Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cretaceous granitoids in SW Japan and their bearing on the crust-forming process in the eastern Eurasian margin

ABSTRACT: The Cretaceous granitic rocks and associated regional metamorphic rocks in SW Japan were formed by a Cordilleran-type orogeny. Southwest Japan is regarded as a hypothetical cross-section of the upper to middle crust of the Eurasian continental margin in the Cretaceous, comprising (1) high-level granitoids (called San-yo type) and weakly to unmetamorphosed accretionary complexes that are exposed on the back-arc side and (2) low-level (Ryoke type) granitoids with high-grade metamorphites up to migmatitic gneisses on the forearc side. All these granitoids are of the ilmenite series, and predominantly I-type, with a subordinate amount of garnet- or muscovite-bearing varieties in the Ryoke zone, but none of these contains cordierite. These mineralogical variations are likely to depend more on their slightly peraluminous chemistry rather than the pressure differences during crystallisation. In the eastern part of SW Japan, the granitoids of both levels give K–Ar biotite ages of approximately 65 Ma, whereas the magmatic age of high-level granitoids is approximately 70 Ma, 15 Ma younger than the nearly 85 Ma old lower level granitoids. This implies that the formation of the middle crust started approximately 15 Ma before that of the upper crust. The middle crust material was kept over 500°C for 15–20 Ma after solidification, then it cooled together with the upper crust to 300°C, 6–7 Ma after the formation of the upper crust. The coincidence of cooling history below 500°C of the upper and middle crust may reflect the regional uplift of the crust. The low-level granitoids have higher 87Sr/86Sr initial ratios than those of high-level granitoids in the middle-western part (Chugoku district), but the relationship appears to be opposite in the eastern part. This may imply that the two plutonic series formed by separate magmatic pulses at an interval of c. 15 Ma, even though they are not independent, but rather part of a larger episode of crustal growth.
Influence of a complex land surface scheme on Arctic climate simulations

[1] The regional climate model HIRHAM4 coupled with two different land surface models (ECHAM4-LSM and NCAR-LSM) has been applied over the entire Arctic region. Model results have been compared with the observed monthly soil temperature and snow water equivalent from several weather stations in east Siberia and west Russia. Our study shows that the seasonal cycle of soil temperature is reasonably well reproduced by both versions of the model. HIRHAM4-ECHAM4-LSM produces cold soil temperature bias during winter, and the use of HIRHAM4-NCAR-LSM reduces such bias because of its more advanced land surface schemes. Insulation by snow on the ground surface is one of the main controlling factors of soil temperature, and the increased association between snow and soil temperature in HIRHAM4-NCAR-LSM has led to the improvement in winter soil temperature. We further established that the influences of land surface schemes and their coupling on the atmospheric conditions not only affect climate simulations on land but also in remote Arctic Ocean regions. Similarly as for the present day climate, two different land surface schemes can have significant influences on the simulated future climate. These influences imply an additional uncertainty in future climate projections.
In Situ Toxicity Reduction and Food Safety Assessment of Pak Choi (Brassica campestris L.) in Cadmium-Contaminated Soil by Jointly Using Alkaline Passivators and Organic Fertilizer

An economical and effective method is still lacking for cadmium (Cd) toxicity reduction and food product safety improvement in soil–vegetable systems. Therefore, this study aimed to reduce the Cd toxicity to pak choi (Brassica campestris L.) by jointly using passivators and organic fertilizer, highlighting food products’ safety based on pot experiments. The results showed that compared with the control, organic fertilizer decreased the Cd content in edible parts and the soil’s available Cd by 48.4% and 20.9% on average, respectively, due to the 0.15-unit increases in soil pH. Once jointly applied with passivators, the decrements increased by 52.3–72.6% and 32.5–52.6% for the Cd content in edible parts and for the soil’s available Cd, respectively, while the pH increment increased by 0.15–0.46 units. Compared with the control, the transport factor of Cd was reduced by 61.9% and 50.9–55.0% when applying organic fertilizer alone and together with the passivators, respectively. The combination treatment of biochar and organic fertilizer performed the best in decreasing the Cd content in the edible parts and the soil’s available Cd. The combination treatment of fish bone meal and organic fertilizer induced the greatest increases in soil pH. The grey relational analysis results showed that the combination treatment of biochar and organic fertilizer performed the best in reducing the potential Cd pollution risk, thereby highlighting the vegetable food safety. This study provides a potential economical and effective technology for toxicity reduction and food safety in Cd-polluted soil.
Decision -making from on -farm experiments: Spatial analysis of precision agriculture data

Griffin, Terry W. , Ph.D., Purdue University, December 2006. Decision-Making from On-Farm Experiments: Spatial Analysis of Precision Agriculture Data. Major Professor: James Lowenberg-DeBoer. The goal of this research was to adapt spatial regression methods to on-farm trials in a farm management context. Three essays address this issue. The first essay tested different experimental designs and statistical analysis methods with site-specific data under a range of spatial autocorrelation levels using Monte Carlo simulation techniques. Simulations indicated that data usable for farm management decision making could be gathered from limited replication experimental designs if that data were analyzed with the appropriate spatial statistical model. The second essay adapted spatial analysis methods to a series of on-farm trials conducted by farmers. Farmers conducted on-farm trials using candidate experimental designs identified from the first essay. Available data were assimilated into a spatial dataset, analyzed with traditional and appropriate spatial statistical methods, and results provided to the farmers. Two datasets were created for each field study, one using the yield monitor data exported from farm mapping software with the default parameter settings, and another using yield monitor data subjected to a conscious removal of erroneously measured observations and adjustment for location. Each dataset was evaluated using one aspatial and two spatial analysis techniques to determine if farm
Adult Learning for Self-Care and Healing Justice: Black Women Living With HIV/AIDS Amid a Global Pandemic Voices From CBOs’ Service Providers

The aim of this article was to identify the perceptions of community-based organization (CBO) service providers regarding their experiences with Black women living with AIDS (BWLHA) during a global pandemic. Two CBO service providers were selected for the study through a purposeful sampling technique. Black feminist theory, informal learning, and trauma theory helped frame the study, and narrative and cultural analyses were used for data analysis. Social isolation, medical and telehealth concerns, perceived social categorization of us and them, and informal strategies for healing were the emerging themes. Findings from this study have implications for adult educators, health educators, and mental health professionals as the global COVID-19 pandemic has increased the need to develop a trauma care plan (TCP) for BWLHA.
Plastic work and isotropic softening in unloading

The dilatancy of granular soils during shear links strength to a strain rate ratio. A simple sawtooth mathematical model represents dilatancy by tooth slope, and easily explains how an increase in dilatancy leads to an increase in strength beyond that caused by friction. Nova's rule for relating stress to dilatancy implies that the familiar strain decomposition into elastic and plastic components hides a fundamental insight. This rule fits the loading of sand rather well, and shows that some plastic strain may be recovered on unloading, paradoxical as this might seem. A simple model is presented which requires only one additional parameter, a softening modulus, compared with the model for loading. It explains several features of the rich behaviour of sand in unloading/reloading, including the size of hysteresis loops, changes in stress-dilatancy behaviour, and increases in sand strength. Some aspects are explained with second-order detail. Although this approach differs from current trends in the constitutive modelling of soils, it can represent complex soil behaviour with few parameters, yet with second-order detail. This suggests that further attention should be paid to the internal energy storage implicit in Nova's flow rule.
Isotopic composition of the precipitations in the central Mediterranean: Origin marks and orographic precipitation effects

[1] The isotopic composition of the rainfall in northwestern Sicily (Italy, central Mediterranean) was investigated in the period February 2002 to March 2003. A rain gauge network was installed and sampled monthly. The monthly values of the D and 18O ratios showed a wide range that reflected seasonal climatic variations. Mean weighted values were used to define an isotopic model of precipitation. Temporal variations in deuterium excess were also investigated. Using mean volume weighted values, the Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) can be represented by the equation: δD = 4. 7δ18O − 8.2 (r2 = 0.96). Deuterium excess (d = δD − 8δ18O) was found to be strongly related to orography. The coastline samples were characterized by mean weighted deuterium excess values close to 12.5‰; samples from inland areas showed values of 16‰, while samples taken from the main reliefs showed values close to 19‰. In inland areas, isotopic exchange between raindrops and moisture could shift the deuterium excess values slightly. On the higher reliefs, the interaction between falling raindrops and orographic clouds could shift the deuterium excess values significantly. The low slope of the LMWL could be referred to the high deuterium excess values of the higher sites and is related to orographic precipitation rather than to evaporation processes during the fall of the raindrops. The results obtained suggest that local orographic features may significantly change the isotopic composition of precipitation.
Characterization and Localization of Sol g 2.1 Protein from Solenopsis geminata Fire Ant Venom in the Central Nervous System of Injected Crickets (Acheta domestica)

Solenopsis geminata is recognized for containing the allergenic proteins Sol g 1, 2, 3, and 4 in its venom. Remarkably, Sol g 2.1 exhibits hydrophobic binding and has a high sequence identity (83.05%) with Sol i 2 from S. invicta. Notably, Sol g 2.1 acts as a mediator, causing paralysis in crickets. Given its structural resemblance and biological function, Sol g 2.1 may play a key role in transporting hydrophobic potent compounds, which induce paralysis by releasing the compounds through the insect’s nervous system. To investigate this further, we constructed and characterized the recombinant Sol g 2.1 protein (rSol g 2.1), identified with LC-MS/MS. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was performed to reveal the structural features of the rSol g 2.1 protein. Furthermore, after treating crickets with S. geminata venom, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting results revealed that the Sol g 2.1 protein primarily localizes to the neuronal cell membrane of the brain and thoracic ganglia, with distribution areas related to octopaminergic neuron cell patterns. Based on protein—protein interaction predictions, we found that the Sol g 2.1 protein can interact with octopamine receptors (OctRs) in neuronal cell membranes, potentially mediating Sol g 2.1’s localization within cricket central nervous systems. Here, we suggest that Sol g 2.1 may enhance paralysis in crickets by acting as carriers of active molecules and releasing them onto target cells through pH gradients. Future research should explore the binding properties of Sol g 2.1 with ligands, considering its potential as a transporter for active molecules targeting pest nervous systems, offering innovative pest control prospects.
Future deforestation drivers in an Amazonian ranching frontier

In the Brazilian Amazonia, extensive and durable deforestation is led by ranching profits and increased demand for meat in large, globalized markets. A closer look at the arc of deforestation in southern Amazonia shows deforestation moving northward from ranching hotspots into surrounding frontiers as roads are opened. In the case of the Alta Floresta frontier, however, the road network has become dense enough that topographic features (land flatness and land away from river flooding plains) are now the significant risk factors of forest loss. Conversely, riparian corridors seem to be avoided by deforestation, as water and shade are vital for cattle weight gain or the corridors are waterlogged. Local interactions, expressed as spatial autocorrelation in multivariate models or neighbors in cellular automata forecasts, are also significant. In the short run, these local interactions produce a pattern of irreversible edge deforestation around pastures and fragmentation. But in the long run, spillovers outside of the study area can be expected as a result of economic momentum and the exhaustion of cattle-suitable areas in Alta Floresta.
Empirical Data on Contemporary Global Climate Changes (Temperature and Precipitation)

Abstract New data are presented on the changes of mean global surface air temperature and annual precipitation over extratropical continents of the Northern Hemisphere. Global warming occurred during the last century with a mean trend of 0.5°C/100 years. It is shown that for the same period the annual precipitation over the land in the 35°–70°N zone increased by 6%. The observed variations of precipitation coincide with the results of general circulation modeling of doubled CO2 equilibrium climate change by sign but contradict by scale.
A sedimentological and cyclostratigraphic evaluation of the completeness of the Mississippian–Pennsylvanian (Mid-Carboniferous) Global Stratotype Section and Point, Arrow Canyon, Nevada, USA

The Mississippian–Pennsylvanian Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) are hosted within a shallow-water, dominantly carbonate succession in the lower part of the Bird Spring Formation at Arrow Canyon, Nevada, USA. The boundary is marked by the first appearance datum (FAD) of the conodont Declinognathodus noduliferus sensu lato. It is shown that the boundary interval is punctuated by numerous subaerial hiatuses represented by palaeokarstic surfaces and palaeosols, which divide strata at this location into fourth-order glacio-eustatic cycles. A well-developed palaeosol horizon occurs <1 m above the FAD of D. noduliferus. It also coincides with a very marked facies change and a second-order shift in cycle-stacking patterns. These characteristics violate International Commission on Stratigraphy guidelines, which state that GSSPs should be chosen in sections showing continuous sedimentation and lacking vertical facies changes at or near the boundary. Because the Mid-Carboniferous is an icehouse interval, cyclostratigraphy is a powerful tool for high-resolution correlation. A comparison of the cyclostratigraphy of Mid-Carboniferous strata at Arrow Canyon and in northern England indicates that a large number of glacio-eustatic sea-level oscillations are not recorded at Arrow Canyon and that this section contains over 25 missed beats of Milankovitch band duration equating to a hiatus of ≥1 Ma.
Influence of differences in current GOSAT XCO2 retrievals on surface flux estimation

We investigated differences in the five currently‐available datasets of column‐integrated CO2 concentrations ( XCO2 ) retrieved from spectral soundings collected by Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) and assessed their impact on regional CO2 flux estimates. We did so by estimating the fluxes from each of the five XCO2 datasets combined with surface‐based CO2 data, using a single inversion system. The five XCO2 datasets are available in raw and bias‐corrected versions, and we found that the bias corrections diminish the range of the five coincident values by ~30% on average. The departures of the five individual inversion results (annual‐mean regional fluxes based on XCO2 ‐surface combined data) from the surface‐data‐only results were close to one another in some terrestrial regions where spatial coverage by each XCO2 dataset was similar. The mean of the five annual global land uptakes was 1.7 ± 0.3 GtC yr−1, and they were all smaller than the value estimated from the surface‐based data alone.
Map Quality for Ordinary Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation

The selection of a spatial interpolation methods will impact the quality of site-specific soil fertility maps. The objective of this study was to describe and predict the relative performance of inverse distance weighted (IDW) and ordinary kriging. Soil samples were collected on 30.5-m grids for fields in five Kentucky counties and analyzed for pH, buffer pH, P, K, Ca, and Mg. From these data sets, 61-m grid subsets were extracted. Data were interpolated with IDW and kriging procedures. Prediction efficiency (PE) was determined using an independent dataset (PE validation ) and with cross-validation (PE cross-validation ). Multiple stepwise regression was used to develop models that described the relative performance of ordinary kriging and IDW with statistical properties of the data. At the 30.5-m grid scale, the performance of ordinary kriging relative to IDW improved as the range of spatial correlation increased and fit of the semivariogram model improved. However, at the 61.0-m grid scale, the performance of ordinary kriging relative to IDW diminished as the degree of spatial structure increased and the fit of the semivariogram model improved. Alone, PE cross-validation poorly describes the performance of PE validation across locations, soil properties, and sampling intervals (r 2 = 0.18). However, in combination with the range of spatial correlation, substantial variability at the 30.5-m grid scale was described for variables with sample semivariograms that reached plateaus (R 2 = 0.61). In some situations, better decisions will be made regarding the use of these methods by considering the range of spatial correlation and cross-validation statistics.
A Bi-Prototype BDC Metric Network With Lightweight Adaptive Task Attention for Few-Shot Fine-Grained Ship Classification in Remote Sensing Images

Fine-grained ship classification in optical remote sensing images is a major challenge in the ocean observation field, elaborated as follows: first, the cost of acquiring ship images is expensive. Obtaining numerous labeled samples is difficult, resulting in the poor generalization ability of training models. Second, the features of ship target cannot be accurately obtained owing to complex background interference. Third, interclass similarity and intraclass diversity among different ships render ship classification difficult. In this study, we propose lightweight adaptive task attention-bi-prototype-Brownian distance covariance (LATA-BP-BDC): a BP-BDC metric network with LATA for few-shot fine-grained ship classification. First, the LATA module is used to generate 3-D weights, which can effectively reduce complex background interference and improve the adaptive capturing ability of target features without including additional network operators. Second, we input target features into the BDC metric module and output the BDC matrices to represent image information. Because the similarity between two images can be calculated as the corresponding BDC matrices distance, the improvement of the relevance of similar targets can be realized. Finally, we use the bi-prototype module to generate highly accurate prototypes, further calibrating information differences between images, which enhances the correlation between the same category samples and separability between different categories samples. Consequently, this process effectively reduces the influence of large intraclass appearance variation and small interclass appearance variation. We perform validation using two fine-grained datasets, fine-grained ship classification in remote sensing images (FGSCR), and caltech-ucsd birds-200-2011 (CUB). Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, the LATA-BP-BDC achieves a superior performance and has good generalization for fine-grained few-shot classification.
The tides in the Arctic Ocean from a finite element model

The two main diurnal (i.e., K1 and O1) and semidiurnal (i.e., M2 and S2) tidal waves have been computed from a hydrodynamic, finite element, spectral model. The spatial resolution of the model varies from a few kilometers at the coastline to 100 km in the deepest regions. An optimization of the open boundary conditions has been performed to improve the solution accuracy. The bottom topography used in this model has been originally extracted from the Earth Topography 5-minutes Grid (ETOPO5) and corrected from various sources of data. The impact of the input parameters like the friction coefficient, the loading effects, and the parameterisation of the additional friction due to the Arctic ice cover is investigated. The tidal elevations are compared to a set of in situ observations and validated. They also are compared to the Kowalik and Proshutinsky [1993] model. These comparisons mainly show good agreement between the two models. Nevertheless, significant differences are observed where small wavelength structures are produced by the topographic trapping of the tidal energy. The velocities associated with the elevations are also presented. The potential rate of work, the dissipation, and the energy fluxes are computed from these elevations and velocities. Because of the uncertainties of the velocities at the open boundaries, we are restricted to a qualitative analysis of the energy equation terms, which appears to be consistent with the previous studies on Arctic tides.
The Laptev Sea as a source for recent Arctic Ocean salinity changes

This study was motivated by observations of significant salinification of the upper Eurasian Basin that began around 1989. Observational data and modeling results provide evidence that increased arctic atmospheric cyclonicity in the 1990s resulted in a dramatic increase of the salinity in the Eurasian Basin. Two mechanisms account for the Laptev Sea salinization: eastward diversion of Russian rivers and increased brine formation due to enhanced ice production in numerous leads in the Laptev Sea ice cover. Both these mechanisms are linked to changes in wind patterns and were essential to the formation of salinity anomalies. The resulting Laptev Sea salinity anomaly was advected to the central Eurasian Basin. The strong salinization over the Eurasian Basin altered the formation of cold halocline waters, weakened vertical stratification, and released heat upward from below the cold halocline layer. Our analysis suggests that local processes in the Laptev Sea may have a basin‐wide impact on the thermohaline structure of the Arctic Ocean.