Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Flexible Coproduction of Hydrogen and Power Using Internal Reforming Solid Oxide Fuel Cells System

Within the framework of the Greening of Gas project, in which the feasibility of mixing hydrogen into the natural gas network in the Netherlands is studied, we are exploring alternative hydrogen production methods. Fuel cells are usually seen as the devices that convert hydrogen into power and heat. It is less well known that these electrochemical energy converters can produce hydrogen, or form an essential component in the systems for coproduction of hydrogen and power In this paper, the coproduction of hydrogen-rich syngas (that can be converted into hydrogen) and power from natural gas in an internal reforming fuel cell is worked out by flow sheet calculations on an internal reforming solid oxide fuel cell system. The goal of this paper is to study the technical feasibility of such a system and explore its possibilities and limitations for a flexible coproduction. It is shown that the system can operate in a wide range of fuel utilization values at least down to 60% representing highest hydrogen production mode up to 95% corresponding to standard FC operation mode.
Solubility and Solubility Modeling of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Subcritical Water

A static analytical equilibrium method was used to measure the binary and ternary solubilities of anthracene and p-terphenyl in subcritical water between 393 and 473 K and at 50 and 150 bar. Temperature was found to have the most significant effect on the solubility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in subcritical water. The effect of pressure, and the combined effect of temperature and pressure on solubility were found to be insignificant, particularly when the range of pressure considered is relatively small. The solubilities of PAHs were found to be governed primarily by sublimation pressure, and only secondarily by the dielectric constant of water. The Peng–Robinson equation of state was used to correlate the aqueous solubilities of PAHs under subcritical conditions, with good agreement between experimental and calculated values obtained for binary systems.
Highly selective growth of vertically aligned double‐walled carbon nanotubes by a controlled heating method and their electric double‐layer capacitor properties

Vertically aligned double‐walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) with the highest selectivity of 90% were synthesized by a controlled heating method and their electric double‐layer capacitor characteristics were evaluated. DWCNT arrays had a specific capacitance of 83 F/g, which is one of the highest values among CNT arrays in a nonaqueous solution and is almost equivalent to that for single‐walled CNT (SWCNT) arrays reported previously. At the same specific capacitance, DWCNTs with superior structural properties are more promising for practical capacitors than SWCNTs. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of Quercus ilex trees on herbaceous production and nutrient concentrations in southern Portugal.

In an open woodland in Portugal, the nature of interactions between Quercus ilextrees and herbaceous plants was assessed during 2 years by studying how manipulation of incident solar radiation, water and nutrient supply affect the herbaceous biomass and N, K, P, Ca, Mg, and Mn concentrations. Measurements were carried out in three environments consisting of (1) open grassland, (2) beneath the tree canopy, and (3) under artificial shade. Each of these environments was subjected to two regimes of fertilization and two water levels in a factorial design. The fertilizer treatment consisted of application of no fertilizer or a combination of 200 kg calcium ammonium nitrate ha- 1 (26% N) and 350 kg superphosphate ha- 1 (8% P), while the water-supply treatment consisted of either no irrigation or irrigation fortnightly from February 1 to April 30. Grasses showed significantly lower nutrient concentrations than forbs. However, nutrient concentrations of the whole herbaceous community were within the recommended ranges for cattle nutrition. A negative effect of shade on herbaceous biomass production was observed. The effect of watering on herbaceous biomass was less prominent than the effect of fertilization, irrespective of the environment, suggesting that Q. ilex does not compete for soil-water resources with herbaceous biomass in this ecosystem. Fertilization increased total biomass by 106%, 49%, and 97% in the open grassland, beneath the tree canopy, and under artificial shade, respectively. During the first and second year, fertilization increased herbaceous P concentrations by 24% and 83%, respectively, if compared with concentrations obtained at the unfertilized plots. Higher K and Mg concentrations were observed in herbaceous plants beneath the tree canopy than in the open areas, indicating a positive effect of trees on pasture quality. The positive and negative effects of trees on understory forage are discussed.
The leaching of a chalcopyrite concentrate in ammonia

The rate of dissolution of a chalcopyrite concentrate was measured in ammoniacal solutions under oxygen pressure for conditions when chemical reaction rate controlled. Temperatures from 50°-95°C, oxygen pressures to 689 kPa and ammonia concentrations from 2.5 to 7.0 mol/l were investigated. An electrochemical surface reaction model in which the cathodic reduction of oxygen on the solid surface is rate determining satisfactorily predicts experimental behaviour in the range of experimental data. The activation energy for the reaction was found to be 74.1 kJ/mol. On a mesure le taux de dissolution d'un concentre de chalcopyrite dans des solutions animoniacales sous une pression d'oxygene et dans des conditions ou le taux de reaction est contrǒle. On a employe dans ladite etude des temperatures variant entre 50°C et 95°C, des pressions absolues d'oxygene allant jusqu'a 689 kPa et des concentrations d'ammoniac comprises entre 2.5 et 7.0 moles /l. Un modele de reaction electrochimique de surface, dans lequel la reduction cathodique de l'oxygene sur la surface solide determine le taux, prevoit d'une maniere satisfaisante le comportement experimental dans l'echelle des donnees de I'etude. On a trouve que l'energie d'activation pour la reaction etait de 74.1 kJ/mole.
Adsorption of aromatic amino acids in a fixed bed column

Phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr) are two of the twenty amino acids in proteins; they are classified as aromatic amino acids, because both have a benzene ring in their structures. These amino acids are important in the synthesis of several biologically active amines, such as b-endorphin, a neurotransmitter. Amino acids can be separated by ion-exchange chromatography. In this case, it is important that fixed-bed adsorber design adequately predict the breakthrough curve. This work presents a mathematical model for both fluid and porous phases. In the solution proposed for this model the liquid-phase concentration inside the particles is solved analytically and is related to the liquid-phase concentration in the bed using Duhamel's theorem. The solution for liquid-phase concentration in the bed is then solved numerically instead of analytically. The basic mass transfer parameters are from the literature. The results from the model are compared with those obtained experimentally using Phe and Tyr diluted in aqueous solutions in a fixed bed of PVP (poly-4-vinylpyridine) resin.
Study and Evaluation of Aging Performance of Petroleum Asphalts and Their Constituents During Oxygen Absorption. II. Chemical Group Composition and Structure Changes

Abstract The changes of the chemical group compositions and the structures of Chinese Shanjiasi, Shengli, and Renqiu petroleum asphalts and their constituents during oxygen absorption were successfully studied based on the sample oxygen absorption behaviors. The research results show that every asphalt constituent after absorbing oxygen would change into the near heavier one with the exception of saturates, of which the greatest is the conversion rate of resin into asphaltene. The oxygen molecules absorbed by samples are mainly converted into the oxygen atoms in some oxygen-containing function groups, such as O-H, C=O, and S=O groups. The asphalt colloidal stabilities deteriorate clearly and the molecular weight distributions of asphalts and their constituents spread toward higher molecular weights. The molecular weights of all samples increase gradually after oxygen absorption. Resins and asphaltenes are the more unstable constituents in asphalts as shown by their evident changes after oxygen absorption. The changes of Shengli asphalt and its constituents absorbing more easily oxygen are clearly greater than those of Shanjiasi asphalt and its constituents.
Investigation of Scale Mitigation and Sequestering Properties of Some Polyelectrolytes

Formation of mineral scales poses significant problem in cooling water system. Fouling and scaling on heat transfer surface reduces the efficiency of heat exchangers. The design of heat exchangers takes into account the decrease of heat transfer by increasing the heat transfer area. The water soluble polyelectrolyte of maleic acid and acrylic acid was synthesized for testing of their antiscaling and sequestering properties. The characterization of these polyelectrolytes was done by measuring the viscosity and through FTIR analysis. Antiscaling properties of polymaleic acid and sequestering capacity of polyacrylic acid were studied at different concentrations from 100–500 ppm and temperatures from 60–80°C. It was found that the polymaleic acid showed good inhibition efficacy, i.e., 88.95% at 60°C and the 500 ppm concentration for calcium carbonate scale formation, while the sequestering capacity of the polyacrylic acid was 327.50 at 100 ppm concentration and at 60°C. These results were confirmed by measuring the conductivity of the solution.
N-Channel InGaAs Field-Effect Transistors formed on Germanium-on-Insulator Substrates

InGaAs n-channel metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) were fabricated on germanium-on-insulator (GeOI) substrate for the first time. Integration of InGaAs on a GeOI substrate was achieved using a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown InAlAs graded buffer. The fabricated MOSFET, with a self-aligned Ni–InGaAs metallic source/drain, achieves good device characteristics. The normalized transconductance (Gm·tox) compares very well with reported data for InGaAs n-MOSFETs formed on bulk InP substrates, and is significantly higher than reported data for In0.53Ga0. 47As n-MOSFETs fabricated on Si substrates using a similar growth technique.
Leaf area index is the principal scaling parameter for both gross photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration of Northern deciduous and coniferous forests

Data on net CO2 exchange from eight forests in Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Iceland were used to analyse which factors were controlling photosynthesis and respiration. The forests consisted of different species ranging in climatic condition from temperate to subarctic. Only well mixed conditions were analysed (u∗ > 0.3 ms-1). The parameters of a light response function showed strong seasonal variations with similar behaviour for all stands except for a beech forest where the development of a vigorous ground vegetation in spring affected the photosynthesis parameters differently as compared to the other forests. The beech forest also showed the highest respiration rates in the earlier part of the growing season in contrast to the other forests that showed maximum values in late part of July. The mean halfmonthly nighttime respiration rates were well explained by an equation with one fitting parameter, the respiration rate at 10 ◦C, with an r2 = 0.864 for all stands together. The difference between the stands concerning both photosynthesis and respiration parameters were largely explained by the differences in LAI. After normalizing for LAI, the only remaining correlation was between respiration and stand age. These results are promising for application of remote sensing for estimation of respiration as well as gross primary productivity from forests.
Characterization of Persistent Volatile Contaminant Sources in the Vadose Zone

Effective long‐term operation of soil vapor extraction (SVE) systems for cleanup of vadose‐zone sources requires consideration of the likelihood that remediation activities over time will alter the subsurface distribution and configuration of contaminants. A method is demonstrated for locating and characterizing the distribution and nature of persistent volatile organic contaminant (VOC) sources in the vadose zone. The method consists of three components: analysis of existing site and SVE‐operations data, vapor‐phase cyclic contaminant mass‐discharge testing, and short‐term vapor‐phase contaminant mass‐discharge tests conducted in series at multiple locations. Results obtained from the method were used to characterize overall source zone mass‐transfer limitations, source‐strength reductions, potential changes in source‐zone architecture, and the spatial variability and extent of the persistent source(s) for the Department of Energy's Hanford site. The results confirmed a heterogeneous distribution of contaminant mass discharge throughout the vadose zone. Analyses of the mass‐discharge profiles indicate that the remaining contaminant source is coincident with a lower‐permeability unit at the site. Such measurements of source strength and size as obtained herein are needed to determine the impacts of vadose‐zone sources on groundwater contamination and vapor intrusion, and can support evaluation and optimization of the performance of SVE operations.
Pentanuclear Heterobimetallic 3d-4f-Complexes – Structure and Luminescence†‡

Planar bis(1,2-dithiooxalato)nickelates(II) react in aqueous solutions of lanthanide ions to form pentanuclear, heterobimetallic complexes of the general composition [{Ln(H2O)n}2{Ni(dto)2}3]·x H2O (Ln = Y3+, La3+−Lu3+; n = 4 or 5; x = 9−12). With [{Ce(H2O)5}2{Ni(S2C2O2)2}3]·xH2O (x = 10−12) we were able to isolate another complex of this series as single crystals, which were characterized by X-ray structure analysis. Depending on the individual ionic radii of the lanthanide ions, the compounds crystallise in two different crystal systems. The Ce2Ni3 complex crystallizes with the unit cell parameters: monoclinic in P21/c with a = 10.3894(6), b = 11.6000(7), c = 20.8964(11) A, β = 98.431(4)° and Z = 2. The channels and cavities appearing in the crystal packing of the complex molecules are occupied by uncoordinated water molecules. The Eu2Ni3 and Tb2Ni3 complexes were investigated in steady-state and time-resolved luminescence measurements. Luminescence of the isostructural Tb2Ni3 complex has been observed at room temperature.
Analysis of Human Leukocyte Antigen Classes in Patients with Prostate Cancer and Benign Prostate Hyperplasia

INTRODUCTION: In recent years there has been considerable interest in the association between HLA antigens and diseases. (1) certain HLA alleles are occurring in a higher frequency in individuals with particular diseases than in the general population. This association between HLA alleles and a given diseases may be quantified by typing the HLA alleles expressed by individuals with the diseases and the HLA alleles of the general population, by comparing the frequency of that alleles in the patients with the alleles frequency in the general population by estimation of the relative risk (RP) value (2) Terasakietal (3) mentioned that there is a weak association between HLA. A28 and HLAB22 alleles with CAP. Barrry (4) with coworkeus failed to demonstrate a significant HLA-A and Bantigens association with CAP in 1993, carter et al. (5) mentioned that the eitology of herediatery CAP results from a single gene passed along in families that confers a greatly increased susceptibility for this diseases to develop and the men with family history of CAP are at a significantly increased risk for this diseases. (6 , 7)
Ultra-flat BaTiO3 epitaxial films on Si(001) with large out-of-plane polarization

Ferroelectric BaTiO3 is rarely used in monolithic Si devices due to the low quality of BaTiO3 films on Si, as polycrystallinity, degradation of bottom Pt electrodes, low polarization, and high roughness. Here, we overcome these limitations by using a buffer structure that combines yttria-stabilized zirconia, CeO2, and conducting LaNiO3. BaTiO3 films on the multilayered buffer, with total thickness of the buffer below 100 nm, are epitaxial, display remnant polarization of 6–10 μC/cm2, and have roughness of a few A. These unprecedented properties pave the way to integrate ferroelectric BaTiO3 into Si platforms.
Generation Performance of Gas-Feed Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

Abstract The modification effect of Nafion on the generation performance at different temperatures and methanol concentrations was investigated. The direct methanol fuel cell performances and electrochemical properties of the DMFC system using as-received Nafion117, a modified Nafion membrane, and using the Nafion117 MEA preparation by spray treatment on the surface of each catalyst layer for conductivity improvement. The open circuit voltage using the modified Nafion membrane was higher than that using Nafion117 at the cell temperature of 343–383 K and methanol concentration of 1.5–10 kmol/m3. The spray treatment of MEA was effective and improved the short circuit current up to 461 mA/cm2 at a 5 kmol/m3 methanol concentration in comparison with no treatment of MEA because of the low interfacial resistance. The power density of 75 mW/cm2 (no treatment Nafion117 MEA:40 mW/cm2) was obtained. The method of the spray treatment was found to be very effective for the DMFC system. The cell performance of Nafion117 MEA increased with the methanol concentration because of the reduction of the concentration overvoltage.
Mesoporous organosilica adsorbents: nanoengineered materials for removal of organic and inorganic pollutants

A review with ca. 400 references is provided dealing with the use of mesoporous silica and organically-modified silica-based materials for removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from aqueous solutions. After having briefly discussed the interest of functionalized mesoporous silica for environmental remediation purposes, the various synthetic methods to prepare such nanoengineered adsorbents are described. Then, their application to the removal of heavy metal species, toxic anions, radionuclides, and a wide range of organic pollutants is presented in a comprehensive way with the help of extensive tables and some illustrating figures.
Chemical properties of six indigenous rice varieties of Assam

The study was undertaken to assess the nutritional composition of the selected rice varieties. Six varieties of polished and unpolished rice were selected for this study namely, Ranjit, Bahadur, TTB-404, Mulagabhuru, Luit and Disang. From the proximate composition it was seen that moisture, crude protein, crude fat, total mineral content and crude fibre gets reduced after polishing whereas, during processing of the brown rice to white rice there was increase in the carbohydrate content of the polished rice. Among the minerals, the iron content were found highest in both the polished and unpolished varieties of TTB-404 i.e., 3.96±0.04mg/100g and 4.28±0.09mg/100g respectively.
Spatial–temporal development of a plasma sheet in a surface dielectric barrier discharge powered by a step voltage of moderate duration

A surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) exhibits a thin plasma sheet covering a dielectric barrier. Results of the experimental and theoretical studies on the spatial–temporal dynamics of a plasma sheet in a pulsed SDBD are presented. Argon and air were used as plasma-forming gases at pressures of 4 × 104 Pa and 105 Pa, respectively. The SDBD was powered by a single pulse with a relatively long rise time (⩽1 µs) and of moderate pulse duration. The chosen pulse parameters allowed us firstly to diminish the contribution of the displacement current to the total discharge current drastically and secondly to avoid the development of ionization instabilities by changing cardinally the spatial configuration of the plasma sheet. After each pulse, the surface charge on the barrier was thoroughly removed by a grounded soft metallic mesh. Instant discharge images were taken at different phases of the current and voltage waveforms. We revealed that the plasma sheet of a pulsed SDBD expands over a barrier not only at the current rise stage but also at the current decay stage. A theoretical interpretation of the obtained results is given. It is shown that the plasma expansion over the barrier surface is similar to an unsteady and non-linear diffusion process.
Evidence and Long-Term Feasibility of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal in Oxidation-Ditch Type of Aerated-Anoxic Activated Sludge Systems

This study investigated the potential of four full-scale oxidation ditches to accomplish enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). Despite the fact that none of the tested oxidation ditches were designed to perform EBPR, mixed liquors from all four ditches showed good specific phosphorus release and uptake rates, a typical characteristic of a typical EBPR biomass. The specific phosphorus release rates ranged from 0.042- to 0.254-mg P/mg VSS-d and the specific phosphorus uptake rates ranged from 0.023- to 0.125-mg P/mg VSS-d for the tested full-scale plants. The EBPR potential of one of the full-scale plants (Central Davis Sewer District) was further studied by changing the aeration patterns in the ditch. The mixed liquor in this full-scale plant exhibited good phosphorus release and uptake trends and dissolved phosphorus, as low as 1.26 mg/L, could be accomplished in the final effluent of this plant as a result of this optimization. The long-term feasibility of the EBPR in this full-scale was tested .
Dropping Bruise Fragility and Bruise Boundary of Apple Fruit

For viscoelastic products such as fruit, the major mechanical damage is usually not direct splitting but rather local bruising caused by dropping impacts during harvesting, handling, packaging, and transportation. It is necessary to develop engineering approaches to control the fruit's local bruise volume and bruise ratio, which is the ratio of bruise volume to whole volume of the fruit. As an extension of conventional product fragility and damage boundary, the concept of dropping bruise fragility and bruise boundary was proposed and defined in this study. In view of the limitations of conventional testing methods (ASTM D3332 Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Shock Fragility of Products), the method and procedure for determining dropping bruise fragility and bruise boundary of fruit were also established by adapting free-fall dropping tests. Free-fall dropping tests with a series of drop heights were conducted on fresh 'Gala' apples. The dropping impact acceleration, velocity, and deformation change during contact at varies drop heights were obtained. The relationship between bruising deformation and theoretical deformation of the samples was determined. The dropping bruise fragilities and bruise boundaries of 'Gala' apples at different bruise ratios were determined by a combination of tests and theoretical analysis. The results showed that there were obvious differences between dropping bruise boundary of apples and conventional damage boundary of products. Even if the dropping impact velocity approached zero, the fruit could be bruised as long as the impact acceleration exceeded a certain value. Moreover, a series of dropping bruise fragilities and dropping bruise boundaries can be established for different levels of bruise ratios.