Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Motion of Kilauea Volcano during sustained eruption from the Puu Oo and Kupaianaha Vents, 1983–1991

Kilauea erupted almost continuously from January 1983 through 1991. Although the summit began subsiding during the rift zone dike intrusion that initiated this eruption, remarkably steady ground surface motions began in late 1983 after a magnitude 6.6 earthquake beneath the slopes of nearby Mauna Loa volcano and continued until the onset of brief upper east rift zone earthquake swarms in late 1990. During these 7 years the summit and upper rift zones subsided up to 10–11 and 4–8 cm yr−1, respectively, and summit baselines contracted up to 6 cm yr−1. Baselines directed northward from the summit to stations on Mauna Loa extended at rates up to 7 cm yr−1, and a baseline from south of the summit to Mauna Loa extended 4 cm yr−1. Much of this extension is inconsistent with deformation caused solely by summit magma reservoir collapse and more likely reflects rifting as the south flank of the volcano moved seaward from the summit and rift zones. Farther from the summit, baselines crossing the south flank extended up to 2 cm yr−1, and a south flank tide gauge rose 2 cm yr−1; the lower east rift zone, 40–50 km from the summit, subsided about 2 cm yr−1. Motion on Kilauea, then, is broadly consistent with slip along low-angle south flank faults, generating subsidence that is focused at the summit and along the rift system behind the faulting and uplift along the coastal south flank ahead of it. Dislocation models that combine these elements show that much of Kilauea's edifice migrated seaward, producing ground surface motions along the south flank of up to about 6 cm yr−1. The magnitude 6.1 earthquake of 1989 punctuated these motions along the eastern south flank, producing more than 25 cm of seaward displacement and, 15 km east of the epicenter, up to 24 cm of subsidence south of the lower east rift zone. Unlike the magnitude 7.2 south flank earthquake of 1975, the 1989 event was preceded neither by summit magma reservoir inflation nor by rift zone dike intrusions and accompanying compression of the south flank. Deformation was probably caused by the weight of the volcanic overburden and by ongoing dilation and slip within the rift system.
Mass dynamics of coarse woody debris in an old-growth deciduous forest of Gwangneung, Korea

We investigated the mass dynamics of coarse woody debris (CWD) in an old-growth deciduous forest dominated by Quercus serrata, Carpinus laxiflora, and C. cordata in a 1 ha permanent plot of the Gwangneung Experiment Forest, Korea, from 2002 through 2010. CWD mass varied from 16.8 to 34.2 Mg ha−1, and the ratio of CWD mass to stand biomass varied from 0.06 to 0.13. The mean CWD mass input and loss rates were 4.81 Mg ha−1 yr−1 and 2.28 Mg ha−1 yr−1, respectively. A large heterogeneity of CWD mass, as represented by the spatial coefficient of variation (127.2%) and annual coefficient of variation (178.5%), might be inherent in the old-growth temperate forest, which consisted of large biomass trees. The decay rate constant, as estimated from the wood density change, was 0.049yr−1. However, the large variation of annual CWD mass input could cause the overestimation of decay rate constant (0.167 yr−1) as calculated from the ratio of CWD mass input to CWD mass. According to the CWD decay class classification, class II (72.8%) comprised the majority of CWD mass. The proportion of CWD mass to total CWD mass was 57.5% for Q. serrata, 25.0% for C. laxiflora, and 10.4% for C. cordata, respectively, and corresponded to the proportion of stem biomass to total stem biomass. These data support the stability of the current status in this old-growth deciduous forest as representing the climax stage. Due to the relatively short-term measurement of CWD mass compared with the whole life span of CWD, additional long-term studies with various approaches are required to enhance the knowledge of CWD mass dynamics in this forest.
On the inverse relationship between North American snow extent and North Atlantic hurricane activity

The statistically significant inverse relationship is examined between North American snow cover extent during January and North Atlantic hurricane activity during the following hurricane season. To better quantify this relationship the long‐term trend and ENSO years were removed from the data. The lightest January snow‐cover years (LSY) show sharp increases (40–90%) compared to the heaviest January snow‐cover years (HSY) in nearly all measures of Atlantic hurricane activity, including the numbers and duration of hurricanes and major hurricanes, and the average seasonal accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index. Approximately, half of the LSY events featured above‐normal hurricane seasons and none were below‐normal, while approximately half of the HSY featured below‐normal hurricane seasons none were above‐normal. Composite analyses indicate the anomalous wintertime snow‐cover extent and Atlantic hurricane activity are linked through their common association with persistent and hemisphere‐wide extratropical circulation anomalies tied to the Arctic Oscillation (AO). The LSY are associated with a positive phase of the AO, along with warmer surface temperatures in both North America and Eurasia, while the HSY are associated with a negative phase of the AO and below‐average continental surface temperatures. One unresolved issue is the extent to which the anomalous snow extent feeds back onto the large‐scale circulation so as to help maintain the wintertime AO patterns through the spring and summer. Another remaining issue is the process(es) by which the extratropical AO signals eventually penetrate into the tropics so as to influence Atlantic hurricane activity. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Undrained cyclic response of a silicate-grouted sand for liquefaction mitigation purposes

An experimental comparative study of a silicate-grouted sand is presented. The experimental procedure adopted for preparing high-quality treated samples is accurately described together with test procedures. The overall experimental investigation comprises unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests, undrained monotonic simple shear (SS) tests, undrained cyclic simple shear and triaxial (TX) tests. A gain in strength due to the sodium-silicate grout is apparent from both undrained monotonic and cyclic test results. The influence of loading mode on undrained cyclic stress–strain–strength behaviour of treated sand samples is explored based on a comparison between simple shear and conventional triaxial stress conditions. The simple shear device is properly adopted to allow a reliable assessment of liquefaction resistance improvement in untreated sand samples. The paper highlights that, regardless of test conditions, similarities exist between the behaviour of loose-treated samples and that of dense- untreated samples, in terms of undrained cyclic shear strength. Time effects are also explored taking into account the variation of curing time and loading frequency.
Tethyan ophiolites and Pangea break‐up

Abstract The break‐up of Pangea began during the Triassic and was preceded by a generalized Permo‐Triassic formation of continental rifts along the future margins between Africa and Europe, between Africa and North America, and between North and South America. During the Middle–Late Triassic, an ocean basin cutting the eastern equatorial portion of the Pangea opened as a prograding branch of the Paleotethys or as a new ocean (the Eastern Tethys); westwards, continental rift basins developed. The Western Tethys and Central Atlantic began to open only during the Middle Jurassic. The timing of the break‐up can be hypothesized from data from the oceanic remnants of the peri‐Mediterranean and peri‐Caribbean regions (the Mesozoic ophiolites) and from the Atlantic ocean crust. In the Eastern Tethys, Middle–Late Triassic mid‐oceanic ridge basalt (MORB) ophiolites, Middle–Upper Jurassic MORB, island arc tholeiite (IAT) supra‐subduction ophiolites and Middle–Upper Jurassic metamorphic soles occur, suggesting that the ocean drifting was active from the Triassic to the Middle Jurassic. The compressive phases, as early as during the Middle Jurassic, were when the drifting was still active and caused the ocean closure at the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary and, successively, the formation of the orogenic belts. The present scattering of the ophiolites is a consequence of the orogenesis: once the tectonic disturbances are removed, the Eastern Tethys ophiolites constitute a single alignment. In the Western Tethys only Middle–Upper Jurassic MORB ophiolites are present – this was the drifting time. The closure began during the Late Cretaceous and was completed during the Eocene. Along the area linking the Western Tethys to the Central Atlantic, the break‐up was realized through left lateral wrench movements. In the Central Atlantic – the link between the Western Tethys and the Caribbean Tethys – the drifting began at the same time and is still continuing. The Caribbean Tethys opened probably during the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous. The general picture rising from the previous data suggest a Pangea break‐up rejuvenating from east to west, from the Middle–Late Triassic to the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous.
Primary and secondary organic aerosols in urban air masses intercepted at a rural site

[1] Measurements made at a rural site in central Ontario during May–June 2007 are used to investigate the composition of organic aerosol (OA) downwind of an urban region. Observations of aerosol organic carbon and oxygen containing fragments from a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) are combined with toluene to benzene ratios to estimate the relative importance of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and primary organic aerosol (POA) to the total OA at the site during periods of significant urban influence. We estimate that SOA formed within 1–2 days of the anthropogenic source regions was 40–50% of the measured OA and that POA was 5–16% of the OA. The remaining 35–45% of the OA is assumed to have been present in the aerosol upwind of the source regions prior to entering the study domain as defined by trajectories and estimates of the potential photochemical aging time. The apportionment results were also compared to that of positive matrix factorization analysis. In addition, the measurements of the molar oxygen to carbon ratio (O/C) in the OA demonstrates that SOA becomes progressively more oxygenated with increasing photochemical age and at low total OA mass.
The Low-Frequency Variability of the Southern Ocean Circulation

AbstractLong time series of sea surface height (SSH), sea surface temperature, and wind stress curl are used to determine the main modes of low-frequency variability of the Southern Ocean (SO) circulation. The dominant mode is a trend of increasing SSH at an average rate of 3.3 mm yr−1. Similar trends have been reported in previous studies and the analysis indicates that the tendency of sea level increase over the SO has become more spatially homogeneous during the last decade, with changes in the increasing rate in 2000 and 2006. The other modes consist of stationary, basin-type modes, and an eastward-propagating wave. The stationary modes are particularly dominant in the Indian and Atlantic Ocean basins, where their spatial structure appears to be shaped by the basin geometry and the bottom topography. The wavelike patterns travel eastward with a period of approximately 10 years. Two waves were identified in the analysis: a complete cycle between 1997 and 2007 and a second cycle starting in 2000. Such w.
Temperature dependence and temporal trends of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the Great Lakes atmosphere

As part of the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN), we have measured gas-phase polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in the atmosphere around the Great Lakes since November of 1990. In this paper, we use these data to explore the temperature and time dependencies of gas-phase PCB concentrations near Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Erie and in Chicago. Concentrations of individual PCB congeners were well correlated to temperature for the three remote sites using the Clausius−Clapeyron equation, but the calculated heats of surface−air exchange did not correlate (on a congener basis) with laboratory-measured heats of vaporization. On the other hand, the heats of surface−air exchange for PCB congeners measured in Chicago are well correlated with laboratory-measured heats of vaporization. We conclude that the gas-phase PCB concentrations measured at Chicago are controlled by short-range transport, but at the three remote sites, these concentrations are controlled by long-range transport. Gas.
Statistical modeling of radiometric error propagation in support of hyperspectral imaging inversion and optimized ground sensor network design

Abstract : A method is presented that attempts to isolate the relative magnitudes of various error sources present in common algorithms for inverting the effects of atmospheric scattering and absorption on solar irradiance and determine in what ways, if any, operational ground truth measurement systems can be employed to reduce the overall error in retrieved reflectance factor. Error modeling and propagation methodology is developed for each link in the imaging chain, and representative values are determined for the purpose of exercising the model and observing the system behavior in response to a wide variety of inputs. Three distinct approaches to model- based atmosphere inversion are compared in a common reflectance error space, where each contributor to the overall error in retrieved reflectance is examined in relation to the others. The modeling framework also allows for performance predictions resulting from the incorporation of operational ground truth measurements. Regimes were identified in which uncertainty in water vapor and aerosols were each found to dominate error contributions to final retrieved reflectance. Cloud cover was also shown to be a significant contributor, while state-of-the-industry hyperspectral sensors were confirmed to not be error drivers. Accordingly, instruments for measuring water vapor, aerosols, and downwelled sky radiance were identified as key to improving reflectance retrieval beyond current performance by current inversion algorithms.
CD8 (cid:2) Endows CD8 with Efﬁcient Coreceptor Function by Coupling T Cell Receptor/CD3 to Raft-associated CD8/p56 lck Complexes

The extraordinary sensitivity of CD8 (cid:3) T cells to recognize antigen impinges to a large extent on the coreceptor CD8. While several studies have shown that the CD8 (cid:2) chain endows CD8 with efficient coreceptor function, the molecular basis for this is enigmatic. Here we report that cell-associated CD8 (cid:4)(cid:2) , but not CD8 (cid:4)(cid:4) or soluble CD8 (cid:4)(cid:2) , substantially increases the avidity of T cell receptor (TCR)-ligand binding. To elucidate how the cytoplasmic and transmembrane portions of CD8 (cid:2) endow CD8 with efficient coreceptor function, we examined T1.4 T cell hybridomas transfected with various CD8 (cid:2) constructs. T1.4 hybridomas recognize a photoreactive Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite (PbCS) peptide derivative (PbCS (4-azidobe-zoic acid [ABA])) in the context of H-2K d , and permit assessment of TCR-ligand binding by TCR photoaffinity labeling. We find that the cytoplasmic portion of CD8 (cid:2) , mainly due to its palmitoylation, mediates partitioning of CD8 in lipid rafts, where it efficiently associates with p56 lck . In addition, the cytoplasmic portion of CD8 (cid:2) mediates constitutive association of CD8 with TCR/CD3. The resulting TCR-CD8 adducts exhibit high affinity for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide. Importantly, because CD8 (cid:4)(cid:2) partitions in rafts, its interaction with TCR/CD3 promotes raft association of TCR/CD3. Engagement of these TCR/ CD3-CD8/lck adducts by multimeric MHC-peptide induces activation of p56 lck in rafts, which in turn phosphorylates CD3 and initiates T cell activation. column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) and used within 24 h. Experiments were performed at 25 (cid:13) C using HBS buffer (10 mM HEPES [pH 7.4], 150 mM NaCl, 3.4 mM EDTA, and 0.005% Surfactant P20; BIAcore) and a flow-rate of 10 (cid:9) l/ml.
Upper crustal structure of the Chicxulub impact crater from wide-angle ocean bottom seismograph data

We used travel times recorded by 23 ocean bottom seismograph (OBS) receivers to model crustal structure of the Chicxulub impact crater. The OBSs were located along Chicx-A/A1, a deep reflection profile extending as a chord across the offshore portion of the Chicxulub structure. A tomographic inversion of crustal refractions was used to produce the upper crustal structure. The prominent feature in the shallow velocity structure is the low velocities associated with the Tertiary basin. The low velocity section is thickest near the center of the crater, and thins on the flanks. High velocities observed near the surface along several portions of the crater flanks may represent the widespread presence of reefal buildups at the margins of the Tertiary basin. Negative velocity anomalies observed beneath the Tertiary basin within the collapsed transient cavity are interpreted as melt rocks. The largest negative anomaly is located near the center of Chicx-A/A1 (~26 km from the interpreted center of the crater), and extends laterally 50 km. The depth to the top of this anomaly is about 1 km; its average thickness is 1.3 km. Two smaller anomalies are located near the eastern and western margins of the collapsed transient cavity. The average thickness of these three negative velocity anomalies, when averaged over the width of the collapsed transient cavity, is 1 km. Christeson, G. L. , Buffler, R. T. , and Nakamura, Y. , 1999, Upper crustal structure of the Chicxulub impact crater from wide-angle ocean bottom seismograph data, in Dressler, B. O. , and Sharpton, V. L. , eds., Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution II: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 339
SELENIUM AND SULFUR CONCENTRATIONS IN COUNTRY ROCKS FROM THE DULUTH COMPLEX, MINNESOTA, USA: IMPLICATIONS FOR FORMATION OF THE Cu-Ni-PGE SULFIDES

Various studies suggest that the formation of a magmatic Ni-Cu-platinum group element (PGE) sulfide deposit requires addition of S from the country rocks into the magma. Many sulfide deposits have S/Se ratios higher than primary magmas, which is attributed to the preferential addition of S from the country rocks. However, this has not been clearly demonstrated because most studies do not determine Se in the country rocks, partly because, although Se concentration in igneous rocks can be assessed by most routine analytical techniques, their detection limits are too low for measuring with precision the level of Se in sedimentary rocks. We have determined Se abundances, using thiol cotton fiber (TCF) combined with instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), S, and delta (super 34) S on the magmatic sulfides of the Duluth Complex and on the host-rock sediments of the Virginia Formation. Our data show that the pelitic and metapelitic rocks of the Virginia Formation are characterized by low S/Se ratios ( approximately 3,000), close to the mantle values, whereas the S-rich layer known as the bedded pyrrhotite unit has high S/Se ratios ( approximately 20,000). Consequently, most of the Virginia Formation sediments and xenoliths are unsuitable as a source of S because they have S/Se ratios and delta (super 34) S values lower than those of the mineralized rocks (<10,000). Only the bedded pyrrhotite unit, which is present at the contact with the intrusion and as partly digested xenoliths within the intrusion, has S/Se ratios and delta (super 34) S values higher than those of the magmatic sulfides and could thus be the source of the S. Furthermore, the presence of sulfides in the norites around the xenoliths suggests that the S was released from the xenolith during melting of the xenolith. Detailed sampling from the xenoliths into the norite shows that the S/Se ratio and delta (super 34) S decrease with distance from the xenolith. Our results favor a mechanism of crustal S contamination by in situ assimilation of bedded pyrrhotite unit xenoliths.
Analytical Solution for Transient Hydraulic Head, Flow Rate and Volumetric Exchange in an Aquifer Under Recharge Condition

Analytical Solution for Transient Hydraulic Head, Flow Rate and Volumetric Exchange in an Aquifer Under Recharge Condition This paper presents closed form solution for unsteady flow equation corresponding to the transient hydraulic head, flow rate and volumetric exchange of a confined aquifer which is in contact with a constant piezometric head at one end and a stream whose water level is rising at a constant rate at the other end. The aquifer is also subjected to receive constant inflow due to rain infiltration. The unsteady groundwater flow equation is solved using Laplace transform to get analytical expressions for the transient hydraulic head and flow rate at the left and right interfaces and the net volumetric exchange of water at the aquifer-stream interface. The analytical results presented here show the effect of recharge due to rain infiltration on the net volumetric exchange and reveal the conditions for which net inflow in the aquifer could be positive, negative or zero. The results obtained have the capability to determine transient hydraulic head for two extreme scenarios: (i) very slow rise and (ii) very fast rise in the stream water. Analytical result show that the net volumetric exchange could be positive, zero or negative depending on the surface infiltration and stream water rise rate. Hydraulické Výšky, Rýchlosti Prúdenia A Objemové Toky vo Zvodnenom Kolektore, Určené Analytickým Riešením Rovnice Neustáleného Prúdenia Podzemných Vôd. Príspevok obsahuje analytické riešenie rovnice neustáleného prúdenia vzhľadom na neustálenú hydraulickú výšku, rýchlosť prúdenia a objemové toky vo zvodnenom kolektore s napätou hladinou, ktorý je v kontakte s konštantnou piezometrickou výškou na jednej strane a s tokom s konštantne sa zvyšujúcou hladinou vody na strane druhej. Zvodnený kolektor je tiež napájaný konštantnou rýchlosťou infiltrovanou vodou zo zrážok. Rovnica neustáleného prúdenia podzemnej vody je riešená s použitím Laplaceovej transformácie, aby sme získali neustálenú tlakovú výšku na ľavej aj pravej strane a objemový prítok vody na rozhraní zvodnený kolektor - tok. Výsledky analytického riešenia, ktoré predkladáme, ukazujú vplyv infiltrácie zrážok na doplňovanie podzemnej vody a odhaľujú podmienky, za ktorých prítok do zvodneného kolektora môže byť kladný, negatívny, alebo nulový. Získané výsledky umožňujú určiť neustálené hydraulické výšky pre dva extrémne scenáre: (i) veľmi pomalé a (ii) veľmi rýchle zvýšenie hladiny vody v toku. Analytické riešenie ukazuje, že objem vody, ktorou je zvodnený kolektor doplňovaný, môže byť kladný, záporný, alebo nulový, v závislosti na intenzite infiltrácie a rýchlosti zvyšovania sa hladiny vody v toku.