Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Associations among Household and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantages, Resting-state Frontoamygdala Connectivity, and Internalizing Symptoms in Youth

Abstract Exposure to socioeconomic disadvantages (SED) can have negative impacts on mental health, yet SED are a multifaceted construct and the precise processes by which SED confer deleterious effects are less clear. Using a large and diverse sample of preadolescents (ages 9–10 years at baseline, n = 4038, 49% female) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, we examined associations among SED at both household (i.e., income–needs and material hardship) and neighborhood (i.e., area deprivation and neighborhood unsafety) levels, frontoamygdala resting-state functional connectivity, and internalizing symptoms at baseline and 1-year follow-up. SED were positively associated with internalizing symptoms at baseline and indirectly predicted symptoms 1 year later through elevated symptoms at baseline. At the household level, youth in households characterized by higher disadvantage (i.e., lower income-to-needs ratio) exhibited more strongly negative frontoamygdala coupling, particularly between the bilateral amygdala and medial OFC (mOFC) regions within the frontoparietal network. Although more strongly positive amygdala–mOFC coupling was associated with higher levels of internalizing symptoms at baseline and 1-year follow-up, it did not mediate the association between income-to-needs ratio and internalizing symptoms. However, at the neighborhood level, amygdala–mOFC functional coupling moderated the effect of neighborhood deprivation on internalizing symptoms. Specifically, higher neighborhood deprivation was associated with higher internalizing symptoms for youth with more strongly positive connectivity, but not for youth with more strongly negative connectivity, suggesting a potential buffering effect. Findings highlight the importance of capturing multilevel socioecological contexts in which youth develop to identify youth who are most likely to benefit from early interventions.
Sex differences in childhood sleep and health implications

Abstract Context Sleep is critical for optimal childhood metabolic health and neurodevelopment. However, there is limited knowledge regarding childhood sex differences in sleep, including children with neurodevelopmental disorders, and the impact of such differences on metabolic health. Objective To evaluate if sex differences in childhood sleep exist and if sleep associates with metabolic health outcomes equally by sex. Using autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as a case study, we also examine sleep sex differences in children with a neurodevelopmental disorder. Methods A narrative review explored the literature focussing on sex differences in childhood sleep. Results Sex differences in sleep were not detected among pre-adolescents. However, female adolescents were more likely to report impaired sleep than males. Childhood obesity is more common in males. Shorter sleep duration may be associated with obesity in male pre-adolescents/adolescents; although findings are mixed. ASD is male-predominant; yet, there was an indication that pre-adolescent female children with ASD had more impaired sleep. Conclusion Sex differences in sleep appear to emerge in adolescence with more impaired sleep in females. This trend was also observed among pre-adolescent female children with ASD. Further research is needed on sex differences in childhood sleep and metabolic health and the underlying mechanisms driving these differences.
Greater male vulnerability to stunting? Evaluating sex differences in growth, pathways and biocultural mechanisms

Abstract Context Child stunting has increasingly become the focus of large-scale global health efforts with the inclusion of stunting eradication as one of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. Child sex has been identified as a biological risk factor for stunting, and sex-specific approaches to stunting prevention have been proposed. Objective This paper examines four pathways, developmental sensitivity, energetics, caretaking and measurement, proposed to contribute to sex differences in linear growth faltering and stunting risk. Methods Anthropological, public health and clinical literature on sex differences in stunting and the mechanisms contributing to variability across contexts are reviewed. Results The direction of sex differences in stunting prevalence varies across countries and between households. Sex differences in growth trajectories and immune function beginning prenatally place boys at greater risk of infection and undernutrition, but these biological differences are interpreted by parents and within household contexts that are shaped by social and cultural norms which, in turn, influence care and feeding practices. Conclusion A perspective that incorporates an examination of the social and environmental factors shaping child growth in specific contexts is needed to understand sex-based vulnerability to stunting and to develop context-appropriate interventions.
The revolutionary developmental biology of Wilhelm His, Sr.

Swiss‐born embryologist Wilhelm His, Sr. (1831–1904) was the first scientist to study embryos using paraffin histology, serial sectioning and three‐dimensional modelling. With these techniques, His made many important discoveries in vertebrate embryology and developmental neurobiology, earning him two Nobel Prize nominations. He also developed several theories of mechanical and evolutionary developmental biology. His argued that adult form is determined by the differential growth of developmental primordia. Furthermore, he suggested that changes in the growth parameters of those primordia are responsible for generating new phenotypes during evolution. His developed these theories in his book ‘Our Bodily Form’ (Unsere Körperform). Here, we review His's work with special emphasis on its potential importance to the disciplines of evolutionary developmental biology (evo‐devo) and mechanobiology.
Secondary emotional labor: How female nurses respond to the contradictions of caring

Prior research suggests that caring is in tension with a financially incentivized, technologically-driven healthcare system. Nevertheless, employers, the public, and nurses expect nurses to be caring when providing care to patients and families. This article focuses on nurses’ emotional labor strategies when managing emotions related to organizationally imposed interference with caring. We analyzed 27 semi-structured interviews with nurses and found that the unsuccessful performance of emotional labor spills over into the women’s relationships at and outside of work. We apply Di-Cicco-Bloom and DiCicco-Bloom’s concept of secondary emotional labor to examine our findings and how secondary emotional labor further develops the alienation and exploitation concepts of Hochschild’s emotional labor theory. We suggest a structural change in nurses’ job design that remedies contradictory caring expectations and supports their emotional labor to prioritize a climate of caring for patients.
In vivo and cellular antiarrhythmic and cardiac electrophysiological effects of desethylamiodarone in dog cardiac preparations

The aim of the present study was to study the antiarrhythmic effects and cellular mechanisms of desethylamiodarone (DEA), the main metabolite of amiodarone (AMIO), following acute and chronic 4‐week oral treatments (25–50 mg·kg−1·day−1).
Chromosome-Scale Genome Assembly of Gilia yorkii Enables Genetic Mapping of Floral Traits in an Interspecies Cross

Abstract Substantial morphological variation in land plants remains inaccessible to genetic analysis because current models lack variation in important ecological and agronomic traits. The genus Gilia was historically a model for biosystematics studies and includes variation in morphological traits that are poorly understood at the genetic level. We assembled a chromosome-scale reference genome of G. yorkii and used it to investigate genome evolution in the Polemoniaceae. We performed QTL (quantitative trait loci) mapping in a G. yorkii×G. capitata interspecific population for traits related to inflorescence architecture and flower color. The genome assembly spans 2.75 Gb of the estimated 2.80-Gb genome, with 96.7% of the sequence contained in the nine largest chromosome-scale scaffolds matching the haploid chromosome number. Gilia yorkii experienced at least one round of whole-genome duplication shared with other Polemoniaceae after the eudicot paleohexaploidization event. We identified QTL linked to variation in inflorescence architecture and petal color, including a candidate for the major flower color QTL—a tandem duplication of flavanol 3′,5′-hydroxylase. Our results demonstrate the utility of Gilia as a forward genetic model for dissecting the evolution of development in plants including the causal loci underlying inflorescence architecture transitions.
The exploitation of human glycans by Group A Streptococcus

Abstract Host carbohydrates, or glycans, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many bacterial infections. Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a Gram-positive bacterium that readily colonises the skin and oropharynx, and is a significant cause of mortality in humans. While the glycointeractions orchestrated by many other pathogens are increasingly well-described, the understanding of the role of human glycans in GAS disease remains incomplete. Although basic investigation into the mechanisms of GAS disease is ongoing, several glycointeractions have been identified and are examined herein. The majority of research in this context has focussed on bacterial adherence, however, glycointeractions have also been implicated in carbohydrate metabolism; evasion of host immunity; biofilm adaptations; and toxin-mediated haemolysis. The involvement of human glycans in these diverse avenues of pathogenesis highlights the clinical value of understanding glycointeractions in combatting GAS disease.
The pursuit of fairness in assessment: Looking beyond the objective

Abstract Health professions education has undergone significant changes over the last few decades, including the rise of competency-based medical education, a shift to authentic workplace-based assessments, and increased emphasis on programmes of assessment. Despite these changes, there is still a commonly held assumption that objectivity always leads to and is the only way to achieve fairness in assessment. However, there are well-documented limitations to using objectivity as the ‘gold standard’ to which assessments are judged. Fairness, on the other hand, is a fundamental quality of assessment and a principle that almost no one contests. Taking a step back and changing perspectives to focus on fairness in assessment may help re-set a traditional objective approach and identify an equal role for subjective human judgement in assessment alongside objective methods. This paper explores fairness as a fundamental quality of assessments. This approach legitimises human judgement and shared subjectivity in assessment decisions alongside objective methods. Widening the answer to the question: ‘What is fair assessment’ to include not only objectivity but also expert human judgement and shared subjectivity can add significant value in ensuring learners are better equipped to be the health professionals required of the 21st century.
Ferritin, sex, and the wildfire of inflammation in Hodgkin lymphoma

Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is clinically stratified into early favorable, early unfavorable, and advanced disease. The classification, which largely relies on radiographic staging, impacts prognosis and treatment, including length and type of chemotherapy or applicability of radiation therapy. However, features related to systemic effects of cHL, like presence of B-symptoms or elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), have long been recognized to also portend worse prognosis, particularly in early-stage disease. In advanced-stage cHL the risk of treatment failure is typ-ically described using the International Prognostic Score (IPS) which was derived from experience of patients principally in the As treatments changed and patient outcomes improved, the prognostic accuracy of IPS has decreased.
Mending the Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease: An in‐depth review of the past, present, and future portopulmonary hypertension Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease exception

Patients with portopulmonary hypertension (POPH) have an increased cardiovascular and overall mortality risk when undergoing liver transplantation (LT). However, such risk is not captured in their Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) laboratory score. POPH MELD exception criteria were established in 2006 with the aim of prioritizing these patients for LT prior to pulmonary hypertension (PH) progression and eventual right heart failure. The original criteria emphasized a posttreatment, pre‐LT mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) of <35 mm Hg and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) <400 dynes‐s‐cm−5 or <5 Wood units (WU). Since 2006, there have been important advances in the treatment of POPH with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)–targeted therapies and newer evidence regarding LT outcomes and risk factors for perioperative mortality. Specifically, PVR rather than mPAP has been shown to be more strongly associated with outcomes, including mortality. In addition, among treated patients with POPH, mPAP may be persistently elevated related to an elevated cardiac output or other factors that do not necessarily reflect POPH disease severity. Thus, in February 2021, the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network approved proposed modifications to POPH MELD exception criteria, now allowing either of the following posttreatment, pre‐LT hemodynamic profiles: mPAP less than 35 mm Hg and posttreatment PVR less than 400 dynes‐s‐cm−5 (or less than 5 WU) or mPAP greater than or equal to 35 mm Hg and less than 45 mm Hg and posttreatment PVR less than 240 dynes‐s‐cm−5 (or less than 3 WU). This article reviews the history of the POPH MELD exception criteria, describes the recent modifications to the exception criteria and the evidence supporting them, and highlights unanswered questions and areas for future research.
Strong and lasting impacts of past global warming on baleen whales and their prey

Global warming is affecting the population dynamics and trophic interactions across a wide range of ecosystems and habitats. Translating these real‐time effects into their long‐term consequences remains a challenge. The rapid and extreme warming period that occurred after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition (7–12 thousand years ago) provides an opportunity to gain insights into the long‐term responses of natural populations to periods with global warming. The effects of this post‐LGM warming period have been assessed in many terrestrial taxa, whereas insights into the impacts of rapid global warming on marine taxa remain limited, especially for megafauna. In order to understand how large‐scale climate fluctuations during the post‐LGM affected baleen whales and their prey, we conducted an extensive, large‐scale analysis of the long‐term effects of the post‐LGM warming on abundance and inter‐ocean connectivity in eight baleen whale and seven prey (fish and invertebrates) species across the Southern and the North Atlantic Ocean; two ocean basins that differ in key oceanographic features. The analysis was based upon 7032 mitochondrial DNA sequences as well as genome‐wide DNA sequence variation in 100 individuals. The estimated temporal changes in genetic diversity during the last 30,000 years indicated that most baleen whale populations underwent post‐LGM expansions in both ocean basins. The increase in baleen whale abundance during the Holocene was associated with simultaneous changes in their prey and climate. Highly correlated, synchronized and exponential increases in abundance in both baleen whales and their prey in the Southern Ocean were indicative of a dramatic increase in ocean productivity. In contrast, the demographic fluctuations observed in baleen whales and their prey in the North Atlantic Ocean were subtle, varying across taxa and time. Perhaps most important was the observation that the ocean‐wide expansions and decreases in abundance that were initiated by the post‐LGM global warming, continued for millennia after global temperatures stabilized, reflecting persistent, long‐lasting impacts of global warming on marine fauna.
Applying Normal PedEyeQ Thresholds to Assess Eye-related Quality of Life among Children with Strabismus

ABSTRACT Purpose To determine proportions of children with strabismus with below-normal Pediatric Eye Questionnaire (PedEyeQ) scores. Methods Ninety-eight children with strabismus (70 aged 5–11 years; 28 aged 12–17 years) were evaluated. Children completed the Child 5–11 or 12–17 PedEyeQ (Functional Vision, Bothered by Eyes/vision, Social, and Frustration/worry domains). Parents completed the Proxy (same domains plus Eye Care) and Parent PedEyeQ (Impact on Parent and Family, Worry about Child’s Eye Condition, Worry about Child’s Self-perception and Interactions, and Worry about Functional Vision domains). Previously published normal (5th percentile) thresholds were applied to calculate proportions with below-normal scores for each domain. Results For the Child PedEyeQ more than 20% of 5- to 11-year-olds scored below normal, on all but the Social domain, whereas more than 50% of 12- to 17-year-olds scored below normal on all domains. On the Proxy PedEyeQ, more than 50% scored below normal on all domains when parents reported on 5- to 11-year-olds and 12- to 17-year-olds. For the Parent PedEyeQ, more than 50% of the parents of both 5- to 11-year-olds and 12- to 17-year-olds scored below normal on all domains. Conclusions The majority of children with strabismus have below-normal PedEyeQ scores, particularly children aged 12–17 years.
Alopecia areata following COVID‐19 vaccination: vaccine‐induced autoimmunity?

Alopecia areata following COVID-19 vaccination: vaccineinduced autoimmunity? Dear Editor, We report a case of an 80-year-old man who came to our attention for a rapidly progressive loss of facial hair 7 days after the administration of the first dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine, an mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. He had no personal or family history of alopecia or autoimmunity. Before the vaccination, a COVID-19 serological test and a naso-oropharyngeal swab test gave a negative result. During the visit, we found an area of beard hair loss on the left cheek and the upper lip with a concomitant widespread involvement of the entire scalp, with a SALT score of 65% (Fig. 1a-b); no other areas were involved. A pull test gave a positive result, and cadaveric and exclamation point hairs were noted upon trichoscopy (Fig. 1c), allowing the diagnosis of alopecia areata (AA). No improvement was seen after topical application of clobetasol foam; indeed, the patient reported a progressive worsening of the condition after the second dose of the vaccine. At the 2-month follow-up visit, we observed alopecia areata totalis (Fig. 1d) and started a topical immunotherapy with squaric acid dibutylester combined with topical 5% minoxidil. At the last follow-up visit, 1 month from the start of immunotherapy, no improvement was noted. AA is an autoimmune disease that leads to non-scarring hair loss. Although its pathogenesis is complex, the most accredited theory supports the role of hair bulb inflammation and the loss of hair follicle immune privilege. While genetic predisposition contributes to AA, as shown by familial studies, environmental factors, such as infectious agents, psychological stress, diet, drugs, and also vaccines, can act as triggers. Intriguingly, a strong link between particular vaccines and autoimmune diseases has been established only in few cases. In the literature, there are some reports of AA occurring after the administration of different vaccines including hepatitis B virus, herpes zoster virus, Clostridium tetani, Japanese encephalitis, and human papillomavirus, perhaps due to a hypersensitive reaction in genetically predisposed individuals. To our knowledge, only four cases of AA arising after the COVID-19 vaccination were described in literature; three of them were associated with the AZD1222/ChAdOx1 vaccine and one with the BNT162b2 vaccine; all occurred in patients with a previous history of AA. We do not exclude the possibility that
Designing, understanding and modelling two-phase experiments with human subjects

In a recent paper, Jarrett, Farewell and Herzberg discussed a strategy for developing the analysis of a previously published two-phase experiment that investigated the effect of training on pain rating by occupational and physical therapy students. Here, their example is used to illustrate how a multi-step factor-allocation paradigm can be employed (i) to design an experiment, (ii) to understand the confounding in the design and (iii) to formulate linear mixed models, called prior allocation models, for the design. These models are intended as starting models for the analysis of the data, when it becomes available. An understanding of the confounding intrinsic to a design is achieved through an anatomy of the design presented in an analysis-of-variance-style table that can be obtained using functions from the R package dae . The analysis of the pain-rating experiment is re-examined and it is recommended that conclusions be based on a model with heterogeneous residual variances, in addition to the previously proposed block-treatment interactions. The paradigm is also used in producing an alternative design, taking into account the results of the re-analysis.
Breast cancer screening practices and associated factors among Chinese‐Australian women living in Sydney: A cross‐sectional survey study

Abstract This study aimed to investigate breast cancer screening practices and associated factors among Chinese‐Australian women. A cross‐sectional quantitative survey method including convenience and snowball sampling was used to recruit 115 Chinese‐Australian women living in Sydney, using a self‐administered survey. In all, 69.8% of participants reported recent clinical breast examinations and 73.3% had mammograms. Age, religion, employment status, and length of residence were associated with having a clinical breast examination. Income was related to having a mammogram. Associations between knowledge of breast cancer, cancer‐related beliefs, and screening participation were found. Length of residence in Australia was the strongest predictor of having a clinical breast examination and mammogram. The most common barrier to mammography was if women felt that doctors did not recommend it to them. Chinese‐Australian women need to be educated about awareness of their usual breast health to be aware of any changes, especially if women are not eligible for mammography or have difficulty in accessing health services. Tailored programs, improving screening experiences, and minimizing perceived barriers are needed to promote early detection of breast cancer among Chinese–Australian women.