Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimation of character association and direct and indirect effects in pea (Pisum sativum L.)

The associations of yield and its components offer important information in breeding plants. The study was carried out at Horticulture Research centre (HRC) of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, UP during 2016-17.The experimental material comprised of 20 table pea germplasm and laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications to determine the association of yield and its components. The association was analyzed by correlation coefficient, and further subjected by path coefficient analysis to estimate direct and indirect effects of each character on pod yield. Five competitive plants from each plot were randomly selected for recording observations for all the quantitative characters except days to 50 per cent flowering and days to maturity, which were recorded on plot basis. In present study a strong and positive association of seed yield per plant observed with Days to 50% flowering, Number of first fruiting node, Length of first fruiting node, Number of pods per plant and Number of seeds per pod at both genotypic and phenotypic level. Thus, these characters emerged as most vital component traits and associated positively with pod yield per plant. Path analysis revealed that number of pods per plant followed by length of first fruiting node and width of pod had positive direct effect on pod yield. The results of this study suggested that the these characters were important characters that should be taken into account as selection criteria in improving pod yield of the vegetable pea.
Iron Isotope Fractionation During Planetary Differentiation

phas, and R. T. Helz, Origins Laboratory, Department of the Geophysical Sciences and Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Ave. Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A. (teng@uchicago.edu; dauphas@uchicago.edu), U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, U.S.A. (rhelz@usgs.gov), Present address: Isotope Laboratory, Department of Geosciences and Arkansas Center for Space and Planetary Sciences, University of Arkansas, 113 Ozark Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A.
Assessment of sample storage techniques for total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon in seawater

The borosilicate glass bottle sealed with a ground stopper and vacuum grease is a high quality container for preserving seawater samples for total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC); it is recommended in the standard methods, even though this bottle is expensive and hard‐to‐handle. As there is an increased demand for sample storage and transportation by laboratories involved in biological and ocean acidification research, we explore alternative sample storage techniques by testing four types of containers. The results demonstrated that over a period of 47 d, TA values from seawater samples stored in polypropylene (PP) bottles and high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles were not statistically different from those stored in the benchmark borosilicate glass bottles, both at room and refrigerated temperatures. In addition, DIC concentrations from a seawater sample stored in soda‐lime glass bottles and small volume borosilicate glass vials with screw caps were not statistically different from those stored in the borosilicate glass bottles over at least 148 d. However, the TA value of seawater stored in soda‐lime glass bottles increased significantly with increasing storage time, indicating that this type of soft glass bottle is not suitable for TA sample storage. Therefore, we suggest that PP or HDPE bottles can be used for TA sample storage and small volume borosilicate glass vials with screw caps can be used for DIC sample storage for a period of at least 1.5 months. These storage containers provide economical and easy‐to‐transport alternatives to the recommended high‐quality borosilicate glass bottles.
CAPSAICIN AND ASCORBIC ACID VARIABILITY IN CHILLI AND PAPRIKA CULTIVARS AS REVEALED BY HPLC ANALYSIS

Capsaicin and ascorbic acid contents of seven Indian peppers varieties/accessions from Capsicum annuum (CA 97, CCH, K1, KTPL19, Arka Abhir and Bayadagi Kaddi) and C. frutescens (CF1) species were determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Based on their pungency value, all the chilli accession/varieties (CA 97, CCH, K1, and CF 1) were classified as highly pungent peppers. The accession CF1 showed the highest concentration of capsaicin (445mg 100g -1 DW) with corresponding pungency value of 71,200 SHUs and Arka Abhir variety showed the lowest capsaicin concentration (29mg 100g -1 DW) with 4,672 SHUs of pungency value. Similarly, Bayadaggi kaddi variety showed the highest ascorbic acid content (189 mg/100 FW) and the accession CA 97 showed the lowest ascorbic acid contents (55.3 mg/100 FW). The variability in capsaicin and ascorbic acid content presented in the pepper germplasm can be exploited for breeding cultivars with improved nutritional qualities. Moreover, CF1and Bayadagi kaddi can be used as a potential source for capsaicin and vitamin C, respectively.
Industrial-scale Malting Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Seed Disinfection by Fog of Ozonated Water Application

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to underscore that seed treatment by the fog of ozonated water constitutes a promising alternative tool, in terms of health and environmental gains, regarding traditional ozone treatment. In order to obtain a clear vision of this performance, the technology was implemented on an industrial scale (malting industry). Under an exposition of barley seeds to 9.8 ppm of dissolved ozone into water, our results showed a significant disinfection effect of 80% for Fusarium sp. and 70% for Aspergillus sp. , but no effect was established on Alternaria sp.
Crystalline, electronic, and magnetic structures of θ-Fe3C, χ-Fe5C2, and η-Fe2C from first principle calculation

First principle calculations have been performed to study the crystalline, electronic, and magnetic structures of three iron-carbide systems: θ-Fe3C, χ-Fe5C2, and η-Fe2C. The Kohn-Sham equations were solved by applying the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave method. The generalized gradient approximation in the Perdew-Wang formalism was used to the exchange and correlation energy functional. The internal positions of atoms within the unit cell were optimized and the ground state properties such as lattice parameter and bulk modulus were calculated. The results are compared with experimental data when available. Comparison of the two metastable systems χ-Fe5C2 and η-Fe2C shows that the last one has lower formation energy; this is corroborated by the formation sequence observed during tempering. The electronic structures of the three carbides were then studied and the magnetic moments calculated by means of electronic spin-resolved density of state calculations at their equilibrium lattice consta.
Jet-Wall Interaction Effects on Diesel Combustion and Soot Formation

The effects of wall interaction on combustion and soot formation processes of a diesel fuel jet were investigated in an optically-accessible constant-volume combustion vessel at experimental conditions typical of a diesel engine. At identical ambient and injector conditions, soot processes were studied in free jets, plane wall jets, and 'confined' wall jets (a box-shaped geometry simulating secondary interaction with adjacent walls and jets in an engine). The investigation showed that soot levels are significantly lower in a plane wall jet compared to a free jet. At some operating conditions, sooting free jets become soot-free as plane wall jets. Possible mechanisms to explain the reduced or delayed soot formation upon wall interaction include an increased fuel-air mixing rate and a wall-jet-cooling effect. However, in a confined-jet configuration, there is an opposite trend in soot formation. Jet confinement causes combustion gases to be redirected towards the incoming jet, causing the lift-off length to shorten and soot to increase. This effect can be avoided by ending fuel injection prior to the time of significant interaction with redirected combustion gases. For a fixed confined-wall geometry, an increase in ambient gas density delays jet interaction, allowing longer injection durations with no increase in soot. Jetmore » interaction with redirected combustion products may also be avoided using reduced ambient oxygen concentration because of an increased ignition delay. Although simplified geometries were employed, the identification of important mechanisms affecting soot formation after the time of wall interaction is expected to be useful for understanding these processes in more complex and realistic diesel engine geometries. « less
Analysis of Heavy Metals Contaminations in Kano River (Upstream, Midstream and Downstream)

The study analyses effects of heavy metals levels of heavy metals concentrations of Pb, Cd, Zn, CR , Ni, Co in the Kano River Drainage basin from its headstream, midstream up to the downstream and in both surface and groundwater and the water is used for may purpose including water supply, fishing and agriculture mainly irrigation. Based on above pH average water in the study area can be interpreted as slightly alkaline and still within permissible limits of all the three standards/guidelines. EC with above average also shows that all the water their values falls within the three guidelines. Samples from both surface and groundwater in the studied area have ranges and means of: Co ranges from 0.11-21.24 ppb and average of 2.26 ppb , Ni ranges from 0.26 - 37.01 ppb and average of 7.37 ppb , Cu ranges from 0.17 - 640.93 ppb and average of 37.62 ppb , Zn ranges from 15 - 408 ppb and average of 115.03 ppb , As ranges from 0.09 - 2.31ppb and average of 0.62 ppb , Pb ranges from 0.16 - 834.38 ppb and average of 29.82 ppb , Cr ranges from 0.16 - 5557.35 ppb and average of 419.58 ppb , Cd ranges from 0.04 - 1.64 ppb and average of 0.21 ppb. EC. It is therefore recommended that concentrations level in crops grown with these waters needs to be investigated. Again it is confirmed that probably this may be one of the reasons for the drop in fish catch from midstream up to the downstream especially in area like Wudil which is known for its fishing, Gadar Ringim and even Tarabu town in Kirikasamma local government of Jigawa state. Keywords: Levels, Concentrations, Heavy metals, Surface water, and Midstream
Microbiological and Physicochemical Properties of Drinking Water at Ota, Southwest, Nigeria

Quality drinking water is of basic importance to human physiology and man’s continued existence depends much on its availability. Water samples from different outlets and homes in Ado Odo - Ota Local Government, Ogun state, Nigeria were analyzed for their microbiological and physiochemical properties. Total viable count was assessed by the pour plate technique, while physiochemical evaluations was carried out using Standard Chemical Methods such as pH analysis, physical appearances, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), as well as tests for chloride, sulphate, calcium, zinc and oxidizable substances. All the water samples were found to harbor coliforms in numbers greater than the required World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) standards for water. The total viable counts for all the water samples were generally high, exceeding the limit of 1.0 × 102 cfu/ml for water, while all the samples tested passed the physicochemical tests except the test for chloride.
Reactive uptake and hydration experiments on amorphous carbon treated with NO2, SO2, O3, HNO3, and H2SO4

The reactivity and hydration properties of amorphous carbon were studied in a low‐pressure Knudsen cell reactor at room temperature (298 K). Reactions of NO2 (γ=0.11±0.04) and HNO3 (γ=0.038±0.008) were observed and may be important for nitrogen partitioning in the atmosphere. Water uptake was measured before and after exposure to various gases. Treating the amorphous carbon with NO2 and O3 does not alter the H2O uptake, while treatment with SO2, HNO3, and H2SO4 significantly increases the H2O uptake. The experimental results support current assumptions in jet aircraft plume models that sulfuric acid condensation is involved in the activation of soot particles as condensation nuclei.
In‐line Flocculation‐Submersed MF/UF Membrane Hybrid System in Tertiary Wastewater Treatment

Abstract Coagulation/flocculation pre‐treatment of feeds can successfully mitigate the drawbacks of membrane micro‐ and ultra filtration processes: fouling and limited ability to remove organic pollutants. Laboratory experiments conducted with a synthetic wastewater (representing biologically treated secondary effluent) using 0.1 µm pore size hollow fiber membrane showed that simple in‐line flocculation pre‐treatment with inorganic coagulants dramatically reduced membrane fouling rates. The hybrid system also ensured over 70% organic matter removal in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In the experiments in in‐line flocculation outperformed clarification pre‐treatment at optimum coagulant dosages. Differences in floc characteristics and elevated suspended solids concentrations in the membrane tank may explain this finding, but the exact causes were not investigated in this study. The beneficial effects of in‐line flocculation pre‐treatment to MF/UF separation were also confirmed in the treatment of septic tank effluent in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). The fouling rate of the 0.4 µm pore size (flat‐sheet) membrane was substantially reduced with 10–100 mg L−1 ferric chloride coagulant doses, and total dissolved chemical oxygen demand (DCOD) removal also increased from 66% up to 93%. These findings are consistent with the results of other experimental studies and show that pre‐treatment controls submersed MF/UF filtration performance.
Electrical Resistivity of Selected Elements

This work compiles, reviews, and discusses the available data and information on the electrical resistivity of hafnium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and zinc and presents the recommended values resulting from critical evaluation, correlation, analysis, and synthesis of the available data and information. The recommended values presented are both uncorrected and also corrected for the thermal expansion of the material and cover the temperature range from 1 K to above the melting point into the molten state. The estimated uncertainties in most of the recommended values are about ±2% to ±10%.
On the Interaction of the Electromagnetic Field with Heat Conducting Deformable Insulators.

The differential equations and boundary conditions describing the behavior of a finitely deformable, polarizable and magnetizable heat conducting and electrically semiconducting continuum in interaction with the electromagnetic field are derived by means of a systematic application of the laws of continuum physics to a well−defined macroscopic model. The model consists of five suitably defined interpenetrating continua. The relative displacement of the bound electronic continuum with respect to the lattice continuum produces electrical polarization, and electrical conduction results from the motion of the charged free electronic and hole fluids. Since partial pressures are taken to act in the conducting fluids, semiconduction boundary conditions arise, which have not appeared previously. The resulting rather cumbersome system of equations is reduced to that for the quasistatic electric field and static homogeneous magnetic field. In the absence of heat conduction, for the n−type semiconductor, nonlinear e.
A Theoretical Study of the X-Abstraction Reactions (X = H, Br, or I) from CH2IBr by OH Radicals: Implications for Atmospheric Chemistry

Abstract We report the calculation of the H-, Br-, and I-abstraction channels in the reaction of OH radicals with bromoiodomethane CH2IBr. The resulting energy profiles at 0 K were obtained by high-level all-electron ab initio methods including valence and core-valence electron correlation, scalar relativistic effects, spin-orbit coupling, spin-adaptation, vibration contributions, and tunneling corrections. In terms of activation enthalpy at 0 K, the energy profile for the Br-abstraction showed that this reaction pathway is not energetically favorable in contrast to the two other channels (H- and I-abstractions), which are competitive. The H-abstraction was strongly exothermic (−84.4 kJ mol–1), while the I-abstraction was modestly endothermic (16.5 kJ mol–1). On the basis of our calculations, we predicted the rate constants using canonical transition state theory over the temperature range 250–500K for each abstraction pathway. The overall rate constant at 298 K was estimated to be 3.40 × 10−14 and 4.22 × 10−14 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 for complex and direct abstraction mechanisms, respectively. In addition, the overall rate constant computed at 277 K was used in the estimation of the atmospheric lifetime for CH2IBr. On the basis of our theoretical calculations, the atmospheric lifetime for the OH removal process is predicted to be close to 1 year. In terms of atmospheric lifetime, the OH reaction is not competitive with the Cl reaction and photolysis processes.
New 2,2'-bipyridine derivatives and their luminescence properties with europium(III) and terbium(III) ions

Twenty differently substituted 2,2′,2″,2‴ -[(2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-diyl)bis(methylenenitrilo)]tetrakis(acetc acids) 75–94 were synthesized with the purpose of developing new markers to be used in bioaffinity assays based on the unique luminescence properties of EuIII and TbIII ions. The relative luminescence yields, excitation maxima, and emission decay constants were determined for the corresponding EuIII and TbIII chelates. The substituents at the bipyridine moiety had a significant effect on the luminescence properties: the best relative luminescence yields R were obtained for ligands with electron-donating substituents (e.g. Me, Ph), electron-withdrawing substituents (e.g. NO2, COOH) had a reverse effect. However, no clear correlation between the relative luminescence yields and the substituent parameters was found.
Dissolution of amorphous aluminosilicate zeolite precursors in alkaline solutions. Part 3.—Influence of temperature on the dissolution process

The influence of temperature on the kinetics of dissolution of the amorphous aluminosilicate precursor with an Si : Al molar ratio 1.178 : 1 has been studied by measuring the change in the Al and Si concentrations in the liquid phase during the dissolution in 0.2 mol l–1 NaOH solution. The change in the dissolution temperature does not affect the mechanism of the dissolution, only the rates of the forward and back reactions. Activation energies of the forward and back reactions were determined from the corresponding Arrhenius plots.
Evaluation of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of extract and fractions of Eugenia jambolana root bark and isolation of phytoconstituents

Eugenia jambolana Lam. , Myrtaceae, is a widely distributed and traditionally well known plant in India. The root bark of the plant was extracted with ethanol and then successively fractionated into petroleum ether fraction, chloroform fraction, n-butanol fraction and methanol fraction. The extract and fractions of the plant material were evaluated for the antinociceptive activity by acetic acid-induced writhing test and formalin-induced nociception test, and anti-inflammatory activity was screened by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, cotton pellet induced granuloma formation and adjuvant induced arthritis in rat models. The test materials showed the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect in dose dependent manner and the petroleum ether fraction was found to be most potent among the test materials. At 400 mg/kg b.w. , p.o. dose petroleum ether fraction significantly inhibited 54.28% writhing response and 73.77% formalin induced nociception in mice. The fraction with same dose showed significant 79.31% inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, 57.78% anti-proliferative effect and 77.93% inhibition of adjuvant induced arthritis. The bioactive petroleum ether fraction was then subjected to column chromatography which led to isolate three compounds, namely, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and lupeol. These compounds were characterized and identified by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectroscopy.
Thermodynamics of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites Revisited: Compressible Self-Consistent Field Theory Modeling of Melt-Intercalated Organoclays

We formulate a “compressible” version of lattice self-consistent field theory (SCFT) to describe thermodynamic behavior of organically modified clays in polymer melt. The melt consists of the homopolymer matrix and a fraction of end-functionalized “active” chains, each chain having a single “sticker” end-group with strong affinity to the clay surface. We calculate the phase map for this system as a function of the melt composition and the strength of the “sticker” adhesion to the clay. It is shown that within the compressible SCFT model intercalated morphologies are favored in a significantly broader parameter range than was expected based on the incompressible SCFT analysis. We provide a qualitative analysis of this result and discuss implications for the physics of nanocomposites in general.
Development and Evaluation of Organoleptic Quality and Acceptability of Cassava-based Composite Crackers for Supplementing Primary School Children

The study involved formulating cassava-based fortified composite novel products for boosting nutrient uptake of primary school children. Thirteen cassava-based crackers were prepared from blends of extruded cassava, bean, wheat and soybean flours on a replacement basis. Proximate, amino acids and mineral compositions were determined to evaluate the potential of the crackers to supply energy and nutrients required for optimal growth and cognitive function. Results showed that, protein content in the composite crackers ranged from 3.35 g/100g in plain cassava crackers (CC) to 31.54-g/100 g in cassava-soybean cracker (CSC1), while energy density ranged from 416 kcal in cassava-bean-soybean-wheat cracker (CBSWC) to 461 kcal in CSC1. Amino acid scores ranged from 32 to 66% with Lysine, Leucine and Threonine as the most limiting amino acids. The concentrations of Fe, Mg, Cu, Zn and Ca were within the recommended intake levels for primary school children. Organoleptically, the cassava-soybean-wheat cracker (CSWC) was ranked highest in colour, smell and texture while the cassava-soybean cracker (CSC4) was superior in terms of taste and appearance. Overall, all the cassava-based composite crackers were accepted by the panellists. The fortified cassavabean-soybean composite crackers therefore have a potential for use as supplementary foods to increase protein, energy and mineral intake of primary school children in Tanzania.