Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New Aspects of Immunoregulation by Growth and Lactogenic Hormones

Growth hormone and prolactin maintain adaptive immunity, which incudes cell mediated immunity, antibody- and autoimmune reactions, maintain thymus and bone marrow function. Insulin like growth factor-1 participate in the regulatory action of growth hormone and prolactin. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis stimulates innate immunity and suppresses adaptive immunity. Dopamine also inhibits adaptive immunity and regulates innate immunity. Catecholamine's and corticosteroids support innate immunity and stimulate suppressor-regulatory T cells, which inhibit adaptive immunity. Adrenalectomy sensitized mice to Lipid A, which was mediated by exaggerated production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, due to the lack of functional hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. Growth and lactogenic hormones share signal transduction pathways with type I (gamma-c) cytokines. This indicates functional overlap. The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis produces glucocorticoids, which stimulate innate immunity, and play a primary role during the acute phase response. Vasopressin supports the acute phase response, maintains chronic inflammatory reactions and coordinates heeling. Vasopressin maintains immunocompetence during homeostasis as it stimulates the hypothalamus-pituitary- adrenal axis and also prolactin. Vasopressin stimulates innate immune cytokine production. Oxytocin is immunoregulatory. Thyroidectomy in rats suppresses immune function and thyroxin releases growth hormone and prolactin from transplanted pituitary grafts in rats and also restores immunocompetence. This indicates that thyroxin is an indirect immunoregulator. The growth hormone secretagouge, ghrelin, is immunoregulatory. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter and immunoregulator. Dopamine has a role in normal immune function and in stress, inflammatory diseases, schizophrenia, Parkinson disease, Tourette syndrome, Lupus, Multiple Sclerosis, AIDS, and generalized anxiety syndrome.
REGENERATION OF BUDS IN BOTRYLLUS

1. The degeneration of the adult zooid of Botryllus schlosseri, which normally occurs when the buds become functional, occurred even after all buds were removed.2. All stages of the growing buds of Botryllus have considerable regenerative ability.3. Buds damaged in the hemisphere stage became adult zooids with the same length as undamaged zooids of the same age. Control over the size of the adult zooid appears to be maintained during the growth of the bud.
Flowering, seeding, and seedling establishment of narrow-leaved Snow Tussock, Chionochloa Rigida

Summary The infrequent flowering years of the narrow-leaved snow tussock appear to depend on abnormally high temperatures during the long-day period of summer in the season before flowering. Physiological induction then occurs and morphological initiation of the inflorescence may take place during autumn, or it may be delayed until early spring, i.e., for about eight months. IntenSity of flowering increases with the duration of high temperatures during the inductive period when daylength exceeds about 14 hnurs. Even so, considerable variation in the intensity of flowering occurred both between sites and between individual tussocks at a site. In their flowering response the plants appear to be insensitive to differences in light intensity. Inflorescence development resembles that already described for the genus. It is increasingly delayed at higher altitudes, but is not subject to control by daylength. Floret size and seed weight decrease significantly with altitude. Seed set and viability are usually sati.
Nuevos aportes al conocimiento de los Oligoquetos del Rio Paraná Medio y algunos tributarios

This paper treats the Oligochaeta species found in the benthos of lotic, environments of the Middle Parana River, secondary channels and tributaries (29° 10’ S ‐ 59° 15’ W and 32°00’ 60°40’ W). Nineteen species of Naididae, Tubificidae, Opistocystidae, Haplotaxidae and Lumbricidae are reported. A comparative analysis of setal morphology and number for the Naididae is provided. Slavina appendiculata is redescribed, and new records from Argentina noted. Dero (Aulophorus) aff. gravelyi, Dero (Dero) palmata and Nais, bretscheri are newly recorded for South America.
Profit in a broiler enterprise as a function of egg production of parent stocks and growth rate of their progeny

Synopsis The object of this paper was to determine the dependence of broiler profits on the reproductive performance of parent stocks, and the efficiency of meat production by progeny. This information is essential to assess the economic merits of breeding stocks and to evaluate the relative efficiency of alternative breeding programmes. It was shown that for any particular market the number of hens in the hatchery supply flocks is determined by the ratio of demand (weight of broiler meat absorbed by the market) to reproductivity (weight of broiler meat produced by a single dam). Increased fecundity improves profitability through its effect on chick cost. An analysis of results of several random tests showed that food conversion has a high positive correlation with market age at a fixed market weight. It was also found that for a constant age there is a small negative correlation between food conversion and body weight. Various methods of profit evaluation were discussed and it was shown that evaluations .
Effect of stocking density on growth and survival of Clarias batrachus (Linn.) larvae and fry during hatchery rearing

Summary Experiments were conducted to determine optimum stocking density for Clarias batrachus larvae and fry during hatchery rearing. The increase in stocking density decreased the total weight, specific growth rate (SGR) and percent weight gain of Clarias larvae during a 13-day experiment. Survival rate was highest at a stocking density of 1000 m−2 and lowest at 5000 m−2. Stocking density did not influence the total biomass production of larvae. Clarias batrachus fry performance was studied during a 28-day hatchery rearing experiment whereby fry stocked at a density of 100 m−2 attained the highest total body weight (P < 0.05). The survival rate greatly declined to 59–61% by a density increase to 300 m−2 and above. Stocking density influenced growth and survival of C. batrachus larvae and fry during hatchery rearing. The best performance was obtained when larvae were stocked at 2000 m−2; survival was highest with C. batrachus fry stocked at 200 m−2.
Efeitos de diferentes períodos de controle e convivência de plantas daninhas com a cultura da mandioca

A interferencia causada pelas plantas daninhas e um dos fatores que pode afetar a produtividade da cultura da mandioca. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a interferencia de diferentes periodos de controle e convivencia das plantas daninhas com a cultura da mandioca, cultivar Fecula Branca, visando determinar seu efeito no crescimento da planta, bem como na producao. O experimento foi conduzido na UNIOESTE - Marechal Cândido Rondon, Parana, em solo Latossolo Vermelho Eutroferrico. A cultura foi conduzida por um ciclo vegetativo de doze meses, com plantio realizado em 03 de outubro de 2001 e colheita em 04 de outubro de 2002. O ensaio foi instalado em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2x10, constituido de periodos crescentes de convivencia e controle da comunidade infestante. Por ocasiao da colheita, determinou- se o estande final, o numero de raizes por planta, o teor de amido das raizes e o peso da producao de raizes. Os resultados mostraram que as perdas na produtividade de raizes na cultura ocasionadas pela competicao das plantas daninhas, em situacoes extremas, foram bastante expressivas, chegando proximas a 100%. O periodo anterior a interferencia (PAI) foi de 60 dias e o periodo total de prevencao da interferencia (PTPI) foi de 90 dias, indicando um periodo critico de interferencia (PCPI) de 60 a 90 dias apos o plantio.
Impact of Application Time and Clopyralid Rate on Strawberry Growth and Yield

Hard-seeded, broadleaf, winter annual weeds in strawberry plasticulture production in Florida emerge in the crop holes in the plastic mulch and reduce berry yield and quality. Clopyralid is registered for POST control of broadleaf weeds, but herbicide damage has been observed in commercial fields, and preliminary observations suggest that effects vary with time of application. To address this issue, an experiment was conducted in 2012 to 2013 and 2013 to 2014 to evaluate clopyralid rate (0, 140, 280, and 560 g ae ha−1) and application time on strawberry vegetative and reproductive growth. Clopyralid applications at 280 and 560 g ae ha−1 on January 2 and 16, 2013 (yr 1) reduced leaf number per plant by 33 to 44% and increased the number of deformed leaves per plant compared with the nontreated control. This pattern was not observed in yr 2. In yr 1 and 2, two times the label rate of clopyralid (560 g ae ha−1) tended to reduce the total number of floral buds compared with the nontreated control by 12 to 17%. None of the herbicide rates or application times reduced the number of flowers per plant, marketable berries per plant, yield over time, or total yield. We conclude that clopyralid applications at the rates and application times tested in this study may cause leaf damage and may reduce leaf number in some situations but does not affect yield. Nomenclature: Clopyralid; strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne. Malezas de hoja ancha anuales de invierno con semillas con testa dura emergen en los orificios del cultivo en la producción de fresa con coberturas plásticas en Florida, y reducen el rendimiento y la calidad de la fruta. Clopyralid está registrado para el control POST de malezas de hoja ancha, pero el daño del herbicida has sido observado en campos de producción comercial, y observaciones preliminares sugieren que los efectos varían dependiendo del momento de aplicación. Para analizar este problema, se realizó un experimento del 2012 al 2013 y del 2013 al 2014 para evaluar la dosis de clopyralid (0, 140, 280, y 560 g ae ha−1) y el momento de aplicación sobre el crecimiento vegetativo y reproductivo de la fresa. Las aplicaciones de clopyralid a 280 y 560 g ae ha−1, hechas el 2 y el 16 de Enero (primer año) redujeron el número de hojas por planta en 33 y 44% e incrementaron el número de hojas deformadas por planta al compararse con el testigo sin tratamiento. Este patrón no fue observado en el segundo año. Tanto en el primer como en el segundo año, el doble de la dosis de etiqueta de clopyralid (560 g ae ha−1) tendió a reducir el número total de brotes florales en comparación con el testigo sin tratamiento en 12 y 17%. Ninguno de las dosis del herbicida o los momentos de aplicación redujeron el número de flores por planta, las frutas comercializables por planta, el rendimiento a lo largo del tiempo, o el rendimiento total. Nosotros concluimos que las aplicaciones de clopyralid a las dosis y momentos de aplicación evaluados en este estudio podría causar daño foliar y podría reducir el número de hojas en algunas situaciones sin afectar el rendimiento.
Properties of Localized Protons in Neutron Star Matter at Finite Temperatures

We study properties of the proton component of neutron star matter for realistic nuclear models. Vanishing of the nuclear symmetry energy implies proton–neutron separation in dense nuclear matter. Protons which form admixture tend to be localized in potential wells. Here, we extend the description of proton localization to ﬁnite temperatures. It appears that the protons are still localized at temperatures typical for hot neutron stars. That fact has important astrophysical consequences. Moreover, the temperature inclusion leads to unexpected results for the behavior of the proton localized state.
Diversity of Social Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) in an Agricultural Environment in Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Studies on the diversity of social wasps in agricultural environments represent an important step to identifying the ideal species to be used in biological pest control programs. There is a growing effort to acknowledge the diversity of such Hymenoptera in the state of Minas Gerais, but information on anthropized environments is still rare. The objective of this study was to obtain data on the diversity of social wasps in the Instituto Federal de Educacao, Ciencias e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais (IFMG), Bambui campus, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Sampling was conducted from July 2012 to July 2014 with two methodologies: attractive traps and active search. This work confirms that a well diversified environment, even if anthropized, is rich in social wasp species. In addition, the great number of collected species, shows the importance of a long-term survey and the use of more than one method of collection. The high rate of collections of Polistes versicolor in a predominantly agricultural environment, coupled with other studies on this species as a predator of lepidopteran caterpillars, suggests the use of this species as a tool in the biological control of pests.
Screening Endophytic Fungi Isolated from a Medicinal Plant, Acalypha Indica L. for Antibacterial Activity

Among the Acalypha species, Acalypha indica L. is predominantly one of the herbs in waste lands throughout the plains of India. The leaves, root, stem and flowers are used in traditional medicine. In the present investigation, the antibacterial activity of A. indica by preliminary antibiotic assay screening was carried out. Ethylacetate, hexane and methanol extracts from the leaves, stem and roots of A. indica were investigated for their antibacterial activity against three strains of human pathogenic bacteria viz., Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae . Ethylacetate extracts of leaves and roots appeared to be quite promising due to their capacity to inhibit the growth of all the three selected bacterial species. Hexane extracts of leaves, stem and root showed moderate activity. These promising results in relation with antimicrobial activity in vitro open the way for complementary investigation in order to identify and purify the active compounds. In vitro antimicrobial screening methods could provide the needed preliminary observations necessary to select among crude extracts, those with potentially useful properties for further chemical and pharmacological investigations.
Haematological profile of common carp spawners of various breeds

Summary The goal of this study was to determine the basic haematological profile of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) spawners of eight breeds reared under identical conditions and sampled in spring after overwintering. Significant differences were found among the breeds for haemoglobin level (Hb), haematocrit value (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) values. The number of red blood cells (RBC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), number of leukocytes (WBC) and leukocyte differential count (WBC DIFF) did not differ significantly among the respective breeds. The highest Hb, PCV and MCH values were found for Ropsha scaly carp (ROP) and Amur wild carp (AS) (Hb 109 ± 17 and 106 ± 15 g l−1; PCV 0.40 ± 0.06 and 0.40 ± 0.06 l l−1; MCH 69 ± 7 and 69 ± 9 pg, respectively). The AS specimens and breeds that originated [ROP, Ukraine scaly carp (US), and Northern mirror carp (M72)] showed significantly higher values of Hb (P < 0.01), PCV (P < 0.01), MCV (P < 0.05) and MCH (P < 0.05), compared to the other four breeds: Hungarian mirror carp (M2), Israeli mirror carp (Dor 70), South Bohemian mirror carp (BV) and Tata scaly carp (TAT). Males showed significantly higher PCV, Hb and RBC values within individual breeds. This study demonstrated that Amur wild carp and breeds originating from it had significantly higher values of erythrocyte profile in comparison with the other breeds studied.
Comparisons of the Leaf Essential Oils of Juniperus phoenicea, J. phoenicea subsp. eu-mediterranea Lebr. & Thiv. and J. phoenicea var. turbinata (Guss.) Parl.

ABSTRACT The leaf essential oils of Juniperus phoenicea L. (Greece and Spain), J. phoenicea subsp. eu-mediterranea Lebr. & Thiv. and J. phoenicea var. turbinata (Guss.) have been analyzed by GC/MS. All of the oils were dominated by α-pinene. Juniperus phoenicea also contained moderate amounts of myrcene, limonene, β-phellandrene, α-terpinyl acetate and 1-epi-cubenol. The oils of J. phoenicea var. turbinata (coastal Spain) and J. phoenicea subsp. eu-mediterranea (coastal Portugal) are most similar of the four taxa and distinct from typical inland J. phoenicea. These taxa may be conspecific and, if so, then the name J. phoenicea var. turbinata would take precedence for the divergent taxon.
Disease-resistant transgenic adzuki bean plants obtained through an efficient transformation system

Abstract. An efficient regeneration and transformation system was established and optimised for adzuki bean (Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi). 6-Benzylaminopurine at 5 mg L–1 was used to increase adventitious bud induction frequency. The highest frequency of shoot elongation was 92.8% when using a medium composition of MS salts combined with 0.1 mg L–1 of IAA, 0.5 mg L–1 of GA3, 1.0 mg L–1 of zeatin-riboside, 50 mg L–1 of aspartic acid, and 50 mg L–1 of glutamic acid. In vitro rooting was 100% when shoots were cultured on the solid MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L–1 of NAA. Reproducible transformation of epicotyl explants was developed using the A. tumefaciens EHA105 strain. Using a concentration of 40 mg L–1 of acetosyringone, 20 mm MES, and 5 mg L–1 of 6-benzylaminopurine in the co-cultivation medium, a transformation efficiency of 12.6% was attained. Using this transformation protocol, we obtained transgenic adzuki bean plants resistant to soybean mosaic virus by introducing the V. angularis VaPR3 gene.
Características da carcaça de ovinos Santa Inês terminados em pastejo e submetidos a diferentes níveis de suplementação

Objetivou-se, com esse trabalho, avaliar as caracteristicas da carcaca de cordeiros Santa Ines, mantidos em pastagem nativa e submetidos a diferentes niveis de suplementacao na dieta (1,5%, 1,0% e 0,0% do peso vivo). Foram utilizados 24 animais, machos castrados, com peso vivo (PV) medio inicial de 15 kg ± 1,44 e idade media de 150 dias. O concentrado foi constituido a base de milho moido, farelo de soja e sal mineral. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com tres tratamentos e oito repeticoes. A utilizacao da suplementacao possibilitou a obtencao de cordeiros com caracteristicas mais desejaveis da carcaca, como: melhor rendimento, maior area de olho de lombo, menor perda de peso no resfriamento e maior peso dos cortes comerciais. Em termos de analise economica, pode-se concluir que, se o objetivo for obter carcacas mais leves com peso em torno de 7 kg e com nivel minimo de gordura nao ha necessidade de suplementacao com concentrado, mas, se o objetivo for obter carcacas pesando de 10 a 12 kg e com melhor nivel de acabamento recomenda-se suplementacao com 1,0 a 1,5% do peso vivo com concentrado.
Changes in tree species abundance in a Neotropical forest: impact of climate change

ABSTRACT The abundance of all tree and shrub species has been monitored for eight years in a 50 ha census plot in tropical moist forest in central Panama. Here we examine population trends of the 219 most numerous species in the plot, assessing the impact of a long-term drying trend. Population change was calculated as the mean rate of increase (or decrease) over eight years, considering either all stems ≥10 mm diameter at breast height (dbh) or just stems ≥100 mm dbh. For stems ≥10 mm, 40% of the species had mean growth rates <1% per year (either increasing or decreasing) and 12% had changes ≥5% per year. For stems ≥100 mm, the figures were 38% and 8%. Species that specialize on the slopes of the plot, a moist microhabitat relative to the plateau, suffered significantly more declines in abundance than species that did not prefer slopes (stems ≥10 mm dbh). This pattern was due entirely to species of small stature: 91% of treelets and shrubs that were slope-specialists declined in abundance, but just 19% of non-slope treelets and shrubs declined. Among larger trees, slope and non-slope species fared equally. For stems ≥100 mm dbh, the slope effect vanished because there were few shrubs and treelets with stems ≥100 mm dbh. Another edaphic guild of species, those occurring preferentially in a small swamp in the centre of the plot, were no more likely to decline in abundance than non-swamp species, regardless of growth form. Species that preferentially colonize canopy gaps in the plot were slightly more likely to decrease in abundance than non-colonizing species (only for stems ≥10 mm dbh, not ≥100 mm). Despite this overall trend, however, several colonizing species had the most rapidly increasing populations in the plot. The impact of a 25-year drying trend and an associated increase in the severity of the 4-month dry season is having an obvious impact on the BCI forest. At least 16 species of shrubs and treelets with affinities for moist microhabitats are headed for extinction in the plot. Presumably, these species invaded the forest during a wetter period prior to 1966. A severe drought of 1983 that caused unusually high tree mortality contributed to this trend, and may also have been responsible for sharp increases in abundance of a few gap-colonizers because it temporarily opened the forest canopy. The BCI forest is remarkably sensitive to a subtle climatic shift, yet we do not know whether this is typical for tropical forests because no other large-scale censuses exist for comparison.
High mortality and annual fecundity in a free‐ranging basal placental mammal, Setifer setosus (Tenrecidae: Afrosoricida)

The spiny tenrecs, an endemic subfamily of Malagasy insectivores (Tenrecinae), are wide ranging and fairly conspicuous, yet long-term studies on free-ranging populations remain sparse. Basal to most eutherian mammals, they share many ecological and morphological traits with proposed eutherian ancestors. Understanding of their unusual life histories is therefore important to the understanding of mammalian evolution. Here we present the results of a 3-year study on a population of Setifer setosus in the dry deciduous forest of Western Madagascar. The annual activity cycle of this species includes a 5–7-month hibernation period, during the dry season, and a dramatic increase in body mass during the active season. Females, observed giving birth to up to three litters in a single season, entered hibernation later than males, after weaning their last litter. Short intervals between parturition dates and simultaneous gestation and lactation provide evidence of post-partum oestrus, previously observed in only one other species of tenrec (Geogale aurita, subfamily:Geogalinae). High levels of mortality, primarily by snakes and ground predators, were also observed and likely contribute, along with the unpredictability of Madagascar’s climate, to the unusually fast life history of these mammals.
Differential sequestration of storage proteins by various fat body tissues during post-larval development in silkworm, Bombyx mori L.

Summary During the final larval stadium of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, storage proteins SP1 and SP2 are synthesized mainly by peripheral and dorsal perivisceral fat body tissues. No further synthesis occurs during the non-feeding pupal stage. The ventral perivisceral tissue has no role in this process, but is specialized for the selective storage of the proteins. Storage proteins are selectively sequestered mainly during the pre-pupal period, over a span of approximately 96 h, and subsequently released back into the hemolymph and metabolized during late pupal stages.