Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chromosomal location of genes for supernumerary spikelet in tetraploid wheat

The supernumerary spikelet (SS) trait of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.), including the ramified and four-rowed spike traits, is characterized by an increased number of spikelets per spike. Chromosomal location of the SS gene(s) was determined by crossing the ramified spike line PI349056 to the set of 'Langdon' D-genome disomic substitution lines. Double monosomic F1 plants were backcrossed to PI349056 and the testcross F1 plants were classified for chromosome pairing and spike type. Segregation for spike type was observed in the testcross F2. Data indicated that the major SS gene was located on chromosome 2A. Subsequent crosses with the 'Langdon' 2A telosomics indicated that the major SS gene was located on the short arm of chromosome 2A. Segregation of the testcross F2 indicated that a minor SS gene was located on chromosome 2B. Results also indicated that inhibitors of SS may be located on the D-genome chromosomes and an additional experiment was designed to test this hypothesis. Eight D-genome mono.
Evaluation of some equations for estimating evapotranspiration in the south of Iran

The Penman–Monteith (PM) equation is the most common method of estimating reference crop evapotranspiration (ET o) for different climates of the world. This equation needs full weather data, however, few stations with complete weather data exist in Fars Province, in the south of Iran. Therefore, other equations based on more readily available weather data, such as temperature and rainfall, can be used instead of the PM equation in Fars Province. Four calibrated equations have been proposed in previous studies for Fars Province using weather data up to 2000. These equations were the Hargreaves equation (H), a new equation based on monthly temperature and rainfall (R), the Thornthwaite equation (T) and the Blaney–Criddle equation (B). Using weather data for 2001 to 2006 from 14 stations in Fars Province and outside the province, this study determined the best equations for estimating ET o in each month and each station, rather than using the PM equation. The results revealed that equations H, R, T and B showed a good correlation to the PM equation, and can be used to estimate monthly ET o in the study area. Also, the best equation for each location in Fars Province in each month of the year can be determined by using prepared distribution maps. Furthermore, the results showed that there was no specific relationship between the climate at the station and the best equation for estimating ET o.
Effects of plant growth regulators on Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivars.

Lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik.) is an annual pulse legume crop of immense economic importance. This study reports use of 16 lentil cultivars' shoot tips, internode, hypocotyl, cotyledon and root explants cultured on MS medium containing 3 mg/l BAP-0.5 mg/l 2,4-D or 0.25 mg/l IBA for shoot regeneration. The results showed maximum shoot regeneration from cv. Yesil 21 on internode explants on 3mg/l BAP-0.5 mg/l 2,4-D. Best shoot regeneration on MS medium containing 0.25 mg/l IBA was noted on internode explants of cv. Seyran 96. In general shoot regeneration on 0.25 mg/l IBA was better compared to 3mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D. Well developed shoots from all cultivars regenerated on both types of culture media were rooted on MS medium containing 0.19 mg/l NAA. A system to regenerate lentil is established that will help in easy genetic transformation in future. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bjb.v44i1. 22727 Bangladesh J. Bot. 44 (1): 79-84, 2015 (March
Effects of individual tocopherols and tocopherol mixtures on the oxidative stability of corn oil triglycerides.

This study was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of individual tocopherols and their mixtures in inhibiting the formation and decomposition of hydroperoxides in bulk corn oil stripped of natural tocopherols. δ-Tocopherol showed an antioxidant activity in the inhibition of both formation and decomposition of hydroperoxides at 2000 ppm or below, and its effectiveness increased with concentration. γ-Tocopherol promoted the formation of hydroperoxides but strongly inhibited their decomposition at 5000 ppm. On the basis of hydroperoxide formation, the concentrations for maximum antioxidant activity of α- and γ-tocopherol mixtures (1 :1) and natural soybean tocopherol mixtures (α :γ :δ = 13 :64 :21) were 250 and 500 ppm, respectively. Prooxidant activity was also observed at a lower concentration with the α- + γ-tocopherol mixture (500 ppm) than with the soybean tocopherol mixture (1000 ppm). However, the inhibition by tocopherol mixtures increased with oxidation time. In contrast to hydroperoxide formation, tocopherol mixtures inhibited hydroperoxide decomposition more effectively at higher concentrations than at lower concentrations. Whether tocopherol mixtures acted as antioxidants or prooxidants depended on the concentration of α-tocopherol in the mixtures. The optimum concentration of tocopherol mixtures to increase the oxidative stability of bulk oils is determined by inhibition of hydroperoxide formation but not by inhibition of hydroperoxide decomposition.
Subannual Temporal Variation in Faunal Distributions at the TAG Hydrothermal Mound (26° N, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge)

This paper evaluates the dynamics of two faunal assemblages colonizing high- and low-temperature habitats of the TAG hydrothermal mound on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Timelapse video and photographic transects were used to monitor changes in shrimp and anemone populations from June 1994 to March 1995. During this period, holes were drilled in the vicinity of the target populations by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). The a priori expectation of a rapid redistribution of motile alvinocaridid shrimp to occupy the optimal thermal and chemical habitat in response to changes in the pattern of hydrothermal activity was met by the observation of an increase in hydrothermal activity and shrimp population density at the site where a timelapse video system was deployed. The importance of hydrothermal activity as a control on the distribution of vent shrimp is suggested by tidal variations in the distribution of shrimp on a minidiffuser chimney. Sediment deposition during ODP drilling resulted in a temporary disturbance of the shrimp occupying the flat part of the mound surface seen by the timelapse video. In contrast to the changes observed in shrimp distribution, little change was observed in the distribution of anemones across the mound in two photographic transects 10 months apart, with the exception of a localized disturbance where anemones were buried by sediment around an ODP hole. Differences in the response of the shrimp and anemones to changes in the hydrothermal system may result from differences in their motility and rates of biological activity, or reflect a lower trophic position in the case of the shrimp.
Quelques aspects de la biologie de Diclidophlebia xuani Messi et al. (Hemiptera : Psyllidae), ravageur de Ricinodendron heudelotii Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) au Cameroun

Introduction . Ricinodendron heudelotii Baill. est une essence forestiere en voie de domestication au Cameroun ou la plante est appreciee pour ses vertus alimentaires, ecologiques et medicinales. Les degâts causes par le psylle Diclidophlebia xuani Messi et al. aux jeunes plants, en pepiniere ou apres leur plantation, constituent l’une des principales contraintes a la domestication de l’espece. La biologie de ce ravageur a donc ete etudiee afin d’envisager son controle. Materiel et methodes . Differents aspects de la biologie de D. xuani ont ete abordes : processus d’accouplement, choix du site de ponte par la femelle, maturation sexuelle des imagos, fecondite des femelles, longevite des imagos, developpement embryonnaire et larvaire, sex-ratio a l’emergence et specificite alimentaire. Les experimentations ont eu lieu dans la region de Yaounde soit en champ, soit en milieu controle durant les annees 2001 et 2002. Resultats et discussion . Les mâles de D. xuani ont emerge avant les femelles et le rapprochement des sexes a eu lieu 15 min environ apres la mue imaginale. La longevite des femelles a ete de 29 jours en moyenne, celle des mâles, de 7 jours. La ponte a commence 3 jours apres l’emergence et s’est poursuivie jusqu’a la fin de la vie de la femelle. En periode chaude (28 °C environ), une femelle a pondu en moyenne 532 œufs pendant toute sa vie ; en periode de basses temperatures (24 °C a 26 °C environ), la fecondite moyenne a ete de 758 œufs. Les œufs sont essentiellement deposes sur les etages foliaires les plus jeunes de R. heudelotii. Les developpements embryonnaire et larvaire ont dure respectivement 7 jours et 22 jours environ. Le cycle de developpement, d’œuf a œuf, a necessite 32 jours en moyenne. Le sex-ratio a ete proche de 1. Conclusion . D. xuani se developpe entierement et sans interruption sur R. heudelotii ; il n’a jamais ete rencontre sur d’autres especes de plantes. Il serait donc etroitement associe a cette plante.
Extrusion Conditions and Antioxidant Properties of Sorghum, Barley and Horse Gram Based Snack

Sorghum, barley and horse-gram are excellent source of bioactives (phenolics, miner-als, β-glucan) with documented health effects. Effect of four different extrusion variables, viz. high temperature, high moisture (HTHM, 120°C, 20%); high temperature, low moisture (HTLM, 120°C, 14%); low temperature, high moisture (LTHM, 100°C, 20%); and low temperature and low moisture (LTLM, 100°C, 14%) on three com-posite blends from sorghum, barley and horse-gram was examined in the present study. Extru-sion processing significantly (p<0.05) affected the physico-chemical and functional properties viz. expansion ratio (ER), bulk density (BD), hy-dration properties, total phenolics, antioxidant activity, and texture of extrudates. Free phenolics and antioxidant activity in extrudates processed at HTLM increased appreciably by 25–40% and 16–52% respectively in comparison to un-extruded blends. Thus, tailoring extrusion conditions can help increase total phenolics and antioxidant ac-tivity of snacks. Extrudates developed from sor-ghum-barley-horsegram (45: 45: 10) produced acceptable snacks with high antioxidant activity and sensory quality.
Distribution trend of the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx populations in France

The changes in the distribution of the lynx populations in France were analysed with 3,760 data gathered between 1974 and 2002. Maps were drawn for successive three-year periods on a fixed 3 km × 3 km grid. Lynx were assumed "present" in every 3 × 3 km grid with one or several data, as well as in the eight surrounding grids, i.e. in a total area of 81 km2. In 2000- 2002, the total and permanent lynx range covered, respectively, 8,622 km2 and 5,823 km2 in the French Jura mountains (11,500 km2 and at least 6,000 km2 for the whole French and Swiss Jura Massif). Almost all forested mountain massifs are already occupied by lynx in that region. The total and permanent lynx range covered 3,159 km2 and 1,962 km2 in the Vosges Massif. This small range and still precarious status of the population 20 years after the first lynx re-introductions, should be related to the high mortality rate of the released lynx and low number of founders. Exchanges between the Jura and the Vosges lynx populations could however be expected in the near future. The total lynx range covered 4,365 km2 in the Alps but no permanent area of presence was noticed. The regular increase in the number of islets of presence and the progressive colonization from the north towards the extreme south of the Alps suggested an insufficient observation pressure rather than the absence of any established population in the French Alps. In the future, the status of these three reintroduced populations should probably be comforted by exchanges between the Jura and the Vosges mountains and the Jura and the northern Alps.
ISOPRENE EMISSION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN A TROPICAL FOREST CANOPY: IMPLICATIONS FOR MODEL DEVELOPMENT

Isoprene emission by plants is the principal source of photochemically active reduced compounds in the troposphere, and tropical forest ecosystems are the largest single source of isoprene. The oxidation of isoprene plays a major role in controlling the redox potential of the troposphere and the dynamics of carbon monoxide, ozone, and methane. We used a combination of infrared gas analysis and gas chromatography/photoionization detection in the first study of isoprene emission and photosynthesis from canopy leaves in a tropical wet forest under controlled light and temperature conditions. Twelve of the 33 tree species surveyed produced isoprene. This is a similar proportion of emitting species to that found in other species-rich ecosystems surveyed to date. Canopy leaves did not show temperature saturation in their isoprene-emission responses, although isoprene emission saturated at high light intensities for some species. Photosynthesis rates saturated at high light intensities and declined at high tempe.
Growth and Reproduction of Pomacea patula catemacensis Baker, 1922 (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) When Fed Calothrix sp. (Cyanobacteria)

The freshwater snail Pomacea patula catemacensis is a fishing resource that is endemic to Lake Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico. Due to overfishing and other anthropogenic factors, its capture has decreased in recent years. Various research projects have been conducted to support its recovery, although many aspects of its basic biology are as yet unknown. This study evaluated how the snail's growth and reproduction are affected when it is fed the cultivated cyanobacteria Calothrix-sp. (C), in comparison to a diet elaborated with pellet-shaped carp food (P). Experimentation was carried out in two closed-recirculation systems (RS1 and RS2) for a period of 181 d. In RS1, 80 3-mo-old juveniles were distributed, as opposed to 144 6-mo-old adults in RS2. In RS1, the weight gain was 3.98 g with diet C and 3.44 g for juveniles fed P; 74 and 68 egg masses were produced in RS1 with C and P, of which 64.9 and 67.7% turned out to be fertile, respectively. In RS2 average weight increase was 0.74 and 1.14 g for C and P; 117 and 92 egg masses were produced, of which 39.3 and 28.3% were fertile for adults fed C and P, respectively. The number of organisms that hatched was independent of egg mass weight. Fecundity was linked to snail size, and diet had a significant effect on fertility in each system. It was established that, in general, Calothrix was superior to pellet carp food, as the former demonstrated that it can be efficiently consumed as food for P. patula catemacensis in laboratory conditions.
Desenvolvimento de bovinos de corte de diferentes grupos genéticos desmamados aos 3 ou 7 meses de idade

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the performance up to 24 months of age of males from two breeding systems, straightbred (Charolais - C and Nellore - N) and crossbred (1/2 CN, 1/2 NC), submitted to two ages of weaning: T3-weaning at three months of age; T7-weaning at 7 months of age. The calves were maintained from birth to the weaning time with the cows on native pasture and, after weaning, both animals from T3 and T7 were maintained during a period of 30 days in a feedlot. The animals from T3, from 4 to 7 months, were maintained on pearl millet pasture (Pennisetum americanum). The weights at 3, 7, 12, 18 and 24 months of age and the average daily gain (ADG) among the different ages were collected. There was no interaction between the breeding system and genetic group within breeding system and age at weaning for the studied variables. The average daily gain of the T3 calves was lower from 3 to 7 months and higher from 7 to 12 months, afterward no difference was observed in the ADG. The only difference for weight was at 7 months, when T7 calves showed higher weight. The weight at 24 months was 424 and 423 kg, respectively, for T3 and T7. The crossbred animals showed higher ADG from 7 to 18 months and were heavier at 18 and 24 months. The heterosis for ADG ranged from . 6 to 29.9%, and for weight at different ages ranged from -. 68 to 12.41%. When the nutrition conditions are adequate, the weaning at 3 months does not affect slaughter weight at 24 months of age.
Multidisciplinary Uses of the Chicken Egg

Eggs contain complete protein and can supply essential amino acids. Eggs also contain nine nonessential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, cephalin, lecithin, and cholesterol. The content of low-calorie eggs benefits populations throughout the world at every stage of the human life cycle. As a designer food, eggs can be packaged with more nutrients needed to prevent diseases. Moreover, this food has new uses as bioreactors for several pharmaceuticals produced in egg albumen or yolk. While eggs have been employed to produce influenza vaccines for more than 50 years, newer techniques will most likely reduce their use in this important arena. Due to high quality protein, a plethora of required nutrients, low calories and excellent functional properties, once again, egg consumption is rising. This increase in consumption along with evolving use as a designer food and a bioreactor in the pharmaceutical industry may help to maintain or boost notoriety of eggs as “nature's most perfect food”.
Natural Enemies Associated With Arthropod Pests Of Pigeon Pea In Easter Africa.

Common arthropod pests and beneficial species were surveyed on pigeon peas in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda, during 1995-96. Three pest groups were found: pod-boring Lepidoptera (Helicoverpa armigera, Maruca vitrata and Etiella zinckenella), pod-sucking bugs (mainly Clavigralla tomentosicollis) and pod fly (Melanagromyza chalcosoma). Natural enemies included Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera and were found more frequently in Kenya than in the other countries.
Markers for proliferation and keratinization in the margin of the active psoriatic lesion

To study the development of the psoriatic lesion, biopsies were taken from the margin of spreading plaques and acute pinpoint papules. Consecutive sections across the margin were stained using different monoclonal antibodies to characterize epidermal growth (Ki‐67) and abnormal keratinization (Ks8.12, RKSE60). All three immunohistochemical markers showed pronounced changes in the lesional skin with a clear transition to the uninvolved skin. The suprabasal Ks8.12 binding was the earliest change found in the epidermis, and its localization high in the suprabasal compartment indicates that metabolic dysregulation in this cell population was not a consequence of the recruitment process in the basal layer.
Combining ability analysis and gene effects in maize (Zea mays L.) using line × tester crosses

Determination of gene effects and combining abilities is a critical stage in maize hybrid breeding. In the present study, eight lines as female and two inbred lines (K3615.2 and A679) as tester were crossed and the resulting test cross progenies were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2011. During the growing period, several agronomic characters including grain yield were measured. Effects of lines and testers were significant on all the characters except for the grain yield, grains per row and days to maturity. This indicated the importance of additive gene effect in controlling most of the traits under investigation. Inbred lines L5, L10 and L14 were identified as good general combiners for grain yield because they showed significant positive GCA for this trait. L14 was superior compared with L1 and L5 because of significant positive GCA for most of the agronomic characters. These lines, especially L14, have potential additive gene effects to be utilized in the breeding programmes. T3 tester showed favourable additive gene effects for forage yield, its components, early maturity and shorter stature. Promising crosses were selected based on per se performance, standard heterosis and sca effects. The highest grain yield (107.313) belonged to L6 × A679 combination. The superiority of L6 × A679 hybrid can be attributed to its days to physiological maturity and more ears per plant. Higher grain yield and sca for forage yield were also observed in L7 × A679 and L14 × K3615.2. The cross L14 × K3615.2 had also large positive sca for grain rows per cob. Furthermore, negative sca of ear height, number of leaves above ear and grains per row were observed for L6 × A679, while positive sca of these characters was determined for L7 × A679. However, none of the scas for these combinations was significant. On the basis of grain yield, the genotypes L6 × A679, L7 × A679 and L14 × K3615.2 may be regarded as promising hybrids and should be evaluated further for grain yield and other desirable characters.
Effects of angler-induced exercise and air exposure on the mortality of mouth-hooked yellowfin bream (Acanthopagrus australis)

Two aquaria experiments were done to quantify the short-term (up to 10 days) mortality of mouth-hooked yellowfin bream (Acanthopagrus australis) after short and long playing times (5 vs 30 s) followed by different extremes in air exposure (2.5 vs 5 min). During exp. 1, 44 fish were angled from randomly-selected 5000-L holding tanks, played for 5 s, subjected to either 2.5 or 5 min air exposure and then released into replicate sea cages located in a 1050 KL pool. Appropriate numbers of controls were transferred without air exposure from an unfished 5000-L tank into separate cages in the pool. The same methodology was applied during exp. 2, except that 31 yellowfin bream were angled and played for 30 s (rather than 5 s) before being subjected to the different durations of air exposures and released. Fish were monitored for 10 and 5 days in exps. 1 and 2, respectively. Concentrations of plasma cortisol and glucose were collected from samples of fish on the first and last days of the experiments. The only mortalities were two individuals (one from each treatment) during exp. 2, attributed to clotted blood (from hook wounds) across the gill lamellae. Surviving individuals at the end of the experiments had variable elevations in plasma cortisol but not glucose, indicating acute stress responses that were probably evoked during sampling. The conclusion is that yellowfin bream are resilient to being mouth-hooked, exercised and exposed to air before being released. However, to minimise impacts, individuals should be released as soon as possible, especially when blood is present at the hook wound.