Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dicamba resistance in kochia

Abstract Kochia plants resistant (R) to field rates of dicamba were characterized for their frequency of occurrence and levels of resistance and for the physiological fate of applied 14C-dicamba. Of 167 randomly sampled fields and seven fields identified by producers to contain R kochia, 19 contained plants that produced 1% or more R progeny. The maximum percentage of R progeny produced by parental plants from any field was 13%. An inbred R line derived from a field collection was 4.6-fold more resistant to dicamba than an inbred susceptible (S) line. Rates of 14C-dicamba uptake and translocation were similar in R and susceptible (S) plants up to 168 h after treatment (HAT). Concentrations of the primary metabolite, 5-hydroxy dicamba, were similar in R and S tissues up to 60 HAT, although amounts were significantly greater in R treated leaves by 96 and 168 HAT. However, because there were negligible levels of dicamba metabolites in R shoots and because the rate of metabolism was relatively slow, the observed changes were inadequate to account for observed resistance levels. Thus, dicamba resistance in kochia cannot be attributed to differential herbicide absorption, translocation, or metabolism. These findings, together with our field observations on the unusually slow spread of resistance within and among fields may indicate that dicamba resistance is a quantitative trait. Nomenclature: Dicamba; kochia, Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad KCHSC.
Association of a Circular DnA Virus in Grapevines Affected by Red blotch Disease in California

InTRODUCTIOn In 2008, a new disease consisting of patches of red blotches along leaf margin, and red veins under the leaf surface were observed in red grape varieties in a few vineyards in Napa Valley, CA. Brix units of fruit juice of symptomatic, but not asymptomatic grapevines, were reduced (Calvi 2011). Anecdotal observations suggested that the disease was spreading in the vineyards. The name ‘grapevine red blotch (GRB)’ was proposed to distinguish this disease from leafroll disease. Absence of signs and symptoms associated with bacterial and fungal pathogens prompted investigations to determine the causal agent of GRB. RNA extracts derived from petioles obtained from symptomatic grapevines tested negative for known grapevine viruses in RT-PCR assays.
Molecular and functional analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ENV genes

The principal target of antibodies that can neutralise HIVI infection in vitro is the surface envelope protein, encoded by the envelope gene (env). The env gene evolves rapidly during the course of infection, producing a multitude of variants, many of which show different sensitivities to neutralisation by antibodies. The work described in this thesis, examines the hypothesis that the selection of antibody-resistant variants of the env gene is a strong force shaping the evolution of the env gene, a process that allows the virus to persist in the face of a strong immune response. In order to examine the antibody-response to the env gene, 19 HIVI clones were constructed by replacing the env gene of the infectious molecular clone pHIXB2-D, with homologous env sequences obtained from a single individual. The 19 env genes were obtained directly from patient peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA using the polymerase chain reaction. The sequences of the env genes represent the predominant types found in the plasma at seroconversion and in five subsequent years of infection within this individual. No inactivating mutations were found following the partial sequencing of each env clone. Following the introduction of the recombinant proviral clones into human T-cell cultures, only five of the 19 showed evidence of the production of high-replicating viruses. Viruses from these clones induced cell-to-cell fusion (or syncytia), and were capable of growth in a variety of human T-cell lines. With the remaining 14 clones, three showed evidence low level replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but failed to replicate in T-cell lines and did not induce the formation of syncytia. The remaining 11 clones but did not show evidence of productive infection. In conclusion, despite being taken directly from an infected patient, only a small proportion of env genes were found to support productive infection in vitro.
Performance of Vegetation in Reclaimed Slopes Affected by Soil Erosion

Soil erosion in reclaimed mines may affect plant colonization and performance, and may compromise restoration success; however, the magnitude of this effect has seldom been quantified. We monitored the dynamics of vegetation (seed bank density, seedling emergence, plant mortality, and seed production) during a growing season (2003–2004) in three constructed slopes with differing past erosion rates. The slopes are located in the Utrillas coalfield in Spain, which experiences a Mediterranean‐continental climate. In the most eroded slope, soil water availability was lower—especially in the interrill areas—and seedling emergence rate, plant survival, and seed production were also significantly lower than on the less eroded slopes. We found that vegetation recovery is dramatically constrained when rill erosion rate is 17 t ha−1 yr−1 and plant cover is 30%, but this effect disappears when plant cover is higher than 60%. Soil erosion in constructed slopes appears to inhibit natural plant colonization processes by increasing runoff water loss over the long‐term. Thus, when rill erosion networks develop, human intervention would be needed to minimize the loss of water and facilitate vegetation colonization.
Water movements in lakes during summer stratification; evidence from the distribution of temperature in Windermere

The first part of this paper is taken up with an historical survey of the relatively few observations, some detailed and some less so, of internal seiches (internal standing waves) in lakes. After a description of the thermo-electric thermometer employed, there follow details and illustrations of the evidence, from temperature observations, for such internal waves in the northern basin of Windermere. Two main phases could be distinguished: (i) motion under wind stress leading to quasi-steady states with some or all of the isotherms tilted; (ii) internal seiche motion which developed after the wind had dropped. These observations confirm the findings of Wedderburn and his collaborators on the Scottish Lochs (1907-15). The results from Windermere are presented, not because any such confirmation is necessary, but in order to secure belated recognition of the fact that Wedderburn’s ‘ temperature seiche ’ is not an isolated phenomenon, but is an everyday feature of movement in stratified lakes subject to wind action. As this movement is an important and largely unrecognized factor in lake environment, this paper is addressed mainly to limnologists. In its latter part, results of theoretical analyses of a detailed series of observations are presented in non-mathematical form. The applicability of a theory of oscillations in a basin with three layers of differing density (set out in an appendix by M. S. Longuet-Higgins) is tested by comparing theoretical and observed deflexions of selected isotherms from their equilibrium levels, resulting from internal waves after a gale. This theory also enables horizontal components of velocity and displacement to be calculated for each layer. Complicating factors in natural lakes are enumerated, and the influence of internal waves on lake biology and sedimentation is discussed.
Okra(Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.)에 발생하는 나방종류와 그 피해 증상

신규소득작목인 오크라를 가해하는 나비목 유충으로 목화잎밤나방(Anomis flava Fabricius), 목화명나방(Haritalodes derogata Fabricius), 담배나방(Helicoverpa assulta Guenee) 및 왕담배나방(H. armigera Hubner)등이 관찰되었다. 이들에 의 한 피해는 7월 중순부터 발생하기 시작하여 전체 수확 기간중에 발생하여 지속적 으로 피해가 발생하였는데 8월 중하순에 풋꼬투리의 피해량이 가장 많아 45%의 풋꼬투리에서 피해가 발생하였다. 목화잎밤나방은 애벌레기에 오크라의 잎과 꼬 투리에 피해를 주며 오크라의 모든 개체에서 발생하였는데 잎의 뒷면에 붙어서 부 드러운 잎 조직을 갉아먹고 불규칙한 타원형의 구멍을 내거나 꼬투리의 껍질을 가 해하였다. 오크라 꼬투리에는 7월 중순부터 피해를 입히는 것으로 관찰되었으며 잎을 말아서 집을 짓는 특징이 있으며 그 안에서 번데기로 변한 다음 성충으로 부 화하고 줄기나 열매의 표면에 알을 한 개씩 흩어서 산란하였다. 목화명나방은 유 충이 오크라의 잎을 말아서 만든 집 안에서 잎의 뒷면 조직을 가해하여 피해를 주 며 가해를 받은 부위는 갈색으로 변하였다.
Threonine Responses of Cobb Male Finishing Broilers in Differing Environmental Conditions

SUMMARY Underfeeding the amino acid Thr may result in suboptimal growth and carcass development, and overfeeding my result in increased diet cost. Adequate knowledge of Thr may be more important in finishing broilers due to increased feed consumption and increased maintenance needs. However, published reports on Thr in the finishing period (d 42 to 56) are few, and recommended requirement estimates vary from 0.60 to 0.75% total Thr. This study was conducted to better understand Thr needs during the 42-to-56-d period in broilers reared in different environmental conditions. Live performance and carcass responses of Cobb male broilers as affected by graduations of Thr were evaluated in clean or dirty floor pen environments. Quadratic responses for live performance and breast meat weight were generated for birds reared in the clean environment and ranged from 0.63 to 0.68% total Thr (0.56 to 0.61% digestible Thr). In contrast, birds reared in the dirty environment responded to Thr in a positive linear manner for live performance and carcass traits. One explanation for birds responding to higher levels of Thr in the dirty environment might have been an increased Thr need for gastrointestinal function.
Performance of some pre emergence herbicides against weeds in winter rice.

An experiment was conducted at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, during winter season 2009 to evaluate the weed control efficiency of some pre-emergence herbicides in transplanted rice. Among the treated herbicides, four were from pretilachlor, two from butachlor, one from oxadiazon and one from bensulfuron methyl + acetachlor group. One herbicide from pretilachlor and one from oxadiazon group were used for standard comparison as well. No phytotoxic effects were observed on the treated plots. Echinochloa crusgalli was found as the most dominating weed in all the treated rice plots and the most prevalent weed was Scirpus maritimus. Among the evaluated herbicides, Rigid 50 EC (pretilachlor) @ 1L, Alert 18WP (bensulfuron + acetachlor) @ 400g, Kildor 5G (butachlor) @ 25kg, Bigboss 500EC (pretilachlor) @ 1L, Rifit 500EC (pretilachlor) @ 1L, Ravchlor 5G (butachlor) @ 25kg, Succour 50EC (pretilachlor) @ 1L and Topstar 80WP (oxadiazon) @75g ha -1 showed above 80% weed control efficiency. Similarly, the grain yields were above 4 t ha -1 in the aforesaid treatments which were comparable to the standard check; however, weed free plots gave the highest grain yield as anticipated.
Regulation of hemolymph amino acid levels and active secretion of proline by Malpighian tubules of locusts

Levels of individual and total (40–50 mM) amino acids remained relatively constant in locust hemolymph despite 50% changes in hemolymph volume during hydration and dehydration: proline, glycine, and glutamine constituted 70% of the total. Likewise, amino acid levels in tubular fluid did not change substantially during osmotic stress: proline constituted 80% of the total. Most hemolymph amino acids (P) appeared at lower concentrations in the tubular fluid (U); however, U/P ratios for glutamate and proline were 5.8 and 3.2, respectively. These results suggest that neutrally charged proline is actively transported by locust tubules, and this was confirmed by further experiments in vitro. Secreted proline is actively reabsorbed in the rectum where it probably serves as the principal substrate for oxidative metabolism in this tissue.
No significant relationship exists between seedling relative growth rate under nutrient limitation and potential tissue toxicity

Summary 1 We asked two questions in this study: (i) is there is there a negative correlation between relative growth rate (RGR) among 19 species of herbaceous Asteraceae grown under nutrient limitation and potential tissue toxicity; and (ii) is the degree of toxicity of these species different than those measured in a previous study, in which the same species were grown under non-limiting conditions? 2 In the present study we grew 19 of the same species as previously in hydroponic sand culture for which the growth rate was limited by nutrient supply, and compared RGR and potential tissue toxicity due to secondary compounds. Under such conditions, RGR was reduced by 25%; specific leaf area was reduced by 32%; root : shoot ratios were increased by 320%; leaf nitrogen content was reduced by 69%; and potential toxicity was decreased by 46%. 3 Although nutrient limitation clearly decreased both RGR and potential toxicity, we found no interspecific correlation between RGR and toxicity. 4 We conclude that there was no detectable trade-off between RGR and potential toxicity due to secondary compounds.
Resource partitioning and interspecific competition in snakes: the search for general geographical and guild patterns

The role of interspecific competition as a key factor in the ecology of natural communities where species exploit limited resources is well established, and the study of competition dynamics in snake communities has received much attention in recent years. Twenty years ago, an acclaimed review (Toft 1985) suggested that snakes were atypical among vertebrates because sympatric species usually partition the food niche. Here, I review the articles published in the last two decades with the aim of finding any general geographical or guild patterns and assessing if Toft's main conclusion is still supported by new evidence. Where appropriate, I use Monte Carlo simulations to establish whether observed patterns of niche overlap are real, or if they have occurred by chance. My study shows clear congruence in the patterns of coexistence exhibited by snake communities in different regions of the world, i.e.: (1) cold regions of the northern hemisphere (high latitudes and altitudes) exhibit low species richness and a very low, or even absent, potential for interspecific competition; (2) aquatic snakes that form communities in temperate regions generally partition the food type available and exhibit a broad similarity in habitat use with subtle differences in microhabitat use; (3) terrestrial snake communities in temperate regions are very variable in terms of their coexistence dynamics and show no evidence of generalised patterns; (4) sympatric viperids in Europe, North America and, most interestingly, tropical Asia partition the available habitat but not the prey resource; (5) competition is much stronger in tropical snake communities, and the intensity of this process fluctuates throughout the year being most intense during periods of low food availability; (6) in general, tropical snakes partition the food resource (prey type and/or prey size), but when this resource is not partitioned competitive exclusion can occur. Prey resource availability is a fundamental variable for all snake communities; this is clearly documented by studies on terrestrial snakes in Australia where, due to a relative scarcity of prey availability in the field, sympatry among species is much rarer than in other continents. I conclude that, although there are several notable exceptions, Toft's main conclusion is still supported by empirical evidence. However, I disagree with Toft's conclusion that most snakes are food specialists, and I contend that interspecific competition is important in structuring many (if not most) of the snake communities around the world.
Expression of Ornamental Traits in Container versus Field Plants in a Vitex L. Breeding Program

New ornamental cultivars must display horticultural superiority when grown in containers or in the field. The objectives of this study were to determine whether container or field is most appropriate for initial selection of ornamental traits in a Vitex breeding program by determining whether quantitative traits of breeding interest were expressed similarly in the two environments and by determining trait correlations in each environment. Segregating populations of Vitex and their parents were cloned and grown in containers and in the field. Ornamentally significant traits evaluated included first flower date, last flower date, flowering period, total weeks of flowering, inflorescence number, inflorescence length, flower rating, plant height, plant width, and Cercospora leaf spot resistance. Overall, field-grown plants were taller and wider than plants grown in containers. Field-grown plants also had a later first flowering date, longer flowering period, greater total weeks flowering, longer inflorescence length, larger inflorescence number, and more flowers on the inflorescence. Significant genotype x environment interactions were found for height and width measurements taken 19 and 33 weeks after planting, first flower date, total weeks in flower, inflorescence number, flower rating, and Cercospora rating. Most trait correlations were either non-significant or so low so that selection of these traits would be independent of other traits. High correlations were present in both environments between height measurements taken at 19 weeks and 33 weeks after planting. High correlation in the field and moderate correlation in containers were found between width measurements taken 19 and 33 weeks after planting. Correlation was high between flowering period and first flower date in both the field and container. Correlation between last flower date and flowering period was high in containers and moderate in the field. High correlation was present in both environments between flowering period and total weeks of flowering. Containers were determined to be best for initial selection for most traits having significant genotype x environment effects.
The ecology of the world's smallest tortoise, homopus signatus signatus: effects of rainfall

The ecology of the worlds smallest tortoise, H. s. signatus: effects of rainfall III Abstract Tortoises appear to be successful in arid ecosystems, where they depend on primary production for their predominantly herbivorous diets. The low primary production of arid regions is exacerbated by periodic droughts, so that iteroparous species such as chelonians require mechanisms to overcome resource shortages. The smallest of all tortoises, Homopus signatus signatus, occurs in a dry winter rainfall area in northwestern South Africa that is threatened with aridification due to regional climate change. Homopus s. signatus is listed in the South African Red Data Book and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, yet its morphology and ecology, including traits that help cope with its dry environment, have been studied little. The conservation status of the taxon requires ecological data to take sound conservation measures. This study evaluates shell size, shape and colour pattern in a population of H. s. signatus, and reports responses of growth, tick infestations, body condition and reproduction to five years of rainfall variation. The small body size of H. s. signatus probably translates to low resource demands, helping tortoises survive their low-productive environment. However, females were larger than males (absolute or scaled on carapace length) to accommodate clutches of single, relatively large eggs that are characteristic for this species. Egg size correlated to female size, and average egg size was similar in all years. Large eggs may be required to produce large hatchlings capable of surviving the harsh Succulent Karoo environment. To facilitate the production of large eggs at a small body size, female pelvic girdles allowed passage of eggs that were typically wider than the width of the pelvic canal. Furthermore, flexibility of the shell in a dorso-ventral plane enabled females to temporarily increase shell volume to accommodate eggs and follicles. Annual rainfall and timing of rains seem to determine the primary production available to the tortoises. Homopus s. signatus accumulated resources when food was abundant (i.e., spring), contributing to high spring body conditions. In the dry season, tortoises probably reduced activity levels and opportunistically acquired resources to maintain relatively stable body conditions throughout the year. Opportunistic foraging may help females increase their body condition towards spring and, subsequently, produce large eggs or multiple clutches. Females may require more feeding time than do males, facilitated by the sexually different shell colour patterns. In a drought year, tortoises had lower spring body conditions than in other years, yet some females produced eggs. Spreading reproductive investments may
Container- and nursery-grown black oak seedlings inoculated with Pisolithustinctorius: growth and ectomycorrhizal development following outplanting on an Ozark clear-cut

Containerized and bare-rooted black oak (Quercusvelutina Lam.) seedlings were inoculated with vegetative mycelial inoculum of Pisolithustinctorius and were grown in a greenhouse and a southern Missouri nursery, respectively. Following outplanting on a typical Missouri Ozark reforestation site, field data revealed that Pisolithus ectomycorrhizae increased survival and growth of the container-grown seedlings. Container-grown seedlings inoculated with Pisolithus exhibited significantly greater shoot and root growth than noninoculated control seedlings or inoculated bare-rooted seedlings. A complimentary relationship between root initiation, leaf area development, and shoot growth suggests a better growth potential of Pisolithus-inoculated container-grown seedlings than of noninoculated container-grown or inoculated or noninoculated bare-rooted seedlings. One year after outplanting, data revealed that Pisolithus is declining on the inoculated containerized and bare-rooted seedlings, but greater amounts of Pis.
Heat-induced interactions of β-lactoglobulin A and κ-casein B in a model system

The interaction of κ-casein and β-lactoglobulin is fundamental to all heat-induced modifications of milk product functionality, such as the heat stability of concentrated milks. Purified native κ-casein B and β-lg A solutions were heated at 80 °C at pH 6·7 separately and in a mixture. The circular dichroism spectra in the near UV indicated irreversible changes in the disulphide bonding patterns involving both proteins. Alkaline- and SDS-PAGE of heated samples showed that, in the presence of κ-casein, less β-lg was converted into β-lg polymers and the rate of loss of native β-lg was greater. When κ-casein was added to previously heated β-lg and the mixture was heated, the κ-casein reacted with the heat-induced β-lg polymers more readily than with the β-lg native monomers. The formation of β-lg dimers, trimers etc. was diminished. It was concluded that, when β-lg and κ-casein were heated together, β-lg formed thiol-exposed monomers, which reacted with each other or with the native κ-casein depending on the relative concentrations of β-lg and κ-casein. The products of these reactions included some disulphide-bonded 1[ratio ]1 β-lg[ratio ]κ-casein complexes, some monomer κ-casein and a range of large aggregates held together by either or both disulphide bonds and hydrophobic association.