Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Motivation of the Chinese College English Learners

Learners’ learning motivation is one of the essential concerns in second language acquisition. Researchers have found that motivation is an important factor affecting second language achievement. The existing research on second language learners’ motivation is mainly based on integrative and instrumental motivation, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. However, because these two classi-ﬁcations are proposed from different perspectives, there is still a lack of systematic understanding in the speciﬁc analysis of second language learners’ learning motivation. This paper is based on the former research about the classiﬁcation of motivation, combined integrative and instrumental, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and from two perspectives of learners’ psychology and social culture to analyze Chinese college English learners’ motivation in detail. This paper systematically classiﬁes Chinese College English learners’ diverse and complex motivation into four types: integrative intrinsic, instrumental intrinsic, integrative extrinsic, and instrumental extrinsic motivation. The study found that the above four types of motivation exist among Chinese College English learners, but their proportions differ. It also found that the achievement of interest-oriented is higher than that of external factors. In second language teaching, teachers should understand students’ learning motivation. This paper also puts forward some suggestions for English teaching.
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Infection, Immunological Response, and Vaccine Development

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) first emerged in late 2012. Since its emergence, a total of 2279 patients from 27 countries have been infected across the globe according to a World Health Organization (WHO) report (Feb. 12th, 2019). Approximately 806 patients have died. The virus uses its spike proteins as adhesive factors that are proinflammatory for host entry through a specific receptor called dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4). This receptor is considered a key factor in the signaling and activation of the acquired and innate immune responses in infected patients. Using potent antigens in combination with strong adjuvants may effectively trigger the activation of specific MERS-CoV cellular responses as well as the production of neutralizing antibodies. Unfortunately, to date, there is no effective approved treatment or vaccine for MERS-CoV. Thus, there are urgent needs for the development of novel MERS-CoV therapies as well as vaccines to help minimize the spread of the virus from infected patients, thereby mitigating the risk of any potential pandemics. Our main goals are to highlight and describe the current knowledge of both the innate and adaptive immune responses to MERS-CoV and the current state of MERS-CoV vaccine development. We believe this study will increase our understanding of the mechanisms that enhance the MERS-CoV immune response and subsequently contribute to the control of MERS-CoV infections.
Geochemical evidence for provenance and tectonic background from the Palaeogene sedimentary rocks of the East China Sea Shelf Basin

The East China Sea Shelf Basin is an important part of the Western Pacific marginal structural domain located in the eastern margin of the Eurasian Plate. Residual sedimentary detritus in the basin has recorded much information on basin composition, plate interaction, continental dynamic environment evolution, and resource response of the Western Pacific region. For studying the Palaeogene clastic rocks obtained from the oil and gas drilling wells of the East China Sea Shelf Basin, through the rock geochemical and mineral compositional analysis, we discuss the sedimentary detritus sources, tectonic background and response to the Western Pacific continental margin tectonic environment evolution. Lithogeochemical analyses of clastic rocks suggest that Palaeocene arenites are characterized by accumulation of volcanic detritus under shallow marine depositional environments, while Eocene and Oligocene arenites are rich in inflexible quartz controlled by an oscillating coastal marine environment and metamorphic crystalline rocks of the Proterozoic Craton in South China. As geochemical compositions of the Palaeogene clastic rocks are largely unaffected by sedimentary recirculation, diagenesis, epigenesis, and chemical weathering, these rocks can be used in provenance tracing. Controlled by the combined remote effects of convergence, collision, and wedging between the Indian and Eurasian plates, and subduction, collision, and back‐arc spreading between the Pacific and Eurasian plates, the East China Sea Shelf Basin showed a tectonic background of both active continental margin and continental island arc in the Palaeocene. The Palaeogene clasts of the Lishui Depression accordingly showed characteristics of recycled orogenic provenance and volcanic arc orogenic provenance, which were mainly Mesozoic volcanic rocks, volcaniclastic rocks and granites from the Zhemin Uplift and Yandang Low Bulge. Along with the Pacific subduction zone passively retreated to the west side of the ancient Ryukyu Island Arc (Diaoyu Island Uplift‐Fold Belt), the source area showed mixed characteristics of recycled orogenic belt, collisional suture and folded overthrust belt, and subduction complex provenance, and the Eocene and Oligocene source rocks were mainly Proterozoic metamorphic quartzite and Mesozoic magmatic igneous rocks from the Haijiao and East Yushan uplifts. The supply of clasts by the Proterozoic cratonic metamorphic rock of South China led to a sharp increase in ancient deposits of source rocks. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated MRI Lung Segmentation and 3D Morphologic Features for Quantification of Neonatal Lung Disease

Purpose To analyze the performance of deep learning (DL) models for segmentation of the neonatal lung in MRI and investigate the use of automated MRI-based features for assessment of neonatal lung disease. Materials and Methods Quiet-breathing MRI was prospectively performed in two independent cohorts of preterm infants (median gestational age, 26.57 weeks; IQR, 25.3–28.6 weeks; 55 female and 48 male infants) with (n = 86) and without (n = 21) chronic lung disease (bronchopulmonary dysplasia [BPD]). Convolutional neural networks were developed for lung segmentation, and a three-dimensional reconstruction was used to calculate MRI features for lung volume, shape, pixel intensity, and surface. These features were explored as indicators of BPD and disease-associated lung structural remodeling through correlation with lung injury scores and multinomial models for BPD severity stratification. Results The lung segmentation model reached a volumetric Dice coefficient of 0.908 in cross-validation and 0.880 on the independent test dataset, matching expert-level performance across disease grades. MRI lung features demonstrated significant correlations with lung injury scores and added structural information for the separation of neonates with BPD (BPD vs no BPD: average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC], 0.92 ± 0.02 [SD]; no or mild BPD vs moderate or severe BPD: average AUC, 0.84 ± 0.03). Conclusion This study demonstrated high performance of DL models for MRI neonatal lung segmentation and showed the potential of automated MRI features for diagnostic assessment of neonatal lung disease while avoiding radiation exposure. Keywords: Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, Chronic Lung Disease, Preterm Infant, Lung Segmentation, Lung MRI, BPD Severity Assessment, Deep Learning, Lung Imaging Biomarkers, Lung Topology Supplemental material is available for this article. Published under a CC BY 4.0 license. See also the commentary by Parraga and Sharma in this issue.
Probiotics and in-hive fermentation as a source of beneficial microbes to support the gut microbial health of honey bees

Abstract Managed populations of honey bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus; Hymenoptera: Apidae) are regularly exposed to infectious diseases. Good hive management including the occasional application of antibiotics can help mitigate infectious outbreaks, but new beekeeping tools and techniques that bolster immunity and help control disease transmission are welcome. In this review, we focus on the applications of beneficial microbes for disease management as well as to support hive health and sustainability within the apicultural industry. We draw attention to the latest advances in probiotic approaches as well as the integration of fermented foods (such as water kefir) with disease-fighting properties that might ultimately be delivered to hives as an alternative or partial antidote to antibiotics. There is substantial evidence from in vitro laboratory studies that suggest beneficial microbes could be an effective method for improving disease resistance in honey bees. However, colony level evidence is lacking and there is urgent need for further validation via controlled field trials experimentally designed to test defined microbial compositions against specific diseases of interest.
Traumatic brain injury and risk of heart failure and coronary heart disease: A nationwide population-based cohort study

Background This study examined the long-term risks of heart failure (HF) and coronary heart disease (CHD) following traumatic brain injury (TBI), focusing on gender differences. Methods Data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database included 29,570 TBI patients and 118,280 matched controls based on propensity scores. Results The TBI cohort had higher incidences of CHD and HF (9.76 vs. 9.07 per 1000 person-years; 4.40 vs. 3.88 per 1000 person-years). Adjusted analyses showed a significantly higher risk of HF in the TBI group (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.01–1.17, P = 0.031). The increased CHD risk in the TBI cohort became insignificant after adjustment. Subgroup analysis by gender revealed higher HF risk in men (aHR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.03–1.25, P = 0.010) and higher CHD risk in women under 50 (aHR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.15–1.52, P < 0.001). TBI patients without beta-blocker therapy may be at increased risk of HF. Conclusion Our results suggest that TBI increases the risk of HF and CHD in this nationwide cohort of Taiwanese citizens. Gender influences the risks differently, with men at higher HF risk and younger women at higher CHD risk. Beta-blockers have a neutral effect on HF and CHD risk.
Intravascular Lithotripsy for Vessel Preparation in Calcified Coronary Arteries Prior to Stent Placement　― Japanese Disrupt CAD IV Study 2-Year Results ―

Background: Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) delivers acoustic pressure waves to modify calcification to enhance vessel compliance and optimize stent deployment. The Disrupt CAD IV study enrolled patients with severe coronary artery calcification. The primary safety (30-day major adverse coronary events [MACE], 6.3%) and effectiveness (procedural success, 93.8%) endpoints were achieved. The present analysis evaluated the 2-year outcomes of the study. Methods and Results: Disrupt CAD IV (NCT04151628) was a prospective, single-arm, multicenter study designed for regulatory approval of the Shockwave Coronary C2 IVL system in Japan. Angiographic outcomes were analyzed by an independent core laboratory and adverse events were adjudicated by a Clinical Events Committee. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed for MACE (composite of cardiac death, MI or target-vessel revascularization [TVR]), target lesion failure (TLF: composite of cardiac death, TV-MI, and target lesion revascularization [TLR]), and stent thrombosis (ST). At 2 years, 62 subjects had completed follow-up. MACE occurred in 12.6% (cardiac death 0.0%, MI 6.3%, TVR 7.9%) and TLF occurred in 7.8% of patients, with both rates driven by non-Q-wave MI events (6.3%). TLR was 3.2%; no ST occurred through 2 years. Conclusions: Treatment with IVL in patients with severely calcified coronary lesions was associated with low rates of MACE, TLR, and ST at 2 years, demonstrating continued durable safety and effectiveness of coronary IVL in a Japanese population.
Study of Clearness and Cloudiness Index at Tropical Locations

An attempt has been made to evaluate the daily average clearness index (H g/H 0) and cloudiness index (H d/H g) and to find the relation between them for three tropical locations in South India (Chennai, Trivandrum and Visakapatnam). Long range 15 years (1993 - 2007) measured data of daily average global and diffuse solar radiation have been utilized for this study. Two simple mathematical models have been proposed for each location for estimating H d/H g in terms of H g/H 0 and found its validity for the prediction of diffuse radiation.
Two new phreatic snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Edwards and Edwards-Trinity aquifers, Texas

The Edwards and Edwards-Trinity Aquifers of Texas have diverse stygofauna, including fifteen species of snails found in phreatic and hyporheic habitats. These species have the hallmarks of adaptation to subterranean environments including extremely small body size and the loss of pigmentation and eyes. Here we use an integrative taxonomic approach, using shell, radula, and anatomical features as well as mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data, to circumscribe a new genus and two new cavesnail species from Central Texas. Vitropyrgus lillianae gen. et sp. nov. is described from Comal Springs (Comal County) and Fessenden Springs (Kerr County) and distinguished by a glassy, highly sculptured shell and distinctively simple, unornamented penial morphology. We also describe Phreatodrobia bulla sp. nov. from Hidden Springs (Bell County), and several other springs in Bell & Williamson Counties, Texas. This species has a smooth, unsculptured teleoconch, a reflected and flared lip, and deeply concave operculum.
Incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: analysis of routine data from 2015 to 2021

Background To date, there is no data available depicting the trend of the incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes across all age groups for the COVID-19 pandemic years in Germany. Methods Based on anonymized routine data from nine million persons covered by statutory health insurance, newly diagnosed diabetes cases (ICD diagnosis E10.- to E14.-) in inpatient or (confirmed in two quarters) outpatient setting were estimated for 2015 to 2021, differentiating between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The data were linked to the German Index of Socioeconomic Deprivation. The results are age-standardised (population as of 31 Dec. 2021). Results Between 2015 and 2021, the incidence of type 1 diabetes increased from 9.5 to 11.6 per 100,000 persons (from 7,007 to 8,699 new cases per year). In contrast, the incidence of type 2 diabetes tended to decline between 2015 and 2019. It continued to drop initially in 2020 during the pandemic, and then rose to 740 per 100,000 persons in 2021 (556,318 new cases per year). The diabetes type-specific seasonal pattern of previous years has changed during the pandemic years. The incidence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes was observed to be higher in regions of high socioeconomic deprivation as compared to regions characterised by low socioeconomic deprivation. Conclusions The increase in the incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021 may possibly be related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The high incidence and the differences by regional socioeconomic deprivation indicate that there is a need for targeted prevention strategies.
Global birth prevalence of Robin sequence in live-born infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Robin sequence (RS), a congenital disorder of jaw maldevelopment and glossoptosis, poses a substantial healthcare burden and has long-term health implications if airway obstruction is suboptimally treated. This study describes the global birth prevalence of RS and investigates whether prevalence estimates differ by geographical location, ethnicity or study data source (registry versus non-registry data). The protocol was prospectively registered with PROSPERO. Databases were searched using keywords and subject terms for “Robin sequence”, “epidemiology”, “incidence” and “birth prevalence”. Meta-analysis was performed fitting random effects models with arcsine transformation. From 34 eligible studies (n=2722 RS cases), pooled birth prevalence was 9.5 per 100 000 live births (95% CI 7.1–12.1) with statistical heterogeneity. One third of studies provided a case definition for RS and numerous definitions were used. A total of 22 countries were represented, predominantly from European populations (53% of studies). There was a trend towards higher birth prevalence in European populations and lower prevalence from registry-based studies. Only two studies reported ethnicity. This study indicates that RS occurs globally. To investigate geographical differences in prevalence, additional studies from non-European populations and reporting of ethnicity are needed. Heterogeneity of estimates may be due to variable diagnostic criteria and ascertainment methods. Recently published consensus diagnostic criteria may reduce heterogeneity among future studies. Tweetable abstract Robin sequence occurs globally and affects 9.5 per 100 000 live-born infants. Prevalence variability is likely due to different study methodologies and case definitions. The impact of ethnicity is poorly described and should be a target of future research. https://bit.ly/46F763f
Upstream versus downstream information and its impact on the bullwhip effect

This paper reports the results of an experiment to examine whether giving supply chain partners access to downstream inventory information is more effective at reducing bullwhip behavior, and its associated costs, than similar access to upstream inventory information. Bullwhip behavior refers to the tendency of orders to increase in variation as they are passed upstream in a supply chain (i.e., away from the final consumer). We use a controlled version of the Beer Distribution Game as the setting for our experiment, and vary the amount and location of inventory information shared across treatments. We first independently test whether sharing upstream or downstream inventory information helps reduce bullwhip behavior, and find that only downstream information sharing leads to significantly lower order oscillations throughout the supply chain. We then compare the reduction in order oscillations experienced by supply chain level and find that upstream supply chain members benefit the most from downstream information sharing. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MONETARY NON-NEUTRALITY IN A MULTISECTOR MENU COST MODEL∗

Empirical evidence suggests that as much as one-third of the U.S. business cycle is due to nominal shocks. We calibrate a multisector menu cost model using new evidence on the cross-sectional distribution of the frequency and size of price changes in the U.S. economy. We augment the model to incorporate intermediate inputs. We show that the introduction of heterogeneity in the frequency of price change triples the degree of monetary non-neutrality generated by the model. We furthermore show that the introduction of intermediate inputs raises the degree of monetary non-neutrality by another factor of three, without adversely affecting the model’s ability to match the large average size of price changes. A single-sector model with a frequency of price change equal to the median, rather than the mean, generates monetary non-neutrality similar to that in our multisector model. Our multisector model with intermediate inputs generates variation in real output in response to calibrated aggregate nominal shocks that can account for roughly 23% of the U.S. business cycle.
Do Value-Added Estimates Add Value? Accounting for Learning Dynamics

Value-added estimates—estimates based on the evolution rather than level of achievement— are viewed by most researchers as more reliable than cross-sectional comparisons since they ostensibly “difference out” the influence of omitted fixed inputs, such as wealth and ability. We show that the restricted value-added model, which assumes that past achievement carries over with no loss, is clearly rejected by the data, and that the more flexible lagged value-added model is biased by measurement error and omitted heterogeneity that enters each period. Using dynamic panel methods that address these biases and data on public and private schools in Pakistan, we find that the restricted value-added model yields wildly biased estimates for the private school effect, sometimes even flipping the sign. The lagged valueadded model performs better due to countervailing measurement error and heterogeneity biases. More generally, rapid and potentially heterogenous achievement decay or “fade-out”, which evidence suggests underlies our results, has broad implications for experimental and non-experimental program evaluation, and value-added accountability systems.
Preferences for Redistribution in the Land of Opportunities Preferences for Redistribution in the Land of Opportunities

Iorio and Luca Opromolla provided excellent research assistance. Alesina gratefully aknowledges …nancial support from the NSF through the NBER, and La Ferrara from Bocconi University. Abstract The poor favor redistribution and the rich oppose it, but that is not all. Social mobility may make some of today's poor into tomorrow's rich and since redistribu-tive policies do not change often, individual preferences for redistribution should depend on the extent and the nature of social mobility. We estimate the determinants of preferences for redistribution using individual level data from the US, and we …nd that individual support for redistribution is negatively a¤ected by social mobility. Furthermore, the impact of mobility on attitudes towards redistribution is a¤ected by individual perceptions of fairness in the mobility process. People who believe that the American society o¤ers equal opportunities to all are more averse to redistribution in the face of increased mobility. On the other hand, those who see the social rat race as a biased process do not see social mobility as an alternative to redistributive policies.
Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of late Mesozoic granitoids in southern Anhui Province, southeastern China

ABSTRACT Late Mesozoic granitoids are widely distributed in southern Anhui Province, southeastern China, which also contains significant W–Mo–Cu mineralization. This study presents new geochronological and geochemical data that reveal the petrogenesis and tectonic affinity of the granitoids in this region. These granitoids can be divided into a high-K calc-alkaline and peraluminous I-type granodiorites, and an alkaline and metaluminous A-type granites, with zircon U–Pb dating indicating that they formed at 150–138 and 133–124 Ma, respectively. The early stage I-type granodiorites are adakitic, enriched in the light rare earth elements, and depleted in Nb, Ta, P, and Ti. They have negative zircon εHf(t) values (–19.8 to –2.5) that correspond to Hf crustal model ages of 2.4–1.4 Ga. These early stage granodiorites were derived from partial melting of thickened Palaeoproterozoic–Mesoproterozoic lower crust. The late-stage A-type granites with strong depletion in Sr, P, and Ti, contain higher Zr, Y, and Yb contents, higher zircon εHf(t) values (–1.5 to +2.1), and younger zircon Hf model ages (1.1–1.3 Ga) than the early stage granodiorites. The geochemistry of these A-type granites indicates they were likely generated by the reworking of Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic juvenile crustal material that experienced the fractional crystallization of plagioclase and accessory minerals. Combining these data with other geological data from the study area indicates that the early stage granodiorites formed in a continental arc setting, whereas the late-stage granites formed in an extensional setting associated with roll-back of the subducted Palaeo-Pacific slab. The results indicate that zircon Ce4+/Ce3+ value can provide useful insight into oxygen fugacity conditions during magmatism.