Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seismic P Wave Velocity Model From 3‐D Surface and Borehole Seismic Data at the Alpine Fault DFDP‐2 Drill Site (Whataroa, New Zealand)

The New Zealand Alpine Fault is a major plate boundary that is expected to be close to rupture, allowing a unique study of fault properties prior to a future earthquake. Here we present 3‐D seismic data from the DFDP‐2 drill site in Whataroa to constrain valley structures that were obscured in previous 2‐D seismic data. The new data consist of a 3‐D extended vertical seismic profiling (VSP) survey using three‐component and fiber optic receivers in the DFDP‐2B borehole and a variety of receivers deployed at the surface. The data set enables us to derive a detailed 3‐D P wave velocity model by first‐arrival traveltime tomography. We identify a 100–460 m thick sediment layer (mean velocity 2,200 ± 400 m/s) above the basement (mean velocity 4,200 ± 500 m/s). Particularly on the western valley side, a region of high velocities rises steeply to the surface and mimics the topography. We interpret this to be the infilled flank of the glacial valley that has been eroded into the basement. In general, the 3‐D structures revealed by the velocity model on the hanging wall of the Alpine Fault correlate well with the surface topography and borehole findings. As a reliable velocity model is not only valuable in itself but also crucial for static corrections and migration algorithms, the Whataroa Valley P wave velocity model we have derived will be of great importance for ongoing seismic imaging. Our results highlight the importance of 3‐D seismic data for investigating glacial valley structures in general and the Alpine Fault and adjacent structures in particular.
The Influence of Zonally Asymmetric Stratospheric Ozone Changes on the Arctic Polar Vortex Shift

Recent studies have found a shift of the Arctic stratospheric polar vortex toward Siberia during late winter since 1980, intensifying the zonally asymmetric ozone (ZAO) depletion in the northern middle and high latitudes with a stronger total column ozone decline over Siberia compared with that above other regions at the same latitudes. Using observations and a climate model, this study shows that zonally asymmetric stratospheric ozone depletion gives a significant feedback on the position of the polar vortex and further favors the stratospheric polar vortex shift toward Siberia in February for the period 1980–99. The polar vortex shift is not significant in the experiment forced by zonal mean ozone fields. The February ZAO trend with a stronger ozone decline over Siberia causes a lower temperature over this region than over the other regions at the same latitudes, due to shortwave radiative cooling and dynamical cooling. The combined cooling effects induce an anomalous cyclonic flow over Siberia, corresponding to the polar vortex shift toward Siberia. In addition, the ZAO depletion also increases the meridional gradient of potential vorticity over Siberia, which is favorable for the upward propagation of planetary wave fluxes from the troposphere over this region. Increased horizontal divergence of planetary waves fluxes over the region 60°–75°N, 60°–90°E associated with ZAO changes accelerates the high-latitude zonal westerlies in the middle stratosphere, further enhancing the shift of the stratospheric polar vortex toward Siberia. After 2000, the ZAO trend in February is weaker and induces a smaller polar vortex shift than that in the period 1980–99.
Advances in research on internal and external factors that guide adolescents’ reading and learning on the Internet (Avances en la investigación de los factores internos y externos que condicionan la lectura y el aprendizaje de los adolescentes a través Internet)

ABSTRACT Articles in this special issue — How adolescents read and learn on the Web: internal and external factors — provide compelling new empirical evidence on a suite of internal and external factors that guide adolescents’ reading and learning from Web resources. This commentary first provides a brief overview of the findings and interpretations from each of the constituent articles. It then builds coherence amongst the findings and interpretations across the articles and in relation to the broader extant research literature. The organization differentiates which factors appear to promote and which factors appear to undermine different facets of reading and learning from Web resources. Finally, seven important future directions are discussed that emerged from analysing and synthesizing ideas presented across the articles in combination with the extant research literature. The hope is that the commentary stimulates research directions moving forward, with mindfulness towards developing conditions that support online reading for a host of different adolescent readers.
Extending a broadly applicable measure of risk perception: the case for susceptibility

Abstract Many empirical studies that inform research, policy and practice surrounding hazards and risk and concerned with how members of the public perceive risk. However, these studies often assess perceived risk using a diverse range of either very general measures or measures of specific subsidiary concepts (for instance, the severity of consequences or the likelihood of occurrence). Previous research by Wilson and others has suggested that perceived risk is best understood and measured as a multidimensional construct that includes beliefs about the likelihood and severity of consequences and the feelings or affect elicited by the hazard. The research presented here extends the work of Wilson et al. by separating the likelihood of consequences into two components that denote the likelihood of the occurrence of a hazard (exposure) and the likelihood of experiencing consequences given exposure (susceptibility). This research replicates findings from Wilson et al. that perceived risk is best conceived of as a multidimensional construct and that affective responses are a primary driver of holistic judgments of both personal and general risk across a variety of hazards. We find that perceptions of susceptibility explain unique variance in holistic judgments of risk, however the importance of the susceptibility concept differs across hazards and across judgments of personal and general risk. These results suggest that measures of susceptibility can meaningfully increase our ability to understand the beliefs that underlie perceptions of the risk posed by a diverse range of hazards. This suggests that developing measures including susceptibility can provide unique opportunities to improve risk communication and risk management policy outcomes.
Modeling the Emergence of North African Knapweed (Centaurea diluta), an Increasingly Troublesome Weed in Spain

Abstract North African knapweed (Centaurea diluta Aiton) is an annual weed that is widespread in southern Spain and is of increasing concern in dryland cropping systems. Despite its expanding range in Spain, there is limited information on the emergence timing and pattern of this species, knowledge of which is critical for developing more timely and effective management strategies. Therefore, there is a need to develop simple and reliable models to predict the timing and emergence of this annual weed under dryland conditions. A multi-location field experiment was established across Spain in 2016 to 2017 to assess the emergence of C. diluta. At each of 11 locations, seeds were sown in the fall, and emergence was recorded. Overall emergence averaged 39% in the first year across all sites and 11% in the second year. In both years, the main emergence flush occurred at the beginning of the growing season. A three-parameter Weibull function best described seedling emergence of C. diluta. Emergence models were developed based on thermal time (TT) and hydrothermal time (HTT) and showed high predictability, as evidenced by root mean-square error prediction values of 10.8 and 10.7, respectively. Three cardinal points were established for TT and HHT at 0.5, 10, and 35 C for base, optimal, and ceiling temperatures, respectively, while base water potential was estimated at –0.5 MPa.
Canadian consensus recommendations for a research agenda in pulmonary rehabilitation post-acute exacerbation of COPD: A meeting report

Abstract RATIONALE: A recent Cochrane review concluded that Pulmonary Rehabilitation (PR) post-acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is safe, reduces hospital admissions and improves quality of life and exercise capacity of patients post-AECOPD. Despite these benefits, recent reports have highlighted poor referral, uptake and completion rates of early post-AECOPD PR. These concerns provided the foundation for the “PR Post-AECOPD Meeting”, which was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and held in Montreal in November 2017. OBJECTIVES The objectives were to identify key research priorities in the complex area of care of delivering PR post-AECOPD. METHODS Meeting participants were asked to complete a pre-meeting survey in order to foster thinking prior to the beginning of the discussions. The first day of the meeting involved presentations from experts and a review of the pre-meeting survey results. Facilitated small group discussions occurred using the consensus building technique (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats [SWOT] method). The second day focused on large group discussions in order to identify the research themes. RESULTS The top three research themes identified were: 1) a phased approach to PR post-AECOPD, 2) patient-centered interventions and outcomes and 3) gaining a greater understanding of the emotional and psychological impacts of AECOPD. Other identified themes were: how to improve referral, uptake and access to PR post-AECOPD, how to reach under-served patient groups and cost-effectiveness of potential individualized interventions. CONCLUSIONS In this meeting, the stakeholders identified research priorities that should guide clinicians and researchers in their efforts to produce high-quality evidence.
Cadmium, copper, and chromium levels in maize plants and soil fertilized with sewage sludge

The use of sewage sludge as fertilizer is a widespread practice. However, the presence of heavy metals and pathogens in sludge are a cause for concern. The objective of this study was to determine the levels of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr) in leaves, aerial parts, and kernels of maize grown in red latosol that was fertilized with sewage sludge for 15 consecutive years. Metal concentrations in soil and kernel yield were also determined. A randomized block design was used, with five replicates and four treatments: T1, mineral fertilization (control); T2, application of sewage sludge at 5 Mg ha−1; T3, application of sewage sludge at 10 Mg ha−1; and T4, application of sewage sludge at 20 Mg ha−1. All plots received potassium (K) supplementation. Fertilization with sewage sludge was as efficient as mineral fertilization. Sewage sludge had no negative effect on kernel yield. A negative correlation was observed between metal concentrations in soil and plant samples. Cd was detected at ≤0.04 mg kg−1 in kernels and Cu at ≤2.34 mg kg−1, whereas Cr was not detected in any sample. These levels are considered safe for human consumption, according to the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency. Fertilization with sewage sludge for 15 years did not increase Cu, Cd, and Cr levels in the soil and had no negative effect on maize, which shows the potential of sewage sludge for agricultural use.
Determining Reference Ranges for Total T4 in Dried Blood Samples for Newborn Screening

The purpose of this study was to define reference intervals for total thyroxine (tT4) in dried blood samples (DBSs) obtained for newborn screening. The aim of our study was to assess the possible benefit of measuring tT4 concentrations directly in DBSs obtained for newborn screening in premature and term-born infants. In order to have a sufficient number of samples for the extremely premature infants (<30 weeks), we set up a retrospective study, measuring the concentrations in DBSs collected over the previous 21 weeks. This time frame was a result of the included miniature study of tT4 stability in DBSs. We found that tT4 strongly correlated with gestational age (GA) in premature infants, highlighting the need for age-specific reference ranges. For term-born infants, the tT4 ranges did not vary significantly among different gestational ages, allowing for the use of one single reference range.
Regeneration Of Farmers Through Rural Youth Participation In Chili Agribusiness

Farmer regeneration is becoming an important agenda in Indonesia. Farmer regeneration can be started from the participation of the younger generation in the field of agricultural parents. The research aims to descriptively analyze the participation of rural youth and discover the factors that influence the participation of rural youth in chili agribusiness. The study was conducted from June to December 2019 in Garut Regency, West Java, Indonesia. The study population is rural youth aged between 15-40 years who are in the community chili farming. The research sample of 233 people was selected using cluster random sampling technique. Research variables include individual characteristics, external factors, capacity, interest, and participation of rural youth in chili agribusiness. Data collection was carried out by interview using a questionnaire. Data analysis uses descriptive and multiple regression statistical analysis. The results of the study concluded that the majority of respondents rated participation, interests, business capacity and external factors of rural youth as moderate. The average age of rural youth is 31.47 years old, the majority is still in elementary school, most have never been involved in organizations, have never had internships/courses/training, however, cosmopolitan behavior is in the high category. The participation of rural youth in agriculture is influenced by age, cosmopolitan, external factors (government, agricultural extension workers, families and markets support), interests and capacity.
Clinical profile of patients with stroke in a tertiary hospital setting in rural
Telangana

Background: Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability across the world. The understanding of stroke in a clinical setting is what we wanted to achieve as there is a very scarce amount of data present in India when it comes to vascular diseases, especially the rural part of India. Aims and Objectives: The aims of the study were (1) to study the clinical profile of stroke and (2) to study the prescribing pattern of drugs in stroke patients attending a tertiary care hospital in rural Telangana. Materials and Methods: A retrospective case sheet-based study was conducted in a tertiary care institute from January 01, 2015, to July 31, 2016. The approval for the study was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Results: Of the total 155 stroke case sheets analyzed, the majority had an ischemic stroke (91.61%). The incidence of stroke was more in the 5070 years age group with male preponderance. The most commonly involved area and presentation were capsuloganglionic region and hemiparesis (75.48%), respectively. About 97.89% of ischemic stroke patients were treated by antiplatelet agents (aspirin  66.2% and clopidogrel  31.69%). All the hemorrhagic stroke patients were managed by mannitol. The most commonly prescribed antihypertensives medications were calcium channel blockers (55.45%). Conclusion: Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke with increased occurrence in the age group of the 5th7th decade and male preponderance. Capsuloganglionic infarction or hemorrhage was the most common radiological finding with hemiparesis being the most common presentation. Antiplatelet agents (aspirin and clopidogrel) and mannitol were prescribed in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, respectively.
Antibiotic Resistance in Acintobacter Strains Isolated from Patients, Staff and Equipment of ICU Wards of the Hospital in Kermanshah, Iran

BackgroundAcinetobacter is a gram-negative coccobacillus that performs an essential role in nosocomial infection. Antibiotic resistance as a major problem in hospitals has increased in recent years. ICU-admitted patients have a high mortality and morbidity risk of disease with this organism.ObjectivesThis study was carried out to establish Acinetobacter’s pattern of antibiotic resistance in ICU wards.MethodsIn this analytical-descriptive study, Acinetobacter isolates from patients, staff, and equipment of ICU ward in Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran were identified using bacteriologic and biologic methods during six months in 2017. Then the pattern of antibiotic susceptibility was determined for ten different antibiotics using the Disc-Diffusion-Agar-Method.ResultsAcinetobacter bumanii isolates were completely resistant to cefepime, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefazolin, trimethoprim, gentamycin, pipracilin, and imipenem.ConclusionsThis study revealed that Acinetobacter bumanii was highly resistant to various antibiotics. Although the methods in our study were not as reliable as E-test, regarding this agent’s potential role as a virulent pathogen in nosocomial infections, proper treatment with potent and effective antibiotics and infection control policies is needed to prevent the spread of this agent in ICU.
Determinants of Individuals’ E-Waste Recycling Decision: A Case Study from Romania

Due to the increase of the amount of electrical and electronical equipment waste (e-waste), the understanding of individual consumers’ main decision triggers represents a key point in increasing the quantity of recycled e-waste. A series of studies from the literature have shown a positive relationship between the consumers’ attitude, awareness, self-efficacy, social norms, and their e-waste recycling intention, as well as the positive influence between the intention and the manifested behavior. Additional to these determinants, in the present study, the influence of social media was analyzed along with the actions taken by the government and nongovernmental organizations, with the purpose to include and to capture, as much as possible, a high amount of determinants in the e-waste recycling process. Nevertheless, the demographic or socio-economic variables, such as age, gender, income, education, number of family members, etc., have shown over time to have a contribution to predicting the consumers’ pro-recycling behavior. As on one side, in the research literature, the opinions related to which of the demographic or socio-economic factors can have an impact on the recycling behavior have been divided and, on another side, a series of researchers believe that the discrepancies in the findings of different studies can be due to culture in various countries, in this paper we conducted such an analysis with reference to the Romania’s case. The results have shown that the demographic variables, such as age and gender, can have a contribution to predicting residents’ pro-e-waste recycling behavior. Based on these findings, the policymakers can gain a better understanding of the e-waste recycling phenomenon and on its main triggers, with results in creating better policies for sustaining a proper e-waste managing system.
A systematic review and meta-analysis considering the SSRI, SNRI and TCA classes of antidepressants and the risk for congenital heart defects

Antidepressant use during the first trimester is reported in 4% to 8% of pregnancies. The use of some selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) during this stage of gestation has been identified as increasing the odds for congenital heart defects, however little is known about the safety of non-SSRI antidepressants.To assess the odds of congenital heart defects associated with the use of any antidepressant during the first trimester of pregnancy. To investigate individual classes of antidepressants: SSRIs, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) and individual antidepressants.PubMed and Embase were searched without restrictions from inception till 2 January 2020.Prospective and retrospective cohort and case-control studies were included if they documented the maternal usage of antidepressants during the first trimester of pregnancy and assessed the presence of congenital heart defects.Data were extracted by two independent reviewers and the endpoint assessed was congenital heart defects. Where studies reported multiple results for different types of heart defects or individual antidepressants, results were combined when possible. Analyses assessing individual antidepressants and classes of antidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIs and TCAs) were undertaken.A total of 16 studies were identified, encompassing 4,564,798 pregnancy outcomes. The odds ratio for maternal use of any antidepressant and the presence of congenital heart defects from the mixed-methods meta-analysis was 1.22 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11 to 1.33). Analyses of antidepressants by class produced an odds ratio of 1.50 (95% CI: 1.19 to 1.89) for maternal SNRI use during the first trimester of pregnancy and the formation of congenital heart defects. A significant odds ratio of 1.22 (95% CI: 1.12 to 1.33) was reported for SSRIs. For the TCA class, no increased odds ratio was found.Analyses of individual antidepressants produced significant odds ratios of 1.53 (95% CI: 1.25 to 1.88), 1.28 (95% CI: 1.01 to 1.62), 1.28 (95% CI: 1.14 to 1.45) and 1.23 (95% CI: 1.01 to 1.50) for paroxetine, fluoxetine, sertraline and bupropion respectively.While some insight has been gained into which classes of antidepressant and individual antidepressants pose more risk than others for causing congenital heart defects, information regarding some antidepressants is still lacking.
Chemical Cycling in the Venusian Atmosphere: A Full Photochemical Model From the Surface to 110 km

Venus is an exceptional natural experiment to test our understanding of atmospheric sulfur chemistry. Previous modeling efforts have focused on understanding either the middle or lower atmosphere. In this work, we performed the first full atmosphere analysis of the chemical transport processes on Venus from the surface to 110 km using a 1‐D diffusion model with photochemistry. We focused on the cycling of chemical species between the upper and lower atmospheres and interactions between distinct species groups including SO x , CO x + OCS, chlorides, NO x , O x , and S x . We tested different eddy diffusivity profiles and investigated their influences on the vertical profiles of important species. We find that the assumed boundary conditions in previous models strongly impacted their simulation results. This has a particularly large effect for SO 2 . We find the high SO 2 abundance in the lower atmosphere is readily transported into the middle atmosphere, far exceeding observed values. This implies some yet unknown chemistry or process limiting SO 2 mixing. We summarize outstanding questions raised by this work and note chemical reactions that should be the highest priority for future laboratory studies and ab initio calculations.
Inverse geochemical modelling of pit lake waters in the Zeida abandoned mine (Morocco)

In the high Moulouya watershed, the exploitation of the Zeida mine between 1972 and 1985 generated huge masses (millions of tons) of mining waste (Pb, Zn). This activity created large pits currently filled with stagnant water which are in permanent contact with remaining ore deposit. The interaction of rainwater with rocks and minerals lead to the enrichment of Water Lake with heavy metals. An inverse geochemical modelling carried out on water sampled in ZA and ZL1 lakes made it possible to highlight the chemical reactions occurring between rainwater and ore deposit and which would control the chemistry of these waters.