Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Proximate composition of different fish species collected from Muthupet mangroves

The proximate composition such as carbohydrate, protein and lipid of muscle tissues was analysed 22 fish species collected from Muthupet mangroves. The carbohydrate content ranged from 2.87 mg/g to 4.26 mg/g and Lutjanus fulviflamus was conspicuous in possessing high content of carbohydrate (4.26 mg/g). The lowest carbohydrate content was found in Stolephorus commersonii (2.87 mg/g). The protein content ranged from 14.69 mg/g to 26.69 mg/g. However, in Sillago sihama, the protein content was very high (26.69 mg/g). The lowest was found in Plotosus canius (14.69 mg/g). The lipid content varied from 1.16 mg/g to 1.91 mg/g however, in Liza parsia, the lipid content was very high (1.91 mg/g) in the muscle when compared to other species. Among the 22 species, the lowest lipid level was observed in Hemiramphus sp. , (1.16 mg/g).
Serotonin in Neurological Diseases

Serotonin (5-HT) is responsible for anxiety, aggression, and stress. Alterations in a serotonergic system play a significant role in pathogenesis of neurological diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders. A wide range of disturbances associated with seroto nergic neurotransmission results from different functions of 5-HT in a nervous system. It is believed that 5-HT may be involved in the pathogenesis of migraine, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In these diseases, disturbances of 5-HT and its metabolites, such as 5-hydroxyindoleace tic acid (5-HIAA), were observed in the plasma, blood platelets, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Changes in the level of this biogenic amine (5-HT) may be associated with mal function of 5-HT receptors, reuptake transporter for 5-HT (5-HTT, SERT), the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and metabolism of 5-HT, and genetic variants for sero tonergic system. It seems that 5-HT and its metabolites may be used as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for neurological diseases or a target for more efficient therapy in neurology in the future.
Performance, blood parameters, and carcass yield of broiler chickens supplemented with Mexican oregano oil

ABSTRACT The objective of the current study was to evaluate performance, blood parameters, and carcass yield of broilers supplemented with Mexican oregano oil. A total of 162 one-day-old broilers were randomly distributed into three dietary treatments: control diet (without oregano oil or antibiotic); control diet + 0.25 g kg−1 of oxytetracycline; and control diet + 0.4 g kg−1 of Mexican oregano oil. Treatment with organ oil had positive effects on body weight at 35 and 42 days. Feed intake was [. ]
KARAKTERISTIK SPORA TUMBUHAN PAKU ASPLENIUM KAWASAN HUTAN RAYA R. SOERJO

Asplenium is one genus ferns aspleniaceae tribal members. Identification of the classification of the species can be determined by one of the morphological characteristics of the spores. Spore morphological characteristics include the shape, size, and type aperture ornamentation. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the species based on morphological characters spores. The method used is descriptive explorative to explore ferns Asplenium. The research found that five types of Asplenium is Asplenium nidus, Asplenium robustum, Asplenium salignum, Asplenium tenerum, and Asplenium unilaterale. The difference of 5 species Asplenium lies in the type of ornamentation characteristic morphology and size of the spores, whereas the equation is the shape, size and type categories aperture spores. Asplenium merupakan salah satu marga tumbuhan paku anggota suku Aspleniaceae. Identifikasi penggolongan spesies dapat ditentukan melalui salah satu karakteristik morfologi spora. Karakteristik morfologi spora meliputi bentuk, ukuran, apertura dan tipe ornamentasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis karakter spesies berdasarkan morfologi spora. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah deskriptif eksploratif untuk mengeksplorasi tumbuhan paku Asplenium. Hasil penelitian ditemukan 5 jenis dari Asplenium yaitu Asplenium nidus, Asplenium robustum, Asplenium salignum, Asplenium tenerum, dan Asplenium unilaterale. Perbedaan dari 5 jenis spesies Asplenium terletak pada ciri morfologi tipe ornamentasi dan ukuran spora, sedangkan persamaan terletak pada bentuk, kategori ukuran dan tipe apertura spora.
Morphological Description and Histological Structure of Kidney in Barn Owl Tyto alba

The morphological description and histological structure of Kidney in barn owl Tyto alba have been invesigated. The results of present study revealed that barn owl has pair of elongated solid kidney situated symmetrically on both sides of vertebral column. Each kidney consists of three lobes represented by carnial, middle and caudal lobes and all of then covered by a capsule of connective tissue. Microscopical examination showed that the basic unit of kidney in barn owl represented by lobules which have conical shaped and each of them consists of cortex and medulla, and the cortex occupies more area than that of medulla. The results of the present study revealed that the glomerulus in barn owl represented by relatively small spherical structure and each glomerulus has vascular and urinary poles , and the glomeruli distributed randomly within the cortex tissue of the kidney. Each glomerulus coverd by capsule called Bowman's capsule. The results of the present study showed that the tubules represented by proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules, loops of Henle in addition to the collecting tubules which lead to collecting ducts. All tubules lined by simple epithelial tissue ranged from low cuboidal in thin segment of Henle loop to cuboidal in other parts. It in important to note that the free surface of the cuboidal cells have brush border in proximal convoluted tubules. The collecting ducts lined by simple columnar epithelium. The histological examination revealed that the wall of ureter consists of internal layer of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium then smooth muscle layer and the outer-most layer represented by the adventitia of loose connective tissue.
Sustainable Control of Oriental Fruit Moth, Cydia molesta Busck, Using Isomate OFM Rosso Dispensers in Peach Orchards in Bulgaria

The trials were carried out in the years 2011-2013 in an isolated peach experimental orchard of one ha in the Fruit Growing Institute, Plovdiv – Central South Bulgaria. Mating disruption (MD) was tested as an alternative method controlling oriental fruit moth (OFM), Cydia molesta Busck from post-bloom till harvest. Isomate® OFM rosso (Shin Etsu - Japan) pheromone dispensers were installed once during the season, before the start of OFM flights. In 2013 Cidetrak® PTB dispensers were used against Anarsia lineatella Zell. For monitoring of the pests one type of pheromone traps was used in this experiment - PHEROCON® VI Delta traps (Trece, USA) with a sticky changeable bottoms. The pheromone baits are a products of Trece, Inc. USA. In the reference, conventionally treated orchard, 5-9 insecticide treatments were applied to control oriental fruit moth, peach twig borer (PTB), aphids and other pests. In spite of that, the fruit damage ranges from 3.6 to 5.2 % in the successive years. Percentage of damage in the experimental orchard treated with Isomate® OFM rosso was 0.1 and 0.3 %, i.e. rather below the economical threshold; no outbreak of the OFM appearance was noted. So, the MD method, with use of the Isomate® OFM rosso dispensers, proved to be an effective means of control even in a small size orchard lots. The results obtained may open the possibilities of practical use of the method of mating disruption in Bulgaria. This method should favour preservation of the natural environment and enable production of healthy fruits, not polluted by chemicals.
Further Studies on the Cross Infectivity of Granulosis Viruses of Sugarcane Borers

The sugarcane shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus Snell. and internode borer, C. sacchariphagus indicus (Kapur) (Crambidae:Lepidoptera) were found susceptible to two granulosis viruses (GV) (Easwaramoorthy and David, 1979; Mehta and David, 1980). The GV of shoot borer (CiGV) propagated in the laboratory and applied in the field was effective in the suppression of the pest (Easwaramoorthy and Santhalakshmi, 1988). The GV of internode borer (CsiGV) was highly pathogenic to the host in the laboratory (Easwaramoorthy, 1984). It is difficult to mass rear C. infuscatellus and C. sacchariphagus indicus on artificial diets, though a diet is available for limited multiplication of internode borer (Mehta and David, 1978), Hence attempts were made to infect other related hosts (Easwaramoorthy and Jayaraj, 1987) so that they can serve as alternate hosts for production of the viruses. But none of them was found susceptible to the GVs. In the present study, some more hosts were tested for their susceptibility to the two GVs.
The first stages of coevolution between a brood parasite and its new host: are naïve hosts defenceless?

ABSTRACT Little is known about the early stages of the coevolutionary interactions between brood parasites and their hosts or how rapidly hosts evolve defences. We investigated the success of breeding attempts by the brood-parasitic Pacific Koel (Eudynamys orientalis) and its newest host, the Red Wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata), at two sites where wattlebirds have been exposed to different durations of parasitism: Sydney (38–86 years) and Canberra (8–33 years). Parasitism was more frequent in Sydney and nest predation increased in Sydney after the arrival of migratory koels, yet the nest success rate of wattlebirds was not significantly lower than in Canberra. Wattlebirds rarely reject foreign eggs, but their low clutch size, earlier breeding and abandonment of koel eggs laid before the host’s laying period might explain the low impact of koels. Parasitised nests fledged wattlebird and koel young at equal rates, but fledged fewer wattlebird young than unparasitised nests. The koel’s later breeding and poor timing of egg laying may have contributed to the low success of koel eggs. These results suggest that host switching may have a negative impact on the reproductive success of both the parasite and the new host, and naïve hosts may avoid parasitism using generalised defences that require no egg or parasite recognition.
Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis: Inflammatory and Degenerative Disease Mechanisms

Sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM) is an enigmatic disease resistant to immunomodulatory treatment and featuring autoimmune and degenerative aspects: clonally expanded CD8+ T cells focally infiltrate uniformly HLA-I+ myofibers that harbor beta-amyloid deposits. In a non-hypothesis-driven approach, CD8+ T cell-attacked and non-attacked myofibers were compared on the transcriptional level. To this end, cytosol of such attacked and non-attacked myofibers was isolated independently using laser microdissection. For comparison, healthy tissue was investigated. After linear transcriptome amplification, a transcriptome analysis was performed using microarray hybridization and quantitative PCR. RNA expression analysis was verified on the protein level by immunohistochemistry. The most prominently regulated molecular patterns were those of antigen processing and presentation. HLA-I upregulation was observed on both attacked and non-attacked myofibers, while myofibers from healthy controls did not express HLA-I. HLA-II were overexpressed in attacked myofibers compared to non-attacked myofibers and healthy controls. A number of transcripts inducible by IFN-γ, as well as the IFN-γ receptor, were specifically induced in attacked myofibers. IFN-γ receptor protein expression on myofiber membranes was demonstrated using confocal microscopy. It was shown that IFN-γ receptor protein expression on myofiber membranes correlated with the extent of inflammatory CD8+ T cell infiltrates surrounding the myofibers. The differential upregulation of IFN-γ signaling is thus likely related to local inflammation, whereas the ubiquitous HLA-I upregulation is triggered further upstream by as-yet-unknown mechanisms. In the unbiased global transcriptome analysis, RER1, a chaperone recently discovered to play a role in the assembly of γ-secretase, was statistically highly significantly downregulated in myofibers from patients with sIBM compared to control myofibers. This result prompted a case-control study of 36 patients on the transcriptional and the protein level, comparing RER1 expression levels in different inflammatory and degenerative myopathies. RER1 was found to be strongly downregulated in patients with sIBM, while being strongly expressed in healthy muscle and in DM, confirming the microarray results. Moreover, RER1 was downregulated in MFM, a degenerative myopathy featuring amyloid deposits, and, strikingly, PM, a disease which, while resembling sIBM, so far has been considered a standalone entity and a purely inflammatory condition. RER1 downregulation might be an early, sensitive molecular marker in diseases where amyloid biosynthesis plays a role, such as sIBM, and possibly PM, as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.
Year-round movements of a small seabird and oceanic isotopic gradient in the tropical Atlantic

: Despite the proliferation of seabird tracking studies, there is a relative paucity of studies on small tropical seabirds. We present for the first time the distribution and movements of the little-known Boyd’s shearwater Puffinus boydi , a Procellariiform endemic to the Cape Verde Islands. We tracked 28 birds from 2 breeding sites (Ilhéu Raso and Ilhéu de Cima) with geolocator loggers from 2007 to 2012. We also analysed stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in the 1st primary (P1), the 6th rectrice (R6) and the 1st (S1) and 8th (S8) secondary feathers to reveal moulting pattern and oceanic isotopic gradients. Birds migrated on average 1450 km westward, to the central Atlantic Ocean (5 to 15° N, 30 to 40° W), where they stayed on average 114 d, from May to August. Boyd’s shearwaters exploited oceanic waters year-round and showed δ 13 C values similar to other oceanic seabird species and δ 15 N values indicating the lowest known trophic level among all central Atlantic seabirds. Isotope values in flight feathers suggest most animals moult their P1 and R6 around the breeding ground, whereas all birds moult S1 and S8 at the non-breeding quarters. Correlations of δ 13 C and δ 15 N values from S8 with the longitude of the non-breeding area indicate the existence of large-scale isotopic gradients matching those known at baseline levels. Combining geolocator tracking and stable isotope analyses in feathers not only allowed us to describe in detail the annual life cycle and distribution of the species, but also the oceanic isotopic gradients in the tropical Atlantic.
Effect of tissue source on adult equine multipotent stromal cell pluripotency induction treatment with synthetic mRNA

xii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION . 1 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW . 4 Stem Cell Biology . 4 Embryonic Stem Cells . 7 Adult Multipotent Stromal Cells . 9 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells . 12 Pluripotency Genes . 13 Reprogramming Techniques: Methods to Produce iPSCs . 17 Synthetic mRNA Transfection . 19 Potential Future for iPSCs . 21 CHAPTER III: EFFECT OF TRANSFECTION WITH SYNTHETIC MRNA IN DIFFERENT CELLS TYPES . 24 Introduction . 24 Materials and Methods . 26 Experimental Design . 30 Results. 34 Discussion . 47 CHAPTER IV: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . 51 LITERATURE CITED . 53 APPENDIX A . 66 Plasmid Preparation . 66 Mini Prep Isolation . 66 Clone Selection . 67 mRNA in vitro Synthesis . 67 Cell Collection . 70 Lipofectamine Transfections . 73 Evaluation of Induction of Pluripotency Treatment . 74 RNA Isolation . 75 v Conversion of mRNA into cDNA . 76 Calibrator Development . 77 Retro Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction . 80 Purification of PCR Products . 81 qRT-PCR . 82 Immunocytochemistry. 83 Flow Cytometry . 86 Differentiation into Specific Lineages . 87 Evaluation of Trilineage Differentiation . 89 Cell Proliferation Assay . 93 APPENDIX B . 94 VITA . 107
Effect of Weed Management Practices on Yield and Economics of Semidry Rice

A field experiment was conducted during khari f, 2014 in sandy loam soils of Agricultural College Farm, Naira, to find out the effect of weed management practices on yield attributes, yield and economics of semidry rice. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with ten treatments, each replicated thrice. It was found that superior performance of rice in terms of yield attributes and yield was observed with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i ha-1 at 3-5 DAS fb post-emergence application of metsulfuron methyl + chlorimuron ethyl @ 4 g a.i ha-1 at 20-25 DAS (T10) which was comparable with weed free check (T2). Maximum grain yield, net returns and B: C ratio were also associated with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i ha-1 at 3-5 DAS fb post-emergence application of metsulfuron methyl + chlorimuron ethyl @ 4 g a.i ha-1 at 20-25 DAS (T10) .
Same-sex sexual behavior in Xenogryllus marmoratus (Haan, 1844) (Grylloidea: Gryllidae: Eneopterinae): Observation in the wild from YouTube

Searching on the internet for supplementary information about species of interest can be helpful when trying to document a quite common but under studied species. While revising the genus Xenogryllus Bolívar, 1890, we used this method to find additional references about the species Xenogryllus marmoratus (Haan, 1844). We were extremely interested in one video showing an interaction between two males of this species. The video shows a small male of X. marmoratus mounting a larger male of the same species, and eating the product of the metanotal glands. Meanwhile, the larger male tries to transfer his spermatophore to the small one. Samesex matings have been described in other insect species and are frequently observed in many animal groups. Most of the reported cases of same-sex sexual behavior documented in other species of insects are consistent with two causes: mistakes in sexual recognition and lack of experience. However, there are several hypotheses to explain same-sex sexual behavior that vary according to the context in which the behavior occurs. Here, we describe and discuss this video content in terms of reproductive strategies, in a context of evolution and sexual selection.
Preparation for mental effort recruits Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex: an fNIRS investigation

Preparing for a mentally demanding task calls upon cognitive and motivational resources. The underlying neural implementation of these mechanisms is receiving growing attention, given the implications for professional, social, and medical contexts. While several fMRI studies converge in assigning a crucial role to a cortico-subcortical network including Anterior Cigulate Cortex (ACC) and striatum, the involvement of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) during mental effort anticipation has yet to be replicated. This study was designed to target DLPFC contribution using functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), as a more cost-effective tool measuring cortical hemodynamics. We adapted a validated mental effort task, where participants performed easy and difficult mental calculation, while measuring DLPFC activity during the anticipation phase. As hypothesized, DLPFC activity increased during preparation for a hard task as compared to an easy task. Besides replicating a previous fMRI study, these results establish fNIRS as an effective tool to investigate cortical contributions to preparation for effortful behavior. This is especially useful if one requires testing large samples (e.g., to target individual differences), populations with contraindication for functional MRI (e.g., infants or patients with metal implants), or subjects in more naturalistic environments (e.g., work or sport).
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPOTTED BOLLWORM, EARIAS VITTELLA (FAB.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN THE LABORATORY

Earias vittella is a major lepidopteron pest of cotton in Pakistan and it causes heavy infestation in cotton crop. Present study of biology of Earias vittella carried out in the laboratory under controlled conditions at different temperatures (27, 31 and 35±1°C). E. vittella was reared on its natural diet cotton shoots, flowers and bolls. Highest mortality recorded in the first larval instars and Egg, 14 % and 10 % respectively; the lowest mortality recorded in the fourth larval instars and pupae 1.2, 1.65%. Total cumulative % of survival recorded 62.85%. Life cycle completed in 23-47 days. Male dies after few days of mating. Present study revealed that temperature played vital role in the development and growth rate of vittella; highest rate was on 35±1°C but even then its control is possible if management measures could have taken at first and second larval instars which are relatively more vulnerable than other stages; it was also observed that most strong was the fourth larval stage.
Aplosporella thailandica; a novel species revealing the sexual-asexual connection in Aplosporellaceae (Botryosphaeriales)

Aplosporella thailandica sp. nov. was collected from a dead stem in Chiang Rai, northern Thailand and identified by morphological characteristics and analyses of combined ITS and EF1-alpha sequence data. This is the first report of a sexual morph with molecular evidence for this genus and the first record of spermatogenesis and chlamydospore associated with the asexual state of this family. The sexual morph of Aplosporella thailandica resembles Bagnisiella and the asexual morph resembles Aplosporella, thus proving the sexual-asexual connection for the first time for this family.
Hatching phenology, life history and population dynamics of the Oriental clam shrimp Eulimnadia indocylindrova Durga Prasad and Simhachalam with notes on phenology patterns in the Spinicaudata

ABSTRACT We studied the natural history, hatching phenology and egg bank composition of the Oriental spinicaudatan clam shrimp Eulimnadia indocylindrova Durga Prasad and Simhachalam using both field studies and ex situ sediment rehydration. Field observations revealed that hatching began very early (1–2 days) after inundation, and continued for about 5 days. Mature adults could be observed by 10 days, and they survived up to 16 days. The population showed a largely hermaphrodite-biased sex ratio (male:hermaphrodite 1:3) observed over three years, with a decrease in number of males throughout the hydroperiod. Both amphigenic and monogenic hermaphrodites were observed. The total lifetime fecundity recorded was about 300 eggs laid in multiple clutches. The egg bank composition showed a high proportion of intact eggs, indicative of predictable hydrations and low sediment adversity. Hatching began on the first day post-inundation for all successive cyclical hydration treatments, with peak hatching on days 2 and 3. Hatching rate was highest (57% of total hatching in successive cycles) for the first hydration, decreasing subsequently for the further hydrations. Hatching duration decreased with successive hydrations and was the longest (around 7 days) for the first hydration. Maximum hatching (93%) occurred in the first 10 days for the continuous hydration treatment. Overall, the total emergence of nauplii in successive hydrations was larger than that observed for the continuous hydration treatment, indicative of a risk-spreading strategy across hydroperiods. Early and concentrated naupliar emergence, along with decreased hatching durations for successive cycles, was observed for all the hydrations. A survey of literature revealed a general lack of data on hatching phenology of clam shrimps, particularly from tropical and sub-tropical regions. Based on the available data, it appears that hatching patterns, particularly high, early hatching fractions, are commonly observed in Spinicaudata species, and do not seem to differ much across biogeographical regions.