Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Harm

In earlier work we defined a qualitative notion of harm: either harm is caused, or it is not. For practical applications, we often need to quantify harm; for example, we may want to choose the least harmful of a set of possible interventions. We first present a quantitative definition of harm in a deterministic context involving a single individual, then we consider the issues involved in dealing with uncertainty regarding the context and going from a notion of harm for a single individual to a notion of "societal harm", which involves aggregating the harm to individuals. We show that the "obvious" way of doing this (just taking the expected harm for an individual and then summing the expected harm over all individuals) can lead to counterintuitive or inappropriate answers, and discuss alternatives, drawing on work from the decision-theory literature.
Choline, DHA, and Diarrheal Disease Associated with Growth Faltering in a Case-Control Study

ABSTRACT Background Children with recurrent infectious diarrhea are susceptible to growth faltering. DHA and choline may play a role in this relationship due to their involvement in lipid metabolism, gut immunity, and inflammatory pathways. Objectives This study aimed to characterize the contributions made by DHA and choline status and enteric damage in young children in the association between diarrheal illness and child growth. Methods A longitudinal case-control study was conducted among children aged 6–36 mo (N = 195) in Cap-Haitien, Haiti. Mother-child dyads were recruited from community health posts and outpatient clinics. Cases were defined as children experiencing acute diarrhea within the last 3 d and matched to healthy controls. Child anthropometry, dietary intake, and blood and stool samples were collected at baseline and follow-up. Plasma DHA, choline, and betaine were determined by LC-MS/MS methods (n = 49) and intestinal fatty acid–binding protein (I-FABP) by ELISA (n = 183). Multivariate regression models were applied with mediation analyses to examine associations and adjust for confounding factors. Results At baseline, mean plasma DHA concentrations (1.03 µg/mL; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.15) were not significantly different between cases and controls, nor was there a difference in mean plasma choline concentrations (4.5 µg/mL; 95% CI: 3.8, 5.1). Mean plasma I-FABP concentrations were significantly higher at follow-up in cases (3.34; 95% CI: 3.28, 3.40) than controls (3.20; 95% CI: 3.13, 3.27; P = 0.002). In adjusted multilinear regression models, higher plasma DHA concentrations at follow-up were associated with a negative change in weight-age z score (P = 0.016), and follow-up I-FABP was inversely associated with height-age z score (P = 0.035). No interaction or mediation effects were found. Conclusions I-FABP concentrations were significantly higher in cases as compared with controls at follow-up, suggesting ongoing enteric damage and increased risk for malnutrition. Plasma DHA and I-FABP may have a role in childhood growth outcomes.
SYNTHESIZING EXOPLANET DEMOGRAPHICS FROM RADIAL VELOCITY AND MICROLENSING SURVEYS. II. THE FREQUENCY OF PLANETS ORBITING M DWARFS

In contrast to radial velocity (RV) surveys, results from microlensing surveys indicate that giant planets with masses greater than the critical mass for core accretion (∼0.1 MJup) are relatively common around low-mass stars. Using the methodology developed in the first paper, we predict the sensitivity of M-dwarf RV surveys to analogs of the population of planets inferred by microlensing. We find that RV surveys should detect a handful of super-Jovian (>MJup) planets at the longest periods being probed. These planets are indeed found by RV surveys, implying that the demographic constraints inferred from these two methods are consistent. Finally, we combine the results from both methods to estimate planet frequencies spanning wide regions of parameter space. We find that the frequency of Jupiters and super-Jupiters (1 ≲ mpsin i/MJup ≲ 13) with periods 1 ⩽ P/days ⩽ 104 is , a median factor of 4.3 (1.5–14 at 95% confidence) smaller than the inferred frequency of such planets around FGK stars of 0.11 ± 0.02. However, we find the frequency of all giant planets with 30 ≲ mpsin i/M⊕ ≲ 104 and 1 ⩽ P/days ⩽ 104 to be , only a median factor of 2.2 (0.73–5.9 at 95% confidence) smaller than the inferred frequency of such planets orbiting FGK stars of 0.31 ± 0.07. For a more conservative definition of giant planets (50 ≲ mpsin i/M⊕ ≲ 104), we find , a median factor of 2.2 (0.73–6.7 at 95% confidence) smaller than that inferred for FGK stars of 0.25 ± 0.05. Finally, we find the frequency of all planets with 1 ⩽ mpsin i/M⊕ ⩽ 104 and 1 ⩽ P/days ⩽ 104 to be fp = 1.9 ± 0.5.
Efficacy of Addition of Atomoxetine to Speech Therapy in Stuttering Severity of Children Aged 4-12 Years: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Objectives Stuttering is a common problem at all ages that is required to be treated since childhood. Atomoxetine is currently used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It can be effective for the treatment of stuttering due to its selective inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake and dopaminergic properties. Therefore, this randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the effect of atomoxetine on children’s stuttering. Materials & Methods The children aged 4-12 years and diagnosed with stuttering, referred to Pediatric Neurology and Psychology clinics , were randomly divided into experimental (n=50) and control (n=50) groups. One group received atomoxetine plus speech therapy, and the other group received only speech therapy. Both groups completed the Stuttering Severity Instrument-Fourth Edition at the baseline (on the first visit) and 3 months after the intervention. The results were compared between the two groups using SPSS software (version 21). Results Most of the children (67%) were male. Moreover, 24%, 46%, and 30% of the subjects were within the age ranges of < 60, 60-95, and > 95 months, respectively. Nearly half of the patients (52%) had a positive family history of stuttering. Stuttering severity was the highest within the age range of 60-95 months, in left-handed children, in those who used formula, and in those who felt insecure in the family; however, there was no difference in stuttering severity based on child’s gender, concomitant ADHD, multilingualism, facial or movement tics, sleeping hours, and using teats. The mean stuttering severity reduced in both groups (P<0.001), with a greater decrease in the experimental group, compared to that of the control group (P=0.011). Conclusion Atomoxetine plus speech therapy is effective for the treatment of children’s stuttering and can be used as a complementary treatment strategy in such patients.
ON THE NATURE OF THE ENIGMATIC OBJECT IRAS 19312+1950: A RARE PHASE OF MASSIVE STAR FORMATION?

IRAS 19312+1950 is a peculiar object that has eluded firm characterization since its discovery, with combined maser properties similar to an evolved star and a young stellar object (YSO). To help determine its true nature, we obtained infrared spectra of IRAS 19312+1950 in the range 5–550 μm using the Herschel and Spitzer space observatories. The Herschel PACS maps exhibit a compact, slightly asymmetric continuum source at 170 μm, indicative of a large, dusty circumstellar envelope. The far-IR CO emission line spectrum reveals two gas temperature components: ≈0.22 M⊙ of material at 280 ± 18 K, and ≈1.6 M⊙ of material at 157 ± 3 K. The O i 63 μm line is detected on-source but no significant emission from atomic ions was found. The HIFI observations display shocked, high-velocity gas with outflow speeds up to 90 km s−1 along the line of sight. From Spitzer spectroscopy, we identify ice absorption bands due to H2O at 5.8 μm and CO2 at 15 μm. The spectral energy distribution is consistent with a massive, luminous (∼2 × 104 L⊙) central source surrounded by a dense, warm circumstellar disk and envelope of total mass ∼500–700 M⊙, with large bipolar outflow cavities. The combination of distinctive far-IR spectral features suggest that IRAS 19312+1950 should be classified as an accreting, high-mass YSO rather than an evolved star. In light of this reclassification, IRAS 19312+1950 becomes only the fifth high-mass protostar known to exhibit SiO maser activity, and demonstrates that 18 cm OH maser line ratios may not be reliable observational discriminators between evolved stars and YSOs.
MODELING THE OUTFLOW IN THE NARROW-LINE REGION OF MARKARIAN 573: BICONICAL ILLUMINATION OF A GASEOUS DISK

We present a study of the outflowing ionized gas in the resolved narrow-line region of the Seyfert 2 galaxy Mrk 573, and its interaction with an inner dust/gas disk, based on Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 and Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph observations. From the spectroscopic and imaging information, we determined the fundamental geometry of the outflow and inner disk, via two modeling programs used to recreate the morphology of these regions imaged with HST. We also determined that the bicone of ionizing radiation from the active galactic nucleus intersects with the inner disk, illuminating a section of the disk including inner segments of spiral arms, fully seen through structure mapping, which appear to be outflowing and expanding. In addition, we see high velocities at projected distances of ⩾2″ (∼700 pc) from the nucleus, which could be due to rotation or in situ acceleration of gas off the spiral arms. We find that the true half-opening angle of the ionizing bicone (53°) is much larger than the apparent half-opening angle (34°) due to the above geometry, which may apply to a number of other Seyferts as well.
THE PREVALENCE AND IMPACT OF WOLF–RAYET STARS IN EMERGING MASSIVE STAR CLUSTERS

We investigate Wolf–Rayet (WR) stars as a source of feedback contributing to the removal of natal material in the early evolution of massive star clusters. Despite previous work suggesting that massive star clusters clear out their natal material before the massive stars evolve into the WR phase, WR stars have been detected in several emerging massive star clusters. These detections suggest that the timescale for clusters to emerge can be at least as long as the time required to produce WR stars (a few million years), and could also indicate that WR stars may be providing the tipping point in the combined feedback processes that drive a massive star cluster to emerge. We explore the potential overlap between the emerging phase and the WR phase with an observational survey to search for WR stars in emerging massive star clusters hosting WR stars. We select candidate emerging massive star clusters from known radio continuum sources with thermal emission and obtain optical spectra with the 4 m Mayall Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory and the 6.5 m MMT. We identify 21 sources with significantly detected WR signatures, which we term “emerging WR clusters. ” WR features are detected in ∼50% of the radio-selected sample, and thus we find that WR stars are commonly present in currently emerging massive star clusters. The observed extinctions and ages suggest that clusters without WR detections remain embedded for longer periods of time, and may indicate that WR stars can aid, and therefore accelerate, the emergence process.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL MAPS OF THE MAGELLANIC CLOUDS USING RR LYRAE STARS AND CEPHEIDS. II. THE SMALL MAGELLANIC CLOUD

We use data on variable stars from the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment survey to determine the three-dimensional structure of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). Deriving individual distances to RR Lyrae stars and Cepheids, we investigate the distribution of these tracers of the old and young populations in the SMC. Photometrically estimated metallicities are used to determine the distances to 1494 RR Lyrae stars, which have typical ages greater than 9 Gyr. For 2522 Cepheids, with ages of a few tens to a few hundred Myr, distances are calculated using their period–luminosity relation. Individual reddening estimates from the intrinsic color of each star are used to obtain high precision three-dimensional maps. The distances of RR Lyrae stars and Cepheids are in very good agreement with each other. The median distance of the RR Lyrae stars is found to be 61.5 ± 3.4 kpc. For the Cepheids, a median distance of 63.1 ± 3.0 kpc is obtained. Both populations show an extended scale height, with 2.0 ± 0.4 kpc for the RR Lyrae stars and 2.7 ± 0.3 kpc for the Cepheids. This confirms the large depth of the SMC suggested by a number of earlier studies. The young population is very differently oriented than the old stars. While we find an inclination angle of 7° ± 15° and a position angle of 83° ± 21° for the RR Lyrae stars, for the Cepheids an inclination of 74° ± 9° and a position angle of 66° ± 15° is obtained. The RR Lyrae stars show a fairly homogeneous distribution, while the Cepheids roughly follow the distribution of the bar, with their northeastern part being closer to us than the southwestern part of the bar. Interactions between the SMC, Large Magellanic Cloud, and Milky Way are presumably responsible for the tilted, elongated structure of the young population of the SMC.
A single-merger scenario for the formation of the giant stream and the warp of M31

We propose that the accretion of a dwarf spheroidal galaxy provides a common origin for the giant southern stream and the warp of M31. We run about 40 full N-body simulations with live M31, infalling galaxies with varying masses and density profiles, and cosmologically-plausible initial orbital parameters. Excellent agreement with a full range of observational data is obtained for a model in which a dark-matter-rich dwarf spheroidal, whose trajectory lies on the thin plane of corotating satellites of M31, is accreted from its turnaround radius of about 200 kpcs into M31 at approximately 3 Gyrs ago. The satellite is disrupted as it orbits in the potential well of the galaxy and forms the giant stream and in return heats and warps the disk of M31. We show that our cosmologically-motivated model is favoured by the kinematic data over the phenomenological models in which the satellite starts its infall from a close distance of M31. Our model predicts that the remnant of the disrupted satellite resides in the region of the North-Eastern shelf of M31. The results here suggest that the surviving satellites of M31 that orbit on the same thin plane, as the disrupted satellite once did, could have all been accreted from an intergalactic filament.
The effect of non-Gaussian curvature perturbations on the formation of primordial black holes

This paper explores the consequences of non-Gaussian cosmological perturbations for the formation of primordial black holes (PBHs). A non-Gaussian probability distribution function (PDF) of curvature perturbations is presented with an explicit contribution from the three-point correlation function to linear order. The consequences of this non-Gaussian PDF for the large perturbations that form PBHs are then studied. Using the observational limits for the non-Gaussian parameter fNL, new bounds to the mean amplitude of curvature perturbations are derived in the range of scales relevant for PBH formation.
Optimum frequency band for radio polarization observations

Polarized radio synchrotron emission from interstellar, intracluster and intergalactic magnetic fields is affected by frequency-dependent Faraday depolarization. The maximum polarized intensity depends on the physical properties of the depolarizing medium. New-generation radio telescopes such as Low Frequency Array (LOFAR), the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) and its precursors need a wide range of frequencies to cover the full range of objects. The optimum frequency of maximum polarized intensity (PI) is computed for the cases of depolarization in magneto-ionic media by regular magnetic fields (differential Faraday rotation) or by turbulent magnetic fields (internal or external Faraday dispersion), assuming that the Faraday spectrum of the medium is dominated by one component or that the medium is turbulent. Polarized emission from bright galaxy discs, spiral arms and cores of galaxy clusters are best observed at wavelengths below a few centimetres (at frequencies beyond about 10 GHz), haloes of galaxies and clusters around decimetre wavelengths (at frequencies below about 2 GHz). Intergalactic filaments need observations at metre wavelengths (frequencies below 300 MHz). Sources with extremely large intrinsic rotation measure | RM | or RM dispersion can be searched with mm-wave telescopes. Measurement of the PI spectrum allows us to derive the average Faraday | RM | or the Faraday dispersion within the source, as demonstrated for the case of the spiral galaxy NGC 6946. Periodic fluctuations in PI at low frequencies are a signature of differential Faraday rotation. Internal and external Faraday dispersion can be distinguished by the different slopes of the PI spectrum at low frequencies. A wide band around the optimum frequency is important to distinguish between varieties of depolarization effects.
The design and process of a family and community-based intervention for relapse prevention in people living with schizophrenia in Iran

Background: People living with schizophrenia (PLS) suffer frequent relapse accompanied by emergency room visits, premature mortality, lower quality of life and a substantial social and economic burden on families and health systems. There is a dearth of community-based relapse prevention interventions (RPIs) in Iran. Aims: To determine an ideal model for a community-based RPIs for PLS. Methods: A qualitative study with 27 experts in Iran was carried out to understand the ideal RPIs for PLS and the key components of such interventions. Results: In 16 semi-structured interviews and 8 group-discussions, the participants identified six major stages of family and community-based RPIs including preparation, social mobilization, local team formation, design an RPI, implementing the RPI, participatory monitoring, and evaluation of the RPI. Conclusions: Given the suboptimal healthcare systems and lack of professionals and services, PLS in Iran may benefit from family and community-based RPIs. Our findings warrant pilot testing of such initiatives across developing communities like Iran to improve health outcomes of PLS.
Some Note on Exceptional Values of Meromorphic Functions

Let E be a totally-disconnected compact set in the z-plane and let Ω be its complement with respect to the extended z-plane. Then Ω is a domain and we can consider a single-valued meromorphic function w = f(z) on Ω which has a transcendental singularity at each point of E. Suppose that E is a null-set of the class W in the sense of Kametani [4] (the class NB in the sense of Ahlfors and Beurling [1]). Then the cluster set of f(z) at each transcendental singularity is the whole w-plane, and hence f(z) has an essential singularity at each point of E. We shall say that a value w is exceptional for f(z) at an essential singularity ζ ∈ E if there exists a neighborhood of ζ where the function f(z) does not take this value w.
Efficiency of a Brownian information machine

A Brownian information machine extracts work from a heat bath through a feedback process that exploits the information acquired in a measurement. For the paradigmatic case of a particle trapped in a harmonic potential, we determine how power and efficiency for two variants of such a machine operating cyclically depend on the cycle time and the precision of the positional measurements. Controlling only the center of the trap leads to a machine that has zero efficiency at maximum power, whereas additional optimal control of the stiffness of the trap leads to an efficiency bounded between 1/2, which holds for maximum power, and 1 reached even for finite cycle time in the limit of perfect measurements.
Assessment of telemedicine versus in-person care in managing abdominal pain in children during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a dramatic increase in telemedicine care delivery. This raises the question of whether the visit type affects the care provided to patients in the pediatric gastroenterology clinic. The aim of this study is to assess whether diagnostic, treatment, and outcome measures differ between telemedicine and in-person visits in patients seen in pediatric gastroenterology clinics for the chief complaint of abdominal pain. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients aged 0–22 who underwent their initial pediatric gastroenterology clinic visit, for abdominal pain, between March and September 2020 (n = 1769). The patients were divided into two groups: in-person or telemedicine. Clinical outcome measures were compared from the initial gastroenterology visit and followed for a total of 3 months. Results There was an increase number of images (M = 0.52 vs. 0.36, p < 0.001), labs (M = 4.87 vs. 4.05; p = 0.001), medications (M = 2.24 vs. 1.67; p < 0.001), and referrals (M = 0.70 vs. 0.54; p < 0.001) performed per visit in the in-person group. Electronic communications (3.97 vs. 5.12 p <0.003) was less frequent after in-person visits. There was no difference in number of procedures (M = 0.128 vs. 0.122, p = 0.718), emergency room visits (M = 0.037 vs. 0.017 p = 0.61), follow-up visits (M = 1.21 vs. 1.21 p = 0.922), or telephone encounters (M = 1.21 vs. 1.12 p = 0.35) between the two groups. Conclusion Telemedicine utilizes less resources while having comparable outcome measurements in children with a chief complaint of abdominal pain.
Linearization of Chains and Sideward Movement

This highly original monograph treats movement operations within the Minimalist Program. Jairo Nunes argues that traces are not grammatical primitives and that their properties follow from deeper features of the system, and, in particular, that the phonetic realization of traces is determined by linearization computations coupled with economy conditions regarding deletion. He proposes a version of the copy theory of movement according to which movement must be construed as a description of the interaction of the independent operations Copy, Merge, Form Chain, and Chain Reduction. Empirical evidence to support this claim includes instances of "sideward movement" between subtrees in a derivation. According to this analysis, the linearization of chains in the phonological component constrains sideward movement so that it is possible to account for standard properties of multiple gap constructions, including parasitic gap and ATB constructions, without construction-specific operations or principles that are not independently motivated.Theoretical linguists will find Linearization of Chains and Sideward Movement of great interest both theoretically and empirically. The version of the copy theory of movement proposed by Nunes will stir debate and shape future research in the field.