Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of tests of distributional forecasts

One popular method for testing the validity of a model's forecasts is to use the probability integral transforms (pits) of the forecasts and to test for departures from the dual hypotheses of independence and uniformity, with departures from uniformity tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) statistic. This paper investigates the power of five statistics (including the KS statistic) to reject uniformity of the pits in the presence of misspecification in the mean, variance, skewness or kurtosis of the forecast errors. The KS statistic has the lowest power of the five statistics considered and is always dominated by the Anderson and Darling statistic. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
Convection in a horizontally heated sphere

Natural convection in horizontally heated spherical fluid-filled cavities is considered in the low Grashof number limit. The equations governing the asymptotic expansion are derived for all orders. At each order a Stokes problem must be solved for the momentum correction. The general solution of the Stokes problem in a sphere with arbitrary smooth body force is derived and used to obtain the zeroth-order (creeping) flow and the first-order corrections due to inertia and buoyancy. The solutions illustrate the two mechanisms adduced by Mallinson & de Vahl Davis (1973, 1977) for spanwise flow in horizontally heated cuboids. Further, the analytical derivations and expressions clarify these mechanisms and the conditions under which they do not operate. The inertia and buoyancy effects vanish with the Grashof and Rayleigh numbers, respectively, and both vanish if the flow is purely vertical, as in a very tall and narrow cuboid.
1.55-/spl mu/m InGaAsP-InP laser arrays with integrated-mode expanders fabricated using a single epitaxial growth

We report on two techniques for the realization of expanded-mode laser arrays with a single epitaxial growth step and conventional fabrication techniques. Laser arrays with integrated adiabatic-mode expanders (AME) based on a tapered active region and an underlying passive coupling waveguide are demonstrated at the 1.55-/spl mu/m wavelength. These lasers butt couple to standard cleaved single-mode fibers (SMF's) with a loss of only 3.6 dB. This coupling efficiency compares with a theoretical calculation of 3.2 dB. We also propose a novel realization of a laser with an integrated-mode expander based on resonant coupling between a tapered active waveguide and an underlying coupling waveguide. Three-dimensional (3-D) beam propagation method (BPM) results are presented which show that compact, efficient mode expanders with a mode transformation loss of only 0.36 dB can be realized using this method. Butt-coupling efficiencies of 2.6 dB are possible to standard cleaved single-mode fibers.
Second-Order Spectral Differentiation Matrices

The second-order spectral differentiation matrix is required when spectral methods are used to solve second-order differential equations. For methods based on polynomials, the precise form of this matrix will depend on the method used. In each case, however, the eigenvalue with largest magnitude grows as $O(N^{4})$ which has implications for the stability when explicit methods are used to solve time-dependent problems. This paper investigates the relationship between the different matrices and shows that they are related by a rank-two update. Furthermore, it is shown that the matrix can be chosen so that the magnitude of the largest eigenvalue grows as $O(N^{2})$ rather than $O(N^{4})$, and the properties of the underlying polynomials in this case are discussed.
Structural symmetry and magnetocrystalline anisotropy of SrRuO 3 films on SrTiO 3

The structural, magnetic, and magnetotransport properties of ${\text{SrRuO}}_{3}$ films grown on ${\text{SrTiO}}_{3}$ (001) substrates were investigated with the aim to determine the crystalline symmetry, crystalline orientation, and magnetocrystalline anisotropy of an ultrathin (5 nm) ${\text{SrRuO}}_{3}$ film. 60- and 40-nm-thick ${\text{SrRuO}}_{3}$ films were extensively studied by transmission electron microscopy as well as magnetic and magnetotransport techniques, respectively. These studies showed orthorhombic symmetry with a slight monoclinic distortion and a well-defined long-range order of crystallographic domains with the ${[001]}_{o}$ axis parallel to terraces on the slightly vicinal ${\text{SrTiO}}_{3}$ substrate. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy is very strong. The easy axis lies in the ${(001)}_{o}$ plane under a temperature-dependent angle of about $35\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ with respect to the ${[110]}_{o}$ direction that is along the film normal. Below 70 K indications for a spin reorientation transition were detected. The angular-dependent anisotropic magnetoresistance shows distinctive characteristics of the monoclinic symmetry that can be used as a fingerprint. Transmission electron microscopy images of the 5 nm thin ${\text{SrRuO}}_{3}$ film show a coherently strained state. Using the fingerprints from the angular magnetoresistance it could be clearly shown that this ultrathin ${\text{SrRuO}}_{3}$ film, although grown in step flow growth as well, has still monoclinic symmetry, but lacks long-range order of the crystallographic domains. A fraction of $30\char21{}40\text{ }\mathrm{%}$ of misaligned domains (rotated in plane by $90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$) was estimated from the magnetoresistance curves.
Stress from a parallelepipedic thermal inclusion in a semispace

Many problems concerning stress arising from the embedding of a foreign body in a semi‐infinite matrix can be described as thermal inclusion involving a single or an assemblage of parallelepipedic elements. Because of its basic usefulness, we present an analytical solution to the problem of a parallelepipedic thermal inclusion in a three‐dimensional semispace. Application of this solution to the currently important problem of trench isolations in integrated circuits will be presented separately elsewhere.
The effective bulk energy of the relaxed energy of multiple integrals below the growth exponent

The characterisation of the bulk energy density of the relaxation in W1, P(Ω; ℝd) of a functional is obtained for p > q – q/N, where u ∈ W1, P(Ω; ℝd), and f is a continuous function on the set of d × N matrices verifying for some constant C > 0 and 1 ≦ q < + ∞. Typical examples may be found in cavitation and related theories. Standard techniques cannot be used due to the gap between the exponent q of the growth condition and the exponent p of the integrability of the macroscopic strain ∇u. A recently introduced global method for relaxation and fine Sobolev trace and extension theorems are applied.
Computer-assisted search for Costas arrays

We suggest some computer-based \clever brute force" methods to search for Costas permutations: rst, we treat the Costas property as an optimization problem, and propose algorithms accord- ingly; then, we attempt to construct Costas permutations incremen- tally. In connection with the latter method, we suggest an estimate on how dicult it is to construct Costas permutations, and we in- troduce the anti-Costas strings.
Divergent regulation of auxin responsive genes in root-knot and cyst nematodes feeding sites formed in Arabidopsis

Cysts (CNs) and root-knot nematodes (RKNs) induce specialized feeding cells, syncytia, and giant cells (GCs), respectively, within plant roots. The plant tissues around the GCs usually by respond forming a root swelling called a gall that contains the GCs. The ontogenesis of feeding cells is different. GC formation is a process of new organogenesis from vascular cells, which are still not well characterized, that differentiate into GCs. In contrast, syncytia formation involves the fusion of adjacent cells that have already differentiated. Nonetheless, both feeding sites show an auxin maximum pertinent to feeding site formation. However, data on the molecular divergences and similarities between the formation of both feeding sites regarding auxin-responsive genes are still scarce. We studied genes from the auxin transduction pathways that are crucial during gall and lateral root (LR) development in the CN interaction by using promoter-reporter (GUS/LUC)transgenic lines, as well as loss of function lines of Arabidopsis. The promoters pGATA23 and several deletions of pmiR390a were active in syncytia, as were in galls, but pAHP6 or putative up-stream regulators as ARF5/7/19 were not active in syncytia. Additionally, none of these genes seemed to play a key role during cyst nematode establishment in Arabidopsis, as the infection rates in loss of function lines did not show significant differences compared to control Col-0 plants. Furthermore, the presence of only canonical AuxRe elements in their proximal promoter regions is highly correlated with their activation in galls/GCs (AHP6, LBD16), but those promoters active in syncytia (miR390, GATA23) carry AuxRe overlapping core cis-elements for other transcription factor families (i.e., bHLH, bZIP). Strikingly, in silico transcriptomic analysis showed very few genes upregulated by auxins common to those induced in GCs and syncytia, despite the high number of upregulated IAA responsive genes in syncytia and galls. The complex regulation of auxin transduction pathways, where different members of the auxin response factor (ARF) family may interact with other factors, and the differences in auxin sensitivity, as indicated by the lower induction of the DR5 sensor in syncytia than galls, among other factors, may explain the divergent regulation of auxin responsive genes in the two types of nematode feeding sites.
Heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays and solar activity during the Maunder minimum

Modern models and direct cosmic ray experiments deal with heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays only during the recent times of rather high overall solar activity level. On the other hand, the question of cosmic ray modulation during the exceptional conditions of very quiet heliosphere is important. In the present paper we compare the variations of cosmic ray intensity with solar and auroral activity during the Maunder minimum (1645-1715) when the Sun was extremely quiet. We use the newly presented group sunspot number series as a measure of early solar activity, the auroral observations in central Europe as an indicator of transient phenomena in the inner heliosphere, and the radiocarbon data as a proxy of cosmic ray intensity. We find that both cosmic ray intensity and auroral activity closely follow the dominant 22-year cyclicity with sunspot activity during the Maunder minimum. Moreover, the strict antiphase between the 22-year variation of cosmic ray intensity and sunspot activity suggests that the 22-year variation in cosmic ray intensity can be explained by the diffusion-dominated terms of cosmic ray modulation without significant drift effects. We also discuss the possible origin of the behavior of the 10 Be data which is different from all other parameters during the Maunder minimum.
Původ obsidiánové suroviny v pravěku Čech

Práce přináší výsledky první geochemické analýzy provedené na pravěkých obsidiánových artefaktech z území Čech. Ke studiu bylo vybráno jedenáct vzorků s důvěryhodným datačním kontextem. Převážnou většinu analyzovaných vzorků je možné zařadit do období neolitu. Artefakty byly analyzovány dvěma nedestruktivními geochemickými metodami: hodnoty koncentrací zjištěné metodou pXRF byly kalibrovány pomocí výsledků LA-ICP-MS. Na základě výsledků je možné devět vzorků přiřadit s největší pravděpodobností slovenskému zdroji, surovina dvou vzorků pochází pravděpodobně z maďarských zdrojů.
Slope diffraction and its application to horns

The first order geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) predicts vanishing fields along the surface of a conducting wedge for the incident electric field polarized parallel to the diffracting edge. The slope diffraction coefficient is a valid correction term for incidence angles removed from the shadow boundary. A new slope diffraction function for the half plane is presented along with applications. This new form of slope diffraction coefficient for the half plane is valid through the shadow region. Reciprocity is invoked to find the far-fields for a source on the surface of the conducting wedge. In addition to applying the two-dimensional slope diffraction analysis to practical problems, the equivalent current concepts have been extended to include equivalent slope currents for the analysis of either finite or curved edges. This new form of the slope diffraction function has been successfully used to provide an H -plane horn pattern analysis that is considerably less tedious than previously possible with GTD. Both pure GTD solutions and hybrid solutions using conventional aperture integration for the main beam region and GTD for the far-out side and back lobes are compared with experimental results.
Dark Energy as a Natural Property of Cosmic Polytropes—A Tutorial

A conventional approach to the dark energy (DE) concept is reviewed and discussed. According to it, there is absolutely no need for a novel DE component in the universe, provided that its matter–energy content is represented by a perfect fluid whose volume elements perform polytropic flows. When the (thermodynamic) energy of the associated internal motions is taken into account as an additional source of the universal gravitational field, it compensates the DE needed to compromise spatial flatness in an accelerating universe. The unified model which is driven by a polytropic fluid not only interprets the observations associated with universe expansion but successfully confronts all the current issues of cosmological significance, thus arising as a viable alternative to the ΛCDM model.
Relationship between Sexual Violence and the Health of Spanish Women—A National Population-Based Study

Background: Health consequences are likely to be different when sexual violence is analysed independently from other types of violence. It is also likely that different health consequences will result in the cases of partner or ex-partner sexual violence, non-partner sexual violence and sexual harassment. Methods: This study is based on the 2019 Macro-survey of Violence against Women conducted by the Spanish Ministry of Equality on a sample of 9568 women aged 16 years or older. Odds ratios were calculated, and multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: The present study estimates that 4 out of 10 surveyed women had experienced some form of sexual violence in their lifetime. Sexual harassment is the most frequently reported form of this violence, while intimate partner sexual violence is the form with the most unfavourable sociodemographic characteristics and the worst health impact indicators, such as a greater likelihood of suicidal behaviour. Conclusions: Sexual violence is a widespread, under-studied problem with negative health impacts. Women exposed to intimate partner violence are the most vulnerable and at risk. It is advised that responses and comprehensive care plans be developed that place special emphasis on the protection of victims’ mental health.
The relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms and skin cancer susceptibility: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

Background Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) interfere with the function of certain genes and thus may influence the probability of skin cancer. The correlation between SNPs and skin cancer (SC) lacks statistical power, however. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the gene polymorphisms involved in skin cancer susceptibility using network meta-analysis and to determine the relationship between SNPs and SC risk. Methods PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for articles including “SNP” and different types of SC as keywords between January 2005 and May 2022. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess bias judgments. The odds ratio (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined to estimate heterogeneity within and between studies. Meta-analysis and network meta-analysis were carried out to identify the SNPs associated with SC. The P-score of each SNP was compared to obtain the rank of probability. Subgroup analyses were performed by cancer type. Results A total of 275 SNPs from 59 studies were included in the study. Two subgroup SNP networks using the allele model and dominant model were analyzed. The alternative alleles of rs2228570 (FokI) and rs13181 (ERCC2) were the first-ranking SNPs in both subgroups one and two of the allele model, respectively. The homozygous dominant genotype and heterozygous genotype of rs475007 in subgroup one and the homozygous recessive genotype of rs238406 in subgroup two were most likely to be associated with skin cancer based on the dominant model. Conclusions According to the allele model, SNPs FokI rs2228570 and ERCC2 rs13181 and, according to the dominant model, SNPs MMP1 rs475007 and ERCC2 rs238406 are closely linked to SC risk.
A FUNCTIONAL VERSION OF THE BIRKHOFF ERGODIC THEOREM FOR A NORMAL INTEGRAND: A VARIATIONAL APPROACH

In this paper, we prove a new version of the Birkhoff ergodic theorem (BET) for random variables depending on a parameter (alias integrands). This involves variational convergences, namely epigraphical, hypographical and uniform convergence and requires a suitable definition of the conditional expectation of integrands. We also have to establish the measurability of the epigraphical lower and upper limits with respect to the σ-field of invariant subsets. From the main result, applications to uniform versions of the BET to sequences of random sets and to the strong consistency of estimators are briefly derived.
Asymptotic behaviour for an almost-orbit of nonexpansive semigroups in Banach spaces

In this paper, by using the technique of product nets, we are able to prove a weak convergence theorem for an almost-orbit of right reversible semigroups of nonexpansine mappings in a general Banach space X with Opial's condition. This includes many well known results as special cases. Let C be a weakly compact subset of a Banach space X with Opial's condition. Let G be a right reversible semitopological semigroup,  = {T (t): t ∈ G} a nonexpansive semigroup on C, and u (·) an almost-orbit of . Then {u (t): t ∈ G} is weakly convergent (to a common fixed point of ) if and only if it is weakly asymptotically regular (that is, {u (ht) − u (t)} converges to 0 weakly for every h ∈ G).
Do Hands-on Activities Increase Student Understanding?: A Case Study

This article describes the design, implementation, and assessment of four hands-on activities in an introductory college statistics course. In the activities, students investigated the ideas of the central limit theorem, confidence intervals, and hypothesis testing. Five assessments were administered to the students, one at the beginning and end of the course, and three in between the activities. We found that, despite our attempts to engage our students in active reflection, their performance on the assessments generally did not improve. These results raise important issues about the design of pedagogical tools and activities as well as the need to gather data to assess their effectiveness.
Trophic ecology of midwater zooplankton along a productivity gradient in the Southeast Pacific

The environmental regulation of planktonic food web structure is a key determinant for the efficiency of energy transfer through trophic levels, with direct implications for the amount of energy that is available to top-consumers and deep-sea communities. Yet, the complex trophic interplay between the different components of plankton communities under contrasting environmental conditions remains unresolved. Here, we present a comprehensive field study based on compound-specific isotope analysis of amino acids that aims to explore depth-resolved changes in the trophic strategies of various size-classes of mesozooplankton from distinct habitats across the Southeast Pacific. According to the δ15N values of the so-called source amino acids such as phenylalanine, we first identified a clear shift in nitrogen sources for biological production, from nitrate in the productive upwelling waters of the Humboldt Current System to increased inputs of diazotroph-N within the ultra-oligotrophic South Pacific gyre. These shifts in the productivity and in the source of N at the base of the food web were not accompanied by significant changes in the trophic position (TP) of mesozooplankton, which were mainly omnivores (TP = 2.8 ± 0.3, n = 65) in all ecoregions. However, although the planktonic food web length remained relatively unaltered along the productivity gradient, the microbial contribution to mid-trophic level consumers appeared to be more important at relatively high productivities, likely due to more intense remineralization processes in a late successional stage of the upwelling throughout the coastal-transition zone. Altogether, this research work will contribute to a better understanding of the food web functioning in one of the least explored marine regions of the world’s oceans.
Nearest‐neighbor methods for nonparametric rainfall‐runoff forecasting

This paper introduces a nonparametric regression method for time series to the stochastic hydrology literature. The technique, known as the nearest-neighbor (NN) method, is motivated by the classical rainfall-runoff forecasting problem. We have shown in a companion paper (Yakowitz, 1987) that in the time series setting it has attractive large-sample properties. As summarized herein, these include asymptotic convergence to the optimal forecaster under many circumstances in which the forecaster is not a linear function of the data. The technique is applied to a sequence of about 3000 seasonalized rainfall-runoff pairs from the Coshocton Watershed. We compare the NN forecasting performance on a split sample with those of autoregressive maximum and instantaneous unit hydrograph forecasters.
Bloom’s Taxonomy and Classroom Talk: Exploring the Relationship Between the Nature of Small Group Discussion Tasks and the Quality of Learners’ Talk

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the nature of small group discussion tasks and learners’ talk during Physical Science lessons. The study was conducted during Physical Science lessons with three self-selected groups of Grade 11 learners from one school. A total of three lessons were followed. During the lessons, learners were given group tasks to complete, and their discussion was audio-recorded. The small group discussion tasks were coded using the revised Bloom’s taxonomy. The audio-recordings were transcribed and coded using Mercer’s three types of talk. The nature of tasks in the small group discussions was paired with the type of talk used as the group members were responding to the tasks and the frequency of these pairs was analysed. Analysis of the tasks vs. types of talk used indicated that learners predominately used cumulative talk to find solutions to understanding tasks. Exploratory talk was predominately used to find solutions to application tasks. The findings show that this relationship between the nature of small group discussion tasks and learners’ type of talk is statistically significant at p = 0.05 level. No disputational talk occurrences were observed. It is noted that the type of talk used to address each type of task is related to the cognitive skills demanded by the task, group composition and the embracing of the spirit of ubuntu by the group members.