Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enhanced sedimentation in narrow tilted channels

The analysis of Acrivos & Herbolzheimer (1979) is extended to describe the sedimentation of dilute suspensions in tilted two-dimensional channels in which the spacing between the plates is small compared with their length. The theory assumes that the flow is laminar and that the suspension consists of monodisperse spherical beads having small particle Reynolds number. Expressions for the flow fields in the clearfluid region and in the suspension, as well as for the location of the interface separating these two regions, are obtained asymptotically in the limit of Λ [Gt ] 1 with $R\Lambda^{-\frac{1}{3}}\ll 1$, where R and A are as defined in the previous work. The present analysis differs from that given earlier in that the aspect ratio, i.e. the ratio of the height of the suspension to the channel width, is now taken to be O(A1/3) rather than O(1) as was the case before. Under these conditions, the solution of the time-dependent equations leads to the surprising prediction that the clear-fluid layer which forms beneath the downward-facing plate attains a steady shape only along the lower portion of the channel while, in contrast, its thickness increases with time for locations along the channel that are above some critical point. Because of this transient behaviour, the well-known Ponder-Nakamura-Kuroda (PNK) formula overestimates the rate at which the top of the suspension region falls with time; however, the PNK results for the volumetric settling rate still hold under the conditions considered in this paper. It is shown that this discontinuity in the interface shape can be suppressed in continuous settling systems but only if the feed and withdrawal locations are chosen properly. Batch sedimentation experiments were conducted in a channel with parallel flat walls under the following sets of conditions: H0/b ≈ 90, 5° ≤ θ ≤ 45°, 0·01 ≤ c0 ≤ 0·025, 1·7 × 107 < Λ < 3·5 × 107, and 1·8 < R < 2·1, where θ is the angle of inclination of the vessel from the vertical, and c0 is the initial volume fraction of solids in the suspension. The experimental observations were found to be in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Note on the physical interpretation of Chandrasekhar’s separation constants in his solution of Dirac’s equation in Kerr geometry

It is shown that in the limit of vanishing Kerr length-parameter a, Chandrasekhar’s separation constant λ is equal to ± (j+ ½ )/√2, where j is the total angular momentum. This result is derived from a comparison of the form of the simultaneous partial differential equation obeyed by Chandrasekhar’s angular functions, S+½(θ, φ) and S-½(θ, φ), with the differential equations obeyed by the corresponding pair of angular functions in flat space. The latter are taken from the solution of Dirac’s equation given by Schrödinger and by Pauli, in which the dependence of all four spinors on the azimuthal variable φ is given by the single factor of eimp, as in Chandrasekhar’s solution. For finite values of a, one can use the analytic expansion of λ in powers of a given by Pekeris & Frankowski.
Efficient decoding of interleaved linear block codes

The error correction capability of interleaved linear block codes is discussed. We assume that the channel behaves such that each row of a received array is either error free or corrupted by many symbol errors. Provided that the error vectors are linearly independent, we show that some interleaved block codes can correct asymptotically one erroneous row per redundant row, even without having reliability information from the channel output. An efficient decoding algorithm that achieves the error correction capability is presented. Using this algorithm we derive a random access scheme that has many similarities with the Aloha system. This paper represents a generalization of previous work (see IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.45, no.7, pp.2339-45, Nov. 1999). As it finally turned out, many ideas had already been discussed by Metzner and Kapturowski (see IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.36, no.4, pp.911-17, July 1990).
Longitudinal Training and Workload Assessment in Young Friesian Stallions in Relation to Fitness: Part 1

Simple Summary Young Friesian stallions have to complete a 10-week training program (70-day test) to become studbook approved breeding stallions. The effect of this training program, consisting of dressage and driving training, on fitness progress was evaluated in this study. Data were collected in the 9 weeks preceding the training program, and during the 70-day test. Duration and time spent at walk, trot and canter for all training sessions were measured in the participating 16 stallions. Each stallion had to perform three ridden standardized exercise tests in week 1, 6 and 10 of the 70-day test, during which heart rate and plasma lactate concentration were measured. Horses were trained for a longer duration in the 70-day test compared to the preceding weeks. Heart rate and plasma lactate concentration of the horses increased in the second and third exercise test compared to the first exercise test, indicating that the stallions were more fatigued during the second and third exercise tests. These results indicate that the fitness of Friesian stallions decreased during 70-day test, suggesting overtraining. The 10-week training program needs to be adjusted to optimize training effects and welfare of the horses. Abstract Friesian stallions have to complete a 10-week studbook approval test (70-day test) consisting of dressage and driving training for acceptance as a breeding stallion. Training response of the horses to this approval program was evaluated. External workload (EW) of 16 stallions (3.2 ± 0.4 years old) was registered during the 9 weeks preceding the 70-day test (preparation period) and during 70-day test. Ridden indoor standardized exercise tests (SET), measuring heart rate (HR) and plasma lactate concentration (LA) at walk, trot and canter, were performed in week 1 (SET-I), 6 (SET-II) and 10 (SET-III) of the 70-day test. Linear mixed effect models were used to analyze HR and LA related to SETs and EW related to the phase of the study, using Akaike’s information criterion for model reduction. EW was higher in the 70-day test compared to the preparation period, with longer duration of training sessions. Compared to SET-I, horses showed increased HR and LA after canter in SET-II and SET-III, indicating that they were more fatigued. The fact that the fitness of these Friesian stallions decreased during the 70-day test suggests overtraining. To optimize training effects and welfare of these horses, the workload of the training program needs to be adjusted.
Evaluation of a Spatial/Spectral Covariance Localization Approach for Atmospheric Data Assimilation

AbstractIn this study, several approaches for estimating background-error covariances from an ensemble of error realizations are examined, including a new spatial/spectral localization approach. The new approach shares aspects of both the spatial localization and wavelet-diagonal approaches. This approach also enables the use of different spatial localization functions for the covariances associated with each of a set of overlapping horizontal wavenumber bands. The use of such scale-dependent spatial localization (more severe localization for small horizontal scales) is shown to reduce the error in spatial correlation estimates. A comparison of spatial localization, spatial/spectral localization, and wavelet-diagonal approaches shows that the approach resulting in the lowest estimation error depends on the ensemble size. For a relatively large ensemble (48 members), the spatial/spectral localization approach produces the lowest error. When using a much smaller ensemble (12 members), the wavelet-diagonal a.
A review of artificial intelligence in marine science

Utilization and exploitation of marine resources by humans have contributed to the growth of marine research. As technology progresses, artificial intelligence (AI) approaches are progressively being applied to maritime research, complementing traditional marine forecasting models and observation techniques to some degree. This article takes the artificial intelligence algorithmic model as its starting point, references several application trials, and methodically elaborates on the emerging research trend of mixing machine learning and physical modeling concepts. This article discusses the evolution of methodologies for the building of ocean observations, the application of artificial intelligence to remote sensing satellites, smart sensors, and intelligent underwater robots, and the construction of ocean big data. We also cover the method of identifying internal waves (IW), heatwaves, El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and sea ice using artificial intelligence algorithms. In addition, we analyze the applications of artificial intelligence models in the prediction of ocean components, including physics-driven numerical models, model-driven statistical models, traditional machine learning models, data-driven deep learning models, and physical models combined with artificial intelligence models. This review shows the growth routes of the application of artificial intelligence in ocean observation, ocean phenomena identification, and ocean elements forecasting, with examples and forecasts of their future development trends from several angles and points of view, by categorizing the various uses of artificial intelligence in the ocean sector.
Artificial Neural Networks for GMR-Based Magnetic Cytometry

In this work, we propose an artificial neural network (ANN) for magnetic microcytometry pattern recognition and automated counting. The method is tested for detecting analytes in the 2–3-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> range. The cytometer is composed of a disposable cartridge and an acquisition platform. The disposable cartridge contains microfluidic channels with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10\times 100\,\,\mu \text{m}\,\,^{\mathrm{ 2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> cross section on top of a substrate with magnetoresistive (MR) sensors. The custom analog signal chain performs with an integrated noise of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2.99~\mu \text{V}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> textsubscript rms in a 10-kHz bandwidth. To employ the ANN, we synthesize a training dataset based on the magnetic-dipole equation and several dataset expansion methods. The ANN is tested on an experiment with 2.8-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> magnetic particles (MPs) and compared with an improved threshold-based method with reduced false positives. The ANN produces a maximum of 90% detection rate, improving on the 30%–50% detection rates of other single-sensor methods published in the literature.
Manual development and efficacy of Mindful Living Group activities to promote trauma healing during the COVID-19 pandemic in China

Introduction Disasters can be traumatic with a profound and lasting impact on individuals. During the COVID-19 pandemic, our team developed the Mindful Living Group (MLG) activities manual based on Eastern body-mind wisdom and Western trauma healing theory to provide psychological assistance for trauma healing. Methods In this study, we introduce a framework developed for the 10-session MLG activities manual, which consists of three core modules. Thirty-one participants living all over the country who had experienced traumatic stress resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic received the MLG intervention. This single-arm intervention study offered psychological assistance during the pandemic. The MLG intervention included 10 weekly 2-h sessions held online. Participants completed the initial interview, pre-test, post-test, and 1-month follow-up interviews. The effectiveness of the MLG activities manual was evaluated using psychological measures, including Self-Rating Depression Scale, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Post-traumatic Growth Inventory, General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Perceived Social Support Scale. Results Compared with the pretest level, the post-test levels of depression (F = 42.78, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.59) and anxiety (F = 23.40, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.44) were significantly lower; and mindfulness (F = 12.98, p =0.001, η2 =0.30), posttraumatic growth (F = 27.06, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.48), general self-efficacy (F = 13.20, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.31), and perceived social support (F = 16.27, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.35) were significantly higher (ANOVA). Further correlation analysis revealed a significant negative relationship of mindfulness with both depression (r = −0.43, p = 0.015) and anxiety (r = −0.35, p = 0.053), and significant positive relationships of mindfulness with posttraumatic growth (r = 0.40, p = 0.025), general self-efficacy (r = 0.52, p = 0.003), and perceived social support (r = 0.40, p = 0.024). Discussion These preliminary findings showed the effectiveness of MLG activities for trauma healing. The mechanisms underlying mindfulness promoting trauma healing are discussed based on both Eastern body-mind wisdom and Western theories of trauma healing. Clinical trial registration Identifier, ChiCTR2000034164.
Long-range correlations and percolation regimes in the system with drift flows

Correlation effects play an important role in the description of turbulent transport. The present paper considers the influence of drift flow and time-dependence effects on the passive scalar behavior in the framework of the percolation approach. The renormalization method of a small parameter in continuum percolation models is reviewed. The modification is suggested of the renormalization condition of the small parameter of the percolation model in accordance with the additional external influences superimposed on the system. This approach makes it possible to consider simultaneously both parameters: the characteristic drift velocity $U_{\rm d}$ and the characteristic perturbation frequency $\omega $. The effective diffusion coefficient $D_{\rm eff} \,{\propto}\, \omega ^{1/7}$ satisfactorily describes the low-frequency region $\omega $, where the long-range correlation effects play a significant role. The character of the dependence of $D_{\rm eff}$ on the drift flow amplitude $U_{\rm d}$ in different regimes is analyzed.
Time-Dependent Deposition Characteristics of Fine Coal Fly Ash in a Laboratory Gas Turbine Environment

Time-dependent deposition characteristics of fine coal fly ash were measured in the Turbine Accelerated Deposition Facility (TADF) at Brigham Young University. Two samples of subbituminous coal fly ash, with mass mean diameters of 3 μm and 13 μm, were entrained in a hot gas flow with a gas temperature of 1288 °C and Mach number of 0.25. A nickel-based, superalloy metal coupon approximately 0.3 cm thick was held in a hot particle-laden gas stream to simulate deposition in a gas turbine. Tests were conducted with deposition times of 20, 40, and 60 min. Capture efficiencies and surface roughness characteristics (e.g., Ra) were obtained at different times. Capture efficiency increased exponentially with time, while Ra increased linearly with time. The increased deposition with time caused the surface temperature of the deposit to increase. The increased surface temperature caused more softening, increasing the propensity for impacting particles to stick to the surface. These data are important for improving models of deposition in turbines from syngas flows.
Damage monitoring of the planting balcony in vertical greenery buildings using the EMI method

Vertical greenery buildings generally have high ecological, aesthetics, and economic benefits. This paper focuses on damage monitoring of a reinforced concrete (RC) planting balcony in a high-rise vertical greenery building using the electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) method. Damage evaluation of the concrete using the EMI method was first carried out through theoretical analysis and experimental investigations. They both indicate that the conductance resonant frequency (CRF) of the piezoelectric transducer has a good linear correlation with damage of the concrete. According to the experimental results, damage evaluation criteria of concrete are proposed based on the CRF. On the basis of the above work, damage monitoring of a RC planting balcony employing a total of 13 piezoelectric transducers was conducted for about 7 months. The results show the planting balcony was slightly damaged which mainly happened before planting during the whole monitoring process.
SOLVABILITY OF THE FUNCTIONAL EQUATION f = (T I)h FOR VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS

Let X be a reexiv e Banach space and ( ;A; ) be a probability measure space. Let T : M( ;X)! M( ;X) be a linear operator, where M( ;X) is the space of all X-valued strongly measurable functions on ( ;A; ). We assume that T is continuous in the sense that if (fn) is a sequence in M( ;X) and limn! 1fn = f in measure for some f 2 M( ;X), then also limn! 1Tfn = Tf in measure. Then we consider the functional equation f = (T I)h, where f2 M( ;X) is given. We obtain several conditions for the existence of h2 M( ;X) satisfying f = (T I)h.
High-Order Cumulants Based Sparse Array Design Via Fractal Geometries—Part I: Structures and DOFs

Array structures based on the high-order difference co-array concept provide a large number of degrees of freedom, but are typically difficult to design under multiple optimality criteria. In this paper, we present a joint across-order (across different cumulant order <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q$</tex-math></inline-formula>) and inner-order (within the same cumulant order <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q$</tex-math></inline-formula>) fractal framework to form a fractal array based on the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2q$</tex-math></inline-formula>th-order difference co-array (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2q$</tex-math></inline-formula>th-O-Fractal) by recursively using a simple generator. We show that multiple properties of interest, including large consecutive difference co-array, closed-form sensor positions, hole-free difference co-array, robustness to sensor failures, and resilience to mutual coupling, are inherited from the generator under appropriate conditions. Part I of the work focuses on array structures with a large uniform or hole-free (higher-order) difference co-array. First, we show that for an array of size <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$</tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal {O}(N^{2q})$</tex-math></inline-formula> consecutive co-array lags can be provided by optimizing the generator. In addition, the generated structure outperforms existing structures in terms of the number of consecutive lags offered. Then, proof is provided that under given requirements on the generator, the hole-free property is inherited for <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q = 2$</tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal {O}(N^{4})$</tex-math></inline-formula> hole-free fourth-order difference co-array lags can be achieved by the proposed framework, which is larger than those of existing structures. Simulation results verify the superiority of the proposed framework in terms of estimation accuracy and resolution capability. Part II of this work focuses on the properties of array robustness and mutual coupling.
FORTE observations of lightning radio‐frequency signatures: Capabilities and basic results

The FORTE satellite, launched on August 29, 1997, carries both radio‐frequency‐receiver and optical (imaging and photometric) payloads for the study of lightning. The radio‐frequency (RF) data for the first 7 months of operation are described, both to illustrate the satellite's capabilities and to explain the basic statistical findings so far. FORTE's multichannel RF trigger system represents a significant advance in space‐based monitoring of lightning emissions. We are able to observe even rather weak and diffuse RF emissions from lightning and are no longer limited to the brightest known events, “transionospheric pulse pairs,” or TIPPs. We do see TIPPs, and we show that the FORTE observations of TIPPs are consistent only with the second pulse's being due to a ground reflection. We find that TIPPs are basically bimodal in character, one type having a steep roll‐off of power from 38 to 130 MHz and the other being essentially flat‐spectrum in that range. The steep‐spectrum TIPPs cluster together in the manner of most RF emissions from lightning, while the flat‐spectrum events tend to maintain a wider spacing (>0.1 s) between recurrent emissions.
A learning pathway in high‐school level quantum atomic physics

In this paper, one student's learning process in a course on quantum atomic physics in grade 13 of a German gymnasium (secondary school) is described. The course lasted 16 weeks for a total of approximately 80 lessons. The aim of the present study is to elaborate the student's cognitive system for atomic physics as a hypothetical pragmatic model to describe, analyse and explain his thinking and learning while interacting with the teaching input. In this paper, the student's learning pathway is described as a sequence of several meta‐stable conceptions of the atom, starting from a planetary model. His final cognitive element ‘atom’ following teaching is displayed as an association of three parallel conceptions including his initial planetary model, a state‐electron model and an electron‐cloud model. These different conceptions influence his thinking in different ‘strengths’ and ‘status’. In addition, the student's meta‐cognitive beliefs on physics and the way they are affected by a quantum world view are b.
LGBT+ Youth Perspectives on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Questions in the Growing Up in Ireland Survey: A Qualitative Study

The increasing importance of identifying lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT+) populations is a key driver in changes to demographic data collection in representative surveys of youth. While such population-based data are rare, Growing Up in Ireland (GUI), an Irish, government-funded, longitudinal survey, includes sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) measurements. This qualitative study responds to a query from the GUI study team and aims to identify how best to collect SOGI data in future waves of GUI. A university Human Research Ethics Committee granted approval for online consultations with LGBT+ youth (n = 6) with experiential expertise in policy making. The research is underpinned by rights-based public patient involvement (PPI) with recorded discussions, which were transcribed and imported into NVivo 12, generating the theme “recognition in research, policy and society”. This co-created article, with the LGBT+ young PPI Panel members, commends the inclusion of SOGI data in GUI and recommends changes in question placement and phrasing. Aligning with best practice, the PPI members provide a template for wording on consecutive sex and gender questions, expanded sexual orientation identity categories and maintaining the existing well-phrased transgender question from GUI. This offers potential to improve the quality of the SOGI data collected and the experience of those completing the questionnaire. These findings extend beyond GUI, with relevance for surveys with youth populations. This paper underscores the potential and benefits of participatory approaches to research with youth and views their role beyond simply as sources of data.