Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of the Main Constituents Used in Bone Tissue Engineering

When a bone is broken, a gap or defect is created which is then filled with necrotic bone, blood (from broken vessels) and inflammatory cells (because of chemotaxis) [8,9]. The healing process then depends on osteoconduction by a material that acts as an acceptable scaffold to the newly formed bone, and the osteoprogenitor cells that allow osteoinduction [10]. A defect beyond 2.5 times the bone radius or critical size defect is a clinical problem and should be treated by bone grafting and transplantation (autograft, allograft, or xenograft), natural or synthetic scaffolds and tissue engineering [11,12]. However, application of autografts is limited due to high percentage of donor and recipient site complications [13]. As the allografts and xenografts undergo sterilisation and purification, they do not provide osteoinductive signals, and do not have living cells [14]. Therefore, the orthopedic surgeons have been directed to bone tissue engineering [15]. This technique takes benefits of the bone’s regeneration potential and avoids the problems associated with bone grafting [16]. Bone fracture is breaking or detachment in the structural unity and it is always associated with damaging in the surrounding tissues [1]. The severity of damage depends on the energy of what made the break [2]. In small and uncomplicated fractures the fractured bone can spontaneously regenerate its structure and function into a normal bone by several overlapping stages including inflammatory or exudative, fibroplasia or proliferative and remodeling or maturation phases [3]. Growth factors of different sources which are activated by the injury procedure activate the surrounding pluripotent osteoprogenitor cells [4]. These cells produce bone morphogenetic proteins, which bound to collagen fibers [3]. These proteins with hormones and cytokines result in migration of mesenchymal stem cells and make them to proliferate and differentiate to osteoblasts [5]. Hyperemia, chemotaxis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and secretion of pro-inflammatory and inflammatory mediators, cytokines, metalloproteinase, fibronectin, fibroblast growth factor and angiogenic factor are the main consequences of the inflammatory phase of fracture healing. Proliferation, differentiation and migration of fibroblasts, production of collagen and glycosaminoglycans, angiogenesis, tissue organization, chondrogenesis, endochondral ossification and intramembranous bone formation are the key steps in the proliferative and remodeling phases of fracture healing [6,7]. Abstract
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS IN THE PATIENTS ADMITTED IN THE MEDICINE WARD OF A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN NORTH INDIA: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY

Objective: Nosocomial infections are of serious problems in hospital. In addition, they are imposed heavy costs on hospitals, causing increased hospitalization time, increased morbidity and mortality. In this study, we aimed to determine the epidemiological status of nosocomial infections in the Medical Ward of a tertiary care hospital. Study design: Descriptive-analytical study. Study site: Department of Medicine, CSM Medical University, Lucknow. Patients: The patients admitted in the Department of Medicine were included in this study. Results: The present study has been done on 80 patients of Medicine Wards (MW) including Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) of CSSMU, Lucknow. Among them, 65 (81.3%) were from Medical Ward and 15 (18.7%) were from MICU. This study was conducted between January to June, 2011. The average patient’s stay in both MW and MICU was 13.56 days. All the 80 patients were clinically examined and only 18 patients were selected for the study of nosocomial infection on clinical grounds. A total of 42 different types of specimens were collected from 18 nosocomially infective patients. In 5 specimens, there was no yield of any bacterial organism. The predominant bacterial isolates both in MW and MICU were Escherichia coli (40.5%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (18.9%), Acinetobacter spp (13.5%), Pseudomonos aeruginosa (10.8% ), Enterococcus faecalis (8.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.1%). Conclusions: Bacterial isolates in MW and MICU were similar meaning thereby that it is auto infection. Nosocomial infection was more common in patients who stayed for longer period in hospital. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are predominant to cause nosocomial infection.
Prevalence and Characterization of Bacillus cereus in Meat and Meat Products in and around Jammu Region of Jammu and Kashmir

The major cause of morbidity and mortality all over the world are reported to be due to food borne diseases which pose a serious threat to public health. Both developed as well as developing countries suffer from large number of food borne outbreaks and the incidences are showing increasing trend on global level. The increasing trans-border movement of people, animals and animal products, rapid urbanization, rapid increase in number of immune-compromised people, food handling and consumption pattern changes and pathogens showing antibiotic resistance play significant role in increasing the outbreaks all over the world (Unnevehr, 2003). The pathogens transmitted through food contribute 30 per cent to globally emerging infections (Carlin et al., 2009). Majority of the cases go unnoticed as symptoms are mild often associated with diarrhea and vomiting.
We evaluated the utility of procalcitonin to improve the accuracy of clinical and microbiological parameters in diagnosing ventilation-associated pneumonia (VAP). Sequential measurement of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein, and the calculation of the simplified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score 

Paula Ramirez , Miguel Angel Garcia , Miquel Ferrer , Jesus Aznar , Mauricio Valencia , Jose Miguel Sauquillo , Rosario Menendez , Miguel Angel Asenjo 6 Antoni Torres . 1 Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, 2 Departamentos de Biopatologia, 3 Microbiologia, and 4 Neumologia, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia; 5 Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital de Sagunto, Sagunto, Valencia; 6 Unitat dAvaluacio, Suport i Prevencio and 7 Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos e Intermedios Respiratorios, Servei de Pneumologia, Institut Clinic del Torax, Hospital Clinic, Institut dInvestigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. Dr. Valencia is a research fellow in Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, from Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana de Medellín, Colombia, supported by Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fellowship. Supported by CibeRes (ISCiii-CB06/06/0028), 2005 SGR 00822, ERS Fellowship, and IDIBAPS. Corresponding author: Antoni Torres, MD. Servei de Pneumologia, Institut Clínic del Tòrax, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel, 170. E-08036 Barcelona, Spain. Phone/Fax: + 34 93 227 55 49. E-mail: atorres@ub.edu Running title: Procalcitonin in diagnosis of VAP Word count of the body of the manuscript: 2,602
Secure Data Transmission Using Hop-By-Hop Routing Algorithm

This paper is an enhancement of existing spatial reusability-aware single-path routing (SASR) and any path routing to use Hop by Hop Message authentication scheme for ensuring data confidentiality. We Propose Secure Spatial Reusability-Aware Routing with Enhanced Secure Data Transmission using Hop-by-Hop Routing Algorithm. In the existing paper, the system investigated two kinds of routing protocols, including single-path routing and any path routing. The task of a single-path routing protocol is to select a cost minimizing path, along which the packets are delivered from the source node to the destination node, but it failed to consider shortest path and issues in it. The most vital way to prevent malicious, unauthorized and corrupted messages from being transmitted/ forwarded in Multi-hop wireless networks is message authentication technique. Most of the existing systems have several limitations to incorporate in Multi-hop wireless networks, which includes high computational cost and several communication overheads are available in it, which also leads to lack of scalability and resilience to node compromise attacks. We propose a system with enabling verification model in the intermediate nodes and thus our model permits any node to transmit an infinite number of messages without adversity of the threshold problem. We prove that our system is efficient and more useful to check the shortest path with lowest cost than the existing system models.
Characterization and antimicrobial studies of Ficus capensis methanolic leaf extract

The study was carried out to access phyto-chemical properties using Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry and antimicrobial potency in Ficus capensis against some microbial pathogens at different concentrations. The chromatogram revealed seven peaks indicating the presence of seven phyto-compounds in the extract of Ficus capensis leaf. The most abundant compounds were Benzene 1, 2, 3triol (peak area: 38.70%) and Sorbic acid (peak area: 38.36%). The extract was tested at varied concentrations of 250mg/ml, 200mg/ml, 100mg/ml, 50mg/ml and 10mg/ml on four organisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris , Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The Mean Inhibition Zone Diameter (IZD) of Staphylococcus aureus was 22.5 ± 1.29mm, 16.5 ± 1.29mm, 14.25 ± 0.89mm, 11.00 ± 0.81mm and 8.75 ± 0.50mm respectively compared to the reference drug (chloramphenicol) 10.00 ± 0.81mm. That of Proteus vulgaris was 18.0 ± 0.82mm, 14.5 ± 0.57mm, 9.25 ± 0.96mm, 8.0 ± 1.15mm, 6.0 ± 0.81 compared to the positive control (chloramphenicol) 7.75±0.5mm. Escherichia coli Inhibition Zone Diameter (IZD) was 22.25 ± 1.71mm, 20.0 ± 0.81mm, 17.5 ± 0.58mm, 7.75 ± 0.5mm, 6.25 ± 0.5mm respectively compared to the reference drug (chloramphenicol) 17.50±0.58mm. The Mean Inhibition Zone Diameter (IZD) of Candida albicans showed 19.75 ± 0.5mm, 18.0 ± 0.82mm, 14.0 ± 0.82mm, 12.25 ± 0.5mm, 9.0 ± 0.82mm but the reference drug had no effect on Candida albicans 0.00 ± . 00. This shows that both phyto-compounds in Ficus capensis are effective against bacteria and fungi therefore could be adopted for pharmacological use.
Inter ocular variability of common glaucoma parameters in patients with primary open angle glaucoma

Aim: To assess the intrasubject variability of CCT,IOP and VCDR in patients with POAG compared to normal. Design: Cross sectional study. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 eyes of patients on treatment for POAG and 100 eyes of normal individuals were included in the study. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination including CCT corrected IOP, visual field by HFA and disc evaluation using 90D assisted slit lamp biomicroscopy. CCT was measured using ultrasonic pachymetry in all of them. The difference in IOP, Vertical CD ratio and CCT were compared between the two eyes in POAG patients and in normal individuals. Results: The mean difference in IOP was 3.52±3.8 in POAG group compared to 1.06±0.9 in normal . The mean difference in CD ratio was 0.132±0.15 in POAG compared to 0.05±0.07 in normal. The mean difference in CCT was also significantly higher in POAG patients. [8.10±7.4] when compared to normal individuals [5.05±5.17].
Effects of Electromagnetic fields on the Physicochemical Properties of Waste Water Samples from Selected Industries in Akure Metropolis

Wastewater is one of the most critical problems of both middle and low income countries is improper management of vast amount of wastes. The research is to determine the physicochemical characteristics of the wastewaters and also to asses the effect of the Electromagnetic field (EMF) on the physicochemical factors of the waste waters Waste water samples were collected from two industries in Akure Metropolis. The waste water samples were subjected to physicochemical analyses before and after exposure to Electromagnetic field (EMF) at 1150nT, 1310nT, 3000nT, 5000nT. The presence of some bacteria in the waste water collected from different companies showed their occurrence at different hours during the treatment of the wastewater sample with different EMF strength. a. From the two industries, before EMF treatment industry A had the highest pH value (7.74), Temperature (27.00oC), Total Solid (277.00mg/l.), Total Disolved Solids (256.00mg/l.) Industry B had Total hardness (994mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (13.20mg/l), Potassium (13.23g/l), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (9.60mg/l) Zinc (1.24ppm) and Copper (0.07ppm). From the two industries, after EMF treatment pH (6.47), Turbidity (0.29NTU), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (4.60), Chemical Oxygen Demand (5.40). Industry B had Chloride (10.47mg/l), (600 mg/l). Sulphate (8.70mg/l), after exposure to EMF, the values above listed shows physicochemical factors reduced significantly. Therefore from the study, it was observed that EMF treatment has a significant effect on the bacteria load and physicochemical condition of the waste water samples.
Does teaching methodology affect medication dosage calculation skills of undergraduate nursing students?

One of the most critical functions of a nurse is the safe administration of medications. To ensure patient safety, nurses must be competent in medication dosage calculation (MDC) skills. It is imperative that nursing educators discover the most effective teaching methodology to ensure the greatest level of competency in MDC skills. The purpose of this causal-comparative quantitative study was to compare the effects of two teaching methodologies on senior-level nursing students’ completion of program MDC requirements, mathematics self-efficacy, and MDC competency at program end. The sample consisted of 94 senior-level bachelor’s degree nursing students from a southeastern United States university in the spring of 2015. Each participant completed a demographic questionnaire, Mathematics Self-Efficacy Scale (MSES), and MDC competency exam. Participants were assigned to one of two groups based on whether the participants completed MDC education in a stand-alone course or throughout the curriculum through self-learning modules. Chi-square and independent t -test results indicated that there were no statistical differences between the two groups (stand-alone course vs. self-learning modules) and ability to complete program MDC requirements, MSES scores, and MDC competency exam scores at program end. Data analysis using Chi-square and Fisher’s Exact tests indicated a statistically significant, but weak, correlation between MSES scores and MDC competency exam scores. Findings from this study indicate teaching MDC to nursing students using a stand-alone course versus self-learning modules produces the same results in the students’ ability to complete program MDC requirements, mathematics self-efficacy, and MDC competency at program end.
Epidemiologic Investigation of Gunshot death in Tehran Legal Medicine Organization during 2010-2014

Given the higher prevalence of firearm murder and firearm access nationwide in general compared to the past, the epidemiologic investigation of gunshot death provides important and valuable information on change of firearm use patterns, involved gender and age groups, and motivations of using weapon. Accordingly, the present study aims at conducting epidemiologic investigation of gunshot death in Tehran Legal Medicine Organization within 2010-2014. This is a descriptive and analytical research which is applied in terms of purpose and a census study in terms of data collection. 220 gunshot death cases were examined in a dissection hall of Legal Medicine Organization for a five-year period. The statistical analysis of the collected data was conducted via SPSS software (Ed. 18) and Chi-Square Test. The research samples of this study included 95.9% male and 4.1% female corpses. The average age of the deceased persons was 31.5. In 41.4% of cases of gunshot injury, brain has been the main hurt organ, while in 47.3% of cases the injured area of body has been head. 23.3% of gunshot death cases were suicides and 31.1% have been homicides. 60.5% of cases under study were handgun shootings. 47.1% of suicide cases were occurred at home, 41.3% of cases were street homicides, 48.8% of the cases under study were accidental gunshots in military camps, and 90.6% were gunshot deaths following the street clashes with police. Many gunshot death cases could be prevented via precautionary studies and interventions. The present study can be considered a basis for a trauma systematic development in Iran.
Assessment of Variation in Agro-morphological Traits in M3 and M4 Maize Lines

A total of thirty nine M3 and thirty seven M4 maize lines derived from mutation breeding were evaluated for variation in agro-morphological traits at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Farm, Juja from October 2014 to September 2015 to identify desirable mutants for use in plant breeding programmes. The experimental design was randomized complete block design in triplicates. During growth data on days to anthesis and silking, flag leaf width and length, number of leaves above upper ear, harvestable ears plant-1, diameter of the ear, days to maturity and grain yield plant-1 were recorded. Data were analyzed using Genstat 14th edition and the means separated using LSD at 5% level of significance. Results showed significant variations for grain yield plant1, herbicide tolerance days, days to anthesis and silking, pollen shedding and flag leaf width among the assessed maize lines. The recorded variations among maize lines suggested that there existed appreciable variation that could be utilized in breeding. Grain yield plant-1 was significant and negatively correlated with tolerance days. Grain yield plant-1 and herbicide tolerance cannot be improved simultaneously and the breeder should decide which trait to improve. Overall, the results indicated that induced mutation could serve as a source of variations for use in the improvement of maize. * Corresponding Author: John Kimondo Kariuki  kimondokariuki94@gmail.com International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR) ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online) http://www.innspub. net Vol. 9, No. 2, p. 147-161, 2016 International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR) ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online) http://www.innspub. net Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 14-22, 2014
Cellulolytic activity of Cellvibrio japonicus and complete cellulase system

Eighteen cellulytic bacterial isolates were isolated from different sites of agriculture soils in Hilla city. The purification and identification of isolates were performed, and the results showed that it belonged to gram negative bacteria species of Cellvibrio jopanicus. The cellulase activity of these isolates was investigated on two cellulosic agricultural waste compounds: rice straw and wheat brand as sole carbon sources. The activity of produced Carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) and cellobiase enzymes produced by these isolates were studied. The high activity of CMCase enzymes was observed with isolate C.J.N 16 on CMC media which gave 0.152 unit/ml and the least one was isolate C.J.N 13 which gave 0.047 unit/ml. On wheat brand broth, isolate C.J.N 16 was the most active with 0.1 unit/ml, while isolate C.J.N 14 was the lowest with 0.052 unit/ml. On rice straw media, the highest activity was given by isolate C.J.A 6 that reached 0.333 unit/ml, while the least one was C.J.N 13 with 0.104 unit/ml. The cellobiase was produced on all the used media by the four isolates. On CMC broth, the enzyme produced by isolate C.J.N 13 was 0.723 unit/ml, whereas isolate C.J.A 6 gave the minimum activity at 0.333 unit/ml. On the other hand, isolate C.J.A 6 gave the highest activity on wheat brand broth of 0.752 unit/ml, and the least one was isolate C.J.N 16 which gave 0.266 unit/ml. Finally, on rice straw broth, isolate C.J.N 16 was the most active one, since it gave 0.928 unit/ml, and the lowest one was isolate C.J.N 14 which gave 0.214 unit/ml. The cellulase enzymes were partially purified and concentrated using ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis. HPLC analysis revealed that C. jopanicus has complete cellulase system by giving three separated peaks.
P2/MS index for esophageal varices prediction in hepatitis C related liver cirrhosis

Background: Recent guidelines recommend that all cirrhotic patients without previous variceal hemorrhage should undergo endoscopic screening to detect esophageal varices (EV). Noninvasive identification of patients at highest risk for EV would limit investigation to those most likely to benefit. Aim: To evaluate the predictive value of P2/MS index derived from the patient's complete blood count in detecting EV in HCV related liver cirrhosis. Patients and Methods: 100 patients with HCV related liver cirrhosis were enrolled in the study. All patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for detection and classification of EV as low risk or high risk (HEV). All patients had complete blood count, AST, ALT, serum albumin, total bilirubin, INR and abdominal ultrasound. P2/MS [platelet count (10/L) /monocyte (%) x segmented neutrophil (%)] and some other previously reported non-invasive scores for EV detection (AAR, API, APRI, ASPRI, SPRI and platetlet count/spleen diameter ratio) were calculated for all subjects. Results: the prevalence of EV was 73% and of HEV 48%. For detection of EV, P2/MS showed a sensitivity of 98.63%, specificity of 92.59%, 97.3% positive predictive value, 96.2% negative predictive value, 13.32 positive likelihood ratio and 0.01 negative likelihood ratio at cutoff value ≤ 15.57. For detecting high risk esophageal varices (HEV), P2/MS showed a sensitivity of 95.83%, specificity of 84%, 92% positive predictive value, 91.3% negative predictive value, 5.99 positive likelihood ratio and 0.05 negative likelihood ratio at cutoff value ≤ 10.12. P2/MS had the highest AUROC compared with other scores in both detecting the presence of esophageal varices (0.987, 95% CI 0.940 0.998) and in HEV detection (0.930, 95% CI 0.846 0.977). Conclusion: P2/MS is a reliable simple non-invasive index for the detection and classification of EV in patients with HCV related liver cirrhosis and it is recommended that patients with P2/MS ≤ 10.12 should have screening endoscopy. [Sherif S Shabana, Hany A Hussein, Ahmed S Abo-Halima, Sameh A Abdel-bary. P2/MS index for esophageal varices prediction in hepatitis C related liver cirrhosis. J Am Sci 2013;9(12):483-488]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience. org. 65