Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Grain yield increases in wheat and barley to nitrogen applied after transient waterlogging in the high rainfall cropping zone of western Australia

ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) is a major factor limiting grain production in the high rainfall zone (HRZ, 450–700 mm annual average rainfall of southwestern Australia (SWA). Transient waterlogging and leaching of applied N fertilizer are hazards faced in most years by crop producers. The major crops are wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), canola (Brassica napus L.) and lupin (Lupinus angustifiolius L.) grown in rotation. Two series of experiments involving, levels and timing of N fertilizer application and levels of plant population were done. The first series, in 2003–2004, consisted of 3 experiments in 3 growing seasons (early May to late-October) to measure the grain yield (GY) increase (response) of wheat and barley to various methods of N fertilizer application (methods of split N application were compared to N applied at sowing). The aim of the experiments was to determine the optimal N fertilizer application strategy for maximum GY and quality in situations where transient waterlogging was a frequent occurrence. The second series of four experiments, from 2007–2009, measured the GY of wheat sown at three levels of plant population to 4 levels of N applied after transient waterlogging (taken to be rainfall events in which >25 mm of rain was recorded in 24 to 48 hours). Applying the N fertilizer after high rainfall and transient waterlogging (tactical N application) increased GY and protein percentage of grain compared to applying all of the N fertilizer at sowing. Where transient waterlogging was not frequent, applying the N after waterlogging was not always better than applying part of the N according to growth stage of the crop or according to fixed times after sowing. When the crop was water-logged three or more times, N uptake by the crop at anthesis and apparent fertilizer N recovery in the crop was substantially increased by applying the N after waterlogging compared to applying the entire N at sowing. This study found that a tactical N management strategy for the HRZ of SWA is to apply some N at sowing with subsequent applications made after heavy rainfall that leads to transient waterlogging. Split N fertilizer applied either according to time after sowing or to growth stage of the crop was equally effective for increasing GY in situations where waterlogging was less frequent. The observation from these experiments, that grain yield increases due to splitting the N dose were associated with increases in ear numbers, lead to a further set of experiments where plant population was increased in conjunction with N applied after waterlogging events. The combined strategy of increased plant population with strategic N application decreased the amount of N required for maximum GY where more than 3 heavy rainfall events occurred in a growing season. One practical outcome of this research is to indicate that farmers can withhold applications of N fertilizer after sowing in seasons when transient waterlogging does not occur.
The Effect of Electrolytes upon the Interfacial Tension between Water and Dekalin (Trans-Decahydronaphthalene)

It has been shown by Evans (1937) that the effects of the alkali metal chlorides at a hexane-water interface are markedly similar to the effects of the same salts on the surface tension of water as determined by Heydweiller (1910) and Schwenker (1931), i.e. the tension apparently increases steadily with concentration. Hence, from the Gibbs adsorption principle, the salt is negatively adsorbed throughout. The recent work of Jones and Ray (1937) has, however, demonstrated that the surface tension of the salt solutions examined by them first decreases with increase of concentration, passes through a minimum and subsequently increases beyond the value possessed by pure water. On general grounds it would be expected that phenomena similar to those observed by Jones and Ray at the free surface should likewise be exhibited at an interface. In an attempt to investigate this point interfacial tension data have been obtained for the interface dekalin ( trans -decahydro- naphthalene)/water, using salts of various valence type.
Interaction Between ECG and Genetic Markers of Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the main contributor to cardiovascular mortality in developed countries, making accurate diagnosis of utmost importance. We developed risk scores to assess CAD risk in a population without known cardiovascular disease by combining ECG and a genetic risk score (GRS) for CAD. We analysed data in 52,260 individuals in the UK Biobank study. ECG indices included heart rate, PR, QRS, QT and T-peak-to-T-end intervals, while we built the GRS from publicly available genome-wide association results for CAD that were derived in an independent population. In a training set (N = 39,195), the indices with the strongest CAD prognostic impact were the PR and QT intervals, and the GRS. When combined together into a Multivariate model, both the ECG markers and the GRS were independently associated with CAD. In an independent test set (N = 13,065), we then built three risk scores based on (1) ECG markers, (2) genetic data, and (3) a combination of ECG and genetic data, respectively. The hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for CAD comparing high versus low-risk individuals was 6.5 (5.1 – 8.3),8.4 (6.4 – 10.8) and 8.4 (6.5 – 10.8) for the three risk scores, respectively. In conclusion, the inclusion of genetic markers into risk scores with ECG markers independently contributes to CAD risk prediction in a large population of individuals without known cardiovascular disease.
Removal of nutrients and organic matter in a constructed wetland, in function of the development of the macrophyte Typha dominguensis Pers

The constructed wetlands are based on the use of emergent macrophytes for wastewater treatment. It was assessed nutrient removal and organic matter in relation to the development of the macrophyte Typha dominguensis in a constructed wetland, fed with domestic wastewater from a stabilization pond system, compared to a control with no plants, and determining optimal time of pruning. The study was carried out during two periods, defined by present of inflorescence and pruning of vegetation. Highest organic matter removal efficiency was reported in the wetland during two periods, with values of 30.29 and 30.48% for COD, 34.63 and 31.63% for BOD, 43.9 and 52.4% for TSS, 42.9 and 60.8% for VSS. Nutrient removal did not show differences between wetland and control, with total removal of 45-55% for NH4+ and 48-50% for KTN. Phosphorous highest removal was achieved in control with 19.17 and 15.35% for each period. The growth of the plant and the nutrient removal and organic matter were correlated during the first period. Optimal harvest time was near to the eighth week. It is demonstrated the important role of Typha dominguensis in the process of organic matter removal, however more studies are needed to accurately determine the importance of the vegetation in nutrient removal.
An Automated Technique for Measuring δD and δ18O Values of Porewater by Direct CO2 and H2 Equilibration

The stable-oxygen and -hydrogen isotopic values (‰D, ‰18 O) of porewater in geologic media are commonly determined on water obtained by extraction techniques such as centrifugation, mechanical squeezing, vacuum heating and cryogenic microdistillation, and azeotropic distillation. Each of these techniques may cause isotopic fractionation as part the extraction process and each is laborious. Here we demonstrate a new approach to obtain automated, high-precision ‰D and ‰18 O measurements of porewater in geologic sediments by direct H2- and CO2porewater equilibration using a modified commercial CO 2-water equilibrator. This technique provides an important and cost-effective improvement over current extraction methods, because many samples can be rapidly analyzed with minimal handling, thereby reducing errors and potential for isotopic fractionation. The precision and accuracy of direct H 2- and CO2-porewater equilibration is comparable to or better than current porewater extraction methods. Finally, the direct equilibration technique allows investigators to obtain high-resolution (cm scale) porewater ‰D and ‰18 O profiles using cores from individual boreholes, eliminating the need for costly piezometers or conventional porewater extractions.
INFLUENCE OF COBALT ON TOLERATING CLIMATIC CHANGE (SALINITY) IN ONION PLANT WITH REFERENCE TO GROWTH, YIELD AND MINERAL COMPOSITION

Onion has been classified as salt sensitive crop. Increasing the level of soil salinity over 1.2 dSm showed pronounced decrease in yield. Two field experiments carried out at Wadi El-Natron Location, Beheara Governorate, Delta Egypt during 2017 and 2018 seasons to study the effect of applying different rate of cobalt on growth, yield and mineral composition of onion plants under three saline soils. The seedlings (at the third truly leaf) were irrigated with six levels of cobalt (0.0, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5 and 20.0 ppm). The obtained results could be summarized as follows: • All cobalt treatments significantly increased the tested growth, yield parameter and mineral composition compared with untreated plants. • Cobalt at 12.5 ppm resulted the highest values on onion bulbs yield and its quality under various salinity levels. • As increasing cobalt rate more than 12.5 ppm, the promotive effect was decreased. • Cobalt help onion plants to tolerate high salinity (4.35 and 5.40 dS m).
Numerical investigation of the extinction limit of curved flames

Abstract This paper is devoted to the numerical study of the propagation of a premixed curved flame in a two-dimensional tube with non adiabatic walls and to the extinction limits of this flame. The thermo-diffusive model is solved using a finite-element method combined with an adaptive gridding procedure. The two-dimensional numerical results are compared to the analytical results for volumetric heat losses in a one-dimensional setting.
Lime and phosphorus interactions on growth and nutrient uptake by upland rice, wheat, common bean, and corn in an Oxisol

Abstract Liming and phosphorus (P) applications are common practices for improving crop production in acid soils of the tropical as well as temperate regions. Four greenhouse experiments were conducted on an Oxisol (clayey, kaolinitic, isothermic, Typic Haplustox) to evaluate response of liming (0,2, and 4 g/kg) and P application (0, 50, and 175 mg P/kg) in a factorial combination on growth and nutrient uptake by upland rice (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and corn (Zea mays L.). Phosphorus application significantly (P<0.01) increased dry weight of tops of all the four crop species as well as dry weight of roots of wheat and corn. Liming significantly (P<0.01) improved growth of common bean and corn but had significant negative effects on rice growth. Maximum dry weight of tops of rice and wheat was obtained at 175 mg P/kg without lime. Maximum dry weight of tops in common bean was obtained at 4 g lime/kg with 175 mg P/kg of soil. In all the crops, inc.
The rise of hematite: origin and strategies to reduce the high onset potential for the oxygen evolution reaction

Hematite (alpha-Fe2O3) has emerged as a promising material for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting thanks to its abundance, stability in an aqueous environment, favorable optical bandgap and position of the electronic valence band. Nevertheless, its performance as a photoanode is considerably lower than what is theoretically achievable. In particular, the high electrochemical potential usually needed to initiate water oxidation is detrimental to the prospect of using hematite for practical devices. In this review we elucidate the appealing, as well as the challenging, aspects of using hematite for PEC water splitting and focus on the recent efforts towards lowering the onset potential of water oxidation. We examine and rationalize several strategies pursued to achieve this goal involving manipulation of the hematite/electrolyte interface, as well as improving relevant properties of hematite itself.
Free energy of solvation for the reference interaction site model: Critical comparison of expressions

We investigate expressions of excess chemical potential in the reference interaction site model (RISM) integral equation theory. In addition to the previous expressions from the Gaussian density fluctuation theory and from the extended RISM (XRISM) theory, we examine a new free energy functional from the distributed partial wave expansion of molecular correlation functions, using the embedded site model and alcohols with different parameter sets. The results clearly show that the free energy of solvation in the XRISM theory includes a serious error, which is related to the number of interaction sites and the geometry of a solute molecule.
In‐Depth Studies on Rapid Photochemical Activation of Various Sol–Gel Metal Oxide Films for Flexible Transparent Electronics

Despite intensive research on photochemical activation of sol–gel metal oxide materials, the relatively long processing time and lack of deep understanding of the underlying chemical courses have limited their broader impact on diverse materials and applications such as thin‐film electronics, photovoltaics, and catalysts. Here, in‐depth studies on the rapid photochemical activation of diverse sol–gel oxide films using various spectroscopic and electrical investigations for the underlying physicochemical mechanism are reported. Based on the exhaustive chemical and physical analysis, it is noted that deep ultraviolet‐promoted rapid film formation such as densification, polycondensation, and impurity decomposition is possible within 5 min via in situ radical‐mediated reactions. Finally, the rapid fabrication of all‐solution metal oxide thin‐film‐transistor circuitry, which exhibits stable and reliable electrical performance with a mobility of >12 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an oscillation frequency of >650 kHz in 7‐stage ring oscillator even after bending at a radius of <1 mm is demonstrated.
An error budget for different sources of error in digital soil mapping

Digital soil mapping is gathering momentum across the globe, driven by a need for soil information and made possible by the increasingly widespread availability of spatial data that can be used to represent Jenny's (1941) soil forming factors. Much of the focus is on the predicted values of soil properties but it is equally important to quantify associated prediction errors.
Preparation and microwave-absorbing property of BaFe12O19 nanoparticles and BaFe12O19/Fe3C/CNTs composites

BaFe12O19 ferrite was firstly prepared through a sol–gel auto-combustion process, and then BaFe12O19/Fe3C/CNTs composites were synthesized from the acetylene chemical vapor deposition process with the introducing of BaFe12O19 ferrite at 400–600 °C. The structure and morphology of the BaFe12O19 ferrite and BaFe12O19/Fe3C/CNTs composites were studied using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray. The microwave-absorbing properties of pure BaFe12O19 and such composites were investigated in the frequency range of 2–18 GHz through the evaluation of the experimental data based on the transmission line theory. The reflection loss results showed that the microwave absorption of BaFe12O19/Fe3C/CNTs composites performed better as the reaction temperature increasing up to 500 °C, due to the generation of the high-purity helical CNTs. The composites obtained at 600 °C performed well in electromagnetic wave loss at low frequency, owing to effective interfacial polarizations and good dispersion of magnetic nanoparticles. The composites were very potential for lightweight and strong electromagnetic attenuation materials at relatively low frequency.
Atomic Radii in Crystals

A set of empirical atomic radii has been set up, such that the sum of the radii of two atoms forming a bond in a crystal or molecule gives an approximate value of the internuclear distance. These radii give fair agreement with experiment in over 1200 cases of bonds in all types of crystals and molecules, with an average deviation of about 0.12 A. The radii are similar to a set suggested by W. L. Bragg in 1920, but refined by consideration of many more crystals. They hold for covalent, metallic, and ionic binding equally well. These radii agree remarkably well with calculated radii of maximum radial charge density in the outermost shells of the atoms, as taken from previously unpublished calculations of D. Liberman, J. T. Waber, and D. T. Cromer, of the Los Alamos Laboratory, by relativistic self‐consistent field calculation, using the exchange correction suggested in 1951 by the present author. There is discussion of the probable reason for this agreement, and discussion of the relation of these radii to the ionic radii of Pauling, Zachariasen, and others, and the tetrahedral and metallic radii of Pauling.
A review of the role of excess soil moisture conditions in constraining farm practices under Atlantic conditions

The Less Favoured Area (LFA) scheme is a major element of the EU Rural Development Policy, aimed at supporting farming in areas with natural handicaps or low soil productivity. It has been in place since 1975 and accounts for 14% of total Community funding. In 2003, the European Court of Auditors recommended that the socio‐economic criteria on which the current scheme is based be replaced by biophysical criteria. Reviews of the proposals suggest that in Atlantic climates of Northwest Europe, the new criteria do not delineate adequately areas where agricultural productivity is constrained by the biophysical environment and that such areas are instead demarcated by the occurrence of excess soil moisture conditions. In this paper, we review the impact of excess soil moisture conditions on the sustainability of farming systems and their role in constraining strategic and tactical farm management practices. In particular, we review the scientific evidence on the impact of excess soil moisture conditions on herbage growth, herbage utilization, farm operations and environmental sustainability. On the basis of this, we propose an additional biophysical criterion for the new delineation of LFAs, namely the length of time that soil water is in excess of field capacity (‘field capacity days’). While there is no clear threshold for field capacity days above which agricultural sustainability is acutely constrained, the evidence reviewed in this paper suggests that the sustainability of intensive livestock farming and tillage systems is particularly challenging in scenarios where the 80 percentile of field capacity days exceeds 220–230 days.
Le Chatelier Response

The article investigates a possible influence of the open chemical system reaction to the external impact on the system transition to a new equilibrium. Potential system response is taken as a combination of various powers of the reaction shift from thermodynamic equilibrium, leading to different equations for the system Gibbs' free energy change. The investigation is focused on two types of the constraints which are put on the system - the "soluble", disappearing when the stressed system achieves its new equilibrium, as it happens in result of a temperature change, and "insoluble", still remaining active in the new equilibrium. It was assumed that the "soluble" constraints activate a wider selection of the reaction shift powers as the system Le Chatelier response, providing for a smooth transition between two equilibrium states. The "insoluble" constraints may suppress some higher powers in the response set, and transition may be accompanied by bifurcations.
Investigations into the Mechanisms of Flame Retardation on Wool1

A number of flame-retardant systems have been applied to wool, and their flame-inhibiting efficiencies in atmospheres containing oxygen and nitrous oxide have been compared in order to explore the mechanisms by which they operate. The retardant systems investigated include phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, and their ammonium salts, hexafluorophosphate, borax, boric acid, fluoroborate, antimony oxide/hydrochloric acid, hexafluorozirconate, hexafluorotitanate, hexafluorostannate, and dichromate. Most of the systems apparently operate in the solid phase though by different mechanisms. The antimony-based system inhibits in the gas phase. The chromium system, as well as catalyzing the thermal decomposition of wool, also inhibits gas-phase reactions, probably by a heterogeneous mechanism. Fluorostannate when padded onto wool also exhibits gase-phase inhibition properties, but when exhausted onto wool it appears to inhibit in the solid phase. The fluorotitanate treatment shows a dependence on the nature of the oxidizing atmosphere, but this may be due to the fact that a metal oxide-oxygen species complex is necessary for retardation. Fluorozirconate does not show the same dependence, though it is closely related chemically to the fluorotitanate system. A preliminary investigation has been made into the effectiveness of combinations of the padded fluorozirconate system with the sulfamic acid, fluoroborate, boric acid, and antimony oxide/hydrochloric acid systems.
D ec 2 01 9 Entanglement and the Infrared

We shall outline some results regarding the infrared catastrophes of quantum electrodynamics and perturbative quantum gravity and their implications for information loss in quantum processes involving electrically or gravitationally charged particles. We will argue that two common approaches to the solution of the infrared problem, using transition probabilities which are inclusive of copious soft photon and graviton production and using dressed states describe fundamentally different quantizations of electrodynamics and low energy gravity which are, in principle, distinguishable by experiments.
Ultrasonic‐Assisted Solvent Extraction of Carotenoids From Rapeseed Meal: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology

Ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction of carotenoids from rapeseed meal was investigated and evaluated by response surface methodology. We have compared the yields of carotenoids by using five different solvent systems, and found that the highest yield can be achieved under petroleum ether/acetone (v/v = 1/1). We have further tested the effect of ultrasonic power, modulation frequency, duration, temperature, liquid to material ratio and extraction times on the yield of carotenoids by adopting Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken experimental design methods. Optimal conditions for obtaining high yield of carotenoids were as follows: temperature 49.6C, liquid to material ratio 41.4 mL/g, duration 48.5 min, ultrasonic power 252.9 W (240 W was used in the control experiments). Under the above conditions, average carotenoid yield was 0.1577 ± 0.0014 mg/g, and the extraction percentage was 79.61 ± 0.71%. The results indicated that rapeseed meal was a promising alternative source for carotenoid extraction. Practical Applications Carotenoids are one of the most common natural food colorants and exist widely in plants, bacteria, fungi and animals. Ultrasound has been utilized to assist the solvent extraction of bioactive compounds from vegetal materials, and led to high yield of desired products. In the present study, we have investigated ultrasound-assisted extraction of carotenoids from rapeseed meal using the response surface methodology. In order to obtain the highest yield of carotenoids, we have examined various operational parameters, such as extraction temperature, liquid to material ratio, solvent composition, extraction time and modulation frequency, and have established optimal conditions to extract carotenoids from rapeseed meal. Our results provide basic knowledge on the extraction of carotenoids from rapeseed meal, which serves as a promising bioresource.