Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IMPLEMENTASI MANAJEMEN PENGANGGARAN OLEH DEWAN PERWAKILAN RAKYAT ACEH PROVINSI ACEH

Abstract : The purpose of this research is to find out and describe the management of budgeting performed by the House of Representatives of Aceh (DPRA) and working Unit of Aceh Government (SKPA). This reseach used qualitative approach with descriptive method. This research was conducted at the administrative office of the House of Representative of Aceh (DPRA). The subjects of this research were the DPRA’s speaker, the four deputies of DPRA, the commussion of budget, and the secretary of DPRA. The results revealed that (1) budgeting management planning is conducted by the budget team of Aceh Government at the end of the year through coordination meetings by preparing budget document; (2) the budget process is performed through coordination meeting by discussing the plans of badget usage and budget Absorption of Aceh Provincial Budget (APBA) in the previous yeas, and making an accurate estimate; (3) the performance of DPRA in terms of budgeting has been in line with the procedure stated within the minutes through the mechanism of special committee; (4) the supervision and evaluation performed by DPRA involve all stakeholders and also expert staff the Aceh Government . Keywords : Management and Budgeting Abstrak : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan manajemen anggaran yang dilaksanakan oleh Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Aceh (DPRA) dengan Satuan Kerja Pemerintah Aceh (SKPA). Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Penelitian dilakukan pada kantor Sekretariat Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Aceh dengan subjek penelitian: Ketua DPRA, Wakil Ketua DPRA, Komisi C yang membidangi Anggaran, dan Sekretaris Dewan (SETWAN) provinsi Aceh. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui kegiatan observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Perencanaan program penganggaran dilakukan pada akhir tahun melalui rapat koordinasi dan Tim Anggaran Pemerintah Aceh dengan mempersiapkan dokumen-dokumen anggaran, (2) Proses anggaran dilaksanakan melalui rapat koordinasi dengan membahas rancangan penggunaan anggaran dan daya serap APBA tahun sebelumnya serta melakukan penaksiran atau estimasi secara lebih akurat, (3) Kinerja Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Aceh dalam hal penganggaran sudah sesuai dengan mekanisme yang tercantum dalam berita acara melalui mekanisme Panitia Khusus (PANSUS), (4) Pengawasan dan evaluasi yang dilaksanakan oleh Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Aceh melibatkan berbagai pihak atau stakeholder dan juga staf ahli dari Pemerintah Aceh. Kata kunci : Manajemen dan Penganggaran.
WORKING PAPER NO

We study the location of more than 1,000 research and development (R&D) labs located in the Northeast corridor of the U.S. Using a variety of spatial econometric techniques, we find that these labs are substantially more concentrated in space than the underlying distribution of manufacturing activity. Ripley's K-function tests over a variety of spatial scales reveal that the strongest evidence of concentration occurs at two discrete distances: one at about one-quarter of a mile and another at about 40 miles. We also find that R&D labs in some industries (e.g., chemicals, including drugs) are substantially more spatially concentrated than are R&D labs as a whole. Tests using local K-functions reveal several concentrations of R&D labs that appear to represent research clusters. We verify this conjecture using significance maximizing techniques (e.g., SATSCAN) that also address econometric issues related to " multiple testing " and spatial autocorrelation. We develop a new procedure for identifying clusters – the multiscale core-cluster approach, to identify labs that appear to be clustered at a variety of spatial scales. Locations in these clusters are often related to basic infrastructure such as access to major roads. There is significant variation in the industrial composition of labs across these clusters. The clusters we identify appear related to knowledge spillovers: Citations to patents previously obtained by inventors residing in clustered areas are significantly more localized than one would predict from a (control) sample of otherwise similar patents. comments and suggestions. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia or the Federal Reserve System.
Cumulative Effects of Job Characteristics on Health

We examine whether the job characteristics of physical demands and environmental conditions affect individual's health. Five-year cumulative measures of these job characteristics are used to reflect findings in the biological and physiological literature that indicate that cumulative exposure to hazards and stresses harms health. To create our analytic sample, we merge job characteristics from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles with the PSID data set. We control for early and also lagged health measures and a set of pre-determined characteristics to try to address concerns that individuals self-select into jobs. Our results indicate that individuals who work in jobs with the 'worst' conditions experience declines in their health, though this effect varies by demographic group. We also find some evidence that job characteristics are more detrimental to the health of females and older workers. Finally, we report suggestive evidence that earned income, a job characteristic, partially cushions the health impact of physical demands and harsh environmental conditions for workers. These results are robust to inclusion of occupation fixed effects.
On the enigmatic similarity in Greenland δ18O between the Oldest and Younger Dryas

The last deglaciation (20.0–10.0 kyr B.P.) was punctuated by two major cooling events affecting the Northern Hemisphere: the Oldest Dryas (OD; 18.0–14.7 kyr B.P.) and the Younger Dryas (YD; 12.8–11.5 kyr B.P.). Greenland ice core δ18O temperature reconstructions suggest that the YD was as cold as the OD, despite a 50 ppmv increase in atmospheric CO2, while modeling studies suggest that the YD was approximately 4–5°C warmer than the OD. This discrepancy has been surmised to result from changes in the origin of the water vapor delivered to Greenland; however, this hypothesis has not been hitherto tested. Here we use an atmospheric circulation model with an embedded moisture‐tracing module to investigate atmospheric processes that may have been responsible for the similar δ18O values during the OD and YD. Our results show that the summer‐to‐winter precipitation ratio over central Greenland in the OD is twice as high as in the YD experiment, which shifts the δ18O signal toward warmer (summer) temperatures (enriched δ18O values and it accounts for ~45% of the expected YD‐OD δ18O difference). A change in the inversion (cloud) temperature relationship between the two climate states further contributes (~20%) to altering the δ18O‐temperature‐relation model. Our experiments also show a 7% decrease of δ18O‐depleted precipitation from distant regions (e.g., the Pacific Ocean) in the OD, hence further contributing (15–20%) in masking the actual temperature difference. All together, these changes provide a physical explanation for the ostensible similarity in the ice core δ18O temperature reconstructions in Greenland during OD and YD.
IMPACTS OF RECENT CLIMATE ANOMALIES: LOSERS AND WINNERS

Climate anomalieS: impaCtS of ReCent loSeRS anD WinneRS Data/Case Study 2007-01 illinois State Water Survey a Division of the illinois Department of natural Resources and an affiliated agency of the university of illinois ABSTRACT This document focuses on the impacts from a wide variety of climate anomalies in the continental United States during 1985-2005, and for which there are good measurements of resulting societal, environmental, and economic impacts. Climate anomalies produce sizable losses, but some also benefit society and the environment in ways that often go unrecognized but persist for years. The last 20 years (1985-2005) are the first era with quality, in-depth studies of these impacts, particularly economic ones. Delineation of impacts from recent anomalies has applications in helping to assess impacts that future changes in climate could create. Most major businesses in the nation are highly climate sensitive, including agriculture, transportation, power generation, construction, and retail. This document should be useful and benefit the many sectors affected by climate anomalies, and also those who must make decisions relating to such conditions. The ten major climate anomalies during the 1985-2005 period were: Assessment of various impacts associated with the ten climate anomalies revealed several nonclimatic factors, as well as climate conditions, were responsible for the sizable economic losses from these recent climate extremes. One influential nonclimatic factor was related to the insurance industry and its poor handling of weather/climate losses in recent years. Several societal factors also played a significant role in recent sizable climate-caused losses. Population growth and often growing wealth have increased society's vulnerability to climate anomalies. Demographic changes have shifted the nation's population density to more weather-vulnerable locations. Flood and storm assessments further have revealed growing problems of an aging infrastructure across the nation. The economic impacts of the ten climate anomalies assessed herein totaled $258.7 billion in losses and $125.0 billion in gains (2006 dollars). Total gains represented 33 percent of the total economic impacts. Assuming the economic measures presented are reasonably correct, the economic impacts of the anomalies, plus findings from other climate impact studies, are useful inputs for estimating the impacts that a future climate change due to global warming may produce.
Air Parcel Trajectories and Snowfall Related to Five Deep Drilling Locations in Antarctica Based on the ERA-15 Dataset*

Abstract Five-day backward air parcel trajectories are used to define potential moisture sources of snow falling at five Antarctic deep drilling locations: Byrd, DML05, Dome C, Dome F, and Vostok. The trajectory calculations are based on European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis data, ERA-15 (1979–93). Based on model precipitation, a distinction is made between cases with and without snowfall at the point of arrival. ERA-15 precipitation is in reasonable agreement with measured accumulation at Byrd, but seriously underestimates the amount of precipitation on the East Antarctic ice sheet. The trajectories show that the oceans closest to the site contribute the most moisture. The latitude band contributing most (∼30% of the total annual precipitation) is 50°–60°S, that is, the area just north of the sea-ice edge. The calculated trajectories show seasonal dependency, resulting in a seasonal cycle in the moisture sources, which is further enhanced by a seasonal cycle in the amount of preci.
Can Business-to-Consumer Electronic Commerce Be a Game-Changer in Anglophone West African Countries? Insights from Secondary Data and Consumers' Perspectives

Business-to-Consumer electronic commerce (B2C eCommerce) is transforming business all over the world and significantly increasing the GDPs of several economies. The upsurge of B2C eCommerce in developing countries has been rather slow. Sub-Saharan African economies have been hugely affected by the slow pace of B2C eCommerce adoption. Countries in the Anglophone block of West Africa have their first share of obstacles narrowing their full uptake of B2C eCommerce. This paper (1) reviews the basic features of electronic requirements found in Anglophone West African countries that affect the development of B2C eCommerce, (2) assesses some aspects of how B2C eCommerce could lead to free trade activities and (3) proffers areas of concentration to promote B2C eCommerce activities in the sub-region. The paper carefully analyses secondary data on Anglophone West African countries and primary data collected from citizens of the two influential Anglophone countries, Ghana and Nigeria.
Mesoscale Variability in Denmark Strait: The PV Outflow Hypothesis*

Abstract The outflow through Denmark Strait shows remarkable mesoscale variability characterized by the continuous formation of intense mesoscale cyclones just south of the sill. These cyclones have a diameter of about 30 km and clear signatures at the sea surface and in currents measured near the bottom. They have a remnant of Arctic Intermediate Water (AIW) in their core. The authors’ hypothesis is that these cyclones are formed by stretching of the high potential vorticity (PV) water column that outflows through Denmark Strait. The light, upper layer of the outflow, the East Greenland Current, remains on the surface in the Irminger Sea, while the dense overflow water descends the east Greenland continental slope. The midlevel waters, mostly AIW, could thus be stretched by more than 100%, which would induce very strong cyclonic relative vorticity. The main test of this new hypothesis is by way of numerical experiments carried out with an isopycnal coordinate ocean model configured to have a marginal sea.
Does one size fit all? The case for ethnic specific standards to assess growth in South Asian children

Background: Asian populations have an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic disorders at a lower body mass index (BMI) than other ethnic groups. Therefore, lower adult BMI cut-offs to determine overweight and obesity are recommended to assess the associated health risks for Asian (23 and 27.5 kg/m 2 respectively) and Asian Indian (23, 25 kg/m 2 ) populations. The objective of this study was to develop BMI cut-offs for thinness, overweight, and obesity for South Asian children in the Netherlands, and to compare the BMI cut-offs and distribution with an Asian Indian reference, the WHO Child Growth Reference, and universal BMI cut-offs. methods: A reference cohort of 546 Surinamese South Asian boys and 521 girls, born between 1974-1976 (during the pre-obesity era) with 3408 and 3267 BMI measurements respectively, was retrospectively analysed. BMI-for-age charts were created with the LMS method. BMI centile curves passing through the cut-off points of 15 (thinness), 23 (over-weight), 25 and 27.5 kg/m 2 (obesity) at 18y were drawn as cut-off levels. Results: The BMI of Surinamese South Asian children had a similar distribution to the Asian Indian reference, apart from a lower mean and less variation. The BMI distribution differed considerably from the WHO reference and universal BMI criteria. The calculated BMI cut-offs corresponding to a BMI of 15, 23, 25, and 27.5 kg/m 2 at 18y were at the 7.1, 81.1, 89.8, and 95.5 percentile respectively in boys, and at the 2.7, 79.5, 89.2, and 95.2 percentile in girls. Conclusions: This is the first study proposing BMI cut-offs for South Asian children based on measurements from a prosperous population unaffected by the obesity epidemic. We recommend the use of these cut-offs in South Asian children in the Netherlands as these better reflect the health risks associated with thinness, overweight and obesity, and therefore may prevent the development of cardiometabolic disorders.
Detecting Seasonal Changes in a Semi-arid Environment Using Hyperspectral Vegetation Indices ∗

Hyperspectral image processing is a promising tool for the analysis of vegetation in remote sensing imagery, particularly in areas with low vegetation cover. The detection of photosynthetically active vegetation dynamics is essential for many environmental studies. Nonetheless, remote sensing of vegetation dynamics in the absence of land cover change is much more challenging than standard land cover analysis. A variety of multispectral vegetation indices have been adapted to hyperspectral images in order to detect these changes. However none of these indices make full use of the continuous spectra acquired from hyperspectral sensors and are limited in the detection of low vegetation cover because of varying background signals. The derivative-based green vegetation index (DGVI) proposed by Chen and Elvidge (1998), the Water Band Index (WBI) and the NDVI were used to highlight changes in green vegetation cover in bitemporal Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) Images from the Santa Monica Mountains (California) and compared with one another. The DGVI makes use of the sharp transition from the Chlorophyll absorption in the red to the high reflectance in the nearinfrared. It minimizes the background effects and is insensitive to illumination changes. The WBI proposed by
The Johnstown Flood of July 1977: A Long-Lived Convective System

Abstract The heavy rains responsible for the disastrous flash floods new Johnstown, Pennsylvania, on the night of 19–20 July 1977 are shown to be part of a large quasi-circular mesoscale convective complex. This complex can be traced back to an origin in South Dakota nearly 96 h earlier. The complex tends to become more compact and intense during the night, with a radius of ∼150 km, and to expand in response to new and peripheral convection during the day. On the small synoptic scale, the system is characterized by a pool of cool air at the surface and throughout the lower troposphere, just north of the centroid of the rainstorm, by a cyclonic circulation of substantial intensity in the lower and middle troposphere, and by anticyclonic circulation in the upper troposphere. Airflow relative to the moving storm is southeasterly at the surface, veering rapidly to southwesterly in the boundary layer and then to westerly in the upper troposphere. Substantial convective instability is present throughout the env.
Unified Enhancement of Privacy Bounds for Mixture Mechanisms via f-Differential Privacy

Differentially private (DP) machine learning algorithms incur many sources of randomness, such as random initialization, random batch subsampling, and shuffling. However, such randomness is difficult to take into account when proving differential privacy bounds because it induces mixture distributions for the algorithm's output that are difficult to analyze. This paper focuses on improving privacy bounds for shuffling models and one-iteration differentially private gradient descent (DP-GD) with random initializations using $f$-DP. We derive a closed-form expression of the trade-off function for shuffling models that outperforms the most up-to-date results based on $(\epsilon,\delta)$-DP. Moreover, we investigate the effects of random initialization on the privacy of one-iteration DP-GD. Our numerical computations of the trade-off function indicate that random initialization can enhance the privacy of DP-GD. Our analysis of $f$-DP guarantees for these mixture mechanisms relies on an inequality for trade-off functions introduced in this paper. This inequality implies the joint convexity of $F$-divergences. Finally, we study an $f$-DP analog of the advanced joint convexity of the hockey-stick divergence related to $(\epsilon,\delta)$-DP and apply it to analyze the privacy of mixture mechanisms.
Geohazard at volcanic soil slope in cold regions and its influencing factors

This study examines the mechanism of the geohazards occurred at a volcanic soil slope in cold regions and its influencing factors in consideration of the effects of freeze-thaw actions on the physical properties, the water retention-permeability characteristics, and the deformation-strength characteristics of volcanic soils from the viewpoint of both experimental study and analytical study. To this end, we performed the long-term field measurement, model tests, laboratory element tests, and numerical simulations by taking volcanic soil slope subjected to freeze-thaw actions. As the results, this study revealed that there is a difference in the slope failure mechanism between cold region and warm-temperate region, and that freeze-thaw actions seriously influence thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of crushable volcanic coarse-grained soil slope under unsaturated condition even if the soil is a non-frost-susceptible geomaterial. Furthermore, this study clarified the mechanism, the endogenous factors, and the exogenous factors of the slope failure for volcanic soil ground in Hokkaido in comparison with the slope failure in warm-temperate regions.
The b 104–109 sequence is essential for the secretion of correctly folded single-chain ba horse LH/CG and for its FSH activity

The dual LH and FSH activity of the equine LH (eLH)/equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) in heterologous species makes eLH/CG a good model to study structure/ function relationships of gonadotropins. In order to bypass the problem of intracellular association of the heterodimer, a recombinant single-chain ba eLH/CG was used to identify sequences in the b -subunit involved in the secretion and activities of the hormone. The C-terminal region of the b -subunit was progressively truncated. All resulting truncated single-chains were secreted in the media as detected by an anti-b peptide antibody in reducing conditions. However, using a conformation sensitive ELISA we show that the truncated single-chains were differently recognized: deletion of the last 40 amino acids of the b -subunit ( b 109 a eLH/CG) resulted in a 90% decrease in the recognized correctly folded hormone compared with the full-length ba eLH/CG single-chain and no properly folded hormone was detected in the secretion medium when the last 46 amino acids of the b -subunit were deleted ( b 103 a eLH/CG). We thus focused on the six amino acids sequence 104–109, which belongs to the seat-belt region. Mutation of the 104–109 sequence in alanines in the full-length ba eLH/CG ( b 104–109Ala a ) led to a 50% decrease in the production of properly folded hormone in COS-7 as well as in a T3 pituitary cells. Moreover, the FSH activity of this mutant was decreased by 70% whereas its LH activity remained intact. These data lead us to conclude that the 104–109 region of the b eLH/CG subunit is essential for the secretion of a fully folded ba eLH/CG and for its FSH activity but not for its LH activity.
Public health assessment

Cooperative Agreement Partner has collected relevant health data, environmental data, and community health concerns from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), state and local health and environmental agencies, the community, and potentially responsible parties, where appropriate. This document represents the agency's best efforts, based on currently available information, to fulfill the statutory criteria set out in CERCLA section 104 (i)(6) within a limited time frame. To the extent possible, it presents an assessment of potential risks to human health. Actions authorized by CERCLA section 104 (i)(11), or otherwise authorized by CERCLA, may be undertaken to prevent or mitigate human exposure or risks to human health. In addition, ATSDR's Cooperative Agreement Partner will utilize this document to determine if follow-up health actions are appropriate at this time. This document has now been released for a 30-day public comment period. Subsequent to the public comment period, ATSDR's Cooperative Agreement Partner will address all public comments and revise or append the document as appropriate. The public health assessment will then be reissued. This will conclude the public health assessment process for this site, unless additional information is obtained by ATSDR's Cooperative Agreement Partner which, in the agency's opinion, indicates a need to revise or append the conclusions previously issued. This information is distributed solely for the purpose of predissemination public comment under applicable information quality guidelines. It has not been formally disseminated by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. It does not represent and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy.