Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lazarus taxa and fossil abundance at times of biotic crisis

Mass extinctions are often followed by intervals in which taxa disappear from the fossil record only to reappear again later. This ‘Lazarus effect’ is often attributed to a poor-quality fossil record or migration to refuges. Testing these alternatives, with examples from the end Permian and late Triassic extinctions, reveals that there is no link with the abundance of fossiliferous sites and the proportion of Lazarus taxa nor are missing taxa encountered in potential refuges. Therefore, the abundance of Lazarus taxa in the aftermath of these extinctions is probably a reflection of the extreme rarity of organisms at this time.
40. BIOMAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATIONS FROM LEG 107 IN THE TYRRHENIAN SEA1

Correlations of biostratigraphic datums to the geomagnetic reversal time scale (GRTS) at Leg 107 sites provide a means of correlating these datums to sections outside the Mediterranean. Unfortunately, poor recovery and core defor­ mation due to rotary drilling at Sites 651, 652, and 654 severely hampered efforts to acquire detailed magnetostrati­ graphies and biostratigraphies. However, many biostratigraphic markers could be correlated to the GRTS, including those close to the Miocene/Pliocene and Tortonian/Messinian boundaries. These boundaries are interpreted to occur in Chrons 3r and 3B, respectively (chron nomenclature after Cox, 1982). Comparison of the correlation of Plio-Pleisto­ cene calcareous plankton biostratigraphic events to the GRTS in the Mediterranean and in the open oceans indicates that many events are broadly synchronous between the two environments. The outstanding exception is the first occur­ rence of Globorotalia margaritae which is delayed in the Mediterranean by about 1 m.y.
Shrub Cover on the North Slope of Alaska: a circa 2000 Baseline Map

Abstract In situ observations show increases in shrub cover in different arctic regions in recent decades and have been cited to explain the increases in arctic vegetation productivity revealed by satellite remote sensing. A widespread increase in shrub cover, particularly tall shrub cover, is likely to profoundly alter the tundra biome because of its influence on biogeochemical cycling and feedbacks to climate. To monitor changes in shrub cover, aid field studies, and inform ecosystem models, we mapped shrub cover across the North Slope of Alaska. First, images from the IKONOS and SPOT satellite sensors were used to detect tall (>1 m) and short shrub presence at high resolution (<5 m grid cells) in different parts of the domain. The resulting maps were then used to train a Random Forest regression algorithm that mapped total and tall shrub cover, expressed as a percent of the total surface area, at 30 m resolution from a mosaic of Landsat scenes. The final shrub cover maps correspond well with field measurements (r2 = 0.7, root mean square error = 17%, N = 24) and compared well with the existing vegetation type maps of the study area and a gridded temperature data set not used in the map generation.
A Coarse Elevation Map-based Registration Method for Super-resolution of Three-line Scanner Images

Three-line scanner imagery provides three overlapped images in an along-base direction, and creates a possible avenue to obtain higher quality images through the application of the super-resolution. Accurate co-registration of the three images is a key step for super-resolution. However, discontinuities and occlusions resulting from the 3D-to-2D projection cause mis-registration in traditional 2D-image-level co-registration methods. In this paper, we address this problem by introducing 3D information extracted from image triplets by using GPS/IMU data as an approximation. The core of the proposed method is to use a number of height layers derived from feature points and image partitions, in the form of a coarse elevation map (CEM), as a 3D constraint to restrict registration on the corresponding height. In terms of super-resolution, we also propose a tree-based fast adaptive template matching method for Knife-edge detection to fully automate the SRKE super-resolution algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed method produces improved registered images and accordingly yields signifi cant resolution enhancement as compared to other methods.
ESO Imaging Survey - Exploring the optical/infrared imaging data of CDF-S: Point sources

This paper describes the methodology currently being implemented in the EIS pipeline for analysing optical/infrared multi-colour data. The aim is to identify different classes of objects as well as possible undesirable features associated with the construction of colour catalogues. The classification method used is based on the $\chi^2$-fitting of template spectra to the observed SEDs, as measured through broad-band filters. Its main advantage is the simultaneous use of all colours, properly weighted by the photometric errors. In addition, it provides basic information on the properties of the classified objects (e.g. redshift, effective temperature). These characteristics make the $\chi^2$-technique ideal for handling large multi-band datasets. The results are compared to the more traditional colour-colour selection and, whenever possible, to model predictions. In order to identify objects with odd colours, either associated with rare populations or to possible problems in the catalogue, outliers are searched for in the multi-dimensional colour space using a nearest-neighbour criterion. Outliers with large $\chi^2$-values are individually inspected to further investigate their nature. The tools developed are used for a preliminary analysis of the multi-colour point source catalogue constructed from the optical/infrared imaging data obtained for the Chandra Deep Field South (CDF-S). These data are publicly available, representing the first installment of the ongoing EIS Deep Public Survey.
MAP convergence

We consider the problem of upper bounding the expected log-likelihood sub-optimality of the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE), or a conjugate maximum a posteriori (MAP) for an exponential family, in a non-asymptotic way. Surprisingly, we found no general solution to this problem in the literature. In particular, current theories do not hold for a Gaussian or in the interesting few samples regime. After exhibiting various facets of the problem, we show we can interpret the MAP as running stochastic mirror descent (SMD) on the log-likelihood. However, modern convergence results do not apply for standard examples of the exponential family, highlighting holes in the convergence literature. We believe solving this very fundamental problem may bring progress to both the statistics and optimization communities.
Strichartz Estimates for the Wave Equation on Manifolds with Boundary

Strichartz estimates are well established on flat Euclidean space, where M = R and gij = δij . In that case, one can obtain a global estimate with T = ∞; see for example Strichartz [27], Ginibre and Velo [9], Lindblad and Sogge [16], Keel and Tao [14], and references therein. However, for general manifolds phenomena such as trapped geodesics and finiteness of volume can preclude the development of global estimates, leading us to consider local in time estimates.
The influence of morphology and long range interactions in the electronic properties of graphene

Esta tesis trata sobre la fisica del grafeno, un nuevo material bidimensional que ha generado gran cantidad de actividad en los ultimos anos. El interes de este material reside en varias propiedades inusuales que lo convierten en un sistema ideal para estudiar algunos problemas de fisica fundamental, asi como en un candidato viable para aplicaciones. Este trabajo trata sobre dos problemas de gran interes en la fisica de este material: La influencia de la morfologia en las propiedades electronicas y los efectos de las interacciones de largo alcance. Las caracteristicas estructurales del grafeno son esenciales para entender sus propiedades electronicas. En este trabajo se ha modelizado la morfologia desde dos enfoques complementarios: modelos en la red y teorias continuas. La estructura electronica de muestras con defectos topologicos se ha calculado con un modelo tipo tight binding, y las propiedades magneticas has sido evaluadas en campo medio en el modelo de Hubbard. Se ha mostrado como los defectos topologicos, que hacen la red no bipartita, afectan de forma significativa al magnetismo de las muestras. Los efectos de la morfologia tambien han sido estudiados desde el enfoque complementario de las teorias en el continuo. Se ha propuesto describir los electrones en muestras de grafeno corrugado por la ecuacion de Dirac en la metrica curva correspondiente. Se ha mostrado como este formalismo reproduce el campo gauge efectivo obtenido en la teoria de la elasticidad, y ademas predice el efecto adicional de la velocidad de Fermi variable, que tiene consecuencias observables en experimentos de espectroscopia tunel. Los defectos topologicos tambien se pueden incluir de forma natural en este esquema: Las disclinaciones son fuentes de curvatura, y las dislocaciones se describen con torsion. Se ha discutido el acoplo de fermiones de Dirac a la torsion en dos y tres dimensiones, describiendose tambien aplicaciones de este formalismo para sistemas relacionados. En este sistema, las interacciones de Coulomb son de largo alcance debido a la densidad de estados nula al nivel de Fermi, y su tratamiento siempre representa un problema dificil. En este trabajo se han tratado los efectos tanto de las impurezas de Coulomb como de las interacciones de Coulomb entre electrones. Se han estudiado las propiedades espectrales de grafeno dopado en presencia de estas impurezas, apantalladas en la aproximacion RPA y distribuidas aleatoriamente, mediante la aproximacion de Born autoconsistente. Se han calculado la densidad de estados, la vida media, y la funcion espectral. Se ha identificado el regimen donde este calculo mejora los resultados ya conocidos del primer orden en teoria de perturbaciones, y se ha discutido la validez de las aproximaciones empleadas.
Thermal infrared data analyses of Meteor Crater, Arizona: Implications for Mars spaceborne data from the Thermal Emission Imaging System

Thermal infrared (TIR) data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) instrument are used to identify the lithologic distribution of the Meteor Crater ejecta blanket and nearby (within ~3 km) region. This has many applications to the analysis of data from the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) instrument that is currently in orbit at Mars. ASTER and THEMIS, whereas orbiting different planets, have similar spatial and spectral resolutions. THEMIS represents the highest spatial resolution (100 m) to date of the Martian surface, thereby allowing small (~ 1km) impact craters to be studied in detail for the first time. Meteor Crater serves as an analog for the many similar-sized impact sites on the surface of Mars. These sites are future research targets with THEMIS, and ASTER data of Meteor Crater provides ideal data and geologic landscape in preparation for future THEMIS investigations. Fieldwork at Meteor Crater yielded sample collection of the primary lithologies and an opportunity to validate previously-collected high-resolution (3.2 m), airborne Thermal Imaging Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) data. Laboratory thermal emission spectra were obtained for the samples collected. Deconvolution of ASTER TIR emissivity data were performed with image end-members and sample end-members. Comparisons of the spaceborne data to high-resolution airborne TIMS data were used to assess the validity of the ASTER end-member analyses. The ASTER image end-member analysis agreed well with the earlier TIMS end-member analysis where the effects of resolution degradation were accounted for. Laboratory spectra and mineral spectral libraries provided poor fits of deconvolution of multispectral TIR data. Lithologies with similar spectral signatures or with low areal abundances were difficult to identify.Using the same methodology as that applied to the ASTER TIR data of Meteor Crater, THEMIS TIR data of a small (~ 1 km) impact crater in Syrtis Major were analyzed. The crater's rim and ejecta blanket was found to contain larger particle sizes than the surrounding (ejecta-free) plain, indicating a young (fresh) impact age and little or no accumulation of dust. The composition of the rim, ejecta, and surrounding plain was determined to be basaltic. It is hoped that the work performed here will complement future investigations of fresh impact sites with THEMIS data that may be used to solve geologic questions such as 1. ) the composition of ejecta blocks that represent pre-impact, underlying stratigraphy in high-albedo, dust-covered regions of Mars, 2. ) the approximate age of impact, and 3. ) regolith/dust thickness, which appears to be a factor of #2.
A double seismic zone in the subducting Juan Fernandez Ridge of the Nazca Plate (32°S), central Chile

The region of central Chile offers a unique opportunity to study the links between the subducting Juan Fernandez Ridge, the flat slab, the double seismic zone (DSZ), and the absence of modern volcanism. Here we report the presence and characteristics of the first observed DSZ within the intermediate‐depth Nazca slab using two temporary seismic catalogs (Ovalle 1999 and Chile Argentina Seismological Measurement Experiment). The lower plane of seismicity (LP) is located 20–25 km below the upper plane, begins at 50 km depth, and merges with the lower plane at 120 km depth, where the slab becomes horizontal. Focal mechanism analysis and stress tensor calculations indicate that the slab's state of stress is dominantly controlled by plate convergence and overriding crust thickness: Above 60–70 km depth, the slab is in horizontal compression, and below, it is in horizontal extension, parallel to plate convergence, which can be accounted for by vertical loading of the overriding lithosphere. Focal mechanisms below 60–70 km depth are strongly correlated with offshore outer rise bend faults, suggesting the reactivation of preexisting faults below this depth. The large interplane distances for all Nazca DSZs can be related to the slab's unusually cold thermal structure with respect to its age. Since LPs globally seem to mimic mantle mineral dehydration paths, we suggest that fluid migration and dehydration embrittlement provide the mechanism necessary to weaken the rock and that the stress field determines the direction of rupture.
A Self-Consistent Approach to Neutral-Current Processes in Supernova Cores

The problem of neutral-current processes (neutrino scattering, pair emission, pair absorption, axion emission, etc.) in a nuclear medium can be separated into an expression representing the phase space of the weakly interacting probe, and a set of dynamic structure functions of the medium. For a non-relativistic medium we reduce the description to two structure functions SA(ω) and SV (ω) of the energy transfer, representing the axial-vector and vector interactions. SV is well determined by the single-nucleon approximation while SA may be dominated by multiply interacting nucleons. Unless the shape of SA(ω) changes dramatically at high densities, scattering processes always dominate over pair processes for neutrino transport or the emission of right-handed states. Because the emission of right-handed neutrinos and axions is controlled by the same medium response functions, a consistent constraint on their properties from consideration of supernova cooling should use the same structure functions for both neutrino transport and exotic cooling mechanisms.
Assessment of livestock production and feed resources at Kerekicho, Angacha district, Ethiopia

Background Angacha district is one of the six woredas in Kambata Tambaro Zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR). It is located about 260 kms south west of Addis Ababa. Agriculture, mainly composed of crop production and animal husbandry, is the main livelihood of the population in the woreda. The agricultural practice employed in the area is traditional oxen-plough and hoe-culture practices. The main food crops grown in the woreda are wheat, tef, barley, maize, field peas and broad beans. Root crops, enset, and potato are also grown in the woreda. Among the perennial crops enset (false banana) plays an important role in the life of the people through its multiple uses as a source of food, fiber, animal fodder, construction material and to make mats for sleeping. Livestock are an integral part of the agricultural production system and play an important role in the economy of the woreda in general.
Hubble Space Telescope-NICMOS Observations of M31’s Metal-Rich Globular Clusters and Their Surrounding Fields. II. Results

We have obtained HST-NICMOS observations of five of M31's most metal-rich globular clusters: G1, G170, G174, G177, and G280. For the two clusters farthest from the nucleus, G1 and G280, we statistically subtract the field population and estimate metallicities using K-(J-K) color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs). Based on the slopes of their infrared giant branches we estimate [Fe/H] = -1.22 ± 0.43 for G1 and -0.15 ± 0.37 for G280. We combine our infrared observations of G1 with two epochs of optical HST-WFPC2 V-band data and identify at least one long-period variable (LPV) based on color and variability. The location of G1's giant branch in the K-(V-K) CMD is very similar to that of M107, indicating a somewhat higher metallicity than our purely infrared CMD; [Fe/H] = -0.9 ± 0.2. This latter value is more robust, and is supported by the presence of LPVs. For the field surrounding G280, we estimate the metallicity to be -0.3 from the slope of the giant branch, with a spread of σ[Fe/H] ∼ 0.4 based on the width of the giant branch. For the three central clusters, which are too compact for accurate cluster star measurements, we present integrated cluster magnitudes and CMDs for the surrounding fields. The K-band luminosity functions (LFs) of the upper few magnitudes of G1 and G280, as well as for the fields surrounding all of the clusters, are indistinguishable from the LF measured in the bulge of our Galaxy. This indicates that these clusters are very similar to Galactic globular clusters, and, at least in the surrounding fields observed, there are no significant populations of young luminous stars.
The paleoceanography of Kattegat during the last deglaciation from benthic foraminiferal stable isotopes

This thesis is based on a sediment record collected from the Kattegat Sea, southwestern Scandinavia (Anholt Island area) during IODP Expedition 347 in autumn 2013, and focuses on a portion of this record spanning ~18—14 thousand years ago (ka BP), representing the last deglaciation at the end of the Weichselian. Benthic foraminifera of the species Elphidium excavatum clavatum were analysed for stable isotopes (δ18O and δ13C) to reconstruct the paleoenvironment and oceanographic setting, such as bottom water salinity, temperature and venti-lation. Additionally, the sediment coarse fraction (>63μm) and mean weight per foraminifera shell were measured as a complement to the isotope analyses to interpret other factors, such as sediment origin and conditions at the sea-floor. δ18O was used to calculate paleosalinities in Kattegat bottom waters by assuming a temperature between 0 and 4°C. These calculations yielded salinities varying between 13 and 27, with a rapid freshening at the beginning of the record, and a subsequent slower, stepwise salinity decrease, followed by a rise in salinity after 15.7 ka. Very negative δ13C values suggest a strong stratification between fresh surface and saline bottom waters, likely due to large amounts of glacial meltwater discharging into the Kattegat as the Scandinavian Ice Sheet (SIS) melted. The δ13C values increase after 15.7 ka, suggesting a weakened stratification, perhaps due to stronger seawater influence. A simultaneous decline in average foraminifera shell weight suggests worse calcification conditions for Elphidium excavatum in Kattegat bottom waters. Percent coarse sediment data shows a high amount of sand size fraction at the very beginning of the record, but very low values between ~18 and 15.7 ka, suggesting that Anholt was situated close to the ice margin at 18 ka, but saw a retreat of the SIS during the subsequent few thousand years.
Wave power potential at a few shallow- water locations around Indian coast

Variations in nearshore wave power at four shallowwater locations along the east and west coast of India are examined based on the measured wave data for one-year period. The study shows that along the west coast of India, 83–85% of the annual wave power is during the summer monsoon period (June–September), whereas at Visakhapatnam (on the east coast), 55% of the annual wave power is during the summer monsoon period. Along Puducherry coast in the east, wave power is relatively less with maximum value of 31.8 kW m. The average wave power during the summer monsoon is high (15.5–19.3 kW m) along the west coast of India. The study shows that the annual average wave power (1.8–7.6 kW m) along the locations studied is much lower than that available for temperate zones.
Hadronic Light-by-Light Contributions to the Muon g-2

In the calculation of the contribution of the second diagram in Fig. 2(b), a global normalization factor was erroneously applied twice. Unfortunately, this changes the conclusions of our Letter rather significantly. Full details of this work and this Erratum will be given in a forthcoming publication. Below is Table I corrected. The situation is qualitatively different with respect to the one in the Letter since the pseudoscalar exchange contribution is now dominant and very large. In the Letter we used nonet symmetry to estimate it, i.e., we kept its full leading 6 (N, ) contribution since adding the largest source of 1/N, corrections only changed the result within the quoted final error. These corrections come from the effects of the U(1)z anomaly. This leaves the 7m exchange as the dominant contribution to the muon g —2. We have taken into account the U(1)~ anomaly effect by using the physical m, g, and g' mass eigenstates as propagating states. Their contributions are given in the fourth column of the revised table. The last column in Table I is the sum of the second and fourth columns. We now see less stability in the cutoff. This is mainly due to the subtraction terms we need to obtain the correct SU(3) flavor anomaly. The ENJL model we are using is expected to fail for scales around A~ = 1.5 GeV, so we give as our final result for the hadronic light-by-light contribution to a„ s ' ~s ' = —(l l ~ 5) X 1010 (1) p
Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Web Caching and Content Distribution

Modeling the performance of caches requires examining their behavior when subjected to realistic workloads that are created by extracting the essential characteristics of actual Web traffic. We have used the Bootstrap methodology for analyzing response size and file popularity distributions obtained from proxy log files. The Bootstrap is a resampling technique that enables one to estimate both population parameters and their standard errors when no accurate mathematical representations are available for the underlying distributions. For this investigation we used real-world workloads from NLANR and Verizon Laboratories together with a synthetic workload generated by Web Polygraph. The analysis of response size included averages and percentiles, processing and bandwidth costs, and a null hypothesis test for ascertaining the likelihood that different datasets have the same underlying distribution. The file popularity distribution was investigated to assess the degree of Zipf-like behavior. We conclude that the Bootstrap is an effective tool for the analysis of nonparametric distributions that enables one to determine confidence levels and make stronger statements than possible using conventional statistics. It is also valuable for determining how accurately a synthetic workload represents actual traffic.