Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimal dividend and risk control strategies for an insurer with two groups of reinsurers

ABSTRACT This paper assumes that an insurer can control the dividend, reinsurance and refinancing strategies dynamically, and needs to bear proportional and fixed transaction costs. Different from previous literature, we assume that the insurer can buy reinsurance from two groups of reinsurers, i.e. the first group consists of m reinsurers and the second group consists of n reinsurers. The two groups of reinsurers have different risk attitudes and use the variance premium principle and the exponential premium principle in pricing, respectively. By using the optimal control methods, we obtain the optimal joint strategies for maximizing the insurance company's value. The results prove that dividends should be paid according to the impulse strategy; refinancing should be considered if and only if the transaction costs are not too high and the surplus is null; the insurer should diversify risks to all reinsurers in the market simultaneously when the surplus is not too large. The proportion of risk ceded to each reinsurer depends on its quoted price. Finally, numerical examples and economic interpretations are provided to make illustrations.
The nature of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey galaxies in various classes based on morphology, colour and spectral features – III. Environments

We present a study on the environments of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) galaxies divided into fine classes based on their morphology, colour and spectral features. The SDSS galaxies are classified into early-type and late-type; red and blue; passive, H ii, Seyfert and low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER), which returns a total of 16 fine classes of galaxies. We estimate the local number density, target-excluded local luminosity density, local colour, close pair fraction and the luminosity and colour of the brightest neighbour, which are compared between the fine classes comprehensively. The morphology–colour class of galaxies strongly depends on the local density, with the approximate order of high-density preference: red early-type galaxies (REGs); red late-type galaxies (RLGs); blue early-type galaxies (BEGs) and blue late-type galaxies (BLGs). We find that high-density environments (like cluster environments) seem to suppress active galactic nucleus activity. The pair fraction of H ii REGs does not show a statistically significant difference from that of passive REGs, while the pair fraction of H ii BLGs is smaller than that of non-H ii BLGs. H ii BLGs show obvious double (red + blue) peaks in the distribution of the brightest neighbour colour, while red galaxies show a single red peak. The brightest neighbours of Seyfert BLGs tend to be blue, while those of LINER BLGs tend to be red, which implies that the difference between Seyfert and LINER may be related to the pair interaction. Other various environments of the fine classes are investigated, and their implications for galaxy evolution are discussed.
Trends and uncertainties of mass-driven sea-level change in the satellite altimetry era

Abstract. Ocean mass change is one of the main drivers of present-day sea-level change (SLC). Also known as barystatic SLC, ocean mass change is caused by the exchange of freshwater between the land and the ocean, such as melting of continental ice from glaciers and ice sheets, and variations in land water storage. While many studies have quantified the present-day barystatic contribution to global mean SLC, fewer works have looked into regional changes. This study provides an analysis of regional patterns of contemporary mass redistribution associated with barystatic SLC since 1993 (the satellite altimetry era), with a focus on the uncertainty budget. We consider three types of uncertainties: intrinsic (the uncertainty from the data/model itself), temporal (related to the temporal variability in the time series) and spatial–structural (related to the spatial distribution of the mass change sources). Regional patterns (fingerprints) of barystatic SLC are computed from a range of estimates of the individual freshwater sources and used to analyze the different types of uncertainty. Combining all contributions, we find that regional sea-level trends range from −0.4 to 3.3 mm yr−1 for 2003–2016 and from −0.3 to 2.6 mm yr−1 for 1993–2016, considering the 5–95th percentile range across all grid points and depending on the choice of dataset. When all types of uncertainties from all contributions are combined, the total barystatic uncertainties regionally range from 0.6 to 1.3 mm yr−1 for 2003–2016 and from 0.4 to 0.8 mm yr−1 for 1993–2016, also depending on the dataset choice. We find that the temporal uncertainty dominates the budget, responsible on average for 65 % of the total uncertainty, followed by the spatial–structural and intrinsic uncertainties, which contribute on average 16 % and 18 %, respectively. The main source of uncertainty is the temporal uncertainty from the land water storage contribution, which is responsible for 35 %–60 % of the total uncertainty, depending on the region of interest. Another important contribution comes from the spatial–structural uncertainty from Antarctica and land water storage, which shows that different locations of mass change can lead to trend deviations larger than 20 %. As the barystatic SLC contribution and its uncertainty vary significantly from region to region, better insights into regional SLC are important for local management and adaptation planning.
Domain wall brane in Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld gravity

Recently, inspired by Eddington's theory, an alternative gravity called Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld gravity was proposed by Ba\~nados and Ferreira. It is equivalent to Einstein's general relativity in vacuum, but deviates from it when matter is included. Interestingly, it seems that the cosmological singularities are prevented in this theory. Based on the new theory, we investigate a thick brane model with a scalar field presenting in the five-dimensional background. A domain wall solution is obtained, and further, we find that at low energy the four-dimensional Einstein gravity is recovered on the brane. Moreover, the stability of gravitational perturbations is ensured in this model.
LONG-TERM EVOLUTION OF PLANET-INDUCED VORTICES IN PROTOPLANETARY DISKS

Recent observations of large-scale asymmetric features in protoplanetary disks suggest that large-scale vortices exist in such disks. Massive planets are known to be able to produce deep gaps in protoplanetary disks. The gap edges could become hydrodynamically unstable to the Rossby wave/vortex instability and form large-scale vortices. In this study we examine the long-term evolution of these vortices by carrying out high-resolution two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations that last more than 104 orbits (measured at the planet's orbit). We find that the disk viscosity has a strong influence on both the emergence and lifetime of vortices. In the outer disk region where asymmetric features are observed, our simulation results suggest that the disk viscous α needs to be low, ∼10−5–10−4, to sustain vortices to thousands and up to 104 orbits in certain cases. The chance of finding a vortex feature in a disk then decreases with smaller planet orbital radius. For α ∼ 10−3 or larger, even planets with masses of 5 MJ will have difficulty either producing or sustaining vortices. We have also studied the effects of different disk temperatures and planet masses. We discuss the implications of our findings on current and future protoplanetary disk observations.
Like a Wave in Its Variable Shape, Breadth, and Depth: A Qualitative Interview Study of Experiences of Daytime Sleepiness in People with Parkinson's Disease

Introduction Daytime sleepiness is a common nonmotor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) which is associated with decreased quality of life and perceived health. However, experiences of daytime sleepiness in people with PD have not been explored. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore experiences of daytime sleepiness in people with PD. Materials and Methods Five women and seven men (42–82 years) with PD for 1.5 to 21 years and excessive daytime sleepiness (i.e., a score of >10 on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale) participated in the study. Data were collected through individual, semistructured, face-to-face interviews and analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results Three themes of the experience of daytime sleepiness were revealed: (1) not an isolated phenomenon, (2) something to struggle against or accept, and (3) something beyond sleepiness. Conclusion. Daytime sleepiness is a complex nonmotor symptom in PD which manifests itself in several ways. Some experiences are similar, for instance, the attribution of daytime sleepiness to PD and its medical treatment. Differences depend on how sleepiness manifests itself, affects the person, and impacts daily life, as well as whether it causes feelings of embarrassment. Some participants needed to struggle against daytime sleepiness most of the time, and others had found a way to handle it, for example, with physical activity. However, sleepiness may also be used to benefit the person, for example, if they allow themselves to take a power nap to regain energy. The health care professionals can easily underestimate or misinterpret the prevalence and burden of daytime sleepiness because people with PD may describe daytime sleepiness as tiredness, drowsiness, or feeling exhausted, not as sleepiness.
Star formation activities in early-type brightest cluster galaxies

We identify a total of 120 early-type brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) at 0.1 < z < 0.4 in two recent large cluster catalogues selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). They are selected with strong emission lines in their optical spectra, with both Hα and [O II]λ3727 line emission, which indicates significant ongoing star formation. They constitute about ∼0.5 per cent of the largest, optically selected, low-redshift BCG sample, and the fraction is a strong function of cluster richness. Their star formation history can be well described by a recent minor and short starburst superimposed on an old stellar component, with the recent episode of star formation contributing on average only less than 1 per cent of the total stellar mass. We show that the more massive star-forming BCGs in richer clusters tend to have higher star formation rate (SFR) and specific SFR (SFR per unit galaxy stellar mass). We also compare their statistical properties with a control sample selected from X-ray luminous clusters, and show that the fraction of star-forming BCGs in X-ray luminous clusters is almost one order of magnitude larger than that in optically selected clusters. BCGs with star formation in cooling flow clusters usually have very flat optical spectra and show the most active star formation, which may be connected with cooling flows.
METHANOL AS A TRACER OF FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS

The methanol molecule CH3OH has a complex microwave spectrum with a large number of very strong lines. This spectrum includes purely rotational transitions as well as transitions with contributions of the internal degree of freedom associated with the hindered rotation of the OH group. The latter takes place due to the tunneling of hydrogen through the potential barriers between three equivalent potential minima. Such transitions are highly sensitive to changes in the electron-to-proton mass ratio, μ = me/mp, and have different responses to μ-variations. The highest sensitivity is found for the mixed rotation-tunneling transitions at low frequencies. Observing methanol lines provides more stringent limits on the hypothetical variation of μ than ammonia observation with the same velocity resolution. We show that the best-quality radio astronomical data on methanol maser lines constrain the variability of μ in the Milky Way at the level of |Δμ/μ| < 28 × 10−9 (1σ) which is in line with the previously obtained ammonia result, |Δμ/μ| < 29 × 10−9 (1σ). This estimate can be further improved if the rest frequencies of the CH3OH microwave lines will be measured more accurately.
Deconstruction of Clinical Treatment of Pneumonia and Respiratory Tract Infection Based on MRI Molecular Imaging

Pneumonia is a major research core topic in the medical field, and clinical trials of pneumonia and respiratory tract infection have been ongoing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of Shuanghuanghua granules in the treatment of pneumonia and respiratory tract infection based on NMR molecular imaging, and to lay a foundation for the development of new drugs. In this paper, 126 patients were randomly divided into the control group, the treatment group 1, the and treatment group 2, and were given Fengreganmao granules, Shuanghuanghua granules (ultrafine preparation), and Shuanghuanghua granules (extract preparation), respectively. The main symptom scores, sign scores, antipyretic time, and virus content before and after treatment were recorded. Statistical analysis was carried out on this basis. The experiment showed that the body temperature of the subjects in the three groups before treatment was: control group (37.59 ± 0.78), treatment group 1 (37.8 ± 0.81), and treatment group 2 (37.6 ± 0.76). After treatment, the body temperature of subjects in the three groups was: control group (36.67 ± 0.71), treatment group 1 (36.49 ± 0.43), and treatment group 2 (36.19 ± 0.25). Experiments show that Shuanghuanghua granules can significantly reduce the nasal virus, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, etc. in the patient's body. And it can shorten the antipyretic time of patients and has good clinical application. In addition, this study gave full play to the role of MRI molecular imaging and provided ideas and references for the clinical treatment of pneumonia and respiratory tract infection.
Influence of electron evaporative cooling on ultracold plasma expansion

The expansion of ultracold neutral plasmas (UCP) is driven primarily by the thermal pressure of the electron component and is therefore sensitive to the electron temperature. For typical UCP spatial extents, evaporative cooling has a significant influence on the UCP expansion rate at lower densities (less than 108/cm3). We studied the effect of electron evaporation in this density range. Owing to the low density, the effects of three-body recombination were negligible. We modeled the expansion by taking into account the change in electron temperature owing to evaporation as well as adiabatic expansion and found good agreement with our data. We also developed a simple model for initial evaporation over a range of ultracold plasma densities, sizes, and electron temperatures to determine over what parameter range electron evaporation is expected to have a significant effect. We also report on a signal calibration technique, which relates the signal at our detector to the total number of ions and electrons in.
Spencer Muscle Energy Technique Versus Conventional Treatment in Frozen Shoulder: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: The latest osteopathic manual therapy method widely used is the Spencer Muscle Energy Technique (SMET) adopted in western clinical practices to treat various shoulder ailments. Objective: The study compares conventional treatment procedures’ effects and the SEMT for a frozen shoulder. Methodology: A randomized, single-blind observational experiment was carried out from February to May 2019. The study included idiopathic frozen shoulder patients of either sex aged 30 to 70 years, phases 1 and 2, or a stiff joint of an agonizing shoulder for a minimum of 3 months. Among the 60 patients examined, 40 were involved: 20 (50 %) in both groups. The mean age in the control and experimental groups was 49.75±8.52 and 49.10±9.01, respectively, the dissimilarities of the groups in terms of disability and pain were not substantial (P 0.05) at standard, but there was a considerable variance in the assessments of halfway and post-intercession (p 0.05), and similarly was the issue of shoulder Range of Motion (ROM). They comprised 30 (65 %) females and 10 (35 %) males randomly divided into two groups. The first group received SMET, and the second group received the conventional treatment procedure. Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) was utilized to evaluate Shoulder pain, comprising 11 objects of no pain with a value of 0 and objects of most pain with a value of 10. Standard physical goniometer used to record Shoulder ROM as a consistent device for the analysis of degrees’ movement. Results: NPRS score values were t = 26.1, p-value of 0.000. The Wilcoxon Sign Rank test was adopted in the control group to discover the significance of the pain intensity treatment. The NPRS score values were W = -4.06, p-value of 0.000. A double-sample t-test was adopted to discover the treatment significance with the experimental and control group. The values for the Disability Index (SPADI) score in the experimental group were t=17.31p-value of 0.000. The values for the SPADI score in the control group were t=18.55 p-value 0.000. Conclusions: SMET was more effective in shoulder pain reduction, in which conventional treatment showed more effectiveness in enhancing the shoulder ROM. It can be concluded that SMET can be used or incorporated as an alternative treatment method or combined with other treatment procedures for pain reduction.
THE COMPLEX NORTH TRANSITION REGION OF CENTAURUS A: RADIO STRUCTURE

We present deep radio images of the inner ∼50 kpc of Centaurus A, taken with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array at 90 cm. We focus on the Transition Regions between the inner galaxy—including the active nucleus, inner radio lobes, and star-forming disk—and the outer radio lobes. We detect previously unknown extended emission around the Inner Lobes, including radio emission from the star-forming disk. We find that the radio-loud part of the North Transition Region (NTR), known as the North Middle Lobe, is significantly overpressured relative to the surrounding interstellar medium. We see no evidence for a collimated flow from the active galactic nucleus through this region. Our images show that the structure identified by Morganti et al. as a possible large-scale jet appears to be part of a narrow ridge of emission within the broader, diffuse, radio-loud region. This knotty radio ridge is coincident with other striking phenomena: compact X-ray knots, ionized gas filaments, and streams of young stars. Several short-lived phenomena in the NTR, as well as the frequent re-energization required by the Outer Lobes, suggest that energy must be flowing through both Transition Regions at the present epoch. We suggest that the energy flow is in the form of a galactic wind.
SPONTANEOUSLY PRODUCED METACOGNITIVE LANGUAGE AND ACHIEVEMENT IN TWO STEM COLLEGE COURSES: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS BY

Metacognition is a valuable tool for learning, due to its role in self-regulated learning (SRL). However, the online setting brings a new challenge of examining metacognition on a large scale and yet metacognition may be especially crucial for learning online. Moreover, SRL strategies may be particularly beneficial for students underrepresented in STEM because, by using these strategies, students may ameliorate or offset some of the difficulties these students typically face in more traditional academic settings. This study investigates whether a relationship exists between spontaneously produced metacognitive phrases and success in two online STEM college courses as well as whether this varies across students from different demographic backgrounds. This study then also looks at course engagement as accounting for some variance in course outcome. To do this, a tool for automatic detection of metacognitive phrases in forum posts from two online STEM courses was used. First the relation between students’ spontaneously produced metacognitive phrases and their academic performance was analyzed and then differences across demographic groups were examined. Second, students’ posts to the forums were analyzed as a potential indicator of engagement. No significant differences between UR-STEM students and non-UR STEM students were found, suggesting that the online space has the potential to equalize the STEM playing field. The nature of metacognitive language varied between the two courses, but the number of forum posts was related to course outcome for both courses. Implications of the results for teaching and learning STEM content in the online space are discussed.
Theory of superconductivity : from weak to strong coupling

THEORY Phenomenology Weak Coupling Theory Intermediate Coupling Theory Strong Coupling Theory APPLICATIONS TO HIGH-Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS Competing Interactions in Unconventional Superconductors Normal State of Cuprates Superconducting Transition Superconducting State of Cuprates Conclusion Appendix A: Bloch States Appendix B: Quantum Statistics and Boltzmann Kinetics Appendix C: Second Quantization Appendix D: Analytical Properties of One-Particle Green's Functions Appendix E: Canonical Transformation References Index
Can Language Models Be Specific? How?

"He is a person","Paris is located on the earth". Both statements are correct but meaningless - due to lack of specificity. In this paper, we propose to measure how specific the language of pre-trained language models (PLMs) is. To achieve this, we introduce a novel approach to build a benchmark for specificity testing by forming masked token prediction tasks with prompts. For instance, given"Toronto is located in [MASK]. ", we want to test whether a more specific answer will be better filled in by PLMs, e.g., Ontario instead of Canada. From our evaluations, we show that existing PLMs have only a slight preference for more specific answers. We identify underlying factors affecting the specificity and design two prompt-based methods to improve the specificity. Results show that the specificity of the models can be improved by the proposed methods without additional training. We hope this work can bring to awareness the notion of specificity of language models and encourage the research community to further explore this important but understudied problem.
An equivariant discrete model for complexified arrangement complements

We define a partial ordering on the set Q = Q(M) of pairs of topes of an oriented matroid M, and show the geometric realization |Q| of the order complex of Q has the same homotopy type as the Salvetti complex of M. For any element e of the ground set, the complex |Qe| associated to the rank-one oriented matroid on {e} has the homotopy type of the circle. There is a natural free simplicial action of Z4 on |Q|, with orbit space isomorphic to the order complex of the poset Q(M,e) associated to the pointed (or affine) oriented matroid (M,e). If M is the oriented matroid of an arrangement A of linear hyperplanes in real space, the Z_4 action corresponds to the diagonal action of C* on the complement M of the complexification of A: |Q| is equivariantly homotopy-equivalent to M under the identification of Z_4 with {+1, i, -1, -i}, and |Q(M, e)| is homotopy-equivalent to the complement of the decone of A relative to the hyperplane corresponding to e. All constructions and arguments are carried out at the level of the underlying posets. If a group G acts on the set of topes of M preserving adjacency, then G acts simplicially on |Q|. We also show that the class of fundamental groups of such complexes is strictly larger than the class of fundamental groups of complements of complex hyperplane arrangements. Specifically, the group of the non-Pappus arrange- ment is not isomorphic to any realizable arrangement group.