Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mitigating Risks to Journalists in the 2014 Gaza War

ABSTRACT Reporting on the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict poses a significant risk to the physical safety of journalists and other media professionals. At times of heightened conflict between the two sides, the magnitude of the risks journalists face increases exponentially. Journalists reporting from Gaza are particularly at risk from military attacks by the Israeli Defense Forces. In this article, I examine the practices of international news reporters during the 2014 Israeli assault on Gaza. The data for the study comprise interviews with journalists and photographers who reported the war from Gaza. Particular attention is paid to the risks journalists faced during the war, as well as the measures employed to mitigate them. Such practices can be conceived as a form of resistance and resilience in an era of asymmetric war, which has seen risks to journalists increasing significantly.
Poisson probability distribution analysis of Makurdi and Abeokuta rainfalls

Early information for sustainable utilization of water resources through poisson probability distribution of rainfall is an important regulatory measure for flood control and water security management. As a follow-up to our previous studies on distributions, this paper reports statistical goodness-of-fit evaluations of selected rainfall data. It is the utilization of the maximum likelihood method (MLM) for the poisson probability distribution (PPD)of selected rainfall data. The numerically estimated constant of the density of PPD was estimated by the MLM, and Microsoft Excel Solver (MES). These estimated constants were used to compute probabilities of poisson distributions. The computed probabilities using the constants obtained were evaluated statistically (analysis of variance, (ANOVA), relative error, model of' selection criterion (MSC), Coefficient of Determination (CD) and Correlation coefficient (R). The study established that the poisson probability distribution’s parameter (p) was the average of the logarithm to base 10 of rainfall using the MLM and MES estimators. The constants were found to be 0.665 and 0.535 for Makurdi, 0.695 and 0.478 for Abeokuta using MLM and MES, respectively. The relative errors were found to be 0.479 and 0.743, and 1.141 and 1.509 for Makurdi and Abeokuta using MLM and MES, respectively. The correlation coefficient for Makurdi and Abeokuta using MLM and MES were found to be 0.876 and 0.800, and 0.269 and 0.341, respectively. It was concluded that the MLM constant was better than MES based on the values of MSC, CD, relative error and R. MLM predicted Weibull probability of rainfall intensity better than MES. Utilization of PPD in the estimation of rainfall intensity will help in the prediction of rainfall for agriculture in attaining sustainable goal 2 (zero hunger), regulatory measures for flood control and water security management. There is a need to evaluate MLM and other probability distributions to further assist in attaining sustainable development goals.
Efficient reliability method for implicit limit state surface with correlated non‐Gaussian variables

In contrast to the traditional approach that computes the reliability index in the uncorrelated standard normal space (u‐space), the reliability analysis that is simply realized in the original space (x‐space, non‐Gaussian type) would be more efficient for practical use, for example, with the Low and Tang's constrained optimization approach. On the other hand, a variant of Hasofer, Lind, Rackwits and Fiessler algorithm for first‐order reliability method is derived in this paper. Also, the new algorithm is simply formulated in x‐space and requires neither transformation of the random variables nor optimization tools. The algorithm is particularly useful for reliability analysis involving correlated non‐Gaussian random variables subjected to implicit limit state function. The algorithm is first verified using a simple example with closed‐form solution. With the aid of numerical differentiation analysis in x‐space, it is then illustrated for a strut with complex support and for an earth slope with multiple failure modes, both cases involving implicit limit state surfaces. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remarks on the theory of the divergence-measure fields

We review the theory of the (extended) divergence-measure fields providing an up-to-date account of its basic results established by Chen and Frid (1999, 2002), as well as the more recent important contributions by Silhavý (2008, 2009). We include a discussion on some pairings that are important in connection with the definition of normal trace for divergence-measure fields. We also review its application to the uniqueness of Riemann solutions to the Euler equations in gas dynamics, as given by Chen and Frid (2002). While reviewing the theory, we simplify a number of proofs allowing an almost self-contained exposition.
Properties of the solution set of a generalized differential equation

We prove that the solution set of a generalized differential equation is connected and that points on the boundary of the solution funnel are peripherally attainable. This is done without the additional assumption of continuity in the state variable required in previous results. The result on upper semicontinuity of the solution set with respect to initial conditions is extended to include variations of initial time.
Algorithms for the multi-resource generalized assignment problem

The multi-resource generalized assignment problem is encountered when a set of tasks have to be assigned to a set of agents in a way that permits assignment of multiple tasks to an agent subject to the availability of a set of multiple resources consumed by that agent. This problem differs from the generalized assignment problem in that an agent consumes not just one but a variety of resources in performing the tasks assigned to him. This paper develops effective solution procedures for the multi-resource generalized assignment problem. Various relaxations of the problem are studied and theoretical relations among these relaxations are pointed out. Rules for reducing problem size are discussed and are shown to be effective through computational experiments. Heuristic solution procedures and an efficient branch and bound procedure are developed. Results of computational experiments testing these procedures are reported.
The stability of free boundary layers between two uniform streams

Hydrodynamic stability of free boundary-layer flows is treated in general. It is found that the situations at low Reynolds numbers are universal for all velocity profiles of free boundary-layer type. Curves of constant amplification are calculated as far as O(R3). In particular, the asymptotic form of the neutral curves for R [eDot ] 0 is found to be α = R/(4√3), so that the critical Reynolds numbers of these flows are identically zero. The phase velocity of the disturbance is also found to be zero, for all disturbances, up to the second approximation. A method of normalizing the velocity profiles is suggested, and existing results for the stability of various profiles at large Reynolds numbers are discussed from a new point of view.
Quality Assessment of Bee Pollen‐Honey Mixtures Using Thin‐Layer Chromatography in Combination with Chemometrics

The aim of this study is to develop a rapid, effect‐directed screening method for quality assessment of bee pollen‐honey mixtures. The comparative antioxidant potential and phenolic content of honey, bee pollen, and the bee pollen‐honey mixtures, was performed using spectrophotometry. The total phenolic content and antioxidative activity of bee pollen‐honey mixtures with 20 % bee pollen share were in the range 3.03–3.11 mg GAE/g, and 6.02–6.96 mmol TE/kg, respectively, while mixtures with 30 % bee pollen share contained 3.92–4.18 mg GAE/g, and 9.69–10.11 mmol TE/kg. Chromatographic fingerprint of bee pollen‐honey mixtures was performed by high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography with conditions developed by authors and reported for the first time. Fingerprint analysis hyphenated with chemometrics enabled authenticity assessments of honey in mixtures. Results indicate that bee pollen‐honey mixtures represent a food with highly, both, nutritious characteristics and health‐promoting effect.
Quantitative model for predicting the electroosmotic flow in dual‐pole nanochannels

Developing and assessing nanofluidic systems is time‐consuming and costly owing to the method's novelty; hence, modeling is essential to determine the optimal areas for implementation and to grasp its workings. In this work, we examined the influence of dual‐pole surface and nanopore configuration on ion transfer simultaneously. To achieve this, the two trumpet and cigarette configuration were coated with a dual‐pole soft surface so that the negative charge could be positioned in the nanopore's small aperture. Subsequently, the Poisson–Nernst–Planck and Navier–Stokes equations were simultaneously solved under steady‐state circumstances using varied values physicochemical properties for the soft surface and electrolyte. The pore's selectivity was STrumpet>SCigarette${S}_{{\rm{Trumpet}}} > {S}_{{\rm{Cigarette}}}$ , and the rectification factor, on the other hand, was RfCigarette
Wind Regimes Associated with a Mountain Gap at the Northeastern Adriatic Coast

Winds through the Vratnik Pass, a mountain gap in the Dinaric Alps, Croatia, are polarized along the gap axis that extends in the northeast-southwest direction. Although stronger northeasterly wind at the Vratnik PassisfrequentlyrelatedtotheAdriaticborawind,especiallyatthedownstreamtownofSenj,therearemany cases in which the wind at Senj is directionally decoupled fromthe windat the Vratnik Pass. A clusteranalysis reveals that this decoupling is sometimes related to lower wind speeds or a shallow southeasterly sirocco wind along the Adriatic, but in many cases the bora blows over a wider region, while only Senj has a different wind direction. Several mechanisms can be responsible for the latter phenomenon, including the formation of a lee wave rotor. A numerical model simulation corroborates the decoupling caused by a rotor for a single case. The prevalence of northeasterly winds at the Vratnik Pass during southeasterly sirocco episodes is another result that challenges the current understanding. It is shown that, at least in one of these episodes, this phenomenon is related to a secondary mesoscale low pressure center in the eastern lee of the Apennines that forms as a subsystem of a broader Genoa cyclone. Less frequent southwesterly winds through the gap are predominantly related to the thermal sea breeze and anabatic circulations that are sometimes superimposed on the geostrophic wind.
The chemical history of the nearest starburst galaxy – IC10

Abstract The irregular dwarf galaxy IC10 is located within the Local Group (LG) at a distance of 750 kpc. Although several studies have revealed the existence of stellar populations with a broad range of ages, its star formation history (SFH) and age-metallicity (AM) relationship remain quite unknown. In this contribution we present our spectroscopic investigation of 15 H ii regions, 9 planetary nebulae (PNe) and 1 symbiotic star –so far the farthest known symbiotic binary. Our main goal is to reconstruct the SFH of IC10 and to constrain its AM relationship using young and intermediate-age stars. The direct availability of the electron temperature in our emission-line spectra allows an accurate determination of the IC10 metallicity map at two different epochs. We find a non-homogeneous distribution of metals at both epochs, but similar average abundances for the two analyzed populations. The derived AM relationship shows a little global enrichment, which is interpreted as due to the loss of metals by supernovae winds and to differential gas outflows. Our results bring strong observational constraints to the chemical enrichment history of IC10, the formation of dwarf irregular galaxies and the evolution of the LG as well.
A study of residents’ intentions to participate in the renovation of older communities under the perspective of urban renewal: evidence from Zhangjiakou, China

ABSTRACT Community renovation involves energy conservation and emission reduction while fostering the process of urban renewal as a sustainable method of building upgrading. However, weak resident participation is the greatest obstacle to its development. This study aims to explore the psychology of the residents’ participation to stimulate their intention to participate. By combining the theory of planned behaviour with the norm activation model theory and government incentives, we collected data from 353 residents using a questionnaire and tested it using structural equation modelling. The findings suggest that government incentives, perceived behavioural control and personal norms all directly influence residents’ intentions to participate, with government incentives being the most significant influencing factor. Therefore, residents’ intentions to participate were driven by both rational and moral factors. Moreover, subjective norms and awareness of consequences had no significant effect on personal norms. Finally, the total mediating effect of subjective norms on personal norms and the moderating effect of low-income cohorts were verified. Thus, this study is a reference for the government and the community to improve the residents’ participatory statutes enhance their sense of belonging and the intention of various groups to participate and provide impetus to the urban renewal process. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Different modeling approaches in the simulation of extrinsic coagulation factor X activation: Limitations and areas of applicability

Proteolytic reactions on the phospholipid membrane surface, so‐called “membrane‐dependent” reactions, play central role in the process of blood clotting. One particularly important example is FX activation by the extrinsic tenase (VIIa/TF). Here we constructed three mathematical models of FX activation by VIIa/TF: (A) a homogeneous “well‐mixed” model, (B) a two‐compartment “well‐mixed” model, (C) a heterogeneous model with diffusion, to investigate the impact and importance of inclusion of each complexity level. All models provided good description of the reported experimental data and were equivalently applicable for <40 μM of phospholipids. Model C provided better predictions than A, B in the presence of TF‐negative phospholipid microparticles. Models predicted that for high TF surface density (STF) and FX deficiency the FX activation rate was limited by the rate of FX binding to the membrane. For low STF and excess of FX the reaction rate was limited by the tenase formation rate. The analysis of the substrate delivery pathways revealed that FX bound to VIIa/TF predominantly from solution for STF >2.8 × 10−3 nmol/cm2 and from the membrane for lower STF. We proposed the experimental setting to distinguish between the collision‐limited and non‐collision‐limited binding. The analysis of models in flow and non‐flow conditions revealed that the model of a vesicle in flow might be substituted by model C in the absence of the substrate depletion. Together, this study was the first which provided the direct comparison of more simple and more complex models. The reaction mechanisms were studied in a wide range of conditions.
Elliptical galaxies with separable potentials

On presente l'ellipsoide parfait: un modele de masse triaxial heterogene avec un potentiel gravitationnel de la forme de Stackel. Les equations du mouvement sont separables en coordonnees ellipsoidales et toutes les orbites stellaires ont trois integrales isolantes qui sont connues explicitement. On discute de l'utilisation des modeles de masse a potentiels de Stackel pour la construction de modeles auto-compatibles de galaxies elliptiques
Improving Current Functioning and Preventing Future Abuse: Exploring Outcomes of the Nurturing Parenting Program With Adolescents

This study investigates the outcomes of the Nurturing Parenting Program intervention with adolescents ages 13 to 19 from a variety of backgrounds according to self-reported demographic data and scores from the Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI-2). AAPI-2 scores were collected between 2006 and 2017 from a population of adolescents (n = 846) prior to and immediately after receiving the Nurturing Parenting Program intervention. The program intervention significantly increased AAPI-2 scores overall and produced significant increases in specific positive attitudes. There were no significant changes from pre- to post-assessment-related to demographic factors. The Nurturing Parenting Program appears to be an effective prevention and intervention program for a broad array of adolescent populations to change attitudes related to abuse and neglect.
From MIA to FIFA: The vicious matrix of frailty, inflammation, fluid overload and atherosclerosis in peritoneal dialysis

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Two decades ago, the common co‐existence of malnutrition and systemic inflammation PD patients with atherosclerosis and CVD led to the proposed terminology of ‘malnutrition‐inflammation‐atherosclerosis (MIA) syndrome’. Although the importance of malnutrition is well accepted, frailty represents a more comprehensive assessment of the physical and functional capability of the patient and encompasses the contributions of sarcopenia (a key component of malnutrition), obesity, cardiopulmonary as well as neuropsychiatric impairment. In recent years, it is also increasingly recognized that fluid overload is not only the consequence but also play an important role in the pathogenesis of CVD. Moreover, fluid overload is closely linked with the systemic inflammatory status, presumably by gut oedema, gastrointestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and leakage of bacterial fragments to the systemic circulation. There are now a wealth of published evidence to show intricate relations between frailty, inflammation, fluid overload and atherosclerotic disease in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and those on PD, a phenomenon that we propose the term ‘FIFA complex’. In this system, frailty and atherosclerotic disease may be regarded as two patient‐oriented outcomes, while inflammation and fluid overload are two inter‐connected pathogenic processes. However, there remain limited data on how the treatment of one component affect the others. It is also important to define how treatment of fluid overload affect the systemic inflammatory status and to develop effective anti‐inflammatory strategies that could alleviate atherosclerotic disease and frailty.
Turbulent convective velocities (broadband and wavenumber dependent) in a plane jet

An investigation into the magnitude and direction of the convective velocity in a plane air jet was performed. Convective velocities were obtained from cross-correlation measurements. They are defined as the ratio of the spacing between two hot-wire probes and the time delay between their signals to reach maximum correlation. These velocities were larger in magnitude than the local mean velocities for lateral distances greater than the half-width of the jet. Frequency analysis of the convective velocity indicates that the large-scale eddies move slower than the mean flow while the small scales move faster. Based on the convective velocity vector, broadband ‘convection lines’ were defined and found to point outward with respect to the streamlines for all values of y/b [Gt ] 0·5. Likewise, frequency investigation indicates that ‘convection lines’ point outward for all y/b [Lt ] 1·3 and then inward for larger values of y/b.
The Morphology of Northern Hemisphere Blocking

Abstract The morphology of regional blocking in the Northern Hemisphere is discussed using the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) dataset and a measure of blocking based on the reversal at storm-track latitudes of meridional θ contrasts on a potential vorticity (PV) surface representative of the tropopause. The focus is on cyclonic and anticyclonic Rossby wave breaking that is inherent to the blocking development, and the extent to which this is determined by the climatological jet position and the ambient shears. More generally, the importance of the climatological planetary scale is discussed. The approach is mainly through composite behavior, but informed by consideration of many individual events. A diversity of behavior is found with longitude in both winter and summer, and there is a striking reversal of the sense of the wave breaking between the two seasons that is generally consistent with the difference in the jet locations. Preferred behaviors are found in various regions and seasons, and retrogre.
Stall onset on aerofoils at low to moderately high Reynolds number flows

Abstract The inception of leading-edge stall on stationary, two-dimensional, smooth, thin aerofoils at low to moderately high chord Reynolds number flows is investigated by a reduced-order, multiscale model problem via numerical simulations. The asymptotic theory demonstrates that a subsonic flow about a thin aerofoil can be described in terms of an outer region, around most of the aerofoil’s chord, and an inner region, around the nose, that asymptotically match each other. The flow in the outer region is dominated by the classical thin aerofoil theory. Scaled (magnified) coordinates and a modified (smaller) Reynolds number $(R{e}_{M} )$ are used to correctly account for the nonlinear behaviour and extreme velocity changes in the inner region, where both the near-stagnation and high suction areas occur. It results in a model problem of a uniform, incompressible and viscous flow past a semi-infinite parabola with a far-field circulation governed by a parameter $\tilde {A} $ that is related to the aerofoil’s angle of attack, nose radius of curvature, thickness ratio, and camber. The model flow problem is solved for various values of $\tilde {A} $ through numerical simulations based on the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations. The value ${\tilde {A} }_{s} $ where a global separation zone first erupts in the nose flow, accompanied by loss of peak streamwise velocity ahead of it and change in shedding frequency behind it, is determined as a function of $R{e}_{M} $ . These values indicate the stall onset on the aerofoil at various flow conditions. It is found that ${\tilde {A} }_{s} $ decreases with $R{e}_{M} $ until some limit $R{e}_{M} $ ( ${\sim }300$ ) and then increases with further increase of Reynolds number. At low values of $R{e}_{M} $ the flow is laminar and steady, even when stall occurs. The flow in this regime is dominated by the increasing effect of the adverse pressure gradient, which eventually overcomes the ability of the viscous stress to keep the boundary layer attached to the aerofoil. The change in the nature of stall at the limit $R{e}_{M} $ is attributed to the appearance of downstream travelling waves in the boundary layer that shed from the marginal separation zone and grow in size with either $\tilde {A} $ or $R{e}_{M} $ . These unsteady, convective vortical structures relax the effect of the adverse pressure gradient on the viscous boundary layer to delay the onset of stall in the mean flow to higher values of ${\tilde {A} }_{s} $ . Computed results show agreement with marginal separation theory at low $R{e}_{M} $ and with available experimental data at higher $R{e}_{M} $ . This simplified approach provides a universal criterion to determine the stall angle of stationary thin aerofoils with a parabolic nose.