Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Boosts in brain signal variability track liberal shifts in decision bias

Adopting particular decision biases allows organisms to tailor their choices to environmental demands. For example, a liberal response strategy pays off when target detection is crucial, whereas a conservative strategy is optimal for avoiding false alarms. Using conventional time-frequency analysis of human electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, we previously showed that bias setting entails adjustment of evidence accumulation in sensory regions (Kloosterman et al., 2019), but the presumed prefrontal signature of a conservative-to-liberal bias shift has remained elusive. Here, we show that a liberal bias shift is reflected in a more unconstrained neural regime (boosted entropy) in frontal regions that is suited to the detection of unpredictable events. Overall EEG variation, spectral power and event-related potentials could not explain this relationship, highlighting that moment-to-moment neural variability uniquely tracks bias shifts. Neural variability modulation through prefrontal cortex appears instrumental for permitting an organism to adapt its biases to environmental demands.
Asphaltene deposition simulation in porous media during CO₂ injection using Lattice Boltzmann Method

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) injection in oil reservoirs is a potential means of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and reducing greenhouse gas. Change in the thermodynamic condition and composition due to the CO₂ injection process may trigger the asphaltene precipitation and deposition which directly affects the efficiency of the EOR process. Predicting the possibility of the asphaltene issue under different operating conditions can help the oil industry for better process design, handle the potential operational problems and estimate the production cost. In spite of, the existence of different modeling approaches based on conventional numerical methods, the lack of a flexible and more comprehensive modeling approach is inevitable. The new and advanced numerical method, called the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) covers the limitations of the conventional numerical methods in dealing with complex boundary conditions and incorporating the microscopic interactions. This study is aiming at the modeling of the Asphaltene deposition, and it’s effect on the fluid flow in porous media during an immiscible injection of CO₂ with applying the LBM as the main simulator engine that gets fed by the given phase behavior to take the asphaltene deposition into account as well. Porosity and CO₂ injection velocity are the changing factors in this study. Applying the same condition on two mediums, it has been seen that the recovery factor is 22.5% higher and deposited asphaltene is 2.56% lower in a more porous medium that is attributed to uniform pore size distribution and higher absolute permeability of the more porous case. Furthermore, the fingering phenomena seem to be high in a less porous medium which causes an early breakthrough. Studies on the CO₂ injection velocity effect showed that by increasing CO₂ injection velocity by 2 times and 3 times, the recovery factor increases 4% and decreases 6%, respectively. A decrease in recovery factor is attributed to the asphaltene deposition at which the deposited asphaltene is two times higher at injection velocity of 3
Morphology and Development of a Termite Endoparasitoid Misotermes mindeni (Diptera: Phoridae)

ABSTRACT The morphology and developmental stages of Misotermes mindeni Disney & Neoh (Diptera: Phoridae), a newly described endoparasitoid of the fungus-growing termite Macrotermes gilvus (Hagen) (Termitidae: Macrotermitinae) were studied, and biometric descriptors of eggs, larvae, and pupae were recorded. The larvae of M. mindeni exhibit three larval stages. Larvae complete their first instar development in fourth larval instars and major presoldiers, whereas the second and third instars develop entirely in major soldiers' head capsule and abdomen, respectively. The second instar can be readily differentiated from the first by the presence of a posterior spiracular base and more defined body segments, and the third instar can be discriminated from the second by the presence of respiratory horns and a well-developed posterior spiracular base. Differentiation of the larval instars is further supported by morphometric measurements. The first instar moves freely within the host's body cavity and head capsule, whereas the last two instars remain in the host's head capsule and abdomen, respectively. Termite developmental stages were used as a model to determine the developmental time of M. mindeni larvae. Duration between the first and second instars was 19.00 ± 2.28 d and between second and third instars was 36.88 ± 5.17 d. It took the third instar, 0.53 ± 0.08 d to reach pupation. The pupal stage lasted for an average of 13.51 ± 0.74 d. Mean adult longevity was 1.47 ± 0.57 d and 3.00 ± 0.98 d for females and males, respectively. Longevity of males was significantly longer than that of females.
Habitat Associations of Lepidoptera in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas

Abstract Lepidoptera were surveyed using blacklight traps during the growing seasons of 2004 and 2005 in two counties that differed in land use patterns in the Ozark Mountains, Arkansas. Marion County is a fragmented landscape; habitats surveyed were upland forest, riparian forest, edge, and field. Crawford County lies in the Ozark National Forest; habitats surveyed were saw, pole, and sapling size classes of timber. Moths ≥20 mm in wingspan were identified and enumerated. A total of 8326 moths of ≥324 species and 22 families were identified and tabulated. The total number of species and family-level composition varied little between landscapes, but the relative occurrence of species varied between landscapes and across habitats. Dominance of common species varied between landscapes with fewer species forming the bulk of the assemblage in the fragmented landscape. Endemism of certain moths in riparian forest suggests this habitat supports many species. In contrast, few species were recorded in field habitats. These data demonstrate the importance of forest habitats for many moth species in the Ozark Mountains. Our study forms a foundation for understanding species richness patterns of Lepidoptera in the hardwood forests of central North America.
Características agronômicas e viabilidade do tifton-85 (Cynodon spp) irrigado num sistema de produção de leite

O experimento foi conduzido no CTCO/FESR da EPAMIG para avaliar a economicidade da irrigacao da pastagem de Tifton-85 e caracteristicas agronomicas do relvado. Foram utilizadas duas areas de 3,54 ha (com e sem irrigacao), divididas em oito piquetes de 4.430 m² manejados em sistema de lotacao rotacionada. Estas areas foram adubadas com 200 kg de N/ha, parcelados durante o verao. A comparacao foi feita com base no teste de hipotese em amostras pariadas. A irrigacao promoveu aumento na producao de folhas verdes, 2.249 vs 1.443 kg de MS/ha, maior relacao folha/caule, 0,37 vs 0,26, maior teor de PB na planta inteira, 8,49 vs 6,67 e folha 14,78 vs 12,94 e menor porcentagem de FDA na planta inteira, 44,87 vs 46,15. A producao de leite em kg/animal/dia (9,92 e 10,05) e kg/ha (1.195 e 1.215) no sistema com ou sem irrigacao nao diferiram significativamente. Em ambos os tratamentos, a producao de leite em kg/ha foi maior no periodo de seca do que durante as aguas, (1.302 vs 1.008 e sem irrigacao 1.403 vs 1.028). Os menores gastos com silagem de milho (8,82 t) e cana-de-acucar (3 t) nao foram suficientes para compensar os gastos com energia.
RESPOSTA DA SOJA A DOSES E MODOS DE APLICACAOO DE POTASSIO EM SOLO DE CERRADO

Avaliou-se o efeito de doses no plantio e parcelamento de potassio, em tres epocas de aplicacao: plantio (P), cobertura (C) e floracao (F) em dois cultivares de soja (Glycine max L.), Garimpo e FT-Cristalina. Instalou-se o experimento em condicoes de campo, num LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Eutrofico, textura arenosa, fase cerrado, na Fazenda Dois Irmaos, municipio de Monte Alegre de Minas – MG, no ano agricola 1999/2000. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com nove tratamentos em tres repeticoes, onde determinou-se, o efeito de doses de K (0, 30, 60 e 90 kg.ha-1 K2O) aplicadas no plantio, atraves de regressao polinomial. Em outro ensaio, a dose de 60 kg.ha-1 de K2O foi aplicada em diferentes epocas de desenvolvimento da cultura, nas seguintes proporcoes: 00P-60C-00F, 20P-40C-00F, 30P-30C-00F, 40P-20C-00F, 00P-00C-60F, 20P-00C-40F, 30P-00C-30F, 40P-00C-20F e como testemunha, 60P-00C-00F kg.ha-1. Conclui-se que houve aumento quadratico significativo ate 90 kg.ha-1 de K2O resultando maior produtividade, altura de plantas, altura de insercao da primeira vagem e teor de K no solo. A aplicacao parcelada de K aumentou o teor de K no solo, o numero de vagens e sementes por planta. UNITERMOS: Glycine max (L.) Merrill, Soja, Adubacao, Potassio
Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Curcuma Longa on the Biochemical Profile and Meat Characteristics of Broiler Rabbits under Summer Stress

Eighteen four week’s old weaned broiler rabbits of comparable body weights were allotted to three dietary treatment groups of six rabbits in each group namely T0 (basal control diet, T1 (basal diet added with turmeric rhizome powder, TRP, at the ratio of 150mg)and T2 (basal diet added with TRP at the ratio of 300mg/100g diet). Different hematological and serum biochemical parameters such as packed cell volume, Hemoglobin, total erythrocyte count and total leukocyte count and serum total protein, albumin, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase due to the dietary inclusion of turmeric powder rhizome supplementation at 0, 0.15 and 0.30 percent did not show significant difference between the treatment groups. Carcass parameters and chemical composition of meat were closer to the standard values. The results of the study indicated no beneficial effect of dietary inclusion of turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome powder at 0, 0.15 and 0.30 per cent on blood biochemical and meat characteristics of broiler rabbits reared under summer stress
Purification of human serum paraoxonase: A simple and rapid method

Paraoxonase/arylesterases (EC.3.1.8.2) is an enzyme found tightly associated with high density lipoprotein particle in serum. Because of its unique enzyme activity, antioxidant property and its role as an anti atherosclerotic molecule, various methods are used for its purification from human serum. Methods involved in its purification are elaborate and complicated. Also the yield and final activity are highly variable. Here, we report a 2 step method of purification involving affinity chromatography on cibacron blue sepharose followed by gel filtration on sephadex G50.The final preparation was 27.7 fold purified compared with the serum and gave a single band in SDS-PAGE by silver staining.
Vulnerabilities for Drug Diversion in the Handling, Data Entry, and Verification Tasks of 2 Inpatient Hospital Pharmacies: Clinical Observations and Healthcare Failure Mode and Effect Analysis

Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Objectives Inpatient hospital pharmacies have a central role in managing controlled substances (CS) throughout the hospital medication use process (MUP). Our objectives were to identify vulnerabilities for diversion in the MUPs of 2 inpatient pharmacies, explore differences between the sites, and characterize the types of vulnerabilities identified. Methods We conducted clinical observations in 2 pharmacies to map their MUPs and performed a healthcare failure mode and effect analysis to proactively identify (1) the critical failure modes (CFMs) that make them vulnerable to diversion and (2) the controls that prevent, mitigate, or enhance the detectability of CFMs. Results We conducted 99 hours of observations between May–June and September–October 2018. We observed 36 pharmacy technicians, 4 pharmacists, and 1 clerk as they conducted tasks involving 4 processes common to both sites: procuring CS, receiving CS deliveries to the pharmacy, unit-dose packaging CS oral solids, and distributing CS to hospital units. The tasks and subtasks we mapped in the process flow diagrams led to the identification of 220 failure modes. Of these, 34 were deemed CFMs and were categorized as related to handling CS, data entry, or verification tasks. Three of the CFMs were unique to one site, given that the other site had a control for the CFM. Conclusions Multiple vulnerabilities for diversion exist in inpatient pharmacy processes. Our results provide some much needed detail about how specific vulnerabilities in MUP tasks and subtasks lead to an increased risk of diversion.
Dynamic selection for maximizing response with constrained inbreeding in schemes with overlapping generations

A dynamic selection algorithm for maximizing annual genetic response while constraining the rate of inbreeding per generation in populations with overlapping generations is presented. The procedure gives the optimum number of individuals to be selected and the progeny they each produce. The solution to the problem was obtained by using BLUP estimated breeding values, the augmented numerator relationship matrix and lifetime breeding profiles. The procedure was able to constrain the rate of inbreeding per generation to a predefined level across generations of selection by considering all gene flow pathways. The optimization procedure represents an improvement on standard truncation BLUP selection, as it yielded substantially more genetic response (up to 35%) at the same rate of inbreeding.
Influence of flower characteristics, weather, time of day, and season on insect visitation rates in three plant communities

Pollination biology at the community level was investigated using quantitative techniques, comparative methodology, measurements of the physical habitat, and consideration of floral characteristics. The frequency of insect visits to flowers was investigated in three contrasting communities: a deciduous woodland-meadow site in eastern Massachusetts, alpine tundra in New Hampshire, and Mediterranean scrub (fynbos) in South Africa. Visits to flowers were most common in woodland-meadow, followed by alpine tundra, and least frequent in fynbos. Bees were the most common visitor in the woodland-meadow and the fynbos, but flies were the most common visitor in the tundra. Flower color often influenced visitation rates and had a weak but significant effect on the type of insect that visited flowers. Preferences for color by different types of insects often changed in different communities, which suggests that floral syndromes may be communityspecific. In all communities, tubular flowers were visited less often than open flowers. Less specialized insects were more common on open than tubular flowers, but large variances made few differences statistically significant. Combining measurements of temperature, light, humidity, wind speed, time of day, and season (using cluster analysis) with the shape of a flower, it was predicted that a 1 0-minute observation would include at least one visit. Flower shape, temperature, light, and season appear to be the most important variables influencing insect visitation rates. Results of this study indicate that relationships between insects and flowers are nonspecific and vary among communities.
Extracts from the Shoots of Arctotis arctotoides Inhibit the Growth of Bacteria and Fungi

Acetone, methanol and water extracts obtained from the shoots of Arctotis arctotoides through shaking and homogenization, were investigated for their antimicrobial activities. Growth inhibition using agar dilution assays was determined against ten selected bacterial and six fungal species. Although not fungicidal, extracts from the herb showed significant growth inhibition against all the fungi tested. The homogenized water extract was particularly inhibitory to the growth of the fungi with inhibitory activity ranging from 50.7 to 95.2% on Aspergillus tamari and Penicillum digitatum, respectively. Acetone and methanol extracts were very active against the Gram positive bacteria. The Gram negative bacteria were, however, more resistant to the extracts than the Gram positive ones. None of the extracts inhibited Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonous aeruginosa, both Gram negative bacteria.
RAPD markers for discriminating tea germplasms at the inter-specific level in China

For the discrimination of tea germplasms at the inter-specific level, four tea species and varieties (Camellia sinensis, C. sinensis var. assamica, C. sinensis var. pubilimba, C. sinensis var. kucha) and their 20 wild allied species (C. sp.) preserved in the China National Germplasm Tea Repositories (CNGTR) were investigated using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Fifteen primers were chosen from the 61 screened for RAPD amplification. The average DNA polymorphic frequency of RAPD primers at the inter-specific level was 0.30, varying from 0.16 to 0.60, lower than that at the intra-specific level. Using the presence, sometimes absence of unique RAPD markers, it was possible to discriminate 14 of the germplasms investigated. No single primer could discriminate all the 24 germplasms. However, OPO-13 provided rich band patterns and it could discriminate 10 genotypes. The combination of two and three primers made it possible to discriminate 15 and 21 germplasms, respectively. Furthermore, the combination of band patterns or the DNA fingerprinting based on specific RAPD markers generated by OPO-13, OPO-18, OPG-12 and OPA-13 allowed the discrimination of all 24 germplasms investigated. Therefore, RAPD markers also provide a powerful tool to differentiate tea germplasms at the inter-specific level.
Genetic variability of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica (Temminck & Schlegel) related to latitude

— Isozyme genotypes of 400 glass eels recruiting to 4 localities along the east Asian coast, stretching from Taiwan to the Yalu River of northeastern China, were studied using starch gel electrophoresis. Geographic cline was found to exist in two loci: NADP-isocitrate dehygenase-1 and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Frequencies of the most common allele of these two loci increased from south to north. In the latitudinal range of 25°N to 40°N, the magnitude of difference of IDH100 and PGD100 was 13% and 9% respectively. However, deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found to be insignificant in both loci at three of the four localities. The cline was, therefore, unlikely to have resulted from selection. Migration time-lag from different parts of the continent to the spawning ground in the western Pacific was suggested to be a possible reason for the formation of the cline.
Seasonal variation of hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and charged amino acids in developing apple flower buds 1

Abstract An increase in polar amino acids especially in hydrophilic and charged amino acids and a decrease in hydrophobic amino acids were observed in developing apple flower buds from July to November (beginning of dormancy). This suggests that polar amino acids may play a role in dormancy of apple flower buds similar to that of other polar substances. A 2nd‐degree polynomial was observed for hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and charged amino acid content, during growth and development.
Evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae)

The landmark discovery of obligate pollination mutualism between Glochidion plants and Epicephala moths has sparked increased interest in the pollination systems of Phyllantheae plants. In this paper I review current information on the natural history and evolutionary history of obligate pollination mutualism in Phyllantheae. Currently, an estimated >500 species are mutualistic with Epicephala moths that actively pollinate flowers and whose progeny feed on the resulting seeds. The Phyllantheae also includes species that are not mutualistic with Epicephala moths and are instead pollinated by bees and/or flies or ants. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the mutualism evolved independently five times within Phyllantheae, whereas active pollination behavior, a key innovation in this mutualism, evolved once in Epicephala. Reversal of mutualism has occurred at least once in both partner lineages, involving a Breynia species that evolved an alternative pollination system and a derived clade of Epicephala that colonized ant-pollinated Phyllantheae hosts and thereby lost the pollinating habit. The plant–moth association is highly species specific, although a strict one-to-one assumption is not perfectly met. A comparison of plant and moth phylogenies suggests signs of parallel speciation, but partner switches have occurred repeatedly at a range of taxonomic levels. Overall, the remarkable species diversity and multiple originations of the mutualism provide excellent opportunities to address many important questions on mutualism and the coevolutionary process. Although research on the biology of the mutualism is still in its infancy, the Phyllantheae–Epicephala association holds promise as a new model system in ecology and evolutionary biology.
Very Slow Turnover of β-Cells in Aged Adult Mice

Although many signaling pathways have been shown to promote β-cell growth, surprisingly little is known about the normal life cycle of preexisting β-cells or the signaling pathways required for β-cell survival. Adult β-cells have been speculated to have a finite life span, with ongoing adult β-cell replication throughout life to replace lost cells. However, little solid evidence supports this idea. To more accurately measure adult β-cell turnover, we performed continuous long-term labeling of proliferating cells with the DNA precursor analog 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) in 1-year-old mice. We show that β-cells of aged adult mice have extremely low rates of replication, with minimal evidence of turnover. Although some pancreatic components acquired BrdU label in a linear fashion, only 1 in ∼1,400 adult β-cells were found to undergo replication per day. We conclude that adult β-cells are very long lived.
Incidence and severity of coffee leaf rust and other coffee pests and diseases in Rwanda

Coffee Leaf Rust (CLR) caused by Hemileia vastatrix Berk. and Br. has a worldwide distribution and causes enormous yield losses. A survey was conducted in Rwanda to evaluate incidence and severity of CLR and other coffee pests and diseases and to determine how the crop management contributes to CLR severity. A stratified random sample of 307 coffee farms was visited and the prevalence, incidence and severity were recorded. Results showed that all provinces were affected by CLR with the highest severity in Eastern province where the incidence was up to 100%. High altitudes were associated with low disease severity with a negative correlation of - 0.71. Coffee berry disease (CBD) was a minor disease but with a potential to become an epidemic in the future. Coffee leaf miner, Antestia bugs and Coffee stem borer were recorded but were managed below economic injury levels. All commercial cultivars were susceptible to CLR and most management practices such as mulching, pruning and fertilizer application were associated with lower levels of CLR severity except intercropping which resulted in higher disease intensity. Implications of this survey in relation to CLR management in Rwanda are discussed in this study.