Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A framework for quantitative analysis of surface water-groundwater interaction: Flow geometry in a vertical section

A numerical model is used to examine groundwater flow in vertical section near surface water bodies, such as lakes, wetlands, ponds, rivers, canals, and drainage and irrigation channels. Solutions are generated partly by superposition to achieve computational efficiency. A large number of flow regimes are identified, with their characteristics controlled by regional water table gradients, recharge to the aquifer, water body length, aquifer anisotropy, and the hydraulic resistance of the bottom sediments. Different flow regimes are distinguished by the presence and nature of groundwater mounds or depressions near the edges of a surface water body and by corresponding stagnation points. Ranges of values for dimensionless flow parameters over which particular regimes occur are determined for six representative geometries and presented in the form of transition diagrams. Increasing anisotropy or sediment resistance and decreasing the length of a water body relative to aquifer thickness are shown to have similar effects on flow geometry, the main effect being an increasing tendency for stagnation points to form in the interior of the aquifer. Flow-through behavior becomes more prevalent with decreasing anisotropy and sediment resistance and increasing water body length.
Experimental study of aqueous fluid infiltration into quartzite: implications for the kinetics of fluid redistribution and grain growth driven by interfacial energy reduction

To investigate the kinetics of interfacial energy-driven fluid infiltration, experiments were carried out in a quartzite–water system at 621–925°C and 0.8 GPa. Infiltration couples were made by juxtaposing presynthesized dry quartzite cylinders and fluid reservoirs. The infiltration process was confirmed by the presence of pores at the quartzite grain edges. As predicted from theoretical considerations and previous experiments, wetting fluids such as pure water and NaCl aqueous solution infiltrated into quartzite, whereas nonwetting CO2-rich fluids did not. Newly precipitated quartz layers at the surfaces of the infiltrated sample proved that infiltration took place by a dissolution–precipitation mechanism. The enhancement of grain growth by fluid infiltration was observed over the entire range of experimental temperatures. The fluid fraction, gauged by the porosity of the run products, increases at the infiltration front and then decreases towards the fluid reservoir to form a high-porosity zone with a maximum porosity of 2.3–2.9%. As infiltration proceeds, the high-porosity zone advances like a travelling wave. This porosity wave is probably caused by a grain curvature gradient resulting from preferential grain growth in the infiltrated part of the quartzite, perhaps combined with other factors. The infiltration kinetics were modelled with a steady-state diffusion model over the high-porosity zone. The solubility difference between dissolving and precipitating grains was deduced to be 2 × 10−2−3 × 10−1 wt %. The experimentally obtained infiltration rate of aqueous fluid in the steady-state diffusion regime (2 ± 0.5 × 10−8 m sec−1 at 823°C) is much faster than the estimated metamorphic fluid flux rates, so that interfacial energy-driven fluid redistribution in quartz-rich layers could significantly contribute to the fluid flux in high-grade metamorphism, at least over a short distance. Cathodoluminescence observations of the run products revealed that the grain growth of quartzite in the presence of fluid proceeds extensively, which would promote the chemical equilibration between fluid and rock more effectively than would volume diffusion in quartz crystals.
Intimate Partner Stalking: Contributions to PTSD Symptomatology Among a National Sample of Women Veterans

Objectives: Women veterans are at high risk for intimate partner violence (IPV), which has previously been defined as psychological, physical, or sexual violence from an intimate partner. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently added stalking to its uniform definition of IPV, but little is known about the occurrence of stalking victimization among women veterans who experience IPV, its overlap with other forms of IPV, and its contribution to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology among this population. Methods: Lifetime intimate partner stalking, as well as physical, sexual, and psychological IPV, was assessed as part of a larger study of women veterans who completed a 2014 Web-based survey (75% participation rate). Women with a history of IPV or stalking (55%, n = 225) completed the PTSD Checklist-5 to assess PTSD symptoms related to IPV and items assessing military sexual trauma and combat exposure. Results: Among 225 women veterans with a history of IPV, approximately 64% (n = 145) reported lifetime stalking by an intimate partner. Women who experienced both stalking and other forms of IPV were 4.2 times more likely to experience probable PTSD than were women who experienced IPV without stalking, odds ratio (OR) = 4.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.91, 9.13]. After adjusting for military sexual trauma and lifetime sum of other types of IPV, women who experienced partner stalking remained 2.5 times more likely than women without a history of partner stalking to experience probable PTSD, OR = 2.49, 95% CI [1.07, 5.78]. Conclusions: Stalking from an intimate partner is a common form of IPV experienced by women veterans that strongly contributes to risk for probable PTSD. In addition to other forms of IPV, identification and treatment efforts should attend to stalking victimization among this rapidly growing population.
Using Uncensored Trace-Level Measurements to Detect Trends in Ground Water Contamination

: Environmental decision making involving trace-levels of contaminants can be complicated by censoring, the practice of reporting concentrations either as less than the limit of detection (LOD) or as not detected (ND) when a test result is less than the LOD. Censoring can result in data series that are difficult to meaningfully summarize, graph, and analyze through traditional statistical methods. In spite of the relatively large measurement errors associated with test results below the LOD, simple and meaningful analyses can be carried out that provide valuable information not available if data are censored. For example, an indication of increasing levels of contamination at the fringe of a plume can act as an early warning signal to trigger further study, an increased sampling frequency, or a higher level of remediation at the source. This paper involves the application of nonparametric trend analyses to uncensored trace-level groundwater monitoring data collected between March 1991 and August 1994 on dissolved arsenic and chromium for seven wells at an industrial site in New York.
CCR6, a CC Chemokine Receptor that Interacts with Macrophage Inﬂammatory Protein 3 (cid:97) and Is Highly Expressed in Human Dendritic Cells

Dendritic cells initiate immune responses by ferrying antigen from the tissues to the lymphoid organs for presentation to lymphocytes. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms un-derlying this migratory behavior. We have identified a chemokine receptor which appears to be selectively expressed in human dendritic cells derived from CD34 (cid:49) cord blood precursors, but not in dendritic cells derived from peripheral blood monocytes. When stably expressed as a recombinant protein in a variety of host cell backgrounds, the receptor shows a strong interaction with only one chemokine among 25 tested: the recently reported CC chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 3 (cid:97) . Thus, we have designated this receptor as the CC chemokine receptor 6. The cloning and characterization of a dendritic cell CC chemokine receptor suggests a role for chemokines in the CA) and used to generated stable transfectants in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells as described (20). To control for levels of cell-surface expression of the subse-quent constructs were made in which the M2 “Flag” epitope was attached to the NH 2 -terminal portion of the receptor. Anti-M2 antibody was then used to detect cell-surface BN-1–encoded polypeptide and to sort the highest expressing cells for stable propagation. Intracellular calcium signaling analyses were performed as described (21). Equlibrium binding was done using a standard filtration protocol using 10 6 cells incubated with 0.1 nM I]MIP-3 (cid:97) (custom labeled by Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL) in the presence increasing amounts of unlabeled MIP-3 (cid:97) competitor. Reactions were incubated for 2 h at 22 (cid:56) C before being aspirated onto GF/C filters, washed, and measured by scintil-lation counting. Data were analyzed using IgorPro software (WaveMetrics, Lake Oswego, Oswego, OR).
Knowledge of the Mpox virus and conspiracy beliefs and their association with self-confidence in managing the virus among Israeli orthopedic surgeons

ABSTRACT In 2022, the Mpox viral outbreak signaled a global public health emergency. Infectious disease management and prevention are crucial tasks for healthcare workers. In their line of work, orthopedic surgeons could come across cases of the Mpox virus. The aim of the present study was to explore orthopedic surgeons’ knowledge of the Mpox virus, their conspiracy beliefs regarding emerging viral infections, and their self-confidence in managing the Mpox virus. In this cross-sectional survey, 137 orthopedic surgeons completed an online questionnaire. The participants had low knowledge of the Mpox virus, providing on average 11.5 correct answers (SD = 2.68) of a possible 21. In addition, the participants tended to express moderate conspiracy beliefs and to have low self-confidence in managing the Mpox virus. Age 30 or older, a higher knowledge level, and lower conspiracy beliefs predicted greater self-confidence in managing the Mpox virus. In addition, a negative association was found between knowledge of the Mpox virus and conspiracy beliefs. Arab and younger orthopedic surgeons expressed stronger conspiracy beliefs. Interventions should include introduction of material regarding emerging tropical infections in medical curricula and in-service training programs. In addition, special attention should be paid to younger and Arab orthopedic surgeons, as these subgroups may endorse higher conspiracy beliefs.
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES MEASURING RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN BAIL DECISIONS

We develop new quasi-experimental tools to measure racial discrimination in the context of bail decisions. Observational comparisons of white and black pretrial release rates suffer from omitted variables bias when there are unobserved racial differences in pretrial misconduct potential. We show that the bias in these observational comparisons is a function of average white and black misconduct risk, which can be estimated from the quasi-random assignment of bail judges. Estimates from New York City show that less than one-third of the release rate disparity between white and black defendants is explained by unobserved differences in misconduct potential, with more than two-thirds explained by racial discrimination. We then develop a hierarchical marginal treatment effects model that imposes additional structure on the quasi-experimental variation to investigate the drivers of this discrimination. Model estimates show that discrimination in bail decisions is driven by both racial bias and statistical discrimination, with the latter coming from a higher level of average risk and less precise risk signals for black defendants. David Arnold Industrial Relations Section Louis A. Simpson International Bldg. Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544-2098 dharnold@princeton.edu Will S. Dobbie Harvard Kennedy School 79 John F. Kennedy St. Cambridge, MA 02138 and NBER will_dobbie@hks.harvard. edu Peter Hull University of Chicago 5757 South University Avenue Chicago, IL 60637 and NBER hull@uchicago.edu
Comparative analysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) composition in three local government areas in Rivers State, Nigeria

Rivers State is one of the major oil producing States in Nigeria. Its capital, Port Harcourt and sub-urban areas have witnessed an increased influx of migrants in recent time. Consequently, the consumption of goods and services has also increased leading to generation of unprecedented quantities of municipal solid waste. Previous efforts by relevant authorities to contain this increase in waste generation have proved abortive due largely to among other reasons, inappropriate and unsustainable municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems. The first step in a sustainable MSW management is to understand the types, composition and variation that exist in the waste generated in time and space. Previous reports have been concentrated on the characteristics of waste in Port Harcourt. This present work evaluated solid waste composition in three LGAs in Rivers State with a view of an integrated approach in MSW management in the State. Waste characteristics varied with the different locations studied. Generation rate was 0.45, 0.98 and 1.16 kg/capita/day for Emougha, Obio/Akpor and Port Harcourt, respectively. Most prominent categories were organic waste, paper and nylon. Mean percentage composition was 65, 65.5 and 59% for organic waste, 13, 11 and 6% for paper and 12, 16 and 14% for nylon in Port Harcourt, Obio/Akpor and Emougha LGAs, respectively. It is believed that given the characteristics of these waste streams, a sustainable management strategy could have several benefits including resources recovery and energy generation.
On the use of partial probability weighted moments in the analysis of hydrological extremes

The use of partial probability weighted moments (PPWM) for estimating hydrological extremes is compared to that of probability weighted moments (PWM). Firstly, estimates from at‐site data are considered. Two Monte Carlo analyses, conducted using continuous and empirical parent distributions (of peak discharge and daily rainfall annual maxima) and applying four different distributions (Gumbel, Fréchet, GEV and generalized Pareto), show that the estimates obtained from PPWMs are better than those obtained from PWMs if the parent distribution is unknown, as happens in practice. Secondly, the use of partial L‐moments (obtained from PPWMs) as diagnostic tools is considered. The theoretical partial L‐diagrams are compared with the experimental data. Five different distributions (exponential, Pareto, Gumbel, GEV and generalized Pareto) and 297 samples of peak discharge annual maxima are considered. Finally, the use of PPWMs with regional data is investigated. Three different kinds of regional analyses are considered. The first kind is the regression of quantile estimates on basin area. The study is conducted applying the GEV distribution to peak discharge annual maxima. The regressions obtained with PPWMs are slightly better than those obtained with PWMs. The second kind of regional analysis is the parametric one, of which four different models are considered. The congruence between local and regional estimates is examined, using peak discharge annual maxima. The congruence degree is sometimes higher for PPWMs, sometimes for PWMs. The third kind of regional analysis uses the index flood method. The study, conducted applying the GEV distribution to synthetic data from a lognormal joint distribution, shows that better estimates are obtained sometimes from PPWMs, sometimes from PWMs. All the results seem to indicate that using PPWMs can constitute a valid tool, provided that the influence of ouliers, of course higher with censored samples, is kept under control. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite Element Predictions of Cartilage Contact Mechanics in Hips with Retroverted Acetabula

s u m m a r y Background: A contributory factor to hip osteoarthritis (OA) is abnormal cartilage mechanics. Acetabular retroversion, a version deformity of the acetabulum, has been postulated to cause OA via decreased posterior contact area and increased posterior contact stress. Although cartilage mechanics cannot be measured directly in vivo to evaluate the causes of OA, they can be predicted using finite element (FE) modeling. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare cartilage contact mechanics between hips with normal and retroverted acetabula using subject-specific FE modeling. Methods: Twenty subjects were recruited and imaged: 10 with normal acetabula and 10 with retroverted acetabula. FE models were constructed using a validated protocol. Walking, stair ascent, stair descent and rising from a chair were simulated. Acetabular cartilage contact stress and contact area were compared between groups. Results: Retroverted acetabula had superomedial cartilage contact patterns, while normal acetabula had widely distributed cartilage contact patterns. In the posterolateral acetabulum, average contact stress and contact area during walking and stair descent were 2.6e7. 6 times larger in normal than retroverted acetabula (P 0.017). Conversely, in the superomedial acetabulum, peak contact stress during walking was 1.2e1. 6 times larger in retroverted than normal acetabula (P 0.044). Further differences varied by region and activity. Conclusions: This study demonstrated superomedial contact patterns in retroverted acetabula vs widely distributed contact patterns in normal acetabula. Smaller posterolateral contact stress in retroverted acetabula than in normal acetabula suggests that increased posterior contact stress alone may not be the link between retroversion and OA.
Laboratory measurements of mineral dust scattering phase function and linear polarization

With the goal of improving our understanding of how small mineral dust particles scatter light at visible and near-infrared wavelengths, we measured the scattering phase function and linear polarization of small mineral dust particles over the scattering angle range 15°–170° at three wavelengths (0.47, 0.652, and 0.937 μm). Particle samples were obtained from Duke Scientific Corp., and include aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, aluminum silicate, antimony oxide, calcium carbonate, and cerium oxide. Particle equivalent-sphere radii range from a few tenths of a micron to about 10 μm. The particles were injected into a laboratory chamber, where they scattered light as they fell through the air. They were collected on a scanning electron micrograph (SEM) substrate. Particle shapes and sizes were then measured from the SEM images. We compare measured phase functions with those calculated for spheroids with a distribution of axial ratios and sizes, random orientation, and refractive index 1.53+0.008i [Mishchenko et al., this issue]. Two of the samples (one of which has a refractive index close to that used in theoretical computations) produced scattering phase functions that were quite similar to those for spheroids. Two samples produced phase functions whose variation between 15° and 170° was much less than that for the spheroids or for the other samples. We suspect this difference may be due to the very high refractive index of those particles, although differences in particle microstructure may also be important. Two samples produced positive linear polarization which had a single broad maximum near 100° scattering angle, and a magnitude greater than 40% at some wavelengths. Two samples had generally positive linear polarization but a more complicated structure, and two samples produced mostly negative polarization whose amplitude was small. We do not have numerical results for the appropriate refractive index and size parameter with which to compare the polarization measurements. We hope the questions raised by this work will stimulate additional effort to develop and test numerical codes for scattering by nonspherical particles.
Mineralogical Significance of Fluids in Channels of Colombian Emeralds: A Mass-Spectrometric Study

Quadrupolar mass-spectrometric study of fluids trapped in inclusions and channels is used to characterize the qualitative and quantitative composition of fluids within emeralds from 10 deposits located on the eastern and western margins of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. Fluids in channels and in fluid inclusions have the same qualitative composition. The bulk composition of the fluid phase is: H2O (80 to 92 mol%), N2 (3 to 10%), CO2 (2.5 to 5%), H2 (1 to 5%), CO (0.1 to 1.5%), CH4 (<0.5%), organic compounds (<0.05%), and inert gases. Hydrogen and carbon monoxide in large part come from water and carbon dioxide reduction. Fluids trapped during emerald growth belong to an aquo-carbonic fluid phase with CO2/N2 ratios near 1 (0.8 to 0.84 in fluid inclusions, 1 to 1.3 in channels). Fluid contents in channels are higher by ∼20% in emeralds from the western group compared to those in the eastern deposits. The concentration of H2O in channels in emeralds from the eastern group is lower (1.35 < H2O < 1.45 wt%.
Salt‐finger driven enhancement of upper ocean nutrient supply

In the subtropics, estimates of upper‐ocean nitrate supply by turbulent mixing have been found insufficent to balance estimated nutrient loss through organic‐matter export. Most mixing‐rate estimates as well as numerical turbulence closure schemes commonly employed in numerical models have, however, neglected salt‐finger induced mixing. Here we examine the potential contribution of salt‐finger induced mixing to nutrient fluxes. Our model results suggest that salt‐fingering instabilities generate substantial nutrient fluxes (on average 0.03 mol N m−2 yr−1) which are of similar magnitude as fluxes associated with mechanically induced turbulence or with mesoscale eddies. Because salt‐fingering activity depends on the proportion of temperature versus salinity effects on stratification rather than on the stability of stratification itself, its sensitivity to climate change will differ from that of “ordinary” mixing processes and needs to be considered in the context of global change.
Nonlinear sediment response during the 1994 Northridge earthquake: Observations and finite source simulations

We have addressed the long-standing question regarding nonlinear sediment response in the Los Angeles region by testing whether sediment amplification was similar between the Northridge earthquake and its aftershocks. Comparing the weak- and strong-motion site response at 15 sediment sites, we find that amplification factors were significantly less for the main shock implying systematic nonlinearity. The difference is largest between 2 and 4 Hz (a factor of 2), and is significant at the 99% confidence level between 0.8 and 5.5 Hz. The inference of nonlinearity is robust with respect to the removal of possibly anomalous sediment sites and how the reference-site motion is defined. Furthermore, theoretical ground-motion simulations show no evidence of any bias from finite source effects during the main shock. Nonlinearity is also suggested by the fact that the four sediment sites that contain a clear fundamental resonance for the weak motion exhibit a conspicuous absence of the peak in the strong motion. Although we have taken the first step of establishing the presence of nonlinearity, it remains to define the physics of nonlinear response and to test the methodologies presently applied routinely in engineering practice. The inference of nonlinearity implies that care must be exercised in using sediment site data to study large earthquakes or predict strong ground motion.