Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BIOEFFICACY EVALUATION OF SERRATIA MARCESCENS AGAINST ANTHRACNOSE (COLLETOTRICHUM LINDEMUTHIANUM (SACC. & MAGNUS) BRIOSI & CAVARA) DISEASE IN DOLICHOS BEAN

Anthracnose is one of the most destructive diseases in dolichos bean plant. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro biological control of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum by using biocontrol agent such as Serratia marcescens. The antifungal activity was tested against the C. lindemuthianum by poisoned food technique. Among the different concentration of S. marcescens culture filtrate at 40 and 50 % conc. completely inhibited the mycelial growth, mycelial dry weight and conidial germination of C. lindemuthianum and also showed maximum germination, shoot, root length and vigour index of dolichos bean.
Preliminary Phytochemical screening and invitro antibacterial activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Ageratum conyzoides L. Leaf, Stem, Flower and Root on some Bacterial isolates associated with Diarrhoea

There is renewed interest in the use of medicinal plants to search for novel drugs especially as over 80% of the developing world population depend on them for their first line of treatment. This study aimed at evaluating the phytochemical and antibacterial activities of ethanol and aqueous extracts of parts of Ageratum conyzoides L. Thirty grams of the fine powdered plant parts were soaked in 300ml of ethanol and water for 48hours respectively before extraction using sohxlet extractor. Mueller Hinton agar was used to determine the antibacterial activity of the extracts with concentration ranging from (25 300mg/ml) by agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical screening revealed Tannins, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Phenol, Steroids, Phlobatannins, Saponins, and Anthraquinones. Ethanol extracts revealed that Leaf of 300mg/ml gave the highest inhibition of 25mm, 27mm, 24mm and 26mm against Salmonella sp. , Enterobacter sp. , E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Aqueous extracts concentration of 300mg/ml gave the highest inhibition of 13mm, against Salmonella sp. , 11mm against Enterobacter sp. and P. aeruginosa while 12mm was recorded against E. coli. However, the control did not show any antimicrobial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the ethanol extract of the various plants’ parts ranged from 50 75mg/ml while the aqueous extract recorded 100mg/ml against all bacterial isolates tested. The Minimum bactericidal concentration of ethanol extract for leaf and stem was 50mg/ml while flower and root was 75mg/ml. The MBC for aqueous extract of leaf, flower, stem and root was 100mg/ml for the four bacterial isolates. The results confirm the potential of the extracts from Ageratum conyzoides L. against pathogenic bacterial isolates from diarrhoea patients.
Analysis of the elongation of the coiled filamentous structure, the truncated cone, during the acrosome reaction of abalone sperm by computer simulation and quick-freeze, deep-etch electron microscopy

A novel structure named the truncated cone was located in the apex of the acrosomal vesicle right beneath the outer acrosomal membrane of abalone sperm head. This truncated cone structure was composed of about 12 helically coiled filaments, each 3.5–3.6 μm long with a diameter of 8–12 nm, forming a tightly compressed helicoid. During the acrosome reaction, the truncated cone elongated more than three times the original height and transformed into a thin cylinder by further coiling up of the filaments from the initial 2.5 to final 5 turns. The diameter and the lenght of each filament did not change during the elongation of the truncated cone into thin cylinder. Calculation from the equation of helical movement (spiral motion) applying the actual values of the truncated cone structure measured by electron microscopy gave the theoretical values nearly coincident with the actual measurements. The computer animation simulated the process of the movement of the coiled filaments composing the truncated cone and suggested that the elongation of the truncated cone into thin cylinder can be elucidated as a helical movement of the coiled filaments keeping their length constant. Quick-freeze, deep-etch electron microscopy further revealed that each of the coiled filaments was characterized by its beaded configuration, closely resembling that of the intermediate filametns of our previous results by immunoelectron microscopy and immunoblot analysis. The movement of the helically coiled filaments of the truncated cone may provide first example of the intermediate filaments to participate in motility and fertilization. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Environmentalism* The Organizational Demography of Japanese

Socio 20 DOI: Although a macro-organizational perspective has become increasingly commonplace in social movement analyses, few studies examine the full spectrum of organizations in any single social movement industry (SMI). Utilizing a unique source of data on Japanese environmental movement organizations, we compare characteristics of groups focused primarily on environmental issues with those for whom environmental issues are part of a larger multi-issue focus. We then profile across distinct, and theoretically important, organizational domains to assess how local, prefectural and national groups compare on a variety of organizational attributes, including: size, membership type, tactics and activities, and issues. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for understanding both Japanese environmentalism and the structure of SMIs generally.
Temperature Effects on in vitro Kernel Development of Maize 1

This study was conducted to ascertain the effects of temperature extremes on kernel characteristics, respiration, starch synthesis, soluble sugar, and protein content during grain filling in maize (Zea mays L.). Kernels cultured in vitro on a defined media at 15, 30, and 35 C were compared to kernels from ears developed in the field. Kernels cultured for 7 days at 35 C had higher dry weights than kernels from other treatments; however, their growth ceased by the 14th day. High soluble sugar content of aborted kernels suggests that inhibition of starch synthesis may have caused kernel abortion at 35 C. Respiration was higher for kernels from field-grown ears. During the linear phase of dry matter accumulation, kernel growth rates were 0.65, 6.26, and 5.26 mg kernel⁻¹ day ⁻¹ for 15 C, 30 C, and field control treatments, respectively. The higher rate of kernel growth at 30 C was negated by a pronounced shortening of the duration of the grain filling period. Relative to the 30 C treatment, a three-fold increase in duration of grain filling at 15 C was not adequate to compensate for the 90% reduction in kernel growth rate that occurred. Cool temperatures that occurred in the field or that were maintained in vitro caused soluble sugar levels to remain high and deposition of starch in the endosperm to lag several days behind that observed at 30 C. Cool temperatures did not affect the synthesis of proteins in general or cause differential synthesis of an individual or specific class of protein in the zein fraction. These data show that kernel abortion and shortening of the grain filling period at higher than optimum temperatures and severe reduction in kernel growth rates at lower than optimum temperatures are possible mechanisms by which temperature may mediate kernel growth and development and ultimately grain yield of maize.
Immunolocalization of hydrophobin HYDPt-1 from the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Pisolithus tinctorius during colonization of Eucalyptus globulus roots.

• The immunolocalization of one of the hydrophobins of Pisolithustinctorius (HYDPt-1) is reported. Hydrophobin proteins play key roles in adhesion and aggregation of fungal hyphae, and it is already known that formation of ectomycorrhizas on eucalypt roots enhances the accumulation of hydrophobin mRNAs in the mycelium of Pisolithus tinctorius. • Purification of SDS-insoluble proteins from the mycelium of P. tinctorius showed the presence of a 13 kDa polypeptide with properties of class I hydrophobin. • Polyconal antibodies were raised against a recombinant HYDPt-1 polypeptide, and these were used for immunofluorescence-coupled transmission electron microscopy. • HYDPt-1 is a cell wall protein located at the surface of the hyphae with no preferential accumulation in the fungal cells of the different tissues of the ectomycorrhiza (i.e. extraradical hyphae, mantle or Hartig net).
Cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity studies of green leafy vegetables consumed in Sri Lanka

This investigation was conducted to examine the cytotoxicity and the antioxidant activity of some green leafy vegetables consumed in Sri Lanka. In this study, cytotoxicity was tested using brine shrimp ( Artemia salina ) lethality bioassay. As anticipated majority of the tested leafy vegetables were found to have insignificant cytotoxicity. However, some of the greens Aerva lanata and Baccopa monnieri showed significantly higher level of (p<0.001) cytotoxicity when compared with the positive control. Alternanthera sessilis which is the most popular leafy vegetable among Sri Lankans and Passiflora edulis showed similar toxicity levels as the positive control. Consumption of these four leafy vegetables could pose a potential health risk. Therefore, further toxicological studies should be carried out to evaluate their potential health risks. Antioxidant activity of above greens were tested using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and all the tested leafy vegetables showed free radical scavenging properties indicating the presence of primary antioxidants in the plants.
Influence of canola oil on the fatty acid profile in goats’ milk

Four Alpine does were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of feeding canola oil at four levels: 0, 2, 4 and 6% on milk fatty acid profile. The sum of C12:0 + C14:0 + C16:0 (hypercholesterolemic fatty acids) decreased linearly and C18:0 + C18:1: C16:0 (indicator of cholesterolemic tendency of fat source) increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increased canola oil intake. Key words: Goat, milk, fatty acids, canola oil
Zinc Content of Human Ejaculate and the Motility of Sperm Cells

The material consisted of ejaculates from 152 men who were consulting the laboratory for infertility control. The zinc content of ejaculates was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Fertility was measured by conventional methods (morphology, motility and the concentration of spermatozoa). It was found that depressed sperm motility was correlated with a high zinc concentration.
Parental Care and the Transition To Independent Feeding in the Young Spotted Flycatcher (Muscicapa Striata)

I. In most passerine birds there is a period of parental care after the young leave the nest. The behaviour of wild young Spotted Flycatchers, Muscicapa striata, and interactions with their parents was studied in an attempt to answer the question "When should the young become independent? " The young flycatcher was regarded as predator with two feeding strategies, namely begging for food off the parents and attempting to capture prey (flying insects) itself. 2. The young left the nest when only half grown. As they got older there was a change from self feeding when satiated to self feeding when hungry, a decrease in the rate of pecking at inedible objects and an increase in the complexity and rate of capture techniques employed. Improvement in feeding performance was probably mainly due to continued growth and the parents did not play any part in these changes. 3. The initiative for parental feeding passed from the parents in the early stages to the young later on. As the young got older, the parents became more reluctant to feed them as reflected in the increased rate of chasing after the parents by the young and the increase in the proportion of these chases which resulted in no food. The parents brought large prey to the young when the time taken to take the prey to the young (travel time) was large and only took small prey when the travel time was small. 4. The energy gain per unit effort of begging decreased with age while that for self feeding increased. At 15-16 days after leaving the nest, self feeding became more profitable than begging. At this time the young suddenly increased their rate of capture attempts so that the energy intake by self feeding increased from 30% to 80%. One to two days later the young stopped begging altogether and became independent. It is suggested that the young can assess the profitability of their two feeding strategies and become independent of their parents when the profitability of self feeding exceeds that of begging.
Seasonal variation in methane emission from a temperate Phragmites‐dominated marsh: effect of growth stage and plant‐mediated transport

The eddy covariance technique was employed with a tunable diode laser spectrometer to quantify methane flux from a prairie marsh dominated by Phragmites australis in north‐central Nebraska, USA. The observations spanned the entire growing season (April to October) and a wide range of weather conditions, allowing a quantitative assessment of the physical and biological controls of methane emission in this ecosystem. Diel patterns in methane emission varied markedly depending on plant growth stage. Prior to plant emergence above water, the rate of methane emission from the marsh was fairly constant throughout the day. After emergence above water, there was a gradual increase in methane emission after sunrise with a peak in late afternoon. Significant changes in diel patterns were observed after tillering. Then, the diel pattern was characterized by a mid‐ to late‐morning peak and a 2‐to 4‐fold increase in methane emissions from night to daytime. In early stages of plant growth, molecular diffusion through dead/live plants and the standing water column seemed to be the primary transport mechanism. After tillering, a transition occurred in the transport mechanism from a molecular diffusion to a convective throughflow, which is a rapid and active gas transport driven by pressure differences. The role of convective throughflow became less important as the plants senesced. Integrated methane emission over the six‐month measurement period (April–October) was about 64 g CH4 m–2. On an annual basis, we estimate the annual methane emission from this ecosystem to be ≈ 80 g CH4 m–2 and that about 80% of the total methane emission occurred between late April and late October.
ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRANSPIRATION RATE AND LEAF WATER POTENTIAL

Summary The aim was to vary the transpiration rate of water culture plants and to measure corresponding values of ΔW, the leaf water potential depression (= DPD = suction force), as well as relative water content (relative turgidity) and stomatal aperture. On the Ohm-law analogy ΔW and transpiration rate should be linearly related. Ricinus communis plants were placed in a wind tunnel and the transpiration rate was varied by changing the level of the relative humidity of the air stream. With increasing rate of transpiration, ΔW rose steeply to a value of about 6 atmospheres at which it remained virtually constant (Fig. 1). Thus from very low transpiration rates to the highest obtainable, far from ΔW rising linearly with transpiration, there was no response in ΔW and similarly no response in relative water content and stomatal resistance. When transpiration was reduced to zero the leaves still maintained a ΔW of about 3 atmospheres instead of zero, but reasons are put forward for considering this value to present water saturation. The main resistance to water movennent in the plant was shown to reside in the roots. If a leaf was detached from a transpiring plant and allowed to continue transpiration at a similar rate, water being freely supplied to the cut end of the petiole, its ΔW fell from 6 to 3.5 atmospheres (Fig. 3). Thus the resistance must lie‘below’the petiole. Similarly it was shown to lie below the stem. The constancy of leaf ΔW in the face of large changes in flux of water through the roots, implies that the root resistance declines in step with the rise in flux. A simple hydraulic model is presented which would behave in this way.
Tax governance: the balance between tax regulatory requirements and societal expectations

In October 2012, Starbucks UK branch became the subject of massive public criticism over alleged tax avoidance. Despite Starbucks arguing that its transfer pricing practices were in full compliance with regulation, public pressure led Starbucks to overpay its UK taxes on international transfer pricing beyond the regulatory requirements. This behaviour contradicts the current literature in which international transfer pricing is portrayed as a tool for aggressive tax management or an exercise of regulatory compliance. It is further argued that boards and top management of multinational enterprises (MNEs) can no longer approach tax governance as a purely technical, regulation-driven discipline to be addressed only by accounting staff and tax consultants. Instead, its pivotal role in the social contract between an MNE and its stakeholders needs to be recognised.
Studies on the Mode of Action of Organophosphorus Compounds

It was presumed in the previous paper that sumithion was easily absorbed from the gastrointestestinal tract, similarly to methylparathion, following the oral administration to mammals. Inhibition of blood and brain cholinesterase of Guinea pigs and white rats in vivo after oral treatment with sumithion and methylparathion was determined. Inhibition of the enzymes was found to proceed rather rapidly and in most cases it reached maximum within one hour. Sumithion hindered the brain cholinesterase activity far less effectively than methylparathion. Intravenous administration of these phosphorothioates and their oxygen analogs clarified that the latters were more inhibitory on the cholinesterases and that of the two oxygen analogs, sumioxon was less effective. The poor susceptibility of the brain enzyme to sumithion was also observed in this case. This paper deals with the experimental results and their possible implications in the toxicity of the organophosphorus compounds toward mammals.
Leukocyte Profiles of Northern Leopard Frogs, Lithobates pipiens, Exposed to Pesticides and Hematozoa in Agricultural Wetlands

Abstract Contaminants, including pesticides, can affect an organism's health by weakening its immune system, potentially making it more susceptible to parasites. We used one measure of immune function, leukocyte profiles, and compared these for 82 Northern Leopard Frogs, Lithobates ( = Rana) pipiens, occupying five wetlands with different exposures to the herbicides atrazine and metolachlor, and tested for associations between blood parasites and leukocyte profiles. Hepatozoon spp. (likely H. clamitae) were the only blood parasites detected and were found in only seven (8.5%) frogs. These parasites were associated with fewer eosinophils per leukocyte and higher heterophil∶lymphocyte ratios, although we cannot distinguish cause and effect. Heterophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils per total number of leukocytes also differed significantly among wetlands, but variation could not be attributed consistently to pesticide contamination.
The Mouthparts in Some North Atlantic Species of the Genus Orchomene Boeck (Crustacea, Amphipoda)

The mouthparts of five North Atlantic species of the genus Orchomene have been studied in detail. The species are: O. serrata (Boeck, 1861), O. amblyops G. O. Sars, 1890, O. crispata (Goes, 1866). O. humilis (A. Costa, 1853) and O. pectinate. G. O. Sars, 1882. The structure of the mandibular molar has been studied with the aid of the scanning electron microscope. Some features of the mouthparts, common to the species examined, are interpreted as generic criteria which should justify retaining the genus Orchomene Boeck, 1870, separated from the closely related genera OrchomeneUa G. O. Sars, 1890, and Orchomenopsis G. O. Sars. 1891.
Copepod mortality induced by fluctuating levels of natural ultraviolet radiation simulating vertical water mixing

The effect of fluctuating ultraviolet radiation levels on the copepod Boeckella gracilipes was investigated in Lake Escondido (Patagonia, Argentina). The animals were incubated either at fixed depths or rotating in in situ plankton wheels of different diameters. The observed mortality was significantly higher in rotating treatments. Static incubations can be used to predict the mortality of vertically moving B. gracilipes, providing that the doses of UVA and UVB are known. The results suggest that under moderate wind conditions, the plankton of shallow lakes are exposed to potentially damaging levels of solar radiation, even in relatively turbid waters.
Genetic variation and differentiation of floral morphology in wild Primula sieboldii evaluated by image analysis data and SSR markers

Primula sieboldii (E. Morren), the ancestor of the Japanese garden Primula, is in danger of extinction in the wild. Genetic diversity is a key component for conservation efforts associated with population management. Genetic diversity in visible traits and several molecular makers were evaluated, respectively. Since it is difficult to determine the degree to which genetic and environmental differences contribute to observed phenotypic variation in natural habitats. A common-garden approach is used. The contribution of genetic and environmental differences to variation in petal shape and area of Primula sieboldii were evaluated. Samples from 108 genets gathered from five natural populations in three regions of Japan were analyzed in a common-garden experiment and also analyzed using eight microsatellite markers. From the results of quantitative evaluation based on image analysis, broad genetic variation in petal traits within populations and low level of population differentiation was found. For all petal shapes, Qst was smaller than Fst, suggesting that wild populations might be under moderate selective pressure for a specific phenotype. For petal area, Qst was nearly equal to Fst, suggesting that population differentiation has been caused mainly by genetic drift.
Hawksbill Sea Turtles in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

Abstract This study reports observations of Hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, a remote and protected expanse of coral atolls considered outside the species range. Since no direct monitoring efforts exist, we synthesized records from historical accounts, opportunistic sightings, and internet crowdsourcing. We found 6 definitive hawksbill observations and 3 additional potential nesting records, documenting that hawksbills currently reside in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and suggesting that they occurred there in greater numbers historically.
Tinman regulates the transcription of the beta3 tubulin gene (betaTub60D) in the dorsal vessel of Drosophila.

During Drosophila embryogenesis, the beta3 tubulin gene is expressed in the visceral and somatic mesoderm as well as in the dorsal vessel. Transcription of the gene is limited to four pairs of cardioblasts per segment. Here we show that its expression in the dorsal vessel (dv) is mediated by a 333-bp enhancer located upstream of the gene. The homeodomain protein Tinman is also expressed in these cardioblasts, implying that Tinman might be a key regulator of the beta3 tubulin gene. Gel retardation and footprint assays indeed revealed two Tinman binding sites within the dv-specific enhancer. We analyzed the relevance of the Tinman binding sites in a transgenic fly assay and observed distinct functions for both sites. The BS(Tin-1460) site is absolutely required for expression in cardioblasts, while BS(Tin-1425) is needed for high-level expression. Thus, these two Tinman binding sites act in concert to drive beta3 tubulin gene expression during heart development. Tinman initially functions in the specification of visceral mesoderm and heart progenitors, but remains expressed in cardioblasts until dorsal closure. Overall, our data demonstrate a late function for Tinman in the regulation of beta3 tubulin gene expression in the forming heart of Drosophila.