Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination of Maximum and Minimum Densities of Poorly Graded Sands Using a Simplified Method

Evaluation of maximum and minimum (limit) density values of sands is important in geotechnical engineering. Limit density values are important physical properties needed to provide a more complete description of sands, and they are required when evaluating relative density of soils. The conventional methods for determination of limit densities are generally costly, require relatively large sample volumes, and are time consuming. A simplified method for determining limit densities of clean poorly graded fine to medium sands was developed. The simplified method is easy to perform, requires less sample volume, and is faster than the conventional methods for determining these properties. Results of this study indicate that the simplified method gives limit density values comparable to those obtained using conventional methods for clean poorly graded fine to medium sands. Limitations of the simplified method are discussed.
Two Old English apocrypha and their manuscript source : the gospel of Nichodemus and the avenging of the saviour

List of plates Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Part I. Discussion: 1. Introduction J. E. Cross 2. The manuscript: Saint-Omer, Bibliotheque Municipale, 202 J. E. Cross and Julia Crick 3. The Euangelium Nichodemi and Vindicta saluatoris in Anglo-Saxon England Thomas N. Hall 4. Saint-Omer 202 as the manuscript source for the Old English texts J. E. Cross 5. The style of the texts and the translation strategy Andy Orchard Part II. Texts and Translations: 6. Editorial and translation procedure J. E. Cross, Denis Brearley and Andy Orchard 7. Euangelium Nichodemi: Latin text and translation J. E. Cross, Denis Brearley and Andy Orchard 8. Euangelium Nichodemi: Old English text and translation J. E. Cross, Denis Brearley and Andy Orchard 9. Vindicta saluatoris: Latin text and translation J. E. Cross, Denis Brearley and Andy Orchard 10. Vindicta saluatoris: Old English text and translation J. E. Cross, Denis Brearley and Andy Orchard Bibliography Thomas N. Hall Index.
Buoyancy-driven plumes in rotating, stratified cross flows: Plume dependence on rotation, turbulent mixing, and cross-flow strength

A three-dimensional time-dependent convection model is used to describe circulation and property fields in rotating, stratified, and moving fluids near a point source of heat. The study context and, consequently, model scales are those of chronically discharging hydrothermal vent fields found at submarine ridge crests. Hydrothermal plumes having distinctive thermal and chemical anomalies have been observed to rise several hundreds of meters above the deep-sea floor before being advected away by background cross flows typically of magnitude 1–4 cm s−1. The model is used to study effects of rotation and indicate differences in plumes with respect to variation of subgrid-scale turbulence intensity and cross-flow strength. Counterrotating vorticity (ζ) couplets in all three coordinate directions develop in the lower plume stem at startup and follow the plume to the level of neutral buoyancy; for a nonrotational case (Ω=0), ζ patterns resemble those previously found for jets injected into homogenous cross flow. Ambient fluid entrainment into the convecting column is primarily from the upstream side, but deflection of background flow around both sides of the rising column is the root of the relative vorticity (ζz) couplet in the lower plume. Turbulence intensity within the buoyant region of the plume and/or globally controls smoothness and temporal variability of distal nonbuoyant plume distributions, allowing or preventing oscillations of potential temperature, θ, for example, at background buoyancy frequency, N. Over the range of turbulent mixing studied, rise height of plumes did not change appreciably, but breadth of plumes, counterintuitively, increased for decreasing turbulent mixing strength. Increasing cross-flow strength, U0, bends model plumes such that rise height ∝ U0−0.4. For the two largest values of cross flow, for which R, the ratio of maximum vertical velocity to U0, took values of 2.8 and 1.0, plumes showed evidence of bifurcation.
Directors

The Wiley-Blackwell Companions to Film Directors survey key directors whose work together constitutes what we refer to as the Hollywood and world cinema canons. Whether Haneke or Hitchcock, Bigelow or Bergmann, Capra or the Coen brothers, each volume, comprised of 25 or more newly commissioned essays written by leading experts, explores a canonical, contemporary and/or controver-sial auteur in a sophisticated, authoritative, and multi-dimensional capacity. Indi-vidual volumes interrogate any number of subjects – the director’s oeuvre ; dominant themes, well-known, worthy, and under-rated films; stars, collaborators, and key influences; reception, reputation, and above all, the director’s intellectual currency in the scholarly world.
Laboratory Workhorse Decoded

On page 1453 of this issue, researchers report the complete sequence of all 4.6 million base pairs in the genome of the bacterium Escherichia coli. The achievement not only marks the end of a 15-year race to determine the sequence, but because E. coli has been so well studied over the years, researchers can now use the sequence to provide a coherent picture of the organism9s complete biology. It will also help in identifying the genes of higher organisms, and together with the sequences of several other bacteria, it will increase our understanding of bacterial evolution.
Ecological Macroeconomics: Consumption, Investment, and Climate Change

The challenge of reducing global carbon emissions by 50-85 per cent by the year 2050, which is suggested by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007a) as a target compatible with limiting the risk of a more-than-2∫C temperature increase, clearly conflicts with existing patterns of economic growth, which are heavily dependent on increased use of fossil fuel energy. While it is theoretically possible to conceive of economic growth being idelinkedi from fossil fuel consumption, any such delinking would represent a drastic change from economic patterns of the last 150 years. Current macroeconomic theory is heavily oriented towards an assumption of continuous, exponential growth in GDP. The historical record shows GDP growth is strongly correlated with a parallel record of increasing fossil energy use and CO2 emissions. A path of reduced carbon emissions would require major modifications in economic growth patterns. Climate change is part of an inter-related group of environmental issues associated with growth limits. These include population growth, agricultural production, water supplies, and species loss. To achieve a low-carbon path requires population stabilization, limited consumption, and major investments in environmental protection and social priorities such as public health, nutrition, and education. Macroeconomic theory must be adapted to reflect these new realities. A reclassification of macroeconomic aggregates is proposed to distinguish between those categories of goods and services that can expand over time, and those that must be limited to reduce carbon emissions. This reformulation makes it clear that there are many possibilities for environmentally beneficial economic expansion. New forms of Keynesian policy oriented towards ecological sustainability, provision of basic social needs such as education and health care, and distributional equity can provide a basis for a rapid reduction in carbon emissions while promoting investment in human and natural capital.
Policy Space for Development in the WTO and Beyond: The Case of Intellectual Property Rights

Global governance in intellectual property (IP) has changed dramatically in the last two decades, and these changes have profound - and worrying - implications for late development. What was once principally an instrument of national policy is now increasingly subject to international disciplines, as the world moves ever-closer to harmonization in the area of IP management. But moving toward harmonization and achieving harmonization are different matters, and it is essential to keep in mind that the former and not the latter describes contemporary arrangements: the trend is toward a reduction in policy space, a feature that many scholars and activists point to with great concern (Gallagher, 2005), but the outcome remains one where countries retain space for autonomous IP management. This paper examines the relationship between IP and development, presenting a framework for assessing IP regimes both cross-nationally and over time. It is then shown how the trend toward harmonization places new and significant restrictions on developing countries' opportunities for policy innovation in IP management. The implications of harmonization for a range of issues are then considered, including late industrialization, promotion of public health, and protection of biodiversity. The paper shows that the new regulations are most accentuated at the regional and bilateral level. Thus, for all of the concerns that academics and policy analysts have legitimately and rightly expressed over TRIPS, the biggest threat to using IP policy as tool for realizing development objectives comes not so much from the World Trade Organization (WTO) as from bilateral and regional Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) between developed and developing countries. I demonstrate this by examining various aspects of IP policy: over and over, we see that countries that are parties to such PTAs have significantly less autonomy in their management of IP. In the conclusion, a set of policy recommendations are put forth, at both regional and multilateral levels, for restoring countries' ability to use IP as a tool for economic development. The policy challenges are twofold: developing countries must utilize and exploit the remaining opportunities under TRIPS to use IP management for national development purposes, and developing countries must be careful to avoid bargaining away their remaining rights under PTAs.
Spatio-temporal slope measurement of short wind waves under the influence of surface films at the Heidelberg Aeolotron

A novel, high resolution Imaging Slope Gauge (ISG) at the Heidelberg Aeolotron is presented. The instrument allows measurements of the two-dimensional slope of short wind-driven water waves at unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution. Wave number spectra are measured up to k = 13000 rad/m with a temporal resolution of more than 1500 Hz. The high sampling frequency eliminates aliasing up to wave numbers of about k = 2660 rad/m. A new non-linear calibration and data processing work flow has been implemented to convert raw camera images into wave slope in the range of \pm 0.96. The average statistical measurement error is estimated to be \Delta s_rms = 0.018, a significant improvement compared to previous Color Imaging Slope Gauge setups. Spectrally resolved measurements of the influence of various surface-active materials (surfactants) on small-scale waves are reported. The wave damping effects of different substances are analyzed. It is shown that, except for low wind speeds, gas transfer velocities across the air-sea boundary layer can be parametrized with the mean square slope of the waves, independent of the specific type of surfactant that is used.
The Helvella corium species aggregate in Nordic countries – phylogeny and species delimitation

Mycologists have always been curious about the elaborate morphotypes and shapes of species of the genus Helvella. The small, black, cupulate Helvella specimens have mostly been assigned to Helvella corium, a broadly defined morpho-species. Recent phylogenetic analyses, however, have revealed an aggregate of species hidden under this name. We performed a multispecies coalescent analysis to re-assess species limits and evolutionary relationships of the Helvella corium species aggregate in the Nordic countries. To achieve this, we used morphology and phylogenetic evidence from five loci – heat shock protein 90 (hsp), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef), RNA polymerase II (rpb2), and the 5.8S and large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. All specimens under the name Helvella corium in the larger university fungaria of Norway, Sweden and Denmark were examined and barcoded, using partial hsp and/or rpb2 as the preferential secondary barcodes in Helvella. Additional fresh specimens were collected in three years (2015–2018) to obtain in vivo morphological data to aid in species discrimination. The H. corium species aggregate consists of seven phylogenetically distinct species, nested in three divergent lineages, i.e. H. corium, H. alpina and H. pseudoalpina sp. nov. in the /alpina-corium lineage, H. alpestris, H. macrosperma and H. nannfeldtii in the /alpestris-nannfeldtii lineage, and H. alpicola as a weakly supported sister to the /alpestris-nannfeldtii lineage. Among the seven species, the ribosomal loci expressed substantial variation in evolutionary rates, suggesting care in the use of these regions alone in delimitation of Helvella species. Altogether, 469 out of 496 available fungarium specimens were successfully barcoded.
Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Erysiphe lonicerae complex (Helotiales, Erysiphaceae) on Lonicera spp.

The phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildews, belonging to the genus Erysiphe, on Lonicera species throughout the world are examined and discussed. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that sequences retrieved from Erysiphe lonicerae, a widespread powdery mildew species distributed in the Northern Hemisphere on a wide range of Lonicera spp. , constitutes a complex of two separate species, viz., E. lonicerae (s. str.) and Erysiphe ehrenbergii comb. nov. Erysiphe lonicerae occurs on Lonicera spp. belonging to Lonicera subgen. Lonicera (= subgen. Caprifolium and subgen. Periclymenum), as well as L. japonica. Erysiphe ehrenbergii comb. nov. occurs on Lonicera spp. of Lonicera subgen. Chamaecerasus. Phylogenetic and morphological analyses have also revealed that Microsphaera caprifoliacearum (≡ Erysiphe caprifoliacearum) should be reduced to synonymy with E. lonicerae (s. str.). Additionally, Erysiphe lonicerina sp. nov. on Lonicera japonica in Japan is described and the new name Erysiphe flexibilis, based on Microsphaera lonicerae var. flexuosa, is introduced. The phylogeny of Erysiphe ehrenbergii and E. lonicerae as well as other Erysiphe species on honeysuckle is discussed, and a survey of all species, including a key to the species concerned, is provided. Citation: Bradshaw M, Braun U, Götz M, Takamatsu S (2020). Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Erysiphe lonicerae complex (Helotiales, Erysiphaceae) on Lonicera spp. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 49–65. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2021. 07.03
The PhyloCode applied to Cintractiellales, a new order of smut fungi with unresolved phylogenetic relationships in the Ustilaginomycotina

The PhyloCode is used to classify taxa based on their relation to a most recent common ancestor as recovered from a phylogenetic analysis. We examined the first specimen of Cintractiella (Ustilaginomycotina) collected from Australia and determined its systematic relationship to other Fungi. Three ribosomal DNA loci were analysed both with and without constraint to a phylogenomic hypothesis of the Ustilaginomycotina. Cintractiella did not share a most recent common ancestor with other orders of smut fungi. We used the PhyloCode to define the Cintractiellales, a monogeneric order with four species of Cintractiella, including C. scirpodendri sp. nov. on Scirpodendron ghaeri. The Cintractiellales may have shared a most recent common ancestor with the Malasseziomycetes, but are otherwise unresolved at the rank of class.
Taxonomy and multi-locus phylogeny of cylindrocarpon-like species associated with diseased roots of grapevine and other fruit and nut crops in California

Black foot disease is a common and destructive root disease of grapevine caused by a multitude of cylindrocarpon-like fungi in many viticultural areas of the world. This study identified 12 cylindrocarpon-like fungal species across five genera associated with black foot disease of grapevine and other diverse root diseases of fruit and nut crops in the Central Valley Region of California. Morphological observations paired with multi-locus sequence typing of four loci, internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear rDNA ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 (ITS), beta-tubulin (TUB2), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1), and histone (HIS), revealed 10 previously described species; Campylocarpon fasciculare, Dactylonectria alcacerensis, D. ecuadoriensis, D. macrodidyma, D. novozelandica, D. torresensis, D. valentina, Ilyonectria capensis, I. liriodendri, I. robusta, and two new species, Neonectria californica sp. nov., and Thelonectria aurea sp. nov. Phylogenetic analyses of the ITS+TUB2+TEF1 combined dataset, a commonly employed dataset used to identify filamentous ascomycete fungi, was unable to assign some species, with significant support, in the genus Dactylonectria, while all other species in other genera were confidently identified. The HIS marker was essential either singly or in conjunction with the aforementioned genes for accurate identification of most Dactylonectria species. Results from isolations of diseased plant tissues revealed potential new host associations for almost all fungi recovered in this study. This work is the basis for future studies on the epidemiology and biology of these important and destructive plant pathogens.
Revisiting Salisapiliaceae

Of the diverse lineages of the Phylum Oomycota, saprotrophic oomycetes from the salt marsh and mangrove habitats are still understudied, despite their ecological importance. Salisapiliaceae, a monophyletic and monogeneric taxon of the marine and estuarine oomycetes, was introduced to accommodate species with a protruding hyaline apical plug, small hyphal diameter and lack of vesicle formation during zoospore release. At the time of description of Salisapilia, only few species of Halophytophthora, an ecologically similar, phylogenetically heterogeneous genus from which Salisapilia was segregated, were included. In this study, a revision of the genus Salisapilia is presented, and five new combinations (S. bahamensis, S. elongata, S. epistomia, S. masteri, and S. mycoparasitica) and one new species (S. coffeyi) are proposed. Further, the species description of S. nakagirii is emended for some exceptional morphological and developmental characteristics. A key to the genus Salisapilia is provided and its generic circumscription and character evolution in cultivable Peronosporales are discussed.
Phytodetritus on the deep-sea floor in a central oceanic region of the Northeast Atlantic

In a midoceanic region of the northeast Atlantic, patches of freshly deposited phytodetritus were discovered on the sea floor at a 4500 m depth in July/August 1986. The color of phytodetritus was variable and was obviously related to the degree of degradation. Microscopic analyses showed the presence of planktonic organisms from the euphotic zone, e.g., cyanobacteria, small chlorophytes, diatoms, coccolithophorids, silicoflagellates, dinoflagellates, tintinnids, radiolarians, and foraminifers. Additionally, crustacean exuviae and a great number of small fecal pellets, “minipellets,” were found. Although bacteria were abundant in phytodetritus, their number was not as high as in the sediment. Phytodetrital aggregates also contained a considerable number of benthic organisms such as nematodes and special assemblages of benthic foraminifers. Pigment analyses and the high content of particulate organic carbon indicated that the phytodetritus was relatively undegraded. Concentrations of proteins, carbohydrates, chloroplastic pigments, total adenylates, and bacteria were found to be significantly higher in sediment surface samples when phytodetritus was present than in equivalent samples collected at the same stations in early spring prior to phytodetritus deposition. Only the electron transport system activity showed no significant difference between the two sets of samples, which may be caused by physiological stress during sampling (decompression, warming). The chemical data of phytodetritus samples displayed a great variability indicative of the heterogeneous nature of the detrital material. The gut contents of various megafauna (holothurians, asteroids, sipunculids, and actiniarians) included phytodetritus showing that the detrital material is utilized as a food source by a wide range of benthic organisms. Our data suggest that the detrital material is partly rapidly consumed and remineralized at the sediment surface and partly incorporated into the sediment. Incubations of phytodetritus under simulated in situ conditions and determination of the biological oxygen demand under surface water conditions showed that part of its organic matter can be biologically utilized. Based on the measured standing stock of phytodetritus, it is estimated that 0.3–3% of spring primary production sedimented to the deep-sea floor. Modes of aggregate formation in the surface waters, their sedimentation, and distribution on the seabed are discussed.
The fate of fertilizer N applied to cotton in relation to irrigation methods and N dosage in arid area

Quantitative information on the fate and efficiency of nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied to coarse textured calcareous soils in arid farming systems is scarce but, as systems intensify, is essential to support sustainable agronomic management decisions. A mesh house study was undertaken to trace the fate of N fertilizer applied to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv., Huiyuan701) growing on a reconstructed profile (0–100 cm) of a calcareous (15% CaCO 3 ) sandy loam soil. Two irrigation methods (drip irrigation, DI; and furrow irrigation, FI) and four N application rates (0, 240, 360 and 480 kg/hm 2 , abbreviated as N 0 , N 240 , N 360 , and N 480 , respectively) were applied. 15 N-labelled urea fertilizer was applied in a split application. DI enhanced the biomass of whole plant and all parts of the plant, except for root; more fertilizer N was taken up and mostly stored in vegetative parts; N utilization efficiency (NUE) was significantly greater than in FI. N utilization efficiency (NUE) decreased from 52.59% in N 240 to 36.44% in N 480 . N residue in soil and plant N uptake increased with increased N dosage, but recovery rate decreased consistently both in DI and FI. Plant N uptake and soil N residue were greater in DI than in FI. N residue mainly stayed within 0–40 cm depth in DI but within 40–80 cm depth in FI. FI showed 17.89% of N leached out, but no N leaching occurred in DI. N recovery rate in the soil-plant system was 75.82% in DI, which was markedly greater than the 55.97% in FI. DI exhibited greater NUE, greater residual N in the soil profile and therefore greater N recovery rate than in FI; also, N distribution in soil profile shallowed in DI, resulting in a reduced risk of N leaching compared to FI; and enhanced shoot growth and reduced root growth in DI is beneficial for more economic yield formation. Compared to furrow irrigation, drip irrigation is an irrigation method where N movement favors the prevention of N from being lost in the plant-soil system and benefits a more efficient use of N.