Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aplikasi Ethepon dan Lilin Lebah dalam Upaya Degreening dan Perpanjangan Umur Simpan Buah Jeruk Keprok Garut (Citrus reticulata L.)

Jeruk keprok garut (Citrus reticulata L.) merupakan jeruk yang memiliki warna kulit buah hijau kekuningan pada saat matang fisiologis. Teknologi degreening dengan menggunakan ethepon dapat meningkatkan kualitas warna jingga kulit jeruk tropika. Degreening merupakan proses perombakan pigmen klorofil sekaligus biosintesis karotenoid pada kulit jeruk dengan perlakuan tertentu. Pembentukan warna jingga kulit jeruk merupakan kombinasi antara β-citraurin dan β-cryptoxanthin. Selain teknologi degreening untuk membentuk warna jingga pada kulit jeruk, teknologi pascapanen untuk memperpanjang umur simpan jeruk yaitu pelilinan dengan lilin lebah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengamati pengaruh konsentrasi larutan ethepon terhadap kecepatan degreening dan konsentrasi lilin lebah terhadap daya simpan jeruk keprok garut. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari sampai Februari 2018 di Laboratorium Pusat Kajian Hortikultura Tropika IPB. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak (RKLT) faktorial dua faktor. Faktor pertama adalah perlakuan ethepon (0 ppm dan 1 000 ppm), faktor kedua adalah perlakuan lilin lebah (0%, 6% dan 9%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ethepon 1 000 ppm memberikan pengaruh tidak berbeda nyata dapat membentuk warna jingga kekuningan (nilai CCI sebesar 5.91) pada kulit jeruk keprok garut pada 28 HSP. Pelapisan lilin lebah 9% yang dikombinasikan dengan ethepon 0 ppm menghasilkan susut bobot terendah pada akhir penyimpanan.
Triacylglycerol Fatty Acid Positional Distribution and Postprandial Lipid Metabolism

Triacylglycerol (TAG) structure affects the biochemical properties of fat. According to studies with animals and infants, absorption of palmitic and stearic acids is inferior from the stereospecifically numbered (sn) positions sn-1 and sn-3 compared with from the sn-2 position of TAGs, and saturated fatty acids in the sn-2 position, delay the clearance of chylomicron remnants. Medium chain fatty acids are transported both in lymph and in portal blood, lymphatic absorption being more efficient from the sn-2 position.Recently, new information has arisen on the variation in TAG composition within the postprandial period and on differences in the TAG structure-dependent formation and clearance of chylomicron and very low density lipoprotein TAGs. This article reviews the metabolism of TAG fatty acids in different sn positions.
Natural mortality estimators for information‐limited fisheries

The 29 estimators of natural mortality (M) that have been proposed for ‘information-limited’ fisheries are reviewed, together with a new alternative presented here. Each is applied to 13 example populations for which well-founded estimates are available of both M and the estimators' parameters. None of the 30 can provide accurate estimates for every species, and none appears sufficiently precise for use in analytical stock assessments, while several perform so poorly as to have no practical utility. If the growth coefficient K has been reliably estimated, either M = 1.5 K or Pauly's long-established estimator can provide useful estimates of M, but they fail with species that have long adult lives after swift juvenile growth, with those that never reach their asymptotic lengths and with species that otherwise deviate from archetypal teleost life histories. If a pre-exploitation maximum observed age (Tmax) can be established, M can be estimated for both teleosts and sharks using M = 4.3/Tmax but that seriously underestimates when the effective sample size (ne) is large and overestimates with species showing pronounced senescence. The new estimator presented here addresses ne but is upset by even mild senescence. Some estimators of M-at-size, particularly ones recently advanced by Gislason et al. and Charnov et al., also show promise but require further examination. It is recommended that fisheries scientists measure M by more advanced methods whenever possible. If ‘information-limited’ estimators must be used, their uncertainties should be acknowledged and their errors propagated into management advice.
One‐sided competition for light promotes coexistence of forest trees that share the same adult height

Coexistence of tree species is usually explained in relation to horizontal heterogeneity of forests caused by disturbance. In contrast, it remains unknown whether one‐sided competition for light in vertically structured forests contributes to stable coexistence of tree species that share the same adult height, even without horizontal heterogeneity. And if so, it is needed to specify the conditions of stable coexistence in terms of demographic and allometric traits between species. To answer these questions, we employ a theoretical model that describes dynamics of tree populations in forests of which vertical structure is expediently divided by height classes. We carry out analytical examination for a forest with two height classes where tree populations are adult in canopy and juvenile in understorey. Demographic processes in the canopy are regulated by foliage density in the canopy, whereas juvenile survival is suppressed by overall foliage density in both classes. A between‐species difference in juvenile/adult ratio of foliage density is required for coexistence equilibrium of two species to exist. The difference in juvenile/adult ratio in equilibrium is determined by demographic and allometric parameters of species. Trade‐offs between demographic parameters are necessary for a coexistence equilibrium which is either stable or unstable. A species with high fecundity and/or shade‐free juvenile survival can stably coexist with a species with high shade‐free growth rate and/or adult survival, whereas it cannot stably coexist with a species with high shade tolerance in growth rate and/or in adult survival. Difference in shade tolerance in juvenile survival does not contribute to stable coexistence. Height‐foliage allometry contributes only additionally to enhance coexistence equilibrium. When we divide forests into three height classes, up to three species can coexist, by means of demographic trade‐offs that bring about interspecific differentiation in vertical foliage distribution. We show all possible cases of coexistence among canopy (C), subcanopy (S) and understorey (U) species in terms of maximum adult height as follows: CCC, CCS, CCU, CSS and CSU. Synthesis. Our theoretical model shows that demographic trade‐offs among tree species with identical demographic responses to shade promotes stable coexistence through vertical foliage partitioning. This mechanism works independently of the coexistence mechanism through horizontal partitioning of patch mosaic, which is associated with interspecific difference in shade tolerance.
Non-breeding territoriality in the New Holland Honeyeater, Phylidonyris novaehollandiae, in an unpredictable environment—short-term energy costs for possible long-term reproductive benefits

Abstract The short-term energetic and long-term reproductive costs and benefits of aggressive social behaviour of New Holland Honeyeaters were examined in an open forest where nectar availability for part of the year was highly unpredictable. Despite the variability in food supply, birds consistently maintained priority and, to varying degrees, exclusive access to certain areas. Feeding territories held between the autumn and spring breeding seasons did not always provide sufficient energy to cover the owner's daily costs of occupation. An indirect assessment of the net energy benefits revealed that owners may experience considerable periods of food shortage. Despite this, owners remained site faithful as the areas defended were all close to, or overlapped, sites used for nesting. These areas had a high density of both Banksia spp. (food plants) and Leptospermum spp. (nest plants). It appears that while non-breeding territories may be unprofitable in the short term, owners that maintain them benefit in the long term by ensuring access to nesting sites.
Alterations in fatty acid composition due to cold exposure at the vegetative stage in rice.

Rice is a tropical plant, so cold temperature may be detrimental to its development, depending on the genotype and environmental conditions. Degree of lipid unsaturation has been related to cold tolerance due to its effect on membrane stability. So, the aim of this study was to characterize the fatty acid composition and its alterations due to cold temperature in rice genotypes of diversified origin. Forty-four rice genotypes at the V4 stage were submitted to two temperature conditions: 10°C and 28°C for two days and after this they had their leaves collected for lipid extraction and quantification. Control plants were allowed to regrow until presenting four leaves fully expanded and then were subjected to 10°C for ten days for cold tolerance evaluation. Plant survival was measured seven days after recovery at 28°C and the genotypes were grouped in three cold tolerance classes: tolerant, intermediate and sensitive. These classes differed for total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids only under the cold temperature treatment. Further analysis of the more abundant fatty acids: linoleic, linolenic and palmitic, showed that the two last ones differed between tolerant and sensitive genotypes. Linolenic acid increased after cold exposure in cold tolerant genotypes while palmitic acid decreased, and an opposite behavior was found in the cold sensitive genotypes. These evidences indicate that these fatty acids are potential molecular markers useful for breeding programs as well as for future basic studies on cold tolerance in rice.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMBINED NITROGEN UPTAKES AND NITROGEN FIXATION IN AZOLLA‐ANABAENA SYMBIOSIS

SUMMARY The assimilation and distribution in Azolla pinnata of nigrogen from three different sources of nitrogen–ammonium, nitrate and dinitrogen–were compared. Neither ammonium nor nitrate supplied at 1 mM for 4 days, inhibited acetylene reduction activity (ARA). At higher concentrations, the ARA was less inhibited by nitrate than by ammonium. Of the three nitrogen sources tested, nitrate-nitrogen was the least available and mobile in Azolla. After incubation with 15N-labelled nitrogen sources leaves were divided into six branches ranging from young to the old and the distribution of 15N among those branches determined. Ammonium and dinitrogen were preferentially assimilated into younger branches and nitrate into older ones. Alternative labelling with either dinitrogen or combined nitrogen showed that dinitrogen fixation took place simultaneously with the assimilation of ammonium or nitrate, and was less inhibited by nitrate than by ammonium. After 4 days of incubation, about a half of the total nitrogen in Azolla comprised nitrogen newly incorporated from both the medium and atmosphere, and of this about 70 and 30% originated from ammonium and nitrate at 10 mM respectively. It is suggested that, even when Azolla is grown on a medium containing combined nitrogen, Anabaena in the leaf cavities still fixes atmospheric nitrogen and supplies it to the host plants, and that each nitrogen source is incorporated and translocated in a characteristic manner.
Phenol Antioxidant Index: Comparative Antioxidant Effectiveness of Red and White Wines

Phenols present in wines are responsible for its antioxidant properties. Total phenols in red and white wines were determined according to the Folin method. Red wines had a much higher phenol content than white wines. The concentration for 50% inhibition of low-density lipoprotein (IC 50 ) was measured. The white wines had a significantly lower IC 50 and thus were better antioxidants than red wines. The phenol antioxidant index was defined as the ratio phenol concentration/IC 50 . Red wines had a significantly higher antioxidant index than white wines and thus are a better source of antioxidants. All wines were better antioxidants than ascorbic acid or tocopherol under these experimental conditions. The index should be a useful criterion to compare antioxidants in foods and juices
BUKU DIGITAL SEBAGAI SOLUSI ALTERNATIF UNTUK MENGURANGI DAMPAK NEGATIF INDUSTRI BUKU INDONESIA PADA LINGKUNGAN

AbstractDigital Books as alternative solutions to reduce the negative impact of the Indonesian publishing Industry on the environment. The Indonesian publishing industry which continues to grow are feared to bring negative impacts to the environment. This study was conducted using qualitative method susing articles and books as the main data sources, as well as observations and interviews. This research aims to find out whetherthe book industry really does have a negative impact on the environment, and how to use digital books as an alternative solution to reduce these impacts. AbstrakBuku digital sebagai solusi alternatif untuk mengurangi dampak negatifindustri buku Indonesia pada lingkungan. Industri buku Indonesia yangterus berkembang dikhawatirkan membawa dampak buruk bagi lingkungan. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan sumber data utama yaitu artikel dan buku, serta hasil observasi dan wawancara. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah industri buku memang membawa dampak negatif pada lingkungan, serta bagaimana memanfaatkan buku digital sebagai solusi alternatif untuk mengurangi dampak tersebut.
Is the rising education level a driving factor of economic growth in cities

In earlier literature there is a strong implication for education as a driver for economic growth in cities. Broadly categorized, cities offer advantages on the production and consumption side of the economy. Cities in general can lead to higher productivity, an increased adaptability of the workforce and knowledge spillovers. In theory, a higher educated population accelerates these positive externalities. The main goal of this study is to understand (economic) city growth and its driving factors. Using panel data on the ten largest cities in the Netherlands, I aim to quantify the relationship between higher education and economic development of cities and differentiate results on population size. I conclude that there is a strong correlation between higher education and economic city growth, even when implementing various control variables. However, it is not clear what impact the difference in population size has on this relationship.
Fecundity and intrinsic rate of increase of the aphid parasitoid Ephedrus cerasicola Starý (Hym., Aphidiidae)

Females of the aphid parasitoid Ephedrus cerasicola Starý were provided a daily average of 80 1st — 3rd instar Myzus persicae (Sulzer) at 21 °C. All the aphids were dissected and the eggs and larvae of the parasitoid were counted. The parasitoid female had an average longevity of 18.0 days and fecundity of 961 eggs. Females oviposited throughout their lives with the most intensive egg laying period the first 13 days. The intrinsic rate of increase, r, was 0.29 females per female per day (sex ratio 1:1 males to females). Species within the genus Ephedrus seem to have a very high fecundity compared with other genera of Aphidiidae.
Milking Performance and Reproductive Efficiency of Dairy Cows in an Environmentally Controlled Structure

Abstract Effects of a controlled environment on production and reproduction were evaluated with four groups of cows: T 1 , remained outside 24h; T 2 , inside from 1930h to 0530h; T 3 , inside from 0530h to 1930h; T 4 , inside 24h. Average daily degree-hours above 21C (T 1 to T 4 ) for 1970 (148 days) and 1971 (79 days) were 100, 84, 41, 11 and 71, 62, 19, 0. Milk yield, fat percentage, fat yield, 4% fat-corrected milk, and conception rates were improved by controlled environment. Least squares adjusted, 4% fat-corrected milk yields daily (kg, 208 cows overall) were T 1 , 14.23; T 2 , 14.48; T 3 , 14.96; T 4 , 15.57. Conception rates to all services (n=305) were T 1 , 28.1%; T 2 , 28.4%; T 3 , 40.0%; T 4 , 38.8%.
Smoking Impact on the Microbial Load of Clarias gariepinus

Effects of different smoking methods on microbial load on freshly collected freshwater mud fish, Clarias gariepinus samples from Oyo State Fisheries Department, Ibadan in South-Western Nigeria was carried out. Seventy-two C. gariepinus (505 ± 0.45g and 25.5 ± 1.30cm) were collected and sorted into 4 groups. 10 fish samples from groups 1, 2 and 3 were subjected to cold smoking, hot smoking and oven drying methods respectively using group 4 as standard. Samples were tested for microbial loads in triplicate at the end of 24, 48 and 72 hrs. Some of the microbes identified were; Streptococcus faecium, Proteus vulgaricus, Pseudomonas aureginiosa, Bacillus cereus; Micrococcus acidiophilus, Aerobacter aerogenes, E. Coli, Streptococcus pyrogenes, Streptococcus lactis, Bacillus subtilis, Pedio cerevisiae, Sacchomyces Sp, Fusarium oxysporum, F. compacticum, Penicillium oxalicum, P. chrysogenum, Aspergillus tamari, A. niger, Cladosporum sphacrosporum, Aspergillus terreus and Rhizopus nigericans . Others are Pseadomonas, Alteromonas, Moraxella, Acinetobacter, Flavobacterium, Cytophaga, Vibrio, Aeromonoas, Staphylococcus aureus, Samonella faecuim, P. fragii . Microbial load for cold smoked products were 72%, 66% and 38%; hot smoked products had 61%, 32% and 08%; while oven-dried had 12%, 0% and 0% at 24, 48 and 12 hrs respectively. Positive correlation r = 0.94, 0.92 and 0.51 were observed between the microbial load processing methods – oven dried, hot-smoked and cold-smoked respectively. Cold smoked had 41.63% C.P and oven-dried had 25.73% C.P. Consumers had highest preference (40%) for hot smoked, 35% for oven dried and 25% for cold smoked products. Key Words: Processing, storage, smoking, bacteria, Clarias gariepinus .
Students’ Ability to Solve Process-diagram Problems in Secondary Biology Education

Process diagrams are important tools in biology for explaining processes such as protein synthesis, compound cycles and the like. The aim of the present study was to measure the ability to solve process-diagram problems in biology and its relationship with prior knowledge, spatial ability and working memory. For this purpose, we developed a test that represents process diagrams and adjacent tasks used in secondary education biology. Results show that the ability to solve process-diagram problems is correlated to prior knowledge, spatial abilities and visuospatial working memory capacity. A difference in impact of spatial skills was demonstrated for the level of cognitive demand when solving process-diagram problems.
ON-FARM ASSESSMENT OF CONSTRAINTS TO CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM) PRODUCTION IN MARGINAL AREAS OF NORTHERN AUSTRALIA

Chickpea production in marginal (<600 mm annual rainfall) areas of the northern cropping region in eastern Australia is considered to be constrained by low rainfall, soils with low plant available water capacity (PAWC), subsoil salinity, low plant stature and poor fruit set. This study examines these constraints to assess the magnitude of their impact and if agronomic practices can improve potential production. Over three years a total of 42 commercial chickpea crops were monitored following a participatory action research approach focusing on perceived production constraints. Subsoil salinity significantly reduced PAWC for chickpea compared to wheat. However, PAWC for chickpeas from the majority of sites monitored was comparable to other areas. The supply of water between flowering and maturity was significantly related to yield. The agronomic practice of levelling following deep planting improved the lowest pod height by 10 cm and plant stresses experienced during flowering caused a 50 % loss of potential fruit. Constraints impacting on the supply and storage of soil water could be minimized by selecting paddocks with low chloride levels in the upper layers and sowing crops when the available soil water is greater than 100 mm. Reducing fruit loss at flowering has the potential to improve yields significantly. The mechanisms behind this loss were not identified but are worthy of further research.
Influence of thawing rate and fungal infection by Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii on freezing injury in red spruce (Picea rubens) needles

Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) decline has been observed in northeastern North America for the last 30 years. A major inciting stress involved in this decline is freezing injury of foliage. The objectives of this study were the following: (i) to examine how photosynthesis, needle electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll loss, needle reddening, needle loss and bud break respond to single freezing events down to −45 °C on 3-year-old seedlings; (ii) to test if faster thawing rates increase the amount of freezing injury; and (iii) to measure how Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii Bubak inoculations interact with freeze-injured needles. Two trials, one of 60 seedlings and one of 80 seedlings, were conducted. The second trial had half the seedlings covered with plastic bags for doubling the thawing time. Photosynthesis, as measured by gas exchange, was consistently the most sensitive measure, detecting nonvisible injury on uncovered seedlings (p < 0.05) at −25 °C. Measurements detecting freezing damage on covered, slower thawing.
O-Specific polysaccharide conjugate vaccine-induced IgG antibodies prevent invasion of Shigella into Caco-2 cells and may be curative

The O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP) domain of Shigella LPS is both an essential virulence factor and a protective antigen for this genus. A critical level of serum IgG anti-O-SP was shown to confer immunity to shigellosis, likely by complement-mediated bacteriolysis of the inoculum. Conjugate Shigella O-SP vaccines were shown to be safe and immunogenic in children, and, in a preliminary study, Shigella sonnei vaccine was protective in young adults. Characteristic of shigellosis is bacterial invasion of intestinal cells. Incubation of shigellae with postimmunization but not preimmunization sera of children vaccinated with S. sonnei or Shigella flexneri 2a O-SP conjugate vaccines inhibited in a type-specific and dose-dependent manner in vitro invasion of intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) and the infection-associated increases in IL-1β and IL-8 mRNA and extracellular cytokine levels. Pretreatment of these sera or of Caco-2 cells with O-SP abrogated these effects also in a type-specific and dose-dependent manner. Confocal microscopy demonstrated antibody-specific inhibition of bacterial adhesion to HeLa cells. These protective effects were duplicated by IgG purified from these sera. These results suggest a dual role for IgG anti-O-SP. In addition to lysis of the inoculum in immune individuals, the newly synthesized IgG anti-O-SP in patients may terminate an established infection by inhibiting shigellae released from epithelial cells from invading new ones. A critical level of IgG anti-O-SP could, therefore, have a protective as well as a curative role in shigellosis.