Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nutritional and functional properties of Cirina forda larva from Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.

Proximate composition, mineral content and functional properties of the flour obtained from larvae of Cirina forda were evaluated. The proximate analysis revealed the crude protein to be 20.0 ± 0.2%, crude fat 12.5 ± 0.4%, moisture 4.5 ± 0.1%, ash 8.7 ± 0.1% and total carbohydrate 54.3 ± 0.2%. The mineral evaluation in mg/100g dry weight showed K (47.6 ± 0.1) > P (45.9 ± 0.6) > Na (44.4 ± 0.1) > Mg (43.8 ± 0.4) > Zn (24.2 ± 0.2) > Ca (12.9 ± 0.2) > Fe (1.3). Cu and Mn were not detected. The functional properties showed water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity and emulsion capacity to be 248.3 ± 2.4%, 178.7 ± 0.0% and 135.7 ± 2.3%, respectively. The least gelation concentration was 14.0 ± 0.1% (w/v). It had high solubility in both acidic and basic pHs suggesting that C. forda flour will be useful in the formulation of both acidic and basic foods. The protein solubility profile also revealed that the protein content of C. forda is least available in a neutral medium. This study revealed that C. forda is a good source of protein and fat. The result of the mineral analysis will makeC. forda useful in the formulation of human foods which may however need to be fortified with iron and calcium. Key words: Cirina forda, protein solubility profile, minerals, functional properties.
Research Paper: The Role of Neuropsychological Function Tests in Predicting Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly

: https://doi.org/10.32598/CJNS.6. 22.1 Use your device to scan and read the article online Article info: Received: 10 Jan 2020 First Revision: 23 Jan 2020 Accepted: 21 May 2020 Published: 01 Jul 202
Two-step rapid thermal annealing (TS-RTA) to suppress out-diffusion of dopants without degrading short channel effect of transistor

We examined the effects of source/drain annealing condition on the gate sheet resistance and short channel effect. We found that two-step rapid thermal annealing (TS-RTA) technology, where 700/spl deg/C, 3 min pre-annealing in O/sub 2/ is introduced before 1000/spl deg/C anneal in N/sub 2/, suppressed dopant out-diffusion without degrading short channel effect of transistor.
Is UK biofuel supply from Miscanthus water‐limited?

Sustainable Miscanthus plantings encouraged under publicly funded schemes should be based on sound economic and environmental assessments. We developed an empirical yield model for Miscanthus from harvestable dry matter yields at 14 field trials in the UK to estimate site‐specific and regional yields derived from meteorological variables and soil available water. Harvestable yields of crops established for at least 3 years at 14 arable sites across the UK ranged from 5 to 18 t/ha, averaging at 12.8 (±2.9) t/ha. Variables considered to affect yield were number of years after planting, length of season (Tair > 9 °C), temperature, global solar radiation, precipitation and potential evapotranspiration during the season, and soil available water capacity (AWC). At a single site (Rothamsted), AWC and the relative average potential soil moisture deficit during the main growing season explained 70% of annual yield variation (RMSE = 1.38 t/ha, P < 0.001). For the complete UK data set (n = 67), yield variation was related to AWC, air temperature and precipitation (RMSE = 2.1 t/ha, P < 0.01). Linking soil survey and spatially interpolated weather data we calculated an overall national average dry matter yield of 9.6 t/ha. As shown for two counties (Oxfordshire and North Yorkshire), estimated yield may decrease by 1 t/ha, and its uncertainty may rise from 15 to >20%, when soil survey instead of local soil data are used. Using data from a single weather station can introduce a bias (<1 t/ha) because of differences in elevation and local temperature and precipitation. Overall, it seems most important for bioenergy plantings to assure sufficient water supply from the soil (AWC > 150 mm) during the main growing season.
Reactions of hydroxyl radicals on titania, silica, alumina, and gold surfaces

Reaction probabilities of OH• radicals under steady state conditions were determined over TiO2 (anatase and rutile), SiO2 (fused quartz), α-Al2O3, and Au surfaces. The OH• radicals were produced from water in a microwave cavity and were detected by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. At 308 K the reaction probabilities were 2 × 10-4 for TiO2 (anatase and rutile), 2 × 10-3 for SiO2, 5 × 10-3 for α-Al2O3, and > 3 × 10-2 for Au. The relative rate of H2O2(aq) decomposition was found to follow the sequence Au > α-Al2O3 > TiO2 ≃ SiO2, which, except for TiO2, follows the sequence found for the OH• radical reaction probability. For all of the materials except TiO2, a radical mechanism is proposed which describes a common set of reactions for the removal of OH• and the decomposition of H2O2. The first step in this mechanism is the coupling of OH• radicals to form H2O2. The overall rate of reaction for both OH• removal and H2O2 decomposition depends on the concentration of OH on the surface. A theoretical anal.
In situ ecological development of a bacteriogenic iron oxide‐producing microbial community from a subsurface granitic rock environment

The initial development and diversity of an in situ subsurface microbial community producing bacteriogenic iron oxides (BIOS) were investigated at the initiation of biofilm growth (2‐month period) and after a 1‐year period of undisturbed growth. Water chemistry data, samples of iron encrusted biofilm material and groundwater were collected from BRIC (BIOS reactor, in situ, continuous flow) apparatuses installed 297 m below sea level at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) in south eastern Sweden. Comparisons between the BIOS BRIC system and an anaerobic control (AC) BRIC revealed that water mixing at the inflow leads to profuse development of BIOS related to a slightly elevated level of O2 (up to 0.3 mg L−1 at the transition zone between BIOS development and non‐development) and elevated Eh (>120 mV) in the first 70 mm of water depth. Decreases in dissolved and particulate iron were connected to the visible appearance of BIOS biofilms. The basic phylogenetic diversity of this site was evaluated using amplified ribosomal DNA restriction enzyme analysis (ARDRA), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA. From 67 clones that were positive for 16S rDNA inserts, a total of 42 different ARDRA profiles were recognized, representing four bacterial phyla and 14 different metabolic lifestyles. DGGE profiles indicated that there are differences in the representative bacteria when considering either BIOS biofilms or groundwater. DGGE also indicated that the DNA extraction protocols and any polymerase chain reaction biases were consistent. Bacterial metabolic groups associated with indirect metal adsorption and reduction along with bacteria utilizing many alternative electron acceptors were strongly represented within the clones. This study indicates that the microbial diversity of BIOS is greater than previously thought.
Biomimicking the structure of silk fibers via cellulose nanocrystal as β-sheet crystallite

Inspired by the ordered β-sheet crystalline structure and molecular orientation of natural silkworm silk, biomimetic silk fibers with refined crystalline structure were creatively produced through incorporating cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) into silk fibroin (SF) matrix to mimic the β-sheet crystallites in natural silk via wet-spinning assembly technology. The influence of CNCs and post-draw on the structural characteristics, and thermal and mechanical properties of regenerated cellulose nanocrystal/silk fibroin (CNC/SF) fibers were comparatively studied with those of degummed silk. The resultant CNC/SF fibers exhibited a uniform, circular shape as well as dense morphology. The CNCs were uniformly dispersed into SF matrix and aligned along the fiber axis, which were beneficial to the formation of more ordered structure through intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions. The crystallinity and overall molecular orientation of CNC/SF fibers were increased with increases of draw ratio and CNC contents, although lower than those of degummed silk. DSC and TGA analysis revealed that thermal decomposition behavior of CNC/SF fibers presented different features depending on the CNC contents, whereas maximum decomposition temperature of CNC/SF fibers improved sharply at first and then decreased slightly with the increase of CNC contents. Moreover, the tan δ peak temperatures of SF were increased with the addition of CNC, indicating restrained SF molecular mobility in the vicinity of the CNC surface. These results indicated that the CNC could substantially enhance the mechanical properties of SF and this enhancement could be attributed to the strong hydrogen bonding interactions as well as CNC-induced crystallization and orientation. Meanwhile, Young's modulus, tensile strength and breaking strain of the CNC/SF fibers with 5 wt% CNC were significantly increased to 28.8 ± 2.6 GPa, 728.5 ± 36.4 MPa and 23.1 ± 1.6% respectively, higher than those of degummed silk. Thus it was demonstrated that biomimicking the natural silk crystalline structure using CNC as β-sheet crystallite is a promising strategy for production of artificial silk fiber with improved strength without compromising the toughness.
Comparison of some properties on the different types of pestil: a traditional product in Turkey

Summary Pestil is a traditional dried fruit snack, which is consumed in Turkey. Wheat starch is mixed with different clarified fruit juices such as grape, mulberry, apricot or plum and cooked using traditional techniques. In this work the proximate chemical composition (moisture, ash, fat, crude protein and total carbohydrate), energy value and thickness of grape, apricot and mulberry pestils were investigated. The colour properties (Hunter L, a and b) were determined by a Minolta Chroma-Meter and the mineral content (Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Mn) of each product was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The carbohydrate value of pestil samples ranged between 73.7 and 82.4% and energy value was between 321.5 and 356.4 kcal 100 g−1. Mulberry pestil was a better source of energy than grape and apricot pestils. Apricot pestils were rich in calcium, sodium and zinc, and mulberry pestil samples were rich in magnesium.
The Chemistry of the Cuticle Surface of Keratin Fibers

’ ~ oxygen ester or thioester bond, as originally proposed by K6pke and Nilssen [ 6 ] . Over the following nine years other authors confirmed and extended this observation. Wertz and Downing found the C2, fatty acid in human hair and tentatively identified it as 18-methyleicosanoic acid [ 17 ] . Subsequent research by Negri et al. using NMR and mass spectrometry gave the first conclusive proof of the identity of the C21 fatty acid as 18-methyleicosanoic acid (C2 1 a) [ 10 ] . Carr et al. [ I ] used results from XPS studies to further support the concept that a lipid was indeed present on the fiber surface. The remarkable thing about this fatty acid is that although it is commonly found in trace amounts in many biological -systems, for example in bacteria [ 13 ] , it only occurs in significantly high proportions in animal hair (it has been found in almost all mammalian hair fibers [ 14, 15, 18 ] ) and in sebaceous gland excretions such as wool grease [ 2 ] . Logan et al. [91 ] provided some information from organic solvent extractions and TEM studies to support the hypothesis that the C2, was restricted to the cuticle, but it was Kalkbrenner et al. [ S ] who demonstrated that this fatty acid was confined predominantly to the cuticle. Negri et al. provided chemical evidence for the mode of attachment of C21a as a thioester, forming an integral part of the hydrophobic barrier that surrounds each cuticle cell [ 11 ] , and they postulated that it was present
Photodesorption of CO and CO+ from Pt(111): Mechanism and site specificity

Ultraviolet photodesorption of CO and CO+ from Pt(111) at 80 K is investigated by (2+1) resonance‐enhanced multiphoton ionization and reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy. Desorption of CO and CO+ occurs at the on‐top site as single‐photon and three‐photon processes, respectively. The rotational, vibrational, and translational temperatures of desorbed CO are approximately 130, 3700, and 2000 K, which are considerably higher than the sample temperature. The threshold energy of neutral CO desorption lies between 2.3 and 3.5 eV suggesting that an unoccupied 2π state is responsible for the desorption.
Identification and evaluation of toxicity of rice root elongation inhibitors in flooded soils with added wheat straw

Abstract Rice root elongation was markedly inhibited by the solution extracted from flooded soil incubated with wheat straw. The toxicity was mainly due to the ether extractable fractions under acidic conditions. The following organic acids were detected in the ether extract of the soil solution: aliphatic acids; formic, acetic, propionic, butylic, and iso-valeric acids; aromatic acids; benzoic, 2-phenylpropionic, and 3-phenylpropionic acids. In another experiment, the soil solution from the field amended with wheat straw contained 2-hydroxybenzoic acid and the aromatic acids described above. The results of a bioassay with aromatic acids for rice seedlings showed that 2-phenylpropionic and 3-phenylpropionic acids exerted a severe inhibitory effect, which reduced rice root elongation by 73.3 and 30.7%, respectively at 4×10−5M.
Effect of wall growth on scale‐up problems and dynamic operating characteristics of the biological reactor

If inhibitory substrates are being utilized in a well‐stirred biological reactor, microbiological growth on the walls of the reactor can create a scale‐up problem. A simple model is proposed which shows that without such growth, of the three existing steady states only one is stable and nontrivial, but with wall growth the trivial, stable, steady state (washout) is impossible. In addition, wall growth reduces the region over which three steady states are feasible and reduces the minimum residence time for which there is only one steady state that corresponds to a high conversion. Thus, a laboratory process with a high surface area to volume ratio can give an over optimistic prediction of both necessary residence; time and stability of the full scale process unless wall growth is accounted for.
Secondary Metabolites Isolated from an Endophytic Phoma sp. – Absolute Configuration of Tetrahydropyrenophorol Using the Solid‐State TDDFT CD Methodology

The known macrolide pyrenophorol (synonym helmidiol) (1), the new 2,3,10,11-tetrahydropyrenophorol (3), and (4S,7R)-4,7-dihydroxyoctanoic acid (4), the monomeric acid of the sixteen-membered cyclic diolide 1, were isolated from an endophytic Phoma sp. The relative configuration of tetrahydropyrenophorol (3) was confirmed by X-ray single crystal analysis and its absolute configuration determined by the solid-state TDDFT CD methodology. Compounds 1 and 4 show antifungal activity and the acid 4 is also an algicide. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of congo red by solvothermally synthesized CuInSe2–ZnO nanocomposites

Efficient photocatalysts of CuInSe2–ZnO nanocomposites were prepared via a solvothermal method using a mixed solvent of ethylenediamine and ethanol (volumetric ratio of 1 : 1). The products were characterized by SEM, EDX, XRD, PL, BET surface area, PZC and DRS UV-vis techniques and used for photo-degradation of congo red. The characterization results showed that crystallite size, BET surface area and optical absorption of the samples varied significantly with the addition of CuInSe2 to ZnO. The nanocomposites show absorption edges in the ultraviolet and visible regions depending on their CuInSe2 content. The optical band gap values of these nanocomposites were calculated to be about 3.37–2.1 eV, which show a red shift from that of pure ZnO. These red shifts indicate the incorporation of CuInSe2 in the zinc oxide lattice. In the investigation of the photocatalytic activity of the samples, the effects of the experimental parameters including pH, congo red concentration, CuInSe2 content and irradiation sources of UV and visible light have also been studied. Addition of CuInSe2 was effective in improving the photocatalytic activity remarkably. The highest percentage removals of 99.8% and 80.3% are observed for the photocatalyst containing 10 wt% CuInSe2 after 90 and 120 min under UV and visible irradiation, respectively. Also, a possible removal mechanism of the samples is proposed. It could be considered as a promising photocatalyst for dye degradation.
Reevaluating the Message Loss Rate of the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) in Flight

The Space-Based Augmentations System (SBAS) Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) currently specifies that the message loss rate must not exceed 10-3 per message in order to meet aviation requirements for the availability of SBAS solutions. There has been little public reporting examining message loss performance in flight. The most recent published results were conducted in 1998 with the prototype version of WAAS known as the National Satellite Testbed (NSTB). Given that the capabilities and performance of WAAS have advanced beyond this prototype in its 18 years of service, a fresh analysis of the message integrity in this new system is necessary. The focus of this work is to examine the loss rate for WAAS reception using in flight data. We cross-referenced message data obtained from on-board receivers with the known broadcast history of each GEO to determine the loss rate. We mapped missed messages to timestamps along the flight path to show where messages are lost and to determine where messages are lost due to coordinated turns or low carrier-to-noise ratio (C/No). From this, we estimate the probability of message loss in nominal level flight as well as in other conditions such as turns and degraded C/No.
Thermal stability and flame retardancy of polyester, cotton, and relative blend textile fabrics subjected to sol–gel treatments

Polyester (PET), cotton (COT), and two relative blend textile fabrics were treated by sol–gel processes. Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) was used as inorganic precursor of silica phases; furthermore, different TEOS/H2O ratios were examined to explore the effect of the presence of SiO2 on the thermal and fire stability of the textile fabrics investigated. The distribution and dispersion of SiO2 were observed by means of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). SEM magnifications showed the formation of a continuous silica film located in the neighboring fibers; furthermore, in the case of PET, such a film incorporated silica particles with an average diameter ranging between 0.2 and 6 μm. The thermal and thermooxidative stabilities of the treated samples were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis: after the sol–gel treatment, the degradation mechanism was modified both in nitrogen and in air, and the improvement in the thermal stability was attributed to the presence of silica, which played a protective role in the degradation of the textile fabrics. Finally, we investigated the combustion behavior of the textile fabrics by cone calorimetry, measuring the time to ignition, the heat release rate, and the relative peak. The former was found to depend on the type of fabric; the latter generally evidenced a remarkable decrease for all of the treated samples, up to 35% compared to the neat counterparts. This indicated that the sol–gel treatments improved the flame retardancy of the PET/COT fabrics. This conclusion was also confirmed by limiting oxygen index tests, which evidenced burning kinetics changes in the presence of the silica coating. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Pathways to Immonium Ions in the Fragmentation of Protonated Peptides

A 1 formed directly from protonated di- and tripeptides most likely by concerted elimination of CO and an amino acid or smaller peptide. ions can be formed directly from protonated dipeptides in part through the sequential loss of A 2 although kinetic energy release measurements suggest direct elimination of HCOOH also may be H 2 O + CO, occurring. Internal immonium ions are shown to originate by further fragmentation of ions and by further A n fragmentation of ions. 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Y n / (
Viscosity of liquid Na-K alloy

The present work reports a theoretical assessment of the composition dependence of mixing properties of liquid Na-K alloy at 384K at fixed pressure, most likely, at the atmospheric pressure. In this work we have estimated the interaction energy in the alloy at the mentioned temperature on the basis of quasi-chemical approximation for regular alloy and employed it to work out basic thermodynamic properties of mixing such as free energy of mixing, entropy of mixing and enthalpy of mixing as function of composition of the alloy. To understand the dynamic behaviour in the liquid Na-K alloy, we have carried out theoretical investigation of viscosity under consideration of Moelwyn-Hughes equation by using data for enthalpy of mixing obtained from quasi-chemical approximation. Due to scanty of experimental data on viscosity of Na-K alloy at 384K, we have performed computation of viscosity also from Kaptay equation for comparison. The calculations have shown that there is a good match between theoretically computed thermodynamic functions and the available corresponding experimental data. The sets of viscosity values obtained against composition from the two equations show deviations from the ideality and themselves are reasonably comparable to each other. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3126/bibechana.v12i0. 11797 BIBECHANA 12 (2015) 128-137
Vibrational normal modes of SiO2. II. Cristobalite and tridymite

The valence force field previously obtained on α and β polymorphs of quartz is applied to the other principal crystalline forms of SiO2. A correlation is found between certain vibrations belonging to different symmetry species. The calculated frequencies of cristobalite fit the whole experimental spectra with as much accuracy as for α‐quartz, proving that the forces acting on the atoms in the two polymorphs are quite the same. A detailed study of β‐cristobalite showed a complete correlation between the α and β forms. Information about the phonon dispersion curves of this material is given and the existence of a soft mode near 230 cm−1 is proved. However, the calculations made on tridymite, based on the only structural form known, the β variety, do not explain satisfactorily enough the Raman spectra of the α form.