Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimation of recharge and runoff volumes from ungauged catchments in eastern Australia

A model has been developed to estimate runoff volumes from generally available geophysical data. Most of the hydrological processes are modelled in a realistic manner and the model needs only one fitting parameter. Input to the model consists of monthly rainfall, evaporation and parameters. In the model, rainfall is partitioned, depending on soil water status, into soil water storage, groundwater recharge and surface runoff. Surface runoff and baseflow are separate outputs of the model and equal emphasis has been placed on estimating each of these flow components. To do this a technique has been developed for estimating recharge. The model has been shown to reproduce observed monthly flows in eastern Australian streams very well, both on catchments used to calibrate the model and in independent tests where it was used without any local calibration data. This ability to provide good estimates of volumes of flow on ungauged catchments with very modest requirements for input data means the model could find wide application. The evidence of accurate estimation of runoff volumes in an independent test in a wide range of climatic and geophysical environments is suggested to result from the physical realism of the model.
Evidence for Early Mesoproterozoic Arc Magmatism in the Musgrave Block, Central Australia: Implications for Proterozoic Crustal Growth and Tectonic Reconstructions of Australia

The Musgrave Block in central southern Australia separates the dominantly Paleoproterozoic North Australian Craton from the Late Archean to early Mesoproterozoic Gawler Craton in southern Australia. Geochemical and Nd isotopic data from ∼1.59–1.55‐Ga felsic rocks in the Mann Ranges suggest that the early history of the Musgrave Block was linked to the development of subduction along the northern margin of the Gawler Craton. Characteristic geochemical patterns of these felsic rocks include negative anomalies in Nb, Ti, and Y and are accompanied by steep light rare earth element patterns and comparatively juvenile Nd isotopic compositions (ϵNd(1550) values from −1.2 to 0.9). The geochemical and isotopic signatures of these early Mesoproterozoic felsic rocks have similarities with island arc systems involving residual Ti‐bearing minerals and garnet. We propose that the 1.59–1.55‐Ga arclike rocks in the Musgrave Block indicate the presence of an active margin between the North Australian Craton and the South Australian Craton, with subsequent suturing of the Australian continent during the early Mesoproterozoic. The existence of arclike magmatism in the Musgrave Block during the early Mesoproterozoic suggests a period of major crustal growth in the Australian Proterozoic that has important implications for current Proterozoic reconstructions of Australia and Australia's fit within the supercontinent Rodinia.
The Context and Impact of HIV and AIDS in Chiang Rai, Thailand: A Study of Youth and Young Adults

This study examines the geographic variation in the incidence of HIV/AIDS in Chiang Rai, one of the northern districts of Thailand with a very high rate of HIV infection and AIDS. A related goal of this study is to understand the socioeconomic impact of the disease. First, spatial analysis is used to estimate the effects of local determinants on the incidence of HIV and AIDS. Second, standardized questionnaire surveys of patients are conducted to understand the individual context of the disease. Finally, in-depth qualitative interviews are used to examine the socioeconomic impact of the disease at the individual level. Results show that localities with a relatively high percentage of households engaged as laborers, localities close to municipal areas, and those with a high concentration of commercial sex workers are significantly correlated with high incidence rates. Places close to municipal areas are typically more urbanized, with diverse income groups and businesses in their vicinity. These areas have higher levels of risk factors compared to places that are remote. The interview-based analysis shows that HIV/AIDS patients, from diverse education and income backgrounds and different levels of comfort with disclosure and disease intensity, have shown equally diverse levels of suffering and coping strategies. Their response is not only dictated by the intensity of the disease but by their own acceptance of their disease status, an understanding of the disease and treatment options, their fear of stigma, and the reaction of family, friends, partners, and health workers.
Structure of electrodynamic and particle heating in the disturbed polar thermosphere

Molecular nitrogen density measurements obtained from the neutral atmospheric composition experiment on board te Ogo 6 satellite are used to study the morphology of the polar energy deposition during periods of magnetic disturbances. The data presented were obtained for eight families of polar perigee passes during 1969 and 1970. The data show a strong magnetic local time and invariant latitude dependence, the majority of te energy deposition being in the night sectors, extending down from the pole well into the mid-invariant latitude regions.
Seasonal distribution of pasture production in New Zealand XX. Waerengaokuri (Gisborne)

Abstract Pasture growth rates are presented for a site at Waerengaokuri near Gisborne. Yields were obtained from grazed swards using a movable cage technique. The mean yield and standard error of individual samples over 8 years of measurement are given for standard dates at 14 day and 28 day intervals. With 14 day intervals, mean annual yield was 11.6 t DM/ha. Of this total 33%, 35%, 25% and 7% was produced in spring (September—November), summer, autumn and winter respectively. With 28 day intervals, annual yield was greater (13.5 t DM/ha), especially during spring and summer. Contribution of the main species to annual yield were: Lolium perenne L. 28%, Agrostis capillaris L. 24%, Trifolium repens L. 16%, Anthoxanthum odoratum L. 8%. Reductions in phosphate fertiliser arid pasture utilisation were associated with reductions in annual yield and Trifolium repens L. content of the pasture. General climatological data, rainfall and mean air temperatures during the period of pasture measurement are given.
Body wave extraction and tomography at Long Beach, California, with ambient‐noise interferometry

We retrieve P diving waves by applying seismic interferometry to ambient‐noise records observed at Long Beach, California, and invert travel times of these waves to estimate 3‐D P wave velocity structure. The ambient noise is recorded by a 2‐D dense and large network, which has about 2500 receivers with 100 m spacing. Compared to surface wave extraction, body wave extraction is a much greater challenge because ambient noise is typically dominated by surface wave energy. For each individual receiver pair, the cross‐correlation function obtained from ambient‐noise data does not show clear body waves. Although we can reconstruct body waves when we stack correlation functions over all receiver pairs, we need to extract body waves at each receiver pair separately for imaging spatial heterogeneity of subsurface structure. Therefore, we employ two filters after correlation to seek body waves between individual receiver pairs. The first filter is a selection filter based on the similarity between each correlation function and the stacked function. After selecting traces containing stronger body waves, we retain about two million correlation functions (35% of all correlation functions) and successfully preserve most of body wave energy in the retained traces. The second filter is a noise suppression filter to enhance coherent energy (body waves here) and suppress incoherent noise in each trace. After applying these filters, we can reconstruct clear body waves from each virtual source. As an application of using extracted body waves, we estimate 3‐D P wave velocities from these waves with travel time tomography. This study is the first body wave tomography result obtained from only ambient noise recorded at the ground surface. The velocity structure estimated from body waves has higher resolution than estimated from surface waves.
Experimental evidence for tipping points in social convention

Tipping points in social convention Once a population has converged on a consensus, how can a group with a minority viewpoint overturn it? Theoretical models have emphasized tipping points, whereby a sufficiently large minority can change the societal norm. Centola et al. devised a system to study this in controlled experiments. Groups of people who had achieved a consensus about the name of a person shown in a picture were individually exposed to a confederate who promoted a different name. The only incentive was to coordinate. When the number of confederates was roughly 25% of the group, the opinion of the majority could be tipped to that of the minority. Science, this issue p. 1116 Committed minorities can overturn established social conventions when a critical size is reached. Theoretical models of critical mass have shown how minority groups can initiate social change dynamics in the emergence of new social conventions. Here, we study an artificial system of social conventions in which human subjects interact to establish a new coordination equilibrium. The findings provide direct empirical demonstration of the existence of a tipping point in the dynamics of changing social conventions. When minority groups reached the critical mass—that is, the critical group size for initiating social change—they were consistently able to overturn the established behavior. The size of the required critical mass is expected to vary based on theoretically identifiable features of a social setting. Our results show that the theoretically predicted dynamics of critical mass do in fact emerge as expected within an empirical system of social coordination.
Dust emission and transport in Mali, West Africa

Vertical dust fluxes were measured in the Inland Delta region of the Niger River, Mali, West Africa, during April-June, 1989 and 1990. Measurements of dust flux represent, for the most part, non-dust storm conditions or ‘dust haze’ periods. The observed concentration versus height relationships are similar to data presented by other investigators. The relationship between wind shear velocity (u*, m s−1) and vertical dust flux (F, μg m−2 s−1) can be described by a relationship in which F is proportional to u*4. However, there is considerable scatter within the data set which is attributable to textural controls and surface conditions. The vertical dust fluxes measured in Mali are compared to dust fluxes measured in Texas, USA, and Yukon Territories, Canada. The significantly different values for the constant of proportionality (a) in the F α a u*4 relationship for these geographically diverse areas is a function of surficial controls on the release of sediments to the air stream. Dust concentrations measured in Mali were found to be uniformly high and in general exceed WHO health standards for acceptable total suspended particulate loadings. As a result background dust may be considered a long term stress on health for the people of this region of Mali.
Compositional simulation of groundwater contamination by organic compounds: 1. Model development and verification

A compositional simulator is developed for application to the analysis of contamination and remediation of groundwater systems. Simultaneous flow of three fluid phases (water, gas, and organic) is modeled. Interphase partitioning and transport of an arbitrary number of organic and inorganic components can be simulated. Phase densities are functions of pressure and phase composition. The model includes several numerical options, ranging from fully implicit with first-order upstream weighting to implicit in pressure, explicit in saturations and concentration with third-order upstream weighting. The model is verified to the extent possible with analytical solutions for simplified cases of multiphase flow and contaminant transport. The accuracy and efficiency of the various numerical options used in the model are illustrated.
Mineralogy of carbonate fluorapatites

The principal phosphate mineral in sedimentary phosphorites is carbonate fluorapatite of the variety francolite. Francolites exhibit several systematic isomorphous substitutions including sodium and magnesium for calcium, carbonate for phosphate, fluorine for oxygen, and hydroxyl for fluorine. These substitutions result in measurable variations of the crystallographic properties including unit-cell parameters and optical indices. Statistical models have been developed to relate compositional and crystallographic variations in the various francolites. Previous work has shown that francolite compositions are metastable with respect to fluorapatite. The effects of weathering, metamorphism and geological time causing systematic changes in francolite compositions are used as examples of these relationships.
Rapid Range Shifts of Species Associated with High Levels of Climate Warming

A meta-analysis shows that species are shifting their distributions in response to climate change at an accelerating rate. The distributions of many terrestrial organisms are currently shifting in latitude or elevation in response to changing climate. Using a meta-analysis, we estimated that the distributions of species have recently shifted to higher elevations at a median rate of 11.0 meters per decade, and to higher latitudes at a median rate of 16.9 kilometers per decade. These rates are approximately two and three times faster than previously reported. The distances moved by species are greatest in studies showing the highest levels of warming, with average latitudinal shifts being generally sufficient to track temperature changes. However, individual species vary greatly in their rates of change, suggesting that the range shift of each species depends on multiple internal species traits and external drivers of change. Rapid average shifts derive from a wide diversity of responses by individual species.
Pleistocene stratigraphy in the Dellen region, central Sweden

Robertsson, A. ‐M. , Svedlund, J.‐O. , Andrén, T. & Sundh, M. 1997 (September): Pleistocene stratigraphy in the Dellen region, central Sweden. Boreas, Vol. 26, pp. 237–260. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.
Surfactant Effects on Residual Water and Oil Saturations in Porous Media

A series of soil column tests was performed to determine surfactant effects on residual water and oil saturations in porous media. In particular, these tests focused on the impact of submicellar surfactant solutions and the potential application of these low concentration systems to light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) contamination in the vadose zone. One set of tests involved surfactant flushing in soil‐filled columns followed by drainage to residual water saturation and LNAPL injection to determine the subsequent residual LNAPL saturation. Another set of tests involved surfactant application to a soil‐filled column already holding residual LNAPL saturation to promote the release of the previously trapped LNAPL. Test results showed surfactant systems could reduce both residual water and oil saturations by up to 50%. In addition, submicellar surfactant systems were equally effective as supramicellar solutions in reducing residual water saturations and potentially more effective at reducing residual oil saturations. Submicellar surfactant applications to a medium‐grained (0.85–0.425 mm) soil containing residual LNAPL saturations were effective at releasing up to 50% of the previously trapped residual LNAPL. These applications were less successful in a fine‐grained soil as full drainage of water and LNAPL was unachievable due to high capillary pressures. Overall, observations suggest low concentration surfactant solutions may have the ability to release significant amounts of previously trapped LNAPL in the vadose zone, potentially increasing free‐product recovery rates and lowering LNAPL saturations to levels more favorable for biodegradation. The decrease in overall saturations (both water and oil) in a contaminated vadose zone could also present an increase in air permeability, thus enhancing other vadose zone treatment technologies such as bioventing or soil vapor extraction.
Cognitive rehabilitation, self-management, psychotherapeutic and caregiver support interventions in progressive neurodegenerative conditions: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND Despite its potentially significant impact, cognitive disability may be overlooked in a number of progressive neurodegenerative conditions, as other difficulties dominate the clinical picture. OBJECTIVE We examined the extent, nature and range of the research evidence relating to cognitive rehabilitation, self-management, psychotherapeutic and caregiver support interventions in Parkinsonian disorders, multiple sclerosis (MS), frontotemporal dementias (FTD), motor neuron disease and Huntington's disease. METHODS Scoping review based on searches of MEDLINE and CINAHL up to 15 March 2016. RESULTS We included 140 eligible papers. Over half of the studies, and almost all the randomised controlled trials, related to MS, while a number of single case studies described interventions for people with FTD. CR interventions addressed functional ability, communication and interaction, behaviour or memory. The majority of psychotherapy interventions involved cognitive behavioural therapy for depression or anxiety. Self-management interventions were mainly available for people with MS. There were few reports of interventions specific to caregivers. Numerous methodological challenges were identified. CONCLUSIONS The limited range of studies for all conditions except MS suggests a need firstly to synthesise systematically the available evidence across conditions and secondly to develop well-designed studies to provide evidence about the effectiveness of CR and other psychological interventions.
Remote sensing of vertical profiles of atmospheric trace constituents with MIPAS limb emission spectrometers

In order to understand better periods of significant ozone depletion and long-term ozone trends numerous atmospheric constituents need to be measured simultaneously on a global basis. Fourier-transform infrared spectrometers are especially suited for this measurement task. A promising and challenging branch of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is its application to limb emission sounding by the use of cryogenic instrumentation. The MIPAS (Michelson interferometer for passive atmospheric sounding) balloon-borne (MJPAS-B) and space-based (MIPAS-S) experiments apply this technique. While the MJPAS-B instrument has already been used for several years for stratospheric process studies, the MIPAS-S instrument is being constructed for the European Space Agency's ENVISAT mission. Instrumental aspects of these MIPAS experiments are briefly highlighted. The most important results in ozone research achieved with MIPAS-B in middle and high northern latitudes are reviewed. In addition a brief overview of the measurement capabilities of the MIPAS space experiment will be given.
Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on bulk density and soil impedance in northern Idaho

(…) Bulk density and SI were measured in a long-term tillage-crop rotation experiment after 10 yr of continuous management to determine it differences resulting from tillage or cropping practices existed. Soils of the experimental site were two similar series, Palouse (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Pachic Ultic Haploxeroll) and Naff (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Ultic Argixeroll) silt loams. Tillage treatments included conventional (CON, moldboard plow), minimum (MIN, chisel), and no-tillage (NOT). (…)
Deglaciation chronology and marine environments in southwestern Sweden

Four sites in northwestern Dalsland and southwestern VHrmland, southwestern Sweden were investigated. including studies of marine biostratigraphy and AMS datings. A marine foraminifera and mollusc fauna existed in the area between c. 10 400 and 9700 14C years BP. Arctic assemblages dominate the lowermost layers, deposited immediately after the deglaciation. A transition to more diverse faunas affected by a higher meltwater influence and decreasing water depths is recorded higher up in the succession. Northwestern Dalsland was dcglaciated between c. 10 400 and 10 200 BP, and southwestern Viirmland between c. 10 100 and 9800 BP. A stagnation in the retreat of the ice margin is suggested at 10 300 to 10 200 BP. The subsequent rapid ice recession was probably an effect of warmer conditions at the Pleistocene‐Holocene climatic transition. A similar shift in the early Preboreal (c. 9900 BP) probably represents the dcglaciation which followed after the stagnation at the Ski moraines. Renewed glacial activity is indicated at c. 9700 BP.
Liquefaction potential evaluations: energy-based method versus stress-based method

A dataset of undrained cyclic triaxial tests for liquefaction with parametrically changing relative density and fines content is reviewed and interpreted in the scope of energy. It is found that the strain amplitude or pore-pressure buildup during cyclic loading is uniquely correlated not only to the energy dissipated in soil specimens, but also to strain energy given from outside. Hence, an energy-based method (EBM) is developed in which liquefaction potential can be evaluated by comparing strain energy for liquefaction in a sand layer with upcoming seismic energy without regard to the differences in seismic motions. Comparative studies in soil models demonstrate that the effect of various input motions is intrinsically included in EBM, whereas it has to be considered by choosing proper coefficients in a conventional stress-based method (SBM). Another significant difference is that liquefaction potential tends to be higher for a shallower depth in EBM, while it is vice versa in SBM in a uniform sand deposit.
An investigation of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation cycle With statistical models: 1. Predictor field characteristics

We have developed two sets of linear models for predicting equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from the Indo-Pacific trade wind field and the near-global sea level pressure (SLP) field. The models were constructed using a combination of extended empirical orthogonal functions (EEOFs) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA), a new approach in geophysical modeling. Our results are of interest both as they show the dominant modes of evolution in the SLP and wind fields through the El Nino-Southern Oscillation cycle and with respect to the problem of predicting equatorial SSTs. This paper deals with the first issue above and describes some statistical composites that typify the development of features in the predictor fields over periods of years. The results of the EEOF analyses clearly show slowly propagating anomalies in both the near-global SLP and trade wind fields. The CCA analysis, which highlights the co-evolution of the two fields, suggests a strong coupling between the two and depicts the anomalous features as migrating centers of divergence and convergence that first appear over the eastern Indian Ocean. These features propagate slowly eastward, amplify as they expand into the western Pacific, decline as they cross the central ocean, then reamplify over the eastern Pacific. As reamplification takes place, new opposing anomalies appear in the Indo-Pacific. Descriptions of the predictor data sets and details of the statistical techniques used may also be found in this paper. The SST data, model validation techniques, and forecast model results are presented in a companion paper (Graham et al., this issue).