Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Weighted Tsetlin Machine: Compressed Representations with Clause Weighting

The Tsetlin Machine (TM) is an interpretable mechanism for pattern recognition that constructs conjunctive clauses from data. The clauses capture frequent patterns with high discriminating power, providing increasing expression power with each additional clause. However, the resulting accuracy gain comes at the cost of linear growth in computation time and memory usage. In this paper, we present the Weighted Tsetlin Machine (WTM), which reduces computation time and memory usage by weighting the clauses. Real-valued weighting allows one clause to replace multiple and supports fine-tuning the impact of each clause. Our novel scheme simultaneously learns both the composition of the clauses and their weights. Furthermore, we increase training efficiency by replacing k Bernoulli trials of success probability p with a uniform sample of average size pk, the size drawn from a binomial distribution. In our empirical evaluation, theWTM achieved the same accuracy as the TM on MNIST, IMDb, and Connect-4, requiring only 1/4, 1/3, and 1/50 of the clauses, respectively. With the same number of clauses, the WTM outperformed the TM, obtaining peak test accuracies of respectively 98.58%, 90.15%, and 87.49%. Finally, our novel sampling scheme reduced sample generation time by a factor of 7. Keywords— Tsetlin Machines, Pattern Recognition, Learning Automata, Karnaugh Maps, Frequent Pattern Mining, Propositional Logic.
A simultaneous equations model with interaction effects in y, x and ε, and a spatial reformulation of Okun’s Law

We set forth a simultaneous equations model with one equation for every spatial unit in the sample. Each equation in this model is further extended to include endogenous interaction effects, exogenous interaction effects and interaction effects among the error terms. In contrast to the single equation model found in Manski (1993), we show that the interaction parameters of this model are identified under reasonable conditions. Using this framework, we analyze Okun’s law for 112 Western European regions over the period 1986-2001. This is the first time that Okun’s law is estimated while including endogenous and exogenous interaction effects. Studies that have estimated Okun’s law, including correlated error terms, already exist. The inclusion of endogenous and exogenous interaction effects turns out to have two main effects on Okun’s coefficient. It decreases and breaks up almost equally into a local effect and a neighbor effect.
Singular/plural distinction of Japanese bare nouns by native Japanese and non-native Japanese speakers: A preliminary study

As already pointed out by Watanabe (2017) and others, reverse partitive constructions in Japanese are subject to the semantic restriction; unlike partitive constructions, they disallow singular interpretation. This paper reports the results of an empirical study that investigated the following two points: (i) whether the semantic restriction on reverse partitives holds true in the grammar of native Japanese non-linguists; and (ii) whether L1 English speakers of L2 Japanese can acquire the semantic restriction on reverse partitives. The results of the Truth-Value Judgement Task (TVJT) revealed that (i) the semantic restriction held true in the grammar of native Japanese non-linguists, and (ii) that the L2er acquired the semantic restriction, although the restriction is absent in his L1. These results are compatible with previous L2 studies on acquisition of the syntax and semantics interface, including Dekydtspotter, Sprouse, & Swanson (2001).
THE EFFECT OF INPUT ENHANCEMENT IN ELT

Since the 1990s, the revival of grammar instruction has been observed in the field of foreign/second language (here after L2) teaching/learning. Recent studies have been conducted to examine the effect of form-focused instruction in ELT classrooms. One of the form-focused instructions which has been proposed by Sharwood-Smith (1994), called Input enhancement Method (consciousness-raising) highlights specific target features in class to highlight parametric differences between L1 and L2. Some of the studies are conducted to see whether input enhancement would work in ELT classes show that such techniques may result in noticing, attention and awareness of L2 learners. In this respect our study tries to find out the answers to the following questions: -Do the Input Enhancement techniques help the L2 learner in overcoming the learning difficulty stemming from the parametric clash as far as the Binding Principle A, in which an anaphor’s binding domain varies in Turkish and English, is concerned? If so, how can we observe such an effect? This experimental study comprised a treatment group and a control group chosen by cluster sampling from Çukurova University. The posttest analysis indicated that there was a statistically difference between our control and the experimental groups. Basically, the experimental group’s scores were significantly higher than the control group. In other words, the subjects in the input enhancement group could overcome the learning difficulty stemming from the parametric clash concerning Binding Principle A. The delayed posttest revealed that the experimental group could keep the targeted forms in their long term memory.
Semantic prosody for the 21st Century: Are prosodies smoothed in academic contexts? A contextual prosodic theoretical perspective

Semantic prosody was first investigated over twenty years ago. It describes the consistent aura of meaning that is created through the general tendencies of the set of collocates associated with the central node word. Sinclair proposed that the semantic prosody of a word or expression would form the outer boundary of the unit of meaning. Since then, many other names have been suggested to describe the phenomenon, including semantic preference and evaluative prosody.This paper summarises work presented in the earliest papers, and then examines new evidence of semantic prosody in specialised corpora. This indicates that semantic prosody is not monolithically positive or negative. It can sometimes be smoothed by certain impersonal scientific contexts. However the underlying polarity quickly rises to the fore in more fiercely debated work. Finally, suggestions for further studies and the development of an over-arching contextualist prosodic theory will be presented.
QUALITY EVALUATION OF TIBETAN HIGHLAND BARLEY BY GREY RELATIONAL GRADE ANALYSIS

To evaluate comprehensively the varietal differences in quality, ten highland barley varieties were analyzed by employing grey system theory. The concentrations of nutritional compounds were found to be 0.14 ~ 0.42% for flavones, 2.65 ~ 6.52% for β-glucan, and 2.27 ~ 64.97 mg/100 g for anthocyanin. The results indicated that Zangqing 85 possessed excellent quality considering those compounds, followed by purple highland barley, black highland barley and blue highland barley with high content of anthocyanin. The results of this study provide the key support for highland barley breeding, harvest, application and quality analysis. Introduction Highland barley adapts poor soil, high altitude and cold weather, and it has characteristic of short growth duration and wide adaptability (Yang et al. 2000, Tang et al. 2017). It is a symbolic crop cultivated in Tibetan Plateau which is one crop a year. The highland barley is not only the irreplaceable staple food of Tibetan farmers, but also the significant raw material of feedstuff processing and brewing industry (Yuan et al. 2018). Therefore, the development of highland barley production is the basic factor that influences agriculture growth, the improvement of people’s living standard and social stability. Highland barley owns high protein, high fiber, high vitamins, low fat and low sugar. It also contains minerals, amino acids and vitamins more than other grains. It can alleviate the deficiency of nutrition, improve immunity, effectively reduce blood lipids and anti-tumor effect under long term consumption (Newman and Newman 2006, Ames and Rhymer 2008, Pins et al. 2006). Tibetan compatriots are able to survive mostly on highland barley in cold areas where there is lack of fruits and vegetables. Therefore, highland barley has become the world’s widely favoured health food which can promote health and prevent diseases; and also it has special medical functions (Colombo 2010, Poutanen 2012). At present, the studies on functional components of highland barley are mostly concentrated on ß-glucan ((Bhatty 1993, Wang et al. 2000, Zhang et al. 2002, Papageo et al. 2005), and a few on the content of flavonoids and anthocyanin. This study employed the grey relational comprehensive evaluation for analyzing the comprehensive quality of barley, viz. basic nutritional quality including trace elements, and also specific quality, viz. β-glucan, flavonoids, and anthocyanins in order to select high quality barley varieties for developing barley functional health food. Materials and Methods Survey area: Lhasa city: Nyemo County, Quxur County, Linzhou County; Shannan Prefecture: Long Zi county, Naidong County, ChaNang County, Gongga County; Shigatse city: Jiangzi County, Lazi County, Panam County, Sangzhu Zi area; Linzhi city, Pakistan Yi District, Kampot *Author for correspondence: <cddz55@sina.com>. 1 Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
PREVALENCE OF AUTOANTIBODIES TO THYROID PEROXIDASE AND AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASE IN TYPE I DIABETES MELLITUS

Type I diabetes mellitus (DM) is frequently associated with autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD). Association of ATD and type I DM has been described with varying frequencies but there is still debate about the situation in the Iranian population. We investigated the prevalence of anti thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies and ATD in children and adolescents with type I DM. A total of 145 patients with type I DM were participated in this study. They were screened for anti-TPO antibodies and TSH levels. Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism and the presence of goiter were sought. A group of 50 healthy unrelated girls and boys aged 11-16 years served as controls. Anti-TPO antibodies were found in 34 (23.4%) diabetic patients and 1 subject (2%) in the control group (P<0.001). Frequency of anti TPO antibodies was significantly higher in girls than boys (P<0.05). We failed to show any significant correlation between thyroid autoimmunity and duration of DM. We found that younger patients at diagnosis are more likely to be anti-TPO negative (P<0.001). Out of 145 diabetic patients, 32 (22%) had visible goiter. Subclinical hypothyroidism, hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis occurred in 1, 9 and 1 patients, respectively. Visible goiter was found in 2 subjects (4%) of the control group, but all of them were euthyroid. In conclusion, the evaluation of thyroid autoimmunity in type I diabetic patients may improve the diagnosis of thyroid disease in early stages. Yearly examination of anti-TPO antibodies allows identifying diabetic patients with thyroid autoimmunity.
Foot and ankle characteristics associated with falls and falls risk in adults with rheumatoid arthritis

The thesis investigated whether foot and ankle characteristics are associated with falls or falls risk in adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A systematic review of the incidence and risk factors for falls in people with RA found inconsistency in methods for collecting falls data and conflicting evidence about fall risk factors. The current study sought to extend our understanding of fall risk in people with RA through the inclusion of foot and ankle characteristics. The thesis consisted of a cross-sectional study followed by a 12-month prospective study of 201 adults with established RA. In the cross-sectional study, falls experienced in the preceding year were recorded (12-month fall history) and a range of clinical and foot and ankle characteristics were measured. Participants were then followed for 12 months to record the occurrence of prospective falls following the Prevention of Falls Network Europe (ProFaNE) consensus guidelines for falls research. Data analysis involved both univariate and multivariate analysis. Falls incidence for the cross-sectional study was 59%. The logistic regression analysis, controlling for age, identified (a) clinical and foot and ankle characteristics which were independently associated with falls in the preceding 12 months; and (b) clinical and foot and ankle characteristics that were independent predictors of prospective falls. Clinical and foot and ankle characteristics that were independently associated with falls in the preceding 12 months included cardiovascular disease (odds ratio (OR) 3.22, P=0.024), midfoot peak plantar pressure (OR 1.12 [for each 20 kPa increase], P=0.046) and foot-related disability and impairment (OR 1.17 [for each 3 point increase],
Segmenting OCT for detecting drug efficacy in CRAO

Purpose Thinning of the inner layers of the retina occurs in patients with central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). The mechanism for such thinning may be partially due to proteolysis by a calcium-activated protease called calpain. Calpain inhibitor SNJ-1945 ameliorated the proteolysis in a past series of model experiments. The purposes of the present retrospective study were to: 1) use segmentation analysis of optical coherence tomography (OCT) images to mathematically model the loss of specific retinal layers in CRAO patients, and 2) predict the number of patients and days of observation needed for clinical trials of inhibitors against CRAO. Methods A retrospective case control study was conducted by computer-aided search for CRAO (ICD10 H43.1) with at least one OCT procedure (CPT: 92134) in the OHSU Epic patient data base. Results After initial swelling, thinning of the inner retinal layers, especially the ganglion cell (GCL) layer followed exponential decay curves. Using sample size statistics and GCL thickness as a marker in a 30-day clinical trial, 19 eyes/group could theoretically detect a 20% beneficial effect of an inhibitor against CRAO. Other markers, such as the whole retinal thickness and combined inner layers could also be used as less-specific markers. Conclusions Using thickness changes in the GCL layer to monitor the efficacy of potential inhibitors against CRAO is practical in human trials requiring a reasonable number of patients and relatively short trial period. Translational relevance Measurement of GCL thickness would be a useful indicator of CRAO progression in a clinical trial of putative inhibitors.
Assessing the Scientific Research Productivity of the Palestinian Higher Education Institutions

An-Najah National University (ANNU) is a Palestinian university that was established more than 35 years ago. The objective of this study was to do a bibliometric assessment of research output, which describes the growth, contribution, and impact of research carried out by the faculty members, researchers, or students of ANNU in the past 35 years. The data used for this study were retrieved from Scopus database. Bibliometric analysis was used to identify the pattern of publication, relative growth rate, authorship pattern, collaborative measures, author’s productivity, most prolific authors, and most prolific journals. A total of 791 published documents were retrieved for ANNU. Seventeen documents (2.1%) were published in Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, whereas 16 (2.0%) were published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering, and 10 (1.3%) were published in International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Six hundred one (76%) documents were published in journals listed in Web of Knowledge. The total number of citations for documents published from ANNU, at the time of data analysis (November 19, 2013), was 4,553, with an average of 5.8 citations per document. The study identified 384 (25.8%) documents with 59 countries as ANNU–foreign collaborators. Research output from ANNU showed steady growth over the past 35 years. Research output was high from certain scientific disciplines, whereas was lagging from others. Future emphasis on joint research, international collaboration, and publishing in indexed journals is needed.
Doping dependent charge density wave contrast inversion in topographic STM images of TiSe2

Contrast inversion (CI) between opposite polarity scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images, although seen as a hallmark of the charge density wave (CDW) ground state, is only rarely observed. Combining density functional theory and STM on pristine 1T-TiSe2, we show that CI takes place at increasingly negative sample bias as the CDW gap shifts to higher binding energy with electron doping. There is a point where the gap is shifted so far below the Fermi level (EF) that CI disappears altogether. Contrast inversion thus gives a different insight into the CDW gap, whose measurement by scanning tunneling spectroscopy is notoriously controversial. It provides unique evidence that the CDW gap is not bound to EF and that it can develop deep inside the valence band, an explicit constraint on any model description of the CDW phase transition.
Photometry of an unusual small distant object 2016 ND21

We present the first-ever measurements of the surface colors and rotational properties of a recently discovered distant object in an unusual orbit 2016 ND21. In 2017, this object was close to its perihelion, which allowed us to observe it with a 2.0-m telescope at the Peak Terskol observatory. Broadband photometric observations of 2016 ND21 were carried out in October and December of 2017 in standard BVR filters of the Johnson-Cousins photometric system. During our observations, we did not detect any cometary activity. We found the rotational period of 17.53{\pm}0.02 hr, while another a little longer value of 17.65{\pm}0.02 hr is also possible. Assuming an equatorial aspect of observations, a peak-to-peak amplitude of A = 0.31{\pm}0.05 mag (or even higher since only one maximum and one minimum were well-measured) corresponds to an elongated body with an axis ratio a/b ~1.3. The lightcurve behavior indicates a complex, possibly non-convex, shape of this object. The visible absolute magnitude is HV =12.4{\pm}0.1 mag, which was estimated by using the linear phase slope 0.04 mag/deg as the most probable value from our observations. Assuming a surface albedo in the range of 0.04-0.10, the size of 2016 ND21 should be about 15-23 km. From our multi-color observations, we determined surface colors V-R = 0.69{\pm}0.04 mag, B-R = 1.79{\pm}0.08 mag, and B-V = 1.10{\pm}0.08 mag. The measured colors indicate an extremely red surface of this object. A very red surface is unusual for comets, which is in agreement with the fact, that no cometary activity was detected for 2016 ND21. The B-R color is higher than the typical B-R colors of the red D-type asteroids, but it is consistent with colors of the red Centaurs and TNOs classified as RR type in TNOs classification. This result gives a first evidence of a possible outer belt origin of this small body.
Inter-Level Cooperation in Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning

This article presents a novel algorithm for promoting cooperation between internal actors in a goal-conditioned hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) policy. Current techniques for HRL policy optimization treat the higher and lower level policies as separate entities which are trained to maximize different objective functions, rendering the HRL problem formulation more similar to a general sum game than a single-agent task. Within this setting, we hypothesize that improved cooperation between the internal agents of a hierarchy can simplify the credit assignment problem from the perspective of the high-level policies, thereby leading to significant improvements to training in situations where intricate sets of action primitives must be performed to yield improvements in performance. In order to promote cooperation within this setting, we propose the inclusion of a connected gradient term to the gradient computations of the higher level policies. Our method is demonstrated to achieve superior results to existing techniques in a set of difficult long time horizon tasks.
Robustness of Low-Complexity Massive MIMO Architectures Against Passive Eavesdropping

Invoking large transmit antenna arrays, massive MIMO wiretap settings are capable of suppressing passive eavesdroppers via narrow beamforming towards legitimate terminals. This implies that secrecy is obtained almost for free in these settings. We show that this property holds not only for fully digital MIMO architectures, but also in massive MIMO settings whose transmitters employ architectures with reduced complexity. The investigations consider two dominant approaches for complexity reduction, namely antenna selection and hybrid analog-digital precoding. We show that using either approach, the information leakage normalized by the achievable sum-rate vanishes as the transmit array size grows large. For both approaches, the decaying speed is determined. The results demonstrate that, as the transmit array size grows large, the normalized leakages obtained by antenna selection and hybrid analog-digital precoding converge to zero double-logarithmically and logarithmically, respectively. These analytic derivations are confirmed for various benchmark architectures through numerical investigations.
General Markovian equation for scalar fields in a slowly evolving background

We present a general and model-independent method to obtain an effective Markovian quantum kinetic equation for the expectation value of a slowly evolving scalar field in an adiabatically evolving background from first principles of nonequilibrium quantum field theory. The method requires almost no assumptions about the field's interactions and the composition of the background, except that 1) the coupling constants shall be small enough for perturbation theory to be applicable, 2) there is a clear separation between microphysical time scales and the rate at which bulk properties change, and 3) higher time derivatives of the field remain small. The resulting Markovian equation of motion is expressed in terms of an effective potential and friction coefficients. Motivated by cosmological applications we focus on spatially homogeneous and isotropic systems, but the approach could also be applied to spatial gradients.
Metamagnetic transitions and magnetoelectric responses in the chiral polar helimagnet 
Ni2InSbO6

In this study, the magnetic field effect was investigated on the magnetic and electric properties of a chiral-polar-ordered corundum, ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{2}\mathrm{InSb}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$. Single-crystal soft x-ray and neutron diffraction measurements were used to verify the magnetic modulations with long wavelengths. The modulation direction tends to align along the magnetic field when it is applied perpendicular to the polar axis, suggesting that the nearly proper-screw-type helicoid should be formed below 77 K owing to the dominant activation of chirality-induced uniform Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions despite the existence of both chirality and polarity. When a high magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the polar axis, a helix-to-canted antiferromagnetic transition is observed through the intermediate soliton lattice type state. In contrast, a magnetic field applied along the polar axis induces a first-order metamagnetic transition. These metamagnetic transitions accompany a change in the electric polarization along the polar axis.