Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
UC Merced Frontiers of Biogeography Expansion of an introduced sea anemone population, and its associations with native species in a tropical marine lake (Jellyfish Lake,

Understanding the full range of consequences of species introductions into island and marine habitats requires quantitative studies of systems that are currently under-represented in the scientific literature. We document the introduction, proliferation and establishment of a non-native sea anemone species in an isolated tropical marine lake, a marine ‘island’. From 2003–2012, we gathered samples to identify the introduced species and used transect and photo-quadrat surveys to describe its abundance, distribution, and any associations with native species or habitats. The non-native sea anemone was first found at the tourist entry into the lake in 2003 and identified as Exaiptasia pallida (Agassiz 1864), a species with zooxanthellae endosymbionts. Temporal patterns of tourism, the spatial extent of the sea anemone in 2003, and genetic analyses of the symbiont were consistent with the early stages of introduction. Subsequent expansion of E. pallida throughout the lake occurred within six years. The native species assemblages that were invaded by E. pallida were heterogeneous among surveys and habitats. Overall, there were few correlations that were significant between percent cover of E. pallida and native species; most significant associations were negative; the majority were on mangrove roots. There was one positive association between E. pallida and a native sponge. No significant relationship was found between the abundance of pallida and native species diversity. The rapid expansion of dearth of strong ecosystem effects presents a case study of invasive species in a tropical marine habitat where consequences are not directly proportional to invasive abundance. Whether this outcome is stable and representative of other species introduced into marine lakes, or elsewhere in marine systems, remains to be seen.
ON THE SPECTRAL FORM OF THE INFRARED EXCESS COMPONENT IN T TAURI SYSTEMS.

The spectral form of the IR-excess component is derived for a sample of eight well-observed T Tauri stars and one Herbig Be star. The fundamental assumption is that the photospheric contribution at IR wavelengths can be estimated by fitting an appropriate photosphere at the I filter, after correction for interstellar reddening. The authors find that the IR-excess components obtained in this way are remarkably similar from star to star, suggesting a common form for T Tauri IR excesses at wavelengths shortward of 20 μm. The observed slope for the spectral energy distribution of the IR excess is not quite as negative as that expected from Keplerian accretion disks and from disks which simply reprocess stellar light. The fraction of the system luminosity attributed to thermal dust emission ranges from about 0.4 to almost 0.8 in the sample. These fractional IR excesses are too large to be explained solely by reprocessing of stellar light in a thin disk, and suggest the presence of some intrinsic disk luminosity.
A Comparison of Two Cumulus Parameterization Schemes in a Linear Model of Wave-CSK

Abstract A linear model of wave-CISK consisting of the primitive equations formulated on an equatorial beta-plane with a resting basic state, is used to compare the relatively simple cumulus parameterization scheme developed by Stevens and Lindzen with the relatively complex one developed by Arakawa and Schubert. The comparison is based mainly on the instability characteristics and vertical structure of the wave. Discrete forms of the equations are developed and the inhomogeneous vertical structure equation is solved as a generalized matrix eigenvalue problem. The eigenvalues correspond to complex equivalent depths which determine the growth rates through the use of the dispersion relation for an equatorial beta-plane. The eigenvectors, which are the vertical velocities at discrete levels in the model, determine the vertical structure. Results indicate that the growth rates obtained with Arakawa and Schubert's parameterization are smaller than those obtained with Stevens and Lindzen's parameterization. Co.
Different modes of star formation: Gravitational collapse of magnetically subcritical cloud

Star formation in magnetically subcritical clouds is investigated using a three-dimensional non-ideal magneto-hydrodynamics simulation. Since rapid cloud collapse is suppressed until the magnetic flux is sufficiently removed from the initially magnetically subcritical cloud by ambipolar diffusion, it takes > 5-10t_ff to form a protostar, where t_ff is the freefall timescale of the initial cloud. The angular momentum of the star forming cloud is efficiently transferred to the interstellar medium before the rapid collapse begins, and the collapsing cloud has a very low angular momentum. Unlike the magnetically supercritical case, no large-scale low-velocity outflow appears in such a collapsing cloud due to the short lifetime of the first core. Following protostar formation, a very weak high-velocity jet, which has a small momentum and might disappear at a later time, is driven near the protostar, while the circumstellar disc does not grow during the early mass accretion phase. The results show that the star formation process in magnetically subcritical clouds is qualitatively different from that in magnetically supercritical clouds.
A Review of Added Mass and Fluid Inertial Forces

This report reviews the existing state of knowledge concerning the evaluation of the forces imposed on a body in a fluid due to acceleration of either the body or the fluid. It concentrates on those fluid inertial forces due to acceleration rather than on the drag/lift forces due to steady motion. The first part of the report presents a survey of the analytical background including the definition of added mass, the structure of the added mass matrix and other effects such as the influence of viscosity, fluid compressibility and the proximity of solid and free surface boundaries. Then the existing data base from experiments and potential flow calculations is reviewed. Approximate empirical methods for bodies of complex geometry are explored in a preliminary way. The possible dramatic effects of the proximity of the ocean bottom are further highlighted. The confused state of affairs regarding the possibly major effects of viscosity in certain regimes of frequency and Reynolds number is discussed. Finally a number of recommendations stemming from ocean engineering problems are put forward.
Isolation of a New Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) Variant from Genetically Resistant Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) during 2021–2022

Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), caused by IPNV, affects several species of farmed fish, particularly Atlantic salmon, and is responsible for significant economic losses in salmon aquaculture globally. Despite the introduction of genetically resistant farmed Atlantic salmon and vaccination strategies in the Chilean salmon industry since 2019, the number of IPN outbreaks has been increasing in farmed Atlantic salmon in the freshwater phase. This study examined gross and histopathological lesions of IPNV-affected fish, as well as the IPNV nucleotide sequence encoding the VP2 protein in clinical cases. The mortality reached 0.4% per day, and the cumulative mortality was from 0.4 to 3.5%. IPNV was isolated in the CHSE-214 cell line and was confirmed by RT-PCR, and VP2 sequence analysis. The analyzed viruses belong to IPNV genotype 5 and have 11 mutations in their VP2 protein. This is the first report of IPN outbreaks in farmed Atlantic salmon genetically resistant to IPNV in Chile. Similar outbreaks were previously reported in Scotland and Norway during 2018 and 2019, respectively. This study highlights the importance of maintaining a comprehensive surveillance program in conjunction with the use of farmed Atlantic salmon genetically resistant to IPNV.
Confirming the Presence of Second-population Stars and the Iron Discrepancy along the AGB of the Globular Cluster NGC 6752

Asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars in the globular cluster NGC 6752 have been found to exhibit some chemical peculiarities with respect to the red giant branch (RGB) stars. A discrepancy between [Fe i/H] and [Fe ii/H] (not observed in RGB stars) has been detected adopting spectroscopic temperatures. Moreover, a possible lack of second-population stars along the AGB was claimed. The use of photometric temperatures based on (V − K) colors was proposed to erase this iron discrepancy. Also, ad hoc scenarios have been proposed to explain the absence of second-population AGB stars. Here we analyzed a sample of 19 AGB and 14 RGB stars of NGC 6752 observed with the spectrograph’s UVES. The two temperature scales agree very well for the RGB stars while for the AGB stars there is a systematic offset of ∼100 K. We found that even if the photometric temperatures alleviate the iron discrepancy with respect to the spectroscopic ones, a systematic difference between [Fe i/H] and [Fe ii/H] is still found among the AGB stars. An unexpected result is that the photometric temperatures do not satisfy the excitation equilibrium in the AGB stars. This suggests that standard 1D-LTE model atmospheres are unable to properly describe the thermal structure of AGB stars, at variance with the RGB stars. The use of photometric temperatures confirms the previous detection of second-population AGB stars in this cluster, with the presence of clear correlations/anticorrelations among the light element abundances. This firmly demonstrates that both first- and second-population stars evolve along the AGB of NGC 6752.
Appearance of Paraelastic Phase as Ferroelastic Domain Walls in K2Cd2(SO4)3 Single Crystals.

Domain-phase boundaries of K 2 Cd 2 (SO 4 ) 3 were observed under a polarization microscope at the ferroelastic phase transition region. The experiment revealed that a heterophase structure with “forbidden” domain walls appeared and a paraelastic phase layer played the role of the domain walls. The orientation and thicknesses of the domain-phase walls were experimentally determined to be {110} and 16∼45 µm, respectively. The origin of the heterophase structure is discussed phenomenologically based on the assumed prototype phase with point group \=43m.
Multiproxy Reduced-Dimension Reconstruction of Pliocene Equatorial Pacific Sea 1 Surface Temperatures 2

20 A controversial aspect of the Pliocene climate system is a posited permanent sea-surface 21 temperature (SST) distribution resembling that during El Niño events, which is largely inferred 22 from sea-surface temperatures reconstructed from several sites in the equatorial Pacific. We 23 utilize a reduced-dimension methodology on a compilation of previously published multiproxy 24 (Mg/Ca, U k’37 , TEX 86 , and foraminifer assemblages) Pliocene SST records from the equatorial 25 Pacific to reconstruct spatial and temporal snapshots of SST anomalies and a time series of Niño 26 indices from 5 to 1 Ma. The use of multiple proxies increases the number of study sites and 27 thereby improves the robustness of the reconstruction. We find that the early Pliocene equatorial 28 Pacific was characterized by a reduced zonal SST difference due to minimal change in the west 29 and extreme warmth in the east which peaked at 4.3 Ma. The intensity of this mean El Niño-like 30 SST state then gradually diminished toward modern conditions. We also use the Pliocene Niño 4 31 time series to estimate the past strength of Indian Summer Monsoon given the modern 32 correlation of it to the Niño 4 index. Results indicate the monsoon was weaker throughout the 33 study interval with weakest conditions (~37% less rainfall than modern) occurring at 4.3 Ma, 34 congruent with regional proxy records. In summation, this reduced-dimension approach spatially 35 and temporally resolves the warm mean state of the Pliocene equatorial Pacific and has 36 numerous applications to inferences of paleoclimate conditions in distal regions teleconnected to 37 El Niño today. during El Niño events today. El 45 Niño events have widespread impacts including reduced marine productivity in the eastern 46 equatorial Pacific and weakened Indian Summer Monsoon. Insights into Pliocene El Niño-like 47 SSTs are typically based on paleoclimate reconstructions from a few sites that are then used to 48 infer regional conditions. In this study, we apply a statistical method to a compilation of nine 49 Pliocene SST records across the equatorial Pacific to fill in the spatial gaps in the 50 paleotemperature reconstructions. Our maps of reconstructed Pliocene SSTs reveal that the 51 eastern equatorial Pacific was 3-6°C warmer than today, which is consistent with a mean El 52 Niño-like state. Given the modern El Niño-Indian Summer Monsoon relationship, we estimate 53 that Pliocene monsoon was ~20-40% weaker than today.
Strategies for Enhancing the Multi-Stage Classification Performances of HER2 Breast Cancer from Hematoxylin and Eosin Images

Breast cancer is a significant health concern among women. Prompt diagnosis can diminish the mortality rate and direct patients to take steps for cancer treatment. Recently, deep learning has been employed to diagnose breast cancer in the context of digital pathology. To help in this area, a transfer learning-based model called ‘HE-HER2Net’ has been proposed to diagnose multiple stages of HER2 breast cancer (HER2-0, HER2-1+, HER2-2+, HER2-3+) on H&E (hematoxylin & eosin) images from the BCI dataset. HE-HER2Net is the modified version of the Xception model, which is additionally comprised of global average pooling, several batch normalization layers, dropout layers, and dense layers with a swish activation function. This proposed model exceeds all existing models in terms of accuracy (0.87), precision (0.88), recall (0.86), and AUC score (0.98) immensely. In addition, our proposed model has been explained through a class-discriminative localization technique using Grad-CAM to build trust and to make the model more transparent. Finally, nuclei segmentation has been performed through the StarDist method.
Directed diffraction without negative refraction

Using the FDTD method, we investigate the electromagnetic propagation in two-dimensional photonic crystals, formed by parallel air cylinders in a dielectric medium. The corresponding frequency band structure is computed using the standard plane-wave expansion method. It is shown that within partial bandgaps, waves tend to bend away from the forbidden directions. This phenomenon perhaps need not be explained in terms of negative refraction or `superlensing' behavior, contrast to what has been conjectured.
Twist two operator approach for even spin glueball masses and Pomeron Regge trajectory from the hardwall model

We compute the masses of even spin glueball states $ J^{PC} $, with $ P=C=+1 $, using a twist two operator from an AdS/QCD model known as the hardwall model, using Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. Within this approach, we found that the glueball masses are comparable with those in literature. From these masses, we obtained the Pomeron Regge trajectories for both boundary conditions in agreement with experimental data available and other holographic models.
Immigrant Bilingualism in the German Labour Market – Between Human Capital, Social Networks, and Ethnic Marginalisation

We compare the earnings of monolingual and competent bilingual immigrants in Germany. A joint discussion of language skills as human capital or social capital and theories of ethnic marginalisation leads us to expect heterogeneous returns to bilingualism. To track this potential divergence, we differentiate effects by gender, language group, immigrant density in respondents’ areas of residence, and communication intensity of their occupations. Doing so reveals sizeable differences in the returns to bilingualism. We find positive effects for the largest immigrant community in Germany, the Turkish population, while other language groups do not seem to benefit from retaining their heritage language. Individuals with a Turkish migration background have higher earnings when proficient in their heritage language and German. We discuss how the size of the immigrant community and the bilingualism premium might be related and pursue two alternative explanations: Specialised labour demand due to the wide dissemination of the Turkish-speaking population in Germany and ethnic social networks that are open only to those with proficiency in the heritage language. Our data indicate that both are important but operate in gender-specific ways. Turkish bilingual men experience an earnings premium only in occupations with high communication intensity, while there is no statistical relationship for women. The social capital channel is also much more potent for men, while bilingual German-Turkish women do not seem to profit from heritage-language networks for labour market success to the same degree. We discuss differences by gender in activating social capital and cultural influences as drivers of this gap.
The spreading of surfactant-laden liquids with surfactant transfer through the contact line

We examine the spreading of a liquid on a solid surface when the liquid surface has a spread monolayer of insoluble surfactant, and the surfactant transfers through the contact line between the liquid surface and the solid. We show that, as in surfactant-free systems, a singularity appears at the moving contact line. However, unlike surfactant-free systems, the singularity cannot be removed by the same assumptions as long as surfactant transfer takes place. In an attempt to avoid modelling difficulties posed by the question of how the singularity might be removed, we identify parameters which describe the dynamics of the macroscopic spreading process. These parameters, which depend on the details of the fluid motion next to the contact line as in the pure-fluid case, also depend on the state of the spread surfactant in the macroscopic region, in sharp contrast to the pure-fluid case where actions at the macroscopic scale did not affect material spreading parameters. A model of the viscous-controlled region near the contact line which accounts for surfactant transfer shows that, at steady state, some ranges of dynamic contact angles and of capillary number are forbidden. For a given surfactant–liquid pair, these disallowed ranges depend upon the actual contact angle and on the transfer flux of surfactant. We also examine a possible inner model which accounts for the transfer via surface diffusivity and regularizes the stress via a slip model. We show that the asymptotic behaviour of this model at distances from the contact line large compared to the inner length scale matches to the viscous-controlled region. An example of how the information propagates is given.
The chromospherically active binary star EI Eridani: I. Absolute dimensions

We present a detailed determination of the astrophysical parameters of the chromospherically active binary star EI Eridani. Our new radial velocities allow to improve the set of orbital elements and reveal long-term variations of the barycentric velocity. A possible third-body orbit with a period of ≈19 years is presented. Absolute parameters are determined in combination with the Hipparcos parallax. EI Eri's inclination angle of the rotational axis is confined to 56°. 0 ± 4°. 5, ist luminosity class IV is confirmed by its radius of 2.37 ± 0.12 R⊙. A comparison to theoretical stellar evolutionary tracks suggests a mass of 1.09 ± 0.05 M⊙ and an age of ≈ 6.15 Gyr. The present investigation is the basis of our long-term Doppler imaging study of its stellar surface (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Exotic $Z_2$ Symmetry Breaking Transitions in 2D Correlated Systems

The Landau paradigm of phase transitions is one of the backbones in critical phenomena. With a $Z_2$ symmetry, it describes the Ising universality class whose central charge is one half (c = 1=2) in two spatial dimensions (2D). Recent experiments in strongly correlated systems, however, suggest intriguing possibilities beyond the Landau paradigm. We uncover an exotic universality class of a $Z_2$ symmetry breaking transition with c = 1. It is shown that fractionalization of discrete symmetry order parameters may realize the exotic class. In addition to novel critical exponents, we find that the onset of an order parameter may be super-linear in contrast to the sub-linear onset of the Ising class. We argue that a super-linear onset of a $Z_2$ order parameter without breaking a bigger symmetry than $Z_2$ is evidence of exotic phenomena, and our results are applied to recent experiments in phase transitions at pseudo-gap temperatures.
The Compact Nucleus of the Deep Silicate Absorption Galaxy NGC 4418

High-resolution Hubble Space Telescope (HST) near-infrared and Keck mid-infrared images of the heavily extinguished infrared-luminous galaxy NGC 4418 are presented. These data make it possible to observe the imbedded near-infrared structure on scales of 10–20 pc and to constrain the size of the mid-infrared–emitting region. The 1.1–2.2 μm data of NGC 4418 show no clear evidence of nuclear star clusters or of a reddened active galactic nucleus. Instead, the nucleus of the galaxy consists of a ∼100–200 pc linear structure with fainter structures extending radially outward. The near-infrared colors of the linear feature are consistent with a 10–300 Myr starburst suffering moderate levels (a few magnitudes) of visual extinction. At 7.9–24.5 μm NGC 4418 has estimated size upper limits in the range of 30–80 pc. These dimensions are consistent with the highest-resolution radio observations obtained to date of NGC 4418, as well as the size of 50–70 pc expected for a blackbody with a temperature derived from the 25, 60, and 100 μm flux densities of the galaxy. Further, a spectral energy distribution constructed from the multiwavelength mid-infrared observations shows the strong silicate absorption feature at 10 μm, consistent with previous mid-infrared observations of NGC 4418. An infrared surface brightness of ∼2.1 × 1013 L⊙ kpc-2 is derived for NGC 4418. Such a value, though consistent with the surface brightness of warm ultraluminous infrared galaxies [LIR(8–1000 μm) ≥ 1012 L⊙], such as IRAS 05189-2524 and IRAS 08572+3915, is not large enough to distinguish NGC 4418 as a galaxy powered by an active galactic nucleus, as opposed to a lower surface brightness starburst.
Constraints on 
2ℓ2q
 operators from 
μ↔e
 flavor-changing meson decays

We study lepton-flavor-violating two- and three-body decays of pseudoscalar mesons in effective field theory. We give analytic formulas for the decay rates in the presence of a complete basis of $\mathrm{QED}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{QCD}$-invariant operators. The constraints are obtained at the experimental scale, then translated to the weak scale via one-loop renormalization group equations. The large renormalization-group mixing between tensor and (pseudo)scalar operators weakens the constraints on scalar and pseudoscalar operators at the weak scale.