Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implications of variable synaptic weights for rate and temporal coding of cerebellar outputs

Purkinje cell (PC) synapses onto cerebellar nuclei (CbN) neurons convey signals from the cerebellar cortex to the rest of the brain. PCs are inhibitory neurons that spontaneously fire at high rates, and many uniform sized PC inputs are thought to converge onto each CbN neuron to suppress or eliminate firing. Leading theories maintain that PCs encode information using either a rate code, or by synchrony and precise timing. Individual PCs are thought to have limited influence on CbN neuron firing. Here, we find that single PC to CbN synapses are highly variable in size, and using dynamic clamp and modelling we reveal that this has important implications for PC-CbN transmission. Individual PC inputs regulate both the rate and timing of CbN firing. Large PC inputs strongly influence CbN firing rates and transiently eliminate CbN firing for several milliseconds. Remarkably, the refractory period of PCs leads to a brief elevation of CbN firing prior to suppression. Thus, PC-CbN synapses are suited to concurrently convey rate codes, and generate precisely-timed responses in CbN neurons. Variable input sizes also elevate the baseline firing rates of CbN neurons by increasing the variability of the inhibitory conductance. Although this reduces the relative influence of PC synchrony on the firing rate of CbN neurons, synchrony can still have important consequences, because synchronizing even two large inputs can significantly increase CbN neuron firing. These findings may be generalized to other brain regions with highly variable sized synapses.
Noisy neuronal populations effectively encode sound localization in the dorsal inferior colliculus of awake mice

Sound location coding has been extensively studied at the central nucleus of the mammalian inferior colliculus (CNIC), supporting a population code. However, this population code has not been extensively characterized on the single-trial level with simultaneous recordings or at other anatomical regions like the dorsal cortex of inferior colliculus (DCIC), which is relevant for learning-induced experience dependent plasticity. To address these knowledge gaps, here we made in two complementary ways large-scale recordings of DCIC populations from awake mice in response to sounds delivered from 13 different frontal horizontal locations (azimuths): volumetric two-photon calcium imaging with ∼700 cells simultaneously recorded at a relatively low temporal resolution, and high-density single-unit extracellular recordings with ∼20 cells simultaneously recorded at a high temporal resolution. Independent of the method, the recorded DCIC population responses revealed substantial trial-to-trial variation (neuronal noise) which was significantly correlated across pairs of neurons (noise correlations) in the passively listening condition. Nevertheless, decoding analysis supported that these noisy response patterns encode sound location on the single-trial basis, reaching errors that match the discrimination ability of mice. The detected noise correlations contributed to minimize the error of the DCIC population code of sound azimuth. Altogether these findings point out that DCIC can encode sound location in a similar format to what has been proposed for CNIC, opening exciting questions about how noise correlations could shape this code in the context of cortico-collicular input and experience dependent plasticity.
Optimal Control of Volterra Integro-Differential Systems Based On Legendre Wavelets and Collocation Method

: In this paper, the numerical solution of optimal control problem (OCP) for systems governed by Volterra integro-differential (VID) equation is considered. The method is developed by means of the Legendre wavelet approximation and collocation method. The properties of Legendre wavelet accompany with Gaussian integration method are utilized to reduce the problem to the solution of nonlinear programming one. Some numerical examples are given to confirm the accuracy and ease of implementation of the method.
Academic Stress and Associated Health Complaints Among Students During Online Education

The current study was carried out to explore the role of academic stress with health complaints among students experiencing online education and find out the demographic difference in these variables. In the present study along with the demographic sheet three instruments, Academic Stress Scale (Bedewy & Gabriel, 2015), and the Chinese Health Questioner (Fong, Yip, & Ho, 2021), were administered to a sample of 200 students experiencing online education. Results of the study revealed that academic stress has a significant negative association with the health complaints of the student. The results also showed that gender has significant differences in academic stress and health complaints whereas age has a non-significant negative relationship with academic stress and a significant positive relationship with health complaints. The result also demonstrated significant academic discipline and mode of instruction-based differences in academic stress and health complaints among students.
Negative Evidence and Second Language Acquisition

Negative evidence in second language acquisition (SLA) is a kind of language input that lets the learner know that a particular language form is not acceptable in accordance with the target like norms, and, hence, it gives some information about the learner's incorrect language and what is needed for correction (Gass, 2002, Mitchell and Miles, 2004, ). The forms of negative evidence in second language classroom contexts may vary, ranging from the teacher's formal correction to the teacher's informal repeating/rephrasing of the learner's language. Despite the common consensus of the significance of language input for the acquisition of any language, there is a controversy about the benefit of negative evidence in SLA. This article explores the nature of negative evidence to which second language learners are exposed through interactional feedback in classroom contexts, and how this classroom interactional feedback (CIF) is related to second language acquisition. Hence, it reviews a few significant studies on negative evidence: some researchers (Mackey, 1999 ; Ellis & He, 1999; Ellis, 2006; Song & Suh, 2008 ) have examined the efficacy of overall classroom interaction in relation to modified input and modified output while others (Bigelow, Delmas, Hansen & Tarone , 2006; Ellis, 2006; Jayathilake,2009 ; Lyster, 1998; Lyster & Ranta, 1997 Mackey, Kanganas & Oliver , 2007; Nabei &Swain, 2002; Panova & Lyster, 2002 ; Sheen, 2007;) have explored the benefits of CIF in relation to various types and frequencies of CIF and learner responses to CIF. Accordingly, this paper, while reviewing and defining the key terms used in the literature, is a critique of the major findings of the existing research on the benefits of negative evidence for second language acquisition.
Comparison of Multilevel Inverters with T-type Inverter

This paper provides a comparison analysis of various types of multilevel inverters with T-Type inverters. The primary goal of this work is to examine the operation of T-type multilevel inverters with various multilevel inverters. The inverter used in our paper is based on a multilayer bidirectional DC-DC converter that can be used in EV applications. The proposed design incorporates two power switches as well as an additional capacitor to balance the currents of the multilayer T-type (MLI) capacitor over the course of a drive pattern or during fault conditions. Due to the high-frequency cycle-by-cycle current security between CN and CP, the large electrolytic capacitors in T-type MLI have been replaced with longer-lasting film capacitors in this design. Because of this, the dimensions and weight of the converter would be reduced by 20%
Incremental Discovery of Hidden Struct of Elementary

Discovering hidden structure is a challeng- ing, universal research task in Physics, Chemistry, Biol- ogy, and other disciplines. Not only must the elements of hidden structure be postulated by the discoverer, but they can only be verified by indirect evidence, at the level of observable objects. In this paper we de- scribe a framework for hidden structure discovery, built on a constructive definition of hidden structure. This definition leads to operators that build models of hid- den structure step by step, postulating hidden objects, their combinations and properties, reactions described in terms of hidden objects, and mapping between the hidden and the observed structure. We introduce the operator dependency diagram, which shows the order of operator application and model evaluation. Different observational knowledge supports different evaluation criteria, which lead to different search systems with ver- ifiable sequences of operator applications. Isomorph- free structure generation is another issue critical for efficiency of search. We apply our framework in the system GELL-MANN, that hypothesizes hidden struc- ture for elementary particles and we present the results of a large scale search for quark models.
Impact of a Spectral Gravity Wave Parameterization on the Stratosphere in the Met Office Unified Model

Abstract The impact of a parameterized spectrum of gravity waves on the simulation of the stratosphere in the Met Office Unified Model (UM) is investigated. In the extratropical mesosphere, the gravity wave forcing acts against the mean zonal wind and it dominates over the resolved wave forcing. In the extratropical stratosphere, the gravity wave forcing gives a small acceleration in the direction of the mean zonal wind. Both summer and winter stratospheric jets have improved maximum strength and tilt with height when the parameterized gravity wave forcing is included, although the southern winter jet is still more vertically aligned than in observational analyses. The timing of the seasonal breakdown of the southern winter vortex is also improved by the addition of gravity wave forcing. In the Tropics, the most obvious impact is that the model reproduces the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) with a realistic mean and range of periods. It also reproduces most of the observed asymmetries between the easterl.
A SHORT NOTE ON ZAGREB INDICES AND HYPER ZAGREB INDICES OF GRAPHS

Throughout this paper, we only consider simple and connected graph G = (V (G), E(G)) with n vertices and m edges. We use the notations d(v), ∆ = ∆(G) and δ = δ(G) to denote the degree of a vertex v, the maximum vertex degree of G and the minimum vertex degree of G, respectively. A vertex v ∈ V (G) is said to be pendant if its neighborhood contains exactly one vertex, i.e., d(v) = 1. As usual K1, n−1, Pn and Cn denotes a star, path and cycle on n vertices, respectively. Let K∗ 1,n−1 be a graph that obtained from K1, n−1 by adding an edge between any two vertices with d(v) = δ. The Line graph L(G) obtained from G in which V (L(G)) = E(G), where two vertices of L(G) are adjacent if and only if they are adjacent edges of G. Note that L(G) has m vertices and ( 2 ∑ v∈V (G) d(v) 2 − m) edges. We use ∆e and δe to denote the maximum and the minimum vertex degree of L(G), respectively. Mathematical calculations are quite necessary to analyze essential concepts in chemistry because molecules are often modeled by graph structures named molecular graphs. A molecular graph is a simple graph in which vertices represent the atoms and edges represent the linking bonds among them. By IUPAC terminology, a topological index is a numerical value for the correlation of a chemical structure with various physical properties, chemical reactivity, or biological activity. In chemical graph theory, a graphical invariant is a number related to a graph which is structurally invariant. These invariant numbers are also known
Normothermic Ex Vivo Machine Perfusion for Liver Transplantation: A Systematic Review of Progress in Humans

Background: Liver transplantation is a lifesaving procedure for patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD). However, many patients never receive a transplant due to insufficient donor supply. Historically, organs have been preserved using static cold storage (SCS). However, recently, ex vivo normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) has emerged as an alternative technique. This paper aims to investigate the clinical progress of NMP in humans. Methods: Papers evaluating the clinical outcomes of NMP for liver transplantation in humans were included. Lab-based studies, case reports, and papers utilizing animal models were excluded. Literature searches of MEDLINE and SCOPUS were conducted. The revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomised trials (RoB 2) and the risk of bias in nonrandomised studies for interventions (ROBINS-I) tools were used. Due to the heterogeneity of the included papers, a meta-analysis was unable to be completed. Results: In total, 606 records were identified, with 25 meeting the inclusion criteria; 16 papers evaluated early allograft dysfunction (EAD) with some evidence for lower rates using NMP compared to SCS; 19 papers evaluated patient or graft survival, with no evidence to suggest superior outcomes with either NMP or SCS; 10 papers evaluated utilization of marginal and donor after circulatory death (DCD) grafts, with good evidence to suggest NMP is superior to SCS. Conclusions: There is good evidence to suggest that NMP is safe and that it likely affords clinical advantages to SCS. The weight of evidence supporting NMP is growing, and this review found the strongest evidence in support of NMP to be its capacity to increase the utilization rates of marginal and DCD allografts.
Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of Novel 68Ga-Labeled (R)-Pyrrolidin-2-yl-boronic Acid-Based PET Tracers for Fibroblast Activation Protein-Targeted Cancer Imaging

Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a membrane-tethered serine protease overexpressed in the reactive stromal fibroblasts of >90% human carcinomas, which makes it a promising target for developing radiopharmaceuticals for the imaging and therapy of carcinomas. Here, we synthesized two novel (R)-pyrrolidin-2-yl-boronic acid-based FAP-targeted ligands: SB02055 (DOTA-conjugated (R)-(1-((6-(3-(piperazin-1-yl)propoxy)quinoline-4-carbonyl)glycyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)boronic acid) and SB04028 (DOTA-conjugated ((R)-1-((6-(3-(piperazin-1-yl)propoxy)quinoline-4-carbonyl)-D-alanyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)boronic acid). natGa- and 68Ga-complexes of both ligands were evaluated in preclinical studies and compared to previously reported natGa/68Ga-complexed PNT6555. Enzymatic assays showed that FAP binding affinities (IC50) of natGa-SB02055, natGa-SB04028 and natGa-PNT6555 were 0.41 ± 0.06, 13.9 ± 1.29 and 78.1 ± 4.59 nM, respectively. PET imaging and biodistribution studies in HEK293T:hFAP tumor-bearing mice showed that while [68Ga]Ga-SB02055 presented with a nominal tumor uptake (1.08 ± 0.37 %ID/g), [68Ga]Ga-SB04028 demonstrated clear tumor visualization with ~1.5-fold higher tumor uptake (10.1 ± 0.42 %ID/g) compared to [68Ga]Ga-PNT6555 (6.38 ± 0.45 %ID/g). High accumulation in the bladder indicated renal excretion of all three tracers. [68Ga]Ga-SB04028 displayed a low background level uptake in most normal organs, and comparable to [68Ga]Ga-PNT6555. However, since its tumor uptake was considerably higher than [68Ga]Ga-PNT6555, the corresponding tumor-to-organ uptake ratios for [68Ga]Ga-SB04028 were also significantly greater than [68Ga]Ga-PNT6555. Our data demonstrate that (R)-(((quinoline-4-carbonyl)-d-alanyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)boronic acid is a promising pharmacophore for the design of FAP-targeted radiopharmaceuticals for cancer imaging and radioligand therapy.
Waste sadaqah: a new community-based waste-management practice in Java, Indonesia

Abstract Waste management is one of the most important environmental and public health issues of the 21st century. In Indonesia, the trend in waste management has changed from a government-led to a community-driven social activity, which significantly manages household-solid waste and positively affects the environment. Additionally, waste management supports the circular economy (CE), a topic that many scholars and policymakers are now debating. Waste sadaqah (WS) is a community-based waste-management movement that seeks to achieve economic empowerment through social action. This Brief Report describes how WS contributes to waste handling and how the community engages in social actions that affect the environment and advance CE practices. The focus of our data collection and analysis was the province of Yogyakarta, a well-known region on the Indonesian island of Java. This study reports participant observations and casual discussions with the founders. To capture photographic evidence to support the interview findings, we supplemented the study with a field survey. To highlight WS practices, we applied the perspectives of community theory, social capital, social action, and empowerment theory. We found evidence that this practice is distinct from other modes of community-based waste management.
Effect of mastic specifications on the fatigue and low-temperature performance of hot mix asphalt

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mastic specifications on the intermediate and low temperatures performance of hot mix asphalt. In this research study, four different asphalt mixtures were fabricated with two types of aggregate and bitumen at three different mastic densities (defined as F/B ratios). At intermediate temperature, Four-Point Bending (4PB) beam fatigue tests were carried out at 8 Hz frequency and the strain levels of 460, 750, and 1100 microstrain. Also, the low-temperature performance of mixtures was evaluated by using Semi-Circular Bending (SCB) tests at −6°C, −18°C and −12°C, −24°C for PG 64–16 and PG 58–22 fabricated mixtures, respectively. Fatigue test results showed that the fatigue life of asphalt mixtures was more influenced by the mastic density at the lower strain level. Moreover, a minimum mastic density was necessary for improving fatigue performance. The SCB test results revealed that increasing the mastic density makes higher values in the mixture’s fracture energy, fracture toughness, cracking resistance index (CRI), and tensile strength. Also, the low-temperature performance of asphalt mixtures containing aggregate with a high abrasion value (AAV) was more dependent on the mastic density.
Daptomycin-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity: A Case Series

Daptomycin is a bactericidal antibiotic used to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE). Eosinophilic pneumonia is an uncommon but significant adverse effect of daptomycin. We present two patients treated with daptomycin who subsequently developed eosinophilic pneumonia (EP).
Temperature, Humidity, and Wind at the Global Tropopause

Abstract This study presents global statistics of tropopause parameters for a 15-yr period (1979–93). The parameters are height, temperature, potential temperature, mixing ratio of water vapor, and zonal, meridional and vertical wind. The global tropopause is derived from ECMWF reanalysis data by applying the thermal and dynamical definitions of the tropopause. The tropopause climatology evaluated from the ECMWF reanalysis data is compared with those provided by radiosonde and satellite data. The meridional and zonal variations in the mean tropopause height and temperature reflect the global jet stream structure. The seasonal variation of tropical tropopause temperatures is characterized by a minimum during Northern Hemispheric summer and a corresponding winter maximum. The tropopause mixing ratio of water vapor attains a minimum in the Tropics that increases gradually poleward. The maximum of the relative humidity occurs in the Tropics above the Pacific and Indian Oceans. There are no global trends in th.
Determinants of Nutritional Risk among Community-Dwelling Older Adults with Social Support

Background: It is well established that older adults are at risk for malnutrition due to several social and non-social determinants, namely physiological, psychosocial, dietary and environmental determinants. The progression to malnutrition is often insidious and undetected. Thus, nutritional assessment should consider a complex web of factors that can impact nutritional status (NS). The primary objective of this study was to assess the NS of older adults attending senior centres (SCs) and to identify its predictors. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled a sample of community-dwelling older adults in Lisbon. NS was assessed using Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA®). Malnutrition or malnutrition risk (recategorised into a single group) was predicted using binary logistic regression models, considering those participants classified as having a normal NS as the reference group. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and anthropometric indices were measured according to Isak procedures. Results: A sample of 337 older adults, with an average age of 78.4 years old (range 66–99), mostly women (n = 210; 62.3%), were enrolled. Older adults at risk of malnutrition accounted for 40.7% of the sample. Being older (OR = 1.045, CI 95% [1.003–1.089], p = 0.037), having a worse perception of health status (OR = 3.395, CI 95% [1.182–9.746], p = 0.023), having or having had depression (OR = 5.138, CI 95% [2.869–9.201], p < 0.001), and not having or having had respiratory tract problems (OR = 0.477, CI 95% [0.246–0.925], p = 0.028) were independent predictors of malnutrition or malnutrition risk. An intermediate time of SC attendance was associated with a lower probability of malnutrition or risk (OR = 0.367, CI 95% [0.191–0.705], p = 0.003). Conclusions: NS among older adults has a multifactorial aetiology, with a strongly social component and is related to health circumstances. Further research is needed to timely identify and understand nutritional risk among this population.
Children's Cross-Cultural Environmental Attitudes and Self-Reported Behaviors

Abstract:This study presents data on the comparison of environmental attitudes and self-reported engagement in environmentally responsible behaviors of young children (6-8 years) from the United States, Austria, Mexico, and Spain. We employed a well-validated and reliable instrument consisting of multiple game formats, developed to assess these constructs in young children. U.S. children have less pro-environmental attitudes, but children from all four countries have comparably high levels of environmentally responsible behaviors. Difficulties in assessing environmental behaviors across a sufficient range of obstacles and effort among young children may explain the nonsignificant environmental behavior findings.