Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SUBARCSECOND IMAGING OF THE NGC 6334 I(N) PROTOCLUSTER: TWO DOZEN COMPACT SOURCES AND A MASSIVE DISK CANDIDATE

Using the Submillimeter Array (SMA) and Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array, we have imaged the massive protocluster NGC 6334 I(N) at high angular resolution (0.″5 ∼ 650 AU) from 6 cm to 0.87 mm, detecting 18 new compact continuum sources. Three of the new sources are coincident with previously identified H2O masers. Together with the previously known sources, these data bring the number of likely protocluster members to 25 for a protostellar density of ∼700 pc−3. Our preliminary measurement of the Q-parameter of the minimum spanning tree is 0.82—close to the value for a uniform volume distribution. All of the (nine) sources with detections at multiple frequencies have spectral energy distributions consistent with dust emission, and two (SMA 1b and SMA 4) also have long wavelength emission consistent with a central hypercompact H ii region. Thermal spectral line emission, including CH3CN, is detected in six sources: LTE model fitting of CH3CN (J = 12–11) yields temperatures of 72–373 K, confirming the presence of multiple hot cores. The fitted LSR velocities range from −3.3 to −7.0 km s−1, with an unbiased mean square deviation of 2.05 km s−1, implying a protocluster dynamical mass of 410 ± 260 M☉. From analysis of a wide range of hot core molecules, the kinematics of SMA 1b are consistent with a rotating, infalling Keplerian disk of diameter 800 AU and enclosed mass of 10–30 M☉ that is perpendicular (within 1°) to the large-scale bipolar outflow axis. A companion to SMA 1b at a projected separation of 0. ″45 (590 AU; SMA 1d), which shows no evidence of spectral line emission, is also confirmed. Finally, we detect one 218.4400 GHz and several 229.7588 GHz Class-I CH3OH masers.
A Theory of Hard and Soft Information

We study optimal disclosure via two competing communication channels; hard information whose value has been verified and soft disclosures such as forecasts, unaudited statements and press releases. We show that certain soft disclosures may contain as much information as hard disclosures, and we establish that: (a) exclusive reliance on soft disclosures tends to convey bad news, (b) credibility is greater when unfavorable information is reported and (c) misreporting is more likely when soft information is issued jointly with hard information. We also show that a soft report that is seemingly unbiased in expectation need not indicate truthful reporting. We demonstrate that mandatory disclosure of hard information reduces the transmission of soft information, and that the aggregation of hard with soft information will turn all information soft.
Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk : a pooled analysis of 9 cohorts 1 – 3

Background: Epidemiologic studies have suggested a lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) at higher intakes of fruit, vegetables, and whole grain. Whether this association is due to antioxidant vitamins or some other factors remains unclear. Objective: We studied the relation between the intake of antioxidant vitamins and CHD risk. Design: A cohort study pooling 9 prospective studies that included information on intakes of vitamin E, carotenoids, and vitamin C and that met specific criteria was carried out. During a 10-y follow-up, 4647 major incident CHD events occurred in 293 172 subjects who were free of CHD at baseline. Results: Dietary intake of antioxidant vitamins was only weakly related to a reduced CHD risk after adjustment for potential nondietary and dietary confounding factors. Compared with subjects in the lowest dietary intake quintiles for vitamins E and C, those in the highest intake quintiles had relative risks of CHD incidence of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.71, 1.00; P 0.17) and 1.23 (1.04, 1.45; P 0.07), respectively, and the relative risks for subjects in the highest intake quintiles for the various carotenoids varied from 0.90 to 0.99. Subjects with higher supplemental vitamin C intake had a lower CHD incidence. Compared with subjects who did not take supplemental vitamin C, those who took 700 mg supplemental vitamin C/d had a relative risk of CHD incidence of 0.75 (0.60, 0.93; P for trend 0.001). Supplemental vitamin E intake was not significantly related to reduced CHD risk. Conclusions: The results suggest a reduced incidence of major CHD events at high supplemental vitamin C intakes. The risk reductions at high vitamin E or carotenoid intakes appear small. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:1508–20.
Atomic Structure and Mechanical Properties of Twisted Bilayer Graphene

We studied the atomic structure and mechanical properties of twisted bilayer graphene with a different twist angle using molecular dynamic simulations. The two layers are corrugated after energy minimization. We found two different modes of corrugation. The mechanical properties are tested both in-plane and perpendicular to the plane. The in-plane properties are dominated by the orientation of graphene. The perpendicular properties depend on the twist angle, as the larger the twist angle, the higher the intrinsic strength.
Clinical significance of bone alkaline phosphatase isoforms, including the novel B1x isoform, in mild to moderate chronic kidney disease

Background. Mineral bone disorder (MBD) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) even during the early stages. Bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) is a marker of bone formation and plays a pivotal role in the mineralization process. Three BALP isoforms (B/I, B1 and B2) have been identified in healthy individuals and a fourth isoform (B1x) has been discovered in serum from dialysis patients. We investigated these BALP isoforms, type I procollagen intact amino-terminal propeptide (PINP), carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b (TRACP5b), as well as bone mineral density (BMD) in predialysis CKD patients. Methods. PINP, CTX, TRACP5b and BALP isoforms were analysed in serum from 46 patients within CKD stages 3–5. BMD was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results. PINP, TRACP5b and the BALP isoforms, B/I, B1 and B2, were independent predictors of total hip BMD in all patients. Furthermore, B/I predicted osteopaenia in the hip and in the distal 1/3 of the radius in CKD stage 3. The B1x isoform was detected in nine patients (20%), who had lower GFR, higher phosphate and calcium × phosphate product. Conclusion. We found an association of BALP isoforms and other markers of bone turnover with total hip BMD, which predominantly comprises trabecular bone. The association of the new BALP isoform B1x with risk factors for vascular calcification leads us to hypothesize a possi-ble role for B1x in this process. The significance of the BALP isoforms in CKD remains to be further explored in experimental and clinical settings in conjunction with bone histomorphometry. Abstract Background. Expression of bone proteins resulting from transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells into osteoblasts suggests that vascular calcifications are a bioac-tive process. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) could play a key role in bone-vascular calcification imbalance and could be a marker of vascular calcification extent and progression. The purpose of this study was to evaluate relationships between vascular risk biomarkers (including classic risk factors and OPG) and coronary artery calcification (CAC) extent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and to es-tablish within the markers the appropriate cut-off value to predict CAC. Methods. A total of 133 non-dialyzed CKD patients at var-ious stages of kidney disease [75 males/58 females, median age: 69.9 (27.4–94.6)] were enrolled, excluding extrarenal replacement therapy patients. All underwent chest multi-detector computed tomography for CAC scoring. Blood samples were collected for measurement of vascular risk markers (kidney disease, inflammation, nutrition, calcium phosphate and OPG). A potential relationship between CAC and these biological markers was investigated, and a
Analysis of Faculty Members Attitude towards Academic Development Endeavors in Some Selected Ethiopian Universities.

This article aims to analyse the attitudes of faculty members on how the current academic development programs were enacted in selected Ethiopian Universities. With the help of multiple cases design, evidence was gathered from faculty through attitude scale having a reliability index of 0.77. Moreover, a document study including the day-to-day surveillance of the researcher‟s observations and colleague‟s reflections were also included. In the investigation, 250 cases have taken part. The findings of the study reassured that faculty members‟ predisposition on professional development programs to augment the level of educational activities was not aversive. The analysis of variance, F- test demonstrated that there were no significant differences among faculty members when gender and study sites had taken as variables. However, F-value was significant for years of experience. Moreover, less experienced and lower level qualified faculty members hold significantly favourable attitudes as compared to veteran and more qualified one. Overall, the study claims that universities should adapt options, and continue to use technologies as a means to bring faculty from different programs together and benefit from learning online.
Speech recognition by the elderly: test proposal concerning word predictability

Objetivo: Avaliar o reconhecimento de fala, considerando a previsibilidade da palavra a partir de um teste elaborado. Métodos: Foi realizada anamnese, testes de rastreio de comprometimento cognitivo e depressão e avaliação audiológica convencional. Foi desenvolvido um Teste de Reconhecimento de Fala utilizando Frases de Previsibilidade Alta e Baixa e aplicado a 36 idosos (G1 e G3 grupos sem perda auditiva até 4 kHz e G2 e G4 grupos com perda auditiva neurossensorial de grau leve a moderado). Dois grupos realizaram o teste no silêncio e com ruído (relação sinal/ruído +5 dB) e os outros dois grupos somente com ruído (relações +5 dB e 0 dB). Resultados: O teste de reconhecimento de fala revelou, de modo geral, maior pontuação nas frases de previsibilidade alta e melhores desempenhos para os grupos sem perda auditiva. No silêncio, os idosos sem e com perda auditiva obtiveram pontuação máxima igual e as menores pontuações ocorreram na condição de ruído mais intenso. O benefício da previsibilidade foi positivo para os grupos 1, 2 e 3. O grupo 4 apresentou comportamento variado quanto ao uso da previsibilidade (ora positivo, ora negativo). Conclusão: Com a população de idosos avaliados e as diferenças observadas em um dos grupos considerados, não foi possível compreender, com exatidão, como os idosos se beneficiam do apoio da previsibilidade. A perda auditiva e a presença do ruído influenciaram negativamente o desempenho no teste. Faz-se necessária a continuidade desta linha de pesquisa para determinar a validade do material elaborado.
Determining Local Economic Development in the Rural Areas of Romania. Exploring the Role of Exogenous Factors

Based on data collected for 398 communes from the North-West development region of Romania between 2007 and 2014, this article presents a local economic development (LED) index for rural communities and identifies the main factors which influence LED in these communities. Our results show that exogenous factors, such as location in the influence area of urban communities and the existence of a direct connection to the European Road Network, influence the level of LED. At the same time nor the aforementioned exogenous factors nor other exogenous factors, such as non-refundable investments programs in local core infrastructure (financed by the European Union and the Romanian Government) which were designed to accelerate/spur economic development, as well as direct connections to the National Roads Network, do not have any statistically significant influence on spurring/accelerating LED (at least in this short period of time).
The Income Elasticity of Global Values of a Statistical Life: Stated Preference Evidence

Examination of estimates of the income elasticity of the value of a statistical life based on international stated preference studies yields an average between 0.94 and 1.05 overall and 0.65 and 0.80 after controlling for covariates. Quantile regression estimates indicate that the income elasticity is about 0.55 for more affluent countries and 1.0 for lower income nations, i.e., those countries that have estimates of the value of a statistical life below $2 million or per capita income levels below $3212. The estimates distinguish the values of the income elasticity across country either by income level or by the value of a statistical life. These elasticities are similar to those found in revealed preference labor market studies. The estimates are robust, controlling for possible sample selection bias and the influence of covariates, such as the type of risk.
Development of advanced inductive scenarios for ITER

Since its inception in 2002, the International Tokamak Physics Activity topical group on Integrated Operational Scenarios (IOS) has coordinated experimental and modelling activity on the development of advanced inductive scenarios for applications in the ITER tokamak. The physics basis and the prospects for applications in ITER have been advanced significantly during that time, especially with respect to experimental results. The principal findings of this research activity are as follows. Inductive scenarios capable of higher normalized pressure (βN ⩾ 2.4) than the ITER baseline scenario (βN = 1.8) with normalized confinement at or above the standard H-mode scaling are well established under stationary conditions on the four largest diverted tokamaks (AUG, DIII-D, JET, JT-60U), demonstrated in a database of more than 500 plasmas from these tokamaks analysed here. The parameter range where high performance is achieved is broad in q95 and density normalized to the empirical density limit. MHD modes can play a key role in reaching stationary high performance, but also define the limits to achieved stability and confinement. Projection of performance in ITER from existing experiments uses empirical scalings and theory-based modelling. The status of the experimental validation of both approaches is summarized here. The database shows significant variation in the energy confinement normalized to standard H-mode confinement scalings, indicating the possible influence of additional physics variables absent from the scalings. Tests using the available information on rotation and the ratio of the electron and ion temperatures indicate neither of these variables in isolation can explain the variation in normalized confinement observed. Trends in the normalized confinement with the two dimensionless parameters that vary most from present-day experiments to ITER, gyroradius and collision frequency, are significant. Regression analysis on the multi-tokamak database has been performed, but it appears that the database is not conditioned sufficiently well to yield a new scaling for this type of plasma. Coordinated experiments on size scaling using the dimensionless parameter scaling approach find a weaker scaling with normalized gyroradius than the standard H-mode scaling. Preliminary studies on scaling with collision frequency show a favourable scaling stronger than the standard H-mode scaling. Coordinated modelling activity has resulted in successful benchmarking of modelling codes in the ITER regime. Validation of transport models using these codes on present-day experiments is in progress, but no single model has been shown to capture the variations seen in the experiments. However, projection to ITER using these models is in general agreement with the favourable projections found with the empirical scalings.
Independenceof bacteria on phytoplankton? Insu⁄cient support for Fouilland&Mostajir’s (2010) suggested newconcept

In a recent review, Fouilland & Mostajir questioned the direct dependence of bacterioplankton on phytoplankton based on a dataset of total primary production (particulate plus dissolved) and bacterial carbon demand (bacterial production plus respiration) estimated rates. We point out two problems for this interpretation. Firstly, there is considerable uncertainty in the authors’ application of conversion factors to raw data and modelled rates so that the shape of the scatterplots can be substantially altered. Secondly, the current conceptual view of dissolved organic carbon lability and its temporal and spatial variations still provides enough support for the accepted paradigm.
A tunneling field effect transistor model combining interband tunneling with channel transport

We present a model for the tunneling field-effect transistor (TFET) comprising a series connection of a metal-oxide-semiconductor FET (MOSFET) with a gate-controllable tunneling diode. Through the introduction of MOSFET in the model, both operational regimes of TFET are handled correctly, with the tunneling diode dominating at low interband tunneling current and the MOSFET component dominating at high tunneling current. The comparison between our model, TCAD simulations and experimental data on TFETs with different gate oxide and channel thicknesses over the full range of gate and drain bias confirms the model’s reliability and accuracy. At low tunneling current, the model further simplifies to a compact analytical model. With minor modifications, our model can also be applied to multi-gate TFET architectures.
Network abnormalities in PPA Brain 2013 : 136 ; 2619 – 2628

1 Natbrainlab, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK 2 Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Centre, Northwestern University (NU) Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA 3 NU Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Chicago, IL, USA 4 UMR_S 975; CNRS UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France 5 Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK 6 NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK 7 Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Northwestern University (NU) Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
The Sixth Merger Wave and Wealth Effects of M&A Announcements: An Analysis of Large European Bidding Companies

This study aims to investigate short-term market reaction, including stock returns, volatility, and trading volumes of bidder firms, around the announcement dates of relevant merger and acquisition (M&A) transactions in the Eurozone during the sixth takeover wave. We emphasize the observed change in the behavior in the reaction of investors while acquiring firms in the transactions before the global financial crisis. We use the classical Brown and Warner (1985) event studies method, and Corrado’s (1989) non-parametric test of ranks to detect abnormal behavior during the days being examined. The results allow us to make inferences about the relevance of the information released during the transaction announcement period. We add to the classical study of returns the use of a more powerful framework that investigates not only the abnormal returns but also their volatility and the abnormal changes in trading volumes around the announcement dates. Our results indicate that M&A announcements convey relevant information to investors. Furthermore, we show that investors seem to adjust their investment portfolio to this new information. For the constituents of the Eurostoxx 50, there is no change in returns, while Xavier Auguets-Pratsobrerroca, Monica Martinez-Blasco and Josep García-Blandón 20 the short-term reaction is positive and highly significant in terms of volatility of returns and trading volume. Our framework, which includes not only returns but also volatility and volume, is particularly useful when M&A news are not probably interpreted equally by all the investors, and therefore we cannot observe a direct response directly in the returns. This finding contrasts with previous similar studies in the nineties in Europe that did not use the framework of returns, volatilities and volumes by looking only to the returns aspect. In addition, the most compelling results were, on one side, that we found more significant reaction in the sub segment of large transactions, and null reaction on average in the sub segment of smaller transactions, and, on the other side, that we found relevant reaction in the period before crisis and null on average for the period after the crisis. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to analyse the market reaction to big M&A announcements by European companies during the sixth wave. We also contribute to the existing literature by being the first study to examine the European M&A market using three indicators of market reaction.
The Ndc 80 complex bridges two Dam 1 complex rings

Strong kinetochore-microtubule attachments are essential for faithful segregation of sister chromatids during mitosis. The Dam1 and Ndc80 complexes are the main microtubule binding components of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinetochore. Cooperation between these two complexes enhances kinetochore-microtubule coupling and is regulated by Aurora B kinase. We show that the Ndc80 complex can simultaneously bind and bridge across two Dam1 complex rings through a tripartite interaction, each component of which is regulated by Aurora B kinase. Mutations in any one of the Ndc80p interaction regions abrogates the Ndc80 complex’s ability to bind two Dam1 rings in vitro, and results in kinetochore biorientation and microtubule attachment defects in vivo. We also show that an extra-long Ndc80 complex, engineered to space the two Dam1 rings further apart, does not support growth. Taken together, our work suggests that each kinetochore in vivo contains two Dam1 rings and that proper spacing between the rings is vital. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.21069. 001
Perceived Marginalization, Educational Contexts, and (Non)Religious Educational Experience

Abstract Prior research has suggested the possibility of marginalization of religious students on college campuses and the marginalization of nonreligious individuals in society more generally. In this article, the authors examine perceived marginalization of religious and nonreligious college students on and off a college campus in the southeastern United States. The authors find that there is not a significant difference in perceived experiences of marginalization on the college campus, and nonreligious students report significantly more perceived experiences of marginalization off the campus. The forms of marginalization on and off campus are generally that of microaggressions, such as insults, jokes, and exclusion. The authors conclude by discussing some of the implications of their findings for colleges and universities.