Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Large-Factor Super-Resolution of Remote Sensing Images With Spectra-Guided Generative Adversarial Networks

Large-factor image super-resolution (SR) is a challenging task due to the high uncertainty and incompleteness of the missing details to be recovered. In remote sensing images, the subpixel spectral mixing and semantic ambiguity of ground objects make this task even more challenging. In this article, we propose a novel method for large-factor SR of remote sensing images named spectra-guided generative adversarial networks (SpecGANs). In response to the above problems, we explore whether introducing additional hyperspectral images (HSIs) to GAN as conditional input can be the key to solving the problems. Different from previous approaches that mainly focus on improving the feature representation of a single source input, we propose a dual-branch network architecture to effectively fuse low-resolution (LR) red, green, blue (RGB) images and corresponding HSIs, which fully exploit the rich hyperspectral information as conditional semantic guidance. Due to the spectral specificity of ground objects, the semantic accuracy of the generated images is guaranteed. To further improve the visual fidelity of the generated output, we also introduce the Latent Code Bank with rich visual priors under a generative adversarial training framework so that high-resolution, detailed, and realistic images can be progressively generated. Extensive experiments show the superiority of our method over the state-of-art image SR methods in terms of both quantitative evaluation metrics and visual quality. Ablation experiments also suggest the necessity of adding spectral information and the effectiveness of our designed fusion module. To our best knowledge, we are the first to achieve up to 32x SR of remote sensing images with high visual fidelity under the premise of accurate ground object semantics. Our code can be publicly available at https://github.com/YapengMeng/SpecGAN.
Universality for critical heavy-tailed network models: Metric structure of maximal components

We study limits of the largest connected components (viewed as metric spaces) obtained by critical percolation on uniformly chosen graphs and configuration models with heavy-tailed degrees. For rank-one inhomogeneous random graphs, such results were derived by Bhamidi, van der Hofstad, Sen [Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 2018]. We develop general principles under which the identical scaling limits as the rank-one case can be obtained. Of independent interest, we derive refined asymptotics for various susceptibility functions and the maximal diameter in the barely subcritical regime.
Effects of repeated implicit bias training in a North American university

ABSTRACT Although implicit bias training programs have become common, the effects of these programs on employee attitudes and behaviours are still unclear, particularly when it comes to the efficacy of repeated, mandatory training. Additional understanding of these programs’ efficacy is needed for setting effective training policy. We measured the effects of training in a mandatory bias literacy program for academic staff involved in personnel decisions at an American public university, specifically by examining the relationship among bias-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours and two training variables: the number of times training had been completed, and the time since last training. Time since training had a beneficial effect on behavioural intentions whereas training repetition showed a slight detrimental effect. Results of demographic factors investigated indicated effects of gender, amount of personnel-related committee service, and years at the university on training outcomes. Implications of these results for training policy at universities are discussed.
Stellar population properties of the most massive globular clusters and ultra-compact dwarf galaxies of the Fornax cluster

Abstract Most ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs) and very massive globular clusters reside in nearby galaxy clusters or around nearby giant galaxies. Due to their distance (> 4 Mpc) and compactness (r eff < 100 pc) they are barely resolved, and thus it is difficult to obtain their internal properties. Here I present our most recent attempts to constrain the mass function, stellar content and dynamical state of UCDs in the Fornax cluster. Thanks to radial velocity membership assignment of ~ 950 globular clusters (GCs) and UCDs in the core of Fornax, the shape of their mass function is well constrained. It is consistent with the ‘standard’ Gaussian mass function of GCs. Our recent simulations on the disruption process of nucleated dwarf galaxies in cluster environments showed that ~ 40% of the most massive UCDs should originate from nuclear star clusters. Some Fornax UCDs actually show evidence for this scenario, as revealed by extended low surface brightness disks around them and onsets of tidal tails. Multi-band UV to optical imaging as well as low to medium resolution spectroscopy revealed that there exist UCDs with youngish ages, (sub-)solar [α/Fe] abundances, and probably He-enriched populations.
Enhancing radiative cooling performance for bifacial photovoltaic module using two kinds of polycarbonate films

Abstract. Radiative cooling, as a cooling method that does not consume any energy during operation, has become a hot topic in recent years. Unlike passive daytime radiative cooling in buildings, radiative coolers used in photovoltaic modules must also have high light transmittance, which undoubtedly makes relevant research more difficult. Currently, bifacial photovoltaic modules are widely available on the market, if traditional cooling methods are employed in the back of them, including passive cooling such as heat sink and active cooling such as air cooling and water cooling, it will block the rear irradiance into the module. Hence, radiative cooling is an excellent solution. In this paper, polycarbonate (PC) film and one composed with a high reflective layer are proposed. The former has high emissivity in the atmospheric window and the latter has high reflectivity in the near-infrared band. Both achieve a good cooling effect without affecting the normal operation of the module. We also prepared the reflective film on PC by magnetron sputtering, and its optical characteristics were also measured and compared with simulation results. We innovatively use PC material and combine the reflective film with quite simple structure. Compared with other research results, they are simpler and stabler film structures and have the advantages of low cost, easy installation, good cooling effect, and can be directly pasted on the surface of the photovoltaic module. It turns out that the cooling effect can reach 6.02°C with R-PC film and photoelectric conversion efficiency can be improved by 0.27% with PC film when hc = 20 W · m − 2 · K − 1 and Ta = 27 ° C. Given its excellent performance, they have a broad application prospect in the daytime passive radiative cooling of bifacial photovoltaic modules.
An asymptotic hyperbolic–elliptic model for flexural-seismic metasurfaces

We consider a periodic array of resonators, formed from Euler–Bernoulli beams, attached to the surface of an elastic half-space. Earlier studies of such systems have concentrated on compressional resonators. In this paper, we consider the effect of the flexural motion of the resonators, adapting a recently established asymptotic methodology that leads to an explicit scalar hyperbolic equation governing the propagation of Rayleigh-like waves. Compared with classical approaches, the asymptotic model yields a significantly simpler dispersion relation, with closed-form solutions, shown to be accurate for surface wave-speeds close to that of the Rayleigh wave. Special attention is devoted to the effect of various junction conditions joining the beams to the elastic half-space which arise from considering flexural motion and are not present for the case of purely compressional resonators. Such effects are shown to provide significant and interesting features and, in particular, the choice of junction conditions dramatically changes the distribution and sizes of stop bands. Given that flexural vibrations in thin beams are excited more readily than compressional modes and the ability to model elastic surface waves using the scalar wave equation (i.e. waves on a membrane), the paper provides new pathways towards novel experimental set-ups for elastic metasurfaces.
Light axigluon explanation of the Tevatron ttbar asymmetry and multijet signals at the LHC

The ttbar asymmetry measured at the Tevatron continues to disagree with Standard Model predictions at the 3 sigma level. We update the status of the phenomenological light axigluon model in explaining the asymmetry data, taking into account constraints from the charge asymmetry at the LHC and the ttbar cross section at both Tevatron and LHC. We find that an axigluon with a mass between 100 and 400 GeV provides an excellent fit to the data. Recent searches by ATLAS and CMS for pair production of heavy resonances which decay to dijets rule out axigluons with large branching fractions to dijets. However axigluons which predominantly decay to multijets via intermediate resonances are still a possibility. We outline four distinct scenarios which cover the most important decay topologies and discuss how one might exclude or discover axigluons as multijet resonances at the LHC. MadGraph implementations for each of the scenarios are provided.
A Hypothesis for the Rapid Formation of Planets

The discovery of 1I/‘Oumuamua confirmed that planetesimals must exist in great numbers in interstellar space. Originally generated during planet formation, they are scattered from their original systems and subsequently drift through interstellar space. As a consequence they should seed molecular clouds with at least hundred-meter-scale objects. We consider how the galactic background density of planetesimals, enriched from successive generations of star and system formation, can be incorporated into forming stellar systems. We find that at a minimum of the order of 107 ‘Oumuamua-sized and larger objects, plausibly including hundred-kilometer-scale objects, should be present in protoplanetary disks. At such initial sizes, the growth process of these seed planetesimals in the initial gas- and dust-rich protoplanetary disks is likely to be substantially accelerated. This could resolve the tension between accretionary timescales and the observed youth of fully fledged planetary systems. Our results strongly advocate that the population of interstellar planetesimals should be taken into account in future studies of planet formation. As not only the Galaxy’s stellar metallicity increased over time but also the density of interstellar objects, we hypothesize that this enriched seeding accelerates and enhances planetary formation after the first couple of generations of planetary systems.
ON THE FORMATION OF MULTIPLE STELLAR POPULATIONS IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS

Nearly all globular clusters (GCs) studied to date show evidence for multiple stellar populations, in stark contrast to the conventional view that GCs are a mono-metallic, coeval population of stars. This generic feature must therefore emerge naturally within massive star cluster formation. Building on earlier work, we propose a simple physical model for the early evolution (several 108 yr) of GCs. We consider the effects of stellar mass loss, Type II supernovae (SNe II) and prompt Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), ram pressure, and accretion from the ambient interstellar medium (ISM) on the development of a young GC's own gas reservoir. In our model, SNe II from a first generation of star formation clears the GC of its initial gas reservoir. Over the next several 108 yr, mass lost from asymptotic giant branch stars and matter accreted from the ambient ISM collect at the center of the GC. This material must remain quite cool (T ∼ 102 K), but does not catastrophically cool on a crossing time because of the high Lyman–Werner flux density in young GCs. The collection of gas within the GC must compete with ram pressure from the ambient ISM. After several 108 yr, the Lyman–Werner photon flux density drops by more than three orders of magnitude, allowing molecular hydrogen and then stars to form. After this second generation of star formation, SNe II from the second generation and then prompt SNe Ia associated with the first generation maintain a gas-free GC, thereby ending the cycle of star formation events. Our model makes clear predictions for the presence or absence of multiple stellar populations within GCs as a function of GC mass and formation environment. While providing a natural explanation for the approximately equal number of first- and second-generation stars in GCs, substantial accretion from the ambient ISM may produce fewer chemically peculiar second-generation stars than are observed. Analyzing intermediate-age LMC clusters, we find for the first time evidence for a mass threshold of ∼104 M☉ below which LMC clusters appear to be truly coeval. This threshold mass is consistent with our predictions for the mass at which ram pressure is capable of clearing gas from clusters in the LMC at the present epoch. Recently, claims have been made that multiple populations within GCs require that GCs form at the center of their own dark matter halos. We argue that such a scenario is implausible. Observations of the young and intermediate-age clusters in the LMC and M31 will provide strong constraints on our proposed scenario.
Simplifying the Kohlberg Criterion on the Nucleolus

The nucleolus offers a desirable payoff-sharing solution in cooperative games thanks to its attractive properties - it always exists and lies in the core (if the core is non-empty), and is unique. Although computing the nucleolus is very challenging, the Kohlberg criterion offers a powerful method for verifying whether a solution is the nucleolus in relatively small games (i.e., the number of players $n \leq 20$). This, however, becomes more challenging for larger games because of the need to form and check the balancedness of possibly exponentially large sets of coalitions, each set could be of an exponentially large size. We develop a simplifying set of the Kohlberg criteria that involves checking the balancedness of at most $(n-1)$ sets of coalitions. We also provide a method for reducing the size of these sets and a fast algorithm for verifying the balancedness.
Characteristics, Conal Geometry and Causality in Locally Covariant Field Theory

The goal of this work, motivated by the desire to understand causality in classical and quantum gravity, is an in depth investigation of causality in classical field theories with quasilinear equations of motion, of which General Relativity is a prominent example. Several modern geometric tools (jet bundle formulation of partial differential equations (PDEs), the theory of symmetric hyperbolic PDE systems, covariant constructions of symplectic and Poisson structures) and applies them to the construction of the phase space and the algebra of observables of quasilinear classical field theories. This construction is shown to be diffeomorphism covariant (using auxiliary background fields if necessary) using categorical tools in a strong parallel with the locally covariant field theory (LCFT) formulation of quantum field theory (QFT) on curved spacetimes. In this context, generalized versions of LCFT axioms become theorems of classical field theory, which includes a generalized Causality property. Considering deformation quantization as the connection to QFT, a plausible conjecture is made about the Causal structure of quantum gravity. In the process, conal manifolds are identified as the generalization of the causal structure of Lorentzian geometry to quasilinear PDEs. Several important concepts and results are generalized from Lorentzian to conal geometry. Also, the proof of compatibility of the Peierls formula for Poisson brackets and the covariant phase space symplectic structure for hyperbolic systems is generalized to now encompass systems with constraints and gauge invariance.
Wireless Power Transfer Coil Design for Interoperability and Tolerance to Misalignment

In this contribution the authors investigate a modular structure of Wireless Power Transfer system specifically dedicated to a quasi-static or dynamic operation mode in an urban environment. The proposed architecture has been simulated by using a commercial software and has proven to be characterized by excellent performances in terms of small interaction between each single module and tolerant to misalignment.
The mapping cone formula in Heegaard Floer homology and Dehn surgery on knots in S3

We write down an explicit formula for the $+$ version of the Heegaard Floer homology (as an absolutely graded vector space over an arbitrary field) of the results of Dehn surgery on a knot $K$ in $S^3$ in terms of homological data derived from $CFK^{\infty}(K)$. This allows us to prove some results about Dehn surgery on knots in $S^3$. In particular, we show that for a fixed manifold there are only finitely many alternating knots that can produce it by surgery. This is an improvement on a recent result by Lackenby and Purcell. We also derive a lower bound on the genus of knots depending on the manifold they give by surgery. Some new restrictions on Seifert fibred surgery are also presented.
Random chords and point distances in regular polygons

In this paper we obtain the chord length distribution function for any regular polygon. From this function we conclude the density function and the distribution function of the distance between two uniformly and independently distributed random points in the regular polygon. The method to calculate the chord length distribution function is quite different from those of Harutyunyan and Ohanyan, uses only elementary methods and provides the result with only a few natural case distinctions. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 60D05, 52A22
Deep Endometriosis and Infertility: What Is the Impact of Surgery?

In women with deep endometriosis, the spontaneous fertility rate might range from 2 to 10%. The optimal management of these women is still an area of debate. Therefore, this review aims to explore the literature on the impact of deep endometriosis surgery on reproductive outcomes and pregnancy rates in women with and without prior infertility. A total of 392 articles were identified through database searching. Twenty-three studies were eligible to be included in the review. A total of 1548 women were identified, 814 of whom became pregnant, with a mean pregnancy rate of 52.6% (95% CI 49.7–63%). Our review suggests that surgery may improve fertility outcomes. Due to the variability in the studies, it is impossible to stratify fertility outcomes of surgery by the localization of deep endometriosis. More investigations are needed to determine whether surgical management should be first-intention or limited to the failure of medically assisted reproduction treatment.
Affective Computing Based on Morphological Features of Photoplethysmography for Patients with Hypertension

Negative and positive emotions are the risk and protective factors for the cause and prognosis of hypertension. This study aimed to use five photoplethysmography (PPG) waveform indices and affective computing (AC) to discriminate the emotional states in patients with hypertension. Forty-three patients with essential hypertension were measured for blood pressure and PPG signals under baseline and four emotional conditions (neutral, anger, happiness, and sadness), and the PPG signals were transformed into the mean standard deviation of five PPG waveform indices. A support vector machine was used as a classifier. The performance of the classifier was verified by using resubstitution and six-fold cross-validation (CV) methods. Feature selectors, including full search and genetic algorithm (GA), were used to select effective feature combinations. Traditional statistical analyses only differentiated between the emotional states and baseline, whereas AC achieved 100% accuracy in distinguishing between the emotional states and baseline by using the resubstitution method. AC showed high accuracy rates when used with 10 waveform features in distinguishing the records into two, three, and four classes by applying a six-fold CV. The GA feature selector further boosted the accuracy to 78.97%, 74.22%, and 67.35% in two-, three-, and four-class differentiation, respectively. The proposed AC achieved high accuracy in categorizing PPG records into distinct emotional states with features extracted from only five waveform indices. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the five indices and the proposed AC in patients with hypertension.
Isolated singularities for semilinear elliptic systems with power-law nonlinearity

We study the system $-\Delta \mathbf{u}=| \mathbf{u}|^{\alpha-1} \mathbf{u}$ with $1<\alpha\leq\frac{n+2}{n-2}$, where $ \mathbf{u}=(u_1,\dots,u_m)$, $m\geq 1$, is a $C^2$ nonnegative function that develops an isolated singularity in a domain of $\mathbb{R}^n$, $n\geq 3$. Due to the multiplicity of the components of $ \mathbf{u}$, we observe a new Pohozaev invariant other than the usual one in the scalar case, and also a new class of singular solutions provided that the new invariant is nontrivial. Aligned with the classical theory of the scalar equation, we classify the solutions on the whole space as well as the punctured space, and analyze the exact asymptotic behavior of local solutions around the isolated singularity. On the technical level, we adopt the method of the moving spheres and the balanced-energy-type monotonicity functionals.
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY OF CIRCUMNUCLEAR STAR CLUSTERS IN M83

We analyze archival HST/STIS/FUV-MAMA imaging and spectroscopy of 13 compact star clusters within the circumnuclear starburst region of M83, the closest such example. We compare the observed spectra with semi-empirical models, which are based on an empirical library of Galactic O and B stars observed with IUE, and with theoretical models, which are based on a new theoretical UV library of hot massive stars computed with WM-Basic. The models were generated with Starburst99 for metallicities of Z = 0.020 and Z = 0.040, and for stellar initial mass functions (IMFs) with upper mass limits of 10, 30, 50, and 100 M☉. We estimate the ages and masses of the clusters from the best-fit model spectra and find that the ages derived from the semi-empirical and theoretical models agree within a factor of 1.2 on average. A comparison of the spectroscopic age estimates with values derived from HST/WFC3/UVIS multi-band photometry shows a similar level of agreement for all but one cluster. The clusters have a range of ages from about 3 to 20 Myr and do not appear to have an age gradient along M83's starburst. Clusters with strong P-Cygni profiles have masses of a few×104 M☉, seem to have formed stars more massive than 30 M☉, and are consistent with a Kroupa IMF from 0.1to100 M☉. Field regions in the starburst lack P-Cygni profiles and are dominated by B stars.