Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determinants of adoption of mobile banking: evidence from rural Karnataka in India

Mobile banking has revolutionised the way banks create value for customers by providing low-cost self-service alternatives without temporal and spatial limitations. This paper aims to determine the factors that have a bearing on the adoption of mobile banking services by using a unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model. An empirical descriptive study was carried out in Udupi district of the state of Karnataka to collect data using judgement sampling procedure. The data were analysed using partial least square method of structural equation modelling. Performance expectancy and effort expectancy significantly influences the intention to adopt. Multi-group analysis by gender reveals that the effect of performance expectancy on adoption intention is considerably higher for male than female population. For widespread adoption of mobile banking, rural customers should perceive the process of banking transactions as convenient, easy-to-use and understand and publicise the usefulness of electronic medium over traditional medium through awareness campaigns.
Source components and interannual variability of soil CO2 efflux under experimental warming and clipping in a grassland ecosystem

Partitioning soil CO2 efflux into autotrophic (RA) and heterotrophic (RH) components is crucial for understanding their differential responses to climate change. We conducted a long‐term experiment (2000–2005) to investigate effects of warming 2°C and yearly clipping on soil CO2 efflux and its components (i.e. RA and RH) in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem. Interannual variability of these fluxes was also examined. Deep collars (70 cm) were inserted into soil to measure RH. RA was quantified as the difference between soil CO2 efflux and RH. Warming treatment significantly stimulated soil CO2 efflux and its components (i.e. RA and RH) in most years. In contrast, yearly clipping significantly reduced soil CO2 efflux only in the last 2 years, although it decreased RH in every year of the study. Temperature sensitivity (i.e. apparent Q10 values) of soil CO2 efflux was slightly lower under warming (P>0.05) and reduced considerably by clipping (P<0.05) compared with that in the control. On average over the 4 years, RH accounted for approximately 65% of soil CO2 efflux with a range from 58% to 73% in the four treatments. Over seasons, the contribution of RH to soil CO2 efflux reached a maximum in winter (∼90%) and a minimum in summer (∼35%). Annual soil CO2 efflux did not vary substantially among years as precipitation did. The interannual variability of soil CO2 efflux may be mainly caused by precipitation distribution and summer severe drought. Our results suggest that the effects of warming and yearly clipping on soil CO2 efflux and its components did not result in significant changes in RH or RA contribution, and rainfall timing may be more important in determining interannual variability of soil CO2 efflux than the amount of annual precipitation.
Genetic variation, systematics and distribution of the venerid clam Chamelea gallina

Two morphotypes of the venerid bivalve Chamelea gallina (L.), viz. C. gallina s.s. and C. striatula, were electrophoretically compared at seven polymorphic enzyme loci. In three populations from the Ría Formosa (southern Portugal), both morphotypes occurred sympatrically. Analyses of genotype frequencies in these mixed populations revealed departures from Hardy-Weinberg expectations at nearly all loci. These deviations were mainly attributable to a Wahlund effect, caused by mixing the two morphotypes. Nei's mean unbiased genetic distance between the two forms was D=1·138, while the mean genetic distances between populations within morphotypes were D=0·083 in C. gallina s.s. and D=0·229 in C. striatula. It is therefore concluded that C. gallina and C. striatula are reproductively isolated (biological) species, the geographical distribution of which is outlined.
Justifying phytogenic feed additive matrix values in conjunction with exogenous feed enzymes

SUMMARY Phytogenic feed additives (PFA) are purported to possess antimicrobial properties as well as nutrient-sparing characteristics that may aid in alleviating high diet costs. However, for PFA to assist nutritionists, matrix values must be determined and implemented in practical diet formulation. In experiment 1, we used broiler performance measures to evaluate proposed matrix values (PMV) for a commercially available PFA, and we assessed nutrient sparing when the product was combined with a commercial phytase, carbohydrase, and protease that can be described as an exogenous enzyme blend (EEB). In experiment 2, we determined the TMEn and true amino acid digestibility (TAAD) of the diets used in experiment 1. Main effects and interactions of PFA, PMV, and EEB were determined. Decreasing the basal diet by the PMV of the PFA decreased broiler BW gain and increased FCR. Including PFA in this diet restored BW gain and FCR. The PFA was not additive or synergistic with EEB. Incorporating PFA with PMV and EEB tended to decrease the TMEn and tested the TAAD. Decreased 4- to 21-d broiler BW gain, TMEn, and TAAD associated with using PFA with PMV and EEB may be associated with several mechanisms regarding plane of nutrition, gut microflora, substrate competition, or their combination.
Is dietary iron requirement of broiler breeder hens at the late stage of production cycle influenced by phytase supplementation?

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of phytase on iron requirement of broiler breeder hens at the late stage of production cycle. Ninety-six Cobb (500) broiler breeder hens were weighed and individually placed in galvanized wire cages at 59 weeks of age. In order to depletion of hens iron reserved, after placement, hens were offered a semi-purified iron-deficient (37 mg iron/kg) diet for three weeks. At 62 weeks of age, hens were randomly allocated to eight dietary treatments in a factorial arrangement with four replicates of three hens in each. Factors included two levels of phytase (0 and 600 U/kg) and four levels of iron (37, 52, 67 and 82 mg/kg). Hens were fed the experimental diets from 62 to 68 weeks of age. Iron in the diet had significant effects on egg weight (P < 0.05). Increasing dietary iron content significantly increased the concentration of iron in the bone marrow, liver, spleen (P < 0.05), egg yolk and blood serum (P < 0.01). Added phytase enhanced the iron concentration of the egg yolk and serum (P < 0.01). It seems that phytase can release iron from inositol in old broiler breeder hens and increased chicken iron reserve. Two slope, broken-line analysis of hen house egg production regressed on the dietary added iron indicated that 65 mg/kg supplemental iron without phytase and 58 mg/kg supplemental iron with phytase were required for the optimal egg production of broiler hens.
The South African Hordeum capense is more closely related to some American Hordeum species than to the European Hordeum secalinum: a perspective based on the 5S DNA units (Triticeae: Poaceae)

Several authors have proposed that the European Hordeum secalinum and the morphologically similar South African Hordeum capense are conspecific. In this paper we provide evidence that the two species differ in their 5S DNA unit class composition. We also report on the diversity of 5S DNA units in Hordeum muticum, a South American species. When the 5S rDNA unit class composition for these three species is compared with the unit class composition for all Hordeum species thus far investigated, it appears that H. capense is more closely related to the American Hordeum species containing the long Y2 unit class, than to H. secalinum, which lacks the long Y2 unit class but contains the long X2 unit class found in H. marinum. This analysis suggests H. capense may have originated from a stock common to the South American species, such as H. muticum.Key words: 5S DNA unit class, Hordeum capense, Hordeum secalinum, Hordeum muticum, continental drift.
The effect of Daphnia interference on a natural rotifer and ciliate community: Short‐term bottle experiments

Two bottle experiments were conducted using water from a small, cutrophic lake to assess the impact of Daphnia interference (encounter) competition on the dynamics of the rotifer and ciliate populations dominating the zooplankton community. Indirect effects of Daphnia exploitative competition were minimized by adding food resources and using short incubation periods. The introduction of Daphnia pulex (16 liter-‘) to Cryptomonas-enriched (3-3.5 x lo4 cells ml I) water for 2 d significantly suppressed numbers of the ciliate Campanella sp. ; the rotifers Kellicottia bostoniensis, Keratella cochlearis, Keratella crassa, Polyarthra vulgaris, and Synchaeta pectinata; and total rotifers. The presence of Daphnia did not affect numbers of the rotifers Asplanchna girudi, Polyarthra euryptera, and Trichocerca similis. Daphnia-induced death rates of significantly suppressed, common species were highest for K. cochlearis (0.79-l. 14 d-l), intermediate for S. pectinata and Campanella (0.23-0.33 d-l), and lowest for K. crassa and P. vufgaris (0.14-0.28 d- I). The most marked effects of Daphnia on community structure were 61-77% reductions in the relative abundance of K. cochlearis and up to 100% increases in the relative abundances of K. crassa and T. similis. The observed effects of Daphnia on the rotifer species are consistent with, and largely explicable by, previously conducted laboratory experiments and behavioral observations on interference between Daphnia and these or closely related species. Interference from Daphnia can rapidly reduce the abundance and shift the species structure of rotifer and ciliate assemblages in natural communities.
Genetic Mapping of PcDw Determining Pear Dwarf Trait

European pear (Pyrus communis) 'Aihuali' carrying the dwarf character originating from 'Nain Vert' was crossed with 'Chili' (Pyrus bretschneideri). A total of 352 F1 progenies was produced to investigate the inheritance of the dwarf trait, and 111 of these were used to develop molecular markers. Chi-square analysis showed that the character fitted a 1:1 ratio indicative of a single dominant gene, which we have namedPcDw. Using a bulked segregant analysis approach with 500 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 51 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from pear (Pyrus pyrifolia and P. communis) and apple (Malus ·domestica), four markers were identified as cosegregating with the dwarf character. Two of these were fragments produced by the S1212 and S1172 RAPD primers, and the other two were the pear SSR markers KA14 and TsuENH022. The RAPD markers were converted into sequence-characterized amplified regions (SCARs) and designated S1212-SCAR318 and S1172-SCAR930 and, with the SSR markers KA14 and TsuENH022, were positioned 5.9, 9.5, 8.2, and 0.9 cM from the PcDw gene, respectively. Mapping of the KA14 and TsuENH022 markers enabled the location of the PcDw gene on LG 16 of the pear genetic linkage map.
Diet of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in South-west New South Wales, with relevance to lamb predation.

The diets of 212 foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the far south-west of New South Wales were determined between 1985 and 1989 and compared with other Australian studies. Mammalian remains, at an overall occurrence of 99.1%, formed the basis of the diet during the autumn and winter months. The most frequently occurring mammals were rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (34.9%), sheep (Ovis aries) (30.7%) and macropods (Macropus spp.) (20.3%). Insects occurred in 31.1% of stomachs and formed a substantial proportion of the diet. Fresh newborn lamb was identified in only 3.8% of all stomachs, but evidence of lamb consumption was 10 times greater (35.2%) from foxes collected near lambing flocks. Other studies around lambing flocks have also shown a high occurrence of fresh lamb in fox stomachs and there is circumstantial evidence that predation of lambs by foxes can be common. It was concluded that lamb predation is likely to be severe where the fox population density is high, where older foxes predominate, and where alternative preferred foods are scarce. More research is required to confirm these observations.
Organic carbon organic matter and bulk density relationships in arid-semi arid soils in Southeast Anatolia region

Soil organic matter (SOM) and soil organic carbon (SOC) constitute usually a small portion of soil, but they are one of the most important components of ecosystems. Bulk density (dB or BD) value is necessary to convert organic carbon (OC) content per unit area. Relationships between SOM, SOC and BD were established in weak alkaline clay fractions of agriculture soils in Southeast Anatolia Region in Turkey. The importance of such relationships results from using sample and rapid techniques to estimate SOC-BD and SOM-BD relationships. Between SOM and SOC, the positive strongest relationship for three models (R 2 =0.9976; 0.9982; 94.64) were detected. For SOM-BD and SOC-BD, negative relationship for three models were determined (R 2 =0.1342; 0.1420; 0.1329 and R 2 =0.1266; 0.1252; 0.1378 respectively). The mismanagement and land cultivation in the past and present causes soil degradation. Therefore, the soil organic matter and carbon are now below their potential level. Evaluation of their stocks requires knowledge about BD. BD is affected by factors such as water, aeration status, root penetrate, clay content, texture, land use and management, therefore it is a very important soil parameter. Key words: Soil organic carbon, soil organic matter, soil bulk density, arid-semi arid soils.
Thermanator: Thermal Residue-Based Post Factum Attacks On Keyboard Password Entry

As a warm-blooded mammalian species, we humans routinely leave thermal residues on various objects with which we come in contact. This includes common input devices, such as keyboards, that are used for entering (among other things) secret information, such as passwords and PINs. Although thermal residue dissipates over time, there is always a certain time window during which thermal energy readings can be harvested from input devices to recover recently entered, and potentially sensitive, information. To-date, there has been no systematic investigation of thermal profiles of keyboards, and thus no efforts have been made to secure them. This serves as our main motivation for constructing a means for password harvesting from keyboard thermal emanations. Specifically, we introduce Thermanator, a new post factum insider attack based on heat transfer caused by a user typing a password on a typical external keyboard. We conduct and describe a user study that collected thermal residues from 30 users entering 10 unique passwords (both weak and strong) on 4 popular commodity keyboards. Results show that entire sets of key-presses can be recovered by non-expert users as late as 30 seconds after initial password entry, while partial sets can be recovered as late as 1 minute after entry. Furthermore, we find that Hunt-and-Peck typists are particularly vulnerable. We also discuss some Thermanator mitigation strategies. The main take-away of this work is three-fold: (1) using external keyboards to enter (already much-maligned) passwords is even less secure than previously recognized, (2) post factum (planned or impromptu) thermal imaging attacks are realistic, and finally (3) perhaps it is time to either stop using keyboards for password entry, or abandon passwords altogether.
Scramble competition in the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis

Abstract.1. The nature of intraspecific competition was investigated in the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, a highly destructive pest of pine forests in the southern U.S.A. Data were analysed from an observational study of naturally‐attacked trees, and from field experiments where attack density was manipulated by adding different numbers of beetles to caged trees.
Historical spatiotemporal dynamics of eastern North Sea cod

Recent analyses of historical data of fish abundance and distribution have shown the importance of a long temporal perspective in the evaluation of the current status of fish populations, but pose numerous difficulties such as fragmentation and inhomogeneities in the amount of available information in space and time. Using mixed-effects models in a multiscale analysis, we identified an appropriate spatiotemporal scale of investigation of a high-quality, spatially explicit historical data set, and we reconstructed the long-term spatial dynamics of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the Kattegat–Skagerrak along the 20th century. We identified a northern and southern main aggregation of adult cod in the study area, corresponding to the Skagerrak portion of the North Sea and the Kattegat cod stocks, respectively. The stocks showed specificities in their spatial dynamics, but common extensive loss of coastal aggregations during the last decades when only 13% (Kattegat) and 35% (Skagerrak) of the estimated early ce.
Parmelia Pastillifera (Harm.) Schub. & Klem. and P. Tiliacea (Hoffm.) Ach. in the British Isles

In the British Isles the morphotype of Parmelia tiliacea (Hoffm.) Ach. with knoblike stalked isidia has generally previously been regarded either as synonymous with P. tiliacea or, following Poelt (1961), constituting a variety (i.e. var. pastillifera (Harm.) Grumm. ) of that species (e.g. James, 1965). The recognition ofP. pastillifera (Harm.) Schub. & Klem. as a species distinct from P. tiliacea by a number of recent continental authors (e.g. Schubert and Klement, 1966; Lambinon, 1969; Wirth, 1974) prompted the present reconsideration of the status of these two taxa in the British Isles, particularly as Jorgensen (1972) considered varietal rank the more appropriate.
Indoor air quality investigation of a university library based on field measurement and questionnaire survey

This article presents field studies and questionnaire survey on the indoor air quality (IAQ) in library rooms in University of Science and Technology Beijing in April 2016, with no heating, to find out actual situation of IAQ in university library. Nine rooms equipped without centralized air-conditioning system were carefully selected for the test. Results showed that each room had diverse indoor thermal environment and concentrations of CO2, PM2.5, formaldehyde and TVOC. The concentration of CO2 ranged from 575 to 2400 ppm, PM2.5 concentration was 40–70% of the outdoor, the highest concentration of formaldehyde and TVOC was ~0.042 and 0.285 mg m−3, respectively with half of the upper limit. The concentrations of CO2 and PM2.5 in the holding-reading rooms were higher than that in the rooms only holding books. The situation of formaldehyde and TVOC concentrations was just opposite. The correlations between satisfaction of IAQ and the concentrations of indoor air pollutants were not as a constant, but changing with different rooms. Based on gray system theory, satisfactions were affected seriously by CO2 and PM2.5. One improving plan with the theme of ‘ventilating rapidly along with purifying’ was determined based on a general mass balance equation. In theory, IAQ can be improved <5 min for the most unfavorable condition. Through analysis, requirements of fresh air and functionality of the space usages should be considered in the ventilation or central air-conditioning system design.
Estimation of stand variables in Pinus radiata D. Don plantations using different LiDAR pulse densities

Summary This study aimed to verify the validity of linear, power function and exponential models to estimate stand variables in Galician Atlantic forests of Pinus radiata D. Don using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR). These forests differ in structure and species composition from boreal forests, in which this methodology is fully developed. The models tested use LiDAR-derived canopy height and intensity distribution metrics as explanatory variables to predict the following stand attributes: mean height, dominant height, stand basal area, stand volume, stand crown biomass, stand stem biomass and stand aboveground biomass. Exponential models performed best in most cases, with goodness-offit statistics similar to those reported in the international literature for boreal forests. The coefficient of determination ranged from 0.44 (for stand crown biomass) to 0.87 (for dominant height), and the root mean square error/mean·100 ranged from 8.2 per cent (for dominant height) to 31.6 per cent (for stand stem biomass). Model precision did not essentially vary after reducing 94 per cent of the original point cloud, i.e. when laser pulse density was reduced from 8 pulses m 22 to only 0.5 pulses m 22 .
Sulfonylurea Herbicide Safety on Newly Sprigged Bermudagrass and Seashore Paspalum

Abstract Several sulfonylurea herbicides are labeled for use on established bermudagrass or seashore paspalum, but label recommendations for many of these chemicals vary for sprigged turf. The objective of this study was to determine the safety of various sulfonylurea herbicides on newly planted, ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass and ‘Aloha’ seashore paspalum sprigs in Arkansas and Louisiana. Treatments were arranged as a five by two by two factorial with five herbicides (foramsulfuron at 29 and 59 g ai ha−1, halosulfuron at 35 and 70 g ai ha−1, metsulfuron at 21 and 42 g ai ha−1, sulfosulfuron at 66 and 131 g ai ha−1, and trifloxysulfuron at 28 and 56 g ai ha−1), two herbicide rates (low and high), and two application timings at 2 or 4 wk after sprigging (WAS). There was no discernable herbicide injury to, or reduction in, Tifway bermudagrass coverage in Arkansas, regardless of herbicide, application timing, or application rate. Trifloxysulfuron and metsulfuron were more injurious than other herbicides in Louisiana when applied at 2 WAS to Tifway bermudagrass, but injury levels were acceptable (< 15%), and there was no long-term reduction in establishment. Metsulfuron or halosulfuron applied at 2 or 4 WAS and sulfosulfuron applied at 4 WAS allowed > 90% establishment of Aloha seashore paspalum at both locations. Both trifloxysulfuron and foramsulfuron were injurious to seashore paspalum and reduced its establishment. These results suggest that sulfonylurea herbicides can be safely applied shortly after sprigging to Tifway bermudagrass and that metsulfuron, halosulfuron, and sulfosulfuron could be useful herbicides for establishing Aloha seashore paspalum from sprigs. Nomenclature: Foramsulfuron; halosulfuron; metsulfuron; sulfosulfuron; trifloxysulfuron; hybrid bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davy ‘Tifway’ CYNDA; seashore paspalum, Paspalum vaginatum Sw. ‘Aloha’ PASVA.
Landscape-scale patterns in plant species richness along an arctic river

We examined relationships of vascular plant species richness with mean July temperature and components of landscape heterogeneity to determine the relative influence of temperature and the physical landscape on plant richness along the north-flowing Hood River in the Northwest Territories of Canada. We also examined variations in the composition of the flora to better understand the relationship between riparian gradients, environmental controls, environmental heterogeneity, and species richness. The vascular flora for the area studied includes 210 species. Richness at 17 sites along the river ranged from 69 to 109 species within 2400-m2 sample areas. Sites with the lowest richness were those in the upper reaches of the river, with richness generally increasing downstream. Variation in richness along the river is correlated with increasing environmental heterogeneity (r2 = 0.598, P = 0.0003), calculated as an index summarizing the range of site-level variation in a set of components including substrate ty.