Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of chloramine‐T as a treatment for amoebic gill disease (AGD) in marine Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

AbstractAtlantic salmon with amoebic gill disease (AGD)weretreatedwithchloramine-Ttocompareitseiect-iveness with that of freshwater bathing. In 250-Ltanktrials, treatmentof seawater withchloramine-Treducedamoebadensityonthegillstolevelssigni¢c-antly lower than when treated with seawater alone.Therewasnofurtherchangeinamoebalevelsin¢shbathed for 3 or 6h compared with1h of treatment.Plasma lactate levels in ¢sh bathed in chloramine-Tfor 6h showed no diierences across treatments. In1000-L tank trials using freshwater alone or sea-water with chloramine-T, signi¢cant reductions inamoeba density occurred compared with pre-bathlevels. Histological analysis of gill tissue revealedAGD lesion levels to increase, then to return to pre-bath levels within1week for freshwater-treated ¢sh,while chloramine-T- and seawater-treated ¢sh hadhigher levels of AGD lesions from 2 weeks post bath-ing.Immunodot-blotdataindicatedaninitialsigni¢c-antincreaseinprevalenceof lesionsinseawaterandchloramine-T-treated ¢sh, which declined to levelssigni¢cantly lower than pre-bath levels by 3 weekspost bathing, compared with the freshwater-treated¢sh, which had signi¢cantly lower levels than con-trols by 2 weeks post bathing. At reducing amoebadensity, it is apparent that bathing AGD-aiectedAtlantic salmon in seawater with chloramine-Tprovedatleastaseiectiveasfreshwater.Keywords: amoebic gill disease, Atlantic salmon,Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis, chloramine-T, seacagesIntroductionAmoebicgilldisease (AGD) is a signi¢cant infectiousdiseaseaiectingculturedAtlanticsalmon,Salmosal-arL. , inTasmania,Australia. However, AGDhasbeenreported in salmonids from around the world andin non-salmonids primarily in the Mediterranean(Munday, Zilberg & Findlay 2001). The causativeagentofAGDistheamphizoicamoebaNeoparamoebapemaquidensis (Page) (ex Paramoeba pemaquidensis)(Kent, Sawyer & Hedrick 1988; DykovaŁ,Figueras&Peric 2000). The disease presents grossly as raisedwhite mucoid patches on the gills and histologicallyasmultifocalregionsof hyperplasiaandfusionofthesecondary branchial lamellae (Adams & Nowak2001). The presence of gill lesions with associatedamoebae is seenas the ultimate determinant of AGDstatus.The treatment of choice for AGD is freshwaterbathing for 3^4h (Parsons, Nowak, Powell & Dix2001). However, this has limitations particularly inits e⁄cacy (Parsonsetal.2001) with reinfectionandincreases ingillamoeba numbers to pre-bath levelswithin10days(Clark,Powell&Nowak2003). Fresh-water bathing is a time consuming and costly pro-cess involving the moving of cages and pumping of¢sh into freshwater-¢lled liners, all resulting in alossofgrowthduetothecessationoffeedingandin-creased handling stress. In addition, freshwater isnot always readily available, and some times needstobepurchasedfrommunicipalsupplies.Thetrans-port of such large volumes of water is a labour-intensive exercise, which also adds to the cost oftreatment. The use of additives to seawater baths
HEMLOCK STANDS FROM WISCONSIN TO NOVA SCOTIA: TRANSITIONS IN UNDERSTORY COMPOSITION ALONG A FLORISTIC GRADIENT'

The understories of 71 small stands strongly dominated by hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. ) were sampled in a transect from northern Wisconsin to Nova Scotia. Stands selected for sampling were at least 100 yr old and had homogeneous overstories composed of at least 75% hemlock. Stand area varied from 0.04 to 2.4 ha, with most stands between 0.2 and 0.8 ha. All stands were local areas of strong hemlock dominance within a much larger mixed forest. The hemlock understories, as a group, are not a distinctive community type with respect to composition (vascular plants). There are no species relatively abundant in the hemlock stands that are not also abundant in other types of mesophytic forest. Presence and coverage of species vary greatly from stand to stand, even on similar soils and topography, suggesting that community orga- nization is haphazard. However, a few species are almost ubiquitous (Tsuga canadensis, Acer ru- brum, Maianthemum canadense, Dryopteris austriaca), and others consistently attain high coverage when present (e.g., Taxus canadensis, Oxalis montana). Also, the mean association (Cole's index) between pairs of common species (50-69W presence) significantly exceeds the mean association in stands not strongly dominated by a single overstory species (i.e., mixed hardwood forests with vary- ing proportions of sugar maple and basswood in the overstory). Half of the 66 understory species that are at least moderately common in non-hemlock forests throughout the study area are rare or absent under hemlock in some parts of the transect, yet common in other parts. Regional differences in composition, however, are not discrete. Regional differences in understory composition are poorly correlated with regional differences in the potential hemlock forest flora (i.e., plants observed growing in hemlock forests). Community transitions also correspond poorly to certain climatic differences between regions, such as the length of the freeze-free period.
Mating frequency, duration, and circadian mating rhythm of New Zealand wheat bug Nysius huttoni White (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)

The mating frequency, duration, and circadian mating rhythm of the New Zealand bug, Nysius huttoni, were investigated in the laboratory (25 ± 1°C, 75 ± 10% RH and a photoperiod of 16: 8h light: dark). Mating occurred throughout the 24h cycle, with a peak taking place between 1 and 8 h into the photophase. Caged pairs mated 67.9 ± 15.3 times in their lifespan. The function of multiple matings may be the transfer of more sperm, increasing overall fertility. Mean mating duration in the photophase (2.31 ± 0.19 h) was significantly longer than that in the scotophase (1.7 ± 0.09 h). The longer mating duration in the photophase may be associated with transfer of more sperm.
Characterization of Phytophthora cinnamomi populations from ornamental plants in South Carolina, USA

Abstract Fifty-one isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi isolated from ornamental plants in South Carolina, USA, between 1995 and 2000 were characterized by sporangium morphology, mating type, sensitivity to the fungicide mefenoxam, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile analysis, and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. Sporangium shapes were predominantly ovoid to ellipsoid, and size averaged 65.5×40.3 μm (length×breadth) with average length/breadth ratio of 1.6. Forty-nine isolates were the A2 mating type with only two A1 isolates found. This is the first report of the A1 mating type of P. cinnamomi in South Carolina. All isolates were sensitive to mefenoxam and EC50 values for all isolates were less than 0.2 μg ml−1. FAMEs of each isolate were analysed by gas chromatography and revealed five major fatty acids: myristic (14:0), palmitic (16:0), linoleic (18:2ω6c), oleic (18:1ω9c), and eicosapentaenoic (20:5ω3c) acids. These five fatty acids accounted for more than 80% of FAME profiles. Cluster analysis of FAME profiles showed that individual isolates had unique pattern that could be divided into four major clusters. AFLP analysis based on 200 informative loci also separated isolates into four major clusters. A1 isolates were different from all A2 isolates. The percentage of polymorphic loci (10.5%) and Nei's gene diversity (0.0435) were much higher for the two A1 isolates than for any cluster of A2 isolates even though A2 isolates had more isolates within a cluster. A2 isolates exhibited relatively little genetic variation overall, which suggests that these isolates may have come from a common source.
Evidence for a ligand‐specific signaling through GFRα‐1, but not GFRα‐2, in the absence of Ret

Glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN) are two homologeous proteins that have been recognized as potent survival factors for distinct neuronal populations. GDNF and NTN act through a two‐component receptor system consisting of the ligand‐specific binding subunits GDNF family receptor (GFR)α‐1 and GFRα‐2 and the common transducing subunit c‐Ret. In addition, it has been demonstrated that GDNF can signal through GFRα‐1 in the absence of c‐Ret. In the present study, we sought to determine whether a similar c‐Ret‐independent signaling applies for GFRα‐2. In addition, we have characterized the ligand specificity of the c‐Ret‐independent action of GFRαs. To establish an assay system for these studies, several neural cell lines were screened for the presence of GDNF and NTN receptor subunits by RT‐PCR and immunoblot analysis. c‐Ret expression was detectable only in Neuro2A cells, which did not express GFRα‐1 or GFRα‐2. The neuronal cell line LS expressed GFRα‐2, and the glial cell line Mes42 expressed GFRα‐1, whereas the neuronal cell line B104 expressed both GFRα‐1 and GFRα‐2. Stimulation of B104 and Mes42 cells with GDNF, but not with NTN, for 10 min resulted in CREB phosphorylation. In apparent contrast, neither NTN nor GDNF promoted CREB activation in LS and Neuro2A cells. Moreover, exposure of LS cells to NTN or GDNF also failed to activate AKT and ERK. Together these findings provide evidence that, in contrast to GFRα‐1, GFRα‐2 fails to signal in the absence of c‐Ret. In addition, these observations reveal that c‐Ret‐independent signaling of GFRα‐1 is ligand‐ specific and occurs only with GDNF. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:390–395, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strombomonas and Trachelomonas species (Euglenophyta) from south-eastern USA

A biogeographical and taxonomic study on Strombomonas and Trachelomonas, which are often abundant in polluted environments, was undertaken in south-eastern USA. Light and scanning electron microscope analysis allowed the identification of 68 taxa, among them five Strombomonas and 63 Trachelomonas. All are documented with original SEM and LM micrographs. Twenty-seven Trachelomonas taxa are reported as new from this region. Variability in lorica microstructure is demonstrated for T. curta var. curta, T. pusilla var. punctata, T. rotunda, T. hispida var. coronata and T. scabra var. scabra from natural habitats. Physicochemical parameters for water quality at the collection sites are reported.
Interannual variation in summer habitat utilization by juvenile southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) in southern Western Australia

The spatial habitat utilization of juvenile southern bluefin tuna in southern Western Australia was investigated using automated acoustic receivers with acoustic transmitters implanted in tagged fish during three austral summers (2004/2005, N = 79 fish, 2005/2006, N = 81, 2006/2007, N = 84). Seventy acoustic receivers were deployed at three cross-shelf lines and three coastal topographic features (lumps) between December and May. We observed markedly different patterns of habitat utilization between the three seasons: (i) aggregation at lumps in 2004/2005 and 2006/2007, and (ii) wide distribution over the continental shelf (i.e., few occurring at lumps) in 2005/2006. Vertical profile by conductivity-temperature-depth casts showed these spatial shifts were caused by interannual changes in the presence of sub-Antarctic water. The sub-Antarctic water was present in the subsurface layer close to the continental slope only during 2005/2006, and the area had higher chlorophyll-a concentrations than the coastal areas, including at the lumps. These environmental characters, related to the nutrient rich sub-Antarctic water, appear to have a strong influence on fish distributions in 2005/2006, and may occur generally during La Nina events. Interannual fluctuations in habitat utilization will influence detection of fish in recruitment monitoring surveys and thus bias the resulting juvenile abundance indices.
A Multivariate Growth-form Analysis of Grassland and Forest Forbs in South-eastern Australia

The growth-form composition of grazed and unburnt, grassy forest remnants and ungrazed, frequently burnt, anthropogenic native grasslands in Gippsland, Victoria were compared, using a multivariate, clustering analysis of the growth-form and life-form attributes of 53 forb species. Groups comprising (1) annual forbs, (2) clambering, repent and decumbent perennials, and (3) rosette perennials and rhizomic ground-cover forbs occurred in significantly more forest than grassland quadrats. One group, mostly containing tall erect geophytes with linear basal leaves, occurred in significantly more grassland than forest quadrats. Grassland quadrats contained significantly more tall forbs (> 20 cm) than forest quadrats, whilst forest quadrats contained significantly more forbs of short to medium height (< 20 cm). There was a significant, positive correlation between plant height and frequency of occurrence in grassland quadrats (rs = 0.58, P < 0.001), and a significant, although weak, negative correlation in forest quadrats (rs = -0.29, P < 0.05). Short forbs are likely to have been depleted from grassland sites owing to competition from the dominant tussock grass, Themeda triandra Forsskal. By contrast, ground cover in forest sites is of relatively low stature, biomass and cover, allowing short forbs to persist. The relative paucity of tall forbs from forest remnants is suspected to be at least partly due to intensive stock grazing in the past.
Valve morphogenesis in an araphid diatom Rhaphoneis amphiceros (Rhaphoneidaceae, Bacillariophyta)

The pattern centre in valve morphogenesis is an annulus in centric diatoms or a sternum in pennate diatoms. The genus Rhaphoneis is currently placed within a lineage that diverges at the root of the pennate diatom clade in most molecular phylogenies, and its valves have a unique pattern to their striae, i.e. radiating from both apices, giving the impression that a pattern centre exists at both ends of the valve and virgae (ribs) formation proceeds centripetally. The present study, however, shows that the pattern centre is actually a linear sternum and the formation of virgae proceeds centrifugally, a pattern centre that is commonly found in most araphid diatoms. Thus, the hypothesis that valve morphogenesis based on a linear sternum and perpendicular virgae is a synapomorphy of pennate diatoms is supported. Our study also demonstrates that the pattern of valve formation can be observed by light microscopy with a direct mounting method when the specimen is relatively large, i.e. exceeding approximately 50 µm in valve length. An important advantage of the use of the direct mounting method is that it requires no repeated centrifugation steps for dehydration, steps necessary for observation by a scanning electron microscope, causing the loss and/or collapse of the specimen, particularly with fragile valves in the early stages of development.
Effect of processing on blood glucose and insulin responses to starch in legumes

Postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses to variously processed red kidney beans were evaluated in normal subjects. The dried seeds were (a) boiled; (b) autoclaved; (c) boiled, freeze-dried, and milled to obtain a precooked flour (PCF) rich in cell-enclosed starch; or (d) milled, steam-cooked, and freezedried to yield a flour containing free starch (FSF). All bean products elicited lower metabolic responses than white wheat bread, used as a reference. Judged from the glycemic and insulinemic indices and the postprandial peak concentrations, autoclaved beans, PCF, and FSF had a more “rapid” behavior than the boiled seeds. Responses to autoclaved beans and PCF were intermediate between boiled beans and the FSF. The insulinemic indices of a lentil PCF and white bread were similar, indicating that different legumes may have different susceptibilities to processing. It is concluded that both the cellular and the cotyledon tissue structures are important determinants of the metabolic responses to legumes. (Less)
Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae-mediated uptake and translocation of P and Zn by wheat in a calcareous soil

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) have been credited with improving the growth and mineral nutrition of many host plants but these effects are moderated by soil factors and nutrient balance. We investigated the combined effects of VAM, zinc and phosphorus application on the growth, uptake and translocation of nutrients in wheat using a calcareous soil marginal in P and Zn. Wheat was grown in a growth chamber under various combinations of VAM, P and Zn with measurements done at heading stage and maturity. Vegetative dry matter accumulation was increased by P additions and reduced by VAM infection. Both P addition and VAM infection increased grain yield. Zinc concentration and uptake were generally reduced by P additions and VAM infection. There was an absence of antagonistic effects of Zn additions on P concentration and uptake. In contrast, VAM infection had both positive and negative effects on P uptake depending on the growth stage and translocation of nutrients. We observed that in calcareous soil.
Production of Zooplankton in Char Lake

Production of the most abundant zooplankton in a polar lake was studied over 4 yr. Limnocalanus macrurus produced 261 mg m−2 yr−1 ash-free dry weight and Keratella cochlears produced 3 mg m−2 yr−1. Neither population fluctuated violently from year to year and mortality rates of both were low. Limnocalanus macrurus assimilation was equivalent to 73% of the annual planktonic primary production, and its respiration equal to 6% of the annual lake metabolism. Ciliated protozoa probably produce more than K. cochlearis, but far less than L. macrurus. Cross-calibration of sediment traps and zooplankton traps suggested that exuviae collected in sediment traps can be used to measure crustacean zooplankton production.
Study on nutritional evaluation and composition of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus florida).

The present investigation was conducted to study nutritional composition of oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus florida) . Standard methods of analysis have been employed to find out the proximate composition and other nutritional parameters of the mushroom. Pleurotus florida was found to contain 91.80 per cent moisture, 27.92 per cent crude protein, 7.82 per cent total ash, 0.72 per cent fat, 11.87 per cent of crude fibre and 47.80 per cent carbohydrates. Total soluble sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars were 3.01, 0.38 and 2.63 per cent, respectively. Acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre content were 17.82 and 43.22 g/100g, respectively and in vitro protein digestibility was 78.96 per cent. Oyster mushrooms also found to have good amount of total mineral content. As the oyster mushroom found to have good nutritional composition thus can be utilized in preparation of various nutritious recipes for improving the nutrition status of the population of the country. As it has low calorific value and very high content of protein, dietary fibres and minerals, devoid of cholesterol, these make an ideal diet for the heart patients. With very high fibre and alkaline elements, mushrooms are suited to those suffering from hyperacidity and constipation and it is also found to have good protein digestibility.
The Effect of Competition with Yellow Perch on the Survival and Growth of Planted Brook Trout, Splake, and Rainbow Trout in a Small Ontario Lake

Abstract Matched plantings of hatchery-reared yearling brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and splake (Salvelinus namaycush × S. fontinalis) or brook trout and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were made in Little Minnow Lake for 6 yr prior to and 6 yr following the introduction of yellow perch (Perca flavescens). The mean return for each kilogram of fish planted was 3.3, 6.8, and 6.1 kg, respectively, for brook trout, splake, and rainbow trout in pre-perch years but after yellow perch became established the mean returns were 0.4, 0.9, and 0.8 kg, respectively, all less than the weight planted. The 1967, 1969, and 1972 year classes of yellow perch successively dominated the fish community and yellow perch biomass fluctuated between 20 and 30 kg/hectare. The establishment of yellow perch resulted in a drastic change in the food habits of the planted salmonids and a reduction in their growth rates in excess of 50%. The evidence strongly indicates that planted salmonids could not compete successfully with yell.
Management of common scab of potato in the field using biopesticides, fungicides, soil additives, or soil fumigants

ABSTRACT Common scab, caused by Streptomyces scabiei is an economically important potato disease worldwide. The potato industry in New Brunswick, Canada experience $1.2 million loss every year due to this disease. Superficial, raised, or deep-pitted brownish lesions on infected tubers reduce the quality and marketability of both fresh-market and processing potatoes, and hence, common scab is considered a priority disease for which adequate control measures are lacking. The objective of this research was to compare various potential treatments in suppressing the disease. Two field experiments were conducted at McCain's Research Farm, Florenceville-Bristol, New Brunswick, Canada, in 2008 and 2009 to assess the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Chloropicrin, Pic-Plus, manganese sulphate and mustard meal in comparison with the chemical controls fludioxonil and mancozeb against common scab of potato. The disease incidence was significantly reduced by 36% due to the addition of mustard meal to the soil; 35.4% due to fludioxonil seed treatment; 30.0% due to soil fumigation with Pic-Plus; or by 27.2% due to soil fumigation with Chloropicrin. Potato tubers with scab severity ≥5% which are considered unmarketable in Canada were significantly reduced by 56.1% due to seed treatments with B. subtilis; by 57.8% due to fludioxonil; or by 63.1% due to the soil addition of mustard meal. The same treatments significantly increased marketable yield by 32.5%, 24.6%, and 24.6%, respectively. Soil fumigation with Chloropicrin or Pic-Plus increased marketable yield by 9.5% or 7.1%, respectively. These findings indicate that, in addition to the fludioxonil seed treatment, the seed treatment with the biopesticide containing B. subtilis and the soil addition of mustard meal treatments are potential alternatives for managing common scab of potatoes.
Caloplaca kedrovopadensis sp. nova and some new lichens from the Primorsky Region, Russia

Four new for science species, i.e. Caloplaca kedrovopadensis, Lecanora ussuriensis, Ochrolechia yurii, Oxneria ussuriensis (all from Russian Far East) are described, compared with closely related taxa, and illustrated. Micarea coreana is for the first time recorded from Russia.
Occurrence of Phenococcus solenopsis (Tinsley) in vegetable ecosystem and host-mediated effects on its dominant parasitoid, Aenasius bambawalei Hayat

Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley was recorded as dominant mealy bug species in the vegetable ecosystem infesting several vegetables namely tomato, brinjal, Capsicum, okra and pointed gourd at IIVR experimental farm during 2011 to 2013. Its incidence was observed almost throughout the year on one or the other vegetable crops available in the region except during peak summer months of May and June. This mealy bug was observed to infest tomato during January to April; brinjal during March-April; pointed gourd during July-August and okra during July to October. From October to December, its incidence was documented on Capsicum grown mainly under poly-and net-house conditions. During peak summer (May-June), the incidence of P. solenopsis was restricted to weeds particularly Parthenium hysterophorus. Among different hosts, the highest cumulative recovery of parasitoid (Aenasius bambawalei Hayat, Encyrtidae: Hymenoptera) was obtained fromtomato (35.67%) followedbyokra (30.45%), whereas, the lowest recovery was from pointed gourd (13.33%) indicating tritrophic interactions among the vegetable host plant, mealy bug and its parasitoid.