Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional charge carrier distribution in MoS2 monolayer and multilayers

Control of majority carrier type and concentration in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is an important goal for engineering and improving TMD-based devices. Monolayer and few-layer molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) is an n-type semiconductor due to the presence of electron-donating native defects whose distribution is strongly dependent on the processing history and ambient environment. However, the spatial heterogeneity of the charge carrier concentration has not yet been studied in MoS2 when implemented in devices such as field-effect transistors (FETs). Here, we present a method to extract the spatial distribution of charge carriers using Kelvin probe force microscopy of MoS2 FETs in operando. The carrier concentration in monolayer MoS2 exfoliated on SiO2/Si ranges from 1.2×1012 cm−2 to 2.3×1012 cm−2, corresponding to a three-dimensional concentration of 1018 cm−3 to 2.5×1018 cm−3. A comparable carrier concentration is obtained for few-layer MoS2, while for thicker MoS2 (>50 nm) it is an order of magnitude lower ( 2×1017 cm−3– 4×1017 cm−3). This finding is consistent with an increased concentration of electron-donating sulfur vacancies at surfaces compared to the bulk. Thus, the reported method for measuring the carrier concentration may advance strategies for doping and improve understanding of devices and defects in 2D materials.
Radar-based rainfall nowcasting at European scale: long-term evaluation and performance assessment

This work studies the performance of CRAHI's algorithm for rainfall nowcasting at European scale using the mosaics produced within the EUMETNET project OPERA (with a resolution of 4 km and 15 minutes) in the framework of the European Civil Protection research project HAREN (www.haren-project.eu). Systematic evaluation has been carried out since June 2012, focusing on the space-time variability of the nowcasting skills, and its dependence on the scale of the forecasted precipitation systems and on rainfall intensities. Also, the probabilistic nowcasting technique SBMcast (Berenguer et al. 2011) has been adapted to the use of OPERA mosaics at European scale to assess the uncertainty in the produced nowcasts. The performance of this probabilistic technique has been evaluated over a number of cases. Finally, the work analyzes the usefulness of these nowcasts for hazard assessment at European scale, based on exceeding the regional rainfall thresholds used by the EUMETNET project METEOALARM.
Ownership and Control Rights in Internet Portal Alliances, 1995-1999

We examine the structure of more than 100 alliances by Internet portals and other firms between 1995 to 1999 from a contract-theory perspective. Models of incomplete contracts frequently invoke unforeseen contingencies, the cost of writing contracts, and the cost of enforcing contracts in justifying the assumption of incompleteness. The setting in which Internet portals formed alliances was rife with these sorts of transaction costs. We argue that these alliances can be viewed as incomplete contracts and find that the division of ownership and the allocation of control rights are consistent with the incomplete-contracting literature. Copyright 2003 by the RAND Corporation.
Assessing Biological Responses to Nitrogen and Phosphorus Levels Across the South Carolina Coastal Zone

AUTHORS: 1 Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine and Coastal Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208 2 Marine Resources Research Institute, SC Department of Natural Resources, Charleston SC 29412 3 Grice Marine Program, College of Charleston, Charleston SC 29412 REFERENCE: Proceedings of the 2012 South Carolina Water Resources Conference, held October 1011, at the Columbia Metropolitan Convention Center.
Interactions Between Neurokinin B and Kisspeptin in Mediating Estrogen Feedback in Healthy Women

Context: Kisspeptin and neurokinin B (NKB) are obligate for normal gonadotropin secretion, but their hierarchy is unexplored in normal women. Objective: To investigate the interaction between kisspeptin and NKB on estrogen-regulated LH secretion. Design: Women were treated with neurokinin-3 receptor (NK3R) antagonist followed by transdermal estradiol to induce LH secretion 48 hours later, with kisspeptin-10 or vehicle infusion during estrogen administration in a 2-way crossover study. Setting: Clinical research facility. Patients or other participants: Healthy females with regular menses. Intervention(s): NK3R antagonist AZD4901 40 mg twice daily orally was taken from cycle day 4–6 for 6 days (n = 10, with 10 no treatment controls). Transdermal estradiol patches (200 μg/d) were applied after 5 days of NK3R antagonist treatment. At 24-hour estradiol treatment, women were randomized to 7-hour kisspeptin-10 (4 μg/kg/h) or vehicle iv infusion, with the alternate infusion in a subsequent cycle. Main outcome measure(s): Plasma gonadotropin and estradiol secretion. Results: After an initial suppression, LH secretion was increased 48 hours after estradiol treatment. Kisspeptin-10 increased LH secretion during the inhibitory phase, and LH remained elevated beyond the discontinuation of kisspeptin-10 infusion. NK3R antagonist decreased LH pulse frequency (0.5 ± 0.2 vs 0.7 ± 0.2 pulses/h, P < .05) and stimulated FSH response to kisspeptin-10 infusion (10.7 ± 11.0 vs 5.0 ± 3.6 IU/L, P < .05) with a nonsignificant rise in LH. The duration of LH response was blunted, with LH being lower at 48 hours (7.5 ± 4.8 vs 15.0 ± 11.4 IU/L, P < .05). Conclusions: These data demonstrate that NKB signaling regulates GnRH/LH secretion in normal women, and is predominantly proximal to kisspeptin in mediating estrogenic positive and negative feedback on LH secretion.
Flytmedelsfri betong med glasfillerinblandning i snabbyggt malmöhus

I denna artikel beskrivs ett 7-plans kontorshus "Byggnad 800" byggt med pelare i stal och efterspanda bjalklag i flytmedelsfri betong. Stomsystemet uppfyllde hyresgasten Sigmas krav pa hog flexibilitet, saval vad gallde planlosning som ventilation, el och VA. Stombyggnadstiden konkurrerade val med ett renodlat system med fortillverkade element till foljd av att kvarsittande plattbarlag anvandes bade till vaggar och golv. Projektet fardigstalls 2000.
An Elusive Panacea? The Impact of the Regulatory Valuation Regime on Insurers' Investment Behaviour

This paper examines how the interactions between the valuation regime and solvency requirements influence investment behaviour of long-term investors with stable liabilities, such as life insurers. Under limited liability, solvency requirements based on historical cost valuation encourage risk-shifting to the detriment of policyholders, while those based on fair value regime can induce procyclical asset sales. A hybrid valuation regime, intended to address these unfavourable outcomes, does not strictly dominate the other two regimes. But both fair value and hybrid regimes outperform the historical cost regime if the regulators can set the penalty imposed on insurers based on supervisory information about their asset quality, even if this information is imperfect.
Accepted for Publication in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

We present the first mid-infrared spectra of brown dwarfs, together with observations of a low-mass star. Our targets are the M3.5 dwarf GJ 1001A, the L8 dwarf DENIS-P J0255−4700, and the T1/T6 binary system ǫ Indi Ba/Bb. As expected, the mid-infrared spectral morphology of these objects changes rapidly with spectral class due to the changes in atmospheric chemistry resulting from their differing effective temperatures and atmospheric structures. By taking advantage of the unprecedented sensitivity of the Infrared Spectrograph on the Spitzer Space Telescope we have detected the 7.8 µm methane and 10 µm ammonia bands for the first time in brown dwarf spectra.
Ecological Planning: A Historical and Comparative Synthesis

Contents: Foreword, by Frederick R. Steiner Acknowledgments Introduction 1 ECOLOGICAL PLANNING IN A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2 THE FIRST LANDSCAPE - SUITABILITY APPROACH 3 THE SECOND LANDSCAPE-SUITABILITY APPROACH 4 THE APPLIED-HUMAN-ECOLOGY APPROACH 5 THE APPLIED-ECOSYSTEM APPROACH 6 THE APPLIED-LANDSCAPE-ECOLOGY APPROACH 7 ASSESSMENT OF LANDSCAPE VALUES AND LANDSCAPE PERCEPTION 8 A SYNTHESIS OF APPROACHES TO ECOLOGICAL PLANNING EPILOGUE NOTES REFERENCES INDEX
Performance of coloured capsicum hybrids under different protected structures.

Capsicum hybrids viz., Orobelle, Bomby and Indra were grown under naturally ventilated polyhouse (NVP),naturally ventilated shadow hall, shadehouse with misting and shadehouse without misting during summer 2007 at Hi-Tech Unit, Department of Horticulture, Agricultural College, Dharwad. Planting was done in two rows on 1m wide beds leaving 50 cm path between two beds following the spacing of 45 x 60 cm . The data were analyzed statistically by using three factorial strip plot design. The results revealed that the earliest flower initiation (33.00 days), least time taken for first harvesting (86.00 days) and highest per cent fruit set (49.81) were recorded under NVP. The hybrid Indra recorded significantly earliest flower initiation (35.42 days), lower time taken for first harvesting (86.00 day) and higher per cent, fruit set (45.45) as compared to other two hybrids. The quality parameters like fruit weight (160.00 g), fruit volume (320.00 cc), rind thickness (0.91 cm) and shelf life (8.62 days) were also significantly maximum under naturally ventilated polyhouse than under naturally ventilated shadowhall. Among the hybrids, Bomby recorded significantly higher fruit weight (158.50 g), fruit volume (310.00 cc) and Indra recorded higher rind thickness (0.87 cm) and shelf life (8.60 days).
Student Evaluation of Instruction: Objective Evidence and Decision Making

This article examines student attitudes as a possible source of contamination of evidence gathered from student evaluation of instruction questionnaires. A student attitude survey instrument was administered simultaneously with a student evaluation of instruction instrument for undergraduate students and for graduate students at three different midwestern universities. The results demonstrate that 13 percent of the variation in undergraduate student appraisals of instruction is explained by student attitudes such as personal dislike for an instructor, racism or sexism. Graduate students' appraisals of instructional effectiveness are not correlated with inappropriate attitudes. These findings suggest that decision making by undergraduate students con­ cerning the quality of instruction they received are significantly affected by inappropriate attitudes, thereby creating suspicion concerning the objectivity of undergraduate student evaluators. In turn, academic decision makers must exercise care in interpreting evidence gathered using student evaluation ques­ tionnaires administered in undergraduate classes. There is no evidence that graduate students' evaluation should be regarded by academic administrators with equal suspicion. It has been conjectured that decisions in academic personnel matters may not be guided by objective evidence [1] . In fact, Schroeder concluded that little organized effort has been made to apply standard management science techniques to academic decision making [2] . Since the publication of Schroeder's work,
GABAB Receptor Modulation of Voltage-Sensitive Calcium Channels in Spines and Dendrites

Although primarily studied at the cell body, GABAB receptors (GABABRs) are abundant at spines and dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons, where they are positioned to influence both synaptic and dendritic function. Here, we examine how GABABRs modulate calcium (Ca) signals evoked by action potentials (APs) in spines and dendrites of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in mouse prefrontal cortex. We first use two-photon microscopy to show that GABABRs inhibit AP Ca signals throughout the entire dendritic arbor of these neurons. We then use local pharmacology and GABA uncaging to show that dendritic GABABRs also decrease the input resistance, shorten the AP afterdepolarization, and generate inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. However, we find that these electrophysiological effects recorded at the cell body do not correlate with the inhibition of AP Ca signals measured in spines and dendrites. Instead, we use voltage-clamp recordings to show that GABABRs directly inhibit several subtypes of voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCCs) in both spines and dendrites. Given the importance of VSCC-mediated Ca signals for neuronal function, our results have implications for the functional role of dendritic GABABRs in the prefrontal cortex and throughout the brain.
Molecular hydrogen (H2) combustion emissions and their isotope (D/H) signatures from domestic heaters, diesel vehicle engines, waste incinerator plants, and biomass burning

Molecular hydrogen (H2), its stable isotope signa- ture ( D), and the key combustion parameters carbon monox- ide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) were measured from various combustion processes. H2 in the ex- haust of gas and oil-fired heaters and of waste incinera- tor plants was generally depleted compared to ambient in- take air, while CO was significantly elevated. These find- ings contradict the often assumed co-occurring net H2 and CO emissions in combustion processes and suggest that previous H2 emissions from combustion may have been overestimated when scaled to CO emissions. For the gas and oil-fired heater exhausts, H 2 and D generally decrease with increasing CO2, from ambient values of 0.5 ppm and +130 ‰ to 0.2 ppm and 206 ‰, respectively. These re- sults are interpreted as a combination of an isotopically light H2 source from fossil fuel combustion and a D/H kinetic isotope fractionation of hydrogen in the advected ambient air during its partial removal during combustion. Diesel ex- haust measurements from dynamometer test stand driving cycles show elevated H2 and CO emissions during cold-start and some acceleration phases. While H2 and CO emissions from diesel vehicles are known to be significantly less than those from gasoline vehicles (on a fuel-energy base), we find that their molar H2/CO ratios (median 0.026, interpercentile range 0.12) are also significantly less compared to gaso- line vehicle exhaust. Using H2/CO emission ratios, along with CO global emission inventories, we estimate global H2 emissions for 2000, 2005, and 2010. For road trans- portation (gasoline and diesel), we calculate 8.3 ± 2.2 Tg, 6.0± 1.5 Tg, and 3.8± 0.94 Tg, respectively, whereas the contribution from diesel vehicles is low (0.9-1.4 %). Other fossil fuel emissions are believed to be negligible but H 2 emissions from coal combustion are unknown. For residen- tial (domestic) emissions, which are likely dominated by bio- fuel combustion, emissions for the same years are estimated at 2.7± 0.7 Tg, 2.8± 0.7 Tg, and 3.0± 0.8 Tg, respectively. For biomass burning H2 emissions, we derive a mole fraction ratio 1H2/1CH4 (background mole fractions subtracted) of 3.6 using wildfire emission data from the literature and sup- port these findings with our wood combustion results. When combining this ratio with CH4 emission inventories, the re- sulting global biomass burning H2 emissions agree well with published global H2 emissions, suggesting that CH4 emis- sions may be a good proxy for biomass burning H2 emis- sions.
Evolutionary History of Mammalian Transposons Determined by Genome-Wide Defragmentation

The constant bombardment of mammalian genomes by transposable elements (TEs) has resulted in TEs comprising at least 45% of the human genome. Because of their great age and abundance, TEs are important in comparative phylogenomics. However, estimates of TE age were previously based on divergence from derived consensus sequences or phylogenetic analysis, which can be unreliable, especially for older more diverged elements. Therefore, a novel genome-wide analysis of TE organization and fragmentation was performed to estimate TE age independently of sequence composition and divergence or the assumption of a constant molecular clock. Analysis of TEs in the human genome revealed ∼600,000 examples where TEs have transposed into and fragmented other TEs, covering >40% of all TEs or ∼542 Mbp of genomic sequence. The relative age of these TEs over evolutionary time is implicit in their organization, because newer TEs have necessarily transposed into older TEs that were already present. A matrix of the number of times that each TE has transposed into every other TE was constructed, and a novel objective function was developed that derived the chronological order and relative ages of human TEs spanning >100 million years. This method has been used to infer the relative ages across all four major TE classes, including the oldest, most diverged elements. Analysis of DNA transposons over the history of the human genome has revealed the early activity of some MER2 transposons, and the relatively recent activity of MER1 transposons during primate lineages. The TEs from six additional mammalian genomes were defragmented and analyzed. Pairwise comparison of the independent chronological orders of TEs in these mammalian genomes revealed species phylogeny, the fact that transposons shared between genomes are older than species-specific transposons, and a subset of TEs that were potentially active during periods of speciation.
δ13C as indicator of soil water availability and drought stress in Pinus radiata stands in South Africa

This study investigated the use of carbon isotopes as a potential measure for water availability and drought stress in Pinus radiata in the Western and Southern Cape, South Africa. An understanding of water availability and its variation in space is fundamental to the implementation of increasingly site-specific management regimes that have the potential to greatly improve productivity across sites in the region. Fifteen plantation compartments situated on water shedding sites were identified where good weather data existed and a water balance model could be run. In addition, late wood samples were analysed from four co-dominant trees in the same stand to determine the δC values of five tree rings, each representing a specific growth year before first thinning. Detailed water balances were constructed for each trial site and drought stress indicators (a) relative canopy conductance (after Granier et al., 2000) and (b) the ratio of actual to potential evapotranspiration (supply / demand ratio), were related to δC values in latewood. Maximum available soil water ranged from 52 to 313 mm across trial sites. The water balance model used adequately described soil water availability throughout each growing season and indicated that stand stress due to the lack of available soil water mainly occurred during the summer months of the study period (November to April). The supply / demand ratio for this period as well as the relative canopy conductance proved to be good measures of drought stress. The six-month supply demand ratio (calculated for the period November to April) ranged from 0.04 to nearly 1 (winter rainfall zone) and 0.35 to 1 (all-year rainfall zone) and were strongly related to δC values (p < 0.001; r = 0.7822). It appears that using δC values, it may be possible to classify sites into three water availability classes. This classification may assist in the implementation of intensive silvicultural operations on an increasingly site-specific basis. Where sites are enriched with water from lateral flow or upslope positions, δC may be the only reliable technique to quantify soil water availability.
Mitochondrial respiratory gene expression is suppressed in many cancers

The fundamental metabolic decision of a cell, the balance between respiration and fermentation, rests in part on expression of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) and coordination with expression of the nuclear genome (nuDNA). Previously we described mtDNA copy number depletion across many solid tumor types (Reznik et al., 2016). Here, we use orthogonal RNA-sequencing data to quantify mtDNA expression (mtRNA), and report analogously lower expression of mtRNA in tumors (relative to normal tissue) across a majority of cancer types. Several cancers exhibit a trio of mutually consistent evidence suggesting a drop in respiratory activity: depletion of mtDNA copy number, decreases in mtRNA levels, and decreases in expression of nuDNA-encoded respiratory proteins. Intriguingly, a minority of cancer types exhibit a drop in mtDNA expression but an increase in nuDNA expression of respiratory proteins, with unknown implications for respiratory activity. Our results indicate suppression of respiratory gene expression across many cancer types. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.21592. 001
DOES MONETARY POLICY AFFECT BANK RISK-TAKING ?

This paper investigates the relationship between monetary policy and bank risk-taking. Using a unique database that includes quarterly balance sheet information for listed banks operating in the European Union and the United States in the last decade, we find evidence that unusually low interest rates over an extended period of time contributed to an increase in banks' risk-taking. This result holds for a wide range of measures of risk, as well as macroeconomic and institutional controls.
Interactions between western hemlock mycorrhizal fungi and wood rotting fungi in a system simulating Douglas-fir nurse logs in Pacific Northwest forests

Approved: k /1 ) Jeffrey K. Stone Decomposing logs in Douglas-fir western hemlock forests in the Pacific Northwest are systems in which many organisms interact. Fungi in these systems include both mycorrhizal fungi associated with hemlock seedlings and many species of saprotrophic wood decomposer fungi. It is very likely that these two groups of fungi interact within this habitat. Plate pairings between mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi on four different types of media were used as a preliminary investigation to determine potential interactions which may occur in situ in these systems. Both mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal growth varied according to medium composition, but were affected very little by the presence of other fungi. Interpretation of in vitro interactions was difficult because of absence of reactions between the fungi on some media, and variability of reactions on different media. Terminology in common use to describe fungal interactions also impaired accurate characterization of interactions. This terminology is vague, often inappropriate, and does not capture the dynamic and temporal qualities of the interactions. Hence terminology for description of interspecific fungal interactions was reexamined and new terms proposed as deemed necessary. ©Copyright by Amy R. Tuininga December 19, 1995 All Rights Reserved Interactions between Western Hemlock Mycorrhizal Fungi and Wood Rotting Fungi in a System Simulating Douglas-fir Nurse Logs in Pacific Northwest Forests