Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identifying Accessory Mineral Saturation during Differentiation in Granitoid Magmas: an Integrated Approach

characteristics are not as useful as those of other REE-rich accessory Numerical reconstructions of processes that may have operated during minerals as a petrogenetic indicator. igneous petrogenesis often model the behaviour of important trace elements. The geochemistry of these trace elements may be controlled by accessory mineral saturation and fractionation. Determination
PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS

As defined in this chapter, the term psychedelic drugs includes both classic hallucinogens [i.e., indolalkylamines and phenylalkylamines, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and mescaline, respectively], ‘‘dissociative’’ drugs [i.e., arylcyclohexamines, such as phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine], and substituted amphetamine analogues [i.e., phenylpropanolamines, such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘‘ecstasy’’)]. The use of psychedelic drugs dates from the dawn of recorded history and continues today. Indeed, in Western culture, their use appears to be on the rise. Despite the longstanding popularity of psychedelic drugs, controlled research evaluating their effects in humans has been surprisingly scant, and data from preclinical studies have been largely limited to the last several decades. This chapter reviews preclinical and clinical research involving indolalkylamines, arylcyclohexamines, and substituted amphetamines, for which LSD, PCP, and MDMA are used as the prototypes, respectively. Significant recent advances are highlighted, and promising areas toward which future research should be directed are identified.
Potential Role of Nuclear Factor B and Reactive Oxygen Species in cAMP and Cytokine Regulation of Surfactant Protein-A Gene Expression in Lung Type II Cells

The human surfactant protein-A2 (hSP-A2) gene is developmentally regulated, expressed in type II pneumonocytes, and induced by cAMP. cAMP induction of hSP-A2 expression is O2 dependent and mediated by increased phosphorylation, DNA binding, and transcriptional activation of thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1). The TTF-1-binding element (TBE) at 175 bp contains a reverse-oriented nuclear factorB (NFB) binding site. IL-1 increased SP-A expression in lung type II cells and had additive stimulatory effects with cAMP. Nuclear extracts from cAMPor IL-1-treated type II cells manifested increased binding to NFB consensus and TBE probes; cAMP and IL-1 had additive effects. Competitive and antibody supershift EMSA revealed that NFB and TTF-1 interact with TBE. IL-1 treatment of type II cells caused rapid (1 h) increases in nuclear levels of NFB (p50 and p65) and in binding to NFB and TBE probes; nuclear levels of TTF-1 were unaffected. Bt2cAMP increased binding to NFB and TBE probes more slowly; no changes in nuclear levels of p50, p65, or TTF-1 were evident, suggesting that IL-1 and cAMP act by different mechanisms. A role for endogenous NFB in cAMP and IL-1 regulation of SP-A was suggested by findings that dominant-negative forms of inhibitor of B reduced binding of type II cell nuclear proteins to TBE and inhibited SP-A expression. In cotransfection assays, NFB and TTF-1 cooperatively interacted at TBE to stimulate SP-A promoter activity; this was further enhanced by IL-1. In coimmunoprecipitation assays using type II cell nuclear extracts, TTF-1 was found to interact with p65 in vivo. Finally, antioxidant inhibitors of NFB reduced type II cell nuclear protein binding to TBE and blocked stimulatory effects of cAMP on SP-A expression. This provides intriguing evidence that permissive effects of O2/reactive oxygen species on cAMP regulation of SP-A expression may be mediated by cooperative interactions of TTF-1 and NFB at the TBE. (Molecular Endocrinology 16: 1428–1440, 2002)
Composição, estrutura e similaridade florística da Floresta Atlântica, na Serra Negra, Rio Preto – MG

Serra Negra is a region surrounded by some stretches of mountain, covered by Atlantic Forests and cloud scrubs, located in the southern part of Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais, in Serra da Mantiqueira, between the rises of the massif of Itatiaia (RJ, SP e MG) and the Serra do Ibitipoca (MG). The aim of this study was to determine the composition, structure and floristic similarity of arboreal flora among three forest types of Atlantic Forest (Alluvial, Montane and Cloud Forest) and also the similarity with other studies. A total of 2,572 individuals was sampled, from 194 species, 59 families and 118 genera. The highest number of species was recorded in the families Myrtaceae (30 morphospecies), Lauraceae (20), Melastomataceae (17) and Fabaceae (13). The three vegetation types associated with different environmental conditions differ in their composition and structure. The alluvial proved with low diversity and stature and high ecological dominance. The cloud forest stood out for its typical elements of altitude over other common species in the area below the range, where diversity was higher. The tree flora of Sierra Negra presents various indicator species to characteristic distribution of highlands of southeastern Brazil.
A Region-Line Primitive Association Framework for Object-Based Remote Sensing Image Analysis

Abstract In this study, we propose a novel region-line primitive association framework (RLPAF) for OBIA. In this framework, segments (region primitive) and straight lines (line primitive) are obtained by image segmentation and straight line detection, respectively, before their corresponding intra-primitive features are extracted. An association model is built on inter-primitive topology and direction relationships. Several region-line collaborative features are also derived. Image analysis is then performed based on both region and line primitives. The advantage of RLPAF is the collaborative utilization of complementary information between regions and lines throughout the entire OBIA process: from image segmentation, to feature extraction, and finally, object recognition. To validate this framework, RLPAF is applied on road network extraction from high spatial resolution (HSR) remote sensing images. Experiments show that the proposed framework and methods refine primitive shape and spatial relationship analyses, as well as obtain higher method accuracy, than OBIAs based on only regions.
MFI Working Paper Series No . 2010-006 A State-Dependent Model of Intermediate Goods Pricing

Recent analyses of transaction-level datasets have generated new stylized facts on price setting and greatly inuenced the empirical macroeconomics literature. This work has uncovered marked heterogeneity in price stickiness, demonstrated that even nonzero price changes do not fully "pass through" cost shocks, and o¤ered evidence of synchronization in the timing of price changes. Further, intra rm prices have been shown to di¤er from arms length prices in each of these characteristics. This paper develops a state-dependent model of intermediate goods pricing, which allows for arms length and intra rm transactions, and is capable of generating these empirical pricing patterns. Brent.Neiman@ChicagoBooth.Edu. I thank Gita Gopinath, Elhanan Helpman, Ken Rogo¤, Ariel Burstein, Steve Davis, Uli Doraszelski, Dan Frisch, Oleg Itskhoki, Virgiliu Midrigan, Emi Nakamura, Roberto Rigobon, Jon Steinsson, and Aleh Tsyvinski for very helpful comments and suggestions.
Flow patterns, sedimentation and deposit architecture under a hydraulic jump on a non‐eroding bed: defining hydraulic‐jump unit bars

This paper presents results from two flume runs of an ongoing series examining flow structure, sediment transport and deposition in hydraulic jumps. It concludes in the presentation of a model for the development of sedimentary architecture, considered characteristic of a hydraulic jump over a non‐eroding bed. In Run 1, a hydraulic jump was formed in sediment‐free water over the solid plane sloping flume floor. Ultrasonic Doppler velocity profilers recorded the flow structure within the hydraulic jump in fine detail. Run 2 had identical initial flow conditions and a near‐steady addition of sand, which formed beds with two distinct characteristics: a laterally extensive, basal, wedge‐shaped massive sand bed overlain by cross‐laminated sand beds. Each cross‐laminated bed recorded the initiation and growth of a single surface feature, here defined as a hydraulic‐jump unit bar. A small massive sand mound formed on the flume floor and grew upstream and downstream without migrating to form a unit bar. In the upstream portion of the unit bar, sand finer than the bulk load formed a set of laminae dipping upstream. This set passed downstream through the small volume of massive sand into a foreset, which was initially relatively coarse‐grained and became finer‐grained downstream. This downstream‐fining coincided with cessation of the growth of the upstream‐dipping cross‐set. At intervals, a new bed feature developed above and upstream of the preceding hydraulic‐jump unit bar and grew in the same way, with the foreset climbing the older unit bar. The composite architecture of the superimposed unit bars formed a fanning, climbing coset above the massive wedge, defined as one unit: a hydraulic‐jump bar complex.
The Potential for Using Very High Spatial Resolution Imagery for Marine Search and Rescue Surveillance

Abstract Recreational boating activities represent one of the highest risk populations in the marine environment. Moreover, there is a trend of increased risk exposure by recreational boaters such as those who undertake adventure tourism, sport fishing/hunting, and personal watercraft (PWC) activities. When trying to plan search and rescue activities, there are data deficiencies regarding inventories, activity type, and spatial location of small, recreational boats. This paper examines the current body of research in the application of remote sensing technology in marine search and rescue. The research suggests commercially available very high spatial resolution satellite (VHSR) imagery can be used to detect small recreational vessels using a sub‐pixel detection methodology. The sub‐pixel detection method utilizes local image statistics based on spatio‐spectral considerations. This methodology would have to be adapted for use with VHSR imagery as it was originally used in hyperspectral imaging. Further, the authors examine previous research on ‘target characterization’ which uses a combination of spectral based classification, and context based feature extraction to generate information such as: length, heading, position, and material of construction for target vessels. This technique is based on pixel‐based processing used in generic digital image processing and computer vision. Finally, a preliminary recreational vessel surveillance system ‐ called Marine Recreational Vessel Reconnaissance (MRV Recon) is tested on some modified VHSR imagery.
Impact of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Sources on Growth Efficiency of Melia Azedarach and Populus Euphratica in Wadi El Natrun, Egypt

 Abstract— A Field experiment was conducted in Wadi El Natrun from 2010 to 2012 to examine the effects of mineral nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and their combination (N+P) as well as biofertilizers namely phosphorene and nitrobin on vegetative growth, biomasses, content and uptake of N, P and K in leaves of Melia azedarach and Populus euphratica seedlings. Five fertilizer treatments in addition to no fertilized seedlings used as control were laid out in a complete randomized design with three replicates. Ammonium sulfate and super phosphate were added at a rate of 80 and 100 kg fed -1 , respectively. The result clearly showed that growth response of both species in terms of height, stem diameter, leaves fresh weight , leaves dry weight, stem fresh weight, stem dry weight as well as NPK content and uptake in leaves were increased by the proposed fertilization treatments compared with control. However, the growth response was vary according to treatment and species used. Nevertheless, (N+P) application enhanced the growth efficiency of Melia azedarach through increasing the vegetative growth, biomass and content and total uptake of N, P and K in leaves. Whereas, phosphorene was the least among the fertilizer sources, except for height and P content in leaves, which were increased progressively. In case of Populus euphratica, (N) and (N+P) were the highest for increasing the growth and biomasses as well as content and total uptake of foliar N, P and K. Similarly, heights and N content in leaves were responded considerably by phosphorene. Moreover, seedlings of both species were responded more, in most cases, for mineral (N, P, or N+P) than biofertilizers, suggesting that the poor status of the soils used could be the cause. The overall results suggest that the response of seedling species to fertilization will vary depending on soil properties and the species used. Under the condition of this study N and N+P fertilization are recommended in Populus euphratica and Melia azedarach plantation, respectively, in Wadi El Natrun district.
DESIGN OF SMART CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE HARDWARE AND FIRMWARE DESIGN OF THE VARIOUS CURRENT MULTIPLEXING CHARGING SYSTEM

Currently, when Electric Vehicles (EVs) are charging, they only have the option to charge at a selected current or not charge. When during the day there is a power shortage, the charging infrastructure should have the options to either shut off the power to the charging stations or to lower the power to the EVs in order to satisfy the needs of the grid. There is a need for technology that controls the current being disbursed to these electric vehicles. This paper proposes a design for a smart charging infrastructure capable of providing power to several EVs from one circuit by multiplexing power and providing charge control. The smart charging infrastructure includes the server and the smart charging station. With this smart charging infrastructure, the shortage of energy in a local grid could be solved by our EV management system.
Novel Therapeutic Strategy to Treat Brain Ischemia: Overexpression of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Gene Reduced Ischemic Injury Without Cerebral Edema in Rat Model

Background—Although cerebral occlusive disease leads to cerebral ischemic events, an effective treatment has not yet been established. An ideal therapeutic approach to treat ischemia might have both aspects of enhancement of collateral formation and prevention of neuronal death. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a potent angiogenic factor that also acts as a neurotrophic factor. Thus, in this study, we examined the therapeutic effects of HGF on brain injury in a rat permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Methods and Results—Gene transfer into the brain was performed by injection of human HGF gene with hemagglutinating virus of Japan–envelope vector into the cerebrospinal fluid via the cisterna magna. Overexpression of the HGF gene resulted in a significant decrease in the infarcted brain area as assessed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, whereas rats transfected with control vector exhibited a wide area of brain death after 24 hours of ischemia. Consistently, the decrease in neurological deficit was significantly attenuated in rats transfected with the HGF gene at 24 hours after the ischemic event. Stimulation of angiogenesis was also detected in rats transfected with the HGF gene compared with controls. Of importance, no cerebral edema or destruction of the blood-brain barrier was observed in rats transfected with the HGF gene. Conclusions—Overall, the present study demonstrated that overexpression of the HGF gene attenuated brain ischemic injury in a rat model, without cerebral edema, through angiogenic and neuroprotective actions. In particular, the reduction of brain injury by HGF may provide a new therapeutic option to treat cerebrovascular disease.
A Short History of the Washington Consensus

The term “Washington Consensus” was coined in 1989. The first written usage was in my background paper for a conference that the Institute for International Economics convened in order to examine the extent to which the old ideas of development economics that had governed Latin American economic policy since the 1950s were being swept aside by the set of ideas that had long been accepted as appropriate within the OECD. In order to try and ensure that the background papers for that conference dealt with a common set of issues, I made a list of ten policies that I thought more or less everyone in Washington would agree were needed more or less everywhere in Latin America, and labeled this the “Washington Consensus. ” Little did it occur to me that fifteen years later I would be asked to write about the history of a term that had become the center of fierce ideological controversy. The first section of this paper describes what I recollect about the background to my background paper for the 1989 conference. The second section retraces much more familiar ground, summarizing the ten points that I included in the Washington Consensus. This is followed by an account of the reception given to the term, and the analysis. The next section tries to account for the fact that the term became used in such different ways in different quarters and thus to be at the center of ideological controversies. The last substantive section is forward-looking and describes what I believe needs to be added to my original list in order to formulate a policy agenda for Latin America today.
Multidimensional analysis of gene expression reveals TGFB1I1-induced EMT contributes to malignant progression of astrocytomas

Malignant progression of astrocytoma is a multistep process with the integration of genetic abnormalities including grade progression and subtypes transition. Established biomarkers of astrocytomas, like IDH1 and TP53 mutation, were not associated with malignant progression. To identify new biomarker(s) contributing to malignant progression, we collected 252 samples with whole genome mRNA expression profile [34 normal brain tissue (NBT), 136 grade II astrocytoma (AII) and 82 grade III astrocytoma (AIII)]. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that EMT-associated pathways were most significantly altered along with tumor grades progress with up-regulation of 17 genes. Up-regulation of these genes was further confirmed by RNA-sequencing in 128 samples. Survival analysis revealed that high expression of these genes indicates a poor survival outcome. We focused on TGFB1I1 (TGF-β1 induced transcript 1) whose expression correlation with WHO grades was further validated by qPCR in 6 cell lines of different grades and 49 independent samples (36 AIIs and 13 AIIIs). High expression of TGFB1I1 was found associated with subtype transition and EMT pathways activation. The conclusion was confirmed using immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays. Studies in vitro and in vivo using TGF-β1 and TGFB1I1 shRNA demonstrated that TGFB1I1 is required for TGF-β stimulated EMT that contributes to malignant progression of astrocytomas.
A Finite Model of Riding Bubbles ∗

When asset prices boom over extended periods of time, many investors begin to worry about bubbles. However, even those who believe that assets are overpriced may stay in the market believing that they can rise even further before correcting. Abreu and Brunnermeier (2003; AB) model this idea in an environment with rational and behavioral agents, and more recently, Doblas-Madrid (2012; D-M) constructs a fully rational version of the AB model. These models conceptualize a bubble as a boom that is at first justified by fundamentals, but overshoots as asymmetrically informed agents ride the bubble hoping to sell to a greater fool. A critique of these papers is that, although bubbles are finite, they can only arise in equilibrium if prices can grow at extraordinary rates indefinitely. In this paper, I articulate this critique in a simplified D-M environment and show how it can be overturned by modifying investors’ strategies. If the number of periods an investor plans to ride the bubble is conditional on her signal of fundamental value, one can sustain speculative bubbles in a finite model, where by construction it is impossible for prices to boom indefinitely. JEL Classification: C72, D82, D84, G12
The Middle Devonian shoreline in North Devon, England

The Hollowbrook Formation is an early Middle Devonian regressive succession of sandstones and heterolithic facies marking a passage from shallow marine shelf muds, through a sandy shoreface to continental, ephemeral stream sheet sands. Ten facies are recognized, arranged in two sequence types. The shelf sequence consists of alternations of bioturbated muddy sandstone (fair weather sediment) and shelly concentrates or parallel laminated fine sandstone (storm deposits). The nearshore and foreshore sequences coarsen upwards, and pass from bioturbated muddy sandstone (shelf) to lenticular beds (inner shelf), then either wavy and flaser beds (fair weather lower shoreface) or hummocky beds and multistorey parallel laminated sands with bioturbated tops (lower shoreface storm shoals). Upper shoreface wave ripple cross laminated sandstones follow, then parallel and planar cross laminated sandstones (foreshore) and parallel laminated lithic sandstone (continental sheet flood). The lower parts of the shoreface sequence and inner shelf are burrowed by Skolithos. Arenicolites and Chondrites. The sequence differs from the high energy 'Oregon Coast' shore in the absence of a megarippled facies and presence of much bioturbation, but closely matches the sequence found in modern low energy, wave influenced sandy shores such as Sapelo Island, Georgia.
GP73-regulated oncolytic adenoviruses possess potent killing effect on human liver cancer stem-like cells

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor-initiating cells, are highly metastatic, chemo-resistant and tumorigenic, and are critical for cancer development, maintenance and recurrence. Oncolytic adenovirus could targetedly kill CSCs and has been acted as a promising anticancer agent. Currently, a novel GP73-regulated oncolytic adenovirus GD55 was constructed to specifically treat liver cancer and exhibited obvious cytotoxicity effect. However, there remains to be confirmed that whether GD55 could effectively eliminate liver CSCs. We first utilized the suspension culture to enrich the liver CSCs-like cells, which acquires the properties of liver CSCs in self-renewal, differentiation, quiescence, chemo-resistance and tumorigenicity. The results indicated that GD55 elicited more significant cytotoxicity and stronger oncolytic effect in liver CSC-like cells compared to common oncolytic virus ZD55. Additionally, GD55 possessed the greater efficacy in suppressing the growth of implanted tumors derived from liver CSC-like cells than ZD55. Furthermore, GD55 induced remarkable apoptosis of liver CSC-like cells in vitro and in vivo, and inhibited the propogation of cells and angiogenesis in xenograft tumor tissues. Thus, GD55 may virtually represent an attractive therapeutic agent for targeting liver CSCs to achieve better clinical outcomes for HCC patients.
OF ISSUES SURROUNDING THE FEEDING OF WASTE MILK AND PASTEURIZATION OF WASTE MILK AND COLOSTRUM

Professional heifer growers are faced with the challenge of raising healthy calves while still paying close attention to rearing costs and profit. Heifer raisers have several options for liquid feeding programs for young calves including whole (saleable) milk, transition milk, waste or discard milk, and milk replacer. Factors that may be considered in selecting a liquid feeding program may include the number of calves fed, economics and cash flow, nutritional characteristics, calf performance targets, resource availability (e.g. consistent supply of waste milk), infectious disease control concerns, and personal preferences. This paper will review some of these considerations as well as discuss specific considerations that come into play when pasteurizing waste milk and colostrum.