Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SPECTRAL THEORY FOR LINEAR RELATIONS VIA LINEAR OPERATORS

We develop a spectral theory for closed linear operators of the form T V D.T/ X7! X= X0, where X is a complex Banach space and X0 a closed vector subspace of it. This approach, essentially expressed in terms of linear operators, provides a better understanding of the spectral theory for closed linear relations.
SpecPMT: Speculative Logging for Resolving Crash Consistency Overhead of Persistent Memory

Crash consistency overhead is a long-standing barrier to the adoption of byte-addressable persistent memory in practice. Despite continuous progress, persistent transactions for crash consistency still incur a 5.6X slowdown, making persistent memory prohibitively costly in practical settings. This paper introduces speculative logging, a new method that forgoes most memory fences and reduces data persistence overhead by logging data values early. This technique enables a novel persistent transaction model, speculatively persistent memory transactions (SpecPMT). Our evaluation shows that SpecPMT reduces the execution time overheads of persistent transactions substantially to just 10%.
On constrained stochastic optimal parameter selection problems

This paper considers a special class of stochastic optimal parameter selection problem subject to probability constraints on the state. The system dynamics are governed by a linear Ito stochastic differential equation with controllable parameters appearing nonlinearly in the dynamics. The problem seeks to optimise a cost functional which is quadratic in the state with weighting matrices being time invariant but depending nonlinearly on the parameters. Although the inclusion of the probability state constraints renders the problem insolvable by the conventional LQG theory, we show that the problem can in fact be transformed into an equivalent deterministic optimal parameter selection problem solvable by an existing software MISER. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed approach.
Random minimal directed spanning trees and Dickman-type distributions

In Bhatt and Roy's minimal directed spanning tree construction for n random points in the unit square, all edges must be in a south-westerly direction and there must be a directed path from each vertex to the root placed at the origin. We identify the limiting distributions (for large n) for the total length of rooted edges, and also for the maximal length of all edges in the tree. These limit distributions have been seen previously in analysis of the Poisson-Dirichlet distribution and elsewhere; they are expressed in terms of Dickman's function, and their properties are discussed in some detail.
Signaling or insider opportunism: an investigation of repurchase activity in Vietnam

Abstract This paper examines whether share repurchase announcements are signals of undervaluation or insiders’ opportunistic activities by investigating insider trading patterns surrounding buyback announcements in Vietnam. Consistent with the insider opportunism hypothesis, we show that insiders are net buyers before the announcements but they sell intensively after the event. We also find that repurchase announcements with subsequent net insider selling are not followed by an improvement in firms’ operating performance but associated with underperformance in long-term stock returns. Overall, our findings suggest that a proportion of repurchase announcements in Vietnam are subject to insider opportunism; therefore, short-swing rules should be regulated to limit insider opportunistically trading around repurchase announcements.
Foreign exchange markets, behavior of options volatility and bid-ask spread around macroeconomic announcements

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the role of options volatility and bid-ask spread as microstructural variables in determining whether the foreign exchange market’s price formation process in response to macroeconomic announcements is characterised by changes in risk perception and transaction costs. The findings suggest that behavioural characteristics of market participants appear to trump macroeconomic considerations. The volatility indices and bid-ask spreads were found more sensitive to announcements than forex returns, which directly imply weak assimilation of common knowledge into exchange rates. The forex returns, bid-ask spread, and volatility indices demonstrated less vulnerability towards Chinese announcements than the USA, UK, Japan, and Euro. Moreover, findings distinctly signify the role of China as a global liquidity provider by reducing trading costs in the foreign exchange markets. The implications suggest that core macroeconomic models should incorporate agents’ heterogeneous expectations based on risk perceptions than the order flow approach.
The nexus among foreign direct investment in renewable electricity industry, renewable electricity production, and economic growth in Africa

Abstract Africa is still struggling to mitigate its electricity insecurity issues. This situation renders foreign direct investment in the renewable electricity industry (FDIREI) and renewable electricity production (REP) to become simultaneously important to Africa. Using a novel dataset of FDIREI, this paper examines the existence and nature of cointegration and causality nexuses among FDIREI, REP, and economic growth (GDP) in 32 African countries over 2003–2019. For methodological robustness purposes; GDP is added. By applying the panel vector autoregression model based-Granger causality test and a static panel data model, which are followed by robustness tests, more informative results are reported. Importantly, we find evidence of the growth hypothesis between REP and GDP, as a unidirectional Granger causality is seen from REP to GDP. Further, the neutrality hypothesis is confirmed among the remaining variables. This left us with the importance of REP in revitalizing African countries’ economic growth. All facets of REP thus should be enhanced.
“What about the Rapists?” The Political Psychology of Women’s Policing Attitudes

ABSTRACT Past research on crime and punishment attitudes has considered the effects of racial identity, racial animus, gender identity, and partisanship – or some combination of these factors. I focus on the role of a particular gendered emotional pathway: women’s fear of rape (FOR). Within the context of a racialized rape culture, I argue that FOR affects how women think about policing. Using Cooperative Election Study and FBI data from 2020, I explore the political determinants of FOR and how it shapes American women’s policing attitudes. Women’s fear of sexual violence is both partisan and racialized, with Republican and White women reporting the most fear. I demonstrate that White Democratic women who are more afraid of rape are more likely to feel safe around police officers, while Republican women feel safe around police regardless of their level of fear. Women who are more afraid of rape are less likely to support police reform efforts that aim to reduce police presence and militarization, or provide accountability for pas t wrongdoing. This link between FOR and support for masculinist institutions extends to attitudes on the military when its actions are framed as protectionary. The results reveal a disturbing paradox in which women who are most afraid of sexual violence are less willing to challenge state institutions that enact violence, including sexual violence.
Evidence of local generation of Alfvénic turbulence in the solar wind

Recent papers suggested that solar wind regions with low Alfvenic-type correlation have to be related to local generation of Alfven waves with opposite sense of propagation. Stream shears were proposed as local sources of fluctuations through the development of a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. We show that a decrease of the Alfvenic correlation can be accompanied by the appearance of strong compressive fluctiations. In these cases the low Alfvenic correlation should be related not to a superposition of Alfven modes with mixed propagation but rather to a lack in Alfvenicity of the fluctuations themselves, due to the presence of other kinds of perturbations of structures in the solar wind. Conversely, when incompressibility is reasonably well satisfied, we are able to gain convincing evidence of an Alfven wave generation in a velocity shear region. {copyright} American Geophysical Union 1989
Indirect pathways of multigenerational persistence: the role of uncles and assortative mating in the Netherlands, 1857-1922

ABSTRACT Recent research into intergenerational social mobility has examined the association between the socioeconomic position of grandparents (G1) and their grandchildren (G3), but it remains unclear why G1-G3 associations arise. Prevailing explanations focus on whether grandparents have a true direct influence on their grandchildren or an indirect one via omitted parental characteristics. We argue that there may be other important indirect pathways of multigenerational persistence: grandparents can transmit resources via uncles and aunts, and they can encourage assortative mating in the middle generation, which also increases the resources available to their grandchildren. We examine these indirect pathways by studying the status attainment of 176,678 Dutch men for the period 1857 to 1922 using marriage certificates. Results show that G3ʹs status was substantially associated with uncles’ status and that assortative mating based on social origin was strong. Accounting for these associations reduces much of the G1-G3 association. We therefore conclude that multigenerational persistence arose hardly because grandfathers had a direct influence but rather because grandfathers were important in more indirect ways.
Redefining hematopoietic progenitor cells and reaffirming lineage commitment 1 by transcriptional atlas 2

22 Tracing the differentiation of the hematopoietic progenitor cells(HPCs) in human 23 blood, particularly with the scarcity in adults, has been challenging owing to unable 24 capture the entire differentiation stages and subgroups of HPCs. Deciphering the 25 underlying hematopoiesis mechanism, including progenitor cells definition and fate 26 decisions identification, is critical to understanding fundamental questions of 27 hematopoietic lineage commitment. Often, the use of classic and traditional surface 28 markers has been shown to be inadequate, speciosity, and ineffective in accurately 29 defining hematopoietic progenitors. The lineage definition and commitment of 30 hematopoietic progenitors in adult peripheral blood remains to be elucidated by a 31 reliable transcriptional atlas. Here, single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA) was 32 employed to define the lineage of HPCs and reaffirm the hierarchy of hematopoiesis. 33 A total of 27,566 adult peripheral blood CD34+ cells were enriched and sequenced, 34 capturing most differentiation stages and subgroups of HPCs. HPCs lineages were 35 redefined by unique makers and key factor genes. We are the first to clearly depict the 36 transcriptional atlas and define each subgroup of adult peripheral blood progenitors. 37 We recovered the key transcript factors involved in lineage fate decision, and 38 restructured the lineage commitment model of HPCs that can reconcile previous 39 models and explain conflicts among functional studies. Several fate decision key 40 factors of progenitors were identified as major switches that controlled hematopoietic 41 lineage formation. Moreover, we are also the first to identify the cell fate decision 42 transcriptional factors in each branch among hematopoietic hierarchy formation. Our 43 reaffirmed lineage commitment also revealed that the erythroid lineage commitment 44 process is a continuous process but the lymphoid lineage commitment process is more 45 likely a discrete stepwise process that showed distinct lineage-committed populations 46 during the hematopoiesis. With these information, an elaborate and comprehensive 47 transcriptional atlas of all types of hematopoietic progenitors was then constructed, 48 which enabled the whole map of the transcriptional signal and pathway among lineage 49 commitment. Importantly, this newly created atlas can enable accurate definition, 50 transplantation, and
Power dependence of upconversion luminescence in lanthanide and transition-metal-ion systems

We show theoretically with the simplest possible model that the intensity of an upconversion luminescence that is excited by the sequential absorption of n photons has a dependence on absorbed pump power P, which may range from the limit of Pn down to the limit of P1 for the upper state and less than P1 for the intermediate states. The two limits are identified as the cases of infinitely small and infinitely large upconversion rates, respectively. In the latter case, the dependence of luminescence intensities from intermediate excited states on pump power changes with the underlying upconversion and decay mechanisms. In certain situations, energy transfer upconversion and excited-state absorption can be distinguished by the measured slopes. The competition between linear decay and upconversion in the individual excitation steps of sequential upconversion can be analyzed. The influence of nonuniform distributions of absorbed pump power or of a subset of ions participating in energy-transfer upconversion is investigated. These results are of importance for the interpretation of excitation mechanisms of luminescent and laser materials. We verify our theoretical results by experimental examples of multiphoton-excited luminescence in Cs3Lu2Cl9:Er3+, Ba2YCl7:Er3+, LiYF4:Nd3+, and Cs2ZrCl6:Re4+.
Complexity of Guanine Quadruplex Unfolding Pathways Revealed by Atomistic Pulling Simulations

Guanine quadruplexes (GQs) are non-canonical nucleic acid structures involved in many biological processes. GQs formed in single-stranded regions often need to be unwound by cellular machinery, so their mechanochemical properties are important. Here, we performed steered molecular dynamics simulations of human telomeric GQs to study their unfolding. We examined four pulling regimes, including very slow setup with pulling velocity and force load accessible to high-speed atomic force microscopy. We identified multiple factors affecting the unfolding mechanism. The more the direction of force was perpendicular to the GQ channel axis (determined by GQ topology), the more the base unzipping mechanism happened. If the GQ had either all-anti or all-syn pattern in a strand, strand slippage mechanism was more likely to occur. Importantly, slower pulling velocity led to richer unfolding pathways including partial refolding attempts. We show that GQ may eventually unfold after force drop under forces smaller than those the GQ withstood before the drop. This suggests that proteins in vivo might resolve GQs even if their stall forces are smaller than GQ rupture force. Finally, we found out that different unfolding intermediates may have very similar chain end-to-end distance, which reveals some limitations of structural interpretations of single-molecule spectroscopic data.
Humans adaptively select different computational strategies in different learning environments

The Rescorla-Wagner rule remains the most popular tool to describe human behavior in reinforcement learning tasks. Nevertheless, it cannot fit human learning in complex environments. Previous work proposed several hierarchical extensions of this learning rule. However, it remains unclear when a flat (non-hierarchical) versus a hierarchical strategy is adaptive, or when it is implemented by humans. To address this question, current work applies a nested modelling approach to evaluate multiple models in multiple reinforcement learning environments both computationally (which approach performs best) and empirically (which approach fits human data best). We consider ten empirical datasets (N = 407) divided over three reinforcement learning environments. Our results demonstrate that different environments are best solved with different learning strategies; and that humans adaptively select the learning strategy that allows best performance. Specifically, while flat learning fitted best in less complex stable learning environments, humans employed more hierarchically complex models in more complex environments.
Different time scales of common-cause evidence shape multisensory integration, recalibration and motor adaptation

Perception engages the processes of integration, recalibration and sometimes motor adaptation to deal with discrepant multisensory stimuli. These processes supposedly deal with sensory discrepancies on different time scales, with integration reducing immediate ones and recalibration and motor adaptation reflecting the cumulative influence of their recent history. Importantly, whether discrepant signals are bound during perception is guided by the brains’ inference of whether they originate from a common cause. When combined, these two notions lead to the hypothesis that the different time scales on which integration and recalibration (or motor adaptation) operate are associated with different time scales of evidence of a common cause underlying two signals. We tested this prediction in a well‐established visuo‐motor paradigm, in which human participants performed visually guided hand movements. The kinematic correlation between hand and cursor movements indicates their common origin, allowing us to manipulate the common‐cause evidence by this correlation between visual and proprioceptive signals. Specifically, we dissociated hand and cursor signals during individual movements while preserving their correlation across movement endpoints. Following our hypothesis, this manipulation reduced integration compared to a condition in which visual and proprioceptive signals were perfectly correlated. In contrast, recalibration and motor adaption were not affected. This supports the notion that multisensory integration and recalibration are guided by common‐cause evidence but deal with sensory discrepancies on different time scales: while integration is prompted by local common‐cause evidence and reduces immediate discrepancies instantaneously, recalibration and motor adaptation are prompted by global common‐cause evidence and reduce persistent discrepancies.
IL-13 promotes sensory-sympathetic neurons crosstalk in asthma

Nociceptor neurons play a crucial role in maintaining the body’s equilibrium by detecting and responding to potential dangers in the environment. However, this function can be detrimental during allergic reactions, since vagal nociceptors can contribute to immune cell infiltration, bronchial hypersensitivity, and mucus imbalance, in addition to causing pain and coughing. Despite this, the specific mechanisms by which nociceptors acquire pro-inflammatory characteristics during allergic reactions are not yet fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular profile of airway nociceptor neurons during allergic airway inflammation and identify the signals driving such reprogramming. Using retrograde tracing and lineage reporting, we identified a class of inflammatory vagal nociceptor neurons that exclusively innervate the airways. Using an ovalbumin mouse model of airway inflammation, we found that these neurons undergo significant reprogramming characterized by the upregulation of the NPY receptor Npy1r, along with Il6. A screening of asthma-driving cytokines revealed that IL-13 drives part of this reprogramming, including Npy1r overexpression via the JAK/STAT6 pathway, while IL-1β induces IL-6 expression and release. Additionally, we observed that sympathetic neurons release NPY in the bronchoalveolar fluid of asthmatic mice, which limits the excitability of nociceptor neurons. In summary, allergic airway inflammation reprograms airway nociceptor neurons to acquire a pro-inflammatory phenotype, characterized by the release of IL-6, while a compensatory mechanism involving NPY1R limits nociceptor neurons’ activity.
Efficient image analysis for large-scale next generation histopathology using pAPRica

The large size of imaging datasets generated by next-generation histology methods limits the adoption of those approaches in research and the clinic. We propose pAPRica (pipelines for Adaptive Particle Representation image compositing and analysis), a framework based on the Adaptive Particle Representation (APR) to enable efficient analysis of large microscopy datasets, scalable up to petascale on a regular workstation. pAPRica includes stitching, merging, segmentation, registration, and mapping to an atlas as well as visualization of the large 3D image data, achieving 100+ fold speedup in computation and commensurate data-size reduction.
Landslide Impact on Submarine Pipelines: Analytical and Numerical Analysis

AbstractThe damage to pipelines from submarine landslides or debris flows has been vastly reported. In this paper, the behavior of pipelines is investigated through analytical and numerical analyses. A refined analytical method is first brought forward by improving the tension assumption. The pipeline is divided into different segments based on loading conditions, and the continuity of displacement, inclination angle, bending moment, and shear are all preserved. Then numerical analysis by vector-form intrinsic FEM is carried out by further considering the axial soil resistance at the sliding zone. The numerical analysis demonstrates that the initial negative pipeline displacement is a threat to pipeline safety because of the large increase in bending moment. The axial tension is closely related to the location of the landslide impact and the initial pipeline configuration. The variations in displacement and tension with time are also investigated in the parametric analysis.
Two conserved vocal central pattern generators broadly tuned for fast and slow rates generate species-specific vocalizations in Xenopus clawed frogs

Across phyla, species-specific vocalizations are used by males to attract females. Functional analyses of the neural circuitry underlying behavior have been difficult, particularly in vertebrates. However, using an ex vivo brain preparation that produces fictive vocalizations, we previously identified anatomically distinct fast and slow central pattern generators (CPGs) that drive the fast and slow clicks of male courtship calls in male African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis. To gain insight into the evolution of neural circuits underlying courtship calls, we extended this approach to four additional species. Here, we show that although the exact rate and duration of the clicks are unique to each species, fast and slow CPGs identified in male X. laevis are conserved across species. Further, we show that the development of fast CPGs depends on testosterone in a species-specific manner: testosterone facilitates the development of fast CPGs in a species with a courtship call containing fast clicks, but not in a species with a courtship call made entirely of slow clicks. Finally, we showed that, unlike other vestigial neural circuits that remain latent, the fast CPGs are not inherited by all species; rather, they are possessed only by the species that produce fast clicks. The results suggest that species-specific calls of the genus Xenopus have evolved by utilizing conserved fast or slow CPGs that are broadly tuned to generate fast or slow trains of clicks, the development of which appear to be regulated by a strategic expression of testosterone receptors in the brain of each species.