Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trial-to-Trial Variability of Spiking Delay Activity in Prefrontal Cortex Constrains Burst-Coding Models of Working Memory

A hallmark neuronal correlate of working memory (WM) is stimulus-selective spiking activity of neurons in PFC during mnemonic delays. These observations have motivated an influential computational modeling framework in which WM is supported by persistent activity. Recently, this framework has been challenged by arguments that observed persistent activity may be an artifact of trial-averaging, which potentially masks high variability of delay activity at the single-trial level. In an alternative scenario, WM delay activity could be encoded in bursts of selective neuronal firing which occur intermittently across trials. However, this alternative proposal has not been tested on single-neuron spike-train data. Here, we developed a framework for addressing this issue by characterizing the trial-to-trial variability of neuronal spiking quantified by Fano factor (FF). By building a doubly stochastic Poisson spiking model, we first demonstrated that the burst-coding proposal implies a significant increase in FF positively correlated with firing rate, and thus loss of stability across trials during the delay. Simulation of spiking cortical circuit WM models further confirmed that FF is a sensitive measure that can well dissociate distinct WM mechanisms. We then tested these predictions on datasets of single-neuron recordings from macaque PFC during three WM tasks. In sharp contrast to the burst-coding model predictions, we only found a small fraction of neurons showing increased WM-dependent burstiness, and stability across trials during delay was strengthened in empirical data. Therefore, reduced trial-to-trial variability during delay provides strong constraints on the contribution of single-neuron intermittent bursting to WM maintenance. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT There are diverging classes of theoretical models explaining how information is maintained in working memory by cortical circuits. In an influential model class, neurons exhibit persistent elevated memorandum-selective firing, whereas a recently developed class of burst-coding models suggests that persistent activity is an artifact of trial-averaging, and spiking is sparse in each single trial, subserved by brief intermittent bursts. However, this alternative picture has not been characterized or tested on empirical spike-train data. Here we combine mathematical analysis, computational model simulation, and experimental data analysis to test empirically these two classes of models and show that the trial-to-trial variability of empirical spike trains is not consistent with burst coding. These findings provide constraints for theoretical models of working memory.
Geography, not host identity, shapes bacterial community in reindeer lichens

Background and Aims Tremendous progress have been recently achieved in host-microbe research, however, there is still a surprising lack of knowledge in many taxa. Despite its dominance and crucial role in boreal forest, reindeer lichens have until now received little attention. We characterize, for the first time, the bacterial community of four species of reindeer lichens from Eastern North America’s boreal forests. We analysed the effect of two factors (host-identity and geography) in the bacterial community composition, we verified the presence of a common core bacteriota and identified the most abundant core taxa. Methods Morphological and molecular lichen species delimitation was performed based on the ITS region. The bacterial community of around 200 lichen samples was characterised using the 16S rRNA gene. Key Results Our results showed that host-lichen identity does not determine bacterial community composition in reindeer lichens, but we confirmed the influence of geography in shaping the diversity and abundance of bacteria associated to the species Cladonia stellaris from lichen woodlands. We also revealed that reindeer lichens share a reduced common core bacteriota composed exclusively by Proteobacteria. Conclusions The bacterial community in reindeer lichens is not host-selective. Northern lichen woodlands exhibit a significant higher diversity and abundance of bacteria associated to Cladonia stellaris. Nevertheless, the specific role of those bacteria as well as the process of host colonization remains to be determined. Elucidating these two aspects would be key to have a better understanding of the whole boreal ecosystems. The reduced and not diverse core bacteriota of reindeer lichens might be due to the larger size of our study area. The presence of the species Methylorosula polaris in the core bacteriota is evident and might have a particular importance for reindeer lichens.
Analgesic efficacy of liposomal bupivacaine for surgical site infiltration: a single-outcome meta-analysis (the best we could do)

To cite: Abdallah FW, Hussain N, Brull R. Reg Anesth Pain Med Epub ahead of print: [please include Day Month Year]. doi:10.1136/rapm-2020102395 Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Anesthesiology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA Department of Anesthesiology, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Mathematical Analysis of Solanesol Adsorption on Macroporous Resins using the General Rate Model

A mathematical model including convection, axial dispersion, external- and intraparticle mass transfer resistances, particle size distribution (PSD) and variation of isotherm (VOI) was developed for analyzing the adsorption process of solanesol by macroporous resins. The theoretical predictions were compared with the experimental data obtained at different conditions to examine the validity of the model. The results showed that the theoretical predictions were very consistent with the experimental data. The model parameters were investigated using the model developed. The results showed that: (a) As Pe, Bi, m, n, and a increased and b decreased, the time required to reach the breakthrough point was delayed and the loading capacity at the breakthrough point was increased; (b) When Pe is greater than 50, the effect of axial diffusion decreased to a negligible level, and (c) At the region of low values of m and n, the breakthrough curves changed severely and the adsorption column was penetrated through easily.
SIMULTANEOUS SOIL HEAT AND WATER TRANSFER

Theory describing heat and water transfer in porous media is tested for various experimental conditions: three initial soil water contents (0.08, 0.14, and 0.18 m3/m3) and three mean soil temperatures (10, 27, and 50°C). The experiments are performed in horizontal closed soil columns. The soil columns are unsaturated, and all are nonisothermal with a temperature gradient of 100°C/m. Two approaches are used to estimate water transport coefficients. One approach is empirical, making use of observations of steady-state heat and water distributions, whereas the other approach is to compute coefficients based upon earlier theoretical development. Predicted soil temperature distributions are similar to observations for all columns. Predicted soil water content values compare well with observed values when the initial soil water content is greater than 0.14 m3/m3. For initial soil water content of 0.08 m3/m3, prediction by using theoretical transport coefficients overestimate observed soil water contents at positions close to the hot temperature boundary. Predictions of soil water contents by using empirical transport coefficients are within the observations. Theory using either empirical or theoretical values of transport coefficients predicts soil water distributions well for mean temperatures of less than 27°C. For columns with a mean soil temperature of 50°C, predictions using the theoretical transport coefficients overestimate soil water content at positions close to the cold end. Columns of initial soil water content of 0.14 had the largest net water transfer from the hot half to the cold half. Columns of initial soil water content of 0.08 m3/m3 had the lowest net water transfer. Increasing column mean soil temperature caused the net water transfer to increase.
Helical Twisting Power of Steroidal Solutes in Cholesteric Mesophases

Shifts in the nematic temperature of a compensated cholesteric liquid‐crystal solvent, consisting of cholesteryl chloride and cholesteryl myristate, are caused by adding steroidal solutes. A helical twisting power P can be defined which is a molecular property; there is a linear dependence of the inverse of the solute concentration on the helical pitch. The method has the advantages of (1) allowing study of compounds which do not form mesophases themselves and (2) eliminating temperature effects. For a series of fatty acid esters of cholesterol, P decreases with decreasing number of carbon atoms in the ester chain, and shows a zigzag fine structure with P having higher values for odd‐numbered carbon‐atom chains. P, and therefore the helix, changes rotational senses if the ester chain is replaced by Cl, Br, or OH. Changes are also discussed associated with modification of the 17 side chain or the steroid ring system itself. A model is proposed attributing P to the molecular asymmetry at the 3β position of .
Atmospheric Pressure PE-CVD of Fluorocarbon Thin Films by Means of Glow Dielectric Barrier Discharges

Glow dielectric barrier discharges (GDBDs) fed with He-C3F6and He-C3F8-H2 gas mixtures were used to deposit fluorocarbon thin films. The deposition process was studied inside the GDBD existence domain as evaluated by electrical measurements. The composition and structure of the deposited coatings were investigated through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Water Contact Angle measurements, and Scanning Electron Microscopy. He-C3F6 gas mixtures generate fluorocarbon films with F/C ratio of 1.5 at deposition rates up to
Perceived Organizational Politics, Leadership Style and Resilience: How Do They Relate to OCB, If at All?

The present study examines the relationship between Perceived Organizational Politics (POP) and self-reported Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) focusing on three mediating variables, transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and resilience. 210 employees from a variety of organizations and backgrounds completed a questionnaire containing standard measures of the study variables. Analysis of the data using Amos statistical package shows that OCB is significantly associated with POP, and that leadership styles and resilience significantly mediate this association. The results are discussed in terms of employees’ motivation to react to lack of perceived clarity, justice and fairness by enhancing their self-report of OCB engagement. Further research is needed to better understand the meaning of self-reported OCB.
Factors Associated with Attitudes towards the Preferred Method of Delivery in Medical and Non-Medical Female Students

Aims: In order to reduce the rate of cesarean section (CS), it is necessary to be aware of attitudes of women to predict their preferred method of delivery and its related factors. This study aimed to compare attitudes of medical and non-medical female students regarding the preferred method of delivery and its related factors in 2019. Study Design: cross sectional-analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: Medical and non-medical undergraduate female students of Guilan, Rasht, Iran, were randomly selected between October 2019 and November 2019. Methodology: We included 1040 students (873 non-medical, 167 medical students; mean age 20.90 ± 1.54 years). The data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential (Chi Square, Fisher's exact test, Kruskal–Wallis, Mann-Whitney and multiple regression) statistics (P =.05). Results: In general, 71.50% of subjects in both groups had a neutral attitude. For group comparison, the medical and non-medical groups (24% and 12.40%) had a positive attitude towards CS and (11.40% and 14.80%) had a positive attitude towards normal vaginal delivery (NVD), respectively. Attitude score according to the university (P =.002), the school (P =.002), the academic year (P =.001), age (P =.031), ethnicity (P =.001), child rank (P =.042), father education (P =.007), mother education (P =.006), childbirth method of the mothers in other children (P =.007), and delivery method of the relatives (P =.05) was significant. Conclusion: Although non-medical students had more possitive attitude towards NVD, in general, in both groups, the majority of them had a neutral attitude towards the mode of delivery. It seems necessary to develop the educational-counseling interventions to form a positive attitude towards NVD in all students and youngs.
A Cross-Country Study on Women Entrepreneurship through the CAGE Analysis: Evidences from China and Turkey

Dunya capinda meydana gelen son degisiklikler, cinsiyetin benimsenmesine yonelik girisimcilik anlayisini gelistirmis, boylelikle kadin girisimciligi kavrami daha belirgin hale gelmistir. Ancak, calismalarda, bilhassa gelismekte olan ulkelerdeki, kadin girisimcilige yeterli onem verilmemesi kadin girisimcilerin uygulamalarini ortaya koyma konusunda bulanik bir tablonun olusmasina sebebiyet vermektedir. Bu anlamda, gelismekte olan ulkelerin kadin girisimciligine yonelik politikalarini ve yapilarini arastirmada ekonomik ve ekonomik olmayan belirli bilesenler one cikmaktadir. Dolayisiyla, bu calisma, kadin girisimciligi icin gosterge niteligindeki iki gelismekte ulke Cin ve Turkiye'nin kendine has ozelliklerini tanimlamayi ve bunlari CAGE analizi araciligiyla belirli acilardan degerlendirmeyi amaclamaktadir. Iki baglama dair tartisilan hususlar girisimcilik literaturune, ozellikle baslangic asamasinda olan kadin girisimciligi literaturune ve sosyal ag ile guclu bag teorilerine katkida bulunmaktadir. Ayrica, CAGE analizinin uygulanmasi, bu yaklasimin girisimcilik alanindaki kullanimina dair yeni olusan bilgileri, kadin girisimciligi kanitlariyla beraber ilerletmektedir. Sunulan yaklasim ve bulgular hem karar vericiler hem de farkli ulkelerdeki girisimlerle ilgilenen potansiyel girisimciler tarafindan referans olarak kullanilabilir.
Clinical efficacy and safety analysis of laparoscopic hernioplasty and open tension-free hernioplasty for abdominal incisional hernia

Background: At present, surgical treatment is the only way to cure abdominal incisional hernia. This study aimed to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of laparoscopic hernioplasty and open tension-free hernioplasty for abdominal incisional hernia. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on clinical data of 132 patients with abdominal incisional hernia, including 59 patients treated with open tension-free hernioplasty (open group) and 73 patients treated with laparoscopic hernioplasty (laparoscope group). Results: Compared with patients in open group, patients in laparoscope group had shorter operative time, postoperative hospital stays and recovery time of postoperative feeding, less intraoperative blood loss, number of postoperative analgesic usage and total hospitalization expenses, smaller intraoperative abdominal wall defect area, significantly lower incidence of total complications, and lower incidence of abdominal wall pain (all P<0.05). Postoperative recurrence rate of incisional hernia in laparoscope group (2.74%, 2 patients) was lower than that in open group (22.03%, 13 patients) (P<0.05). The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the surgical method, age, body mass index, hernia ring size and postoperative complications were independent risk factors for postoperative recurrence of abdominal incisional hernia (all P<0.05). Conclusion: Compared with open tension-free hernioplasty, laparoscopic hernioplasty has lower recurrence rate and complication incidence, better efficacy and safety, less surgical trauma, rapider recovery and lower treatment expenses, deserving to be used clinically. Surgical method, age, body mass index, hernia ring size and postoperative complications could lead to a large risk of postoperative recurrence.
Recent North Greenland temperature warming and accumulation

Abstract. In a warming climate concise knowledge of the mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet is of utter importance. Speculations that current warming will increase the snow accumulation and mitigate mass balance losses are unconstrained as accumulation data across large regions of the northern ice sheet are scarce. We reconstructed the accumulation from six north Greenland shallow firn cores (~10 m) and eight snow cores (~2 m) to constrain recent accumulation patterns in northern Greenland and calculated recent warming in the same area using borehole temperature measurements. We find an increase in temperatures in the north Greenland interior of 0.9 to 2.5 °C (method and site dependent) per decade over the past two decades in line with an Arctic amplified anthropogenic warming. We compare annual reconstructed accumulation from the firn cores (1966–2015) to radar estimates and to annual re-analysis data (1980–2016) of precipitation subtracted evaporation from the regional climate model HIRHAM5, operated by the Danish Meteorological Institute. The spatial variability resembles that observed in earlier estimates with a clear increase west of the topographic divide and a low accumulation area across the north-eastern ice sheet. Our accumulation results are comparable to earlier firn core estimates, despite being larger in the east. We only find a positive significant trend in the accumulation for the period 2000–2010 to the northwest. In the vicinity of the EGRIP deep ice core drilling site, we find variable accumulation patterns for two 15 km apart firn cores likely owing to local topographic effects as a result of the North East Greenland Ice Stream dynamics.
A Portfolio Approach to Global Imbalances

Recent decades are characterized by large imbalances in the U.S. net foreign asset (NFA) position. Adopting a portfolio-based approach, we estimate demand curves for international debt and equity markets at the country level, and use the estimated demand system to quantitatively attribute the long-run deterioration of the U.S. NFA position. Our decomposition shows that underlying a seemingly simple trend in global imbalances lie opposing forces related to investor savings behavior, official holdings, and investor demand shifts. The standard narratives of the global savings glut and changes in official holdings contribute to global imbalances by decreasing the U.S. NFA position from -10% to -94% of 2002 GDP, whereas shifts in investor demand reverse this trend by 62% of 2002 GDP. Finally, we use our demand system to quantify a key feature of the U.S. exorbitant privilege: global demand for U.S. debt is substantially more inelastic than for any other country. Thus, U.S. issuers can borrow much larger quantities of debt, at lower rates, when compared to other countries.
REVISTA DE CONTABILIDAD SPANISH ACCOUNTING REVIEW

The Directive (EU) 2019/1023 of 20th June 2019 on preventive restructuring frameworks, have highlighted the need to evaluate, the possibilities of restructuring insolvent companies, but viable in the future. Based on the Theory of Resources, this research aims to identify those internal factors that contribute to explain the differences in the outcome of failure SMEs. To do this, a sample of 6,285 Spanish SMEs that failed in the 2008-2010 period was used and the evolution of each of them during the 2011-2013 period is observed. We have two aims: (1) to identify the internal differences influencing the path of reorganizations versus liquidation of failed SMEs, allowing a diagnosis of the firmt’s economic and financial situation in order to prevent its disappearance; and (2) to recognize significantly internal differences between reorganized outof-court and those reorganized in-court. Specifically, our results reveal that the ability of the firm to create value and to manage the receivable and working capital financial design and the level of historical slack contribute to understand the differences between SMEs that are able to overcome difficult situations and survive of those that are liquidated. In addition, our results also reveal that the level of assets and debts are the main difference between firms that opt for an out-of-court reorganization and those that follow a judicial reorganization process. ©2021 ASEPUC. Published by EDITUM Universidad de Murcia. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Códigos JEL: C13 G01 G33 G34 K22 M40 Palabras clave: PYMES liquidación fracaso empresarial reorganización empresarial reorganización judicial reorganización extrajudicial Supervivencia de las pymes en situación de "Fracaso Empresarial" y reorganización extrajudicial versus judicial: factores explicativos internos
Lived Experiences of Iranian ICU Nurses In The Care of Patients With Covid-19: A Phenomenological Study

Background: Covid-19 pandemic with its sudden and widespread global outbreak has stunned health care systems. Nurses are at the forefront of fight against this pandemic, and Intensive care unit (ICU) nurses are more at risk of infection as they have a greater interaction with infected patients. Therefore, the present study was conducted to explore the lived experiences of Iranian ICU nurses in the care of patients with covid-19.Methods: This is an interpretive phenomenological study in which, 15 ICU nurses were purposefully selected. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to collect data. The transcripts of the interviews were recorded and then analyzed by Diekelmann (1989) method with hermeneutic approach.Results: Ten of the samples were female and five were male. The mean age of participants was 32 years and their average work experience in the intensive care unit was 6 years. Three main themes were obtained from data analysis, including beyond usual care, the emergence of a new image of nursing and the Realization of professional challenges. Conclusion: Working in difficult and unknown conditions with many challenges caused mental and physical depreciation of nurses in the intensive care unit. However, the nurses showed a spirit of self-sacrifice and did not give up their relentless efforts to fight this unknown enemy, and fulfilled their professional responsibilities to provide the best care to patients. By doing so, the nurses showed a new image of nursing to the society. Therefore, full support should be provided to healthcare workers, especially nurses by the authorities in order to prepare them to respond to unwanted crises.