Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A hierarchical algorithm for fast debye summation with applications to small angle scattering

Debye summation, which involves the summation of sinc functions of distances between all pair of atoms in three‐dimensional space, arises in computations performed in crystallography, small/wide angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Direct evaluation of Debye summation has quadratic complexity, which results in computational bottleneck when determining crystal properties, or running structure refinement protocols that involve SAXS or SANS, even for moderately sized molecules. We present a fast approximation algorithm that efficiently computes the summation to any prescribed accuracy ϵ in linear time. The algorithm is similar to the fast multipole method (FMM), and is based on a hierarchical spatial decomposition of the molecule coupled with local harmonic expansions and translation of these expansions. An even more efficient implementation is possible when the scattering profile is all that is required, as in small angle scattering reconstruction (SAS) of macromolecules. We examine the relationship of the proposed algorithm to existing approximate methods for profile computations, and show that these methods may result in inaccurate profile computations, unless an error‐bound derived in this article is used. Our theoretical and computational results show orders of magnitude improvement in computation complexity over existing methods, while maintaining prescribed accuracy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measurement of Peripheral Plasma 18-Oxocortisol Can Discriminate Unilateral Adenoma From Bilateral Diseases in Patients With Primary Aldosteronism

Adrenal venous sampling is currently the only reliable method to distinguish unilateral from bilateral diseases in primary aldosteronism. In this study, we attempted to determine whether peripheral plasma levels of 18-oxocortisol (18oxoF) and 18-hydroxycortisol could contribute to the clinical differentiation between aldosteronoma and bilateral hyperaldosteronism in 234 patients with primary aldosteronism, including computed tomography (CT)–detectable aldosteronoma (n=113) and bilateral hyperaldosteronism (n=121), all of whom underwent CT and adrenal venous sampling. All aldosteronomas were surgically resected and the accuracy of diagnosis was clinically and histopathologically confirmed. 18oxoF and 18-hydroxycortisol were measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of 18oxoF discrimination of adenoma from hyperplasia demonstrated sensitivity/specificity of 0.83/0.99 at a cut-off value of 4.7 ng/dL, compared with that based on 18-hydroxycortisol (sensitivity/specificity: 0.62/0.96). 18oxoF levels above 6.1 ng/dL or of aldosterone >32.7 ng/dL were found in 95 of 113 patients with aldosteronoma (84%) but in none of 121 bilateral hyperaldosteronism, 30 of whom harbored CT-detectable unilateral nonfunctioning nodules in their adrenals. In addition, 18oxoF levels below 1.2 ng/dL, the lowest in aldosteronoma, were found 52 of the 121 (43%) patients with bilateral hyperaldosteronism. Further analysis of 27 patients with CT-undetectable micro aldosteronomas revealed that 8 of these 27 patients had CT-detectable contralateral adrenal nodules, the highest values of 18oxoF and aldosterone were 4.8 and 24.5 ng/dL, respectively, both below their cut-off levels indicated above. The peripheral plasma 18oxoF concentrations served not only to differentiate aldosteronoma but also could serve to avoid unnecessary surgery for nonfunctioning adrenocortical nodules concurrent with hyperplasia or microadenoma.
Spherical Terrain Rendering using the hierarchical HEALPix grid

We present an interactive spherical terrain rendering system employing a hierarchical subdivision of the HEALPix coordinate system using quadtrees. Compared to other parameterizations, the scheme avoids singularities and allows for efficient fusion of mixed-resolution digital elevation models and imagery. A Level-of-Detail heuristic is used to guarantee both high performance and visual fidelity. Unified treatment of DEM and imagery data is achieved by performing the HEALPix projection within a GPU shader. The system is applied to the exploration of Mars, using both MOLA (NASA) and HRSC (German Aerospace Center) data sets.
Spectral detection in the censored block model

We consider the problem of partially recovering hidden binary variables from the observation of (few) censored edge weights, a problem with applications in community detection, correlation clustering and synchronization. We describe two spectral algorithms for this task based on the non-backtracking and the Bethe Hessian operators. These algorithms are shown to be asymptotically optimal for the partial recovery problem, in that they detect the hidden assignment as soon as it is information theoretically possible to do so.
Deterministic approaches to analog performance space exploration (PSE)

Performance space exploration (PSE) determines the range of feasible performance values of a circuit block for a given topology and technology. In this paper, we present two deterministic approaches for PSE. One approximates the feasible performance space based on linearized circuit models and is suitable for investigating a large number of performances. The other one computes discretizations of the Pareto front of competing performances. In addition, a motivation and application of PSE using a hierarchical design example is presented.
Automatic Generation of Raven's Progressive Matrices

Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPMs) are a popular family of general intelligence tests, and provide a non-verbal measure of a test subject's reasoning abilities. Traditionally RPMs have been manually designed. To make them readily available for both practice and examination, we tackle the problem of automatically synthesizing RPMs. Our goal is to efficiently generate a large number of RPMs that are authentic (i.e. similar to manually written problems), interesting (i.e. diverse in terms of difficulty), and well-formed (i.e. unambiguous). The main technical challenges are: How to formalize RPMs to accommodate their seemingly enormous diversity, and how to define and enforce their validity? To this end, we (1) introduce an abstract representation of RPMs using first-order logic, and (2) restrict instantiations to only valid RPMs. We have realized our approach and evaluated its efficiency and effectiveness. We show that our system can generate hundreds of valid problems per second with varying levels of difficulty. More importantly, we show, via a user study with 24 participants, that the generated problems are statistically indistinguishable from actual problems. This work is an exciting instance of how logic and reasoning may aid general learning.
Reperfusion After Thrombolytic Therapy in Ischemic Stroke Measured by Single‐Photon Emission Computed Tomography

Background and Purpose We used 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to study cerebral perfusion in patients treated with streptokinase for acute ischemic stroke in an open and prospective study. Our primary aims were (1) to compare the extent of reperfusion between patients who had received thrombolytic therapy and a control group studied during the same period who were ineligible to receive such therapy and (2) to determine if, among all patients, reperfusion led to improved outcome. Methods Fifty-seven patients (22 treated with streptokinase) had two SPECT studies performed, the first before streptokinase administration and the second 24 hours later. Results On the first SPECT study hypoperfusion was present in the middle cerebral artery or anterior cerebral artery territories in 40 patients (17 treated with streptokinase). Patients in the treatment and control groups with initial hypoperfusion on SPECT were well matched for the volume of the perfusion defect and the severity of neurological deficit. A greater number of patients who received streptokinase developed at least partial reperfusion (streptokinase, 65%; control, 52%) on the second study but not significantly so (P=.43). Similarly, the proportion of each hypoperfused region that reperfused (P=.74) and the reduction in the size of the perfusion defect (P =.06) were higher in the streptokinase group but did not reach statistical significance. When all patients were considered, those who did not reperfuse had higher mortality rates (P=.008), less neurological improvement (P=.016), and more functional disability (P < .001) than patients who had reperfusion or normal perfusion initially. Conclusions These findings suggest that at least some reperfusion during the first 48 hours of ischemic stroke is a common natural occurrence and is of prognostic significance. The observed trend toward better reperfusion indexes among patients treated with streptokinase is encouraging, but larger controlled trials are required to answer this definitively.
An SIMD Architecture for Shortest-Path Search and Its FPGA Implementation

Shortest-path search over graphs plays an important role in various applications. However, shortest path algorithms such as the Dijkstra’s algorithm include complex processings. It is difficult for accelerators with fixed-datapath such as GPUs to accelerate these algorithms efficiently. This paper presents an FPGA-based accelerator with a SIMD architecture for the shortest-paths algorithm. In the proposed architecture, operations in the Dijkstra’s algorithm are done with a high degree of parallelism, and the memory usage is reduced by using a memory management scheme. According to the evaluation, the proposed architecture is able to deal with graphs with more than 800,000 nodes on the Altera Stratix V.
Affective ranking of movie scenes using physiological signals and content analysis

In this paper, we propose an approach for affective ranking of movie scenes based on the emotions that are actually felt by spectators. Such a ranking can be used for characterizing the affective, or emotional, content of video clips. The ranking can for instance help determine which video clip from a database elicits, for a given user, the most joy. This in turn will permit video indexing and retrieval based on affective criteria corresponding to a personalized user affective profile. A dataset of 64 different scenes from 8 movies was shown to eight participants. While watching, their physiological responses were recorded; namely, five peripheral physiological signals (GSR - galvanic skin resistance, EMG - electromyograms, blood pressure, respiration pattern, skin temperature) were acquired. After watching each scene, the participants were asked to self-assess their felt arousal and valence for that scene. In addition, movie scenes were analyzed in order to characterize each with various audio- and video-based features capturing the key elements of the events occurring within that scene. Arousal and valence levels were estimated by a linear combination of features from physiological signals, as well as by a linear combination of content-based audio and video features. We show that a correlation exists between arousal- and valence-based rankings provided by the spectator's self-assessments, and rankings obtained automatically from either physiological signals or audio-video features. This demonstrates the ability of using physiological responses of participants to characterize video scenes and to rank them according to their emotional content. This further shows that audio-visual features, either individually or combined, can fairly reliably be used to predict the spectator's felt emotion for a given scene. The results also confirm that participants exhibit different affective responses to movie scenes, which emphasizes the need for the emotional profiles to be user-dependant.
Early Tagging of Cortical Networks Is Required for the Formation of Enduring Associative Memory

Tagging of cortical networks at the time of encoding is crucial for long-lasting associative memories. Although formation and stabilization of long-lasting associative memories are thought to require time-dependent coordinated hippocampal-cortical interactions, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we present evidence that neurons in the rat cortex must undergo a “tagging process” upon encoding to ensure the progressive hippocampal-driven rewiring of cortical networks that support remote memory storage. This process was AMPA- and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor–dependent, information-specific, and capable of modulating remote memory persistence by affecting the temporal dynamics of hippocampal-cortical interactions. Post-learning reinforcement of the tagging process via time-limited epigenetic modifications resulted in improved remote memory retrieval. Thus, early tagging of cortical networks is a crucial neurobiological process for remote memory formation whose functional properties fit the requirements imposed by the extended time scale of systems-level memory consolidation.
Multi-Destination Beaming: Apparently Being in Three Places at Once through Robotic and Virtual Embodiment

It has been shown that an illusion of ownership over an artificial limb or even an entire body can be induced in people through multisensory stimulation providing evidence that the surrogate body is the person’s actual body. Such body ownership illusions have been shown to occur with virtual bodies, mannequins, as well as humanoid robots. In this study, we show the possibility of eliciting a full body ownership illusion over not one, but multiple artificial bodies concurrently. We demonstrate this by describing a system that allowed a participant to inhabit and fully control two different humanoid robots located in two distinct places and a virtual body in immersive virtual reality, using real-time full-body tracking and two-way audio communication, thereby giving them the illusion of ownership over each of them. We implemented this by allowing the participant be embodied in any one surrogate body at a given moment, and letting them instantaneously switch between them. While the participant was embodied in one of the bodies, a proxy system would track the locations currently unoccupied, and would control their remote representation in order to continue performing the tasks in those locations in a logical fashion. To test the efficacy of this system, an exploratory study was carried out with a fully functioning setup with three destinations and a simplified version of the proxy for use in a social interaction. The results indicate that the system was physically and psychologically comfortable, and was rated highly by participants in terms of usability. Additionally, feelings of body ownership illusion and agency were reported, which were not influenced by the robot type. The results provide us with clues regarding body ownership illusion with humanoid robots of different dimensions, along with insight about self-localization and multilocation.
Investigation of the influence of plasma-electrolytic processing on the surface of austenitic chromium-nickel steels

Investigated the plasma-electrolytic processing of austenitic chromium-nickel steel. Determined that the treatment process consists of three parts: the anodic dissolution of metal anode microdischarge area burned and the area in which the combustion gas discharge – Glow vapor-gas layer around the electrode without the occurrence of certain microdischarge. The effect of processing parameters on the morphology of the surface.
High-efficiency laser resonators for high-brightness beam-generation with application to micromaterial processing and nonlinear processes

Industrial high precision micro-material processing with solid-state lasers needs the reliable and efficient generation of high brightness laser beams. The key problems for this goal are the control of the thermal effects (lensing) in the active material and the overlap efficiency between the resonator mode and the pumped active material volume. Modern solid state lasers with low thermal effects such as zig-zag slab lasers have non circular geometries difficult to adapt for high efficiency and brightness simultaneously. Resonators comprising a cylindrical telescope, resulting in an elliptical beam section in the active material of rectangular geometry but nevertheless a circularly symmetric output beam can increase the efficiency and beam quality and also compensate for eventual astigmatic effects of the active medium. These lasers yield therefore TEM00 output beams (pulsed, free running) with a beam quality of M2<1.7, pulse powers up to several kW and intensities up to 500MW/cm2 for a spot diameter of 10 to 15micrometers . Such lasers are ideally suited for industrial high precision cutting and drilling, but also for quasi-cw harmonic generation, where the beam quality influences directly the conversion efficiency via the limited angular phase matching acceptance angles. Laser cutting with fundamental mode Nd-YAG lasers at 1.06micrometers and at 532nm (SHG efficiencies up to 17%) yields a minimal kerf width down to 15 micrometers and heat affected zones of less than 2micrometers .
A robust smart device app assisting medical diagnosis

A Medical Decision Making System (MDMS) has recently been implemented as an app (lication) for Android-based Mobile “Smart” Devices (AMSDs). Feed Forward Artificial Neural Networks (fANNs) is a major element of this MDMS that has been extensively tested in the field of Pulmonary Diseases (PDs). This MDMS fANNs have been taught by using real world patients’ clinical data on a powerful Personal Computer; the MDMS modular structure and its fANNs’ weights were then ported to AMSDs to be used as a part of wide-range applications software. The Android was chosen as the devices’ Operating System (OS), due to its Linux kernel, touchscreen features, and open standards architecture.
First EB-02-2010 _ SNPS _ 03 Revision of River & Lake Typology in Bulgaria within Ecoregion 12 ( Pontic Province ) and Ecoregion 7 ( Eastern Balkans ) According to the Water Framework Directive

A revision of river and lake typology in Bulgaria has been done within the Ecoregion No. 12 Pontic province and Ecoregion No. 7 Eastern Balkans according to the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC. Certain geographic changes between the Ecoregion No. 12 and Ecoregion No. 7 have been proposed based on existing biogeographic data, at the beginning. The whole part of the Danube and Black Sea River Basin district have been associated to the Pontic Province (ER No. 12) as well as the rest part of the Southern Bulgaria (Maritsa river basin, Mesta RB and Struma RB) has been allied to the Eastern Balkan (ER No. 7). A serious reduction of the total number of river types (from 33 to 16 types) was justified using clear hydromorphological and biological criteria, e.g. ecoregion, vertical factors (4 altitude zones, main substratum characteristics, slope, and other supplementary factors such as fish and vegetation zonation, climate maps) and horizontal factors (calcareous geology, salinity, size category). Similar reduction of the number of lake types (from 33 to 17 types) was proposed in parallel with a significant modification of the lake typology method. Lake typology in Bulgaria was based on the obligatory factors (4 altitude zones, size typology based on surface area, depth, salinity and geology) and optional factors (residence time, mixing characteristics, e.g. monomictic, dimictic and polymictic, presence of profundal zone, reference trophic status). Seven lake types were identified as “reservoir types”, which were only presented by heavily modified and artificial water bodies without any possibility for natural lake equivalent within the country or region. Four coastal lake types with various salinity (from freshwater <0.5 ‰ to hypersaline >40‰) have been reviewed as belonging to the category “transitional waters”.
Dynamics and perturbations in assisted chaotic inflation

On compactification from higher dimensions, a single free massive scalar field gives rise to a set of effective four-dimensional scalar fields, each with a different mass. These can cooperate to drive a period of inflation known as assisted inflation. We analyze the dynamics of the simplest implementation of this idea, paying particular attention to the decoupling of fields from the slow-roll regime as inflation proceeds. Unlike normal models of inflation, the dynamics does not become independent of the initial conditions at late times. In particular, we estimate the density perturbations obtained, which retain a memory of the initial conditions even though a homogeneous, spatially-flat Universe is generated.
Ontology-Based Unified Robot Knowledge for Service Robots in Indoor Environments

A significant obstacle for service robots is the execution of complex tasks in real environments. For example, it is not easy for service robots to find objects that are partially observable and are located at a place which is not identical but near the place where the robots saw them previously. To overcome the challenge effectively, robot knowledge represented as a semantic network can be extremely useful. This paper presents an ontology-based unified robot knowledge framework that integrates low-level data with high-level knowledge for robot intelligence. This framework consists of two sections: knowledge description and knowledge association. Knowledge description includes comprehensively integrated robot knowledge derived from low-level knowledge regarding perceptual features, part objects, metric maps, and primitive behaviors, as well as high-level knowledge about perceptual concepts, objects, semantic maps, tasks, and contexts. Knowledge association uses logical inference with both unidirectional and bidirectional rules. This characteristic enables reasoning to be performed even when only a partial information is available. The experimental results that demonstrate the advantages of using the proposed knowledge framework are also presented.
Highly charged ion interactions with ultrathin dielectric films

The excitations occurring at a solid surface due to slow highly charged ion (HCI) impacts are interesting from the perspective of fundamental processes in atomic collisions and materials science. This thesis focuses on two questions: 1) How much HCI potential energy deposition is required to form permanent surface modifications? , 2) How does the presence of a thin dielectric surface film change the classical over-the-barrier picture for neutralization above a clean metal? I describe a measurement of craters in thin dielectric films formed by XeQ+ (26 ≤ Q ≤ 44) projectiles. Tunnel junction devices with ion-irradiated barriers were used to amplify the effect of charge-dependent cratering through the exponential dependence of tunneling conductance on barrier thickness. Electrical conductance of a crater σc(Q) increased by four orders of magnitude (7.9× 10−4 μS to 6.1 μS) as Q increased, corresponding to crater depths ranging from 2 Å to 11 Å. According to a heated spike model, the energy required to produce the craters spans from 8 keV to 25 keV over the investigated charge states. Considering energy from pre-equilibrium nuclear and electronic stopping as well as neutralization, we find that at least (27± 2)% of available projectile neutralization energy is deposited into the thin film during impact. Additionally, an extension of the classical over-barrier model for HCI neu-