Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Superconducting transition of multiconnected Josephson network

The response of superconducting Tc with multiconnected structure against a small ac magnetic field is studied in terms of complex susceptibility. It has been revealed that the fundamental susceptibility χ1′−iχ1″ is very sensitive to the amplitude h0 of the ac field; i.e., the superconducting transition width is appreciably broadened as h0 increases, but the onset temperature of the transition holds its value. In addition, χ1″ with respect to temperature has an asymmetric peak. We propose a phenomenological model on the assumption that the multiconnected network behaves like a single loop as a whole due to the coherent nature of the specimen. It has been revealed that the main features of observed characters are well reproduced by this model. Since our model predicts higher harmonics in susceptibility, the third harmonic response of the specimen against a small ac magnetic field is also studied. Measurements with respect to temperature are simultaneously performed for the amplitude of third harmonic suscep.
A kinematic and proper-motion survey of the Cygnus Loop

H-alpha radial velocities, line widths, and line intensities based on 71 Fabry-Perot interferometer scans of 61 fields in the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant SNR are reported. Also, measurements of proper motions at 39 locations within the Cygnus Loop are summarized. These results show that the remnant is expanding asymmetrically into the ambient interstellar medium, with rest-frame velocities as high as 380 km/s in the near half and 150 km/s in the far half. This can plausibly be interpreted as the result of the progenitor's evolution near a density discontinuity, the consequent formation of a cavity and partial shell, and the SN's interaction with that shell. The remnant's optically observed filamentary structure results from line-of-sight effects as shock waves advance into the irregular inner surface of the shell. In this context, the derived expansion velocities and proper motions give a formal distance to the Cygnus Loop of roughly 600 pc, with 1-sigma limits of 300 and 1200 pc.
Surface stress effects on the resonance properties of cantilever sensors

The effect of surface stress on the resonance frequency of a cantilever sensor is modeled analytically by incorporating strain-dependent surface stress terms into the equations of motion. This mechanistic approach can be equated with a corresponding thermodynamic description, allowing basic equations to be derived that link the analysis to experimentally determined parameters. Examples are shown for the cases of a pure surface stress and an adsorption-induced surface stress, and indicate that frequency measurements may be useful for fundamental understanding of surface and adsorption-induced stresses on metals, semiconductors, and nanoscale structures. Application to biomolecular adsorption sensors appears unlikely.
Comet Shoemaker‐Levy 9 Fragment Size Estimates: How Big Was the Parent Body? a

ABSTRACT: The impact of Comet Shoemaker‐Levy 9 on Jupiter in July, 1994 was the largest, most energetic impact event on a planet ever witnessed. Because it broke up during a close encounter with Jupiter in 1992, it was bright enough to be discovered more than a year prior to impact, allowing the scientific community an unprecedented opportunity to assess the effects such an event would have. Many excellent observations were made from Earth‐based telescopes, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and the Galileo spacecraft en route to Jupiter. In this paper, these observations are used in conjunction with computational simulations performed with the CTH shock‐physics hydrocode to determine the sizes of the fifteen fragments that made discernible impact features on the planet. To do this, CTH was equipped with a radiative ablation model and a postprocessing radiative ray‐trace capability that enabled light‐flux predictions (often called the impact flash) for the viewing geometries of Galileo and ground‐based observers. The five events recorded by Galileo were calibrated to give fragment size estimates. Compared against ground‐based and HST observations, these estimates were extended using a least‐squares analysis to assess the impacts of the remaining ten fragments. Some of the largest impacts (L, G, and K) were greater that 1 km in diameter, but the density of the fragments was low, about 0.25 g/cm3. The volume of the combined fifteen fragments would make a sphere 1.8 km in diameter. Assuming a prebreakup density of 0.5 g/cm3, the parent body of Shoemaker‐Levy 9 had a probable diameter of 1.4 km. The total kinetic energy of all the impacts was equivalent to the explosive yield of 300 Gigatons of TNT.
On the Power of GLS-Type Unit Root Tests

Elliott, Rothenberg and Stock (1996), (ERS), present a ‘GLS’ variant of the Dickey‐Fuller (DF) unit root test. Their statistic is approximately point‐optimal invariant at a chosen local alternative, and usually displays better finite sample power than the DF test. Following the usual efficiency motive for GLS estimation, the higher finite sample power of the ERS test has often been attributed to the greater accuracy of the estimate of the series’ non‐stochastic component under stationary alternatives close to the null. This paper shows that the GLS estimates of the non‐stochastic component are not, in general, more accurate. The power gain arises from the fact that the GLS statistic's null distribution has a greater positive shift relative to the DF test, than its distribution under relevant alternatives, and this persists even when the GLS estimates of the non stochastics have higher variance than the OLS estimates.
Application of GLASSO in Variable Selection and Crash Prediction at Unsignalized Intersections

AbstractIn this paper, a new promising variable screening technique is proposed to select important covariates and to improve crash prediction; the group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (GLASSO). The GLASSO’s main power lies in its ability to deal with data sets havinga large number of categorical variables, the case in this study. Identifying the significant factors affecting the safety of unsignalized intersections was also an essential objective. Two applications of GLASSO were investigated: before fitting the negative binomial (NB) model, and before fitting the promising multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) technique using extensive data representing 2,475 unsignalized intersections. Regarding the NB models, GLASSO yielded close prediction capability to the backward deletion and random forest techniques. Also, MARS model fitting after using GLASSO relatively outperformed that after using random forest, with similar prediction performance. Because of its outstanding performan.
Origins of threshold voltage shifts in room-temperature deposited and annealed a-In–Ga–Zn–O thin-film transistors

Threshold voltage (Vth) stability was examined under constant current stress for a-In–Ga–Zn–O thin film transistors (TFTs) deposited at room temperature and annealed at 400 °C in dry or wet O2 atmospheres. All the TFTs exhibited positive Vth shifts (ΔVth) and the ΔVth value was reduced by the thermal annealing to <2 V for 50 h. TFT simulations revealed that the ΔVth for the annealed TFTs is explained by increase in deep charged defects. Large ΔVth over 10 V and deterioration in subthreshold voltage swing were observed in the unannealed TFTs, which are attributed to the increase in shallow trap states.
Composite Reliability in Structural Equations Modeling

Two composite reliability measures, coefficient alpha and coefficient omega with unit weights (otherwise known as construct reliability), are commonly used in structural equations modeling. However, a third measure, omega with unequal weights, is more theoretically appropriate. The potential for bias in reliability estimation and for errors in item selection when alpha or unit-weighted omega are used are explored under a variety of simulated conditions. The results suggest that composite reliability may be used as an assessment tool, but should not be used as an item selection tool in structural equations modeling.
On elementary amenable groups of finite Hirsch number

Abstract We give an alternative short proof of a recent theorem of J. A. Hillman and P.A. Linnell that an elementary amenable group with finite Hirsch number has, modulo its locally finite radical, a soluble normal subgroup with index and derived length bounded only in terms of the Hirsch number of the group.
A High-pressure Filled Ice in the H2O–CO2–CH4 System, with Possible Consequences for the CO2–CH4 Biosignature Pair

Here we constrain the speciation of carbon that may outgas in ocean exoplanets. Ocean exoplanets likely have at least a few percent by mass of water, which is sufficient to build a high-pressure ice layer between a rocky interior and the outer hydrosphere. We study the possible formation of a filled ice in the ternary system H2O–CO2–CH4. The incorporation of CH4 and CO2 in filled ice would be an important mechanism for transporting carbon across a high-pressure ice mantle into the atmosphere. The CH4–CO2 pair is also important as a potential biosignature. We find that a filled ice in the system H2O–CO2–CH4 is possible though enriched in CH4. CO2 cannot account for more than 15% by mole of the carbon content of the filled ice. Such a filled ice is less dense than an overlying ocean and would therefore discharge into the ocean, depressurize, and outgas its carbon content into the atmosphere. A high-pressure, water-rich mantle in ocean worlds may therefore support the transport of carbon from the interior into the atmosphere. More than 75% by mole of this carbon would be reduced. As long as CH4 exists/is produced in the interior and the ice mantle convects, thus transporting chemical species outward, a flux of carbon enriched in CH4 would outgas. If this persists over geological time it would negate atmospheric sinks for CH4, and explain low concentrations of atmospheric CO2. If the contrary is correct than the interior of the planet may be oxidizing.
Gravitational Radiation in the Limit of High Frequency. I. The Linear Approximation and Geometrical Optics

A formalism is developed for obtaining approximate gravitational wave solutions to the vacuum Einstein equations of general relativity in situations where the gravitational fields of interest are quite strong. To accomplish this we assume the wave to be of high frequency and expand the vacuum field equations in powers of the correspondingly small wavelength, getting an approximation scheme valid for all orders of $\frac{1}{r}$, for arbitrary velocities up to that of light, and for all intensities of the gravitational field. To lowest order in the wavelength, we obtain a gauge-invariant linearized equation for gravitational waves which is just a covariant generalization of that for massless spin-2 fields in a flat background space. This wave equation is solved in the WKB approximation to show that gravitational waves travel on null geodesics of the curved background geometry with their amplitude, frequency, and polarization modified by the curvature of space-time in exact analogy to light waves.
Atmospheric oxygen microwave spectrum--Experiment versus theory

The microwave spectrum of oxygen (O 2 -MS) was investigated with a pressure-scanning dispersion spectrometer between 53.5 and 63.6 GHz under simulated atmospheric conditions. First, the strength and width parameters of 21 lines ( K^{\pm}= 1 to 25)were determined from low pressure ( K^{pm} = 25 to 35). Then, O 2 -MS intensities (dispersion and attenuation by oxygen and air) were measured between 100 and 800 torr and compared with Rosenkranz's band shape model. A set of interference coefficients was established to produce good agreement between experiment and theory. Also, at 61 GHz the refractivities of 13 atmospheric gases were checked. The improved calculation scheme of atmospheric molecular EHF ( \sim40 to 140 GHz) characteristics is presented as a transfer function incorporating a set of 144 line parameters (36 each of position, strength, width, and interference) with frequency, pressure and temperature dependencies.
XCII. Relations between the elastic moduli and the plastic properties of polycrystalline pure metals

Abstract Relations between the elastic and plastic properties of pure polycrystalline metals are discussed and a systematic relation between shear modulus, Burgers vector and plastic shear strength of metals possessing the same lattice structure is proposed. In addition reasons are given for believing that in a limited temperature range malleability is related to Poisson's ratio.
Analysis of the phase noise in saturated SOAs for DPSK applications

A theoretical model is used to analyze the impact of phase noise on the performance of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) in the saturation regime for differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) applications. It is found that the variance of the differential phase error scales as T/sup 2///spl tau//sub c//sup 2/ for /spl tau//sub c//spl Gt/T, where T is the bit period and /spl tau//sub c/ is the carrier lifetime of the SOA. This suggests that the adverse effect of saturation-induced phase noise can be significantly reduced by increasing the bit rate or the carrier lifetime.
Electromagnetic cascades in the magnetosphere of a very young pulsar - A model for the positron production near the Galactic center

A detailed model for positron production by a young pulsar is presented. It is shown that electromagnetic cascades can develop in a young pulsar's magnetosphere, and the model results are applied to the pulsar which is hypothesized to lie near the Galactic center. It is found that such a pulsar would be expected to produce relatively low energy electron-positron pairs with an efficiency rating high enough to explain the observed luminosity of the Galactic center annihilation line. Virtually all of the gamma ray continuum radiation produced in the cascades would be beamed along the magnetic poles of the neutron star, and therefore probably would not be observed from earth. Some observational predictions generated by the proposed model for the Galactic center positron source are given. 47 references.
Correlation between elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and ischemic placental disease: a retrospective cohort study

ABSTRACT Background To evaluate the correlation between elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the second trimester and ischemic placental disease (IPD). Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the data of 22,574 pregnant women who delivered in the Department of Obstetrics at Hangzhou Women’s Hospital from 2018 to 2020, and were screened for maternal serum AFP and free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (free β-hCG) in the second trimester. The pregnant women were divided into two groups: elevated maternal serum AFP group (n = 334, 1.48%); and normal group (n = 22,240, 98.52%). Mann-Whitney U-test or Chi-square test was used for continuous or categorical data. Modified Poisson regression analysis was used to calculate the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the two groups. Results The AFP MoM and free β-hCG MoM in the elevated maternal serum AFP group were higher than the normal group (2.25 vs. 0.98, 1.38 vs. 1.04) and the differences were all statistically significant (all P < .001). Placenta previa, hepatitis B virus carrying status of pregnant women, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), advanced maternal age (≥35 years), increased free β-hCG MoM, female infants, and low birth weight (RR: 2.722, 2.247, 1.769, 1.766, 1.272, 0.624, 2.554 respectively) were the risk factors for adverse maternal pregnancy outcomes in the elevated maternal serum AFP group. Conclusions Maternal serum AFP levels during the second trimester can monitor IPD, such as IUGR, PROM, and placenta previa. Maternal women with high serum AFP levels are more likely to deliver male fetuses and low birth weight infants. Finally, the maternal age (≥35 years) and hepatitis B carriers also increased maternal serum AFP significantly.
Forcing of a bottom-mounted circular cylinder by steep regular water waves at finite depth

Abstract Forcing by steep regular water waves on a vertical circular cylinder at finite depth was investigated numerically by solving the two-phase incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Consistently with potential flow theory, boundary layer effects were neglected at the sea bed and at the cylinder surface, but the strong nonlinear motion of the free surface was included. The numerical model was verified and validated by grid convergence and by comparison to relevant experimental measurements. First-order convergence towards an analytical solution was demonstrated and an excellent agreement with the experimental data was found. Time-domain computations of the normalized inline force history on the cylinder were analysed as a function of dimensionless wave height, water depth and wavelength. Here the dependence on depth was weak, while an increase in wavelength or wave height both lead to the formation of secondary load cycles. Special attention was paid to this secondary load cycle and the flow features that cause it. By visual observation and a simplified analytical model it was shown that the secondary load cycle was caused by the strong nonlinear motion of the free surface which drives a return flow at the back of the cylinder following the passage of the wave crest. The numerical computations were further analysed in the frequency domain. For a representative example, the secondary load cycle was found to be associated with frequencies above the fifth- and sixth-harmonic force component. For the third-harmonic force, a good agreement with the perturbation theories of Faltinsen, Newman & Vinje (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 289, 1995, pp. 179–198) and Malenica & Molin (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 302, 1995, pp. 203–229) was found. It was shown that the third-harmonic forces were estimated well by a Morison force formulation in deep water but start to deviate at decreasing depth.
Ferroelectric electrooptic ceramics with reduced scattering

Ferroelectric lead zirconate-titanate ceramics appear promising for use as electrically controlled retarders because both conventional electrooptic and nonvolatile incremental retardation changes can be induced in areas as small as 25 µ on a side. One particular composition, Pb 0.97 La 0.02 Zr 0.65 Ti 0.35 O 3 , has so far proved superior to all other rhombohedral lead zirconate-titanates when judged by either the conventional electrooptic retardation variation with applied bias voltage, or the nonvolatile incremental retardation change with remanent polarization state of the ceramic. Furthermore, this same lanthanum-doped composition exhibits a marked decrease in undesirable light scattering when compared with extensive data on the same composition with bismuth doping. Scattering also decreases with increasing wavelength λ, and the ceramic transmittance is greater than 85 percent for 3 µ<λ<8 µ with sample thickness less than 50 µ. This increased transmittance now makes feasible the construction of multistage ceramic electrooptic systems.
Building resilience and reversing frailty: a randomised controlled trial of a primary care intervention for older adults.

BACKGROUND There is a need for effective primary care interventions that help older people combat frailty and build resilience. OBJECTIVE To study the effectiveness of an optimised exercise and dietary protein intervention. DESIGN Multicentre, randomised-controlled, parallel-arm trial. SETTING Six primary care practices, Ireland. METHODS Six general practitioners enrolled adults aged 65+ with Clinical Frailty Scale score ≤5 from December 2020 to May 2021. Participants were randomised to intervention or usual care with allocation concealed until enrolment. Intervention comprised a 3-month home-based exercise regime, emphasising strength, and dietary protein guidance (1.2 g/kg/day). Effectiveness was measured by comparing frailty levels, based on the SHARE-Frailty Instrument, on an intention-to-treat basis. Secondary outcomes included bone mass, muscle mass and biological age measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Ease of intervention and perceived health benefit were measured on Likert scales. RESULTS Of the 359 adults screened, 197 were eligible and 168 enrolled; 156 (92.9%) attended follow-up (mean age 77.1; 67.3% women; 79 intervention, 77 control). At baseline, 17.7% of intervention and 16.9% of control participants were frail by SHARE-FI. At follow-up, 6.3 and 18.2% were frail, respectively. The odds ratio of being frail between intervention and control groups post-intervention was 0.23 (95% confidence interval: 0.07-0.72; P = 0.011), adjusting for age, gender and site. Absolute risk reduction was 11.9% (CI: 0.8%-22.9%). Number needed to treat was 8.4. Grip strength (P < 0.001) and bone mass (P = 0.040) improved significantly. 66.2% found the intervention easy, 69.0% reported feeling better. CONCLUSION A combination of exercises and dietary protein significantly reduced frailty and improved self-reported health.
Definition of early age at onset in bipolar disorder according to distinctive neurodevelopmental pathways: insights from the FACE-BD study

Abstract Background Converging evidence suggests that a subgroup of bipolar disorder (BD) with an early age at onset (AAO) may develop from aberrant neurodevelopment. However, the definition of early AAO remains unprecise. We thus tested which age cut-off for early AAO best corresponds to distinguishable neurodevelopmental pathways. Methods We analyzed data from the FondaMental Advanced Center of Expertise-Bipolar Disorder cohort, a naturalistic sample of 4421 patients. First, a supervised learning framework was applied in binary classification experiments using neurodevelopmental history to predict early AAO, defined either with Gaussian mixture models (GMM) clustering or with each of the different cut-offs in the range 14 to 25 years. Second, an unsupervised learning approach was used to find clusters based on neurodevelopmental factors and to examine the overlap between such data-driven groups and definitions of early AAO used for supervised learning. Results A young cut-off, i.e. 14 up to 16 years, induced higher separability [mean nested cross-validation test AUROC = 0.7327 (± 0.0169) for ⩽16 years]. Predictive performance deteriorated increasing the cut-off or setting early AAO with GMM. Similarly, defining early AAO below 17 years was associated with a higher degree of overlap with data-driven clusters (Normalized Mutual Information = 0.41 for ⩽17 years) relatively to other definitions. Conclusions Early AAO best captures distinctive neurodevelopmental patterns when defined as ⩽17 years. GMM-based definition of early AAO falls short of mapping to highly distinguishable neurodevelopmental pathways. These results should be used to improve patients' stratification in future studies of BD pathophysiology and biomarkers.