Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dispersionful analogues of Benney's equations and N-wave systems

We recall Krichever's construction of additional flows to Benney's hierarchy, attached to poles at finite distance of the Lax operator. Then we construct a `dispersionful' analogue of this hierarchy, in which the role of poles at finite distance is played by Miura fields. We connect this hierarchy with N-wave systems, and prove several facts about the latter (Lax representation, Chern - Simons-type Lagrangian, connection with Liouville equation, -functions).
Inversion relations for the deconvolution of CO2 data from ice cores

The deconvolution of the history of CO2 concentrations in polar ice corresponds to the solution of a Volterra integral equation of the first kind and so a variety of techniques are available for obtaining numerical solutions. However, by writing the solution in terms of an explicit inversion kernel, it is possible to determine which aspects of the CO2 data and the carbon cycle model are of most importance in obtaining estimates of current sources of atmospheric CO2.
Visco-potential free-surface flows

In a recent study [DD07b] we presented a novel visco potential free surface flows formulation. The governing equations contain local and nonlocal dissipative terms. From physical point of view, local dissipation terms come from molecular viscosity but in practical computations, rather eddy viscosity should be used. On the other hand, nonlocal dissipative term represents a correction due to the presence of a bottom boundary layer. Using the standard procedure of Boussinesq equations derivation, we come to nonlocal long wave equations. In this article we analyse dispersion relation properties of proposed models. The effect of nonlocal term on solitary and linear progressive waves attenuation is investigated. Finally, we present some computations with viscous Boussinesq equations solved by a Fourier type spectral method.
Unexpected Effect of Proton Pump Inhibitors: Elevation of the Cardiovascular Risk Factor Asymmetric Dimethylarginine

Background— Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are gastric acid–suppressing agents widely prescribed for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Recently, several studies in patients with acute coronary syndrome have raised the concern that use of PPIs in these patients may increase their risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. The mechanism of this possible adverse effect is not known. Whether the general population might also be at risk has not been addressed. Methods and Results— Plasma asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. Elevated plasma ADMA is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, likely because of its attenuation of the vasoprotective effects of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. We find that PPIs elevate plasma ADMA levels and reduce nitric oxide levels and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in a murine model and ex vivo human tissues. PPIs increase ADMA because they bind to and inhibit dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase, the enzyme that degrades ADMA. Conclusions— We present a plausible biological mechanism to explain the association of PPIs with increased major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with unstable coronary syndromes. Of concern, this adverse mechanism is also likely to extend to the general population using PPIs. This finding compels additional clinical investigations and pharmacovigilance directed toward understanding the cardiovascular risk associated with the use of the PPIs in the general population.
Gravitational waves from collapsing domain walls

We study the production of gravitational waves from cosmic domain walls created during phase transition in the early universe. We investigate the process of formation and evolution of domain walls by running three dimensional lattice simulations. If we introduce an approximate discrete symmetry, walls become metastable and finally disappear. This process might occur by a pressure difference between two vacua if a quantum tunneling is neglected. We calculate the spectrum of gravitational waves produced by collapsing metastable domain walls. Extrapolating the numerical results, we find that the signal of gravitational waves produced by domain walls whose energy scale is around 1010-1012GeV will be observable in the next generation gravitational wave interferometers.
Understanding the observed evolution of the galaxy luminosity function from z = 6–10 in the context of hierarchical structure formation

Recent observations of the Lyman-break galaxy (LBG) luminosity function (LF) from z ≈ 6–10 show a steep decline in abundance with increasing redshift. However, the LF is a convolution of the mass function of dark matter halos (HMF) — which also declines sharply over this redshift range — and the galaxy-formation physics that maps halo mass to galaxy luminosity. We consider the strong observed evolution in the LF from z ≈ 6–10 in this context and determine whether it can be explained solely by the behavior of the HMF. From z ≈ 6–8, we find a residual change in the physics of galaxy formation corresponding to a ∼ 0.5 dex increase in the average luminosity of a halo of fixed mass. On the other hand, our analysis of recent LF measurements at z ≈ 10 shows that the paucity of detected galaxies is consistent with almost no change in the average luminosity at fixed halo mass from z ≈ 8. The LF slope also constrains the variation about this mean such that the luminosity of galaxies hosted by halos of the same mass are all within about an order-of-magnitude of each other. We show that these results are well-described by a simple model of galaxy formation in which cold-flow accretion is balanced by star formation and momentum-driven outflows. If galaxy formation proceeds in halos with masses down to 108M⊙, then such a model predicts that LBGs at z ≈ 10 should be able to maintain an ionized intergalactic medium as long as the ratio of the clumping factor to the ionizing escape fraction is C/fesc≲10.
Stratospheric discharges during solar gamma flares

It is known that specifics of angle distribution of recoiling electrons being generated at the Compton scattering process of the gamma quanta (electrons flight angles spectrum is [0,180°]) creates favourable conditions for the production of after-collision electron flux along the original direction of the gamma quanta motion, which means that electric current is initiated. The weak values of the gamma ray fluxes from sources in space made difficult the geophysical applications of this concept. However, recent investigations have shown that taking into consideration the real variations of the energy spectrum of space gamma rays may increase significantly the impact of the weak stratosphere currents on the parameters of the global atmosphere–ionosphere electric circuit. Earlier, this theoretical model has been used as a possible basis of the direct driven mechanism of development of the large-scale geomagnetic oscillations during solar gamma flares. This paper emphasizes the storage–release aspect of the stratosphere currents occurring in the light of the corresponding electric field generation and discusses the probability of electric breakdown at the sub-ionosphere altitudes.
A search for relativistic magnetic monopoles with the icecube 22-string detector

Title of dissertation: A SEARCH FOR RELATIVISTIC MAGNETIC MONOPOLES WITH THE ICECUBE 22-STRING DETECTOR Brian J. Christy, Doctor of Philosophy, 2011 Dissertation directed by: Professor Kara Hoffman Department of Physics Magnetic monopoles are particles which act as a source for divergent magnetic fields, equivalent to a proton’s electric field. Beyond simply adding the final symmetry to Maxwell’s equations, their existence would solve numerous outstanding problems in the particle physics community. However, no conclusive evidence for their existence has been found. Magnetic monopoles possess many unique characteristics that allow for detection from a variety of experimental methods. One property is the large scaling of the Cherenkov radiation (∼ 8300) compared to electrically charged particles. Magnetic monopoles are postulated to be extremely heavy (∼ 104−1017 GeV). However, they would be topologically stable and accelerated via magnetic field lines throughout the universe, potentially reaching energies ∼ 10 GeV. Therefore, searches for relativistic magnetic monopoles incident on Earth are an important piece to the overall experimental search. The IceCube neutrino observatory, located at the South Pole, offers a novel environment to search for these particles. IceCube is a km grid of light sensors buried deep within the Antarctic Ice Shelf and represents the most colossal neutrino telescope in the world. The large instrumented volume and relatively clear glacial ice allows for a significant improvement in sensitivity to the bright tracks relativistic magnetic monopoles would exhibit. The main background comes from large muon bundles produced in air showers generated by the highest energy cosmic rays. The depth of the detector allows for a limited rejection of these events from the Southern Hemisphere, while the Earth acts as an opaque shield to these events traveling from the Northern Hemisphere. In contrast, a large range of potential magnetic monopole masses and energies considered (M & 10 GeV, E & 10 GeV) can travel completely through the Earth while remaining relativistic. This dissertation details the first search performed for these relativistic magnetic monopoles with IceCube data. The data is from 2007, when IceCube operated as a partially completed detector with an instrumented volume of ∼ 0.2 km. It considers monopoles at four discrete speeds: β = 0.76, 0.8, 0.9, 0.995, ranging from just above the Cherenkov threshold in ice to a boost factor of 10. Discrimination between a potential magnetic monopole signal and background is achieved by considering the brightness and direction of the event. After an initial search revealed deficiencies in the simulated background model, a more conservative analysis produces limits that are ∼ 10 x better than previous searches. The final limits are then transformed to be a limit on an isotropic flux at the Earth’s surface, due to the dependence on direction to the overall sensitivity of the analysis. A SEARCH FOR RELATIVISTIC MAGNETIC MONOPOLES WITH THE ICECUBE 22-STRING DETECTOR
Spatial Statistics and Bayesian Computation

on Wednesday, May 6th, 1992, Professor B. W. Silverman in the Chair] SUMMARY Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms, such as the Gibbs sampler, have provided a Bayesian inference machine in image analysis and in other areas of spatial statistics for several years, founded on the pioneering ideas of Ulf Grenander. More recently, the observation that hyperparameters can be included as part of the updating schedule and the fact that almost any multivariate distribution is equivalently a Markov random field has opened the way to the use of MCMC in general Bayesian computation. In this paper, we trace the early development of MCMC in Bayesian inference, review some recent computational progress in statistical physics, based on the introduction of auxiliary variables, and discuss its current and future relevance in Bayesian applications. We briefly describe a simple MCMC implementation for the Bayesian analysis of agricultural field experiments, with which we have some practical experience.
Effect of shade on various parameters of Friesian cows in a Mediterranean climate in South Africa. 3. Behaviour

The effect of a shade structure on the behaviour of lactating Friesian cows in open camps (dry lots) was determined over two consecutive summer periods. The daily activities of cows were obsened and recorded on 9 separate 24-h periods. Shade cows spent more time (P 80qo) in beide groepe het direk na terugkoms vanaf die melkportaal begin vreet. Gedurende die oggend was die vreettyd ongeveer 2.5 h, terwyl dit na die middagmelking korter was (waarskynlik weens hoer omgewingstemperature) en ongeveer 60Vo van die koeie het weer om 19:00 begin vreet. Koeie sonder skaduwee het gedurende die dag langer gestaan (P < 0.05) as koeie met toegang tot skaduwee en het geneig om rondom die waterkrip saam te drom. Koeie met skaduwee het daarenteen geneig (P < 0.10) om langer, hoofsaaklik onder die skaduwee-afdak, te l0 om te herkou of te slaap. Die gedragspatroon van koeie met of sonder skaduwee het aangetoon dat koeie bepaalde gedragsveranderinge toon in 'n
An historical review of the development of high-field electromagnets, particularly with regard to the theory of mechanical strength and the limits of performance

The development of high-intensity electromagnets, hand in hand with the development of science, is traced since the discoveries of Oersted, particular emphasis being placed on normal conducting devices both continuously energized and pulsed. Those aspects which most limit the performance of high-intensity electromagnets are reviewed and fundamental limitations, where they exist are pointed out. One of the most important limitations, that of mechanical strength, is treated in some depth, particularly the historical development of stress analysis. Finally, the author discusses the likely impact of magnetic technology, including superconducting technology, upon the future of our society.
Electron contamination from the lead cutout used in kilovoltage radiotherapy

In kilovoltage radiotherapy, low-energy electrons are generated on the lead cutout plate frequently used to shape the x-ray field. They can cause surface dose enhancement and affect the percentage depth dose (PDD) and cutout factor when these parameters are measured with a parallel-plate chamber. Although many previous studies concerning a similar surface dose enhancement have suggested using a thin electron filter to eliminate the effect of these low-energy electrons, no details have been given regarding the adequacy of the filter. This paper describes the procedures required to test an electron filter for our Darpec 2000 superficial x-ray machine. A piece of plain paper was found to be an adequate electron filter, which could block all the low-energy electrons without affecting the PDD and cutout factor measurement. The surface dose enhancement caused by the presence of the cutout plate was studied with such a filter. The enhancement was found to increase with x-ray energy and decrease with cutout size as well as applicator size. At the highest x-ray energy in this study (120 kV, HVL 8.6 mmAl), the enhancement ranges from less than 1% for a 8 cm diameter cutout to a maximum of 14% for a 2 cm diameter cutout with a 10 cm applicator. For a 5 cm diameter applicator it ranges from about 1% to about 11%. The difference between the measured and predicted cutout factor displays similar characteristics. Since the low-energy electrons do not generate any useful treatment dose but their presence can lead to potential dosimetry problems, we suggest that a filter tested with the procedure described in this paper should be used when percentage depth dose and cutout factor for kilovoltage x-ray are measured with a parallel-plate chamber.
Achieving aggressive goals through Lean Six Sigma: A case study to improve revenue collection

ABSTRACT Lean Six Sigma is typically used to address tightly scoped issues through short-term projects (four–six months). Yet, many improvement efforts have aggressive goals that cannot be addressed in a short timeframe. This research provides an example regarding how to use the Lean Six Sigma methodology iteratively to address a vigorous improvement goal. Within a subsea oil and gas service provider, this approach led to changes in the billing process that reduced the time-to-invoice by approximately 50 percent. While all Lean Six Sigma tools are not used in this case study, methods tapping into expertise within the organization are demonstrated.
MHz LED source for nanosecond fluorescence sensing

An inexpensive and portable pulsed light emitting diode (LED) source with variable repetition rate up to 10 MHz suitable for time-resolved fluorescence sensing in medical, environmental and industrial applications is described. The pocket-sized battery-driven source is pulsed by signals from a simple logic circuit, giving measured optical pulse widths of ~1.9 ns at 525 nm as recorded using time-correlated single-photon counting. Pulses are presented for three LEDs with peak emissions at 525, 560 and 590 nm. The measurement performance is illustrated by the fluorescence lifetime and anisotropy decay of rhodamine 6G in various solvents and a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensor for detecting metal ions in water which uses a new measurand, namely the site distribution function ρ(r) of metal ion acceptors accumulating in an anionic porous polymer with respect to the donor fluorophores. The ρ(r) dependence reveals a minimum fluorophore-metal ion separation of ~7 Å which explains the selectivity of such FRET sensors in discriminating against other quenching mechanisms.
Brane induced gravity, its ghost and the cosmological constant problem

``Brane Induced Gravity'' is regarded as a promising framework for addressing the cosmological constant problem, but it also suffers from a ghost instability for parameter values that make it phenomenologically viable. We carry out a detailed analysis of codimension > 2 models employing gauge invariant variables in a flat background approximation. It is argued that using instead a curved background sourced by the brane would not resolve the ghost issue, unless a very specific condition is satisfied (if satisfiable at all). As for other properties of the model, from an explicit analysis of the 4-dimensional graviton propagator we extract a mass, a decay width and a momentum dependent modification of the gravitational coupling for the spin 2 mode. In the flat space approximation, the mass of the problematic spin 0 ghost is instrumental in filtering out a brane cosmological constant. The mass replaces a background curvature that would have had the same function. The optical theorem is used to demonstrate the suppression of graviton leakage into the uncompactified bulk. Then, we derive the 4-dimensional effective action for gravity and show that general covariance is spontaneously broken by the bulk-brane setup. This provides a natural realization of the gravitational Higgs mechanism. We also show that the addition of extrinsic curvature dependent terms has no bearing on linearized brane gravity.
Incorporating three-dimensional mechanisms into two-dimensional dislocation dynamics

Constitutive rules are developed to include three-dimensional dislocation mechanisms, such as line tension and dynamic junction formation, within a two-dimensional dislocation dynamics formulation. Some of the junctions that form dynamically can operate as Frank–Read sources. Boundary value problems are solved by using superposition to represent the solution in terms of the infinite medium fields for discrete dislocations and non-singular complementary fields that enforce the boundary conditions. This framework is used to analyse the plane strain tension of a single crystal. Calculations are carried out to strains of 3–8%, and the transition from stage I to II hardening is exhibited. The dependence of this transition and of the stage II hardening on constitutive parameters is explored. A variety of stress–strain responses are obtained and compared with available experimental results. The emergence of dislocation cells is seen and the structure of the cells is described.
Impacts on cosmological constraints from degeneracies

In this paper, we study the degeneracies among several cosmological parameters in detail and discuss their impacts on the determinations of these parameters from the current and future observations. By combining the latest data sets, including type-Ia supernovae ``Union2.1'' compilation, WMAP seven-year data and the baryon acoustic oscillations from the SDSS Data Release Seven, we perform a global analysis to determine the cosmological parameters, such as the equation of state of dark energy w, the curvature of the universe Ωk, the total neutrino mass ∑mν, and the parameters associated with the power spectrum of primordial fluctuations (ns, αs and r). We pay particular attention on the degeneracies among these parameters and the influences on their constraints, by with or without including these degeneracies, respectively. We find that w and Ωk or ∑mν are strongly correlated. Including the degeneracies will significantly weaken the constraints. Furthermore, we study the capabilities of future observations and find these degeneracies can be broken very well. Consequently, the constraints of cosmological parameters can be improved dramatically.
The distribution of vertices in strata of plane planted forests

Piles are installed in locations wherein a bearing stratum is submerged beneath a soft nonsupporting stratum. A tubular displacement element is driven down into the bearing stratum by means of a driving member capable of transmitting dynamic driving forces and load resistance effects from one end to the other. The driving member is than removed and a static load carrying column is installed on the displacement element.
A new approach and model for accurate determination of the dynamic pull-in parameters of microbeams actuated by a step voltage

Accurate determination of pull-in voltage and pull-in position is crucial in the design of electrostatically actuated microbeam-based devices. In the past, there have been many works on analytical modeling of the static pull-in of microbeams. However, unlike the static pull-in of microbeams where the analytical models have been well established, there are few works on analytical modeling of the dynamic pull-in of microbeam actuated by a step voltage. This paper presents two analytical approximate models for calculating the dynamic pull-in voltage and pull-in position of a cantilever beam and a clamped–clamped beam, respectively. The effects of the fringing field are included in the two models. The two models are derived based on the energy balance method. An N-order algebraic equation for the dynamic pull-in position is derived. An approximate solution of the N-order algebraic equation yields the dynamic pull-in position and voltage. The accuracy of the present models is verified by comparing their results with the experimental results and the published models available in the literature.
Cortical Representation Underlying the Semantic Processing of Numerical Symbols: Evidence from Adult and Developmental Studies

'II! STATEMENT'OF'CO/AUTHORSHIP'. 'IV! DEDICATION'. 'V! ACKNOWLEDGEMENT'. 'VI! TABLE'OF'CONTENTS'. 'VII! LIST'OF'TABLES'. 'X! LIST'OF'FIGURES'. 'XII! LIST'OF'APPENDICES'. 'XVI! CHAPTER'1:'GENERAL'INTRODUCTION'. '1! 1.1. THE! IMPORTANCE! OF! NUMBER! 1! 1.2. HISTORY! OF! HINDUGARABIC! NUMERALS! 3! 1.3. A! SENSE! FOR! NONGSYMBOLIC! NUMERICAL! MAGNITUDES! 7! 1.4. SYMBOLIC! NUMERICAL! MAGNITUDE! PROCESSING! 11! 1.5. NEURONAL! ARCHITECTURE! OF! SYMBOLIC! NUMBER! PROCESSING! 18! 1.6. NEURAL! CORRELATES! OF! NUMERICAL! AND! NONGNUMERICAL! MAGNITUDE! PROCESSING! 25! 1.7. DEVELOPMENTAL! CHANGES! IN! THE! CORTICAL! REPRESENTATION! OF! SYMBOLIC! NUMERICAL! MAGNITUDES! 28! 1.8. OVERVIEW! OF! THE! THESIS! 30! 1.9. REFERENCES! 34! CHAPTER 2:'NEURAL'CORRELATES'UNDERLYING'THE'PROCESSING'OF'NUMERICAL' AND'NON/NUMERICAL'MAGNITUDE'. '39! 2.1. INTRODUCTION! 39! 2.2. MATERIALS! AND! METHODS! 44! 2.2.1. $Participants$. $44! 2.2.2. $Task$Design$and$Stimuli$. $44! 2.2.2.1. Number! Line! Estimation! (NLE)! 45! 2.2.2.2. Brightness! Estimation! (BE)! 47! 2.2.2.3. Control! Condition! 47! 2.2.3. $Procedure$. $48! 2.2.4. $Data$Acquisition$. $49! 2.3. DATA! ANALYSIS! 50! 2.3. 1. $Tasks$>$control$condition$. $51! 2.3. 2. $Areas$involved$in$both$number$line$and$brightness$estimation$. $51! 2.3. 3. $Analyses$used$to$investigate$distinct$activation$for$number$and$brightness$. $51! 2.4. RESULTS! 52! 2.4. 1. $Behavioural$Results$. $52! 2.4. 2. $fMRI$Results$. $53! 2.4. 2.1. Number! and! brightness! versus! control! 53! 2.4. 2.2. Common! activations! for! number! and! brightness! 56! 2.4. 2.3. Number! specific! activations! 56! 2.5. DISCUSSION! 58!