Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Where do sea lions live? How interspecific interactions and abiotic factors predict Steller sea lion habitat selection

Habitat selection by species is dependent on both abiotic factors and species interaction. With regards to species interaction, competition and facilitation can play a critical role regarding how a species selects its habitat. Previous work has suggested that Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) have been displaced from their haulout sites due to competition with California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). The purpose of our study is to understand what factors determine the number of Steller sea lion present at a haul out site in the Barkley Sound area in Bamfield, BC. We tested this by asking if the number of Steller sea lions at a haulout site at a certain time is related to the presence of California sea lions (as a proxy for interspecific interaction), time of day, and tide height or a combination of two or three of these variables. After running a generalized mixed effect model and competing our models using Akaike Information Criteria, our results indicated that tide height was the best predictor for explaining the number of Steller sea lions present at a haulout site. However, our results also indicated that the presence of California sea lions and time of day may play a role in determining Steller sea lion haulout sites as well. We found from this study that both species interaction and abiotic factors need to be collectively considered when predicting the mechanisms underlying species habitat choice in marine ecosystems. Where do sea lions live? How interspecific interactions and abiotic factors predict Steller sea lion habitat selection
Oncolytic measles virus strains : biologic characteristics , cytopathic activity and cancer selectivity

Introduction: Replication-competent oncolytic measles virus (MV) strains preferentially infect and destroy a wide variety of cancer tissues. Clinical translation of engineered attenuated MV vaccine derivatives is demonstrating the therapeutic potential and negligible pathogenicity of these strains in humans. Areas covered: The present review summarizes the mechanisms of MV tumor selectivity and cytopathic activity as well as the current data on the oncolytic efficacy and preclinical testing of MV strains. Investigational strategies to reprogram MV selectivity, escape antiviral immunity and modulate the immune system to enhance viral delivery and tumor oncolysis are also discussed. Expert opinion: Clinical viral kinetic data derived from noninvasive monitoring of reporter transgene expression will guide future protocols to enhance oncolytic MV efficacy. Anti-measles immunity is a major challenge of measles-based therapeutics and various strategies are being investigated to modulate immunity. These include the combination of MV therapy with immunosuppressive drugs, such as cyclophosphamide, the use of cell carriers and the introduction of immunomodulatory transgenes and wildtype virulence genes. Available MV retargeting technologies can address safety considerations that may arise as more potent oncolytic MV vectors are being developed.
Flow separation control in S-shaped ∼inlet with a nanosecond pulsed surface dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator

A nanosecond pulsed surface dielectric barrier discharge (nSDBD) plasma actuator is proposed to eliminate the complex 3D flow separation in an S-shaped ∼engine inlet. A set of wind tunnel experiments based on pressure measurements are conducted to verify the flow control effectiveness and obtain the influence laws of actuation voltage, pulse frequency, actuator layout and coverage area. The results show that nSDBD can effectively eliminate flow separation, leading to a noticeable improvement in the total pressure distribution at the outlet, manifested as a reduction in the low-pressure zone and an extension of the high-pressure zone. The spanwise layout nSDBD delivers a better flow control effect compared to the streamwise layout. For the same geometrical layout, the flow control effect improves with increasing voltage, and the optimal actuation frequency corresponds to a Strouhal number of approximately F + = 0.5. In particular, with a spanwise array of nSDBD plasma actuators operating at V p-p = 10 kV and F + = 0.5, the flow separation region is completely suppressed. The mechanism of flow separation with nSDBD can be ascribed to the mixing enhancement between the boundary layer and the main flow, which improves the boundary layer’s ability to resist the adverse pressure gradient.
Study of ENSO impact on agricultural food crops price as basic knowledge to improve community resilience in climate change

Climate change has become an pivotal issue and impacted on the socio-economic community because it contributes not only to prolonged land droughts and fires in the dry season but also to increased rainfall and flooding in the wet season. One of the climate change phenomena in Indonesia is El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) consisting of El Nino and La Nina. The ENSO phenomenon drives rainfall variability that impacts on the agricultural sector which depends on water availability. The objective of this study was to analyse the impact of El Nino and La Nina on the prices of six agricultural food crops using static panel data. The data used consist of 23 provinces affected by El Nino and La Nina in 2010-2017. Rainfall is used as a proxy for El Nino and La Nina, supported by a negative and significant correlation between Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) and rainfall. The results showed that El Nino has greater impacts on food prices than La Nina by increasing the price of rice, sweet potato, and mung bean. While La Nina has a significant impact in increasing the price of cassava. Considering the importance of food crops for Indonesians, efforts can be made to improve community resilience, such as using adaptive varieties of climate, developing agricultural insurance, time and planting patterns adjustment and agroforestry patterns for communities nearby the forests in the framework of climate change mitigation and adaptation. Ultimately, this study can provide important insights to formulate effective mitigation and adaptation strategies to minimize the climate change impact.
Plasma radiation behavior approaching high-radiation scenarios in W7-X

The W7-X stellarator has so far performed experiments under both limiter and divertor conditions. The plasma is mostly generated by ECR-heating with powers up to 6.5 MW, and the plasma density is usually limited by the radiation losses from low-Z impurities (such as carbon and oxygen) released mainly from the graphite targets. The present work first summarizes the radiation loss fractions f rad achieved in quasi-stationary hydrogen plasmas in both operational phases, and then shows how impurity radiation behaves differently with the two different boundary conditions as the plasma density increases. The divertor operation is emphasized and some beneficial effects (with respect to impurity radiation) are highlighted: (1) intensive radiation is located at the edge (r/a > 0.8) even at high radiation loss fractions, (2) the plasma remains stable up to f rad approaching unity, (3) the reduction in the stored energy is about 10% for high f rad scenarios. Moreover, effects of wall boronisation on impurity radiation profiles are also presented.
Deforestation-induced surface warming is influenced by the fragmentation and spatial extent of forest loss in Maritime Southeast Asia

Deforestation in the tropics causes warming which contributes to regional climate change. Forest loss occurs over a broad range of spatial scales, producing a variety of spatial patterns of cleared and forested land. Whether the spatial attributes of these patterns influence the resulting temperature change remains largely unknown. We adopted a differences-in-differences approach to analyse remotely-sensed forest loss and land surface temperature (LST) data in maritime Southeast Asia. We found that deforestation increased LST, as expected, but that the temperature increases were smaller when forest loss produced more fragmented landscapes in which non-forest and forest edges were heavily interlaced. Temperature increases were greater where the forest loss was more extensive. Warming also extended beyond the location of forest removal, so that forest loss increased temperatures in undisturbed locations up to 6 km away. Different spatial patterns of land clearing, for example, as might be produced by small-holder agriculture as opposed to large-scale deforestation, would therefore have different impacts on the local climate. Conserving forests within 4 km of farmland, urban areas or other sensitive environments may help to avoid temperature increases that reduce land productivity and worsen human health.
Calibration of the dual-mode auto-calibrating resistance thermometer with few-parts-per-million uncertainty

The dual-mode auto-calibrating resistance thermometer (DART) has recently been proposed for highly accurate temperature measurement based on noise thermometry. In this paper, it is demonstrated that calibration and operation of the DART at part-per-million (ppm) level should be possible with the hardware developed. For this purpose, we have extensively tested a representative signal path comprising the basic DART components. This includes a low-noise amplifier connected to a 24-bit ΣΔ ADC and a metrology-grade voltage reference. A Josephson arbitrary waveform synthesizer (JAWS) generates a pseudo-noise consisting of low-distortion multitones superimposed on a low-frequency square-wave reference voltage. Using this signal, a fast and efficient calibration scheme for the signal path gain is demonstrated. The reference voltage stabilizes the gain at ppm level. We observed gain fluctuations within ±2μVV−1 over a period of 19 d, a temperature coefficient of −0. 5μVV−1K−1 , and insignificant nonlinearity within an uncertainty band of ±2μVV−1 for rms input levels between 5 µV and 80 µV. The behavior of the signal path with a 300 Ω resistor as a noise source was also investigated. From the observed stability of the voltage reference and flatness of the noise gain between 10 kHz and 225 kHz, we estimate that the presented hardware components are suitable for temperature measurements with systematic uncertainties well below 10μKK−1 .
Potential impacts of dam construction on environment, society and economy based on community perceptions

Dam construction is one of the climate change adaptation strategies. Numerous studies on community perceptions related to the impacts of the dam after construction have been conducted. However, research on community perceptions towards the potential impacts of the dam before construction is limited. Accordingly, this research aimed to observe community perceptions towards potential impacts of the Budong-Budong dam construction on the environment, society, and economy. Data were collected in November 2020 in Salulekbo village, Topoyo district, Central Mamuju regency. This research used a qualitative approach. The data were collected through in-depth interviews using questionnaires with 26 respondents. The findings showed that 19 respondents (76% of total respondents) stated that dam construction will cause negative impacts on the environment, such as flooding downstream (if the construction failed) and landslides. On the social aspect, dam construction can bring both positive and negative impacts for the village, such as community displacement and social bond weakness. Furthermore, on the economic aspect, 21 out of 26 respondents argued that dam construction will affect the community’s economy negatively in the form of income reduction (76%) and cost for buying a piece of land (4%). This research hopefully can be a guide to secure the sustainable livelihood of the local community after dam development by providing resettlement areas, job opportunities, capacity building and community assistance, and socializing related policies and regulations.
Edge harmonic oscillations in plasmas with a separatrix and the effect of edge magnetic shear

This work presents an extension of exfernal mode theory, where the effects of edge magnetic shear and plasma separatrix are investigated and applied to edge harmonic oscillations (EHOs). Linear analytical modelling is performed on a large aspect ratio tokamak with circular cross section, from which a set of three coupled differential equations describing the dispersion relation are derived. To correctly assess the effect of edge shear on exfernal modes, higher order corrections need to be retained in the expansion of the safety factor around the rational surface. The equations are solved numerically for equilibrium pressure and safety factor profiles containing the key features for the excitation of exfernal modes, including a model of a plasma separatrix. The current-driven branch of the instability is significantly reduced by the inclusion of the separatrix, but the mode remains unstable through coupling with the pressure-driven infernal drive. The obtained parameter space for the instability without the effect of the separatrix is compared with the growth rates calculated using the KINX code, and with the nonlinear plasma displacement calculated using the VMEC free-boundary code. From the comparison it was found that the edge shear can be of order unity and still excite exfernal modes, implying that EHOs can be excited even with weak flattening of the local safety factor at the edge, which is in line with some current experimental observations, but contrary to previous simpler analytic theory.
Giving social pressure∗

Why do we often avoid confronting someone who infringes a social norm? In this online experiment with over 1000 participants, university students faced the decision whether to send a pressuring email to a campus peer who had yet to register to vote near the deadline for the 2020 U.S. General Election. This experiment elicits incentivized measures of the participants’ willingness to pay (WTP) to send the email and their predictions on the effectiveness and on the recipient’s (dis)like of the message. On average, senders have a significantly negative WTP, and prefer to pay instead of sending the email. Senders generally believe their emails will be effective, and they value persuading the recipient to register. However, the majority expect the recipient to dislike the email, and are willing to pay -$1.4 on average to avoid sending the email. In contrast, the minority who expect the recipient to like being pressured are willing to pay +$1.6 on average to send the email themselves. This sensitivity to the anticipated recipient’s (dis)like of the message is significantly lower when the messages can be sent anonymously. Under a simple framework, I estimate that 64% of the motives behind giving social pressure come from self-interest, 29% from the desire to persuade the recipient to follow the norm, and 7% from altruism. Senders also overestimate their social influence over their peers: they predict that their pressuring emails would increase the recipients’ registration rate by 14 percentage points on average, but in reality, the messages have no impact. JEL Classification: D91, D72, P48 ∗I would like to thank Stefano DellaVigna, Ned Augenblick, Fred Finan, Elizabeth Linos, Dan Moore, Ricardo Perez-Truglia, and Dmitry Taubinsky for their essential guidance on this project, and members of the Berkeley behavioral community for numerous comments and discussions. I gratefully acknowledge funding from the Russell Sage Foundation, the Berkeley Institute for Young Americans, and the Experimental Social Science Laboratory (Xlab) at Berkeley. I also thank Uri Gneezy, Ryan Oprea, and Marta Serra-Garcia for their logistical support, and the Anderson Behavioral Lab at UCLA, the Experimental and Behavioral Economics Lab at UCSB, the Rady Incentives Lab at UCSD, and Xlab at UC Berkeley for facilitating this study. Preregistration: AEARCTR-0006364. IRB: UC Berkeley CPHS #2020-03-13093. †UC Berkeley, woojin@berkeley.edu
Sowing Depth and Seedling Emergence of Some Soudano-Sahelian Tree Species in a Containerised Experiment

-A seed study was carried out to assess the effect of sowing depth on germination and early growth performance below and above ground level of some sahelian hardwood seeds in a containerized experiment. The experimental design used was 3×8 factorial in a Completely Randomize Design (CRD) and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The three depths are: 0cm (control), 3cm and 5cm tested with eight species namely: Adansonia digitata, Acacia senegal, Delonix regia, Balanites aegyptiaca, Khaya senegalensis, Senna siamea, Prosopis juliflora, and Ziziphus spinachristi. The sowing depth at 3cm depth had 19.75±8.85cm, 3.75±1.32mm and 18.36±10.92 for stem height, diameter and leaf number respectively. The biomass yield of the seedlings increased with decrease in sowing depth. Biomass yield treatment differences were significant at 0cm on both root and shoot biomass with 7.66g and 12.25g respectively. Though, there is no significant difference among root and shoot at sowing depth of 3cm and 5cm.
Herpesvirus 3 Infection in the Eclectus Parrot

Psittacid herpesvirus 3 (PsHV-3) has recently been implicated as the cause of a severe respiratory disease in Bourke’s parrots (Neopsephotus bourkii) in the United States. In this report, the clinical manifestations and gross and microscopic lesions of PsHV-3 infection in 2 eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus) in Australia are described. The presence of a PsHV-3 infection was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of PsHV-3 DNA using degenerate and PsHV-3 primers. Electron microscopy of infected cells demonstrated the assembly of herpesvirus virions as well as intranuclear tubular structures. The detection of PsHV-3 in Australia in 2 eclectus parrots broadens the list of known affected species and confirms the presence of this virus in Australia.
Reviewer 1 Comment 1 R 1 : Summary

Current methods to estimate evacuation time during a natural disaster assume that human responses across different social groups are similar. However, individualsdo not consider respond 10 differently based on their socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the population. This article develops the Response Time by Social Vulnerability Index (ReTSVI). ReTSVI combines a series of modules which are pieces of information that interact during an evacuation, such us evacuation rate curves, mobilization, inundation models and social vulnerability indexes to create an integrated map of evacuation rate in a given location. We provide an example of the application of ReTSVI in a potential 15 case of a severe flood event in Huaraz, Peru. The results show that during the first 5 minutes of the evacuation, the population that lives in neighbourhoods with high social vulnerability evacuate 15% and 22% fewer people than the blocks with medium and low social vulnerability. These differences gradually decrease over time after the evacuation warning, and social vulnerability becomes less relevant after 30 minutes although. , with the data availableThe result of example of application have no 20 statistica, with not statistical significance, which should be considere in a real case of application. Using a methodology such as ReTSVI could allows to combine social and physical vulnerability in a qualitative framework for evacuation, although, first more research needs to be done to understand the socioeconomic variables that explain the differences in evacuation rate. first responders to identify areas where the same level of physical vulnerability affects distinct groups differently. 25
Duality of Analyst Coverage: Evidence from Product Recalls

This article investigates the role of financial analysts in product quality failures. Using a comprehensive sample of product recalls, we establish three main results. First, analyst coverage on average increases the frequency of product quality failures, particularly when managers are inclined to succumb to analysts’ pressure to pursue short-term profits. Second, analyst coverage inhibits quality-enhancing activities such as tightening control over input quality, establishing a quality-focused corporate culture, and increasing SG&A investments. Lastly, analysts can help reduce quality failures when they have supply-chain expertise. Taken together, our results uncover both detrimental and beneficial effects of analysts on product quality and safety.
Policy Enforcement in the Presence of Organized Crime: Evidence from Rio de Janeiro

How does territorial control by organized crime groups affect the enforcement of public policies? We answer this question by studying the enforcement of social distancing policies in Rio de Janeiro during the COVID-19 crisis. Two criminal groups with distinct governance have de facto control over several areas of the city: drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) and paramilitary groups (PGs). While the former funds itself mainly through the drug business, the second obtains most of its profits from extortion and illegal commerce of public services to citizens within their territories. This induces different responses to policies that reduce economic activity, such as those enacted in the pandemic. We document that in areas controlled by PGs, distancing was smaller than in government-ruled areas. On the other hand, DTOs' turfs had similar social distancing to places controlled by the government.
Peer‐to‐peer sharing platforms with quality differentiation: Manufacturer's strategic decision under sharing economy

As peer‐to‐peer sharing platforms emerge in the downstream market, upstream product manufacturers may build their exclusive sharing platform, seeking benefits from the sharing market. To study the profit and welfare implications of the emergence of sharing economy and manufacturer's platform‐building strategy, we employ a vertically differentiated duopoly setting and consider three scenarios: no‐sharing benchmark, a single third‐party platform emerged, and manufacturer‐built platform co‐existing with the third‐party platform. Formulating and solving the game in each scenario, we compare the equilibrium outcomes, including manufacturers' profits, consumer surplus and social welfare, before and after scenario transitions. For the manufacturers' profits, no matter which manufacturer builds the platform in presence of the third‐party platform, that manufacturer will be better off, whereas the opponent manufacturer may also benefit, depending on the quality differentiation perceived by consumers in the product selling market and in the sharing market. Moreover, when comparing against the no‐sharing benchmark, the manufacturers benefit from the sharing only when the quality differentiation is large enough and the production cost is not small. For the welfare implication, if the renters derive the same usage utility as the owners in the sharing market, the consumer surplus and the social welfare will always increase as the third‐party platform emerges or a manufacturer builds its platform. Otherwise, either platform could hurt the consumer surplus and the social welfare, especially when the quality differentiation is large. Our research highlights the innovative platform‐building strategy in the presence of peer‐to‐peer sharing economy and offers important insights to all market participants.
Salience, Awareness, and the Real Consequence of Information Bundling

Firms often bundle announcements of corporate events, such as dividend changes and repurchases, together with quarterly earnings news. This paper studies the real consequence of this disclosure practice in the context of the market for corporate control. I find bundled repurchase announcements significantly increase the announcer’s likelihood of becoming a takeover target. Daily Bloomberg news readership data confirms increased awareness is a channel for this effect. Consistent with this channel, targets in bundling-induced takeovers are ex ante less visible. To facilitate causal inference, I use difference-in-differences and instrumental variable estimations to alleviate omitted variables and self-selection concerns.