Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Testing variability effects in Hungarian vowel harmony

Hungarian backness harmony shows various degrees of transparency and variation, but the empirical testing of these variability effects in corpora is problematic because of data sparseness. We have created an experiment using harmonically mixed stems and four different harmonic suffixes, and collected information about the variants from native speakers in the form of a sentence completion task. We show that there are significant differences between stem types, and that the harmonic suffix can also affect the behaviour of the stem. Our results confirm that native speakers can learn unnatural patterns and that they obey the Law of Frequency Matching (Hayes et al. 2009).
Southern hemisphere circulation anomalies and impacts over subtropical South America due to different El Niño flavours

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exhibits different flavours with worldwide impacts. However, the associated teleconnections with subtropical South America (SSA) are still controversial and modelling studies are needed. Here, we analyse the Southern Hemisphere (SH) circulation anomalies and the impacts over SSA during the austral summer due to different El Niño patterns (Canonical and El Niño Modoki). The analysis is performed considering reanalysis data and two different Atmospheric General Circulation Models (SPEEDY and UCLA–AGCM). Results from reanalysis show that positive precipitation anomalies develop over SSA during Canonical El Niño events. These anomalies are induced through an increase of upper‐level cyclonic vorticity advection and a stronger low‐level southward moisture transport. However, in El Niño Modoki events, rainfall anomalies are observed over SSA only for the strongest events. Both models are able to reproduce the precipitation signal over SSA in the Canonical El Niño case, although the underlying physical mechanism depends on the model. In SPEEDY, the increased rainfall is due to an increase of the moisture transport toward SSA, while in UCLA–AGCM it is related to both, an increase of the low‐level moisture transport toward SSA and the increase of upper‐level cyclonic vorticity advection. The precipitation signal associated with El Niño Modoki is more controversial. While UCLA–AGCM suggests a rainfall increase over SSA, SPEEDY, in agreement with observations, does not show any statistically significant signal. However, the upper‐level circulation anomalies reproduced by UCLA–AGCM are more consistent with reanalysis than those from SPEEDY, which makes UCLA–AGCM to be more reliable. This result suggests increased rainfall over SSA during El Niño Modoki.
Social Inferences From Faces as a Function of the Left-to-Right Movement Continuum

We examined whether reading and writing habits known to drive agency perception also shape the attribution of other agency-related traits, particularly for faces oriented congruently with script direction (i.e., left-to-right). Participants rated front-oriented, left-oriented and right-oriented faces on 14 dimensions. These ratings were first reduced to two dimensions, which were further confirmed with a new sample: power and social-warmth. Both dimensions were systematically affected by head orientation. Right-oriented faces generated a stronger endorsement of the power dimension (e.g., agency, dominance), and, to a lesser extent, of the social-warmth dimension, relative to the left and frontal-oriented faces. A further interaction between the head orientation of the faces and their gender revealed that front-facing females, relative to front-facing males, were attributed higher social-warmth scores, or communal traits (e.g., valence, warmth). These results carry implications for the representation of people in space particularly in marketing and political contexts. Face stimuli and respective norming data are available at www.osf. io/v5jpd.
Four Embryophyte Introns and psbB Operon Indicate Chlorokybus as a Basal Streptophyte Lineage

The transition of plant life from aquatic algae to land to land plants was one of the major events in the history of life. However, in hypothesizing the exact evolutionary path of the transition, limited shared phenotypic characters in aquatic algae and land plants (embryophytes) have been a major hinderance. Chloroplast genomes contain characters useful in tracing evolutionary histories. Embryophyte chloroplast genomes are distinguished from algal cpDNAs by having over 20 group Ⅱ introns, some of which were gained during the transition from algae to embryophytes (Manhart and Palmer 1990; Lew and Manhart 1993;Lee and Manhart 2002). Here we examine a gene cluster that, in land plants, contains psbB, psbT, psbH, petB and petD with introns found in petB and petD (petB.i and petD.i). In addition the presence/absence of introns in trnA and trnI (trnA.i and trnI.i) were determined in all five major lineages of charophytes. We found that the psbB gene cluster occurs in most surveyed charophytes and embryophytes except Spirogyra (Zygnematales) which lacks it due to intra-genomic rearrangement. All four introns are absent in Chlorokybus but present in some or all of the other four charophyte lineages (Klebsormidiales, Zygnematales, Coleochaetales, and Charales). In addition, Chlorokybus is distinguished from other charophytes and embryophytes by having an unusually long spacer (over 2 kb) between psbH-petB. The results indicate that Chlorokybus diverged before the intron gains but after psbB gene cluster formation, placing the other charophyte lineages closer to embryophytes.
Fasting plastic: an intervention study to break habits of plastic consumption (Ayuno de plástico: una intervención para cambiar los hábitos de consumo de plásticos)

Abstract Addressing the prevalent topic of plastic pollution, an intervention to break people’s consumption patterns was implemented. It was investigated if Lent could work as a ‘window of opportunity’ of habit change, expecting people to be open to try new behaviour in this period. An online survey was conducted before, during and after Lent. 140 persons in three different intervention groups, including an invitation to the plastic challenge (baseline), information about problems (group I) and information about action steps (group II) participated by the end. Mixed ANOVA revealed a reduction of plastic consumption during Lent (d = 0.69). This effect was maintained even after Lent. Informational approaches showed no further effect. Path analysis revealed insights in antecedents of fasting behaviour and habit change. Intention, previous behaviour and moral norms were direct predictors of plastic reduction during Lent. In turn, people who reduced plastic consumption in this period continued it after Lent independent of other constructs. Implications of these results are discussed.
Be like and the Constant Rate Effect: from the bottom to the top of the S-curve

The be like quotative emerged rapidly around the English-speaking world and has quickly saturated the quotative systems of young speakers in multiple countries. We study be like (and its covariants) in two communities – Toronto, Canada, and York, United Kingdom – in apparent time and at two separate points in real time. We trace the apparent-time trajectory of be like and its covariants from inception to saturation. We take advantage of the prodigious size of our dataset to examine understudied aspects of the linguistic factors that condition quotative variation. Building on earlier suggestions (Cukor-Avila 2002; Durham et al. 2012) that be like might show patterning over time consistent with the Constant Rate Effect (or CRE, Kroch 1989), we argue that the CRE does indeed apply to the rise of be like, but needs to be handled with care. Logistic modelling assumes that the top of the S-curve is located at 100 per cent of a given variable context. In the case of be like, the saturation point is nearer 75–85 per cent, with minor variants retaining small semantic footholds in the system. In conjunction with our analysis, we suggest how to adapt the predictions of the CRE to changes likely to lead to saturation but not categorical use.
Photocatalytic degradation of fractionated crude oil: potential application in oil spill remediation

Abstract The current oil spill remediation strategies are costly and may be toxic to aquatic species and clean-up workers. There is, therefore, the need to look for alternative oil spill remediation strategies that are less costly and non-toxic. This paper presents the potential of TiO2 and its modified form (Fe-TiO2) to remediate crude oil fractions under the irradiation of sunlight (UV-Vis), visible (Vis) and ultra-violet (UV) lights. The TiO2 and Fe-TiO2 were synthesized by mild hydrothermal method and characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Diffusion reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The DRS result of Fe-TiO2 showed an enhanced absorption in the visible light region. The estimated optical band gaps were ~3.12 and ~2.9 eV for TiO2 and Fe-TiO2, respectively. The potential application of TiO2 and Fe-TiO2 in oil spill remediation was investigated through photocatalytic degradation of benzene soluble fraction, n-hexane soluble fraction and 1:1 volume by volume methanol/benzene soluble fraction in crude oil. The degraded crude oil fractions were characterized with UV-vis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The FTIR and UV-vis results showed that the Fe-TiO2 was more effective in photodegrading the crude oil fractions under sunlight light irradiation than TiO2. The GC-MS results showed excellent photodegradation of the various crude oil fractions with the formation of new intermediate products. The results from the study show the potential application of TiO2 and Fe-TiO2 in crude oil spills remediation.
Multi-source spatial data-based invasion risk modeling of Striga (Striga asiatica) in Zimbabwe

ABSTRACT Monitoring of destructive invasive weeds such as those from the genus Striga requires accurate, near real-time predictions and integrated assessment techniques to enable better surveillance and consistent assessment initiatives. Thus, in this study, we predicted the potential ecological niche of Striga (Striga asiatica) weed in Zimbabwe, to identify and understand its propagation and map potentially vulnerable cropping areas. Vegetation phenology from remote sensing, bioclimatic and other environmental variables (i.e. cropping system, edaphic, land surface temperature, and terrain) were used as predictors. Six machine learning modeling techniques and the ensemble model were evaluated on their suitability to predict current and future Striga weed distributional patterns. The mentioned predictors (n = 40) were integrated into six models with “presence-only” training and evaluation data, collected in Zimbabwe over the period between the 12th and 28th of March 2018. The area under the curve (AUC) and true skill statistic (TSS) were used to measure the performance of the Striga modeling framework. The results showed that the ensemble model had the strongest Striga occurrence predictive power (AUC = 0.98; TSS = 0.93) when compared to the other modeling algorithms. Temperature seasonality (Bio4), the maximum temperature of the warmest month (Bio5) and precipitation seasonality (Bio15) were determined to be the most dominant bioclimatic variables influencing Striga occurrence. “Start of the season” and “season minimum value” of the “Enhanced Vegetation Index base value” were the most relevant remote sensing-based variables. Based on projected climate change scenarios, the study showed that up to 2050, the suitable area for Striga propagation will increase by ~ 0.73% in Zimbabwe. The present work demonstrated the importance of integrating multi-source data in predicting possible crop production restraints due to weed propagation. The results can enhance national preparedness and management strategies, specifically, if the current and future risk areas can be identified for early intervention and containment Graphical abstract
Impact of perceived risk on mobile banking usage intentions: trust as a mediator and a moderator

This study examines the relationships among perceived risk, trust, and intention to use mobile banking. The research model is confirmed based on data collected from the customers of one of Vietnam's largest joint stock commercial banks. The results of statistical analysis show that the research model explains 60.2% of the variability of intention to use mobile banking. The results also show that perceived risk includes components such as financial risk, social risk, time risk, privacy risk, security risk, and performance risk. Furthermore, perceived risk is negatively related to trust and intention to use mobile banking, and trust has a positive relationship with intention to use mobile banking. Implications are drawn and useful for improving intention to use mobile banking.
CONSUMPTION AND LIVING STANDARDS IN BUENOS AIRES. CONSUMER BASKETS AND INCOME BETWEEN THE LATE COLONIAL AGE AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

ABSTRACT Based on primary sources, baskets of consumption for Buenos Aires are reconstructed for the 1780-1820 period, applying current international methodologies. They build on previous work based on 1835 data. It can be seen that the consumption pattern did not vary substantially in the period and, considering the salary of both urban and rural workers, we are able to establish that standards of living were high and experienced a significant increase after 1835, especially during the 1840s. This placed Buenos Aires among the cities of the Western world with highest welfare ratio levels.
Linking Theories of Motivation, Game Mechanics, and Public Deliberation to Design an Online System for Participatory Budgeting

Existing systems for online civic engagement and public consultation need a better architecture if they are to realize the aspirations of deliberative democracy. To improve the design of such systems, we develop an empirical model of online civic engagement that connects common game mechanics to four key democratic processes and outcomes—inclusion, deliberative engagement, sound and influential public input, and long-term civic impacts. We then link game mechanics and deliberation with theories of motivation to show how these mechanics can leverage people’s drives to fulfill basic needs, forge social connections, and gain status. To illustrate our model in more concrete terms, we show how game mechanics could motivate both participants and policymakers in an online participatory budgeting system. We conclude by describing a multi-stage experimental approach to testing this model within an existing system of online participatory budgeting.
Factors influencing customer satisfaction: The case of Facebook Chabot Vietnam

Article history: Received: December 28, 2019 Received in revised format: January 30, 2020 Accepted: February 1, 2020 Available online: February 1, 2020 This research is intended to systematize the theoretical background of chatbots and assess the factors affecting customer satisfaction when they use Facebook chatbot. The study provides an insightful analysis for planners and field workers who are involved in the promotion of Facebook chatbot for online stores in Vietnam. It suggests different recommendations and solutions for individuals and organizations providing chatbot services on Facebook platform, in order to improve service quality and operational efficiency. An analysis of 271 customers who used chatbot services pointed out and evaluated the positive and negative relationships around customer satisfaction. © 2020 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada.
Acute effect of TBTCL on protein alteration in freshwater bivalve, Lamellidens marginalis

The freshwater bivalves L. marginalis exposed to 3.5 ppm, 2.5 ppm, 1.8 ppm and 1.0 ppm concentration of tributyltin chloride on protein content in the tissue of gonad, gill and digestive glands up to 96 hours exposure respectively. Compare to control group there was significant change in protein contents from gonad, gill and digestive glands in tributyltin chloride exposed groups. The result showed that TBTCl induces significant depletion in protein metabolic profiles in gonad, gill and digestive glands might be due to increased proteolysis and possible utilization of the products of their degradation for metabolic purpose.
Tackling childhood obesity through a school-based physical activity programme: a cluster randomised trial

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a theory- and evidence-based intervention for promoting physical activity (PA) among children by changing PA-related psychosocial variables and reducing obesity and screen time outside school hours. A cluster randomised trial was conducted on two Lebanese elementary schools involving 374 children aged 10–12 years. While a control group received the standard curriculum, an intervention group received a 14-week school-based intervention comprising changes in the school environment, increased opportunities for PA provided by educational staff and PA-related learning activities. Measures included PA, psychosocial and obesity-related variables [body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and screen time outside school hours]. Measures were evaluated before the first week and in the last week of the intervention. Compared with the control group, significant increases were observed in the general PA levels and proportion of physically active children within 1 week. The proportion of children engaged in ≥30-min daily school-based moderate-to-vigorous PA MVPA increased from 0% to 67%. The intervention group showed significant improvement in almost all psychosocial variables. The children’s BMI class and waist circumference significantly reduced with the intervention. The intervention was effective in increasing the children’s general PA levels and school-based MVPA and in decreasing BMI and waist circumference.
Seasonal Influences On The Spread Of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID19), Causality, and Forecastabililty (3-15-2020)

A correlation exists between observed spread of COVID 19, (SARS-CoV-2), and climatological temperatures and latitude. Along an observed area of 25-55 degrees North latitude and within a climatological band of 4-12 degrees centigrade, enhanced spread of the disease has been observed between December and February 2019-2020. Additionally, a comparison of the seasonality of other viruses, like seasonal Influenza, shows that the cool season in the northern hemisphere (Boreal Winter) favors spread of the diseases more than the warm season in the northern hemisphere (Boreal Summer). Further, examining locations where spread would be expected for COVID-19 based on a travel and population density model does not account for the observed trends with some high population and high travel areas seeing little if any community spread of the virus if that location falls outside of the climatologically favored zones. Mapping was created using these principles beginning in mid-February and has shown skill in predicting where the virus would be most likely to spread. While correlation exists between temperature profiles and the spread of the disease, a causative element associated with viral kinetics of Covid-19 may be related in parallel. Given research data confirming that the virus did not become quickly deactivated in temperatures ranges outside of the observed preferred environmental thermal profile (4-12 C), it is possible that the atmospheric radiation that is the primary differentiator between seasonal temperature variation is also the primary cause of apparent seasonal variation in COVID-19. Additional laboratory research is required to establish environmental Ultra-Violet (UV) radiation within the UVA and UVB spectrums as effective germicides. Given that UV (and in general all insolation) is modulated heavily by weather like humidity and cloud cover, by utilizing deterministic atmospheric weather modeling and an understood seasonality of COVID-19, it may therefore be possible to create a forecast that has skill and can be used by governing bodies at varying levels as well as health care coordinators to better utilize resources to prepare for, mitigate against, respond to, and recover from a potential viral pandemic. Additionally, it is possible that the viral kinetics studied may be generalized to predict outbreaks of varying viral origins in the future.
Tetracycline Sclerotherapy for Seroma: A Systematic Review

Background: Seroma is a common challenging postoperative complication faced by surgeons. Despite understanding the risk factors, surgeons are still trying to identify a noninvasive way to treat seroma. Method: A database search was conducted in PubMed by the author for all articles using the following terms “seroma,” “sclerotherapy,” and “tetracycline. ” All English-language studies using tetracycline as sclerotherapy to treat or prevent seroma were included. Result: A total of five studies were included; two of them used tetracycline as a treatment for established postoperative seroma, which was beneficial for a total of 9 patients, and the other three used tetracycline as prophylaxis, but one study was aborted, as the drug was not helpful in reducing seroma. Conclusion: Using tetracycline as a treatment for established seroma is beneficial but using tetracycline as prophylaxis is not beneficial and may aggravate seroma.
Diet of Thamnodynastes strigatus (Serpentes, Colubridae) in southern Brazil

We analyzed the gut content of 151 specimens of the colubrid snake Thamnodynastes strigatus from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. The recorded prey items were anurans (66%; n = 33), fish (28,0%; n = 14), mammals (4,0%; n = 2), and reptiles (2,0%; n = 1). There was no correlation between the snout-vent length (SVL) of the snakes and the total length (TL) of their prey, but the correlation between the snake SVL and the ratio prey TL / snake SVL was significant and negative. This negative correlation evidences that T. strigatus does not exclude proportionally small prey items of their diet, and that, proportionally, the biggest prey items are ingested by the smallest snakes. Relatively large prey items are manipulated before ingestion and oriented headfirst, whereas relatively small prey were swallowed head- or tail- first.
The Effect of Using Group Discussion Methods on the Learning Outcomes of Economic Paper Working Materials in Class XII of Angkola Barat 1 High School

This study aims to describe 1) using group discussion method in teaching worksheet, 2) the average of students’ worksheet achievement before and after using group discussion method, and 3) there is a significant influence of using group discussion in teaching worksheet on students’ worksheet achievement. The research was conducted at the twelfth grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Angkola Barat by applying experimental method (one group pretest posttest design) with 22 students as the sample and they were taken by using random sampling technique from 43 students. Observation and test were used in collecting the data. Based on the data analysis, it was found that: (1) the average of using group discussion in teaching worksheet was 3.3 (very good category) and (2) the average of students’ worksheet achievement before using group discussion. Method was 67.00 (enough category) and after using group discussion method was 80.91(very good category). Furthermore, based on inferential statistic by using pair sample t test, version 22, the result showed the significant value was less than 0.05. It means, there is a significant influence of using group discussion method on students’ worksheet achievement at the twelfth grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Angkola Barat.