Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gamma irradiation effect on shelf-life, texture, polyphenol oxidase and microflora of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)

An enhancement in the shelf-life of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) up to a period of 10 days could be achieved by the application of a gamma ray dose of 2kGy and storage at 10°C. A study of the quality parameters of the mushroom including cap opening, stipe elongation, weight loss, surface microbial load, and polyphenol oxidase activity indicated that the irradiated commodity retained the quality attributes required for its acceptability. The irradiated mushroom showed less brown discoloration compared to non-irradiated controls. The polyphenol oxidase, responsible for causing browning in stored mushroom, was found to have reduced activity in irradiated mushroom.
An advanced review on text mining in medicine

Health care professionals produce abundant textual information in their daily clinical practice and this information is stored in many diverse sources and, generally, in textual form. The extraction of insights from all the gathered information, mainly unstructured and lacking normalization, is one of the major challenges in computational medicine. In this respect, text mining (TM) assembles different techniques to derive valuable insights from unstructured textual data so it has led to be especially relevant in medicine. The aim of this paper is therefore to provide an extensive review of existing techniques and resources to perform TM tasks in medicine. In this review, more than 90 relevant research studies have been analyzed, describing the most important practical applications, terminological resources, tools, and open challenges of TM in medicine.
An Assessment of Leech Parasitism on Semi-aquatic Turtles in the Western Piedmont of North Carolina

Abstract In 2005, we assessed the occurrence of leeches on semi-aquatic turtles in nine ponds in the North Carolina Piedmont. Placobdella parasitica (smooth turtle leech) was the only parasitic leech found on turtles and was present on turtles from all ponds. Female Chrysemys picta (Painted Turtles) were more frequently parasitized than males (females 54.7%, males 40.9%; p = 0.039), possibly because they are larger and provide more surface for leech attachment. Chelydra serpentina (Snapping Turtles) had the highest leech load of any species (mean = 32.3/turtle), which we attributed to its large size and bottom-dwelling habits. Most leeches were found attached to the underside of marginal scutes or between the plastron and inguinal region. These sites likely offer protection from the environment when a turtle emerges from the water.
The New Zealand lichen Pannaria leproloma (Nyl.) P. M. Jørg. and its panaustral relative P. farinosa nom. nov.

Abstract: Pannaria leproloma is shown to be a New Zealand endemic, and is characterized by coarse isidiomorphs/isidia, a high frequency of apothecia and the presence of two cytotoxic scabrosin esters, previously unknown from Pannariaceae, and present in 40 of the samples studied. It is not a member of the Pannaria sphinctrina group, as previously thought. It has frequently been confused with a related, finely sorediate, very sparingly fertile species, which lacks scabrosin esters in more than 99 of the specimens studied. This latter species is widely distributed both in southern South America (where it is one of the most common corticolous lichens), south-eastern areas of Australia and in New Zealand. It was originally described as Psoroma isidiosum, but had to be renamed when transferred to Pannaria, and is here named Pannaria farinosa.
Geographic and taxonomic variation in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection and transmission within a highly endemic amphibian community

In a highly endemic, threatened amphibian assemblage, we measure and describe the geographic and taxonomic distribution of the amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), with a view to identifying those sites and species most at risk of infection and its negative consequences. Additionally, we aimed to determine the potential for direct transmission events between two known carriers of Bd infection.
Genetic diversity and population structure of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) from Ecuador based on mitochondrial DNA analyses

Information on the genetic characterisation of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) wintering off Ecuador (Breeding Stock G) is presented. Mitochondrial DNA was extracted and sequenced from 230 skin samples collected between 2002 and 2008 to establish the genetic diversity of this population. From 182 usable samples, 41 different haplotypes were found, eight of which were new and unique. Haplotype diversity (h ± SD) was estimated to be 0.922 ±0.012 and the nucleotide diversity (π ± SD) 0.019 ± 0.009. A comparison with other areas within the Southeast Pacific (Colombia and Magellan Strait) and the Antarctic Peninsula suggested panmixia within Breeding Stock G, even though significant differentiation was found with Magellan Strait (p < 0.0001 in both FSTand ΦST). An additional analysis with the exact test of population differentiation showed significant differences in haplotype frequencies between breeding areas in Ecuador and southern Colombia (p <0.01), suggesting some level of stratification at breeding grounds as supported by photo-identification studies. The Ecuadorian dataset included haplotypes reported in all three Southern Hemisphere ocean basins indicating recent gene flow within the Southern Hemisphere. The population showed a male-biased sex ratio in adult animals of 2.16:1. Further research and a larger number of samples from breeding areas in the north (Panama and Costa Rica) are required to appropriately assess the extent of structure in this population.
THE NATURE'S POTENTIAL MULTIPURPOSE GIFT - PAPAYA ( CARICA PAPAYA LINN .): A COMPLETE OVERVIEW

Papaya (Carica papaya Linn.), an herbaceous fruit crop belonging to the family Caricaceae, has garnered popularity among researchers due to its nutritional and potent pharmacological value. It is often seen in orange-red, yellow-green and yellow-orange hues, with a rich orange pulp. The fruit is not just delicious and healthy, but whole plant parts, fruit, roots, bark, peel, seeds and pulp are also known to have medicinal properties. It is regarded as an excellent source of ascorbic acid, a good source of carotene, riboflavin and a fair source of iron, calcium, thiamin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B-6 and vitamin K. Several studies on different parts of carica papaya material used in extracting were highlighted. Extracts from different parts of Carica papaya plant have shown their positive effects when used as anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, antimalarial, anti-ulcer, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-hypertensive, anti-fertility, anti-fungal and anti-diabetic. In the present review nutritional value of the Carica papaya and wide pharmacological properties of its various parts in different extracts have been discussed to provide collective information on this multipurpose commercial fruit crop.
HOMOLOGY OF THE ASTRAGALUS AND STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE TARSUS OF DIADECTIDAE

Abstract Superbly preserved tarsi of a new, undescribed, primitive member of Diadectidae and of Diadectes, the best known member of the family, are described. The major distinction between them is the retention of sutures in the astragalus of the former which clearly indicate an origin from the fusion of three separate ossifications considered homologues of the primitive amphibian tibiale, intermedium, and proximal centrale. Among the Diadectomorpha (includes also Limnoscelidae and Tseajaiidae) only Diadectidae possesses an astragalus, which is considered a synapomorphy of the family within this grouping. Furthermore, the sister-group relationship of the new, undescribed diadectid to the other diadectids demonstrates a transformational, phylogenetic homology of the astragalus via the ontogenetic fusion of the primitive amphibian tarsal bones. The astragalus of diadectids is identical to those of late Paleozoic terrestrial amniotes in structure and relationship to neighboring elements. This, plus the wide acceptance of a close relationship between Diadectomorpha and Amniota, is cited as suggestive of an identical developmental origin of their astragali. In diadectids, including fully mature individuals, an unusual reduction or absence of ossification of some central and distal tarsal bones has resulted in an unique tarsus with large unoccupied areas and a structural pattern in which the only bony link between the tarsus and the digits is via the fourth distal tarsal, producing a crude facsimile of the lacertilian mesotarsal joint. Such a joint would have permitted, as in lacertilians, a wide range of movements which may have served several important functions: 1) maintaining an anteriorly directed pes to maximize the force of its posterior thrust during limb retraction, 2) placement of the pes close to the body midline for greater stride length and more efficient support and greater maneuverability during locomotion.
Physical modelling of the bowed string and applications to sound synthesis

This work outlines the design and implementation of an algorithm to simulate two-polarisation bowed string motion, for the purpose of realistic sound synthesis. The algorithm is based on a physical model of a linear string, coupled with a bow, stopping fingers, and a rigid, distributed fingerboard. In one polarisation, the normal interaction forces are based on a nonlinear impact model. In the other polarisation, the tangential forces between the string and the bow, fingers, and fingerboard are based on a force-velocity friction curve model, also nonlinear. The linear string model includes accurate time-domain reproduction of frequencydependent decay times. The equations of motion for the full system are discretised with an energy-balanced finite difference scheme, and integrated in the discrete time domain. Control parameters are dynamically updated, allowing for the simulation of a wide range of bowed string gestures. The playability range of the proposed algorithm is explored, and example synthesised gestures are demonstrated.
Home range, movements, and activity patterns of a brown bear in Serbia

Abstract We present satellite telemetry data for a subadult brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Serbia, documenting movements and activity for 273 days (Apr 2007 to Jan 2008). Average of daily movements was 4.29 (±2.99 SD) km. The longest daily movement was recorded in June (15.62 km), while the largest home range was recorded in May–June (1,060.9 km2). Total 95% minimum convex polygon home range was 4,366.5 km2, which is one of the largest home ranges recorded for a brown bear in Europe. During the monitoring period the bear moved throughout the western part of Serbia, and made movements into Bosnia and Herzegovina, highlighting the necessity of international coordination in the conservation of bears in the region. We propose an increase in brown bear research, and continued monitoring and management efforts at a national level.
Developing a deeper understanding of animal movements and spatial dynamics through novel application of network analyses

1. Determining how animals move within their environment is a fundamental knowledge that contributes to effective management and conservation. Continuous ‘round‐the‐clock’ animal movement data are frequently gathered using biotelemetry technology, providing discrete data packages on the presence–absence of animals at known locations through time. Current analyses of such data do not generally account for the interconnectivity of locations as animals move between them and consequently do not integrate graphically or statistically a temporal component to spatial changes.
Using Childhood Memories to Gain Insight into Brand Meaning

In this article, the authors introduce the concept that people's earliest and defining product memories can be used as a projective tool to help managers more fully understand consumers' relationships to their products. The authors use a study on three generations of automobile consumers to illustrate how these memories symbolize the consumer–brand relationship and how they can be used to gain insights into brand meaning. The findings indicate that people's earliest and defining experiences have an important influence on current and future preferences in predictable ways across the consumer life cycle. These memory experiences are symbolic to the consumer and represent a new lens for viewing brand meaning, which complements the toolbox of extant research methods. The authors provide details about this technique for managers who are searching for methods that recognize that consumers coproduce brand meanings.
Distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in different remote cities of Pakistan

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a serious health problem that affects millions of individuals worldwide. About 85% of the HCV patients develop persistent HCV infection that leads to liver cirrhosis with chronic Hepatitis C. HCV genotypes have a diversified pattern of frequency and distribution throughout the world and are critically important in understanding the epidemiological problems. Hepatitis C genotype pattern was studied in different remote cities from all five major geographical divisions of Pakistan. A total of 1000 samples were analyzed for genotype. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate-aminotransferase (AST) measurement is higher for genotype 1a and 1b; mean value of ALT and AST for genotypes were between 67 to 129 IU/L and 56 to 99 IU/L, respectively. Real time quantitation showed that there was high grade infection in most of the HCV screened patients. The most prevalent of genotype is 3a, followed by 3b, 1a, 2a and 1b in Pakistan but Kandiaro, Quetta and Loralai showed different pattern of genotype 1a as 20.9, 21.6 and 20.2%, respectively. Key words: Hepatitis C virus infection, genotype, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gender ratio, Pakistan.
Suitability of webworm Loxostege sticticalis L. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) eggs for consumption by immature and adults of the predatory mite Neoseiulus pseudolongispinosus (Xin, Liang and Ke) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)

The genus Loxostege has a worldwide distribution and includes an economically important group of insect pests of different crops. The effectiveness of predator Neoseiulus pseudolongispinosus (Xin, Liang and Ke) as a potential bio-control agent of webworm Loxostege sticticalis L. , was investigated by measuring rates of prey consumption and destruction by the different life stages of mite, duration and viability of immature, pre-oviposition and oviposition periods, total oviposition capacity, and longevity of adults. When eggs food was offered in similar amounts, there were variations in consumption tendency among the different life stages of predator. Mean development period was shortest for egg-fed larvae, whereas, longest in deutonymph followed by egg and protonymph, and total life cycle was completed in a mean of 12.75 days for male or female. A mean pre-oviposition period of 4.28 days was recorded in female and period of oviposition lasted for 8.71 days. The mean number of eggs recorded was 1.42 day-1 female-1. Mortality was recorded in all life stages and percent viability was best in egg stage, adult females and males, and slightly less in larvae, protonymphs and deutonymphs. Further, predatory activity of mites, such as their feeding habits, number of eggs damaged, how they were damaged and oviposition were observed. It is concluded that N. pseudolongispinosus can be successfully reared on L. sticticalis eggs, which proved a good food for adults and nymphs. Laboratory data indicated that this predatory mite has the potential to act as a biological control agent of L. sticticalis in crops.
Reliability Test Plan for the Gumbel-Uniform Distribution

Abstract Reliability sampling plans are used for determining the acceptability of any product. In this paper, reliability sampling plans for acceptance or rejection of a lot of products submitted for inspection are developed when the lifetimes follow the Gumbel-uniform distribution. The sampling plan proposed here can save the test time in practical situations. Some tables are also provided for the new sampling plans so that this method can be used conveniently by practitioners. Operating characteristic values and minimum ratios of the true value and the required value of the parameter with a given producers risk with respect to the newly developed sampling plans are also presented. The new test plan is applied to ordered failure times of software release to illustrate its use in industrial contexts.
Genetical aspects of maximum rate of flow during milking

Summary Rates of flow of milk during milking have been observed on twin and single-born dairy cows with the aid of a device for continuous recording of weight of milk extracted. Each cow has been characterized by a maximum rate arrived at by averaging morning and evening observations on 2 days. Only this maximum rate has been studied. Repeatability was high (0·8–0·9) whether measured from day to day or from lactation to lactation. Maximum rate of flow was 10–16% higher in second than in first lactations. The range extended from under 2 lb/min to over 7 lb/min. Lactation yield of milk varied significantly with rate, rising about 50 gal for an increase of 1 lb/min. This relation is reduced or eliminated by taking into account by partial regression analysis either maximum weekly yield or the increase from the second to the peak week of lactation. Although the higher yielding cows had larger udder areas bounded by the four teats, the regression of 305-day milk yield on rate was not changed much by taking udder area into account. Cows with short teats milked faster and had higher yields than cows with longer teats. Differences in yield among the four quarters widened slightly between 1 and 3 months of lactation regardless of rate of flow, except possibly in the three slowest milking cows. In these the differences increased three times as much as in the other cows. The wider the inter-quarter differences in yield the less the proportion of milk obtained at the maximum rate. Heritability of maximum rate of flow derived from observations on paired singleborn cattle and twins was 85%. Field data would probably yield a value of 60–70%. Appropriate selection of breeding stock would effectively alter rate of flow, but there is no reason yet to expect yield of milk to change except perhaps by reducing the incidence of very slow milking cows.
The influence of temperature on the emergence of the cabbage root fly (Erioischia brassicae (Bouché)) from overwintering pupae

SUMMARY The pupae of Erioischia brassicae (Bouche) overwinter in diapause, which extends for 105–126 days at a constant temperature of 41° F. (5° C.) and terminates, in the field, between the end of January and the beginning of February. Morphogenesis is completed at constant temperature after an accumulation of about 368 day degrees above 42° F. , and in the field at Wellesbourne the first flies usually emerge during April. Phenological relationships of emergence and beginning of oviposition with accumulated day degrees and the flowering of Anthriscus sylvestris appear to provide reliable methods for the prediction of the emergence of the first flies and for the determination of the appearance of the first eggs in the field.
Awareness of polycystic ovarian syndrome among Saudi females

Background: Awareness of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) symptoms and complications is essential for early treatment and to prevent further serious complications of it. Objectives: To assess the level of knowledge of PCOS, clinical presentation, risk factors and complications among Saudi femaleâ€™s population, to identify factors that influenced the awareness, and to improve health care and lower the treatment cost. Materials and Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Saudi Arabia, in 2016, about PCOS awareness, using paper and soft copy questionnaire. A 40 items research questionnaire specifically targeted to a woman of reproductive age (aged 18-50), a pilot study was carried before the large scale one. The questionnaire included personal data, awareness and method of knowledge of PCOS, clinical presentation, risks, and complications. Data were analyzed statistically using SPSS software. Results: Total number of participants was 2000. Majority of the studied population 96.4% were from urban back ground. 86.4%, 72.9%, and 84% were from the central region of KSA, University graduates, and Non-health colleges graduates, respectively. 41% and 49.6% were single and married. The level of awareness of PCOS in this study was 56.7%. Among them 15.3% were PCOS patient, 21.3% have known about PCOS via internet, then patient, doctors, and books, respectively. Among aware females, the majority were aware of symptoms pertaining to endocrine disorders, contraception intake, and a healthy diet. In contrast, most of them were unaware of the relationship between it and occurrence of chronic diseases, early puberty, heart diseases, and inheritance. The level of awareness of PCOS was significantly related to higher educational levels (P = 0.000), and women with health college qualifications (P = 0.000). Area of residence, marital status, and diabetes mellitus had no major impact. Conclusion: There is a high level of awareness of PCOS among Saudi women. The internet was the prevalent source. Educational level and to graduates of health colleges scored higher. Awareness of symptoms was higher than of complications.
Assessment of contrasting perennial ryegrasses, with and without white clover, under continuous sheep stocking in the uplands. 5. Herbage production, quality and intake in years 4–6

Herbage characteristics were studied over years 4–6 (1988–90) in three perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) varieties as grass-only (200 kg N ha-1) and grass/clover (Trifolium repens L.) swards which received 75kg N ha-1 in 1988 and 0kg N ha-1 in 1989 and 1990 when continuously stocked with sheep. Mean total annual herbage production of Aurora, a very early flowering variety, was 11% more than that of late-flowering Aberystwyth S23 due to 21% higher growth as grass/clover pasture. The grass/clover sward of Meltra, a tetraploid late-flowering variety, out-yielded S23/clover by 17%. Herbage production of grass/clover was 86% of that of grass only in 1988 but only 54% of the grass-only swards averaged for 1989 and 1990. In vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD) of Meltra was 38g kg-1 OM and 27g kg-1 OM higher than that of S23 and Aurora respectively. OMD of grass/clover was 15g kg-1 OM higher than that of grass only during the post-weaning period. Herbage intake was positively correlated with OMD of herbage. The herbage attributes were related to lamb performance reported previously. Lamb output was positively correlated with intake of digestible organic matter. Differences between the three varieties in herbage characteristics were greater as grass/clover than as grass-only swards, reflecting their compatibility with white clover. In this respect Meltra was the best and S23 the poorest variety.