Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variations in species diversity and the role of butterflies in oil palm agroecosystems at PT BSM South Sumatra

Reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and controlling pests/chemical diseases is one of the prerequisites for the realization of sustainable oil palm plantation management. In line with that, the paradigm of green economic development requires optimizing the utilization of biodiversity in various aspects of managing oil palm plantations in Indonesia. Therefore, research is needed that can describe the variation and role of biodiversity (one of which is butterfly taxa) in the agro-ecosystem of oil palm plantations. This study aims to identify variations in species diversity and the role of butterflies in the agro-ecosystem of oil palm plantations. Observation of butterfly species diversity was carried out on seven types of oil palm plantation land cover at PT BSM. The method used is pollard transect (2 km with a width of 10 m) and trapping. The role of various types of butterflies is carried out through a literature search. The results showed that there were 163 individuals from 30 species and consisted of 4 families namely Papilionidae, Pieridae and Lycaenidae. The highest diversity and richness index values were found in smallholder plantations 1 (H′=2.42) and (Dmg=4.01), while the lowest were found in young oil palm areas (H′=0.87) and (Dmg=0. 99). The highest evenness index value was found in shrubs (E=1) while the lowest was in young oil palm land cover (E=0.54). Butterfly species that have potential as environmental bioindicators are Tanaecia pelea, Neptis hylas, Cupha erymantis, Neptis ida, Danaus affinis, Junonia atlites, Leptosia nina, Catopsilia pyranthe, Rapala iarbus, Papilio memnon, Losaria coon, Papilio polytes, Spindiasis lohita and Eurema hecabe. While the pollinators are Ypthima baldus, Catopsilia pyranthe, Hypolimnas bolina, Papilio polytes, and Neptis hylas.
Teoria do prospecto: Uma análise paramétrica de formas funcionais no Brasil

This study aims to analyze risk preferences in Brazil based on prospect theory by estimating the risk aversion parameter of the expected utility theory (EUT) for a select sample, in addition to the value and probability function parameter, assuming various functional forms, and a newly proposed value function, the modified log. This is the first such study in Brazil, and the parameter results are slightly different from studies in other countries, indicating that subjects are more risk averse and exhibit a smaller loss aversion. Probability distortion is the only common factor. As expected, the study finds that behavioral models are superior to EUT, and models based on prospect theory, the TK and Prelec weighting function, and the value power function show superior performance to others. Finally, the modified log function proposed in the study fits the data well, and can thus be used for future studies in Brazil.
A Climatology of Subtropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic

AbstractA 50-yr climatology (1957–2007) of subtropical cyclones (STs) in the South Atlantic is developed and analyzed. A subtropical cyclone is a hybrid structure (upper-level cold core and lower-level warm core) with associated surface gale-force winds. The tendency for warm season development of North Atlantic STs has resulted in these systems being confused as tropical cyclones (TCs). In fact, North Atlantic STs are a regular source of the incipient vortices leading to North Atlantic TC genesis. In 2004, Hurricane Catarina developed in the South Atlantic and made landfall in Brazil. A TC system had been previously unobserved in the South Atlantic, so the incidence of Catarina highlighted the lack of an ST climatology for the region to provide a context for the likelihood of future systems.Sixty-three South Atlantic STs are documented over the 50-yr period analyzed in this climatology. In contrast to the North Atlantic, South Atlantic STs occur relatively uniformly throughout the year; however, their pr.
Magnetic and Pebble Fabrics in Subaquatic Debris-Flow Deposits

Magnetic and pebble-fabric analyses have been made on three subaquatic debris-flow deposits. The first is from the Late Pleistocene glaciogenic deposits exposed in the shore cliffs on the north side of Lake Erie. The second is from the Late Pleistocene Champlain Sea deposits near Ottawa, Canada, and the third is from the Pliocene Pico Formation, California. In pebble-rich debris-flow deposits with a sandy-mud matrix, both the long axes of prolate-shaped pebbles and magnetite particles are aligned parallel to each other and, in four out of five cases, parallel to the dip of the paleoslope. In pebble-poor debris-flow deposits with a mudmatrix, the long axes of prolate-shaped pebbles and magnetite particles may be parallel or normal to each other and parallel, normal, or at some other angle to the dip of the paleoslope. The results suggest that the two most important factors involved in the alignment of elongate particles are collision effects and the position in which a gyrating particle has the lowest angular velocity. Clast collision appears to favor the alignment of elongate particles parallel to the direction of flow, whereas transverse positions are more common where collision effects of particles of roughly equal size are minimal.
Laboratory Experiments to Evaluate Diffusion of 14C into Nevada Test Site Carbonate Aquifer Matrix

Determination of groundwater flow velocities at the Nevada Test Site is important since groundwater is the principal transport medium of underground radionuclides. However, 14C-based groundwater velocities in the carbonate aquifers of the Nevada Test Site are several orders of magnitude slower than velocities derived from the Underground Test Area regional numerical model. This discrepancy has been attributed to the loss or retardation of 14C from groundwater into the surrounding aquifer matrix making 14C-based groundwater ages appear much older. Laboratory experiments were used to investigate the retardation of 14C in the carbonate aquifers at the Nevada Test Site. Three sets of experiments were conducted evaluating the diffusion of 14C into the carbonate aquifer matrix, adsorption and/or isotopic exchange onto the pore surfaces of the carbonate matrix, and adsorption and/or isotopic exchange onto the fracture surfaces of the carbonate aquifer. Experimental results a nd published aquifer matrix and fracture porosities from the Lower Carbonate Aquifer were applied to a 14C retardation model. The model produced an extremely wide range of retardation factors because of the wide range of published aquifer matrix and fracture porosities (over three orders of magnitude). Large retardation factors suggest that groundwater with very little measured 14C activity may actually be very young if matrix porosity is large relative to the fracture porosity. Groundwater samples collected from highly fractured aquifers with large effective fracture porosities may have relatively small correction factors, while samples from aquifers with a few widely spaced fractures may have very large correction factors. These retardation factors were then used to calculate groundwater velocities from a proposed flow path at the Nevada Test Site. The upper end of the range of 14C correction factors estimated groundwater velocities that appear to be at least an order of magnitude too high compared to published velocities. The lower end of the range of 14C correction factors falls within the range of reported velocities. From these results, future experimental studies (both laboratory and field scale) to support 14C groundwater age dating should focus on obtaining better estimates of aquifer properties including matrix and fracture porosities.
The Pascal Visual Object Classes Challenge 2006 ( VOC 2006 ) Results

This report presents the results of the 2006 PASCAL Visual Object Classes Challenge (VOC2006). Details of the challenge, data, and evaluation are presented. Participants in the challenge submitted descriptions of their methods, and these have been included verbatim. This document should be considered preliminary, and subject to change.
Thrust tectonics: a personal view

Abstract The structure of fold and thrust belts has been studied for just over one hundred years and has been the subject of a recent international conference at Toulouse, in May 1984. This article reviews some of the recent advances in thrust tectonics from a personal viewpoint, in the light of the Toulouse meeting. Key tools in correctly interpreting thrust systems are the use of balanced (restorable) cross-sections and the resolution of three dimensional fault systems. These analytical methods are now being widely developed and applied to numerous orogenic belts with many surprising results. While our understanding of foreland thrust belts is now probably better than any other structural environment, there is still great uncertainty as to the emplacement-driving mechanisms of these belts. Future work will try to solve these and other outstanding problems and apply the new analytical methods to the interior parts of thrust belts in efforts to restore entire orogens.
Three-Dimensional Residual Tidal Circulation in an Elongated, Rotating Basin

Abstract The three-dimensional residual circulation driven by tides in an elongated basin of arbitrary depth is described with a small amplitude, constant density model on the f plane. The inclusion of rotation fundamentally alters the residual flow. With rotation, fluid is drawn into the basin on the right side of an observer looking toward the closed end (in the Northern Hemisphere) and the return flow is on the opposite side. A lateral circulation is superposed on the axial flow, with upwelling over the deeper part of each section and downwelling near the sides. The residual flow is driven by a combination of advective terms, including the lateral advection of axial momentum associated with the Coriolis acceleration and Stokes forcing. Tidally averaged fluid parcel trajectories are determined by integrating the Lagrangian mean velocities. With or without rotation these trajectories vary considerably depending on small differences in initial position as well as on basin shape and other parameters of the.
Response to Comment on “The Response of Vegetation on the Andean Flank in Western Amazonia to Pleistocene Climate Change”

Puyasena et al. question our interpretation of climate-driven vegetation change on the Andean flank in western Amazonia during the middle Pleistocene and suggest that the use of Podocarpus spp. as a proxy of past climate change should be reassessed. We defend our assertion that vegetation change at the Erazo study site was predominantly driven by climate change due to concomitant changes recorded by multiple taxa in the fossil record.
Dunes on the skeleton coast, Namibia (South West Africa): Geomorphology and grain size relationships

Simple, and locally compound, transverse and barchanoid dunes dominate the 2000 km2 Skeleton Coast dunefield in northwestern Namibia/South West Africa. Dune height and spacing are closely correlated (r = 0-89) and decrease across the dunefield from southwest to northeast, with an accompanying change from transverse to barchanoid ridges and ultimately barchans. The dunes are aligned transverse to the dominant strong south and south southwest onshore winds. Alignment patterns indicate that surface roughness changes between coastal plain and dunes cause dune-forming winds to swing to the right over the dunes, but resume their original direction beyond. Grain size and sorting vary at three scales: the dune, the dune landscape and through the dunefield. Overall the sands, derived from three localities by deflation from beaches supplied by vigorous longshore drift, become progressively finer and better sorted across the dunefield paralleling changes in dune height and spacing. A statistically significant relationship (r = −0−65) was established between dune spacing and the phi grain size of the coarser fraction of the dune sands, demonstrating the importance of the protective effects of coarse grains, and suggesting that the morphometry of simple transverse dunes may be controlled by the scale of turbulence associated with the threshold wind speed required to move the coarsest fraction of the dune sand.
Climate model sensitivity to changes in Miocene paleotopography

The Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO), which occurred between 17 and 15 Ma, was the last of a series of warming events to have punctuated the Cenozoic and is the warmest the planet has been since 35 Ma (∼6°C warmer than present at middle latitudes). Paradoxically, CO2 concentrations during the MMCO are reported at present-day values or less and an explanation for warming has yet to be established. We test the sensitivity of version three of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) and Community Land Model (CLM) to changes in Middle Miocene paleotopography using prescribed sea-surface temperatures. We create four separate global paleotopography datasets based on altered Andean and Tibetan Plateau elevations as well as changes to global sea-level. We find that the largest warming is achieved with a lowering of the Tibetan Plateau from 4700 to 2600 m, resulting in a local temperature increase of up to 9°C—consistent with the modern-day lapse rate measured in China—and a global mean ground temperature increase of 0.5°C. An additional effect of this lowering is to weaken the summer and winter monsoons, and we discuss implications such changes may have for coupled ocean–atmosphere simulations. We conclude that while changes to topography significantly affect local temperatures, they do little to reconcile the disagreement between temperature and CO2 measurements derived from the geological record.
Prices vs. quantities: Technology choice, uncertainty and welfare

This paper shows that tradable emissions permits and an emissions tax affect the firms' technology choice differently under uncertainty. A tax encourages the most flexible technology if and only if stochastic costs and the equilibrium permit price have sufficiently strong positive covariance, compared with the variance in consumer demand for the good produced. Moreover, the firms' technology choices are socially optimal under tradable emissions permits, but not under an emissions tax. Hence, modeling endogenous technology choice provides an argument in favor of tradable emissions permits as compared with emissions taxes.
The Rise and Fall of the Davisian Cycle of Erosion: Prelude, Fugue, Coda, and Sequel

The Cycle of Erosion formulated by the American geographer William Morris Davis in the 1880s remained the dominant paradigm in geomorphology well into the 20th century, before it waned in response to improved understanding of Earth's crustal and surface behavior. The Davisian model sought to explain landforms in terms of structure, process, and stage. Following initial rapid tectonic uplift, landforms were presumed to evolve on a quiescent crust through stages of youth, maturity, and old age, to culminate in a peneplain. A new cycle would be initiated by landform rejuvenation in response to a changing base level of erosion. This model was a reflection of its time, of the cycle mania of the 19th century, which in turn was founded on Hutton's limitless "succession of worlds" and dissatisfaction with earlier notions of landscape origins constrained by limited Earth time. Davis's model was derived from ideas regarding orogenic cycles favored by Dana and Le Conte, and of prolonged subaerial denudation toward base-level observed by Powell and Dutton. The model's supremacy was challenged from time to time, notably by the Pencks (father and son) and by alternative cyclic denudation models that invoked pediplanation and etchplanation rather than peneplanation. The relevance of the Davisian model declined after 1940 in response to a growing awareness of Earth's crustal mobility, changing climates and geomorphic processes, and refined dating of geologic time. The subsequent quantitative revolution in geomorphology, with its emphasis on measurement of form and process aided by rapidly improving technologies, and based in part on lingering antecedents, sounded the death knell for the Davisian model but also triggered something of a theoretical hiatus. In recent years, resurrection of the concept of isostasy, defined by Dutton but ignored by Davis, has led to the formulation of a more realistic but more complex model, briefly introduced here, in which landforms may be viewed as responses to more-or-less continuous interaction between tectonic activity, subaerial denudation, and isostatic adjustment.
Detection of unexploded ordnance (UXO) using marine magnetic gradiometer data

Recent development of marine magnetic gradient systems, using arrays of sensors, has made it possible to survey large contaminated areas very quickly. However, underwater Unexploded Ordnances (UXO) can be moved by water currents. Because of this mobility, the cleanup process in such situations becomes dynamic rather than static. This implies that detection should occur in near real-time for successful remediation. Therefore, there is a need for a fast interpretation method to rapidly detect signatures of underwater objects in marine magnetic data. In this paper, we present a fast method for location and characterization of underwater UXOs. The approach utilises gradient interpretation techniques (analytic signal and Euler methods) to locate the objects precisely. Then, using an iterative linear least-squares technique, we obtain the magnetization characteristics of the sources. The approach was applied to a theoretical marine magnetic anomaly, with random errors, over a known source. We demonstrate the practical utility of the method using marine magnetic gradient data from Japan.
Recurring Natural Disasters and Their Psychological Influence on the Survivors

The eruption of Oyama in Miyake-island in 2000 was volcanological rarity in a few points: subsidence of the summit, release of volcanic gas, and elongated volcanic activities, which were different from typical case of volcanic eruption that is characterized with crevices in the mountainside, and short volcanic activities. The eruption forced the entire islandʼs population to evacuate and take a refuge outside of their home island for four years and five months. Even after they are back, the volcano is still active and causing problems with volcanic ashes, landslides, earthquakes, and emissions of volcanic gas in a wide area of the island. As a consequence, the residents of Miyake-island are continuously facing economical and environmental challenges including recovering infrastructure of the island. Repeated emissions of volcanic gas, that cover a large area of the island, even after nine years of the eruption, still exceeds standardized limit of environmental law. This problem alone is causing the residents of the island to feel insecure and uneasy about their health, environment and unemployment, and, furthermore, they also hold doubts whether or not they succeed rebuilding the community.
Processes of late Quaternary turbidity current flow and deposition on the Var deep‐sea fan, north‐west Mediterranean Sea

High-resolution seismic boomer profiles, with a vertical resolution of less than 1 m, together with piston cores and previous side-scan sonar data, are used to describe late Quaternary sedimentation on the Var deep-sea fan. Chronological control is provided by foram biostratigraphy and radiocarbon dating in cores, and is extended over the fan by seismic correlation. Regional erosional events correspond to the oxygen isotopic stage 2 and 6 glacial maxima. Cores and seismic data define a widespread surface sand layer that is correlated with prodelta failure in 1979 and subsequent submarine cable breaks. Numerical modelling constrains the character of this 1979 turbidity current. It originated from a relatively small slide on the upper prodelta that put sufficient material in suspension to form an accelerating turbidity current which eroded sand from the Var Canyon. The turbidity current was only 30 m thick on the Upper Valley, but experienced significant flow expansion in the Middle Valley to thicknesses of more than 120 m, where it spilled over the eastern Var Sedimentary Ridge at a velocity of about 2·5 m s−1. Other Holocene turbidity currents (with a recurrence interval of 1000 years) were somewhat muddier and thicker, but also deposited sand on the levees of the Middle Valley, and are inferred to have had a similar slide-related origin. Late Pleistocene turbidity currents deposited thick mud beds on the Var Sedimentary Ridge. The presence of sediment waves and the mean cross-flow slope inferred from levee asymmetry indicates that some of these flows were many hundreds of metres thick and flowed at velocities of about 0·35 m s−1. This contrast with Holocene turbidites suggests that a slide origin is unlikely. Estimated times for deposition of thick mud beds on the levees are many days to weeks. The Late Pleistocene flows may therefore result from hyperpycnal flow of glacial outwash in the Var River. The variation in the Late Pleistocene to Holocene turbidite sedimentation is controlled more by variations in sediment supply than by sea-level change.
Soil gas transport above a jet fuel/solvent spill at Plattsburgh Air Force Base

We calibrate a stoichiometrically coupled soil gas diffusion model with spatially resolved observations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, total hydrocarbon, and trichloroethylene vapor concentrations in the unsaturated zone above a weathered jet fuel/solvent spill at Plattsburgh Air Force Base in upstate New York. The calibration suggests that aerobic microorganisms in the capillary fringe degrade jet fuel vapor at a steady rate of 9.5 μg hydrocarbons (m−2 s−1). The solvent does not degrade in the fringe, however, and the model and data estimate a steady evaporation rate of 1.2×10−2 μg TCE (m−2 s−1). Barometric pumping slightly alters the steady concentration profile at Plattsburgh, although the transient advective flux is the same order of magnitude as the steady diffusive flux. We derive a simple perturbation theory for the second‐order transient concentration corrections and include it in the calibration. The perturbation theory is valid at Plattsburgh because the soil is uniform and permeable with a relatively deep capillary fringe.
Superimposed Cycles of Composite Marine Terraces: The Example of Cutro Terrace (Calabria, Southern Italy)

Abstract Marine terraces are a valuable archive of information in the reconstruction of uplift and sea-level history of coastal areas, especially when they can be correlated with specific highstands of the eustatic curve. Usually, the correlation is based on the assumption that any morphological terrace is the result of a single sea-level fluctuation. However, if the surface of a terrace is reoccupied during successive transgressions, the result may be a single morphological terrace which has in fact been generated by several superimposed sea-level fluctuations. This study illustrates what type of stratigraphic architecture may be recorded in the deposits of such composite marine terraces, focusing on identification and interpretation of discontinuity surfaces and facies analysis. The examined example is the marine terrace of Cutro, the highest and most extensive of five terraces preserved in a step-like sequence along the coast of the Crotone Peninsula (Calabria, Southern Italy). The sedimentary cover of the Cutro marine terrace had generally been regarded as the result of a single sea-level oscillation, but stratigraphic analysis and correlation of several sections has enabled the recognition of three distinct transgressive–regressive sequences. These cycles display an overall shallowing trend from shelf deposits, represented in the first cycle by algal carbonate buildups, to shoreface and alluvial deposits in the younger cycles. The succession is now interpreted as a response to high-frequency sea-level fluctuations occurring during a long-term interglacial, such as those documented during marine isotope stage (MIS) 7.