Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diurnal-Nocturnal Activity of Some Inshore Fishes in the Gulf of California

the southern Gulf of California. Certain patterns of behavior within and between species were consistently observed, and permit a number of tentative generalizations regarding feeding habits, schooling, and other activity in relation to time of day. Species with predominently diurnal foraging habits include: Mycteroperca rosacea (Streets), Epinephelus labriformis (Jenyns), Chromis atrilobata (Gill), Eupomacentrus rectifraenum (Gill), Abudefduf troschelii (Gill), Bodianus diplotaenia (Gill), Thalassoma lucasanum (Gill), Scarus californiensis (Pellegrin), Heniochus nigrirostris (Gill), Prionurus punctatus Gill, Runula azalea Jordan and Bollman, Balistes verres Gilbert and Starks, and Balistes polylepis Steindachner. Species obtaining most of their food at night include: Holocentrus suborbitalis (Gill), Myripristis occidentalis Gill, Rypticus bicolor (Valenciennes), Lutjanus argentiventris (Peters), Apogon retrosella (Gill), Microlepidotus inornatus Gill, Anisotremus interruptus Gill, Haemulon sexfasciatum Gill, Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch), and Pareques viola (Gilbert). A number of other species are introduced as their activity relates to the discussion. The nocturnal species are predators, while the herbivorous and omnivorous fishes show predominantly diurnal feeding habits. Those species schooling in dense, relatively inactive schools inshore during the day are nocturnal feeders and the school functions in defense against diurnal predators. Members of these schools disperse to feed at night, often after moving a considerable distance offshore.
Land use/land cover patterns and challenges to sustainable management of the Mono transboundary biosphere reserve between Togo and Benin, West Africa

The Mono Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (RBTM) has significant resources but faces many threats that lead to habitat fragmentation and reduction of ecosystem services. This study, based on satellite image analysis and processing, was carried out to establish the baseline of land cover and land use status and to analyze their dynamics over the period 1986 to 2015. The baseline of land cover established six categories of land use including wetlands (45.11%), mosaic crops/fallow (25.99%), savannas (17.04%), plantation (5.50%), agglomeration/bare soil (4.38%) and dense forest (1.98%). The analysis of land use dynamics showed a regression for wetlands (-23%), savannas (-16.06%) and dense forest (-7.60%). On the contrary, occupations such as mosaic crops/fallow land, urban agglomerations/bare soil and plantation increase in area estimated at respectively 128.64%, 93.94% and 45.23%. These results are of interest to stakeholders who assess decisions affecting the use of natural resources and provide environmental information essential for applications ranging from land-use planning, forest cover monitoring and the production of environmental statistics.Keywords: Land use, baseline, spatial dynamics, environmental statistics, ecological monitoring.
Phylogeny of the Ensifera (Orthoptera): A Hypothesis Supporting Multiple Origins of Acoustical Signalling, Complex Spermatophores and Maternal Care in Crickets, Katydids, and Weta

The orthopteran suborder Ensifera is a group of interest to many biologists because members of several families within this group communicate by sounds. The evolutionary history of singing and other social behaviors of crickets, katydids and weta (Gryllidae, Tettigoniidae and Stenopelmatidae, respectively) are unclear because of different published opinions on the relationships among ensiferan subgroups (Ander 1939, Zeuner 1939, Judd 1948, Ragge1955a, Sharov 1968). These opinions were not based on formal quantitative analyses. I undertook a cladistic analysis of ensiferan families using mainly anatomical characters. The single most parsimonious (shortest-length) tree divides the Ensifera into two clades: the 'tettigonioids' which comprise (((((Tettigoniidae & Haglidae) Stenopelmatidae) Cooloolidae) Gryllacrididae) Rhaphidophoridae), and the 'grylloids' ((Schizodactylidae) (Gryllotalpidae & Gryllidae)) (my parentheses enclose separate clades). I used this phylogeny to construct the most parsimonious hypotheses for the origins of certain social behaviours from those present in the ancestor of extant Ensifera (an insect that used a burrow as a retreat). There were two origins of sound communication using tegminal stridulation and foretibial ears, three to four origins of a complex spermatophore that is eaten by the female and about seven origins of maternal care of eggs and/or nymphs, a trait correlated with loss or reduction in the ovipositor. I review support for the hypothesis of dual origins of tegminal stridulation and tibial ears, complex structures that are usually regarded as homologous within the Ensifera. Crickets, katydids (= long-horned grasshoppers), and weta comprise the Ensifera, one of two suborders of Orthoptera (Table 1). Numerical analyses of orthopteroid insects indicate that the Ensifera is a natural group as taxa in this suborder appear to form a separate clade (monophyletic group) in both cladistic and phe- netic analyses (Blackith and Blackith 1968). The group is usually regarded as phylogenetically quite diverged from the other ortho- pteran suborder, Caelifera, the grasshoppers, locusts, and their
A Comparative Power Analysis for an Intelligent Greenhouse on a LORA System

Smart gardens and aquaponics are sustainable systems in the world of agriculture. These systems can be highly successful if they have intensive monitoring. The water flow should be managed periodically to ensure that the plants get sufficient nutrients and the water quality can be monitored consistently. In this research, Smart Garden and Aquaponics systems were designed to control and monitor the water’s pH level, turbidity, temperature
13.4 EXAMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC WAVES ASSOCIATED WITH 13 MARCH 2003 BOW ECHO

The ability of linear convective systems to generate gravity waves is well-documented in the literature (Nicholls et al. 1987; Schmidt and Cotton 1990; Mapes 1993; Haertel et al. 2001, Fovell 2002, 2006; Knupp 2006; Parker 2008). It is also well known that these convective systems typically produce a pool of negatively buoyant air that propagates along the surface as a gravity or density current. Less well known is what surface patterns these feature produce, particularly in association with bow echoes. Changes in heating and cooling rates in the atmosphere, as are often found with convection, can result in the generation of gravity waves (Nicholls et al. 1991; Fovell 2002, 2006). During the formation of a convective line a warming vertical temperature profile is typical, due to the latent heat release from condensation and freezing in the updraft. Previous studies (Gallus and Johnson 1991, Nicholls et al. 1991) have shown that this heating has an approximate first internal mode structure (n = 1) extending the entire depth of the troposphere. This heating profile incites a gravity wave that travels quickly away from its source. As is displayed in Fig. 1, a temporary low (high) pressure perturbation at the surface (aloft) is generated, along with an increase in the u wind flow toward the heating source at lower levels, and away from the heating source at upper levels (Nicholls et al. 1991). A dip in the potential temperature contours is also customary, generated by subsidence throughout the column. At the surface, this appears as a temporary dip in pressure unaccompanied by any change in temperature or wind. It was also noted by Mapes (1993) that the pre-storm environment is in some sense permanently modified by this wave. The subsidence causes slight warming and drying throughout the depth of the atmosphere, particularly in the mid-levels. Additionally, the heating profile generated by a
A Markov chain measure of systemic banking crisis frequency

ABSTRACT This study nests historical evidence for credit growth-fuelled financial instability in a two-state nonhomogeneous Markov chain with logistic crisis incidence. A long-run frequency measure is defined and calibrated for 17 advanced economies from 1870 to 2016. It is found that historical (implied) crisis frequencies display a V (J) pattern over time. A key implication is that policies strengthening capital adequacy contribute more to systemic stability than expanding deposit insurance or curbing sustained credit booms.
Early Plant Succession on the Muddy River Mudflow, Mount St. Helens, Washington

Long-term plant succession studies using permanent plots were initiated on the Muddy River mudflow in the Mount St. Helens area of southeastern Washington. Plant cover and geomorphic surface were observed on 126 circular plots (250 M2). One hundred and eight species were identified and categorized based on oc- currence in eight microsite types. Herb, shrub and tree seedling cover decreased with increasing distance from forest edges and with decreasing distance from the base of Shoestring Glacier. Greatest plant cover occurred on roadbanks, around bases of stumps and along streams.
Local Differentiation for Phenotypic Plasticity in the Annual Collomia linearis (Polemoniaceae)

A population of Collomia linearis was subdivided into two plots, one in a relatively disturbed site free from interspecific competition and the other in a meadow habitat characterized by high vegetative cover and considerable interspecific competition. Greenhouse progenies of the two subpopulations differed significantly with respect to seven morphological characters, indicating that the two subpopulations were genetically differentiated. Analysis of nine morphological characters in progenies subjected to 36 different environmental conditions revealed that plants of the disturbed plot were phenotypically more plastic than those of the meadow plot. It is concluded that phenotypic plasticity represents a genetic response and may arise through local differentiation under conditions of disruptive selection. Phenotypic plasticity represents the amount by which the genotypic expression of a character is changed by environmental conditions (Bradshaw, 1965; Davis & Heywood, 1963). Bradshaw reviewed evidence that demonstrates that plasticity is under genetic control and is alterable by selection. The potential for evolutionary differentiation between closely adjacent plant populations has been reviewed by Jain and Bradshaw (1966), Ehrlich and Raven (1969), and Bradshaw (1972) and has been empirically demonstrated by numerous studies (i.e., Bradshaw, 1959; Aston & Bradshaw, 1966; Snaydon, 1970; Linhart, 1974; Schaal, 1975). Such differentiation is often interpreted as adaptive with respect to the characters and divergent environments being compared. These studies lead to the hypothesis that phenotypic plasticity may result from disruptive selection within local plant populations. This paper presents evidence of local differentiation for phenotypic plasticity in Collomia linearis Nuttall (Polemoniaceae). Collomia linearis is an autogamous annual, occurs over a relatively broad range of habitats throughout western North America, and displays considerable phenotypic variation within and among natural populations (Grant, 1959; Grant & Grant, 1965; Hitchcock et al., 1959).
PREVALENCE OF ENTEROCOCCUS SPECIES AND ITS VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE PATTERN IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, SURAT, GUJARAT, INDIA: A GROWING THREAT

Aims: To study the prevalence of Enterococci in various clinical specimens and Vancomycin resistance in different Enterococcal isolates. Settings and Design: Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) is an emerging nosocomial pathogen in humans. The extensive use of vancomycin antibiotic in hospitals has been incriminated in the emergence of this organism. The present study describes the prevalence of Enterococci & VRE distribution in different types of clinical samples processed in tertiary care hospital. Methods and Material: Total 9814 different types of clinical samples from June 2018 to November 2018 were examined by using standard microbiological procedures. A total of 149 isolates of Enterococci were identified during this study period. Antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates to various antibiotics was performed as per the CLSI guidelines. Results: Out of 149 total isolates of Enterococci, 83 (55.70%) were E.faecium, 29 (19.46%) E.faecalis and 37 (24.83%) were Enterococcus spp. A total of 21 (14.09%) isolates of Enterococci were found to be vancomycin resistant and 128 (85.90%) were vancomycin sensitive Enterococci (VSE). Out of 21 vancomycin resistant Enterococci, E. faecium was the predominant VRE. Conclusions: The prevalence data of VRE indicates the strict adherence to infection control guidelines is needed to control their dissemination.
Density and Seed Production of a Florida Endemic, Polygonella basiramia, in Relation to Time since Fire and Open Sand

-Density and reproductive output in relation to fire, open sand, and other site factors were determined for Polygonella basiramia. This federally endangered species is endemic to only three ridges in central Florida and found primarily in rosemary (Ceratiola ericoides) dominated sand pine (Pinus clausa) scrub. Twenty-two sites ranging from 5 to >26 yr postfire were sampled. Site factors of openness, time since last fire, dominant species, ground cover, elevation and soil type were examined. Multivariate analyses identified the amount of open sand habitat at a site as the only variable having a significant positive relationship with both plant density and seed production. Seed production actually increased with conspecific density, suggesting that the lack of interspecific competition in open sand gaps helps define P basiramia microhabitat. Open sand habitat is critical in the life history strategy of this obligate-seeding, perennial herb in a community where it must compete with larger, resprouting shrubs and herbs both immediately after fire and during fire-free inter-
XRF CHARACTERIZATION OF XVIII CENTURY PIEDMONTESE PORCELAINS FROM THE PALAZZO

Around 100 porcelain objects of the XVIII century Rossetti,Vische and Vinovo manufactures (Piedmont, Italy) from the Palazzo Madama Museum collection were analyzed by means of a XRay Fluorescence portable detector. The present study represents the first chemical characterization of these early (1737-1825) European porcelains. Chemical composition data were submitted to multivariate clustering techniques that underlined a complete classification of the three manufactures and the presence of three subgroups for Vinovo production. These resulting subgroups did not mirror the classification expected on the basis of the historiographical literature. The overall data pointed to a technological continuity not only through all the Vinovo phases but even from the earlier Vische manufacture.
Study of the Oxygen Consumption of Excised Tissues of Certain Marine Decapod Crustacea in Relation to Habitat

I N THE process of adaptive radiation of certain groups of animals, the role of physiological adaptations has been studied only slightly. One group of animals, the decapod Crustacea, is especially good for studies of the relationship of physiological adaptations to ecology. The taxonomy of this group has been studied extensively, and members of this group occupy many and varied ecological habitats. The region of the Duke Marine Laboratory at Beaufort, North Carolina, is extremely abundant both in the number of species inhabiting widely different niches and in the number of individuals of each species represented.
Ecology of tetranychid mites and their natural enemies: A review: I. Tetranychid enemies: Their biological characters and the impact of spray practices

The two papers presented here were prepared at the request of the Special Committee of the International Biological Program, as part of a broad program on the ecology and natural control of spider mites (Tetranychidae) on a worldwide basis. Part I is a review of the pertinent literature and a discussion of the biology and ecology of various spider mite enemies, their potential as biological control agents, and the effects of pesticides on their populations. Part II reviews the literature pertaining to tetranychid abundance, and the evidence supporting various hypotheses concerned with their populations. It evaluates the action of various predators and discusses possible ways of implementing biological control. A third paper in this series (Part III), by the same authors, will review the literature and discuss the problem of spider mites from the standpoint of their biology, ecology, pest status, and their relationship to host plants. This paper is expected to be published shortly.
Social Behaviour and Density Regulation in House Mice Living in Large Enclosures

One of the important issues in the population biology of house mice (Mus musculus L.) is the extent to which social grouping influences gene flow and demographic processes. This species is territorial, at least in moderately large captive colonies (Eibl-Eibesfeldt 1950; Crowcroft 1955, 1973; Anderson 1961; Crowcroft & Rowe 1963; Anderson & Hill 1965; Reimer & Petras 1967). Evidence also suggests that territories are not necessarily individual but held by social groups (Eibl-Eibesfeldt 1950; Young, Strecker & Emlen 1950; Reimer & Petras 1967; Selander 1970; Busser, Zweep & van Oortmerssen 1974). It is still not known, however, whether this arrangement produces a static genetic structure, or it the combination of group cohesion with active dispersal leads to a constantly changing genetic situation. DeFries & McClearn (1972), for example, state that 'stable populations of house mice are comprised of small breeding units, or demes, with little genetic interchange among them'. Moreover, Ehrlich & Raven (1969) use the evidence for micro-geographical differentiation in this species to argue that species are not primarily held together by gene flow as is often assumed. On the other hand, the house mouse is well known as a very successful colonizing or 'weed' species. Social behaviour may also influence birth, death and emigration rates. It is difficult to study social behaviour and geographical structuring simultaneously; the one requires intensive observation on small captive groups (see Archer (1970) for review), whilst the other requires study of feral populations. The study reported here has been an attempt to narrow this gap between laboratory and field studies. My plan was to construct enclosures large enough for the development of spatial substructure, yet small enough to obtain direct evidence of social behaviour. The experimental design differed little from some commensal populations of Mus which live with abundant food and shelter in the midst of large areas of inhospitable habitat. The main difference was that normal dispersal was prevented, but, of course shortrange movements remained possible, and escape behaviour could be monitored. Moreover, enclosures are valuable for studying frustrated dispersal and hence the normal role of dispersal behaviour (Lidicker 1975). Supplies of food, water and shelter were provided in excess of demand, although food and water were dispersed only at fixed locations. I intended to study social and demographic behaviour in the absence of constraints by these basic resources. This arrangement stressed the cohesiveness of social units and provided a test of the potential responses of this species to extreme conditions.
Anolis sagrei in Florida: Phenetics of a Colonizing Species III. West Indian and Middle American Comparisons

Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on a suite of meristic and morphometric variables recorded for 2373 specimens of Anolis sagrei representing 25 Floridian and 44 West Indian and Middle American localities. Cluster analyses, using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA), established the existence of two major morphological units in the West Indies (Cuban and Bahamian) and one in southeastern Mexico and northern Central America. The reality of these phenetic and geographic units was confirmed by discriminant function analysis. On average, Florida populations exhibit levels of intrapopulational variation in meristic characters that are comparable to that of West Indian and Middle American samples. The possibility that in the colonization of Florida lizards underwent a genetic bottleneck is, thus, unsupported by the meristic data. Moreover, Florida lizards exhibit about the same level of interlocality variation in meristic characters as do lizards from Cuba, the Bahamas, and Middle America. However, for morphometric characters, interlocality variation is significantly less for Florida lizards. Thus, in their morphometric characters, Florida populations exhibit less divergence than those long established elsewhere. For meristic characters, covariation is generally less in Florida samples than in the West Indian and Middle American ones, whereas covariation among the morphometric characters of Florida lizards is comparable to that found elsewhere. Samples of lizards collected early in the colonization of Florida are morphologically most similar to Cuban lizards; contemporary (1981) Florida samples also show strong Cuban affinities, but constitute a phenetic unit now distinguishable from all others, possibly the result of microevolutionary adjustment to the novel Florida environment. Although Bahamian lizards are known to have been introduced into southern Florida, the colonization has been largely a Cuban phenomenon, because in neither the early nor the contemporary Florida lizards is there evidence of the Bahamian.
Biogeographical and taxonomic notes on some herpetozoa from the northern highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

This paper reports on amphibians and reptiles collected in the Northern Highlands region of Chiapas, Mexico. Three species are reported for the first time from Chiapas, one of which is also new to the fauna of Mexico. In addition, taxonomic, distributional, and ecological notes are discussed for some other species. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., Vol. 79 (3-4), 1976.