Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BUXBAUMIA: A MOSS PERISTOME WITHOUT A PERISTOMIAL FORMULA BUXBAUMIA: МОХ С ПЕРИСТОМОМ БЕЗО ВСЯКОЙ ФОРМУЛЫ ПЕРИСТОМА

This study of peristome development in Buxbaumia aphylla, B. minakatae and B. viridis has revealed major differences from all other peristomate mosses. The fundamental square patterning, characteristic of moss peristome formation, is lacking in Buxbaumia. Endothecium and amphithecium are differentiated, but cells of the endothecium are arranged radially and are likely derivatives of a large tetrahedral central cell. Cells of the inner peristomial layer (IPL) are all offset against cells of the primary peristomial layer (PPL), in both transverse and longitudinal sections. At early stages, IPL cells are 1.2–2 times fewer than PPL cells; subsequently they become about equal in number. However, close to urn base additional anticlinal divisions result in IPL cells double in number to those in the adjacent PPL layer. The maximum number of cells in the PPL is 48 in B. aphylla, but the peristomial formula can be calculated only by counting of all cells in moderately regular cell rings around endothecium and dividing these by eight. However the absence in Buxbaumia of cell columns, as in other mosses, and the progressive increase in the cells in peristomial layers makes such a count too approximate and uncertain. The pleated cone in Buxbaumia minakatae and in the distal half of B. aphylla has about 24 folds, whereas closer to base the folds are more numerous, with up to 40 folds. The coneshaped endostome points the close relationship to Diphyscium, and also their prostome structure is very similar. However Diphyscium sporophyte at early stages of development is narrow and its peristomial layers differentiate as in other mosses and have similar to haplolepideous mosses cell arrangement. Contrary, in Buxbaumia the urn is broader than long at this stage and IPL forms continuous subepidermal layer overarching semi-globose endothecium. Its development proceeds essentially by means of morphologically longitudinal / spatially almost radial cell divisions, but not periclinal ones as in Diphyscium and all other mosses. This mode of development explains the progressively increasing number of cell in IPL, and consequently also PPL and OPL. The sporophyte structure in Buxbaumia does not represent an archaic type, but seems to be extremely specialized.
Loss of Ecosystem Functions Caused by Severe Disturbances in the Ogasawara Islands Can Limit Restoration : Implications for a New Framework of Practical Restoration of Disturbed Ecosystems after Eradication of Feral Goats

Feral goats (Capra hircus), an invasive non-native ungulate, have naturalized on many of the world’s oceanic islands. Overgrazing and trampling by feral goats often cause vegetation degradation and soil erosion, resulting in loss of biodiversity and ecosystem functions on oceanic islands. For restoration and management of the disturbed ecosystems, eradication and control of feral goats have been conducted on many islands. Recovery of vegetation after goat eradication has occurred at some sites but not others. To explain reasons for the lack of vegetation recovery even after goat eradication, I describe processes of changes in ecosystem functions before and after eradication of feral goats on an island, Nakoudo-Jima, in a subtropical archipelago in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. I focus on the relationships between vegetation states and soil chemical properties with vegetation degradation and soil erosion. Loss of vegetation cover caused by overgrazing and trampling by feral goats causes loss of surface soil, which can expose deeper soil horizons. The exposed soils often have lower amounts of nutrients and extremely low pH on the island. Soil with fewer nutrients and lower pH often limits plant growth, and can prevent recovery of vegetation even after goat eradication. In addition, I explore the process of loss of ecosystem functions using a conceptual model based on the relationships between ecosystem states and functions. According to this model, loss of functions occurs in two steps. The first step is vegetation degradation and the second is soil erosion. Finally, I propose a new framework for more flexible and practical restoration of island ecosystems disturbed by invasive mammals, using the concept of a “novel ecosystem,” which should be one of the goals for disturbed ecosystems on islands.
Financial Deepening and Performance of Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria

Manufacturing sector is expected to be the engine for growth and development in any economy. The sector has continued to face several challenges hindering its optimal performance in Nigeria. In an attempt to revitalize the sector to play the expected roles, there have been concerted efforts by successive governments in Nigeria to deepen the financial system through the implementations of several financial reforms. Despite these efforts, it seems that the manufacturing firms in Nigeria have not achieved the desired level of performance. Based on the foregoing, this study investigated the effect of financial deepening on manufacturing firms’ performance in Nigeria. The data from 1986 to 2017, used for the study, were sourced from the publications of the Central Bank of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics and World Economic Indicators. Autoregressive Distributed Lag model was used to produce the parameter estimates. Also, Toda-Yamamoto causality procedure was applied to examine the causation among the variables. Further, the validity of the results was examined using Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey test. The findings reveal that financial deepening has a significantly positive effect on the average capacity utilization of manufacturing firmsin Nigeria. Further, the findings show a unidirectional causality from financial deepening to average capacity utilization of manufacturing sector in Nigeria. The major implication of the findings is that financial deepening has significant effect on manufacturing sector performance in Nigeria. It is therefore recommended among others that government should promote financial deepening strategies that increase capital expenditure, relax capital market entry requirements and allow institutional interest rate to operate at equilibrium level to encourage credit to the private sector, thereby enhancing manufacturing sector performance in Nigeria.
Happiness Inequality in the United States

Happiness Inequality in the United States This paper examines how the level and dispersion of self-reported happiness has evolved over the period 1972-2006. While there has been no increase in aggregate happiness, inequality in happiness has fallen substantially since the 1970s. There have been large changes in the level of happiness across groups: Two-thirds of the black-white happiness gap has been eroded, and the gender happiness gap has disappeared entirely. Paralleling changes in the income distribution, differences in happiness by education have widened substantially. We develop an integrated approach to measuring inequality and decomposing changes in the distribution of happiness, finding a pervasive decline in within-group inequality during the 1970s and 1980s that was experienced by even narrowly-defined demographic groups. Around one-third of this decline has subsequently been unwound. Juxtaposing these changes with large rises in income inequality suggests an important role for non-pecuniary factors in shaping the well-being distribution. JEL Classification: D3, D63, I3, J1, Y1
Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated teeth: Effect of CAD-CAM Post-core and Endocrown materials

Objectives: Effect of cad-cam post-core and endocrown materials on fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. Materials and Methods: A total of forty mandibular premolar teeth were divided into two main groups according to the restoration. Group I: Twenty mandibular premolar teeth restored with customized CAD-CAM Post-core. Group II: Twenty mandibular premolar teeth restored with customized Endocrown. Each group was fabricated from PolyetheretherKetone (PEEK) material. All groups were cemented with dual cure Rely X U200 self-adhesive resin cement. The specimens were thermocycled (7000cycle, at 55 o C). Then mounted in the Universal Testing Machine. Each specimen was loaded to failure at a crosshead speed 1mm/min. Mode of failure was also examined. Data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc significance difference tests. Differences were considered significant at P<0.05. Results: There was a statistically significant difference was detected between PEEK Post-core with higher mean value than Endocrown design (1863.24 & 1566.87respectively),). Conclusions: Under the conditions of this study, fracture resistance load obtained in different design restored by PEEK Post-core treated mandibular premolar demonstrated significant greater failure resistance than Endocrown design.
EFFECT OF DRYING TEMPERATURE AND DURATION ON NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF COCHORO VARIETY TOMATO (lycopersicon esculentum L.)

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) is popular vegetable among all parts of the world. However, marketing of fresh tomato during peak season is a great problem because of its short postharvest life and traditional ways of managing the postharvest. Therefore, drying is one of the most convenient method, dried product have grater shelf life compared to the fresh produce and facilitates the availability of products in un-seasons. During drying, some nutritional quality parameters may degraded and thus affect general quality characteristic of the dried tomato. The main objective of present investigation is to study the effects of duration and temperature of oven drying on nutritional property of dried tomato. This studies were carried out in two factorial design arranged in completely randomized design (3*2) which consist three levels of drying temperature (70 o C,80 o C and 90 o C) and two levels of duration of drying (7and 8 hours) based on preliminary trials. The data were analysed using SAS software (version 9.2). Every significant treatment effect was compared using Tukey at 5% probability level. As the result indicated that the drying processes (interaction effects of duration and temperature) affect the nutritional quality of dried tomato. Furthermore, vitamin C content of the samples dried at 90 o C for 7 and 8 hours were badly affected recording an average value of 2.03mg/100g of vitamin C compared to fresh and those dried at 70 o C and 80 o C for 7 and 8 hours with average values of 7.03 mg/100g, 3.86 mg/100g, 3.7 mg/100g, 3.16 mg/100g and 2.83 mg/100g respectively.
Fiscal Policy, Institutional Quality and Inclusive Growth in Nigeria

This study set out to investigate the impact of fiscal policy and institutional quality on inclusive growth in Nigeria from 1985-2017. This was achieved through the use of two models, with the human development index (HDI) and per capita Gross Domestic Product (PGDP) being the main dependent variables used to capture the degree of inclusiveness of growth in Nigeria. These equations were estimated using the ordinary least squares method of estimation. The study found that fiscal policy has a significant effect on inclusive growth in Nigeria while quality of domestic institutions was found to have an insignificant impact on inclusive growth in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study recommended that government should not neglect fiscal policy as it is invaluable for a more inclusive growth; increase recurrent expenditure on economic services, transfers and capital expenditure, and public spending on the provision of social and community services should be effectively monitored to avoid misappropriation of funds. Also recommended was the fight against corruption to strengthen institutional quality in Nigeria. Key word:Institutional Quality, Fiscal policy, Inclusive Growth. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 29-04-2019 Date of acceptance: 13-05-2019 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hospital Nurses' responsiveness to Uptake Vaccination against Theinfluenza Virus

Aim: Understanding the nurses' behavior toward up taking the flu vaccination. Methods: Quantitative research,120RN from 10 wards in 3 general hospitals filled questionnaire. Results: Higher vaccination coverage among RNs in Israel was associated with positive perceptions toward the effects of vaccination, previous vaccinations, and younger age and less seniority. The vaccination rate of nurses in pediatrics wards vs. the others was significantly higher. Summary: We demonstrated valuable information to improve the nurses' compliance to be vaccinated, and its results can be used by managers in health care institutes to increase the body of knowledge on the issue.
Effect thefoliar spraying of Humiforte on three cultivated varieties Sorghum bicolor L.by studying the anatomical characteristics of stem

This experiment was carried at the farm of College of Agriculture The university of Baghdad during the summer season of 2016, to study the effect of foliar application of Humiforte at different concentrations (T0 = control (sprayed with water only), T1= 3 L/h, T2=5 L/h T3= 7 L/h and compare among three cultivated varieties of Sorghum bicolorunder foliarsprayed by Humiforte substance in two different dates by anatomical characteristics of stem epidermis and stem cross section. Study of this samples was by light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) was obvious that sprayed the plants by 5 L/h of Humiforte on the Giza led to diffused the prismatic crystals in the epidermis cells also appeared unicellular and uniseriate trichomes in the first and second sprayed, likewise after the second spraying by 7 L/h of Humiforte obtained the increase the diameter of the stem in Ingath and Rabeh while decreasing the diameter of the stem in Giza.
The Determinant of Capital Structure of Malaysian Firms: Test of Pecking Order and Trade-off Theories under Different Corporate Ownership Identities

This paper develops a corporate ownership identity-based to investigate the financial decision of Malaysian firms. Specifically, this study investigates whether the financial strategy of family, managerialowned, foreign, and government firms tend to adopt the assumptions of the trade-off or pecking order theories. Panel data analysis is conducted on a sample of 407 firms for the period of 2012 to 2015. In general, the results provide evidence for both theories. The trade-off theory seems to be more obvious in firms dominated by family and managers. On the other hand,pecking order theory is more pronounced in government and foreign firms. The current paper argues that the information asymmetry is lower in managerial-owned and family firms compared to government and foreign firms because of their direct engagement in the management. In addition, the higher information asymmetry in government and foreign firms slows the speed of adjustment to the target capital structure.
Emotional faces, visuo-spatial working memory and anxiety

Literature suggests that stimuli of an emotive nature, especially those indicating potential threat, are more effective in their capture of attention than non-emotive stimuli [1,2]. This is consistent with models of fear and threat processing, in which specialised (neural/ dynamic) mechanisms responsible for the enhanced processing of threat-related information are proposed [3-5]. In such models it is argued that attentional resources are preferentially allocated to threat-related cues, relative to other types of non-emotional information, given the ability to process such information efficiently poses several survival advantages. Consistent with this, much behavioural data utilizing Stroop, visual search, visual probe and rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) reliably demonstrates that when there is competition for cognitive resources, threatening information is prioritized [6-8].
Effects of Lending Policies on Loan Performance of Selected Commercial Banks in Kisii County, Kenya

Lending policy is a word that used by bank employees to as a determinant of rejecting or granting loan request. Loan performance of most commercial banks in Kisii County, Kenya reveals that there is a challenge to the banking sector; the acceptance of loan reports of performance is unclear on to what extent they affect lending policies and there links to certain commercial banks. This paper analyzes the effect of lending policies on loan performance of selected commercial banks operating in Kisii County. The research used descriptive survey approach because the units of more than one and their operational features were not the same because of varying situations of the respondents. In response rate, a target population size was 270 employees and a sample size of 244 was usable in the study representing 36.4% of population size. The paper used s content validity as it measures the magnitude of validity of a content to for which the sample of the sample of the items’ representation was designed for measurement. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics tools. The results and findings of this study, would help commercial banks in Kisii County to identify whether repayment period policy, interest rates policy or collateral policy affect the performance of loans positively or negatively, so that they can be able to minimize the risks of nonperforming loans. Keywords— Lending policy, loan performance, interest rate policy, repayment period, collateral policy.
EFFECT OF RUTIN AGAINST HIGH-FAT DIET AND ALCOHOL-INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN HEMATOLOGICAL VARIABLES OF RATS

Objectives: Alcohol abuse leads to several diseases and millions of death worldwide. High-fat diet (HFD) is major contributor of non-alcoholic liver diseases and obesity. Combined consumption of HFD and alcohol has deleterious effect on blood cells. This study was carried out to evaluate the protective effect of rutin against combined consumption of HFD and alcohol-induced hematological alterations.Methods: HFD 30% and ethanol 10% were administered for 4 weeks for induction of toxicity. Rutin (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) and 50 mg/kg dose of silymarin were administered along with HFD and alcohol for 4 weeks.Results: Combined consumption of HFD and alcohol increased mean corpuscular volume, total leukocytes count, eosinophil and monocyte, and decreased hematocrit and platelets. Administration of rutin improved hematological variables altered by HFD and alcohol consumption.Conclusion: The present study concluded that administration of rutin may alleviate HFD and alcohol-induced hematological alterations by scavenging free radicals generation.
Ijon: Exploring Deep State Spaces via Fuzzing

Although current fuzz testing (fuzzing) methods are highly effective, there are still many situations such as complex state machines where fully automated approaches fail. State-of-the-art fuzzing methods offer very limited ability for a human to interact and aid the fuzzer in such cases. More specifically, most current approaches are limited to adding a dictionary or new seed inputs to guide the fuzzer. When dealing with complex programs, these mechanisms are unable to uncover new parts of the code base.In this paper, we propose Ijon, an annotation mechanism that a human analyst can use to guide the fuzzer. In contrast to the two aforementioned techniques, this approach allows a more systematic exploration of the program’s behavior based on the data representing the internal state of the program. As a consequence, using only a small (usually one line) annotation, a user can help the fuzzer to solve previously unsolvable challenges. We extended various AFL-based fuzzers with the ability to annotate the source code of the target application with guidance hints. Our evaluation demonstrates that such simple annotations are able to solve problems that—to the best of our knowledge— no other current fuzzer or symbolic execution based tool can overcome. For example, with our extension, a fuzzer is able to play and solve games such as Super Mario Bros. or resolve more complex patterns such as hash map lookups. To further demonstrate the capabilities of our annotations, we use AFL combined with Ijon to uncover both novel security issues and issues that previously required a custom and comprehensive grammar to be uncovered. Lastly, we show that using Ijon and AFL, one can solve many challenges from the CGC data set that resisted all fully automated and human guided attempts so far.
Confidence Boost in Dyadic Online Teamwork: An Individual-Focused Perspective

Individuals are often more confident in their solutions when working in teams than when working on their own. This confidence boost is observed even when it is not accompanied by a corresponding gain in performance, raising the question of what other factors might be responsible. We address this question by developing a large-scale experimental setting in the form of a two-player online game that allows us to track the confidence of individuals in naturally-occurring online collaborative tasks. This setting enables us to disentangle and compare the effects of different components of the collaborative process on the confidence of each team member. We show that confidence evaluations are subject to social influence: a low-confidence individual receives a confidence boost as a direct consequence of interacting with their teammate, and the extent of the increase depends more on the confidence, rather than on the competence, of the teammate. The resulting framework can enhance our understanding of confidence boost as an often overlooked byproduct of online teamwork and has implications for designing better online collaboration platforms to meet diverse collaborative objectives.
Seroprevalence of Helicobactor Pylori among People in Al-Khoms City, Libya

Helicobacter pylori infection is usually acquired in early childhood and related to numerous upper gastrointestinal disorders. Based on regional prevalence estimates, there were approximately 4.4 billion individuals (More than Half) with H pylori infection worldwide in 2015. This study was performed for the determination of antibodies of seroprevalence of H.pylori in people attends Al-Mutawakel Specialized Hospital, Al-Khoms, Libya. Total of 268 cases who attend Al-Mutawakel Specialized Hospital from October 2018 to March 2019 were involved in this study. Seropositivity of IgM and IgG were diagnosed with the standard ELISA kits. Like other developing countries, there is a high rate of infection of H. pylori during the study period. This rate should be reduced by taking immediate action by the health departments. Usually more than half the world's population is infected with H.pylori. This study result again is not falling under any of those categories mentioned in the aim of the study. A nationwide epidemiological research is necessary for determining the seroprevalence of H. pylori in Libya.