Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
La courbe en S de l'assurance et ses déviations au Maghreb

The insurance application has generated much work to identify predictors to determine the key variables. The most important is GDP per capita. The Enz logistic curve is an extensively validated representation. The purpose of this article is to explain the deviations of certain savings compared to this trend. A panel data analysis, covering 74 countries for the period 1996-2011, is proposed. The results show that the variable rentier state, neglected in the literature, plays a decisive role.
Ethnogenesis, Regional Integration, and Ecology in Prehistoric Amazonia

This paper critically reviews reconstructions of cultural development in prehistoric Amazonia and argues for the primacy of regional and interregional exchange in generating the complex distributions of ethnolinguistic identities traced by linguists and archaeologists in the area. This approach requires an explicit abandonment of notions of migrating peoples in favor of modern anthropological understandings of ethnicity and ethnogenesis. Further, the paper discusses the significance of such a regional system perspective on Amazonian ethnogenesis for the ongoing debate on the extent of social stratification and agricultural intensification on the floodplains and wet savannas of lowland South America. It concludes that the emergence of Arawakan chiefdoms and ethnic identities in such environments after the first millennium BC signifies the occupation of a niche defined in terms of both ecology and regional exchange but also that it transformed both these kinds of conditions. In these processes, ethnicity, social stratification, economy, and ecology were all recursively intertwined.
The Fabric of Polycrystalline Ice Deformed in Simple Shear " Experiments in Torsion , Natural Deformation and Geometrical Interpretation

Three cylinders of artificial ice have been deformed in torsion at about -10C up to finite shear strains of 0.6, 0.95 and 2. The initial random lattice orientation rapidly evolves into a bimodal distribution of the basal slip planes as already observed by Kamb (1972) and Duval (1981) for low-strains experiments near the melting point. For the 0.6 and 0.95 experiments, one family of grains > 50o) corresponds to basal planes tending to parallel the imposed shear plane; the basal planes of the other family make a broader maximum at about 60 from the shear plane. The direction of minimum concentration between the two populations approximately corresponds to the flattening plane or to the elongation direction of the strain ellipsoid. With increasing strain (? 2) the second submaximum vanishes and only the principal maximum parallel to the shear plane remains. This evolution is conformable with the data of Hudleston (1977) in a natural shear zone in glacial ice; it also compares remarkably well with Etchecopar’s (1977) geometrical computer model of simple shear in the same range of , values. Single slip on the basal plane with no preferential slip direction in that plane can explain the analogy between fabrics in ice deformed in plane strain and fabrics obtained from the two-dimensional computer model. The bimodal distribution reflects predominant slip on the basal plane; the progressively increasing heterogeneous strain enhances internal distorsion, rigid body rotation and recrystallization of grains unfavorably oriented for further slip, leading to the unimodal distribution. The adequacy of fabric analyses to infer the strain regime and the sense of shear in plastically deformed rocks is strengthened.
Behavior of chile pepper Húngaro (Capsicum annuum) in mixtures of vermicompost-sand under protected conditions.

Work was carried out to determine optimal concentration of the mixture vermicompost: sand (VC:S, by volume) which meets nutritional requirements of the cultivation of chile pepper type Hungaro (Capsicum annum) under protected conditions. The mixtures evaluated were four combinations of VC:S with ratios 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1 and a control 0:1 (sand with nutrient solution). The variables evaluated were plant height and basal stem diameter, in the fruit: length, equatorial diameter, pericarp thickness, number of locules, weight, and yield. The experimental design was of randomized blocks with five replications. Order to determine the treatment effects on the evaluated variables ANOVA was applied and averages were compared by the Tukey test(5%). It was established that of the variables evaluated en chile pepper as plant height, basal stem diameter, fruit length, pericarp thickness, fruit weight and yield had significant differences (P≤0.01), while equatorial diameter and number of locules did not show any statistical differences between treatments evaluated. The ratio of 1:1 by volume of VC:S was most appropriate mixture for development of chile pepper type Hungaro in protected conditions.
The use of haematological screening tests in acute psychogeriatric admissions

Abstract Objective: Case notes on 116 patients aged 65 or more admitted to a general psychiatry hospital over a three month period were examined to assess the current use of haematological screening tests. Method: Retrospective justification for tests performed, rate of abnormal results, and consequences for patient management were assessed by case note review. Results: A total of 200 screening tests, 105 of which appeared justified, were performed; 66 patients were screened, of whom 85% had at least one abnormal result. Those who were older were less likely to be screened. There was no relationship between diagnosis and being screened. Of the 90 abnormal results received, less then one third affected clinical management. Conclusions: The financial and other costs of screening tests are discussed. The current use of haematological screening tests in this population appears erratic and often adds little to patient management.
Does Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC) reduce placement breakdown in foster care

This study describes and compares placement breakdown rates between three samples of antisocial youth in a child welfare system: a Swedish and a US MTFC program (Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care), and a Swedish national cohort study focusing on adolescent breakdown in traditional out-of-home care. The Swedish national cohort study had more than a three-fold increase in risk of breakdowns compared to the Swedish MTFC program. Although not all the differences were statistically significant, the trend in the material was clear. Regardless of type of care, gender, and time of breakdown, MTFC youths in Sweden with their combination of high internalizing and externalizing symptoms showed lower breakdown rates compared to the other two studies. The author concludes that multi-contextual treatment programs such as MTFC help youths complete their treatment better than traditional out-of-home care.
Distributed SDN Deployment in Backbone Networks for Low-Delay and High-Reliability Applications

Internet applications, such as video streaming, critical-mission, and health applications, require real-time or near real-time data delivery. In this context, Software Defined Networking (SDN) has been introduced to simplify the network management providing a more dynamic and flexible configuration based on centralizing the network intelligence. One of the main challenges in SDN applications consists of selecting the number of deployed SDN controllers, and their locations, towards improving the network performance in terms of low delay and high reliability. Traditional k-center and k-median methods have been fairly successful in reducing propagation latency, but ignore other important network aspects such as reliability. This paper proposes a new approach for controller placement that addresses both network reliability and reducing network delay. The proposed heuristic algorithm focuses on four different robustness functions, viz, algebraic connectivity (AC), network criticality (NC), load centrality (LC), and communicability, and has been applied in four different real-world physical networks, for performance evaluation based on degree-, closeness-, and betweenness-based centrality-based attacks. Experimental results show that the proposed controller selection algorithms based on AC, NC, LC, and communicability, achieve a high network resilience and low C2C delays, outperforming the latest, widely-used baseline methods, such as k-median and k-center ones, especially when using the NC method. Keywords—Software Defined Networking (SDN); Controller Placement Problem (CPP); physical network; graph robustness metrics; reliability; resilience
Microsimulation of household and marital transitions leading to childlessness among Dutch women born in 1973-2002

Cohort childlessness in Europe has been increasing for more than two decades, yet some countries seem to be going through a reversal of this trend. This article uses microsimulation to project trends in household and marital transitions leading to a first birth among the women born between 1973 and 2002 in the Netherlands. Childlessness is projected to decrease among the cohorts born between 1973 and 1988, but will increase again among those born between 1988 and 2002. The lower level of childlessness of the women born in 1988 in comparison to those born in 1973 is mainly due to swifter transitions from living alone to cohabiting and to a first birth, and from cohabiting to a first birth. Considering the women born in 2002, slower transitions out of the parental home and more transitions back to it, and fewer transitions to marriage induce a higher level of childlessness.
Chapter 25 Computational linguistics and grammar engineering

We discuss the relevance of HPSG for computational linguistics, and the relevance of computational linguistics for HPSG, including: the theoretical and computational infrastructure required to carry out computational studies with HPSG; computational resources developed within HPSG; how those resources are deployed, for both practical applications and linguistic research; and finally, a sampling of linguistic insights achieved through HPSG-based computational linguistic research.
Convergence Analysis of Sparse Bayesian Learning Under Approximate Inference Techniques

Sparse Bayesian Learning (SBL) is an efficient and well-studied framework for sparse signal recovery. SBL relies on a parameterized prior on the sparse signal to be estimated. The prior is chosen (with estimated hyperparameters) such that it encourages sparsity in the representation of the signal. However, SBL doesn’t scale with problem dimensions due to the computational complexity associated with matrix inversion. To address this issue, there exists low complexity methods based on approximate Bayesian inference. Various state of the art approximate inference methods are based on variational Bayesian (VB) inference or message passing algorithms such as belief propagation (BP) or expectation propagation. Moreover, these approximate inference methods can be unified under the op-timization of Bethe free energy with appropriate constraints. SBL allows to treat more general signal models by the use of hierarchical prior formulation which eventually becomes more sparsity inducing than e.g., Laplacian prior. In this paper, we study the convergence behaviour of the mean and variance of the unknown parameters in SBL under approximate Bayesian inference.
Dynamic Carbon-Constrained EPEC Model for Strategic Generation Investment Incentives with the Aim of Reducing CO2 Emissions

According to the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, energy system planners are encouraged to consider the effects of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 in their short-term and long-term planning. A decrease in the carbon emissions produced by the power plant will result in a tax decrease. In view of this, the Dynamic carbon-constrained Equilibrium programming equilibrium constraints (DCC-EPEC) Framework is suggested to explore the effects of distinct market models on generation development planning (GEP) on electricity markets over a multi-period horizon. The investment incentives included in our model are the firm contract and capacity payment. The investment issue, which is regarded as a set of dominant producers in the oligopolistic market, is developed as an EPEC optimization problem to reduce carbon emissions. In the suggested DCC-EPEC model, the sum of the carbon emission tax and true social welfare are assumed as the objective function. Investment decisions and the strategic behavior of producers are included at the first level so as to maximize the overall profit of the investor over the scheduling period. The second-level issue is market-clearing, which is resolved by an independent system operator (ISO) to maximize social welfare. A real power network, as a case study, is provided to assess the suggested carbon-constrained EPEC framework. Simulations indicate that firm contracts and capacity payments can initiate the capacity expansion of different technologies to improve the long-term stability of the electricity market.
PII: S0168-1923(02)00109-0

A comprehensive evaluation of energy balance closure is performed across 22 sites and 50 site-years in FLUXNET, a network of eddy covariance sites measuring long-term carbon and energy fluxes in contrasting ecosystems and climates. Energy balance closure was evaluated by statistical regression of turbulent energy fluxes (sensible and latent heat (LE)) against available energy (net radiation, less the energy stored) and by solving for the energy balance ratio, the ratio of turbulent energy fluxes to available energy. These methods indicate a general lack of closure at most sites, with a mean imbalance in the order of 20%. The imbalance was prevalent in all measured vegetation types and in climates ranging from Mediterranean to temperate and arctic. There were no clear differences between sites using open and closed path infrared gas analyzers. At a majority of sites closure improved with turbulent intensity (friction velocity), but lack of total closure was still prevalent under most conditions. The imbalance was greatest during nocturnal periods. The results suggest that estimates of the scalar turbulent fluxes of sensible and LE are underestimated and/or that available energy is overestimated. The implications on interpreting long-term CO2 fluxes at FLUXNET sites depends on whether the imbalance results primarily from general errors associated ∗ Corresponding author. Tel. : +1-510-642-2874; fax: +1-510-643-5098. E-mail address: baldocchi@nature.berkeley. edu (D. Baldocchi). 0168-1923/02/$ – see front matter. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. PII: S0168-1923(02)00109-0 224 K. Wilson et al. / Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 113 (2002) 223–243 with the eddy covariance technique or from errors in calculating the available energy terms. Although it was not entirely possible to critically evaluate all the possible sources of the imbalance, circumstantial evidence suggested a link between the imbalance and CO 2 fluxes. For a given value of photosynthetically active radiation, the magnitude of CO 2 uptake was less when the energy imbalance was greater. Similarly, respiration (estimated by nocturnal CO 2 release to the atmosphere) was significantly less when the energy imbalance was greater. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
COMMON COUPLED FIXED POINT THEOREM FOR GENERALIZED COMPATIBLE PAIR OF MAPPINGS UNDER GENERALIZED MIZOGUCHI-TAKAHASHI CONTRACTION

We establish a coupled coincidence point theorem for generalized compatible pair of mappings F, G:X×X→X under generalized Mizoguchi-Takahashi contraction on a partially ordered metric space. We also deduce certain coupled fixed point results without mixed monotone property of F:X×X→X. An example supporting to our result has also been cited. As an application, we obtain the solution of integral equations to illustrate the usability of the obtained results. We improve, extend and generalize several known results.
Matrix generation algorithms for binary quadratically constrained quadratic problems

In this paper, we consider binary quadratically constrained quadratic problems and propose a new approach to generate stronger bounds than the ones obtained using the semideﬁnite programming relaxation. After rewriting the problem in matrix form, we describe a new relaxation based on the boolean quadric polytope and, by using bary-centric coordinates to reparameterize the problem, we solve it via a Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition algorithm in the matrix space. We then try to extend the approach to block decomposable problems. We introduce a relaxation that takes into account some given block structure and analyze its theoretical properties. We show that, when considering two overlapping blocks, this relaxation is equivalent to the one based on the boolean quadric polytope. Furthermore, we analyze the case of multiple blocks, and conjecture that, for some speciﬁc block structure, equivalence between the two relaxations can still be guaranteed. We hence adapt the tailored decomposition algorithm in the matrix space to eﬃciently calculate a bound for those sparse structured problems. We report some preliminary numerical results showing that the proposed approach gets very good bounds in reasonable time.
Cocaine Use and Help-Seeking among Methadone Patients

To better understand the causes of cocaine abuse among methadone patients, the research compared 207 current cocaine users with 78 currently cocaine-free patients. A majority of both samples were using cocaine at the time of program admission. Although most users ceased or decreased cocaine use after entry, for some this respite was only temporary. Pleasure, stimulation, stress relief and self-medication for depression were the main factors precipitating cocaine use. Most of the current cocaine users held distinctly negative attitudes toward cocaine and were seeking help for their problem. The study makes several recommendations for improved services for cocaine-abusing patients.
Competing in Network Industries: Firm strategies, market outcomes, and policy implications

We review the recent literature on market structure, firm strategies and public policy in network industries. In particular, we focus on the latest applied work, including case studies and empirical work as well as refinements of the established theoretical results. We group each set of results along two dimensions: Static (within-generation) and dynamic (across-generations).
Sentiment and Emotion Based Representations for Fake Reviews Detection

Fake reviews are increasingly prevalent across the Internet. They can be unethical as well as harmful. They can affect businesses and mislead individual customers. As the opinions on the Web are increasingly used the detection of fake reviews has become more and more critical. In this study, we explore the effectiveness of sentiment and emotions based representations for the task of building machine learning models for fake review detection. We perform empirical studies over three real world datasets and demonstrate that improved data representation can be achieved by combining sentiment and emotion extraction methods, as well as by performing sentiment and emotion analysis on a part-by-part basis by segmenting the reviews.
Identifying English Vocabulary Levels of Malaysia Year 5 Primary School Students

Despite numerous actions taken by the government sectors in uplifting the standard of education by introducing Education for all, in primary schools, there are emerging areas of concern that require urgent attention, particularly on acquiring English language vocabulary at the early years. Vocabulary is fundamental in any language as it is a key feature in order to make oneself understood. Limited knowledge of vocabulary hinders acquisition of English language as the students particularly faced obstacles in remembering and retrieving the words learnt, lack of opportunities in practicing English and use of rote memorisation strategies in vocabulary acquisition. Thus, this paper discusses a part of a study which aimed to identify the vocabulary knowledge on adjectives, nouns and verbs among a group of 36 Year 5 primary school students who sit for an adapted version of the Vocabulary Levels Test of Nation (1983). The findings indicate that 58 % which was 21 students had low vocabulary knowledge on nouns and 72% (26 students) on verbs. However, 50% (18 students) of the participants’ vocabulary on adjectives were in the intermediate level. Hence, the findings provide some insight for English teachers or educators, parents and students themselves to know in depth of the level of the students’ English vocabulary. Thus, it is vital for future researchers in implementing suitable strategies for vocabulary acquisition after determining the students’ vocabulary level among the Year 5 primary school students in Malaysia for successful language acquisition.
A Quantum-Like Approach to Word Sense Disambiguation

This paper presents a novel algorithm for Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) based on Quantum Probability Theory. The Quantum WSD algorithm requires concepts representations as vectors in the complex domain and thus we have developed a technique for computing complex word and sentence embeddings based on the Paragraph Vectors algorithm. Despite the proposed method is quite simple and that it does not require long training phases, when it is evaluated on a standardized benchmark for this task it exhibits state-of-the-art (SOTA) performances.
Compositional Hyponymy with Positive Operators

Language is used to describe concepts, and many of these concepts are hierarchical. Moreover, this hierarchy should be compatible with forming phrases and sentences. We use linear-algebraic methods that allow us to encode words as collections of vectors. The representations we use have an ordering, related to subspace inclusion, which we interpret as modelling hierarchical information. The word representations built can be understood within a compositional distributional semantic framework, providing methods for composing words to form phrase and sentence level representations. We show that the resulting representations give competitive results on both word-level hyponymy and sentence-level entailment datasets.
Differences in epiphyte biomass and community composition along landscape and within‐crown spatial scales

Vascular epiphytes contribute to the structural, compositional, and functional complexity of tropical montane cloud forests because of their high biomass, diversity, and ability to intercept and retain water and nutrients from atmospheric sources. However, human‐caused climate change and forest‐to‐pasture conversion are rapidly altering tropical montane cloud forests. Epiphyte communities may be particularly vulnerable to these changes because of their dependence on direct atmospheric inputs and host trees for survival. In Monteverde, Costa Rica, we measured vascular epiphyte biomass, community composition, and richness at two spatial scales: (1) along an elevation gradient spanning premontane forests to montane cloud forests and (2) within trees along branches from inner to outer crown positions. We also compared epiphyte biomass and distribution at these scales between two different land‐cover types, comparing trees in closed canopy forest to isolated trees in pastures. An ordination of epiphyte communities at the level of trees grouped forested sites above versus below the cloud base, and separated forest versus pasture trees. Species richness increased with increasing elevation and decreased from inner to outer branch positions. Although richness did not differ between land‐cover types, there were significant differences in community composition. The variability in epiphyte community organization between the two spatial scales and between land‐cover types underscores the potential complexity of epiphyte responses to climate and land‐cover changes.