Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
La contribución del turismo a la diversificación de actividades en un espacio rural periférico: análisis del impacto de la Iniciativa LEADER en Galicia

Con este trabajo se pretende aportar elementos de discusion sobre la aplicabilidad de la actividad turistica al desarrollo de areas con elevado nivel de atraso dentro del contexto europeo, en las que la agricultura continua jugando un importante papel tanto desde el punto de vista social como economico. Se ha escogido como marco de analisis la Iniciativa LEADER, por constituir un ejemplo de priorizacion de las actividades turisticas en los programas de desarrollo rural, y la Comunidad Autonoma Gallega por ajustarse perfectamente a la situacion territorial antes descrita. A traves del analisis de los proyectos ejecutados por los grupos LEADER se ofrece una vision del impacto de esta Iniciativa en el territorio, al tiempo que se responde a algunas de las preguntas que surgen, tanto sobre los reultado de este programa como sobre la capacidad del turismo rural para sustituir el papel que la agricultura venia desempenando en estas areas.The aim of this paper is to provide elements for discussion regarding the applicability of tourist activity for rural development in areas, which lag far behind European levels and where agriculture continues to play an important social and economic role. We have chosen the Initiative LEADER because it is an example of the prioritising of tourist activities in the rural development programmes, and the Comunidad Autonoma Gallega because its economic situation is similar to the territorial situation afore mentioned. With the study of the results of LEADER groups we hope to answer some of the questions about the program results and about the real capacity that rural toursim has to replace the role that farming has help in these areas.
Experimental measurements of the SP response to concentration and temperature gradients in sandstones with application to subsurface geophysical monitoring

Exclusion‐diffusion potentials arising from temperature gradients are widely neglected in self‐potential (SP) surveys, despite the ubiquitous presence of temperature gradients in subsurface settings such as volcanoes and hot springs, geothermal fields, and oil reservoirs during production via water or steam injection. Likewise, with the exception of borehole SP logging, exclusion‐diffusion potentials arising from concentration gradients are also neglected or, at best, it is assumed that the diffusion potential dominates. To better interpret these SP sources requires well‐constrained measurements of the various coupling terms. We report measurements of thermoelectric and electrochemical exclusion‐diffusion potentials across sandstones saturated with NaCl brine and find that electrode effects can dominate the measured voltage. After correcting for these, we find that Hittorf transport numbers are the same within experimental error regardless of whether ion transport occurs in response to temperature or concentration gradients over the range of NaCl concentration investigated that is typical of natural systems. Diffusion potentials dominate only if the pore throat radius is more than approximately 4000 times larger than the diffuse layer thickness. In fine‐grained sandstones with small pore throat diameter, this condition is likely to be met only if the saturating brine is of relatively high salinity; thus, in many cases of interest to earth scientists, exclusion‐diffusion potentials will comprise significant contributions from both ionic diffusion through, and ionic exclusion from, the pore space of the rock. However, in coarse‐grained sandstones, or sandstones saturated with high‐salinity brine, exclusion‐diffusion potentials can be described using end‐member models in which ionic exclusion is neglected. Exclusion‐diffusion potentials in sandstones depend upon pore size and salinity in a complex way: they may be positive, negative, or zero depending upon sandstone rock texture (expressed here by the pore radius r) and salinity.
Steep REE patterns and enriched Pb isotopes in southern Central American arc magmas: Evidence for forearc subduction erosion?

The appearance of adakitic magmas with steep rare earth element (REE) patterns in southern Costa Rica and Panama at ∼4 Ma coincides with the collision of the Cocos Ridge and the inception of slab shallowing along the margin. Distinctly higher 206Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb ratios in these adakitic lavas than in older Miocene lavas suggest that components enriched in radiogenic Pb also entered the mantle magma source at ∼4 Ma. Published Pb‐isotopic data for Central American arc lavas show that a similar radiogenic component is not present in lavas farther north and that maxima in post‐Miocene 206Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb ratios occur in central Costa Rica and western Panama. Cretaceous and early Tertiary ophiolites in the forearc, whose origins have been linked to the Galápagos hot spot, show a similar spatial pattern in Pb isotopic ratios. The incorporation of ophiolitic forearc crust into the mantle wedge by forearc subduction erosion can explain the along‐arc spatial and temporal pattern of Pb‐isotopic ratios in southern Central American arc lavas. Partial melting of crust removed from the base of the forearc and subjected to high‐pressure metamorphism in the subduction channel provides an explanation for the steep adakitic REE patterns in some Costa Rican and Panamanian arc lavas.
The Design of a Compound Neural Network-Based Economic Management Model for Advancing the Digital Economy

The rapid progress of the digital economy has brought forth a myriad of complexities in economic governance, particularly in the domains of stocks and network finance. The authors propose the exploration of an innovative economic management model founded on the compound neural network framework. Central to this approach is the utilization of the deep bidirectional long and short-term memory neural network model (Bi-LSTM) as the primary instrument for predictive analysis, complemented by the refinement and enhancement provided by the Markov chain model. Through comparative analysis of experiments, it is found that although the forecast price of this model has a certain lag, it has a more accurate judgment than other prediction models, and the accuracy and recall rate reach 87.66% and 86.31%. At the same time, the error evaluation index R2 is very close to the upper limit 1 of the index, and the mean absolute error MAE Hill inequality coefficient; TIC root; mean square error; RMSE; and symmetric mean percentage error (SMAPE) are 0.2654, 0.0124, 0.3481, and 0.3531, respectively.
Quantum Coherence from a Few Incoherent Bosons

An engineered hybrid interaction of a few incoherent bosons with a cooled discrete‐level system may give rise to substantial quantum coherence, an essential resource with diverse applications for quantum technology. This is in contrast to the expected requirement of intense and coherent external drives in current technologies. Substituting such external drives with internal hybrid processes stimulated by mere thermal energy may then contribute to reduced energy consumption in observing and using quantum phenomena. This low‐energy emergence of quantum coherence is then suitable for proof‐of‐principle exploration with recent experiments in platforms such as trapped ions and superconducting circuits.
Culture and identity through ELF in Asia: fact or fiction?

English is increasingly regarded as the language of intercultural communication in Asia. Such extensive use of English as a lingua franca (ELF) in the region gives rise to concerns about how individuals express themselves and their local contexts through English. This leads into issues of culture and identity. However, given the multifarious and fluid nature of much ELF communication, is it possible to envisage cultures or identities expressed through ELF in Asia? This discussion will focus on an ‘expanding circle’ setting, Thailand, and data drawn from an ethnographic study of seven English language users in a Thai university. The data will be used to illustrate wider themes concerning the relevance of notions such as identity and culture when examining ELF in Asia. It will be suggested that while identity and culture are important concepts in understanding ELF communication in Asia, they need to be approached in a flexible and non-essentialist manner. Furthermore, it is suggested that ELF identities should be regarded as one of a range of alternatives that language users in Asia may or may not choose to orientate themselves towards.
Quantitative geochemical modeling along a transect off Peru: Carbon cycling in time and space, and the triggering factors for carbon loss and storage

Early diagenetic processes in Peruvian shelf and slope sediments are numerically reproduced by applying chemical thermodynamics in a complex, universal approach using the PHREEQC (version 2) computer code. The reaction kinetics of organic carbon remineralization are integrated into a set of equilibrium reactions by defining the type and the amount of converted organic matter in a certain time step. We calculate the most intense remineralization of organic carbon for present‐day shelf sites, and the final carbon pool is dominated by secondary carbonates. This serves to highlight the influence of organic matter degradation and anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) on diagenetic mineral formation. The enrichment of aqueous methane and the formation of methane hydrate only takes place in slope sediments with high sedimentation rates that prevent diffusive loss of methane (e.g., Sites 682 and 688). Moreover, AOM prevents the diffusion of dissolved methane into overlying seawater. Throughout the Miocene period, these sites were located on a former shelf and the total carbon loss from the sediments was significantly higher in comparison with the present‐day. Compared with the present‐day shelf site, organic matter remineralization is high, and methane is produced but not stored within the sediments. Our model calculations rule out the possibility of present‐day and former shelf site sediments off the coast of Peru as methane reservoirs. Remineralized TOC has to be considered, particularly in older sediments, when interpreting TOC profiles and calculating mass accumulation rates of total organic carbon (MARTOC). The more organic matter has been remineralized during the depositional history, the larger the difference between MARTOC calculated from measured TOC data, and from the sum of modeled and measured TOC data. Consequently, most reliable primary productivity calculations are based on the sum of measured relict TOC and the amount of remineralized organic carbon determined by modeling.
Contribution of Village Chickens in Sustainable and Healthy Food Systems for Children along a Rural–Urban Gradient: A Systematic Review

Achieving sustainable and healthy food systems in support of human and planetary health is a global challenge. We systematically reviewed papers (n = 2322) showing how village chicken products (meat, eggs, and offal) contribute to sustainable and healthy food systems for children along a rural–urban gradient. A total of 72 articles, representing all different sections covered in this review, were finally included. Production of village chickens contributed positively on livestock-derived food consumption by children. Households who owned chickens were likely to move from medium to high dietary diversity. Children from households that owned chickens had lower odds of anemia (1.07) and higher height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-age (WAZ) scores. Egg intervention increased HAZ and WAZ for children by 0.63 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.38–0.88] and 0.61 [95% CI, 0.45–0.77], respectively. Village chicken ownership had positive effect on children’s poultry meat and egg consumption. Per capita consumption of chicken by girls and boys combined was 38.2 g/day, where girls had 36.9 g/day and boys had 39.4 g/day. Children from households that owned chickens consumed eggs 2.8 more times per week compared to children from households without chickens. Moving along a rural–urban gradient, village chicken production was less common. Improved production and quality of village chicken products, and policies supporting optimal maternal and child intake these products are required.
Comparing foreshock characteristics and foreshock forecasting in observed and simulated earthquake catalogs

In this paper, we compare the empirical results regarding foreshocks obtained from the Japan data with results for synthetic catalogs in order to clarify whether or not the corresponding results are consistent with the description of the seismicity by a superposition of background activity and epidemic‐type aftershock sequence (ETAS) models. This question is important, because it is still controversially discussed whether the nucleation process of large earthquakes is driven by seismically cascading (ETAS type) or by aseismic accelerating processes. To explore the foreshock characteristics, we first applied the same clustering algorithms to real and synthetic catalogs and analyzed the temporal, spatial, and magnitude distributions of the selected foreshocks. Most properties are qualitatively the same in the real data and in synthetic catalogs. However, we find some quantitative differences particularly in the temporal acceleration, spatial convergence, and magnitude dependence, which also depend on the assumed synthetic catalogs. Furthermore, we calculated forecast scores based on a single‐link cluster algorithm which could be appropriate for real‐time applications. We find that the Japan Meteorological Agency catalog yields higher scores than all synthetic catalogs and that the ETAS models having the same magnitude sequence as the original catalog performs better (more close to the reality) than ETAS models with randomly picked magnitudes. We also find that the ETAS model that takes account of the triggering effect by small earthquakes below threshold magnitude performs more closely to the reality.
Origin and Classification of Cretaceous, Paleocene, and Eocene Sandstones of Western Venezuela

In western Venezuela the tectonics, facies, and paleogeography of the Cretaceous, Paleocene, and Eocene are relatively well known. A study of the sandstones of these series affords a good case history to test some of the modern concepts in sandstone petrography such as tectonic control of sandstone properties and textural and mineralogical maturity. In this case sandstone mineralogy and mineralogical maturity are functions of source area petrography, weathering, and erosion. Textural maturity on the other hand is related to environments in the depositional basin. No fixed relation between tectofacies and depositional environments seems to be present. Consequently sandstone properties do not appear to depend to any great extent on the tectofacies in the basin. The observat ons suggest caution in applying to the field of sandstone genetics and sandstone classification general concepts as for example the idea of tectonic control of sandstone petrography.
RAINFALL POINT INTENSITIES IN AN AIR MASS THUNDERSTORM ENVIRONMENT: WALNUT GULCH, ARIZONA 1

ABSTRACT: Point rainfall intensities for a given return period are often used to formulate design storms for rainfall/runoff models to simulate design floods. These design floods are in turn used to design bridges, culverts, and a variety of drainage and flood control structures. The projected rapid growth in the southwestern United States will require very substantial monetary investments in drainage infrastructure. Accurate estimates of point rainfall intensities are critical to ensure both safe designs while not wasting dollars in overdesign. Rainfall point intensities (accumulated rainfall depth over a specified duration) for 5‐, 15‐, 30‐, and 60‐minute durations for the 2‐, 5‐, 10‐, 25‐, 50‐, and 100‐year return periods were determined for southeast Arizona. Thirty‐five years of rainfall record (1961 to 1995) were used in this study. The records came from 20 stations that were grouped into five sets of four independent stations to extend the rainfall records. The stations are in the USDA‐ARS Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW), which is representative of large portions of the Southwest whose runoff generation is dominated by air‐mass thunderstorms. The 5‐, 15‐, 30‐, and 60‐minute maximum intensities per year followed log‐normal distributions. The mean point rainfall intensities of the five sets of gages are very close (between 0 and 11 percent) to the NOAA values of the 5‐, 15‐, 30‐, and 60‐minute durations for all return periods. Much larger differences between the mean point rainfall intensities for all durations were found when these results were compared to those of a previous study done with a shorter rainfall record (between 14 and 33 percent for the 25‐, 50‐, and 100‐year return‐periods). The difference between the largest and the smallest values of point rainfall intensities recorded by each group, for all durations, usually increases as the return period increases.
The influence of alongshore and cross‐shore wave energy flux on large‐ and small‐scale coastal erosion patterns

A strong low‐pressure system traveled along the Japanese main island Honshu in October 2006. High waves and storm surge attacked the Kashima Coast resulting in huge erosion over the area. Airborne laser data measured in October 2005 and November 2006 were analyzed to estimate cross‐sectional changes within the subaerial zone. The results of the alongshore distribution of the changes of cross‐sectional area indicate that the amount of erosion of the 38 km‐long northern and 15 km‐long southern parts decreased toward the south in each part and that the amount of erosion was smaller in protected areas with artificial headlands than in unprotected areas. The local alongshore variation of the erosion and accretion patterns showed wavy fluctuations of several hundreds of meters. The total amounts of the estimated eroded volume of the subaerial zone over the northern and southern parts were 620 000 m3 and 600 000 m3, respectively. The Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) wave model was applied to estimate wave conditions along the coast during the storm. The computational results were verified, and then the alongshore distribution of wave energies, expressed as the alongshore and cross‐shore components of the wave energy flux, was compared with the alongshore distribution of cross‐sectional change. The results show that the distribution of energy flux explains the distribution of erosion well: The alongshore variability in the cross‐shore energy flux is responsible for the large‐scale variability in erosion, and shorter‐scale variability is due to gradients in the alongshore energy fluxes, especially for the areas without coastal works. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling potential hydrological impact of abandoned underground mines in the Monday Creek Watershed, Ohio

Abandoned underground mines (AUM) have caused dramatic environmental effects that are closely linked to regional sustainability. This paper explores the potential hydrological impact of AUM in the Monday Creek Watershed, a typically mined area in Appalachian region, using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT 2005) model and Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI‐2), calibrated at both the global and local scales. The locally calibrated model better incorporates those key parameters relevant to AUM for specific sub‐basins and hydrologic response units. Data from the years 2003–2004 were used for calibration and 2005–2006 for validation. The results were quite satisfactory; both the coefficient of determination (R2) and the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency statistic were over 0.80. The potential influences of AUM were assessed by modelling an alternative scenario assuming no AUM for the period 2003–2009. Results show that the hydrological process of lateral subsurface flow plays a dominant role in linking AUM to overall watershed hydrology. The potential hydrological impact of AUM is an increased annual lateral flow of 82.1%, and a decrease in annual surface flow by 15%, leading to an increase of 16.9% in annual water yield for the Monday Creek Watershed. The seasonal fluctuation of water yield has a similar trend to lateral flow, decreasing from March to August and increasing from August to January. Higher volume, higher flow peaks and higher recession constants characterized the hydrograph of daily streamflow from AUM. The results indicate that more emphasis should be put on lateral flow for further study of acid mine drainage and flooding control in those watersheds with AUM. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teachers' in-service training in geographic information system (GIS) and different integration behaviors in lectures

This project explores whether and how in-service training for Taiwan’s secondary school geography teachers has affected their adoption of geographic information system (GIS) in lectures. According to our survey analysis, active GIS adopters show a greater propensity for teaching about and with GIS. It does not matter whether GIS is mandatory in certain lectures; the active adopter would choose to use it for teaching. Passive adopters would teach about and with GIS only in lectures for which its use is mandatory. Compared with the other types, laggards are less likely to use GIS. The success of in-service training does not lie in its offering of GIS skills and knowledge. What is more important is that the training has been designed to cultivate teachers’ GIS technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) that makes teachers ready to use GIS in their lectures.
Intercomparison of homogenization techniques for precipitation data

This paper presents an intercomparison of eight statistical tests to detect inhomogeneities in climatic data. The objective was to select those that are more suitable for precipitation data in the southern and central regions of the province of Quebec, Canada. The performances of these methods were evaluated by simulation on several thousands of homogeneous and inhomogeneous synthetic series. These series were generated to reproduce the statistical characteristics of typical precipitations observed in the southern and central parts of the province of Quebec and nearby areas, Canada. It was found that none of these methods was efficient for all types of inhomogeneities, but some of them performed substantially better than others: the bivariate test, the Jaruskova's method, and the standard normal homogeneity test. Techniques such as the Student sequential test and the two‐phase regression led to the worst performances. The analysis of the performances of each method in several situations allowed the design of an optimal procedure that takes advantage of the strengths of the best performing techniques.