Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the diet of Alouatta caraya (Primates: Atelidae) between a riparian island and mainland on the Upper Parana River, southern Brazil

Os bugios (Alouatta Lacepede, 1799) sao primatas folivoros-frugivoros que podem adaptar suas dietas dependendo das condicoes do ambiente. O presente trabalho compara a dieta de grupos de Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812) presentes em matas ciliares estruturalmente diferentes (ilha e continente), na regiao de Porto Rico, Alto rio Parana, sul do Brasil. Os bugios-pretos foram seguidos de outubro de 2004 a setembro de 2005 em mata ciliar de uma ilha fluvial de 1050 ha e em mata ciliar continua da margem esquerda do rio. Foi utilizado o metodo "scan sampling" em amostragens instantâneas com intervalos de 15 minutos. Alem das lianas, 17 especies foram consumidas na ilha versus 16 especies no continente. Ambos os grupos consumiram mais folhas seguido de frutos do que qualquer outro tipo de alimento (folhas: ilha - 65%, continente - 49%, frutos: ilha - 24%, continente - 46%). Apesar de Cecropia pachystachya Trecul ser menos abundante no continente, foi o item mais consumido em ambas localidades durante todo o ano, o que sugere sua importância para os bugios. As dietas tambem variaram sazonalmente e entre os locais, aparentemente seguindo mudancas em abundâncias dos itens e devido a fenologia.
The SpongeZygomycale parishii(Bowerbank) and its Endobiotic Fauna

Abstract The endobiotic fauna of the sponge Zygomycale parishii (Bowerbank) was studied for 2·5 years at two sites, Ubatuba and Sao Sebastiao, on the northern coast of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Ninety-two macrofaunal species (over 1 mm long) were identified among which Cnidaria, Turbellaria, Nemertinea, Sipuncula, Polychaeta, Mollusca, Crustacea, Pycnogonida, Echinodermata, Ascidiacea and Pisces were represented. The results obtained on the number of species (species richness), the abundances of different species and faunal composition were related to the physico-biotic characteristics of the study sites. The influence of sample volume and other methodological artifacts on sample characteristics were also examined. The ophiuroid Ophiactis savignyi (Muller & Troschell) was the dominant endobiotic species, comprising 64% of all individuals collected. The Sao Sebastiao endobiotic fauna was more diversified than the Ubatuba endobiotic fauna, possibly due to higher larval recruitment, and to the closeness of Z. parishii to the sea-floor providing a greater possibility for inhabitants of this microhabitat to find and to live inside the sponge.
Carbon and nitrogen isotopic characterization for Papua New Guinea foods

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of the animal and plant food of the Gidra, who inhabit lowland Papua New Guinea and subsist mainly on hunting, gathering and horticulture, were measured to characterize the nutritional input of carbon and nitrogen of the Gidra. All the staple plant foods of the Gidra, such as sago and tuberous crops, were classified as C3 plants from their 13C/12C ratios (δ13C). The δ13C of the terrestrial mammals varied to a considerable extent (—11 to —26.5 per mil); the highest value was observed for a species of wallaby inhabiting savanna grassland while two other species of wallabies inhabiting woodland were —25.3 and —22.8 per mil. The δ13C of the aquatic animals was distinctive between marine (—17.0 to —7.1 per mil) and freshwater (—34.6 to —24.0 per mil) groups. The δ15N of the fishes and reptiles were generally higher than terrestrial animals. Major foods of the Gidra were isotopically divided into 5 groups: C3 plant, C3 plant feeder, C4 plant feeder, marine animal and fr.
Effect of fertilizer and variety on the yield of sweet potato

The field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2005-06 in the farmer's field of Multi-location Testing (MLT) site, Melandah, Jamalpur to evaluate the performance of sweet potato varieties as well as to determine the optimum dose of fertilizer of sweet potato. Two varieties of sweet potato viz., i) BARI Sweet Potato-5 and ii) BARI Sweet Potato-7 and five fertilizer doses viz., i) Estimated fertilizer dose for average yield goal (EDI for average yield goal), ii) Integrated Plant Nutrient System (IPNS) basis fertilizer dose, iii) Fertilizer Recommendation Guide' 97, iv) Farmer's practice, and v) Control. The highest sweet potato yield was obtained from BARI SP-7 with (IPNS) basis fertilizer doses (33.9 t/ha). The lowest sweet potato yield was obtained from BARI SP-7 with control treatment. The highest gross return (112700 Tk./ha) and gross margin (10756 Tk./ha) was recorded from IPNS basis fertilizer treatment. The lowest gross return (40950 Tk./ha) and gross margin (40951) Tk. /ha) was recorded from control treatment. But the cost and return analysis showed that the highest benefit cost ratio (24.95) and marginal rate of return (1452) was found from FRG/97 treatment due to lower additional cost. Key Words: Fertilizer, IPNS, sweet potato varieties and yield. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i3. 3974 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(3) : 473-480, September 2009
Species-specific phytoplankton growth rates via diel DNA synthesis cycles. V. Application to natural populations in Long Island Sound

A f ~ e l d expenment was conducted In Long Island Sound, USA, In July 1987 to test the a b ~ l ~ t y of the cell cycle analys~s method to estlmate s p e c ~ e s s p e c ~ f ~ c phytoplankton growth rates The growth rates of 3 specles the d ~ a t o m Leptocylindrus danlcus and the d~noflagellates Prorocentrum tnestinum and Dinophysis acuminata were measured, and d ~ f f u s ~ o n (cage) cultures were used In a parallel expenment to obtain Independent estimates of growth rate Growth rates e s t~ma ted by the cell cycle method were 0 07 to 0 25 d-' for L danicus, 0 43 and 0 44 d-' for P tr~estinunl and 0 54 and 0 67 d-' for D acumlnata The variation was h ~ g h e r for L d a n ~ c u s because the degree of synchrony In t h ~ s specles was low Growth rates measured by the d ~ f f u s ~ o n culture methods were about 0 l d ' d~fferent from the correspond~ng rates from cell cycle analysis The attempt to use the frequency of double nucleated cells as a means to check the accuracy of growth rate estimates was not successful The estimated growth rates f ~ t the observed pattern of phytoplankton succession
Crescimento e biomassa de Melia azedarach L. em diferentes espaçamentos e características tecnológicas da madeira visando à produção de carvão

The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth, quantify the biomass, and analyze some characteristics of the wood of chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.) at different planting spacings in a mixed stand in the municipality of Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro state. The following spacings were used: 1.0 × 1.0; 1.5 × 1.5; 2.0 × 2.0; and 3.0 × 2.0 m. Five years after planting, 12 chinaberry individuals were selected, in each spacing, for measurement of height, diameter at ground level, and canopy area. For analysis of biomass, five trees were selected, felled, separated into components of the aerial part and weighed. Then samples of each component were collected, weighed while humid, and placed in stove for dry weight determination. Subsamples of the components of the aerial part were sent for analysis of carbon content. Basic density was determined and pyrolysis for energetic purposes was performed in the subsamples of wood of spacings 1 × 1 m and 3 × 2 m. Chinaberry presented greater growth in height and diameter at ground level in the 3 × 2 m spacing. Canopy area values did not differ between the spacings. The highest average biomass production occurred four years after planting in the 2 × 2 m spacing. The wood of chinaberry tree is suitable for the production of charcoal. No significant differences were observed in the technological characteristics of wood between the two spacings evaluated.
Capacidad entomocida de cepas nativas de Beauveria sp. sobre Schistocerca piceifrons peruviana (Lynch Arribalzaga, 1903)

Cuatro cepas de Beauveria sp. (ABvPr11, ABvPr8, ABvPr3 y ABvSr4), fueron aisladas y caracterizadas de ejemplares de la langosta Schistocerca piceifrons peruviana procedentes de la Provincia de Huamanga del Departamento de Ayacucho. La capacidad entomocida de las 4 cepas fue evaluada en la langosta Schistocerca piceifrons peruviana. Los resultados muestran que todas las cepas, en soluciones de 108 conidias/mL, producen un 100% de mortalidad. El tiempo que se necesito para eliminar el 100% de las langostas, para las cepas ABvPr11, ABvPr8, ABvSr4 y ABvPr3 fue de 12, 14 y 16 dias respectivamente. Al decimo dia se observo diferencias significativas respecto a la mortalidad, entre la cepa ABvPr11(90%) y la cepas ABvSr4(74%), ABvPr8(72%) y ABvPr3(64.6%). Posteriormente se determino el tiempo de letalidad al 50% (TL50) de la poblacion de langostas, con un intervalo de 8,38 a 9,16 dias y el tiempo de letalidad al 80% (TL80) fue de 9,6 a 11,5 dias. La cepa ABvPr11 presento la mayor actividad entomocida para el control de Schistocerca piceifrons peruviana L.A.
Nitrogen Accumulation and Residual Effects of Nitrogen Catch Crops

Abstract The nitrogen accumulation in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and tansy phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia L.), under- or aftersown as nitrogen catch crops to spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and field pea (Pisum sativum L.), was studied in three field experiments. The effect of catch crop incorporation in the soil on the yield and N accumulation in succeeding crops was also investigated. An aftersown catch crop should be used for pea, since undersown ryegrasses reduced the pea yield. Undersown perennial ryegrass or an aftersown catch crop can be used for spring barley. The catch crops had accumulated up to 70 kg N ha-1 at the time of ploughdown in early December. The nitrogen accumulation in catch crops following pea was significantly higher than in the catch crop following barley supplied with 100 kg N ha-1. Barley and pea straw incorporated in the soil reduced the N accumulation in the aftersown white mustard, b.
Changes in Walleye Food Habits and Growth Following a Rainbow Smelt Introduction

Abstract Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax were introduced into Horsetooth Reservoir, Colorado, in 1983 as potential prey for walleye Stizostedion vitreum. Survival and reproduction of adult rainbow smelt were documented in 1983, and relative abundance was monitored from 1983 to 1991 by means of a midwater trawl. Rainbow smelt density fluctuated annually, with trawl catches ranging from 0 to 383 adults per hour. Before the introduction of rainbow smelt, walleyes fed primarily on decapods and other invertebrates, and on salmonids and other game fishes. Volumetrically, rainbow smelt increased from 19% of the total walleye diet in 1985 to 87% in 1988. Walleyes sampled from 1989 to 1991 (N = 588) consumed only rainbow smelt. Walleye growth from age 1 to age 3 increased by 50% in the 9 years following rainbow smelt introduction.
Populations of Interacting Autogenous Components

General procedures are developed for finding equilibrium and maximum/minimum mean compositions for a population of autogenous components competing in a pairwise manner among individuals. The procedures, involving elementary matrix techniques, are easy to apply for any specific competitive model. Necessary and sufficient conditions are developed for the mean to be a maximum and for the equilibrium composition to be stable. The problem of a maximum mean reduces to that of evaluating a quadratic form which must be negative definite, and is easily accomplished for a specific competitive model. Stability of equilibrium depends on the eigenvalues of a first-order transition matrix relating deviations of component frequencies from their equilibrium frequencies in successive generations. For stability, all of the eigenvalues must vanish in time. These conditions, sometimes difficult to find, are illustrated for a three- and four-component model. The eigenvalues also provide considerable information about the dynamics of the population. They determine the rate of divergence from, or convergence to, equilibrium composition. Often some of them are complex, which accounts for the oscillating behavior of component frequencies. In such cases they provide estimates of the periodicity. Through them the effect of the relative magnitudes of competitive effects upon periodicity and on rate of divergence or convergence can be evaluated. Amplitudes of oscillations, when these occur, are primarily determined by initial frequencies and can be approximated by harmonic expressions derived from the transition matrix. Competitive effects are measured as the deviation of a component's competitive performance from the competitor's performance in competition with itself, a definition different from the prevalent one. Equilibria and stability are entirely a function of these competitive effects. Although the details are complicated, a general conclusion is that a preponderance of positive competitive effects is required for stable equilibria. Some models with three or more components have a multiplicity of equilibria compositions. In these cases and under certain conditions, the population moves to the equilibrium nearest to the initiating composition. Consequently, the equilibrium reached depends on the initial frequencies.
THE HISTOGENESIS OF TISSUES SENSITIVE TO OESTROGENS

1. Oestrogens stimulate growth not only of the epithelial and fibro‐muscular tissues of the male and female urogenital tracts, but also of certain non‐reproductive tissues (e.g. skin, nasal mucosa, gums). Under normal physiological conditions oestrogenic sensitivity manifests itself histologically both in the orderly proliferation of cylindrical secretory cells (for convenience this response is referred to as “glandular”), and in the proliferation, cornification and desquamation of stratified squamous epithelium (for convenience called “squamous response”).
Variation in wood density of Pinusradiata in New South Wales, Australia

Basic density was assessed at 23 positions in stems of mature Pinusradiata D. Don growing at 22 sites throughout New South Wales. The most striking and consistent form of variation was within stem, where density increased appreciably in the centrifugal direction, e.g., by an average of 44% over the first 26 rings at breast height. Less obviously, a basipetal increase occurred low in the bole in tissues of a given formative age. Variations in density between trees on a single site frequently exceeded 20%. The extreme difference between sites was approximately 20%, with 20 of the stands differing by less than 11%. Across the sites, density tended to vary positively with rainfall in the summer months (R2 = 0.27–0.29), and negatively with foliar phosphorus levels (R2 = 0.16–0.31), winter rainfall (R2 = 0.10–0.19), and the productivity parameters of stem diameter (R2 = 0.21–0.26) and height (R2 = 0.14–0.24). Density was essentially unrelated to site temperature. Effects, particularly those of rainfall, are pos.
Flavonoid and chlorogenic acid profiles of English cider apples

The phenolics in 20 apple cultivars comprising 19 English cider apple varieties and one dessert apple variety were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The cider varieties contained higher levels than the dessert apple and the peel was richer in phenolics than the flesh. The phenolic concentrations ranged between 230 and 4920 mg kg−1 fresh weight in the flesh and between 546 and 6306 mg kg−1 fresh weight in the peel. Fifteen compounds from five different phenolic groups, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamates and dihydrochalcones, were detected. The major components in the flesh were 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, procyanidin B2 and (−)-epicatechin, while (−)-epicatechin and quercetin glycosides predominated in the peel. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Functional models for growth and food consumption of Atlantic salmon parr, Salmo salar, from a Norwegian river

1. The chief objectives were to analyse and model experimental data for maximum growth and food consumption of Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) collected from a cold glacier fed river in western Norway. The growth and feeding models were also applied to groups of Atlantic salmon growing and feeding at rates below the maximum. The growth models were validated by comparing their predictions with observed growth in the river supplying the experimental fish. 2. Two different models were fitted, one originally developed for British salmon and the other based on a model for bacterial growth. Both gave estimates for optimum temperature for growth at 18–19 °C, somewhat higher than for Atlantic salmon from Britain. Higher optimal temperature for growth in salmon from a cold Norwegian river than from British rivers does not concur with predictions from the thermal adaptation hypothesis. 3. Model parameter estimates differed among growth groups in that the lower critical temperature for growth increased from fast to slow growing individuals. In contrast to findings for brown trout (Salmo trutta), the optimum temperature for growth did not decrease with decreasing levels of food consumption. 4. A new and simple model showed that food consumption (expressed in energy terms) peaked at 19.5–19.8 °C, which is similar to the optimal temperature for growth. Feeding began at a temperature 1.5 °C below the lower temperature for growth and ended about 1 °C above the maximum temperature for growth. Model parameter estimates for consumption differed among growth groups in a manner similar to the growth models. Maximum consumption was lower for Atlantic salmon than for brown trout, except at temperatures above 18 °C. 5. By combining the growth and food consumption models, growth efficiency was estimated and reached a maximum at about 14 °C for fast growing individuals, increasing to nearly 17 °C for slow growing ones, although it was lower overall for the latter group. Efficiency also declined with increasing fish size. Growth efficiency was generally higher for Atlantic salmon than for brown trout, particularly at high temperature.
Persistence of a parasitoid–host system: refuges and generation cycles?

The elaboration and quantification of the mechanisms lending stability and persistence to biological populations is perhaps the central issue in population ecology, both fundamentally and applied to important issues such as the maintenance of biodiversity, species conservation and the biocontrol of pests. Empirical support for mechanisms with the apparent potential to provide stability or persistence has hitherto been weak. Here, by contrast, long-term, replicated population data show that a demonstrable ‘refuge’ for prey (hosts) from parasitoid attack leads to the persistence of an otherwise unstable parasitoid–host interaction, as predicted by theory. However, the unequivocal demonstration of that refuge, and distinguishing it from a habitat with simply a lower parasitoid attack rate, is not straightforward, emphasizing the dangers of assuming the existence of a refuge too readily. The resultant parasitoid-host dynamics follow host generation length cycles, another prediction hitherto lacking convincing empirical support. Here, the support, while superficially strong, is misleading: host populations exhibit similar cycles even in the absence of parasitoids.
Desiccation Resistance of Intertidal and Subtidal Algae

A comparative study of various species of marine algae indicates that under standard evapo-transpiration conditions the rate of dehydration is determined primarily by the ratio of evaporating surface area to volume of the organs and to a lesser extent by the water content. Factors such as mucilage content and cell wall thickness do not appear to contribute to species differences in desiccation resistance. The relationship between moisture content and tissue water potential varies with species and is a contributing factor to desiccation resistance only at high levels of water loss. There is no clear relationship between rate of dehydration of different species under standard conditions and their bathymetric position.
Molecular phylogeny of elopomorph fishes inferred from mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA sequences

Wang, C. H. , Kuo, C. H. , Mok, H. K. & Lee, S. C. (2003). Molecular phylogeny of elopomorph fishes inferred from mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA sequences. — Zoologica Scripta, 32, 231–241.
Long-term consequences of birth weight and growth to weaning on carcass, yield and beef quality characteristics of Piedmontese- and Wagyu-sired cattle

Cattle sired by Piedmontese or Wagyu bulls were bred and grown within pasture-based nutritional systems followed by feedlot finishing. Effects of low (mean 28.6 kg, n = 120) and high (38.8 kg, n = 120) birth weight followed by slow (mean 554 g/day, n = 119) or rapid (875 g/day, n = 121) growth to weaning on carcass, yield and beef quality characteristics at about 30 months of age were examined. Low birth weight calves weighed 56 kg less at 30 months of age, had 32 kg lighter carcasses, and yielded 18 kg less retail beef compared with high birth weight calves. Composition of carcasses differed little due to birth weight when adjusted to an equivalent carcass weight (380 kg). Calves grown slowly to weaning were 40 kg lighter at 30 months of age compared with those grown rapidly to weaning. They had 25 kg smaller carcasses which yielded 12 kg less retail beef than their counterparts at 30 months of age, although at an equivalent carcass weight yielded 5 kg more retail beef and had 5 kg less fat trim. Neither low birth weight nor slow growth to weaning had adverse effects on beef quality measurements. No interactions between sire-genotype and birth weight, or growth to weaning, were evident for carcass, yield and beef quality traits. Although restricted growth during fetal life or from birth to weaning resulted in smaller animals that yield less meat at about 30 months of age, adverse effects on composition due to increased fatness, or on indices of beef quality, were not evident at this age or when data were adjusted to an equivalent carcass weight.
Flowers and Insects. III

-Velumbol lzlea Planch. -The flowers are female in the first stage. On the first day the petals separate at tips, so that insects can enter and crawl about upon the carpophore and over the stigmas. At this time the anthers are indehiscent and are pressed close against the sides of the carpophore, being held in this position by the erect petals. The clawlike tips of the anthers, the only parts of the stamens now visible, form a close circle between the petals and the edge of the carpophore, thus opposing insects which might attempt to reach the pollen. On the second day, when the petals begin to separate, insects can only reach the anthers, which are now discharging pollen, by crawling over the stigmas. Later, when the petals become widely expanded and the anthers fall upon them, insects no longer light upon the carpophore. Delpino regards flowers of this genus as specially adapted to beetles which he supposes visit the flowers to gnaw the carpophore. I have never seen them eating this part, nor are they sufficiently abundant on the flowers to be of much use. Moreover, they remain almost stationary and seldom fly from flower to flower. Delpino has classed the flowers or Nvmphaeaceae in general as cantharophilous, it seems to me without enough evidence. I have found Nymphaea and Nelumbo visited only for pollen and Nuphar2 both for pollen and nectar. The principal visitors are Andrenidae, especially species of Halictus, and Syrphide. Visitors (observed on 3 days between July 26 and August 12): Hymenoptera-Apidc: (I) Apis nelllfca L. , c. p , ab. ; (2) Cerattina dcupla Say Y. Andrenidce: (3) Ag'apostemon radialus Say y, ab. ; (4) Augochlora pura Say i, ab. ; (5, 6) Halictus spp. 9, ab. ; (7) H. ig'atus Say Y ; (8) I. Lerouxii St. Farg. 9 (= parallelus Sm.); (9) H. paral/lcus Say , ab. (= occidentalis Cr.); (Io) H. pilosus Sm. , ab. ; (I ) H. cozlfusus Sm. 9, ab. , all c. p.; (12) Prosopis