Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The trace fossil Cruziana semiplicata and the trilobite that made it

A set of criteria is suggested for associating a trace fossil with a plausible fossil: (1) close association in the field; (2) concurrent stratigraphic range; (3) a minimal choice of candidates available that could have made the trace; (4) consistent size range between trace fossil population and that of the maker; and (5) consistent biogeographic ranges for both. In the Upper Cambrian Andam Formation of Oman, there is a rare, direct association between trilobite body fossils and the trace fossil Cruziana in the same rock succession. An association of the trilobite Maladioidella cf. colcheni with the trace fossil Cruziana semiplicata is supported by the criteria listed. Maladioidella is associated with C. semiplicata over a wide geographical area in western Gondwana. It is therefore likely that some Cruziana species were made by trilobites.
Cotton Root Growth and Uptake of Nutrients: Relation of Phosphorus Uptake to Quantity, Intensity, and Buffering Capacity

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum var. ‘Stoneville 213’) was grown in greenhouse pots containing Hartsells fine sandy loam. Four rates of P were employed and the crop was harvested on three different dates. Dry matter yield of tops and uptake of P were measured. Roots were recovered and their length determined. These data were used to calculate a rate of P uptake per meter of roots which in turn was related to quantity and intensity of soil P. A parameter that combines the effects of quantity, intensity, and P buffering capacity was derived, and rate of P uptake was found to be related to this parameter. Rate of P uptake increased with rate of root growth.
Client-Led Applied Sport Psychology Practitioners’ Narratives About Helping Athletes

The current study explored how applied sport psychology practitioners adopting client-led stances described two of their athlete interactions. Applied sport psychology practitioners (8 female and 12 male, mean age = 33.76 years, SD = 4.70), describing themselves as client-led practitioners, discussed two athlete consultancies during open-ended interviews. Data analysis involved examining the narrative structure of practitioners’ stories and identifying the features of client-led service delivery present in the accounts. The participants’ stories reflected a collaborative empiricism narrative in which they collaborated with athletes to resolve client issues. The stories contained features of client-led person-centered therapy and the use of practitioner-led techniques and interventions. The results point to applied implications such as providing accounts of service delivery on which practitioners can reflect as they consider the ways they wish to help clients.
Application of a SWAT model for estimating runoff and sediment in two mountainous basins in central Iran

Abstract The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to model runoff and sediment in the Beheshtabad (3860 km2) and Vanak (3198 km2) watersheds in the northern Karun catchment in central Iran. Model calibration and uncertainty analysis were performed with sequential uncertainty fitting (SUFI-2), which is one of the programs interfaced with SWAT, in the package SWAT-CUP (SWAT Calibration Uncertainty Programs). Two measures were used to assess the goodness of calibration and uncertainty analysis: (a) the percentage of data bracketed by the 95% prediction uncertainty (95PPU) (P factor), and (b) the ratio of average thickness of the 95PPU band to the standard deviation of the corresponding measured variable (D factor). Ideally, the P factor should tend towards 1 with a D factor close to zero. These measures together indicate the strength of the calibration-uncertainty analysis. Runoff and sediment data from four hydrometric stations in each basin were used for calibration and validation. The P factor for Beheshtabad stations ranged from 0.31 to 0.86, while those for Vanak stations were between 0.71 and 0.80. The D factor for Beheshtabad ranged from 0.3 to 1.1, and for Vanak it was 0.77–1.16. These measures indicate a fair model calibration and accounting of uncertainties. The predicted runoff values were quite similar to those for discharge.
The Expertise Paradox: How Policy Expertise Can Hinder Responsiveness

We argue that policy expertise constrains the ability of politicians to act on voter preferences. Representatives with more knowledge and experience in a given domain have more confidence in their own issue-specific positions. Enhanced confidence, in turn, may lead politicians to discount opinions they disagree with, producing a distorted image of the electorate. Two experiments with Swedish politicians support this argument. First, officials are more likely to dismiss appeals from voters in their areas of expertise and less likely to accept that opposing views may represent the majority opinion. Consistent with the proposed mechanism, in a second experiment we show that inducing perceptions of expertise increases self-confidence. The results suggest that representatives with more specialized knowledge in a given area may be less capable of acting as delegates in that domain. The study provides a novel explanation for variations in policy responsiveness.
Relative timing of the Storegga submarine slide, methane release, and climate change during the 8.2 ka cold event

This paper highlights the similarity in the timing between the 8.2 ka cold event across the North Atlantic region and one of the world’s largest underwater slides, the Storegga submarine landslide that took place on the continental slope west of Norway. We argue on the basis of a reinterpretation of the age of tsunami deposits that date the slide, as well as published ages of sediment directly resting upon the slide surface, that the slide occurred between 8100 and 8200 cal. yr, near the end of the 8.2 ka cold event. Because sediment exposed at the base of the slide contained less methane-gas-hydrate c. 8200 years ago than exists today and because Greenland ice cores do not show an increase in methane at the time of the slide, it is argued here that the slide did not release significant volumes of methane to the atmosphere and did not contribute to any change in temperature during or after the 8.2 ka cold event.
Millennial‐ to submillennial‐scale features of the Matuyama‐Brunhes geomagnetic polarity transition from Osaka Bay, southwestern Japan

[1] A high-resolution magnetic record of the Matuyama-Brunhes (MB) reversal transition was obtained from homogeneous marine clay in a 1700-m core from Osaka Bay. The transition stretches over a core length of 6.4 m and yields four short reversal episodes. Two predate the main MB boundary (MBB), and two postdate it. We made diatom analyses of sediments to estimate relative sea level changes and constructed an age model by correlation with the astronomically calibrated marine oxygen isotope curve. The age model shows the short reversal episodes, with durations of <1 kyr, occurred at 4–5 kyr intervals within stage 19, and the MBB occurred about 5 kyr after the sea level highstand corresponding to isotopic event 19.3. It also shows the paleointensity minimum of 15–20% of the postreversal mean occurred at about 6 kyr before the MBB and another minimum at about 1 kyr after. Four virtual reverse-to-normal polarity boundaries found in this study suggest different ages for the MBB could be observed in lava flow studies. Some millennial- to submillennial-scale transition features found in this study are compatible with the previous numerical simulations of geomagnetic field reversal.
Neolithic society in Greece

Understanding of early farming societies in Greece has been revolutionized by major field projects, by the growing application of specialist 'scientific' studies, and by new approaches to interpretation. This volume reviews the most significant recent field research, ranging from regional survey, through large-scale excavation of an extensive open settlement, to the investigation of caves. Contributors critically evaluate or revise current ideas on the nature of these early societies at a range of scales from the individual to the region.
Valentinagraptus a new genus of plectograptid graptoloid from the lower Ludlow (Silurian) of Barrandian, Bohemia

The new plectograptid—Valentinagraptus simplex gen. nov., sp. nov.,—(Family Retiolitidae) was recovered from the nilssoni and progenitor biozones (early Gorstian, Ludlow) of the Barrandian area of central Bohemia, Czech Republic. The new taxon is characterized by a sub‐oval form and considerably reduced rhabdosome framework. The rhabdosome is similar to Plectograptus, with a simple ancora umbrella with large proximal orifices, but has a simple ancora sleeve with horizontal lateral lists connecting ladder‐like ventral walls. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental Factors Affecting Volume Growth of Yellow Poplar Plantations in South Korea

South Korean forests need hardwood tree species that can produce timber, as global warming progresses and the habitats of conifers dwindle. For the past 30 years, exotic yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) has been planted to replace some of the pine-dominated forests, as there is a lack of native hardwood tree species that produce large and good quality timber. However, yellow poplar growth has varied among planting sites across the country. We studied how environmental factors affect the growth of 49 stands of yellow poplar trees, with 945 dominant trees across 129 plots. To identify the optimal conditions for yellow poplar growth, we assessed 28 environmental variables, including geographic, climatic, topographic, and soil properties, for their correlation with volume growth. We estimated the optimal conditions for yellow poplar growth by averaging the values of the variables for the top five performing stands. To calculate the relative distance of any stand from the optimal conditions, we divided the difference between the stand’s values for the environmental variables and the optimal conditions by the standard deviation of those variables. We then calculated Spearman rank correlation coefficients between these distances and volume growth rankings. Wind exposure (WE), growing season temperature (GT), Latitude (LN), soil phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) content, low extreme temperature during January and February (LT), and spring humidity (SH) were the most important environmental factors governing growing sites for yellow poplar in Korea, with WE being the most critical. Some variables showed synergistic effects and correlated slightly more strongly with volume growth when combined with the WE variable. Our study provides crucial insights for optimizing plantation management and site selection in non-native ranges, enhancing overall success in establishing yellow poplar plantations in South Korea.
Structure and Seasonality of Interannual and Interdecadal Variability of the Geopotential Height and Temperature Fields in the Northern Hemisphere Troposphere.

Abstract Spatial patterns and seasonality of interannual and interdecadal variability in the 500-hPa geopotential height, sea level pressure, and 1000-500-hPa thickness field are examined based on NMC analyses over the Northern Hemisphere extratropics from 1946 onward. The leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of wintertime seasonal mean 500-hPa height is closely related to the Pacific/North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern. The time series of its expansion exhibits a trend from predominantly negative values (below-normal heights over western Canada) in the early part of the record to predominantly positive values during the 1980s. The leading EOF of sea level pressure, which is similar in summer and winter, contains elements of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and a zonally symmetric “seesaw” between polar and temperature latitudes. Its expansion coefficient exhibits relatively little memory from season to season or from year to year. The leading EOFs of summertime and annual-mean 500-hPa .
Survey of Historic Buildings Predating the 1811-1812 New Madrid Earthquakes and Magnitude Estimation Based on Structural Fragility

Accurate estimation of the magnitudes of the 1811-1812 earthquakes is an important step in the assessment of earthquake hazard in the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ). Expert opinion on the magnitudes of these events has changed over time and currently varies from as low as M 7.4 to as high as M 8.1 (Johnston, 1996; Hough et al. , 2000; Bakun and Hopper, 2002). Historic damage reports and “felt” accounts are the primary sources of information on the extent of the 1811-1812 earthquakes. The distant date of the events, lack of earthquake experience and knowledge, poorly developed communication infrastructure, and locations of the epicenters in the scarcely populated area are among the factors that contribute to the ambiguity of the historic accounts. This ambiguity translates directly into uncertainty in the magnitude estimates of the events and the uncertainty of hazard estimates in the NMSZ. In an effort to better quantify and explain the degree of structural damage reported during the 1811-1812 earthquakes, an extensive historic building survey of structures that predated the events was conducted. The purpose of this survey was to document the construction methods and materials and building configurations typical for that time period. In addition, historic accounts depicting the aftermath of the events were examined for the types and extent of reported structural damage to supplement the results of the historic building survey. Using the compiled data, an improved, more consistent understanding of the performance of buildings during the 1811-1812 events can be achieved and the reported damage correlated with ground motions. In fact, these historic buildings represent surviving seismograph records. It is just that these seismographs are unusually large compared to modern instruments, have unique vibration characteristics, and use the language of damage instead of ink and paper or digital recordings. The remaining task …
Development of an electron track-structure mode for arbitrary semiconductor materials in PHITS

Optimizing the design of semiconductor detector requires an electron track-structure code that can trace an incident electron motion with energies down to a few eV and simulate the production process of excited electrons in semiconductors. We therefore developed an Electron Track Structure mode applicable to ARbitrary Targets (ETSART) and implemented it into Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS). ETSART can simulate the electrons’ motion in arbitrary semiconductor materials using their bandgap energies. The accuracy of ETSART was validated by comparing the calculated electron path lengths in semiconductor materials with the corresponding data in the ICRU Report 37. Using ETSART, we also computed the mean energy required to produce an electron–hole pair (epsilon value) in various semiconductors and found that the epsilon value varies nonlinearly with the bandgap energy. Thus, ETSART can be useful for initial and mechanistic evaluations of electron–hole pair formation in new materials.
High-Precision Bayesian Modeling of Samples Susceptible to Inbuilt Age

Radiocarbon dates on samples susceptible to inbuilt age are common in the chronological record of many archaeological and environmental sites. Indeed, fragments of charcoal and wood are sometimes the only materials sufficiently well preserved for dating. However, where high-precision estimates arc required the extra uncertainty associated with such measurements often renders them unusable. This article tests three Bayesian modeling approaches that are designed to tackle this problem. The findings of our study suggest that successful corrections can be made for the inherent age offsets. The most effective and versatile approach was based on a version of outlier analysis. It is hoped that this method will become more widely employed and enable samples susceptible to inbuilt age to be included in high-precision chronologies.
Seasonal and Interannual Variations in the Daily Cycle of Winds over the Galápagos

Abstract While the daily cycle of near-surface winds over the equatorial east Pacific has been studied in some detail, little is known about the daily cycle above the surface layer. Furthermore, the causes of the observed near-surface daily cycle are not well understood. A better understanding of the structure and forcing mechanisms at work on the lower-tropospheric winds over this region may increase our appreciation for the varying importance of local and remote atmospheric and oceanic processes. This study documents the daily cycle of lower-tropospheric winds over one of the Galapagos Islands during the late 1990s, as well as how it varied seasonally and interannually, using half-hourly profiler winds. The well-known zonal semidiurnal tide is evident in the data, as is a diurnal cycle that is predominantly meridional and may be driven by the results of convection over the Andes. In addition, the high vertical resolution of the wind profiles reveals a decoupling of the daily cycle of winds below ∼500 m .
Short-Term Climatic Variability in the Thermal Structure of the Pacific Ocean during 1979 82

Abstract Short-term climatic variability in both sea surface temperature (SST) and vertically averaged temperature over the upper 400 m of ocean (Tav) is mapped over the Pacific from 20°S to 50°N each bimonth for four years from 1979 to 1982, leading up to the 1982–83 ENSO (El Nino–Southern Oscillation) event. This mapping was made possible by the collection of approximately 85 000 temperature/depth observations in the Pacific Ocean by volunteer observing ships. Anomalies of SST and Tav were approximately the same magnitude at midlatitude as in the tropics, with the exception of large changes occurring in the tropics during the 1982–83 ENSO event. During the ENSO event, (Tav variability was largest in the western tropical North Pacific and SST variability was largest in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Both parameters had spatial patterns which were of opposite phase on either side of the ocean, indicating an eastward shift of warm waters during the ENSO event. Correlation studies determined that on averag.
Variabilidade espacial de atributos mineralógicos de um latossolo sob diferentes formas do relevo: I - mineralogia da fração argila

The distribution of the clay fraction minerals depends on specific soil-environmental conditions. The study of the relationship between properties of these minerals and specific sites of landscape occurrence is important to understand the relationship between the mineralogy and other soil attributes. This study aimed to evaluate the degree of cristallinity of goethite, hematite, kaolinite and gibbsite and the spatial pattern in an Oxisol under sugar cane for 30 years. In a grid with regular 10 m - intervals, 119 samples were collected at a depth of 0.2-0.4 m. The crystallographic attributes of the minerals were analyzed statistically and geostatistically. Kriging maps were drawn to visualize the spatial variability of attributes. All attributes were spatially dependent, and the mineralogical attributes were related to variations in the relief forms. The largest mean crystal diameter (MCD) among the studied clay minerals was observed for gibbsite, and the greatest variation in the MCD and full width at half maximum in the mineral goethite. The highest values of the MCD of goethite, hematite and gibbsite were found in the compartment II characterized by a concave-convex area.
AIRS retrieval validation during the EAQUATE

Atmospheric and surface thermodynamic parameters retrieved with advanced hyperspectral remote sensors of Earth observing satellites are critical for weather prediction and scientific research. The retrieval algorithms and retrieved parameters from satellite sounders must be validated to demonstrate the capability and accuracy of both observation and data processing systems. The European AQUA Thermodynamic Experiment (EAQUATE) was conducted mainly for validation of the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) on the AQUA satellite, but also for assessment of validation systems of both ground-based and aircraft-based instruments which will be used for other satellite systems such as the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on the European MetOp satellite, the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) from the NPOESS Preparatory Project and the following NPOESS series of satellites. Detailed inter-comparisons were conducted and presented using different retrieval methodologies: measurements from airborne ultraspectral Fourier transform spectrometers, aircraft in-situ instruments, dedicated dropsondes and radiosondes, and ground based Raman Lidar, as well as from the European Center for Medium range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) modeled thermal structures. The results of this study not only illustrate the quality of the measurements and retrieval products but also demonstrate the capability of these validation systems which are put in place to validate current and future hyperspectral sounding instruments and their scientific products.
Effects of Quercetin Nanoemulsion on Cholesterol Efflux and MicroRNA-33/34a Expression in the Liver of Mice Fed with a High-Cholesterol Diet

Quercetin is a flavonoid widely present in plants; despite its beneficial physiological activity, it exhibits considerably low bioavailability. Nanoemulsion technology is used for improving the bioavailability of lipophilic phenolic compounds. This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of quercetin nanoemulsion (QN) on regulating the microRNA (miR)-33/34a pathway involved in cholesterol efflux in the liver of mice fed with a high-cholesterol (HC) diet. Subsequently, C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups and fed a normal chow diet, HC diet supplemented with 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid, or HC diet supplemented with 0.05% QN or 0.1% QN for 6 weeks. Serum and hepatic lipid profiles were assayed using commercial enzymatic kits. Gene expression and miR levels were quantified using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity was measured using an AMPK Kinase Assay kit. QN supplementation improved serum and liver lipid profiles. QN upregulated the mRNA levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette subfamily A1, ATP-binding cassette subfamily G1, and scavenger receptor class B type 1, which are related to cholesterol efflux. In the QN group, the hepatic AMPK activity increased, whereas miR-33, and miR-34a expression levels decreased. These results suggest that QN may enhance cholesterol efflux, at least partly through modulating AMPK activity and miR-33/34a expression in the liver.
The Forcing of Southwestern Asia Teleconnections by Low-Frequency Sea Surface Temperature Variability during Boreal Winter

AbstractSouthwestern Asia, defined here as the domain bounded by 20°–40°N and 40°–70°E, which includes the nations of Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, is a water-stressed and semiarid region that receives roughly 75% of its annual rainfall during November–April. The November–April climate of southwestern Asia is strongly influenced by tropical Indo-Pacific variability on intraseasonal and interannual time scales, much of which can be attributed to sea surface temperature (SST) variations. The influences of lower-frequency SST variability on southwestern Asia climate during November–April Pacific decadal SST (PDSST) variability and the long-term trend in SST (LTSST) is examined. The U.S. Climate Variability and Predictability Program (CLIVAR) Drought Working Group forced global atmospheric climate models with PDSST and LTSST patterns, identified using empirical orthogonal functions, to show the steady atmospheric response to these modes of decadal to multidecadal SST variability. During November–Apri.