Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Flavored surface defects in 4d N = 1 SCFTs

We discuss supersymmetric surface defects in compactiﬁcations of six-dimensional minimal conformal matter of types SU ( 3 ) and SO ( 8 ) to four dimensions. The relevant ﬁeld theories in four dimensions are N = 1 quiver gauge theories with SU ( 3 ) and SU ( 4 ) gauge groups, respectively. The defects are engineered by giving space-time-dependent vacuum expectation values to baryonic operators. We ﬁnd evidence that in the case of SU ( 3 ) minimal conformal matter, the defects carry SU ( 2 ) ﬂavor symmetry which is not a symmetry of the four-dimensional model. The simplest case of a model in this class is SU ( 3 ) SQCD with nine ﬂavors, and thus the results suggest that this admits natural surface defects with SU ( 2 ) ﬂavor symmetry. We analyze the defects using the superconformal index and derive analytic difference operators introducing the defects into the index computation. The duality properties of the four-dimensional theories imply that the index of the models is a kernel function for such difference operators. In turn, checking the kernel property constitutes an independent check of the dualities and the dictionary between six- dimensional compactiﬁcations and four-dimensional models.
Dimension reduction via C -convergence for soft active materials

We present a rigorous derivation of dimensionally reduced theories for thin sheets of nematic elastomers, in the ﬁnite bending regime. Focusing on the case of twist nematic texture, we obtain 2D and 1D models for wide and narrow ribbons exhibiting spontaneous ﬂexure and torsion. We also discuss some variants to the case of twist nematic texture, which lead to 2D models with different target curvature tensors. In particular, we analyse cases where the nematic texture leads to zero or positive Gaussian target curvature, and the case of bilayers.
Spherical Radon Transform and Related Wavelet Transforms

Abstract Continuous wavelet transforms associated with the spherical Radon transformRfon then-dimensional unit sphere S n,n≥ 2, are introduced. It is assumed thatf ∈ Lp( S n) orf ∈ C( S n). For the operatorRand for its inverseR−1explicit representations are given in the wavelet form. As a consequence we obtain the characterization of the range ofR.
Low-temperature anomaly in the penetration depth of YBa2Cu3O7 films: Evidence for andreev bound states at surfaces

The traditional theory of superconductivity in Fermi liq-uids predicts that superconductors with anisotropic pairingshould react sensitively to surface scattering. As a result,surfaces are expected to be covered by a layer of thicknessof a few coherence lengths of strongly distorted supercon-ductivity with properties different from those of the bulk.These anomalous surface phenomena were ﬁrst discussedin the context of
Estimating the helical pitch angle of amylopectin in starch using polarization second harmonic generation microscopy

Starch granules are among the brightest natural second harmonic generation (SHG) converters. They basically consist of amylose and amylopectin molecules and the source of the SHG signal is still undetermined. In the present study we perform polarization sensitive SHG (PSHG) imaging of wheat starch granules and we fit the SHG signal variation of each pixel of the PSHG images into a generalized biophysical model. By assuming that the SHG source molecule is a helix with cylindrical symmetry along its long axis, the model extracts the helical pitch angle of the SHG source for every pixel of the image. By displaying the pixel histogram representing this helical pitch angle we found a highly peaked histogram with maximum at θe = 36.1° and a width of Δθe = 9.3°. This pitch angle corresponds to the strand of the parallel double helical structure, called amylopectin (as measured by a small angle x-ray scattering technique). This demonstrates amylopectin (and not amylose) as the source of SHG in starch. According to our knowledge, this is the first estimation of the amylopectin’s pitch angle in starch using PSHG.
How Does Artificial Intelligence Improve Human Decision-Making? Evidence from the AI-Powered Go Program

We study how humans learn from AI, exploiting an introduction of an AI-powered Go program (APG) that unexpectedly outperformed the best professional player. We compare the move quality of professional players to that of APG's superior solutions around its public release. Our analysis of 749,190 moves demonstrates significant improvements in players' move quality, accompanied by decreased number and magnitude of errors. The effect is pronounced in the early stages of the game where uncertainty is highest. In addition, younger players and those in AI-exposed countries experience greater improvement, suggesting potential inequality in learning from AI. Further, while players of all levels learn, less skilled players derive higher marginal benefits. These findings have implications for managers seeking to adopt and utilize AI effectively within their organizations.
A recursive two-circuits series analog fractance circuit for any order fractional calculus

The paper analyzes the fractional calculus's Caputo definition in time domain and Fourier transform's definition in frequency domain, then puts forward and discusses a 1/2order two-circuits series analog fractance circuit. On this bases, we further put forward and discusses a general recursive two-circuits series analog fractance circuit for any order fractional calculus. It is proved to performance correctly and efficiently by Computer simulation and circuit analog. At the same time, we probes the theoretical and engineering problems that need to be deeply researched in the area of the applications of fractional calculus to communication and information processing. The result educing by the paper is the basis for further theoretic research and engineering implement for structuring fractance circuit of any order fractional calculus.
Universal scaling properties of ballistic deposition and Eden growth on surfaces

The structures generated by ballistic deposition and Eden growth from a surface can be divided in a natural way (defined by the growth process) into 'trees' or clusters of connected sites or particles. The structure of these trees can be characterised by the exponents nu perpendicular to (=p) and nu /sub ///(=q) which describe how their heights (h) and widths (w) grow with increasing size s (w approximately sp, h approximately sq). In addition, the distribution of sizes can be described by the power law Ns approximately s- tau where Ns is the number of trees of size s. Both the individual trees and the complete deposit are compact so that the exponents p, q and tau satisfy the simple scaling relationships (d-1)p+q=1 and tau =2-q. The exponents p, q and tau seem to be universal for off-lattice ballistic deposition, on-lattice ballistic deposition and Eden growth models. However, the corresponding exponents for the river network model are different from those for Eden growth and ballistic deposition. From the two-dimensional Eden model and ballistic deposition models values of about 0.40, 0.60 and 1.40 were obtained for p, q and tau , respectively. In three dimensions p approximately=0.28, q approximately=0.46 and tau approximately=1.54.
A wealth tax at work

Over the past decade, the question of whether and how to tax household wealth has risen to the forefront of policy debates across the world. Norway belongs to only a handful of countries that (still) levy an annual net wealth tax. We exploit rich Norwegian administrative data to perform descriptive analyses that address questions at the focal point of the wealth tax debate. We discuss how the taxation of wealth fits in with the personal income tax. We further investigate the redistributional effects of wealth taxation and explore the extent to which wealth taxation may cause adverse liquidity effects for private firms. Finally, we consider the effects of wealth taxation on charitable giving. Taken together, we see the evidence presented here as not weakening the case for upholding the tax: we find favorable distributional effects and the efficiency losses appear to be limited.
Interactions between ocean heat budget terms in HighResMIP climate models measured by the rate of information transfer

The Liang-Kleeman rate of information transfer is used to quantify interactions between the different terms of the ocean heat budget at monthly time scale over the period 1988-2017 in three coupled global climate models participating in the High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP), as well as in the Ocean Reanalysis System 5 (ORAS5). In particular, we focus on the inﬂuences of ocean heat transport convergence (dynamical inﬂuence) and net surface heat ﬂux (thermodynamical inﬂuence) on ocean heat content tendency. At least two different conﬁgurations are used for each model, 5 allowing to investigate the impact of ocean resolution on these causal relationships. A very small number of regions with a dynamical inﬂuence is found at high ocean resolution ( ≤ 0.25 ◦ ) and ORAS5 reanalysis when considering the upper 50 m, while a thermodynamical inﬂuence is present in a large number of regions. The number of regions with a dynamical inﬂuence increases when taking into account the upper 300 m and becomes comparable to the thermodynamical inﬂuence. Interestingly, low-resolution model conﬁgurations (1 ◦ in the ocean) show a much larger number of regions with a signiﬁcant dynamical 10 inﬂuence for both depth integrations (upper 50 m and 300 m) compared to high-resolution model conﬁgurations. The reason for the large difference in dynamical inﬂuence between low and high resolutions partly comes from the spatial distribution of ocean velocity ﬁeld, which is highly variable at high resolution, leading to a smaller dynamical inﬂuence. High resolution is therefore key in
Enstrophy and passive scalar transport near the turbulent/non-turbulent interface in a turbulent planar jet flow

The enstrophy (ω2/2) and passive scalar (ϕ) transport near the turbulent/non-turbulent (T/NT) interface is investigated using direct numerical simulation of a planar jet with passive scalar transport. To take into account the interface movement, we derive the transport equations for the enstrophy and the scalar in a local coordinate system moving with the T/NT interface. The characteristics of the T/NT interface are analyzed for three interface orientations. The cross-streamwise edge and the leading edge face the cross-streamwise and streamwise directions, respectively, and the trailing edge is opposite to the leading edge. The propagation velocity of the T/NT interface is derived from the enstrophy transport equation in the local coordinate system. The T/NT interface propagates toward the non-turbulent region on average at the cross-streamwise and leading edges, whereas the trailing edge frequently propagates into the turbulent region. The conditional average of the enstrophy transport equation in the local coordinate system shows that viscous diffusion transports, toward the non-turbulent region, enstrophy, that is advected from the turbulent core region or is produced slightly inside the T/NT interface. Viscous diffusion contributes greatly to the enstrophy growth in the region very close to the T/NT interface. The transport equation for the scalar ϕ in the local coordinate system is used to analyze the scalar transport near the T/NT interface. The conditional average of the advection term shows that ϕ in the non-turbulent region is frequently transported into the turbulent region across the cross-streamwise and leading edges by interface propagation toward the non-turbulent region. In contrast, ϕ in the turbulent region is frequently transported into the non-turbulent region across the trailing edge. The conditional averages of the advection and molecular diffusion terms show that both the interface propagation and the molecular diffusion contribute to the scalar transport across the T/NT interface.
Dynamic modeling of magnetically insulated transmission line systems

Negative conductors in vacuum transmission lines used in multiterrawatt applications emit electrons freely. These lines are efficient only because the self‐magnetic field of the power flow forces the electrons to flow parallel to the electrodes. Excepting numerical simulations, dynamic modeling of systems of these transmission lines has generally either ignored electron flow, or has included only those electrons that cross immediately to the anode at the front of the forward wave. In this paper we describe an analytic model that includes flowing electrons and the effects of these flows on line voltage and on the reduction of magnetic flux. Axial electron currents are modeled using simple, measurable, and calculable parameters. Transverse electron currents are modeled using general patterns found empirically from simulation data. These currents are in turn related by an expanded set of Telegrapher equations. An example of the use of the model is compared to two‐dimensional, time‐dependent particle‐in‐cell .
Low frequency instabilities during dust particle growth in a radio-frequency plasma

In this paper, instabilities appearing in a dusty plasma are experimentally investigated. These low frequency self-excited instabilities appear during dust particle growth and are characterized by a frequency spectrum evolving during this process. The onset, the time evolution and the main characteristics of these instabilities are investigated thanks to electrical and optical measurements. Both signals show a clear evolution scheme with a well-defined succession of phases. From the beginning to the end of this scheme, regular oscillations and/or chaotic regimes are observed. Finally, instabilities stop when the dust particle size reaches a few hundreds of nanometers and a stable three-dimensional dust cloud is obtained. A dust-free region called void is then usually observed in the plasma center.
Second-Order Renewal Theorem in the Finite-Means Case

Let F be a distribution function (d.f.) on $(0, \infty )$ and let~U be the renewal function associated with F. If F has a finite first moment~$\mu$, then it is well known that $U(t)$ asymptotically equals $t/\mu$. It is also well known that $U(t)-t/\mu $ asymptotically behaves as $S(t)/\mu, $ where~S denotes the integral of the integrated tail distribution~$F_1$ of~F. In this paper we discuss the rate of convergence of $U(t)-t/\mu -S(t)/\mu $ for a large class of distribution functions. The estimate improves earlier results of Geluk, Teugels, and Embrechts and Omey.
On the Vortices Produced in Shock Diffraction

The vortex produced by a weak shock passing over a 5° vertical wedge has been studied experimentally and theoretically. The theory applies to any vortex in isentropic flow which has a certain rotational symmetry, and which expands uniformly in time (pseudo‐stationary flow), without consideration of how the vortex was formed. By fitting essentially one parameter of the theory to the interferometrically observed density, good agreement is obtained over the region of the vortex, except at the very center. The rate of growth of the vortex as a function of free‐stream Mach number has been found in agreement with that predicted by [N. Rott (private communication)] on the basis of another theory. The photographs show a well‐developed spiral slip stream winding off the corner which contains small secondary eddies whose average angular spacing, measured from the vortex center, appears to be roughly independent of shock strength and time.
Effects of Reynolds and Prandtl Numbers on Heat Transfer Across a Square Cylinder in the Steady Flow Regime

ABSTRACT The effects of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers on the heat transfer characteristics of an isolated square cylinder have been investigated for the range of conditions 1 ≤ Re ≤ 45 and 0.7 ≤ Pr ≤ 4,000 (the maximum value of Peclet number being 4,000) in crossflow. Heat transfer correlations are obtained for the constant cylinder temperature and constant heat flux boundary conditions on a solid square cylinder in the steady flow regime. In addition, the variation of local Nusselt number on each face of the obstacle and representative isotherm plots are presented to elucidate the role of Prandtl number on heat transfer in the steady flow regime.
On the strong phase transition for the one-dimensional countable state p-adic Potts model

In the present paper we consider the countable state p-adic Potts model on Z+? >. A main aim is to establish the existence of the strong phase transition for the model. In our study, we essentially use one dimensionality of the model. To prove the existence of the phase transition, we reduce the problem to the investigation of an infinite-dimensional nonlinear equation. We find a condition on weights to show that the derived equation has two solutions. We show that measures corresponding to first and second solutions are a p-adic Gibbs and generalized p-adic Gibbs measures, respectively. Moreover, it is proved that the p-adic Gibbs measure is bounded, and the generalized one is not bounded. This implies the existence of the strong phase transition. Note that it turns out that the obtained condition does not depend on values of the prime p and, therefore, an analogous fact is not true when the number of spins is finite. Note that, in the usual real case, if one considers a one-dimensional translation-invariant model with nearest neighbor interaction, then such a model does not exhibit a phase transition. Nevertheless, we should stress that our model exhibits a unique p-adic Gibbs measure.
Booster Vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines and Myocarditis Risk in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Nordic Cohort Study of 8.9 Million Residents

Importance The SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines are associated with an increased risk of myocarditis. This association appears to be strongest in male adolescents and younger males and after the second dose. Few studies have evaluated the association after booster doses. Objective To evaluate the risk of myocarditis following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA booster vaccination in 12-to-39-year-olds. Design A multinational cohort study using nationwide register data. Setting Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Participants Cohorts comprising all 8.9 million individuals residing in each of the four countries, born 1982-2009, and alive at start of study on December 27, 2020, without a previous diagnosis of myocarditis or pericarditis or laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Exposures The 28-day acute risk periods following the second and third dose of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, respectively, in a homologous schedule defines the exposures of interest. Main Outcomes and Measures Cohort participants were followed until an inpatient diagnosis of myocarditis, loss to follow-up, or end of study (latest data availability in each country), whichever occurred first. In each of the four countries, Poisson regression was used to estimate adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of myocarditis, with associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs), according to vaccination status. Country-specific results were combined in meta-analyses. Results A total of 8.9 million residents were followed for 12,271,861 person-years. We identified 1533 cases of myocarditis. In 12-to-39-year-old males, the 28-day acute risk period following the third dose of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 was associated with an increased incidence rate of myocarditis compared to the post-acute risk period 28 days or more after a second homologous dose (IRR, 2.08 [95% CI, 1.31 to 3.33] and 8.89 [95% CI, 2.26 to 35.03], respectively). The corresponding incidence rates following the third dose of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 were 0.86 and 1.95, respectively, within 28 days of follow-up among 100,000 individuals. Conclusions and Relevance Our results suggest that a booster dose is associated with increased myocarditis risk in male adolescents and young male adults.
Epidemiological impact of the paediatric live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) programme on group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections in England

Influenza is known to predispose to secondary bacterial infections including group A streptococcal infection (GAS) and invasive (iGAS) disease. The universal paediatric live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) programme was introduced in England during the 2013/14 influenza season to directly protect children as well as indirectly protect the wider population through reduction in transmission. Nationally, the programme was implemented incrementally introducing cohorts of children from pre-school age to school age children year on year towards 2 to 16 year old coverage. In addition, a series of discrete geographical areas (pilot areas) offered LAIV vaccination to all primary school age children, allowing for a unique assessment and comparison of infection rates between pilot and non-pilot areas during roll-out. Overall reductions in incidence rates of GAS and scarlet fever were observed within most of post-LAIV programme seasons when assessing the impact of the LAIV programme among the targeted (2 to 4 years and 5 to 10 years) and non-targeted groups using incidence rate ratios (IRRs) from Poisson regressions. We assessed the overall effect of the pilot programme between the pre-introduction (2010/11-2012/13 influenza seasons) and post-introduction (2013/14- 2016/17 influenza) periods using negative binomial regression by comparing the pre- to -post programme changes in incidence between the pilot and non-pilot areas (rIRR = ratio of incidence rate ratios). This showed significant reductions among the 5 to 10 years (rIRR of 0.57 (95% CI: 0.45 to 0.71; p-value: <0.001)); the 2 to 4 years (rIRR of 0.62 (95% CI:0.43 to 0.90; p-value: 0.011)) and the 11 to 16 years (rIRR of 0.63 (95% CI: 0.43 to 0.90; p-value: 0.018)) for GAS infections. A non-significant reduction was also seen for iGAS in 2-4 year olds (rIRR of 0.58 (95% CI: 0.21 to 1.65; p-value=0.31)). No difference was seen for iGAS 5 to 10 year olds, or for scarlet fever in both age groups (rIRRs (95% CI) of 1.1 (0.34-3.6), 0.96 (0.66-1.39), 1.16 (0.75-1.81) for iGAS age 5 to 10, scarlet fever age 2 to 4 and 5 to 10, respectively). Our findings are compatible with the paediatric LAIV programme reducing the incidence of GAS and iGAS infections among children and support attaining high uptake of childhood influenza vaccination.