Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Family Matters: Dual Network Embeddedness, Resource Acquisition, and Entrepreneurial Success of Small Tourism Firms in Rural China

Small tourism firms (STFs) established and operated by local families can be an engine of sustainable rural tourism. This paper stresses the intimate intertwining of family and business in rural STFs and conceptualizes their entrepreneurial success as a combination of business performance and family well-being. Integrating the resource-based view and network embeddedness theory, relationships among the STF owners’ dual social networks (family and industry networks), entrepreneurial resource acquisition, and entrepreneurial success are proposed and tested with a sample of 276 STFs in rural China. The empirical analyses reveal that (1) compared with tangible and knowledge-based resources, the owners’ acquisition of psychic resources has the strongest effect on entrepreneurial success; and (2) although industry networks provide more diverse access to entrepreneurial resources, family networks are superior in facilitating psychic resource acquisition, thus are especially important to the entrepreneurial success of rural STFs. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Challenges and opportunities for scaling up infection prevention and control programmes in rural district hospitals of Tamil Nadu, India

Introduction: The aim of this study was to explore the barriers to implementing an infection prevention and control (IPC) programme in three public district hospitals in Tamil Nadu by interviewing key stakeholders involved in the roll-out of the programme. Materials and methods: Investigators conducted interviews (n = 17) with chief medical officers (CMOs), physicians, and IPC nurses at three secondary public district hospitals and their affiliated primary health centres (PHCs). Results: Six major themes emerged from the interviews: (1) prevalent IPC practices before the programme began; (2) barriers to implementation; (3) perceptions of the effectiveness of the IPC programme; (4) suggestions for future expansion of the programme; (5) the role of healthcare sanitation workers, and (6) water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) infrastructure. Stakeholders noted improvements in IPC knowledge, infection control related behaviour, and overall healthcare quality in the three hospitals. In regards to the future of this programme, stakeholders noted the need for more institutional support, a staff nurse solely dedicated to IPC, and the continued training of all staff members. Discussion: The results of this study highlight the importance of having high-functioning WaSH infrastructure and training for hospital sanitary workers in order to have an effective IPC programme. While the scale-up of this IPC programme is warranted, the barriers to implementation outlined in this study should be considered. To achieve a more effective IPC programme, we suggest that the following steps be carried out: (1) dedicate at least one full-time nurse to implementing IPC activities at each district hospital; (2) ensure that state and national policies for IPC are synchronised, and (3) provide sufficient and consistent funding for IPC activities.
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in patients suffering from acute non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage—A single center follow-up study

Background Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is an important complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), that may delay surgical or endovascular treatment and may influence patient outcome. This prospective follow-up study intended to collect data on the prevalence, severity, influencing factors and long-term outcome of TTC in patients suffering from non-traumatic SAH. Methods Consecutive patients admitted with the diagnosis of non-traumatic SAH were included. Intitial assessment consisted of cranial CT, Hunt-Hess, Fisher and WFNS scoring, 12-lead ECG, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), transcranial duplex sonography and collecting laboratory parameters (CK, CK-MB, cardiac troponin T, NT-proBNP and urine metanephrine and normetanephrine). Diagnosis of TTC was based on modified Mayo criteria. TTC patients were dichotomized to mild and severe forms. Follow-up of TTE, Glasgow Outcome Scale assessment, Barthel’s and Karnofsky scoring occurred on days 30 and 180. Results One hundred thirty six patients were included. The incidence of TTC in the entire cohort was 28.7%; of them, 20.6% and 8.1% were mild and severe, respectively. TTC was more frequent in females (30/39; 77%) than in males (9/39; 23%) and was more severe. The occurrence of TTC was related to mFisher scores and WFNS scores. Although the severity of TTC was related to mFisher score, Hunt-Hess score, WFNS score and GCS, multivariate analysis showed the strongest relationship with mFisher scores. Ejection fraction differences between groups were present on day 30, but disappeared by day 180, whereas wall motion score index was still higher in the severe TTC group at day 180. By the end of the follow-up period (180 days), 70 (74.5%) patients survived in the non-TTC, 22 (81.5%) in the mild TTC and 3 (27%) in the severe TTC group (n = 11) (p = 0.002). At day 180, GOS, Barthel, and Karnofsky outcome scores were higher in patients in the control (non-TTC) and the mild TTC groups than in the severe TTC group. Conclusions Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a frequent finding in patients with SAH, and severe TTC may be present in 8% of SAH cases. The severity of TTC may be an independent predictor of mortality and outcome at 6 months after disease onset. Therefore, a regular follow-up of ECG and TTE abnormalities is warranted in patients with subrachnoid hemorrhage for early detection of TTC. Trial registration The study was registered at the Clinical Trials Register under the registration number of NCT02659878 (date of registration: January 21, 2016).
The first general synthesis of 2-C-(β-D-glycopyranosyl)pyrimidines and their evaluation as inhibitors of some glycoenzymes

A systematic study was performed on the preparation of unknown 2-C-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)pyrimidines. Pinner type cyclisation of O-perbenzylated C-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)formamidine with β-ketoesters, dimethyl malonate, and β-diketone derived α,β-unsaturated β-chloroketones followed by catalytic hydrogenation resulted in various substituted 2-C-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones, and 2-C-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-4,6-disubstituted-pyrimidines, respectively, in moderate to good yields. The above pyrimidine derivatives were also obtained by ring closure of the unprotected C-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)formamidine with the same 1,3-dielectrophiles. In addition, a continuous one-pot three-step procedure starting from O-peracylated D-glycopyranosyl cyanides was also elaborated to give representatives of the aforementioned pyrimidines with various sugar configurations in acceptable to excellent overall yields (25–94%). Due to the versatility of the applied 1,3-dielectrophiles, these synthetic routes represent the first expansible method to obtain the target compounds. The new C-glycopyranosyl pyrimidines showed moderate inhibition against α-glucosidase and β-galactosidase enzymes, had, however, no activity against glycogen phosphorylase. The obtained molecule library is ready for further biological testing.
Soil physicochemical properties in a high-quality tea production area of Thai Nguyen province in northern region, Vietnam

ABSTRACT This study investigated general physicochemical properties of tea garden soils at the alluvial plain of Cong River in Tan Cuong commune, Vietnam. Four gardens were selected as study sites on three transect lines established perpendicularly to the river. Soil samples were collected from the surface (0–10 cm) and subsurface (20–30 cm). Soil texture classes varied from sandy loam to light clay, which was affected by different terrains along the transect lines as well as severe disturbance such as terracing and earth excavation. The levels of total C and total N were correlated with increasing garden age, suggesting the replenishment of soil organic matter pool by the addition of plant residue and manure. Meanwhile, the soils showed strongly acidic nature with the average pH(H2O) of 3.7 at the surface and 3.9 at the subsurface. The effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) was low at 4.7 and 4.9 cmolc kg−1, respectively, and dominated by exchangeable Al3+. Soil acidification was exacerbated with increasing garden age. However, a relatively large saturation of exchangeable calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), and magnesium (Mg2+) on the ECEC was found in the surface soils. The levels of available P were high, occasionally exceeding 1000 and 500 mg kg−1 at the surface and subsurface, respectively. In spite of strongly acidic condition, ammonium (NH4-N) applied as fertilizer was converted to nitrate (NO3-N) to move down to deeper layers. The levels of the bases, P, and mineral N seem to be principally determined by management practices. Significant portion of these nutrients was likely to exist in water soluble forms without adsorption onto soils. It should be required to develop proper schemes and to educate the owners for adequate fertilizer managements.
WORD STRESS MOSAIC OF GLOBAL ENGLISH: PLACEMENT AND PERCEPTION VARIANCE

В статье рассматривается специфика постановки словесного ударения в странах трех концентрических кругов Б. Качру. По данным словарей и корпусных исследований английского языка в странах «внутреннего круга», основные различия в постановке словесного ударения между американским и британским стандартами (2,5% многосложных слов) находят свое отражение и в произносительных нормах Канады, Австралии и Новой Зеландии (примерно 24% лексикона). Для американского английского характерна ямбическая модель ударения в двусложных словах французского происхождения. В канадском английском чаще используются американские модели ударения, чем британские (41,7 к 36,1%), а также исконные канадские со второстепенным ударением (22,2%). В австралийском английском, наоборот, преобладают британские модели (46,6% к 29,7% американским), в то время как австралийские употребляются в 23,7% случаев. Для новозеландского произносительного стандарта характерно частое использование второстепенного ударения. Страны «внешнего круга», представленные регионами Южной Азии и Африки, имеют свою специфику, отличную друг от друга. Так, в индийском английском правила постановки словесного ударения на 70% совпадают с нормами британского эталона, в 30% случаев сказывается влияние языков-субстратов. В английском языке Камеруна и Нигерии часто происходит сдвиг словесного ударения в соответствии с рецессивной тенденцией. Особенности постановки ударения в английском языке стран «расширяющегося круга» отличаются еще большим разнообразием, что подтверждается использованием тонов вместо ударения в китайском английском и преобладанием качественно-количественного ударения в русском варианте английского языка.
How dielectric, metallic and liquid targets influence the evolution of electron properties in a pulsed He jet measured by Thomson and Raman scattering

Thomson scattering using a Bragg grating notch filter is used to determine the electron properties of a pulsed, kHz-driven, non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet in helium expanding in air. The plasma jet is allowed to freely expand or interact with targets with different electrical properties, i.e. glass, copper and water. With the same setup, Raman scattering is used to determine spatially- and time-resolved the densities and rotational temperatures of oxygen and nitrogen molecules entrained into the jet. Fast imaging is used to determine the development of the discharge in the plasma jet as well as its behavior in the plasma-target interaction zone. As the discharge approaches the target, the rise of electron density was followed by the fall of electron temperature. The discharge is influenced only over a few millimeters before it hits the target. The electron density and temperature during the spreading of the discharge on the low-permittivity target are measured to be resp. 2 × 1019 m−3 and ≈1 eV. During the return stroke on the high-permittivity and the metallic target the densities rise with a factor 1.5 resp. 2.2, and the temperature with a factor 2.5 for both cases. The discharges on the high- and low-permittivity targets extinguished soon after the initial impact of the ionization front, while the diffuse discharge on the metallic target extinguished only after the end of the voltage pulse (with a duration of 1 μs). In the diffuse discharge the electron temperature reaches 3.4 eV, the gas temperature increases by approximately 100 K and the electron density increases by approximately a factor three with respect to before its formation.
“Wiraku Suci”: A Children’s App for Learning Hygiene Practices

Hygiene care is a basic human need, but very essential practice that must be taught since childhood. Personal hygiene involves making sure body parts are clean to avoid from health issues caused by poor cleanliness. Parents ultimately bear the responsibility to teach their children about cleanliness, and normally this is done by showing and practising hygiene care themselves. Nevertheless, it is not that easy to educate personal hygiene care to them, especially in the ages of four to six years old, because they are actively playing and exploring their environments. To aid parents, mobile learning app could be employed because hygiene habits can be shown via more engaging ways such as through pictures and video clips of personal hygiene care, simple drag and drop games, and pictorial quiz. In this study, a mobile learning app with game-based approach has been developed by following the software development life cycle Spiral model. During evaluation phase, a heuristic evaluation with five Computer Science lecturers was conducted to examine the usability of the app. Results from the evaluation were used as guidance to refine and improvise the app so that they will be usable and enjoyable for children.
Gender differences in classroom emotional climate and attitudes among students undertaking integrated STEM projects: a Rasch analysis

ABSTRACT Background To address declining enrolments in science and other STEM subjects in high school and university, particularly disproportionately low enrolments of females in physics, engineering and computer sciences, integrated STEM programs are becoming more popular. However, few studies have investigated classroom experiences or gender differences in the effects of participation in integrated STEM projects on students’ attitudes towards continuing to study STEM subjects. Purpose This study compared male and female students’ perceptions of classroom emotional climate and their attitudes towards STEM after completing integrated STEM projects. Methods For a sample of 246 Years 7–10 students participating in integrated STEM projects in 24 co-educational government classrooms, we investigated gender differences using a seven-scale classroom emotional climate questionnaire and an attitude scale. Responses to items in each scale were converted to interval data using Rasch modelling. Differential item functioning between male and female students was investigated and MANOVA was used to compare genders on responses to each scale. Findings When MANOVA was used to identify gender differences in Rasch student measures of each scale, statistically-significant differences of modest magnitude (0.25–0.50 standard deviations) were found for Clarity, Motivation, Consolidation and Attitudes, but not for Care, Control, Challenge and Collaboration. Relative to males, females had more-negative views for each climate and attitude dimension for which differences were significant. Compared with boys, girls were undermotivated by their STEM projects and perceived less clarity of instruction and feedback. Conclusions Greater support for female students through clarifying and giving specific feedback on tasks could improve their perceptions of the classroom emotional climate when carrying out integrated STEM projects. Further research is needed to determine the types of projects that motivate females to study STEM.
New Monetarist Economics

This article provides an introduction to New Monetarist Economics. This branch of macro and monetary theory emphasizes imperfect commitment, information problems, and sometimes spatial (endogenously) separation as key frictions in the economy to derive endogenously institutions like monetary exchange or financial intermediation. We present three generations of models in development of New Monetarism. The first model studies an environment in which agents meet bilaterally and lack commitment, which allows money to be valued endogenously as means of payment. In this setup both goods and money are indivisible to keep things tractable. Second-generation models relax the assumption of indivisible goods and use bargaining theory (or related mechanisms) to endogenize prices. Variations of these models are applied to financial asset markets and intermediation. Assets and goods are both divisible in third-generation models, which makes them better suited to policy analysis and empirical work. This framework can also be used to help understand financial markets and liquidity.
Medical Debt and Catastrophic Health Expenditures among Middle- and Low-Income Families in China

Background Medical debt is a persistent global issue and a crucial and effective indicator of long-term family medical financial burden. This paper fills a research gap on the incidence and causes of medical debt in Chinese low and middle-income households.Method Data was obtained from the 2015 China Household Finance Survey and medical debt measured as borrowings from families, friends and third parties. Tobit regression models were used to analyze the data. The concentration index was employed to measure the extent of socioeconomic inequality in medical debt incidence.Results We found that 2.42% of middle-income families had a medical debt, averaging US$6278.25, or 0.56 times household yearly income; and 3.92% of low-income families had medical debts averaging US$5419.88, which was equivalent to 2.49 times household yearly income. The concentration index for low and middle-income families’ medical debt was significantly pro-poor. Medical debt impoverished about 10% of all non-poverty households and pushed poor households deeper into poverty. While catastrophic health expenditure was the single most important factor in medial debt, age, education, and health status of householder, hospitalization and types of medical insurance were also significant factors determining medical debt.Conclusions Using a narrow definition of medical debt, the incidence of medical debt in Chinese low and middle-income households was relatively low. But, once medical debt happened, it imposed a long-term financial burden on medical indebted families, tipping many low and middle-income households into poverty and imposing on households several years of debt repayments. Further studies need to use broader definitions of medical debt to better assess the long-term financial impact of medical debt on Chinese families. Policy makers need to modify basic medical insurance schemes to manage out-of-pocket medical expenses better and take account of pre-existing medical debt when addressing this problem.
Conversion of dilute nitrous oxide (N2O) in N2 and N2–O2 mixtures by plasma and plasma-catalytic processes

A coaxial dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor has been developed for plasma and plasma-catalytic conversion of dilute N2O in N2 and N2–O2 mixtures at both room and high temperature (300 °C). The effects of catalyst introduction, O2 content and inlet N2O concentration on N2O conversion and the mechanism involved in the conversion of N2O have been investigated. The results show that N2O in N2 could be effectively decomposed to N2 and O2 by plasma and plasma-catalytic processes at both room and high temperature, with much higher decomposition efficiency at 300 °C than at room temperature for the same discharge power. Under an N2–O2 atmosphere, however, N2O could be removed only at high temperature, producing not only N2 and O2 but also NO and NO2. Production and conversion of N2O occur simultaneously during the plasma and plasma-catalytic processing of N2O in a N2–O2 mixture, with production and conversion being the dominant processes at room and high temperature, respectively. N2O conversion increases with the increase of discharge power and decreases with the increase of O2 content. Increasing the inlet N2O concentration from 100 to 400 ppm decreases the conversion of N2O under an N2 atmosphere but increases that under an N2–O2 atmosphere. Concentrating N2O in the N2–O2 mixture could alleviate the negative influence of O2 by increasing the involvement of plasma reactive species (e.g., N2(A3Σu+) and O(1D)) in N2O conversion. Packing the discharge zone with a RuO2/Al2O3 catalyst significantly enhances the conversion of N2O and improves the selectivity of N2O decomposition under an N2–O2 atmosphere, revealing the synergy of plasma and catalyst in promoting N2O conversion, especially its decomposition to N2 and O2.
What influences the purchase of virtual gifts in live streaming in China? A cultural context‐sensitive model

China is one of the largest and fastest‐growing markets for live streaming, and the purchase of virtual gifts in live streaming is the core for streamers and live streaming platforms in China to survive and thrive. Compared to western countries, live streaming in China highlights the lively social atmosphere and heated social interactions among streamers and viewers. This study develops a cultural context‐sensitive model that contextualises the purchase of virtual gifts in live streaming in China. Specifically, we focus on the viewer's social experience and the social atmosphere in live streaming which have received limited attention yet. We introduce viewers' social perceptions with regard to the streamer and other viewers (ie, perceived proximity to the streamer and sense of belonging to the viewer crowd) and show how such social perceptions contribute to the development of flow experience, which subsequently leads to purchase intention. This study also reveals how such social perceptions can be shaped by the contextual setting consisting of the IT‐related factors of live streaming (ie, responsiveness, two‐way communication, social presence, and self‐presentation) and the cultural characteristics of China (ie, social orientation and harmony). Our research offers both theoretical guidance for practitioners into cultivating viewers' purchase of virtual gifts in China's live streaming.