Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toll-like receptors 7 and 9 regulate the proliferation and differentiation of B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune illness marked by the loss of immune tolerance and the production of autoantibodies against nucleic acids and other nuclear antigens (Ags). B lymphocytes are important in the immunopathogenesis of SLE. Multiple receptors control abnormal B-cell activation in SLE patients, including intrinsic Toll-like receptors (TLRs), B-cell receptors (BCRs), and cytokine receptors. The role of TLRs, notably TLR7 and TLR9, in the pathophysiology of SLE has been extensively explored in recent years. When endogenous or exogenous nucleic acid ligands are recognized by BCRs and internalized into B cells, they bind TLR7 or TLR9 to activate related signalling pathways and thus govern the proliferation and differentiation of B cells. Surprisingly, TLR7 and TLR9 appear to play opposing roles in SLE B cells, and the interaction between them is still poorly understood. In addition, other cells can enhance TLR signalling in B cells of SLE patients by releasing cytokines that accelerate the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells. Therefore, the delineation of how TLR7 and TLR9 regulate the abnormal activation of B cells in SLE may aid the understanding of the mechanisms of SLE and provide directions for TLR-targeted therapies for SLE.
Transport coefficients of plasmas and disparate mass binary gases

Abstract We investigate the dynamics of an inhomogeneous disparate mass binary gas or plasma at various scales. The scaling of the cross collision terms follows that derived in [11] in the homogeneous case, and is combined with a scaling of the transport terms of the Boltzmann (or Fokker-Planck) equation which is not the same for the light and heavy particle. Then, a Chapman-Enskog procedure is applied. At the heavy particle (or ion) kinetic scale, this approach leads to a system consisting of a kinetic equation for the heavy particle coupled with massless compressible Navier-Stokes equations for the light particle. At the hydrodynamic/diffusion scale, it leads to a system of coupled compressible Navier-Stokes equations, in which the light particle mass has again being set to zero. In particular, the obtained model is very close to the conventional hydrodynamic model of plasma physics.
Depression and Medicine Use among Older Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Psychosocial Resources and COVID-19 Perceived Susceptibility

A relationship was found between the COVID-19 pandemic and depression among older adults and between depressed mood and increased use of antidepressant medication among older adults during the pandemic. With the aim of broadening the understanding of these relationships, the study examined whether COVID-19 perceived susceptibility mediates the relationship between psychosocial resources (optimism and perceived social support) and depressive symptoms and medication use. Participants included 383 older adults (M = 71.75, SD = 6.77) reporting on socio-demographics, health characteristics, depression, optimism, social support, and COVID-19 perceived susceptibility. Medication use was retrieved from participants medical files. Lower optimism, lower social support, and higher COVID-19 perceived susceptibility were associated with greater depression, related with higher medication use. The findings emphasize the buffering effect of psychosocial resources on the adverse effects of depression affecting older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic, and consequently, the increased use of medication in this population. Practitioners should focus interventions on enhancing optimism and expanding social support among older adults. Moreover, interventions focused on alleviating depression among older adults should aim at improving perceptions of perceived susceptibility in the older population.
Character Identities in the Twisted Endoscopy of Real Reductive Groups

Suppose G is a real reductive algebraic group, is an automorphism of G, and ! is a quasicharacter of the group of real points G(R). Under some additional assumptions, the theory of twisted endoscopy associates to this triple real reductive groups H. The Local Langlands Correspondence partitions the admissible representations of H(R) and G(R) into L-packets. We prove twisted character identities between L-packets of H(R) and G(R) comprised of essential discrete series or limits of discrete series.
Interpolation of curved shell geometries by low order finite elements—errors and modifications

Low order finite elements are of vital interest for practical applications in linear and non-linear structural analysis. The possible discretization errors, when Reissner-Mindlin shell elements with bilinear shape functions are used, and modifications to prevent these errors are presented. On some numerical examples the influence of these errors and of various modifications on the results is shown. Finally, the case of membrane locking with low order Reissner-Mindlin elements for particular assumptions concerning the base vectors and methods to prevent this locking are discussed.
Complement as a Biomarker for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease of immune complex deposition; therefore, complement plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of SLE. In general, complement levels in blood and complement deposition in histological tests are used for the management of SLE. Thus, the evaluation of complement status can be useful in the diagnosis of SLE, assessment of disease activity, and prediction of treatment response and prognosis. In addition, novel complement biomarkers, such as split products and cell-bound complement activation products, are considered to be more sensitive than traditional complement markers, such as serum C3 and C4 levels and total complement activity (CH50), which become more widely used. In this review, we report the complement testing in the management of SLE over the last decade and summarize their utility.
The Influence of Dimensionality on Parameter Estimation Accuracy in the Generalized Graded Unfolding Model

The generalized graded unfolding model (GGUM) is an ideal point model of responding that is consistent with the Thurstonian theory of respondent behavior. Ideal point models have recently generated interest in the realms of attitude and personality assessment. One unclear aspect of applying ideal point models is the influence of multidimensionality on GGUM item and person parameters estimation accuracy. Using simulated data, the authors tested the influence of the balance, or ratio, of items loading onto two dimensions, the degree of bidimensionality and sample size on parameter estimation accuracy. The results suggest that bidimensionality and the proportion of items loading onto a second trait increases estimation error. The second trait was chosen in estimation when a large number of the items in the survey reflected a highly irrelevant second trait. Estimation error was greater for persons and items at the extreme ends of the continuum; positive estimates were biased upward and positive parameters downward. The results suggest that although the GGUM chooses another trait in estimation, in most cases conventional fit analyses and checks for item parameter extremity are likely to be successful in identifying items measuring another trait. Furthermore, the conditions in which the trait being estimated may not be clear should be rare in practice. The implications of these results for researchers who wish to apply these models to real-life data are discussed.
Global Characteristics of X-Ray Flashes and X-Ray-Rich Gamma-Ray Bursts Observed by HETE-2

We describe and discuss the global properties of 45 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) observed by HETE-2 during the first 3 years of its mission, focusing on the properties of X-ray flashes (XRFs) and X-ray-rich GRBs (XRRs). We find that the numbers of XRFs, XRRs, and GRBs are comparable, and that the durations and the sky distributions of XRFs and XRRs are similar to those of GRBs. We also find that the spectral properties of XRFs and XRRs are similar to those of GRBs, except that the values of the peak energy E of the burst spectrum in νFν, the peak energy flux Fpeak, and the energy fluence SE of XRFs are much smaller (and those of XRRs are smaller) than those of GRBs. Finally, we find that the distributions of all three kinds of bursts form a continuum in the [SE(2-30 keV), SE(30-400) keV] plane, the [SE(2-400 keV), Epeak] plane, and the [Fpeak(50-300 keV), Epeak] plane. These results provide strong evidence that all three kinds of bursts arise from the same phenomenon.
Preconditioners for the indefinite linear system arising from the hp discretization of Maxwell's equations

This paper describes a preconditioner for the iterative solution to the indefinite linear equation system that is obtained when the vector wave equation is discretized by higher-order H(curl)-conforming finite elements. The preconditioner is based on a decomposition of the H(curl)-conforming functions into blocks comprising lower-order functions and higher-order functions. Fast convergence is obtained when the grid spacing is sufficiently small. A method for selecting suitable grid spacings is proposed and a series of numerical examples are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability of nonlinear AR‐GARCH models

Abstract. This article studies the stability of nonlinear autoregressive models with conditionally heteroskedastic errors. We consider a nonlinear autoregression of order p [AR(p)] with the conditional variance specified as a nonlinear first‐order generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity [GARCH(1,1)] model. Conditions under which the model is stable in the sense that its Markov chain representation is geometrically ergodic are provided. This implies the existence of an initial distribution such that the process is strictly stationary and β‐mixing. Conditions under which the stationary distribution has finite moments are also given. The results cover several nonlinear specifications recently proposed for both the conditional mean and conditional variance, and only require mild moment conditions.
Dielectron production in proton-proton collisions with ALICE

Ultrarelativistic hadron collisions, such as delivered since a couple of years at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), provide new insights into the properties of strongly interacting matter at high temperatures and densities, which is expected to have existed a few of a millionth seconds after the big bang. Electromagnetic probes, such as leptons and photons, are emitted during the entire collision. Since they do not undergo strong interactions, they reflect the entire evolution of the collision. \\ Pairs of leptons, so called dileptons, have the advantage compared to real photons, that they do not only carry momentum, but also have a non-zero invariant mass. The invariant mass spectrum of dileptons is a superposition of several components and allows to address different characteristics of the medium. \\ To understand dielectron production in heavy-ion collisions, reference measurements in proton-proton (pp) collisions are necessary. pp collisions reflect the vacuum contribution of the particles produced in heavy-ion collisions. The analysis of pp collisions is an essential step towards the extraction of medium influences on the vector meson spectral functions and the thermal radiation in heavy-ion collisions. \\ In this thesis, the production of electron-positron pairs (dielectrons) in pp collisions at a collision energy of $7$~TeV in the ALICE central barrel is analysed. ALICE has unique particle identification capabilities at low momentum. Electrons and positrons are identified with a high purity and combined to pairs. The invariant mass distribution of dielectrons is corrected for detector effects and the selection criteria in the analysis with Monte Carlo simulations. \\ The dielectron invariant mass spectrum of known hadronic sources is calculated based on the cross sections measured in other decay channels using the known decay kinematics. This so called hadronic cocktail represents the dielectron spectrum at the moment of kinematic freeze-out and can be compared to the measured dielectron invariant mass spectrum. The cocktail is consistent with the measured dielectron invariant mass spectrum within the quoted statistical and systematic uncertainties. \\ Additionally, the fraction of direct over inclusive virtual photons is measured as a function of transverse momentum from dielectron yields at high pair momentum. The ratio is used to calculate the cross section of direct real photons, which is compared to next-to-leading order perturbative Quantum-Chromodynamics calculations. The theoretical calculations are consistent with the measurement for pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of $7$~TeV. \\ The analysis and results of this work are the basis for future dielectron measurements of heavier collision systems.
An optimal grey relational measurement

This study presents a novel type of grey relational grade, called the optimal grey relational grade, that is a measurement combining two aspect measures: a grey approximation grade, and a grey similarity grade. It can be viewed as a synthesis measure for interpreting the nonlinear relationship between sequences. Based on the maximum entropy method, the optimal solution to this novel type of grey relational grade was obtained, and it also satisfied the availability of the sub-optimal identification for discriminating the nonlinear relation between sequences. Finally, the verification of this measurement was asserted via two examples.
Field singularities at the tip of a dielectric cone

Data are given on the nature of the singularities near the tip of a dielectric cone of circular cross section. For a "sharp" cone the singularity is associated with a \varphi -independent potential; for a "reentrant" cone with a " cos \varphi " type of potential.
Fault-tolerant control scheme for satellite attitude control system

A sliding mode control scheme with finite reaching time is proposed for a fault-tolerant satellite attitude control system in the presence of actuator faults and external disturbances. The actuator fault is modelled to reflect the degradation of the actuation effectiveness, and the solar array induced disturbance is considered as external disturbance. The control scheme is designed to perform the rest-to-rest manoeuvre of a satellite system with the degradation of the actuation effectiveness, and the stability analysis is performed using the Lyapunov theorem. Numerical simulations are conducted and the results are compared to verify the performance of the proposed fault-tolerant control scheme.
Molecular Line Emissions from the Photodissociation Region of NGC 7027

We have observed or searched for 11 molecular species in 17 transitions in the 200 and 300 GHz bands in the young planetary nebula NGC 7027. The results include a first detection of C2H in this source. The observed spectra of HCO+, H13CO+, HCN, CN, C2H, and CO+ show line widths wider than that of bulk CO emission but coincident with the full width at detection limit of weak wings in CO spectra. The HCO+, HCN, and CN emitting regions have a size of about 13'', significantly smaller than that of the CO emitting region. Thus, the emission of all the observed molecules other than CO and 13CO must originate from a very small volume compared with the entire CO envelope. Excitation analyses of six molecules with electron and neutral collisions at a gas temperature of 800 K yield similar density estimates ranging from 1.3 to 5 × 105 cm-3. Estimated column densities for HCO+, HCN, CN, CO+, and C2H are in good agreement with predictions by a chemical model for the photodissociation region of NGC 7027. These analyses suggest that photochemistry is active in NGC 7027 and the observed molecular emissions (except CO) originate from the H2 photodissociation zone of the object.
Computation of inviscid incompressible flow with rotation

The standard hyperbolic methods used to solve the compressible Euler equations are not effective in the limit of incompressible flow. The sound waves dominate the system and it becomes poorly conditioned for numerical solution. For steady flow governed by the incompressible Euler equations, artificial compressibility is a technique that removes the troublesome sound waves. It leads to a hyperbolic system of equations that we solve by finite-volume differences centred in space, and explicit multistage time-stepping. The stability of this novel system is analysed, its allowable discontinuities are described, and appropriate far-field and solid-wall boundary conditions are introduced. Results are presented for both two- and three-dimensional flows, including vorticity shed from a delta wing. Whether vorticity is produced or not depends very strongly on the body geometry, the accuracy of the solution method, and the transient discontinuities that evolve in the flow field. The results are analysed for the total-pressure losses in the flow fields, and for the diffusion of the vortex sheets.
Probabilistic noise reduction

State estimation is an important factor in the production of accurate forecasts. Great effort isexpended in reducing the noise inherent in observations, to produce a “best” estimate of thetrue system state. But noisy observations necessitate a probabilistic, not a deterministic, approach to state estimation. A state’s probabilistic description is rarely Gaussian, and requiresinformation beyond variance magnitude; the correct distribution is restricted by the underlyingstructure of the system attractor. The concepts of finite-time stable and unstable sets are introducedand data assimilation-based methods for their estimation are developed. 4-dimensionalvariational assimilation proves adept at finding the finite-time stable set valid at the beginningof assimilation windows while the ensemble Kalman filter is capable of approximating the finitetimeunstable set at any time that an observation is available. Combining the results of the twoschemes produces a probabilistic estimate of the system state that is superior to either inisolation.
Three Transcendental Numbers from the Last Non-Zero Digits of nn, Fn, and n!

In this article, we will construct three infinite decimals from the last nonzero digits of n n , Fn (the Fibonacci numbers), andn! , respectively, and we will show that all three are transcendental. Along the way, we will learn a bit about the history of transcendental numbers, discuss two major theorems in the field, and pose some questions for future research. Let’s begin by recalling what it means for a number to be transcendental. DEFINITION. For ! a complex number, we say ! is algebraic if it is the root of a polynomial with integer coefficients. If no such polynomial exists, we say that ! is transcendental. Early mathematicians, of course, were ignorant of this distinction. Indeed, the Pythagoreans of ancient Greece believed that everything in the universe could be measured by whole numbers and their ratios. It must have come as quite a shock when Hippasus (fifth century BC) first demonstrated that certain ratios, such as the ratio between the diagonal and the side of a square, were not the ratios of two whole numbers. Legend has it that angry Pythagoreans threw Hippasus into the sea for his heresy [9], but the idea of irrational numbers lived on. Indeed, our word “irrational” dates back to the Greek word ! ""#$ o% (arr¯
Nonlinear three-dimensional interfacial flows with a free surface

A configuration consisting of two superposed fluids bounded above by a free surface is considered. Steady three-dimensional potential solutions generated by a moving pressure distribution are computed. The pressure can be applied either on the interface or on the free surface. Solutions of the fully nonlinear equations are calculated by boundary-integral equation methods. The results generalize previous linear and weakly nonlinear results. Fully localized gravity–capillary interfacial solitary waves are also computed, when the free surface is replaced by a rigid lid.
Reynolds-number effects on the structure of a turbulent channel flow

A high resolution, two component laser-Doppler anemometer has been used for turbulence measurements at a high data rate in a channel flow of water. Measurements of the velocity components in the stream direction and in a direction normal to the wall are reported over the Reynolds number range of 3000–40000. The combination of high spatial resolution and high data rates enabled accurate reconstruction of time dependent velocity traces. Long-time statistical averages of these signals clearly show that profiles of the dimensionless turbulence quantities such as turbulence intensities and Reynolds stress are strongly Reynolds-number dependent over a large part of the channel flow. For instance, in the Reynolds-number range of this investigation, it is shown that the fluctuating turbulence quantities do not scale with wall variables even as close as 15 viscous lengths from the wall. The velocity traces and associated power spectra exposed two phenomena which may explain the Reynolds number dependencies.
On the noise of a nearly ideally expanded supersonic jet

A noise generation mechanism for a nearly ideally expanded supersonic jet is proposed. It is suggested that the dominant part of the noise of a supersonic jet is generated at two rather localized regions of the jet. These regions are located at distances quite far downstream of the nozzle exit. Large-scale instabilities of the jet flow are believed to be responsible for transferring the kinetic energy of the jet into noise radiation. An analysis based on a simple mathematical model reveals that two large-scale unstable waves are preferentially amplified in a supersonic jet. The rapid growth of these waves causes the oscillations of the jet to penetrate the mixing layer at two locations and to interact strongly with the ambient fluid there. This gives rise to intense noise radiation. Theoretical results based on the proposed noise generation mechanism are found to compare favourably with experimental measurements. A simple scaling formula is also derived.
Biological effects of millimeter wave irradiation on mice-preliminary results

Millimeter waves at 60 GHz are suitable for discreet radio contact in restricted area, especially for indoor high rate communications. Such wave exposures have not been reported. That is the reason why a study of possible biological effects upon living beings was required. An experimental irradiation device was calibrated and used to irradiate mice. Specific absorption rate and internal fields have been computed for a mouse irradiated at 60 GHz. The measured power flux in free space at the irradiation area is close to 0.5 mW/cm/sup 2/, this probably produces some subtle biological effects. To look for possible biological effects, the authors exposed DBA2 mice grafted either with L1210 cells or with Lewis tumor cells and healthy Swiss mice. There were four obvious observations: there is an individual sensitiveness to 60 GHz waves; the survival of mice grafted with L1210 cells could be increased; the growth of Lewis tumor was enhanced; and the activity of Swiss mice was increased. In any way, those effects have to be taken into account, and the authors suggest prudence before using a 60-GHz waves for indoor communications.