Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Interaction between Methotrexate and 4 '-( 9-Acr id invlam ino ) me tbanes u 1 fon-/ V /-an isid ide in the Rabbit 1

The interaction between methotrexate (MIX) and a new acridine antitumor agent and potent aldehyde oxidase inhibitor, 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-/n-anisidide (mAMSA), was investigated both in vivo and in vitro. New Zealand White male rabbits were used for the former experiments under three pharmacokinetic designs: (a) a zero order infu sion of mAMSA at 9 mg/h to steady state followed by a single i.v. bolus dose of MIX at 50 mg/kg while maintaining the infusion; (b) a zero order infusion of MIX at 7 mg/h to steady state followed by a single i.v. bolus dose of mAMSA at 5 mg/kg while maintaining the infusion, and (c) a zero order infusion of MTX at 3 mg/h to steady state followed by a zero order infusion of mAMSA at 3 mg/h while maintaining the MTX infusion. In (a) while the mean AUC for MTX (15815 Â±1317 jÃ-Minin)with mAMSA (+mAMSA) remained essentially unchanged relative to that without mAMSA (-mAMSA) at the same dose (14832 Â±5151 /iMmin), the mean AUC of the metabolite 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-OH MTX) decreased from 9338 Â±3057 (n = 6, -mAMSA) to 5794 Â±1371 Â»iMmin (n = 6, +mAMSA). Urinary excretion of 7-OH MTX also decreased from 40.3 Â±9.5% (n = 6) (-mAMSA) to 23.8 Â±6.1% dose (n = 6) (P < 0.01) (+III.VMS \ ) in 8 h with essentially no change in MTX excretion. The fractional rate conversion of MTX to this metabolite (fini) also decreased from 0.60 Â±0.19 (n = 6) to 0.40 Â±0.10 (n = 6) (P < 0.05). No change in terminal half-lives of MTX and 7-OH MTX was apparent. In (b) MTX steady state levels increased with the concomitant decrease in 7-OH MTX levels in the presence of mAMSA such that their concentration ratios (7-OH MTX/MTX) decreased to 43, 54, 75, and 76% of the pre-mAMSA values, respectively, in four rabbits. In the presence of mAMSA, clearance of MTX at steady state decreased significantly relative to those without mAMSA. Similar results were also observed in (c) except that the perturbation of MTX metabolism was more profound consistent with the experimental setting. No change in protein binding of MTX or the metabolite was apparent in the presence of mAMSA. Rabbit liver homogenate was used in the Â¡nvitro experiments which yielded a classical competitive inhibition on the double-reciprocal plot when conversion of MTX to 7-OH MTX was monitored. A Dixon plot gave an apparent A of mAMSA of approximately 2.5 x 10'' \i. Thus, these results strongly suggest that the perturbation of MTX pharmacokinetics by mAMSA is mainly due to inhibition of 7-OH MTX formation, consistent with mAMSA being a potent aldehyde oxidase inhibitor previously reported.
OP-NDTJ180299 1..8

Background. Urinary tract infection is the most common infection among kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). Many transplant physicians fear that host compromise will allow lowvirulence strains to cause pyelonephritis in KTRs, so they often treat asymptomatic bacteriuria with antibiotics. Identification of the host/microbe factors that determine the clinical presentation (i.e. pyelonephritis versus asymptomatic bacteriuria) once an Escherichia coli strain enters a KTRs bladder could inform management decisions. Methods. We prospectively collected all E. coli isolates causing either pyelonephritis or asymptomatic bacteriuria in KTRs at our institution (December 2012–June 2015). Whole-genome sequencing was used to assess bacterial characteristics (carriage of 48 virulence genes and phylogenetic and clonal background). Host parameters were also collected. Results. We analysed 72 bacteriuria episodes in 54 KTRs (53 pyelonephritis, 19 asymptomatic bacteriuria). The pyelonephritis and asymptomatic bacteriuria isolates exhibited a similar total virulence gene count per isolate [median 18 (range 5–33) and 18 (5–30), respectively; P1⁄4 0.57] and for individual virulence genes differed significantly only for the prevalence of the pap operon (pyelonephritis 39%,versus asymptomatic bacteriuria 0%; P1⁄4 0.002). No other significant between-group differences were apparent for 86 other bacterial and host variables. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that bacterial adherence plays a role in the pathogenesis of pyelonephritis in KTRs despite significantly altered host urinary tract anatomy and weakened immunity. Whether KTRs might benefit from targeted therapies (e.g. vaccination or inhibitors of fimbrial adhesion) has yet to be studied.
Virulence Profiles of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Isolated from the Western Region of Ghana

Diarrhea is one of the most common health complaints, especially in young children, with nearly 1.7 billion cases of childhood diarrheal diseases occur every year (1). Children younger than 5 years of age are especially vulnerable, with those from sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia recording the highest mortality burden (2). In Ghana, the mortality rate is 25% in children under the age of 5 years, with more than 9 million episodes of diarrhea every year (3). Because of its fecal-oral transmission, poor hygiene and unsanitary conditions that prevail in resource-limited areas contribute to their vulnerability to infectious diarrhea (4). The introduction of rotavirus vaccines has been helpful in reducing the burden of rotavirus-induced diarrhea. However, this reduction has caused a proportional increase in the burden of non-viral pathogens (5): enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), a diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC), and Shigella spp. are the major bacteria causing childhood diarrhea in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia (5). Other DEC subtypes include enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)/Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), classified according to their virulence factors (6) and are associated with intestinal disease. These pathotypes also differ in their mechanisms of infection, clinical presentation, and colonization sites (7,8). Interestingly, the distribution and genetic diversity of DEC isolates vary even within the same country (9–11). Strains of DEC are constantly evolving through horizontal transfer of mobile genetic elements (12), and have emerged as a significant cause of outbreak infections, necessitating regular surveillance. Although some studies have described the distribution of DEC pathotypes in some parts of Ghana, there have been no such reports from its Western region (13–15). Specifically, there is a dearth of data on DEC genotypes, their associated virulence factors, and serotypes in Ghana partly because these pathogens are not routinely Original Article
Association between Smokeless Tobacco Use and Waterpipe Smoking and the Risk of Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Current Epidemiological Evidence

Background: Smokeless tobacco and waterpipes are used by hundreds of millions of people worldwide and consumption rates exceed that of cigarette smoking in much of South East Asia and parts of the Middle East. However, the cancer risks of these methods of tobacco consumption are less well-characterized than those of cigarette smoking. The objective of this study was to systematically review the epidemiological evidence on the association between smokeless tobacco use and waterpipe smoking and lung cancer risk. Methods: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and OpenSIGLE databases were searched to identify eligible case-control and cohort studies (published before 1st December 2020 in any language) that adjusted for cigarette smoking or included non-cigarette smokers only. Summary odds ratio/relative risk estimates and confidence intervals were extracted, and pooled risk ratios (RRs) for lung cancer were calculated using random effects meta-analysis. Results: The literature search identified 2,465 publications: of these, 26 studies including 6,903 lung cancer patients were included in the synthesis (20 studies of smokeless tobacco use, five of waterpipe smoking, one of both). Our results suggest that smokeless tobacco use is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer among non-cigarette smokers, and that betel quid tobacco may be particularly hazardous. The random effects meta-analysis showed that exclusive use of any type of smokeless tobacco (pooled RR = 1.53, 95%CI 1.09 – 2.14), betel quid chewing (pooled RR = 1.77, 95%CI 1.06 – 2.95), and waterpipe smoking (pooled RR = 3.25, 95%CI 2.01 – 5.25) were significantly associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. Conclusions: This meta-analysis of case-control/cohort studies supports the hypothesis that use of smokeless tobacco and waterpipe smoking is associated with increased risk of developing lung cancer. Considering the widespread and increasing use of smokeless tobacco in developing countries, and increasing prevalence of waterpipe smoking in almost all societies, these findings inform formulation of public health policy, legislation and tobacco control measures at national and international level to increase awareness and decrease the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use and waterpipe smoking.
Metaphors We Academicize the World With ? – Metaphor ( icity ) Perceived in the Context of Academia ( A Case Study of English Philologists-to-be )

Since the advent of Cognitive Linguistics in the 20th century (cf. Lakoff & Johnson, 1980/2003), the role and perception of metaphor(ization) started to change, not only among theoretical linguists and researchers, but also in the context of Applied Linguistics. Thus, no longer treated as a mere ornament or anomaly, metaphor has been more and more appreciated by educationalists, course book writers, and teachers, but also by psychologists, clinicians, and other professionals. In short, it has become an educational and a diagnostic tool in many ‘applied’ areas of human development. In line with this rekindled interest in metaphoricity, in my study I attempt to learn more about awareness and perception of metaphoric conceptualisations among English philology university students (both freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors) in the environment of academia, an environment they naturally function in and belong to. My preliminary assumption is that despite the already widely acknowledged importance of metaphors in sciences and humanities (cf. Cameron & Maslen, 2010; Haase, 2009, 2010; Hermann, 2013), the perception and awareness of metaphorical construals in the ‘academic habitat’ among prospective English philologists may be variegated, ranging between more traditional and more modern perspectives. My intention is, then, to obtain feedback from them as it concerns their views on (the role of) metaphor(ization) in the academic habitat and beyond it, in their life and in the world in general. The results reveal that the students are closer to traditional rather than modern stances on metaphor, though the situation is more complex.
EXPERIMENTAL INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION

We present a selective survey of experimental studies on industrial organization issues centered on recent work. More material can be found in the seminal survey of Holt (1995), the meta-study on collusion of Engel (2007), the book on experiments and competition policy edited by Hinloopen and Normann (2009) and the survey on oligopoly experiments in the new millennium by Potters and Suetens (2013).
The construction and empirical verification of the Sense of Team Efficacy Questionnaire

Background: ThisarticlepresentstheprocedureoftheelaborationandverificationofthefirstPolishSenseofTeamEfficacyQuestionnaire(KwestionariuszPoczuciaDruzynowejSkutecznosci–KPDS). Material/Methods: Tworesearchstagesinvolvedatotalof373professionalathletes. Basedonthecollecteddata,theinternalstructureandpsychometricpropertiesoftheinstrumentwereestabli -shed. Results: Asaresultoftheconductedstatisticalanalyses,aquestionnairewasobtained. Analysesconfirmedthestabilityoftheinternalstructureofthequestionnaire. Theinstrumentalsoobtainedsatisfactorycoefficientsofreliability(usingCronbach’salphainternalreliabilitycoefficient)andconstructvalidity. InordertoestablishtheconvergentanddiscriminantvalidityoftheKPDS,theanalysisofthemultitrait-multimethodmatrixwasapplied,usingtheGroupEnvironmentQuestionnaire(GEQ). Predictivevaliditywasestablishedusingtheresultobtainedinamatchplayeddirectlyaftertheconductedstudy. Conclusions: TheobtainedresultsconfirmedtherelevanceofcreatingtheKPDS. Thequestionnairewasmadeupof21itemsrepresenting4subscales:fitness,preparation,effortandendurance. CalculationofageneralscorefortheKPDSalsoprovedtobepossible.
Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) theory in MRI was proposed by Le Bihan et al. in 1986 to account for the effect of vessel/capillary perfusion on the aggregate diffusion

Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021;11(6):2879-2887 | http://dx.doi. org/10.21037/qims-21-187 Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) theory in MRI was proposed by Le Bihan et al. in 1986 to account for the effect of vessel/capillary perfusion on the aggregate diffusion weighted MR signal. The fast component of diffusion is related to micro-perfusion, whereas the slow component is linked to molecular diffusion. Three parameters can be computed. Dslow (or D) is the diffusion coefficient representing the slow ‘pure’ molecular diffusion (unaffected by perfusion). The perfusion fraction (f or PF) represents the fraction of the compartment related to (micro) circulation, which can be understood as the proportional ‘incoherently flowing fluid’ (i.e., blood) volume. Dfast (or D*) is the perfusion-related diffusion coefficient representing the incoherent microcirculation within the voxel, which holds information for blood perfusion’s speed. The diffusion weighted image signal is prevalently modelled by a biexponential decay function [1]: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) / exp exp slow fast b 0 SI SI 1 PF b D PF b D = − × − × + × − ×
Influence of Regret and Regret Reversing Effort on Dissatisfactıon and Repurchase

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of post-purchase regret felt by consumers buying fashion products and their efforts to reverse their regrets, on dissatisfaction and their repurchase intention. Design/Methodology/approach: The population of this research consists of the consumers in Gaziantep who buy fashion products and regret their purchase for any reason. Out Of non-probability sample methods, convenience sampling was used. Thinking that this can represent the population of the study, the sample number was determined as 441. In order to test the hypotheses, Smart PLS 3 (Partial Least Squares) statistics programme was used. Bootstrapping technique was used to test the hypotheses intended to be measured in the study. Findings : The tests show that regret positively affect dissatisfaction (ß=,544, p<0,001) and the effort to reverse the feeling of regret. In addition, regret negatively affect repurchase intentions. Another variable, dissatisfaction negatively affect re-purchasing intention and regret reversing efforts positively affect re-purchasing intentions. Research limitations : Because the study is restricted by time, cost, accessibility, control difficulties; the whole of the population was not reached. The study is conducted with the data obtained from 441 consumers in Gaziantep and evaluations made by consumers who prefer ready-made wear. Practical implications : The results show that regret experienced in the past negatively affect re-purchasing process. It has been determined that the consumers can diminish their regret when they try to reverse it and this situation strengthens their re-purchasing intentions. Hence, it is thought to be beneficial to ensure that consumers are aware of their regrets and to focus on strategies that help enterprises to reverse this regret. Originality/value : Even though there are studies that associate regret with dissatisfaction and repurchase intentions, there are very few studies that focus on regret reversing efforts. There is no such study in local literature. Therefore, this study is original in these aspects and it is thought that it will contribute to the body of literature.
PERFORMANCE OF

The current study investigated whether tourism-related small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) perform better than non-tourism-related SMEs in the four main coastal tourist destinations—Hikkaduwa, Galle, Mirissa, and Tangalle—in the Southern Province of Sri Lanka. The authors used the survey-based quantitative research methodology to accomplish the objectives of the research. More specifically, they surveyed 200 SMEs, of which 117 were related to tourism and 83 were not, to collect the data required for the study. As the survey findings highlight, the majority of SME owners are male, irrespective of the SME type. Moreover, the survey recognized six main business types of non-tourism SMEs: agriculture, farming, and dairy; arts and crafts; apparel and bags; auto parts and maintenance; household items; and cement and metalwork. Conversely, it recognized businesses such as hotels and homestays; spas and ayurveda; cafes, food, and beverages; traveling and guiding; surfing and diving; and souvenirs and handicrafts as common business types of tourism-related SMEs. Moreover, the average profit of tourism-related SMEs is considerably higher than both the average profit of non-tourism SMEs and the average profit of the entire sample of SMEs. However, the education level of tourism-related SME owners is slightly lower than that of non-tourism-related SME owners. The econometric analysis confirmed that tourism-related SMEs have higher profit and higher productivity than non-tourism-related SMEs. The estimated models also confirmed that factors such as firms’ capital assets, number of workers, sales revenue, level of human capital, and size positively affect SMEs’ profit and productivity. Hence, the current study strongly recommends motivating people who are interested in creating a tourism-related SME in the studied areas by providing the necessary training and initial capital for them to start their business. for 26.51% and 21.69% of SMEs. The recognized 12 (14.46%) firms and (13.25%) and 10 (12.05%) SMEs providing
Effects of the submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum (Ceratophyllaceae) and the cladoceran Moina micrura (Cladocera: Moinidae) on microalgal interactions AQUATIC

Introduction: Cyanobacterial blooms in tropical water bodies are increasingly common, because of eutrophication and rising temperatures. Consequently, many freshwater systems are affected, by reducing water quality, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. With the increased frequency of harmful algal blooms, the development of biological tools to improve water quality is an urgent issue. Objective: To evaluate the effects of a submerged macrophyte and a cladoceran on the microcystin-producing cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa (NPLJ-4) and the chlorophyte Raphidocelis subcapitata (BMIUFRPE-02) in mixed cultures. Methods: Two parallel experiments were carried out for ten days to evaluate the effects of the submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum and the cladoceran Moina micrura on microalgal interactions. Microalgal strains were cultivated in the ASM1 culture medium, under controlled laboratory conditions. The first experi- ment presented four treatments: M ( C. demersum ), Z ( M. micrura ), MZ ( C. demersum and M. micrura ), and C (control). Meanwhile, the second experiment consisted of five treatments, in which the microalgae were cultivated together at different Microcystis : Raphidocelis ratios: 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1. Biomass and growth rates of the strains were evaluated every two days, which were statistically treated with three-way or two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: In the first experiment, M. aeruginosa was significantly inhibited in M and MZ treatments from the second day, and Z from the fourth, while R. subcapitata showed no reduction in its biomass in any treatment. On the other hand, R. subcapitata was stimulated from the eighth and tenth days in M treatment and only on the eighth day in Z treatment. In the second experiment, M. aeruginosa was significantly inhibited when cultivated with R. subcapitata in low ratios ( Microcystis : Raphidocelis ratio of 1:3) throughout the experiment, while the chlorophyte was stimulated in that treatment. Conclusions: The coexistence of a cyanobacterium with a green alga did not alter the main negative response of M. aeruginosa to the submerged macrophyte and zooplankton but stimulated the green alga. Accordingly, the introduction of submerged macrophytes and cladocerans already adapted to eutrophic conditions, both isolated and combined, proved to be a good method to control cyanobacterial blooms without negatively affecting other coexisting phytoplankton species.
Cultural values in American and Spanish TV advertising at the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic

This article discusses the similarities and differences found in some Spanish and American television advertisements broadcast at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. To carry out this study, forty advertisements shown on television in the two countries during the months of March and April 2020 were analysed. Qualitative and quantitative analysis considered the cultural dimensions of identity, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity. In addition, the Chi-square formula was also applied in order to confirm that the differences found in both groups of adverts were not significantly important. The results show that a great deal of similar messages and even expressions was conveyed to both audiences in both countries, although some differences were also found. Besides, the main goal of these ads in both groups was to comfort the audience, and not to clearly promote or advertise the product. Thus, this study demonstrates once again that despite the differences that these two cultural groups display, and which are usually portrayed in intercultural literature, the context highly influences the values typically assigned to a linguistic community. That is reflected in the discourse of speakers, and it is the reason why we can find values opposite to those expected in a cultural group.
Nonverbal Rhetoric: Two- to Four-year-old Children Select Relevant Evidence When Trying to Influence Others

This paper investigates the early emergence of reason-giving. Toddlers are sensitive to disagreements, and they can track several kinds of informational access, such as visual perception. We investigated whether young children use these skills (i) when assessing whether providing reasons is needed and (ii) when selecting appropriate behaviors to support their claims. An experimenter disagreed with 2- to 4-year-old children ( N = 71) about the location of a toy placed in one of four boxes. In a Fully Transparent condition, the boxes were transparent, and the toy was visible to the experimenter and to the participant. In a Window condition, the boxes were partially opaque, and the toy was initially hidden from the experimenter but visible to the participant through a transparent window. In this condition, toddlers could make the toy visible to the experimenter by rotating the baited box. Participants in the Window condition were more likely to rotate the baited box than those in the Transparent condition. Thus, children were more likely to rotate the box when this action was an efficient way of supporting their claims by revealing new and relevant information to the experimenter. These results demonstrate the presence of precursors of crucial skills required for reason-giving and reveal that from 2 years of age, children do not use fixed persuasion strategies. Instead, they select relevant evidence when attempting to influence others.