Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Treatise on the Isoptera of the World

ABSTRACT A comprehensive compendium on the taxonomy and biology of the 3106 living and fossil species of the worlds termites is presented, along with reviews of Isoptera morphology and evolution, identification keys, the history of termite systematics, and summary of the worlds 363 significant pest species. A complete bibliography is provided of nearly 5000 references covering virtually all aspects of termite taxonomy and biology through December 2011. The morphology of Isoptera is thoroughly reviewed and illustrated with original scanning electron micrographs and photomicrographs, covering the cuticular anatomy and those internal organs that are taxonomically and phylogenetically significant, including several new character systems. Terminology is presented for the systems of tibial spines and spurs so as to establish homologs. Keys are presented to the nine living families of termites, and the world subfamilies and genera of Archotermopsidae, Hodotermitidae, Kalotermitidae, Mastotermitidae, Rhinotermiti.
Teores de proteína bruta em dietas práticas para juvenis de carpa capim

The response of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) juveniles to crude protein (CP) levels in practical diets was evaluated in an experiment with 120 juveniles and 80 days of feeding. The diets containing porcine meat meal, soybean meal, corn and wheat meal, with 22, 30, 36, or 44% CP. Ten juveniles (153.0±1.5 g) per tank (850L) were fed twice daily with pelleted feed (3% of biomass). Linear effect of CP on final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, carcass and fillet yield, coefficient of protein retention, protein efficiency rate, deposition of fat and protein, and hematocrit were observed. It was also observed effect on triglycerides and total cholesterol in blood, indicating that dietary protein was being used as energy source. Feed conversion ratio and fat content in whole fish showed quadratic effect, with maximum points at 40.6 and 37.1% CP, respectively. The best CP content for grass carp in growing phase was 44%, and the variation of protein content in diet changed the metabolism of grass carp juveniles, reflected in blood and carcass parameters.
Land Use Impact on Microbial and Biochemical Indicators in Agroecosystems of the Brazilian Cerrado

Microbial and biochemical properties are of great importance in soil quality evaluation. In Brazil, and especially in the cerrado (Brazilian savanna), benchmarking studies are needed to assess the impacts of land use on microbial and biochemical indicators. This study aimed to compare the impacts of land use on the microbial, chemical, and biochemical properties of the soil under Cerrado (CE), 32‐yr‐old pine forest (PF) and 11‐yr‐old no‐till (NT). Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0 to 10 cm in January, June, and December of 2008 and were evaluated based on chemical properties, basal respiration, soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and enzymes (β‐glucosidase, dehydrogenase and acid, neutral, and alkaline phosphatases). Comparative analysis of respiratory activity and MBC showed that the NT system had a positive effect and PF a negative one relative to the reference CE. NT soil management practices improve quality mainly by benefiting chemical characteristics (C and N), increasing MBC, and increasing microbial activity relative to CE and PF. Soil enzymatic activity (dehydrogenase, β‐glucosidase and phosphatase) was lower in PF and higher in NT than in CE. Principal component analysis showed that indicator variability, regarding soil sampling period, was higher in NT than in either PF or CE. In conclusion, we recommend β‐glucosidase and MBC as indicators of the impacts of land use practices.
Detection of haplotypic variation and natural hybridization in halepensis‐complex pine species using chloroplast simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers

In this investigation, nine chloroplast, paternally inherited simple‐sequence repeat (cpSSR) markers were used to describe genetic variation of three closely related species belonging to the halepensis complex (Pinus halepensis Ait., P. brutia Mill. and P. eldarica Medwed.). Both the infinite allele model (IAM) and stepwise‐mutation model (SMM) have been applied to the analysis of the genetic structure of natural populations and the geographical distribution of haplotypic variation. SMM‐based estimators performed better than IAM‐based estimators for large values of within‐population diversity and divergence between population pairs. Overall, large haplotypic variation and high genetic divergence were detected for both P. halepensis and P. brutia. The genetic structures of the three species are discussed with consideration to the evolutionary and ecological characteristics of these species. Three highly informative markers showing size variants distinguishing P. halepensis from the other two species were used to provide more information on the occurrence of natural hybridization in a Turkish sympatric population of P. halepensis and P. brutia. Strong evidence of introgression of ‘halepensis’ chloroplast haplotypes into P. brutia seeds (but not vice versa) was detected. According to previous evidence from controlled crossings, matings between the above species seem to be successful only when P. halepensis is the pollen donor and P. brutia is the female parent (but not reciprocally). The existence of unidirectional gene flow in sympatric populations confirms previous evidence about partial reproductive barriers between P. halepensis and P. brutia. Implications of the above evidence for the evolutionary history of these species are discussed.
Patterns of spatial variation of nutrient content, epiphyte load and shoot size of Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows (Mediterranean Sea)

Knowledge of patterns of spatial variability of vegetative development, epiphyte load and nutrient availability in seagrass meadows is essential for the adequate design of research and environmental monitoring programmes. Differences in shoot size, epiphyte load and nutrient content of leaves and epiphytes of the Mediterranean endemic seagrass Posidonia oceanica at spatial scales ranging from metres to hundreds of metres are evaluated using a hierarchical nested sampling design. The size and epiphyte load of P. oceanica shoots and the nitrogen and phosphorus content of leaves and epiphytes were different in most of the spatial scales considered. Sampling efforts concentrated at the metre scale incorporated most of the variability in size, epiphyte load and nutrient content of the leaves and epiphytes of P. oceanica shoots. Epiphyte load showed no correlation with nutrient content in the epiphytes or in the leaves. However, epiphyte load and shoot size were negatively correlated, which suggests that light penetration in the canopy may be a main determinant of epiphyte load.
Area and species selection by wild ungulates in coastal sour grasslands of Mkambati Game Reserve, Transkei, southern Africa

Summary Selection for particular areas and species by wild ungulates was assessed using ground survey and visual estimates of herbage removal through grazing. In general, the levels of herbivory were low (< 5%), except in grazing lawns. The Cymbopogon validus-Digitaria natalensis Community experienced the greatest intensities of herbivory. There were marked seasonal changes in the intensity and pattern of herbivory, with the inclusion of more species and necromass material during the dry winter months. This was influenced by fire. Species were grouped into response classes according to hypothetical changes in herbivore preference ratios with maturation of the sward following a fire. Resume On a estime la selection par des ongules sauvages de zones et d'especes vegetales particulieres en exercant une observation au sol et en faisant des estimations visuelles de la quantite d'herbe broutee. En general, les taux d'herbivorie sont bas (5%), sauf dans les gazons pâtures. La communauteCymbopogon validus-Digitaria natalensis subissait l'intensite d'herbivorie la plus elevee. Il y avait des differences saisonnieres marquees dans l'intensite et le type d'herbivorie, y compris la consommation d'un plus grand nombre d'especes et de plus de matiere seche pendant les mois secs de l'hiver. Ceci etait influence par le feu. On a regroupe les especes en differentes classes en fonction de changements hypothetiques des taux de preference tout au long de la repousse du gazon apres le feu.
FIELD PERFORMANCE AT SALINE-AFFECTED SITES OF A SOMACLONAL VARIANT OF MCGREGOR FLAX SELECTED FOR SALT TOLERANCE IN VITRO

The response to salinity of a tissue culture derived, salt-tolerant selection (STS) of flax (Linum usitatissimum) was measured at three saline-affected field sites in Saskatchewan in 1985 and 1986. Two experiments were conducted at each site in each year. Experiment A compared the plant population, dry matter yield and seed yield of STS to its parent cultivar McGregor. Experiment B compared the plant establishment, growth rates, days to flower, days to mature and seed yield per plant of STS, McGregor and the cultivar Noralta which has a maturity similar to STS. The seed yield of McGregor was greater than that of STS in both saline and nonsaline conditions and was significantly less affected by salinity than STS. However, when equal numbers of seeds were sown, more STS plants survived to maturity than either McGregor or Noralta. The decrease in seed yield per plant with increasing salinity was usually greater for McGregor and Noralta than STS and sometimes significantly so. The maturity differences among M.
Use of CTAB as a cost-effective solution to an old problem: the interference of the mucilage of desmids for scanning electron microscopy

Tavera R. and Calderón E. 2013. Use of CTAB as a cost-effective solution to an old problem: the interference of the mucilage of desmids for scanning electron microscopy. Phycologia 52: 422–425. DOI: 10.2216/13–133.1 Observation of desmids in a scanning electron microscope is a problem due to abundant extracellular mucilage. The mucilage is deposited around the cells and appears as a fibrous material after drying. We compared two reagents for pretreating cells before drying. Formalin acetoalcohol, which has been used as a pretreatment, was compared with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), which has been used as a mucilage treatment in plants and algae. From our results, we recommend CTAB, which is readily available, inexpensive, does not require special safety handling, and is able to remove many adhering bacteria.
Nematicidal activity of powder and extracts of Melia azedarach fruits against Meloidogyne incognita

Pulverised lyophilised (dehydrated) Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) fruits (PMF) were tested in a dose-response pot experiment against juveniles (J2) of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Successively, with different extraction procedures, a polar (melia methanol extract, MME) and a nonpolar (melia oil, MO) fragments were obtained and their effects were tested on nematode motility and development, in dose and time response bioassays and pot experiments. An EC 50 value was calculated for all experiments. A dose―response effect was found in pot bioassays using PMF and, after an incubation period of 24 and 48 h, the EC 50 values were calculated at 0.41% and 0.34% w/w, respectively. Motility bioassays revealed a dose and time dependent response effect, after exposure to MME, but not to MO. Doses of MME higher than 0.08% were nematicidal, whereas lower ones were nematostatic (the loss of motility as a result of the presence of the substance was reversible). In a pot experiment, MME doses higher than 2.5% w/w caused 100% nematode control with EC 50 value of 0.916% w/w.
Seed Cryopreservation of Some Medicinal Legumes

Seed survival after storage in liquid nitrogen (–196°C) was examined in 12 wild medicinal legume species occurred Far East of Russia. Dry seeds of all species survived cryostorage without loss of viability. Initial germinability varied from 3 to 85%. The stimulatory effect of cryogenic temperature on germination, with or without subsequent chemical scarification, was observed in all species studied with deep physical dormancy or heterogeneous levels of hardseededness. Frozen seeds demonstrated higher germination percentages (the percentage of germinated seeds) and germination rates (time for first seed to germinate (T0) and time required (in days) to reach 50% of the final germination percentage (T50)) than the control ones. The anomalous seedlings were not observed after storage of seeds in liquid nitrogen. This study shows that cryostorage may be successfully applied for conservation of native species without detrimental effects on germination and growth.
Evaluation of Some Litter Traits and Heritability Estimates of Nigerian Indigenous Pigs

Cumulative litter records of 1494 progeny from 257 litters produced by 30 sires and 87 sows of Nigerian indigenous pigs (NIP) from the Swine Unit of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching and Research Farm for a period of fourteen years (1977-1990) were used for this study. Data were analysed with the use of SAS (1997), litter trait means and their heritability were estimated with the use of variance component analysis. Results showed that, mean birth weight and weaning weight were 0.93 ± 0.02 kg, and 4.03 ± 0.55 kg respectively, and the litter weights at birth and weaning were 5.44 ± 0.12 kg and 23.39 ± 0.55 kg. The mean litter sizes at birth and at weaning were 5.82 ± 0.11 and 5.53 ± 0.11 respectively. The heritability estimates were 0.00 ± 0.04 for litter size at weaning and 0.37 ± 0.12 for weaning weight. Others were 0.36 ± 0.09, 0.29 ± 0.07, 0.24 ± 0.07 and 0.27 ± 0.07 for birth weight, litter birth weight, litter size at birth and litter weaning weight respectively. It was concluded that individual selection may be appropriate for genetic improvement of birth weight and weaning weight while family selection may be effective for litter birth weight, litter size at birth and litter weaning weight for the NIP. Key words : Litter traits, heritability estimates, Nigerian Indigenous Pigs, Sows
Isolation and Characterization of a Thermophilic Strain of Methanosarcina Unable to Use H2-CO2 for Methanogenesis

A thermophilic strain of Methanosarcina, designated Methanosarcina strain TM-1, was isolated from a laboratory-scale 55°C anaerobic sludge digestor by the Hungate roll-tube technique. Penicillin and d-cycloserine, inhibitors of peptidoglycan synthesis, were used as selective agents to eliminate contaminating non-methanogens. Methanosarcina strain TM-1 had a temperature optimum for methanogenesis near 50°C and grew at 55°C but not at 60°C. Substrates used for methanogenesis and growth by Methanosarcina strain TM-1 were acetate (12-h doubling time), methanol (7- to 10-h doubling time), methanol-acetate mixtures (5-h doubling time), methylamine, and trimethylamine. When radioactively labeled acetate was the sole methanogenic substrate added to the growth medium, it was predominantly split to methane and carbon dioxide. When methanol was also present in the medium, the metabolism of acetate shifted to its oxidation and incorporation into cell material. Electrons derived from acetate oxidation apparently were used to reduce methanol. H2-CO2 was not used for growth and methanogenesis by Methanosarcina strain TM-1. When presented with both H2-CO2 and methanol, Methanosarcina strain TM-1 was capable of limited hydrogen metabolism during growth on methanol, but hydrogen metabolism ceased once the methanol was depleted. Methanosarcina strain TM-1 required a growth factor (or growth factors) present in the supernatant of anaerobic digestor sludge. Growth factor requirements and the inability to use H2-CO2 are characteristics not found in other described Methanosarcina strains. The high numbers of Methanosarcina-like clumps in sludges from thermophilic digestors and the fast generation times reported here for Methanosarcina TM-1 indicate that Methanosarcina may play an important role in thermophilic methanogenesis.
Khat (Catha edulis): the herb with officio-legal, socio-cultural and economic uncertainty

Khat ( Catha edulis ) is a plant of uncertain and highly controversial status grown in the countries around the Red Sea and on the eastern coast of Africa. The chewing of khat leaves has a deep-rooted religious and socio-cultural tradition. Khat is considered a cash crop and its cultivation is a source of economic value to the societies and nations involved. There have, however, been reports of negative economic effects on the individuals engaging in the habit of khat chewing. The increasing use of khat worldwide, along with the negative international attention that this has garnered, has led to the present status of uncertainty of the once indigenous practice of khat chewing. Scientists, mostly western Europeans, have tended to focus on problems related to khat with little attention to the positive role of khat chewing in society and the world at large. In addition, no report has directly associated khat with any organised crime, violence or antisocial activity, particularly in countries where khat is legalised. This paper reviewed the various areas of uncertainty and controversy relating to khat. Based on the findings of the review, further qualitative and quantitative research is required and a positive international approach to khat use at economic, religious and socio-cultural levels is advocated.
Studies on Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaeae L.)

Crosses were made to develop a foliar disease resistant groundnut lines with acceptable pod and kernel traits using TMV 2 and three foliar disease resistant parents. Three F2 cross derivatives and their four parents were used to study their mean performance, genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance as percentage of mean for yield and contributing characters. Among the crosses, TMV2 x COG0437 had higher mean performance for all the characters followed by TMV2 x COG 438. Higher PCV and GCV values were also recorded by this cross. The cross TMV2 x COG0437 had high heritability and high to moderate GAM for most of characters followed by TMV2 x COG0438. Hence, based on mean and variability parameters, TMV2 x COG437 is adjudged as best cross combination for further selection programme to evolve a promising progeny.
Effects of cocoa tree phenology and canopy microclimate on the performance of the mirid bug Sahlbergella singularis

Populations of the cocoa mirid, Sahlbergella singularis Haglund (Hemiptera: Miridae), on cocoa, Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae), display sharp seasonal fluctuations in population size. To better understand factors and mechanisms involved in seasonal variation, we studied the life history traits of 10 successive generations of a caged population under field conditions. Nymphal survival and development were assessed on pods stored under cocoa canopy, whereas female survival and fecundity were evaluated on sleeved pods in cocoa trees. At the same time, cocoa phenology and cocoa canopy microclimate were characterized. A life table analysis was conducted with survival and fecundity temporal data. Reproductive parameters showed far more variation than nymphal development parameters, both within and among generations. We obtained low intrinsic rates of natural increase (about 0.04), the variation of which was mainly linked to the decrease in fecundity. Fecundity as well as life table parameters varied in accordance with natural population fluctuations, suggesting that S. singularis seasonal variation might be mainly linked to variation in female fecundity. A multiple regression analysis showed that variation in female fecundity was first correlated with the presence of young fruits on cocoa trees. Fecundity was also weakly affected by daily minimum r.h. and daily mean temperature. The usefulness of our results for modeling of S. singularis population dynamics and for the improvement of IPM strategies is discussed.
Tropical Grain Legumes in Africa and South Asia: Knowledge and Opportunities

There are about 30 species of economically important legumes grown in the tropics (Baldev et al. 1988; Raemaekers 2001; Gowda et al 2007). Among the major ones are chickpea (Cicer arietinum), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), and soybean (Glycine max). Others that are important in one or other regions of the tropics include faba bean (Vicia faba), lentil (Lens culinaris), field pea (Pisum sativum), Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea), hyacinth bean (Lablab purpurea – also known as Dolichos lablab), Kerting’s groundnut (Macrotyloma geocarpum), lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa), mung bean or green gram (Vigna radiata), black gram or black bean (Vigna mungo), moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia), rice bean (Vigna umbellata), and horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum). More than 101 million households (HH) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and 39 million HH in South Asia (SA) grow one or more of the major tropical legumes for food security, income generation, improved nutrition, and maintaining soil fertility. An estimated 27 million ha in SSA and 40 million ha in SA are planted to these crops each year; annual production is estimated at about 19 million metric tons (MT) in SSA and 30 million MT in SA, valued at about US$ 9.3 billion and US$ 15.1 billion, respectively. Despite their importance, investment in tropical legumes research and development has been low. However, this situation has been changing for the better in recent years. The Tropical Legumes II project (TL II), funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, aims to improve the livelihood of smallholder farmers in SSA and SA through improved productivity and production of the six major grain legumes mentioned above. Improved systems and partnership approaches between national programs and CG centers have shown positive changes in some countries (Abate et al 2011) that could serve as examples of good practice.
Role of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavanols in the oxidation and browning of white wines

A study of the changes in phenolic compounds during the oxidation of eight white wines reveals that the content of hydroxycinnamic acids and esters decreases significantly during the process; however, the decrease is seemingly unrelated to the extent of browning of the wine. On the other hand, the flavanol contents of the wines are found to be correlated with the degree of browning at the end of the oxidation process. The behaviors of both types of phenol compound at the two temperatures studied are quite similar. Keywords: Browning; oxidation; hydroxycinnamic compounds; flavanols; wine
The Diaporthales in North America : with emphasis on Gnomonia and its segregates

the diaporthales in north america with emphasis on gnomonia and its segregates mycologia memoir numb are a good way to achieve details about operating certainproducts. Many products that you buy can be obtained using instruction manuals. These user guides are clearlybuilt to give step-b-step information about how you ought to go ahead in operating certain equipments. Ahandbook is really a user's guide to operating the equipments. Should you loose your best guide or even the productwould not provide an instructions, you can easily obtain one on the net. You can search for the manual of yourchoice online. Here, it is possible to work with google to browse through the available user guide and find the mainone you'll need. On the net, you'll be able to discover the manual that you might want with great ease andsimplicity