Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Self-taught hashing using deep graph embedding for large-scale image retrieval

Abstract. Existing deep hashing algorithms fail to achieve satisfactory results from unseen data owing to the out-of-sample problem. Graph-embedding-based hashing methods alleviate this by learning the distance between samples. However, they focus on the first-order proximity, neglecting to learn the second-order proximity, which effectively preserves the global relationships between samples. We thus integrate the second-order proximity into a deep-hashing framework and propose a self-taught image-hashing approach using deep graph embedding (GE) for image retrieval consisting of two stages: the generation of a hash label and hash function learning. In the first stage, to promote the perceptibility of deep image hashing for unseen data in real large-scale scenes, we integrate a deep GE method into our model to learn both the first- and second-order proximities between samples. In the hash-function learning stage, using hash labels that contain distance information from the previous stage, we learn the hash function by applying a convolution neural network to achieve an end-to-end hash model. We designed representative experiments on the CIFAR-10, STL-10, and MS-COCO datasets. Experimental results show that our method not only performs well on standard datasets it can also obtain better retrieval results, thereby solving the out-of-sample problem compared with other deep hashing-based methods.
Mosquito Species Occurrence and Diversity in Conventional larval breeding sites in Minna metropolis, Nigeria

This study was carried out to provide epidemiological information on the distribution and diversity of vector mosquito species in conventional larval breeding habitats in Minna Metropolis, Nigeria. Selected larval habitats were rice-fields, gutters, septic tanks, rain pools and streams, which were sampled weekly during the months of September through November of 2013. The results indicated the occurrence of seven vector mosquito species in the area namely, Culex pipiens pipiens (38.84%), Cx. salinarius (28.78%), Aedes aegypti (10.71%), Anopheles gambiae (7.29%), Cx. restuans (6.52%), Cx. nigripalpus (4.72%), and An. funestus (4.15%). Culex p. pipiens was the most widely distributed species, being absent only in the stream habitats, that was totally devoid of mosquitoes. Cx. nigripalpus and Cx. salinarius were encountered in three of habitat types (i.e., rice-fields, gutters and septic tanks), while Ae. Aegypti was encountered in the gutters and the rain pools. In addition to the rain pools, Cx. Restuans was also collected from gutters. The two anopheline species encountered had similar pattern of larval habitat distribution been found only in rice fields and rain pools. On the whole, the rice-fields and gutters were the most productive larval habitats, in terms of mosquito abundance (28.04% and 29.67% respectively) and diversity (diversity index=0.6940 and 0.4834 respectively). Overall mosquito species diversity for the area was 0.6985, largely contributed by Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. salinarius. The findings of this study suggest serious threat of mosquito-borne diseases to public health, in Minna Metropolis, promoted by anthropogenic alterations of the ecosystem.
Effect of grain and straw supplementation on marginal milk-production responses and rumen fermentation of cows grazing highly digestible subterranean clover pasture

The marginal milk-production response to cereal grain supplementation of dairy cows grazing irrigated subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) pasture in spring was investigated. We also determined whether the addition of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) straw supplement would improve that response. There were 8 replicated treatments in a factorial design with 2 amounts of cereal grain pellet [0 and 5.0 kg dry matter (DM)/cow.day] and 4 amounts of straw (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 kg DM/cow.day), 48 cows in total. Cows in all treatments grazed subterranean clover at an allowance (measured to ground level) of 19 kg DM/day. The barley and wheat pellet and straw had a neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentration of 164 g/kg DM and 704 g/kg DM, respectively. Cows from all treatments consumed pasture with an in vitro DM digestibility of 743 g/kg DM and NDF concentration of 313 g/kg DM, compared with the pregrazed pasture on offer of 707 and 360, respectively. Pasture DM intake was not affected (P>0.05) by supplementation with either grain or straw, and averaged 12.7 kg DM/cow.day. Cows supplemented with grain achieved a marginal milk-production response of 1.0 kg fat-corrected milk (FCM)/kg DM grain. However, with increasing amounts of straw, responses of 0.0, 0.9 and 0.5 kg FCM/kg DM grain were observed. Fat-corrected milk yields were not different (P>0.05) between straw treatments and averaged 25.8 kg FCM/cow.day. Grain feeding significantly (P 0.05) effect on either milk fat or milk protein concentration. Average ruminal fluid pH was significantly (P 0.05) in ruminal fluid pH among cows that consumed different amounts of straw. When cows were managed to limit intake of subterranean clover by restricting pasture allowance, supplementation with cereal grain resulted in acceptable marginal milk-production responses of 1.0 kg FCM/kg DM cereal grain. Under these circumstances, providing additional NDF as straw did not improve the milk-production response to cereal grain, with NDF ranging from 290 to 337 g/kg DM when 0–1.7 kg DM straw was consumed.
Advances in soliton microcomb generation

Abstract. Optical frequency combs, a revolutionary light source characterized by discrete and equally spaced frequencies, are usually regarded as a cornerstone for advanced frequency metrology, precision spectroscopy, high-speed communication, distance ranging, molecule detection, and many others. Due to the rapid development of micro/nanofabrication technology, breakthroughs in the quality factor of microresonators enable ultrahigh energy buildup inside cavities, which gives birth to microcavity-based frequency combs. In particular, the full coherent spectrum of the soliton microcomb (SMC) provides a route to low-noise ultrashort pulses with a repetition rate over two orders of magnitude higher than that of traditional mode-locking approaches. This enables lower power consumption and cost for a wide range of applications. This review summarizes recent achievements in SMCs, including the basic theory and physical model, as well as experimental techniques for single-soliton generation and various extraordinary soliton states (soliton crystals, Stokes solitons, breathers, molecules, cavity solitons, and dark solitons), with a perspective on their potential applications and remaining challenges.
WETLAND RESTORATION THRESHOLDS: CAN A DEGRADATION TRANSITION BE REVERSED WITH INCREASED EFFORT?

Previous attempts to reverse the degradation of a coastal wetland and restore nesting habitat for an endangered bird showed that adding nitrogen could temporarily increase the height of Spartina foliosa, but not produce self-sustaining tall canopies. We asked if increased effort (up to five years of N fertilization) would shift canopy attributes across the hypothesized threshold. Thirty plots were treated with 0–5 yr of urea addition, and all were followed for 5 yr. Canopies were robust while urea was being added, but Spartina reverted to short stature soon after fertilization ended, supporting R. J. Hobbs and D. A. Norton's concept of an irreversible transition. However, specific outcomes depended on the choice of response variable (six comparisons), the choice of reference data (initial conditions, same-year data, and pooled data), and the choice of statistical design (repeated measures vs. complete design), indicating the need to assess experiments thoroughly before making strong recommendations for ma.
Spatial and Thermal Ecology of Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina) in a Small, Dystrophic Lake in Central Michigan

Abstract. Understanding the interface between spatial and thermal ecology is integral to understanding energy acquisition and the life histories of ectotherms. Snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) occupy a wide range of habitats that vary greatly in their thermal properties. We studied activity, movements, and thermoregulation of C. serpentina in a small, land-locked lake in central Michigan, USA, using radiotelemetry. Consistent with our a priori predictions, turtles were active within core areas along the lake's edge, showed both diurnal and nocturnal activity, and did not make extensive interwetland movements. Turtles left the lake only for nesting or to hibernate in Sphagnum peat or in the banks of a nearby stream. Home range and core area size estimates of C. serpentina were small compared with other previously studied populations, perhaps in part because of the small dimensions of our lake. Contrary to our prediction of a broad Tset (thermoregulatory set-point) range for a large-bodied, habitat generalist turtle, we found a comparatively low and narrow laboratory-determined Tset range (22°C–26°C). Turtle body temperatures (Tb) cycled between May and August and attained maximal values during the evening hours, a pattern that likely results from thermal inertia, the selection of aquatic thermal patches, or both, as Te (operative temperatures) declined. Turtles most effectively maintained Tb within Tset during July and August when thermal conditions were most favorable. Throughout most of the active season the highly aquatic habits of C. serpentina apparently negated the effects of variations in daily weather conditions and their effects on incoming levels of solar radiation on variation in Tb. However, turtles maintained higher average Tb on sunny days compared with overcast days in April and May, the coolest months of the study. Diel Tb cycling ceased during September and October and average Tb declined despite favorable thermal conditions, at least during September, a pattern that could reflect a downward shift in the Tset range. Comparatively, C. serpentina is less effective at thermoregulating than is a small-bodied species at a similar latitude (Chrysemys picta marginata). Apparently, thermal inertia and lack of atmospheric basking proclivities influenced the thermoregulatory precision in our turtles.
Genotypic Differences in Sweet Cherry Fruit Size are Primarily a Function of Cell Number

Understanding the genetic control of fruit size in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is critical for maximizing fruit size and profitable fresh market production. In cherry, coordinated cycles of cell division and expansion of the carpel result in a fleshy mesocarp that adheres to a stony endocarp. How these structural changes are influenced by differing genetics and environments to result in differing fruit sizes is not known. Thus, the authors measured mesocarp cell length and cell number as components of fruit size. To determine the relative genotypic contribution, five sweet cherry cultivars ranging from '1 to 13 g fresh weight were evaluated. To determine the relative environmental contribution to fruit size, different-size fruit within the same genotype and from the same genotype grown in different environments were evaluated. Mesocarp cell number was the major contributor to the differences in fruit equatorial diameter among the five sweet cherry cultivars. The cultivars fell into three significantly different cell number classes: '28 cells, '45 cells, and '78 cells per radial mesocarp section. Furthermore, mesocarp cell number was remarkably stable and virtually unaffected by the environment as neither growing location nor physiological factors that reduced final fruit size significantly altered the cell numbers. Cell length was also significantly different among the cultivars, but failed to contribute to the overall difference in fruit size. Cell length was significantly influenced by the environment, indicating that cultural practices that maximize mesocarp cell size should be used to achieve a cultivar's fruit size potential. The mature cherry fruit is composed of a thin protective exocarp, a fleshy mesocarp, and an inedible stony endocarp (pit) surrounding the seed (Esau, 1977). All three tissue types arise from the ovary, and the increase in fruit size results from a coordinated series of cell divisions and expansions. Fruit diameter increase in sweet cherry follows a double-sigmoid growth curve, consisting of three distinct growth stages (Coombe, 1976). Stage I is characterized by rapid and expo- nential fruit growth following anthesis; stage II, by a lag period of fruit growth coinciding with endocarp hardening and embryo development; and stage III, by a second period of exponential fruit growth ending with either harvest or physiological maturity. During stage I, mesocarp growth consists of both cell division and cell enlargement, whereas stage III mesocarp growth is predominantly the result of cell expansion (Coombe, 1976; Tukey and Young, 1939). Although the growth curve for cherry is well defined, the genetic differences in cell division and enlargement contribut- ing to the wide range in fruit size that can occur between genotypes are not. Wild forms of forest sweet cherry have small
PENGUJIAN POTENSI BAKTERI ENDOFIT TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN POPULASI NEMATODA SISTA KUNING (Globodera rostochiensis) PADA TANAMAN KENTANG (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Yellow Nematoda sista (Globodera rostochiensis) is one of interfering plant organism in potatoes plants that bothers farmers in Indonesia. Many controls done by farmers during this time uses chemist pesticide. The using of chemist pesticide continuously can threaten human environment and healthy. The existence of endofit bacteria might became one of nematode controlling agent which is hospitable, because endofit bacteria can produce toxic compound in nematode. The aim of this research is to find out the filtrate potential of endofit bacteria to the growth of yellow nematode sista population (Globodera rostochiensis) in potatoes plants. This research is done in Microbiological and Greenhouse Laboratory, Biology Department, Science and Technology Faculty, UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang and Pest and Plant Disease Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Brawijaya Malang. This research is done in December 2011 until April 2011 by using Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) method. Bacterial filtrate is made in a way of making endofit bacteria grow in TSB media for 48 hours, then disentrifugasi with speed 13.000 rpm for 15 minutes. Next, it is tested in yellow nematode sista in potatoes plants in the greenhouse. The result of this research shows that endofit bacteria filtrate can obstruct the growth of sista Globodera rostochiensis population. Three from those six isolates which have high ability in pressing sista Globodera rostochiensis population in 100 gram of soil are isolate AA (91%), DH (81%) and BE (81%). Isolate AA can press sista Globodera rostochiensis population in the high scale, which reach until 91%. All endofit bacteria isolate (Isolat AA, AH, BA, BE, DA and DH) can increase the growth of potatoes plants, they are the height of plant and the weight of potatoes plants root.
Population Characteristics and Assessment of Overfishing for an Exploited Paddlefish Population in the Lower Tennessee River

Abstract Paddlefish Polyodon spathula (n = 576) were collected from Kentucky Lake, Kentucky–Tennessee, with experimental gill nets in 2003–2004 to assess population characteristics and the potential for commercial overfishing. Additional data were collected from 1,039 paddlefish caught by commercial gillnetters in this impoundment. Since the most recent study in 1991, size and age structure have been reduced and annual mortality has tripled. In the 1991 study, 37% of the fish collected were older than the maximum age we observed (age 11), and in 2003 annual mortality for paddlefish age 7 and older was high (A = 68%). Natural mortality is presumably low (<10%) for paddlefish; therefore, exploitation in recent years is high. Estimates of total annual mortality were negatively related to river discharge in the years preceding each estimate. The number of paddlefish harvested since 1999 was also negatively related to river discharge because gill nets cannot be easily deployed when discharge exceeds approximat.
Cyclic AMP modulation of ion transport across frog retinal pigment epithelium. Measurements in the short-circuit state

In the frog retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) were measured in control conditions and after treatment with substances that are known to inhibit phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity (isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, SQ65442) or stimulate adenylate cyclase activity (forskolin). The cAMP levels were elevated by a factor of 5-7 compared with the controls in PDE-treated tissues and by a factor of 18 in forskolin-treated tissues. The exogenous application of cAMP (1 mM), PDE inhibitors (0.5 mM), or forskolin (0.1 mM) all produced similar changes in epithelial electrical parameters, such as transepithelial potential (TEP) and resistance (Rt), as well as changes in active ion transport. Adding 1 mM cAMP to the solution bathing the apical membrane transiently increased the short-circuit current (SCC) and the TEP (apical side positive) and decreased Rt. Microelectrode experiments showed that the elevation in TEP is due mainly to a depolarization of the basal membrane followed by, and perhaps also accompanied by, a smaller hyperpolarization of the apical membrane. The ratio of the apical to the basolateral membrane resistance increased in the presence of cAMP, and this increase, coupled with the decrease in Rt and the basolateral membrane depolarization, is consistent with a conductance increase at the basolateral membrane. Radioactive tracer experiments showed that cAMP increased the active secretion of Na (choroid to retina) and the active absorption of K (retina to choroid). Cyclic AMP also abolished the active absorption of Cl across the RPE. In sum, elevated cellular levels of cAMP affect active and passive transport mechanisms at the apical and basolateral membranes of the bullfrog RPE.
The Respiratory Microbiome in Cystic Fibrosis: Compartment Patterns and Clinical Relationships in Early Stage Disease

We compared the bacterial microbiomes lodged in the bronchial tree, oropharynx and nose of patients with early stage cystic fibrosis (CF) not using chronic antibiotics, determining their relationships with lung function and exacerbation frequency. CF patients were enrolled in a cohort study during stability and were checked regularly over the following 9 months. Upper respiratory samples (sputum [S], oropharyngeal swab [OP] and nasal washing [N]) were collected at the first visit and every 3 months. 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing was performed and analyzed with QIIME. Seventeen CF patients were enrolled (16.6 SD 9.6 years). Alpha-diversity of bacterial communities between samples was significantly higher in S than in OP (Shannon index median 4.6 [IQR: 4.1–4.9] vs. 3.7 [IQR: 3-1-4.1], p = 0.003/Chao 1 richness estimator median 97.75 [IQR: 85.1–110.9] vs. 43.9 [IQR: 31.7–59.9], p = 0.003) and beta-diversity analysis also showed significant differences in the microbial composition of both respiratory compartments (Adonis test of Bray Curtis dissimilarity matrix, p = 0.001). Dominant taxa were found at baseline in five patients (29.4%), who showed lower forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1%, mean 74.8 [SD 19] vs. 97.2 [SD 17.8], p = 0.035, Student t test). The Staphylococcus genus had low RAs in most samples (median 0.26% [IQR 0.01–0.69%]), but patients with RA > 0.26% of Staphylococcus in bronchial secretions suffered more exacerbations during follow-up (median 2 [IQR 1–2.25] vs. 0 [0–1], p = 0.026. Mann–Whitney U test), due to S. aureus in more than a half of the cases, microorganism that often persists as bronchial colonized in these patients (9/10 [90%] vs. 2/7 [28.6%], p = 0.034, Fisher’s exact test). In conclusion, the bronchial microbiome had significantly higher diversity than the microbial flora lodged in the oropharynx in early stage CF. Although the RA of the Staphylococcus genus was low in bronchial secretions and did not reach a dominance pattern, slight overrepresentations of this genus was associated with higher exacerbation frequencies in these patients.
Evaluations of Selected Herbicides and Rates for Long-Term Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) Control1

Two field trials were established in Virginia during 1998, 1999, and 2000 to evaluate long-term mugwort control with varying rates of dicamba, triclopyr, clopyralid, picloram, metsulfuron, glufosinate, glyphosate, and the dimethylamine salt and the isooctyl ester of 2,4-D. A logarithmic sprayer was utilized in the first field trial to evaluate mugwort control with each of these herbicides, and, except for metsulfuron, rates ranged from 0.28 to 8.9 kg ai/ha. Mugwort control with metsulfuron was evaluated at a lower rate range. In addition, mugwort control was evaluated with a logarithmic range of pelargonic acid rates in combination with constant rates of glyphosate, glufosinate, and the dimethylamine salt of 2,4-D. Complete control of mugwort plants and rhizomes was achieved at 1 yr after treatment with picloram at rates ≥ 0.28 kg ai/ha, with clopyralid at rates ≥ 4.4 kg ai/ha, and with glyphosate at 8.9 kg ai/ha. Greater than 80% mugwort control was also achieved at 1 yr after treatment with clopyralid at rates ≥ 0.28 kg/ha, with glyphosate at rates ≥ 4.4 kg/ha, and with dicamba at 8.9 kg ai/ha. However, all rates (≤ 8.9 kg ai/ha) of glufosinate, triclopyr, and the dimethylamine salt and the isooctyl ester of 2,4-D provided less than 50% mugwort control at 1 yr after treatment. Similar results were obtained with metsulfuron at rates ≤ 0.063 kg ai/ha. The addition of pelargonic acid to glyphosate, glufosinate, or the dimethylamine salt of 2,4-D did not significantly enhance mugwort control when compared with applications of these herbicides alone. Additionally, progressively higher rates of pelargonic acid in combination with glyphosate, glufosinate, or the dimethylamine salt of 2,4-D resulted in antagonism of these herbicides. In separate field trials conducted in 2000, reduced rates of picloram were evaluated. In these dose–response trials, picloram at 0.28 kg/ha was the lowest rate that consistently provided greater than 90% control of mugwort at 3 mo after treatment. Collectively, the results from both trials indicate that excellent long-term mugwort control may be achieved with relatively low use rates of picloram (0.28 kg/ha) and clopyralid (0.28 kg/ha), but higher rates were needed for glyphosate (8.9 kg/ha) and dicamba (8.9 kg/ha). Results also indicate that little to no long-term control of mugwort will be achieved with applications of glufosinate, metsulfuron, triclopyr, or the dimethylamine salt and the isooctyl ester of 2,4-D, even at exceptionally high use rates. Nomenclature: Clopyralid; 2,4-D dimethylamine salt; dicamba; 2,4-D isooctyl ester; glufosinate; glyphosate; metsulfuron; pelargonic acid; picloram; triclopyr; mugwort, Artemisia vulgaris L. #3 ARTVU. Additional index words: Growth regulator herbicides, logarithmic sprayer, nonselective herbicides, perennial weed control, regrowth, rhizome. Abbreviations: MAT, month after treatment; YAT, year after treatment.