Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Users’ Motivations for Facebook Unfriending During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Survey Study

Background: Social networking sites (SNSs) such as Facebook have been central to the global exchange of health-related information throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, but during this time, increased web-based interactions proved to be a source of stress and conflict for many SNS users. Prior research suggests that many users have engaged in significant boundary regulation during this period, using behaviors such as unfriending to refine and reorient their social networks in response to pandemic-related information. Objective: This study aimed to examine Facebook unfriending during and in relation to the first year of the pandemic to better understand how SNS users have managed and maintained their social networks around the COVID-19 pandemic. On the one hand, unfriending may be motivated by an attempt to protect the utility and accuracy of a user’s informational environment. On the other hand, it may be motivated by a desire to tune out alternative viewpoints and opinions. Both motivations may have significant implications for public health discourse and outcomes. Methods: A sample of 824 active Facebook users (drawn from a representative survey of 1000 American adults) was analyzed using a series of logit regression models. Survey respondents were selected using a stratified quota sampling approach to ensure a representative sample of the US population. Balanced quotas were determined (by the region of the country) for sex, age, race, ethnicity, and political affiliation. Results: In total, 31.7% (261/824) of active Facebook users unfriended at least one account over COVID-19 pandemic–related posts during the first year of the pandemic. The most common reasons for unfriending included “making political comments about COVID-19” (191/824, 23.2%) and “posting information that was inconsistent with public health guidelines” (162/824, 19.7%). As hypothesized, reliance on Facebook for COVID-19 pandemic–related news and information was associated with a greater likelihood of unfriending, particularly in response to information that was inconsistent with public health guidelines. Political factors (particularly partisan intensity) were also predictive of unfriending, especially in the case of COVID-19 pandemic–related disagreements. Conclusions: Both information utility concerns and political factors were associated with a greater likelihood of COVID-19 pandemic–related unfriending, although the magnitude of the effects associated with utility appears to be greater. Although utility-motivated unfriending may lead to more reliable health information experiences for some SNS users, the tendency of consumers to assess accuracy and credibility on the basis of partisan predilections obscures this finding and warrants further consideration.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Motivational developments in primary school : Group-specific differences in varying learning contexts

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Development and Application of a MODIS Snowmelt Model for Northwestern Montana

Bleha, Jessica, M.S., Autumn 2006 Geosciences Development and Application of a MODIS Driven Snowmelt Model in Northwestern Montana Chairperson: Joel T. Harper In the mountain west the timing of the spring snowmelt pulse has considerable impact on water resources and ecological processes such as fire. A forward shift of this timing due to warming climate has received considerable attention. The internal structure and physical processes of the mountain snowpack also have a large influence on the timing of spring runoff. Here we investigate controlling factors in the timing of the spring melt pulse in a large-scale northern Rockies watershed. We employ a snowmelt model to investigate historical records of the initiation of spring snowmelt runoff. Two watersheds were selected as test sites: (1) St. Mary – a small (81 km2) basin east of the continental divide and (2) Middle Fork Flathead River – a large (2903 km2) basin west of the divide. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 8-day snow-cover products, Snowpack Telemetry (SNOTEL), climate, and streamflow data were collected for the study area for years 2000-2005. We performed a detailed accuracy assessment of the snow-cover product in the mountainous terrain and poor weather conditions of the northern Rockies. The assessment utilized 6 SNOTEL sites and over 1000 ground based measurements spanning the 6 year period. The MODIS products were then used to determine snow covered area within the test basins at 8 day time steps throughout the six winter seasons. Snow-cover and climate data were input to the spatially distributed snowmelt model to determine the component of runoff derived from snow. The time series of modeled snowmelt was compared to basin runoff records to elucidate the processes governing the initial signal of spring snowmelt in river discharge.
Frameworking vocational teachers’ digital competencies: An integrative literature review and synthesis

Two decades of international research on the digital competencies of teachers have provided several frameworks for empirical studies and curriculum development. However, research publications addressing the needed digital competencies of vocational (VET) teachers are scarce. In this article, we ask to what extent leading conceptual frameworks on digital competence are fruitful templates for studying such competencies in the case of VET teachers’ professional d evelopment, and what could be alternative conceptual models that fit this professional category. A synthesis is made of relevant literature based on a theoretical platform in vocational didactics and digitalization that highlights the diversity of international VET systems and the connectivity between work and school. We adopt an integrative literature research approach that combines systematic procedures and supplementary searches iteratively. Our descriptive analysis of the literature indicated that the international research on VET teachers` digital competencies had in general a narrow focus on technical skills with a lack of perspective on key issues about their digital competencies such as connectivity school/work, subject-specificity, and adaptive pedagogy. The articles tended to leave out contextual issues, for example, the changing
Air pollution and hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: are their potentially sensitive groups?

Recent studies showed that air pollution is a risk factor for hospitalization for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, there is limited evidence to suggest which subpopulations are at higher risk from air pollution. This study was undertaken to examine the modifying effect of specific secondary diagnosis (including hypertension, diabetes, pneumonia, congestive heart failure) on the relationship between hospital admissions for COPD and ambient air pollutants concentrations. Hospital admissions for COPD and ambient air pollution data for Taipei were obtained for the period from 1999-2009. The relative risk of hospital admissions for COPD was estimated using a case-crossover approach. None of the secondary diagnosis we examined showed much evidence of effect modification.
UvA-DARE (

This study discusses evaluation methods for linguists to use when employing an automatically annotated treebank as a source of linguistic evidence. While treebanks are usually evaluated with a general measure over all the data, linguistic studies often focus on a particular construction or a group of structures. To judge the quality of linguistic evidence in this case, it would be beneﬁcial to estimate annotation quality over all instances of a particular construction. I discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of four approaches to this type of evaluation: manual evaluation of the results, manual evaluation of the text, falling back to simpler annotation and searching for particular instances of the construction. Furthermore, I illustrate the approaches using an example from Dutch linguistics, two-verb cluster constructions, and estimate precision and recall for this construction on a large automatically annotated treebank of Dutch. From this, I conclude that a combination of approaches on samples from the treebank can be used to estimate the accuracy of the annotation for the construction of interest. This allows researchers to make more deﬁnite linguistic claims on the basis of data from automatically annotated treebanks.
How Political Tensions Fuel Cross-border Investment: American Consumer Hostility and Mergers and Acquisitions by Chinese and Japanese Firms ∗

This paper leverages firm-level data on Japanese and Chinese mergers and acquisitions (M&As) in the United States spanning over three decades to demonstrate that political tensions between two countries increase cross-border mergers and acquisitions, contrary to the conventional wisdom that political tensions reduce cross-border investment. We develop and test a consumer-driven mechanism, whereby the rise of American consumer hostility toward Chinese (since 2016) and Japanese products (in the 1980s) in the United States incentivizes Chinese (Japanese) companies to engage in mergers and acquisitions with American firms to make their national identity less visible to consumers. We find that Chinese firms producing final consumer goods and Japanese firms producing final goods for corporations in global supply chains are more likely to increase mergers and acquisitions with U.S. companies compared to comparable firms that are producing intermediate goods. Profit-seeking firms have a repertoire of tools to address changing consumer preferences abroad and therefore political tensions can fuel, rather than dampen, globalization
Zooplankton Community Structure and Copepod Production in the Seomjin River Estuary

Zooplankton community structure and copepod production in Seomjin River estuary were investigated at 10 stations along the salinity gradients from May 2009 to February 2010. Total zooplankton taxa were identified to be 31 in the study area and seasonal average abundance of zooplankton was during the study period. Zooplankton community was mainly composed of coastal species in dry season. However, brackish species dominated in upper or middle part of this estuary in flood season. This study showed that the growth rates of Acartia spp. and Paracalanus parvus s.l. measured from field experiments were regulated by the variations of Hater temperature and salinity; The annual copepod production estimated by dominant copepod species was , and the relatively high production value could be explained by the high phytoplankton standing stocks and the mass occurrence of coastal and brackish species with relation to various salinity gradients in Seomjin River estuary.
The Determinants of Retaliation in International Economic Conflict: A Difference-in-Difference Design

The primary goal of punitive economic measures (PEMs) such as sanctions is to coerce the target (the sanctioned country) into a policy change. Much is known about the conditions under which coercion is likely to be (un)successful. Although targets frequently adopt punitive economic countermeasures, we know little about what d etermines a target’s decision to retaliate. This article argues that while materially rich senders (sanctioning countries) can rely on their economic might to deter retaliation, relatively weak senders leverage the support of IOs to avoid countermeasures. Furthermore, retaliation is less likely if the target has an inducement to cooperate with the sender. I test the theory with a mixed methods approach. A difference-in-difference analysis with fixed effects and an instrumental variable approach accounting for the potential endogeneity of IO support tests the four arguments quantitatively. Two case studies verify the hypothesized mechanisms in the context of international environmental politics. The findings indicate that the hypothesized determinants have large effects on the likelihood of retaliation in a broad range of contexts and that the hypothesized mechanisms are observable in the two case studies. Especially the finding that IOs disproportionally benefit relatively weak senders has important implications, including for future international environmental policies aiming to achieve cooperation through PEMs.
Efficient risk sharing with limited commitment and storage

We extend the model of risk sharing with limited commitment (Kocherlakota, 1996 )b y introducing both a public and a private (non-contractible and/or non-observable) storage technology. Positive public storage relaxes future participation constraints and may hence improve risk sharing, contrary to the case where hidden income or effort is the deep friction. The characteristics of constrained-efficient allocations crucially depend on the storage technology’s return. In the long run, if the return on storage is (i) moderately high, both assets and the consumption distribution may remain time-varying; (ii) sufficiently high, assets converge almost surely to a constant and the consumption distribution is time-invariant; (iii) equal to agents’ discount rate, perfect risk sharing is self-enforcing. Agents never have an incentive to use their private storage technology, i.e., Euler inequalities are always satisfied, at the constrained-efficient allocation of our model, while this is not the case without optimal public asset accumulation.
Association of Helicobacter pylori Positivity With Risk of Disease and Mortality

INTRODUCTION: Helicobacter pylori colonizes the human stomach. Infection causes chronic gastritis and increases the risk of gastroduodenal ulcer and gastric cancer. Its chronic colonization in the stomach triggers aberrant epithelial and inflammatory signals that are also associated with systemic alterations. METHODS: Using a PheWAS analysis in more than 8,000 participants in the community-based UK Biobank, we explored the association of H. pylori positivity with gastric and extragastric disease and mortality in a European country. RESULTS: Along with well-established gastric diseases, we dominantly found overrepresented cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic disorders. Using multivariate analysis, the overall mortality of H. pylori–positive participants was not altered, while the respiratory and Coronovirus 2019–associated mortality increased. Lipidomic analysis for H. pylori–positive participants revealed a dyslipidemic profile with reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and omega-3 fatty acids, which may represent a causative link between infection, systemic inflammation, and disease. DISCUSSION: Our study of H. pylori positivity demonstrates that it plays an organ- and disease entity–specific role in the development of human disease and highlights the importance of further research into the systemic effects of H. pylori infection.
The Conceptual Relevance of English as Lingua Franca in Non-English Speaking Countries: Revisiting History, Policies and Praxis

The present study foregrounds background information on attitudes towards acceptance of English language and educational opportunities in non-English speaking nations from a historical and contemporary viewpoint. The relevance of ELF-informed perspectives in non-ELF-speaking contexts is then discussed, both from an educational and a business/professional standpoint. Using English as a common language globally presents an unprecedented challenge for stakeholders in the 21st century. The paper focuses on the divergent policies related to English language. It investigates several countries' status, their practitioners, and people's viewpoints regarding the widespread use of the English language and the diversity of societies and cultures. The objective is to investigate how accessible non-native speakers are to newer speakers and alternatives that might work for their working atmosphere to provide some recommendations for them. The purpose is to determine if they are willing to use more modern pedagogical approaches appropriate for their teaching environment and to make recommendations for non-native people's development programmes. Recent years have seen a rise in interest in studying English as a lingua franca (ELF), which has produced some fascinating findings regarding how non-native speakers of English interact with other non-native speakers.
‘DON’T FOOL ME, AS IT IS YOUR LOSS’ - IMPACT OF DECEPTION ON INFORMATION PRIVACY

ABSTRACT With the explosion of e-commerce, the potential for new internet portals to mislead or fool consumers has grown significantly. This study investigates the influence of these deceptive actions on customer privacy and their information-sharing behavior. We have used online experimental research to demonstrate the influence of deception on information privacy and information-sharing behavior. We demonstrate that misleading activities such as falsification, concealment and equivocation reduce customers’ trust in the platform and increase their privacy concerns, resulting in a lower willingness to disclose any information on the platforms. We further explain the impact of several types of deceptive tactics in the online purchasing environment and present a mediation model to understand the impact of deception. The study has implications for category managers and consumers of e-commerce platforms.
Antecedents of organizational citizenship behavior among the academic staff in Begemidir college of teacher education

The purpose of this study was to examine the organizational citizenship behavior of the staff and its precursors at Begemidir College of teacher education. A correlational survey design that involved 96 instructors recruited through a comprehensive sampling technique was employed. Questionnaire was used to collect data that were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result indicated that instructors demonstrated above-average mean scores in all the dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior. It also revealed that organizational support and job satisfaction had a moderate relationship with altruism, civic virtue and sportsmanship while they had a modest relationship with courtesy and conscientiousness. On the other hand, there was a strong relationship between organizational commitment and altruism, civic virtue, courtesy, and sportsmanship. Overall, while OCB had a strong relationship with organizational commitment, it had a moderate relationship with organizational support and job satisfaction. Whereas organizational commitment has a positive and significant contribution to all organizational citizenship dimensions; job satisfaction did not influence all of them. Organizational support has a significant contribution to altruism, civic virtue, sportsmanship, and organizational citizenship behavior. Hence, it was suggested that the college should constantly work on the functions of organizational commitment and support to promote organizational citizenship behavior and ensure sustainable organizational development.
Multipole analysis of dielectric metasurfaces composed of nonspherical nanoparticles and lattice invisibility effect

An effective semianalytical method for analyzing the Cartesian multipole contributions in light transmission and reflection spectra of flat metasurfaces composed of identical nanoparticles is developed and demonstrated. The method combines numerical calculation of metasurface reflection and transmission coefficients with their multipole decompositions. The developed method is applied for the multipole analysis of reflection and transmission spectra of metasurfaces composed of silicon nanocubes or nanocones. In the case of nanocubes, we numerically demonstrate a ``lattice invisibility effect,'' when light goes through the metasurface almost without amplitude and phase perturbations with the simultaneous excitation of nanoparticles' multipole moments. The effect is realized due to destructive interference between the fields generated by the basic multipole moments of nanoparticles in the backward and forward directions. For metasurfaces composed of conical nanoparticles, we show that their transmission coefficient does not depend on illumination direction. In contrast, the reflection and absorption can be different for the illumination from different metasurface sides, which is associated with the excitation of different multipoles. We believe our results could be useful for analysis and understanding of the electromagnetic properties of nanoparticle arrays and pave the way for the design of novel metasurfaces for various optical applications.
The Phylogeography of Prosopium in Western North America

THE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF PROSOPIUM IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA Becky Akiko Miller Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology Master of Science The mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) has been largely overlooked in population genetic analyses despite its wide distribution in discrete drainage basins in western North America for over four million years. Its closest sister taxa the Bear Lake whitefish (P. abyssicola), Bonneville cisco (P. gemmifer), and Bonneville whitefish (P. spilonotus) are found only in Bear Lake Idaho-Utah and were also included in the analyses. A total of 1,334 cytochrome b and 1,371 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequences from the Bonneville Basin, the Columbia River Sub-basin, the lower Snake River Sub-basin, the upper Snake River Subbasin, the Green River Basin, the Lahontan Basin, and the Missouri Basin were examined to test for geographically based genetic differentiation between drainage basins and sub-basins and phylogeographic relationships to determine the invasion route of Prosopium into western North America and to aid in understanding current relationships. Prosopium entered the region via the Missouri River connection to Hudson Bay and moved in two waves: one colonized the lower Snake River Sub-basin, Columbia River Sub-basin, and the Lahontan Basin; the second wave colonized the upper Snake River Sub-basin, Bonneville Basin, Green River Basin, and established the Bear Lake Prosopium. Mountain whitefish exhibit a large amount of geographical genetic differentiation based on drainage basin except between the upper Snake River and the Bonneville Basin while the Bear Lake Prosopium show large amounts of gene flow between the three species. The apparent paraphyly of the mountain whitefish and the limited genetic structure of the Bear Lake Prosopium warrant recognition in the management of Prosopium and raise questions regarding species definitions in the group.
The Fatal Defects in Cast Al-Si Alloys Due to Sn Addition

Cast defects are common in cast alloys and they are difficult to eliminate without deformation. They strongly degrade the mechanical properties of cast alloys. The addition of some elements can affect the number of cast defects. In this work, the deleterious effect of Sn addition on the mechanical properties of Al-Si alloys has been investigated via 3D-computed tomography, SEM and TEM. Amorphous Sn oxides were found near the alumina film or formed enclosures with alumina film. The melt containing high Sn content was trapped by enclosures, causing more shrinkage pores during solidification. Cracks likely initiated and expanded along these pores and brittle amorphous Sn oxides, deteriorating the mechanical properties. This work suggests not adding Sn to various Al alloys when used in a cast state.