Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long-term storage of mycorrhizal fungi and seed as a tool for the conservation of endangered Western Australian terrestrial orchids

The impact of seed drying, seed storage and development of testing procedures for seed viability assessment was undertaken for a selection of common taxa with congeners that are rare and endangered (Caladenia, Diuris, Pterostylis and Thelymitra). Freshly collected seed showed significantly lower levels of germination compared with seed that had been subjected to drying over silica gel for 24 h. Seed dried over silica gel for 24 h and plunged into liquid nitrogen exhibited a further increase in germination levels. Germination of seed stored at 4, 18 or 22°C for 1 year was substantially higher than freshly collected seed (4 weeks after dehiscence), but germination was highest overall after storage of dried seed in liquid nitrogen (-196°C). Mycorrhizal fungi that promote the germination and growth of plants were also successfully preserved in liquid nitrogen. The use of cryoprotectants on fungal isolates had no observable deleterious effects on fungal regeneration. Histochemical staining procedures (tetrazolium, fluorescein diacetate and Evans blue) substantially overestimated seed viability, relative to symbiotic seed germination, for most seed treatments indicating a need for re-evaluation of the effectiveness of staining procedures for testing viability. The implications of the long-term ex situ storage of orchid seed and fungal symbionts for the conservation of endangered orchids is discussed.
Long-term experiments aimed at improving tillage practices.

The Crop Production Institute of Szent Istvan University carried out soil quality trials in the region of Godollő between 1977 and 2002, followed by similar experiments near the town of Hatvan since 2002. Soil quality factors that can be improved by tillage include the looseness of the root zone, the depth of the loosened layer, the duration of the loosened state, the thickness of the compact layer impeding water transport, the soil structure, the level of surface protection, the water intake/water loss balance, the organic material balance and earthworm activity. Optimising these factors can help reduce climate stress, so that extreme weather conditions do not undermine the reliability of farming. Most of the tillage methods elaborated on the basis of the findings of the trials, with the aim of alleviating climate stress, differ from conventional recommendations.
Utility of Clomazone for Annual Grass and Broadleaf Weed Control in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

Field experiments conducted in 1988 and 1989 evaluated clomazone alone and in a systems approach for weed control in peanut. Clomazone PPI at 0.8 kg ai/ha controlled common ragweed, prickly sida, spurred anoda, and tropic croton better than ethalfluralin and/or metolachlor applied PPI. POST application of acifluorfen plus bentazon was not needed to control these weeds when clomazone was used. Acifluorfen plus bentazon improved control of these weeds when clomazone was not used and generally were necessary to obtain peanut yields regardless of the soil-applied herbicides. Alachlor PRE did not improve clomazone control of any weed species evaluated. Fall panicum and large crabgrass control was similar with clomazone or clomazone plus ethalfluralin.
Seasonal growth and photosynthetic performance of the Antarctic macroalga Desmarestia menziesii (Phaeophyceae)

: Growth, photosynthesis, dark respiration and pigment contents were monitored in adult sporophytes of the Antarctic brown alga Desmarestia menziesii J. Agardh grown under fluctuating Antarctic daylength conditions. Growth rates were closely coupled to daylength variations with values varying from 0.05% d−1 in winter condition (July-August) to 0.5% d−1 in early summer (December). Photosynthetic pigments had maximum values of 1.8 mg g−1 FW (chlorophyll a), 0.4 mg g−1 FW (chlorophyll c) and 0.9 mg g−1 FW (fucoxanthin) in summer. These changes were also closely related to individual size and biomass of the plants. Net photosynthesis (Pmax), on a fresh weight basis, showed a clear seasonal pattern with highest rates of 25μmol O2 g−1 FW h−1 in October and minima close to 9μmol O2 g−1 FW h−1 in April. Dark respiration was high in spring (13μmol O2 g−1 FW h−1) approximately coinciding with growth peaks. Likewise, photosynthetic efficiency (α) and the initial saturating light point of photosynthesis (lk) increased significantly in spring [1.3 μimol O2 g−1 FW h−1 (μmol m−2 s−1)−1 and 26μmol photons m−2 s−1, respectively]. In the case of α, no significant differences between fresh weight and Chl a based rates were found. The results of the present study are the first that demonstrate seasonality of physiological parameters in D. menziesii sporophytes and confirm also that phenology and physiology of macroalgae can be simulated in the laboratory. On the other hand this study adds new elements to the explanation of the life strategy of D. menziesii, in particular that algal growth and photosynthesis occur under a programmed seasonal pattern.
Comparative phylogeography of three primate species in the Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia

This study investigates the population genetic structure of three primate species living in forest fragments of the Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary (LKWS), Sabah, Malaysia. The sanctuary is surrounded by oil palm plantations and human settlements but still retains high diversity of both flora and fauna. LKWS is famous for its orang-utan and proboscis monkey populations but also supports Sabah's eight other primate species. The current study investigated the effects of forest fragmentation and geographical barriers, especially the Kinabatangan River, on three species of primates with different social systems and dispersal abilities. The orang-utan is a large bodied, solitary ape that is incapable of swimming whereas the proboscis monkey and the long-tailed macaque, are smaller bodied, live in large groups and are good swimmers. Using non-invasive samples (faeces), we sequenced approximately 100 individuals from each of these three primates using the left domain (and right domain for long-tailed macaques) of the mitochondrial control region. High levels of genetic diversity were detected in the proboscis monkey and long-tailed macaque, but lower levels were detected in the orang-utan. There are four general conclusions from the current study. Firstly, non-invasive faecal samples are viable for large scale studies on these wild primate populations. Secondly, mitochondrial DNA is an informative marker for population studies due to its high levels of polymorphism over small spatial scales (with the left domain of the control region providing better resolution then the right domain). Thirdly, the social structure of primate species profoundly influences patterns of mitochondrial genetic diversity. Finally, dispersal patterns greatly influence the mitochondrial genetic structure of these populations. The implications of these findings for the future of Borneo primates and conservation of Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary and Sabah are discussed.
Modelling hantavirus in fluctuating populations of bank voles: the role of indirect transmission on virus persistence

Summary 1 Using field data published in the literature, we investigated pathogen dynamics and conditions of persistence in a mathematical model of the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus)–Puumala hantavirus system. The host population is assumed to have a 3-year periodic cycle. The duration of very low host density is critical for virus transmission and survival. 2 Field epidemiological data strongly suggested a transmission of the hantavirus by the contaminated environment. We thus studied whether this ‘indirect’ transmission affected the virus persistence in the host population. 3 The model assumptions were derived from the following conditions found in the literature: (1) there is no additional mortality nor fecundity loss due to the virus in infected hosts, thus the cyclic demographical pattern is not due to the virus; (2) no remission has been observed, thus we did not consider the existence of recovered individuals; (3) adult females are territorial and juveniles disperse to find a new territory and reach sexual maturity. A fragmented landscape was assumed to occur: individuals can live in favourable or unfavourable patches. 4 The model was a compartmental model; the population was structured into susceptible or infectious individuals. We considered two age classes, juveniles and adults, and two sites (populations) connected by juvenile dispersal. 5 Model dynamics accurately predicted the cyclic trend in disease prevalence as observed in epidemiological studies. They also showed that indirect transmission significantly increased the probability for the virus to persist during the low-density period of the host population. More precisely, even a low survival rate of the virus outside the host was sufficient to decrease extinction risk of the infection by stochastic events. 6 Elasticity analysis showed a high robustness of the model to changes in the parameters of indirect transmission but a high sensitivity to changes in adult density.
Establishing a Baseline and Faunal History in Amphibian Monitoring Programs: The Amphibians of Harris Neck, GA

Abstract We conducted an intensive inventory of Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge in coastal Georgia to determine the feasibility of establishing an amphibian monitoring program at this location. Thirteen semi-aquatic amphibian species were identified at 21 locations. Amphibian species richness at Harris Neck was similar to that of nearby barrier islands. The amphibian fauna of Harris Neck has long been affected by human-induced landscape changes, including the inadvertent introduction of tadpoles from distant fish hatcheries and the creation of artificial impoundments. Land-use history provides important information necessary to understand current amphibian distribution, especially when census data are used to establish a baseline from which to monitor future status and trends.
LOCOMOTION AND GAITS OF THE NORTHERN BROWN BANDICOOT, ISOODON MACROURUS, (MARSUPALIA: PERAMELIDAE)

Abstract Gait repertoires of the northern brown bandicoot, Isoodon macrourus, were studied over a wide range of locomotor speeds. At low relative speeds, bandicoots used symmetrical gaits that included pacing, trotting, and lateral sequence strides. Forefoot contact duration was generally shorter than hind foot contact duration at all speeds. At moderate relative speeds bandicoots used half-bounding gaits with either no period of suspension or with a short gathered suspension. At high speeds the predominant gait had both a short extended and a short gathered suspension, although some strides comprised only an extended suspension. Increases in speed were accompanied by increases in spinal extension, presumably leading to the extended suspensions. On a stationary treadmill individuals occasionally used a bipedal gait. Maximum half-bounding speeds appear to be relatively low in this species.
Integrating life history and physiology to understand latitudinal size variation in a damselfly

Our understanding of latitudinal life history patterns may benefit by jointly considering age and mass at maturity and growth rate. Additional insight may be gained by exploring potential constraints through pushing growth rates to their maximum and scoring physiological cost-related variables. Therefore, we reared animals of a univoltine Spanish and Belgian population and of a semivoltine Swedish population of the damselfly Enallagma cyathigerum (spanning a latitude gradient of ca 2350 km) in a common environment from the eggs until adult emergence and exposed them to a transient starvation period to induce compensatory growth. Besides age and mass at maturity and growth rate we also scored investment in energy storage (i.e. triglycerides) and immune function (i.e. total activity of phenoloxidase). At emergence, body mass was greater in Spain and Sweden and lower in Belgium, suggesting a genetic component for the U-shaped latitudinal pattern that was found also in a previous study based on field-collected adults. The mass difference between univoltine populations can be explained by the shorter development time in the Belgian population, and this despite a higher growth rate, a pattern consistent with undercompensating countergradient variation. In line with the assumed shorter growth seasons, Belgian and Swedish animals showed higher routine growth rates and compensatory growth after transient starvation. Despite a strong link with metabolic rates (as measured by oxygen consumption) populations with higher routine growth rates had no lower fat content and had higher immune function (i.e. immune function decreased from Sweden to Spain), which was unexpected. Rapid compensatory growth did, however, result in a lowered immune function. This may contribute to the absence of perfect compensating countergradient variation in the Belgian population and the lowest routine growth rates in the Spanish population. Our results underscore the importance of integrating key life historical with physiological traits for understanding latitudinal population differentiation.
Pedoman Lengkap Profesional SDM Indonesia

Profesional SDM merupakan seseorang, ataupun sekumpulan orang yang mengemban amanat untuk memperoleh, memelihara, dan mengembangkan karyawan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pengetahuan dan keahlian guna mencapai efektivitas organisasi dalam mencapai visi dan misinya. Pada akhirnya profesional SDM akan mampu mewujudkan suatu sasaran luhur yaitu kesetaraan, keadilan, dan kemakmuran bagi karyawan untuk terciptanya pelipatgandaan nilai perusahaan bagi para pemangku kepentingan (stakeholders) perusahaan. Pedoman Lengkap Profesional SDM Indonesia merupakan sumber pengetahuan dan informasi bagi profesional SDM untuk menjalankan peran sebagai mitra strategis (strategic partner) perusahaan. Buku ini menyajikan pengetahuan praktis dan dapat menjadi bacaan terlengkap dan terpenting bagi para profesional bidang SDM sebagai menjalankan aktivitasnya di bidang SDM guna mewujudkan visi dan misi perusahaan yang diemban. Buku ini dapat menjadi teman kerja sehari-hari bagi para profesional SDM, khususnya para manajer di bidang Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM).
Impact and Disease Centre Characteristics of Phytophthora cinnamomi Infestations of Banksia Woodlands on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia

Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands was isolated from either dead plants or soil at 46 disease centres in Banksia woodland at national parks and reserves on the Swan Coastal Plain. Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybridge & Lafferty was also isolated from roots of dead Acacia pulchella R.Br. in one disease centre infected with P. cinnamomi. Dead plants were infected with Armillaria luteobubalina Watling & Kile in four disease centres on the Spearwood Dune System, and these centres were excluded from further analysis. Phytophthora cinnamomi diseased areas ranged from 0.01 to 30 ha in size (mean 1.6 ± s.e. 0.7 ha). The total area infested for the 46 disease centres was 71.5 ha. Impact of P. cinnamomi was high in 17% of disease centres and low in 11% of disease centres. Age of plant death was a mixture of old and recent in 85% of disease centres. Mainly old deaths occurred in only 4% of disease centres. The proportion of species dying in infested areas varied between 10-64% (mean 28 ± s.e. 2%) and was positively correlated with impact type. It was found that infestation decreased species number; on average, there were seven fewer species in infested compared to non-infested areas. Four plant species associated with moist sandy sites tended to occur more frequently in centres of high impact than by chance alone. Occurrence of P. cinnamomi was related to soil association with soils of 60% of the disease centres belonging to the Bassendean or Southern River associations of the Bassendean Dune System. Sixteen percent of disease centres occurred in the Cannington, Guildford and Serpentine River associations of the Pinjarra Plain. No disease centres of P. cinnamomi were found on soils of the Speanvood and Quindalup Dune Systems. A water table was found within 3 m of the soil surface in 48% of the centres. Disturbance was associated with all disease centres. Firebreaks were associated with 72% of disease centres. Banksia woodland remnants on the Bassendean Dune System and the Pinjarra Plain are highly vulnerable to infection by P. cinnamomi and their conservation requires control of existing infestatinns and protection from introduction af the pathogen.
Altered Expression of Erwinia amylovora HRP Genes in Tobacco Leaves Pretreated with Bacterial Protein-Lipopolysaccharides

Infiltration of protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes (prLPS) (250 Cg/ml) of Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata into tobacco leaves protected against subsequent elicitation of the hypersensitive response (HR) by Erwinia amylovora. The effect of prLPS on the expression of E. amylovora hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) genes was tested in protected tobacco leaves and in a defined medium in which hrp genes were highly expressed. Two E. amylovora hrp loci transcriptionally fused with the Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase (Gus) coding sequence were used as chromosomal reporter genes. The prLPS treatment did not affect hrp gene expression of Hrp − mutants both in planta and in vitro, so the effect of prLPS treatment on hrp gene expression of two E. amylovora Hrp + transformants was assayed during HR development in unprotected tissue and during the same time in prLPS protected tissue. A plasmid containing the same Gus fusions previously located in the chromosome was introduced into a wild-type strain of E. amylovora. Gus activity was significantly lower in protected tissue. We suggest that HR inhibition by prLPS treatment requires the entire hrp gene cluster in order for the bacteria to send a signal to the plant, which, in turn, inhibits the expression of hrp genes
A QUARTET OF NEAR-EARTH ASTEROID BINARY CANDIDATES.

Analysis of CCD photometry observations at the Center for Solar System Studies-Palmer Divide Station (CS3-PDS) made in 2014 June-October found four main-belt binary candidates. 2012 Tantalus is a probable binary that shows a strong second period but no mutual events. (68348) 2001 LO7 is a probable binary, also showing a strong second period and no confirmed mutual events, but P2 is a close to an integral multiple to P1 , which sometimes indicates a harmonic alias. (190208) 2006 AQ appears to be probable wide binary, showing a long period lightcurve superimposed by a short period, lower amplitude component. (276049) 2002 CE26 is a known binary (Shepard et al., 2004). Pravec et al. (2006) reported P1 = 3.293 h with no indications of the satellite. The 2014 observations at CS3 initially led to P1 = 3.088 h. After further analysis and confirmation of the longer period (Pravec, personal communications), a period of P1 = 3.928 h was adopted. Unlike the earlier results, there were indications of a satellite with Porb = 16.26 h, which agrees with estimates for the orbital period based on the discovery radar observations. The lightcurve data, however, indicate a considerably larger satellite than indicated by radar.
SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ON VARIOUS COMMERCIAL DISH SPONGE/DISHCLOTHS AND INHIBITORY EFFECT OF UV STERILIZATION WITH OR WITHOUT MODERATE HEAT

ABSTRACT This study investigated the survival and growth of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 on various dish sponges/dishcloths, and the effect of ultraviolet (UV) and heat (50C) in killing E. coli on the dish sponges/dishcloths. Pulp material itself can inhibit E. coli; therefore, levels of E. coli on pulp sponge samples were under the detection limit (0.3 log10 cfu/each) after 3 h of storage. However, levels of E. coli on rayon, cotton and polyester significantly increased with storage and resulted in high populations (>8 log10 cfu/each) after 24 h of storage. When the samples were treated with UV, heat or the combination of UV and heat, the treatment with heat alone was not effective at reducing levels of E. coli, whereas the treatments of UV or UV combined with heat significantly reduced E. coli levels on rayon and cotton. The reduction levels on cotton by treatment with UV, heat and their combination were 2.2, 1.1 and 3.0 log10 cfu/each, respectively. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Dish sponge/dishcloths can act as sources of pathogenic bacteria through cross-contamination to foods. The results of this study indicate that microbial cells contained on commercial sponges/cloths grow quickly depending on the materials that they are made from. Therefore, proper sanitizing methods must be applied to prevent the cross-contamination of pathogenic bacteria by dish sponges/dishcloths in domestic and foodservice kitchens. Also, this study showed the effectiveness of ultraviolet sterilization and moderate heat for sanitizing dish sponges/dishcloths contaminated with Escherichia coli. Therefore, this report provides evidence of the necessity for sanitizing dish sponges and dishcloths as well as helpful information for ways in which those materials can be sanitized.
Carcass characteristics, physicochemical changes and oxidative stress indicators of meat from sheep fed diets with coffee pulp

The purpose of this study was to determine how feeding sheep coffee pulp affects carcass characteristics and what changes occur in physicochemical, antioxidant capacity and oxidation of the meat during refrigerated storage. The experiment was carried out in 15 Blackbelly lambs weighing an average 22.86±0.76kg. The animals were assigned to three treatments: T0=control diet, T1=diet with 8% coffee pulp, and T2=diet with 16% coffee pulp. After fattening for 56 days, the sheep were slaughtered and the carcasses assessed. The inclusion of 16% coffee pulp in the diet increased carcass dressing from 48.19 to 50.83% and decreased the amount of fat in rumen and intestines from 3.43 to 2.53% (P<0.05). The inclusion of coffee pulp in the diet did not alter the amount of crude protein or fat in meat or its oxidation and antioxidant capacity during refrigerated storage. However, the inclusion of coffee pulp in the diet decreased fat in the rumen and intestines, and thus increased the amount of usable meat.
IFN-γ Mediates the Death of Th1 Cells in a Paracrine Manner1

Th1 cells have different capacities to develop into memory cells based on their production of IFN-γ. In this study, the mechanism by which a homogenous population of IFN-γ-producing CD4 T cells was eliminated in vivo was assessed. When such cells were transferred into naive mice and activated with Ag, a striking decrease in the frequency of cells in the spleen and lung was observed. However, administration of neutralizing anti-IFN-γ Ab at the time of Ag challenge largely prevented the elimination of such cells. To determine whether IFN-γ was mediating its effects directly and/or indirectly, the ability of IFN-γ to effectively signal in such cells was assessed in vitro. Indeed, there was reduced phosphorylation of STAT1 in response to IFN-γ as well as markedly reduced expression of the IFN-γR β-chain. Furthermore, transfer of such cells into IFN-γR-deficient mice limited their death following activation with Ag. Together, these data suggest that IFN-γ acts in a paracrine manner to mediate the death of activated IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells. In contrast to Ag stimulation, administration of CpG alone resulted in the elimination of Th1 cells in IFN-γR−/− mice. These results show that in response to Ag stimulation, the death of IFN-γ-producing effector Th1 cells is controlled in an IFN-γ-dependent manner, whereas in response to innate activation, the death of IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells can occur through an IFN-γ-independent pathway. Collectively, these data show the multiple mechanisms by which Th1 effector cells are efficiently eliminated in vivo.