Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Local-Global MCMC kernels: the best of both worlds

Recent works leveraging learning to enhance sampling have shown promising results, in particular by designing effective non-local moves and global proposals. However, learning accuracy is inevitably limited in regions where little data is available such as in the tails of distributions as well as in high-dimensional problems. In the present paper we study an Explore-Exploit Markov chain Monte Carlo strategy ($Ex^2MCMC$) that combines local and global samplers showing that it enjoys the advantages of both approaches. We prove $V$-uniform geometric ergodicity of $Ex^2MCMC$ without requiring a uniform adaptation of the global sampler to the target distribution. We also compute explicit bounds on the mixing rate of the Explore-Exploit strategy under realistic conditions. Moreover, we also analyze an adaptive version of the strategy ($FlEx^2MCMC$) where a normalizing flow is trained while sampling to serve as a proposal for global moves. We illustrate the efficiency of $Ex^2MCMC$ and its adaptive version on classical sampling benchmarks as well as in sampling high-dimensional distributions defined by Generative Adversarial Networks seen as Energy Based Models. We provide the code to reproduce the experiments at the link: https://github.com/svsamsonov/ex2mcmc_new.
Fundamental Limits in Formal Verification of Message-Passing Neural Networks

Output reachability and adversarial robustness are among the most relevant safety properties of neural networks. We show that in the context of Message Passing Neural Networks (MPNN), a common Graph Neural Network (GNN) model, formal verification is impossible. In particular, we show that output reachability of graph-classifier MPNN, working over graphs of unbounded size, non-trivial degree and sufficiently expressive node labels, cannot be verified formally: there is no algorithm that answers correctly (with yes or no), given an MPNN, whether there exists some valid input to the MPNN such that the corresponding output satisfies a given specification. However, we also show that output reachability and adversarial robustness of node-classifier MPNN can be verified formally when a limit on the degree of input graphs is given a priori. We discuss the implications of these results, for the purpose of obtaining a complete picture of the principle possibility to formally verify GNN, depending on the expressiveness of the involved GNN models and input-output specifications.
Axial Current and Noether Charge

A decade ago, a Lagrangian density has been proposed by the author where only the local symmetries of the Lorentz subgroup of (A)ds group is retained. This formalism has been found to produce some results encompassing that of standard Einstein-Hilbert formalism. In the present article, the conserved axial vector matter currents, constructed in some earlier paper, have been found to be a result of Noether's theorem. PACS: 04.20. Fy, 04.20. Cv, 11.40. -q Keywords: Torsion, Axial Current, Noether's Theorem
PHH Harmonic Submersions are Stable

We prove that PHH harmonic submersions are (weakly) stable. A harmonic map between Riemann manifolds is called (weakly) stable if the Hessian of the energy func- tional is (semi) positive definite, see, for example (7), Chapter 5. In particular, an energy-minimizing map is stable. Lichnerowich has proved in 1970 (see (4)) that holomorphic maps between Kahler manifolds are (weakly) stable; away from these particular mappings, we do not dispose of many other examples of harmonic maps which are (weakly) stable. In the joint paper (1), we have introduced a class of harmonic maps, defined on a Riemann manifold, with value in a Kahler manifold, called PHH harmonic maps which have a behaviour somewhat similar to that of holomorphic maps. Holomorphic maps between Kahler manifolds are typical examples of PHH harmonic maps, but examples of different flavour have been found in (2). The aim of this paper is to prove that PHH harmonic submersions are actually (weakly) stable, yet another property which relates maps in this class to holomorphic maps (compare to (3)). We start by recalling some basic notions and facts from (1), and (5), see also (3). We start with a map ' : (M m ,gM) → (N 2n ,JN,gN), defined on a Riemann manifold with value in a Kahler manifold. For any point x ∈ M, we denote d' ∗ : T'(x)N → TxM the adjoint of the tanget map d'x : TxM → T'(x)N. The map ' is called PHWC at x (pseudo-horizontally weakly conformal) if and only if d'x ◦ d' ∗ commutes with JN,'(x). Naturally, ' is called PHWC if it is PHWC at any point x ∈ M. If ' is PHWC at x, we say that ' is PHH at x (pseudo-horizontally homothetic) if and only if d'x (∇ M d' ∗ (JNY ))x � = JN,'(x)d'x (∇ M d' ∗ (Y ))x � for any horizontal tangent vector v ∈ TxM, and any vector field Y , locally defined in a neighbourhood of '(x), where ∇ M is the Levi-Civita connection on M (the Levi-Civita connections on N is denoted by
Impact of vaccination on COVID-19-associated admissions to critical care in England: a population cohort study of linked data

Introduction This study aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on critical care by examining associations between vaccination and admission to critical care with COVID-19 during England's Delta wave, by age group, dose, and over time. Methods We used linked routinely-collected data to conduct a population cohort study of patients admitted to adult critical care in England for management of COVID-19 between 1 May and 15 December 2021. Included participants were the whole population of England aged 18 years or over (44.7 million), including 10,141 patients admitted to critical care with COVID-19. The intervention was vaccination with one, two, or a booster/three doses of any COVID-19 vaccine. Results Compared with unvaccinated patients, vaccinated patients were older (median 64 years for patients receiving two or more doses versus 50 years for unvaccinated), with higher levels of severe comorbidity (20.3% versus 3.9%) and immunocompromise (15.0% versus 2.3%). Compared with patients who were unvaccinated, those vaccinated with two doses had a relative risk reduction (RRR) of between 90.1% (patients aged 18-29, 95% CI, 86.8% to 92.7%) and 95.9% (patients aged 60-69, 95% CI, 95.5% to 96.2%). Waning was only observed for those aged 70+, for whom the RRR reduced from 97.3% (91.0% to 99.2%) to 86.7% (85.3% to 90.1%) between May and December but increased again to 98.3% (97.6% to 98.8%) with a booster/third dose. Conclusion Important demographic and clinical differences exist between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients admitted to critical care with COVID-19. While not a causal analysis, our findings are consistent with a substantial and sustained impact of vaccination on reducing admissions to critical care during England's Delta wave, with evidence of waning predominantly restricted to those aged 70+.
Protective effectiveness of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against Omicron infection and severe disease: a systematic review and meta-regression

Background We aimed to systematically review the magnitude and duration of the protective effectiveness of prior infection (PE) and hybrid immunity (HE) against Omicron infection and severe disease. Methods We searched pre-print and peer-reviewed electronic databases for controlled studies from January 1, 2020, to June 1, 2022. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the Risk of Bias In Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I)-Tool. We used random-effects meta-regression to estimate the magnitude of protection at 1-month intervals and the average change in protection since the last vaccine dose or infection from 3 months to 6 or 12 months. We compared our estimates of PE and HE to previously published estimates of the magnitude and durability of vaccine effectiveness (VE) against Omicron. Findings Eleven studies of prior infection and 15 studies of hybrid immunity were included. For prior infection, there were 97 estimates (27 at moderate RoB and 70 at serious RoB), with the longest follow up at 15 months. PE against hospitalization or severe disease was 82.5% [71.8-89.7%] at 3 months, and 74.6% [63.1-83.5%] at 12 months. PE against reinfection was 65.2% [52.9-75.9%] at 3 months, and 24.7% [16.4-35.5%] at 12 months. For HE, there were 153 estimates (78 at moderate RoB and 75 at serious RoB), with the longest follow up at 11 months for primary series vaccination and 4 months for first booster vaccination. Against hospitalization or severe disease, HE involving either primary series vaccination or first booster vaccination was consistently >95% for the available follow up. Against reinfection, HE involving primary series vaccination was 69.0% [58.9-77.5%] at 3 months after the most recent infection or vaccination, and 41.8% [31.5-52.8%] at 12 months, while HE involving first booster vaccination was 68.6% [58.8-76.9%] at 3 months, and 46.5% [36.0-57.3%] at 6 months. Against hospitalization or severe disease at 6 months, hybrid immunity with first booster vaccination (effectiveness 95.3% [81.9-98.9%]) or with primary series alone (96.5% [90.2-98.8%]) provided significantly greater protection than prior infection alone (80.1% [70.3-87.2%]), first booster vaccination alone (76.7% [72.5-80.4%]), or primary series alone (64.6% [54.5-73.6%]). Results for protection against reinfection were similar. Interpretation Prior infection and hybrid immunity both provided greater and more sustained protection against Omicron than vaccination alone. All protection estimates waned quickly against infection but remained high for hospitalisation or severe disease. Individuals with hybrid immunity had the highest magnitude and durability of protection against all outcomes, reinforcing the global imperative for vaccination.
Calculating the trap density of states in organic field-effect transistors from experiment: A comparison of different methods

The spectral density of localized states in the band gap of pentacene (trap DOS) was determined with a pentacene-based thin-film transistor from measurements of the temperature dependence and gate-voltage dependence of the contact-corrected field-effect conductivity. Several analytical methods to calculate the trap DOS from the measured data were used to clarify, if the different methods lead to comparable results. We also used computer simulations to further test the results from the analytical methods. Most methods predict a trap DOS close to the valence-band edge that can be very well approximated by a single exponential function with a slope in the range of 50--60 meV and a trap density at the valence-band edge of $\ensuremath{\approx}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{21}\text{ }{\text{eV}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. Interestingly, the trap DOS is always slightly steeper than exponential. An important finding is that the choice of the method to calculate the trap DOS from the measured data can have a considerable effect on the final result. We identify two specific simplifying assumptions that lead to significant errors in the trap DOS. The temperature dependence of the band mobility should generally not be neglected. Moreover, the assumption of a constant effective accumulation-layer thickness leads to a significant underestimation of the slope of the trap DOS.
Analytic Hilbert Modules

The seminal 1989 work of Douglas and Paulsen in the theory of analytic Hilbert modules precipitated a number of major research efforts. This in turn led to some intriguing and valuable results, particularly in the areas of operator theory and functional analysis. With the field now beginning to blossom, the time has come to collect those results under one cover. Written by two of the most active and often-cited researchers in the field, Analytic Hilbert Modules reports on the progress made by the authors and others, including the characteristic space theory, rigidity, the equivalence problem, the Arveson modules, extension theory, and reproducing Hilbert spaces on n-dimensional complex space.
Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation versus whole‐brain radiotherapy consolidation in primary central nervous system lymphoma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

The management of newly diagnosed primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) includes administration of high‐dose methotrexate based regimens followed by consolidation therapy to minimize the risk of relapse. However, the best consolidation strategy (autologous hematopoietic cell transplant [auto‐HCT] vs. whole‐brain radiotherapy [WBRT]) is controversial. Hence, we performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of all randomized controlled trials that compared auto‐HCT versus WBRT consolidation for patients with PCNSL after first‐line treatment.The primary outcome was overall survival (OS), while the secondary outcomes included progression‐free survival (PFS), response rates (overall response rate [ORR] and complete remission [CR]), relapse rate, treatment‐related mortality (TRM), and neuropsychological adverse events. We performed a pooled analysis of the single‐arm studies that incorporated auto‐HCT or WBRT consolidation and evaluated neurocognitive outcomes. Only two studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 240). There was no significant difference in OS (HR = 1.50; 95% CI = 0.95–2.36), PFS (HR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.44–2.22), ORR (RR = 1.48; 95% CI = 0.90–2.44), CR rate (RR = 1.21; 95% CI = 0.90–1.63), relapse rate (RR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.05–4.28), and TRM (RR = 5.67; 95% CI = 1.01–31.91). The neuropsychological tests to assess neurocognitive domains were different and inconsistently reported in the two studies and therefore we were unable to perform a meta‐analysis but provide a descriptive assessment. Both the studies showed a significant decline in the attention/executive function (based on the trail making test A and trail making test B) in those receiving WBRT compared to auto‐HCT. We found 9 single‐arm phase II studies that reported data on outcomes associated with either auto‐HCT (5 studies) or WBRT (4 studies) consolidation. Of these, two studies (n = 43) reported data on neurocognitive decline following auto‐HCT consolidation. Pooled proportion of patients with neurocognitive decline in these studies was 6% (95% CI, 0%–17%) for those receiving auto‐HCT and there was no heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 0%). Three studies (n = 122) reported data on neurocognitive decline following WBRT consolidation. Pooled proportion of patients with neurocognitive decline in these studies was 43% (95% CI, 11%–78%) for those receiving WBRT and there was high heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 94%). There was significant heterogeneity between subgroups (p = 0.035). The outcomes were not significantly different in patients with PCNSL receiving auto‐HCT or WBRT consolidation therapies, however, there is a higher degree of neurocognitive decline associated with WBRT compared to auto‐HCT consolidation. The decision to choose a consolidation strategy needs to be individualized based on age, frailty, and co‐morbidities.
Awareness, Acceptance, and Associated Factors of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine among Parents of Daughters in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Introduction : Human papillomavirus infections are the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease among women worldwide. Cervical cancer is the second most frequent disease worldwide in terms of incidence and mortality, and it is primarily responsible for fatalities in low- to middle-income nations, including Ethiopia. In the Hadiya Zone of Southern Ethiopia, the goal of this study is to determine parental knowledge about, acceptance of, and factors related to the human papillomavirus vaccine. Methods : From November to December 2021, a community-based cross-sectional study would be conducted in Hadiya Zone among parents with daughters in the Zone. The study respondents would be chosen using a two-stage sampling technique from parents with a 9-14-year-old daughter. An interviewer-administered questionnaire would be used to collect data. For analysis, the data were entered into Epidata version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 25. Variables with a p-value less than 0.25 in the bivariate analysis were transferred to multivariate analysis. A logistic regression model was applied to forecast the association between the predictor and outcome variables. Statistical significance was considered at a 0.05 p-value. Results : The study showed that the overall acceptance of parents to vaccinate their daughter with HPV vaccination was 450 (84.9%). Parents of daughters having of male sex (AOR: 0.407; 95%CI: 0.221,0.748), having number of daughters one(AOR: 2.122; 95%CI: 1.221,3.685), government school type(AOR: 0.476;95%CI: 0.263,0.861), poor knowledge(AOR: 0.532;95%CI: 0.293,0.969) and negative attitude(AOR: 0.540;95%CI: 0.299,0.977) were discovered to have a strong correlation. Conclusion : This study found that there was a high level of parental acceptance; attitudes and knowledge about the HPV vaccine are significant in determining their intentions to vaccinate their daughter. Authorities in areas where cervical cancer incidence is at risk should plan and implement by providing health information regarding the human papillomavirus vaccination with an emphasis on raising community awareness.
Scaling and spontaneous symmetry restoring of topological defect dynamics in liquid crystal

Significance When order is formed, topological defects may appear generically, and as such, they are a key to characterize and control the order formation observed in different fields of physics and related disciplines. At the heart of such approaches is disentangling universal and nonuniversal aspects of topological defect dynamics. We do so by realizing direct observation of three-dimensional (3D) dynamics of liquid crystalline defects. Analyzing topological rearrangements called reconnections, on one hand, we establish the validity of the scaling law known for quantum fluid and two-dimensional (2D) liquid crystal; on the other hand, we reveal that the asymmetry present in 2D defect dynamics disappears in 3D. This finding is accounted for by a general mechanism that may hold beyond liquid crystal.
Clinicopathological analysis of a superior sulcus tumor treated by salvage surgery after concurrent definitive chemoradiotherapy followed by durvalumab: A case report

Surgical treatment of superior sulcus tumors (SSTs) is clinically challenging. Definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is a standard treatment for SST. In operable cases, multimodal therapy (CRT followed by surgery) is another option, at least for experienced institutions. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have recently been developed, and several clinical trials have investigated definitive CRT followed by ICIs for consolidation or maintenance therapy of unresectable local advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including SSTs. Clinical studies of salvage surgery after CRT followed by ICIs are also ongoing. However, the clinical outcomes of salvage surgery after multimodal therapies and histopathological analyses of surgical specimens after such treatments remain unclear. Here, we report the case of a patient with SST comprising squamous cell carcinoma with invasion of the second to third rib and vertebrae who underwent salvage surgery after concurrent definitive CRT followed by the ICI durvalumab, and show the results of clinicopathological analyses of the resected specimen.
A 14 h−3 Gpc3 study of cosmic homogeneity using BOSS DR12 quasar sample

The BOSS quasar sample is used to study cosmic homogeneity with a 3D survey in the redshift range 2.2 < z < 2.8. We measure the count-in-sphere, N(< r), i.e. the average number of objects around a given object, and its logarithmic derivative, the fractal correlation dimension, D2(r). For a homogeneous distribution N(< r) ∝ r3 and D2(r) = 3. Due to the uncertainty on tracer density evolution, 3D surveys can only probe homogeneity up to a redshift dependence, i.e. they probe so-called ``spatial isotropy". Our data demonstrate spatial isotropy of the quasar distribution in the redshift range 2.2 < z < 2.8 in a model-independent way, independent of any FLRW fiducial cosmology, resulting in 3 − ⟨D2⟩ < 1.7 × 10−3 (2 σ) over the range 250 < r < 1200 h−1 Mpc for the quasar distribution. If we assume that quasars do not have a bias much less than unity, this implies spatial isotropy of the matter distribution on large scales. Then, combining with the Copernican principle, we finally get homogeneity of the matter distribution on large scales. Alternatively, using a flat ΛCDM fiducial cosmology with CMB-derived parameters, and measuring the quasar bias relative to this ΛCDM model, our data provide a consistency check of the model, in terms of how homogeneous the Universe is on different scales. D2(r) is found to be compatible with our ΛCDM model on the whole 10 < r < 1200 h−1 Mpc range. For the matter distribution we obtain 3 − ⟨D2⟩ < 5 × 10−5 (2 σ) over the range 250 < r < 1200 h−1 Mpc, consistent with homogeneity on large scales.
Prehospital Ultrasound: A Narrative Review

Abstract Background: Point-of-care ultrasound is rapidly becoming more prevalent in the prehospital environment. Though considered a relatively new intervention in this setting, there is growing literature that aims to explore the use of prehospital ultrasound by EMS personnel. Methods: To better understand and report the state of the science on prehospital ultrasound, we conducted a narrative review of the literature. Results: Following a keyword search of MEDLINE in Ovid from inception to August 2, 2022, 2,564 records were identified and screened. Based on review of abstracts and full texts, with addition of seven articles via bibliography review, 193 records were included. Many included studies detail usage in air medical and other critical care transport environments. Clinicians performing prehospital ultrasound are often physicians or other advanced practice personnel who have previous ultrasound experience, which facilitates implementation in the prehospital setting. Emerging literature details training programs for prehospital personnel who are novices to ultrasound, and implementation for some study types appears feasible without prior experience. Unique use scenarios that show promise include during critical care transport, for triage in austere settings, and for thoracic evaluation of patients at risk of life-threatening pathology. Conclusion: There is a growing mostly observational body of literature describing the use of ultrasound by prehospital personnel. Prehospital ultrasound has demonstrated feasibility for specific conditions, yet interventional studies evaluating benefit to patient outcomes are absent.