Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High-Resolution 3 Micron Spectroscopy of Molecules in the Mesosphere and Troposphere of Titan

A high-resolution 2.9-3.5 μm spectrum of Titan has revealed a surprisingly strong emission band of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and strong absorption bands of acetylene (C2H2) and monodeuterated methane (CH3D), in addition to methane (CH4) emission and absorption known from previous observations. Whereas the C2H2 and CH3D absorptions are largely in the troposphere, the HCN emission must occur at higher altitudes. However, the intensity of the HCN band is inconsistent with our current understanding of the upper atmosphere of Titan.
Probing deep level centers in GaN epilayers with variable-frequency capacitance-voltage characteristics of Au/GaN Schottky contacts

Under identical preparation conditions, Au/GaN Schottky contacts were prepared on two kinds of GaN epilayers with significantly different background electron concentrations and mobility as well as yellow emission intensities. Current-voltage (I-V) and variable-frequency capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics show that the Schottky contacts on the GaN epilayer with a higher background carrier concentration and strong yellow emission exhibit anomalous reverse-bias I-V and C-V characteristics. This is attributed to the presence of deep level centers. Theoretical simulation of the low-frequency C-V curves leads to a determination of the density and energy level position of the deep centers. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.
Evaluation of Spherical Parameterization Methods for Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Medical Images

The spherical parameterization is important for the correspondence problem that is a major part of statistical shape modelling for the reconstruction of patient-specific 3D models from medical images. In this paper, we present comparative studies of five common spherical mapping methods applied to the femur and tibia models: the Issenburg et al. method, the Alexa method, the Saba et al. method, the Praun et al. method and the Shen et al. method. These methods are evaluated using three sets of measures: distortion property, geometric error and distance to standard landmarks. Results show that the Praun et al. method performs better than other methods while the Shen et al. method can be regarded as the most reliable one for providing an acceptable correspondence result. We suggest that the area preserving property can be used as a sufficient condition while the angle preserving property is not important when choosing a spherical mapping method for correspondence application.
On gravity-driven flow through a reacting porous rock

We develop a model to describe the spreading of a reacting liquid which is injected at a steady rate into a permeable rock. We focus on the case in which there is a density difference between the host reservoir fluid and the injected liquid. We examine reactions which lead to precipitation and a decrease in permeability or dissolution and an increase in permeability. In both cases, we assume the reaction is rapid compared to the speed of the flow. As the current spreads under gravity, we show that the interface between the injected fluid and the original fluid and also the reaction front, may be described by similarity solutions. The morphology of the two interfaces is controlled by two parameters: the permeability ratio across the reaction front, k, and the speed of the reaction front as a fraction of the interstitial speed, λ. For a precipitation reaction, the reaction front lags some distance behind the leading edge of the region occupied by the injected fluid, and tends to terminate in a sharp vertical front. In contrast, for a dissolution reaction, the reaction front migrates as a gravity-driven finger along the base of the formation. In the case of large changes in permeability, kλ > 1, this finger advances to the front of the flow, whereas for smaller increases in permeability, kλ < 1, the finger is overrun with injected fluid which has already reacted and passed through the reaction front. We illustrate how these results are affected if the density of the reacting fluid decreases across the reaction zone. In the case of precipitation, small changes in density smooth out the leading edge of the reaction front, whereas large changes in density lead to slumping of the reaction front along the base of the current, and ultimately it extends to the nose of the flow. For dissolution reactions, the decrease in density across the reaction front causes the lateral extent of the finger to increase. As a result the critical value of the permeability ratio, k, for which the reaction front reaches the nose of the current decreases.
Analysis of Emergency Department Visits by Patients With Giant Cell Arteritis: A National Population-Based Study

Background There is scarcity of national level data on the reasons for Emergency Department (ED) presentation among patients with Giant cell arteritis (GCA) in the United States. This study aims to outline the most common reasons for ED presentation among these patients, and the baseline characteristics and outcomes of ED visits principally for GCA. Materials and methods We obtained data from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) 2018 database. Each ED visit in the NEDS has a principal diagnosis (the main reason for the visit) and can have up to 34 other secondary diagnoses. We searched for ED visits for patients aged ≥50 with any diagnosis of GCA using ICD-10 codes. The most common principal discharge diagnoses were divided into organ systems, and specific principal discharge diagnoses were recorded for ED visits among patients with GCA in descending order of frequency. We then outlined baseline characteristics and outcomes of ED visits with a principal diagnosis of GCA. Results There were 20,886 ED visits for patients with GCA in 2018. Infections, as well as rheumatologic and cardiovascular disease were the most common reasons for ED presentation, and GCA was the most common specific principal discharge diagnosis for ED visits. There were 3888 ED visits with a principal diagnosis of GCA. These patients were predominantly elderly females, admitted, Medicare insured, with minimal comorbidity burden, and presented to metropolitan teaching hospitals in the south. Conclusion GCA patients are most likely to present to the ED due to their underlying GCA. Infections and CV are also common reasons for presentation to the ED.
Magnetic domains of permalloy films for magnetic recording thin film heads observed by spin-polarized SEM

The domain structures of cores patterned in thin film heads for disk drive systems were investigated by using spin-polarized SEM. This method made it possible to determine the direction of the magnetization at the domains and domain walls in magnetic cores accurately. Domain structures in the track width, as small as 10 μ m could be observed. Domain structure could also be observed at the tapering area of a thin film head. It was found that the triangular domains without the closure domains are located at the edge of the magnetic core in single- and six-layered permalloy films in some cases. Such a domain structure was regarded as causing the wiggles in the read-out waveforms.
Magneto-optical study of Mn ions implanted in Ge

Summary form only given. The synthesis of optimal materials for spin dependent electronics is the challenging goal of recent studies. Magnetic multilayers are the most popular solution, but a promising alternative is constituted by magnetic semiconductors. One of these is Mn:Ge which shows ferromagnetic properties and magnetoresistance phenomena below room temperature, attributed to Mn/sub x/Ge/sub 1-x/ clusters. In the present work, we investigate the properties of samples obtained by implanting Mn/sup +/ ions on Ge(100) at energy of 100 keV, with a dose of 2 x 10/sup 16/ at. /cm/sup 2/. The temperature of the substrate was 300/spl deg/C. We report the results obtained in the as-prepared material, in the material annealed for 1 hour at 400/spl deg/C, and 600/spl deg/C.
Evaluation of Soybean Wildfire Prediction via Hyperspectral Imaging

Plant diseases that affect crop production and productivity harm both crop quality and quantity. To minimize loss due to disease, early detection is a prerequisite. Recently, different technologies have been developed for plant disease detection. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a nondestructive method for the early detection of crop disease and is based on the spatial and spectral information of images. Regarding plant disease detection, HSI can predict disease-induced biochemical and physical changes in plants. Bacterial infections, such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, are among the most common plant diseases in areas of soybean cultivation, and have been implicated in considerably reducing soybean yield. Thus, in this study, we used a new method based on HSI analysis for the early detection of this disease. We performed the leaf spectral reflectance of soybean with the effect of infected bacterial wildfire during the early growth stage. This study aimed to classify the accuracy of the early detection of bacterial wildfire in soybean leaves. Two varieties of soybean were used for the experiment, Cheongja 3-ho and Daechan, as control (noninoculated) and treatment (bacterial wildfire), respectively. Bacterial inoculation was performed 18 days after planting, and the imagery data were collected 24 h following bacterial inoculation. The leaf reflectance signature revealed a significant difference between the diseased and healthy leaves in the green and near-infrared regions. The two-way analysis of variance analysis results obtained using the Python package algorithm revealed that the disease incidence of the two soybean varieties, Daechan and Cheongja 3-ho, could be classified on the second and third day following inoculation, with accuracy values of 97.19% and 95.69%, respectively, thus proving his to be a useful technique for the early detection of the disease. Therefore, creating a wide range of research platforms for the early detection of various diseases using a nondestructive method such HSI is feasible.
Inversion of dual mode surface waves to determine elastic constants of anisotropic solid

Inversion of dual mode surface waves to determine elastic constants of anisotropic material is presented. In the present inversion, two types of surface acoustic wave velocities, the leaky Rayleigh and pseudo leaky Rayleigh modes, have been utilized as primary information. Elastic constants are determined from the directional dependences of both velocities using an optimization procedure. Based on the investigations of the convergence of the solution in inverse problem defined on a cubic crystal, it has been shown that the use of dual mode leaky surface waves considerably improves the stability of the solutions.
Child Support Grant expansion and cognitive function among women in rural South Africa: findings from a natural experiment in HAALSI cohort

Cash transfers are a promising but understudied intervention that may protect cognitive function in adults by promoting their cognitive reserve. South Africa has a rapidly ageing population, however, less is known about the nature of association between cash transfers and cognitive function in this setting. We leveraged natural experiments from Child Support Grant (CSG) age-eligibility expansions to investigate the association between duration of CSG eligibility and cognitive function among biological mothers of child beneficiaries in South Africa. We analysed 2014/2015 baseline data from 944 women, aged 40 - 59 years with at least one CSG-eligible child, enrolled in the HAALSI cohort in Agincourt, South Africa. Duration of CSG eligibility for each mother was calculated based on the birth dates of all their children and the CSG age eligibility expansion years. Cognitive function was measured using a cognitive battery administered to the mothers at baseline interview. Linear regression was used to estimate the association between duration of CSG eligibility, dichotomized as low ([≤]10 years) and high (>10 years) eligibility, and cognitive function z-scores of the mothers. Our study finds that high duration of CSG eligibility, compared to low, was associated with higher cognitive function z-scores in the full sample [{beta}: 0.15 SD; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.26; p-value = 0.01]. In mothers with one to four lifetime children, but not five or more, high duration of CSG eligibility, compared to low, was associated with higher cognitive function z-scores [{beta}: 0.19 SD; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.34, p-value = 0.02]. Government cash transfers given to support raising children may confer substantial protective effect on cognitive function of mothers in their mid-life. Further studies are needed to understand how parity may influence this relationship. Our findings bring evidence to policymakers for designing income supplementation programmes to promote healthy cognitive ageing in low-income settings.
Multidecadal and interannual changes of stationary Rossby waves

Changes in stationary Rossby waves (SRW) are connected to regional climate change and the propagation of these waves has a large influence on the evolution and development of the general circulation. Since the late 1970s and early 1980s many studies have noted a major shift in the structure of large‐scale circulation occurring in both hemispheres. This paper explores the changes in the SRW pattern and their propagation associated with these climate shifts. First, multidecadal changes in SRW activity are examined, using NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis data, for two periods: 1948–1978 and 1979–2000. For comparison of these two periods, the zonal wind, SRW kinetic energy pattern along the waveguide and stationary wavenumber (Ks) are analysed. The results showed that in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) the SRW propagation is favoured in the Asian jet stream (AJS) waveguide (Ks = 7) in the period 1979–2000, mainly in the east Asia region. There are indications that this could be associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation warm phase. A favoured SRW propagation also occurs in the North Atlantic subtropical jet (NASJ) waveguide (Ks = 5) region in the latter period and could be linked with positive North Atlantic Oscillation. In the Southern Hemisphere (SH), a favoured SRW propagation in the polar jet waveguide (Ks = 4) region is observed in the latter period and this could be associated, indirectly, with tropical sea surface temperature fluctuations. The interannual changes in the SRW propagation during stronger El Niño and La Niña events, which occurred from 1948 to 2000 are then examined. The results showed that, during stronger El Niño events, in NH the SRW propagation in the AJS, mainly in the east Asia region, and in the NASJ waveguides (Ks = 7, 5, respectively) is reduced. On the other hand, in SH the SRW propagation in Australian and polar waveguides (Ks = 7, 4, respectively) is favoured. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Investigation of Mixed Convection in a Ventilated Cavity in the Presence of a Heat Conducting Circular Cylinder

The study is aimed to investigate the mixed convective transport within a ventilated square cavity in presence of a heat conducting circular cylinder. The fluid flow is imposed through an opening at the bottom of the left cavity wall and is taken away by a similar opening at the top of the right cavity wall. The cylinder is placed at the center of the cavity. Two cases are considered depending on the thermal conditions of the cavity walls. In the first case, the left and right vertical walls are kept isothermal with different temperatures and the top and bottom horizontal walls are considered as thermally insulated. For the second case, the top and bottom walls are maintained at different constant temperatures and the left and right walls are considered adiabatic. Heat transfer due to forced flow, thermal buoyancy, and conduction within the cylinder are taken into account. Effect of the cylinder size (0.1 ≤ D ≤ 0.5) and the solid–fluid thermal conductivity ratio (0.1 ≤ K ≤ 10) are explored for various values of Richardson number (0 ≤ Ri ≤ 5) at fixed Reynolds (Re = 100) and Prandtl (Pr = 0.71) numbers. The fluid dynamic and thermal transport phenomena are depicted through streamline and isotherm plots. Additionally, the global thermal parameters such as the average Nusselt number and average fluid temperature of the cavity are presented. It is found that the aforementioned parameters have significant influences on the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in the cavity.
Numerical Simulation on Plasma Circulation Control Airfoil

A novel plasma circulation control technique is proposed to overcome the disadvantage of conventional jet circulation control about the requirement for air source. By employing the plasma actuator on the trailing edge of the airfoil, the plasma-induced wall jet is tangential to the airfoil surface and served as Coanda blowing jet, which makes the trailing-edge detachment point migrate to the lower surface of the airfoil. In this way, the circulation and the lift of airfoil are directly controlled by the plasma actuator. The effectiveness of plasma circulation control on the aerodynamic characteristics improvement of NCCR 1510-7067N airfoil is demonstrated by solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier―Stokes equations. The plasma actuator is modeled with a phenomenological model by adding the body force source terms to the governing equations. The results indicate that the efficiency of plasma circulation control for lift augmentation is superior to that of conventional jet circulation control method. The lift augmentation efficiency after the location optimization reaches ΔC L /C μ = 134.86, which is much higher than the maximum lift augmentation efficiency 80 for conventional jet circulation control. The optimal location for the plasma actuator in plasma circulation control is downstream of the boundary-layer separation point with proper distance, where the plasma actuator makes the separated shear layer reattach to the airfoil surface and delays the trailing-edge stagnation by Coanda effect.
Experiments in DIII-D toward achieving rapid shutdown with runaway electron suppression

Experiments have been performed in the DIII-D tokamak [J. L. Luxon, Nucl. Fusion 42, 614 (2002)] toward understanding runaway electron formation and amplification during rapid discharge shutdown, as well as toward achieving complete collisional suppression of these runaway electrons via massive delivery of impurities. Runaway acceleration and amplification appear to be well explained using the zero-dimensional (0D) current quench toroidal electric field. 0D or even one-dimensional modeling using a Dreicer seed term, however, appears to be too small to explain the initial runaway seed formation. Up to 15% of the line-average electron density required for complete runaway suppression has been achieved in the middle of the current quench using optimized massive gas injection with multiple small gas valves firing simultaneously. The novel rapid shutdown techniques of massive shattered pellet injection and shell pellet injection have been demonstrated for the first time. Experiments using external magnetic perturbations to deconfine runaways have shown promising preliminary results.
Text Generation with Diffusion Language Models: A Pre-training Approach with Continuous Paragraph Denoise

In this paper, we introduce a novel dIffusion language modEl pre-training framework for text generation, which we call GENIE. GENIE is a large-scale pretrained diffusion language model that consists of an encoder and a diffusion-based decoder, which can generate text by gradually transforming a random noise sequence into a coherent text sequence. To pre-train GENIE on a large-scale language corpus, we design a new continuous paragraph denoise objective, which encourages the diffusion-decoder to reconstruct a clean text paragraph from a corrupted version, while preserving the semantic and syntactic coherence. We evaluate GENIE on four downstream text generation benchmarks, namely XSum, CNN/DailyMail, Gigaword, and CommonGen. Our experimental results show that GENIE achieves comparable performance with the state-of-the-art autoregressive models on these benchmarks, and generates more diverse text samples. The code and models of GENIE are available at https://github.com/microsoft/ProphetNet/tree/master/GENIE.
On the Transition of Contrails into Cirrus Clouds

In situ observations of the microphysical properties of upper-tropospheric contrails and cirrus clouds have been performed during more than 15 airborne missions over central Europe. Experimental and technical aspects concerning in situ characterization of ice clouds with the help of optical and nonoptical detection methods (preferably FSSP-300 and Hallet-type replicator) are addressed. The development of contrails into cirrus clouds on the timescale of 1 h is discussed in terms of a representative set of number densities, and size distributions and surface area distributions of aerosols and cloud elements, with special emphasis on small ice crystals (diameter ,20 mm). Contrails are dominated by high concentrations (.100 cm23) of nearly spherical ice crystals with mean diameters in the range 1‐10 mm. Young cirrus clouds, which mostly contain small regularly shaped ice crystals in the range 10‐20-mm diameter and typical concentrations 2‐5 cm23, have been observed. Measurement results are compared to simple parcel model calculations to identify parameters relevant for the contrail‐cirrus transition. Observations and model estimates suggest that contrail growth is only weakly, if at all, affected by preexisting cirrus clouds.
Understanding Stationary and Moving Direct Skin Vibrotactile Stimulation on the Palm

Palm-based tactile displays have the potential to evolve from single motor interfaces (e.g., smartphones) to high-resolution tactile displays (e.g., back-of-device haptic interfaces) enabling richer multi-modal experiences with more information. However, we lack a systematic understanding of vibrotactile perception on the palm and the influence of various factors on the core design decisions of tactile displays (number of actuators, resolution, and intensity). In a first experiment (N=16), we investigated the effect of these factors on the users' ability to localize stationary sensations. In a second experiment (N=20), we explored the influence of resolution on recognition rate for moving tactile sensations.Findings show that for stationary sensations a 9 actuator display offers a good trade-off and a $3\times3$ resolution can be accurately localized. For moving sensations, a $2\times4$ resolution led to the highest recognition accuracy, while $5\times10$ enables higher resolution output with a reasonable accuracy.
SAM operates far from home: eigenvalue regularization as a dynamical phenomenon

The Sharpness Aware Minimization (SAM) optimization algorithm has been shown to control large eigenvalues of the loss Hessian and provide generalization benefits in a variety of settings. The original motivation for SAM was a modified loss function which penalized sharp minima; subsequent analyses have also focused on the behavior near minima. However, our work reveals that SAM provides a strong regularization of the eigenvalues throughout the learning trajectory. We show that in a simplified setting, SAM dynamically induces a stabilization related to the edge of stability (EOS) phenomenon observed in large learning rate gradient descent. Our theory predicts the largest eigenvalue as a function of the learning rate and SAM radius parameters. Finally, we show that practical models can also exhibit this EOS stabilization, and that understanding SAM must account for these dynamics far away from any minima.