Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Leaking the Privacy of Groups and More: Understanding Privacy Risks of Cross-App Content Sharing in Mobile Ecosystem

— Cross-app content sharing is one of the prominent features widely used in mobile apps. For example, a short video from one app can be shared to another (e.g., a messaging app) and further viewed by other users. In many cases, such Cross-app content sharing activities could have privacy implications for both the sharer and sharee, such as exposing app users’ personal interests. In this paper, we provide the first in-depth study on the privacy implications of Cross-app content sharing (as we call Cracs ) activities in the mobile ecosystem. Our research showed that during the sharing process, the adversary can not only track and infer user interests as traditional web trackers but also cause other severe privacy implications to app users. More specifically, due to multiple privacy-intrusive designs and implementations of Cracs , an adversary can easily reveal a user’s social relations to an outside party, or unnecessarily expose user identities and her associated personal data (e.g., user accounts in another app). Such privacy implications are indeed a concern for app users, as confirmed by a user study we have performed with 300 participants. To further evaluate the impact of our identified privacy implications at large, we have designed an automatic pipeline named Shark , combined with static analysis and dynamic analysis to effectively identify whether a given app introduces unnecessary data exposure in Cracs . We analyzed 300 top downloaded apps collected from app stores in both the US and China. The analysis results showed
Introducing Chicken Farming into Traditional Ruminant‐Grazing Dominated Production Systems for Promoting Ecological Restoration of Degraded Rangeland in Northern China

Free‐range chicken farming (CF) has been demonstrated to be effective in controlling locust plagues and restoring degraded vegetation in rangelands. However, the effects of CF on vegetation growth and soil conditions of rangeland ecosystems are not yet well known. We studied the effects of CF (treated by three stocking rates from low‐intensity to high‐intensity), livestock grazing (LG) and zero grazing (ZG) on vegetation characteristics and soil nutrient conditions in a degraded rangeland of northern China. CF significantly improved vegetation growth and soil quality compared with LG. The moderate CF2 with 333 birds per hectare enhanced the aboveground net primary production to 204·0 g m−2 yr−1 and vegetation cover to 88·8%, which is significantly higher than LG by 80·7% and 62·9%, respectively. Moreover, CF2 neutralized the pH value and raised soil organic matter, total N content, available N content and available P content to approximately 7·59 g kg−1, 0·34 g kg−1, 83·52 mg kg−1 and 3·4 mg kg−1, respectively. Compared with ZG, the positive impacts of CF on rangelands depended on the stocking rate, and better performance was achieved when lower stocking rates were used. We also analysed the economic benefits of CF through a cost–benefit analysis. A local family could obtain a net present value of at least $252·19 per hectare by engaging in CF, which was two‐fold higher than LG. Finally, we proposed a novel land‐use model that introduces CF into traditional LG dominated system and can be widely applied to promote socio‐ecological sustainable development in degraded rangelands. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oceanic Impetus for Convective Onset of the Madden–Julian Oscillation in the Western Indian Ocean

AbstractA theory for intraseasonal atmosphere–ocean–atmosphere feedback is supported whereby oceanic equatorial Rossby waves are partly forced in the eastern Indian Ocean by the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), reemerge in the western Indian Ocean ~70 days later, and force large-scale convergence in the atmospheric boundary layer that precedes MJO deep convection. Downwelling equatorial Rossby waves permit high sea surface temperature (SST) and enhance meridional and zonal SST gradients that generate convergent circulations in the atmospheric boundary layer. The magnitude of the SST and SST gradient increases are 0.25°C and 1.5°C Mm−1 (1 megameter is equal to 1000 km), respectively. The atmospheric circulations driven by the SST gradient are estimated to be responsible for up to 45% of the intraseasonal boundary layer convergence observed in the western Indian Ocean. The SST-induced boundary layer convergence maximizes 3–4 days prior to the convective maximum and is hypothesized to serve as a trigger for .
Assessment of Parasitic Contamination to the Environment in Mosul City / Iraq

The study was conducted to assess the parasitic contamination of farm animals to the environment and their vicinities of eleven various local quarters of Mosul city. Eggs and oocysts helminthes and protozoa were detected in 660 samples of soil, drinking water and feed by obtaining 20 samples of each item from15 November, 2010 to 15 February, 2011. Fifty to hundred grams of each of soil and feed (of both types i.e. green and dry) and 50-100 ml of drinking water were taken from farm animal environment and nearby places for parasitological examinations. Routine parasitological examination was used for detection ova and oocysts which were later identified according to standard reference. The results indicated that the overall percentage of contamination rates of soil; feed and water were 99.5%; 11.36%; and 22.72%, respectively. The findings of the study referred the importance of environmental assessment of the animal houses in spreading of parasitosis. However, more care and attention should be paid to animal and their dwellings for better animal welfare and production which ultimately will lessen chances of infection.
Strain localization and dynamic recrystallization in the ice-air aggregate: A numerical study

Abstract. We performed numerical simulations on the microdynamics of ice with air inclusions as a second phase. Our aim was to investigate the rheological effects of air inclusions and explain the onset of dynamic recrystallization in the permeable firn. The simulations employ a full-field theory crystal plasticity code coupled to codes simulating dynamic recrystallization processes and predict time-resolved microstructure evolution in terms of lattice orientations, strain distribution, grain sizes and grain-boundary network. Results show heterogeneous deformation throughout the simulations and indicate the importance of strain localization controlled by air inclusions. This strain localization gives rise to locally increased energies that drive dynamic recrystallization and induce heterogeneous microstructures that are coherent with natural firn microstructures from EPICA Dronning Maud Land ice coring site in Antarctica. We conclude that although overall strains and stresses in firn are low, strain localization associated with locally increased strain energies can explain the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization.
The Geography of Complex Knowledge

abstract There is consensus among scholars and policy makers that knowledge is one of the key drivers of long-run economic growth. It is also clear from the literature that not all knowledge has the same value. However, too often in economic geography and cognate fields we have been obsessed with counting knowledge inputs and outputs rather than assessing the quality of knowledge produced. In this article we measure the complexity of knowledge, we map the distribution and the evolution of knowledge complexity in US cities, and we explore how the spatial diffusion of knowledge is linked to complexity. Our knowledge complexity index rests on the bimodal network models of Hidalgo and Hausmann. Analysis is based on more than two million patent records from the US Patent and Trademark Office that identify the technological structure of US metropolitan areas in terms of the patent classes in which they are most active between 1975 and 2010. We find that knowledge complexity is unevenly distributed across the United States and that cities with the most complex technological structures are not necessarily those with the highest rates of patenting. Citation data indicate that more complex patents are less likely to be cited than less complex patents when citing and cited patents are located in different metropolitan areas.
ADAPTATIONS OF HORNED LARKS (EREMOPHILA ALPESTRIS) TO HOT ENVIRONMENTS

THE adaptations of similar animals to different environments are of particular evolutionary interest. Only a few of the many studies of the adjustments of vertebrates to rigorous environments have dealt with closely related populations (or species) living in contrasting environments (Salt, 1952; Dawson, 1954; Cade and Bartholomew, 1959; Hudson and Kimzey, 1966; Brown, 1968). Most small birds are diurnal, and therefore are often exposed to extremes of heat and associated problems of temperature regulation. Consequently a bird may live in an entirely different microclimate than a small nocturnal mammal with which it is sympatric. The Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris) is an excellent subject for study. It is ground-dwelling, diurnal, small (25-40 g), and occupies open country with low or sparse vegetation. It nests in grasslands, arctic and alpine tundra, salt marshes, and deserts. Such exposed habitats offer the lark little protection. Horned Larks belong to an Old World family, Alaudidae, of which they are the only indigenous New World representative. They are found throughout the Holarctic and an isolated population lives in Colombia. Of the 40 subspecies of Horned Larks recognized, 14 are in the Old World and 26 in the New (Peters, 1960). This study of behavioral and physiological adaptations of two subspecies of Horned Larks undertakes to compare an inland valley form from a relatively mesic environment (E. a. actia) with a desert form (E. a. ammophila). The environments in which these subspecies live differ especially with respect to temperature, humidity, and available water. The inland valley form (actia), hereafter called the mesic form, is the more widespread of the two subspecies, occurring from northern California (Humboldt County) south along the entire western half of California to northern Baja California (300 N). This race occurs in many different habitats, and Behle (1942) points out that it is outstanding in its range of ecological tolerances. At various points along the periphery of its range it intergrades with five other subspecies. Also as this race is nonmigratory, individuals are subjected to the environmental influences in the same locality the year around. In correlation with these factors, this race is the most variable in color of the eight California subspecies. The least variable and most typical representatives are found from Los Angeles to San Diego (Behle, 1942).
Impact of Climate Change on Some Seasonal Bacterial Eruptions among Cultured Marine Fishes from Egyptian Coastal Provinces

Climate change is now considered one of the greatest challenges and is expected to have a drastic impact on mariculture. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of climatic changes on the emergence of bacterial pathogens among cultured marine fish in northern Egyptian provinces. 135 samples of three marine fish species, represented as 45 of Dicentrarchus labrax (700 ±25 g), 45 of Sparus aurata (350 ±25 g)
Nutrimentos en follaje y depósito húmedo de nitrato, amonio y sulfato del lavado de copa en bosques de Abies religiosa* Nutrients in foliage and wet deposition of nitrate, ammonium and sulfate in washing tree top in Abies religiosa forests

The nutritional content and tree top in the forests are evaluated of Abies religiosa, San Miguel Tlaixpan (SMT) and Rio Frio (RF), State of Mexico. The work had two parts. In the first, the nutritional content was evaluated in new foliage (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in Abies religiosa trees, in periods of spring, summer and winter, in stands with different degrees of damage tree top. The results showed no correlation between the degree of damage of tree top and nutrient content variation in foliage, except for N and Mg with higher leaf content compared with the control RF site. Furthermore, no deficiencies of nutrients studied were found; however, the Mg / N was stable at the time of sampling in the control site RF, while the ratio decreased SMT. In the second part it was carried out an analysis of the ionic forms of nitrogen and sulfur wash tree top . The results indicate moderate deposits at both sites. However, significant differences in washing NH4 + -N tree top between the two forests were found, with values of 8.56 and 4.34 kg ha -1 yr -1 in SMT and RF. In the same order, the flow of NO3 - N was 4.40 and 2.84 kg ha -1 yr -1 but the differences were not statistically significant. The total deposit of N varied was 12.96 and 7.18 for SMT and RF, respectively. To SO4 2 - flows were 15.36 and 6.67 kg ha -1 yr -1 in SMT and RF, in the same order.
Kehidupan Keagamaan Suku Anak Dalam di Dusun Senami Iii Desa Jebak Kabupaten Batanghari Jambi Suku Anak Dalam Religious Life in the Dusun Senami Iii Jebak Village Batanghari Jambi

Religious life is a universal phenomenon that occurs in all walks of life: urban, rural to remote indigenous communities. Suku Anak Dalam community is one of the native tribes residing in the province of Jambi. This paper is the result of a qualitative study through observation and interviews to examine the religious life of indigenous communities of Suku Anak Dalam in Dusun Senami III, Jebak village, Kabupaten Batanghari. Although Suku Anak Dalam still embrace traditional beliefs, but they also understand that the teachings of Islam are the teachings of the sacred, containing rules, commands and prohibiton that in line with their customs. The study also found that it is still difficult
Research on the Characteristics of Land Use Changes in Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Land use is the most basic economic activity of human.In the thought of the sustainable development,research on the characteristics of land use changes is an important development trend of land use in China in recent years.Taking five periods TM images of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area as the data source,we used the GIS technology to extract the land use map of each period,analyze the quantity,distribution and the change trend of the type of land use,and the characteristics of land use degree.The results indicated that the quantity of land class,including cultivated land,grass land,forest land,unused decreased during the period from2000 to 2013.Then the quantity of construction land,and water area increased.At the same time,the land use dynamic degree of each land class was different,construction land and water area dynamic degree were high,while the grassland,cultivated land and forestland dynamic degree were very low.During the research period,the trend of the land use degree increased in Three Gorges Reservoir area.These research methods are helpful to understand the characteristics of land use changes in recent 13 years,and the results could provide reference value for sustainable development of land use and land planning in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.
Predicting Behavioral Target Mastery With Age, Intensity and Duration, Open Targets, and Maintenance Failure With Applied Behavior Analysis in Individuals With Autism

Background Researchers have studied the effects of age, treatment intensity, and treatment duration with applied behavior analysis (ABA) outcomes in autistic individuals. This study's primary objective was to evaluate the predictive capabilities of age, intensity, and duration of treatment, open behavioral targets, and behavior maintenance failure on behavioral target mastery. Methods A retrospective cohort of 100 autistic individuals treated with ABA with functional analysis and discrete trial training, mass trials, and naturalistic training were treated and analyzed. Target behavioral mastery data was collected via a retrospective chart review contained within the "Catalyst" tracking software. ABA treatment was administered for three months between March 19, 2023, and June 11, 2023. Multiple linear regression was performed using the percentage of behavioral targets mastered as the dependent variable. The independent variables were age, average trials to behavioral mastery, average teaching days to behavioral mastery, and percentage of behavioral targets that failed in maintenance. Results The multiple linear regression model was statistically significant (R=0.443, R²=0.196, adjusted R2=0.150, F(5, 87)=4.239, p=0.002). The average teaching days to mastery (β=0.416, p=0.019) and percentage of targets failed in maintenance (β=0.201, p=0.047) significantly predicted the percentage of behavioral targets mastered. However, age (β=0.079, p=0.419), average trials to mastery (β=-0.271, p=0.114), and open targets (β=0.184, p=0.081) did not significantly predict the percentage of behavioral targets mastered. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) resulted in non-significant (p>0.05) age group differences between the above variables. Conclusions The predictor variables average teaching days to mastery (intensity and duration) and percentage of targets failed in maintenance had a statistically significant effect on the percentage of behavioral targets mastered. The predictor variables age, average trials to behavioral mastery (intensity and duration), and open behavioral targets had a non-significant influence on the percentage of behavioral targets mastered. A non-significant difference between age groups was found in all study variables.
Physicochemical Parameters, Microbiological Water Quality and Fish Abundance in Flooded Areas of Lokoja, Nigeria

This study evaluated the physicochemical and microbial water quality as well as abundance of fish fauna in the flooded area of Lokoja Metropolis (Kogi State, Nigeria) resulting from the flooding of the River Niger and River Benue between September and October 2012 due to the release of water from Lagdo Dam in Cameron and Kanji Dam in Nigeria. Physicochemical and microbiological water qualities were determined using standard methods by APHA. Results obtained revealed that water quality deteriorated and fluctuated significantly. Microbial analysis of water from flowing river as well as those from flood plain was moderate in total coliform (0.042x10 5 and 0.45x10 5 respectively), while in residential areas, total coliform levels were critical (3.4x10 5 and 6.8x10 5 ). The study which recorded 7,518 fishes belonging to 9 families and 13 species indicated relative diversity with the use of various abundance indices. However, Cichlidae dominated (97.79%) the families in the study while Gymnarchidae had the least (0.013%) abundance. Water quality deterioration and lower species diversity in the study area were largely due to the flood.
The agnostoid arthropod Lotagnostus Whitehouse, 1936 (late Cambrian; Furongian) from Avalonian Cape Breton Island (Nova Scotia, Canada) and its significance for international correlation

Abstract New and archival collections from the Chelsey Drive Group of the Avalon terrane of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada, yield late Cambrian trilobites and agnostoid arthropods with full convexity that contrast with compacted, often deformed material from shale and slate typical of Avalonian Britain. Four species of the agnostoid Lotagnostus form a stratigraphic succession in the upper Furongian (Ctenopyge tumida–Parabolina lobata zones). Two species, L. ponepunctus (Matthew, 1901) and L. germanus (Matthew, 1901) are previously named; L. salteri and L. matthewi are new. Lotagnostus trisectus (Salter, 1864), the type species of the genus, is restricted to compacted material from its type area in Malvern, England. Lotagnostus americanus (Billings, 1860) has been proposed as a globally appropriate index for the base of ‘Stage 10’ of the Cambrian. All four species from Avalonian Canada are differentiated clearly from L. americanus in its type area in Laurentian North America (i.e., from debris flow blocks in Taconian Quebec). In our view, putative occurrences of L. americanus from other Cambrian continents record very different species. Lotagnostus americanus cannot be recognized worldwide, and other taxa should be sought to define the base of Stage 10, such as the conodont Eoconodontus notchhpeakensis.
Sharing cyber threat intelligence: Does it really help?

—The sharing of Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) across organizations is gaining traction, as it can automate threat analysis and improve security awareness. However, limited empirical studies exist on the prevalent types of cybersecurity threat data and their effectiveness in mitigating cyber attacks. We propose a framework named CTI-Lense to collect and analyze the volume, timeliness, coverage, and quality of Structured Threat Information eXpression (STIX) data, a de facto standard CTI format, from a list of publicly available CTI sources. We collected about 6 million STIX data objects from October 31, 2014 to April 10, 2023 from ten data sources and analyzed their characteristics. Our analysis reveals that STIX data sharing has steadily increased in recent years, but the volume of STIX data shared is still relatively low to cover all cyber threats. Additionally, only a few types of threat data objects have been shared, with malware signatures and URLs accounting for more than 90% of the collected data. While URLs are usually shared promptly, with about 72% of URLs shared earlier than or on the same day as VirusTotal, the sharing of malware signatures is significantly slower. Furthermore, we found that 19% of the Threat actor data contained incorrect information, and only 0.09% of the Indicator data provided security rules to detect cyber attacks. Based on our findings, we recommend practical considerations for effective and scalable STIX data sharing among organizations.
An essential ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme with tissue and developmental specificity in th nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

The ubc‐2 gene in Caenorhabditis elegans encodes a ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme (E2) homologous to yeast UBC4 and UBC5. UBC4 and UBC5 are individually dispensable class I E2 enzymes involved in the degradation of short‐lived and abnormal proteins. Transgenic analysis using ubc‐2‐lacZ fusions and in situ immunofluorescence indicate that ubc‐2 is abundantly expressed in most tissues of embryos and early larvae, but becomes specific to the nervous system in L4 larvae and adults. This suggests that the functions of this type of E2 are developmentally regulated in C.elegans. This hypothesis is supported by antisense analysis, which shows that blocking the expression of ubc‐2 has a more severe effect in early developmental stages than in later stages. Through complementation of previously identified essential genes in the vicinity of ubc‐2, we demonstrate that ubc‐2 corresponds to let‐70, a gene essential for C.elegans larval development. One let‐70(ubc‐2) allele contains a His75–>Tyr substitution, while another has an altered splice donor site.