Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anti-d / anti-u asymmetry and the origin of the nucleon sea

The Drell-Yan cross section ratios, {sigma}(p+d)/{sigma}(p+p), measured in Fermilab E866, have led to the first determination of {bar d}(x)/{bar u}(x), {bar d}(x){minus}{bar u}(x), and the integral of {bar d}(x){minus}{bar u}(x) for the proton over the range 0.02{le}x{le}0.345. The E866 results are compared with predictions based on parton distribution functions and various theoretical models. The relationship between the E866 results and the NMC measurement of the Gottfried integral is discussed. The agreement between the E866 results and models employing virtual mesons indicates that these non-perturbative processes play an important role in the origin of the {bar d},{bar u} asymmetry in the nucleon sea. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Looking and Hearing Into Details: Dual-Enhanced Siamese Adversarial Network for Audio-Visual Matching

Audio-visual cross-modal matching aims to explore the intrinsic correspondence between face images and audio clips. Existing methods usually focus on the salient features of identities between visual images and voice clips, while neglecting their subtle differences, which are crucial to distinguishing cross-modal samples. To deal with this problem, we propose a novel Dual-enhanced Siamese Adversarial Network (DSANet), which pursues the adversarial dual enhancement to highlight both salient and subtle features for robust audio-visual cross-modal matching. First, we designed a dual enhancement mechanism to enhance potential subtle features by randomly selecting a region feature for salient feature suppression, while enhancing salient features in the corresponding region to ensure the global discriminative ability. Second, to establish the correlation of subtle features in the process of eliminating cross-modal heterogeneity, we design a siamese adversarial structure to perform modal heterogeneity elimination for both enhanced salient and subtle features in a parallel manner. Moreover, we propose an adaptive masked cross-entropy loss to force the network to focus on the feature differences among hard classes. Experiments on public benchmark datasets validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Prelimbic Cortical Stimulation with L-methionine Enhances Cognition through Hippocampal DNA Methylation and Neuroplasticity Mechanisms

Declining global DNA methylation and cognitive impairment are reported to occur in the normal aging process. It is not known if DNA methylation plays a role in the efficacy of memory-enhancing therapies. In this study, aged animals were administered prelimbic cortical deep brain stimulation (PrL DBS) and/or L-methionine (MET) treatment. We found that PrL DBS and MET (MET-PrL DBS) co-administration resulted in hippocampal-dependent spatial memory enhancements in aged animals. Molecular data suggested MET-PrL DBS induced DNA methyltransferase DNMT3a-dependent methylation, robust synergistic upregulation of neuroplasticity-related genes, and simultaneous inhibition of the memory-suppressing gene calcineurin in the hippocampus. We further found that MET-PrL DBS also activated the PKA-CaMKIIα-BDNF pathway, increased hippocampal neurogenesis, and enhanced dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission. We next inhibited the activity of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) by RG108 infusion in the hippocampus of young animals to establish a causal relationship between DNMT activity and the effects of PrL DBS. Hippocampal DNMT inhibition in young animals was sufficient to recapitulate the behavioral deficits observed in aged animals and abolished the memory-enhancing and molecular effects of PrL DBS. Our findings implicate hippocampal DNMT as a therapeutic target for PrL DBS and pave way for the potential use of non-invasive neuromodulation modalities against dementia.
A Population of Faint Nontransient Low-Mass Black Hole Binaries

We study the thermal and viscous stability of accretion flows in low-mass black hole binaries (LMBHBs). We consider a model in which an inner advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) is surrounded by a geometrically thin accretion disk, the transition between the two zones occurring at a radius Rtr. In all known LMBHBs, Rtr appears to be such that the outer disks could suffer from global thermal-viscous instability. This instability is likely to cause the transient behavior of these systems. However, in most cases, if Rtr were slightly larger than the estimated values, the systems would be globally stable. This suggests that a population of faint persistent LMBHBs with globally stable outer disks could be present in the Galaxy. Such LMBHBs would be hard to detect because they would lack large-amplitude outbursts and because their ADAF zones would have very low radiative efficiencies, making the systems very dim. We present model spectra of such systems covering the optical and X-ray bands.
Distributional Impacts of Cash Transfers on the Multidimensional Poverty of Refugees: The ESSN Programme in Turkey

Most impact evaluations of humanitarian cash transfer programmes use traditional metrics of poverty and study average effects of outcomes separately. We analyse the impact of the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) cash programme on the multidimensional poverty of refugees in Turkey, using a purpose-built Refugee Multidimensional Poverty Index (RMPI). We conduct a causal analysis of both average and distributional impacts of the ESSN on the incidence and intensity of multidimensional poverty, and decompose effects for separate dimensions of poverty. Results show that the ESSN significantly reduced the incidence and intensity of multidimensional poverty amongst its beneficiaries. Significant reductions are found in the dimensions of food security, living standards and education. This supports emerging claims that these types of programmes, still relatively new in humanitarian contexts, can be transformative for their beneficiaries to achieve multiple outcomes simultaneously. Reductions in the deprivation scores of the more deprived households stand out as a finding that outcome-specific evaluations and multidimensional impact evaluations focusing on estimating average treatment effects would have missed, demonstrating the added value of the distributional analyses used. By learning from the largest humanitarian cash programme in the world, results provide important lessons for cash programmes on multidimensional poverty of refugees elsewhere.
Susceptibility to misinformation is consistent across question framings and response modes and better explained by myside bias and partisanship than analytical thinking

Misinformation presents a significant societal problem. To measure individuals’ susceptibility to misinformation and study its predictors, researchers have used a broad variety of ad-hoc item sets, scales, question framings, and response modes. Because of this variety, it remains unknown whether results from different studies can be compared (e.g., in meta-analyses). In this preregistered study (US sample; N = 2,622), we compare five commonly used question framings (eliciting perceived headline accuracy, manipulativeness, reliability, trustworthiness, and whether a headline is real or fake) and three response modes (binary, 6-point and 7-point scales), using the psychometrically validated Misinformation Susceptibility Test (MIST). We test 1) whether different question framings and response modes yield similar responses for the same item set, 2) whether people’s confidence in their primary judgments is affected by question framings and response modes, and 3) which key psychological factors (myside bias, political partisanship, cognitive reflection, and numeracy skills) best predict misinformation susceptibility across assessment methods. Different response modes and question framings yield similar (but not identical) responses for both primary ratings and confidence judgments. We also find a similar nomological net across conditions, suggesting cross-study comparability. Finally, myside bias and political conservatism were strongly positively correlated with misinformation susceptibility, whereas numeracy skills and especially cognitive reflection were less important (although we note potential ceiling effects for numeracy). We thus find more support for an “integrative” account than a “classical reasoning” account of misinformation belief.
Estimation of the Perturbing Accelerations Induced on the LARES Satellite by Neutral Atmosphere Drag

The laser-ranged satellite LARES is expected to provide new refined measurements of relativistic physics, as well as significant contributions to space geodesy and geophysics. The very low area-to-mass ratio of this passive and dense satellite was chosen to reduce as much as possible the disturbing effects of non-gravitational perturbations. However, because of its height, about 1450 km compared with about 5800-5900 km for the two LAGEOS satellites, LARES is exposed to a much stronger drag due to neutral atmosphere. From a precise orbit determination, analyzing the laser ranging normal points of LARES over a time span of about 3.7 years, it was found an average semi-major axis decay rate of -0.999 m per year, corresponding to a non-conservative net force with a mean along-track acceleration of -1.444 x 10^-11 m/s^2. By means of a modified version of the SATRAP (ISTI/CNR) code, the neutral drag perturbation acting on LARES was evaluated over the same time span, taking into account the real evolution of solar and geomagnetic activities, with five thermospheric density models. All of them were able to model most of the observed semi-major axis decay, with differences among the average drag coefficients smaller than 10%. A further independent check carried out analyzing the orbital decay of a passive spherical satellite (Ajisai) just 40 km higher than LARES, it was then concluded that some of the currently best models developed for neutral atmosphere, within their uncertainties and range of applicability, were able to account for most (about 98.6%) of the observed semi-major axis decay of LARES. Finally, after modeling the neutral atmosphere drag, a residual semi-major axis decay, corresponding to an average along-track acceleration of about -2 x 10^-13 m/s^2 (i.e. about 1/72 of neutral drag), was detected as well.
Amino Acid Availability Modulates Vacuolar H (cid:2) -ATPase Assembly *

Background: Reversible assembly is a major mode of V-ATPase regulation. Results: Amino acid starvation reversibly increases V-ATPase assembly. Conclusion: Amino acids are a novel regulator of V-ATPase assembly. Significance: Learning how amino acids are sensed and influence cellular physiology is important to understanding the basic processes of cellular homeostasis.
Framing in Communication: From Theories to Computation (Dagstuhl Seminar 22131)

Framing has become recognised as a powerful communication strategy for winning debates and shaping opinions and decisions. Entman defines framing as an action of selecting “some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described”. Instead of engaging in costly and difficult exchanges of argument and counter-argument, a politician or a journalist can then try to reframe a dialogue on, for example, fracking from economic benefits to environmental hazards, or a dialogue on abortion from pro-life to pro-choice. Introduced in 1960’s sociology, framing has been imported into communication sciences and media studies as an attempt to address the ways in which news is reported and, thus, a way in which to tackle manipulation and fake news. The topic has spread to other disciplines such as psychology, philosophy, semantics, pragmatics, political science, journalism, and, most recently – to computational linguistics and artificial intelligence. This seminar aims to pave the way to synthesising definitions developed in these theoretically and empirically driven areas and then to operationalise them in computational and applied areas by means of cross-disciplinary hands-on exchanges in facilitated discussions. Our goal is to support the development of innovative technologies, which can help us to quantify framing phenomena, to study framing at scale, and to deploy computational techniques in order to intervene against malicious attempts to influence opinions and decisions of the general public.
XMM-Newton observations of the supernova remnant RX J0852.0-4622/GRO J0852-4642

RX J0852.0-4622 is a supernova remnant discovered in the ROSAT all-sky survey. Spatially coincident 1.157 MeV -ray line emission was detected with the COMPTELinstrument on-board of the CGRO. The analysis combining the X-ray and -ray data suggests that RX J0852.0-4622 is a close-by and young supernova remnant. Follow-up observations with ASCA show that the two brightest sections of the limb have non-thermal spectra, which make an independent assessment of the age and distance using the Sedov equations for the evolution of the remnant almost impossible. We have observed three rim sections of RX J0852.0-4622 with XMM-Newtonand confirm the power law type spectra measured with ASCA. We also confirm the presence of an emission line like feature at 4.45 ± 0.05 keV, which we suggest to be emission from Ti and Sc excited by atom/ion or ion/ion high velocity collisions. The high velocity is in agreement with the width of the 1.157 MeV -ray line. The X-ray line flux expected from such an interaction is consiste nt with the 1.157 MeV -ray line flux measured by COMPTEL. This consistency of the X-ray line flux and the -ray line flux lends further support to the existence and amou nts of Ti in RX J0852.0-4622 claimed by Iyudin et al. (1998) and to the suggestion that RX J0852.0-4622 is young and nearby (Aschenbach et al. 1999). Iyudin et al. (1998) quote a very large broadeni ng of the 1.157 MeV -ray line which would indicate a large velocity of the emitting matter of about 15.000 km/s. Such high ejecta velocity for Ti is found only in explosion models of sub-Chandrasekhar type Ia supernovae (Woosley & Weaver 1994, Livne & Arnett 1995). In this case no compact remnant is expected. The obvious questions remaining are what the nature and the origin of the central compact source CXOU J085201.4- 461753 are and why the absorption column density apparently associated with RX J0852.0-4622 is much greater than the typical column for the Vela SNR.
A Nonlinguistic Ability Test of Perceiving Emotions with Job-Related Consequences

Emotion recognition ability of emotions expressed by other people (ERA-O) can be important for job performance, leadership, bargaining, and career success. Traditional personnel assessment tools of this ability, however, are contaminated by linguistic skills. In a time of global work migration, more and more people speak a language at work that is not their mother tongue. Consequently, we developed and validated the Face-Based Emotion Matching Test (FEMT), a nonlinguistic objective test of ERA-O in gainfully employed adults. We demonstrate the FEMT’s validity with psychological constructs (cognitive and emotional intelligence, Big Five personality traits) and its criterion validity and interethnic fit.
Economic Consequences of Coercive Institutions: Evidence from the US Convict Labor System

I explore institutions of forced labor in the United States of America. Competition with convict labor producing low-quality goods made returns to capital more attractive relative to return to labor, negatively affecting low-skilled population and benefiting capitalowners. By using a new dataset of US convict labor camps at the end of 19 century, I show that convict labor camps increased capital-labor ratio and decreased manufacturing wages of women. In addition, those counties currently have lower absolute upward mobility and higher relative upward mobility. I use the creation of National Prison Association in 1870 in Cincinnati, Ohio as a quasi-natural experiment. Inspired and organized solely by Rev. Enoch Wines, that event led to a creation of industrial and agricultural departments at prisons across the US. I use distance to Cincinnati as an instrument for convict labor camps output to show that the effect of convict labor on historical and contemporary outcomes is causal. I find that one standard deviation increase in the value of prison-made goods increased capital-labor ratio and decreased average wage of women in manufacturing by 16% and 10% of their standard deviations, respectively. Moreover, 1% increase in a value of goods produced by convicts resulted in a decrease of the probability of a person being born in lower income quintile to move into the top quintile by 0.42 percentage points. I use a series of robustness and sensitivity checks, and placebo tests to ensure that results are indeed causal.
Periodic eclipses of the young star PDS 110 discovered with WASP and KELT photometry

We report the discovery of eclipses by circumstellar disc material associated with the young star PDS 110 in the Ori OB1a association using the SuperWASP and KELT surveys. PDS 110 (HD 290380, IRAS 05209-0107) is a rare Fe/Ge-type star, a ~10 Myr-old accreting intermediate-mass star showing strong infrared excess (L$_{\rm IR}$/L$_{\rm bol}$ ~ 0.25). Two extremely similar eclipses with a depth of ~30\% and duration ~25 days were observed in November 2008 and January 2011. We interpret the eclipses as caused by the same structure with an orbital period of $808\pm2$ days. Shearing over a single orbit rules out diffuse dust clumps as the cause, favouring the hypothesis of a companion at ~2AU. The characteristics of the eclipses are consistent with transits by an unseen low-mass (1.8-70M$_{Jup}$) planet or brown dwarf with a circum-secondary disc of diameter ~0.3 AU. The next eclipse event is predicted to take place in September 2017 and could be monitored by amateur and professional observatories across the world.
T ARGETED T HERAPIES IN N ON -S MALL C ELL L UNG C ANCER

an effective treatment strategy in patients who harbour activating mutations in the EGFR TK domain. Bevacizumab a monoclonal antibody targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can improve survival, response rates, and progression-free survival when used in combination with chemotherapy. Crizotinib, a small-molecule drug, inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion protein, resulting in decreased tumour cell growth, migration, and invasiveness in patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC. Several other agents are in clinical testing that target a number of key signalling molecules including: KRAS, HER2, BRAF, MET, PI3K/PI3K-mTOR, MEK1, and IGF- 1R. Often several pathways are activated simultaneously and crosstalk between pathways allows tumour cells to escape the inhibition of a single targeted agent. This chapter will explore the clinical development of currently available targeted therapies for NSCLC as well as targeted agents currently in clinical trials and will examine the synergy between cytotoxic therapies.
Thermal Decomposition, Ignition Process and Combustion Behavior of Nitrate Ester Plasticized Polyether Propellant at 0.1–3.0 MPa

Nitrate ester plasticized polyether (NEPE) propellant is widely used in solid rocket motors, having both good mechanical properties and high specific impulse. However, its ignition and combustion process are complex and need to be better understood. In this study, a high-pressure sealed combustion chamber was constructed, a thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the thermal decomposition process, and a high-speed camera was used to capture the ignition process and combustion behavior of the propellant. The results showed that the thermal decomposition process of this propellant could be divided into two stages. The first stage (50–350°C) was the major mass loss stage and exhibited typical features of BTTN, RDX, and AP decomposition. The second stage (350–500°C) was mainly accompanied by decomposition of the remaining components as well as slight oxidation of aluminum particles. The ignition process of NEPE propellant was divided into four stages, including the inert heating period stage, thermal decomposition stage, initial flame stage, and stable combustion stage. After the propellant absorbed heat, the propellant started to pyrolyze and gasify to generate flammable gas. When the temperature of the propellant surface reached the flammable gas ignition point, an initial flame was generated on the surface, which spread rapidly, covering the surface. The ignition delay time of the propellant was measured by a signal acquisition system, and a mathematical model was then established for the ignition delay time. The results showed that the ignition delay time decreased with increased laser heat flux and ambient pressure. Finally, the Vielle burning rate empirical formula was used to fit the burning rate data for the propellant. The resulting good fit was consistent with experimental measurements and showed that the formula was valid for predicting the NEPE propellant burning rate under 0.1–3.0 MPa nitrogen.
Enhanced Photo-Fenton Activity Using Magnetic Cu0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 Nanoparticles as a Recoverable Catalyst for Degrading Organic Contaminants

Interest in using various nanoparticle catalysts to activate H2O2 with light for organic contaminant and wastewater treatment is steadily increasing. We successfully synthesized magnetically recoverable Cu0.5Mn0. 5Fe2O4 nanoparticles using a simple co-precipitation method followed by melamine-assisted calcination. Material characterization revealed that melamine acted as a coordinating agent during the calcination process that promoted a ferrite structure. Copper (Cu)-substitution effectively decreased material aggregation and promoted catalytic activities. Cu0.5Mn0. 5Fe2O4 nanoparticles showed outstanding catalytic performance on several organic contaminants (87.6–100.0% removal within 2 h). Using oxytetracycline (OTC) as a surrogate wastewater constituent, we found that the hydroxyl radical (•OH) and superoxide anions (•O2−) were the active radical species involved in OTC degradation. Cu0.5Mn0. 5Fe2O4 nanoparticles exhibited excellent photo-Fenton catalytic ability in real wastewater and demonstrated high material stability, even after four consecutive uses (i.e., fourth cycle). In a pilot-scale experiment (10 L), we provide proof that our rigorous treatment system was able to remove remnant OTC, TOC, and also any available colloidal particles to only 1 NTU. Ecotoxicity studies using an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) and zooplankton revealed that treated water could be reused in various ratios. Furthermore, at 5% of treated water, rapid leaf recovery and a significant increase in rotifer numbers were reported. These observations support the use of Cu0.5Mn0. 5Fe2O4/H2O2/light as an efficient and environmentally friendly catalytic system for treatment of organic contaminants, and a radical generating mechanism is proposed.