Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Computing Perplexity Values for Under-resourced Languages using n-gram and Deep Learning Approaches

The interactions between computers and human language, through the approach called natural languages processing, need a very good model describing the language and a large amount of data. But for under-resourcedlanguages, however due to lack of resources (texts resources), it becomes challenging to devise a good model adapted for minority languages. To cope with this issue, in this paper, we focus on the collection of data for the construction of a language model adapted to poorly endowed languages. Firstly, we describe the concept of under-resourced languages and difficulties related to the digital processing of those languages. To illustrate our model, we collect some text data of Tpuri an African language spoken in Cameroon and Chad. For the collection, we used diverse sources like existing printed documents. Our dataset contains 1640128 words and 108553 sentences. With the collected dataset, two main stemming approaches(n-gram and recurrent neural network)have been evaluated. The perplexity values have been computed in order to judge how good language model is according to the characteristics of under-resourced languages. For the statistical n-gram language model, we obtainedthe perplexity valueof 420.01 for bigram and 270.45 for trigram. Relying on a linear interpolation with λ s= [0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.2], a best perplexity value of 56.74 could be determined. We also obtained a best perplexity equal to 47.21 with Laplace smoothing using 4-grams, when λ has a value of 0.03. Implementing a recurrent neural network model using the multilayer perceptron (long short-term memory), we obtain a perplexity value of 77.18 which is to be considered as a better result.
Savings Constraints and Microenterprise Development : Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya

To what extent does the lack of access to formal nancial services impede business growth in low-income countries? While most research on this issue has so far focused on credit market failures, this paper focuses on the role of access to formal saving services. We conducted a eld experiment in which a randomly selected sample of self-employed individuals in rural Kenya got access to an interest-free bank account. As the bank charged substantial withdrawal fees, the de facto interest rate on the account was negative. Despite this, take-up and usage of the account was high among market vendors, especially women. Access to an account had a substantial, positive impact on levels of productive investments among market women, and, within 6 months, led to higher income levels, as proxied by expenditures. These results imply that a substantial fraction of women entrepreneurs have di¢ culty saving and investing as much as they would like, and have a demand for formal saving devices  even those that o¤er negative interest rates. Our results also imply a relatively high rate of return to capital for the women in our sample, estimated at 5.5% per month at the median. JEL Codes: O12, G21, L26 Keywords: Financial Services, Investment, Poverty Alleviation, Women. For helpful discussions and suggestions, we are grateful to Orazio Attanasio, Jean-Marie Baland, Leo Feler, Fred Finan, Sarah Green, Seema Jayachandran, Dean Karlan, Ethan Ligon, Craig McIntosh, David McKenzie, John Strauss, Chris Woodru¤, and participants at numerous seminars and conferences. We thank Jack Adika and Anthony Oure for their dedication and care in supervising the data collection, and Nathaniel Wamkoya for outstanding data entry. We thank Eva Kaplan, Katherine Conn, Se ra Fialko¤, and Willa Friedman for excellent eld research assistance, and thank Innovations for Poverty Action for administrative support. We are grateful to Aleke Dondo of the K-Rep Development Agency for hosting this project in Kenya, and to Gerald Abele for his help in the early stages of the project. Dupas gratefully acknowledges the support of a Rockefeller Center faculty research grant from Dartmouth College and Robinson gratefully acknowledges the support of an NSF dissertation improvement grant (SES-551273), a dissertation grant from the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, and support from the Princeton University Industrial Relations Section. We also gratefully acknowledge the support of the World Bank. All errors are our own. yEconomics Department, University of California, Los Angeles. E-mail: pdupas@econ.ucla. edu. zEconomics Department, University of California, Santa Cruz. E-mail: jmrtwo@ucsc.edu.
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling to predict the twin-screw extrusion processing variables of soy protein isolate and corn flour blend formulations on the physical properties of extrudates

The objectives of this study were to develop soy protein isolate and corn flour blend cereal-like extrudates and to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict the physical properties of soy protein isolate and corn flour blend extrudates as a function of soy protein isolate content, moisture content and extrusion temperature. As per the Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD), 20 processing conditions were selected with soy protein isolate content (33.2-66.8%), feed moisture content (31.6-48.4%) and extrusion temperature (126-194 ℃ ) and extruded products were developed using a twin-screw extruder. The physical properties (expansion ratio, piece density, breaking stress and rehydration ratio) of the extrudates were determined as response variables. An ANN model was developed to predict the physical properties of extrudates as a function of extrusion processing variables. The results indicated that the ANN model could predict the expansion ratio, piece density, rehydration ratio and breaking stress of soy protein isolate and corn flour blend extrudates with an 89-98% accuracy depending on the physical properties. The study also indicated that about 60% soy protein rich extruded cereals and snacks can be produced to replace the carbohydrate cereal and snack products. The ANN model can be used to setup the extrudates production conditions in a commercial scale.
Computational psychiatry approach to stigma subtyping in patients with mental disorders: explicit and implicit internalized stigma

BACKGROUND: Psychiatric stigma has potentially controversial effects on patients health-related behaviors. It appears that both stigmatization and motivation in psychiatric patients are heterogeneous and multi-dimensional, and that the relationship between stigma and treatment motivation may be more complex than previously believed. AIM: To determine psychiatric stigma subtypes as they relate to treatment motivation among inpatients with various mental disorders. METHODS: Sixy-three psychiatric inpatients were examined by the Treatment Motivation Assessment Questionnaire (TMAQ) and the Russian version of Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness scale (ISMI). K-Means cluster and dispersion analysis were conducted. RESULTS: Cluster 3 (25 subjects) was the least stigmatized. Cluster 1 (18 subjects) showed an explicit stigma. Cluster 2 (20 subjects) showed an implicit stigma that took the form of the lowest treatment motivation compared to other clusters. Implicitly stigmatized patients, in contrast to explicitly stigmatized individuals, showed a decline in 3 out of 4 TMAQ factors (Mean dif.=1.051.67). CONCLUSION: Cooperation with doctors, together with reliance on ones own knowledge and skills to cope with the disorder, might be the way to overcome an internalized stigma for patients with mental disorders.
Artificial

Michael Falk teaches eighteenth century literature at the University of Kent. His interest in AI is twofold. As a digital humanist, he uses natural language processing and machine learning to study linguistic patterns in literary texts. As a literary scholar, his key interest is in how self, mind and intellect are portrayed in literature. He has published on the history of the bildungsroman , colonial Australian poetry and the syntactic structure of the sonnet. He has work forthcoming on Romantic-era tragedy and the economics of eighteenth-century bookselling. When he isn’t working, he watches birds and tries to learn new languages.
Attitude of students towards peers with disabilities: The effect of including students from an education support centre in an inclusive middle school setting

This research examines the attitudes of middle school students towards their peers with disabilities. The opportunity for students with disabilities to participate in inclusive education in Western Australia has increased steadily in recent years. The impact of inclusion on stakeholders within the education arena is, therefore, an important area of research. As part of this increased demand for inclusive education a trial inclusion program was set-up at a middle school in regional Western Australian. The target group for this study was all Year 8 (N:::J99) students at that school. The attitude of the Year 8 students towards students with disabilities was measured using the Peer Attitudes Toward the Handicapped Scale (PATHS), (Bagley & Greene, 1981). The PATHS questionnaire was administered at the beginning and end of Semester 1 in 2003. Teacher perspectives of student attitude were also assessed via a focus group discussion after the second PATHS administration. Analysis of variance of the pre-test data showed the frequency of participant's prior classroom contact with students with a disability to have a significant impact on acceptance. Gender differences at the pre-test stage also proved to be significantly different in several measures. Although a repeated measures analysis showed no statistically significant change after one semester of the trial inclusion program, data trends and the focus group discussion indicated an increased acceptance of students with disabilities by their mainstream peers. The implications of these results and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Inequality and Growth in Modern China

This volume provides comprehensive updated coverage of inequality and poverty issues in China. Some of the methodologies developed herein are published for the first time and may be used in other contexts and for other countries. The use of different data sources and state-of-art research techniques ensures that the findings and conclusions can be substantiated and that the policy recommendations are reliable and robust. Contributors to this volume are renowned experts in their respective areas, including, notably, Justin Lin, Xing Meng, Kai-yuen Tsui, and Guanghua Wan. For these reasons, those with an interest in income distribution in general and China's development in particular, will find this volume essential reading. Rapidly rising inequality in China has contributed to the sluggishness of domestic demand and emerging poverty. It has thus exerted considerable pressure for commodity exports and represents a root cause of increased trade disputes. These have profound ramifications for the US, EU, and other economies, and the international business community. Consequently, economists and sociologists, among others, are increasingly focused upon inequality and poverty issues in China and relevant policy implications. This volume, arising from a two-year UNU-WIDER project, addresses issues that include the inequality-growth relationship, regional/personal variation in incomes and human well-being such as education, the determinants of inequality and poverty or their changes, gaps in innovation capability, and the role played by China's development strategies in affecting inequality. Contributors to this volume - Patricio Aroca, Professor and Head of IDEAR at Universidad Catolica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile Zhao Chen, Professor of Economics at China Centre for Economic Studies (CCES), Fudan University, China Peilei Fan, Assistant Professor at the Urban and Regional Planning Program, Michigan State University Dong Guo, Universite de Bourgogne, Dijon, France Geoffrey J. D. Hewings, Director of REAL Min-Dong Paul Lee, Assistant Professor of Management at the University of South Florida Zhicheng Liang, Universite d'Auvergne, France Justin Yifu Lin, Professor and the founding Director of the China Centre for Economic Research, Peking University, China Peilin Liu, Associate Research Fellow of Department of Development Strategy and Regional Economy, Development Research Centre of the State Council, China Ming Lu, Associate Professor of Economics at Fudan University, China Anthony Shorrocks Kai-yuen Tsui, Professor of Economics at the Chinese University of Hong Kong Guanghua Wan, Senior Research Fellow and Project Director at the World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER) Xiaolu Wang, Deputy Director and Senior Fellow of National Economic Research Institute, China Reform Foundation Yin Zhang, Lecturer in Economics at the School of Social Sciences, University of Dundee
BTS Guidelines for the Management of Community Acquired Pneumonia in Adults

Scope of these guidelines (sections 1.1–1.7) + These guidelines refer to the management of adults with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) of all ages in the community or in hospital. They have been developed to apply to the UK healthcare system and population, but they should equally be applicable to any other countries which operate similar healthcare services. + They are not aimed at patients with known predisposing conditions such as cancer or immunosuppression admitted with pneumonia to specialist units such as oncology, haematology, palliative care, infectious diseases units, or AIDS units. + They do NOT apply to the much larger group of adults with non-pneumonic lower respiratory tract infection, including illnesses labelled as acute bronchitis, acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or “chest infections”. + Details of methods, the level of evidence, and grading of recommendations are given in the text (sections 1.8–1.15) and appendices and are summarised briefly for easy reference in table 1.
Drug transport and transport-metabolism interplay in the human and rat intestine

Although intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp) has been extensively studied in vitro and in animals in vivo , its activity and the consequences of P-gp inhibition for drug disposition and toxicity in human in vivo are still difficult to be accurately extrapolated from in vitro data. Moreover, existing in vitro models do not take into consideration that the intestine is heterogeneous with respect to P-gp expression. Recently, we reported rat precision-cut intestinal slices (PCIS) as a physiological ex vivo model to study the regional gradient of P-gp activity and inhibition. In the present study, we extended the application of PCIS to the human intestine. For this purpose rhodamine 123 (R123) accumulation in the presence or absence of the P-gp inhibitors verapamil, cyclosporine A, quinidine, ketoconazole, PSC833 and CP100356, was measured in PCIS of human duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon. R123 accumulation in the presence of the P-gp inhibitors appeared to be most enhanced in ileum compared to the other regions, and the regional differences in accumulation are in line with published differences in abundance of P-gp. The rank order of the potency of the P-gp inhibitors, reflected by the IC 50 , was comparable to that in rat PCIS. However, cellular accumulation of the P-gp substrate R123 was more enhanced in human PCIS intestine than that in rat PCIS, indicating species difference in P-gp abundance. These data show that human PCIS are an appropriate ex vivo model to study the activity of intestinal P-gp and predict the inhibitory effect of drugs and of transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions in the intestine.
The Three Gorges Dam: Does the Flooding Time Determine the Distribution of Schistosome-Transmitting Snails in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, China?

Background: Schistosomiasis is one of the most devastating tropical diseases in the world. Oncomelania hupensis is the only intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum, and its growth and development are sensitive to environmental factors. The Three Gorges Dam has substantially altered the water level in the Yangtze River. This study focused on the impact of the flooding time on the occurrence of Oncomelania snails in Hunan Province, China. Methods: The data regarding Oncomelania snails were collected from the Schistosomiasis Atlas of the People’s Republic of China. Air temperature, hours of daylight and relative humidity from 1995 to 2002 were collected from the China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System. The data for rainfall and days inundated with water were collected from the Hunan flood control information system and hydrological stations in Hunan Province. A generalized additive model was used to estimate the impact of these factors on the presence or absence of snails. Results: The number of days inundated with water in the areas with snails ranged from 56 to 212 days. However, 82 percent of the areas without snails were inundated with water less than 60 days. The lowest air temperature in a year in the areas without snails ranges from −2.88 °C to −2.10 °C, and the range was from −2.88 °C to −2.34 °C for areas with snails. Annual rainfall in the areas with snails ranged from 989 to 1565 mm, and the range was from 1230 mm to 1647 mm for the areas without snails. The results from the generalized additive model showed that the number of days inundated with water, lowest air temperature in a year, annual rainfall, days of daily rainfall greater than 0.1 mm, and hours of daylight were the factors that significantly affect the occurrence of snails in Hunan Province, China. Conclusions: The number of days inundated with water may be a key factor determining the geographical distribution of Oncomelania snails in Hunan Province and the favorable number of days inundated with water for the survival of snails ranges from about 2 to 7 months.
Plasma Physics and Technology

This work extends our previous investigation of nitrogen-methane atmospheric glow discharge for the simulation of chemical processes in prebiotic atmospheres. Beside the volume chemical reactions also heterogeneous chemical reactions on surfaces of solid state bodies can be important. So in presented experiments the electrodes with different shapes and different surface areas were used. Exhaust products of discharge in this gas mixture were analyzed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). The major products identified in chromatograms were hydrogen cyanide and acetylene.
Stratospheric Assimilation of Chemical Tracer Observations Using a Kalman Filter. Pt. 2; Chi-Square Validated Results and Analysis of Variance and Correlation Dynamics

A Kalman filter system designed for the assimilation of limb-sounding observations of stratospheric chemical tracers, which has four tunable covariance parameters, was developed in Part I (Menard et al. 1998) The assimilation results of CH4 observations from the Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Sounder instrument (CLAES) and the Halogen Observation Experiment instrument (HALOE) on board of the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite are described in this paper. A robust (chi)(sup 2) criterion, which provides a statistical validation of the forecast and observational error covariances, was used to estimate the tunable variance parameters of the system. In particular, an estimate of the model error variance was obtained. The effect of model error on the forecast error variance became critical after only three days of assimilation of CLAES observations, although it took 14 days of forecast to double the initial error variance. We further found that the model error due to numerical discretization as arising in the standard Kalman filter algorithm, is comparable in size to the physical model error due to wind and transport modeling errors together. Separate assimilations of CLAES and HALOE observations were compared to validate the state estimate away from the observed locations. A wave-breaking event that took place several thousands of kilometers away from the HALOE observation locations was well captured by the Kalman filter due to highly anisotropic forecast error correlations. The forecast error correlation in the assimilation of the CLAES observations was found to have a structure similar to that in pure forecast mode except for smaller length scales. Finally, we have conducted an analysis of the variance and correlation dynamics to determine their relative importance in chemical tracer assimilation problems. Results show that the optimality of a tracer assimilation system depends, for the most part, on having flow-dependent error correlation rather than on evolving the error variance.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Cardiomyocytes: A New and Versatile Human In Vitro Cardiomyocyte Model Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Cardiomyocytes Insights Into Molecular, Cellular, and Functional Phenotypes

: Disease models are essential for understanding cardiovascular disease pathogenesis and developing new therapeutics. The human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has generated significant enthusiasm for its potential application in basic and translational cardiac research. Patient-specific iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes offer an attractive experimental platform to model cardiovascular diseases, study the earliest stages of human development, accelerate predictive drug toxicology tests, and advance potential regenerative therapies. Harnessing the power of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes could eliminate confounding species-specific and interpersonal variations and ultimately pave the way for the development of personalized medicine for cardiovascular diseases. However, the predictive power of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes as a valuable model is contingent on comprehensive and rigorous molecular and functional characterization. ( Circ Res . 2015;117:80-88. DOI:
Displacement Theory – Probing New Ground in Film-Induced Tourism

Films or movies provide us with a window into other places that broaden our knowledge and can fuel our desire to travel. Much of the research to date in this field has focused on the promotional aspects and the impacts of the phenomenon with little research into the motivations of the film-induced tourists themselves. Further, films are not always shot in the place where they are portraying on screen. This has become a common occurrence (especially in countries such as Ireland) and it is not unusual for a film to be made in a completely different country from that it portrays. This form of displacement creates issues of authenticity and implications as to where the tourist influenced by such a film will choose to visit.This paper investigates what the author has termed displacement theory within the larger phenomenon of film-induced tourism and presents a clearer understanding of the inherent implications, opportunities and challenges for economic development this may bring. An interpretivistic research approach was taken utilizing the power of the internet and harnessing the use of specially created blogs to collect qualitative data. Analysis of qualitative data from 161 respondents was then followed up by further blog-related data from a sample of 19 of the original bloggers. Following analysis of this, semi-structured interviews with management staff of 7 respective tourism and film organizations throughout the UK and Ireland took place. Findings reveal that issues of displacement do matter to tourists and that there are three distinct markets in existence which comprise three distinct tourist types in relation to film-induced tourism. This has enabled the author to develop a model of displacement (the first such model in this field of study) which conveys the motivational factors at play on the tourist and what is happening when displacement in film tourism occurs in relation to the three distinct markets. This is then utilized to make key recommendations as to how industry can maximize future potential from film-induced tourism, especially when displacement occurs.