Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing measures of map value for thematic maps with sparse data

The assessment of the accuracy of thematic maps or classified remotely sensed images has been much discussed, but no single approach has emerged as uniformly useful. Various success measures, such as kappa or the overall accuracy, can be derived for a map or classified image but, when addressing different aspects of the map such as the number and taxonomic detail of map classes, these measures may not be completely appropriate. In addition, strong arguments have been made that the use of kappa should be replaced with the use of allocation and quantity disagreement. Also, different measures of map accuracy may be combined into a single measure of ‘composite map value’, the form of which may be context specific. To illustrate this, we consider a composite map value metric (V*) that considers the overall predictive accuracy as well as the number, detail and accuracy of map classes. For recently suggested measures of map value, confidence intervals have not been considered. Our aim is to discuss generic methods to derive confidence intervals for assessment metrics with an emphasis on a simply implemented bootstrap procedure adapted for use with sparse confusion matrices with numerous zero entries.
Inferential Aspects of the Skew Exponential Power Distribution

When the analysis of real data indicates that normality assumptions are untenable, more flexible models that cope with the most prevalent deviations from normality can be adopted. In this context, the skew exponential power (SEP) distribution warrants special attention, because it encompasses distributions having both heavy tails and skewness, it allows likelihood inference, and it includes the normal model as a special case. This article concerns likelihood inference about the parameters of the SEP family. In particular, the information matrix of the maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) is obtained and finite-sample properties of the estimators are investigated numerically. Special attention is given to the properties of the MLEs and likelihood ratio statistics when the data are drawn from a normal distribution, because this case is relevant for using the SEP distribution to test for normality. Application of the SEP distribution in robust estimation problems is considered for both independent and dependent data. Under moderate deviations from normality, estimators obtained under the SEP distribution are shown to outperform the normal-based estimators and to compete with robust estimators; furthermore, the SEP distribution offers the benefits of having a specified distribution, such as interpretable location and scale parameters under nonnormality.
The evolution of massive stars with mass loss

Evolution a masse constante. Diagnostic de vents stellaires et parametrisation des taux de perte de masse. Effets de perte de masse sur la structure interne et l'evolution des etoiles massives. Effets de perte de masse sur le diagramme HR d'etoiles lumineuses. Evolution avec depeuplement convectif et perte de masse. Nucleosynthese. Nature des etoiles type Wolf Rayet. Distribution galactique de supergeantes O, bleues et rouges et d'etoiles type WR
High-precision, symplectic numerical, relative orbit propagation

This paper presents a numerical method to propagate relative orbits. It can handle an arbitrary number of zonal and tesseral terms in the geopotential. This method relies on defining a relative Hamiltonian, which describes both the absolute and the relative motion of two satellites. The solution is separated into an analytical Keplerian part and a symplectic numerical integration part. The algorithm is designed to conserve the constants of the motion, resulting in better long-term accuracy. We present results for a broad range of scenarios with large separations and show that submeter accuracy is possible over five days of propagation, with a geopotential model containing 36 terms in tesseral and zonal harmonics. These results are valid for eccentricities reaching 0.5. Furthermore, the relative propagation scheme is significantly faster than differencing two absolute orbit propagations.
Combination of support vector machines (SVM) and near‐infrared (NIR) imaging spectroscopy for the detection of meat and bone meal (MBM) in compound feeds

This study concerns the development of a new system to detect meat and bone meal (MBM) in compound feeds, which will be used to enforce legislation concerning feedstuffs enacted after the European mad cow crisis. Focal plane array near‐infrared (NIR) imaging spectroscopy, which collects thousands of spatially resolved spectra in a massively parallel fashion, has been suggested as a more efficient alternative to the current methods, which are tedious and require significant expert human analysis. Chemometric classification strategies have been applied to automate the method and reduce the need for constant expert analysis of the data. In this work the performance of a new method for multivariate classification, support vector machines (SVM), was compared with that of two classical chemometric methods, partial least squares (PLS) and artificial neural networks (ANN), in classifying feed particles as either MBM or vegetal using the spectra from NIR images. While all three methods were able to effectively model the data, SVM was found to perform substantially better than PLS and ANN, exhibiting a much lower rate of false positive detection. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the shape of small sessile and pendant drops by singular perturbation techniques

The problem of obtaining asymptotic expressions describing the shape of small sessile and pendant drops is revisited. Both cases display boundary-layer behaviour and the method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to obtain solutions. These give good agreement when compared with numerical results. The sessile solutions are relatively straightforward, while the pendant drop displays a behaviour which is both rich and interesting.
Slow viscous motion round a cylinder in a simple shear

The two-dimensional steady flow of an incompressible viscous liquid round a circular cylinder is described in terms of matched expansions valid asymptotically at low Reynolds number, the velocity field at large distances being a combination of a uniform simple shear and a uniform stream, relative to axes moving with the centre of the cylinder (but not rotating with it). An infinite number of terms are computed and summed. There is a transverse force on the cylinder, independent of its rate of rotation to the approximation considered here. At moderate and large distances the balance between convection and diffusion of vorticity is dominated by the shear, being quite different from that in a uniform stream alone. The rate of longitudinal diffusion of a substance released from an instantaneous line source in a simple shear alone is enhanced. Round a maintained line source for which the local convection velocity is parallel to that of the shear the concentration falls only algebraically with distance in all directions, though it is largest in twin wakes extending directly both upstream and downstream. If there is superposed a lateral convection, however small, at sufficiently large distances the concentration is exponentially small outside a wake centred on half a parabola. The two-dimensional perturbation velocity round any obstacle held in an unbounded simple shear at any Reynolds number is, at a sufficient distance, an irrotational cross flow decreasing as the inverse two-thirds power, associated with twin shear layers extending upstream and downstream. If there is a uniform lateral motion at large distances this conclusion is completely altered.
The Use of Unidimensional Parameter Estimates of Multidimensional Items in Adaptive Testing

This study investigated the effect of using multidimensional items in a computerized adaptive test (CAT) setting which assumes that all items are unidimensional. Previous research has suggested that the composite of multidimensional abilities being estimated by a unidimensional IRT model is not constant throughout the entire unidimensional ability scale (Reckase, Carlson, Ackerman, & Spray, 1986). Results of this study suggest that unidimensional calibration of multidimensional data tends to "filter out" the multidimensionality. Items that measured a θ 1,θ2 composite similar to the composite of the calibrated unidimensional θ scale had larger estimated unidimensional discrimination values. These items thus had a greater probability of being administered in a CAT where only the most informative items are selected. Results also suggest that if a CAT item pool contains items from several content areas measuring dissimilar θ1,θ2 composites, different unidimensional abilities may receive disparate proportions of items from the various content areas.
The Sensitivity of Simulated Supercell Structure and Intensity to Variations in the Shapes of Environmental Buoyancy and Shear Profiles

Abstract Convective storm simulations are conducted using varying thermal and wind profile shapes, subject to the constraints of strict conservation of convective available potential energy (CAPE) and hodograph trace. Small and large CAPE regimes and straight and curved hodographs are studied, each with a matrix of systematically varying thermal and wind profile shapes having identical levels of free convection and bulk Richardson numbers favorable to supercell development. Differences in storm intensity and morphology resulting from changes in the profile shapes can be profound, especially in the small CAPE regime, where, for the moderate shears studied here, storms are generally weak except when the buoyancy is concentrated at low levels. In stronger CAPE regimes, less dramatic relative enhancements of storm updraft intensity are found when both the buoyancy and shear are concentrated at low levels. Peak midlevel vertical vorticity correlates roughly with peak updraft speed in the small CAPE regime, but.
Characterization of upper semicontinuously integrable functions

Abstract We show that for a Henstock-Kurzweil integrable function f for every ∈ > 0 one can choose an upper semicontinuous gage function δ, used in the definition of the HK-integral if and only if |f| is bounded by a Baire 1 function. This answers a question raised by C. E. Weil.
Handling dropout and clustering in longitudinal multicentre clinical trials

Many clinical trials enrol patients from different medical centres. Multi-centre studies are particularly helpful in cancer research as they allow researchers to evaluate the efficacy of a therapy in a variety of patients and settings, making it possible to investigate the effect of treatments in those cases when it is difficult, or even impossible, for a single centre to recruit the required number of patients. It is often argued, however, that despite agreement among different centres to follow common standardized protocols, variation may occur in both baseline characteristics of the recruited patients and in treatment effects. This heterogeneity should be detected and, if present, accounted for in the data analysis. Furthermore, the longitudinal nature of these types of experimental studies raises the problem of attrition, that is, patients may dropout of the study for a number of reasons mainly death or disease progression. In this paper, we consider the health related quality of life of advanced melanoma patients in a longitudinal multi-centre randomized clinical trial comparing two different anti-tumoural treatments. We propose a Heckman type model to account for the possibility that patients dropout according to a non-ignorable mechanism. The model is extended to a multilevel setting to account both for the longitudinal nature and the multi-centre structure of the design. We found a strong variation across centres in the quality of life evaluation. The effect of centres on the dropout was not found to be relevant in the considered data although dropout does depend on patient′s characteristics.
The added value of the electrical neuroimaging for the evaluation of marketing stimuli

There is a large interest in the marketing world to use the neuroimaging tools as a possible aid to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial advertisement. Such an area of study is called “neuromarketing”. Here we illustrate some applications of electrical neuroimaging, a discipline using EEG and intensive signal processing techniques for the evaluation of such marketing stimuli. We will show which kind of information is possible to gather with these methodologies while persons are watching marketing relevant stimuli. Such information is related to the memorization and attention of commercial advertisements. We noted that temporal and frequency patterns of EEG signals are able to return descriptors of cognitive process in subjects that watched such commercial announcements. The described EEG methodologies could be then employed both to better design new products that are going to be promoted on the market as well as to analyse the global cognitive impact of commercial videos already broadcasted.
Numerical analysis of a one‐dimensional infiltration problem in unsaturated soil by a seepage–deformation coupled method

A multiphase coupled elasto‐viscoplastic finite element analysis formulation, based on the theory of porous media, is used to describe the rainfall infiltration process into a one‐dimensional soil column. Using this framework, we have numerically analyzed the generation of pore water pressure and deformations when rainfall is applied to the soil. A parametric study, including rainfall intensity, soil–water characteristic curves, and permeability, is carried out to observe their influence on the changes in pore water pressure and volumetric strain. From the numerical results, it is shown that the generation of pore water pressure and volumetric strain is mainly controlled by material parameters α and n′ that describe the soil–water characteristic curve. A comparison with the laboratory results shows that the proposed method can describe very well the characteristics observed during the experiments of one‐dimensional water infiltration into a layered unsaturated soil column. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Budgets of Lineal and Nonlineal Turbulent Kinetic Energy under Strong Shear Conditions

Abstract Quasi-lineal “roll” coherent structures appear in a large eddy simulation of strong wind shear and moderate surface buoyancy flux. Unlike idealized two-dimensional roll vortices, these rolls are finite in length and vary in axial angle. Over a subdomain corresponding to an individual roll’s length and orientation, the flux due to the strictly two-dimensional “lineal” eddy component dominates the total vertical turbulent transport in the mid- and upper boundary layer. Separate analyses of turbulent kinetic energy budgets for the lineal (two dimensional) and nonlineal (three dimensional) eddies reveal differences in energy transfer between the large-scale eddies and the smaller-scale eddies that extract energy from them. For the transverse component, direct shear generation is small relative to pressure transfer from other components: for large (small) eddies the associated pressure transfer loss occurs primarily from the vertical (longitudinal) component and thus indirectly from buoyancy (shear) p.
An Assessment of Marine Surface Winds from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology Numerical Weather Prediction Systems

Abstract A method for routinely verifying numerical weather prediction surface marine winds with satellite scatterometer winds is introduced. The marine surface winds from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology’s operational global and regional numerical weather prediction systems are evaluated. The model marine surface layer is described. Marine surface winds from the global and limited-area models are compared with observations, both in situ (anemometer) and remote (scatterometer). A 2-yr verification shows that wind speeds from the regional model are typically underestimated by approximately 5%, with a greater bias in the meridional direction than the zonal direction. The global model also underestimates the surface winds by around 5%–10%. A case study of a significant marine storm shows that where larger errors occur, they are due to an underestimation of the storm intensity, rather than to biases in the boundary layer parameterizations.
EFFECT OF ANGULAR QUADRATURE SCHEMES ON THE COMPUTATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF THE DISCRETE TRANSFER METHOD FOR SOLVING RADIATIVE TRANSPORT PROBLEMS WITH PARTICIPATING MEDIUM

This article deals with the effects of angular quadrature schemes on the computational efficiency of the discrete transfer method (DTM) used for solving radiative transport problems with a participating medium. Four different quadrature schemes are considered. The first scheme uses the ray directions and the associated weights as per the original formulation of the DTM. In the second and third schemes, the ray arrangements are different but the quadrature schemes are the same as that used in the collapsed dimension method. The fourth scheme uses the ray directions and the corresponding weights according to the imporved quadrature scheme employed in the discrete ordinates method (DOM). The effects of the four quadrature schemes on the computational efficiency are tested for four benchmark radiative transport problems. Results are compared with the exact methods and with those available in the literature. It has been found that if the ray directions and the weights are chosen as per the DOM, the computational efficiency of the DTM is the best.
Improving feature extraction in fingerprint of medicinal herbs via wavelet transform and fractal technique

In this paper, hybrid features combing both high‐frequency and low‐frequency components of wavelet transform are applied to fingerprint of medicinal herbs. Through the fingerprints of medicinal herbs by wavelet transform and the fractal dimensions, 13 features are obtained, which are called fractal‐wavelet features. In this new approach, the information of each sample can be acquired to the maximum degree. These novel hybrid features have been applied to recognition of the different types of ginseng. Experiments have been conducted, and the result of recognition can match the real situation. Experiments indicate this method is better than the traditional ones. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends in apparent time intervals between multiple supernovae occurrences

This paper presents an analysis of recent and historic supernovae and the statistics found in multiple supernovae occurrences, as related to the apparent time intervals between successive events, and the application of trends found from those simple statistics to supernova surveying-a focused search: developing target lists from the International Astronomical Union (IAU), list of all known supernovae and their host galaxies, with the greatest immediate statistical potential for a timely successive supernova. This approach has yielded consistent results for target development since its inception, with a 96% success rate over 16 months, and one direct, and immediate, result for surveying (SN2002eg). These trends found in apparent time intervals have been seen to apply to known hosts with only one recorded supernova and not otherwise known to be "prolific" supernovae producers. This strong indication of applicable periodic behavior introduces a potential new role for extra-galactic supernovae, in modern cosmology, as possible observational evidence in support of the plasma cosmology theory of Hannes Alfven, based on fundamental principles.
The Local Power of the CUSUM and CUSUM of Squares Tests

We consider the local power of the cusum and cusum of squares tests for structural change in the linear regression model. We show that the local power of the cusum of squares test equals its size for a wide class of structural changes, as compared to a nontrivial local power for the cusum test. The conventional ranking of these procedures is thus reversed.
Dyadic wavelet frames on a half-line using the Walsh–Fourier transform

This paper deals with a construction of dyadic wavelet frames on a positive half-line ℝ+ using the Walsh–Fourier transform. We prove necessary and sufficient conditions for the system to be a wavelet frame in L 2(ℝ+). These conditions are found to be better than those of Daubechies [Ten Lecture on Wavelets, NSF-CBMS Regional Conferences in Applied Mathematics, Vol. 61, SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, 1992], Chui and Shi [Inequalities of Littlewood–Paley type for frames and wavelets, SIAM J. Math. Anal. 24 (1993), pp. 263–277], Casazza and Christenson [Weyl–Heisenberg frames for subspaces of L 2(ℝ), Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 129 (2001), pp. 145–154] and Christenson [Frames, Riesz bases, and discrete Gabor/wavelet expansions, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 38 (2001), pp. 273–291; An Introduction to Frames and Riesz Bases, Birkhäuser, Boston, 2003].
When are the complex and the real stability radii equal

Characterization of those real stable matrices for which the unstructured complex and real stability radii are equal is presented. Special cases of this equality are discussed. As application of this result, it is shown that, for 2*2 matrices with nonreal eigenvalues, neither the case of equality nor the case of strict inequality is generic. >
An automated high-resolution, rapidly relocatable meteorological nowcasting and prediction system

Abstract An automated, rapidly relocatable nowcasting and prediction system, whose cornerstone is the full-physics, nested-grid, nonhydrostatic fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5), has been under development at the Pennsylvania State University since the late 1990s. In the applications presented in this paper, the Rapidly Relocatable Nowcast-Prediction System (RRNPS) provides a continuous stream of highly detailed nowcasts, defined here as gridded meteorological fields produced by a high-resolution mesoscale model assimilating available observations and staying just ahead of the clock to provide immediately available current meteorological conditions. The RRNPS, configured to use 36-, 12-, and 4-km nested domains, is applied over the Great Plains for 18 case days in August 2001, over the East Coast region for 8 case days in April 2002, and for 12 case days during the winter and summer of 2003. The performance of the RRNPS.
Southerly Surges on Submonthly Time Scales over the Eastern Indian Ocean during the Southern Hemisphere Winter

Abstract Meridional wind surges from the extratropics into the Tropics strongly regulate tropical convective activity. This paper confirms that extratropical forcing manifested as a meridional surge does modulate the tropical atmosphere over the eastern Indian Ocean, and it describes the tropical–extratropical connection in the region. Surges in the lower atmosphere on submonthly (6–25 days) time scales over the eastern Indian Ocean were examined in tandem with associated tropical convection and large-scale atmospheric fields during the Southern Hemisphere (SH) winter (June–August). Data used in this study are NCEP-2 reanalyses and daily NOAA/Climate Diagnostics Center (CDC) outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data for 23 yr, from 1979 to 2001. A low-level surge index was calculated using the 850-hPa meridional wind component (υ) averaged over a region where sub–monthly scale υ variance shows a local maximum (17.5°–2.5°S, 87.5°–97.5°E). The surge index defines 62 different surge events. Composites of variou.