Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
In the Biosynthesis of N-Glycans in Connective Tissue of the Snail Lymnaea Stagnalis of Incorporation GlcNAc by β2GlcNAc-transferase I is an essential prerequisite for the action of β2GlcNAc-transferase II and β2Xyl-transferase

Using a series of relevant substrates, connective tissue of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis was shown to contain β1-2 xylosyltransferase (β2Xyl-T), β1-2 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (β2GlcNAc-T I), and β1-2 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (β2GlcNAc-T II) activities. These enzymes are probably involved in the biosynthesis of the N-linked carbohydrate chains, like those present in hemocyanin. The products formed by incubation of GlcNAcβ1-2Manα1-6(GlcNAcβ1-2Manα1-3)Manβ1-R [where R = -4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAc or O-(CH2)7CH3] with UDP-Xyl and connective tissue microsomes have been purified and characterized by 1H-NMR spectroscopy in conjunction with methylation analysis to be GlcNAcβ1-2Manα1-6(GlcNAcβ1-2Manα1-3)(Xylβ1-2)Manβ1-R. Substrate specificity studies focused on connective tissue β2Xyl-T show that the minimal structure requirements are fulfilled in GlcNAcβ1-2Manα1-3Manβ1-O-(CH2)7CH3. The enzyme activity can therefore be characterized as UDP-Xyl: GlcNAcβ1-2Manα1-3Manβ-R (Xyl to Manβ) β1-2 xylosyltransferase. In substrate-specificity studies directed to connective tissue β2GlcNAc-T I, it could be demonstrated that the enzyme is active towards acceptors having at the minimum a Manα1-3Manβ-R sequence, and that introduction of a βXyl residue at C2 of βMan totally abolishes the enzyme activity. Xylose-containing oligosaccharides are not acceptors for β2GlcNAc-T I. In combination with the substrate specificity of β2Xyl-T, this shows that in snail connective tissue β2GlcNAc-T I must act before β2Xyl-T. The connective tissue β2GlcNAc-T II activity follows the earlier established biosynthetic routes. Based on the substrate specificities of the various connective tissue glycosyltransferases known so far, and the structures isolated from L. stagnalis hemocyanin, a partial biosynthetic scheme for N-glycosylation in snail connective tissue is proposed.
Effect of Cassava Variety on the Quality and Shelf Stability of Soy-Garri

The quality and shelf stability of soy-garri produced from four different cassava varieties were investigated. Soak-mix method was employed in the production of soy-garri. The products obtained were found to have protein content ranging from (5.43% to 6.1%) and fat content of about 4.20%. During the period of storage, the peroxide value increased from (0.03mg/g to 0.23mg/g) while the swelling capacity and water holding capacity decreased from (363% to 220%), (390% to 300%) respectively. The sensory result revealed that soy-garri produced from TMS 555 was the most accepted at P < 0.05 level of significance.
Método alternativo para cálculo da temperatura base de gramíneas forrageiras

The assessment of the temperature below which plant growth ceases, known as base temperature (Tb) is key in for establishing the potential yield of a plant resource at a given location, and for quantifying the fitness of a given crop for a given production system. Whereas this is widely recognized, it is especially true in the case of perennial crops such as many of the forage species. This present study was aimed at developing, evaluating, and proposing a new methodological approach for the calculation of the Tb of forage crops, using both temperature and daylength, as a climatic variable named photothermal unit (PU). By using two regrowth cycles and their respective amounts of forage accumulated, the value of Tb can be calculated if the proportion between harvested yields and accumulated PUs of both regrowth cycles are the same. Yield data from two forage grass species, elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Napier) and Florico stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis), from two field trials were used to test the proposed approach. Calculated Tb values were 15 and 12°C for elephantgrass and stargrass, respectively. These values are consistent with those generated by the classic method and reported in the literature.
Physicochemical features of Wadi Al-Arab Dam (reservoir), Jordan

Abstract Variations in physical and chemical conditions were investigated at Wadi Al-Arab Dam Reservoir (Jordan). Mean surface water temperature was 22.5°C and two distinctive temperature layers, epilimnion (down to 15 m, mean temperature 28.6°C) and hypolimnion (down to 35 m, mean temperature 21.1°C) were recognized in May. Minimum water transparency was recorded at 32 cm in July and maximum at 135 cm in August. The mean surface pH (8.0) and salinity (1.54 mg l-1) showed no pattern of variation, with pH values of 9.31-8.1 and 5.1-3.1 recorded between February and July at 0-15 m and 15-35 m, respectively; and higher values of salinity (1.88 mg l-1 and 1.84 mg l-1) in the wet season. Electrical conductivity values ranged between 912 and 1257 μS cm-1, with the highest values in summer. Records at station I and II showed a mean total alkalinity of 541.04 mg l-1 CaCO3 and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels of 6.2-8.9 mg l-1 with the observation of the highest (8.0 mg l-1) and lowest (4.0 mg l-1) DO values in April at the surface and 15 m, respectively. In May, DO values dropped from 7.31 mg l-1 in the upper layer to 3.85 mg l-1 in the deepest layer. Nutrients as nitrate revealed minimum (0.7 mg l-1 N-NO3) and maximum (30.4 mg l-1 N-NO3) concentrations at the surface in station I and II, respectively. Levels of P-PO4 were also high at stations I and II (0.73 mg l-1 PO4 and 1.02 mg l-1 PO4) in May and June, respectively. However, the minimum value (0.14-0.16 mg l-1 PO4) was recorded in October at both stations. Disolved reactive silica (DRS) levels showed low values of 2.55-11.46 mg l-1 (station I in June) and 2.33-7.60 mg l-1 (station II in May and December), respectively.
Developing coefficients of conservatism to advance floristic quality assessment in the Mid-Atlantic region1

Abstract Floristic Quality Assessment (FQA) is a recognized bioassessment technique for evaluating habitat nativity or resource condition (status) using conservatism of the plant community. The Mid-Atlantic Floristic Quality Assessment Project (MAR-FQA) was undertaken in 2009 to advance floristic quality assessment in the Mid-Atlantic region. The primary objectives of the project were to assign coefficients of conservatism to the regional flora; describe the Mid-Atlantic region in terms of its floristic composition, conservatism, and nativity; and examine the potential subjectivity of coefficient values. We identified 4208 unique plant species of which 2822 were ranked. The flora was dominated by perennial forbs and graminoids. Two-thirds was native to either all or part of the region, while one-third was considered non-native to the region or to North America. Most coefficient ranks fell within the mid to upper range of the scale with distribution noticeably skewed toward higher conservatism due to a greater number of taxa with coefficients of 8, 9, and 10. Our investigation of bias in the approach indicated that subjectively assigned conservatism values were remarkably accurate. Over 75% of highly conservative taxa were found exclusively at high-quality wetland sites while less than 5% of generalist taxa were restricted to a single condition category. While FQA has been successfully used to assess habitat on both the state and sub-regional scales, it is now possible to deploy it in the Mid-Atlantic region. As a bioassessment tool, it offers a relatively rapid, reliable, and repeatable approach to assessing the somewhat arbitrary concept of quality. As such, it is an important addition to any botanist's tool kit.
Ecology of tropical hermit crabs (Crustacea Decapoda) at Quirimba Island, Mozambique: a multivariate assemblage perspective

The assemblage organisation and macrohabitat segregation patterns of an intertidal assemblage of hermit crabs was studied at the Quirimba Archipelago in northern Mozambique. The assemblage exhibits a strong tidal zonation pattern, with different species dominating the studied tidal zones. Superimposed onto this, is a macrohabitat segregation pattern. Coastal features such as presence/absence of sandy beaches or mangroves explained the presence/absence of certain species, e.g. Coenobita rugosus H. Milne Edwards 1837 and C. cavipes Stimpson 1858. Smaller islands with less heterogeneous shores (mostly reef) were dominated by Clibanarius virescens (Krauss 1843). Larger islands with a range of macrohabitats (mangrove, sand, reef, seagrass, rock) had more complex patterns. Within each tidal zone, at least two distinct assemblage groups are recognised, due to differential species presence/absence patterns and differences in abundance of the constituent species. Superimposed onto these two patterns, is a further pattern of island size, with in the majority of cases, the within-zone habitat segregation pattern corresponding to a dichotomous split between larger and smaller or medium sized islands. These patterns in macrohabitat use illustrate the importance of habitat segregation patterns in alleviating inter-specific competition for available resources.
A Systematic Literature Review of Explainable AI for Software Engineering

Context: In recent years, leveraging machine learning (ML) techniques has become one of the main solutions to tackle many software engineering (SE) tasks, in research studies (ML4SE). This has been achieved by utilizing state-of-the-art models that tend to be more complex and black-box, which is led to less explainable solutions that reduce trust and uptake of ML4SE solutions by professionals in the industry. Objective: One potential remedy is to offer explainable AI (XAI) methods to provide the missing explainability. In this paper, we aim to explore to what extent XAI has been studied in the SE community (XAI4SE) and provide a comprehensive view of the current state-of-the-art as well as challenge and roadmap for future work. Method: We conduct a systematic literature review on 24 (out of 869 primary studies that were selected by keyword search) most relevant published studies in XAI4SE. We have three research questions that were answered by meta-analysis of the collected data per paper. Results: Our study reveals that among the identified studies, software maintenance (\%68) and particularly defect prediction has the highest share on the SE stages and tasks being studied. Additionally, we found that XAI methods were mainly applied to classic ML models rather than more complex models. We also noticed a clear lack of standard evaluation metrics for XAI methods in the literature which has caused confusion among researchers and a lack of benchmarks for comparisons. Conclusions: XAI has been identified as a helpful tool by most studies, which we cover in the systematic review. However, XAI4SE is a relatively new domain with a lot of untouched potentials, including the SE tasks to help with, the ML4SE methods to explain, and the types of explanations to offer. This study encourages the researchers to work on the identified challenges and roadmap reported in the paper.
Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida Is Capable of Replicating in Hybrid Striped Bass Macrophages

Abstract The purpose of this study was to use an in vitro assay to evaluate the ability of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida to survive and replicate within macrophages obtained from hybrid striped bass (striped bass Morone saxatilis × white bass M. chrysops). The results indicated that the number of bacteria recovered from macrophages after 3, 6, 12, and 18 h of incubation increased significantly from time 0 (105, 510, 1,091 and 1,385%, respectively). Replication of the intracellular bacteria was observed at a very low multiplicity of infection (1 bacterium to 100 macrophages). In contrast, the number of Escherichia coli recovered from macrophages declined 47, 80, 91, and 96%, respectively. Light and electron microscopy confirmed the internalization, uptake, and multiplication of bacteria within spacious, clear vacuoles in the macrophages. Using acid phosphatase as a lysosomal marker, we provide evidence that P. damselae subsp. piscicida inhibits phagolysosomal fusion. This study demonstrates that.
Further studies on apomixis and sexuality in Poa.

: Wild rice has adapted to weather and unfavorable environments under natural selection. It has been well recognized as a natural gene bank that conserves a lot of specific genes presently not available for extinct in the cultivated rice. There is an urgent need to explore these specific genes. The present paper summarized current researches in molecular mapping and cloning of useful genes from wild rice,and their potential application in breeding.
Roost site selection by lesser short‐tailed bats (Mystacina tuberculata) in mixed podocarp‐hardwood forest, Whenua Hou/Codfish Island, New Zealand

Abstract Roosting ecology of the lesser short‐tailed bats (Mystacina tuberculata) was studied in mixed podocarp‐hardwood forest on Whenua Hou/Codfish Island, New Zealand during winter 1996, and winter to summer 1998–99. The structural characteristics of roosts used by communal groups and by solitary bats are described, and roost selection is examined at three scales: forest stand, tree, and cavity. Differences in structural characteristics and microclimate of roosts used in winter and in summer are compared. Forty‐three bats were radio‐tracked and 122 tree roosts located. Communal groups occupied 47.5% of roosts and solitary bats occupied 52.5%. Bats selected roosts in Hall's totara (Podocarpus hallii) trees more than expected based on the availability of this tree species. Roost trees had significantly larger stem diameters and greater numbers of cavities than random trees. Communal bats demonstrated a higher degree of roost selectivity than solitary bats. Communal roosts had significantly less vegetation clutter surrounding roost entrances, larger stem diameters at cavity height, larger internal cavity heights, and thicker cavity walls than potentially available cavities. Communal roost cavities were consistently larger than solitary roosts. Solitary roosts had less open space around them than communal roosts and random cavities. Communal roosts were well insulated and exhibited stable internal temperatures. Structural and thermal characteristics did not differ between roosts used in winter and in summer. Differences between characteristics of communal and solitary roosts, and selection of well‐insulated cavities in some of the largest available trees, appears consistent among different forest types used by lesser short‐tailed bats in New Zealand, and with behaviour of many other tree‐dwelling bat species in temperate climates. Descriptive statistics of trees provide guidance to forest managers, especially those practicing silviculture, for identifying potential bat roosting habitat. Regression analyses of cavity characteristics provide insight into factors explaining the rarity of favoured cavities. Intraspecific differences in roost selection by bats should be considered when undertaking conservation management actions such as identifying trees for retention through logging cycles, or designating and designing reserves.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TWO SPECIES OF CYANOBACTERIA IN RELATION TO PHOSPHORUS LIMITATION 1

In order to gain a better understanding of the factors responsible for changes in cyanobacterial species composition in the Alberche River (central Spain), which is characterized by spatiotemporal N and P variability, we undertook P‐limitation studies on two isolated N2‐fixing species that are well represented in the river: Calothrix elenkinii (Kosinskaja) UAM 225 and Nostoc punctiforme (Kützing) UAM 220. We examined differences in phosphorus‐storage capacity, phosphate uptake, and phosphatase activity between the two isolates grown under N2‐fixing conditions. Although they shared a similar pattern of phosphate uptake, C. elenkinii cultures had a greater phosphorus storage capacity and greater phosphatase activity than those of N. punctiforme. The former showed a stronger response when cultured under low P concentrations. The two species showed specific differences in the rates of intracellular polyphosphate granule utilization and phosphatase activity. Our results suggest that C. elenkinii might be particularly well suited to river environments in which nutrient concentrations are generally low, but which experience episodic pulses of high P supply (inorganic and/or organic), favoring “luxury uptake” and storage strategies.
Interferon‐γ does not break, but promotes the immunosuppressive capacity of adult human mesenchymal stem cells

The ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to suppress alloresponsiveness is poorly understood. Herein, an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte response was used as a model to investigate the mechanisms of MSC‐mediated immunomodulation. Human MSC are demonstrated to express the immunosuppressive cytokines hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin (IL)‐10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 at concentrations that suppress alloresponses in vitro. MSC also express cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 and produce prostaglandin E2 constitutively. Blocking studies with indomethacin confirmed that prostaglandins contribute to MSC‐mediated allosuppression. The proinflammatory cytokine interferon (IFN)‐γ did not ablate MSC inhibition of alloantigen‐driven proliferation but up‐regulated HGF and TGF‐β1. IFN‐γ also induced expression of indoleamine 2,3, dioxygenase (IDO), involved in tryptophan catabolism. Use of an antagonist, 1‐methyl‐L‐tryptophan, restored alloresponsiveness and confirmed an IDO contribution to IFN‐γ‐induced immunomodulation by MSC. Addition of the tryptophan catabolite kynurenine to mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR), blocked alloproliferation. These findings support a model where IDO exerts its effect through the local accumulation of tryptophan metabolites rather than through tryptophan depletion. Taken together, these data demonstrate that soluble factors, or products derived from MSC, modulate immune responses and suggest that MSC create an immunosuppressive microenvironment capable of modulating alloresponsiveness even in the presence of IFN‐γ.
A Steady State Model of Genetic Polymorphism on Islands

Caughley, G. 1966. Mortality patterns in mammals. Ecology 47:906-917. Cody, M. L. 1971. Ecological aspects of reproduction. Pages 461-512 in Avian biology. Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York. Cole, L. C. 1954. The population consequences of life history phenomelia. Quart. Rev. Biol. 29:103-137. Deevey, E. S. 1947. Life tables for natural populations of animals. Quart. Rev. Biol. 22:283-314. Gadgil, M. , and WM. H. Bossert. 1970. Life history coIisequences of natural selection. Amer. Nature. 104:1-24. Murphy, G. I. 1968. Pattern in life history and the environment. Amer. Nature. 102:52-64.
An Economic Injury Level Approach to Establishing the Intensity of Sea Lamprey Control in the Great Lakes

Abstract Tightening budgetary constraints have forced the Great Lakes Fishery Commission to reevaluate the effectiveness of its program to control sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus in the Great Lakes. One rational option requires setting target levels of control for each of the Great Lakes. This paper is an analysis of an economic injury level approach to setting a target level of control for Lake Ontario. Using a decision support system for the integrated management of sea lamprey in Lake Ontario, we show that calculation of optimal levels of adult sea lamprey is feasible, We calculate that the economic injury level of adult sea lampreys in Lake Ontario is 30,000 fish (95% confidence interval, 16,400–43,600). We predict that this level of abundance could be achieved with an annual application of 9,400 kg of the lampricide TFM. Relative to this standard, Lake Ontario is currently undertreated for sea lamprey control. Implementation of this approach to setting target levels will require further work on estima.
Habitat use and survival of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) in cropland and rangeland ecosystems during the hunting season

Many researchers and managers believe that land-use practices are most responsible for declines in northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) populations. Additionally, researchers have suggested that the amount of available escape cover in a landscape could alter winter survival of bobwhites. A comparative study of winter bobwhite ecology was conducted on rangeland and cropland ecosystems in east-central Kansas (11 November - 31 January 1993-1996). We considered woody cover type on our study areas to be an escape cover for quail. We used radiotelemetry to investigate survival, movement, and cover-type selection. Over the 3-year period, we monitored 91 individuals on a cropland study area (CSA) and 66 birds on a rangeland study area (RSA). Survival was higher on the CSA (0.46) than on the RSA (0.27) (P = 0.03); the difference was due to increased harvest mortality on the RSA (P = 0.04). Mean daily covey movement was higher on the RSA than on the CSA (P < 0.01). Comparing cover-type selection between study ar.
The stridulatory organ of four Messor ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Abstract The stridulatory organ of four ant species of the genus Messor was investigated by a SEM analysis providing the first report on the presence and morphological characteristics of this organ in all casres of M. minor and M. wasmanni. Gynes, males and workers of M. capitatus as well as gynes and workers of M. structor were examined and further information on their stridulatory organ were collected. In the studied species the file or pars stridens occurs mid‐dorsally on the fourth abdominal segment, a position regarded as typical of Formicidae. The size and the general outline of the file vary with the caste and the species. The scraper or plectrum is represented by a thickened portion of the posterior margin of the third abdominal tergite lying over the file. Several morphological parameters were measured and a comparison both within and between the species was made. The possible role of acoustical communication in the social organization of these ants was also discussed.