Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Compiler Testing using Template Java Programs

We present JAttack, a framework that enables template-based testing for compilers. Using JAttack, a developer writes a template program that describes a set of programs to be generated and given as test inputs to a compiler. Such a framework enables developers to incorporate their domain knowledge on testing compilers, giving a basic program structure that allows for exploring complex programs that can trigger sophisticated compiler optimizations. A developer writes a template program in the host language (Java) that contains holes to be filled by JAttack. Each hole, written using a domain-specific language, constructs a node within an extended abstract syntax tree (eAST). An eAST node defines the search space for the hole, i.e., a set of expressions and values. JAttack generates programs by executing templates and filling each hole by randomly choosing expressions and values (available within the search space defined by the hole). Additionally, we introduce several optimizations to reduce JAttack’s generation cost. While JAttack could be used to test various compiler features, we demonstrate its capabilities in helping test just-in-time (JIT) Java compilers, whose optimizations occur at runtime after a sufficient number of executions. Using JAttack, we have found six critical bugs that were confirmed by Oracle developers. Four of them were previously unknown, including two unknown CVEs (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). JAttack shows the power of combining developers’ domain knowledge (via templates) with random testing to detect bugs in JIT compilers.
Growing a Random Maximal Independent Set Produces a 2-approximate Vertex Cover

This paper presents a fast and simple new 2-approximation algorithm for minimum weighted vertex cover. The unweighted version of this algorithm is equivalent to a well-known greedy maximal independent set algorithm. We prove that this independent set algorithm produces a 2-approximate vertex cover, and we provide a principled new way to generalize it to node-weighted graphs. Our analysis is inspired by connections to a clustering objective called correlation clustering. To demonstrate the relationship between these problems, we show how a simple Pivot algorithm for correlation clustering implicitly approximates a special type of hypergraph vertex cover problem. Finally, we use implicit implementations of this maximal independent set algorithm to develop fast and simple 2-approximation algorithms for certain edge-deletion problems that can be reduced to vertex cover in an approximation preserving way.
Effects of Radiative Diffusion on Dynamical Corotation Torque in Three-dimensional Protoplanetary Disks

The dynamical corotation torque arising from the deformation of horseshoe orbits, along with the vortensity gradient in the background disk, is important for determining the orbital migration rate and direction of low-mass planets. Previous two-dimensional studies have predicted that the dynamical corotation torque is positive, decelerating inward planet migration. In contrast, recent three-dimensional studies have shown that buoyancy resonance makes the dynamical corotation torque negative, accelerating inward migration. In this paper, we study the dependence of the dynamical corotation torque on thermal transport, using three-dimensional simulations. We first show that our results are consistent with previous three-dimensional studies when the disk is fully adiabatic. In more realistic radiative disks, however, radiative diffusion suppresses buoyancy resonance significantly, especially in high-altitude regions, and yields a positive dynamical corotation torque. This alleviates the issue of rapid migration being caused by the negative dynamical corotation torque in adiabatic disks. Our results suggest that radiative diffusion, together with stellar irradiation and accretion heating, are needed to accurately describe the migration of low-mass planets.
OAIR: Object-Aware Image Retargeting Using PSO and Aesthetic Quality Assessment

— Image retargeting aims at altering images’ size while preserving important content and minimizing noticeable distortions. However, previous image retargeting methods create outputs that suffer from artifacts and distortions. Besides, most previous works attempt to retarget the background and foreground of the input image simultaneously. Simultaneous resizing of the foreground and background causes changes in the aspect ratios of the objects. The change in the aspect ratio is specifically not desirable for human objects. We propose a retargeting method that overcomes these problems. The proposed approach consists of the following steps. Firstly, an inpainting method uses the input image and the binary mask of foreground objects to produce a background image without any foreground objects. Secondly, the seam carving method resizes the background image to the target size. Then, a super-resolution method increases the input image quality, and we then extract the foreground objects. Finally, the retargeted background and the extracted super-resolued objects are fed into a particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). The PSO algorithm uses aesthetic quality assessment as its objective function to identify the best location and size for the objects to be placed in the background. We used image quality assessment and aesthetic quality assessment measures to show our superior results compared to popular image retargeting techniques.
Schrodinger equation in the space with cylindrical geometric defect and possible application to multi-wall nanotubes

The recently invented cylindrical geometric space defect is applied to the electron behaviour in the system which can be regarded as a simplified model of a double-wall nanotube. By solving the Schrodinger equation in the region of space with cylindrical geometric defect we explore the influence of such geometric defect on the energy gap and charge distribution. The effect is qualitatively similar to the one obtained earlier by means of traditional simulation methods. In general, the geometric approach can not compete with the known methods of theoretical study of the nanostructures, such as molecular dynamics. However it may be useful for better qualitative understanding of the electronic properties of the nanosystems.
Subquadratic Kronecker Regression with Applications to Tensor Decomposition

Kronecker regression is a highly-structured least squares problem $\min_{\mathbf{x}} \lVert \mathbf{K}\mathbf{x} - \mathbf{b} \rVert_{2}^2$, where the design matrix $\mathbf{K} = \mathbf{A}^{(1)} \otimes \cdots \otimes \mathbf{A}^{(N)}$ is a Kronecker product of factor matrices. This regression problem arises in each step of the widely-used alternating least squares (ALS) algorithm for computing the Tucker decomposition of a tensor. We present the first subquadratic-time algorithm for solving Kronecker regression to a $(1+\varepsilon)$-approximation that avoids the exponential term $O(\varepsilon^{-N})$ in the running time. Our techniques combine leverage score sampling and iterative methods. By extending our approach to block-design matrices where one block is a Kronecker product, we also achieve subquadratic-time algorithms for (1) Kronecker ridge regression and (2) updating the factor matrices of a Tucker decomposition in ALS, which is not a pure Kronecker regression problem, thereby improving the running time of all steps of Tucker ALS. We demonstrate the speed and accuracy of this Kronecker regression algorithm on synthetic data and real-world image tensors.
MAC Wiretap Channels with Confidential and Open Messages: Improved Achievable Region and Low-complexity Precoder Design

This paper investigates the achievable region and precoder design for multiple access wiretap (MAC-WT) channels, where each user transmits both secret and open (i.e., non-confidential) messages. All these messages are intended for the legitimate receiver (or Bob for brevity) and the eavesdropper (Eve) is interested only in the secret messages of all users. By allowing users with zero secret message rate to act as conventional MAC channel users with no wiretapping, we show that the achievable region of the discrete memoryless (DM) MAC-WT channel given in [1] can be enlarged. In [1], the achievability was proven by considering the two-user case, making it possible to prove a key auxiliary lemma by directly using the Fourier-Motzkin elimination procedure. However, this approach does not generalize to the case with any number of users. In this paper, we provide a new region that generally enlarges that in [1] and provide general achievability proof.
Multimessenger Picture of J1048+7143

We draw a multimessenger picture of J1048+7143, a flat-spectrum radio quasar known to show quasiperiodic oscillations in the γ-ray regime. We generate the adaptively binned Fermi Large Area Telescope light curve of this source above 168 MeV to find three major γ-ray flares of the source, such that each of the three flares consists of two sharp subflares. Based on radio interferometric imaging data taken with the Very Large Array, we find that the kiloparsec-scale jet is directed west, while our analysis of 8.6 GHz very long baseline interferometry data, mostly taken with the Very Long Baseline Array, revealed signatures of two parsec-scale jets, one pointing east, one pointing south. We suggest that the misalignment of the kiloparsec- and parsec-scale jets is a revealing signature of jet precession. We also analyze the 5 GHz total flux density curve of J1048+7143 taken with the Nanshan (Ur) and RATAN-600 single-dish radio telescopes and find two complete radio flares, lagging slightly behind the γ-ray flares. We model the timing of γ-ray flares as a signature of the spin–orbit precession in a supermassive black hole binary, and find that the binary could merge in the next ∼60–80 yr. We show that both pulsar timing arrays and the planned Laser Interferometer Space Antenna lack sensitivity and frequency coverage to detect the hypothetical supermassive black hole binary in J1048+7143. We argue that the identification of sources similar to J1048+7143 plays a key role in revealing periodic high-energy sources in the distant universe.
Orbits of the class $\mathcal{O}_6$ of lines external with respect to the twisted cubic in $\mathrm{PG}(3,q)$

In the projective space PG(3 , q ), we consider orbits of lines under the stabilizer group of the twisted cubic. In the literature, lines of PG(3 , q ) are partitioned into classes, each of which is a union of line orbits. We propose an approach to obtain orbits of the class named O 6 , whose complete classiﬁcation is an open problem. For all even and odd q we describe a family of orbits of O 6 and their stabilizer groups. The orbits of this family include an essential part of all O 6 orbits.
Large covariance matrix estimation via penalized log-det heuristics

This paper provides a comprehensive estimation framework for large covariance matrices via a log-det heuristics augmented by a nuclear norm plus l1 norm penalty. We develop the model framework, which includes high-dimensional approximate factor models with a sparse residual covariance. The underlying assumptions allow for non-pervasive latent eigenvalues and a prominent residual covariance pattern. We prove that the aforementioned log-det heuristics is locally convex with a Lipschitz-continuous gradient, so that a proximal gradient algorithm may be stated to numerically solve the problem while controlling the threshold parameters. The proposed optimization strategy recovers with high probability both the covariance matrix components and the latent rank and the residual sparsity pattern, and performs systematically not worse than the corresponding estimators employing Frobenius loss in place of the log-det heuristics. The error bounds for the ensuing low rank and sparse covariance matrix estimators are established, and the identifiability condition for the latent geometric manifolds is provided. The validity of outlined results is highlighted by means of an exhaustive simulation study and a real financial data example involving euro zone banks.
Subdiffusive semantic evolution in Indo-European languages

How do words change their meaning? Although semantic evolution is driven by a variety of distinct factors, including linguistic, societal, and technological ones, we find that there is one law that holds universally across five major Indo-European languages: that semantic evolution is strongly subdiffusive. Using an automated pipeline of diachronic distributional semantic embedding that controls for underlying symmetries, we show that words follow stochastic trajectories in meaning space with an anomalous diffusion exponent $\alpha= 0.45\pm 0.05$ across languages, in contrast with diffusing particles that follow $\alpha=1$. Randomization methods indicate that preserving temporal correlations in semantic change directions is necessary to recover strongly subdiffusive behavior; however, correlations in change sizes play an important role too. We furthermore show that strong subdiffusion is a robust phenomenon under a wide variety of choices in data analysis and interpretation, such as the choice of fitting an ensemble average of displacements or averaging best-fit exponents of individual word trajectories.
FP8 Formats for Deep Learning

FP8 is a natural progression for accelerating deep learning training inference beyond the 16-bit formats common in modern processors. In this paper we propose an 8-bit ﬂoating point (FP8) binary interchange format consisting of two encodings - E4M3 (4-bit exponent and 3-bit mantissa) and E5M2 (5-bit exponent and 2-bit mantissa). While E5M2 follows IEEE 754 conventions for representatio of special values, E4M3’s dynamic range is extended by not representing inﬁnities and having only one mantissa bit-pattern for NaNs. We demonstrate the efﬁcacy of the FP8 format on a variety of image and language tasks, effectively matching the result quality achieved by 16-bit training sessions. Our study covers the main modern neural network architectures - CNNs, RNNs, and Transformer-based models, leaving all the hyperparameters unchanged from the 16-bit baseline training sessions. Our training experiments include large, up to 175B parameter, language models. We also examine FP8 post-training-quantization of language models trained using 16-bit formats that resisted ﬁxed point int8 quantization.
Quaternary ammonium salt-modified isabgol scaffold as an antibacterial dressing to improve wound healing

Abstract Chronic wounds require suitable treatment and management strategies for proper healing. Among other causes, infection delays the healing of wounds and increases the risk of wound-related complications. In this study, an inherently antibacterial and biocompatible wound dressing is developed to enhance the healing. Chemical modification of a natural polysaccharide, Isabgol with epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride, renders antibacterial activity to the material. This is the first report of such chemical modification of this polymer for biomedical applications. The modified material is freeze-dried to obtain porous scaffolds. 13C NMR and FTIR analysis confirmed the modification of the Isabgol polymer chains with EPTMAC. SEM analysis confirmed the porous structure of the scaffold that would allow the exchange of gases and nutrients through the matrix. The material can swell up to 17 times its initial weight, allowing it to absorb wound exudates and maintain a moist environment at the wound site. Thermogravimetric analysis and compression testing showed that the scaffold has suitable thermal and mechanical properties. The material is antibacterial and can potentially prevent infections at the wound site. In vitro studies have confirmed that these scaffolds are cytocompatible and hemocompatible. These properties indicate that the EPTMAC-modified Isabgol scaffolds would be suitable for wound dressing applications. Graphical abstract
Short‐ and long‐term outcomes of polyethylene band attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs: 60 cases (2010‐2020)

Objectives To report the short‐ and long‐term outcomes following attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs using a novel polyethylene band. Materials and Methods Records were retrospectively reviewed for dogs that underwent congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt attenuation by a polyethylene banding technique, at a single institution between 2010 and 2020. Short‐term outcome data were collected from peri‐operative clinical records with follow‐up examinations, scheduled at 6 and 18 weeks post‐operatively, and post‐operative imaging when performed. Long‐term follow‐up was collected by validated owner questionnaire, telephone interview or medical records. Long‐term outcomes were categorised by “excellent”, “good” or “poor”. Results Sixty dogs were included. Post‐operative complications occurred in 10 of 60 dogs (16.7%), four major and six minor, with a peri‐operative mortality of 6.7%. Persistent shunting was identified in nine of 53 dogs (17%) available for follow‐up examination and four dogs underwent a revision surgery. Long‐term follow‐up was available for 44 dogs at a median of 75 months post‐operatively (range 7 to 128). Long‐term outcomes were “excellent” (26) or “good” (8) in 81.8% of dogs and “poor” (8) in 18.2%. At the time of follow‐up, 30 of 44 (68.2%) dogs were not receiving any medical treatment and 27 of 28 (96.4%) questionnaire respondents were satisfied with the response to surgery. Clinical Significance Polyethylene band attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts provides comparable outcomes to cellophane. The material used in this study is widely available and consistent while being pre‐sterilised and pre‐folded makes it easy to use.
Role of r-irisin in Nicotine-induced Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in BALB/c mice.

OBJECTIVE To determine the protective role of irisin in attenuating nicotine-induced oxidative stress in vascular tissue in mice. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan, from January 2019 to June 2020. METHODOLOGY Thirty healthy BALB/c mice were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 was control, group II received nicotine 2 mg/Kg body weight intraperitoneally for 28 days, and group III, in addition, received r-irisin 0.5 μg/g body weight /day via tail vein, for the last 14 days. The tissue anti-oxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GR) and lipid peroxidation marker (TBARS) were estimated. Aortic endothelium was analysed for atherosclerotic changes. The significant difference across groups was calculated using ANOVA. RESULTS Group II showed statistically significant increase in lipid peroxidation marker (TBARS) levels (1059.04±32.31 ng/ml, p<0.001) and reduction in anti-oxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT and GR) levels (5479.24±25.38 pg/ml, 11.51±0.24 ng/ml and 1924.88±31.23 ng/ml, p<0.001) in aortic tissue homogenate as compared to group I. In Group III, with co- administration of r-irisin, significant improvement in antioxidant enzymes i.e. SOD, CAT, and GR levels (7958.70±110.54 pg/ml, 20.86±0.57 ng/ml, and 2897.18±52.93 ng/ml) and reduction in TBARS levels (239.14±19.90 ng/ml) was observed as compared to Group II (p<0.001). Endothelial damage manifested to type IV on histological examination. Co-administration of r-irisin in group III showed significant improvement in histological grading (only Type I and II lesions were seen). CONCLUSION Exogenous administration of irisin improves anti-oxidant enzyme levels, ameliorates nicotine-induced oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction in the BALB/c mice. KEY WORDS Irisin/FNDC-5, Oxidative stress, Anti-oxidant enzymes, Endothelial dysfunction, Atherosclerosis.
Mechanisms of Influence on Youth Substance Use for a Social-Emotional and Character Development Program: A Theory-Based Approach

Abstract Background: The Theory of Triadic Influence (TTI) provides a comprehensive framework for understanding adolescent substance use. Objectives: We examined mechanisms by which a TTI-guided social-emotional and character development program, Positive Action (PA), influences adolescent substance use. Study data come from the PA-Chicago, longitudinal matched-pairs cluster-randomized control trial. A diverse, dynamic cohort of approximately 1,200 students from 14 low-performing schools were assessed at eight points of time, between grades 3-8, across a six-year period. Students completed scales related to substance use, self-control, deviant peer affiliation, and school attachment, adapted from the Risk Behavior Survey, Social-Emotional and Character Development Scale, Conventional Friends Scale, and People in My Life Scale. After testing the overall effect of PA on substance use, we used latent growth modeling to assess whether effects on each outcome were mediated by longitudinal changes in three composite measures aligning with the TTIs three streams. Results: Students in PA schools reported fewer experiences with drinking, getting drunk, and overall substance use. In the multiple mediator models, significant indirect effects of PA on substance use via changes in self-control were evident. Conclusions/Importance: Findings are consistent with theory and past research suggesting the influence of self-control on youth substance use. Future studies should include implementation in different settings and additional theory-based measures. Trial RegistrationThis trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01025674.
Coupled stratospheric ozone and temperature responses to short-term changes in solar ultraviolet flux - An analysis of Nimbus 7 SBUV and SAMS data. [stratosphere and mesosphere sounder

The nature of stratospheric ozone and temperature responses to changes in solar ultraviolet flux occurring at low latitudes on the time scale of the solar rotation period is investigated using 22 months of Nimbus 7 solar backscattered ultraviolet (SBUV) ozone and stratosphere and mesophere sounder (SAMS) temperature data. After filtering to remove periods ≳35 days, average cross-correlation functions for low-latitude residual ozone versus SBUV measurements of the solar irradiance at 205 nm are largest (R = 0.3–0.6) at phase lags ranging from −3.6 ± 0.6 days at 0.7 mbar to 3.2 ± 0.5 days at 10 mbar. Maximum correlation coefficients for residual temperature variations (R = 0.2–0.35) are obtained versus the 205-nm flux at lags ranging from 3.6 ± 0.9 days at 0.3 mbar to 13.0 ± 0.7 days at 10 mbar. In both cases, correlations generally increase when the 205-nm flux is used as the solar ultraviolet variable rather than proxy indicators such as the 10.7-cm flux. The consistency between response estimates calculated for separate latitude bands and the tendency for correlation coefficients to be larger during time periods of relatively strong 27-day solar ultraviolet flux variations supports a causal relationship. Linear regression analyses are therefore performed to determine mean ozone and temperature response amplitudes for given changes in the 205-nm flux at low latitudes as a function of pressure level in the upper stratosphere. Peak-to-peak variations in the 205-nm flux were as large as 6% on the solar rotation time scale during the study period, yielding maximum ozone responses of 3% (∼0.37 μg g−1) near 3 mbar and maximum temperature responses of 0.36% (∼1 K) near the stratopause. The observed ozone and temperature responses and their phase lags are interpreted, using a model that accounts to first order for the coupled behavior of solar-induced ozone and temperature perturbations in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere. The model appears capable of accounting for gross features of the observed ozone and temperature responses, including the negative ozone phase lags relative to the 205-nm flux found above 3 mbar. Using the measured response amplitudes and phase lags, the model is applied to estimate the change in O2 photolysis rate in the upper stratosphere produced by a given change in the 205-nm flux on the considered time scale. The mean temperature dependence of perturbation-order ozone concentration changes is also constrained by the data.