Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Systematic Dependencies of Type Ia Supernovae

Type Ia supernovae are bright stellar explosions thought to occur when a thermonuclear runaway consumes roughly a solar mass of degenerate stellar material. These events produce and disseminate iron-peak elements, and properties of their light curves allow for standardization and subsequent use as cosmological distance indicators. The explosion mechanism of these events remains, however, only partially understood. Many models posit the explosion beginning with a deflagration born near the center of a white dwarf that has gained mass from a stellar companion. In order to match observations, models of this single-degenerate scenario typically invoke a subsequent transition of the (subsonic) deflagration to a (supersonic) detonation that rapidly consumes the star. We present an investigation into the systematics of thermonuclear supernovae assuming this paradigm. We utilize a statistical framework for a controlled study of two-dimensional simulations of these events from randomized initial conditions. We investigate the effect of the composition and thermal history of the progenitor on the radioactive yield, and thus brightness, of an event. Our results offer an explanation for some observed trends of mean brightness with properties of the host galaxy.
Anti-glitches in the Ultraluminous Accreting Pulsar NGC 300 ULX-1 Observed with NICER

We present evidence for three spin-down glitches (or “anti-glitches”) in the ultraluminous accreting X-ray pulsar NGC 300 ULX-1, in timing observations made with the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer. Our timing analysis reveals three sudden spin-down events of magnitudes Δν = −23, −30, and −43 μHz (fractional amplitudes Δν/ν = −4.4, −5.5, and −7.7 × 10−4). We determined fully phase-coherent timing solutions through the first two glitches, giving us high confidence in their detection, while the third candidate glitch is somewhat less secure. These are larger in magnitude (and opposite in sign) than any known radio pulsar glitch. This may be caused by the prolonged rapid spin up of the pulsar, causing a sudden transfer of angular momentum between the superfluid and non-superfluid components of the star. We find no evidence for profile or spectral changes at the epochs of the glitches, supporting the conclusion that these are due to the same process as in normal pulsar glitches, but in reverse.
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS techniques for detecting burned areas and severity. A case study of the National Park "Dajti Mountain", Albania.

Assessment of forest areas affected by wildfire is crucial for designing appropriate management strategies to support post-wildfire restoration. This study integrates remote sensing and GIS data to map burned areas and severity, and regeneration of vegetation in a Mediterranean forest type ecosystem (National Park "Dajti Mountain", NPDM), in Albania. Landsat 8 satellite imagery was employed to calculate various spectral indices such as the Normal Burn Ratio Index (NBR), NBR2, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Improved Vegetation Index (EVI). Burn severity levels were defined by using the dNBR thresholds developed by Key and Benson (2006). The accuracy of the burn severity map produced was evaluated by relating field-based Composite Burn Index (CBI) and satellite-derived metrics (dNBR) from Landsat-8. By means of dNBR and dNBR2 we detected and mapped several burned forest areas within the NPDM, at the sites of Shkallë, Qafëmolle, Ibë, Tujan, Derje, Selbë, Surrel and Dajt, which were affected by wildfire during the year 2017. The dNBR produced the best results for burned areas mapping and burn severity assessment (91.7%) over the dNBR2 (89.8%). The dNBR/dNBR2 index maps showed that a total of 103.59/105.72 hectares of forests was affected by wildfire. Areas with different levels of burn severity were detected: 17.29/23.80% unburned, 43.36/45% low, 15.11/12.13% moderate, 24.93/21.2% high. Overall, the dNBR2 index produced lower percentages of wildfire-affected areas at high and moderate rates compared to the dNBR index while for unburned areas the dNBR2 index resulted in higher percentages. Vegetation recovery during the subsequent growing season was generally good as revealed by the high NDVI and EVI values, indicating the reactivation of photosynthetic activity. This information is useful for forest managers/specialists to design relevant strategies for the proper rehabilitation/management of burned forest areas in the future.
The normal course of events

1. SETTING COURSE 1. Exo-Skeletal Explanations - a Recap 2. Why Events? 2. THE PROJECTION OF ARGUMENTS 3. Structuring Telicity 4. (A)structuring Atelicity 5. Interpreting Telicity 6. Direct Range Assignment: The Slavic Paradigm 7. Direct Range Assignment: Telicity without Verkuyl's Generalization 8. How Fine-Grained? 3. LOCATIVES AND EVENT STRUCTURE 9. The Existential Road: Unergatives and Transitives 10. Slavification and Unaccusatives 11. Forward Oh!
The critical current density in high fields in epitaxial thin films of Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ : Flux pinning and pair breaking

The critical current density (Jc) of two epitaxial thin films of Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ has been measured as a function of temperature in magnetic fields up to 27 T. A detailed study of one of the films shows that when the transport current is in the a‐b plane and the magnetic field is orthogonal to the c axis, the functional form of Jc is consistent with both a polynomial (flux pinning) description and an exponential (pair breaking) description. In contrast, when the current is in the a‐b plane and the applied field is parallel to the c axis of the film, Jc is unambiguously exponential of the form Jc=α(T)exp[−μ0H/β(T)]. These results explain why there are conflicting suggestions in the literature as to the mechanism that determines Jc in high magnetic fields in thin films for J⊥H⊥c axis and provide evidence that pair breaking operates for J⊥ H∥c axis. However, the standard phenomenological superconductor‐normal‐superconductor junction model derived in the clean limit for the normal metal cannot describe this pair‐.
The rebrightening of planetary nebulae through ISM interaction

The interaction of planetary nebulae (PNe) with the interstellar medium as they move through it is now acknowledged to be a major shaping effect not just for ancient and large PNe, but also for relatively young PNe with high speed central stars. The most common effect is a rebrightening as the PN shell interacts with a pre-existing bow shock structure formed during the previous evolutionary phase of the central star. In this review, we consider this rebrightening in detail for the first time and discuss its origins, highlighting some observed examples. We go on to discuss the AGB star progenitors, reviewing the evidence for bow shock structures, and consider the progeny of rebrightened PNe - strongly disrupted objects which bear very little resemblance to typical PNe. Sh 2-68 is inferred to be perhaps the only documented case so far of such a PN.
Hypophosphatemia in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Complications, and Considerations: A Systematic Review

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has various manifestations on different body organs, including the lungs, heart, kidneys, and central nervous system. However, the frequency of electrolyte abnormalities, especially hypophosphatemia, is still debated in this pandemic. Our main aim in this review is to evaluate the frequency and complications of hypophosphatemia in COVID-19-infected individuals. A systematic literature review was performed in Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane electronic databases with the combination of different keywords till October 2021. We recruited all relevant published records (including cross-sectional and case-control studies as well as editorials and brief reports) assessing hypophosphatemia among patients with COVID-19 infection. After assessing all 928 recruited records and discarding duplicates, 4 records met the inclusion criteria. Three articles were further included during a manual search of the literature. Overall, the included studies reported 1757 subjects (males: 51.3%), with the mean age ranging from 37.2 ± 13.6 years to 65.9 ± 13.9 years. Hypophosphatemia prevalence has been reported from 7.6% to 19.5%. Patients with the severe status of COVID-19 had a higher prevalence of low serum phosphate levels than those with moderate infection. This review indicates that hypophosphatemia might be categorized as a complication in clinical settings during the COVID-19 pandemic, requiring a high clinical suspicion to implement appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic interventions to prevent life-threatening outcomes. However, it needs to be more elucidated by further studies whether hypophosphatemia in severe COVID-19 is directly related to COVID-19 or is just a complication of severe illness.
Modeling Arecibo conjugate heating effects with SAMI2

Conjugate heating effects associated with the upcoming Arecibo heater facility are studied using the NRL ionosphere model SAMI2. A density‐dependent, localized heating source is included in the electron temperature equation to model ionospheric radiowave heating. Heating effects are examined as a function of the heating timing and the peak density of the unmodified ionosphere (through the F10.7 index). The simulation results suggest that field‐aligned duct formation occur during periods of relatively low electron densities (e.g., during the night). The enhancement of the electron temperature and electron density in the conjugate topside ionosphere (∼500 km) could reach respective values of ∼5% and 25%. Heating losses associated with inelastic electron‐neutral (N2) collisions primarily inhibit conjugate effects.
EFFECT OF DARK MATTER HALO SUBSTRUCTURES ON GALAXY ROTATION CURVES

In this paper, the effect of halo substructures on galaxy rotation curves is investigated using a simple model of dark matter clustering. A dark matter halo density profile is developed based only on the scale-free nature of clustering that leads to a statistically self-similar distribution of the substructures at the galactic scale. A semi-analytical method is used to derive rotation curves for such a clumpy dark matter density profile. It is found that the halo substructures significantly affect the galaxy velocity field. Based on the fractal geometry of the halo, this self-consistent model predicts a Navarro–Frenk–White-like rotation curve and a scale-free power spectrum of the rotation velocity fluctuations.
THE SPHERICALIZATION OF DARK MATTER HALOS BY GALAXY DISKS

Cosmological simulations indicate that cold dark matter (CDM) halos should be triaxial. Validating this theoretical prediction is, however, less than straightforward because the assembly of galaxies is expected to modify halo shapes and to render them more axisymmetric. We use a suite of N-body simulations to quantitatively investigate the effect of the growth of a central disk galaxy on the shape of triaxial dark matter halos. In most circumstances, the halo responds to the presence of the disk by becoming more spherical. The net effect depends weakly on the timescale of the disk assembly but noticeably on the orientation of the disk relative to the halo principal axes, and it is maximal when the disk symmetry axis is aligned with the major axis of the halo. The effect depends most sensitively on the overall gravitational importance of the disk. Our results indicate that exponential disks whose contribution peaks at less than ∼50% of their circular velocity are unable to noticeably modify the shape of the gravitational potential of their surrounding halos. Many dwarf and low surface brightness galaxies are expected to be in this regime, and therefore their detailed kinematics could be used to probe halo triaxiality, one of the basic predictions of the CDM paradigm. We argue that the complex disk kinematics of the dwarf galaxy NGC 2976 might be the reflection of a triaxial halo. Such signatures of halo triaxiality should be common in galaxies where the luminous component is subdominant.
LQR Active Control of Fractional-Order Pantograph-Catenary System Based on Feedback Linearization

Fractional-order calculus has exclusive advantages in modeling the viscoelastic components with obvious fractional-order characteristics such as air springs and metal rubbers in the pantograph structure. In this paper, the air spring is tested, and fractional-order calculus is applied to the modeling of pantograph-catenary system of the high-speed train. The parameter identification method of fractional-order derivative is analytically derived. The traditional lumped mass model is improved and a coupling two-degree-of-freedom model of the fractional-order pantograph-catenary system is established. The fractional-order derivative term in the pantograph-catenary model is approximately calculated by the Oustaloup filter algorithm. Taking the time-varying nature into consideration, the catenary is treated as an extended variable to obtain an augmented model. On this basis, the system is linearized based on differential geometry theory, and an LQR controller is designed to control the pantograph-catenary system. The feedback linearized LQR control and PID control are used to control the same type of traditional pantograph, and the results are compared. Meanwhile, the control effects of feedback linearized LQR control under different pantograph parameters and at different train speeds are analyzed. The results show that the feedback linearized LQR control can present a much better control performance than PID control, and the pantograph-catenary contact force and pantograph head vibration amplitude are both reduced obviously. Even at different train speeds or under different pantograph parameters, it can also effectively reduce these control indexes and provide more robust control performance. These results help to put forward new control ideas and theoretical basis for the vibration control of the pantograph-catenary or similar dynamical system.
Cemented Carbide Layer Thickness Optimization of Carbide Anvil Based on Thermodynamic Coupling

This paper presents cemented carbide layer thickness optimization of a carbide anvil based on thermodynamic coupling analysis. In our method, the established carbide anvil system through SolidWorks is firstly imported into the finite element software. The temperature field and thermal-mechanical coupling field of the carbide anvil system are analyzed. From the simulation results, it can be found that the contact stress of steel ring under temperature load is increased by 17.9% compared with that without temperature load. Thus, the service life of carbide anvil under temperature load is lower than that without temperature load. In addition, the four edges of anvil are prone to fatigue cracks due to the phenomenon of shear stress concentration. This is consistent with the actual crack location of cemented carbide anvil, which verifies the accuracy and rationality of thermal-mechanical coupling simulation. The thickness of cemented carbide layer is optimized based on thermodynamic coupling. The optimization results show that the thickness of 1.8cm is the best when size ranges from 1.8cm to 2.2cm. The maximum contact stress, the maximum shear stress, the temperature are all reduced by 387.5MPa, 110.55MPa, and 10.11℃, respectively.
Analysis of the Mathematical Visualization Process of Female Students in Solving Contextual Problems Based on Cognitive Style

This study aimed to describe the process of mathematical visualization of female students in solving contextual problems in terms of differences in cognitive style. This type of research is qualitative research with a descriptive approach. The research subjects consisted of two 8th grade students with SPFI and SPFD cognitive styles. The results showed that field-independent female subjects explored objects only from one point of view, from the side they produced 3D objects and were divided into 4 parts. SPFI uses an object-partition strategy. SPFI scans objects in both 3D and 2D. SPFI performs object manipulation in the form of rotation. While SPFD explores objects in 2D because it uses a point of view from the side of the object. SPFD identifies the presence of blocks and triangles. SPFD uses an object partitioning strategy. SPFD does not pay attention to the spatial aspect of the scanned object. SPFD performs object manipulation in the form of a triangular object rotation of 1800 clockwise. Therefore, teachers need to pay attention to the strategies carried out by students in terms of gender and cognitive style in solving cognitive problems so that students can perform optimally.
Two‐phase galaxy formation: the evolutionary properties of galaxies

We use our model for the formation and evolution of galaxies within a two-phase galaxy formation scenario, showing that the high-redshift domain typically supports the growth of spheroidal systems, whereas at low redshifts the predominant baryonic growth mechanism is quiescent and may therefore support the growth of a disc structure. Under this framework, we investigate the evolving galaxy population by comparing key observations at both low and high redshifts, finding generally good agreement. By analysing the evolutionary properties of this model, we are able to recreate several features of the evolving galaxy population with redshift, naturally reproducing number counts of massive star-forming galaxies at high redshifts, along with the galaxy scaling relations, star formation rate density and evolution of the stellar mass function. Building upon these encouraging agreements, we make model predictions that can be tested by future observations. In particular, we present the expected evolution to z = 2 of the supermassive black hole mass function, and we show that the gas fraction in galaxies should decrease with increasing redshift in a mass, with more and more evolution going to higher and higher masses. Also, the characteristic transition mass from a disc to bulge-dominated system should decrease with increasing redshift.
AN ULTRAMASSIVE 1.28 M⊙ WHITE DWARF IN NGC 2099

With the Keck I Low-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer we have observed nine white dwarf candidates in the very rich open cluster NGC 2099 (M37). The spectroscopy shows seven to be DA white dwarfs, one to be a DB white dwarf, and one to be a DZ white dwarf. Three of these DA white dwarfs are consistent with singly evolved cluster membership: an ultramassive (1.28 − 0.08 + 0.05 ? > M ⊙ ? > ) and two intermediate-mass (0.70 and 0.75 M ⊙ ? > ) white dwarfs. Analysis of their cooling ages allows us to calculate their progenitor masses and establish new constraints on the initial–final mass relation. The intermediate-mass white dwarfs are in strong agreement with previous work over this mass regime. The ultramassive white dwarf has V = 24.5, ∼2 mag fainter than the other two remnants. The spectrum of this star has lower quality, so the derived stellar properties (e.g., T eff ? > , log g) have uncertainties that are several times higher than the brighter counterparts. We measure these uncertainties and establish the star’s final mass as the highest-mass white dwarf discovered thus far in a cluster, but we are unable to calculate its progenitor mass because at this high mass and cooler T eff ? > its inferred cooling age is highly sensitive to its mass. At the highest temperatures, however, this sensitivity of cooling age to an ultramassive white dwarf’s mass is only moderate. This demonstrates that future investigations of the upper-mass end of the initial–final mass relation must identify massive, newly formed white dwarfs (i.e., in young clusters with ages 50–150 Myr).
Molecular structures in the charmonium spectrum: the XYZ puzzle

We study in the framework of a constituent quark model the possible contributions of molecular structures to the XYZ charmonium-like states. We analyze simultaneously the structures and the possible molecular components in the coupled channel formalism. In the 1++ sector two states appear which could be identified with X(3872) and X(3940). The recently confirmed X(3915) state appears as a mixture of and components as a JPC = 0++ state in agreement with the new measurements. A second broad resonance which may correspond with the so-called Y(3940) state is found with these quantum numbers. In the JPC = 1−− sector we also found significant contributions of the molecular structures which may affect the phenomenology. In particular the study allows us to understand the G(3900) state recently observed in Belle and BaBar. All these resonances together with the prediction of the model of a structure for Z(3930) provide a reasonable scenario for the so-called XYZ states with masses near 3.9 GeV.
Factorial and construct validity of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) in an Australian sample

ABSTRACT Objective The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) is a 36-item self-report measure of nine emotion regulation strategies, extensively used in research. Despite widespread use, the instrument’s factor structure has not been investigated in an Australian sample, and some international scholars have questioned the factorial validity of the English translation. This study examined the CERQ’s psychometric properties in an Australian community sample. Method A sample of 781 Australian adults completed an online questionnaire consisting of demographic information, the CERQ, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the original nine-factor model was not a good fit for the sample data, and a seven-factor model emerged as the best solution. The study investigated the construct validity of the seven-factor model by examining the relationship to self-reported psychological distress (DASS-21). Correlational and regression analysis supported construct validity; however, correlational results for the acceptance subscale suggest conceptual ambiguity. Conclusion The results demonstrate that a more parsimonious seven-factor model, rather than the proposed nine- and five-factor solutions, was the best fit for our data and suggest the factor structure of the CERQ may vary significantly between samples. Key Points What is already known about this topic: The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) is a popular measure of emotion regulation that is used in both research and practice. The CERQ has been validated in other language translations, but there are few studies that examine the psychometric properties of the English translation. The subscales of the CERQ have been grouped into maladaptive and adaptive strategies. What this topic adds: Despite widespread use, this study represents the first known attempt to validate the factor structure of the CERQ in an Australian sample. This study examined multiple possible factor structures of the English translation of the CERQ based on previous research, and a novel seven-factor solution emerged as the best fit for the data. Maladaptive coping strategies were associated with higher levels of psychological distress, although only one of the adaptive strategies was related to lower levels of psychological distress.