Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The linearisation of maps in data assimilation

For the purpose of linearising maps in data assimilation, the tangent-linear approximation is often used. We compare this with the use of the ‘best linear’ approximation, which is the linear map that minimises the mean square error. As a benchmark, we use minimum variance filters and smoothers which are non-linear generalisations of Kalman filters and smoothers. We show that use of the best linear approximation leads to a filter whose prior has first moment unapproximated compared with the benchmark, and second moment whose departure from the benchmark is bounded independently of the derivative of the map, with similar results for smoothers. This is particularly advantageous where the maps in question are strongly non-linear on the scale of the increments. Furthermore, the best linear approximation works equally well for maps which are non-differentiable. We illustrate the results with examples using low-dimensional chaotic maps.
AVERAGING OF DIFFERENCE SCHEMES

The author considers a natural class of difference equations whose coefficients have micro-inhomogeneities. A general compactness theorem is established, asserting that the solutions of these difference equations can converge only to solutions of differential equations as the lattice is refined. Difference equations with random micro-inhomogeneous coefficients are studied separately; their averaging properties are determined.Bibliography: 12 titles.
Photometric Transits from the MACHO Project Database

We have searched the MACHO project photometry database for light curves consistent with the transits of low-luminosity objects. By analyzing the 180,000 brightest stars in 14 0.5 deg2 fields toward the Galactic bulge, we have found a few hundred low-amplitude eclipsing binary systems. We have used the shapes and colors of these objects to separate the transits of objects with relatively small radii from the grazing eclipses of stars with larger radii. We find nine objects with short-period eclipses consistent with either giant extrasolar planets or late-type dwarf stars.
Lithium Isotope Ratios in Halo Stars. III.

New, high-quality echelle spectra of four halo stars with metallicities in the range -2.0 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ -0.9 have been obtained in the region of the Li I λ6707 lines. Upper limits on the Li isotopic ratio ranging from 6Li/7Li ≤ 0.02 to 6Li/7Li ≤ 0.08 are found for HD 76932, HD 218502, and HD 284248. The apparently composite spectrum of the close visual binary HD 219617 proved to be unsuitable for similar analysis. Hipparcos parallaxes are used to evaluate the evolutionary states of the three newly observed stars, along with 15 other stars for which Li isotopic ratios (or upper limits, in all but two cases) were previously observed by three groups. The high 6Li/Be ratios seen in HD 84937 and BD +26°3578 indicate that 6Li production occurred primarily via the 4He(α, 2H)6Li reaction between cosmic rays and the interstellar gas, at [Fe/H] ≲ -2.3. The much lower 6Li/Be upper limits measured in the much more metal-rich stars HD 132475 and HD 134169 appear to require either (1) large upward 6Li depletion corrections for these two stars or (2) a transition at [Fe/H] ≳ -2.3 to a much lower 6Li/Be Galactic production ratio, or some combination of both effects.
A Regression Model for Dependent Gap Times

A natural choice of time scale for analyzing recurrent event data is the ``gap" (or soujourn) time between successive events. In many situations it is reasonable to assume correlation exists between the successive events experienced by a given subject. This paper looks at the problem of extending the accelerated failure time (AFT) model to the case of dependent recurrent event data via intensity modeling. Specifically, the accelerated gap times model of Strawderman (2005), a semiparametric intensity model for independent gap time data, is extended to the case of multiplicative gamma frailty. As argued in Aalen & Husebye (1991), incorporating frailty captures the heterogeneity between subjects and the ``hazard" portion of the intensity model captures gap time variation within a subject. Estimators are motivated using semiparametric efficiency theory and lead to useful generalizations of the rank statistics considered in Strawderman (2005). Several interesting distinctions arise in comparison to the Cox-Andersen-Gill frailty model (e.g., Nielsen et al, 1992; Klein, 1992). The proposed methodology is illustrated by simulation and data analysis.
Enhancement of Film Cooling Performance Using a Shaped Film Cooling Hole with Compound Angle Injection

The present study is conducted to investigate the local heat/mass transfer characteristics and local film cooling effectiveness around a conical-shaped film cooling hole with compound angle orientations. The cylindrical hole and two types of shaped hole with conically-enlarged hole exits are used to investigate the effect of film cooling hole geometry. One shaped hole (shaped hole #1) expands 4° in all directions from the middle of hole to the exit. The other shaped hole (shaped hole #2) has the tilted center-line by 4° between the conical and metering holes and is enlarged by 8° to downstream side. The hole area ratios of the exit to the inlet are 2.55 and 2.48, respectively. The film cooling jet is ejected through the single hole, which is inclined at 30° to the surface based on the metering hole. The lateral injection angle is changed from 0° to 90°, and the blowing rates from 0.5 to 2.0. The naphthalene sublimation technique is used to obtain local heat/mass transfer coefficients and adiabatic/impermeable wall film cooling effectiveness around the film cooling hole. For the shaped holes, the penetration of jet is reduced, and higher and more uniform cooling performance is obtained even at relatively high blowing rates because the conically expanded hole exit reduces momentum of the coolant and promotes the lateral spreading. The better cooling performance is obtained with shaped hole #1 due to the uniform diffusion of coolant in the film cooling hole.
A TIME-DEPENDENT APPROACH TO JUNCTION DELAYS

When demand at a junction is close to or above saturation and is varying with time, conventional steady-state delay formulae are inapplicable. The formulae presented in this paper extend previous work on a dynamic delay formulae to the case of time-dependent demand. A peak period is divided into a series of short intervals during each of which demand is considered to be stationary. By taking into account the mean queue length at the beginning and end of each interval, a representation of average delay is obtained which compares favourably both with more complex analytical formulae and with results of simulations. (a) /TRRL/
Micelles forming biaxial lyotropic nematic phases

The paper by Yu and Saupe on the first biaxial nematic phase created excitement for a number of reasons. Some theories of biaxial phases already existed, but experimental observation was still lacking. The phase was discovered in a lyotropic system with three components, which in theory is difficult. Lyotropic liquid crystals are composed of supramolecular assemblies of amphiphilic molecules, which may change shape and size as a function of concentration and temperature. The experimental phase diagram of the lyotropic biaxial phase was rather complex, with the biaxial region inserted between nematic cylindrical and nematic discotic phases via second-order transitions. In addition, re-entrant behaviour was evident. Saupe investigated further systems experimentally, observing that the biaxial phase might be absent in cases where a direct transition between the cylindrical and discotic phases occurred. He provided a range of theoretical and experimental contributions on the properties of these lyotropics, but was very cautious regarding the detailed amphiphilic assemblies involved. The present paper reviews this area, focusing on proposals for the structure of the micellar assemblies. Emphasis is placed on recent papers which indicate a transformation of the two uniaxial shapes, in mixing conditions, both from the theoretical and the experimental point of view, and to questions still requiring further study.
The Theory of the Propagation of Plane Sound Waves in Tubes

The propagation of plane sound waves in gases in tubes can be divided into three main types, depending on the radius and frequency involved. These types are described as `narrow' tube, `wide' tube and `very wide' tube propagation. The phase velocity, attenuation and cross section profile of particle velocity etc. are investigated theoretically, and their inter-relation pointed out. The factors affecting the validity of Kirchhoff's formulae are considered, and the theory is applied to some recent work.
Crystalline Nanocellulose from Biowaste

Sustainable material development is essential for our future. Within material science research, sustainability has traditionally translated to material properties or efficient production processes. As our understanding of sustainability has developed, we have noted that this type of thinking is becoming insufficient. Sustainability assessments provide concrete ways to evaluate, direct and design material development. In this work, development of novel materials and sustainability assessments are combined to evaluate nanocellulosic materials. The background is based on previous assessments on nanocellulose as well as the overall understanding of nanocellulose sustainability within literature. This works tries to understand and explain the core characteristics of low technology readiness level (TRL) environment where the development of new materials is often situated. From this, new methods for this context are introduced, reflecting on the pros and cons of existing nanocellulose assessments. These methods include eco-efficiency, the Natural Step (TNS), and PESTEL, with PESTEL chosen as the analysis method for the case of biowaste crystalline nanocellulose (CNC) development in Finland. The results and discussion of this work give a comprehensive image of sustainability of nanocellulosic materials, sustainable material development, and the low TRL environment. For biowaste CNC, the relevant findings were the role of the biowaste feedstock in political, environmental, and economic context, the societal and environmental importance of nanosafety, and critical approach to production methods and applications. Sustainable material development is realized through assessment tools within the development process and utilizing those results in directing the process. The low TRL environment is critical for transitional changes towards sustainability. Utilization of assessments throughout all levels realizes as proof of sustainable development, while uncovering possible bottlenecks of future research as well as providing new horizons.
Influence of Calcium Resonance-Tuned Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields on Daphnia magna

A biophysical model for calculating the effective parameters of low-frequency magnetic fields was developed by Lednev based on summarized empirical data. According to this model, calcium ions as enzyme cofactors can be the primary target of low-frequency magnetic fields with different parameters tuned to calcium resonance. However, the effects of calcium-resonant combinations of static and alternating magnetic fields that correspond to Lednev’s model and differ by order in frequency and intensity were not studied. It does not allow for confidently discussing the primary targets of low-frequency magnetic fields in terms of the magnetic influence on ions-enzyme cofactors. To clarify this issue, we examined the response of freshwater crustaceans Daphnia magna to the impact of combinations of magnetic fields targeted to calcium ions in enzymes according to Lednev’s model that differ in order of magnitude. Life-history traits and biochemical parameters were evaluated. Exposure of daphnids to both combinations of magnetic fields led to a long-term delay of the first brood release, an increase in the brood size, a decrease in the number of broods, and the period between broods. The amylolytic activity, proteolytic activity, and sucrase activity significantly decreased in whole-body homogenates of crustaceans in response to both combinations of magnetic fields. The similarity in the sets of revealed effects assumes that different magnetic fields tuned to calcium ions in biomolecules can affect the same primary molecular target. The results suggest that the low-frequency magnetic fields with parameters corresponding to Lednev’s model of interaction between biological molecules and ions can remain effective with a significant decrease in the static magnetic background.
On the Use of Far-Infrared Luminosity as a Star Formation Indicator in Galaxies

By comparing the H-alpha and far-infrared (FIR) luminosities for an optically selected and magnitude-limited (m B is not greater than 14.5) sample of galaxies, a strong nonlinearity is found in the log L(H-alpha)-log L(FIR) correlation, and a systematic decrease of the L(FIR)/L(H-alpha) ratio from early- to late-type spirals. It is shown that these trends cannot be interpreted in the frame of a single-component model for the FIR emission of galaxies, with the star formation rate as the only parameter, but are consistent with a two-component model, with the cirrus fraction as the second parameter. A decreasing contribution of the cirrus component to L(FIR) toward later types, going from about 86 percent for Sa galaxies to about 3 percent for Sdm galaxies was found. If L(FIR) is to be used as a star formation indicator in galaxies, it needs to corrected, to first order, for the cirrus component, taking into account the morphological type of the galaxy.
Molecular dynamics simulation of effective thermal conductivity and study of enhanced thermal transport mechanism in nanofluids

Nanofluids have been proposed as a route for surpassing the performance of currently available heat transfer liquids in the near future. In this study an equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation was used to model a nanofluid system. The thermal conductivity of the base fluid and nanofluid was computed using the Green-Kubo method for various volume fractions of nanoparticle loadings. This study showed the ability of molecular dynamics to predict the enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Through molecular dynamics calculation of mean square displacements for liquid phase in base fluid and for liquid and solid phases in nanofluid, this study tried to investigate the mechanisms involved in thermal transport of nanofluids at the atomic level. The result showed that the thermal transport enhancement of nanofluids was mostly due to the increased movement of liquid atoms in the presence of nanoparticle. Diffusion coefficients were also calculated for base fluid and nanofluids. Similarity of enhancement in.
Short-range action and long-range action of the electrostatic forces within atomic nuclei

We study the interaction forces in atomic nuclei based on our expressions for the electrostatic interaction between spheres of arbitrary radii and charges. We prove that at small distances the proton-neutron electrostatic attraction forces are short-range-acting and the proton-proton electrostatic repulsion forces are long-range-acting. We obtain that these forces are commensurate with the nuclear forces. The protonneutron electrostatic attraction forces and the proton-proton electrostatic repulsion forces at the same distance between nucleons differ in absolute value by about an order of magnitude. It follows that based on electromagnetic interactions the neutrons are the binding building blocks in nuclear structures.
PARTICLE IRREGULARITY AND AGGREGATION EFFECTS IN AIRBORNE SUSPENSIONS AT AUDIO- AND LOW ULTRASONIC FREQUENCIES

Abstract In the inertial regime of frequency-radius space, irregularity and aggregation of particles can result in values of acoustic attenuation that are significantly different from those predicted by assuming separated smooth spherical particles. Data obtained previously from suspensions of alumina particles and olivine sand in air at audio-frequencies, together with new data obtained at low ultrasonic-frequencies in suspensions of glass beads and silica flour, are compared with predictions. It is shown that neither a coupled phase theory modified to allow for non-spherical shapes nor effective radius theories are able to account for these data. Qian [21] has suggested that suspensions may be treated as fractal media and used the acoustic Reynolds number as the fractal dimension in modifying scattering theory. A new fractal modification of multiple-scattering theory for acoustic attenuation is derived. The theory uses ωτv(ω is the angular acoustic frequency, τvis the dynamic relaxation time of the particles) as a fractal scale. It requires an empirical determination of the difference between the fractal dimension of the measured suspension and that of a hypothetical suspension of spheres with the same particle size distribution. However, values obtained at a single frequency also enable fits with data at other frequencies. The new fractal modification of scattering theory is found to enable better agreement with measured attenuation as a function of concentration for irregular particles than an effective radius model. Also, the fractal modification is able to predict the observed frequency dependence at a given concentration rather better than effective radius approaches. Moreover, the fractal approach is found to enable discrimination between the effects of particle irregularity and aggregation.
Molecular detection and characterisation of Theileria in hard ticks of small ruminants in Zarrin Dasht County, Southern Iran

Abstract Background Ticks are important ectoparasites of small ruminants in tropics and subtropics including Iran. They transmit serious zoonotic pathogens such as Babesia and Theileria. These parasites cause major burden on small ruminants jeopardising livelihoods of rural people in Zarrin Dasht County. Objectives This study was carried out to investigate the diversity and distribution of hard ticks of small ruminants and their piroplasm infection in a bid to contribute to Theileria and/or Babesia detection and control in Zarrin Dasht County of Fars province, Iran. Methods We examined 751 sheep and goats from 10 sites of the County during four seasons for hard tick infestation. The collected hard ticks (994) were taxonomically identified before being separately confined in microtubes coded to indicate their species and host animals as well as site and date of collection. In total 50 pooled samples were analysed by PCR technique for Theileria and Babesia infection. Results The identified ticks included Hyalomma marginatum 994/362); 36.4%), Rhipicephalus turanicus 994/352); 35.51%), Hyalomma anatolicum 994/264); 26.6%), Hyalomma dromedarii 994/14); 1.41%) and Hyalomma asiaticum 994/2) 0.2%). Molecular analyses showed that 7 out of 50 pooled sample were infected with piroplasm genome in ticks shared by Theileria ovis (6:50) and Theileria lestoquardi (1:50). Babesia was absent in collected hard ticks. Conclusions This is the first report on the presence of piroplasm infection in hard ticks of small ruminants in Zarrin Dasht County. Theileria ovis was more prevalent than Theileria lestoquardi but Babesia was absent. Piroplasm infection was detected in Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma anatolicum and Rhipicephalus turanicus. Hyalomma marginatum appears to be more competent to vector Theileria spp. This study may contribute to risk assessment and prevention of epizootic theileriosis in the County.
Potential overtreatment in end-of-life care in adults 65 years or older dying from cancer: applying quality indicators on nationwide registries

Abstract Background Quality indicators are frequently used to measure the quality of care at the end of life. Whether quality indicators of potential overtreatment (i.e., when the risks outweigh the benefits) at the end of life can be reliably applied to routinely collected data remains uncertain. This study aimed to identify quality indicators of overtreatment at the end of life in the published literature and to investigate their tentative prevalence among older adults dying with solid cancer. Materials and methods Retrospective cohort study of decedents including all older adults (≥65 years) who died with solid cancer between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2015 (n = 54,177) in Sweden. Individual data from the National Cause of Death Register were linked with data from the Total Population Register, the National Patient Register, and the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register. Quality indicators were applied for the last one and three months of life. Results From a total of 145 quality indicators of overtreatment identified in the literature, 82 (57%) were potentially operationalisable with routine administrative and healthcare data in Sweden. Unidentifiable procedures and hospital drug treatments were the reason for non-operationalisability in 52% of the excluded indicators. Among the 82 operationalisable indicators, 67 measured overlapping concepts. Based on the remaining 15 unique indicators, we tentatively estimated that overall, about one-third of decedents received at least one treatment or procedure indicative of ‘potential overtreatment’ during their last month of life. Conclusion Almost half of the published overtreatment indicators could not be measured in routine administrative and healthcare data in Sweden due to a lack of means to capture the care procedure. Our tentative estimates suggest that potential overtreatment might affect one-third of cancer decedents near death. However, quality indicators of potential overtreatment for specific use in routinely collected data should be developed and validated.
Intra-Abdominal Spilled Gallstones Mimicking Malignancy: A Case Report and a Literature Review

The incidence of gallstone spillage and gallbladder perforation has increased as a result of the rising use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The presence of gallstones in the abdomen may lead to adhesions, inflammation, infection, and obstruction of biliary ducts. Since different etiologies can occur with spillage of gallstones, variation in presentation is expected. We report a case of a laparoscopic cholecystectomy complication after four years of surgery. The patient’s clinical presentation mimicked malignancy.
PENDEKATAN MULTIREPRESENTASI DALAM PEMBELAJARAN USAHA-ENERGI DAN DAMPAK TERHADAP PEMAHAMAN KONSEP MAHASISWA

Experimental study has been conducted on the impact of employing multirepresentation approach on learning the work-energy theorem towards the concept understanding of the students. Multirepresentation used includes verbal, factorial, mathematical and chart representations, both in static and dynamic displays (animation and simulation of physics phenomena). The problem will be answered through this study is what is the effectiveness of the use of multirepresentation approach in embedding work-energy concept understanding of students taking General Physics lecture. The research design used was one group posttest, while the research subjects were 120 students of the Mathematics Department of a state education institute in West Java took the General Physics subject. The research instrument employed was conceptual understanding test related to work-energy theorem in a form of objective test (multiple choices). The result shows that multirepresentation is quite effective to be used as an approach to embed the Physics concepts understanding among students.