Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Castleman’s Disease-Clinical, Histological and Therapeutic Features

process that can occur at any site of the lymphoid chain. The purpose of this paper is to review the existing data regarding Castleman’s disease etiopathogenesis and treatment. Considering the extent of the lymphoid tissue involvement Castleman’s disease can be classified as unicentric (UCD) and multicentric (MCD). Another classification of this pathology is based on the histopathological features: hyaline vascular CD (90% of cases), plasma cell CD (less than 10%) and mixed cell type. Patients with UCD have good prognosis, the gold standard treatment being complete surgical excision. The multicentric type in contrast to UCD has a worse prognosis and associates the risk of evolving to lymphoma. Over the years different therapeutic strategies have been applied in the management of multicentric Castleman’s disease: glucocorticoids, chemotherapy, antiviral agents and monoclonal antibodies that target CD (cluster of differentiation) 20, interleukin -6 (IL-6) and IL-6 receptors. Castleman’s disease is a rare and complex pathology, whose etiopathogenesis is still incompletely elucidated. In the past few years the overall survival and progression free survival has significantly increased, due to different therapeutic options that have emerged, options that have constantly offered better and better results. Further investigation regarding the chemical interactions between different receptors and therapeutic molecules, understanding the mechanism of action and the potential benefits of each therapeutic agent may prove useful in clinical practice for treating CD.
ANALISIS PROSES PERENCANAAN DAN PELAKSANAAN ANGGARAN PADA DINAS PARIWISATA DAN EKONOMI KREATIF KOTA PALU

This research is aimed to analyze the process of budget planning and implementation in The Department of Tourism and Creative Economy, Palu City. It is a descriptive qualitative and selects 4 (four) financial managers as its main respondents. The result indicates that the process of budget planning in The Department of Tourism anD, Renja-SKPD, KUA, PPAS, RKA-SKPD, and APBD, which are compiled into a budget implementation document/DPA. However, budget allocation for each program is disproportional and disregards the procurement standard analysis. Moreover, budget implementation has been executed based on the regulation and yet, is not supported by qualified human resources, who have knowledge of financial management. Fund disbursement is often delayed because of waiting for the provision of funds letter/SPD and there is also a delay in money supply process/GU because the financial report is not handed to the treasure on time.
The Impact of Chinese FDI in Africa: Evidence from Ethiopia

We exploit exogenous variation in China’s export taxes to investigate the impact of Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) in Ethiopia. Higher sector-speciﬁc export taxes in China lead to more Chinese FDI in Ethiopian districts specialized in those sectors and generate highly heterogeneous effects. Domestic ﬁrms competing with Chinese FDI reduce their sales, investment, inputs and prices, while ﬁrms in upstream and downstream sectors expand. We build a 20-year district panel of night lights and observe that Chinese FDI leads to no instantaneous impact on local growth, but signiﬁcant and persistently positive effects after 6-12 years. JEL
Spray drying of organic strawberry extract

In this study, the effects of spray drying parameters on organic strawberry extract were investigated. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize spray drying conditions. Air inlet temperature (120-150 ° C), extract mass percentage in the feed mixture (m/m in dry basis 15-50%) and solid content of feed (20-40 ° Bx) were the independent process variables and maltodextrin was used as encapsulating agent. The responses of model were operational efficiency (yield) and phenolic retention. The optimum temperature, extract mass percentage and solid content of feed were estimated as 120 ° C, 23.26% (m/m) extract, and 20.00 ° Bx. The maximum levels of responses under optimum conditions were obtained as operational efficiency of 91.95% and phenolic retention of 79.62%. It was found that the most important variable was extract mass percentage in production of strawberry extract powders. As a result, organic strawberry extract powder can be effectively produced by spray drying.
Columnar and surface urban aerosol in the Moscow megacity according to measurements and simulations with the COSMO-ART model

Abstract. Urban aerosol pollution was analyzed over the Moscow megacity region using the COSMO-ART (COSMO – COnsortium for Small-scale MOdelling, ART – Aerosols and Reactive Trace gases) online coupled mesoscale model system and intensive measurement campaigns at the Moscow State University Meteorological Observatory (MSU MO, 55.707∘ N, 37.522∘ E) during the April–May period in 2018 and 2019. We analyzed mass concentrations of particulate matter with diameters smaller than 10 µm (PM10), black carbon (BC) and aerosol gas precursors (NOx, SO2, CHx) as well as columnar aerosol parameters for fine and coarse modes together with different meteorological parameters, including an index characterizing the intensity of particle dispersion (IPD). Both model and experimental datasets have shown a statistically significant linear correlation of BC with NO2 and PM10 mass concentrations, which indicates mostly common sources of emissions of these substances. There was a pronounced increase in the BC/PM10 ratio from 0.7 % to 5.9 %, with the decrease in the IPD index related to the amplification of the atmospheric stratification. We also found an inverse dependence between the BC/PM10 ratio and columnar single-scattering albedo (SSA) for the intense air mixing conditions. This dependence together with the obtained negative correlation between wind speed and BC/PM10 may serve as an indicator of changes in the absorbing properties of the atmosphere due to meteorological factors. On average, the relatively low BC / PM10 ratio (for urban regions) of 4.7 % is the cause of the observed relatively high SSA = 0.94 in Moscow. Using long-term parallel aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements over the 2006–2020 period at the MSU MO and under upwind clean background conditions at Zvenigorod Scientific Station (ZSS) of the IAP RAS (55.7∘ N, 36.8∘ E), we estimated the urban component of AOD (AODurb) and some other parameters as the differences at these sites. The annual mean AODurb at 550 nm was about 0.021 with more than 85 % of the fine aerosol mode. The comparisons between AODurb obtained from the model and measurements during this experiment have revealed a similar level of aerosol pollution of about AODurb=0.015–0.019, which comprised 15 %–19 % of the total AOD at 550 nm. The urban component of PM10 (PM10urb) was about 16 µg m−3 according to the measurements and 6 µg m−3 according to the COSMO-ART simulations. We obtained a pronounced diurnal cycle of PM10urb and urban BC (BCurb) as well as their strong correlation with the IPDs. With the IPD index change from 3 to 1 at night, there was about a 4 times increase in PM10urb (up to 30–40 µg m−3) and a 3 times increase in BCurb (up to 3–3.5 µg m−3). At the same time, no pronounced daily cycle was found for the columnar urban aerosol component (AODurb), although there was a slight increase in model AODurb at night.
Clinical Outcomes and Prognostic Factors in Soft Tissue Sarcoma Patients After Unplanned Excision

Purpose: Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) constitute a group of rare, heterogeneous tumors representing approximately 1% of all cancers. Owing to the rarity and pathological diversity of the disease, unplanned excision (UE) has often been performed for STS, resulting in an unfavorable prognosis. This study aimed to clarify clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in STS patients who underwent UE. Patients and Methods: In a retrospective review of the medical records of patients with STS who underwent surgery at our institution between 1999 and 2015, patients were enrolled to either a UE group or a planned excision (PE) group. An analysis was then conducted to identify factors associated with prognosis after UE. Results: Of 134 patients undergoing surgery for STS, 110 were enrolled to the PE group and 24 to the UE group. The median size of the primary tumor was significantly smaller, and more lesions were located in the superficial layer in the UE group than in the PE group. In addition, plastic reconstruction after additional radical resection was required significantly more often in the UE group than in the PE group. No significant difference in overall survival, local recurrence-free survival, or disease-free survival (DFS) between the UE and PE groups was observed; however, metastasis-free survival was significantly better in the UE group. In the UE group, poorer DFS was associated with older age (≥61 years) and a larger primary tumor (≥2.9 cm). Conclusion: A prognosis similar to that in patients undergoing PE could be achieved by appropriate additional surgeries in patients initially undergoing UE. However, UE for STS should be avoided, especially in older patients and those with a larger primary tumor.
Unequal response to mobility restrictions: evidence from COVID-19 lockdown in the city of Bogotá

This paper examines the efficacy of government-mandated mobility restrictions on curbing urban mobility, paying special attention to spatial heterogeneity in lockdown compliance. In particular, it explores the role of cash subsidies disbursed during lockdown as well as socio-economic differences across neighbourhoods to explain their unequal response to mobility restrictions. To do so, it relies on novel data showing changes in movement at highly disaggregated spatial levels in Bogotá, before and during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, matched with data on socio-economic characteristics and non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented in the period of analysis. Findings indicate that the general lockdown imposed in the city significantly reduced mobility (by about 41 percentage points). In terms of the unequal response across locations, the findings indicate that low-income areas with higher population density, informality and overcrowding reacted less to mobility restrictions. In this regard, despite government efforts, the findings indicate that cash subsidies were not sufficient to make compliance easier in low-income neighbourhoods.
On the simulations of aerosol pH in China using WRF-Chem (v4.0) : sensitivities of aerosol pH and its temporal variations in haze episodes

Precise estimation of aerosol pH in chemical transport models (CTMs) is critical to aerosol modeling and thus 15 influencing policy development. We reported WRF-Chem simulated PM 2.5 pH over China during a period with heavy haze episodes in Beijing, and explored the sensitivity of the modeled aerosol pH to factors including emissions of nonvolatile cations (NVCs) and NH 3 , aerosol phase state assumption and heterogeneous production of sulfate. We found default WRF-Chem could predict spatial patterns of PM 2.5 pH over China similar to other CTMs, but with generally lower pH values largely due to the underestimates of alkaline species (NVCs and NH 3 ) and the difference in thermodynamic treatments between different 20 models. Increasing NH 3 emissions in the model would improve the modeled pH in comparison with offline thermodynamic model calculations of pH constrained by observations. In addition, we found that aerosol phase state assumption and heterogeneous sulfate production are important in aerosol pH predictions for regions with low relative humidity (RH) and high anthropogenic SO 2 emissions, respectively. These factors should be better constrained in model simulations of aerosol pH in the future. Analysis of the modeled temporal trend of PM 2.5 pH in Beijing over a haze episode revealed a clear decrease in pH 25 from 5.21 ± 0.88 in clean period to 3.56 ± 0.49 in heavily polluted period. The increased acidity in more polluted conditions is largely due to the formation and accumulation of secondary species including sulfuric acid and nitric acid, even though being modified by alkaline species (NVCs, NH 3 ). Our result suggests that NO 2 oxidation is unlikely to be important for heterogeneous sulfate production in Beijing haze as the effective pH for NO 2 oxidation of S(IV) is at higher pH of ~6. Further, six experiments were conducted to investigate the response in modeled PM 2.5 pH to varying NVCs, NH 3 , phase state assumption and sulfate production over China. The model results show that pH sensitivity have substantial spatial heterogeneity. Elevated NVCs emissions caused ubiquitous increases in PM 2.5 pH with higher effects in NEP and NCP regions where original pH is in the moderate acidic range. For regions with high or low original pH, the effects from NVCs are minor.
Benthic silicon cycling in the Arctic Barents Sea: a reaction–transport model study

Abstract. Over recent decades the highest rates of water column warming and sea ice loss across the Arctic Ocean have been observed in the Barents Sea. These physical changes have resulted in rapid ecosystem adjustments, manifesting as a northward migration of temperate phytoplankton species at the expense of silica-based diatoms. These changes will potentially alter the composition of phytodetritus deposited at the seafloor, which acts as a biogeochemical reactor and is pivotal in the recycling of key nutrients, such as silicon (Si). To appreciate the sensitivity of the Barents Sea benthic system to the observed changes in surface primary production, there is a need to better understand this benthic–pelagic coupling. Stable Si isotopic compositions of sediment pore waters and the solid phase from three stations in the Barents Sea reveal a coupling of the iron (Fe) and Si cycles, the contemporaneous dissolution of lithogenic silicate minerals (LSi) alongside biogenic silica (BSi), and the potential for the reprecipitation of dissolved silicic acid (DSi) as authigenic clay minerals (AuSi). However, as reaction rates cannot be quantified from observational data alone, a mechanistic understanding of which factors control these processes is missing. Here, we employ reaction–transport modelling together with observational data to disentangle the reaction pathways controlling the cycling of Si within the seafloor. Processes such as the dissolution of BSi are active on multiple timescales, ranging from weeks to hundreds of years, which we are able to examine through steady state and transient model runs. Steady state simulations show that 60 % to 98 % of the sediment pore water DSi pool may be sourced from the dissolution of LSi, while the isotopic composition is also strongly influenced by the desorption of Si from metal oxides, most likely Fe (oxyhydr)oxides (FeSi), as they reductively dissolve. Further, our model simulations indicate that between 2.9 % and 37 % of the DSi released into sediment pore waters is subsequently removed by a process that has a fractionation factor of approximately −2 ‰, most likely representing reprecipitation as AuSi. These observations are significant as the dissolution of LSi represents a source of new Si to the ocean DSi pool and precipitation of AuSi an additional sink, which could address imbalances in the current regional ocean Si budget. Lastly, transient modelling suggests that at least one-third of the total annual benthic DSi flux could be sourced from the dissolution of more reactive, diatom-derived BSi deposited after the surface water bloom at the marginal ice zone. This benthic–pelagic coupling will be subject to change with the continued northward migration of Atlantic phytoplankton species, the northward retreat of the marginal ice zone and the observed decline in the DSi inventory of the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean over the last 3 decades.
A Recipe for Disaster: Neural Architecture Search with Search Space Poisoning

We assess the robustness of a Neural Architecture Search (NAS) algorithm known 1 as Efﬁcient NAS (ENAS) against data agnostic poisoning attacks on the original 2 search space with carefully designed ineffective operations. By evaluating algo-3 rithm performance on the CIFAR-10 dataset, we empirically demonstrate how 4 our novel search space poisoning (SSP) approach and multiple-instance poisoning 5 attacks exploit design ﬂaws in the ENAS controller to result in high prediction 6 error rates for child networks. Furthermore, with just two detrimental operations, 7 our one-shot poisoning approach inﬂates prediction error rates for child networks 8 up to 90% and 99% on the CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets respectively. Our 9 results provide insights into the challenges to surmount in using NAS algorithms 10 with parameter sharing for more adversarially robust architecture search
Studying BatchNorm Learning Rate Decay on Meta-Learning Inner-Loop Adaptation

Meta-learning for few-shot classiﬁcation has been challenged on its effectiveness compared to simpler pretraining methods and the validity of its claim of “learning to learn”. Recent work has suggested that MAML-based models do not perform “rapid-learning” in the inner-loop but reuse features by only adapting the ﬁnal linear layer. Separately, BatchNorm, a near ubiquitous inclusion in model architectures, has been shown to have an implicit learning rate decay effect on the preceding layers of a network. We study the impact of BatchNorm’s implicit learning rate decay on feature reuse in meta-learning methods and ﬁnd that counteracting it increases change in intermediate layers during adaptation. We also ﬁnd that counteracting this learning rate decay sometimes improves performance on few-shot classiﬁcation tasks.
Prevents Allergic Pulmonary Inflammation Inhibition of NFAT Specifically in T Cells

NFAT is a family of transcription factors important in the regulation of cytokine genes and is widely expressed in different lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. Consequently, the role of NFAT in CD4 (cid:1) T cells during an in vivo immune response is not completely clear. In this study, we use transgenic mice expressing a dominant negative NFAT mutant exclusively in T cells to address the role of NFAT in T cells during a Th2 immune response in a model of allergic airway inﬂammation. We have observed that inhibition of NFAT in T cells results in a reduction of Ag-speciﬁc Th2 Ab levels and IL-4 production by CD4 (cid:1) T cells. The accumulation of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage is delayed in dominant negative NFAT-transgenic mice. These mice are also more resistant to the development of lung pathology in response to allergen exposure. We, therefore, conclude that activation of NFAT in CD4 (cid:1) T cells is required for the development of a Th2 immune response in vivo and allergic airway inﬂammation. The Journal of Immunology, 2004, 172: 3597–3603.
Interrelationships between fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance during maximal exercise

Exercise at maximal intensity results in marked, but transient alterations in plasma electrolyte concentration and acid-base balance. Compartmental fluid shifls contribute to the increased haematocrit, plasma protein and electrolyte concentrations. Elevations in plasma sodium and potassium concentrations relative to chloride tend to ameliorate the impact of lactate accumulation on anion-cation balance. Lactate accumulation is associated with the development of a profound metabolic acidosis, but there are physiologicaUy important differences between the mixed venous and arterial acid-base values. Arterial blood is characterised by a moderate hypoxaemia, marked acidosis, modest increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PC02) and a marked decrease in bicarbonate. Mixed venous blood pH is lower than arterial and is associated with a profound increase in PCOz with a slight increase in bicarbonate. It is estimated that over 70% of the COz produced during maximal exercise is transported as bicarbonate in the venous circulation. This is largely a function of the carbonic anhydrase-dependent chloride shift in which erythrocytes participate in C02 transport from the tissues to the lungs. The chloride shift is responsible for the mixed venous-arterial differences in plasma chloride concentration. The compartmental fluid shifts as well as the alterations in plasma electrolyte concentration and acid-base balance are part of the integrated physiological response to the energy generating metabolic events associated with maximal exercise.
Prevalence and associated factors of adolescent pregnancy among sexually active adolescent girls: Evidence from the Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey, 2015-2019

Background: To determine the prevalence and associated factors of adolescent pregnancy in Peru, 2015-2019. Methods: A population-based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted using pooled data from the Demographic and Family Health Surveys of Peru 2015-2019. A total weighted sample of 6892 adolescent girls aged 15 to 19 years with a history of sexual intercourse were included. Finally, the adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported to determine the factors that were significantly associated with adolescent pregnancy. Results: The prevalence of adolescent pregnancy in Peru was 30.1% (95%CI: 28.4–31.8%). In the multivariable analysis; being 17-19 years (aPR: 1.38; 95%CI :1.22–1.56), having a partner (aPR: 4.08; 95%CI: 3.46–4.81) and belonging to the Quechua ethnicity group (aPR: 1.20; 95%CI: 1.09–1.32), were associated with a higher prevalence. Whereas, having an occupation (aPR: 0.81; 95%CI: 0.75–0.88), currently studying (aPR: 0.42; 95%CI: 0.36–0.49), belonging to the second (aPR: 0.91; 95%CI: 0.84–0.98), third (aPR: 0.80; 95%CI: 0.72–0.89), fourth (aPR: 0.76; 95%CI: 0.64–0.89) and fifth (aPR: 0.55; 95%CI: 0.41–0.73) wealth quintile, initiating sexual relations between 17-19 years (aPR: 0.52; 95%CI: 0.46–0.59), perceiving a future pregnancy as a problem (aPR: 0.77; 95%CI: 0.70–0.83) and knowledge of the moment in the cycle when she could become pregnant (aPR: 0.84; 95%CI: 0.76–0.93), were associated with a lower prevalence of pregnancy. Conclusions: About three in 10 adolescents who initiated their sexual life presented with at least one pregnancy. Age, marital status, employment, education, wealth, ethnicity, age at first intercourse, knowledge of when in the cycle she may become pregnant, and perception of future pregnancy were associated with adolescent pregnancy. It is necessary to increase national policies on family planning and sex education among adolescents to reduce the prevalence of adolescent pregnancy in Peru.
A Closer Look at Distribution Shifts and Out-of-Distribution Generalization on Graphs

Distribution shifts, in which the training distribution differs from the testing distribution, can signiﬁcantly degrade the performance of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). We curate GDS, a benchmark of eight datasets reﬂecting a diverse range of distribution shifts across graphs. We observe that: (1) most domain generalization algorithms fail to work when applied to domain shifts on graphs; and (2) combinations of powerful GNN models and augmentation techniques usually achieve the best out-of-distribution performance. These emphasize the need for domain generalization algorithms tailored for graphs and further graph augmentation techniques that enhance the robustness of predictors.