Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tracking the history of an invasion: the freshwater croakers (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) in South America

In this study, the competing hypotheses of single vs. double colonisation events for freshwater Pachyurinae (Sciaenidae) in South America is tested and the historical biogeography of the expansion of this clade within the continent is reconstructed based on phylogenetic analysis. Parsimony and Bayesian inference (BI) for 19 marine and freshwater species assigned to Sciaenidae, Haemulidae and Polypteridae were determined based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial 16S and cytochrome b genes and fragments of the nuclear Tmo‐4C4 and rhodopsin genes. A parsimonious ancestral character reconstruction of euryhalinity was performed on a clade of families of closely related fishes to evaluate the role of ecological fitting in the colonisation of freshwater by a marine sciaenid. The parsimony and BI phylogenetic hypotheses for the concatenated sequences supported the monophyly of the freshwater Sciaenidae. Divergence of the two freshwater clades of Sciaenidae, Pachyurinae and Plagioscion, occurred within the Amazon Basin. Within Pachyurinae, two clades were recovered: one composed of species from the Amazon and the Paraná Basin and a second with representatives from the São Francisco and south‐eastern Atlantic basins. The results were compatible with the hypothesis of a single colonisation event of South American freshwater habitats by a marine lineage. The hypothesis of gradual adaptation to freshwater was rejected in favour of the hypothesis of ecological fitting. Sciaenidae, or a subordinate lineage within the family, is ancestrally capable of withstanding exposure to low‐salinity habitats, which putatively facilitated the colonisation of freshwater habitats. The subsequent diversification and expansion of Pachyurinae across South America followed this colonisation and replicated the general pattern of the area relationships of South American river basins for several other fish groups.
Bioclimatic influence on essential oil composition in South Iberian Peninsular populations of Thymus zygis

The variation in yield and essential oil composition of some plants of Thymus zygis was studied through their life cycle. The relationship between the concentration of the essential oils’ main compounds and the most frequently used bioclimatic indices was stated. Individual samples from seven populations growing wild in the South Iberian Peninsula were studied to assess the phenological variation of their oils. The samples showed a maximum yield at the flowering stage. The most representative compounds were selected, statistically analyzed and clustered in two groups, called thymol and γ-terpinene according to their behavior through the cycle of the plants studied.
Luxury Production of Leaf Chlorophyll and Mid‐Season Recovery from Nitrogen Deficiencies in Corn

Deficiencies of N during the growth of corn (Zea mays L.) are often diagnosed by using chlorophyll meters that measure chlorophyll content in leaves. The diagnoses are based on the assumption that above-optimal supplies ofN do not significantly influence chlorophyll meter readings (CMRs). The objective of this research was to assess the possibility that above-optimal supplies of N impacted chlorophyll concentration and the effects imposed a limitation on the minimum N deficiencies that can be detected by chlorophyll meters. Our approach was to monitor temporal patterns in CMRs of nonirrigated corn that received various rates of N at various times. The results showed that the time at which N deficiency symptoms first become detectable was closely related to the amounts by which N rates fell short for maximizing grain yield. The measured symptoms of N deficiency changed with time. Temporal patterns in CMRs were affected by N treatments while yields were not greatly affected. In-season N applications made to plants that started to show N deficiencies caused CMRs to converge with those taken on plants that always had adequate N. These observations suggest that above-optimal supplies of N may induce a luxury production of chlorophyll that is analogous to luxury uptake of nutrients. These problems severely limit the value of using chlorophyll meters to guide in-season fertilization in fields having near-optimal supplies of N. The underlying problem is the uncertainty caused by difficulties associated with distinguishing luxury production of chlorophyll from symptoms of N deficiencies.
Learning Style Preferences of Prospective Teachers of Physical Education and Sport

The aim of this study is to find out the VARK learning styles of students receiving sport sciences education and to investigate their relationship with different variables. 169 undergraduate students studying at Ondokuz Mayıs University Yaşar Doğu Sport Sciences Faculty participated in this cross-sectional study voluntarily. VARK learning style questionnaire, which was developed by Fleeming (2009) and which was adapted into Turkish by Kalkan (2008) was used to find out learning preferences. In data analysis, descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were used. According to the average scores obtained, it was found that the students preferred kinesthetic learning style the most (7.08±2.74). In addition, it was found that 142 (84%) students preferred unimodality learning model, while 27 (16%) students preferred multimodality learning model. When learning style model preferences were analyzed according to all variables, no statistically significant difference was found (p>0.05); however, it was found that multimodality learning style was preferred more intensely in all variables. As a result, it was found that dominant learning style of the faculty of sport sciences students was kinesthetic learning style and that multimodality learning style was preferred more in all variables. It is thought that the emergence of this result is due to students’ sport background and their applied lessons. It is predicted that as a result of determining the learning styles of sport sciences students and conducting studies related to these, academic quality and achievement can be increased.
Does creative writing improve scientific writing and learning?

Although creative and scientific writing differ in form, objectives, conventions, and language, integrating creative writing into science pedagogy is a promising and increasingly prevalent strategy. For example, recent pedagogical research describes the value of reading and writing poetry in chemistry, neuroscience, pharmacology, nursing, and general physics courses and curricula. At Kenyon College, we incorporate creative writing into the training of biological scientists using diverse approaches at all levels of the curriculum. In several upper‐level Biology courses, students complete “News and Views” assignments in which they write two essays based upon a research article. One essay is targeted towards a general audience; the other is written for scientists. We have found that in‐class instruction, such as reading and discussing writing that effectively engages general readers, is needed for students to write well for general audiences. Members of the English and Biology departments have collaborated to develop and teach a Science Writing course that combines literary analysis of writing about science with a writing workshop that values accurate exposition, creative presentation, and connections to topics beyond science. In the Neuroscience department, a major assignment of the senior seminar is to produce an issue of a magazine for general readers modeled on Scientific American. Students select the topics, write and edit the essays, and contribute figures and relevant artwork. Scientists at Kenyon, in collaboration with the Kenyon Review and with creative writers at Kenyon and beyond, have developed and twice taught the Kenyon Review Young Science Writers Workshop. In the two‐week summer workshop, high school students read poems, stories, essays, and research articles about science and write in a variety of creative genres. Finally, Kenyon students have founded Lyceum, a creative science community that publishes a semesterly journal of science‐inspired poetry, artwork, and essays. We observe that many science students enjoy and benefit from opportunities to write creatively about science. Moreover, students report that to write effectively and creatively about science requires a deeper understanding of underlying scientific concepts than more typical assessments like exams. Thus, we hypothesize that including creative writing in science courses and curricula improves: 1) students’ understanding of scientific concepts, 2) students’ communication of science to scientific and general audiences, and 3) retention and success of students in STEM fields.
Effects of Sodium Percarbonate and Garlic Extract on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Theronts and Tomocysts: In Vitro Experiments

Abstract White spot disease, which is caused by infections of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, has a severe impact on productivity in freshwater aquaculture. These infections were previously treated effectively with malachite green, a compound that is now banned on fish farms due to its carcinogenicity. However, aquaculturists need alternative substances to control the disease. Therefore, comparative laboratory tests (in vitro exposure) were performed to elucidate the effects on the infective theront stage and the tomocyst stage of (1) sodium percarbonate, a compound that releases hydrogen peroxide when dissolved in water and (2) extract of garlic Allium sativum. The efficacy of these compounds was compared with that of malachite green. It was demonstrated that at 12°C sodium percarbonate (12.5 mg/L) and garlic extract (62.5 mg/L) killed theronts within 3 and 15 h, respectively. Thus, compared with malachite green (0.1 mg/L), higher concentrations of both sodium percarbonate and garlic extract are needed. Th.
Autofecundação e fecundação cruzada em Australorbis glabratus

Um especime de A. glabratus criado isoladamente e capaz de reproduzir-se perfeitamente bem por autofecundacao. Entretanto, quando em companhia de outro individuo da mesma especie, reproduz-se exclusivamente por cruzamento. A possibilidade da formacao de uma populacao a partir de um unico individuo permite explicar a ocorrencia de certas colonias de planorbideos com caracteristicas peculiares e pequena variacao individual, alem de explicar a reconstituicao de populacoes tratadas com planorbicidas, desde que um unico individuo possa escapar a destruicao. Utilizando o fator de albinismo como marcador genetico em experiencias de cruzamento, torna-se facil distinguir na geracao F[1] os produtos resultantes de fecundacao cruzada daqueles produzidos por autofecundacao. O emprego de especimes albinos na experimentacao genetica aplicada a sistematica permitira uma caracterizacao biologica segura das especies, reforcando assim o criterio morfologico.
The bizarre ‘metatherians’ Groeberia and Patagonia, late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals

Cenozoic mammalian faunas from South America contrast with those of the other continents by the great diversification of metatherian mammals. Among the later, a wide range of morphological disparity have been reported, and several bizarre mammals have been assigned to such clade, based mainly on biogeographical grounds. Outstanding examples of bizarre mammals referred to as Metatheria are the Eocene Groeberia and the Miocene Patagonia. Recent discoveries indicate that South America possessed a more diverse faunal composition than previously thought, and it became evident that many Mesozoic holdovers (e.g. australosphenidans, gondwanatherians and dryolestoids) surpassed the K/T boundary, thus forming part of the Cenozoic faunas. The Cenozoic taxa Patagonia and Groeberia exhibit several similarities with the Gonwanatheria, including rodent-like jaws with enlarged incisives, molariform cheek-teeth, anteriorly extended masseteric fossa and palinal mastication among other features. The inclusion of Gondwanatheria, Patagonia and Groeberia within an abarcative phylogenetic analysis resulted in close phylogenetic relationships among these taxa. Such hypothesis indicates that Cretaceous relics in the Cenozoic of South America were more diversified than previously thought.
Going for the slow burn: why should possession of a low maximum growth rate be advantageous for microalgae?

Background: Phytoplankton show a wide range of maximum growth rates (μmax), with no obvious advantage to having a low μmax. Aims: To explore advantages for phytoplankton in having μmax values commensurate with the rate of nutrient supply in their environment, making use of a mechanistic model describing their growth. Methods : In contrast with the typical construction of quota-based models of microalgal growth, which scale the maximum nutrient uptake rate to μmax, a more realistic description of excess nutrient transport capacity endows organisms of lower μmax with a competitive advantage for nutrient acquisition. This, in turn, enables the retention of a higher organismal nutrient status at low-nutrient concentrations. Thence low μmax organisms may be expected to have lower intrinsic death rates, and also faster response times to capitalise on nutrient spikes. Results: Of the traits modelled, the lowering of death rate appears the most important, enabling cells of low μmax to out-compete their high μmax counterparts at low-nutrient concentration. An ability to recover more rapidly from nutrient stress is of lesser importance, and is unable to counter differences in μmax. Conclusions: Descriptions of features such as those modelled define properties of plankton functional types and also provide trade-off characteristics for placement within models considering emergent properties of plankton communities.
Distribuição da matéria orgânica e características de ácidos húmicos em solos com adição de resíduos de origem urbana

The aim of this work was to determine potential changes in the distribution of humified fractions of the organic matter together with the structural features of humic acids in samples from the superficial horizon of two soils (Ultisol and Oxisol) to which 80 ton ha-1 of both compost of municipal residues and sewage sludge were added. An increase in the fulvic acids content was found which implies both a decrease in the humic/fulvic acid ratio and also in the quality of the humus in the soils. The humic acids studied underwent structural changes, mainly the decrease in the long alkyl chain content along with an increase in the C content related to polysaccharides incorporated to the humic acids.
Finite-Time Robust Admissible Consensus Control of Multirobot System Under Dynamic Events

This article addresses the problem of event-based consensus in a leader–follower multiagent system framework prone to external bounded disturbance. The proposed approach has three parts. The first part defines a novel measurement error based on sliding surface for super-twisting sliding-mode controller. The Lyapunov stability analysis is then used to derive a dynamic event-triggering condition for control updates. The event-based control updates guarantee stability along with the desired consensus amongst agents (robots). The second part derives a bound on reaching time to the sliding surface, thereby guaranteeing finite-time consensus control for each agent. The third part guarantees the admissibility of event-based control updates for each agent. The robustness of the proposed approach is validated through simulation and real-time experiments using three Pioneer P3-DX mobile robots in a multiagent framework. The real-time experimental results prove the reduction in computational burden of the entire system as control updates for two followers are found to be approximately <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{28.33}\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{23.33}\%$</tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively, in the presence of disturbances.
Factors Affecting Revegetation of Oil Field Access Roads in Semiarid Grassland

We assessed vegetation recovery on access roads removed after well abandonment in an active oil‐producing region of northern Great Plains grasslands. We compared extant vegetation on 58 roads, restored 3–22 years previously, to records of species seeded on each and to adjacent, undisturbed prairie, to evaluate main differences between the restored and adjacent community and to explore patterns in the restored plant community over time. The restored plant community was dominated by low richness of seeded non‐native and native grasses and forbs, whereas adjacent prairie had numerous, abundant native graminoids and shrubs and higher richness of native forbs. Cover of seeded species on roads was double that of colonizing species. Disparity in cover of dominant native grasses between the adjacent community and relatively narrow restored roadway suggests that conditions for germination and survival in roadbeds are poor. This is at least partly due to persistence of seeded species. Differences in restored plant composition over time were best explained by changes in species seeded, from non‐natives to natives, and secondarily by successional shifts from ruderal to perennial non‐seeded species. Of the 30 species seeded at least once on these roads, only 10 were commonly used. The long‐term influence of seeding choices in grassland road restorations implies that improvements in these practices will be critical to reversing ecological impacts of roads.
Accelerated shelf-life test (ASLT) of batuan [Garcinia binucao (Blanco) Choisy] fruit powder

Ancheta, A.K. G. , Yaptenco, K.F. , Mopera, L.E. , Bainto, L.C. , Lizardo, R.C. M. and Dizon, E.I. Department of Engineering Science, College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines Institute of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
Chemical composition and biological protein value of milk of Tsigai sheep and their F2 cross-breeds of Chios.

The composition of milk was studied from purebred Tsigai sheep and F2 cross-breeds with Chios breed from 4th to 6th month of lactation, raised on a mountain pasture. The chemical analysis samples were taken from each sheep in the period of April-June. The content of fat, protein and amino acids was determined in individual samples and total sample formed by the milk yield from all animals, proportional to the daily milk yield from each individual. There is a tendency for higher milk yield and content of total protein and casein in milk of F2 cross-breeds of Chios in comparison with Tsigai sheep. Milk sheep from F2 crossbreeds of Chios had higher content of Lysine, as well as glutamic acid, methionine and leucine, in comparison to that form Tsigai sheep, respectively: 0.458±0.011. 1.389±0.040. 0.084±0.005 and 0.572±0.013. The milk chemical index in both groups of sheep was comparatively low and it constituted respectively 38.3% in Tsigai sheep and 35.4% in F2 cross-breeds, as a result of low concentrations of methionine and cysteine in milk. Biological value of milk obtained from Tsigai breed sheep and F2 milk cross-breeds of Chios had close values - respectively 92.01 and 91.87%. Results showed that the sward composition and the vegetation stage had an influence over the essential amino acids content in purebred Tsigai sheep and their cross-breeds with Chios breed.
The Relations of Breeding Yellow-Bellied Sapsuckers to Wounded Birches and Other Trees

WHILE I was studying Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus varius) on their breeding grounds in central New Hampshire (Kilham, 1953, 1956, 1962), it became apparent to me that birch trees (Betula) were often used as sources of sap when young were in the nest or had emerged to become part of a family group. The species involved were the white (B. papyrifera), yellow (B. lutea, var. alleghaniensis), and gray (B. populifolia) birches. Sapsuckers also feed on a variety of other trees (McAtee, 1911). Regardless of the trees utilized, however, it is not always obvious why they concentrate on a single tree here and there, leaving many others untouched. In the summers of 1962 and 1963, I found three areas well suited to study of this problem. One, Area A, centered on groups of white birches growing along a dirt road (Figure 1), where snow plows and undercutting of banks had produced both injuries and weakening. This area was the territory of Pair A. Areas B and C were occupied by seven other pairs of sapsuckers and consisted of woodlands where hundreds of unwanted or weed trees had been girdled as part of a forestry management program.
Photosynthetic Oxygen Exchange

INTRODUCTION. 27 MAJOR PHOTO SYNTHETIC O2 EXCHANGE REACTIONS. 28 Photoreduction of Oxygen . 28 Superoxide Generation . 28 The Fate of Sup eroxide . 29 H202 Peroxidation . 30 Summary of Reactions . 30 Photoresp iratory-Linked O2 Uptake . 3 1 THE BALANCE BETWEEN OXYGEN EXCHANGE REACTIONS . 32 C3 Photosynthetic O2 Exchange . 32 C4 Photosynthetic Systems. 41 Algae . 44 CONCLUSIONS . 47
Cognitive Flexibility Matters: The Role of Multilevel Positive Affect and Cognitive Flexibility in Shaping Victims’ Cooperative and Uncooperative Behavioral Responses to Trust Violations

Despite a significant growth in the scholarly literature in the area of trust violations and repair in the last decade, extant work has largely ignored the complex and socially competent responses of the victims of these violations. Our framework integrates insights from affective events theory, the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, and theories of cognitive processing to suggest that cognitive flexibility is central to understanding how individuals respond to trust violations. Rather than viewing victims solely as gatekeepers to trust repair, we examine how victims’ cognitive processes are influenced by the affective context of those violations, which can, in turn, produce a spectrum of nuanced behavioral responses. We refer to this spectrum as the “swollen middle,” the range of behavior that resides between the extremes of impulsive revenge and forgiveness-based, communal cooperation. By integrating psychological theories of emotion and cognitive processing, we seek to highlight the central role of cognitive flexibility in the range of cooperative responses to trust violations. More broadly, we seek to contribute to the emergence of a new paradigm for studying interpersonal trust at work—a paradigm that explores trust-violating events as situated affect-laden experiences that interact with relevant organizational and interpersonal factors to influence employee behavior and trust dynamics in organizations.