Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
LARVAL DIGENEANS OF MAMMALS IN FRESHWATER INVERTEBRATES AS INTERMEDIATE HOSTS

In the majority of digeneans infecting Insectivora, the larval stages are found in snails (cercaria) and terrestrial or aquatic invertebrates (metacercaria). The diets of both the Pyrenean desman Galemys pyrenaicus (Talpidae) and aquatic shrews (genus Neomys) include a wide variety of aquatic invertebrates that can act as the second intermediate host of several species of digeneans. In 2004, sampling was performed in the Py Natural Reserve (French Pyrenees). A total of 912 Bythinella rufescens (first intermediate host) and 167 non-mollusc aquatic invertebrates (second intermediate hosts) were studied for the detection of larval stages of digeneans. Two species of digenean trematodes were recovered as cercariae and metacercariae. These two species were Pseudocephalotrema pyrenaica (Lecithodendriidae) and Skrjabinophyetus neomydis (Nanophyetidae). In snails their general prevalence was 20.4 % and 1.97 % respectively. In the second intermediate hosts the corresponding prevalence rates were 22.15 % and 3 %, respectively. The study of larval digeneans of invertebrates can be used to detect the presence of small mammals.
Cytotoxic Isothiocyanates from Moringa oleifera Lam Seeds

seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam afforded 4-(4′-Oacetyl-α-L-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate (1), 4-(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate (2), squalene (3) and sitosterol (4). The dichloromethane extract of the air-dried leaves of M. oleifera afforded polyprenol (5), phytyl fatty acid ester (6) and lutein (7). The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, while those of 3-7 were identified by comparison of their C NMR data with those reported in the literature. T
Evaluation of lipolysis in set-type fermented milks made with different commercial yoghurts starter cultures during storage

The effects of commercial yoghurt starter cultures and storage period on lipolysis in set-type fermented milks produced from cow's milk and aromatic cultures such as CH-1, YF-3331 and YC-350. All samples were analyzed at days 1, 7, 14 and 21 of storage for the determination of free fatty acids (FFA) and overall flavour as well as gross-chemical composition. Total solids, protein (TNx6.38), fat and ash of yoghurts were about 13.46±0.02%, 3.70±0.04%, 3.32±0.02% and 0.78±0.05% from the beginning to the end of storage, respectively. During the manufacture and storage of yoghurts the amount of individual FFAs varied significantly depending on type of culture used (P<0.01). Culture YC-350, with respect to the total level of FFA, showed the highest lipolytic activity, followed by YF-3331 and CH-1 cultures. In sensory evaluation, yoghurt with culture YC-350 had the highest total FFA content (539μg/100g) and received the highest overall flavour scores by panelists.
Interactions of Fenoxaprop-ethyl with Bensulfuron and Bentazon in Dry-Seeded Rice (Oryza sativa)

Field experiments were conducted in 1993 and 1994 to evaluate barnyardgrass control with fenoxaprop-ethyl applied alone or in a mixture with bentazon or bensulfuron. Bensulfuron at 52 g ai/ha did not reduce barnyardgrass control with fenoxaprop-ethyl applied at rates of 56, 75, or 94 g ai/ha. In contrast, mixing bentazon at 1.1 kg ae/ha with fenoxaprop-ethyl reduced barnyardgrass control and rice yield compared with fenoxaprop-ethyl applied alone or mixed with bensulfuron.
Suitability of a lime source high in manganese as a feed ingredient for sheep

An investigation was conducted to ascertain whether a source of feed lime (Ouplaas lime) high in manganese (5000 mg Mn/kg) is a safe feed ingredient for sheep. Two levels of Ouplaas lime, 1% and 4%, were included in a sheep finishing diet and compared with another lime source (Kulu lime; 45 mg Mn/kg) which was included at the same levels in the diets. Lambs were fed individually for 69 days. In the final feed mixtures none of the diets contained toxic levels of any minerals. No significant differences between treatments with the same level of lime inclusion occurred in: growth rate, feed intake and utilization, plasma enzyme levels, mineral concentrations in plasma, faeces and kidneys, mineral content of livers, haematology, histopathology of livers and kidneys and bone measurements. It is concluded that the Ouplaas lime, when included at realistic concentrationsin diets, poses no risk to the health of sheep. Ondersoek is ingestel na die veiligheid om 'n voerkalk (Ouplaaskalk) met 'n hoe mangaaninhoud (5 000 mg Mn/kg) aan skape te voer. Die Ouplaaskalk is teen 1% en 4% in 'n vetmestingsrantsoen vir lammers geplaas en vergelyk met 'n ander b'ron van kalk (Kulukalk; 45 mg Mn/kg), ingesluit teen dieselfde vlakke. Lammers in die vier behandelings is vir 69 dae individueel gevoer en daarna geslag. Die finale rantsoene het geen minerale teen toksiese vlakke bevat nie. Geen statisties-betekenisvollve verskille tussen behandelings wat dieselfde peil kalk bevat het, is waargeneem in: groeitempo, voerinname, voeromsetting, ensiempeile in plasma, konsentrasie van minerale in die plasma mis en niere, mineraalinhoud van die lewer, haematologie, histopatologie van die lewers en niere en metings op ribmonsters nie. Dit blyk dat Ouplaaskalk, mits dit teen realistiese vlakke in rantsoene gevoeg word, geen gesondheidsrisiko vir skape inhou nie. Keywords : Feed lime, health, manganese, sheep.
Haematological and Serum Biochemical Indices of Growing Rabbits Fed Diets Containing Varying Levels of Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal

Aims: To determine the influence of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on haematological and serum biochemical indices of growing rabbits fed diets containing varying levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal. Study Design: Completely randomized design. Place and Duration of Study: At the Rabbit unit of the Teaching and Research farm of Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu, Ivo L.G. A. , State, Nigeria, between May, 2015 and July 2015. Methodology: 48 growing rabbits were used for this study. Four diets were formulated such that diets T1, T2, T3 and T4 contain MOLM at 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively. The diets were offered to the growing rabbits, which were randomly divided into 4 groups of 12 rabbits each, with 4 animals constituting a replicate in a completely randomized design pattern. Each animal received the experimental diet for 49 days. Blood samples were drawn from each animal on the last day of Original Research Article Jiwuba et al.; BBJ, 15(2): 1-7, 2016; Article no.BBJ. 28095 2 the trial and evaluated for haematological and serum biochemical indices, data obtained were analysed statistically. Results: Results showed that packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin Mean cell haemoglobin concentration and white blood cell differed (P<0.05) significantly, while red blood cell, mean cell haemoglobin and mean cell volume were similar (P>0.05) among the groups PCV ranged between 35.01–36.59%. Haemoglobin was improved (p<0.05) by Moringa oleifera leaf meal at 30% inclusion level. White blood cell (WBC) count of weaner rabbits in treatment groups was significantly (p<0.05) higher and better than the control. All the serum biochemical indices were significantly (P<0.05) except creatinine. Cholesterol was lowest at 30% inclusion indicating the antidiabetic properties of the test ingredient. Conclusions: All the parameters studied fell within the normal range reported for clinically healthy rabbits; an indication that MOLM had a beneficial effect on health status of rabbits.
Competition and coexistence in an insular ant community, a manipulation experiment (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Colonies of the red wood ant Formica truncorum were transferred to offshore islets in the Gulf of Finland previously lacking this or other sg. Formica species. The result of this ecological manipulation experiment shows that F. truncorum by weakening populations of Lasius niger may at the same lime boost the nest numbers of Lasius jlavus and Leptothorax sp. The findings confirming previous notions of stable competition between L. niger and L. flavus indicate that Leptothorax sp. may also be involved in the competitive network. Such findings as the hostility between F. truncorum and L. niger are discussed.
THERMOREGULATORY BEHAVIOR DURING INCUBATION

tight coupling between the daytime incubation behavior of Heermann's gulls (Larus heermanni) and thermal conditions in the rookery. By means of thermoregulatory behavior, these gulls are able to maintain their own thermal balance while protecting their eggs from overheating on the Mexican desert islands where they breed. The various components of their behavioral thermoregulation facilitate either heat retention or heat loss through modification of convective heat loss and evaporative cooling. These behavioral components were assigned arbitrary numerical values, and a thermoregulatory index ranging from -1.0 (heat retention) to 8.0 (maximum heat loss) was computed for a variety of thermal conditions. This index was most strongly correlated with substrate temperature (RHO = .87), evidently because this physical parameter integrates the thermal conditions in the rookery in a manner similar to that of the gulls themselves.
Effect of ammonium-N on malic enzyme and lipid production in Rhodotorula glutinis grown on monosodium glutamate wastewater

Abstract Rhodotorula glutinis, an oil producing strain, can utilize monosodium glutamate (MSG) wastewater as a raw material for lipid production. The effects of ammonium-N in the MSG wastewater (ammonium 15,000–25,000 mg/L, COD 30,000–50,000 mg/L) on cell growth, lipid accumulation and malic enzyme activity of R. glutinis have been studied. Four initial ammonium sulfate concentrations in the medium were set, which were 20, 60, 100, and 140 g/L. With an increase in the ammonium sulfate concentration, the uptake of ammonia nitrogen and lipid accumulation increased while the biomass decreased at 72 h. The maximum value of ammonia nitrogen consumption reached 5.77 g/L for an initial ammonium sulfate concentration of 140 g/L at 72 h. In addition, 60 g/L ammonium sulfate concentration may be an appropriate concentration for R. glutinis cultivation. The activity of the malic enzyme was measured and the results showed that there was a linear relationship between the intracellular lipid content and the total malic enzyme activity.
Population Status of the Eastern Phoebe in South-Central North Carolina: Breeding Increase at Water-Based Anthropogenic Sites Congruent with Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) and Christmas Bird Count (CBC) Data

Abstract Few studies in southeastern North America have compared local data sets to locally based results from 2 national surveys (North American breeding bird survey [BBS], Christmas bird count [CBC]). In 2012, I reexamined nest-site type use and nest type of Sayornis phoebe (Eastern Phoebe) at 109 water-based anthropogenic structures originally studied in south-central North Carolina in 1981. In 2012, Eastern Phoebes still strongly preferred breeding at small bridges with ledges, especially at the same structures where I studied them in 1981, even though use of other nest-site types slightly increased except at circular culverts, where no Eastern Phoebes nested. During the 31-year interval between studies, ∼1/3rd of the bridges (20 of 62; 32%) were replaced with structures less favorable as nest-sites; thus, a lower number and proportion of small bridges with ledges were available in 2012. Although breeding Eastern Phoebes are still slowly increasing in abundance at water-based anthropogenic sites in south-central North Carolina, I project that this population will reach zero growth in 2027 as replacement of small bridges with ledges by other structures continues. The findings from this local water-based anthropogenic nest-site survey in south-central North Carolina was congruent with results from 2 national surveys (BBS, CBC) in a portion of the Pee Dee region in documenting a modest increase in the number of Eastern Phoebes during a time span ranging over 30 years.
Preparing tomorrow's foresters: Embedding professional interactive skills in a technical discipline

In recent surveys, employers of forestry graduates have indicated that interpersonal skills as well as technical competencies are essential for long-term success in forestry. These employers find that many recent graduates fall short in their ability to work in teams, listen to and address public questions, and solve problems collaboratively. New classroom approaches that embed interactive skills within a disciplinary framework can assist students in developing those necessary social skills and at the same time enhance students' learning and retention of technical information. A six-course sequence for Iowa State University sophomores illustrates the concept of cooperative learning as an alternative to individual and competitive learning models. Instructors find that supervised practice of interactive skills in a classroom environment develops the professional competencies employers want.
Growth and 14C-Photosynthate Allocation in Citrus Nursery Trees Subjected to One of Three Bud-forcing Methods

Three commercially employed treatments to force scion bud growth were compared using greenhouse- grown 'Carrizo' citrange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. ) seedlings budded with 'Hamlin' orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. ). Scion buds were forced either by 1) cutting off (removing the rootstock shoot above the bud union); 2) lopping (cutting half-way through the rootstock shoot above the bud union and breaking over the rootstock stem); or 3) bending (bending the rootstock shoot to its base and tying it in position). Plants were harvested, dried, and weighed at various times after scion shoot emergence. Plants on which rootstock shoots remained attached (lopping or bending) had the largest scion leaf area and gained the most scion and whole-plant dry weight. Bending rootstock shoots also resulted in a longer scion, more leaves, and higher root dry weight than did removal of rootstock shoots by cutting off. Few differences in overall growth were observed among trees retaining their rootstock shoots after two scion growth flushes. Removal of rootstock shoots after the first scion growth flush reduced leaf area and dry weight gain of the second scion growth flush; however, it did not affect total scion leaf area or dry weight. Analysis of 14 C-photosynthate transfer from labeled rootstock leaves showed that bending allowed the greatest movement of labeled assimilates to other plant parts during the 24 hours after 14 CO2 fixation. Radiolabeled photosynthates from rootstock leaves were partitioned primarily to shoots during scion growth flushes and to roots during periods between growth flushes. Commonly used methods in citrus nurseries to reduce or elim- inate apical dominance and force scion bud growth are cutting off, lopping, and bending (Tucker and Youtsey, 1984) and in some instances notching the rootstock seedling above the bud union (Rouse, 1988). Our survey revealed that cutting off was the most popular bud forcing method for container-grown trees followed by bending (Williamson and Castle, 1989). Lopping was preferred in field nurseries and 20% of both nursery types used more than one method to force buds. Bending is common in California where scions are budded relatively high on the rootstock (Newcomb and Teague, 1977; Platt and Optiz, 1973). Optiz et al. (1968) suggested that lopping or cutting off should be used in. the fall, and spring buds should be forced by lopping or bending. In Florida, the scion/rootstock combination is some- times a factor in the selection of a forcing method (Williamson and Castle, 1989). Few quantitative comparisons have been made of bud forc- ing methods on citrus nursery tree growth. Moore (1978) re- ported generally faster, continuous growth from bending or
Effect of Nephthyl Acetic Acid Foliar Spray on Amelioration of Drought Stress Tolerance in Maize (Zea mays L.)

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to determine the effect of nephthyl acetic acid (NAA) on the physiological mechanism of drought tolerance in selected maize (Zea mays L.) varieties under induced drought stress at the vegetative stage. Maize seeds were sown in plastic pots (14 cm lower inside diameter, 18.5 cm upper inner diameter, 15.6 cm height, and 0.5 cm thickness) filled with 3 kg of air-dried soil and sand (3:1) in triplicate in the greenhouse of the Botany Department, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda in 2014. Results showed that the activities of antioxidant enzymes and proline accumulation were associated with the dry mass production and consequently with the drought tolerance of the maize varieties. It has been concluded that the inhibitory effects of water stress were ameliorated by exogenous application of NAA and were found to be significant for antioxidant enzymes at the vegetative stage in both varieties.
Interpretation of paleoecological similarity matrices

Consider a one-dimensional sequence (temporal or spatial) of samples from a many-species community. The sequence may exhibit no steady change, or gradual, steady change, or one or more abrupt, stepwise changes. The pattern is graphically displayed in a similarity matrix, whose elements are the pairwise similarities between every possible pair of samples. Statistical study of the patterns of similarity matrices will be shown to be informative. A criterion, Q, is proposed for measuring the “disarray” of a similarity matrix; matrices constructed from “perfect” sequences, exhibiting uninterrupted steady change, have Q = 0. The probability distribution of Q in “random” similarity matrices (constructed from sequences in which the ordering is wholly haphazard) is examined. Several applications are illustrated, using data on foraminiferal assemblages in marine sediment cores as examples. Use of the criterion permits the following: (1) Objective recognition of regions in which stratigraphy is especially well preserved. (2) Selection for study of cores in which the sequence of change is especially clear, and rejection of cores in which the natural sequence has been obscured by reworking. (3) Judgment as to whether, in sequences exhibiting stepwise changes, gradual change between the steps occurs as well. (4) Discrimination between species-sets that track gradual environmental change and sets that switch abruptly. (5) Objective choice of the best similarity index for measuring pairwise similarities in a given body of data.
Maori octopus (Octopus maorum) bycatch and southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) mortality in the South Australian lobster fishery

Octopuses are commonly taken as bycatch in many trap fisheries for spiny lobsters (Decapoda: Palinuridae) and can cause significant levels of within-trap lobster mortality. This article describes spatiotemporal patterns for Maori octopus (Octopus maorum) catch rates and rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) mortality rates and examines factors that are associated with within-trap lobster mortality in the South Australian rock lobster fishery (SARLF). Since 1983, between 38,000 and 119,000 octopuses per annum have been taken in SARLF traps. Catch rates have fluctuated between 2.2 and 6.2 octopus/100 trap-lifts each day. There is no evidence to suggest that catch rates have declined or that this level of bycatch is unsustainable. Over the last five years, approximately 240,000 lobsters per annum have been killed in traps, representing ~4% of the total catch. Field studies show that over 98% of within-trap lobster mortality is attributable to octopus predation. Lobster mortality rates are positively correlated with the catch rates of octopus. The highest octopus catch rates and lobster mortality rates are recorded during summer and in the more productive southern zone of the fishery. In the southern zone, within-trap lobster mortality rates have increased in recent years, apparently in response to the increase in the number of lobsters in traps and the resultant increase in the probability of octopus encountering traps containing one or more lobsters. Lobster mortality rates are also positively correlated with soak-times in the southern zone fishery and with lobster size. Minimizing trap soak-times is one method currently available for reducing lobster mortality rates. More significant reductions in the rates of within-trap lobster mortality may require a change in the design of lobster traps.
Selective Photothermal Tumor Therapy Using Nanodiamond‐Based Nanoclusters with Folic Acid

This paper describes the fabrication and evaluation of folic acid (FA)‐conjugated nanodiamond (ND) nanoclusters for selective photothermal tumor therapy. ND nanoclusters with surface carboxyl groups are aminated using ethylenediamine and conjugated with FA via carbodiimide chemistry. The temperature of an aqueous ND dispersion (10 μg mL−1) is increased to 54 °C upon laser exposure for 5 min. FA‐ND nanoclusters are preferentially taken up by KB cells (folate receptor positive) compared to WI‐38 (folate receptor negative) cells, suggesting specificity for tumor cells that overexpress folate receptors. Cell viability tests reveal that FA‐ND nanoclusters effectively and selectively ablate KB cells upon near‐infrared (NIR) laser exposure. In addition, fluorescence microscopy images confirm that only KB cells treated with FA‐ND nanoclusters are ablated in a spot (200 μm in diameter) by NIR laser exposure. In an animal model, a large amount of FA‐ND nanoclusters is accumulated into tumor tissue, resulting in dramatically reduced tumor volume post‐NIR laser exposure as compared to ND nanoclusters.
Artificial incubation of yellow-headed sideneck turtle Podocnemis unifilis eggs to reduce losses to flooding and predation, Cojedes and Manapire Rivers, southern Venezuela

SUMMARY Although widespread in South America, the yellow-headed sideneck turtle Podocnemis unifilis is considered ‘Vulnerable’ in Venezuela. A large proportion of eggs of this riverine species may be lost due to predation (including collection by humans) and floo ding. As a technique to enhance reproductive succes s, transfer of wild-laid eggs to protected zones for i ncubation has been successfully carried out. This s tudy undertaken in 2009, evaluated the hatch success of clutches transferred to artificial nest chambers at protected locations compared with natural clutches left in situ along stretches of the Cojedes and Manapire rivers (Venezuela). Along the Cojedes River, 78 tur tle nests were located, 27 of which were excavated and eggs transferred for incubation. In the Manapire Ri ver, 87 nests were located, eggs from 13 of which were transferred for incubation. In the Cojedes River, 2 8.2% of study clutches (n=22) were lost due to pred ation and flooding; in the Manapire River, 85% of nests ( n=74) were lost due to predation (humans and other animals). At Cojedes River, hatching success of egg s in artificial nests was 88.2% and 63.2% in natura l nests. At Manapire River, hatching success of eggs in artificial nests was 42% and 0% in natural nests .