Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
1 SUCCESSIONAL STAGES IN INFANT GUT MICROBIOTA MATURATION 1 2

SUCCESSIONAL STAGES IN INFANT GUT MICROBIOTA MATURATION 1 2 Leen Beller1,#, Ward Deboutte1, Gwen Falony2,3, Sara Vieira-Silva2,3, Raul Yhossef Tito2,3, 3 Mireia Valles-Colomer2,3,4, Leen Rymenans2,3, Daan Jansen1, Lore Van Espen1, Maria 4 Ioanna Papadaki1, Chenyan Shi1, Claude Kwe Yinda1,5, Mark Zeller6, Karoline Faust2, 5 Marc Van Ranst7, Jeroen Raes2,3,*,# Jelle Matthijnssens1,*,# 6 Email addresses: leen.beller@kuleuven.be, ward.deboutte@kuleuven.be, gwen.falony@kuleuven.vib. be, 7 sara.vieirasilva@kuleuven.be , raulyhossef.titotadeo@kuleuven.vib. be, mireia.vallesc@gmail.com, 8 leen.rymenans@kuleuven.vib. be, daan.jansen@kuleuven.be, lore.vanespen@kuleuven.be, 9 mariaioanna.papadaki@kuleuven.be, shichenyan9@gmail.com, yinda.kweclaude@nih.gov, 10 zellerm@scripps.edu, karoline.faust@kuleuven.be, vanranstmarc@gmail.com , 11 jeroen.raes@kuleuven.vib. be, jelle.matthijnssens@kuleuven.be 12 13 KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, 14 Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Leuven, Belgium1; KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, 15 Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Leuven, 16 Belgium2; Center for Microbiology, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium3; CIBIO-University of Trento, 38123 17 Povo (Trento), Italy 4; NIAID/NIH, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Laboratory of Virology, Virus 18 Ecology Unit5; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, 19 United States of America6; KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and 20 Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, 21 Belgium7 22 23 * Authors contributed equally 24
Interactions of iron(II) and iron(III) with gallic acid and its homologues: a potentiometric and spectrophotometric study

The reactions between iron(III) and the phenols gallic acid, catechol, protocatechuic acid and pyrogallol have been studied in aqueous solution at 25oC (I 0.10 M KCl). From spectrophotometric and pH titration data it was established that (i) complexes with 1 : 1, 1 : 2 and 1 : 3 (M : L) stoichiometry are formed in oxygenated solution, (ii) the redox reaction given at low pH by these ligands Fe3+ + ½phenol → Fe2+ + ½quinone + H+ is not reversed by complexing of Fe3+ at higher pH, and (iii) the percentage composition of iron(II) and iron(III) in solutions of these ligands is a function of ER (ligand), the pH and age of solutions and the partial pressure of dissolved oxygen.
The penetrance of age-related monogenic disease depends on ascertainment context

BACKGROUND: Accurate penetrance of monogenic disorders is often unknown due to a phenotype-first approach to genetic testing. Here, we use a genotype-first approach in four large cohorts with different ascertainment contexts to accurately estimate penetrance of the three commonest causes of monogenic diabetes, Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY). We contrast HNF1A-MODY / HNF4A-MODY which causes an age-related progressive diabetes and GCK-MODY, which causes life-long mild hyperglycaemia. METHODS: We analysed clinical and genetic sequencing data from four different cohorts: 1742 probands referred for clinical MODY testing; 2194 family members of the MODY probands; 132,194 individuals from an American hospital-based cohort; and 198,748 individuals from a UK population-based cohort. RESULTS: Age-related penetrance of diabetes for pathogenic variants in HNF1A and HNF4A was substantially lower in the clinically unselected cohorts compared to clinically referred probands (ranging from 32% to 98% at age 40yrs for HNF1A, and 21% to 99% for HNF4A). The background rate of diabetes, but not clinical features or variant type, explained the reduced penetrance in the unselected cohorts. In contrast, penetrance of mild hyperglycaemia for pathogenic GCK variants was similarly high across cohorts (ranging from 89 to 97%) despite substantial variation in the background rates of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Ascertainment context is crucial when interpreting the consequences of monogenic variants for age-related variably penetrant disorders. This finding has important implications for opportunistic screening during genomic testing.
Navigating sample overlap, winner's curse and weak instrument bias in Mendelian randomization studies using the UK Biobank

We performed GWAS on 2514 complex traits from the UK Biobank using a linear mixed model, identifying 40,620 independent significant associations (p<5x10-8). We estimate that winner's curse incurs substantial overestimation of effect sizes in a mean of 35% of discovered associations per trait. We use these results to estimate that the polygenicity of most complex traits is below 10000 common causal variants. We evaluated the impact of winner's curse on causal effect estimation and hypothesis testing in Mendelian randomization analyses. We show that winner's curse substantially amplifies the magnitude of weak instrument bias, though any inflation of false discovery rates tends to be low or modest. We designed a process of pseudo-replication within the UK Biobank data to generate GWAS estimates that minimise bias in MR studies using these data. Our resource is integrated into the OpenGWAS platform and enables a convenient framework for researchers to minimise bias or maximise precision of causal effect estimates.
Growing up without Health Insurance: Evidence from Rural China

This paper examines the long-term effects of health insurance on children’s educational and health outcomes in developing countries. Utilizing the county-by-county rollout of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme in rural China, we find that exposure to the health insurance program in early life led to improved educational attainments, cognitive abilities, and health status in adulthood. Empirical tests suggest that a short-term increase in health care utilization was unlikely to be a potential channel. We provide some evidence for the channel that health insurance reduced household financial burdens and increased household expenditure on children’s nutrition.
Best Short

We infer investors' expectations about future stock returns through a measure of short conviction that exploits net short positions disclosed at the investor-stock level for European stock markets. A strategy that sells high-conviction stocks and buys low-conviction stocks, named Best Short, generates a risk-adjusted excess return that is larger than 8% per annum and differs from the performance of traditional strategies based on aggregate short interest. Its profitability, moreover, cannot be explained by transaction costs, stock characteristics, frictions in the securities lending market, leverage constraints, and measures of price inefficiency.
Welfare Analysis of Cities: Urban Sprawl, Transportation Pricing, and the Optimal Rawlsian Town

This paper studies the Rawlsian first-best allocation in a monocentric city model using a unifying framework of land ownership. We show that a Rawlsian planner would not choose the market outcome, except for the extreme case of public land ownership in which all the differential rent is transferred in lump-sum fashion to residents. In any other case, there is an outcome with equal utility for all city residents that brings higher welfare than the market outcome. In particular, it holds in the traditional textbook formulation with an absentee landlord that owns the land. We also show that the first-best scenario can be decentralized with a revenue-neutral combination of location-specific taxes and subsidies. This instrument may produce a Rawlsian first-best city that is more extended than the market city. Thus, depending on the structure of land ownership, in the absence of externalities, the market equilibrium city may be inefficiently compact. Then, when externalities are present, policies aimed to restrict urban sprawl should take this effect into consideration. To study the relevance of our results, we assess welfare-maximizing transport pricing policies in the absence of location-specific taxes. For public transport, we show that the fare that decentralizes the first-best scenario is below marginal cost, and thus the system should be subsidized, even in the absence of externalities. In the case of car congestion pricing, we show that the welfare-maximizing toll may be non-monotonic, yielding a city that is more extended and with more aggregated mileage than the unpriced city.
In Times of Crisis Does Ownership Matter? Liquidity Extraction Through Dividends During the 2007–2009 Financial Crisis

Abstract Liquidity flow between regions with different levels of temporary financial constraints has received insufficient attention. This study takes advantage of a natural opportunity: Chinese capital markets clearly distinguish between foreign direct investment firms and firms with foreign institutional investment. Using the distinctive categorization of institutional holding structures in China, we find that foreign controlled enterprises were associated with an extraordinary increase in dividend payouts during the Global Financial Crisis, with concomitant underinvestment. Our results suggest that foreign-controlling shareholders extracted liquidity through dividends, highlighting a previously ignored channel for global transference of liquidity, with concomitant agency costs.
Working From Home During COVID-19 and Beyond: Survey Evidence From Employers

Based on survey responses from more than 1,700 managers in Germany, this study elicits employers’ perceptions of working from home during COVID-19 and their long-term expectations for the time after the pandemic. Based on employers’ forecasts of the share of employees working from home post-COVID, the within-firm intensity of the expected shift is quantified. Many firms expect a persistent shift towards working from home induced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Larger firms and firms with pre-COVID use of working from home are most likely to expect a persistent and intensive shift. As the empirical results indicate, underlying mechanisms for the expected shift might include learning effects facilitating an improved perception of working from home, investments in physical and human capital, a general push in firms’ digital progress, and the fact that most firms do not observe a reduction in productivity due to working from home during COVID-19.
Maximizing Relative Wealth Using Leverage: The Role of Risk Aversion

Investors can use leverage to increase the returns and profit of an investment. The so-called Kelly criterion is traditionally used to determine the optimal leverage factor for maximizing an investor’s absolute wealth. However, using the Kelly criterion may lead to too risky decisions for rational investors without log utility, rendering it not applicable for risk averse investors. Further, investor success is more often than not evaluated as the relative performance against a benchmark, making the case for maximizing relative wealth rather than absolute wealth. We propose a risk-adjusted Kelly criterion based on quadratic utility for maximizing the investors’ wealth relative to a generic reference. Our model enables us to derive the optimal leverage decision for rational investors seeking to maximize relative wealth given investor risk aversion, thereby allowing risk averse investors to benefit from leverage. Quadratic utility also enables optimizing of leverage independent of the returns-density-function assumption so that the skewness and kurtosis of asset returns do not violate the assumptions of the model. Our findings demonstrate the rationale for risk averse investors to use leverage in maximizing relative wealth. Our study provides useful understanding of relative wealth accumulation using leverage and the role of risk aversion.
The Effects of Fiscal Policy when Planning Horizons are Finite

We study the importance of planning horizons for fiscal multipliers in a New‐Keynesian model with bounded rationality. We show that, when agents have shorter planning horizons, government spending multipliers are smaller, whereas labor tax cut multipliers are larger. Furthermore, Ricardian equivalence breaks down, and transfer shocks feature a negative multiplier. Results are driven by the cognitive limitations of finite planning horizons that lead agent's expectations to deviate from the fully rational benchmark. We find larger investment responses, which are more in line with empirical findings than those of models with longer planning horizons, rule‐of‐thumb households, or a Blanchard–Yaari structure.
One-year in: COVID-19 research at the international level in CORD-19 data

The appearance of a novel coronavirus in late 2019 radically changed the community of researchers working on coronaviruses since the 2002 SARS epidemic. In 2020, coronavirus-related publications grew by 20 times over the previous two years, with 130,000 more researchers publishing on related topics. The United States, the United Kingdom and China led dozens of nations working on coronavirus prior to the pandemic, but leadership consolidated among these three nations in 2020, which collectively accounted for 50% of all papers, garnering well more than 60% of citations. China took an early lead on COVID-19 research, but dropped rapidly in production and international participation through the year. Europe showed an opposite pattern, beginning slowly in publications but growing in contributions during the year. The share of internationally collaborative publications dropped from pre-pandemic rates; single-authored publications grew. For all nations, including China, the number of publications about COVID track closely with the outbreak of COVID-19 cases. Lower-income nations participate very little in COVID-19 research in 2020. Topic maps of internationally collaborative work show the rise of patient care and public health clusters—two topics that were largely absent from coronavirus research in the two years prior to 2020. Findings are consistent with global science as a self-organizing system operating on a reputation-based dynamic.
CEO Compensation: Evidence from the Field

We survey directors and investors on the objectives, constraints, and determinants of CEO pay. 67% of directors would sacrifice shareholder value to avoid controversy on CEO pay, implying they face significant constraints other than participation and incentive compatibility. These constraints lead to lower pay levels and more one-size-fits-all structures. Shareholders are the main source of constraints, suggesting directors and investors disagree on how to maximize value. Respondents view intrinsic motivation and reputation as stronger motivators than incentive pay. They believe pay matters to CEOs not to finance consumption, but because it affects perceptions of fairness. The need to fairly recognize the CEO’s contribution explains why flow pay responds to performance, even though CEOs’ equity holdings already provide substantial consumption incentives, and why peer firm pay matters beyond retention concerns. Fairness also matters to investors, with shareholder returns an important reference point. This causes CEO pay to be affected by external risks, in contrast to optimal risk sharing.
What Drives the January Seasonality in the Illiquidity Premium? Evidence from International Stock Markets

This study is, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the first attempt to comprehensively examine and explain the January effect in the illiquidity premium. Using data from 23 major international stock markets for the years 1991–2019, we demonstrate a strong and pervasive calendar seasonality in liquidity pricing across different geographical regions. The entire illiquidity premium is realized almost solely in January. Further, we show that this seasonal pattern is driven by a parallel phenomenon in small firms; exposure to the size factor thoroughly explains the January seasonality in the illiquidity premium.
Sensor patch

This research investigates the feasibility of a sensor patch for newborns. A sensor patch would be a device that is applied to the skin of the newborn. It can monitor the patient’s temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, oxygen saturation and asses its general appearance of the skin so that it can check the newborn for jaundice. It should then communicate wirelessly to a base station which should have a compatible communication protocol. What happens after receiving of sensor data at the base station is beyond the scope of this project. One of the major challenges in the design process is energy efficiency, since the device should be small enough to fit on a baby and the battery should thus also be small. Additionally, the sensor patch should be able to operate for 3 days continuously. The overall design comprises sensors, a battery with battery control system, a microcontroller and a communication module. The overall design is split up over three reports. This report focuses on implementing the microcontroller and communication protocol. It is found that using a design with separate microcontroller and communication device is more efficient than using a so-called System on Chip where all of this is mounted on a single device. Then a comparison between different microcontrollers, communication protocols and communications devices is made. It is found that a design with an MSP430FR5994, Bluetooth Low Energy protocol and RSL10 communication chip fits the requirements best. The research concludes that with the chosen hardware it is possible to meet the set requirements for the subsystem. Further research still needs to be done towards optimising software for the chosen devices.
Annals of Surgery: Publish Ahead Print DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000004464 Implications of Perineural Invasion on Disease Recurrence and survival Following Pancreatectomy for Pancreatic Head Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Objective: To describe perineural invasion (PNI) and to evaluate its impact on disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Summary Background Data: Although PNI is a prognostic factor for survival in many GI cancers, there is limited knowledge regarding its impact on tumor recurrence, especially in “early stage disease” (PDAC ≤20 mm, R0/N0 PDAC). Methods: This multicenter retrospective study included patients undergoing PDAC resection between 2009 and 2014. The association of PNI with DFS and OS was analyzed using Cox proportional-hazards models. Results: PNI was found in 87% of 778 patients included in the study, with lower rates in PDAC≤20 mm (78.7%) and in in R0/N0 tumors (70.6%). PNI rate did not differ between patients who underwent neoadjuvant therapy and upfront surgery (88% vs 84%, p= 0.08). Although not significant at multivariate analysis (p= 0.07), patients with PNI had worse DFS at univariate Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. analysis (median DFS: 20 vs 15 months, p <0.01). PNI was the only independent predictor of DFS in R0/N0 tumors (HR: 2.2) and in PDAC ≤ 20 mm (HR: 1.8). PNI was an independent predictor of OS in the entire cohort (27 vs 50 months, p=0.01), together with G3 tumors, pN1 status, CA 19.9 >37 and pain. Conclusions: PNI represents a major determinant of tumor recurrence and patients’ survival in pancreatic cancer. The role of PNI is particularly relevant in early stages, supporting the hypothesis that invasion of nerves by cancer cells has a driving role in pancreatic cancer progression.
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Psychological Distress Among Secondary School Students in Mekelle City, Tigray Region, Ethiopia: Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Psychological distress is de ﬁ ned as a state of emotional suffering characterized by the combination of symptoms of depression and anxiety. It is more prevalent in school adolescents than in the general population. There are no published studies that re ﬂ ect the current status of psychological distress among Ethiopian school adolescents. So, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of psychological distress among secondary students in Mekelle Town, North Ethiopia. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was done among 782 from May 15 to June 15, 2018. Strati ﬁ ed multistage sampling procedure was used to select study subjects. Data were collected using a pretested and structured self-administered questionnaire. Psychological distress was assessed using Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Binary logistic regression models were ﬁ tted to identify associated factors. Adjusted odds ratio with its 95% con ﬁ dence interval was used to declare the statistical signi ﬁ cance between psychological distress and associated factors. Results: A total of 845 students were enrolled in the study, with a response rate of 92.54%. The mean age of the participants was 16.24 years (SD=±1.17). Prevalence of psychological distress among the study participants was 34.9%. Being female [AOR = 2.30; 95% CI: (1.28, 4.12)], current alcohol use [AOR = 3.08; 95% CI: (1.64, 5.77)], physical ﬁ ght [AOR = 2.99; 95% CI: (1.69 – 5.28)], contact sexual abuse [AOR=2.37; 95% CI: (1.23, 4.55)], non-contact sexual abuse [AOR = 1.91; 95% CI: (1.04, 3.49)], and being bullied [AOR = 1.81; 95% CI: (1.03, 3.29)] were signi ﬁ cantly associated with psychological distress. Conclusion: The prevalence of psychological distress in this study was high. Therefore, it is recommended to strengthen the activities that help to reduce or ameliorate the major causes of psychological distress.
Bounds for the chi-square approximation of the power divergence family of statistics

Abstract It is well known that each statistic in the family of power divergence statistics, across n trials and r classifications with index parameter $\lambda\in\mathbb{R}$ (the Pearson, likelihood ratio, and Freeman–Tukey statistics correspond to $\lambda=1,0,-1/2$ , respectively), is asymptotically chi-square distributed as the sample size tends to infinity. We obtain explicit bounds on this distributional approximation, measured using smooth test functions, that hold for a given finite sample n, and all index parameters ( $\lambda>-1$ ) for which such finite-sample bounds are meaningful. We obtain bounds that are of the optimal order $n^{-1}$ . The dependence of our bounds on the index parameter $\lambda$ and the cell classification probabilities is also optimal, and the dependence on the number of cells is also respectable. Our bounds generalise, complement, and improve on recent results from the literature.
Cross-Lingual Adaptation for Type Inference

—Deep learning-based techniques have been widely applied to the program analysis tasks, in ﬁelds such as type inference, fault localization, and code summarization. Hitherto deep learning-based software engineering systems rely thoroughly on supervised learning approaches, which require laborious manual effort to collect and label a prohibitively large amount of data. However, most Turing-complete imperative languages share similar control-and data-ﬂow structures, which make it possible to transfer knowledge learned from one language to another. In this paper, we propose cross-lingual adaptation of program analysis, which allows us to leverage prior knowledge learned from the labeled dataset of one language and transfer it to the others. Speciﬁcally, we implemented a cross-lingual adaptation framework, P LATO , to transfer a deep learning-based type inference procedure across weakly typed languages, e.g., Python to JavaScript and vice versa. P LATO incorporates a novel joint graph kernelized attention based on abstract syntax tree and control ﬂow graph, and applies anchor word augmentation across different languages. Besides, by leveraging data from strongly typed languages, P LATO improves the perplexity of the backbone cross-programming-language model and the performance of down-stream cross-lingual transfer for type inference. Experimental results illustrate that our framework signiﬁcantly improves the transferability over the baseline method by a large margin.