Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Apr 27, 2019 Iterative Brinkman penalization for simulation of impulsively started flow past a sphere and

We present a Brinkman penalization method for three-dimensional (3D) ﬂows using particle vortex methods, improving the existing technique by means of an iterative process. We perform simulations to study the impulsively started ﬂow past a sphere at Re = 1000 and normal to a circular disc at Re = 500. The simulation results obtained for the ﬂow past a sphere are found in qualitative good agreement with previously published results obtained using respectively a 3D vortex penalization method and a 3D vortex method combined with an accurate boundary element method. From the results obtained for the ﬂow normal to a circular disc it is found that the iterative method enables the use of a time step that is one order of magnitude larger than required by the standard non-iterative Brinkman penalization method.
Landfalling Tropical Cyclones along the Eastern Pacific Coast between the Sixteenth and Twentieth Centuries

AbstractNumerous studies have been conducted to document long-term trends in tropical cyclone (TC) activity. However, the eastern Pacific has not received as much attention as other basins. Here the authors attempt the identification of TC formation in the Mexican eastern Pacific Ocean before 1950. Using bibliographical and historical file consultation, they constructed a catalog of events related to intense storms and possible TCs that made landfall on the Mexican Pacific coasts. Between 1536 and 1948 they found a total of 119 events related to TCs. Then, using the Saffir–Simpson scale and the climatology of the region as the criteria to evaluate each event, they found 85 TCs. Furthermore, they constructed a historical time series of TCs between 1701 and 2010. The spectral analysis showed periodicities of ~2.6, 4, 5, 12, 16, 39, and 105 years that coincide with some large-scale climatic phenomena and also with solar activity. In particular, the ~12-yr cycle is the most persistent periodicity in this study.
Hydrochemical Assessment and Factor Analysis of Groundwater with Special Reference to Fluoride in Kanpur Dehat, U.P., India

Present study aim to understand the hydrochemistry of underground water of Kanpur Dehat district U.P. with special reference to fluoride contamination. Total 75 samples from ground water sources scattered in 10 blocks of Kanpur Dehat were collected and analyzed statistically. The characteristic feature of ground water indicated the presence of F -
Patterns of thermoregulation and seasonal metabolic adjustments in small owls in an arid environment

A high, approximately constant normothermic body te mp rature is associated with elevated maintenance energetic requirements. Howeve r, many small endotherms offset the energetic demands of thermoregulation through h eterothermy (e.g., daily torpor and hibernation) and/or phenotypic adjustments in maint enance metabolic requirements. In terms of their significance in energy conservation, there are limited data on the above mentioned physiological responses in birds, compare d to mammals. Torpor appears to be common in species that rely on unpredictable food resources. However, to better understand the adapti ve value and evolution of avian torpor, a better understanding of the phylogenetic distribution of this trait is needed. The first aim of this dissertation was to investigate t h occurrence of torpor in free-ranging Pearl-spotted Owlets ( Glaucidium perlatum) and African Scops-Owls ( Otus senegalensis). Although heterothermic responses have been recor d d in a number of avian taxa, the occurrence of this phenomenon in ow ls (Strigidae) remains unknown. I investigated winter patterns of thermoregulation in the crepuscular 80-g Pearlspotted Owlet and the strictly nocturnal 61-g Afric an Scops-Owl by obtaining telemetric measurements of skin temperature ( Tskin) from free-ranging individuals in the Kalahari Desert of southern Africa. Pearl-spotted Owlets rem ained normothermic ( Tskin > 37°C) throughout the study period, whereas African ScopsOwls routinely used shallow torpor, with Tskin reduced by 3° to 9°C below normothermic levels for 1.5 to 5 h after sunrise. The mean lowest Tskin in three African Scops-Owl individuals was 29.0° ± 0.1°C. The reductions in Tskin in African Scops-Owls are, to the best of my knowle dg , the most
Diffusive flux of methane from warm wetlands

Diffusion of methane across the air-water interface from several wetland environments in south Florida was estimated from measured surface water concentrations using an empirically derived gas exchange model. The flux from the Everglades sawgrass marsh system varied widely, ranging from 0.18 + or{minus}0.21 mol CH{sub 4}/sq m/yr for densely vegetated regions to 2.01 + or{minus}0.88 for sparsely vegetated, calcitic mud areas. Despite brackish salinities, a strong methane flux, 1.87 + or{minus}0.63 mol CH{sub 4}/sq m/yr, was estimated for an organic-rich mangrove pond near Florida Bay. The diffusive flux accounted for 23, 36, and 13% of the total amount of CH{sub 4} emitted to the atmosphere from these environments, respectively. The average dissolved methane concentration for an organic-rich forested swamp was the highest of any site at 12.6 microM; however, the calculated diffusive flux from this location, 2.57 + or{minus}1.88 mol CH{sub 4}/sq m/yr, was diminished by an extensive plant canopy that sheltered the air-water interface from the wind. The mean diffusive flux from four freshwater lakes, 0.77 + or{minus}0.73 mol CH{sub 4}/sq m/yr, demonstrated little temperature dependence. The mean diffusive flux for an urbanized, subtropical estuary was 0.06 + or{minus}0.05 mol CH{sub 4}/sq m/yr.
Morfologia pós-craniana de cinodontes traversodontídeos da zona de associação de Santacruzodon, triássico médio do Rio Grande do Sul, Bacia do Paraná, Brasil

Most of the non-mammalian cynodonts have its postcranial skeleton complete however in most cases partially described. The most of the knowledge about this group and their phylogenetic relationships with mammals is based on sincranian and dental anatomy, since the abundance of such material is relatively higher than the post-cranial remains. The Schoenstatt outcrop is located on the city of Santa Cruz do Su (BR 471)l, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, side of Highway RST 287, being assigned of the Santacruzodon Assemblege Zone. In this outcrop, is predominant one mesoTriassic fauna typified by non-mammalian cynodonts, of which there have been recorded at least 100 specimens. Based on cranial and dental material, have already been reported for this localition the traversodontids Santacruzodon hopsoni, Massetognathus and Menadon besairei, Whereas postcranial material has not been studied. This work aims to perform the morphological description of the postcranial material of the traversodontids collected in Schoenstatt outcrop and deposited in Paleontologycal Collection of the Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul studying comparatively the other species of the others Assemblege Zones of Triassic of the RS and others Triassic Gondwana formations. All postcranial materials described herein, are separated into two distinct morphotypes, being proposed for the morphotype I, Menadon besairei and for the morphotype II, Santacruzodon hopsoni. For this classification, specific anatomical and morphological criteria of each bone were used, well as bone size, and association of these with sincranian and dental materials. After morphological analysis, we can observe a blend of "reptilian" and other mammals characters for the studied specimens, which corroborates previous studies on postcranial anatomy of non-mammalian cynodonts, been observed that the morphotype I, has a greater number of primitive characters relative to morphotype II, more derivative and similar to mamaliforme condition of primitive mammals.
Upstream Internal Hydraulic Jumps

Abstract In stratified tidal flow over a sill, the character of the upstream response is determined by a Froude number Fs based on the stratification near the surface. This is distinguished from the Froude number governing the response in the neighborhood of the sill crest, which is based on the weak density step associated with a flow bifurcation. For moderate values of Fs, the upstream response consists of nonlinear waves or a weak undular bore. For larger values of Fs, a strong, quasi-stationary, internal hydraulic jump dominates the upstream response. At sufficiently large values of Fs, the upstream bore is swept downstream and lost. Acoustic backscatter and velocity data are presented for the case of a strong internal bore or gravity current in a tidally modulated sill flow. Numerical simulations with varying near-surface stratification are presented to illustrate the upstream responses at different values of Fs. The theory of two-layer hydraulic flows is invoked to account for the development of the.
Modeling the effects of climate change forecasts on streamflow in the Nooksack River Basin

iv Acknowledgements v List of Tables ix List of Figures x 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Background 3 2.1 Nooksack River Basin 3 2.1. 1 Physical Characteristics of the Nooksack River Basin 3 2.1. 2 Use and Allocation of the Nooksack River 5 2.1. 3 Regional Climate 6 2.1. 4 Streamflow in the Nooksack River 6 2.2 Hydrologic Modeling 8 2.3 Climate Change 9 2.3.1 Global Climate Change 9 2.3.2 Climate Change and Water Resources 10 2.3.3 Future Streamflow in Western Washington 13 3.0 Methods 15 3.1 Scope of Work 15 3.2 DHSVM 16 3.2.1 DHSVM Setup 16 3.2.2 DHSVM Algorithms 18 3.2.3 DHSVM Calibration and Validation 20 3.3 Climate Change Forecasts 22 3.3.1 General Circulation Models 22 3.3.2 GCM–Emissions Scenario Couples 23 3.3.3 GCM Downscaling 25 3.4 Hydrologic Modeling 30 3.1. 1 DHSVM Simulations 30 3.1. 2 Streamflow and SWE Analysis 31 3.1. 3 Peak Flow Analysis 32
Degradation gradient as a basis for monitoring the ephemeral Omatako floodplains of central Namibia.

A group of Herero cattle farmers initiated a community grazing trial within a floodplain of the ephemeral Omatako River in central Namibia. A degradation model was constructed from measurements of various characteristics, for determining changes in wetland condition. Species data for Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CANOCO) came from the nearest perennial grass, if present within 5m of the sample point, otherwise from the nearest annual grass. The first ordination axis indicates a degradation gradient, with perennial grass species towards one extreme and annual grasses towards the other. The second axis appears to reflect a moisture gradient, although it was not measured.
Hydrology of stockpiled industrial coal exposed to rainfall

The movement of water and particulate matter through a simulated coal pile using a rainfall–coal‐pile simulator is investigated. In conjunction with coal‐pile management practices, this study indicates that coal‐pile systems change their internal and surficial structure with successive rainstorm events. This change in coal‐pile structure alters the proportions, rates and suspended solid concentrations within surface runoff and infiltration during subsequent storm events. Results demonstrate the need to determine the optimal coal‐pile slope that minimizes water contact time, but at the same time minimizes the potential for mass wasting and rill erosion. Promotion of a compacted surface is beneficial for the minimization of solids removal, and a stormwater detention pond with potential flocculant additive is suggested as a viable remedial measure for the containment and treatment of coal‐pile runoff. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating Measures to Assess Soil Health in Long‐Term Agroecosystem Trials

Monitoring soil health is an important component of any land management system that sustains soil resources. As metrics of soil health, we evaluated surface soil organic matter (SOM) properties from five field experiments ranging from 2 to 30 yr old and representing diverse agroecosystems across the inland Pacific Northwest (iPNW). The SOM properties measured included soil organic C (SOC), total N, acid nonhydrolyzable C (NHC), acid nonhydrolyzable N (NHN), acid-hydrolyzable C (HC), acid-hydrolyzable N (HN), microbial biomass C (MBC), microbial biomass N (MBN), carbon mineralization (Cmin), permanganate oxidizable C (POXC), ion exchange membrane N (IEM N), and potential N mineralization (PNM). We further evaluated these SOM metrics and the Haney soil health index (SHᵢₙdₑₓ) relative to the following seven criteria as a framework to judge the effectiveness of soil health tools: (i) evidence based, (ii) sensitive to change, (iii) logistically sensitive, (iv) cost effective, (v) accurate and precise, (vi) performed in situ, and (vii) valued for management decisions. Measures of active SOM were highly variable, particularly 1-d Cmin (CV, 3–53%), IEM N (CV, 9–55%), and SHᵢₙdₑₓ (CV, 4–37%) and subsequently not highly sensitive to management. Permanganate oxidizable C displayed sensitivity to more stabilized SOM, indicated by strong correlations to NHC (r = 0.84) and NHN (r = 0.80), and coupled with IEM N provided complimentary information important to soil health. Using these seven criteria to gauge soil health metrics, POXC scored the highest and should be considered as a component for soil health assessment within the iPNW.
YIELD STABILITY ANALYSIS CONFERRING ADAPTATION OF WHEAT TO PRE- AND POST-ANTHESIS DROUGHT CONDITIONS

Four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes viz., Rawal-87, Inqalab-91, Potohar-93 and Chakwal-97 were grown under pre-anthesis, post-anthesis and terminal drought stress in comparison to the unstressed condition in lysimeters to study the adaptability of crop in different drought environments on the basis of yield and yield components. Gypsum block method was used to monitor drought stress in the soil. The performance of yield components attributable to grain yield were assessed and it was found that number of grains per spike and biological yield were positively and significantly correlated to the grain yield. Harvest index and thousand grains weight were also correlated positively but the former was significant at 5% only and the later had nonsignificant correlation. It was also found that number of spikelets per spike was negatively and nonsignificantly correlated with the grain yield of wheat under drought stress conditions imposed during this study. Present study revealed that grain yield of wheat crop under water deficit conditions can be improved by selecting the genotypes having more number of grains per spike and biological yield. Chakwal-97 had highest mean during both the years but regression coefficient closest to one was for Inqalab-91 in number of grains per spike. On the basis of number of grains per spike Inqalab-91 remained most stable for the year 2002-03 and Chakwal-97 for 2003-04. Inqalab-91 also exhibited stability for both these years on the basis of thousand grains weight. Similarly, on the basis of the major parameter judging for stability, the grain yield, Inqalab-91 with highest mean for both years and with regression coefficient closest to unity in one of the years (2003-04) looked to be the most stable genotype. Deviation from the regression fit is the measure of genotypic stability over a set of environments. Inqalab-91, with highest mean in yield and yield components and smaller deviation from the regression fit, was relatively stable in drought stress environments. Inqalab-91 with almost 90% of coefficient of determination in all the regression of yield components looked to be the best, although other varieties had higher coefficient of determination than that of Inqalab-91 in some of the yield components.
Inconsistent palaeomagnetic recording of the Blake event in Chinese loess related to sedimentary environment

Three loess sequences located east of the Liupan mountain region, China, were studied to obtain records of the Blake polarity event. Palaeomagnetic records from the appropriate stratigraphic interval of these three sequences, however, record the Blake event poorly in one case and not at all in the other two cases. It is important to understand why these loess sequences miss the Blake event, whereas others record it quite well. We conclude that regional variations in the sedimentary environment over the Chinese loess plateau are responsible for the inconsistent recording of the Blake event. The palaeomagnetic records suggest a threefold subdivision of the Chinese loess plateau into (1) the central and southern portions of the part of the plateau that lies east of the Liupan Mountains, where the primary record of the Blake event has been severely smoothed or wiped out by pedogenic processes during palaeosol (S1) formation; (2) the northern margin of the loess plateau to the east of the Liupan Mountains, where frequent, severe dust storms have resulted in discontinuous records with a high probability of missing the Blake event; and (3) the region west of the Liupan Mountains, where loess sequences are deposited rapidly and nearly continuously with only minor pedogenesis, and are thus capable of recording short events like the Blake.
GENETIC STUDIES ON GROWTH RA TES IN JAPANESE QUAILS (COTURNIX COTURNIX JAPONICA )

The data on average daily gains (ADGs) during first, second, third, fourth, fifth to eight, nine to twelve, thirteen to sixteen and seventeen to twenty weeks of age in Black and Brown Japanese quails was analysed by leastsquares analysis for studying the effect of strains, generations, sex and hatches. The overall least squares means for ADGs at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 to 8, 9 to 12, 13 to 16 and 17 to 20 weeks of age were 3.91, 5.78, 6.98, 6.36, 2.73, 0.55, 0.34 and 0.30 g, r espectively. The effects of strain, sex and hatch was significant on ADGs at all ages except ADG 9-12, while the influence of generation was evident on ADGs at all ages. The birds of 7 th generation exhibited highest average daily gains and sexual dimorphism was in favour of females. Low to high heritability estimates were obtained for ADGs at all ages in Black and Brown Japanese quails by half-sib as well as full sib methods. Moderate to high genetic correlations with positive direction were observed among the majority of the combinations, while low to medium correlations were noticed at phenotypic and environmental level with inconsistency in dir ection based on half sib analysis. The genetic correlations based on various components of variance (full sib analysis) were mostly moderate to highly positive for majority of the combinations in both Black and Brown Japanese quails, while most of the phenotypic correlations were low to medium and inconsistent in dir ection.
ASSESSMENT OF FACTORS INFLUENCING WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN OFF-FARM INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES IN MKURANGA DISTRICT, TANZANIA

This study presents findings on the assessment of factors influencing women participation in off-farm income generating activities Income Generating Activities in Mkuranga district, Coast region. The overall objective of the study was to assess factors influencing women participation in off-farm income generating activities in the study area. The specific objectives were: To identify types of off -farm income generating activities undertaken by women in the study area, to identify socio-economic factors influencing women‟s participation in off-farm income generating activities, to determine contribution of women‟s off-farm income generating activities to the household income and lastly to determine factors affecting performance of women‟s off-farm income generating activities. The study adopted cross-sectional research design where a structured questionnaire with close and open ended questions and a checklist was used to collect primary information from a sample size of 120 respondents. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Descriptive statistics such as means, frequencies and percentage were computed. Findings from the study showed that the most Income Generating Activities undertaken by women in the study area is food vending others were selling of vegetables and fruits, fried fish, snacks, used clothes, cold drinks, shoes, mobile phone voucher, tailoring activities and hair dressing saloon. In this study, socio-economic characteristics of respondents examined were age, number of individuals in the household, level of education, marital status, and major source of income and land ownership these factors compelled women to engage in off-farm Income Generating Activities. The study furthermore identified that un-conducive business premises to be the major constraints for development of Income Generating Activities undertaken by women in Mkuranga district.
Rotational Raman Lidar measurements of atmospheric temperature in the UV

Measurements of atmospheric temperature have been performed by the NASA Scanning Raman Lidar based on the application of the pure rotational Raman (RR) technique. These measurements represent to our knowledge the first successful lidar measurements of temperature using the RR technique in the UV region, where eye‐safe concerns are far less stringent than in the visible and IR. While the system configuration was unoptimized for temperature measurements, nevertheless results were achieved that demonstrate the feasibility of the RR technique for meteorological and climatological applications. Based on 90 minutes data averaging, lidar measurements extend up to 23 km, with RMS deviation between lidar and simultaneous radiosondes not exceeding 1.2 K and average bias smaller than 0.5 K. Simulations reveal that the RR technique in the UV has the potential for providing accurate measurements throughout the troposphere, with appreciable improvement with respect to visible systems for daytime operation.
Looking for the Simplicity in Polymer Networks – Structure Changes and Comparative Analysis of Theoretical Approaches to Deformation of Semi- Crystalline c

To establish relationships between the molecular structure of polyolefines and their physical characteristics which determine possible commercial applications, structural changes and tensile deformation response up to deformations beyond the natural draw ratio were investigated using a variety of experimental approaches. True stressstrain curves were measured at different temperatures so as to estimate the available effective network density, which will eventually define the failure mode of the material under investigation. Analysis of the deformation by means of tensile strain hardening, assuming the HawardThackray spring dashpot decoupling assumption by means of Edward-Vilgis' non-Gaussian rubber-elastic slip-link model, reveals the role of transient and fixed network nodes. It was established by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction analysis that the transformation from lamellar to fibrillar morphology passes through the several pronounced stages: deformation of tilt; slippage of molecules in the crystallites; simultaneous formation of fibrils with structural characteristics depending on the molecular structure and on deformation conditions; deformation of the formed fibrillar structure; tilting formation of chevrons for high molecular weight low density polyethylene or slippage of fibrils and void