Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accurate computation of convective transport in transient two‐phase flow

SUMMARY The Van Leer method for the computation of convective fluxes is extended to two-phase flow. By preventing spurious undershoots and overshoots, the scheme preserves physical realism while maintaining high-order accuracy. This is particularly important for two-phase flows, since phase exchange terms are typically a function of volume fraction products and numerical diffusion can incorrectly mix the two phases. The scheme described here is constructed to guarantee that the sum of the volume fractions is always unity and that the volume fiactions are always greater than or equal to zero. Various test problems are computed to demonstrate the accuracy of the method and to show how the scheme might be incorporated in existing computational methods. In addition to multiphase flow applications, setting equal phase velocities results in a volume marker scheme that is well suited to single-phase interface tracking problems. There are few known exact solutions of the governing equations of two-phase flow and those that are known represent simple physical systems that have limited practical application. Consequently, investigators of two-phase flow fall back on experimentally determined correlations and more recently solutions of the governing equations obtained by computer. This paper addresses the problem of minimizing numerical diffusion associated with numerical representation of the convective terms in the two-phase governing equations. It is well known that numerical schemes that discretize the convective terms with an upwind procedure suffer from excessive numerical diffusion; the use of a higher-order scheme can substantially reduce this problem but can also lead to oscillations causing non-physical undershoots or overshoots. The implication of these results for two-phase flow calculations is particularly significant for the computation of the convection of phase volume fraction (mass). If an upwind procedure is used for volume fraction advection, then numerical diffusion tends to smear gradients of volume fraction. Typical two-phase exchange terms involve the product of volume fractions, so smearing produces finite values in those exchange terms, leading to numerically induced source terms and consequent inaccuracies throughout the calculation. If a naive higher-order scheme is used for volume fraction advection, then non-physical oscillations might appear in the volume fraction profiles, as well as overshoots or undershoots, so that volume fractions may be less than zero or greater than unity, which again would produce unphysical phase exchange source terms. This paper describes the use of the Van Leer method' for the computation of convective fluxes as applied to the convective transport of phase volume fraction (mass) and phase momentum in two-phase flow. The Van Leer scheme prevents spurious oscillations while maintaining a high order of numerical
Deciphering the Role of miR-200c-3p in Type 1 Diabetes (Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease) and Its Correlation with Inflammation and Vascular Health

Uncomplicated type 1 diabetes (T1DM) displays all features of subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) as is associated with inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and low endothelial progenitor cells. MiR-200c-3p has been shown in animal tissues to be pro-atherogenic. We aimed to explore the role of miR-200c-3p in T1DM, a model of subclinical CVD. 19 samples from T1DM patients and 20 from matched controls (HC) were analyzed. MiR-200c in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results were compared with the following indices of vascular health: circulating endothelial progenitor cells, (CD45dimCD34+VEGFR-2+ or CD45dimCD34+CD133+) and proangiogenic cells (PACs). MiR-200c-3p was significantly downregulated in PBMCs but not in plasma in T1DM. There was a significant negative correlation between the expression of miR-200c-3p and HbA1c, interleukin-7 (IL-7), vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and a positive correlation with CD45dimCD34+VEGFR-2+, CD45dimCD34+CD133+ and PACs. Receiver operating curve analyses showed miR-200c-3p as a biomarker for T1DM with significant downregulation of miR-200c-3p, possibly defining subclinical CVD at HbA1c > 44.8 mmol/mol (6.2%). In conclusion, downregulated miR-200c-3p in T1DM correlated with diabetic control, VEGF signaling, inflammation, vascular health and targeting VEGF signaling, and may define subclinical CVD. Further prospective studies are necessary to validate our findings in a larger group of patients.
1/f noise in polycrystalline silicon resistors

The 1/f noise in polycrystalline silicon resistors has been measured at room temperature. The resistors were manufactured in low‐pressure chemical vapor deposition films, implanted with B, P, and As and processed in two different technologies with different temperature cycles. The spectral density was essentially independent of the type of implantation and of the processing. The results can be described with Hooge’s empirical law and Kleinpenning’s model for the 1/f noise in Schottky barriers. At low doping levels Hooge’s constant turned out to be ∼4×10−3 and it decreased with increasing doping concentration, more or less as (μ/μlattice)2.
NCEP–DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2)

The NCEP–DOE Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP-II) reanalysis is a follow-on project to the “50-year” (1948–present) NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis Project. NCEP–DOE AMIP-II re-analysis covers the “20-year” satellite period of 1979 to the present and uses an updated forecast model, updated data assimilation system, improved diagnostic outputs, and fixes for the known processing problems of the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis. Only minor differences are found in the primary analysis variables such as free atmospheric geopotential height and winds in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, while significant improvements upon NCEP–NCAR reanalysis are made in land surface parameters and land–ocean fluxes. This analysis can be used as a supplement to the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis especially where the original analysis has problems. The differences between the two analyses also provide a measure of uncertainty in current analyses.
Weathering the storm together: Does unemployment insurance help couples avoid divorce?

This study examines whether unemployment insurance benefit generosity impacts divorce, drawing on full population administrative data and a Swiss reform that reduced unemployment insurance maximum benefit duration. We assess the effect of the reform by comparing the pre- to the post-reform change in divorce rates among unemployed individuals who were affected by the reform with the change in divorce rates among a statistically balanced group of unemployed individuals who was not affected by the reform. Difference-in-differences estimates suggest that the reform caused a 2.8 percentage point increase in divorce (a 25% increase). Effects were concentrated among low-income couples (+58%) and couples with an unemployed husband (+32%) though gender differences are attributable to men’s breadwinner status. Female main breadwinners were more strongly affected (+78%) than male main breadwinners (+40%). Results confirm the ‘family stress model’ which posits that job search and financial stress cause marital conflict. Policymakers should consider a broad array of impacts, including divorce, when considering reductions in unemployment insurance generosity.
A comparative overview of ATPG flows targeting traditional and cell-aware fault models

Recently, the adoption of Cell-Aware Testing (CAT) has become an option for an increasing number of semiconductor companies. Typically, CAT is adopted in the context of scan chain tests, and patterns are generated with an Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) tool. Moreover, past studies have extensively shown the capability of CAT to identify the microchips' physical defects that would otherwise remain undetected using traditional fault models, only. However, due to the higher number of patterns generated, an improper CAT-related ATPG flow can lead to a longer test application time. This means higher costs for semiconductor companies, thus reducing the advantages of CAT. The aim of this paper is to overview different ATPG flows supporting CAT, showing advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Each flow is evaluated together with traditional and cell-aware fault models in terms of achievable fault coverage and pattern count. The experimental results are presented through a wide range of open-source benchmarks using a proprietary industrial technology library.
Inequality in Education and Income Across Countries

This paper examines the relationship between educational inequalities to income inequality cross-countries, using Gini Coefficient and Cobb-Douglas (CD) production function. It reinforces the future vision of the literature on this subject by utilising the most recent cross-section data. We create a new combination of controls for both the labour market and socio-political. There are country-specific variables that can have an effect on each of them, and thus make it difficult to assess income inequality across countries. Considering these difficulties, the structural components of each country were controlled. Separate regressions are performed that takes into account the level of country development.
The Effect of Work Placement and Work Discipline on Employee Performance Through Job Satisfaction Case Study of the Surya Kencana Lumajang Savings and Loan Cooperative

This study aims to analyze the effect of work placement and work discipline on employee performance through case study job satisfaction at the Surya Kencana Lumajang Savings and Loan Cooperative. This type of research is included in the type of quantitative research. The sample used was 40 respondents with a saturated sample technique. The data analysis method used is path analysis. The results showed that job placement had a significant effect on job satisfaction, work discipline had no significant effect on job satisfaction, job placement had no effect on performance, work discipline had no effect on performance, job satisfaction had an effect on employee performance, job placement had an effect on performance through satisfaction. work, work discipline has no effect on performance through job satisfaction
Removing Lead from Contaminated Sediment Using Indium-Based Perovskite Precursor

Heavy metal pollution in river and lake sediments seriously damages river ecological safety and indirectly affects human health. The existing research mainly focuses on how to adsorb pollutants and repair sediment, and how the reuse of these pollutants may be a new technology to control sediment pollutants. The rapid development of perovskite solar cells in recent years has attracted a lot of attention, among which lead (Pb) halide perovskites have very excellent photoelectric performance. In this study, we propose a novel idea of introducing indium (In)-based perovskite to replace Pb (II) ions dispersed in river and lake sediment. Three sediment samples from a river in Shanghai Peace Park were collected to analyze the distribution of heavy metal Pb. We mixed the digestion solution of sediment with the prepared CH3NH3(MA)InICl2 solution and found that indium (In) in perovskite precursor solution would be gradually replaced by Pb in sediments. An in situ synchrotron radiation XRD experiment was performed to reveal the reaction mechanism of solutions and provide a good research platform for the comprehensive reuse of sediment in the future. This study provides a new method of remediation of heavy metal pollution in river and lake sediments.
Assessing the effect of school closures on the spread of COVID‐19 in Zurich

The effect of school closure on the spread of COVID‐19 has been discussed intensively in the literature and the news. To capture the interdependencies between children and adults, we consider daily age‐stratified incidence data and contact patterns between age groups which change over time to reflect social distancing policy indicators. We fit a multivariate time‐series endemic–epidemic model to such data from the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland and use the model to predict the age‐specific incidence in a counterfactual approach (with and without school closures). The results indicate a 17% median increase of incidence in the youngest age group (0–14 year olds), whereas the relative increase in the other age groups drops to values between 2% and 3%. We argue that our approach is more informative to policy makers than summarising the effect of school closures with time‐dependent effective reproduction numbers, which are difficult to estimate due to the sparsity of incidence counts within the relevant age groups.
Skill of 2-m Temperature Seasonal Forecasts over Europe in ECMWF and RegCM Models

AbstractVarious measures of forecast quality are analyzed for 2-m temperature seasonal forecasts over Europe from global and regional model ensembles for winter and summer seasons during the period 1991 to 2001. The 50-km Regional Climate Model (RegCM3) is used to dynamically downscale nine-member ensembles of ECMWF global experimental seasonal forecasts. Three sets of RegCM3 experiments with different soil moisture initializations are performed: the RegCM3 default initial soil moisture, initial soil moisture taken from ECMWF seasonal forecasts, and initial soil moisture obtained from RegCM3 ECMWF interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim)-driven integrations (RegCM3 climatology). Both deterministic and probabilistic skill metrics are estimated.The better-resolved spatial scales in near-surface temperature by RegCM3 do not necessarily lead to the improved regional model skill in the regions where systematic errors are large. The impact of initial soil moisture on RegCM3 forecast skill is seen in summer in the sout.
Genital lichen sclerosus and melanoma; a systematic review

Abstract Background Lichen sclerosus (LSc) is a chronic, inflammatory, destructive skin disease with a predilection for the genitalia (GLSc). An association with vulval (Vu) and penile (Pe) squamous carcinoma (SCC) is now well established but melanoma (MM) has only rarely been reported complicating GLSc. Methods We have performed a systematic literature review of GLSc in patients with genital melanoma (GMM). Only articles that mentioned both GMM and LSc affecting either the penis or vulva were included. Results Twelve studies with a total of 20 patients were included. Our review shows that an association of GLSc with GMM has been more frequently reported in women and female children than men viz, 17 cases compared with three. It is notable that five of the cases (27.8%) concerned female children aged under twelve. Discussion These data suggest a rare association between GLSc and GMM. If proven, there arise intriguing questions about pathogenesis and consequences for counselling of patients and follow‐up.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of associations between primarily non‐autistic people's characteristics and attitudes toward autistic people

This systematic review includes a narrative synthesis and meta‐analysis of research on the associations between primarily non‐autistic people's characteristics and their attitudes toward autistic people. Of 47 studies included in the narrative synthesis, White undergraduate students were surveyed most frequently. Demographic characteristics were the factors most frequently tested for associations with attitudes, followed by contact‐related factors (i.e., quantity and quality), knowledge about autism, trait and personality factors, and other factors that did not fit into a single category. Internal consistency was not reported for some instruments assessing raters' characteristics; some instruments had alpha levels lower than 0.70, and many characteristics of raters were measured using one‐item measures. Moreover, theoretical motivations for investigating the raters' characteristics were rarely provided. A total of 36 studies were included in the meta‐analysis, which showed that attitudes toward autistic people were significantly associated with participants' gender, knowledge about autism, and quality and quantity of their previous contact with autistic people, but not with their age or autistic traits. These findings indicate a need for more studies that focus on context‐related characteristics (e.g., institutional variables such as support/commitment to inclusion), use reliable instruments to measure non‐autistic people's characteristics, and situate their investigation in a theoretical framework.
Transport properties of cylinder pairs and of the square array of cylinders

We evaluate the multipole coefficients B2n-1 in the potential expansion for a perfectly conducting cylinder pair separated by unit potential difference. We obtain a simple expression for the B2n-1 when the cylinders approach each other, and show that this expression also holds for a square array of cylinders. We derive a formula linking ratios of multipole coefficients from Green’s theorem, and use this to obtain an estimate for the effect of changing the cylinder conductivity from infinity to a large, finite value on the array conductivity.
The Influence of Physical Processes on Extratropical Singular Vectors

An investigation is made of the impact of a full linearized physical (moist) parameterization package on extratropical singular vectors (SVs) using the ECMWF integrated forecasting system (IFS). Comparison is made for one particular period with a dry physical package including only vertical diffusion and surface drag. The crucial extra ingredient in the full package is found to be the large-scale latent heat release. Consistent with basic theory, its inclusion results in a shift to smaller horizontal scales and enhanced growth for the SVs. Whereas, for the dry SVs, T42 resolution is sufficient, the moist SVs require T63 to resolve their structure and growth. A 24-h optimization time appears to be appropriate for the moist SVs because of the larger growth of moist SVs compared with dry SVs. Like dry SVs, moist SVs tend to occur in regions of high baroclinicity, but their location is also influenced by the availability of moisture. The most rapidly growing SVs appear to enhance or reduce large-scale rain in regions ahead of major cold fronts. The enhancement occurs in and ahead of a cyclonic perturbation and the reduction in and ahead of an anticyclonic perturbation. Most of the moist SVs for this situation are slightly modified versions of the dry SVs. However, some occur in new locations and have particularly confined structures. The most rapidly growing SV is shown to exhibit quite linear behavior in the nonlinear model as it grows from 0.5 to 12 hPa in 1 day. For 5 times this amplitude the structure is similar but the growth is about half as the perturbation damps a potential vorticity (PV) trough or produces a cutoff, depending on its sign.
The Reibergram for immunoglobulin A in dogs: Evaluation of intrathecal IgA synthesis using a quotient graph in dogs with neurological diseases

Abstract Background Increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein concentration is a common finding in neurological diseases of dogs. Distinguishing between intrathecally‐produced proteins and proteins that have passed the blood‐CSF barrier because of barrier disruption facilitates diagnosis. Albumin is a microprotein mainly produced extrathecally that can be used as a reference marker for blood‐CSF barrier dysfunction. Objectives Develop a quotient graph based on the CSF/serum quotient of albumin and immunoglobulin A (IgA; Reibergram) to visualize intrathecal IgA synthesis and blood‐CSF barrier dysfunction. Animals and Methods Retrospective single‐center cohort study. A hyperbolic function was developed using data from 6 healthy Beagles and 38 dogs with neurological diseases in which an isolated blood‐CSF barrier dysfunction was expected. The function was validated using data from 10 dogs with expected intrathecal IgA synthesis and was visualized as a quotient graph. Finally, the graph was used to evaluate data of 118 dogs with various neurological diseases. Results Within the Reibergram, the function QLimIgA=0.13QAlb2+11.9·10−6−1.01·10−3 describes the upper values of physiological IgA quotients. It detects diseases with expected intrathecal IgA synthesis with higher sensitivity (85%) and specificity (89%) than the IgA index. The upper value of the physiological albumin quotient is 2.22 and detects diseases with expected blood‐CSF barrier dysfunction (sensitivity: 81%; specificity: 88%). Conclusion and Clinical Importance The canine Reibergram can detect blood‐CSF barrier dysfunction and intrathecal IgA synthesis in the majority of cases. The graphical visualization simplifies data evaluation and makes it a feasible tool in routine CSF diagnostic testing.
SARS‐CoV‐2 modulation of RIG‐I‐MAVS signaling: Potential mechanisms of impairment on host antiviral immunity and therapeutic approaches

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a global infectious disease aroused by RNA virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Patients may suffer from severe respiratory failure or even die, posing a huge challenge to global public health. Retinoic acid‐inducible gene I (RIG‐I) is one of the major pattern recognition receptors, function to recognize RNA viruses and mediate the innate immune response. RIG‐1 and melanoma differentiation‐associated gene 5 contain an N‐terminal caspase recruitment domain that is activated upon detection of viral RNA in the cytoplasm of virus‐infected cells. Activated RIG‐I and mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein trigger a series of corresponding immune responses such as the production of type I interferon against viral infection. In this review, we are summarizing the role of the structural, nonstructural, and accessory proteins from SARS‐CoV‐2 on the RIG‐I‐MAVS pathway, and exploring the potential mechanism how SARS‐CoV‐2 could evade the host antiviral response. We then proposed that modulation of the RIG‐I‐MAVS signaling pathway might be a novel and effective therapeutic strategy to against COVID‐19 as well as the constantly mutating coronavirus.
Implementation and Evaluation of Dynamic Task Allocation for Human–Robot Collaboration in Assembly

Human–robot collaboration is becoming increasingly important in industrial assembly. In view of high cost pressure, resulting productivity requirements, and the trend towards human-centered automation in the context of Industry 5.0, a reasonable allocation of individual assembly tasks to humans or robots is of central importance. Therefore, this article presents a new approach for dynamic task allocation, its integration into an intuitive block-based process planning framework, and its evaluation in comparison to both manual assembly and static task allocation. For evaluation, a systematic methodology for comprehensive assessment of task allocation approaches is developed, followed by a corresponding user study. The results of the study show for the dynamic task allocation on the one hand a higher fluency in the human–robot collaboration with good adaptation to process delays, and on the other hand a reduction in the cycle time for assembly processes with sufficiently high degrees of parallelism. Based on the study results, we draw conclusions regarding assembly scenarios in which manual assembly or collaborative assembly with static or dynamic task allocation is most appropriate. Finally, we discuss the implications for process planning when using the proposed task allocation framework.