Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Proteases as prognostic markers in cancer

What should journals do about the circulation of “preprints”—drafts of scientific papers that have not yet been formally published? Within the research community they serve several purposes. Some researchers routinely send such drafts to colleagues for their comments. Others use them as an early warning system, to keep colleagues abreast of research that may take months to get into print. Until recently distributing preprints entailed making multiple photocopies of a manuscript and posting them. The advent of faxes quickened the pace but did little to reduce the workload, which effectively limited their circulation. All this has changed with the internet. Draft manuscripts can now be posted on institutional or individual websites. Hundreds of colleagues, instead of a handful, may now see a preprint before its formal publication. Thousands more internet users may be led to a preprint by search engines, which scour the web's pages for key words. Some journals, such as the New England Journal of Medicine, have come down unequivocally against electronic preprints: “Posting a manuscript, including its figures …
Fault behavior and characteristic earthquakes: Examples from the Wasatch and San Andreas Fault Zones

Paleoseismological data for the Wasatch and San Andreas fault zones have led to the formulation of the characteristic earthquake model, which postulates that individual faults and fault segments tend to generate essentially same size or characteristic earthquakes having a relatively narrow range of magnitudes near the maximum. Analysis of scarp-derived colluvium in trench exposures across the Wasatch fault provides estimates of the timing and displacement associated with individual surface faulting earthquakes. At all of the sites studied, the displacement per event has been consistently large; measured values range from 1.6 to 2.6 m, and the average is about 2 m. On the basis of variability in the timing of individual events as well as changes in scarp morphology and fault geometry, six major segments are recognized along the Wasatch fault. On the basis of the most likely number of surface faulting events (18) that have occurred on segments of the Wasatch fault zone during the past 8000 years, an average recurrence interval of 400–666 years with a preferred average of 444 years is calculated for the entire zone. Geologic data on the distribution of slip associated with prehistoric earthquakes and slip rates along the south-central segment of the San Andreas fault suggest that the M 8 1857 earthquake is a characteristic earthquake for this segment. Comparisons of earthquake recurrence relationships on both the Wasatch and San Andreas faults based on historical seismicity data and geologic data show that a linear (constant b value) extrapolation of the cumulative recurrence curve from the smaller magnitudes leads to gross underestimates of the frequency of occurrence of the large or characteristic earthquakes. Only by assuming a low b value in the moderate magnitude range can the seismicity data on small earthquakes be reconciled with geologic data on large earthquakes. The characteristic earthquake appears to be a fundamental aspect of the behavior of the Wasatch and San Andreas faults and may apply to many other faults as well.
Geothermics and climate change: 1. Analysis of borehole temperatures with emphasis on resolving power

Temperature-depth data from six boreholes in western Utah and nine boreholes in southeastern Utah are reanalyzed for evidence of ground surface temperature (GST) histories. We invert the temperature-depth data using the functional space inverse algorithm of Shen and Beck [1991, 1992] which we prefer over previous inversions of these data because of its greater sophistication and flexibility in suppressing noise. GST histories for western and southeastern Utah are generally consistent and suggest that temperatures in the mid-1800s are, on average, cooler than previous centuries, followed by about 0.6°C of warming in this century. Attention is given to the temporal resolution of our GST solutions showing the time-smearing effects of heat conduction on the solutions. GST solutions represent an average ground temperature over a time window that expands as we look farther into the past. The size of the time window is a function of measurement and geologic noise and limits the ultimate resolution of GST reconstructions.
Holocene vegetation change, Aboriginal wetland use and the impact of European settlement on the Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia

A fossil pollen and charcoal record from a cyperaceous swamp on the Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia, was investigated to provide a history of pre and post-European settlement vegetation change. It was found that the swamp initiated sometime before 8220 calibrated years BP. High rates of peat development and the expansion of swamp species between 7000 BP and 4500 cal. BP indicated wet conditions at that time. The swamp became drier in the late Holocene and some peat may have been lost through deflation. Macroscopic charcoal and Typha pollen suggested that Aborigines deliberately burned the upland wetlands during the mid to late Holocene. Prior to European settlement climate changes generated community shifts in the terrestrial vegetation. The record revealed a transition from an early Holocene Eucalyptus woodland to an Allocasuarina wet-heath in the humid mid-Holocene, a community type with no modern analogue in the region. In the drier late Holocene, a Eucalyptus-dominated woodland returned. The impacts of European settlement were clearly seen in changes in sedimentation rates and in both terrestrial and wetland flora. Allocasuarina verticillata declined early in the European period and fire tolerant species were promoted, before the almost complete removal of native vegetation through broad scale land clearance and its replacement with nonnative pasture species. Compositional changes to the swamp flora were marked through the European phase with Acacia expanding early in settlement and later being replaced by Leptospermum, in response to changed fire and regional hydrological regimes. The impact of European land use is discussed in relation to Holocene climate-driven vegetation changes and aspects of Aboriginal land use.
Seismic time-lapse effects and stress changes: Examples from a compacting reservoir

Compaction of unconsolidated reservoir rock represents a major drive mechanism in many oil and gas reservoirs. Significant volumes of produced hydrocarbons may be credited to this effect. However, compaction might also result in surface subsidence, a dynamic overburden, and local permeability losses in the reservoir.
Spectral characteristics of vegetation cover: factors of variability

The dependence of spectral diffuse reflectance coefficients on the phenology of tree stands, observation and illumination conditions, ratio of scattered and total radiation was studied on a special testing ground by an automated system. The experimental dependences obtained for high density stands are satisfactorily described on the basis of the turbid layer theory (Ross-Nilson-Kuusk model)
Observations concerning the vigor of hydrothermal circulation in young oceanic crust

A detailed suite of seafloor heat flow measurements and seismic reflection profiles has been completed in a young (circa 1 Ma) area on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge that is characterized by unusually smooth basement topography and uniform sediment cover. Measurements spaced nominally 100 m apart along one 5-km-long line segment define a coherent pattern of heat flow variation. The profile exhibits a series of four maxima and minima with an average half-wavelength of 600 m and an amplitude of variation of 35 mW m−2, roughly 15% of the average background heat flow of 270 mW m−2. The heat flow variations are uncorrelated with local basement topography or sediment thickness variations and may reflect cellular convection in the extrusive layer of the igneous oceanic crust. This layer, which is bounded above by low-permeability sediments and below by low-permeability intrusive rocks, is imaged locally along a multichannel seismic reflection profile and estimated to be about 600 m thick. Temperatures estimated at the top of this layer by extrapolation of the seafloor heat flow measurements average roughly 40°C and vary between adjacent heat flow maxima and minima by only about 7 K. These observations, together with a series of numerical simulations of hydrothermal circulation in a confined, permeable upper crustal layer, provide quantitative insights into the convection process. Values of upper crustal permeability used in the simulations ranged from below the critical value required for convective instability to roughly 2 orders of magnitude above. Results show the amplitudes of lateral seafloor heat flow variability, upper basement temperature variability, and fluid-pressure variability to be strongly dependent on permeability. For example, the amplitude of heat flow variations is predicted to increase rapidly above critical conditions, from zero at a subcritical permeability (k) of 2 × 10−14 m2 to 75 mW m−2 at k = 5 × 10−14 m2 and to a maximum of 90 mW m−2 at k = 8 × l0−14 m2. Predicted variability then falls roughly as k−1/2, reaching the level observed in the Juan de Fuca Ridge flank study area at a permeability of 2 × 10−12 m2. Although a value at near-critical conditions is also allowed by the results, the higher value is probably correct, for it is known from other observations that hydrothermal circulation persists in crust of much greater age, despite the effect of chemical alteration, which reduces permeability, and thermal aging, which reduces buoyancy driving forces. The value of average permeability thus estimated for the upper oceanic crust is more than 1 order of magnitude greater than values determined in deep-ocean boreholes. The borehole values may be lower because they are representative of older and/or more highly altered crust or because they do not correctly represent the permeability at the full scale of the convective system.
Interactions of solutes and streambed sediment: 2. A dynamic analysis of coupled hydrologic and chemical processes that determine solute transport

Solute transport in streams is determined by the interaction of physical and chemical processes. Data from an injection experiment for chloride and several cations indicate significant influence of solutestreambed processes on transport in a mountain stream. These data are interpreted in terms of transient storage processes for all tracers and sorption processes for the cations. Process parameter values are estimated with simulations based on coupled quasi-two-dimensional transport and first-order mass transfer sorption. Comparative simulations demonstrate the relative roles of the physical and chemical processes in determining solute transport. During the first 24 hours of the experiment, chloride concentrations were attenuated relative to expected plateau levels. Additional attenuation occurred for the sorbing cation strontium. The simulations account for these storage processes. Parameter values determined by calibration compare favorably with estimates from other studies in mountain streams. Without further calibration, the transport of potassium and lithium is adequately simulated using parameters determined in the chloride-strontium simulation and with measured cation distribution coefficients.
Simultaneous inversion of formation shear‐wave anisotropy parameters from cross‐dipole acoustic‐array waveform data

This study presents an effective technique for obtaining formation azimuthal shear‐wave anisotropy parameters from four‐component dipole acoustic array waveform data. The proposed technique utilizes the splitting of fast and slow principal flexural waves in an anisotropic formation. First, the principal waves are computed from the four‐component data using the dipole source orientation with respect to the fast shear‐wave polarization azimuth. Then, the fast and slow principal waves are compared for all possible receiver combinations in the receiver array to suppress noise effects. This constructs an objective function to invert the waveform data for anisotropy estimates. Finally, the anisotropy and the fast shear azimuth are simultaneously determined by finding the global minimum of the objective function. The waveform inversion procedure provides a reliable and robust method for obtaining formation anisotropy from four‐component dipole acoustic logging. Field data examples are used to demonstrate the app.
A note on brittle crack growth in compression

The growth of cracks in photoelastic material and glass under compression is being studied as part of an investigation of brittle fracture of rock. In compression the most severely stressed crack is inclined at about 30° to the axis of compression. Such cracks, when either isolated or placed in an array, grow along a curved path which becomes parallel with the direction of compression. When this direction is attained, growth stops, unless applied compression is increased considerably. Cracks in certain en echelon arrays start to grow at much smaller applied stress than that required to enlarge an isolated crack.
Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index

Water quality index (WQI) is valuable and unique rating to depict the overall water quality status in a single term that is helpful for the selection of appropriate treatment technique to meet the concerned issues. However, WQI depicts the composite influence of different water quality parameters and communicates water quality information to the public and legislative decision makers. In spite of absence of a globally accepted composite index of water quality, some countries have used and are using aggregated water quality data in the development of water quality indices. Attempts have been made to review the WQI criteria for the appropriateness of drinking water sources. Besides, the present article also highlights and draws attention towards the development of a new and globally accepted “Water Quality Index” in a simplified format, which may be used at large and could represent the reliable picture of water quality.
An inter‐hemisphere comparison of the persistent stratospheric polar vortex

Based on 19 years (1979–1998) of NCEP/NCAR reanalyses data and potential vorticity (PV) area diagnostics, we found that in the southern hemisphere (SH) the polar vortex has lasted about two weeks longer in the 1990s than in the early 1980s and the northern hemisphere (NH) polar vortex has lasted four weeks longer. The SH vortex persisted within the layer (12–22 km) with almost complete ozone loss, but did not persist at higher altitudes where ozone was not depleted. However, the NH vortex persisted in a broader vertical range not limited to the ozone‐depletion layer. We show that wave activity has weakened in recent years in the NH, but not in the SH. The springtime Antarctic ozone hole seems to be the main cause for the SH polar vortex persistence, while the cause for the NH vortex persistence involves changes in polar ozone as well as changes in dynamics.
Atmospheric Sulfur Cycle Simulated in the Global Model Gocart: Model Description and Global Properties

The Georgia Tech/Goddard Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model is used to simulate the atmospheric sulfur cycle. The model uses the assimilated meteorological data from the Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System (GEOS DAS). Global sulfur budgets from a 6-year simulation for SO2, sulfate, dimethylsulfide (DMS), and methanesulfonic acid (MSA) are presented in this paper. In a normal year without major volcanic perturbations, about 20% of the sulfate precursor emission is from natural sources (biogenic and volcanic), and 80% is anthropogenic; the same sources contribute 33% and 67%, respectively, to the total sulfate burden. A sulfate production efficiency of 0.41–0.42 is estimated in the model, an efficiency which is defined as a ratio of the amount of sulfate produced to the total amount of SO2 emitted and produced in the atmosphere. This value indicates that less than half of the SO2 entering the atmosphere contributes to the sulfate production, the rest being removed by dry and wet depositions. In a simulation for 1990 we estimate a total sulfate production of 39 Tg S yr−1, with 36% and 64% from in-air and in-cloud oxidation, respectively, of SO2. We also demonstrate that major volcanic eruptions, such as the Mount Pinatubo eruption in 1991, can significantly change the sulfate formation pathways, distributions, abundance, and lifetime. Comparison with other models shows that the parameterizations for wet removal or wet production of sulfate are the most critical factors in determining the burdens of SO2 and sulfate. Therefore a priority for future research should be to reduce the large uncertainties associated with the wet physical and chemical processes.
Looking for convergence: Stakeholders’ perceptions of cocoa extension constraints in Ghana

This study was undertaken with the objective of evaluating the extent of convergence on the part of key stakeholders in the cocoa sector on the problems of cocoa extension and how to address it. The study was carried out in the Atwima Mponua and Amansie West districts of the Ashanti region in 2008 although some of the stakeholders interviewed were outside these districts. Survey research methodology was employed including focus group discussions to obtain information from policy makers, researchers, extensionists, licensed buying companies, input dealers and farmers. The key findings were that all concurred that productivity should be boosted to improve the lot of farmers and that information provision is central to this. However, there was no convergence as to how this could be achieved. It emerged that the state of cocoa extension was deplorable requiring urgent policy intervention. The implications and conclusions are that farmers are not benefitting sufficiently from many years of cocoa research; to move productivity to a higher pedestal, the acknowledged knowledge gap between researchers and farmers need to be bridged.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among the Flood Affected Population in Indian Subcontinent

Globally, frequent flooding causes higher magnitude of disaster among the developing and developed nations. Particularly, the Indian subcontinent is considered as highly vulnerable area for natural disaster and is affected most because of limited resources and coping strategies for post-disaster rehabilitation. Apart from the great impact on human health, floods have considerable impact on mental health. The most frequently diagnosed psychological illness in flood affected population is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In India, the incidence of PTSD in major natural disasters varies considerably depending upon the magnitude of event, with the highest rates reported of around 70%. Studies conducted during initial few months post-disaster, showed a higher occurrence of psychiatric manifestations. On the other hand, some reports suggested contrary results under similar circumstances. Notably, extreme age (children and elderly), female gender, socioeconomic status, pre-existing mental health issues and financial crisis post-disaster are the potential predisposing factors influencing the vulnerability of PTSD. In Indian context, the variability in the magnitude of psychiatric illness is mainly attributed to the ethnic diversity (vulnerable population), severity and type of flood event and social support. Still there is more to explore regarding the long-term sequelae of catastrophic floods on physical and mental trauma on disaster-affected populations.
Job crafting, job crafting interventions and their successfulness A literary review

Job crafting is a relatively new concept with many positive outcomes for both the employee and the organization. Therefore, many organizations try to stimulate this behavior by providing job crafting interventions to make the employees more aware of their jobs, so that they can adjust their tasks to align them with their own desires. However, these interventions are not evidence based, and thus it is uncertain when they can be considered as successful. The aim of this literary review is to identify the concept of job crafting, to examine what job crafting interventions are and which designs exist, and lastly what the consequences of job crafting interventions are and when they can be considered as successful. The results showed that job crafting behavior has many different definitions, and therefore stays a hard concept to define. Furthermore, job crafting interventions are mostly done based on the Job Crafting Exercise, however many organizations develop their own interventions. In addition, the interventions have positive results such as job crafting behavior, job satisfaction and Person-Job fit. The successfulness of the interventions depends on the goal of the intervention, the extent to which the interventions are voluntary and the design of the interventions.
Effects on catchment water balance from the management of Pinus plantations on the coastal lowlands of south‐east Queensland, Australia

A paired catchment study was conducted over a 10‐year period on the hydrology of an exotic Pinus plantation in the coastal lowlands of south‐east Queensland, Australia. Each catchment was instrumented with a stream monitoring station, tipping bucket rain gauge, and a network of piezometers to monitor the shallow perched water table. After a 6‐year calibration period a harvest treatment was imposed on one catchment (Review): clearfelling approximately 90% of the catchment area, which contained a mature (44‐year‐old) Pinus elliottii plantation. This subsequently was re‐established with a second rotation plantation of a hybrid of P.elliottii × P.caribaea var. hondurensis. The control catchment (Crayfish) contained a P. elliottii plantation similar to that clearfelled at Review. The post‐harvest period was monitored for a further 4 years.
Earthquake depths and the relation to strain accumulation and stress near strike‐slip faults in southern California

Earthquakes in the major fault zones are predominantly deep. Earthquakes in the crustal blocks bounding the fault zones are predominantly shallow. In the San Jacinto fault zone, maximum earthquake depths correlate with surface heat flow. These relations together with focal mechanisms, geodetic strain measurements, and fault zone models are consistent with the following ideas: (1) Interseismic plate motion is accommodated by aseismic slip along an extension of the major fault zone below a brittle zone that is locked between large earthquakes. (2) The aseismic slip in a narrow fault zone in the brittle-plastic transition region concentrates strain at the base of the brittle fault zone. (3) Deep earthquakes occur in thelower part of the brittle fault zone due to stick-slip failure of highly stressed patches. (4) Background earhtquakes and aftershocks that occur several kilometers deeper than large earthquake hypocenters suggest that a zone of mixed slip behavior may exist between the stable sliding (deep) and stick-slip (shallow) regions of the fault zone. Furthermore, the difference in seismicity between the San Jacinto and southern San Andreas faults suggests that the nature of this mixed zone may evolve as total displacement in the fault zone increases. (5) Shear stress may be lessmore » in the crustal blocks than in the deep brittle fault zones and generally at a level sufficient to cause brittle failure only shallow in the crustal blocks. (6) In the stress field produced by plate motion and slip in the deep fault zone, the upper brittle fault zone is not oriented favorably for shear failure. Lack of shallow earthquakes in the fault zones and the predominance of shallow earthquakes on favorably oriented fractures in the adjacent crustal blocks suggest that either stress in the upper brittle fault zone is relatively low or the upper fault zone is effectively strong due to its orientation. « less