Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Curse of Planning: Dissecting Multiple Reinforcement-Learning Systems by Taxing the Central Executive

A number of accounts of human and animal behavior posit the operation of parallel and competing valuation systems in the control of choice behavior. In these accounts, a flexible but computationally expensive model-based reinforcementlearning system has been contrasted with a less flexible but more efficient model-free reinforcement-learning system. The factors governing which system controls behavior—and under what circumstances—are still unclear. Following the hypothesis that model-based reinforcement learning requires cognitive resources, we demonstrated that having human decision makers perform a demanding secondary task engenders increased reliance on a model-free reinforcement-learning strategy. Further, we showed that, across trials, people negotiate the trade-off between the two systems dynamically as a function of concurrent executive-function demands, and people’s choice latencies reflect the computational expenses of the strategy they employ. These results demonstrate that competition between multiple learning systems can be controlled on a trial-by-trial basis by modulating the availability of cognitive resources.
A high spatiotemporal gauge‐satellite merged precipitation analysis over China

Using hourly rain gauge data at more than 30,000 automatic weather stations in China, in conjunction with the Climate Precipitation Center Morphing (CMORPH) precipitation product for the 2008–2010 warm seasons (from May through September), we assess the capability of the probability density function–optimal interpolation (PDF‐OI) methods in generating the daily, 0.25° × 0.25° and hourly, 0.1° × 0.1° merged precipitation products between gauge observations and the CMORPH product. We find that error correlation, error variances of gauge and satellite data, and matching strategy in the PDF‐OI method are dependent on the spatial and temporal resolutions of the used data. Efforts to improve the parameters and matching strategy for the hourly and 0.1° × 0.1° product have been conducted. These improvements are not only suitable to a high‐frequency depiction of no‐rain events, but accurately describe the error structures of hourly gauge and satellite fields. The successive merged precipitation algorithm or product is called the original PDF‐OI (Orig_PDF‐OI) and the improved PDF‐OI, respectively. The cross‐validation results show that the improved method reduces systematic bias and random errors effectively compared with both the CMORPH precipitation and the Orig_PDF‐OI. The improved merged precipitation product over China at hourly, 0.1° resolution is generated from 2008 to 2010. Compared with the Orig_PDF‐OI, the improved product reduces the underestimation greatly and has smaller bias and root‐mean‐square error, and higher spatial correlation. The improved product can better capture some varying features of hourly precipitation in heavy weather events.
Infiltration of water into snow

Measurements from a rectangular grid of thermistors set in a maritime snowpack are used to study the infiltration of water during two midwinter rain on snow events. The progress of wetting is tracked in real time by monitoring changes in the position of the zero-degree isotherm. Rates and patterns of infiltration are calculated for each event. Infiltration was not uniform, and water penetrated through localized channels that often occupied less than 50% of the total volume of the snowpack. The evolution of wetting was strongly influenced by the snow stratigraphy. In one case the snowpack contained multiple ice layers, and vertical flow was impeded and diverted laterally for several hours at each layer. In the other case the snowpack was more homogeneous, and water concentrated in channels and penetrated to depth more rapidly. The measurements of temperature are also used to calculate the components of heat transfer within the snow during each rain event. Heat transfer in dry snow occurs primarily by conduction, and rates are relatively slow. However, introduction of liquid water results in the release of latent heat when water freezes on contact with subfreezing snow at the wetting front. The release of latent heat dominates heat transfer and has the potential to warm the snowpack rapidly. Rates of freezing needed to satisfy the heat equation are calculated. In both cases studied, less than 4% of the total influx of rainwater needed to change phase. Most of the rain remained liquid and wet the snow or drained through the snowpack.
The Incidence of Pressure Ulcers and its Associations in Different Wards of the Hospital: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Pressure Ulcer is a localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue usually over a bony prominence, as a result of pressure, or pressure in combination with shear. [1] Nowadays, pressure ulcers are the third most costly disease after cancers and cardiovascular diseases. The mortality rates from this disease are 2 to 6 times as much as from other diseases, with 60,000 deaths annually due to this complication. [2] Pressure ulcer occurs more frequently in the tissues of the extremities of the body and in bony extensions such as sacrum and heel in inpatients. The most important risk factors for pressure ulcers are low physical activity, decreased consciousness, urinary and fecal incontinence, malnutrition, and advanced age. [3]
The influence of fermentation activity and ester producing capacity of yeast strains on the chemical composition and organoleptic characteristics of Gamza wines

The influence of the two technological parameters, temperature (20 °C, 24 °C, 28 °C) and the inoculum amount of the yeast culture (2%, 3%, 4%) on the duration of the alcoholic fermentation and the ester-producing capacity of the Badachoni and the 24-6 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae species was studied. The yeast exhibited high fermentation activity. The intensity with which it initiated the process and the time for its completion was in correlation with the studied factors. The strains showed the best activity at 28 °C/4%. Neural networks were applied and mathematical models were derived, properly describing the fermentation process and the change in the total amount of esters in the course of the process, depending on the technological conditions. The rate in the dynamic of the esters during the process was monitored in 4 stages - onset, rapid fermentation, quiet fermentation, and after malolactic fermentation. The maximum quantity of esters was synthesized in the middle of the process. During alcoholic fermentation, the esters followed a tendency to increase with decreasing the temperature, increasing the amount of yeast culture and the time of the process. The Badachoni and the 24-6 strains demonstrated the highest ester-producing capacity under the temperature of 20 °C and with the 4% inoculum of the yeast culture. The Badachoni strain quantitatively produced more esters than the 24-6 strain. No strict correlation was found between the amount of esters and the organoleptic properties of the wines. The sample containing the most esters had the highest tasting score only in the variants of the 24-6 strain.
Ecuadorian Subduction System

Between 1°N and 3°S the South American trench system is obliquely subducting oceanic crust of the Nazca plate at about 90 mm/year. In the past 3 × 106 years, entry of the shallow, thick Carnegie Ridge into the subduction zone has shoaled the trench off Ecuador to a minimum axial depth of 2,920 m, and has modified its structure and sedimentation. Seismic reflection profiles and bottom samples show that the seaward side of the trench is part of the eastern Carnegie Ridge. It is composed of lower Miocene igneous rock with a thick though variably dissected blanket of calcareous and siliceous pelagic sediments, and has been deformed into an outer rise, a smoothly convex upper oceanic slope, and a lower slope 10 km wide broken by large (200 to 300 m of set) normal step faults. Although there are local turbidity-flow and debris-flow deposits in the trench axis, there is no thick, extensive turbidite lens because of limited terrigenous supply, an uneven structurally controlled long profile, and the presence of a fast thermohaline current which sweeps loose sediment out of the northern part of the trench. Most of the landward side of the trench is subaerially exposed, except for trench-slope basins in the Gulf of Guayaquil and the steep inner wall, which has pelagic sediments scraped off the down-going oceanic plate. A terminology derived from other arc-trench systems is applied to the structures of Ecuador, where there are oil and gas reserves in trench-slope, fore-arc, and back-arc basins. The well-mapped lithologies and patterns of faulting in these basins and intervening ridges may help interpretation of less accessible homologs elsewhere. The history of this cordilleran subduction system can be interpreted only by combining the evidence from marine geophysics and continental geology.
Zonal contributions to global momentum variations on intraseasonal through interannual time scales

The authors separate the variability in a 13-year time series of daily values of the relative angular momentum of the atmosphere (M) into three frequency bands: Intraseasonal, seasonal, and interannual. Two methods are used to achieve this separation, and the amount of variance attributable to intraseasonal fluctuations, in particular, is sensitive to the choice made. Seasonal time scales clearly dominate the global momentum series; included in this frequency band is a notable dip in the series early in almost every calendar year. To localize the sources of the frequency band-dependent fluctuations in M, they decompose the data into series of angular momentum values within each of 46 equal-area zonal belts over the globe and form covariances between these belt series and M. Seasonal variations in M represent the residual of opposing contributions from the subtropical jets of the northern and southern hemispheres. Both intraseasonal and interannual variations in M result mostly from behavior in the tropics.
Disparities in Heart Failure Care the Time to Focus on Health Care Delivery*

O ver the past 3 decades, heart failure patients have enjoyed major improvements in survival and quality of life. Well-conducted clinical trials have proven the effectiveness of neurohormonal antagonists, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), and implantable cardioverterdefibrillators (ICDs), and their widespread use in eligible patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) has been endorsed by the most recent clinical guidelines (1). Nonetheless, significant gaps in quality of care continue to exist in contemporary practice, including disparities by sex, socioeconomic class, and race/ethnicity. For years, it has been recognized that AfricanAmericans are less likely than whites to receive intensive cardiac procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, ICD therapy, and heart transplantation. Furthermore, the diffusion of innovative technologies from clinical trials into practice seems to occur at a slower rate for minorities. Even after adjusting for potentially confounding factors, such as disease severity and access to care, these disparities in care continue to persist and likely contribute to adverse clinical outcomes (2). Although 1 recent study promisingly suggested that the racial/ethnic gap in CRT use is narrowing, the troubling fact remains that unexplained differences in care remain in contemporary practice (3). No single factor can account for the variances in care. Rather, several mechanisms have been offered as
The fine‐grained matrix of the Semarkona LL3.0 ordinary chondrite: An induced thermoluminescence study

Abstract— To investigate the nature, origin, and history of the fine‐grained matrix in Semarkona and develop techniques suitable for small samples, we have measured the induced thermoluminescence properties of six matrix samples 10 μm to 400 μm in size. The samples had TL sensitivities comparable with 4 mg of bulk samples of type 3.2–3.4 ordinary chondrites, which is very high relative to bulk Semarkona. The other induced TL properties of these samples, TL peak temperatures, and TL peak widths distinguish them from other ordinary chondrite samples where the TL is caused by feldspar. Cathodoluminescence images and other data suggest that the cause of the luminescence in the Semarkona fine‐grained matrix is forsterite. In some respects the matrix TL data resemble that of Semarkona chondrules, in which the phosphor is forsterite and terrestrial forsterites from a variety of igneous and metamorphic environments. However, differences in the TL peak temperature versus TL peak width relationship between the matrix samples and the other forsterites suggest a fundamentally different formation mechanism. We also note that forsterite appears to be a major component in many primitive materials, such as nebulae, cometary dust, and Stardust particles.
Interactions between vegetation, nutrients and moisture in soils in the Pangnirtung Pass Area, Baffin Island, Canada

Dry and moist Cryosols were compared on Baffin Island in the Canadian High Arctic considering vegetation, nutrient status and soil organic matter. Carbon and nitrogen contents and the C/N ratio were higher on the moist soils. Almost no differences were found, however, in the plant-available phosphorus and potassium. Cryoturbation plays an important role in nutrient cycling in moist soils since it not only translocates organic materials downwards, but also moves weathered mineral materials upwards and laterally. It is predicted that, in permafrost areas in Canada, climate warming will affect soil organic matter and the nutrient status of these moist soils, whereas the non-cryoturbated dry soils will be less affected. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Des Cryosols secs et humides ont ete compares sur l'ile de Baffin et dans le haut Arctique canadien en considerant la vegetation, les substances nutritives et la matriere organique qu'ils contiennent. Les contenus en carbone et en azote et le rapport C/N sont plus eleves dans les sols humides. Presqu'aucune difference n'a ete trouvee toutefois en ce qui concerne le phosphore et le potassium disponibles pour les plantes. La cryoturbation joue un role important dans la distribution des substances nutritives dans les sols humides car elle ne deplace pas seulement le materiel organique vers le bas mais elle deplace aussi le materiel mineral altere vers le haut et lateralement. Il est predit en consequence que dans les regions ou existe un pergelisol au Canada. le rechauffement climatique affectera la matiere organique et le statut des substances nutritives des sols humides tandis que les sols secs non cryoturbes seront moins affectes. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Title: Age related factors influence HIV testing within subpopulations: a cross sectional survey of MSM within the Celtic nations

Objectives Despite a recent fall in the incidence of HIV within the UK, men who have sex with men (MSM) continue to be disproportionately affected. As biomedical prevention technologies, including pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are increasingly taken up to reduce transmission, the role of HIV testing has become central to management of risk. Against a background of lower testing rates among older MSM, this study aimed to identify age related factors influencing recent (≤ 12 months) HIV testing. Methods Cross sectional sub-population data from an online survey of sexually active MSM in the Celtic nations: Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland (n=2436) were analysed to compare demographic, behavioural and socio-cultural factors influencing HIV testing between MSM aged 16-25 (n=447), 26-45 (n=1092) and ≥46 (n=897). Results Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that for men aged ≥ 46, not identifying as gay (OR 0.62 CI 0.41-0.95), location (Wales) (OR 0.49, CI 0.32-0.76) and scoring higher on the personalised stigma scale (OR 0.97, CI 0.94-1.00) significantly reduced the odds for HIV testing in the preceding year. Men aged 26-45 who did not identify as gay (OR 0.61, CI 0.41-0.92) were also significantly less likely to have recently tested for HIV. For men aged 16-25, not having a degree (OR 0.48, CI 0.29-0.79), location (Republic of Ireland) (OR 0.55, CI 0.30-1.00) and scoring higher on emotional competence (OR 0.57, CI 0.42-0.77) were also significantly associated with not having recently tested for HIV. testing suggest health
Chemical composition, antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity of Litsea cubeba essential oils in different months

Abstract In this study, the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Litsea cubeba essential oils extracted in different months were analysed. Results showed that the essential oil contents of fruits collected in June, July and August were 3.47%, 5.02% and 5.64%, respectively, and contained 13, 17 and 17 components, respectively. Neral and geranial were the main components and accounted for 54.76%. The essential oil extracted from fruits collected in July had the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium, and it was the most effective based on the OH· scavenging activity test. The essential oil extracted from fruits collected in August was the most effective based on the test for DPPH· scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Considering the contents, chemical compositions and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, the appropriate harvest time for L. cubeba essential oils is from July to August. Graphical Abstract
Population dynamics in the Japanese Archipelago since the Pleistocene

Fuzuki Mizuno (  fuzuki.mizuno@med.toho-u.ac.jp ) Toho University Jun Gojobori The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI Masahiko Kumagai National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Hisao Baba National Museum of Nature and Science Yasuhiro Taniguchi Kokugakuin University Osamu Kondo University of Tokyo Masami Matsushita The Organization of Anthropological Research Takayuki Matsushita The Organization of Anthropological Research Fumihiko Matsuda Kyoto University Koichiro Higasa Kansai Medical University Michiko Hayashi Toho University Li Wang Hangzhou Normal University Kunihiko Kurosaki Toho University Shintaroh Ueda University of Tokyo
Advances in Void Fraction, Flow Pattern Maps and Non-Boiling Heat Transfer Two-Phase Flow in Pipes with Various Inclinations

Void fraction correlations for various pipe inclinations, both theoretical and empirical, that are widely available in the literature are compared with experimental data from various sources with different experimental facilities. The study produced a recommendation of six void fraction correlations and a proposed improved general void fraction correlation for horizontal to vertical pipe orientations. Further investigation has also been done specifically on the performances of available void fraction correlations with available experimental data for upward vertical two-phase flow. The work demonstrated that more accurate predictions can be obtained by giving attention to specific pipe inclination and ranges of void fraction. The result is a recommendation of a void fraction correlation that performs satisfactorily on the entire range of void fraction for upward vertical flow. Flow pattern maps of different pipe inclinations and gas-liquid combinations available in the literature are compared and discussed. The validity and limitations of the numerous two-phase non-boiling heat transfer correlations that have been published in the literature over the past six decades are discussed. Practical heat transfer correlations for a variety of gas-liquid flow patterns and pipe inclination angles are recommended.
Exploring the care effects of multiple factors on the educational achievement of children looked after at home and away from home: an investigation of two Scottish local authorities

This paper reports the findings of a research project which explored the care factors that influence the educational achievement of looked-after children. The project was innovative because it focused on children looked after at home and away from home. A mixed-methods strategy was adopted to analyse data from two large Scottish local authorities. The project developed, what is to date, the largest dataset which includes variables for one-fifth of children discharged from care in Scotland over a 5-year period. The qualitative element of the project collected in-depth data on the care and education experiences of looked-after children and care leavers. The overall finding was that looked-after children perform less well academically than their counterparts in the general school population. The empirical data indicated that factors such as placement type, reason for becoming looked after and age on becoming looked after were significant in determining educational achievement. Empirical results further indicated that looked-after children suffered from discrimination and social exclusion in many areas of their lives, including school and where they lived.
Stable carbon and oxygen isotopic evidence for late Pleistocene to middle Holocene climatic fluctuations in the interior of southern Africa

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of ungulate grazers from four archaeological sites located in different environs within the Caledon River Valley have provided a relatively well‐dated proxy palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic sequence for the period between 16 000 and 6000 calendar (cal.) yr BP. Within the overall trend towards hot mid‐Holocene temperatures and a summer rainfall pattern, stable carbon isotope results show that there were three periods when growth season temperatures were cool enough for C3 grasses to be present: 16 000–14 000; 10 200–9600, and 8400–8000 cal. yr BP. Similar trends were recorded in stable oxygen isotope values, reflecting shifts in either temperature or available moisture. Although having a similar pattern to that of the lower altitude site, sites situated in foothills and montane portions of the valley consistently maintained lower temperatures until the mid‐Holocene altithermal. At this time growth season temperatures warmed sufficiently for a 100% C4 grassland to expand in altitude from the warmer low lying localities. In relation to present understanding of synoptic and global climatic patterning, these findings suggest that the early to middle Holocene transition was not a gradual warming trend, but rather it was marked by a series of climatic fluctuations. Of particular note is the possible global, rather than regional, occurrence of the 8200 cal. yr BP ‘event’. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Estimation of Distance and Direction from Cognitive Maps

Theories to explain errors in cognitive maps typically have been related to characteristics of environments and cognitive mappers. Other sources of error are the processes used to learn and recall spatial information. This study investigated the effect of encoding and decoding processes on errors in cognitive maps when spatial knowledge was acquired only from a cartographic map. Subjects estimated distances and directions for routes on a map of a hypothetical environment that was part urban and part rural, while looking at the map and from memory. Memory groups acquired the spatial information by writing verbal directions for traversing routes and by sketching routes. Subjects who looked at the map to make their estimates were faster and more accurate than memory subjects. The memory subjects overestimated shorter distances and underestimated longer distances. Perception subjects consistently overestimated distances. Perception subjects and memory subjects appeared to be using different cognitive processe.