Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Partial cavity shedding on a hydrofoil resulting from re-entrant flow and bubbly shock waves

Abstract Partial cavity flows forming on a NACA0015 hydrofoil are visualized using high-speed cinematography and time-resolved X-ray densitometry. These observations reveal the underlying flow features that lead to the cloud cavity shedding. Previous studies have reported that both near-surface liquid re-entrant flow and bubbly shock waves can serve as the mechanisms causing cavity pinch-off and cloud shedding. We identify both mechanisms in the current study. The cavity shedding frequency was also examined and related to the underlying flow dynamics. The probability of re-entrant flow or bubbly shock-induced shedding processes are quantified, and the likelihood of each mechanism is shown to be a function of both the cavitation number and the Mach number of the bubbly mixture within the separated region of the cavity. When the Mach number of the two-phase mixture in the cavity exceeds unity, shock waves become the dominant mechanism that lead to large-scale cavity shedding and cloud cavitation.
Skeletochronology of the Levant Green Frog, Pelophylax bedriagae (Camerano, 1882), in Southern Iran

Abstract: Skeletochronology is a reliable method for estimating the age and growth rate of many ectothermic vertebrates, including amphibians. The Levant green frog, Pelophylax bedriagae (Ranidae), is a relatively large frog distributed in the western and northern parts of Iran. The age structure of Pelophylax bedriagae was determined by examining 52 females and 39 males collected from Kohgilouyeh and Bouyerahmad Provinces (Yasouj and Basht). The age range of the two populations is three to 10 years. The maximum age for males and females is 10 and eight years, respectively. The highest age distribution for males is six years (17.6%) and four and six years (15.4%) for females. On average, males (6.2±1.4 years) are older than females (5.2±1.3 years). Male and female body size is correlated with age within both populations. However, despite being significantly different in average body size, the average age of the two populations (Yasouj vs. Basht) is not significantly different.
TEVL: Trilinear Encoder for Video-language Representation Learning

Pre-training model on large-scale unlabeled web videos followed by task-specific fine-tuning is a canonical approach to learning video and language representations. However, the accompanying Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) transcripts in these videos are directly transcribed from audio, which may be inconsistent with visual information and would impair the language modeling ability of the model. Meanwhile, previous V-L models fuse visual and language modality features using single- or dual-stream architectures, which are not suitable for the current situation. Besides, traditional V-L research focuses mainly on the interaction between vision and language modalities and leaves the modeling of relationships within modalities untouched. To address these issues and maintain a small manual labor cost, we add automatically extracted dense captions as a supplementary text and propose a new trilinear video-language interaction framework TEVL (Trilinear Encoder for Video-Language representation learning). TEVL contains three unimodal encoders, a TRIlinear encOder (TRIO) block, and a temporal Transformer. TRIO is specially designed to support effective text-vision-text interaction, which encourages inter-modal cooperation while maintaining intra-modal dependencies. We pre-train TEVL on the HowTo100M and TV datasets with four task objectives. Experimental results demonstrate that TEVL can learn powerful video-text representation and achieve competitive performance on three downstream tasks, including multimodal video captioning, video Question Answering (QA), as well as video and language inference. Implementation code is available at https://github.com/Gufrannn/TEVL.
Smoothed “Slack Cable” Models for Large Amplitude Oscillations of Suspension Bridges

Abstract This paper proposes a technique to study the dynamics of suspension bridges in those cases where the use of traditional models is not possible, i.e., when the deformed shape of the structure allows the simultaneous presence of taut and slack hangers. The typical unilateral behavior of these suspension elements, which are unable to transmit compressive forces, introduces a discontinuity in the stiffness that implies strong computational difficulties in the solution of the equations governing the motion; as a consequence, the response of the continuous or discrete models proposed may be evaluated only through step by step time integration. In this paper an alternative technique is proposed, which replaces the distribution of unilateral hangers with a smooth nonlinear regular system made equivalent to the effective one by means of an energy criterion. The proposed technique, referred to as “equivalent nonlinearization,” allows description of the motion through partial differential equations that are nonlinear but regular and, therefore, can be solved through classical perturbation techniques. The paper also describes two models formulated on the basis of the previously mentioned technique and some classes of solutions corresponding to particular characteristics of the forcing action. Dedicated to Prof. Giuliano Augusti for his imminent 70th birthday.
Actualizing Talent in Physics: A Qualitative Study of Gifted Finnish Upper-Secondary-School Physics Students

This qualitative study used in-depth interviews to investigate how gifted Finnish upper-secondary-school physics students (N = 24) actualize their physics talent in their career choices. The data were analyzed using inductive content analysis. Half of the students had their primary career choice in natural sciences and engineering (NS&E). The study further identified students’ perspectives related to their career decision-making, including the reasons for their career choices, perceived quantity and quality of career information in physics and related domains, and the sources of such information. Moreover, students’ perspectives on the different ways of actualizing physics talent were explored. The analysis revealed gender differences in students’ career choices as well as a strong overall need for more career information in physics-related fields. The findings can be used by policymakers, school counselors, and teachers to identify the factors that contribute to the career decision-making processes of gifted physics-oriented students.
Limit theorems for the number of empty cells

We consider the scheme of equiprobable allocating n groups of particles, generally speaking, of different volumes, to N cells. For N -» <» and various relations between the parameters of the scheme, we investigate the asymptotic behaviour of the number of empty cells among the M chosen cells after allocating n groups of particles. We obtain an integral and a local limit theorems on convergence to the normal law, as well as the Poisson-like limit theorems. In all cases considered, an estimate of the convergence rate is given. 1. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM Let n groups of particles of sizes m\,. , mn be allocated, independently and successively, to TV cells in such a manner that all particles of the /th group fall into distinct cells and all (^) possible allocations of the /th group are equiprobable, / = 1,2, . ,n; let M cells be picked out, M < N. We investigate the limit distributions of the random variable μ$ = μο(Χ Μ) which is equal to the number of empty cells among the M cells picked out after allocating η groups of particles as Ν -> <». As W -> «> and m\ = ra2 = . = m, in [1-2] some limit distributions of the random variable μο are found for some relations between the parameters; estimates of the rate of convergence to those distributions are presented as well. As Ν —> °° and M = N, in [3] an integral and a local limit theorems on convergence to the normal law and the Poisson limit theorems with convergence rate estimates are given. In this paper we extend the results of [1-3] to the case where M < N. The peculiarity of the situation where M < N, in contrast to the case considered in [3], consists in the fact that the number of particles fallen into the M cells chosen after allocating η groups of particles is random, while W cells hold m\ + . + mn particles. 2. NOTATION AND RESULTS To make the comparison with the corresponding results of [1-3] easier, we use the notation from those papers. Without loss of generality we assume that m\ < n *UDC 519.2. Originally published in Diskretnaya Matematika (1997) 9, No. 2 (in Russian). Received January 20, 1995. Translated by A. V. Kolchin. 210 E. R. Khakimullin and N, Yu. Enatskaya
A posteriori error estimates for a time discrete scheme for a phase‐field system of Penrose–Fife type

A time discrete scheme is used to approximate the solution to a phase field system of Penrose-Fife type with a non-conserved order parameter. An a posteriori error estimate is presented that allows the estimation of the difference between continuous and semidiscrete solutions by quantities that can be calculated from the approximation and given data.
Geometry optimization of MR valves constrained in a specific volume using the finite element method

This paper presents the geometric optimal design of magnetorheological (MR) valves in order to improve valve performance, such as pressure drop. The optimization problem is to find the optimal geometric dimensions of MR valves constrained in a specific volume. After describing the configuration of MR valves, their pressure drops are investigated on the basis of the Bingham model of an MR fluid. Then, the valve ratio, which is an objective function, is derived by considering the field-dependent (controllable) and viscous (uncontrollable) pressure drops of the MR valves. Subsequently, the optimization procedure using a golden-section algorithm and a local quadratic fitting technique is constructed via a commercial finite element method (FEM) parametric design language. From the constructed optimization tool, optimal solutions of the MR valves, which are constrained in a specific cylindrical volume defined by its radius and height, are calculated and compared with analytical ones. In addition, several different types of MR valves are optimized in the same specific volume and results are presented.
Avaliação da composição de substratos em recipientes na produção de mudas de jenipapo (Genipa americana L.)

A crescente demanda por mudas de especies florestais nativas tem exigido pesquisas relacionadas com o uso de substratos e recipientes, capazes de proporcionar mudas que apresentem elevadas taxas de crescimento inicial e de sobrevivencia apos o plantio. Este trabalho como objetivo, avaliar o efeito de substratos em dois tipos de recipientes (saco de polietileno e tubetes) com mudas de jenipapo (Genipa americana L.). O experimento foi instalado no Horto Florestal do Departamento de Engenharia Agronomica da Universidade Federal de Sergipe – UFS em Sao Cristovao, em blocos casualizados com tres repeticoes, onde foram testados dois tipos de recipientes (sacos de polietileno com 12x24cm e tubetes ambos com capacidade para 180cm3) e cinco composicoes de substratos (solo + esterco bovino - testemunha 1:1 (SE-1:1); solo + esterco bovino + areia 1:1:1 (SEA-1:1:1); solo + esterco + palha de arroz carbonizada 1:1:1 (SEP-1:1:1); solo + esterco + po de coco 1:1:1 (SEC-1:1:1) e solo + esterco + vermiculita 1:1:1 (SEV-1:1:1). Para todas as variaveis estudadas, o recipiente I e o substrato S2 sobressairam em relacao aos demais. Considerando a diferenca entre os resultados o substrato SEP e o SEV foram os mais significativos, do ponto de vista da disponibilidade de mao-de-obra, o primeiro caso supri a necessidade de producao de mudas dessa especie em propriedades rurais.
Theory of the phase noise and power spectrum of a single mode injection laser

Spontaneous emission alters the phase and amplitude of the laser field. The amplitude changes induce relaxation oscillations, which cause additional phase changes while restoring the field amplitude to the steady state value. It was previously shown that the additional phase changes greatly enhance the linewidth. We show here that the additional phase changes also give rise to line shape structure in the form of additional peaks separated from the main peak by multiples of the relaxation oscillation frequency. The calculated mean square phase change and power spectrum are in good agreement with published observations.
The influence of team-member exchange on turnover intention among student-athletes: the mediating role of interpersonal self-efficacy and the moderating role of seniority

ABSTRACT Based upon Bandura’s (1986) social cognitive theory (SCT), we examined how the relationship quality among student-athletes in team sports, namely team-member exchange (TMX), regulates the relational-cognitive process in determining their turnover intention. Specifically, we examined interpersonal self-efficacy (ISE) as the mediator and seniority as the moderator of the relationship between TMX and turnover intention, based on a field study of 234 student-athletes in South Korea. The results of the partial least squares–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) showed that TMX is indirectly related to turnover intention, as fully mediated by ISE. Also, student-athletes’ seniority moderates the relationships between TMX, ISE and turnover intention. Supported by SCT, we contribute to the extant literature on TMX by (1) providing a theoretical explanation of how TMX acting as social cues regulates athletes’ self-efficacy and behavioral intention; and (2) examining the role of seniority as a cultural-specific moderator on TMX effectiveness in team sports in the Asian context. We discuss practical implications for coaches and collegiate athletics administrators about the essential arrangement of both leisure and training activities in building quality relationships among student-athletes and self-belief of their interpersonal competency within the team, especially for less experienced and junior student-athletes. HIGHLIGHTS TMX had a positive influence on student-athletes’ interpersonal self-efficacy. Interpersonal self-efficacy negatively affected student-athletes’ turnover intention. Interpersonal self-efficacy fully mediated the relationship between TMX and turnover intention. Student-athletes’ seniority positively moderates the relationships between TMX and interpersonal self-efficacy and between TMX and turnover intention.
IMPROVED TERRAIN EFFECTS IN BAROTROPIC FORECASTS

Abstract The persistent occurrence of systematic errors of barotropic forecasts over mountainous areas is strongly suggestive of significant effects of mountains and friction which have not been included in the previously used forecast models. This study reports on experiments with a new barotropic forecast model which contains an improved mountain effect and a surface friction effect. For computation of the surface stress depending on the wind and on the terrain, a hemispheric map of the drag coefficient is obtained. The results of tests of the forecast model on an initially zonal flow, and on ten observed meteorological situations, indicate that the effects of terrain on the evolution of atmospheric flow patterns can be of large magnitude, and can account for significant errors in numerical prediction. Some success at accounting for these effects is attained with the barotropic representation of the atmosphere.
Mesoscale organization and structure of orographic precipitation producing flash floods in the Lago Maggiore region

This article investigates the mesoscale precipitation mechanisms affecting the severest flood events observed from 2005 to 2012 in the Maggia River, located in the Lago Maggiore region on the southern side of the European Alps. High‐resolution volumetric radar data are used to describe the horizontal and vertical structure of precipitation, while sounding data depict the airflow conditions.
A giant phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India with new insights on phytosaur migration, endemism and extinction

A new Mystriosuchinae phytosaur, Colossosuchus techniensis, is described from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of India. Colossosuchus is diagnosed by multiple apomorphies, including a strongly downturned terminal rosette (c. 70°), closely spaced mediolateral band‐like ornamentation on dorsal surface of the nasal, dorsolaterally oriented supratemporal fenestra, ventrolaterally inclined postorbital–squamosal bars depressed below the skull table, dorsally convex parietal–squamosal bar that descends ventrolaterally below the skull roof, dome‐shaped skull in lateral view, prominent neural arch laminae and fossae, three sacral vertebrae, robust proximal end of the tibia, and fibula with high anteroposterior flaring of the distal end. The total body length of the largest individual recovered from the bonebed is estimated to be more than 8 m, suggesting that Colossosuchus is one of the largest phytosaurs known. Phylogenetic analysis nests Colossosuchus and other undescribed specimens from India within Mystriosuchinae. These form a distinct clade and represent the earliest record of endemism among Gondwanan phytosaurs. This clade is recovered as sister taxa to ((Volcanosuchus + Rutiodon) + Leptosuchomorpha), where the depressed supratemporal fenestra first appeared in the phytosaur lineage, a feature previously used to diagnose the derived leptosuchomorphs. Early‐diverging phytosaur diversification may have coincided with the final stages of the Carnian Pluvial Event with their possible migratory routes along the circum‐Tethyan coastline. The lineage continued to evolve mostly through endemic radiations and experienced an extinction event during early Norian, which marked the disappearance of most of the non‐leptosuchomorph taxa. This is attributed to post‐CPE aridification, although more study is required.
A Silent Disco: Differential Effects of Beat-based and Pattern-based Temporal Expectations on Persistent Entrainment of Low-frequency Neural Oscillations

Abstract The brain uses temporal structure in the environment, like rhythm in music and speech, to predict the timing of events, thereby optimizing their processing and perception. Temporal expectations can be grounded in different aspects of the input structure, such as a regular beat or a predictable pattern. One influential account posits that a generic mechanism underlies beat-based and pattern-based expectations, namely, entrainment of low-frequency neural oscillations to rhythmic input, whereas other accounts assume different underlying neural mechanisms. Here, we addressed this outstanding issue by examining EEG activity and behavioral responses during silent periods following rhythmic auditory sequences. We measured responses outlasting the rhythms both to avoid confounding the EEG analyses with evoked responses, and to directly test whether beat-based and pattern-based expectations persist beyond stimulation, as predicted by entrainment theories. To properly disentangle beat-based and pattern-based expectations, which often occur simultaneously, we used non-isochronous rhythms with a beat, a predictable pattern, or random timing. In Experiment 1 (n = 32), beat-based expectations affected behavioral ratings of probe events for two beat-cycles after the end of the rhythm. The effects of pattern-based expectations reflected expectations for one interval. In Experiment 2 (n = 27), using EEG, we found enhanced spectral power at the beat frequency for beat-based sequences both during listening and silence. For pattern-based sequences, enhanced power at a pattern-specific frequency was present during listening, but not silence. Moreover, we found a difference in the evoked signal following pattern-based and beat-based sequences. Finally, we show how multivariate pattern decoding and multiscale entropy—measures sensitive to non-oscillatory components of the signal—can be used to probe temporal expectations. Together, our results suggest that the input structure used to form temporal expectations may affect the associated neural mechanisms. We suggest climbing activity and low-frequency oscillations may be differentially associated with pattern-based and beat-based expectations.
A Rate Equation for the Inversion Height in a Nocturnal Boundary Layer

Abstract The application of a self-similar profile in the integration of the temperature equation across the stable boundary layer leads to a rate equation for the inversion height. An analytic solution of the resulting equation is derived. Its behavior is determined by two processes; cooling by turbulent mixing and cooling by internal radiation, the latter is parameterized in terms of the surface cooling rate. This parameterization, which attributes the temperature change in the boundary layer close to the surface completely to internal radiation, leads to a monotonic growth of the inversion depth. When the radiation term is neglected and only the turbulent heat flux is taken into account, the solution is governed by a relaxation process.
Structure of a turbulent boundary layer on a concave surface

The effects of concave curvature on turbulent boundary-layer structure are investigated, using flow visualization and two-component laser-Doppler anemometry. Destabilizing curvature amplifies large-scale motions normal to the wall. When the boundary layer entering the curve is free of spanwise non-uniformities, the resulting large-eddy structure does not consist of distinct longitudinal vortices, as suggested by some previous studies. Rather, the visualized flow is dominated by large eddies (inflows and outflows) that have a streamwise extent of only a few boundary-layer thicknesses, are quite unsteady, and do not cause significant spanwise variations in the mean properties of the boundary layer. Mixing across the boundary layer is enhanced by the new eddy structure, bringing high-momentum fluid closer to the wall than in a normal, flat boundary layer and causing a significant increase in skin friction. Spectral results show that increases in turbulence intensities and Reynolds shear stress across the outer layer are due almost entirely to increased energy in low-frequency, large-scale fluctuations. Flow visualization suggests that the large-scale inflows and outflows have strong influence on flow structure in the near-wall region. However, when the local value of the friction velocity, uτ, is used for scaling, near-wall profiles of Reynolds-averaged quantities show relatively minor differences between the flat and concave cases. The response of the boundary layer to the sudden onset of concave curvature is found to involve two overlapping stages. First, a centrifugal mechanism causes higher-velocity eddies near the start of curvature to migrate toward the wall, while lower-velocity eddies migrate away from the wall. These negatively correlated motions produce an increase in the magnitude of the correlation coefficient within a few initial boundary-layer thicknesses (δ0) from the start of curvature. The further development of the layer requires the slower growth and amplification of the large-scale inflows and outflows. This development of the new large-scale eddy structure continues for at least 20 δ0.