Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Maximal Oxygen Consumption in Cycle Ergometry in Competitive Cyclists

Models for predicting maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in average adults might not be suitable for athletes, especially for competitive cyclists who can have significantly higher VO2max than normally active people. The aim of this study was to develop a clinically applicable equation for predicting VO2max during cycle ergometry in competitive cyclists and to compare its accuracy to the traditional American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) equation. Maximal cycle ergometry tests were performed in 496 male and 84 female competitive cyclists. Six predictors were initially used to model the prediction equation (power output, body weight, body height, fat mass, fat-free mass and age). Power output and body weight were the most important parameters in the model predicting VO2max. Three new equations were derived: for male (VO2max = 0.10 × PO − 0.60 × BW + 64.21), female cyclists (0.13 × PO − 0.83 × BW + 64.02) and the non-gender-specific formula (0.12 × PO − 0.65 × BW + 59.78). The ACSM underestimated VO2max in men by 7.32 mL/min/kg (11.54%), in women by 8.24 mL/min/kg (15.04%) and in all participants by 7.45 mL/min/kg (11.99%), compared to the new equation that underestimated VO2max in men by 0.12 mL/min/kg (0.19%) and in all participants by 0.65 mL/min/kg (1.04%). In female cyclists, the new equation had no relative bias. We recommend that medicine and sports practitioners adapt our proposed equations when working with competitive cyclists. Our findings demonstrate the need to evaluate prediction models for other athletes with a special focus on disciplines that demand high aerobic capacity.
Association of Blood Pressure, Anthropometric Indices and Blood Group among Hypertensive Patients at Health centers in Addis Ababa Ethiopia

Background: Uncontrolled BP is a major health problem both in developed and developing countries. Life style, behavioral or genetic factors are some of the risk factors for uncontrolled BP. There are many researches have done on the risk factors for hypertension. However, there is no research done on the association between blood pressure, anthropometric indices and blood group among hypertensive patients in health centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The aim of this study was therefore, to assess the association between blood pressure, anthropometric indices and blood group among hypertensive patients. Materials and methods: A facility-based quantitative cross-sectional study was carried out among 235 hypertensive patients in health centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Structured questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and laboratory analysis were used to collect the data. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 25 software. The binary and multiple logistic regression analysis were used. Result: In more than half, 142 (60.4%) of the hypertensive patients, the blood pressure was not controlled. “O” blood type was found to be the most common blood group accounting for 100 (42.6%), followed by “A” 66(28%), “B” 58(24.7%) and “AB” (4.7%). Physical inactivity (AOR = 2.47, 95% CI (1.10, 5.52), P = 0.027), salt intake (AOR = 2.22, 95% CI (1.03, 4.8), P = 0.043), BMI (AOR = 7.79, 95% CI (3.54, 17.13), P = 0.000), high waist circumference (AOR = 3.18, 95% CI (1.19, 8.47), P = 0.021), High Hip (AOR = 5.1, 95% CI (1.2, 21.25), P = 0.025), and “O” blood group (AOR = 2.46, 95% CI (1.0, 5.62), P = 0.026) were significantly associated with uncontrolled blood pressure. Conclusion: More than half of the hypertensive patients’ BP was not controlled. Significant associations were found between BP and salt intake, physical inactivity, BMI, WC, HC and blood group. HC and WC indices should be used routinely as a monitoring method of uncontrolled blood pressure in addition to BMI.
The Isometry Groups of Compact Manifolds with Non-positive Curvature

LetM be an n-dimensional compact connected Riemannian manifold with negative Ricci curvature. Then a classical theorem of Bochner says that there exist no non-trivial Killing vector fields on M. And hence the order of the isometry group I(M) of M is finite. Relating to this theorem, T. Frankel obtained the ollowing" Let M be a compact Riemannian manifold with non-positive sectional curvature K_<0 and with negative Ricci curvature. If f" M-. M is an isometry which is continuously homotopic to the identity map, then f is the identity, see [1]. This result was extended by H.B. Lawson and S. T. Yau in a more general situation. That is Theorem ([5 Theorem 4, p. 225]). Let M be a compact Riemannian manifold with non-positive sectional curvature and Ricci curvature negative at some point of M. If f M-. M is an isometry continuously homotopic to the identity, then f is the identity. As a corollary of this theorem, we easily have Lemma 1. Let M be a manifold as in the theorem of Lawson and Yau. If f" M--. M is an isometry such that d(p, f(p))<d(p, C(p)) for all point p e M, then f is the identity. Here d is the distance function of M induced from the Riemannian metric and C(p) the cut locus of p in M. Now, or such manifolds as in the theorem of Bochner or Lawson and Yau, it is natural to ask whether we can estimate the order of the isometry group I(M) by using the geometrical terms of M, for example, the diameter, the injectivity radius, the sectional curvature and so on. To this problem, H. C. Im Hof gave an estimation of order of I(M) for a manifold with the sectional curvature K, satisfying b ____
L1-endmembers: a robust endmember detection and spectral unmixing algorithm

A hyperspectral endmember detection and spectral unmixing algorithm based on an l1 norm factorization of the input hyperspectral data is developed and compared to a method based on l2 norm factorization. Both algorithms, the L1-Endmembers algorithm based on the l1 norm and the SPICE algorithm based on the l2 norm, simultaneously and autonomously estimate endmember spectra, abundance values and the number of endmembers needed for a hyperspectral image. The l1 norm factorization of the hyperspectral data is approximated through the use of the Huber M-estimator. Results showing the stability of the L1-Endmembers algorithm in terms of the number of endmembers estimated with noise and outliers are presented. Results indicate that the proposed algorithm is more consistent in estimating the correct number of endmembers over SPICE. However, when both algorithms determine the correct number of endmembers, SPICE results provide a better estimate of endmembers and a lower variance of endmember estimates over many runs with random initialization.
Kinetic theory of tearing instabilities

The transition of the tearing instability from the collisional to the collisionless regime is investigated kinetically using a Fokker–Planck collision operator to represent electron‐ion collisions. As a function of the collisionality of the plasma, the tearing instability falls into three regions, which are referred to as collisionless, semi‐collisional, and collisional. The width Δ of the singular layer around k⋅B0=0 is limited by electron thermal motion along B0 in the collisional and semi‐collisional regimes and is typically smaller than ρi, the ion Larmor radius. Previously accepted theories, which are based on the assumption Δ≫ρi, are found to be valid only in the collisional regime. The effects of density and temperature gradients on the instabilities are also studied. The tearing instability is only driven by the temperature gradient in the collisional and semi‐collisional regimes. Numerical calculations indicate that the semi‐collisional tearing instability is particularly relevant to present day .
Time‐dependent pressure‐driven flow in a horizontal cylinder filled with a bidisperse porous material

Some properties of time‐dependent that modify Brinkman equations for fluid flow in a cylindrical tube filled with Bidisperse Porous Material are discussed in this article. The fluid velocities through the fracture and porous phases of the Bidisperse Porous Medium (BDPM) resulting from the application of pressure gradient are described by two coupled second‐order partial differential equations. Laplace transform technique, D'Alembert and Riemann‐Sum Approximation Methods are used to obtain a semianalytical solution for the model. The choice of the D'Alembert is made to systematically decouple the coupled governing equations without altering their initial orders. The role of the coupling parameter: The coefficient of momentum transfer (η) $(\eta )$ in the flow formation is considered. Accordingly, three cases are analyzed: (a) weak coupling (η=0) $(\eta =0)$ which described the fluid flow in the absence of the coupling parameter, (b) the strong coupling resulting from a large value of the coupling parameter (η→∞) $(\eta \to \infty )$ , and (c) fluid momentum for any arbitrary value of η $\eta $ . It is observed that fluid stability is attained when Daf ${{Da}}_{f}$ and Dap ${{Da}}_{p}$ are decreased; a finding that agrees with the findings of Nield and Kuznetsov and Magyari. Also, the maximum velocity in the fracture phase of the BDPM is attained when the coefficient of momentum transfer is neglected (η=0) $(\eta =0)$ while an opposing flow formation is demonstrated in the fracture and porous phases of BDPM as η $\eta $ is increased.
Differentially diffusing scalars in turbulence

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) data are presented to study differentially diffusing conserved scalars in isotropic turbulence. The two scalars are initially identical but subsequently decorrelate because one is diffusing faster than the other. The main focus of the paper is the study of the time evolution and possible modeling of quantities that characterize differential diffusion. The Reynolds number dependence of the mean square of the difference of the conserved scalars (α=Z−Zf, 〈α2〉) is investigated and compared to the theoretical scaling predicted by Kerstein et al. [Phys. Fluids A 7, 1999 (1995)]. The behavior and possible modeling of the conditional average of α is studied. The recent closure method of Kronenburg and Bilger [Phys. Fluids A 5, 1435 (1977)] is further corroborated and a novel approach to the prediction of the conditional average of α is discussed.
Enhancement-mode thin-film field-effect transistor using phosphorus-doped (Zn,Mg)O channel

We report on enhancement-mode ZnO-based field-effect transistors that utilize an acceptor-doped channel. In particular, the active channel is polycrystalline ZnO doped with Mg, to increase the band gap, and P, to decrease the electron carrier concentration. Devices are realized that display an on/off ratio of 103 and a channel mobility on the order of 5 cm2/V s. HfO2 serves as the gate dielectric. Capacitance–voltage properties measured across the gate indicate that the ZnO channel is n type. The use of acceptor doping improves the control of the initial channel conductance while having a minimal impact on channel mobility relative to undoped ZnO polycrystalline channels.
Selecting the forgetting factor in subset autoregressive modelling

Abstract. Conventional methods to determine the forgetting factors in autoregressive (AR) models are mostly based on arbitrary or personal choices. In this paper, we present two procedures which can be used to select the forgetting factor in subset AR modelling. The first procedure uses the bootstrap to determine the value of a fixed forgetting factor. The second procedure starts from this base and applies the time‐recursive maximum likelihood estimation to a variable forgetting factor. In one illustration using real exchange rates, we demonstrate the effect of the forgetting factor in subset AR modelling on ex ante forecasting of non‐stationary time series. In a second illustration, these two procedures are applied to time‐update forecasts for a stock market index. Subset AR models not including a forgetting factor act as a set of benchmarks for assessing ex ante forecasting performance, and consistently improved forecasting performance is demonstrated for these proposed procedures.
The curricular importance of mathematics: a comparison of English and Hungarian teachers’ espoused beliefs

This paper reports an interview study of 45 English and 10 Hungarian teachers of mathematics. The semi‐structured interviews focused on the teachers’ professional life‐histories and invited them to discuss their beliefs about the necessary subject content for the teaching and learning of mathematics. Substantial differences emerged between the two cohorts, which accord with well‐defined national perspectives on education in general and mathematics education in particular. They reflect, at national rather than individual levels, the expectations of the curricular frameworks within which teachers operate. English teachers tended to view mathematics as applicable number and the means by which learners are prepared for a world beyond school. Hungarian teachers privileged mathematics as problem‐solving and logical thinking.
IMPORTANCE OF SURFACE TURBULENT DIFFUSIVITY IN THE SOLAR FLUX-TRANSPORT DYNAMO

A revision to the flux-transport dynamo model for the solar sunspot cycle is proposed and is demonstrated by using the axisymmetric kinematic simulations. The flux-transport dynamo has succeeded to explain the general cyclic behaviors of the sunspots. It has been known, however, that previous models failed to avoid the strong polar surface field and the strong toroidal field at the base in the high latitude, both of which are not consistent with observations. We propose a new regime of the flux-transport dynamo model by assuming an additional intense diffusivity profile near the surface. The surface poloidal field generated by the α effect is transported down to the base of the convection zone not by the meridional flow but by the surface diffusion mainly in the mid-latitude. With a moderate α quenching, this prevents the concentration of the polar surface field and the amplification of the toroidal field at the high latitude. The condition to obtain the proper magnetic field strength near the pole is ηsurf/u0>2 × 109 cm, where ηsurf and u0 are the surface diffusivity and the meridional flow speed, respectively. We also do some parameter studies to ensure the importance of the surface strong diffusivity. In addition, the dependence of the cycle period on free parameters, the speed of meridional flow and the surface diffusivity, is investigated.
Gelatin and Bioactive Glass Composites for Tissue Engineering: A Review

Nano-/micron-sized bioactive glass (BG) particles are attractive candidates for both soft and hard tissue engineering. They can chemically bond to the host tissues, enhance new tissue formation, activate cell proliferation, stimulate the genetic expression of proteins, and trigger unique anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer functionalities. Recently, composites based on biopolymers and BG particles have been developed with various state-of-the-art techniques for tissue engineering. Gelatin, a semi-synthetic biopolymer, has attracted the attention of researchers because it is derived from the most abundant protein in the body, viz., collagen. It is a polymer that can be dissolved in water and processed to acquire different configurations, such as hydrogels, fibers, films, and scaffolds. Searching “bioactive glass gelatin” in the tile on Scopus renders 80 highly relevant articles published in the last ~10 years, which signifies the importance of such composites. First, this review addresses the basic concepts of soft and hard tissue engineering, including the healing mechanisms and limitations ahead. Then, current knowledge on gelatin/BG composites including composition, processing and properties is summarized and discussed both for soft and hard tissue applications. This review explores physical, chemical and mechanical features and ion-release effects of such composites concerning osteogenic and angiogenic responses in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, recent developments of BG/gelatin composites using 3D/4D printing for tissue engineering are presented. Finally, the perspectives and current challenges in developing desirable composites for the regeneration of different tissues are outlined.
Measurement of gain and absorption spectra in AlGaAs buried heterostructure lasers

A new method for measuring absorption and gain spectra of lasers is presented. These spectra are deduced from measurements of spontaneous emission spectra at different laser currents supplemented by measurements of the laser line energy and the differential quantum efficiency. The spontaneous emission emerged from the side of the laser after traveling through a transparent cladding layer. At each current, the bias energy eV is determined. A simple theoretical model is used to convert eV to minority carrier density. The method is based on the application of general relations between the rates of spontaneous emission, stimulated emission, and optical absorption. A new general proof of these relations is presented. The gain versus carrier density relation at the laser line energy is measured for four samples having different active layer doping or Al composition. Gain increased superlinearly with carrier density in undoped and n‐type samples and increased slightly sublinearly in a p‐type sample. The losses a.
Isolated Pancreatic Metastases of Renal Cell Carcinoma—Clinical Particularities and Seed and Soil Hypothesis

Simple Summary A meta-analysis of 1470 isolated pancreatic metastases of renal cell carcinoma revealed that these are characterised by not only the exclusive occurrence of PM and a good prognosis but a lack of prognostic significance of volume and growth rate dependent risk factors and the independence of treatment results from standard or local resections. The good prognosis affects not only isolated PM, but also multi-organ metastases of the RCC, in which the additional occurrence of PM is also associated with a better prognosis. As an explanation for all these peculiarities, a strong acting seed and soil mechanism can serve, which allows metastases settlement only in the pancreas, but prevents them definitively or for years in all other organs. Genetic studies revealed specific changes in cases of PM of RCC and a lack of loss of 9p and 14q, which are otherwise specific gene mutations at the onset of generalization, a low weight genome instability index, and a low rate of PAB1 and a high rate of BPRM1 alterations, which signal a more favourable course. The cause of pancreatic organotropism in isPMRCC, however this is still unclear. Abstract A meta-analysis of 1470 isolated pancreatic metastases of renal cell carcinoma revealed, that, in addition to the unusual exclusive occurrence of pancreatic metastases and the favourable treatment results, the isPMRCC is characterised by further peculiarities of the clinical course: The lack of prognostic significance of volume and growth rate dependent risk factors and the independence of treatment results from standard or local resections. As an explanation for all these peculiarities, according to today’s knowledge, a strong acting seed and soil mechanism can serve, which allows embolized tumour cells to grow to metastases only in the pancreas, and prevents them definitively or for years in all other organs. The good prognosis affects not only isolated PM, but also multi-organ metastases of the RCC, in which the additional occurrence of PM is also associated with a better prognosis. Genetic studies revealed specific changes in cases of PM of RCC: Lack of loss of 9p21.3 and 14q31.2, which are otherwise specific gene mutations at the onset of generalization, a low weight genome instability index, i.e., high genetic stability, and a low rate of PAB1 and a high rate of BPRM1 alterations, which signal a more favourable course. The cause of pancreatic organotropism in isPMRCC is still unclear, so only those factors that have been identified as promoting organotropism in other, more frequent tumour entities can be presented: Formation of the pre-metastatic niche, chemokine receptor–ligand mechanism, ability to metabolic adaptation, and immune surveillance.
Performance analysis of object detection algorithms for robotic welding applications in planar environment

ABSTRACT Weld seam detection and tracking using intelligent techniques is a common task in robotic welding. In this study, vision-based robotic welding is implemented using a 2D Camera to reduce the experimental cost in a planar environment. Firstly, different multi-class object recognition algorithms namely Faster Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN), Single Shot Detector (SSD) and You Look Only Once (YOLOv3) are trained with 1530 manually labeled images. To recognize the weld seam under different brightness levels addressing arc light and splash, Contrast-Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) method has been used. Further, an extensive experimental study is conducted to find the optimal hyperparameters among three deep learning models. The performance metrics like Accuracy, Root Mean Square Error, Precision, Recall, Mean Average Precision and F1-score are calculated for different test cases. Finally, homogeneous coordinate transformation is implemented to obtain robot coordinates from weld seam pixel coordinates. The analysis is also extended to detect the bad welding conditions for improper shapes and track the weld seam for good welding shapes using TAL BRABO manipulator. It was found that the weld shapes were accurately detected and tracked precisely with 99.9% accuracy using YOLOv3 than Faster R-CNN and SSD.
Examination of Numerical Results from Tangent Linear and Adjoint of Discontinuous Nonlinear Models

Abstract The forward model solution and its functional (e.g., the cost function in 4DVAR) are discontinuous with respect to the model's control variables if the model contains discontinuous physical processes that occur during the assimilation window. In such a case, the tangent linear model (the first-order approximation of a finite perturbation) is unable to represent the sharp jumps of the nonlinear model solution. Also, the first-order approximation provided by the adjoint model is unable to represent a finite perturbation of the cost function when the introduced perturbation in the control variables crosses discontinuous points. Using an idealized simple model and the Arakawa–Schubert cumulus parameterization scheme, the authors examined the behavior of a cost function and its gradient obtained by the adjoint model with discontinuous model physics. Numerical results show that a cost function involving discontinuous physical processes is zeroth-order discontinuous, but piecewise differentiable. The ma.
A survey on ESG: investors, institutions and firms

PurposeOver the past two decades, the topics of Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance (ESG) and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) have attracted an increasing amount of interest, reflecting a growing sensitivity of investors and corporations towards environmental, social and governance issues.Design/methodology/approachThis survey offers an overview of the academic literature on ESG/CSR through the lens of investors, institutions and firms. We first discuss the definitions of ESG and CSR and their relationship to each other.FindingsWe next describe how ESG is measured and note problems with the measurement of and quality of ESG data and discrepancies between different measures of ESG. We then turn our attention to investors, examining what types of investors invest in ESG and the role of institutional investors in ESG. From the firm's perspective, we discuss why firms themselves conduct ESG. We also summarize the literature on the impact of ESG on firms: how ESG affects firms' financing, disclosure and reporting activities and firm performance. Finally, we describe other consequences of the focus of ESG and CSR on firms and investors.Originality/valueThis survey offers an overview of the academic literature on ESG/CSR through the lens of investors, institutions and firms.