Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Providing Content Based Professional Development for North Carolina High School Biology Teachers

In order to have an impact on teacher practice, professional development experiences must transform teachers’ understanding about teaching and learning in ways that are closely connected to classroom practice (Ball & Cohen, 1999; Smith, 2001; Thompson & Zeuli, 1999). The Fayetteville State University Statewide Institute for Teaching Excellence in Biology, supported by the North Carolina Mathematics and Science Education Network, is a professional development program designed to improve the teachers’ ability to implement the NC Standard Course of Study objectives in science and teach science with enhanced understanding of content and instructional strategies to engage students. In order to meaningfully change teachers’ beliefs and practices transformative experiences that allow teachers to re-examine are required (Thompson & Zeuli, 1999). Therefore, the Institute was evaluated for changes in teachers’ content knowledge through (a) pre/post content test and (b) classroom practice through an implementation survey, implementation project and effectiveness survey.
Neonatal Birth Injuries: An Orthopedic Clinic Presentation

Birth trauma is defined as injury sustained by the neonate during the process of labour and delivery. The incidence in the united states is 29 per 1000 births [1]. With the improvement in obstetric care and reduction in perinatal mortality and birth asphyxia, there is a rising trend in the incidence of birth trauma [2]. Some birth injuries occurred more frequently than others. While minor ones usually heal without major intervention, the major ones are often referred. Certain factors such as birth weight, parity, prolonged labour, mode of delivery, fetal presentation and facility where baby was delivered are possible etiologic factors. The aim of this study is to determine the pattern of neonatal birth injuries presenting in a typical orthopedic clinic in a Nigerian hospital and the possible associated factors.
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE EFFECTS OF COMPUTERIZING VAT INVOICES IN CHINA Haichao

This paper documents that an increase in the enforcement of value-added tax (VAT) caused by the adoption of a new technology significantly increased VAT payments by large firms in China. The reform contributed to 23.5% of VAT revenues and 11.2% of total government revenues in the five subsequent years. The main mechanism was a reduction in (formerly exaggerated) deductions. The dynamic effects of the reform suggest that the rise in tax revenues is nonmonotonic over time, with large short-run gains and smaller, though still positive, long-run gains. The reform also reduced firm revenues and inputs, and increased productivity. Haichao Fan School of Economics Fudan University fan_haichao@fudan.edu. cn Yu Liu Fudan University Building 11, Room 107 220 Handan Road, Yangpu District Shanghai, China, 200433 dav.yu. liu@gmail.com Nancy Qian MEDS Kellogg SOM Northwestern University 2001 Sheridan Rd. Evanston, Il 60208 and NBER nancy.qian@kellogg.northwestern. edu Jaya Wen 1881 Oak Avenue 609W Evanston, IL 60201 jaya.wen@gmail.com An online appendix is available at http://www.nber. org/data-appendix/w24414
HUBUNGAN ANTARA KONSUMSI MAKANAN KARLOGENIK DENGAN KEJADIAN KARIES GIGI PADA ANAK SDN 1 GOGODALEM KEC. BRINGIN KAB. SEMARANG

Dental health problems in Indonesia is still a public health problem. Factors affecting theÂ incidence of dental caries among others: microorganisms, food waste, surface and shape of theteeth, saliva degrees, consumption of cariogenic foods, age. The purpose of this study was todetermine the relationship between the consumption of cariogenic foods with the incidence ofdental caries in children at SDN 1 Gogodalem. Â This study used observational analytic design with cross sectional approach. Thepopulation in this study were all children who attend school at SDN 1 Gogodalem. The samplesused were elementary school class II-V that totaled 47 children. Sampling technique using totalsampling. Data collection using question naires. Data analysis using the chi-square test. Â The results obtained by 40 (85.1%) children who consume foods high cariogenic. The Children who suffer from dental caries by 40 (85.1%) children. The incidence of dental caries inchildren at high cariogenic foods (85.1%) and the results obtained by analysis of the value of p= 0.000 so it concluded there was a relationship between the consumption of cariogenic foodswith dental caries experience in children SDN 1 Gogodalem. Researchers suggested in elementary school children to consume nutritious foods and donot forget to brush their teeth twice a day after breakfast and at night before bed in order toprevent the occurrence of dental caries. Â Keywords: consumption of cariogenic foods, dental caries
TONSILLAR ACTINOMYCOSIS – INCIDENTAL OR PATHOGENIC ? A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL EXPERIENCE

Most human cases of actinomycosis are caused by Actinomyces israelii. Cervicofacial infection involving the jaw is the most common manifestation. The organisms are saprophytic commensals and gain access to the tonsillar tissue as a result of a breach in the epithelium due to dental procedures, dental caries or trauma. The presence of Actinomyces in tonsils is not synonymous with clinical fulminant disease, although it is mostly referred as tonsillar actinomycosis.
Effect of Internal and External Reinforcement Ratios on RC Beams Strengthened with NSM Prestressed Fiber Reinforced Polymer Rods

In recent years numerous investigations have been conducted on strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars or sheets. However, the studies on the application of varying FRP prestressing are sparse. The present finite element analysis (FEA) study involves flexural strengthening of RC beams with near surface mounted (NSM) pre-stressed carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP). The FEA beam model was first validated using the data from an existing experimental study in the literature. The beam model had a good agreement with the experimental results. Parameters considered were internal steel and external CFRP reinforcement ratios of the RC beams under 0 %, 20%, 30%, and 40% prestressing levels. The finite element results revealed that for all CFRP reinforcement ratios, the 30% pre-stressing level showed significant ultimate load and considerable ductility. The increase in pre-stressing level of CFRP up to 30% resulted in higher load capacity for all steel reinforcement ratios.
/Nitrates and Newer Antianginals/The Nature of Angina of Effort

The Nature of Angina of Effort Besides the classic and well-described constricting chest pain with its characteristic radiation that is brought on by effort in those with symptomatic coronary artery disease, and its diagnostic relief by cessation of effort, there are a series of crescendo and decrescendo events that precede and follow the anginal pain (Fig. 2-1). The crescendo events constitute the ischemic cascade of Nesto,[2] to which must be added postischemic stunning,[3] often ignored. /Nitrates and Newer Antianginals/The Nature of Angina of Effort http://www.expertconsultbook. com/expertconsult/b/book.do?
ofMycobacterium tuberculosis

We have re-examined the evidence on which current British Thoracic Society recommendations for primary and secondary prophylaxis and therapy of tuberculosis are based. We suggest that in a country such as the UK with a low prevalence of tuberculosis, primary prophylaxis should be offered primarily to tuberculin positive or anergic patients from high-incidence groups, including immigrants from high-prevalence countries, intravenous drug users and those with previous tuberculosis, that secondary prophylaxis be witheld from all but very high-risk patients and that four drug regimens which include ethambutol should be used for patients originating from, or who have lived in areas of the world with more than 2% primary isoniazid resistance. (Genitourin Med 1996;72:89-92)
Childhood Cancer Survivor Study

Gabriel Chodick, chodickg@mail.nih. gov, NCI Chuck Sklar, sklarc@mskcc.org, MSKCC Wendy Leisenring, wleisenr@fhcrc.org, F. Hutchinson Cancer Res Center Ann Mertens, mertens@epi.umn. edu, U Minn Marilyn Stovall, mstovall@mdanderson.org, MDACC Susan Smith, samsmith@mdanderson.org, MDACC Rita Weathers, rweather@mdanderson.org, MDACC Les Robison, les.robison@stjude.org, St. Jude Ruth Kleinerman, kleinerr@mail.nih. gov NCI Alice Sigurdson, sigurdsa@mail.nih. gov, NCI Peter Inskip, inskippe@mail.nih. gov NCI
THE CENTRE FOR MARKET AND PUBLIC ORGANISATION

This paper presents evidence on the fertility effect of welfare from a set of reforms that took place in the UK in 1999 and that substantially increased support for poorer families with children. The reforms, including the introduction of the Working Families Tax Credit and an increase in means-tested income support, raised benefits by up to 10 per cent of household income. We exploit the fact that the reforms were targeted on low-income households and use a differences-in-differences approach to evaluate their impact on fertility. A priori, the fertility effect of the reforms is ambiguous because WFTC has pro-employment effects. In practice, these are more important for lone mothers and we therefore focus on women in couples where we expect the reforms to have a positive effect on births. We find that the reforms raised the probability of birth among women in couples by around 10 per cent (implying an elasticity of 0.22). In line with previous work, the effect is greatest for first births.
Association between Folate Levels and Preterm Birth in Tampa, Florida

Background: Preterm birth is one of the leading causes of perinatal mortality and morbidity and poses extensive economic liability. The rate of preterm births globally is approximately 11.1%, and in the US, the preterm birth rate has been estimated to be 12-­ 13%. Folate and B12 requirements increase during pregnancy as a result of increased cell division to accommodate maternal and fetal growth;; inadequate levels can result in placental abnormalities and thus present implications for preterm birth. Objective: To investigate the association between red blood cell (RBC) folate and B12 concentrations with the risk of preterm birth. Methods: Study participants were recruited from Tampa General Hospital between January 2011 and May 2013. Women with a singleton delivery occurring less than 37 weeks gestation were classified as cases and those with a singleton delivery occurring between 37 and 42 weeks gestation were classified as controls. The study had a final sample size of 227 women, including 36 cases and 191 controls. Maternal blood was collected in order to measure folate and B12 concentrations. The association between folate/B12 and preterm birth was assessed using logistic regression;; odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI) and p values are reported. A power analysis was also performed using the available sample as well as imputation for missing values in the B12 variable. Results: Although not statistically significant, the mean concentration of folate and B12 levels were higher in the cases than in the controls, 894 ± 158.1 vs. 869.2 ± 169.6 and v 245.2 ± 102.2 vs 238.3 ± 81.5, respectively. No significant associations were found between folate or B12 and the risk of preterm birth. Conclusions: This study did not detect a significant association between folate or B12 and preterm birth;; however, due to the small sample size this analysis was underpowered. Additional studies are needed, preferably using a randomized control study design, in order to elucidate the relationship between folate/B12 and preterm births.
Oxidation capacity of Santiago

Oxidation capacity of the city air of Santiago, Chile Y. F. Elshorbany, R. Kurtenbach, P. Wiesen, E. Lissi, M. Rubio, G. Villena, E. Gramsch, A. R. Rickard, M. J. Pilling, and J. Kleffmann Physikalische Chemie, FB C, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany Environmental Sciences Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, USACH, Alameda L. Bernardo O’Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Santiago de Chile, Alameda L. Bernardo O’Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Effectiveness of the Catheter Care Protocol Vs Conventional Catheter Care on Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection.

Background: The use of indwelling urinary catheters (IUCs) is thought to be the most significant risk factor for developing nosocomial urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are the most common type of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) and are most often caused by the placement or presence of a catheter in the urinary tract. The purpose of the study was to assess and compare the effectiveness of catheter care protocol vs. conventional catheter care on the occurrence of CAUTI in female patients with indwelling catheter. Methodology: 54 female catheterized patients having sterile urine culture within 24 hours of catheterization were enrolled in the study and were equally divided into experimental and comparison group. In the experimental group, patients were given catheter care using catheter care protocol, whereas in comparison group conventional catheter care was followed for consecutively 3 days. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. SPSS-17 software was used and P value less than 0.05 were considered significant. Result: The result showed that there was no significant difference in experimental and comparison group in terms of occurrence of CAUTI and the p value was found to be > 0.05 i.e. also there is a significant association of co-morbid illnesses and soiled urinary catheter with the occurrence of CAUTI. Conclusion: It is concluded on the basis of the findings of this study that both the techniques i.e. catheter care protocol and conventional catheter care are equally effective in the prevention of CAUTI. Normal saline is equally effective as Betadine in the prevention of CAUTI amongst female catheterized patients.
Patient-reported outcome measures in systemic sclerosis–related interstitial lung disease for clinical practice and clinical trials

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a progressive vasculopathic, fibrosing autoimmune condition, portending significant mortality; wherein interstitial lung disease (ILD) is the leading cause of death. Although lacking a definitive cure, therapeutics for (SSc-ILD) that stave progression exist with further promising primary and adjuvant compounds in development, as well as interventions to reduce symptom burden and increase quality of life. To date, there has been a significant but varied history related to systemic sclerosis–related interstitial lung disease trial design and endpoint designation. This is especially true of endpoints measuring patient-reported perceptions of efficacy and tolerability. This article describes the underpinnings and complexity of the science, methodology, and current state of patient-reported outcome measures used in (SSc-ILD) systemic sclerosis–related interstitial lung disease in clinical practice and trials.
Self-Compassion Demonstrating a Dual Relationship with Pain Dependent on High-Frequency Heart Rate Variability

One previous study indicated the significance of trait self-compassion in psychological well-being and adjustment in people with chronic pain. Higher-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) was found to be closely associated with self-compassion and pain coping. The current study was therefore designed to investigate the relationship between self-compassion and experimental pain as well as the impact of HF-HRV. Sixty healthy participants provided self-reported self-compassion and underwent a cold pain protocol during which HF-HRV was evaluated. Results demonstrated a dual relationship between self-compassion and pain, dependent on the level of HF-HRV during pain exposure. Specifically, self-compassion was associated with lower pain in the condition of higher HF-HRV, while there was an inverse relationship between self-compassion and pain when HF-HRV was lower. Our data indicate the significance of HF-HRV in moderating the association between self-compassion and experimental pain.
Long-Term Effect of Half-Fluence Photodynamic Therapy on Fundus Autofluorescence in Acute Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

Purpose To evaluate normalized short-wavelength fundus autofluorescence (SW-FAF) imaging changes over time as a predictive parameter for the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) function in eyes compromised by acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) after indocyanine green angiography-guided verteporfin (Visudyne®, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland) photodynamic therapy (PDT) with a half-fluence rate (25 J/cm2). Methods Quantitative data of SW-FAF grey values (SW-FAF GV) from a 350 μm (SW-350) and 1200 μm (SW-350) and 1200 t-test was calculated to explore the differences of SW-350 and SW-1200 between one month and the long-term follow-up. Results Mean differences (95% CI) in SW-FAF GV between 1 month and 7 years after half-fluence PDT were 0.07 ± 0.11 for SW-350 ([95% CI: −0.002; 0.14], p=0.06) and 0.11 ± 0.15 for SW-1200 ([95% CI: 0.01; 0.21], p=0.06) and 0.11 ± 0.15 for SW-1200 ([95% CI: 0.01; 0.21], p=0.06) and 0.11 ± 0.15 for SW-1200 ([95% CI: 0.01; 0.21], p=0.06) and 0.11 ± 0.15 for SW-1200 ([95% CI: 0.01; 0.21], Conclusion After 7 years, normalized SW-FAF GV were significantly lower in eyes with resolved acute CSCR treated with reduced-fluence PDT compared to the follow-up after 1 month without correlation to explicit pattern changes or structural damages. Half-fluence PDT remains a safe and considerable treatment option in acute CSCR.
Factors attributed to non-adherence of treatment among Tuberculosis patients registered in Jamnagar district, Gujarat

Background: Non-adherence to any anti-microbial drug results in to resistance of that particular drug and Anti Koch’s Treatment (AKT) not escaped out of it that leads to serious harm on outcome of Tuberculosis patients. Aims & Objectives: Present study aimed to identify various factors associated with non-adherence of tuberculosis treatment Methods & Material: Total 426 tuberculosis patients had been selected from tuberculosis register of four Tuberculosis Units (TU) of Jamnagar district by Systemic Random Sampling method. DOTS centers were evaluated physically in context of infrastructure and RNTCP (Revised National Tuberculosis control Programme) activity. Personal information and information regarding various factors associated with poor/non compliance of tuberculosis patients had been recorded in pre-structured proforma. Results: About half of the patients (52.16%) in reproductive age. Mean age of men is 36 years and that of women is 30 years. Ratio of male:female patient was 2.1:1. Total 297 (69.71) sputum smear positive. Total (81.14%) children received INH prophylaxis for their children. Keywords: tuberculosis, non-compliance, DOTS strategy, Tuberculosis Units
Reconstruction of the thumb interphalangeal joint from the second toe proximal interphalangeal joint combined with artificial dermis covering

Abstract Rationale: Thumb function is one of the most fundamental components of hand function, and a vast majority of hand functions are derived from thumb motion. Injury of the thumb interphalangeal joint has a tremendous impact on the function of the thumb, and damage to the thumb interphalangeal joint (IPJ) caused by trauma is usually accompanied by dislocation of the surrounding skin; therefore, it is particularly important to restore the thumb anatomy and skin coverage. Patient concerns: A 41-year-old woman presented with IPJ disfigurement accompanied by a local skin defect caused by machine compression of her right thumb. Restoring the appearance and function of the thumb is key to this operation. Diagnoses: Open fracture of the right thumb. Interventions: After detailed preoperative and radiographic evaluation, the appearance and function of the thumb were reconstructed by IPJ grafting and artificial dermis covering. Outcomes: At 4 months’ follow-up, the patient's visual analogue score was 0, no complications (eg, osteomyelitis, osteolysis, osteoarthritis, and nonunion of the artificial dermis) were observed, and the range of motion of the thumb IPJ returned to 60% of that of the healthy side. Lessons: The innovative application of the second toe proximal IPJ flap combined with double-layer artificial dermis covering to reconstruct the thumb IPJ defect not only solves the problem of skin defects in the recipient area after transplantation in previous cases but also restores the beauty of the recipient area, making it easier for patients to accept this surgical program.
Effect of Timing on Visual Outcomes in Fovea-Involving Retinal Detachments Verified by SD-OCT

Purpose To investigate the impact of surgical delay after the objectivation of the foveal status by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) on visual outcomes in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with foveal involvement. Methods A retrospective dataset analysis of 508 eyes of 504 consecutive patients with primary RRD was performed. The primary outcome measure was the best-corrected visual acuity as a function of time between the assessment of the foveal status with SD-OCT upon initial examination at the department and RRD repair. Results In total, 188 eyes (37.0%) had a complete foveal detachment and 31 (6.1%) eyes had a bisected fovea by the retinal detachment. A hundred eyes with total foveal detachment received surgery within 24 h and 65 eyes between 24 h and 72 h. Visual outcomes for eyes with detached fovea were significantly better when treated within 24 h (0.47 ± 0.39) compared with those treated between 24 h and 72 h (0.84 ± 0.66; p=0.01) after objectivation of the foveal status with SD-OCT. Pars plana vitrectomy was performed in 174 (92.6%) eyes and scleral buckling surgery in 14 (7.4%) eyes with complete foveal involvement of RRD. Conclusions Our findings suggest improved visual outcomes for patients receiving surgery within 24 h after a definitive diagnosis of fovea-involving RRD compared to surgical interventions that were further delayed.
The effect of tobacco snuff on blood coagulation parameters in adult Wistar rats

This study evaluates the effect of tobacco snuff on platelet count, prothrombin time (PT), and partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) in adult Wistar rats weighing between 150-300g and divided into four group (A - D; n=12 each). Group A served as control, while B, C and D served as test groups. The test groups were further divided into four subgroups (B1 - D1; B2 - D2; B3 - D3; and B4 - D4); representing experimental durations of 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks respectively. Groups B1-D1; B2-D2; B3-D3; and B4-D4, received varying doses of tobacco snuff and at the end of 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks respectively, 3 rats from the sub groups were prepared for blood sample collection into EDTA and plain containers via cardiac puncture. Platelet-poor-plasma for PT and aPTT determination was obtained by spinning the blood at 2000rpm for 15 minutes, while sample analysis was performed using Diammonium ethanedioate and the prothrombin time/activated partial thromboplastin test kits. The results obtained showed that tobacco snuff has capacity to induce platelet count reduction, prolong aPTT and delay PT. Thus, as more public enlightenment in this regard is required, specific molecular studies are necessary to fully explain the mechanisms. Keywords: Blood, coagulation, coagulation factors, Tobacco, Yaji