Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biomass-burning smoke properties and its interactions with marine stratocumulus clouds in WRF-CAM5 and southeastern Atlantic field campaigns

A large part of the uncertainty in climate projections comes from poorly understood or constrained 35 aerosol properties (e.g., particle size, composition, mixing state, aging processes) and aerosol-cloud interactions, as well as the difficulty in remotely sensing them. This is an issue especially in remote regions such as the southeast Atlantic, which exhibits large model spread due to the seasonal coexistence of extensive cloud cover and regional biomass burning smoke. Here we address these gaps by comparing the WRF-CAM5 model to multi-campaign observations (ORACLES, CLARIFY, and LASIC) of the 40 southeastern Atlantic region in August 2017 to evaluate a broad swath of the model’s aerosol properties, processes, and transport, and the degree to which aerosol interactions with clouds are captured. Building on earlier work showing strong performance in model advection and mixing, we find that biomass-burning smoke aerosol size and composition are generally well-captured in the marine free troposphere, except for a likely overprediction of dust in the accumulation mode (7-17% modeled dust fraction which 45 is not present in the observations). Evaluating smoke aging trends, the model shows a steady increase in aerosol mean diameter and an unchanging composition as smoke ages, deviating from the observed trends that show a rise and subsequent fall in mean diameter over 4-12 days and a decreasing OA:BC ratio beyond 3 days. Both results are likely due to missing processes in the model that remove OA from the particle phase such as photolysis and heterogeneous aerosol chemistry. The observed composition change 50 from the free-troposphere to the marine boundary layer (MBL) is not fully captured in the model, especially the observed enhancement of sulfate from 11% to 37% by mean mass fraction in ORACLES, and from 11% to 26% in CLARIFY. This points to the importance of properly representing sulfate formation from marine dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emissions and in smoke-free parcels. Additionally, the model does not capture the occurrence of an Aitken mode during clean and medium-smoke conditions in 55 the boundary layer, likely pointing to misrepresentation of new particle formation. The model shows a persistent overprediction of aerosols in the MBL, especially for clean conditions, that multiple pieces of evidence link to weaker
The use of PCR to determine the genetic variations between Human, Sheep, Cow and Buffaloes

This research includes a study of hydatid cysts Echinococcus granulosus (larval stage on the molecular level, where 7 samples of hydatid cysts were collected from parasite intermediate hosts " Human (liver, spleen, lung) and liver of sheep, goat, cattle and buffaloes”. DNA was extracted from germinal layer cells of hydatid cysts which were isolated shortly or preserved for various periods in 70% ethanol. Genetic analysis of isolated DNA from hydatid cysts collected from human and animals was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine genetic variation depending on random amplified polymorphic DNA. In the present study 10 primers have been used, during which the genetic variations were revealed among isolated (extracted DNA) of hydatid cysts which was collected from human and other intermediate hosts except Cows and Buffaloes. The current results of this study have shown the following: 1 - It was found one primer (OPA – 01) was able to diagnose sample numbered 1 which represent the isolated DNA of liver hydatid cyst which was obtained from human at age group 10 – 20 years old. 2 - The ability of primer OPC – 10 to determine fingerprinting of DNA sample of Sheep liver hydatid cyst. 3 - The ability of primer OPC – 05 to determine fingerprinting of DNA sample of human spleen hydatid cyst which was obtained from human at age group 30 – 40 years old. 4 - The ability of primer OPE – 07 to determine fingerprinting of DNA sample of goat liver hydatid cyst. 5 – Amplification process to the DNA samples which extracted from cows and buffaloes liver hydatid cysts was not completed by using all 10 primers.
On the numbers of solutions of weighted unit equations

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFICACY OF LARYNGEAL MASK AIRWAY OVER ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION IN CHILDREN

Background: Endotracheal intubation is now the standard of care, but it can cause complications, such as vocal cord injury and laryngeal oedema. Supraglottic airway devices (SADs) are a newer technology that offers a middle ground between facemasks and endotracheal intubation. The study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of the Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) for positive pressure ventilation with size 2 LMA in children and compare it with endotracheal intubation (ETT). Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 60 paediatric ASA Grade I and II patients posted for short surgical procedures (< two hours). Patients were divided randomly into Group (E): anaesthesia with an endotracheal tube (ETT), and Group (L): anaesthesia with a laryngeal mask airway (LMA). Results: After the insertion of ETT, there was a greater increase in heart rate and mean arterial pressure compared to the insertion of LMA. The rise in heart rate and mean arterial pressure in the ETT group was more even after 1 min than in the LMA group. Also, the heart rate and mean arterial pressure almost returned to pre-induction values after 3 min in the LMA group, but a persistent rise was in the ETT group. The heart rate and mean arterial pressure returned to baseline values in both groups at 5 min. No significant difference exists between groups in conditions during placement and number of attempts needed, abdominal circumference and postoperative complications. Conclusion: The LMA is a less invasive and simpler alternative to ETT in pediatric patients, making it a satisfactory airway for positive pressure ventilation in routine elective short surgical procedures.
Recreation and Holiday Practices among Workers in Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria

- Recreational activities have been argued to positively influence human health and quality of life. This study investigates the influence of recreation and holiday practices on the attitudes and performance of workers in manufacturing companies. Multistage sampling technique was adopted to select samples; purposive sampling method was employed in selecting Lagos and Ogun State and three Local Government Areas in each based on the concentration of manufacturing companies they have. Purposive and availability sampling was further used to select companies above ten years old and workers that have spent above five years and willing to partake in the study. Snow-balling method was lastly employed to select 300 respondents from the companies. Data were collected through the use of questionnaire and further analysed and presented through the use of tables, chart, simple percentages and t-test. Result revealed that there is no significant relationship (p = 0.177) between recreation and holiday practices and employee job satisfaction. The study however found that there is a significant relationship (p = 0.001) between recreation and holiday practices and employee performance.
Sources and long-term variability of carbon monoxide at Mount Kenya and in Nairobi

Abstract. Carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in the troposphere are decreasing globally, with Africa as an exception. Yet, the region is understudied, with a deficit of ground-based observations and highly uncertain CO emission inventories. This paper reports multiyear observational CO data from the Mt. Kenya Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station, as well as summertime CO isotope observations from both Mt. Kenya and Nairobi, Kenya. The CO variability at Mt. Kenya is characterized by slightly increased concentrations during dry periods and a strong influence of short-term pollution events. While some data gaps and differences in instrumentation complicate decadal-scale trend analysis, a small long-term increase is resolved. High-pollution events are consistent with isotopic signal from downwind savanna fires. The isotope fingerprint of CO in Nairobi indicates an overwhelming dominance (near 100 %) of primary emissions from fossil fuel combustion with implications for air pollution policy. In contrast, the isotope signature of CO intercepted at the large-footprint Mt. Kenya region suggests that at least 70 % is primary sourced, with a predominance likely from savanna fires in Africa. Taken together, this study provides quantitative constraints of primary vs. secondary CO in the eastern Africa region and in urban Nairobi, with implications for satellite-based emission inventories as well as for chemical transport and climate modeling.
EFFECTIVENESS OF LABORATORY PROCESS FLOW BASED EARLY CLINICAL EXPOSURE IN BIOCHEMISTRY FOR FIRST YEAR MEDICAL UNDERGRADUATES

Background: Early clinical exposure (ECE)aims to recognize the relevance of basic sciences in diagnosis, patient care, treatment and to provide a context to enhance the basic science learning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of basic science ECE - laboratory process flow of the patient sample from preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical phases in first year medical undergraduates. Materials and Methods: In this research conducted on I year medical undergraduates, lesson plan for laboratory-based ECE was framed, and pre-briefing session, ECE involving all phases of clinical laboratory and debriefing were done. Effectiveness of ECE was assessed by pretest and post-test method, assessing feedback of students and reflections. Result: There was an improved performance in post-test which was statistically significant. Most of the students opined that the ECE session helped them to gain new clinical knowledge and to understand the concepts better and helped them gained confidence in their learning and acquisition of skills by ECE. Conclusion: ECE protocol was perceived very well by the students, and it helped in improvement of knowledge and to understand the relevance of laboratory work process flow.
Variability and drivers of winter near-surface temperatures over boreal and tundra landscapes

Abstract. Winter near-surface air temperatures have important implications for ecosystem functioning such as vegetation dynamics and carbon cycling. In cold environments, the persistence of seasonal snow cover can exert a strong control on the near-surface temperatures. However, the lack of in situ measurements of both snow cover duration and surface temperatures over high latitudes has made it difficult to estimate the spatio-temporal variability in this relationship. Here, we quantified the fine-scale variability in winter near-surface air temperatures (+2 cm) and snow cover duration (calculated from temperature time series) using a total of 441 microclimate loggers in seven study areas across boreal and tundra landscapes in Finland during 2019–2021. We further examined the drivers behind this variation using a structural equation model and the extent to which near-surface air temperatures are buffered from free-air temperatures during winter. Our results show that while average winter near-surface temperatures stay close to 0 ∘C across the study domain, there are large differences in their fine-scale variability among the study areas. Areas with large topographical variation, as well as areas with shallow snowpacks, showed the greatest variation in near-surface temperatures and in snow cover duration. In the tundra, for example, differences in minimum near-surface temperatures between study sites were close to 30 ∘C and topography was shown to be an important driver of this variability. In contrast, flat topography and long snow cover duration led to little spatial variation, as well as long periods of decoupling between near-surface and air temperatures. Quantifying and understanding the landscape-wide variation in winter microclimates improves our ability to predict the local effects of climate change in the rapidly warming boreal and tundra regions.
Expert Variability and Deep Learning Performance in Spinal Cord Lesion Segmentation for Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients often present with lesions in spinal cord magnetic resonance (MR) volumes. However, accurately detecting these lesions is challenging and prone to inter-and intra-rater variability. Deep learning-based methods have the potential to aid clinicians in detecting and segmenting MS lesions, but can also be affected by rater variability. This study assesses the inter-and intra-rater variability in manual segmentation of spinal cord lesions, and evaluates raters and a state-of-the-art nnU-Net model against a ground truth (GT) segmentation of a senior expert. Four experts segmented twelve spinal cord MR volumes from six patients twice, at a time distance of two weeks. Considerable inter-and intra-rater variability were observed, with the total number of detected lesions ranging from 28 to 60, depending on the rater. Moreover, the segmented volumes of individual lesions varied substantially between raters. All raters and the model achieved high precision when evaluated against the senior expert GT, but sensitivity was notably lower. These results motivate the need for more sensitive automated methods to aid clinicians in lesion detection, and suggest that consideration should be given to inter-rater variability when training and evaluating automated methods.
Material Tests for the ILC Positron Source

The positron source is a vital system of the ILC. The conversion target that yields about 10 14 positrons per second will undergo high peak and cyclic load during ILC operation. In order to ensure stable long term operation of the positron source the candidate material for the conversion target has to be tested. The intense electron beam at the Mainz Microtron (MAMI) provides a good opportunity for such tests. The ﬁrst results are presented for Ti6Al4V which is the candidate material for the positron conversion target as well as for the exit window to the photon beam absorber.
Environmental amelioration in bio ﬂ oc based rearing system of white leg shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) in West Bengal, India

– The potential of bio ﬂ oc media in in-situ environmental amelioration mediated through the removal of nitrogenous metabolites, reduce the dominance of disease-causing Vibrio to bene ﬁ cial Bacillus community and reduction of costly commercial feed was investigated in white leg shell ﬁ sh ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) farming. Three treatments viz. bio ﬂ oc without neem þ commercial feed (B), bio ﬂ oc with neem þ commercial feed (NB), only commercial feed without bio ﬂ oc (F)and, one control (C) withno bio ﬂ oc and no feed in triplicate was applied with a stocking density of 60 PL-20 m (cid:2) 3 in outdoor earthen ponds (1000 m 3 ). Two bio ﬂ oc media (C:N = 15 – 10:1) with and without neem leave extract were applied with reduction of feed supplement from 50% to 100%. The signi ﬁ cant difference was observed in ﬁ nal body weight (33.82 ± 0.18 g) in neem based bio ﬂ oc media than the other tested shrimp with the survival percentage above 87%. Superiority of bio ﬂ oc based rearing system over the traditional feed based one was established as live weight gain was 28.48 – 137% more with a reduction of feed conversion ratio by 7.60% to 8.18% in the former. Moreover, feed cost was reduced both in B (8.1%) and NB (8.77%) compared to conventional feed (cid:2) based culture system (F). The nutrient pro ﬁ le of ﬂ oc and shrimp also improved as higher protein content was recorded in ﬂ oc (18.65 – 19.63%) and shrimp (24.58 – 26.29%). The development of bio ﬂ oc within the culture system resulted in cumulative increase of Bacillus population with concomitant decrease of luminous Vibrio population. The ﬁ ndings of the study strongly indicated that bio ﬂ oc technology could be a potential tool of ecosystem approach towards in-situ environmental amelioration in shrimp farming ponds with substantial reduction of cost towards feed, aqua chemicals used for disease and environmental health management and other operational cost like water exchange.
Attitudes to regional and standard accents in commercial and non-commercial contexts

Commercials regularly use non-standard accented speakers to promote products and services despite sociolinguistic ﬁ ndings that non-standard accents in non-commercial contexts are evaluated less positively than standard accents. Accent evaluations in commercial contexts may be di ﬀ erent because of perceived relevance to the product or service or of perceived manipulative intent. To date, no studies have investigated whether identical accented speech fragments are evaluated di ﬀ erently in commercial and non-commercial contexts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the e ﬀ ect of non-standard versus standard accented speech in commercial versus non-commercial contexts in terms of attitudes towards the speaker (competence, status, likeability, dynamism), comprehensibility, attitude towards the product, attitude towards the vlog, and perceived realism of the vlog. In a 2 (cid:1) 2 between-subject design, 631 Dutch respondents evaluated Dutch standard-accented and regionally accented vlogs in either a commercial or non-commercial context. Findings show that commercial versus non-commercial context had no e ﬀ ect on the evaluations of standard and regional accents. In both contexts, a regional accent was evaluated more negatively than a standard accent for the majority of measures: attitudes towards the speaker (competence, status, dynamism), comprehensibility, attitude towards the product, and perceived realism of the vlog. These ﬁ ndings indicate that a regional accent is a potent negative cue across these contexts, overriding possible e ﬀ ects that are speci ﬁ c to commercial contexts. (cid:1) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC
Limited Monotonicity and the Combined Compliers LATE*

We consider estimating a local average treatment effect given an endogenous binary treatment and two or more valid binary instruments. We propose a novel limited monotonicity assumption that is generally weaker than alternative monotonicity assumptions considered in the literature, and allows for a great deal of choice heterogeneity. Using this limited monotonicity, we define and identify the Combined Complier Local Average Treatment Effect (CC-LATE), which is arguably a more policy relevant parameter than the weighted average of LATEs identified by Two Stage Least Squares. We apply our results to estimate the effect of learning one’s HIV status on protective behaviors.
A Comparative Study of Quality-of-Life Measurements in Generalized Anxiety Disorder Versus Unipolar Depressive Disorder, before and after Treatment

this article: Boralingaiah P, Govindarajulu M, Tiwari SN, Mohammed FV, Ramesh S, et al. A Comparative Study of Quality-of-Life Measurements in Generalized Anxiety Disorder Versus Unipolar Depressive Disorder, before and after Treatment. J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2021: 4(1); 1062. Abstract Background and Objectives: Quality of Life (QOL) is a broad multi-dimensional concept that usually includes sub - jective evaluations of both positive and negative aspects of life. This study was done to understand the relationship of Unipolar Depressive Disorder-QOL and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-QOL, before and after treatment and compare the degree of QOL outcomes in the two respective groups. Method: 55 patients with Unipolar Depressive Disorder (UDD Group), 53 patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD Group) and 54 Controls were studied using WHOQOL-BREF scale. It was administered once at the time of recruit - ment in the study and again after treatment for 3 months and once to the Controls. The comparisons of QOL were made within each Case Group (Intra-Case Group), before and after treatment, between the 2 Case Groups (Inter-Case Group) in terms of degree of improvement in QOL after 3 months of treatment to discern which of the two disorders show better QOL outcomes with treatment and then, be - tween each Case Group and the Control Group, to see how close to the normal bench mark they bounce back, with treatment. Results: The Mean scores of the Overall-QOL on the WHOQOL-BREF scale, were severely lowered in the patients in UDD Group and GAD Group, before starting the treat - ment. After treatment for 3 months the QOL scores of the UDD group raised close to the QOL levels of the normal Con - trols. While the GAD patients also improved quite well, they still lagged the benchmark scores of the general population.
Adipose derived Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF) cells in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis of the hand: a 2-year follow-up study

Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis of the hand constitutes a debilitating aspect of this chronic autoimmune disease. Conventional management with medication is difficult with many side effects. The anti-inflammatory properties of autologous stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells present an attractive alternative to drug therapy. In a previous small safety and efficacy study we documented therapeutic effect of SVF cells administered intra-articularly and periarticularly for rheumatoid arthritis of the hand in 5 patients. Six-month results reported showed a strong reduction in joint paint, improved function and increased grip strength. These finding were consistent with known anti-inflammatory properties of SVF cells in soft tissues affected by burns, ischemia, and fibrosis. This follow-up study of the previous series is intended to ascertain the longevity of results achieved by SVF treatment in RA of the hand at 12 and 24 months. Patients and Methods: 5 female patients with RA greater than 5 years duration were chosen for treatment and long-term follow-up. Lipoaspirate was used to process and generate SVF cells as previously described. Each joint was injected with a total of 1 cc distributed intra-articularly and around the joint capsule. Serial measurements were taken at 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months post-implantation using a functional hand score (FHS: pain, stiffness and activities); Visual Analog Score (VAS: pain intensity) and dynamometry (grip strength). Results: Percentage changes at six months for FHS and VAS remained essentially unchanged from 6 months to 12 months to 24 months, showing durability of the response. Average grip strength was preserved at 12 and 24 months as well, with a slight decline relative to the 6-month values. Conclusions: Engraftment of SVF cells to a niche in the highly vascularized synovium with survival of cells may possibly explain the longevity of the results. Despite systemic disease affecting other joints SVF at the treatment sites appears to play a localized and long-term protective function.