Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A zonal wave 3 index for the Southern Hemisphere

In this study 500 hPa geopotential heights from the NCAR‐NCEP Reanalysis are used to calculate an index describing the spatial and temporal characteristics of zonal wave three (ZW3) in the high latitude Southern Hemisphere atmosphere. The index spans the period 1958–2001. Wavelet analysis of the index shows the strong interannual variation which is characteristic of ZW3 and also reveals significant, high amplitude decadal‐scale variation. This interannual variation takes the form of marked fluctuation in sign and magnitude of the index. It appears to occur when there are rapid changes from strongly meridional to strongly zonal flow or vice versa. Initial indications are that some of this variability may be associated with ENSO events.
Pattern and tempo of great escarpment erosion

Extensive geological, geophysical, structural, and geochronological data suggest that the locations of great escarpments bordering passive margins are exceptionally stable and are probably determined by crustal structure. Together, the data do not support the established paradigm of ongoing, significant, and parallel escarpment retreat. Rather, thermochronologic data and sedimentary sequences in ocean basins suggest that initial, tectonically controlled rift escarpments undergo rapid and significant erosion only during the earliest stages of seafloor spreading. Development of stable passive margin escarpments follows this period of intense erosion. Escarpments increase in sinuosity as embayments retreat more rapidly than interfluves. Measurements of 24 escarpments suggest that sinuosity, and the rate at which it increases, depends upon the location of maximum uplift, the geometry of the preescarpment drainage system, and margin age. All data suggest that the location of passive margin escarpments does not change significantly over time.
Stress determination in multianvil deformation experiments based on dislocation curvatures measurements: Application to wadsleyite and ringwoodite

The curvature of dislocation lines can serve as a probe for the resolved shear stress in multianvil deformation experiments. This method is very well adapted to deformation experiments in the multianvil apparatus where the microstructure (and in particular the dislocation density) can be largely determined by early deformation stages. On the contrary, individual dislocation movements can adjust more rapidly to stress level changes and can thus record the last stress level borne by the specimen before it is quenched. The method has been applied to dense specimens of wadsleyite and ringwoodite deformed at 15 to 22 GPa and 1000 to 1500–1600°C. The resolved shear stress is very similar in wadsleyite (400 MPa) and ringwoodite (350 MPa) deformed at 1000°C showing that these minerals exhibit very similar rheological properties under these conditions.
The flux of meteorites to Antarctica

Abstract It is premature to report firm conclusions regarding the past meteorite flux rate from the Antarctic record, as variables related to ice flow, meteorite catchment area, weathering and removal rate are not well constrained. The relative population of meteorite types appears to be broadly compatible with the modern fall population, although there are minor differences. In particular, there are populations of small unusual irons, carbonaceous chondrites and lunar samples not found among the modern falls. In addition, slight compositional differences between modern and old (Antarctic) H chondrites may signal a time-dependent change in the flux to Earth of more common meteorites.
Cretaceous demise of the Moa plate and strike-slip motion at the Gondwana margin

Radiolaria and paleomagnetic data from Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 595 and 596 indicate that Early Cretaceous seafloor was formed at moderate to high latitudes in the Pacific. This inference requires a Cretaceous spreading ridge south of the Pacific-Phoenix Ridge and substantial dextral strike-slip motion at the Gondwana margin. The previously unrecognized southern oceanic plate, called here the Moa plate, was obliquely subducted beneath the Gondwana margin, and material accreted from it is now part of the Eastern province of New Zealand.
Influence of forest tending (Soopkakkugi) works on litterfall and nutrient inputs in a Pinus densiflora stand

This study was conducted to examine litterfall and nutrient inputs following forest tending works (FTW) which are one of the most important forest management activities in Korea. We measured litterfall and nutrient (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg) inputs from needle litter in FTW and non-FTW (control) stands of approximately 40-year-old red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) forests in the Hwangmaesan Soopkakkugi model forest in Sancheonggun Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. Seasonal inputs of litterfall components such as needle, broadleaf, branch, bark and total litter inputs followed a similar pattern between the FTW and control stands. Annual average needle and total litterfall were significantly lower in the FTW (2483 kg ha−1 yr−1; 4038 kg ha−1 yr−1) than in the control stands (3377 kg ha−1 yr−1; 5589 kg ha−1 yr−1) during the study period. Nitrogen concentration of needle litter was significantly affected by FTW (P < 0.05), while other nutrient (C, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations were not significantly different between the FTW and control stands. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the organic C, N, P and Ca inputs by needle litter following FTW, whereas K and Mg inputs were not significantly different between the FTW and control stands. The results indicate that the reduction of litterfall and nutrient inputs following FTW can be attributed to reduced needle litterfall and vary considerably nutrient cycle in FTW stands.
Tectono-metamorphic map of the south-western flank of the Aspromonte Massif (southern Calabria -Italy)

The structural-geological field survey (1:10,000 scale) of the south-western portions of the Aspromonte Massif (southern Calabria, Italy) clearly reveal a nappe-pile stack made of three main tectono-metamorphic units piled-up by means of tectonic contacts with associated cataclastic or mylonitic rocks developed at various crustal depth. These three units are from top to bottom: the Stilo Unit, the Aspromonte-Peloritani Unit (APU) and the Madonna di Polsi Unit. As part of an ongoing project, we have constructed a structural and metamorphic GIS database based on 285 sampling stations, which allows for metamorphic and structural maps to be obtained in the form of the metamorphic zoning of the SU. This unit, made up of low greenschist- to low amphibolite-facies Palaeozoic metamorphic rocks, lies through a brittle tectonic contact over the APU, which is made up of amphibolite-facies metamorphic rocks intruded by late Hercynian peraluminous both locally overprinted by Alpine type metamorphism. The petrographic-derived metamorphic zonation chart here presented has been created after the detailed petrographic analysis of about 80 thin sections and the recognition of mineral assemblages of a thermal metamorphic aureole (biotite, muscovite and andalusite blastesis) produced by Late Hercynian magmatic bodies intruded into metapelites (Punta d'Atò granitoids, outcropping in the northern part of the mapped area).
Paradoxical-Success Imagery in the Field

In the current study, 27 male club-soccer players were trained with paradoxical-success imagery (de la Peña, 2009) in the field. Based on the tenets of Wegner's (1994) theory of ironic processes of mental control and previous research (e.g., de la Peña, 2009; Mellalieu et al., 2009), it was predicted that participants who imaged experiencing anxiety-related symptoms (combined with additional substantiated imagery components) prior to competing, would show a positive increase in self-confidence and interpretation of anxiety-related symptoms following training compared to pre-treatment. Hypotheses were supported in spite of an initial increase in cognitive anxiety intensity immediately following treatment. Additionally, results suggest that paradoxical-success imagery may be best suited for individuals with trait anxiety and the propensity to interpret anxiety-related symptoms as debilitative to performance. Factors contributing to the effective use of the imagery strategy as well as potential drawbacks are discussed.
How Should Journal Quality be Ranked? An Application to Agricultural, Energy, Environmental and Resource Economics

The Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science citations database (hereafter ISI) category of Economics has one of the largest numbers of journals, at 304, of any ISI discipline, and hence has wide coverage. The paper analyses the leading international journals in the Economics sub-disciplines of Energy, Environmental and Resource Economics using quantifiable Research Assessment Measures (RAMs), and highlights the similarities and differences in alternative RAMs. The RAMs are based on alternative transformations of citations taken from the ISI database. Alternative RAMs may be calculated annually or updated daily to answer the perennial questions as to When, Where and How (frequently) published papers are cited (see Chang et al. (2011a, b, c)). The RAMs include the most widely used RAM, namely the classic 2-year impact factor including journal self citations (2YIF), 2-year impact factor excluding journal self citations (2YIF*), 5-year impact factor including journal self citations (5YIF), Immediacy (or zero-year impact factor (0YIF)), Eigenfactor, Article Influence, C3PO (Citation Performance Per Paper Online), h-index, PI-BETA (Papers Ignored - By Even The Authors), 2-year Self-citation Threshold Approval Ratings (2Y-STAR), Historical Self-citation Threshold Approval Ratings (H-STAR), Impact Factor Inflation (IFI), and Cited Article Influence (CAI). As data are not available for 5YIF, Article Influence and CAI for one of the 20 journals considered, 13 RAMs are analysed for 19 highly-cited journals in Energy, Environmental and Resource Economics in the ISI category of Economics. Harmonic mean rankings of the 13 RAMs for the 19 highly-cited journals are also presented. It is shown that emphasizing the 2-year impact factor of a journal, which partly answers the question as to When published papers are cited, to the exclusion of other informative RAMs, which answer Where and How (frequently) published papers are cited, can lead to a distorted evaluation of journal impact and influence relative to the Harmonic Mean rankings.
Intraseasonal Variation of Winter Precipitation over the Western United States Simulated by 14 IPCC AR4 Coupled GCMs

Abstract This study evaluates the intraseasonal variation of winter precipitation over the western United States in 14 coupled general circulation models (GCMs) participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Eight years of each model’s twentieth-century climate simulation are analyzed. The focus is on the two dominant intraseasonal modes for the western U.S. precipitation: the 40-day mode and the 22-day mode. The results show that the models tend to overestimate the northern winter (November–April) seasonal mean precipitation over the western United States and Canada. The models also tend to produce overly strong intraseasonal variability in western U.S. wintertime precipitation, in spite of the overly weak tropical intraseasonal variability in most of the models. All models capture both the 40-day mode and the 22-day mode, usually with overly large variances. For the 40-day mode, models tend to reproduce its deep barotropic vertical structure and thr.
Seismic Rotational Displacements of Gravity Walls by Pseudodynamic Method with Curved Rupture Surface

This paper presents the use of pseudodynamic method to compute the rotational displacements of gravity retaining walls under passive condition when subjected to seismic loads. The concept of Newmark sliding block method for computing the rotational displacements under seismic condition and the limit equilibrium analysis have been combined in this paper to evaluate the performance of a gravity retaining walls under seismic conditions. One of the main features of the paper is the adoption of a new procedure to evaluate seismic passive earth pressure considering composite curved rupture surface (which is the combination of arc of a logarithmic spiral and straight line) and the dynamic nature of earthquake loading, which is useful to predict rotational displacements accurately. It also determines the threshold seismic acceleration coefficients for rotation using Newmark’s sliding block method. It is shown that the assumption of planar failure mechanism for rough soil-wall interfaces significantly overestimate.
Urban modification of diurnal temperature cycles in birmingham, U.K.

The urban heat island has traditionally been studied by showing its magnitude at a particular point in time, normally at night, when it reaches its maximum. The following paper adopts the strategy of Oke and Maxwell (1975) using heating and cooling rates to study the heat island. This method has the advantage of showing how the heat island develops and decays throughout the day. As the results reveal the most important changes occur at sunrise and sunset, the relative importance of the generating processes are considered with reference to the radiation budget of the urban surface. Results are reinforced by using urban and rural thermograph data.
Hyperspectral remote sensing of turbidity and chlorophyll a among Nebraska Sand Hills lakes

Abstract This study was conducted to establish correlations between reflectance spectra, turbidity and chlorophyll a among 22 fresh to alkaline lakes in Nebraska, U.S.A. , sampled in June and July of 1994. Peak reflectance ranged from 2-22 per cent between 500 and 600nm. Turbidity and chlorophyll a ranged from 1-82 NTU and 1-17 1 mu gl-1, respectively, with significant correlation (P<0.001) between the two. Reflectance first-derivatives corresponding to wavelengths 429 and 695nm, were significantly correlated with chlorophyll a (P<0.001), and derivatives at 429, 628 and 695nm were significantly correlated with turbidity (P<0.001) despite a wide range in water quality conditions.
Controls on ramp, platform and basinal sedimentation in the Dinantian of the Dublin Basin and Shannon Trough, Ireland

Abstract In the Dublin Basin a Courceyan ramp phase of sedimentation was followed in the Chadian by tectonic break-up of the basin into distinct shallow-water platforms, on which production of carbonate sediments continued in considerable volume, and ‘deep’ basinal areas in which it ceased. Progradation of the platforms across these basinal areas was limited, and mainly confined to the dip-slope of hanging wall blocks; progradation across fault scarps was rare. In the Shannon Trough basement-fault control was evident in the distribution and migration patterns of volcanic centres in the Chadian to Arundian, but despite this, ramp sedimentation occurred throughout the Dinantian, evolving into a purely constructional large platform by late Dinantian time. There was no break-up of the basin as in the case of the Dublin Basin. The reason for the contrasting behaviour of the two basins is related to the rate of upwards movement of extensional faults relative to sedimentation rates. In the Dublin Basin these faults penetrated to the palaeosurface to form scarps by the late Chadian, and this topography survived into the Brigantian. In the Shannon Trough these faults failed to surface, but deep basement structures controlled the distribution of Dinantian volcanic centres which lie on a series of ENE-trending lineaments. These lineaments, which parallel the axis of the Shannon Trough, almost certainly mark the traces of active down-to-basin faults that controlled its half-graben structure. The basement rocks of the two basins are clearly of a different nature; the Dublin Basin is floored by basement of a much more heterogeneous nature than the Shannon Trough, the former lying south and the latter north of the putative Iapetus Suture line.
The Age Relationships Between the Sgurr Dubh Ultrabasic Laccolite and Cuillin Gabbros

We believe, therefore, that the presence of small amounts of jadeite molecule in the magnesian diopsides of natural coarse grained ultramafic rocks, may, in practice, be a useful indicator of equilibration under the physical conditions of the eclogite mineral facies or the high pressure part of the granulite mineral facies. In so far as these physical conditions are generally accepted to involve relatively high pressures (because of the simultaneous stabihty of jadeite-rich pyroxenes, kyanite and the magnesian olivine plus magnesian garnet assemblage) the presence of small amounts of jadeite molecule in magnesian clinopyroxene may be a useful indicator of equilibration at high pressures because of its observed restricted environment of formation to rocks assigned on other grounds to high pressure equilibration conditions but not (at present) because of any argument based upon the pressure which may or may not be required to stabilise jadeitebearing diopsidic pyroxenes in a synthetic system of appropriate composition.
Effect of the Use of Yarrowia lipolytica or Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast with a Probiotic in the Diet of Turkey Hens on Growth Performance and Gut Histology

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine whether the alternative yeast species Yarrowia lipolytica in turkey feed would have a more beneficial effect on growth performance and intestinal histology than the commonly used species Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An additional objective of the study was to test whether the addition of a probiotic to feed containing Yarrowia lipolytica or Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast would enhance its effect on growth performance and intestinal histology in turkeys. The experiment was carried out on 480 turkey hens randomly divided into six groups. Birds from the control group (C) and group P were fed standard feeds but group P additionally received a probiotic (0.05%). Groups Y and YP received feed containing Yarrowia lipolytica fodder yeast (3%), and the YP group received also the probiotic (0.05%). Similarly, in groups S and SP, the turkeys received feed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae fodder yeast (3%), and for the SP group the probiotic was added to the feed (0.05%). Yarrowia lipolytica yeast added in the amount of 3% to the turkey feed may be an alternative to the commonly used Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, because it improved growth performance, and above all, had a more beneficial effect on intestinal histology. The use of Yarrowia lipolytica alone can be beneficial for growth performance, while the combined use of 3% Yarrowia lipolytica in the feed and a 0.05% addition of a probiotic containing Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis has a more beneficial effect on gastrointestinal histology.
Eddy energy in the oceans

Observations of surface drift currents made by merchant ships are used to calculate the kinetic energy of the mean flow as well as the kinetic energy of the fluctuations, which is interpreted as eddy kinetic energy. The distribution of these properties is charted for the North Atlantic Ocean based on 1° squares and for the world oceans based on 5° squares. Both distributions show essentially the same features, namely, high values in the western boundary currents and in the equatorial current system and low values in the subtropical gyres. The ratio between mean energy and eddy energy is high (about 1 to 2) in the strong currents and low (about 1/20 to 1/40) in the central and eastern portions of the gyres. Comparing mean and eddy energies in ocean and atmosphere, it becomes apparent that eddy energies in the two systems are uncorrelated. The results are consistent with the idea that eddy motion in the ocean is generated in areas of strong mean shear flow and is subsequently distributed over the whole ocean.
Air‐sea interaction and feasibility of tsunami detection in the open ocean

[1] Recent observations of “tsunami shadows,” i.e., extended darker strips on the ocean surface along a front of a weak tsunami off Oahu, Hawaii, suggest that tsunamis in the deep ocean may be remotely detected through changes in ocean surface roughness. In this paper, physical mechanisms responsible for the formation of “tsunami shadows” are considered. The hypothesis that the change in surface roughness is due to an air-sea interaction is examined. Using an eddy-viscosity model for the average Reynolds stresses in turbulent flow, a theory is developed to model tsunami-induced perturbations in the atmospheric boundary layer. It is demonstrated that in the lowest tens of centimeters of the atmosphere, tsunami-induced perturbations of the mean wind velocity are much greater than current velocities in the water and can be comparable to the unperturbed wind velocity. Enhancement of tsunami-induced wind velocity perturbations compared to currents in the tsunami wave occurs because of a generation of a viscous wave in the air by a coherent elevation of large expanses of the ocean surface in the tsunami wave. The ratio of the maximum wind velocity perturbation to the amplitude of the current velocity approximately equals (πD/4κ2λ) ln2 (κu*λ/2πcz0), where κ is the von Karman constant, u* is the friction velocity of a background wind, z0 is the roughness length of the ocean surface, D is ocean depth, and λ and c are the tsunami wavelength and velocity, respectively. The results are shown to be robust with respect to a choice of a closure model for Reynolds stresses. Dependence of the tsunami-induced atmospheric perturbations on background wind velocity and direction, tsunami period and amplitude, and ocean depth is studied. Implications of the theoretical predictions on the feasibility of a satellite-based system relying on radars and/or microwave radiometers for early tsunami warning are discussed.
Remote sensing of the albedo and detection of the slush line on the Greenland ice sheet

Advanced very high resolution radiometer images of a section of the Greenland ice sheet (western part between 64.5° and 70.5°N with a size of 667 (N-S) by 700 (W-E) km) were processed in order to retrieve the surface albedo. The images were for the summer seasons of 1990–1997 inclusive, and results were compared to simultaneous mass balance measurements carried out along the transect (67°N). The main findings are as follows: First, many images show a distinct transition from low spatial variability of the albedo at higher elevations to higher spatial variability of the albedo at lower elevations. It is argued that these transitions most likely correspond to transitions at the surface (“slush line,” in short) from the area that is uniformly covered by snow to a mosaic of snow patches, slush, and ice. Second, 70% of the interannual variations in the mean specific mass balance can be explained by interannual variations in the maximum elevation of the slush line (i.e., the “slush limit”). However, a higher percentage (82%) can be explained by interannual variations in the sum of positive degree-days. Third, in 3 years with a relatively large amount of melt the inland migration of the slush line stopped or slowed considerably down at a fixed distance from the ice sheet margin. We believe that this so-called “maximum slush line” coincides with an abrupt change in the density profile. The maximum slush line forms an important limitation for the use of satellite data to monitor interannual variations in the mass balance. Its position is a climate indicator and was determined for the entire section of the Greenland ice sheet investigated.