Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experimental generation of hybrid silicic melts by reaction of high‐Al basalt with metamorphic rocks

Melting and crystallization experiments (T = 1000°C; P = 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.5 GPa) were performed on two hybrid bulk compositions consisting of 50% anhydrous high-Al olivine tholeiite glass (HAOT) and 50% metamorphic rock (aluminosilicate-bearing metapelite and aluminosilicate-free biotite gneiss). The objective of the experiments was to determine phase equilibrium constraints attending bulk assimilation of crustal rocks by basaltic melts. Experiments generated 32–38 wt % of H2O-undersaturated granitic melt (SiO2 > 70 wt %). Thermal and phase equilibrium arguments show that production of this amount of granitic melt at the chosen experimental conditions is a plausible model for bulk assimilation in nature. The compositions of the melts and of the coexisting crystalline assemblages are affected to a comparable extent by pressure and by composition of the crustal source. Reaction of HAOT with biotite gneiss at P ≤ 1.0 GPa produces calc-alkaline melts in equilibrium with gabbronoritic cumulates (plag + opx + cpx). Reaction of HAOT with metapelite at P ≤ 0.7 GPa produces strongly peraluminous melts that resemble S-type granites from the Lachlan Fold Belt, in equilibrium with noritic cumulates (plag + opx ± spi ± gar). At P > 1.2 GPa, both source compositions produce strongly peraluminous leucocratic melts (<2 wt % FeO + MgO + TiO2) in equilibrium with garnet-rich and plagioclase-poor residues (opx + cpx + gar + plag from the biotite gneiss, gar + plag from the metapelite). The experiments show that a wide spectrum of high-SiO2 melts can be hybrids formed directly by reaction of basaltic melts with amphibolite-facies metamorphic rocks. Accumulation of the complementary mafic crystalline assemblages in the deep crust will generate granulites which are neither restitic nor the products of subsolidus dehydration. Mafic granulites and granitic melts formed by reaction of basaltic melts with metamorphic rocks will share isotopic and trace element signatures reflecting inheritance from both crustal and mantle sources.
The 3.5 Ga Barberton Greenstone succession, South Africa: Implications for modelling the evolution of the Archaean crust

Recent structural and sedimentological analyses of the Barberton greenstone succession have revealed the existence of major problems with the classic Barberton greenstone belt model that was developed in the 1960s. In the light of recent results, a revised stratigraphy is discussed. The sequence is shown to have undergone at least four distinct deformation events, of which the first two involved important tectonic repetition and thickening of the original succession. The sequence is interpreted as Archaean oceanic crust overlain by submarine fan deposits and alluvial fan sediments. This sedimentation which terminates the stratigraphic succession occurred contemporaneously with a collison event, which resulted in the obduction of the Barberton succession.
Kink-Band Folding, Valley and Ridge Province, Pennsylvania

It has become generally accepted that the Alleghanian deformational structures in the Valley and Ridge province of the central Appalachians were produced by northwestward movement of the Paleozoic rocks on decollements at depth. The folds in central Pennsylvania represent conversion of transport on the decollements into deformation of the overlying moving block. Abundant slicken-sides on bedding surfaces and constant bed-normal thicknesses indicate that they are flexural slip folds. But they are not concentric in profile. Rather, the folds possess planar limbs and narrow hinges. The presence of large and small kink bands, and the similarity of geometry (large zones of constant bed orientation, abrupt changes in bed attitude) and deformational mechanism of kink bands and these folds indicate a genetic relation. That is, kink bands can be combined to produce all the observed varieties of fold profiles. Thus, the folds in this province appear to be a widespread, large-scale kink-band deformation. In cylindrical kink-band folds, bedding in both limbs has been rotated about the same axis. The presence of two differently oriented slickenside sets on single bedding surfaces indicates that in many of the folds, each limb has been rotated about a different axis. The resulting fold geometry is noncylindrical, giving rise to the doubly plunging, en echelon, and other complex folds that are prevalent in the province. These noncylindrical structures, reflecting a pervasive interfingering of kinematic domains (kink bands) of different orientations, constitute the regional arcuation of the Valley and Ridge folds in Pennsylvania.
The Influence of Roughness on the Discharge Coefficient of a Broad-Crested Weir

The Influence of Roughness on the Discharge Coefficient of a Broad-Crested Weir The use of environmentally-friendly materials in hydraulic engineering (e.g. the stone lining of weirs at levees) calls for the more accurate estimation of the discharge coefficient for broad-crested weirs with a rough crest surface. However, in the available literature sources the discharge coefficient of broad-crested weirs is usually expressed for a smooth crest. The authors of this paper have summarized the theoretical knowledge related to the effect of weir crest surface roughness on the discharge coefficient. The method of determination of the head-discharge relation for broad-crested weirs with a rough crest surface is proposed based on known discharge coefficient values for smooth surfaces and on the roughness parameters of the weir. For selected scenarios the theoretical results were compared with experimental research carried out at the Laboratory of Water Management Research, Faculty of Civil Engineering (FCE), Brno University of Technology (BUT). Vliv Drsnosti na Velikost Součinitele Průtoku u Přelivu se Širokou Korunou Používání přírodě blízkých materiálů ve vodním hospodářství (např. kamenná opevnění povrchu přelivů v ochranných hrázích) vyvolává požadavek přesnějšího stanovení součinitele průtoku pro přelivy se širokou a hydraulicky drsnou korunou. V dostupných literárních pramenech je součinitel průtoku přelivů se širokou korunou obvykle vyjádřen pouze pro hladký povrch koruny přelivu. Autoři článku shrnuli teoretické poznatky týkající se vlivu drsnosti povrchu koruny přelivu na součinitel průtoku a navrhli metodu pro stanovení způsobu hydraulického výpočtu konzumční křivky přepadu přes přeliv se širokou a drsnou korunou. Postup vychází ze znalosti součinitele průtoku přelivu s hladkou korunou a charakteristik drsnosti. Pro vybrané scénáře byly teoreticky vypočítané hodnoty porovnány s výsledky experimentálního výzkumu uskutečněného v Laboratoři vodohospodářského výzkumu Ústavu vodních staveb, Fakulty stavební, Vysokého učení technického v Brně.
Humblebragging : A Distinct — and Ineffective — Self-Presentation Strategy

Seven studies (N = 2352) examine backhanded compliments—seeming praise that draws a comparison with a negative standard—a distinct self-presentation strategy with two simultaneous goals: eliciting liking (“Your speech was good.”) and conveying status (“.for a woman”). Backhanded compliments are common, from delivering feedback in work settings to communicating in casual conversation, and take several distinct forms (Studies 1a-b). Backhanded compliments have mixed effectiveness, as people who deliver backhanded compliments erroneously believe that they will both convey high status and elicit liking (Studies 2a-2b) but recipients and third-party evaluators grant them neither (Study 3a-3b); however, backhanded compliments are successful in reducing recipients’ motivation (Study 3c). We identify two constructs useful in determining the general effectiveness of ingratiation: excessive concern with image drives negative perceptions of backhanded compliment givers, while perceptions of low relative rank in a distribution drives the reduced motivation of backhanded compliment recipients.
Using SARAL/AltiKa to Improve Ka-band Altimeter Measurements for Coastal Zones, Hydrology and Ice: The PEACHI Prototype

Following the successful launch of the SARAL space mission in February 2013, the reliability of the innovative AltiKa altimeter has been demonstrated for deep ocean applications, where Ka-band performances are excellent. With the objective to ensure the complementarity but also the continuity with the altimeter Level-2 products provided in the open ocean, the Prototype for Expertise on AltiKa for Coastal, Hydrology and Ice (PEACHI) project has been set up as an initiative of the French space agency, CNES, to provide a data set of research-grade Level-2 parameters that might be interesting for SARAL secondary objectives on the study of coastal dynamics, inland waters, polar oceans, or continental and sea ices. Thus, the PEACHI prototype has been developed to process and accurately tune dedicated algorithms for the assessment of Ka-band parameters, from the instrument processing to geophysical corrections. As a result, the PEACHI prototype routinely provides end users with new or improved altimeter corrections for scientific applications dedicated to mesoscale monitoring but also synergistic science.
Global climatological features in a simulation using the CPTEC-COLA AGCM

Abstract The Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies–Center for Ocean–Land–Atmosphere Studies (CPTEC–COLA) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is integrated with nine initial conditions for 10 yr to obtain the model climate in an ensemble mode. The global climatological characteristics simulated by the model are compared with observational data, and emphasis is given to the Southern Hemisphere and South America. Evaluation of the model's performance is presented by showing systematic errors of several variables, and anomaly correlation and reproducibility are applied to precipitation. The model is able to simulate the main features of the global climate, and the results are consistent with analyses of other AGCMs. The seasonal cycle is reproduced well in all analyzed variables, and systematic errors occur at the same regions in different seasons. The Southern Hemisphere convergence zones are simulated reasonably well, although the model overestimates precipitation in the southern porti.
Tertiary ground birds from Patagonia (Argentina) in the Tournouër collection of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris

Avian fossils collected by Andre Tournouer in Patagonia during the early years of the 20th century are described. A small phorusrhacid (Psilopterus cf. affinis) is reported from the Deseadan (Late Oligocene). The Santacrucian (Early Miocene) remains belong to a rheid (Opisthodactylus patagonicus), phorusrhacids (Psilopterus sp., Phorusrhacos longissimus) and a brontornithid (Brontornis burmeisteri). Several characters of the lower jaw of Brontornis differ from those of phorusrhacids and support the inclusion of brontornithids in Anseriformes.
Climate‐induced variations in productivity and planktonic ecosystem structure from the Younger Dryas to Holocene in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela

A high-resolution molecular organic geochemical study of sediments in the anoxic Cariaco Basin indicates significant changes in primary productivity and planktonic community structure associated with the transition from the Younger Dryas to the Holocene. Variations in climate conditions over the past 12 14C kyr have induced large-scale changes in upwelling intensity, which directly affected levels of primary productivity as reflected in accumulation rates of bulk productivity proxies. Concentrations and accumulation rates of sterol and alkenone biomarkers have been used to identify how productivity changes affected the structure of the planktonic ecosystem. A shift in the dominant primary producer from diatoms (Younger Dryas) to coccolithophores (Holocene) is identified. If productivity and ecosystem variations like those identified in the tropical upwelling zone of the Cariaco Basin region, occur throughout the tropical oceans, they have the potential to affect global climate through perturbations in the biogeochemical cycle of carbon.
Coeval migmatites and granulites, Muskoka domain, southwestern Grenville Province, Ontario

We present new field observations and petrologic and geochronological data from the Muskoka domain in the southwestern Grenville Province of Ontario in an attempt to constrain the relationship between amphibolite-facies and granulite-facies gneisses in areas of transitional metamorphic grade, and to examine their implication for tectonometamorphic models for the Grenville Province of Ontario. The predominant medium-grained amphibolite-facies migmatitic orthogneisses of the Muskoka domain contain several generations of leucosome, some of which are related to southeast-directed extensional structures. The amphibolite-facies granitoid gneisses contain numerous mafic enclaves with granulite-facies assemblages recrystallized from anhydrous precursors during Grenvillian metamorphism. Other associated granulites are characterized by their patchy occurrence and gradational contacts, similar to the charnockites in southern India. Patchy granulites, leucocratic vein networks in mafic enclaves, and crosscutting leuc.
Melt percolation in the Songshugou ultramafic massif of the Qinling orogenic belt, Central China

The Songshugou ultramafic massif in the Qinling orogenic belt is taken as the largest Alpine-type ultramafic body in China, covering an area of ~20 km2. This ultramafic massif consists mainly of dunite (~90%), harzburgite, and wehrlite, with abundant pods of chromitite in the dunite. All dunites in the ultramafic massif have similar mineral compositions, consisting mainly of olivine and enstatite. They are also similar in chemical compositions, including U-shaped chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns. Whole rock analyses of the Songshugou ultramafic samples consistently show higher concentrations of highly incompatible elements, light REEs, Zr, and Hf, but lower Mg# (Mg# = Mg/(Mg + FeTotal)) compared to refractory peridotites. The platinum group element (PGE) concentrations of the Songshugou dunite are relatively low, with total PGE concentrations varying between 1.3 and 6.9 ppb, which are significantly lower than those of the Songshugou harzburgite (with total PGE concentrations of 7.8–24.3 ppb), as well as those of refractory mantle peridotites in general. Such low PGE concentrations in the dunite indicate that these dunites were not formed through partial melting or accumulation. We propose that the Songshugou dunite is formed by percolation of melt through harzburgite at high melt/rock ratios.
The determination of suction-controlled slope stability in humid temperate environments

Certain slope failures in tropical environments have been shown to be suction controlled where soils are highly weathered, deep and permeable. No research has yet considered whether this phenomenon occurs in humid temperate environments, despite numerous papers on characteristic angles of natural slopes. In this paper two models are employed to assess whether hillslopes in humid temperate environments may be suction controlled. The first model, the resistance envelope model, provides an initial indication of the general hydrological conditions under which failure occurs. The second model, a physically-based coupled slope hydrology-slope stability model allows closer inspection of the hydrological mechanisms which govern slope failure. In 1988 a series of storms produced several shallow planar slope failures, in freely-draining, permeable soils on slopes in the Glen Livet Estate, Scotland. These provide a unique opportunity to test whether slope stability in humid temperate environments can be suction controlled. The two models, when applied to these slope failures, indicate the possibility that slopes may fail under unsaturated conditions, and that their stability is thus controlled by the minimum suction which may develop at the shear surface during high magnitude storms
Using GIS for modelling the impact of current climate trend on the recharge area of the S. Susanna spring (central Apennines, Italy)

Though the S. Susanna spring system is one of the biggest water sources in the central Apennines, its hydrogeological dynamics have been scarcely investigated. This study tried to clarify some of the factors controlling the recharge/discharge processes of this spring by modelling the available climate series, water balance equations and new isotopic and quantitative data, using statistical and raster overlay functions embedded in a Geographic Information System (GIS). Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic data were recorded monthly over a 2‐year period at the spring itself and in eight rain gauges in Reatini Mountains. The effective infiltration rate was calculated using the Kennessey coefficients and the Turc equation. Finally, the recharge area was identified with the help of an expert evaluation procedure. Local δ18O and δD versus altitude regression curves were used to validate the digital recharge model by comparing their expected values with the values actually measured.
A multiproxy record of late Holocene natural and anthropogenic environmental change from the Sphagnum peat bog Dürres Maar, Germany: implications for quantitative climate reconstructions based on pollen

Pollen data are well established for quantitative climate reconstructions over long timescales, including the Holocene and older interglacials. However, anthropogenically induced environmental change in central Europe was strong during the last 4 ka, challenging quantitative reconstructions of this time period. Here we present quantitative climate reconstructions based on pollen analyses and evaluate them with the peat humification record and the stable carbon isotopes of Sphagnum plant material (δ13Ccellulose). All analyses were carried out on the same 7.5 m long, largely ombrotrophic peat bog section from Dürres Maar. Three different methods were used for the quantitative climate reconstructions on the basis of the pollen data: (1) a probabilistic indicator taxa approach (the ‘pdf method’); (2) a modern analogue technique based on pollen taxa from modern surface samples (cMAT); and (3) a modern analogue technique expanded by plant functional types (pMAT). At Dürres Maar the peat humification is only affected by peat cutting during the Roman period and the Middle Ages. The stable carbon isotopes are seemingly unaffected by human impact. Thus both proxies provide independent data to evaluate the reconstructions on the basis of pollen data. The quantitative climate reconstructions on the basis of the individual methods are in general relatively similar. Nevertheless, distinct differences between the individual approaches are also apparent, which could be attributed to taxa that reflect human impact on a local to regional scale. While the pdf method appears to be relatively robust to all observed anthropogenically induced vegetation changes, it potentially underestimates climate variability. This method is therefore expected to be independent of local site characteristics and to provide robust quantitative estimates of climatic trends rather than of climatic variability of small amplitude. This is of value for palaeoclimate reconstructions of older interglacials, for which neither multiple sites nor independent climate proxies are available for comparison. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating mechanisms of stormflow generation by natural tracers and hydrometric data: a small catchment study in the Black Forest, Germany

The importance and interaction of various hydrological pathways and identification of runoff source areas involved in solute transport are still under considerable debate in catchment hydrology. To reveal stormflow generating areas and flow paths, hydrometric behaviour of throughfall, soil water from various depths, runoff, and respective concentrations of the environmental tracers 18O, Si, K, SO4 and dissolved organic carbon were monitored for a 14‐week period in a steep headwater catchment in the Black Forest Mountains, Germany.
HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE DELAWARE RWER BASIN1

The Thornthwaite water balance and combinations of temperature and precipitation changes representing climate change were used to estimate changes in seasonal soil-moisture and runoff in the Delaware River basin. Winter warming may cause a greater proportion of precipitation in the northern part of the basin to fall as rain, which may increase winter runoff and decrease spring and summer runoff. Estimates of total annual runoff indicate that a 5 percent increase in precipitation would be needed to counteract runoff decreases resulting from a warming of 2C; a 15 percent increase for a warming of 4C. A warming of 2 to 4C, without precipitation increases, may cause a 9 to 25 percent decrease in runoff. The general circulation model derived changes in annual runoff ranged from {minus}39 to +9 percent. Results generally agree with those obtained in studies elsewhere. The changes in runoff agree in direction but differ in magnitude. In this humid temperate climate, where precipitation is evenly distributed over the year, decreases in snow accumulation in the northern part of the basin and increases in evapotranspiration throughout the basin could change the timing of runoff and significantly reduce total annual water availability unless precipitation were to increase concurrently.
The Carolina terrane in northwestern South Carolina, U.S.A.: Late Precambrian‐Cambrian deformation and metamorphism in a peri‐Gondwanan oceanic arc

The Carolina terrane comprises an exotic volcanic island arc in the hinterland of the Southern Appalachian orogen. The western portions of the Carolina terrane consist of zoned mafic‐ultramafic plutonic complexes intruded into a pile of basalts and basaltic andesites. This sequence of rocks has been interpreted to represent an episode of intra‐arc rifting prior to regional metamorphism and deformation. New U‐Pb zircon ages from the Mean Crossroads complex in northwestern South Carolina along the central Piedmont suture confirm relative ages inferred from detailed mapping. Two foliated metadiorites yield U‐Pb dates of 579±4 and 571±16 Ma, interpreted to be crystallization ages. A foliated metaquartz diorite yields a U‐Pb date of 538±5 Ma interpreted to be a crystallization age. An undeformed, unmetamorpbosed diorite intruding these metamorphosed zoned complex intrusive rocks yields an age of ≈ 535 Ma. Hence we believe that intra‐arc rifting and regional metamorphism and foliation development both occurred between =580 and 535 Ma. While petrographic and Ar‐Ar studies support subsequent middle to late Paleozoic regional metamorphic overprint(s), or at least static recrystallization and/or uplift through hornblende‐biotite‐muscovite blocking temperatures for Ar, the 535 Ma, undeformed, unmetamorphosed intrusion suggests late Precambrian‐Early Cambrian regional metamorphism and deformation was the event responsible for the regional metamorphic fabric in this area of the Piedmont. These observations contradict the idea that this metamorphism and fabric development are related to presumed early Paleozoic accretion of the Carolina arc to Laurentia as well as correlations with Middle Ordovician fabric elements in the eastern Piedmont. Instead, this fabric is interpreted to record a changing plate kinematics (e.g., migration of triple junction or change in relative motion vectors) during semicontinuous, diachronous development of an island arc on the Gondwanide margin.