 with sheaf-like and prickly spherical morphologies has been hydrothermally synthesized with the assistance of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). In the hydrothermal process, EDTA not only acts as a chelating reagent to facilitate the formation of t-LaVO4, but also acts as a surface capping agent to adhere to the newly created surface and to promote the crystal splitting. t-LaVO4 nanostructures with different morphologies can be achieved by adjusting the molar ratio of EDTA/La3+, the concentration of La3+, and the total volume of the reaction mixture, which result in the change of the crystal growth rate. Nanostructured Eu3+-doped t-LaVO4 was also synthesized and showed intense red emission under near UV-light excitation.
Energy transfer studies on N2(X 1Σ+g,v) and N2(B 3Πg)

We have developed a novel discharge–flow technique for studying the quenching of N2(X 1Σ+g,v‘≥5) and N2(B 3Πg) by a variety of molecules. The technique involves adding small number densities of N2(A 3Σ+u) to a flow of N2(X,v) producing, thereby, N2(B). By comparing N2(B) fluorescence intensities generated when a quencher is added to the N2(X,v) flow 2–3 ms before N2(A) addition with intensities observed after the N2(X,v) and quencher have been mixed for times of 10–30 ms, we can separate the effects of N2(B) fluorescence quenching from effects of N2(X,v) quenching. Our results indicate that CH4, CO2, CO, O2, and N2O quench N2(B) at rates approaching gas kinetic while H2, N2, SF6, and CF4 are about ten times slower. Rate coefficients for N2(X,v‘≥5) quenching by H2 and N2 are on the order of 10−15 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, those for CO2, CH4, and CF4 roughly an order of magnitude faster, and CO and N2O yet another order of magnitude faster.
Comparison of the Crystals Obtained by Precipitation of CL‐20 with Different Chemical Purity

The precipitation of CL-20 with different chemical purity is presented herein. Studies have shown that the first crystallization of the crude CL-20 does not allow achieving the expected polymorphic purity and slightly increases chemical purity. Further precipitation processes result in gradual increase of the chemical purity about 1–2 % and in the improvement of the properties of crystals, i.e. density, polymorphic purity, and sensitivity to friction. This paper attempts a preliminary purification of the crude CL-20 with columns filled with activated charcoal. A material of high purity, obtained by this process, was used in the process of precipitation. As a result of the crystallization a sample of CL-20 was obtained with high chemical purity of 99.5 % and significantly reduced sensitivity to friction (128 N) and to impact (4 J). Additionally, samples of CL-20, recovered from the filtrate after crystallization with a chemical purity of about 88 %, were purified on columns filled with activated charcoal. In this process a significant amount of impurities was removed and the purity was increased to 96 %.
Rhynchophylline in rat blood by high-performance liquid chromatography-coupled microdialysis

Rhynchophylline (RHY) is a pharmacologically active substance isolated from Uncaria rhynchophylla which has been used to treat cardiovascular and central nervous system diseases. Microdialysis (MD) technique is a continuous, real-time sampling technique that is very suitable for the evaluation of drug disposition. The present study coupled an in vivoMD sampling method with reliable high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine free RHY in blood. MD probes were inserted into the jugular vein of rats, and blood dialysates were collected at 15-min time intervals for 8 h after intravenous administration of RHY (15 or 25 mg/kg). The method has been validated with good linearity, specificity, accuracy (RE 2.6 to 5.6%) and precision (98.96 to 100.57%) of MD probe recovery. RHY was chemically stable during storage and assay procedures. The pharmacokinetic parameters of unbound RHY were described as: The area under curve (119.96 ±19.29 min/μg/ml, 222.13 ± 27.60 min/μg/ml), T1/2 (46.17 ± 9.18 min, 47.97 ± 9.33 min), mean residence time (65.45 ± 9.15, 69.48 ± 9.45 min) and Cmax (1.55 ± 0.36, 2.62 ± 0.29 μg/ml). All PK parameters showed positive dose-dependent correlation. In addition, RHY showed a high degree of drug–protein binding. MD sampling may be valuable for pharmacokinetic studies of medicinal plants. Key words: Microdialysis sampling, rhynchophylline, pharmacokinetics, liquid chromatography, drug–protein binding rate.
Optimum Slag Composition for the Blast-Furnace Smelting of Titaniferous Ores

Abstract This work is the second part of an investigation aimed at gaining a wider knowledge of the problems met when smelting titaniferous iron ores in the blast furnace. Viscosity measurements of the lower melting slags in the lime-silica-titania-alumina system were studied in neutral atmos. and under reducing conditions. Slag thickening was found to take place in the presence of C. The thickening rate varied with the comp, basically and temp. of the slag. The optimum slag comp. was considered to be that of a slag whose viscosity did not exceed 5 poises after heating in the presence of C at 1500°C for at least 2 hrs.
A study on graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto jute fiber

A kinetic study of the graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto jute fiber using KMnO4–malonic acid redox initiator system has been made. Effects of the concentrations of malonic acid, monomer, and KMnO4 on graft yield have been studied. Besides, the effects of temperature, acid, and reaction medium, some inorganic salts on graft yield have been investigated. The most remarkable features of the investigation include the proposition of a mechanism, derivation of rate expression for the grafting process, and characterization of the grafted fiber by thermogravimetric analysis.
Inorganic Analogues of Graphene

The discovery of graphene has aroused great interest in the properties and phenomena exhibited by two-dimensional inorganic materials, especially when they comprise only a single, two or a few layers. Graphene-like MoS 2 and WS 2 have been prepared by chemical methods, and the materials have been characterized by electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and other methods. Boron nitride analogues of graphene have been obtained by a simple chemical procedure starting with boric acid and urea and have been characterized by various techniques that include surface area measurements. A new layered material with the composition BCN possessing a few layers and a large surface area discovered recently exhibits a large uptake of CO 2 .
Effect of chitosan-caraway coating on color stability and lipid oxidation of traditional dry fermented sausage

Chitosan, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature, after cellulose, has been tested for numerous applications, among which for edible film and coating. Chitosan-based coating showed positive results for shelf life prolongation of meet products. In this paper, dry fermented sausage (Petrovska klobasa) was coated with chitosan-caraway film. The effect of coating on the moisture content, color and lipid oxidation was investigated during a fivemonth period of storage. The moisture content decreased rapidly during the storage and the coating did not slow down the loss of moisture. The Lightness (L*) of the sausage surface increased by the coating application, while the redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) did not change. The coated sausages showed a better color stability of the sausage core through the storage time. Also, coated sausage showed a better oxidative stability till the 60th day of storage, while this difference was not detected at the end of the storage period. Apart from slowing down sausage drying during the storage, chitosan-caraway coating was effective in preserving the sausage quality. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR31032]
Composition of the Essential Oil of Stachys obtusicrena Boiss. from Iran

Abstract The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of Stachys obtusicrena Boiss. was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Eighty-three components were identified in the oil. Spathulenol (11.5%) and 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (6.8%) were the main compounds in the oil.
Block Copolymers of Vinyl Ethers as Thermo-Responsive Colloidal Stabilizers of Organic Pigments in Aqueous Media

The colloidal stability of the aqueous dispersions of hydrophobic organic pigments, CuPc and carbon black, stabilized by a wide range of polymer structures based on alkyl vinyl ethers was studied. It was shown that, unlike the homopolymers and the random copolymers, the amphiphilic AB, ABA and BAB block copolymers of MVE with IBVE or ODVE show stabilizing activities that depend on their hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance and polymer architecture. After optimization, the colloidal stabilization is competitive with commercial PEO-PPO block copolymers (Pluronic®). It was found that the sedimentation of the dispersions was much faster at a higher temperature, above the LCST of the PMVE-blocks. The loss of the stabilizing activity of the block copolymers correlates with an increase of the hydrophobicity of the treated pigment surface. These properties enable the creation of colloidal dispersions with stabilities that can be tuned as a function of temperature.
Production of Ultrafine Single‐Crystal Copper Wires through Electron Beam Irradiation of Cu‐containing Zeolite X

We report the controlled synthesis of bare, single-crystal copper nanowires, of high aspect ratio, through electron beam irradiation of copper-containing zeolite X. The precursor material was specially prepared from as-synthesized sodium zeolite X in a two stage process designed to maximize the number of copper ions bound within the zeolite. A high degree of experimental control over the copper wire length, its original location on the host crystallite and the crystal morphology has been achieved through judicious manipulation of the electron beam. Our results confirm that this promising new fabrication technique is not confined to silver but is applicable to other metals, which have previously been difficult to produce by other routes. Darstellung von Kupfer-Nanodrahten aus Cu-Zeolithen im Elektronenstrahl Es wird uber die Synthese von einkristallinen Kupfer-Nanodrahten aus Cu-Zeolithen mit hohem Aspektverhaltnis berichtet. Als Ausgangsmaterial dient ein Na-Zeolith, der in einem Zweistufenprozes zu einem Zeolith maximalen Cu-Gehalts uberfuhrt wird. Die Langen der Cu-Nanodrahte, deren Lokalisierung im Zeolith-Gerust und die Kristallmorphologie werden durch Variation des Elektronenstrahls stark beeinflust. Diese Methode ist neben Silber auch auf andere Metalle anwendbar.
Transformer based Automatic COVID-19 Fake News Detection System

Recent rapid technological advancements in online social networks such as Twitter have led to a great incline in spreading false information and fake news. Misinformation is especially prevalent in the ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, leading to individuals accepting bogus and potentially deleterious claims and articles. Quick detection of fake news can reduce the spread of panic and confusion among the public. For our analysis in this paper, we report a methodology to analyze the reliability of information shared on social media pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our best approach is based on an ensemble of three transformer models (BERT, ALBERT, and XLNET) to detecting fake news. This model was trained and evaluated in the context of the ConstraintAI 2021 shared task COVID19 Fake News Detection in English. Our system obtained 0.9855 f1-score on testset and ranked 5th among 160 teams.