Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Planck 2013 results

Planck has produced detailed all-sky observations over nine frequency bands between 30 and 857GHz. These observations allow robust recon- struction of the primordial cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature ﬂuctuations over nearly the full sky, as well as new constraints on Galactic foregrounds, including thermal dust and line emission from molecular carbon monoxide (CO). This paper describes the component sepa- ration framework adopted by Planck for many cosmological analyses, including CMB power spectrum determination and likelihood construction on large angular scales, studies of primordial non-Gaussianity and statistical isotropy, the integrated Sachs-Wolfe e ﬀ ect (ISW), and gravitational lensing, and searches for topological defects. We test four foreground-cleaned CMB maps derived using qualitatively di ﬀ erent component separation algorithms. The quality of our reconstructions is evaluated through detailed simulations and internal comparisons, and shown through various tests to be internally consistent and robust for CMB power spectrum and cosmological parameter estimation up to (cid:96) = 2000. The parameter constraints on Λ CDM cosmologies derived from these maps are consistent with those presented in the cross-spectrum based Planck likelihood analysis. We choose two of the CMB maps for speciﬁc scientiﬁc goals. We also present maps and frequency spectra of the Galactic low-frequency, CO, and thermal dust emission. The component maps are found to provide a faithful representation of the sky, as evaluated by simulations, with the largest bias seen in the CO component at 3%. For the low-frequency component, the spectral index varies widely over the sky, ranging from about β = − 4 to − 2. Considering both morphology and prior knowledge of the low frequency components, the index map allows us to associate a steep spectral index ( β < − 3 . 2) with strong anomalous microwave emission, corresponding to a spinning dust spectrum peaking below 20GHz, a ﬂat index of β > − 2 . 3 with strong free-free emission, and intermediate values with synchrotron emission.
On the secular evolution of groundwater on Mars

We modeled the subsurface transport of H2O and CO2 on Mars in a two‐dimensional pole‐to‐equator cross‐section, starting with sudden surface freezing representing ancient climate change. We find that excursions to low obliquity strongly drive ice sublimation and subsequent groundwater evaporation at low latitudes. This creates a hydraulic gradient in the saturated zone that moves water equatorward and even sublimates the base of high‐latitude ice. Eventually, all H2O is lost at latitudes less than ∼30°. A subcryospheric vadose zone may be retained at higher latitudes, but ultimately only a few monolayers of adsorbed water will be held. A subcryospheric phreatic zone is preserved in the same regions only where lateral heterogeneity restricts horizontal fluid flow. The predicted contemporary state of Mars is drier and with groundwater—if present at all—in different locations than previously considered.
$H$-games played on vertex sets of random graphs

We introduce a new type of positional games, played on a vertex set of a graph. Given a graph $G$, two players claim vertices of $G$, where the outcome of the game is determined by the subgraphs of $G$ induced by the vertices claimed by each player (or by one of them). We study classical positional games such as Maker-Breaker, Avoider-Enforcer, Waiter-Client and Client-Waiter games, where the board of the game is the vertex set of the binomial random graph $G\sim G(n,p)$. Under these settings, we consider those games where the target sets are the vertex sets of all graphs containing a copy of a fixed graph $H$, called $H$-games, and focus on those cases where $H$ is a clique or a cycle. We show that, similarly to the edge version of $H$-games, there is a strong connection between the threshold probability for these games and the one for the corresponding vertex Ramsey property (that is, the property that every $r$-vertex-coloring of $G(n,p)$ spans a monochromatic copy of $H$). Another similarity to the edge version of these games we demonstrate, is that the games in which $H$ is a triangle or a forest present a different behavior compared to the general case.
A Short History of Markov Chain Monte Carlo: Subjective Recollections from Incomplete Data

In this note we attempt to trace the history and development of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) from its early inception in the late 1940's through its use today. We see how the earlier stages of the Monte Carlo (MC, not MCMC) research have led to the algorithms currently in use. More importantly, we see how the development of this methodology has not only changed our solutions to problems, but has changed the way we think about problems.
Forward $J/\psi$ and very backward jet inclusive production at the LHC

In the spirit of Mueller-Navelet dijet production, we propose and study the inclusive production of a forward J/ψ and a very backward jet at the LHC as an observable to reveal high-energy resummation effects a la Balitsky, Fadin, Kuraev, Lipatov. We obtain several predictions, which are based on the various mechanisms discussed in the literature to describe the production of the J/ψ, namely, nonrelativistic QCD singlet and octet contributions, and the color evaporation model.
On the Slope-Aspect Correction of Multispectral Scanner Data

SUMMARYThe effects of topography on the radiometric properties of multispectral scanner (MSS) data are examined in the context of the remote sensing of forests in mountainous regions. The two test areas considered for this study are located in the coastal mountains of British Columbia, one at the Anderson River near Boston Bar and the other at Gun Lake near Bralorne. The predominant forest type at the former site is Douglas fir, whereas forest types at the latter site are primarily lodgepole pine and ponderosa pine. Both regions have rugged topography, with elevations ranging from 330 to 1100 metres above sea level at Anderson River and from 750 to 1300 metres above sea level at Gun Lake.Lambertian and non-Lambertian illumination corrections are formulated, taking into account atmospheric effects as well as topographic variations. Terrain slope and aspect values are determined from a digital elevation model and atmospheric parameters are obtained from a model atmosphere computation for the solar angles an.
On the evolution of marginal basins

This paper presents a critique of the models proposed to explain the formation of back arc basins: those marginal basins located behind active or inactive trench systems and whose origin is inferred to be subduction related. Several marginal basins are not generically back arc, but rather are related to the initiation of subduction, continental rifting, or plate boundary readjustments. Models of back arc basin formation must be consistent with the observed characteristics of back arc basins, which include the following: (1) the crustal structure and magnetic lineation patterns of back arc and major ocean basins are similar, implying that the processes of crustal accretion in both tectonic environments are also similar; (2) arc-trench systems without currently spreading back arc basins are in the majority; (3) although petrographically similar to and within the compositional range of midocean ridge basalts (MORB), back arc basin basalts (BABB) show consistent geochemical differences from N-type MORB and are in many respects transitional toward island arc tholeiites (IAT); (4) distinct BABB and IAT mantle sources may be in extremely close proximity during the initial rifting of an island arc; (5) rifting of the volcanic arc may occur on either side of the line of active volcanoes (±50 km) and may vary from one side to the other along strike; (6) a remnant arc is not always developed; (7) back arc spreading may be initiated above subducted lithosphere, but with time the center of spreading migrates away from the arc and no longer overlies a Benioff zone; and (8) there is no simple correlation between the timing of global plate reorganizations and the formation of back arc basins. The three main classes of models proposed to explain back arc basin formation are mantle diapirism, induced aesthenospheric convection, and global plate kinematics. Because the driving mechanism for the first two classes of models is provided by the local subducting slab, these models fail to explain the temporal and spatial distribution of back arc basins. The third class of models proposes that back arc basins should form whenever global plate interactions require divergence between the overriding plate and the trench line, the latter being observed to move only in a seaward direction with respect to a hot spot reference frame. However, the tectonic setting of several back arc basins suggests that they represent more than just a passive response to kinematic boundary conditions. For example, some dynamic back arc force seems required to move the New Hebrides, Tonga, and South Sandwich forearc plates seaward. Neither the local nor the global models adequately specify the necessary and/or sufficient conditions for back arc basin formation. A better understanding of the processes associated with the initiation of rifting and of subduction is required. Arc rifting and back arc spreading are both secondary phenomena to subduction, but they are also primary extensional phenomena, fundamentally analogous to continental rifting and the initial spreading of major ocean basins.
Comptonization of an Isotropic Distribution in Moving Media: Higher Order Effects

We consider the Comptonization of an isotropic radiation field by a thermal distribution of electrons with nonvanishing bulk velocity. We include all relativistic effects, including induced scattering and electron recoil, in the derivation of a kinetic equation that is correct to O(θ2e, βθ2e, β2θe), where β is the bulk velocity (in units of c) and θe is the ratio of the electron temperature to mass. The result given here manifestly conserves photon number, and it easily yields the energy transfer rate between the radiation and electrons. We also confirm recent calculations of the relativistic corrections to the thermal and kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect.
Effects of land use and topographical attributes on soil properties in an agricultural landscape

Knowledge about soil properties associated with land use and topographical attributes is vital for modelling soil–landscape relationships and establishing sustainable on-field management practices. Our study focuses on an arable area in south-western China, where paddy fields and vegetable growing are dominant land uses. These are representative of millions of hectares of farmland in south-western China. Samples from 120 sites were collected according to a gridded sampling scheme and analysed. Land-use map units were delineated at a scale of 1 : 2000 from field survey. Topographical indicators (elevation, aspect, slope) were extracted from a digital elevation model with a resolution of 2 m. One-way and two-way analyses of variance and Pearson correlations were adopted to investigate the effects of land use and topographical variables on the selected soil properties: pH, organic matter (OM), ammonium-nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K), exchangeable calcium (Ca), and exchangeable magnesium (Mg). Statistically significant differences were found for OM, P, Ca, Mg, and pH between the land-use types and elevation gradient as well as slope classes. Mean contents of OM and P in paddy fields (lower and flat locations) were lower than in vegetable lands (higher and steep places) (P < 0.05). Mean values of Ca, Mg, and pH in paddy fields were higher than in vegetable lands (P < 0.05). Further analysis combining with management practice demonstrated that the redistribution of pH, OM, N, P, Ca, and Mg was mainly controlled by the interactive effects of topography and land use. Therefore, interactions between topography and land-use types need to be considered in regional soil properties inventory assessments.
Approximate Geothermal Gradients in Niger Delta Sedimentary Basin

More than 1,000 well logs from the Niger delta sedimentary basin were examined for temperature-data quality. Most measurements were made within 4 to 8 hours of cessation of mud circulation. Such nonequilibrium temperatures were corrected to approximately true formation values by applying a numerical solution to a modified Lachenbruch-Brewer's equation. The subsurface temperature distributions based on both the raw and corrected temperature data, when presented as geothermal gradient maps, show that values are lowest over the center of the Niger delta, approximately 0.7 to 1.0°F/100 ft, and they increase to about 3°F/100 ft in the Cretaceous rocks on the north. The geothermal gradient map in the Niger delta could be used in the application of the hydrocarbon liquid-window concept for oil exploration. It reveals that theoretically there is a considerable thickness of potentially hydrocarbon-bearing interval in the delta region that is unexplored by current drilling programs.
Comparisons of water and argon permeability in natural clay‐bearing fault gouge under high pressure at 20°C

Quantification of fluid transport through fault zones is critical for the understanding of fault mechanics and prediction of subsurface fluid flow. The permeability of clay-bearing fault gouge has been determined using first argon then water as pore fluids under total confining pressures ranging up to 200 MPa and pore pressures of 40 MPa at room temperature. Use of the two pore fluids allows interactions between the gouge and pore fluids to be examined. Natural clay-bearing fault gouge recovered from surface exposures of the Carboneras fault zone in southeastern Spain was used and was collected in such a way that the in situ microstructure was preserved. Cores were collected in directions relative to the well-developed planar fabrics seen in these types of fault rock. The mineralogy of the gouges included muscovite/illite, chlorite, and quartz, with minor amounts of gypsum, albite, and graphite. Glycolation of the gouge showed no discernible amounts of swelling phases. Grain size analyses revealed a bimodal grain size distribution, with the 50 wt %) This fraction contained predominantly clay phases. Permeabilities in the range of 10 -17 m -22 to 10 m 2 were measured. Experimental results show that the previous highest in situ effective pressure to which the fault gouge had been subjected (overconsolidation pressure) could not be determined from changes in permeability. Differences between water and argon permeabilities determined on the same sample amounted to ∼1 order of magnitude, even if the sample had been pressure cycled (reduction to zero and reapplication of both confining and pore pressure) using argon as pore fluid until asymptotic values for permeability had been attained. Volumetric strain measurements showed no enhanced compaction due to the introduction of water as the pore fluid, leading to the conclusion that the reduction in permeability must be due to physicochemical interactions of the water with the fault gouge. The low permeabilities measured support models invoking high fluid pressure weakening of large faults with minimal fluid loss. The stability of structured water films with varying temperature, water pressure and water chemistry may produce a heterogeneous permeability profile with depth in fault zones.
The structure of extreme level sets in branching Brownian motion

We study the structure of extreme level sets of a standard one dimensional branching Brownian motion, namely the sets of particles whose height is within a fixed distance from the order of the global maximum. It is well known that such particles congregate at large times in clusters of order-one genealogical diameter around local maxima which form a Cox process in the limit. We add to these results by finding the asymptotic size of extreme level sets and the typical height and shape of those clusters which carry such level sets. We also find the right tail decay of the distribution of the distance between the two highest particles. These results confirm two conjectures of Brunet and Derrida, 2011. The proofs rely on studying the cluster distribution and should carry over to the branching random walk and the two-dimensional discrete Gaussian free field with no conceptual difficulty.
Automated Fixing of Programs with Contracts

This paper describes AutoFix, an automatic debugging technique that can fix faults in general-purpose software. To provide high quality fix suggestions and to enable automation of the whole debugging process, AutoFix relies on the presence of simple specification elements in the form of contracts (such as pre and post conditions). Using contracts enhances the precision of dynamic analysis techniques for fault detection and localization, and for validating fixes. The only required user input to the AutoFix supporting tool is then a faulty program annotated with contracts; the tool produces a collection of validated fixes for the fault ranked according to an estimate of their suitability. In an extensive experimental evaluation, we applied AutoFix to over 200 faults in four code bases of different maturity and quality (of implementation and of contracts). AutoFix successfully fixed 42% of the faults, producing, in the majority of cases, corrections of quality comparable to those competent programmers would write; the used computational resources were modest, with an average time per fix below 20 minutes on commodity hardware. These figures compare favorably to the state of the art in automated program fixing, and demonstrate that the AutoFix approach is successfully applicable to reduce the debugging burden in real-world scenarios.
Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes over the Greater Horn of Africa region from 1961 to 2010

Recent special reports on climate extremes have shown evidences of changes in the patterns of climate extremes at global, regional and local scales. Understanding the characteristics of climate extremes at regional and local levels is critical not only for the development of preparedness and early warning systems, but is also fundamental in the development of any adaptation strategies. There is still very limited knowledge regarding the past, present and future patterns of climate extremes in the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA). This study, which was supported by the World Bank Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (WB‐GFDRR) and implemented by the World Meteorological Organization, was organized in terms of three workshops with three main objectives; (1) analysis of daily rainfall and temperature extremes for ten countries in the GHA region using observed in situ data running from 1971 to 2006, (2) assessing whether the United Kingdom Met‐office and Hadley centre Providing REgional Climates for Impact Studies (UK‐PRECIS) modelling system can provide realistic representation of the past and present climate extremes as observed by available in situ data, and (3) studying the future regional climate extremes under different scenarios to further assess the expected changes in climate extremes. This paper, therefore, uses the outputs of these workshops and also includes post‐workshop analyses to assess the changes of climate extremes within the GHA. The results showed a significant decrease in total precipitation in wet days greater than 1 mm and increasing warm extremes, particularly at night, while cold extremes are decreasing. Considering a combination of geophysical models and satellite gravimetry observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission in the frame of GRACE daily Kalman‐smoothing models, for the years 2002 to 2010, we explored a decline in total water storage variations over the GHA.
Safety and Robustness in Decision Making: Deep Bayesian Recurrent Neural Networks for Somatic Variant Calling in Cancer

The genomic profile underlying an individual tumor can be highly informative in the creation of a personalized cancer treatment strategy for a given patient; a practice known as precision oncology. This involves next generation sequencing of a tumor sample and the subsequent identification of genomic aberrations, such as somatic mutations, to provide potential candidates of targeted therapy. The identification of these aberrations from sequencing noise and germline variant background poses a classic classification-style problem. This has been previously broached with many different supervised machine learning methods, including deep-learning neural networks. However, these neural networks have thus far not been tailored to give any indication of confidence in the mutation call, meaning an oncologist could be targeting a mutation with a low probability of being true. To address this, we present here a deep bayesian recurrent neural network for cancer variant calling, which shows no degradation in performance compared to standard neural networks. This approach enables greater flexibility through different priors to avoid overfitting to a single dataset. We will be incorporating this approach into software for oncologists to obtain safe, robust, and statistically confident somatic mutation calls for precision oncology treatment choices.
Mod-Squad: Designing Mixture of Experts As Modular Multi-Task Learners

Optimization in multi-task learning (MTL) is more challenging than single-task learning (STL), as the gradient from different tasks can be contradictory. When tasks are related, it can be beneficial to share some parameters among them (cooperation). However, some tasks require additional parameters with expertise in a specific type of data or discrimination (specialization). To address the MTL challenge, we propose Mod-Squad, a new model that is Modularized into groups of experts (a 'Squad'). This structure allows us to formalize cooperation and specialization as the process of matching experts and tasks. We optimize this matching process during the training of a single model. Specifically, we incorporate mixture of experts (MoE) layers into a transformer model, with a new loss that incorporates the mutual dependence between tasks and experts. As a result, only a small set of experts are activated for each task. This prevents the sharing of the entire backbone model between all tasks, which strengthens the model, especially when the training set size and the number of tasks scale up. More interestingly, for each task, we can extract the small set of experts as a standalone model that maintains the same performance as the large model. Extensive experiments on the Taskonomy dataset with 13 vision tasks and the PASCAL-Context dataset with 5 vision tasks show the superiority of our approach.
Unmixing of soil types and estimation of soil exposure with simulated hyperspectral imagery

Hyperspectral determination of soil types has the potential to become an important addition to the methods used for classification and mapping of soils. In this study laboratory measured spectra of different soils, vegetation and crop residue were combined to simulate hyperspectral remote sensing imagery. The overall aim was to examine the spectral unmixing of these materials under laboratory conditions to better understand the limits to prediction of soil types and determination of cover fractions. Two different methods were utilized to mix spectra of the soil and vegetation and substantial differences were observed in the unmixing results from the different image types, particularly in mixed pixels. Results found pure soils were easily distinguished from each other when not mixed with vegetation, while some mixes of soil and vegetation were confused as pure soil spectra. The accuracy of abundance fractions retrieved in the unmixing process also varied substantially with soil type and vegetation cover.