Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Surface Reaction of Methyl Mercaptan (CH3SH) with Hydrogen Atoms on Amorphous Solid Water

Methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) is one of the S-bearing organic compounds found in the interstellar medium (ISM). In this study, we investigated the surface reactions of solid CH3SH with H atoms on amorphous solid water using experimental and computational methods to examine their physicochemical behavior in the ISM. Consequently, the primary product was discovered to be CH4. As the computational studies show that the dominant reaction pathway is H + CH3SH → CH3 + H2S, the observed CH4 would result from H addition to CH3. As relatively minor routes, the H abstraction processes from the –CH3 and –SH functional groups of CH3SH, giving rise to CH2SH and CH3S radicals, are confirmed. Although these radicals may form CH3SH again by reactions with H atoms, the loss of CH3SH from the ice surface by chemical desorption would be minor.
Imaging the effects of tumour necrosis factor inhibition on pain processing in severe rheumatoid arthritis

Background: Monoclonal antibodies against tumour necrosis factor (TNF) markedly reduce inflammation and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis; however, the mechanisms through which they affect pain are not fully understood. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate how monoclonal antibodies against TNF alter pain processing and to determine whether neuroimaging can be used as a marker of treatment efficacy and a predictor of treatment response. Methods: Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to study the neural correlates of clinically-relevant pain evoked by pressing the most painful joint of the right hand and experimental pain evoked by a thermal stimulus applied to the right forearm. A flashing chequerboard was used as a control stimulus. Patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis, qualifying for the anti-TNF treatment, were scanned before the beginning of the therapy and then approximately one and six months after the first injection. Results: TNF inhibition was associated with a marked reduction in pain ratings, inflammation, disease activity as well as depression and catastrophising scores. Effective treatment was linked with less pressure-evoked brain activation in the regions involved in the processing of the sensory aspect of pain and in the limbic structures. Baseline pressure-evoked activation in the thalamus predicted future response to treatment. There was no reduction in heat-evoked brain activation; on the contrary, there was an increase in the activation in the precuneus, which is involved in interoception. There were no differences in response to the visual stimulus. Conclusions: TNF inhibition strongly reduces brain activation in response to clinically relevant pressure pain but not experimental heat pain and these changes reflect the decrease of nociceptive input from the periphery due to the reduction of inflammation as well as central changes in pain modulation. Neuroimaging methods have the potential to explain and predict treatment effects in inflammatory pain conditions.
The Effectiveness of Advance Care Planning Training for Care Home Staff: a Systematic Review.

In line with population ageing, the number of global deaths is predicted to increase. There have been projections that, within the next 20 years, in England and Wales, care homes may become the most common place of death. In order to respect the autonomy of their residents, it is therefore, vital that care home staff are able to have Advance Care Planning conversations. However, care home staff may lack the knowledge or confidence to have such discussions. Further, a systematic review found a paucity of evidence about whether Advance Care Planning training interventions for care home staff are effective. New, higher quality studies are now available, justifying this review update. We sought to address two questions: 1) What Advance Care Planning education interventions exist for care home staff? and 2) how effective are these interventions? All measurable outcomes of effectiveness (e.g. health system/resource-related, patient/relative-related, staff-related) including both qualitative and quantitative measures of effectiveness were considered. Design The review adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and is registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42022337865). Original research evaluating Advance Care Planning education for care home staff and reporting any measurable outcome of effectiveness was included. We searched Ovid Medline All, Ovid Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EBSCO CINAHL, EBSCO ERIC, and Ovid PsycINFO from March 2018 (3 months prior to original review search cut-off) to June 2022, with supplemental journal and website searches. The results were synthesised by narrative synthesis. Findings The current review update almost doubled the number of included studies in a relatively short period. This review includes 10 studies (n = 310 care homes), from the UK, Belgium, Norway and Canada. UK studies were mainly related to the Gold Standard Framework for Care Homes. Two studies adopted multi-component education interventions. Outcome measures included resident/family, staff and health service-related concepts. Even after identifying a further 5 papers, there remains insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of Advance Care Planning education interventions for care home staff. Conclusions Advance Care Planning education interventions are heterogeneous and often complex in their design, flexibility, target populations, and outcomes. There remains insufficient data to determine the effectiveness of Advance Care Planning education interventions for care home staff, with a particularly urgent need to agree on outcome measures of the effectiveness. Future research could consider updating the existing Delphi consensus on outcome measures for evaluating Advance Care Planning, in light of this systematically collected evidence, with a view to agreeing outcomes that are specific to Advance Care Planning education interventions for care home staff.
A fiber-optic autocollimation refractometric method for dispersion measurement of bulk optical materials using a widely tunable fiber Raman laser

A simple and highly sensitive fiber-optic autocollimation method for refractive-index dispersion measurement of solid-state and liquid bulk optical materials is presented. The method is based on the use of a double-pass multimode fiber Raman laser which generates widely tunable emission in a broadband (0.54-1.01 /spl mu/m) continuous spectral range at pumping with the second harmonic of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The optical fiber is used in a specific multifunctional regime where, because of its micrometric core dimensions, it serves simultaneously as a point laser source for the formation of a collimated input emission, as a highly sensitive receiver of the autocollimation backreflectance, and as a medium for nonlinear frequency conversion and generation of a broad-band continuum spectrum. The experimental results obtained in the refractive-index dispersion measurements are fitted to the Sellmeier dispersion equation and used to determine the material dispersion and additional dispersive characteristics of the test optical material.
Subaru Imaging and Spectroscopy of Globular Cluster Candidates around M82

We carried out a search for globular clusters in M82 by taking advantage of the relatively high resolution imaging and deep spectroscopic capabilities provided by the Faint Object Camera And Spectograph (FOCAS) on the Subaru Telescope. Since M82 is a late-type galaxy, its globular cluster system provides a basis for comparison with the globular cluster system of our Galaxy or that of M31. The archetypal starburst galaxy M82 also constitutes an ideal target for studying the relation between galaxy interactions, starbursts, and globular cluster formation. First, we performed an imaging survey to pick up globular cluster candidates using the color-magnitude selection method. Follow-up spectroscopic observations were carried out for 29 globular cluster candidates using the multiobject spectroscopic mode of FOCAS. In the central 6' diameter region of M82, we found two bona fide globular clusters and three young star clusters in our first attempt at optical searching for globular clusters in M82. The estimated age of young star clusters is ≲ 1 Gyr, which is consistent with or lower than the age derived by infrared photometry. Two bona fide globular clusters should have formed at the epoch of M82's formation. Some of the young star clusters identified in M82 are likely to have been produced during the tidal-interaction episode with M81.
Free-space propagation of the spectral degree of cross-polarization of stochastic electromagnetic beams

Based on the unified theory of coherence and polarization and the extended Huygens–Fresnel integral the free-space evolution of the recently introduced spectral degree of cross-polarization of a stochastic electromagnetic beam is studied. Unlike the spectral degree of coherence, the degree of cross-polarization is unbounded and exhibits non-monotonic changes with growing propagation distance and growing radial distance from the center of the beam, at fixed transverse cross-sections. Our numerical results pertain to the electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model beams. We derive expressions for the cross-spectral density matrix of the EGSM beam for arbitrary transverse and longitudinal positions. The results show that the behavior of the degree of cross-polarization on propagation is determined by all of the parameters of the source radiating the beam. At sufficiently large distances from the source, the degree of cross-polarization stabilizes for all points within the beam independently of their radial positions.
A framework for Bayesian and likelihood approximations in statistics

SUMMARY Regular Bayesian and frequentist approximations in statistics are studied within a unified framework. In particular it is shown how some higher-order likelihood-based approximations arise from their Bayesian counterparts via an unsmoothing argument. This approach serves to shed new light on these formulae and to clarify relationships between Bayesian and frequentist inferences. For example, Bayesian interpretations of higher-order approximations can give insights into the acceptability, or otherwise, of these approximations from the point of view of 'relevance' to the actual data observed. Furthermore, this approach is a very natural one for the study of more general 'nonregular' problems, models for dependent data, and approximate conditional inference. For ease of exposition the development is in terms of a single real parameter. The main analytic development proceeds in terms of signed roots of log-density ratios.
An Independence Test Based on Symbolic Time Series

An independence test based on symbolic time series analysis (STSA) is developed. Considering an independent symbolic time series there is a statistic asymptotically distributed as a CHI-2 with degrees of freedom. Size and power experiments for small samples were conducted applying Monte Carlo simulations and comparing the results with BDS and runs test. The introduced test shows a good performance detecting independence in nonlinear and chaotic systems.
The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Limited Range of Motion in the Older Bedridden Patients

Background The purpose of this study is to examine the association between physical activity and contracture in older patients confined to bed in long-term care (LTC) facilities. Methods Patients wore ActiGraph GT3X+ for 8 hours on their wrists, and vector magnitude (VM) counts were obtained as the amount of activity. The passive range of motion (ROM) of joints was measured. The severity of ROM restriction classified, as the tertile value of the reference ROM of each joint, was scored 1–3 points. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients (Rs) were used to measure the association between the VM counts per day and ROM restrictions. Results The sample comprised 128 patients with a mean (SD) age of 84.8 (8.8) years. The mean (SD) of VM was 84574.6 (115195.2) per day. ROM restriction was observed in most joints and movement directions. ROMs in all joints and movement directions, except wrist flexion and hip abduction, were significantly correlated with VM. Furthermore, the VM and ROM severity scores showed a significant negative correlation (Rs = −0.582, p < .0001). Conclusions A significant correlation between the physical activity and ROM restrictions indicates that a decrease in the amount of physical activity could be one of the causes of contracture.
Pharmacological and toxicity effects of Zhumeria majdae and its bioactive constituents: A review

Zhumeria majdae Rech. F. & Wendelbo. traditionally has been used in several remedies, as a carminative agent especially for children, as an antiseptic agent, and it is used in treating diarrhea, stomach irritations, headaches, colds, convulsions, spasms, dysmenorrhea, and healing wounds. According to clinical studies, it is highly effective for reducing inflammation and pain, treating bacterial and fungal infections, morphine tolerance, morphine dependence, withdrawal syndrome symptoms, convulsions, and diabetes. The goal of this review is to find therapeutic opportunities by analyzing the traditional uses and pharmacological effects of the chemical constituents of Z. majdae. The information on Z. majdae in this review was gathered from scientific databases or search engines (PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Scopus, SID, Google Scholar, and Microsoft Academic). The literature cited in this review dates from 1992 to 2021. Several bioactive components including linalool, camphor, manool, and bioactive diterpenoids are presen in different parts of Z. majdae. Various properties were observed such as antioxidant, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, larvicidal, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties. Also, the effect of Z. majdae on morphine tolerance, morphine dependence, and withdrawal syndrome as well as its toxicology has been established. Although there are in vitro and animal studies on several pharmacological effects of Z. majdae, the lack of clinical studies is significant. Therefore, further clinical trials should be performed to confirm the in vitro and animal findings.
Viscous flows down an inclined plane from point and line sources

The flow of a viscous fluid from a point or line source on an inclined plane is analysed using the equations of lubrication theory in which surface tension is neglected. At short times, when the gradient of the interfacial thickness is much greater than that of the plane, the fluid is shown to spread symmetrically from the source, as on a horizontal plane. At long times, the flow is predominantly downslope, with some cross-slope spreading for the case of a point source. Similarity solutions for the long-time behaviour of the governing nonlinear partial differential equations are found for the case in which the volume of fluid increases with time like tα, where α is a constant. The two-dimensional equations appropriate to a line source are hyperbolic in the self-similar regime and the similarity profile is found analytically to end abruptly at a downslope position which increases like t(2α+1)/3. Inclusion of higher-order terms in the analysis resolves this frontal shock into a boundary-layer structure of width comparable to the thickness of the current. Owing to the term representing cross-slope spreading, the mathematical structure of the equations is considerably more complex for flow from a point source and the similarity form is found numerically in this case. Though the downslope and cross-slope extents of the current again increase with time according to a power-law if α > 0, they also depend on a power of In t if α = 0. The leading-order near-source structure is shown to be that of steady flow from a constant-flux source of strength given by the instantaneous flow rate. For sources with α > 1, the contact line advances at all points on the perimeter of the flow and the entire plane is eventually covered by the flow; for sources with 0 < α < 1, only a portion of the contact line is advancing at any time and only that part of the plane with |y| [les ] cx3α/(4α+3) is eventually covered, where x and y are the downslope and cross-slope coordinates and c is a constant. The theoretical spreading relationships and planforms are found to be in good agreement with experimental measurements of constant-volume and constant-flux flows of viscous fluids from a point source on a plane. At very long times, however, the experimental flows are observed to be unstable to the formation of a capillary rivulet at the nose of the current.
On Parametric Misspecified Bayesian Cramér-Rao Bound: An Application to Linear/Gaussian Systems

A lower bound is an important tool for predicting the performance that an estimator can achieve under a particular statistical model. Bayesian bounds are a kind of such bounds which not only utilizes the observation statistics but also includes the prior model information. In reality, however, the true model generating the data is either unknown or simplified when deriving estimators, which motivates the works to derive estimation bounds under modeling mismatch situations. This paper provides a derivation of a Bayesian Cramér-Rao bound under model misspecification, by introducing important concepts such as the pseudotrue parameter in a Bayesian context which was not identified in previous works. The general result is particularized in linear and Gaussian problems, where closed-forms are available and results are used to validate the results.
Representation Disentaglement via Regularization by Identification

This work focuses on the problem of learning disentangled representations from observational data. Given observations { x ( i ) } Ni =1 drawn from p ( x | y ) with generative variables y admitting the distribution factorization p ( y ) = (cid:81) c p ( y c ) , we ask whether learning disentangled representations matching the space of observations with identiﬁ-cation guarantees on the posterior p ( z | x , ˆ y c ) for each c , is plausible. We argue modern deep representation learning models are ill-posed with collider bias behaviour; a source of bias producing entanglement between generating variables. Under the rubric of causality, we show this issue can be explained and reconciled under the condition of identiﬁability; attainable under supervision or a weak-form of it. For this, we propose regularization by identiﬁcation (ReI), a regularization framework deﬁned by the identiﬁcation of the causal queries involved in the learning problem. Empirical evidence shows that enforcing ReI in a variational framework results in disentangled representations equipped with generalization capabilities to out-of-distribution examples and that aligns nicely with the true expected effect between generating variables and measurement apparatus.
How to Communicate Robot Motion Intent: A Scoping Review

Robots are becoming increasingly omnipresent in our daily lives, supporting us and carrying out autonomous tasks. In Human-Robot Interaction, human actors benefit from understanding the robot’s motion intent to avoid task failures and foster collaboration. Finding effective ways to communicate this intent to users has recently received increased research interest. However, no common language has been established to systematize robot motion intent. This work presents a scoping review aimed at unifying existing knowledge. Based on our analysis, we present an intent communication model that depicts the relationship between robot and human through different intent dimensions (intent type, intent information, intent location). We discuss these different intent dimensions and their interrelationships with different kinds of robots and human roles. Throughout our analysis, we classify the existing research literature along our intent communication model, allowing us to identify key patterns and possible directions for future research.
Intrinsic and Measured Information in Separable Quantum Processes

Stationary quantum information sources emit sequences of correlated qudits -- that is, structured quantum stochastic processes. If an observer performs identical measurements on a qudit sequence, the outcomes are a realization of a classical stochastic process. We introduce quantum-information-theoretic properties for separable qudit sequences that serve as bounds on the classical information properties of subsequent measured processes. For sources driven by hidden Markov dynamics we describe how an observer can temporarily or permanently synchronize to the source's internal state using specific positive operator-valued measures or adaptive measurement protocols. We introduce a method for approximating an information source with an independent and identically-distributed, Markov, or larger memory model through tomographic reconstruction. We identify broad classes of separable processes based on their quantum information properties and the complexity of measurements required to synchronize to and accurately reconstruct them.
Stability of many-body localization in Floquet systems

We study many-body localization (MBL) transition in disordered Floquet systems using a polynomially filtered exact diagonalization (POLFED) algorithm. We focus on disordered kicked Ising model and quantitatively demonstrate that finite size effects at the MBL transition are less severe than in the random field XXZ spin chains widely studied in the context of MBL. Our conclusions extend also to other disordered Floquet models, indicating smaller finite size effects than those observed in the usually considered disordered autonomous spin chains. We observe consistent signatures of the transition to MBL phase for several indicators of ergodicity breaking in the kicked Ising model. Moreover, we show that an assumption of a power-law divergence of the correlation length at the MBL transition yields a critical exponent $\nu \approx 2$, consistent with the Harris criterion for 1D disordered systems.
About Engaging and Governing Strategies: A Thematic Analysis of Dark Patterns in Social Networking Services

Research in HCI has shown a growing interest in unethical design practices across numerous domains, often referred to as “dark patterns”. There is, however, a gap in related literature regarding social networking services (SNSs). In this context, studies emphasise a lack of users’ self-determination regarding control over personal data and time spent on SNSs. We collected over 16 hours of screen recordings from Facebook’s, Instagram’s, TikTok’s, and Twitter’s mobile applications to understand how dark patterns manifest in these SNSs. For this task, we turned towards HCI experts to mitigate possible difficulties of non-expert participants in recognising dark patterns, as prior studies have noticed. Supported by the recordings, two authors of this paper conducted a thematic analysis based on previously described taxonomies, manually classifying the recorded material while delivering two key findings: We observed which instances occur in SNSs and identified two strategies — engaging and governing — with five dark patterns undiscovered before.