Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anti‐stress activity of sitoindosides VII and VIII, new acylsterylglucosides from Withania somnifera

Two new acylsterylglucosides, sitoindoside VII and sitoindoside VIII, were isolated from the roots of Withania somnifera Dun. , and were screened for putative anti‐stress activity because the plant is widely regarded as the ‘Indian Ginseng’ by practitioners of the traditional Indian system of medicine. Since an acceptable paradigm of pharmacological tests for anti‐stress screening has yet to be evolved, a battery of tests were employed to delineate the activity of the test compounds.
Four years stability evaluation of the changes obtained by twin force bite corrector appliance

Introduction: Class II malocclusion is one of the most frequent problems in orthodontics, as it affects one third of patients seeking orthodontic treatment. Fixed orthopedic appliances as twin force bite corrector (TFBC) and Jasper Jumper (JJ) appliance used for Treatment of Class II, division 1 malocclusion resulting in a mandibular advancement, Long-term stability following orthopedic correction of Class II malocclusion treatment is the fundamental key to a successful treatment outcome. Aim of the work: The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the post retention stability of skeletal, dental, soft tissue and pharyngeal airway changes obtained with twin force bite corrector and jasper jumper after four years from the end of the treatment. Material and Methods: Two Lateral cephalometric xrays and two study models was compared for each patient treated with twin force bite corrector and jasper jumper (20 patients) one just after removal of the appliance at the end of treatment and the second one after four years of treatment. Results: All tested perimeters showed non significant difference after 4 years of treatment with TFBC appliance . Only the angular position of the upper incisors relative to FH plane and lower arch depth showed significant difference. Also upper arch depth showed significant
Temperature response and photoinhibition investigated by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements for four distinct species of dipterocarp trees

The effects of strong light in combination with elevated temperatures on the photosynthetic system were examined in 4 dipterocarp tree species with ecologically different habitats. The 4 dipterocarp tree species were: Shorea platyclados originated from upper dipterocarp forests, Shorea parvifolia -lowland and hill dipterocarp forests, Shorea assamica - lowland dipterocarp forests, and Dipterocarpus oblongifolius -riparian fringes. S. platyclados and D. oblongifolius have higher growth and survival rates in open sites than S. parvifolia and S. assamica. Tolerance of high temperature among the species was assessed by determining the critical temperatures (T c ) at which the minimal fluorescence (F o ) began to rise sharply. This was measured by exposing plants to an increasing temperature of about 1°C min -1 . The intrinsic thermotolerance of the thylakoid membrane appears to be the highest for D. oblongifolius (T c = 46.4°C), intermediate for S. platyclados (45.7°C), and lowest for S. parvifolia and S. assamica (45.2 and 45.3°C, respectively). The temperature-dependent efficiency of PSII electron transport (ΔF/F' m ), photochemical quenching (qp), and the efficiency of light capture of open PSII (F' v /F' m ) were measured at the photosynthetic steady state at least 10 min after the light exposure (180 μmol m -2 s -1 PFD). Stable temperature responses of ΔF/F' m and qp were observed in S. platyclados and D. oblongifolius, while those in S. parvifolia and S. assamica were more temperature-dependent and severely affected at 45°C. Little difference was observed in temperature-dependent F' v /F' m among species. Photoinhibitory light exposure (1600 μmol m -2 s -1 PFD) for 2 h at 40°C had little effect on the recovery kinetics from photoinhibition of S. platyclados and D. oblongifolius compared with those at 35°C. In contrast, the recovery from photoinhibition was retarded in S. parvifolia and S. assamica. These findings suggest that even at 40°C, a temperature below T c , an exposure to strong light exacerbated photoinhibition in S. parvifolia and S. assamica corresponding to the closure of PSII reaction centers, as indicated by the decrease in qp at this temperature. Thus, S. platyclados and D. oblongifolius, which occur at uplands and riparian fringes with frequent disturbances, are suggested to have higher photosynthetic tolerance to elevated temperatures contributing to a circumvention of photoinhibition.
High Dietary Ash Content Decreases Fat Digestibility in the Mink

Abstract This study clarifies the effect of high dietary ash and calcium on fat and fatty acid digestibilities in the mink. Differences between various calcium sources are also evaluated. We performed three digestibility experiments by the total collection method with 30 adult male minks of standard genotype. Each experiment had two dietary fat sources, beef tallow and rapeseed oil, and three different ash levels, 4, 8, and 14% in dry matter (DM) of the diet. Ash level in the diets was increased either with limestone grist (experiment A), fish offal meal (experiment B), or bone meal (experiment C). Fat level in the diets was 20% in DM. In experiment A, the digestibility of beef tallow decreased from 76 to 67% and the digestibility of rapeseed oil from 94 to 85% with increasing ash level. In experiment B, digestibility coefficients for beef tallow and rapeseed oil varied between 67–70 and 94–95, respectively. In experiment C, the digestibility of beef tallow decreased from 87 to 66% and that of rapeseed oi.
The burrow structure of the mud shrimp Callianassa subterranea (Decapoda: Thalassinidea) from the North Sea

The burrow morphometrics of Callianassa subterranea (Montagu) were established from resin casts of burrows of mud shrimps collected from the North Sea and maintained in native mud in the laboratory for 90 days at 15°C. Each shrimp constructed a complex burrow consisting of a multi-branched network of tunnels connected to several inhalant shafts, each terminating in a funnel-shaped opening at the surface. In addition, a single (sometimes 2 or 3), much narrower exhalant shaft ended at the surface in a mound of expelled sediment. The mean diameters of tunnels, shafts and burrow volume were related directly to the size of the constructing shrimp. The only significant difference in burrow form between males and females was in the number of shafts (and corresponding inhalant openings); females constructed between 4 and 5, whereas burrows of males possessed between 6 and 8 openings. Comparison of present burrow descriptions from sandy sediments with those published previously for C. subterranea collected from mu.
Airline Network in East Asia

Using Social Network Analysis (SNA), this paper examines the inter-country airline logistics relationships in East Asia. Based on the flight schedule data, which has been gathered by the authors, the overall features of airline logistics structure and the specific roles of each airport could be more clearly examined. The main results of this paper are as follows: Beijing has the highest Degree Centrality, but excluding the domestic lines, Incheon has the highest Degree Centrality, which would imply that a relatively high Centrality of logistics for China’s airports is due to the greater number of domestic lines. The focal hub status of Incheon airport is also supported by the fact that Incheon contains the highest Betweenness Centrality. Secondly, evaluated by the types of brokerage role, Incheon has a remarkably strong role as a liaison, which means Incheon airport functions as a transfer hub between two different regions outside of Korea. However, considering only the to/from China airline links, Hong Kong has the highest score as a liaison. These conflicting results imply that as China’s airline transportation continuously increases, Hong Kong will become a strong rival to Incheon. Thirdly, in the analysis of Structural Hole which functions the broker and acts as a hub by linking unconnected airports, Incheon has the highest possibilities as a hub airport. However, only considering to/from China airlines, Hong Kong would dominate Incheon.
Diâmetro do folículo no momento da inseminação artificial em tempo fixo e taxa de concepção em vacas Nelore

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the diameter of the largest follicle at the time of TAI (DFOL) on conception rate of Nellore cows submitted to TAI protocol. Therefore, 348 females were synchronized on day 0 (D0) with an intravaginal progesterone device (P4) associated with 2.0mg of estradiol benzoate intramuscularly (im). On day 8 (D8), after P4 removal, 500? g Sodium cloprostenol (im), 0.6mg of estradiol cypionate (im) and 300UI equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) (im) were administered. On day 10 (D10), immediately before each TAI, DFOL was measured in all animals by transrectal ultrasonography. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 30 days after TAI by transrectal ultrasonography. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 19) and DFOL means were compared by Student's t-test. The overall conception rate was 57.47% and DFOL overall average was 12.43±2.84mm. There were differences (P=0.0001) in the comparison of DFOL of pregnant (13.33±2.40mm) and nonpregnant (11.27±2.75mm) cows. The results showed a positive effect of DFOL on fertility of cows submitted to synchronization protocol. KEYWORDS: Artificial insemination; cattle; synchronization.
Freshwater algal diversity of the South-Tajik Depression in a high-mountainous extreme environment, Tajikistan

The research on algal communities' response to altitude and altitude-related climatic conditions is sparse. So far, a full, accessible list of algae from the water bodies of the South-Tajik Depression has not been available. We compiled an algal species list of 1190 taxa that were revealed by us or listed in references in the South-Tajik Depression high-mountain rivers Kafirnigan, Vakhsh, Kyzylsu, Yakhsu, and Tairsu and in the lakes of its basin. The altitude gradient of the studied area is about 2500 m above sea level. An altitude-related algal diversity analysis was done with help of statistics and bioindication. The Willis curve for the distribution of species to genera had a trend line of R 2 = 0.92. A multivariate analysis was used for quantitative estimates of the ecological tolerance ranges of critical species and for detecting cardinal factors and trends at local water bodies to global levels of biodiversity evolution. Our analysis shows that species distribution was strongly affected by altitude and altitude-related climatic variables. Statistical methods revealed that temperatures stimulate algal species diversity, while precipitation and altitude suppress it. One of the floristic complexity criteria is the average species richness of the algal genera or the infraspecies to species ratio, which increased from 1.12 to 1.20 and reflects increases in structural complexity with altitude. Therefore, high altitude stresses algal communities and stimulates species polymorphism as a compensatory mechanism for algal species survival. Our approach is pertinent to the problem of floristic differentiation under climate change and climatic instability.
Struggles over resources and community formation at Dwesa-Cwebe, South Africa

Struggles over resources may constitute new understandings of community, boundaries and rights (Moore 1998:403). Literature on community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) has focused on intra-community differentiation and the roles of CBNRM in expanding state power. Where communities are forged through struggle, however, internal heterogeneity along lines of class, gender, age and so on, may be a less significant obstacle than the challenges of enforcing the boundaries and rules created by newly emergent communities. Moreover, rather than being created through state projects of territorialization and control, such communities may look to the state for enforcement of newly-formed boundaries and rules. Two case studies from the Eastern Cape, South Africa, recount the emergence of new communities through struggles to regain access to resources. The first concerns grazing in Cwebe Nature Reserve, while the second concerns a community woodlot. In each, tensions emerged related to new loyalties and boundaries forged through struggles over resources. Local leaders faced enforcement problems and looked to the state for assistance in enforcing the rights they had claimed through struggle. These cases illustrate the need to expand CBNRM research to examine community-driven initiatives as intensively as externally-driven ones.
Cladistic relationships within Amphiglena Claparède (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) with a new species and a redescription of A. mediterranea (Leydig)

A new species of Amphiglena Claparede 1864, A. lindae n. sp. , is described from Belize having up to five pairs of radioles, eight thoracic chaetigers, and as many as 26 abdominal chaetigers. This species, like other Amphiglena spp. , is a simultaneous hermaphrodite with eggs and sperm developing in abdominal chaetigers. However, in A. lindae the gametes are found in the mid-abdominal region rather than the anterior abdomen. It is also unique in having a pair of spermathecae with red pigmentation at the base of the dorsal lips. A redescription of the type species of the genus, A. mediterranea Leydig, 1851, is also provided based on material from Italy. No type material of A. mediterranea was ever deposited but it is thought unnecessary to designate neotypes. The cladistic relationships among the species of Amphiglena are then assessed using an outgroup based on the six genera that are the sister group to the Laonome/Amphiglena clade. Two species of Laonome are included as part of the ingroup. The monophyly .
The role of the olive baboon (Papio anubis, Cercopithecidae) as seed disperser in a savanna-forest mosaic of West Africa

Abstract: Primates are among the major groups of frugivores in the tropics, but little is known about their role in natural regeneration of African savanna ecosystems. In the savanna-forest mosaic of north-eastern Ivory Coast the olive baboon (Papio anubis Lesson) harvests fruit from at least 79 plant species. Over a 24-mo study period, 396 faecal samples from 10 groups of baboons were analysed in terms of quantitative and qualitative aspects of seed handling and dispersal (excluding grasses and sedges). Seventy-three per cent of seeds in faecal samples were undamaged. Intact seeds were from 65 species. On average, defecations contained intact seeds from 2.0 species (range = 0–10). Seed size varied between 1 and 27 mm, and 77% of the species had medium-sized to large seeds. No linear correlation between mean seed size and seed damage was found. Eighteen out of 19 species tested were viable after ingestion, but effects of gut passage upon germination varied widely. The baboon population in the study area (145 km2) dispersed an estimated 1483 intact seeds d−1 km−2 (129 seeds > 2 mm in size). The results suggest that the olive baboon is an important seed disperser in the savanna-forest ecosystem of West Africa.
Inclusion of tomato in the genus Solanum as "Solanum lycopersicum" is evident from phylogenetic studies.

As DNA sequence data were rapidly accumulated in the last decade, the intense debate on the position of the genus “Lycopersicon” with respect to “Solanum” was recently settled. In this review, we focus on chloroplast DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (cpRFLP) analysis and molecular phylogenetic study of the chloroplast-encoded NADH dehydrogenase (ndhF) gene of numerous Solanaceae family members including tomato, Solanum lycopersicum (formerly Lycopersicon esculentum). Both studies revealed that S. lycopersicum is clearly included in the large genus Solanum, which includes potato (S. tuberosum) and eggplant (S. melongena). All cpRFLP and different algorithms in ndhF phylogenetic analysis classified S. lycopersicum into the same clade as S. tuberosum. Comparative genome analysis using a high-density genetic linkage map of S. lycopersicum and S. tuberosum indicated that the chromosome structure is highly conserved between the two species. These recent studies indicated that tomato and potato are phylogenetically close and share a recent common ancestor.
A preliminary survey of the estuaries on the south coast of South Africa, Robberg Peninsula—Cape St Francis, with particular reference to the fish fauna

A basic ichthyofaunal and physico-chemical survey of the coastal outlets on the south coast of South Africa (Robberg Peninsula to Cape St Francis) was undertaken during November 1994 and September 1995. Some 27 systems were identified along this stretch of coast and of these, 48% (Brak, Helpmekaars, Klip, Witels, Geelhoutbos, Kleinbos, Bruglaagte, Langbos, Sanddrif, Eerste, Boskloof, Kaapsedrif and Klipdrif [Wes]) comprised the inlets of coastal streams that offer little habitat for fishes, 26% (Sout, Bloukrans, Lottering, Elandsbos, Storms, Elands and Groot [Oos]) are located within deeply incised valleys within the Tsitsikamma region and provide limited littoral habitat for estuary-associated fishes; 26% of the systems (Piesang, Keurbooms, Matjies, Groot [Wes], Tsitsikamma, Klipdrif [Oos], Slang) appear to serve some estuarine function for both marine migrant and resident species although some of these may also be limited due to their small size and infrequent connection with the sea. This study serves to emphasize the ecological importance of these latter estuaries with in this coastal sector.
Myxidium-Immersum (Protozoa, Myxosporea) of the Cane Toad, Bufo-Marinus, in Australian Anura, With a Synopsis of the Genus in Amphibians

Myxidium immersum (Lutz, 1889), a gall-bladder protozoan parasite from South American Anura, is described for the first time in some Australian Anura. The cane toad, Bufo marinus, one of its natural hosts in South America, was introduced into Australia in 1935, and this led to the infection of native Australian frogs including: Hylidae, 12 species of Litoria; Myobatrachidae, four species of Limnodynastes, one each of Mixophyes, Ranidella and Uperoleia. Scanning electron microscope observations on the spore are reported. A synopsis of the Myxidium species in amphibians is presented. In explaining the present distribution of M. immersum in Australia, it is suggested that the life cycle of Myxidium species in amphibians involves an intermediate host which may become infected by swallowing trophozoites and spores; the tadpole may become infected by feeding on the intermediate host.
Diversidade de borboletas (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea e Hesperioidea) em fragmentos de Floresta Estacional Decidual em Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Six field trips were carried bimonthly, between July 2004 and July 2005, in three fragments of Decidual Seasonal Forest of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State: Morro do Elefante (E), Morro do Lar Metodista (M) and Morro Cerrito (C). After 135 sampling hours, 1594 butterflies of 145 species were registered. Among these, 59% are Nymphalidae, 19% Hesperiidae, 10% Papilionidae, 7% Pieridae and 5% Lycaenidae. Nine species were new registers for Rio Grande do Sul State. M had the highest richness and abundance of species. The lowest richness was observed in E and the lowest abundance in C. Shannon-Wiener and Margalef diversity indexes had the same ordination among localities, being higher in M, more heterogeneous and disturbed, and lower in E. Simpson and Berger-Parker dominance indexes were higher in E, with more abundant species, and lower in C. Only 30% of the species were common to the three localities. About half of the total registered species were exclusive from one of the three localities. The highest similarity indexes (Morisita and Jaccard) were obtained between M and E, and the lowest between E and C.
AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION OF ' LOW-PROTEIN BROILER DIETS: 2. FORMULATION ON AN IDEAL AMINO ACID BASIS

There are a variety of grains and oilseed meals that may be useful as broiler feedstuffs but which are not typically used in today's dietary feed formulation. Utilization of these feedstuffs, however, requires knowledge of which amino acids may be deficient in feed formulations and the ability of broilers to digest and utilize the amino acids within each feedstuff for productive purposes [l]. In addition, several supplemental amino acids are now routinely incorporated into poultry feeds because they are available at a price that permits their use in least-cost formulated diets. The combination of these factors may reduce excess dietary amino acids via decreasing dietary crude protein (CP) and meet the
Study on Milkability Traits in Holstein Cows

The present investigation was undertaken to study the milkability characteristics of Holstein cows. Out of 6,660 initial records 4,607 records were finally included in the analysis after deleting some records with an abnormal range of values for the traits considered. These 4,607 Holstein cows belonged to a total of 122 herds located in a province in Korea. The 'LactoCorder' instrument was used to electronically record the milkability traits at the milking parlor. A total of 19 traits were studied which were broadly classified into milk yield, milking speed, milking time and the electrical conductivity related traits. The SAS 9.1 statistical software was used to carry out analyses. The average maximum milk flow per minute was 3.21 kg/min, while the average milking speed during the main milking process (DMHG) had a mean value of 2.30 kg/min. The total milk yield was 14.14 kg, 62% of which was milked during the first three minutes of the milking. The average total milking time was 8.23 min. Among the three phases of the main milking process, the time of stable milk flow had the longest time (2.97 min) followed by the time at the decline phase (2.62 min). The average time taken to reach the plateau phase was 1.08 min, which can still be reduced further through improved managemental practices. Among milk yield traits, milk yield during the first two (MG2) and three (MG3) minutes of milking had high positive correlation with milking speed traits and negative correlations with almost all the milking time traits except time of incline in milk flow from 0.5 kg/min till the attainment of the plateau phase (tAN). Milking speed traits had negative correlations with total milking time, time at main milking process, time at plateau and with the time at decline. Since there was medium to high negative correlation between the milking speed and the time at plateau, there is a need for selection of cows which have intermediate milking speed so that it could require less milking time and also the optimum (higher and longer) plateau time. Proper pre-stimulation and avoiding over milking will help in further reducing the milking time and thus will add to the net profit of the farmer.