Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BY-CATCH, GROWTH AND FEEDING OF ANTARCTIC JUVENILE FISH TAKEN IN KRILL (EUPHAUSIA SUPERBA DANA) FISHERIES IN THE SOUTH GEORGIA AREA, IN 1992

This paper discusses an investigation of juvenile Antarctic fish caught during krill fishing by the FV Grigoy Kovtun in the area around South Georgia from May to July 1992. Two species were predominant in the by-catches: Charnpsocephalus gunnari and Nototheniops larseni. The frequency of occurrence of juvenile fish was 18.2% when all krill tows were included and 45.5% when only tows made in shelf waters were considered. The abundance of juvenile fish in catches, normalised to one tonne of krill, ranged from 700 to 18 900 individuals. In the case of C. gunnari, average values were 966 k 225 ind. /tonne krill and 2 434 -c 579 ind. /tonne krill for all trawls and for shelf trawls, respectively. For N. larseni the corresponding averages were 557 + 103 and 1 388 + 248. The mean standard length of C. gunnari was 68.5 to 79.7 mm in May and June and 93 mm in late July. The mean growth rate of this species over this period is estimated to be 0.37 mm per day. In May to June, N. larseni juveniles were represented by fingerlings (mean length of 42.4 to 47.4 mm) and yearlings (72.5 to 73.7 mm). In late July the mean length of fingerlings increased to 48.5 mm. The mean daily length increase in N. larseni is estimated to be 0.08 mm. The diet, by mass, of both C. gunnari fingerlings and N. larseni yearlings was dominated by juveniles of Euphausia superba. The food bolus in N. larseni fingerlings consisted mainly of Chaetognatha, Copepoda and furcilia of Thysanoessa spp. According to the data obtained from the Ukrainian krill fishing fleet in the South Georgia area from May to August 1992, the total removals of C. gunnari and N. larseni resulting from by-catches are estimated to be 34.3 -c 8.0 and 19.8 + 3.7 million individuals, respectively.
Effect of xylanase supplementation of diets containing wheat distiller's dried grains with solubles on energy, amino acid and phosphorus digestibility and growth performance of grower-finisher pigs

Wheat-based diets with or without wheat distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) were tested with or without supplementary xylanase (4000 U kg-1 feed) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. In eight ileal-cannulated barrows, xylanase improved the apparent ileal digestibility of energy and threonine in wheat (P 0.10). Xylanase did not affect total tract digestibility of energy or P (P > 0.10). In 72 grower-finisher pigs, xylanase did not increase growth performance of pigs fed either wheat or wheat DDGS (P > 0.10). The differential response of supplementary xylanase to wheat versus wheat DDGS diets indicates that the arabinoxylans in wheat DDGS did not match the specific xylanase activity. Key words: Distiller's dried grains with solubles, digestibility, energy, pig, xylanase
A new species of Monodelphis (Mammalia: Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) from the montane forests of central Perú

Abstract With more than 20 recognized species, Monodelphis is the most species-rich genus of living Didelphidae. Recent research on these opossums revealed additional species from Perú and Venezuela, and herein we describe a new species from the montane forests of the eastern slope of the central Andes in Perú. Monodelphis gardneri, new species, is a small taxon with three black dorsal stripes, more similar in external appearance and cranial features to taxa from eastern Brazil, such as M. theresa or M. americana, than to Andean species, like M. osgoodi. Phylogenetic analyses of cytochrome b gene sequences recovered this new species as closer to M. americana from eastern Brazil than to M. theresa (another species in our analyses with three black dorsal stripes). In spite of this external resemblance, the molecular phylogeny indicates that species with dorsal stripes, including M. americana, M. theresa, and the new species, do not form a monophyletic group. Although weakly supported, a relationship between M. americana and the new species suggests a biogeographic connection between these disjunct distributions, i.e., from eastern Brazil and the eastern versant of the Andes.
Evaluation of Water-Air Balance of Various Substrates on Begonia Growth

The water-air balance of four soilless substrates: 75% sphagnum peat-25% perlite (Ps75:P25), 50% sphagnum peat-50% perlite (Ps50:P50), 50% coir-50% perlite (C50:P50), and a fortified substrate with 60% sphagnum peat-30% black peat-10% perlite (Ps60:Pb30:P10) (in a volumetric proportion) was investigated under two different irrigation methods (drip and sub-irrigation), and its effect on the growth of Begonia ·elatior 'The President' was studied. The bulk density, particle size distribution, and water retention curve of the substrates were determined. Furthermore, the water profiles, oxygen (O2) concentration, and O2 diffusion rate of all substrates were de- termined during a 16-week cultivation period. Plant height, flower production, and both shoot and root dry weights as well as percent growth increase of plants were measured at the end of the experiment. The substrate water profiles showed that the water content was greater and air content was less in substrates of pots irrigated with drip irrigation than with sub-irrigation. The O2 concentration in all substrates irrespective of the irrigation method was high. The O2 diffusion rate values of sub-irrigated substrates were greater than those drip-irrigated, and Ps60:Pb30:P10 showed the greatest values. Shoot and root dry weights and percent growth increase of drip-irrigated plants were greater than that of sub-irrigated plants.
Gynoecium Structure and Evolution in Basal Angiosperms

A comparative study on gynoecium structure in basal angiosperms revealed new features relevant to systematics. In addition, based on the new phylogenetic framework on basal angiosperms gained by molecular systematics, an evolutionary evaluation of gynoecial character states has become possible. Angiospermy patterns are diverse and are here tentatively grouped into four types according to the mode of carpel closure: (1) by secretion, without postgenital fusion; (2) with a continuous secretory canal but partial postgenital fusion at the periphery; (3) with an incomplete secretory canal and complete postgenital fusion at the periphery; (4) by complete postgenital fusion. In most basal angiosperms the carpels are free, and the inner space of each carpel is occluded from the outside by secretion and not by postgenital fusion (angiospermy type 1). Correlated with this feature is a pronounced ascidiate shape of the carpels. The carpels tend to be shortly stipitate. In relatively many basal clades with pluricarpellate gynoecia an extragynoecial compitum is present. Stigmas are secretory and tend to have pluricellular papillae. Ethereal oil cells at the surface of the carpels (probably intrusive) are present in Illiciales (including Trimeniaceae), Chloranthaceae, Piperales s.l. (including Aristolochiales), and Acoraceae. Ovule structure is diverse. Ovules are predominantly anatropous. Although Amborellaceae, the phylogenetically earliest branching extant angiosperm, has orthotropous ovules, it is argued that the anatropous condition is basal in angiosperms. Crassinucellar ovules are predominant in basal angiosperms. However, there are apomorphic tendencies toward ovule reduction: weakly crassinucellar (Nymphaeales, some Alismatales), pseudocrassinucellar (Acorales, some Alismatales, some Ranunculales), and tenuinucellar (some Piperales s.l., including Aristolochiales, Rafflesiales, some Alismatales). Lobation of the inner integument and semiannular shape of the outer integument are variously present or absent. They appear to be due to architectural constraints in ovule development and not to constitute archaic features. In contrast to anatropous ovules, orthotropous ovules often have an outer integument that is thinner than the inner one. This may be due to a function of the outer integument in ovule curvature as indicated by molecular developmental genetics. On the other hand, the presence of an outer integument that is thinner than the inner one characterizes the majority of the Piperales s.l. (including Aristolochiales), irrespective of presence or absence of ovule curvature.
Spatial ecology of a ubiquitous Australian anteater, the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus)

Abstract The only specialized ant-eating mammal in Australia and New Guinea is the egg-laying short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), and this single species occurs throughout Australia in a wide range of habitats. Despite the diversity of habitats and density and distribution of prey species, home-range sizes throughout Australia seem remarkably similar. We radiotracked echidnas in a population in Tasmania over a 13-year period and calculated home-range sizes using the fixed kernel method and the minimum convex polygon method. No relationship was found between body mass and home-range size, and mean annual home-range size of males (90% kernels) was 107 ha ± 48 SD, twice that of females (48 ± 28 ha). Male home ranges overlapped considerably and also overlapped with those of several females. The echidna follows the pattern seen in many solitary eutherian mammals: both sexes are promiscuous, and males have larger home ranges than females. Echidnas show a high degree of home-range fidelity but can make rare excursions out of their normal area. Hibernating echidnas move between shelters during their periodic arousals, resulting in home-range sizes similar to those of the active period. Consistent with their very low metabolic rate, echidnas have home-range sizes considerably smaller than predicted for carnivorous or omnivorous mammals. Examination of data from other ant-eating mammals shows that as a group anteaters not only have smaller than predicted home ranges but they depart significantly from the normal relationship between home-range size and body mass.
Study of early selection in tree breeding. 1. Advantage of early selection through increase of selection intensity and reduction of field test size

)Summary There are three main advantages for early selection in tree breeding: 1. ) increased selection intensity or reduced fieldtesting size; 2. ) a shortened generation interval; and 3. ) genetic information from early testing can be used to enhance selection efficiency at mature age. The first advantage is realized when early testing results can be used for culling families with the poorest performance prior to field testing. The expected genetic gain formula is derived for early plus mature two-stage successive selection. This formula is used to study the first advantage of early selection, which results in an increase in total selection intensity or reduction of field-testing size. The gain increase from early selection for a larger base population and gain decrease from early culling of the poorest families is a function of heritabilities, selection intensities on early and mature traits and their phenotypic and genetic correlation. Both early-mature genetic correlation and heritability of the early trait affect the magnitude of genetic gain increase for the mature trait from early selection. The formula is also used to answer the following three questions: (1) is it possible that early selection can be used to reduce the size of field testing without any loss in ultimate gain for the mature trait? (2) are there any conditions where more gain can be obtained when both early and mature selection are practiced than when selection is only practiced at the mature stage? (3) what is the condition where any selection at the early stage will result in less gain than if all selection is postponed to the mature stage? Depending on genetic parameters, all above three conditions are possible. The relationships of genetic parameters for satisfying one of the three conditions were derived from the formula and the theory is applied to a lodgepole pine retrospective early selection study.
Continent-Scale Genetic Structure in a Boreal Forest Migrant, the Blackpoll Warbler (Setophaga striata)

ABSTRACT. We describe the range-wide phylogeography of Blackpoll Warblers (Setophaga striata), a migratory passerine with a broad breeding range in North America's boreal forest that encompasses several possible biogeographic barriers but shows no phenotypic geographic variation. We used mitochondrial control-region sequences from 304 individuals in combination with ecological niche models and coalescent simulations to test alternative historical hypotheses about the number of Pleistocene refugial populations and divergences among modern populations. Population pairwise FSTand spatial analyses of molecular variance suggested significant genetic structure among western, eastern, and Newfoundland populations, but no structure among sky-island populations at the southeastern periphery of the breeding range. Inferred gene flow fits a model of isolation-by-distance. Coalescent simulations rejected all multiple-refugia hypotheses in favor of a single refugium. Paleodistribution models and modern migratory pathways suggested that the refugium was located in southeastern North America. In contrast to previous studies that have invoked multiple Pleistocene refugia as the cause of genetic structure in North American bird species, our analyses suggest that geographic structure in Blackpoll Warblers results from isolation-by-distance rather than a history of sundered populations.
Proechimys yonenagae, a new species of spiny rat (Rodentia: Echimyidae) from fossil sand dunes in the Brazilian Caatinga

Une nouvelle espece de Proechimys, sous-genre Trinomys (Rodentia: Echimyidae) a ete decouverte dans le grand champ de dunes de la rive gauche du moyen Sao Francisco, Bahia, Bresil (caryotype decrit par Leal Mesquita et al. 1992 comme Proechimys sp. n.). Cette nouvelle espece s'ajoute a d'autres genres et especes nouveaux de squamates decouverts dans ce secteur des Caatingas bresiliennes, et confirme un taux eleve d'endemisme dans cette region du fleuve. Proechimys yonenagae sp. n. est caracterise par plusieurs autapomorphies et peut etre aisement separe de ses congeneres par sa plus petite taille et par des proportions plus elevees entre la queue et le corps, et les pattes posterieures et le corps. P. yonenagae presente aussi une bulle tympanique beaucoup plus gonflee que les autres especes du genre, l'extremite de la queue presente un pinceau de poils bien developpe et il n'y a qu'un repli sur chaque dent jugale. Quelques-unes de ces caracteristiques sont nettement convergentes avec celles trouvees chez certains petits mammiferes d'autres deserts du globe. On suppose qu'elles sont associees a l'habitat psammophile de cette espece, contrairement aux autres du genre qui sont strictement adaptees aux forets tropicales.
Comparison of the Effects of Four Cooking Methods on Chemical Compositions and Fatty Acid Profiles of Iranian Silver Carp (Hypophthalmicthys molitrix) Fillets: A Study of Nutritional Quality Indices

This study was performed to determine the influence of four cooking methods (frying, boiling, broiling and microwaving) on chemical composition, fatty acids profiles and also nutritional quality indices (NQI) of Iranian silver carp (Hypophthalmicthys molitrix) fillets. The decrease in the moisture content has been described as the most prominent change that makes the fat, protein, and ash contents increase significantly in cooked fish fillets. Boiling, Frying and broiling methods changed the fatty acid composition and NQIs of Iranian silver carp samples, but microwave cooking had no significant effect on NQIs. Frying and broiling methods caused significant reduction of the ω3 PUFA level, ω3/ω6 ratio and EPA+DHA. Consequently, they are not recommended for cooking from the view of thrombogenicity. As a result, for keeping the ω3 PUFA level, EPA+DHA and ∑ω3/ω6 ratio in Iranian silver carp, microwave cooking is recommended as the best cooking method.
An experimental analysis of harmful algae–zooplankton interactions and the ultimate defense

We examined effects of the invasive, toxigenic haptophyte Prymnesium parvum on grazing rates, feeding behaviors, and life‐history characteristics of clonal lineages of three daphniid zooplankton species. Grazing experiments revealed similar clearance rates for P. parvum and a common green alga. Behavioral observations revealed no significant effects of P. parvum on daphniid feeding behaviors after 30 min, but major declines in appendage beat rates after 1 h. Chronic exposure (10 d) to P. parvum resulted in severe reductions in daphniid growth rates, age at first reproduction, fecundity, and survivorship at densities as low as 7750 cells mL−1. Thus, in addition to direct fish mortality during P. parvum blooms of 50,000–200,000 cells mL−1, the entire food web of an invaded system may be subjected to potentially severe negative consequences even at nonbloom densities of P. parvum.
Analysis of the laying characteristics of Nera black hens in a hot and humid environment

th week of lay and housed individually in battery cages were used for the study. Eggs were collected daily and recorded for each hen. The hens were subsequently divided into three classes based on their laying performance as follows: Good layers, intermediate layers and poor layers and their physical conditions appraised. Results showed that the peak of lay was between 06:00 to 08:00 h and egg production declined gradually throughout late afternoon hours until no egg was laid between 17:00 and 18:00 h. About 88.75 and 11.25% of the eggs were laid in the morning and afternoon hours, respectively. Eggs laid between 6:00 and 7:00 h had the heaviest (P>0.05) mean egg weight (70.10 ± 0.92 g) and the first eggs in a clutch were the heaviest eggs (P<0.05). Hens with the longest clutches and shortest number of pause days produced the greatest number of eggs. Good and intermediate layers had smooth, pinkish and full combs and wattles, moist and enlarged vents and flexible pubic bones with wide space in-between. Poor layers had dry combs and wattles, tight and hard abdomen and narrow space between pubic bones. It was concluded that Nera black hens could lay up to 229.68 eggs/annum and lay most eggs between 06:00 and 08:00 h of the day. Egg collection especially in floor managed flocks should be intensified within this time period to minimize losses from cracks and egg eating by the birds.
Collection and agro-morphological characterization of aromatic short grain rice in eastern India

Exploration and collection of aromatic short grain rice were undertaken in tribal dominated districts of Orissa viz., Dhenkanal, Anugul, Sambalpur, Deogarh, Nuapada, Kalahandi, Phulbani and Cuttack. A total of 55 germplasm accessions were collected with detailed passport information. Analysis of variance for 16 quantitative morpho-agronomic characters showed very significant results. The qualitative characters were recorded as per International Rice Research Institute-International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IRRI-IBPGR) descriptors and frequency distribution was also presented. The range, mean and coefficient of variation for different quantitative characters were mentioned. The study revealed that the leaf length varied from 30.7 cm (Kanika) to 73.6 cm (Basuabhog). The culm height varied from 90.5 cm (Thakurbhog) to 184.4 cm (Jabaphool). Culm number is also high and ranged from 8.9 (Dhusara) to 20.0 (Vasumati). The panicle length varied from 22.2 cm (Banspatri) to 32.06 cm (Kalajeera) with mean length, 27.3 cm. High F-values were observed in leaf length (F = 155.56), plant height (F = 159.24), flag leaf length (F = 120.73), days to 50% flowering (F = 669.77). The good yielders are Chhotbasmati, Pimpudibas, Lajkuri, Jaigundi, Kanika, Bishnubhog. These landraces can be popularized among the farmers and can be used as donor in varietal development programme. Key words: Exploration, collection, characterization, frequency distribution, aromatic short grain rice, Orissa.
Patterns of solute in individual mesophyll, bundle sheath and epidermal cells of barley leaves induced to accumulate carbohydrate

SUMMARY After cooling the roots and shoot apex of barley, there is a reduction in sucrose export from, and an increased total accumulation of carbohydrate and induction of fructan synthesis in, source leaves. We investigated carbohydrate accumulation in individual leaf cells. Using the microsampling technique and microfluorometric enzymatic assay, the amounts of various carbohydrates were measured in mesophyll, bundle sheath and epidermal cells. Epidermal cells take no part in carbohydrate partitioning and have very low concentrations of sugars even when leaf export is reduced. Even without cooling, however, there are remarkable changes in sucrose concentration (up to 200 mM) in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells during the photoperiod. The activity of acid invertase in samples from individual cells was very low, c. 3 μmol sucrose (g f. wt)−1 h−1. Interrelationships between these cell types and the control of fructan metabolism are discussed.
Quantitative Modeling of the Molecular Mechanism Controlling the Asymmetric Cell Division Cycle in Caulobacter crescentus

Caulobacter crescentus is an important model organism for studying regulation of cell growth, division and differentiation in prokaryotes. C. crescentus undergoes asymmetric division producing two progeny cells with identical genome but different developmental programs: the "swarmer" cell is flagellated and motile, and the "stalked" cell is sessile (attached to a surface by its stalk and holdfast). Only stalked cells undergo chromosome replication and cell division. A swarmer cell must shed its flagellum and grow a stalk before it can enter the replication-division cycle. Based on published experimental evidence, we propose a molecular mechanism controlling the cell division cycle in this bacterium. Our quantitative model of the mechanism illustrates detailed temporal dynamics of regulatory proteins and corresponding physiological changes during the process of cell cycle progression and differentiation of wild-type cells (both stalked cells and swarmer cells) and of a number of known and novel mutant strains. Our model presents a unified view of temporal regulation of protein activities during the asymmetric cell division cycle of C. crescentus and provides an opportunity to study and analyze the system dynamics of the Caulobacter cell cycle (as opposed to the dynamics of individual steps). The model can serve as a starting point for investigating molecular regulations of cell division and differentiation in other genera of alpha-proteobacteria, such as Brucella and Rhizobium, because recent experimental data suggest that these alpha-proteobacteria share similar genetic mechanisms for cell cycle control.