Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Survey on Equine Parasite Control in the Midwestern and Southwestern United States

We conducted a survey to assess parasite control programs used by three groups of horse owners. The majority of those surveyed indicated that they received information on parasite control from veterinarians, with only 6% indicating reliance on Extension materials for such information. Most participants did not use fecal egg counts as part of their parasite control programs, and most were not aware of parasite resistance to anthelmintics. Our survey results highlight areas in which education for horse owners may be needed.
On the Kinetics of Phosphorus Exchange in Lakes

A number of workers have added commercial fertilizer to lakes and followed the results by analyses of nutrients in the water. There is general agreement about the fate of the nutrients. They disappear from the water, the curve f their decline being rapid at first, and later tending to flatten out, so that within a period of a few days or weeks scarcely any extra phosphorus or nitrogen can be detected. When large amounts of fertilizer are added, it has been usual to assume that their rapid disappearance is evidence of extensive utilization by animals and plants in the lake; that is to say, it is commonly taken as proof of the nutrient value of the extra material. Further information can be gained by the use of radioactive phosphorus, 32p. The first such experiment was reported by Hutchinson & Bowen in 1947, who added 10 mc. to a eutrophic, stratified, 14-acre lake in Connecticut. Their results showed mixing in the epilimnion and they inferred that there was penetration into the hypolimnion. They also record a 1000-fold concentration of material in the tissues of such littoral plants as Potamogeton within a period of 1 week. An additional experiment by the same authors (1950) indicated that complete equilibration between water and solids occurred within a week. Following this there was a steady gain of radio-phosphorus by the hypolimnion, which the authors attribute partly to sedimentation of dead plankton and faeces, and partly to removal from the mud. In the work to be reported in this paper, tracer phosphorus was added to a lake and the customary loss from the water was observed. In such experiments there is no appreciable initial increase in the phosphorus present, nor does any later decline occur. One is simply following the behaviour of a few marked atoms. Hence the proposition that some enhancement of plant or animal growth takes place is untenable. In the light of the tracer results, we were led to some doubt as to whether the disappearance, even of massive additions of fertilizer to lakes, should be taken as evidence of growth stimulation. Detailed consideration of several such experiments, together with a proposed general interpretation, is given below.
Analysis of Factors Concerning Bleeding Rate from the Basal Part of Stem in Rice Plants

The measurement of bleeding from the basal part of the stem had been applied to estimation for root activity of rice. However, the bleeding rate (BL) showed wide variation among test plants. We investigated the relationship between various factors on BL variation and the relationship between BL and root respiration under conditions of paddy fields during the period from young panicle formation to ripening stage in rice. BL, which was got from the stump of stem at 12cm from the soil surface, was strongly decreased due to transpiration of leaves of other stems in the measured hill. Therefore, all of the stems in a hill were cut for the measurement of BL. There was a positive correlation between BL per stem and cross sectional area (AS) on basal stem, and large stem had a high value of BL per AS. The relationship between BL and soil temperature within the range 7 to 29°C could be expressed with an exponential curve of temperature quotient (Q10) of 2.2, nearly the same value of root respiration. After the booting stage, the relationship between root respiration and BL per stem showed a highly positive correlation. Measurement of BL could be recommended as a useful method for estimation of root activity, especially at the ripening period.
Determination of Genome Size, Chromosome Number, and Genetic Variation Using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat Markers in Lotus spp.

Lotus is a leguminous and cosmopolitan genus in the Loteae tribe consisting of more than 200 species. The number of chromosomes has been reported for many Lotus species; however, molecular studies have focused only on a few important species of this genus. The present study was conducted to estimate the genome size and ploidy levels of 28 Lotus accessions, and to identify their genetic diversity using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis. The chromosome number of 16 accessions agreed with previous reports (except for Lotus salsuginosus), while that in 11 accessions were reported here for the first time. The smallest nuclear DNA content was identified in the diploid, Lotus unifoliolatus (0.28±0.01 pg C-1). In contrast, the tetraploid, Lotus australis, had a genome size of 1.28±0.03 pg C-1, representing a five-fold difference in genome size among the Lotus species. When expressed as a per Cx value, Lotus species genome sizes ranged from 0.28 pg Cx-1 in L. unifoliolatus to 0.71 pg Cx-1 in Lotus wrightii, representing a 2.5-fold difference. There was no relationship between genome size and chromosome number or ploidy level; thus, genome size is species specific in the Lotus species. On ISSR analysis, a total of 379 fragments were generated with 12 primers, and all accessions were grouped into four clusters by phylogenetic analysis. The results of this investigation will be useful for plant breeders attempting to expand the genetic variation found in this species by crossbreeding using these resources.
Some environmental factors effect on milk yield estimated with different methods in Anatolian Buffaloes.

Bu calisma, Tokat ili ve ilcelerinde yetistirilen Anadolu mandalarinin farkli metotlar ile belirlenen sut verimlerine ait duzeyler ve bunlar uzerindeki bazi cevre faktorlerinin etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaciyla yapilmistir. Calismada etkisi olculebilir cevre faktorleri olarak bolge, malaklama yasi ve malaklama mevsimin etkileri uzerinde durulmustur. Verilerin analizlerinde, cevresel faktorlerin etki paylarinin belirlenmesinde minimum kareler metodu ve bunlarin karsilastirilmasinda DUNCAN coklu karsilastirma testi kullanilmistir. Anadolu mandalarinin Hollanda, Isvec, Vogel, Trapez I ve Trapez II metotlarina gore tespit edilen laktasyon sut verimi sirasi ile 734.0±16.0 kg, 735.4±16.0 kg, 761.4±16.4 kg, 657.7±13.7 kg ve 654.7±13.5 kg olarak saptanmistir. Ayrica, laktasyon suresi ve gunluk ortalama sut verimi sirasi ile 146.55±1.79 gun, 5.21±0.096 kg olarak belirlenmistir. Arastirma sonucunda, tahmin edilen sut verimleri ve laktasyon suresi uzerine bolge, malaklama yasi ve malaklama mevsiminin etkisinin onemli oldugu bulunmustur (P<0.01).
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now report in a comparable study sample. However, our previous study (2) clearly points to normal amygdala and hippocampal size in trauma-exposed individuals with the sole diagnosis of DA or DID. In the light of our present and previous (2) results, we conclude that amygdala and hippocampal size reductions of the subjects of the Vermetten et al. study (3) were most probably related to the diagnosis of PTSD, but not DID. However, future research is required in order to elucidate whether individuals with DA and DID differ with respect to brain changes. More importantly, it seems urgent that future research focuses on those aspects setting traumaexposed persons with PTSD at risk of amygdala and hippocampal size reduction, and on those aspects obviously protecting trauma-exposed persons with the sole diagnosis of DA or DID from developing these deteriorating brain changes.
Comparative Micromorphology and Anatomy of Crested Sepals in Iris (Iridaceae)

Premise of research. The Iris flower is considered to be a pseudoinflorescence by having three pollination units, each acting as a labiate flower. The sepal provides the entrance, “floor,” and “walls” of the pollination tunnel and is sometimes adaxially elaborated with various structures, such as ridges, crests, and protuberances. Crested sepals have a prominent median crest that lies along the proximal-distal axis of the pollination tunnel and sometimes also have various lateral structures on the entrance, floor, or walls of the pollination tunnel, suggesting that they may play a role in pollination. Crested sepals are morphologically diverse and have evolved at least five times in Iris. Understanding their micromorphology and anatomy will shed light on the diversification of perianth and provide insights into flower-pollinator interaction. Methodology. Micromorphologies of the adaxial epidermis and anatomical characteristics of selected crested sepals representing different patterns of structural elaborations as well as ridged and nonelaborated sepals were studied using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Pivotal results. Compared with nonelaborated sepals, the occurrence of the median and sometimes lateral structures on crested sepals changes not only the architecture of the pollination tunnel and its entrance but also the epidermal topology within the pollination tunnel by creating new epidermal zones. Compared with ridged sepals, crested sepals have a more sophisticated median structure that is usually more prominent and elaborated at the pollinator entrance and/or the distal half of the pollination tunnel. Vascular tissues and trichomes are also present in or on some of the median and lateral structures. Conclusions. The micromorphologies and anatomical features of crested sepals are diverse even though convergences in terms of epidermal topology and the occurrence of vascular tissues in elaborate structures also occur among independently evolved crested lineages in Iris. Structural elaborations may provide optical and tactile cues or stimuli to pollinators.
Size and Age Parameters of Nest Trees Used by Four Species of Parrot and One Species of Cockatoo in South-west Australia

The size and health of hollow-bearing eucalypts successfully used by four species of parrot and one species of cockatoo in the south-west of Western Australia are described. The estimated age of these nest trees based on known growth rates is given and ranged from 73 years to over 1300 years. The lowest average estimated age of nest trees recorded for any of the parrot species was 275 years, and 446 years for the cockatoo species. In view of current timber production strategies and management policies for remnants of native vegetation there is a real possibility that nest hollows may be in limited supply in some areas in the near future. To ensure a continued supply of nest hollows for parrots it will be necessary to modify existing timber production strategies in forests, develop new strategies for managing isolated remnants, undertake research into the value of artificial nest hollows to supplement dwindling supplies, and encourage further community involvement in the management of small remnants of native vegetation.
Comparison of Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Acrylamide in Prepared Maillard Model Systems

Maillard model systems were prepared by using asparagine and glutamine as amino acids and glucose and fructose as reducing sugars. Acrylamide is the toxic compound that is produced during Maillard reaction among amino acids and sugars. So, in the current study, various mitigation strategies were utilized in these model systems to reduce the toxic effects of acrylamide. These mitigation strategies include vacuum treatment, application of calcium chloride as a cation and utilization of pectin. Afterward, acrylamide concentration was determined in these model systems by Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) technique and progressive decrease was observed in acrylamide content by using different treatments. Maximum acrylamide concentration was observed in control i.e., 22.37±1.9 μg/g while minimum concentration (3.51±0.5 μg/g) was recorded in pectin-treated model system. Data pertaining to utilization of model system for acrylamide analysis by GC/MS indicated that model systems affected the acrylamide concentration momentously. Maximum acrylamide concentration (11.33±8.3 μg/g) was observed in GlucoseAsparagine model system, whilst minimum concentration (9.63±8.1 μg/g) was examined in FructoseGlutamine model system. Consequently, pectin as a hydrocolloid reduced the higher content of acrylamide in comparison with vacuum treatment and calcium chloride.
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of IMMUNEPOTENT CRP in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- stimulated human macrophages

IMMUNEPOTENT CRP is a mixture of low molecular weight substances, some of which have been shown to be clinically effective for a broad spectrum of diseases, maintaining the immune system and increasing the quality of life of the patients. To determine whether IMMUNEPOTENT CRP modulates the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated human macrophages; U-937 cells were differentiated to macrophages with PMA (10 ng/mL), stimulated with LPS (50 ng/mL), and treated with IMMUNEPOTENT CRP (0, 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 U/mL). Thereafter, the antioxidant (Total antioxidant, CAT, GPx, and SOD), inflammatory (NO, TNF-a, COX-2, PGD2), IkB phosphorylation, and NF-kB DNA binding activities were evaluated by ELISA and colorimetric enzymatic assays. The IMMUNEPOTENT CRP significantly increased the Total antioxidant, CAT, GPx, and SOD activities, and significantly decreased the NO, and TNF-a production, COX-2 and PGD2activities, IkB phosphorylation, NF-kB p50 and p65 subunit DNA binding activity in LPS-stimulated human macrophages (*P<0.05). Our results demonstrated that IMMUNEPOTENT CRP plays an important role in modulating the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through IkB/NF-kB pathway in LPS-stimulated human macrophages,suggesting that IMMUNEPOTENT CRP is an effective therapeutic agent in process involved in oxidative cellular damage and clinical inflammatory diseases. Key words: Dialyzable leukocyte extract, NF-kB, TNF-α.
The Pathogen and the Histopathology of Vertebral Deformity in Cultured Yellowtail

三重県下の養殖場で発生したブリ稚魚の脊椎変形症について細菌学的および病理組織学的に検討した結果,以下のようであった。 1. 病魚の外観は脊柱の側彎および上下彎がみられ,軟X線写真像でも脊椎の側彎および上下彎が認められた。 2. 病理組織所見では,脳,肝臓,腸間膜および心臓に細菌を貪食したマクロファージの集簇巣および肉芽腫形成が特徴であった。 3. 細菌検索した全例の脳からStreptococcusiniaeが,また,その内1例よりStreptococcus sp. が同時に分離された。
Apophysomyces Necrotizing Infection in an Immunocompetent Child

Background: Mucormycoses are uncommon fungal infections with high morbidity and mortality rates. Apophysomyces spp are a known but rare pathogen. Successful treatment necessitates early diagnosis, surgical debridement, and systemic antifungal treatment. Case Presentation: A 7-year-old boy sustained a minor trauma to his leg and developed necrotizing acute soft tissue infection secondary to Apophysomyces varibilis. He required multiple surgical debridements and systemic antifungal therapy. He recovered well and had excellent results following skin grafting. Conclusion: Apophysomyces varibilis is an emerging pathogen in immunocompetent patients, most commonly acquired by traumatic innoculation.
Ecology of the grand canyon rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis abyssus) in the Little Colorado River Canyon, Arizona

We studied movement behavior, activity range size, habitat use, and diet of the Grand Canyon rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis abyssus) in the Little Colorado River Canyon (Arizona) by capturing 13 rattlesnakes and equipping 9 with radio-transmitters. On average, snakes moved 45 m per movement and 26 m per day; males moved longer distances than females, but movement frequency was not significantly different between sexes. Unlike some other populations of C. viridis, Grand Canyon rattlesnakes exhibited low directionality of movements. Activity range size ranged from 30 ha among individuals, and the corridor-like nature of the canyon bottom resulted in elongate activity ranges. Prey species of rodents were common in each of 4 subhabitats on the study site, and snakes appeared to be dietary opportunists, eating a variety of rodent and lizard prey. Snakes preferentially used riparian areas and avoided floodplains. Talus and upland mesquite habitats were used in rough proportion to their availability. Differential use of subhabitat may result from thermoregulatory constraints and from variation in predictability of rodent prey.
Erratum: Association of CRHR1 and CRHR2 with major depressive disorder and panic disorder in a Japanese population

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and panic disorder (PD) are common and disabling medical disorders with stress and genetic components. Dysregulation of the stress response of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, including the corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH) signaling via primary receptors (CRHR1 and CRHR2), is considered to play a major role for onset and recurrence in MDD and PD. To confirm the association of CRHR1 and CRHR2 with MDD and PD, we investigated 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs4076452, rs7209436, rs110402, rs242924, rs242940, and rs173365 for CRHR1 and rs4722999, rs3779250, rs2267710, rs1076292, rs2284217, and rs226771 for CRHR2) in MDD patients (n = 173), PD patients (n = 180), and healthy controls (n = 285). The SNP rs110402 and rs242924 in the CRHR1 gene and the rs3779250 in the CRHR2 gene were associated with MDD. The SNP rs242924 in the CRHR1 gene was also associated with PD. The T–A–T–G–G haplotype consisting of rs7209436 and rs173365 in CRHR1 was positively associated with MDD. The T–A haplotype consisting of rs7209436 and rs110402 in CRHR1 was positively associated with MDD. The C–C haplotype consisting of rs4722999 and rs3779250 in CRHR2 was associated with PD. These results provide support for an association of CRHR1 and CRHR2 with MDD and PD. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exogenous salicylic acid alleviates oxidative damage of barley plants under drought stress

This paper reports the effects of 500 µM salicylic acid (SA) application on drought stress acclimation of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Nosrat) plants grown in soil culture. In these experiments the following treatments were used: CK (control), DR (drought), SA (500 µM) and DSA (SA+drought). The results showed that drought stress decreased the dry mass and net CO2 assimilation rate (A) of plants, which were all increased by the addition of SA. Under drought conditions, the improvement of photosynthesis of barley plants treated with SA was associated with an increase in g s , whereas the maximal quantum yield of PSII (F v /F m ) did not change with SA treatment. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content remained unchanged in DSA plants because of an efficient scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following a significant enhancement of some antioxidative enzyme activities. The present work suggests that the improvement of SA on drought tolerance of barley plants was associated with the increase of antioxidant defense abilities and maintenance of photosynthesis under drought, which may elucidate the physiologi- cal mechanism of SA in improvement of drought tolerance of barley plants. Acta Biol Szeged 56(1):57-63 (2012)
Freshwater Mastogloia (Bacillariophyceae) taxa from Macedonia, with a description of the epizoic M. sterijovskii sp. nov.

Mastogloia is one of the few species-rich diatom genera the majority of whose taxa inhabit the marine environment with only a small number of taxa in freshwater habitats. An ongoing revision of the Macedonian diatom flora, mainly over the last decade, has revealed many previously misidentified taxa. Currently, seven freshwater Mastogloia taxa have been recorded from Macedonia: M. elliptica (C. Agardh) Cleve, M. dansei (Thwaites) W. Smith, M. grevillei W. Smith, M. lacustris (Grunow) Grunow, M. ohridana Cvetkoska & Levkov, M. albertii nom. nov. and M. sterijovskii sp. nov. The main morphological features have been analysed with light and scanning electron microscopy. These taxa inhabit a variety of freshwater habitats, including oligotrophic rivers, eutrophic ponds, mine lakes, thermo-mineral springs, with one species from fossil sediments of ancient Lake Ohrid. Mastogloia albertii nom. nov., which we also lectotypify, is a new name for M. smithii var. amphicephala Grunow, since the latter is clearly distinct from the lectotype of M. smithii Thwaites. In addition, one of the observed taxa does not fit within any previously described Mastogloia taxa and is hereby described as a new species, M. sterijovskii. Mastogloia sterijovskii was found as epizoic on the dorsal carapace of the European pond turtle, Emys orbicularis Linnaeus, from the Mladost reservoir near Veles, central Macedonia. This species resembles M. albertii in valve outline, but can be distinguished by the shape of the valve apices and its size.
Do Rural Smallholder Farmers Subsidize Farm Investments With Non-farm Income? A Study of Vegetable Farmers

ABSTRACT Growth in the rural non-farm economy can boost local agricultural production in developing countries. Income from rural non-farm activities to subsidize agricultural production can be a remedy for inadequate access to credit and can help reverse declines in agricultural production and productivity. The effect of rural non-farm income (RNFI) on smallholder vegetable crop investments in southwestern Nigeria was examined. Multistage sampling was used to select 407 small-scale vegetable farmers actively involved in rural non-farm activities (RNFA). Data on farm production, financing sources, and amount invested were elicited from farmers through a survey conducted between March and August. Data analyses involved use of descriptive and Tobit regression statistics. Average age of farmers was 43.8 years; 24.1% were nonnatives of the community, 53.8% had only primary education, and average household size was about six persons. Average farm size was 1.02 ha. The most common cropping system used was the intercrop of short duration annuals involving cassava/yam/maize/vegetables. RNFAs used family as the only source of labor. Average annual RNFI realized was N107,854.3 (N165.7 = US$1) of which N14,988.08 (13.9%) was invested in crop production. Female farmers invested as much as three times of RNFI realized than their male counterparts in crop production. About 77.2% of investment was for labor in farms due to the labor-intensive nature of production. Tobit regression analysis indicated that farm size, farming experience, farmer dependency ratio, rural road infrastructure, and native status were factors influencing the proportion of RNFI invested in crop production. In the aggregate, RNFI marginally subsidizes vegetable crop production because the bulk of RNFI realized by small-scale producers was used to provide food and other household (health, education, social functions) consumption needs.