Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incidence of mastitis and its impact on milk production performance in dairy animals.

The comprehensive data spread over a period of twelve years (2000-2011) was used to estimate the effect of various factors on incidence of mastitis. Data pertaining to 6251 lactations of of normal and mastitic Karan Fries (2553), Karan Swiss (351), Sahiwal (1554), Tharparkar (323) cows and Murrah buffaloes (1470) were collected from the information available in history cum pedigree sheets, daily milk registers and health record registers. The hind quarters were more affected by clinical mastitis than the fore quarters in all the breeds. The fibrosis rate of quarters was higher in Murrah buffaloes as compared to TP, SW, KF and KS cows. Factors like year of calving, parity, level of milk production and stages of lactation significantly (P< 0.05) influenced mastitis incidence in cows and buffaloes. However, year of calving effect was variable in different breeds and the effect of dry period was not significant. The THI score significantly (P<0.05) influence incidence of clinical mastitis in order of KF, KS, SW cows and Murrah buffaloes, while low THI (<72) decreased mastitis incidence in crossbred and Sahiwal cows and increased incidence in TP and Murrah buffaloes. A significant (P<0.05) effect of season on incidence of mastitis was found in order of hothumid> coldhumid >hot-dry season in all the breeds. The trend of FTDMY was similar in normal and mastitic cows and buffaloes and a significant (P< 0.05) peak milk yield was attained in 3 and 4 TD and a gradual decline occurs till the end of lactation. Parity wise lactation curve parameters revealed decrease in persistency, steeper decline in descending slope(c) and steeper increase in ascending slope (b) from I parity onwards. The higher R and lower RMSE suggest goodness and accuracy of the model in all the breeds. Clinical mastitis resulted in a significantly higher loss in milk yield in crossbred KF cows (P< 0.05) as compared to indigenous cows and Murrah buffaloes. The recurrence of mastitis of first time was more in crossbred cows in comparison to indigenous cows and Murrah buffaloes. There was no effect of parity as recurrence of mastitis in different breeds. The study clearly elucidated that mastitis incidence is affected by genetic (breed) and non-genetic factors (year, parity, stages of lactation, duration of dry period, level of milk yield and THI).
Description of new Ceratitis species (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Africa, or how morphological and DNA data are complementary in discovering unknown species and matching sexes

This paper describes five new Ceratitis species from the eastern and southern parts of the Afrotropical Region: C. (Pterandrus) quilicii De Meyer, Mwatawala & Virgilio sp. nov.; C. (Ceratalaspis) pallidula De Meyer, Mwatawala & Virgilio sp. nov.; C. (Ceratalaspis) taitaensis De Meyer & Copeland sp. nov.; C. (Ceratalaspis) sawahilensis De Meyer & Virgilio sp. nov.; and C. (Ceratalaspis) flavipennata De Meyer & Virgilio sp. nov. Their relationships with closely allied species within their respective subgenera are discussed where appropriate, and diagnostic characters are given. DNA barcodes are provided for all new species. In addition, the hitherto unknown male of C. (Pardalaspis) serrata De Meyer, 1996 is described, based on material collected in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Recognition of these new species and sexes is the result of an integrative approach using morphological characters and DNA data.
Detection of a Mycoplasma sp. in a Python (Morelia spilota) with Stomatitis

Abstract Stomatitis was observed in three carpet pythons (Morelia spilota) from a large mixed collection in Germany. All affected animals were euthanized and one was submitted for diagnostic testing. No viruses were detected in tissues from this animal, but a novel Mycoplasma sp. related to mycoplasmas previously described in tortoises in Europe was detected in the oral mucosa. While the role of Mycoplasma spp. in disease in squamates is unknown, this is the third report of a Mycoplasma sp. related to respiratory disease in a snake.
Proteção de ovinos e bovinos contra haemonchose após imunização com antígenos oriundos da membrana intestinal de Haemonchus contortus

15 Considerações iniciais.16 Referências bibliográficas. 19 CAPÍTULO 1.25 Comprovante de submissão de artigo científico. 26 Vaccination of sheep and cattle against haemonchosis.27 Abstract.27 Introduction.28 Vaccines with natural antigens.29. 27 Introduction.28 Vaccines with natural antigens.29 Vaccines with hidden antigens.30 Aminopeptidase H11 glycoprotein.32 H-gal-GP.33 Conservative structure of intestinal glycoproteins.34 Recombinant vaccines.35 Field trials with sheep.37 Vaccination of cattle against haemonchosis.39 Final remarks. 40 References.41
Biomass estimation for four common grass species in northern Arizona ponderosa pine.

Vegetation allometric relations were examined for 4 important grass species in southwestern ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa). Logarithmic regressions were developed relating aboveground biomass to basal area, height, and number of seedheads, as well as 3 factors: overstory type (pole, yellow pine), burning treatment (unburned, prescribed burn 2-, 5-, and 7-yr previously), and site (3 locations). Basal area was defined as longest basal diameter multiplied by the widest perpendicular diameter. Of the metric variables, basal area proved to be the best predictor of biomass. Height and number of seedheads did little to increase Rl values. Burning treatment was a significant factor for Sitanion longejolium and Muhlenbe&a mon&na. Overstory type significantly affected Poa fenderiana and Festuca ankonica equations. Site effects were important for all but SuMion lonsefolfum When biomass regressions are used for species such as these, sampling efficiency can be improved by including factors such as overstory type, burning history, and locale. Final regression equations relating biomass of each species to basal area and significant factors were significant at 60.05 and had adjusted Rz values ranging from 0.81 to 0.87. A validation test using 20% of the data not used in developing the regressions indicated that these equations are adequate predictors. When used with double sampling, weight prediction based on basal area indices should provide a more objectively measured predictor than percent cover. Allometric relationships are often used to estimate understory biomass (e.g., Brown and Marsden 1976, Ohmann et al. 1981, Olson and Martin 1981). When compared with harvesting, the application of regression equations based on these relationships can result in lower sampling costs (or higher precision) due to relatively greater sampling efficiency (Reese et al. 1980). Most understory biomass equations are developed using fairly subjective ocular estimates of percent cover as the independent variable. Ocular estimates have the disadvantage of varying between observers as well as over time for a single observer, introducing unknown, but potentially substantial, error into the biomass estimates. We felt that using some combination of basal area, plant height, or number of seedheads might overcome these problems. A recent study of the effect of prescribed burning on understory production in northern Arizona (Andariese 1982), provided us with the opportunity to test this technique for a ponderosa pinebunchgrass type and to determine if overstory conditions, site, or burning treatment significantly alter the allometric relationship.
Confirmation and Control of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) with Resistance to Prodiamine and Glyphosate

Poor annual bluegrass control was reported in golf course roughs following treatment with prodiamine (1120 gaiha−1) and glyphosate (840 gaeha−1) during hybrid bermudagrass dormancy. Research was conducted to determine if this annual bluegrass phenotype was resistant to both prodiamine and glyphosate and to determine the efficacy of herbicide mixtures for controlling this phenotype in the field. In PRE or POST dose-response experiments, 9 to 31 times more prodiamine or glyphosate was needed to control (or reduce dry biomass of) this resistant phenotype by 50% compared to an herbicide-susceptible phenotype. Moreover, glyphosate-susceptible plants accumulated 50% more shikimic acid (898 mgkg−1) 6 d after treatment than those resistant to glyphosate (394 mgkg−1). October (fall) applications of herbicide mixtures containing trifloxysulfuron, simazine, S-metolachlor, or mesotrione controlled this resistant annual bluegrass phenotype 84 to 98% in April (spring), with no differences detected among treatments. Our findings document the second instance of annual bluegrass evolving multiple resistance in a managed turfgrass system. However, several herbicide mixtures can be used to effectively manage this resistant phenotype. Nomenclature: glyphosate; mesotrione; prodiamine; simazine; S-metolachlor; trifloxysulfuron; annual bluegrass, Poa annua L. ; hybrid bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon×Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davy. Control limitado de Poa annua fue reportado en “roughs” de campos de golf después de tratamientos con prodiamine (1120 g ai ha−1) y glyphosate (840 gaeha−1) durante el período de dormancia del césped bermuda híbrido. Se realizó una investigación para determinar si este fenotipo de P. annua era resistente a prodiamine y glyphosate y para determinar la eficacia de mezclas de herbicidas para controlar este fenotipo en el campo. En experimentos de respuesta a dosis con herbicidas PRE o POST, se necesitó de 9 a 31 veces más prodiamine o glyphosate para controlar (o reducir la biomasa seca) de este fenotipo resistente en 50% en comparación a un fenotipo susceptible a estos herbicidas. Además, plantas susceptibles a glyphosate acumularon 50% más ácido shikimic (898 mg kg−1) 6 d después del tratamiento que plantas resistentes a glyphosate (394 mg kg−1). Aplicaciones en Octubre (otoño) de mezclas de herbicidas que contenían trifloxysulfuron, simazine, S-metolachlor, o mesotrione controlaron este fenotipo resistente de P. annua 84 a 98% en Abril (primavera), sin detectarse diferencias entre estos tratamientos. Nuestros resultados documentan la segunda instancia de P. annua que evoluciona resistencia múltiple en un sistema manejado de céspedes. Sin embargo, varias mezclas de herbicidas pueden ser usadas para manejar efectivamente este fenotipo resistente.
Investigate the Disaster Management Process in the Gaza Strip

iv صخلم ثحبلا . v Table of contents . vi List of abbreviations . xi List of tables . xii List of figures . xiii 1 Chapter 1:Introduction . 1 1.1 Understanding disasters . 1 1.2 Research problem . 3 1.3 Research questions . 3 1.4 Research aim . 4 1.5 Research objectives . 4 1.6 Research hypotheses . 4 1.7 Scope and limitation: . 5 2 Chapter 2 : Literature review . 5 2.1 Disaster definition . 5 2.2 Disaster management . 6 2.2.1 Mitigation and preparedness . 7 2.2.2 Response and recovery . 7 2.3 The role of NGO’s and governmental agencies in the disaster management. 9 2.3. 1 The role of NGO’s and the governmental agencies in disaster preparedness and mitigation . 10 2.3. 2 The role of NGO’s and the governmental agencies in disaster response and recovery . 11 2.4 Disaster risk reduction . 11 2.5 Reconstruction process . 12 2.5. 1 Pre disaster phase . 13
15N-Labeling of Egg Proteins for Studying Protein Network Formation During Pound Cake Making

Proteins from wheat and egg are important for pound cake texture, but their exact role is insufficiently understood. A clear, analytical distinction between proteins from wheat flour, egg white, or egg yolk has been a main challenge. However, this can be addressed by using egg proteins carrying 15N. Therefore, egg white and yolk protein were enriched in 15N by mixing 15N-labeled leucine into hen feed. Incorporation of egg and flour proteins in the protein network was monitored based on changes in their extractability during cake making. The relative contribution of different noncovalent and covalent bonds could be determined by using different extraction media. We for the first time distinguished between the contribution of egg white, egg yolk, and wheat protein in network formation during pound cake making. Our results show that during batter mixing hardly any intermolecular disulfide bonds are formed and that baking induces tremendous changes in protein extractability. A protein network based on both di.
Dietary impact on canine behaviour

Currently there has been a lot of interest in nutritional effects on behaviour, but the connection between diet and behaviour is still quite unestablished in dogs. This literature review presents connections between nutrition, physiology and canine behaviour, and whether canine behaviour can be regulated by altering the diet, based on current scientific literature in this field. By altering the diet, availability of precursors for hormones and neurotransmitters that controls behaviour may be regulated. Activity level is found to be affected by the fermentability of dietary fibre, energy restriction and indirectly by energy surplus. Aggressive behaviour may be decreased by low protein content and tryptophan supplement. Undesirable behaviour caused by lack of satiety is affected by dietary fibre and their fermentability. Taken together, the studies presented in this review points towards that there is a connection between nutrition, physiology and behaviour in dogs, as well as that canine behaviour can be regulated to some extent by altering the diet. However, further research is required to draw more specific conclusion on how nutrition affect canine behaviour.
Geographical trends in breeding parameters of swallows Hirundo rustica and house martins Delichon urbica

Geographical trends in demographic traits were studied in Swallow Hirundo rustica and House Martin Delichon urbica from populations in the western Palaearctic. Clutch size increased with latitude in Swallow second clutches and with longitude in House Martin second clutches. The number of broods per season decreased latitudinally and for the House Martin longitudinally as well. The number of eggs per pair per breeding season thus decreased with latitude in both species and with longitude in the House Martin. It is suggested that the difference in the longitudinal response between the two species is due to the higher and thus more weatherinfluenced foraging niche of the House Martin. Hatchability of House Martin eggs increased with latitude. Between year population size variations increased with latitude in the Swallow. Ashmole's (1961) hypothesis did not account for geographical trends in clutch size. Geographical variation in nest predation could not explain variance in clutch size. Royama's (1969) model on clutch size trends taking food availability, time available for feeding and the temperature-dependent energy requirements of young into consideration explained a large fraction of the variance in clutch size among both species. The absolute metabolic level of the nestlings decreased from north to south.
Microbiological Quality of Raw Cow's Milk at Collection Centers in Trinidad.

The microbial quality, pH and presence of selected pathogens in milk at eight collection centers in Trinidad were determined. The enterotoxigenicity and susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus strains to antimicrobial agents and bacteriophages were investigated while the antibiograms and ability of Escherichia coli isolates to agglutinate O157 antiserum were also assessed. Of the 287 milk samples tested, the mean pH was 6.80 ± 0.10 and 207 (72.1%) were California mastitis test (CMT) positive. All (100.0%) milk samples contained S. aureus , and 217 (75.6%) were positive for E. coli . The ranges of mean counts per ml for total aerobic bacteria, S. aureus and E. coli were 3.3 ¥ 106 to 9.8 ¥ 107, 1.4 ¥ 104 to 1.2 ¥ 105 and 4.2 ¥ 104 to 1.6 ¥ 106, respectively. Ninety-three (40.4%) of 230 strains of S. aureus tested were enterotoxigenic producing staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C, D or a combination with SEC being predominantly elaborated. Of the 245 strains of S. aureus phage-typed, 123 (50.2%) were susceptible to international phage set (IPS) of bacteriophages. Overall, 49 (49.0%) of 100 strains of S. aureus tested were resistant to 1 or more of the 8 antimicrobial agents with resistance high to penicillin (48.0%), ampicillin (45.0%) and methicillin (21.0%). Among 100 strains of E. coli tested, 98 (98.0%) exhibited resistance to antimicrobial agents with high prevalence of resistance detected for cephalothin (79.0%), ampicillin (73.0%) and streptomycin (47.0%). Thirteen (6.9%) of 188 strains of E. coli agglutinated with O157 antiserum. It was concluded that the presence of some pathogens in milk in fairly high counts coupled with toxigenicity of some strains pose a health hazard to consumers.
A New Ornithomimid Theropod from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada

ABSTRACT A partial ornithomimid skeleton, ROM 1790, from the lower Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta was previously referred to Struthiomimus altus, but lacks diagnostic characters of that species. It is here described as the holotype of a new species, Rativates evadens, gen. et sp. nov., diagnosed by the form of the maxilla-jugal contact, the reduction of the mid-caudal neural spines, the convex fusion of the left and right ischial shafts, the straight-edged distal end of the third metatarsal, and possibly the relatively enlarged medial condyle of the tibia. A histological section of the femur confirms that the type specimen is not a juvenile, despite its relatively small size (approximately 50% the size of large individuals of Struthiomimus altus). Phylogenetic analysis recovers Rativates as a member of a derived ornithomimid clade that includes Ornithomimus, Struthiomimus, and the Asian taxa Anserimimus and Qiupalong. Fusion of the proximal tarsals to the tibia in some ornithomimid specimens was observed to be more complete than previously recognized, increasing the suite of features that these non-avian dinosaurs share homoplastically with birds.
Intuition-based modeling and insights into how antifreeze proteins bind to ice

ii Co-Authorship . iv Acknowledgements . v List of Figures . xi List of Tables . xiii List of Abbreviations . xiv Chapter 1 General Introduction . 1 1.1 Antifreeze protein discovery . 1 1.1.1 Thermal Hysteresis . 2 1.1.2 Insect AFP . 2 1.1.3 Hyperactivity . 5 1.2 Antifreeze protein functions . 5 1.2. 1 Antifreeze proteins in freeze avoidance . 5 1.2. 2 Antifreeze proteins in freeze tolerance . 6 1.2. 3 Antifreeze protein nomenclature . 6 1.3 Ice structure . 7 1.4 Antifreeze protein structures . 9 1.4. 1 Antifreeze glycoproteins . 9 1.4. 2 Type I . 11 1.4. 3 Type I hyperactive . 12 1.4. 4 Type II . 13 1.4. 5 Type III . 13 1.4. 6 Type IV . 14 1.4. 7 Insect antifreeze proteins . 15 1.4. 8 Plant antifreeze proteins . 16 1.4. 9 Microbial ice-binding proteins . 17 1.4. 10 Ice-nucleating proteins . 19 1.5 Applications of Antifreeze Proteins . 19 1.6 Thesis research objectives . 21 Chapter 2 Thermolabile antifreeze protein produced in Escherichia coli for structural analysis . 23
Faster estimation of Bayesian models in ecology using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo

Bayesian inference is a powerful tool to better understand ecological processes across varied subfields in ecology, and is often implemented in generic and flexible software packages such as the widely used BUGS family (BUGS, WinBUGS, OpenBUGS and JAGS). However, some models have prohibitively long run times when implemented in BUGS. A relatively new software platform called Stan uses Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC), a family of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms which promise improved efficiency and faster inference relative to those used by BUGS. Stan is gaining traction in many fields as an alternative to BUGS, but adoption has been slow in ecology, likely due in part to the complex nature of HMC. Here, we provide an intuitive illustration of the principles of HMC on a set of simple models. We then compared the relative efficiency of BUGS and Stan using population ecology models that vary in size and complexity. For hierarchical models, we also investigated the effect of an alternative parameterization of random effects, known as non‐centering. For small, simple models there is little practical difference between the two platforms, but Stan outperforms BUGS as model size and complexity grows. Stan also performs well for hierarchical models, but is more sensitive to model parameterization than BUGS. Stan may also be more robust to biased inference caused by pathologies, because it produces diagnostic warnings where BUGS provides none. Disadvantages of Stan include an inability to use discrete parameters, more complex diagnostics and a greater requirement for hands‐on tuning. Given these results, Stan is a valuable tool for many ecologists utilizing Bayesian inference, particularly for problems where BUGS is prohibitively slow. As such, Stan can extend the boundaries of feasible models for applied problems, leading to better understanding of ecological processes. Fields that would likely benefit include estimation of individual and population growth rates, meta‐analyses and cross‐system comparisons and spatiotemporal models.
Variation of soil and vegetation with distance along a transect in the Chihuahuan Desert

Th~ number of systematic studies of the coincidence of soil and vegetation lones in arid areas is relatively limited. In this study the spatial variability of soil morphological characteristics, soil moisture and vegetation were determined along a 3·km transect in theChihuahuan Desert in southern New Mexico. There is extensive spatial variability in soil physical properties, in water content and in \'egetation along Ihe transect. However, using a multivariate technique, it was found that this spatial variability could be partitioned into distinct lones. The boundaries between zones based on soil morphological characteristics coincide closely with boundaries based on soil Iovater content and those based on \'~etalion. It is concluded that the multivariate moving split-window technique is a valuable 1001 for evaluating soil and vegetation boundaries along transects.
Prediction of Carcass Meat Percentage in Young Pigs Using Linear Regression Models and Artificial Neural Networks

Abstract One of the approaches to improving performance testing of pigs is to look for mathematical solutions to increase the accuracy of calculations. This is mainly done through improvement of linear regression equations based on current data on performance tested pigs in Poland. The advances in computer technology and the improvements in mathematical analysis have made it possible to use artificial neural networks (ANNs) for prediction of carcass meat percentage in young pigs. The aim of the study was to compare the potential for live estimation of carcass meat percentage in pigs using two computational methods: linear regression equations and ANNs. The experiment used 654 gilts of six breeds, which were subjected to performance testing and slaughter analysis at the Pig Performance Testing Station (SKURTCh). The collected data were used to train ANNs to estimate carcass meat percentage in young pigs. Training was performed using the Levenberg- Marquardt algorithm. Next, meatiness estimated by ANNs was compared with the results obtained using linear modelling. It is concluded that based on the fattening and slaughter performance test results of live pigs, artificial neural networks (SSN23) are significantly more accurate in estimating carcass meat percentage in young pigs compared to the three-variable linear regression model 1. The difference in meatiness estimation between SSN23 and the four-variable linear regression model 2 was statistically non-significant in most of the breeds except Duroc and Pietrain, where the meatiness of young animals was estimated more accurately by the linear regression model.