Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine in Children 5 to 11 Years of Age

Abstract Background Safe, effective vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) are urgently needed in children younger than 12 years of age. Methods A phase 1, dose-finding study and an ongoing phase 2–3 randomized trial are being conducted to investigate the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine administered 21 days apart in children 6 months to 11 years of age. We present results for 5-to-11-year-old children. In the phase 2–3 trial, participants were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive two doses of either the BNT162b2 vaccine at the dose level identified during the open-label phase 1 study or placebo. Immune responses 1 month after the second dose of BNT162b2 were immunologically bridged to those in 16-to-25-year-olds from the pivotal trial of two 30-μg doses of BNT162b2. Vaccine efficacy against Covid-19 at 7 days or more after the second dose was assessed. Results During the phase 1 study, a total of 48 children 5 to 11 years of age received 10 μg, 20 μg, or 30 μg of the BNT162b2 vaccine (16 children at each dose level). On the basis of reactogenicity and immunogenicity, a dose level of 10 μg was selected for further study. In the phase 2–3 trial, a total of 2268 children were randomly assigned to receive the BNT162b2 vaccine (1517 children) or placebo (751 children). At data cutoff, the median follow-up was 2.3 months. In the 5-to-11-year-olds, as in other age groups, the BNT162b2 vaccine had a favorable safety profile. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were noted. One month after the second dose, the geometric mean ratio of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) neutralizing titers in 5-to-11-year-olds to those in 16-to-25-year-olds was 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93 to 1.18), a ratio meeting the prespecified immunogenicity success criterion (lower bound of two-sided 95% CI, >0.67; geometric mean ratio point estimate, ≥0.8). Covid-19 with onset 7 days or more after the second dose was reported in three recipients of the BNT162b2 vaccine and in 16 placebo recipients (vaccine efficacy, 90.7%; 95% CI, 67.7 to 98.3). Conclusions A Covid-19 vaccination regimen consisting of two 10-μg doses of BNT162b2 administered 21 days apart was found to be safe, immunogenic, and efficacious in children 5 to 11 years of age. (Funded by BioNTech and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04816643.)
MODELLING OF RANDOM VEHICLE LOADING HISTORIES FOR FATIGUE ANALYSIS

The concise description of one dimensional vehicle loading histories for fatigue analysis using stochastic process theory is presented in this study. For fatigue analysis using stochastic process theory is presented in this study. The load history is considered to have stationary random and nonstationary mean content. The stationary variations are modelled by an Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) model, while a Fourier series is used to model the variation of the mean. Due to the use of random phase angles in the Fourier series an ensemble of mean variations is obtained. The methods of nonparametric statistics are used to determine the success of the modelling of nonstationarity. Justification of the method is obtained through comparison of rainflow cycle distributions and resulting fatigue lives of original and simulated loadings. Due to the relatively small number of Fourier coefficients needed together with the use of ARMA models, a concise description of complex loadings is achieved. The overall frequency content and sequential information of the load history is statistically preserved. An ensemble of load histories can be constructed on–line with minimal computer storage capacity as used in testing equipment.
Strain Energy Density Function for Arteries from Different Topographical Sites

INTRODUCTION To study the passive elastic properties of the arterial wall, strain energy density functions (potenüals) are widely used in literature. Various functional forms of Potential have been presented by different authors, including polynominals [7], exponential functions [4] polynomials plus exponentials [3] and logarithmic expressions [6]. In the majority of investigations however, attention is either restricted to some "physiological ränge" of deformation (such äs the in vivo axial prestretch) or is limited to arteries stemming from one specific topographical site. The purpose of the present study was to lest a new Potential on stress-strain data covering wide ranges of circumferential and axial strains and pertaining to arteries stemming from four different topographical sites.
Detector-noise suppression by appropriate CR-(RC)n shaping

The influence of the order n of a semi-Gaussian CR-(RC)/sup n/ shaper on the signal-to-noise ratio of a read-out system, subject to detector 1/f and 1/f/sup 2/ noise, is presented by the author. Normalised equivalent noise charges, ENC(n), as a function of n for the 1/f and 1/f/sup 2/ noise, respectively, are calculated and presented. An alternative solution to circumvent the problem of the singularity in the Beta function is discussed, which is related to the 1/f noise. Conclusions and some guidelines are derived from the obtained data.
Intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factors hypertension, proteinuria, and renal injury: a concise review

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Purpose of review Nearly 20 years ago, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)inhibitors (VEGFi) were adapted from systemic use from antiangiogenesis roles to intravitreal uses. Initially bevacizumab a murine immunoglobulin was injected ‘off label’ as a treatment for diabetic macular edema and age-related macular degeneration. Throughout the following decade aflibercept and finally ranibizumab were adapted and obtained Food and Drug Administration approval for intravitreal use. Initially systemic absorption was thought to be quite low after intravitreal injections and was quoted as being 200-fold lower than levels postulated to induce significant VEGF inhibition. Pharmacodynamic studies obtained in 2014 and again in 2017 revealed significant systemic absorption and detectable VEGF inhibition, this has since been confirmed in multiple subsequent studies. Recent findings A few case reports of renal dysfunction and glomerular disease related to VEGFi were initially identified. Mixed findings on effects on blood pressure were noted in studies. More recently, 32 cases of de-novo glomerular disease and/or proteinuria exacerbation were identified. New studies have corroborated increased blood pressure, proteinuria exacerbation in patients with pre-existing nephrotic syndrome, and systemic VEGF depletion. Further, the most common lesion of systemic VEGFi nephrotoxicity, thrombotic microangiopathy, has recently been reported by our group. Summary We will review the pharmacokinetic, translational, and epidemiological data that year upon year establish the finite-yet real risk of intravitreal VEGFi.
Fusion of Centroid-Based Clustering With Graph Clustering: An Expectation-Maximization-Based Hybrid Clustering

This article extends the expectation-maximization (EM) formulation for the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) with a novel weighted dissimilarity loss. This extension results in the fusion of two different clustering methods, namely, centroid-based clustering and graph clustering in the same framework in order to leverage their advantages. The fusion of centroid-based clustering and graph clustering results in a simple “soft” asynchronous hybrid clustering method. The proposed algorithm may start as a pure centroid-based clustering algorithm (e.g., <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-means), and as the time evolves, it may eventually and gradually turn into a pure graph clustering algorithm [e.g., basic greedy asynchronous distributed interference avoidance (GADIA) (Babadi and Tarokh, 2010)] as the algorithm converges and vice versa. The “hard” version of the proposed hybrid algorithm includes the standard Hopfield neural networks (and, thus, Bruck’s Ln algorithm by (Bruck, 1990) and the Ising model in statistical mechanics), Babadi and Tarokh’s basic GADIA in 2010, and the standard <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${k}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-means (Steinhaus, 1956), (MacQueen, 1967) [i.e., the Lloyd algorithm (Lloyd, 1957, 1982)] as its special cases. We call the “hard version” of the proposed clustering as “hybrid–nongreedy asynchronous clustering (H-NAC). ” We apply the H-NAC to various clustering problems using well-known benchmark datasets. The computer simulations confirm the superior performance of the H-NAC compared to the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-means clustering, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-GADIA, spectral clustering, and a very recent clustering algorithm structured graph learning (SGL) by Kang et al. (2021), which represents one of the state-of-the-art clustering algorithms.
Aerobic training mitigates the negative impact of diabetes on fertility

Diabetes negatively affects the reproductive system. This present study investigated the effects of aerobic training on protamine 1 and 2 mRNA expression, sex hormones, antioxidant defence and sperm quality in diabetic rats. Thirty‐six male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into three groups including diabetic training (DT) group, diabetic (D) group and control (C) group. Rats in DT were exercised 5 times per week for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected for evaluation of sex hormones 48 h after the last training session. Also, the testes were removed and subjected to histological evaluation and semen analysis. Testicular mRNA expressions of protamines were determined by RT‐qPCR. Protamines 1 and 2, and the ratio of protamine 1 to protamine 2 were significantly lower in DT and D groups compared with C group (p < 0.01). LH and testosterone levels were significantly lower in D group compared with DT and C group (p < 0.01). Malondialdehyde was significantly lower in DT and C groups compared with D group (p < 0.001). Sperm parameters were significantly lower in D group compared with C group (p < 0.01). Our findings suggest that aerobic training may mitigate the negative impact of diabetes on sex hormones, oxidative stress, protamine content and sperm parameters in male rats.
Robust BOLD Responses to Faces But Not to Conditioned Threat: Challenging the Amygdala's Reputation in Human Fear and Extinction Learning

Most of our knowledge about human emotional memory comes from animal research. Based on this work, the amygdala is often labeled the brain's “fear center”, but it is unclear to what degree neural circuitries underlying fear and extinction learning are conserved across species. Neuroimaging studies in humans yield conflicting findings, with many studies failing to show amygdala activation in response to learned threat. Such null findings are often treated as resulting from MRI-specific problems related to measuring deep brain structures. Here we test this assumption in a mega-analysis of three studies on fear acquisition (n = 98; 68 female) and extinction learning (n = 79; 53 female). The conditioning procedure involved the presentation of two pictures of faces and two pictures of houses: one of each pair was followed by an electric shock [a conditioned stimulus (CS+)], the other one was never followed by a shock (CS–), and participants were instructed to learn these contingencies. Results revealed widespread responses to the CS+ compared with the CS– in the fear network, including anterior insula, midcingulate cortex, thalamus, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, but not the amygdala, which actually responded stronger to the CS–. Results were independent of spatial smoothing, and of individual differences in trait anxiety and conditioned pupil responses. In contrast, robust amygdala activation distinguished faces from houses, refuting the idea that a poor signal could account for the absence of effects. Moving forward, we suggest that, apart from imaging larger samples at higher resolution, alternative statistical approaches may be used to identify cross-species similarities in fear and extinction learning. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The science of emotional memory provides the foundation of numerous theories on psychopathology, including stress and anxiety disorders. This field relies heavily on animal research, which suggests a central role of the amygdala in fear learning and memory. However, this finding is not strongly corroborated by neuroimaging evidence in humans, and null findings are too easily explained away by methodological limitations inherent to imaging deep brain structures. In a large nonclinical sample, we find widespread BOLD activation in response to learned fear, but not in the amygdala. A poor signal could not account for the absence of effects. While these findings do not disprove the involvement of the amygdala in human fear learning, they challenge its typical portrayals and illustrate the complexities of translational science.
Integrative oncology: Addressing the global challenges of cancer prevention and treatment

The increase in cancer incidence and mortality is challenging current cancer care delivery globally, disproportionally affecting low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) when it comes to receiving evidence‐based cancer prevention, treatment, and palliative and survivorship care. Patients in LMICs often rely on traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine (TCIM) that is more familiar, less costly, and widely available. However, spheres of influence and tensions between conventional medicine and TCIM can further disrupt efforts in evidence‐based cancer care. Integrative oncology provides a framework to research and integrate safe, effective TCIM alongside conventional cancer treatment and can help bridge health care gaps in delivering evidence‐informed, patient‐centered care. This growing field uses lifestyle modifications, mind and body therapies (eg, acupuncture, massage, meditation, and yoga), and natural products to improve symptom management and quality of life among patients with cancer. On the basis of this review of the global challenges of cancer control and the current status of integrative oncology, the authors recommend: 1) educating and integrating TCIM providers into the cancer control workforce to promote risk reduction and culturally salient healthy life styles; 2) developing and testing TCIM interventions to address cancer symptoms or treatment‐related adverse effects (eg, pain, insomnia, fatigue); and 3) disseminating and implementing evidence‐based TCIM interventions as part of comprehensive palliative and survivorship care so patients from all cultures can live with or beyond cancer with respect, dignity, and vitality. With conventional medicine and TCIM united under a cohesive framework, integrative oncology may provide citizens of the world with access to safe, effective, evidence‐informed, and culturally sensitive cancer care.
Anatomical Site-Specific Carbohydrate Availability Impacts Streptococcus pneumoniae Virulence and Fitness during Colonization and Disease

Streptococcus pneumoniae colonizes the nasopharynx asymptomatically but can also cause severe life-threatening disease. Importantly, stark differences in carbohydrate availability exist between the nasopharynx and invasive disease sites, such as the bloodstream, which most likely impact S. pneumoniae’s behavior. Herein, using chemically defined medium (CDM) supplemented with physiological levels of carbohydrates, we examined how anatomical site-specific carbohydrate availability impacted S. pneumoniae physiology and virulence. S. pneumoniae cells grown in CDM modeling the nasopharynx (CDM-N) had reduced metabolic activity and a lower growth rate, demonstrated mixed acid fermentation with marked H2O2 production, and were in a carbon-catabolite repression (CCR)-derepressed state versus S. pneumoniae cells grown in CDM modeling blood (CDM-B). Using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), we determined the transcriptome for the S. pneumoniae wild-type (WT) strain and its isogenic CCR-deficient mutant in CDM-N and CDM-B. ABSTRACT Streptococcus pneumoniae colonizes the nasopharynx asymptomatically but can also cause severe life-threatening disease. Importantly, stark differences in carbohydrate availability exist between the nasopharynx and invasive disease sites, such as the bloodstream, which most likely impact S. pneumoniae’s behavior. Herein, using chemically defined medium (CDM) supplemented with physiological levels of carbohydrates, we examined how anatomical site-specific carbohydrate availability impacted S. pneumoniae physiology and virulence. S. pneumoniae cells grown in CDM modeling the nasopharynx (CDM-N) had reduced metabolic activity and a lower growth rate, demonstrated mixed acid fermentation with marked H2O2 production, and were in a carbon-catabolite repression (CCR)-derepressed state versus S. pneumoniae cells grown in CDM modeling blood (CDM-B). Using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), we determined the transcriptome for the S. pneumoniae wild-type (WT) strain and its isogenic CCR-deficient mutant in CDM-N and CDM-B. Genes with altered expression as a result of changes in carbohydrate availability or catabolite control protein deficiency, respectively, were primarily involved in carbohydrate metabolism, but also encoded established virulence determinants, such as polysaccharide capsule and surface adhesins. We confirmed that anatomical site-specific carbohydrate availability directly influenced established S. pneumoniae virulence traits. S. pneumoniae cells grown in CDM-B formed shorter chains, produced more capsule, were less adhesive, and were more resistant to macrophage killing in an opsonophagocytosis assay. Moreover, growth of S. pneumoniae in CDM-N or CDM-B prior to the challenge of mice impacted relative fitness in a colonization model and invasive disease model, respectively. Thus, anatomical site-specific carbohydrate availability alters S. pneumoniae physiology and virulence, in turn promoting anatomical site-specific fitness.
MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES OF ELITE CROATIAN FEMALE SOCCER PLAYERS ACCORDING TO TEAM POSITION

The research regarding the influence of morphological characteristics on soccer performance is particularly complex because the success in soccer in part depends upon the individual characteristics and team position of every player. It is necessary to have knowledge of these characteristics in order to establish their importance as key factors of success in competitive sports such as soccer. This is one reason why the authors decided to determine the morphological differences of elite Croatian female soccer players according to their respective team positions, a logical extension of an earlier article focusing on male soccer players. The sample consisted of soccer players who were current members of first league clubs in Croatia (n=24) and who were tested at the end of the 2005/06 competition season (prior to the European championship). According to the instructions issued by the International Biological Program, the following anthropometrical variables were measured: body height, body mass, leg length, arm length, biacromial and bicristal diameters, knee and elbow diameters, upper arm girth, forearm girth, thigh girth and calf girth. The body fat percentage and relative body fat mass in female soccer players were determined using the Sloan and Siri equations. The differences in team position (goalkeepers, defenders, forwards and midfielders) were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The statistical significance was set at p<0.05. The goalkeepers proved to be the tallest and the heaviest players on the team, with longest legs and arms, and the largest thigh girth. The MANOVA revealed no statistically significant differences in any of the selected parameters among female soccer players according to their team positions. An analysis of the female soccer players’ team positions demonstrated no significant differences in morphological variables. The players’ values (average height and body mass) fell within the range of normal values recorded in the general population and other elite European female soccer players. Therefore, we can conclude that Croatian female soccer players are morphologically similar to their counterparts on other elite European soccer teams. These findings are useful because a consideration of morphological characteristics is important in the selection of players, especially goalkeepers, for team positions.
Emergency intubation practices in a tertiary teaching hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia: A prospective observational study

Intubation is an important competency for emergency doctors. Emergency patients are often unstable, with undifferentiated conditions. There is little time to prepare these patients prior to intubation and so ED intubation may differ from intubation in intensive care units and operating theatres. The present study aims to describe the characteristics of emergency intubation after an administrative policy change within a tertiary teaching hospital in Jakarta, allowing non‐anaesthetists to perform intubation in the ED.
Long-term properties of concrete containing ground granulated blast furnace slag and steel slag

In this paper, the influence of six different mineral admixtures on the long-term properties of concrete within 1080 d is investigated; these admixtures include steel slag, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and composite mineral admixtures with four different GGBS-to-steel slag ratios. The results show that steel slag and composite mineral admixtures with a high content of steel slag have many negative effects on the long-term properties of concrete, such as decreasing strength, increasing porosity and chloride penetrability, and decreasing carbonation and sulfate resistance. GGBS tends to improve the long-term properties of concrete. Concrete containing composite mineral admixture with a high content of GGBS can achieve similar long-term strength, porosity, chloride penetrability, and carbonation and sulfate resistance to Portland cement concrete. The influence of the composite mineral admixture composed of 80% GGBS and 20% steel slag on the long-term properties of concrete might be very close .
X‐band CMOS power amplifier with high efficiency for motion detection radar

This article describes a highly efficient X‐band CMOS power amplifier. To obtain high drain voltage for high power, instead of using the typical cascode structure, we use a common‐source structure with a long channel length transistor. Generally, to enable high operating speed at high frequency, smaller transistor technology is used, but we demonstrate that using large transistor technology is also possible. The proposed power amplifier is designed with transistors of 300‐nm channel length in a common‐source structure using a differential structure of RFCMOS technology. Consequently, the maximum output power is 19 dBm with a power added efficiency of 40.5% at an input power of 5 dBm. This RFCMOS power amplifier includes all matching circuits and biasing circuits, and no external components are required. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2552–2557, 2014