Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Application of wavelet transform for extracting edges of paddy fields from remotely sensed images

For geographical information systems (GIS) to be useful in the management of Japanese paddy fields, it is vital to be able to prepare base maps that define sections of field. We attempted to prepare a base map by detecting the edges of submerged paddy fields from a SPOT image with the use of multi-resolution wavelet transform. The raw image of SPOT band 3 was decomposed into a low frequency approximation image and a set of high frequency detailed images to five levels, and then reconstructed. The reconstructed image at the fifth level was obtained from all of the high frequency images except for the low frequency approximation image. The image reconstructed up to full scale was then applied to a zero-crossing scheme and three post-processings—line thinning, removal of isolated pixels, and connection of pixels with their neighbours—in order to obtain clear edges. The spatial features of the image indicating the edges obtained by multi-resolution wavelet transform were compared quantitatively with those obtained by using a difference of Gaussian (DOG) filter. The multi-resolution wavelet transform was better than the DOG filter in that the base map obtained by the wavelet transform method represented a ‘field block’, which is typically composed of 10 holdings of paddy field, more precisely than with the DOG filter, and in that the number of open polygons on this map was smaller, indicating that the wavelet transform method is more suitable for producing the base map in GIS for the management of paddy fields.
A Bayesian Simulation Study Using MCMC to Find Possible Ice Shelves Characteristics in the Arctic Ocean about 140 000 Years Ago

The aim of this thesis is to investigate possible features of ice shelves in the Arctic about 140000 years ago. The ice shelves have a critical role in the global climate system and since the human carbon emissions will increase the temperature in the future it is important to understand more about how the ice sheet interacts with the global climate. Today most ice shelves are found in the Antarctic. The Antarctic data are being used as plausible relations between several parameters under the presumption that the ice shelves in the Antarctic today have similar features as ice shelves in the Arctic 140000 years ago. Seafloor findings suggest that the Arctic has been covered with huge ice shelf complexes. Markov Chain Monte Carlo, MCMC, is a general simulation method that draws values from approximate distributions. The Markov chain used here is the Gibbs sampler and the software OpenBUGS has been performing the simulations. The results suggest that huge ice shelf complexes were extreme events but support the idea of ice shelves in the Arctic in the past.
RANGELAND DEGRADATION IN MONGOLIA: CHANGES IN VEGETATION COMPOSITION AND BIOMASS, AND POTENTIAL EFFECT ON SOIL CARBON

Mongolian rangelands are degrading due to changes in land management and climate change. Grazing-induced disturbances will further exacerbate the problem and potentially increase the soil organic carbon (SOC) rate of loss. We lack understanding on what ecosystem processes are involved and how they interact and how they are expressed in different ecological zones of Mongolia in order to be able to mitigate the problems. To address these challenges, a series of experiments was designed, comparing open pastures and enclosures in different ecological zones of Mongolia, focusing on vegetation and soil properties. In addition, an effort was made to analyze Icelandic soil data to compare vegetation cover and SOC accumulation. The results suggest that grazing reduces vegetation cover by 9.1%, biomass by 23.1%. Species diversity decreased and species composition changed with grazing. Species cover, biomass, species diversity, and species numbers differed significantly between ecological zones, suggesting an influential site effect, here interpreted as climatic effect. SOC differed significantly between land reclamation treatments and soil depths. The highest values were found in the grass treatment and the topsoils in all treatments.
Flood Menace in Kaduna Metropolis: Impacts, Remedial and Management Strategies

This study assesses how Kaduna Metropolis have been affected by flood menace incidences as it takes a look at the devastating impacts, remedial and management strategies at curbing flooding in Kaduna Metropolis which has almost become a yearly occurrence. Data for this study were obtained from questionnaires, interviews, personal observation, archival records of ministries and newspaper reports. A total of 196 respondents, drawn from residents in flood prone areas, were sampled for this study. Descriptive statistics and Likert Rating System were used in the analyses of the data. The results of analyses show that floods in Kaduna Metropolis occur mostly at the event of rainfall intensity, especially at the peak of rainy season (September, 2015). And it takes 3 5days for the flood water to recede depending on the magnitude of event and receding factors in different areas. Factors other than rainfall identified to substantially influenced flooding in the study area are: Lack of and poor drainage networks, dumping of wastes/refuse in drainage and water channels, topographic characteristics, overflowing of river banks, low infiltration due to high water table and degree of built or up areas leading to increased runoffs, and climate change. Despite the flood hazards, occupants in flood prone have remained on the basis of having no alternative, cultural ethnic affinity, family home place where parent were buried, used to flooding as the whole area suffers from flooding, nature of occupation, and cheaper houses to rent. Personal properties and public infrastructures suffer all forms of flood damages. Flood remedial and management strategies include river rechannelization, raising house foundations, land use planning and management and public enlightenment are recommended measure to checkmate activities aiding flooding in Kaduna metropolis.
Surface geochemistry as an exploration tool in frontier, deep water, areas: Case studies from the Atlantic Margin

Surface geochemical prospecting involves the search for near-surface or surface anomalies of hydrocarbons, which could indicate the occurrence of petroleum accumulations in the sub-surface. The methodology, as applied in offshore basins, covers a range of techniques, from observation of visible oil seepage at the surface to detection of micro-seeps in near surface sediments using sensitive analytical technique. Since most rock types are not totally impervious to hydrocarbons, both light and heavy hydrocarbons will migrate upwards, from either mature source rocks or reservoirs, to near surface sediments. While the methodology for surface geochemical surveys is the subject of continuous development, the current, most favoured practice is to detect possible migration pathways from the deep to the near-surface with the aid of seismic data, often together with remote sensing data (satellite imaging etc.). The expression of such pathways at the surface is then the focus of surface geochemical prospecting grids. Most articles concentrate on the analysis of the samples and integration of the geochemical data with the geological framework. It is, however, important that the samples are collected properly and preserved in such a way that the original hydrocarbon assemblage present in the samples when they are brought onboard are preserved for analysis, i.e. care must be taken that there is no bacterial activity after the samples are collected and before they are analysed. Another important factor when undertaking surface geochemical studies is cost. In all such studies, sampling constitutes by far the greatest cost. It is therefore important that the methods used for sampling are streamlined for the purpose, i.e. that methods are not used merely because they give apparently impressive results without increasing the quality of the samples. It is very easy to double the sampling cost by using expensive techniques which do not enhance the quality of the samples. The authors have experience from a number of deep-water exploration areas. In this paper we will discuss sampling methods, preservation of samples and present data from three North Atlantic Margin studies and compare the geochemical data with drilling results where such are available.
Association between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Heart Failure in Adults—A Systematic Review

Background: Heart failure (HF) patients commonly experience obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which may worsen their condition. We reviewed a diverse range of studies to investigate the prevalence of OSA in HF patients, the effects of positive airway pressure (PAP) treatment, and the potential impact of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and sacubitril/valsartan on OSA outcomes. Methods: We analyzed case-control, observational studies, and randomized controlled trials. Prevalence rates, PAP treatment, and HF pharmacotherapy were assessed. Results: Numerous studies revealed a high prevalence of OSA in HF patients, particularly with preserved ejection fraction. PAP treatment consistently improved an apnea-hypopnea index, left ventricular ejection fraction, oxygen saturation, and overall quality of life. Emerging evidence suggests that SGLT2i and sacubitril/valsartan might influence OSA outcomes through weight loss, improved metabolic profiles, and potential direct effects on upper airway muscles. Conclusions: The complex interplay between OSA and HF necessitates a multifaceted approach. PAP treatment has shown promising results in improving OSA symptoms and HF parameters. Additionally, recent investigations into the effects of HF pharmacotherapy on OSA suggest their potential as adjunctive therapy. This review provides insights for clinicians and researchers, highlighting the importance of addressing OSA and HF in patient management strategies.
Permafrost Degradation and Its Environmental Sequent in the Source Regions of the Yellow River

From the available data of eco-environmental geology and desertification due to permafrost degradation in the source regions of the Yellow River, it is found that the eco-environment is deteriorating in permafrost regions. Permafrost degradation results in lowering or disappearing of the level of groundwater in the seasonal thawing layer, on which the growth of alpine meadow in cold regions depends. Thus, the alpine meadow in cold regions is degrading, together with water environment aggravating. It is the main reason that the alpine meadow, which holds the balance in the source regions of the Yellow River, is losing water and going to desertification.
Association between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Intracranial Artery Calcification Stratified by Gender and Body Mass Index: A Hospital-Based Observational Study

Background and Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an independent risk factor for stroke. Furthermore, intracranial arterial calcification (IAC) has been validated as a marker for subclinical cerebrovascular disease. However, the relationship between OSA with IAC was less studied compared with its established association with coronary artery calcification. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between the severity of OSA and the degree of IAC in hospitalized patients without preexisting cardiovascular disease. Methods: This hospital-based observational study was conducted from June 1, 2017, to May 1, 2019. In total, 901 consecutive patients who underwent head computed tomography scans and portable sleep monitoring were included. On the basis of the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), patients were divided into four OSA severity groups (normal: AHI <5/h; mild: 5≤ AHI <15/h; moderate: 15≤ AHI <30/h; severe: AHI ≥30/h). Associations of OSA with IAC scores were assessed by using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Of the 901 patients, 484 (53.7%) were men; the mean (SD) age was 66.1 (10.0) years. The non-OSA group included 207 (23.0%) patients; mild OSA, 209 (23.2%); moderate OSA, 235 (26.1%); and severe OSA, 169 (18.8%). Mean IAC scores were higher in the severe OSA group compared with non-, mild, and moderate OSA groups (4.79 vs. 2.58; 4.79 vs. 2.94; 4.79 vs. 3.39; p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis adjusted for confounding factors revealed that only severe OSA was associated with a higher IAC score (odds ratio [OR]: 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.43–1.91; p < 0.001). In stratified analyses by BMI, among participants with a BMI <25 kg/m2, the positive association between AHI values and IAC scores was found in the moderate OSA group (OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.43; p = 0.01) and the severe OSA group (OR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.55, 2.48; p < 0.001). When stratified by gender, in women, the positive association was found in the moderate OSA group (adjusted OR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.02–1.51; p = 0.016) and the severe OSA group (adjusted OR: 1.76; 95% CI: 1.36–2.25; p < 0.001). For the men group, a positive association between IAC scores and AHI was only observed in the severe OSA group. Discussion: These findings suggest that OSA, in particular severe OSA (AHI ≥30), is independently associated with higher IAC scores. Women and no-obesity individuals appeared more susceptible to adverse OSA-related subclinical cerebrovascular disease as measured by IAC scores.
Osteochondral allograft transplantation in the ankle: a review of current practice

Osteochondral allograft transplantation is a technique that was first developed to treat cartilage pathology in the knee. Over the past 15 years, this technology has been translated to the treatment of osteochondral lesions and end-stage arthritis of the ankle. For osteochondral lesions of the talus or the tibia, a fresh osteochondral allograft transplant can be fashioned to match a specific defect and is useful for large, cystic or uncontained lesions. For a young patient with end-stage arthritis, bipolar fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation is a treatment alternative to ankle arthrodesis. Evidence for these operations is limited and consists primarily of case series, which have reported variable rates of success and in some cases high rates of complications and reoperations. Nevertheless, these techniques continue to evolve and should be considered as
Prevalence and Factors Associated with Syphilis among Mothers with Missed Opportunities for Antenatal Syphilis Testing in Rural Western Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background Early prenatal syphilis testing and treatment are essential preventative measures for maternal syphilis and associated adverse pregnancy outcomes of pregnancy; however, data shows that two-thirds of all cases are missed among women who visit prenatal care center at least once but are not tested for syphilis. This study determined the prevalence and factors associated with syphilis infection among mothers with missed opportunities for antenatal syphilis testing in rural western Uganda delivered at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital (FRRH). Methods A cross-sectional study was done during the period from April 2022 to June 2022. A total of 124 participants had been recruited consecutively from postnatal ward of FRRH. Pretested questionnaires were used to obtain information on data required for analysis. Venous blood sampling (2 ml taken from the forearm using anticoagulant free vacutainer) was done for all mothers who missed opportunity for prenatal syphilis testing using both RPR and TPHA. Descriptive statistics followed by binary logistic regression analysis was done using SPSS version 22.0. Results The prevalence of syphilis infection was 27 (21.8%). After adjusted analysis, having more than one sexual partners in the past one year was associated with higher odds of syphilis infection (aOR = 24.922, 95% CI: 4.462-139.201, p < 0.001), and staying with the partner was found to be associated with lower odds of syphilis infection (aOR = 0.213, 95% CI: 0.040-1.142, p = 0.050). Conclusions The study identified high prevalence of syphilis infection among mothers with missed opportunities for antenatal syphilis testing, and this was positively associated with having more than one sexual partners in the past one year and negatively associated with not staying with partner.
Prevalence and factors associated with small for gestational age among women who delivered at Hoima Regional Referral Hospital, Western Uganda: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Small for gestation age (SGA) is a common problem in low and middle income countries (LMIC) and has important adverse effects on subsequent survival, health, growth and development independently of the gestational age. The complications of SGA occur during the neonatal period, throughout childhood and beyond. Methods: A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and factors associated with SGA among women who delivered at the maternity ward of Hoima Regional Referral Hospital (HRRH). Data was collected from August to October 2022 using questionnaire interview and physical examination. SGA was de�ned as a birthweight lower than the 10 th centile for a speci�c completed gestational age by gender, using the Alexander reference population. Data was analysed using SPSS 27.0 statistics for windows. The prevalence of SGA was determined as proportion, whereas binary logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with SGA. A p-value <0.05 was considered for statistical signi�cance both at bivariate and multivariable level. Results: Of the 236 participants, 44(18.6%) were SGA. SGA was dependent of positive HIV serologic status [p=0,01; aOR 5.41(2.99-9.80)], undernutrition [p=0,001; aOR 3.22(1.95-5.33)], oligohydramnios [p=0,02; aOR 1.83(1.01-3.31)], and prematurity [p=0,02; aOR 2.87(1.21-6.82)]. Conclusion: The prevalence of SGA was relatively high among women who attended HRRH. HIV, undernutrition, oligohydramnios, and prematurity were consistently associated with the occurrence of SGA births. HIV prevention and care, antenatal visits, and good feeding practices among pregnant women are vital interventions to reduce the prevalence of SGA.
Nucleotide Sequence of the Gene Encoding the Matrix Protein of a Recent Measles Virus Isolate

The sequence of the M gene of the Hu2 strain of measles virus has been determined. In the coding region of the gene, six nucleotide replacements had occurred with respect to the sequence of the M gene of the Edmonston strain. Two of these were silent and only four led to amino acid replacements in the protein sequence even though in SDSPAGE the mobility of the protein would indicate an Mr increase of 2000. No changes were observed in the 5' untranslated regions of the gene. Two changes were observed in the 3' untranslated region of the gene. The sequences are compared to those recently published for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis viruses.
The influence of socioeconomic status on utilization and outcomes of elective total hip replacement: a multicity population-based longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE In countries with universal health coverage, socioeconomic status is not expected to influence access to effective treatment and its prognosis. We tested whether socioeconomic status affects the rates of elective total hip replacement and whether it plays a role in early and late outcomes. DESIGN Multicity population-based longitudinal study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS From Hospital Registries of four Italian cities (Rome, Milan, Turin, and Bologna), we identified 6140 residents aged 65+ years undergoing elective total hip replacement in 1997-2000. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES An area-based (census block) income index was used for each individual. Poisson regression yielded rate ratios (RR) of population occurrence by income level. Logistic regression estimated odds ratios (OR) of selected outcomes within 90 days. Cox proportional hazard models evaluated effects of income on rates of revision of total hip replacement and mortality up to 31 December 2004. Analyses were adjusted for age, gender, city of residence, and coexisting medical conditions. RESULTS Low-income people were less likely than high-income counterparts to undergo total hip replacement [RR = 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81-0.95]; the effect was stronger among those aged 75+ years (RR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.66-0.86). Low income was associated with higher risk of acute adverse medical events (P trend = 0.05) and of general infections and decubitus ulcer (P trend = 0.02) within 90 days. The effects were even higher among those aged 75+ years. No effects were found either for orthopaedic complications within 90 days or for revision and mortality. CONCLUSIONS Total hip replacement is underutilized among elderly deprived individuals. Disadvantaged patients seem more vulnerable to acute adverse medical events after surgery. The evidence of unmet need and poor prognosis of low social class people has important implications for health care policy.
Title : A multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on Pareto prediction for automatic test task scheduling problems

The test task scheduling problem (TTSP) is a combinatorial optimization problem still under AC CE PT ED M AN US CR IP T investigation. A multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on Pareto prediction (PP-MOEA) is proposed fully considering the characteristics of TTSP. In a multi-objective TTSP, multiple solutions in the decision space correspond to a point in the objective space and the number of true Pareto front in the objective space is relatively small. Moreover, there are less solutions distributing in either high or low objective values while most solutions distribute in average. Based on these characteristics, a pure elitism strategy and a novel scale-down non-dominated sorting (SDNS) method are combined to improve the efficiency and convergence of the algorithm. Additionally, an extended encoding range approach and a Pareto prediction strategy are proposed to help exploring new solutions and increase the diversity of population. The Pareto prediction strategy is implemented by following the historical evolutionary information of the current Pareto set and then predicting the next generation of several individuals. The makespan (maximal test completion time) and the mean workload of the instruments are considered in this research. Based on the general framework of MOEAs, the proposed algorithm is more effective and efficient in tackling multi-objective TTSPs. PP-MOEA has the better performance of convergence and diversity compared with other algorithms based on the statistical analysis of experiments results.