Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Geochemistry and Origin of Natural Gases in Southern Ontario

ABSTRACT Up to 1980, about 2.3 1010 m3 of natural gas was produced from about 15 stratigraphic units of Cambrian to Silurian age in southern Ontario. Reservoirs are found in both the Appalachian and Michigan Basin segments of southern Ontario. Lower Silurian sandstones yielded 54% and Middle and Upper Silurian reefs about 40% of production in 1980. The natural gases are generally wet, with N2 being the dominant nonhydrocarbon component. Gases from the Appalachian and Michigan basins can be distinguished on the basis of a ratio (R) obtained by dividing the ethane/propane ratio by the ratio of isobutane to normal butane. An interpretation of the gas chemistry indicates either an immature or a very mature to overmature source. The neighbouring rocks are immature to barely mature. Carbon and hydrogen isotopes generally indicate an overmature source, at least for the methane component of many of these natural gases. This is difficult to reconcile with the less mature nature of southern Ontario Paleozoic strata. A reinterpretation of carbon isotope ratios, emphasizing kinetic processes, reconciles the apparent overmature isotopic indicators by having gas generation from thermally immature but old sources, proximal to the gas pools. Alternatively, migration of methane from sources deeper in the basins or from underlying crustal rocks is suggested. LA GEOCHIMIE ET L'ORIGINE DU GAZ NATUREL DU SUD DE L'ONTARIO RESUME Les reservoirs de gaz naturel des bassins du Michigan et des Appalaches du Sud de l'Ontario ont produit 23 milliards de m3 de gaz jusqu'en 1980. Les accumulations d'hydrocarbures sont reparties dans 15 unites lithologiques distinctes d'age cambrien a silurien. Les gres du Silurien inferieur et superieur ont produit a eux seuls respectivement 54% et 40% de la production totale de l'annee 1980. Le gaz naturel est generalement humide et contient de l'Azote. Le rapport (C1/C2)/(i-C4/n-C4) permet de distinguer entre les deux bassins d'origine (Michigan ou Appalaches). D'apres la chimie de ces gaz, les roches-meres sont soit immatures soit supramatures (overmature). Les roches encaissantes sont immatures ou marginalement matures. Les isotopes mesures sur le methane indiquent que la plupart de ces gaz proviennent de source supramature. La difference de maturite entre les roches encaissantes paleozoiques et la maturite avancee des roches-meres sont donc en apparente contradiction. En tenant compte de la cinetique de la maturation des hydrocarbures il se pourrait que le gaz puisse avoir ete genere a partir de roches-meres immatures, mais tres anciennes, situees a proximite des accumulations. L'alternative serait que le gaz, en particulier le methane, provienne de roches-meres plus profondes ou meme du socle. Traduit par F. Monnier
The Ancient Environment of the Beartooth Butte Formation (Devonian) in Wyoming and Montana: Combining Paleontological Inquiry With Federal Management Needs

The Beartooth Butte Formation is found in many mountain ranges throughout central Montana and northern Wyoming. This study combines a variety of geologic data to provide a clearer understanding of the fossil fauna and environmental setting of this rock unit. Results show not all exposures of this unit are fossil-bearing and where present, faunal data vary significantly from locality to local- ity. Also, not all exposures of the Beartooth Butte Formation are the same age. Lastly, isotopic data show a consistent pattern of ancient salinity for this rock unit through time, suggesting a constant environmental setting for approximately 20 million years. A casual observation of science stories across all media reveals that the public is fascinated with fossils, particularly dinosaurs (Springer 1997). These stories have served an overall purpose of raising public awareness of ancient life and ancient ecosystems. Given this latest round of enthusi- astic public interest in paleontology, and the problems associated with increasing multiple-use demands on feder- ally managed lands, it is increasingly important to docu- ment the occurrences of fossils. In addition to the public interest in fossils as an educational experience, the recent auction of a Tyrannosaurus (dinosaur) skeleton at a selling price in excess of eight million dollars has demonstrated that some fossils now have proven monetary value. Federally managed lands contain some of the most im- portant fossil-bearing rock units in the world, although historically much of the documentation and evaluation of these important units has been inconsistent, with little attention devoted to management needs. In addition to the now-established monetary value for some specimens, these fossils have proven scientific and educational worth. Rocks of Devonian age (approximately 360-410 million years ago) have gained in scientific importance in recent years as new fossil finds around the world began to provide insight into issues of biodiversity and how vertebrate life moved onto land. The increased global interest in the Devonian Period initiated this investigation into the Devonian-aged Beartooth Butte Formation.
Mexico 1985: the case for gravity waves

SUMMARY The argument for the existence of gravity waves in sedimentary layers during strong earthquakes, such as the 1985 Mexico earthquake, is based on (a) theory, which predicts a discontinuity in surface wave propagation at a finite strain value; (b) effects of stress-strain non-linearity in sediments: and (c) observations suggesting the presence of ultra-short wavelengths in soils during the 1985 Mexico earthquake.
Perceptions of dental fluorosis in the Central Karoo District of the Western Cape Province

Dental fluorosis is an endemic condition in a number of regions of South Africa, varying in degree of affliction according to the drinking water fluoride concentration in the area. Objective: While a number of South African studies have reported on the relationship between fluorosis and fluoride concentration in the drinking water, the purpose of this study was to determine perceptions of dental fluorosis in the Central Karoo District of the Western Cape. Methods: Learners aged 12-15 years and who had been lifelong residents in their respective areas were selected from schools in Leeu Gamka, Merweville, Nelspoort and Murraysburg. All the children meeting the inclusion criteria were included realising a total sample of 189. Drinking water fluoride concentration of each town was determined and concomitant fluorosis affliction was assessed. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to determine respondents’ self rated perceptions of fluorosis as well as their responses to a set of statements on clinically defined fluorosis. To this end four photographs, each depicting a different degree of fluorosis: (No fluorosis; Mild fluorosis; Moderate fluorosis; Severe fluorosis) were shown to the respondents. Results: In Leeu Gamka, with the highest fluoride concentration ([F] = 1.62ppm), 82% of respondents were aware of fluorosis stains as opposed to 6%-20% awareness in Merweville ([F] = 0.68), Nelspoort ([F] = 0.70) and Murraysburg ([F] = 0.56). Two thirds of respondents in Leeu Gamka found the appearance of their teeth embarrassing compared to only 2%-10% in the other 3 areas. The majority of respondents in Leeu Gamka (82%) indicated that they would want to remove the fluorosis spots with only 4%-20% in the lower fluoride areas. Two thirds (67%) of the Leeu Gamka respondents were teased compared to 2%-6% in the other areas. Most of the respondents have not tried to do anything to the appearance of the teeth, even in the higher fluoride area of Leeu Gamka. The average response varied little for all the photographs across the geographic areas (the minimum and maximum scores varied between 4.00 and 5.00) and reflected a greater tendency towards strongly disagreeing with the statement on aesthetics-even for the photographs depicting no fluorosis and mild fluorosis. The average response varied between 1 and 2 among all four geographic regions showing a tendency to “agree” and “strongly agree” to the statement on embarrassment. The average response to the statement on neglect varied little for all the photographs across the geographic areas as the minimum and maximum average response scores varied between 1.36 and 2.39 (agree and strongly agree). The response to the statement on disadvantage varied little for all the four photographs across the geographic areas (minimum=1.00, maximum=2.07) and reflected a greater tendency toward strongly agreeing and agreeing with the statement.
Effect of Faulting on Fluid Flow in Porous Sandstones: Petrophysical Properties

Fault zone permeability in outcrop is quantified by detailed geologic mapping and by measurements using a minipermeameter. Deformation bands, zones of deformation bands, and slip planes are structural elements associated with successive stages in the evolution of a fault zone in porous sandstones. Deformation bands have a porosity about one order of magnitude less than the surrounding host rock and, on average, a permeability three orders of magnitude less than the surrounding host rock. The intensity of cataclasis and the clay content control the amount of permeability reduction as measured perpendicular to a band. The wall rock in proximity to slip planes can have permeabilities more than seven orders of magnitude less than the pristine sandstone. Capillary pressure wit in deformation bands is estimated to be 10-100 times larger than that in the surrounding host rock. Thus, deformation bands and slip planes can substantially modify fluid flow properties of a reservoir and have potential sealing capabilities with respect to a nonwetting phase, as evident in outcrop exposure.
McElroy Field, Permian Basin, West Texas: Cyclic Sequence Dolomite Reservoir of Central Basin Platform: ABSTRACT

The McElroy field, located in Crane and Upton Countries of west Texas, is one of several carbonate reservoirs developed along the eastern margin of the Central Basin platform. The reservoir rock at McElroy consists of Permian System (Guadalupian Series) dolomite of the Grayburg Formation. The Grayburg dolomite and the underlying San Andres Formation were formed as shallowing-upward carbonate sequences. The carbonate facies are overlain by the Queen Formation, an evaporite-dominated unit that serves as the reservoir seal. The Grayburg Formation carbonates consist of dolomitized lime mudstones, wackestones, pelletal and skeletal packstones, and ooid grainstones deposited in subtidal to supratidal environments. Facies prograde eastward toward the Midland basin, suggesting relative sea level lowering or progressive shallowing. The westward limit of the McElroy field is determined by pinch out of reservoir carbonates that interfinger with supratidal nodular and bedded anhydrite. The reservoir petrophysical characteristics are defined by diagenetic overprinting on primary carbonate depositional fabrics. The principal diagenetic processes include dolomitization, anhydrite occlusion of primary porosity, and leaching. McElroy, which was discovered in 1926, produces approximately 13,500 BOPD. This Chevron-operated field has 2.2 billion bbl of oil in place; 329 million bbl have been produced from nearly 1,600 wells. The field is currentlymore » under waterflood and is being evaluated for potential CO/sub 2/ injection. « less
THE EFFECTS OF FLUORIDE LEVELS IN POTABLE WATER: Case Studies in the Northern Cape and Mitchell's Plain

s from papers and posters presented at the Spring Scientific meeting of BASCD (British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry), in April 1991 illustrate the use of GIS in Public Health. Evans (1991) highlights the importance of establishing whether information is readily available. These include demographic, social and other data as well as postal codes. Postcodes are used to allocate addresses to a specific ward, health district or enumeration district. Gordon and Womersley (1997) illustrate the analytical function of GIS for areas, which do not match postcode sectors. A buffer zone, corridor or catchment area could be drawn around a specific site in this case the example of a toxic site was used. The area is then defined according to postcodes or distance measures. From this information a map is then produced and thus other data such as health-related, census, socio-economic and demographics could then be matched to the postcodes. Gordon and Womersley (1997) discuss six factors that assisted in the spatial analysis of health data: • Postcoding of residence of people discharged from hospitals, of births and deaths, screenings and immunization. • The smallest level of Census output is defined as unit postcode aggregates. • The availability of the central postcode directory, which allows numerator (health events) data to be matched to denominator (Census) data for calculations. • The availability of health and census data • Digitized unit postcodes are available for purchase • The microcomputer-based GIS has analytic and other facilities that are easy to operate.
The Effects of Fertilization and Four Years of Throughfall Reduction on Leaf Physiology of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.)

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is the most widely planted pine species in the southeastern United States. Increased frequency of drought associated with projected climate change may negatively impact loblolly pine productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the main and interactive effects of reduced water availability, achieved by throughfall reduction, and onetime fertilization on factors that affect loblolly pine productivity. Leaf-level physiology, and growth were monitored over the third and fourth year of treatment. After four years of throughfall reduction treatment, no interactive treatment effects on light-saturated net photosynthesis (Pnet), stomatal conductance (gs), or growth were observed. Neither fertilization nor throughfall reduction treatment effected growth efficiency, midday leaf water potential (ΨL), ΔΨL, or leaf-specific hydraulic conductance. Fertilization, regardless of throughfall reduction treatment, increased all growth variables except for height, increased radiation use efficiency of stemwood production (εstem), increased intercepted photosynthetically active radiation, and increased leaf area index. However, fertilization decreased Pnet and gs likely due to increased leaf evaporative demand associated with higher LAI. Throughfall reduction decreased LAI and, in 2014, throughfall reduction reduced the leaf area to sapwood area ratio (AL:AS) thereby increasing water supply per unit foliage resulting in no effect of throughfall reduction on leaflevel gas exchange. Conversely, both treatments decreased Δ13C discrimination indicating higher water use efficiency (WUE) and reduced gs in response to throughfall reduction treatment not detected by instantaneous leaf-level gas exchange measurements. The results of this study
Settlement of Buildings on Saturated Sand During Earthquakes

Shaking table tests were conducted on models of rigid structures placed on saturated sand in order to study the pore pressure development in the sand near the structure and to study the factors which influenced the settlement of the structure. The settlement records of reinforced concrete buildings during the Niigata earthquake of 1964 were reviewed for comparison with the model test results.The studies showed : (1) The excess pore pressure developed below the center of the model structure was smaller than that away from the structure. (2) The ratio of the excess pore pressure to the initial effective stress below the center of the model structure decreased as the structure became heavier. (3) For both the model and the prototype the settlement of the structure decreased as the width of the structure increased for a given depth of liquefaction. (4) A pair of rigid walls embedded on both sides of the model structure had a considerable effect on reducing the excess pore pressure below the structure and a marked effect on reducing the settlement of the structure.
Towards a More Comprehensive Tuning Model in Project Management

The increasing prominence of modern ‘wicked’ problems has highlighted the importance of effective tuning and coordination (Kettl, 2003; Pietrewicz, 2019; Hjelum & Lægreid, 2019; Peter, 2015). However, the unresolved managerial challenges associated with achieving effective tuning pose a significant obstacle (Christensen, Lægreid, & Rykkja, 2013; 2016). Thus, this study aims to develop a comprehensive tuning model for project management by creating and testing a novel tuning model. Drawing upon Mintzberg's (1991; 1992) theories and Espinosa, Lerch, and Kraut's (2004) ‘integrated Framework of team coordination and performance’ a novel tuning model is proposed. To evaluate the tuning model, a test case was used, employing design research within the framework of critical realism. The test case analysis revealed three key design criteria for an effective tuning solution: interdependence, hours intensity, and user-friendliness. Additionally, the test case produced an effectivity-matrix and selection-matrix for selecting the optimal tuning solution and finally a method to standardize within a dynamic context. In conclusion, the newly developed tuning model along with the effectivity-matrix, design criteria, and selection-matrix, offer practical assistance and insight for project managers seeking to understand, enhance, and evaluate tuning and coordination within their organization and projects. However, further testing and cross-validation of the tuning model is necessary.
Study the therapeutic role of transcranial magnetic stimulation in Study the therapeutic role of transcranial magnetic stimulation in a sample of Egyptian patients with resistant obsessive-a sample of Egyptian patients with resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder compulsive disorder

Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder that affects approximately 2-3% of the world population. The first-line treatments are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive behavioral therapy. Despite that, approximately 40-60% of patients remain treatment refractive. Aim of work: Evaluating the efficacy of different frequencies of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) as an adjunctive treatment for resistant OCD. Patient and Methods: Thirty patients with treatment resistant OCD were randomly assigned to 2 weeks either active LF (1 Hz, n=10), HF (10 Hz, n=10) with parameters (25-minute trains, 1,500 pulses/day at 100% of the resting motor threshold RMT, 5 sessions/week) or sham (n=10) (same HF parameters with coil tilting). OCD, anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed using: Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale (CGI-S) before and immediately after sessions and 3 months later. Results: A repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a non-significant reduction in Y-BOCS scores in the active groups compared with the sham group after 2 weeks and 3 months later. Similarly, there was non-significant effect of time and time×group interaction on scores of (HAM-A) (CGI-S). While there was a significant effect of time and time×group interaction on scores of (BDI) after 2 weeks with active stimulation especially LF-rTMS not after 3 months. There were no reports of serious adverse effects following the active or sham rTMS treatments. Conclusion: Neither LF nor HF rTMS over the right DLPFC appeared to be superior to sham rTMS for relieving OCD and anxiety symptoms in patients with treatment-resistant OCD. However, rTMS has a role in improving depressive symptoms, especially with LF-rTMS. Further trials with larger sample sizes should be conducted to confirm the present findings.
Follicular Unit Extraction in Management of Secondary Cicatricial Follicular Unit Extraction in Management of Secondary Cicatricial

Background: Management of Cicatricial alopecia has been a challenge to plastic surgeons nowadays ,the variability of surgical methods makes it difficult to choose the right treatment for each patient, also proper diagnosis of the type of cicatricial alopecia, whether it is primary or secondary, reversible or irreversible, scaring or non-scaring and stable or unstable, needs certain experience and skills. Aim of the study: To assess results of Follicular Unit Extraction in management of secondary cicatricial alopecia. Patients and Methods: This prospective cohort study, on 20 patients with secondary cicatricial alopecia. These Patients were operated upon in the Plastic Surgery and burn department , Al-Azhar University Hospitals and were referred to our outpatient clinic for follow up visits. Results: There was sixteen (80%) males and four (20%) females, the mean age of the studied cases was 18.85 (±2.94 SD) with range (15-25) years. General outcome there were two (10%) bad, six (30%) good and twelve (60%) very good, according to hair density there were one (5%) poor, thirteen (65%) good and six (30%) very good, according to postoperative scars there were eighteen (90%) low and two (10%) high and according to hair direction there were four (20%) bad, eleven (55%) good and five (25%) very good. Among the studied cases there were nine (45%) who needed another surgery. Conclusion: Study concluded that hair transplantation is very useful in the field of cicatricial alopecia treatment, hair transplantation has less hazards during anesthesia, less post-operative scars and less recovery time than the usual method of hair restoration.
The Conceptual Model of In-Role Performance Predictor Factors

Along with the expanding scope of behavior that is regarded as in-role performance and the increased climate of competition and expectations of organizations, there is a high demand for employees' in-role performance. This paper is a conceptual work that has aims to elaborate the factors that could improve the quality and quantity of in-role performance. This model refers to the performance predictor models of Blumberg and Pringle (1982) on in-role performance that consists of three components, namely willingness, opportunity, and capacity. Based on the proposed conceptual model, job involvement and work engagement have been selected to represent willingness, transformational and transactional leadership to represent opportunity, and emotional intelligence has been chosen to represent capacity components.