Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constraining the PopIII IMF with high-z GRBs

We study the possibility to detect and distinguish signatures of enrichment from PopIII stars in observations of PopII GRBs (GRBIIs) at high redshift by using numerical N-body/hydrodynamical simulations including atomic and molecular cooling, star formation and metal spreading from stellar populations with different initial mass functions (IMFs), yields and lifetimes. PopIII and PopII star formation regimes are followed simultaneously and both a top-heavy and a Salpeter-like IMF for pristine PopIII star formation are adopted. We find that the fraction of GRBIIs hosted in a medium previously enriched by PopIII stars (PopIII-dominated) is model independent. Typical abundance ratios, such as [Si/O] vs [C/O] and [Fe/C] vs [Si/C], can help to disentangle enrichment from massive and intermediate PopIII stars, while low-mass first stars are degenerate with regular PopII generations. The properties of galaxies hosting PopIII-dominated GRBIIs are not very sensitive to the particular assumption on the mass of the first stars.
Consumers’ buying intention towards healthy foods during the COVID-19 pandemic in an emerging economy

Abstract This study investigates the determinants of buying intention towards healthy foods in Malaysia through a modification of the theory of planned behavior. The moderating role of food safety trust is also analyzed in the study. Drawing on an online questionnaire survey from 375 respondents in Malaysia during the COVID-19 time, the empirical results revealed that food safety concern, health consciousness, nutritional content, attitude, and premium price, significantly affect buying intention. Food safety trust significantly moderates the relationship between buying intention and food safety concern, health consciousness as well as nutritional content. Implications and guidelines are discussed for the policy makers and practitioners. This study developed a model by integrating cognitive product-related factors along with TPB constructs. The findings of this article are of special value for public and private organizations to manage and market healthy foods during the COVID-19 pandemic era.
Long‐duration remote underwater videos reveal that grazing by fishes is highly variable through time and dominated by non‐indigenous species

In the marine environment, fish contribute to key ecological processes such as controlling food‐webs through top‐down impacts, especially on algae. To date, the assessment of fish grazing activity has mostly been performed using short‐term (<1 h) censuses by divers or remote cameras which do not allow estimating the variability of grazing rate within and between days. However, understanding the temporal variation of fish activity and hence contribution of species to ecosystem functioning is of particular interest in the context of biological invasion. Here, using long‐duration remote underwater cameras, we recorded fish abundance and grazing events over three consecutive days in October 2019 in a shallow Mediterranean ecosystem from northern Crete. This novel approach allowed us to assess temporal variation of abundance and grazing activity of the two native (Sarpa salpa and Sparisoma cretense) and the two non‐indigenous fish species (Siganus rivulatus and Siganus luridus). Non‐indigenous Siganus rivulatus was the most common species in the studied coastal habitat, followed by the two native species while the non‐indigenous Siganus luridus was scarce. Overall, the non‐indigenous S. rivulatus and the native S. salpa are responsible for more than 90% of the recorded grazing activity with similar bite rates between the two species. More than 70% of the grazing activity arose in grazing pulses in the afternoon, supporting the diel feeding hypothesis according to which feeding is greater in the afternoon when nutritive quality of macrophytes is the highest. In addition, some of the highest peaks in grazing activity were driven by a few individuals. Hence, surveys of only abundance could not provide accurate estimates of herbivory. Last, Siganus rivulatus presence did not significantly affect grazing activity of the native Sarpa salpa. Our results demonstrate that long‐duration remote underwater videos are a useful tool to accurately assess the contribution of fishes to ecosystem functioning.
Performance of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) Varieties Sown on Ridge under Front Line Demonstration at Farmer’s Field in Deoria District of Uttar Pradesh, India

Aims: The production of pigeon pea is lower than the other pulse crops due to non-adoption of recommended high-yielding varieties and advanced technologies by the farming community in the eastern plains of Uttar Pradesh. To replace this anomalous, we conducted 152 front-line demonstrations (FLDs) at farmers' fields in various adopted villages by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Deoria. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Malhana, Deoria, under the Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, UP. A total of 90, 12 and 50 FLDs were conducted sown on ridge method with three varieties of pigeon pea (Narendra Arhar 1, Pusa Bahar and Narendra Arhar 2) from 2014-15 to 2018-19 respectively. Methodology: Conducted 152 front-line demonstrations (FLDs) at farmers' fields in various adopted villages by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Deoria. Cultivation practices comprised under FLD viz. improved varieties, sowing methods, irrigation, date of sowing, seed treatment, spacing, balance use of fertilizers, intercultural operations, and plant protection measures etc. Results: Showed an increase in yield of pigeon pea varieties sown on ridge from 4.76–39.20% over traditional cultivation practices. As presented in Fig. 3, the technology gap was highest in Narendra Arhar 1 (1680 kg/ha) during 2016-17 and lowest in Narendra Arhar 2 (340 kg/ha) during 2018-19. The analysis of data for extension gap showed that Narendra Arhar 2 had the highest gap (540 kg/ha) during 2017-18 and Narendra Arhar 1 had the lowest gap (60 kg/ha) during 2016-17. The technology index was highest (56%) in Narendra Arhar 1 in 2016-17 and lowest (15%) in Narendra Arhar 2 in 2018-19. Conclusion: The lower the value of the technology index, the more feasible the technology is in the eastern plains of UP.
An HST/WFPC2 Survey for Brown Dwarf Binaries in the alpha Per and the Pleiades Open Clusters

We present the results of a high-resolution imaging survey for brown dwarf (BD) binaries in two open clusters. The observations were carried out with WFPC2 onboard HST. Our sample consists of 8 BD candidates in the alpha Per cluster and 25 BD candidates in the Pleiades. We have resolved 4 binaries in the Pleiades with separations in the range 0". 094--0". 058, corresponding to projected separations between 11.7~AU and 7.2~AU. No binaries were found among the alpha Per targets. Three of the binaries have proper motions consistent with cluster membership in the Pleiades cluster, and for one of them we report the detection of Halpha in emission and LiI absorption obtained from Keck~II/ESI spectroscopy. One of the binaries does not have a proper motion consistent with Pleiades membership. We estimate that BD binaries wider than 12~AU are less frequent than 9% in the alphaPer and Pleiades clusters. This is consistent with an extension to substellar masses of a trend observed among stellar binaries: the maximum semimajor axis of binary systems decreases with decreasing primary mass. We find a binary frequency of 2 binaries over 13 BDs with confirmed proper motion membership in the Pleiades, corresponding to a binary fraction of 15%(1 sigma error bar +15%/-5%). These binaries are limited to the separation range 7-12~AU and their mass ratios are larger than 0.7. The relatively high binary frequency (>10%), the bias to separations smaller than about 15 AU and the trend to high mass ratios (q>0.7) are fundamental properties of BDs. Current theories of BD formation do not appear to provide a good description of all these properties.
Vertebral Osteomyelitis Secondary to a Retroperitoneal Abscess in an Adolescent Male: A Case Report

Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis (PVO) is included in a spectrum of spine infections called spondylodiscitis. It is commonly caused by hematogenous seeding. The annual incidence of spondylodiscitis is 2.4 per 100,000 person-years and the incidence triples for people over seventy. We report a case of a previously healthy 14-year-old male with a rare presentation of vertebral osteomyelitis associated with a large retroperitoneal abscess of unknown origin, manifested with flank pain, back pain, and fever, and treated with antibiotics with good short-term outcomes. We concluded that vertebral osteomyelitis in adolescent patients could manifest with back or flank pain. Moreover, it can occur as an extraperitoneal manifestation of a retroperitoneal abscess.
Milk quality and safety in the informal sector in Assam, India: governance, perceptions, and practices

ABSTRACT This paper explores how the safety of milk and dairy products is understood and managed within the informal dairy sector of Guwahati, the largest city in Assam, north-east India. The article contributes to a growing body of literature that questions negative assumptions about food safety in informal markets, and seeks to understand how access to safe and healthy food for all is, or can be, achieved in these markets. The study combines a literature review of the informal dairy sector in Assam and India with a field survey and key informant interviews. A survey of 113 producers, intermediaries, retailers, traditional processors and consumers, provides insights into how people think about the safety of milk, and the everyday practices they employ to mitigate food safety risks when trading and consuming dairy products. Our findings suggest that, in the absence of formal guarantees of quality and safety, consumers’ cultural practices and producers’ and traders’ knowledge likely reduce the risks of consuming raw milk. Despite the informal dairy sector receiving little direct government support in India, we found that at the state level, there has been some cooperation between government officials, small-scale producers and informal traders. We conclude that the absence of adverse relations between these groups, together with proactive attempts at collaboration, could inform other Indian states’ approaches to food safety governance, and are a positive foundation for future improvements to food safety in Assam’s dairy sector.
First Observations From a New Meteor Radar at McMurdo Station Antarctica (77.8°S, 166.7°E)

A new 36.17 MHz all‐sky meteor radar was installed at McMurdo Station Antarctica (77.8°S, 166.7°E) in February 2018 to provide wind measurements in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region (70–120 km). This instrument is the highest latitude meteor radar currently in operation in the southern hemisphere; it joins two other meteor radars within the Antarctic Circle. The radar will provide long‐term continuous wind measurements of the polar region, and contribute to a greater understanding of MLT dynamics. This work describes the radar hardware and its context with other instruments in the region. The paper provides an overview of the spatial and temporal variation in meteor echoes over the observation period of March 2018 through October 2021. It also provides an analysis of the mean winds and solar tides over the first three years of operation; including a description of an observed 12 hr summertime wind oscillation consistent with previously documented observations of a westward propagating 12 hr non‐migrating tide of zonal wavenumber 1.
The spectral reflectance of water-mineral mixtures at low temperatures. [observed on natural satellites and other solar system objects]

Laboratory reflectance spectra in the 0.325–2.5μm region of bound water, water-mineral mixtures, mineral grains on frost, and frost on minerals are presented. The materials used in this study are montmorillonite, kaolinite, beryl, Mauna Kea red cinder, and black charcoal. It is found that the wavelengths of bound water and bound OH absorptions do not shift appreciably with temperature and can be detected when large amounts of free water ice are present. The decrease in the visible reflectance seen in many planetary reflectance spectra containing strong water ice absorptions can be explained by water-mineral mixtures, mineral grains on frost, or frost on mineral grains. Mineral grains on frost are detectable in very small quantities (fractional areal coverage ≲0.005) depending on the mineral reflectance features, while it takes a thick layer of frost (≳1 mm) to mask a mineral below 1.4 μm, again depending on the mineral reflectance. Frost on a very dark surface (albedo about 6%) is easily seen; however, a dark mineral mixed with water could completely mask the water absorptions (shortward of 2.5 μm).
ORBITAL ORDERING, JAHN-TELLER DISTORTION, AND ANOMALOUS X-RAY SCATTERING IN MANGANATES

We demonstrate with LSDA+U calculations that x-ray scattering at the K edge of Mn is sensitive to orbital ordering in one energy range and Jahn-Teller distortion in another. Contrary to what is suggested by atomic or cluster models used to date we show that band structure effects rather than local Coulomb interactions dominate the polarization dependence of the K edge scattering and therefore it is sensitive to nearest neighbour bond length distortions and next nearest neighbour orbital occupation. Based on this we propose a new mechanism for K edge x-ray scattering in the manganates which we suggest is also applicable to transition metal compounds in general.
Magnetic catalysis and inverse magnetic catalysis in (
2+1
)-dimensional gauge theories from holographic models

We study the deconfinement phase transition in $ (2+1) $-dimensional holographic $ SU(N) $ gauge theories in the presence of an external magnetic field from the holographic hard and soft wall models. We obtain exact solutions for the critical temperature of the deconfinement transition for any range of magnetic field. As a consequence, we find a critical magnetic field $(B_c)$, in which the critical temperature $(T_c)$ vanishes; for $B B_c $ we have a magnetic catalysis.
Keeping Girls in Schools Longer: The Kanyashree Approach in India

Regarding interventions aimed at preventing girls from prematurely dropping out of schools, this study shows that inducing economic empowerment of girls is possible with targeted policies that promote their reproductive empowerment. Using Kanyashree Prakalpa, a conditional cash transfer program implemented in West Bengal, India, that directly incentivized school attendance to delay child marriage, the study finds a strong association between program participation and successfully lowering the historically higher dropout rates post-middle school. Program-eligible girls are 12 percent (7 percent) more likely to be enrolled in or to complete secondary (higher secondary) school, respectively. Program participation is associated with approximately five more months of education. In fact, the efficacy of the program is highly correlated with the length of exposure, and the most benefits are reaped by children in the poorest households. The article discusses three policy interventions, including directly targeting girls as they transition from childhood to young adulthood. HIGHLIGHTS In West Bengal, Kanyashree Prakalpa, a unique cash incentive program, links educational empowerment with girls’ reproductive empowerment. Program participation is strongly associated with successfully lowering the historically higher dropout rates post-middle school. Policies directly targeting adolescent girls are fruitful compared to indirect influence. Policies complementing the cash transfer with other programs based on the girls’ academic achievement are useful.
Distributional regression modeling via generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape: An overview through a data set from learning analytics

The advent of technological developments is allowing to gather large amounts of data in several research fields. Learning analytics (LA)/educational data mining has access to big observational unstructured data captured from educational settings and relies mostly on unsupervised machine learning (ML) algorithms to make sense of such type of data. Generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS) are a supervised statistical learning framework that allows modeling all the parameters of the distribution of the response variable with respect to the explanatory variables. This article overviews the power and flexibility of GAMLSS in relation to some ML techniques. Also, GAMLSS' capability to be tailored toward causality via causal regularization is briefly commented. This overview is illustrated via a data set from the field of LA.
SphinX MEASUREMENTS OF THE 2009 SOLAR MINIMUM X-RAY EMISSION

The SphinX X-ray spectrophotometer on the CORONAS–PHOTON spacecraft measured soft X-ray emission in the 1–15 keV energy range during the deep solar minimum of 2009 with a sensitivity much greater than GOES. Several intervals are identified when the X-ray flux was exceptionally low, and the flux and solar X-ray luminosity are estimated. Spectral fits to the emission at these times give temperatures of 1.7–1.9 MK and emission measures between 4 × 1047 cm−3 and 1.1 × 1048 cm−3. Comparing SphinX emission with that from the Hinode X-ray Telescope, we deduce that most of the emission is from general coronal structures rather than confined features like bright points. For one of 27 intervals of exceptionally low activity identified in the SphinX data, the Sun's X-ray luminosity in an energy range roughly extrapolated to that of ROSAT (0.1–2.4 keV) was less than most nearby K and M dwarfs.
Enhancement of anomalous Nernst effects in metallic multilayers free from proximity-induced magnetism

The anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) has been investigated in alternately stacked multilayer films comprising paramagnetic and ferromagnetic metals. We found that the ANE is enhanced by increasing the number of the paramagnet/ferromagnet interfaces and keeping the total thickness of the films constant, and that the enhancement appears even in the absence of magnetic proximity effects; similar behavior was observed not only in Pt/Fe multilayers but also in Au/Fe and Cu/Fe multilayers free from proximity ferromagnetism. This universal enhancement of the ANE in metallic multilayers suggests the presence of unconventional interface-induced thermoelectric conversion in the Fe films attached to the paramagnets.
White-hole dark matter and the origin of past low-entropy

Recent results on the end of black hole evaporation give new weight to the hypothesis that a component of dark matter could be formed by remnants of evaporated black holes: stable Planck-size white holes with a large interior. The expected lifetime of these objects is consistent with their production at reheating. But remnants could also be pre-big bang relics in a bounce cosmology, and this possibility has strong implications on the issue of the source of past low entropy: it could realise a perspectival interpretation of past low entropy. The ideas briefly presented in this essay are developed in forthcoming papers.
Theoretical study of plasmonic lasing in junctions with many molecules

We calculate the quantum state of the plasmon field excited by an ensemble of molecular emitters, which are driven by exchange of electrons with metallic nano-particle electrodes. Assuming identical emitters that are coupled collectively to the plasmon mode but are otherwise subject to independent relaxation channels, we show that symmetry constraints on the total system density matrix imply a drastic reduction in the numerical complexity. For $N_{\text{m}}$ three-level molecules we may thus represent the density matrix by a number of terms scaling as $(N_{\rm m}+8)! /(8! N_{\rm m}! )$ instead of $9^{N_{\text{m}}}$, and this allows exact simulations of up to $N_{\text{m}}=10$ molecules. Our simulations demonstrate that many emitters compensate strong plasmon damping and lead to the population of high plasmon number states and a narrowed linewidth of the plasmon field. For large $N_{\text{m}}$, our exact results are reproduced by an approximate approach based on the plasmon reduced density matrix. With this approach, we have extended the simulations to more than $50$ molecules and shown that the plasmon number state population follows a Poisson-like distribution. An alternative approach based on nonlinear rate equations for the molecular state populations and the mean plasmon number also reproduce the main lasing characteristics of the system.
Fitting CMB data with cosmic strings and inflation

We perform a multiparameter likelihood analysis to compare measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectra with predictions from models involving cosmic strings. Adding strings to the standard case of a primordial spectrum with power-law tilt n s , we ﬁnd a 2 σ detection of strings: f 10 = 0 . 11 ± 0 . 05, where f10 is the fractional contribution made by strings in the temperature power spectrum (at ℓ = 10). CMB data give moderate preference to the model n s = 1 with cosmic strings over the standard zero-strings model with variable tilt. When additional non-CMB data are incorporated, the two models become on a par. With variable n s and these extra data, we ﬁnd that f 10 < 0 . 11, which corresponds to Gµ < 0 . 7 × 10 − 6 (where µ is the string tension and G is the gravitational constant).
Which Investors Drive Anomaly Returns and How?

We investigate the sources of time-variation in returns on anomaly portfolios, specifically examining the role of different investor types and their trading motives. Our analysis reveals that 39% of the return variation can be attributed to changes in investor demand for common stock characteristics. Flow-induced trading explains an additional 12%, while the remainder is accounted for by random demand shocks. Notably, households and small non-13F institutions have the most significant impact, whereas large 13F institutions exhibit smaller effects. These findings provide strong support for theories that underscore the role of small non-professional investors in generating anomalies, thus challenging theories that prioritize flow-induced or discretionary trading by large institutional investors.