Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ballistics: Theory and Design of Guns and Ammunition, Second Edition

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Spatial Analysis of Climate variability and Change in the Great Ethiopian Rift Valley Basins

The generally high temporal and spatial climate variability and change in most parts of Ethiopia, where rainfed farming is the main form of crop production, has been the main cause of food insecurity in significant areas of the country. Spatial variations in selected climate variables were investigated for the great Rift Valley regions of Ethiopia during the baseline (1981-2010) and projected (2021-2100) periods. Baseline climate data from 16 stations that represent different agroecology were obtained from National Meteorology Agency of Ethiopia (NMA) (http://www.ethiomet.gov.et). Corresponding projected data grided over 0. 5ᵒ X 0. 5ᵒ were retrieved from eight GCM-RCM combinations under two Representative concentration pathways (RCPs) from CORDEX database (http://www.cordex.org). First order Markov chain model was used for missing rainfall data filling. Coefficient of variation and standardized anomaly index descriptors were used in the analysis of climate data for each station. Spatial maps were then generated from station values using the ordinary kriging method of interpolation. The result indicated that rainfall of the study basins showed both spatial and temporal variabilities. The total annual rainfall showed variation in the year-to-year variability ranging from low in the southern half to high in the northern half of the basins. Seasonal rainfall showed high to very high variability which is challenging to rainfed agriculture. For the projected periods, majority of the climate models projected a decline in annual rainfall and increase in temperature. HadGEM2-ES_RCA4 model simulation suggested precipitation change varying from +4.2 to -16% and +3.8 to -18% for near period under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios, respectively. Mean temperature is projected to rise from +0.7 to +1.25 ºC under RCP4.5 to +0.9 to +1.6 ºC under RCP8.5 across the GRVB in the near future and further warming was projected in the mid and end centuries. Rainfed crop production in the region, which is already impacted by the current climate variability, is likely to be further challenged with future climate change. As a consequence, specific impact -based adaptation strategies are essential to reduce the vulnerability of rainfed crop production in the area.
Cloning of long sterile lemma (lsl2), a single recessive gene regulating spike germination in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Background: Rice is a typical monocotyledonous plant and an important cereal crop. The structural units of rice flowers are spikelets and florets, and floral organ development and spike germination affect rice reproduction and yield.Results: In this study, we identified a novel long sterile lemma (lsl2) mutant from an EMS population. First, we mapped the lsl2 gene between the markers Indel7-22 and Indel7-27, which encompasses a 25-kb region. The rice genome annotation indicated the presence of four candidate genes in this region. Through gene prediction and cDNA sequencing, we confirmed that the target gene in the lsl2 mutant is allelic to LONG STERILE LEMMA1 (G1)/ELONGATED EMPTY GLUME (ELE), hereafter referred to as lsl2. Further analysis of the lsl2 and LSL2 proteins showed a one-amino-acid change, namely, the mutation of serine (Ser) 79 to proline (Pro) in lsl2 compared with LSL2, and this mutation might change the function of the protein. Knockout experiments showed that the lsl2 gene is responsible for the long sterile lemma phenotype. The lsl2 gene might reduce the damage induced by spike germination by decreasing the seed germination rate, but other agronomic traits of rice were not changed in the lsl2 mutant. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the lsl2 gene will have specific application prospects in future rice breeding.Conclusions: The lsl2 gene is responsible for the long sterile lemma phenotype and might reduce the damage induced by spike germination by decreasing the seed germination rate.
PAVEMENT SLIPPERINESS IN TENNESSEE

THROUGHOUT MOST OF THE THREE-YEAR STUDY, SLIPPERINESS WAS MEASURED THROUGH THE USE OF A TWO-WHEEL TRAILER. AS A PRELIMINARY TO THE MAJOR INVESTIGATION, COMPARISONS WERE MADE OF SLIPPERINESS OF WET AND DRY PAVEMENTS, CLEAN AND DIRTY PAVEMENTS, AND SMOOTH AND RIBBED TREAD TIRES. IN ADDITION, THE EFFECT OF LOAD ON THE SLIDING WHEEL AND OF PAVEMENT AND TIRE TEMPERATURES WAS INVESTIGATED. A NUMBER OF PAVEMENTS WERE TESTED FOR ACTUAL STOPPING DISTANCE WITH AN AUTOMOBILE. A COMPARISON OF THE TWO METHODS OF TEST, TRAILER AND AUTOMOBILE, IS SHOWN. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT A MAJOR CAUSE OF PAVEMENT SLIPPERINESS IN TENNESSEE IS THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CERTAIN LIMESTONE AGGREGATES TO POLISH UNDER THE ACTION OF TRAFFIC. IT IS ALSO CONCLUDED THAT WHERE SUCH AGGREGATES ARE USED IN PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS THESE PAVEMENTS HAVE THE SAME POTENTIAL FOR BECOMING SLIPPERY AS DO BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS CONTAINING THE AGGREGATES. IT IS APPRECIATED THAT THE POLISHING ACTION WILL TAKE A CONSIDERABLY LONGER TIME IN THE CASE OF THE CONCRETE PAVEMENTS THAN THE BITUMINOUS ONES. WITHIN THE LIMITATIONS OF THE EQUIPMENT EMPLOYED, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT STOPPING-DISTANCE TESTS PERFORMED ON A SERIES OF PAVEMENTS WILL RATE THEM WITH RESPECT TO SLIPPERINESS IN ESSENTIALLY THE SAME ORDER AS SKID TRAILER TESTS, PROVIDED SIMILAR TIRES ARE EMPLOYED AND THE TEST CONDITIONS STANDARDIZED TO THE GREATEST POSSIBLE DEGREE. /AUTHOR/
High-speed wireless ATM and LANs

From the Publisher: Understand the technological issues associated with wireless local area networks (WLANs) as a means of providing cable-free data access, easy upgrading and flexible reconfiguration compared to the extensive multimedia and intensive application support provided by terrestrial and satellite asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks using this new resource. You see the benefits and the issues related to developing wireless ATM and get a comprehensive overview of both WLAN and WATM technologies, as well as their global standards, performance evaluations of the two network options, and the pros and cons of each, written by an acknowledged expert in the fields of wireless communications and high-speed networking. Designed to provide a survey of requirements for third-generation wireless networks, Wireless Local and ATM Networks discusses how WLANs offer great flexibility, and simple methods for reconfiguring or expanding networks without much expense or redesign, making upgrades inexpensive and easy. It also depicts how ATM is capable of supporting precise and demanding applications, including today's most intense multimedia functions, and it explores the technical issues related to extending ATM from wireline to wireless environments. Current ATM standards have been developed dependent upon high data rates and reliable transmission links, which today's wireless channels' narrow bandwidth and high error rates cannot provide. Containing a review of new IEEE 802.11 and HIPERLAN standards for WLANs, and an examination of progress being made on standards development for wireless ATM, this timely book is an essential addition to the library of data and telecommunicationsnetwork engineers, cellular planners and designers, researchers, and post-graduate students of wireless networking technology. It also includes real-world performance reviews of existing WLANs.
The Impact of Software Team Project Measurements on Students' Performance in Software Engineering Education

It is essential to the software engineering instructors to monitor the students' performance in their course projects. Detecting key measures of software engineering project helps to get a better assessment for students' performance, resolve difficulties of low expectation-team's, and consequently improves the overall learning outcomes. Several studies attempted to present the important measures of software project but they only captured the early phases of the whole project time period. This paper introduces a hybrid approach of classification and feature selection techniques, which aims to comprehensively cover all phases of software development through investigating all product and process measures of software project. Experiments were conducted using five classifiers and two feature selection techniques. The results show the significant process and product measures for the software engineering team projects, which primarily improves the students' performance assessment. The performance prediction of our proposed assessment model outperforms prediction of the previous models.
Journal of Ecology and The Natural Environment

The Bandama River contributes essentially to the well-being of the Ivorian population. Unfortunately its biodiversity is strongly threatened by human activities. In order to assess the water quality of the Bandama River and its impact on fish fauna, a scientific study was carried out from March 2019 to February 2020 in its estuarine zone. Thus, the physico-chemical variables of the water, the contents of Pb, Mn, Fe, Cd and Hg in the water and sediment matrices were measured in the three stations defined for the study. Twenty fish species were selected to assess the level of ecological stress observed on the fish fauna. The analysis of the water variables revealed a fairly oxygenated watercourse with temperature above 25°C, acidic pH, high conductivity and salinity above 10‰. The analysis of heavy metal contents revealed a high enrichment of the Bandama estuary in Mn and Hg due to human activities in the whole catchment area. Ecological stress data indicated high fish stress with negative allometric growth for most economically important fish collected in the Grand-Lahou area. Awareness raising among local communities and management measures should be implemented for the conservation of aquatic species in this freshwater Key Biodiversity Area.
High Speed Rail and Sustainability

While transport systems bring enormous benefits to society providing access and mobility that are essential for modern societies and economic growth, transport activities have many undesirable external impacts as well, such as CO2 emissions, congestion, accidents, land use and many more. Simultaneously, the transport sector will face many challenges in the future such as urbanization, demographic development, and the scarcity of natural resources, as well as increases in energy and oil prices. Meanwhile, the increase in travel demand could lead to overcrowded airports, delayed flights and congested roads. Therefore, the urge to fight these challenges is pushing economies toward more efficient, and sustainable, solutions. Rail, and particularly High Speed Rail (HSR), is a vital means to meeting these challenges and contributing to sustainable mobility development. It is clearly shown in a background paper to this report that HSR is still more environmentally friendly, even when considering the construction of the tracks and rolling stock in a full life cycle perspective. Thus, compared to other transport infrastructure or transport modes, estimating the impacts during the full life cycle doesn’t change the low environmental impact of the HSR This publication is launched by UIC, the International Union of Railways, which is particularly interested in promoting sustainable mobility and transport and has issued a declaration to that effect.
Using electronic information resources: a study of end-user training needs and methods in selected public university libraries in Malaysia

This research investigated the library end-users' perceptions of their training needs in relation to using the electronic information resources in selected public universities in Malaysia. It also investigated the training methods preferred by end-users in learning how to use electronic information resources. The subjects of the study were university students and academic staff from three selected public universities in Malaysia. They comprised 433 students and 223 academic staff. This study employed both quantitative and qualitative methods. The main data was gathered through self-administered questionnaires, while the supplementary data was gathered through face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Opinions from the librarians responsible for end-user training at the three university libraries were also sought through face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Comparisons were made between the two groups of end-users, namely, students and academic staff in areas related to the problems of the study. Appropriate non-parametric statistical techniques such as cross-tabulation, chisquare test, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman correlation test were applied in analysing the data measured at both nominal and ordinal scales. Among the major findings were: (1) a statistically significant differences were found between students and academic staff in terms of knowledge and ability in using electronic information resources. Many academic staff were more knowledgable and able to use electronic information resources than students. However, concerning knowledge in using certain IT facilities, many more students than academic staff knew how to use them; and (2) both students and academic staff preferred one-to-one training methods as their first choice. With regard to the second choice of training method, students preferred computerassisted instruction (CAI), while academic staff preferred library workshops with hands-on training. Recommendations based on the research findings were made.
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT OF DRIVER ROUTE DIVERSION IN RESPONSE TO IN-VEHICLE NAVIGATION AND MOTORIST INFORMATION SYSTEMS

A laboratory investigation of driver use of in-vehicle navigation systems is described in this paper. This study is the first phase of a two part project in which the second phase will apply the driver behavior data to a traffic simulation model. The objective of the driver behavior experiment was to compare the effect of four navigation systems on driver diversion decisions when faced with traffic congestion. Three of the systems were developed on the basis of a heading-up map display. These systems varied from a basic map with vehicle position information to a highly complex map with position, congestion, and route guidance information. The fourth system consisted of simplified symbolic directions and distance to change information. The experiment simulated typical freeway trips using sequences of slides of real freeway scenes and auditory feedback controlled by a computer. Drivers were presented information on traffic congestion, vehicle speed and guide signs of off-ramps, and were motivated with monetary rewards and penalties to encourage diversion decisions that would minimize trip travel delays. In addition to several in-vehicle navigation system configurations, experimental variables included driver route familiarity, age group, and either commercial or noncommercial driving experience. The results showed that navigation system characteristics can have a significant effect on driver diversion behavior, with better systems allowing more anticipation of traffic congestion. This result was found over several different levels of congestion. Driver age also was a factor, with old drivers more reluctant to divert from the main freeway route. Route familiarity, commercial driving experience, and gender group variables were not significant factors in driver diversion decision making.
COMPARISON OF POMELO (CITRUS MAXIMA) GROWN IN CHINA AND THAILAND

Pomelo is a member of the genus Citrus that is a key contributor to the breeding of modern citrus cultivars. China is the largest producer of pomelo and one of the top five pomelo exporting countries. Pomelos from Thailand are also wellknown for their excellent quality and flavor and are ranked in the top ten export countries. This review introduces pomelo planting locations and conditions in China and Thailand. The characteristics and qualities of some commercial pomelo cultivars in China and Thailand are summarized to introduce them to international consumers and to document their similarities and dissimilarities. Data on bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity are also included for most Chinese and Thai pomelos to highlight how they differ in this aspect because consumers are increasingly interested in healthier foods. In addition, the sensory perception in terms of aroma, flavor, texture and taste attributes, consumer perspective and preferences are discussed. © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Higher Education Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
A statistical model of looming detection

Looming detection plays a substantial role in headway control. One philosophy of designing car following systems is to base their characteristics on those of a highly attentive experienced driver. This requires a model of a driver's perceptual limitations in judging distance changes to a preceding vehicle. Experimental data is collected to explore these limitations and initiate development of a statistical model of looming detection. Three processes are distinguished in the model: (i) target size is perceived with a multiplicative uncertainty on the visual angle subtended by the target; (ii) during initial exposure of a stationary target, this uncertainty decreases as the result of a noise integration process, while simultaneously; (iii) the uncertainty increases due to a memory fading process. For a wide variety of looming conditions, observed and model-predicted detection times (up to six seconds) as well as their distributions are shown to match well. The model computes the time it takes for the target's changing visual angle to differ significantly from the subject's noisy dynamic internal representation of the initial target size. Furthermore, the effect of radial flow is shown to increase perceptual noise, strengthen the benefit of prolonged noise integration, and increase memory fading. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E106152.
Human Performance Evaluation of Light Vehicle Brake Assist Systems: Final Report

The Brake Assist System (BAS) is a safety feature that supplements drivers’ inadequate braking force during panic braking maneuvers upon the detection of a rapid brake pedal application. This report presents an evaluation of drivers’ panic braking performance using BAS. Two vehicles with electronic BASs were selected: a 2006 Mercedes-Benz R350 and a 2007 Volvo S80. Sixty-four participants, balanced for age and gender, drove one of the instrumented vehicles at 45 mph and stopped at an unexpected barricade. Following debriefing, drivers performed another braking maneuver at the barricade, were shown how to perform a hard stop, and performed hard-braking maneuvers in which BAS was either enabled or disabled. Twenty-eight percent of drivers activated BAS subsequent to the demonstration. In the most conservative analysis, where the effect of BAS activation was isolated from driver panic-braking variability, it was found that BAS-active stopping distances were on average 1.43 ft (s.e. = 1.19 ft) shorter than BAS-disabled stopping distances. Yet, two drivers, who differed in age, sex, and vehicle driven, exhibited reductions in stopping distance exceeding 10 ft. Overall, the as-tested BAS has potential safety benefit that could be accrued from reduced stopping distance, but were not realized in this evaluation. Moreover, BAS implementations that do not completely rely on the driver may offer greater safety benefits.
FREEWAY LANE CLOSURES

FREEWAY LANE CLOSURES ARE REQUIRED FOR NUMEROUS REASONS SUCH AS PLACING PAVEMENT MARKERS, STRIPING, REPLACEMENT OF GUARD RAIL, REPAIR OF MEDIAN BARRIER, PAVEMENT REPAIR, ETC. AS THE FREEWAY SYSTEM CONTINUES TO GROW, THE FREQUENCY OF LANE CLOSURES PROBABLY WILL INCREASE. IN METROPOLITAN AREAS LIKE LOS ANGELES THE REDUCTION IN CAPACITY WILL UNDOUBTEDLY CAUSE SOME CONGESTION. THE OUTLINED PROCEDURE WILL ENABLE FIELD PERSONNEL TO SCHEDULE LANE CLOSURES AT A TIME WHEN THEY WILL CAUSE THE LEAST INCONVENIENCE TO TRAFFIC. IF CONGESTION DEVELOPS, IT WILL ALSO GIVE FIELD PERSONNEL A TOOL FOR EVALUATING THE EXTENT OF DELAY TO THE MOTORIST. THIS WILL PROVIDE OBJECTIVE DATA FOR MAKING DECISIONS ON SUSPENDING WORK AND RE-SCHEDULING OPERATIONS. /AUTHOR/
Modelling a complex give-way situation: AIMSUN vs LINSIG [roundabout]

This paper reports on an extensive traffic modelling of the most complex roundabout in Adelaide which formed the key part of a safety and efficiency improvement concept. Both AIMSUN and LINSIG models were constructed to help concept development and to provide reliable inputs to benefitncost analysis. The most difficult task of the modelling was to have valid base case models that represent existing peak hour traffic operation of the roundabout. The initial modelling results identified the key issues concerning the existing roundabout operation. However, both the AIMSUN and LINSIG models failed to replicate traffic performance in terms of delay and queuing. The non-standard nature of the five-arm roundabout and the resultant unusual give-way behaviour challenged the ability of both modelling tools. The key challenge to the LINSIG model was how to capture the entryncirculating flow relationship of an unconventional give-way arrangement of the roundabout. In contrast, how to reproduce the very aggressive vehicle behaviour that breaks the normal give-way rule was the focus of the AIMSUN model calibration. In addition, to perform a fair comparison of the existing conditions and proposed future scenarios (i.e. improved geometry design with simplified give-way arrangement), the calibrated parameters of the valid base models had to be changed in the scenario models, which contradicted the normal practice of model development and calibration. Lessons learned from this modelling process would be beneficial to both the modellers, who are responsible for the validity of traffic models, and the decision makers, who use modelling results to inform major decisions.