Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Re‑examining the mechanism of eccentric exercise‑induced skeletal muscle damage from the role of the third filament, titin (Review)

Intense and unaccustomed eccentric exercise has been extensively studied for its ability to induce muscle damage. However, the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon still requires further clarification. This knowledge gap arises from the need for explanation of the eccentric contraction through the sliding filament theory. The two-filament sarcomere model, which is consisted of thin and thick filaments, forms the basis of the sliding filament theory. The mechanisms of concentric and isometric contractions at the cellular and molecular levels are effectively described by this model. However, when relying solely on the cross-bridge swing, the sliding filament theory fails to account for specific observations, such as the stability of the descending limb of the force-length relationship curve. Recent evidence indicated that titin and the extracellular matrix (ECM) may play a protective role by interacting with the thick and thin filaments. During an eccentric contraction, titin serves as a third filament in the sarcomere, which helps regulate changes in passive force. The two-filament sarcomere model has limitations in explaining eccentric contraction, thus this compensates for those shortcomings. The present review explored the potential of replacing the two-filament sarcomere model with a three-filament sarcomere model, incorporating thin filaments, thick filaments and titin. This revised model offers a more comprehensive explanation of eccentric contraction phenomena. Furthermore, the sliding filament theory was investigated in the context of the three-filament sarcomere model. The double-layer protection mechanism, which involves increased titin stiffness and the ECM during eccentric contraction was explored. This mechanism may enhance lateral force transmission between muscle fibers and the ECM, resulting in sarcolemma and ECM shear deformation. These findings provided insight into the mechanism of eccentric exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage. Considering the three-filament sarcomere model and the double-layer protection mechanism, the present review offered a more logical and comprehensive understanding of the mechanism behind eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage.
On the Sedimentary Facies of the Copacabana Group (Permian)

Copacabana層 群(二 畳系)は 南米 のペルーか らボ リビァにかけてア ンデス山脈地域に ,北 西一南東方 向 に細長 く分布 してい る。 フズ リナ,コ ケ虫,腕 足類 等の化石 を多産する事 もあ り,そ の古生物学的研究 は比較的古 くか ら行なわれ ている。 Copacabana層 群の堆積 相を検討す る事は,そ の堆積古環境や堆積時 の古地理 および この地域の地史等 を明 らかにする上 で重要な意義 を持つ と考 えられるが ,未 だに詳細 な検 討 は行なわれ ていない。 ペルーのCopacaba磁 層群について言 えば,NEWELLら(1953)は11地 点, 延 べ23,000フ ィー トにお よぶCopacabana層 群 の柱状図を作成 し,そ の岩相記載 も合わせて行なってい る が,い ずれ も色,岩 質,化 石の有無等,肉 眼による精度の粗い ものにとどまっている。 著者 は昭和55年 度海外学術調査 「アンデ ス中部地域 の古 ・中生界 の生物層序学的研究」 の研究分担者 と して坂上澄夫 らに同行 し,主 にCopacabana層 群 の堆積相 を明 らかにする目的で調査研究 を行 なった。 本 稿 では,ペ ルーのAbancay市 北方Lihuirco-Quisuar間 で行なった調査 資料 をもとにCopacabana層 群 の堆積相について略述す る。 第1図,第2図 にLihuirco-Quisuar間 の地質概略図お よび柱状図 を示す。 この地域 にはCopacabana 層群 が広 く分布 してお り,岩 相 によ り,上 部層,中 部層,下 部層 の3つ に区分で きる。 上 部層 はほ とんど黒色頁岩層 のみか らな り,本 地域 の中央部に存在 する向斜軸に沿 って分布す る。 層厚 は500m以 上 にお よぶ もの と推定 され る。 今 回の調査では上 部層 か ら化石は発見され なか った。 中部層は上部層の両翼に広 く分布 し,主 に石灰岩層 と頁岩層 によ り形成 されるが,ま れ に薄い細粒 砂岩 層 も認め られ る。 層 厚 は約400mと 推定 され る。 下部層 は本地域 の北側 に広 く分布 し,南 側 の背斜軸に沿 う部分 にもわずかに露 出す る。 一部に頁岩層や 貫 入岩 が認 め られ る以外 はすべ て石灰岩層に よ り形成 され る。 層厚 は400m以 上 と推定 され る。 中部層 および下部層 の石灰岩層は化石 を多産 し,今 回の調査 では34の 地点か らコケ虫,フ ズ リナ,腕 足 類お よび腹足類等 の化石 を採集 した。 著者は これ らの34地 点 を含む151の 地点か ら岩 石試料(主 に石灰岩) を採取 し岩相の解析 を行な った。 以 下,下 部層 と中部層の石灰岩相 の特徴について述べ る。 石灰岩の分類 にはFOLK(1959)お よびDUNHUM(1962)の 分類法 を使用 した。 下部層の石灰岩層 は厚 い塊状石灰岩(通 常,厚 さ数m~10数m)と 比較的葉理の発達 した薄い泥質石灰 岩(通 常,厚 さ1~2m)が ほぼ交互に繰 り返 す事で特徴づ けられ る。 塊状石灰岩 は主 に灰~灰黒色 を呈 し,そ の岩相 はoosparite, biosparite-sparmdite, pelspariteに よって 特徴づ けられ る。 これ らはDUNHUM(1962)の 堆積組織 による分類に従 えば,Grainstone相 として一 括で きる。 いずれ も淘汰 が非常 に良好 で水に よく洗われた事 を示 してい る。 基質に石灰 質泥(micrite)を ほ とん ど含 まず透 明方解石(sparry calcite)に よ り膠着 されている。 oosparite相 は下部層 を最 も顕著 に特徴づ ける岩相 であ り,最 も良 く発達 している。 ウー ライ トは非生物 源粒子の中では最良の深度指示者 であ り,そ の生成域は波浪の動 きの激 しい潮間帯か ら浅瀬 に限 られてい る。 この事は下部層の堆積古環境 を考察す る上 で極 めて重要な意義 を持つ。
Characterisation of polar unresolved complex mixtures in groundwater associated with weathered petroleum

High TPH concentrations (up to 13.0 mg/L, C15-C28 region) were observed in groundwater associated with long-term diesel contamination over a period of 12 years. Compound class characterisation of the TPH extracts demonstrated that polar components dominated the TPH plume, with aromatic components representing only a minor contribution. The identification of a polar compound (1-adamantanol) with no natural precursors suggested the polar components were formed from petroleum and not NOM. Compositional changes to the TPH plume with increasing distance downgradient from the source corresponded with an increased polar component, suggesting the polar compounds are relatively resistant to further degradation under the conditions at the site. No significant change in the UCM profile of the polar component was observed, also demonstrating a resistance to degradation. Because a majority of the polar components were present as a UCM it is difficult to assess the associated risk of these polar components.
Radiobiological Assessment of Targeted Radionuclide Therapy with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-I&T in 2D vs. 3D Cell Culture Models

In vitro therapeutic efficacy studies are commonly conducted in cell monolayers. However, three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids are known to better represent in vivo tumors. This study used [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-I&T, an already clinically applied radiopharmaceutical for targeted radionuclide therapy against metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer, to demonstrate the differences in the radiobiological response between 2D and 3D cell culture models of the prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 (PSMA negative) and LNCaP (PSMA positive). After assessing the target expression in both models via Western Blot, cell viability, reproductive ability, and growth inhibition were assessed. To investigate the geometric effects on dosimetry for the 2D vs. 3D models, Monte Carlo simulations were performed. Our results showed that PSMA expression in LNCaP spheroids was highly preserved, and target specificity was shown in both models. In monolayers of LNCaP, no short-term (48 h after treatment), but only long-term (14 days after treatment) radiobiological effects were evident, showing decreased viability and reproductive ability with the increasing activity. Further, LNCaP spheroid growth was inhibited with the increasing activity. Overall, treatment efficacy was higher in LNCaP spheroids compared to monolayers, which can be explained by the difference in the resulting dose, among others.
Effects Of Different Watering Regimes On Foliar Spectral Reflectance And Chlorophyll Content Of Jatropha curcas Linn.

The influence of high and reduced water availability on the changes in foliar spectral reflectance and chlorophyll of J. curcas were investigated. The field experiment conducted was based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments replicated three times. Each replicate consisted of two plants with a total of 24 plants altogether. Treatments were: (i) Rainfed (W0) – plants were watered at field capacity > -0.03 MPa, (ii) Mild water stress (W1) – watering was carried out to maintain soil water potential between - 0.30 and -0.10 MPa, (iii) Moderate water stress (W2) – watering was carried out to maintain soil water potential between -1.0 and -0.8 MPa, and (iv) extreme water stress (W3) – plants were grown at soil permanent wilt point <-1.50 MPa. The well-watered plants responded by showing significantly (p <0.05) better height growth. Result shows mean reflectance spectra increased with increasing water stress. As water stress indicator, foliar spectral analysis showed high reflectance which was primarily attributed to a 41 % reduction in chlorophyll concentration. The percentage reflectance at 550 (R550), structure independent pigment index (SIPI), and photochemical reflectance index (PRI) showed a strong relationship with foliar chlorophyll content (SPAD). These results suggested that well-watered plants at soil water field capacity (-0.03 MPa) showed greener and healthier leaf growth compared to that of the water-stressed plants
Identify Building Contract Administration Knowledge for Graduate Architects to Enhance Work Performance

The fundamental roles and functions of graduate architects are witnessing a gradual shift in focus from designing buildings to supporting building contract administration. Construction project stakeholders are recognizing a growing need for graduate architects to improve their professional development within the industry for smooth project delivery. The purpose of this study is to identify the types of knowledge required by graduate architects to be competent when supporting the building contract administration work and to enable them to move a step closer to acquiring their professional qualifications. The study design follows a mixed methodology of quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis. First, a literature review was conducted to form questions for the survey. After the questionnaire survey, semi-structured interviews were conducted with practitioners in the industry. A total of one hundred and eighty (180) questionnaires were distributed and one hundred and twenty-seven (127) questionnaires were returned. Data collected were analyzed using frequency distribution analysis and relative importance index (RII). Results from the questionnaire survey were triangulated with semi-structured interviews formed by twenty (20) practicing architects. Data collected from semi-structured interviews have been analyzed using thematic analysis. The result of the questionnaire survey and semi-structure interview both agreed that the most significant knowledge require is legal study knowledge. However, both methods have a different conclusion for least significant knowledge where the survey’s result showed communication and relationship management knowledge while semi-structured interviews’ result showed quality and assessment management less significant. The contribution of this study is perceived as essential for developing graduate architects’ competency in work performance and covers the limitations of the existing studies. Academics can use the outcome of this study as a reference in their teaching modules.
Chondrichthyans from the Lower Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale (upper Cretaceous: Middle Turonian) of Emery and Carbon Counties, Utah, USA

Abstract The Lower Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale in southeastern Utah preserves a chondrichthyan assemblage of at least 13 taxa that include: Hybodus sp. , Ptychodus cf. P. mammillaris Agassiz, 1843, Ptychodus whipplei Marcou, 1858, cf. Chiloscyllium sp. , Scapanorhynchus raphiodon (Agassiz, 1843), Cretodus crassidens (Dixon, 1850), cf. Leptostyrax sp. , cf. Cretalamna appendiculata (Agassiz, 1835), Squalicorax sp. , Pseudohypolophus mcnultyi (Thurmond, 1971), Protoplatyrhina hopii Williamson, Kirkland and Lucas, 1993, Ischyrhiza schneideri (Slaughter and Steiner, 1968), and Ptychotrygon triangularis (Reuss, 1844). Although this assemblage is typical of other Turonian chondrichthyan faunas in North America, fossil teeth are preserved in two unique facies associations that consist of arenitic sandstones with mud interclasts and rounded chert, feldspar, and quartz pebbles. The coarser beds within these facies associations are previously interpreted to represent storm events and turbidity flows associated with a sea level lowstand. Chondrichthyan teeth occurring within these coarser beds are indicative of extensive transport and reworking and attest to the durable nature of chondrichthyan teeth for biostratigraphic and paleoecological interpretations. Similar studies of chondrichthyan teeth in shelf marine settings may also provide new insights for facies interpretations related to sequence stratigraphy and regional stratigraphic correlations.
SWITCHGRASS AND MISCANTHUS YIELDS ON RECLAIMED SURFACE MINES FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION

Abstract. Legislation passed by the U.S. Congress in 2007 mandates that 25% of transportation fuels must be made from renewable sources by 2022. Two bioenergy crops that have the potential to meet this mandate are switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and Miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus). Both species are warm-season perennial grasses and have high biomass production potential under low soil fertility requirements. Biofeedstocks for transportation fuels should be grown on marginal lands rather than prime agricultural land best suited for growing food crops. West Virginia provides an abundance of reclaimed surface mine lands that could be used to produce bioenergy crops. In 2010, two varieties each of switchgrass and Miscanthus were planted in 0.4-ha plots with five replications. This study determined dry matter yields of switchgrass varieties Kanlow and BoMaster and Public and Private varieties of Miscanthus after five growing seasons. All species and varieties were established at Alton, a reclaimed surface mine in central West Virginia. This site was reclaimed in 1985 with 15 cm of soil being placed over mixed overburden. Grass and legume species were planted and soils were initially fertilized and limed according to recommendations. Miscanthus yields after the 5 th year averaged 13.7 Mg ha -1 for Private and 14.4 Mg ha -1 for Public. Switchgrass yields after five years averaged 7.9 Mg ha -1 for Kanlow and 7.3 Mg ha -1 for BoMaster, which is approaching the yields of switchgrass on agricultural soils in the region. With these recorded biomass yields, switchgrass and Miscanthus are able to provide alternative, more sustainable energy sources, whilst providing a more profitable post-mining land opportunity for surface mined land-owners.
Is the association between sleep and socio-emotional development mediated by weight in toddlers aged 12 to 36 months?

Introduction Childhood is an important stage for socio-emotional development. Understanding the associations of lifestyle habits with the healthy development of social and emotional skills is crucial for better interventions early in life. This study aims to analyze the association between sleep and socio-emotional development in toddlers aged 12 to 36 months and examine whether weight mediated these associations. Methods This study is part of a cluster randomized controlled trial developed in Portuguese childcare centers. A sample of 344 children (176 females) enrolled in the study. Participants’ anthropometrics were measured while at childcare centers using standardized procedures. Body mass index (BMI) was computed as the body weight/height2 (kg/m2) ratio. Sleep quality was collected with the Tayside Children’s Sleep Questionnaire, a 10-item scale that evaluates the child’s ability to initiate and maintain sleep. Two additional questions regarding sleep duration were added. Parental questionnaires assessed the child’s sex and date of birth, socioeconomic status, and total energy intake (TEI). Motor (fine and gross) was assessed using Bayley-III scales and socio-emotional (SE) by the Greenspan Social–Emotional Growth Chart questionnaire. Linear regression models were used to examine the associations between sleep (duration and quality) and SE with adjustments for sex, age, BMI, mothers’ education, motor development, and TEI. Mediation analysis was conducted using path analysis. Results SE development was significantly associated with nighttime sleep duration even when adjusted for confounders (β = 0.223; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.004 and β = 0.168; 0.0003, 0.003; respectively). Sleep quality was not significantly associated with SE development, and the weight did not explain the associations between sleep and SE development. Conclusion This study supports that sleep duration is directly associated with SE development in toddlers. From a public health perspective, sleep duration should be prioritized in intervention programs to improve socio-emotional development early in life.
Dermatophagoides farinae microRNAs released to external environments via exosomes regulate inflammation-related gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells

Background Dermatophagoides farinae (DFA) is an important species of house dust mites (HDMs) that causes allergic diseases. Previous studies have focused on allergens with protein components to explain the allergic effect of HDMs; however, there is little knowledge on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the allergic effect of HDMs. This study aimed to unravel the new mechanism of dust mite sensitization from the perspective of cross-species transport of extracellular vesicles-encapsulated miRNAs from HDMs. Methods Small RNA (sRNA) sequencing was performed to detect miRNAs expression profiles from DFA, DFA-derived exosomes and DFA culture supernatants. A quantitative fluorescent real-time PCR (qPCR) assay was used to detect miRNAs expression in dust specimens. BEAS-2B cells endocytosed exosomes were modeled in vitro to detect miRNAs from DFA and the expression of related inflammatory factors. Representative dfa-miR-276-3p and dfa-novel-miR2 were transfected into BEAS-2B cells, and then differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed by RNA sequencing. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) terms enrichment analyses were performed on the first 300 nodes of DEGs. Results sRNA sequencing identified 42 conserved miRNAs and 66 novel miRNAs in DFA, DFA-derived exosomes, and DFA culture supernatants. A homology analysis was performed on the top 18 conserved miRNAs with high expression levels. The presence of dust mites and miRNAs from HDMs in living environment were also validated. Following uptake of DFA-derived exosomes by BEAS-2B cells, exosomes transported miRNAs from DFA to target cells and produced pro-inflammatory effects in corresponding cells. RNA sequencing identified DEGs in dfa-miR-276-3p and dfa-novel-miR2 transfected BEAS-2B cells. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed the role of exosomes with cross-species transporting of DFA miRNAs in inflammatory signaling pathways, such as JAK-STAT signaling pathway, PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and IL-6-mediated signaling pathway. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate the miRNAs expression profiles in DFA for the first time. The DFA miRNAs are delivered into living environments via exosomes, and engulfed by human bronchial epithelial cells, and cross-species regulation may contribute to inflammation-related processes.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grain Size, Shape, and Weight-Related QTLs Identified Using GWAS with Multiple GAPIT Models and High-Density SNP Chip DNA Markers

This study investigated novel quantitative traits loci (QTLs) associated with the control of grain shape and size as well as grain weight in rice. We employed a joint-strategy multiple GAPIT (Genome Association and Prediction Integrated Tool) models [(Bayesian-information and Linkage-disequilibrium Iteratively Nested Keyway (BLINK)), Fixed and random model Circulating Probability Uniform (FarmCPU), Settlement of MLM Under Progressive Exclusive Relationship (SUPER), and General Linear Model (GLM)]–High-Density SNP Chip DNA Markers (60,461) to conduct a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS). GWAS was performed using genotype and grain-related phenotypes of 143 recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Data show that parental lines (Ilpum and Tung Tin Wan Hein 1, TTWH1, Oryza sativa L., ssp. japonica and indica, respectively) exhibited divergent phenotypes for all analyzed grain traits), which was reflected in their derived population. GWAS results revealed the association between seven SNP Chip makers and QTLs for grain length, co-detected by all GAPIT models on chromosomes (Chr) 1–3, 5, 7, and 11, were qGL1-1BFSG (AX-95918134, Chr1: 3,820,526 bp) explains 65.2–72.5% of the phenotypic variance explained (PVE). In addition, qGW1-1BFSG (AX-273945773, Chr1: 5,623,288 bp) for grain width explains 15.5–18.9% of PVE. Furthermore, BLINK or FarmCPU identified three QTLs for grain thickness independently, and explain 74.9% (qGT1Blink, AX-279261704, Chr1: 18,023,142 bp) and 54.9% (qGT2-1Farm, AX-154787777, Chr2: 2,118,477 bp) of the observed PVE. For the grain length-to-width ratio (LWR), the qLWR2BFSG (AX-274833045, Chr2: 10,000,097 bp) explains nearly 15.2–32% of the observed PVE. Likewise, the major QTL for thousand-grain weight (TGW) was detected on Chr6 (qTGW6BFSG, AX-115737727, 28,484,619 bp) and explains 32.8–54% of PVE. The qTGW6BFSG QTL coincides with qGW6-1Blink for grain width and explained 32.8–54% of PVE. Putative candidate genes pooled from major QTLs for each grain trait have interesting annotated functions that require functional studies to elucidate their function in the control of grain size, shape, or weight in rice. Genome selection analysis proposed makers useful for downstream marker-assisted selection based on genetic merit of RILs.
IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING, E-WOM, AND BRAND AMBASSADOR ON CONSUMER'S PURCHASE DECISION ON THE SKINCARE PRODUCT IN INDONESIA: BRAND IMAGE AS A MEDIATOR

This research explores consumer behavior in the cosmetics market that tends to switch brands and how this behavior can affect brand image. In the context of skin care products in Indonesia, this study examines the impact of social media marketing, E-WOM (electronic word of mouth), and the role of brand ambassadors on purchasing decisions. In addition, this study investigates the mediating role of brand image in linking these digital marketing factors to consumer purchase intent. This research method is quantitative, namely a causal research design with a population of local skin care product users in Indonesia, sampling using guidelines where to determine the sample size in the study is five to ten times greater than the indicators used to measure each construct. A total of 367 respondents were collected through an online survey using purposive sampling techniques. Data analysis using the Partial Least Square (Smart-PLS) program. The results indicate that social media marketing, E-WOM and brand ambassadors have a direct impact on purchasing decisions, while social media marketing does not have a significant direct impact on brand image and not for e-WOM and brand ambassadors who are found to have a significant influence. Brand image has the strongest impact on purchase decisions and brand ambassadors have the strongest impact on brand image. The results also show that brand image acts as a mediator in influencing social media marketing on purchase intention with indirect only mediation, as well as influencing E-WOM, and brand ambassadors on purchase intention with partial mediation. These results provide a deeper understanding of consumer buying behavior in skin care products and the importance of brand image in the process.