Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MARKETING EVOLUTION OF PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS IN PROFESSIONAL CYCLING

The use of performance enhancing drugs (PED? s) is prevalent amongst professional cyclists. Over the past 100 years, the use there-off went through different evolutionary periods. The products (PED? s) evolved since the 1900? s. During the early 1900? s products like tobacco and alcohol were used. Fifty years later, after WWII, amphetamines (developed during the WWII period) was the product of choice. Since the late 1980? s another product evolution took place. Erythropoietin (EPO) a product designed for cancer patients started surfacing amongst cyclists. Ironically this product have one primary negative side effect ? sudden death. However, this did not curtail or stop the use. Positive effects were and are massive in terms of athlete performance. This paper look at the historical time line of the use of PED? s. The use there-off as well as the various effects it had and have on cyclists. Marketing (push strategy) did and do not drive this phenomena. Based on its ? submerged or underground? nature of products and its use, a ? pull strategy? seem to be the chosen marketing channel application. Intermediaries does not fir the accepted marketing profile. Rather medical qualified individuals seem to become links in these distribution channels. A qualitative literature empirical approach was used. Literature was scrutinised based on a convenient and purposive nature. Because of the sensitive and ethical nature of this paper, a pure qualitative interview approach was disregarded. The aim of this paper was to structure the historical time line as well as the evolution of these products.The findings, although sensitive, is two-fold in nature. These recommended suggestions are highly speculative and should be treated as alternative suggestions to the current situation.
Fault-Tolerant Hybrid Current Control of Dual Three-Phase PMSM With One Phase Open

A fault-tolerant hybrid current control is proposed for dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) with one phase open in this article. The maximum torque control, minimum copper loss control, and single three-phase mode control are unified in the proposed method, which is a combination of single three-phase mode control and maximum torque control with different percentages. When the percentage of single three-phase mode control (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) varies from 0% to 100%, the hybrid current control transitions from maximum torque control (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k \,\,=0$ </tex-math></inline-formula>%) to minimum copper loss control (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k\,\,=50$ </tex-math></inline-formula>%) and then to single three-phase mode (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k =100$ </tex-math></inline-formula>%). Therefore, the hybrid current control can be switched among the aforementioned three control methods easily and smoothly. Meanwhile, it can be a mixed mode with a tradeoff between the maximum torque control and the minimum copper loss control, such as the minimum copper loss control for a given torque within the full torque range, which can be achieved by changing <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The smoothness of transition among the maximum torque control, minimum copper loss control, and single three-phase mode control is verified by experimental results on a prototype machine.
Lifting While We Climb: Undergraduate Students of Color Communal Uplift and Promotion of College-Going within Their Communities

Abstract:This critical qualitative study examines the ways first-generation Students of Color (Latina/o/x, African American, Native American, and biracial) at two predominantly White institutions in the Midwest activate their college knowledge, or cultural capital, to assist youth from their communities in viewing higher education as a viable option. In sharing cultural capital, participants are actively attempting to influence the habitus of youth of Color. By encouraging the pursuit of higher education, participants in this study were engaging in communal uplift. Findings reveal the need for colleges and universities to acknowledge, validate and support underrepresented students in their communal uplift efforts.
What E-gov Systems should African Countries Invest in? A Panel Data Analysis

Can applying e-gov increase African countries’ FDI inflows? While e-gov has been proved to improve various aspects of governance, the link between e-gov and FDI inflows seems to be ignored by previous literature. At the same time, as an emerging economy, China’s outward FDI has increased steadily in recent years. However, China’s OFDI flows to Africa is relatively low compared with the flows to Asia and other industrialised economies. Leveraging the current literature, this study used institutional factors by Kaufmann and indices of ease of doing business to explore how each institutional factor influenced by e-gov affect FDI inflows from China. This research argues that to attract more China’s FDI, African countries should invest in those factors which can influence FDI inflows, such as staring a new business and paying taxes. This study contributes to the literature by revealing the most influence factors for African countries to invest e-gov in to attract China’s OFDI.
Effects of Compost Manure on Soil Microbial Respiration, Plant-Available-Water, Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Yield and Pre-Harvest Aflatoxin Contamination

Peanut production in Zambia is often characterized by low yields and high aflatoxin incidence in harvested kernels. Soil amendments such as farmyard manure have shown potential to increase yields and reduce pre-harvest aflatoxin incidence. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of composted cattle manure on soil properties that relate to yield and pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination of peanut kernels. Research evaluated the effects of composted cattle manure on soil respiration, plant-available water (PAW), peanut yield and pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination in a field experiment conducted in two successive rain-fed cropping seasons starting in December, 2015 and ending in April 2017, in Chongwe District, Zambia. Six (6) levels of compost were incorporated into the top 10 cm of the soil at rates of 0, 4.5, 12.0, 19.5, 27.0, and 34.5 metric tons/ha 1 wk before planting. There was a strong positive relationship between levels of compost and soil microbial respiration (R2=0.84) and PAW (R2=0.86). Secondly, compost manure was associated with increases in pod (R2=0.65) and kernel (R2=0.61) yield. The kernel yield potential of the planted cultivar was achieved at the rate of 12 metric tons per ha. Thirdly, there was a reduction in total aflatoxin levels with increasing levels of compost (R2=0.85). The improvement in peanut yield and the decrease in aflatoxin concentrations in kernels can be attributed to the improvement in soil moisture retention capacity and soil microbial activity arising from manure amendments. This study demonstrated the potential of compost manure to increase soil microbial activity, PAW, peanut yield and minimize aflatoxin contamination at field level.
Rotational diversity effects in a triticale-based cropping system

Research indicates that not all crops respond similarly to cropping diversity and the response of triticale (× Triticosecale ssp.) has not been documented. We investigated the effects of rotational diversity on cereals in cropping sequences with canola (Brassica napus L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), or an intercrop (triticale:field pea). Six crop rotations were established consisting of two, 2-yr low diversity rotations (LDR) (continuous triticale (T-T_LDR) and triticale-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (T-W_LDR)); three, 2-yr moderate diversity rotations (MDR) (triticale-field pea (T-P_MDR), triticale-canola (T-C_MDR), and a triticale: field pea intercrop (T- in P_MDR)); and one, 3-yr high diversity rotation (HDR) (canola-triticale-field pea (C-T-P_HDR)). The study was established in Lethbridge, Alberta (irrigated and rainfed); Swift Current (rainfed) and Canora (rainfed), Saskatchewan, Canada; and carried out from 2008 to 2014. Triticale grain yield for the 3-yr HDR was superior over the LDR rotations and the MDR triticale-field pea system; however, results were similar for triticale-canola, and removal of canola from the system caused a yield drag in triticale. Triticale biomass was superior for the 3-yr HDR. Moreover, along with improved triticale grain yield, the 3-yr HDR provided greater yield stability across environments. High rotational diversity (C-T-P_HDR) resulted in the highest soil microbial community and soil carbon concentration, whereas continuous triticale provided the lowest. Net economic returns were also superior for C-T-P_HDR ($670 ha–1) and the lowest for T-W_LDR ($458 ha–1). Overall, triticale responded positively to increased rotational diversity and displayed greater stability with the inclusion of field pea, leading to improved profitability and sustainability of the system.
Copepod communities and secondary production in Portuguese coastal waters

Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the combined effect of temperature (8, 13, 19 and 24oC), food type and food concentration on the grazing rates of the adult stages of the calanoid copepod Centropages chierchiae. As prey, the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum and the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium sp. (both ca. 15 μm cell diameter) were used at a range of carbon concentrations similar to the ones experienced in nature (6.4 to 393.8 μg C L). Ingestion rates increased linearly with food concentration and did not differ between prey types. When comparing the effect of temperature, highest clearance and ingestion rates were obtained at 19oC, whereas no difference was observed among the other temperatures. Daily rations varied between 1.2 and 183.5% body carbon day. Additional experiments were conducted to study the selective feeding behaviour of C. chierchiae when offered a mixture of different prey types. Selective feeding was dependent on food concentration; at low food levels, large cells were selected (Ditylum brightwellii), whereas at medium and high food concentrations no clear selection patterns were observed. In contrast to other studies, no positive selection of dinoflagellates over other algal food was found.
Gender Differences in Mathematics Performance among Undergraduate Engineering Students: The Case of Bahir Dar University

In all developing countries like Ethiopia, mathematics education plays an important role for the future. For an all-round contribution, there is a need to involve both men and women in mathematical knowledge. This study focused on the gender differences in Performance in mathematics among undergraduate engineering students. The study emphasized on the influence of gender on students’ mathematics performance. This study examined gender differences in the performance of undergraduate engineering students in mathematics in Bahir Dar University. A sample of 236 students of which 158 males and 78 females were conveniently selected from first-year undergraduate engineering students in which the researchers were assigned to teach. The design for the study was a descriptive survey. In the study, students’ performance in mathematics for engineering students’ scores were collected directly from the office of the registrar, Bahir Dar University and were analyzed using the t-test using SPSS tools. Based on the findings of the study, there was no statistically significant difference in their performance.
Universal Full-Speed Sensorless Control Scheme for Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

This article presents a general-purpose full-speed sensorless control scheme for interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs). By applying a quadratic extended back electromotive force (QBEMF) model, the injection-based and model-based position estimations can be combined into a universal sensorless control strategy for the full-speed operation. At low speed, the QBEMF model acts as a self-demodulator that can extract position information from arbitrary high-frequency currents without using digital filters. Therefore, it is suitable for any type of injection signals and can eliminate the adverse effect of filters. When the injection is removed at high speed, the same QBEMF model can still be used for position estimation, thereby solving the conventional transition issue from low-speed to high-speed sensorless control. In consequence, a unified algorithm is designed to achieve arbitrary injection for low-speed sensorless control and seamless transition across full-speed region. The proposed scheme is hence simpler and more effective compared to conventional full-speed sensorless methods. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed estimation algorithm is verified for a 15-kW IPMSM drive.
After 25 Years as Faithful Members of the EU. Public Support for the Euro and Trust in the ECB in Austria, Finland and Sweden

Austria, Finland and Sweden became members of the EU in 1995. This paper examines how support for the euro and trust in the European Central Bank (ECB) have evolved in these three countries since their introduction at the turn of the century. Support for the euro in the two euro-area members Austria and Finland has remained high and relatively stable since the physical introduction of the new currency nearly 20 years ago, while the euro crisis significantly reduced support for the euro in Sweden. Since the start of the crisis, trust in the ECB was strongly influenced by the pronounced increase in unemployment in the euro area, demonstrating that the ECB was held accountable for macroeconomic developments. Our results indicate that citizens in the EU, both within and outside the euro area, judge the euro and the ECB based on the economic performance of the euro area. Thus, the best way to foster support for the euro and trust in the ECB is to pursue policies aimed at achieving low unemployment and high growth.
The Effect of Adoption of IFRS On Financial Reporting Quality in Saudi Nonfinancial Listed Firms

In 2017, each Saudi nonfinancial listed firm was required to prepare their reports consistent with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The current study examined whether the application of IFRS is associated with higher Financial Reporting Quality (FRQ). Based on a sample of 465 nonfinancial listed firms, the current study finds that IFRS adoption is not significantly related to enhanced FRQ. The study suggests that cost considerations might be an important factor contributing to inappropriate application of IFRS and, in turn, reduce the quality of FRQ. Moreover, the incentive of management and enforcement mechanisms might have had a combined effect leading to a ‘symbolic’ application of IFRS. Taking into consideration the situational context of emerging institutions, this study adds insights into global accounting research on the impact of IFRS on FRQ, supporting the view that the relationship between IFRS and FRQ may be confounded by other institutional factors such as cost considerations, enforcement mechanisms, and the development of distinctive legal and accounting systems.
In vitro Propagation of Polygonatum verticillatum All. A Threatened Medicinal Herb through Seed Explant

111 DOI: 10.37398/JSR.2020. 640214 Abstract: To conserve and overcome the limitations of traditional propagation, a need was felt to develop an in vitro propagation protocol for Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. by using seeds as explant. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the most suitable concentration of plant growth regulators on callus induction and subsequent rhizome and shoot regeneration. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with Kn (8mg/l) in combination with IAA (2mg/l) proved most effective in producing maximum amount of callus from in vitro sprouted seed explants which were pre-treated with GA3 (1 mg/l) and kept at -20C for 30 days. Subculturing of callus on MS medium fortified with BAP (4mg/l) and NAA (1mg/l) in combination regenerated rhizomes. Shoots regenerated (13.25±2.32) from rhizomes on MS medium fortified with Kn (2mg/l) in combination with BAP (2mg/l). Roots (1.93±0.34 cm) regenerated from shoots inoculated on full strength MS medium fortified with IBA at a concentration of (2.0 mg/l) within 90 days. These in vitro raised shoots with well developed roots were successfully acclimatized in vermicompost with 80% survival rate. In addition to in vitro shooting, ex vitro regeneration of shoots from in vitro raised rhizomes was also achieved in vermicompost within 49 days.
COVID-19 Infection and Children: A Comprehensive Review

Nowadays, COVID-19 is in pandemic stage, and concerns about the infection of children are on the rise. At first, it has been believed that children are not at risk while some evidences have shown that the risk of infection is lower in children than adults. The COVID-19 children indicated milder symptoms including cough, fever, sore throat, myalgia sneezing, and fatigue than COVID-19 adults. Lymphopenia, which is prevalent in adult cases, has not been reported in pediatric patients. The COVID-19 can also occur in neonates although vertical transmission from mothers to fetuses during pregnancy is rare. Overall, the outcome is better in children than adults. Thus far, there has been neither specific treatment for eradicating the infection nor any preventative vaccine for COVID-19, Preventive measures such as frequent hand washing, social distancing and wearing face mask are the best ways.
The Structure of the Relationship between Physical Activity and Psychosocial Functioning of Women and Men during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Poland

Since the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is a serious crisis in many countries around the world, it is important to conduct empirical research aimed at identifying risks and factors protecting the functioning of people affected by it. For this reason, the goals of the present research were to determine the level of physical activity and the severity of symptoms characteristic of mental disorders, cognitive disorders and the quality of social functioning, as well as the structure of the relationship between physical activity and psychosocial functioning of 226 women and 226 men during the COVID-19 epidemic in Eastern Poland. The research was conducted using the IPAQ-SF Questionnaire, GHQ-28 Questionnaires, TUS Test-6/9 version, the original SFS Scale and a self-developed sociodemographic survey. The collected data indicate that women as compared to men show lower levels of weekly physical activity, walking, moderate activity, vigorous activity and quality of functioning in family relationships, but higher severity of mental health disorders, somatic symptoms, functional disorders, depressive symptoms, cognitive disorders, perceptual work disorders, attention deficits and higher quality of functioning in work relationships. On the other hand, the structural model indicates that physical activity, interacting with mental health disorders and cognitive disorders, is positively associated with the social functioning of the respondents, and gender is the moderator of the occurring dependencies. This suggests that physical activity adapted to the condition of health may be an important component of gender-individualized psychopreventive interventions.
Locally Persistent Categories And Metric Properties Of Interleaving Distances

This thesis presents a uniform treatment of different distances used in the applied topology literature. We introduce the notion of a locally persistent category, which is a category with a notion of approximate morphism that lets one define an interleaving distance on its collection of objects. The framework is based on a combination of enriched category theory and homotopy theory, and encompasses many well-known examples of interleaving distances, as well as weaker notions of distance, such as the homotopy interleaving distance and the Gromov–Hausdorff distance. We show that the approach is not only an organizational tool, but a useful theoretical tool that allows one to formulate simple conditions under which a certain construction is stable, or under which an interleaving distance is, e.g., complete and geodesic. Being based on the well-developed theory of enriched categories, constructions in the theory of interleavings can be conveniently cast as enriched universal constructions. We give several applications. We generalize Blumberg and Lesnick’s homotopy interleaving distance to categories of persistent objects of a model category and prove that this distance is intrinsic and complete. We identify a universal property for the Gromov–Hausdorff distance that gives simple conditions under which an invariant of metric spaces is stable. We define a distance for persistent metric spaces, a generalization of filtered metric spaces, that specializes to known distances on filtered metric spaces and dynamic metric spaces, and use it to lift stability results for invariants of metric spaces to invariants of persistent metric spaces. We present a new stable invariant of metric measure spaces, the kernel density filtration, that encodes the information of a kernel density estimate for all choices of bandwidth. We study the interleaving distance in the category of persistent sets and show that, when restricted to a well-behaved subcategory that in particular contains all dendrograms and merge trees, one gets a complete and geodesic distance. We relate our approach to previous categorical approaches by showing that categories of generalized persistence modules and categories with a flow give rise to locally persistent categories in a way that preserves both metric and categorical structure.
Influence of gestation length, seasonality, and calf sex on birth weight and placental retention in crossbred dairy cows

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of gestation length, season at calving (autumn-winter vs. spring-summer) and calf sex on birth weight and incidence of retained placenta (RP) in crossbred lactating dairy cows. A total of 187 parturitions were evaluated in a commercial dairy farm at Alto Paranaiba region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Cows that did not release the placental membranes within the first 12 hours after calf expulsion were diagnosed with RP. At birth, calf sex was registered, and birth weight was estimated by using a weighing tape. The incidence of RP was 36.89% (69/187). The mean birth weight of the calves (41.73 kg) did not differ among the calf sexes and seasons of the year at birth (P > 0.05), but the cows with below-average gestation lengths (274.4 days) calved lighter calves. Furthermore, the season of the year at calving and calf sex had no influence on RP incidence (P > 0.05), although a higher incidence of RP was observed in cows that had shorter gestation lengths (49.44%) and calves below-average birth weights (51.76%). In conclusion, cows with shorter gestation lengths produce lighter offspring and have a high predisposition to RP.
STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION ON TEACHING STYLE AND LEARNING OUTCOME

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of active learning on students‘ learning outcomes in undergraduate introductory biomechanics and students‘ preference of teaching style. Five undergraduate biomechanics classes from four public universities in the United States were recruited (N = 204). Survey questions were administered over the internet. A total of 160 valid responses were analyzed. The students who rated their class was somewhat interactive and very interactive had significant learning improvement (p < 0.05). There was no significant learning improvement in groups that rated their classes either pure lecture (p = 0.09) or primarily interactive (p = 0.46). This indicated that moderate amounts of active learning enhance learning outcomes above lecture alone or primarily active learning. Students’ preferred interactive style was hands-on activity.