Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of sheep manure application time and rates on yield and botanical composition of secondary succession rangeland

This experimental study was conducted in Samsun/Turkey on a secondary succession rangeland during 2006 - 2008. Botanical composition of the experimental area consists of 28% legumes, 64% grasses, and 8% of other species. Target rates of sheep manure were 0, 25.0, 50.0, 75.0, and 100 kg total N ha–1, based on the manure analyses results (according to N rates in sheep manure). The sheep manure was applied at two different times. Means of 3 years of experimental period and total dry matter yield was obtained from the manure treatment of 75.0 kg N ha-1 and 50 + 50 kg N ha-1 (4153 kg ha-1, and 3813 kg ha-1, respectively). With respect to the three-year average, ratios of legumes, grasses, and other plants ranged from 20.8 to 40.7%, 41.6 to 66.9%, and 10.7 to 20.7%, respectively. Although ratios of legumes, and other plants increased in the all of the treatments, grass ratios decreased. The crude protein content of obtained rangeland hay ranged between 107.0 and 143.0 g kg-1 in 2006, 93.0 and 123.4 g kg-1 in 2007, 116.3 and 166.4 g kg-1 in 2008. The maximum benefit was provided from the application of 75.0 kg N ha-1 with a sum of  971.2 ha-1.
Setting Decision Process Optimization into Stochastic vs. Petri Nets Contexts

In this work we introduce a new modeling paradigm for developing decision process representation for shortest-path problem and games. Whereas in previous work, attention was restricted to tracking the net using as a utility function Bellman's equation, this work uses a Lyapunov-like function. In this sense, we are changing the traditional cost function by a trajectory-tracking function which is also an optimal cost-to-target function for tracking the net. This makes a significant difference in the conceptualization of the problem domain, allowing the replacement of the Nash equilibrium point by the Lyapunov equilibrium point in shortest-path game theory. Two different formal theoretic approaches are employed to represent the problem domain: i) Markov decision process and, ii) place-transitions Petri Nets having as a feature a Markov decision process, called Decision Process Petri nets (DPPN). The main point of this paper is its ability to represent the system-dynamic and trajectory-dynamic properties of a decision process. Within the system-dynamic properties framework we prove new notions of equilibrium and stability. In the trajectory-dynamic properties framework, we optimize the trajectory function value used for path planning via a Lyapunov-like function, obtaining as a result new characterizations for final decision points (optimum points) and stability. We show that the system-dynamic and Lyapunov trajectory-dynamic properties of equilibrium, stability and final decision points (optimum points) meet under certain restrictions. Moreover, we generalize the problem to join with game theory. We show that the Lyapunov equilibrium point coincides with the Nash equilibrium point under certain restrictions. As a consequence, all the properties of equilibrium and stability are preserved in game theory under certain restrictions. This is the most important contribution of this work. The potential of this approach remains in its formal proof simplicity for the existence of an equilibrium point. To the best of our knowledge the approach
Yield Characteristics and Essential Oil Composition of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) Grown in the Aegean Region of Turkey

Eleven lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) populations originating from different sources in Turkey and European countries were investigated in two ecologically different locations, Menemen and Bozdag, in the Aegean region of Turkey over three years to determine the populations having high quality and yield. There were significant variations between locations, years and populations in terms of yield and quality characters. The ecology was highly suitable in Menemen for growing lemon balm successfully and almost all yield and quality characters in Menemen were significantly higher than those in Bozdag. The plant height, green herb yield, drug leaves yield and essential oil rate over populations and years were 47.58 cm, 2869 kg.ha-1, 496.9 kg.ha-1 and 0.067% respectively in Menemen while they were 20.73 cm, 416 kg.ha-1, 90.0 kg.ha-1 and 0.036% respectively in Bozdag. The growth of populations in this study increased after the first year of the trials in both locations; therefore all yields were significantly higher in the second and third years of the trials compared to the first year. The populations numbered 9 and 7, originating from Germany and Romania, had high yield and quality and they were the two most promising populations for lemon balm cultivation in the locations studied. The green herb yield, drug leaves yield and essential oil rate of population 9 over three years at Menemen were 3389 kg.ha-1, 593.1 kg.ha-1 and 0.085% respectively while they were 2888 kg.ha-1, 565.1 kg.ha-1 and 0.097% respectively for population 7. The main component of the essential oil of the lemon balm was geranial in both locations and the average geranial rate was 38.13% in Menemen and 53.68% in Bozdag. Hence, Menemen ecologic conditions were suitable for growing lemon balm with high yield and quality. Populations originating from Romania and Ege University Agricultural Faculty (Germany) are recommended to growers.
Trophic structure and food resources of epipelagic and mesopelagic fishes in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre ecosystem inferred from nitrogen isotopic compositions

We used bulk tissue δ13C and δ15N values and δ15N values of individual amino acids (AA) to characterize the trophic structure of a pelagic fish assemblage from the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) ecosystem. We focus on energy flow between fishes inhabiting distinct epipelagic, mesopelagic, and upper bathypelagic habitats and on predatory fish foraging across and within these depth habitats. Trophic positions (TPs) estimated from a combination of trophic and source AA δ15N values (TPTr‐Src) spanned a narrow range of 0.7 TP for 10 species of large fishes, including tunas, billfishes, and gempylids (TPTr‐Src 4.3‐5.0). Similarly, 13 species of small micronekton fishes encompassed a range of 1.2 TP (TPTr‐Src 2.6‐3.8). The δ15N values of three source AAs were found to increase with increasing depth of capture across the 13 micronekton fish species (δ15NPhe range = 6.6‰; δ15NGly range = 13.4‰; δ15NSer range = 13.6‰), indicating that some species from epipelagic, mesopelagic, and upper bathypelagic communities access distinct food resources, such as suspended particles. These isotopic depth trends are consistent with previous observations in particulate organic matter and zooplankton from the NPSG, providing new evidence that large pelagic and micronekton fishes access a food web fueled by particles formed in surface waters but that are highly modified by microbes as they slowly settle to remote depths. On the contrary, no significant relationships between the δ15N values of source AAs and habitat depth were observed in the large predator fish group, of which many species move and forage across large depth gradients.
The Price of Macroeconomic Announcement News

Asset pricing theory unanimously point toward the direction of the state of the aggregate real economy for the identification of systematic risks. Motivated by this, and the large price movements commonly observed in financial markets around announcements of macroeconomic fundamentals, this paper quantifies the relation between news on the real economy and expected returns. Including surprises on a set of 25 regularly scheduled macroeconomic announcements in a factor model, we estimate the prices of risk of macroeconomic news in the cross-section of 12 industry-sorted stock portfolios. Our results show that macroeconomic news commands high rewards, and that exposure to macroeconomic news explains a substantial part of expected returns. In particular, news on fundamentals describing sentiment towards future business conditions, as well as news on Industrial Production and the Producer Price Index, are priced. Prices for news on macroeconomic fundamentals are substantial, with estimates ranging from -0.758% per day for Business Inventories to 1.622% per day for the Index of Leading Indicators. The contribution of macroeconomic news risk to expected returns is economically substantial as well. Macroeconomic news has, for example, a large impact on expected returns of stocks from the energy sector. On average, on days that Consumer Confidence news is announced, expected returns for the energy portfolio are 8.49 basispoints lower due to the announcement risk. In contrast, on Consumer Credit announcement days, an average of 11.56 basispoints of expected returns of the energy portfolio are due to "Consumer Credit surprise risk". Given that these announcements are released 12 times each year, expected returns of the energy portfolio are, on an annual basis, 1.02% lower and 1.39% higher, respectively, due to exposure to surprises on Consumer Confidence and Consumer Credit announcements.
Abordagem nas doenças sexualmente transmissíveis

Nowadays, sexually transmitted diseases are one of the most common public health issues. Among its consequences are the possibility of transmission from mother to baby - which may cause miscarriages and congenital disease, male and female infertility, and the increase of HIV infection risk. Therefore, the main goal of these guidelines is to contribute to the improvement of the treatment for sexually transmitted diseases patients by presenting to the medical community how today's science stands on the matter and also what the recommendation for diagnosing and treating a patient are.
Food habits and livestock depredation of two Iberian wolf packs (Canis lupus signatus) in the north of Portugal

Two Iberian wolf Canis lupus signatus packs were studied in the north of Portugal during spring and summer 1996. The study areas are located in two mountainous areas close to the Spanish border. Both regions presented a very low density of wild ungulates and intensive livestock production. The food habits and the livestock depredation of the wolves were considered. The study material included 87 dropping samples, interviews with shepherds, carcass investigation and government reports of livestock depredation. Prey preference was measured in both areas. Wolves fed exclusively on livestock, especially goats. Wolf attacks on goats affected mostly large flocks of > 100 heads, but where there were horses, wolves preyed preferentially on horses. In both study areas, sheep was recorded as a regular prey by the government reports but never appeared in the scat analysis results. This apparent contradiction will be discussed. The wolf's dependence on livestock can be explained by the scarcity of wild prey and the high density of livestock. Conservation of wolves in such impoverished areas depends on an efficient livestock depredation management plan and the reintroduction of native prey species.
Comparative in-vitro activities of teicoplanin, vancomycin, coumermycin and ciprofloxacin, alone and in combination with rifampicin or LM427, against Staphylococcus aureus

The bactericidal interactions in vitro of two antibiotics active at the cell wall (teicoplanin and vancomycin) or two inhibitors of DNA gyrase (coumermycin and ciprofloxacin) combined with two inhibitors of protein synthesis (rifampicin and LM 427) were assessed against five Staphylococcus aureus strains. The S. aureus isolates included two oxacillin-sensitive and three oxacillin-resistant strains. The concentrations tested covered the range usually obtained in the serum with recommended doses. Coumermycin + rifampicin or LM 427, and ciprofloxacin + rifampicin or LM 427 were antagonistic when the concentration of either drug was higher than the MIC, and additive when sub-MIC concentrations were tested. Teicoplanin or vancomycin + rifampicin or LM 427 produced variable results. Of the synergic combinations, 14 of 15 included teicoplanin. Of the antagonistic combinations, 20 of 33 included LM 427. Antagonism with LM 427 was due to the higher intrinsic activity of LM 427 alone than teicoplanin, vancomycin or rifampicin. Teicoplanin (20 mg/l) + rifampicin or LM 427 (1 mg/l) was synergic (9/10).
Drought Impacts Mineral Contents in Andean Potato Cultivars

Mineral micro- and macronutrients in tubers of 21 Andean potato cultivars were investigated in a field trial under control and drought conditions. Mineral concentrations in potato tubers were highly variable between genotypes; some were significantly and positively correlated with each other, the most noteworthy associations being Na-Ca, Mn-Mg and Zn-Fe, in both control and drought-stressed plants. Overall, increasing yields are related to decreased concentrations of some nutrients, albeit some higher-yielding cultivars also displayed important concentrations of nutrients in their tubers. The most striking result was the increase in the concentration of the majority of the analysed cations in a large number of cultivars in response to water depletion; some of them, such as K, may be related to water homeostasis and/or to sucrose loading and unloading in phloem sap. Tuber mineral concentrations were not related to drought tolerance in terms of tuber productivity. Interestingly, yield loss under drought was not correlated with yield potential under control conditions. Identification of cultivars such as 703264 and 701106 able to maintain good yield stability in association with high mineral contents under water deprivation is of particular interest, especially in view of the importance of potato as a staple crop and the expansion of its cultivation to non-optimal cultivation areas in the context of changing climatic conditions.
Expressions for the Entropy of Basic Discrete Distributions

We develop a general method for computing logarithmic and log-gamma expectations of distributions. As a result, we derive series expansions and integral representations of the entropy for several fundamental distributions, including the Poisson, binomial, beta-binomial, negative binomial, and hypergeometric distributions. Our results also establish connections between the entropy functions and to the Riemann zeta function and its generalizations.
Retroviral Restriction Factor TRIM5α Is a Trimer

ABSTRACT The retrovirus restriction factor TRIM5α targets the viral capsid soon after entry. Here we show that the TRIM5α protein oligomerizes into trimers. The TRIM5α coiled-coil and B30.2(SPRY) domains make important contributions to the formation and/or stability of the trimers. A functionally defective TRIM5α mutant with the RING and B-box 2 domains deleted can form heterotrimers with wild-type TRIM5α, accounting for the observed dominant-negative activity of the mutant protein. Trimerization potentially allows TRIM5α to interact with threefold pseudosymmetrical structures on retroviral capsids.
Climate forcing and the Kuroshio/Oyashio ecosystem

The Kuroshio and Oyashio, western boundary currents in the North Pacific, greatly influence climate, ecosystems, and fisheries in the western North Pacific and its adjacent waters. The Kuroshio/Oyashio ecosystem (KOE) shows interannual and decadal variability including regime shifts. Under a collaboration of the Climate Forcing and Marine Ecosystem Response (CFAME) Task Team and Working Group 20 (Evaluations of Climate Change Projections) of PICES, we analysed the observed time-series of physics, nutrients, chlorophyll, zooplankton abundance and phenology, and productivity, biomass, and catch of commercially important species to assess the impacts of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s global change scenarios on KOE. Mechanistic linkages from climate forcing to fish population dynamics were explored for the Japanese common squid (Todarodes pacificus), Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus), walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), and chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Future scenarios of zooplankton, commercial species, and ecosystem changes were presented based on the empirical mechanistic linkages and results of projections for physical conditions and primary production in KOE derived from both empirical knowledge and three-dimensional ecosystem-biogeochemical models. Associated data gaps, uncertainties, and implications for managers were also discussed.
Transgenic rabbits - mammary gland as a target of the transgene

The mammary gland is the most promising target tissue because it produces large amounts of recombinant human proteins, enzymes, hormones and growth factors in a temperature-regulated fluid that may be collected daily, in a non-invasive fashion. Different observations and conclusions have been made concerning the development, histology and ultrastructure of transgenic mammary epithelium. Therefore, there is a necessity to examine possible histological and ultrastructural changes in transgenic rabbit mammary gland tissue. This review summarizes recent results based on the analyses of transgenic rabbit mammary gland at different developmental stages over four generations of transgenic animals.
Chemical Compositions of Commercial Essential Oils From Coriandrum sativum Fruits and Aerial Parts

Coriander and cilantro, the fruit and herb of Coriandrum sativum, are popular additives in various cuisines worldwide. The essential oils derived from coriander and cilantro are also popular and have shown some remarkable biological properties and health benefits. In this report, we have analyzed the essential oil compositions of 19 commercial coriander and 28 commercial cilantro essential oil samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) techniques. In addition, 5 coriander and 4 cilantro commercial essential oil samples were analyzed by chiral GC–MS. Commercial coriander essential oil is dominated by linalool (62.2%-76.7%) with lesser quantities of α-pinene (0.3%-11.4%), γ-terpinene (0.6%-11.6%), and camphor (0.0%-5.5%). Commercial cilantro essential oil is composed largely of (2E)-decenal (16.0%-46.6%), linalool (11.8%-29.8%), (2E)-decen-1-ol (0.0%-24.7%), decanal (5.2%-18.7%), (2E)-dodecenal (4.1%-8.7%), and 1-decanol (0.0%-9.5%). The enantiomeric distribution of linalool was 87% (+)-linalool:13% (−)-linalool in both coriander and cilantro essential oils, while α-pinene was 93% (+):7% (−) in coriander, 90% (+):10% (−) in cilantro; and (+)-camphor:(−)-camphor was 13%:87% in both essential oils. Chiral GC–MS analysis was able to detect an adulterated coriander essential oil sample. The data provided in this study serves to establish a baseline for future evaluations of these essential oils as well as a screen for authenticity or adulteration.
Protease Inhibitors in Plants: Genes for Improving Defenses Against Insects and Pathogens

For several decades researchers have been studying the biosynthesis and regulation in plants of specific chemicals associated with defense against pests and pathogens. For years many of these chemicals were first considered to be "secondary plant compounds" with unknown functions. Many, if not most, of these "secondary compounds" are now considered to be defensive chemicals that are acting either alone or in concert to contribute to the resistances of plants against insects or pathogens (86,87, 118, 144, 150). These defensive chemicals are found as either constitutive components in various plant tissues (118, 144) or are synthesized in response to attacking pests or pathogens (7, 32,39,45,50,60,63,64,66, 74, 120, 144, 151, 178, 182). The inducible chemicals, which can also occur constitutively, include such complex sub­ stances as antibiotics, alkaloids, and terpenes, as well as proteins such as enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, and lectins. These chemicals have provided interesting systems for studying inducible plant defense. In various plants, they can be newly synthesized in response to pest and/or pathogen attacks, which generate interand intracellular signals to activate genes that code for their production. Many of these systems, therefore, are being studied to help further our fundamental knowledge about the biochemistry of signal genera-
Equal pay for work of equal value, wage-setting and the gender pay gap

The principle of equal pay for work of equal value has radical potential but uneven application and impact. As one strand within the multiplicity of measures required to impede the reproduction of gender pay gaps, its strengths lie in an expanded notion of equality and capacity to challenge gendered norms embedded in wage-setting practices. Almost 70 years after the principle was given expression in the International Labour Organisation’s Equal Remuneration Convention of 1951, these strengths remain difficult to capture. This collection includes studies of advances and retreats in Australia and New Zealand, shaped by political and economic trends, changing wage-setting arrangements and varying interpretations of formal provisions. These are elaborated with examples of collective action that have redefined the problem of gender pay inequality and found pathways to redress gender-based undervaluation in the absence of a supportive regulatory framework. Studies of three East Asian countries extend understanding through stark illustrations of recurring barriers, highlighting limitations in legal expression, incompatibility of equal value measures with wage-setting norms, and the impact of highly segmented labour markets. Together the articles underline the need for interrelated reforms to formal provisions, wage-setting institutions and labour markets, and the importance of ongoing mobilisation to drive change.
Three New Indole Alkaloids from the Leaves of Alstonia scholaris

Three new akuamillan-type indole alkaloids, i.e., 5-methoxystrictamine (=methyl (5 beta,16R,19E)-5-methoxyakuammilan-17-oate; 1), methyl (16R,19E)-1,2-dihydro-16-(hydroxymethyl)-5-oxoakuammilan-17-oate (2), and methyl (2 beta 16R,19E)-4,5-didehydro-1,2-dihydro-2-hydroxy-16-(hydroxymethyl)akuammilan-4-ium-17-oate chloride (3), have been isolated from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris, together with ten known compounds. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic means. None of the constituents showed significant cytotoxic activity towards WT cells.
The association between biogenic and inorganic minerals and the amino acid composition of settling particles

To test the hypothesis that calcium carbonate (rather than opal) carries most organic carbon to the deep sea, total hydrolysable amino acid (THAA) analysis was applied to deep‐sea (3000 m) sediment trap material from the northeast Atlantic (PAP Site), a variable but intrinsically carbonate‐dominated system. THAAs were analyzed in conjunction with total organic carbon, biogenic silica, calcium carbonate, and inferred lithogenic fluxes. The THAA‐based degradation state of organic carbon could not be systematically explained by changes in the flux of different mineral phases, which could account for only 16% of the observed variability. In addition amino acid parameters indicative of source organisms indicate that diatom cell walls are an important residual component of organic carbon reaching the deep ocean, a finding supported by comparison with data from previous studies of diverse oceanic environments. Finally, during 2001, very high organic carbon fluxes were associated with elevated lithogenic fluxes and low organic matter degradation relative to surrounding years. In accordance with other recent experimental and observational studies, the data indicate that under specific export scenarios, lithogenic fluxes can act as highly significant mediators of organic carbon transfer to the deep ocean.