Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reply to Acetaminophen Use and Stroke Risk

a positive association between acetaminophen use and stroke risk in older people with diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.19; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.25-8.18), but a cohort study in the United Kingdom revealed no statistical association between acetaminophen use and stroke risk in older people with hypertension (HR = 1.09; 95% CI = .86-1.38). We appreciate the efforts of Girard et al to provide new insights on the issue of acetaminophen use and vascular events. Some points need to be discussed. First, among the 133 subjects who experienced strokes in the study by Girard et al (including 60 patients treated with acetaminophen and 73 untreated patients), we do not know how many patients had diabetes mellitus or how long they were followed. Although a positive association was detected between acetaminophen use and stroke risk in patients with diabetes, the incidence of stroke among these patients was not reported. Thus the attributable risk caused by acetaminophen use could not be estimated. If the attributable risk is too high, acetaminophen should be prescribed cautiously in people with diabetes. If the authors can provide the raw data about the incidence of stroke in patients with diabetes, some questions may be answered. Second, to clarify this issue, a preliminary case-control study was conducted using the 2000-2013 database of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Program with 23 million people living in Taiwan. Table 1 shows a negative association between stroke and acetaminophen use in older peoplewith diabetes mellitus (crude odds ratio = .77; 95% CI = .70-.84). This result contradicts the study of Girard et al. Third, based on the Hill criteria, the association between acetaminophen use and stroke risk is not consistent between cohort and case-control studies. No conclusive evidence currently supports a causal relationship between acetaminophen use and stroke risk in older people with diabetes mellitus. Further research is needed to clarify this issue.
Relationship between packed cell volume levels and serum nitric oxide concentrations in cattle with tropical theileriosis.

Received: Revised: Accepted: June 19, 2014 August 18, 2014 April 21, 2015 This study was performed to determine changes in serum NO (nitric oxide) levels in cattle with theileriosis in accordance with PCV levels. For this purpose, 42 cattle with theileriosis and 10 healthy cattle have been used as material. Infected animals have been divided into 3 equal groups. 1 group had <12%, 2 group had 13–24% and 3 group had <25% PCV level. Blood samples have been used to determine NO concentrations. Serum NO concentrations prior to treatment increased in all infected groups compared to control group however its levels were significant only in the third group. NO concentrations decreased to almost normal values after treatment especially in 2 and 3 group, however this decrease was not significant in the first group. As a result, NO levels have been found increased in cattle with natural theileriosis. Therefore, its concluded that NO level and PCV levels in theileriosis should be studied with more detail in the future to enlighten the role of NO release and strategies for controlling its’ release should be made especially in severe cases. ©2015 PVJ. All rights reserved
Influence of Dried Seaweed Stalk and Breadcrumbs in Pig Feed on Meat Production and Quality.

乾燥ワカメ茎とパン屑を豚の飼料に添加給与した際の産肉形質と肉質形質に及ぼす影響を検討した。 LWD雌豚と去勢豚をそれぞれ8頭ずつ計16頭用いた。 体重30kgから去勢と雌豚を4グループに分け70kgまで単飼で不断給餌した。 体重70kgから105kgまで, グループ1は乾燥ワカメ茎0. 3%とパン屑5%を配合飼料に混合し給与した。 グループ2は乾燥ワカメ茎だけ, グループ3はパン屑だけ添加し, グループ4はいずれも無添加とした。 体重105kg到達後と殺し, 枝肉形質を測定した。 また, 最後胸椎から前2胸椎分のロース肉について, 肉色, 保水性 (ドリップロスと加熱損失率), 物理的特性及び化学成分 (水分と脂肪) を測定した。 パン屑5%の飼料添加はほとんどの産肉形質・肉質形質に影響を及ぼさなかった。 産肉形質のうち, 体重70kgから105kgの期間の総飼料摂取量は, 乾燥ワカメ茎添加 (121.1kg) により無添加 (142.3kg) の場合と比べ約20kg有意に少なく, 飼料要求率 (3.588と4.215) も有意に改善された。 また, 肉質形質のうち加熱損失率について, 乾燥ワカメ茎の添加 (25.16%) により無添加 (27.90%) の場合と比べ有意に減少した。 以上の結果から, 乾燥ワカメ茎の飼料への添加給与が豚の飼料利用性を高め, 肉質を改善する効果があることが示唆された。
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN BIOMASS AND PRODUCTION OF PSAMMOPHYTIC HALIMEDA INCRASSATA (BRYOPSIDALES, CHLOROPHYTA) IN A CARIBBEAN REEF LAGOON 1

Estimates for the production of calcium carbonate by Halimeda spp. have been based on limited measures in small areas or over short periods, subsequently extrapolated over larger temporal and spatial scales. The accuracy of these extrapolations depends on the variations in time and space of the parameters used for the derivations of the production, which were evaluated in the present study for Halimeda incrassata (J. Ellis) J. V. Lamour. in the Puerto Morelos reef lagoon, Mexican Caribbean. Growth, biomass, and CaCO3 content of the branches of the thalli were determined at 1–3 monthly intervals from November 1997 until June 1999, using the marking technique with the coloring agent Alizarin Red‐S. Biomass exhibited great variability (V=25.4%), and fluctuations were closely related to changes in thallus density. Growth and CaCO3‐content changes were related to the solar cycle, having coefficients of 15.4% and 2.5%, respectively. Additionally, calcified biomasses of the thalli were determined over a large spatial (31 stations in ∼7 km2 area) and time (6 y) scale. Spatial variability in calcified biomass was 59%, and the coefficient of variation attained its highest value (69%) for the samples collected over a 6 y period, from 1990 to 1996 (except 1995). Based on overall average values, branches of H. incrassata in the study area had a mean turnover of 30 d, with an annual production of 815 g CaCO3 per square meter.
Genetic variability in the endemic vireos of Puerto Rico and Jamaica contrasted with the continental white-eyed vireo

To test the hypothesis that island species exhibit lower genetic variability than mainland relatives, genetic data from three species of vireos endemic to Puerto Rico and Jamaica were compared with the White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus), a closely related species that breeds in North America. Variability was examined using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The White-eyed Vireo had a significantly higher proportion of polymorphic bands (67% of 115 total bands) than the Puerto Rican Vireo (V. latimeri; 38% of 95 bands), Jamaican Vireo (V modestus; 34% of 107 bands), or Blue Mountain Vireo of Jamaica (V. osburni; 32% of 111 bands). The mean genetic distance among conspecific individuals (Jaccard's index) was significantly higher in the White-eyed Vireo (0.293) than in any of the three endemic species (Puerto Rican Vireo, 0.115; Jamaican Vireo, 0.115; Blue Mountain Vireo, 0.106); mean genetic distance values did not differ among the three endemic species. Population substructuring assessed by analysis of molecular variance (Φ ST ) and Wright's F ST values revealed that the two common endemic species (Puerto Rican and Jamaican vireos) had greater among-population genetic variation than did three populations of the White-eyed Vireo. Genetic substructuring was moderate to substantial among two Puerto Rican Vireo populations (Φ ST = 0.103, F ST = 0.141) and weak to moderate among two Jamaican Vireo populations (Φ ST = 0.048, F ST = 0.117). The migratory White-eyed Vireo had the lowest values for both statistics (Φ ST = 0.015, F ST = 0.109). Low among-individual, within-species genetic variation was related to island endemism but was not influenced by differences among endemics in habitat specificity or local abundance.
Biology of Striped Skunks on a Southwestern Lake Erie Marsh

Striped skunks were studied on and near a 2083-acre marsh in northwestern Ohio in 1967 and 1968. The breeding season ranged from 12 February to 25 March, and the young were born from mid-April to mid-May. Most young skunks became self-sufficient in midAugust. The adult sex ratio averaged 0.8 male per female. Seventy-one per cent of the skunks examined were under 1 year old. Daily activity usually began within 60 min after sunset. Adult males and pregnant females were difficult to capture in the late spring and summer. Decreasing barometric pressure was significantly related to skunk captures. The average straight line distance between capture locations was 0.5 mile for adult males and females and 0.2 and 0.4 miles for juvenile males and females, respectively. Home ranges varied from 31 to 114 acres. The density of skunks in late summer was 12 per square mile. Skunks temporarily used the numerous dens on the dikes. Most of the 93 blue-winged teal and mallard nests observed were destroyed by predators, but skunks destroyed only 13 %. Waterfowl nesting areas surrounded by deep channels or over 0.5 mile from areas frequented by skunks were relatively safe from skunk predation.
Application of classification trees in determining the impact of phenotypic factors on conception to first service in Holstein cattle

The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of phenotypic factors on the probability of conception to first service. The study analysed 49 317 lactation records gathered between 1995 and 2007 in Iran, detailing six consecutive lactations in 13 herds of Holstein cows. The impact of phenotypic factors on the conception to first service was evaluated using the classification tree technique. The CHAID algorithm with the Pearson Chi-squared test was used as the division criterion. The resulting tree was six levels deep and consisted of 22 leaves. The greatest divisions in the tree occurred based on the year of calving (five divisions), herd and parity (four divisions each), level of milk production and age at calving (three divisions each). Fewer divisions occurred based on the month when the first insemination was performed (two divisions). The tree structure obtained in the present study allowed identification of combinations of levels of factors associated with highest probabilities of conception. The highest rate of conception to first service was recorded for cows that: while calving were younger than 5 years old; were in herds 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12 and 14; and were inseminated in January, February, March, April, May and November. Those cows were at least in their third lactation.
Catheter‐Based Aortography Fails to Identify Aortic Atherosclerotic Lesions Detected on Transesophageal Echocardiography

Background and Purpose. Transesophageal echocardiography is used to detect the aortic arch pathology during diagnostic workup of ischemic stroke events. Conventional angiography is increasingly used in diagnosing and treating atherosclerotic vas cular lesions in patients with ischemic stroke. Although catheter‐based aortography can be performed with cerebral angiography, there is limited information about the utility of aortography in identifying atherosclerotic abnormalities of the aortic arch. Methods. A retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients who underwent aortography as part of their angio‐graphic study and transesophageal echocardiography. Both studies were reviewed independently in the absence of knowl edge of the results of the other study. The findings of these aortograms were correlated with the findings of transesophageal echocardiography. Results. A total of 34 patients underwent both aortography and echocardiography. Of a total of 34 trans esophageal echocardiograms, 29 showed abnormal findings in the aorta (85%) and 5 appeared normal (15%). These aortic abnormalities included mild to moderate atherosclerosis in 18 cases (52%), moderate to severe atherosclerosis in 4 cases (12%), and severe atherosclerosis in 7 cases (21%). None of these abnormalities were detected by aortography. No disease was visualized in the origin of the supraaortic arteries. Conclusions. Aortic arch atherosclerosis is common in patients with ischemic stroke; however, aortograms acquired during conventional angiography fail to identify abnormalities detected on transesophageal echocardiogram.
Yield and quality of multi-cut forage sorghum (Sorghum sudanense) as influenced b y integrated nitrogen management

An experiment was conducted at Anand during rainy (kharif) season of 2004 and 2005 to study the effect of in- tegrated N management on yield and quality of multi-cut forage sorghum (Sorghum sudanense L.). Application of 75 kg N through urea + 25 kg Nlha through farmyard manure (FYM) recorded significantly higher green-forage, dry-matter and crude-protein yields than other treatments, except application of 75 kg N through urea + 25 kg Nlha through castor cake. The increase was 11 . I - 18.6% in dry-matter yield and 19.4 - 20.0% in crude-protein yield over application of 100 kg Nlha through urea. Application of 50 kg N through FYM + 50 kg Nlha through castor cake was significantly inferior in forage production and was poor in quality as evident from low crude-protein yield and higher neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content. The maximum green-forage, dry-matter and crude-protein yields of forage sorghum were recorded under Azotobacter + Azospirillum inoculation compared with their individual in- oculation or no inoculation of biofertilizer, but the effect on green-forage yield was non-significant. The maximum NDF content was recorded under no biofertilizer treatment, which was significantly higker than other treatments except Azospirillum inoculation. The application of 75 kg N through urea + 25 kg Nlha through castor cake along with Azospirillum inoculation was found superior in forage quality and recorded maximum crude-protein yield.
Induced Floral and Extrafloral Nectar Production Affect Ant‐pollinator Interactions and Plant Fitness

Thousands of plant species throughout tropical and temperate zones secrete extrafloral nectar to attract ants, whose presence provides an indirect defense against herbivores. Extrafloral nectaries are located close to flowers and may modify competition between ants and pollinators. Here, we used Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) to study the plants interaction between ants and flower visitors and its consequences for plant fitness. To test these objectives, we carried out two field experiments in which we manipulated the presence of ants and nectar production via induction with jasmonic acid (JA). We then measured floral and extrafloral nectar production, the number of patrolling ants and flower visitors as well as specific plant fitness traits. Lima bean plants under JA induction produced more nectar in both extrafloral nectaries and flowers, attracted more ants and produced more flowers and seeds than non‐induced plants. Despite an increase in floral nectar in JA plants, application of this hormone had no significant effects on flower visitor attraction. Finally, ant presence did not result in a decrease in the number of visits, but our results suggest that ants could negatively affect pollination efficiency. In particular, JA‐induced plants without ants produced a greater number of seeds compared with the JA‐treated plants with ants.
SYMBIOSIS OF HYDRA AND ALGAE. II. EFFECTS OF LIMITED FOOD AND STARVATION ON GROWTH OF SYMBIOTIC AND APOSYMBIOTIC HYDRA

1. When fed daily on Artemia nauplii, green and albino C. viridissima grew at nearly identical logarithmic rates. With limited food, growth of green hydra always exceeded that of albinos. This difference was not the result of a quantitative difference in food intake.2. Green hydra survived starvation for about four weeks, gradually diminishing in size. Albinos survived only 10-12 days, succumbing to starvation by relatively sudden disintegration.3. The relationship between survival ability and algal content was non-linear. Animals with 20% of the normal flora survived nearly as well as those with a full complement of algae.4. Turnover rate of sulfur-labeled protein during starvation showed the relationship albino > pale green > green, among the groups tested. The presence of symbiotic algae appears to depress the rate of protein catabolism.5. It is concluded that symbiotic algae augment growth, budding, and survival of C. viridissima (Carolina strain 1960) by a mechanism which does not appear to involve g.
Contribution of four races of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria to bacterial spot in Barbados

The size of typical lesions of bacterial spot on tomato and pepper fruits was used to assess the extent to which each race of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria contributes to disease in the field. Lesions associated with race 1 strains of the pepper or tomato group only were significantly larger than those from which pepper-tomato group race 2 or race 3 strains were detected. Pepper-tomato group race 3 was isolated from the smallest lesions. Six strains from tomato were virulent on pepper carrying the Bs2 resistance gene to bacterial spot, and no pepper group strains were detected on tomato. Race 1 strains of the pepper or tomato group were also most abundant and were associated with more lesions on pepper and tomato than pepper-tomato group race 2 or race 3 strains
Constraining the Interpretation of 2-Methylhopanoids through Genetic and Phylogenetic Methods

Hopanoids are a class of sterol-like lipids produced by select bacteria. Their preservation in the rock record for billions of years as fossilized hopanes lends them geological significance. Much of the structural diversity present in this class of molecules, which likely underpins important biological functions, is lost during fossilization. Yet, one type of modification that persists during preservation is methylation at C-2. The resulting 2-methylhopanoids are prominent molecular fossils and have an intriguing pattern over time, exhibiting increases in abundance associated with Ocean Anoxic Events during the Phanerozoic. This thesis uses diverse methods to address what the presence of 2-methylhopanes tells us about the microbial life and environmental conditions of their ancient depositional settings. Through an environmental survey of hpnP, the gene encoding the C-2 hopanoid methylase, we found that many different taxa are capable of producing 2-methylhopanoids in more diverse modern environments than expected. This study also revealed that hpnP is significantly overrepresented in organisms that are plant symbionts, in environments associated with plants, and with metabolisms that support plant-microbe interactions; collectively, these correlations provide a clue about the biological importance of 2-methylhopanoids. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolutionary history of hpnP revealed that 2-methylhopanoid production arose in the Alphaproteobacteria, indicating that the origin of these molecules is younger than originally thought. Additionally, we took genetic approach to understand the role of 2-methylhopanoids in Cyanobacteria using the filamentous symbiotic Nostoc punctiforme. We found that hopanoids likely aid in rigidifying the cell membrane but do not appear to provide resistance to osmotic or outer membrane stressors, as has been shown in other organisms. The work presented in this thesis supports previous findings that 2-methylhopanoids are not biomarkers for oxygenic photosynthesis and provides new insights by defining their distribution in modern environments, identifying their evolutionary origin, and investigating their role in Cyanobacteria. These efforts in modern settings aid the formation of a robust interpretation of 2-methylhopanes in the rock record.
Learning Music Helps You Read: Using Transfer to Study Linguistic Structure in Language Models

We propose transfer learning as a method for analyzing the encoding of grammatical structure in neural language models. We train LSTMs on non-linguistic data and evaluate their performance on natural language to assess which kinds of data induce generalizable structural features that LSTMs can use for natural language. We find that training on non-linguistic data with latent structure (MIDI music or Java code) improves test performance on natural language, despite no overlap in surface form or vocabulary. Training on artificial languages containing recursion (hierarchical structure) also improves performance on natural language, again with no vocabulary overlap. Surprisingly, training on artificial languages consisting of sets of separated pairs of words, but with no recursion, improves performance on natural language as well as recursive languages do. Experiments on transfer between natural languages show that zero-shot performance on a test language is highly correlated with typological syntactic similarity to the training language, suggesting that representations induced from natural languages correspond to the cross-linguistic syntactic properties studied in linguistic typology. Our results provide insights into the ways that neural models represent abstract syntactic structure, and also about the kind of structural inductive biases which a learner needs to model language.
EFFECTS OF PLANT DENSITY AND MAIN STEM PRUNING ON YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS OF PUMPKIN (CUCURBITA PEPO CON VAR. PEPO VAR. STYRIACA)

To evaluate the effect of stem pruning and plant density on yield and yield components of pumpkin, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was carried out at the Research Field of University of Zanjan in spring 2011. In this study, plant density in three levels including 8000, 12000, 16000 plant/ha and stem pruning in three levels including no stem pruning and stem pruning after 14 and 18 nodes formation were investigated. Results showed that stem pruning had significant (p ≤ 0.05) effects on all traits except number of seed per fruit. The highest fruit yield (142.2 ton/ha) and seed yield (3219 kg/ha) were obtained at pruning of stem after formation of 14 nods and the lowest fruit yield (112 ton/ha) and seed yield (2775 kg/ha) were obtained at no stem pruning treatment. Also, results showed that the plant density had significant effect (p ≤ 0.01) on fruit and seed yield. The highest fruit yield (157.4 ton/ha) and seed yield (3754 kg/ha) was obtained in 16000 plant/ha and the lowest fruit yield (93.5 ton/ha) and seed yield (2170.8 kg/ha) were obtained in 8000 plant/ha. Interaction effect of stem pruning and plant density on measured traits was not significant.
Productivity of Maize Genotypes under Different Planting Dates

Genotypic yield potential of maize genotypes is greatly affected by planting dates. This study was conducted to determine optimum planting dates of maize genotypes in 2013/14 at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. Four genotypes namely RML-4/RML-17, RML-32/RML-17, ACROSS-9944/ACROSS-9942 and S99TLYQ-B were planted at every week from April to March. The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications . The result of experiment showed that the highest production (5565 kg/ha) was obtained in August followed by February (5266 kg/ha), June (4475 kg/ha) and July (4255 kg/ha) respectively. The lowest yield (2572 kg/ha) was obtained in the month of November and December planting (3019 kg/ha). The highest grain yield was obtained in RML-4/RML-17 (7392 kg/ha) and RML-32/RML17 (6606 kg/ha), ACROSS- 9944/ACROSS-9942 (5004 kg/ha) during August planting and higher yield of QPM variety S99TLYQ-B was obtained in the month February planting. Winter maize has higher production potential than the rainy season maize. Based on this experiment RML-4/RML-17, RML-32/RML17 and ACROSS- 9944/ACROSS-9942 should be planting in August (winter season) and S99TLYQ-B in February (spring season) for higher grain yield production. Our Nature (2015), 13(1): 45-49