Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
LSHTM Research Online

Background: Malaria control using long‑lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying of insecticide (IRS) has been associated with reduced transmission throughout Africa. However, the impact of transmission reduc‑ tion on the age distribution of malaria cases remains unclear. Methods: Over a 10‑year period (January 2009 to July 2018), outpatient surveillance data from four health facilities in Uganda were used to estimate the impact of control interventions on temporal changes in the age distribution of malaria cases using multinomial regression. Interventions included mass distribution of LLINs at all sites and IRS at two sites. Results: Overall, 896,550 patient visits were included in the study; 211,632 aged < 5 years, 171,166 aged 5–15 years and 513,752 > 15 years. Over time, the age distribution of patients not suspected of malaria and those malaria nega‑ tive either declined or remained the same across all sites. In contrast, the age distribution of suspected and confirmed malaria cases increased across all four sites. In the two LLINs‑only sites, the proportion of malaria cases in < 5 years decreased from 31 to 16% and 35 to 25%, respectively. In the two sites receiving LLINs plus IRS, these proportions decreased from 58 to 30% and 64 to 47%, respectively. Similarly, in the LLINs‑only sites, the proportion of malaria cases > 15 years increased from 40 to 61% and 29 to 39%, respectively. In the sites receiving LLINs plus IRS, these pro‑ portions increased from 19 to 44% and 18 to 31%, respectively. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate a shift in the burden of malaria from younger to older individuals follow‑ ing implementation of successful control interventions, which has important implications for malaria prevention, surveillance, case management and control strategies.
Evolutionary Approach for the Strategy-based Refactoring Selection

—In order to improve the internal structure of object-oriented software, refactoring has proved to be a feasible technique. Scheduling a refactoring process for a complex software system is a difﬁcult task to do. Refactorings may be organized and prioritized based on goals established by the project management leadership, that shapes a refactoring strategy. Thepaper presents a multi-objective approach to the Strategy-based Refactoring Set Selection Problem (SRSSP) by treating the cost constraint and the refactoring impact as objectives of a weighted-sum ﬁtness function. The ﬁrst results of the proposed weighted objective genetic algorithm on a experimental didactic case study are presented and discussed.
Enhancing Second Language Writing Self-regulation Through Self-assessment and Peer-assessment: A Case of Iranian EFL Learners

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of self-assessment and peer-assessment activities on second language (L2) writing self-regulation of Iranian English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) learners. For this purpose, a sample of forty-six English major students from two intact classes at an Iranian Islamic Azad University were recruited as the participants of the present study. Then, the two classes were randomly assigned to a self-assessment group (N=22) and a peer-assessment group (N=24). The self-assessment group was instructed on the writing assessment criteria in order to self-assess their writing tasks and the peer-assessment group was trained on how to assess the writings of their peers. The treatment carried out for the self-assessment and peer-assessment groups lasted for a period of one university semester. The data was collected through Second Language Writing Self-regulation (SLWS) administered as the pre-test and post-test of the study. The results obtained from the data analysis indicated that both self-assessment and peer-assessment were conducive in enhancing L2 writing self-regulation of the participants. Nevertheless, further analysis of the data indicated that the participants in the peer-assessment group were better than those in the self-assessment group with regard to writing self-regulation, suggesting that peer-assessment activities were more effective than the self-assessment activities in contributing to enhancing writing self-regulation of the EFL learners. The justification of the findings and their implications for L2 writing pedagogy are also discussed.
Differentiation of internal regions in the EU countries

The aim of the article is to study safety and sustainability of differentiation of performance of internal regions (NUTS 3) in the EU countries measured by the Sub-national Human Development Index (SHDI). The authors examine differentiation of the SHDI of internal regions in the EU countries by means of correspondence of distribution of this indicator [SHDI] of regional performance to Gauss curve, as well as by analyzing the SHDI of internal regions in the EU countries with the help of the coefficient of variation. As follows from the research, the authors proved that differentiation of regional performance in the EU over the last three decades were not chaotic but they were subjected to certain regularities: the distribution of performance of internal regions is normal, with metropolitan areas almost always being leaders of regional performance; regional differences in the area that is now the EU were increasing during the collapse of the Eastern European Socialist Bloc in the early 1990s, and they were declining later, as the regions adapted to the new conditions. So, identified regularities in performance of internal regions (NUTS 3) in the EU countries-normal distribution and spatial convergence-have been considered by the authors as safe and sustainable for further development of the whole EU and its countries.
Risk factors associated with development of senile cataract

Background: Cataract is the most common cause of reversible blindness worldwide, which has been associated with various causative risk factors. Hence, we aim to study the factors that might play a role in cataractogenesis. Material and methods: A total of 240 eyes of 240 subjects were included for the study, which consisted of 120 cases with age-related cataract and 120 age-matched controls, and in them various factors like blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), smoking, sun exposure, and serum cholesterol were studied. Results: A statistically significant difference between the two groups was found with respect to smoking profile (p = 0.007), sun exposure (p = 0.001), and serum cholesterol (p 0.05) was observed. Conclusion: Higher cholesterol levels, increased sun exposure, and smoking habit play a role in the development of senile cataract, and these are modifiable risk factors. Hence, control of these might help in delaying formation and progression of cataract.
Is Corrective Feedback in the ESL Classroom Really Effective? A Background Study

The use, range and efficacy of different types of corrective feedback in the ESL classroom have been widely researched, especially over the past 30 years. This paper attempts to dissect such research and to provide language teachers with an understanding of the background literature and theoretical views surrounding the subject. By summarizing different, often contrasting views on what corrective feedback is, how it works and how effective it is (or not), I strive to provide ESL teachers with a deeper understanding of the available literature and different perspectives that can hopefully better inform and shape our practice. The paper first provides definition of key terms related to corrective feedback, it proceeds to explore a range of theories and views and to look into the core studies regarding both written and spoken feedback and it ends with a short discussion on how these finding are relevant for ESL teachers.
Variations inthe Summer Oceanic pCO2 and Carbon Sink in the Prydz

12 This study applies a neural network technique to produce maps of oceanic surface pCO2 in the 13 Prydz Bay in the Southern Ocean on a weekly 0.1° longitude  0.1° latitude grid based on in situ 14 measurements obtained during the 31st CHINARE cruise from February to early March of 2015. 15 This study area was divided into three regions, namely, the Open-ocean region, Sea-ice region and 16 Shelf region. The distribution of oceanic pCO2 was mainly affected by physical processes in the 17 Open-ocean region, where mixing and upwelling were the main controls. In the Sea-ice region, 18 oceanic pCO2 changed sharply due to the strong change in seasonal ice. In the Shelf region, 19 biological factors were the main control. The weekly oceanic pCO2 was estimated using a 20 self-organizing map (SOM) with four proxy parameters (Sea Surface Temperature, Chlorophyll-a 21 concentration, Mixed Layer Depth, and Sea Surface Salinity) to overcome the complex 22 relationship between the biogeochemical and physical conditions in the Prydz Bay region. The 23 reconstructed oceanic pCO2 data coincide well with the in situ investigated pCO2 data from 24 SOCAT, with a root-mean-square error of 22.14 μatm. The Prydz Bay was mainly a strong CO2 25 sink in February 2015, with a monthly averaged uptake of 23.576.36 TgC. The oceanic CO2 sink 26 is pronounced in the Shelf region due to its lowest oceanic pCO2 and peak biological production. 27
Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease

Amac: Esansiyel tremor (ET) ve Parkinson hastaligi (PH) yaygin hareket bozukluklarindandir. PH’de renkli gormede bozulma ve gorme keskinliginde azalma gibi gorme sorunlari bildirilmistir. Calismalar, optik koherens tomografi (OKT) ile olculebilen retina sinir lifi tabaka (RSLT) kalinliginin PH ve bazi norodejeneratif hastaliklarda azaldigini gostermistir. ET ve PH hastaliginin benzer ozellikleri olmasi nedeniyle, ET ve PH hastalarinda OKT kullanarak RSLT'yi degerlendirmeyi amacladik. Yontemler: Bu prospektif vaka-kontrol calismasinda PH, ET ve kontrol gruplari olusturuldu. Her grupta 30 kisi mevcuttu ve 180 goz incelendi. Bu gruplarda, RSLT kadranlari, makula ve fovea OKT ile degerlendirildi. ET grubunda titreme siddeti analizlere dahil edildi. PH'de hastaligin siddeti Birlesik Parkinson Hastaligi Degerlendirme Olcegi ve Hoehn ve Yahr olcegi ile degerlendirildi. Bulgular: Kontrol, ET ve PH gruplarinda sag gozun ortalama RSLT kalinligi sirasiyla 93,2 (8,1), 86,7 (9,7), 86,8 (10,2) μm idi. PH ve ET gruplarinda bu degerler kontrol grubuna gore daha dusuktu (P=0,026, P=0,025). ET'de hastalik siddeti ile RSLT kalinligi arasinda iliski bulunmadi. Sonuc: ET'de azalmis RSLT kalinligi, ET'nin PH gibi bir norodejeneratif hastalik oldugunu gosterebilir. ET'de subklinik retinal bir etkilenme olabilir.
Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Improve the Prediction of Copper Recovery by Leaching

Copper mining activity is going through big changes due to increasing technological development in the area and the influence of industry 4.0. These changes, produced by technological context and more controls (e.g., environmental controls), are also becoming visible in Chilean mining. New regulations from the Chilean government and changes in the copper mining industry (such as a trend to underground mining) are fostering the search for better results in typical processes such as leaching. This paper describes an experience using artificial intelligence techniques, particularly random forest, to develop predictive models for copper recovery by leaching, using data from an enterprise present in northern Chile for more than 20 years. Two models, one of them with actual operational data and another one with data generated in a controlled environment (piling) are presented. Well-classified values of 98.90% for operational data and 98.72% for pile/piling data were obtained. The methodology devised for the study can be transferred to piling columns or piles with other characteristics, though the operation must focus on copper leaching. It can even be transferred to other leaching processes using another type of mineral, with proper adjustments.
Holding a Group Together: Non-Game Theory Versus Game Theory

Each member of a group chooses a position and has preferences regarding his chosen position. The group’s harmony depends on the profile of chosen positions meeting a specific condition. We analyse a solution concept (Richter and Rubinstein, 2020) based on a permissible set of individual positions, which plays a role analogous to that of prices in competitive equilibrium. Given the permissible set, members choose their most preferred position. The set is tightened if the chosen positions are inharmonious and relaxed if the restrictions are unnecessary. This new equilibrium concept yields more attractive outcomes than does Nash equilibrium in the corresponding game.
Who gives? A literature review of predictors of charitable giving Part One: Religion, education, age and socialisation

This is the first of two papers in which we present a comprehensive review of the multidisciplinary academic literature on philanthropy, identifying the predictors of charitable giving by individuals and households. For each predictor, we discuss the evidence for the mechanisms that may explain why the predictor is correlated with giving. We conclude with a brief agenda for future research. In this first paper we present the evidence on the relationship of giving with religion, education, age and socialisation.
This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 29th USENIX Security Symposium.

Recently studies show that adversarial examples (AEs) can pose a serious threat to a “white-box” automatic speech recognition (ASR) system, when its machine-learning model is exposed to the adversary. Less clear is how realistic such a threat would be towards commercial devices, such as Google Home, Cortana, Echo, etc., whose models are not publicly available. Exploiting the learning model behind ASR system in black-box is challenging, due to the presence of complicated preprocessing and feature extraction even before the AEs could reach the model. Our research, however, shows that such a black-box attack is realistic. In the paper, we present Devil’s Whisper , a general adversarial attack on commercial ASR systems. Our idea is to enhance a simple local model roughly approximating the target black-box platform with a white-box model that is more advanced yet unrelated to the target. We ﬁnd that these two models can effectively complement each other in predicting the target’s behavior, which enables highly transferable and generic attacks on the target. Using a novel optimization technique, we show that a local model built upon just over 1500 queries can be elevated by the open-source Kaldi Aspire Chain Model to effectively exploit commercial devices (Google Assistant, Google Home, Amazon Echo and Microsoft Cortana). For 98% of the target commands of these devices, our approach can generate at least one AE for attacking the target devices 1 .
How Animated Videos and the Snakes–Ladders Game Can Prevent Sexual Abuse in Children

Cases of sexual harassment in children have significantly increased in the last year, including in Bali. This is due to, among other considerations, a lack of knowledge in children related to sexual health as a means of prevention. As a precedent to behavioral changes, cognitive conditioning must be enforced, therefore the aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of using videos and game as learning media. The intervention included providing animated videos and a modified snakes and ladders game. The subjects were all students (N=37) in grades 5 and 6 at SD 2 (primary school) Sidan-Gianyar Bali. Statistical analysis of pre and post test data showed a significant difference between students' knowledge before and after the intervention. The level of sexual health knowledge of students' also increased in both grades. Increasing knowledge through these methods may help children anticipate sexual abuse as a means of prevention.
The Effect of Logistics Salience on Logistical Capabilities and Firm Performances

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of logistics salience on logistics capabilities and performance. The two selected capabilities in the study are service differentiation and innovation. much of the literature has focused on the development of logistics through being customer focused, managing supply chain, integration of processes, measurement and exchanging information therefore, attention shall also be provided on some other and less talked about logistical capabilities which includes innovation and differentiation. The study used survey method for data collection and analysis. The sample size of the study is 150 regression and correlation techniques were applied on the data using SPSS. It was obtained from the results that logistics salience has a positive impact on logistic capabilities and performance. Furthermore, the study also found that logistics innovativeness and service differentiation goes hand in hand and are highly correlated. Keywords—Logistical capabilities; logistics salience; service differentiation; supply chain.
Local Labor Market Inequality in the Age of Mass Incarceration

We contend that the rise of mass incarceration in the United States can be framed through the lens of stratification economics, which views race- and class-based discrimination as a rational attempt on behalf of privileged groups to preserve their relative status and the material benefits which that status confers. Using the first (to our knowledge) local-level data set on incarceration rates by race, we explore the relationship between income inequality, poverty, and incarceration at the commuting zone level from 1950 to the present. Consistent with Michelle Alexander’s hypothesis that expansion of the penal system and the rise of “tough on crime” policy were efforts by privileged groups to drive a wedge into working-class political coalitions formed out of the Civil Rights Movement, we find that labor markets with greater inequality experienced larger increases in the overall incarceration rate. Furthermore, we find that relative rates of poverty play a key role in explaining differential effects of mass incarceration across race. Areas where White poverty rates were large relative to non-White poverty rates experienced no significant change in White incarceration, but an expansion of non-White incarceration. These findings have implications for policies related to economic and judicial systems.
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Rainfall Trends in Victoria

In the present day context, climate change is due to increased release of aerosols into the earth’s atmosphere may be of either natural or anthropogenic origin, which in turn raises the atmospheric temperature causing changes in climatic parameters. Changes in rainfall is an important climatic parameter, have a direct influence on human life. This study aims to assess climate change trends focusing on time series monthly rainfall pattern at three closely located rainfall stations in Victoria, Australia for around 130 years. It has been aimed to capture spatial and temporal rainfall variation in the study area and to assess dependency of trends on the selection of the length of the data period. Thus rainfall data of selected three meteorological stations was analyzed for different time-periods: 1889-2016, 1953-2016, 1987-2016 and 1996-2009. Two non-parametric trend tests: Mann–Kendall (MK) and Sen’s slope (Q) were used for selected stations to identify trends in annual total and annual maximum rainfall. For annual total rainfall, significant decreasing trends were at the Essendon Airport station for all the periods except the longest period 1889-2016.On the other hand, it showed insignificant trends for all selected periods at the Narre Warren North station whereas a significant decreasing trend was found at the Lovely Banks station for the period 1953-2016. However, annual maximum rainfall had significant trend only at the Lovely Banks station for the period 1987-2016.In general, annual total rainfall was decreasing over time for most cases and had a higher decreasing rate in recent time periods, yet the rate was highly dependent on the time period of the data analysis selected. On the other hand, no significant conclusion can be drawn on annual maximum rainfall for all the stations except the Lovely Banks during 1987-2016. Thus, it could be concluded that climate change is not a simple process, where the interpretation of data is highly dependent on the time period of the data analysis selected.
Gold dinar as a consumer product: modified version of the theory of planned behaviour

This study is a conceptual discussion that explores the literature concerning the purchase intention of the gold dinar in Malaysia. Although some research has been done on gold dinar acceptance in the past, a thorough marketing research perspective has been missing in this niche. Yet the gold dinar market is quite dynamic with many public and private initiatives yielding mixed response from the public. The literature suggests that the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) is a good analytical approach to understand the purchase intention of Malaysian customers. However, the author of this theory, Ajzen, has discarded the construct of knowledge as irrelevant to the process of formationof behavioural intention. On the other hand, the competing cognitive behavioural theories postulate knowledge as an important variable, at least in the context of consumer behaviour. Thus, this study proposes a modified version of the TPB that includes objective product knowledge and subjective productive knowledge as exogeneous variables. A conceptual framework is presented with attitude and perceived behavioural control as mediators. A total of 16 hypotheses were generated. Fresh marketing behavioural perspective and consumer knowledge inclusion offers new and potentially more insightful avenues for understanding public behaviour towards gold dinar by academics and practitioners.
Foreign Exchange and Interest Rates and Manufacturing Output in Nigeria

NWOKORO, Athanasius N. (PhD) Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imo State University Owerri, Nigeria Email: prophetnans@yahoo.co.uk ABSTRACT This research paper seeks to investigate the impact of Foreign Exchange and Interest Rates variations on the Nigeria‟s manufacturing Output during the period 1983 to 2014. The study employed the Ordinary Least Square (OLS), stationarity, co-integration, together with Error Correction Modelling, to know the significance and relationship between Foreign Exchange Rate, Interest Rate, Capacity Utilization, Government Expenditure on Manufacturing Sector, Investment in Industrial production and Manufacturing Output in Nigeria within the period under review. All the variables were stationary at first difference and there also exists equilibra relationships between the regressand and the explanatory variables. All the regressors (explanatory variables) appeared in their right signs according to apriori expectation being that Foreign Exchange Rate (FREX) and Interest Rates (INTR) have negative but significant relationship with manufacturing Output (MANO). Our current exchange rate policy should be reviewed to cub the international currency depreciation we are facing. Promulgation and implementation of more realizable monetary and fiscal policies that will be targeted at reducing interest rate on loans to the manufacturing sector.