Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Problem of Geographic Market Delineation Revisited: The Case of Coal

Since the publication of our article on geographic market delineation, in The Antitrust Bulletin,t one major extension and three criticisms have appeared, with one of the critiques being published in this journal. Such attention warrants a response and also provides an opportunity to further illuminate the problem of estimating the dimensions of geographic markets. In revisiting the topic we first, in Section I, summarize our own position. In the next section the work of our critics is analyzed. As it turns out, all of the four recent articles on this subject have concerned the market for coal in the United States. Consequently in Section III we estimate the geographic boundaries of steam coal markets in the United States. This section represents both an empirical contribution in its own right as wen as a vehicle for further demonstrating the usefulness of our method of market definition.
Organoleptic and chemical assessment of two frozen marine fishes obtained from markets in four agricultural zones of Oyo State, Nigeria

Sensory and non-sensory assessment of frozen fish: Sardinella species and Micromesistius poutassou obtained from four Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) zones (Ibadan/Ibarapa, Ogbomoso, Oyo and Saki) of Oyo State were carried out. Overall acceptability was based on 7-point Hedonic scale (very much liked (7) - very much disliked (1). Chemical tests [Hypoxanthine (Hx), Peroxide value (PV), Trimethylamine (TMA) and Free fatty acid (FFA)] were carried out using standard methods. Data were analyzed using the mean, standard deviation and t- test.Overall acceptability of the two frozen fish species was between 5.47±0.20 and 5.90±0.08. Hx values varied between 22.15±1.04 and 25.96±0.53mg/100g fish for Sardinella spp. and M. poutassou respectively. The values recorded for both Sardinella spp. an d M. poutassou were between 17.48±0.81 and 19.79±1.03 meq/kg for PV; 19.03±065 and 23.63±0.60 mg/100g fish for TMA and between 1.38±0.07% and 1.85±0.31% for FFA respectively. In both Sardinella spp. and M. Poutassou respectively, Oyo Zone had the least PV (17.48±0.81; 17.90±0.60meq/kg), TMA level (20.58±0.90; 19.03±0.65mg/100g). Sardinella spp. samples from the Ogbomoso Zone had highest PV (18.83±0.60meq/kg), FFA (1.85±0.13%) and TMA (23.63±0.60mg/100g) levels, and also the highest FFA values (1.81±0.19%) in M. poutassou . Hypoxanthine and TMA valueswere significantly different in the Sardinella spp. and M. poutassou samples across the zones, respectively.Quality of frozen fish was best in the Oyo Zone. All sensory and non-sensory indicators of fish quality were however within acceptable limits in the four zones of Oyo State. Keywords: Frozen fish, Sensory assessment, Chemical assessment, ADP zones, Oyo state
Domain Robustness in Neural Machine Translation

Translating text that diverges from the training domain is a key challenge for neural machine translation (NMT). Domain robustness - the generalization of models to unseen test domains - is low compared to statistical machine translation. In this paper, we investigate the performance of NMT on out-of-domain test sets, and ways to improve it. We observe that hallucination (translations that are fluent but unrelated to the source) is common in out-of-domain settings, and we empirically compare methods that improve adequacy (reconstruction), out-of-domain translation (subword regularization), or robustness against adversarial examples (defensive distillation), as well as noisy channel models. In experiments on German to English OPUS data, and German to Romansh, a low-resource scenario, we find that several methods improve domain robustness, reconstruction standing out as a method that not only improves automatic scores, but also shows improvements in a manual assessments of adequacy, albeit at some loss in fluency. However, out-of-domain performance is still relatively low and domain robustness remains an open problem.
The impact of recombination energy on simulations of the common-envelope binary interaction

During the common-envelope binary interaction, the expanding layers of the gaseous common envelope recombine and the resulting recombination energy has been suggested as a contributing factor to the ejection of the envelope. In this paper, we perform a comparative study between simulations with and without the inclusion of recombination energy. We use two distinct setups, comprising a 0.88- and 1.8-M⊙ giants, that have been studied before and can serve as benchmarks. In so doing, we conclude that (i) the final orbital separation is not affected by the choice of equation of state (EoS). In other words, simulations that unbind but a small fraction of the envelope result in similar final separations to those that, thanks to recombination energy, unbind a far larger fraction. (ii) The adoption of a tabulated EoS results in a much greater fraction of unbound envelope and we demonstrate the cause of this to be the release of recombination energy. (iii) The fraction of hydrogen recombination energy that is allowed to do work should be about half of that which our adiabatic simulations use. (iv) However, for the heavier star simulation, we conclude that it is helium and not hydrogen recombination energy that unbinds the gas and we determine that all helium recombination energy is thermalized in the envelope and does work. (v) The outer regions of the expanding common envelope are likely to see the formation of dust. This dust would promote additional unbinding and shaping of the ejected envelope into axisymmetric morphologies.
Canonical equivariant cohomology classes generating zeta values of totally real fields

It is known that the special values at nonpositive integers of a Dirichlet L L -function may be expressed using the generalized Bernoulli numbers, which are defined by a generating function. The purpose of this article is to consider the generalization of this classical result to the case of Hecke L L -functions of totally real fields. Hecke L L -functions may be expressed canonically as a finite sum of zeta functions of Lerch type. By combining the non-canonical multivariable generating functions constructed by Shintani [J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo Sect. IA Math. 23 (1976), pp. 393–417], we newly construct a canonical class, which we call the Shintani generating class, in the equivariant cohomology of an algebraic torus associated to the totally real field. Our main result states that the specializations at torsion points of the derivatives of the Shintani generating class give values at nonpositive integers of the zeta functions of Lerch type. This result gives the insight that the correct framework in the higher dimensional case is to consider higher equivariant cohomology classes instead of functions.
Hippocampal resting-state functional connectivity with the mPFC and DLPFC moderates and mediates the association between education level and memory function in subjective cognitive decline

Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between education level, memory function, and hippocampus functional and structural alterations in subjective cognitive decline (SCD). Methods: Seventy-five participants with SCD were divided into high education (HE) and low education (LE) level groups. A Wechsler Memory Scale–Chinese Revision test and functional and structural MRI were performed within 1 week after participant recruitment. The bilateral hippocampus resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC), gray matter volume (GMV) of brain regions identified by rsFC analysis, and moderating and mediating effects were assessed. Results: Compared with the LE group, HE individuals showed 1) higher memory quotient (MQ) and Digit Span subscore, 2) decreased hippocampal rsFC with the right medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and 3) increased GMV in the right mPFC and DLPFC. The bilateral hippocampus–right DLPFC rsFC significantly associated with the MQ and the bilateral hippocampus–right mPFCrsFC with the Digit Span subscore in each group. The bilateral hippocampus–right DLPFC rsFC moderated the relationship between the education level and MQ. The bilateral hippocampus–right mPFC rsFC mediated the relationship between the education level and Digit Span subscore in all subjects. Conclusion: The hippocampal rsFC with the right mPFC and DLPFC contributes to the education level effect on memory function in SCD.
Multi-wavelength Variability Signatures of Relativistic Shocks in Blazar Jets

Mildly relativistic shocks that are embedded in colliding magnetohydrodynamic flows are prime sites for relativistic particle acceleration and the production of strongly variable, polarized multi-wavelength emission from relativistic jet sources such as blazars and gamma-ray bursts. The principal energization mechanisms at these shocks are diffusive shock acceleration and shock drift acceleration. In recent work, we had self-consistently coupled shock acceleration and radiation transfer simulations in blazar jets in a basic one-zone scenario. These one-zone models revealed that the observed spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of blazars strongly constrain the nature of the hydromagnetic turbulence in the shock layer. In this paper, we expand our previous work by including full time dependence and treating two zones, one being the site of acceleration and the other a larger emission zone. This construction is applied to multi-wavelength flares of the flat-spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) 3C 279, fitting snapshot SEDs and generating light curves that are consistent with observed variability timescales. We also present a generic study for the typical flaring behavior of the BL Lac object Mrk 501. The model predicts correlated variability across all wavebands, but cross-band time lags depending on the type of blazar (FSRQ versus BL Lac), as well as distinctive spectral hysteresis patterns in all wavelength bands, from millimeter radio waves to gamma-rays. These evolutionary signatures serve to provide diagnostics on the competition between acceleration and radiative cooling.
Uniformization theorems: Between Yamabe and Paneitz

This paper is devoted to several existence results for a generalized version of the Yamabe problem. First, we prove the remaining global cases for the range of powers $\gamma\in (0,1)$ for the generalized Yamabe problem introduced by Gonzalez and Qing. Second, building on a new approach by Case and Chang for this problem, we prove that this Yamabe problem is solvable in the Poincar\'{e}-Einstein case for $\gamma\in (1,\min\{2,n/2\})$ provided the associated fractional GJMS operator satisfies the strong maximum principle.
How implicit regularization of Neural Networks affects the learned function - Part I

Today, various forms of neural networks are trained to perform approximation tasks in many fields. However, the solutions obtained are not fully understood. Empirical results suggest that typical training algorithms favor regularized solutions. These observations motivate us to analyze properties of the solutions found by gradient descent initialized close to zero, that is frequently employed to perform the training task. As a starting point, we consider one dimensional (shallow) ReLU neural networks in which weights are chosen randomly and only the terminal layer is trained. We show that the resulting solution converges to the smooth spline interpolation of the training data as the number of hidden nodes tends to infinity. Moreover, we derive a correspondence between the early stopped gradient descent and the smoothing spline regression. This might give valuable insight on the properties of the solutions obtained using gradient descent methods in general settings.
A Systematic Review of Science Discourse in K–12 Urban Classrooms in the United States: Accounting for Individual, Collective, and Contextual Factors

The literature on science discourse in K–12 classrooms in the United States has proliferated over the past couple of decades, crossing geographical, disciplinary, theoretical, and methodological boundaries. There is general consensus that science talk is at the core of students’ learning; however, a synthesis of key findings from the expansive literature base is needed. This systematic literature review is guided by a complex systems framework to organize and synthesize empirical studies of science talk in urban classrooms across individual (student or teacher), collective (interpersonal), and contextual (sociocultural, historical) planes. Findings are discussed in relation to contemporary approaches that integrate theories and methodologies to account for the complex phenomena of science discourse, including interacting elements across levels as well as stable and changing patterns that influence students’ access to, and nature of, science talk in urban classrooms. Unresolved questions related to high-leverage, equitable, and sustainable discourse practices; future lines of inquiry that can benefit by drawing from diverse theoretical traditions and mixed methodological approaches; and practical implications for classroom-based strategies to support science discourse are also discussed.
Controlled objects in left-exact $\infty$-categories and the Novikov conjecture

We associate to every $G$-bornological coarse space $X$ and every left-exact $\infty$-category with $G$-action a left-exact infinity-category of equivariant $X$-controlled objects. Postcomposing with algebraic K-theory leads to {new} equivariant coarse homology theories. This allows us to apply the injectivity results for assembly maps by Bunke, Engel, Kasprowski and Winges to the algebraic K-theory of left-exact $\infty$-categories.
Finite Blocklength Analysis of Gaussian Random Coding in AWGN Channels Under Covert Constraint

It is well known that finite blocklength analysis plays an important role in evaluating performances of communication systems in practical settings. This paper considers the achievability and converse bounds on the maximal channel coding rate (throughput) at a given blocklength and error probability in covert communication over AWGN channels. The covert constraint is given in terms of an upper bound on total variation distance (TVD) between the distributions of eavesdropped signals at an adversary with and without presence of active and legitimate communication, respectively. For the achievability, Gaussian random coding scheme is adopted for convenience in the analysis of TVD. The classical results of finite blocklength regime are not applicable in this case. By exploiting and extending canonical approaches, we first present new and more general achievability bounds for random coding schemes under maximal or average probability of error requirements. The general bounds are then applied to covert communication in AWGN channels where codewords are generated from Gaussian distribution while meeting the maximal power constraint. We further show an interesting connection between attaining tight achievability and converse bounds and solving two total variation distance based minimax and maxmin problems. The TVD constraint is analyzed under the given random coding scheme, which induces bounds on the transmission power through divergence inequalities. Further comparison is made between the new achievability bounds and existing ones derived under deterministic codebooks. Our thorough analysis thus leads us to a comprehensive characterization of the attainable throughput in covert communication over AWGN channels.
A Comparison of Burglary Near Repeat Victimization Between Rural and Urban Areas Using a Target-Based Assessment of Criminal Opportunity

Numerous studies have shown that near repeat victimization of burglaries can account for a substantial minority of burglaries in urban settings. Using a method based on the distribution of potential targets to determine the size of spatial bandwidths, the presence of burglary near repeats in rural areas was examined and compared to the level of near repeats in urban areas. A significant burglary near repeat pattern was observed in rural areas, but was restricted to the spatial and temporal bands that were closest to and most recently after a previous burglary. The proportion of all burglaries that were near repeats in this nearest spatial and temporal bands was greater than that observed in urban areas. The findings lead to extending how the boost account and offender foraging principles may apply in rural settings, and the identification of crime prevention opportunities that counter near repeats in rural areas.
Conversation Generation with Concept Flow

Human conversations naturally evolve around related entities and connected concepts, while may also shift from topic to topic. This paper presents ConceptFlow, which leverages commonsense knowledge graphs to explicitly model such conversation ﬂows for better conversation response generation. ConceptFlow grounds the conversation inputs to the latent concept space and represents the potential conversation ﬂow as a concept ﬂow along the commonsense relations. The concept is guided by a graph attention mechanism that models the possibility of the conversation evolving towards different concepts. The conversation response is then decoded using the encodings of both utterance texts and concept ﬂows, integrating the learned conversation structure in the concept space. Our experiments on Reddit conversations demonstrate the advantage of ConceptFlow over previous commonsense aware dialog models and ﬁne-tuned GPT-2 models, while using much fewer parameters but with explicit modeling of conversation structures
Balancing covariates in randomized experiments using the Gram-Schmidt walk

The design of experiments involves a compromise between covariate balance and robustness. This paper introduces an experimental design that admits precise control over this trade-off. The design is specified by a parameter that bounds the worst-case mean square error of an estimator of the average treatment effect. Subject to the experimenter's desired level of robustness, the design aims to simultaneously balance all linear functions of the targeted covariates. The achieved level of balance is considerably better than what a fully random assignment would produce, and it is close to optimal given the desired level of robustness. We show that the mean square error of the estimator is bounded by the minimum of the loss function of a ridge regression of the potential outcomes on the covariates. One may thus interpret the approach as regression adjustment by design. Finally, we provide non-asymptotic tail bounds for the estimator, which facilitate the construction of conservative confidence intervals.
Early transcriptomic response of Alnus glutinosa to Frankia alni symbiont, an upregulated nsLTP (non-specific Lipid Transfer Protein) is implicated in early and late stages of symbiosis

The response of Alnus glutinosa to Frankia alni is complex with several sequential physiological modifications that include calcium spiking, root hair deformation, penetration, induction of primordium, formation and growth of nodule. A transcriptomic study of seedlings in hydroponics after early contact (2.5 days) with Frankia alni, either with a culture supernatant or with living cells separated from the roots by a dialysis membrane, permitted to identify plant genes which expression level was modified upon early contact with Frankia. Forty-two genes were significantly up-regulated in both experiments, most of them encoding biological processes such as oxidative stress or response to stimuli. Among them, the most upregulated gene was a non-specific lipid transfer protein encoding gene with a fold change of 141. This nsLTP was found to increase Frankia nitrogen fixation at sub-lethal concentration. Interestingly, it was immunolocalized to a region of the deformed root hair at an early infection stage and later in nodules, it was localized around bacterial vesicles suggesting a role in early and late stages of symbiosis.
Development and evaluation of PCR primers for environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding of Amphibia

Biodiversity monitoring is important for the conservation of natural ecosystems in general, but particularly for amphibians, whose populations are pronouncedly declining. However, amphibians’ ecological traits (e.g., nocturnal or aquatic) often prevent their precise monitoring. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding—analysis of extra-organismal DNA released into the environment—allows the easy and effective monitoring of the biodiversity of aquatic organisms. Here, we developed and tested the utility of original PCR primer sets. First, we conducted in vitro PCR amplification tests with universal primer candidates using total DNA extracted from amphibian tissues. Five primer sets successfully amplified the target DNA fragments (partial 16S rRNA gene fragments of 160–311 bp) from all 16 taxa tested (from the three living amphibian orders Anura, Caudata, and Gymnophiona). Next, we investigated the taxonomic resolution retrieved using each primer set. The results revealed that the universal primer set “Amph16S” had the highest resolution among the tested sets. Finally, we applied Amph16S to actual metabarcoding and evaluated its detection capability by comparing the species detected using eDNA and physical survey (capture-based sampling and visual survey) in multiple agricultural ecosystems across Japan (160 sites in 10 areas). The eDNA metabarcoding with Amph16S detected twice as many species as the physical surveys (16 vs. 8 species, respectively), indicating the effectiveness of Amph16S in biodiversity monitoring and ecological research for amphibian communities.
Leveraging eDNA metabarcoding to characterize nearshore fish communities in Southeast Alaska: Do habitat and tide matter?

Nearshore marine habitats are critical for a variety of commercially important fish species, but assessing fish communities in these habitats is costly and time-intensive. Here, we leverage eDNA metabarcoding to characterize nearshore fish communities near Juneau, Alaska, USA, a high-latitude environment with large tidal swings, strong currents, and significant freshwater input. We investigated whether species richness and community composition differed across three habitat types (sand beaches, eelgrass beds, and rocky shorelines) and between high and low tides. Additionally, we tested whether replication of field samples and PCR reactions influenced either species richness or composition. We amplified a 12S mitochondrial locus in our samples and identified 188 fish amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), corresponding to 21 unique taxa, with approximately half of these resolved to single species. Species richness and composition inferred from eDNA differed substantially among habitats, with rock habitats containing fewer taxa and fewer overall detections than sand and eelgrass habitats. The effect of tide was more subtle and suggested a habitat-tide interaction, with differences in taxa between tides largely isolated to sand habitats. Power analyses indicated that additional field sampling is useful to detect subtle changes in species richness such as those due to tide. PCR replicates typically identified a small number of additional taxa. The most notable result from our study was that shore morphology appeared to substantially influence community structure. Rocky shorelines sloped quickly into deep water, while sand and eelgrass habitats descended much more gradually. We hypothesize that differences in taxa observed among habitats were largely due to lack of mixing between bottom and surface water, providing further evidence that eDNA transport is minimal and that many marine eDNA detections are derived from highly localized sampling locations. We suggest that future studies could explore the extent to which habitat and nearshore physical processes influence eDNA detections.