Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using Contexts of One Trillion Words for WSD

This paper describes how features derived from one trillion words of text can be used in a practical supervised Word Sense Disambiguation system. Our system is based on substituting into the context of the target word, others ontologically related to it. Words related to the correct sense of the word are likely to occur with its context more frequently in the corpus than relatives of other senses. The Pointwise Mutual Information arising from these frequencies is used to form features for supervised learning. The system retains many of the advantages of supervised systems, while using the Web1T corpus to ameliorate sparse data problems. Using the Web1T data presents significant processing challenges, however, to which we describe practical solutions. We demonstrate that the features we describe improve the performance of systems when combined with existing local context features.
Reversible multiple time scale molecular dynamics

The Trotter factorization of the Liouville propagator is used to generate new reversible molecular dynamics integrators. This strategy is applied to derive reversible reference system propagator algorithms (RESPA) that greatly accelerate simulations of systems with a separation of time scales or with long range forces. The new algorithms have all of the advantages of previous RESPA integrators but are reversible, and more stable than those methods. These methods are applied to a set of paradigmatic systems and are shown to be superior to earlier methods. It is shown how the new RESPA methods are related to predictor–corrector integrators. Finally, we show how these methods can be used to accelerate the integration of the equations of motion of systems with Nose thermostats.
Blind Image Deconvolution Using a Robust Gcd Approach

with the training set composed by five images. Each codebook was designed using a centroid condition consistent with the respective distortion measure used in the codebook search. The results obtained by the DVQ system [4], that uses (10), and by the implementation using (11) are shown in Table II. This table shows the PSNR values in dB for various bit rates, which is defined by PSNR = 10 log10 (255 2 /MSE). The bit rates are calculated as log 2 M; where M is the number of codewords (no entropy coding was performed). All the images cited in this comparison did not belong to the training set. Table II shows that the proposed modification on the distortion measure allows the PSNR to increase 1 dB for the Lenna image. As commented previously, these results are only presented to validate the proposed structure. IV. CONCLUSION In this correspondence, a new PVQ structure is proposed. This PVQ scheme uses different scalar predictors in the encoding and decoding processes. The discrepancy between the predictions made in the encoding and in decoding is compensated by the vector quantizer stage that uses a consistent distortion measure. The centroid condition for the proposed distortion measure was described. To validate the method, it was suggested a modification on an image coding system [4] that already used different predictors in the encoding and decoding processes. This modification led to an improvement of 1 dB in PSNR for the Lenna image. Abstract— In this correspondence, a new viewpoint is proposed for estimating an image from its distorted versions in presence of noise without the a priori knowledge of the distortion functions. In z-domain, the desired image can be regarded as the greatest common polynomial divisor among the distorted versions. With the assumption that the distortion filters are finite impulse response (FIR) and relatively co-prime, in the absence of noise, this becomes a problem of taking the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two or more two-dimensional (2-D) polynomials. Exact GCD is not desirable because even extremely small variations due to quantization error or additive noise can destroy the integrity of the polynomial system and lead to a trivial solution. Our approach to this blind deconvolution approximation problem introduces a new robust interpolative 2-D GCD method based on a one-dimensional (1-D) Sylvester-type GCD algorithm. Experimental results with both synthetically blurred images and real motion-blurred pictures show that it is computationally efficient …
Water Quantity and Quality under Future Climate and Societal Scenarios: A Basin-Wide Approach Applied to the Sorraia River, Portugal

Water resources are impacted by several stressors like over-population and over consumption that compromises their availability. These stressors are expected to progressively intensify due to climate change in most regions of the world, with direct impact on watersheds and river systems. This study investigates the effect of different watershed pressure scenarios due to climate change in the hydrological regime of the Sorraia River basin, Portugal. This catchment includes one of the largest irrigated areas in the country, thus being strongly influenced by anthropogenic activities, associated to hydrological (irrigation, flow regulation, damming) and nutrient stressors. The Soil Water Assessment Tool has been used to simulate water flow and nutrient dynamics in the watershed while considering inputs from two climate models and three societal scenarios. Results have shown that the predicted rainfall reductions will have a significant impact on river flow and nutrient concentrations when compared to baseline conditions. River flow will expectably decrease by 75%, while nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in river water will expectably increase by 500% and 200%, respectively. These differences are more evident for storylines that consider increasing pressures such as population growth and agricultural expansion marked with unsustainable practices and increased reliance on technology. The results of this study indicate a possible future outcome and provide effective guidelines for the formulation of water management policies to counter the impacts of climate change and corresponding environmental pressures in the Sorraia River basin.
Analysis of Multi-Actor Policy Contexts Using Perception Graphs

Policy making is a multi-actor process: it involves a variety of actors, each trying to further their own interests. How these actors decide and act largely depends on the way they perceive the policy problem. This paper describes dynamic actor network analysis (DANA), a graph-based method/tool to analyze a policy context by modeling how actors view a policy issue. Each actor view is modeled as a perception graph, a type of causal map that represents the (probabilistic) relations between goals, policy actions and external influences. Cross-comparison of these perception graphs reveals properties of the multi-actor policy network, such as factor relevance, resource dependency, conflict, and possible tradeoffs. Although DANA models technically have the potential for simulating policy scenarios, some interesting methodological problems remain.
Intraarterial chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin in locally advanced or recurrent penile squamous cell carcinoma

The prognosis of locally advanced or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the penis after conventional treatment is dismal. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of intraarterial chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin on locally advanced or recurrent SCC of the penis. Between April 1999 and May 2011, we treated 5 patients with locally advanced penile SCC and 7 patients with recurrent disease with intraarterial chemotherapy. The response rate and toxicity data were analyzed, and survival rates were calculated. After 2 to 6 cycles of intraarterial chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin, 1 patients with locoregionally advanced disease achieved a complete response, and 4 achieved partial response. Of the 7 patients with recurrent disease, 2 achieved complete response, 3 achieved partial response, 3 had stable disease, and 1 developed progressive disease. An objective tumor response was therefore achieved in 10 of the 12 patients. The median overall survival for the patients was 24 months (range, 10-50 months). Three out of 10 patients who responded were long-term survivors after intraarterial chemotherapy. Intraarterial chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin may be effective and potentially curative in locoregionally advanced or recurrent penile SCC. The contribution of this therapy in the primary management of advanced or recurrent penile SCC should be prospectively investigated.
An evolutionary confidence measurement for spoken term detection

We propose a new discriminative confidence measurement approach based on an evolution strategy for spoken term detection (STD). Our evolutionary algorithm, named evolutionary discriminant analysis (EDA), optimizes classification errors directly, which is a salient advantage compared with some conventional discriminative models which optimize objective functions based on certain class encoding, e.g. MLPs and SVMs. In addition, with the intrinsic randomness of the evolution strategy, EDA largely reduces the risk of converging to local minimums in model training. This is particularly valuable when the decision boundary is complex, which is the case when dealing with out-of-vocabulary (OOV) terms in STD. Experimental results on the meeting domain in English demonstrate considerable performance improvement with the EDA-based confidence for OOV terms compared with MLPs- and SVMs-based confidences; for in-vocabulary terms, however, no significant difference is observed with the three models. This confirms our conjecture that EDA exhibits more advantage for tasks with complex decision boundaries.
FITNESS CONSEQUENCES OF MATING SYSTEM, SEED WEIGHT, AND EMERGENCE DATE IN A WINTER ANNUAL, COLLINSIA VERNA

Selfed and outcrossed progeny of 60 maternal parents were produced to investigate the joint and individual effects of mating system, seed weight, and emergence date on the expression of characters related to fitness and adult fecundity. A series of analyses of variance investigated these effects through time and indicated that 1) mating system explained 56% of the variance in seed weight, 2) seed weight explained 51% and mating system explained 38% of the variance in emergence date, and 3) mating system explained 71% and seed weight explained 15% of the variance in fecundity. Outcrossed‐seed means differed significantly from selfed‐seed means for all traits measured. On average, outcrossed seeds were larger, germinated earlier, had higher percentage emergence, and produced plants that were more fecund than selfed seeds. The coefficient of inbreeding depression increased through time in this study, from 0.05 for seed weight to 0.23 for fecundity. Seed weight and emergence date were positively correlated, both phenotypically and genetically, for both mating systems. Genetically, this indicates that genes that increase the value of seed weight also increase the value of emergence date and vice versa. Phenotypically, the positive correlation indicates that larger seeds germinate later. Outcrossed seeds were significantly larger but germinated earlier than selfed seeds, suggesting that mating system has an overriding effect in influencing fitness. In light of the selection on emergence date quantified in a previous study, seed weight, emergence date, and mating system may be functioning as a cluster of characters on which selection acts jointly in this species.
Endoscopic and histological comparison of nonulcer dyspepsia with and without Helicobacter pylori infection evaluated by the modified Sydney system

OBJECTIVE:Our aim was to identify endoscopic features associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia.METHODS:A total of 50 infected patients with nonulcer dyspepsia who underwent endoscopy with antral and corporal biopsies and 50 patients matched for age and sex but with nonulcer dyspepsia without H. pylori were reviewed retrospectively by three endoscopists blinded to the H. pylori status and the patient's history. The endoscopic findings of gastritis, classified by a modification of the Sydney system as present or absent, were evaluated, and the histological severity was graded by the updated Sydney system.RESULTS:For endoscopic features, the odds ratio was 53.1 (95% confidence interval, 6.8–414.9) for edema, 18.8 (5.8–60.5) for erythema with reddish streaks excluded, 0.0275 (0.0002–0.477) for reddish streaks, 17.4 (0.97–313.7) for friability, 14.2 (5.1–40.0) for exudate, 17.2 (2.2–137.6) for flat erosions, 2.54 (0.81–7.94) for raised erosions, 40.1 (2.3–694.5) for rugal hypertrophy, 19.1 (2.4–151.6) for rugal atrophy, 96.2 (23.4–395.9) for a vascular pattern, 0.125 (0.010–1.06) for bleeding spots, and 21.0 (2.6–166.5) for nodularity. The histological severity of inflammation, neutrophil activity, and atrophy in the antrum and corpus and of metaplasia in the antrum was greater in the infected patients than in the noninfected patients.CONCLUSIONS:Endoscopic features associated with H. pylori were a vascular pattern, edema, rugal hypertrophy, nodularity, rugal atrophy, erythema with reddish streaks excluded, flat erosions, and exudate. These endoscopic features were associated with the histological findings of inflammation, neutrophil activity, atrophy, and metaplasia.
A Synergistic Therapeutic Scheme for Hyperglycemia and Nephrotic Disorders in Diabetes

We previously demonstrated that the utilization of an electrospun scaffold could boost functional outputs of transplanted islets. In this study, we aim to develop a drug-eluting scaffold with a payload of pioglitazone to simultaneously rein in hyperglycemia and recoup lost renal functions in diabetic mice that underwent islet transplantation. The in vivo proliferation of islets was measured by a non-invasive bio-imaging technology whereas the blood insulin, blood glucose and renal proteins were assayed. The local stimulation of transplanted islets by pioglitazone saw an accelerated in vivo proliferation without apoptosis caused by the drug-eluting scaffold. In addition, pioglitazone contributed to an increased secretion of insulin and C-peptide 2, giving rise to an accelerated rein-in of hyperglycemia and enhanced tolerance of sudden oral glucose challenge. Moreover, the accelerated decrease of blood creatinine, urine creatinine and blood urea nitrogen suggested that pioglitazone contributed to the recovery of renal functions compromised by diabetes. Our bioengineering strategy effectively ameliorated hyperglycemia and associated nephrotic disorders, and shed a new light on an engineering approach to combat diabetes.
Energetic Macroscopic Representation as an efficient tool for energy management in a hybrid electrical system embedded in a helicopter

The project is based on the design of an electric network embedded in a helicopter. The electric network supplies the aircraft auxiliaries. It is powered by a turbo alternator and hybridized with other electric sources in order to fulfil the demand of the auxiliaries and to limit the consumption on the main source. In this paper, the studied hybrid system is composed of the main source (the turbine and the alternator), the secondary source (batteries and supercapacitors) and the load representing the auxiliaries. The model of this electric network is organized by using the Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR). A Maximal Control Structure (MCS) is determined by inversion rules of the EMR model. An energy management strategy is defined to share the power supplied by each of the electrical sources. This share depends on the dynamic of the load. Simulation results, using Matlab Simulink™ software, are presented.
Ologs: A Categorical Framework for Knowledge Representation

In this paper we introduce the olog, or ontology log, a category-theoretic model for knowledge representation (KR). Grounded in formal mathematics, ologs can be rigorously formulated and cross-compared in ways that other KR models (such as semantic networks) cannot. An olog is similar to a relational database schema; in fact an olog can serve as a data repository if desired. Unlike database schemas, which are generally difficult to create or modify, ologs are designed to be user-friendly enough that authoring or reconfiguring an olog is a matter of course rather than a difficult chore. It is hoped that learning to author ologs is much simpler than learning a database definition language, despite their similarity. We describe ologs carefully and illustrate with many examples. As an application we show that any primitive recursive function can be described by an olog. We also show that ologs can be aligned or connected together into a larger network using functors. The various methods of information flow and institutions can then be used to integrate local and global world-views. We finish by providing several different avenues for future research.
Non-Pharmacological Interventions for ADHD in School Settings: An Overarching Synthesis of Systematic Reviews

Objective: This overarching synthesis brings together the findings of four systematic reviews including 138 studies focused on non-pharmacological interventions for ADHD used in school settings. These reviews considered the effectiveness of school-based interventions for ADHD, attitudes toward and experience of school-based interventions for ADHD, and the experience of ADHD in school settings. Method: We developed novel methods to compare the findings across these reviews inductively and deductively. Results: Key contextual issues that may influence the effectiveness and implementation of interventions include the relationships that pupils with ADHD have with their teachers and peers, the attributions individuals make about the etiology of ADHD, and stigma related to ADHD or intervention attendance. Conclusion: Although we found some positive effects for some outcomes and intervention categories, heterogeneity in effect size estimates and research evidence suggests a range of diverse contextual factors potentially moderate the implementation and effectiveness of school-based interventions for ADHD.
Polynomial-time data reduction for dominating set

Dealing with the NP-complete Dominating Set problem on graphs, we demonstrate the power of data reduction by preprocessing from a theoretical as well as a practical side. In particular, we prove that Dominating Set restricted to planar graphs has a so-called problem kernel of linear size, achieved by two simple and easy-to-implement reduction rules. Moreover, having implemented our reduction rules, first experiments indicate the impressive practical potential of these rules. Thus, this work seems to open up a new and prospective way how to cope with one of the most important problems in graph theory and combinatorial optimization.
An IgG 3 Monoclonal Antibody Established after Immunization with GM 3 Lactone : Immunochemical Specificity and Inhibition of Melanoma Cell Growth in Vitro and in yivo 1

In previous studies, an IgM monoclonal antibody (M2590), established after immunization of C57BL/6 mice with syngeneic B16 melanoma cells, was found to react with melanoma cells, but not with various normal cells and tissues (Taniguchi, M., and Wakabayashi, S. Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 75:418-426, 1984). The structure defined by this antibody was identified as GMJ(Hirabayashi, Y., et al., J. Biol. Chem., 260:13328-13333,1985) organized in membranes at high density, although the real immunogen was suggested to be GMJlactone (Ã‘ores, G. A., et al., J. ImmunÂ«! ., 139: 3171-3176, 1987). Since GMJ lactone was found to be highly immunogenic, we subsequently immunized C57BL/6 mice with GM3lactone coated on Salmonella minnesotae and established hybridoma DH2, secreting an IgGj antibody showing preferential reactivity with GMJlactone over GMJ under certain conditions. The reactivity of the DH2 antibody was com petitively inhibited by M2590, and it showed a preferential reactivity with melanoma cells and displayed various immunochemical and immunobiological properties similar to those of M2590. However, DH2 anti body inhibited melanoma cell growth in vivo, induced antibody-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro, and showed a preferential accumulation in melanoma growth Â¡nvivo. These properties are characteristic of the IgGj subclass, in striking contrast to IgM antibody M 2590, which does not inhibit cell growth in vivo or in vitro and does not induce antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. Thus, immunization with lactone forms of tumor-associated ganglioside antigens might be useful in the production of antibodies and prevention of tumor cell growth in vivo (antitumor vaccines).
A Pieri-Chevalley formula in the K-theory of a G/B -bundle

Let G be a semisimple complex Lie group, B a Borel subgroup, and T ⊆ B a maximal torus of G. The projective variety G/B is a generalization of the classical flag variety. The structure sheaves of the Schubert subvarieties form a basis of the K-theory K(G/B) and every character of T gives rise to a line bundle on G/B. This note gives a formula for the product of a dominant line bundle and a Schubert class in K(G/B). This result generalizes a formula of Chevalley which computes an analogous product in cohomology. The new formula applies to the relative case, the K-theory of a G/B-bundle over a smooth base X, and is presented in this generality. In this setting the new formula is a generalization of recent G = GLn(C) results of Fulton and Lascoux. Let G be a complex, semisimple, simply connected algebraic group and B ⊆ G a Borel subgroup. We fix a smooth closed complex projective variety X and a principal algebraic B-bundle over it: B −→ E π −→X . For any complex algebraic variety F with a left algebraic B-action, we denote by E(F ) the total space of the associated fibre bundle with fibre F . Thus E(F ) = E ×B F and the projection to X is obtained from projection on the first factor. Fix a maximal torus T ⊆ B and let W be its Weyl group. For each w ∈ W the Bruhat cell Y ◦ w = BwB ⊆ G/B and the Schubert variety Yw = BwB ⊆ G/B are Bstable subsets of G/B so we have inclusions of bundles E(Y ◦ w ) ⊆ E(Yw) ⊆ E(G/B). The closed subvarieties Ωw = E(Yw) determine classes [OΩw ] in K(E(G/B)). 1 In fact, by a well-known result of Grothendieck, these classes form a K(X)-basis for K(E(G/B)). On E(G/B)) we also have “homogeneous” line bundles associated to irreducible representations of B (see below). The main result of this announcement is a formula for the tensor product of the class of a homogeneous line bundle with a Schubert class, expressed as a K(X)-linear combination of Schubert classes. We believe that this formula is the most general uniform result in the intersection theory of Schubert classes: it is related to a recent result of Fulton and Lascoux [FL], who presented a similar formula for a GLn(C)/B-bundle. Indeed, in this case, their formula and ours coincide once one knows how to translate between their combinatorics with tableaux and ours with Littelmann paths. O. Mathieu has also proved the positivity which is implied by our formula; see [FP, p. 101]. Received by the editors February 9, 1999 and, in revised form, April 29, 1999. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 14M15; Secondary 14C35, 19E08. Research supported in part by National Science Foundation grant DMS-9622985. 1For any smooth variety V , K(V ) is the Grothendieck ring of coherent OV -modules. c ©1999 American Mathematical Society