Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF MAGNETIC ANOMALY OVER THE RIRUWAI YOUNG ER GRANITE RING COMPLEX: A GEODYNAMIC IMPLICATION.

The Riruwai Complex constitutes one of the Younger Granite Complexes in Nigeria within the Niger- Nigeria anorogenic belt province, located about 140 Km south of Kano. It provides one of the finest examples of the complete cycle of anorogenicmagmaticactivities in Nigerian Province, and consists of alkaline volcanic and plutonic rocks ranging from p yroxene bearing porphyries, rhyolites and comendite s, to riebeckite granites. The aeromagnetic intensity field anomaly of the Riruwai Younger Granite ring complex has been studied and analyzed to establish the tectonic nature of the complex and its influenc e on the geodynamics. The application of second derivati ve both in the x- and y-directions; (d 2 U / dx 2 ) and (d 2 U / dy 2 ) filters respectively, and Laplacian and polymonia l regression analysis revealed a general NE-SW regional anomaly pattern within the Complex and along which the Riruwai Younger Granite is emplaced. Very low magnetic anomaly is associated with the bi otite granites and the riebeckite bearing granites of the Complex. The very low anomaly is deemed to be attributed to highly evolved, late formed low density residual fluid rich magmatic material that were emp laced as granites as a separate magmatic phase, aft er an initial eruption of not so evolved volcanic phase. The general tectonic stress field traversing the Co mplex coincides with the NE-SW structural fabric within t he Basement Complex of the region.
Optimasi Tingkat Kemurnian Silika, SiO2, Dari Abu Cangkang Sawit Berdasarkan Konsentrasi Pengasaman

Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk menentukan tingkat kemurnian silika dari abu cangkang sawit berdasarkan konsentrasi pengasaman. Pembuatan silika dilakukan melalui tahap-tahap pembersihan cangkang, pengabuan cangkang sawit pada temperatur 1100 0 C dan pemurnian abu dengan metode leaching menggunakan asam klorida. Konsentrasi asam klorida yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu 0,7 g/mL, 1,2 g/mL, 1,7 g/mL, 2,2 g/mL dan 10 g/mL. Analisis kadar silika, SiO 2 dan oksida-oksida logam dilakukan menggunakan X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Derajat kristalinitas silika ditentukan berdasarkan hasil Difraksi Sinar-X (XRD). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, kondisi optimum ekstraksi silika diperoleh pada konsentrasi asam klorida 1,2 g/mL dengan perolehan SiO 2 sebesar 81,3 % dan menghasilkan silika dengan derajat kristalinitas sebesar 81,28 %. Kata Kunci: Abu Cangkang sawit, silika, leaching.
Numerical modelling of aeolian erosion over a surface with non‐uniformly distributed roughness elements

The present study is focused on the analysis of the mean wall friction velocity on a surface including roughness elements exposed to a turbulent boundary layer. These roughness elements represent non‐erodible particles over an erodible surface of an agglomeration of granular material on industrial sites. A first study has proposed a formulation that describes the evolution of the friction velocity as a function of geometrical parameters and cover rate with different uniform roughness distributions. The present simulations deal with non‐uniform distributions of particles with a random sampling of diameters, heights, positions and arrangements. The evolution (relative to geometrical parameters of the roughness elements) of the friction velocity for several non‐uniform distributions of roughness elements was analysed by the equation proposed in the literature and compared to the results obtained with the numerical simulations. This comparison showed very good agreement. Thus, the formulation developed for uniform particles was found also to be valid for a larger spectrum of particles noted on industrial sites. The present work aims also to investigate in detail the fluid mechanics over several roughness particles. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Malacological evidence relating to the insularity of the British Isles during the Quaternary

Abstract The marine molluscan faunas from different temperate stages of the Pleistocene of the North Sea vary enormously both in terms of species richness and in the diversity of their biogeographical composition. The marine assemblages from the Middle Tiglian, Eemian and Holocene have all yielded c. 100 species or more, including many with southern or ‘Lusitanian’ affinities. It is thought that during these stages the Strait of Dover was open, allowing entry of these southern taxa into the southern North Sea. Conversely, the temperate stages from the Late Tiglian up to and including the Holsteinian have yielded relatively impoverished faunas (no more than about 40 species) virtually lacking any of the southern elements. During these stages it would appear that the Strait of Dover was closed, so preventing the spread of marine molluscs into the North Sea. Examination of the history of fluvial molluscs (particularly prosobranchs and larger bivalves) on either side of the English Channel supports this interpretation. Fluvial provinciality is recognized during the stages when Britain is thought to have become an island. Non-provinciality, pointing to fluvial exchange, occurs during the other stages.
Six hundred thirty‐eight years of summer temperature variability over the Bhutanese Himalaya

High‐resolution tree ring reconstructions from the Himalaya provide essential context for assessing impacts of future climate change on regional water reserves and downstream agriculture. Here we evaluate a small network of tree ring chronologies from Bhutan to produce a 638 year summer temperature reconstruction, from 1376–2013 (Common Era) C.E. Relative to the 1950–2013 C.E. average summer temperature three prominent cold periods stand out, two in the midfifteenth century, and one in the late seventeenth century. The warmest period began in the first decade of the 21st century coinciding with the timing of general glacier recession in the eastern Himalaya that continues to the present. The Bhutan temperature reconstruction exhibits a significant correlation to known volcanic eruptions (p = 97%) and anomalously cold periods appear to align with solar irradiance minima in the fifteenth, late seventeenth, and early nineteenth centuries, implying a link between solar variability and decadal‐scale temperature variability.
Latest marine horizon north of Qomolangma (Mt Everest): implications for closure of Tethys seaway and collision tectonics

The newly discovered marine horizon at Zhepure Syncline, north of Qomolangma, revises timing of the closure of the eastern Neo‐Tethys seaway in the central Himalayas. The marine Pengqu Formation conformably overlies a Lutetian shallow‐water carbonate platform and comprises shales interbedded with sandstones deposited in a neritic shelf environment. The strata are dated by nannofossils and foraminifera as late early Lutetian to late Priabonian age (NP15–NP20, deposited ≈ 47–34 Ma), indicating that the final closure of the Tethys seaway in this region occurred at ∼ 34 Ma. The newly discovered strata provide evidence about emplacement of a major thrust sheet south of southern Tibet prior to ∼ 37 Ma, which affected the regional climate.
Comparison of the dry densities of highly compacted bentonites

Abstract Bentonites are in worldwide use as candidate materials for the encapsulation of highlevel radioactive waste (HLRW). To effectively seal waste canisters, bentonite is compacted to bentonite blocks which can be used to build a wall around the canisters. Compaction significantly improves the swelling pressure, which is currently considered as one of the most important parameters for assessing barrier performance. Most of the studies on compressibility of bentonites consider a few different materials only, which does not lead to a general understanding of bentonite performance. In order to identify the actual compressibility differences of different bentonites, a sizeable set of well characterized materials was investigated with respect to the dry densities after compaction. Different results were obtained for bentonites that had been dried and bentonites that were equilibrated at 70% r.h. (relative humidity) prior to compaction. The dry density of dried bentonites depends on total porosity and particle density. However, the dry density of microporous bentonites depends on the microporosity rather than total porosity because microporosity is not reduced upon compaction. On the other hand, for the samples previously equilibrated at 70% r.h. , the water content is most important. However, the water content, i.e. the water uptake capacity at 70% r.h. , in turn largely depends on the CEC but also on microporosity. Therefore, under a given load, the 36 bentonites studied showed a significant range of resulting dry densities, depending on water content, CEC and porosity. In conclusion, for a given bentonite, the dry density after compaction explains some geotechnical parameters such as the swelling pressure. However, for reasons explained in the present study, the dry density cannot be generally used to predict these parameters.
Determination of alteration facies using the normative mineral alteration index: Selbaie Cu–Zn deposit, northern Abitibi greenstone belt, Canada

The Selbaie Cu–Zn deposit is located in the northeastern portion of the northern Archean Abitibi volcanic belt. It is one of the most important base metal deposits in Canada. It includes stratiform pyrite levels in the volcanites and shallow-water sediments, stockworks in a rhyodacitic breccia, and a copper-rich vein, in a caldera context. The study of the regional alteration distribution is based on a database of more than 2300 chemical sample analyses using the NORMAT normative mineral alteration index. This method allows independent analysis of the numerous lithologic variations in the Selbaie district. Five facies are distinguished in a vast sodium-depleted zone, from the core to the periphery of the hydrothermal system: chlorite–pyrophyllite in the mineralized zones, chlorite–sericite, sericite, sericite–orthoclase and orthoclase at the periphery. The carbonates also show zoning, with ankerite–dolomite at the periphery and siderite–magnesite at the core. With NORMAT, it is possible to highlight overp.
Characteristics of orogenic-gold deposits in the Northcote district, Hodgkinson Province, north Queensland: implications for tectonic evolution

We report results of metallogenic, structural, petrological and fluid-inclusion studies that characterise the nature of gold mineralisation in the Northcote district of the Hodgkinson Goldfield, one of the major goldfields in the Palaeozoic Hodgkinson Province of northeastern Queensland, Australia. Gold – arsenic and gold – antimony – arsenic deposits in the Northcote district are spatially associated with distinctive northwest-trending faults and shear zones suggesting a strong structural control on their development during several phases of deformation in the Late Devonian to Carboniferous. Field evidence, as well as petrographic, scanning electron microscope and fluid-inclusion analysis of mineralised samples, indicates the occurrence of two stages of gold genesis. Gold associated with the earlier of the two mineralising episodes exists mainly in solid solution with acicular arsenopyrite. SEM analysis indicated that minor sphalerite, galena and tetrahedrite formed during this episode of mineralisation. Gold deposited during the second mineralising episode has a strong association with antimony. Fluid-inclusion studies of quartz vein samples record minimum homogenisation temperatures between 108 and 312°C, and salinities of up to 13 wt% NaCl equivalent. Little to no difference in the nature of the fluids is observed between samples related to the two gold-forming stages. The style of gold mineralisation in the Northcote district is compatible with orogenic-gold deposits that form primarily during compressional and transpressional deformation along convergent plate margins.
State feedback controller design of networked control systems

This work is concerned with the controller design of networked control systems (NCSs). A new model of NCSs is provided under consideration of both the network-induced delay and the data packet dropout in the transmission. In terms of the given model, a controller design method is proposed based on a delay dependent approach. The feedback gain of a memoryless controller and the maximum allowable value of the network-induced delay can be derived by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities. Two examples are given to show the effectiveness of our method.
Geoelectric properties of the Elura prospect, Cobar, NSW

The Bureau of Mineral Resources investigated the geoelectric properties of fresh and weathered rocks at Elura through a program of down-hole logging, Schlumberger soundings, and laboratory measurements on drill core. Resistivity logging showed that resistivities of intensely weathered country rocks, comprising shales, sandstones and siltstones, just below the water-table (at about 80 m) are less than 30 ohm-m, in some instances being as low as 1 ohm-m. Resistivities increase with depth as rocks become less weathered: at 200 m resistivities of approximately 2000 ohm-m were recorded. Induced polarisation logging indicates that the chargeability of country rock is approximately 10 mV/V (1? 2% FE) just below the water-table, and increases to approximately 20 mV/V (2? 4% FE) at 200 m depth. Laboratory measurements and results of logging indicate that the mineralisation has a resistivity of about 0.2 ohm-m, and a very high chargeability. Interpretation of Schlumberger depth soundings indicates that the top 5 m of section consists of a thin, resistive layer which is sometimes overlain by a thinner, more conductive layer. Below a depth of approximately 5 m, the section has a low resistivity of approximately 10 ohm-m and a very low chargeability which probably represents strongly weathered rocks. This strongly weathered zone appears to be approximately 110 m thick, below which resistivity of the rocks is shown by logging to increase with depth, from approximately 100 ohm-m at a depth of 110 m to approximately 2000 ohm-m at a depth of 200 m. The latter section has a higher chargeability than the stongly weathered zone, as a result of less weathered rocks lying below 110 m. An observed decrease in the resistivity of the country rock in the vicinity of the deposit may indicate a fracture halo or some other effect related to the mineral deposit. Analyses of the sounding data show that over the deposit, the top 50 m of section has a higher conductivity? thickness product than the section on either side of the deposit. A zone with higher resistivity and chargeability is interpreted as lying above the deposit and extending to within about 40 m from surface. This zone may reflect the presence of a siliceous gossan. Southeast of the deposit a sounding at the site of coincident transient electromagnetic and induced polarisation anomalies has a geoelectric section similar to that observed over the Elura deposit.
Vertical profiles, aerosol microphysics, and optical closure during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment: Measured and modeled column optical properties

During the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX) in June 1992, two descents in cloud-free regions allowed comparison of the change in aerosol optical depth as determined by an onboard total-direct-diffuse radiometer (TDDR) to the change calculated from measured size-resolved aerosol microphysics and chemistry. Both profiles included a pollution haze layer from Europe, but the second also included the effect of a Saharan dust layer above the haze. The separate contributions of supermicrometer (coarse) and submicrometer (fine) aerosol were determined, and thermal analysis of the pollution haze indicated that the fine aerosol was composed primarily of a sulfate/water mixture with a refractory sootlike core. The soot core increased the calculated extinction by about 10% in the most polluted drier layer relative to a pure sulfate aerosol but had significantly less effect at higher humidities. A 3-km descent through a boundary layer air mass dominated by pollutant aerosol with relative humidities (RH) 10–77% yielded a close agreement between the measured and calculated aerosol optical depths (550 nm) of 0.160 (±0.07) and 0.157 (±0.034), respectively. During descent the aerosol mass scattering coefficient per unit sulfate mass (inferred) varied from about 5 to 16 m2 g−1 and was primarily dependent upon ambient RH. However, the total scattering coefficient per total fine mass was far less variable at about 4 ± 0.7 m2 g−1. A subsequent descent through a Saharan dust layer located above the pollution aerosol layer revealed that both layers contributed similarly to aerosol optical depth. The scattering per unit mass of the coarse aged dust was estimated at 1.1 ± 0.2 m2 g−1. The large difference (50%) in measured and calculated optical depth for the dust layer exceeded estimated measurement uncertainty (12%). This is attributed to inadequate data on the spatial variability of the aerosol field within the descent region, a critical factor in any validation of this type. Both cases demonstrate that surface measurements may be a poor indicator of the characteristics and concentration of the aerosol column.
Newly Constructed Network Models of Different WNT Signaling Cascades Applied to Breast Cancer Expression Data

Introduction WNT signaling is a complex process comprising multiple pathways: the canonical β-catenin-dependent pathway and several alternative non-canonical pathways that act in a β-catenin-independent manner. Representing these intricate signaling mechanisms through bioinformatic approaches is challenging. Nevertheless, a simplified but reliable bioinformatic WNT pathway model is needed, which can be further utilized to decipher specific WNT activation states within e.g. high-throughput data. Results In order to build such a model, we collected, parsed, and curated available WNT signaling knowledge from different pathway databases. The data were assembled to construct computationally suitable models of different WNT signaling cascades in the form of directed signaling graphs. This resulted in four networks representing canonical WNT signaling, non-canonical WNT signaling, the inhibition of canonical WNT signaling and the regulation of WNT signaling pathways, respectively. Furthermore, these networks were integrated with microarray and RNA sequencing data to gain deeper insight into the underlying biology of gene expression differences between MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines, representing weakly and highly invasive breast carcinomas, respectively. Differential genes up-regulated in the MDA-MB-231 compared to the MCF-7 cell line were found to display enrichment in the gene set originating from the non-canonical network. Moreover, we identified and validated differentially regulated modules representing canonical and non-canonical WNT pathway components specific for the aggressive basal-like breast cancer subtype. Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that these newly constructed WNT networks reliably reflect distinct WNT signaling processes. Using transcriptomic data, we shaped these networks into comprehensive modules of the genes implicated in the aggressive basal-like breast cancer subtype and demonstrated that non-canonical WNT signaling is important in this context. The topology of these networks can be further refined in the future by integration with complementary data such as protein-protein interactions, in order to gain greater insight into signaling processes.
The variation of short‐lived NOy species around sunrise at mid‐latitudes as measured by MIPAS‐B and calculated by KASIMA

Vertical profiles of total reactive nitrogen (NOy = NO2 + HNO3 + ClONO2 + 2N2O5 + HO2NO2) along with the source gas N2O up to 38 km were retrieved from infrared limb emission spectra measured by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding, Balloonborne version (MIPAS‐B) instrument from Aire sur l'Adour (France, 42°N) on April 30, 1999. Three limb sequences of spectra were recorded 1 hour before, at and 3 hours after sunrise, respectively, allowing to investigate the NOy partitioning under night‐time and ‐ for the first time with the MIPAS‐B instrument ‐ also under day‐time conditions and to study the temporal evolution of the short‐lived species N2O5 and NO2 around sunrise. The MIPAS‐B data are compared to calculations performed with the 3‐D chemical transport model KASIMA (Karlsruhe Simulation model of the Middle Atmosphere). This comparison reveals a high degree of confidence in the model for the HNO3/NOy ratio in the whole altitude region and for the N2O5/NOy and NO2/NOy ratios above about 26 km. Below this altitude the N2O5/NOy ratio is significantly underestimated by the model. Also, the MIPAS‐B measurement suggests a night‐time built up of NO2 which is not reproduced by the model in an altitude region around 22 km.
Trench‐parallel flow in the southern Ryukyu subduction system: Effects of progressive rifting of the overriding plate

The Okinawa trough in the Ryukyu subduction system is one of a few actively extending back arc basins within the continental lithosphere. Recent shear‐wave splitting measurements show variable fast directions along the trough suggesting a complex three‐dimensional mantle flow field. In this study we use numerical subduction models to demonstrate that the thickness variations of the continental lithosphere bounding the edge of a subduction zone can result in complicated mantle circulation and regional dynamics. The model results for the southern Ryukyu show a combination of two effects: Along the Okinawa trough, the increasing thickness of the overriding Eurasian plate toward Taiwan due to a gradually diminishing rifting induces pressure gradients that drive trench‐parallel flow to the edge in the shallow portion of the mantle wedge, and the thick Eurasian lithosphere to the west effectively blocks and diverts this along‐arc flow and limits the toroidal flow around the slab edge below it. The toroidal flow thus enters the mantle wedge at depths of more than about 100 km, opposite in direction with and largely below the along‐arc flow. These combined geometry effects of the Eurasian lithosphere create an intricate three‐dimensional flow structure at the southern edge of the Ryukyu subduction zone. Model predictions for lattice preferred orientations of olivine aggregates show rotation patterns that agree with the observed shear‐wave splitting patterns. This three‐dimensional scenario echoes the geochemical and seismological evidence worldwide that indicates complex, depth‐varying mantle circulations in subduction systems.