Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Study of the flow around a cylinder from the subcritical to supercritical regimes

The objective of the present simulations is to evaluate the applicability of the standard k-e turbulence model in engineering practice in the subcritical to supercritical flow regimes. Two-dimensional numerical simulations of flow around a circular cylinder at Re=1×10 5 , 5×10 5 and 1×10 6 , had been performed using Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (URANS) equations with the standard k-e turbulence model. Solution verification had been studied by evaluating grid and time step size convergence. For each Reynolds number, several meshes with different grid and time step size resolutions were chosen to calculate the hydrodynamic quantities such as the time-averaged drag coefficient, root-mean square value of lift coefficient, Strouhal number, the coefficient of pressure on the downstream point of the cylinder, the separation angle. By comparing the values of these quantities of adjacent grid or time step size resolutions, convergence study has been performed. Solution validation is obtained by comparing the converged results with published numerical and experimental data. The deviations of the values of present simulated quantities from those corresponding experimental data become smaller as Reynolds numbers increases from 1×10 5 to 1×10 6 . This may show that the standard k-e model with enhanced wall treatment appears to be applicable for
Continuity of Actions of Groups and Semigroups on Banach Spaces

It is shown that if a locally compact group acts isometrically on a Banach space X leaving a closed subspace M invariant, and if the induced actions on M and X/M are strongly continuous, then the action on X is strongly continuous. Since this may be of interest for one‐parameter semigroups, similar results are proved for actions of suitable topological semigroups. Other generalizations are given for (suitable) non‐isometric actions, non‐locally compact groups, and non‐Banach spaces; corollaries concerning 1‐cocycles and uniformly continuous actions are given.
Long‐term collar deployment leads to bias in soil respiration measurements

Accurate measurements of soil respiration (Rs) are critical for understanding how soil carbon will respond to environmental changes. However, a commonly used method for Rs measurements, the collar deployment method, may introduce artefacts that cause bias in Rs measurements. Our objective was to quantify the effect of long‐term collar deployment on Rs and to unravel potential causes due to changes in the soil environment. A field experiment (2017–2019) including short‐term (2–3 days before the measurement) and long‐term collar deployment (lasting three consecutive growing seasons) was conducted to assess the methodological effect on Rs in an alpine grassland of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Soil incubation was used to further explore the mechanisms underlying the effects of collar deployment. The effect of long‐term collar deployment on Rs varied over time. In the first one and a half growing seasons, no significant difference in Rs was noted under short‐ and long‐term collar deployment. This may be attributed to the negative effects of lower root biomass inside long‐term collars and the positive effects of higher temperature and pulse input of dead roots following collar deployment. Under the long‐term collar, Rs decreased rapidly in the middle of the second growing season and remained low until the end of the experiment, resulting in an 18.2% decrease relative to short‐term collar deployment in the third growing season. Higher soil bulk density and lower root and microbial biomass inside long‐term collars may explain the decrease in Rs and temperature sensitivity (Q10). Soil incubation experiments revealed that the soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition rate and Q10 were significantly reduced after long‐term collar deployment. Long‐term collars led to substantial underestimates of Rs after more than 2 years. Our findings suggest that such potential artefacts should be considered when interpreting Rs data based on long‐term collar deployment. Long‐term collars should be relocated every 1–2 years to avoid artefacts if feasible. Alternatively, periodic measurements using short‐term collars are recommended to quantify the magnitude of collar artefacts.
Waste Polyurethane Foams as Biomass Carriers in the Treatment Process of Domestic Sewage with Increased Ammonium Nitrogen Content

In order to understand the mechanisms of microbial growth on waste polyurethane sponge materials, their effectiveness as biomass carriers in domestic sewage with increased ammonium nitrogen content treatment was assessed. Comparative experiments were carried out in microreactors under steady conditions of batch culture, which allowed for an assessment of different carriers, in the form of flexible foams, rigid foams, and flexible foams placed in full casings. In the studies conducted in continuous cultures, biomass carriers selected in batch culture were used as fillings in the column model. The structure of the microbial community inhabiting the spongy material was determined and the pollutant-removing process from real domestic sewage was assessed. Analyzes using the Illumina sequencing technique allowed for demonstrating that Nitrosomonas and Nitrospira were the predominant nitrifiers in the biomass carrier in the form of waste polyurethane foams (PUF). It was found that anammox bacteria, the presence of which—as unidentified Planctomycetes—was confirmed in the polyurethane sponge material, were also responsible for the high removal of N-NH4+. Burkholderia and Sphingopyxis phyla were identified as the dominant denitrifying bacteria involved in the treatment of domestic sewage with increased content of ammonium nitrogen. The biomass carrier in the form of waste PUF placed additionally in full casings proved to be more beneficial for the proliferation of bacteria involved in nitrification and denitrification processes. On the other hand, waste foams without casings proved to be more suitable for the growth of microorganisms known to perform partial denitrification and may accumulate nitrites (Staphylococcus, Dokdonella). Additionally, the presence of Devosia and Pseudonocardia, which participated in the phosphorus removal process, was found in the waste PUR foams.
Dielectrical properties of metal-insulator-metal aluminum nitride structures: Measurement and modeling

The electrical properties of polycrystalline aluminum nitride (AlN) films grown by reactive dc magnetron sputtering are investigated in the transient and the steady-state regimes through metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structures with molybdenum (Mo) as metal electrodes. Measurements of current-time, current-voltage, and current-temperature characteristics are performed on AlN MIM structures. The extracted dielectric constant is 9.9. The transient current is observed to follow the empirical Curie–Von Schweidler law and its dependence on the applied field and the operating temperature is modeled. The time approach result is compared with the frequency-approach result by measuring the permittivity dispersion for low frequencies. Also, all the leakage mechanisms in AlN are identified in the steady-state regime depending on the applied field range. For a low electric field, the conduction mechanism is the Ohmic regime and the AlN resistivity is estimated to be 2.1×1015 Ω cm at room temperature. For higher electri.
On the holomorphic equivalence of bounded domains in complete Kähler manifolds of nonpositive curvature

$n\geqq 2$ , with $C^{\infty}$ boundaries $\partial D_{1}$ and $\partial D_{2}$ , respectively. One of the fundamental problems in several complex variables is to determine geometric conditions which imply that $D_{1}$ and $D_{2}$ are biholomorphically equivalent. It has been known from Bochner-Hartogs’ theorem (Bcchner [1]) that if $\partial D_{1}$ and $\partial D_{2}$ are connected and CR-diffeomorphic, then $D_{1}$ and $D_{2}$ are biholomorphically equivalent; and moreover by the second author [7] that the same is the case even for those domains in Stein manifolds. In this paper we are concerned with the problem for domains in complete K\"ahler manifolds of nonpositive curvature. Our result is stated as follows. THEOREM. Let $M$ and $N$ be compleie Kahler manifolds of complex dimension
The Primal Mark: How the Beginning Shapes the End in the Development of Creative Ideas

While creative ideas are defined as both novel and useful, novelty and usefulness often diverge, making it difficult to develop ideas that are high in both. To explain this tradeoff between novelty and usefulness and how it can be overcome, this paper introduces the concept of the ‘‘primal mark’’—i.e., the first bit of content employees start with as they generate ideas, which anchors the trajectory of novelty and usefulness. In four experiments, participants started with primal marks that contained varying degrees of novelty. Results suggest that familiar primal marks foster usefulness at the expense of novelty, while new primal marks foster novelty at the expense of usefulness. However, the results also suggest a solution to this tradeoff: integrative primal marks that combine new and familiar content, fostering an optimal balance of novelty and usefulness. Implications for theory and research on creativity in organizations are discussed.
Feminization of Agriculture in Nepal and its implications: Addressing Gender in Workload and Decision Making

The study assesses the two approaches of feminization: labor and managerial, and explores the implication of feminization in agricultural production in Gorkha and Chitwan district of Nepal. We examine the degree to which men, women or men and women jointly make agriculture-related decisions, and discuss the labor feminization and managerial feminization using five domains of the Women Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), relative to the degree to which women’s decision-making power relates to the feminization of agriculture leading to women empowerment and food security. The results revealed that the average workload for women (86.50 hours/week) was more than that for men (55.52 hours/week). Workload was found significantly affected by the total cultivated area (ha), gender of household head, occupation, number of livestock holdings, number of children, number of elders and household location.All aspects of operational and strategic decision making were dominated by jointly made decisions, except in the case of income utilization where female showed dominance. The implication of feminization in agriculture is reflected by reduction in cropping cycle, lower productivity of cereals and vegetables which led to food insecurity by own production. The income from remittance was observed to be mainly used for consumption purposes to ensure food security. It appears that the feminization of agriculture leads to women playing not only important role in decision-making but also more responsibilities and heavier workloads without necessarily resulting in empowerment and improvement in well-being.
Years of Chaos : Applied and Theoretical Regular and chaotic vibrations of van der Pol and Rayleigh oscillators driven by parametric excitation

Interactions between two parametrically coupled self-excited oscillators are analysed in the paper. Self-excitation of each oscillator is defined by different functions, van der Pol’s or Rayleigh’s, while stiffness is assumed as a nonlinear Duffing’s type term. The oscillators are coupled by a spring with periodically changing in time stiffness. Regular vibrations of the system, characteristic bifurcation points and the synchronisation regions are investigated by the analytical multiple scale of time method near the frequency locking zones corresponding to the principal parametric resonance. The results are verified numerically. Regions of possible chaotic motion are determined by direct numerical simulations. The Lyapunov’s exponent criterion is used for classification of different types of motion. © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of Takashi Hikihara and Tsutomu Kambe
Global static electrospheres of charged pulsars

In this paper we present self-consistent models of the magnetosphere of inactive, charged, aligned rotator pulsars. We have devised an efficient semi-analytical and numerical algorithm to construct such models. The only free parameter is the total charge of the system. These charge-separated "electrospheres" consist of an equatorial belt carrying charge of one sign, partially in differential rotation, and of two oppositely charged domes located over the poles which corotate with the neutron star. The dependence of the shape of these plasma-filled regions surrounding the star on the total charge of the system and of their differential rotation is investigated. It is shown that our solutions are stable to vacuum breakdown by electron-positron pair production in most of the light-cylinder volume, except perhaps in the case of millisecond pulsars. The small regions where vacuum breakdown occurs are shown to behave merely as an effective extension of the star's volume. We have also found that no permanent null-charged wind emanating from the polar caps can exist in a stationary state. Indeed, for a given total charge of the system determined by the net outgoing charged flux, the potential configuration becomes unfavorable to particles escaping to infinity. Finally, we have shown that the geometric and kinematic structure of the electrosphere is uniquely determined by the total charge of the system.
Molecular simulation and multiscale homogenization analysis for microinhomogeneous clay materials

Materials commonly involve microstructure. Clay is a microinhomogeneous material with nanoscale microstructure. Key issues to understand the behavior of such a finely microinhomogeneous material are as follows: the microstructure is characterized in detail, the local distribution of material properties is identified by experiment or simulation, and the microscale characteristics are related to the macroscale behavior by a seamless manner. For characterizing a microstructure of bentonite, we introduce a conforcal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) together with SEM. By CLSM we can specify a 3D configuration under atmospheric condition. Properties of water‐saturated bentonite are mainly controlled by hydrated montmorillonite, which is the major clay mineral of bentonite. Smectite minerals including montmorillonite are extremely fine and poorly crystallized, so it is difficult to determine the properties by experiment. We inquire into the physicochemical properties by a molecular dynamics simulation method. Then, we develop a multiscale homogenization method to extend the microscopic characteristics to the macroscopic behavior. We show numerical examples of a diffusion problem.
An Experimental Design on Coffee Extraction Factors Impacting the Measurable Percent of Total Dissolved Solids in Solution

There are numerous techniques and technologies used in the brewing of coffee today. This study is aimed to design an umbrella experiment to examine the impacting key factors consistent across all methods of extraction. These factors were identified as: grind size, roast type, steep time, grind to water as a mass-to-mass ratio and temperature. Samples were prepared by grinding the beans, weighing the beans and adding the appropriate amount to a rectangular glass vessel. Distilled water was used. French press was selected as the brewing technique. No agitation after the addition of grind was allowed. Water was heated to initial temperature and added to the vessel and a timer was started. Upon time completion aliquots were taken and analysed using a prism-based automatic temperature compensation (ATC) refractometer. Minitab 19.2020. 1 (64-bit) was used for analysis of variance and optimisation. In the initial design of experiments, the five factors were considered at different levels. Three factors found significant in impacting %TDS (total dissolved solids) were: total steep time, grind-to-water ratio and roast type. To further refine the experiments, 23 full-factorial design was conducted for these three factors. Finally, optimisation was done to determine the factor levels to produce a cup of coffee for the target %TDS of 1.26. This research found that it is best to use medium roast coffee that is ground fine with a 0.08 grind-to-water ratio, with an initial temperature of 195 Fahrenheit in a French press, and the ideal steep time is 7 min. Previous studies have focused on the extraction methods. In this study, the method of extraction has been removed as a variable. Hence, the findings are very useful for food industry.
Evaluation of Two Different Strategies for Schistosomiasis Screening in High-Risk Groups in a Non-Endemic Setting

A consensus on the recommended screening algorithms for schistosomiasis in asymptomatic high-risk subjects in non-endemic areas is lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate the real-life performance of direct microscopy and ELISA serology for schistosomiasis screening in a high-risk population in a non-endemic setting. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in two out-patient Tropical Medicine units in Barcelona (Spain) from 2014 to 2017. Asymptomatic adults arriving from the Sub-Saharan region were included. Schistosomiasis screening was conducted according to clinical practice following a different strategy in each setting: (A) feces and urine direct examination plus S. mansoni serology if non-explained eosinophilia was present and (B) S. mansoni serology plus uroparasitological examination as the second step in case of a positive serology. Demographic, clinical and laboratory features were collected. Schistosomiasis cases, clinical management and a 24 month follow-up were recorded for each group. Four-hundred forty individuals were included. The patients were mainly from West African countries. Fifty schistosomiasis cases were detected (11.5% group A vs. 4 % group B, p = 0.733). When both microscopic and serological techniques were performed, discordant results were recorded in 18.4% (16/88). Schistosomiasis cases were younger (p < 0.001) and presented eosinophilia and elevated IgE (p < 0.001) more frequently. Schistosomiasis is a frequent diagnosis among high-risk populations. Serology achieves a similar performance to direct diagnosis for the screening of schistosomiasis in a high-risk population.
Related Factors of Internet Addiction on Adolescents During COVID-19 Pandemic : Systematic Literature Review

The increase in youth internet use occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to examine internet use and the factors that cause internet addiction in adolescents during the COVID-19. This study uses the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 2015 in conducting a systematic literature review using the Scopus, ScienceDirect, Pubmed, Emerald Insight databases. There were ten articles that met the inclusion criteria and passed the article quality assessment. The results of the study found that resilience, self efficacy, self esteem, gender, mental health, difficulty sleeping, fear of COVID-19, and loneliness are internal factors that influence internet addiction in adolescents. While the duration of internet use, limitations of social interaction, family roles including parental education, family harmony, control, and family function, socioeconomic level, online learning, social support, and social emotional adjustment are external factors that influence adolescents in developing Internet addiction. Future research can examine internet addiction prevention interventions by considering related factors found in this study.
Analysis of the dynamic Faraday cup

The dynamic Faraday cup is an electrostatic device used to measure the charge and velocity of a moving charged particle. In this paper, the interaction between a charged particle and a dynamic Faraday cup is described analytically, including the difficult case where the particle is close to but not in the cup. A summation method is used to extract information from the slowly converging series that results from the approximation that we use, and we are able to determine the charge distribution and mutual capacitance of the system. An example of the calculated and measured responses of a typical Faraday cup is provided. The agreement between the calculated and measured response of the cup, given in terms of the standard deviation, is from 4.5 × 10−3 to 9.4 × 10−3 for the inside of the cup and from 3.3 × 10−2 to 3.6 × 10−2 for the outside of the cup.
Comparison and Phylogenetic Analysis of Mitochondrial Genomes of Talpidae Animals

Simple Summary Talpidae animals are commonly used in ecological studies due to their diverse ecotypes. In this study, by comparing the mitochondrial genomes of 14 species belonging to the family Talpidae, it is found that the variation of repeats in the control region is the main reason for the difference in the length of Talpidae mitochondrial genomes. By using the mitochondrial genome Cyt b genes of 48 species in family Talpidae as biomarkers, the phylogenetic tree of Talpidae was reconstructed. By combining the divergence time of Talpidae animals with the changes in the geological history period, it is found that the divergence of Talpidae is closely related to historically global climate changes. These results provide useful experimental data for systematic evolution of Talpidae, and also provide the basis for the study of ecological adaptability of Talpidae. Abstract Talpidae is a model group for evolutionary studies due to their highly specialized morphologies and diverse lifestyles. Mitochondrial genomes are molecular markers commonly used in species evolution and phylogenetic studies. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Scaptochirus moschatus was obtained by Illumina NovaSeq sequencing. The complete mitochondrial genomes of 14 Talpidae species (including Scaptochirus moschatus obtained in the present study) and the cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene sequences of 48 Talpidae species were downloaded from the NCBI database for comparison and phylogenetic studies to analyze the phylogenetic relationships and to find the possible reasons of the niche differentiation and ecotype specialization of Talpidae animals. The results showed that the mitochondrial genome sequences of 14 species belonging to the family Talpidae were 16,528 to 16,962 bp, all containing 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA, two rRNA, and a non-coding region (control region). The difference in the number of repetitive repeats in the control region is responsible for the difference in the length of Talpidae mitochondrial genome sequences. Combining the divergence time of Talpidae animals with the geological history, it is found that the niche differentiation and ecotype divergence of Talpidae is closely related to historically global climate changes. Semi-aquatic groups diverged in the early Oligocene (about 31.22 MYA), probably in response to the global climate transition from warm to cool. During the early Miocene (about 19.54 MYA), some species of Talpidae moved to underground habitats and formed fossorial groups that were adept at digging due to the effects of the glaciation. In the middle Miocene (about 16.23 MYA), some Talpidae animals returned to the ground and formed semi-fossorial shrew moles as global climate warming again.