Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A framing effect of intertemporal and spatial choice

A given spatial distance can be measured using either a length or a time unit. A spatial-choice problem with given distances represented in a space frame and in a time frame is logically equivalent. Different representations of the same choice problem should yield the same preferences according to the invariance principle. To test invariance in the context of spatial choice, we used a constant velocity to construct six spatial (intertemporal) choice problems with single-placed (single-dated) outcomes in a space (time) frame and investigated whether invariance-violating behaviour could be detected under the two frames (Studies 1–3). If such behaviour existed, we then aimed to determine whether two models—the attribute-comparison model, which predicts a framing effect occurs if framing shifts people’s judgement of the inequality relationship between the differences of two options in time/space dimension and that in outcome dimension, and the utility comparison model, which predicts that a framing effect occurs if framing shifts people’s judgement of the inequality relationship between two options’ overall utility—could account for it, and which of these two models is better supported by the data (Studies 2–3). The results indicate that a time–space framing effect existed, as people’s preference orders were significantly changed by the different descriptions of spatial-choice problems, and this new time–space framing effect could be satisfactorily explained by the attribute-comparison rather than the utility comparison model. Our findings could support the creation of new forms of choice architecture that improve decisions about health, wealth, and happiness.
COVID-19 Hospitalization Trends in Rural Versus Urban Areas in the United States

Since the summer of 2020, the rate of coronavirus cases in the United States has been higher in rural areas than in urban areas, raising concerns that patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) will overwhelm under-resourced rural hospitals. Using data from the University of Minnesota COVID-19 Hospitalization Tracking Project and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, we document disparities in COVID-19 hospitalization rates between rural and urban areas. We show that rural-urban differences in COVID-19 admission rates were minimal in the summer of 2020 but began to diverge in fall 2020. Rural areas had statistically higher hospitalization rates from September 2020 through early 2021, after which rural-urban admission rates re-converged. The insights in this article are relevant to policymakers as they consider the adequacy of hospital resources across rural and urban areas during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Quality and Readability of Information Regarding Total Ankle Arthroplasty Available to Patients on the Internet

This study sought to evaluate the reliability, comprehensiveness, and readability of ankle arthroplasty information available on the Internet. We evaluated websites based on category, Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) criteria, Health on the Net (HON) code, DISCERN score, an author-created Ankle Replacement Index (ARI), and readability metrics. Based on the ARI, 80 (62.5%) websites provided poor information. The mean reading level was 8.96 ± 2.66, which is above the recommended sixth-grade reading level for patient information. Academic websites had the highest mean DISCERN, ARI, and JAMA scores, and a midrange reading level. The government category had high DISCERN and JAMA scores, a fair ARI score, and the lowest reading level. We found significant correlation between website class and DISCERN score, as well as HON code and DISCERN score. Our results suggest that academic and government websites provide more reliable, complete information than other categories and that websites with an HON code contain more reliable information than those without. We recommend that physicians create handouts to point patients to reliable resources and encourage them to critically evaluate information they read online. We also encourage physicians to take part in evaluating and updating information on their practice websites. Level of Clinical Evidence: N/A
Carcase characteristics, meat quality, nutrient composition, serum biochemistry and oxidant/antioxidant status in white striping-affected broiler chickens fed diets based on maize-soybean meal

ABSTRACT 1. Effects of the incidence of white striping (WS) in relation to carcase weights and yields, breast meat quality and composition, serum biochemistry and oxidant/antioxidant status of breast meat in broiler chickens were investigated. 2. The study consisted of 180, one-d-old male broiler chickens fed maize-soybean meal-based starter, grower, finisher and withdrawal diets identical to commercial chicken diets. On d 49, all the birds were slaughtered and breast fillets were visually scored for the incidence of WS. Breast meat and blood samples were collected and categorised based on the presence or absence of WS. 3. The study revealed greater slaughter weight, carcase and breast fillet weights and yields, lower pHu and higher cooking loss of breast meat with WS lesions (P < 0.05). WS-affected breast fillets had greater fat and lower crude protein contents in comparison with normal meat (P < 0.001). Serum creatine kinase levels were greater in broilers with WS (P = 0.011), whereas oxidant/antioxidant status of breast meat remained unaffected. 4. Taken together, the presence of WS on breast muscle altered the quality and nutrient composition of breast fillets and serum creatine kinase levels in broiler chickens fed diets based on maize-soybean meal. Nevertheless, WS was more common in heavier broilers having higher breast weight and yield.
Ischaemic preconditioning improves upper-body endurance performance without altering V̇O2 kinetics

ABSTRACT Purpose: Whilst pre-exercise ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) can improve lower-body exercise performance, its impact on upper-limb performance has received little attention. This study examines the influence of IPC on upper-body exercise performance and oxygen uptake (V̇O2) kinetics. Methods: Eleven recreationally-active males (24 ± 2 years) completed an arm-crank graded exercise test to exhaustion to determine the power outputs at the ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) and V̇O2peak (40.0 ± 7.4 ml·kg−1·min−1). Four main trials were conducted, two following IPC (4 × 5-min, 220 mmHg contralateral upper-limb occlusion), the other two following SHAM (4 × 5-min, 20 mmHg). The first two trials consisted of a 15-minute constant work rate and the last two time-to-exhaustion (TTE) arm-crank tests at the power equivalents of 95% VT1 (LOW) and VT2 (HIGH), respectively. Pulmonary V̇O2 kinetics, heart rate, blood-lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion were recorded throughout exercise. Results: TTE during HIGH was longer following IPC than SHAM (459 ± 115 vs 395 ± 102 s, p = .004). Mean response time and change in V̇O2 between 2-min and end exercise (ΔV̇O2) were not different between IPC and SHAM for arm-cranking at both LOW (80.3 ± 19.0 vs 90.3 ± 23.5 s [p = .06], 457 ± 184 vs 443 ± 245 ml [p = .83]) and HIGH (96.6 ± 31.2 vs 92.1 ± 24.4 s [p = .65], 617 ± 321 vs 649 ± 230 ml [p = .74]). Heart rate, blood-lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion did not differ between conditions (all p ≥ .05). Conclusion: TTE was longer following IPC during upper-body exercise despite unchanged V̇O2 kinetics. Highlights Whilst pre-exercise ischaemic preconditioning can improve lower-body exercise performance and alter V̇O2 kinetics, its impact on upper-limb performance has received little attention. An acute bout of ischaemic preconditioning prior to arm-crank ergometry exercise significantly improved time to exhaustion compared to a sham control condition. V̇O2 kinetics in response to ischaemic preconditioning remained unchanged, suggesting alternative mechanisms may explain performance improvements.
Meaning in life measure: a five-Item short form and its measurement invariance across gender, age, and cultural contexts

Abstract Objective: The aims of this study were to develop a revised version of the Meaning In Life Measure (MILM; Hill et al., 2019) and investigate its multilevel measurement invariance at the between-person and within-person levels and multi-group measurement invariance across gender, age, and cultural groups. Methods: We analyzed an international dataset including data from 1600 sessions with 384 clients in five continents (Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, and North America) using multilevel item response theory and multilevel factor analysis. Results: We found that the revised 5-item MILM-5 had satisfactory reliability and structural validity with the overall sample. Further, it demonstrated measurement invariance across the between- and within-person levels, and also across gender and age groups. Across representative countries within continents, the MILM-5 had the same overall factor structure but all factor loadings and item intercepts significantly differed across cultural contexts. Implications are discussed regarding the assessment of meaning in life in international clinical settings.
Use and outcomes of hepatitis B virus–positive grafts in orthotopic liver transplantation in the United States from 1999 to 2021

The demand for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is projected to increase, which indicates a need to expand the liver donor pool. We aimed to investigate the use of hepatitis B virus (HBV)–positive grafts and the outcomes of recipients undergoing OLT with HBV‐positive grafts. We conducted a retrospective cohort study analyzing all deceased donors and OLT recipients in the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database from January 1999 through March 2021. Donor HBV status was positive if hepatitis B surface antigen was positive or HBV nucleic acid testing was detectable. Recipients of HBV‐positive allografts were matched 1:5 to recipients of HBV‐negative allografts based on recipient and donor age, transplant year, recipient sex, donation after circulatory death, recipient location, and Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score at transplant. Among the 185,212 potential donors, 422 (0.2%) were HBV positive, and 265 (63%) of the HBV‐positive grafts were transplanted (14 of 265 [5.3%] in HBV‐positive recipients). The overall discard rate for HBV‐positive donors of 37.2% (157/422) remained significantly higher than the discard rate for HBV‐negative donors of 26.5% (49,026/185,212) during the study period (p < 0.001). Recipients of HBV‐positive (n = 209) grafts had similar mortality (log‐rank, p = 0.47) and graft loss (log‐rank, p = 0.72) rates to the matched recipients of HBV‐negative allografts (n = 1045). The 3‐year graft survival rate was 77.9% for the HBV‐positive group and 79.7% in the matched HBV‐negative group. Based on this analysis, transplant recipients of HBV‐positive liver allografts do not experience increased rates of mortality or graft loss. One strategy that may help expand the donor pool and lower the waitlist mortality rate is using HBV‐positive allografts.
A network meta-analysis comparing the effects of exercise and cognitive training on executive function in young and middle-aged adults

ABSTRACT In young and middle-aged adults, executive function is associated with success in work-life and mental health. Physical activity with and without cognitive training has the potential to benefit executive function, but its relative effectiveness remains unclear. This network meta-analysis compares the effectiveness of different exercise and cognitive training types and their combination on executive function in young and middle-aged adults. PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Cochrane, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus were searched for experimental studies that compared pre- to posttest changes in inhibitory control and/ or working memory between one or more intervention groups and a control group. Interventions were ranked on their relative effectiveness using P-scores. Study quality was rated using the PEDro scale. Forty-six studies were included and yielded 30 and 70 pair-wise effect sizes for the inhibitory control and working memory networks, respectively. With one exception, all studies were of high quality. Combined exercise and working memory training induced the greatest benefits for working memory (standardized mean differences, SMD = 0.59), whereas training a single executive function (SMD = 0.32) was most effective for inhibitory control. The effectiveness of working memory training (SMD ≥ 0.27) and coordinative exercise (SMD ≥ 0.20–0.29) ranked second and third for both executive function outcomes. In contrast, the effectiveness of endurance exercise was comparable to active controls on both networks. In young and middle-aged adults, exercise with coordinative demands seems to have an effectiveness similar to working memory training. The combination of exercise and cognitive training further increases executive function benefits. Highlights Despite a developmental peak of executive function in young adulthood, this cognitive domain can be trained by exercise and cognitive training Exercise with coordinative demands and working memory training benefit inhibitory control and working memory to a similar extent The combination of exercise and working memory training elicited even greater benefits for working memory Young and middle-aged adults cannot expect executive function benefits following endurance exercise
Epidemiological Study of Neonatal Congenital Microtia in Shandong Province, China, 2011–2020

Objective: Congenital microtia is a common congenital disease in newborns. The specific cause of congenital microtia is currently unknown. The main objective of this study is to elucidate the epidemiological characteristics of congenital microtia and explore the possible etiology of congenital microtia. Methods: Part of the newborn data from 2011 to 2020 in Shandong Province Birth Defects Monitoring Hospitals were randomly selected. The software GraphPad Prism 9 was used to analyze the data and draw figures. Results: A total of 4247 infants were diagnosed with congenital malformation among 149,525 newborns randomly selected from the Shandong Province Birth Defects Monitoring Hospitals. Among them, a total of 115 infants were diagnosed with congenital microtia. The mean incidence of microtia during 10 years was 76.14±21.93 per 100,000 infants. The mean incidence of microtia in infants with congenital malformation was 2.67±0.75%. The average incidence of male and female infants with microtia during 10 years were 86.93±23.22 and 64.18±32.71 per 100,000 infants, respectively. In terms of maternal age, the older the mother, the higher the incidence of microtia. In terms of the place of residence, rural infants have a higher incidence of microtia than urban infants. Conclusions: The average incidence of microtia was 76.14±21.93 per 100,000 infants in Shandong Province, China, 2011–2020. The female-to-male incidence ratio was 1.45:1. The authors recommend that women choose to give birth at the age of 25 to 29. They hope that the government will take measures to improve the medical and health conditions in rural areas and improve parenting knowledge in rural areas. This can effectively reduce the prevalence of microtia in infants.
Outcomes of bebtelovimab and sotrovimab treatment of solid organ transplant recipients with mild‐to‐moderate coronavirus disease 2019 during the Omicron epoch

Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) are at high‐risk for severe infection from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Anti‐spike monoclonal antibodies are currently utilized under emergency use authorization to prevent hospitalization in high‐risk individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), including SOTRs. However, clinical data for bebtelovimab, the sole currently available anti‐spike monoclonal antibody for COVID‐19, is limited.
Understanding the Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Small Businesses and Workers Using Quantitative and Qualitative Methods

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has simultaneously exacerbated and elucidated inequities in resource distribution for small businesses across the United States in terms of worker health and the financial stability of both owners and employees. This disparity was further intensified by the constantly changing and sometimes opposing health and safety guidelines and recommendations to businesses from the local, state, and federal government agencies. To better understand how the pandemic has impacted small businesses, a cross-sectional survey was administered to owners, managers, and workers (n = 45) in the beauty and auto shop sectors from Southern Arizona. The survey identified barriers to safe operation that these businesses faced during the pandemic, illuminated worker concerns about COVID-19, and elicited perceptions of how workplaces have changed since the novel coronavirus outbreak of 2019. A combination of open-ended and close-ended questions explored how businesses adapted to the moving target of pandemic safety recommendations, as well as how the pandemic affected businesses and workers more generally. Almost all the beauty salons surveyed had to close their doors (22/25), either temporarily or permanently, due to COVID-19, while most of the auto repair shops were able to stay open (13/20). Beauty salons were more likely to implement exposure controls meant to limit transmission with customers and coworkers, such as wearing face masks and disallowing walk-ins, and were also more likely to be affected by pandemic-related issues, such as reduced client load and sourcing difficulties. Auto shops, designated by the state of Arizona to be ‘essential’ businesses, were less likely to have experienced financial precarity due to the pandemic. Content analysis of open-ended questions using the social-ecological model documented current and future worker concerns, namely financial hardships from lockdowns and the long-term viability of their business, unwillingness of employees to return to work, uncertainty regarding the progression of the pandemic, conflict over suitable health and safety protocols, and personal or family health and well-being (including anxiety and/or stress). Findings from the survey indicate that small businesses did not have clear guidance from policymakers during the pandemic and that the enacted regulations and guidelines focused on either health and safety or finances, but rarely both. Businesses often improvised and made potentially life-changing decisions with little to no support. This analysis can be used to inform future pandemic preparedness plans for small businesses that are cost-efficient, effective at reducing environmental exposures, and ultimately more likely to be implemented by the workers.
Intestinal microbiota profile in healthy Saudi children: The bacterial domain

Background: Knowledge of microbiota in health is essential for clinical research on the role of microbiota in disease. We aimed to characterize the intestinal microbiota in healthy Saudi children. Methods: In this community-based study, stool samples were collected from a randomly selected sample of 20 healthy school children of Saudi origin. The samples were frozen at –80°C till analysis. Bacterial DNA was isolated and libraries were prepared using the Illumina Nextera XT library preparation kit. Unassembled sequencing reads were directly analyzed and quantified for each organism's relative abundance. The abundance for each organism was calculated and expressed as the average relative percentage from phyla to species. Results: The median age was 11.3 (range 6.8-15.4) years, and 35% of them were males. The three most abundant phyla were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria accounting for 49%, 26%, and 24%, respectively. The most abundant genera included Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, and Blautia accounting for 18.9%, 12.8%, and 8.2%, respectively. Finally, the most abundant species included 14 species belonging to the genus Bacteroides and nine species belonging to Bifidobacterium. Conclusions: The abundance of intestinal microbiome in healthy Saudi children is different from that of other populations. Further studies are needed to understand the causes of variation between populations, which might lead to new preventive methods and treatment strategies of diseases caused by microbial dysbiosis.
Tree organ growth and carbon allocation dynamics impact the magnitude and δ13C signal of stem and soil CO2 fluxes

Abstract Incomplete knowledge of carbon (C) allocation dynamics in trees hinders accurate modeling and future predictions of tree growth. We studied C allocation dynamics in a mature Pinus sylvestris L. dominated forest with a novel analytical approach, allowing the first comparison of: (i) magnitude and δ13C of shoot, stem and soil CO2 fluxes (Ashoot, Rstem and Rsoil), (ii) concentration and δ13C of compound-specific and/or bulk non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) in phloem and roots and (iii) growth of stem and fine roots. Results showed a significant effect of phloem NSC concentrations on tracheid growth, and both variables significantly impacted Rstem. Also, concentrations of root NSCs, especially starch, had a significant effect on fine root growth, although no effect of root NSC concentrations or root growth was detected on Rsoil. Time series analysis between δ13C of Ashoot and δ13C of Rstem or δ13C of Rsoil revealed strengthened C allocation to stem or roots under high C demands. Furthermore, we detected a significant correlation between δ13C of Rstem and δ13C of phloem sucrose and glucose, but not for starch or water-soluble carbohydrates. Our results indicate the need to include C allocation dynamics into tree growth models. We recommend using compound-specific concentration and δ13C analysis to reveal C allocation processes that may not be detected by the conventional approach that utilizes bulk organic matter.
The Mini Colon Model: a benchtop multi-bioreactor system to investigate the gut microbiome

ABSTRACT In vitro fermentation systems allow for the investigation of gut microbial communities with precise control of various physiological parameters while decoupling confounding factors from the human host. Current systems, such as the SHIME and Robogut, are large in footprint, lack multiplexing, and have low experimental throughput. Alternatives which address these shortcomings, such as the Mini Bioreactor Array system, are often reliant on expensive specialized equipment, which hinders wide replication across labs. Here, we present the Mini Colon Model (MiCoMo), a low-cost, benchtop multi-bioreactor system that simulates the human colon environment with physiologically relevant conditions. The device consists of triplicate bioreactors working independently of an anaerobic chamber and equipped with automated pH, temperature, and fluidic control. We conducted 14-d experiments and found that MiCoMo was able to support a stable complex microbiota community with a Shannon Index of 3.17 ± 0.65, from individual fecal samples after only 3–5 d of inoculation. MiCoMo also retained inter-sample microbial differences by developing closely related communities unique to each donor, while maintaining both minimal variations between replicate reactors (average Bray-Curtis similarity 0.72 ± 0.13) andday-to-day variations (average Bray-Curtis similarity 0.81±0.10) after this short stabilization period. Together, these results establish MiCoMo as an accessible system for studying gut microbial communities with high throughput and multiplexing capabilities.