Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Internetwork magnetic field as revealed by two-dimensional inversions

Context. Properties of magnetic field in the internetwork regions are still fairly unknown because of rather weak spectropolarimetric signals. Aims. We address the matter by using the two-dimensional (2D) inversion code, which is able to retrieve the information on smallest spatial scales up to the diffraction limit, while being less susceptible to noise than most of the previous methods used. Methods. Performance of the code and the impact of various effects on the retrieved field distribution is tested first on the realistic magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) simulations. The best inversion scenario is then applied to the real data obtained by Spectropolarimeter (SP) on board Hinode. Results. Tests on simulations show that: (1) the best choice of node position ensures a decent retrieval of all parameters; (2) the code performs well for different configurations of magnetic field; (3) slightly different noise levels or slightly different defocus included in the spatial point spread function (PSF) produces no significant effect on the results; and (4) temporal integration shifts the field distribution to a stronger, more horizontally inclined field. Conclusions. Although the contribution of the weak field is slightly overestimated owing to noise, 2D inversions are able to recover well the overall distribution of the magnetic field strength. Application of the 2D inversion code on the Hinode SP internetwork observations reveals a monotonic field strength distribution. The mean field strength at optical depth unity is ~ 130 G. At higher layers, field strength drops as the field becomes more horizontal. Regarding the distribution of the field inclination, tests show that we cannot directly retrieve it with the observations and tools at hand, however, the obtained distributions are consistent with those expected from simulations with a quasi-isotropic field inclination after accounting for observational effects.
EXTENDED-SOURCE EFFECT AND CHROMATICITY IN TWO-POINT-MASS MICROLENSING

We explore the sensitivity of two-point-mass gravitational microlensing to the extended nature of the source star, as well as the related sensitivity to its limb darkening. We demonstrate that the sensitive region, usually considered to be limited to a source-diameter-wide band along the caustic, is strongly expanded near cusps, most prominently along their outer axis. In the case of multicomponent caustics, facing cusps may form a region with a non-negligible extended-source effect spanning the gap between them. We demonstrate that for smaller sources the size of the sensitive region extending from a cusp measured in units of source radii increases, scaling as the inverse cube root of the radius. We study the extent of different sensitivity contours and show that for a microlensed Galactic bulge giant the probability of encountering at least a 1% extended-source effect is higher than the probability of caustic crossing by 40–60% when averaged over a typical range of lens-component separations, with the actual value depending on the mass ratio of the components. We derive analytical expressions for the extended-source effect and chromaticity for a source positioned off the caustic. These formulae are more generally applicable to any gravitational lens with a sufficiently small source. Using exactly computed amplifications we test the often used linear-fold caustic approximation and show that it may lead to errors on the level of a few percent even in near-ideal caustic-crossing events. Finally, we discuss several interesting cases of observed binary and planetary microlensing events and point out the importance of our results for the measurement of stellar limb darkening from microlensing light curves.
The VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS) - Galaxy clustering and redshift-space distortions at z ≃ 0.8 in the first data release

We present in this paper the general real- and redshift-space clustering properties of galaxies as measured in the first data release of the VIPERS survey. VIPERS is a large redshift survey designed to probe the distant Universe and its large-scale structure at 0.5 < z < 1.2. We describe in this analysis the global properties of the sample and discuss the survey completeness and associated corrections. This sample allows us to measure the galaxy clustering with an unprecedented accuracy at these redshifts. From the redshift-space distortions observed in the galaxy clustering pattern we provide a first measurement of the growth rate of structure at z = 0.8: f\sigma_8 = 0.47 +/- 0.08. This is completely consistent with the predictions of standard cosmological models based on Einstein gravity, although this measurement alone does not discriminate between different gravity models.
Optimized purification methods for metallic contaminant removal from directly recycled Li-ion battery cathodes

Metallic contaminants pose a significant challenge to the viability of directly recycling Li-ion batteries. To date, few strategies exist to selectively remove metallic impurities from mixtures of shredded end-of-life material (black mass; BM) without concurrently damaging the structure and electrochemical performance of the target active material. We herein present tailored methods to selectively ionize two major contaminants—Al and Cu—while retaining a representative cathode (LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2; NMC-111) intact. This BM purification process is conducted at moderate temperatures in a KOH-based solution matrix. We rationally evaluate approaches to increase both the kinetic corrosion rate and the thermodynamic solubility of Al0 and Cu0, and evaluate the impact of these treatment conditions on the structure, chemistry, and electrochemical performance of NMC. Specifically, we explore the impacts of chloride-based salts, a strong chelating agent, elevated temperature, and sonication on the rate and extent of contaminant corrosion, while concurrently evaluating the effects on NMC. The reported BM purification process is then demonstrated on samples of “simulated BM” containing a practically relevant 1 wt% concentration of Al or Cu. Increasing the kinetic energy of the purifying solution matrix through elevated temperature and sonication accelerates the corrosion of metallic Al and Cu, such that ∼100% corrosion of 75 μm Al and Cu particles is achieved within 2.5 hr. Further, we determine that effective mass transport of ionized species critically impacts the efficacy of Cu corrosion, and that saturated Cl– hinders rather than accelerates Cu corrosion by increasing solution viscosity and introducing competitive pathways for Cu surface passivation. The purification conditions do not induce bulk structural damage to NMC, and electrochemical capacity is maintained in half-cell format. Testing in full cells suggests that a limited quantity of residual surface species are present after treatment, which initially disrupt electrochemical behavior at the graphite anode but are subsequently consumed. Process demonstration on simulated BM suggests that contaminated samples—which prior to treatment show catastrophic electrochemical performance—can be recovered to pristine electrochemical capacity. The reported BM purification method offers a compelling and commercially viable solution to address contamination, particularly in the “fine” fraction of BM where contaminant sizes are on the same order of magnitude as NMC and where traditional separation approaches are unfeasible. Thus, this optimized BM purification technique offers a pathway towards viable direct recycling of BM feedstocks that would otherwise be unusable.
Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach for symptomatic Rathke cleft cyst: A case series

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the surgical method by reviewing the long-term outcomes of a series of symptomatic Rathke cleft cyst (RCC) cases. The surgical approach was the endoscopic transsphenoidal approach and the surgical strategy was intracapsular decompression, excision of cyst contents, partial excision of the cyst wall and no filling of the cyst cavity. The present study retrospectively analyzed 61 cases of symptomatic RCC treated at Chongqing General Hospital (Chongqing, China) between April 2014 and August 2021, and a detailed evaluation was performed on these cases, including clinical symptoms, imaging features, cyst location and characteristics, intraoperative conditions, postoperative outcomes, postoperative complications and long-term follow-up. In the three aspects of clinical symptom relief, postoperative complications and postoperative recurrence rate, this surgical method was analyzed and evaluated. The results suggested that this surgical method is safe and effective for the treatment of symptomatic RCC, which may effectively relieve symptoms and reduce postoperative complications and recurrence.
The causal connection between disc and power-law variability in hard state black hole X-ray binaries

We use the XMM–Newton EPIC-pn instrument in timing mode to extend spectral time-lag studies of hard state black hole X-ray binaries into the soft X-ray band. We show that variations of the disc blackbody emission substantially lead variations in the power-law emission, by tenths of a second on variability time-scales of seconds or longer. The large lags cannot be explained by Compton scattering but are consistent with time delays due to viscous propagation of mass accretion fluctuations in the disc. However, on time-scales less than a second the disc lags the power-law variations by a few milliseconds, consistent with the disc variations being dominated by X-ray heating by the power law, with the short lag corresponding to the light traveltime between the power-law emitting region and the disc. Our results indicate that instabilities in the accretion disc are responsible for continuum variability on time-scales of seconds or longer and probably also on shorter time-scales.
ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF MENDELEY USING THE TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL (TAM) APPROACH: STUDY IN STUDENTS OF OFFICE ADMINISTRATION EDUCATION IN SURABAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

The development of information technology makes it easier for humans to complete work. Work that previously required a lot of manpower to complete can now be completed with the help of technology. As in writing citations, it can be done automatically with the help of the Mendeley Reference Management Software. The purpose of this study is to determine the use of Mendeley in students of the Surabaya State University, Office Administration study program using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) approach. The research carried out is quantitative research. The study population is 62 students of the Office Administration Education study program, Surabaya State University. The data analysis tool used is Partial Least Square (PLS). The results of this study are: (1) Attitude towards using has a positive effect and significant on behavioral intention of use, (2) Perceived ease of use has no positive effect and significant on behavioral intention of use, (3) Perceived usefulness has a positive effect and significant on behavioral intention of use, (4) Perceived ease of use has a positive effect and significant on perceived usefulness, (5) Indirectly, Perceived ease of use has a positive and significant effect on behavioral intention of use through perceived usefulness
One-loop super-Yang–Mills scattering amplitudes in d dimensions, relation to open strings and polygonal Wilson loops

In this review, we discuss some recent developments related to one-loop super-Yang–Mills scattering amplitudes calculated to all orders in ϵ. It is often the case that one-loop gauge theory computations are carried out to , since higher order in ϵ contributions vanish in the ϵ → 0 limit. We will show, however, that the higher order contributions are actually quite useful. In the context of maximally supersymmetric Yang–Mills, we consider two examples in detail to illustrate our point. First we concentrate on computations with gluonic external states and argue that supersymmetry implies a simple relation between all-orders-in-ϵ one-loop super-Yang–Mills amplitudes and the first and second stringy corrections to analogous tree-level superstring amplitudes. For our second example, we will derive a new result for the all-orders-in-ϵ one-loop superamplitude for planar six-particle NMHV scattering, an object which allows one to easily obtain six-point NMHV amplitudes with arbitrary external states. We will then discuss the relevance of this computation to the evaluation of the ratio of the planar two-loop six-point NMHV superamplitude to the planar two-loop six-point MHV superamplitude, a quantity which is expected to have remarkable properties and has been the subject of much recent investigation.
UNCOVERING CIRCUMBINARY PLANETARY ARCHITECTURAL PROPERTIES FROM SELECTION BIASES

Studying newly discovered circumbinary planetary systems improves our understanding of planetary system formation. Learning the architectural properties of these systems is essential for constraining the different formation mechanisms. We first revisit the stability limit of circumbinary planets. Next, we focus on eclipsing stellar binaries and obtain an analytical expression for the transit probability in a realistic setting, where a finite observation period and planetary orbital precession are included. Our understanding of the architectural properties of the currently observed transiting systems is then refined, based on Bayesian analysis and a series of tested hypotheses. We find that (1) it is not a selection bias that the innermost planets reside near the stability limit for eight of the nine observed systems, and this pile-up is consistent with a log uniform distribution of the planetary semimajor axis; (2) it is not a selection bias that the planetary and stellar orbits are nearly coplanar (≲3°), and this—along with previous studies—may imply an occurrence rate of circumbinary planets similar to that of single star systems; (3) the dominance of observed circumbinary systems with only one transiting planet may be caused by selection effects; (4) formation mechanisms involving Lidov–Kozai oscillations, which may produce misalignment and large separation between planets and stellar binaries, are consistent with the lack of transiting circumbinary planets around short-period stellar binaries, in agreement with previous studies. As a consequence of (4), eclipse timing variations may better suit the detection of planets in such configurations.
Evolution of fNL to the adiabatic limit

We study inflationary perturbations in multiple-field models, for which ζ typically evolves until all isocurvature modes decay — the adiabatic limit. We use numerical methods to explore the sensitivity of the local-shape bispectrum to the process by which this limit is achieved, finding an appreciable dependence on model-specific data such as the time at which slow-roll breaks down or the timescale of reheating. In models with a sum-separable potential where the isocurvature modes decay before the end of the slow-roll phase we give an analytic criterion for the asymptotic value of fNL to be large. Other examples can be constructed using a waterfall field to terminate inflation while fNL is transiently large, caused by descent from a ridge or convergence into a valley. We show that these two types of evolution are distinguished by the sign of the bispectrum, and give approximate expressions for the peak fNL.
RFS-Net: Railway Track Fastener Segmentation Network With Shape Guidance

The fastener is one of the main components of a rail track system. In recent years, deep learning methods such as image segmentation have greatly boosted the fastener state detection process. However, there is still a need to improve the segmentation accuracy and speed, especially for the fasteners in complex environments. To handle this problem, a fast and accurate fastener semantic segmentation network named RFS-Net is proposed based on shape guidance, which can offer a better speed/accuracy trade-off performance via a very shallow architecture. Specifically, in the encoder, a two-stream structure (i.e., regular stream and shape stream) that processes the fastener and shape image in parallel is introduced. The shape image is created based on the geometric structure of the fastener, and it is served as input to the shape stream to guide the segmentation of the fastener. The decoder integrates deep features from the two-stream encoder and then recovers the shape information by the shape attention blocks with skipping connections. We provide two versions of RFS-Net: RFS-Net_S (1.0M, 1014FPS) and RFS-Net_L (12.01M, 453FPS) on the NVIDIA RTX 3060. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method by achieving a promising trade-off between accuracy and inference speed. In particular, our method is faster and more accurate on a challenging dataset, from fast modes: 1014 FPS for RFS-Net_S versus 724 FPS for Segmenter, to high-quality segmentation: better performance than STDC with nearly one percent (92.36% versus 91.48% Mean IoU score).
Black hole and nuclear cluster scaling relations: Mbh ∝ Mnc2.7±0.7

Abstract There is a growing array of supermassive black hole and nuclear star cluster scaling relations with their host spheroid, including a bent (black hole mass)–(host spheroid mass) Mbh–Msph relation and a different (massive compact object mass)–(host spheroid velocity dispersion) Mmco–σ relations for black holes and nuclear star clusters. By combining the observed Mbh ∝ σ5. 5 relation with the observed Mnc ∝ σ1. 6–2.7 relation, we derive the expression Mbh ∝ Mnc2–3.4, which should hold until the nuclear star clusters are eventually destroyed in the larger core-Sérsic spheroids. This new mass scaling relation helps better quantify the rapid evolutionary growth of massive black holes in dense star clusters, and the relation is consistently recovered when coupling the observed Mnc ∝ Msph0.6–1.0 relation with the recently observed quadratic relation Mbh ∝ Msph2 for Sérsic spheroids.
Aging of colloidal contaminants and pathogens in the soil environment: Implications for nanoplastic and COVID‐19 risk mitigation

Colloidal contaminants and pathogens are widely distributed in soil, whose tiny sizes and distinct surface properties render unique environmental behaviours. Because of aging, colloids can undergo dramatic changes in their physicochemical properties once in the soil environment, thus leading to diverse or even unpredictable environmental behaviour and fate. Herein, we provide a state‐of‐art review of colloid aging mechanisms and characteristics and implications for risk mitigation. First, we review aging‐induced formation of colloidal contaminants and aging‐associated changes. We place a special focus on emerging nanoplastic (NP) contaminants and associated physical, chemical, and biological aging processes in soil environments. Second, we assess aging and survival features of colloidal pathogens, especially viruses. Viruses in soils may survive from several days to months, or even several years in groundwater, depending on their rates of inactivation and the reversibility of attachment. Furthermore, we identify implications for risk mitigation based on aging mechanisms. Hotspots of (photo)chemical aging of NPs, including plastic gauzes at construction sites and randomly discarded plastic waste in rural areas, are identified as area requiring greater research attention. For COVID‐19, we suggest taking greater care in regions where viruses are persist for long periods, such as cold climate regions. Soil amendment with quicklime (CaO) may act as an effective means for pathogen disinfection. Future risk mitigation of colloidal contaminants and pathogens relies on a better understanding of aging mechanisms and more sophisticated models accurately depicting processes in real soil environments.
Nominal Stance in Cross-disciplinary Academic Writing of L1 and L2 Speakers in Noun + that Constructions

Background. Literature indicates that in academic writing, authors are expected to demonstrate a noticeable stance so that they can make their meaning clear. Therefore, differences between native and non-native writers along with cross-disciplinary academic writing assume great significance. Purpose. The interactional, dialogic, and reflective nature of academic writing requires writers to utilize stance-establishing tools in their writing, the most prominent ones being stance nouns. In addition, the that-clause construction plays a vital role in conveying the author’s stance. Studies that compare L1 Turkish writers of English and L1 English writers regarding academic writing are rather scarce. As such, the present paper aims to analyze L1 Turkish writers of English and L1 English writers in eight disciplines from natural and social sciences in terms of the use of stance nouns in that-clause constructions. Methods. The study employs Jiang and Hyland's (2016) functional classification model in exploring the nominal stance in cross-disciplinary writing of L1 Turkish writers of English and L1 English writers. To this end, journals with high impact in eight disciplines from social and natural sciences were scanned and a total of 320 articles were included in the corpus. The social sciences included in the present study cover applied linguistics, history, psychology, and sociology while the natural sciences cover medicine, engineering, astronomy, and biology. In total, a corpus of 2.232. 164 words was formed. Results and Implications. The study found significant differences not only in terms of natural and social sciences but also in terms of L1/L2 distinction. In addition, a secondary purpose of the study was to see whether writers in social and natural sciences differed in terms of empiricist and interpretive rationality. The results indicated that writers in social sciences tended to use more status and cognition nouns, indicating that they tend to be more interpretive. With significant differences between Turkish and English writers from a cross-disciplinary perspective, the present study offers important insights into how writers weave their stance in academic writing. Moreover, the present study also confirmed that writers in social sciences, whether L1 or L2, tend to use more stance nouns compared with writers in natural sciences.
Single-shot optical readout of a quantum bit using cavity quantum electrodynamics

We propose a method to perform single-shot optical readout of a quantum bit (qubit) using cavity quantum electrodynamics. We selectively couple the optical transitions associated with different qubit basis states to the cavity, and utilize the change in cavity transmissivity to generate a qubit readout signal composed of many photons. We show that this approach enables single-shot optical readout even when the qubit does not have a good cycling transition required for standard resonance fluorescence measurements. We calculate the probability that the measurement detects the correct spin state using the example of a quantum dot spin under various experimental conditions and demonstrate that it can exceed 0.99.