Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seaglider surveys at Ocean Station Papa: Diagnosis of upper-ocean heat and salt balances using least-squares with inequality constraints

Heat and salt balances in the upper 200 m are examined using data from Seaglider spatial surveys June 2008-January 2010 surrounding a NOAA surface mooring at Ocean Station Papa (OSP; 50°N, 145°W). A least-squares approach is applied to repeat Seaglider survey and moored measurements to solve for unknown or uncertain monthly three-dimensional circulation and vertical diffusivity. Within the surface boundary layer, the estimated heat and salt balances are dominated throughout the surveys by turbulent flux, vertical advection, and for heat, radiative absorption. When vertically-integrated balances are considered, an estimated upwelling of cool water balances the net surface input of heat, while the corresponding large import of salt across the halocline due to upwelling and diffusion is balanced by surface moisture input and horizontal import of fresh water. Measurement of horizontal gradients allows the estimation of unresolved vertical terms over more than one annual cycle; diffusivity in the upper-ocean transition layer decreases rapidly to the depth of the maximum near-surface stratification in all months, with weak seasonal modulation in the rate of decrease and profile amplitude. Vertical velocity is estimated to be on average upward but with important monthly variations. Results support and expand existing evidence concerning the importance of horizontal advection in the balances of heat and salt in the Gulf of Alaska, highlight time and depth variability in difficult-to-measure vertical transports in the upper ocean, and suggest avenues of further study in future observational work at OSP.
Spatio-temporal Masking : Hyperacuity and FINAL-1 Jan

16. Abstract (Limit: 200 words) a. Models of human vision were applied to image compression and image fidelity for both static and dynamic images. * The role of the human observer in JPEG compression was clarified. The human observer's visual information capacity was calculated to be about 20 bits/min 2 , substantially higher than previous estimates. * New formulas were developed for the Fourier transform of JPEG basis functions, connecting JPEG quantization matrices to the human observer's contrast sensitivity function. * Crawford masking was used to measure the visibility of lines and edges following abrupt luminance changes. The high frame rates produced higher temporal resolution than previous studies. A striking asymmetry between light and dark lines was found. b. A robust test-pedestal framework was developed for modeling spatio-temporal vision with fewer assumptions than previous models. In this framework motion processing and hyperacuity thresholds are directly related to contrast processhig. c. A number of studies on motion processing developed new limits on the human visual system's capabilities. d. In order to connect psychophysics results to underlying physiological mechanisms new techniques were developed for nonlinear analysis and source localization of visual evoked "• potentials and other biopotentials. D T I -r
CoBRA: Containerized Bioinformatics workflow for Reproducible ChIP/ATAC-seq Analysis - from differential peak calling to pathway analysis

ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq have become essential technologies used as effective methods of measuring protein-DNA interactions and chromatin accessibility. However, there is a need for a scalable and reproducible pipeline that incorporates correct normalization between samples, adjustment of copy number variations, and integration of new downstream analysis tools. Here we present CoBRA, a modularized computational workflow which quantifies ChIP and ATAC-seq peak regions and performs unsupervised and supervised analysis. CoBRA provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art ChIP and ATAC-seq analysis pipeline that is usable by scientists with limited computational experience. This enables researchers to gain rapid insight into protein-DNA interactions and chromatin accessibility through sample clustering, differential peak calling, motif enrichment, comparison of sites to a reference DB and pathway analysis. Code availability: https://bitbucket.org/cfce/cobra
Exploring Bacterial Communities in Aquaponic Systems

Aquaponics is a production system based on the dynamic equilibrium between fish, plants, and microorganisms. In order to better understand the role of microorganisms in this tripartite relationship, we studied the bacterial communities hosted in eight aquaponic and aquaculture systems. The bacterial communities were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene deep sequencing. At the phylum level, the bacterial communities from all systems were relatively similar with a predominance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, however, the communities present in the sampled systems were more heterogeneous. The biofilter samples harbored more diverse communities than the corresponding sump samples. The core microbiomes from the coupled and decoupled systems shared more common operational taxonomic units than with the aquaculture systems. Eventually, some of the taxa identified in the systems could have beneficial functions for plant growth and health, but a deeper analysis would be required to identify the precise functions involved in aquaponics.
Mendosis: A SAN-based Fault Injection Test-bed for the Construction of Highly Available Network Services

We describe Mendosus, a SAN-based fault-injection test-bed that supports the emulation of LAN-connected systems. Our goal is to provide a test-bed for service designers to systematically assess the impact of end-toend design decisions on the availability and reliability of network services in the presence of realistic fault scenarios. Mendosus currently supports the emulation of a cluster of PCs connected by a virtual network comprised of arbitrary configurations of Ethernet switches, hubs, and NICs. The application to be tested runs directly on the PCs, communicating over the virtual network. Mendosus injects faults in real-time, allowing the application to be tested against a variety of network and end-node faults. We are working to extend Mendosus to support emulation of a richer set of networks, including wireless systems and WAN-connected systems. Mendosus relies critically on the high performance of the underlying SAN to provide a platform that looks and performs as similar to the emulated platform as possible. Mendosus currently runs on clusters of PCs connected by Giganet VIA networks. Measurements show that this implementation should be able to easily emulate clusters interconnected by 100 Mb/s and/or 1 Gb/s Ethernet LANs.
Reply to comment by J. Peakall et al. on “A simple model for vertical profiles of velocity and suspended sediment concentration in straight and curved submarine channels”

model for vertical profiles of velocity and suspended sediment concentration in straight and curved submarine channels” M. Bolla Pittaluga, J. Imran, D. Medicina, and G. Parker Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Geology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaigne, Urbana, Illinois, USA
Detection and attribution of climate change

1. The likely range of the human contribution to the global mean temperature increase over the period 1951–2010 is 1.1° to 1.4°F (0.6° to 0.8°C), and the central estimate of the observed warming of 1.2°F (0.65°C) lies within this range (high confidence). This translates to a likely human contribution of 93%–123% of the observed 1951–2010 change. It is extremely likely that more than half of the global mean temperature increase since 1951 was caused by human influence on climate (high confidence). The likely contributions of natural forcing and internal variability to global temperature change over that period are minor (high confidence). 2. The science of event attribution is rapidly advancing through improved understanding of the mechanisms that produce extreme events and the marked progress in development of methods that are used for event attribution (high confidence). CSSR 5OD: FINAL CLEARANCE Chapter 3 Subject to Final Copyedit 28 June 2017 160 3. Detection and Attribution of Climate Change 1
Linking and Extending an Open Multilingual Wordnet

We create an open multilingual wordnet with large wordnets for over 26 languages and smaller ones for 57 languages. It is made by combining wordnets with open licences, data from Wiktionary and the Unicode Common Locale Data Repository. Overall there are over 2 million senses for over 100 thousand concepts, linking over 1.4 million words in hundreds of languages.
Amplification factors to estimate wind erosion of piles of soil with different heights: Numerical simulation and structure-from-motion photogrammetry verification

In this study, we propose amplification factors of single conical piles with different heights and sizes to describe wind erosion acceleration effects of piles compared to flat erodible surfaces. It is not difficult using traditional wind erosion models to estimate wind erosion of flat agricultural land or pastoral surfaces. However, in the current form these models cannot be used for elevated surfaces such as dunes or piles, which may lead to more serious dust emission and air pollution. A computational fluid dynamics simulation was used to refine a wind erosion estimation method of pile from the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) by dividing the pile surface into multiple subareas with constant wind speed for each subarea and then obtaining ratios of pile erosion to the corresponding flat surface by calculating the total erosion rate of the pile and that of a flat surface with the same floor area. The ratios as amplification factors, Eamp, for six pile sizes (from 1 to 12 m) and five wind speed scenarios covering most erosive daily wind speeds from 824 stations throughout China were analyzed and fitted to equations to enable consideration of other heights and wind speed conditions. The changing patterns of the factors were verified using experimental surveys of two plots via the structure-from-motion photogrammetry method, which generated high-resolution digital elevation maps and detected detailed erosion changes. The erosion from a stockpile surface was found to be 2.52 to 7.16 times that from a flat surface with the same floor area, and the influence of pile height on amplification factor could be expressed by a logarithmic equation. These factors can be easily applied to estimate pile erosion by multiplying them by wind erosion results for flat surfaces obtained from other indexes or models. The procedure described in this paper can be extended to consider amplification or reduction effects of dunes, hills, piles, pits, and gullies with different shapes or configurations in relation to wind erosion. Furthermore, the reliability of wind erosion estimation over complex surfaces can be improved to implement specific soil conservation practices.
Optimization of Spectrum Allocation and Subsidization in Mobile Communication Services

Mobile traffic explosion causes spectrum shortage and polarization of data usage among users, which will eventually decrease user welfare in mobile communication services. Governments around the world are planning to make more spectrum available for mobile broadband use, and the key policy issue is to find an efficient spectrum allocation method that will improve user welfare. In this paper, we propose a data subsidy scheme where the regulator offers a spectrum price discount to mobile network operators (MNOs) in return for imposing the responsibility of providing a predefined data amount to users free of charge. To analyze the subsidy effect, we adopt the two-stage approach of Cournot and Bertrand competition, and find a Nash equilibrium of the competition. An interesting observation is that the increase in user welfare does not involve MNO profit loss and the increasing amount is higher than the regulator's expenses for implementing the data subsidy scheme. The most of the paper is for the duopoly competition, which is extended to the general case, finally.
Evolution of the Subauroral Polarization Stream Oscillations During the Severe Geomagnetic Storm on 20 November 2003

We report multisatellite observations of the oscillations in the subauroral polarization stream (SAPS) during a severe magnetic storm on 20 November 2003. The SAPS oscillations (SAPSOs) occurred during the main phase of the magnetic storm when the y component of the southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF BY) turned from positive to negative. The SAPSOs were first observed in the premidnight sector and propagated toward the dusk sector. The formation and evolution of SAPSO corresponded well with the plasma sheet ions injection and precipitation, indicating that the SAPSOs are possibly generated by the interaction between the hot plasma sheet and the cold plasmasphere under particular conditions (e.g., change of the polarity of IMF BY accompanied with a sudden enhancement of plasma sheet ion density). The hemispheric asymmetry of the SAPS channels is suggested to be related to the hemispheric differences in the ionospheric plasma condition and the ionospheric convection.
Washington University Open Scholarship Washington University Open Scholarship

We study claim resolution. A claim consists of a global fact and a local fact. The global fact is observed by the principal and the agent. The local fact is observed by the agent alone. The agent resolves the claim; the principal decides whether the agent is more likely wrong or right. The principal and agent can disagree about the weight to accord each fact or the overall evidence threshold. The agent cares whether the principal follows or ignores her advice. We characterize how the equilibrium varies with the nature of disagreement. Despite lacking commitment power, we ﬁnd that the principal grants the agent decision-making authority over an interval of global facts. Further, we ﬁnd that the principal can better motivate an agent who excessively weights the local fact than an agent who excessively weights the global fact. The principal strictly prefers the former to the latter even though either would make the same number of errors if granted complete autonomy. (JEL C7, K0, D7, K4, M4)
Volumetric Basis Reduction for Global Seamless Parameterization of Meshes

We present an efficient method for generating global parameterizations of large meshes. Following the state-of-the art work on global parameterization, we use a cross-field guided approach: we fit the parameterization to a field aligned with surface geometry while constraining the mapping to be seamless, in the sense of local continuity of parametric lines. We extend these approaches by showing that the constraints on the mapping can be decoupled from the mesh tessellation, allowing us to formulate the problem of seamless mesh parameterization over a general function basis. In particular, we show that by adapting a recently proposed volumetric basis, we can develop a highly efficient solver for mesh parameterization. Using the solver, we compute parameterizations for meshes consisting of up to 20 million vertices in 1600 seconds, providing a solution that outperforms state-of-the-art direct solvers in both time and memory. CR Categories: I.3. 5 [Computer Graphics]: Computational Geometry and Object Modeling—Curve, surface, solid, and object representations
The Demand for Money in an Open Economy: the Case of Malaysia

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the demand for money in Malaysia over the 1980:1-1994:10 period using cointegration and error correction methodology. The analysis shows that money balance, income, exchange rate, price and interest rate are cointegrated. Thus, the long- run demand for money balances for M1 is specified and estimated by using Johansen and Juselius Maximum likelihood cointegration method. The calculated errors from the long run money demand for M1 are then used in the error correction model of M1 demand. Hendry and Ericsson's general to specific procedure is used to reach the final form of the short-run dynamic demand for money. The explanatory variables that influence the money demand (M1) in the short run are income, expected inflation rate, 6-months mode deposit rate, expected rate of change of exchange rate, seasonal dummies, and the error correction from the long-run demand for money. Chow test shows that the estimated demand function remains stable over the 1980:1-1994:10 period. The findings, also, indicate the presence of currency substitution in Malaysia.
Role of Indian fluxes in the intraseasonal 10-30 days variability of the African monsoon.

This study focused on the influence of Indian monsoon on the 10-30 days variability of the West African monsoon. One relies on the 500-300 hPa moisture fluxes calculated from specific wind and moisture fields from the ERAInterim reanalysis over the 1998-2008 period. These fluxes carry a signal of a spatio-temporal Rossby wave structure propagating westward from India. In the active phase of high convection of this wave, 500-300 hPa fluxes are Easterly. This high-tropospheric Rossby wave signal from the Indian monsoon area would modulate the dynamics over the Sahel.
Indicateurs agroenvironnementaux adaptés à la gestion de projets ciblés sur la prévention de la pollution diffuse par le phosphore

Reduction of non-point source phosphorus (P) related to agricultural land use has been identified as a priority for Missisquoi Bay, a water body impaired by cyanobacteria blooms and shared by Quebec province, Canada, and Vermont state, USA. The objectives of a research initiated in 1997 within the Beaver experimental watershed (11 km) were 1) to describe the non-point source P transfer to the aquatic ecosystem through landscape and agricultural production systems descriptors and 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of surface runoff management on P transfer. A simulated rainfall study conducted on an array of 36 runoff plots deployed on three benchmark soils of the watershed demonstrated the high level of interaction among cropping (tilled vs hay) and manure treatment and the site-specific influence of soil physical and chemical properties on P export and bioavaibility. Variance analysis indicated significant contributions of treatments in explaining total P concentration in runoff as follows: Soil type effect > Cropping effect > Soil*Cropping interaction > Manure effect. Annual exports of dissolved reactive P and total P averaged 0.65 and 1.53 kg-P ha , respectively, over the six years watershed monitoring period. These export loads were temporally episodic in nature and occurred dominantly during peak stream flow events and under late-winter/early-spring conditions when overland runoff was generated through snowmelt or precipitation on thawing or saturated soils. Under base flow conditions, the flux-stream discharge relationship indicated that P point sources contributed between 3 to 11% of annual exports. During elevated stream flow conditions, high bioavailability and particulate ratio of P exports indicated instream P storage and transformation mechanisms, as well as a significant contribution of subsurface P transport to the main stream channel. Covariance analysis of water quality data using stream flow as a covariate highlighted a landscape-driven hydrologic control on the spatial pattern in P transfer, as well as an influence of manure P sources management. Temporal trend in water quality from the downstream station also indicated a 25% reduction in total P flow-weighted concentration during high flows in response to the establishment of riparian buffers and catch basins along the stream main stem.
Factors associated decrease of forced vital capacity on gas station employees exposed to sulfur dioxide (SO2)

Sulfur dioxide is particulate matter which primarily from the combustion emissions of motor vehicles. If inhaled into lungs, sulfur dioxide (SO2) is deposited at alveoli and inflammation occurs. A long-term exposure to SO2 can cause impaired lung function with increased morbidity and mortality. The research is a cross-sectional study done to 59 employees at gas stations with sulfur dioxide exposure in the working environment. Data has been analysed by regression logistic test using SPSS software. Of the 59 research subjects, there are 38 people (64.4%) whose Forced Vital Capacity value decreased (restrictive lung disease), with 36 people (61%) are categorized into mild restriction and 2 others (3.4%) are in moderate restriction. In this study, there are no significant correlations between FVC decrease and age, gender or working duration. There was not found employees exposed with SO2 above 126.7 ppm in whom the decreased of FVC value occurred. In other words, employees exposed with a great level of SO2 will undergo decrease of FVC value. This study showed that there was only a weak correlation between sulfur dioxide exposure level and FVC value. The contribution of SO2 exposure to influence FVC value was only 9.4%.
Managing social risks through transitional labour markets

The network addressed the basic transformation of our European social and economic systems caused by globalisation, modernisation, individualisation or the shift towards the knowledge-based society. The change in the nature of social risks was one of the focal points of the project. The decline of 'old risks', inherent to an industrial society, and the advent of 'new social risks', such as life course risks or intergenerational risks, were common points of departure for the European research network. Results of the network deal with labour market processes and policy implementation.
Asset Pricing: Lessons from the Battle of Nobels

Asset-pricing theories involve expectations whereas asset-pricing tests are almost universally performed on noisy realizations. This paper addresses this fundamental yet difficult problem to find that the noise in realized returns endogenizes the market factor, thereby causing the measured risk, abnormal return, and risk premium to be biased and inconsistent. The causal effects of noise are so detrimental to time-series tests that they can explain why firm characteristics related to size, value, financing, profitability, and investment tend to produce market anomalies. Noise is also harmful to the measured risk premium and can explain why a nonexistent risk-return tradeoff is often inferred from cross-sectional tests despite the relevance of risk. Statistically consistent estimators are proposed to address the endogenous effects of noise, and they appear to perform much better than the existing ones.