Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THERMALIZATION IN THE EARTH'S BOW SHOCK.

Thermalization processes in the earth's bow shock are examined with particular emphasis on ion heating. A two-dimensional analysis of the ion-ion streaming instability using the complete electromagnetic dispersion relation with magnetized electrons is presented. For Ti/Te≲0.2 the peak growth rates are approximately a tenth of the total ion plasma frequency. As the ions are heated above Ti/Te≈0.2, the growth rates drop sharply to a fraction of (m/M)1/2Ω e, where Ωe is the electron gyrofrequency. For Ti/Te≳0.6 the growth rates are comparable to the ion gyrofrequency. We conclude that ion gyroeffects play a very important role in the ion thermalization process and are the source of the observed secondary peak in the ion velocity distribution. The ion-ion streaming instability provides only fine-scale diffusion in ion velocity space. Electron heating to βe≈1 is shown to be consistent with a c/ωpe length scale for changes in the magnetic field and the operation of the electron-ion drift instability in the leading edge of the earth's bow shock.
Heat Transfer Coefficients for Turbulent Flow in Concentric Annular Ducts

On the basis of a large number of experimental data from the literature, correlations were developed for the heat transfer coefficient for turbulent flow in concentric annular ducts. A proven correlation for heat transfer in circular tubes was extended by factors that take into consideration the effect of the diameter ratio of the annulus and the different boundary conditions for heating or cooling.
Interpretation of Lavrentiev phenomenon by relaxation: the higher order case

We consider integral functionals of the calculus of variations of the form F(u) = fj f(x u u' u(n))dx defined for u e Wn ' ? (0, 1) , and we show that the relaxed functional F with respect to the weak WOC 1 (0, 1) convergence can be written as I F(u) =j(xu, u', (n)) dx + L(u), where the additional term L(u) , the Lavrentiev Gap, is explicitly identified in terms of F.
Dispersive gain and loss in midinfrared quantum cascade laser

We report the measurements of dispersive gain (simultaneous coexistence of gain and losses on a single intersubband transition) in a quantum cascade laser. Broadband transmission spectra through the waveguide of a λ∼4. 7μm In0.53Ga0. 47As∕AlAs0.56Sb0. 44∕InP quantum cascade laser have been studied at a bias below laser threshold and at different temperatures. For a certain range of current, and at temperatures higher than about 150K, the transmission spectra show clear dispersive gain/loss behavior with the possibility for intersubband gain to be observed even without global population inversion between laser levels.
An Observational and Modeling Study of the Interaction of Low-Level Southwesterly Flow with the Olympic Mountains during COAST IOP 4

Abstract This paper presents an observational and modeling study of the three-dimensional flow and precipitation around the Olympic Mountains of northwest Washington State for a case of relatively steady south-southwesterly flow. This study utilized data from COAST IOP 4 (the fourth intensive observing period during the Coastal Observation and Simulation with Topography field experiment) that took place during 9–10 December 1993. One of the most important data sources was the NOAA P-3 aircraft, which provided flight-level data, reflectivity, and Doppler winds as it flew around the Olympics. Features that were mapped successfully with the NOAA P-3 included flow splitting around the windward pressure ridge, strong southeasterlies (to approximately 25 m s−1) northeast of the Olympics caused by downgradient acceleration into the lee trough, the rapid transition from strong southeasterlies to lighter easterlies (5–10 m s−1) in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, strong downslope flow and a hydraulic jump-like transiti.
Analysis of failure time using threshold regression with semi‐parametric varying coefficients

Many new statistical models may enjoy better interpretability and numerical stability than traditional models in survival data analysis. Specifically, the threshold regression (TR) technique based on the inverse Gaussian distribution is a useful alternative to the Cox proportional hazards model to analyse lifetime data. In this article we consider a semi‐parametric modelling approach for TR and contribute implementational and theoretical details for model fitting and statistical inferences. Extensive simulations are carried out to examine the finite sample performance of the parametric and non‐parametric estimates. A real example is analysed to illustrate our methods, along with a careful diagnosis of model assumptions.
‘‘Phase mixing’’ of bunches and decrease of negative‐mass instability increments in cyclotron resonance masers

Negative‐mass (space‐charge) instability in magnetized electron beams is considered for a flat, thin (having a thickness about the cyclotron diameter) beam of weakly relativistic electrons oscillators. Pitch angle and energy spreads of particles, as well as magnetic tapering are investigated on the base of averaged differential‐integral equations of electron motion. For the energy spread, the phenomenon of ‘‘phase mixing’’ of particles rotating with different frequencies limits the number of cyclotron harmonics taking part in the instability and significantly decreases the increments. For the magnetic tapering, this effect leads to linear saturation at the length comparable with the characteristic scale of the tapering.
Sol-Gel Derived PZT and PZTN Ceramics: A Role of Sintering Temperature

PZT and Nb-doped PZT (PZTN) ceramics were fabricated from triol sol-gel derived powders. The pellets were sintered at temperatures in the range of 1050–1200°C for 2 h. Coexistence of tetragonal and rhombohedral phases was clearly observed in PZT ceramics sintered at ≤1150°C, while PZTN ceramics showed coexistence of these phases at ≥1100°C. Densities of undoped PZT ceramics were rather low but could be improved by Nb addition. Grain growth inhibition was also observed in all PZTN samples. The dielectric constant was found to depend mainly on density of the ceramics. An addition of Nb dopant into PZT improved dielectric constant values regardless of sintering temperature.
Comparisons of Performances of a Flat Tube Bank Fin Model Mounted Vortex Generators and the Real Heat Exchanger

Abstract In this article, we compared the model results obtained by the naphthalene sublimation method with the results obtained by experiments with the real heat exchanger based on the model used in the naphthalene sublimation experiment. The results reveal that in the Reynolds number region studied in the present article, the experimental results obtained by naphthalene sublimation agree with the experimental data of the real heat exchanger under the working conditions within a 10% deviation. The heat/mass transfer coefficient obtained with an isothermal condition using naphthalene sublimation can be applied to the mixed thermal boundary condition. The effects of mounted and punched vortex generators on thermal-hydraulic performances are limited to the configuration studied in this article.
High detection rate of viral pathogens in nasal discharge in children aged 0 till 5 years

Respiratory tract infections (RTI) in children remain a cause of disease burden worldwide. Nasopharyngeal (NP) & oropharyngeal (OP) swabs are used for respiratory pathogen detection, but hold disadvantages particularly for children, highlighting the importance and preference for a child friendly detection method. We aimed to evaluate the performance and tolerability of a rhinorrhea swab (RS) in detecting viral pathogens when compared to a combined OP(/NP) or mid‐turbinate (MT) nasal swab. This study was conducted between September 2021 and July 2022 in the Netherlands. Children aged 0−5 years, with an upper RTI and nasal discharge, were included and received a combined swab and a RS. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 PCR were used for viral pathogen detection. Tolerability was evaluated with a questionnaire and visual analog scale (VAS) scores. During 11 months 88 children were included, with a median age of 1.00 year [interquartile range 0.00−3.00]. In total 122 viral pathogens were detected in 81 children (92%). Sensitivity and specificity of the RS compared to a combined swab were respectively 97% (95% confidence interval [CI] 91%−100%) and 78% (95% CI 45%−94%). Rhinorrhea samples detected more pathogens than the (combined) nasal samples, 112 versus 108 respectively. Median VAS scores were significantly lower for the RS in both children (2 vs. 6) and their parents (0 vs. 5). A RS can therefore just as effectively/reliably detect viral pathogens as the combined swab in young children and is better tolerated by both children and their parents/caregivers.
Thermodynamics and entanglements of walks under stress

We use rigorous arguments and Monte Carlo simulations to study the thermodynamics and the topological properties of self-avoiding walks on the cubic lattice subjected to an external force f. The walks are anchored at one or both endpoints to an impenetrable plane at Z = 0 and the force is applied in the Z-direction. If a force is applied to the free endpoint of an anchored walk, then a model of pulled walks is obtained. If the walk is confined to a slab and a force is applied to the top bounding plane, then a model of stretched walks is obtained. For both models we prove the existence of the limiting free energy for any value of the force and we show that, for compressive forces, the thermodynamic properties of the two models differ substantially. For pulled walks we prove the existence of a phase transition that, by numerical simulation, we estimate to be second order and located at f = 0. By using a pattern theorem for large positive forces we show that almost all sufficiently long stretched walks are knotted. We examine the entanglement complexity of stretched and pulled walks; our numerical results show a sharp reduction with increasing pulling and stretching forces. Finally, we also examine models of pulled and stretched loops. We prove the existence of limiting free energies in these models and consider the knot probability numerically as a function of the applied pulling or stretching force.
Patient-reported quality of vision in a prospective randomized contralateral-eye trial comparing LASIK and small-incision lenticule extraction

In this randomized contralateral-eye study, there was no difference in the presence or severity of visual symptoms between LASIK and SMILE. There were fewer visual symptoms postoperatively compared with preoperatively. Purpose: To compare patient-reported quality of vision and visual symptoms in participants undergoing laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE). Setting: Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. Design: Prospective randomized contralateral-eye clinical trial. Methods: Patients with myopia were randomized to receive wavefront-guided femtosecond LASIK in one eye and SMILE in the fellow eye. Participants reported the presence and severity of adverse visual symptoms through the Patient-Reported Outcomes With Laser In Situ Keratomileusis questionnaire and reported which eye had better vision at the preoperative and the postoperative 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month visits. Results: 80 eyes of 40 participants were treated. There was no difference in the presence or severity of double vision, glare, halos, or starbursts between eyes that underwent LASIK or SMILE at each visit (P ≥ .85 for each comparison). Scaled scores for the presence of visual symptoms improved from the preoperative visit to the postoperative month 12 visit for double vision (88 vs 97, P = .03), glare (77 vs 92, P = .02), halos (68 vs 87, P < .01), and starbursts (60 vs 86, P < .01). At the postoperative month 12 visit, 17 (46%) of 37 participants preferred the vision from the eye that underwent LASIK compared with 7 (19%) of 37 who underwent SMILE. The preferred eye was correlated with uncorrected distance visual acuity (r = 0.52, P < .01). Conclusions: Rates of visual symptoms were similar for LASIK and SMILE, and visual symptoms improved with time. More patients preferred vision from the eye that underwent LASIK compared with SMILE.
Genetic Variability and Admixture Zones in the Italian Populations of Turkey Oak (Quercus cerris L.)

The Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) is widely distributed in Italy, where it is the ecologically dominant oak on sandy and acidic soil. In this work, we analysed 23 natural populations by means of eight SSR (microsatellite) markers, to obtain the first synthetic map of genetic variability for this species and to study its dispersion during the Holocene, due to the possibility that at least one refugium during the Last Glacial Maximum was in Italy. The analyses showed a good amount of genetic variability together with fair differentiation between populations, as indicated by FST = 0.059. A Bayesian analysis of the amount of admixture among populations revealed the presence of four putative gene pools of origin and a rough subdivision of the populations according to their geographic location, as confirmed by the spatial analysis. No evidence for the existence of putative refugial populations was found; however, this study paves the way for the planning of conservation strategies also with regard to the relationship between Turkey oak and other oak species in Italy.
Discovery of an inner light-echo ring around SN 1987A

The detection of an inner light echo around SN 1987A based on observations made in January, 1989, is reported. An examination of direct CCD images reveals a third, inner light-echo ring around the SN with a mean radius of 8.2 arcsec and a width of the ring of 3.0 arcsec, so that the scattering material is distributed between radii 3.1 and 5.7 pc from the supernova. The difference in brightness on the eastern and western sides indicates that the scattering material is not uniformly distributed around the supernova. The inner light echo is attributed to a shell of red-supergiant wind material that was decelerated by its interaction with the surrounding medium. The fact that the discovery was made only in 1989 implies that there is a cavity in the dust along the line of sight toward the earth; therefore, the shell material outside the cavity became illuminated only at the end of 1988. 26 refs.
Temperature Coefficient of Threshold Voltage in High-k Metal Gate Transistors with Various TiN and Capping Layer Thicknesses

The temperature coefficient of Vth (=dVth/dT), which is commonly utilized for circuit design, was systematically obtained against various TiN and capping layer thicknesses in high-k/metal gate field-effect transistors (FETs). It is known that the magnitude of |dVth/dT| for such FETs is larger than that of polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) gate FETs. The origins of the dVth/dT difference among high-k/metal gate FETs were attributed to differences in the temperature coefficient of flat band voltage (=dVFB/dT) and the equivalent gate oxide thickness (EOT). Thicker TiN layers reduced dVFB/dT, which enlarged the magnitude of |dVth/dT|. The EOT increased as the TiN metal layer or Al2O3 capping layer increased in thickness. The large EOT led to an increase in |dVth/dT|, since dVth/dT is a function of the inverse of gate capacitance. In contrast, La2O3 capping hardly affected dVth/dT. This is because La2O3 capping did not affect EOT differently from Al2O3 capping. The relationship between dVth/dT and EOT implies that EOT scaling relieves the issue of large |dVth/dT| for high-k/metal gate FETs.
Exserohilum turcicum (Passerini) Leonard and Suggs: Race Population Distribution in Bihar, India

Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) of maize, caused by Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs. , is an important foliar disease common across maize-producing areas of the world, including Bihar, India. In this study, virulence and distribution of races were observed against Ht-resistant genes and also identified the E. turcicum race population distribution in Bihar. For that, 45 E. turcicum isolates were collected from maize fields in Bhagalpur, Begusarai, Khagaria, Katihar and Samastipur districts between 2020 and 2022. These isolates were screened on maize differential lines containing Ht1, Ht2, Ht3 and HtN1 resistance genes. Five different physiological races were observed based on the symptoms response of the differential maize lines. These races are race 0, race 1, race 3, race 23N and race 123N. E. turcicum race 3 was the most prevalent race having 26.6% frequency followed by race 0 (24.4%) and race 1 (22.2%) and the least prevalent races were race 23N and 123N having 13.3% each. Varied resistance response of different isolates was observed on differential lines having different resistant genes. Despite the fact that virulence was seen against all Ht resistance genes, NCLB control might be increased by combining qualitative Ht resistance genes with quantitative resistance.
Comparison of anthracite and GAC biofilter performance for surface‐water manganese removal

Alameda County Water District has observed increased biofilter effluent manganese concentrations during winter operations. To investigate manganese removal across surface water biofilters during cold‐water conditions, trends were analyzed between water temperature and manganese removal across multiple testing scales, multiple biofilter influent water qualities, and both anthracite and GAC media. During acclimation of new biofilters, 100% removal of manganese was observed sooner across both anthracite and GAC biofilters brought online at 20°C compared to 12°C. Acclimation at 12°C required 18 extra days for the GAC biofilters and 48 additional days for the anthracite biofilters. For fully acclimated biofilters, a decrease in manganese removal across both GAC and anthracite biofilters at temperatures below 15°C was observed. However, greater and more consistent manganese removal was observed across GAC compared to anthracite biofilters. Performance differences between locations also suggest that operational and water quality conditions also likely affect manganese removal.
Limits on a variable source of 511 keV annihilation radiation near the Galactic center

The Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS) on the Solar Maximum Mission satellite (SMM) has observed a strong Galactic source of 511 keV annihilation radiation from its launch in 1980 to its reentry in 1989. These observations are consistent with an extended source having an intensity of about 0.002 gamma/sq cm/s averaged over the central radian of Galactic longitude. These data are searched for evidence of the variable Galactic center source of 511 keV line radiation which was reported to have reappeared in 1988 by Leventhal et al. The SMM data are consistent with, but do not require, a compact source emitting a time-averaged flux of about 0.0004 gamma/sq cm/s during about 3 month transits in 1987 and 1988; they are inconsistent with a compact source flux in excess of 0.0008 gamma/sq cm/s for each year. 14 refs.
Efficacy of antioxidant in the therapy of subclinical mastitis in buffaloes

This study was conducted to assess the therapeutic efficiency of antioxidant in subclinical mastitis. Therapeutic trials were conducted in twelve buffaloes affected with subclinical mastitis and were randomly divided into two groups. The buffaloes of Group 1 were treated with intramuscular injection of Inj. Mofoi 5 mg/kg body weight, while Group 2 buffaloes were treated with intramuscular administration of Inj. Mofoi 5 mg/kg body weight along with antioxidant powder orally. The therapeutic efficacy was assessed based on bacteriological cure and the pre and post therapeutic values of somatic cell count, electrical resistance, pH and milk yield. The use of antioxidant along with Moxifloxacin was found to be superior than antibiotic alone by improving udder's natural defence mechanism, early restoration of milk yield and quick recovery.
Radiative efficiency limit of terrestrial solar cells with internal carrier multiplication

Charge multiplication by hot carriers in semiconductors opens a new perspective for improved photovoltaic energy conversion. Here, we estimate the theoretical limit for the efficiency of solar cells that make use of the best possible carrier multiplication and have the lowest possible recombination loss, i.e., radiative recombination only. For a terrestrial cell under 100 mW/cm2 air mass 1.5 global illumination, the uppermost efficiency amounts to 44.2%. Cells with internal carrier multiplication require a modified description of their saturation current density.
Genotoxic repercussion of high‐intensity radiation (x‐rays) on hospital radiographers

Recent technological advances in the medical field have increased the plausibility of exposing humans to high‐intensity wavelength radiations like x‐rays and gamma rays while diagnosing or treating specific medical maladies. These radiations induce nucleotide changes and chromosomal alterations in the exposed population, intentionally or accidentally. A radiological investigation is regularly used in identifying the disease, especially by the technicians working in intensive care units. The current study observes the genetic damages like chromosomal abnormalities (CA) in clinicians who are occupationally exposed to high‐intensity radiations (x‐rays) at their workplaces using universal cytogenetic tools like micronucleus assay (MN), sister chromatid exchange and comet assay. The study was conducted between 100 exposed practitioners from the abdominal scanning, chest scanning, cranial and orthopedic or bone scanning department and age‐matched healthy controls. We observed a slightly higher rate of MN and CA (p < .05) in orthopedic and chest department practitioners than in other departments concerning increasing age and duration of exposure at work. Our results emphasize taking extra precautionary measures in clinical and hospital radiation laboratories to protect the practitioners.
Epigenetic Silencing of P-Element Reporter Genes Induced by Transcriptionally Active Domains of Constitutive Heterochromatin in Drosophila melanogaster

Reporter genes inserted via P-element integration into different locations of the Drosophila melanogaster genome have been routinely used to monitor the functional state of chromatin domains. It is commonly thought that P-element-derived reporter genes are subjected to position effect variegation (PEV) when transposed into constitutive heterochromatin because they acquire heterochromatin-like epigenetic modifications that promote silencing. However, sequencing and annotation of the D. melanogaster genome have shown that constitutive heterochromatin is a genetically and molecularly heterogeneous compartment. In fact, in addition to repetitive DNAs, it harbors hundreds of functional genes, together accounting for a significant fraction of its entire genomic territory. Notably, most of these genes are actively transcribed in different developmental stages and tissues, irrespective of their location in heterochromatin. An open question in the genetic and molecular studies on PEV in D. melanogaster is whether functional heterochromatin domains, i.e., heterochromatin harboring active genes, are able to silence reporter genes therein transposed or, on the contrary, can drive their expression. In this work, we provide experimental evidence showing that strong silencing of the Pw+ reporters is induced even when they are integrated within or near actively transcribed loci in the pericentric regions of chromosome 2. Interestingly, some Pw+ reporters were found insensitive to the action of a known PEV suppressor. Two of them are inserted within Yeti, a gene expressed in the deep heterochromatin of chromosome 2 which carries active chromatin marks. The difference sensitivity to suppressors-exhibited Pw+ reporters supports the view that different epigenetic regulators or mechanisms control different regions of heterochromatin. Together, our results suggest that there may be more complexity regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying PEV.