Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Targeted Countercyclical Capital Buffers

This paper investigates the effect of broad-based versus sectoral capital requirements using a dynamic model of bank behaviour. We study the problem facing banks when determining their dividend policy and portfolio of long-term loans to the retail and corporate sector. The return on lending is uncertain, and capital requirements may be reduced when loan losses are high, in order to stabilise lending. We find that when shifting capital between sectors is difficult or very costly, targeted regulation, such as a sectoral buffer (SCCyB), can lead to more stable lending during a crisis than a broad-based CCyB, at a lower cost. This depends on the ability of the policymaker to foresee the type of crisis. A targeted requirement is ex-post an inefficient policy if crises occur in sectors where the buffer requirement is inactive, as the targeted policy cannot effectively stabilise credit. However, the consequences of policy "mistakes" depend on the degree of sectoral segmentation in the banking market. Banks that provide credit to both the retail and the corporate sector will endogenously reallocate capital to the constrained sector in a crisis, irrespective of the kind of regulatory buffer that is implemented, thereby dampening the consequences of such inefficient policy. ∗The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and should not be attributed to Norges Bank. We are grateful to Kasper Roszbach, Stijn Ferrari, members of the BCBS RTF work stream on Sectoral Counter Cyclical Capital Buffers and participants in internal seminars in Norges Bank for comments and corrections. We have built on input from Rønnaug Melle Johansen in the calibration exercise presented in the appendix. All mistakes remain our own. †Sigurd Mølster Galaasen: Norges Bank, Norges Bank Research, sigurd-molster.galaasen@norgesbank.no ‡Haakon Solheim: Norges Bank, Financial Stability, haakon.solheim@norges-bank.no
166-174_PB Suppl Kellr-anx

Introduction Anxiety disorders have significant detrimental effects on both social and physical functioning, and are highly prevalent in the general population. In the National Comorbidity Survey the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorder was 24.9%, indicating that anxiety disorders are among the most common mental illnesses. Anxiety disorders encompass phobias, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In the Epidemiologic Catchment Area program of the National Institute of Mental Health, the lifetime prevalence rate of phobic disorders, GAD, OCD, and panic disorder was 14.6%, 6.0%, 2.5%, and 1.6%, respectively. Of note is the finding that the 1-month prevalence rates (6.2%, 2.6%, 1.3%, and 0.5%, respectively) were Raising the Expectations of Long-Term Treatment Strategies in Anxiety Disorders
COPD_A_229630 89..98

Rina Juel Kaptain 1,2 Tina Helle Ann-Helen Patomella 2 Ulla Møller Weinreich 3,4 Anders Kottorp 2,5 1Department of Occupational Therapy, University College of Northern Denmark, Aalborg, Denmark; 2Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Occupational Therapy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 3Department of Respiratory Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; 4The Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; 5Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden Purpose: A decline in the ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL) and ability to use everyday technology can pose threats to independent living, healthcare management and quality of life (QOL) of patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Evidence of the relationship between these variables remains limited. The dual aim of this study was, first, to investigate if health-related QOL (HRQOL) was associated with quality in ADL performance and everyday technology use; second, to examine whether lung function, years with COPD diagnosis, living status or educational level affected physical and mental domains of HRQOL. Methods: This cross-sectional study included (N=80) participants aged 46–87 years recruited at healthcare centres in the Northern Region of Denmark using a convenience sampling procedure. Data were gathered through standardized assessments and analysed using multiple regression analysis. Results: The regression model explained 50.6% (R=0.506) of the variation in HRQOL– physical. The following four variables were statistically significantly associated with HRQOL – physical: years since COPD diagnosis (p=0.023), ability to use everyday technology (p=0.006), amount of relevant everyday technologies (p=0.015) and ADL motor ability (p<0.01). The regression model explained 22.80% (R=0.228) of HRQOL – mental. Only the variable ability to use everyday technology was statistically significantly associated with HRQOL – mental (p=0.009). Conclusion: Quality of ADL performance and everyday technology use seem to be associated with HRQOL in people living with COPD. The only demographic variable associated with HRQOL was years with COPD. This indicates that healthcare professionals should enhance their attention also to ADL-performance and everyday technology use when striving to increase the HRQOL of persons living with COPD.
Molecular Mechanisms of Salmonella Effector Proteins: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract Salmonella can be categorized into many serotypes, which are specific to known hosts or broadhosts. It makes no difference which one of the serotypes would penetrate the gastrointestinal tract because they all face similar obstacles such as mucus and microbiome. However, following their penetration, some species remain in the gastrointestinal tract; yet, others spread to another organ like gallbladder. Salmonella is required to alter the immune response to sustain its intracellular life. Changing the host response requires particular effector proteins and vehicles to translocate them. To this end, a categorized gene called Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI) was developed; genes like Salmonella pathogenicity island encode aggressive or modulating proteins. Initially, Salmonella needs to be attached and stabilized via adhesin factor, without which no further steps can be taken. In this review, an attempt has been made to elaborate on each factor attached to the host cell or to modulating and aggressive proteins that evade immune systems. This review includes four sections: (A) attachment factors or T3SS- independent entrance, (B) effector proteins or T3SS-dependent entrance, (c) regulation of invasive genes, and (D) regulation of immune responses.
Phytochemical screening and antifungal activity of leaves extracts of Luffa cylindrica (Roem)

Mycosis constitutes a common health problem, especially in developing countries like Nigeria. The current cascade of antifungals are either too toxic or require long term use for total eradication. This study evaluates antifungal activity and phytochemical constituents of Luffa cylindrica leaves extract which were screened for the presence of bioactive phytochemicals and extracted by cold maceration in n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. The ethyl acetate extract was further fractionated using bio-assay guided column chromatography. In vitro antifungal activities were investigated against three types of fungi which were, Candida albicans ATCC 2876, Candida tropicalis ATCC 19092, Trichophyton rubrum ATCC 28188; and four clinical isolates of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, Microsporum canis and Epidermophyton flocossum using agar diffusion and micro broth dilution methods. The crude extracts revealed the presence of sterols, saponins, flavonoids, phenols and alkaloids. The ethyl acetate extract produced the strongest antifungal activity with diameter zones of inhibition ranging from 13.00 to 16.00 mm at an exposure concentration of 2500 µg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of the ethyl acetate extract against the test fungi were 500 to 1000 µg/mL and 2000 to 4000 µg/mL, respectively. L5 and L6 fractions produced fungal inhibitory activity comparable to the crude ethyl acetate extracts of L. cylindrica with MIC values of 1000 to 2000 µg/mL and 500 to 2000 µg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate extracts of L. cylindrica possess antifungal properties that could serve as leads for the development of novel antifungal drugs. Key words: Luffa cylindrica leaves, antifungal, phytochemical screening, minimum inhibitory concentration.
221.1R-98 Report on Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity

ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom. Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer. Information that is currently available on alkali-aggregate reactivity (AAR), including alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) and alkali-carbonate reactivity (ACR) is summarized in the report. Chapters are included that provide an overview of the nature of ASR and ACR reactions, means to avoid the deleterious effects of each reaction, methods of testing for potential expansion of aggregates and cement-aggregate combinations, measures to prevent deleterious reactions, and recommendations for evaluation and repairof existing structures.
A REVIEW OF PALM OIL IMPACT ON SUSTAINABILITY DIMENSION: SPOC INITIATIVE FOR INDEPENDENT SMALLHOLDERS

Rapid development in palm oil sector has raised some debate and criticism on the issue of sustainability of this commodity production from the international Non-Government Organization (NGO). Malaysia is also being accused for conducting unsustainable practices in developing this industry. Smallholders who are identified as a vital player for the palm oil sector in this country are also facing huge challenges to produce sustainable palm oil, especially independent smallholders who encounter a number of constraints in maximizing their potential of oil palm production. However, justifications that this sector will only bring negative impacts in sustainability dimensions encompasses economic, environmental and social, are inaccurate. This sector also brings numerous positive impacts towards sustainable dimension. In fact, the Malaysian Palm Oil Berhad (MPOB) has introduced a model known as the Sustainable Palm Oil cluster (SPOC) to assist smallholders to address this issue. This paper will analyze the negative and positive impacts of this sector towards sustainability. Furthermore, the paper will identify the SPOC model that helps smallholders to achieve sustainable palm oil production. Content analysis method had been used in this study. The analysis showed a huge benefit received from palm oil sector rather than negative impact. Also, the analysis shows that independent smallholders are able to increase the sustainability of the palm oil production as outlined by MPOB. The significant of this study are to shed negative image and correcting misperceptions about palm oil.
ISPA tubes with scintillating YAP:Ce windows: X- and /spl gamma/-ray imaging

The ISPA (Imaging Silicon Pixel Array)-tube is a position sensitive photon detector based on hybrid technology. It detects light via a photocathode and an appropriate electric field accelerates the emitted photoelectrons towards a silicon pixel anode. This anode, finely segmented into pixel detectors provides binary images and allows for the self-triggering of the tube. Coupled to scintillating crystals, ISPA-tubes have been successfully tested in the field of gamma ray imaging for biomedical applications, demonstrating real capabilities in both space and energy resolution. Recently, we have demonstrated the possibility to use YAP:Ce scintillating crystals as active windows for hybrid photon detector tubes, the photocathode being directly evaporated at their inner surface. We present results obtained with a new ISPA-prototype equipped with such a window and discuss the benefit of having an input window acting as the gamma-detecting medium, in both energy and space resolution points of view.
Efficacy of two diagnostic tests for the detection of infectious bursal disease viruses in chicken from different types of bursal samples

Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) is an economically important irreversible immunosuppressive disease of young birds. The present study was designed to confirm the efficacy of two common diagnostic tests for the detection of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) from the three types of bursal samples collected from a recent outbreak in layer and broiler chickens of Gazipur district, Bangladesh. This study compared the degree of sensitivity between Ouchterlony Double Immunodiffusion Test (ODIT) and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of IBD viral antigen from the bursal samples. A total of 180 field bursal samples (80 broiler and 100 from layer chicken) from suspected IBDV infected dead chickens were collected from 50 different poultry farms. Bursal homogenates were used to detect IBDV using ODIT and RT-PCR. Three types of bursal samples, hemorrhagic bursa (90), edematous bursa (78) and atrophied bursa (12) were selected for the detection of viral antigen. A panel of anti-sera and IBDV specific primer for VP2 gene was used for RT-PCR. The data demonstrated that, out of 180 field samples, 164 (91%) were positive by RT-PCR and 120 (67%) were positive by ODIT. Haemorrhagic bursas were more sensitive compared to oedematous bursas while no virus was detected from the samples of atrophied bursa. This study demonstrated that, RT-PCR was more sensitive and effective diagnostic tool compared to that of ODIT. Key words: Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), ouchterlony double immunodiffusion test (ODIT), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), bursa, broiler, layer.
CCIDE_A_221742 285..290

Carla dos Reis Lima Danilo Bandeira da Silva Rafael Pino Vitti Milton Edson Miranda William Cunha Brandt 1Department of Prosthodontics, São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas 13045-541, SP, Brazil; 2Department of Implantology, University of Santo Amaro, São Paulo 04743-030, SP, Brazil; 3Department of Dentistry, Herminio Ometto University Center, Araras 13607-339, SP, Brazil Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different concentrations of two photoinitiators and one co-initiator on the flexural strength (FS) and elastic modulus (E) of experimental resin cements. Materials and methods: Amixture containing BisGMA, TEGDMA, and barium-aluminumsilicate (BaAlSi) and silanized colloidal silica (SiO2) filler particles was prepared with two photoinitiators, viz. camphorquinone (CQ) and bisacylphosphine oxide (BAPO). Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) was used as co-initiator. Thirty groups (n=10) were formulated with different photoinitiator systems (CQ/DMAEMA and BAPO/DMAEMA) and concentrations (wt%) of photoinitiator and co-initiator. The photoactivation was carried out for 20 s with a light-emitting diode (LED, Bluephase, Ivoclar Vivadent) with irradiance of 1200 mW/cm. The FS and E were obtained in a three-point bending test on a universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min). Data were subjected to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, followed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α=0.05). Results: No polymerization occurred in the CQ groups without DMAEMA (0 wt%). DMAEMA 0.5 %wt and 1 %wt groups showed statistically similar FS and E results for CQ and BAPO, except for CQ 0.3 wt% (FS), CQ 0.9wt% (E) and BAPO 1.76 wt% (FS and E) for DMAEMA 0.5 %wt. No significant difference was found for FS and E values for different concentrations of photoinitiators, except for CQ 0.25 wt% (FS and E) and BAPO 0.25 wt% (E) that showed the lowest values. Conclusion: The wt% of the photoinitiators and co-initiator influenced the mechanical properties and the performance of CQ was dependent on the DMAEMA concentration. BAPO can be used as substitute for the conventional CQ/DMAEMA photoinitiator system.
Newer antidepressants in irritable bowel syndrome: what is the evidence?

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic unexplained condition characterized by abdominal discomfort or pain that is intimately linked to disturbed defecation; bloating is a common accompanying symptom [1, 2]. Specific symptom-based criteria have been identified for the syndrome, and a positive diagnosis is possible based on taking an adequate medical history [1-3]. Multiple deranged pathophysiological mechanisms have been identified in this condition, including abnormalities of gut transit and sensation, but whether the motility abnormalities arise primarily from within the gastrointestinal tract or in the central nervous system, or both, remains unclear [2, 3]. There is general agreement that the brain/gut axis is disturbed in IBS, and drugs that modulate this axis theoretically may be able to reduce symptomatology [3]. In patients who fail first line gut directed therapy for IBS, a trial of antidepressant treatment is often considered as a reasonable next step in clinical practice [2, 3]. It is established that the tricyclic antidepressants can slow intestinal transit and therefore may be particularly useful in patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS [4]. Alternatively, the selective serotonin reuptaking inhibitor (SSRI) drug class can accelerate colonic transit [4]; this drug class reduces reuptake of serotonin by the gut serotonin transporter, leading to accumulation of serotonin in the neuroenteric system that can stimulates peristalsis. Therefore, pharmacologically it makes sense to consider targeting patients with constipation predominant IBS using the SSRI drug class. The SSRI’s are also often better tolerated than the tricyclic antidepressants, and have anxiety reducing benefits that may also be potentially of value in IBS [5]. In this issue of the Journal, Rahimi et al., report the results of a meta-analysis limited to evaluating the efficacy of SSRI’s in IBS; overall, SSRIs were not significantly better than placebo for the relief of individual IBS symptoms [6]. Little data have been published on SSRIs in IBS. Despite a comprehensive search, the authors of this meta-analysis found only five randomized placebo-controlled trials that they could include. This resulted Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, USA
New Insights into the Role of Tyro3, Axl, and Mer Receptors in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints. Among several pathogenic mechanisms, the impairment of homeostatic regulators of inflammation seems to be critically important to sustain persistent infiltration and activation of immune and stromal cells within the diseased synovium. Tyrosine kinase receptors Tyro3, Axl, and Mer are members of the TAM family. Upon binding their ligands Growth Arrest-Specific gene 6 (Gas6) and Protein S (ProS1), TAM receptors (TAMs) exert numerous and diverse biologic functions. Activated Axl and Mer, for instance, can negatively regulate the inflammatory cascade and mediate phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, contributing to prevent the development of autoimmunity. Thus, a role for TAMs has been hypothesized in RA. In this review, we will summarise unmet clinical needs in RA, depict the biology of TAMs and TAM ligands, focussing on their ability to regulate the immune system and inflammation cascade, and finally offer an overview of the state-of-the-art literature about the putative role of TAM axis in RA.
Trade Openness, FDI and Exchange Rate Effects on Job Creation in South Africa's Tradable Sectors

Employment creation remains the pinnacle standard of sound social welfare and economic progress. It is a fundamental driver of economic development for any economy. However, such a pursuit faces tenacious challenges, especially amidst the growing global market integration. This study unravelled the effects of the underlying trade environment mechanisms such as trade openness, foreign direct investment(FDI) and the exchange rate on South Africaâ€™s job creation efforts within the tradable sectors. The study employed a quantitative analysis and included time series explanatory variables of trade openness, netFDI flows and the real effective exchange rate. Employment series of both South Africaâ€™s mining and manufacturing tradable sectors served as the dependent variables. The study made use of quarterly observations starting from 1995 to 2016. In doing so, various econometric methods were utilised. These included descriptive analyses, the standard Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, and the TodaYamamoto Granger Non-Causality test. Empirical ARDL results of employment in the individual mining sector, established no long-run and short-run relationships with trade openness, the real effective exchange rate and net-FDI. Employment in the manufacturing tradable sector presented significant and negative longrun relationships with trade openness, the real effective exchange rate and net-FDI. Meanwhile, the short-run findings exhibited significant and positive relationships between employment in the manufacturing tradable sector with trade openness, and significantly negative for net-FDI. However short-run results of manufacturing employment and the real effective exchange rate were not significant. Based on these results, South Africaâ€™s mining sector seems unresponsive to mechanisms in the trade environment while these relationships are relatively dynamic in the manufacturing sector. Further recommendations were thus provided to improve these interrelationships in promoting job growth and its responsiveness to trade components.
The relationship between Spirulina platensis and selected biomechanical indicators of tibiae in rats

There are several dietary supplements, particularly herbal foods, that have been used in an attempt to improve bone growth. In this study, we aim at determining the effects of lowand high-doses of Spirulina platensis, a “Superfood”, on the bone growth and biomechanical indicators. Thirty Wistar rats, weighing 250 g, at the age of 7–8 weeks were assigned to three groups: The Control group (basal diet), Low-dose group (LDG; 500 mg/kg) and High-dose group (HDG; 1 000 mg/kg) of S. platensis. S. platensis was given daily by oral gavage in a 45-day-trial. At the end of the study, the right tibiae were collected and subjected to bone biomechanical tests (bone weight, bone length, maximum load, stiffness, breaking deflection, fracture toughness, post-yield displacement and yield load). Serum samples were also analysed for the calcium and phosphorus concentrations. There were significant increases in bone weight, bone length, maximum load, breaking deflection, work to fracture, post-yield displacement and yield load (P = 0.025, P = 0.019, P = 0.030, P = 0.015, P = 0.031, P = 0.028, P = 0.049, respectively), whereas stiffness non-significantly increased. However, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) for any variables between the LDG and the HDG. Although the serum phosphorus concentrations showed no differences among any of the groups, the serum calcium concentration increased significantly in LDG compared to Control group (P = 0.009; 7.14 ± 0.47 and 9.45 ± 0.67, respectively). However, no differences were observed in HDG in terms of serum calcium. In conclusion, S. platensis had positive effects on the bone growth and biomechanical bone features. Therefore, our study supports the use of S. platensis as an alternative food additive for bone growth and health in growing animals.