Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Metamorphism and kinematics of the early deformation in the Variscan suture of SW Iberia

The early (Devonian) collisional stage in SW Iberia has been investigated through the analysis of deformation in the Cubito‐Moura schists, the main lithology of an Allochthonous Complex putatively rooted in the suture between the Ossa‐Morena and South Portuguese zones. The first deformation in these schists (D1) is recorded as a S1‐L1 mylonitic fabric well preserved in early quartz veins. Subsequent D2 deformation caused the main folds and the main (S2) foliation. After restoration, the stretching lineation (L1) trends at a small angle with the Ossa‐Morena/South Portuguese suture. This trend, together with the top‐to‐the‐east kinematics determined from quartz microfabric is indicative of an oblique left‐lateral collisional scenario in SW Iberia. Chlorite–white K‐mica–quartz ± chloritoid multi‐equilibrium calculations yield P–T conditions in the range 0.9–1.2 GPa and 300–400 °C, during the first collisional stage. P–T conditions during D2 were 0.3–0.8 GPa and 400–450 °C, thus indicating an important stage of exhumation of the Allochthonous Complex during these two collisional events, after subduction of the Ossa‐Morena Zone margin under the South Portuguese Zone continental crust. In the general context of the Variscan orogen, dominated by dextral collision, the left‐lateral convergence in SW Iberia can be explained in terms of the Avalonian salient represented by the South Portuguese Zone, which would impinge between Iberia and Morocco.
Hydraulie Control and Flow Separation in a Multi-Layered Fluid with Applications to the Vema Channel

Abstract Observations from a recent field experiment in the Vema Channel are briefly described. These show a remarkable change in the configuration of isopycnal surfaces within the channel and the development of thick, nearly homogeneous regions near the bottom which are capped by sharp vertical gradients. Contrary to previous speculation that these “bottom boundary layer” result from enhanced vertical mixing, a dynamical mechanism is explored. This involves the hydraulic adjustment of an inertial, semi-geostrophic flow to the channel geometry. First, an active two-layer flow in a rectangular geometry is studied to show that internal flow separation can occur when the flow is accelerated sufficiently by a narrowing channel. Almost always this separation accompanies hydraulic control: the slowest upstream moving Kelvin wave is stopped and upstream and downstream states are not symmetric with respect to the channel width. An active three-layer flow with a variable bottom profile is then presented as a more .
Postglacial marine diatom record of the Palmer Deep, Antarctic Peninsula (ODP Leg 178, Site 1098) 2. Diatom assemblages

[1] The distribution of Late Pleistocene to Holocene diatom assemblages from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 178 Site 1098 (Palmer Deep) is described and compared using multivariate statistical methods (cluster analysis and analysis of variance). Five assemblages are identified from Site 1098, which are correlated with the climatic zones identified previously in the Palmer Deep [Domack et al., 2001]. A Thalassiosira diatom assemblage characterizes the “deglaciation phase” (13.2–11.0 ka) and was deposited during glacial retreat at the end of the regional Last Glacial Maximum. A well-preserved Rhizosolenia assemblage was deposited during a “climatic reversal” (11.0–9.0 ka) and indicates periods of seasonally open water with diatom blooms. An open water Fragilariopsis kerguelensis assemblage characterizes the mid-Holocene climatic optimum (9.0–3.7 ka). In the Neoglacial (late Holocene, <3.7 ka), climatic cooling, increased sea ice cover, and increased wind are inferred from a Cocconeis assemblage. During the climatic optimum/Neoglacial transition (4.4–1.8 ka), laminae characterized by Corethron criophilum were preserved. It is uncertain whether the laminae represent short-lived (interannual) bloom events with high settling rates or have been deposited over longer time periods.
Life after stroke: Reconstructing everyday life

Stroke can have a major impact on a person’s life. For example a stroke may leave an individual with residual disabilities such as difficulty with walking or speech that creates considerable challenges to everyday life. While quite a lot of research has been done on how to prevent and treat stroke, comparatively little research has been undertaken on the ways in which individuals respond to strokes and how they reconstruct and manage their everyday lives after a stroke. In this study we seek to understand how individuals identify and manage the challenges and opportunities of every day life and the ways in which professionals can help their development.We are particularly interested in how individuals identify and manage risk, however, our previous research indicated that risk tended to be identified with hazard and danger.We therefore expressed risk as part of everyday life and we provide a general account in this report.We plan to specifically highlight risk in a forthcoming paper.
EOF analysis and modeling of GPS TEC climatology over North America

An empirical ionospheric model of the total electron content (TEC) over North America (20°–60°N, 40°–140°W) is constructed using the GPS TEC data collected by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Haystack Observatory during the years 2001–2012. This model is based on an analysis of quiet time monthly averages using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decomposition technique, allowing for separation of spatial and temporal variations. The importance of different types of spatial‐temporal variations to the overall TEC variability can be well represented by the characteristics of EOF basis functions and associated principal components coefficients, with various modes. The mode one EOF decomposition constitutes 97.5% of the total variance and therefore represents the essential feature of North America spatial and diurnal variation of the TEC. The mode two EOF, as reported in an earlier study, reveals a large and significant symmetric longitudinal variation of the ionosphere, organized with respect to magnetic declination. The mode three EOF decomposition shows midlatitude latitudinal structure that varies with season in a manner very similar to the so‐called winter anomaly. Because of the quick convergence of EOF decomposition modes, the first four EOF modes are utilized for constructing a TEC empirical model. For each of the EOF modes, the temporal variations are expressed analytically in terms of local time, season, and solar activity, and the spatial variations by cubic‐spline functions. An analysis of accuracy and quality indicates that this regional empirical TEC model can reflect the majority of the quiet time monthly means, and represent characteristic temporal‐spatial variations in the North America.
Correction to "Extensive MRO CRISM observations of 1.27 µm O2 airglow in Mars polar night and their comparison to MRO MCS temperature profiles and LMD GCM simulations"

The Martian polar night distribution of 1.27 μm (0-0) band emission from O 2 singlet delta [O 2 ( 1 Δ g )] is determined from an extensive set of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectral Mapping (CRISM) limb scans observed over a wide range of Mars seasons, high latitudes, local times, and longitudes between 2009 and 2011. This polar nightglow reflects meridional transport and winter polar descent of atomic oxygen produced from CO 2 photodissociation. A distinct peak in 1.27 μm nightglow appears prominently over 70-90NS latitudes at 40-60 km altitudes, as retrieved for over 100 vertical profiles of O 2 ( 1 Δ g ) 1.27 μm volume emission rates (VER). We also present the first detection of much (x80±20) weaker 1.58 μm (0-1) band emission from Mars O 2 ( 1 Δ g ). Co-located polar night CRISM O 2 ( 1 Δ g ) and Mars Climate Sounder (MCS, McCleese et al, 2007) temperature profiles are compared to the same profiles as simulated by the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique (LMD) general circulation/photochemical model (e.g., Lefevre et al, 2004). Both standard and interactive aerosol LMD simulations (Madeleine et al, 2011) underproduce CRISM O 2 ( 1 Δ g ) total emission rates by 40%, due to inadequate transport of atomic oxygen to the winter polar emission regions. Incorporation of interactive cloud radiative forcing on the global circulation leads to distinct but insufficient improvements in modeled polar O 2 ( 1 Δ g ) and temperatures. The observed and modeled anti-correlations between temperatures and 1.27 μm band VER reflect the temperature dependence of the rate coefficient for O 2 ( 1 Δ g ) formation, as provided in Roble (1995).
Zr-Nb-REE Mineralization in Peralkaline Granites from the Amis Complex, Brandberg (Namibia): Evidence for Magmatic Pre-enrichment from Melt Inclusions

The Amis Complex is a late intrusive phase associated with the Brandberg anorogenic granite intrusion. It consists of peralkaline, arfvedsonite-bearing granitic and pegmatitic dikes and sills and is characterized by locally extreme enrichments in REE and rare metals with high charge-ionic radius ratios, such as Zr and Nb. The highest concentrations (e.g., 1.7 wt % Zr, 0.3 wt % Nb, 0.5 wt % total REE) are found in aegirine-albite aplites that formed around arfvedsonite pegmatite cores. Quartz-hosted melt inclusions in coarse-grained arfvedsonite granite and pegmatite give unequivocal evidence that the peralkaline composition and rare metal enrichments are primary magmatic features. Electron microprobe and SIMS analyses of rehomogenized inclusion glasses reveal their peralkaline high Si rhyolite compositions (avg molar [Na + K]/Al = 1.1) and very high contents of H2O (max 10.6 wt %) and F (2.2 wt %). Inclusion glasses also have high concentrations of incompatible trace elements including Nb (min 803 ppm), Zr (min 3,187 ppm), and REE + Y (Σ = min 1,271 ppm). The REE, Zr, and Nb compositions of the aegirine-albite aplites plot along the same linear enrichment trends as the melt inclusion glasses, and Y/Ho ratios mostly display unfractionated near-chondritic values. The chemical and textural features of the aegirine-albite aplites are compatible with an origin by rapid crystallization (compositional quenching) after volatile loss from a residual peralkaline granitic melt of a composition like that of the melt inclusions. Interaction of postmagmatic fluorine-rich aqueous fluids with the arfvedsonite granites caused local remobilization of REE and secondary mineralization of fluorocarbonate phases, such as bastnaesite and fractionation of Y and Ho.
Petrochemistry of Volcanic Rocks in the Hishikari Mining Area of Southern Japan, with Implications for the Relative Contribution of Lower Crust and Mantle‐derived Basalt

Abstract. This study presents the petrographical, mineralogical, and geochemical characteristics of Late Pliocene‐Pleistocene volcanic rocks distributed in the Hishikari gold mining area of southern Kyushu, Japan, and discusses their origin and evolution. The Hishikari volcanic rocks (HVR), on the basis of age and chemical compositions, are divided into the Kurosonsan (2.4–1.0 Ma) and Shishimano (1.7–0.5 Ma) Groups, which occur in the northern and southern part of the area, respectively. Each group is composed of three andesites and one rhyodacite. HVR are characterized by high concentrations of incompatible elements compared with other volcanic rocks in southern Kyushu, and have low Sr/Nd and high Th/U, Th/Pb, and U/Pb ratios compared with typical subduction‐related arc volcanic rocks.
Factors affecting water quality in selected carbonate aquifers in the United States,1993-2005

The National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, implemented in 1991, is assessing the quality of water in principal aquifers across the Nation. A recently released U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) report entitled: Factors Affecting Water Quality in Selected Carbonate Aquifers in the United States, 1993-2005 assesses water quality in 12 carbonate aquifers, mainly in the eastern and central United States, where the NAWQA Program has collected data (see map, page 2). The selected aquifers represent major hydrogeologic and geochemical settings and, therefore, findings are relevant to other carbonate aquifers not studied. Carbonate aquifers are an important water resource and the largest source of drinking water for public supply of any bedrock aquifer, providing over 3 billion gallons per day. This is about 20 percent of the groundwater supplied as drinking water for the Nation. Groundwater samples were collected from more than 1,000 wells and springs representing a variety of uses such as for domestic and public water supply, irrigation, observation, and for livestock. Samples were analyzed for 151 constituents including physical properties, major ions, nutrients, radon, 47 pesticides, and 54 volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
What is parallelism?

SUMMARY Although parallel and convergent evolution are discussed extensively in technical articles and textbooks, their meaning can be overlapping, imprecise, and contradictory. The meaning of parallel evolution in much of the evolutionary literature grapples with two separate hypotheses in relation to phenotype and genotype, but often these two hypotheses have been inferred from only one hypothesis, and a number of subsidiary but problematic criteria, in relation to the phenotype. However, examples of parallel evolution of genetic traits that underpin or are at least associated with convergent phenotypes are now emerging. Four criteria for distinguishing parallelism from convergence are reviewed. All are found to be incompatible with any single proposition of homoplasy. Therefore, all homoplasy is equivalent to a broad view of convergence. Based on this concept, all phenotypic homoplasy can be described as convergence and all genotypic homoplasy as parallelism, which can be viewed as the equivalent concept of convergence for molecular data. Parallel changes of molecular traits may or may not be associated with convergent phenotypes but if so describe homoplasy at two biological levels—genotype and phenotype. Parallelism is not an alternative to convergence, but rather it entails homoplastic genetics that can be associated with and potentially explain, at the molecular level, how convergent phenotypes evolve.
Time perspective, personality and smoking, body mass, and physical activity: an empirical study.

OBJECTIVES Time perspective describes how individuals conceptualize and value future events, and may be related to health behaviours. Research to date has focused on addictive behaviours, used a variety of different measures of time perspective, and not explored the role of personality. This work aimed to: explore the relationships between: five previously used measures of time perspective; time perspective and the broad domains of the five-factor model of personality; and time perspective and smoking, body mass, and physical activity after controlling for socio-demographics and personality. DESIGN Cross-sectional self-report data were collected using a web based survey. METHODS Participants (N=423) were recruited via local community internet message boards in US urban areas. The survey collected information on: delay discount rate, the Consideration of Future Consequences Scale (CFCS), the future scale of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), subjective probability of living to age 75, and time period for financial planning, the five-factor personality inventory, smoking, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity. RESULTS After controlling for socio-demographics, most markers of time perspective were significantly correlated with each other, but the strength of correlations was rarely strong. Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Openness were associated with some markers of time perspective. After controlling for socio-demographic and personality domains, only CFCS score was associated with smoking status and BMI. CONCLUSIONS There is some overlap between previously used markers of time perspective and the five-factor personality domains but this is neither strong nor consistent. Smoking and BMI, but not physical activity, are associated with CFCS, but not other measures of time perspective.
Two‐Dimensional Dual‐Permeability Analyses of a Bromide Tracer Experiment on a Tile‐Drained Field

Preferential flow has been hypothesized as an important factor for chemical leaching from tile‐drained agricultural fields with structured soils originating from glacial till sediments. Previous studies showed that one‐dimensional single‐porosity models (1D‐SPM) failed and that one‐dimensional dual‐permeability models (1D‐DPERM) were limited in explaining both Br leaching and residual Br distribution, although tile water outflow peaks could somehow be reproduced. The objective of this paper was to analyze the tile outflow and leaching patterns using a two‐dimensional (2D)‐DPERM and a standard 2D‐SPM for comparison. Flow and transport were simulated in a 2D vertical cross‐section of 5.9 m length and 2 m depth using previously tested parameters. Simulated drainage rates and Br‐effluent concentrations were made comparable with collector data from a field experiment by weighing results for irrigated and nonirrigated plots according to their area fractions. The 2D‐DPERM simulations for surface application of Br in dissolved form in both domains overestimated the observed initial outflow concentration peaks, in contrast to closer approximation of observations assuming Br application in the soil matrix domain only. The simulated 2D mass transfer rate distribution showed most intensive exchange between domains near the water table and in the topsoil. Results from the 2D‐DPERM analyses suggest that conditions at the soil surface, near the water table, and of the field‐scale mixing are significantly affecting leaching patterns, in addition to local nonequilibrium effects. Here, the description of preferential flow toward tile drain could be strongly improved with the 2D‐DPERM compared with the 2D‐SPM. Further improvements remain challenging with respect to DPERM numerical modeling and field experimentation, with special attention toward soil structure and soil surface conditions.
Evaluation of the value of radar QPE data and rain gauge data for hydrological modeling

Weather radar‐based quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) is in principle superior to the areal precipitation estimated by using rain gauge data only, and therefore has become increasingly popular in applications such as hydrological modeling. The present study investigates the potential of using multiannual radar QPE data in coupled surface water—groundwater modeling with emphasis given to the groundwater component. Since the radar QPE is partly dependent on the rain gauge observations, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of rain gauge network density on the quality of the estimated rainfall and subsequently the simulated hydrological responses. A headwater catchment located in western Denmark is chosen as the study site. Two hydrological models are built using the MIKE SHE code, where they have identical model structures expect for the rainfall forcing: one model is based on rain gauge interpolated rainfall, while the other is based on radar QPE which is a combination of both radar and rain gauge information. The two hydrological models are inversely calibrated and then validated against field observations. The model results show that the improvement introduced by using radar QPE data is in fact more obvious to groundwater than to surface water at daily scale. Moreover, substantial negative impact on the simulated hydrological responses is observed due to the cut down in operational rain gauge network between 2006 and 2010. The radar QPE based model demonstrates the added value of the extra information from radar when rain gauge density decreases; however it is not able to sustain the level of model performance preceding the reduction in number of rain gauges.
The consequences of spatial structure for the design and analysis of ecological field surveys

In ecological field surveys, observations are gathered at different spatial locations. The purpose may be to relate biological response variables (e.g., species abundances) to explanatory environmental variables (e.g., soil characteristics). In the absence of prior knowledge, ecologists have been taught to rely on systematic or random sampling designs. If there is prior knowledge about the spatial patterning of the explanatory variables, obtained from either previous surveys or a pilot study, can we use this information to optimize the sampling design in order to maximize our ability to detect the relationships between the response and explanatory variables? The specific questions addressed in this paper are: a) What is the effect (type I error) of spatial autocorrelation on the statistical tests commonly used by ecologists to analyse field survey data? b) Can we eliminate, or at least minimize, the effect of spatial autocorrelation by the design of the survey? Are there designs that provide greater power for surveys, at least under certain circumstances? c) Can we eliminate or control for the effect of spatial autocorrelation during the analysis? To answer the last question, we compared regular regression analysis to a modified t-test developed by Dutilleul for correlation coefficients in the presence of spatial autocorrelation. Replicated surfaces (typically, 1000 of them) were simulated using different spatial parameters, and these surfaces were subjected to different sampling designs and methods of statistical analysis. The simulated surfaces may represent, for example, vegetation response to underlying environmental variation. This allowed us 1) to measure the frequency of type I error (the failure to reject the null hypothesis when in fact there is no effect of the environment on the response variable) and 2) to estimate the power of the different combinations of sampling designs and methods of statistical analysis (power is measured by the rate of rejection of the null hypothesis when an effect of the environment on the response variable has been created). Our results indicate that: 1) Spatial autocorrelation in both the response and environmental variables affects the classical tests of significance of correlation or regression coefficients. Spatial autocorrelation in only one of the two variables does not affect the test of significance. 2) A broad-scale spatial structure present in data has the same effect on the tests as spatial autocorrelation. When such a structure is present in one of the variables and autocorrelation is found in the other, or in both, the tests of significance have inflated rates of type I error. 3) Dutilleul's modified t-test for the correlation coefficient, corrected for spatial autocorrelation, effectively corrects for spatial autocorrelation in the data. It also effectively corrects for the presence of deterministic structures, with or without spatial autocorrelation. The presence of a broad-scale deterministic structure may, in some cases, reduce the power of the modified t-test.