Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Glaciomarine sequence stratigraphy in the Mississippian Río Blanco Basin, Argentina, southwestern Gondwana. Basin analysis and palaeoclimatic implications for the Late Paleozoic Ice Age during the Tournaisian.

The Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA) has been well recorded in the uppermost Mississippian–Pennsylvanian of Gondwana. Nevertheless, little is known about the temporal and geographic dynamics, particularly during the early Mississippian. We report on exceptional Tournaisian glaciomarine stratigraphic sections from central Argentina (Río Blanco Basin). Encompassing c. 1400 m, these successions contain conspicuous glacigenic strata with age constraints provided by palaeontological data and U/Pb detrital zircon age spectra. A variety of marine, glaciomarine and fan-deltaic environments indicate relative sea-level variations mainly associated with tectonism and repetitive cycles of glacial activity. Provenance analysis indicates a source from the Sierras Pampeanas basement located to the east. Fifteen sequences were grouped into three depositional models: (1) Transgressive Systems Tracts (TST) to Highstand Systems Tracts (HST) sequences unaffected by glacial ice; (2) Lowstand Systems Tracts (LST) to TST and then to HST with glacial inﬂuence; and (3) non-glacial Falling-Stage Systems Tracts (FSST) to TST and HST. The glacial evidence indicates that the oldest Mississippian glacial stage of the LPIA in southwestern Gondwana is constrained to the middle Tournaisian. In contrast with previous descriptions of Gondwanan coeval glacial records, our sequence analysis confirms complex hierarchical climate variability, rather than a single episode of ice advance and retreat. Supplementary material: Detailed stratigraphic sections, palaeocurrents and compositional analysis and U/Pb detrital Zr methodology and data are available at: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare. c.5011424
Does Board Gender Diversity Affect Renewable Energy Consumption?

Abstract This paper examines the effect of board gender diversity on renewable energy consumption. Using a panel of 11,677 firm-year observations from the USA for 2008–2016, we find a positive relationship between board gender diversity and renewable energy consumption. Moreover, boards require two or more women for women to have a significant impact on renewable energy consumption, consistent with the critical mass theory. Further, we document that the positive impact of female directors on renewable energy consumption stems from female independent rather than female executive directors. Finally, we find a positive effect of the interaction between renewable energy consumption and board gender diversity on firm financial performance. Our findings are robust to different identification strategies and estimation techniques.
Rules-based vs. Principles-based Accounting Standards: Earnings Quality and the Role of Earnings in Contracting (An Analysis employing the adoption of ASC 606)

We examine the effect of the adoption of the new revenue recognition standard (ASC 606) on earnings quality and the role of earnings in the debt market. We find that ASC 606, a transition from a rules-based to a principles-based accounting standard, decreases earnings predictability, which is demonstrated by increased absolute analyst forecast error and analyst forecast dispersion, and increases the use of discretion in preparing earnings numbers, which is demonstrated by increased discretionary accruals. In addition, the use of earnings-based covenants decreases in debt contracting, while the use of capital-based covenants increases, which indicates a decrease in the usefulness of earnings numbers in contracting. In terms of the stock market response, overall, the earnings response coefficient (ERC) does not change after the new rule. However, following the adoption, the ERC has increased for firms with high institutional holdings and decreased for firms with low institutional holdings. Our analysis supports the idea that this is due to monitoring from institutional investors curbing the use of discretionary accruals.
Horizontal electric fields from flow of auroral O+(2P) ions at sub-second temporal resolution

Abstract. Electric fields are a ubiquitous feature of the ionosphere and are intimately linked with aurora through particle precipitation and field-aligned currents. They exhibit order-of-magnitude changes on temporal and spatial scales of seconds and kilometres respectively which are not easy to measure; knowing their true magnitude and temporal variability is important for a theoretical understanding of auroral processes. We present a unique method to estimate ionospheric electric fields in the region close to (kilometre scale) a dynamic auroral arc by solving the continuity equation for the metastable O+(2P) ions, which emit as they move under the influence of electric fields during their 5 s lifetime. The main advantage of this optical method is the increase in temporal resolution over other methods such as ground-based radars. Simultaneous measurements of emission at 732.0 nm (from the O+(2P) ions) and prompt emissions at 673.0 nm (N2) and 777.4 nm (O), all at high spatial (100 m) and temporal (0.05 s) resolution, are used in the solution of the continuity equation, which gives the dynamic changes of the O+ ion population at all heights in a 3D volume close to the magnetic zenith. Perspective effects are taken into account by a new geometric method, which is based on an accurate estimate of the magnetic zenith position. The emissions resulting from the metastable ions are converted to brightness images by projecting them onto the plane of the ground, and the projected images are then compared with the measured images. The flow velocity of the ions is a free parameter in the solution of the continuity equation; the value that minimises the difference between the modelled and observed images is the extracted flow velocity at each time step. We demonstrate the method with an example event during the passage of a brightening arc feature, lasting about 10 s, in which the inferred electric fields vary between 20 and 120 mV m−1. These inferred electric fields are compared with SuperDARN measurements, which have an average value of 30 mV m−1. An excellent agreement is found in the magnitude and direction of the background electric field; an increase in magnitude during the brightening of the arc feature supports theories of small-scale auroral arc formation and electrodynamics.
Technical note: Facilitating the use of low-cost methane (CH4) sensors in flux chambers – calibration, data processing, and an open-source make-it-yourself logger

Abstract. A major bottleneck regarding the efforts to better quantify greenhouse gas fluxes, map sources and sinks, and understand flux regulation is the shortage of low-cost and accurate-enough measurement methods. The studies of methane ( CH4 ) – a long-lived greenhouse gas increasing rapidly but irregularly in the atmosphere for unclear reasons, and with poorly understood source–sink attribution – suffer from such method limitations. This study presents new calibration and data processing approaches for use of a low-cost CH4 sensor in flux chambers. Results show that the change in relative CH4 levels can be determined at rather high accuracy in the 2–700 ppm mole fraction range, with modest efforts of collecting reference samples in situ and without continuous access to expensive reference instruments. This opens possibilities for more affordable and time-effective measurements of CH4 in flux chambers. To facilitate such measurements, we also provide a description for building and using an Arduino logger for CH4 , carbon dioxide ( CO2 ), relative humidity, and temperature.
Volatile organic compounds and ozone air pollution in an oil production region in northern China

Abstract. Oil and natural gas (O&NG) exploration presents a significant source of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are central players of tropospheric chemistry and contribute to formations of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols. The impacts of O&NG extraction on regional air quality have been investigated in recent years in North America, but have long been overlooked in China. To assess the impacts of O&NG exploration on tropospheric O3 and regional air quality in China, intensive field observations were conducted during February–March and June–July 2017 in the Yellow River delta, an oil extraction region in northern China. Very high concentrations of ambient VOCs were observed at a rural site, with the highest alkane mixing ratios reaching 2498 ppbv. High-O3 episodes were not encountered during wintertime but were frequently observed in summer. The emission profiles of VOCs from the oil fields were directly measured for the first time in China. The chemical budgets of ROx radicals and O3 were dissected with a detailed chemical box model constrained by in situ observations. The highly abundant VOCs facilitated strong atmospheric oxidation capacity and O3 formation in the region. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) played an essential role in the ROx primary production, OH loss, and radical recycling. Photolysis of OVOCs, O3, and HONO as well as ozonolysis reactions of unsaturated VOCs were major primary sources of ROx. NOx was the limiting factor of radical recycling and O3 formation. This study underlines the important impacts of O&NG extraction on atmospheric chemistry and regional air quality in China.
Resonance-enhanced detection of metals in aerosols using single-particle mass spectrometry

Abstract. We describe resonance effects in laser desorption–ionization (LDI) of particles that substantially increase the sensitivity and selectivity to metals in single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS). Within the proposed scenario, resonant light absorption by ablated metal atoms increases their ionization rate within a single laser pulse. By choosing the appropriate laser wavelength, the key micronutrients Fe, Zn and Mn can be detected on individual aerosol particles with considerably improved efficiency. These ionization enhancements for metals apply to natural dust and anthropogenic aerosols, both important sources of bioavailable metals to marine environments. Transferring the results into applications, we show that the spectrum of our KrF-excimer laser is in resonance with a major absorption line of iron atoms. To estimate the impact of resonant LDI on the metal detection efficiency in SPMS applications, we performed a field experiment on ambient air with two alternately firing excimer lasers of different wavelengths. Herein, resonant LDI with the KrF-excimer laser (248.3 nm) revealed iron signatures for many more particles of the same aerosol ensemble compared to the more common ArF-excimer laser line of 193.3 nm (nonresonant LDI of iron). Many of the particles that showed iron contents upon resonant LDI were mixtures of sea salt and organic carbon. For nonresonant ionization, iron was exclusively detected in particles with a soot contribution. This suggests that resonant LDI allows a more universal and secure metal detection in SPMS. Moreover, our field study indicates relevant atmospheric iron transport by mixed organic particles, a pathway that might be underestimated in SPMS measurements based on nonresonant LDI. Our findings show a way to improve the detection and source attribution capabilities of SPMS for particle-bound metals, a health-relevant aerosol component and an important source of micronutrients to the surface oceans affecting marine primary productivity.
Paleogeographic controls on the evolution of Late Cretaceous ocean circulation

Abstract. Understanding of the role of ocean circulation on climate during the Late Cretaceous is contingent on the ability to reconstruct its modes and evolution. Geochemical proxies used to infer modes of past circulation provide conflicting interpretations for the reorganization of the ocean circulation through the Late Cretaceous. Here, we present climate model simulations of the Cenomanian (100.5–93.9 Ma) and Maastrichtian (72.1–66.1 Ma) stages of the Cretaceous with the CCSM4 earth system model. We focus on intermediate (500–1500 m) and deep (> 1500 m) ocean circulation and show that while there is continuous deep-water production in the southwestern Pacific, major circulation changes occur between the Cenomanian and Maastrichtian. Opening of the Atlantic and Southern Ocean, in particular, drives a transition from a mostly zonal circulation to enhanced meridional exchange. Using additional experiments to test the effect of deepening of major ocean gateways in the Maastrichtian, we demonstrate that the geometry of these gateways likely had a considerable impact on ocean circulation. We further compare simulated circulation results with compilations of eNd records and show that simulated changes in Late Cretaceous ocean circulation are reasonably consistent with proxy-based inferences. In our simulations, consistency with the geologic history of major ocean gateways and absence of shift in areas of deep-water formation suggest that Late Cretaceous trends in eNd values in the Atlantic and southern Indian oceans were caused by the subsidence of volcanic provinces and opening of the Atlantic and Southern oceans rather than changes in deep-water formation areas and/or reversal of deep-water fluxes. However, the complexity in interpreting Late Cretaceous eNd values underscores the need for new records as well as specific eNd modeling to better discriminate between the various plausible theories of ocean circulation change during this period.
Clinical features of capsule endoscopy in 825 children

Abstract Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) can detect mucosal lesions in the intestine, especially in the small bowel. Our study aims to evaluate the applications of VCE for pediatric gastrointestinal diseases. In this retrospective study, we included all patients who underwent VCE between December 2012 and December 2018. Clinical information and VCE data were analyzed. Among 828 patients, the completion rate was 99.6% (n = 825), with an average age of 10.2 ± 3.3 years old. A total of 459 VCE procedures showed abnormalities, and the overall diagnostic yield was 55.6%. The most common indications for VCE were abdominal pain among 505 (61.2%) patients and hematochezia (10.1%) among 83. Among the positive results of VCE, small bowel ulcers accounted for the highest percentage (57.7%), of which 164 cases were diagnosed as inflammatory bowel disease. For obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, 12 cases were diagnosed as Meckel's diverticulum. In terms of the small bowel transit time of VCE, compared with the negative group [288 (216.5, 390.3) min] and the enteritis group [277 (192.5, 374.8) min], a longer transit time was needed in the small bowel ulcer group [332.5 (240, 451.5) min, P < . 01]. There were no correlations of positive VCE findings with anemia, the white blood cell count, the C-reactive protein level or the small bowel transit time according to Spearman rank analysis. VCE is relatively well tolerated and safe in children and has great value for the diagnosis and treatment of abdominal pain, especially inflammatory bowel disease and obscure gastrointestinal bleeding.
Timing and duration of primary molt in Northern Hemisphere skuas and jaegers

ABSTRACT We compared the primary molt of the 4 species of skuas and jaegers (Stercorariidae) that breed in the Northern Hemisphere: Long-tailed Jaeger (Stercorarius longicaudus), Parasitic Jaeger (S. parasiticus), Pomarine Jaeger (S. pomarinus), and Great Skua (S. skua). We analyzed primary molt data of 1,573 individuals of multiple age classes, mostly collected from photographs taken at sea but also from museum specimens and beached individuals. Whereas molt duration generally increased with species' size, molt duration in Parasitic and Pomarine jaegers was surprisingly similar given their size difference. Larger species started primary molt earlier and showed more overlap with postbreeding migration, such that there was complete overlap in Great Skua but no overlap in Long-tailed Jaeger. Within jaeger species, the first primary molt cycle took longer than later molt cycles. We suggest that, unlike birds in their first primary molt cycle, birds in their second or subsequent primary molt cycles are time-constrained to complete primary molt before the onset of prebreeding long-distance migration. By contrast, molt duration did not differ between age classes of Great Skuas. Adult Great Skuas may have overcome the time constraint by completely overlapping molt and postbreeding migration. Molt-migration overlap is generally rare in birds but may be feasible for Great Skuas given their shorter migration distance and low migration speed.
Ultrasonic Imaging of the Onset and Growth of Fractures Within Partially Saturated Whitby Mudstone Using Coda Wave Decorrelation Inversion

Using active ultrasonic source survey data, coda wave decorrelation (CWD) time‐lapse imaging during the triaxial compression of Whitby Mudstone cores provides a 3‐D description of the evolution and redistribution of inelastic strain concentrations. Acoustic emissions (AEs) monitoring is also performed between any two consecutive surveys. From these data, we investigate the impact of initial water saturation Sw on the onset, growth, and reactivation of inelastic deformation, compared to the postdeformation fracture network extracted from X‐ray tomography scans. Our results indicate for the applied strain rate and degree of initial water saturation, and within the frequency range of our ultrasonic transducers (0.1 to 1 MHz), that inelastic strain localization and propagation in the Whitby Mudstone does not radiate AEs of sufficient magnitude to be detected above the average noise level. This is true for both the initial onset of inelasticity (strain localization) and during macroscopic failure. In contrast, the CWD results indicate the onset of what is interpreted as localized regions of inelastic strain at less than 50% of the peak differential stress the Whitby Mudstone can sustain. The seemingly aseismic nature of these clay‐rich rocks suggests the gradual development of inelastic strain, from the microscopic diffuse damage, up until the macroscopic shear failure.
Predicting evaporation from mountain streams

Evaporation can be an important control on stream temperature, particularly in summer when it acts to limit daily maximum stream temperature. Evaporation from streams is usually modelled with the use of a wind function that includes empirically derived coefficients. A small number of studies derived wind functions for individual streams; the fitted parameters varied substantially among sites. In this study, stream evaporation and above‐stream meteorological conditions (at 0.5 and 1.5 m above the water surface) were measured at nine mountain streams in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, covering a range of stream widths, temperatures, and riparian vegetation. Evaporation was measured on 20 site‐days in total, at approximately hourly intervals, using nine floating evaporation pans distributed across the channels. The wind function was fit using mixed‐effects models to account for among‐stream variability in the parameters. The fixed‐effects parameters were tested using leave‐one‐site‐out cross‐validation. The model based on 0.5 m measurements provided improved model performance compared to that based on 1.5 m values, with RMSE of 0.0162 and 0.0187 mm h−1, respectively, relative to a mean evaporation rate of 0.06 mm h−1. Inclusion of atmospheric stability and canopy openness as predictors improved model performance when using the 1.5 m meteorological measurements, with minimal improvement when based on 0.5 m measurements. Of the wind functions reported in the literature, two performed reasonably while five others exhibited substantial bias.
Recuperação de pastagem de Urochloa decumbens com sistemas de manejo e adubação fosfatada

O manejo adequado das pastagens e importante para garantir a producao animal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a producao massa seca da parte aerea (SDWY) e na composicao mineral na recuperacao de pastagens degradadas ( Urochloa decumbens ) em um Latossolo Tipico com introducao de Stylosanthes e fertilizacao com fosforo (P). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repeticoes. As parcelas foram constituidas de sete sistemas de manejo: T1 - Controle Urochloa decumbens sem Stylosanthes ; T2 - U. decumbens + Stylosanthes com plantio direto; T3 - U. decumbens com dessecacao parcial + Stylosanthes ; T4 - U. decumbens com dessecacao total + Stylosanthes ; T5 - U. decumbens + Stylosanthes com escarificacao do solo; T6 - U. decumbens + Stylosanthes com aracao; T7 - U. decumbens + Stylosanthes com lavoura + grade e as subparcelas foram as adubacoes com P (presenca e ausencia). A adubacao com P (60 kg ha -1 de P 2 O 5 ) aumentou a concentracao de P e SDWY de U. decumbens , enquanto a introducao de Stylosanthes nos diferentes sistemas de manejo utilizados nao alterou o producao de forragem.
Response to comments on "Cross‐species Transmission of the Newly Identified Coronavirus 2019‐nCoV” and “Codon bias analysis may be insufficient for identifying host(s) of a novel virus”

We have recently reported for the first time that SARS-CoV-2 maybe a bat-originated coronavirus with a recombination occurred within the spike (S) protein gene based on phylogenetic and simplot analyses1 . These two conclusions are supported by findings recently reported by others and are well accepted in the field of SARS-CoV-2 research2-4 . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Functional assessment of coronary stenosis with angiography-based Quantitative Flow Ratio compared with Fractional Flow Reserve in patients with severe aortic stenosis.

AIMS To investigate the diagnostic performance of quantitative flow ratio (QFR) in assessing the physiological relevance of coronary lesions in the presence of severe aortic valve stenosis (SAS). METHODS AND RESULTS 115 SAS patients (138 coronary arteries) were included. Functional assessment of coronary stenoses was performed with fractional flow reserve (FFR) before transcatheter aortic-valve implantation (TAVI). Subsequently, QFR was calculated at a central core laboratory, blinded to FFR results. The diagnostic yield of QFR was assessed using FFR as reference. Coronary stenoses were intermediate (diameter stenosis 48±10%, FFR 0.84 [0.77-0.89], QFR 0.82 [0.73-0.89]). Per-vessel sensitivity, specificity, area under the ROC curve and accuracy of QFR were 84% (95% CI 71-92%), 80% (95% CI 69-88%), 0.88 (95% CI 0.82-0.93) and 81%, respectively. Diagnostic accuracy of QFR significantly decreased in patients with aortic valve area (AVA) <0.60 cm2. Diagnostic performance of QFR was superior to angiography in assessing the FFR-based functional significance (AUC 0.88 [95% CI 0.82-0.93] vs. 0.74 [95% CI 0.66-0.81], respectively; p = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS Compared with FFR, QFR has a good diagnostic yield and is superior to angiography in assessing the functional relevance of coronary lesions in SAS patients awaiting TAVI, particularly when AVA is ≥0.6 cm2.