Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Size Grading Along A Pebble Beach: Chesil Beach, England

ABSTRACT The paper discusses aspects of the grading of a pebble beach, Chesil Beach, Dorset, England. Because of the prevailing conditions, grading is especially well developed along this beach. The principles included apply elsewhere. The initial samples were taken in July, 1965, from the surface along 23 lines of section extending over a distance of 26 km. The number of sites per section varied between 3 and 11 and included the main Beach Crest, and High and Low Water Mark. The same section lines were used for monthly sampling at High and Low Water Mark on alternate series of Spring Tides until July, 1966. Samples were also obtained from a number of boreholes through either the beach ridge or the back slope of the beach, and from the Raised Beach nearby. Generally 500 pebbles were analyzed. The initial samples were measured for long diameter, short diameter, and weight, but both monthly and borehole samples were examined for long diameter alone. The data were computed for mean, standard deviation, and standard error. The results show that Low Water samples are frequently bimodal; that certain landward samples are of a different population to the adjacent Beach Crest and seaward face, and that a higher proportion of coarser material is found near, but not necessarily on, the present Beach Crest. The profile along the beach suggests a marked inflection of pebble size both along the Beach Crest and at High Water towards the eastern end, and greater variability toward the west. Monthly variations at High Water Mark suggest rapid lateral transport from time to time. The tendency towards bimodal distributions at Low Water, and the presence of different size ranges there compared with the rest of the adjacent beach, reflects both current beach processes and mode of origin. Boreholes sited on the Beach Crest indicate fine material at and below present-day Low Water Mark. There is a suggestion of grading below the present-day beach level The Raised Beach samples fall within the range of the present-day beach. The significance of these results is discussed.
Linking subaerial erosion with submarine geomorphology in the western Ionian Sea (south of the Messina Strait), Italy

Sediment supplied by continental sources is commonly suspected to have exerted a strong influence on the development of canyons and other morphological features on the continental slopes, but rarely is the sediment supply known sufficiently quantitatively to test this link. Here, we outline an area where offshore morphology, in the western Ionian Sea, may be linked to estimated sediment fluxes produced by subaerial erosion in NE Sicily and SW Calabria. Shelves in this area are narrow (<1 km), and the bathymetry shows that rivers and adjacent submarine channels are almost directly connected with each other. Integrated topographic analyses were performed on a merged digital elevation model (DEM) of ASTER data for subaerial topography and multibeam sonar data for submarine bathymetry. Spatial variations in sediment fluxes from onshore erosion were assessed using a variety of methods, namely: long‐term sediment flux from Pleistocene uplift rates, decadal sediment flux from landslide occurrences and published long‐term exhumation rates from 10Be cosmogenic nuclide concentrations. Submarine channels associated with rivers delivering larger sediment fluxes have broad channels, high relief and smooth concave‐upward longitudinal profiles. Conversely, submarine channels that lie offshore small‐flux rivers have straight longitudinal profiles, low relief and steep gradients. Where river catchments supply a greater sediment flux offshore, shelves tend to be wider (ca. 400 m) and submarine channels have gentler gradients. In contrast, where catchments supply less sediment flux, shelves are narrow (250–300 m) and offshore channel gradients are steeper. The variation of submarine morphology with tectonic uplift rate was also studied, but we find that, unlike onshore terrains where tectonics is commonly an important factor influencing channel morphology, in the submarine landscapes, sediment flux appears to dominate here.
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

A B S T R A C T Generativity, or concern for and contribution to the well-being of younger generations, plays an important role in successful aging. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel, writing-based intervention to increase feelings of generativity and test the e ﬀ ect of this intervention on well-being and in ﬂ ammation in a sample of older women. Participants in this study (n = 73; mean age = 70.9 years, range 60 – 86 years) were randomly assigned to a 6-week generativity writing condition (writing about life experiences and sharing advice with others) or a control writing condition (neutral, descriptive writing). Self-reported measures of social well-being, mental health, and physical health, as well as objective measures of systemic and cellular levels of in ﬂ ammation (plasma pro-in ﬂ ammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α ; genome-wide RNA transcriptional pro ﬁ ling), were assessed pre-and post-intervention. The generativity intervention led to signi ﬁ cant improvements across multiple domains, including increases in participation in social activities, decreases in psychological distress, more positive expectations regarding aging in the physical health domain, and decreases in pro-in ﬂ ammatory gene expression. Thus, this study provides preliminary evidence for the ability of a novel, low-cost, low-e ﬀ ort intervention to favorably impact in ﬂ ammation and well-being in older women.
High resolution global tomography : a snapshot of convection in the Earth

Two new global high-resolution models of the P-wave and S-wave seismic structure of the mantle were derived independently using different inversion techniques and different data sets, but they show excellent correlation for many large-scale as well as smaller scale structures throughout the lower mantle. The two models show that high-velocity anomalies in the lower mantle are dominated by long linear features that can be associated with the sites of ancient subduction. The images suggest that most subduction-related mantle flow continues well into the lower mantle and that slabs may ultimately reach the core-mantle boundary. The models are available from anonymous ftp at maestro.geo. utexas.edu in directory pub/grand and at brolga.mit. edu in directory pub/GSAtoday.
Composition, production, and loss of carbohydrates in subtropical shallow subtidal sandy sediments: Rapid processing and long‐term retention revealed by 13C‐labeling

The composition and production of carbohydrates (mannose, rhamnose, fucose, galactose, glucose, and xylose) and their transfer among sediment compartments (microphytobenthos [MPB], bacteria, and detritus) was investigated through in situ labeling with 13C‐bicarbonate. After 60 h, 13C was found in all sediment compartments, demonstrating rapid transfer of fixed carbon from autotrophs to heterotrophs. Carbohydrates were a major carbon reservoir, accounting for 30% (day 0) to 15% (day 30) of the 13C within sediments, and probably played a role in this transfer. Carbohydrate fractions were highly reactive (65‐87%), less reactive (7‐ 18%), and nonreactive (6‐23%) over the experimental period. The rate of loss of the less reactive fraction (0.01‐ 0.05 d−1) was at least an order of magnitude lower than that for the highly reactive fraction (0.8‐4.4 d−1). Patterns of diagenesis estimated from label uptake and loss matched the carbohydrate composition observed in the sediment (glucose > galactose > rhamnose > fucose > xylose > mannose) and were similar to patterns reported previously. C:N ratios and δ13C of sediment organic matter indicated an algal origin (MPB and phytoplankton). Although carbon was rapidly processed, loss from sediments was not immediate, and there was evidence of recycling into MPB and bacteria. Rapid transfer of carbon to and from carbohydrates has been found in various environments, including temperate, muddy, and intertidal sediments, and this study demonstrates the important role of carbohydrates in supporting heterotrophic production over extended periods (> 30 d) in subtropical shallow subtidal sands.
Bacteriological Quality of Borehole Water Used by Students ' of University for Development Studies, Navrongo Campus in Upper-East Region of Ghana

The aim of this study w as to assess the bac teriological quality of borehole water used by the students' of University for Development Studies, Navrongo Campus, Upper East Region of Ghana. Borehole water samples from different locations within the University for Development Studies, Navrongo campus of Upper East Region of Ghana were collected for four consecutive weeks for bacteriological analysis to assess the wholesomeness. Pour plate method and multiple tube fermentation methods were used to det ermine heterotrophic bacterial viable counts and coliform bacterial counts respectively. For total viable bacterial counts of the samples the range of the mean was from 1.50x10 4 to 5.90x10 4 cfu/mL, 0 to 17 MPN/100 mL for total coliform bacteria and 0 to 4.07 MPN/100 mL. The highest counts were consistently found in the sample BW where the borehole was located in an unsanitary environment near septic tank. The findings show that the water samples except those from SSNIT hall did not meet the WHO for drinking and domestic water and should be treated or boiled and filtered before drinking.
The lowermost mantle beneath northern Asia—I. Multi‐azimuth studies of a D″ heterogeneity

Summary In most areas of the globe it is only possible to sample the lowermost mantle or D″ region with a limited range of azimuths. This is due to limitations in source–receiver geometries. An exception is the region beneath northern Siberia where we are able to sample D″ along orthogonal great-circle paths using northern-Pacific earthquakes recorded in Europe and Hindu-Kush earthquakes recorded in Canada. Receiver vespagrams (slant stacks of one source recorded at many receivers) for a Kurile event recorded at the German Regional Seismic Network (GRSN) and the Grafenberg-array and source vespagrams (many sources, one receiver) of Hindu-Kush events recorded at stations of the Canadian National Seismograph Network (CNSN) show reflections from a discontinuity at the top of D″. Vespagrams for real data are compared to vespagrams for synthetic data in order to guide their interpretation. Additional support for our interpretation comes from frequency-wavenumber (f−k) analysis which provides a measure of the slowness and azimuth of a given phase. The traveltimes of the D″ reflected phases are then used to provide estimates of D″ thickness. In regions where the roughly orthogonal paths overlap we estimate the thickness to be 310 (±15) km, which is in agreement with existing models for this region. We also estimate a thickness of 210 (±15) km in a previously unsampled region east of this area. Using the slowness, backazimuth and traveltime values for a third source–receiver combination, we find a reflection point at a depth of 2800 km (thickness of D″ of 91 km) in a region several degrees to the west. These results and those of previous studies suggest considerable topographic relief (100 km) over distances of less than 5° (approximately 300 km at the CMB). Comparing the results from this study with results from other seismic studies of D″ structure in this area, we find this to be a complicated region which exhibits heterogeneity on many scales. This region may be the lower-mantle graveyard of the subducted Izanagi plate and one interpretation of this complexity is that it is due to subduction related deformation at the base of the mantle.
Petrographic and Geochemical Contrasts Between Calcite- and Dolomite-Filled Burrows in the Middle Devonian Lonely Bay Formation, Northwest Territories, Canada: Implications for Dolomite Formation in Paleozoic Burrows

Abstract The Lonely Bay Formation, located to the west of Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada, is a thick-bedded limestone succession that includes four facies that are characteristic of a Devonian middle-ramp depositional setting. One facies in the Lonely Bay Formation is intensely bioturbated with some burrows filled with calcite and others with dolomite. The calcite-filled burrows are found close to the paleo-shoreline of the Canadian Shield, whereas the dolomite-filled burrows are found in deeper ramp deposits. In the calcite-filled burrows the parent burrows, each surrounded by a diagenetic halo, are readily apparent, whereas the dolomite-filled burrows are largely devoid of original structures. Each burrow type has its own distinctive geochemical suites of rare-earth-elements (REE), trace-elements, and δ18O(PDB) and δ13C(PDB) isotopes. These data indicate that sulfate-reducing bacteria, reducing conditions, and marine organic matter were present in the dolomite-filled burrows. Conversely, geochemical data from the calcite-filled burrows indicate that they remained in suboxic conditions and contained little to no marine organic matter that would have contributed to the formation of early dolomite. For these burrows, continent-derived organic matter may have hindered dolomite formation. The contrast between the two types of burrows clearly shows how the different diagenetic environments influenced the evolution of the carbonate. This study, based on interpretations of various geochemical signatures, highlights the roles that oxygen concentrations and types of organic matter (continental versus marine derived) played in dolomite precipitation.
Critical conditions for phytoplankton blooms

We motivate and analyse a reaction—advection—diffusion model for the dynamics of a phytoplankton species. The reproductive rate of the phytoplankton is determined by the local light intensity. The light intensity decreases with depth due to absorption by water and phytoplankton. Phytoplankton is transported by turbulent diffusion in a water column of given depth. Furthermore, it might be sinking or buoyant depending on its specific density. Dimensional analysis allows the reduction of the full problem to a problem with four dimensionless parameters that is fully explored. We prove that the critical parameter regime for which a stationary phytoplankton bloom ceases to exist, can be analysed by a reduced linearized equation with particular boundary conditions. This problem is mapped exactly to a Bessel function problem, which is evaluated both numerically and by asymptotic expansions. A final transformation from dimensionless parameters back to laboratory parameters results in a complete set of predictions for the conditions that allow phytoplankton bloom development. Our results show that the conditions for phytoplankton bloom development can be captured by a critical depth, a compensation depth, and zero, one or two critical values of the vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient. These experimentally testable predictions take the form of similarity laws: every plankton—water—light-system characterized by the same dimensionless parameters will show the same dynamics.
Groundwater exchanges near a channelized versus unmodified stream mouth discharging to a subalpine lake

The terminus of a stream flowing into a larger river, pond, lake, or reservoir is referred to as the stream‐mouth reach or simply the stream mouth. The terminus is often characterized by rapidly changing thermal and hydraulic conditions that result in abrupt shifts in surface water/groundwater (sw/gw) exchange patterns, creating the potential for unique biogeochemical processes and ecosystems. Worldwide shoreline development is changing stream‐lake interfaces through channelization of stream mouths, i.e., channel straightening and bank stabilization to prevent natural meandering at the shoreline. In the central Sierra Nevada (USA), Lake Tahoe's shoreline has an abundance of both “unmodified” (i.e., not engineered though potentially impacted by broader watershed engineering) and channelized stream mouths. Two representative stream mouths along the lake's north shore, one channelized and one unmodified, were selected to compare and contrast water and heat exchanges. Hydraulic and thermal properties were monitored during separate campaigns in September 2012 and 2013 and sw/gw exchanges were estimated within the stream mouth‐shoreline continuum. Heat‐flow and water‐flow patterns indicated clear differences in the channelized versus the unmodified stream mouth. For the channelized stream mouth, relatively modulated, cool‐temperature, low‐velocity longitudinal streambed flows discharged offshore beneath warmer buoyant lakeshore water. In contrast, a seasonal barrier bar formed across the unmodified stream mouth, creating higher‐velocity subsurface flow paths and higher diurnal temperature variations relative to shoreline water. As a consequence, channelization altered sw/gw exchanges potentially altering biogeochemical processing and ecological systems in and near the stream mouth.
Bioremediation of tannery effluent by using Pseudomonas fluorescens and Eichhornia crassipes and its effect on Wheat seed germination and plant growth

Tannery industries discharge a large quantity of toxic substances like chromium, sodium sulphide, sodium carbonate, ammonium sulphate and chlorides in their effluent, which manifold soil pollution and affect on seed germination and plant growth. In this study, two investigational systems are attempted: i) tannery effluent was treated by aerobic bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens and aquatic macrophyte Eichhornia crassipes and ii) the impact of treated and untreated effluent and soil on seed germination and plant growth were studied. The physicochemical properties such as color, pH, COD, BOD, total solids, suspended solids, dissolved solids, and chromium concentration were found decreased in effluent that treated with bacterial strain for 72 h and Water hyacinth for 20 days. These treated effluent also significantly enhanced chlorophyll content, and biomass production over other of wheat plant. The results revealed that effluent treated by microbes and plant has no negative impact on the seed germination and plant growth. Thus, it can be effectively used for irrigation.
Case Report Mucinous Tubular and Spindle Cell Carcinoma of the Kidney with Sarcomatoid Differentiation

We report a unique case of mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma (MTSC) of the kidney with extensive sarcomatoid differentiation, multiple metastases, and a rapidly fatal clinical course. The patient presented with back pain and a pathologic L1 fracture. Diagnostic imaging revealed a large retroperitoneal mass arising from the left kidney and compressing the spinal cord. Radiotherapy and surgery were performed, but the patient died from disease progression three weeks postoperatively. MTSC is a recently recognized entity that is considered to be a low-grade carcinoma with a favorable prognosis. Our case demonstrates that although MTSC is usually a low-grade carcinoma, sarcomatoid differentiation may occur and lead to a fatal course, as in all other types of renal cell carcinomas. Adequate sampling and the exclusion of sarcomatoid differentiation in the spindle cell component are necessary for proper management and prognostication. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of MTSC with sarcomatoid differentiation and a fatal outcome.
Vertical sorting in bed forms: Flume experiments with a natural and a trimodal sediment mixture

Two sets of flume experiments were conducted to examine grain size selective transport and vertical sorting in conditions with migrating bed forms and bed load transport. In the two sets of experiments we used a sediment mixture from the river Rhine and a trimodal mixture, respectively. The vertical sorting profiles showed a downward coarsening trend within the bed forms, and in some experiments an essentially immobile coarse bed layer formed underneath the migrating bed forms. Three mechanisms contribute to the formation of such a coarse bed layer: (1) the avalanching process at the lee face, (2) conditions of partial transport in which a relatively large amount of coarse material does not participate in the transport process, and (3) the winnowing of fines from the trough surface and subsurface. The experiments show that vertical sorting fluxes not only occur through net degradation or aggradation but also through the migration of bed forms and through the variability in trough elevations. This is contradictory to the way vertical sorting processes are modeled in most existing sediment continuity models for nonuniform sediment. The present study is therefore also a plea for modifying existing sediment continuity models to account for vertical sorting processes other than through net aggradation or degradation.
Education for Sustainability: A Case Study of Pre-service Primary Teachers’ Knowledge and Efficacy

: This study investigated the relationships between knowledge and efficacy for teaching sustainability in a sample of 266 pre-service primary teachers at a large, metropolitan university in Australia. A survey gathered information about the participant’s attitudes and self-efficacy for education for sustainability, along with their perceived and actual knowledge of environmental sustainability issues. The participants typically believed they were confident in their abilities to engage with education for sustainability with self-efficacy increasing with increased levels of perceived knowledge. However no relationship was found between perceived knowledge and actual knowledge which suggests that the participants either do not feel constrained by their lack of knowledge, or are perhaps unaware of their actual knowledge of sustainability issues. This lack of relationship may have implications for the development of pedagogical content knowledge with pre-service teachers potentially developing shallow, tokenistic approaches to Education for Sustainability.
Effect of Glaciers on Annual Run-Off, Johan Dahl Land, South Greenland

Abstract Run-off data for two basins in south Greenland, one of which contains glaciers, are compared with precipitation at a nearby weather station and with ablation measured in the glacier basin. Seasonal variations of run-off for the two basins are broadly similar while run-off from the glacier basin has smaller year-to-year variations. A simple statistical model shows that this is the result of a negative correlation between ablation and precipitation, which has the effect of reducing run-off variations in basins with a moderate amount of glacier cover although run-off variations may become large again for highly glacierized basins. The model also predicts an increasing run-off with ablation correlation and a decreasing run-off with precipitation correlation as the amount of glacier cover increases. Although there are still too few data sets from other parts of Greenland for final conclusions, there are indications that the present findings may be applicable to other Greenland basins.
Consumo cultural de cine e identificaciones cinematográficas de niños y adolescentes en Puerto Montt Cultural Film Comsumption and Identifications in Children and Teenagers from Puerto Montt (Chile)

The paper characterizes cultural film consumption of children and teenagers (divided in four age segments) in Puerto Montt, after the stablish of a new theater complex (the city had, until then, only one theater). Apprehending intellective-experiential rites of cinematographic space; the social framework involved in film attendance, the consumption relations proppiciated in the space mallcinema; the place assigned to the cinema experience in identity function and deep motivacional structure of those viewers: all this is requested to draw a “profile” of this teen-multimedial consumer.