Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Placement of Microservices-based IoT Applications in Fog Computing: A Taxonomy and Future Directions

The Fog computing paradigm utilises distributed, heterogeneous and resource-constrained devices at the edge of the network for efficient deployment of latency-critical and bandwidth-hungry IoT application services. Moreover, MicroService Architecture (MSA) is increasingly adopted to keep up with the rapid development and deployment needs of fast-evolving IoT applications. Due to the fine-grained modularity of the microservices and their independently deployable and scalable nature, MSA exhibits great potential in harnessing Fog and Cloud resources, thus giving rise to novel paradigms like Osmotic computing. The loosely coupled nature of the microservices, aided by the container orchestrators and service mesh technologies, enables the dynamic composition of distributed and scalable microservices to achieve diverse performance requirements of the IoT applications using distributed Fog resources. To this end, efficient placement of microservice plays a vital role, and scalable placement algorithms are required to utilise the said characteristics of the MSA while overcoming novel challenges introduced by the architecture. Thus, we present a comprehensive taxonomy of recent literature on microservices-based IoT applications placement within Fog computing environments. Furthermore, we organise multiple taxonomies to capture the main aspects of the placement problem, analyse and classify related works, identify research gaps within each category, and discuss future research directions.
What do CNNs Learn in the First Layer and Why? A Linear Systems Perspective

It has previously been reported that the representation that is learned in the first layer of deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) is highly consistent across initializations and architectures. In this work, we quantify this consistency by considering the first layer as a filter bank and measuring its energy distribution. We find that the energy distribution is very different from that of the initial weights and is remarkably consistent across random initializations, datasets, architectures and even when the CNNs are trained with random labels. In order to explain this consistency, we derive an analytical formula for the energy profile of linear CNNs and show that this profile is mostly dictated by the second order statistics of image patches in the training set and it will approach a whitening transformation when the number of iterations goes to infinity. Finally, we show that this formula for linear CNNs also gives an excellent fit for the energy profiles learned by commonly used nonlinear CNNs such as ResNet and VGG, and that the first layer of these CNNs indeed perform approximate whitening of their inputs.
PHOTOIONIZATIONAL PLASMAS. II. COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS

A new computer code, PhiCRE, has been developed to calculate the ionization and population distributions in a photoionizational–collisional-radiative plasma. Comparisons with experiments show that the present code provides rather accurate ionization distributions in photoionized plasmas and show reasonable agreement with other codes. Using this code, we have carried out a systematic study of the behavior of the charge state distributions and the average charge as a function of several parameters of the incident radiation and the plasma parameters.
Bone conduction facilitates self-other voice discrimination

One's own voice is one of the most important and most frequently heard voices. Although it is the sound we associate most with ourselves, it is perceived as strange when played back in a recording. One of the main reasons is the lack of bone conduction that is inevitably present when hearing one's own voice while speaking. The resulting discrepancy between experimental and natural self-voice stimuli has significantly impeded self-voice research, rendering it one of the least investigated aspects of self-consciousness. Accordingly, factors that contribute to self-voice perception remain largely unknown. In a series of three studies, we rectified this ecological discrepancy by augmenting experimental self-voice stimuli with bone-conducted vibrotactile stimulation that is present during natural self-voice perception. Combining voice morphing with psychophysics, we demonstrate that specifically self-other but not familiar-other voice discrimination improved for stimuli presented using bone as compared with air conduction. Furthermore, our data outline independent contributions of familiarity and acoustic processing to separating the own from another's voice: although vocal differences increased general voice discrimination, self-voices were more confused with familiar than unfamiliar voices, regardless of their acoustic similarity. Collectively, our findings show that concomitant vibrotactile stimulation improves auditory self-identification, thereby portraying self-voice as a fundamentally multi-modal construct.
When a Little Nondeterminism Goes a Long Way

History-deterministic automata are an intermediate automata model, in between deterministic and nondeterministic ones. An automaton is history-deterministic if its nondeterminism can be resolved on-the-fly, by only taking into account the prefix of the word read so far. This restricted form of nondeterminism yields a class of automata that retains some of the algorithmic properties of deterministic automata, while also enjoying some of the power of nondeterminism. History-determinism has received a lot of attention in the past few years and this article surveys some of the recent developments on the topic. It aims to showcase some of the key constructions and techniques involved in this line of research, while remaining fairly informal. We begin with a roughly chronological overview of research on history-determinism, intended as a quick reference to some of the main results on the subject. We then move onto a more detailed discussion of what are, in our view, the key aspects of history-determinism, highlighting throughout questions that remain open. Like any survey written on a topic that is actively worked on, this article aspires to be out-of-date as soon as it is published. We hope that it will remain useful as a gentle, if incomplete, introduction to the topic.
Single and multi-row turbine performance in bounded shear flow

Abstract Predicting the performance of large turbine arrays requires the understanding of many physical factors, such as array geometry, turbine operation, inflow conditions and turbulent wake mixing. Due to the large parameter space that an array may be optimised over, low-order models with low computational cost are often employed. This paper extends one of these models, the inviscid–viscous coupled model, for multi-row turbine modelling. Firstly, an extension to the inviscid actuator disc theory is presented by removing the limit on the number of discrete streamtubes computed. The extended model allows for the quantification of the impact of shear in the bypass and core flows separately. In particular, it is shown that averaging a sheared bypass flow profile can result in a substantial over-prediction of the power of a turbine in a laterally bounded flow as the effective blockage of the flow increases. The model is also used to confirm that an approximation using a limited number of streamtubes in some previous applications of the inviscid–viscous approach has a negligible impact on the results. Secondly, we explore the performance of a multi-row array with either uniform or varying turbine resistance across different rows. Results suggest that by varying resistance across rows, the array may outperform the uniform resistance case. The performance gain is dependent, however, on the arrangement and inter-turbine spacing both in the spanwise and streamwise directions.
An isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC-MS/MS)-based candidate reference measurement procedure (RMP) for the quantification of methotrexate in human serum and plasma

Abstract Objectives To develop an isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-(ID-LC-MS/MS)-based candidate reference measurement procedure (RMP) for quantification of methotrexate in human serum and plasma. Methods Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) was used to determine absolute methotrexate content in the standard. Separation was achieved on a biphenyl reversed-phase analytical column with mobile phases based on water and acetonitrile, both containing 0.1% formic acid. Sample preparation included protein precipitation in combination with high sample dilution, and method validation according to current guidelines. The following were assessed: selectivity (using analyte-spiked samples, and relevant structural-related compounds and interferences); specificity and matrix effects (via post-column infusion and comparison of human matrix vs. neat samples); precision and accuracy (in a five-day validation analysis). RMP results were compared between two independent laboratories. Measurement uncertainty was evaluated according to current guidelines. Results The RMP separated methotrexate from potentially interfering compounds and enabled measurement over a calibration range of 7.200–5,700 ng/mL (0.01584–12.54 μmol/L), with no evidence of matrix effects. All pre-defined acceptance criteria were met; intermediate precision was ≤4.3% and repeatability 1.5–2.1% for all analyte concentrations. Bias was −3.0 to 2.1% for samples within the measuring range and 0.8–4.5% for diluted samples, independent of the sample matrix. RMP results equivalence was demonstrated between two independent laboratories (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.997). Expanded measurement uncertainty of target value-assigned samples was ≤3.4%. Conclusions This ID-LC-MS/MS-based approach provides a candidate RMP for methotrexate quantification. Traceability of methotrexate standard and the LC-MS/MS platform were assured by qNMR assessment and extensive method validation.
Transitional flow at standard sluice gate

ABSTRACT Gates are one of the most important hydraulic structures extensively investigated by physical and two-dimensional (2D) numerical research in the past. However, the hydraulics of free gate flow features of engineering interest, including the water surface profile, the force on the gate, or the bottom pressure distribution, were overlooked in the literature, so that the current knowledge is incomplete. In this work this gap is filled in using a higher order one-dimensional model based on a Boussinesq-type closure. The proposed model provides the free surface profile of the approach flow as a cnoidal wave, and the free jet portion as a generalized solitary wave, which compare well with 2D results. The model further provides as a part of the theoretical computation the pressure distribution on the gate. Bottom pressure features were also determined resulting in a good agreement with potential flow data. Boussinesq-type equations for submerged jets are presented and solved for the submerged hydraulic jump.
Pion - Nucleon Partial Wave Amplitudes

We report pion-nucleon partial-wave amplitudes obtained from analysis of scattering data at pion laboratory momenta from 0.42 to 2.0 GeV/c. These partial-wave amplitudes have been analyzed using modified Breit-Wigner, coupled-channel parametrizations. The resulting resonances and their parameters are tabulated.
The intra-myocardial distance function used in inverse computations of the timing of depolarization and repolarization

This paper introduces novel methods for finding an initial solution required for the inverse computation of the timing of the depolarization and repolarization of the atria and the ventricles, as well as for constraining the subsequent iterative solution. Both methods make use of the shortest path between any two points on the heart's surface while traveling through the myocardium
Characteristics of Baroclinic Wave Packets during Strong and Weak Stratospheric Polar Vortex Events

Abstract This study tested a numerical and theoretical prediction that the stratosphere and troposphere are coupled through the effect of stratospheric vertical wind shear on baroclinic waves. Wavelengths, phase speeds, and background quasigeostrophic potential vorticity gradients were analyzed over the Pacific and Atlantic during strong and weak stratospheric polar vortex events and interpreted in terms of the counterpropagating Rossby wave perspective on baroclinic instability. Effects of zonal variations in the background flow were included in the analysis of phase speeds. Observed changes in wave packet average wavelength and phase speed support the vertical shear hypothesis for stratosphere–troposphere coupling; however, changes in the intrinsic phase speed contradict the hypothesis. This inconsistency was resolved by considering the change in zonal wind speed in the lower stratosphere, which accounts for most of the change in phase speeds during strong and weak vortex events. Changes in the average .
Ethylene glycol in comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp)

We report the detection of ethylene glycol (HOCH 2 CH 2 OH) in comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) from the analysis of archival radio spectra. Its production rate is $\approx $0.25% that of water, making it one of the most abundant organic molecules in cometary ices. This detection strengthens the similarity between interstellar and cometary material.
General stable models of the rate of return to Hollywood films

We use the non-symmetric stable distribution to quantify the returns to investments in motion pictures to properly account for asymmetry and infinite variance. We first quantify the unconditional distribution of returns using the normal distribution, the symmetric stable distribution, and the non-symmetric stable distribution and find that the normal and symmetric stable models can be rejected in favor of the non-symmetric stable model. We then model the parameters of the non-symmetric stable distribution---location, dispersion, skewness, and tail exponent---as functions of explanatory variables including a film's budget, presence of marquee (star) talent, and the number of screens on which a film is shown. The location of the returns distribution is increasing in budgets, marquee talent reduces dispersion, and the tail exponent is increasing in a film's budget. Even though the variance of film returns is infinite---so that point predictions have no precision---it is possible to model accurately the conditional probability distribution of film returns. Practical implications and applications of the results are discussed.
Preconditioned Multigrid Methods for Unsteady Incompressible Flows

A highly efficient numerical approach based on multigrid and preconditioning methods is developed for modeling 3D steady and time-dependent incompressible flows. Thek-? turbulence model is used to estimate the effects of turbulence. The model equations are solved together with the N-S equations in a strongly coupled way, and acceleration techniques like the multigrid method are also used for the turbulence model equations. For unsteady problems, a dual-time stepping procedure is adopted to satisfy the divergence-free constraint and to obtain a time-accurate solution. To improve the performance of this approach for small physical time steps, a modification to residual smoothing parameters is proposed. The numerical algorithm and the turbulence model are validated first by calculating unsteady inviscid flow around an oscillating cylinder, unsteady laminar flow past a circular cylinder, and steady high-Reynolds number turbulent flow over a 6:1, prolate spheroid. Then the three-dimensional time-dependent turbulent flow over a spheroid when it is undergoing a pitch-up maneuver is calculated and compared with experimental data.
Fast acceleration of inner magnetospheric hydrogen and oxygen ions by shock induced ULF waves

[1] The interaction between interplanetary shocks and the Earth's magnetosphere manifests in many important space physics phenomena including particle acceleration. We investigated the response of the inner magnetospheric hydrogen and oxygen ions to a strong interplanetary shock impinging on the Earth's magnetosphere. Both hydrogen and oxygen ions are found to be heated/accelerated significantly with their temperature enhanced by a factor of two and three immediately after ∼1 min and ∼12 min of the shock arrival respectively. Multiple energy dispersion signatures of ions were found in the parallel and anti-parallel direction to the magnetic field immediately after the interplanetary shock impact. The energy dispersions in the anti-parallel direction preceded those in the parallel direction. Multiple dispersion signatures can be explained by the flux modulations of local ions (rather than the ions from the Earth's ionosphere) by ULF waves. It is found that the energy spectrum from 10 eV to ∼40 keV are highly correlated with the cross product of observed ULF wave electric and magnetic field (V = (E × B)/B2), which indicate that both cold plasmaspheric plasma and hot thermal ions (10 eV to ∼40 keV) are accelerated and decelerated with the various phases of ULF wave electric field. We then demonstrate that ion acceleration due to the interplanetary shock compression on the Earth's magnetic field is rather limited, whereas the major contribution to acceleration comes from the electric field carried by ULF waves via drift-bounce resonance for both the hydrogen and oxygen ions. The integrated hydrogen and oxygen ion flux with the poloidal mode ULF waves are highly coherent (>0.9) whereas the coherence with the toroidal mode ULF waves is negligible, implying that the poloidal mode ULF waves are much more efficient in accelerating hydrogen and oxygen ions in the inner magnetosphere than the toroidal mode ULF waves. The duration of high coherence for oxygen ions with the poloidal mode ULF wave is longer than that for hydrogen ions, indicating that oxygen ions can be heated/accelerated more efficiently by the poloidal mode ULF wave induced by the interplanetary shock.
Existence of steady symmetric vortex pairs on a planar domain with an obstacle

We prove an existence theorem for a steady planar flow of an ideal fluid past an obstacle, containing a bounded symmetric vortex pair and approaching a uniform flow at infinity. The vorticity is a rearrangement of a prescribed function. The stream function ψ for the flow satisfies the equation −Δψ=ϕ∘ψ in a region bounded by the line of symmetry, where ϕ is an increasing function that is unknown a priori. The result is obtained from a variational principle in which a functional related to the kinetic energy is maximised over all flows whose vorticity fields are rearrangements of a prescribed function.
Wall slip of molten high density polyethylene. I. Sliding plate rheometer studies

Experiments were performed in a sliding plate rheometer with a high density polyethylene to determine the conditions for the onset of slip and the relationship between slip velocity and shear stress. It was found that melt slip occurs at a critical shear stress of approximately 0.09 MPa in both steady and transient shear tests. The effect of the presence of a layer of fluorocarbon at the interface on both the slip velocity and the critical shear stress for the onset of slip, was also studied. Exponential shear was used to study the effect of shear history on slip. Both steady state and dynamic models for the slip velocity are proposed that are consistent with the experimental observations. Results of oscillatory shear experiments suggest that melt slip is a physicochemical process in which the polymer–wall interface undergoes continuous change during successive cycles.
Magnetic acceleration of broad emission-line clouds in active galactic nuclei

It is proposed that broad emission lines in active galactic nuclei are formed by dense clouds in a molecular, hydromagnetic wind accelerated radiatively and centrifugally away from an accretion disk orbiting a massive black hole. These clouds are supposed to be photoionized by the UV continuum produced in the innermost radii of the accretion disk where the radiation flux is sufficient to evaporate the dust grains, that is, at a radius ∼0.2L 1/2 ion,46 pc
Analysis of juggling data: Object oriented data analysis of clustering in acceleration functions

This paper studies acceleration variability among the juggling cycles from Ramsay et al. (2014). These cycles are treated as being independent of each other. Object Oriented Data Analysis turns out to be very useful terminology throughout the discussion, where data objects are understood as the atoms of the statistical analysis. This concept was first brought up by Wang and Marron (2007). Section 1 introduces five potential choices of data objects. Section 2 shows that one of these choices leads to a discovery of two distinct types of juggling cycles, which are hard to detect using the other choices.
The Prompt X-Ray Emission of Gamma-Ray Burst 980519

The prompt X-ray emission from gamma-ray burst (GRB) 980519, as measured with the Wide Field Cameras on board BeppoSAX, is characterized by a strong soft-to-hard-to-soft evolution. An analysis of the evolution of the X-ray spectrum in terms of a single power-law model shows that the photon index evolved from -2.0 to -1.1 to -2.4. The onset of the burst has such a soft spectrum that the 2-27 keV emission appears to precede the ≳107 keV emission of GRB 980519 (as measured with the Burst and Transient Source Experiment) by about 70 s. Nevertheless, we show that this early spectral variation is part of a smooth evolution over the whole burst and that there is no convincing evidence that the early X-rays originate from a physical process that is different from that giving rise to the remainder of the burst.
The effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP1RA) on hypertensive-induced heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and hypertensive cardiomyopathy

Emerging preclinical data suggest that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP1RA) possesses cardioprotective properties against the pathophysiology of hypertension (HT). We sought to unravel the potential therapeutic application of GLP1RA in a clinically relevant large animal model of hypertensive cardiomyopathy (hCMP). A combination of angiotensin II (Ang II) and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) pellets were used to induce sustained HT status and establish hCMP in porcine model. Changes in cardiac echocardiography, invasive hemodynamic parameters, neurohumoral biomarkers and inflammation-related cytokines were investigated in 23 adult pigs, among which 6 were serving as control, 9 were induced with HT, and the remaining 8 were HT-induced with GLP1RA treatment. Eight weeks after the study initiated, HT pigs have developed sustained high blood pressure (BP) at both systole and diastole. Phenotype of hCMP has also become significant as impairment in systolic/diastolic function, left ventricular remodeling and cardiac hypertrophy was determined by echocardiogram and invasive hemodynamics. Additionally, blood norepinephrine (NE) content, venoarterial NE gradient and pro-inflammatory cytokines in HT pigs were increased. GLP1RA treatment halted the elevation in BP, left ventricular remodeling and cardiac hypertrophy development; preserved the left ventricular systolic/diastolic function; reduced the venoarterial NE gradient as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines at 18 weeks in pigs with hCMP. Our results demonstrate that GLP1RA treatment has a remarkable effect on BP decrease, inflammation suppression and left ventricular function improvement. Thus, we provide novel insight into the therapeutic potential of GLP1RA in HT-induced heart failure in a large animal model of hCMP.