Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Systematic Error Correction of Dynamical Seasonal Prediction of Sea Surface Temperature Using a Stepwise Pattern Project Method

Every dynamical climate prediction model has significant errors in its mean state and anomaly field, thus degrading its performance in climate prediction. In addition to correcting the model’s systematic errors in the mean state, it is also possible to correct systematic errors in the predicted anomalies by means of dynamical or statistical postprocessing. In this study, a new statistical model has been developed based on the pattern projection method in order to empirically correct the dynamical seasonal climate prediction. The strength of the present model lies in the objective and automatic selection of optimal predictor grid points. The statistical model was applied to systematic error correction of SST anomalies predicted by Seoul National University’s (SNU) coupled GCM and evaluated in terms of temporal correlation skill and standardized root-mean-square error. It turns out that the statistical error correction improves the SST prediction over most regions of the global ocean with most forecast lead times up to 6 months. In particular, the SST predictions over the western Pacific and Indian Ocean are improved significantly, where the SNU coupled GCM shows a large error.
CW electrooptical properties of InGaAsP(λ = 1.3 µm) buried-heterostructure lasers

The fabrication procedure, electrical properties, optical-bean characteristics, spectral characteristics, and temperature dependence of emission wavelength and threshold of InGaAsP buried-heterostructure (BH) lasers emitting at 1.3 μm are described. The dimensional requirements for fundamental-transverse mode operation have been determined. BH devices are characterized by low threshold currents, fundamental transverse mode operation, linear light output, and narrow spectral width. For 380 μm long devices threshold currents of 40 mA, slope efficiencies of 18 percent, forward resistance of 5 Ω, and T 0 values of 75 K have been attained.
Fast reconnection evolution in an arcadelike magnetic loop structure

In the previous three-dimensional (3D) studies, the fast reconnection mechanism builds up in a narrow extent in the sheet current (z) direction, leading to a compact flare loop. In the present study, the 3D fast reconnection is allowed to evolve in a wide extent in the z direction and hence to proceed in a large arcadelike magnetic loop structure. Magnetic reconnection is initiated by a reconnection disturbance with a nonuniformity periodic in the z direction. According to different magnitudes of the initial disturbance in the z direction, magnetic reconnection is triggered in different manners and the resulting 3D fast reconnection evolution leads to the corresponding flare loop structures. When the z-directional nonuniformity is relatively small, the fast reconnection evolution extends with time in the z direction, leading to evolution of a large arcadelike flare loop, where the temperature is distinctly enhanced in the shape of two ribbons in the loop footpoint. On the other hand, when the disturbance .
ALTERNATIVE APPROXIMATIONS TO THE DISTRIBUTIONS OF INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLE ESTIMATORS

This paper considers the instrument variable and method-of-moments estimators, as generalizations of two-stage least squares and limited information maximum likelihood, of the coefficients of a single equation. Motivated by a simple principle, asymptotic distributions are derived based on a parameter sequence where both the number of instruments and the sample size increase. The approximations to the distributions provided by this sequence are more accurate than traditional ones. The instrument variable estimator appears to be inconsistent. The asymptotic covariance matrix of the method-of-moments estimator can be consistently estimated under the alternative parameter sequence. The resulting approximate confidence regions have exact levels very close to their nominal levels. Copyright 1994 by The Econometric Society.
Atomic data of Zn I for the investigation of element abundances

Aims. We calculate the energy levels, oscillator strengths, and photoionization cross-sections of Zn I to provide atomic data for the study of element abundances in astrophysics. Methods. The calculations are carried out by using the R-matrix method in the LS-coupling scheme. The lowest 12 terms of Zn II are utilized as target states and extensive configuration interaction is included to properly delineate the quantum states of Zn II and Zn I. Results. The 3443 oscillator-strength values are calculated in both length and velocity forms, for the dipole-allowed transitions between 235 bound states of Zn I. The photoionization cross-section of each bound state is presented in a photon energy range from the first threshold to about 1.5 Ry. Some resonance structures are identified in the photoionization cross-sections. Conclusions. A set of atomic data to derive the spectral characteristics of neutral zinc is obtained. Comparisons are made with available experimental and other theoretical results.
Subjective Well-Being Scarring Through Unemployment: New Evidence from a Long-Running Panel

Abstract:Scarring effects of unemployment on subjective well-being (SWB), i.e., negative effects that remain even after workers reenter employment, are well documented in the literature. Nevertheless, the theoretical mechanisms by which unemployment leads to long-lasting negative consequences for SWB are still under debate. Thus, we theorize that unemployment can have an enduring impact mainly through (1) the experience of unemployment as an incisive life event and (2) unemployment as a driver of future unemployment. In the empirical part, we focus on one important dimension of SWB: overall life satisfaction. Based on advanced longitudinal modeling that controls for group-specific trends, we estimate scarring through unemployment using the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). Our results consistently show a large negative effect of unemployment on life satisfaction as well as significant scarring effects that last at least 5 years after reemployment for both men and women as well as for short- and long-term unemployment spells. Further analyses reveal that repeated periods of unemployment drive these effects and cause even longer lasting scarring, implying that there are hardly any adaptations to unemployment that buffer its effect on life satisfaction. We conclude that scarring effects mainly work through repeated episodes of unemployment. Regarding policy implications, our findings suggest that preventing unemployment, regardless of its duration, is beneficial for individual well-being not only in the short term.
Color naming in Italian language

The present study investigated Italian basic color terms (BCTs). It is an extension of our previous work that explored Italian basic color categories (BCCs) using a constrained color-naming method, with 11 Italian BCTs allowed, including blu for naming the BLUE area. Since a latter outcome indicated a categorization bias, here monolexemic color-naming method was employed, enabling also use of azzurro, deeply entrenched Italian term that designates light blue. In Experiment 1, colors (N=367), sampling the Munsell Mercator projection, were presented on a CRT; color names and reaction times of vocalization onset were recorded. Naming consistency and consensus were estimated. Consistency was obtained for 12 CTs, including the two blue terms; consensus was found for 11 CTs, excluding rosso ‘red’. For each consensus category, color with the shortest RT was considered focal. In Experiment 2, consensus stimuli (N=72) were presented; on each trial, observers indicated the focal color (“best example”) in an array of colors comprising a consensus category. For each of the 12 Italian CCs, centroid was calculated and focal color (two measures) estimated. Compared to English color terms, two outcomes are specific to Italian color naming: (i) naming of the RED-PURPLE area is highly refined, with consistent use of emergent non-BCTs; (ii) azzurro and blu both perform as BCTs dividing the BLUE area along the lightness dimension. The findings are considered in the framework of the weak relativity hypothesis. Historico-linguistic, environmental and pragmatic communication factors are discussed that conceivably have driven the extension of the BCT inventory in Italian.
Galaxy Velocity Dispersion Profiles from Merging in Clusters

In a previous paper, we presented an approach (based on the perturbative solution of a Boltzmann-Liouville equation) aimed at deriving the velocity distribution for aggregating galaxies in the potential well of galaxy clusters, averaged over the cluster volume. This approach succeeded in explaining both the value β< 1 of the ratio of galaxy to gas energy density measured in several clusters and the velocity bias found in several N-body simulations. Further evidence for galaxy aggregations in the cluster cores may be constituted by the rising velocity dispersion profiles found recently in the central regions of many clusters. In this paper, we develop our previous approach to derive the velocity distribution as a function of the distance r from the cluster center, and hence we compute the galaxy velocity dispersion as a function of r (velocity dispersion profiles [VDPs]). The results depend upon the depth of the cluster potential wells, which can be measured by the X-ray temperature T. We find that, in clusters with T < 6.5 keV, the efficiency of galaxy merging in the central, denser regions causes the dissipation of galaxy orbital energy. The decrease of this effect with the distance from the cluster center (due to the decrease of galaxy density) gives rise to rising VDPs, associated with a galaxy average velocity dispersion smaller than that of the dark matter. Thus, in such clusters, increasing VDPs are expected to be correlated with a β parameter (measured from combined optical and X-ray observations) smaller than 1. In clusters with T > 8 keV, merging is not efficient and the galaxy velocity dispersion follows the radial decrease of the dark matter velocity dispersion, characterizing most models of cluster dark matter distribution. In clusters with X-ray temperature in the range 6.5 keV ≤ T ≤ 8 keV, the VDPs depend critically on the shape of the gravitational potential. We discuss the dependence of such effects upon the parameters defining the cluster potential wells in the usual King models. Finally, we compare our results with recent data, finding quantitative agreement with the predictions of our model.
Neuropeptide Y-expressing dorsal horn inhibitory interneurons gate spinal pain and itch signalling

Somatosensory information is processed by a complex network of interneurons in the spinal dorsal horn. It has been reported that inhibitory interneurons that express neuropeptide Y (NPY), either permanently or during development, suppress mechanical itch, with no effect on pain. Here, we investigate the role of interneurons that continue to express NPY (NPY-INs) in the adult mouse spinal cord. We find that chemogenetic activation of NPY-INs reduces behaviours associated with acute pain and pruritogen-evoked itch, whereas silencing them causes exaggerated itch responses that depend on cells expressing the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor. As predicted by our previous studies, silencing of another population of inhibitory interneurons (those expressing dynorphin) also increases itch, but to a lesser extent. Importantly, NPY-IN activation also reduces behavioural signs of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. These results demonstrate that NPY-INs gate pain and itch transmission at the spinal level, and therefore represent a potential treatment target for pathological pain and itch.
The processing mechanisms of Mandarin wh-questions

ABSTRACT:Wh-question phrases in Mandarin remain in-situ at their base position (e.g., John bought what? ). Although theoretical studies show that there is a covert dependency between the in-situ question word/phrase and SpecCP, little is known how this dependency is evidenced in the processing of Mandarin wh-in-situ questions. In addition, bare Mandarin wh-phrases like shéi 'who' are different from complex ones like nǎge tóngxué 'which classmate', as the former are known as wh-indeterminates, on a par with indefinites (Cheng 1991), while the latter are considered on a par with definites (Rullmann and Beck 1998). To uncover the processing mechanism of wh-in-situ questions, we conducted two self-paced reading studies where we compared their processing behavior with that of their declarative counterparts. Specifically, and due to the claims made in the literature regarding the nature of bare and complex wh-questions, we compared bare wh-questions with declarative counterparts that contained indefinites, and complex wh-questions with declarative counterparts that contained definites. Our findings show that, regardless of their bare or complex nature, wh-questions were in general processed with more cost (i.e., reading delay) than their declarative counterparts, providing evidence that a covert-dependency is built in wh-questions. In particular, based on our results we claim that after reading the core whelement, the parser immediately starts the process of resolving the wh-question interpretation by establishing the covert dependency. 摘要:汉语普通话的特殊疑问句是在位疑问句，即疑问词的位置和陈述句对应名词的位置相同(例如"约翰买了什么？ ")，并不移到句首。 理论语言学的研究表明，在位的疑问词与句子左缘的 SpecCP 存在隐性的依存关系，但这种依存关系能否从在线句子加工中找到证据，尚不得而知。 除此之外，光杆疑问词(例如"谁")与复杂的疑问词(例如"哪个同学")本质不同，因为前者是 wh-不定指，类似于不定代词 (Cheng 1991), 而后者性质与有定代词类似 (Rullmann and Beck, 1998)。 为了更好地揭示普通话特殊疑问句的加工机制，文章进行了两个自控步速阅读实验，来对比疑问句和对应陈述句的加工模式。 具体说来，根据文献中对光杆疑问词和复杂疑问词的区分，我们分别对比了光杆疑问句和包含了对应不定代词陈述句的加工区别，以及复杂疑问句和包含了对应有定代词陈述句的加工区别。 研究结果表明，尽管疑问词的性质有光杆和复杂之分，疑问句整体上都要比对应陈述句加工成本更高 (即需要更多的加工时间) 。 这为普通话特殊疑问句中隐性依存关系的建构提供了在线加工上的证据。 此外，实验的结果显示，只要阅读到 wh-成分 (例如"哪个"、"谁") ，被试就开始了疑问依存关系的建构，不需要读完整个词组 (例如"哪个同学")。
Inferences about QBO Dynamics from the Atmospheric “Tape Recorder” Effect

Abstract Observations of ascending water vapor anomalies in the tropical lower stratosphere—the so-called tape recorder effect—have been used to infer profiles of vertical mean motion, vertical constituent diffusivity, and lateral in-mixing rate in this region. The magnitude of vertical wave flux required to drive the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in the presence of mean upwelling, along with other related aspects of QBO dynamics, is examined in light of the tape recorder results using a simple one-dimensional model. As found in a previous study, it is necessary that wave fluxes significantly exceed the “classic” values associated with long-period Kelvin and Rossby-gravity waves; the extra fluxes are presumably associated with a continuous spectrum of short-period gravity and inertia–gravity waves. Larger wave fluxes, when used in connection with traditional wave-transport parameterizations developed for the QBO, require a larger vertical diffusivity of momentum in order to prevent the formation of unr.
An Expanded VVP Technique to Resolve Primary and Environmental Circulations in Hurricanes

AbstractAn expansion of the volume velocity processing (VVP) single-Doppler radar analysis method is presented for use with hurricanes. The so-called hurricane VVP (HVVP) method connects the estimated coefficients of a second-order Taylor series expansion of the wind field to the kinematic properties of a wind model that assumes axisymmetry of the tangential and radial wind and a vertically varying environmental flow. HVVP extracts the average radial profiles of these wind components between 1.0- and 3.5-km altitudes along with two parametric indicators of axisymmetry. A new method is thus provided to simultaneously monitor the trends in lower-tropospheric hurricane and environmental winds near landfall. In addition, novel kinematic approximations between the radial variations of the tangential and radial winds developed for HVVP will be of interest to the hurricane research community.Estimates of bias caused by expected average deviations of the true wind from the assumed wind model suggest that the HVVP.
Parametrically excited solitary waves

A modulated cross-wave of resonant frequencyω1, carrier frequencyω =ω1 {1 + O(ε)}, slowly varying complex amplitude O(ε½b), longitudinal scale b/ε½ and timescale 1/εω is induced in a long channel of breadth b that contains water of depth d and is subjected to a vertical oscillation of amplitude O(εb) and frequency 2ω, where 0 < ε [Lt ] 1. The complex amplitude satisfies a cubic Schrödinger equation, generalized to incorporate weak damping and the parametric excitation. A solution is obtained that describes the standing solitary wave observed by Wu, Keolian & Rudnick (1984). The results depend on both d/b and l*/b, where l* is the capillary length (l* = 2.7 mm for clean water), and solitary waves are impossible if d/b < 0.325 for l*/b = 0 or if l*/b > 0.045 for d/b [gsim ] 1. The corresponding cnoidal waves (of which the solitary wave is a limiting case) are considered in an appendix.
On the ${ k}_{1}^{- 1} $ scaling in sink-flow turbulent boundary layers

Abstract Scaling of the streamwise velocity spectrum ${\phi }_{11} ({k}_{1} )$ in the so-called sink-flow turbulent boundary layer is investigated in this work. The present experiments show strong evidence for the ${ k}_{1}^{- 1} $ scaling i.e. ${\phi }_{11} ({k}_{1} )= {A}_{1} { U}_{\tau }^{2} { k}_{1}^{- 1} $ , where ${k}_{1} $ is the streamwise wavenumber and ${U}_{\tau } $ is the friction velocity. Interestingly, this ${ k}_{1}^{- 1} $ scaling is observed much farther from the wall and at much lower flow Reynolds number (both differing by almost an order of magnitude) than what the expectations from experiments on a zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer flow would suggest. Furthermore, the coefficient ${A}_{1} $ in the present sink-flow data is seen to be non-universal, i.e. ${A}_{1} $ varies with height from the wall; the scaling exponent −1 remains universal. Logarithmic variation of the so-called longitudinal structure function, which is the physical-space counterpart of spectral ${ k}_{1}^{- 1} $ scaling, is also seen to be non-universal, consistent with the non-universality of ${A}_{1} $ . These observations are to be contrasted with the universal value of ${A}_{1} $ (along with the universal scaling exponent of −1) reported in the literature on zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers. Theoretical arguments based on dimensional analysis indicate that the presence of a streamwise pressure gradient in sink-flow turbulent boundary layers makes the coefficient ${A}_{1} $ non-universal while leaving the scaling exponent −1 unaffected. This effect of the pressure gradient on the streamwise spectra, as discussed in the present study (experiments as well as theory), is consistent with other recent studies in the literature that are focused on the structural aspects of turbulent boundary layer flows in pressure gradients (Harun et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 715, 2013, pp. 477–498); the present paper establishes the link between these two. The variability of ${A}_{1} $ accommodated in the present framework serves to clarify the ideas of universality of the ${ k}_{1}^{- 1} $ scaling.
Investigation of the Expansion Side of a Delta Wing at Supersonic Speed

An experimental investigation has been made of the flowfield on the expansion side of a flat delta wing with a semiapex angle of 45.3° and an angle of incidence of 12°. The measurements were performed at a Mach number of 2.94 in a 15 cm x 15 cm blow-down wind tunnel at a Reynolds number of 5 x 105 per cm. A five-hole conical-head probe, measuring pitot pressure and flow angularity, was used to explore the flowfield. The main purpose of the experiments was to determine the shape and position of the inboard shock wave and of the conical sonic line, the latter being the locus of points where the conical Mach number is equal to unity. The conical Mach number was derived as the Mach number of the local velocity component normal to a ray through the apex of the delta wing. A comparison of measurements performed in different planes normal to the root chord showed that the flow may be considered as conical. The obtained results suggest that the conical sonic line and the inboard shock wave meet in a point well inside the central region of the flowfield (in this region the influence of both the left half and the right half of the delta wing is felt). The results agree very well with numerical calculations using a shock capturing technique. A flow model is discussed based on the present investigation.
Integrated Constraint-Based Modeling of E. coli Cell-Free Protein Synthesis

Cell-free protein expression has become a widely used research tool in systems and synthetic biology and a promising technology for protein biomanufacturing. Cell-free protein synthesis relies on in-vitro transcription and translation processes to produce a protein of interest. However, transcription and translation depend upon the operation of complex metabolic pathways for precursor and energy regeneration. Toward understanding the role of metabolism in a cell-free system, we developed a dynamic constraint-based simulation of protein production in the myTXTL E. coli cell-free system with and without electron transport chain inhibitors. Time-resolved absolute metabolite measurements for ℳ = 63 metabolites, along with absolute concentration measurements of the mRNA and protein abundance and measurements of enzyme activity, were integrated with kinetic and enzyme abundance information to simulate the time evolution of metabolic flux and protein production with and without inhibitors. The metabolic flux distribution estimated by the model, along with the experimental metabolite and enzyme activity data, suggested that the myTXTL cell-free system has an active central carbon metabolism with glutamate powering the TCA cycle. Further, the electron transport chain inhibitor studies suggested the presence of oxidative phosphorylation activity in the myTXTL cell-free system; the oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors provided biochemical evidence that myTXTL relied, at least partially, on oxidative phosphorylation to generate the energy required to sustain transcription and translation for a 16-hour batch reaction.
Generalized eigenspace beamformer based on CG-Lanczos algorithm

The generalized eigenspace beamformer (GEIB) has been presented as an efficient way to build a beamformer robust to calibration and pointing errors. Its main drawback is the great computational cost needed to develop the whole structure (mainly associated to obtaining the projection matrix). In this paper, the relation between conjugate gradient and Lanczos algorithm is used to modify the conjugate gradient algorithm [robust conjugate gradient method (RCGM)] so the eigenstructure of the correlation matrix can be obtained directly. The numerical problems associated to the loss of orthogonality in successive gradient vectors have also been overcome via selective orthogonalization (SO). In this way, the proposed RCGM is also robust to numerical problems. The overall computational cost in the construction of the GEIB has been reduced from O(N/sup 3/+N/sup 2/) to O(3N/sup 2/) by using the RCGM instead of a conventional projection algorithm. Computer simulations are also presented to demonstrate the merits of the algorithm.