Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ON THE ORIGIN AND TRANSPORT OF THE WINTER ARCTIC AEROSOL *

Results of a systematic study of the winter aerosol at Barrow, Alaska, are presented which show that the atmosphere of arctic Alaska contains an abundance of pollution-derived aerosol, particularly during the winter half-year, and that Europe, rather than the U.S., appears to be primarily responsible for the winter arctic aerosol. It is found that the aerosol is an order of magnitude more concentrated in winter than in summer throughout most of the troposphere, is gray in winter but colorless in summer, is much more enriched in pollution-derived constituents (such as V, Mu, and SO/sub 4/) in winter than in summer, and appears to be highly secondary in nature. A simple transport model is described, and it is demonstrated that the actual concentrations of V, SO/sub 4/, and Pb-210 at Barrow are quantitatively consistent with polluted European air masses as the source, followed by transport over the European USSR and then to the north.
Shortwave spectral radiative forcing of cumulus clouds from surface observations

The spectral changes of the shortwave total, direct and diffuse cloud radiative forcing (CRF) at surface are examined for the first time using spectrally resolved all‐sky flux observations and clear‐sky fluxes. The latter are computed applying a physically based approach, which accounts for the spectral changes of aerosol optical properties and surface albedo. Application of this approach to 13 summertime days with single‐layer continental cumuli demonstrates: (i) the substantial contribution of the diffuse component to the total CRF, (ii) the well‐defined spectral variations of total CRF in the visible spectral region, and (iii) the strong statistical relationship between spectral (500 nm) and shortwave broadband values of total CRF. Our results suggest that the framework based on the visible narrowband fluxes can provide important radiative quantities for rigorous evaluation of radiative transfer parameterizations and also can be applied for estimation of the shortwave broadband CRF.
A Review of the Impact of the Epidemic on the Hotel Industry

The epidemic of novel coronavirus in 2091 brought a huge impact on the world economy and society, and the impact of the outbreak on the operation and development of hotels has received more and more attention from scholars, and different scholars have different research perspectives and results. Based on this, this paper composes the existing research results and analyzes the direct economic impact of COVID-19 on hotel operations, the coping strategies of the restaurant industry, and the long-term impact on the restaurant industry in the post-epidemic era, respectively. The findings indicate that the epidemic has directly affected the hospitality industry's operations by disrupting jobs, reducing working capital, and changing market demand. In addition, the economy was weakened by the closure of most of the hotel industry, even leading to lower stock market returns. This inspires the need for market participants to adjust their business strategies in a timely manner so as to reduce the impact of the post-epidemic era on the industry's growth and thus achieve a healthy and sustainable industry.
Late‐glacial and post‐glacial deposition in a large, low relief, epicontinental basin: the northern Baltic Sea

This paper presents a model of late‐glacial and post‐glacial deposition for the late‐Neogene sedimentary succession of the Archipelago Sea in the northern Baltic Sea. Four genetically related facies associations are described: (i) an ice‐proximal, acoustically stratified draped unit of glaciolacustrine rhythmites; (ii) an onlapping basin‐fill unit of rotated rhythmite clasts in an acoustically transparent to chaotic matrix interpreted as debris‐flow deposits; (iii) an ice‐distal, acoustically stratified to transparent, draped unit of post‐glacial lacustrine, weakly laminated to homogeneous deposits; and (iv) an acoustically stratified to transparent unit of brackish‐water, organic‐rich sediment drifts. The debris‐flow deposits of the unit 2 pass laterally into slide scars that truncate the unit 1; they are interpreted to result from a time interval of intense seismic activity due to bedrock stress release shortly after deglaciation of the area. Ice‐berg scouring and gravitational failure of oversteepened depositional slopes may also have contributed to the debris‐flow deposition. Comparisons to other late‐Neogene glaciated basins, such as the Hudson Bay or glacial lakes formed along the Laurentide ice sheet, suggest that the Archipelago Sea succession may record development typical for the deglaciation phase of large, low relief, epicontinental basins. The Carboniferous–Permian glacigenic Dwyka Formation in South Africa may provide an ancient analogue for the studied succession. Chronological control for the studied sediments is provided by the independent palaeomagnetic and AMS‐14C dating methods. In order to facilitate dating of the organic‐poor early post‐glacial deposits of the northern Baltic Sea, the 10 000 year long Lake Nautajärvi palaeomagnetic reference chronology ( Ojala & Saarinen, 2002 ) is extended by 1200 years.
Islamic Profit and Loss Sharing Contracting versus Regular Equity in Entrepreneurial Finance: Risk Sharing and Managerial Incentives

: An entrepreneur shares business risk with the investors providing capital for her firm. Risk sharing is per se beneficial, but also results in an agency problem from diminished incentives for the entrepreneur. This classical trade-off depends on the financial contracting between the entrepreneur and the financier. As an alternative to debt or equity, we consider musharaka financing, an Islamic profit and loss sharing contract. First, we show that debt is inferior to equity or musharaka even though debt financing ensures first best efforts in our model. Whether financing with equity or by use of musharaka results in higher utility for the entrepreneur depends on how the firm’s risks are related and on the structure of the costs the entrepreneur has to bear when extending effort.
Monitoring urban expansion with remote sensing in China

The Open Policy and Economic Reform has imposed a profound impact on dynamic changes of land-use patterns in many areas of China over the last two decades. Rapid urbanization and industrialization have resulted in a sharp reduction in arable land acreage. A project was carried out in 1997 under the auspices of the China State Land Administration to monitor the dynamics of urban expansion in 100 municipalities throughout China. This paper describes the implementation of the project and reports on some of the results obtained. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images acquired for 1989/1992 and 1996/1997 were used to examine the scope and the speed of urban expansion in this period. Change detection techniques were employed to identify the areas of urban encroachment. Statistics on preceding states of the expanded urban areas were generated and various thematic maps were produced. The results showed that urban development in southern and coastal areas is the fastest, and the highest speed of urban expansion is as much as 30% per year. Urban growth is estimated at 1.2 million hectares for the whole country during this period, and 0.867 million hectares of arable land have been lost due to urban expansion.
Baseline Analysis of a Young &amp;agr;-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Liver Disease Cohort Reveals Frequent Portal Hypertension

Objective— Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (A1AT) is a common genetic disease with unpredictable and highly variable course. The Childhood Liver Disease Research and Education Network (ChiLDREN) is an NIH, multi-center, longitudinal consortium studying pediatric liver diseases, with the objective of prospectively defining natural history and identifying disease modifiers. Methods— Longitudinal, cohort study of A1AT patients birth through 25 years diagnosed with liver disease, type PIZZ or PISZ . Medical history, physical exam, laboratory, imaging, and standardized survey tool data were collected during the provision of standard of care. Results— In this report of the cohort at baseline, 269 subjects were enrolled between Nov. 2008 and Oct. 2012 (208 with their native livers and 61 post-liver transplant). Subjects with mild disease (native livers and no portal hypertension [PHT]) compared to severe disease (with PHT or post-liver transplant) were not different in age at presentation. 57% of subjects with mild disease and 76% with severe disease were jaundiced at presentation (p=0.0024). 29% of subjects with native livers had PHT, but age at diagnosis and growth were not different between the no PHT and PHT groups (p>0.05). Subjects with native livers and PHT were more likely to have elevated bilirubin, ALT, AST, INR, and GGTP than the no PHT group (p ≪ 0.001), but overlap was large. Chemistries alone could not identify PHT. Conclusion— Many A1AT subjects presenting with elevated liver tests and jaundice improve spontaneously. Subjects with PHT have few symptoms and normal growth. Longitudinal cohort follow up will identify genetic and environmental disease modifiers. NCT00571272.
Future change in wintertime atmospheric blocking simulated using a 20‐km‐mesh atmospheric global circulation model

[1] Future change in the frequency of atmospheric blocking is investigated through present-day (1979-2003) and future (2075-2099) simulations using 20-, 60-, 120-, and 180-km-mesh atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Reports on Emission Scenarios A1B emission scenario, focusing on the Northern Hemisphere winter (December-February). The results of present-day climate simulations reveal that the AGCM with the highest horizontal resolution is required to accurately simulate Euro-Atlantic blocking, whereas the AGCM with the lowest horizontal resolution is in good agreement with reanalysis data regarding the frequency of Pacific blocking. While the lower-resolution models accurately reproduce long-lived Pacific blocking, they are unable to accurately simulate long-lived Euro-Atlantic blocking. This result suggests that the maintenance mechanism of Euro-Atlantic blocking is different from that of Pacific blocking. In the future climate simulations, both frequencies of Euro-Atlantic and Pacific blockings are predicted to show a significant decrease, mainly in the western part of each peak in present-day blocking frequency, where the westerly jet is predicted to increase in strength; no significant change is predicted in the eastern part of each peak. The number of Euro-Atlantic blocking events is predicted to decrease for almost all blocking durations, whereas the decrease in the number of Pacific blockings is remarkable for long-duration events. It is possible that long-lived (>25 days) Euro-Atlantic and Pacific blockings will disappear altogether in the future.
The Effect of Sildena�l Citrate on Fetal and Maternal Ultrasound Indices in IUGR-complicated Pregnancies; A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a common complication of pregnancy and is associated with a higher risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity. We aimed to systematically review the studies that evaluated the e�cacy of sildena�l citrate on improving the ultrasonographic changes in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and umbilical artery (UA) in pregnancies complicated with IUGR. We performed a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Pro-Quest, Web of Science, and Google scholar (from inception to 30 June 2020), of randomized clinical studies evaluating the e�cacy of sildena�l citrate on different outcomes of IUGR-complicated pregnancies. Mean differences (SD) were extracted and pooled using random and �xed effects models based on their heterogeneity. Six studies were identi�ed for quantitative meta-analysis. Seven outcomes, including MCA resistive index (RI)(cid:0) MCA pulsatility index (PI)(cid:0) MCA systolic to the diastolic ratio (S/D), UA RI(cid:0) UA PI(cid:0) UA S/D, and cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) have been evaluated in these studies. The pooled results for the e�cacy of treatment on MCA RI (Pooled MD = 0.07, 95% CI:0.03 to 0.1,p-value < 0.001) and MCA S/D (Pooled MD = 0.8, 95% CI0.18 to 0.45,p-value < 0.001) were statistically signi�cant. The changes in other outcomes were comparable between the study groups. Overall, our meta-analysis on RCT showed that sildena�l citrate might improve MCA RI and MCA S/D in IUGR-complicated pregnancies. Regarding the other outcomes, our meta-analysis did not provide signi�cant results.
Agate recrystallisation: Evidence from samples found in Archaean and Proterozoic host rocks, Western Australia

The crystallite size and density of agates from three Western Australian host rocks aged 1.84, 2.72 and 3.48 Ga have been determined. Infrared and Raman spectra from these ancient agates have respectively shown minimal water and zero moganite content. Data comparison of agates from Western Australian and younger hosts showed an advanced crystallisation in the Western Australian samples with, in some instances, the crystallite size comparable to macrocrystalline quartz. Low-grade metamorphism is present in the host rocks and localised heating is one possible cause of the increased crystallite growth. Micrographs of one agate sample from the Warrawoona Group (3.48 Ga) show a breakdown in the fibrous chalcedony; regional variations within the agate were supported by data from infrared and X-ray diffraction. It has been shown that part of the sample had undergone a transformation of the fibrous chalcedony to granular microcrystalline quartz. The Crystallinity Index for microcrystalline quartz, based upon the degree of resolution of the (212) quartz reflection, offers a rapid method to identify abnormal crystallite growth that could serve as a palaeoindicator of host-rock metamorphism.
Intensification of ocean fronts by down-front winds

Abstract Many ocean fronts experience strong local atmospheric forcing by down-front winds, that is, winds blowing in the direction of the frontal jet. An analytic theory and nonhydrostatic numerical simulations are used to demonstrate the mechanism by which down-front winds lead to frontogenesis. When a wind blows down a front, cross-front advection of density by Ekman flow results in a destabilizing wind-driven buoyancy flux (WDBF) equal to the product of the Ekman transport with the surface lateral buoyancy gradient. Destabilization of the water column results in convection that is localized to the front and that has a buoyancy flux that is scaled by the WDBF. Mixing of buoyancy by convection, and Ekman pumping/suction resulting from the cross-front contrast in vertical vorticity of the frontal jet, drive frontogenetic ageostrophic secondary circulations (ASCs). For mixed layers with negative potential vorticity, the most frontogenetic ASCs select a preferred cross-front width and do not translate with.
A Pragmatic Randomized Clinical Trial of Behavioral Activation for Depressed Pregnant Women

Objective: Depression among pregnant women is a prevalent public health problem associated with poor maternal and offspring development. Behavioral activation (BA) is a scalable intervention aligned with pregnant women’s preference for nonpharmacological depression care. This is the first test of the effectiveness of BA for depression among pregnant women, which aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of BA as compared with treatment as usual (TAU). Method: Pregnant women (mean age = 28.75 years; SD = 5.67) with depression symptoms were randomly assigned to BA (n = 86) or TAU (n = 77). Exclusion criteria included known bipolar or psychotic disorder or immediate self-harm risk. Follow-up assessment occurred 5 and 10 weeks postrandomization and 3 months postpartum using self-report measures of primary and secondary outcomes and putative targets. Results: Compared with TAU, BA was associated with significantly lower depressive symptoms (d = 0.34, p = .04) and higher remission (56.3% vs. 30.3%, p = .003). BA also demonstrated significant advantage on anxiety and perceived stress. Participants attended most BA sessions and reported high satisfaction. Participants in BA reported significantly higher levels of activation (d = 0.69, p < .0002) and environmental reward (d = 0.54, p < .003) than those who received TAU, and early change in both of these putative targets significantly mediated subsequent depression outcomes. Conclusions: BA is effective for pregnant women, offering significant depression, anxiety, and stress benefits, with mediation analyses supporting the importance of putative targets of activation and environmental reward.
Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680-1800

Tobacco and Slaves is a major reinterpretation of the economic and political transformation of Chesapeake society from 1680 to 1800. Building upon massive archival research in Maryland and Virginia, Allan Kulikoff provides the most comprehensive study to date of changing social relations--among both blacks and whites--in the eighteenth-century South. He links his arguments about class, gender, and race to the later social history of the South and to larger patterns of American development. Allan Kulikoff is professor of history at Northern Illinois University and author of The Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism .
Excavations at the Ureia site, Aitutaki, Cook Islands: preliminary results

In 1987 we excavated 11m2 of cultural deposit at the Ureia site (AIT10), Aitutaki, Cook Islands. First discovered and excavated by Peter Bellwood in 1970, the coastal Ureia site is very rich in midden, particularly fish bone and marine molluscs. We identified 13 main stratigraphic layers at Ureia. of which Layers III. V. and VII represent the primary concentrations of cultural materials. Nine radio-carbon dates on charcoal range from 200 ± 50 yr BP (Layer III) to 1040 ± 80 yr BP (Layer VII). Our attempts to date the presumably older strata that underlie Layer VII have been unsuccessful. The Ureia site has yielded bones of two species of birds that no longer occur on Aitutaki: the Sooty Crake (Porzana tabuensis) and an extinct, undescribed species of whistling duck (cf. Dendrocygna).
Unidirectional trans‐Atlantic gene flow and a mixed spawning area shape the genetic connectivity of Atlantic bluefin tuna

The commercially important Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), a large migratory fish, has experienced notable recovery aided by accurate resource assessment and effective fisheries management efforts. Traditionally, this species has been perceived as consisting of eastern and western populations, spawning respectively in the Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, with mixing occurring throughout the Atlantic. However, recent studies have challenged this assumption by revealing weak genetic differentiation and identifying a previously unknown spawning ground in the Slope Sea used by Atlantic bluefin tuna of uncertain origin. To further understand the current and past population structure and connectivity of Atlantic bluefin tuna, we have assembled a unique dataset including thousands of genome‐wide single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 500 larvae, young of the year and spawning adult samples covering the three spawning grounds and including individuals of other Thunnus species. Our analyses support two weakly differentiated but demographically connected ancestral populations that interbreed in the Slope Sea. Moreover, we also identified signatures of introgression from albacore (Thunnus alalunga) into the Atlantic bluefin tuna genome, exhibiting varied frequencies across spawning areas, indicating strong gene flow from the Mediterranean Sea towards the Slope Sea. We hypothesize that the observed genetic differentiation may be attributed to increased gene flow caused by a recent intensification of westward migration by the eastern population, which could have implications for the genetic diversity and conservation of western populations. Future conservation efforts should consider these findings to address potential genetic homogenization in the species.
Special Section on Clinical Pharmacology Characterization of the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profile of Apraglutide, a Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Analog, in Healthy Volunteers S

Apraglutide (FE 203799) is a glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) analog under development for the treatment of intestinal failure associated with short bowel syndrome (SBS-IF) and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Compared with native GLP-2, apraglutide has slower absorption, reduced clearance, and higher protein binding, enabling once-weekly dosing. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profile of apraglutide in healthy adults. Healthy volunteers were randomized to receive 6 weekly subcutaneous administrations of 1, 5, or 10 mg apraglutide or placebo. PK and citrulline (an enterocyte mass PD marker) samples were collected at multiple time points. Kinetic parameters of apraglutide and citrulline were calculated using noncompartmental analysis; repeated PD measures were analyzed with a mixed model of covariance. A population PK/PD model was developed that also included data from a previous phase 1 study in healthy volunteers. Twenty-four subjects were randomized; 23 received all study drug administrations. Mean estimated apraglutide clearance was 16.5 – 20.7 l/day, and mean volume of distribution was 55.4 – 105.0 liters. A dose-dependent increase in citrulline plasma concentration was observed, with 5-mg and 10-mg doses inducing higher citrulline levels than 1-mg doses and placebo. PK/PD analysis showed that weekly 5-mg apraglutide induced the maximal citrulline response. Increased plasma citrulline levels were sustained for 10 – 17 days after the final apraglutide administration. Apraglutide displays predictable dose-dependent PK and PD profiles, with a 5-mg dose showing significant PD effects. Results suggest that apraglutide has early and enduring effects on enterocyte mass and supports the continued development of weekly subcutaneous apraglutide for SBS-IF and GvHD patient populations.
Structure, inferred mechanical properties, and implications for fluid transport in the décollement zone, Costa Rica convergent margin

Faults in a variety of tectonic settings can act as both conduits for and barriers to fluid flow, sometimes simultaneously. Documenting the interaction between hydrologic and tectonic processes in active faults in situ is the key to understanding their mechanical behavior and large-scale fluid transport properties. We present observations of the plate boundary decollement zone at the Middle America Trench off Costa Rica, showing that it is structurally divisible into an upper brittle-fracture–dominated domain overlying a lower, ductile domain. Pore-water geochemical evidence shows that along-fault flow is occurring specifically in the upper brittle domain, but is hydrologically isolated from fluids in the underlying footwall sediments. We propose a model for the mechanics of these contrasting domains in which differing stress paths coexist in the upper and lower parts of the decollement zone. The data suggest a mechanically controlled permeability anisotropy at a scale of several meters to ∼10 m across the decollement zone. This documentation of separate yet simultaneously active mechanical and hydrologic subregimes within a decollement provides a relatively simple explanation for enhanced along-fault permeability coexisting with reduced cross-fault permeability, without requiring matrix-scale permeability anisotropy.