Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric Radiation Boundary Conditions for the Helmholtz Equation

This work offers some contributions to the numerical study of acoustic waves propagating in the Sun and its atmosphere. The main goal is to provide boundary conditions for outgoing waves in the solar atmosphere where it is assumed that the sound speed is constant and the density decays exponentially with radius. Outgoing waves are governed by a Dirichlet-to-Neumann map which is obtained from the factorization of the Helmholtz equation expressed in spherical coordinates. For the purpose of extending the outgoing wave equation to axisymmetric or 3D cases, different approximations are implemented by using the frequency and/or the angle of incidence as parameters of interest. This results in boundary conditions called Atmospheric Radiation Boundary Conditions (ARBC) which are tested in ideal and realistic configurations. These ARBCs deliver accurate results and reduce the computational burden by a factor of two in helioseismology applications.
Normal impact of supercooled water drops onto a smooth ice surface: experiments and modelling

The present study is devoted to the experimental investigation and theoretical modelling of the interaction between fluid flow and solidification during the impact of supercooled water drops onto an ice surface. Using a high-speed video system, the impact process is captured with a high spatial and temporal resolution in a side view. The lamella thinning and the residual ice layer thickness in the centre of impact are determined from the high-speed videos for varying drop and surface temperatures, and impact velocities. It is shown that the temperature of the impact surface has a negligible influence and the drop temperature has a dominating influence on the lamella thinning and the final ice layer thickness. For decreasing drop temperatures, higher freezing rates cause a decreased rate of lamella thinning and a larger thickness of the resulting ice layer. On the other hand, a higher impact velocity causes an increasing speed of lamella thinning and a smaller thickness of the resulting ice layer. Based on a postulated flow in the spreading lamella and considering the ice layer growth and the developing viscous boundary layer, the upper limit for the resulting ice layer thickness is theoretically modelled. The theory shows very good agreement with the experimental results for all impact conditions. Based on the derived theoretical scaling, a semi-empirical equation is obtained which allows an a priori prediction of the final ice layer thickness resulting from a single drop impact, knowing the impact conditions. This capability is important for the improvement of existing ice accretion models.
Performance of a virtual source model for stereotactic radiosurgery with a dynamic micro-multileaf collimator

A virtual source model recently developed for external radiotherapy, which includes two photon sources and two electron sources, is tested for stereotactic radiosurgery with a dynamic micro-multileaf collimator. A 6 MV Elekta Precise linac incorporating a 3Dline L’Arancio dynamic micro-multileaf collimator was considered. The capabilities of the virtual source model have been tested against full simulations performed with the Monte Carlo simulation code PENELOPE, using both PENELOPE itself and the rapid Monte Carlo code DPM. The reference 10 cm × 10 cm radiation field, as well as small fields of 1.2 cm × 1.2 cm , 2.9 cm × 2.9 cm and 5.8 cm × 5.8 cm , were considered. The dynamic micro-multileaf collimator effect can be included in the virtual source model by reducing the width of the primary photon source by a factor of three. In all cases the virtual source model simulations were in very good agreement with the complete ones including the linac and collimator geometries.
A new sequential algorithm for L2-approximation and application to Monte-Carlo integration

We design a new stochastic algorithm (called SALT) that sequentially approximates a given function in L2 w.r. t. a probability measure, using a finite sample of the distribution. By increasing the sets of approximating functions and the simulation effort, we compute a L2-approximation with higher and higher accuracy. The simulation effort is tuned in a robust way that ensures the convergence under rather general conditions. Then, we apply SALT to build efficient control variates for accurate numerical integration. Examples and numerical experiments support the mathematical analysis.
Untersuchungen über Teilbarkeitseigenschaften in Körpern.

Einleitung. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Körpern, in denen Elemente als ganze Elemente ausgezeichnet sind. Als Teilbarkeitseigenschaft soll jede Eigenschaft eines solchen Körpers gelten, die sich allein mit Hilfe der in die Definition des Körperbegriffes eingehenden Begriffe und des Begriffes des ganzen Elementes formulieren läßt. Beispiel 1. Sind 1? a2,. , an und r Körperelemente, so ist entweder r ein ganzes Element, oder es ist ein Element c im Körper vorhanden, für welches ä^c, #2c, . , anc ganz sind, aber mindestens eins der Elemente ra±c, ra2c,. , ranc nicht ganz ist. Beispiel 2. Hat von den endlich vielen Kongruenzen ~r (mod a) ~s (mod b) . , in denen a, i, . und r, 5, . Körperelemente sind, jedes Paar im Körper eine gemeinsame Lösung, so gibt es ein Element des Körpers, welches allen Kongruenzen zugleich Of — r gentigt. (Dies ist eine Teilbarkeitseigenschaft; denn ==r (mod a) bedeutet ja:
Lead complementor involvement in the design of platform boundary resources: A case study of BMW's onboard apps

An increasing number of companies have implemented digital platforms to attract complementors who create innovations on the platform. Establishing such digital platforms is a challenge for incumbent companies because they lack related experience and capabilities. In particular, boundary resources that are the interface between the platform and complementors need to be well‐designed to attract complementors and keep them engaged. We propose that lead complementor involvement helps incumbent companies to improve the design of the platform boundary resources. In a multi‐year action research study, we established lead complementor involvement in the boundary resource design of a digital platform for automotive onboard apps at the BMW Group and evaluated how boundary resources improved. Along three episodes, we illustrate that lead complementor involvement was effective and we summarise our findings in four propositions: (1) lead complementor involvement facilitates platform emergence for incumbent companies by enhancing boundary resource design, (2) lead complementor involvement is more efficient in higher platform layers, (3) lead complementor involvement is facilitated by an increase of intensity and frequency of interactions between complementors and platform owner and (4) establishing a complementor community helps to continuously identify opportunities for lead complementor involvement. We contribute to the information systems literature on platform emergence and design by focusing on the process of designing boundary resources and by considering the heterogeneity of complementors. Furthermore, we contextualise the concept of lead user involvement in the domain of digital platforms and compare and contrast lead complementors and lead users.
Verification in the presence of observation errors: Bayesian point of view

Verification in the presence of observation errors is approached from the Bayesian point of view. Like data assimilation (DA), Bayesian verification is shown to have a robust foundation established by Bayesian inference. Together, DA and Bayesian verification form two difference levels of Bayesian inference. Evaluation of a model is equivalent to inference on the plausibility of this model given observations. Relative performances between different models are measured by ratios of posterior plausibilities, which becomes ratios of likelihoods in the case of no prior information. These ratios are called the Bayes factors and are the standard verification method in Bayesian model comparison. Since verification scores are used intensively in numerical weather prediction, the verification scores derived from likelihoods are proposed to replace the Bayes factors in Bayesian verification. With two requirements that the verification scores are both strictly proper and local, the logarithm score, i.e. log‐likelihood, and its linear transformation are shown to be the unique class.
The Effect of Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Enjoyment on Customer Trust and Loyalty in Online Food Delivery Service

Competition in the online food delivery industry is getting tougher. Hence, companies in the industry must increase customer trust and loyalty to continue to compete. Factors expected to increase trust and loyalty are perceived ease of use and enjoyment. The research aimed to determine whether there is an influence between perceived ease of use and enjoyment on customer loyalty in the online food delivery service industry in Indonesia, with trust as a mediating variable. The research applied a quantitative method, using SEM with WarpPLS 7.0 software. In addition, the unit of analysis was the users of online food delivery services in various cities in Indonesia with purposive sampling. Using online questionnaires, the research obtained 215 participants. Then, data analysis was done by testing the inner and outer models. The analysis results show an influence between perceived ease of use and perceived enjoyment on customer loyalty, with trust as an intervention variable. All the relationships are found to be positive. Perceived ease of use and perceived enjoyment have a positive and significant effect on the trust of online food delivery service users in Indonesia. Similarly, perceived ease of use and perceived enjoyment affect customer loyalty of online food delivery service users in Indonesia positively and significantly. Last, trust positively and significantly influences customer loyalty of online food delivery service users in Indonesia.
Context-Dependent Variable Impedance Control with Stability Guarantees

Assembly tasks pose significant challenges for robots as safety must be ensured during all physical interactions. A prominent approach for achieving this safety is impedance control, which allows the robot to respond to external forces by mimicking the behavior of a physical spring-damper system. Typically, the stiffness and damping of this spring-damper system are fixed during the execution of the controller. However, recent research has highlighted the advantages of varying robot compliance during task execution. As manually designing such variable impedance controllers is time-consuming and costly, there has been a growing interest in learning variable impedance profiles autonomously. This work addresses two challenges in current research on variable impedance control: Stability and generalization across contexts. Firstly, we propose a novel parameter transformation to guarantee stability during the entire training process. Secondly, we employ contextualized policy search to acquire context-dependent variable impedance profiles that not only depend on the current state or time but also specific task properties. Through experiments, we demonstrate that our approach is able to learn a context-dependent variable impedance controller capable of adapting its stiffness to a wide range of different friction scenarios.
The Decline of Labor Share and New Technology Diﬀusion: Implications for Markups and Monopsony Power *

We investigate the cause of the decline in labor share using highly-detailed plant-level data from the cement industry. Using information on production technology at each plant, we show that the major source of the decline is due to the diﬀusion of new technology; The labor share decreases for the plants adopting more advanced capital-intensive technology, whereas it remains steady for the plants keeping the same technology. The use of plant-level technology data is key to rejecting other potential hypotheses, such as increasing market power and monopsony power
Risks of health effects to humans in the UK from ammunition-derived lead

Lead is a toxic metal to which humans in the UK were formerly exposed through a wide range of pathways such as occupational exposure, lead plumbing, paints, petrol additives and foods. Controls on most of these sources have left dietary lead as the main pathway of lead exposure in the UK. This paper shows that ammunition-derived lead, especially from gamebird meat, is the predominant and significant cause of exposure to dietary lead in the small proportion of the UK population who eat gamebird meat frequently. Using information from surveys of gamebird meat consumption by the general population and of high-level game consumers who eat game at least once per week, we estimate minimum and maximum numbers of people who eat game and numbers of these potentially at risk of a set of adverse health outcomes. In the UK, at least one million people eat gamebird meat at least once per year and at least tens of thousands of people from the shooting community are high-level consumers of wild-shot game. Children are likely to be the most numerous group vulnerable to significant negative effects. We estimate that thousands of children in the UK per year (probably in the range 4,000 - 48,000) could be at potential risk of incurring a one point reduction in IQ or more as a result of current levels of exposure to ammunition-derived dietary lead. Numbers of adults at potential risk of incurring critical health effects appear to be smaller.
Simplex Encephalitis Imaging Findings in HIV-Related Herpes Serial Proton MR Spectroscopy and Diffusion

Summary: We report the case of pathologically proved atypical herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) in a 40-year-old male patient with AIDS who was followed up by MR imaging, which included diffusion-weighted imaging and proton MR spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS). MR revealed sparing of hippocampi and limbic cortices, necrosis of both cingulate gyri, and cerebellar involvement. Increased diffusivity and severe metabolic alterations were compatible with biopsy findings of necrotizing inflammation. Clinical recovery cor-responded with partial metabolite and diffusion normalization and a myo-inositol increase that indicated evolving gliosis formation further corroborated by immunohistochemistry results. 1 H-MRS and diffusion-weighted imaging may both support the diagnosis of HSE in patients with AIDS and help in the follow-up of necrotizing inflammation.
Solar Insolation Effect on the Local Distribution of Lunar Hydroxyl

Moon mineralogy mapper (M3)'s work proved that the moon is not completely dry but has some hydroxyl/water. M3’s data confirmed that the amount of hydroxyl on the lunar surface is inversely related to the measured signal brightness, suggesting the lunar surface is sensitive to temperature by solar insolation. We tested the effect of solar insolation on the local distribution of hydroxyl by using M3 data, and we found that most craters had more hydroxyl in shade areas than in sunlit areas. This means that the local distribution of hydroxyl is absolutely influenced by the amount of sunshine. We investigated the factors affecting differences in hydroxyl; we found that the higher the latitude, the larger the difference during daytime. We also measured the pyroxene content and found that pyroxene affects the amount of hydroxyl, but it does not affect the difference in hydroxyl between sunlit and shaded areas. Therefore, we confirmed that solar insolation plays a significant role in the local distribution of hydroxyl, regardless of surface composition.
Adaptive quantised control of switched stochastic strict‐feedback non‐linear systems with asymmetric input saturation

The adaptive quantised tracking problem is addressed for a class of switched stochastic strict-feedback non-linear systems with asymmetrical input saturation in this study. With the aid of a Gaussian error function-based continuous differentiable switching model and some special techniques, the technical difficulties from dealing with the switching asymmetric saturation non-linearities and the sector-bounded quantisation errors are overcome. Then, by combining the common Lyapunov function method, backstepping technique and neural network approximation-based approach, a simple common adaptive tracking control scheme involving one adaptive parameter only is presented for such systems under arbitrary switching. The given quantised control scheme guarantees that all signals of the closed-loop system are semi-globally bounded in probability while the tracking error can converge to a small neighbourhood of the origin. Finally, simulation studies are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed control design.
Projections of Definitive Screening Designs by Dropping Columns: Selection and Evaluation

Abstract–Definitive screening designs permit the study of many quantitative factors in a few runs more than twice the number of factors. In practical applications, researchers often require a design for m quantitative factors, construct a definitive screening design for more than m factors and drop the superfluous columns. This is done when the number of runs in the standard m-factor definitive screening design is considered too limited or when no standard definitive screening design (sDSD) exists for m factors. In these cases, it is common practice to arbitrarily drop the last columns of the larger design. In this article, we show that certain statistical properties of the resulting experimental design depend on the exact columns dropped and that other properties are insensitive to these columns. We perform a complete search for the best sets of 1–8 columns to drop from sDSDs with up to 24 factors. We observed the largest differences in statistical properties when dropping four columns from 8- and 10-factor definitive screening designs. In other cases, the differences are small, or even nonexistent.
The Financial Origins of Non-Fundamental Risk

We formalize the idea that the financial sector can be a source of non-fundamental risk. Households' desire to hedge against price volatility can generate price volatility in equilibrium, even absent fundamental risk. Fearing that asset prices may fall, risk-averse households demand safe assets from leveraged intermediaries, whose issuance of safe assets exposes the economy to self-fulfilling fire sales. Policy can eliminate nonfundamental risk by (i) increasing the supply of publicly backed safe assets, through issuing government debt or bailing out intermediaries, or (ii) reducing the demand for safe assets, through social insurance or by acting as a market maker of last resort.
Religious involvement across Europe: Examining its measurement comparability

Religion permeates many aspects of individuals’ lives and interplays with a multitude of other theoretical constructs of interest for researchers. The cross-national European Social Survey (ESS) includes the Religious Involvement scale for the comparative study of religiosity. However, the cross-national comparability of this scale has been investigated only occasionally. The current study examined the measurement invariance of the Religious Involvement scale across ESS countries in nine survey rounds (2002–2018). Our findings demonstrated that exact measurement invariance across all countries was not supported by the data, however approximate invariance could be established using the alignment procedure. The frequency of praying item was more invariant than the frequency of religious attendance and self-assessed religiosity indicators. Finally, we listed the comparable estimates of a mean country religious involvement. We conclude that the Religious Involvement scale in the ESS can be confidently used for the comparative study of religious involvement relying on the means estimated with the alignment method.
SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF THE NEUMANN-POINCAR ´E OPERATOR AND CLOAKING BY ANOMALOUS LOCALIZED RESONANCE: A REVIEW

A BSTRACT . This is a review paper on recent development on the spectral theory of the Neumann-Poincar´e operator. The topics to be covered are convergence rate of eigenvalues of the Neumann-Poincar´e operator and surface localization of the single layer potentials of its eigenfunctions. Study on these topics is motivated by their relations with the cloaking by anomalous localized resonance. We review on this topic as well.
Erd˝os-Hajnal for graphs with no 5-hole

The Erd˝os-Hajnal conjecture says that for every graph H there exists τ > 0 such that every graph G not containing H as an induced subgraph has a clique or stable set of cardinality at least | G | τ . We prove that this is true when H is a cycle of length ﬁve. We also prove several further results: for instance, that if C is a cycle and H is the complement of a forest, there exists τ > 0 such that every graph G containing neither of C, H as an induced subgraph has a clique or stable set of cardinality at least | G | τ .
The role of Sinorhizobium meliloti Type IVb pili protein on legume The role of Sinorhizobium meliloti Type IVb pili protein on legume nodule morphology and infection nodule morphology and infection

The symbiotic relationship between legumes and rhizobial soil bacteria leads to the conversion of nitrogen gas to biologically available forms of nitrogen. A critical step in this interaction is bacterial attachment to the host root. A variety of factors are involved in attachment, such as the Type IV pili (Tfp). In pathogens, Tfpb mediates tight adherence to host cells, promoting colonization, however in symbiotic interactions, the role of Tfpb–encoded by pilA genes–is not well understood. To assess the role of Tfpb pili during symbiosis, Melilotus alba plants were inoculated with wild type Sinorhizobium meliloti or ΔpilA deletion mutants; roots were harvested at different stages of development. Plants inoculated with ΔpilA mutants showed abnormalities in root nodule development, including patchy infection patterns, irregularly shaped nodules, and clusters of partially infected or uninfected nodules. However, when evaluating plant growth overall, the plants infected with ΔpilA mutants looked comparable, if not healthier than the wild type controls, indicating that the nodule abnormalities caused by the pilA deficiency might be beneficial; the nodule clusters might ultimately accommodate more bacteria to fix nitrogen. Expression of genes associated with plant defense and symbiosis was also evaluated. Preliminary results indicate that plants inoculated with ΔpilA mutants have reduced expression of DNF2 , a gene that is necessary for the development and maintenance of nodules.
A Replication Study of the Impact of Impulsivity on Risky Cybersecurity Behaviors

Hadlington (2017) conducted a survey using respondents from the United Kingdom (UK) to examine the relationship between the three dimensions of impulsivity and risky cybersecurity behavior. His results showed that risky cybersecurity behavior was positively correlated to attentional impulsivity and motor impulsivity, but was negatively correlated with non-planning impulsivity. He also examined the relationship between internet addiction and attitude towards cybersecurity, and, risky cybersecurity behaviors. Our longer term goal is to conduct research to gain an in-depth understanding of the role of impulsivity in cybersecurity. Towards this end, we conducted a methodological replication of the Hadlington study to determine the generalizability of his results for respondents from a different country, i.e., USA. Our replication confirmed most of the correlations between the variables in Hadlington’s study, though there are some differences that need further examination. We further explored the data in search of meaningful patterns in risky cybersecurity behaviors scale and its relationship with different impulsivity components. Our exploratory analysis suggests a need for a typology of cybersecurity behaviors. Overall, we see a sufficient basis to pursue research on the effects of impulsivity on risky security behaviors.