Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards Understanding the Regularization of Adversarial Robustness on Neural Networks

The problem of adversarial examples has shown that modern Neural Network (NN) models could be rather fragile. Among the more established techniques to solve the problem, one is to require the model to be {\it $\epsilon$-adversarially robust} (AR); that is, to require the model not to change predicted labels when any given input examples are perturbed within a certain range. However, it is observed that such methods would lead to standard performance degradation, i.e., the degradation on natural examples. In this work, we study the degradation through the regularization perspective. We identify quantities from generalization analysis of NNs; with the identified quantities we empirically find that AR is achieved by regularizing/biasing NNs towards less confident solutions by making the changes in the feature space (induced by changes in the instance space) of most layers smoother uniformly in all directions; so to a certain extent, it prevents sudden change in prediction w.r. t. perturbations. However, the end result of such smoothing concentrates samples around decision boundaries, resulting in less confident solutions, and leads to worse standard performance. Our studies suggest that one might consider ways that build AR into NNs in a gentler way to avoid the problematic regularization.
Using a Community of Practice in Higher Education: Understanding the Demographics of Participation and Impact on Teaching.

Research in the higher education literature argues that communities of practice (CoPs) can be effective staff development by helping academics to share teaching experiences and innovations. One of the key proposed benefits of CoPs involves the opportunity for early-career practitioners to learn from more experienced colleagues. This raises the question as to whether the benefits of a CoP differ across academics according to their teaching experience, seniority, or other demographic features. After establishing a CoP within a highly-ranked UK business school, this paper provides a statistical analysis of its ability to engage and influence different academics. As consistent with our hypothesis, the main findings show that that: i) junior staff were significantly more likely to participate in the CoP than senior staff, and ii) conditional on participation, junior participants were also more likely to engage with the CoP by transferring an idea they had learned into their teaching practice.
Drivers of Frailty from Adulthood into Old Age: Results from a 27-Year Longitudinal Population-Based Study in Sweden

Abstract Background Frailty is a strong predictor of adverse outcomes. However, longitudinal drivers of frailty are not well understood. This study aimed at investigating the longitudinal trajectories of a frailty index (FI) from adulthood to late life and identifying the factors associated with the level and rate of change in FI. Methods An age-based latent growth curve analysis was performed in the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (N = 1,842; aged 29–102 years) using data from up to 15 measurement waves across 27 years. A 42-item FI was used to measure frailty at each wave. Results A bilinear, two-slope model with a turning point at age 65 best described the age-related change in FI, showing that the increase in frailty was more than twice as fast after age 65. Underweight, obesity, female sex, overweight, being separated from one’s co-twin during childhood, smoking, poor social support, and low physical activity were associated with a higher FI at age 65, with underweight having the largest effect size. When tested as time-varying covariates, underweight and higher social support were associated with a steeper increase in FI before age 65, whereas overweight and obesity were associated with less steep increase in FI after age 65. Conclusions Factors associated with the level and rate of change in frailty are largely actionable and could provide targets for intervention. As deviations from normal weight showed the strongest associations with frailty, future public health programs could benefit from monitoring of individuals with abnormal BMI, especially those who are underweight.
Adipose-tissue derived signals control bone remodelling

Long bones from mammals host blood cell formation and contain multiple cell types, including adipocytes. Physiological functions of bone marrow adipocytes are poorly documented. Herein, we used adipocyte-deficient PPARγ-whole body null mice to investigate the consequence of total adipocyte deficiency on bone homeostasis in mice. We first highlight the dual bone phenotype of PPARγ null mice: on the one hand the increase bone formation and subsequent trabecularization extending in the long bone diaphysis, due to the well-known impact of PPARγ deficiency on osteoblasts formation and activity; on the other hand, an increased osteoclastogenesis in the cortical bone. We then further explore the cause of this unexpected increased osteoclastogenesis using two independent models of lipoatrophy, which recapitulated this phenotype. This demonstrates that hyperosteoclastogenesis is not intrinsically linked to PPARγ deficiency, but is a consequence of the total lipodystrophy. We further showed that adiponectin, a cytokine produced by adipocytes and mesenchymal stromal cells is a potent inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, pharmacological activation of adiponectin receptors by the synthetic agonist AdipoRon inhibits mature osteoclast activity both in mouse and human cells by blocking podosome formation through AMPK activation. Finally, we demonstrated that AdipoRon treatment blocks bone erosion in vivo in a murine model of inflammatory bone loss, providing potential new approaches to treat osteoporosis.
A Literature Review on the Relationship between Disruption and Business Model Innovation: What Choices do Incumbents have?

innovation. Disruption literature, prior to the late ’90s’, alluded to incumbents’ failure or success for reasons such as the technology deployed by the organisation. However, a few years after the first publication of Christensen’s theory on disruption (1995), researchers, including Christensen, began to attribute the success or failure of organisations to business models and not to technology per se. Thus, how organisations innovate their business models explain how they will fare in the market. A systematic literature review of the extant literature on disruption and business models, between 1997 and 2019 was conducted. The content analysis revealed three key relationships between disruption and business model innovation: (1) Entrants deploying disruptive business models, (2) Incumbents creating new business models, and (3) Incumbents adapting existing business models.
Geospatial Analysis and Simulation of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood
Hazard in Hunza and Shyok Basins of Upper Indus Basin

Abstract. The UIB (Upper Indus Basin) is prone to GLOFs (Glacial Lake Outburst Floods). Physical monitoring of such a large area on regular basis is a challenging task especially when the temporal and spatial extent of the hazard is highly variable. The purpose of this study was to map the potentially dangerous glacial lakes and simulate the associated hazard in the downward settlements using HEC-RAS in the GIS environment using Landsat 7 remote sensing data. The study was conducted in Hunza and Shyok sub-basins of UIB where there are several human settlements which are endangered due to the GLOF hazard. Sudden breaches in the unstable moraine dams adjoining receding glaciers may occur because of rapid and huge accumulation of turbulent water in the glacial lakes. The ASTER DEM (Digital Elevation Model) is utilized to detect flow accumulation of glacial hazard involving slope, elevation, and orientation of the mountain glaciers. The study results revealed that settlements of Hunza and Shyok basins are threatened by the GLOFs hazard. Keeping in view the seasonal growth of the potentially dangerous glacial lakes of Hunza basin, a low discharge of 3500 m3/s from potentially dangerous glacial lake can affect 40 %, whereas, a moderate discharge of 5000 m3/s can affect 60% and a high discharge of 7000 m3/s can affect 80 % of the Shimshal village habitat. In Shyok basin, a low discharge of 100 m3/s from both lakes can affect 20 %, whereas, a moderate discharge of 300 m3/s can affect 30 % and a high discharge of 500 m3/s can affect 40 % of the Barah village habitat. The results of the study can provide a platform for the establishment of an early warning and monitoring system to minimize the impact of future GLOFs. Accurate and comprehensive knowledge of potentially dangerous GLOFs is of utmost importance for risk management. A digital repository of GLOFs can enhance the ability to inform policy makers on the vulnerability, risk mitigation and action/adaptation measures.
Bayesian predictive analysis for Weibull-Pareto composite model with an application to insurance data

Abstract Aminzadeh and Deng, respectively provide Bayesian predictive models for Exponential-Pareto and Inverse Gamma-Pareto composite distributions which are one-parameter models. The purpose of this article is to develop an alternative Bayesian predictive model (two-parameter) which can be used to compute important risk measures that are not defined via the above predictive models. Bayesian predictive density for the Weibull-Pareto composite distribution is developed and is used to compute risk measures such as Value at Risk (VaR), Conditional Tail Expectation (CTE), Predictive Expectation (PE), Limited Predictive Expected value (LPE), Limited Predictive Variance (LPV), and Limited Predictive Tail-VaR (LPCTE). Accuracy of parameter estimates as well as the risk measures are assessed via simulation studies. It is shown that the informative Bayes estimates are consistently more accurate than ML and the non-informative Bayes estimates. Backtesting for the risk measures is performed and goodness-of-fit of Weibull-Pareto among other composite models to the Danish fire data is assessed.
Health literacy and hypertension outcomes in a multi-ethnic population: the HELIUS study.

BACKGROUND Hypertension disproportionately affects ethnic minority groups. Although health literacy may play role in these ethnic inequalities, little is known about the extent to which health literacy affects hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in different ethnic groups. Therefore, we assessed these associations in a multi-ethnic population. METHODS Baseline data from the HELIUS study were used including participants of Dutch (n = 1948), South-Asian Surinamese (n = 2054) and African Surinamese (n = 1932) origin aged 18-70 years, who lived in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, were fluent in Dutch and underwent health literacy assessment through the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine-Dutch (REALM-D). The REALM-D was categorized either as low (<60 sumscore) or adequate (≥60 sumscore) health literacy. Participants completed questionnaires and underwent physical examination. RESULTS After adjusting for confounding variables, Dutch [odds ratio (OR) 2.02; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11-3.64] and African Surinamese (OR 1.36; 1.03-1.79) with low health literacy were more likely than those with adequate health literacy to have hypertension, whereas in South-Asian Surinamese this association was not significant. No significant associations were found between health literacy and hypertension awareness, treatment and control in any of the ethnic groups. CONCLUSION Findings indicate that health literacy is associated with hypertension prevalence in selected ethnic groups, but not with hypertension awareness, treatment and control. Targeting health literacy might be an entry point for tackling ethnic inequalities in hypertension prevalence. To substantially reduce these inequalities, further research is needed to explore other factors and pathways through which health literacy may impact hypertension outcomes in different ethnic groups.
Marine water environmental DNA metabarcoding provides a comprehensive fish diversity assessment and reveals spatial patterns in a large oceanic area

Current methods for monitoring marine fish diversity mostly rely on trawling surveys, which are invasive, costly and time-consuming. Moreover, these methods are selective, targeting a subset of species at the time, and can be inaccessible to certain areas. Here, we explore the potential of environmental DNA (eDNA), the DNA present in the water column as part of shed cells, tissues or mucus, to provide comprehensive information about fish diversity in a large marine area. Further, eDNA results were compared to the fish diversity obtained in pelagic trawls. A total of 44 5L-water samples were collected onboard a wide-scale oceanographic survey covering about 120,000 square kilometres in Northeast Atlantic Ocean. A short region of the 12S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced through metabarcoding generating almost 3.5 million quality-filtered reads. Trawl and eDNA samples resulted in the same most abundant species (European anchovy, European pilchard, Atlantic mackerel and blue whiting), but eDNA metabarcoding resulted in more detected fish and elasmobranch species (116) than trawling (16). Although an overall correlation between fish biomass and number of reads was observed, some species deviated from the common trend, which could be explained by inherent biases of each of the methods. Species distribution patterns inferred from eDNA metabarcoding data coincided with current ecological knowledge of the species, suggesting that eDNA has the potential to draw sound ecological conclusions that can contribute to fish surveillance programs. Our results support eDNA metabarcoding for broad scale marine fish diversity monitoring in the context of Directives such as the Common Fisheries Policy or the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.
The dynamic progress of myocardial infarction studied by spectroscopic techniques

Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic; Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and VUSCH, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Slovak Republic; Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic; Department of Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and VUSCH, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic; Department of Heart Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and VUSCH, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
Inclusion of Garlic (Allium Sativum.) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) powder to laying hens’ diets on egg quality traits, bacterial population and intestinal histomorphology

This study was carried out in poultry field belong to Animal production, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, for six periods (28 day/period) from July–January. The study aimed to determine the effect of adding natural additives garlic (Allium Sativum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)on egg quality, and small intestine histomorphology. A total number of 112, 42 weeks old, laying hens (Shaver strain) were divided to seven treatments with four replicates per treatment (four hens in replicate). Birds in Treatment 1 were fed a basal diet (Control) without any addition. Birds in treatment 2, Treatment 3 and Treatment 4 were fed diets supplemented with 0.25, 0.5 and 1% of garlic powder sequentially, Laying hens in Treatment 5,Treatment 6 and Treatment 7 were fed diets supplemented with 0.25, 0.5 and 1% of turmeric powder sequentially. All the treatments had the same feed. During the experimental periods Shell weight, Shell thickness, Egg Shape index, Albumen weight, Yolk weight, Yolk index and Haugh units were recorded. Laying hens supplemented with garlic and turmeric treatments showed no overall effect on quality characteristics except Albumen weight, Yolk weight and Yolk index. Hens fed diets with garlic (0.25%) recorded high values in albumin weights as compared with laying hens fed diets with garlic (0.5 and 1%). Moreover, hens fed diets with 1% garlic powder recorded highest weights in yolk weight. Laying hens in control group recorded lowest values in yolk index as compared with other treatments. No significant differences recorded in live body weight, dressing percentage and relative weights of liver, heart, spleen and gizzard. Also, results obtained garlic have most effect on decrease of total aerobic bacteria (P<0.05) on comparison to turmeric treatments, but garlic treatment (1%) shows the least rate of colibacilli grown as comparison with other treatments (P<0.05). However, turmeric (1%) supplement could not decrease population of bacteria. No significant differences were recorded between treatments in intestine morphology which included villus height, crypt depth and villus width in duodenum and jejunum.
Morality, Deterrability, and Offender Decision Making

Abstract Deterrence describes a process in which perceived risks and rewards influence offending decisions, whereas deterrability refers to the capacity or inclination to engage in this process. There are alternative forms of undeterrability. Incorrigible individuals offend regardless of how high the potential legal costs are and acute conformists refrain from crime regardless of how low the potential legal costs are. Using data from a nationwide survey of Americans (n = 955), the current study distinguishes two manifestations of morality hypothesized to underlie acute conformity. Results suggest that people's moral identity, which reflects their degree of commitment to ethical and prosocial ideals, informs their specific moral attitudes, or appraisals of the wrongfulness of particular behaviors. These constructs operate in tandem to produce acute conformity. Additionally, moral attitudes are found to vary by behavior resulting in within person heterogeneity in the acute conformity characterization. We discuss our findings as it relates to theoretical advancement of deterrability and policy that promotes conformity.
Improving the Image Acquisition Rate of an Atomic Force Microscope Through Spatial Subsampling and Reconstruction

Undersampling-based approaches in atomic force microscopy (AFM) aim to reduce the time to acquire an image by reducing the number of measurements needed while still maintaining image quality. The approach consists of two components: Data acquisition and image reconstruction. Successful practical implementation involves solving a variety of nontrivial problems. In this article, we describe an implementation based on a collection of short scans known as $\mu$–paths, and we demonstrate it on a commercial AFM using a grating sample. Reconstructions are made from the data using a new variant of basis pursuit designed to reduce artifacts arising from the sampling pattern. The quality of the resulting images is compared to images from standard raster scans of the same regions at comparable imaging rates using both the peak signal-to-noise ratio and the structured similarity index metric and a new metric we call the relative damage index. We also compare to simple subline sampling where only a subset of the rows of the image are acquired (followed by reconstruction). These experiments show that at low sampling densities and slow scan rates, $\mu$-path scanning achieves better image quality in less time than subline sampling. Conversely, for faster scan rates subline sampling is faster and, for higher sampling densities, achieves comparable image quality.
The interrelationship between SME government support programs, entrepreneurial orientation, and performance: A developing economy perspective

ABSTRACT This study explores the impact of government support programs (GSPs) on the interrelationships between the dimensions of the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and performance using a sample of agro-based small- and medium-sized enterprises in a developing economy. The study develops a two-dimensional metric of the GSP construct consisting of financial and non-financial GSP interventions. The study finds preliminary evidence that both nonfinancial and financial GSPs have moderating effects that can magnify the impact of the EO dimensions of innovativeness, risk taking, autonomy, and competitive aggressiveness on performance. These findings offer guidance to small business policymakers in developing economies.
PENGARUH KEMUDAHAN PENGGUNAAN, KUALITAS PELAYANAN,HARGA DAN PROMOSI TEHADAP KEPUASAAN PELANGGAN GRABFOOD

ABSTRACT This study aims to discuss the effect of ease of use, service quality, price and promotion of grabfood customer satisfaction in communities in the lowokwaru sub-district of Malang. using non-probability techniques with purposive sampling sampling techniques with special criteria. of the total population of 194,521 inhabitants of the lowokwaru sub-district of Malang city, 100 respondents were eligible. Data analysis in this study using SPSS 17. Application data used in this study include multiple linear regression analysis, validity test, reliability test, normality test, classic assumption test and hypothesis test. From the results of multiple linear regression analysis, it is known that simultaneous ease of use, service quality, price and promotion variables influence customer satisfaction. While the results of the t-test analysis revealed that the ease of use, servant quality, price and promotion variables had a significant influence on customer satisfaction. Keywords: Ease of Use ; Service Quality ; Price ; Promotion ; Customer Satisfaction
Prevalência e características dos eventos adversos a medicamentos no Brasil

Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever a prevalencia e fatores associados a eventos adversos a medicamentos (EAM) referidos por usuarios de medicamentos no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional, realizado no periodo de setembro de 2013 a fevereiro de 2014, com dados coletados na Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilizacao e Promocao do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM). Foram consideradas todas as pessoas que referiram o uso de medicamentos; entre elas, foram identificadas as que referiram pelo menos um problema com o uso do medicamento. Realizou-se uma analise descritiva para estimar a prevalencia e os intervalos de 95% de confianca (IC95%) de EAM entre as variaveis estudadas, e foram calculadas as razoes de prevalencia bruta e ajustada, pela regressao de Poisson, na investigacao dos fatores associados aos EAM. A prevalencia de EAM no Brasil foi de 6,6% (IC95%: 5,89-7,41), sendo maior e estatisticamente significante apos a realizacao da analise multivariada, entre pessoas do sexo feminino; residentes nas regioes Centro-oeste e Nordeste; que consumiam maior numero de medicamentos; que percebiam seu estado de saude como “ruim”; e que se automedicavam. Os EAM foram mais relatados para os medicamentos fluoxetina, diclofenaco e amitriptilina. Os EAM mais referidos pelos entrevistados foram sonolencia, dor epigastrica e nauseas. Os EAM mais referidos pelos entrevistados foram de natureza leve, considerados evitaveis e estiveram associados a medicamentos de uso frequente pela populacao. Em razao desse estudo, foi possivel conhecer a dimensao do problema ocasionado pelo uso de medicamentos no Brasil.