Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The functions of weorðan and its loss in the past tense in Old and Middle English1

In this article, I relate the loss of weorðan in the past tense to the loss of an Old English grammatical subsystem that encouraged the expression of narrative by bounded sentence constructions. This type of construction represents a situation as reaching its goal or endpoint, and serves to mark progress in a narrative (e.g. then he walked over to the other side). Instead of this system, from Middle English onwards a mixed system emerges with differently structured bounded sentence constructions as well as, increasingly, unbounded sentence constructions – which structure events as open-ended, usually by means of a progressive form (e.g. he was walking). I show how weorðan in Old English was strongly associated with the Old English system of bounded sentence constructions – an association with boundedness is not surprising given its meaning of ‘(sudden) transition into another state’. In the thirteenth century this rigid Old English system started to break down, as primarily evidenced by the disappearance of the time adverbial þa and the loss of verb-second. Wearð, being strongly associated with the old way of structuring narrative, decreased too and eventually disappeared.
Closed-form solutions for analysis of cylindrically conformal microstrip antennas with arbitrary radii

An efficient and accurate closed-form solution, based on the spectral-domain method of moments (MoM), is presented to analyze the characteristics of cylindrically conformal microstrip antennas with arbitrary radii. First, an algorithm that combines the recursive and the uniform asymptotic expansion method in different regions is developed to calculate the spectral-domain Green's functions for arbitrary dielectric coated cylinders accurately. Next, the integrands of the spectral integrals involved in MoM equation are partitioned into two parts, i.e., the fast oscillatory, slowly convergent part and the well-behaved part. Consequently, all of the integrals in MoM analysis can be categorized into two types. Through the Sommerfeld identity and its extension, these integrals are cast into closed-forms by using the nonlinear approximation method (generalized pencil-of-function method). In this method, any time-consuming numerical integration procedure is eliminated, which improves the computational efficiency drastically. Compared with the results from published references, the validity and accuracy of the method are demonstrated.
Simulation of the semi‐annual oscillation of the equatorial middle atmosphere using the Extended UGAMP General Circulation Model

The semi-annual oscillation (SAO) is examined in two runs of a middle atmosphere general circulation model. The first (run PGW) includes a parametrization of gravity waves with zero phase speed only, whilst the second (run AGW) also includes gravity waves with phase speeds of 20 m s−1. Run PGW successfully simulates equatorial SAOs near the stratopause and in the mid to upper mesosphere. However, the zonal winds at all heights are easterly and the amplitude of the oscillation is too weak by up to 15 m s−1 near the stratopause and too strong by about 45 m s−1 in the upper mesosphere. The corresponding SAOs in run AGW, however, have amplitudes that are within 5 m s−1 of those observed by rocketsondes, and have a pattern of easterly and westerly winds that are in reasonable agreement with the observations. Zonal mean momentum-budget studies show that both at the stratopause and in the mid to upper mesosphere, the westerly phase of the oscillation in run AGW is stronger than in run PGW owing to an increase in total eddy forcing associated with the introduction of the 20 m s−1 phase speed gravity wave. The easterly phase of the stratopause oscillation on the summer side of the equator is driven by advection of easterlies across the equator. However, on the winter side of the equator, the net zonal forcing is westerly in May but easterly in November, since easterly eddy forcing associated with extratropical planetary waves is stronger in November than in May. The easterly phase of the mid to upper mesosphere oscillation is forced by contributions from both the residual circulation and eddy forcing. The eddy-forcing contribution is more easterly than in other modelling studies owing to weaker Kelvin-wave activity and to easterly forcing associated with model diurnal tides. Introduction of the 20 m s−1 gravity waves also improves the simulation of an N2O-like tracer. In run AGW a ‘double peak’ of tracer is present in April, in reasonable agreement with observations, but this feature is absent in run PGW.
INFLUENCE OF FRICTION IN TRANSPARENT TOOTH CORRECTION TREATMENT: FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the effect of frictional forces on the canine's translation and rotation in transparent tooth correction treatment. Materials and Methods: Based on computed tomography (CT) images of the teeth and their supporting tissues, solid models were used to build finite-element models. One canine was simulated translation and rotation in the buccolingual direction by aligners with different friction coefficients. Results: The change of the canine's rotation centers and periodontal ligament (PDL) stress with an increase of the friction coefficient in the two movement types were obtained. Conclusions: Friction coefficient has little effect on the canine's translation movement. While in rotation cases, the small friction coefficient seems to be helpful to gain the body movement type.
Wave-mean flow interaction and its relationship with the atmospheric energy cycle with diabatic heating

Based on the traditional theory of wave mean flow interaction, an improved quasi-geostrophic Eliassen-Palm flux with diabatic heating included is deduced. It is shown that there exists an intrinsic relation between the atmospheric energy cycle derived by Lorenz and the wave energy transfer derived by Eliassen and Palm. From this relation it becomes clear that the energy propagation process of large-scale stationary wave is indeed a part of Lorenz energy cycle, and the energy transform from mean flow to wave equals the global mass integral of the divergence of local wave energy flux or the global integral of local wave energy. The diagnostic results by using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data suggest that the classical adiabatic Eliassen-Palm flux relation can present only the wintertime wave energy transformation. For other seasons, however, the diabatic effect must be taken into account.
Chemometric Techniques For Quantitative Analysis

Basic approach creating some data classical least-squares inverse least-squares factor spaces principal component regression PCR in action partial least squares PLS in action appendix A - matrices and matrix operations appendix B - errors -some definitions of terminology appendix C - centering and scaling appendix D - F-tests for reduced eigenvalues appendix E - leverage and influence.
The global attractor and finite determining modes for the Navier-Stokes equations of compressible flow with singular initial data

We prove the existence of a compact global attractor for the Navier-Stokes equations of compressible flow in one space dimension, and we estimate the number of its determining modes in terms of the force and a scale invariant of the system. Of particular interest is the construction of the underlying phase space, particularly for the fluid density: we consider densities ρ for which the Lebesgue decomposition of the distribution derivative ρx has singular part with countable support and AC part in L . Remarkably, the solution operator respects this decomposition sufficiently to permit an analysis of the time–evolution of the separate components. We also show that, in the attractor, densities are in H and velocities are in H, so that, in a very precise sense, singularities in the density and in the velocity gradient disappear in the time–asymptotic limit. These results are based on a new existence and uniqueness theory for these equations in which we obtain time–independent estimates for solutions with large, discontinuous initial data, and large external forces. A crucial point in this existence theory is a new, uncontingent estimate for the viscous flux, reminiscent of the Oleinik entropy condition for scalar conservation laws. ∗ This research was supported in part by the NSF under grant No. DMS-9703703. §
SWAC computes 126 distinct semigroups of order 4

1. Summary and history. A semigroup is a set of elements closed under an associative multiplication. Two semigroups are here considered distinct if they are neither isomorphic nor anti-isomorphic. Let f(n) be the number of distinct semigroups of order n. Prior work [1; 5] shows that f(l) =-1, f(2) =4, f(3) =18. For n-4, Poole [3] lists 55 distinct commutative semigroups. Carman, Harden, and Posey [1] correct some errors in [3], add 66 distinct noncommutative semigroups for n =4, and list all 121 semigroups. The present work achieves three results believed to be new: A. The total number of semigroups of order 4, including isomorphs and anti-isomorphs, is found to be 3492. Of these, 126 are distinct, and 58 are distinct and commutative. Thus f(4) turns out to be 126. B. The author has on punched cards multiplication tables for all 3492 semigroups of order 4. C. The table below includes multiplication tables for all 126 distinct semigroups of order 4. The table verifies that all 121 semigroups of [i] are correct, and adds five new ones. After the list was prepared, Professor Takayuki Tamura wrote Professor Hewitt that he also has prepared a list of distinct semigroups of order 4.2
Subcritical and Supercritical Droplet Evaporation within a Zero Gravity Environment; On the Discrepancies between Theoretical and Experimental Results

A comprehensive axisymmetric numerical model has been developed to study high pressure droplet evaporation. In this model, high pressure transient effects, variable thermo-physical properties and inert species solubility in the liquid-phase are considered. First, the axisymmetric model has been utilized to explain the discrepancy between theoretical and experimental results on microgravity droplet evaporation that has been reported in the literature [J.R. Yang and S.C. Wong, Ref. 35]. In addition, this effort led to a thorough validation of the model against the most extensive microgravity experimental data available in the literature on droplet evaporation. Second, the validated model has been utilized to investigate spherically symmetric droplet evaporation for a wide range of ambient pressures and temperatures. The predictions show that the average droplet evaporation constant decreases with ambient pressure at sub-critical ambient temperatures, becomes insensitive to pressure at ambient temperatures around the critical temperature of the fuel and presents a local maximum while increasing with the ambient pressure at super-critical ambient temperatures.
Thickness dependence of magnetoresistance in La–Ca–Mn–O epitaxial films

Colossal magnetoresistance in excess of 106% has been obtained (at 110 K, H=6 T) in epitaxially grown La–Ca–Mn–O thin films. The as‐deposited film exhibits a substantial magnetoresistance value of 39 000%, which is further improved by heat treatment. The magnetoresistance is found to be strongly dependent on film thickness, with the value reaching the maxima at ∼1000 A thickness, and then reduced by orders of magnitude when the film is made thicker than ∼2000 A. This behavior is interpreted in terms of lattice strain in the La–Ca–Mn–O films.
Scattered field FETD modeling of oblique plane wave incidence from a circular PEC cylinder: TMz polarization

Oblique TMz polarized plane wave scattering from a perfectly electrically conducting cylinder of circular cross‐section is modeled using a finite‐element time‐domain formulation in terms of the scattered electric field using a modal nonreflecting boundary condition and both nonperiodic and periodic formulations. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:1516–1520, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27614
Censored Regression - Local Linear-approximations and Their Applications

Abstract Various statistical tools are available for modeling the relationship between response and covariate if the data are fully observable. In the situation of censored data, however, those tools are no longer directly applicable. This article provides an easily implemented methodology for modeling the association, based on censored data. The form of the regression relationship will be completely determined by the data; no assumptions are made about this form. Basic ideas behind the methodology are to transform the observed data in an appropriate simple way and then to apply a locally weighted least squares regression. The proposed estimator involves a variable bandwidth that automatically adapts to the design of the data points. That the methodology is very easy to implement is illustrated by several examples, including simulation studies and an analysis of the Stanford Heart Transplant Data and the Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Data. Several theoretical considerations are reflected in the examples. Fina.
On the Representation of Rigid Rotations

The group of formulae of Euler and Rodriguez describing the (finite) rotation of a rigid body is written under absolute (coordinate—free) tensor form. Formulae for the products and powers of certain tensors appearing in the transformation formulae are established. By their application, it is shown that the tensor which, operating on a radius vector defining the position of a point of a rigid body with respect to a point 0 defining the position of the same point after the body has been subjected to a rotation of amplitude θ around an axis containing 0, and parallel to the unit vector h, can be written under the form eθh×. This representation is compared to the one obtained using quaternions.
Local electroluminescence and time-resolved photoluminescence study of InGaN light-emitting diodes

Uniformity of luminescence properties in blue InGaN light-emitting diodes has been studied and analyzed by local time-resolved photoluminescence and microelectroluminescence measurements at different biasing. For studied structures, some nonuniform distribution of photoluminescence properties has been observed at reverse biasing conditions. This nonuniformity revealed inhomogeneous distribution of electric field over the active region. It is supposed that nonuniform distribution of acceptors concentration in p-GaN is a source of electric field fluctuations. Microelectroluminescence measurements showed that areas with locally lower acceptor concentration in p-GaN layer emit lower electroluminescence intensity. This was caused by limited hole injection efficiency into multiple quantum wells region at high current.
The Item Parameter Replication Method for Detecting Differential Functioning in the Polytomous DFIT Framework

The recent study of Oshima, Raju, and Nanda proposes the item parameter replication (IPR) method for assessing statistical significance of the noncompensatory differential item functioning (NCDIF) index within the differential functioning of items and tests (DFIT) framework. Previous Monte Carlo simulations have found that the appropriate cutoff values for determining statistical significance of NCDIF depend on sample size and the item response theory (IRT) model used for the analysis. The IPR method simplifies the process of identifying cutoff values that are tailored to a particular research setting. This approach has been shown to be effective for detecting differential item functioning (DIF) in dichotomous items. The current article extends the IPR method to the polytomous case.
Magnetoconductance fluctuations and weak localization in quantum dots: Reliability of the semiclassical approach

We utilize a semiclassical ~SC! approach to calculate the conductance and weak-localization ~WL! corrections in a triangular billiard of a given shape in the presence of nonzero magnetic field. The semiclassical conductance is given as a sum of all classical trajectories between the leads, each of them carrying the quantum-mechanical phase. The present SC approach is numerically exact ~i.e., free from any approximations! , explicitly includes diffractive effects in the leads, and is valid for arbitrary ~low! mode numbers in the leads. We find however that the symmetry of the SC conductance/reflectance with respect to the direction of magnetic field or direction of the current is not satisfied, as well as that the WL corrections for the conductance and reflectance are inconsistent with each other; the SC approach does not satisfy the current conservation requirements and does not reproduce the corresponding exact quantum-mechanical results. The reason for that is traced to the topological difference in the sets of classical trajectories between the leads for different current or magnetic field directions which determine the conductance in the SC approximation. Our findings raise a question as to what extent one can rely on numerous predictions for statistical properties of the conductance oscillations of ballistic cavities including the WL line shapes and fractal conductance which were essentially based on the standard SC approach.
Further comments on the equilibrium height of neutral and stable planetary boundary layers

The height of the neutrally and stably stratified turbulent planetary boundary layers (PBLs) in the atmosphere and hydrosphere is controlled by numerous factors of different natures. The PBL deepening is facilitated by turbulent mixing caused, first of all, by the velocity shear at the surface, and prevented by the Earth's rotation and the negative buoyancy forces caused by the flow–surface interaction and the stable static stability in the free atmosphere above the PBL. The balance between these factors is often complicated by the baroclinic shears and large‐scale vertical motions (usually disregarded in field experiments), not to mention temporal and horizontal variability of natural PBL flow. It is not surprising that until now many alternative (sometimes contradictory) formulations for the stable PBL height have been proposed and no consensus achieved. To the authors' opinion, the most natural way to investigate this complex problem is to consider step by step the PBL height in comparatively simple, basic equilibrium regimes (controlled by limited factors), to develop and to validate theoretical models for these regimes, and only afterwards to switch to general diagnostic (equilibrium) and prognostic (non‐steady) equations. In the present paper, we briefly summarize recent investigations following the above strategy, and present new data supporting our earlier theoretical conclusions and recommendations. We would not recommend using PBL height equations inconsistent with firmly established basic‐regime formulations. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
The local interstellar medium. VII - The local interstellar wind and interstellar material in front of the nearby star Alpha Ophiuchi

IUE observations of Mg I 2852.127 A are used to search for warm interstellar gas in the direction of Alpha Oph. The data on Mg I are first presented, and Mg I as a diagnostic of warm gas is discussed. A cool H I feature found in the direction of Alpha Oph, and which is evidently the origin of most of the observed optical and ultraviolet lines, is discussed, and the cloud geometry is examined. 40 references.
Observation of 1/3 Magnetization-Plateau-Like Anomaly in S=3/2 Perfect Kagomé Lattice Antiferromagnet KCr3(OH)6(SO4)2 (Cr-jarosite)

Single crystals of the S =3/2 kagome lattice antiferromagnet KCr 3 (OH) 6 (SO 4 ) 2 (Cr-jarosite) have been synthesized. Magnetic susceptibility measurement reveals an antiferromagnetic transition at T N =4.5 K. A weak ferromagnetism with a spontaneous magnetization along the c -axis appears below T N . High-field magnetization measurement reveals an anomaly at about 1/3 of the saturation magnetization under in-plane magnetic fields, however, the out-of-plane magnetization curve is almost linear. In contrast to ordinary field-induced transitions, the anomaly is less pronounced at lower temperatures. This observation is consistent with the prediction made using the order-by-disorder model on the 1/3 magnetization plateau.
The Threefold Way. Algebraic Structure of Symmetry Groups and Ensembles in Quantum Mechanics

Using mathematical tools developed by Hermann Weyl, the Wigner classification of group‐representations and co‐representations is clarified and extended. The three types of representation, and the three types of co‐representation, are shown to be directly related to the three types of division algebra with real coefficients, namely, the real numbers, complex numbers, and quaternions. The author's theory of matrix ensembles, in which again three possible types were found, is shown to be in exact correspondence with the Wigner classification of co‐representations. In particular, it is proved that the most general kind of matrix ensemble, defined with a symmetry group which may be completely arbitrary, reduces to a direct product of independent irreducible ensembles each of which belongs to one of the three known types.
Nonlinear self-excited oscillations of a ducted flame

Self-excited oscillations of a confined flame, burning in the wake of a bluff-body flame-holder, are considered. These oscillations occur due to interaction between unsteady combustion and acoustic waves. According to linear theory, flow disturbances grow exponentially with time. A theory for nonlinear oscillations is developed, exploiting the fact that the main nonlinearity is in the heat release rate, which essentially ‘saturates’. The amplitudes of the pressure fluctuations are sufficiently small that the acoustic waves remain linear. The time evolution of the oscillations is determined by numerical integration and inclusion of nonlinear effects is found to lead to limit cycles of finite amplitude. The predicted limit cycles are compared with results from experiments and from linear theory. The amplitudes and spectra of the limit-cycle oscillations are in reasonable agreement with experiment. Linear theory is found to predict the frequency and mode shape of the nonlinear oscillations remarkably well. Moreover, we find that, for this type of nonlinearity, describing function analysis enables a good estimate of the limit-cycle amplitude to be obtained from linear theory. Active control has been successfully applied to eliminate these oscillations. We demonstrate the same effect by adding a feedback control system to our nonlinear model. This theory is used to explain why any linear controller capable of stabilizing the linear flow disturbances is also able to stabilize finite-amplitude oscillations in the nonlinear limit cycles.
Magnetoelectric coupling driven by inverse magnetostriction in multiferroic BiMn3Mn4O12

Inserting both polar A and magnetic B ions in a same crystalline phase, such as A = Bi3+, B = Fe3+ or Mn3+ in simple perovskites ABO(3), has been successful in achieving multiferroic properties with large ferroelectric and magnetic orders. However, modest magnetoelectric couplings have been hitherto reported, thus preventing any application for future electronics. By means of neutron diffraction, we found a large uniform C-type modulation of an E-type antiferromagnetic structure of the Mn3+ ions in the quadruple perovskite BiMn3Mn4O12. A symmetry analysis indicates that this modulation is induced by the internal strain created by the polar Bi3+ ion, which gives evidence of a large magnetoelectric coupling driven by inverse magnetostriction. This modulation is indeed absent in the isomorphic and isovalent compound LaMn3Mn4O12 containing the nonpolar La3+ ion. Our analysis indicates that this coupling mechanism is effective owing to the symmetry-limited structural distortions and inhomogeneities characteristic of the quadruple perovskite structure, thus preventing the release of the strain. We conclude that internal strain is a key control parameter to achieve large magnetoelectric couplings in proper ferroelectrics.