Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Minto block, Superior province: Missing link in deciphering assembly of the craton at 2.7 Ga

Plate-tectonic models of the Superior province are rooted in the granite-greenstone and metasedimentary belts of the southern part of the craton. North-striking domains of the Minto block in the northeastern part of the province evolved at similar times, in 3.1-2.8, 2.725, and 2.69 Ga events, requiring expansion of models of late Archean assembly to accommodate Minto geology. Western and eastern protocratons (∼3.1-2.8 Ga) rifted at ∼2.79 Ga to produce an ocean basin that was mostly consumed by subduction at 2.725 Ga. The Leaf River plutonic suite of cale-alkalic hornblende + biotite ± orthopyroxene ±clinopyroxene granodiorite represents magmatic arcs built on the protocratons, whereas the intervening Goudalie domain—containing fault-bounded fragments of rifted continental crust, rift volcanics, primitive oceanic crust, 2724 Ma island-arc rocks, and a <2718 Ma back-arc assemblage—marks the suture. Terminal collision at ∼2.7 Ga led to thickening and crustally derived granitoid magmatism. The southern Superior province also experienced vigorous activity between 2.725 and 2.69 Ga as island arcs, oceanic plateaus, continental fragments, and accretionary prisms were amalgamated progressively from north to south in a regime of dextral transpression then stitched by granites. A northern proto-Superior craton had continental magmatic arcs built on its eastern and southern flanks in response to west-northwest-directed subduction; orthogonal convergence in the east produced wide plutonic arcs, in contrast to terrane-accretion tectonics in the more oblique regime along the southern margin.
The influence of the equatorial upper stratosphere on stratospheric sudden warmings

A stratosphere mesosphere model is used in a set of idealized experiments to investigate the sensitivity of the Northern Hemisphere winter stratospheric flow to the equatorial zonal winds in the upper and the lower stratosphere. Sensitivity is found to the lower stratospheric winds (below 40 km) only in the early part of the model integration as the model relaxes towards a perpetual winter state. On the other hand the model showed significant sensitivity to the upper stratospheric winds throughout the major part of the integration. This has possible implications for the influence of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) and solar cycle on the northern winter stratospheric flow. It suggests that the lower stratospheric QBO may influence the early winter, but later in the winter when the flow is highly non‐linear the greatest influence may come from variations in the semi‐annual oscillation (SAO) which dominates the equatorial winds in the upper stratosphere. Possible sources of variations in the SAO include both the influence of the QBO and of the 11‐year solar cycle.
What cues do children use to infer the meaning of unknown words while reading? Empirical data from German-speaking third graders

Abstract During the development of reading skills in primary school, children begin to make guesses about unfamiliar words when reading a text. This process of lexical inference is an important source of new vocabulary acquisition. In the present study, 55 children with a wide range of reading skills and vocabulary knowledge were asked to infer the meaning of unknown words (i.e., pseudowords) inserted into a short story and to provide insight into their inferencing processes. The results show that children use a variety of cues. While learners with higher reading skills and vocabulary knowledge tend to be more successful inferencers and rely more on contextual cues, the evidence for the use of phonological cues is limited. Furthermore, in 20 percent of the cases, children were able to recall the meaning of a pseudoword already mentioned in the text.
Human prion diseases and the prion protein – what is the current state of knowledge?

Abstract Prion diseases and the prion protein are only partially understood so far in many aspects. This explains the continued research on this topic, calling for an overview on the current state of knowledge. The main objective of the present review article is to provide a comprehensive up-to-date presentation of all major features of human prion diseases bridging the gap between basic research and clinical aspects. Starting with the prion protein, current insights concerning its physiological functions and the process of pathological conversion will be highlighted. Diagnostic, molecular, and clinical aspects of all human prion diseases will be discussed, including information concerning rare diseases like prion-associated amyloidoses and Huntington disease-like 1, as well as the question about a potential human threat due to the transmission of prions from prion diseases of other species such as chronic wasting disease. Finally, recent attempts to develop future therapeutic strategies will be addressed.
Solute transport through fractured media: 1. The effect of matrix diffusion

Solute transport through fractured media is described by numerically combining advective-dispersive transport, which is dominant in the fractures, and diffusive transport, which is usually dominant in the unfractured matrix. Transport is considered in a manner conceptually similar to ‘double-porosity’ or ‘intra-aggregate’ transport models. A finite element model is developed for simulating nonreactive and reactive solute transport by advection, mechanical dispersion, and diffusion in a unidirectional flow field. The effect of the value of the solute diffusion coefficient in the matrix (termed the matrix diffusion coefficient) is illustrated by solute breakthrough curves and concentration profiles in the fracture as well as in the matrix. The illustrated conditions are similar to the laboratory tracer study on fractured till described in the accompanying paper (Grisak et al.). The effects on solute transport of fracture aperture size, water velocity in the fracture, matrix porosity, matrix distribution coefficient, and dispersivity in the fracture are illustrated with breakthrough curves and concentration profiles. The net effect of large matrix diffusion coefficients and/or large distribution coefficients in the matrix is to reduce significantly the effective solute velocity in the fracture. Reduction in the effective solute velocity can also be seen to be possible in materials with low matrix porosities such as crystalline rocks. The aperture size, matrix porosity, matrix diffusion coefficient, and distribution coefficient, all are important in determining the relative amounts of solute transported in the fracture and stored in the matrix. Implications with regard to aquifer recharge, groundwater chemistry, contaminant transport, tracer tests, and groundwater age dating in fractured media are discussed. The numerical model and the laboratory tracer test data provide considerable insight into the processes controlling solute transport in fractured media.
The Impact of Three Different Cumulus Parameterization Schemes on the Indian Summer Monsoon Circulation

In the present paper, the regional model (MM5) has been used to evaluate the performance of three cumulus parameterization schemes (CPSs, namely, the Anthes-Kuo, Bette-Miller and Grell) over the Indian summer monsoon season of 1998. The model was integrated at 90 km horizontal resolution for the peak monsoon period of July, 1998. The initial and boundary conditions were taken from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis available at 2.5° horizontal resolution. The performance of these CPSs has been examined using precipitation, wind, surface air temperature and heat – moisture data. Features of the Indian summer monsoon are found to be fairly well simulated by these three schemes; however, some differences are found in the typical features of the Indian summer monsoon. The strength of low level westerly jet, the cross equatorial flow, and the tropical easterly Jet have emerged clearly in the simulation using Grell compared to other CPSs. The Grell cumulus convection scheme shows ascending motion over whole tropical monsoon region and descending motion in mid latitude and is found to show close resemblance with the reanalysis data. The model simulation with Kuo cumulus scheme shows descending motion over tropical region, which is found to be unrealistic during monsoon and provide under estimation of rainfall over the Indian region. Strong upward motion over oceanic region by the model using Betts-Miller and Kuo schemes is also found to be unrealistic. The simulation of heat and moisture budget, and distribution of rainfall during monsoon period over Indian subcontinent are found to be improved considerably using Grell scheme as compared to other CPSs, whereas using Kuo scheme, rainfall is found to be underestimated over Indian subcontinent.
Globally synchronous Marinoan deglaciation indicated by U-Pb geochronology of the Cottons Breccia, Tasmania, Australia

U-Pb zircon data from the uppermost Cottons Breccia, representing the Marinoan glacial-postglacial transition on King Island, Tasmania, provide the first direct age constraint on the Cryogenian-Ediacaran boundary in Australia. Zircons in four samples from the topmost meter of the Cottons Breccia, dated by sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe, exhibit two modes ca. 660 Ma and ca. 635 Ma. The younger component predominates in the uppermost sample, a possibly volcanolithic dolomitic sandstone, apparently lacking glacially transported debris, in the transition to cap carbonate. Chemical abrasion–thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-TIMS) U-Pb dating of euhedral zircons from that sample yields a weighted-mean age of 636.41 ± 0.45 Ma. Equivalence to published TIMS ash bed dates from Cryogenian-Ediacaran transitional strata in Namibia (635.51 ± 0.82 Ma, within glacial deposit) and China (635.23 ± 0.84 Ma, 2 m above glacial deposit) supports correlation of those strata to the Australian type sections and globally synchronous deglaciation at the end of the Cryogenian Period.
Maternal psychiatric and somatic illness, and the risk of unintentional injuries in children: variation by type of maternal illness, type of injury and child age

Background Maternal mental illness appears to increase the risk of unintentional childhood injuries, which are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in early childhood. However, little is known about the variations in this association by type of injury and child’s age, and studies on the effects of maternal somatic illness on children’s injury risk are scarce. Methods We used Finnish total population register data from 2000 to 2017 to link 1 369 325 children to their biological mothers and followed them for maternal illness and childhood injuries until the children’s sixth birthday. Cox regression models were used to examine the associations between maternal illness and children’s injuries by type of illness (neurological, psychiatric and cancer), type of injury (transport injuries, falls, burns, drowning or suffocations, poisonings, exposure to inanimate and animate mechanical forces) and child’s age (<1 year-olds, 1–2 year-olds, 3–5 year-olds). Results After adjustment for family structure, maternal age at birth, maternal education, income, child’s gender, native language and region of residence, children of unwell mothers showed a higher risk of injuries (HR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.19 to 1.23). This association was clear for maternal neurological (HR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.26 to 1.36) and psychiatric illnesses (HR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.18 to 1.23) but inconsistent for cancer. Maternal illness predicted an increased risk of injury across all age groups. Conclusions Maternal mental and somatic illness may both increase children’s injury risk. Adequate social and parenting support for families with maternal illness may reduce childhood injury.
Safety and Efficacy of Flow Diverters for Treatment of Unruptured Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms: Retrospective Multicenter Study

Background The anterior communicating artery (AComm) region is the most common site of intracranial aneurysms, with increased rupture risk compared with other locations. Overall, flow diverters present as a safe and efficacious treatment for intracranial aneurysms, but there is paucity of data for their use in the treatment of unruptured AComm aneurysms. We present the largest multicentric analysis evaluating the outcomes of flow diverters in AComm aneurysm treatment. Methods Databases from 10 centers were retrospectively reviewed for unruptured AComm aneurysms treated with flow diverters. Demographics, clinical presentation, radiographic characteristics, procedural complications, and outcomes were assessed. Results A total of 144 patients harboring 147 AComm aneurysms were treated between January 2012 and December 2021. Seventy-four were women (51.4%) and median age was 60 (IQR 50–67) years. All were unruptured AComm aneurysms. Half of the cohort had similar anterior cerebral artery sizes (51.4%). The most common morphology was saccular (94.6%), with a branch involvement in 32.7% of cases. Median vessel diameter was 2.4 mm, and the Pipeline Flex was the most prevalent device (32.7%). Median follow-up time was 17 months, with complete occlusion in 86.4% at the last follow-up. Functional independence (modified Rankin Scale score 0–2) was reported in 95.1%. Intraprocedural complications occurred in 5.6%, and postoperative complications were noted in 9.7% of cases. Combined major complication and mortality rate was 2.1%. Conclusions Our study suggests that flow diverters are a useful treatment for AComm aneurysms. Mid-term results indicated favorable aneurysm occlusion with a good safety profile. Additional prospective studies with longer follow-up periods and independent adjudication are warranted to better assess these results.
Tidal flat landscape formation and evolution

Tidal flat landscape formation and evolution are closely related to the biotic and abiotic processes that take place in the intertidal environments. Extensive studies have been carried out on the relevant agents such as hydrodynamics, sediment transport and the related ecosystem (vegetation and benthic communities) dynamics. However, the feedback mechanism among multiple agents is complex and many key aspects are currently understudied. In times of accelerating global change, knowledge of the mechanisms that drive tidal flat evolution is of great importance to ecosystem conservation and restoration. This thesis addresses the currently understudied subjects related to intertidal hydrodynamic processes as well as the intertidal landscape developments, which are of great economic and ecological importance.
The Triassic period

Summary Little information is available that can be used with confidence to construct a Triassic time-scale. The base of the system is variously dated in the range 220 to 238 m.y. ; the age of the boundary with the Jurassic is also uncertain, but may be placed at about 190 to 200 m.y Apart from a Russian determination giving a minimum age of 200 m.y. for the Middle Triassic, the only radiometric data available are for the Upper Triassic.
Data Analytics Insight-Driven Organizational Agility

Organizational agility is key for enterprises to thrive and survive in an increasingly dynamic business environment. Past research mainly investigated organizational agility from the organizational dynamic capability and digital options perspectives. This study suggests entrepreneurial alertness is another path critical for improving organizational agility. Based on the strategic foresight literature, this study proposes that the combined use of descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive insights generated by using business intelligence and big data analytics allows firms to practice data-driven strategic foresight. We further propose that firms adopting such practice would possess higher entrepreneurial alertness, thereby, increasing their entrepreneurial and adaptive agility.
On the nonequivalent barotropic structure of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current: An observational perspective

We examine the vertical structure of the horizontal flow and diagnose vertical velocities in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) near the Kerguelen Plateau using EM-APEX profiling floats. Eight floats measured horizontal velocity, temperature, and salinity profiles to 1600 dbar, with a vertical spacing of 3–5 dbar four times per day over a period of approximately 3 months. Horizontal velocity profiles show a complex vertical structure with strong rotation of the velocity vector through the water column. The distribution of rotation angles from 1247 profiles is approximately Gaussian and rotations of either sign are equally likely. Forty percent of profiles with speed greater than 5 cm s−1 have a depth-integrated rotation of less than 15 degrees over 1300 dbar, while the other 60% demonstrate significantly stronger rotation. Consequently, most profiles do not conform to the equivalent barotropic model (deep flow parallel and proportional to the surface flow) used in simplified dynamical models and in Gravest Empirical Mode climatologies of the ACC. Nevertheless, since we find the mean rotation to be zero, an equivalent barotropic assumption is valid to first order. Vertical velocities inferred using conservation of mass and a gradient wind balance in natural coordinates have magnitudes on the order of 100 m/day. We find robust patterns of upwelling and downwelling phase-locked to meanders in the flow, as found in earlier studies. With the advent of high-resolution observations such as those presented here, and high-resolution models, we can advance to a more complete understanding of the rich variability in ACC structure that is neglected in the equivalent barotropic model.
How Domain Experts Use an Embedded DSL

Programming tools are increasingly integral to research and analysis in myriad domains, including specialized areas with no formal relation to computer science. Embedded domain-specific languages (eDSLs) have the potential to serve these programmers while placing relatively light implementation burdens on language designers. However, barriers to eDSL use reduce their practical value and adoption. In this paper, we aim to deepen our understanding of how programmers use eDSLs and identify user needs to inform future eDSL designs. We performed a contextual inquiry (9 participants) with domain experts using Mimi, an eDSL for climate change economics modeling. A thematic analysis identified five key themes, including: the interaction between the eDSL and the host language has significant and sometimes unexpected impacts on eDSL user experience, and users preferentially engage with domain-specific communities and code templates rather than host language resources. The needs uncovered in our study offer design considerations for future eDSLs and suggest directions for future DSL usability research.
Estimates of carbon stored in harvested wood products from United States Forest Service Pacific Southwest Region, 1909-2012

Global forests capture and store significant amounts of carbon through photosynthesis. When carbon is removed from forests through harvest, a portion of the harvested carbon is stored in wood products, often for many decades. The United States Forest Service (USFS) and other agencies are interested in accurately accounting for carbon flux associated with harvested wood products (HWP) to meet greenhouse gas monitoring commitments and climate change adaptation and mitigation objectives. National-level forest carbon accounting has been in place for over a decade, but there is an increasing need for accounting for smaller scale administrative units, including USFS National Forest System regions and individual National Forests. This paper uses the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) production accounting approach to estimate HWP carbon storage from 1909 to 2012 for the USFS Pacific Southwest Region. For the Pacific Southwest Region as a whole, carbon stocks in the HWP pool were increasing at just below 1 million megagrams of carbon (MgC) per year beginning in the late 1940's until the early 1990's, with peak cumulative storage of 51 million MgC occurring in 1994. Net positive flux into the HWP pool over this period is primarily attributable to high harvest levels during the 1960's through 1980's. In the years between the late 1960s and 1990 timber harvest were at high but volatile levels, with high harvests of over 4.3 million ccf (3.2 million MgC) occurring five times during this period, harvest levels from National Forests have since declined to less than 1.1 million ccf (0.8 million MgC) per year, resulting in less carbon entering the HWP pool. Since 1995, emissions from HWP at solid waste disposal sites exceeded additions from harvesting, resulting in a decline in the total amount of carbon stored in the HWP pool. The Pacific Southwest Region's HWP pool is now in a period of negative net annual stock change because the decay of products harvested between 1909 and 2012 exceeds additions of carbon to the HWP pool through harvest. Together with estimates of ecosystem carbon, which are also being developed through the Forest Management Carbon Framework (ForCaMF), Regional level estimates of HWP carbon flux can be used to inform management decisions and guide climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts by the agency. Though our emphasis is on the Pacific Southwest Region as a whole, this accounting method can be applied more broadly at smaller land management units, such as National Forests.
Single or ensemble model ? A study on social media images classification in disaster response

Social media generate large amounts of almost real-time data which can turn out extremely valuable in an emergency situation, especially for providing information within the first 72 hours after a disaster event. Despite abundant state-of-the-art machine learning techniques to automatically classify social media images, the operational problem in the event of a new disaster remains unsolved. In this study, we evaluate the adaptability of a machine learning model when tested with a completely new disaster. The experimental result showed that a single model trained on the data from different disasters obtained better performance than an ensemble of models, with one model for each individual disaster.
How Computer Usage affects Organizational Memory - Case Study of a Japanese Company Implementing Organizational Learning from Failure

Few organizations are good at organizational learning from failure, and failures are sometimes repeated. One reason could be the inadequate functioning of organizational memory. According to previous research, it is often assumed that information technology complements organizational memory. However, studies have also reported that information technology weakens memory, and hence, no certain conclusion has been drawn. This study aims to identify the impact of information technology on organizational memory in the context of organizational learning from failure. We focus on a Japanese company that has successfully implemented the use of information technology for organizational learning from failure. A quantitative analysis was conducted using a questionnaire survey, which revealed the following: 1) If the matter is of high interest in the organization, it is recorded and knowledge storage and sharing media that employ information technology is used; 2) Recording activity is strengthened using knowledge storage and sharing media that employ information technology; 3) Even if the matter is of high interest in the organization, it is not always possible to strengthen individual memory, but it is possible to enhance individual memory with knowledge storage/sharing media that utilize information technology; 4) Knowledge storage/sharing media that utilize information technology do not directly strengthen organizational memory; and 5) Knowledge storage and sharing media using information technology strengthen records and personal memory, which ultimately strengthens organizational memory.