Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sampling from an isotropic Gaussian process

Isotropic Gaussian processes, of which we shall give a formal definition presently, arise in various practical problems. The present inquiry arose from the consideration of the variability found in the yields of plots in agricultural field experiments. Samples of such patterns of variability can be obtained from uniformity trials, whereby a piece of land is treated uniformly throughout and the crop is harvested in small units or plots. The results from such trials have been widely used to determine optimum plot sizes for future experiments with the crop concerned, but it has never been clear how valid is the generalization from a uniformity trial to future experiments on other sites. One difficulty arises from the lack of a suitable model to express the variability; another difficulty arises from the formidable analytical problems besetting any attempts to apply deductive reasoning to even simple models. We may mention two approaches that have been made to the uniformity trial problem: Fairfield Smith (3) has supplied an empirical law connecting the variance of contiguous groups of plots with the size of the group, and Quenouille (6) and Whittle (8) have considered the fitting of two-dimensional isotropic Gaussian processes to uniformity trial data. Whittle has pointed out that a satisfactory model may have to incorporate an additional random element at each point, and has outlined the difficulties of estimation which arise when such an element is introduced. The connexion between Fairfield Smith's law and the approach via two-dimensional stochastic processes, if any, seems to be quite unknown.
Prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Ages 40 or Above in the UAE

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common cause of atherosclerotic occlusive disease of arteries in the lower extremities. Less information is available for the prevalence of PAD among adults in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), despite the high prevalence of risk factors associated with PAD in the gulf region. The purposes of this study were to assess the prevalence of PAD in ages 40 and above in the UAE
Regional CO2 Inversion Through Ensemble‐Based Simultaneous State and Parameter Estimation: TRACE Framework and Controlled Experiments

Atmospheric inversions provide estimates of carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes between the surface and atmosphere based on atmospheric CO2 concentration observations. The number of CO2 observations is projected to increase severalfold in the next decades from expanding in situ networks and next‐generation CO2‐observing satellites, providing both an opportunity and a challenge for inversions. This study introduces the TRACE Regional Atmosphere–Carbon Ensemble (TRACE) system, which employ an ensemble‐based simultaneous state and parameter estimation (ESSPE) approach to enable the assimilation of large volumes of observations for constraining CO2 flux parameters. TRACE uses an online full‐physics mesoscale atmospheric model and assimilates observations serially in a coupled atmosphere–carbon ensemble Kalman filter. The data assimilation system was tested in a series of observing system simulation experiments using in situ observations for a regional domain over North America in summer. Under ideal conditions with known prior flux parameter error covariances, TRACE reduced the error in domain‐integrated monthly CO2 fluxes by about 97% relative to the prior flux errors. In a more realistic scenario with unknown prior flux error statistics, the corresponding relative error reductions ranged from 80.6% to 88.5% depending on the specification of prior flux parameter error correlations. For regionally integrated fluxes on a spatial scale of 106 km2, the sum of absolute errors was reduced by 34.5%–50.9% relative to the prior flux errors. Moreover, TRACE produced posterior uncertainty estimates that were consistent with the true errors. These initial experiments show that the ESSPE approach in TRACE provides a promising method for advancing CO2 inversion techniques.
Expression of Exosome-Derived MicroRNAs miR-21 and miR-135 are Differentially Regulated Among Dental Pulp Stem Cells

: Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) are a type of mesenchymal stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into various types of cells and tissue. Previous research has demonstrated that DPSCs can be easily accessed and isolated from both permanent and deciduous teeth, such as wisdom teeth or third molars, although there is less information available about the mechanisms and factors that regulate the growth and proliferative phenotypes and responses of DPSCs. Recent studies have revealed that a type of non-coding RNA known as microRNA can modulate these characteristics among many types of stem cells, although much is still unknown about how DPSC phenotypes may be regulated by microRNAs. Due to this lack of knowledge, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate microRNA expression and determine any correlations with DPSC phenotypes, such as proliferation or growth. Six DPSC isolates were retrieved from an existing repository and cultured using an existing approved protocol. Exosomes and extracellular vesicles were extracted from each DPSC isolate, which ranged in size from 50 to 250 nm. Exosome isolation was confirmed using Western blots for CD63 and Bradford protein assays. In addition, RNA was extracted, cDNA was synthesized, and qPCR was performed, which revealed that all DPSC isolates expressed miR-124, miR-133, and miR-224. However, differential expression of miR-21 among rapid and intermediate doubling time (rDT, iDT) isolates was observed, with expression of miR-135 found only among the intermediate and slow (iDT, sDT) DPSC isolates. This study provides some of the first evidence of associations between miRNA expression and specific DPSC growth phenotypes. Further studies will be needed to confirm these results and determine the mechanisms associated with the expression of miR-21 among rapidly growing DPSCs and miR-135 expression among more slowly growing DPSCs
Effective complex permittivity of two-phase random composite media: A test of the two exponent phenomenological percolation equation

The nature of percolation in continuum inhomogeneous media is a current topic of debate. In this work, Monte Carlo and finite element simulations of the effective complex permittivity, e=e′−ie″, of two-phase random composite media are analyzed by using the two exponent phenomenological percolation equation (TEPPE) by McLachlan [J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 73, 2187 (1990); Phys. Rev. B 56, 1236 (1987); Phys. Rev. B 58, 14880 (1998); Phys. Rev. B 58, 13558 (1998); Phys. Rev. B 67, 024206 (2003)]. The continuum-percolation system consists of two-dimensional equilibrium distributions of randomly distributed monodisperse circular and partially penetrable disks (or parallel, infinitely long, identical, partially penetrable circular cylinders) throughout a host matrix. The study is performed on a set of calculations, covering wide ranges of various parameters, including the intrinsic constituent permittivity, the surface fraction, and the degree of impenetrability. In our analysis, we first determine the parameters that .
Tunable infrared plasmonic absorption by metallic nanoparticles

We exploit unique infrared plasmonic absorption properties of gold (Au) nanoparticles in the range of 2.5 to 20 μm. Fabrication of Au nanoplasmon particles with variable nanometer (nm) scale size and thickness gave us full control of tuning the absorption wavelength in the above infrared (IR) spectral regions. We did not observe polarization dependence for square size plasmon particles. However, by using plateau crescent (metal crescent structure with flat instead of rounded side on the top) metal particles we observed significant polarization effects in IR absorption spectra. We observed that the position of the absorption peak has linear dependence on the size of nanoparticles, and the absorption quantity depends on the density of the nanoparticles per unit area. The proposed nanoplasmon structure can be used to improve the performance of detector and light emitting diode (LED) devices operating in the IR region.
Enhancement-fusion feature pyramid network for object detection

Abstract. Scale variation is one of the challenges of object detection. Most state-of-the-art object detectors depend on feature pyramid networks (FPN) for multiscale learning to deal with this problem, in which feature fusion is an essential operation. However, feature fusion does not sufficiently address the difficulty of the detection task. This paper presents an enhancement-fusion feature pyramid network (EFPN) to obtain reliable object representations for object detectors. Specifically, it contains a feature enhancement module (FEM) and a bottom-up path module (BPM). The FEM is used to eliminate the negative impact of the uneven distribution of object scales on the model performance. Then, a BPM is proposed to address the fusion inconsistency in the FPN. Additionally, an attention module (Ac) is added to eliminate the information loss in the bottom-up aggregation process. EFPN is evaluated by combining it with state-of-the-art detection methods. Extensive experimental results on two datasets MS-COCO and VOC2007 demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Using official ratings to simulate major tennis tournaments

Abstract While the official Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) computer tennis rankings are used to seed players in tournaments, they are not used to predict a player’s chance of winning. However, since the rankings are derived from a points rating, an estimate of each player’s chance in a head to head contest can be made from the difference in the players’ rating points. Using a year’s tournament results, a logistic regression model was fitted to the ATP ratings, to estimate the chance of winning as a function of the difference in rating points. Once the draw for a tournament is available, the resultant probabilities can be used in a simulation to estimate each player’s chance of victory. The method was applied to the 1998 Men’s Wimbledon, 1998 Men’s US Open and the 1999 Men’s Australian tennis championships.
A sampled-data iterative learning control using fuzzy network design

In this paper, a sampled-data iterative learning controller using fuzzy network design is proposed for a class of non-linear uncertain systems. In the ® rst part of the paper, su(cid:129) cient condition for feedforward learning gain is derived to guarantee convergence and robustness of the learning system. The sup-norm rather than traditional ¶ -norm is adopted to develop a new technique for performance analysis. It is shown that tracking error is bounded at each sampling instant for a small sampling period and asymptotically converges to a small residual set. In order to implement the learning gain, we need the information of input± output coupling matrix of the non-linear system. In the second part of this paper, a fuzzy network is proposed to solve the implementation problem. The fuzzy rule base is designed based on if± then rules of Takagi and Sugeno’s type so that the fuzzy network can provide the information of input± output coupling matrix. The premise and consequent parameters are tuned by gradient descent and least squares estimate respectively. An o(cid:128) -line training procedure is applied to estimate the non-linear plant by using only input± output data. This will give an initial setting of the sampled-data iterative learning controller. During the control interval, the fuzzy network can also be tuned after each iteration in order to improve the approximation accuracy and increase the tracking speed.
Mechanism of Fatigue in Ferroelectric Thin Films

A quantitative fatigue model is proposed for ferroelectric thin films on the basis of effective one-directional movement of defects due to asymmetric polarization under alternating pulses, defect entrapment at electrode-ferroelectric interface (and/or at grain and domain boundaries), and the resultant polarization loss at these surfaces due to structural damage. A fatigue equation is derived in accordance with this model and three fatigue parameters such as initial saturation polarization, piling constant, and decay constant are defined. The predicted values from the model show very good agreement with experimental data. Temperature and voltage dependence of fatigue parameters are studied on the basis of the fatigue model. The jump distance of defects is calculated from the voltage dependence of the decay constant which turns out essentially to be the same as the lattice parameter. Based on the fatigue model, an improved method to overcome fatigue property is also presented. Un modele quantitatif de tenue en fatigue de films ferroelectriques minces est propose sur la base de mouvements effectifs unidirectionnels des defauts cause par polarization asymetrique sous impulsions alternatives, capture des defauts a l'interface electrode-ferroelectrique (et/ou celle des frontieres de grains at de domaines), et la perte de polarisation resultante dans des surfaces a ete obtenue en accord avec ce modele et trois parametres de fatigue tel que la polarisation de saturation initiale, la constante d'empilement et la constante de deterioration ont ete definis. Les valeurs predites par le model montrent un tres bon accord avec les resultats experimentaux. La dependance des parametres de fatigue en fonction de la temperature et du voltage ont ete etudies sur la base du modele de fatigue. La distance de saut (qui apparait en fait ětre pratiquement egale au parametre de lattice) des defauts a ete calcule a partir de la dependance de la constante de deterioration en fonction du voltage. Sur la base de ce modele de fatigue, une methode pour ameliorer les proprietes de tenue en fatigue est presentee.
The Memory Wars Then and Now: The Contributions of Scott O. Lilienfeld

In this review, honoring Scott O. Lilienfeld, we reflect on key conflicts, controversies, and flash points in the so-called memory wars that have captured headlines, affected legislative action, and influenced civil suits and criminal trials. We trace the memory wars, beginning in the 1990s to the present. From the outset, the memory wars featured debates regarding repressed memories, recollections of trauma, and the hazards of memory recovery therapy, and these disagreements persist today in controversies concerning dissociative amnesia, beliefs about memory, suggestive psychotherapies, and the genesis of dissociative identity disorder (DID). We acknowledge Lilienfeld’s contributions, particularly to the sociocognitive model of DID, reviewed in the second half of the article, and to a recent transtheoretical framework that contrasts sharply with the posttraumatic view of DID. The memory wars greatly enhanced scientific understanding of memory, trauma, iatrogenic psychotherapies, and dissociative disorders. We conclude with suggestions for future research to deepen understanding of issues stimulated by the memory wars.
Objective Bayesian Survival Analysis Using Shape Mixtures of Log-Normal Distributions

Survival models such as the Weibull or log-normal lead to inference that is not robust to the presence of outliers. They also assume that all heterogeneity between individuals can be modeled through covariates. This article considers the use of infinite mixtures of lifetime distributions as a solution for these two issues. This can be interpreted as the introduction of a random effect in the survival distribution. We introduce the family of shape mixtures of log-normal distributions, which covers a wide range of density and hazard functions. Bayesian inference under nonsubjective priors based on the Jeffreys’ rule is examined and conditions for posterior propriety are established. The existence of the posterior distribution on the basis of a sample of point observations is not always guaranteed and a solution through set observations is implemented. In addition, we propose a method for outlier detection based on the mixture structure. A simulation study illustrates the performance of our methods under different scenarios and an application to a real dataset is provided. Supplementary materials for the article, which include R code, are available online.
Observations of prestellar cores: Probing the initial conditions for the IMF

Abstract Several (sub)millimeter-wave studies of nearby star-forming regions have revealed self-gravitating prestellar condensations that seem to be the direct progenitors of individual stars and whose mass distribution resembles the IMF. In a number of cases, small internal and relative motions have been measured for these condensations, indicating they are much less turbulent than their parent cloud and do not have time to interact before evolving into protostars and pre-main sequence stars. These findings suggest that the IMF is at least partly determined by pre-collapse cloud fragmentation and that one of the keys to understanding the origin of stellar masses lies in the physical mechanisms responsible for the formation and decoupling of prestellar cores within molecular clouds.
THE THIN FILM EQUATION WITH NONLINEAR DIFFUSION

We consider the fourth order degenerate parabolic equation ut þ div ður u uruÞ 1⁄4 0, u 0, ð1:1Þ where m 2 R and n 2 Rþ (precise assumptions on the parameters will be stated in the sequel). Equation (1.1) is introduced to describe the evolution of the height u of a thin liquid film spreading on a solid surface. The fourth-order term accounts for the effects of surface tension. The second-order term accounts, if m 1⁄4 n, for the effect of gravity; it has also been proposed, for different values of m, as a ‘‘porous-media cut-off ’’ of Van der Waals forces. The case n 1⁄4 m 1⁄4 1 describes the extent u of the region occupied by a liquid in the half-space Hele-Shaw cell in the lubrication regime. We refer to the review paper of Oron, Davis and Bankoff [1] for details. The case n 1⁄4 1,
A property of series of holomorphic homogeneous polynomials with Hadamard gaps

Recently J. Miao proved that if is a holomorphic function with Hadamard gaps on the open unit disc D then f ∈ Xp if and only if f ∈ Bp if and only if if and if only if where Xp, Bp and denote respectively the class of holomorphic functions on D which satisfy |f′(z)|p(1 − |z|2)p − 1dxdy is a finite measure, a Carleson measure and a little Carleson measure on D. In this paper we give a higher-dimensional version of Miao's result.
Measuring the Agreement between Sequences

The present article proposes a new method to assess distances between sequences of states, belonging to, for instance, event histories. It is based on the number of moves needed to turn one sequence into another sequence. This number of moves is standardized by relating it to the number of moves needed to turn the sequence into its reverse. Weighting it in different manners by the number of common elements in both sequences yields three different agreement measures, suited for different kinds of research questions. Life history data from 494 young adults show that applying our agreement measure to these data can yield insight in interesting relationships, otherwise not readily obtained.
Calculation of Debye series expansion of light scattering

The Debye series expansion (DSE) is of importance for understanding light scattering features and for testing the validity of geometric optics approach to light scattering. We recast the partial-wave reflection and transmission coefficients so that all the related complex functions can be calculated with stability in all necessary orders. Numerical tests are performed for both the full scattering intensities and the components in a wide range of particle sizes and refractive indices. The results are compared with those from Mie calculation and from MiePlot v4.1, showing that the algorithm is stable, reliable, and robust in a wide range of particle sizes and refractive indices. The developed algorithm may also apply to the DSE calculation of light scattering by multilayered spheres or cylinders.
THE STELLAR ASSOCIATIONS OF THE SMALL MAGELLANIC CLOUD.

The stellar associations of the SMC are less well defined than those of the LMC. A catalog is presented of 70 probable examples, of which 16 objects are of a more questionable nature. The associations have almost exactly the same mean size as those in the LMC but are poorer in the number of bright members. There are several problems in establishing the identity and the true properties of such objects in extragalactic sources.
Linkage Property of Witt Ring and Torsion Quadratic Forms with Trivial Witt Invariant

$W(F)$ and a fundamental ideal of $W(F)$ generated by all even dimensional quadratic forms respectively. For a positive integer $n\geqq 2$ , we denote n-th power of IF by $I^{n}F$. For elements $a_{1},$ $a_{2},$ $\cdots$ , $a_{n}$ of the multiplicative group $\dot{F}$ of $F,$ $\langle a_{1}, a_{2}, \cdots, a_{n}\rangle$ denotes a diagonal quadratic form $a_{1}X_{1}^{2}+\cdots+a_{n}X_{n}^{2}$ . A quadratic form of the form
Broadband measurements of the attenuation coefficient and backscatter coefficient for suspensions: A potential calibration tool

Tissue characterization would be facilitated by improved methods of calibration with which to make absolute measurements of the backscatter and attenuation of tissue or contrast agents. In this paper, the use of polystyrene microspheres is examined as a potential broadband in vitro calibration tool by employing an experimental system designed to characterize ultrasonic contrast agents. The frequency-dependent attenuation coefficient and backscatter coefficient were measured for a series of microsphere size distributions with a broadband ultrasound system using a custom-built specimen chamber and a novel suspension mixing technique. The measurements were used in a broadband reduction method to yield the backscatter coefficient. The range of ka spanned in this study is from ka=0.5 to ka=12. The broadband nature of the pulses permitted simultaneous measurement of different regimes of scattering of the microspheres (specifically, the transition region from Rayleigh to short-wavelength asymptotic scattering).
A Multiple Mass Flux Parameterization for the Surface-Generated Convection. Part II: Cloudy Cores

Abstract The multiple mass-flux approach introduced in a companion paper aims at parameterizing the surface-generated convection in the atmosphere. The original aspects of this model are as follows. A number of convective updrafts are released in the surface layer. They initially have distinct fractional area and thermodynamic properties, determined through surface layer similarity; that is, by assuming that the thermodynamic fluxes are constant throughout the surface layer. Each updraft ascent is diagnosed using an entraining plume model. In the case of cumulus convection, this comprehensive formulation provides consistent representations of the subcloud mixing, the cloud mixing, and the associated cloudiness. In the present paper, this model is evaluated in two shallow moist convection cases, using the one-dimensional modeling framework. In the continental convection case, the diurnal cloud growth and the related subcloud layer ventilation agree with large eddy simulations. In the oceanic convection cas.
APPLICATION OF DRUG DELIVERY IN MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS PERISTALTIC BLOOD FLOW OF NANOFLUID IN A NON-UNIFORM CHANNEL

In this paper, we have studied the application of drug delivery in magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) peristaltic blood flow of nanofluid in a non-uniform channel. The governing equation of motion and nanoparticles are modeled under the consideration of creeping flow and long wavelength. The resulting non-linear coupled differential equation is solved with the help of perturbation. Numerical Integration has been used to obtain the results for pressure rise and friction forces. The impact of various pertinent parameters on temperature profile, concentration profile such as density Grashof number, thermal Grashof number, Brownian motion parameter, thermophoresis parameter and MHD is demonstrated mathematically and graphically. The present analysis is also applicable for three-dimensional profile.