Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TANNIC ACID, PROTEIN, AND DIGESTIBLE CARBOHYDRATE: DIETARY IMBALANCE AND NUTRITIONAL COMPENSATION IN LOCUSTS'

The combined effects of dietary imbalance and the allelochemical tannic acid on fifth stadium Locusta migratoria were investigated. In a factorial-design experiment, insects were fed artificial diets containing digestible carbohydrates and proteins in equal proportions (14 or 28%), or in a 1:2 or 2:1 ratio, with or without 10% tannic acid. Growth, consumption, and utilization efficiencies were measured over the course of the fifth stadium, and histological analyses of the midguts of newly molted adults were undertaken. While the consumption of diet was higher on the 14%-protein diets, consumption of protein remained lower than on the 28%-protein diets, indicating that compensatory feeding for protein was incomplete. Similarly, compensation for low dietary carbohydrates oc- curred, but was incomplete. Low levels of either nutrient resulted in increased intake of the other, but the effect of protein on carbohydrate intake was stronger than vice versa. There was a statistically interactive effect of carbohydrate and protein on the amounts of carbohydrate consumed, resulting from the fact that particularly high levels of carbohydrate were consumed when the diets simultaneously contained 28% carbohydrate and 14% pro- tein. The terms "incidental augmentation" and "incidental restriction" of intake are in- troduced to describe the ways that certain nutrient groups may affect the intake of others in foods that are nutritionally imbalanced. Tannic acid resulted in reduced efficiency of conversion of ingested nitrogen, but the efficiency of conversion of total ingested nutrients was higher on the diets containing tannic acid. A higher frequency of lesions was observed in the midgut epithelia of tannin-fed insects than controls, and it is suggested that the sloughing of necrotic epithelial tissues into the lumen and their subsequent egestion with the feces may account for the reduced efficiency of nitrogen conversion in these insects. A statistical interaction between protein levels and tannic acid demonstrated that tannic acid reduced consumption, but only of the low protein diets. Therefore, the effect of tannic acid was to restrict compensatory feeding for protein. A consequence of this was reduced growth in insects fed low-protein diets containing tannic acid. Total growth (dry mass) was lower on the 28%-protein diets and higher on the 28%- carbohydrate diets, and therefore corresponded with levels of carbohydrate intake. Nitrogen accumulation increased with dietary protein levels, but remained constant across carbo- hydrate levels despite increased intake of nitrogen on low-carbohydrate diets. This was accounted for by lower efficiency of conversion of nitrogen on the 14%-carbohydrate diets. Approximate digestibility was higher for the 1 4%-protein diets, possibly reflecting increased intake of easily digested carbohydrates. There were no statistically significant interactive effects between the two nutrients, or between either nutrient and tannic acid, on utilization efficiencies.
Growth, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus fed at different dietary protein and lipid levels

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the suitable dietary protein and lipid levels for juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus reared in net pens. Ten test diets were formulated at five levels of crude protein (330, 370, 410, 450 or 490 g kg−1) and two levels of crude lipid (65 or 125 g kg−1). Golden pompano fingerlings (initial body weight 4.7 g ind−1) were fed the test diets for 8 weeks. Weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), energy retention efficiency (ERE), condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), body protein content and total nitrogen waste (TNW) were dependent on both dietary protein and lipid levels. Feed intake (FI) and viscersomatic index (VSI) were dependent on dietary protein level, while body lipid content was dependent on dietary lipid level. Weight gain increased with increasing the dietary protein level (at the same lipid level) but was lower at the dietary lipid level of 65 g kg−1 than at 125 g kg−1 (at the same protein level). Fish fed at the dietary protein levels of 460–490 g kg−1 had higher WG and lower FCR than at 330–410 g kg−1. Energy retention efficiency tended to increase with increasing the dietary protein level from 330 to 410 g kg−1, while no significant difference was found in nitrogen retention efficiency between the dietary protein levels (at the same lipid level). Results of this study suggest increasing the dietary lipid level from 65 to 125 g kg−1 could not induce protein-sparing action in golden pompano, and the suitable dietary protein and lipid levels for juvenile golden pompano reared in net pens should be 450–490 and 65 g kg−1.
W3170 Multistate Research Project: Beneficial Reuse of Residuals and Reclaimed Water: Impact on Soil Ecosystem and Human Health (formerly W2170)

Millions of tons of residual by-products, such as urban wastes (biosolids, recycled water, food scraps and other municipal solid waste), agricultural waste (manure) and industrial sludges are produced in the U.S. On average, approximately 50% of biosolids, 98% of food scraps, and 45% of yard trimmings are currently disposed of in landfills or incinerated at substantial cost to the industry and public (King et al., 2011). Reuse of residuals as soil amendments offers the potential to substitute beneficial agronomic and environmental uses for disposal costs. Treated liquid wastes, such as wastewater effluent, recycled water and other non-potable waters, also present opportunities for beneficial reuse in lieu of surface water discharge or expensive treatment.
Observations on rodlet cells found in the vascular system and extravascular space of angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare scalare)

In the angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare scalare) numerous rodlet cells were found in the large post-orbital blood vessel caudal to the eye and in the surrounding extravascular space. Within the vessel the rodlet cells formed striking regular arrays, along the inner aspect of the wall. The rodlets within the cells were positive to PAS but negative to Sudan Black B, Masson's, and the Fuelgen stain. The capsule around the cells was negative for all these stains. These rodlet cells appeared to be traversing the vessel endothelium, and to be pushing the endothelium aside without damaging it. Some discharged their contents into the vessel, but we never observed the release of intact rodlets. The nuclei of rodlet cells in actual contact with the vessel were at the end of the cell more distant from the endothelial wall. Cell-to-cell adhesion structures or communications junctions between rodlet cells and the endothelium were not evident. A putative rodlet cell precursor in the extravascular space contained large electron-dense granules, and extended pseudopodia that contacted nearby rodlet cells. Based on their morphology, tissue distribution, and their behaviour, we conclude that the rodlet cell is an endogeneous teleost cell type, and possibly represents a form of matured granulocyte.
Effects of Water Stress and Mycorrhizal Fungi on Essential Oil Content and Composition of Satureja sahendica Bornm.

Satureja sahendica Bornm is an endemic, native, and aromatic plant in Iran, with thymol being its main and major volatile component, which is used in food and pharmaceutical industries. Increasing the oil yield and phenolic compounds in essential oil leads to increased medicinal effects. In this study, the effects of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae, G. intraradices, and combination of G. mosseae and G. intraradices) and different levels of water stress [D1= Control (no water stress), D2= No irrigation during stem elongation till blooming, D3= No irrigation at the blooming up to start of flowering, and D4= No irrigation at 50% flowering up to full flowering] were studied on S. sahendica oil, in two years. When the seedlings were transferred to the field, 10 g of mycorrhiza fertilizer (containing mycorrhizal fungus spores) were added to the rhizosphere of each seedling. The plants were harvested at full flowering and the essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The highest amount of oil yield (66.13 kg ha-1) was obtained using G. intraradices in non-stress conditions in the second year. The highest percentage of thymol was obtained in G. mosseae×control in the first year (74.59%), whereas in the second year, the highest amount of thymol was in G. mosseae×D4 (61.97%). This study showed that with the use of mycorrhizal fungi, even in conditions of water shortage, S. sahendica produced more essential oil with a higher percentage of thymol. With the use of mycorrhizal fungi, the essential oil can easily be increased and the number of compounds changes.
The Effect of Diversification and Executive Compensation on Firm Value: Study of Manufacturing Sector Listed on BEI

Free trade in the Asia-Pacific region (AFTA) and Southeast Asia (MEA) becomes a challenge for family firms in developing their business activities. Strategies that can be taken by family firms to cope with existing market pressures can be pursued by implementing a diversification and compensation strategy. This study aims to explain and analyse the influence of diversification in related models, diversification on unrelated models, and executive compensation to firm value. In this research the population used family firms in the manufacturing sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the year 2012-2016, amounted to 140. Based on the population criteria set, the sampling method is purposive sampling. Research samples are 90 companies. Eviews Ver 8.0 is used as a data processing tool in this research. The important findings of the research are that the diversification in the related model has no significant effect on firm value, the diversification on the unrelated model has no significant effect on firm value, the executive compensation in the related diversified company has a significant negative effect on firm value, and the executive compensation on the unrelated diversified company has a significant positive effect on the value of the company.
Calculated parenteral initial treatment of bacterial infections: Infections with multi-resistant Gram-negative rods – ESBL producers, carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

This is the sixteenth chapter of the guideline “Calculated initial parenteral treatment of bacterial infections in adults – update 2018” in the 2nd updated version. The German guideline by the Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie e.V. (PEG) has been translated to address an international audience. Infections due to multiresistant Gram-negative rods are challenging. In this chapter recommendations for targeted therapy for infections caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii are given, based on the limited available evidence.
Intraspecific Differences in Nitrate Half‐Saturation Constants for Three Species of Marine Phytoplankton

Half—saturation constants (K) for NO_3 uptake were measured on eight clones, belonging to three species, of marine phytoplankton. The clones isolated from oceanic, low—nutrient areas had K values of below 0.75 (mu)M NO_3, while clones of the same species taken from estuarine regions had higher K values (over 1.5 (mu)M NO_3). Other isolated from shelf areas had intermediate (1.2 (mu)M NO_3) or low (0.1 (mu)M NO_3) K values. These data suggest that physiological races of marine phytoplankton are adapted to high or low nutrient levels. See full-text article at JSTOR
The prosodic marking of rhetorical questions in Standard Chinese

We investigated the prosody of rhetorical questions (RQs) as compared to string-identical information-seeking questions (ISQs) in Standard Chinese – a language in which f0 is considerably constrained by lexical tone. Our results show that overall RQs have a lower mean f0 than ISQs. F0 is also locally modified (on the first and last constituent) to mark illocution type. Additionally, RQs have longer durations than ISQs and show more instances of glottalized voice, mainly towards the end of the interrogative. Hence, similar to intonation languages, Standard Chinese uses prosody to distinguish between these two illocution types. Our findings hence suggest f0, duration, and voice quality to be cross-linguistic signals of rhetorical meaning, with their implementation being language-specific.
Nomenclature survey of the genus Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae) 3. Names linked to the Italian flora

The application of sixteen names in Acnida, Amaranthus and Euxolus that are linked to Italian flora has been studied. One new combination (Am. emarginatus subsp. emarginatus var. pseudogracilis) is proposed here. Am. strictus is a nomen nudum, and its concept was investigated on the basis of a specimen collected by M. Tenore and preserved in NAP. The name Am. × monteluccii is a nom. inval. and it is validated here. The remaining 14 names are valid from the nomenclatural point of view, and they were typified on specimens kept in B, BM, BOLO, FI, G, K, MO, NY, P, PH, US and iconographies by Dodonaei (for Am. ascendens) and Balbis (for Am. prostratus).
Growth Models of Complex Allometries in Holometabolous Insects

Allometries among body parts of adult holometabolous insects differ from allometries among body parts of many other animals because adult structures (many of which are derived from imaginal disks) do not grow synchronously with the body. Imaginal structures grow little during larval life but experience most of their growth during the prepupal and pupal period, after food intake and somatic growth have ceased. Growth of imaginal tissues thus occurs in a closed system at the expense of nutrients accumulated during larval life. In a closed system, growing imaginal tissues compete for available nutrients, and the growth trajectory and final size of one tissue (or disk) are influenced by the growth of others. We use the Gompertz growth equation and a model of growth in a closed system in which imaginal disks compete for nutrients to model the growth of imaginal disks and the resulting allometric relations among them. By incorporating known features of ant caste development, such as reprogramming of the critical size for metamorphosis in major workers (soldiers) and reprogramming of developmental parameters in individuals larger than a critical size, we show that the nonlinear and discontinuous allometries of ants with polymorphic castes result from normal developmental processes during the metamorphosis of holometabolous insects. The imaginal disk competition model predicts that when one disk is reprogrammed, others will show a compensatory response. Such correlated developmental responses may play a role in the evolution of body proportions in ants, rhinoceros beetles, and other insects.
Predator-induced morphological defence in ciliates: interclonal variation for sensitivity to the inducing factors

This study brings the first evidence for the interclonal variation in the expression of predator-induced morphological defence in ciliates. The degree of response to the ciliate predator Stylonychia mytilus was compared in 18 clones of Euplotes octocarinatus. Although all the examined clones were inducible, they attained similar level of the response at a different “dose” of inducing factor. One of the clones maintained the “induced form” permanently, i.e. in the absence of any predator. Furthermore, comparing the effects of two different predators S. mytilus and a turbellarian Stenostomum sp. revealed differences among closely related clones in their relative responses to these predators. The degree of response in a given clone to one predator species did not preclude its response level to the other one suggesting that the expression of the defence to different predators might change independently. Our findings indicate that there is genetic variation for sensitivity to the inducing factors in Euplotes and hence the possibility for selection on this variation.
Mass-marking of coregonid larvae and fry by tetracycline tagging of otoliths

Larvae and juveniles of two species of Coregouns sp. were immersed in tetracycline (TC) solutions (200–800)mg/1) and fluorescent marks in the otoliths from fish were identified under a UV-light microscope. Whitefish. Coregonus Iavaretus (L.). juveniles (average weight 191 mg) immersed in TC solution retained their marking until the 127th day, hut 40% of the population lost their TC marking after wintering. Whitefish and peled. C. peled Gmelin, larvae retained TC marking from the TC solution (400 mg/1) if water temperature was higher than 5°C, Whitefish juveniles retained clear marking in the otolith after 120 days of post-immersion rearing. Peled larvae immersed in TC solution were grown in a pond and the fluorescent otolith centre of 55·4-g fish was well visible after processing. Nearly 100% of peled larvae grown for 176 days can he identified based on fluoresceent marks observed under a UV-lighl microscope.
Coeficiente de digestibilidade e características ruminais de bovinos alimentados com rações contendo resíduo de cervejaria fermentado

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the partial and total digestibility coefficient (DC) of the nutrients, ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) concentration in the ruminal fluid and microbial efficiency synthesis in bovines fed rations containing 0, 8, 16 and 24% of brewers grains. The brewer grains were ensiled in surface silo (5,000 kg). Four Holstein cattle (480 ± 100 kg of body weight) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas, were distributed to 4 × 4 Latin square design. The mean DM intake of animals was 1.7% BW. Total and ruminal DC of the nutrients did not differ among the levels of BG used in the rations. The levels of BG in the rations showed a linearly increased on the intestinal DC dry matter and TC, as % of that reached the compartment. There was no effect of levels of BG in rations on pH and N-NH3 concentration in the ruminal fluid. The levels of RCF in diets did not affect the microbial efficiency synthesis in g N-Mic/kg of rumen apparent degradable organic matter and rumen truly degradable organic matter. The inclusion of up to 24% of BG (%DM) cattle feed does not alter the processes of rumen fermentation and digestion of nutrients.
Finger dermatoglyphics of Australian aborigines in the northern territory of Australia

Fingerprints of 114 Australian Aboriginal males and 90 females have been analyzed. Whorls are more frequent in males (56.7%) than in females (51.2%) and loops are less frequent in males (42.6%) than in females (47.0%). The index of pattern intensity displays a higher value in males (15.60) than in females (14.94). The bimanual differences both in males and females are not statistically significant for the occurrence of patterns on the digits of the right and left hands. Also the difference between both sexes for the occurrence of patterns is not statistically significant. Incidences of actual symmetry on homologous digits represented 74.0% in males and 77.3% in females. The mean total ridge counts showed 156.65 ± 43.32 (M±SD) in males and 148.69±43.64 (M±SD) in females, respectively. Conclusively, this study represents that the Australian Aborigines conform closely to the Polynesians in finger dermatoglyphics.
Interpreting Second Occurrence Focus

This manuscript investigates the question of whether and how ‘second occurrence focus’ (SOF) is realized phonetically in German. The apparent lack of phonetic marking on SOF has raised much discussion on the semantic theory of focus (Partee, 1991; Rooth, 1992). Some researchers have reported the existence of phonetic marking of SOF (Rooth, 1996; Beaver et al., 2004), claiming that SOF is not marked by pitch, but by duration, although it is very subtle at best. These studies, however, overlook the fact that SOF in their examples always appears at a postnuclear position, where no pitch accent can appear for an independent reason. That is, the lack of pitch accent on SOF is not due to the lack of F-marking, but due to the phonological condition where SOF appears. In our experimental study with German sentences, we examined sentences with prenuclear SOF and those with postnuclear SOF, comparing with their first occurrence focus (FOF) and non-focus counterparts. The results show the phonetic marking of SOF in pitch and duration prenuclearly, but only in duration postnuclearly. Furthermore, SOF is realized differently from FOF. We account for these differences by considering several phonetic effects, those that are focus-related and those that are independently motivated.
BOREAL OWL MATING HABITAT IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES

A•ST•,•CT. --We examined boreal owl (Aegoliusfunereus) mating habitat in the Sierra Madre range of the Medicine Bow National Forest in Wyoming in the northwestern United States during 1992-93. In nocturnal surveys, we found 22 boreal owl singing locations which we compared to 68 random locations in the study area. Owls used stands dominated by Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) more often (77%) than stands of lodgepole pine (Pinus conteata). Stand size ranged from 0.2-122.8 ha though adjacent stand type (forest or opening) was not investigated. Allboreal owls were found in areas with old forest characteristics including high basal areas of trees, tall snags, many large down logs, and a tall overstory canopy. Some boreal owls sang from old forest stands adjacent to clearcuts, one as close as 15 m. Older forests may provide nest holes for boreal owls which are obligate cavity nesters.
Kinds, epistemic indefinites, and some-exclamatives

Although exclamative sentences have garnered much attention over the years, most work has focused on understanding what have been called wh-exclamatives and nominal exclamatives, to the exclusion of other types of exclamative constructions. I focus on what I call some-exclamatives, clausal exclamatives where the predicate uses the determiner some. I provide an analysis of these exclamatives, showing how their existence is motivated by independent properties of exclamative constructions and some.
α2B Adrenergic receptor 301-303 deletion polymorphism and vascular α2 adrenergic receptor response

Postsynaptic alpha2B adrenergic receptors (ARs) mediate vasoconstriction. There is more than 1000-fold variability in vascular sensitivity to an alpha2-AR agonist. Genetic variability may contribute to such interindividual differences in sensitivity. A 301-303 deletion (del) polymorphism has been identified in the coding region of the alpha2B-AR gene and has functional effects in vitro. Thus, we examined the hypothesis that the del301-303 polymorphism contributes to variability in vascular alpha2-AR responses in vivo. Healthy subjects were recruited based on their alpha2B-AR genotype. Their vascular sensitivity was determined using a linear variable differential transformer following the infusion of increasing doses (range 0.01-1000 ng/min) of the alpha2-AR agonist, dexmedetomidine, into a dorsal hand vein. The dose that produced 50% (ED50) of maximum venoconstriction (Emax) was determined for each subject. Vascular response was compared among the three genotypes. Forty-nine subjects were studied [28 wild-type wt/wt, 13 wt/del, 8 del/del]. There was no difference in dexmedetomidine ED50 and Emax among the alpha2B-AR del301-303 genotypes. The ED50 was 1.39 ng/min [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.03-63.0 ng/min] in wt/wt subjects, 1.63 ng/min (95% CI 0.01-177.8 ng/min) in wt/del and 2.37 ng/min (95% CI 0.17-33.7 ng/min) in del/del (P=0.80). The average Emax was 75.4+/-14.9% in wt/wt, 75.7+/-21.3% in wt/del and 82.2+/-12.9% in del/del subjects (P=0.26). These findings suggest that the del301-303 polymorphism does not contribute significantly to interindividual in vivo variability in response to alpha2-AR activation in the hand vein.