Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Designing a Sub-20V Breakdown Voltage SPAD With Standard CMOS Technology and n/p-well Structure

We have proposed a structural design for a single photon avalanche diode with a low breakdown voltage. This diode is fabricated using Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.18 μm HV CMOS technology, and it can maintain a high operating excess voltage in an n-on-p design without requiring any additional customized well layers. The n-on-p type device is particularly advantageous for a 3D-stacked backside illuminated structure and offers excellent photon detection capabilities at longer wavelengths. By incorporating a high doping concentration PDD well layer, we can significantly increase the excess bias, resulting in enhanced photon detection probability in the near-infrared wavelength range, all while maintaining a lower voltage due to a reduction in breakdown voltage. This design also leads to power consumption savings. As a result, our designed device is well-suited for consumer applications such as 3D image rendering and LiDAR technology.
Irrigation Water Requirements under Climate Change and Drought Events in Saskatchewan

i Acknowledgments . ii List of Figures.vi List of Tables.vi Table of Acronyms . ii Table of Symbols. iii Chapter 1 Introduction . 1 1.1 Thesis Objectives. 2 1.2 Study Site and Scope. 3 1.2.1 Study Site . 3 1.2.2 Scope . 7 1.3 Southern Saskatchewan’s Climate . 7 1.4 Water Supply . 8 1.5 Thesis Organization . 9 1.6 References . 10 Chapter 2 Literature Review . 11 2.1 Climate Change and Drought in the Canadian Prairies . 11 2.2 Lake Diefenbaker Operations and Purpose . 12 2.3 GCMs and Emissions Scenarios . 18 2.4 Irrigation Water Requirements and Agroclimate Models . 19 2.5 References . 25 Chapter 3 Using Downscaled GCMs and SPEI Time-Series to Delineate Drought in Future Climate Scenarios . 28 3.
Regional Geology of the Goban Spur Continental Margin

All available geophysical data have been integrated with the Leg 80 drilling results to produce a regional geological synthesis of the Goban Spur passive continental margin. The thin sediment sequence overlying basement is divided into three seismostratigraphic sequences. The lowest of these, sequence 3, occurs in fault-bounded basins, often wedgeshaped in cross-section. Intraformational reflector geometry shows that faulting and tilting of the underlying basement occurred simultaneously with the deposition of formation 3. The upper two sequences are draped over the basement topography and postdate any large-scale fault movement. The early history of the margin, the rift phase, was characterized by the formation of an "en-échelon" series of margin-parallel normal faults, most of which downthrow to the west, toward the incipient ocean. No evidence of fractures perpendicular to the margin has been found. Estimates of upper-crustal thinning, derived from the geometry of fault blocks, are in the range 1.03 to 2.20. They show no relationship with whole-crustal extension values derived from gravity modeling, indicating that the uniform extension model of passive-margin formation cannot be applied to Goban Spur. Evidence from one drill site (549) indicates that the rift phase had a duration of about 15 m.y. However, the age of the rifting-to-spreading transition derived from Site 549 is between 2 and 4 m.y. greater than the age derived from Site 550, drilled on the ocean crust. A possible explanation is that extension within the upper continental crust was taken up by dyke injection, particularly within the rift axis, during the later stages of rifting. Syn-rift volcanic activity, identified from seismic profiles and magnetic-anomaly modeling, may be evidence for this phenomenon. At the end of rifting, a wide zone of fault-bounded basement highs and sedimentary basins, with a relief of ± 1 km relative to sea level, existed east of Pendragon Escarpment. West of the escarpment lay a narrow trough, with water depths up to 2 km. Ocean crust began to accrete in this deep-water area in the middle Albian. The post-Albian structural history of the margin has been dominated by thermal subsidence.
Examining the Prevalence of Congenital Anomalies in Newborns: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Tertiary Care Maternity Hospital in Saudi Arabia

Background: Congenital anomalies, representing structural or functional abnormalities present at birth, pose a substantial global health challenge, affecting 8 million newborns annually. With 3.3 million succumbing before age five and 3.2 million facing physical or mental disability, their diverse causes necessitate comprehensive understanding for effective healthcare planning. This study explores the prevalence of congenital anomalies among newborns in the Abha Maternity and Children Hospital (MCH) in Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional record-based study was conducted on newborns born between 2018 and 2022. Data were gathered in 4 months from September to December 2023. Purposive sampling was employed to select the case records of newborns with congenital anomalies after careful screening and considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data was acquired through a self-designed study tool, and the data were entered into Google Forms. Results: Congenital anomalies’ five-year prevalence was 3.21%, and one year, in 2022, the prevalence was 4.02%. Female neonates exhibited higher anomalies (59.3%), and preterm births accounted for 39.6%, emphasizing their vulnerability. The findings indicate that consanguineous marriages are linked to 63.3% of anomalies, notably neural tube defects (25%) and congenital heart diseases (19.7%). Anomalies are not significantly associated with consanguinity or birth order, but maternal age, education, employment, and antenatal maternal medical issues are associated considerably. Conclusions: These study insights contribute to health planners planning targeted interventions and awareness programs that are crucial to mitigate risks associated with preterm births and consanguineous marriages. The promotion of 100% antenatal screening and prophylactic medication for high-risk women and couples is necessary to prevent inherited deformities. In future the Ministry of Health must plan large-group prospective research to better understand the associated risk factors that will help public health initiatives minimize congenital-associated neonatal mortality and improve pregnancy outcomes.
Determinants of Rural-Urban Migration in Bangladesh including its Consequences for Origin Households and Urban Amenities

Rural-urban migration mainly contributes to urban growth in the developing countries and accounts for about two-thirds of the urban growth in Bangladesh since independence. In the twentieth century, the urban population in Bangladesh increased about forty-fold in contrast with four-fold for rural population. Owing to limited opportunities in the rural areas, a large number of people continue to move towards towns/cities for their livelihood. The objective of the paper is to identify the determinants of rural-urban migration and its consequences for origin and destination to formulate appropriate strategies to reduce the adverse impacts of undue inflow of migration. The study has adopted household level survey at origin and individual level interview at destination to collect the desired data and information on 480 migrant and 210 non-migrant households from 30 clusters of Bangladesh financed by social science research council (SSRC) of planning commission, Bangladesh. The rural-urban migration rate from different mauzas/villages is estimated at 10.31%. The multiple binary logistic regression analysis has identified that maximum educational level of the household, occupation of the household head, landholding, number of adult male members and dependency ratio are the significant determinants of rural-urban migration. The likelihood of rural-urban migration is documented higher for the households whose members attained at least primary level of education; whose heads’ occupations were service, non-agricultural labor and unemployment; and who stay at the both ends of the landholding ladder. Regarding the consequences at the place of origin, the study has explored that rural-urban migration puts a significant and positive impact on the migrant households as a livelihood strategy. Apart from the rapid urbanization, the rural-urban migration reduces urban amenities impinging overwhelming population pressure. A vast majority of the migrants agreed with the decreasing trend of urban amenities as an adverse affect of migration, and the major problematic areas of urban amenities are identified as electricity, housing, transportation and gas. To optimize the rural-urban migration and its outcome, the study suggests some policy implications that include increasing the education facilities in the rural areas, taking proper steps to encourage the natural calamities refugee migrants for rural-rural migration instead of rural-urban migration; decentralizing the administration, industrialization, and commercialization to minimize the untoward rural-urban migration flow. Keywords: Rural-urban, migration, livelihood, regression analysis Cite this Article Md. Zakir Hossain, Md. Ohidul Alam Khan, Jasim Uddin Ahmed. Determinants of Rural-Urban Migration in Bangladesh including its Consequences for Origin Households and Urban Amenities. Research & Reviews: Journal of Statistics . 2016; 5(2): 47–61p.
Ecological studies of photosynthesis and matter production of phytoplankton

The measurement of primary production in waters has recently become much popular. In order to estimate the primary production indirectly e. g. by the chlorophyll method, the photosynthesis-light curves of phytoplankton, at least one representative curve for each area concerned, must be constructed''. Furthermore, for clarifying the seasonal change of phytoplankton and also for discussing the primary production in relation to the secondary production, the knowledge of photosynthetic characteristics and of primary production of each species making up the community must be indispensable. In this connection, however, the information is very scanty at present, even though a number of photosynthesis-light curves of mixed phytoplankton populations in natural waters were reported together with those of some cultured planktonic algae under various natural and artificial conditions'-16) . In the present paper the photosynthesis of several planktonic algae under various light intensities and temperatures will be described.
Can the ADC Value Be Used as an Imaging “Biopsy” in Endometrial Cancer?

Background: The tumor histological grade is closely related to the prognosis of patients with endometrial cancer (EC). Multiparametric MRI, including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), provides information about the cellular density that may be useful to differentiate between benign and malignant uterine lesions. However, correlations between apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and histopathological grading in endometrial cancer remain controversial. Material and methods: We retrospectively evaluated 92 patients with endometrial cancers, including both endometrioid adenocarcinomas (64) and non-endometrioid adenocarcinomas (28). All patients underwent DWI procedures, and mean ADC values were calculated in a region of interest. These values were then correlated with the tumor grading offered by the histopathological examination, which was considered the gold standard. In this way, the patients were divided into three groups (G1, G2, and G3). The ADC values were then compared to the results offered by the biopsy to see if the DWI sequence and ADC map could replace this procedure. We also compared the mean ADC values to the myometrial invasion (50%) and lymphovascular space invasion. Results: We have divided the ADC values into three categories corresponding to three grades: >0.850 × 10−3 mm2/s (ADC1), 0.730–0.849 × 10−3 mm2/s (ADC2) and <0.730 × 10−3 mm2/s (ADC3). The diagnostic accuracy of the ADC value was 85.71% for ADC1, 75.76% for ADC2, and 91.66% for ADC3. In 77 cases out of 92, the category in which they were placed using the ADC value corresponded to the result offered by the histopathological exam with an accuracy of 83.69%. For only 56.52% of patients, the biopsy result included the grading system. For each grading category, the mean ADC value showed better results than the biopsy; for G1 patients, the mean ADC value had an accuracy of 85.71% compared to 66.66% in the biopsy, G2 had 75.76% compared to 68.42%, and G3 had 91.66 compared to 75%. For both deep myometrial invasion and lymphovascular space invasion, there is a close, inversely proportional correlation with the mean ADC value. Conclusions: Mean endometrial tumor ADC on MR-DWI is inversely related to the histological grade, deep myometrial invasion and lymphovascular space invasion. Using this method, the patients could be better divided into risk categories for personalized treatment.
The Dutch Programme on Soil Ecology of Arable Farming Systems I. Objectives y approach and some preliminary results

Recently, integrated arable farming has been proposed as a new direction to integrate various objectives in the field of economy, employment, environment, nature, landscape, food quality, and well-being (Vereijken 1986). At the farm level an important aspect of in tegrated arable farming is the acceptance of crop yield reduction, if offset by cost reduction, the latter being a strong impetus to improve efficiency of production. Ma nipulation of agroecosystems to achieve more efficient production requires a thorough understanding of funda mental mechanisms in the functioning of the soil-crop ecosystem. The aim of the present paper is to outline the ob jectives and approach of a research project on the func tioning of the soil-crop ecosystem in conventional and integrated arable farming. Some preliminary results are also presented. Our main hypothesis is that appropriate changes in farm management, if based on sound scientific knowl edge, open the way to alter the structure and function ing of agroecosystems so that a better nutrient use effi ciency, sustained improvement of soil structure, and effective pest, disease and weed control can be ob tained. Changes in farm management include:
STUDY ON THE STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEISMIC DISASTER INFORMATION OF BUILDING IN REMOTE SENSING IMAGE

The formation mechanism of seismic disaster information of building in remote sensing image is discussed in the paper. A series of special parameters which reveal the building seismic disaster information are brought forward based on study of the image grey scale and image texture characteristics. Statistical analysis of test image sub_sections of different styles shows the average value, standard deviation and variance of grey scales are the effective indicators for recognition and classification of building seismic disaster in digital images, the texture inverse difference matrix and texture correlation can be used as the supplementary indicators.
Comparison of Electrodermal Activity Signal Decomposition Techniques for Emotion Recognition

Emotions play an essential role in human life as they are linked to well-being and markers of various diseases. Physiological signals can be used to assess emotions objectively and continuously. Electrodermal activity (EDA) is particularly interesting to assess emotions due to its relationship with the sympathetic nervous system. EDA signals are composed of tonic and phasic components that react differently to emotions, and various methods are available to obtain these components. However, the most accurate and effective method used for emotion analysis based on the phasic component of EDA has not been reported so far. This study presents the comparison of various EDA decomposition methods used for emotion detection based on levels of affective dimensions (arousal and valence) levels (low vs. high). In this study, EDA was decomposed using six methods, namely convex optimization-based EDA(cvxEDA), Time-Varying Sympathetic Activity (TVSymp), continuous decomposition analysis (CDA), dynamic causal modeling (DCM), BayesianEDA, and sparse deconvolution approach (Sparse). To test the most usable decomposition method for objective assessment of emotions, EDA signals from the database for emotion analysis using physiological signals (DEAP) were obtained. Statistical, morphological, Hjorth, and non-linear Entropy features were extracted from the phasic component obtained from each decomposition method and fed to the Random Forest and support vector machine classifiers for detection of arousal and valence affective dimension. TVSymp yielded the highest F1 score of 72.79% and 73.49% for classifying Arousal and Valence, respectively.
Grading by AI makes me feel fairer? How different evaluators affect college students’ perception of fairness

Introduction In the field of education, new technologies have enhanced the objectivity and scientificity of educational evaluation. However, concerns have been raised about the fairness of evaluators, such as artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms. This study aimed to assess college students’ perceptions of fairness in educational evaluation scenarios through three studies using experimental vignettes. Methods Three studies were conducted involving 172 participants in Study 1, 149 in Study 2, and 145 in Study 3. Different evaluation contexts were used in each study to assess the influence of evaluators on students’ perception of fairness. Information transparency and explanations for evaluation outcomes were also examined as potential moderators. Results Study 1 found that different evaluators could significantly influence the perception of fairness under three evaluation contexts. Students perceived AI algorithms as fairer evaluators than teachers. Study 2 revealed that information transparency was a mediator, indicating that students perceived higher fairness with AI algorithms due to increased transparency compared with teachers. Study 3 revealed that the explanation of evaluation outcomes moderated the effect of evaluator on students’ perception of fairness. Specifically, when provided with explanations for evaluation results, the effect of evaluator on students’ perception of fairness was lessened. Discussion This study emphasizes the importance of information transparency and comprehensive explanations in the evaluation process, which is more crucial than solely focusing on the type of evaluators. It also draws attention to potential risks like algorithmic hegemony and advocates for ethical considerations, including privacy regulations, in integrating new technologies into educational evaluation systems. Overall, this study provides valuable theoretical insights and practical guidance for conducting fairer educational evaluations in the era of new technologies.
The Differences in Radiographic Vertebral Size in Dogs with Different Chest and Skull Types

Simple Summary Several proposed criteria for the comparative radiographic assessment of organs including heart, kidneys, small intestine, and large intestine, with vertebral measurement for objective comparison and normalization. However, considering the different body sizes and conformations of dogs, the proposed normal range for each comparative radiographic assessment might not be suitable for all dogs. The objective of this study was to elucidate the differences in vertebral length, vertebral height, and vertebral length/height ratio of the fourth thoracic vertebra (T4), the second lumbar vertebra (L2), the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5) and the seventh lumbar vertebra (L7) that are usually used as comparative parameters on radiographs in dogs with various body sizes, skull types, and thoracic conformations and to determine the relationships of these parameters with age and sex. Based on our findings, age, differences in body size, skull type, and thoracic conformation could affect the vertebral size in dogs. Abstract The objective of this study was to elucidate the differences in vertebral length, vertebral height, and vertebral length/height ratio of the fourth thoracic vertebra (T4), the second lumbar vertebra (L2), the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5) and the seventh lumbar vertebra (L7) based on radiographs in dogs with various body sizes, skull types, and thoracic conformations and to determine the relationships of these parameters with age and sex. A total of 258 dogs were included in this study and classified by three criteria—BW (Criterion 1), skull type (Criterion 2), and thoracic conformation (Criterion 3). Age had weak negative correlations with vertebral length and height. Sex did not affect the vertebral size parameters. BW had strong positive correlations with vertebral length and height, but there was no influence of BW on vertebral length/height ratio. Regarding the different body sizes and conformations, large breeds had vertebrae with significantly greater length and height than small and medium breeds (p < 0.001). In Criterion 2, the vertebrae of the mesocephalic dogs had significantly greater length and height than those of the brachycephalic and dolichocephalic dogs (p < 0.05). In Criterion 3, both deep-chest and round-chest dogs had vertebrae with significantly greater length and height than the barrel-chest dogs (p < 0.0001). Only vertebral length/height ratios of T4 were not influenced by age, sex, BW, skull type, and thoracic conformation. Age, differences in body size, skull type, and thoracic conformation could affect the vertebral size in dogs. Therefore, using breed-specific vertebral lengths and/or heights is a better approach for comparative radiographic analysis with vertebral measurements.
Shift in MONSOON–SST teleconnections in the tropical Indian Ocean and ENSEMBLES climate models' fidelity in its simulation

The climate shift in 1976–1977 sets a clear distinction in the teleconnection between Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) and sea surface temperatures (SST) in the tropical oceans, particularly in the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO). Before the climate shift (Pre‐77), the observed correlation between ISMR and SST was positive in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO) and negative correlation prevailed in the western equatorial Indian Ocean (WIO), whereas after the climate shift (Post‐77), the correlation pattern has reversed (i.e. positive correlation in WIO and negative correlation in EIO). The major reason for this shift is the consistent warming of SSTs throughout the tropics and frequent occurrence of IOD events. Further, it is noticed that during the earlier decades, the Indian Ocean was responding to the atmospheric forcing, particularly along the axis of strong cross equatorial flow, whereas in the recent decades, Indian Ocean dynamics are playing a crucial role in determining the SST in major parts of the Indian Ocean particularly in the EIO. Seasonal re‐forecasts from six state‐of‐the‐art global coupled atmosphere–ocean climate models which participated in ENSEMBLES faithfully capture the pre‐77 dipole structure of correlations. But the post‐77 correlation pattern is not simulated by any of the six models considered in this study. Two possible reasons are pointed out for the models' inability to capture the reversal of teleconnection: (1) in the coupled models, unchanged mean state of the winds inhibits ISMR to be governed by coupled dynamics in the TIO; (2) the strong, local SST–rainfall relationship in models even in post‐77 period limits the influence of the teleconnections on the ISMR.