Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTAL P-Y MODEL FOR SUBMERGED, STIFF CLAY

A series of full‐scale, cyclic, lateral load tests on instrumented piles of varying diameter at a test site in submerged, overconsolidated clay is described. A p‐y model is derived from the tests that defines the effect of pile diameter, relative pile‐soil stiffness, and number of load cycles on the unit load‐deflection relationship for soil of the type encountered at the test site. The model is particularly well‐suited to large‐diameter piles. It reflects observations that there is a threshold deflection below which cyclic soil degradation does not occur and the consequences of the fact that degradation was primarily caused by gap formation, intensified by hydraulic scour. Rest periods between loading events did not result in recovery of soil resistance and in fact appeared to produce further degradation through swelling.
Elastic and resistivity anisotropy of shale during compaction and diagenesis: Joint effective medium modeling and field observations

ABSTRACTShales are anisotropic materials which have been observed to have both electrical and elastic anisotropy. Shales also comprise most of the sedimentary column in clastic basins, and thus, the ability to model shale response to electrical and seismic fields may improve our ability to better resolve anisotropy by using different measurements. Compacting shale-effective media modeling, which captures the geological process of porosity reduction and geochemical compaction, was formulated in this research in microstructural parameters associated with particle alignment and pore-shape deformation. The state of compaction, captured by the porosity of the soft sediment, governs the pore aspect ratio and the amount of particle alignment. Diagenetic processes are captured using temperature-dependent mineral elasticity and conductivity. The model uses the same microstructural parameters and equivalent effective medium approximation scheme to predict electrical and elastic anisotropy. In situ measurements of e.
Biogeomorphic Relationships and Riparian Vegetation Changes Along Altered Ephemeral Stream Channels: Florence to Marana, Arizona

This study examines riparian vegetation cover changes along ephemeral channels due to the emplacement of the Central Arizona Project (CAP) canal. Two research questions examined are the following: (1) How has riparian vegetation changed over the course of twenty-eight years due to altered flow conditions? (2) How has channel morphology affected changes in vegetation cover? Five Landsat TM images acquired in 1982, 1989, 1996, 2003, and 2010 were classified. The average change of vegetation cover per 0.5-km section over the twenty-eight-year period is approximately 100,436 m2 over 25.5-km length of the canal on the upstream section. In addition, the total amount of vegetation cover increase in the twenty-eight years over the 25.5-km length of the canal is approximately 5,122,239 m2. Larger streams experienced a greater increase in vegetation cover upslope than smaller streams. In addition, streams of similar width dimensions that were completely closed off resulted in greater vegetation cover than streams that were semiconnected. A significant relationship between changes in vegetation green-up and channel widths was examined. Results from this study suggest that there is a quasi-linear relationship between channel widths and increases in vegetation cover for altered and impounded channels due to the presence of the CAP canal.
Harvard Institute of Economic Research Discussion Paper Number 1983 Fairness and Redistribution : US versus Europe by

Different beliefs about how fair social competition is and what determines income inequality, influence the redistributive policy chosen democratically in a society. But the composition of income in the first place depends on equilibrium tax policies. If a society believes that individual effort determines income, and that all have a right to enjoy the fruits of their effort, it will chose low redistribution and low taxes. In equilibrium effort will be high, the role of luck limited, market outcomes will be quite fair, and social beliefs will be self-fulfilled. If instead a society believes that luck, birth, connections and/or corruption determine wealth, it will tax a lot, thus distorting allocations and making these beliefs self-sustained as well. We show how this interaction between social beliefs and welfare policies may lead to multiple equilibria or multiple steady states. We argue that this model can contribute to explain US vis a vis continental European perceptions about income inequality and choices of redistributive policies. ∗This project was initiated by a lively discussion we had with Olivier Blanchard and Xavier Gabaix in February 2002; we thank them for inspiration. For helpful discussions and comments, we are thankful to Daron Acemoglu, Olivier Blanchard, Glenn Ellison, Ed Glaeser, Thomas Philippon, Andrei Shleifer, Ivan Werning, and seminar participants at MIT. Arnaud Devleeschauer provided excellent research assistance. Email: aalesina@harvard.edu, angelet@mit.edu. A. Alesina and G.M. Angeletos
The faunas of the Riley Formation in central Texas

Sixty-eight species of trilobites, 10 species of inarticulate brachiopods, two species of articulate brachiopods, one ostracode and fragments of sponges, pelmatozoan echinoderms and unidentifiable organisms constitute the faunas of the Riley formation. The fossils were collected from eight measured sections around the periphery of the outcrop area in Mason, Gillespie, Blanco, Burnet, Llano and San Saba counties, Texas. All of the fossils are described and illustrated by stereophotographs. Two families, four genera and 16 species of trilobites, and three genera and five species of brachiopods are described as new. These are: Coosellidae, Tricrepicephalidae, Crepicephalus australis, C. per plexus, Cedaria eurycheilos, Arcuolimbus convexus (genotype), Bolaspidella prooculis, Aphelaspis constricta, A. longifrons, A. spinosus, Blandicephalus texanus (genotype), Dytremacephalus granulosus (genotype), D. laevis, Labiostria conveximarginata (genotype), L. platifrons, L. sigmoidalis, Cheilocephalus minutus, Dunderbergia variagranula, Angulotreta triangularis (genotype), A. postapicalis, Apsotreta expansa (genotype), A. orifera, Opisthotreta depressa (genotype). Most of the fossils are earlyLate Cambrian in age although some from the lower part of the formation may be latest Middle Cambrian in age. Six trilobite zones are recognized. These are, from oldest to youngest: Bolaspidella, Cedarina-Cedaria, Coosella, Maryvillia, Aphelaspis andpost-Aphelaspis. Inarticulate brachiopods, sponge spicules and problematica obtained from residues of limestone digested in acetic or formic acid characterize zones whose boundaries are to some extent independentof those of the trilobite zones. The boundaries of thezones and the boundaries of the members and sub-members of the Riley formation do not coincide.
The significance of Crete for the evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean

Summary The Hellenic Arc is a convergent zone extending between Greece and Turkey associated with northward subduction of the African plate under the Aegean. The isopic zones of Greece are usually shown to extend parallel to the arc through Crete, implying that the present convergent pattern is long established. However, although Crete is situated in the centre of the Hellenic fore-arc the elongation of the island parallel to the arc is not due to convergence but to late Cenozoic regional extension. Our work in Crete indicates that Tertiary facies belts were orientated approximately N-S and that initial convergence in the region was oblique to the present arc. The Upper Nappes of Crete record two major deformational phases: D1 produced N-S folds and D2 produced E-W folds, whereas the lowest unit on Crete, the Plattenkalk Series, records only the D2 phase. We suggest that Crete records the Mesozoic extensional, and Tertiary compressional, history of the Apulian continental margin. Eocene E-W compression (D1) caused stacking of the Upper Nappes and HP/LT metamorphism. Oligocene N-S compression (D2) caused thrusting of the Upper Nappes onto the Plattenalk Series, and initiated the present convergent pattern which is unrelated to the earlier history of the region.
Metal Fractionation in Soil Profiles in Umutu Oil Field, Northwest Niger Delta Nigeria

Exploitation of petroleum began recently in Umutu area, a part of the prolific Niger Delta Oil province, Nigeria. Soilprofiles at six locations in this area were investigated to determine the current status of Cr, Cu, Cd, Co, Ni, Zn, Pb,Mn and Fe, and their bioavailability, in order to have reference data for future monitoring of their bioaccumulation.The procedure used sequential extraction technique. Except for the high contents of Cu, Cd, Co, Zn, and Pb in SiteB (an auto-mobile mechanic waste dumpsite), mean metal levels in mgkg-1 for Umutu soils are Cd (0.65-1.83), Cu(2.20- 6.30), Pb (4.06-5.90), Cr (7.10-15.60), Ni (1.10-2.00), Zn (33.00- 45.00), Co (0.01- 0.06), Fe (1126.22-2955.87) and Mn (1.83-18.81). Sequential extraction shows that the bioavailability of Cr except for Site E (allhorizons) and Site D (0-15cm) are high. That of Fe is also high at depths of 0-15cm. Monitoring programme isherein suggested.
The Worldwide Use of the SWAT Model: Technological Drivers, Networking Impacts, and Simulation Trends

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is one of the most widely used watershed-scale water quality models in the world. Nearly 600 peer-reviewed SWAT-related journal articles have been published and hundreds more have been published in conference proceedings and other formats. The SWAT model has proven to be a very flexible tool for investigating a range of hydrologic and water quality problems at different watershed scales, as well as very adaptable for applications requiring improved hydrologic and other enhanced simulation needs. We investigate here the various technological, networking, and other factors that have supported expanded use of SWAT, and also highlight current worldwide simulation trends. Examples of technological advances include easy access to web-based documentation, user-support groups, and SWAT literature, a variety of Geographic Information System (GIS) interface tools, pre- and post-processing calibration, statistical evaluation, and other software, and an open source code which has proven to be a model development catalyst for multiple user groups. Extensive networking regarding the use of SWAT has also developed, via internet-based user support groups, model training workshops, regional working groups, regional and international conferences, and targeted development workshops. The use of SWAT has expanded dramatically, not only in North America and Europe but also in Africa, Southeast Asia and countries such as China, India, and Iran. Several important trends have also emerged regarding improved hydrologic, best management practice (BMP), and pollutant transport methods, which will be further highlighted.
Vibroseis deconvolution: a comparison of cross‐correlation and frequency‐domain sweep deconvolution

Ideally, traditional vibroseis processing produces a band‐limited zero‐phase Klauder wavelet through cross‐correlation of the sweep with the recorded signal. An alternative wavelet processing method involves deconvolving the sweep from the recorded vibroseis trace. This deconvolution can be achieved through frequency‐domain division. We compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of sweep deconvolution versus cross‐correlation on synthetic and real data.
Sudden, considerable reduction in recent uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the East/Japan Sea

The East/Japan Sea in the western temperate North Pacific is ventilated from the surface to the bottom over decades. Such short overturning circulation indicates that the anthropogenic CO2 content of the East/Japan Sea is intimately tied to changing surface conditions over similarly short periods. Three surveys in the East/Japan Sea (1992, 1999 and 2007, respectively) have provided a rare opportunity to measure changes in the accumulation rate of anthropogenic CO2 in the East/Japan Sea over the past 15 years in response to changes in surface conditions. We found that the mean uptake rate of anthropogenic CO2 by the East/Japan Sea was 0.3 ± 0.2 mol C m−2 yr−1 for the period 1999–2007, in marked contrast to the rate of 0.6 ± 0.4 mol C m−2 yr−1 for the period 1992–1999. The striking feature is that nearly all anthropogenic CO2 taken up in the more recent period was confined to waters less than 300 m in depth (mean winter mixed layer depth). The rapid and substantial reduction in accumulation in the more recent period is surprising, and is attributed to considerable weakening of overturning circulation, which is responsible for transporting anthropogenic CO2 from the surface to the interior of the East/Japan Sea. This previously undocumented finding may be an indicator of future changes in the global ocean during the coming period of global warming.
Determinants of quality of the financial statements of Gunung Kidul Regency Government

This study aims to determine the effects of human resource competence, internal control system, application of government accounting standards, utilization of information technology, and regional financial supervision on the quality of local government financial reports of Gunung Kidul Regency. The population of this study is the Regional Work Units in Gunung Kidul Regency. The sampling method used was purposive sampling where 86 respondents were selected as the research samples. The results of this study indicate that the competence of human resources, internal control system, application of government accounting standards, use of information technology, and regional financial control have proven to have significant and positive effects on the quality of local government financial reports of Gunung Kidul Regency. This result contributes to improving the quality of financial reports of Gunung Kidul Regency Government by upgrading the competence of its employees in accounting and finance, establishing effective internal control system, applying the government accounting standards, maximizing the use of information technology, and performing regional financial supervision.
Longitudinal relationship between adolescents' mental health, energy balance‐related behavior, and anthropometric changes

Energy balance‐related behaviors (EBRBs) are considered the immediate causes of adolescents' body weight increases, but adolescents have identified mental health as a contributor. Cross‐sectional studies have reported associations between adolescents' mental health and obesity, but causal relationships and the role of EBRBs within this can only be established using longitudinal studies. This systematic review summarizes the findings of longitudinal studies investigating this relationship, in addition to the role of EBRB in the relationship. Multiple electronic databases were searched for longitudinal studies using keywords related to the adolescent population, mental health, EBRB, and body weight. In total, 1216 references were identified and screened based on previously defined eligibility criteria. Sixteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Most studies indicated that mental health‐related measures like depression, anxiety, and body dissatisfaction were related to an increase in body weight later. As this review is focused on behavioral mediators, six studies reported associations between mental health—anthropometry dyad and EBRBs such as eating habits, screen time, physical activity, and sleep—as well as stressors like peer victimization. Future studies may focus on streamlining mental health measures and body weight outcomes to assess this relationship. Furthermore, more longitudinal investigations are needed to provide insight into the role of EBRBs in the mental health–body weight relationship during adolescence.
Seismic anisotropy of oceanic upper mantle: Shear wave splitting methodologies and observations

We develop methodologies to obtain accurate measurements of shear wave splitting and apply these techniques to examine the pattern of oceanic upper mantle anisotropy. To obtain high-quality estimates of receiver splitting at island stations, we devise a stacking method that finds the optimum splitting parameters and 95% error region for teleseismic shear-wave phases from a suite of earthquake events. To obtain additional measurements in oceanic regions, we develop techniques to measure splitting parameters and errors for SS phases that sample upper mantle anisotropy at their bounce points. However, we find the data are often of low resolution, and anomalous characteristics are sometimes found that make splitting difficult to interpret. Ten second splitting of SS is observed across the BANJO seismic array, but we cannot unambiguously attribute this signal to mantle anisotropy at the bounce. The receiver splitting methods are used to assess the adequacy of a two anisotropic layer model for the Pacific region, with fast polarization azimuth (ϕ) in the lithosphere oriented in the fossil spreading direction and ϕ in the asthenosphere oriented in the absolute plate motion direction. This model has been proposed to explain surface wave data in the Pacific Ocean, but our splitting results demonstrate that oceanic anisotropy patterns are more heterogeneous than would be predicted. While the island splitting measurements could reflect the influence of individual hotspot upwellings, hotspot effects do not appear to be universally dominant. We propose that splitting observations alternatively indicate broad-scale differences in the underlying character of oceanic upper mantle anisotropy, associated with coherant patters of lithospheric structure and asthenospheric flow. In particular, splitting, surface wave models, and regional studies all support a model where lithospheric anisotropy throughout the South Pacific has been erased or reoriented toward the absolute plate motion direction, whereas more limited observations in the North Pacific indicate that the fossil lithospheric signature appears to be preserved.
Quality assessment of BRDF/albedo retrievals in MODIS operational system

We establish the quality of the MODIS BRDF/albedo retrieval process through the use of the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Weight of Determination (WoD). These measures are constructed during the inversion process to quantify the retrieval uncertainties. RMSE provides a deviation indicator of the model‐fits while WoD evaluates the confidence of the retrieval from given angular samplings. From a statistical analysis of retrievals over a range of surface types, we establish an upper range of thresholds (0.071, 0.097) for high quality RMSE, (1.431, 1.848) for WoD of Nadir Reflectance (assuming a 45° solar zenith angle, (2.122, 2.726) for WoD of White Sky Albedo. An investigation of inversions at typical biomes located at different latitude shows the retrievals are stable with respect to random uncertainty variations in the combined MODIS Terra and Aqua observations under the investigated sun‐view geometric angular distribution. The acquired ranges suggest improved thresholds should be implemented for future reprocessing versions of the 500m MODIS operational BRDF/albedo system.
Peer Pressure

We present a model where agents care about their neighbors’ actions and can pressure them to take certain actions. Exerting pressure is costly for the exerting agent and it can impact the pressured agents by either lowering the cost of taking the action (which we call “positive pressure”) or else by raising the cost of not taking the action (which we call “negative pressure”). We show that when actions are strategic complements, agents with lower costs for taking an action pressure agents with higher costs, and that positive pressure can improve societal welfare. More generally, we detail who gains and who loses from peer pressure, and identify some circumstances under which pressure results in fully (Pareto) optimal outcomes as well as circumstances where it does not. We also point out differences between positive and negative pressure.
Beryllium 10 concentrations in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core from 3–40 ka

A nearly continuous record of 10Be (half-life of 1.5×106 years) concentrations is reported in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) ice core for the time period between 3288 and 40,055 years B.P. The resolution is between 20 and 50 years in the Holocene. During the Pleistocene, sampling was coarser, with the resolution ranging between 50 and 200 years. Both concentrations and fluxes are reported. Concentrations of 10Be are observed to correlate strongly with δ18O and more weakly with snow accumulation rates. Beryllium 10 fluxes show less dependence than do concentrations on climate-related parameters. A good correlation exists between Δ14C and 10Be for centennial scale variations, which are most likely due to heliomagnetic modulation of the 10Be production rate in the atmosphere. There is no evidence of a long-term geomagnetic effect on the 10Be flux at GISP2. The interpretation of the record depends strongly on the model one uses to infer atmospheric 10Be concentrations from the measured concentrations in snow.
Numerical modeling of the 26 November 1999 Vanuatu tsunami

[1] On 26 November 1999, at 1321 UT, central Vanuatu was struck by a large offshore earthquake (Mw 7.5) followed by a tsunami that killed five people and caused significant damage to nearshore structures, mainly at Martelli Bay, south Pentecost Island. The tsunami is simulated using the Geowave model. The Tsunami Open and Progressive Initial Conditions System (TOPICS) source component of the model simulates the initial water column deformation, and the propagation and runup are simulated with the FUNWAVE fully nonlinear Boussinesq and dispersive model. A special effort was made on the construction of the computational grid through comprehensive bathymetry data sets obtained especially from two multibeam bathymetric surveys performed after the earthquake and tsunami. Three different tsunami sources have been considered. The first one is the fault rupture itself, the second is a landslide located east of Ambrym Island, and the third source is a submarine structure within the Selwyn Strait that will be considered as a landslide, however, with a large uncertainty because it could be a result of lava deposit as well. It is found that the earthquake-derived tsunami source fits most of the postsurvey observations, in particular the overall wave amplitudes (up to 6–7 m observed and simulated). The timing of the tsunami is also satisfactory when objective interpretation of the eyewitnesses is processed. Thus it is found that the hypothetical landslide-derived tsunami contributions are not necessary to predict the tsunami. This is because they do not help in the tsunami timing but also because their wave amplitude contributions are one order of magnitude lower than that of the earthquake source.