Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Writing evaluation in university English preparatory programs: Two universities of Turkey and Saudi Arabia

Scholars have given little attention to testing’s influence on the outcomes of university English preparatory programs (UEPP). Variations on the two main classifications of writing evaluation, the holistic and the analytic were examined. The objectives were to identify the assumptions for inclusion of writing in UEPPs, analyze the skills and abilities tested and finally, to examine the correlation between program assumptions and testing and the potential of different testing methods to impact student motivation. The aims and assumptions of the programs and course materials were analyzed via synchronic and diachronic comparisons of program structures and teaching materials, using two examples from the past and one currently in use. Results revealed that testing instruments designed and used only for grading, failing and promotion of students do not provide constructive student feedback, which is a demotivating factor. Testing and evaluation in general should be primarily constructive and positive. UEPP writing examinations should be evaluated analytically rather than holistically for reasons of fairness and to provide constructive and serious feedback to students. Rubrics should be constructed for the marking of paragraphs and essays to ensure fair and consistent marking in large programs with team teaching. The objective testing of writing skills must be implemented to support instructional goals. Thus, evaluation should be analytical, not holistic. The attention drawn to the linking of student motivation to elements of analytical writing evaluation is the significant contribution of this study.
Taxonomy of the Genus Draco L. (Agamidae, Lacertilia, Reptilia)

CONTENTS 1. Introduction and acknowledgements 2 2. History 3 3. Material and methods 3 4. Results A. The species 6 4.1. Draco 6 4.2. Key to the species examined 9 4.3. Description of the species 10 Draco affinis 10 Draco blanfordii 11 Key to the subspecies 11 D. b. blanfordii 11 D. b. indochinensis 16 D. b. norvillii 17 Draco cornutus 19 Draco dussumieri 21 Draco fimbriatus 23 Key to the subspecies 24 D. f. fimbriatus 24 D. f. hennigi 27 Draco haematopogon 30 Draco lineatus 34 Key to the subspecies 34 D. l. lineatus 35 D. l. beccarii 37
The Impact of Renewable Energy Investment on Economic Growth

The study aimed to define and assess the impact of renewable energy on economic growth. This included the use of panel data for 18 different countries during the period of 2008-2015. The FMOLS econometric technicality was used to estimate the relevant relations between the independent variables, namely; renewable energy, capital, labor and trade openness and the dependent variable, real GDP per capita. The study found that renewable energy affects economic growth positively, however, the elasticity was highly inelastic. Also, the study found positive and significant relationships between economic growth and the other three independent variables with inelastic elasticities. The study concluded that countries should be encouraged to invest in renewable energy and gradually decrease their dependence on conventional energy. Furthermore, it highly recommended to remove all obstacles facing the development of renewable energy.
The Benefits of Dark Tourism Experience among Visitors in Malaysia

Tourists are continuously searching for new trends, exciting ways of traveling and a variety of adrenaline rush experiences. Dark tourism is one of many examples of tourism products that able to fulfill these objectives. Although Malaysia has many dark tourism sites, they are not globally recognized yet and able to attract international tourists. Many focused on the negative impacts of the sites rather than the potential benefits of the industry. Thus, this study is prepared to investigate the benefits of dark tourism among visitors. The study adopted a model from Kang, Scott, Lee, and Ballantyne (2012). Three factors including social benefits, learning benefits, and psychological benefits were discussed. The findings have shown that dark tourism contributes sufficient benefits which may aid the rapid development of this tourism sector in the future. Keywords: Dark tourism, Paranormal, Tourism trend, Malaysia
Factors associated with obesity and weight reduction among people with obesity: a systematic review

Introduction: Obesity is a non-communicable disease of huge public health importance with several multi-systemic complications. Weight reduction techniques are useful in the management of obesity. The aim of this review was to determine the risk factors, health risks of obesity as well as factors influencing weight reduction among individuals with obesity. Methods: Google, Google Scholar and Pub Med databases were used to identify studies on obesity that assessed risk factors and complications of obesity plus factors influencing weight reduction among people with obesity. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines was used and 914 literature records were retrieved. These were limited to papers published in English up to 2019.We excluded 702 articles which did not match our theme and excluded an additional 156 full articles due to incompleteness. The evidence available was critically appraised in line with our objectives. Results: Fifty six articles were reviewed, and it was found that obesity increased with age and was more in women. Inadequate diet, physical inactivity and metabolic disorders were contributory factors, while the main factors associated with greater weight reduction were lower pre-treatment weight, lower waist circumference, doctors as role models and absence of psychiatric co-morbidities. Conclusion: Proven weight reduction methods are vital for cost-effective management of patients as part of lifestyle modification.
The immunologic basis of COVID-19: A clinical approach

The novel Severe Acute Respiratory Disease Corona Virus (SARS-CoV2) has leaded to a global infection and a pandemic afterwards. This pandemic is one of the greatest global challenges for the health system. In this review, the immunologic basis of the human body response after infection with SARS-CoV2 has been reviewed with discussions on both innate and adaptive immunity. Due to the relatively short time after appearance of the problem, the currently available evidence exclusively dealing with SARS-CoV2 and the SARS-CoV2 disease (COVID-19) are scant; especially in the field of cellular and molecular medicine; however, previous studies especially focusing on SARS-CoV and MERS are available. A full review on these topics is presented here. At the final part of the manuscript, involvement of the main human organs with COVID-19 is briefed.
DISCLOSURE PRACTICES OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN SELECT INDIAN COMPANIES: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

Keeping in view of the necessity of Human Resource in an organisation it is essential to disclose adequate information of Human capital in the annual report of the organisation. IFRS define regarding human assets that, A resource controlled by an entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity under International Accounting Standard (IAS) 38. However, Indian firms are less aware about disclosure of human recourse in annual report. But some of Large Cap companies have prepared separate annual human resource report. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent of corporate disclosure on human resources (HR) in the annual reports of top performing Indian companies. Six most and six least HR disclosure items have been selected to test the disclosure practice of Indian corporate through ANOVA and Post-Hoc test. The analysis has been made for a period of five years. This research provides new directions for the literature in the area Human Resource Accounting and may promote comparative HR-based studies with different perspectives.
Femme Fatales: Girl Gangsters and Violent Street Culture in Cape Town

This article examines the ways that 21 girl gangsters perform violent street culture in Cape Town, South Africa. It examines their participation in the city’s township gangs, with a particular focus on female involvement in gang-related acts of aggression and violence. Research looks to move beyond portrayals of girl gangsters in Cape Town as either victims or accessories. It shows how they leverage street cultural performances in reaction to intersectional oppression, and in an attempt to empower themselves. Young women in this study joined gangs and took part in violence for many of the same reasons that men do—protection, income, status, and so on—as well as due to threats of sexual violence faced specifically by females. But street cultural participation for females in Cape Town also often perpetuates cycles of violent victimization, incarceration, and substance abuse that keep girl gangsters trapped in a life on the streets. In this way, females in this study broke from the binary view of girl gangsterism as either totally liberating or totally injurious, embodying both simultaneously.
Targeting Misconceptions Using Socratic Questioning

Misconceptions pose a great barrier to learning and often lead to frustration with the subject. Students are usually either unaware of the misconceptions or have difficulties dismissing preconceived notions and ingrained nonscientific beliefs. This study investigated the use of socratic questioning to help students identify, confront and correct misconceptions they may have while studying a chemical engineering subject. Comparisons were made on the two groups’ performance in calculationtyped and conceptual-typed of questions in the examinations. In general, both control and treatment groups of students were equally capable in answering calculation questions. However, there was a significant gap in the two groups’ abilities to answer questions which required conceptual understanding. The group of students who was not taught socratic questioning did not perform as well in answering conceptual questions even though they were able to do the calculations correctly. This showed that some students often memorize steps, equations, problem-solving skills without thorough understanding of concepts. Students reported in the survey that they found socratic questioning useful in helping them to clear their doubts and misconceptions. The focus group discussion with the students revealed that as the students were used to rote learning and they needed time and training to be comfortable with using questioning for metacognitive learning. The results from the study highlighted the importance of providing a platform for students to identify, confront and break down misconceptions as well as helping students reconstruct and internalize their knowledge, instead of delving into solving the problem.
Litigation and Settlement Under Loss Aversion

In this paper, we investigate how loss aversion affects people’s behavior in private litigation. We find that a loss-averse plaintiff demands a higher settlement for intermediate claims to maintain her threat to proceed to trial following rejection compared to a loss-neutral plaintiff. For larger claims, a loss-averse plaintiff demands a lower offer to increase the settlement probability as loss pains her extra in trial. We also investigate how various policies affect loss-averse litigants’ settlement decisions. Only a reduction in the asymmetry of information about trial odds uniformly leads to higher settlement rates.
Linking drought indices to impacts to support drought risk assessment in Liaoning province, China

Abstract. Drought is a ubiquitous and recurring hazard that has wide-ranging impacts on society, agriculture and the environment. Drought indices are vital for characterising the nature and severity of drought hazards, and there have been extensive efforts to identify the most suitable drought indices for drought monitoring and risk assessment. However, to date, little effort has been made to explore which index (or indices) best represents drought impacts for various sectors in China. This is a critical knowledge gap, as impacts provide important ground truth information for indices used in monitoring activities. The aim of this study is to explore the link between drought indices and drought impacts, using Liaoning province (northeast China) as a case study due to its history of drought occurrence. To achieve this we use independent, but complementary, methods (correlation and random forest analysis) to identify which indices link best to drought impacts for prefectural-level cities in Liaoning province, using a comprehensive database of reported drought impacts in which impacts are classified into a range of categories. The results show that the standardised precipitation evapotranspiration index with a 6-month accumulation (SPEI6) had a strong correlation with all categories of drought impacts, while the standardised precipitation index with a 12-month accumulation (SPI12) had a weak correlation with drought impacts. Of the impact datasets, “drought-suffering area” and “drought impact area” had a strong relationship with all drought indices in Liaoning province, while “population and number of livestock with difficulty in accessing drinking water” had weak correlations with the indices. The results of this study can support drought planning efforts in the region and provide context for the indices used in drought-monitoring applications, so enabling improved preparedness for drought impacts. The study also demonstrates the potential benefits of routine collection of drought impact information on a local scale.
Size clines and subspecies in the Streptaxid Genus Gulella PFR. (Mollusca, Gastropoda pulmonata) in Southern Africa

CONTENTS 1. Introduction 3 2. Systematic part 6 Gulella adamsiana 7 Gulella darglensis 14 Gulella elliptica 19 Gulella farquhari 27 Gulella infrendens 33 Gulella planti 39 Gulella vicina. 44 Gulella zuluensis 49 3. Concluding remarks 54 4. Summary 58 5. References 58 6. Index to trivial names in Gulella 62 1. INTRODUCTION The concept of subspecies has been applied to terrestrial molluscs at a comparatively early stage. Mayr (1942) quotes the works of Rossmassler (1826), Kobelt (1881), the Sarasin brothers (1899), Gulick (1905), and particularly Rensch (since 1929) as examples of proponents or precursors of this concept. Since the 1930s the polytypic species has been generally accepted among students of land snails. However, so far it has played a relatively minor role in comprehensive works on African (Afrotropical) land molluscs, such as Pilsbry (1919), Connolly (1939) and Bequaert (1950) 1). Undoubtedly a fragmented topography (e.g., island areas such as Indonesia)
Effect of Bark-Stripping on Mechanical Stability of Norway Spruce

The increasing effects of storms are considered the main abiotic disturbance affecting forest ecosystems. Bark-stripping damage from the growing ungulate populations, in turn, are among the main biotic risks, which might burden the stability of trees and stands. Therefore, the aim of our study is to estimate the effect of cervid bark-stripping on the mechanical stability of Norway spruce using a static tree-pulling test. For the test, eight damaged and 11 undamaged canopy trees were selected from a 40-year old stand (plantation with 1 × 3 m spacing) growing on mineral mesotrophic soil. The selected trees were bark-stripped 7–9 years prior to the experiment. Uprooting was the most frequent type of failure; only two trees broke at the stem. For the damaged trees, the resistance to pulling was significantly reduced (p-value < 0.001). Stem volume and presence of bark-stripping were the best linear predictors of the basal bending moment at the primary failure (irreversible deformation of wood structure) and secondary failure (collapse of the tree). A significant (p-value < 0.001) interaction between stem–wood volume and presence of bark-stripping was observed for primary failure, indicating a size-dependent reduction of stability of the damaged trees. Such interaction lacked significance (p-value = 0.43) for the secondary failure (mostly uprooting), indicating a decrease in stability irrespectively of tree size. Somewhat surprisingly, the decrease in the overall mechanical stability of the bark-stripped trees appeared not to be related to a direct reduction of the strength of the stems, but rather to physiological effects such as altered allocation of carbon, increased drought stress because of interfered hydraulic conductance of wood, or secondary infestation. The reduced stability also suggests that bark-stripped trees can act as the weak spots decreasing the collective stability of stands in the long term, thus increasing the susceptibility to storms.
ADAPTABILIDADE E ESTABILIDADE FENOTÍPICA EM SOJA AVALIADA PELO MÉTODO DE TOLER ( 1 )

ABSTRACT PHENOTIPIC STABILITY AND ADAPTABILITY IN SOYBEAN EVALUATED BY TOLER METHOD The objective of this work was to evaluate 69 soybean genotypes with different maturation cycles indifferent environments at Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul States in Brazil using the non-linear regressionmethod of T OLER (1990). This methodology considers the fiting the genotypes in five groups, according to theresponse pattern A, B, C, D and E. It was observed that the environmental quality estimates had differentvalues, allowing for inferences of worse and better environments. Pedra Preta was the best quality environment,having the greater estimative, that contributed to the increase of the general environment mean. Theclassification based on yield and on the response pattern showed that genotypes with double desirable responsepattern (group A, convex pattern), presented high yield, mainly in the line early cycle FMT-42313. The patternE genotypes (concave pattern) did not show satisfactory levels of mean yield as MSOY-8550 and Crixas. Theresponse pattern of monosegmented genotypes (B, C and D) showed variable yield, being most of themclustered in group C, having a simple linear response that did not differ greatly from the mean response ofthe environments. Conquista cultivar had average yield and low variability in distinct environments. Themethodology has statistic advantages for the analysis of adaptability and stability among soybean genotypes,since it discriminate genotypes with narrow genetic base in to groups with different response pattern.
Estimation of serum folate and vitamin B12 levels in children with severe acute malnutrition

Background: Severe acute malnutrition is the important health issue children affected in India. It is often associated with Iron, Vitamin B12 and Folic acid and other micronutrient deficiencies. These reports of declining trend of Iron and folic acid deficiency with implementation of national anemia control programme. Estimation of Serum Folate and Vitamin B12 levels in SAM children aged 6-60 months with anemia was the objective of the study. Methods: A hospital based observational study on 80 children admitted to nutritional rehabilitation center were suffering from severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in the age group of 6-60 months enrolled in the study during the period November 2018 to May 2019. Data was collected using a predesigned and pretested proforma, containing details of feeding, socio-economic and development history. Blood samples were sent for measurement of plasma vitamin B12 and serum folate levels. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0. Results: Out of 80 children, majority were between the age group of 24-60 months and majority were boys (53.8%). Mean Vitamin B12 and folic acid levels being 384.61 and 8.95 respectively. 45% and 3.8% had vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies respectively. Majority of neurological changes and developmental delays were noted in B12 deficient group. Of the 36, B12 deficient children, majority had moderate anaemia (40.2%), normal total count (41.7%), 60% had neutropenia, 44.4% had lymphocytosis, majority had normocytic (30.9%) anemia. Conclusions: There was a moderate to high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency among malnourished children. Folate deficiency was found only in few. Efforts should be directed to prevent its deficiency in pregnant and breastfeeding women and their infants with special attention on malnourished children. B12 and folate deficiency shall be considered in all cases with SAM irrespective of blood indices. Treatment will have impact on prognosis of child.
Transient effects of an invasive kelp on the community structure and primary productivity of an intertidal assemblage

Invasive species can have significant impacts on the diversity and productivity of recipient ecological communities. The kelp Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar is one of the world's most successful invasive species but, although itspurported impactsarestrong, thereis littleempirical evidence that itdisplacesnative species.Furthermore, as thisspeciesnaturalisesinlocalcommunities,itspotentialeffectsoncommunitydynamicshavenotbeenwelltested.Here, we test the ecological impacts of Undaria in intertidal communities in southern New Zealand using a combination of surveys, a 2.5-year press-removal experiment and in situ measures of net primary production to gauge its impact on community structure and productivity. Undaria had transient effects on the composition of communities, affecting two seasonally abundant species in 1 year, but these impacts did not persist into the following year. Overall, there were only small effects of Undaria removal on diversity and abundance of native algae and invertebrates at two sites. However, the presence of Undaria more than doubled net primary production of recipient communities during its annual peak abundance when it increased biomass by 606 g DW m � 2 . We conclude that the invasion of Undaria represents an additionalandsubstantialcarbonsubsidytocoastalecosystemswithpotentiallypositiveeffectsonnearshoreproductivity. Additional keywords: intertidal biodiversity, net primary production, NPP, Undaria pinnatifida.
Religiosity and Mental Wellbeing Among Members of Majority and Minority Religions: Findings From Understanding Society: the UK Household Longitudinal Study

Abstract It is unclear whether links between religiosity and mental health are found in contexts outside the United States or are causal. We examined differences in mental wellbeing and associations between mental wellbeing and religiosity among the religiously unaffiliated, White and non-White Christians, Muslims of Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and other ethnicities, and other minority ethnoreligious groups. We used 4 waves of Understanding Society: the UK Household Longitudinal Study (2009–2013; n = 50,922). We adjusted for potential confounders (including socioeconomic factors and personality) and for household fixed effects to account for household-level unobserved confounding factors. Compared with those with no religious affiliation, Pakistani and Bangladeshi Muslims and members of other minority religions had worse wellbeing (as measured using the Shortened Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale and General Health Questionnaire). Higher subjective importance of religion was associated with lower wellbeing according to the General Health Questionnaire; associations were not found with the Shortened Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale. More frequent religious service attendance was associated with higher wellbeing; effect sizes were larger for those with religious affiliations. These associations were only partially attenuated by adjustment for potential confounding factors, including household fixed effects. Religious service attendance and/or its secular alternatives may have a role in improving population-wide mental wellbeing.