Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cloud‐resolving model simulations of multiply‐banded frontal clouds

An idealized two‐dimensional cloud‐resolving model is used to investigate the formation and temporal evolution of multiply‐banded clouds in frontal zones. Radar observations often show both upright and slantwise convection in the circulations associated with such bands. The aim is to examine the interaction between upright and slantwise convection and to determine the mechanisms leading to multiple banding. A warm bubble is used to initiate convection in the frontal zone, which has an initial thermodynamic profile based on observations. Further triggering occurs and banded clouds evolve. The initially upright plumes become tilted due to the so‐called ΔM adjustment process (upscale development). Observed multiple bands in frontal zones are frequently attributed to the release of conditional symmetric instability (CSI). However, in these simulations, there is no evidence of the release of CSI despite the fragmentation of slantwise bands into multiple layers in the mid‐troposphere. Successive triggering of upright convection is instead associated with a spreading cold pool driven by evaporative cooling in the slanted downdraughts. Triggering can occur on both the warm‐ and cold‐air sides of the frontal zone, and is sensitive to the microphysical parametrization used. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Employment uncertainty and non-coresidential partnership in very-low fertility countries: Italy and Japan

Having a partner is the initial step of any further family formation. Several studies have reported that growing labour market uncertainty has negative effects on both union formation and fertility; however, less is known about the previous step, that is, having a partner. Our study fills this gap in the literature by exploring the relationship between employment uncertainty and non-coresidential partnership status in two very-low fertility countries: Italy and Japan. We use two nationally representative surveys and examine the association between employment status and partnership status among 23–43-year-olds who have not had children and do not live with a partner (either cohabiting or married) based on logistic regression models. Our results show that employment status matters for having a non-coresidential partner only for Japanese women, particularly those unemployed/inactive, those who do not know their contract type and those with a fixed-term contract. We interpret our findings as indicating that in Italy, employment status does not matter for starting a relationship for both men and women because employment uncertainty prevails among young Italians. Regarding Japanese women, unemployed/inactive and fixed-term contractors may have difficulty finding a partner with their desired earning capacity. This study is one of few studies focusing on non-coresidential partnership as the initial step of further family formation. It demonstrates that the decision to have a partner is different from the decision to form a union, at least in terms of the association with employment status.
The amenability of the substitution group of formal power series

We study the amenability property for the group of formal power series in one variable with coefficients in a commutative ring with identity. We show that there exists an invariant mean on the space of uniformly continuous bounded functions on this group. This is equivalent to the fact that every continuous action of on every compact space has an invariant probability measure.
Nb Doping Effects on Structures and Properties of PZT Thick Films Prepared by Polymer-Assisted MOD Process

Undoped and Nb doped PZT thick films according to the formula Pb 1 − x/2 [(Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 ) 1 − x Nb x ]O 3 (x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06) with thickness of 1–5 μ m have been prepared by polymer poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc)-assisted metal-organic thermal decomposition (MOD) process. Nb is introduced in the PZT thick films as a donor dopant to improve the electrical properties of PZT thick films. The Nb-doping effects on structures and properties of PZT thick films have been investigated. Our results reveal that the dielectric constant increases with Nb doping and reaches to a maximum value of 1776 at 4 at. % of Nb doping. The remnant polarization of Nb doped PZT films decreases. Meanwhile, the dielectric loss and the coercive field decrease slightly with Nb doping content.
Influence of interplanetary magnetic field and plasma on geomagnetic activity during quiet-sun conditions

Observations by the IMP 1 satellite of the interplanetary magnetic field and plasma have been compared with the 3-hour geomagnetic activity index Kp. The average Kp is approximately a linear function of the interplanetary field magnitude B in gammas . It appears significant that this relation between and field magnitude passes through the origin, whereas the linear relation between and solar wind velocity does not. The average Kp is approximately a linear function of solar wind velocity, but with perhaps a slightly different slope and zero intercept from the similar relation observed by Snyder, Neugebauer, and Rao with Mariner 2. Little correlation is observed between and solar wind density, but this result is consistent with the interplanetary sector pattern discussed by Wilcox and Ness. Cross-correlation as a function of time lag of Kp and interplanetary field (or solar wind velocity) yields a positive peak correlation at zero lag, suggesting that a large part of the response of the magnetosphere to solar wind excitation occurs within the 3-hour Kp period.
Efficiency of estimating equations and the use of pivots

SUMMARY Methods are proposed for deriving unbiased estimating equations for the parameters of interest in a statistical model which includes further incidental or nuisance parameters. We start with pivot-like quantities which eliminate the dependence on the incidental parameters, and derive functions of these which give estimating equations which are most efficient in a certain sense. These equations involve the incidental parameters, which are then replaced by estimators. The methods overcome some of the difficulties encountered in likelihood and least squares estimation when there are many incidental parameters, and our theory reduces to likelihood and least squares estimation when there are none. Thus the optimality results apply to these methods too. Some examples are discussed.
SMALL AREA ESTIMATION OF MEAN YEARS SCHOOL IN BOGOR DISTRICT USING SEMIPARAMETRIC P-SPLINE

The Fay-Herriot model generally uses the EBLUP (Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Prediction) method, which is less flexible due to the assumption of linearity. The P-Spline semiparametric model is a modification of the Fay-Herriot model which can accommodate the presence of two components, linear and nonlinear predictors. This paper also deals with spatial dependence among the random area effects so that a model with spatially autocorrelated errors will be implemented, known as the SEBLUP (Spatial Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Prediction) method. Using data from SUSENAS, PODES, and some publications from BPS, the main objective of this study is to estimate the mean years school at the sub-district level in Bogor district using the EBLUP, Semiparametric P-Spline approach, and the SEBLUP method. The results show that based on the RRMSE value, the cubic P-Spline model with three knots predicts the mean years school better than EBLUP. Meanwhile, the addition of spatial effects into the small area estimation has not been able to improve the estimated value of the P-Spline semiparametric approach.
ALMOST PERIODIC FUNCTIONS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS

ContentsIntroduction § 1. The Bohr compactum of a locally compact Abelian group and almost periodic functions § 2. Approximations of almost periodic functions by trigonometric polynomials and periodic functions § 3. Spaces of almost periodic functions and almost periodic operators § 4. Exact theorems on boundedness and regularity, essential self-adjointness, and a theorem on equality of spectra § 5. The behaviour of bounded solutions at the points of the Bohr compactum, the existence of bounded solutions, and the structure of the inverse operator and of the Green's functionReferences
GdVO4 as a new medium for solid-state lasers: some optical and thermal properties of crystals doped with Cd3+, Tm3+, and Er3+ ions

The refractive indices of new Nd3+ : GdVO4, Tm3+ : GdVO4, and Er3+ : GdVO4 laser crystals were determined with an error of ±5×10-5 in the range 400–1100 nm. The birefringence of these crystals was on the average 0.24, and the dispersion was described by the formula 1/Δn2 = a+ b/λ2. The thermal conductivity of the Nd : GdVO4 crystal (atomic neodymium concentration 1.3%) was determined in the temperature range 77-300 K. At 300 K the conductivity along the direction was 11.7 W m-1 K-1, which was higher than the conductivity of Nd : YAG crystals.
Effects of Time-Integration Method in a Large-Eddy Simulation Using PISO Algorithm: Part II—Thermal Field

In order to explore the effects of the time-integration method on the PISO (Pressure Implicit with Splitting of Operator) algorithm, large eddy simulation (LES) has been applied to turbulent thermal fields. To analyze the heat transfer, two conditions are adopted for a turbulent channel flow. Four variants are employed in the predictor step of the PISO algorithm. For the passive scalar field, the AB-CN and RK-CN schemes show good performance. However, some discrepancy appears in the cases of EULER and CN. Several simulations are performed for variable-density flows between two isothermal walls (TH/TC = 1.1, 2.0). The structure of the near-wall turbulence is changed by the temperature dependence of the fluid properties. However, the scaled velocity is collapsed into the law of the wall. For the selected cases, the dimensionless temperature on the cold side is high compared with that on the hot side. However, the temperature fluctuations exhibit larger values near the hot wall. This is closely linked to the variation of the fluid properties.
Multidimensional coupling in a human knee model

List of Symbols 1 Introduction 2 Biomechanics of the Human Knee 2.1 Structure and Function of the Human Knee Joint 2.2 Bones 2.3 Ligaments 2.4 The Attachment of Ligaments to Bone 2.5 The Problem of Getting Material Parameters 3 Two-Body Contact Problems on Domains with Curved Boundaries 3.1 Linear Elasticity 3.2 Two-Body Contact in Linear Elasticity 3.3 Discretization Using Mortar Elements 3.4 The Truncated Nonsmooth Newton Multigrid Algorithm 3.5 Implementing the Contact Mapping 3.6 Creating and Using Parametrized Boundaries 3.7 Hierarchical A Posteriori Error Estimation 3.8 Contact between the Human Femur and Tibia 4 Cosserat Rods as Models for Ligaments 4.1 Riemannian Manifolds, Lie Groups, and SO(3) 4.2 Cosserat Rods 4.3 Geodesic Finite Element Spaces 4.4 Riemannian Trust-Region Solvers 4.5 A Trust-Region Solver for the Cosserat Rod with Hyperelastic Material 4.6 Numerical Results 5 Coupling Rods and Three-Dimensional Objects 5.1 Homogeneous Coupling in Nonlinear Elasticity 5.2 Heterogeneous Coupling Conditions 5.3 A Dirichlet–Neumann Algorithm 5.4 Existence of Solutions of the Heterogeneous Problem 5.5 Numerical Results 6 Software Issues and Numerical Results 6.1 The Distributed and Uniﬁed Numerics Environment (Dune) 6.2 Two-Body Contact and Ligaments A The Derivatives of the Strains of a Cosserat Rod Bibliography
Scalar curvatures on $O(M),G\sb{2}(M)$

We show that every CX f: G2(M) -+ R, Mn a compact connected riemannian manifold n > 3, is the scalar curvature function of some complete riemannian metric on G2(M), the grassmann bundle of 2 planes over M, except possibly when K = constant > 0. A similar result holds for O(M) bundle of orthonormal frames on M. This note is an application of Theorem A of [3] and O'Neill's formula for the curvature of a riemannian submersion [5], [4] and [1]. Theorem C of [3] gives an affirmative answer to the question described in the abstract if f (P) be the bi-invariant metric on O(n) defined via the positive definite B (killing form) on the lie algebra G of O(n), and y the connection form for r. Split each X E T(OM) into horizontal and vertical components relative to y: X = XH + XV. For t > 0, gt = T* ds2 + t2 is a family of O(n)-right invariant complete riemannian metrics on P and relative to each one 'r is a riemannian submersion on (M, ds2). Fix a t > 0 and let g gt,. Let U be open in M and X1, . XI be a ds2-orthonormal (o.n. from now on) frame on U. Consider reductive decomposition of G = l + H, orthogonal relative to -B where H is the lie algebra of 0(2) x O(n 2), and N is the space of skew symmetric matrices of the form: | ? 71t s ( 71 column vectors in Rn 2 (see [2, vol. II, p. 280]). Let el, e2, r, s = 1, . , n-2, be the obvious (-B)-o.n. basis of N, where Received by the editors December 29, 1975. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 53C20; Secondary 55F10.
Two-Equation Turbulence Model for Flow in Trenches

Steady recirculating flow is described by means of a mathematical model based on the full unsteady Reynolds equations and the k-ϵ model for turbulence closure. The model is applied to the flow in a steep-sided trench perpendicular to the main flow direction. Inlet profiles are taken with reference to developed channel flow. For the wall boundary a local equilibrium is assumed, yielding among others a logarithmic behaviour for the mean flow velocity. The constants of the k-ϵ model are related to the roughness conditions. A sensitivity study is reported to identify the relative importance of the various constants and inlet conditions. Numerical results are compared with laboratory experiments.
Comparison of frequency selectivity for the monaural and binaural hearing systems: Evidence from a probe‐frequency procedure

Frequency selectivity was measured for one monaural system condition (NOSO) and two binaural system conditions (NOSπ and NOSM) using the probe‐frequency method originated by Greenberg and Larkin [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 44, 1513–1523 (1968)]. Subjects were first trained to detect a 500‐Hz tone in noise for each condition of the experiment. Following training, the usual detection paradigm was altered such that on 25% of the trials a second signal of a different frequency was substituted for the 500‐Hz signal. Performance at each of these secondary or probe‐frequencies was transformed into equivalent decibels of attenuation by means of psychometric functions obtained at 500 Hz. A correction was then applied to these data which compensated for the relationship between frequency and the size of the MLD. The transformed and corrected data were interpreted as describing attenuation characteristics of an internal auditory filter. No systematic difference was found between attenuation characteristics for the two binaural system conditions. However, the attenuation characteristics for the binaural system conditions were approximately twice as wide as those for the NOSO condition.
Flow control in gas networks: Exact controllability to a given demand

We consider a network of pipelines where the flow is controlled by a number of compressors. The consumer demand is described by desired boundary traces of the system state. We present conditions that guarantee the existence of compressor controls such that after a certain finite time the state at the consumer nodes is equal to the prescribed data. We consider this problem in the framework of continuously differentiable states. We give an explicit construction of the control functions for the control of compressor stations in gas distribution networks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of Elongation in Highly Stretched Cotton Tire Cord

Abstract 1. Cotton tire cords, differing with regard to gauge, construction, and variety of cotton, were subjected to stretching treatments involving various combinations of tension, heat, and moisture. It was found that all these treatments increased the strength of the cords but reduced their gauge and elongation at 10 pounds. The greatest increase in strength was obtained when tire cord was stretched in a swollen condition and in the presence of heat. Increases in count-strength product from 48 to 83 per cent were observed. 2. Experiments showed a reciprocal relationship between the strength and the elongation at 10 pounds obtainable by single-stretching treatments of tire cord, which makes impossible the control of elongation, independently of strength. Bone-dry elongations of about 6 per cent at 10 pounds could be obtained only with negligible increase in strength. 3. The original elongation was restored by treating highly stretched tire cord with water at room temperature for 30 minutes or with boil.
Plasmonic microzone plate: Superfocusing at visible regime

A silver film-based superlens, a plasmonic microzone plate, is put forth for the purpose of superfocusing at visible regime. The numerical analysis results reveal that it has unique focusing characteristics of longer focal length and depth of focus with resolving power beyond diffraction limit in comparison to the conventional zone plates. Working at near field, it increases working distance l at near field from l <lambda/10 to l approximate to lambda similar to 5 lambda. This feature makes it a promising superlens to be used as a probe for the optical systems with high resolution imaging and detection as well as feedback control system immune for autofocusing. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.
Discovery of a family of Herbig-Haro objects in M42: implications for the geometry of the high velocity molecular flow?

Resultats d'une observation electronographique [OI] λ 6300 des objets de Herbig Haro dans la nebuleuse d'Orion. On a decouvert six objets proches de M42 HH1. Les donnees spectroscopiques de haute dispersion revelent la presence d'ailes bleues a grand vitesse dans les raies de faible excitation. Les vitesses maximales vont de −100 a −380 kms −1 par rapport au gaz [OI] ambiant. Les objets semblent etre des condensations stationnaires incluses dans un vent stellaire a grande vitesse
The occurrence of singularities in cosmology

It is shown that singularities of space-time are inevitable if the Einstein equations hold, if matter has normal properties and if the universe satisfies certain reasonable global conditions. The singularities would be in the past and would, in principle, be observable. Observation to determine whether such singularities actually occurred would provide a powerful test of the Einstein equations in strong fields. The singularity would not necessarily constitute a beginning of the universe.
Magnetic symmetry in the Bilbao Crystallographic Server: a computer program to provide systematic absences of magnetic neutron diffraction

MAGNEXT is a new computer program available from the Bilbao Crystallographic Server (http://www.cryst.ehu.es) that provides symmetry-forced systematic absences or extinction rules of magnetic nonpolarized neutron diffraction. For any chosen Shubnikov magnetic space group, the program lists all systematic absences, and it can also be used to obtain the list of the magnetic space groups compatible with a particular set of observed systematic absences. Absences corresponding to specific ordering modes can be derived by introducing effective symmetry operations associated with them. Although systematic extinctions in neutron diffraction do not possess the strong symmetry-resolving power of those in nonmagnetic crystallography, they can be important for the determination of some magnetic structures. In addition, MAGNEXT provides the symmetry-adapted form of the magnetic structure factor for different types of diffraction vectors, which can then be used to predict additional extinctions caused by some prevailing orientation of the atomic magnetic moments. This program, together with a database containing comprehensive general information on the symmetry operations and the Wyckoff positions of the 1651 magnetic space groups, is the starting point of a new section in the Bilbao Crystallographic Server devoted to magnetic symmetry and its applications.
Switching kinetics in epitaxial BiFeO3 thin films

The switching kinetics in epitaxial (001)-, (110)-, and (111)-oriented BiFeO3 thin films were investigated as a function of applied field and time. It was found that the ferroelectric switching behavior obeys the Kolmogorov–Avrami–Ishibashi theory only in the high field range. The detailed behavior depends on the film orientation. A comparison with standard systems, such as epitaxial Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 films, reveals some similarities as well as some differences. For instance, the presence of 109° and 71° ferroelastic domain walls might be ruled out as the source of the decrease in switched polarization at low applied fields, in contrast to what is the case for a/c domain walls in tetragonal Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3.
The Nonlinear Thermoviscoelastic Characterizations of FM‐73 Adhesives

This work presents an experimental investigation of the response of “neat,” unscrimmed FM‐73 adhesive under mechanical loads at various stress levels and over the 30–60°C temperature range. The methodically acquired data provide the basis for a material characterization based on a specific model of nonlinear viscoelastic response. In particular, it is shown that it is essential to include transient‐temperature testing in the characterization scheme. Subsequent tests were performed under conditions of fluctuating loads and temperatures in order to verify the predictive capabilities of the model and characterization scheme. Satisfactory results were obtained.
On the stability of some equilibrium points in a plankton population model

It is proved that the equilibrium point (N 0, 0, 0) for the plankton population model given in Edwards and Brindley, (1996, Dynamics and Stability of Systems, 11(4): 347–370) is unstable in the case of two negative and one zero eigenvalues, thus correcting an assertion on its stability in the above quoted paper.
Traveling-Wave Overcurrent – A New Way to Protect Lines Terminated on Transformers

— This paper introduces a novel protection principle for lines terminated exclusively on power transformers and current-limiting reactors. The new protection principle operates in as fast as 1 to 2 ms and covers the entire line length without the need for a protection channel. The traveling-wave overcurrent (TW50) element takes advantage of the very high characteristic impedance of a power transformer (TWs do not propagate through a lumped inductance). The paper explains the TW50 protection principle and illustrates it with several field cases. The paper explains how to program TW differential logic (TW87), available in some protective relays, to perform the TW50 function without a protection channel. The paper provides setting rules and application recommendations for the TW50 element.
Optical Particle Trapping with Higher-order Doughnut Beams Produced Using High Efficiency Computer Generated Holograms

Laser beams containing higher-order phase singularities can be produced with high efficiency computer generated holograms made with very simple equipment. Using such holograms in an optical tweezers experiment we have successfully trapped reflective and absorptive particles in the dark central spot of a focused charge 3 singularity beam. Angular momentum absorbed from the beam can set particles into rotation.