Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lead and coliform contaminants in potable groundwater sources in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria

The present study investigates possible contamination of untreated and treated groundwater by lead, faecal coliform and Escherichia coli in a hundred randomly selected boreholes from different parts of Ibadan metropolis, located in South West Nigeria. Total lead contents in the water samples were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer while coliform count was undertaken using the multiple tube fermentation technique. Detection of E. coli in the water was by the presumptive and confirmative tests. Data obtained showed that all the untreated water samples contained lead concentrations in the range of 1.0 - 12.0 ppb, with a mean value (X) of 4.9 ± 0.18 ppb. Seventy-three percent of the borehole water samples had coliform, with 18% of these borehole samples having detectable E. coli. All the sachet “water” samples that were supposedly treated having lead concentrations that were in the range of 2.0 - 9.0 ppb with one of them having coliform bacteria. The results obtained supported previous findings that severe environmental degradation, which is readily observable in most parts of Ibadan City, could possibly contribute to pollution of ground water source like boreholes. Supply of adequately treated water from public waterworks to the teeming population in Ibadan City is an important problem that must be solved by the government. Key words: Groundwater, sachet water, Ibadan, lead, coliform, environmental pollution.
An Increasing Trend in the Early-Winter Precipitation around Japan and Its Relationship with Enhanced Heating over the Tropical Eastern Indian Ocean

This study examines the factors responsible for the long-term changes of winter monsoonal flow around Japan in association with increasing precipitation trends in December along the coastal areas of Honshu (the main island of Japan) facing the Sea of Japan. The precipitation around the tropical eastern Indian Ocean and maritime continent has significantly increased in recent years. Thus, a packet of the stationary Rossby wave associated with the anomalous heating deflects the subtropical jet to the south over the eastern edge of the Eurasian continent. The deflection of the jet gives favorable conditions for the development of a low pressure trough in the lower level on the eastern side, leading to the formation of negative height anomalies near the surface around Japan. Although tropical precipitation also increases in November and January, the anomalous heating induces negative height anomalies and cyclonic circulations over the inland region of China and eastern offshore region of Japan (to the further west and east in comparison with those in December) in these months. As a result, monsoonal flow around Japan (and precipitation along the coastal areas of the Sea of Japan) shows no long-term trends in November or January. (Citation: Yasunaga, K., A. Hamada, and K. Nishii, 2019: An increasing trend in the early-winter precipitation around Japan and its relationship with enhanced heating over the tropical eastern Indian Ocean. SOLA, 15, 238−243, doi:10.2151/sola.2019-043.)
Weakening and eastward shift of the tropical Pacific Walker circulation during the Last Glacial Maximum

The annual and seasonal changes in the tropical Pacific Walker circulation (PWC) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are investigated using all available numerical experiments from the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phases 2 and 3. Compared to the preindustrial period, the annual mean of the PWC intensity weakened by an average of 0.96×1014 kg2 m−2 s−1 or 15%, and both the western edge and centre of the PWC cell shifted eastward by an average of 9° and 8°, respectively, as obtained from the ensemble mean of the 16 models used for analysis during the LGM. Those changes were closely linked with an overall weakening of the equatorial Indo‐Pacific east–west sea‐level pressure difference and low‐level trade winds over the equatorial west/central Pacific. On the seasonal scale, the LGM PWC generally weakened and shifted eastward throughout the seasons of year. In response to the LGM's large ice sheets and lower atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, large‐scale uneven surface cooling in the Northern Hemisphere led to an increased (a decreased) land–sea thermal contrast in boreal cold (warm) seasons. These induced decreases in the North Asian and African monsoon rainfall and hence suppressed a large‐scale thermally direct east–west circulation in the two seasons. As a result, the LGM PWC weakened and shifted eastward in both boreal cold and warm seasons, which jointly contributed to the weakening and eastward shift of the annual mean PWC.
Understanding Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life: A Research Agenda

As the population of older Americans grows, it is becoming more racially and ethnically diverse. Differences in health by racial and ethnic status could be increasingly consequential for health policy and programs. Such differences are are not simply a matter of education or ability to pay for health care. For instance, Asian Americans and Hispanics appear to be in better health, on a number of indicators, than White Americans, despite, on average, lower socioeconomic status. The reasons are complex, including possible roles for such factors as selective migration, risk behaviors, exposure to various stressors, patient attitudes, and geographic variation in health care. This volume, produced by a multidisciplinary panel, considers such possible explanations for racial and ethnic health differentials within an integrated framework. It provides a concise summary of available research and lays out a research agenda to address the many uncertainties in current knowledge. It recommends, for instance, looking at health differentials across the life course and deciphering the links between factors presumably producing differentials and biopsychosocial mechanisms that lead to impaired health.
The influence of nurses' clinical career and communication within organization on teamwork competency

The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of nurses`s clinical career and communication within organization on teamwork competency. A cross sectional descriptive survey design was used. Convenience sampling method of 141 nurses who work at a university hospital located in S city was used. The structured questionnaire was administered from July , 2015, to July, , 2015. The average working periods of research subjects was 8.84 years. The regression model with communication within organization and clinical career against teamwork competency was statistically significant. And this model could explain 37.7% of teamwork competency(Adj $R^2
A New Automated Method for Improved Flood Defense Representation in Large‐Scale Hydraulic Models

The execution of hydraulic models at large spatial scales has yielded a step change in our understanding of flood risk. Yet their necessary simplification through the use of coarsened terrain data results in an artificially smooth digital elevation model with diminished representation of flood defense structures. Current approaches in dealing with this, if anything is done at all, involve either employing incomplete inventories of flood defense information or making largely unsubstantiated assumptions about defense locations and standards based on socioeconomic data. Here, we introduce a novel solution for application at scale. The geomorphometric characteristics of defense structures are sampled, and these are fed into a probabilistic algorithm to identify hydraulically relevant features in the source digital elevation model. The elevation of these features is then preserved during the grid coarsening process. The method was shown to compare favorably to surveyed U.S. levee crest heights. When incorporated into a continental‐scale hydrodynamic model based on LISFLOOD‐FP and compared to local flood models in Iowa (USA), median correspondence was 69% for high‐frequency floods and 80% for low‐frequency floods, approaching the error inherent in quantifying extreme flows. However, improvements versus a model with no defenses were muted, and risk‐based deviations between the local and continental models were large. When simulating an event on the Po River (Italy), built and tested with higher quality data, the method outperformed both undefended and even engineering‐grade models. As such, particularly when employed alongside model components of commensurate quality, the method here generates improved‐accuracy simulations of flood inundation.
Disentangling the Effects of Climate, Vegetation, Soil and Related Substrate Properties on the Biodegradability of Permafrost‐Derived Dissolved Organic Carbon

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) plays an important role in permafrost carbon cycle. However, substantial uncertainties remain about what determines the biodegradability of permafrost‐derived DOC and how the biodegradability varies between permafrost and active‐layer soils at a regional scale. Here, we conducted an incubation experiment with DOC leached from permafrost and active‐layer soils along a ~1,000‐km permafrost transect on the Tibetan Plateau. Our results showed that permafrost‐derived DOC had high biodegradability, with an average of 21.7% loss of DOC over a 28‐day incubation. The biodegradability of DOC leached from permafrost soils was larger than or equal to that in active‐layer within 72% of sampling sites. Our results also revealed that variation in DOC biodegradability in permafrost soils and its difference with that in active‐layer soils were jointly determined by vegetation types, soil properties, and related DOC composition. The biodegradability of permafrost‐derived DOC in alpine steppe and meadow was lower than that in swamp meadow. It also declined with the decreasing soil carbon: nitrogen ratio, increasing pH, clay content, DOC molecular weight, and its degradation degree. Similarly, the variability in the difference of DOC biodegradability between permafrost and active‐layer soils also resulted from the differences of three types of above‐mentioned factors between the two layers. These results suggest that permafrost thawing‐induced DOC release could intensify permafrost carbon‐climate feedback due to its vulnerability to microbial decomposition, with its impact depending on vegetation, soil, and substrate properties.
Risk factors of Anaemia During Pregnancy Among the Garo of Meghalaya, India

Some social and biological factors are considered as risk factors for developing anaemia during pregnancy among the Garo of Meghalaya, India. A total of 262 Garo pregnant women were interviewed thoroughly to obtain relevant socio biological information from those who were admitted for their delivery at the seven hospitals located in different parts of Meghalaya. Haemoglobin level at their third trimester of pregnancy was collected from the antenatal records of the respective hospitals. The overall incidence of anaemia during pregnancy is found to be 45.42% in the present population. Six factors (mother's age, mid upper arm circumference {MUAC}, education, economic position, antenatal care and habit of tobacco chewing during pregnancy) are significantly associated with anaemia during pregnancy. Mother's age <20 years, MUAC <20.9 cm illiterate or having little education and low economic condition are found to be as risk factors for developing anemia among the Garo which can be controlled effectively through the intervention programme and this may help to bring down the incidence of anaemia during pregnancy in the present ethnic group. Also it implies that more such studies are needed in other ethnic groups of North-eastern part of India to understand the problems of Anaemia during pregnancy in differenct ethnic groups.
Fault Reactivation During Fluid Pressure Oscillations: Transition From Stable to Unstable Slip

High‐pressure fluid injection in deep georeservoirs can induce earthquakes. Recent observations suggest that cyclic injections might trigger less seismicity than monotonic injections. Here, we report triaxial laboratory experiments conducted on faulted quartz‐rich sandstone that provide new insight into the physics of fault‐fluid interactions subjected to cyclic fluid pressure variations. The experiments were performed at 30 and 45 MPa confining pressure, imposing constant or sinusoidal fluid pressure oscillations of amplitudes ranging from 0 to 8 MPa in addition to a far‐field constant loading rate (10−4 and 10−3 mm s−1). The results show that (i) in agreement with the Mohr‐Coulomb theory, faults reactivate at the static friction criterion, which is generally reached at the maximum fluid pressure during oscillations. (ii) Oscillating fluid pressure perturbations promote seismic behavior rather than aseismic slip, and (iii) increasing the oscillation's amplitude enhances the onset of seismic activity along the fault. We demonstrate that this behavior is caused by slip rate variations resulting from the fluid pressure oscillations. Without fluid pressure oscillations, increasing the far‐field loading rate also promotes seismic activity. Our experiments demonstrate that the seismicity intensification due to cyclic fluid injections could be promoted at shallow depth, where confining pressure is relatively low, resulting in large strain rate perturbations.
BMR Medicine-A descriptive study of adverse perinatal outcome associated with pregnancy beyond 40 weeks among pregnant women attending obg department,sms medical college jaipur

Objective(s):- To assess the perinatal outcome in pregnancy beyond 40 weeks in terms of fetal distress, meconium aspiration syndrome, low apgar score, nicu admission, caesarean section. Study design:- This is a hospital based observational study conducted at Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, S.M. S College Jaipur from April 2014 onwards. Sample size:- The sample size was calculated 596 subjects at 95% confidence limit and 10% relative allowable error, assuming 39.3% beyond 40 weeks of pregnancy proportion of women who delivered child( as per seed article). Perinatal Outcome Noted in Terms of Meconium Aspiration, Fetal Distress, Macrosomia, Low Apgar Score, Rate of Cesarean Section, NICU Admission Rate. Result(s):- out of 596 babies delivered 89(14.93%) babies had meconium aspiration . And out of these 89 babies 50 (8.39%) got admitted to nicu. P value for distribution of meconium aspiration and nicu admission in was p<0.001, this was found highly significant. Conclusion(s):- The management of pregnancy beyond 40 weeks remains controversial. The value of routine induction of labour in such pregnancy also remains controversial because of the concern that it may result in an increase in the incidence of caesarian section without any significant improvement in the fetal outcome. In infants admitted to NICU one of the risk factor attributed is postdatism. So care of the post-dated fetus should start right from in utero. In this complex clinical condition we should identify the fetus at risk and to institute an appropriate management following adequate counseling of patient.
Ventilation performance of single zone occupied space in ancient Myanmar multistage roof buildings

Roof ventilation gives passive cooling effect in removing hot air from tropical climate buildings. However, little is known about the impacts of building parameters on the passive cooling effect in ancient Myanmar multistage roof buildings. The authors believe that this is the first study to assess the ventilation performance of multistage roof buildings taking into account their typologies, ventilation modes and climatic parameters. This paper presents the ventilation performance of two roof typologies by varying defined parameters from studies in computational fluid dynamic simulations. Simulations were generated by using the 3D steady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations and k-ε turbulence models. The results of CFD studies revealed that the presence of gable vents allowed better indoor air movement although the indoor air turbulence was depended on the intensity of exterior wind speed and roof typology. It was found that the single gable roof buildings increased the indoor airspeed with insignificant indoor air temperature improvement for thermal comfort. The results of this CFD study substantiate the findings of another dynamic simulation study and support the conclusion that the three-stage roof buildings have more potential to improve a better thermal and ventilation performance if they have gable vents.
Mobility and Well‐being in Old Age

This study, using focus group material, explored how independent mobility and personal well-being in old age are interconnected and which elements of mobility are the most essential for well-being by examining the way seniors talk about mobility and adapting to age-related mobility restrictions. There were 3 main outcomes. First, the physical aspects of mobility were a strong frame of reference in the discussions. Second, independent mobility was closely tied to the everyday life practices and ways to perform one's personal lifestyle(s). Third, the obstacles to independent mobility were to be overcome by both mental and technical compensation.
A Long-run Structural Macro-econometric Model of the UK

A small quarterly macroeconometric model of the UK is estimated over the period 1965Q1 to 1995Q4 in eight core variables: domestic and foreign outputs, domestic and foreign prices (both measured relative to oil prices), the nominal effective exchange rate, nominal domestic and foreign interest rates and real money balances. The model is based on long-run relations from economic theory embodied in an otherwise unrestricted VAR framework. A main aim is to develop a core model with a trans-parent and theoretically coherent foundation. Tests of restrictions on the long-run relations of the model are presented. The dynamic properties of the model are illustrated through the use of persistence profiles and generalised impulse responses, which are invariant to the ordering of the variables in the VAR.
Seasonal Hydropower Planning for Data‐Scarce Regions Using Multimodel Ensemble Forecasts, Remote Sensing Data, and Stochastic Programming

In data‐scarce regions, seasonal hydropower planning is hindered by the unavailability of reliable long‐term streamflow observations, which are required for the construction of inflow scenario trees. In this study, we develop a methodological framework to overcome the problem of streamflow data scarcity by combining precipitation forecasts from ensemble numerical weather prediction models, spatially distributed hydrologic models, and stochastic programming. We use evapotranspiration as a proxy for streamflow in generating reliable reservoir inflow forecasts. Using the framework, we compare three different formulations of inflow scenario structures and their applicability to data‐scarce regions: (1) a single deterministic forecast, (2) a scenario fan with the first stage deterministic, and (3) a scenario fan with all stages stochastic. We apply the framework to a cascade of two reservoirs in the Omo‐Gibe River basin in Ethiopia. Future reservoir inflows are generated using a 3‐model 30‐member ensemble seasonal precipitation forecast from the North American Multimodel Ensemble and the Noah‐MP hydrologic model. We then perform deterministic and stochastic optimization for hydropower operation and planning. Comparing the results from the three different inflow scenario structures, we observe that the uncertainty in reservoir inflows is significant only for the dry stages of the planning horizon. In addition, we find that the impact of model parameter uncertainty on hydropower production is significant (0.14–0.18×106 MWh).
Ion‐Beam‐Driven Intense Electrostatic Solitary Waves in Reconnection Jet

Electrostatic solitary waves (ESWs) have been reported inside reconnection jets, but their source and role remain unclear hitherto. Here we present the first observational evidence of ESWs generation by cold ion beams inside the jet, by using high‐cadence measurements from the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft in the Earth's magnetotail. Inside the jet, intense ESWs with amplitude up to 30 mV m−1 and potential up to ~7% of the electron temperature are observed in association with accelerated cold ion beams. Instability analysis shows that the ion beams are unstable, providing free energy for the ESWs. The waves are observed to thermalize the beams, thus providing a new channel for ion heating inside the jet. Our study suggests that electrostatic turbulence can play an important role in the jet dynamics.
Hydrochemical Characteristics, Controlling Factors, and Solute Sources of Streamflow and Groundwater in the Hei River Catchment, China

Water scarcity in arid regions is exacerbated by water quality degradation from anthropogenic contamination. In water-scarce regions, it is crucial to identify hydrochemical characteristics and pollution sources for effective water resource management. In this study, the Hei River—located in the Loess Plateau of China, which is an arid region with substantial anthropogenic-induced environmental changes—was selected as the study area to investigate these issues. The major ions of 242 streamflow and groundwater samples were measured during the 2014 and 2015 dry and flood seasons. Using a Piper diagram, a fuzzy membership function, a Gibbs diagram, and a forward model, the hydrochemical facies and water quality of streamflow and groundwater were investigated, and the main river solute sources and relative contributions were determined using quantitative and qualitative methods. The total dissolved solids were 279.6 ± 127.8 mg·L−1 for streamflow and 354.0 ± 157.4 mg·L−1 for groundwater, indicating low salinity water. However, the hydrochemical characteristics varied with season and location. Qualitatively, the atmospheric inputs, human activities, and rock weathering all contributed solutes to the waters but with varying contributions. The following are the mean contributions of analyzed solute source: silicate weathering (45.1 ± 1.1%) > carbonate weathering (34.1 ± 1.6%) > evaporite dissolution (13.7 ± 2.4%) > atmospheric input (5.4 ± 0.1%) > anthropogenic input (1.7 ± 0.1%). In general, water quality was satisfactory, as the majority of samples conformed to drinking water standards. The samples had good water quality because the river solutes were not heavily affected by anthropogenic activities and were primarily controlled by rock weathering. However, localized areas of high anthropogenic impact were identified. Such locations should be prioritized for pollution control and water resource management.