Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Farmers＇ Problems Associated with Cultivation of Soybean in Madhya Pradesh, India

India is the fifth major soybean growing country in the world. Soybean is a major kharif (monsoon season) oilseed crop grown by the farmers of Madhya Pradesh, the 'Soy State'. This golden bean of 21st century is successfully being grown by the farmers of this "Soy State" since its resurrection in India during late sixties. This venture not only revolutionized the socio-economic status of soybean farmers but also provided them with an apt cropping system of soybean-wheat/chickpea as soybean occupied monsoon fallows in initial years of its establishment. Presently, the crop covers more than 9.67 million hectares in India with major contribution from the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The likely production from this area during 2009-2010 is 9.72 million tones. The concerted technological back up support from the Research and Development system (ICAR/ AICRPS/ SAUs) along with State owned extension agencies and private sector has been instrumental in narrowing the yield gap II of soybean from above 1000 kg/ha in 1970 to 390 kg/ha by 2008. Mitigating the loss in productivity by refining the existing management practices to deal with the biotic and abiotic stresses and to take the technology so developed effectively to farmers by the extension agencies constitute a priority to boost up the production of this crop. An investigation to identify the felt needs and problems of soybean growers of Madhya Pradesh was carried out in order to formulate the technological interventions to increase the national productivity which is hovering around 1000 kg/ha since last few years. The data were collected employing pre-designed questionnaire as well as interview schedule which were administered on the respondents at two different stages. The study brought out that non-availability of quality seed of improved varieties of soybean is the major problem experienced by the farmers. The problems associated with management of insect-pests and disease complex followed the suit. Among the pests, girdle beetle, tobacco caterpillar and the green semilooper were found to be more responsible for the yield erosion in farmers' field. Resorting to imbalanced fertilization and timely unavailability of needed fertilizers ranked third while the delayed and erratic monsoon causing moisture stress, poor infrastructural facilities including lacunae in input supply system are observed to be the major problems identified in this study.
Restricted Isometry Constants where l p sparse recovery can fail for 0 < p ≤ 1

We investigate conditions under which the solution of an und erdetermined linear system with minimal lp norm,0 < p ≤ 1, is guaranteed to be also the sparsest one. Our results highl ig t the pessimistic nature of sparse recovery analysis when recovery is predict ed based on the restricted isometry constants (RIC) of the associated matrix. We construct matrices with RICδ2m arbitrarily close to1/ √ 2 ≈ 0.717 where sparse recovery with p = 1 fails for at least onem-sparse vector. This indicates that there is limited room fo r improving over the best known positive results of Foucart and Lai, which guarantee t hatl1-minimisation recovers all m-sparse vectors for any matrix withδ2m < 2(3 − √ 2)/7 ≈ 0.4531. Another consequence of our construction is that recovery conditions expressed uniformly for all matrices in terms of RIC must require that all 2m-column submatrices are extremely well conditioned (condition numbers less tha n 2.5). In contrast, we also construct matrices with δ2m arbitrarily close to one andδ2m+1 = 1 wherel1-minimisation succeeds for any m-sparse vector. This illustrates the limits of RIC as a tool to predict the behavio ur f l1 minimisation. These constructions are a by-product of tight conditions fo r lp recovery ( 0 ≤ p ≤ 1) with matrices of unit spectral norm, which are expressed in terms of the minimal si ngular values of2m-column submatrices. The results show that, compared to l1-minimisation,lp-minimisation recovery failure is only slightly delayed in terms of the RIC values. Furthermore in this case the minimis ation is nonconvex and it is important to consider the specific minimisation algorithm being used. We show that when lp optimisation is attempted using an iterative reweightedl1 scheme, failure can still occur for δ2m arbitrarily close to1/ √ 2. Key-words: underdetermined linear system, sparse representation, ov ercomplete dictionary, compressed sensing, inverse problem, restricted isometry property, c onvex optimisation, nonconvex optimisation, iterative reweighted optimisation.
Measuring sea surface mean square slope with a 36-GHz scanning

Values of sea surface mean square slope (mss) computed from the backscattered power falloff with incidence angle measured by an airborne 36-GHz scanning radar altimeter are presented. When the mss values are plotted against the 10-m wind speed (extrapolated from the 46- to 110-m aircraft height), for wind speeds up to 7 m s -1 the values scatter about a curve which is scaled from that obtained by Wu [1990] by a factor of 0.85. Wu's result was a reanalysis of the optical measurements of Cox and Munk [1954]. The offset between the microwave and optical curves is reasonable because one would expect the surface to appear smoother to the microwave wavelength than to the optical. This is unlike the mss values inferred from absolute power measurements at nadir by 14-GHz satellite altimeters, which indicate a higher mss under light wind conditions than the optical measurements indicate. For wind speeds below 7 m s -1 the peak of the backscattered power distribution is observed at nadir, but for higher speeds the peak shifts off-nadir in the downwind direction.
Quantification of surface energy fluxes from a small water body using scintillometry and eddy covariance

Accurate quantification of evaporation from small water storages is essential for water management and planning, particularly in water‐scarce regions. In order to ascertain suitable methods for direct measurement of evaporation from small water bodies, this study presents a comparison of eddy covariance and scintillometry measurements from a reservoir in southeast Queensland, Australia. The work presented expands on a short study presented by McJannet et al. (2011) to include comparisons of eddy covariance measurements and scintillometer‐derived predictions of surface energy fluxes under a wide range of seasonal weather conditions. In this study, analysis was undertaken to ascertain whether important theoretical assumptions required for both techniques are valid in the complex environment of a small reservoir. Statistical comparison, energy balance closure, and the relationship between evaporation measurements and key environmental controls were used to compare the results of the two techniques. Reasonable agreement was shown between the sensible heat flux measurements from eddy covariance and scintillometry, while scintillometer‐derived estimates of latent heat flux were approximately 21% greater than eddy covariance measurements. We suggest possible reasons for this difference and provide recommendations for further research for improving measurements of surface energy fluxes over small water bodies using eddy covariance and scintillometry.
The petrology of the lower crust and upper mantle beneath southeastern chihuahua, mexico: a progress report

Granulite facies metamorphic rocks and ultramafic nodules, of lower crustal and upper mantle origin, respectively, occur as xenoliths in a host alkali basalt at the La Olivina peridot mine, approximately 150 km southeast of Ciudad Chihuahua. The La Olivina ultramafic xenoliths are of three compositional groups that are distinguished by clinopyroxene chemistry: a high magnesian (Mg/Mg+Fe = 0.90), high Cr 2 O 3 group (Group I); a moderately-magnesian (Mg/Mg+Fe = 0.76), high A1 2 0 3 , high TiO 2 group (Group II); and a group compositionally intermediate between these two (Transitional Group). Analyses of primary minerals show that these xenoliths are similar to ones from San Carlos, Arizona (USA), from Xalapasco de La Joya, San Luis Potosi (Mexico), and from Kilbourne Hole, New Mexico (USA). The La Olivina mantle xenoliths are of three textural groups: allotriomorphic granular (igneous? ), porphyroclastic (metamorphic? ), and granoblastic (metamorphic? ). All Group I xenoliths are granoblastic, and most nodules of Group II and the Transitional Group are allotriomorphic granular. Porphyroclastic texture is less common than the other textures in the rocks studied, but it is found in some Transitional Group rocks. The La Olivina lower crust xenoliths are predominantly pelitic gneisses and pyroxene granulites. The pelitic gneisses are uniform in mineral assemblage with garnet + quartz + plagioclase + sanidine + sillimanite + rutile + graphite. Most of the pyroxene granulites are plagioclase-bearing, but some contain scapolite in place of plagioclase. These lower crustal samples are identical in mineral assemblage and very similar in mineral chemistry to xenoliths described from Kilbourne Hole. The granulites and pelitic gneisses have model Nd ages of 1.1 to 1.2 b.y. using a chondritic initial ratio, or 1.6 b.y. using a depleted source model. The latter age is in excellent agreement with those from Kilbourne Hole. Thus it appears that Precambrian craton, similar in age, metamorphic history, and protolith composition to that which underlies Kilbourne Hole, extends into Mexico at least as far southeast as La Olivina.
REPLY TO DISCUSSION by Gregory S. Bevenger and Rudy M. King 1

Bevenger and King (1997) have contributed a helpful comment on my recent paper (Kondolf, 1997) and clarified the purpose of the zig-zag count as measuring the fine sediment content in the bed. With this clarification, perhaps much of the confusion can be avoided and the zig-zag count termed a point sampling of surficial fine sediment, not a pebble count. As discussed below, the zig-zag count is not a true pebble count procedure because it is not a random sampling, does not obtain adequate sample size for individual populations, and does not yield reproducible size distribution curves, important characteristics of the true pebble count (Wolman, 1954). Thus, the statement that ". a full distribution can be graphically displayed or subsequently analyzed to meet other objectives. " (Bevenger and King, 1997) is not justified. Also, it is worth bearing in mind that fine sediment content expressed as the percentage of the total sample is influenced by the amount of other sediment classes as well. Bevenger and King (1997) also refer to "individual cross-sections, as the Wolman procedure is usually modified to do. " No citation or explanation of this modification was included in their comment, and I am not aware of any such modification widely used by geomorphologists. If monitoring fine sediment content is the goal, it should be noted that surface gravels commonly contain less fine sediment than the subsurface, so bulk core samples may be needed to detect changes in fine sediment content that are ecologically significant but not evident in the size distribution of the surface layer (e.g., Adams and Beschta, 1980).
A study of the effect of term proximity on query expansion

Query expansion terms are often used to enhance original query formulations in document retrieval. Such terms are usually selected from the entire documents or from windows or passages surrounding query term occurrences. Arguably, the semantic relatedness between terms weakens with the increase in the distance separating them. In this paper we report a study that was conducted to systematically evaluate different distance functions for selecting query expansion terms. We propose a distance factor that can be effectively combined with the statistical term association measure of mutual information for selecting query expansion terms. Evaluation of the TREC collection shows that distance-weighted mutual information is more effective than mutual information alone in selecting terms for query expansion.
The Potential Observation Network Design with Mesoscale Ensemble Sensitivities in Complex Terrain

Abstract : Observation network design requires some framework for sensitivity studies. The goal is to place observations where they will reduce forecast error the most. We use uncertainty estimates from our best forecast models as an indicator of forecast error. The first step is then to find initial-state perturbations that reduce forecast uncertainty by minimizing a user-dependent norm. Adjoint models have helped meet this challenge for decades. More recently, ensemble sensitivities have emerged as a powerful alternative to adjoint models. Under the conditions of Gaussian statistics and an infinite ensemble, lagged covariances from an ensemble can be used equivalently to an adjoint model to give the least-squares minimization of a given cost function. One practical advantage is that costly development and maintenance of tangent linear and adjoint models are avoided. Ensemble sensitivities have been shown to be an effective alternative to adjoint models. They have been used successfully to diagnose predictors of forecast error in synoptic storms, extratropical transition and developing hurricanes. Because they rely on lagged covariances from a finite-sized ensemble, they are subject to sampling error and spurious covariances. However, their efficacy for highresolution forecasts in mountainous environments has not been thoroughly explored. We present results from experiments designed to establish the potential for ensemble sensitivity computations with a high resolution mesoscale model (grid spacing 4 km) in complex terrain. Using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model and the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) we compute sensitivities with cost functions defined to emphasize parameters affecting fog forecasting in the boundary layer. High sensitivities are interpreted as indicating low predictability for forecasting in the mountains. Results from convergence studies reveal the ensemble sizes needed to robustly estimate the sensitivities. We comment on the implic
Faecal marking behaviour by free-ranging Common genets Genetta genetta and Egyptian mongooses Herpestes ichneutnon in southwestern Spain

Studied defecation behaviour of the common genet and the Egyptian mongoose at the Donana National Park from November 1985 to November 1989. Both species frequently used latrines and more than one individual contributed to latrine formation. Genets placed their latrines in trees situated on the edges of the more frequently used habitats, whereas mongooses defecated on the ground, and their latrines were found within preferred habitats, near to resting sites. Genets increased their marking behaviour in February-March and November-December, and mongooses in january-February and September-October. Latrine switching within the same area was observed in mongooses. Data tend to indicate that latrines are used as a communication tool in both species
Relocation and Preferential Elution of Acidic Solute through the Snowpack of a Small, Remote, High-Altitude Scottish Catchment

This isolated snowpack shows wide spatial variability in composition, with 15 samples from a 700 m transect giving coefficients of variance of more than 50% for most of the major ions. Cations showed somewhat less variability than anions. Preferential elution, i.e. the more rapid loss of some ions from the pack than others, was more readily observed in the composition of meltwaters because of the high variability in snowpack composition. Preferential elution could be found in the snowpack where it was possible to resample a well-defined surface during a period of ablation. The elution sequence established from these surfaces was although the position of the hydrogen and ammonium ions may be affected by buffering. The sequence compares reasonably well with a generalized one assembled from earlier studies, where is usually eluted quickly and sodium and chloride rather slowly. The evolution of the snowpack composition towards solute depletion, but relative richness in chloride, is clearly represented in triangular diagrams.
Influence of Light Conditions on the Antibacterial Performance and Mechanism of Waterborne Fluorescent Coatings Based on Waterproof Long Afterglow Phosphors/PDMS Composites

Marine microbial adhesion is the fundamental cause of large-scale biological fouling. Low surface energy coatings can prevent marine installations from biofouling; nevertheless, their static antifouling abilities are limited in the absence of shear forces produced by seawater. Novel waterborne antifouling coatings inspired by fluorescent coral were reported in this paper. Waterproof long afterglow phosphors (WLAP) were introduced into waterborne silicone elastomers by the physical blending method. The composite coatings store energy during the day, and the various colors of light emitted at night affect the regular physiological activities of marine bacteria. Due to the synergistic effect of fouling-release and fluorescence antifouling, the WLAP/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite coating showed excellent antifouling abilities. The antibacterial performance of coatings was tested under simulated day-night alternation, continuous light, and constant dark conditions, respectively. The results illustrated that the antibacterial performance of composite coatings under simulated day-night alternation conditions was significantly better than that under continuous light or darkness. The weak lights emitted by the coating can effectively inhibit the adhesion of bacteria. C-SB/PDMS showed the best antibacterial effect, with a bacterial adhesion rate (BAR) of only 3.7%. Constant strong light also affects the normal physiological behavior of bacteria, and the weak light of coatings was covered. The antibacterial ability of coatings primarily relied on their surface properties under continuous dark conditions. The fluorescent effect played a vital role in the synergetic antifouling mechanism. This study enhanced the static antifouling abilities of coatings and provided a new direction for environmentally friendly and long-acting marine antifouling coatings.
Knowledge and Awareness of the Relationship Between Heart Failure and Chronic Uncontrolled Hypertension Among Communities in the Aseer Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Background: The primary objective of this study was to assess the awareness among respondents in Aseer, Saudi Arabia, regarding the link between uncontrolled hypertension (HTN) and the potential development of heart failure (HF). Furthermore, we examined variations in the knowledge of essential information based on whether participants had a history of HF or HTN. Methods: Employing a snowball sampling method, we conducted a prospective online cross-sectional survey targeting adults aged 18 years and above, encompassing both males and females. The survey participants were residents of the Aseer region with access to the internet. Results: A total of 418 responses were included in the final analysis; 26.8% were aged 45-55 years, 53.8% were males, 69.1% held a university degree, 17.5% were healthcare workers (HCWs), and 26.8% reported having HTN. There was a statistically significant difference between respondents with and without HF regarding knowledge about uncontrolled HTN and its definition. Television and the internet were the most prominent sources of information, with 31.8% and 35.6%, respectively. Of the responders, 50% knew that uncontrolled HTN can lead to HF. Gender differences were significant, with 51.20% of females and 48.80% of males recognizing this link (p = 0.039). HCWs showed higher awareness compared to non-HCWs (70.81% vs. 29.19%, p < 0.001). HF awareness significantly impacted the respondent’s knowledge (80.38%, p < 0.001). Those knowledgeable about uncontrolled HTN were more likely to be aware of this connection (60.29% vs. 25.84%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: A large sector of the general population did not know that uncontrolled HTN may cause HF, especially those free from both conditions.
Crossing the Old Local Breed Deutsches Lachshuhn with the Layer Breed White Rock: Effects on Laying Performance of the Females and Fattening Performance of the Males

Simple Summary For the production of chicken meat and eggs, specialized chicken genotypes are almost exclusively used today. Males of layer lines do not have a satisfactory fattening performance and are usually killed immediately after hatching. Due to ethical concerns, this practice has recently been forbidden in Germany and France and alternatives have to be implemented. One such approach is the determination of the embryos’ sex while in the egg, and keeping only those which contain female embryos. Another alternative is the use of dual-purpose genotypes, where the females can be used for laying and the males for fattening. In this trial the suitability of an old dual-purpose breed (Deutsches Lachshuhn) and its cross with a layer breed (White Rock) for organic egg and meat production was compared to two already established dual-purpose genotypes. Fattening and laying performance of the cross of Deutsches Lachshuhn and White Rock was comparable to that of the other dual-purpose genotypes. This opens the possibility to conserve the genetic resources of an old breed and use them to produce crosses that have a good production performance. Abstract We tested the novel cross of the old local breed Deutsches Lachshuhn and the layer breed White Rock, as well as purebred Deutsches Lachshuhn, for their suitability as dual-purpose chickens under 100% organic husbandry conditions, and compared their performance and welfare with the two dual-purpose crosses New Hampshire × Bresse and Bresse × White Rock, which are already established in Germany. Chicks were reared in mixed-sex groups until slaughter of the males at 15 or 18 weeks of life. Data on laying performance and animal welfare were recorded until the hens’ 72nd week of life. Laying performance of Deutsches Lachshuhn × White Rock was almost twice as high as that in purebred hens, while fattening performance of the males did not differ. Deutsches Lachshuhn × White Rock, New Hampshire × Bresse and Bresse × White Rock realized a balanced performance profile of 242–250 eggs per hen alive and a final live weight of the males of 2924–3105 g after 18 weeks of rearing. The efficiency of a pair of chickens (one male and one female) was very similar for the crosses (3.69–3.77 kg feed kg−1 marketable product), while purebred Deutsches Lachshuhn was less efficient (6.35 kg feed kg−1 marketable product). Crossing the breed Deutsches Lachshuhn with a layer breed therefore improved laying performance and overall efficiency of the birds compared to purebred Deutsches Lachshuhn.