Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Hardness of Decoding the Gale-Berlekamp Code

The Gale-Berlekamp (in short, GB) code is the dual code of the binary product code in which the horizontal and vertical constituent codes are both the parity code. It is shown that the problem of deciding whether there is a codeword of the GB code within a prescribed distance from a given received word, is NP-complete. The problem remains hard (in a well-defined sense) even if the decoder is allowed unlimited preprocessing that depends only on the code length. While the intractability of maximum-likelihood decoding (MLD) for specific codes has already been shown by Bruck and Naor, Lobstein, and Guruswami and Vardy, the result herein seems to be the first that shows hardness for a "natural" code (in particular, without any tailoring of the definition or the parameters of the code to suit the hardness proof). In contrast, it is also shown that, with respect to any memoryless binary-symmetric channel (BSC) with crossover probability less than 1/2, MLD can be implemented in linear time for all error events except for a portion that occurs with vanishing probability.
Colors of Active Galactic Nucleus Host Galaxies at 0.5 < z < 1.1 from the GEMS Survey

We present the results from a study of the host galaxies of 15 optically selected active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with 0.5 < z < 1.1 from the Galaxy Evolution from Morphology and SEDs project (GEMS). GEMS is a Hubble Space Telescope imaging survey of a ~28′ × 28′ contiguous field centered on the Chandra Deep Field-South in the F606W and F850LP filter bands. It incorporates the spectral energy distributions and redshifts of ~10,000 objects, obtained by the COMBO-17 project. We have detected the host galaxies of all 15 AGNs in the F850LP band (and 13 of 15 in the F606W band), recovering their fluxes, morphologies, and structural parameters. We find that 80% of the host galaxies have early-type (bulge-dominated) morphologies, while the rest have structures characteristic of late-type (disk-dominated) galaxies. We find that 25% of the early types and 30% of the late types exhibit disturbances consistent with galaxy interactions. The hosts show a wide range of colors, from those of red-sequence galaxies to blue colors consistent with ongoing star formation. Roughly 70% of the morphologically early-type hosts have rest-frame blue colors, a much larger fraction than those typical of nonactive morphologically early-type galaxies in this redshift and luminosity range. Yet, we find that the early-type hosts are structurally similar to red-sequence elliptical galaxies, inasmuch as they follow an absolute magnitude versus half-light size correlation that is consistent with the mean relation for early-type galaxies at similar redshifts.
Cosmological Constant from Boundary Condition and Its Implications beyond the Standard Model

Standard cosmology has long been plagued by a number of persistent problems. The origin of the apparent acceleration of the cosmic expansion remains enigmatic. The cosmological constant has been reintroduced as a free parameter with a value in energy density units that “happens” to be of the same order as the present matter energy density. There is an internal inconsistency with regards to the Hubble constant, the so-called H0 tension. The derived value of H0 depends on the type of data that is used. With supernovae as standard candles, one gets a H0 that is 4–5 σ larger than the value that one gets from CMB (Cosmic Microwave Background) data for the early universe. Here we show that these problems are related and can be solved if the cosmological constant represents a covariant integration constant that arises from a spatial boundary condition, instead of being a new type of hypothetical physical field, “dark energy”, as assumed by standard cosmology. The boundary condition only applies to the bounded 3D subspace that represents the observable universe, the hypersurface of the past light cone.
Electron Density--sensitive Line Ratios for Fe XII in the Solar Corona

Taux d'excitation pour plusieurs transitions de l'etat fondamental 3s 2 3p 3 a l'etat excite 3s3p 4 de FeXII. On en deduit les populations de niveau pour une gamme etendue de pression et de temperature
Pre and Post Pandemic Depressive and Anxious Symptoms in Children and Adolescents in Northern Chile

The psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic still represent a focus of concern, especially in children and adolescents who are a group particularly vulnerable to the psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, mainly due to the loss of socialization and leisure spaces. The aim of the study is to determine the variation in the levels of depressive and anxious symptomatology in children and adolescents in the North of Chile. Methods: A Repeated cross-sectional design (RCS) was used. The sample consisted of a total of 475 students aged 12 to 18 years (high school) from educational establishments in the city of Arica. To evaluate the changes in the mental health of students associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, the same mental health measures applied to students were compared in two waves (2018–2021). Results: An increase in the symptomatology levels of depression, anxiety, social anxiety, and problems with the family, while a decrease in problems with school and peers was observed. Conclusions: The results show that there is an increase in mental health problems associated with the periods of time in which the COVID-19 pandemic transformed the social relation spaces and classrooms of secondary school students. The observed changes point to future challenges, which include that it may be important to improve the coordination and integration of mental health professionals in educational centers and schools.
Chronic Resistance Training Effects on Serum Adipokines in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review

(1) Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCD) are an important concern for public health because of their high rates of morbidity and mortality. A prevalent lifestyle-linked NCD is type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Recently, molecular biomarkers secreted by adipocytes, called adipokines, have been linked with T2D and muscle function disturbances. However, the effects of resistance training (RT) interventions on adipokine levels in patients with T2D have not been systematically studied. (2) Methods: The PRISMA guidelines were followed. Searches for the studies were performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science electronic databases. Eligibility criteria included: (i) participants with T2D; (ii) RT interventions; (iii) randomized controlled trials; and (iv) measurement of serum adipokines. The PEDro scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the selected studies. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) and effect size were screened for each variable. (3) Results: Of the initial 2166 records, database search extraction yielded 14 studies to be included. The methodological quality of the included data was high (median PEDro score of 6.5). Analyzed adipokines in the included studies were leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, apelin, resistin, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), vaspin, chemerin, and omentin. RT interventions (6–52 weeks; minimal effective duration >12 weeks) exert a meaningful effect on serum adipokine, (e.g., leptin) levels in T2D patients. (4) Conclusions: RT may be an alternative, but not an optimal, option in adipokine disruptions in T2D. Combined (i.e., aerobic and RT) long-term training may be considered the optimal intervention for treating adipokine level disturbances.
Artinian quotient rings of group rings

Smith [6, Theorem 2.18] proved that if A is a ring which has a right artinian right quotient ring and G is a poly- (cyclic-or-finite) group, then the group ring AG has a right artinian right quotient ring. We give here a different proof (and a generalization) of this result using methods developed by Jategaonkar [3,4]. THEOREM. Let A be a ring which has a right artinian right quotient ring, and let G be a group which has a (transfinite) ascending normal series with each factor either finite or cyclic, but only a finite number of finite factors. Then AG has a right artinian right quotient ring.
Finite-Time Nonchattering Synchronization of Coupled Neural Networks With Multi-Weights

This paper is concerned with finite-time synchronization and finite-time <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal {H}_{\infty }$</tex-math></inline-formula> synchronization for coupled neural networks with multiple state/derivative couplings. Firstly, several sufficient conditions are developed to guarantee the finite-time synchronization for these two networks by using some inequality techniques. Secondly, based on the Lyapunov functional, finite-time <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal {H}_{\infty }$</tex-math></inline-formula> synchronization problems for those two networks are respectively tackled. Thirdly, nonchattering controllers are designed to overcome the chattering phenomenon appearing in a finite-time controller with the sign function. Finally, two numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and correctness of our results.
The Global Control of Nonlinear Diffusion Equations

The boundary control of a nonlinear difussion equation with an integral performance criterion and a fixed final state is considered. By means of a process of embedding used by the author and others for finite- dimensional systems, this problem is replaced by one in which a linear form is minimized over a set of pairs of positive measures satisfying linear constraints. The advantages of this formulation are: (i) There is an automatic existence theory. (ii) There exists the possibility of using linear functional analysis to develop the theory. (iii) The minimization is global. The final state is only reached, however, in an asymptotic fashion, as the number of constraints being considered tends to infinity. A theory of controllability and reachability is developed, as well as a computational method using an infinite-dimensional simplex method. An example is given.
The determinant of the sum of two matrices

Let A and B be n × n matrices over the real or complex field. Lower and upper bounds for |det(A + B)| are given in terms of the singular values of A and B. Extension of our techniques to estimate |f(A + B)| for other scalar-valued functions f on matrices is also considered.
Hydrodynamical description of one-component weakly coupled plasmas

Starting from the Vlasov–Landau kinetic equation, linearized around the global equilibrium state and assuming the finite dimensional approximation to the non-hydrodynamical subspace, we derive the hydrodynamical equations for a weakly coupled, one-component plasma. Explicit expressions are given for the transport coefficients and frequencies of the hydrodynamical modes. These results describe the influence of the plasma oscillations on the hydrodynamical behaviour of the system. Certain differences are obtained compared with the standard phenomenological approach. Also the real part of the frequency for the plasma mode in our model is in agreement with the Bohm–Gross dispersion relation.
High-accuracy Yee algorithm based on nonstandard finite differences: new developments and verifications

We previously described a high-accuracy version of the Yee algorithm that uses second-order nonstandard finite differences (NSFDs) and demonstrated its accuracy numerically. We now prove that at fixed frequency and grid spacing h, the leading error term is O(h/sup 6/) versus O(h/sup 2/) for the ordinary Yee algorithm with standard finite differences (SFDs). We numerically verify the superior accuracy of the NSFD algorithm by simulating near-field Mie scattering on a coarse grid and comparing with the SFD one and with analytical solutions. We present an updated stability analysis and show that the maximum time step for the NSFD algorithm is 20% longer than the SFD time step in two dimensions, and 36% longer in three dimensions. Finally, parameters that were previously given numerically are now analytically defined.
Unsteady local non-similar boundary-layer flow over a long slim cylinder

An investigation has been performed to study the analytic solution of the unsteady non-similar boundary-layer flow of a viscous fluid over a suddenly jerked long slender cylinder. Due to the transverse curvature of the cylinder and the free stream velocity of fluid, the considered flow phenomenon is understood to be non-similar. The non-linear partial differential equation is obtained by employing the appropriate set of dimensionless transformations. The governing non-linear PDE for unsteady non-similar boundary-layer flow is solved in the same manner like similarity boundary-layer flows by means of homotopy analysis method (HAM). The obtained series solution is uniformly valid and converges throughout the spatial domain ��∈ [�� ,∞) for all time. Finally, the important physical quantities, such as, frictional drag per unit length, displacement and momentum defect area are discussed graphically for small and large range of axial distance.
The large eddies of turbulent motion

This paper describes an experimental investigation of the form of the large scale motions in turbulent flow. These motions have been found to be more ordered than has usually been supposed and their origin and dynamics are discussed in terms of physical models of typical eddies. Nine components of the double velocity correlation tensor have been measured at a number of positions in the wake of a circular cylinder and in a ‘flat plate’ boundary layer. These have been supplemented by measurements of correlations with separations in directions other than the axial ones. In the wake, the correlations at large values of the separation are explained in terms of two types of large scale motion. One of these is a pair of vortices, side by side and rotating in opposite directions with axes aligned approximately normal to the plane of the wake. The other typical motion is a series of jets in which turbulent fluid is projected outward from the core of the wake. It is suggested that these are the result of an instability of the turbulent shear stress. A qualitative explanation of the apparent structural equilibrium of the wake is given in terms of this instability. The vortex pair eddies were not found in the boundary layer but there is evidence of jets much like those in the wake. Correlations measured in grid turbulence have been found to be highly anisotropic and consistent with the presence of vortex pair eddies. When a plane strain was applied to grid turbulence, the effect on the correlations suggested the presence of a stress instability similar to that postulated for the wake.
The association between Diastasis recti abdominis and pelvic floor dysfunction, sacroiliac joint dysfunction, and quality of life among postpartum women after Cesarean delivery

Abstract Purpose The goal of this study is to see if there's a predictive relationship between diastasis rectus abdominis and pelvic floor dysfunction, sacroiliac joint dysfunction, and postpartum women's health-related quality of life. Method This cross-sectional, correlative study focused on 32 postpartum mothers aged 18 to 45 years old. Real Ultrasound Sonographic Imaging (RUSI) was used to determine DRA. The Pelvic Floor Disability Index was used to assess pelvic floor dysfunction (PFDI). The Active Straight Leg Raise Test (ASLR), the Long Dorsal Sacral Ligament Test (LDL), and the Posterior Pelvic Provocation Test (P4) were also investigated. The Short Form-12 (SF-12) Survey was used to assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Results A negative correlation between DRA and postpartum period was recorded (ρ=0.0001). The following categories showed a significant positive correlation between DRA and Pelvic floor dysfunction: Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory-6 (POPDI-6) corelated positively with DRA (ρ =0.01); Colorectal-Anal Distress Inventory-8 (CRAD-8) (ρ =0.02); Urinary Distress Inventory-6 (UDI-6) (ρ =0.00). There was no correlation between DRA and sacroiliac joint dysfunction (ρ =0.8). Conclusion DRA was discovered to be a strong predictor of pelvic floor dysfunction, such as prolapse, colorectal-anal dysfunction, and urine distress. There was no evidence of a link between DRA and sacroiliac joint dysfunction or HRQoL.
Study of the IF bandwidth of NbN HEB mixers based on crystalline quartz substrate with an MgO buffer layer

In this paper, we present the results of IF bandwidth measurements on 3-4 nm thick NbN hot electron bolometer waveguide mixers, which have been fabricated on a 200-nm thick MgO buffer layer deposited on a crystalline quartz substrate. The 3-dB IF bandwidth, measured at an LO frequency of 0.81 THz, is 3.7 GHz at the optimal bias point for low noise receiver operation. We have also made measurements of the IF dynamic impedance, which allow us to evaluate the intrinsic electron temperature relaxation time and self-heating parameters at different bias conditions.
The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the modulation of hyperinflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection: A perspective for COVID-19 therapy

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a severe respiratory disease caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that affects the lower and upper respiratory tract in humans. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with the induction of a cascade of uncontrolled inflammatory responses in the host, ultimately leading to hyperinflammation or cytokine storm. Indeed, cytokine storm is a hallmark of SARS-CoV-2 immunopathogenesis, directly related to the severity of the disease and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Considering the lack of any definitive treatment for COVID-19, targeting key inflammatory factors to regulate the inflammatory response in COVID-19 patients could be a fundamental step to developing effective therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Currently, in addition to well-defined metabolic actions, especially lipid metabolism and glucose utilization, there is growing evidence of a central role of the ligand-dependent nuclear receptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) including PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ in the control of inflammatory signals in various human inflammatory diseases. This makes them attractive targets for developing therapeutic approaches to control/suppress the hyperinflammatory response in patients with severe COVID-19. In this review, we (1) investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanisms mediated by PPARs and their ligands during SARS-CoV-2 infection, and (2) on the basis of the recent literature, highlight the importance of PPAR subtypes for the development of promising therapeutic approaches against the cytokine storm in severe COVID-19 patients.
A characteristic number for links of surface singularities

Milnor and Thurston [MT] define a characteristic number of a closed orientable 3-manifold M to be a real-valued topological invariant (r(M) such that: if (p(M) is defined, and M is a k-sheeted covering of M, then (p(M) is defined and equal to k(p(M) . This multiplicative property is clear for the Euler characteristic, but of course this is 0 for a 3-manifold. If M has an appropriate Riemannian metric (e.g., hyperbolic, or with all sectional curvatures + 1), then the volume is a characteristic number. Milnor and Thurston introduce several characteristic numbers; one is defined for all 3-manifolds, is positive on a fixed hyperbolic manifold, and has the additional property that if M -N is a general map of degree k, then ( (M) > I kk I (N). Another characteristic number is the simplicial volume introduced by Gromov [G]. In this paper, we introduce a characteristic number for each link of a complex surface singularity. It is a nonnegative rational number, is 0 only in wellunderstood cases, is computable from any resolution dual graph (=plumbing diagram), and has in addition the submultiplicative property above for degree k maps arising from morphisms of the singularities themselves. This is the only characteristic number for links which we know of that can be computed from the graph. We call this invariant -P. P, since it is the negative of the self-intersection number of a (rational) cycle on a complex surface (a resolution of the singularity). The definition arose from our work on the generalized Miyaoka inequality for normal surfaces [W3] (this term appeared in the inequality). Another ingredient is the notion of Zariski decomposition of a line bundle or divisor on a surface, especially on a resolution of a surface singularity, as in Sakai [S]. Let (X, o) be the germ of a normal complex surface singularity (necessarily isolated) with X contractible, and AX M the link of X. M is a closed, connected, orientable 3-manifold. Let (X, E) -(X, o) be a good resolution; hence, the inverse image E = U Ei of o is the union of nonsingular curves, intersecting transversally, no three through a point. The resolution dual graph
Clinical outcomes of double-screw fixation with bone grafting for displaced scaphoid nonunions: A series of 21 cases

Purpose This study reports the clinical outcomes of double-screw fixation with bone grafting for displaced scaphoid nonunions. Patients and methods This study was a retrospective survey. From January 2018 to December 2019, 21 patients with displaced scaphoid fractures underwent open debridement and two headless compression screw fixation with bone grafting. The preoperative and postoperative lateral intrascaphoid angle (LISA) and scapholunate angle (SLA) were recorded. Preoperative and postoperative grip strength (% of the healthy side), active range of motion (AROM), visual analogue scale (VAS), and patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE) scores at the final follow-up were obtained for all patients for comparison. Results Patients were treated for an average of 38.3 months (range 12–250) after the injury. The average time of postoperative follow-up was 30.5 months (range 24–48). All fractures achieved union at a mean of 2.7 months (range 2–4) after surgery, and 14 scaphoids of 21 patients (66.7%) healed by 8 weeks. CT scans showed no evidence of cortical penetration of either screw in all patients. There was a statistically significant improvement in AROM, grip strength, and PRWE. No complications occurred in this study, and all patients returned to work. Conclusion This study indicates that double-screw fixation with bone grafting is an effective technique for treating displaced scaphoid nonunions.