Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High-pressure oxygen delignification of kraft pulps. Part I: kinetics

Previous studies of oxygen delignification cover oxygen concentrations up to 0.012 mole/L in the aqueous alkaline media. This range was increased eight times through the application of very high oxygen pressure in the gas phase. The experimental results were generalized through apparent kinetics models. Delignification could be modeled in two phases, each first order on lignin content. One phase showed little dependence on alkali and oxygen. The relative importance of the two phases depends on the operating conditions. Polysaccharide cleavage could be modeled in one phase, 0.3- and 0.4-order on alkali and oxygen concentration, respectively. Application : the use of high pressure could potentially improve the selectivity of alkaline oxygen stages, enabling higher delignification while maintaining pulp strength.
Productive performance and changes in carcass composition of broilers under an initial energy-protein restriction and subsequent refeeding

Une restriction quantitative de l'ordre de 45 % entre le 14 eme et le 28 eme jour suivie d'une alimentation non limitee jusqu'au 56 eme jour entraine une diminution de la vitesse de croissance, mais on observe une croissance compensatoire apres realimentation. La composition des carcasses, differente par rapport aux temoins au cours de la periode d'alimentation restreinte, est equivalente en fin d'experience
Multivariate Analysis of Genetic Diversity among some Maize Genotypes under Maize-Albizia Cropping System in Indonesia

Maize is one of the most important cereals in the world after wheat and rice. Now-a-days, the improvement of maize production is hindered by conversion of agricultural lands into industrial and residential areas. One of the suggested solutions is the production of maize cultivars that can be incorporated in agroforestry systems and can be grown with tree plants such as Albizia. The success of the improvement of new maize cultivars suited to this Maize-Albizia system depends on the availability of genetic variability. Research on the genetic diversity of maize inbred lines that is suited to the agroforestry system with Albizia were conducted in a real forests planted with Albizia tree plants that are around three years old in Cimalaka, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia. The evaluation of inbred lines was laid on a split plot design with two replications. The main plot consisted of two cropping systems, namely; maize sole cropping system and Maize-Albizia agroforestry system. The subplots were having seventy five inbred lines of maize. The biometric characters included days to anthesis, days to silking, days to harvesting, plant height, length of nodes, plant diameter, chlorophyll content, leaf area index, ear length, ear diameter, number of rows, weight of 1000 seeds and ear weight per plant. Based on the analysis of the main components, in conditions maize sole cropping system, the results showed an Eigen value between 1.08-4.52 which contributes to 67.27% variability, whereas, in the condition Maize-Albizia cropping system, the Eigen value ranged from 1.16-5.37 which contributed to 71.85% variability. Cluster analysis of 75 maize genotypes showed a wide distribution obtaining nine clusters in the maize sole cropping system and five clusters in the Maize-Albizia cropping system. High genetic variability seen in both cropping system greatly supports the development of elite new cultivars of maize that can be utilized in agroforestry systems.
Effects of Three Sources of Groundnut (Arachis Hypogea) Meals on Carcass Yield, Internal Organs and Meat Quality of Rabbits

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of groundnut meals on the carcass yield, internal organs and meat quality of rabbits. Three groundnut meals namely, conventional groundnut cake (CGNC), locally made groundnut cake (LMGC) and toasted groundnut seed (kernel) meal (TGSM) were incorporated in rabbit diets at two levels to generate six diets: 18% CGNC, 22% CGNC, 18% LMGC, 22% LMGC, 18% TGSM and 22% TGSM respectively, and 18% CGNC also served as the control. Twenty four (24) six weeks-old growing rabbits of mixed breeds and sexes with mean initial weight of 568.75 ±12.85g were randomly allocated to the dietary treatments combination. Each treatment had 4 rabbits; one per replicate, in a CRD, laid out on a 2X3 factorial arrangement and fed ad libitum, for 70 days. Three animals per treatment combination (18 altogether) were sacrificed for carcass yield, internal organs and meat quality evaluation and data analyzed on main effects only: sources of groundnut had 6 rabbits per group and level of inclusion had 9 per group. The average final weights and rib relative weights of rabbits fed TGSM were significantly depressed (p0.05). Other carcass parameters and internal organs were similar (p>0.05) among the dietary groups. Meat quality was significantly affected (p
On modelling the constitutive and damage behaviour of highly non-linear bio-composites – mesh sensitivity of the viscoplastic-damage law computations

The large strain fracture of non-linear complex solids concerns a wide range of applications, such as material forming, food oral processing, surgical instrumental penetration as well as more recently, the design of biodegradable composites for packaging and bio-medical use. Although computer simulations is a powerful technology towards understanding and designing such processes, modelling ductile fracture in soft natural composites imposes a new challenge, particularly when the fracture patterns cannot be pre-defined. Here we bring to light new information on these aspects of benefit to the multidisciplinary community, by characterising and modelling the deformation and fracture of short cellulose fibre starch extruded composites. Hyperviscoelastic-Mullins damage laws show merits in modelling such complex systems. Yet they are inferior to a viscoplastic-damage law able to capture exactly their highly non-linear, rate dependent and pressure dependent pseudo-plastic stress-strain response. It also predicts fracture based on experimental toughness values without pre-specifying the crack path in a Finite Element (FE) model, displaying superiority over the conventional cohesive zone approach. Yet, despite using a toughness parameter to drive crack propagation, spurious mesh dependency is still observed while other previously unreported sources of error imposed by the finite element aspect ratio are also highlighted. The latter is rectified by developing a novel numerical strategy for calculating the characteristic element length used in the damage computations. Inherent mesh dependency is however not resolved, suggesting that non-local damage models may be essential to model this newly investigated class of natural composites.
Study on genetic variability and divergence under sodic soil in indigenous lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)

Present investigation was carried out to evaluate 90 indigenous lines of wheat with 4 check varieties for genetic variability and divergence. The characters studied were days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, tillers per plant, spike length, flag leaf area, peduncle length, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant, harvest index and grain yield per plant. The assessment of existing genetic variability and divergence in the indigenous collections was done by computing mean value of various characters. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences among all the genotypes for majority of the traits except tillers per plant, test weight and harvest index. The genotypes showed moderate to high level of genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV). The magnitudes of phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) for all the characters were slightly higher than their corresponding genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV), indicated very less environmental influence on the expression of the characters. The maximum GCV was reported for flag leaf area (18.892), grain yield per plant (18.338), biology yield per plant (17.002) and peduncle length (15.789). This indicated that these characters can be utilized as selection criteria to achieve maximum yield. The 90 indigenous lines and 4 check varieties of wheat were grouped into 10 distinct clusters by using nonhierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis. It indicated the existence of high degree of genetic diversity present in the varieties/lines. Therefore, these varieties/lines may serve as valuable source for selection of diverse parents. Maximum intra-cluster distance was found for cluster-IX followed by cluster-IV, the minimum intra-cluster distance was recorded for cluster-VI followed by cluster-X. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster-V and cluster-VIII followed by cluster-VIII and cluster-IX. The lowest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster-II and cluster-III followed by cluster-I and cluster-III. Hence, crosses should be made between these widely related genotypes located in intra and inter cluster distances, to get desirable extinct of heterotic potential.
BENEFICIAL USE OF CARBON DIOXIDE TO TRANSFORM LANDFILLED ASH INTO A HYDRAULIC CEMENT WITH DESIRED HAZARDOUS WASTE IMMOBILIZATION QUALITIES

BENEFICAL USE OF CARBON DIOXIDE TO TRANSFORM LANDFILLED COAL ASH INTO A HYDRAULIC CEMENT WITH DESIRED HAZARDOUS WASTE IMMOBILIZATION QUALITIES By Kaize Zhu Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas; power generation via combustion of fossil fuels, and production of Portland cement are among the key sources of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Past and ongoing combustion of coal has led to accumulation of billions of tons of coal ash in landfills. While there are concerns with the environmental impacts of the landfilled ash, this ash embodies valuable mineral resources such as aluminosilicates, calcium compounds and alkalis. The main thrust of this project was to make beneficial use of landfilled ash together with supplementary solid minerals and carbon dioxide gas to produce a hydraulic cement via sustainable processing techniques. This hydraulic cement was developed primarily for hazardous waste stabilization/solidification applications. The hydraulic cement chemistry and processing techniques were refined through an experimental investigation, and the effectiveness of this cement in immobilization of heavy metals was verified. The production process of cement utilizes significant quantities of carbon dioxide as raw materials with beneficial effects on the performance characteristics of cement hydrates.
Re-assessment of phosphorus availability in fens with varying cotents of iron and calcium Kooijman,

Aim To further unravel P availability in mineral-rich fens, and test whether high Fe in the soil would lead to low P availability to the vegetation. Methods Mesotrophic fens were selected over gradients in Ca and Fe in central Sweden and the Netherlands, to study characteristics of vegetation, pore water and peat soil, including inorganic and organic forms of P, Fe and Al. Results Soil Fe was more important than region or soil Ca, and P availability to the vegetation increased from Fe-poor to Fe-rich fens. Contrary to expectations, precipitation of iron phosphates played a minor role in Ferich fens. Fe-rich fens were P-rich for three reasons: (1) high P sorption capacity, (2) relatively weak sorption to Fe-OM complexes and (3) high amounts of sorbed organic P, which probably consists of labile P. Also, nonmycorrhizal wetland plants probably especially take up weakly sorbed (organic) P. However, high P did not lead to high biomass or low plant diversity. Fe-rich fens were limited by other nutrients, and high P may help protect the vegetation against Fe-toxicity. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04241-4 Highlights • This study provides further evidence that F-rich fens are not Ppoor but P-rich • Fe-rich fens have high total P, but especially a lot of weakly sorbed Pi and Po • High P in Fe-rich fens does not lead to high biomass, but may reduce Fe-toxicity •Ca-rich fens are P-poor, mainly due to low Fe and low P-sorption capacity Responsible Editor: N. Jim Barrow. A. M. Kooijman (*) : C. Cusell : I. S. Mettrop : T. Neijmeijer Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, NL-1090 GEAmsterdam, The Netherlands e-mail: a.m.kooijman@uva.nl C. Cusell : L. P. M. Lamers : I. S. Mettrop Department of Aquatic Ecology & Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, NL-6525 AJNijmegen, The Netherlands C. Cusell Witteveen+Bos, NL-7400 AEDeventer, The Netherlands L. Hedenäs Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden I. S. Mettrop Altenburg and Wymenga Ecological Consultants, Suderwei 2, 9269 TZVeenwouden, The Netherlands Plant Soil (2020) 447:219–239 /Published online: 5 December 2019 Conclusions Fe-poor fens are P-poor, irrespective of Ca, and Fe-rich fens P-rich even under mesotrophic conditions. However, high P itself does not endanger Fe-rich fens.
Fire is a stronger driver of forest composition than logging in the boreal forest of eastern Canada

Aims Our study aimed to: (1) document the preindustrial (1925) forest composition prior to extensive logging; (2) document the magnitude of changes from 1925 to 2005; and (3) identify the relative influence of logging and natural disturbances as drivers of the present-day forest composition. Location Boreal forest in central Quebec, eastern Canada. Methods We used a dense network of georeferenced historical (~1925) forest plots (n = 30 033) to document preindustrial forest composition. We evaluated the magnitude of changes with the present-day using modern plots (1980s to 2000s). We reconstructed a long-term, spatially explicit history of logging, spruce budworm outbreaks (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.], SBO), and fire using historical maps and field surveys. Results In the preindustrial period, late successional coniferous taxa (Abies balsamea and Picea spp.) dominated the landscape, whereas early successional deciduous taxa (Betula spp. and Populus spp.) were confined to recently burned areas. In the present-day landscape, large areas dominated by late successional coniferous taxa have been replaced by early successional deciduous taxa. Forest communities dominated by early successional deciduous taxa increased sharply throughout the study area. Logging has been a minor driver of these changes compared to fire and SBOs. Conclusions This study demonstrates the importance of documenting the long-term history of both anthropogenic and natural disturbances in order to assess their relative contributions to the development of the present-day forest ecosystems. Natural disturbances have remained the main drivers of forest composition during the 20th century, whereas logging played a less important role. In the current context of global change, long-term experimental research is required to help forecast impacts of natural disturbances and forest management on boreal forest composition.
Timing is everything: does early and late germination favor invasions by herbaceous alien plants?

Plant invasions represent a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms underlying community assembly rules and species distribution patterns. While a superior competitive ability has often been proposed as a major driver of successful plant invasions, its significance depends crucially on the timing of any competitive interaction. We assess whether a mismatch in germination phenology can favor the establishment of alien species, allowing them to exploit vacant niches where competition is low. As well as having important effects on the survival, growth and fitness of a species, asymmetric competition and potential soil legacies resulting from early or late germination can also impact on species recruitment. However, early or late germination comes at a cost, increases the risks of exposure to unfavorable conditions and requires an enhanced abiotic resistance if it is to lead to successful establishment. While there are several anecdotal accounts of early and late germination for invasive species, there are limited comparative data with resident species growing under natural conditions. Available evidence from grassland communities indicates that a short-term germination advantage or priority (few days/weeks) provides invasive species with a strong competitive advantage over native species and is a critical factor in many invasions. While the exploitation of periods of low competition is a plausible mechanism for the successful establishment of many invasive plants, direct evidence for this strategy is still scarce. This is particularly true with regard to the exploitation of late germination niches. Consequently, long-term comparative monitoring of the germination phenology of invasive and native plants in situ is needed to assess its significance in a range of ecosystems and its impact on community dynamics.
A panel data analysis of nonindustrial private roundwood supply with emphasis on the price elasticity

This article presents an econometric analysis of the Norwegian nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) owners'short-term roundwood supply applying the conventional pooled Tobit model as well as the fixed effects (FE) Tobit model where unobserved individual heterogeneity are incorporated in the assumptions of the model. A panel consisting of 14,468 forest owners during the period 1989-1997 (except 1991) is used for the statistical testing. The results indicate that the current and lagged price, interest rate and various owner and property characteristics are relevant explanatory variables when evaluating factors affecting Norwegian NIPF owners' short-term roundwood supply. It is demonstrated that the econometric results differ quite substantially between the two models. Both the common interpretation of the results from pooled and FE models, the match to the theory of forest owner behavior, and the statistical measures suggest that panel data methods, like the FE model, are more suitable for short-run roundwood supply analysis than the conventional pooled model. Special attention is given to the price elasticity and its variability across regions and time. Based on the empirical results it is concluded that, among other factors, both the nature ofthe price data and the distribution of the price elasticity estimates are important to consider when comparing stumpage price elasticity estimates from different analysis. FOR. Sci. 49(4):530-538.
Karyomorphological Studies on Halophytic Plants

1. Karyomorphological studies were carried out in halophytic and nonhalophytic Chenopodium.2. Halophytic C. glaucum was dipolid with n=9, 2n=18; semi-halophytic C. acuminatum var. japonicum was tetraploid with n=18, 2n=36, non-halophytic C. album was hexaploid with n=27, 2n=54, C. album var. centrorubrum hexaploid with 2n=54, and C. ambrosioides var. pubescens n=16, 2n=32.3. The five taxa were found to have similar karyomorphological features categorized into the same ‘simple chromocenter type’ at resting stage, proximal and gradient heterochromatic type at prophase, and homogeneous type in size and symmetric type in arm-ratio at metaphase.4. Morphological features of chromosomes were found to be correlated to the phylogenetic interrelationships in taxa, while no particular feature was found in relation to halophytic habit, except for polyploidy.5. It was proposed that the morphological features of the chromosomes appear not as the product of adaptive reaction to the environmental conditions but as the product of phylogenetic reaction.
Native g-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptors from Rat Hippocampus, Containing Both a1 and a5 Subunits, Exhibit a Single Benzodiazepine Binding Site with a5 Pharmacological

Evidences indicate the existence of two homologous and/or heterologous a subunits coassembled in a single g-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor. However, it is unknown whether both or only one of the coassembled a subunits display benzodiazepine binding sites. Thus, we have investigated the association between a1 and a5 subunits and the pharmacological properties of these GABAA receptors from rat hippocampus. The association between a1 and a5 subunits was demonstrated by immunoblot of the anti-a 1o r - a5 immunoaffinity-purified receptors and by double immunopurification by anti-a1 and -a5 columns in series. The benzodiazepine binding properties of the immunoprecipitated receptors indicated the existence of pharmacologically active and inactive a subunits. The anti-a5 immunoprecipitated receptors displayed exclusively low-affinity binding sites for both Cl218,872 (Ki 5 0.81 6 0.15 mM) and zolpidem (Ki 5 5.0 6 3.0 mM), in spite of the association between a1 and a5 subunits. The anti-a1 immunoprecipitated receptors displayed both high- and low-affinity binding sites for both ligands (Kis 5 47.5 6 5.2 nM and 0.7 6 0.06 mM for Cl218,872 and 25.0 6 7.0 nM, 415 6 200 nM and 9.3 6 3.0 mM for zolpidem). Therefore, the a5 subunit, when coassembled with a1 subunit, should be pharmacologically predominant. This hypothesis was probed by immunoprecipitation of the photoaffinity-labeled receptors and by anti-a1 and -a5 double immunopurified receptors. The a1-a5 double immunopurified receptors displayed a single low-affinity binding site (Ki 5 908 6 105 nM) for Cl218,872, undetectable [ 3 H]zolpidem binding activity, and similar [ 3 H]flumazenil and [ 3 H]L655,708 binding activity (0.10 6 0.01 and 0.09 6 0.02 pmol/20 ml of anti-a5 immunobeads, respectively). Thus, the native GABAA receptors containing a1 and a5 subunits have only one a subunit pharmacologically active displaying a5 binding properties.
Weed Management in Transplanted Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum) with Pretransplant Tank Mixes of Sulfentrazone, S-metolachlor, and Dimethenamid-p

Pepper growers currently have limited access to many effective broadleaf herbicides. Field trials were conducted over a 3-year period in Ontario to study the effect of tank mixtures of sulfentrazone (100 or 200 g·ha -1 a.i.) with either s-metolachlor (1200 or 2400 g·ha -1 a.i.) or dimethenamid-p (750 or 1500 g·ha -1 a.i.) on transplanted bell pepper. Under weed-free conditions, there was no visual injury or reduction in plant height, fruit number, fruit size, or marketable yield of transplanted pepper with pretransplant applications of sulfentrazone applied in tank mixtures with s-metolachlor or dimethenamid-p. The tank mixture of sulfentrazone + s-metolachlor gave greater than 85% control of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum), but only 70% to 76% control of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album). The combination of sulfentrazone + dimethenamid-p provided good to excellent control of all weed species except velvetleaf. Based on this study, sulfentrazone and dimethenamid-p have potential for minor use registration in pepper.
Ordered Logistic Analysis of Farmers' Market Regulations: Who Finds Them Easy?

This study applies an ordered logistic regression to data collected in 2015 using in-person survey, mail, and online surveys from fresh produce vendors at farmers’ markets within the south central and western Kentucky regions. The purpose was to explain levels of difficult the vendors face when complying with market regulations. Results indicate that an average fresh produce vendor at farmers’ market is 26 percent likely going to comply with market regulations easily, 69 percent moderately, and 4 percent hardly. Participating in CSA and “local” labeling programs, years of farming experience, and being a male vendor are associated with finding relatively easy to comply with farmers markets regulations. Market managers and policy makers will find this study useful in ensuring that those regulations pose no greater difficult to the vendors. Likewise, findings are useful to the vendors for they indicate variables that make easier for them to comply with the regulations.