Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Going Rate: What It Really Costs to Drive

This report explores the full costs of a transportation system dominated by private motor vehicles. It estimates what the "polluter pays" principle and its logical extensions would mean. The authors argue that the American dream of a car--or two or three of them--in every garage poses real risks to our health, energy security, and the global environment, now that Americans log 2 trillion miles behind the wheel each year. The authors calculate that the full costs of driving, it totted up at the gas pump, could raise the price of gasoline by several dollars a gallon. The costs of driving that motorists and truckers don't shoulder come to some $300 billion a year. There are also other incalculable losses, such as the 47,000 people killed in motor vehicle accidents in the most recent year for which statistics are available. The authors discuss a number of measures that would help, including enacting fuel taxes that would raise the cost of gasoline, levying road tolls based on time of day, reforming employer-paid parking, and raising charges on truckers. They also make the case that long-term changes in zoning laws will be needed to encourage greater residential population density if public transit is to become a viable option in more places. The authors assert that enacting such a package of changes would be far more sensible than building more and more roads, only to see many of them fill up within days, as clogged with traffic as the old roads they were designed to replace. Besides saving the time now lost to stop-and-go traffic, imposing user fees on motorists and truckers would encourage demand for new energy-efficient and even emissionless vehicles and for alternative modes of transportation.
An Introduction to LTE: LTE, LTE-Advanced, SAE and 4G Mobile Communications

An Introduction to LTE explains the technology used by 3GPP Long Term Evolution. The book covers the whole of LTE, both the techniques used for radio communication between the base station and the mobile phone, and the techniques used for signalling communication and data transport in the evolved packet core. It avoids unnecessary detail, focussing instead on conveying a sound understanding of the entire system. The book is aimed at mobile telecommunication professionals, who want to understand what LTE is and how it works. It is invaluable for engineers who are working on LTE, notably those who are transferring from other technologies such as UMTS and cdma2000, those who are experts in one part of LTE but who want to understand the system as a whole, and those who are new to mobile telecommunications altogether. It is also relevant to those working in non technical roles, such as project managers, marketing executives and intellectual property consultants. On completing the book, the reader will have a clear understanding of LTE, and will be able to tackle the more specialised books and the 3GPP specifications with confidence. Key features - Covers the latest developments in release 10 of the 3GPP specifications, including the new capabilities of LTE-Advanced Includes references to individual sections of the 3GPP specifications, to help readers understand the principles of each topic before going to the specifications for more detailed information Requires no previous knowledge of mobile telecommunications, or of the mathematical techniques that LTE uses for radio transmission and reception
Contribution to the Improvement of the MPPT Control Functioning of Photovoltaic Systems

This paper concerns the improvement of the maximal power point tracking using digital MPPT control of Photovoltaic (PV) systems. Works have focused on the feasibility of a PV system, an average power (200 W), in order to better adaptation of PV generators to the load (batteries), independently to sudden fluctuations of the weather conditions (illumination, the temperature) or of the load. The functioning of the MPPT control is based on an improved Hill climbing algorithm, taking into account the optimal electrical characteristics of the PV Panels. The experimental results of the designed PV system shows a net improvement in the MPPT search time and on the maximal power point precision by a factor of the order of 2.5, and the energy produced is increased by a factor of 5.5 %
Aid for Trade: What Have We Learnt? Which Way Ahead?

The Aid for Trade (AFT) initiative has been successful in mobilising funding to aid developing countries -in particular, the least developed- cope with the cost of implementing Uruguay Round commitments. However, whether the aid has really made a difference in their ability to take part in world trade growth remains unclear. Reasons for the lack of clear-cut evidence include the lack of a counterfactual, as the initiative’s broad definition meant that it includes areas of traditional donor assistance like infrastructure, the lack of a binding monitoring and evaluation framework, and the inherent difficulty of assessing causation between interventions on the ground and ‘distant’ outcomes such as export growth. With increasing pressure on donor budgets, the achievements of the AFT initiative are at risk unless a convincing case can be made that there is value for money. The time has come to focus and put in place an evaluation framework that can deliver robust evidence on the initiative’s impact on the ground. This book suggests ways to make progress in that direction. In particular, the WTO’s Trade Facilitation Agreement, signed in December 2013 in Bali, is an opportunity to refocus AFT on a narrower set of issues revolving around border management efficiency and streamlining non-tariff measures, where outcomes can be more directly related to interventions. The book shows how the wealth of available methods helps to confront the conceptual and measurement difficulties in identifying causal relationships from interventions to outcomes.
Repeated Retrieval Practice to Foster Students’ Critical Thinking Skills

There is a need for effective methods to teach critical thinking. Many studies on other skills have demonstrated beneficial effects of practice that repeatedly induces retrieval processes (repeated retrieval practice). The present experiment investigated whether repeated retrieval practice is effective for fostering critical thinking skills, focusing on avoiding biased reasoning. Seventy-five students first took a pre-test. Subsequently, they were instructed on critical thinking and avoiding belief-bias in syllogistic reasoning and engaged in retrieval practice with syllogisms. Afterwards, depending on the assigned condition, they (1) did not engage in extra retrieval practice; (2) engaged in retrieval practiced a second time (week later); or (3) engaged in retrieval practiced a second (week later) and a third time (two weeks later). Two/three days after the last practice session, all participants took a post-test consisting of practiced tasks (to measure learning relative to the pre-test) and non-practiced (transfer) tasks. Results revealed no significant difference between the pretest and the posttest learning performance as judged by the mean total performance (MC-answers + justification), although participants were, on average, faster on the post-test than on the pre-test. Exploring performance on MC-answers-only suggested that participants did benefit from instruction/practice but may have been unable to justify their answers. Unfortunately, we were unable to test effects on transfer due to a floor effect, which highlights the difficulty of establishing transfer of critical thinking skills. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that addresses repeated retrieval practice effects in the critical thinking domain. Further research should focus on determining the preconditions of repeated retrieval practice effects for this type of tasks.
The Prognosis of Eighth Edition TNM Staging System IB (Invasive Component Size ≤ 2 cm) Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer After Sublobar Resection

Background. Sublobar resection is sometimes performed as a surgical treatment for small peripheral tumors. However, there is a question about whether sublobar resection is adequate treatment when visceral pleural invasion is diagnosed postoperatively. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognosis of patients with small-sized stage IB non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after sublobar resection.Methods. From January 2010 to December 2018, 227 consecutive patients with eighth edition TNM stage IB NSCLC (per the joint staging system of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer and the American Joint Committee on Cancer) underwent curative surgery. The clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis were compared between the sublobar resection group and the lobectomy group. The sublobar resection group included only small-sized (invasive component size ≤ 2 cm) NSCLC.Results. In all study patients, clinicopathological characteristics between the sublobar resection and lobectomy groups were not different except in maximum standardized uptake value and invasive component size. The 5-year recurrence-free survival rate was 80.7% after sublobar resection and 73.4% after lobectomy (P = .349). The 5-year overall survival rate was 87.3% after sublobar resection and 84.8% after lobectomy (P = .503). In patients with small-sized NSCLC, the clinicopathological characteristics were not different between the sublobar resection group and the lobectomy group. The 5-year recurrence-free survival rate was 80.7% after sublobar resection and 72.3% after lobectomy (P = .417). The 5-year overall survival rate was 87.3% after sublobar resection and 91.2% after lobectomy (P = .956). Sublobar resection was not a risk factor for recurrence in the multivariate analysis.Conclusions. The prognosis of sublobar resection in patients with small-sized stage IB NSCLC was comparable with lobectomy. Thus, additional completion lobectomy may not be essential in this setting, despite postoperative upstaging from T1 to T2a.
A Review of “Opening Up Education: The Collective Advancement of Education Through Open Technology, Open Content, and Open Knowledge”

Given the abundance of open education initiatives that aim to make educational assets freely available online, the time seems ripe to explore the potential of open education to transform the economics and ecology of education. Despite the diversity of tools and resources already availablefrom well-packaged course materials to simple games, for students, self-learners, faculty, and educational institutionswe have yet to take full advantage of shared knowledge about how these are being used, what local innovations are emerging, and how to learn from and build on the experiences of others. Opening Up Education argues that we must develop not only the technical capability but also the intellectual capacity for transforming tacit pedagogical knowledge into commonly usable and visible knowledge: by providing incentives for faculty to use (and contribute to) open education goods, and by looking beyond institutional boundaries to connect a variety of settings and open source entrepreneurs. These essays by leaders in open education describe successes, challenges, and opportunities they have found in a range of open education initiatives. They approachfrom both macro and micro perspectivesthe central question of how open education tools, resources, and knowledge can improve the quality of education. The contributors (from leading foundations, academic institutions, associations, and projects) discuss the strategic underpinnings of their efforts first in terms of technology, then content, and finally knowledge. They also address the impact of their projects, and how close they come to achieving a vision of sustainable, transformative educational opportunities that amounts to much more than pervasive technology. Contributors: Richard Baraniuk, Randy Bass, Trent Batson, Dan Bernstein, John Seely Brown, Barbara Cambridge, Tom Carey, Catherine Casserly, James Dalziel, Bernadine Chuck Fong, Richard Gale, Gerard Hanley, Diane Harley, Mary Huber, Pat Hutchings, Toru Iiyoshi, David Kahle, M. S. Vijay Kumar, Andy Lane, Diana Laurillard, Stuart Lee, Steve Lerman, Marilyn Lombardi, Phil Long, Clifford Lynch, Christopher Mackie, Anne Margulies, Owen McGrath, Flora McMartin, Shigeru Miyagawa, Diana Oblinger, Neeru Paharia, Cheryl Richardson, Marshall Smith, Candace Thille, Edward Walker, and David Wiley Through the support of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, an electronic version of this book is openly available under a Creative Commons license on The MIT Press website.
The Analysis of User's Intention in Using the Accounting Information System Technology

The aim of this research is to analyze the relationship between the perception of usefulness, the perception of ease of use, user’s attitude, and behavioral relationship among the users with the user’s intention in using the accounting information system technology. Data were collected by questionnaires distribute to all respondents during January to July 2011. The respondents of this research are 150 staffs as the users of accounting information system technology, at Regional Water Company in Purbalingga, Banyumas, Cilacap, and Banjarnegara Districts, Central Java, Indonesia. One hundred and fifty questionnaires were distributed and 33 questionnaires returned. This research would like to observe the behavior of the users of accounting information system technology. The research design was exploratory study with survey method. The sampling technique in this research was purposive sampling, with the criteria are employees at Regional Water Company in those districts who use the accounting information system technology in presenting the financial report. This paper tests the hypothesis that perception usefulness, perception ease of use, user’s attitude, and behavioral relationship among the user have positive and significant relationship with the user’s intention in using the accounting information system technology. Perception usefulness, perception ease of use, user’s attitude, and behavioral relationship among the users were measured with t-statistic on structural equation modeling by Partially Least Square Program. The findings of this research supported those hypotheses. The result showed that all those independent variables have a positive and significant relationship with the user’s intention in using the accounting information system technology.
Microphones Technology and Technique

Part 1 Introduction: discoveries in magnetism and electricity history of the microphone. Part 2 Basic acoustics: a maths refresher transverse and logitudinal waves velocity of sound frequency and musical pitch harmonics resonance source directivity comb filter effect interaural time delay directional hearing. Part 3 Basic electronics: molecules and atoms static electricity electric current resistance capacitance inductance alternating current watts, volts and decibels active devices. Part 4 Microphone technology: design requirements transducer types pressure operation pressure-gradient operation combination microphones the microphone as a current generator. Part 5 Microphones for stereo: the stereo illusion basic blumlein M-S stereo non-coincident (spaced) microphones near-coincident microphones surround sound. Part 6 Microphone connectors and accessories: plugs and sockets microphone cables microphone supports and stands windshields. Part 7 Principles of microphone balance: basic guidelines - classical music basic guidelines - pop music practical matters. Part 8 Musical instruments and the microphone: the instrument as a sound source characteristics affecting microphone technique string instruments woodwind instruments brass instruments percussion instruments the pianoforte. Part 9 The human voice: how the voice works the voice and the microphone microphone technique - the spoken word the singing voice. Part 10 Ensembles - classical: soloist with piano chamber music orchestral music concertos voices with orchestra operas and musicals. Part 11 Ensembles - light music and pop: light music pop groups live concerts.
A study of ex-vessel debris formation in a LWR severe accident

In the paper we analyze phenomena that governdebrisformationand introduceacomprehensive framework to exhibit their interrelationship duringahypotheticalsevereaccidentinaboiling water reactor (BWR). We focus on phenomena feedbacks and identify key parameters which are believed to have significant effect ondebrispacking, including boiling regimes on fragments, their settling against steam flow stemming fromabottom bed. Based on scoping calculations for reactor scenarios, the prototypic range of the key parameters is delineated. Taking into account the practical and technical constraints of laboratory experiments with simulant fluids and results from calculations for experimental conditions, we establish feasibility and parameter ranges, under whichanew series of DEFOR-S "snap-shot" experiments shall be conducted to provide reactor relevant data and insights. Requirements on DEFOR-S experimental measurements and data analysis are also discussed in the paper.
The Effect of Work Stress and Burnout on Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance

The study aims to аnаlysе thе effect of work strеss аnd burnout on job satisfaction аnd employee pеrformаncе. This research is a form of confirmation of the Conservation of Resources Theory. The research employs еxplаnаtory rеsеаrch using quаntitаtivе аpproаch. Thе rеsеаrch objects were doctors аnd nursеs working in Dr. Sаiful Аnwаr General Hospitаl. Total samples were 92 pеoplе tаkеn using proportionаl strаtifiеd rаndom sаmpling tеchniquе. The dаtа were obtаinеd dirеctly from respondents by distributing quеstionnаirе. Dаtа аnаlysis used dеscriptivе аnаlysis аnd pаth аnаlysis. Thе research result showеd thаt (1) Work strеss (X1) hаs а significаnt nеgаtivе influеncе on job sаtisfаction (Z); (2) Burnout (X2) hаs а significаnt nеgаtivе influеncе on job sаtisfаction (Z); (3) Work strеss (X1) hаs а significаnt nеgаtivе influеncе on employee pеrformаncе (Y); (4) Burnout (X2) hаs а significаnt nеgаtivе influеncе on employee pеrformаncе (Y); and (5) Job sаtisfаction (Z) hаs а significаnt positivе influеncе on employee pеrformаncе (Y). Thе totаl Аdjustеd R2 yiеld showеd thаt work strеss (X1), burnout (X2) аnd job sаtisfаction (Z) affects 72.1% employee pеrformаncе (Y) of doctors аnd nursеs working in Dr. Sаiful Аnwаr General Hospitаl. Othеr vаriаblеs not еxаminеd in this study influenced the remaining percentage. Keywords—work stress, burnout, job satisfaction аnd employee pеrformаncе
CAUSALITY AND COINTEGRATION AMONG STOCK MARKET INDICES: A STUDY OF DEVELOPED MARKETS WITH SENSEX

The aim of this paper is to examine the existence of degree of interdependence between Sensex and various stock markets of the American and European regions. The study attempts to analyse the dynamic interactions among 22 global indices. The daily closing prices of indices were obtained from the respective stock exchange websites from January 2005 to May 2018. The normality, stationarity, and causality of the time series were evaluated in the first section using statistical techniques such as the Jarque-Bera statistic, ADF test, and Granger Causality test. The second part of the approach focused on analysing the interdependencies of various stock markets, determining the degree of association, and measuring market efficiency using techniques such as Johansen's Cointegration test, Cross-Correlation test, and Hurst Exponent. The results indicate that there is a significant amount of interdependence between stock markets. It was also observed that there is an association between markets. This study also found bi-directional as well as uni-directional causality among the stock market indices. The study found that interdependence of markets leads to improvements in short-term as well as long-term returns/gains for investors possibly due to international portfolio diversification if there are stronger co-movements of prices across the markets.
The response of buildings to tunnelling: A case study

A case study of the response of two buildings to the construction of a 12 m diameter tunnel excavated by conventional method, in Italy, is studied. The 12 m diameter tunnel was constructed carrying out reinforcement of the tunnel face and around the crown prior to excavation and installation of the temporary sprayed concrete lining and the permanent reinforced concrete lining. Reflective prisms, placed at first floor level around the perimeter of the building facades, allowed building settlements to be measured. Ground settlements between the two buildings were measured using BRE type settlement studs. Extensive protective measures were adopted to maintain stability of the tunnel excavation and to reduce ground movements. The number of horizontal jet grout columns installed into the tunnel face was reduced over the course of the project. Results from CPT tests indicate that the undrained shear strength at the tunnel axis is around 120 kPa. SPT and undrained unconsolidated (UU) triaxial tests indicate lower strengths of around 80 kPa, although this may be due to sample disturbance.
STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR BY IMAGE ANALYSIS, MIX DENSITY AND PRE-STRAIN EFFECTS OF EPS GEOFOAM

In order to have a deeper understanding of the engineering performances of EPS geofoam, it is necessary to study the stress-strain response and internal strain distribution when loaded. In this investigation, the key objective is to study the stress-strain behavior of EPS geofoam under different conditions and develop construction practical suggestions when using geofoam. The scope of this research is divided into three main sections: (1) study the effect of induced anisotropy on the stress-strain behavior of EPS geofoam; (2) evaluate stress distribution within EPS blocks by using image analysis system; (3) analyze the effect of combining different EPS densities and also the different stress-strain reactions for the conditions of with and without continuous joints. The pre-strain behavior of EPS blocks was analyzed by doing pre-loading tests on fresh samples and exhumed samples. Characteristics of inherent and induced anisotropy of EPS geofoam was investigated by testing pre-stressed geofoam. Induced anisotropy was observed to reduce the modulus significantly. The non-contact image analysis system, ARAMIS, was used to search the different forms of stress-strain behavior and how the strain is distributed within the solid EPS blocks as well as the combined EPS with soft blocks, stiff blocks and those in-between. A GeoJac automatic load testing system with conventional displacement transducer was used together with ARAMIS. The strain distribution within the whole EPS geofoam and the average property of strain is illustrated and compared. The effect of combining different EPS densities and the condition of with or without continuous joints when installed are demonstrated by doing laboratory tests and Finite Element Analysis at the same time. STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR BY IMAGE ANALYSIS, MIX DENSITY AND PRE-STRAIN EFFECTS OF EPS GEOFOAM
Track-Related Research: Volume 5: Flange Climb Derailment Criteria and Wheel/Rail Profile Management and Maintenance Guidelines for Transit Operations

This report includes the results of a research task carried out under Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Project D-7, "Joint Rail Transit-Related Research with the Association of American Railroads/Transportation Technology Center, Inc." The report includes flange climb derailment criteria for transit vehicles that include lateral-to-vertical (L/V) ratio limits and a corresponding flange-climb-distance limit, and it offers guidance that transit agencies can follow in their wheel and rail maintenance practices. This report should be of interest to engineers involved in the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of rail transit systems.