Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Counting birds on farmland habitats in winter

Capsule Perimeter counts underestimate the number of birds using agricultural fields. Aims To determine the degree to which farmland birds may be undercounted on field surveys and the factors influencing this. Methods In a study of 96 fields, birds in the field were counted during a walk of the perimeter. Afterwards transects were walked across the field to determine the number of birds missed. Additionally in a national survey we looked at the birds seen in field transects expressed as a proportion of the total seen in the transect and on perimeter counts. Results To obtain an accurate count of birds on a field requires the use of the whole-area search methodology especially for species such as Grey Partridge Perdix perdix, Snipe Gallinago gallinago, Skylark Alauda arvensis and Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis. However, for a large number of species, including thrushes, flocking finches and buntings, over 90% of individuals can be recorded using the much less time-consuming perimeter count method. Conclusions Perimeter counts are likely to be reliable for most species but special efforts may be required for a few cryptic species.
Antimicrobial Evaluaiton of Novel Fatty Acid Derivatives and Other Natural Antimicrobials

The food industry has shown increased interest for novel natural antimicrobials due to consumer demand for foods with fewer synthetic additives, increased safety, quality and shelf-life. Concurrently, the emergence of drug resistant bacteria substantiates the need for newer antimicrobial agents. Alternative strategies include the use of novel antimicrobials, such as fatty acid derivatives, essential oils and bacteriocins, with proven antimicrobial properties against a diverse range of bacteria. This study investigated novel carbohydrate fatty acid (CF A) derivatives for their antibacterial activity against a range of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. A series of mono-substituted CF A derivatives using lauric and caprylic acids were synthesized. Chemical routes allowing the attachment of the fatty acid as either an ester or ether to the monosaccharide 6-hydroxyl were developed. Structure/activity relationship studies of antimicrobial efficacy allowed some insight into the mechanism of action of these compounds. In addition, selected essential oil (EO) individual components and nisin, both alone and in combination, were also assessed for possible combination strategies with CF A derivatives. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), ICso values, increase in lag phase and decrease in maximum specific growth rate were determined. Leakage of intracellular material absorbing at 260nm, Live/Dead BacLight fluorescence and ATP BacTiterGlo luminescence assays assessed membrane disrupting effects. Furthermore, a Phenotypic MicroArray assay was used to investigate bacterial cell response in the absence and presence of CF A derivatives. The laurate ether of methyl a-D-glucopyranoside (9a) and laurate ester of methyl a-D-mannopyranoside (4c) showed the highest growth-inhibitory effect. CFA derivatives were significantly more effective against Gram positive than Gram negative bacteria. The analysis of both ester and ether fatty acid derivatives of the same carbohydrate, in tandem with alpha and beta configuration of the carbohydrate moiety suggest that the carbohydrate moiety is involved in the antimicrobial activity of the fatty acid derivatives and that the nature of the bond also has a significant effect on efficacy. Membrane damage was observed and may account for at least a component of the mode of action of these compounds. The ATP assay and phenotypic responses suggested that another mechanism of action might also account for the antimicrobial activity of the beta lauric ether derivative (compound 9b). Carvacrol and thymol were found to have the highest antimicrobial activity, followed by citral. Nisin in combination with carvacrol, thymol and citral showed additive effects against Listeria spp. The antimicrobial effect of the combination was improved by lowering the pH from neutral to pH6. CF A derivatives with different structures have great potential for developing antibacterial agents relevant to the food and health care industries. Nisin in combination with individual EO components could lead to useful efficacy as an alternative natural preservative.
Comparing Nurses’ and Head Nurses’ Perspectives on the Factors Behind the Quality of Nursing Documentation

Background: Nursing documentation has signiﬁcant roles in giving coherence to teamwork, making eﬀective use of healthcare providers’ knowledge, improving care quality, maintaining care continuity, and identifying changes in patients’ conditions. How-ever, studies show its poor quality. Objectives: This study compared nurses’ and head nurses’ perspectives on the factors behind the quality of nursing documentation. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted in 2017 in Valiasr (PBUH) Hospital, Birjand, Iran. Accordingly, 140 eli-giblenursesandall15head-nursesinthehospitalwererecruitedtothestudythroughsimplerandomsamplingandcensus,respec- tively. Theyﬁlledoutaresearcher-made26-itemquestionnaireaboutfactorsbehindthequalityof nursingdocumentation. Because of the non-normal distribution of the study variables, the Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, and Friedman tests were used for data analysis. The level of signiﬁcance was set at less than 0.05. Results: Head nurses did not signiﬁcantly diﬀer from nurses respecting the mean scores of personal, managerial, and organizational factors behind the documentation quality (P > 0.05). The highest-scored factors were organizational factors. Conclusions: Organizationalfactorsarethemostimportantfactorsbehindthequalityof nursingdocumentation. Thus,adequate nurse staﬃng and avoidance from assigning non-nursing responsibilities to nurses are recommended to improve the quality of nursing documentation.
Investigating The Effects of Food Chain on Sympatric Speciation Using ECOSIM

The study of sympatric speciation in evolutionary biology is facing the obstacle of unifying empirical studies with existing theoretical investigations. Disruptive selection due to preferential food resource usage is considered as the main hypothesis to explain the sympatric speciation occurrence in empirical studies. We extend an individual based evolving predator-prey ecosystem platform called "EcoSim" [Gras et al. 2009a] to model a dual resource system. We investigated whether and in which conditions the selective pressures acting on foraging behaviors drove sympatric speciation. We observed clear results showing some behavioral modifications occurring as a consequence of preferential resource usage. We also observed many cases where the sympatric speciation criteria described in the literature were fulfilled. Using several machine learning techniques, we extracted explicit rules that can predict with a very high accuracy the occurrence of sympatric speciation based on ecological factor observations. Moreover, we confirmed that the existence of a second food resource is determinant for the emergence of sympatric phenomenon. We also proved that our method is able to discover very generic rules which may later be used to structure empirical studies.
Nemaline myopathy diagnosed in two young Border collies in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded muscle samples using conventional stains

Nemaline myopathy (NM) is a congenital neuromuscular disorder with heterogeneous clinical signs such as muscle weakness, affecting humans, seldom dogs and cats. For human NM, several causative gene mutations have been identified. The hallmark of this disease is the presence of sarcoplasmic inclusions (nemaline rods) in skeletal muscle fibres, which can be visualised in sections of muscle specimens. Ultrastructurally, an enlargement and streaming of the Z lines can be detected. Here, the case of two 10-week-old female Border collie littermates with progressive gait dysfunction, muscle stiffness and exercise intolerance, which were euthanased because of poor prognosis, is described. Histology of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded muscle samples revealed sarcoplasmic rods visible in tissue sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin, the Gomori trichrome and the phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin stain. In electron microscopy, the rods were confirmed as streaming of the Z lines. Therefore, a congenital NM was diagnosed.
A comparison of the paternity defense strategies of violet-green swallows and tree swallows

I compared the paternity defense behaviour of males in two congeners, violetgreen swallows Tachycineta thalassina and tree swallows Tachycineta bicolor. I showed that male violet-green swallows associated with their mates in temporal and spatial patterns characteristic of mate guarding. In contrast, male tree swallows did not guard their mates, instead they copulated frequently with their mates at times that indicated they were defending their paternity by either devaluing or displacing the sperm of potential competitors. The different paternity defense strategies of these congeners were correlated to the relative levels of competition for nest sites and female mates that each experienced. Male removal experiments demonstrated that absent male violet-green swallows suffered higher risks of mate loss than nest loss because male intruders tried to gain direct access to the female and ignored the nest site. Absent male tree swallows suffered high risks of both nest loss and mate loss because male intruders tried to usurp nests and gain access to the female who was guarding the nest. Once males were released tree swallows copulated frequently with their mates, whereas violet-green swallows did not. Female removal experiments demonstrated that absent female violet-green swallows were not replaced, whereas absent female tree swallows were usually replaced
Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption of Exercising Gentoo Penguins

Heart rate (fH) and oxygen consumption (V̇o2) were recorded from gentoo penguins walking on a variable-speed treadmill. After an initial increase, fH and V̇o2 increased linearly with walking speed. A curvilinear regression equation best described the relationship between fH and V̇o2. Over a 3-d period, fH and V̇o2 were recorded continuously from six gentoo penguins that had been injected with doubly labeled water (DLW). When fH was used to predict V̇o2 over the 3 d, the estimate uwas not significantly different from the measured V̇o2 with an error (−1.0%) that was less than that produced by the DLW method (+ 1.6%). The estimate produced by the fH technique was also accurate when applied both to shorter periods (30 min) and to periods of activity and inactivity. Seven gentoo penguins were also swum in a water channel, and fH and V̇o2 were again recorded. The relationship between fH and V̇o2 determined from the birds in the water channel was not significantly different from that obtained from the walking birds. It is seems reasonable that, since the fH − V̇o2 relationship of most behaviors of the penguin have been determined while the animal is walking and swimming, fH can be used to predict the metabolic rate of free-ranging animals.
Faktor Risiko Diabetes Mellitus Pada Wanita Usia Reproduktif di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Langsa Lama Kota Langsa, Aceh

Penyakit Tidak Menular (PTM) menjadi penyebab utama kematian secara global, salah satunya yaitu penyakit diabetes mellitus yang prevalensinya beranjak naik dari tahun ke tahun. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh umur, riwayat keluarga, pengetahuan tentang diabetes mellitus, aktivitas fisik, hipertensi, pola makan, obesitas, stres, dan kadar kolesterol terhadap diabetes mellitus pada wanita usia reproduktif di Puskesmas Langsa Lama Kota Langsa. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan survei analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Penelitian dilakukan dari bulan Agustus 2016 – Maret 2017. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 98 responden. Hasil uji Binary Logistic menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh umur dengan nilai OR=4,568, pengaruh riwayat keluarga dengan nilai OR=3,264, pengaruh pola makan dengan nilai OR=2,758, dan pengaruh IMT dengan nilai OR=3,340 dengan diabetes mellitus di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Langsa Lama. Kepada tenaga kesehatan Puskesmas Langsa Lama Kota Langsa agar dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan penderita maupun bukan penderita diabetes mellitus sehingga dapat meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan masyarakat.
Reproduction and moulting in Liocarcinus depurator (Linnaeus, 1758) (Brachyura: Portunidae) in the Northwestern Mediterranean sea

Reproductive and moulting biology in the portunid crab Liocarcinus depurator are described from monthly samples taken from February 1984 to January 1985 in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. The peak moulting period in females occurred at the end of spring, when copulation took place. Ovarian maturation then began. The maximum proportion of females with fully developed ovaries was found towards the end of summer and in autumn. The main spawning period began in November and lasted until January, however small numbers of ovigerous females occurred throughout the year. Most posteedysial females had sperm plugs in the gonophores. Size at sexual maturity in females is considered to be around 18-20 mm carapace length. Number of eggs carried by ovigerous females increased with size, ranging from about 30000 to about 230000. In males, moulting and maturity seasonal patterns are not as marked as in females.
Visual Evoked Potential and Glaucoma management- A Review

Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) It is part of the total, gross, electrical brain activity known as the electroencephalogram and offers the potential of providing earlier and more specific objective functional testing than currently available with subjective threshold visual fields. With newer imaging methods such as Ocular Coherence Tomography (OCT), we have made significant strides in earlier detection of structural damage to the optic nerve and nerve fiber layer, while our ability to detect functional loss earlier than what we achieve via white on white threshold field analysis remains a challenge in glaucoma [1].
Genetic diversity in chironji (Buchanania lanzan) under semi-arid ecosystem of Gujarat

Chironji (Buchanania lanzan Spreng) of family anacordiaceae shows wide genetic variation owing to its heterozygous nature. An extensive survey and exploration was carried out during the year 2004 and 2005. Earliest flowering (first week of February) took place in 'CPT 1', 'CPT 5'. 'CPT lo', 'CPT 15', 'CPT 17', 'CPT 19' and 'CPT 22', while the latest (4th week of February) occurred in 'CPT 13'. Maximum panicle length (35.11 cm) was found in 'CPT I', while 'CPT 18' recorded least panicle length (14.20 cm). Highest percentage of perfect flowers (13.10) and fruits1 panicle (37.50) was recorded in 'CPT 12' while, it was found least in 'CPT 18'. Ripening time varied from third week of April to second week of May indifferent genotypes. The highest fruit yieWplant was found in 'CPT 7' (28.00 kg/ plant). Kernel we3ht was highest in 'CPT 1' (0.14 g). The highest protein content was found in 'CPT 2' (30.70#). With respect to all horticultwai traits studied the genotypes 'CPT 1', 'CPT 2', 'CPT 5', 'CPT 6', 'CPT 7', 'CPT 8', 'CPT 12' and 'CPT 30' were found to be promising. Vegetatively propagated promising genotypes have been planted in the field for their further evaluation.
Malnutrisi dan Anemia Pada Penderita Tuberkulosis Paru

Tuberkulosis (TB) paru masih menjadi masalah kesehatan utama di dunia. TB merupakan penyakit infeksi yang menduduki peringkat kedua kematian (1,5 juta kasus) terbanyak di dunia setelah infeksi oleh human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). TB dapat menyebabkan bermacam-macam kelainan laboratorium seperti anemia, peningkatan sedimentasi eritrosit, penurunan jumlah serum albumin, hiponatremia, gangguan fungsi hepar, leukositosis dan hipokalsemia. Malnutrisi dan anemia merupakan komplikasi tersering pada penderita TB. Anemia pada penderita TB sebagai akibat dari penekanan eritropoesis selain oleh karena defisiensi zat gizi dan sindrom malabsorbsi itu sendiri. TB dapat menyebabkan malnutrisi oleh karena perubahan metabolik, kaheksia dan perubahan konsentrasi leptin dalam darah. Kedua kondisi tersebut juga menjadi faktor resiko untuk kegagalan terapi, rekurensi dan kematian. Pengukuran Indeks massa tubuh (IMT) dan kadar hemoglobin dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi keparahan dan resiko kematian penderita TB. Kata kunci: anemia, malnutrisi, tuberkulosis
Base genética das cultivares de arroz ( Oryza sativa L.) irrigado do Brasil

Foram analisadas as genealogias de 42 cultivares de arroz irrigado recomendadas para cultivo no Brasil, de 1980 a 1992. Verificou-se que apenas dez ancestrais contribuem com 68% do conjunto genico das variedades brasileiras de arroz irrigado. Considerando as cultivares mais plantadas nos principais estados produtores de arroz irrigado, constata-se que sete ancestrais sao mais frequentes nos pedigrees e sao responsaveis por 70% dos genes. Diante desses dados, mesmo que se admita que esses ancestrais nao estejam relacionados geneticamente, reconhece-se a necessidade de aumentar a base genetica das cultivares de arroz irrigado do Brasil, para se quebrar o plato de produtividade e se evitarem riscos de vulnerabilidade genetica. Quatro alternativas sao sugeridas para ampliar a base genetica: a) utilizacao de genitores geneticamente divergentes e com caracteristicas adequadas, provenientes de outros programas de melhoramento; b) utilizacao de variedades tradicionais em cruzamentos multiplos com linhagens elites melhoradas; c) sintetizacao de populacao de ampla base genetica, utilizando-se a macho-esterilidade genetica, e conducao dessas populacoes pela selecao recorrente; e d) utilizacao de especie selvagem de arroz, principalmente Oryza glumaepatula .
Determining Stressors among Dentistry Students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in Educational Environments and its Relationship with their General Health Condition

Background: It is believed that medical students are more faced with stressors during their academic studies. The highest rate of stress and anxiety in clinical education settings may negatively affect the learning and success of these students. The aim of the current study is investigating the stressors dentistry students face within educational settings and its relationship with their general health condition. Materials and Methods: The current statistical-analytic study performed upon 180 dentistry students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2014. A 54-item Student Stressors Questionnaire was used to assess the students stress and a 28-item Goldberg Questionnaire was used to evaluate the general health of the students. Likert 4-item scale (0 to 3) was used for scoring both questionnaires. Results: Mean age of the participants was 24.37±2.84. 6.65% of students were female and the mean stress level was 1.2±0.6. 36.7%, 48.3% and 15% of students had low, average and high stress level, respectively. There was no significant relationship between students’ stress and sex or their marital status. 50%, 23.3%, 20.6% and 6.1% of students had high, average, poor and very poor general health, respectively. There was no significant relationship between students’ gender and their general health. There was also no significant relationship between students’ stress and their general health. Conclusion: Almost half of dentistry students had average stress and 15% had high stress in which levels its pressure may get sever with increased academic period and difficulty level of the academic units. Correct educational programs, periodic counseling meetings and use of skilled counselors at universities can play influential roles to reduce stress level of dentistry students.
Epidemiology and loss of rice, wheat and pearl millet crops due to diseases in India.

Nearly 64 MT of rice from 41 M ha is affected by various diseases. In 8 years 7 epidemics of blast occurred in 4 states. Endemic pockets, nature and recurrence of the disease are well known. There is a linear relationship between severity rating and realized yield. Y = 4306.0 -67.7 x, where Y = estimated yield and x = the % terminal blast severity. Operational research and rice millersponsored IPM in selected areas, curtailed loss. Tricyclazole (Beam 0.6 g/l) as foliar spray and seed treatment with Pyroquilon (Fongorene 50 WP 4 g/kg) or Beam (4 g/kg) proved useful. Information on bacterial blight of rice that caused epidemics in Punjab and Haryana in 1980 and 1981, Kamal bunt of wheat over North West India and 1984-85 epidemic of green ear of pearl millet in Rajasthan is presented. Rice blast Rice grown over 41 M ha with a production of 65 MT, suffers from a large number of diseases. By the year 2000 AD projected demand will be in the order of 97 MT, indicating the major concern about increasing the rate of production from the present 3.03%, and adding stability against pests and diseases. In many parts of India rice monoculture is common and all stages of the crop and collateral hosts are available in abundance. Therefore, the blast pathogen (Pyricularia oryzae) always survives, but at varying inoculum threshold levels. The coexistence of susceptible varieties and the weather conditions at the appropriate time trigger the epidemic. Naturally, only isolated epidemics occur (100 x 100 km area) and seldom assume the proportion of a pandemic. The time of blast outbreak in the endemic area varies from July-September in the Kashmir Valley to November-January in Tamil Nadu (Table 1). Blast occurred seriously during 1980 in Himachal Pradesh, 1983 and 1986 in parts of Andhra Pradesh, many areas of Tamil Nadu during 1983 and 1987, Haryana in 1986, etc. (Fig. 1). Normally, rice varieties yield 2,00-2,500 kg/ha under farmers' field conditions, wherein, a yield reduction of 7.7 % is estimated to occur due to blast. However in the experimental plots it ranged from 4.5 to 43.0 % depending on the variety and the time of onset of the epidemic. 1 Relationship between severity and yield loss Rice variety IR 50 is highly susceptible to blast and yielded only 850 kg/ha, while the blast resistant IET 57 42 variety yielded 4,250 kg/ha. When various genotypes possessing different levels of blast resistance were regressed against yield (Fig. 2a), there was a linear relationship (r = -0.9124) indicating a high degree of fit. Y = 5510.85 579.50 X . Eq.l where, Y = Predicted yield, and x = Blast severity score for the field in the 0-9 scale. * Assistant Director General (Plant Protection), I.CAR, New Delhi 110 001, India.
Hypochondriasis

exercise in a painful manner. Their feelings refer wholly to their health, the condition of which lays claim to all their attention, and by which morbid feelings are produced in the organism either through vividly intense conceptions, or sensations occurring in the organism are interpreted erroneously. These morbid sensations, which may be produced centrally by conceptions, the hypochondriac may, to a certain extent, transfer wherever he will, as according to the idea he adopts he turns his attention to this or that part of the body. Even, however, in the cases where an actual sensation, arising peripherically, does not produce a corresponding conception, the cause of this imperfect perception must be transferred to the brain. From these considerations, as well as that hypochondriasis may be produced by the perusal of medical writings, through intercourse with hypochondriacs, through fear and anxiety during epidemics, or after an individual has exposed himself to contagious diseases, it follows that hypochondriasis may arise from peripherical or central causes, may depend upon a morbid condition of the brain, and that even in those cases where, with the most careful investigation, no organic disease