Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Iron on Yield and Composition of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Essential Oil

Abstract The effect of iron absorption on yield and composition of the oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) growing in calcareous soil in the North of Sardinia is reported. The plant material was obtained from two different chemotypes of R. officinalis whose oils were rich in α-pinene (sample A) and 1,8-cineole (sample B) respectively. The effect of foliar iron sprays was investigated in irrigated and non-irrigated plants. During the period of the study, May-November 1995, iron absorption did not produce any significant increase in oil yield but appeared to cause a marked rise in verbenone concentration in the oil of irrigated plants. This is likely to be the result of intensified metabolic oxidative processes which convert α-pinene into verbenyl derivatives. The higher concentrations of verbenone in R. officinalis oil after iron treatment increase its value for the perfume industry
β-N-Acetylhexosaminidase Obtained from Chicken Liver and Chicken Serum

zyme and has been shown to be distributed in a wide variety of living tissues. In a previous work,1* we purified this enzyme from both egg white and lysosomal fraction of hen oviduct, and showed that the subunit molecular weight of the egg white enzyme is larger than that of the oviduct enzyme. This result suggests that the subunit molecular weight of extracellular NAHaseis larger than that of intracellular NAHase. To investigate this possibility, NAHasewas separated from other living tissues which have an extracellular enzyme (serum) and an intracellular enzyme (liver), and their subunit molecular
The morphology of symmetric diblock copolymers as revealed by neutron reflectivity

The specular reflectivity of neutrons has been used to characterize quantitatively the microphase separated morphology of symmetric, diblock copolymers of polystyrene (PS), and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), as a function of the total molecular weight of the copolymer where either block is perdeuterated. It is shown that the hyperbolic tangent function, as opposed to a linear or cosine‐squared function, most closely describes the concentration gradient at the interface between the lamellar copolymer microdomains. The effective width of the interface is found to be independent of the molecular weight of the copolymer blocks and has a value of 50±3 A. This interface is also found to be identical to that between PS and PMMA, homopolymers. However, using measured values of the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter for PS and PMMA, current theoretical treatments cannot describe the observed widths of the interface.
Trade in value-added and the welfare gains of international fragmentation

In order to take profit from the differences in factor endowments and technology that exist between countries, firms delocalize or externalize a share of their goods’ production process to other countries. This phenomenon is so widespread today that very few manufactured goods are produced entirely within the borders of a single country. We examine in this paper the macroeconomic gains related to this phenomenon by calculating the net share of international fragmentation in the welfare gains of trade. To do so, we propose a model that allows us to identify all the components related to international fragmentation in these welfare gains, something that most of the classical trade models fail to do. We show that the net share of international fragmentation in the welfare gains of trade represents on average 22% of the gains of trade, a way lower figure than the share that could be inferred from standard trade models. The shutdown of international fragmentation would, therefore, only reduce the average real wage by 3%.
Response of Lowland and Aerobic Rice to Ammonium and Nitrate Supply During Early Growth Stages

ABSTRACT Decreasing fresh water availability has intensified the search for alternative rice cultivation systems with reduced water input, but most evidence suggests negative effects on growth of lowland (LL) rice cultivars. Yield in such production systems may be improved by selection of adapted aerobic ‘Han Dao’ (HD) rice cultivars. Lowland and HD rice were compared under sole nitrate or ammonium supply as well as under mixed supply of both nitrogen (N) forms during the seedling and tillering stage; pronounced differences were found in response to the supplied N form. Shoot dry mass (DM) of HD was significantly lower than that of LL under sole and predominant ammonium supply, whereas LL showed the opposite trend, with significantly lower shoot DM under sole-nitrate supply. Nitrogen concentration of LL rice under sole-nitrate supply was significantly lower compared with other treatments at tillering stage. Han Dao rice had a significantly higher potassium (K) concentration than LL rice under sole-nitrate supply, while the opposite result was observed under sole-ammonium supply. At seedling stage, the portion of N that was taken up from nitrate-N varied from 30% to 40% in HD and LL rice in treatments 75N/25A and 50N/50A, while at both growth stages, predominant ammonium supply resulted in a lower portion (20%) of nitrate-derived N in LL than in HD rice. The portion of nitrate-derived N increased at tillering stage (from 40% to 70%). These results further illustrate a synergistic effect of co-provision of nitrate and ammonium on total N fluxes compared with supply of sole nitrate or sole ammonium. It was concluded that the interaction between N form and tiller formation during early growth stages deserves strong attention for the identification of aerobic rice cultivars.
Model Selection for Vector Autoregressive processes using the Multi-Step Elastic Net

Several penalized variable estimation techniques such as the (adaptive) elastic net have been proposed for modeling VAR data in order to improve dimension reduction and forecast performance. Literature has proven that the multi-step adaptive elastic net gains in sparsity performance, however, this has never been investigated within a VAR framework. The aim is therefore to analyze if the multi-step adaptive elastic net (maenet) is able to provide the accurate VAR model compared to its single step variants used as benchmark methods such as the elastic net (enet), adaptive elastic net with ridge weights (aenetR) and the adaptive elastic net with lasso weights (aenetL). I compare them in terms of estimation bias, sparsity and forecast performance. Simulation results show that the multi-step adaptive elastic net is able to consistently find sparser VAR models compared to the benchmark methods with a gain in efficiency and accuracy as the probability of selecting the correct model increases. In addition, the coefficient estimates are closer to those of the true model. Forecast performance is one of the best in small samples, but approximately equal in large samples. Overall maenet performs well in high-dimensional small samples in terms of selecting the right variables and forecast performance. Empirical results also show a sparser model compared to the single-step adaptive elastic net methods. The gain in performance in especially small samples makes this model interesting for many fields, such as macroeconomics and finance.
Molecular beam photoelectron spectroscopy of SO2: Geometry, spectroscopy, and dynamics of SO+2

We have reinvestigated the He i (584 A) photoelectron spectroscopy of SO2 using a supersonic molecular beam. High resolution and rotational cooling allowed us to observe new features and to resolve explicitly the vibrational structure in the first six electronic states of SO+2 ion. Improved spectroscopic constants for the ionic states and the adiabatic ionization potentials (IPs) are reported. The vibrational structure of the transition to the X 2A1 ground state was assigned to the ν2 mode exclusively. Irregularity of the vibrational progression on the high IP side was observed, which indicated a potential barrier (to linearity) along the direction of Q2 coordinate. The barrier height was estimated to be 0.42 eV (3400 cm−1). Unusual vibrational structure in the A 2A2 state was observed, due to the principal excitation of the ν3 mode and the presence of a potential barrier along the Q3 coordinate. The barrier height was estimated to be less than 220 cm−1. A new progression was resolved in the B 2B2 stat.
Color, Oxidation-Reduction Potential, and Gas Production of Irradiated Meats from Different Animal Species

Turkey breasts, pork loins, and beef loins were aerobically or vacuum-packaged and electron beam- irradiated at 3 kGy. Irradiation increased the redness of turkey breast regardless of packaging or storage. Irradiation drastically decreased the redness of aerobically packaged beef loin. Irradiated meats produced higher amounts of CO and CH 4 than nonirradiated. The oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of meats decreased after irradiation, but increased during the storage. Little differences in CO and ORP values among the irradiated meats from different species were detected. This indicated that CO and ORP were not the only factors involved in the color changes of beef loin by irradiation.
Beyond Clar: The Use of Modern Analytical Tools for Large PAHs

Abstract The classic work on large PAHs by Erich Clar, described in his two-volume book ‘Polycyclic Hydrocarbons’, still stands as the penultimate work in that field. Although the volumes are well over 30 years old, and cover work done in the prior three decades, work since then in the area of large PAHs has been sporadic and nowhere near as far flung as Clar's. There has been progress, however, in various areas of analytical chemistry that extends information first found by Clar. For example, modern separation methods, like HPLC, can isolate certain isomers that Clar was unable to separate. Spectroscopic techniques, in combination with these, extend the wavelength range of fluorescence and UV absorbance spectra of large PAHs. Several examples from the peropyrene family of large PAHs will be given to illustrate the advantages gained through the use of modern analytical methods. These include lower wavelength spectra for violanthrene, isoviolanthrene, and other sparingly soluble large PAHs; the first direc.
A selectivity study of reaction of the carbonate radical anion with methyl β-d-cellobioside and methyl β-d-glucoside in oxygenated aqueous solutions

Abstract In the presence of oxygen, radiolytically generated carbonate radical anions, CO3 •–, were reacted with methyl β-D-cellobioside and methyl β-D-glucoside. From the ensuing product pattern, it was concluded that CO3 •– abstracts hydrogen atoms predominantly from glucosidic C1–H bonds. This high intramolecular selectivity was rationalised mainly in terms of a polar effect on the transition state of the hydrogen abstraction reaction. The present findings are in sharp contrast to the relative inertness of CO3 •– towards glucosidic C1–H bonds previously observed in cotton linters. The reasons for this discrepancy are discussed in light of a possible future role of CO3 •– as a bleaching agent for pulp.
Ionospheric Irregularities Observed During the GLEAM Survey

Nearly 200 hr of observing with the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) radio telescope during the Galactic and Extragalactic All‐sky MWA (GLEAM) survey was used to assemble images of ionospheric structure. These images cover a nearly 50° wide area on the sky at a cadence of 10 min over many 5–7 hr long observing runs. They are generated by tracking the apparent motions of ∼200–800 cosmic radio sources caused by changes in the transverse gradient of the ionospheric total electron content. Spectral analysis of these images revealed that the data set was dominated by three distinct signatures. The first is consistent with field‐aligned structures within the topside ionosphere/lower plasmasphere previously imaged with the MWA. The second are structures that are relatively large and aligned nearly east/west. Regional weather data imply that these are preferentially detected when there is a noticeable shear within the subtropical jet stream, which passes near the MWA. This suggests that this signature may be related to gravity waves launched by jet stream shear. The final signature is consistent with the properties of so‐called electrobuoyancy waves that are known to occur at midlatitudes at night. Detections of these were more common when regional sporadic E (ES) was present, supporting a proposed connection between these waves and polarization electric fields that may arise within ES. We discuss the implications for future observations with the Square Kilometer Array.
DFT Calculations on the Protonation of Alkanes on HF/SbF5 Superacids Using Cluster Models

Calculations at B3LYP/6-31++G** + RECP (Sb) level have been performed for the protonation of C−H and C−C bonds of methane, ethane, propane, and isobutane by models of the liquid superacid media HF/SbF5. The antimony atoms were dealt with by relativistic effective core potentials. The species H2F+·Sb2F11- was considered as the model electrophile. The transition states for the protonation of the C−H bonds (H/H exchange) are similar to an H-carbonium ion interacting with the anion moiety. The enthalpies of activation for H/H exchange of alkanes were calculated in the range of 19 to 21 kcal/mol. For the protonation of the C−C bond, the enthalpy of activation strongly depends on the structure of the hydrocarbon being attacked, and was always higher than the enthalpy of activation for H/H exchange. This suggests the existence of steric demand for the C−C protonation.
Calculation of the gas temperature in a throughflow atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge torch by spectral line shape analysis

An analysis of spectral line profiles is used to calculate the gas temperature and to estimate the upper limit of the electron density in an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge torch. Two transitions are studied, that of helium (He) at 587.5nm and that of hydrogen (Hβ) at 486.1nm, both observed in the spectra of the light emitted from the gap-space region. Relevant broadening mechanisms including the Doppler and Stark effects, as well as the collision processes between an emitter and a neutral particle, are reviewed. It is deduced that the main contribution to the broadened profiles is due to collisions. Through knowledge of the van der Waals interaction potential, a general expression for determining the gas temperature is derived and applied to each transition. The results obtained from both lines are in agreement; i.e., the gas temperature is found to be 460±60K at the highest voltage applied. This value is consistent with the experimental observation that at these conditions the afterglo.
Investigating the Degradation Behavior of LDPE-grafted Maleic Anhydride for Use as Compatibilizer in Environmentally Degradable Compositions

In this paper, we report the degradation behavior of a LDPE-grafted Maleic anhydride polymer prepared using a reactive extrusion technique. 70 ± 5 µm blown films were exposed to oxidative environments, and the degradation was followed by monitoring physico-chemical and morphological changes. The studies indicated that grafting with Maleic anhydride does not affect the degradation characteristics of the base polymer. Kinetic parameters of degradation, as estimated using non-isothermal TGA, were used to estimate the theoretical lifetime of the polymers, which remained unaltered due to grafting. The results, however, indicated that cobalt stearate, a typical pro-oxidant, led to massive degradation during thermal processing.
SPAD-CHLOROPHYLL RESPONSE TO NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AND EVALUATION OF NITROGEN STATUS IN DRYLAND AND IRRIGATED PUMPKINS*

Field experiments were conducted on a dryland Flanagan loam and on an irrigated Plainfield sand to assess N status in processing pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata) using the Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter. At each location, five rates of nitrogen (N) (0, 84, 168, 252, and 336 kg ha−1) were applied to three pumpkin cultivars (hybrid ‘698’, hybrid ‘401’, and ‘Libby-Select’), with leaf SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) readings and total N measured at anthesis, early-fruiting, and mid-fruiting stages. Fertilizer N requirements for 90% and 100% yield were estimated at 61 and 191 kg N ha−1 for dryland pumpkins and 148 and 245 kg N ha−1 for irrigated pumpkins, respectively. Cultivar and N rate affected leaf SPAD readings and N concentrations at both locations, with greatest effects on the irrigated sand. For both dryland and irrigated pumpkins, SPAD leaf readings at each sampling date were significantly correlated with both leaf N concentrations and fruit yield, although the relationships were markedly weaker on the dryland loam than on the irrigated sand. The results suggest that maximum or near-maximum yields of both dryland and irrigated pumpkins can be expected when leaf SPAD readings are ∼56.7–59.0 units at anthesis, ∼55.1–57.6 units at early-fruiting, and 52.2–54.3 units at mid-fruiting. The results also showed that while normalized leaf SPAD readings derived from high-N in-field reference plots can readily identify the critical threshold (i.e. 10% yield reduction) for N deficiency in pumpkins, they would be less precise predicting optimum N status (i.e. maximum yield). The potential usefulness for the SPAD 502 chlorophyll meter as a N management tool in estimating plant N status was demonstrated in irrigated pumpkins, and to a lesser degree in dryland production. However, because pumpkin N requirements could vary with cultivar and growing conditions, a range of SPAD values is proposed.
EFFECT OF VAPOUR PRESSURE ON THE DEPOSITION PATTERN FROM SOLUTION PHASE METERED DOSE INHALERS

The pulmonary deposition of 99mTc-labelled hexamethyl propylene amine oxime, used as a model for propellant soluble drugs, was studied in healthy volunteers using gamma scintigraphy. The radiolabel was delivered using a metered dose inhaler using a low vapour pressure chlorofluorocarbon fill (LVPA, 255 kPa) or a high vapour pressure chlorofluorocarbon fill (HVPA, 448 kPa) in a cross-over design trial. The data showed that a lower proportion of the dose (35%) was swallowed for HVPA compared with LVPA (49%). Within the lung, the proportion of the dose reaching the peripheral airways as determined by the penetration index was the same for both aerosols, although a greater pulmonary deposition of the dose was observed with HVPA. The results obtained confirm previous observations that greater than 40% of the marker achieves pulmonary deposition when dissolved in the propellant phase.
The interaction of sulfuric acid with graphene and formation of adsorbed crystals

Density functional theory has been used to analyse the interaction between sulfuric acid and graphene. Four different coverages, ranging from a nearly isolated sulfuric acid molecule (one H2SO4 molecule per 32 C atoms) to a bilayer (one H2SO4 molecule per 4 C atoms) have been studied calculating geometries, binding energies, charge transfers and band structures. The results show that there is protonation of the graphene sheet by the acid, in accordance with experimental results for H2SO4 adsorbed onto highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and for single-wall carbon nanotubes in concentrated sulfuric acid. Nevertheless the electronic structure of graphene is not heavily affected and its zero-band-gap semiconducting behaviour is preserved. As the coverage increases, the acid molecules rotate approaching their orientation in the pure crystal, showing that graphene can template the growth of a sulfuric acid crystal.
Wafer-Scale Growth of ITO Nanorods by Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering Deposition

We demonstrate synthesis of tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) nanorods on 2-in. glass wafers via radio frequency (rf)-magnetron sputtering deposition. The nanorods possessed a single-crystal structure of bixbyite, grew along the orientation of the cubic unit cell, and were vertically aligned to the substrates. Height and diameter of the nanorods were as large as ~810 nm and 40-100 nm, respectively. The morphological, structural, compositional, optical, and electrical properties of the ITO nanorods were examined with respect to growth temperature (25-500°C) and growth time (10-60 min). ITO nanorod films synthesized at 500°C exhibited excellent electrical and optical property such as a low sheet resistance (~41 Ω/□) and high transparency in the wavelength range of visible light (i.e., ~87% transmission at 550 nm). The facile approach to synthesize ITO nanorods at a large scale demonstrated in this work may find various applications including the fabrication of high performance optoelectronic devices.
Relationships between microwave permittivities of solid and pulverised plastics

The complex permittivities (dielectric properties) of solid and pulverised samples of two plastics, Rexolite 1422 and Kynar, were measured at frequencies of 2.45, 11.5 and 22.0 GHz at 25 degrees C by the short-circuited waveguide technique. Several dielectric mixture equations and extrapolation of functions of the dielectric constants and loss factors that are linear with bulk density were then used to estimate the permittivities at solid-material densities from measurements on the pulverised samples. For these materials, the best estimates of the permittivities were provided by extrapolations that are consistent with the complex refractive index and Landau and Lifshitz, Looyenga mixture equations. The Bottcher mixture equation often gave values very close to the Landau and Lifshitz, Looyenga equation, and the Bruggeman-Hanai, Rayleigh and Lichtenecker mixture equations gave increasingly larger permittivity estimates in that order.
Electrospray crystallization for high-quality submicron-sized crystals

Nano- and submicron-sized crystals are too small to contain inclusions and are, therefore, expected to have a higher internal quality compared to conventionally sized particles (several tens to hundreds of microns). Using electrospray crystallization, nano- and submicron-sized crystals can be easily produced. With the aid of electrospray crystallization, a mist of ultrafine solution droplets is generated and subsequent solvent evaporation leads to crystallization of submicron-sized crystals. Using cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) solutions in acetone, the conditions for a stable and continuous jet were established. At relatively small nozzle diameters and relatively low potential differences, hollow spheres of RDX crystals were observed. At a higher nozzle diameter and potential difference and in the region of a continuous jet, RDX crystals with an average size of around 400nm could be produced. In order to test the quality of the submicron-sized energetic material, impact and friction sensitivity tests were carried out. The test results indicate that the submicron-sized product had reduced friction sensitivity, indicating a higher internal quality of the crystalline product. Electrospray crystallization is proposed as a method for creating high-quality submicron-sized crystals of the energetic material cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX). The friction sensitivity of the obtained unagglomerated submicron-sized crystals was lower than that of conventional RDX, indicating that they have a better internal quality. © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.