Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Combining Polygenic and Proteomic Risk Scores With Clinical Risk Factors to Improve Performance for Diagnosing Absence of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients With de novo Chest Pain

Background: Patients with de novo chest pain, referred for evaluation of possible coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently have an absence of CAD resulting in millions of tests not having any clinical impact. The objective of this study was to investigate whether polygenic risk scores and targeted proteomics improve the prediction of absence of CAD in patients with suspected CAD, when added to the PROMISE (Prospective Multicenter Imaging Study for Evaluation of Chest Pain) minimal risk score (PMRS). Methods: Genotyping and targeted plasma proteomics (N=368 proteins) were performed in 1440 patients with symptoms suspected to be caused by CAD undergoing coronary computed tomography angiography. Based on individual genotypes, a polygenic risk score for CAD (PRSCAD) was calculated. The prediction was performed using combinations of PRSCAD, proteins, and PMRS as features in models using stability selection and machine learning. Results: Prediction of absence of CAD yielded an area under the curve of PRSCAD-model, 0.64±0.03; proteomic-model, 0.58±0.03; and PMRS model, 0.76±0.02. No significant correlation was found between the genetic and proteomic risk scores (Pearson correlation coefficient, −0.04; P=0.13). Optimal predictive ability was achieved by the full model (PRSCAD+protein+PMRS) yielding an area under the curve of 0.80±0.02 for absence of CAD, significantly better than the PMRS model alone (P<0.001). For reclassification purpose, the full model enabled down-classification of 49% (324 of 661) of the 5% to 15% pretest probability patients and 18% (113 of 611) of >15% pretest probability patients. Conclusions: For patients with chest pain and low-intermediate CAD risk, incorporating targeted proteomics and polygenic risk scores into the risk assessment substantially improved the ability to predict the absence of CAD. Genetics and proteomics seem to add complementary information to the clinical risk factors and improve risk stratification in this large patient group. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials. gov; Unique identifier: NCT02264717
Contamination introduced during rock sample powdering: Effects from different mill materials on trace element contamination

We examined blanks during powdering processes for thirty-three trace elements using ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). Quartz sand was used as target of powdering with grinding mills of several kinds: an agate hand mill, agate ball mill, Fe hand mill, alumina ceramic hand mill and artificial crystalline quartz hand mill. The results show that the artificial crystalline quartz hand mill is the purest grinder among the analyzed ones. This grinder is suitable for soft rock samples such as limestone. The alumina ceramic hand mill can reduce contamination, except for Cs, W and Pb. The agate hand mill and the agate ball mill introduce contamination whose level is depending on the individual device due to heterogeneity of the natural agate. The Fe hand mill introduces contamination of some siderophile elements such as Mo and W. The results of this study emphasize careful choice of a grinding mill for sample pulverizing.
The Effect of Games on EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Learning Strategies

Vocabulary, Game, Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) EFL students, particularly Iranian students, usually feel bored in vocabulary lessons because they have not changed their learning habits, such as writing words on paper, trying to learn by heart or learning passively through the teacher's explanations. To help students find language classes, especially vocabulary lessons more interesting in EFL context, and to achieve more from games, the study conducted action research to find the answer to the question, "Do games help English Language Learners learn vocabulary effectively, and if so, how? " Most academic reviews start from an assumption that games are beneficial. However, this study singled out the component of games to study that in isolation. After reviewing academic opinions on this specifically focused matter, of which there are relatively few, the researcher began action research which included applying games in our own classes, observing other teachers' classes, and interviewing both teachers and learners so as to elicit students' reactions, feelings and the effectiveness of games in vocabulary learning. The research shows they are effective in helping students to improve their vocabulary building skills.
Seismic anisotropy in granite at the Underground Research Laboratory, Manitoba

The Shear‐Wave Experiment at Atomic Energy of Canada Limited's Underground Research Laboratory was probably the first controlled‐source shear‐wave survey in a mine environment. Taking place in conjunction with the excavation of the Mine‐by test tunnel at 420 m depth, the shear‐wave experiment was designed to measure the in situ anisotropy of the rockmass and to use shear waves to observe excavation effects using the greatest variety of raypath directions of any in situ shear‐wave survey to date. Inversion of the shear‐wave polarizations shows that the anisotropy of the in situ rockmass is consistent with hexagonal symmetry with an approximate fabric orientation of strike 023° and dip 35°. The in situ anisotropy is probably due to microcracks with orientations governed by the in situ stress field and to mineral alignment within the weak gneissic layering. However, there is no unique interpretation as to the cause of the in situ anisotropy as the fabric orientation agrees approximately with both the orientation expected from extensive‐dilatancy anisotropy and that of the gneissic layering. Eight raypaths with shear waves propagating wholly or almost wholly through granodiorite, rather than granite, do not show the expected shear‐wave splitting and indicate a lower in situ anisotropy, which may be due to the finer grain size and/or the absence of gneissic layering within the granodiorite. These results suggest that shear waves may be used to determine crack and mineral orientations and for remote monitoring of a rockmass. This has potential applications in mining and waste monitoring.
Geochemical Evidence for Subduction Fluxes, Mantle Melting and Fractional Crystallization Beneath the South Sandwich Island Arc

The volcanoes of the South Sandwich island arc follow three distinct series: low-K tholeiitic (followed by Zavodovski, Candlemas, Vindication, Montagu and Bristol), tholeiitic (followed by Visokoi, Sounders and Bellinghausen) and calcalkaline (followed by Ltskov, Freezland and part of Cook and Thule). Flux calculations indicate that the percentage contribution of the subduction component to the mantle source of all three series varies from undetectable (e.g. Zr) through small (e.g. Nd=20%) and moderate (e.g. La, Ce, Sr = 50-80%) to dominant (e.g. Pb, K, Ba, Rb, Cs >90%) with little change along the arc. Isotope systematics (Pb, Nd, Sr) show that this subduction component obtains a greater contribution from altered oceanic crust than from pelagic sediment. Elements for which the subduction contribution is small show that the mantle is already depleted relative to N-MORB mantle (equivalent to loss of an ~2-5% melt fraction) before melting beneath the arc. After addition of the subduction component, dynamic melting of this depleted mantle then causes the variationsin K that distinguish the three series. The estimated degree of partial melting (~20%) is slightly greater than that beneath ocean ridges, though geothermometry suggests that the primary magma temperature (~1225°C) is similar to that of primary MORB. About half of the melting may be attributed to volatile addition, and half to decompression. Dynamic melting involving three-dimensional, two-phase flow may be needed to explain fully the inter-island variations.
The concept of effective length in hillslopes: assessing the influence of climate and topography on the contributing areas of catchments

This paper introduces a concept of ‘effective length’ in hillslopes to define the effective area influencing the runoff‐producing saturated zones of a hillslope or catchment. This effective area of a catchment usually is less than that given by its physical boundaries, particularly in regions where the total potential evaporation exceeds total rainfall on an annual basis. In this paper, expressions for effective lengths in hillslopes with different scale, shape and soil properties are derived for given climatic conditions. The influence of these variables on effective length is investigated. It is shown that, for a given rainfall frequency and soil parameters, the effective length changes with the planform geometry and profile shape of a hillslope; it is also a function of the ratio of available travel opportunity time to the hillslope's scale response time. The application of the concept to three natural catchments, subdivided into a number of simple hillslopes, is described. It is shown that, for these three test catchments and over 24 years of record, rarely would the entire catchment areas contribute to flow at the respective outlets. The implications of the concept of effective length for several land‐use practices, such as clearing for forest for greater water yield, and planting trees for salinity control, are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ordovician geography and faunal provinces deduced from trilobite distribution

Lists of families and genera of trilobites from the stratigraphical series of the Ordovician have been compiled, using information considered adequate from various areas in the world. Dissimilarities between these faunas have been assessed at both generic and family level, using Simpson's index. These indices have been analysed by a non-metric multidimensional scaling technique, and the groupings revealed are interpreted as indicating faunal provinces. Four provinces are recognized in the Lower Ordovician, the faunal characteristics and geographical extent of three of them (the Bathyurid, Asaphid and Selenopeltis provinces) being as previously described. A fourth province, here named the Asaphopsis province, is proposed for South American and Australian faunas in the Arenig and Llanvirn; the affinities of faunas from southeast Asia are indeterminate. In the Caradoc, faunas from areas occupied earlier by Bathyurid, Asaphid and Asaphopsis faunas, together with trilobites from south-east Asia, constitute a single province, here named the Remopleuridid. The Selenopeltis province persists in southern Europe and North Africa. These two provinces are recognizable only by a generic analysis in the Ashgill, and the latest faunas of that series are world-wide. It is assumed that a faunal province originally extended over parts of a single continental mass (cf. Wilson 1966), and that migration between provinces is inhibited by width of seas or temperature differences. An assemblage of continental masses consistent with these assumptions, and with palaeomagnetic data, is proposed to give four palaeogeographical maps for the Ordovician period. The position of the proto-Atlantic ocean proposed by Wilson (1966), and Gondwanaland of McElhinney & Luck (1970), are accepted; the remainder of Eurasia is divided into four blocks. The maps suggest relative movements between continental blocks that may have removed barriers to migration and resulted in progressive merging of the faunal provinces. They are models to be tested against distributions of other animal groups, new palaeomagnetic and palaeoclimatic evidence, and theories on lithosphere plates. The geographical reconstructions imply that the faunas of South America, southern Europe and North Africa inhabited cool waters, those of North America, northern Europe, north-east Asia, south-east Asia and Australia, warm waters. Cooler water faunas appear to have been less diverse. Decreasing provinciality of faunas during the Ordovician appears to have been accompanied by a reduction in total diversity; supposed climatic deterioration does not seem to have resulted in increased diversity. The differences between contemporaneous faunas within the Bathyurid and Remopleuridid provinces are investigated, and are shown to reflect differences in environment and evolution and diversification of groups of trilobites which took place in these environments.
High Clouds over Oceans in the ECMWF 15- and 45-Yr Reanalyses

Abstract The reanalysis programs of numerical weather prediction (NWP) centers provide global, comprehensive descriptions of the atmosphere and of the earth’s surface over long periods of time. The high realism of their representation of key NWP parameters, like temperature and winds, implies some realism for less emblematic parameters, such as cloud cover, but the degree of this realism needs to be documented. This study aims to evaluate the high clouds over open oceans in the ECMWF 15- and 45-yr reanalyses. The assessment is based on a new 23-yr climatology of monthly frequencies of high-cloud occurrence retrieved from the infrared radiances measured by operational polar satellites. It is complemented by data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project. It is shown that the 45-yr ECMWF reanalysis dramatically improves on the previous 15-yr reanalysis for the realism of seasonal and interannual variations in high clouds, despite remaining systematic errors. More than 60% of the observed an.
PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION: A TOOL OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE AND OPTIMAL ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE (A STUDY OF UNILEVER NIGERIA PLC)

In recent years the concept of competitive advantage has taken centre stage in discussions of business strategy; that is why, one of the major challenges organizations face today is how to have a competitive advantage. In most cases a stand out product will do the job, since products are perceived as both highly relevant and meaningfully, the ability for any one product to standout in a competitive category will guarantee the success of such organization. While there are numerous ways to differentiate brands, identifying meaningful product-driven differentiators can be especially fruitful in gaining and sustaining a competitive advantage. Differentiation is when a firm or brand outperforms rival brands in the provision of a feature(s) such that it faces reduced sensitivity for other features (Sharp & Dawes, 2001). Even in industrial economics, a discipline where there is more of a tradition of providing formal statements of theoretical concepts, two eminent industrial economists felt obligated to write an article for the Journal of Industrial Economics titled "What is Product Differentiation, Really? " (Caves and Williamson, 1985).
Field‐aligned 777.4‐nm composite airglow images of equatorial plasma depletions

We present a powerful tool to analyze two‐dimensional field‐aligned images of equatorial plasma depletions taken from mid‐latitudes. By shifting each individual image by the sum of the longitudinal offsets obtained by performing a cross‐correlation between successive images, a single composite image can be formed for the entire night. It is shown that these field‐aligned composite images give information on the observation times of the depletions associated with spread‐F as they pass by Hawaii. In addition, they can be used to estimate the formation time and location of the depletions to the west of the observing site. This technique also yields estimates of the eastward velocity and velocity shear of the depletions. We suggest that the information gained by using these images can be used to predict satellite scintillations at stations to the east of the observing station.
The relationship between ULF geomagnetic pulsations and ionospheric Doppler oscillations: derivation of a model

Several papers have been written about the observed relationship between ground based magnetometer pulsation measurements and simultaneous oscillations of Doppler frequency shifts in ionospherically reflected radio frequency echoes. In this paper we derive the mechanisms which relate these observations for the vertical incidence case at low to mid latitudes. We investigate the effects of oscillating electric and magnetic fields at ionospheric heights on the phase path of the reflected radio wave, which gives rise to the Doppler shifts. We identify three main mechanisms at work in the ionosphere, which are applicable at all latitudes; however, our numerical computations do not take account of certain high-latitude effects. By quantifying the electric and magnetic pulsation fields for a partially reflected downcoming Alfven wave, we derive a quantitative phase and amplitude relationship between the rate of change of phase path on Doppler velocity and the pulsation magnetic field measured on the ground. A surprising result is that the dominant mechanism is not necessarily the vertical component of bulk plasma movement, as has been previously suggested. In many cases, the dominant mechanism is compression and rarefaction of plasma frozen onto the field lines as they oscillate under the action of the field-aligned component of the pulsation magnetic field.
Variations in otolith elemental compositions of two clupeid species, Stolothrissa tanganicae and Limnothrissa miodon in Lake Tanganyika

Lake Tanganyika in East Africa has two primary basins (Northern and Southern) and borders four sovereign countries. Effective management of the fisheries of this lake requires sound biological understanding of the various fish stocks. The feasibility of fish stock identification within different basins and sub-basins of this lake was attempted through otolith elemental composition analysis. Element ratio signatures of whole sagittal otoliths (Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca) of two commercially important clupeid species (Stolothrissa tanganicae, n=18; Limnothrissa miodon, n=32) were used to classify individual fish to their resident basins. No element ratios in L. miodon otoliths were significantly different between Southern sub-basins, yet Ba/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios were significantly different for individuals from the Northern and Southern basins. Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios were also significantly different between otoliths of sympatric L. miodon and S. tanganicae in the Northern Bujumbura Sub-basin. Species differences may be due to ontogenetic and environmental variables. Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca element concentration ratios contributed greatly to basin classification of individual fish. Canonical discriminant analysis correctly classified 91% of L. miodon and 83.3% of S. tanganicae to the Bujumbura sub-basin, compared to 59.9% of L. miodon collected from the Southern Basin that were correctly classified to this basin. These classification rates are similar to those found for estuarine species. Our results of a limited study suggest that otolith element compositions can be used as a natural tag to identify fish stocks in Lake Tanganyika and assist in the implementation of a multi-national fisheries best management plan.
On the influence of stratospheric water vapor changes on the tropospheric circulation

Observations suggest that the mixing ratio of water vapour in the stratosphere has increased by 20–50% between the 1960s and mid‐1990s. Here we show that inclusion of such a stratospheric water vapour (SWV) increase in a state‐of‐the‐art climate model modifies the circulation of the extratropical troposphere: the modeled increase in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index is 40% of the observed increase in NAO index between 1965 and 1995, suggesting that if the SWV trend is real, it explains a significant fraction of the observed NAO trend. Our results imply that SWV changes provide a novel mechanism for communicating the effects of large tropical volcanic eruptions and ENSO events to the extratropical troposphere over timescales of a few years, which provides a mechanism for interannual climate predictability. Finally, we discuss our results in the context of regional climate change associated with changes in methane emissions.
Inference of optical properties from radiation profiles within melting landfast sea ice

[1] Vertical in-ice spectral radiation profiles were measured within melting 1.5- to 1.7-m-thick landfast sea ice in western Hudson Bay on 25 April 2005. Because the surface ice was subject to extensive melting and refreezing, the sea ice had fractioned into two main types, i.e., areas of more reflective white ice and less reflective blue ice. The shortwave albedo was about 0.69 for white ice and 0.47 for bare blue ice. The corresponding shortwave transmittance through the ice cover was about 0.02 and 0.09, respectively. The inherent optical properties of the sea ice were inferred by tying the input and output of radiative transfer simulations to the radiation profiles and the ice physical properties, as well as to the irradiance measurements above and below the ice cover. To explain observed spectral albedo and transmittance simultaneously, the ice/snow above the interior ice was divided into three layers on the basis of the following observations: snow (white ice) or a thin soot containing layer (blue ice), drained ice above and saturated ice below the waterline. Similarly, the bottom portion was divided on the basis of the presence of a living ice algae layer adjacent to the seawater interface and a layer extending 30 cm above the bottom containing mostly detrital matter. The interior of the ice, i.e., roughly 20–40 cm from boundaries, was well-represented by a single layer of pure sea ice as the radiation field was nearly asymptotic and the absorption spectra showed little evidence of impurities. Representative values for the scattering coefficient ranged 600–800 m−1, with a Henyey-Greenstein asymmetry parameter of 0.995. Observations within white ice suggest that about 40% of the energy responsible of the internal melting was provided directly by shortwave radiation, while the rest is due to heat conduction.
Paleomagnetic transition records of the Cobb Mountain Event from sediments of the Celebes and Sulu Seas

The Cobb Mountain (CM) event is a short normal polarity interval within the Matuyama Chron just before the Jaramillo Subchron. This event was found in the sediments of Site 767 in the Celebes Sea and Site 768 in the Sulu Sea during ODP Leg 124. Reversal depth and age relation analysis gave ages of 1.11 and 1.10 m.y. ago for the onset and termination of this event. We used discrete samples and high-density pass-through measurements to study the behavior of the geomagnetic field crossing this event. Although the two sites are very close to each other, the records of the transitional fields were found to be quite different. They are also very different from another CM event record from the North Atlantic Ocean. Based on the transition data we conclude that the transitional fields for the CM event were non-axisymmetric. One brief reverse in direction, called rebound, was found within the onset reversal at Site 767. The absence of this feature at Site 768 raises an interesting question concerning the source for rebounds.