Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of phytoplankton pigment composition and packaging on the retrieval of chlorophyll-a concentration from satellite observations in the Southern Ocean

ABSTRACT The Antarctic waters are known to be optically unique and the standard empirical ocean colour algorithms applied to these waters may not address the regional bio-optical characteristics. This article sheds light on the performance of current empirical algorithms and a regionally optimized algorithm (ROA) for the retrieval of chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration from Aqua-Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (Aqua-MODIS) and Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) in the Indian Ocean Sector of Southern Ocean (IOSO). Analysis indicated that empirical algorithms used for the retrieval of chl-a concentration from Aqua-MODIS and SeaWiFS underestimate by a factor varying from 2 to 2.9, resulting in underestimation when in situ chl-a exceeds about 0.3 mg m−3. To explain these uncertainties, a study was carried out to understand the effect of phytoplankton pigment composition and pigment packaging on remote-sensing reflectance (Rrs,λ), from the analysis of phytoplankton-specific absorption coefficient (aph,*λ). The spatial variation of phytoplankton groups analysed using diagnostics pigments (DP) indicated shifting of the phytoplankton community structure from offshore to coastal Antarctic, with a significant increasing trend for diatoms and a decreasing trend for haptophytes population. The diatom-dominated population exhibits lower aph,*λ in the 405–510 nm region (with relative flattening in 443–489 nm) compared with the aph,*λ spectra of the haptophytes-dominated population that peaks near 443 nm. The flattening of aph,*λ spectra for the diatom-dominated population was attributed to its larger cell size, which leads to pigment packaging (intracellular shading) and in turn results in higher Rrs,λ. The relationship between pigment composition (normalized by chl-a) and blue:green absorption band ratios (aph,*443:aph,*555 and aph,*489:aph,*555) corresponding to the Aqua-MODIS and SeaWiFS bands showed in-phase associations with most of the pigments such as 19ʹ-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, 19ʹ-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, peridinin, and zeaxanthin. In contrast, the out-of-phase association observed between the blue:green absorption ratios and fucoxanthin indicated apparent deviations from the general pigment retrieval algorithms, which assumes that blue:green ratios vary in a systematic form with chl-a. The out-of-phase correspondence suggests that the increasing trend of fucoxanthin pigments towards the Antarctic coast was associated with the decreasing trend of blue:green absorption ratios and in turn results in higher Rrs,λ. Therefore, an increase in Rrs,λ leads to underestimation of chl-a from Aqua-MODIS and SeaWiFS in the IOSO region.
Interpreting sediment yield scaling

Terrestrial sediment yield – often measured as suspended sediment load in stream channels – commonly scales with drainage area within homogeneous land surface regions. But the effect of drainage area has not usually been recognized in comparative sediment yield analyses, rendering most comparisons of sediment yield from disparate source areas invalid. The procedure to discount scale differences for comparative purposes is presented. Mathematical scaling varies according to landscape condition and provides a physical interpretation of that condition. The results open the way for rational construction of a ‘sediment delivery ratio’. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late paleozoic gold and copper mineralization and tectonic evolution in northwestern Xinjiang, China

Upper Paleozoic gold and copper mineralization in the northwestern Xinjiang is of great economic interest. About 300 gold and copper deposits and spots have been discovered in northwestern Xinjiang. According to their host rocks and geneses, these gold and copper mineralizations can be classified into four major types:(1)volcanic-hydrothennal massive sulfides(VMS)type;(2)ductile-shear-zone type ;(3)volcanogenic hydrothermal type ; (4)porphyry type. They form several important metallogenic belts that include the Altay polymetallic metallogenic heft, Irtysh gold metallogenic belt, Sawur gold-copper metallogenic belt, Hatu gold metallogenic belt and Baogutu gold-copper metallogenic belt. Tectonically, the gold and copper mineralization was closely associated with the subduction, collision and postcollision of the Paleoasian Ocean intervened between the Siberian block and the Junggar block. An important bimodal volcanic epoch was occurred in the back-arc basin during the Early Devonian in the southern margin of the Siberian block, during which the Ashele deposit formed. In the Middle Devomian-Early Carboniferous,S-dipping subduction of Zaisan Ocean led to formation of the Sawur arc, which triggered talc-alkaline volcanic activity, leading to formation of the volcanogene hydrothermal gold deposits. In the meantime,N-dipping subduction of Junggar Ocean led to formation of the Baogutu arc and Hatu back-arc basin,which triggered tholeiite volcanic activity and the emplacement of granitic and dioritic porphyries,leading to formation of the volcanogene hydrothermal gold deposits and porphyry Cu-Au deposits. In the Late Carboniferous to Early Permian,during the closure of the ancient ocean,land-arc collisional and extensional events in the southern margin of the Altay result in the formation of ductile-shear-zone gold deposits. The gold and copper mineralization occurred in the northwestern Xinjiang could run through the whole Late Paleozoic, which the gold and copper deposits formed in early stage of the Late Paleozoic could be superimposed by the tectonism and magmatism occurred in later land-arc collisional and postcollisional events,showing the multi-period and complexity"the gold and copper mineralization in the northwestern Xinjiang.
Selected physical and chemical characteristics of soils of the middle awash irrigated farm lands, Ethiopia

The irrigation based cotton production system in the Middle Awash basin has got progressive productivity decline in the present times. A study was made to provide basic information with regard to the present fertility status and physical characteristics on the soils of the basin. Based on soil color, texture, and land use, 12 pedons were opened in Melka-Sedi farm and Werer Agricultural Research Center and studied for their physical and chemical characteristic. Results showed that the main soil types were Salic Fluvisos, Eutric Fluvisols and Eutric Vertisols. Among these soil types, Eutric Flvisoils occupies the largest portion of the cultivated land of the basin. Salic and Eutic Fluvisols show stratification with weak horizon differentiation with alternating silt and clay particle size dominance within profile depth, while the Eutric Vertisols have homogenous solum overlaying stratified subsoil. Eutric and Salic Fluvisols have 1.2 - 1.3 g cm-3 bulk density, pH values ranging from 7.0 - 8.4 and high ECe (37 dS m-1). The bulk density, pH and the average ECe of the Eutric Vertisol ranges from 1.3-1.6 g cm-3 , 8.1- 8.4 and 0.5 dS m-1, respectively. Total nitrogen in all soil types is low to medium, while available phosphorous and CEC is high. The fertility status of the irrigated soils of the middle Awash as observed from this work is medium to high except the toxic concentration of Mn and deficiency of Zn. Undesirable salt accumulation commonly aggravates salinity and sodicity in the area. Key words: Alluvials, Horizon, Pedons, Salinity, Sodicity, and Vertisols
Risk factors associated with peristomal skin complications: Integrative literature review

Surgical intervention of colorectal cancer often includes formation of ostomy. Irrespective of the type of stoma, many ostomy patients suffer from peristomal skin complications. Identifying risk factors related to peristomal skin complications is one of the crucial factors in maintaining peristomal skin health. The purpose of this integrative review is to identify the risk factors associated with the development of peristomal skin complications. Whittmore and Knafl’s (2005) framework for integrative literature review guided this study. The results of this systematic literature review showed risk factors for developing peristomal skin complications are multidimensional. Leakage of stoma output, type and structure of stoma, stoma site marking and nature of surgery, ostomy education, ostomy appliances, mechanical trauma, and demographic factors are the most commonly identified risk factors in the development of peristomal skin complications. The development of peristomal skin complications is closely associated with skin contact with ostomy effluent. In all settings ostomy patients requires specialized care and management to prevent development of peristomal skin complications and promote quality of life. The findings of this focused study suggest that prevention and early identification of risk factors related to peristomal skin complications are very important.
Lipidomics Analysis Deepen Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms in a Gouty Model Induced by Combination of MSU Crystals Injection and High-Fat Diet Feeding and the Intervention Mechanisms of Allopurinol

Background Gouty arthritis (GA) is a common inflammatory disease caused by deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in diarthrodial joints. GA attacks commonly involved in joint with red, swollen, heat and pain, and often happened in unilateral foot-first metatarsophalangeal. Accumulated studies have proved that lipids play critical roles in biological processes and lipids biomarkers can substitute for the diagnosis of various diseases. Methods Herein, shotgun lipidomics was used to quantitatively analyze serum lipidomes of a gouty model which was induced by injecting MSU crystals and feeding high-fat diet with/without treatment with allopurinol. Meanwhile, ELISA kit was used to detect mouse serum levels of inflammatory cytokines (eg, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 1 beta) and HE staining was used to observe the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the foot pad. Results A total of 9 types of serum lipids were detected in lipidomics by shotguns, and the result of NMDS’ analysis demonstrated significant differences in lipids profiles between the control and model group. It is worth noting that lipid abnormality in GA (such as Ceramide (Cer), sphingomyelin (SM), 4-hydroxyalkenals (HNE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (PE), etc.) is related with phospholipid and energy metabolism, and allopurinol treatment could correct the aberrant metabolism of lipid to some extent. Conclusion Our results indicated that various aberrant lipid metabolisms were present in the established gouty model, and allopurinol treatment could relief this aberrant metabolism of lipids to some degree.
Coseismic changes of gravitational potential energy induced by global earthquakes based on spherical‐Earth elastic dislocation theory

We compute the coseismic gravitational potential energy Eg change using the spherical‐Earth elastic dislocation theory and either the fault model treated as a point source or the finite fault model. The rate of the accumulative Eg loss produced by historical earthquakes from 1976 to 2016 (about 42,000 events) using the Global Centroid Moment Tensor Solution catalogue is estimated to be on the order of −2.1 × 1020 J/a, or −6.7 TW (1 TW = 1012 W), amounting to 15% in the total terrestrial heat flow. The energy loss is dominated by the thrust faulting, especially the megathrust earthquakes such as the 2004 Sumatra earthquake (Mw 9.0) and the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake (Mw 9.1). It is notable that the very deep focus events, the 1994 Bolivia earthquake (Mw 8.2) and the 2013 Okhotsk earthquake (Mw 8.3), produced significant overall coseismic Eg gain according to our calculation. The accumulative coseismic Eg is mainly lost in the mantle of the Earth and also lost in the core of the Earth but with a relatively smaller magnitude. By contrast, the crust of the Earth gains gravitational potential energy cumulatively because of the coseismic deformations. We further investigate the tectonic signature in the coseismic crustal Eg changes in some complex tectonic zone, such as Taiwan region and the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. We found that the coseismic Eg change is consistent with the regional tectonic character.
T-cell virtuosity in ‘‘knowing thyself”

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) I and II and the αβ T-cell antigen receptor (TCRαβ) govern fundamental traits of adaptive immunity. They form a membrane-borne ligand-receptor system weighing host proteome integrity to detect contamination by nonself proteins. MHC-I and -II exhibit the “MHC-fold”, which is able to bind a large assortment of short peptides as proxies for self and nonself proteins. The ensuing varying surfaces are mandatory ligands for Ig-like TCRαβ highly mutable binding sites. Conserved molecular signatures guide TCRαβ ligand binding sites to focus on the MHC-fold (MHC-restriction) while leaving many opportunities for its most hypervariable determinants to contact the peptide. This riveting molecular strategy affords many options for binding energy compatible with specific recognition and signalling aimed to eradicated microbial pathogens and cancer cells. While the molecular foundations of αβ T-cell adaptive immunity are largely understood, uncertainty persists on how peptide-MHC binding induces the TCRαβ signals that instruct cell-fate decisions. Solving this mystery is another milestone for understanding αβ T-cells’ self/nonself discrimination. Recent developments revealing the innermost links between TCRαβ structural dynamics and signalling modality should help dissipate this long-sought-after enigma.
Improvement of Wireless Sensor Network Lifetime via Intelligent Clustering Under Uncertainty

This research proposes a novel framework that integrates intelligent clustering algorithms with “multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM)” techniques to enhance the longevity of WSNs in uncertain environment. Clustering techniques are crucial in WSNs for data aggregation and energy-efficient communication. To create energy efficient network, the proposed framework incorporates intelligent clustering algorithms that perform clustering dynamically in the presence of uncertain parameter and employed MCDM techniques to select of energy efficient CHs for clustering. The intelligent clustering algorithms employ data-driven approaches, machine learning and optimization algorithms to create optimal cluster formation, cluster head selection and energy efficiency. An intelligent clustering mechanism has been made using the Silhouette Index (SI) score. Utilizing the SI score as a benchmark, we conducted optimized clustering with the “Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN)” algorithm. We employed the elbow method to validate the SI score in conjunction with the k-Means clustering algorithm. By considering uncertainty factors in the decision-making process, the proposed algorithms can effectively adapt the network’s operation to changing conditions, thus improving the overall lifetime of the WSN. Furthermore, the framework integrates MCDM approaches to prioritize cluster formation and cluster head selection criteria. Triangular Fuzzy Numbers are compatible with fuzzy logic systems, which are designed to handle uncertainty and imprecision. The triangular shape aligns well with the concept of fuzzy sets and fuzzy reasoning. Due to this reason TFNs have been considered to represent uncertain parameters. In the end, an experiment relating to WSNs has been studied and the results have been visually presented. It has been noticed that the suggested approach outperformed the “residual energy-aware clustering with isolated nodes (REAC-IN)” model, “Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Fuzzy Clustering (LEACH-FC)” and “hybrid energy efficient distributed (HEED)” by 38%, 15% and 43%, respectively. The PSO and BFAO applied optimized clustering has been outperformed by 35% and 22%, respectively. To verify the simulation results, testing of hypotheses has been conducted.
Utilization of managed subsurface drainage to increase corn and forage yields and reduce nitrogen loss in poorly-drained, upland and bottomland soils

As livestock demand and production continue to rise in the United States, there is a greater need for increased forage production and improved forage quality. Forage production on soils with production restrictions, such as poorly-drained, floodplain soils may have the greatest potential to increase to meet future demands. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the impact of free (FD) and managed drainage systems (MD) on yields and nitrogen (N) uptake of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and to determine the effects of these drainage systems on nitrate concentration in the forage. Managed subsurface drainage did not increase forage biomass production compared to FD. The presence of subsurface drainage (both FD and MD) increased total forage biomass production 27 to 32% compared to ND. Annual plant N uptake was increased 30% with MD and 41% with FD compared to ND, when averaged over the four-year study. Nitrate concentrations in winter rye biomass were at safe levels over the four-year study. However, regardless of the presence or absence of drainage, nitrate concentrations in sorghum in two study years ranged from 1310 to 4520 mg kg -1 which corresponded to toxic to extremely toxic levels. Dry summer months may have contributed to the high nitrate concentrations observed in the forage sorghum biomass. Subsurface drainage may provide farmers with an opportunity to increase annual forage production that may be important in typical cool-season, tall fescue production areas.
THE COMPARISON OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARTICIPANTS IN TERMS OF PARTICIPATION MOTIVES TO DIFFERENT EVENTS KATILIMCILARIN DEMOGRAFİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN FARKLI ETKİNLİKLERE KATILIM GÜDÜLERİ AÇISINDAN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

The researches that are conducted in the discipline of tourism recently have pointed out that the motives of the participants play a determinative role in the management of the events. The underlying motives for participating an event and the demographic characteristics of the visitors can make an important contribution both for the planning process and the marketing studies of the events. The aim of this study, is to classify the motives of the individuals according to the type of events that are participated in Izmir, in this context, data have been collected from the event participants who have joined the events which are organised in the provincial borders of Izmir by using the questionnaire technique. The visitors that have participated in the film, flower and boyoz (a pastry that is associated with Izmir) festivals in Izmir constitute the universe of the research , 460 questionnaires have been obtained as 175 from the film festival, 141 from the flower festival and 144 from the boyoz festival. As a result of the research, it is determined that the motives of the participation in the events differentiate according to the types of the events.
Can Off-Training Physical Behaviors Influence Recovery in Athletes? A Scoping Review

Recently, the attention on recovery in sport increased enormously although there is lack of scientific evidence on the role of lifestyle in terms of movement [i.e., physical behaviors (PBs)], apart from sleep. Few studies assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) in athletes. The aims of this scoping review were to answer to the following scientific questions: (1) How active/inactive are competitive athletes out of training? (2) Do off-training PBs affect recovery, performance, and health? (3) What strategies can be implemented to improve recovery using off-training PBs, apart from sleep? From 1,116 potentially relevant articles, nine were eligible for inclusion in this review. The main issues identified were related to the heterogeneity concerning the types of sports, age category, gender, competitive level, sample size, and instruments/devices adopted, the paucity of studies investigating the effects of PBs while awake on recovery, and the lack of experimental designs manipulating PBs while awake to accelerate recovery. Furthermore, PA and SB domains were rarely investigated, while no research articles focused on the combined effect of 24-h PBs. Eight out of nine studies measured PA, seven SB, and two included sleep. Three studies included training practice into PA measurement by the means of accelerometry. Overall, almost the totality of the athletes achieved recommended PA levels although they sustained prolonged SB. In conclusion, more descriptive researches are needed in different athletic populations and settings. Furthermore, experimental designs aimed at investigating the effects of PBs manipulation on recovery and the putative mechanisms are encouraged.
Quantitative analysis of lateral root development with time-lapse imaging and deep neural network

During lateral root (LR) development, morphological alteration of the developing single LR primordium occurs continuously. Precise observation of this continuous alteration is important for understanding the mechanism involved in single LR development. Recently, we reported that very long-chain fatty acids are important signalling molecules that regulate LR development. In the study, we developed an efficient method to quantify the transition of single LR developmental stages using time-lapse imaging followed by a deep neural network (DNN) analysis. In this 'insight' paper, we discuss our DNN method and the importance of time-lapse imaging in studies on plant development. Integrating DNN analysis and imaging is a powerful technique for the quantification of the timing of the transition of organ morphology; it can become an important method to elucidate spatiotemporal molecular mechanisms in plant development.