Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physico-chemical treatment of Bukit Tagar sanitary landfill leachate using P-FLOC775 and ferric chloride

Sanitary landfill leachate is considered a heavily polluted wastewater. It contains high concentration of organic matter, heavy metals and toxic components. To treat leachate a combination of physical, biological and chemical treatment are often required to enhance the treatment efficiency. Coagulation/flocculation is a commonly used process in water and wastewater treatment. In this study, the characteristics of municipal landfill leachate from Bukit Tagar Landfill leachate was analyzed. The pH of the leachate sample was 6.6 while the BOD and COD of leachate were 27000 mg/L, 59000 mg/L, respectively. The concentration of Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu in the leachate was 11.25mg/L, 15.15mg/L, 17.55mg/L and 10.95 mg/L, respectively. The leachate contained high concentrations of colour (15300 ADMI), TSS (13.5 mg/L), and ammonia at (4300 ml/L. All parameters analyzed were above the Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluent) Regulation Standard B limits. Jar-test experiments were employed to determine the efficiency of coagulant and flocculent FeCl3 and P-Floc775 at different concentrations, pH and mixing speed, in removing heavy metals, turbidity, colour and TSS from the leachate. After coagulation, the filtrates were digested and analyzed. Treatment with 2g/500mL of FeCl3 (which was the optimum) produced the highest reduction in turbidity (75%), colour (82%), TSS (78%), Cd, Pb, and Cu (100%) and Zn (91%). The optimal reduction of all parameters was at pH 7. On the other hand the optimum mixing speed for FeCl3 was 100 rpm and at 90 rpm for P-Floc775. At optimum coagulant dosage, pH and mixing speed Cd, Pb, and Cu were lower than the EQA Standard A and B limits, whereas the Zn remained above the Standard A and B. Mixing speed and pH improved the performance of FeCl3 and P-Floc775, at optimum dosage. FeCl3 and P-Floc775 were effective in the reduction of most parameters to below EQA 1979 limit.
Adsorption of Ammonium Nitrogen in Water by Rice Husk Charcoal: A Simulation Study

Rice husk charcoal, a kind of new environmentally friendly biomass materials, which is made from rice husk under anaerobic combustion at 300°C, has been increasingly applied to remedy some polluted sites. Rice husk charcoal was employed to investigate adsorption of ammonium in simulated waste water, using once balance method. It is found that ammonium nitrogen in water can be rapidly adsorbed by rice husk charcoal in 2 min with maximum sorption capacity of 2.6 mg/g (Langmuir isotherm adsorption model). The n value of 1.2 in Freundlich isotherm model indicates that the absorbent is very suitable for rapid removal of ammonium from water. In addition, quasi-second order kinetic equation is well suited to describe ammonium absorption with time (P<0.01). The adsorption mechanism is supposed that rice husk charcoal firstly imbibes in water and much swells, and then ammonium ion diffuses into the micro pore structure and redistributes upon a steady state.
Modification of Nanoclinoptilolite Zeolite with Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Surfactant as an Active Ingredient of Chromate-Selective Membrane Electrode

A novel chromate selective PVC membrane electrode was constructed using a hexadecyltrimethylammonium-surfactant modified zeolite (SMZ). Nano particles of an Iranian clinoptilolite zeolite were prepared by a ball-mill mechanical method and characterized by FT-IR, SEM and XRD. Best performance was exhibited at the membrane composition of SMZ : PVC : dioctyl phthalate (DOP) in the ratio of 4 : 32 : 64. This membrane worked well over a wide concentration range from to mol L−1 of with a Nernstian slope of mv per decade of concentration with detection limit of mol L−1 in a wide pH range of 6.8–10.7. The response time of the sensor is 5–10 s over a period of 2 months with good reproducibility. The selectivity coefficients of the proposed electrode towards various interfering ions were determined by FIM and SSM methods. The sensor was successfully used as indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of against Pb(II) and determination of chromium in an electroplating wastewater sample.
Negative effects of biomass combustion and co-combustion in boilers

Concentrations of regulated air pollutants – carbon monoxide, nitrogen monoxide as well as that of non-regulated compounds in waste gases – volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and HCl during combustion of selected biomass pellets in a small retort boiler have been investigated. In the group of VOCs, the highest concentration has been observed for aldehydes (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) and benzene. The lowest concentration of CO and the highest concentration of VOCs were detected in waste gases from combustion of wooden pellets. The highest concentration of HCl in flue gas has been observed during combustion of wheat straw pellets. Design of the retort boiler investigated favours high concentration of CO in flue gas, regardless of the biomass used.
Two contrasting views of multidecadal climate variability in the 20 th century by

A relatively recent hypothesis of multidecadal climate variability has been challenged (Mann et al. 2014). The hypothesis is the “stadium wave” (Wyatt et al. 2012). Its distinguishing feature is hemispheric signal propagation through a network of synchronized climate processes, the pace of which is influenced by variability in seasurface-temperatures in the North Atlantic (i.e. the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO)). Mann et al. claim that flawed methodology has generated an apparent, or false, propagation in the signal. The contended flawed methodology is linear detrending, a statistical step once innocent in its ability to highlight lower frequency behavior within a time series a signal often associated with the AMO – but today, a source of controversy, a portion of which has been aimed at the stadium wave. Kravtsov et al. (2014) consider the challenge, adopting a strategy that evaluates phase uncertainties of the propagation, as well as spatio-temporal patterns of the signal in modeled and observed databases. In the following memo, through the lens of the Kravtsov et al. work, evidence supportive of the stadium-wave propagation unfolds. Findings show: i) The propagation of the “stadium wave” is highly unlikely to be due random occurrence or flawed methodology; and ii) pronounced and fundamental differences occur between analyses using observation-based data and analyses using model-generated data. Differences involve spatial patterns of the signals: ocean indices of the Atlantic and Pacific and atmospheric indices across the hemisphere play significant roles in the observed stadium wave; while only the Pacific appears significant in modelgenerated data. Differences also involve temporal patterns: the model-based signals are in-phase, stationary ones, requiring only one mode of variability to explain its profile; while observation-based signals are not in-phase, requiring two modes of variability to explain their alignment. Significantly, the stadium wave says nothing about another aspect of the controversy that the indicted detrend methodology invites – i.e. attribution of signal. The detrending method is criticized for its tendency to exaggerate the appearance of an intrinsic component of multidecadal variability (e.g. the AMO). This is because the forced trend, itself, may not be linear. The stadium-wave hypothesis has fallen subject to a similar assumption: that it speaks to attribution. But indeed, it does not. While dynamics of the stadium-wave signal-propagation are likely intrinsic, shuttling a climate signal around the hemisphere (and maybe the globe), and the signal, itself, likely originates in, and is paced
A Visual Analytics Process for Exploring Risk and Vulnerability in International Food Trade Networks

The rise in globalization has led to regional climate events having an increased effect on global food security. These indirect firstand second-order effects are generally geographically disparate from the region experiencing the climate event. Without understanding the topology of the food trade network, international aid may be naively directed to the countries directly experiencing the climate event and not to countries that will face potential food insecurity due to that event. This thesis focuses on the development of a visual analytics system for exploring second-order effects of climate change under the lens of global trade. In order to visualize how climate change impacts the world trade network of agricultural goods I have developed an interactive data visualization platform for analysis of the interaction between climate events and the trade network. The proposed visual analytics system focuses on visualizing current trade dependencies at a more granular level than the currently available tools and to aid in the identification of future vulnerabilities. To demonstrate the applicability of the tool, two case studies are described. The first case study focuses on the Chinese drought of 2011 and its impact on the global trade network and food security. The second case study will model the potential impact of a climate event affecting production in the United States, a large supplier of corn, to demonstrate the potential consequence of cascading effects in the global trade network.
Pre-mixed flame simulations for non-unity Lewis numbers

A principal effect of turbulence on premixed flames in the flamelet region is to wrinkle the flame fronts. For non-unity Lewis numbers (Le), the local flame structure is altered in curved regions. This effect is examined using direct numerical simulations of the three dimensional, constant density, decaying isotropic turbulence with a single step, finite rate chemical reaction. Simulations of Lewis numbers 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 are compared. The turbulent flame speed, S(sub T), increases as Le decreases. The correlation between S(sub T) and u prime found in previous Le = 1 simulations has a strong Lewis number dependency. The variance of the pdf of the flame curvature increases as Le decreases, indicating that the flames become more wrinkled. A strong correlation between local flame speed and curvature was found. For Le greater than 1, the flame speed increases in regions concave towards the products and decreases in convex regions. The opposite correlation was found for Le less than 1. The mean temperature of the products was also found to vary with Lewis number. For Le = 0.8, it is less than the adiabatic flame temperature and for Le = 1.2 it is greater.
Effect of Carbon Content on the Electrical Resistivity of Electrodeposited Copper

Copper films electrodeposited from acid sulfate baths containing conventional additives used in the damascene process for the fabrication of ultralarge-scale integration interconnects were analyzed quantitatively to investigate the relation between carbon content and electrical resistivity of the deposit. In the as-deposited state, the resistivity of deposits that did not exhibit self-annealing effects in scanning ion microscope examination increased almost linearly with carbon content in the range of 0.002-0.045 wt %. The deposits that exhibited self-annealing effects showed higher resistivity values at identical carbon contents. After self-annealing, resistivity values of all deposits varied almost linearly with carbon content.
Investigation of Amino Acid Partitioning in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems Containing Polyethylene Glycol and Inorganic Salts

The partitioning behavior of three amino acids, l-tryptophan, l-phenylalanine, and l-tyrosine, has been studied in aqueous two-phase systems of polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) + salts + H2O at 298.15 K. The salts used were magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, and ammonium sulfate. The effects of tie line length, salt, and side chain structure on the partition coefficients of amino acids have been studied. The results showed that increasing amino acid hydrophobicity and tie line length led to a corresponding increase of the partition coefficients. In addition, we also showed that the partition coefficients of the amino acids in the systems containing Na2SO4 are also significantly greater than the other two salts. The experimental data are correlated using a modified virial-type model. Comparisons between model and experimental data reveal a good agreement.
Quantitative Analysis of Chemical Composition of Gallstones in North Indian Population (Rohilkhand Region, Uttar Pradesh) -

Background And Objectives: In India, it has been recognised that gallstones and gallbladder cancer are common in the Gangetic belt comprising of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Assam. States in South India do not have a high incidence of these diseases. Aim: The present study was done to describe an extensive quantitative chemical analysis of gallstones and to find the association of gallstones with age distribution and also to compare this finding with previous workers. In this study we analysis the cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, bilirubin, bile acids, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,and oxalates in 3 different types of gallstones. Methods: Total 43 gallstones were collected from surgical operation and quantative analysis of these gallstones was done in the department of Biochemistry. The stones were classified into cholesterol (CS), pigment (PS), and mixed stones (MS). Total cholesterol was estimated by CHOD-PAP, total bilirubin by Diazo method, triglycerides by GPO-PAP method, oxalate by the method described by Satyapal and Pundir based on colorimetric enzymatic method (21), calcium by O-Cresolphthalein-Complexone method, Phospholipid and inorganic phosphate were determined according to Fiske and Subba Rao. Magnesium was measured by Calmagite method. Results: In our study, the incidence of gallstones was highest in age group of 37-46 years and Male : Female ratio was 1: 3.8. Out of 43 gallstones, 16 were pigment stones, 15 were mixed stones and 12 were cholesterol stones. Total cholesterol was a major component of all gall stones and triglycerides, total bilirubin, phospholipids, bile acids, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphate and oxalate were found in all types of gallstones. The cholesterol stones had higher content of total cholesterol, phospholipids, inorganic phosphate as compared to mixed and pigment stones. The mixed stones had higher content of triglycerides than to cholesterol and pigment stones. The pigment stones were richer in total bilirubin, bile acids, calcium, oxalate, and magnesium compared to cholesterol and mixed stones. Interpretation And Conclusion : Pigment stone was the most common type of gallstones in our studies and common age group for gallstone development was 37-46 years. The content of the total cholesterol and other metabolites in different gall stones indicating their different mechanism of formation. High cholesterol and triglyceride content in CS and MS suggests that dyslipidemic changes contribute to etiology. [Das B NJIRM 2014; 5(4) :4-12]
Effects of Grape Processing on Antioxidant Capacity and ESI-MS Fingerprints of Grape Products

The antioxidant capacity and changes in chemical composition of two grape varieties, the new hybrid BRS-Carmem and the Bordo grape (Vitis labrusca) and of their products (juice, wine and vinegar) were evaluated by several techniques. The DPPH method was used to measure the antioxidant capacity, whereas, the total phenolic contents (TPC) were measured by Folin-Ciocalteau method. Overall chemical composition was also monitored by ESI-MS fingerprints and UPLC-MS analysis. For both grape varieties, the highest (and similar) antioxidant capacity and TPC were observed for the wine and vinegar samples followed by the grapes and then the juices. In addition, ESI-MS fingerprints and UPLC-MS analysis in the negative ion mode indicated substantial changes in chemical composition from grape to juice and wine, and then to vinegar.
Effect of potassium and zinc fertilizer on crop yield, nutrient uptake and distribution of potassium and zinc fractions in Typic Ustipsamment

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of potassium and zinc fertilizer on status and content of potassium and zinc fractions and their effect on crop yield, nutrient uptake and nutrient availability in the soil. Significant increase in grain yield, straw yield, K uptake, and different K fractions in the soil (exchangeable K, water soluble K, Morgan’s extractable K, lattice K and total K in the soil) were recorded with increase in K levels from 0 to 60 kg K/ha. Zinc fertilization in wheat also significantly increased crop yield and Zn uptake but interaction between K and Zn was not found to be significant in respect of yield, uptake, and various K and Zn fractions. Water-soluble K showed significant and positive correlation with exchangeable K (r= 0.928), Morgan’s extractable K (r= 0.983) and lattice K (r= 0.969), indicating rapid equilibrium establishment between these forms. Step wise regression analysis using different pools of K revealed the importance of water soluble K and lattice K influencing crop yield, K uptake by wheat. Similarly, application of 9 kg Zn/ha increased the Zn fractions present in soil and correlation data indicated that these fractions are in a state of dynamic equilibrium with each other. In the present study, DTPA-Zn accounted for 65% and 70% of the variation in grain yield and Zn uptake by wheat, indicating that DTPA-Zn was efficient in providing Zn nutrition to wheat.
α-Relaxation in PEO-LiTFSI polymer electrolytes

Relaxation processes in the ns time regime in deuterated pure PEO and two different concentrations of PEO−LiTFSI electrolytes show a stretched exponential behavior identifiable with translational motions of the chain segments. The time scale of the dynamics is slowed by factors of 3 and 10 as a result of adding lithium salt at EO:Li concentrations of 7.5 and 3, respectively, presumably due to the increased rigidity of the lattice caused by inter- and intrachain cross-linking by the Li ions. At the same time the stretching parameter is reduced by 35% and 50%, respectively. Measurements of the Q dependence show that both the relaxation time and the stretching parameter have a positive correlation with S(Q).
Structural changes in latosols of the cerrado region: I - relationships between soil physical properties and least limiting water range

Apesar do elevado potencial agricola dos Latossolos da regiao do Cerrado brasileiro, quando inseridos no processo produtivo sob sistemas de manejo inadequados, o seu espaco poroso pode ser seriamente alterado, levando a sua rapida degradacao. Como consequencia, tem-se observado aceleracao do processo erosivo e assoreamento dos mananciais associados na paisagem. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as alteracoes estruturais de Latossolos do municipio de Rio Verde, GO, por meio da caracterizacao do intervalo hidrico otimo (IHO), e as relacoes entre IHO e demais propriedades fisicas desses solos. O estudo foi conduzido utilizando-se amostras coletadas no horizonte Bw de cinco Latossolos oxidicos representativos da variabilidade textural observada nos Latossolos ocorrentes no bioma Cerrado. Foram determinados o IHO e os atributos fisico-hidricos dos solos em diversos estados de compactacao induzidos por compressao uniaxial. Os resultados indicaram que a compactacao do solo resultou desde beneficios ao crescimento das plantas, relacionados ao aumento na retencao de agua, ate condicoes de severas restricoes as suas funcoes edaficas, sendo observadas relacoes inversas entre o conteudo de argila e os valores de densidade do solo (Ds) nas diversas condicoes estruturais. A Ds correspondente a macroporosidade critica do solo (DscMAC) foi mais restritiva ao manejo sustentavel dos Latossolos estudados que a Ds critica correspondente ao IHO (DscIHO). A maior compactacao permissivel observada nesses Latossolos oxidicos deve-se a elevada porosidade de aeracao conferida pela estrutura do tipo granular.
Off–on fluorescent polyanthracene for recognition of ferric and fluoride ions in aqueous acidic media: application in pharmaceutical and environmental analysis

Fluorescent polyanthracene prepared by a chemical oxidative route was shown to sense ferric ions (Fe3+) in aqueous acidic solutions. The fluorescence titration indicates that the intensity of fluorescence of the polyanthracene (PAT) was gradually quenched by the successive addition of an Fe3+ ion solution (‘Off-fluorescence’). The fluorescence quenching data fit well into the conventional Stern–Volmer relationship. A mechanism of Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET) is proposed to explain the observed ‘Off fluorescence’ state of the PAT. Based on the strong affinity of Fe3+ to F− ions, the mixture of polyanthracene–F− ions exhibiting ‘On fluorescence’, could behave as a fluorescent ‘On type probe’. Thus a method using a single probe for the detection of both Fe3+ and F− ions is developed using a fluorescence ‘Off–On’ approach, and is successfully applied for the determination of these ions in commercial samples.
Lettuce grown in silver laden soil at two different activity levels of soil microorganisms

Lettuce biomass, silver accumulation in lettuce, and effect of activity of soil microorganisms on these items, were studied in a series of experiments. Lettuce was cultivated in two kinds of soil with different organic matter concentrations. Initially the soil was either sterile or non-sterile, and had been supplied with different silver nitrate concentrations. Lettuce growth was significantly negatively affected by silver, especially in initially sterile soil with a lower organic matter content. There was also a significantly enhanced silver accumulation at larger silver supply in initially sterile soil with the lower organic matter content, otherwise there was no enhanced silver accumulation. There was a significant difference in respiration rate after harvest between the initially sterile soil and the non-sterile soil. In soil with the lower organic matter content, microorganism activity was inhibited by silver. In conclusion, silver accumulation increased and growth decreased in the lettuce grown in soil containing silver when the microorganism community in the soil had been affected by sterilization. The negative effects of silver on both lettuce and microorganisms were more distinct when the soil had a lower organic matter content.
High‐density amorphous ice. IV. Raman spectrum of the uncoupled O–H and O–D oscillators

The Raman spectrum of the uncoupled O–H and O–D stretching vibrations of HDO dissolved in H2O high‐density amorphous ice, that was made from ice Ih, has been measured at 12 K for the sample as recovered at 77 K and after heating it at 5 K min−1 from 12 K to, successively, 80, 90, 100, . , 170 K and annealing there for 5 min. The distribution of hydrogen‐bonded O–H‐‐O and O–D‐‐O distances was estimated by using an experimental curve of the O–H stretching frequency as a function of the O‐‐O distance in ice VII, as suitably adjusted using the frequency in ice I. The most probable bond length, as estimated from the peak frequency, is 2.83 A, which is 0.08 A longer than the length in ice I, and the distribution of bond lengths has a width at half‐height of 0.19 A. When the sample was heated to 80, 90, 100, 110, and 120 K in succession, the peak frequency and the width at half‐height, as measured at 12 K, decreased by amounts that corresponded to a decrease of the most probable distance from 2.83 to 2.76 A and.