Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis Difficulties and Characteristics of Item Test of on Biology National Standard School Examination

This research aims to describe the characteristics of biology test items in the test instrument of USBN (National Standard School Examination) through test items analysis to check of reliability estimation, difficulty level, and item discrimination, as well as to identify items that have a high level of difficulty, and to analyze the factors that cause the items these questions are difficult for students. Data collection technique was done through documentation. The collected data were in the form of a set of Biology National Standard School Examination key answers, and students’ response of senior high school in Banjarbaru City, South Kalimantan Indonesia. Quantitative data analysis was conducted by using the approaches of Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT). Qualitative data analysis was carried out to describe students’ difficulty in answering test items with difficult category. The results show that reliability estimation is quite reliable. Based on the analysis result of CTT and IRT, the mean of difficulty level is categorized as medium, and the mean of distinguishing ability is categorized good. In qualitative analysis, it is obtained that one item becomes difficult to answer due to the low concept comprehension, unfinished learning materials, and learning difficulties during the class.
Non-overlapping climatic niches and biogeographic barriers explain disjunct distributions of continental Urania moths

Larvae of Urania moths feed exclusively on Omphalea plants, which are widely distributed in the Neotropics. However, the distributions of the two Urania species in this region are disjunct. This distributional pattern could derive from the presence of the Andes, but it could also be related to differences in ecological niches, the presence of negative interactions, or the absence of conditions that can only be observed at a habitat level. We tested whether differences in the ecological niches of continental Urania moths play a role in their disjunct distribution. Using species records and climatic variables, we characterized the ecological niches of Urania moths and their host plants and analyzed the overlap of the moths' niches. Using ecoregions as a proxy of habitat-level environmental conditions, we explored the role of host plant availability on the moth distributions. Suitable conditions for the species were widespread, with a lack of suitability mostly restricted to the Andean highlands. The two moth distributions were closely related to that of their host plants. There was medium-high overlap of niche models when available conditions were considered; however, niche overlap was not found to be statistically significant. Our results corroborate the barrier effect of the Andes on the dispersal of these moths, but they also show that niche differences contribute to the disjunct distributions of U. fulgens and U. leilus. Furthermore, other non-climatic factors appear to play a crucial role in the disjunction of the species ranges in areas where overlapping suitable conditions are continuous. Our findings support speciation in Urania moths as allopatric and indicate that their disjunct distributions can be attributed to multiple factors. Other studies exploring the causes of similar distributional patterns should consider that a single factor may not be enough to explain such patterns.
WHEN AND WHERE P-VALUE IS REQUIRED: MISNOMERS IN CLINICALAND STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The interpretation of the p-value has been an arena for discussion making it difficult for many researchers. The p-value was introduced in 1900 by Pearson. Though, it is very difficult to comment about the demerits of the p-values and significance testing which has not been spoken in a long time because of the practical application of it as a measure of interpretation in clinical research. The usage of the confidence intervals around the sample statistics and effect size should be given more importance than relying solely upon the statistical significance. The researchers, should be consulting a statistician in the initial stages of the planning of the study for avoidance of the misinterpretation of the P-value especially if they are using statistical software for their data analysis.
Incidence of Hearing Loss in COVID-19 Patients: A COVID Hospital-based Study in the Eastern Part of India

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) is an acute respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus(SARS CoV-2) Clinically COVID-19 presented with respiratory illness and also death is a possible outcome Hearing loss is an interesting clinical outcome associated with COVID-19 infections Objective: This study is designed to analyze the incidence of hearing loss in COVID-19 patients after discharge from the COVID-19 hospital Methods: Twenty-eight patients of COVID-19 discharged from COVID hospital presenting with hearing loss participated in this study The age ranges from 16 years to 52 years Patients those had hearing loss before admission to COVID hospital were excluded from this study All these patients underwent pure tone audiometry, tympanometry and Otoacoustic emission study Results: Out of 28 patients, 18 (64 28%) were male and 10 (35 71%) were female with male to female ratio of 1 8:1 The age ranges of the participants were 16 to 52 years Twenty-two patients presented with unilateral hearing loss and six presented with bilateral hearing loss Out of 28 patients, 24 (85 71%) were presented with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and 4 (14 28%) presented with conductive hearing loss Out of the 28 patient 21 patients (75%) presented with unilateral hearing loss whereas 17 (60 71%) showed sudden-onset hearing loss Conclusion: Hearing loss in COVID-19 has not received much attention by the medical professionals COVID-19 infection could have deleterious effects on the inner ear specifically on the hair cells of the cochlea despite patients are asymptomatic The proper understanding of the mechanisms behind hearing loss in COVID-19 infections needs further research © IJCRR
Effect of plant growth regulators and chemicals on seed germination and seedling growth of swollen root (Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn.)

A one year research was conducted during 2019-2020 as a part of fulfillment of post graduate degree on “Effect of plant growth regulators and chemicals on seed germination and seedling growth of swollen root (Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn.)” at Dr. Y.S. R Horticultural University, Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh. Among the treatments studied, pre sowing seed soaking with H2O2 @ 0.3% for 8 h recorded maximum values for germination percentage (30.50), survival percentage (99.60), seedling growth parameters viz., fresh weight of seedling (0.661g, 3.35 g), dry weight of seedling (0.181 g, 0.920 g), chlorophyll content (45.99 SPAD, 32.87 SPAD), vigour index I (192.15 cm, 234.85 cm), vigour index II (20.11 g, 102.53 g), root length (6.20 cm, 6.90 cm), fresh weight of root (0.256 g, 2.15 g) and dry weight of root (0.161 g, 0.461 g) at 25 and 50 days after germination respectively. Significantly highest seedling height (7.97 cm, 9.10 cm), number of leaves (7.60, 9.30) and absolute growth rate (0.320 cm, 0.360 cm) at 25 and 50 days after germination respectively was recorded with seed soaking in GA3 @ 1000 ppm for 24 h.
Joint Learning of Deep Retrieval Model and Product Quantization based Embedding Index

Embedding index that enables fast approximate nearest neighbor(ANN) search, serves as an indispensable component for state-of-the-art deep retrieval systems. Traditional approaches, often separating the two steps of embedding learning and index building, incur additional indexing time and decayed retrieval accuracy. In this paper, we propose a novel method called Poeem, which stands for product quantization based embedding index jointly trained with deep retrieval model, to unify the two separate steps within an end-to-end training, by utilizing a few techniques including the gradient straight-through estimator, warm start strategy, optimal space decomposition and Givens rotation. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed method not only improves retrieval accuracy significantly but also reduces the indexing time to almost none. We have open sourced our approach for the sake of comparison and reproducibility.
Assessment of the Impact of Public Transport Accessibility on the Value of Urban Residential Real Estate

Currently, analysis of the impact of public transport on real estate and its value is widely demanded in the world. The analysis is used to plan investments in public transport and the efficiency of public transport networks. In Russia, such studies have been carried out mainly in the framework of the evaluation of specific properties, which does not make it possible to macroanalyze the urban public transport environment and compare them with each other. The aim of the work is to study the influence of the proximity of public transport infrastructure on the cost of urban residential real estate, to determine the average value of such an impact for Yekaterinburg. In this study, we intend to confirm the hypothesis about different influence of the proximity of a public transport stop on the cost of housing, taking into account the different set of attributes that characterize it. The calculations were carried out using the analysis of the supply of the real estate market, carried out with the method of multiple regression, simultaneously with the geo-positioning of real estate units on the map to calculate the distance of each object to the nearest public transport stop of a certain type. Based on the results of the calculations, a global tendency towards a higher cost of the properties that are close to tram stops or metro stations in Yekaterinburg is confirmed, and the share of the value of a property generated by the proximity of a public transport stop was calculated. The authors confirmed the hypothesis about varying sensitivity of residential real estate to the proximity of public transport stops. Newer homes have lower sensitivity to proximity to public transport stops than older ones. The obtained empirical evidence of the influence of public transport infrastructure on the value of residential real estate demonstrates the most significant contribution to the value of a real estate object, the proximity to the metro station in Yekaterinburg (3.0 – 12.0%). The tram infrastructure showed a slightly lower impact on the total cost of the facility (3.2 – 8.8%). The revealed interdependencies make it possible to apply the obtained data to forecasting the growth of the taxable base for property tax during the construction of new transport lines.
Effects of fluorine content on the elastic behavior of topaz [Al2SiO4(F,OH)2]

Abstract In this work, we modeled the structure, the compressional behavior and the physical properties of topaz over six different fluorine contents and a wide range of pressure, using a quantum mechanical approach based on periodic boundary conditions. We adopted the density functional theory using the B3LYP functional and all-electron Gaussian-type orbitals basis sets. An atomic level description of the athermal (T = 0 K) pressure-induced structural modification of topaz is provided. From the compression results we obtained the athermal bulk modulus (KT0), its first derivative (K′) and the athermal volume at zero pressure (V0) by a third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation fit. The results show that KT0 increases with fluorine content. The compressional pattern is anisotropic, as observed by the axial compressibility and second-order elastic constants calculations. We observed that the compression involves three different mechanism, polyhedral contraction, polyhedral tilting and hydrogen bonding, all of them influenced, with different extent, by the fluorine content in topaz. Recent experimental results obtained by single-crystal X-ray and neutron diffraction of specific topaz compositions are in very good agreement with our simulations, which further extend the knowledge of the structural and elastic properties of topaz over a wider range of fluorine content.
Certified Robustness to Text Adversarial Attacks by Randomized [MASK]

Very recently, few certified defense methods have been developed to provably guarantee the robustness of a text classifier to adversarial synonym substitutions. However, all the existing certified defense methods assume that the defenders have been informed of how the adversaries generate synonyms, which is not a realistic scenario. In this study, we propose a certifiably robust defense method by randomly masking a certain proportion of the words in an input text, in which the above unrealistic assumption is no longer necessary. The proposed method can defend against not only word substitution-based attacks, but also character-level perturbations. We can certify the classifications of over 50% of texts to be robust to any perturbation of five words on AGNEWS, and two words on SST2 dataset. The experimental results show that our randomized smoothing method significantly outperforms recently proposed defense methods across multiple datasets under different attack algorithms.
Self-propagating combustion simulation of sputter-deposited nano-energetic multilayer films

There are dependences of reactivity of nano reactivity multilayer films on scale, and the chemical pre-reactions at interface of reactivity multilayer films (RFMs) are avoided. The reactivity of Al/Ni, Al/Ti nano RFMs were analyzed by XRD and DSC. Analyzed results shown that the released heat of nRFMs depend on thickness of reactant layers, the thinner layer, the less released heat and the released heat is less than its theoretical heat. A pre-reaction region exists possibly at the interface of boundary layers by XRD analysis. A simple equation is derived to calculate the thickness of pre-reaction by the experimental data of RFMs reaction heat. The calculated results shown the thickness of pre-reaction layer depends on increasing of scale progressively.
Deep Learning of Nanopore Sensing Signals Using a Bi-Path Network

Temporal changes in electrical resistance of a nanopore sensor caused by translocating target analytes are recorded as a sequence of pulses on current traces. Prevalent algorithms for feature extraction in pulse-like signals lack objectivity because empirical amplitude thresholds are user-defined to single out the pulses from the noisy background. Here, we use deep learning for feature extraction based on a bi-path network (B-Net). After training, the B-Net acquires the prototypical pulses and the ability of both pulse recognition and feature extraction without a priori assigned parameters. The B-Net is evaluated on simulated data sets and further applied to experimental data of DNA and protein translocation. The B-Net results are characterized by small relative errors and stable trends. The B-Net is further shown capable of processing data with a signal-to-noise ratio equal to 1, an impossibility for threshold-based algorithms. The B-Net presents a generic architecture applicable to pulse-like signals beyond nanopore currents.
The Physics of Dense Suspensions

Dense suspensions of particles are relevant to many applications and are a key platform for developing a fundamental physics of out-of-equilibrium systems. They present challenging flow properties, apparently turning from liquid to solid upon small changes in composition or, intriguingly, in the driving forces applied to them. The emergent physics close to the ubiquitous jamming transition (and to some extent the glass and gelation transitions) provides common principles with which to achieve a consistent interpretation of a vast set of phenomena reported in the literature. In light of this, we review the current state of understanding regarding the relation between the physics at the particle scale and the rheology at the macroscopic scale. We further show how this perspective opens new avenues for the development of continuum models for dense suspensions.
Understanding the Processes Underlying Inter‐firm Collaboration: Mutual Forbearance and the Principle of Congruity

This paper makes a theoretical innovation by integrating two key principles – mutual for- bearance and the principle of congruity – into one general process model. It examines the micro-mechanisms underlying the formation of a mutual-forbearance agreement and explicates the role of time and of individual actions. We further understanding of the process of cooperation building by drawing a parallel between early stages of the formation process of mutual forbearance and cooperation, and argue that mutual forbearance may, under certain conditions, lead to long-term cooperation or, if mismanaged, completely smother any chances of it. A prospective agreement may be put at risk when potential contributions are evaluated differently by each party and no action to mitigate the conse- quences is taken; even more so in a mutual-forbearance context when the parties can only observe their counterparts’ actions through the market. Our model takes into account the micro-mechanisms associated with the time between the actions of one entity/individual (e.g. the top manager) and the reaction of another entity/individual, the boundary condi- tions of the background to those actions and the alternative actions available during this time. Propositions for further exploration and implications are drawn. relationship rather than fostering the impulse to interactions (Malhotra, 2004). In cross-cultural interac- tions, mutual forbearance influences the timing and intensity of (in)actions in a similar way as observed with reciprocity in the telecommunication sector (Kashlak et al ., 1998).
Effect of Near-field Distribution on Transmission Characteristics of Fiber-fed Fabry–Perot Etalons

Fiber-fed etalons are widely employed in advanced interferometric instruments such as gravitational-wave detectors, ultrastable lasers and calibration reference for high-precision spectrographs. We demonstrate that variation in near-field distribution of the feeding fiber would deteriorate the spectrum precision of the fiber-fed Fabry–Perot etalon, especially when precision at the order of 3 × 10−10 or higher is required. The octagonal fiber reinforced with double scrambler could greatly improve the steadiness and uniformness of the near-field distribution. When building wavelength calibrators for sub-m s−1 precision radial-velocity instruments, the double scrambler should be considered meticulously.
Empirical Analysis of the Elasticity of Employment to Output Gap in the Republic of Croatia

2021. ABSTRACT This article deals with the impact of cyclical activity of GDP on employment in the Republic of Croatia in the period from 2000 to 2020. According to the prevailing economic paradigm, employment growth follows GDP growth in the long run, but cyclical changes in GDP are also an important factor in monitoring economic developments and require adjustments by economic policy makers in the short term. Okun’s law, based on the natural unemployment rate, is often used as a guide for the purpose of determining corrective economic policy measures. In practice, the unemployment rate is not a particularly reliable labour market variable, so this study sought to empirically examine how cyclical GDP activity affects a much more reliable labour market variable - the number of employed. Empirical studies of the impact of the income gap on employment are very rare compared to those dealing with the impact of GDP growth on employment, so this study on the example of the Republic of Croatia aimed to show that employment elasticity with respect to income gap can serve as a measure of the impact of cyclical economic activity on the number of employees. Empirical analysis of the impact of the income gap on employment was conducted using the vector error correction model (VEC). The results of the analysis indicate a statistically significant impact of the cyclical component of GDP on cyclical employment in the Croatian economy and therefore the authors suggest that this approach should be used as a complementary to Okun’s
Drop Interface and Airflow Unsteadiness in Wind-Forced Drop Depinning

Liquid drops that are pinned to solid surfaces by contact-angle hysteresis can be dislodged by wind forcing. When this occurs at high Reynolds numbers, substantial drop-interface oscillations precede depinning. It has been hypothesized that coupling between drop interface oscillations and unsteady airflow vortices are important to the depinning process. This possibility is investigated using simultaneous high-speed side-view drop images and airflow fluctuation measurements. The results show no evidence of coupling across a range of drop volumes and wind speeds for water drops in air. When properly scaled by drop volume, drop interface fluctuation frequencies are not affected by wind speed. Airflow vortex shedding occurs as if the drop were a solid surface protuberance. For the air/water system in these experiments, vortex shedding frequencies are substantially higher than drop interface frequencies and the disparate frequencies may make the hypothesized coupling impossible.
Ionospheric Diurnal Double‐Maxima Patterns Observed by the TEC From Beidou Geostationary Satellites in the Asian‐Australian Sector During 2016–2018

Statistical analysis was conducted to investigate the ionospheric diurnal double‐maxima (DDM) patterns using the total electron content (TEC) from the Beidou geostationary (GEO) satellites. The data were used over the Asian‐Australian sector during 2016–2018. It was found that the ionospheric DDM had the obvious seasonal and latitudinal variations as well as hemispheric differences. The occurrence rate of ionospheric DDM presented a semi‐annual variation with a main peak around the June solstice (local summer) and a secondary peak around the December solstice in the northern hemisphere and equator region, whereas an annual variation with the highest occurrence rate around the June solstice (local winter) was observed in the southern hemisphere. Furthermore, the occurrence rate of ionospheric DDM around the equatorial ionization anomaly crest region was lower than that at other latitudes. There was an anti‐correlation between the occurrence rate of ionospheric DDM and the background TEC, indicating that the drivers, which determine the variations of the background TEC, possibly play an important role in producing the latitudinal and seasonal variations of ionospheric DDM as well. Nevertheless, the causative mechanisms could be different for daytime and post‐sunset DDMs.