Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dehydration of Concentrated Ganoderma lucidum Extraction by Combined Microwave-Vacuum and Conventional Vacuum Drying

Combination of microwave-vacuum drying and conventional vacuum drying was investigated as a potential method for drying concentrated Ganoderma lucidum extraction. The Ganoderma lucidum was extracted by hot water (60–65°C) and then concentrated to moisture of about 70% (wet basis) in a rising-film evaporator. The concentrated sample was dried by microwave-vacuum until the moisture content reached 10% (wet basis), and then by conventional vacuum drying at the temperature of 55–60°C to final moisture content about 6% (wet basis). The retention of polysaccharide and triterpenes of Ganoderma lucidum dried by this method were evaluated and compared with those dried by freeze drying and conventional vacuum drying alone. The comparison showed that the quality of extraction dried by the current method was close to that of freeze-dried extraction and much better than that of conventional vacuum-dried ones.
Influence of phosphate and iron on the extent of calcium carbonate precipitation during anaerobic digestion

The extent to which calcium carbonate deposition in an anaerobic reactor can be reduced by adding inhibitors (phosphate and iron) of calcium carbonate crystal growth was investigated. At several concentrations of the additive, the extent of precipitation was assessed in continuous experiments with laboratory-scale reactors. In the reactor, phosphate concentrations as low as 0.5–5 mg total-P dm−3 were found to severely inhibit CaCO3 precipitation. However, iron did not inhibit the deposition of CaCO3, which was found to be due to the fact that iron, in contrast to phosphate, only inhibits the growth of calcite and not the formation of aragonite. The results led to the conclusion that only additives which inhibit the formation of both aragonite and calcite can be used as effective inhibitors during anaerobic digestion. A chemical equilibrium model was developed and shown to be a useful tool to calculate the extent of calcium carbonate deposition during anaerobic digestion provided the proper apparent solubility product of calcium carbonate can be estimated. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Alpha particle damage in biotite characterized by microfocus X-ray diffraction and Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Abstract Combined microfocus XAS and XRD analysis of α-particle radiation damage haloes around thorium-containing monazite in Fe-rich biotite reveals changes in both short- and long-range order. The total α-particles flux derived from the Th and U in the monazite over 1.8 Ga was 0.022 α particles per atomic component of the monazite and this caused increasing amounts of structural damage as the monazite emitter is approached. Short-range order disruption revealed by Fe K-edge EXAFS is manifest by a high variability in Fe-Fe bond lengths and a marked decrease in coordination number. XANES examination of the Fe K-edge shows a decrease in energy of the main absorption by up to 1 eV, revealing reduction of the Fe3+ components of the biotite by interaction with the 42He2+, the result of low and thermal energy electrons produced by the cascade of electron collisions. Changes in d spacings in the XRD patterns reveal the development of polycrystallinity and new domains of damaged biotite structure with evidence of displaced atoms due to ionization interactions and nuclear collisions. The damage in biotite is considered to have been facilitated by destruction of OH groups by radiolysis and the development of Frenkel pairs causing an increase in the trioctahedral layer distances and contraction within the trioctahedral layers. The large amount of radiation damage close to the monazite can be explained by examining the electronic stopping flux.
Tellurite Composite Microstructured Optical Fibers with Tailored Chromatic Dispersion for Nonlinear Applications

We report the fabrication of tellurite composite microstructured optical fibers (CMOFs) which consist of a TeO2–Li2O–WO3–MoO3–Nb2O5 (TLWMN) tellurite glass core and TeO2–ZnO–Na2O–La2O3 (TZNL) tellurite glass cladding. Flattened chromatic dispersion and tunable zero dispersion wavelength (ZDW) were realized in the small core diameter (∼1.5 µm) fiber with six surrounding air holes. The optical loss was measured to be about 4.0 dB/m in the spectral range of 1510–1640 nm. Supercontinuum (SC) generation was demonstrated by a femtosecond laser pumping at 1.55 µm. The threshold pump power for this novel tellurite CMOF was the lowest among tellurite microstructured optical fibers (MOFs).
Dynamical spectroscopy of many-body interactions. Coherent vibrations and predissociation of I2(B) in solid Kr

I2(B) isolated in Kr matrices is prepared between 560 and 490 nm, and probed via the f(0g+)â†� B(0u+) transition, with a time resolution of 150–200 fs. It is shown that the prepared vibrational population evolves coherently and decays in amplitude owing to predissociation. Where the population is prepared on a single electronic surface, near λ= 550 nm, the experimental signal can be reproduced quantitatively via classical simulations. The analysis yields: (a) the location of the f(0g+) ion-pair state, the electronic solvation energy of which the Kr is determined as 4300 cm–1, (b) the characterization of vibrational relaxation dynamics, which near v= 20 reaches a limiting decay rate of 60 cm–1 per period and (c) a direct measurement of the host-induced electronic predissociation lifetime of 4.5 ps. With the assumption that this is due to B→ a curve crossing, an electronic matrix element of 54 ± 7 cm–1 is implied in solid Kr. The solid-state results are discussed in relation to measurements in other phases: gas, liquid and clusters. The example is used as an illustration of dynamical spectroscopy, as time-dependent resonances which can be interpreted through analysis of the underlying many-body dynamics.
PROBING ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL AND GAS PROPERTIES WITH PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY

Title of Document: PROBING ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL AND GAS PROPERTIES WITH PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY Pedro Antonio Bueno, Jr., Doctor of Philosophy, 2011 Directed By: Professor, Michael R. Zachariah, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Chemistry Professor, Russell R. Dickerson, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science and Chemistry Absorption by atmospheric aerosols is the wild card for global climate change. Issues regarding atmospheric gases and aerosols have been at the forefront and the work presented within is directed at those issues. Specifically, work has been performed in order to help understand the issue of absorption in the atmosphere and whether this contributes towards positive forcing or warming of the atmosphere. In the process of conducting this research a custom, first-principles photoacoustic spectrometer was improved, calibrated and used extensively in order to obtain knowledge of the interaction of light with atmospherically relevant gases and make the first measurements of absorbing aerosols. The absorption cross-section of uncoated and coated soot was measured and quantified and found to be consistent with other work where amplifications on the order of nearly 100% were observed with uncertainty levels much lower than previously reported. Soot was also found to be optically thin where the total mass of the soot contributes to the absorption. Consequential to the soot work, the photoacoustic spectrometer developed to measure the absorption was utilized as a high precision greenhouse gas sensor. The photoacoustic spectrometer was found to produce results on the absorption of CO2 to within 3% of the theoretically predicted line profile Moreover, the photoacoustic spectrometer was used to determine measurable coating thicknesses of less than 10 nanometers on 100 nm soot particles. PROBING ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL AND GAS PROPERTIES WITH PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY
Bacteriophage PRD1 and Silica Colloid Transport and Recovery in an Iron Oxide-Coated Sand Aquifer

Bacteriophage PRD1 and silica colloids were co-injected into sewage-contaminated and uncontaminated zones of an iron oxide-coated sand aquifer on Cape Cod, MA, and their transport was monitored over distances up to 6 m in three arrays. After deposition, the attached PRD1 and silica colloids were mobilized by three different chemical perturbations (elevated pH, anionic surfactant, and reductant). PRD1 and silica colloids experienced less attenuation in the contaminated zone where adsorbed organic matter and phosphate may be hindering attachment of PRD1 and silica colloids to the iron oxide coatings. The PRD1 collision efficiencies agree well with collision efficiencies predicted by assuming favorable PRD1 deposition on iron oxide coatings for which the surface area coverage was measured by microprobe analysis of sediment thin sections. ζ potentials of the PRD1, silica colloids, and aquifer grains corroborated the transport results, indicating that electrostatic forces dominated the attachment of PRD1 and silica colloids. Elevated pH was the chemical perturbation most effective at mobilizing the attached PRD1 and silica colloids. Elevated surfactant concentration mobilized the attached PRD1 and silica colloids more effectively in the contaminated zone than in the uncontaminated zone.
An Experimental and Modeling Study of the Inhibition of Benzene Combustion by HCI, in a Fluidized Bed

Abstract Fluidized beds often burn fuels containing aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorine. This work uses a bench-scale fluidized bed and some detailed calculations to investigate the inhibition of benzene oxidation by hydrogen chloride. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were measured in the freeboard of the fluidized bed reactor over a range of HCI and oxygen concentrations and bed temperatures. For fuel-lean conditions, the presence of HCI causes the CO emissions to increase significantly. HCI addition also increases the unburned hydrocarbon levels. For fuel-rich conditions, the inhibitory effect of HCI is reduced. The experimental measurements indicate, in spite of the large surface areas available to quench radicals, most of the oxidation occurs within the fluidized bed and not in the freeboard. Model predictions agree qualitatively with experimental measurements made in the bench-scale fluidized bed; the trends with HCI concentration, equivalence ratio and temperature are correct. However, the model tends to under-predict the HCI inhibition of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide oxidation. The model suggests that the inhibition of CO oxidation by HCI is the result of reduced radical levels due to reduced chain branching. The model shows less HCI inhibition of hydrocarbon oxidation because of CI radical reactions with benzene and intermediate hydrocarbons.
Limiting Stable Current in Electron Beams in the Presence of Ions

In electron flow, the net electronic charge may be neutralized by positive ions. In this case, for a given geometry there is a limiting current beyond which homogeneous flow is unstable. This limiting current is evaluated for flow normal to parallel plane equipotentials and for flow filling a conducting tube and constrained to motion parallel to the axis. For parallel planes at a potential V0 volts and spaced a distance L cm apart, the limiting current density in amperes/cm2 isi0=104×10−6V032/L2. For a long conducting tube the limiting current is I0=160×10−6V032. These limiting currents are roughly 6 times as great as in the absence of ions.
Prediction of nitrogen uptake by sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) by scoring organic matter and nitrogen management (N-score), in Hokkaido, Japan

To improve the prediction of nitrogen (N) uptake by sugar beet for the effective N fertilization, field experiments were carried out in 55 arable fields under various N management regimes throughout Hokkaido, Japan, from 2003 to 2006. The fields comprised nine soil types. Firstly, N uptake by sugar beet at different soil depths (0–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80, 80–100 cm) was examined using 15N-labeled fertilizer in Andosol fields in 2005. Secondary, soil nitrate N at a depth of 0 to 60 cm in the fields was determined to analyze the relationship between soil nitrate N and N uptake by sugar beet. Thirdly, the effects of soil type, the quantity of organic materials and fertilizers applied, and the history of land use on N uptake by sugar beet were investigated. Although sugar beet took up nitrate N mainly at the soil depth of 0 to 60 cm, N uptake at the depth below 60 cm was not negligible. Moreover, soil nitrate content at the depth of 0 to 60 cm could not evaluate N released by decomposition of applied organic matter during the cropping season. Therefore, the evaluation of soil nitrate content at the depth of 0 to 60 cm was not practical for predicting N uptake by sugar beet. However, sugar beet N uptake could be predicted by the sum of N-score and applied fertilizer N amount using a linear regression analysis (N-score is the estimated value of N available to the next crop from the applied organic matter, the incorporated crop residue and the other field practices). This predictability may indicate that sugar beet effectively takes up N released from the applied N sources, including fertilizer and organic matters, partly because of the plant's deep root elongation, long cropping period and harvest in autumn when the decomposition of organic matter has passed its peak. As a result of this study, it was concluded that this methodology (N-score) could be useful for farmers to decide the most effective N fertilizer management for sugar beet.
Sources of fine organic aerosol. 4. Particulate abrasion products from leaf surfaces of urban plants

Green and dead leaves from 62 plant species characteristic of the Los Angeles area were harvested and composited according to the actual leaf mass distribution for that area. To simulate leaf surface abrasion by the wind, the leaf composites were agitated in clean Teflon bags while a purified airstream flowed through. Fine particles (d_p ≤ 2 µm) shed from the leaf surfaces were extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Organic constituents including n-alkanes, n-alkanoic and n-alkenoic acids, n-alkanols, n-alkanals, terpenoid compounds, and trace amounts of PAH were identified and quantified. n-Alkanes showed similar concentrations in both dead and green leaf surface matter; mono-, sesqui-, and triterpenoids were depleted in dead leaf material while n-alkanoic acids were enriched in dead leaf abrasion products. It is shown that the higher molecular weight n-alkanes (C_(27)-C_(33)), with their pronounced odd/even carbon number predominance, provide a suitable marker compound assemblage for tracing vegetative detritus in the urban atmosphere.
GRAD'S CLOSURE IN THE KINETIC THEORY OF A CHEMICALLY REACTING GAS

A Grad's closure strategy is applied to the moment equations relevant to a four species gas mixture undergoing a bimolecular chemical reaction. The resulting robust approximation is shown to satisfy an entropy inequality. Numerical results are presented, taking into account the chemical activation energies. in the exothermic reaction due to the activation energy for the chemical process. This determines also the cross section of the endothermic reaction by means of the principle of micro- reversibility. The whole algorithm is sketched in Section 2, where moments of the chemical collision integrals are cast in terms of incomplete gamma functions and it is shown that this approximation retains the dissipativity of the kinetic equations (a suitable functional is non-increasing following a solution). A sample of numerical results is presented in Section 3, in space homogeneous conditions and for randomly chosen (dimensionless) values of the physical quantities, in order to illustrate the main qualitative features of the model and the role played by the physical parameters.
SnSO4as Catalyst for Simultaneous Transesterification and Esterification of Acid Soybean Oil

Biodiesel is an alternative biodegradable and non-toxic biofuel produced from renewable resources. Industrially, it is produced by catalytic transesterification of refined vegetable oil with methanol or ethanol. Biodiesel production costs can be reduced by using non-refined feedstocks whose market prices are lower than those of refined vegetable oils. This work studied the use of tin(II) sulfate (SnSO4), as catalyst for the simultaneous transesterification and esterification of model acid oil containing high levels of free fatty acids. The influence of experimental parameters, catalyst leaching as well as its reusability was investigated. For a model feedstock containing 70 wt. % of free fatty acids (oleic acid), the highest biodiesel yield (92%) was obtained at 100 oC, under autogenous pressure, using 5 wt. % of SnSO4 in excess of ethanol after 3 h of reaction. The catalyst was reused ten times without significant decrease in biodiesel yield.
Routine Os analysis by isotope dilution-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: OsO4 in water solution gives high sensitivity

Os(IV) in 5% HCl + 5% ethanol solution and Os(VIII) in water solution are stable and the latter gives 30 times higher sensitivity than the former for ICP-MS analysis. The use of an offline OsO4 generator can effectively convert osmium to Os(VIII) and allows thorough cleaning after each sample preparation. The instrument memory for Os can be effectively cleaned by alternately flushing with 30% H2O2 and 5% HNO3 for 10 min. In order to overcome the analytical difficulties such as possible loss of the volatile OsO4 during sample preparation and long equilibrium time for Os analysis by ICP-MS, an isotope dilution (ID) method was adopted in this study. The ID-ICP-MS technique enables us to measure samples with Os content as low as 0.03 ng g−1, after Os is converted to OsO4 and trapped in water solution. This method has been applied to a series of eight Chinese national standard reference materials, ranging from soil, sediments, peridotite, to sulfide. The results are in good agreement with the certified values. The method precision is better than 6% RSD.
In vitro rooting of PR 204/84 rootstock (Prunus persica x P. amygdalus) as influenced by mineral concentration of the culture medium and exposure to darkness for a period

Reduction of the mineral concentration of MS medium to half the normal value increased the rooting percentage of PR 204/84 explants when IBA concentration was 2.5 µM, and mean root number when IBA concentrations were 2.5 and 5 µM. Root elongation was stimulated at all IBA levels on both full and half strength media. By increasing IBA concentration from 0 to 10 µM, an increase in the mean root number per shoot was observed in both media (full and half strength). The mean length of roots was not significantly affected by IBA and mineral concentration of the culture media. In a second experiment, after 12 days of culture of shoots in a dark room followed by 12 days in standard growth room conditions, rooting percentage of shoots increased in comparison to shoots grown for 24 days in standard growth room conditions with IBA concentrations 1 and 2.5 µM.
The Interplay of Permeability, Drainage Height, Capillarity, and Solvent Type on Diffusion and Convective Dispersion in the Vapex Process: A Critical Review

Despite numerous studies on various aspects of the Vapex process, diffusion and convective dispersion phenomena are of a particular interest. The lack of knowledge in this area has resulted in significant uncertainty in design of this process. This paper assimilates and presents a review on the effects of drainage height, permeability, solvent type, and capillarity on mass transfer phenomena in the Vapex process. Due to the scarcity of phase behavior data and variety of adapted experimental approaches in literature, Vapex number was used to investigate the interplay of studied parameters on the efficiency of mass transfer phenomena in Vapex process.
Fullerene‐Acetylene Molecular Scaffolding: Chemistry of 2‐functionalized 1‐ethynylated C60, oxidative homocoupling, hexakis‐adduct formation, and attempted synthesis of C 1242−

On the way to the fullerene-acetylene hybrid carbon allotropes 2 and 6, the oxidative homocoupling of the 2-functionalized 1-ethynylated C60 derivatives 11, 12, 14, and 15 was investigated. Under Glaser-Hay conditions, the two soluble dumbbell-shaped bisfullerenes 17 and 18, with two C60 moieties linked by a buta-1,3-diynediyl bridge, were formed in 52 and 82% yield, respectively (Scheme 2). Cyclic-voltammetric measurements revealed that there is no significant electronic communication between the two fullerene spheres via the buta-1,3-diynediyl linker. Removal of the 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl (Thp) protecting groups in 18 gave in 80% yield the highly insoluble dumbbell 19 with methanol groups in the 2,2′-positions of the buta-1,3-diynediyl-bridged carbon spheres. Attempted conversion of 19 to the all-carbon dianion 6 (C) via base-induced elimination of formaldehyde was not successful presumably due to exo-dig cyclization of the formed alkoxides. The occurrence of this cyclization under furan formation was proven for 2-[4-(trimethylsilyl)buta-1,3-diyn-1-yl][60]fullerene-1-methanol (21), a soluble model compound for 19 (Scheme 3). To compare the properties of ethynylated fullerene mono-adducts to those of corresponding higher adducts, hexakis-adducts 26 and 28 with an octahedral functionalization pattern resulting from all-e (equatorial) additions were prepared by the reversible-template method of Hirsch (Scheme 4). Reaction of the ethynylated mono-adducts 25 or 13 with diethyl 2-bromomalonate/1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4. 0]undec-7-ene (DBU) in the presence of 1,9-dimethylanthracene (DMA) as reversible template led to 26 and 28 in 28 and 22% yield, respectively. Preliminary experiments indicated a significant change in reactivity and NMR spectral properties of the fullerene addends with increasing degree of functionalization.
New Aura Microwave Limb Sounder observations of BrO and implications for Br y

Abstract. This paper introduces a new inversion algorithm for retrievals of stratospheric BrO from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder. This version is based on the algorithm described by Livesey et al. (2006a) but uses a more realistic atmospheric state to constrain the retrieval. A description of the methodology and an error analysis are presented. Single daily profile precision uncertainty, when taking the ascending-descending (day-night) difference, was found to be up to 40 pptv while systematic error biases were estimated to be less than about 3 pptv. Monthly mean comparisons show broad agreement with other measurements as well as with state-of-the-art numerical models. We infer a 2005 yearly total inorganic Bry using the measured MLS BrO to be 20.3 ± 4.5 pptv, which implies a contribution from very short lived substances to the stratospheric bromine budget of 5 ± 4.5 pptv.
Dynamic pH model for autotrophic growth of microalgae in photobioreactor: A tool for monitoring and control purposes

A dynamic model for the photoautotrophic growth of microalgae in photobioreactor that describes the main variables of the system and allows the precise prediction of the pH in the culture was proposed and validated. The dynamic behavior of the biological system was expressed through a multistate model in continuous-time formulation, based on mass-balance equations and local photosynthetic responses of the anisotropic medium, further associated with a set of algebraic equations that describes the thermodynamic properties of the ammonia—carbon dioxide—water ternary solute system. The global photoautotrophic growth model was validated on experimental data acquired from a torus reactor inoculated with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. The model response was studied in simulation for all identified input variables (dilution rate, incident light intensity, temperature, and flow rates of input gases). © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 585–599, 2014