Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimating density and magnetic field turbulence in solar flares using radio zebra observations

Context. In solar flares the presence of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence is highly probable. However, information about this turbulence, especially the magnetic field turbulence, is still very limited. Aims. In this paper we present a new method for estimating levels of the density and magnetic field turbulence in time and space during solar flares at positions of radio zebra sources. Methods. First, considering the double-plasma resonance model of zebras, we describe a new method for determining the gyro-harmonic numbers of zebra stripes based on the assumption that the ratio R = Lb/Ln (Ln and Lb are the density and magnetic field scales) is constant in the whole zebra source. Results. Applying both the method proposed in this work and one from a previous paper for comparison, in the 14 February 1999 zebra event we determined the gyro-harmonic numbers of zebra stripes. Then, using the zebra-stripe frequencies with these gyro-harmonic numbers, we estimated the density and magnetic field in the zebra-stripe sources as n = (2.95−4.35) × 1010 cm−3 and B = 17.2−31.9 G, respectively. Subsequently, assuming that the time variation of the zebra-stripe frequencies is caused by the plasma turbulence, we determined the level of the time varying density and magnetic field turbulence in zebra-stripe sources as |Δn/n|t = 0.0112–0.0149 and |ΔB/B|t = 0.0056–0.0074, respectively. The new method also shows deviations in the observed zebra-stripe frequencies from those in the model. We interpret these deviations as being caused by the spatially varying turbulence among zebra-stripe sources; i.e., they depend on their gyro-harmonic numbers. Comparing the observed and model zebra-stripe frequencies at a given time, we estimated the level of this turbulence in the density and magnetic field as |Δn/n|s = 0.0047 and |ΔB/B|s = 0.0024. We found that the turbulence levels depending on time and space in the 14 February 1999 zebra event are different. This indicates some anisotropy of the turbulence, probably caused by the magnetic field structure in the zebra source.
Experiments with slug baits in South Wales

SUMMARY 0.025% endrin and 0.05% Rogor (dimethoate), when incorporated in standard metaldehyde and bran slug baits did not increase the catch of slugs. Both insecticides in bran biscuits acted as repellents. The addition of 1 part of 50% Sevin (I-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) to 40 parts of the standard metaldehyde and bran mixture improved the catch by 15%. Arion hortensis did not appear to be attracted to metaldehyde to the same extent as Agriolimax reticulatus and Milax budapestensis and the latter species responded more when the nights were warm. Meteorological observations suggest that in the autumn and winter months more slugs are trapped when the night air temperature and the morning relative humidity are high. The age of the biscuits, the grass minimum temperature and the mean night air temperature accounted for 70% of the variance of the catch of metaldehyde biscuits.
Is Nestling Growth Affected by Nest Reuse and Skin Bacteria in Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca?

Abstract. Bacteria may colonize avian nests with unknown repercussions on nestling growth and health, although bacteria on nest materials may easily colonize nestling skin and growing feathers. Cavity nesters may have to build their nests on top of used nest materials, given restrictions on cavity availability. Nest reuse may favour bacterial colonization of nest materials and nestling skin and thereby affect nestling feather growth. To test these possibilities, we conducted a study of Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca breeding in nest-boxes in central Spain. We left a sample of nest-boxes without removing old nest materials in 2010 and compared bacterial loads of nest materials, control inert objects and nestling belly skin in reused nests with those in new nests in 2011. Nestlings raised in reused nests had higher bacterial loads on their belly skin than those in new nests, while no difference between nest types for nest materials and control inert objects were found. There was a marginally significant tendency for wing length before fledging to be lower in reused nests, but no trend for mass or tarsus length. The bacterial loads of nests showed a negative association with feather growth of nestlings as expressed through wing length but not with tarsus length or mass growth. These results indicate an association between nest reuse and bacterial growth on nestling skin not hitherto detected. They also suggest a possible impairment of flight capacity at fledging mediated by nest bacterial communities which are in direct contact with nestling skin and growing feathers.
First insights into the effects of swim-with-dolphin tourism on the behavior, response, and group structure of southern Australian bottlenose dolphins.

KATHARINA J. PETERS, Cetacean Ecology, Behavior and Evolution Lab (CEBEL), School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia; GUIDO J. PARRA, Cetacean Ecology, Behavior and Evolution Lab (CEBEL), School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia and South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), Aquatic Sciences, 2 Hamra Avenue, West Beach, South Australia 5024, Australia; PAWEL P. SKUZA, eResearch, Central Library, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia; LUCIANA M. MOLLER, Cetacean Ecology, Behavior and Evolution Lab (CEBEL), School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
Interferon-Gamma Release Assay Testing in Children Younger Than 2 Years in a US-Based Health System

Background: Use of interferon-gamma releasing assays (IGRAs) in children <2 years old may derive many of the same advantages, which have led to preference over tuberculin skin test (TST) in older children, but data are limited. Since 2011, we have tested children <2 years old with Quantiferon-TB Gold/Gold Plus (QFT)) in select clinical scenarios at Denver Health, a health system encompassing a TB clinic, refugee and immigrant screening and primary care. Methods: We identified patients <2 years old tested with QFT between February, 2011 and August, 2019. The primary outcome measure was incident cases of TB among tested patients. Test results and in vitro characteristics were analyzed, as were demographic, epidemiologic and clinical outcomes. Results: We analyzed 116 QFTs ordered in children age 7–23 months. Two were positive, 3 indeterminate, 3 failed/refused phlebotomy and the remainder (93%) were negative. Mitogen tube results were robust. Thirteen patients were TST-positive: 11 were QFT-negative, 1 QFT-positive and 1 failed phlebotomy. Eight patients received some form of TB medication, including 4 QFT-negative patients who were treated for active TB or latent TB infection based on positive TST or clinical findings. Among QFT-negative patients, including 6 TST-positive, not treated for active TB or latent TB infection, no TB disease has been identified over a median follow-up time of 2.96 years. Conclusions: IGRA use was not limited by barriers of phlebotomy, indeterminate result or gamma-interferon production. The risk of missing an infected but IGRA-negative patient can be reduced by treatment of select patients at higher risk. Current recommendations against IGRA use in children <2 years old could be amended to allow careful introduction, particularly among well-appearing BCG-vaccinated patients.
Red-listed wood-inhabiting fungi in natural and managed forest landscapes adjacent to the timberline in central Sweden

Many wood-inhabiting fungi are today threatened as modern forestry practices drastically reduce the amount of dead wood available in various forest ecosystems. We investigated whether the occurrence of red-listed wood-inhabiting fungi differed between natural and managed forest landscapes adjacent to the timberline in the middle part of Sweden. We assessed whether environmental variables such as the degree of human impact, length of forest roads, dead wood volume and quality affected species richness and abundance. The effects of forestry on wood-inhabiting fungi have been assessed in several studies in lowland Swedish forests. Few studies have, however, been conducted in forest landscapes adjacent to the timberline in Sweden. This is potentially important since forests close to the Swedish mountains have been pointed out as one of few intact forest landscapes in Fennoscandia and they are subjected to increasing logging pressure. Similar to other studies, species numbers and abundances were positively correlated with larger volumes of logs in various decay stages. However, never shown previously, the length of forest roads was negatively correlated with species abundance and occurrence of red-listed species. We suggest that a low amount of forest roads can be used as a conservation indicator to localize still-intact forest landscapes.
Growth, gas exchange and competitive ability of Sorghum halepense populations under different soil water availability

Leguizamón, E. S. , Yanniccari, M. E. , Guiamet, J. J. and Acciaresi, H. A. 2011. Growth, gas exchange and competitive ability ofSorghum halepense populations under different soil water availability. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 1011-1025. Different studies have determined that environmental variation is a key factor determining the outcome of competition within plant communities. Considering the importance of the resource water in non-irrigated lands of Argentina, the aim was to determine the effects of water deficit on relative growth rate (RGR), root length ratio (RLR), gas exchange and competitive ability of Sorghum halepense populations collected in humid and subhumid regions of the Pampa plains. Under semi-controlled conditions, we compared plants of seven S. halepense populations subjected to three different levels of soil water availability during 3 wk: Field capacity (FC), 75% FC and drought (D). Moreover, total above-ground biomass of S. halepense and Zea mays plants growing together in competition was determined. It was found that those plants collected in humid or subhumid regions had greater RGR, gas exchange and RLR under FC and D, respectively. Zea mays achieved a higher competitive ability than S. halepense under FC, but plants collected in humid regions out-competed the crop when grown at 75% FC. Sorghum halepense plants collected in subhumid regions dominated under D. Root length ratio may have favored the maintenance of high levels of gas exchange and also high RGR, thus contributing to sustain a competitive hierarchy under soil water stress.
FRUIT BIOLOGY AND GERMINATION OF TWO TROPICAL POTAMOGETON SPECIES

Summary The drupes or achenes of Potamogeton schweinfurthii A. Benn. and P. richardi Solms. can float for long periods and germination only occurs naturally once the fruits have sunk. The factors controlling their floating, sinking and germination have been investigated. After brief reference to water depths at which these species occur in Uganda, fruit structure is described. The epicarp and mesocarp are initially green in both species and remain green in ripe, floating fruits of P. schweinfurthii. The sheathed embryo lies along the rim of the stony endocarp beneath a lid which can be detached by surgery. Of the factors relating to buoyancy and sinking in P. schweinfurthii, daylight compared with almost total darkness decreased the rate of discoloration of the green floating fruits, the rate at which the pericarp disintegrated and the rate of sinking. Measurements of respiratory oxygen uptake, net photosynthesis rates and density changes, in a series of unripe to just-sunk fruits of P. richardi, suggest that this light-dependence of floating fruits is connected with the maintenance of constant volume and density through gaseous relations within an intact cuticle. During prolonged darkness, fruit density increased at constant mass by shrinkage of the soft parts, caused by degenerative changes and absence of photosynthesis. Neither species germinated in the dark, compared with 100% of light-stored, sunken fruits or with similarly stored fruit from which epicarp and mesocarp had been scraped. In the light, substantial germination also occurred in both freshly shed and older floating fruits after surgical exposure of the embryo. No after-ripening period is required. Presumptive evidence was obtained for the promoting effect of red light on germination in P. schweinfurthii. Using a calibrated Schwarz thermopile and narrow-band interference filters, the promoting effect of 0.05 J/cm2 of red light was established for P. richardi fruits with exposed embryos. Photoreversibility was established by similar doses of far-red.These irradiation values are characteristic of the phytochrome system. Embryos within the intact stony endocarp require an irradiation of 8–10 J/cm2 (652 nm) for promotion and an equivalent dose of far-red for reversal. These findings are discussed in relation to the ecology and distribution of the species.
Evaluating impacts of a wetland field trip: a case study with urban middle school students

Abstract As societies search for ways to deal with increasing environmental issues due to human impacts, the urgency increases for public schools to produce graduates who are environmentally literate and thus equipped to deal with the environmental issues that will face upcoming generations. This research presents a case study that examines the impact of a wetland field trip on the connection to nature, environmental attitudes, and environmental knowledge of a group of 26 urban middle school students. The results show a statistically significant increase in student environmental knowledge. Although quantitative data does not indicate significant changes in connection to nature or environmental attitudes, student statements reveal that the students were highly engaged by the experience and it likely had a meaningful impact on their thinking about water use and water conservation.
Comparative morphological and photosynthetic studies on three Malaysian species of Pogonatum from habitats of varying light irradiances

Abstract Comparative morphological and physiological studies were carried out on three species of Malaysian Pogonatum collected from habitats exposed to different light intensities ranging from 28±4 W/m2 for P. cirratum subsp. macrophyllum (Dozy & Molk.) Hyvönen, to 230±39 W/m2 for P. subtortile (Müll.Hal.) A. Jaeger to 751±45 W/m2 for P. neesii (Müll.Hal.) Dozy. Total chlorophyll and beta-carotene content were higher in P. cirratum subsp. macrophyllum and P. subtortile than in P. neesii when calculated on a fresh weight basis. However, soluble protein content was higher in the sun species compared to its shade-adapted counterparts, and the soluble protein to total chlorophyll ratio was highest in P. neesii. The chloroplasts in the leaves of P. cirratum subsp. macrophyllum were significantly larger than those in the other two species, and had more grana and thylakoids per chloroplast profile. The numbers of starch grains in P. cirratum subsp. macrophyllum and P. subtortile were more than double that observed in P. neesii. Morphological studies of the leaves showed specific differences in the shapes and heights of the lamellae found on the adaxial surfaces of the leaves. The lamellae of P. cirratum subsp. macrophyllum were rudimentary whilst those of P. subtortile were 2–3 cells high and P. neesii possessed lamellae 5–7 cells high. These findings indicate a direct correlation between the height of the lamellae and the light irradiances received by the plants. Determination of the in vitro Photosystem II photochemical rates, with an oxygen electrode, of chloroplasts isolated from these plants, showed that P. neesii and P. subtortile exhibited higher rates than P. cirratum subsp. macrophyllum. Similarly in vivo light saturation studies with an infrared gas analyzer showed that CO2 assimilatory rates were highest in P. neesii, even at low light intensities, suggesting a relationship between photosynthesis and light irradiance in these mosses that is different from vascular plants.
Isolation and Characterization of Cancer Chemopreventive Compounds from Barringtonia maunwongyathiae

Abstract A new plant species, Barringtonia maunwongyathiae. W. Chuakul (Lecythidaceae), was recently discovered in Khuan Thon Forest, Ao Luek District, Krabi Province, Thailand. Chemical investigation of the leaves of this plant led to the isolation of 10 triterpenes, 3 steroids, and a vitamin E derivative. The structures of these compounds were identified as taraxerol (1), 3-(E.)-coumaroyltaraxerol (2), 3-(Z.)-coumaroyltaraxerol (3), 3-(E.)-coumaroyl β. -amyrin (4), 3-(Z.)-coumaroyl β. -amyrin (5), 3-(E.)-coumaroyl α. -amyrin (6), 3-(Z.)-coumaroyl α. -amyrin (7), 3-(E.)-coumaroyllupeol (8), 3-(Z.)-coumaroyllupeol (9), 3,19,24-trihydroxyurs-12-ene-28-oic acid (10), stigma-4,22-dien-3-one (11), β. -stigmasterol (12), 3-O. -β. -D-glucopyranosyl-stigmasta-5,22-diene (13), and α. -tocopherylquinone (14). All compounds were evaluated for their cancer chemopreventive potential based on inhibition of TPA-induced ornithine decarboxylase expression, COX-1 and COX-2 activities, and phorbol ester–induced NF-κB luciferase expression, as well as activation of antioxidant response element–mediated luciferase expression. Compounds 1, 2, and 14 demonstrated greatest promise, while 12 and 13 showed moderate activity.
Soil CN ratio as a scalar parameter to predict nitrous oxide emissions

Forested histosols have been found in some cases to be major, and in other cases minor, sources of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). In order to estimate the total national or global emissions of N2O from histosols, scaling or mapping parameters that can separate low‐ and high‐emitting sites are needed, and should be included in soil databases. Based on interannual measurements of N2O emissions from drained forested histosols in Sweden, we found a strong negative relationship between N2O emissions and soil CN ratios (r2adj=0.96, mean annual N2O emission=ae(−b CN ratio)). The same equation could be used to estimate the N2O emissions from Finnish and German sites based on CN ratios in published data. We envisage that the correlation between N2O emissions and CN ratios could be used to scale N2O emissions from histosols determined at sampled sites to national levels. However, at low CN ratios (i.e. below 15–20) other parameters such as climate, pH and groundwater tables increase in importance as regulating factors affecting N2O emissions.
The Brief Period of Spring Migration, Short Marine Residence, and High Return Rate of a Northern Svalbard Population of Arctic Char

Abstract Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus, in the high-Arctic archipelago of Svalbard, entered the Dieset River (79°10′N) immediately after ice breakup in late June (1991–1993), and within 48 h almost half the migrating population had left the lakes where they spent the winter. The majority of the anadromous char descended into the sea within 3 weeks of the melt. The temporal pattern of emigration was independent of body size. The average residence time at sea of the char was 33.6 d, and the maximum was 56 d. The duration of the seawater sojourn was independent of body size. However, the combined time of downstream migration and marine residence was inversely related to body length in early migrating char. Fish that migrated to the sea early tended to stay there longer. The overall return rate ranged from 33.3% for the smallest (15.1–20 cm) to 75.0% for the largest (45.1–50 cm) char, averaging 51.5%. The average return rate for fish shorter than 25.1 cm (first-time migrants) was 42.5%. The upstream run star.
Motorized Intramedullary Lengthening Nails: Outcomes and Complications

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Defining a ‘Risk Group’ and Ageism in the Era of COVID-19

Abstract By classifying older adults, based on chronological age, as a higher risk group of coronavirus disease, 2019 is unacceptable and unfair- potentially reinforcing ageism. This ageist approach can accelerate the risk of social isolation, and heightened levels of psychosocial distress. Moreover, a general calculation of the number that is generated merely from the case fatality rate surely will mislead the indicators of the epidemic’s trajectory, and lead to another infodemic. Therefore, transparency in news dissemination, the underlying health conditions and cultural differences of older adults are essential aspects while defining a risk group.
In Vitro Flowering and Micropropagation of Hyptis suaveolens (Linn.) Poit.—An Important Medicinal Herb

An optimized protocol for micropropagation of Hyptis suaveolens was developed. A 100% shoot regeneration frequency and 16.9 shoots per node explant were achieved on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) containing 1.0 mg.L−1 N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.5 mg.L−1 gibberellic acid (GA3). Node explants of microshoots could be induced for proliferation of a large number of harvestable shoots on the same medium. The shoots developed in vitro inflorescences and 8.5 flowers per shoot on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg.L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Rooting of microshoots was induced on MS medium containing 1.0 mg.L−1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The plantlets were acclimatized, transplanted to natural soil, and evaluated. The regeneration protocol may provide a means of ex situ germplasm conservation and for research of active constituents.
Evaluation of feeding supply and forage cactus processing for lactation cows

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da forma de fornecimento da dieta e do processamento da palma forrageira sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, a producao e a composicao do leite, a concentracao de N-ureico no plasma (NUP) e no leite (NUL) e a producao de proteina microbiana em vacas holandesas em lactacao. Foram utilizadas oito vacas com 453 ± 75,8 kg e producao de 14 kg de leite/dia distribuidas em arranjo fatorial, com duas formas de processamento do cacto (picado a faca ou em maquina forrageira) e duas formas de fornecimento da dieta (concentrado separado e mistura completa). Os consumos de materia seca, materia orgânica, fibra em detergente neutro e nutrientes digestiveis totais foram menores quando o cacto foi processado a faca. A digestibilidade, a producao de leite e as producoes de proteina e gordura nao foram alteradas pela forma de fornecimento da dieta nem pelo processamento da palma-forrageira. A producao media de leite foi de 14,8 kg/dia para a palma picada a faca e de 14,6 kg/dia para a palma picada em maquina forrageira e de 14,8 kg/dia quando fornecida em concentrado separado e de 14,5 kg/dia quando em mistura completa. Todavia, o teor de gordura foi menor (36 g/kg) para nas vacas alimentadas com a palma picada a faca. Os derivados de purina e as concentracoes de N-ureico nao foram influenciados pela forma de fornecimento da dieta nem pelo processamento da palma-forrageira. As medias observadas para eficiencia da sintese de proteina microbiana (98,9 g/kg NDT), concentracoes de NUP (21,3 mg/dL) e NUL (18,2 mg/dL) foram semelhantes para o processamento do cacto e a forma de fornecimento da dieta. O processamento da palma em maquina forrageira melhora o consumo de materia seca e o fornecimento em forma mistura completa evita a seletividade.