Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of structural setting of source volume on rock avalanche mobility and deposit morphology

Abstract. Deposit morphologies and sedimentary characteristics are methods for investigating rock avalanches. The characteristics of structural geology of source volume, namely the in-place rock mass structure, will influence these two deposit characteristics and rock avalanche mobility. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted by setting different initial configurations of blocks to simulate different characteristics of structural geology of source volume, specifically including the long axis of the blocks perpendicular to the strike of the inclined plate (EP), parallel to the strike of the inclined plate (LV), perpendicular to the inclined plate (LP), randomly (R) and without the blocks (NB) as a control experiment. The experimental materials comprised both cuboid blocks and granular materials to simulate large blocks and matrixes, respectively, in natural rock avalanches. The results revealed that the mobility of the mass flows was enhanced in LV, LP and R configurations, whereas it was restricted in the EP configuration. The mobility decreased with the increase in slope angles at LV configurations. Strand protrusion of the blocks made the elevation of the deposits at LV configuration larger than that at EP, LP and R configurations. A zigzag structure is created in the blocks resulting from the lateral spreading of the deposits causing the blocks to rotate. Varying degrees of deflection of the blocks demonstrated different levels of collision and friction in the interior of the mass flows; the most intensive collision was observed at EP. In the mass deposits, the blocks' orientation was affected by their initial configurations and the motion process of the mass flows. This research would support studies relating characteristics of structural geology of source volume to landslide mobility and deposit morphology.
Kendall's tau for autocorrelation

The Canadian Journal of Statistics SUBMISSION/PROPOSITION NO 62-JUNE’99 La revue canadienne de statistique Kendall's tau for autocorrelation Thomas S. FERGUSON, Christian GENEST and Marc HALLIN University of California at Los Angeles, Universit´ Laval and e Universit´ libre de Bruxelles e Key words and phrases: Asymptotic relative eﬃciency; autocorrelation; Kendall’s tau; rank procedures; Spearman’s rho; tests of independence; time series. Mathematics subject classiﬁcation codes (1991): primary 62M10, 90A20; secondary 62G10, 60F05. ABSTRACT The authors show how Kendall’s tau can be adapted to test against serial dependence in a univariate time series context. They provide formulas for the mean and variance of circular and non-circular versions of this statistic, and they prove its asymptotic normal- ity. They present also a Monte Carlo study comparing the power and size of a test based on Kendall’s tau to that of competing procedures based on alternative parametric and nonparametric measures of serial dependence. In particular, their simulations indicate that Kendall’s tau outperforms Spearman’s rho in detecting ﬁrst-order autoregressive de- pendence, despite the fact that these two statistics are asymptotically equivalent. R ESUM E Les auteurs montrent comment le tau de Kendall peut ˆ tre adapt´ pour tester la pr´ sence e e e de d´ pendance s´ rielle dans une s´ rie chronologique univari´ e. Ils d´ terminent l’esp´ rance e e e e e e et la variance de versions circulaire et non-circulaire de cette statistique et en d´ montrent e la normalit´ asymptotique. Une ´ tude de Monte-Carlo leur permet aussi de comparer e e le seuil et la puissance d’un test fond´ sur cette statistique a celle de tests concur- e rents s’appuyant sur d’autres mesures param´ triques et non param´ triques de d´ pendance e e e s´ rielle. Leurs simulations indiquent entre autres que le tau de Kendall d´ tecte plus facile- e e ment la pr´ sence de d´ pendance autor´ gressive de premier ordre que le rho de Spearman, e e e bien que ces deux statistiques soient asymptotiquement ´ quivalentes. e 1. INTRODUCTION Testing for randomness against serial dependence is a fundamental problem in time series analysis. To determine whether stock prices or exchange rates form a random walk, for instance, statistical procedures must be used to see whether successive changes (or log-changes) are mutually independent. Correlograms are
Bright Points in the Internetwork Quiet Sun

High-resolution G-band images of the interior of a supergranulation cell show ubiquitous bright points (BPs; some 0.3 BPs per Mm2). They are located in intergranular lanes and often form chains of elongated blobs whose smallest dimension is at the resolution limit (135 km on the Sun). Most of them live for a few minutes, having peak intensities from 0.8 to 1.8 times the mean photospheric intensity. These BPs are probably tracing intense magnetic concentrations, whose existence has been inferred in spectropolarimetric measurements. Our finding provides a new convenient tool for the study of the internetwork magnetism, so far restricted to the interpretation of weak polarimetric signals.
Probing the nature and origin of dust in the reddened quasar IC 4329A with global modelling from X-ray to infrared

Cosmic dust is a key tracer of structure formation and evolution in the universe. In active galactic nuclei (AGN) the origin and role of dust are uncertain. Here, we have studied dust in the X-ray bright and reddened type-1 quasar IC 4329A, which exhibits an ionised AGN wind. We incorporated high-resolution X-ray and mid-IR spectroscopy, combined with broad-band continuum modelling, to investigate the properties of dust in this AGN. We used new chandra HETGS observations taken in June 2017, as well as archival data from XMM-Newton, Swift, HST, Spitzer, IRAS, and Herschel for our IR-optical-UV-X-ray modelling. Two distinct components of dust in IC 4329A are found. One component is in the interstellar medium (ISM) of the host galaxy, and the other is a nuclear component in the AGN torus and its associated wind. The emitting dust in the torus is evident in mid-IR emission (9.7 and 18 μm features), while dust in the wind is present through both reddening and X-ray absorption (O, Si, and Fe edge features). The gas depletion factors into dust for O, Si, and Fe are measured. We derive an intrinsic reddening E(B – V) ≈ 1.0, which is most consistent with a grey (flat) extinction law. The AGN wind consists of three ionisation components. From analysis of long-term changes in the wind, we determine limits on the location of the wind components. The two lowest ionisation components are likely carriers of dust from the AGN torus. We find that the dust in the nuclear component of IC 4329A is different from dust in the Milky Way. The dust grains in the AGN torus and wind are likely larger than the standard Galactic dust, and are in a porous composite form (containing amorphous silicate with iron and oxygen). This can be a consequence of grain coagulation in the dense nuclear environment of the AGN.
Analysis of Monomer Release from Different Composite Resins after Bleaching by HPLC

(1) Background: This study aimed to examine the effect of bleaching agents on the release of triethylenae glycol dimethacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, bisphenol A, urethane dimethacrylate, and bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate monomers, which are released from different composite resins, using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. (2) Methods: Ninety disc-shaped specimens were produced and immersed in artificial saliva. After different bleaching applications [office type bleaching (OB) and home type bleaching (HB)], the specimens were immersed in a 75 wt% ethanol/water solution, and the released monomers were analyzed by HPLC at predefined time intervals: 1, 7, and 28 days. The Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests were conducted for statistical analysis (p = 0.05). (3) Results: The monomers were released at all times from all composite specimens. The monomer release was increased over time. The highest monomer release was detected on day 28. Bleaching applications affected monomer release. No statistical difference was found between OB and HB applications (p > 0.05). The most released monomer was Bisphenol-A in all composites. (4) Conclusion: Given that a residual monomer release from composite resins has a toxic effect and that bleaching treatments increase this release, a treatment protocol should be made in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
The relationship between school-age children’s interoceptive awareness and executive functioning: An exploratory study

Introduction: Independently, interoceptive awareness and executive functioning play major roles in children’s abilities to engage in their daily occupations. This study investigated the potential relationship between neurotypical school-age children’s interoceptive awareness and executive functioning. Method: A convenience sample of 30 children (8–12 years) completed the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness–youth and one of their parents completed the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function® – Second Edition (BRIEF®2). Spearman rho correlations and linear regression analyses with bootstrapping were completed. Results: The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness–youth Emotional Awareness aspect of interoceptive awareness was significantly correlated with and predictive of the following BRIEF®2 executive functioning components: Emotion Regulation Index (ρ = 0.402, R2 = 0.888, p < 0.001), Cognitive Regulation Index (ρ = 0.364, R2 = 0.256, p < 0.001) and the Global Executive Composite (ρ = 0.049, R2 = 0.128, p < 0.012), as well as the following subscales: Organisation of Materials (ρ = 0.422, R2 = 0.150, p < 0.020), Working Memory (ρ = 0.393, R2 = 0.085, p < 0.033), Emotional Control (ρ = 0.394, R2 = 0.176, p < 0.002) and Inhibit (ρ = 0.373, R2 = 0.141, p < 0.003). Conclusion: It appears that there is a significant and predictive relationship between neurotypical children’s interoceptive awareness and aspects of their executive functioning.
Circumnuclear Structure and Black Hole Fueling: Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Imaging of 250 Active and Normal Galaxies

Why are the nuclei of some galaxies more active than others? If most galaxies harbor a central massive black hole, the main difference is probably in how well it is fueled by its surroundings. We investigate the hypothesis that such a difference can be seen in the detailed circumnuclear morphologies of galaxies using several quantitatively defined features, including bars, isophotal twists, boxy and disky isophotes, and strong nonaxisymmetric features in unsharp-masked images. These diagnostics are applied to 250 high-resolution images of galaxy centers obtained in the near-infrared with NICMOS on the Hubble Space Telescope. To guard against the influence of possible biases and selection effects, we have carefully matched samples of Seyfert 1, Seyfert 2, LINER, starburst, and normal galaxies in their basic properties, taking particular care to ensure that each was observed with a similar average scale (10-15 pc pixel-1). Several morphological differences among our five different spectroscopic classifications emerge from the analysis. The H II/starburst galaxies show the strongest deviations from smooth elliptical isophotes, while the normal galaxies and LINERs have the least disturbed morphology. The Seyfert 2s have significantly more twisted isophotes than any other category, and the early-type Seyfert 2s are significantly more disturbed than the early-type Seyfert 1s. The morphological differences between Seyfert 1s and Seyfert 2s suggest that more is at work than simply the viewing angle of the central engine. They may correspond to different evolutionary stages.
Impact and Assessment of Frontline Demonstration (FLD) Management of Weeds in Pineapple by Plastic Mulch

Twenty-five numbers of frontline demonstrations were conducted on management of weed in pineapple by plastic mulch 2014-2016 & 2016-2018 subsequently with an ultimate aim to supressed growth of weeds and boost farmer income because weeding accounts approximate 30–40% of the overall cost of crop. Pineapple cultivation with 50 micron black polythene sheet mulching with double row spacing i.e. 90 x 60 x 30cm not only suppresses the weed growth but conserves the soil moisture, which leads to early flowering, better vegetative growth & higher yield over control (Farmer practice). The demonstrated recorded an average yield ranging from 43.18 to 45.90 t/ha with a mean of 44.54 t/ha. The per cent increase yield in demonstration 49.77% during 2014-16 and 66.67% during 2016-18 respectively, over the farmer practice. The average ranges of extension gap (14.35- 18.36 t/ha), technology gap (9.10- 11.82 t/ha) and technology index (21.49-16.55%) were during the period under study. The demonstrated field gave higher mean gross return (Rs. 267240 /ha) and mean net returns (Rs. 191740/ha) with average benefit: cost ratio (3.54) compared to the local checks (1.71). Present results clearly show that the yield and economics of pineapple can be boost up by adoption of recommended technology.
On Lieb's conjecture

The reformulation of Lieb's conjecture, in the frame of the harmonuic analysis on the SO(3) group, makes it evident that the exact value of the classical entropy of a pure quantum state, which belongs to the Hilbert space of a (2J+1)-dimensional, unitary, irreducible representation of the SO(3) group, depends only on the parameters which characterize the orbits of this representation. In the case J=1 we give the exact analytic dependence of the classical entropy of a quantum state on the parameters which characterize the orbits and as a consequence we obtain a verification of Lieb's entropy conjecture. We verify this conjecture also for any value of J for the states of the canonical basis of the Hilbert space of the representation. A natural generalization of Lieb's entropy conjecture, which is a new "phenomenon" in the harmonic analysis on SO(3), is discussed in the case J=1.
THE PRINCIPLE OF SPACE-FOR-TIME SUBSTITUTION IN PREDICTING BETULA SPP. BIOMASS CHANGE RELATED TO CLIMATE SHIFTS

Human society faces problems of a global scale today, as a result of which the priorities of environmental research are shifting to the macro level, and ecology has entered the era of "big data". The authors have created a database of 1,717 model trees of Betula spp. with measured indicators of diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, age, and aboveground biomass growing in the territory of Eurasia. Regression models for aboveground biomass components are calculated, including the dendrological indices mentioned, and two climate indicators as independent variables. Based on the theory of space-for-time substitution, the obtained patterns of changes in aboveground biomass in the territorial climatic gradients of Eurasia are used to predict changes in biomass due to climate shifts. In accordance with the law of the limiting factor by Liebig, it is established that in sufficiently moisture-rich climatic zones, an increase in temperature by 1°C with a constant amount of precipitation causes an increase in biomass, and in water-deficient zones — its decrease. In warm climatic zones, a decrease in precipitation by 100 mm at a constant average January temperature causes a decrease in biomass, and in cold climatic zones — its increase.
A Study on Volatility Spillovers among International Stock Markets during the Russia-Ukraine Conflict

This paper analyzes the dynamic time-frequency volatility spillovers among the international stock markets during the Russian-Ukraine conflict. We use the VAR-based connectedness framework to calculate the volatility spillovers. Results show that (1) the trend of the total spillover is consistent with the time of the Russian-Ukraine conflict; (2) Russian stock market is the primary source and net exporter of risk; (3) the Russian government has effectively controlled the further spread of risk through policy adjustments; and (4) Russian stock market may generate long-run volatility spillovers among the international stock market. We add research related to the impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on international stock markets by analyzing the results of the volatility spillovers.
Spatial Distributions of Electron Temperature in Quantum Hall Systems with Compressible and Incompressible Strips(Condensed matter: electronic structure and electrical, magnetic, and optical properties)

Spatial distributions of the electron temperature perpendicular to the applied current are obtained in quantum Hall systems with compressible and incompressible strips at low lattice temperatures by solving equations of electron number conservation and energy conservation as well as Poisson's equation self-consistently. In the linear-response regime, variations of the electron temperature concentrate in the incompressible strips as the lattice temperature decreases. The electron temperature indicates an anti-symmetric distribution: it becomes lower than the lattice temperature in the side of a sample with a higher electrochemical potential, and higher in the opposite side. Around the breakdown of the quantum Hall effects, the electron temperature becomes much higher than the lattice temperature as the applied current increases. Reflecting the anti-symmetric distribution in the linear-response regime, the rise of the electron temperature is suppressed in the higher potential side with increasing current. I.
Arguments on the light-mass scalar mesons and concluding remarks of the meson sessions

This report attempts to summarize the most interesting (and hopefully important) results leading up to and including those presented at the recent Symposium sponsored jointly by the Institute of Quantum Science at Nihon University and KEK. My task is to present the arguments on light-mass scalar mesons below 1 GeV from both theory and phenomenological viewpoints, including the new insight gained on $\pi-\pi$ production and scattering amplitudes. Specific topics are taken up, particularly on the existence of a $\sigma$(500-600) as explanation of the twin peak anomaly in $\Upsilon(3S) \to \Upsilon(1S)\pi\pi$, the status of $J^{PC}=1^{-+}$ states and a possible crypto-exotic hybrid with $J^{PC}=0^{-+}$ are discussed, as well as the intriguing enhancement in $p\bar{p}$ radiative decay from $J/\psi$.
po-Application of liquid semen technology improves conception rate of sex-sorted semen in lactating dairy cows

The objective was to compare reproductive performance of liquid sex-sorted (SS) semen with that of conventional (CON) semen in lactating dairy cows. Between 2011 and 2013, commercial dairy herds (n = 101, 203, and 253 for 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively) with predominantly Holstein-Friesian cows were enrolled in a contract mating program to produce surplus heifers for export using liquid SS semen. During the spring mating period, each herd was allocated with liquid SS semen at 50% of its daily requirement and the remaining daily requirement was allocated with CON liquid semen. Sperm for producing SS semen was sorted by Sexing Technologies NZ Ltd. (Hamilton, New Zealand) and then packaged using the liquid semen technology of LIC (Hamilton, New Zealand) at a dose of 1 × 10 6 sperm. Artificial insemination (AI) with liquid SS semen was carried out between 43 and 46 h after collection. Conventional semen straws contained 1.25 × 10 6 , 1.75 × 10 6 , or 2 × 10 6 sperm for semen to be used on d 1, 2, or 3 after collection, respectively. Only CON inseminations on the same days as when SS semen was used were included in the comparison. Herd managers biased usage of SS semen toward cows with a longer postpartum interval before the mating start date (64.0 vs. 62.8 d), cows of higher genetic merit (NZ$107.0 vs. NZ$98.4), younger cows (5.1 vs. 5.2 yr), and cows in which they had more confidence of being genuinely in estrus as measured by a lower percentage of short returns between 1 and 17 d (5.3 vs. 7.5%). After adjust-ing for these factors, the estimated difference in nonreturn rate between AI with SS and CON semen over the 3 seasons was −3.8 percentage points (SS = 70.2% vs. CON = 74.0%; SS/CON = 94.9%). The estimated maximum difference in calving rate per AI between SS and CON semen was −3.1 percentage points for 2011 (SS = 51.2% vs. CON = 54.3%; SS/CON = 94.3%) and −3.0 percentage points for 2012 (SS = 49.7% vs. CON = 52.6%; SS/CON = 94.5%). Calving data for 2013 were not yet available. The percentage of heifer calves born to AI with SS semen was 87.0% for 2011 and 85.8% for 2012, both of which were lower than the expectation of 90% mainly due to misidentification of calf dams in seasonal dairy herds calving on pasture. In summary, results in this report showed that liquid SS semen only required half the dose rate of frozen SS semen to achieve a reproductive performance of over 94% of CON semen in lactating dairy cows. Careful planning and a robust distribution network are required to avoid semen wastage and to maximize the benefit of liquid SS semen.
Three-dimensional Core-collapse Supernova Simulations with Multidimensional Neutrino Transport Compared to the Ray-by-ray-plus Approximation

Self-consistent, time-dependent supernova (SN) simulations in three spatial dimensions (3D) are conducted with the Aenus-Alcar code, comparing, for the first time, calculations with fully multidimensional (FMD) neutrino transport and the ray-by-ray-plus (RbR+) approximation, both based on a two-moment solver with algebraic M1 closure. We find good agreement between 3D results with FMD and RbR+ transport for both tested grid resolutions in the cases of a 20 M⊙ progenitor, which does not explode with the employed simplified set of neutrino opacities, and of an exploding 9 M⊙ model. This is in stark contrast to corresponding axisymmetric (2D) simulations, which confirm previous claims that the RbR+ approximation can foster explosions in 2D, particularly in models with powerful axial sloshing of the stalled shock due to the standing accretion shock instability. However, while local and instantaneous variations of neutrino fluxes and heating rates can still be considerably higher with RbR+ transport in 3D, the time-averaged quantities are very similar to FMD results, because of the absence of a fixed, artificial symmetry axis that channels the flow. Therefore, except for stochastic fluctuations, the neutrino signals and the postbounce evolution of 3D simulations with FMD and RbR+ transport are also very similar, particularly for our calculations with the better grid resolution. Higher spatial resolution clearly has a more important impact than the differences due to the two transport treatments. Our results back up the use of the RbR+ approximation for neutrino transport in 3D SN modeling.
Eye Fitting Straight Lines in the Modern Era

Abstract How do statistical regression results compare to intuitive, visually fitted results? Fitting lines by eye through a set of points has been explored since the 20th century. Common methods of fitting trends by eye involve maneuvering a string, black thread, or ruler until the fit is suitable, then drawing the line through the set of points. In 2015, the New York Times introduced an interactive feature, called “You Draw It,” where readers were asked to input their own assumptions about various metrics and compare how these assumptions relate to reality. In this article, we validate “You Draw It” as a method for graphical testing, comparing results to the less technological method used in Mosteller et al. and extending that study with formal statistical analysis methods. Results were consistent with those found in the previous study; when shown points following a linear trend, participants tended to fit the slope of the principal axis over the slope of the least-squares regression line. This trend was most prominent when shown data simulated with larger variances. This study reinforces the differences between intuitive visual model fitting and statistical model fitting, providing information about human perception as it relates to the use of statistical graphics. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.