Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of K on N Utilization by Spring Wheat During Grain Protein Formation1

Several researchers reported that high nitrogen rates for cereals require also an ample potassium supply in order to produce maximum grain yields. The physiological relationships between N and K in grain production are not yet completely understood. For this reason experiments have been carried out to study the effect of K on the translocation of N in wheat plants and its incorporation into the grains during the grain filling period. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. ‘Kolibri’) was gown in solution culture at two K levels throughout the growing period and at three N levels during the reproductive stage. Nitrogen was labeled ¹⁵N with the beginning of anthesis. Plants at the higher K rate produced more vegetative dry matter, higher grain yields, fewer unproductive tillers and improved translocation of N from the vegetative plant parts into the grain. Between 87.4 and 89.0~o of the N absorbed during the reproductive stage was present in the grain of plants which had received the higher K supply. In plants grown with the lower K level the percentage ranged from 78.9 to 81.0yo. This improved translocation of nitrogenous compounds from the various plant parts to the grain caused by K resulted mainly in higher contents of prolamin, glutelin, and soluble amino acids in the grain. For the content of albumin and globulin the reverse was true. All four grain protein fractions showed the same degree of N labeling indicating that none of the four protein fractions was preferably supplied by the N absorbed during the reproductive stage. The label of the soluble amino acids in the grain was lower than that of the grain proteins. It is assumed that at the last stage of grain filling a relatively high amount of N from senescing plant parts is exploited for grain filling, thus diluting the N taken up from the nutrient solution. The higher N levels applied during the reproductive stage had a negative rather than a positive effect on grain yield. The additional N increased mainly the content of soluble amino acids, prolamin, and glutelin in the grain.
Some Observations on the Biology of Tintinnopsis sp.

SYNOPSIS. Technics are described for isolating and maintaining Tintinnopsis sp. in vitro. The principal factors which have made cultivation possible appear to be low temperature, a mixture of live algal foods, and control of the bacteria in the medium. A constant supply of material in good physiologic condition is now available for nutritional and developmental studies.
Sorting between and within coalitions: the Italian case (2001–2008)

Abstract How do voters sort within an electoral coalition? Voting literatures on ideology, character valence, and issue ownership provide explanations for inter-coalition or inter-party voting, yet the coalition context remains understudied. Do voters in proportional coalition-based systems use the same ideological and issue-based heuristics ascribed to them in two-party systems that favor single-party government? Voting behavior in Italy in the 2000s is used to explore this question. This paper examines what motivates the voters of the large center-left and center-right coalitions, specifically whether ideology, economic issues, or other considerations lead voters to select their party of choice. Results indicate that, on average, voters select a coalition ideologically-proximal and deemed the more competent on issues, while they select a specific party based upon character and reputation issues. Findings thus suggest that voters sort for both coalition and party-specific reasons.
Leaf δ13C signatures in heath and lowland evergreen rain forest species from Borneo

Two contrasting forest formations (sensu Whitmore 1984), heath forest (HF) of a range of stature and tall lowland evergreen rain forest (LERF) occur frequently in close proximity in Borneo (Brtinig 1974). The two forest formations differ in floristic composition, stature and structure with the LERF being taller with emergent trees. One hypothesis to explain the striking differences between the two forest formations has been that the podsolized sandy soils of the HF (the LERF occurs on ultisols) together with the irregularly recurring periods of drought impose certain adaptation constraints on the component species of the HF (Richards 1996). Xeromorphic features such as small leaf size, high specific leaf weight and even canopy structure have been proposed by Brtinig (1974) as adaptive characters. The evidence presented so far to support the 'drought hypothesis' has been circumstantial (e.g. Becker & Wong 1993) and Proctor (1999) has argued that the main cause of HF is hydrogen ion toxicity in the very acid soils. Stomatal limitation of photosynthesis by drought is expected to result in higher than normal uptake of the heavier '3C isotope caused by decreased discrimination during drought (Farquhar et al. 1982). Therefore, isotopic signatures which integrate responses over the life-time of a leaf can be used to study the history of stomatal limitation. This paper describes the findings of a comparative study of the 8'3C signatures of some component species from a stand of short HF (c. 9 m tall) and tall LERF (c. 35 m). The study was carried out near the Barito Ulu Base Camp (1 14? 01'E
Híbridos de trifoliata como porta-enxertos para laranjeira Pêra

The Rangpur lime ( Citrus limonia ) has been used as the main rootstock for Pera sweet orange ( C. sinensis ) trees. However, its susceptibility to citrus blight and citrus sudden death has led to the use of disease-tolerant rootstocks, such as Cleopatra mandarin ( C. reshni ), Sunki mandarin ( C. sunki ) and Swingle citrumelo ( C. paradisi x Poncirus trifoliata ), which are more susceptible to drought than the Rangpur lime. These mandarin varieties are also less resistant to root rot caused by Phytophthora , and the Swingle citrumelo showed to be incompatible with the Pera sweet orange. In search of new rootstock varieties, this study aimed at assessing the fruit precocity and yield, susceptibility to tristeza and blight and occurrence of incompatibility of Pera sweet orange trees grafted on 12 trifoliate hybrids, on Rangpur lime EEL and Goutou sour orange, without irrigation. Tristeza and blight are endemic in the experimental area. The Sunki x English (1628) and Changsha x English Small (1710) citrandarins and two other selections of Cleopatra x Rubidoux provided the highest cumulative yields, in the first three crops and in the total of six crops evaluated. The Cleopatra x Rubidoux (1660) and Sunki x Benecke (1697) citrandarins induced early yield, while the Cravo x Swingle citromonia and C-13 citrange induced later yield. None of the rootstock varieties caused alternate bearing. Pera sweet orange trees grafted on Swingle citrumelo, Cleopatra x Swingle (1654) citrandarin and on two selections of Rangpur lime x Carrizo citrange showed bud-union-ring symptoms of incompatibility. None of the plants presented symptoms of tristeza or blight.
The Intention of Using Cell Phones In Digital Banking Service Base on External Factors and Internal Factors

The growing of digital services in the world of banking and the use of cellular telephones by customers, banks provide services in the form of phone and SMS banking that makes it easier for customers to transaction. The existence of digital banking makes it easy and saves time in making transactions. The purpose of this study was to examine the intention of using cell phones in digital banking services base on external factors (easiness, benefit, trust and risk) and internal factors (self efficacy and locus of control). This research model is prepared based on the concept of risk perception and behavior. Respondents in this study were 98 respondents that consist of students and employees. The sampling technique is non-random sampling. SEM model analysis techniques (structural equation model) with the help of the Lisrell 8.7 program. The results of this study indicate that the data obtained in accordance with the proposed model for both internal and external factors influence the intention of using cell phones for digital banking services.
Relay-intercropping of sunnhemp and cowpea into a smallholder maize system in Zimbabwe

The rising real prices of purchased inputs is driving smallholder maize (Zea mays L.) production towards lower levels of inorganic fertilizer. Legume intercrops are a source of plant N that can be produced locally and offer a practical complement to inorganic fertilizers. Field experiments conducted on a loamy sand (Typic Kandiustalf) soil evaluated the impact of relay-intercropping two legume crops, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and sunnhemp (Crotolaria juncea L.) into smallholder maize in Zimbabwe. The objectives were to quantify: (i) biomass and N yield of intercropped legumes, (ii) the impact of the legumes on companion maize yield and N uptake, and (iii) the response of a subsequent maize crop to legumes. Dry matter yield ranged from 0.6 to 4.6 Mg ha -1 for cowpea and 0.9 to 2.9 Mg ha -1 for sunnhemp, over two years. At the most, cowpea and sunnhemp produced 154 and 82 kg N ha -1 , respectively. Companion maize grain yields were not reduced when the legumes were relay-intercropped into maize fertilized at 0 to 60 kg N ha -1 . However, maize yields were reduced 18 to 31% when maize + legume intercrops were fertilized at 120 kg N ha -1 . In the subsequent year, maize grain yields were increased by 8 to 27% following maize + legume when no fertilizer N was applied, compared with maize following maize. Legumes reduced fertilizer needs of a subsequent maize crop by 36 kg N ha -1 . Intercropped annual legumes and small amounts of inorganic fertilizer offers a strategy to meet the N needs on smallholder farms.
The aerobic stability of silage: key findings and recent developments

When silage is exposed to air on opening the silo, or after its removal from the silo, fermentation acids and other substrates are oxidized by aerobic bacteria, yeasts and moulds. The aerobic stability of silage is a key factor in ensuring that silage provides well-preserved nutrients to the animal with minimal amounts of mould spores and toxins. In this paper, key findings and recent developments are reviewed, and findings of recent research are integrated in terms of four themes: (i) the most significant biochemical and microbiological factors, (ii) physical and management factors, (iii) type of additive and (iv) silo sealing. The development of yeasts and moulds during plant growth, and during field wilting or storage, and the concentration of undissociated acetic acid in silage are important microbiological and biochemical factors affecting aerobic stability. Silage density and porosity are key physical factors that affect the rate of ingress of oxygen into the silage mass during the feed-out period. A target for potential silage aerobic stability is 7 d including time in the feed trough. To achieve this target, speed of harvest should be coordinated with packing tractor weight to achieve a minimum silage density by the time of feed-out of 210 kg DM m−3, maximum proportional porosity of 0·4 and a rate of silage removal, which matches or exceeds the depth of air penetration into the silo. The use of additives to increase aerobic stability is advisable when there is the risk of these objectives not being met. Novel microbial approaches to solving the problem of silage aerobic deterioration are needed.
An Objective Identification and Climatology of Upper-Tropospheric Jets near Atlantic Tropical Cyclones

An objective algorithm is developed for identifying jets in 200-hPa flow and applied to reanalysis data within 2000 km of Atlantic tropical cyclones (TCs) during 1979–2015. The resulting set of 16 512 jets is analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively to describe the climatology of TC–jet configurations and jet behavior near TCs. Jets occur most commonly poleward of TCs within the 500–1000-km annulus, where TC outflow amplifies the background potential vorticity gradient. A rigorous clustering analysis is performed, resulting in statistically distinct clusters of jet traces that correspond to common configurations of large-scale flow near Atlantic TCs. The speed structure of westerly jets poleward of TCs is found to vary with location in the Atlantic basin, but acceleration of jets downstream of their closest approach to the TC due to interaction with the TC’s diabatic outflow is a consistent feature of these structures. In addition to the climatology developed here, this objectively constructed dataset of upper-tropospheric jets opens unique avenues for exploring TC–environment interactions and utilizing jets to quantitatively describe large-scale flow.
DATURA STRAMONIUM ALLELOCHEMICALS: LONGEVITY IN SOIL, AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL EFFECTS ON ROOT TIP CELLS OF HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.

Summary Allelopathic alkaloids from Datura stramonium seeds remained phytotoxic to Helianthus annuus for 15 weeks in soil under field conditions. Studies using transmission electron microscopy showed that these alkaloids retarded the metabolism of food reserves, particularly starch, in germinating H. annuus seeds. Structural damage to cells and organelles was not apparent.
Toxicity of Diafenthiuron and Imidacloprid to the Predatory Bug Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Susceptibility of the predatory pentatomid the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say), to diafenthiuron and imidacloprid was investigated in the laboratory. Adults and 5th-instar nymphs were exposed to formulated materials of each compound by direct topical exposure, residual contact, and ingestion. The effects of sublethal doses were also evaluated. Diafenthiuron was practically nontoxic to P. maculiventris when applied topically. However, both ingestion and residual contact caused severe mortality. In general, adults were more sensitive to diafenthiuron than 5th-instar nymphs. For imidacloprid, toxicity decreased in order of topical exposure > ingestion > residual contact. Treatment with a sublethal concentration of diafenthiuron caused a high mortality rate during the 2 wk of treatment. Oviposition and egg hatch were not affected when treating female adults. Our data suggest that the use of these products, in combination with P. maculiventris in an integrated management program, should be carefully evaluated.
Effect of Supplementation of Drinking Water with Different Levels of Boron on Performance and Immune Organ Parameters of Broilers

This study was performed to investigate changes in growth performance, immune organs weight and microstructure of broilers fed different levels of boron (0, 100, 200 and 400 mg/L) in drinking water for 6 weeks. A total of 240 newly-hatched Gushi chickens [body weight (BW)=34±2 kg; male: female=1:1] were equally divided into 4 treatments with 5 pens each (n=12 per pen). The birds were weighed after fasting for 12 h every two weeks until the end of experiment. The thymus, bursa and spleen samples were collected every two weeks and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde phosphate buffer at room temperature (25°C). Results showed that BW and average daily gain significantly reduced by addition of 200 and 400 mg/L boron to drinking water compared to control group (P<0.05 or <0.01). Compared to controls, the thymus index of broilers fed 100 mg/L boron increased significantly from 4th to 6th week of age (P<0.05), whereas the weight and immune organs index of broilers fed 400 mg/L boron decreased significantly every week (P<0.05 or <0.01). Microscopic observation showed that the structure of immune organs of broilers fed 100 mg/L boron was well developed from 4th to 6th week of age, and that of broilers fed 200 and 400 mg/L boron was damaged every week. The present study suggests that appropriate supplements of boron (<100 mg/L) could improve the growth of immune organs in broilers after 4 weeks. However, high doses of boron (>200 mg/L) could significantly inhibit the growth of immune organs and even exhibit toxic effects.
Pellicle structure in Euglena

Abstract The pellicle of Euglena has been investigated by anoptral and phase contrast light microscopy, and by electron microscopy of osmium-fixed, Epon-embedded, lead-stained sections and of carbon/platinum replicas. Observations on living cells show that the pellicular striatiors of Euglena spirogyra trace a left-handed (S) helix in a majority of cells, and a right-handed (Z) helix in only 5 to 30% of the cells in any one culture. All cells of E. spirogyra var. fusca have a left-handed (S) helix. Ornamentation on the pellicle takes the form of rows of knobs in various patterns. The living pellicle can be dissociated into long flat strips. Electron microscopy shows that each pellicular strip has an elaborate cross-sectional shape, features of which are accessory teeth and ribs and a continuous ridge which articulates in a groove running along the edge of the next strip. The strips can move against one another, presumably by the ridges sliding in the grooves, and it is suggested that the joints might be l.
Do you hear what I hear? Implications of detector selection for acoustic monitoring of bats

The probability of detecting the echolocation calls of bats is affected by the strength of the signal as well as the directionality and frequency response of the acoustic detectors. Regardless of the research question, it is important to quantify variation in recording system performance and its impacts on bat detection results. The purpose of this study was to compare the detection of echolocation calls among five commonly used bat detectors: AnaBat SD2 (Titley Scientific), Avisoft UltraSoundGate 116 CM16/CMPA (Avisoft Bioacoustics), Batcorder 2·0 (ecoObs), Batlogger (Elekon AG) and Song Meter SM2BAT (Wildlife Acoustics). We used playback of synthetic calls to optimize detection settings for each system. We then played synthetic signals at four frequencies (25, 55, 85 and 115 kHz) at 5‐m intervals (5–40 m) and three angles (0°, 45°, 90°) from the detectors. Finally, we recorded free‐flying bats (Lasiurus cinereus), comparing the number of calls detected by each detector. Detection was most affected by the frequency dominating the signal and the distance from the source. The effect of angle was less apparent. In the synthetic signal experiment, Avisoft and Batlogger outperformed other detectors, while Batcorder and Song Meter performed similarly. Batlogger performed better than the other detectors at angles off‐centre (45° and 90°). AnaBat detected the fewest signals and none at 85 kHz or 115 kHz. Avisoft detected the most signals. In the free‐flying bat experiment, Batlogger recorded 93% of calls relative to Avisoft, while AnaBat, Batcorder and Song Meter recorded 40–50% of the calls detected by Avisoft. Numerous factors contribute to variation in data sets from acoustic monitoring; our results demonstrate that choice of detector plays a role in this variation. Differences among detectors make it difficult to compare data sets obtained with different systems. Therefore, the choice of detector should be taken into account in designing studies and considering bat activity levels among studies using different detectors.
Palynomorphs and Age Characterization of Rock Succession in Well X-1, OML 108, Offshore Niger Delta Nigeria

Palynological studies in Nigeria are mainly confined to the Tertiary Niger Delta, where several studies have been carried out for the discovery of natural oil and gas in this particular basin during late 1950s. The accuracy and profitability of the exploration process can be enhanced by the micropaleontological monitoring through the palynological analysis of ditch cuttings for age determination. Fifty ditch cutting samples from intervals 8040 ft and 11010 ft of Well X-1, OML 108, Ukpokiti field, offshore Niger Delta Nigeria were analyzed for their palynofloral content, in a view to establish the biozonation framework for the purpose of age characterization of the rock succession. Palynological sample processing and analysis followed standard methods of treatments with different concentrations of Hydrochloric acid, Hydrofluoric acid and organic acid for digestion of carbonates, removal of silicates and washing or centrifuging for concentration of the palynomorphs respectively in order to liberate the palynomorphs from the extraneous organic matter in the rock matrix. The palynofloral analysis yielded a total number of forty-three (43) pollen, seven (7) spores and one dinoflagellate cyst, from which four subzones based on palynofloral assemblage of marker species, their stratigraphic tops and base including their abundance and diversity were recognized. Original Research Article Asadu and Odumoso; JGEESI, 24(3): 32-41, 2020; Article no.JGEESI. 56308 33 The zones are from youngest to oldest: Stereisporites sp, Racemonocolpiteshians, Verrutricolporitesrotundiporus and Retibrevitricolporitesobodoensis/protundens zones corresponding with pollen sub zones:P850-830, P820, P780 and P770respectively, indicatingLate Miocene to Middle Miocene age. In conclusion, the palyno – zones of this study compare well with the pollen zones of [3], therefore shows that the rock succession was deposited during the Middle to Late Miocene epoch.
Effects of a Reading Intervention Implemented at Differing Intensities for Upper Elementary Students

Students with disabilities who display severe reading difficulties may require intensive interventions in order to make progress. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of a multicomponent reading intervention implemented at two different intensities, in two separate randomized control trials, for a subset of fourth–grade students who displayed severe reading difficulties, and who had or were at risk for disabilities. We use multilevel models to examine the effect of a standard, less intensive implementation in Study 1, and of a more intensive implementation in Study 2, relative to typical school services. Analyses revealed no significant effects of treatment for the standard, less intensive implementation in Study 1. Significant effects for word reading and word reading fluency outcomes for students assigned to receive the intensive implementation were noted in Study 2. Implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
Self-organised patchiness and scale-dependent bio-geomorphic feedbacks in aquatic river vegetation

Spatial self-organisation of ecosystems is the process by which large-scale ordered spatial patterns emerge from disordered initial conditions through local feedbacks between organisms and their environment. Such process is considered important for ecosystem functioning, providing increased productivity, resistance and resilience against environmental change. Although spatial self-organisation has been found for an increasing number of ecosystems, it has never been shown so far for aquatic river vegetation. Here we explore the existence of spatial self-organisation of freshwater macrophyte patches in a typical lowland river (Belgium), showing that the underlying mechanisms for pattern formation are scale-dependent feedbacks between plant growth, water flow and local river bed erosion and sedimentation. The mapping of vegetation patches showed that the frequency distribution of patch sizes is governed by a power-law function, suggesting that the patches are self-organised. Scale-dependent feedbacks, likely to lead to this self-organised pattern, were demonstrated with a mimic experiment. Both positive and negative feedbacks on plants were confirmed by a transplantation experiment. Placing vegetation patch mimics in the river showed experimentally that on a short range (within and behind the mimics) flow reduction and increased sedimentation occurred, while on a larger range (next to patches) the flow was accelerated and decreased sedimentation took place. By transplanting macrophytes within, next to and further away from existing patches, it was proven that the conditions within the patches favoured the survival and growth of transplants (i.e. short-range positive feedback), while the conditions just next to patches led to decreased survival and growth (i.e. long-range negative feedback).