Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
VOCABULARY ENHANCEMENT THROUGH MEMRISE AND GOOGLE CLASSROOM

Google Classroom is one of the most used learning platforms during this Covid-19 pandemic at school, especially in Indonesia. Besides that, another application is used to make the English classes attractive and interesting. Memrise application is used in this study as an addition to google classroom. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to see if there is a significant difference in vocabulary enhancement between females and males using Google Classroom and Memrise. This study employed a quantitative research method and a comparative design with pre-test and post-test. The sample size for this study was 40 students. The students were divided into two groups, with those two groups there were 20 female and 20 male students. The result of this study showed that both groups of students could enhance their vocabulary ability but, the female group result showed a significantly higher enhancement compared to the male group. Another result showed there was a significant difference in vocabulary enhancement between students who were taught using Memrise through Google Classroom in the female and male groups. In summary, the findings indicated that Memrise was effective in helping students to enhance and enrich their vocabulary.
Appropriate strategies of electrodegradation for the alleviation of growth retardation during autotoxicity of lettuce in recycled hydroponics

ABSTRACT Recycled hydroponic solutions used for growing crops can accumulate allelochemicals that inhibit plant growth. We applied alternating current electrodegradation (AC-ED) to fresh nonrenewed nutrient solutions (i.e. solutions remaining unchanged throughout the culture period) and once-used nonrenewed solutions (i.e. solutions that had been used for a previous culture) for detoxifying autotoxic chemicals. Four experiments were conducted in which lettuce plants were grown in different nonrenewed solutions treated with AC-ED and in renewed solution that was not treated with AC-ED. Renewed solution (50% ‘Enshi’ solution) was changed at 14-day intervals. In fresh starting solutions, no substantial difference was found in shoot fresh weight (SFW) between renewed and AC-ED-treated nonrenewed solutions at different intervals (experiment I) and frequencies (experiment III), but notably, the lowest yield was recorded in non-renewed solution. In contrast, in the case of once-used nonrenewed solution, weekly (experiment II) and thrice-weekly and continuous (experiment IV) AC-ED application showed significantly higher SFW compared to values for other solutions, and the lowest value was also found in nonrenewed once-used culture solution. Therefore, we recommend the application of AC-ED to non-renewed solution either thrice weekly or continuously for efficient detoxification of accumulated allelochemicals to improve the growth, yield and quality of lettuce under two or more successive cultivations in recycled hydroponics.
Understanding consumers’ purchase intention towards online paid courses

With the unprecedented development of information and communication technologies, online learning is increasingly seen as an important channel for knowledge acquisition. Although knowledge payment platforms have attracted a considerable number of consumers, little is known about the determinants of purchase intention of online learning consumers for online paid courses (OPCs). In this study, we identify the mechanism underlying online learning consumers’ purchase intentions towards online paid courses (OPCs) based on outcome expectation and trust. We further examine the antecedents of performance expectation and trust from a learning-oriented perspective. Results indicate that trust and performance expectation play positive roles in consumer purchase intention. Moreover, perceived lecturer expertise, prior learning experience, and personal trial experience are positively associated with trust and performance expectation, which in turn influence purchase intention towards OPCs. The data were collected using a questionnaire survey of 443 users of knowledge payment platforms, and the proposed model was analysed through structural equation modelling. This study enhances the theoretical understanding of why consumers purchase OPCs in the knowledge payment context. For information system practice, these findings provide new insights for managers on how to conduct knowledge product transactions effectively.
HIV knowledge and risk behaviors among people who inject heroin in Colombia

Abstract Colombia has experienced a significant increase in the incidence of HIV in the past decade attributed to the alarming rise of heroin injection. However, there is limited information about the level of HIV knowledge and the perception of risk among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Latin America. Further data is needed to optimally inform HIV prevention efforts in the region. The present study explores the level of HIV knowledge and risk perception, and their potential association with risk practices among PWIDs in Colombia. The survey instrument included the 18-item HIV Knowledge Questionnaire and the Risk Assessment Battery. Among the 190 respondents who completed the survey, approximately half demonstrated a limited knowledge of HIV (51.1%, n = 97). Misconceptions regarding the mechanisms of HIV transmission and the usefulness of female condoms were common. Homelessness was associated with limited HIV knowledge (p = .006, OR 2.62 IC 95% 1.31–5.25). Lastly, HIV knowledge was associated with safer injection behaviors, but was not related to safe sexual practices. Perceived risk of HIV exposure was not related to the level of HIV knowledge, drug-related, or sexual risk behaviors. Overall, our results indicate that misconceptions about the mechanisms of HIV transmission persist among PWIDs in Colombia, particularly among unstably housed respondents. Further efforts are needed to address social determinants of health, including housing access, among this vulnerable population to reduce the risks of HIV exposure.
Risk Perceptions, Board Networks, and Directors’ Monitoring

What makes independent directors perform their monitoring duty? One possible reason is that they are worried about being sanctioned by regulators if they do not monitor sufficiently well. Using unique features of the Chinese financial market, we estimate the extent to which independent directors’ perceptions of the likelihood of receiving a regulatory penalty affect their monitoring. Our results suggest that they are more likely to vote against management after observing how another director in their board network received a regulatory penalty related to negligence. This effect is long-lasting and stronger if the observing and penalized directors share the same professional background or gender and if the observing director is at a firm that is more likely to be penalized. These results provide direct evidence suggesting that the possibility of receiving penalties is an important factor motivating directors. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber. org.
Behavioral and biological divergence in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for autism phenotypes: A systematic review

Abstract Background Non‐shared environment (NSE) effects account for around one‐third of the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the knowledge of mechanisms and phenotypic profiles associated with NSE in ASD is scarce. Methods A systematic search was conducted using Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO for studies published in English between 1990 and August 2020 using co‐twin control design to compare behavioral and biological phenotypes among monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs concordant/discordant for ASD, clinical autism symptoms, or autistic traits. Risk of bias was assessed through a modified Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results Twenty six articles were included. Differential DNA methylation and gene expression were found among ASD discordant twins; however, genetic results were inconsistent. Neurological disorders and early medical events were associated with ASD and autistic traits, while no within pair differences were found for minor physical anomalies or head circumference. Structural and functional brain imaging studies and research on social and other cognitive/behavioral functions were inconclusive. Risk of bias assessment found that all studies used the same exposure (or outcome) measures to collect data for participants and most used either secure health‐related records or structured interviews for ascertainment of exposure; however, only a handful of studies representative of the population from which they were drawn. Formal assessment of risk of publication bias (i.e., funnel plot) was not possible. Conclusions Our results suggest that NSE in ASD could be associated with heterogeneous postzygotic genetic mechanisms and manifest as a range of biological and behavioral phenotypes. Extant findings were limited by relatively few studies, small sample sizes, and methodological diversity. More research is needed on co‐occurring biological and behavioral phenotypes using a consistent format for designing, analyzing, and reporting MZ ASD discordant twin studies in order to further examine the role of NSE in the etiology of ASD.
One-Time Acidification of Slurry: What Is the Most Effective Acid and Treatment Strategy?

Acidification of slurry is a common practice to reduce ammonia and methane emissions. Sulfuric acid is usually used for this process. However, this has been criticized due to the high sulfur input into soils. Therefore, the objective of this study is to show the effectiveness of a one-time acidification with alternative acids also in combination with other treatment strategies. The amount of acid as well as the change of pH value during storage were investigated. For most variants, a strong pH increase occurred within the first ten days after acidification. Mineral acids (sulfuric or hydrochloric acid) resulted in a lower pH increase compared to organic acids (lactic, acetic, and citric acid). Under anaerobic storage conditions, the pH remained significantly lower. The addition of glucose before acidification resulted in lower pH values during the first week, but in the long term, the conversion of glucose to carbonate led to higher pH values. A previous separation process was able to reduce the amount of acid. Although the pH increase was not that strong in the first days after acidification, it was much faster and stronger afterwards due to the lower buffer capacity in the separated slurry. A long-term pH reduction was achieved by acidification to pH 3.0, but this was associated with an increased amount of acid. On the basis of the results, a combination of organic acids with anaerobic storage can be recommended as an alternative to sulfuric acid.
Band-Gap Tuning in Ferroelectric Bi2FeCrO6 Double Perovskite Thin Films

We report in this work on the variation of the optical band gap and structural properties of epitaxial Bi2FeCrO6 films grown by pulsed laser deposition on SrTiO3(001) substrates. It is shown that the band gap can be tuned by varying the laser repetition rate during deposition which has a strong impact on the Fe/Cr order inside the Bi2FeCrO6 double perovskite structure. Ab initio band structure calculations unambiguously show that the presence of antisite defects leads to an increase of the gap of about 0.25 eV with respect to the one calculated in the ideal structure. It is also shown that with increasing Fe/Cr disorder the saturation magnetization is strongly reduced along with the difference between the Fe and Cr valences. These results suggest that the band gap of Bi2FeCrO6 can effectively be engineered by modulating the deposition conditions, thus paving the way for applications such as photovoltaic conversion, memory writing, and direct CMOS integration.
Pengaruh Tangibility, Pertumbuhan Perusahaan, Resiko Bisnis dan Profitabilitas terhadap Kebijakan Hutang

The purpose of this study was to exame the effect of tangibility, growth, business risk and profitability to debt policy. This research includes causative research the population used in this study are our property and real estate companies listed on Indonesia stock exchange of period 2017-2019. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling technique. There are 30 property and real estate companies that were used as research sample. The type of data used is secondary data obtained from the official website of the Indonesian stock exchange and the official website of each company. The analytical method used is quantititave methods. The result shower that tangibility and company growth did not have a significant effect but had a positive relationship to debt policy, and business risk does not have a significant effect on debt policy but has a negative relationship debt policy.
ENHANCING THE WELLBEING OF DIVORCED PERSONS THROUGH SOCIAL WORK SERVICES: SERVICE-USERS’ EXPERIENCES AND SUGGESTIONS

Divorce is one of the most stressful life events a person can face and it often has adverse consequences. Social work services are of critical importance in enhancing the wellbeing of divorced persons and improving their relationships with their significant others. A qualitative research study was conducted to develop an in-depth understanding of the nature of social work services to divorced persons and the divorced persons’ suggestions regarding social work services. This paper reports the findings, conclusions and recommendations based on interviews conducted with divorced South African men and women from different ethnic groups with the purpose of enhancing the wellbeing of divorced persons through social work services.
Integration of Modelling Approaches for the Seismic Assessment of Complex URM Buildings: The Podestà Palace in Mantua, Italy

This study investigated seismic assessments of the Podestà Palace in Mantua (Italy). This masonry palace has a complex geometrical configuration that resulted from the addition of various units stratified over centuries. This feature makes seismic assessment challenging from a modelling perspective due to the interaction among units. Here, an integrated use of three modelling strategies characterised by a different computational effort and degree of accuracy was employed: (i) the Structural Element Model, according to the Equivalent Frame Approach, to study the global response of the whole structure and to estimate the mutual dynamic interactions among units; (ii) the Macro-Block Model, to assess the out-of-plane response of facades prone to the activation of local mechanisms; and (iii) the Finite Element Model, to deepen the seismic response of some critical parts, highlighted by a global analysis but also roughly described by the Equivalent Frame Model. This integrated approach consists in the use of results achieved from one modelling approach as input for another. For example, the floor spectra estimated by (i) were used to define the seismic input in (ii); for assessing the most critical portions, more accurate models were addressed (as in case (iii)). The comprehensive interpretation of the seismic behaviour obtained by these models also allowed us to address more rationally possible strengthening solutions, such as the in-plane stiffening of vaults (particularly spread in the building), aimed to guarantee a better redistribution of seismic actions in such a complex building.
Large-scale multinational shocks and international trade: a non-zero-sum game

International trade has improved living standards but has also become a major channel for spreading shocks on a global scale. The increasing relevance of intersectoral linkages and trade in intermediates renewed interest in input–output techniques. This paper enriches the literature on empirical trade models with an input–output/econometric approach including substitution effects and price spillovers. Our model shows that (a) trade elasticities and bilateral shares are not constant in time and differ across sectors and countries; (b) international price changes alter the relative competitiveness between competitors; (c) final demand components such as consumption and investment react to changes in international prices. Large multi-country shocks produce feedback effects in national economies as they adapt by import substitution across exporters, by changing the import content of domestic production and by adjusting final demand. These feedbacks affect the global demand producing an asymmetric non-zero-sum game.
Re-evaluation and correlation of the Oligocene foraminiferal biozones in the eastern Zagros Basin, SW Iran

ABSTRACT This study reconsiders the previous biostratigraphic settings for the Asmari Formation in the eastern Zagros Basin (Fars Basin). The results imply that the Rupelian is identified by the total range zone of the Nummulites species (N. vascus, N. fichteli, N. intermedius). The occurrence of Archaias kirkukensis, A. hensoni, and A. asmaricus before the disappearance of Nummulites species in the current study and even the co-occurrence of the A. hensoni with the mentioned species prevents the use of recently proposed regional stratigraphical framework. The lower part of the Asmari Formation remains without certain age until the occurrence of larger benthic foraminifera throughout the Asmari platform. The coeval biozones for the Chattian Stage are Biozone 59, Biozone 2(b), Archaias asmaricus-A. hensoni-Miogypsinoides complanatus Assemblage Zone, and a part of Assemblage Zone 7 as named by the previous studies. In this study species like Archaias, Austrotrillina, Borelis and Peneroplis are not useful for discriminating the Rupelian and Chattian stages.
Inert agricultural spray adjuvants may increase the adverse effects of selected insecticides on honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) under laboratory conditions

Currently, more than 360 spray adjuvants are registered in Germany (September 2021). Unlike plant protection products (PPPs), adjuvants are not subjected to regulatory risk assessment. In practice, numerous combinations of PPPs and adjuvants are therefore possible. Thus, tank mixtures containing insecticides that are classified as non-hazardous to bees up to the highest approved application rate or concentration may raise pollinator safety concerns when mixed with efficacy increasing adjuvants and applied in bee-attractive crops. This study analyzes whether selected “PPP–adjuvant” combinations result in increased contact mortality and pose an elevated risk to honey bees. To answer this question, we chose six common spray adjuvants of different classes for laboratory screening. These were then tested in a total of 30 tank mixtures, each with a neonicotinoid (acetamiprid), pyrethroid (lambda-cyhalothrin), diamide (chlorantraniliprole), carbamate (pirimicarb), and butenolide (flupyradifurone) formulation. We adapted an acute contact test (OECD Test Guideline 214) to our needs, e.g., by using a professional spray chamber for more realistic exposures. Our results showed that, in total, 50% of all combinations significantly increased the mortality of caged honey bees in comparison with individual application of insecticides. In contrast, none of the adjuvants alone affected bee mortality (Cox proportional hazard model, p > 0.05). With four of the five insecticide formulations, the organosilicone surfactant Break-Thru ® S 301 significantly increased bee mortality within 72 h (for all insecticides except chlorantraniliprole). Furthermore, acetamiprid yielded the highest and second highest mortality increases from a tank mixture with the crop oil surfactant LI 700 ® (hazard ratio = 28.84, p < 0.05) and the organosilicone Break-Thru ® S 301 (hazard ratio = 14.66, p < 0.05), respectively. To assess risk in a more field-realistic setting, field trials should be performed to provide a more realistic exposure scenario under colony conditions.
Winning the votes for institutional change: how discursive acts of compromise shaped radical income tax reforms in the United States

ABSTRACT Since the 1980s, many governments in the Western world have implemented radical income tax cuts which have become associated with soaring levels of inequality. The literature has focused on institutional accounts to explain these developments. However, institutions alone cannot account for the emergence of societal and political support necessary for radical change of this kind. Therefore, this paper explores the role of communication techniques directed at voters, interest groups and legislators to enable radical reform. Based on a content analysis of Congressional debates for the Reagan and Bush tax cuts, contextualised with archival documents from Presidential Libraries, this study shows the critical relevance of strategic acts of compromise to shore up legislative and voter support for radical tax cuts. It finds (a) that change actors have several different acts of strategic compromise (incorporation, compensation, and reconciliation) at their disposal which they use at different points in the legislative process. That (b) the most successful strategies consistently link the coordinative discourse (bargaining with interest groups behind closed doors) and communicative discourse (directed at the public and the minority congressional party). And that (c) change actors learn how to the use successful combinations of compromise over time and thereby enhance reform stability.
Discourses on im/migrants, ethnic minorities, and infectious disease: Fifty years of tuberculosis reporting in the United Kingdom

Ethnicity and im/migrant classification systems and their constituent categories have a long history in the construction of public health knowledge on tuberculosis in the United Kingdom. This article critically examines the categories employed and the epidemiological discourses on TB, im/migrants, and ethnic minorities in health reporting between 1965 and 2015. We employ a Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse Analysis to trace the continuities and changes in the categories used and in the discursive construction of im/migrants, ethnic minorities, and TB. These continuities and disjunctures are analysed within their socio-historical context to demonstrate the historical contingency of epidemiological knowledge production. We outline two historical phases in knowledge construction. The first coincides with the period of decolonisation, which witnessed a change in discursive identity ascriptions from ‘immigrants’ to ‘ethnic groups’ in health reporting as the ‘other’. The second commenced after 1991, when the adoption of the census ethnicity categories as a standard in the collection of population statistics entrenched ethnicity categories in health reporting. We argue the health reporting discourse reveals that the ‘new’ public health exhibits continuities with the ‘old’ by targeting the immigrant ‘other’ through biosecuritisation practices. We contend that these categories originated within a postcolonial paradigm and that increasing immigration and new forms of mobility are creating the preconditions for new discourses on identity construction that have implications for the current collaborative TB strategy.