Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
28-GHz CMOS Power Amplifier Linearized With Resistive Drain-Body Connection

A 28-GHz two-stage differential cascode power amplifier (PA) linearized with a simple common-source (CS) body network, in which the body of the CS amplifier at the power stage is connected to the drain through a large resistance. The body network is very simple but very effective to linearize the PA. The linearity improvements are explained and shown with the intermodulation distortions (IMD3) and AM–PM characteristics. The PA also shows a wideband gain because the matching networks consist mainly of transmission-line transformers (TLTs) and distributive interstage matching. It has a gain of 20.1 dB with a bandwidth of 10.8 GHz, a saturation output power of 20.25 dBm, and an output 1-dB compression point of 18.3 dBm, which is fabricated in a 40-nm bulk CMOS process with the area of 0.214 mm2.
Implementation and Testing of a Switching Circulator for Twin-Pair STAR Radio Architectures

Realization of simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) wireless systems is desirable for spectral efficiency but challenging due to difficulties in isolating the receiver from the transmitter. A twin-pair STAR architecture based on two identical sequentially-switched delay line (SSDL) circulators is proposed for STAR. The twin-pair approach uses one circulator as a real-time model of the other circulator which is used for communication, thereby allowing cancellation of transmit signals from the receiver before reaching the first low-noise amplifier (LNA). A wideband SSDL circulator is designed and characterized to study its suitability in the proposed STAR architecture. The circulator has spur-free (over-multiplexed) operation up to 48 MHz and under-multiplexed operation up to 1.0 GHz with an insertion loss <10 dB and isolation >25 dB.
Studies of growth in the clonal herb Glechoma hederacea. II : The effects of selective defoliation

Defoliation of ramets in a clonal species affects the subsequent growth of newly developing parts by preventing translocation of photoassimilates. In this paper, the hypothesis is tested that the structural level at which a clone responds to such interference, and the response it displays, will be determined by the ramets which are defoliated, and by the patterns of physiological integration between its connected ramets. An experiment was carried out in which clones of Glechoma hederacea were subjected to either 0% (control), 50% or 100% leaf removal. Fifty per cent defoliation was applied in three different patterns to determine if these had different effects upon subsequent growth (.)
Herb Distribution in an Acer saccharum Forest

Plant distribution patterns in a mesic forest in southern Wisconsin were sampled within a 1.71-hectare area and related to ecologic amplitude, microenvironmental differences and species aut- ecology. Of 30 important herb species, seven were significantly non-homoge- neous. All of the homogeneous species except one were found to have some degree of aggregation (contagion). Herbs as a whole, sampled regardless of species, were randomly distributed and, within clumps, species were distributed in a modified random pattern. An ordination of herbs on the basis of their interspecific association revealed patterns similar to those found in the intermediate to terminal stages of the upland- forest of the region. Seventeen of 41 species were associated with topography, three with the presence of tip-ups, two with drainage channels and one with relatively open areas. Annual species had a higher average seed production and were more homogeneous in distribution than the perennial species which were mainly dependent on vegetative propagation, had a lower seed pro- duction, and were diverse in distribution patterns. in an Acer saccharum forest in southern Wisconsin is presented. These patterns are related to microenvironmental differences within the stand and to ecologic amplitude and some autecological aspects of individual species. Nomenclature throughout the paper is after -Gleason (1952). Grateful appreciation is expressed to Dr. Grant Cottam for aid in all phases of the work and to Dr. J. Roger Bray for reviewing the manuscript. A mesic Acer saccharum forest was chosen for this study since its flora is stable in both time and space compared with other upland forests of the area. An Acer saccharum forest is considered to be the terminal stage of forest succession in southern Wisconsin by Braun (1950) and by Curtis and McIntosh (1951); it is considered to have occupied its present site for several centuries without serious dis- turbance, especially of fire. It is, therefore, hypothesized that the herbs of this forest should have had sufficient time to colonize the entire area and should demonstrate a homogeneous distribution throughout. the stand. Since macroclimate, soil, light, temperature and moisture
Breeding Biology of the White-Faced Storm-Petrel on Selvagem Grande Island, North-East Atlantic

-The White-faced Storm-petrel (Pelagodroma marina) breeds on several tropical, sub-tropical and temperate islands in both hemispheres, but some aspects of its breeding biology are still poorly known. The European subspecies hypoleuca is almost confined to a small archipelago, the Salvage Islands, about 300 km south of Madeira Island, North-east Atlantic. Because of its very localized distribution, this subspecies is relatively vulnerable to extinction and its population dynamics need to be understood and monitored. We studied the breeding biology of the White-faced Storm-petrel at Selvagem Grande Island in 1996. Birds first arrived at the colony in mid-December, eggs were laid from mid-March to early June, and the last chicks fledged in mid-August. Mean incubation period was 53.7 days, but was highly variable due to frequent egg-neglect that affected at least two thirds of the clutches. Mean nestling period was 60.3 days. Chick growth (body mass and wing length) is described. Hatching success was 60.7% (N = 89) and fledging success was 88.9% (N = 54). Breeding success (53.9%) was not low, in spite of frequent predation by house mice (Mus musculus), the main cause of nesting failures. Rabbits (Oryctolagus cunniculus) and Yellow-legged Gulls (Larus cachinnans), two species thought to pose threats to other seabirds of the region, had no measurable negative effect on breeding performance at our study nests. However, we had some evidence that gulls prey upon chicks and adult birds. Breeding success did not correlate with egg size. There was a highly significant seasonal decline in both hatching and fledging success. Using data on burrow density and occupancy obtained in the main colony, we estimated the breeding population on Selvagem Grande at around 36,000 pairs. Received 30 November 1988, accepted 16January 1999.
Property Analysis of Cellulose Fibers Extracted from Traditional Rice Straw Varieties

Agriculture sector plays a vital role in Sri Lankan economy. Although the country is moving towards industrialization, agricultural sector still contributes substantially to both foreign exchange earnings and GDP. Straw generated from paddy cultivation is widely considered as agricultural waste as it has less commercial value. However, cellulose is the main component in paddy straw, which is a renewable resource, gains increasing importance due to its low cost and wide availability. The aim of this study was to extract cellulose fibers from Sri Lankan traditional rice straw varieties Murunkan, Pachchaperumal and Moddaikarupan via a series of chemical treatments and to ascertain their structure, morphology and thermal properties. Study revealed that higher amount of cellulose fibers were extracted from Moddaikarupan variety (38.31 ± 0.86 percent), then from Murunkan variety (33.68 ± 0.68 percent) and lastly from Pachchaperumal variety (33.63 ± 0.10 percent). Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis showed the successive and complete removal of noncellulosic components from the rice straw. Morphology of rice straw during the extraction process were distinct when the non-cellulosic components were removed from rice straw. This study affirms that locally available rice straw varieties can be exploited as cellulose source.
Multifamily Classification of Android Malware With a Fuzzy Strategy to Resist Polymorphic Familial Variants

The Multifamily classification of Android malware aims to identify a malicious sample as one of the given malware families. This problem is believed to be much more significant than the binary classification (simply identify a sample as malicious or benign) because it is able to reveal the behaviour patterns of multiple malware families and bring deep insights into the working mechanism of malicious payload. The main challenges of the multifamily classification involve two aspects: recognizing the behaviour patterns of malware families as well as addressing the issues of code obfuscation and polymorphic variants that are commonly used by adversaries to evade rigorous detections. To address these challenges, in this article, we utilize the regular expressions of callbacks to describe the behaviour patterns of malware families, and propose a two-step fuzzy processing strategy to resist potential polymorphic familial variants. The alphabet of such regular expressions only consists of security-sensitive API calls, this enables the regular expressions to resist various kinds of code obfuscation and metamorphism. The proposed fuzzy strategy, applied to the regular expressions, comprises two steps: the first step transforms an original regular expression to such a fuzzy regular expression that possesses a broader meaning than the original one; the second step further relaxes precise plaintext match between two regular expressions to a fuzzy match by introducing the notion of similarity of regular expressions. Applying this strategy promotes the abstract level of a regular expression and enables the behaviour pattern specified by the regular expression to be more resilient to code obfuscation and polymorphic variants. Furthermore, selecting the fuzzy regular expressions as features, we use text mining techniques to train a multifamily 1-NN classifier over 3270 samples of 65 families. The experimental results show that our approach outperforms most of the state-of-the-art approaches and tools, confirming the effectiveness of our approach.
Modeling Marginalization: Emergence, Social Physics, and Social Ethics of Bullying

In this paper, we outline the construction and initial simulation experiment results of the Marginalization model (MARG). We experiment under different group parameters because the theoretical paradigm we follow views bullying as a result of social processes. Our primary research question explores the possibility of bullying emergence as agents select interaction partners in a university setting. Based on the simulated process, our results take indications of the stress of marginalization in a student group as a proxy for emergent marginalization. MARG simulates two types of interactions between pairs of students: forced and hang-out interactions. In the latter, students decide whether to interact based on individual preferences formed by social norms and individual tolerance related to those norms. The emergence of intensified marginalization from MARG processes leads to some ethical considerations and provides ground for discussions concerning suitable interventions.
Colony attendance of least auklets at St. Paul Island, Alaska : Implications for population monitoring

Colony attendance by Least Auklets (Aethia pusilla) was monitored during three breeding seasons at St. Paul Island, Alaska. Maximum counts of birds attending one 150-m2 study plot varied significantly from year to year, with a nearly two-fold difference between highest and lowest years. Maximum numbers on the surface at any one time amounted to about half of the local breeding population. Attendance was high in the year with greatest proportion of adults breeding, low in the year with lowest proportion of adults breeding, and the proportion of adults breeding differed significantly among years. Adult attendance both early and late in breeding season differed significantly among years, but there was no evidence that varying attendance related to changes in the overall adult population. Counts during incubation and chick-rearing stages were affected by sub-adults (twoyear-olds), which differed significantly in attendance from year to year and sometimes represented up to half the birds on the colony surface. Year-to-year changes in surface counts probably related to strength of this sub-adult cohort and to varying attendance behavior of adults and sub-adults that correlated with food availability. These data suggest that, taken alone, surface counts at Least Auklet colonies must be interpreted cautiously in assessing population changes. Suggestions for improvement of counting techniques and an alternative approach to population monitoring are discussed.
Clinical Implication of Machine Learning in Predicting the Occurrence of Cardiovascular Disease Using Big Data (Nationwide Cohort Data in Korea)

Machine learning (ML) and large-scale big data are key factors in developing an accurate prediction model for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although the CVD risk often depends on the race and ethnicity, most previous studies considered only US or European populations for the CVD risk prediction. In this work, to complement previous researches, we analyzed the Korean National Health Insurance Service–National Health Sample Cohort (KNHSC) data and studied the characteristics of ML and big data for predicting the CVD risk. More specifically, we assessed the effectiveness of various ML methods in predicting the 2-year and 10-year risk of CVD such as atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and strokes. To develop prediction models, we considered the usual medical examination data, questionnaire survey results, comorbidities, and past medication information available in the KNHSC data. We developed various ML-based prediction models using logistic regression, deep neural networks, random forests, and LightGBM, and validated them using various metrics such as receiver operating characteristic curves, precision-recall curves, sensitivity, specificity, and F1 score. Experimental results showed that all ML models outperformed the baseline method derived from the ACC/AHA guidelines for estimating the 10-year CVD risk, demonstrating the usefulness of ML methods. In addition, in our analysis, whether we included the past medication information as a feature or not, the prediction accuracy of all ML models was comparable to each other. Since the use of medications by the physicians provided important information on the occurrence of diseases, when we included it as a feature, all prediction models achieved a slightly higher prediction accuracy.
Stability Analysis of Slopes in Aruwakkalu Limestone Mine During Rain: A Finite Element Approach

Water in the forms of rain, snowmelt and groundwater is identified to be the major factor influencing the reduction of the stability of the slopes. The increasing trend of annual rainfall has been a major challenge to meet the production requirement in Aruwakkalu limestone mine. The stability of the slopes in active quarry area of the mine under various rainfall intensities is studied in this paper. The slopes are modelled numerically by finite element method and subjected to analysis under strength reduction method semi coupled with transient seepage analysis. The results are expressed in terms of variations in factor of safety, pore water pressure and displacement with different rainfall intensities. Based on the results an economical bench design is recommended to be used when opening a new pit area.
Grid-Forming Control for DFIG Based Wind Farms to Enhance the Stability of LCC-HVDC

This article presents the grid-forming control (GFC) for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farm to enhance the stability of line-commutated converter (LCC) based high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system. GFC is a grid friendly control strategy to build or follow the grid voltage and provide inertia support for power grid. The GFC for DFIG can not only improve the stability of HVDC sending-terminal system, but also reduce the dependence of synchronous generator (SG) in HVDC sending-terminal system. Impedance analysis is used to analyze the stability of HVDC sending-terminal system. The impedance modeling process of the GFC for DFIG is introduced in detail. Based on the impedance analysis, the GFC for DFIG shows the better stability than the conventional vector control (VC) for DFIG in HVDC sending-terminal system. When the capacity of SG decreases and transmission line impedance increases, the GFC for DFIG can keep stable, while the VC for DFIG will lose the stability in HVDC sending-terminal system. Vector graph of impedance characteristic is applied to illustrate the mechanism of instability. The time domain simulations are presented to verify the impedance analysis. Moreover, the simulation in islanded condition is also given to illustrate the stability and effectiveness of the GFC for DFIG.
Combined Application of Trichogramma ostriniae and Bacillus thuringiensis for Eco-friendly Control of Plutella xylostella

Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is one of the most destructive insect pests of cruciferous crops. This study is to determine the effect of a combined treatment of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) and Trichogramma ostriniae (Peng and Chen) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) applied for an eco-friendly control of Diamondback moth, P. xylostella. Results of the investigation of the resistance ratio of four field populations of P. xylostella to B. thuringiensis shows that Hoengseong populations were highly resistance to the 17.1-fold of B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and to the 36.0-fold of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. B. thuringiensis was proven to give no detrimental effects on adult survival and eggs parasitism of the wasp based on contact toxicity test. Survival rates of P. xylostella were 31.67% and 14.17% on single treatment of T. ostriniae and B. thuringiensis, respectively. But, survival rate of P. xylostella was 1.07% on a combined treatment of egg parasitoid and B. thuringiensis. The combined treatment of both biological control agents significantly decreased the crops damage rate, though none of the biological control agents alone showed any significant control efficacy.
Time Dependent Shift in SOA Boundary and Early Breakdown of Epi-Stack in AlGaN/ GaN HEMTs Under Fast Cyclic Transient Stress

This experimental study reports first observations of (i) SOA boundary shift in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs and (ii) early time-to-fail of vertical AlGaN/GaN epi-stack under fast changing (sub-10ns rise time) cyclic pulse transient stress, which otherwise qualified for 600 V DC stress. It is shown that a epi stack qualified for 10 years lifetime under DC stress, fails faster under cyclic transient stress. The drain-to-substrate leakage exhibits different trends under DC and pulse stress. Integrated electrical and mechanical stress characterization routine involving Raman/ PL mapping, PFM and CL spectroscopy along with atomistic simulations reveals material limited unique failure physics under transient stress condition. Failure analysis using cross-sectional SEM and TEM investigations reveal signature of different degradation and failure mechanism under transient and DC stress conditions. A failure model is proposed for rapid breakdown of AlGaN/GaN epi-stack under cyclic transient stress and it is experimentally validated.
Understanding Notions of Stationarity in Nonsmooth Optimization: A Guided Tour of Various Constructions of Subdifferential for Nonsmooth Functions

Many contemporary applications in signal processing and machine learning give rise to structured nonconvex nonsmooth optimization problems that can often be tackled by simple iterative methods quite effectively. One of the keys to understanding such a phenomenon-and, in fact, a very difficult conundrum even for experts-lies in the study of "stationary points" of the problem in question. Unlike smooth optimization, for which the definition of a stationary point is rather standard, there are myriad definitions of stationarity in nonsmooth optimization. In this article, we provide an introduction to different stationarity concepts for several important classes of nonconvex nonsmooth functions, discuss the geometric interpretations of these concepts, and further clarify their relationships. We then demonstrate the relevance of these constructions in some representative applications and indicate how they could affect the performance of iterative methods for addressing these applications.
An optimised ensemble for antibody-mediated rejection status prediction in kidney transplant patients

Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is one of the primary mechanisms of graft loss following organ transplantation. A key difficulty with AMR diagnosis is that symptoms typically manifest when the graft is already damaged beyond repair. Diagnosis is also complicated by differing interpretations of histological data by pathologists, highlighting the urgent need for more quantitative approaches. In this paper we propose an ensemble classifier approach to predicting AMR status from gene expression data. We employ two random oversampling techniques - Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) and Adaptive Synthetic Oversampling (ADASYN) - to address the class imbalance in the original data set, and use particle swarm optimisation (PSO) for the selection of the ensemble hyperparameters. Our results demonstrate that applying the PSO-optimised ensemble to the balanced data set provides better predictive performance than the ensemble alone, and represents an important step towards more accurate sub-clinical prediction of AMR status and improved patient risk stratification.
Facial Attribute Classification: A Comprehensive Study and a Novel Mid-Level Fusion Classifier

This paper addresses the problem of automatically classifying attributes related to a person’s appearance near the face. Example attributes include presence or absence of eyeglasses, separation distance of the eyes (narrow or wide), and information concerning facial hair. We have implemented a 3-step approach in which the face is located and cropped within an image, features are extracted, and 40 separate facial attributes are classified. One goal of the research has been to compare a wide range of techniques for their effectiveness in classifying facial attributes. Another goal has been the development of the new classifier. Our novel system demonstrates better performance than previous state-of-the-art models. We present extensive results to compare our approach with 7 different systems using the CelebA dataset. To our knowledge, this paper presents the most comprehensive study to date concerning facial attributes.
Fully-Planar Ultrawideband Tightly-Coupled Array (FPU-TCA) With Integrated Feed for Wide-Scanning Millimeter-Wave Applications

We present a linearly polarized ultrawideband design for millimeter-wave phased array antennas over 17–42 GHz. The design comprises tightly coupled dipoles, integrated with a specific feeding mechanism. The proposed antenna provides a relative bandwidth of 2.7:1 and 2.47:1 with VSWR < 2 for scanning up to 45° in the E- and H-planes, respectively. Several prototypes of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$8\times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> arrays are fabricated using standard PCB technology. The measurement results of the array prototypes show a good agreement with the simulations in terms of VSWR, radiation pattern, and realized gain.