Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simulated star formation rate functions at z ∼ 4-7, and the role of feedback in high-z galaxies

We study the role of feedback from supernovae and black holes in the evolution of the star formation rate function (SFRF) of z~4-7 galaxies. We use a new set of cosmological hydrodynamic simulations, ANGUS (AustraliaN GADGET-3 early Universe Simulations), run with a modified and improved version of the parallel TreePM-smoothed particle hydrodynamics code GADGET-3 called P-GADGET3(XXL), that includes a self-consistent implementation of stellar evolution and metal enrichment. In our simulations both Supernova (SN) driven galactic winds and Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) act simultaneously in a complex interplay. The SFRF is insensitive to feedback prescription at z>5, meaning that it cannot be used to discriminate between feedback models during reionisation. However, the SFRF is sensitive to the details of feedback prescription at lower redshift. By exploring different SN driven wind velocities and regimes for the AGN feedback, we find that the key factor for reproducing the observed SFRFs is a combination of "strong" SN winds and early AGN feedback in low mass galaxies. Conversely, we show that the choice of initial mass function and inclusion of metal cooling have less impact on the evolution of the SFRF. When variable winds are considered, we find that a non-aggressive wind scaling is needed to reproduce the SFRFs at z>4. Otherwise, the amount of objects with low SFRs is greatly suppressed and at the same time winds are not effective enough in the most massive systems.
DOES THE SAGITTARIUS STREAM CONSTRAIN THE MILKY WAY HALO TO BE TRIAXIAL?

Recent analyses of the stellar stream of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy have suggested that the kinematics and three-dimensional location of the M-giant stars in this structure constrain the dark matter halo of our Galaxy to possess a triaxial shape that is extremely flattened, being essentially an oblate ellipsoid oriented perpendicular to the Galactic disk. Using a new stream-fitting algorithm, based on a Markov Chain Monte Carlo procedure, we investigate whether this claim remains valid if we allow the density profile of the Milky Way halo greater freedom. We find stream solutions that fit the leading and trailing arms of this structure even in a spherical halo, although this would need a rising Galactic rotation curve at large Galactocentric radius. However, the required rotation curve is not ruled out by current constraints. It appears therefore that for the Milky Way, halo triaxiality, despite its strong theoretical motivation, is not required to explain the Sagittarius stream. This degeneracy between triaxiality and the halo density profile suggests that, in future endeavors to model this structure, it will be advantageous to relax the strict analytic density profiles that have been used to date.
THE OPTX PROJECT. II. HARD X-RAY LUMINOSITY FUNCTIONS OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI FOR z ≲ 5

We use the largest, most uniform, and most spectroscopically complete to faint X-ray flux limits Chandra sample to date to construct hard (2–8 keV) rest-frame X-ray luminosity functions (HXLFs) of spectroscopically identified active galactic nuclei (AGNs) to z ∼ 5. In addition, we use a new 2–8 keV local sample selected by the very hard (14–195 keV) SWIFT 9-month Burst Alert Telescope survey to construct the local 2–8 keV HXLF. We do maximum likelihood fits of the combined distant plus local sample (as well as of the distant sample alone) over the redshift intervals 0 < z < 1.2, 0 < z < 3, and 0 < z < 5 using a variety of analytic forms, which we compare with the HXLFs. We recommend using our luminosity-dependent density evolution model fits of the combined distant plus local sample over 0 < z < 3 for all the spectroscopically identified sources and for the broad-line AGNs.
Determination of the full statistics of quantum observables using the maximum-entropy method

Numerical methods for the description of nonequilibrium many-particle quantum systems such as equation of motion techniques often cannot compute the full statistics of observables but only moments of it, such as mean, variance and higher-order moments. We employ here the maximum entropy method to numerically construct unbiased statistics based on the knowledge of moments. We verify the feasibility of the proposed method by numerical simulation of a simple birth-death model for quantum-dot-microcavity lasers, where the full photon and carrier statistics are available for comparison. We show that not only the constructed statistics but also the computed entropy and the Lagrange multipliers, which appear here as a byproduct, provide valuable insight into the physics of the considered system. For example, the entropy reveals that, in contrast to common wisdom, the photon statistics of the microcavity laser above threshold is better described by a Gaussian distribution than by a Poisson distribution. Our approach is general and can be applied to many other systems emerging in physics and related fields.
The contribution of CHONS particles to the diffuse high-Galactic-latitude IR emission

This work purports to model the far infrared gray-body emission in the spectra of high-Galactic-latitude clouds. Several carbonaceous laboratory materials are tested for their fitness as carriers of this modified-black-body emission which, according to data delivered by the Planck satellite, and others before, is best fit with temperature 17.9 K and spectral index beta=1.78. Some of these materials were discarded for insufficient emissivity, others for inadequate beta. By contrast, CHONS clusters (beta=1.4, T=19 K) combine nicely with magnesium silicate (beta=2, T=18.7 K) to give a spectrum which falls well within the observational error bars (total emission cross-section at 250 mum: 8.6 10^{-26} cm^{2} per H atom). Only 15 % of all Galactic carbon atoms are needed for this purpose. The CHONS particles that were considered and described have a disordered (amorphous) structure but include a sizable fraction of aromatic rings, although they are much less graphitized than a-C:H/HAC. They can be seen as one embodiment of ``astronomical graphite" deduced earlier on from the then available astronomical observations. Grain heating by H atom capture is proposed as a contributor to the observed residual emissions that do not follow the dust/HI correlation.
Bridgeland stability on threefolds: Some wall crossings

Following up on the construction of Bridgeland stability condition on $\mathbb{P}^3$ by Macr\`i, we develop techniques to study concrete wall crossing behavior for the first time on a threefold. In some cases, such as complete intersections of two hypersurfaces of the same degree or twisted cubics, we show that there are two chambers in the stability manifold where the moduli space is given by a smooth projective irreducible variety, respectively the Hilbert scheme. In the case of twisted cubics, we compute all walls and moduli spaces on a path between those two chambers. This allows us to give a new proof of the global structure of the main component, originally due to Ellingsrud, Piene, and Str{\o}mme. In between slope stability and Bridgeland stability there is the notion of tilt stability that is defined similarly to Bridgeland stability on surfaces. Beyond just $\mathbb{P}^3$, we develop tools to use computations in tilt stability to compute wall crossings in Bridgeland stability.
Interfacial Tailoring of Polyether Sulfone-Modified Silica Mixed Matrix Membranes for CO2 Separation

In this work, in situ polymerization of modified sol-gel silica in a polyether sulfone matrix is presented to control the interfacial defects in organic-inorganic composite membranes. Polyether sulfone polymer and modified silica are used as organic and inorganic components of mixed matrix membranes (MMM). The membranes were prepared with different loadings (2, 4, 6, and 8 wt.%) of modified and unmodified silica. The synthesized membranes were characterized using Field emission electron scanning microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyzer, and differential scanning calorimetry. The performance of the membranes was evaluated using a permeation cell set up at a relatively higher-pressure range (5–30 bar). The membranes appear to display ideal morphology with uniform distribution of particles, defect-free structure, and absence of interfacial defects such as voids and particle accumulations. Additionally, the CO2/CH4 selectivity of the membrane increased with the increase in the modified silica content. Further comparison of the performance indicates that PES/modified silica MMMs show a promising feature of commercially attractive membranes. Therefore, tailoring the interfacial morphology of the membrane results in enhanced properties and improved CO2 separation performance.
Categorical Generalization and Physical Structuralism

Category theory has become central to certain aspects of theoretical physics. Bain ([2013]) has recently argued that this has significance for ontic structural realism. We argue against this claim. In so doing, we uncover two pervasive forms of category-theoretic generalization. We call these ‘generalization by duality’ and ‘generalization by categorifying physical processes’. We describe in detail how these arise, and explain their significance using detailed examples. We show that their significance is two-fold: the articulation of high-level physical concepts, and the generation of new models. 1 Introduction 2 Categories and Structuralism 2.1 Categories: abstract and concrete 2.2 Structuralism: simple and ontic 3 Bain’s Two Strategies 3.1 A first strategy for defending Objectless 3.2 A second strategy for defending Objectless 4 Two Forms of Categorical Generalization 4.1 Generalization by duality 4.2 Generalization by categorification 4.3 The role of category theory in physics 5 Conclusion 1 Introduction 2 Categories and Structuralism 2.1 Categories: abstract and concrete 2.2 Structuralism: simple and ontic 2.1 Categories: abstract and concrete 2.2 Structuralism: simple and ontic 3 Bain’s Two Strategies 3.1 A first strategy for defending Objectless 3.2 A second strategy for defending Objectless 3.1 A first strategy for defending Objectless 3.2 A second strategy for defending Objectless 4 Two Forms of Categorical Generalization 4.1 Generalization by duality 4.2 Generalization by categorification 4.3 The role of category theory in physics 4.1 Generalization by duality 4.2 Generalization by categorification 4.3 The role of category theory in physics 5 Conclusion
Small systems and regulator dependence in relativistic hydrodynamics

Consistent theories of hydrodynamics necessarily include nonhydrodynamic modes, which can be viewed as a regulator necessary to ensure causality. Under many circumstances the choice of regulator is not relevant, but this is not always the case. In particular, for suciently small systems (such as those arising in pA or pp collisions) such dependence
Cofinite Submodule Closed Categories and the Weyl group

We consider hereditary Artin algebras over arbitrary fields and prove that there is a natural bijection between the Weyl groups and the sets of full additive cofinite submodule closed subcategories of the module categories. While Oppermann, Reiten and Thomas have shown this for algebraically closed fields and finite fields, we give a different method of proof that holds independently of the field. In particular, we show a relatively simple way to construct all modules that contain a given preinjective module as a submodule.
International Impact of COVID-19 on Energy Economics and Environmental Pollution: A Scoping Review

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy and society has gained the interest of academics and policymakers in recent years. Our paper aims to investigate and systemize the evidence from 1901 publications belonging to the top 1% of worldwide topics by prominence. This paper helps estimate a pandemic’s short-run and longer-run effects on energy economics and environmental pollution. By systematizing the literature, we analyze key parameters influencing the deviation of previous worldwide economic and environmental development trajectories due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper examines research on the consequences of COVID-19 in five dimensions, particularly the impact of COVID-19 on (1) the environment and climate change, (2) sustainable development, (3) renewable energy and energy policy, and (4) methodology for forecasting and evaluating the energy sector and economic sectors. Our results indicate that the pandemic crisis’s impact on achieving sustainable development goals in the context of energy change and pollution is controversial and complex. On the one hand, scientists are unequivocal about the positive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on improving air quality and reducing CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, the long-term effects are threatened by gaps between countries in economic prosperity and different vaccination rates. Most studies have found that only a joint social effort and international collaboration can move to a clean energy system. In addition, using the Scopus database and modern tools of machine analysis, we determine leading authors in the subject area of “renewable energy, sustainability, and the environment”, as well as the top networks and scientific communities that appear within energy. The analysis of this manuscript can be helpful to policymakers and stakeholders in developing comprehensive energy efficiency programs and energy-saving strategies to achieve SDG targets.
Joint eigenfunctions for the relativistic Calogero-Moser Hamiltonians of hyperbolic type. I. First steps

We present and develop a recursion scheme to construct joint eigenfunctions for the commuting analytic difference operators associated with the integrable N-particle systems of hyperbolic relativistic Calogero-Moser type. The scheme is based on kernel identities we obtained in previous work. In this first paper of a series we present the formal features of the scheme, show explicitly its arbitrary-N viability for the `free' cases, and supply the analytic tools to prove the joint eigenfunction properties in suitable holomorphy domains.
A Herschel [C ii] Galactic plane survey - I. The global distribution of ISM gas components

Context. The [C ii] 158 μm line is an important tool for understanding the life cycle of interstellar matter. Ionized carbon is present in a variety of phases of the interstellar medium (ISM), including the diffuse ionized medium, warm and cold atomic clouds, clouds in transition from atomic to molecular, and dense and warm photon dominated regions. Aims. Velocity-resolved observations of [C ii] are the most powerful technique available to disentangle the emission produced by these components. These observations can also be used to trace CO-dark H2 gas and determine the total mass of the ISM. Methods. The Galactic Observations of Terahertz C+ (GOTC+) project surveys the [C ii] 158 μm line over the entire Galactic disk with velocity-resolved observations using the Herschel/HIFI instrument. We present the first longitude-velocity maps of the [C ii] emission for Galactic latitudes b = 0 ◦ , ±0.5 ◦ ,a nd±1.0 ◦ . We combine these maps with those of H i, 12 CO, and 13 CO to separate the different phases of the ISM and study their properties and distribution in the Galactic plane. Results. [C ii] emission is mostly associated with spiral arms, mainly emerging from Galactocentric distances between 4 and 10kpc. It traces the envelopes of evolved clouds as well as clouds that are in the transition between atomic and molecular. We estimate that most of the observed [C ii] emission is produced by dense photon dominated regions (∼47%), with smaller contributions from COdark H2 gas (∼28%), cold atomic gas (∼21%), and ionized gas (∼4%). Atomic gas inside the Solar radius is mostly in the form of cold neutral medium (CNM), while the warm neutral medium gas dominates the outer galaxy. The average fraction of CNM relative to total atomic gas is ∼43%. We find that the warm and diffuse CO-dark H2 is distributed over a larger range of Galactocentric distances (4−11kpc) than the cold and dense H2 gas traced by 12 CO and 13 CO (4−8kpc). The fraction of CO-dark H2 to total H2 increases with Galactocentric distance, ranging from ∼20% at 4kpc to ∼80% at 10kpc. On average, CO-dark H2 accounts for ∼30% of the molecular mass of the Milky Way. When the CO-dark H2 component is included, the radial distribution of the CO-to-H2 conversion factor is steeper than that when only molecular gas traced by CO is considered. Most of the observed [C ii] emission emerging from dense photon dominated regions is associated with modest far-ultraviolet fields in the range χ0 � 1−30.
Observational implications of mattergenesis during inflation

The observed baryon asymmetry, as well as potentially an asymmetry in the dark matter sector, can be produced through dissipative particle production during inflation. A distinctive feature of this mechanism is the generation of matter isocurvature perturbations that are fully (anti-)correlated with the dominant adiabatic curvature perturbations. We show that chaotic warm inflation models yield anti-correlated isocurvature modes that may partially or even completely screen the contribution of primordial gravity waves to the CMB temperature power spectrum. The tensor-to-scalar ratio inferred from the latter may thus be parametrically smaller than the one deduced from B-mode polarization maps, which is particularly relevant in the light of the recently announced results of the BICEP2 experiment.
Modelling the post-reionization neutral hydrogen (H i ) bias

Observations of the neutral Hydrogen (\HI ) 21-cm signal hold the potential of allowing us to map out the cosmological large scale structures (LSS) across the entire post-reionization era ($z \leq 6$). Several experiments are planned to map the LSS over a large range of redshifts and angular scales, many of these targeting the Baryon Acoustic Oscillations. It is important to model the \HI distribution in order to correctly predict the expected signal, and more so to correctly interpret the results after the signal is detected. In this paper we have carried out semi-numerical simulations to model the \HI distribution and study the \HI power spectrum $P_{\HI}(k,z)$ across the redshift range $1 \le z \le 6$. We have modelled the \HI bias as a complex quantity $\tilde{b}(k,z)$ whose modulus squared $b^2(k,z)$ relates $P_{\HI}(k,z)$ to the matter power spectrum $P(k,z)$, and whose real part $b_r(k,z)$ quantifies the cross-correlation between the \HI and the matter distribution. We study the $z$ and $k$ dependence of the bias, and present polynomial fits which can be used to predict the bias across $0 \le z \le6$ and $0.01 \le k \le 10 \, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$. We also present results for the stochasticity $r=b_r/b$ which is important for cross-correlation studies.
Lepton and Quark Masses and Mixing in a SUSY Model with Delta(384) and CP

We construct a supersymmetric model for leptons and quarks with the flavor symmetry Delta(384) and CP. The peculiar features of lepton and quark mixing are accomplished by the stepwise breaking of the flavor and CP symmetry. The correct description of lepton mixing angles requires two steps of symmetry breaking, where tri-bimaximal mixing arises after the first step. In the quark sector the Cabibbo angle theta_C equals sin pi/16 = 0.195 after the first step of symmetry breaking and it is brought into full agreement with experimental data after the second step. The two remaining quark mixing angles are generated after the third step of symmetry breaking. All three leptonic CP phases are predicted, sin delta^l = -0.936, |sin alpha|=|sin beta|=1/sqrt{2}. The amount of CP violation in the quark sector turns out to be maximal at the lowest order and is correctly accounted for, when higher order effects are included. Charged fermion masses are reproduced with the help of operators with different numbers of flavor (and CP) symmetry breaking fields. Light neutrino masses, arising from the type-I seesaw mechanism, can accommodate both mass orderings, normal and inverted. The vacuum alignment of the flavor (and CP) symmetry breaking fields is discussed at leading and at higher order.
Effects of Hydroxypropyl-Beta-Cyclodextrin on Cultured Brain Endothelial Cells

The application of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) in the treatment of the rare cholesterol and lipid storage disorder Niemann–Pick disease type C opened new perspectives in the development of an efficient therapy. Even if the systemic administration of HPBCD was found to be effective, its low permeability across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) limited the positive neurological effects. Nevertheless, the cellular interactions of HPBCD with brain capillary endothelial cells have not been investigated in detail. In this study, the cytotoxicity, permeability, and cellular internalization of HPBCD on primary rat and immortalized human (hCMEC/D3) brain capillary endothelial cells were investigated. HPBCD shows no cytotoxicity on endothelial cells up to 100 µM, measured by impedance kinetics. Using a fluorescent derivative of HPBCD (FITC-HPBCD) the permeability measurements reveal that on an in vitro triple co-culture BBB model, FITC-HPBCD has low permeability, 0.50 × 10−6 cm/s, while on hCMEC/D3 cell layers, the permeability is higher, 1.86 × 10−5 cm/s. FITC-HPBCD enters brain capillary endothelial cells, is detected in cytoplasmic vesicles and rarely localized in lysosomes. The cellular internalization of HPBCD at the BBB can help to develop new strategies for improved HPBCD effects after systemic administration.
Monazite-type SrCrO4 under compression

We report a high-pressure study of monoclinic monazite-type SrCrO4 up to 26 GPa. Therein we combined x-ray diffraction, Raman, and optical-absorption measurements with ab initio calculations, to find a pressure-induced structural phase transition of SrCrO4 near 8–9 GPa. Evidence of a second phase transition was observed at 10–13 GPa. The crystal structures of the high-pressure phases were assigned to the tetragonal scheelite-type and monoclinic AgMnO4-type structures. Both transitions produce drastic changes in the electronic band gap and phonon spectrum of SrCrO4. We determined the pressure evolution of the band gap for the low- and high-pressure phases as well as the frequencies and pressure dependencies of the Raman-active modes. In all three phases most Raman modes harden under compression, however the presence of low-frequency modes which gradually soften is also detected. In monazite-type SrCrO4, the band gap blueshifts under compression, but the transition to the scheelite phase causes an abrupt decrease of the band gap in SrCrO4. Calculations showed good agreement with experiments and were used to better understand the experimental results. From x-ray-diffraction studies and calculations we determined the pressure dependence of the unit-cell parameters of the different phases and their ambient-temperature equations of state. The results are compared with the high-pressure behavior of other monazites, in particular PbCrO4. A comparison of the high-pressure behavior of the electronic properties of SrCrO4 (SrWO4) and PbCrO4 (PbWO4) will also be made. Finally, the possible occurrence of a third structural phase transition is discussed.