Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Self-employment and the intergenerational transmission of human capital

We use the European Community Household Panel Survey (ECHP) to investigate the determinants of self-employment. More precisely, we consider the influence of immediate social environments and social networks on the choice of self-employment. We conjecture that self-employment is correlated across generations because parents may transmit two classes of informal human capital to their offspring: (1) specific skills for a specific occupation and (2) general managerial skills such as the capacity to acquire autonomy, irrespective of the specific occupation. Our data allow us to dissociate those individuals who are first-generation self-employed from second-generation self-employed (i.e. those whose parents are self-employed), and, among second-generation self-employed, those individuals whose parents are in the same occupation as their offspring. Consistent with our assumptions, we show that having parents who are self-employed increases the probability of being self-employed, even when the individuals do not have the same occupation as their parents. We also observe strong differences between first and second generation self-employed workers. First-generation self-employed are generally younger and more educated than second generation self-employed. Finally our results indicate that first-generation self-employed report higher job satisfaction than second-generation self-employed. Nous etudions dans cet article les determinants du travail independant a partir de l'enquete europeenne des menages (ECHP). Plus particulierement, nous etudions le role joue par l'environnement familial de l'individu. L'originalite de cette etude est de montrer que les parents ne se contentent generalement pas de transmettre a leurs enfants des competences specifiques a un metier donne mais egalement certaines aptitudes manageriales non specifiques a une profession particuliere, facilitant ainsi l'acces au statut d'independant quel que soit le metier exerce. Nos resultats montrent sans ambiguite qu'au-dela de la transmission d'un « savoir-faire » favorisant l'acces a un metier specifique, dans un grand nombre de cas, les parents travailleurs independants facilitent egalement l'acces de leurs enfants au statut d'independant et cela bien souvent, quel que soit le metier envisage. Un autre resultat interessant de notre etude est qu''l existe des differences importantes au sein des travailleurs independants selon qu'ils ont beneficie ou non de transmissions intergenerationnelles de la part de parents travailleurs independants. On observe par exemple que le niveau d'education formelle est davantage discriminant pour les premieres generations de travailleurs independants (ceux dont les parents ne sont pas travailleurs independants) que pour les secondes generations de travailleurs independants (ceux dont les parents sont travailleurs independants).
Cretaceous slab segmentation in southwestern Gondwana

Abstract The Mesozoic Austral Basin of Patagonia, in southwestern Gondwana, experienced a major tectonic segmentation during Aptian times. Sometime between 121 and 118 Ma (Aptian), the northern part of the Austral Basin, known as the Aisén Basin or Río Mayo Embayment, was inverted, with the sediments overlain by calc-alkaline subaerial volcanic rocks of Aptian to Maastrichtian age. In the southern segment of the Austral Basin, known as the Magallanes Basin, predominantly marine sediments accumulated until Cenozoic times in a back-arc position, relative to a magmatic arc located to the west. The subduction-related N–S-trending volcanic chains of both segments were geographically displaced during Aptian to Late Cretaceous times. In the Aisén segment north of ~49–50° S, the volcanic chain was located further east than the coeval arc in the Magallanes segment. A transform fault connected the trenches of both segments, with the Aisén segment dipping at a shallower angle than the Magallanes segment.
The SISCAL project

The SISCAL project (1), funded by the European Community, aims at promoting a user-friendly access to Earth Observation data products for end users concerned by monitoring the water quality of coastal areas and inland waters. This objective will be realized by the SISCAL processor which will offer, through the internet, EO data products, geographical information systems and a tool box for data analysis. We will present here this SISCAL prototype, its functionality and outputs from a validation exercise.
Composition of the crust in the Grenville and Appalachian Provinces of North America inferred from V P /V S ratios

We use the ratios between P and S wave velocities (VP/VS), derived from seismic refraction data, to infer the composition of the crust in the Grenville and the Appalachian Provinces of North America. The crust exhibits VP/VS increasing with depth from 1.64 to 1.84; there is a clear distinction between the Grenville Province (average VP/VS=1.81) and the Appalachian Province (average VP/VS=1.73) which persists at all depths. The boundary between these provinces is east dipping extending for 100 km east of the Champlain thrust. In the Appalachian Province the increase in VP/VS ratios with depth from 1.67 to 1.74±0.02 may reflect a normal decrease of silica content in the continental crust. In the Grenville Province beneath the Central Granulite Terrane, an anomalous VP/VS ratio of 1.82±0.02 is observed extending to a depth of 10 km; this correlates with the abundance of Ca-plagioclase in the Marcy Anorthosite. At greater depth (15–20 km), where seismic lamination and high electrical conductivity is observed, VP/VS is 1.84±0.02 and correlates with the Tahawus Complex, a layered mafic intrusion. Within the 25-km-thick lower crust of the Grenville Province the VP/VS is 1.84±0.02 and P-velocity is 7.0±0.1 km/s, which are typical for plagioclase-bearing rocks (gabbro-norite). The high VP/VS ratio in the Grenville Province has not been reported in crust of any other age. Since the Grenville Province contains 75% of the world's known anorthosites, high VP/VS ratio is related to high plagioclase. We suggest that the composition of the Grenville lower crust was significantly modified by the emplacement of the anorthosites in the mid-Proterozoic.
Changes in water table level influence solute transport in uniform porous media

Changes in the water table level result in variable water saturation and variable hydrological fluxes at the interface between the unsaturated and saturated zone. This may influence the transport and fate of contaminants in the subsurface. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of a decreasing and an increasing water table on solute transport. We conducted tracer experiments at downward flow conditions in laboratory columns filled with two different uniform porous media under static and transient flow conditions either increasing or decreasing the water table. Tracer breakthrough curves were simulated using a mobile–immobile transport model. The resulting transport parameters were compared to identify dominant transport processes. Changes in the water table level affected dispersivities and mobile water fractions depending on the direction of water table movement and the grain size of the porous media. In fine glass beads, the water flow velocity was similar to the decline rate of the water table, and the mobile water fraction was decreased compared with steady‐state saturated conditions. However, immobile water was negligible. In coarse glass beads, water flow was faster because of fingered flow in the unsaturated part, and the mobile water fraction was smaller than in the fine material. Here, a rising water table led to an even smaller mobile water fraction and increased solute spreading because of diffusive interaction with immobile water. We conclude that changes of the water table need to be considered to correctly simulate transport in the subsurface at the transition of the unsaturated–saturated zone. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data Augmentation via Dependency Tree Morphing for Low-Resource Languages

Neural NLP systems achieve high scores in the presence of sizable training dataset. Lack of such datasets leads to poor system performances in the case low-resource languages. We present two simple text augmentation techniques using dependency trees, inspired from image processing. We “crop” sentences by removing dependency links, and we “rotate” sentences by moving the tree fragments around the root. We apply these techniques to augment the training sets of low-resource languages in Universal Dependencies project. We implement a character-level sequence tagging model and evaluate the augmented datasets on part-of-speech tagging task. We show that crop and rotate provides improvements over the models trained with non-augmented data for majority of the languages, especially for languages with rich case marking systems.
Multi-decadal marine- and land-terminating glacier recession in the Ammassalik region, southeast Greenland

Landsat imagery was applied to elucidate glacier fluctuations of land- and marine-terminating outlet glaciers from the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) and local land-terminating glaciers and ice caps (GIC) peripheral to the GrIS in the Ammassalik region, Southeast Greenland, during the period 1972–2011. Data from 21 marine-terminating glaciers (including the glaciers Helheim, Midgaard, and Fenris), the GrIS land-terminating margin, and 35 GIC were examined and compared to observed atmospheric air temperatures, precipitation, and reconstructed ocean water temperatures (at 400 m depth in the Irminger Sea). Here, we document that net glacier recession has occurred since 1972 in the Ammassalik region for all glacier types and sizes, except for three GIC. The land-terminating GrIS and GIC reflect lower marginal and areal changes than the marine-terminating outlet glaciers. The mean annual land-terminating GrIS and GIC margin recessions were about three to five times lower than the GrIS marine-terminating recession. The marine-terminating outlet glaciers had an average net frontal retreat for 1999–2011 of 0.098 km yr −1 , which was significantly higher than in previous sub-periods 1972–1986 and 1986–1999. For the marine-terminating GrIS, the annual areal recession rate has been decreasing since 1972, while increasing for the land-terminating GrIS since 1986. On average for all the observed GIC, a mean net frontal retreat for 1986–2011 of 0.010 ± 0.006 km yr −1 and a mean areal recession of around 1% per year occurred; overall for all observed GIC, a mean recession rate of 27 ± 24% occurred based on the 1986 GIC area. Since 1986, five GIC melted away in the Ammassalik area.
Stochastic spatial models of host-pathogen and host-mutualist interactions

Mutualists and pathogens, collectively called symbionts, are ubiquitous in plant communities. While some symbionts are highly host-specific, others associate with multiple hosts. The outcomes of multispecies host-symbiont interactions with different degrees of specificity are difficult to predict at this point due to a lack of a general conceptual framework. Complicating our predictive power is the fact that plant populations are spatially explicit, and we know from past research that explicit space can profoundly alter plant-plant interactions. We introduce a spatially explicit, stochastic model to investigate the role of explicit space and host-specificity in multispecies host-symbiont interactions. We find that in our model, pathogens can significantly alter the spatial structure of plant communities, promoting coexistence, whereas mutualists appear to have only a limited effect. Effects are more pronounced the more host-specific symbionts are.
Infrared Emission from Interstellar Dust. II. The Diffuse Interstellar Medium

We present a quantitative model for the infrared emission from dust in the diffuse interstellar medium. The model consists of a mixture of amorphous silicate grains and carbonaceous grains, each with a wide size distribution ranging from molecules containing tens of atoms to large grains ≳1 μm in diameter. We assume that the carbonaceous grains have properties like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at very small sizes and graphitic properties for radii a ≳ 50 Å. On the basis of recent laboratory studies and guided by astronomical observations, we propose "astronomical" absorption cross sections for use in modeling neutral and ionized PAHs from the far-ultraviolet to the far-infrared. We also propose modifications to the far-infrared emissivity of "astronomical silicate. " We calculate energy distribution functions for small grains undergoing "temperature spikes" caused by stochastic absorption of starlight photons using realistic heat capacities and optical properties. Using a grain-size distribution consistent with the observed interstellar extinction, we are able to reproduce the near-IR to submillimeter emission spectrum of the diffuse interstellar medium, including the PAH emission features at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, and 11.3 μm. The model is compared with the observed emission at high Galactic latitudes as well as in the Galactic plane, as measured by the COBE/DIRBE, COBE/FIRAS, IRTS/MIRS, and IRTS/NIRS instruments. The model has 60 × 10-6 of C (relative to H) locked up in PAHs, with 45 × 10-6 of C in a component peaking at ~6 Å (NC ≈ 100 carbon atoms) to account for the PAH emission features and with 15 × 10-6 of C in a component peaking at ~50 Å to account for the 60 μm flux. The total infrared emission is in excellent agreement with COBE/DIRBE observations at high Galactic latitudes, just as the albedo for our grain model is in accord with observations of the diffuse Galactic light. The aromatic absorption features at 3.3 and 6.2 μm predicted by our dust model are consistent with observations. We calculate infrared emission spectra for our dust model heated by a range of starlight intensities, from 0.3 to 104 times the local interstellar radiation field, and we tabulate the intensities integrated over the SIRTF/IRAC and MIPS bands. We also provide dust opacities tabulated from the extreme-ultraviolet to submillimeter wavelengths.
An Experimental Study of Water and Carbon Dioxide Solubilities in Mid-Ocean Ridge Basaltic Liquids. Part I: Calibration and Solubility Models

Experiments were conducted to determine the solubilities of H_2O and CO_2 and the nature of their mixing behavior in basaltic liquid at pressures and temperature relevant to seqfloor eruption. Mid-ocean ridge basaltic (MORB) liquid was equilibrated at 1200°C with pure H_2O at pressures of 176–717 bar and H_2O—CO_2 vapor at pressures up to 980 bar. Concentrations and speciation of H_2O and CO_2 dissolved in the quenched glasses were measured using IR spectroscopy. Molar absorptivities for the 4500 cm^(−1) band of hydroxyl groups and the 5200 and 1630 cm^(−1) bands of molecular water are 0⋅67±0⋅03, 0⋅62±0⋅07, and 25±3 l/mol-cm, respectively. These and previously determined molar absorptivities for a range of silicate melt compositions correlate positively and linearly with the concentration of tetrahedral cations (Si+Al). The speciation of water in glass quenched from vapor-saturated basaltic melt is similar to that determined by Silver & Stolper (Journal of Petrology 30, 667–709, 1989) in albitic glass and can be fitted by their regular ternary solution model using the coefficients for albitic glasses. Concentrations of molecular water measured in the quenched basaltic glasses are proportional to fH_2O in all samples regardless of the composition of the vapor, demonstrating that the activity of molecular water in basaltic melts follows Henry's law at these pressures. A best fit to our data and existing higher-pressure water solubility data (Khitarov et al., Geochemistry 5, 479–492, 1959; Hamilton et al., Journal of Petrology 5, 21–39, 1964), assuming Henrian behavior for molecular water and that the dependence of molecular water content on total water content can be described by the regular solution model, gives estimates for the V^(o,m)_(H2O) of 12±1 cm^3/mol and for the 1-bar water solubility of 0⋅11 wt%. Concentrations of CO_2 dissolved as carbonate in the melt for pure CO_2-saturated and mixed H_2O-CO_2-saturated experiments are a simple function of f_(CO2). These results suggest Henrian behavior for the activity of carbonate in basaltic melt and do not support the widely held view that water significantly enhances the solution of carbon dioxide in basaltic melts. Using a ΔV^(o,m)_r of 23 cm^3/mol (Pan et al., Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 55, 1587–1595, 1991), the solubility of carbonate in the melt at 1 bar and 1200°C is 0⋅5 p.p.m. Our revised determination of CO_2 solubility is ∼20% higher than that reported by Stolper & Holloway (Earth and Planetary Science Letters 87, 397–408, 1988).
Learned Hardware/Software Co-Design of Neural Accelerators

The use of deep learning has grown at an exponential rate, giving rise to numerous specialized hardware and software systems for deep learning. Because the design space of deep learning software stacks and hardware accelerators is diverse and vast, prior work considers software optimizations separately from hardware architectures, effectively reducing the search space. Unfortunately, this bifurcated approach means that many profitable design points are never explored. This paper instead casts the problem as hardware/software co-design, with the goal of automatically identifying desirable points in the joint design space. The key to our solution is a new constrained Bayesian optimization framework that avoids invalid solutions by exploiting the highly constrained features of this design space, which are semi-continuous/semi-discrete. We evaluate our optimization framework by applying it to a variety of neural models, improving the energy-delay product by 18% (ResNet) and 40% (DQN) over hand-tuned state-of-the-art systems, as well as demonstrating strong results on other neural network architectures, such as MLPs and Transformers.
A Borel linear subspace of $\mathbb R^\omega$ that cannot be covered by countably many closed Haar-meager sets

We prove that the countable product of lines contains a Borel linear subspace $L\ne\mathbb R^\omega$ that cannot be covered by countably many closed Haar-meager sets. This example is applied to studying the interplay between various classes of ``large'' sets and Kuczma--Ger classes in the topological vector spaces $\mathbb R^n$ for $n\le \omega$.
Sparse dominations and weighted variation inequalities for singular integrals and commutators

This paper gives the pointwise sparse dominations for variation operators of singular integrals and commutators with kernels satisfying the $L^r$-H\"{o}rmander conditions. As applications, we obtain the strong type quantitative weighted bounds for such variation operators as well as the weak-type quantitative weighted bounds for the variation operators of singular integrals and the quantitative weighted weak-type endpoint estimates for variation operators of commutators, which are completely new even in the unweighted case. In addition, we also obtain the local exponential decay estimates for such variation operators.
$q$-Chaos

We consider the $L_p$ norm estimates for homogeneous polynomials of $q$-gaussian variables ($-1\leq q\leq 1$). When $-1<q<1$ the $L_p$ estimates for $1\leq p \leq 2$ are essentially the same as the free case ($q=0$), whilst the $L_p$ estimates for $2\leq p \leq \infty$ show a strong $q$-dependence. Moreover, the extremal cases $q = \pm 1$ produce decisively different formulae.
Consolidation of first-year sea ice ridges

[1] Measurements of spatial and temporal temperature development, geometry morphology, and physical properties in three first-year sea ice ridges at Spitsbergen and in the Gulf of Bothnia have been performed. The corresponding thickness and the physical properties of the surrounding level ice were also measured. The thickness of the consolidated layer was examined through drilling and temperature measurements: the temperatures gave a ratio of the thickness of the consolidated layer to the level ice thickness from 1.39 to 1.61, whereas the drillings indicated a ratio of 1.68–1.85. The measured consolidated layer appeared to be 28% thicker when based on drillings in comparison to temperature. Thus the result depended on the method of investigation; the drillings included a partly consolidated layer. However, the measured growth of the consolidated layer did not depend on the method of investigation. The scatter of the physical properties in the consolidated layer was higher than that of the level ice. The consistency of the unconsolidated rubble differed markedly at the two sites. It was soft and slushy at Spitsbergen and harder in the Gulf of Bothnia. Three possible explanations for these differences are discussed: surrounding currents, different keel shapes, and difference in salinity.
Dense‐media separation as a more efficient pollen extraction method for use with organic sediment/deposit samples: comparison with the conventional method

Dense‐media separation, frequently adopted as a standard pollen extraction method for use with minerogenic sediment samples, was adapted for use with organic‐rich sediment and peat samples. A total of 15 organic‐rich sediment samples, obtained from sites in Corsica and the Southern European Alps, was treated using both dense‐media separation and the conventional preparation method in order to compare the relative efficiencies of the two methods. The dense‐media separation method consistently achieved a remarkably higher purity of extracted pollen grains. This was especially true for the Corsican peat samples, the dense‐media separations being quite pure, whereas the classical method produced samples that were so severely polluted with organic fragments that it was impossible to carry out a satisfactory pollen analysis. The percentage values of each taxon were generally similar using both methods, showing that the two methods are compatible for pollen analytical studies. Total pollen concentrations were generally higher with the dense‐media separation method (especially for gyttja samples). In conclusion, dense‐media separation is an efficient method for pollen extraction from organic as well as from minerogenic sediments and deposits.
Node-Capacitated Ring Routing

We consider the node-capacitated routing problem in an undirected ring network along with its fractional relaxation, the node-capacitated multicommodity flow problem. For the feasibility problem, Farkas' lemma provides a characterization for general undirected graphs, asserting roughly that there exists such a flow if and only if the so-called distance inequality holds for every choice of distance functions arising from nonnegative node weights. For rings, this (straightforward) result will be improved in two ways. We prove that, independent of the integrality of node capacities, it suffices to require the distance inequality only for distances arising from (0-1-2)-valued node weights, a requirement that will be called the double-cut condition. Moreover, for integer-valued node capacities, the double-cut condition implies the existence of a half-integral multicommodity flow. In this case there is even an integer-valued multicommodity flow that violates each node capacity by at most one.Our approach gives rise to a combinatorial, strongly polynomial algorithm to compute either a violating double-cut or a node-capacitated multicommodity flow. A relation of the problem to its edge-capacitated counterpart will also be explained.