Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic Vibrations of Hydropower Generator Stator Core and Transformer Core at 100 Hz Frequency

This paper aimed to compare obtained results and collected theory for 100 Hz frequency vibration of hydropower generator stator core and transformer core. Electromagnetic vibration with 100 Hz frequency occurred both at slow-speed salient poles synchronous generator stator core and oil-filled power transformers tank, but the nature of hydropower and transformer 100 Hz vibration was different. The vibration analysis procedure and acceptable limits for hydropower generator stator core were already covered in the standards, while the health grade system for vibration measurements of power transformer has not beet yet developed. This study discussed the experimental results aiming to extend the knowledge about reasoning for non-existing statistical health grade system, based on power transformers vibrations, measured on tank. The experimental results of hydropower generator stator and power transformer spectrum were reported. Two salient pole hydropower generator stators and four transformers with different construction (including shell-type) and different cooling system (including air forced cooling system) were chosen to present vibration spectrum results. It was demonstrated that increasing clamping pressure of the core does not always reduce 100 Hz harmonic component neither for hydrogenerator stator, nor for transformer. Bad clamping pressure and defects in core, in contrary, will not result into increase of 100 Hz component for some units. Results showed that air forced cooling equipment (fans) would not add higher harmonics to vibration spectrum of the power transformer tank. It was shown that the shell-type construction of transformer core would not necessarily result in high vibration values on tank.
Food Group Intakes of Self‐Selected U.S. Diets with High and Low Carbon Footprints

The 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) claimed that shifts toward more plant‐based foods would promote health as well as long‐term environmental sustainability of the nation's food supply. Evidence used to reach these conclusions came primarily from studies outside the U.S., since little is known about how individual food choices in this country are related to environmental impacts. To address this gap, we examined dietary patterns of U.S. individuals and their relationships to food‐related greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE). The sample consisted of individuals (N=13,204) aged 18 to 65 from the 2005–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We calculated GHGE from the NHANES Day 1 dietary recalls using a food impacts database based on life cycle assessment literature. The database links individual intakes to commodities and environmental impacts. Individuals were ranked by the GHGE per 1000 kilocalories associated with their diet and divided into quintiles. Dietary patterns based on food groups using the USDA Food Pattern Equivalents Database were compared between the lowest and highest quintiles using t‐tests and sample weights and survey design parameters included with NHANES. Compared to those with high dietary GHGE, those in the lowest GHGE group consumed more plant protein foods (0.9 compared to 0.4 oz eq/1000 kcal, p<0.001), and less animal protein foods (1.5 compared to 3.8 oz eq/1000 kcal, p<0.001). Within the animal protein foods, they also consumed more poultry and less red meat. Those with low dietary GHGE consumed significantly more whole grain, more oils, and fewer solid fats. However, they also consumed more refined grains and more added sugars. These results support the DGAC assertion that a diet more sustainable than the U.S. average can be achieved without eliminating any food groups, as even the group with lowest carbon footprint consumed moderate amounts of animal‐based foods. And since these patterns were observed in self‐selected diets, it indicates that such choices are acceptable to some U.S. consumers. While some elements of self‐selected diets lower in GHGE are healthier (e.g. more whole grains and fewer solid fats), other factors are not (e.g. more refined grains and added sugars). This study highlights the complexity in understanding the links between nutritional and environmental objectives and suggests that more attention is needed to address this nascent field of research.
Differential Forms in Electromagnetics

Preface. 1 Multivectors. 1.1 The Grassmann algebra. 1.2 Vectors and dual vectors. 1.3 Bivectors. 1.4 Multivectors. 1.5 Geometric interpretation. 2 Dyadic Algebra. 2.1 Products of dyadics. 2.2 Dyadic identities. 2.3 Eigenproblems. 2.4 Inverse dyadic. 2.5 Metric dyadics. 2.6 Hodge dyadics. 3 Differential Forms. 3.1 Differentiation. 3.2 Differentiation theorems. 3.3 Integration. 3.4 Affine transformations. 4 Electromagnetic Fields and Sources. 4.1 Basic electromagnetic quantities. 4.2 Maxwell equations in three dimensions. 4.3 Maxwell equations in four dimensions. 4.4 Transformations. 4.5 Super forms. 5 Medium, Boundary, and Power Conditions. 5.1 Medium conditions. 5.2 Conditions on boundaries and interfaces. 5.3 Power conditions. 5.4 The Lorentz force law. 5.5 Stress dyadic. 6 Theorems and Transformations. 6.1 Duality transformation. 6.2 Reciprocity. 6.3 Equivalence of sources. 7 Electromagnetic Waves. 7.1 Wave equation for potentials. 7.2 Wave equation for fields. 7.3 Plane waves. 7.4 TE and TM polarized waves. 7.5 Green functions. References. Appendix A: Multivector and Dyadic Identities. Appendix B: Solutions to Selected Problems. Index. About the Author.
Auroral Current and Electrodynamics Structure (ACES) observations of ionospheric feedback in the Alfvén resonator and model responses

The ACES‐High rocket, part of the Auroral Current and Electrodynamics Structure (ACES) mission launched from Poker Flat Research Range on 29 January 2009, obtained the first in situ measurements indicative of both of the observational characteristics associated with the ionospheric feedback instability as it flew through an auroral arc and its associated return current region. ACES‐High observed Alfvénic wave structures localized in areas of roughly 10 km near the boundaries of the return current region associated with the discrete auroral arc and increased electron density with a temperature characteristic of a cold ionosphere. This density enhancement is believed to be caused by the excavation of plasma from lower altitudes via the ponderomotive force produced by the ionospheric Alfvén resonator, as shown by Streltsov and Lotko (2008). While this density is lower than expected from simulations and other observations by as much as an order of magnitude, the ratio of the enhancement to the background density is in agreement with predictions. The observations made by ACES‐High agree with the model results by Streltsov and Lotko (2008) but show the localized wave structures only near the boundaries of the return current region and not throughout it. This can be explained by strong small‐scale magnetic field‐aligned currents that are generated by the interaction between the large‐scale downward current and the ionosphere at these boundaries. Finally, a new model, based on that by Streltsov and Marklund (2006), was run with only one downward current region and produced results very similar to the observations seen by ACES‐High.
Effects of the cannabinoid 2 receptor‐selective agonist GW405833 in assays of acute pain‐stimulated and paindepressed behavior in rats

Cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2R) agonists produce antinociception in many conventional preclinical assays of pain‐stimulated behavior, but effects of CB2R agonists on pain‐related behavioral depression are not known. GW405833 is a CB2R‐selective agonist with 1200‐fold selectivity for CB2R versus CB1R. This study compared effects of GW405833 in assays of acute pain‐stimulated and pain‐depressed in male Sprague Dawley rats. Intraperitoneal injection of dilute lactic acid (1.8% in 1 ml/kg) served as a noxious stimulus to stimulate a stretching response or depress intracranial self‐stimulation (ICSS) of the medial forebrain bundle. Effects of GW405833 on ICSS in the absence of the noxious stimulus were also examined as a measure of abuse liability. GW405833 (3.2–32 mg/kg IP) dose dependently attenuated both acid‐stimulated stretching and acid‐induced depression of ICSS without producing abuse‐related facilitation of ICSS in the absence of the noxious stimulus. However, significant antinociception was observed only at a relatively high dose (32 mg/kg), and in the assay of acid‐stimulated stretching, effects of GW4058333 were partially blocked by the CB1R antagonist rimonabant but not by the CB2R antagonist SR144528. These results suggest that antinociceptive effects of GW405833 in these assays were not mediated by CB2 receptors.
Structure at 2175 MeV in e+e-→ f0(980) observed via initial-state radiation

We study the initial-state-radiation processes e+e-→K+K-π+π- γ and e+e-→K+K-π0π0γ using an integrated luminosity of 232fb-1 collected at the Υ(4S) mass with the BABAR detector at SLAC. Even though these reactions are dominated by intermediate states with excited kaons, we are able to study for the first time the cross section for e+e-→ (1020)f0(980) as a function of center-of-mass energy. We observe a structure near threshold consistent with a 1 - resonance with mass m=2.175±0. 010±0.015GeV/c2 and width Γ=58±16±20MeV. We observe no Y(4260) signal and set a limit of BY→ π+π-•ΓeeY<0. 4eV (90% confidence level), which excludes some models. © 2006 The American Physical Society.
Characterization of the reduced matrices for the {∧,∨}-fragment of classical logic

In this note we will deal with the {^,_}-fragment of classical logic, i.e. the deductive system L = hF,‘i where F = hForm,^,_i is the absolutely free algebra of type (2,2) and ‘ is semantically determined by the matrix h2,{1}i, where 2 = h2,^,_i is the two-element distributive lattice. We completely characterize the class of reduced matrices for this deductive system, disproving the common belief that their algebraic reducts are all distributive lattices. In fact, that class is a proper subclass of distributive lattices with unit and is not even a quasivariety.
METRIC SEMANTICS FOR REACTIVE PROBABILISTIC PROCESSES

In this thesis we present three mathematical frameworks for the modelling of reactive probabilistic communicating processes. We first introduce generalised labelled transition systems as a model of such processes and introduce an equivalence, coarser than probabilistic bisimulation, over these systems. Two processes are identified with respect to this equivalence if, for all experiments, the probabilities of the respective processes passing a given experiment are equal. We next consider a probabilistic process calculus including external choice, internal choice, action-guarded probabilistic choice, synchronous parallel and recursion. We give operational semantics for this calculus be means of our generalised labelled transition systems and show that our equivalence is a congruence for this language. Following the methodology introduced by de Bakker & Zucker, we then give denotational semantics to the calculus by means of a complete metric space of probabilistic processes. The derived metric, although not an ultra-metric, satisfies the intuitive property that the distance between two processes tends to 0 if a measure of the differences of their observable behaviour also tends to 0. We show that the denotational model is fully abstract with respect to our equivalence. We also provide a logical characterisation of the process equivalence by means of a variant of the quantitative Hennessy-Milner Logic (HML), where each HML formula is interpreted as the probability of it being satisfied by the process instead of the usual truth value. Two processes are then shown equivalent if, and only if, they agree on the quantities assigned to all HML formulae.
Modelling and Performance Evaluation of the Virtual Air Gap Variable Reactor

Modelling and Performance Evaluation of the Virtual Air Gap Variable Reactor Dale S.L. Dolan Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto 2009 This thesis describes a novel device, the Virtual Air Gap Variable Reactor (VAGVR), which is capable of producing a continuously variable reactance by locally saturating a small section of the reactor core via an embedded dc control winding. Variable Reactors have many applications in the power industry such as control of line power flow, voltage regulation, reactive line compensation and limiting inrush currents. A variable reactor is most commonly implemented as a thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) by switching in and out a constant reactance to achieve an averaged variable reactance. By using a virtual air gap, a continuously variable reactance is possible. The VAG-VR offers a better dynamic response, without introducing the harmonics created by the thyristor switching of a TCR. The VAG-VR gives low triplen harmonics and therefore allows control of reactive power in single phase or unbalanced three phase systems as would be required in the distribution system. An experimental prototype VAG-VR was developed to investigate three main performance measures: steady state performance, dynamic response and harmonic performance. Over the operating range of the VAG-VR inductance was varied from 100% to 9% of its original value. The dynamic response of the VAG-VR is approximately one tenth of a cycle. This compares favorably to a TCR which responds in
Muscle metaboreflex‐induced increases in ventricular performance are limited in hypertension due to exaggerated coronary vasoconstriction

Increases in myocardial O2 consumption mainly occur via increases in coronary blood flow (CBF) inasmuch as cardiac O2 extraction is high even at rest. However, during exercise sympathetically‐mediated constrictor tone can limit increases in CBF. Increased sympathetic activity during exercise may stem from muscle metaboreflex activation (MMA). Sympathetic activity is often elevated even at rest in subjects with hypertension (HTN). We tested whether HTN causes exaggerated coronary vasoconstriction during mild exercise with MMA which thereby limits increases in CBF and ventricular performance. MMA was achieved by reducing hindlimb blood flow in canines by ~60% during treadmill exercise before and after α1‐adrenergic blockade. Experiments were repeated in the same animals following the induction of HTN (2K1C) which increased mean arterial pressure from 94.7 ± 3.8 to 130.5 ± 11.0 mmHg. In HTN, MMA‐induced increases in CBF, left ventricular dP/dtmax and cardiac output were markedly reduced to only 37 ± 12%, 26 ± 16% and 17 ± 8% of the changes observed in control. In this setting, α1‐blockade nearly restored these responses to the levels observed when normotensive. We conclude that in HTN, exaggerated MMA‐induced increases in sympathetic activity functionally vasoconstrict the coronary vasculature impairing increases in CBF which limits O2 delivery and ventricular performance. NIH HL‐ 55743 and HL‐095819
Effects of selenium supplementation and chronic inflammation on bone microarchitecture and strength in mice

Timed‐pregnant C57BL6 mice were fed a Torula yeast selenium‐depletion diet from the final days of gestation through lactation. At 23 days of age, pups were weaned and randomly assigned to the depletion diet or to diets supplemented with 0.2, 2 or 4 mg/kg diet of Se added as sodium selenate for 14 weeks. At 96–98 days of age mice were randomly assigned to placebo or to lipopolysaccharide (E. coli Serotype 0127:B8) treatment to produce chronic inflammation. Time release pellets (0 or 0.1 μg/g body weight/d) were implanted subcutaneously. Body weight was reduced by LPS 14 days after implantation but differences were no longer significant by 28 days. Bone microarchitecture was evaluated in tibia and 4th lumbar vertebra (L4) and force to compress was estimated on trabecular cores using finite element analysis (Scanco μCT40). Bone volume/total volume, connectivity density, and trabecular number were significantly reduced by LPS treatment while trabecular separation was increased by LPS treatment in both bones. In spine significant interactions affected size‐independent stiffness and von Mises stresses. Overall, chronic inflammation at a level that does not produce severe body weight loss still significantly impaired measures of bone microarchitecture and strength. (Supported by Oklahoma Center for Advancement of Science and Technology).
Differences in Nutritional Intake and Bone Health Among Adults With and Without Celiac Disease: Data From The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009–2012

Celiac disease is a gastrointestinal malabsorptive disorder characterized by intestinal villous atrophy and triggered by an autoimmune response to gluten, leading to malnutrition and secondary conditions including osteoporosis. There is still a scarcity of information on the nutritional intake of adults with celiac disease as it relates to their bone health.
CHARACTERIZATION & FUNCTIONAL INVESTIGATION OF HUMAN PHOSPHOMEVALONATE KINASE

Phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK) catalyzes a key step in isoprenoid/sterol biosynthesis, converting mevalonate 5‐phosphate and ATP to mevalonate 5‐diphosphate and ADP. cDNA encoding human PMK has been used to construct expression plasmids encoding his‐tagged enzyme. Expression of N‐his‐tagged PMK is much more efficient than C‐his‐tagged PMK, thus N‐tagged enzyme has been selected for detailed study. Kinetic constants of human PMK have been determined for both forward (formation of mevalonate 5‐diphosphate) and reverse (formation of mevalonate 5‐phosphate) reactions. A homology model for the structure of human PMK has been generated. The model conforms to a nucleoside monophosphate kinase family fold. This result, together with sequence comparisons of animal and invertebrate PMKs, suggest an N‐terminal basic residue rich sequence as an unusual “Walker A”ATP site motif. The functions of four basic (K17, R18, K19, K22) and one acidic (D23) residue in the conserved sequence have been tested by mutagenesis and characterization of isolated mutant proteins. Substrate Km values for K17M, R18Q, K19M, and D23N have been measured for forward and reverse reactions; in comparison with wild‐type PMK values, only modest (<12‐fold) changes are observed. In contrast R18Q exhibits a Vmax decrease of 100/300‐fold (forward/reverse reaction). K22M activity is too low for measurement at nonsaturating substrate concentration; specific activity is decreased by >10,000‐fold in both forward/reverse reactions, suggesting an active site location and an important role in phosphoryl transfer. DK53766
Increased interstitial osmolality in skin of rats on a high salt diet

ALTHOUGH GENERALLY ACCEPTED, RECENT OBSERVATIONS HAVE SUGGESTED THAT EFFECTIVE CLEARANCE OF ELECTROLYTES FROM THE BODY CANNOT BE ACHIEVED BY RENAL EXCRETION ALONE, BUT ALSO RELIES ON EXTRARENAL REGULATORY MECHANISMS INVOLVING SKIN NA+ STORAGE WITHOUT COMMENSURATE WATER RETENTION. TO ASSESS THE TISSUE AND THEREBY THE OSMOLALITY IN THE SKIN MICROENVIRONMENT, WE ADAPTED A TISSUE OSMOMETRY METHOD DEVELOPED FOR USE IN THE BRAIN AND KIDNEY. SAMPLES WERE ISOLATED FROM BACK SKIN OF RATS ON A HIGH SALT DIET (HSD) (8% NACL AND 0.9% SALINE) OR LOW SALT DIET (LSD, <0.1% NACL AND TAP WATER) AND SNAP FROZEN. WHILE STILL FROZEN, ~0.5 MM THICK SAMPLES WERE LATER APPLIED TO A VAPOR PRESSURE OSMOMETER ALONG WITH PLASMA. HSD DID NOT INFLUENCE PLASMA OSMOLALITY (FIG). THE SKIN OSMOLALITY IN LSD WAS NOT DIFFERENT FROM PLASMA, WHEREAS SKIN HSD EXCEEDED SKIN LSD, PLASMA HSD AND LSD OSMOLALITY BY 18–24 MOSMOL/KG (FIG) (P<0.001, ANOVA). OUR RESULTS SHOW FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT ACCUMULATION OF NACL IN SKIN RESULTS IN INTERSTITIAL HYPERTONICITY, AND THAT PLASMA OSMOLALITY IS PARTIALLY UNCOUPLED FROM CHANGES IN THE INTERSTITIUM THAT OCCUR WITH NA+ STORAGE.
Homology of depth-graded motivic Lie algebras and koszulity

The Broadhurst-Kreimer (BK) conjecture describes the Hilbert series of a bigraded Lie algebra A related to the multizeta values. Brown proposed a conjectural description of the homology of this Lie algebra (homological conjecture (HC)), and showed it implies the BK conjecture. We show that a part of HC is equivalent to a presentation of A, and that the remaining part of HC is equivalent to a weaker statement. Finally, we prove that granted the first part of HC, the remaining part of HC is equivalent to either of the following equivalent statements: (a) the vanishing of the third homology group of a Lie algebra with quadratic presentation, constructed out of the period polynomials of modular forms; (b) the koszulity of the enveloping algebra of this Lie algebra.
Intracellular fate of the non‐human sialic acid N‐glycolylneuraminic acid

The only known mammalian biosynthetic pathway generating N‐glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is the conversion of CMP‐ N‐acetylneuraminic acid (CMP‐Neu5Ac) into CMP‐Neu5Gc, catalyzed by the CMAH (CMP‐Neu5Ac hydroxylase) enzyme. Given the irreversible nature of this reaction, there must be as yet unknown pathways for elimination or degradation of Neu5Gc to allow animal cells to adjust Neu5Gc levels to their needs. Due to an inactivated CMAH gene humans are incapable of synthesizing Neu5Gc, but exogenous Neu5Gc from dietary sources can still be metabolically incorporated in the face of an anti‐Neu5Gc antibody response. The metabolic turnover of Neu5Gc, which apparently prevents human cells from continued accumulation of this immunoreactive sialic acid, has not yet been unraveled. Here we demonstrate that murine tissue cytosolic extracts harbor the enzymatic machinery to sequentially convert Neu5Gc into N‐glycolylmannosamine, N‐glycolylglucosamine, and N‐glycolylglucosamine 6‐phosphate, whereupon irreversible de‐N‐glycolylation of the latter generates the ubiquitous metabolites glycolate and glucosamine 6‐phosphate. We substantiate this finding by demonstrating activity of recombinant human enzymes in vitro, and by studying the fate of radiolabeled pathway‐intermediates in cultured human cells, suggesting that this pathway likely occurs in vivo. This work is supported by DFG (BE 4643/1‐1).
LABORATORY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF CONSOLIDATED CRUSHED SALT FOR BACKFILL MATERIAL IN POTASH MINE OPENINGS

The objective of this study is to experimentally determine the strength and deformability of crushed salt as affected by applied stresses and consolidation period. The crushed salt has grain sizes ranging from 0.075 to 4.76 mm. The optimum brine content is determined as 5% by weight. The consolidation tests are performed by applying constant axial stresses to the crushed salt samples installed in the 54 mm diameter steel cylinders. The axial stresses are 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 MPa. The uniaxial compressive strengths are measured after the samples have been consolidated for 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 days. The axial strains are monitored and used to calculate the magnitude of the consolidation for each specimen. The consolidation magnitude and density of the crushed salt samples increases with the applied stresses. The uniaxial compressive strength increases with the consolidation. The porosity decreases as the consolidation increases. The test results are used to develop a set of empirical equations to design the initial installation parameters in terms of the physical and mechanical properties of the crushed salt as backfill material in potash mine openings.
Reduction of large flexible spacecraft models using internal balancing theory

A new and computationally simple method for flexible spacecraft model reduction is presented. Using an internal balancing approximation shown to be valid when natural damping is small, the method provides quantitative modal rankings with respect to disturbance environment, actuator authority, sensor observability, and performance objective. These rankings are used to select a reduced set of structural modes for controller design, and also to anticipate potential closed-loop performance and stability problems resulting from modal truncation. The method is demonstrated using a 54-mode spacecraft example.