Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DDX41 recognizes RNA/DNA retroviral reverse transcripts and is critical for in vivo control of MLV infection

Host recognition of viral nucleic acids generated during infection leads to the activation of innate immune responses essential for early control of virus. Retrovirus reverse transcription creates numerous potential ligands for cytosolic host sensors that recognize foreign nucleic acids, including single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), RNA/DNA hybrids and double stranded DNA (dsDNA). We and others recently showed that the sensors cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), dead-box helicase 41 (DDX41) and members of the Aim2-like receptor (ALR) family participate in the recognition of retroviral reverse transcripts. However, why multiple sensors might be required and their relative importance in in vivo control of retroviral infection is not known. Here we show that DDX41 primarily senses the DNA/RNA hybrid generated at the first step of reverse transcription, while cGAS recognizes dsDNA generated at the next step. We also show that both DDX41 and cGAS are needed for the anti-retroviral innate immune response to MLV and HIV in primary mouse macrophages and dendritic cells (DC). Using mice with macrophage- or -specific knockout of the DDX41 gene, we show that DDX41 sensing in DCs but not macrophages was critical for controlling in vivo MLV infection. This suggests that DCs are essential in vivo targets for infection, as well as for initiating the antiviral response. Our work demonstrates that the innate immune response to retrovirus infection depends on multiple host nucleic acid sensors that recognize different reverse transcription intermediates. Importance Viruses are detected by many different host sensors of nucleic acid, which in turn trigger innate immune responses, such as type I IFN production, required to control infection. We show here that at least two sensors are needed to initiate a highly effective innate immune response to retroviruses – DDX41, which preferentially senses the RNA/DNA hybrid generated at the first step of retrovirus replication and cGAS, which recognizes double-stranded DNA generated at the 2nd step. Importantly, we demonstrate using mice lacking DDX41 or cGAS, that both sensors are needed for the full antiviral response needed to control in vivo MLV infection. These findings underscore the need for multiple host factors to counteract retroviral infection.
The Complementary and Substitutive Impact of Airbnb on The Bankruptcy of Traditional Hotels in The City of Barcelona

The effects of Airbnb on the hotel industry have been debated in different academic forums without a close answer about whether its effects on the hotel industry are complementary or substitutive. To help clarify this issue, this article proposes a business failure model to analyze the impact of Airbnb on the bankruptcy of traditional hotels. In particular, we develop a study case based on a sample of hotels in the city of Barcelona between 2015 and 2018. In addition, we distinguish Airbnb listings’ characteristics such as type of room or market concentration to show an additional understanding of Airbnb effects. Our results show that Airbnb plays a double complementary and substitutive role in traditional hotels’ disruption. In particular, we conclude that Airbnb’s private rooms and the concentration of the Airbnb market in fewer hosts are the main threats to traditional accommodation providers.
Plant and root‐zone water isotopes are difficult to measure, explain, and predict: Some practical recommendations for determining plant water sources

Stable isotope ratios of water (δ18O, δ2H) have long been used to study a core question in plant ecology and ecohydrology: ‘From where do plants take up water? ’ Indeed, decades of research has involved sampling potential plant water sources in the subsurface, classifying those sources as distinct endmembers (e.g. deep vs. shallow soil waters) and then evaluating their contributions to a xylem water sample through mixing‐model analysis to identify the depths of root water uptake. However, more detailed interrogations of the subsurface and plant domains have revealed under‐considered transport and isotopic fractionation phenomena. These now apparent complexities raise new questions and challenge the many past assumptions inherent in endmember‐mixing models that now seem overly simple. Here, we introduce discussions of these recent insights and provide an overview of isotope effects that occur naturally in the root zone and in the plant, as well as artificially during sample handling. Better accounting for these complexities and their associated uncertainties can lead to more accurate and robust study designs, analytical frameworks and, ultimately, inferences. Finally, to more robustly characterize plant water sources using δ18O and δ2H, we provide some practical recommendations that aim at maximizing the isotopic contrast between endmembers and/or minimizing potential uncertainties.
Whole‐genome SNP markers reveal conservation status, signatures of selection, and introgression in Chinese Laiwu pigs

Laiwu pigs are a Chinese indigenous breed that is renowned for its exceptionally high intramuscular fat content (average greater than 6%), providing an excellent genetic resource for the genetic improvement of meat quality of modern commercial pigs. To uncover genetic diversity, population structure, signature of selection, and potential exotic introgression in this breed, we sampled 238 Laiwu pigs from a state‐supported conservation population and genotyped these individuals using GeneSeek 80K SNP BeadChip. We then conducted in‐depth population genetics analyses for the Laiwu pig in a context of 1,116 pigs from 42 Eurasian diverse breeds. First, we show that the current Laiwu population has more abundant genetic diversity than the population of 18 years ago likely due to gene flow from European commercial breeds. Both neighbor‐joining (NJ) and principal component analyses indicate the introgression of European haplotypes into Laiwu pigs. The admixture analysis reveals that an average 26.66% of Laiwu genetic components are of European origin. Then, we assigned the tested individuals to different families according to their clustering patterns in the NJ tree and proposed a family‐based conservation strategy to reduce the risk of inbreeding depression in Laiwu pigs. Next, we explored three statistics (ROH and iHS and EigenGWAS) to identify a list of candidate genes for fat deposition, reproduction, and growth in Laiwu pigs. Last, we detected a strong signature of introgression from European pigs into Laiwu pigs at the GPC6 locus that regulates the growth of developing long bones. Further association analyses indicate that the introgressed GPC6 haplotype likely contributed to the improvement of growth performance in Laiwu pigs. Altogether, this study not only benefits the better conservation of the Laiwu pig, but also advances our knowledge of the poorly understood effect of human‐mediated introgression on phenotypic traits in Chinese indigenous pigs.
Assessment of stakeholders views on accessing quality and equity of basic education in rural communities of Abia State, Nigeria

This study aims to analyze the views of stakeholders on access to quality and equity in Basic Education in selected rural communities of Abia State, Nigeria. The study used mixed method design (quantitative and qualitative) in drawing views of a stratified sample of 432 stakeholders in the quantitative study and 72 participants of six focus group discussions. The study found out that access to quality and equity in Basic Education in the rural communities was significantly inadequate (p < 0.025) resulting from lack of qualified teachers, inadequate safety of the environment, poor facilities, very little involvement by government in maintaining the schools, learners reluctance to do their works and indiscipline, little or no stakeholders’ involvement in the schools affairs. Stakeholders’ involvement (most of who are parents) and their level of education were shown to be significant indicators of access to quality and equity in Basic Education although the schools were not exploiting these assets. The study concludes that if access to quality Basic Education is to become real in the rural communities, the Ministry of Education, Local Government Education Boards, stakeholders and communities need to establish strong collaboration and coordination of the activities to improve the conditions of the schools. Programmes that can assist parents and assist learners in their homework and instil morals in the learners need to be worked out by the education authorities. Key words: Challenges, rural communities, quality education, equity, access.
Evaluation of Late-Season Short- and Long-Duration Rice Cultivars for Potential Yield under Mechanical Transplanting Conditions

The development of large-scale farming has encouraged the adoption of mechanical transplanting techniques for rice production. However, the increased farming operation times that often occur under large-scale farming conditions necessitate shortening the duration of rice growth, especially that of late-season rice; therefore, rice cultivars with short growth durations are popular under such conditions. A field experiment using two short-duration rice cultivars (SRCs), i.e., Jiuliangyou 3 and Shengyou 9520, and two long-duration rice cultivars (LRCs), i.e., Shengyou 957 and Tianyouhuazhan, was conducted in the late season in Yongan and Santang, Hunan Province, China in 2017 and 2018. The grain yield and yield attributes were compared between the SRCs and LRCs, showing that the SRCs, which exhibited an 11–12-day shorter growth period, revealed similar grain yield to the LRCs. The SRCs also exhibited a 10–31% higher spikelet filling rate and a 13% higher harvest index than the LRCs. Moreover, the biomass accumulation, crop growth rate, and apparent radiation use efficiency of the SRCs were significantly higher than those of the LRCs during the postheading phase. Our results indicate that the higher spikelet filling rate, the harvest index, and the apparent radiation use efficiency of the postheading period were the underlying factors for the SRCs’ grain yield.
Use of Mobile App for Real Time Data Entry and Monitoring: A Case Study of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibody Sero-Surveillance in all Districts of Haryana, India

Covid-19 has forced major changes in the conduct of the business processes. Public health surveys also face similar challenges. Traditional surveys using the paper-based questionnaire are being replaced with the digital modes of surveys. Many types of mobile based apps are now available. We used a digital survey tool „surveyman.ankaha. com‟ to conduct massive survey in all 22 districts, that was completed in record time of 3 days. Minimum 16 teams from each district registered and used the tool. We are presenting here our experiences with the app and the availability of the functions in the app, so that public health professionals can make better use of it. The app helped not only to capture real time data, but also helped in remote real time monitoring of the activity and to compile the report within one week of the completion of the activity. Dedicated support team at the coordinating headquarter is required during conduct of such massive mission like activities.
Finding Suitable Transect Spacing and Sampling Designs for Accurate Soil ECa Mapping from EM38-MK2

Finding an ideal sampling design is a crucial stage in detailed soil mapping to assure reasonable accuracy of resulting soil property maps. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of sampling designs and sample sizes on the quality of soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) maps from an electromagnetic sensor survey. Twenty-six (26) parallel transects were gathered in a 72-ha plot in Southeastern Brazil. Soil ECa measurements using an on-the-go electromagnetic induction sensor were taken every second using sensor vertical orientation. Two approaches were used to reduce the sample size and simulate kriging interpolations of soil ECa. Firstly, the number of transect lines was reduced by increasing the distance between them; thus, 26 transects with 40 m spacing; 13 with 80 m; 7 with 150 m; and 4 with 300 m. Secondly, random point selection and Douglas-Peucker algorithms were used to derive four reduced datasets by removing 25, 50, 75, and 95% of the points from the ECa survey dataset. Soil ECa was interpolated at 5 m output spatial resolution using ordinary kriging and the four datasets from each simulation (a total of twelve datasets). Map uncertainty was assessed by root mean square error and mean error metrics from 400 random samples previously selected for external map validation. Maps were evaluated on their uncertainty and spatial structure of variation. The transect elimination approach showed that maps produced with transect spacing up to 150 m could preserve the spatial structure of ECa variations. Douglas-Peucker results showed lower nugget values than random point simulations for all selected sample densities, except for a 95% point reduction. The soil ECa maps derived from the 75% reduced dataset (by random sampling or Douglas-Peucker) or from 13 transect lines (80 m spacing) showed reasonable accuracy (RMSE of validation circa 0.7) relative to the map interpolated from all survey points (RMSE of 0.5), suggesting that transect spacing of 80 m and reading intervals greater than one second can be used for improving the efficiency of on-the-go soil ECa surveys.
Breastfeeding abandonment causes and success factors in relactation

Causas de abandono de la lactancia materna y factores de exito para la relactacion Causas de abandono do aleitamento materno e fatores de sucesso para a relactacao Objective: To identify the causes of breastfeeding abandonment and the success factors associated with relactation in mothers with children attended in a specialised health institution. Methodology: Descriptive transversal design through non-probabilistic convenience sampling, with 100 mothers and their children. A structured survey was used and central tendency measurements and frequencies were analysed. The study was approved by the Ethics committee of the School of Health Sciences at the University Pontificia Bolivariana. Results: The average age was 26.8 years; 73 % had a low socioeconomic level; 59 % were cohabitating; 46 % were housewives; 32 % had a high school degree; 57 % were first-time mothers; 74 % had a high obstetric risk; and 59 % had children by caesarean section. Causes of breastfeeding abandonment were newborn hospitalization (79 %) and low birth weight (52 %). Health professionals suggested substitutes for hypogalactia in 18 % of the mothers. Incorrect maternal posture: 66.1 and 61 % with no previous experience. Relactation success factors were: chronological age under one month (48 %); effective newborn breast sucking (89 %); good newborn breast grasping (71 %). During the non-breastfeeding period, 72 % received mixed milk, 82 % did not breastfeed between 8 and 30 days, 98 % of the mothers were willing to relactate, 91 % considered the support of their families and health professionals as good. Conclusion: Children hospitalization was the main cause of breastfeeding abandonment and the main success factors for relactation were effective breast sucking, mothers’ readiness and support. Para citar este articulo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigo Giraldo DI , Lopez FE , Quiros AM , Gomez AA , Sierra SM , Agudelo D . Breastfeeding abandonment causes and success factors in relactation. Aquichan. 2020;20(3):e2036. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2020. 20.3. 6 Recibido: 21/11/2019 Aceptado: 20/04/2020 Publicado: 07/09/2020
Grounds for Infidelity among Iranian Women: A Phenomenological Study

Abstract This phenomenological study investigated the lived experiences of Iranian women who had engaged in an extramarital affair. Seventeen women participated in semi-structured interviews at a residential center for women in Ahvaz Iran. Questions focused on the circumstances and marital experiences that participants felt contributed to their infidelity, as well as information about how the affair began and was maintained. Six main themes emerged: wives’ emotional issues, cultural and social factors, substance abuse, husbands’ psychological issues, financial concerns, and sexual concerns. Findings may be useful in designing education for couples and families that may help prevent the occurrence of marital infidelity.
Crosslinking strategies for silk fibroin hydrogels: promising biomedical materials

Due to their strong biomimetic potential, silk fibroin (SF) hydrogels are impressive candidates for tissue engineering, due to their tunable mechanical properties, biocompatibility, low immunotoxicity, controllable biodegradability, and a remarkable capacity for biomaterial modification and the realization of a specific molecular structure. The fundamental chemical and physical structure of SF allows its structure to be altered using various crosslinking strategies. The established crosslinking methods enable the formation of three-dimensional (3D) networks under physiological conditions. There are different chemical and physical crosslinking mechanisms available for the generation of SF hydrogels (SFHs). These methods, either chemical or physical, change the structure of SF and improve its mechanical stability, although each method has its advantages and disadvantages. While chemical crosslinking agents guarantee the mechanical strength of SFH through the generation of covalent bonds, they could cause some toxicity, and their usage is not compatible with a cell-friendly technology. On the other hand, physical crosslinking approaches have been implemented in the absence of chemical solvents by the induction of β-sheet conformation in the SF structure. Unfortunately, it is not easy to control the shape and properties of SFHs when using this method. The current review discusses the different crosslinking mechanisms of SFH in detail, in order to support the development of engineered SFHs for biomedical applications.
Effect of Some Commonly Used Weedicides on the Parthenium Beetle Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae)

The neotropical plant Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae) is a serious weed of agricultural fields, pastures and waste lands in most parts of India (Krishnamurthy et al., 1977). The mexican beetle Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae), releases of which were iniitiated in 1984 (Jayanth, 1987), is proving to be a promising biological control agent in and around Bangalore (Jayanth and Geetha Bali, 1990). A number of weedicides have been recommended for the control of, P.hysterophorus in India (Krishnamurthy et al. , 1977 ; Muniappa et 01., 1980; Challa, 1987). In situations where chemical methods are preferred, it would be ideal to use weedicides that are least harmful to Z.bicolorata . With this in view, the impact of some commonly used weedicides were tested for their safety to the beetle.
Application of capital structure theories: a systematic review

PurposeThe present study aims to analyse the literature on capital structure theories for the last 21 years to identify the existing gaps and themes for prospective researchers in this domain.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 183 articles published from 1999 to 2019 in the Scopus database using “capital structure theory” and “leverage” as keywords was analysed on various basis. A citation analysis was also performed to recognize impactful authors and papers.FindingsThe findings revealed that though the capital structure research studies were highly focussed on developed economies, with time, research studies in developing markets are increasing. Further, the capital structure research studies were largely conducted by considering all the industries together, whereas the focus on a particular industrial sector was meagre. Almost all the studies were empirical, thus providing scope for primary research. Various forms of regression were popular econometric techniques used in this area of late. This review highlighted the dominance of trade-off theory to elucidate the capital structure of firms, irrespective of the status of the economy. The comprehensive review uncovered the existing gaps and identified major themes evolving in the capital structure domain.Originality/valueUnlike a traditional review paper, this study classifies sample articles based on several parameters and depicts a graphical presentation of the findings to cover research gaps, avenues, evolving themes, key aspects, impactful authors and their papers, etc. in the capital structure domain. It provides ready-made information available for prospective research studies in this field.
Embedding trend into seasonal temperature forecasts through statistical calibration of GCM outputs

Accurate and reliable seasonal climate forecasts are frequently sought by climate‐sensitive sectors to support decision‐making under climate variability and change. Temperature trend is discernible globally over the past decades, but seasonal forecasts produced by a global climate model (GCM) generally underestimate such trend. Current statistical methods used for calibrating seasonal climate forecasts mostly do not explicitly account for climate trends. Consequently, the calibrated forecasts also fail to capture the observed trend. Solving this problem can enhance user confidence in seasonal climate forecasts. In this study, we extend the capability of the Bayesian joint probability (BJP) modelling approach for statistical calibration of seasonal climate forecasts. A trend component is introduced into the BJP algorithm for embedding the observed trend into calibrated ensemble forecasts. We apply the new model (named BJP‐t) to three test stations in Australia. Seasonal forecasts of daily maximum temperatures from the SEAS5 model, operated by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), are calibrated and evaluated. The BJP‐t calibrated ensemble forecasts can reproduce the observed trend, when the raw ensemble forecasts and the BJP calibrated ensemble forecasts both fail to do so. The BJP‐t calibration leads to more skilful, more reliable and sharper forecasts than the BJP calibration.
Drosophila parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of Japan

The Drosophila parasitoid system is an excellent model for the study of biological and ecological interactions. In Japan, extensive studies have been carried out on Drosophila parasitoids since the early 2000s. Here we provide up‐to‐date information on their diversity, distributions, host use and reproductive mode. Until now, 45 wasp species have been recorded. In addition, four genetically distinct groups (tentatively assigned as “races”) have been found in Ganaspis brasiliensis (Figitidae). Most of them are larvo‐pupal parasitoids belonging to the families Figitidae and Braconidae, and some are pupal parasitoids of the families Pteromalidae and Diapriidae. A species of Encyrtidae was also recorded. Their major hosts are indicated with information on the host's breeding sites. Except Ganaspis xanthopoda and two races of G. brasiliensis that are distributed both in tropical and temperate regions, they are divided into tropical and temperate species. The tropical species are mainly distributed in Southeast Asia, and their distributions in Japan are restricted to the Ryukyu islands, particularly Iriomote‐jima. The temperate species have been recorded from the main islands of Japan and surrounding islands but not from the Ryukyu islands, except two braconid species, Asobara japonica and Phaenocarpa sp. TK1. Some of the temperate species have also been recorded from Korea, China, Europe and/or North America. Among the 45 Japanese parasitoid species, at least seven are assumed to be thelytokous.