Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Smooth Causal Patches for AdS Black Holes

We review the paradox of low energy excitations of a black hole in anti--de Sitter space (AdS). An appropriately chosen unitary operator in the boundary theory can create a locally strong excitation near the black hole horizon, whose global energy is small as a result of the gravitational redshift. The paradox is that this seems to violate a general rule of statistical mechanics, which states that an operator with energy parametrically smaller than $kT$ cannot create a significant excitation in a thermal system. When we carefully examine the position dependence of the boundary unitary operator that produces the excitation and the bulk observable necessary to detect the anomalously large effect, we find that they do not both fit in a single causal patch. This follows from a remarkable property of position-space AdS correlators that we establish explicitly and resolves the paradox in a generic state of the system, since no combination of observers can both create the excitation and observe its effect. As a special case of our analysis, we show how this resolves the ``Born rule'' paradox of Marolf and Polchinski [J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2016) 008] and we verify our solution using an independent calculation. We then consider boundary states that are finely tuned to display a spontaneous excitation outside the causal patch of the infalling observer, and we propose a version of causal patch complementarity in AdS/CFT that resolves the paradox for such states as well.
Primordial magnetism in the CMB: Exact treatment of Faraday rotation and WMAP7 bounds

Faraday rotation induced B modes can provide a distinctive signature of primordial magnetic fields because of their characteristic frequency dependence and because they are only weakly damped on small scales, allowing them to dominate B modes from other sources. By numerically solving the full cosmic microwave background radiative transport equations, we study the B-mode power spectrum induced by stochastic magnetic fields that have significant power on scales smaller than the thickness of the last scattering surface. Constraints on the magnetic field energy density and inertial scale are derived from WMAP 7-year data, and are stronger than the big bang nucleosynthesis bound for a range of parameters. Observations of the cosmic microwave background polarization at smaller angular scales are crucial to provide tighter constraints or a detection.
Sparse elimination and applications in kinematics

This thesis proposes efficient algorithmic solutions to problems in computational algebra and computational algebraic geometry. Moreover, it considers their application to different areas where algebraic systems describe kinematic and geometric constraints. Given an arbitrary system of nonlinear multivariate polynomial equations, its resultant serves in eliminating variables and reduces root finding to a linear eigenproblem. Our contribution is to describe the first efficient and general algorithms for computing the sparse resultant. The sparse resultant generalizes the classical homogeneous resultant and exploits the structure of the given polynomials. Its size depends only on the geometry of the input Newton polytopes. The first algorithm uses a subdivision of the Minkowski sum and produces matrix formulae whose sizes are well-characterized. The second algorithm uses a heuristic in order to construct smaller matrices, which are typically within a factor of three of optimal size. For most systems an optimal matrix formula does not exist, yet the second algorithm produces optimal matrices in all cases where they are known to exist. The sparseness of the system is expressed by its mixed volume, which gives an upper bound on the number of isolated roots. A refinement of Sturmfels' algorithm is proposed which is very fast and has been used to derive new degree bounds for a class of benchmarks. Two methods based on the sparse resultant are implemented for calculating the common roots and then applied to concrete problems in robotics, vision and molecular kinematics. This illustrates our claim that problems from these areas often exhibit structure that can be exploited in the context of sparse elimination. Our solver finds all isolated solutions to satisfactory accuracy and speed; furthermore, its generality should establish it as the method of choice for systems of moderate size. The last chapter discusses the problem of input degeneracy which frequently arises in implementations of geometric as well as algebraic algorithms. The perturbation methods proposed are computationally optimal for certain classes of algorithms and simple to implement as illustrated by our convex hull implementation.
Intelligent Access to Unlicensed Spectrum: A Mean Field Based Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach

As the demand for mobile data traffic continues to grow, offloading data traffic to unlicensed spectrum is a promising approach that can relieve the pressure on cellular systems. Therefore, it is an urgent need to propose an unlicensed spectrum access method to guarantee the harmonious and efficient coexistence between cellular network technologies such as LTE and incumbent users such as WiFi in the unlicensed spectrum. However, existing coexistence schemes such as licensed assisted access (LAA) and LTE-unlicensed (LTE-U) still suffer from inefficient spectrum utilization and unsatisfactory fairness. In the paper, we formulate the optimization problem of the unlicensed spectrum access among multiple small bases (SBSs) as a game, and then solve the Nash Equilibrium (NE) with cooperative and distributed multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL). Specifically, a two level access framework for the coexistence scenario, which consists of feedback cycle and executive cycle, is first proposed, and then the key elements of MADRL including state, action, reward and Q-network are designed in detail based on the proposed access framework. To overcome the problems of learning divergence and prohibitive computation overhead in the coexistence scenario with multiple SBSs due to the non-stability phenomena, we adopt the mean field technology to solve the NE, which can simplify the process of solving NE by converting the interaction of an agent with the remaining multiple agents into an action with the average effect of them. Simulation results show that 1) the proposed algorithm can overcome the learning divergence problem and converge to the NE quickly, and 2) the proposed algorithm can achieve the bi-objective optimization of total throughput and fairness of the coexistence network, and can achieve better performance in terms of throughput and fairness compared with the baseline methods such as Cat-4 LBT, Cooperative LBT and Random schemes.
NON-EQUILIBRIUM CHEMISTRY OF DYNAMICALLY EVOLVING PRESTELLAR CORES. II. IONIZATION AND MAGNETIC FIELD

We study the effect that non-equilibrium chemistry in dynamical models of collapsing molecular cloud cores has on measurements of the magnetic field in these cores, the degree of ionization, and the mean molecular weight of ions. We find that OH and CN, usually used in Zeeman observations of the line-of-sight magnetic field, have an abundance that decreases toward the center of the core much faster than the density increases. As a result, Zeeman observations tend to sample the outer layers of the core and consistently underestimate the core magnetic field. The degree of ionization follows a complicated dependence on the number density at central densities up to 105 cm−3 for magnetic models and 106 cm−3 in non-magnetic models. At higher central densities, the scaling approaches a power law with a slope of −0.6 and a normalization which depends on the cosmic-ray ionization rate ζ and the temperature T as (ζT)1/2. The mean molecular weight of ions is systematically lower than the usually assumed value of 20–30, and, at high densities, approaches a value of 3 due to the asymptotic dominance of the H+3 ion. This significantly lower value implies that ambipolar diffusion operates faster.
Reference intervals of complete blood count parameters for individuals aged 80 to 89 years in Guizhou, China: A STROBE-compliant retrospective study

The reference intervals of complete blood count (CBC) parameters were commonly based on healthy individuals aged 20 to 79 years. However, these values are not optimal for correct clinical diagnosis in older individuals (e.g., 80–89 years). Although the reference intervals for this age group have been reported in China, there is no population-based report in Guizhou province. A total of 481 healthy adults (238 males and 243 females) aged 80 to 89 years were recruited from Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University in Guizhou. The CBC parameters were detected by Sysmex XN-9000 automatic hematology analyzer. The reference intervals of the components were analyzed according to the guidelines of International Federation of Clinical Chemistry. This study reported the reference intervals of CBC parameters. There were significant differences were examined in some reference intervals between the different gender groups, especially for RBC-related parameters. Compared with national standards, the most of all conventional reference intervals for CBC parameters were decreased. The present study provided the local reference intervals of CBC parameters for individuals aged 80 to 89 years in Guizhou, China. Some of our results were sex-specific, and most of our results show lower values while comparing with commonly used reference intervals in China. Therefore, more attentions should be paid to these differences, and accurate reference intervals will facilitate clinical diagnosis and decision-making in these populations.
Technology Heterogeneity and Poverty Traps: A Latent Class Approach to Technology Gap Drivers of Chronic Poverty

Abstract The analysis of household wealth dynamic remains an important methodology in the identification of poverty traps. To overcome measurement issues in survey data, livelihoods-based approaches of the dynamics of poverty are typically examined using panel regressions of a livelihoods regression on household assets and other socio-economic factors over time. In this paper, we characterise the livelihoods regression as a ‘livelihoods technology’, and use a latent class-technology approach to account for heterogeneity in how households generate a livelihood. We use a detailed dataset from rural India covering 213 households across 2001–2014, and control for selection issues through a Heckman Selection model. Our results are the first in the wealth dynamics literature to show that substantial heterogeneity exists in the technologies with which households generate their livelihoods. Importantly, we show that accounting for heterogeneity in household livelihoods ‘technologies’ more readily identifies different equilibria in wealth levels and provides previously foregone information on who is poor and why they remain poor.
Optical absorption of silicon nanowires

We report on simulations and measurements of the optical absorption of silicon nanowires (NWs) versus their diameter. We first address the simulation of the optical absorption based on two different theoretical methods : the first one, based on the Green function formalism, is useful to calculate the scattering and absorption properties of a single or a finite set of NWs. The second one, based on the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method is well-adapted to deal with a periodic set of NWs. In both cases, an increase of the onset energy for the absorption is found with increasing diameter. Such effect is experimentally illustrated, when photoconductivity measurements are performed on single tapered Si nanowires connected between a set of several electrodes. An increase of the nanowire diameter reveals a spectral shift of the photocurrent intensity peak towards lower photon energies, that allows to tune the absorption onset from the ultraviolet radiations to the visible light spectrum.
Novel Unsymmetric 3,5-Bis(benzylidene)-4-piperidones That Display Tumor-Selective Toxicity

Two series of novel unsymmetrical 3,5-bis(benzylidene)-4 piperidones 2a–f and 3a–e were designed as candidate antineoplastic agents. These compounds display potent cytotoxicity towards two colon cancers, as well as several oral squamous cell carcinomas. These compounds are less toxic to various non-malignant cells giving rise to large selectivity index (SI) figures. Many of the compounds are also cytotoxic towards CEM lymphoma and HL-60 leukemia cells. Representative compounds induced apoptotic cell death characterized by caspase-3 activation and subG1 accumulation in some OSCC cells, as well as the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential in CEM cells. A further line of inquiry was directed to finding if the SI values are correlated with the atomic charges on the olefinic carbon atoms. The potential of these compounds as antineoplastic agents was enhanced by an ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) evaluation of five lead molecules, which revealed no violations.
Imaging of GBM in the Age of Molecular Markers and MRI Guided Adaptive Radiation Therapy

Glioblastoma (GBM) continues to be one of the most lethal malignancies and is almost always fatal. In this review article, the role of radiation therapy, systemic therapy, as well as the molecular basis of classifying GBM is described. Technological advances in the treatment of GBM are outlined as well as the diagnostic imaging characteristics of this tumor. In addition, factors that affect prognosis such as differentiating progression from treatment effect is discussed. The role of MRI guided radiation therapy and how this technology may provide a mechanism to improve the care of patients with this disease are described.
Self-similar decay of high Reynolds number Taylor-Couette turbulence.

We study the decay of high-Reynolds-number Taylor-Couette turbulence, i.e., the turbulent flow between two coaxial rotating cylinders. To do so, the rotation of the inner cylinder (Re i =2×10 6 , the outer cylinder is at rest) is stopped within 12 s, thus fully removing the energy input to the system. Using a combination of laser Doppler anemometry and particle image velocimetry measurements, six decay decades of the kinetic energy could be captured. First, in the absence of cylinder rotation, the flow-velocity during the decay does not develop any height dependence in contrast to the well-known Taylor vortex state. Second, the radial profile of the azimuthal velocity is found to be self-similar. Nonetheless, the decay of this wall-bounded inhomogeneous turbulent flow does not follow a strict power law as for decaying turbulent homogeneous isotropic flows, but it is faster, due to the strong viscous drag applied by the bounding walls. We theoretically describe the decay in a quantitative way by taking the effects of additional friction at the walls into account.
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships and Molecular Docking Simulation of Allicin Compounds as Inhibitors of COVID-19 Protease Enzyme

Background: Coronavirus (CoV) is a group of viruses that cause disease in humans and animals. These viruses contain crown-shaped spike glycoproteins on their surface. Objective: We conducted a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study on a series of 36 compounds of allicin to assess their antiviral activities against the main protease of COVID-19. Methods: In the present descriptive-analytic study, the information on the structure of compounds, the COVID-19 protease enzyme, and the Allicin derivatives was obtained from the databases such as the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics’ Protein Data Bank (PDB) and PubChem. The QSAR method, analysis of correlations and multiple linear regressions were carried out. Six molecular descriptors such as constitutional and molecular topology descriptors were selected for the model. Finally, molecular docking was performed in iGEMDOCK 2.1 software. Results: The obtained multi-parametric model reported a correlation coefficient of about 0.89, indicating that the model was able to satisfactory predict the antiviral activity of allicin compounds. Conclusion: The findings obtained can be valuable in designing, synthesizing, and developing novel antiviral agents with allicin-based scaffold.
Holographic superconductors with Horava-Lifshitz black holes

We discuss the phase transition of planar black holes in Horava-Lifshitz gravity by introducing a Maxwell field and a complex scalar field. We calculate the condensate of the charged operators in the dual conformal field theories when the mass square of the complex scalar field is m(2) = -2/L(2) and m(2) = 0, respectively. We compute the electrical conductivity of the Horava-Lifshitz superconductor in the probe approximation. In particular, it is found that there exists a spike in the conductivity for the case of the operator with scaling dimension one. These results are quite similar to those in the case of Schwarzschild-AdS black holes, which demonstrates that the holographic superconductivity is a robust phenomenon associated with asymptotic AdS black holes.
Finite-Element Analysis of the Effect of Utilizing Various Material Assemblies in “All on Four” on the Stresses on Mandible Bone and Prosthetic Parts

Background. Fixed prostheses often utilize the “All-on-four” technique, in which four implants are inserted into the jaw bone, and a framework supports them. Titanium is usually used in the fabrication of “All-on-four” parts, due to its superior mechanical properties; however, it has drawbacks such as aesthetic impairment, casting issues, stress shielding, and incompatibility with imaging techniques. These drawbacks have motivated researchers to find alternative materials such as polymers. Recently, the new polymeric material PEEK has a major role in most areas of dentistry, and therefore, it can represent an alternative biomaterial to overcome the drawbacks of titanium. The density of bone is expected to influence the choice of “All-on-four” materials. Purpose. This research applied finite-element investigations to evaluate the stresses on bone tissues and prosthetic parts in “All on four,” utilizing three assemblies of materials, in normal and low bone densities. These assemblies were titanium (Type 1), titanium/PEEK (Type 2), and PEEK (Type 3). Materials and Methods. A 3D Mandibular model was constructed with a fixed prosthesis, and three assemblies of materials were stimulated, under 300 N unilateral force. The von Mises stresses were computed for the prosthetic parts and mucosa, while the maximum and minimum principal stresses/strains were computed for bone tissues due to their brittle and ductile properties. Moreover, the displacements of implants were extracted to check the prosthesis stability. Results. Type 2 and Type 3 minimized the stresses on frameworks, implants, abutments, and bone tissues, however, increased the mucosal stress, in comparison to Type 1. In the low-density model, Type 3 was recommended to reduce the stresses/strains on bone tissues and decrease the implant displacement, avoiding bone failure and increasing prosthesis stability. Conclusions. The bone density influenced the choice of “All-on-four” assembly. Moreover, further research on PEEK implants and abutments is required in the future.
Fiscal Federalism and K–12 Education Funding: Policy Lessons from Two Educational Crises

We synthesize and critique federal fiscal policy during the Great Recession and COVID-19 pandemic. First, the amount of aid during both crises was inadequate to meet policy goals. Second, the mechanisms used to distribute funds were disconnected from policy goals and provided different levels of aid to districts with equivalent levels of economic disadvantage. Third, data tools are missing, making it difficult to understand whether funds were used to meet policy goals. Details for these results are provided along with policy recommendations.
25-Hydroxycholecalciferol As an Alternative to Vitamin D3 in Diets with Different Levels of Calcium for Broilers Reared Under Heat Stress

The objective was to evaluate the effect of dietary 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D 3 ) or vitamin D 3 (VitD 3 ) and different total calcium (Ca) levels on the performance, carcass characteristics, blood, enzymatic, and bone biochemistry of broilers reared under heat stress between 1 and 42 days of age. A total of 504 male, Cobb 500, broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (VitD 3 or 25(OH)D 3 × four Ca levels (100, 90, 80 and 70% of the recommendations of Rostagno et al . (2011)), eight treatments, seven replicates and nine broilers per cage. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio did not ( p >0.05) vary when levels of Ca were reduced and vitamin D 3 sources were supplemented in the diets from 1 to 21 days for broilers chickens. 25 (OH)D 3 increased weight gain results ( p <0.05). From 1 to 42 d, no differences ( p >0.05) were observed on performance, carcass yields and meat quality, bone deposition of Ca and P, and alkaline phosphatase concentration. Higher serum ( p <0.05) concentrations of Ca and P were found in broilers fed with 25(OH)D 3 . The replacement of VitD 3 with 25(OH)D 3 and the Ca reduction of 30% in diets did not negatively affect performance, carcass characteristics, and Ca and P deposition in the tibia of broilers at 42 days of age, under heat stress.
Robust Frequency Stabilization of Renewable-Bio-Electric Vehicle Integrated Multi Microgrid under Diverse Structure Model Predictive Controller

The microgrid exhibits a notable change in the frequency deviation $(\Delta F)$ even for small perturbations in the connected load or weather dependent energy sources like solar, wind etc. Hence a secondary load frequency control is required for frequency stabilization in the microgrid. In this paper, a novel combination of model predictive controller (MPC) and tilt derivative called diverse structure model predictive controller (DSMPC) is proposed for multi microgrids. A multi microgrid is comprised of wind and solar tower power generation units, including bio generations and electric vehicle (EV) in both the areas. The performance of the proposed controller is compared against marine predator technique optimized DSMPC and MPC controls. Furthermore, the study investigates the impact EV in stabilizing the system frequency under the consideration of real-time wind data. A real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation platform is utilized to validate the proposed control approach.