Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multidirectional Mean Value Inequalities and Weak Monotonicity

Multidirectional mean value inequalities provide estimates of the difference of the extremal value of a function on a given bounded set and its value at a given point in terms of its (sub)‐gradient at some intermediate point. A generalization of such multidirectional mean value inequalities is derived by using new infinitesimal conditions for a weak r‐growth of the lower semicontinuous function along approximate trajectories of differential inclusions. This new form of the multidirectional mean value inequality does not rely on the linear structure of the underlying space and removes a traditional assumption of lower boundedness on the function.
Coupling coefficients for Lie algebra representations and addition formulas for special functions

Representations of the Lie algebra su(1,1) and of a generalization of the oscillator algebra, b(1), are considered. The paper then introduces polynomials which are related by the coupling (or Clebsch–Gordan) coefficients of the Lie algebra in question; by making a proper choice, these polynomials themselves are related to known special functions. The coupling of two or three representations of the Lie algebra then leads to interesting addition formulas for these special functions. The polynomials appearing here are generalized Laguerre and Jacobi polynomials for the su(1,1) case, and Hermite polynomials for the b(1) algebra.
Does MSP Participation Increase the Supply of Math Teachers? Developing and Testing an Analytic Model

An important feature of the Math and Science Partnership (MSP) Program of the National Science Foundation is to increase K-12 student achievement in math and science by increasing the quality, quantity, and diversity of the nation's K-12 math and science teachers. Because the underlying supply of math and science teachers is never directly observed, the central premise of this article is that an examination of the extent to which the MSP Program might impact the quantity and quality of math and science teachers requires careful thought and modeling. With that starting point, this study first develops a model that supports a premise that shifts in underlying supply can be inferred from shifts in the percentage of certified math teachers employed when (a) salaries are constrained to be below market clearing salaries and (b) uncertified or “out-of-field” certified teachers can compete as substitutes for certified math teachers. The study then tests the plausibility of the model using data from Texas and in so doing provides preliminary estimates of the extent to which a school or school district's MSP participation affected the supply of certified math teaches available to that school or district. The results, although inconclusive on the question of the labor supply effects of MSP participation by a school or school district, do suggest the reasonableness of the model for future work when more appropriate data will be available.
Sea-spike backscatter from a steepening wave

H-pol and V-pol backscatter cross sections at incidence angles of 85/spl deg/, 60/spl deg/, and 40/spl deg/ are computed at X-band for two temporal sequences of simulated sea waves, one with a wavelength of 1 m and the other with a 2.3 m wavelength, that are steepening as they undergo breaking. At an incidence angle of 85/spl deg/ (5/spl deg/ grazing) H-pol and V-pol backscatter from these waves are shown to have the characteristics of a sea spike. At a 60/spl deg/ incidence angle only the l m sequence produces a sea spike. No sea spike is seen from either sequence at 40.
Near-Infrared Spectrophotometry of Phobos and Deimos

Abstract We have observed the leading and trailing hemispheres of Phobos from 1.65 to 3.5 μm and Deimos from 1.65 to 3.12 μm near opposition. We find the trailing hemisphere of Phobos to be brighter than its leading hemisphere by 0.24±0.06 magnitude at 1.65 μm and brighter than Deimos by 0.98±0.07 magnitude at 1.65 μm. We see no difference larger than observational uncertainties in spectral slope between the leading and trailing hemispheres when the spectra are normalized to 1.65 μm. We find no 3-μm absorption feature due to hydrated minerals on either hemisphere to a level of ∼5–10% on Phobos and ∼20% on Deimos. When the infrared data are joined to visible and near-IR data obtained by previous workers, our data suggest the leading (Stickney-dominated) side of Phobos is best matched by T-class asteroids. The spectral slope of the trailing side of Phobos and leading side of Deimos are bracketed by the D-class asteroids. The best laboratory spectral matches to these parts of Phobos are mature lunar soils and heated carbonaceous chondrites. The lack of 3-μm absorption features on either side of Phobos argues against the presence of a large interior reservoir of water ice according to current models of Phobos' interior (F. P. Fanale and J. R. Salvail 1989, Geophys. Res. Lett. 16 , 287–290; Icarus 88 , 380–395).
Axisymmetric breakup of bubbles at high Reynolds numbers

We have analysed the structure of the irrotational flow near the minimum radius of an axisymmetric bubble at the final instants before pinch-off. The neglect of gas inertia leads to the geometry of the liquid–gas interface near the point of minimum radius being slender and symmetric with respect to the plane $z\,{=}\,0$. The results reproduce our previous finding that the asymptotic time evolution for the minimum radius, $R_o(t)$, is $\tau\propto R^2_o\sqrt{-\,{\rm ln}\,R^2_o}$, $\tau$ being the time to breakup, and that the interface is locally described, for times sufficiently close to pinch-off, by $f(z,t)/R_o(t)\,{=}\,1\,{-}\,(6\,{\rm ln}\,R_o)^{-1}(z/R_o)^2$. These asymptotic solutions correspond to the attractor of a system of ordinary differential equations governing the flow during the final stages before pinch-off. However, we find that, depending on initial conditions, the solution converges to the attractor so slowly (with a logarithmic behaviour) that the universal laws given above may hold only for times so close to the singularity that they might not be experimentally observed.
Viscous flows in a muddy seabed induced by a solitary wave

Liu & Chan (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 579, 2007, p. 467, hereinafter referred to as LC) derived analytical solutions for the interactions between shallow water waves and a viscous fluid seabed. In this paper we present a set of new experimental data on the solitary-wave-induced flows in a viscous muddy seabed so as to validate LC's theory and the approximations employed. In the experiments a clear silicone fluid was used as the viscous mud and particle image velocimetry was employed to measure the velocity field inside the viscous mud. The shear stress along the bottom of the mud bed and the displacement of the water--mud interface were also deduced from data. Experimental results showed excellent agreement with the theoretical solutions. Additional analyses were performed to show that the ratio of the muddy seabed thickness to the corresponding bottom boundary-layer thickness, $\dbar$, plays an important role in characterizing mud flow regimes. When $\dbar\,{\leq}\,1$, the vertical profile of the horizontal velocity in the mud bed can be parameterized as a parabola. On the other hand, when $\dbar\,{\gg}\,1$, the velocity profile appears as a plug flow above a thin viscous layer. When $ \dbar\,{\sim}\,O(1)$, the flow patterns are more complex than the other two regimes and flow reversal can occur inside the viscous mud bed.
FORMATION OF PRELIMINARY OIL BLENDS BASED ON FATTY ACID COMPOSITIONS OF OIL-BEARING SOURCES

Fatty acid profiles of oil-bearing sources have different structures and percentages. No individual oil follows recommendations of ratios of SFA : MFA : PFA (1 : 1.5 : 1). The aim of our study is to create blends of oils from local raw materials with optimal fatty acid composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) omega 6 and omega 3 and SFA ratio: MUFA: PUFA. For the study dog-rose (Rosa Canina) seed, flax (Linum usitatissium), walnut (Juglans nigra), soybean (Glycine max), canola (Brassica napus) and rice (Oryza sativa) bran oils were selected. Flax oil has been mixed with soybean and canola oils in various proportions such as 25 : 75, 35 : 65, 45 : 55 (v/v) respectively. Flax, canola and dog-rose oil’s omega 6 : omega 3 fatty acids ratios were 0.28, 1.6 and 1.76 respectively, which are follow omega 6: omega 3 fatty acids optimum ratios. All oil blends followed the recommended diapasons of omega 6: omega 3 fatty acid ratios. However, flax and soybean oil blend’s SFA: MUFA: PUFA ratios appeared as 1 : 1.99 : 5.32, 1 : 1.94 : 5.3, 1 : 1.9 : 5.38, flax and canola oil blends demonstrated 1 : 3.98 : 7.22, 1 : 4.74 : 6.43, 1 : 5.03 : 6.11 respectively. These studies show that oil blending is an interesting and economical beneficial method to improve nutritional value of oil species.
Comparative Analysis of Circular and Triangular Gold Nanodisks for Field Enhancement Applications

In this paper, we present a quantitative comparison of circular and triangular gold nanodisks with the same length and thickness. The method of moments is used to solve numerically the scattering problem. With this model, we investigate the spatial near field distribution, spectral response, far field diagrams, and bandwidth wavelength of these particles. Our results show that the resonant wavelength and the near field enhancement and confinement of the triangular particle are larger than those for the circular particle, but the resonance bandwidth and scattering cross section of the triangular particle are smaller.
Baer-invariants and extensions relative to a variety

This paper examines the relationship between extensions in a variety and general extensions in the category of associative algebras. Our associative algebras are all unitary, over some fixed commutative ring Λ with identity, but while our discussion will be restricted to this category, it is clear that obvious analogues exist for groups, Lie algebras and Jordan algebras. (We use the notion of a bimultiplication of an associative algebra. In (2), Knopfmacher gives the definition of a bimultiplication in any variety of linear algebras. )
Numerical Simulations of Nonlinear Short Waves Using a Multilayer Model

The multilayer model developed by Lynett and Liu is used for simulating the evolution of deep-water waves in a constant depth. The computational model is tested with experimental data for nonlinear monochromatic and biharmonic waves with kh values as high as 8.3. The experiments were conducted in a super wave tank with dimensions of 300 m3 5m 3 5.2 m located at Tainan Hydraulics Laboratory of National Cheng-Kung University. The nonlinearity of the waves tested, ka, range from 0.0627 to 0.1577. The overall comparisons between the multilayer model and the experiments are quite good, indicating that the multilayer model is adequate for both linear and nonlinear deep-water waves.
A mid-IR study of the circumstellar environment of Herbig Be stars

Context. The study of the formation of massive stars is complicated because of the short times scales, large distances, and obscuring natal clouds. There are observational and theoretical indications that the circumstellar environment of Herbig Be (HBe) stars is substantially different from that of their lower mass counterparts, the T Tauri and Herbig Ae stars. Aims. We map the spatial distribution and mineralogy of the warm circumstellar dust of a sample of HBe stars. We compare our results to a sample of less massive Herbig Ae stars. Methods. We used literature photometry to obtain optical extinctions and stellar parameters of the targets. We obtained N-band imaging and long-slit spectroscopic data with the VISIR instrument at the VLT and we analyzed these data. We performed photometry of the images and extracted spatial information. We corrected the spectra for extinction and performed mineralogical fits. We fitted Gaussian profiles to characterize the spatial extent of the spectra along the VISIR slit. Results. We find that the mid-infrared (IR) emission of the HBe stars is typically characterized by a circumstellar disk that efficiently reprocesses a substantial portion of the stellar flux. The mid-IR flux levels, the spatial compactness, and the dust composition are quite similar to those of the Herbig Ae stars. We find upper limits to the full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) size of the mid-IR emission of ~500 AU. The main differences with the lower mass stars are the lower overall IR excess with a greater variety in shapes, the weaker PAH reprocessing power, and the lack of a silica-forsterite relation. The discrepancies between VISIR and IRAS photometry, the far-IR contributions and the large PAH sizes of HBe stars are attributed to natal clouds. Conclusions. Our results suggest that the Herbig Be disks are flatter than those around lower mass stars and they are likely truncated from the outside by photoevaporation.
The effect of endplates on the shedding frequency of circular cylinders in the irregular range

The influence of endplates on the vortex‐shedding mechanism is investigated for Reynolds numbers larger than 300 (irregular range). Near the endplate, a region with a shedding frequency f2 is found, which is lower than the Strouhal frequency f1 observed over the remaining cylinder length. The dominating parameter for this end‐effect is the ratio λ/d, where λ is the distance between the leading edge of the endplate and the cylinder and d is the cylinder diameter. The end‐effect fades away with increasing Reynolds number for a given λ/d. For greater values of λ/d, this fading is observed at higher Reynolds numbers.
Large displacement analysis of thin-walled beams with generic open section

A finite element formulation for geometric non-linear analysis of elastic straight thin-walled beams is presented. The updated Lagrangian procedure is used for a stiffness matrix derivation-to analyse large displacements or buckling behaviour of space frames. The stiffness matrix is developed for a generic cross-section and is equally efficient for symmetric, monosymmetric or asymmetric open sections. Some non-linear strain terms usually neglected in the literature have been considered, resulting in a formulation which also includes the initial bimoment and torsion effect for all cross-sections analysed. The proposed method has been implemented and the results of sample problems are presented.
ISEE 1 and 2 observations of the high beta shock

Measurements from the ISEE 1 and ISEE 2 spacecraft are used to examine the terrestrial bow shock under high beta conditions. On November 4, 1979, the large separation between the spacecraft, over 2500 km along the shock normal, was such to allow simultaneous upstream and downstream measurements of the solar wind plasma for a period of about 8 min. These measurements are compared with and found to be in agreement with the predicted values of the Rankine-Hugoniot relations using the simple adiabatic approximation and a ratio of specific heats, γ, of 5/3. No additional terms, such as the heat flux, are needed to bring the measured and predicted values into agreement. Large magnetic field and density fluctuations were observed, but average downstream plasma conditions well away from the shock were relatively steady, near the predicted Rankine-Hugoniot values. The magnetic disturbances persisted well downstream and a hot, dense ion beam was detected leaking from the downstream region of the shock. Both of these phenomena can be attributed to the excitation of the Alfven ion cyclotron instability, which acts quickly to isotropize the ions close to the ramp of the shock. Additional shock crossings under high beta conditions having smaller separations allow us to confirm many of these observations.
Mean Field Equation of Liouville Type with Singular Data: Topological Degree

We consider the following mean field equation: Δgv+ρ(h*ev∫Mh*ev−1)=4π∑j=1Nαj(δqj−1) on M, where M is a compact Riemann surface with volume 1, h* is a positive C1 function on M, and ρ and αj are constants satisfying αj > −1. In this paper, we derive the topological‐degree‐counting formula for noncritical values of ρ. We also give several applications of this formula, including existence of the curvature + 1 metric with conic singularities, doubly periodic solutions of electroweak theory, and a special case of self‐gravitating strings. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recent spectra of atmospheric turbulence

Spectra of atmospheric turbulence recently measured at various heights and sites under a variety of stability conditions have been analysed and compared. The results are: (i)In regions over which the spectra obey −5/3 power laws, the ratio of the lateral to the longitudinal spectra shows fair agreement with the 4/3 ratio predicted by the Kolmogorov hypothesis for the inertial sub-range. The vertical-longitudinal ratio has a similar tendency. (ii)Dissipation rates computed from the longitudinal spectra seem to be consistent with the hypothesis that dissipation is balanced by the total production of mechanical and convective turbulent energy, provided that the turbulence is in equilibrium. In transition from rough to smooth terrain, dissipation exceeds the other terms. (iii)Vertical-velocity spectra obey Monin-Obukhov similarity theory up to a height of about 50 m. Their shapes are reasonably uniform, the major change with stability being a change of scale of the wave number axis, i.e., any characteristic nondimensional wave number is a function of z/L only. This function appears to be the same as the relation between the normalized dissipation and z/L. These results are consistent with previously measured Kolmogorov constants and with measured ratios of standard deviation of vertical velocity to friction velocity. Up to about a height of 50 m the wavelengths of the maxima of the logarithmic spectra increase linearly with height and more slowly thereafter, up to about 300 m. The spectra in stable air above 50 m suggest the existence of a buoyant sub-range. (iv)Longitudinal spectra do not obey similarity theory in a number of ways. The wavelengths do not scale with height, and there may be differences between sites when the spectra are plotted in similarity coordinates. (v)Spectra over the sea seem to have relatively more energy at low frequencies than those over land.
A Climatology of Surface Cloud Radiative Effects at the ARM Tropical Western Pacific Sites

AbstractCloud radiative effects on surface downwelling fluxes are investigated using datasets from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) sites in the tropical western Pacific Ocean (TWP) region. The Nauru Island (Republic of Nauru) and Darwin, Australia, sites show large variability in sky cover, downwelling radiative fluxes, and surface cloud radiative effect (CRE) that is due to El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Australian monsoon, respectively, whereas the Manus Island (Papua New Guinea) site shows little intraseasonal or interannual variability. At Nauru, the average shortwave (SW) surface CRE varies from −38.2 W m−2 during La Nina conditions to −90.6 W m−2 during El Nino conditions. The average longwave (LW) CRE ranges from 9.5 to 15.8 W m−2 during La Nina and El Nino conditions, respectively. At Manus, the average SW and LW CREs vary by less than 5 and 2 W m−2, respectively, between the ENSO phases. The variability at Darwin is even larger than at Nauru, with average SW (LW) .
A continuum approach to predicting electrophoretic mobility reversals

Abstract We present a continuum approach to predicting the electrophoretic mobility of a charged dielectric colloidal particle in a concentrated multivalent electrolyte. Our model takes into account steric (excluded volume) hindrance between ions via Bikerman’s approach (Philos. Mag., vol. 33, 1942, p. 384) and ion–ion electrostatic (Coulombic) correlations via the work of Bazant et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 106, 2011, 046102). The latter can result in the prediction of an electrophoretic mobility reversal, that is, the migration velocity of a particle switches direction with increasing ion concentration. Our model predictions compare favourably with experiments that observe mobility reversals in multivalent electrolytes.
Wiener–Askey and Wiener–Haar Expansions for the Analysis and Prediction of Limit Cycle Oscillations in Uncertain Nonlinear Dynamic Friction Systems

This paper is devoted to the robust modeling and prediction of limit cycle oscillations in nonlinear dynamic friction systems with a random friction coefficient. In recent studies, the Wiener-Askey and Wiener-Haar expansions have been proposed to deal with these problems with great efficiency. In these studies, the random dispersion of the friction coefficient is always considered within intervals near the Hopf bifurcation point. However, it is well known that friction induced vibrations - with respect to the distance of the friction dispersion interval to the Hopf bifurcation point - have different properties in terms of tansient, frequency and amplitudes. So, the main objective of this study is to analyze the capabilities of the Wiener-Askey (general polynomial chaos, multi-element generalized polynomial chaos) and Wiener- Haar expansions to be efficient in the modelling and prediction of limit cycle oscillations independently of the location of the instability zone with respect to the Hopf bifurcation point.
Imaging the disk around IRAS 20126+4104 at subarcsecond resolution ?

Context. The existence of disks around high-mass stars has yet to be established on a solid ground, as only few reliable candidates are known to date. The disk rotating about the 10 4 L protostar IRAS 20126+4104 is probably the most convincing of these. Aims. We would like to resolve the disk structure in IRAS 20126+4104 and, if possible, investigate the relationship between the disk and the associated jet emitted along the rotation axis. Methods. We performed observations at 1.4 mm with the IRAM Plateau de Bure interferometer attaining an angular resolution of 0: 00 4 ( 660 AU). We imaged the methyl cyanide J=12! 11 ground state and vibrationally excited transitions as well as the CH 3 13 CN isotopologue, which had proved to be disk tracers. Results. Our ndings conrm the existence of a disk rotating about a 7n10 M star in IRAS 20126+4104, with rotation velocity increasing at small radii. The dramatic improvement in sensitivity and spectral and angular resolution with respect to previous observations allows us to establish that higher excitation transitions are emitted closer to the protostar than the ground state lines, which demonstrates that the gas temperature is increasing towards the centre. We also nd that the material is asymmetrically distributed in the disk and speculate on the possible origin of such a distribution. Finally, we demonstrate that the jet emitted along the disk axis is co-rotating with the disk. Conclusions. We present iron-clad evidence of the existence of a disk undergoing rotation around a B-type protostar, with rotation velocity increasing towards the centre. We also demonstrate that the disk is not axially symmetric. These results prove that B-type stars may form through disk-mediated accretion as their low-mass siblings do, but also show that the disk structure may be signicantly perturbed by tidal interactions with (unseen) companions, even in a relatively poor cluster such as that associated with IRAS 20126+4104.