Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Intra-Urban Wage Premium for a Metropolitan Area in a Developing Country

We estimated the intra-urban wage premium and its attenuation effect with a balanced panel of workers in the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, Brazil. We geocoded the employment data on a grid of 9,071 cells of 1 km² and compared wages in the adjoining cells. There is a lack of papers dealing with the agglomeration effects on wages in developing countries, especially focusing on a fine geographical scale, as we considered in this paper. The estimated intra-urban wage premium ranges from 0.83% to 1.12%, depending on the size of the cells (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 km 2 ). The attenuation effect is observed but restricted to 3 km away from the inner cell and is stronger for non-educated workers.
SHARE: A Lexicon of Harmful Expressions by Spanish Speakers

In this paper we present SHARE, a new lexical resource with 10,125 offensive terms and expressions collected from Spanish speakers. We retrieve this vocabulary using an existing chatbot developed to engage a conversation with users and collect insults via Telegram, named Fiero. This vocabulary has been manually labeled by five annotators obtaining a kappa coefficient agreement of 78.8%. In addition, we leverage the lexicon to release the first corpus in Spanish for offensive span identification research named OffendES_spans. Finally, we show the utility of our resource as an interpretability tool to explain why a comment may be considered offensive.
ON THE UNIVALENCY OF CERTAIN ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS

: Let A be the class of functions f ( z ) which are analytic in the open unit disk U with f (0) = 0 and f (cid:7) (0) = 1. Using g ( z ) ∈ A , the subclass T ( λ, µ, g ) of A consisting of functions f ( z ) is introduced. The object of the present paper is to consider some univalence conditions for functions f ( z ) belonging to the class T ( λ, µ, g ) applying the subordination properties of analytic functions.
Swampland dS conjecture in mimetic f(R, T) gravity

In this paper, we study a theory of gravity called mimetic f(R, T) in the presence of swampland dS conjecture. For this purpose, we introduce several inflation solutions of the Hubble parameter H(N) from f(R, T) = R + δ T gravity model, in which R is Ricci scalar, and T denotes the trace of the energy–momentum tensor. Also, δ and N are the free parameter and a number of e-fold, respectively. Then we calculate quantities such as potential, Lagrange multiplier, slow-roll, and some cosmological parameters such as n s and r. Then we challenge the mentioned inflationary model from the swampland dS conjecture. We discuss the stability of the model and investigate the compatibility or incompatibility of this inflationary scenario with the latest Planck observable data.
Smart Home Privacy Policies Demystified: A Study of Availability, Content, and Coverage

Smart home devices transmit highly sensitive usage information to servers owned by vendors or third-parties as part of their core functionality. Hence, it is necessary to provide users with the context in which their device data is collected and shared, to enable them to weigh the beneﬁts of deploying smart home technology against the resulting loss of privacy. As privacy policies are generally expected to precisely convey this information, we perform a systematic and data-driven analysis of the current state of smart home privacy policies, with a particular focus on three key questions: (1) how hard privacy policies are for consumers to obtain, (2) how existing policies describe the collection and sharing of device data, and (3) how accurate these descriptions are when compared to information derived from alternate sources. Our analysis of 596 smart home vendors, affecting 2 , 442 smart home devices yields 17 ﬁndings that impact millions of users, demonstrate gaps in existing smart home privacy policies, as well as challenges and opportunities for automated analysis.
Assessing the Nature of Competition with Small Scale Textiles Industries in Bono Region, Ghana

: In a challenging and ever-changing global textiles market , leaders in textiles business continually sought business practices to be competitive. Small Scale Enterprises (SSEs), as the engine of industrial growth should be protected to grow and develop into major production centres. However, SSEs in Ghana remained vulnerable to global competition challenges. This study sought to examine the competition and its impact on small scale enterprises (SSEs) of the textile industry in the Bono Region of Ghana. Using a mixed methods research approach involving questionnaires, interview and observation, the views of designers, producers and other textiles workers were sought. The study pointed out that SSEs in developmental stages fold up due to negative business practices. The study recommends amongst others; duty-free importation of raw materials, subsidy on utility tariffs and mass education as means of helping SSEs to grow.
TOPICAL REVIEW: The relaxational properties of compositionally disordered ABO3 perovskites

Random lattice disorder produced by chemical substitution in ABO3 perovskites can lead to the formation of dipolar impurities and defects that have a profound influence on the static and dynamic properties of these materials that are the prototypical soft ferroelectric (FE) mode systems. In these highly polarizable host lattices, dipolar entities form polar nanodomains whose size is determined by the dipolar correlation length, rc, of the host and that exhibit dielectric relaxation in an applied ac field. In the very dilute limit (< 0.1at.%) each domain behaves as a non-interacting dipolar entity with a single relaxation time. At higher concentrations of disorder, however, the domains can interact leading to more complex relaxational behaviour. Among the manifestations of such behaviour is the formation of a glass-like relaxor (R) state, or even an ordered FE state for a sufficiently high concentration of overlapping domains. After a brief discussion of the physics of random-site electric dipoles in dielectrics, this review begins with the simplest cases, namely the relaxational properties of substitutional impurities (e.g., Mn, Fe and Ca) in the quantum paraelectrics KTaO3 and SrTiO3. This is followed by discussions of the relaxational properties of Li-and Nb-doped KTaO3 and of the strong relaxors in the PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3 and La-substituted PbZr1−xTixO3 families. Some emphasis will be on the roles of pressure and applied dc biasing electric fields in understanding the physics of these materials including the R-to-FE crossover.
Implantable Pulse Generators in Spinal Cord Stimulation Therapy: The Burden of Costs of Complications Compared to Wireless Technology

Background: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been a time tested and cost-effective treatment to manage intractable chronic pain syndromes following spinal surgery, peripheral neuropathy, complex regional pain syndromes and others. However, the surgically implantable nature of all the components of SCS not only increases the surgical complications but the costs associated with the device also. Recent advancements in wireless technology appear to reduce these collateral burdens since the wireless device does not require an implantable pulse generator (IPG) or its connection cables. Material and results: A review of the available literature on traditional SCS (TSCS) and costs incurred, revealed that cost of a nonrechargeable battery was USD 13,150 (CSD 10,591; UK £ 7,243) in 2006 while a rechargeable battery had cost USD 20,858. Maintenance costs for the SCS equipment included a battery change every 4 years, on an average costing USD 3,539. IPG replacement involved expenses of CAD 5.071. A wireless device (Stimwave) is devoid of IPG costs and required 3-year maintenance costs of 1500 Euros only. Additionally, the wireless SCS (WSCS) is effective and without the complications of IPG which include pocket area pain, hematoma (in nearly 10% patients) and infection that accounts for 50% of infections following SCS implantation. Bench data had shown that a gluteal IPG location could produce nearly 9 cm of a thoracic lead displacement following spine motion in flexion, extension and rotation. Management of IPG complications costs additional health care budget, while with wireless SCS, this could be an avoidable expenditure. WSCS has been reported to be as effective as TSCS in patients with chronic pain following back surgery, herpes infection and complex regional pain syndrome in case illustrations. Conclusions: SCS has been an effective tool in chronic pain management. Traditional equipment includes an IPG cost between 13,000 and 20,000USD with a maintenance expense of 3,539 USD over 4 years (for battery change). On the other hand, wireless SCS had been reported to have nearly half of this maintenance cost for SCS therapy and without IPG costs and complications. Further clinical studies might indicate IPG expenditure as a redundant and unnecessary cost.
The level of knowledge, attitude and practice on antibiotics among selected community pharmacists and its possible contribution to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Manila, Philippines

Antibiotics offer lifesaving benefits and definitive treatments for infections caused by pathogenic bacteria. However, their efficacy has significantly decreased with the occurrence of antibiotic resistance due to the inappropriate use of antibiotics. Thus, the study aims to determine the possible contribution of community pharmacists to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Manila City by investigating their socio-demographic profile and their level of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding antibiotic use. This descriptive cross-sectional study utilized a pre-validated questionnaire to identify the socio-demographic and level of KAP of 150 respondents who were selected through convenience sampling. Notably, 119 (79.3%) of the respondents were female, and 82 (54.7%) out of 150 community pharmacists belong to the age group 30 and below. The majority of 146 (97.3%) respondents have Bachelor’s degrees, and 66 (44%) respondents had been in practice for less than or equal to five years. Statistical results showed that the respondents have sufficient knowledge with a total mean score of 8.18, high confidence with a mean rating for attitude of 4.79, and good practice with a mean rating of 4.52 regarding antibiotic use. Age, Gender, and Years of practice (p>0.05) were found to be correlated with their KAP level. However, the respondents’ highest educational attainment did not significantly affect practice. Overall, there is a significant correlation between the majority of socio-demographic and the respondent's level of KAP. In contrast, there is no significant relationship between the respondents' KAP as a whole. This study implies that there is only a low contribution of community pharmacists’ knowledge, attitude, and practice to antibiotic resistance in Manila City.
using an approach

winds is clearly seen as a decrease in PM 2.5 concentrations near the power plant locations. Model experiments could not be performed in this period due to COVID-19. The PM 2.5 data over the power plant locations to be used in the WRF-Chem model for sensitivity experiments. These experiments will highlight the impact of power plants on the local air-quality in the vicinity of plants This project aims to explore the use of low-cost sensors in measuring air pollution through the engagement of citizens. Adequate ground-based measurements of air quality does not exist in most of the country. Satellite data are used to fill this gap, but satellites cannot provide data at nighttime. To provide the required temporal coverage at a minimum cost, low-cost sensors became very popular in the last few years. However, their durability and accuracy remain a question till date. In the first phase, the purple air sensors are tested in California and North Carolina, USA. In the second phase, the sensors are being deployed in India. The broad objectives of the project is general public air of
The 't Hooft determinant resolution of the eta' puzzle

The six-quark instanton induced 't Hooft interaction, which breaks the unwanted U_A(1) symmetry of QCD, is also a sourse of semi-classical corrections to the low energy effective action. It is argued that there emerges a dimensionless expansion parameter that introduces a new mass scale, Lambda_E^2=6 GeV^2, in the 0^-, 0^+ channels. This scale plays a similar role as the large critical mass M^2_crit > 4.2-6.6 GeV^2 discovered in the framework of QCD sum rules in the 0^-, 0^+ gluonic channels. In particular, it allows to resolve the eta' puzzle. To extract Lambda_E we calculate the masses of the lightest pseudoscalar meson nonet by using the Nambu --Jona-Lasinio (NJL) type U_L(3)X U_R(3) chiral symmetric Lagrangian together with the 't Hooft determinant. The mechanism which leads to the large value of Lambda_E is scrutinized.
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth, yield and quality of tomato International Journal of Multidisciplinary

The experiment was conducted between October 2013 and March 2014 in the Horticulture Research Field and the Laboratories of the Sheik Mujaibur Rahman University of Agriculture, Salna, Gazipur, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Salna, Gazipur, to identify the optimum dose of nitrogen and phosphoric fertilizer for better growth, yield and quality of tomatoes. There were five levels of nitrogen 0 kg ha -1 (N 0 ), 125 kg ha -1 (N 125 ), 250 kg ha -1 (N 250 ), 300 kg ha -1 (N 300 ), 350 kg ha -1 (N 350 ) and five levels of phosphorus 0 kg ha -1 (P 0 ), 50 kg ha -1 (P 50 ), 100 kg ha -1 (P 100 ), 125 kg ha -1 (P 125 ), 150 kg ha -1 (P 150 ) which made 25 treatment combinations. The results revealed that nitrogen level 300 kg ha -1 (N 300 ) performed the best regarding plant height at final harvest (108.10 cm), weight of fruits per plant (2.50 kg), yield per hectare (76.17 t) and TSS (10.41%). The crop treated with phosphorus 125 kg ha -1 (P 125 ) produced the maximum plant height at final harvest (103.89 cm), number of fruits per plant (66.76), weight of fruits per plant (2.20 kg), weight of fruits per plot (32.04 kg), yield per hectare (66.75 t) and TSS (10.42%). The plants treated with nitrogen 300 kg ha -1 and phosphorus 125 kg ha -1 (N 300 P 125 ) performed the best regarding plant height at final harvest (112.17 cm), number of fruits per plant (88.11), weight of fruits per plant (2.87 kg), yield per hectare (87.85 t) and TSS (10.62%). For tomato growing in the Salna series of shallow Red-Brown Terrace soil, a combined treatment of nitrogen 300 kg ha -1 and phosphorus 125 kg ha -1 was found to be more lucrative, with a high benefit-cost ratio (8.61).
System Injury in Opposite Responses to Central Nervous Strains of Different Backgrounds Can Result Genetic Manipulation of CD74 in Mouse

The ability to recover from CNS injuries is strain dependent. Transgenic mice that weakly express the p41 CD74 isoform (an integral membrane protein functioning as a MHC class II chaperone) on an I-A b genetic background have normal CD4 (cid:1) T cell populations and normal surface expression of MHC class II, but their B cell development is arrested while the cells are still immature. After a CNS injury, these mice recover better than their matched wild-type controls. We generated p41-transgenic mice on an I-A d background (p41-I-A d mice), and found that their recovery from CNS injuries was worse than that of controls. A correlative inverse effect was seen with respect to the kinetics of T cell and B cell recruitment to the injured CNS and the expression of insulin-like growth factor at the lesion site. These results, besides verifying previous ﬁndings that B cells function in the damaged CNS, demonstrate that the outcome of a particular genetic manipulation may be strain dependent. The Journal of Immunology, 2007, 178: 163–171. blinded to of the measured
Cells through 2B4/CD48 Interactions NK Cells Stimulate Proliferation of T and NK

Few studies have addressed the consequences of physical interactions between NK and T cells, as well as physical interactions among NK cells themselves. We show in this study that NK cells can enhance T cell activation and proliferation in response to CD3 cross-linking and speciﬁc Ag through interactions between 2B4 (CD244) on NK cells and CD48 on T cells. Furthermore, 2B4/CD48 interactions between NK cells also enhanced proliferation of NK cells in response to IL-2. Overall, these results suggest that NK cells augment the proliferation of neighboring T and NK cells through direct cell-cell contact. These results provide new insights into NK cell-mediated control of innate and adaptive immunity and demonstrate that receptor/ligand-speciﬁc cross talk between lymphocytes may occur in settings other than T-B cell or T-T cell interactions. The Journal of Immunology, 2004, 173: 174–180. ,
seasonal DYnamics of The leVel of calciDiol in chilDren WiTh cYsTic fiBrosis liVing in The souTh of russia

The study included 78 children: 38 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) (median age 8.2 [4.9–13.8] years) and 40 healthy children (median age 7.66 [2.0–12.1] years), living in the Stavropol region during 2018–2019. Vitamin D sufficiency was assessed by the content of calcidiol – 25(OH)D in blood plasma. Seasonal fluctuations in the level of calcidiol during the year in children with CF were more pronounced than in children from the control group – 12.2 [7.6–20.2] ng/ml in winter, 29.8 [21.3–37 . 9] ng/ml in spring, 33.2 [26.5–39.1] ng/ml in summer and 22.6 [11.4–30.5] ng/ml in autumn, in healthy chil- dren the level is 25(OH)D during 2018 was 34.8 [24.8–53.1] ng/ml in winter, 31.1 [24.6–44.6] ng/ml in spring, 30.4 [23.3– 35.3] ng/ml in summer and 41.9 [32.1–55.2] ng/ml in autumn. Serum calcidiol levels were significantly lower in CF children compared to the control children group in winter (p=0.007) and autumn (p=0.04). During the study, the number of children with vitamin D deficiency and severe vitamin D deficiency significantly decreased. At the beginning of the study, severe vita- min D deficiency was detected in 40 % of patients with CF; after adjusting the dose of vitamin received in spring (p<0.005) and summer (p<0.005), it was not found in any of the children. On the contrary, the frequency of normal vitamin D sufficiency increased significantly by 36.7 % in spring (p<0.05), by 50 % in summer (p<0.01), and by 16.7 % in autumn (p>0.05), compared with the first determination of 25(OH)D in winter. Thus, the frequency of vitamin D deficiency in CF patients is statisti- cally significantly higher than in healthy children. The problem of vitamin D deficiency in children with CF is quite relevant due to the low awareness of CF patients and their parents about the critical role of cholecalciferol in this disease.
Second Law Violations by Means of a Stratification of Temperature Due to Force Fields

In 1868 J.C. Maxwell proved that a perpetual motion machine of the second kind would become possible, if the equilibrium temperature in a vertical column of gas subject to gravity were a function of height. However, Maxwell had claimed that the temperature had to be the same at all points of the column. So did Boltzmann. Their opponent was Loschmidt. He claimed that the equilibrium temperature declined with height, and that a perpetual motion machine of the second kind operating by means of such column was compatible with the second law of thermodynamics. Extending the general idea behind Loschmidt’s concept to other force fields, gravity can be replaced by molecular forces acting on molecules that try to escape from the surface of a liquid into the vapor space. Experiments proving the difference of temperature between the liquid and the vapor phase were conducted in the 19th century already.
How subsurface and double-core anticyclones intensify the winter mixed-layer deepening in the Mediterranean Sea

Abstract. The mixed layer is the uppermost layer of the ocean, connecting the atmosphere to the subsurface ocean through atmospheric fluxes. It is subject to pronounced seasonal variations: it deepens in winter due to buoyancy loss and shallows in spring while heat flux increases and restratifies the water column. A mixed-layer depth (MLD) modulation over this seasonal cycle has been observed within mesoscale eddies. Taking advantage of the numerous Argo floats deployed and trapped within large Mediterranean anticyclones over the last decades, we reveal for the first time this modulation at a 10 d temporal scale, free of the smoothing effect of composite approaches. The analysis of 16 continuous MLD time series inside 13 long-lived anticyclones at a fine temporal scale brings to light the importance of the eddy pre-existing vertical structure in setting the MLD modulation by mesoscale eddies. Extreme MLD anomalies of up to 330 m are observed when the winter mixed layer connects with a pre-existing subsurface anticyclonic core, greatly accelerating mixed-layer deepening. The winter MLD sometimes does not achieve such connection but homogenizes another subsurface layer, then forming a multi-core anticyclone with spring restratification. An MLD restratification delay is always observed, reaching more than 2 months in 3 out the 16 MLD time series. The water column starts to restratify outside anticyclones, while the mixed layer keeps deepening and cooling at the eddy core for a longer time. These new elements provide new keys for understanding anticyclone vertical-structure formation and evolution.
On Extensions of Triads

As an extension of a result due to W. D. Barcus and J. P. Meyer [4], T. Ganea [8] has recently proved a theorem concerning the fibre of the extension E∪CF→B of a fibre map p: E→B to the cone CF erected over the fibre F. In this paper we shall establish a generalized Ganea theorem which asserts that the homotopy type of the fibre of a canonical extension ξ′ of a triad (cf. [13]) is determined by those of f and g (see Theorem 3.4).