Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attachment process in rocket‐triggered lightning strokes

In order to study the lightning attachment process, we have obtained highly resolved (about 100 ns time resolution and about 3.6 m spatial resolution) optical images, electric field measurements, and channel-base current recordings for two dart leader/return-stroke sequences in two lightning flashes triggered using the rocket-and-wire technique at Camp Blanding, Florida. One of these two sequences exhibited an optically discernible upward-propagating discharge that occurred in response to the approaching downward-moving dart leader and connected to this descending leader. This observation provides the first direct evidence of the occurrence of upward connecting discharges in triggered lightning strokes, these strokes being similar to subsequent strokes in natural lightning. The observed upward connecting discharge had a light intensity one order of magnitude lower than its associated downward dart leader, a length of 7–11 m, and a duration of several hundred nanoseconds. The speed of the upward connecting discharge was estimated to be about 2 × 107 m/s, which is comparable to that of the downward dart leader. In both dart leader/return-stroke sequences studied, the return stroke was inferred to start at the point of junction between the downward dart leader and the upward connecting discharge and to propagate in both upward and downward directions. This latter inference provides indirect evidence of the occurrence of upward connecting discharges in both dart leader/return-stroke sequences even though one of these sequences did not have a discernible optical image of such a discharge. The length of the upward connecting discharges (observed in one case and inferred from the height of the return-stroke starting point in the other case) is greater for the event that is characterized by the larger leader electric field change and the higher return-stroke peak current. For the two dart leader/return-stroke sequences studied, the upward connecting discharge lengths are estimated to be 7–11 m and 4–7 m, with the corresponding return-stroke peak currents being 21 kA and 12 kA, and the corresponding leader electric field changes 30 m from the rocket launcher being 56 kV/m and 43 kV/m. Additionally, we note that the downward dart leader light pulse generally exhibits little variation in its 10–90% risetime and peak value over some tens of meters above the return-stroke starting point, while the following return-stroke light pulse shows an appreciable increase in risetime and a decrease in peak value while traversing the same section of the lightning channel. Our findings regarding (1) the initially bidirectional development of return-stroke process and (2) the relatively strong attenuation of the upward moving return-stroke light (and by inference current) pulse over the first some tens of meters of the channel may have important implications for return-stroke modeling.
Manifestations of the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 in satellite nadir‐viewing radar backscatter variations

The paper reports on the first experimental evidence for space‐observed manifestation of the open ocean tsunami in the microwave radar backscatter (in C‐ and Ku‐bands; electromagnetic wave lengths 6cm and 2 cm respectively). Significant (a few dB) variations of the radar cross section synchronous with the sea level anomaly were found in the geophysical data record of the altimetry satellite Jason‐1 for the track which crossed the head wave of the catastrophic tsunami of 26 December 2004. The simultaneous analysis of the available complementary data provided by the satellite three‐channel radiometer enabled us to exclude meteorological factors as possible causes of the observed signal modulation. A possible physical mechanism of modulation of short wind waves due to transformation of the thin boundary layer in the air by a tsunami wave is discussed. The results open new possibilities of monitoring tsunamis from space.
A combined MRI and histology atlas of the rhesus monkey brain in stereotaxic coordinates

The second edition of this atlas maps the detailed architectonic subdivisions of the cortical and subcortical areas in the macaque monkey brain using high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images and the corresponding histology sections in the same animal. This edition of the atlas is unlike anything else available as it includes the detailed cyto- and chemoarchitectonic delineations of the brain areas in all three planes of sections (horizontal, coronal, and sagittal) that are derived from the same animal. This is a significant progress because in functional imaging studies, such as fMRI, both the horizontal and sagittal planes of sections are often the preferred planes given that multiple functionally active regions can be visualized simultaneously in a single horizontal or sagittal section. This combined MRI and histology atlas is designed to provide an easy-to-use reference for anatomical and physiological studies in macaque monkeys, and in functional-imaging studies in human and non-human primates using fMRI and PET. It is the first rhesus monkey brain atlas with horizontal, coronal, and sagittal planes of sections, derived from the same animal. It shows the first detailed delineations of the cortical and subcortical areas in horizontal, coronal, and sagittal plane of sections in the same animal using different staining methods. Horizonal series illustrates the dorsoventral extent of the left hemisphere in 47 horizontal MRI and photomicrographic sections matched with 47 detailed diagrams (Chapter 3). Coronal series presents the full rostrocaudal extent of the right hemisphere in 76 coronal MRI and photomicrographic sections, with 76 corresponding drawings (Chapter 4). Sagittal series shows the complete mediolateral extent of the left hemisphere in 30 sagittal MRI sections, with 30 corresponding drawings (Chapter 5). The sagittal series also illustrates the location of different fiber tracts in the white matter. Individual variability - provides selected cortical and subcortical areas in three-dimensional MRI (horizontal, coronal, and sagittal MRI planes). For comparison, it also provides similar areas in coronal MRI section in six other monkeys. (Chapter 6) Vasculature - indicates the corresponding location of all major blood vessels in horizontal, coronal, and sagittal series of sections. It provides updated information on the cortical and subcortical areas, such as architectonic areas and nomenclature, with references, in chapter 2. It provides the sterotaxic grid derived from the in-vivo MR image.
The limits of resolution of zero-phase wavelets

This investigation deals with resolving reflections from thin beds rather than the detection of events that may or may not be resolved. Resolution is approached by considering a thinning bed and how accurately measured times on a seismic trace represent actual, vertical two‐way traveltimes through the bed. Theoretical developments are in terms of frequency and time rather than wavelength and thickness because the latter two variables require knowledge of interval velocities. These results are compared with similar studies by Rayleigh, Ricker (1953), and Widess (1973, 1980). We show that the temporal resolution of a broadband wavelet with a white spectrum is controlled by its highest terminal frequency fu, and the resolution limit approximates 1/(1.5 fu), provided the wavelet’s band ratio exceeds two octaves. The practical limit of resolution, however, occurs at a one‐quarter wavelength condition and approximates 1/(1.4 fu). The resolving power of zero‐phase wavelets can be compared quantitatively once a w.
Scarp degraded by linear diffusion: Inverse solution for age

Under the assumption that landforms unaffected by drainage channels are degraded according to the linear diffusion equation, a procedure is developed to invert a scarp profile to find its “diffusion age. ” Diffusion age, having dimension [length]2, is the product of diffusivity times chronological age. The second moment of scarp slope grows linearly with age. This fact, together with an assumption about initial scarp shape, allows the inverse determination of diffusion age. Age found assuming a vertical initial scarp is termed “apparent age”; any nonvertical initial scarp profile has a nonzero initial apparent age. True diffusion age differs from apparent age by a fraction of scarp offset squared. The inverse procedure applied to synthetic data yields the following rules of thumb. Evidence of initial scarp shape has been lost when apparent age reaches twice its initial value. If a scarp is formed by two events, the inversion gives their offset-weighted-mean age with an error that is a fraction of offset squared. A scarp that appears to have been formed by one event may have been formed by two with an interval between them as large as apparent age. After scarps of two fault traces have diffused to appear as one, the error in inferred age may be as large as half the apparent age. Variation of apparent age along strike would indicate multiple fault traces. The simplicity of scarp profile measurement and this inversion makes profile analysis attractive. If linearity of the flow law, time for a free face to be reduced to the angle of repose, and variation of diffusivity with climate and material could be established, profile analysis would become a reliable dating technique.
The Global Coastal Ocean: Interdisciplinary Regional Studies and Syntheses

Coastal zones are where land, rivers, atmosphere, seas, sediments, and biota meet, and thus where spatial and temporal heterogeneity is substantial. This volume of The Sea complements and supplements volumes 10 and 11, as well as Part B of Volume 14, which deal generally with the physical oceanography of global coastal oceans, and Volume 13, which examines multiscale interdisciplinary processes on sediment, biogeochemical, and ecosystem dynamics. Because of extreme complexity, however, analyzing and synthesizing in an interdisciplinary manner observations from global coastal oceans is difficult. Because most worldwide observation systems are complicated, many global programs, such as the System for Analysis, Research and Training for Global Change Research (START), the Global Carbon Project (GCP), and the Monsoon Asia Integrated Regional Study (MAIRS), have all promoted regional research for achieving the final goal of global synthesis. This volume takes the same approach.
Transición Cretácico/Terciario en depósitos continentales de la cuenca de Tremp-Graus:: datos preliminares de isótopos estables de C y O.

Continental deposits around the CretaceouslTertiary boundary have been studied for stratigraphy, sedimentology, paleontology and stable isotopes (JJC and 180) in the Benabarre and Fontlfonga sections (Tremp and Ager synclines, Southern Pyrenees). Similarities in lithology, sedimentary evolution, fossil content and isotopic values allow us to interpret these deposits as part of a single basin. A shift in the isotopic content (rise in 180 and fall in 13C) around the KIT boundary is detected. The in creas e in 180 may be Iinked to higher temperatures andlor to evaporation. The 13e falf matches the «z event» described in marine environments and interpreted as due to a decrease in marine organic productivity. In nonmarine environments however it could indicate an increase in plant production.
Two Interferons Alpha Influence Each Other During Their Interaction With the Extracellular Domain of Human Type I Interferon Receptor Subunit 2

The interaction between two human interferons alpha (IFN- α s) and the extracellular (EC) domain of human type I IFN receptor subunit 2 (IFNAR2) was analyzed. Previous experiments using Daudi cells showed that IFN- α 21b and some IFN- α hybrids (made from IFN- α 2c and 21b) competed poorly for the IFN- α 2b binding site. This study examined the causes of the poor competition between these IFN- α s. IFN- α 2c and the IFN hybrid CM3 {IFN- α 21b(1-75)(81-95)/IFN- α 2c(76-80)(96-166), Y86K} were selected for this study based on their cell binding and biological properties. Competitive binding ELISA, native electrophoresis followed by Western blot, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), surface plasmon resonance biosensor (SPR) analysis, as well as neutralization of antiproliferative activities on Daudi cells in the presence of soluble IFNAR2-EC show evidence that each of the described IFN- α subtypes affected the binding of the other IFN- α to IFNAR2-EC by affecting the stability of the complex, i.e. dissociation of the complex. Moreover, native electrophoresis with different IFNAR2-EC mutants showed that IFN- α 2c and CM3 utilize different amino acids in the binding domain of IFNAR2-EC. In addition to that, analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) revealed differences in the oligomeric state of the two studied interferons. Our results demonstrated that two individual IFN- α s interact in native immunoblot. competition between IFN- 2c and 6-histidine tag) IFNAR2-EC. ESI-MS analysis of bands were native the presence of two IFNs
This information is current as Dendritic Cells Production and Activation of Human γ IL-2 Phosphorylates STAT 5 To Drive

Human dendritic cells (hDCs) produce IL-2 and express IL-2R a-chain (CD25), but the role of IL-2 in DC functions is not well defined. A recent study suggested that the main function of CD25 on hDCs was to transpresent IL-2 to activate T lymphocytes. Our results demonstrate the expression of the three chains of the IL-2R on hDCs and that IL-2 induces STAT5 phosphor-ylation. Interestingly, use of inhibitors of p-STAT5 revealed that IL-2 increases LPS-induced IFN-g through STAT5 phos-phorylation. Finally, we report that IL-2 increases the ability of hDCs to activate helpless CD8 + T cells, most likely because of IL-2–triggered IFN-g synthesis, as we previously described. For the first time, to our knowledge, we disclose that IL-2 induces monocyte-derived hDC's functional maturation and activation through IL-2R binding. Interestingly, our study suggests a direct effect of anti-CD25 mAbs on hDCs that may contribute to their clinical efficacy. T he cytokine IL-2, first known as T cell growth factor (1), is considered mainly synthesized by T cells in response to Ags. IL-2 is a four-bundle a-helical cytokine promoting the development and homeostasis of thymic regulatory T cells (2) and activating memory T lymphocytes as well as B cells and NK cells. IL-2R consists of three chains. The b-chain (CD122, shared with IL-2 and IL-15 receptors) and g-chain (CD132, common to IL-2,-4,-7,-9,-15, and-21 receptors) transduce the signal, and the a-chain (CD25) stabilizes the complex to create the high-affinity form of the receptor (3). CD25 expression is tightly regulated in target cells and greatly enhances the IL-2 signaling effect in cells expressing high levels of this molecule (4). IL-2 binding to CD25 triggers the grouping with IL-2R b and g-chains, thus leading to signal transduction through STAT5, MAPK, and PI3K (5–8). Anti-CD25 mAbs blocking the IL-2 binding site of CD25 (9) have been designed to inhibit T cell activation and are widely used in organ transplantation to prevent acute allograft rejection (10– 12). Thus, their effects on human T lymphocytes have been extensively studied (13, 14). In contrast, their impact on human dendritic cells (hDCs) has been seldomly investigated, and the role of IL-2 in hDCs has not been firmly established (15, 16). IL-2 secretion by DCs starts early after activation by TLR ligands or CD40L and is necessary to the optimal proliferation of T lymphocytes (17–19). We previously demonstrated that IL-2 could modulate several hDCs functions but did not investigate the precise mechanisms …
Recirculation of Atlantic Water in the western Barents Sea

In this article, the Atlantic inflow with the North Cape Current to the Barents Sea, and potential recirculation of this water in the Bear Island Trough is investigated. This is resolved by combining continuous current meter and repeated hydrographic section data in the Barents Sea Opening. The estimated annual mean net fluxes, when excluding the contribution from the Norwegian Coastal Current, are 1.1 Sv and 39 TW (estimated relative to a reference temperature of 0°C). The estimated heat flux associated with the outflow in the Bear Island Trough is relatively large (−12 TW). Long‐term current meter records do not show a close relationship between variations in the inflow and the outflow. One‐year low‐pass filtered variations in temperature and salinity of the outflowing waters in the Bear Island Trough are positively correlated with variations of the inflowing Atlantic Water with a lag of about seven months. On the basis of a simple mixing model, the outflow water consists of about 80% Atlantic Water that is additionally cooled by 2.0–2.5°C by heat loss to the atmosphere. By considering the relative weak mean currents in this region, it can be inferred that the fraction of the Atlantic Water that recirculates follows a relatively short pathway in the Bear Island Trough before returning to the Norwegian Sea.
Dynamic GPS Attitude Performance Using INS/GPS Reference

A system for determining dynamic heading and attitude was installed on a 75 metre research vessel, the Endeavour, for performance evaluation. This system uses three or four indcpendcntly operated, PC based, GPS cards (NovAtel GPSCardT" model 95lR) each with its own antenna. These are lo-channel, narrow-cot-relator-spacing receivers. The antennas were installed with about a 9 meter port-starboard separation, a 36 meter fore-aft separation and a 6 meter vertical separation. Seven days of data were collected at sea at a one Hz rate, and several hours of data were collected at 10 Hz. Data was also collected from two inertial navigators at 12.5 Hz, and from DGPS at one Hz. From these, two nominally independent (in attitude), optimally integrated INS/DGPS solutions were produced. Using these as reference, the accuracy performance of the GPS attitude determining system is evaluated, with error statistics prescntcd and a linear stochastic error model derived. Of particular interest is the dynamic performance at higher rates (10 Hz) and longer baselines (36 meters),
An Integrated Petrophysics and Geomechanics Approach for Fracability Evaluation in Shale Reservoirs

The identification of the fracture barrier is important for optimizing horizontal-well drilling, hydraulic fracturing, and protecting fresh aquifer from contamination. The word “brittleness” has been a prevalent descriptor in unconventional-shale-reservoir characterization, but there is no universal agreement regarding its definition. Here, a new definition of mineralogical brittleness is proposed and verified with two independent methods of defining brittleness. Formation with higher brittleness is considered as a good fracturing candidate. However, this viewpoint is not reasonable because brittleness does not indicate rock strength. For instance, the fracture barrier between upper and lower Barnett can be dolomitic limestone with higher brittleness. A new fracability index (FI) is introduced to overcome the shortcoming of brittleness by integrating both brittleness and energy dissipation during hydraulic fracturing. This FI considers that a good fracturing candidate is not only of high brittleness, but also requires less energy to create a new fracture surface. Therefore, the formation with lower FI is considered as a bad fracturing candidate, whereas that with higher fracability is considered as a better target. Logging data from one well in the Barnett shale are applied (1) to verify the principle of the new brittleness definition and FI model and (2) to demonstrate the process of screening hydraulic-fracturing candidates with the FI model.
Absorption cross sections of CH3OOH, H2O2, and D2O2 vapors between 210 and 365 nm at 297 K

The gas phase absolute UV absorption cross sections at 213.9 nm for CH3OOH, H2O2, and D2O2 have been determined to be (22.51±0.78) × 10−20, (33.04±2.17) × 10−20, and (35.37±4.25) × 10−20 cm2 molecule−1, respectively, at 297±1 K. The corresponding values at 253.7 nm for H2O2 and D2O2 were (7.37±0.31) × 10−20 and (7.86±1.04) × 10−20 cm2 molecule−1. The UV absorbance of a slowly flowing mixture of peroxide and helium carrier gas in a Pyrex absorption cell was measured, followed by collection and titration of the eluting peroxide with Fe2+ or I− solutions. The relative cross sections for CH3OOH and H2O2 at 298.1, 326.1, 340.4, and 361.1 nm were also determined, using the absolute values at 213.9 nm. The absorption spectra of these peroxides were recorded in the wavelength region between 210 and 365 nm, using a diode array spectrometer, and normalized to the above cross sections to obtain absolute values for the UV absorption cross sections over this entire wavelength region. The obtained results are compared to those from previous investigations. The atmospheric relevance of our measured cross sections is discussed.
What causes cooling water temperature gradients in a forested stream reach

Previous studies have suggested that shading by riparian vegetation may reduce maximum water temperatures and provide refugia for temperature-sensitive aquatic organisms. Longitudinal cooling gradients have been observed during the daytime for stream reaches shaded by coniferous trees downstream of clear cuts or deciduous woodland downstream of open moorland. However, little is known about the energy exchange processes that drive such gradients, especially in semi-natural woodland contexts without confounding cool groundwater inflows. To address this gap, this study quantified and modelled variability in stream temperature and heat fluxes along an upland reach of the Girnock Burn (a tributary of the Aberdeenshire Dee, Scotland) where riparian land use transitions from open moorland to semi-natural, predominantly deciduous woodland. Observations were made along a 1050 m reach using a spatially distributed network of 10 water temperature data loggers, 3 automatic weather stations and 211 hemispherical photographs that were used to estimate incoming solar radiation. These data parameterised a high-resolution energy flux model incorporating flow routing, which predicted spatio-temporal variability in stream temperature. Variability in stream temperature was controlled largely by energy fluxes at the water-column–atmosphere interface. Net energy gains occurred along the reach, predominantly during daylight hours, and heat exchange across the bed–water-column interface accounted for 1 h. Temperature gradients were not generated by cooling of stream water but rather by a combination of reduced rates of heating in the woodland reach and advection of cooler (overnight and early morning) water from the upstream moorland catchment. Longitudinal thermal gradients were indistinct at night and on days when net radiation gains were low (under overcast skies), thus when changes in net energy gains or losses did not vary significantly in space and time, and heat advected into the reach was reasonably consistent. The findings of the study and the modelling approach employed are useful tools for assessing optimal planting strategies for mitigating against ecologically damaging stream temperature maxima.