Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
University of Southern Denmark Post-War Migration Flows and Disparities in Mortality from Age 50 Years Onwards

Compositional changes due to internal migration can modify the distribution of health outcomes, death rates, and socio-economic characteristics of a specific geographical area. Migration flows may affect patterns of socioeconomic inequalities in mortality as well. However, despite these inequalities being an important social and geopolitical feature of an area, there is still little empirical evidence on this effect. This paper contributes to deepening the knowledge about this phenomenon by investigating whether post-war internal migration in Italy affected the pattern of mortality inequality by socio-economic status, from age 50 years onwards, in Turin, one of the main industrial areas of the country, to which many low-educated individuals from the southern regions migrated, seeking jobs in the car factories. Migrants might be selected in terms of robustness because of the healthy migrant effect. However, low-educated individuals are employed in heavier and riskier jobs. They thus undergo a faster health selection due to exposure to a higher mortality risk that selects the most robust individuals. This paper hypothesised that the interplay of these mechanisms might have produced a homogenisation process towards robustness of the population by reducing the unobserved heterogeneity in survival chances and that these processes affected men more than women, because women were likely to be more passive actors in the *Correspondence to: Virginia Zarulli, Max Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging and Institute of Public Health–Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. E-mail: vzarulli@health.sdu. dk This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons At distribution in anymedium, provided the original work is properly cited, the © 2014 The Authors. migratory decisions and less heavily involved in the industrialisation process. The results show that women have higher levels of heterogeneity in susceptibility to death and wider differentials mortality by education level than men, which both support the hypotheses. © 2014 The Authors. Population, Space and Place. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Accepted 29 April 2014
Does code review really remove coding convention violations?

Many software developers perceive technical debt as the biggest problems in their projects. They also perceive code reviews as the most important process to increase code quality. As inconsistent coding style is one source of technical debt, it is no surprise that coding convention violations can lead to patch rejection during code review. However, as most research has focused on developer’s perception, it is not clear whether code reviews actually prevent the introduction of coding convention violations and the corresponding technical debt.Therefore, we investigated how coding convention violations are introduced, addressed, and removed during code review by developers. To do this, we analysed 16,442 code review requests from four projects of the Eclipse community for the introduction of convention violations. Our result shows that convention violations accumulate as code size increases despite changes being reviewed. We also manually investigated 1,268 code review requests in which convention violations disappear and observed that only a minority of them have been removed because a convention violation has been flagged in a review comment. The investigation results also highlight that one can speed up the code review process by adopting tools for code convention violation detection.
Clinical Mortality in a Large COVID-19 Cohort: Observational Study

Background Northwell Health, an integrated health system in New York, has treated more than 15,000 inpatients with COVID-19 at the US epicenter of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Objective We describe the demographic characteristics of patients who died of COVID-19, observation of frequent rapid response team/cardiac arrest (RRT/CA) calls for non–intensive care unit (ICU) patients, and factors that contributed to RRT/CA calls. Methods A team of registered nurses reviewed the medical records of inpatients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 via polymerase chain reaction before or on admission and who died between March 13 (first Northwell Health inpatient expiration) and April 30, 2020, at 15 Northwell Health hospitals. The findings for these patients were abstracted into a database and statistically analyzed. Results Of 2634 patients who died of COVID-19, 1478 (56.1%) had oxygen saturation levels ≥90% on presentation and required no respiratory support. At least one RRT/CA was called on 1112/2634 patients (42.2%) at a non-ICU level of care. Before the RRT/CA call, the most recent oxygen saturation levels for 852/1112 (76.6%) of these non-ICU patients were at least 90%. At the time the RRT/CA was called, 479/1112 patients (43.1%) had an oxygen saturation of <80%. Conclusions This study represents one of the largest reviewed cohorts of mortality that also captures data in nonstructured fields. Approximately 50% of deaths occurred at a non-ICU level of care despite admission to the appropriate care setting with normal staffing. The data imply a sudden, unexpected deterioration in respiratory status requiring RRT/CA in a large number of non-ICU patients. Patients admitted at a non-ICU level of care suffered rapid clinical deterioration, often with a sudden decrease in oxygen saturation. These patients could benefit from additional monitoring (eg, continuous central oxygenation saturation), although this approach warrants further study.
Comparative Study on Anatomical Structure of 28 Types of Malus sieversii Leaves

Taking 28 types of Malus sieversii leaves as research materials,the comparative analysis was carried out to investigate differences in anatomical structure of Xinjiang wild apples and the relationships between Malus sieversii leaf anatomical structure and environmental adaplability and its resistance. The method of production of paraffin sections was used to observe the characteristics of anatomical structure of 28 tupes of Malus sieversii leaves and the sponge tissue,blade thickness and other indicators. It suggested that leaf thickness of small wild apples,that of palisad,that of sponge had maximum average value,which was significantly different from those of other types,such as its resistance to cold,resistance to drought were higher,photosynthetic rate was also higher. The indicators of anatomical characteristics of 28 types of Malus sieversii were analyzed. They were divided into different four clusters,of which the fourth cluster had the strongest resistance to cold,to drought and photosynthetic rate in the four clusters.
The Relationship between Teacher Self-Efficacy and Teacher Job Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis of the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS).

Teachers who see themselves competent in their professions might have high self-efficacy beliefs and these beliefs might reflect positively on their job satisfaction. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between teacher self-efficacy and teacher job satisfaction. In this meta-analysis, the relationship between teacher self-efficacy and teacher job satisfaction was analyzed using the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS). The average effect size of teacher self-efficacy on teacher job satisfaction was determined, and the moderators that may impact average effect size were examined. Data from a total number of 102 independent data belonging to 50 countries included in the TALIS 2008, 2013, 2018 were combined, and a sample of 426.515 teachers was obtained. The results showed that there is a relationship between teacher self-efficacy and teacher job satisfaction. In addition, the year in which the survey was conducted, moderated the relationship between teacher self-efficacy and teacher job satisfaction. On the other hand, continents, countries, cultural structure of the countries and the human development indices of the countries did not moderate the relationship between teacher self-efficacy and teacher job satisfaction. For future studies, it is recommended to examine reports such as TALIS, which allow the comparison of OECD countries in terms of different variables including education.
Calibrating the Yield Strength of Archean Lithosphere Based on the Volume of Tonalite-Trondhjemite-Granodiorite Crust

Lithospheric yield stress is a key parameter in controlling tectonic processes. Using high resolution, 2D numerical modeling, we calculate the yield stress for a range of conditions appropriate to the early-to-mid Archean Earth, including hotter mantle potential temperatures and Moho temperatures. We then evaluate its effect on generating tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) crust and benchmark the results against the preserved igneous rock record. Our results indicate that lithospheric yield stress values lower than the present-day values (i.e., ≤100 MPa) can generate TTG volumes similar to those preserved in the rock record. The models further highlight the dominance of lithospheric dripping in producing the Archean TTGs. Large volumes of TTG melts form within the thin, tail portions of the drips as these regions are more efficiently heated by the enclosing hotter mantle. In contrast, only limited melting occurs within the thickened parts of lithosphere as they are significantly weak and cannot sustain crustal thickening for long time periods, resulting in its removal via dripping. This study, therefore, reaffirms the dominance of non-plate tectonic mechanisms in producing TTGs under the conditions that operated on the hotter Archean Earth.
GENETIC VARIATION IN THE INDIAN RICE FROG, RANA LIMNOCHARIS (AMPHIBIA: ANURA), IN TAIWAN, AS REVEALED BY ALLOZYME DATA

We conducted an electrophoretic survey of 12 Taiwanese populations of Rana lim- nocharis (nine from the main island and three from adjacent islets). Analysis using resultant data and previously published data for populations of continental China and the southern Ryukyus in- dicated the presence of substantial genetic differentiation between eastern (i.e., eastern main island and Lutao and Lanyu islands) and the remaining (i.e., northern, western, and southern main island and Penghu Island) populations within Taiwan, with the latter being more similar to continental Asian populations. The southern Ryukyu population, while being more similar to the eastern Taiwan populations, was the most divergent of all populations examined. The genetic differentiation be- tween eastern and remaining Taiwanese populations is considered to reflect the primary interruption of gene flow between them by the central mountain range of the main island. However, the eastern Taiwan populations lack fixed or nearly fixed alleles unique to themselves, and they share most alleles with one or both of the remaining Taiwanese and southern Ryukyu populations. Genotype of the current eastern Taiwan populations may have been derived from an introgression between western Taiwan populations and former eastern Taiwan populations that were genetically closer to the southern Ryukyu populations.
Determinants of adaptation strategies to climate change among the smallholder farmers in Adama District, Ethiopia

Purpose The Ethiopian economy is mainly based on the rain-fed agriculture practiced by smallholder farmers. The sector is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. This study aims to examine the determinants of adaptation strategies to climate change among the smallholder farmers in Adama District, Ethiopia. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional survey design was used to collect quantitative data using questionnaire with 351 randomly selected smallholder farmers. To collect qualitative data focus group discussions, key informant interviews and field observations were also used. Triangulated with thematic analysis, descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression model were used for the analysis. Findings The result indicated that the majority of the smallholder farmers use at least one climate change adaptation strategy in their local areas though the strategy is generally weak. In this regard, some of the dominant climate change adaptation activities identified in the study area are using improved crop varieties, planting trees, watershed management, adjusting planting date and terracing. The result from binary logistic regression model showed that age and sex of household head, as well as their education, family size, access to agricultural extension services and training on climate change significantly influence the practices of adaptation measures. Originality/value This study would help the practitioners to modify the existing weak adaptation activities by introducing advanced and technological-based adaptation strategies to the rural farming communities.
Cation distribution and valence in synthetic Al – Mn – O and Fe – Mn – O spinels under varying f O 2 conditions

The spinel-group minerals, found in a range of igneous rocks, are resistant to weathering and can incorporate several multivalent elements, meaning they have the potential to provide insight into the redox conditions of parental magmas. Naturally occurring spinel can contain varying quantities of Mn, an element which occurs terrestrially and extra-terrestrially as Mn 2+ , Mn 3+ , Mn 4+ and Mn 5+ . However, a lack of information on the effects of oxygen fugacity ( f O 2 ) on: (1) Mn valence state and cation distribution; and (2) on spinel-melt partitioning means that the potential for a Mn-in-spinel oxy-barometer remains largely untested. Here, we use electron probe microanalysis, micro-focus X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) to investigate cation distribution and valence state in spinels in the Al – Mn – O and Fe – Mn – O systems synthesized at ambient pressure under varying f O 2 conditions. In contrast to previous studies, we find that the spectral resolution of the Mn K -edge XANES spectra is insufficient to provide quantitative data on Mn valence state and site occupancy, although it does verify that Mn is incorporated as both Mn 2+ and Mn 3+ , distributed over tetrahedral and octahedral sites. Combination of data from XANES and SC-XRD refinements can, however, be used to model Mn, Al and Fe valence and site occupancy. It would be expected that Mn – Fe spinels have the potential to record f O 2 conditions in parental melts due to changes to the octahedral site under conditions that were more reducing. However, decoupling the effects of temperature and oxygen fugacity on the T Fe 3+ – T Mn 2+ exchange in the Mn – Fe spinels remains challenging. In contrast, little variation is noted in Mn – Al spinels as a function of f O 2 , implying that crystal chemistry and cation site geometry may significantly influence cation distribution, and by inference, crystal-melt partitioning, in spinel-group minerals.
Effect of nitrogen supply on nitrogen and energy metabolism in lactating sows

In 56 balance trials sows received diets in pregnancy containing (g/kg diet) either 24·7 nitrogen (N) (C) or 16·7 N (L) followed by diets in lactation containing (g/kg dietary dry matter) either 28·5 N and 8·4 lysine (C) or 32·8 N and 10·3 lysine (H). N and energy balance during lactation (day 4 to 25) were made during three successive parities (23, 17 and 16 sows in parities 1,2 and 3, respectively). Retention in piglets was calculated from their body composition at weaning. Mean daily litter gain was 2·72 kg/day and was not affected by the dietary treatments. Mean body-weight loss of sows was 0·67 kg/day and was lower only in parity 2 on lactation treatment H compared with lactation treatment C. N retention was less negative on lactation treatment H than on lactation treatment C (significant in parity 1) and N retention was less negative on pregnancy treatment L than on pregnancy treatment C (significant in parity 3). Fat mobilization on lactation treatment H was higher than on lactation treatment C (significant in parities 2 and 3). The proportion of energy mobilized as protein to the total energy mobilization was significantly lower on lactation treatment H compared with lactation treatment C. Estimated daily N, lysine and Heal digestible lysine requirements for first parity lactating sows were 162 g, 48 g and 37 g respectively. For second parity sows 179 g, 54 g and 42 g and for third parity sows 185 g, 56 g and 43 g. N excretion during lactation was proportionately about 0·6 of ingested N. This resulted in an N excretion of about 2·3 kg N during a 25-day lactation period. After correction for differences in litter size, body weight of sows, daily litter gain and N mobilization increased with parity number.
A dynamic approach to car availability throughout the life course

The relatively new research field of mobility biographies designates the analysis of long-term mobility behaviour and the availability of mobility tools in a life span. A retrospective survey of the TU Dortmund, ETH Zurich and Goethe University Frankfurt collects data on individual mobility biographies of three different generations in a household with a life-calendar. Most of the past long-term decisions made by individuals such as buying a house or changing job affect their preferences in future periods and induce economic constraints in the form of transaction costs. Ignoring these aspects may lead to biased estimates in the analysis. A dynamic probit model is used to identify impacts on the individual decisions on car availability in a life span and tests for differences between gender or is used to include the time dependency of the explanatory variables such as age, the number of children or education. The focus of the paper is to compare the modelling results following common practices in the life course calendar literature, based on random effects probit models with the results obtained with a dynamic random effects probit model with autocorrelation. In contrary to the classic random effects probit model approach the main advantage of the dynamic probit approach is to explicitly model the correlated time-fixed and time-varying unobserved heterogeneity by the means of composite marginal likelihood estimation.
Herbicidal activity and inhibitory potency of two essential oils on weeds under natural condition

The unsuitable use of synthetic herbicides in agriculture along with their accumulation in soil and groundwater caused adverse effects on the environment and human health. For this reason, a particular attention have been paid over the world, to reduce the chemicals used in agriculture production by introducing biological and ecological methods. Therefore, using of alternative means, such as products-based essential oils to control herbaceous layer, is needed because of their high potential as natural herbicides more friendly to the ecosystems. This work focused on studying the inhibitory effect of two formulated essential oils; One based on cypress (Cupressaceae) collected from the region of Blida (north Algeria) and the other one based on Thuja (Cupressaceae) of the region of Tipaza (northern Algeria). The treatments were carried out in the field, dilutions prepared from a 10% concentrated stock solution to obtain respective doses: D1 = 0.1 g / l; D2 = 0.2 g / l and D3 = 0.3 g / l. The results showed that the bioproducts based on essential oil of the two plants had different actions on the germination of the herbaceous stratum according to the dose and the time. Indeed, for the cypress-based products, the strongest inhibition was obtained with the lowest dose (D1) at a rate of 33.87% whereas for that based on thuja, it was the maximum dose (D3) with the highest rate of inhibition (14%).
Study on Relationship between Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Zinc and their Excretions in Stool and Urine or Serum Concentration

健康な20歳代男子5人を被験者として, 連続3日間, ナトリウム (Na), カリウム (K), カルシウム (Ca), リン (P), マグネシウム (Mg), 亜鉛 (Zn) の出納実験を行った。 この結果に基づいて, 摂取量と糞中, 尿中排泄量または血清中濃度との相関を解析した。 1) 出納実験より, Na, K, Pは摂取量の大部分が尿中へ排泄されていた。 摂取量に対する尿中への排泄率はNaが85%と最も高く, Pが84%, Kが74%であった。 逆にCa, Mg, Znは糞中へ排泄される割合が高く, 尿中への排泄率はCaが38%, Mgは25%と低かった。 Znのそれは7. 1%であった。 2) 摂取量と糞中排泄量との相関を検討してみると, Kのみが統計学的に有意の正相関を示した。 3) 摂取量と尿中排泄量との間には, Na (r=0.974) とK (r=0.891) が統計学的に有意な正相関を示した。 4) 各ミネラルの摂取量と血清中濃度との間には, 統計学的に有意な相関関係が認められなかった。 5) Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Znの尿中, 糞中の量, 血清中濃度から各ミネラル摂取量を推定するには, 尿中クロール排泄量からの方法がよく知られている。 今回の実験では, これをNa, Kの24時間尿中排泄量から求める方法の有用についても示した。
BIOCHEMISTRY OF HOST PARASITE INTERACTION – CUSCUTA CHINENSIS LAM. ON CHROMOLAENA ODORATA (L) KING & H. E ROBINS. A FUNDAMENTAL APPROACH

The genus Cuscuta (Dodders, Convolvulaceae) is one of the most signif icant lineages of parasitic plants from economic, conservation, and anthropogenic perspectives. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of Cuscuta chinensis in the invasive species Chromolaena odorata. The anatomy of haustoria and biochemical changes in the host by the holoparasitic angiosperm Cuscuta chinensis parasitizing different tissues of C. odoratum were studied under light microscope. C. chinensis invasion in host tissue preferentially enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (POX) whereas marginally the catalase (CAT) activity. The biotic stress in the plant induces the formation of reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide and was effectively scavenged by the enzyme POX. The signif icant activity of SOD inturn supports the H2O2 formation in the host tissue. The low prof ile of phenol also supports the prof ile of PPO. The signif icant level of PPO activity suggests its functions as an anti-nutritive defense against parasites by producing browning in the infected tissues of the host. Increased concentration of total soluble protein and proline in the infected host suggest its defense against the parasite. The IR spectral analysis also suggests the presence of different functional group in the infected species compared to control revealing their active phase in secondary metabolite synthesis. The data was strongly supported by the activity prof ile of Phenylalanine ammonia lyase. Chlorophyll content showed a marginal decrease in the infected host compared to control. Free amino acids also showed a signif icant prof ile in the host plant. The results of the present study related with the tolerance shown by the host suggest the non compatible relationship between the parasites on the host plant.