Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Environmental Controls on Mg/Ca in Neogloboquadrina incompta: A Core‐Top Study From the Subpolar North Atlantic

Magnesium/calcium paleothermometry is an established tool for reconstructing past surface and deep‐sea temperatures. However, our understanding of nonthermal environmental controls on the uptake of Mg into the calcitic lattice of foraminiferal tests remains limited. Here we present a combined analysis of multiple trace element/calcium ratios and stable isotope (δ18O and δ13C) geochemistry on the subpolar planktonic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina incompta to assess the validity of Mg/Ca as a proxy for surface ocean temperature. We identify small size‐specific offsets in Mg/Ca and δ18Oc values for N. incompta that are consistent with depth habitat migration patterns throughout the life cycle of this species. Additionally, an assessment of nonthermal controls on Mg/Ca values reveals that (1) the presence of volcanic ash, (2) the addition of high‐Mg abiotic overgrowths, and (3) ambient seawater carbonate chemistry can have a significant impact on the Mg/Ca‐to‐temperature relationship. For carbonate‐ion concentrations of values > 200 μmol kg−1, we find that temperature exerts the dominant control on Mg/Ca values, while at values < 200 μmol kg−1 the carbonate‐ion concentration of seawater increases the uptake of Mg, thereby resulting in higher‐than‐expected Mg/Ca values at low temperatures. We propose two independent correction schemes to remove the effects of volcanic ash and carbonate‐ion concentration on Mg/Ca values in N. incompta within the calibration data set. Applying the corrections improves the fidelity of past ocean temperature reconstructions.
Corporate Governance Dynamics in Saudi Arabia: Audit Committee Composition, Family Ownership, and Financial Performance

The purpose of this research is to examine how the audit committee composition, focusing on independence and the presence of external financial experts, impacts a firm's performance metrics (Tobin’s-Q and Return on Equity-ROE) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Additionally, the study aims to understand how family ownership influences this relationship. The research undertook ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis on a dataset comprising 485 firm-year observations. The results show a positive association between having independent directors on the audit committee (AudC) and both Tobin’s-Q and ROE. When the audit committee includes external financial experts, it is linked to a higher ROE but a lower Tobin’s-Q. However, the presence of family ownership acts as a negative moderator in these associations, counteracting the positive effects of the audit committee's composition on firm performance. This indicates that, in certain institutional settings, investors view audit committee independence as detrimental, impacting their assessment of the firm's value. This study sheds light on the nuanced understanding of how the composition and utilization of audit committees play out in a specific institutional context, especially within public family-owned firms. It emphasizes the need for a careful consideration of audit committee composition, tailored to the unique business environment of the firm. Regulatory requirements aimed at safeguarding non-family investors may not align well with the dynamics of family businesses. This research significantly contributes to the understanding of corporate governance and its application in family-owned enterprises.
On the seasonal and interannual migrations of the transition zone chlorophyll front

High‐resolution satellite measurements of ocean color and surface winds, along with historical in situ data, are used to explore interannual variability in the annual migration of the transition zone chlorophyll front (TZCF) in the central North Pacific Ocean. Significant variations in frontal position and annual range were observed, including a significant southerly displacement during El Niño events. This displacement, apparently forced by enhanced surface convergence and vertical mixing in the transition zone, creates vast regions of anomalously high wintertime surface chlorophyll in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. A remarkably close correspondence between the positions of the TZCF and the 18°C surface isotherm over a portion of the central North Pacific allows historical temperature data to be used as a proxy for TZCF position. This surface temperature proxy has revealed decadal‐scale variability in frontal position, with greater (lesser) annual range and southerly extent following the large‐scale 1976–77 (1998–99) climate shifts. Interannual variations in TZCF position could have important implications for the distribution and survival of a number of apex predators that utilize the TZCF as a migratory and foraging habitat.
Calibration and validation of an aerodynamic method to estimate the spatial variability of sensible and latent heat fluxes over a drip-irrigated Merlot vineyard

ABSTRACT A study was carried out to calibrate and validate the aerodynamic temperature method for estimating the spatial variability of the sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes over a drip-irrigated merlot vineyard located in the Maule Region, in Chile. For this study, measurement of energy balance components and meteorological data were collected from the 2006 to 2010 growing seasons. The experimental plot was composed of a 4.25 ha of ‘Merlot’ vineyard, which was equipped with an Eddy-Covariance system and an automatic weather station. The k-fold cross-validation method was utilized to tune and validate a vineyard surface aerodynamic temperature (Taero) model, considering all of the days when Landsat scenes and ground measurements of meteorological data and surface energy balance (SEB) were available. Then, the satellite-based estimations of Taero were utilized to calculate the surface aerodynamic resistance (rah) and, subsequently, heat fluxes of H and LE. Results indicated that the estimated H and rah values were not significantly different to those measured in the vineyard (95% significance level) showing a root mean square (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) between 34–29 W m−2 and 1.01–0.78 s m−1, respectively. Satellite-based computations of LE were somewhat higher than those measured at the time of satellite overpass (RMSE = 63 W m−2; MAE = 56 W m−2), presumably due to the biases embedded in the net radiation (Rn) and soil heat flux (G) computations. The proposed SEB method based on Taero is very simple to implement, presenting similar accuracies on ET mapping to those computed by complex satellite-based models.
Modeling Atmospheric 14C Influences and 14C Ages of Marine Samples to 10,000 BC

The detailed radiocarbon age vs. calibrated (cal) age studies of tree rings reported in this Calibration Issue provide a unique data set for precise 14C age calibration of materials formed in isotopic equilibrium with atmospheric CO2. The situation is more complex for organisms formed in other reservoirs, such as lakes and oceans. Here the initial specific 14C activity may differ from that of the contemporaneous atmosphere. The measured remaining 14C activity of samples formed in such reservoirs not only reflects 14C decay (related to sample age) but also the reservoir 14C activity. As the measured sample 14C activity figures into the calculation of a conventional 14C age (Stuiver & Polach 1977), apparent 14C age differences occur when contemporaneously grown samples of different reservoirs are dated.
Effects of Climate Change on CO2 Concentration and Efflux in a Humic Boreal Lake: A Modeling Study

Climate change may have notable impacts on carbon cycling in freshwater ecosystems, especially in the boreal zone. Higher atmospheric temperature and changes in annual discharge patterns and carbon loading from the catchment affect the thermal and biogeochemical conditions in a lake. We developed an extension of a one‐dimensional process‐based lake model MyLake for simulating carbon dioxide (CO2) dynamics of a boreal lake. We calibrated the model for Lake Kuivajärvi, a small humic boreal lake, for the years 2013–2014, using the extensive data available on carbon inflow and concentrations of water column CO2 and dissolved organic carbon. The lake is a constant source of CO2 to the atmosphere in the present climate. We studied the potential effects of climate change‐induced warming on lake CO2 concentration and air‐water flux using downscaled air temperature data from three recent‐generation global climate models with two alternative representative concentration pathway forcing scenarios. Literature estimates were used for climate change impacts on the lake inflow. The scenario simulations showed a 20–35% increase in the CO2 flux from the lake to the atmosphere in the scenario period 2070–2099 compared to the control period 1980–2009. In addition, we estimated possible implications of different changes in terrestrial inorganic and organic carbon loadings to the lake. The scenarios with plausible increases of 10% and 20% in CO2 and dissolved organic carbon loadings, respectively, produced increases of 2.1–2.5% and 2.2–2.3% in the annual CO2 flux.
Spatiotemporal distribution of Oklahoma earthquakes: Exploring relationships using a nearest‐neighbor approach

Determining the spatiotemporal characteristics of natural and induced seismic events holds the opportunity to gain new insights into why these events occur. Linking the seismicity characteristics with other geologic, geographic, natural, or anthropogenic factors could help to identify the causes and suggest mitigation strategies that reduce the risk associated with such events. The nearest‐neighbor approach utilized in this work represents a practical first step toward identifying statistically correlated clusters of recorded earthquake events. Detailed study of the Oklahoma earthquake catalog's inherent errors, empirical model parameters, and model assumptions is presented. We found that the cluster analysis results are stable with respect to empirical parameters (e.g., fractal dimension) but were sensitive to epicenter location errors and seismicity rates. Most critically, we show that the patterns in the distribution of earthquake clusters in Oklahoma are primarily defined by spatial relationships between events. This observation is a stark contrast to California (also known for induced seismicity) where a comparable cluster distribution is defined by both spatial and temporal interactions between events. These results highlight the difficulty in understanding the mechanisms and behavior of induced seismicity but provide insights for future work.
Response of herbaceous wetland plant species to changing precipitation regimes

The structure of wetland plant communities is sensitive to patterns of precipitation. In some regions, climate change is expected to result in more large‐magnitude, infrequent precipitation events. Typically, the response of wetland plants to changing precipitation regimes is studied under alterations in the amount of precipitation (drought), rather than event frequency. Here, we seek to understand how changes in rainfall frequency affect (a) soil moisture variability, (b) plant performance, and (c) plant C and N concentrations. We conducted a greenhouse study using eight herbaceous plant species (three eudicots, five monocots) subject to three precipitation treatments: (a) 80 mm per month distributed in equal volumes every 3 days (control treatment), (b) 80 mm per month distributed every 15 days (infrequent treatment), and (c) 110 mm per month distributed every 15 days (large magnitude‐infrequent treatment). Infrequent treatments decreased soil moisture by >60% compared with the control. Rainfall frequency affected soil moisture losses to evapotranspiration, which differed between early‐ and late‐growing seasons. This soil moisture stress in the infrequent treatments contributed to a 10–49% decrease in biomass among all eudicot species and a 25–54% decrease in two monocots. In contrast, changes in C and N concentration were limited to two forb species. Our results show that changes in precipitation frequency can strongly impact some wetland species. For some impacted species increased magnitude can alleviate the negative effects of infrequent rainfall. These results provide insight into how forecasted changes in the frequency and magnitude of precipitation may affect wetland plant species.
Analysis of meteorological drought variability in Niger and its connection with climate indices

ABSTRACT Based on a three-month-scale standardized precipitation index (SPI-3) computed from the available rainfall data of 13 stations of Niger, meteorological drought trends, periodicities and the relationships with 10 oceanic–atmospheric variables were analysed using the Mann-Kendall test, continuous wavelet transform and cross-wavelet analysis, respectively. The results revealed a significant (p < 5%) increase in drought at five of the 13 stations. A common dominant drought periodicity of 2 years was found at all of the stations, whereas significant periodicities varied from 2 to 32 years at six stations. Among the considered climate indices, South Atlantic sea-surface temperature, Southern Oscillation Index, sea-level pressure, geopotential height and relative humidity from the Atlantic basin oscillated in anti-phase relative to the SPI-3 at an inter-annual to decadal time scale from 1960 to 1990. In this period, relative humidity from the Mediterranean basin and zonal wind oscillated in phase with the drought index.
Controls on Voisey Bay –type magmatic Cu-Ni mineralisation: a case history from the Caroline and Harcus Giles Complex intrusions, SA.

Intrusion related magmatic copper-nickel sulphide ore bodies are of great economic interest but there are a variety of different factors that play a role in their development in the crust. The evolution of magma through the crust has a great impact on the potential for an economic ore body to be formed and as such different intrusions are the subject of study to better understand their evolution in this regard. This study investigates two intrusions, Caroline and Harcus, that are part of the larger Giles Complex Intrusions, found in the Musgrave province in far north of South Australia. Analysis of petrography, mineral chemistry and whole rock chemistry was undertaken including Nd-Sr isotopic analysis. From this it was possible to define that the Caroline intrusion has experienced ~35% crustal assimilation in its evolution and has not experienced a sulphide saturation event before emplacement. The Harcus intrusion has experienced ~15% crustal assimilation in its evolution and has likely already experience a sulphide saturation event in its evolution. It was also possible to define that the Harcus intrusion appeared to be a trapped melt and not a layered intrusion like that of the Caroline intrusion. From the work that was undertaken a model composition for the initial melt from which both intrusions formed was defined. This was tested using crystallisation modelling and was found to be an adequate match to the different compositions of the intrusions. An emplacement model for the two different intrusions has been proposed. The more ideal economic target has been defined to be that of the Caroline intrusion as it has not experienced a prior episode of sulphide saturation.
The structure of water mass, salt, and temperature transports within intermediate depths of the western tropical Atlantic Ocean

Water mass flow patterns within the 150-1300 m intermediate layer of the western tropical Atlantic were determined from observations during four 1990-1991 Pegasus velocity and CTD hydrographic surveys. Nondivergent flows were analyzed to determine transports. A survey-average 29 Sverdrups (1 Sv = 10$\sp6$m$\sp3$/s) of southern hemisphere water masses flowed northwestward across 44$\sp\circ$W near the equator as part of the subsurface South Equatorial Current (SEC). 21 Sv retroflected anticyclonically around the Amazon Eddy (2$\sp\circ$N 45$\sp\circ$W) and flowed eastward toward the North Equatorial Undercurrent (NEUC). The other 8 Sv moved northwestward within a series of anticyclonic retroflection eddies which periodically separate from the Amazon Eddy. 61 Sv of a northern/southern water mass mixture flowed southeastward across 9$\sp\circ$N as part of the North Equatorial Current (NEC) and bifurcated: 32 Sv turned anticyclonically northwestward, and 29 Sv turned cyclonically around a low (6$\sp\circ$N 44$\sp\circ$W), merged with the southern water, and flowed toward the NEUC. The 50 Sv NEUC, a mixture of mostly southern water, flowed eastward into the interior. The remaining NEC and SEC branches blended to form a 40 Sv northwestward transport across 53$\sp\ circ$W. These observed transports were generally about three times larger than the wind-driven equatorial and tropical gyre return transports (Mayer and Weisberg 1993); suggesting the existance of subgyre-scale recirculation eddies in the western tropics. One of the retroflection eddies was measured during September 1990. Its structure was approximated by a 300 km diameter cylinder which extended vertically through the surface and intermediate layers to 1300 m. During two other surveys, retroflection eddies were identified at the region's northwestern corner. Instantaneous transport associated with an eddy which translated at 10 cm/s was about 30 Sv. Assuming three were generated each year, retroflection eddy translation could account for the 8 Sv alongshore flow through the region. According to water mass budgets, 21 Sv of northern water masses were transformed by mixing within the region. Temperature-salinity relationships indicated this mixing effectively transports the cool, low salinity Antarctic Intermediate Water into the North Atlantic by as yet unknown pathways.
The relevance of health education through a national exchange in family and community medicine

Objective: To report the experience of a medical student in a national exchange program in Family Community Medicine (FCM). Experience report: The National Exchange, carried out by the student, took place in two instances, the first being an experience in the Family and Community Strategy Health Unit and the other in the setting of the local University, enabled theoretical-practical learning using active methodology. The experience faced consolidated themes previously seen by the student, in addition to learning a new universe in relation to public health, local culture and interpersonal growth. In view of this, the National Exchange focused on FCM education is a tool that boosts scientific and social knowledge. Final considerations: Through the exchange, it was possible to broaden the worldview on Public Health, experiencing a new reality that was not expected, based on this, the exchange is consolidated as a key piece for creating skills that can be essential for future professionals.
Coastal ocean circulation during Hurricane Sandy

Hurricane Sandy (2012) was the second costliest tropical cyclone to impact the United States and resulted in numerous lives lost due to its high winds and catastrophic storm surges. Despite its impacts little research has been performed on the circulation on the continental shelf as Sandy made landfall. In this study integrated ocean observing assets and regional ocean modeling were used to investigate the coastal ocean response to Sandy's large wind field. Sandy's unique cross-shelf storm track, large size, and slow speed resulted in along-shelf wind stress over the coastal ocean for nearly 48 hours before the eye made landfall in southern New Jersey. Over the first inertial period (∼18 hours) this along-shelf wind stress drove onshore flow in the surface of the stratified continental shelf and initiated a two-layer downwelling circulation. During the remaining storm forcing period a bottom Ekman layer developed and the bottom Cold Pool was rapidly advected offshore ∼70 kilometers. This offshore advection removed the bottom Cold Pool from the majority of the shallow continental shelf and limited ahead-of-eye-center sea surface temperature (SST) cooling, which has been observed in previous storms on the MAB such as Hurricane Irene (2011). This cross-shelf advective process has not been observed previously on continental shelves during tropical cyclones and highlights the need for combined ocean observing systems and regional modeling in order to further understand the range of coastal ocean responses to tropical cyclones.
Bio-efficacy and phyto-toxicity of new herbicides against weeds in soybean

The proposed experiment was carried out during kharif season of 2016 at Instructional cum Research Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh). The experiment was comprised of weed management practices viz. T1Fomesafen 17.5% w/w ME + Clodinafop 12.5% w/w ME @ 750 g a.i. ha as PoE, T2Fomesafen 17.5% w/w ME + Clodinafop 12.5% w/w ME @ 1000 g a.i. ha as PoE, T3Fomesafen 17.5% w/w ME + Clodinafop 12.5% w/w ME @ 1250 g a.i. ha as PoE,T4Clodinafop 12.5 % w/w M @ 1000 g a.i. ha as PoE, T5Fomesafen 17.5%w/w ME @ 1000 g a.i. ha as PoE, T6Fomesafen 11.1% w/w + fluzifopp-butyl 11.1% w/w SL @ 1000 g a.i. ha as PoE, T7Imazythapyr @ 300 g a.i. ha as PoE, T8Quizalofop ethyl + chlorimuron ethyl @ 400+16 g a.i. ha as PoE, T9Hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS and T10weedy check. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Result indicated that the T9hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS however, it was found effective in enhancing plant height, growth of branches and dry matter production of soybean showed at par with T3Fomesafen 17.5% w/w ME + Clodinafop 12.5% w/w ME @ 1250 g a.i. ha as PoE, and T2Fomesafen 17.5% w/w ME + Clodinafop 12.5% w/w ME @ 1000 g a.i. ha as PoE. T9 -hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS was found effective in enhancing number of nodules plant, dry weight of nodules and crop growth rate followed by T3Fomesafen 17.5% w/w ME + Clodinafop 12.5% w/w ME @ 1250 g a.i. ha as PoE, T4Clodinafop 12.5% w/w M @ 1000 g a.i. ha as PoE and T2Fomesafen 17.5% w/w ME + Clodinafop 12.5% w/w ME @ 1000 g a.i. ha as PoE.
Anabolic Steroids Activate the NF-κB Pathway in Porcine Ovarian Putative Stem Cells Independently of the ZIP-9 Receptor

Boldenone (Bdn) and nandrolone (Ndn) are anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) that, as our previous studies have shown, may increase the risk of neoplastic transformation of porcine ovarian putative stem cells (poPSCs). The NF-κB pathway may be important in the processes of carcinogenesis and tumour progression. Therefore, in this work, we decided to test the hypothesis of whether Bdn and Ndn can activate the NF-κB pathway by acting through the membrane androgen receptor ZIP-9. For this purpose, the expression profiles of both genes involved in the NF-κB pathway and the gene coding for the ZIP-9 receptor were checked. The expression and localization of proteins of this pathway in poPSCs were also examined. Additionally, the expression of the ZIP-9 receptor and the concentration of the NF-κB1 and 2 protein complex were determined. Activation of the NF-κB pathway was primarily confirmed by an increase in the relative abundances of phosphorylated forms of RelA protein and IκBα inhibitor. Reduced quantitative profiles pinpointed not only for genes representing this pathway but also for unphosphorylated proteins, and, simultaneously, decreased concentration of the NF-κB1 and 2 complex may indicate post-activation silencing by negative feedback. However, the remarkably and sustainably diminished expression levels noticed for the SLC39A9 gene and ZIP-9 protein suggest that this receptor does not play an important role in the regulation of the NF-κB pathway.