Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DESIGN OF A VOLUNTEER STUDY TO DETERMINE THE CLEARANCE OF INHALED PARTICLES FROM THE HUMAN NASAL PASSAGE

The National Radiological Protection Board, (NRPB), U.K., is conducting a comprehensive volunteer study on the clearance of inhaled particles from the human nasal passage. Inhalation is the major route of intake of radioactive material for workers, with much inhaled material depositing in the nose, typically > 40% for particles of aerodynamic diameter (dae) > 2 urn. However, there is little information on the clearance from the human nasal passage of particles deposited during breathing for the 12 h following exposure (Fry and Black, 1973; Lippmann, 1970) and none on the clearance of the significant fraction that remains in the nasal passage at longer times. The new respiratory tract model adopted by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP, 1994) represents retention of most of the particles deposited in the extra-thoracic (ET) airways by two compartments: (a) particles deposited in the skin lined anterior nasal passage are cleared extraneously (by nose blowing) with a half-time of about one day; and (b) particles deposited in the ciliated posterior nasal passage, mouth and larynx clear to the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract with a half-time of 10 min. It is assumed that in all conditions material deposited in the nose is equally divided between the anterior and posterior nasal passages. However, it is recognised (ICRP, 1994) that there is considerable uncertainty associated with these values, especially with regard to the partition of deposition between the anterior and posterior nasal passages, which would be expected to depend on particle size and breathing pattern and with the clearance pattern from the anterior nasal passage. It is the aim of this study to address these uncertainties. It will investigate the effects of particle size and breathing pattern on the pattern of aerosol deposition in the respiratory tract and particle clearance from the nasal passage over ranges typical of occupational exposure. The degree of inter-subject variation and the efficency of nose blow sampling will also be studied. Preliminary results from three pilot experiments are presented.
General anaesthesia-related complications of gut motility with a focus on cholinergic mechanisms, TRP channels and visceral pain

General anesthesia produces multiple side effects. Notably, it temporarily impairs gastrointestinal motility following surgery and causes the so-called postoperative ileus (POI), a multifactorial and complex condition that develops secondary to neuromuscular failure and mainly affects the small intestine. There are currently limited medication options for POI, reflecting a lack of comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved in this complex condition. Notably, although acetylcholine is one of the major neurotransmitters initiating excitation-contraction coupling in the gut, cholinergic stimulation by prokinetic drugs is not very efficient in case of POI. Acetylcholine when released from excitatory motoneurones of the enteric nervous system binds to and activates M2 and M3 types of muscarinic receptors in smooth muscle myocytes. Downstream of these G protein-coupled receptors, muscarinic cation TRPC4 channels act as the major focal point of receptor-mediated signal integration, causing membrane depolarisation accompanied by action potential discharge and calcium influx via L-type Ca2+ channels for myocyte contraction. We have recently found that both inhalation (isoflurane) and intravenous (ketamine) anesthetics significantly inhibit this muscarinic cation current (termed mI CAT ) in ileal myocytes, even when G proteins are activated directly by intracellular GTPγS, i.e., bypassing muscarinic receptors. Here we aim to summarize Transient Receptor Potential channels and calcium signalling-related aspects of the cholinergic mechanisms in the gut and visceral pain, discuss exactly how these may be negatively impacted by general anaesthetics, while proposing the receptor-operated TRPC4 channel as a novel molecular target for the treatment of POI.
Concentration of calcium and iron in collard green of conventional and organic agriculture

The vegetable Brassica oleracea var. acephala, popularly known as collard green is very consumed in Brazil and is important due of the presence of many nutrients. It can be grown both by conventional agriculture (CA), with the use of chemical inputs, and by organic agriculture (OA), characterized by the elimination of the use of artificial pesticides and other inputs. In regard to nutritional aspects related to food obtained through organic agriculture is evident the lack of compositional data, mainly in relation to minerals. So the object of this work is to determine and compare the calcium and iron concentration in collard green grown by CA and by OA, marketed in Sao Paulo. The mineral were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry with flame and the results for the collard green CA, in wet basis, were 76.95 ± 12.24 mg of Ca 100g -1 and 2.55 ± 1.15 mg of Fe 100g -1 , and for collard green OA were: 60.64 ± 8.16 mg of Ca 100g -1 and 1.51 ± 0.26 mg of Fe 100g -1 . The results indicate that the samples of collard green produced by organic agriculture the concentration of calcium and iron was lower (p<0.05) than the results for the collard green produced by conventional agriculture.
Aging of copper pipes by drinking water

Thermodynamic models were used to correlate experimental and field data for the concentrations of copper (Cu), anions, and cations in drinking water with Cu‐containing scales on the inner walls of pipes. This study focused special attention on the aging processes of these scales. Precipitation and dissolution were predicted to be the main aging causes for Cu scales present on the inner walls of pipes. When data were grouped by the solid that controls solubility, the average 8‐h stagnant Cu concentration in drinking water was found to decrease linearly with average pipe age. For these average values, langite was the most soluble and youngest film, followed in both solubility and age by cupric hydroxide, azurite, brochantite, malachite, and tenorite. The more stable solids—malachite and tenorite—were 8 and 16 times less soluble, respectively, than the most soluble solid, langite. Scales usually contained more than one compound, a finding that was attributed to temperature changes, variability of water composition, long stagnation periods, and aging. During the aging process, parts of a young scale surface area may be covered and blocked for further reaction by a precipitate. During long stagnation periods, such factors as changes in pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide concentrations and precipitation of calcium solids may induce a different Cu compound precipitate.
Experimental characterization of the solid phase chaotic dynamics in three-phase fluidization

An experimental study of the solid phase dynamics in a three-phase fluidized bed reactor using heavy and light particles is carried out. A radioactive particle tracking technique is employed to obtain extended time series of the tracer path. The tracer has the same properties as the rest of the particles in the bed. A resealed range analysis is applied to time series of the fluctuating velocities to investigate the features of solid phase turbulence. It is found that turbulence is anisotropic. In the axial direction, the correlations between the fluctuating velocities are persistent in time, indicating a superdispersive axial dispersion of the solids. Hence a constant axial dispersion coefficient, which is traditionally used in these reactors to represent the solid phase turbulence, only constitutes a lumped parameter hardly extrapolable to different operating conditions, different systems, and different geometries. The tracer path is also analyzed according to the theory of deterministic chaos. It is found that the solids motion is chaotic. An increase in the gas flow rate increases the values of the parameters that quantify the chaotic behavior of the solids motion. This analysis is found to constitute a promising tool to determine flow regime transitions
Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on growth and Yield of Brinjal at Khajura, Banke

A field study was conduced in split-plot design with three replications to assess the effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on morphological characters and yield of brinjal cvs. Pusa Purple Long (PPL) and Pusa Purple Cluster (PPC) as main plot factor at Khajura, Banke district during summer-rainy season of 2004. The sub-plot treatments composed of fresh water (control), 40 ppm NAA, 10 ppm GA 3 , 2 ppm 2,4-D, 300 ppm ethephon, 30 ppm BAP and 5 ppm triacontanol. The first spray was at flowering stage and the others at 20 days interval. The PGRs had no significant effect on plant height and stem diameter at the end of crop period and days to 100% plant flowering whereas the cultivars differed significantly. The PPL was earlier to 100% plant flowering, which took 33 days after transplanting. The treatments had no significant influence in fruit number per plant and fruit yield. The interaction effect showed that the. PPL did not produced statistically different fruit number per plant with respect to growth regulators, while it had significantly higher fruit yield (17.76 t/ha) at 40 ppm NAA than that at 10 ppm GA 3 and 30 ppm BAP. The PPC produced significantly higher fruit number per plant and higher fruit yield (t/ha) at 30 ppm BAP than all other treatments except 5ppm triacontanol. Key words: Growth regulators, cultivar, season, marketable, unmarketable, yield J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 27:153-156 (2006)
Crystallization and Structure Determination of Fac-Triammin-Aquo-Oxalato-Cobalt (III)-Nitrate Monohydrate

The title compound, fac-triammin-aquo-oxalato-cobalt(III)-nitrate monohydrate, fac-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)(H2O)]NO3·H2O (2), was prepared according to an original synthetic protocol published exactly 100 years ago by Alfred Werner by dissolving the indigo-blue non-electrolyte complex mer-triammin-chloro-oxalato-cobalt(III), mer-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)Cl] (1), in boiling half-concentrated nitric acid. Contrary to the literature, it did not crystallize directly from the reaction mixture, but crystallization could be induced by saturating the solution with NaClO4. The structure of 2 has monoclinic (P21/n) symmetry. The crystal structure displays an extensive array of N–H···O and O–H···O hydrogen bonding.
Modeling Microbially Induced Carbon Degradation in Redox-Stratified Subsurface Environments: Concepts and Open Questions

The degradation of organic matter, including organic contaminants, in subsurface environments is controlled by the abundances and functional capabilities of the resident microorganisms. As a consequence, modeling approaches simulating the fate of organics and related changes in redox conditions have to account for the effects of microbial activity on the degradation kinetics, as well as for the spatial and temporal distributions of the chemical species (e.g., terminal electron acceptors, nutrients or toxic substances) that control microbial activity. The present paper reviews the principal modeling approaches that are used to simulate the degradation of organic matter in water-saturated porous media. Special attention is devoted to modeling the bioavailability of chemical substrates of microbial reactions, and the sequential occurrence of terminal electron accepting pathways. While the various model approaches found in the literature are capable of reproducing field data sets from various environmental settings, they are rarely compared in terms of performance and predictive ability. Most approaches incorporate simplifications or empirical rate laws, which limit their range of application. Thus, there remains a need for further development of more general, process-based modeling concepts to represent microbially mediated reactive processes.
Functional properties of Omani dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Three sun-dried date varieties grown in Oman, namely Fard, Khasab, and Khalas, were examined for their proximate composition and functional constituents; dietary fiber, selenium, antioxidant, carotenoids, phenolics as well as phenolic acids. The study was conducted on dried dates due to their higher consumption compared with fresh dates. All results are expressed as mean value Â± standard deviation (n= 3) on a fresh weight basis. Date varieties were found to be low in fat and protein, but rich in dietary fiber and antioxidants. They were found to be a high source of energy (278-301 kcal/100 g), due to the high carbohydrate content. Total dietary fiber content of dates varied from 6.26 to 8.44 g/100 g, of which 84-94 was insoluble fiber. Dates were found to be a good source of antioxidant constituents including selenium (0.356 to 0.528 mg/100 g), total antioxidants (8212-12543 I¼mol of Trolox equiv/g), carotenoids (0.92-2.91 mg/100 g), and phenolics (217-343 mg of ferulic acid equiv/100 g). Date varieties had different levels and patterns of phenolic acids. Nine phenolic acids (gallic, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, caffeic, syringic, pcoumaric, ferulic, and o-coumaric acid) were tentatively identified. Ferulic acid was the major phenolic acid for all date varieties. The total content of phenolic acids ranged between 20.24 mg/100g for Khasab and 63.41 mg/100g for Khalas. Of the date varieties studied, Khalas, which is considered to be of premium quality, had higher antioxidant activity, total carotenoids and phenolic acids than other varieties. These results suggest that all date varieties serve as a good source of natural antioxidants and could potentially be considered as a functional food or functional food ingredient.
High-resolution aluminum-27 NMR of aluminosilicates

Recent advances in instrumentation and techniques have made a precise determination of isotropic chemical shifts of quadrupolar nuclei in solids practicable. Aluminum-27 chemical shifts in aluminosilicates closely parallel those of silicon-29 and display a similar dependence upon changes in both the first and second coordination spheres and the Al-O-Si bond angles.
Effect of NAA and IAA on Stem Cuttings of Dalbergia Sissoo (Roxb)

The plant cuttings is one of the most common methods of vegetative reproduction which is, today, used extensively due to low cost. In order to study the effect of various concentrations of Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Indole acetic acid (IAA) on the rooting of semi- hardwood cuttings of Dalbergia sissoo , an experiment was carried out in a private field in K oya city in 2014. In this research, the treatments were prepared to include hormone of Naphthalene acetic acid in four levels of: (0, 100, 300 and 500 ppm) and Indole acetic acid in four levels of: (0, 100, 300 and 500 ppm), and the bottom part of the cutting was dipped into above solutions for 30 seconds. The results showed that the maximum percentage of the shooted cuttings, shoot length, number of main branch, diameter of main branch, leaf area, number & length of root, dry weight & biomass &dry matter of shoot, fresh &dry weight of root, biomass &dry matter of root and chlorophyll a belonged to IAA treatment with concentration of 500 ppm, NAA treatment with concentration of 500 ppm. Nitrogen and protein increased with concentration 300 ppm for IAA amd NAA auxins. The highest length of root belonged to IAA treatment with concentration of 500 ppm. All growth parameters were increased up to the highest concentrations of IAA 500 ppm. IAA was the most effective in promoting growth of Dalbergia sissoo cuttings.
A novel azobenzene covalent organic framework

A novel azobenzene (Azo) monomer was synthesized and employed to produce Azo-containing covalent organic frameworks (Azo-COF) through the borate ester formation reaction. The trans-to-cis photoisomerization of Azo units in Azo-COF occurred under irradiation with 365 nm UV light. The photoisomerization of Azo units could decrease the crystallinity of Azo-COF but could not change the pore size of Azo-COF.
ERRATUM: Frictional and elastic properties of high polymeric materials

The relationship of the elastic properties of solids to their frictional properties is discussed. By applying Hertz's equation for deformation of solids in contact, it is shown that while the asperities on metallic surfaces are deformed plastically even at the smallest loads, this is not necessarily true of materials having lower elastic modulus. This is confirmed by measurement of the area of contact between a nylon hemisphere and a glass surface, and by frictional measurements on various nylon specimens. It is shown further that the observed decrease in friction of some high polymers on rough surfaces may be explained in terms of elastic deformation of the asperities.
Evaporative Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Characteristics of Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures

This study investigates flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of mixtures of R-134a and an ester based lubricant. Nominal oil concentrations of 1 %, 3%, and 5% are tested. Experimental heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops are collected over a wide range of flow conditions. The two-phase flow regime is observed visually. The oil has a significant impact on both heat transfer and pressure drop. Small concentrations of oil enhance the heat transfer coefficient. The enhancement is observed for all oil concentrations tested; however, the enhancement is decreasing at an oil concentration of 5%. The enhancement is attributed to several factors including the promotion of an annular-type flow pattern at low to moderate flow rates, the degradation of the nucleate boiling contribution at the same flow rates, and foaming at higher flow rates. The presence of small amounts of oil also increases the pressure drop. This increase is seen at all oil concentrations tested. The magnitude of the increase continues to rise with oil concentration. Factors influencing the pressure drop are the increase in the mixture viscosity, the promotion of an annular-type flow pattern, and foaming. Mixture properties are used in both a heat transfer correlation and a pressure drop correlation to determine the effects of the thermophysical property changes of the mixture. The results indicate that in order to accurately predict refrigerant-oil data, effects other than just property variations must be taken into account. General correlations must properly account for the flow regime effects and foaming.
Theoretical study of the infrared spectrum of 5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol by using DFT calculations

We have carried out a structural and vibrational study for 5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol by using the infrared (IR) spectrum and theoretical calculations. For a complete assignment of the compound IR spectrum, density functional theory calculations were combined with Pulay's scaled quantum mechanical force field methodology in order to fit the theoretical wavenumber values to the experimental ones. An agreement between theoretical and available experimental results was found. The theoretical vibrational calculations allowed us to obtain a set of scaled force constants fitting the observed wavenumbers. The results were then used to predict the Raman spectra, for which there are no experimental data. The nature of the benzyl and oxadiazole rings was studied by means of natural bond order and atoms in molecules theory calculations. In addition, the frontier molecular (highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO)) orbitals were analysed and compared with those calculated for the oxadiazole molecule.
Modeling of III-V Field Effect Transistors.

Abstract : The III-V field effect transistors were modeled using a time domain two-dimensional computer program. The device dynamics were deduced from the large signal time step impulse response. The computed cut-off frequency and intrinsic switching delay time as functions of gate length agree well with published data. The detailed internal carrier and potential distribution indicate persistent Gunn oscillation and significant current flow in the substrate for device with small gate length to channel width ratio LG/d4. The substrate current explains the experimental soft pinch-off of short gate (LG or = 1/4 micrometers) Tailoring of doping profile along the gate-length direction can significantly increase the cut-off frequency. (Author)
Facile Synthesis of ZnO–Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites for NO2 Gas Sensing Applications

Graphene and its exotic forms have been widely recognized as exceptional materials for gas-sensing applications because of their extraordinary electrical conductivity and large surface area to volume ratios. Herein, chemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and zinc oxide-reduced graphene oxide (ZrGO) nanocomposite powders have been successfully synthesized through a simple hydrolysis method followed by annealing in ambient N-2 gas. The reduction of graphene oxide by hydrazine hydrate and the decoration of the graphene surface by ZnO nanoparticles have occurred during the synthesis process. The prepared samples were characterized by various microscopic techniques to explore the surface morphology and uniformity. Spectroscopic techniques were used to investigate the quality of the as-synthesized powder samples as well as the extent of graphitization of the samples. Coil sensors with two Pt terminals and a heating element have been designed to extensively monitor the effect of temperature on the electrical and gas-sensing properties of the rGO and ZrGO nanocomposite samples. The ZrGO nanocomposites possess better electrical and NO2 gas sensing properties than the pristine rGO. The ZrGO nanocomposite sensor exhibits a high response (ca. 32%) for 50 ppm NO2 at relatively low temperature (50 degrees C). Our results suggest that the ZrGO nanocomposite material could be used to fabricate a new generation of low-power portable NO2 sensors.
The physical sense of simulation models of liquid chromatography: propagation through a grid or solution of the mass balance equation

Two distinctly different approaches have been used to simulate the movement of bands through a chromatographic column. One example of the first approach is the Craig distribution model, which replaces the continuous column with a specific number of discrete equilibration processes. Thus it introduces the concept of (theoretical) plates into chromatography, but is not able to explain satisfactorily their significance. The second approach is based on the mass balance equation which can be integrated numerically over time and space to give the elution profile. In this paper we discuss the physical meaning of the numerical integration process followed by the finite difference methods
Induction of zinc particles on the morphology and photoluminescent property of globular Zn/ZnO core/shell nanorod heterojunction array architectures

Zn/ZnO metal/semiconductor nanostructures were successfully synthesised by a facile zinc-rich chemistry liquid-phase approach with zinc microspheres as sacrificial templates at ambient temperature. A series of globular Zn/ZnO core/shell structures and hollow microsphere architectures self-assembled by Zn/ZnO nanorod heterojunction arrays were obtained by controlling the amount of zinc particles. The structure, morphology, composition and optical properties of the products have been characterised by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescent spectroscopy. A possible growth mechanism of the Zn/ZnO nanostructures has been proposed based on the structural analysis. The growth mechanism of Zn/ZnO hollow microspheres is ascribed to Kirkendall effect. A new strong blue emission at 440 nm and a green emission around 500 nm with an enhancement over one order of magnitude compared with the pure ZnO sample have been observed. These emission bands are attributed to two kinds of mechanisms that have been discussed in detail.