Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aligning Vector-spaces with Noisy Supervised Lexicon

The problem of learning to translate between two vector spaces given a set of aligned points arises in several application areas of NLP. Current solutions assume that the lexicon which defines the alignment pairs is noise-free. We consider the case where the set of aligned points is allowed to contain an amount of noise, in the form of incorrect lexicon pairs and show that this arises in practice by analyzing the edited dictionaries after the cleaning process. We demonstrate that such noise substantially degrades the accuracy of the learned translation when using current methods. We propose a model that accounts for noisy pairs. This is achieved by introducing a generative model with a compatible iterative EM algorithm. The algorithm jointly learns the noise level in the lexicon, finds the set of noisy pairs, and learns the mapping between the spaces. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm on two alignment problems: bilingual word embedding translation, and mapping between diachronic embedding spaces for recovering the semantic shifts of words across time periods.
Computing Minimal Presentations and Bigraded Betti Numbers of 2-Parameter Persistent Homology

Motivated by applications to topological data analysis, we give an eﬃcient algorithm for computing a (minimal) presentation of a bigraded K [ x, y ]-module M , where K is a ﬁeld. The algorithm takes as input a short chain complex of free modules X f −→ Y g −→ Z such that M ∼ = ker g/ im f . It runs in time O ( | X | 3 + | Y | 3 + | Z | 3 ) and requires O ( | X | 2 + | Y | 2 + | Z | 2 ) memory, where | · | denotes the rank. Given the presentation computed by our algorithm, the bigraded Betti numbers of M are readily computed. Our approach is based on a simple matrix reduction algorithm, slight variants of which compute kernels of morphisms between free modules, minimal generating sets, and Gr¨obner bases. Our algorithm for computing minimal presentations has been implemented in RIVET, a software tool for the visualization and analysis of two-parameter persistent homology. In experiments on topological data analysis problems, our implementation outperforms the standard computational commutative algebra packages Singular and Macaulay2 by a wide margin.
Patient characteristics and incidence of childhood hospitalisation due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the United States of America 2001–2014

Abstract This study investigated patient characteristics in paediatric hospitalisations for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. We used Nationwide Inpatient Sample, which is the largest all-payer inpatient database in the United States, yielding nationally representative estimates, from 2001 to 2014. ICD-9-CM diagnostic codes identified hospitalisations for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and <18 years. Outcomes included yearly rate of hospitalisation, death, admission via emergency department, and need for surgery. Predictors of interest were age groups (<1, 1–9, and ⩾10 y/o), sex, and race/ethnicity. Logistic regression modelled associations, adjusted by patient- and hospital-level variables. With 2302 weighted hospitalisations, hospitalisation rates were 0.22 per 100,000 children/year, with higher rates for <1 y/o (0.42) and ⩾10 y/o (0.31). Male-to-female ratios were more prominent in the oldest age group; 2.7:1 in ⩾10 y/o versus less than 1.7:1 for <10 y/o. In-hospital mortality was 1.5%, with highest mortality rates among the <1 y/o (6.3%). Children ⩾10 y/o had 5.59 times higher risk of admission from the emergency department than 1–9 y/o age group. Both ⩾10 and <1 y/o age groups had lower risk of surgical intervention compared to the 1–9 y/o group with odds ratio 0.56 and 0.26, respectively. Black children had higher risk of admission from the emergency department than White children with odds ratio 2.78. A relation between age group and sex was observed, with sex-based differences in prevalence and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy becoming more pronounced with age. Further studies are needed to clarify mechanisms behind age and racial disparity in hospitalisation, especially admission source.
Explaining Reinforcement Learning to Mere Mortals: An Empirical Study

We present a user study to investigate the impact of explanations on non-experts? understanding of reinforcement learning (RL) agents. We investigate both a common RL visualization, saliency maps (the focus of attention), and a more recent explanation type, reward-decomposition bars (predictions of future types of rewards). We designed a 124 participant, four-treatment experiment to compare participants? mental models of an RL agent in a simple Real-Time Strategy (RTS) game. Our results show that the combination of both saliency and reward bars were needed to achieve a statistically significant improvement in mental model score over the control. In addition, our qualitative analysis of the data reveals a number of effects for further study.
Is there a fundamental acceleration scale in galaxies?

Milgrom's modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) can explain well the mass discrepancy problem in galaxy without invoking dark matter. The MOND theory predicts a universal constant acceleration scale in galaxy, below which the Newtonian dynamics is no longer valid. Recently, Rodrigues et al. analyzed 193 high-quality disk galaxies by using Bayesian inference and they concluded that the probability of existence of a fundamental acceleration scale is essentially 0. In this paper, we use the same method to revisit the same question: Is there a fundamental acceleration scale in galaxies? We fit each galaxy rotation curve of 175 SPARC galaxies with Gaussian priors on galaxy parameters and a variable acceleration scale. After marginalizing over the nuisance parameters, we find that the marginalized posterior distributions of the acceleration scale become broad. The incompatibility between the global best fit and the marginalized posterior distributions of the acceleration scale is greatly reduced. However, there still exists evidence that rejects MOND as a fundamental theory. More accurate observations are needed to exclude or confirm the existence of a fundamental acceleration scale in galaxies.
Pre-trained language model representations for language generation

Pre-trained language model representations have been successful in a wide range of language understanding tasks. In this paper, we examine different strategies to integrate pre-trained representations into sequence to sequence models and apply it to neural machine translation and abstractive summarization. We find that pre-trained representations are most effective when added to the encoder network which slows inference by only 14%. Our experiments in machine translation show gains of up to 5.3 BLEU in a simulated resource-poor setup. While returns diminish with more labeled data, we still observe improvements when millions of sentence-pairs are available. Finally, on abstractive summarization we achieve a new state of the art on the full text version of CNN/DailyMail.
Aberrant insular cortex connectivity in abstinent alcohol‐dependent rats is reversed by dopamine D3 receptor blockade

A few studies have reported aberrant functional connectivity in alcoholic patients, but the specific neural circuits involved remain unknown. Moreover, it is unclear whether these alterations can be reversed upon treatment. Here, we used functional MRI to study resting state connectivity in rats following chronic intermittent exposure to ethanol. Further, we evaluated the effects of SB‐277011‐a, a selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, known to decrease ethanol consumption. Alcohol‐dependent and control rats (N = 13/14 per group), 3 weeks into abstinence, were administered SB‐277011‐a or vehicle before fMRI sessions. Resting state connectivity networks were extracted by independent component analysis. A dual‐regression analysis was performed using independent component maps as spatial regressors, and the effects of alcohol history and treatment on connectivity were assessed. A history of alcohol dependence caused widespread reduction of the internal coherence of components. Weaker correlation was also found between the insula cortex (IC) and cingulate cortices, key constituents of the salience network. Similarly, reduced connectivity was observed between a component comprising the anterior insular cortex, together with the caudate putamen (CPu‐AntIns), and the posterior part of the IC. On the other hand, postdependent rats showed strengthened connectivity between salience and reward networks. In particular, higher connectivity was observed between insula and nucleus accumbens, between the ventral tegmental area and the cingulate cortex and between the VTA and CPu‐AntIns. Interestingly, aberrant connectivity in postdependent rats was partially restored by acute administration of SB‐277011‐a, which, conversely, had no significant effects in naïve rats.
Climate or Culture? A Plea for Conceptual Clarity in School Effectiveness Research

This article questions whether culture and climate can be considered interchangeable concepts in school effectiveness research. Hereto both are compared by describing them thoroughly and reviewing their main advantages and disadvantages. It is argued that the two are different. Preference is given to culture as more suitable and more accurate for examining a school's cognitive structures. Climate, encompassing culture, should be reserved for picturing the school in its entirety.
Big Five personality traits and allostatic load in midlife

Abstract Objective: To examine the cross-sectional associations of Big Five personality traits with midlife allostatic load, including the role of sex, socio-demographic factors and health-related behaviours. Design: Cross-sectional analyses of 5512 members of the Copenhagen Aging and Midlife Biobank, aged 49–63 years, 69% men. Main outcome measure: Allostatic load (AL) based on 14 biomarkers representing the inflammatory, cardiovascular and metabolic system. Results: Due to significant sex × trait interactions, analyses were stratified by sex. Openness and Conscientiousness were inversely associated with AL in both sexes, and Extraversion was positively associated with AL in men. Adjusting for socio-demographic factors significantly attenuated the association of Openness in both sexes and of Extraversion in men, for whom the inverse association of Agreeableness with AL was strengthened. Further adjusting for health-related behaviours, the Conscientiousness-AL association was attenuated but remained significant, and Agreeableness remained significantly associated with AL in men. Conclusion: Results imply that higher levels of Agreeableness (in men) and Conscientiousness are associated with lower levels of AL above and beyond socio-demographic factors and health-related behaviours. The study further contributes by demonstrating the relevance of sex × trait and trait × trait interactions in the personality-health literature.
Vector of Locally-Aggregated Word Embeddings (VLAWE): A Novel Document-level Representation

In this paper, we propose a novel representation for text documents based on aggregating word embedding vectors into document embeddings. Our approach is inspired by the Vector of Locally-Aggregated Descriptors used for image representation, and it works as follows. First, the word embeddings gathered from a collection of documents are clustered by k-means in order to learn a codebook of semnatically-related word embeddings. Each word embedding is then associated to its nearest cluster centroid (codeword). The Vector of Locally-Aggregated Word Embeddings (VLAWE) representation of a document is then computed by accumulating the differences between each codeword vector and each word vector (from the document) associated to the respective codeword. We plug the VLAWE representation, which is learned in an unsupervised manner, into a classifier and show that it is useful for a diverse set of text classification tasks. We compare our approach with a broad range of recent state-of-the-art methods, demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach. Furthermore, we obtain a considerable improvement on the Movie Review data set, reporting an accuracy of 93.3%, which represents an absolute gain of 10% over the state-of-the-art approach.
Star formation in IRDC G31.97+0.07

We utilize multiple-waveband continuum and molecular-line data of CO isotopes to study the dynamical structure and physical properties of the IRDC G31.97+0.07. We derive the dust temperature and H2 column density maps of the whole structure by spectral energy distribution fitting. The total mass is about 2.5×105M⊙ for the whole filamentary structure and about 7.8×104M⊙ for the infrared dark cloud (IRDC). Column density probability distribution functions (PDFs) produced from the column density map are generally in the power-law form, suggesting that this part is mainly gravity dominant. The flatter slope of the PDF of the IRDC implies that it might be compressed by an adjacent, larger H II region. There are 27 clumps identified from the 850 μm continuum located in this filamentary structure. Based on the average spacing of the fragments in the IRDC, we estimate the age of the IRDC. The age is about 6.4 Myr, assuming inclination angle i = 30°. For 18 clumps with relatively strong CO and 13CO (3–2) emission, we study their line profiles and stabilities. We find five clumps with blue profiles that indicate gas infall motion and two clumps with red profiles that indicate outflows or expansion. Only one clump has αvir > 2, suggesting that most clumps are gravitationally bound and tend to collapse. In the mass–Req diagram, 23 of 27 clumps are above the threshold for high-mass star formation, suggesting that this region can be a good place for studying high-mass star forming.
Isotopies of surfaces in 4–manifolds via banded
unlink diagrams

In this paper, we study surfaces embedded in $4$-manifolds. We give a complete set of moves relating banded unlink diagrams of isotopic surfaces in an arbitrary $4$-manifold. This extends work of Swenton and Kearton-Kurlin in $S^4$. As an application, we show that bridge trisections of isotopic surfaces in a trisected $4$-manifold are related by a sequence of perturbations and deperturbations, affirmatively proving a conjecture of Meier and Zupan. We also exhibit several isotopies of unit surfaces in $\mathbb{C}P^2$ (i.e. spheres in the generating homology class), proving that many explicit unit surfaces are isotopic to the standard $\mathbb{C}P^1$. This strengthens some previously known results about the Gluck twist in $S^4$, related to Kirby problem 4.23.
Environmental Effect on the Interstellar Medium in Galaxies across the Cosmic Web at z = 0.73

We present new Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) dust continuum observations of 101 galaxies in the COSMOS field to study the effect of the environment on the interstellar medium at z ∼ 0.7. At this redshift, our targets span a wide range of environments allowing for a diverse sample of galaxies with densities of Σ = 0.16–10.5 Mpc−2 (per Δz = 0.024). Using the ALMA observations, we calculate the total interstellar medium (ISM) mass (MISM) and look for depletion as a function of galaxy density in order to understand the quenching or triggering of star formation in galaxies in different environments. MISM is found to have a small dependence on the environment, while the depletion timescale remains constant (∼200 Myr) across all environments. We find elevated MISM values at intermediate densities and lower values at high densities compared to low (field) densities. Our observed evolution in gas fraction with density in this single redshift slice is equivalent to the observed evolution with cosmic time over 2–3 Gyr. To explain the change in the gas mass fraction seen in galaxies in intermediate and high densities, these results suggest environmental processes such as mergers and ram pressure stripping are likely playing a role in dense filamentary cluster environments.
Protection of the Abiotic Environment

Environmental protection against the dangers arising from ionizing radiation, radioactive materials, and other harmful substances is more than to avoid acute dangers or risks for humans or for non-human living organisms. To allow for a sustainable development the abiotic part of the environment must not be neglected in concepts of environmental protection. The environmental impact of some selected long-lived anthropogenic radionuclides is used to exemplify adverse effects for which a unified approach is needed. To this end, indicators are needed for the assessment of the human impact on the abiotic environment which allows to compare different human actions with respect to sustainability and to choose appropriate measures in the competition for a sustainable development. Such indicators have to account for the dynamics of the different environmental compartments. Using the long-lived radionuclides C, Cl, Kr, and I as examples, the importance to consider dynamical models and ecological lifetimes in quantifications of the human impact on the environment is emphasized. Particular problems arise from the natural occurrences and variability of radionuclides and other harmful substances. Suitable indicators for the assessment of human impact on the abiotic compartments air, water, and soil are discussed.
Exploring the partonic phase at finite chemical potential within an extended off‐shell transport approach

We extend the Parton-Hadron-String Dynamics (PHSD) transport approach in the partonic sector by explicitly calculating the total and differential partonic scattering cross sections as a function of temperature $T$ and baryon chemical potential $\mu_B$ on the basis of the effective propagators and couplings from the Dynamical QuasiParticle Model (DQPM) that is matched to reproduce the equation of state of the partonic system above the deconfinement temperature $T_c$ from lattice QCD. The ratio of shear viscosity $\eta$ over entropy density $s$, i.e. $\eta/s$, is evaluated using the collisional widths and compared to lQCD calculations for $\mu_B$ = 0 as well. We find only a very modest change of $\eta/s$ with the baryon chemical $\mu_B$. This also holds for a variety of hadronic observables from central A+A and C+Au collisions in the energy range 5 GeV $\leq \sqrt{s_{NN}} \leq$ 200 GeV when implementing the differential cross sections into the PHSD approach. We only observe small differences in the strangeness and antibaryon sector with practically no sensitivity of rapidity and $p_T$ distributions to the $\mu_B$ dependence of the partonic cross sections. Since we find only small traces of a $\mu_B$-dependence in heavy-ion observables - although the effective partonic masses and widths as well as their partonic cross sections clearly depend on $\mu_B$ - this implies that one needs a sizable partonic density and large space-time QGP volume to explore the dynamics in the partonic phase. These conditions are only fulfilled at high bombarding energies where $\mu_B$ is, however, rather low. On the other hand, when decreasing the bombarding energy and thus increasing $\mu_B$, the hadronic phase becomes dominant and accordingly, it will be difficult to extract signals from the partonic dynamics based on "bulk" observables.
Noise-Tolerant Paradigm for Training Face Recognition CNNs

Benefit from large-scale training datasets, deep Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs) have achieved impressive results in face recognition(FR). However, tremendous scale of datasets inevitably lead to noisy data, which obviously reduce the performance of the trained CNN models. Kicking out wrong labels from large-scale FR datasets is still very expensive, although some cleaning approaches are proposed. According to the analysis of the whole process of training CNN models supervised by angular margin based loss(AM-Loss) functions, we find that the distribution of training samples implicitly reflects their probability of being clean. Thus, we propose a novel training paradigm that employs the idea of weighting samples based on the above probability. Without any prior knowledge of noise, we can train high performance CNN models with largescale FR datasets. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our training paradigm. The codes are available at https://github.com/huangyangyu/NoiseFace.
Translation, inter-rater reliability, agreement, and internal consistency of the Spanish version of the cumulated ambulation score in patients after hip fracture

Abstract Purpose: To translate the Cumulated Ambulation Score into Spanish, and to examine its inter-rater reliability, agreement and internal consistency. Materials and Methods: Two occupational therapists independently used the Spanish version of the Cumulated Ambulation Score (three activities scored from 0–2 points) to assess 60 consecutive patients with hip fracture within the first post-surgery week at a traumatology service of a public hospital. We used linear weighted kappa (κ) statistics to determine inter-rater reliability, percent agreement to assess measurement error, Cronbach’s α coefficient to establish the internal consistency, and the McNemar–Bowker test to evaluate for systematic between-rater differences. Results: The κ was ≥ 0.83 for the three individual activities and the total score, the percent agreement was ≥ 0.87, and Cronbach’s α was 0.89 with no observed systematic between-rater difference. Conclusions: This study provides evidence for almost perfect inter-rater reliability, excellent internal consistency, and high percent agreement of the Spanish version of the Cumulated Ambulation Score. Due to the strong psychometric properties, and its ease of use, we suggest it be used in Spanish speaking countries to assess early basic mobility status of patients with hip fracture until independence is reached. Implications for rehabilitation The Spanish version of the Cumulated Ambulation Score is a reliable outcome measure to assess basic mobility of patients with hip fracture. We suggest the Spanish version of the Cumulated Ambulation Score be used in Spanish speaking settings to indicate small changes in basic mobility of patients with hip fracture until an independent level is reached. The Spanish version of the Cumulated Ambulation Score can be used with a high reliability by experienced and inexperienced occupational therapists, corresponding to the already established reliability when used by physicians and physiotherapists.
Coupled channels approach to $\eta N$ and $\eta' N$ interactions

We present a coupled channels separable potential approach to $\eta N$ and $\eta'N$ interactions using a chiral-symmetric interaction kernel. The s-wave $\pi N$ amplitudes and $\pi^{-}p$ induced total cross sections are reproduced satisfactorily in a broad interval of energies despite limiting the channel space to two-body interactions of pseudoscalar mesons with the baryon ground-state octet. It is demonstrated that an explicit inclusion of the $\eta_0$ meson singlet field leads to a more attractive $\eta N$ interaction, with the real part of the scattering length exceeding 1 fm. The $\eta'N$ diagonal coupling appears sufficient to generate an $\eta'N$ bound state but the inter-channel dynamics moves the respective pole far from physical region making the $\eta'N$ interaction repulsive at energies around the channel threshold. The $N^{*}(1535)$ and $N^{*}(1650)$ resonances are generated dynamically and the origin and properties of the $S$-matrix poles assigned to them are studied in detail. We also hint at chance that the $N^{*}(1895)$ state might also be formed provided a suitably varied model setting is found.