Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Global Earthquake Discrimination Scheme to Optimize Ground‐Motion Prediction Equation Selection

We present a new automatic earthquake discrimination procedure to determine in near-real time the tectonic regime and seismotectonic domain of an earth- quake, its most likely source type, and the corresponding ground-motion prediction equation (GMPE) class to be used in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Global ShakeMap system. This method makes use of the Flinn-Engdahl regionalization scheme, seismotectonic information (plate boundaries, global geology, seismicity cat- alogs, and regional and local studies), and the source parameters available from the USGS National Earthquake Information Center in the minutes following an earthquake to give the best estimation of the setting and mechanism of the event. Depending on the tectonic setting, additional criteria based on hypocentral depth, style of faulting, and regional seismicity may be applied. For subduction zones, these criteria include the use of focal mechanism information and detailed interface models to discriminate among outer-rise, upper-plate, interface, and intraslab seismicity. The scheme is validated against a large database of recent historical earthquakes. Though developed to assess GMPE selection in Global ShakeMap operations, we anticipate a variety of uses for this strategy, from real-time processing systems to any analysis involving tectonic classification of sources from seismic catalogs.
A Holocene paleoclimate reconstruction for eastern Canada based on δ18O cellulose of Sphagnum mosses from Mer Bleue Bog

We present a ~9200 yr high-resolution oxygen isotope record of plant cellulose (δ18Ocel) from the peat deposits of Mer Bleue Bog, Ontario and apply it as a proxy for paleotemperature reconstruction in Eastern Canada. The results show that δ18Ocel of Sphagnum follows the general pattern of the Northern Hemisphere reconstructed paleotemperature record for the last 2000 years at a ratio of ~2‰δ18Ocel/°C. The δ18Ocel record of ombrotrophic phase of Mer Bleue Bog is also in accordance with major features of the Holocene sunspot number reconstruction. Three distinct time intervals have low δ18Ocel values: 200–800 cal. BP (‘Little Ice Age’); 2800–3400 cal. BP synchronous to a cooling period reported elsewhere in North America; and 4200–4600 cal. BP corresponding to a cooling interval in the North Atlantic region. These cooling periods also correlate well with negative excursions in the Holocene sunspot and cosmogenic 10Be records. A fourth period of low δ18Ocel values between ad 1810 and 1820 may be related to the extremely cold summer of 1816 and cooler subsequent years, which occurred in the aftermath of the Tambora volcanic eruption, or possibly cooling associated with the early 19th century Dalton solar minimum. The results also indicate the presence of millennial-scale cycles possibly comparable with the globally recognized Bond cycles that have been correlated to fluctuations in solar irradiance.
Developments in industrial mineralogy: I. The mineralogy of brick-making

SUMMARY Fuels, metals and non-metallic rocks and minerals have all contributed to the wealth of the United Kingdom, though in different proportions during different periods of history. Statistical returns show the very low level of metal production, and a waning production and value of all types of fuel at the present time. Only the exploitation of industrial rocks and minerals shows continuous growth. The transformation of clay to bricks is used to show how the application of “pure” mineralogical techniques can describe and explain the changes on firing, and lead to improved industrial firing procedures. Chemical and mineralogical analyses of brick-clays demonstrate a wide range of composition, with quartz and smectite decreasing with age and illite and chlorite increasing. Bricks reflect this variation in the mineral assemblages found after firing. The effect of the length of the firing cycle on the final mineral assemblage is discussed using pure kaolinite as an example.
The European Origins of Euro-Mediterranean Practices

Federica Bicchi compares the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership with previous efforts of the EU to address the southern Mediterranean. The paper focuses on the main practices by which the EC/EU has pursued its aim of region building in the Mediterranean. First, by examining the making of the Global Mediterranean Policy the paper analyses how the concept of a "Mediterranean region" came to be enshrined in European external relations. Second, it describes the multilateral institutional setting created by the EMP. Third, the paper shows how the agenda of the EMP has changed since 1995. Bicchi then analyzes the origins of these practices, as well as their pros and cons , arguing that EMP practices strictly relate to EC/EU internal practices, more so than to OSCE core principles. She warns that â€˜downloadingâ€™ from EU cooperation history with little adaptation might miss the point in diversified and fragmented Southern Mediterranean societies.
The Effect of Communication Skills Training for Generalist Palliative Care Providers on Patient-Reported Outcomes and Clinician Behaviors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Context. As most end-of-life care is provided by health care providers who are generalists rather than specialists in palliative care, effective communication skills training for generalists is essential. Objectives. To determine the effect of communication training interventions for generalist palliative care providers on patient-reported outcomes and trainee behaviors. Methods. Systematic review from searches of 10 databases to December 2015 (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, ERIC, CINAHL, CENTRAL, Web of Science, ICTRP, CORDIS, and OpenGrey) plus hand searching. Randomized controlled trials of training interventions intended to enhance generalists’ communication skills in end-of-life care were included. Two authors independently assessed eligibility after screening, extracted data, and graded quality. Data were pooled for meta-analysis using a random-effects model. PRISMA guidelines were followed. Results. Nineteen of 11,441 articles were eligible, representing 14 trials. Eleven were included in meta-analyses (patients n 1⁄4 3144, trainees n 1⁄4 791). Meta-analysis showed no effect on patient outcomes (standardized mean difference [SMD] 1⁄4 0.10, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.24) and high levels of heterogeneity (chi-square 1⁄4 21.32, degrees of freedom [df] 1⁄4 7, P 1⁄4 0.003; I 1⁄4 67%). The effect on trainee behaviors in simulated interactions (SMD 1⁄4 0.50, 95% CI 0.19e0.81) was greater than in real patient interactions (SMD 1⁄4 0.21, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.43) with moderate heterogeneity (chi-square 1⁄4 8.90, df 1⁄4 5, P 1⁄4 0.11; I 1⁄4 44%; chi-square 1⁄4 5.96, df 1⁄4 3, P 1⁄4 0.11; I 1⁄4 50%, respectively). Two interventions with medium effects on showing empathy in real patient interactions included personalized feedback on recorded interactions. Conclusions. The effect of communication skills training for generalists on patient-reported outcomes remains unclear. Training can improve clinicians’ ability to show empathy and discuss emotions, at least in simulated consultations. Personalized feedback on recorded patient interactions may be beneficial. Registration number. CRD42014014777. J Pain Symptom Manage 2017;54:404e416. 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
‘Bouncing back’ to capitalism? Grass-roots autonomous activism in shaping discourses of resilience and transformation following disaster

Resilience has been criticised in many fields for focussing on attempts to bounce back or maintain the status quo following a disturbance. Such conceptualisations can uphold the hegemony of discourses of stability and are potentially unhelpful to groups seeking to achieve radical change. Despite this, the concept is fast subsuming sustainability as the latest catchphrase for community organisations wishing to address social and environmental injustices. Grass-roots groups are mobilising activism to shape this interpretation through post-capitalist visions – creating alternatives to dominant capitalist narratives in the present. This paper will discuss the expression of such radical notions of resilience through exploring how activism intersects with experiences of disaster. Through the case study of Project Lyttelton, a community organisation at the epicentre of the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake in Aotearoa, New Zealand, this research examines the potential for a radical notion of resilience to challenge hegemonic understandings of everyday capitalist life. By exploring this tension between resilience and post-capitalist activism, this paper contributes to an emerging area of critique through articulating a more nuanced understanding of the radical potential for what is often expressed as an inherently non-radical concept.
Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Endophytic Alternaria sp. Isolated from Eremophila longifolia

The threat to public health resulting from the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is ever rising. One of the major bacterial pathogens at the forefront of this problem is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA, for which there is a great need to find alternative treatments. One of the most promising alternatives is endophytic fungi, which were shown to produce a vast array of bioactive compounds, including many novel antibacterial compounds. In this study, two endophytic Alternaria sp. , EL 24 and EL 35, were identified from the leaves of Eremophila longifolia. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts of their culture filtrates were found to inhibit both methicillin-sensitive S. aureus ATCC 25923 and MRSA strains M173525 and M180920. The activity of each extract was shown to be greatly affected by the growth medium, with considerable reductions in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) observed when tested in tryptic soy broth with glucose (TSBG) compared with Mueller–Hinton broth (MHB). Both extracts displayed significant (p ≤ 0.05) antibiofilm activity against all three S. aureus strains, the greatest of which was that of EL 35, which reduced biofilm formation by M180920 by 72%, while that of EL 24 resulted in a 57% reduction against ATCC 25923. Both extracts also disrupted established biofilms, of which the most effective was EL 35, which reduced the M180920 biofilm by 64%, while EL 24 also performed best against M180920, reducing biofilm by 54%. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the EL 24 EtOAc extract revealed five known compounds. This study highlights the promise of endophytic fungi from Australian plants as a potential source of substances effective against important bacterial pathogens. Further understanding of the responsible compounds and their mechanisms could lead to the development of treatments effective against MRSA, as well as novel biofilm-resistant biomedical materials, contributing towards reducing the burden of AMR.
Evaluating the Adipose Tissue Depth as a Predictor Factor for Gestational Diabetes in Later Pregnancy—A Systematic Review

The increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) requires non-invasive and precise techniques for evaluating the predisposing risk factors such as visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). According to PRISMA, we developed a systematic review and searched after “visceral adipose tissue AND gestational diabetes” and identified 221 articles on the MEDLINE and Word of Science databases. After assessing them for inclusion criteria and two researchers screened them, 11 relevant articles were included. Although evidence is conflicting, more studies favor using US-determined VAT in GDM prediction. VAT may be more valuable than body mass index or SAT in predicting GDM. VAT can represent an additive factor to the prediction tool of the risk of developing GDM when used in conjunction with other anthropometric or biological parameters or maternal risk factors. US measurements are heterogeneous given different evaluation techniques, cut-off values and inter-operator variation. A significant limitation is the lack of a gold standard to identify GDM confidently. Pregnant women may benefit from early monitoring and preventive care if classified as high risk for GDM early in the gestational period. US-measured VAT during the first trimester of pregnancy seems a valuable and inexpensive screening approach to predict GDM development later in pregnancy, either by itself or if used in conjunction with other clinical and biological parameters.
The relationship between the magnitude and direction of the geomagnetic field during the Late Tertiary in Eastern Iceland

Summary. During the Late Tertiary well over 1000 lavas were extruded in Eastern Iceland; potentially they each record an instantaneous description of the palaeomagnetic field. We have systematically attempted to determine the palaeofield magnitude from one specimen from each lava. About one in every four studied has yielded a palaeomagnitude value to go with the palaeofield direction value previously obtained. There is a slight preference for reversely magnetized specimens to yield results. Results from 106 lavas indicate an arithmetic mean value for the virtual dipole moment (VDM) of 8.2 × 0.5 × 1022 Am2. The data suggest an asymmetry whereby the normal polarity field was maintained in magnitude over a wider range of directions than was the reversed polarity field; possibly indicating its greater stability.
Observing seasonal bottom pressure variability in the North Pacific with GRACE

Using monthly gravity field solutions from GRACE together with output from an ocean model we assess the ability of GRACE to observe seasonal ocean bottom pressure variability in the North Pacific. First, the spatial structure and temporal evolution of the long‐term mean seasonal bottom pressure cycle in the North Pacific is characterised in the context of the ocean model. It is then shown that a mean seasonal cycle based on a limited subset of the model output corresponding to the intervals over which the GRACE monthly solutions were formed is representative of this long‐term seasonal cycle. It is therefore concluded that the significant features of the seasonal cycle should be present in the GRACE data. Agreement is found between the ocean model and GRACE estimates of the bottom pressure seasonal cycle, thus demonstrating the worth of GRACE as a tool for studying ocean dynamics.
A comparison of ambipolar diffusion coefficients in meteor trains using VHF radar and UV lidar

In this paper we present the first comparative estimations of ionic diffusion rates for sporadic meteor trains near the mesopause made using VHF radar and UV Rayleigh lidar observations. In both cases we initially assumed that the meteor trains dissipate primarily through ambipolar diffusion. For the radar data, the diffusion coefficient within the meteor train was determined from the decay rate of the backscattered power. From the the lidar data we then calculated profiles of the atmospheric temperature and density in the height range at which the meteor echoes were detected. These data were used to estimate the ambipolar diffusion coefficients that would result assuming different species of ions. Our results appear consistent with the notion that short-lived underdense meteor trains in the height range of 85–95 km decay primarily by ambipolar diffusion. However, the diffusion coefficients obtained from the radar observations were smaller than those found from the lidar data assuming metal meteoric ions. One possible explanation could be that the radar meteor echoes resulted from ionized constituents of the atmosphere.
Dike‐induced faulting and graben subsidence in volcanic rift zones

Field observations and geodetic data indicate that dike intrusion in volcanic rift zones typically generates normal faulting and graben subsidence at the Earth's surface. Elastic models indicate that two-dimensional (infinite strike length) dikes do not lower the ground surface above the dike and that normal faults do not lower the surface significantly, more than one down-dip fault length from the fault trace. Dikes of finite length produce subsidence above the dike, but not by an appreciable amount, for appropriate dike lengths. Therefore the observed graben subsidence can be achieved only if fault slip extends virtually to the dike plane at depth. Dike intrusion increases the horizontal compression adjacent to the dike and decreases the compression beyond the dike perimeter. Therefore fault slip extending to the dike plane is most likely to occur above or in front of the laterally propagating dike. Two data sets documenting the change in surface elevation accompanying dike intrusion in the Krafla rift zone, Iceland, were inverted to determine the dike and fault geometry at depth. Ten kilometers south of the Krafla caldera, subsidence of a graben 1.5 km wide was produced by fault slip to 1.5–2 km depth, essentially to the dike top. Forty kilometers north of the caldera, subsidence of a graben 6 km wide was produced by fault slip to 4–5 km depth, well within the zone of compression adjacent to the dike. In order to determine if fault slip in front of the dike could have produced the observed subsidence north of the caldera, a three-dimensional boundary element model that computes fault slip during lateral dike propagation was developed. Results indicate that fault slip in front of the dike is capable of producing most of the subsidence observed. Additional subsidence could result from reasonable mechanical anisotropy of the rift zone. The lack of deep fault slip south of the caldera is attributed to a less favorable initial stress state. This is consistent with differences in the tectonic history of the two regions over the past several centuries.
Mineralogia e geoquímica de sedimentos de manguezais da costa amazônica: o exemplo do estuário do rio Marapanim (Pará)

The mangroves of the Para state represents an important segment of the Brazilian north coast on the ones which little it is known of the geological characteristics and it relationships with source areas. This research was accomplished in the Marapanim river estuary, in the Para coast, to demonstrate the contribution of continental sediments for the constititution of the mangrove’s sediments. The mangrove’s sediments and the Barreiras Formation sediments and soils (main continental sources) were collected. In the mangrove’s sediments grain size, determination of the carbon (C%), pH and Eh measures and interstitial salinity was made. The mineralogical determination and the multi-elementary geochemistry was made in the sediments muddy and terrigenous adjacents sediments for comparisons. The mangrove’s sediments are clayey silty (> 90%), with the carbon values among 0,75 to 3,5%. The main mineralogy is composed by quartz, goethita, hematite, kaolinite, illite, besides zircon, tourmaline, staurolite and cianite as accessories, what indicates contribution of the Barreiras Formation sediments and sediments muddy. It is common the occurrence in these mangroves the neoformated minerals as: smectite, K-felspars, pyrite, halite, gipsum and jarosite. The enrichment in SiO 2, Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 and TiO 2 in the mangroves and the low tenors in trace metals reflects the tropical climate and the mineralogical composition of the source area, enriched in quartz and caulinite, with low tenors in K 2 O, Na 2 O, MgO and CaO . The chemical composition associated to the organic matter, abundant diatoms besides Fe, S and the marine contributions of Cl - , Na + , K + , Ca ++ and Mg ++ , identify the deposicional ambient and the autigenics minerals. The concentrations and the geochemical behaviour of the trace metals in the mangroves corroborates the outstanding contribution of the continental source area. Those sediments presents the prevalence of the Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE) on the Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE) with high reasons of Th/Co; La/Th; La/Sc; La/Co and Zr/Sc and Th/Sc and Ba/Co, elements present in the felsic igneous rocks that originated the continental sediments.
Capturing Intangible Cultural Impacts of Tourism on Aboriginal Land in Australia's Kimberley Region

Abstract This paper highlights the gap in current indicator-based approaches to address intangible cultural impacts and traditional owner values and ontologies in the development and management of tourism. Present approaches to management and assessment of tourism impacts on indigenous land and sea country (where “country” denotes Aboriginal space and place) are heavily influenced by “objective” science-driven approaches which rationalize and instrumentalize human-nature relationships into measurable units and quantifiable methods and indicators. They reflect a western Eurocentric cultural framework that erases indigenous peoples' worldviews, associations and relationships, viewing indigenous spaces as ecological landscapes rather than as culture-scapes in which “nature” and “culture” are inseparable and rules for access apply. Based on a case study from the Kimberley coastal region of Australia, this paper finds that the “wicked problem” of tourism access without traditional owner permission, a longstanding unresolved issue, continues to be the overarching cultural impact on traditional owners and precludes the finer scale assessment of site-based impacts. The manifestations of the impacts of unsanctioned access range from the scale of individual persons to regional climatic effects and are deeply embedded in the traditional owner ontology. It concludes that, first, there are essential prerequisites to the development of effective local-scale sustainability indicators of intangible cultural impacts of tourism. Second, the paper highlights an urgent need for working within (rather than on) indigenous ontologies in order to overcome the continuing embeddedness of colonizing practices in reductionist indicator-based approaches.