Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An experimental investigation into the response of New Zealand sand dune species to different depths of burial by sand.

SUMMARY Thirty species found on New Zealand sand dunes were used in an experiment to investigate plant responses to burial. Plants were grown in four different treatments: surface (no burial), burial to two-thirds plant height, fully buried and full burial plus a further third of plant height, for 15 weeks. Over half the species were little affected in their biomass until fully buried. Shoot:root ratios usually decreased with burial depth, though six species showed increases. In Ammophila arenaria, the common dune builder, tillering occurred after partial burial but plant biomass was much lower than in surface plants. Full burial usually killed the plant, though some were still alive at the lowest depth. The ability to stay alive in mobile dunes is important. Of the other grasses examined, many perennial species survived partial burial, though full sand cover killed most. Many annual grasses, e.g. Bromus diandrus and Lagurus ovatus, were intolerant of even partial burial. The plastic nature of the morphological development of many species was emphasized. This was quantified to some extent for some species using leaf:stem ratios. Two species, A. arenaria and Desmoschoenus spiralis, had decreased ratios as the stem elongated in response to burial. The ratio increased, however, in Hydrocotyle novae-zelandia as the petiole lengthened. Morphological effects were varied; creeping herbs responded well to burial, with some, e.g. Centella uniflora growing up to the surface from fully plus a third buried. Burial often produced elongation of stems, e.g. in Lupinus arboreus and Euphorbia glauca. In Phormium tenax new leaves growing buried by the sand were a crinkled zig-zag shape. Correlations between burial response and field positions from four sand dune systems in southern New Zealand were mostly non-significant. However, at Cole Creek on the West Coast, positive partial burial responses were significantly negatively correlated to distance from the sea. Tolerance of sand deposition appears to be as necessary for rear dune species as it is for those of the front dunes.
The Economic Origins of Government

We test between cooperative and extractive theories of the origins of government. We use river shifts in southern Iraq as a natural experiment, in a new archeological panel dataset. A shift away creates a local demand for a government to coordinate because private river irrigation needs to be replaced with public canals. It disincentivizes local extraction as land is no longer productive without irrigation. Consistent with a cooperative theory of government, a river shift away led to state formation, canal construction, and the payment of tribute. We argue that the first governments coordinated between extended households which implemented public good provision. (JEL D72, H11, H41, N45, N55, Q15)
An estimation of the optimum temporal resolution for monitoring vegetation condition on a nationwide scale using MODIS/Terra data

Monitoring vegetation condition is an important issue in the Mediterranean region, in terms of both securing food and preventing fires. The recent abundance of remotely sensed data, such as the daily availability of MODIS imagery, raises the issue of appropriate temporal sampling when monitoring vegetation: under‐sampling may not accurately describe the phenomenon under consideration, whilst over‐sampling would increase the cost of the project without additional benefit. The aim of this work is to estimate the optimum temporal resolution for vegetation monitoring on a nationwide scale using 250 m MODIS/Terra daily images and composites. Specific objectives include: (i) an investigation into the optimum temporal resolution for monitoring vegetation condition during the dry season on a nationwide scale using time‐series analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI, datasets, (ii) an investigation into whether this temporal resolution differs between the two major vegetation categories of natural and managed vegetation, and (iii) a quality assessment of multi‐temporal NDVI composites following the proposed optimum temporal resolution. A time‐series of daily NDVI data is developed for Greece using MODIS/Terra 250 m imagery. After smoothing to remove noise and cloud influence, it is subjected to temporal autocorrelation analysis, and its level of significance is the adopted objective function. In addition, NDVI composites are created at various temporal resolutions and compared using qualitative criteria. Results indicate that the proposed optimum temporal resolution is different for managed and natural vegetation. Finally, quality assessment of the multi‐temporal NDVI composites reveals that compositing at the proposed optimum temporal resolution could derive products that are useful for operational monitoring of vegetation.
A Hybrid Solar-RF Energy Harvesting System Based on an EM4325-Embedded RFID Tag

This paper presents the deployment of a hybrid energy harvesting system that combines a wireless energy harvesting (EH) system and a 6 V, 170 mA monocrystalline solar energy derived from the Sun’s rays. The hybrid energy harvesting (HEH) system comprises the rectifier, the solar cell panel, the charging circuit, and the EM4325 embedded RFID tag. This study aims to design an efficient EH system capable of increasing the read range of an active RFID tag. The proposed approach integrates a meandered line radio frequency identification (RFID) tag with an EM4325 IC chip as the receiver antenna. A halfwave doubler RF rectifier circuit is connected to the antenna using a 50 Ω SMA connector to convert the captured RF waves into usable electrical power. A solar energy charging module equipped with a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) system, a rechargeable lithium-ion battery, and a DC-DC converter is configured to manage and store the harvested energy efficiently. The UHF tag antenna operates at 919 MHz, achieving a peak gain of 3.54 dB. The proposed rectenna achieves a maximum measured harvested power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 55.14% for an input power (Pin) of 15 dBm at a distance of 5.10 cm, while the solar cell panel realizes 3.92 W of power. Experimental results demonstrate the hybrid harvester system’s effectiveness, achieving a PCE of 86.49% at an output voltage (VDC) of 5.35 V. The main advantage of this approach is the creation of a compact hybrid RF and solar EH system by combining the solar cell panel with the antenna, thus enabling multi-functionality.
Sodium weakening of heavitree quartzite: Preliminary results

The electronic band structure of quartz is altered by the presence of small amounts of impurities such as aluminum, transition metals, alkalies or H2O. Silicon and oxygen selfdiffusion are enhanced by an increase in the concentration of ionized defects such as charged oxygen vacancies or silicon interstitials due to HOH acting as a shallow electronic acceptor. Sodium, by contrast, is a shallow electronic donor and retards the diffusion of these species. To evaluate the effect of the sodium dopant on strength we performed a simple creep experiment (two runs, P = 1.5 GPa, T = 1073, 1163°K, σ = 0.2 to 1 GPa) on, Heavitree quartzite (.2 mm grain size) containing 350 ppm at. Na. These doped samples deformed 10 times faster than equivalent undoped ones (at the same stress and temperature). Simple diffusion-control of the creep rate is therefore unlikely but an alternative proposed by Hirsch seems consistent with the data. Using Hirsch's model, the weakening could be interpreted as due to an increase in the dislocation glide velocity through an increase of the charged kink population. This implies electronic transfers are strongly influenced by the nature and the abundance of the impurities (including hydroxyls). Sodium could favour the nucleation of negatively Charged kinks. Although this is preliminary and was performed using specimens containing grain boundaries and other impurities (Al), we decided to report it rapidly because of its importance to geology: rocks (like quartzites in this example) not only carry water, but also many different impurities which certainly affect their strengths.
Integrative single-cell transcriptomic investigation unveils long non-coding RNAs associated with localized cellular inflammation in psoriasis

Psoriasis is a complex, chronic autoimmune disorder predominantly affecting the skin. Accumulating evidence underscores the critical role of localized cellular inflammation in the development and persistence of psoriatic skin lesions, involving cell types such as keratinocytes, mesenchymal cells, and Schwann cells. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), known to regulate gene expression across various cellular processes, have been particularly implicated in immune regulation. We utilized our neural-network learning pipeline to integrate 106,675 cells from healthy human skin and 79,887 cells from psoriatic human skin. This formed the most extensive cell transcriptomic atlas of human psoriatic skin to date. The robustness of our reclassified cell-types, representing full-layer zonation in human skin, was affirmed through neural-network learning-based cross-validation. We then developed a publicly available website to present this integrated dataset. We carried out analysis for differentially expressed lncRNAs, co-regulated gene patterns, and GO-bioprocess enrichment, enabling us to pinpoint lncRNAs that modulate localized cellular inflammation in psoriasis at the single-cell level. Subsequent experimental validation with skin cell lines and primary cells from psoriatic skin confirmed these lncRNAs’ functional role in localized cellular inflammation. Our study provides a comprehensive cell transcriptomic atlas of full-layer human skin in both healthy and psoriatic conditions, unveiling a new regulatory mechanism that governs localized cellular inflammation in psoriasis and highlights the therapeutic potential of lncRNAs in this disease’s management.
GEOLOGY OF THE VICTORVILLE REGION, CALIFORNIA

Late Precambrian and Paleozoic strata of the Cordilleran continental margin (miogeocline) form a westward-thickening wedge of sedimentary rocks in the southern Great Basin region (Stewart, 1970). Facies boundaries and isopachs of these rocks can be traced across this region into the eastern Mojave Desert, southeastern California, where these older trends are crosscut by the younger, Mesozoic-age magmatic arc terrane (Fig. 1). Miogeoclinal rocks involved in the Cordilleran fold-and-thrust belt in the eastern Mojave Desert become more highly deformed and metamorphosed southwestward as the magnatic arc is approached. The geologic complexity of the central and western Mojave Desert, however, has posed a major stumbling block in attempts to reconstruct the paleogeography and tectonic history of the southern part of the Cordilleran orogenic belt. In the central and western Mojave Desert, bed-rock exposures consist chiefly to Tertiary volcanic rocks and Mesozoic granitic rocks. Because of the lack of exposure of older rocks in this terrrane, the southwestward continuation of miogeoclinal facies and isopach trends and the timing and nature of structural events in this region are very poorly known in comparison to what is known about the eastern Mojave Desert region.
Leadership as an Enabler of Innovation Climate and Innovative Work Behavior in Indonesia’s Public Libraries

ABSTRACT Organizations play an important role in the continuity of a good work environment. This study aims to determine the types of leadership influence the innovative behavior of librarians in public libraries and innovation climate influences the innovative behavior of librarians in public libraries. This study using qualitative methods and was conducted in several public libraries in Indonesia. The respondents are the librarian in Malang City public Library, Gunung Kidul public Library, and Yogyakarta Special Region public Library. The research found that transformational leadership impact to librarian innovative behavior and innovation climate in Indonesia's public library.
Summer hemisphere differences in temperature and transport in the lower stratosphere

Lower stratospheric temperatures during southern hemisphere summer are found to be warmer than at the same latitude poleward of the equator during northern hemisphere summer. Coincident with such warmer temperatures is a stronger residual circulation as calculated from radiative heating rates computed using as input observations from the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS). Such a summertime asymmetry in extratropical downwelling in the lower stratosphere does not appear in the residual circulation calculated via the downward control technique based on National Meteorological Center (NMC) analyses. Computing the residual circulation with the downward control technique using Eliassen-Palm flux divergences based on assimilated winds and temperatures does yield the above noted summertime hemispheric asymmetry in downward extratropical mass transport, although not as pronounced as with the radiative calculation. It is proposed that smaller-scale zonal forces due to gravity waves, absent in the NMC downward control calculation, may be important for driving the southern hemisphere summer circulation in the lower stratosphere.
Survival of majoritic garnet in diamond by direct kimberlite ascent from deep mantle

Majoritic garnets discovered as diamond inclusion in several localities originated from the deep upper mantle or the mantle transition zone. Some of them show evidence of partial transformation to low‐pressure phases of pyropic garnet and clinopyroxene during transportation to the Earth's surface. The degree of partial transformation can be used potentially as a unique speedometer on the average ascent rate of diamond through the entire upper mantle. Here we present experimental results on the back transformation kinetics of majoritic garnet into pyropic garnet and clinopyroxene by time‐resolved in‐situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction measurements. We observed that back transformation occurs by grain‐boundary nucleation and diffusion‐controlled growth at 6.5–7.5 GPa and 1020–1300°C. The transformation mechanisms are similar to those observed in natural diamond. The temperature dependence of diffusion‐controlled growth rates were determined from the kinetic data obtained, which was used to constrain the survival time of majoritic garnet in diamond. We found that the ascending velocity in the normal mantle convection is far too slow to satisfy the time limitation for the survival of majoritic garnet, indicating that such diamonds have been transported directly from the deep mantle by the rapid kimberlite magma within a few days.
Investigating Future Arctic Sea Ice Loss and Near‐Surface Wind Speed Changes Related to Surface Roughness Using the Community Earth System Model

The Arctic is undergoing a pronounced and rapid transformation in response to changing greenhouse gasses, including reduction in sea ice extent and thickness. There are also projected increases in near‐surface Arctic wind. This study addresses how the winds trends may be driven by changing surface roughness and/or stability in different Arctic regions and seasons, something that has not yet been thoroughly investigated. We analyze 50 experiments from the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2) Large Ensemble and five experiments using CESM2 with an artificially decreased sea ice roughness to match that of the open ocean. We find that with a smoother surface there are higher mean wind speeds and slower mean ice speeds in the autumn, winter, and spring. The artificially reduced surface roughness also strongly impacts the wind speed trends in autumn and winter, and we find that atmospheric stability changes are also important contributors to driving wind trends in both experiments. In contrast to the clear impacts on winds, the sea ice mean state and trends are statistically indistinguishable, suggesting that near‐surface winds are not major drivers of Arctic sea ice loss. Two major results of this work are: (a) the near‐surface wind trends are driven by changes in both surface roughness and near‐surface atmospheric stability that are themselves changing from sea ice loss, and (b) the sea ice mean state and trends are driven by the overall warming trend due to increasing greenhouse gas emissions and not significantly impacted by coupled feedbacks with the surface winds.
Implementing ecological compensation in New Zealand: stakeholder perspectives and a way forward

Ecological compensation is widely used, and often criticised, for promulgating poor outcomes for biodiversity. There is a lack of systematic research on ecological compensation and, to date, limited research globally into the perspectives of the various stakeholders involved. We undertook 116 semi-structured interviews with practitioners working with ecological compensation in New Zealand. Participants consider that benefits to biodiversity are the chief attraction of ecological compensation (49.2% of all responses), with the disadvantages mainly relating to the difficulties of practical implementation of the concept. Our results also show that 96.5% of participants support the concept fully or to a limited extent and most (83%) participants consider that it contributes to sustainable management, with significant support (87.9%) for a statutory approach. Formal statutory guidance at a national level in New Zealand, and an increased focus upon follow-up and monitoring, is considered likely to generate more robust exchanges.
Dissolved organic matter and terrestrial‐lotic linkages in the Central Amazon Basin of Brazil

We evaluate the hypothesis that decomposition and adsorption reactions operating in upland soils of headwater catchments control the concentration and composition of dissolved and fine particulate organic matter in rivers of the Amazon basin. In two contrasting first‐order catchments characteristic of the central Amazon basin, we analyzed plant, litter, soil, groundwater, and stream water chemistry. Our results indicate that clear and persistent differences exist in the concentration and elemental composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in stream waters and groundwaters from the two catchments, due mainly to corresponding differences in soil texture and chemistry. Within the more oxide and clay rich Oxisols underlying terra firme forest, groundwater DOM concentrations were uniformly low (120 μMC) and C/N ratios averaged 10. Conversely, within the oxide and clay deficient Spodosols underlying campinarana forest, groundwater DOM concentrations were greatly elevated (3000 μMC), and C/N ratios averaged near 60. We found that, in the terra firme/Oxisol terrain, the majority of DOM contributions to the stream derived from the riparian zone, while in the campinarana/Spodosol terrain, upland groundwater contributions could account for the concentration and composition of DOM in the stream. The implications of our findings are that in the terra firme terrains which dominate the region, upland soil profiles are not the site of definitive processes which impart compositional signatures to organic matter carried by the largest rivers of the Amazon basin, as was hypothesized. Instead, we suggest that definitive reactions are focused primarily in the river corridor.
Extensional shear zones, granitic melts, and linkage of overstepping normal faults bounding the Shuswap metamorphic core complex, British Columbia

An investigation of a normal-fault system in the southern Canadian Cordillera documents extensional shear zones exhumed from the middle crust, including the root of a transfer zone between overstepping fault segments in which shearing was enhanced by leucogranitic melts. The western margin of the Shuswap metamorphic core complex is delimited by west-dipping, ductile-brittle normal faults of the Eocene Okanagan Valley fault system. Migmatites with gently dipping mylonitic fabrics have been exhumed in the footwalls of the Okanagan-Eagle River and Adams-North Thompson fault segments. The mylonitic fabrics formed in upper amphibolite facies, continued to evolve in greenschist facies, and display asymmetric features that consistently indicate westward movement of the hanging wall. The Shuswap Lake transfer zone is a 45-km-wide left stepover between the two fault segments where a domed mylonitic shear zone has been exhumed and cut by high-angle brittle faults. Mylonites in the transfer zone display the same sense of shear as the mylonites that are associated with the overstepping fault segments. All of these mylonites are interpreted as having formed in a mid-crustal shear zone in which the fault system was rooted. The mylonites in the transfer zone are distinct, however, in that they formed in leucogranite (the Pukeashun granite). Structural relationships imply that the leucogranitic melts were emplaced during extensional shearing and that their distribution may have been influenced by preexisting structures in both the footwall and the hanging wall of the system. The melts in turn controlled the evolution of the transfer zone, facilitating the processes of heterogeneous extension, footwall doming, and differential exhumation.
The effect of canopy-snow on the energy balance above a coniferous forest

To evaluate an interactive effect of snow on energy exchange between the forest and atmosphere, the energy balance above a forest was measured continuously between February and April of 1997 in the Hitsujigaoka Experimental Forest, Sapporo, northern Japan. The forest was a dense. 23-year-old, coniferous plantation. The study site had frequent snowfalls and the canopy was frequently covered with snow during the study period. Snow-cover on the canopy was monitored daily using a photo-camera mounted above the canopy, and the fraction of the snow-covered area on the canopy was determined as an index of the canopy-snow condition. Turbulent energy fluxes above the canopy were measured using the eddy and band-pass covariance method. The diurnal courses of the measurements showed that turbulent fluxes were sensitive to the snow on the canopy. Latent heat fluxes dominated above the snow-covered canopy and sensible heat flux prevailed above the snowfree canopy. The effect of the canopy-snow on turbulent energy exchange was examined using the evaporative efficiency for the canopy-layer in an energy balance model composed of two sources of vapor fluxes. The evaporative efficiency changed dynamically according to the canopy-snow condition in the short terms and could be positively related to the extension of the snow-covered area on the canopy. A quantitative relationship was empirically determined between the evaporative efficiency and the fraction of the canopy-snow area. The snowcover season in the study site can be classified into the following two types of turbulent flux composition: (1) in mid-winter, when the canopy was snow-covered, latent heat flux dominated and the Bowen ratio was positive and low; (2) during the snowmelt season, sensible heat flux from the dry canopy prevailed and the Bowen ratio was much larger than in mid-winter.