Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The interplay between attention, experience and skills in online language teaching

Abstract The demand for online teaching is growing as is the recognition that online teachers require highly sophisticated skills to manage classrooms and create an environment conducive to learning. However, there is little rigorous empirical research investigating teachers’ thoughts and actions during online tutorials. Taking a sociocultural perspective, this study explores the interplay between the attention focus of language teachers during synchronous online tutorials and their reflections on their own teaching practices. Eyetracking data show that patterns of attention focus on different areas of the screen (representing technical facilities, social interaction and content) are related to practitioners’ experience in online teaching including familiarity with a particular platform. In particular, those with less online teaching experience display greater attention to technical areas than their more experienced colleagues. These findings are confirmed in the teachers’ reflective interviews, stimulated by watching gazeplot videos of their online tutorials. Their reflections also yield deeper insight into reasons for particular actions. Thematic analysis was used to relate the reflections on teaching strategies to the levels of online teaching skills (Hampel and Stickler 2005, New skills for new classrooms: Training tutors to teach languages online. Computer Assisted Language Learning 18(4). 311–326). Our research has extended Bax’s normalisation (2003, CALL – past, present and future. System 31(1). 13–28. doi: 10.1016/s0346-251x(02)00071-4) of the use of technology in face-to-face classroom learning into online learning environments. Mirroring the ontogenetic development of increasing digitalisation, teachers in online environments appropriate the skills necessary to free cognitive resources for attending to social and pedagogic aspects of their teaching.
The Role of Authentic Materials in Foreign Language Teaching

The aim of learning a foreign language is none other than to be able to use the respective language similarly to the way in which a native would, which is why we believe that exposing the students to authentic materials throughout the teaching process is crucial. This is also one of the core pillars of the communicative method. Therefore, after a brief presentation of the main principles this teaching theory is based on, we tried to exemplify some of the ways in which its methods could be successfully used in our particular case, laying special emphasis on the advantages of choosing such an approach, among which that of meeting the students’ learning needs and that of offering them the chance to become truly competent and efficient language users. In other words, they will be able to adequately convey an intelligible message to a speaker, within a larger social and situational context.
Analysis of Genetic Variability for Seed Yield and Its Component Characters in Winged Bean [ Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC]

An investigation on variability for seed yield and its component characters was carried out in 36 winged bean genotypes. The characters, viz., seed yield, dry pod number and dry pod yield per plant recorded high estimates of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation indicating ample scope of selection of genotypes from available germplasm for these traits. High heritability along with high genetic advance over mean were observed for seed yield, dry pod number and dry pod yield per plant indicating selection would be very effective for improvement of these characters. Low to high heritability along with low to moderate genetic advance over mean were recorded for swelling percentage, number of seeds and seed weight per pod and dry pod weight per plant indicating little scope of improvement of these traits from existing germplasm.
DENTOSKELETAL PARAMETERS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH MAXILLARY CANINE DISPLACEMENT (A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY)

No studies have been done to measure the skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue parameters in subjects with palatally and buccally displaced canines. The hypothesis of this study is that there is difference in the skeletal and dentoalveolar measurements between subjects with palatally, buccally and normally erupting canines. A total of 200 subjects with maxillary canine displacement (90 palatally displaced, 110 buccally displaced) were recruited for this study. The age of the subjects ranged between 13-15 years old. Subjects were divided into 2 groups (maxillary palatal canine displacement and maxillary buccal canine displacement). These subjects were compared with 100 subjects asa control group. In conclusion,There in is no significant difference in maxillary length between subjects with buccally and palatally displaced canine and control group. However palatal canine displacement group had reduced vertical dimensions, increased overbite, small dentoalveolar heights and retruded upper and lower lips.
Audit Committee Characteristics and Internal Audit Budget: Malaysian Evidence

An audit committee is viewed as an essential self-regulatory internal governance instrument that is expected to provide an overseeing role over the entire process of financial reporting. An internal audit is also one of the corporate governance cornerstone that is essential for the effective monitoring of the operating performance of internal control. To ensure its effectiveness, the audit committee monitors the resources available to the internal audit, and internal control functions should be directly reported to the audit committee. This study is set out to explore the effect of audit committee characteristics (i.e independence, expertise, meeting and tenure) on internal audit budget in Malaysia, where governance mechanisms are suboptimal. The study also opens the door to an unanswered question, that is, whether an audit committee index is related to internal audit budget. Data of 96 companies listed on Bursa Malaysia for a three-year period, 2012-2014, was utilized to achieve this end. The regression result shows that there is audit committee meeting and index are significantly and positively associated with internal audit budget. They also indicate that audit committee tenure has a significant and negative impact on internal audit budget. The theoretical, practical, academic and regulatory implications of these findings were discussed in details. On one extreme, the findings of the study supports the recent policy initiatives in relation to audit committee and internal audit. On the other extreme, the result serves as a wake-up call to policy makers in requiring more committed, competent and skilled members on the audit committee.
Functional genomics of maize endosperm maturation and protein quality

Quality Protein Maize (QPM) is a hard kernel variant of the high-lysine mutant, opaque2. Using γ-irradiation, we created opaque QPM variants to identify opaque-2 modifier genes and to investigate deletion mutagenesis combined with Illumina sequencing as a maize functional genomics tool. A K0326Y-QPM deletion mutant (line 107) was null for the 27and 50-kD γ-zeins and abolished vitreous endosperm formation. Illumina exonand RNA-seq revealed a 1.2 Mb deletion encompassing the 27and 50-kD γ-zein genes on chromosome 7, and a deletion of at least 232 Kb on chromosome 9. Protein body number was reduced by over 90% while protein body size is similar to wild type. Kernels hemizygous for the γ-zein deletion had intermediate 27and 50-kD γ-zein levels and were semi-vitreous, indicating haploinsufficiency of these gene products in opaque-2 endosperm modification. We showed that such haploinsufficiency for 27-kD γ-zein function does not apply to the modification in B73 wild type vitreous endosperm formation. The γ-zein deletion further increased lysine in QPM in its homozygous and hemizygous states. This work identifies 27-kD γ-zein as an opaque-2 modifier gene within the largest QPM QTL, and may suggest the 50-kD γ-zein also contributes to this QTL. It further demonstrates that genome-wide deletions in non-reference maize lines can be identified through a combination of assembly of Illumina reads against the B73 genome and integration of RNA-seq data.
The acetylator genes and drug response

This is the first comprehensive account of heredity acetylation polymorphisms in humans and animals. Its premise is that individual differences in the human response to drugs and other chemicals are profoundly influenced by genetics and are much more common than is thought. Acetylation is the mechanism by which the body disposes of many chemicals encountered in everyday life, including numerous drugs and certain chemical carcinogens found in the workplace. It occupies a unique position in pharmacogenetics, as there is no better example of how a multiplicity of genetically determined differences in drug response can arise from a single metabolic theme, or of how the understanding of a pharmacogenetic trait can be used to prevent human illness of environmental origin. This monograph assesses the role of drug acetylation as a genetic factor capable of altering individual susceptibility to therapeutic drug effects, toxicity, and spontaneous illness resulting from amines and hydrazines. It provides a unified account of the genetic and biochemical features of acetylation polymorphisms and of their therapeutic, pharmacolgical, and toxicological significance. Geneticists, pharmacologists, toxicologists, physicians specializing in industrial medicine or hygiene, and clinical chemists.
Starch : advances in structure and function

Starch Structure/Function Relationships: Achievements and Challenges Modelling of Starch Extrusion and Damage in Industrial Forming Processes Processing-Structure-Rheology Relationships of Microphase Separated Starch/Non-Starch Polysaccharide Mixtures Macromolecular Degradation of Extruded Starches Measured By HPSEC-MALLS The Impact of Internal Granule Structure on Processing and Properties PFG-NMR Applied to Measure the Difference in Local Moisture Content Between Gelatinized and Non-Gelatinized Region in a Heated Starch/Water System Retrogradation Kinetics of Mixtures of Rice Starch with Other Types of Starches Effects of Sugars on Gelatinization and Retrogradation of Corn Starch Implications of Genetic Changes in Starch Granular Structure to Gelatinisation Behaviour Starch Ethers Obtained by Microwave Radiation-Structure and Functionality Amylopectin Crystallisation in Starch An Approach to Structural Analysis of Granules Using Genetically Modified Starches Mechanisms of the Action of Porcine Pancreatic alpha-Amylase on Native and Heat Treated Starches From Various Botanical Sources Health-Promoting Function of Wheat or Potato Resistant Starch Preparations Obtained by Physico-Biochemical Process Starch Biosynthesis in the Small Grained Cereals: Wheat and Barley Transport of Metabolites into Amyloplasts During Starch Synthesis The Synthesis and Degradation of Starch Arabidopsis Leaves: The Role of Disproportionating Enzyme The Synthesis of Amylose Null Alleles at the Waxy Loci in Wheat and Oats: Origin, Distribution and Exploitation Effect of Inter- and Intra-Allelic Variation on Starch Granular Structure Poster Abstracts Subject Index.
Tadpoles enhance microbial activity and leaf decomposition in a neotropical headwater stream

Summary 1. Relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem function are of increasing interest, particularly in freshwater ecosystems where species losses are occurring at unprecedented rates. Amphibian declines have been associated with a loss of ecosystem function in neotropical streams, but little is known of the potential roles of stream-dwelling tadpoles in leaf decomposition. Leaf litter is an important energy source to streams, and the breakdown of this material to fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) is a key ecosystem function. 2. We used mesocosms in a natural stream setting to quantify the effects of grazing tadpoles, shredding macroinvertebrates and a combination of the two on leaf decomposition and associated microbial activity. We measured respiration rates of decomposing leaves, particulate organic matter (POM) and leaf biofilm biomass and C : N : P ratios, and leaf area loss in 4 treatments: Control, tadpole only (TP), tadpole and shredding macroinvertebrates (TP + INV) and shredding macroinvertebrates only (INV). We hypothesised that tadpoles would enhance leaf decomposition by changing nutrient availability and stimulating microbial activity. 3. Respiration rates ranged from 3.1 to 6.0 mg O2 dry mass−1 h−1 and were significantly higher in the TP and TP + INV treatments than in the control. The TP + INV treatment had significantly higher POM in chambers than the control and INV treatments. The TP treatment had significantly lower leaf biofilm biomass than the control and INV treatments. 4. Tadpoles influenced the elemental balance of C and N in POM and leaf biofilm. In contrast to our prediction, molar C : N ratios were higher in the TP + INV treatment than in the control. Mean molar N : P ratios in POM were higher in the TP + INV treatment than in any other treatment. Leaf biofilm followed a similar pattern, but both TP and TP + INV had significantly higher N : P ratios than the control and INV treatments. Leaf area loss was greatest when tadpoles and invertebrates were together (TP + INV = 0.6% leaf area loss per mg organism) than separate (TP = 0.1%, INV = 3%), indicating facilitation. 5. Tadpoles indirectly affected leaf decomposition by influencing microbial communities and macroinvertebrate feeding. As such, ongoing amphibian declines may adversely affect a critical ecosystem function in freshwater habitats.
Bioefficacy of Penoxsulam on Transplanted Rice Weeds

Penoxsulam was found effective especially against Echinochloa species and Cyperus difformis as compared to butachlor and pretilachlor and it recorded lower weed dry matter. Highest grain yield was obtained with penoxsulam at 22.5 and 25 g/ha at 3 DAT during 2005 and 2006, respectively. Penoxsulam at 22.5 and 20.0 g/ha was found better against weeds than butachlor and pretilachlor. Weedy plot recorded 41.0 and 34.3% lower grain yield as compared to the treatment having highest grain yield during both the years. Based on two-season studies, it can be concluded that penoxsulam at 20–25 g/ha applied as pre-emergence (3 DAT) as well as early post-emergence (10 DAT) effectively controlled weeds in transplanted rice and it had no phytotoxicity effect on rice crop upto 25 g/ha dose.
Data Dependent Energy Modeling for Worst Case Energy Consumption Analysis

Safely meeting Worst Case Energy Consumption (WCEC) criteria requires accurate energy modeling of software. We investigate the impact of instruction operand values upon energy consumption in cacheless embedded processors. Existing instruction-level energy models typically use measurements from random input data, providing estimates unsuitable for safe WCEC analysis. We examine probabilistic energy distributions of instructions and propose a model for composing instruction sequences using distributions, enabling WCEC analysis on program basic blocks. The worst case is predicted with statistical analysis. Further, we verify that the energy of embedded benchmarks can be characterised as a distribution, and compare our proposed technique with other methods of estimating energy consumption.
Analysis of Pre-Service Physics Teachers’ Understanding of Vectors and Forces

The aim of this study is to analyze the ability of students to understand vectors as well as force concepts. Survey study was implemented in this study to obtain detailed information of students’ ability and involved 212 physics education students of Tanjungpura University who have completed Basic Physics course. They were asked to solve tests of vector and tests of force adapted from physics education research group. Test of vector (TUV) consists of 13 items and covers addition, subtraction, and component. Furthermore, test of force (TOF) that has nine items covers three different contexts - horizontal surface, inclined plane, and pulling the rope. The results show that (i) students answer correctly 56% of TUV and 46% of TOF, (ii) subtraction concept is the most difficult for students to solve vector test and inclined plane is the lowest percentage done correctly by students in force test, and (iii) the correlation between students’ ability of vector and students’ ability of force is 0,304 (p = 0.01) with moderate category. This indicates that one of factors that can affect student’s performance in solving force concept is vector skills. Hence, before students starting learning force concept, teachers can administer vector test to elicit students’ prior knowledge of vector.
Evaluation of Microshear Bond Strength of Light and Chemically-Cured Composite Resins to Light-Cured Glass-Ionomer Using Various Bonding Systems

Background: This study was conducted to compare the microshear bond strength (MSBS) of chemically-cured and light cured composite to resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGI) based on different types of adhesive systems. Methods: Thirty-two discs of Vitrebond RMGI were prepared and randomly divided into 8 groups. Four cylinders of composite resin were placed on each RMGI sample. Z250 composite was bonded to the RMGI discs with Single-Bond, Clearfil SE-Bond, and Clearfil S3-Bond adhesive agent in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Group 4 was considered to be the control group without any adhesive. In groups 5-8, the procedures were the same as those in groups 1-4, except that a chemically-cured composite (Master Dent) was used. All the samples were kept at 37˚C for 24 hours and tested for MSBS by a mechanical testing machine at a strain rate of 0.5 mm/min. Failure mode was assessed under a stereomicroscope. Data analysis was carried out by two-way ANOVA, independent t test, one-way ANOVA and Tukey honestly significant difference test. Results: Application of a bonding agent significantly increased MSBS (P=0.0001). MSBS was significantly higher in samples with light cured composite resin compared to the chemically-cured composite (P=0.0001). Conclusions: Application of an adhesive system significantly increased the MSBS of composite resins to RMGI. The bond strength of composite resin to RMGI could vary depending on the type of the composite resin and the adhesive system.
Assessing exposure to extreme climatic events for terrestrial mammals

There is robust evidence that climate change will modify the frequency and intensity of extreme climatic events. The consequences for terrestrial biota may be dramatic, but are yet to be elucidated. The well‐established IUCN Red List does not, for example, include any explicit quantification of the current level of exposure to extreme climatic events in any species‐based risk assessment. Using globally distributed data for cyclones and droughts as well as information on the distribution of 5,760 terrestrial mammals (species and subspecies) we: (1) define mammals with significant exposure as those with an overlap of at least 25% of their extant geographic range with areas that have been impacted by either cyclones or droughts; and (2) pinpoint those with ≥75% overlap as being at the highest exposure. Although a species’ risk of negative impacts from extreme climatic events depends not only on its exposure but also its intrinsic sensitivity and adaptive capacity, identifying taxa currently exposed can help to (1) reduce the uncertainty in identifying species least likely to be resilient to future impacts, and (2) complement extinction risk assessments and provide a more informed evaluation of current conservation status, to better guide management.
Improving dough rheology and cookie quality by protease enzyme

Protease enzyme was added to wheat flour at different levels. The rheological properties of betifore dough were evaluated by mixolab, alveograph and farinograph. Sensory properties of betifore prepared with different levels of protease enzyme were evaluated. Physical properties of betifore prepared with 25 ppm protease enzyme were also evaluated. Treating wheat flour with 25 ppm protease enzyme reduced mixolab stability. Treating wheat flour with 25 ppm protease enzyme reduced deformation energy from 229×10 -4 to 142×10 -4 Joule. Incorporation of protease enzyme up to 25 ppm level in dough lead to increase in the values of farinograph dough weakening from 110 to 150 Barbender Units. The dough tolerance index was not affected by treating flour with 25 ppm protease enzyme however; at lower levels of protease enzyme the dough tolerance index was increased by 12.5 − 37.5%. Degree of softening was increased by treating wheat flour with protease enzyme. Betifores prepared with 25 ppm protease enzyme had higher mean scores for all sensory properties and physical properties (width, spread ratio and spread factor) except thickness compared to control betifore.
First Record of the Entomopathogenic FungusNeozygites fumosaon the Cassava MealybugPhenacoccus herreni

Abstract Neozygites fumosa(Speare) Remaudiere & Keller (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) was found in 1994 for the first time as a pathogen of cassava mealybug,Phenacoccus herreniCox & Williams (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in Brazil. Infection levels of 9.3–64.6% of scales were found in fields in Cruz das Almas and Sao Goncalo, Bahia. The fungus produces globose hyphal bodies (9.5–14.2 μm diameter) and ellipsoid to broadly fusoid, tetranucleate primary conidia (16.5 ± 0.5 × 8.1 ± 0.9 μm). Few capilliconidia and no zygospores (resting spores) were observed. The interphasic nuclei (1.2–1.8 μm diameter) showed an unexpected quantity of condensed (and readily stainable) chromatin.N. fumosais being studied further as a potentially significant biocontrol agent of cassava mealybug in Northeastern Brazil.
New or interesting lichens and lichenicolous fungi from the Vadstena area, Östergötland, Sweden

Results from the excursion of the 20th biennial symposium in Vadstena 11–15 August 2013 are presented. Eight localities in and around Vadstena were visited. Forty-three species are reported as new to the province Ostergotland [Ostrogothia], three of which are new to the Nordic countries: Lecanora compallens, Polycoccum kerneri and Tremella caloplacae, five are new to Sweden: Cornutispora ciliata, Pyrenula chlorospila, Thelidium cf. rimulosum, Verrucaria ochrostoma and V. polystictoides, and the following are new to Ostergotland: Bagliettoa baldensis, B. calciseda, Briancoppinsia cytospora, Calogaya arnoldii ssp. obliterata, Clypeococcum hypocenomycis, Cornutispora lichenicola, Endococcus exerrans, Fuscidea arboricola, Illosporium carneum, Lepraria elobata, L. jackii, L. vouauxii, Leptochidium albociliatum, Lichenoconium lecanorae, Lichenochora weillii, Marchandiobasidium aurantiacum, Micarea byssacea, Monodictys anaptychiae, M. epilepraria, Parmelia serrana, Phaeosporobolus alpinus, Placopyrenium canellum, Porpidia soredizodes, Pyrenidium actinellum, Rinodina turfacea, Stereocaulon rivulorum, Syzygospora physciacearum, Thelenella muscorum, Tremella phaeophysciae, T. ramalinae, Trichonectria rubefaciens, Verrucaria dolosa, V. inaspecta, V. infumata and V. memnonia. (Less)