Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fertility and child mortality in their household setting: a variety of perspectives from UK censuses, 1861-1911

Fertility and child mortality in their household setting: a variety of perspectives from UK censuses, 1861-1911 This paper considers the question of whether it is advisable to use indicators derived from a ‘static’ source such as the census to examine processes such as fertility and infant mortality, which play out over time. The 1911 censuses of England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland, all asked retrospective questions concerning the ‘fertility of marriage’ and have been the focus of much research on the major demographic changes unfolding over the end of the nineteenth century and the opening decades of the twentieth. With the release of the individual level data from these censuses researchers have new impetus to engage with these topics. However, high mobility within urban communities (related to changing social and economic circumstances, age, marital status, and life cycle stage) suggests that those engaging in analyses which combine the ‘snapshot’ details of couples and their families, neighbourhoods and communities caught on the census schedules on the day of the 1911 census with the retrospective data on those same schedules providing fertility and mortality information experienced over a period of years or even decades before 1911, may lead to unwarranted conclusions. DOI: 10.4424/ps2010-11
Mylonite zones in the Insch ‘Younger Basic’ Mass

A series of recent investigations (e.g. Ashcroft and Munro 1978; Munro and Gallagher 1984; Munro et al. in press) has established that major zones of shearing and mylonitization can be traced through Dalradian metamorphic rocks and Caledonian igneous rocks in the Grampian Region. Relations are sufficiently well exposed, particularly in the Belhelvie ‘Younger Basic’ mass (Boyd and Munro 1978), to show that deformation on these zones occurred largely, though not entirely, in the interval between the consolidation of the ‘Younger Basic’ magmas (c. 490 Ma) and the intrusion of a suite of pegmatitic, tourmaline bearing granites (c. 460 Ma; Boyd and Munro 1978; Pankhurst 1980), but, in general, lack of exposures has made it difficult to assess the extent and full significance of these structures. Extensive programmes of magnetic surveying, shallow drilling and trenching have been employed in an attempt to overcome this handicap (e.g. Ashcroft and Munro 1978), but the most valuable source of information to augment the outcrop data has been the series of trenches for gas and oil pipelines which have been excavated in the region in the last 10–15 years (Munro et al. in press). The most recent (1982) of these trenches is of particular interest as it traversed an area near the eastern limit of the Insch ‘Younger Basic’ mass which was known (Ashcroft and Munro 1978) to be cut by major shear zones. This trench was excavated to a depth of approximately 2.5 m and exposed bedrock over the greater part (c. 80–90%) .
A theoretical investigation of average H/V ratios

SUMMARY The mode summation method and a finite difference technique are applied to investigate the spectral ratio between the horizontal and vertical components (H/V ratio) of ambient vibrations and to explore the variation of the resonance frequency and the amplitude and shape of polarization as a function of the structure and the source positions. Layered structural models are used by assuming a large number of sources distributed around a receiver, with shallow source depths that are randomly assigned. We identify stable parts of the H/V ratios that are independent of the source distance and are dominated by the ellipticity of the fundamental-mode Rayleigh wave in the frequency band between the fundamental frequency of resonance of the unconsolidated sediments and the first minimum of the average H/V ratio. The ellipticity in this frequency band is determined by the layering of the sediments. The numerical simulations are compared with observations at a site where the thickness and velocity structure of the unconsolidated sediments are known from S-wave and surface wave measurements. Two methods are applied to compute the H/V ratio, the classical method in the frequency domain and a method based on frequency–time analysis that allows us to locate P–SV wavelets in the time-series. The main problem in comparing synthetics with observations is the contribution of SH waves in the observed H/V ratios. We propose a method to minimize these effects and the effects of the superposition of different incoming P–SV waves. An inversion scheme is applied to the stable parts of the observed H/V ratio, based on a genetic algorithm, to retrieve the S-wave velocity structure from a single ambient vibration record.
A numerical method for simulating one‐dimensional headcut migration and overtopping breaching in cohesive and zoned embankments

An erosion and force/moments equilibrium‐based numerical method is proposed to simulate one‐dimensional headcut migration in cohesive embankment overtopping breaches and to simulate the one‐dimensional breach process of zoned embankment dams before they fully breach through. At each time step of the simulation the depths and velocities of the breach outflow are calculated by solving the one‐dimensional shallow water equations, three‐dimensional slope stability is checked, and the eroded soil and instable soil block are removed. The method was tested using data from a U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service cohesive embankment and the Yahekou zoned fuse plug. Test results showed that the proposed method predicts well the one‐dimensional headcut shape in the cohesive dam and the breach shape in the zoned embankment dam provided that the inputs are appropriately assigned. Sensitivity studies showed that the breach processes for a weakly cohesive dam under a small overtopping depth and a highly cohesive dam are controlled by erosion only. They also showed that the breach processes for a weakly cohesive dam under a relatively large overtopping depth, a noncohesive dam, and a zoned embankment dam are all controlled by erosion and force/moments equilibrium.
Towards sustainable agriculture

The environmental impact of agriculture cannot be ignored. In many countries, as much as 70 per cent of the land area is in agricultural use. Over a third of the global agricultural land area is in high-intensity, continuous cropping systems that use high levels of agrochemicals and reshape land and waterways. The rest is under such a farming system that uses far fewer inputs, but requires relatively large expanses of land to compensate for low crop and livestock yields. Both systems have had negative impacts on soil, water, and air quality, global climate, wildlife and biodiversity that, in turn, affect food security and livelihoods of people in the long run.
On the noncorrelation of the vertical structure of light scattering and chlorophyll α in case I waters

The relationships between beam attenuation, absorption, suspended particle concentration, size distribution and pigment content are examined for a region where the particle concentration and pigment maxima are widely separated. Mie scattering analyses are performed on this data to predict the profiles of backscattering. It was found that absorption and scattering are not and have no theoretical reason to be well correlated in a vertical section even if the particle concentration is perfectly correlated with phytoplankton biomass. Due to the rapid change in irradiance with depth, pigment concentration and therefore particulate absorption are not expected to be correlated with biomass or productivity as calculated from published laboratory results and theoretical models of phytoplankton pigment content. The beam attenuation is a good indicator of particle concentration and its vertical distribution relative to the pigment distribution is consistent with models of phytoplankton growth. An examination of data from a meridional transect of the North Pacific rand from the Northeast Pacific coastal upwelling region suggested the universality of these findings. The remote- sensing algorithms that predict backscattering from chlorophyll concentration were developed using near-surface data. Use of these algorithms for the prediction of vertical structure of backscattering is discouraged.
Evaluation and Intercomparison of Cloud Fraction and Radiative Fluxes in Recent Reanalyses over the Arctic Using BSRN Surface Observations

AbstractWith continual advancements in data assimilation systems, new observing systems, and improvements in model parameterizations, several new atmospheric reanalysis datasets have recently become available. Before using these new reanalyses it is important to assess the strengths and underlying biases contained in each dataset. A study has been performed to evaluate and compare cloud fractions (CFs) and surface radiative fluxes in several of these latest reanalyses over the Arctic using 15 years (1994–2008) of high-quality Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) observations from Barrow (BAR) and Ny-Alesund (NYA) surface stations. The five reanalyses being evaluated in this study are (i) NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), (ii) NCEP's Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), (iii) NOAA's Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project (20CR), (iv) ECMWF's Interim Reanalysis (ERA-I), and (v) NCEP–Department of Energy (DOE)'s Reanalysis II (R2). All of the reanalyses .
Magnetic Storm Associated Perturbations of the Upper Atmosphere

This review attempts to summarize what is presently known about the large-scale morphology and the physics of magnetic storm associated perturbations of the upper atmosphere. First the dissipation of electrical energy and the resulting basic atmospheric disturbance effects at higher latitudes are described. These include large plasma and neutral wind velocities, high plasma and neutral gas temperatures, and changes in the neutral gas composition. Parts of these perturbations are transported toward lower latitudes by traveling atmospheric disturbances and by large-scale wind circulation. Traveling atmospheric disturbances, for example, are thought to be responsible for the transient density perturbations observed at equatorial latitudes; large-scale winds are made responsible for the transport of composition perturbations toward middle latitudes. Local time and seasonal variations are attributed to the interaction of magnetospheric storm and solar radiation driven winds. Since charged particles are firmly embedded in their neutral gas environment, any perturbation of the neutral atmosphere will cause ionospheric disturbance effects. These include short-duration positive storms due to traveling atmospheric disturbances, long-duration positive storms due to changes in the large-scale wind circulation, and negative storm effects due to neutral composition changes. Even though significant progress has been made in understanding upper atmospheric storms, many open questions remain, and some of these are summarized at the end of this review.
Geodetic Observations of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment: Understanding Glacial Isostatic Adjustment: A Joint DynaQlim/GGOS Workshop; Espoo, Finland, 23–26 June 2009

The phenomenon of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), with its unique temporal and spatial signatures, provides one of the great opportunities in the geosciences for obtaining information about dynamic Earth processes. GIA contains information about recent climate forcing, being dependent on the geologically recent loading and unloading of ice sheets. It presents a unique opportunity to study the dynamics and rheology of the lithosphere and mantle; is responsible for substantial sea level variations; and is of fundamental importance to geodesy because site positions, reference frames, Earth rotation, and gravity are all influenced by GIA. The Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) of the International Association of Geodesy and the International Lithosphere Program's Regional Co-ordination Committee Upper Mantle Dynamics and Quaternary Climate in Cratonic Areas (DynaQlim) jointly organized a workshop that attracted 36 international scientists to Finland. The objectives of this workshop were to (1) review the current state of the science in modeling GIA, (2) review the use of geodetic measurements to constrain and test GIA models, (3) identify obstacles to improving GIA models, and (4) identify improvements to the global geodetic observing system that are required to better understand GIA.
The southern ocean meridional overturning circulation as diagnosed from an eddy permitting state estimate

A modern general circulation model of the Southern Ocean with one-sixth of a degree resolution is optimized to the observed ocean in a weighted least squares sense. Convergence to the state estimate solution is carried out by systematically adjusting the control variables (atmospheric state and initial conditions) using the adjoint model. A cost function compares the model state to in situ observations (Argo float profiles, CTD synoptic sections, SEaOS instrument mounted seal profiles, and XBTs), altimetric observations (ENVISAT, GEOSAT, Jason, TOPEX/Poseidon), and other data sets (e.g. infrared and microwave radiometer observed sea surface temperature and NSIDC sea-ice concentration). Costs attributed to control variable perturbations ensure a physically realistic solution. The state estimate is found to be largely consistent with the individual observations, as well as with integrated fluxes inferred from previous static inverse models. The transformed Eulerian mean formulation is an elegant way to theorize about the Southern Ocean. Current researchers utilizing this framework, however, have been making assumptions that render their theories largely irrelevant to the actual ocean. It is shown that theories of the overturning circulation must include the effect of pressure forcing. This is true in the most buoyant waters, where pressure forcing overcomes eddy and wind forcing to balance a poleward geostrophic transport and allows the buoyancy budget to be closed. Pressure forcing is also lowest order at depth. Indeed, the Southern Ocean’s characteristic multiple cell overturning is primarily in geostrophic balance. Several other aspects of the Southern Ocean circulation are also investigated in the thesis, including an analysis of the magnitude and variability of heat, salt, and volume inter-basin transports. Thesis Supervisor: Carl Wunsch Title: Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Physical Oceanography
Effect of sporadic destratification, seasonal overturn and artificial mixing on CH 4 emissions at the surface of a subtropical hydroelectric reservoir (Nam Theun 2 Reservoir, Lao PDR)

F. Guérin, C. Deshmukh, D. Labat, S. Pighini, A. Vongkhamsao, P. Guédant, W. Rode, A. Godon, V. Chanudet, S. Descloux, and D. Serça Université de Toulouse; UPS GET, 14 Avenue E. Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France IRD; UR 234, GET; 14 Avenue E. Belin, 31400, Toulouse, France Departamento de Geoquimica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi-RJ, Brasil Laboratoire d’Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5560; 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400, Toulouse, France Department of Regional Water Studies, TERI University, New Delhi, India Nam Theun 2 Power Company Limited (NTPC), Environment & Social Division, Water Quality and Biodiversity Department, Gnommalath Office, P.O. Box 5862, Vientiane, Lao PDR Electriciteì de France, Hydro Engineering Centre, Sustainable Development Dpt, Savoie Technolac, 73373 Le Bourget du Lac, France
Comparative Evaluation of Indian Remote Sensing Multi‐Spectral Sensors Data for Crop Classification

Abstract Digital data from four multi spectral sensors having different spatial resolution and spectral channel, LISS‐III, LISS‐II, LISS‐I and WiFS acquired from two Indian Remote Sensing satellite platform (IRS‐1B, IRS‐IC) were evaluated for wheat crop classification accuracy over central India. Classification accuracy was assessed at different spatial resolutions using common red and near infrared (nir) bands in the above four sensors data as well as simulated intermediate resolution data. It was observed that accuracy improved with better spatial resolution and there was a considerable increases in accuracy from 188 to 144 m resolution and from 72 m up to 23 m resolution with the modest increase in the intermediate range. Inclusion of the MIR band, and choice of proper acquisition date resulted in significantly higher crop classification accuracies. The results have been evaluated against the future sensor planned on IRS Platform.
Dynamics of the last glaciation in eastern Svalbard as inferred from glacier-movement indicators

Glacial striae and other ice movement indicators such as roche moutonees, glacial erratics, till fabric and glaciotectonic deformation have been used to reconstruct the Late Weichselian ice movements in the region of eastern Svalbard and the northern Barents Sea. The ice movement pattern may be divided into three main phases: (1) a maximum phase when ice flowed out of a centre east or southeast of Kong Karls Land. At this time the southern part of Spitsbergen was overrun by glacial ice from the Barents Sea; (2) the phase of deglaciation of the Barents Sea Ice Sheet, when an ice cap was centred between Kong Karls Land and Nordaustlandet. At the same time ice flowed southwards along Storfjorden; and (3) the last phase of the Late Weichselian glaciation in eastern Svalbard is represented by local ice caps on Spitsbergen, Nordaustlandet, Barentsoya and Edgeoya. The reconstructed ice flow pattern during maximum glaciation is compatible with a centre of uplift in the northern Barents Sea as shown by isobase reconstructions and suggested by isostatic modelling.
Droughts and distribution of hyporheos: perspectives from the Po River (Natural Park of the Po River)

Droughts and distribution of hyporheos: perspectives from the Po River (Natural Park of the Po River) In this study we analysed the role of hyporheic zone as refugium for the benthic macroinvertebrates in the high reach of the Po River (Parco del Po Cuneese NW Italy). Aim of our study was to investigate the vertical distribution of macroinvertebrates within the stream substrate in the period Juny 2004 December 2005. We positioned 12 hyporheic traps in the streambed. Each trap consisted in an outer structure containing three inside bags. The structures were buried in the streambed in June 2004 with a mini escavator Kubota and still remain in place. The inside traps were filled with clean sterile substrate, similar to the streambed composition, and placed at different depths: the top trap was positioned from 0 to 30 cm, the medium one from 30 to 60 cm and the bottom one from 60 to 90 cm. In this work we present our data about distribution, stratification and abundance of stream benthos within the substrate during the dry season in the period August 2004 December 2005.
Controlling sediment at source: an evaluation of erosion control geotextiles

The detrimental environmental impacts of soil erosion and sediment production are well documented, and this has increased pressure on landscape architects, construction engineers and site contractors to ensure that ‘best management practice’ is used to prevent sediment movement from vulnerable slopes. European Union policy in this area aims to minimize soil erosion losses in order to protect water, land and soil resources.
Observations of desert flood bores

Flood bores have been measured in desert stream floods. The bores were steep and small pebbles were observed to be pushed ahead. Bore velocity changed downstream and was controlled by local channel geometry. In narrow reaches, the bore advanced at rates twice those of wide reaches. Mean bore velocity was about 50 per cent of that of mean flow at peak flood discharge. The surfaces of shallow bores were covered by air foams. This was not the case in deeper, faster examples.
The genesis of a numerical model for the study of the hydrogeology of a steep hillside in Hong Kong

Summary A finite-difference numerical model has been developed to assist in understanding the hydrogeology of a steep hillside in Hong Kong. The development testing and proving of this multi-layer model are described and discussed. Calibration of the model against observed piezometric responses during the 1980 wet season has demonstrated the importance of indirect recharge from bedrock in sustaining the system, and of evapotranspiration in assessing direct recharge from rainfall to the system. The use of this model in the estimation of extreme water levels as input for slope stability analysis problems is described. An analysis of model discretization errors is presented.
Influence of wintertime large-scale circulation on the explosively developing cyclones over the western North Pacific and their downstream effects

[1] The relationships between large-scale wintertime circulation and extratropical cyclones that develop explosively (the so-called bomb cyclones) over the western North Pacific are investigated using Japanese long-term reanalysis project data. On a monthly basis, the East Asian winter monsoon variability strongly modulates the bomb cyclone activity in terms of its geographical distribution. When the monsoon is strong, the bomb cyclone activity tends to concentrate in the vicinity of the Kuroshio Current and the Kuroshio Extension near Japan, while when the monsoon is weak, it disperses over the broader areas. The enhancement of the monsoon increases the heat and moisture supply from warm currents, facilitating unstable conditions within the atmospheric boundary layer and intensifying baroclinicity in the lower troposphere. These factors are believed to play a role in inducing bomb cyclones, particularly along the warm currents. On submonthly timescales, the stationary Rossby wave propagation along the South Asian waveguide serves as a prominent trigger for the rapid reinforcement of synoptic-scale disturbances around Japan. When a pronounced bomb cyclone comes to its mature stage northeast of Japan, it is capable of exciting stationary Rossby waves downstream from the Asian jet exit region as vorticity forcing. The stationary wave packets developing southeastward across the North Pacific Ocean basin induce surface cyclogenesis in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands by leading to the equatorward advection of higher potential vorticity from the midlatitudes, bringing about the occurrence of kona storms, which cause weather hazards in Hawaii.