Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Complexity in the Cold Fusion Phenomenon

The cold fusion phenomenon (CFP) in Solid State-Nuclear Physics (SSNP) or Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (CMNS) occurs in composite systems with regular arrangements of host nuclei (C, Ti, Ni, Pd, etc.) and intervening hydrogen isotopes (H, D). We have figured out several features of experimental data sets in the CFP showing characteristics of many-particle effects such as (1) the inverse-power law of excess power generation [1, §2.12], (2) the stability effect of transmuted product nuclei (elements) [1, §2.11], and (3) bifurcation of intensity of cold fusion (CF) effects [2]. The systems (CF materials) where occurs the CFP have common properties with those where observed complexity experimentally which has also been investigated theoretically with computer simulation. We have microscopically analyzed CF materials to find out causes of events [1, Chap. 3, 6] resulting in the above-mentioned many-particle effects and explained the occurrence of the complexity in the CFP [3]. In our analyses, it was shown that the adjustable parameter nn appeared in the TNCF model which has been successful to give several quantitative relations between numbers of reactions Nx for events X in accordance with experimental data sets seems to be useful as a parameter governing the equation describing dynamical processes resulting in complexity. Using the parameter nn as one specifying recursion relations of the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP), classical experimental data sets such as those by Fleischmann et al. (1989), De Ninno et al. (1989), and McKubre et al. (1993) have revived as typical examples showing some phases of the CFP related with complexity. Thus, the controversial questions such as reproducibility
TOXICITY STUDY OF BUTYLATED HYDROXYL TOLUENE (BHT) IN RATS

INTRODUCTION Butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) is also termed as 2,6-di-tert-butylp-cresol or 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol. BHT does not occur in nature and is prepared synthetically from p-cresol and isobutylene. BHT is one of the most widely used synthetic phenolic anti-oxidant in foods, mainly in foods containing fats and oils, food containers, packaging materials and in cosmetics. Fats, oils, and fatcontaining foods are naturally susceptible to rancidity and other oxidation reactions. Lipid oxidation is autocatalytic reaction which proceeding as a complex chain of reactions involving free radicals. Here BHT act as a free radical scavenger, prevents rancidification by terminating this chain reaction. BHT has a molecular weight of 220.34 with the chemical formula C15H24O and it is a white odourless crystalline solid, insoluble in water, but freely soluble in ethanol and fatty oils.
Sorption characteristics of heavy metal ions by a natural zeolite

Zeolites have been shown to be effective adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. A natural material from Cuba, containing zeolite, has been used for the removal of several metal ions, namely Cu2+, Zn2+, and Ni2+, to evaluate its potential use as a low-cost adsorbent. Batch experiments have been conducted to evaluate the process kinetics and the removal equilibrium at different pH values, metal and zeolite concentrations. Pseudo-second order kinetics and Freundlich equilibrium parameters have been obtained. Results suggested that this natural zeolite has a high potential for heavy metal retention. The selectivity of the studied metals was determined as Cu2+ ≫ Zn2+ > Ni2+, related to the first hydrolysis equilibrium constant. The metal removal efficacy was strongly dependent on pH, and to a lesser extent on metal/zeolite ratio. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
INTEGRATED ORGANIC NUTRIENT SUPPLY SYSTEMS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.)

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season 2008 at farmer’s field to evolve integrated organic nutrient management practice for high yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under rainfed condition. Plant height, number of primary branches per plant, leaf area index at 90 DAS and 50% flowering and yield attributes such as number of pods per plant, number of matured pods per plant, 100 kernel weight, shelling per cent, kernel yield kg/ha and sound mature kernel per cent and thereby pod yield 2,304 kg/ha and haulm yield 2695 kg/ha of groundnut were significantly higher with application of FYM (7.5 t/ha) +Rhizobium + PSB + Panchagavya spray (3% at 30, 60 and 75 DAS) as compared to other treatments except application of FYM (7.5 t/ha) + Rhizobium + PSB + Jeevamruta (equivalent to 25 kg N/ha) which were at par with each other.
An Optical In‐Situ Method to Study Redox‐Kinetics in SrTiO3

The optical absorption properties of Fe-impurity centers in SrTiO3 can be used to probe in-situ the oxygen activity in the sample. The response of the absorbance upon a sudden change the oxygen partial pressure allows the precise investigation of the kinetics of oxygen incorporation (excorporation). In contrast to electrical measurements no auxiliary contact phases (electrodes) are necessary and also — as shown — valence changes of the impurity ion do not complicate the evaluation. The investigations indicate a change from diffusion control to surface control when lowering the temperature or decreasing the sample thickness. Effective rate constants and chemical diffusion coefficients are determined. It is shown that the chemical diffusion coefficient cannot be understood in terms of charge carrier mobilities and concentrations unless the effect of internal defect-chemical reactions (here valence changes of the Fe-ions) is taken into account as previously described by one of us. Using this approach, however, the values can be quantitatively described without any adjustable parameter.
Crystal structure of babingtonite

Babingtonite, Ca2(Fe,Mn,Mg) FeHSi5015, from the Yakuki mine, Japan, has triclinic space group P I and unit-cell constants a = 7.509 ::! : 0.019 A, b = 11.697 ::! : 0,028 A, c = 6.719 ::! : 0.017 A, iX = 91.433 ::! : 0.041°, fJ = 93.886 ::J:0.030°, y = 104.255 ::! : 0.029°, and Z = 2. Three-dimensional intensities were collected with the 28 scan method and by using Zr-filtered MoKiX radiation. The structure was determined by solving three-dimensional Patterson maps with the minimum-function method. The final least-squares refinement for isotropic temperature factors, using 3265 reflections, gave R = 0.0612. The structure consists of two single chains of silica tetrahedra, containing five tetrahedra per repeat unit, running parallel to the [110] zone and connected by Fe,Mn,Mg octahedra. Ca atoms occupy the large openings existing between the tetrahedral chains and the octahedra, and form irregular polyhedra each with eight oxygen atoms. The average distance from Si to the nonbridging
Pesticidal activity of eco-friendly synthesized silver nanoparticles using Aristolochia indica extract against Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

In the present study, the antifeedant, larvicidal and cytotoxic activities of synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Aristolochia indica against third instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera and HeLa cell lines were evaluated. The synthesized Ag NPs were characterized by UV-vis spectrum, XRD, FTIR, SEM and TEM analyses. Pesticidal and cytotoxic activities of aqueous crude extracts and synthesized Ag NPs were studied using leaf disc no choice, leaf dipping methods and MTT assay, respectively. Synthesis of Ag NPs was confirmed by analyzing the excitation of surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) using UV–vis spectrophotometer at 420 nm. TEM analysis showed aggregates and some were scattered with an average size of 16.54 nm. The FTIR result clearly showed that the extracts containing strong absorption band at 2926.56 cm −1 corresponding to aldehydic C-H stretching. The maximum antifeedant and larvicidal efficacy was observed in crude aqueous and synthesized Ag NPs against H. armigera larvae (LC50 = 127.49, 84.56 mg/L; 766.54, and 309.98 mg/mL), respectively. The extract of A.indica and Ag NPs elicited low cytotoxic effect with TC50 values of >100 and 89 µg/mL, respectively. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of aqueous extract confirmed the presence of 3-O-Methyl-d-glucose which may have influenced in the
Growth & yield of cowpea influenced by foliar application of nutrient

A field experiment was conducted on clay loam soil texture with pH of 6.9 and EC is 0.51 dSm-1 on cowpea with ten treatments in a randomized block design during the year of rabbi 2019 at Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, School of Agricultural Sciences, G. H. Raisoni University, Saikheda, Chhindwara, (M.P) to evaluate the impact of foliar application of nutrients on growth and yield of cowpea. Application of neem coated urea 2%, TANU pulse wonder, Salicylic acid 75 ppm, Boron 0.25 ppm, Thiourea 500ppm,Urea phosphate @1%, NPK (19:19:19) 2% and mixture of neem coated urea 2% + Salicylic acid 75 ppm significantly influenced on growth and yield parameters of cowpea compared with control.
Gamma‐Alumina (γ‐Al2O3) by XPS

This article presents the main core lines and the valence band x‐ray photoelectron (XPS) spectra obtained for a commercial gamma‐alumina (γ‐Al2O3) powder. The electronic record includes the Al 2p, Al 2s, O 1s, O 2s, C 1s, and valence band spectra. Although it is usually difficult to distinguish among the various forms of aluminum oxide [Al2O3], oxyhydroxide [AlO(OH)] and hydroxide [Al(OH)3] based on the core XPS binding energies, the valence band spectra for many of these materials are unique. The valence band spectrum for γ‐Al2O3 shows two broad distinct peaks that are separated by about 3.3 eV.
Magnetic ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles as an efficient catalyst for the oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds in the presence of oxone as an oxidant

Zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized via the auto-combustion assisted sol-gel method of Zn 2+ and Fe 3+ ions (molar ratio 1:2) in ammonia solution. The prepared nanomagnetic catalyst was characterized by IR, XRD, SEM and ICP. The diameter of the ZnFe2O4 MNPs (63.7 nm) was determined by Debye-Scherre equation via their XRD pattern. Nanomagnetic ZnFe2O4 efficiently catalyzes oxidation of alcohols and gave the corresponding carbonyl-containing products in good yields. The reactions were carried out in an aqueous medium at r.t in the presence of oxone (potassium hydrogen monopersulfate) as an oxidant. In addition, the catalysts could be reused up to 5 runs without significant loss of activities.
Kinetic and thermodynamic study on the removal of methyl orange from aqueous solution by adsorption onto Camel thorn plant.

The use of c heap, high efficiency and ecofriendly adsorbent has been studied as an alternative source of activated carbon for the removal of dyes from wastewater. This study investigates the use of activated carbon prepared from Camel thorn plant for the removal of methyl orange dye from aqueous solution. The effect of various experimental parameters such as contact time, temperature, initial dye concentration and dose of adsorbent were studied. The results showed that the adsorption of methyl orange as the amount of adsorbent increased, the percentage of dye removal increased accordingly but it decreased with the increase in initial dye concentr ation and solution temperature. The adsor ption kinetics was found to follow pseudo-second-order rate kinetic model, (R 2 > 0.99). Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to analyze the equilibrium data at different temperatures. The apparent thermodynamic parameters were calculated and the adsorption process was found to be spontaneous and exothermic.
Interactions of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cr(VI) with Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf powder: kinetics and thermodynamics

Neem leaf powder (NLP) is made from the leaves of the Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) for removing Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cr(VI) from water. The powder (surface area 21.45 m²/g), was used at pH ∼7.0 and pseudo first and second orders, Elovich equation, intra-particle and liquid film diffusion models were used to test the kinetics. The interactions mostly followed a second-order model involving transfer of the cations from the surrounding liquid film to the surface of the adsorbent particles. The interactions were exothermic and spontaneous. Enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy changes show a high potential of NLP as a biosorbent for metal ions.
Variation in the Composition of the Essential Oil of Commercial Valeriana officinalis L. Roots from Different Countries

Abstract The volatile constituents from roots of Valeriana officinalis L. were investigated using GC and GC/MS methods. Valerianae radix samples were obtained from retail pharmacies of different European countries. The roots of 15 V. offcinalis samples yielded 0.19–1.16% essential oil on a dry weight basis. The basic oil components among the identified 86 compounds were bornyl acetate (2.9–33.7%), α-fenchene (0–28.3%), valerianol (0.2–18.2%), valerenal (tr-15.6%), isovaleric acid (0–13.1%), camphene (0–11.1%) and valeranone (0.5–10.9%). Bornyl acetate/valerenal chemotype was characteristic for 9 of the 15 samples of valerian roots from different European countries. Some samples did not contain α-fenchene and camphene (Germany, Czech), isovaleric acid (France, Moldova, Russia 2) and valerianic acid (Estonia, Ukraine 1, Scotland, Moldova, Russia 1). Valerian root oil from Estonia was rich in essential oil, bornyl acetate (33.7%), valerianol (16.8%) and valeranone (9.5%).
The natural aerosol over Northern Europe and its relation to anthropogenic emissions—implications of important climate feedbacks

Abstract We use a recently developed parametrization to estimate the regional particle field in the summer time troposphere over Scandinavia that would result if the forest were the only source of particles. The calculated field is compared with available observational data. It is concluded that the needle leaf forest above 58.N alone is capable of producing aerosol mass concentrations corresponding to 12.50% of todays values in the boundary layer over Scandinavia. We also demonstrate that the forest itself could produce up to 200 CCN per cubic centimetre on average over Scandinavia and further show that an increase in temperature by 5.8 . C compared to today's average temperature could increase this CCN population by 40%. The study shows that we are able to approximate the natural aerosol field resulting from biogenic emissions over the boreal forest in the northern hemispheric region. This information provide an important contribution in the evaluation of the climate effect caused by anthropogenic emissions of particles over the forest and also opens the possibility to better address the climate feedbacks believed to be associated with the boreal region.
CAN-Mediated Oxidative Free Radical Reactions in an Ionic Liquid

Abstract Cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate-mediated oxidative radical reactions are carried out in the presence of ionic liquids, including 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, for the first time. The presence of the ionic liquid not only increases the rate and yield of reactions in dichloromethane but also extends the range of 1,3-dicarbonyl precursors, which can be utilized in these carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions.
A Shock-Tube and Modeling Study of Soot Formation During Pyrolysis of Propane, Propane/Toluene and Rich Propane/Oxygen Mixtures

The authors studied soot formation during the pyrolysis of propane/Ar, propane/toluene/Ar, and rich propane/oxygen/Ar mixtures behind reflected shock waves. The time profiles of soot yield and temperature were obtained. The soot-suppressing effect of oxygen and soot-promoting effect of toluene were revealed. The results were simulated within the framework of a detailed kinetic model composed of 2760 direct and reverse elementary steps and involving 284 species. As compared to the authors’ previous studies, the model was refined and tested against experimental data on pyrolysis and oxidation of a number of hydrocarbons. The measured and calculated time profiles of soot yield and soot particle temperatures, as well as soot yield temperature dependences, for the tested mixtures were found to be in close agreement.
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF PRECOOKED EGG PRODUCTS AFTER HIGH‐PRESSURE PROCESSING COMBINED WITH LOW AND HIGH TEMPERATURES

The quality descriptors of precooked scrambled egg patties were evalu- ated after high-pressure treatment at low and high temperatures. A commer- cial egg patty was thermally pressurized at 90C/0.1-675 MPa and 30-90C/ 675 MPa. A trained descriptive panel evaluated untreated and treated products. Additional tests included texture profile analysis, color, pH and water loss. After treatment at 30C/675 Mpa, the egg patty maintained its sensory profile. Treatments at gelation temperatures 70C and 675 MPa increased firmness and density scores, and water loss, compared to lower temperatures. Formulation modification with xanthan gum, ethylenediamine- tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and flavors reduced the instrumental hardness by 25-41%, while syneresis decreased 50-55%, in agreement with findings of smaller particle size, smoother mouthfeel and lower dryness scores. The flavor profile of modified formulation after 70C/675 MPa or 90C/675 MPa treat- ments was similar to controls. Reformulation with xanthan gum, EDTA
The two-step phase transition of titanite, CaTiSiO5: a Synchrotron radiation study

In this study it is shown that the antiferrodistortive phase transition in titanite, CaTiSiO 5 , is a stepwise process. We report the occurrence of an intermediate phase with Ca-disorder in split positions. Ordering of Ca triggers the displacement of Ti in the antiferroelectric phase at lower temperatures. A group-theoretical analysis for the two-step subduction process is given. The irreducible representation Y 2 + accounts for the intermediate phase A2/a (C2/c) with Ca cations in 8f Wyckoff positions below 825 K as well as for the subduction of the isotropy subgroup P2 1 /a below 496K. A high-symmetry phase with Ca in 4e positions exists only above ca. 825 K. In order to study the stepwise structural changes synchrotron radiation was used to collect X-ray diffraction data at 100 K, 295 K and 530 K on the 4-circle diffractometer at HASYLAB using a wavelength of 0.560(1) A. A total of 2292 reflections were recorded at 100 K, 1540 at 295 K and 1442 at 530 K and reduced to 705 (100 K), 707 (295 K) and 358 (530 K) unique observations respectively (sin θ/λ ≤ 0.611 A -1 for all data sets). Refinements with harmonic displacement parameters converged to R w = 0.038 (100 K), R w = 0.039 (295 K), and R w = 0.045 (530 K). The value for R w at 530 K was further reduced to 0.042 by assuming anharmonic temperature factors for Ca. A final significant improvement of the fit could be achieved for the 530 K data using splitted calcium atoms with occupation probability 0.5 in 8f positions (R w = 0.039). k + l = 2n + 1 Bragg-peaks disapper at 496 K. Between 496 K and 825 K anisotropic diffuse scattering of reflections k + l = odd is observed. APB's and deviations from a statistical distribution of disordered Ca can lead to such diffuse reflections with their intensity extended along b * and c * .
Observations of astro-climate with the broad band radiometer using the atmospheric dip method

Studying astroclimate of a location is essential, when one chooses the most appropriate site for radio astronomical observations or space telecommunications. The suitability of a site is determined by a number of days per year, during which astronomical observations and space communication sessions are possible. In the millimeter range, astroclimatic conditions largely depend on the absorption of such waves by the atmospheric water vapor and oxygen. This absorption depends on the elevation of the site, local and global climatic peculiarities, and weather; as the result, it may vary greatly from season to season and from day to day. The local climate is often responsible for how dry and wet air masses interchange over time, and, consequently, how the atmospheric absorption varies. The statistical data on the atmospheric absorption are the chief astroclimatic parameter for the purposes of radio astronomy and space communications in the millimeter wavelength.
Size Distributions of Organic Functional Groups in Ambient Aerosol Collected in Houston, Texas Special Issue of Aerosol Science and Technology on Findings from the Fine Particulate Matter Supersites Program

The size distributions of aliphatic carbon, carbonyl, and organonitrate functional groups in ambient aerosol were determined at three sites during an air quality field study conducted during August and September 2000, in Houston, Texas. Samples were collected using a Hering low-pressure impactor and were analyzed, in transmission mode, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The submicron fractions of the samples exhibited patterns seen in other urban areas. Carbonyl and organonitrate group absorbances showed maxima in the 0.05–0.26 μm and the 0.5–1.0 μm size fractions, and based on these absorbances appear to be primarily due to secondary organic aerosol. Aliphatic carbon absorbances in the submicron aerosol showed maxima in the 0.076–0.12 μm size fraction and the 0.5–1.0 μm size fraction. Weak correlation between ozone concentrations and aliphatic carbon absorbances suggest that some of these aliphatic functional groups are due to primary emissions. For the supermicron aerosol, all three functional groups exhibit maxima in the 2–4 μm size fraction. These coarse size fractions observed in Houston were not observed in similar samples collected in Los Angeles. In addition, some of the aerosol samples collected in Houston display organic functional group concentrations, especially for organonitrates, that are significantly higher than the median concentrations. Samples with very high organic functional group concentrations had molar ratios of carbonyl and organonitrate functional groups that are suggestive of either primary emissions or secondary organic aerosol formation processes that are not commonly observed in other urban areas.
Prevalence of Scoliosis among High School Students.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to survey the prevalence of scoliosis in Thai high school students. MATERIAL AND METHOD Physical therapists assessed the postural alignment in three planes during standing position by observation, palpation, andAdam lforward bending test. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square analysis. RESULTS Three hundred and seventy-four high school students (297 males and 77 females) were recruited from three schools in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area. The prevalence of scoliosis was 22.7%. A significant difference was observed between sex and scoliosis prevalence (chi2 = 6.73, p<0.05) with a prevalence ratio (female:male) of 1.70. A significant difference of scoliosis prevalence wasfound between school 1 andschool 3 (chi2 = 4.33, p<0.05) with a ratio of 1.74. Most scoliosis levels were found at the thoracolumbar level. The assessments of 84.7% for waist form, 76.5% for scapular border and 71.8% for thoracic scoliosis were the most common anomaly of postural alignment in the scoliosis group. CONCLUSION The prevalence of scoliosis infemales was higher than in males at a ratio of 1.70. A significant difference was revealed among schools that might be affected by environmentalfactors.