Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Reality of Shot Peen Loverage

The statistical nature of surface coverage during shot peening is often misunderstood. In some instances, process and design engineers will specify "200% covcrage" or more without a clear definition of what is meant by percent coverage or how to achieve it. This paper will attempt to clarify important aspects of the surface coverage process. A combination of analytical, experimental, and numerical results are prcsented to illustrate the difference between (1 ) area of strike ratio, (2) coverage ratio and (3) percent covcrage. In addition, a computer program is presented that allows the user to experiment with peenmg process parameters and observe the eff'ects of the same.
Effect of Mixed Cropping Beans, Cowpeas and Maize on Population Densities of Bean Flower Thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom) (Thripidae)

The effect of growing cowpeas mixed with either beans or maize on population densities of Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom) was investigated. Also investigated was the effect of varying the cropping densities of the host plants on the pest populations.There was a significantly lower population of M. sjostedti in cowpea/maize, bean/maize, and cowpea/bean/maize mixed stands as compared with that in either cowpea/bean stands or monoculture stands of cowpeas and beans. Increasing the cropping densities of the host crops increased the abundance of the pest in non-maize based mixed stands, but this effect was not observed in the maize-based mixed stands.The results indicate that with regard to infestation by M. sjostedti, the practice of mixed cropping beans with cowpeas confers no advantage to either crop with respect to attack by M. sjostedti. On the contrary, combining the two crops attracted infestation levels similar to those attracted by either crop grown in monoculture. But the inclusion of a non-host plant (maize) in the mixture, significantly reduces infestation. RésuméNos recherches ont porté sur l’effet que la culture mixte des petits pois, melés soit aux haricots, soit au maïs peut avoir sur la densité de la population de Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom). Egalément, nous avons examiné l’effet de la variation de la quantité des plantes hôtes sur la population des parasites.Il y a eu une réduction significative des populations des M. sjostedti dans les emplacements mixtes des petits pois/maïs, haricots/maïs, et petits pois/haricots/maïs en comparaison avec la quantité quise constituait les mélanges des petits pois/haricots ou d’une seule culture individuelle. L’augmentation des densités des cultures des plantes hôtes a mené à l’accroissement des parasites dans les mélanges qui n’avaient pas de maïs, maïs cet effet n’a pas été constaté dans les mélanges avec le maïs. Les résultats ont indiqué qu’en ce qui concerne l’infection M. sjostedti, la pratique de la culture mixte des haricot et des petits pois n’apporte pas d’avantages à aucune de ces deux plantes, cela a plutôt pour effet d’augmenter la densité des plantes hôtes ce qui, par conséquent, conduit les deux plantes à s’exposer à une étrangère dans le mélange réduit, à un degré significatif le danger d’infection.
Chemical Characterization and Bioprospecting of Cashew Tree Polysaccharide of Brazilian Cerrado (Anacardium othonianum Rizz.), Anacardiaceae

The use of biodegradable polymers arouses great biotechnological interest because their chemical composition favors the interaction with biological systems, allowing applications in health and environment besides are easily decomposed. This work presents the first effort of extraction, characterization and proposition of the polysaccharide of Anacardium othonianum Rizz. (PEJU-GO) as material with potential for biotechnological applications. Based on scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectra and thermogravimetric analysis, the polysaccharide of A. othonianum Rizz. is a microporous structure, with numerous intramolecular interactions due to the presence of polar groups that give the material great thermal stability. In addition to the thin layer chromatographic data, the analysis of the chemical composition demonstrates the existence of a galactomannan type structure, with low protein content. The presence of chalcones and flavonoid compounds were also detected. The polysaccharide was able to immobilize Horseradish peroxidase with 75% efficiency over an extended pH range and presented storage and operational stabilities.
Studies on Foliar Penetration: I. FACTORS CONTROLLING THE ENTRY OF 2, 4 - DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID

SUMMARY A technique, using leaf disks, has been developed to study the penetration of isotopically labelled compounds into leaves under conditions where there is no appreciable change in the concentration of the external solution and no subse quent translocation. In this preliminary survey, the leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris and Coleus Blumei were employed to investigate the entry of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), labelled in the carboxyl group with 14C. Over 3 days there is no loss of 14C to the atmosphere from treated leaves of Phaseolus. The rate of penetration is enhanced when (a) the leaves are young, (b) the water status is lowered, (e) the temperature is raised (Q10= 2-3-2-8), and (d) a surface-active agent is added to the external solu tion. Penetration is also favoured by a decrease in the pH, the relation indicating that both ions and molecules enter. Penetration is greater in the light and prior illumination of the tissues posi tively affects the subsequent rate in the light, but not in the dark. In both the light and the dark considerably more 2,4-D penetrates the abaxial surface of Phaseolus leaves. For Coleus an even greater difference between surfaces is found in the light but not in the dark. For both species in the light the rates of entry into both surfaces are proportional to their respective stomatal densities. The simultaneous addition of indoleacetic acid to the external solution caused more 2,4-D to enter Phaseolus leaves, but the addition of triiodobenzoic acid restricts entry. The rate of penetration remains constant over 24 hours and be tween o-i and 200 mg. /l. the rate is linearly related to concentration. Subsequent to entry, the 2,4-D is in a form which does not diffuse from the tissue into buffer or exchange with unlabelled 2,4-D. Moreover, no outward movement takes place from treated tissue which has been frozen and thawed. These findings are discussed in relation to previous work on foliar penetration. It is concluded that at least with Phaseolus penetration largely takes place through the guard cells and/or accessory cells.
ULTRASTRUCTURE AND 18S RRNA GENE SEQUENCE FOR PELAGOMONAS CALCEOLATA GEN. ET SP. NOV. AND THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW ALGAL CLASS, THE PELAGOPHYCEAE CLASSIS NOV. 1

Pelagomonas calceolata gen. et sp. nov., an ultra‐planktonic marine alga, is described using electron microscopy and the cytoplasmic small subunit (18S) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence. Cells are uniflagellate, about 1.5 × 3 μm in size. The flagellium has two rows of bipartite hairs, the paraxonemal rod has a dentate appearance, and a two‐gyred transitional helix is present between two transitional plates. Microtubular roots, striated roots, and a second basal body are absent. A thin organic theca surrounds most of the cell. There is a single chloroplast with a girdle lamella and a single, dense mitochondrion with tubular cristae. A single Golgi body with swelled cisternae lies beneath the flagellum, and each cell has an ejectile organelle that putatwely releases a cylindrical structure. A vacuole, or cluster of vacuoles, contains the putative carbohydrate storage product. The 18S rRNA gene was sequenced completely in both directions, excluding three primer regions. When compared to the same gene sequence from other organisms, Pelagomonas calceolata gen. et sp. nov. occupies an unresolved position among other chromophyte algae and is distinct from members of any of these classes. Based on morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular data, we describe this alga as a new species, and we place this highly unusual new species in a new genus, family, order, and class.
EFFECTS OF MATERNAL GENOTYPE AND BEHAVIOUR ON THE BEHAVIOURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR OFFSPRING IN SHEEP

Significant breed differences in grazing, activity, social and other affiliative behaviours are known to exist in sheep. The roles of maternal and offspring genotype in determining the development of breed-specific behavioural differences in lambs were investigated using embryo-transfer. Two breeds of sheep (Suffolk and Scottish Blackface) were chosen as they differ markedly in social and affiliative behaviours. Sixty ewe-lamb pairs (15 each of the four combinations of ewe and lamb) were observed over the first 3 days after lambing, then when the lambs were aged between 2-5 months old and during the first 6 weeks after weaning. Lamb breed was the main factor affecting lamb activity at birth and play behaviour over the first postnatal days, with Blackface lambs being significantly more active than Suffolk lambs. Lamb sucking behaviour during this period, however, was significantly affected by ewe breed with a higher frequency of sucking interactions observed with Suffolk ewes. When out at grass the two breeds of ewe differed in their use of the field, with Blackface ewes using upland areas whilst Suffolk ewes were found almost exclusively in the lowland parts. Ewes also differed in their spatial relationship to their lamb, with Blackface ewes maintaining a closer relationship to their lamb than Suffolk ewes, regardless of lamb breed. Blackface ewes were also more active than Suffolk ewes and were more frequently observed grazing. The breed of their mother significantly influenced the behaviour of the lambs, and their spatial relationships to other sheep, both before and after weaning. Lambs with Blackface mothers were more active than lambs with Suffolk mothers and this difference persisted after weaning. Blackface-reared lambs also had a shorter nearest neighbour distance after weaning, aggregated into smaller subgroups and were significantly more likely to be in upland areas of the field, regardless of lamb breed, than lambs reared by Suffolk ewes. Maternal influence, therefore, plays an important role in shaping the behaviour of their offspring in sheep, although neonatal lamb activity is not affected by maternal behaviour.
Virulence Profile, Fluoroquinolone and Quinolone Resistance of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates Recovered from Thabet Hospital - Tulkarm, Palestine

Backcground: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common cause of urinary tract infection (UTI). Virulence factors are mainly responsible for the severity of these emerging infections. Aims: To analyze virulence factors and resistance phenotype to quinolones and fluoroquinolones in a collection of E. coli strains isolated from UTIs with previously known phylogenetic groups. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biology and Biotechnology, An-Najah N. University, Palestine, during May-December 2012. Methodology: Fifty clinical E. coli isolates were previously recovered from urine specimens obtained from patients suffered from urinary tract infections at Thabet Hospital, Tulkarm-Palestine. Multiplex PCR technique was used to detect the presence of 18 virulence genes and ERIC-PCR Original Research Article Adwan et al.; BMRJ, 5(5): xxx-xxx, 2015; Article no.BMRJ. 2015.043 413 was used to detect the heterogeneity of these strains. All E. coli isolates were examined for resistance to different antibiotics using disk diffusion method. Results: It is found that the prevalence of virulence genes ranged from 0% for P-fimbria adhesion variant 1 (pap G I) allele and αhemolysin (hly A) to 86% for Type1 fimbriae adhesion (fim H) and Serum resistance-associated gene (tra T) in strains tested. The results showed that the mean virulence score for group D was 8.2 and ranged from 2 to15, while for group A was 6.2 and ranged from 1 to14 (P=6.2 x 10 -4 ). The mean virulence score for strains resistant to fluoroquinolones and /or quinolones was 7.3, while for strains sensitive to both fluoroquinolones and quinolones was 8.1. Quinolones and/or fluoquinolones sensitive strains related to group D showed an increased prevalence of catecholate siderophore receptor (iron) than resistant strains. It was also found that traT gene was the most common prevalence among strains resistant to nalidixic acid, fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole and it was 90.1% (30/33), 95.8 (23/24) and 90.6% (29/32), respectively. ERIC-PCR revealed that the 50 isolates were genetically diverse and comprised a heterogeneous population with at total 10 ERIC-PCR profiles at a 50% similarity level. Conclusion: The molecular analysis of strains belonged to groups A and D, results showed that group D had higher mean virulence score than group A. It seems that there is no single virulence factor or virulence profile that is entirely specific to UTI in general.
Combinando Mineração de Textos e Análise de Redes Sociais para a Identificação das Áreas de Atuação de Pesquisadores

Identificar de forma automatica a area de atuacao de um pesquisador ou mesmo o assunto principal de um artigo e uma atividade importante que serve de base para diversos sistemas de analise de redes academicas, por exemplo, para avaliacao de grupos interdisciplinares, deteccao de tendencias e busca por experts. Este artigo apresenta uma abordagem para a identificacao de areas de atuacao de pesquisadores combinando tecnicas da mineracao de textos com a analise de redes sociais.
Milk quality according to the daily range in farm production in the Mesoregion Central Mineira and Oeste of Minas Gerais regions, Brazil

The objective of this work was to characterize milk production from the Central Mineira and Oeste Mesoregions regions in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, according to quality parameters such as somatic cell count, total bacteria count, and composition for specific production ranges. Average results for milk fat, protein, total and nonfat solids were compliant with Brazilian legal requirements (IN-62/2011) in all the production ranges selected. Average somatic cell counts (SCC) complied with the legal requirements of 600,000 cells/mL, except for the range with a daily production above 1,000 liters. However, average maximum values of 400,000 cells/mL are recommended for good milk quality. Total bacterial count was the most critical quality factor, with the highest values found in breeds with milk production above 500 liters per day.
Conservation and Management of Crayfishes: Lessons from Pennsylvania

Abstract North America's crayfish fauna is diverse, ecologically important, and highly threatened. Unfortunately, up-to-date information is scarce, hindering conservation and management efforts. In Pennsylvania and nearby states, recent efforts allowed us to determine the conservation status of several native crayfishes and develop management strategies for those species. Due to rarity and proximity to urban centers and introduced (exotic) crayfishes, Cambarus (Puncticambarus) sp. , an undescribed member of the Cambarus acuminatus complex, is critically imperiled in Pennsylvania and possibly range-wide. Orconectes limosus is more widespread; however, recent population losses have been substantial, especially in Pennsylvania, and northern Maryland, where its range has declined (retreated eastward) by greater than 200 km. Introduced congeners likely played a major role in those losses. Although extirpated from some areas, Cambarus bartonii bartonii remains widespread and is not an immediate conservation conc.
Managing Consistency in Wizard of Oz Studies: A Challenge of Prototyping Natural Language Interactions

Wizard of OZ (WOZ) is a prototyping method that uses a human `wizard' to mimic the functions of a prospective system. Although the WOZ technique is widely used in HCI design, surprisingly little research has been done on how wizard performance and consistency may effect the findings of a WOZ trial. In this paper we present a meta-analysis of three WOZ studies that shows how wizard behavior can vary significantly, potentially influencing the user experience of test-participants. In text-based interactions, for example, wizards may be required to send several consecutive utterances before receiving any feedback. In order to deliver a consistent experience they then need to give test participants enough time for reading and processing an utterance before sending the next utterance. In this study we examined this aspect in some more detail and found that these time-windows can vary significantly within as well as between studies. By contrast, a similar experimental setup simulating speech-based system output did not suffer from this type of inconsistency. Our analysis highlights one of the challenges involved in using the WOZ method for designing novel interactive systems (both stationary and mobile), and suggests that additional support for wizards is needed in order to improve consistency.
Predator–prey interactions between a population of Nucella lapillus (Gastropoda: Muricidae) recovering from imposex and Mytilus galloprovincialis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) on the south-east coast of England

Over a 52-month period beginning in May 2004 and concluding in August/September 2008, and coinciding with the period over which tributyltin was banned as a ship anti-foulant globally, a population of the dogwhelk, Nucella lapillus on the south-eastern coast of England, was studied for changes in population size and structure, reproduction and feeding behaviour. During the study period, the size of the N. lapillus population grew from ~25 individuals to >500, i.e. a 20-fold increase, and recovery from imposex was total. Significant changes in feeding behaviour were also reported. For example, peaks in N. lapillus predation were recorded over the winter months, but as population size increased, this temporal seasonality was masked due to the growing numbers of juveniles feeding on smaller and smaller individuals of Mytilus galloprovincialis (as opposed to barnacles) as the study progressed. Similarly, with freedom from imposex, the numbers of failed drilling attempts declined and numbers of prey with more than one drill hole increased as the incidence of kleptoparasitism increased. Predated M. galloprovincialis were also increasingly attacked in the antero- and postero-dorsal quadrants of their shells as the study progressed. Contrary to expectations, only a slightly positive relationship between predator and prey sizes was recorded overall however, suggesting that beyond a shell height of ~13 mm, when the transition from barnacle to mussel feeding occurs, M. galloprovincialis individuals of virtually any size are preyed upon by N. lapillus.
Using biological traits to assess how urbanization filters plant species of small woodlands

Question: Which biological traits (persistence, regeneration, dispersion traits and resource requirements) may explain the distribution of woodland flora along an urban–rural gradient? Location: The study was carried out in three medium-sized conurbations of north-western France: Angers, Nantes and Rennes. Methods: We sampled the vegetation of 36 small woodlands of about 1.5 ha composed of non-planted vegetation along an urban–rural gradient. We characterized the position of woodlands along the urban–rural gradient by examining adjacent land cover. By using an ordination analysis (RLQ), we analysed which traits out of –23 tested were related to the contrasted distribution of species along the urban–rural gradient. Results: Species that are more likely to be found in urban woodlands than rural woodlands have different persistence traits (higher specific leaf area, more often rosette or semi-rosette form, less underground vegetative multiplication), resource requirements (affinity for base-rich and fertile soils) and regeneration traits (short life-span). Dispersion traits were not related to the distribution of species along the urban–rural gradient. Conclusions: Our approach identifies traits that can help to determine the vulnerability of forest species as a result of the environmental changes that follow urbanization. Limiting the influence of the urban environment on habitat quality (particularly disturbance and soil enrichment) is likely to be of major importance in maintaining the plant biodiversity in woodlands.
By-catch frequency and size differentiation in loggerhead turtles as a function of surface longline gear type in the western Mediterranean Sea

Fisheries by-catch is considered to be a major threat to loggerhead turtles in the Mediterranean Sea. Technical differences in both gear configurations (e.g. hook and bait type) and fisheries operations carried out by the Spanish Mediterranean surface longline fleet could have an effect on by-catch rates and size selectivity. The aim of the present study was to test the differences in by-catch per unit effort and body size of loggerhead sea turtles caught using different gear types in the Mediterranean surface longline fishery. Our results suggest that differences in the gear type used have an effect on catch rates and size selectivity. Thus, surface longliners targeting albacore (LLALB) using smaller hooks tend to capture smaller loggerheads but have the highest by-catch per unit of effort (BPUE), whereas other longlines, such as surface longliners targeting bluefin tuna (LLJAP) and traditional surface longliners targeting swordfish (LLHB), using larger hooks tend to select the larger animals; moreover, LLHB had the lowest BPUE. Disproportionate rates of fisheries-induced mortality on certain size/age-classes can differentially affect sea turtle populations, as each sea turtle age-class contributes differently to current and future reproduction. Thus, fisheries management should not only be focusing on preserving the large juvenile and mature turtles, but also on reducing the total by-catch. Thus, we recommend encouraging the use of LLHB versus other surface gears. We suggest that it is very important to take into account the gear type (and its particular catch rates) when making inferences about the impact of longline fisheries on sea turtle populations.
Enacting pedagogy in ICT-enabled classrooms: conversations with teachers in Shanghai

ABSTRACT The use of information and communication technology (ICT) can have positive effects on the learning and development of children. Adults and peers have a critical role in harnessing the potential. The authors’ attention in this article is on teacher practices. Through case studies of four early childhood teachers’ pedagogical roles and practices while children were using ICTs in Shanghai preschools, the authors reveal four main roles: facilitator, observer, guide and knowledge transmitter. Teachers were predominantly instructing and transmitting knowledge and were rarely observed to take responsive mediating approaches, despite proactive Chinese ICT policies which however lack specific curriculum guidance on pedagogy. Teachers were falling back on their traditional training and practices, leading to misalignment between policy which advocates guidance and democratic practice, and teachers’ actual practices. Drawing on Vygotsky’s concept of mediation, the authors advocate further learning about sociocultural approaches that have been shown to be beneficial in supporting teachers to take active and dynamic pedagogical roles and to employ a range of interactive and democratic strategies to empower children’s learning. Further investigation is needed to ascertain whether such teachers are rejecting interactive pedagogical approaches, or have not yet learnt about effective interactive strategies.