Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Insights from Amphioxus into the Evolution of Vertebrate Cartilage

Central to the story of vertebrate evolution is the origin of the vertebrate head, a problem difficult to approach using paleontology and comparative morphology due to a lack of unambiguous intermediate forms. Embryologically, much of the vertebrate head is derived from two ectodermal tissues, the neural crest and cranial placodes. Recent work in protochordates suggests the first chordates possessed migratory neural tube cells with some features of neural crest cells. However, it is unclear how and when these cells acquired the ability to form cellular cartilage, a cell type unique to vertebrates. It has been variously proposed that the neural crest acquired chondrogenic ability by recruiting proto-chondrogenic gene programs deployed in the neural tube, pharynx, and notochord. To test these hypotheses we examined the expression of 11 amphioxus orthologs of genes involved in neural crest chondrogenesis. Consistent with cellular cartilage as a vertebrate novelty, we find that no single amphioxus tissue co-expresses all or most of these genes. However, most are variously co-expressed in mesodermal derivatives. Our results suggest that neural crest-derived cartilage evolved by serial cooption of genes which functioned primitively in mesoderm.
The effect of seagrass components on the associated bacterial diversity and antimicrobial activity in Zostera marina

Seagrasses are marine angiosperms located in intertidal and sub-tidal waters. They are important ecosystem engineers that play a crucial role in the structure of habitats, allowing them to support a comprehensive diversity of life. Through fundamental ecological processes and the generation of niches, each seagrass species has aggregated an associated microbiome that lives among the various seagrass components and exhibit symbiotic relations. There have been studies investigating the diversity of the associated bacteria and elements of the resulting microbial activity, however these have primarily focused on tropical seagrass species and have failed to examine the extent of this bioactivity. This study explored the relative colony diversity and bioactivity associated with the root matrix, bare sediment, and leaf components of Zostera marina beds in the Salcombe Estuary, UK. Basic morphological characterisation and antimicrobial screening of seagrass isolates against E. coli and S. aureus showed how the location of the seagrass bed itself has no significant effect on the colony diversity and bioactivity present. The individual seagrass components were found to significantly influence these communities, with the root matrix being found to harbour the highest diversity and antimicrobial activity of all the components. Amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA genes demonstrated how three bacterial genera ( Thalassomonas, Tenacibaculum and Vibrio sp.) are the greatest contributors to this activity. These results suggest that there is a degree of habitat dependence influencing the aggregations of microbes in the proximal seagrass beds. There is also a potential interaction between microbial diversity and bioactivity levels in the different seagrass components. The antimicrobial activity displayed against human pathogenic organisms expresses a potential for the exploitation of these bacteria, following further research into the extent of their possible medical value.
Residual Confounding in Observational Studies

To the Editor:— I applaud the recent landmark investigation by Liang et al. 1 regarding nasal mask ventilation. It is a very interesting and innovative work. The abstract was so fabulous that it led me to read article itself. The points that are not mentioned in the abstract are Bispectral Index monitoring and the number of breaths tried in each trial. Before reading the article, I was even thinking about the depth of anesthesia and its impact on metabolism and carbon dioxide produc-tion. After reading, I found out that the brevity of trial time and the use of Bispectral Index exclude the alteration of metabolism. I appreciate their work; I’d like some points to be clariﬁed, though. Care Unit” by Dr. Ender et al. 1 Application of this fast-track concept in Leipzig has been met with good results for a wide variety of cardiac surgical patients. Modern perioperative management is faced with the challenge of ﬁnding a balance between safe and efﬁcacious results. The objective of fast-track cardiac surgery includes early extubation, reduction of intensive care unit length of stay, and reduction of the total hospital length of stay. This is accomplished with the use of short-acting opioids and hypnotics along with expeditious surgical procedures facilitating early extubation after cardiac surgery. In addition the Leipzig fast-track concept avoids intensive care unit admission in selected patients. Similarly, our institution attempts to expedite the management of cardiac patients by using a preanesthetic clinic specialized for day admission cardiac and major vascular surgeries. Day admission surgery is nearly routine in the United States due to desires to decrease costs and resource utilization. Addition of such a preanesthetic clinic to the Leizpig fast-track method would further decrease costs by several mechanisms. Preanesthestic clinics specialized for cardiac and major vascular surgery (thoracic aortic aneurysm) patients are useful to ensure patient safety in a complicated population while avoiding unnecessary expenditures. Furthermore, enhancement of patient satisfaction throughout the surgical process is documented with specialized cardiac preanesthetic clinics. 2 A combination of a specialized preanesthetic clinic and the Leipzig fast-track concept may provide the necessary link in modern cardiovascular perioperative medicine in order to safely decrease costs.
Dual stochasticity in the cortex as a biologically plausible learning with the most 1 efficient coding

8 Neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex behave stochastically. The advantages of 9 such stochastic properties have been proposed in several works, but the relationship and 10 synergy between the stochasticities of neurons and synapses remain largely unexplored. 11 Here, we show that these stochastic features can be inseparably integrated into a simple 12 framework that provides a practical and biologically plausible learning algorithm that 13 consistently accounts for various experimental results, including the most efficient 14 power-law coding of the cortex. The derived algorithm overcomes many of the 15 limitations of conventional learning algorithms of neural networks. As an experimentally 16 testable prediction, we derived the slow retrograde modulation of the excitability of 17 neurons from this algorithm. Because of the simplicity and flexibility of this algorithm, 18 we anticipate that it will be useful in the development of neuromorphic devices and 19 scalable AI chips, and that it will help bridge the gap between neuroscience and machine 20 learning. 21
Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a major health problem for adolescents. Health care providers for adolescents play a critical role in preventing and treating STDs. In May 2002, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published the Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines 2002. These evidence-based guidelines are based on a systematic literature review focusing on information that had become available since the 1998 Guidelines for Treatment of STDs. This article reviews the new STD treatment guidelines for gonorrhea, chlamydia, bacterial vaginosis, trichomonas, vulvovaginal candidiasis, pelvic inflammatory disease, genital warts, herpes simplex virus infection, syphilis, and scabies. Although these guidelines emphasize treatment, prevention strategies and diagnostic recommendations also are discussed.
Representing supraspecific taxa in higher‐level phylogenetic analyses: guidelines for palaeontologists

Abstract: As phylogenetic analyses become larger, one of the greatest methodological difficulties is representing speciose supraspecific clades in higher‐level analyses (e.g. trilobites within studies of arthropod phylogeny). Several strategies have been proposed, including using representative single composite terminals or species‐level exemplars, and various methods are currently used in the palaeontological literature. However, this is problematic, as simulation studies and empirical arguments in the systematics literature have clearly identified multiple exemplars as the optimal method. The continuing usage of suboptimal strategies in palaeontology may lessen the accuracy of phylogenies and hampers comparison between alternative studies. Here, I outline problems with suboptimal strategies, review arguments in support of multiple exemplars and provide guidelines for palaeontologists undertaking higher‐level phylogenetic analyses.
Reconnaissance δ 13 C and δ 18 O data from Trench 14, Busted Butte, and drill hole G-4, Yucca Mountain, Nevada test site

Trench 14 was excavated to investigate the extent of Quaternary movement on the Bow Ridge fault, a north-south structure on the east side of Yucca Mountain. The trench exposes calcite and opaline silica as fault breccia cements, veinlike fault fillings, and slope-parallel calcretes. Although the latter are clearly similar to calcretes of pedogenic origin, the cementing and fault-filling mineralization is enigmatic and has been variously attributed to deposition from ascending ground waters (warm or cool), from shallow-sourced (possibly perched) ground water, or from descending soil-zone waters ('recharge'). Preliminary δ 13 C and δ 18 O values of calcite from Trench 14, from sand-ramp calcretes and veinlike fault fillings at Busted Butte, and from drill core in the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain reveal some interesting trends and variations and provide some constraints on the temperature of calcite precipitation.
Proton Pump Inhibitors versus Histamine-2-Receptor Antagonists for the Management of Iatrogenic Gastric Ulcer after Endoscopic Mucosal Resection or Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials

Background/Aims: Both proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and histamine-2-receptor antagonist (H2RA) are considered to be effective for the treatment of iatrogenic gastric ulcer after endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). We aimed to systematically evaluate the evidence comparing PPI and H2RA for iatrogenic ulcer. Methods: Data from PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar were searched to identify eligible randomized trials. Outcome measures were delayed bleeding, epigastric pain and ulcer healing. Results: Six full-text studies were identified including a total of 522 patients. Pooled data suggested a significantly lower bleeding rate in the PPI group than in the H2RA group (odds ratio (OR) 0.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25-0.95). Subgroup analysis showed PPI was more effective in the prevention of bleeding than H2RA for ESD-induced ulcer (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.20-0.85) and 8-week duration of medication (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.17-0.76). There were no differences in the incidence of epigastric pain (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.53-1.51) and ulcer healing rate after endoscopic therapies between both groups. Conclusion: This meta-analysis shows PPI is superior to H2RA for the prevention of delayed bleeding without different effectiveness in the reduction of epigastric pain and in the promotion of ulcer healing after EMR or ESD.
Study of a new method of radio-sensor identification of radio-electronic devices

The purpose of this work is to increase the protection of radio-electronic devices from illegal cloning, by studying a new physically unclonable functions (PUF) connected with the own electromagnetic radiation of a radio-electronic device. The work uses experimental research methods to record the electrical component of the electromagnetic field emitted by the product - the signal radio profile (SRP). Correlation analysis methods for product authentication, Pearson's statistical agreement method for identification are used. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the SRP to identify a group of devices and radio-technical protection of a radio-electronic product from fakes and illegal copies.
Fiscal Decentralization and Economic Growth : Evidence from Indonesia

As more countries embrace decentralization, economists have been debating its impact on economic growth. They use both single and cross country empirical data and find mixed evidences. Indonesia is one recent example of country’s migration transition from a centralized regime to a decentralized one. It is unique for its scope, scale and time of preparation. The country had only less than two years of preparation to abandon three decades of a centralized system. Decentralization meant that the central government devolved almost all public service functions all at once to 367 sub-provincial (district) governments. This paper presents the evidence of decentralization’s impact on growth in Indonesia. We use two decentralization measures: own source revenue ratio and expenditure ratio, and examine their impact on growth by using panel data covering the 1991 to 2005 period. We find that in Indonesia, hitherto, fiscal decentralization has a negative impact on growth
DirEct versus VIdeo LaryngosCopE (DEVICE): Protocol and statistical analysis plan for a randomized clinical trial in critically ill adults undergoing emergency tracheal intubation

Introduction: Among critically ill patients undergoing orotracheal intubation in the emergency department (ED) or intensive care unit (ICU), failure to visualize the vocal cords and intubate the trachea on the first attempt is associated with an increased risk of complications. Two types of laryngoscopes are commonly available: direct laryngoscopes and video laryngoscopes. For critically ill adults undergoing emergency tracheal intubation, it remains uncertain whether use of a video laryngoscope increases the incidence of successful intubation on the first attempt compared with use of a direct laryngoscope. Methods and Analysis: The DirEct Versus VIdeo LaryngosCopE (DEVICE) trial is a prospective, multi-center, non-blinded, randomized trial being conducted in 6 EDs and 10 ICUs in the United States. The trial plans to enroll up to 2,000 critically ill adults undergoing orotracheal intubation with a laryngoscope. Eligible patients are randomized 1:1 to the use of a video laryngoscope or a direct laryngoscope for the first intubation attempt. The primary outcome is successful intubation on the first attempt. The secondary outcome is the incidence of severe complications between induction and 2 minutes after intubation, defined as the occurrence of one or more of the following: severe hypoxemia (lowest oxygen saturation < 80%); severe hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 65 mm Hg or new or increased vasopressor administration); cardiac arrest; or death. Enrollment began on March 16, 2022 and is expected to be completed in 2023. Ethics and Dissemination: The trial protocol was approved with waiver of informed consent by the single institutional review board at Vanderbilt University Medical Center and the Human Research Protection Office of the Department of Defense. The results will be presented at scientific conferences and submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov registration (NCT05239195) on February 14, 2022, prior to the enrollment of the first patient.
Plasmid characterization in bacterial isolates of public health relevance in a tertiary healthcare facility in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

Plasmids are infectious double stranded DNA molecules that are found within bacteria. Horizontal gene transfer promotes successful spread of different types of plasmids within or among bacteria species, making their detection an important task for guiding clinical treatment. We used whole genome sequenced data to determine the prevalence of plasmid replicons in clinical bacterial isolates, the presence of resistance and virulence genes in plasmids, and the relationship between resistance and virulence genes within each plasmid. All bacterial sequences were de novo assembled using Unicycler before extraction of plasmids. Assembly graphs were submitted to Gplas+plasflow for plasmid prediction. The predicted plasmid components were validated using PlasmidFinder. A total of 159 (56.2%) out of 283 bacterial isolates were found to carry plasmids, with E. coli, K. pneumoniae and S. aureusbeing the most prevalent plasmid carriers. A total of 27 (87.1%) combined plasmids were found to carry both resistance and virulence genes compared to 4 (12.9%) single plasmids. No statistically significant correlation was found between the number of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in plasmids (r =-0.25, p > 0.05). Our findings show a relatively high proportion of plasmid-carrying isolates suggesting selection pressure due to antibiotic use in the hospital. Co-occurrence of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in clinical isolates is a public health relevant problem needing attention.
In the Process of Being Left Behind: Rural-Urban Migration, Precarious Work Conditions, and the Health of Neglected Populations in Agbogbloshie, Accra, Ghana

Unlike international labour migration, there is a lack of substantive evidence of precarious work conditions and their associated poor health outcomes among rural-urban migrant labour workers. A lacuna that this paper attempts to fill in one of Ghana’s urban slums, Agbogbloshie. We employed a sequential explanatory mixed methods design. In the absence of any sampling frame, simple random sampling was used to select 113 migrant household heads, while purposive sampling was used to select 12 in-depth interviews (IDI) and (8) key informant interviews (KII). The paper leans on the Harris-Todaro (1970) model and the ecological model. We found various precarious work activities, mostly dirty, demeaning, dangerous, and unrewarding. Logistic regression was performed on whether or not the type of work undertaken by the migrants resulted in ill-health. Using motor riders as reference, it indicates that electronic waste dealers’ odds of ill-health (OR=1.0 [95%CI: 0.09–10.17]; P=1.0). Scraps dealers (OR=0.69[95%CI: 0.10–4.72]; P=0.71). Head porters (OR=0.25[95%CI: 0.22–6.97]; P=0.80. Street hawkers (OR= 0.5[95%CI: 0.03–7.45]; P=0.62). Truck pushers (0.83[95%CI: 0.05–13.63]; P=0.90). However, the association between precarious work and ill-health was insignificant across all work activities (P > 0.05). We found a slow pace in the government’s response to addressing precarious work activities. We recommend work acceleration.
Impact of Surgical Rejuvenation on Visual Processing and Character Attribution of Faces

Background: This study considers observers’ reflexive responses to the rejuvenated face, and how instinctive responses relate to subjective judgment. We investigated observers’ reflexive perception of faces both pre and post surgical intervention during the early stages of visual processing. Subjective character attribution for all test images was also assessed by the same observers. Method: Forty frontal facial images of 20 patients portraying the pre- and postoperative high superficial musculoaponeurotic system facelift along with variable concomitant procedures were studied. Nineteen lookzone regions were mapped post hoc onto each image. Forty observers examined the images, whereas an eye-tracking camera recorded their eye movements. Visual fixation data were recorded and analyzed. Observers also rated each image on the basis of five elemental positive character attributes. Results: A statistically coherent but nonsignificant (P > 0.05) trend was identified with the surgical intervention resulting in greater attention being paid to the central triangle region of the face with reduction in attention to the facial periphery. Facial rejuvenation significantly increased the subjective character ratings of all five positively valenced attributes tested. Average age estimate of the photos decreased significantly from 54 to 48.6 years (true average age of 57.4 years). Conclusions: We provide data illustrating both reflexive and subjective responses to facial rejuvenation. Observers reported a more favorable impression of the treated faces and evaluated them as being younger than their true age. A trend was detected for increased visual fixation of the central facial region following rejuvenation. Interpretation of these findings and indication for further research is provided.
Early-life stress induces emotional and molecular alterations in female 1 mice which is partially reversed by cannabidiol

26 Gender is considered as a pivotal determinant of mental health. Indeed, several 27 psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression are more common and persistent in 28 women than in men. In the past two decades, impaired brain energy metabolism has been 29 highlighted as a risk factor for the development of these psychiatric disorders. However, 30 comprehensive behavioural and neurobiological studies in brain regions relevant to 31 anxiety and depression symptomatology are scarce. In the present study, we summarize 32 findings describing cannabidiol effects on anxiety and depression in maternally separated
Numerical analysis of flow-induced rotation of an S-shaped rotor

Flow-induced rotation of an S-shaped rotor is investigated using an adaptive numerical scheme based on a vortex particle method. The boundary integral equation with respect to Bernoulli’s function is solved using a panel method for obtaining the pressure distribution on the rotor surface which applies the torque to the rotor. The present work first addresses the validation of the scheme against the previous studies of a rotating circular cylinder. Then, we compute the automatic rotation start of an S-shaped rotor from a quiescent state for various values of the moment of inertia. The computed flow patterns where the rotor supplies (or is supplied with) the torque to (or from) the fluid are shown during one cycle of rotation. The vortex shedding from the tip of the advancing bucket is found to play a key role in generating positive torque on the rotor. A remarkable finding is the fact that, after the rotor reaches a stable rotation, the trajectory of the limit cycle in the present autonomous system accounts for the stable rotating movement of the rotor. Furthermore, the hydrodynamic scenario of the rotor automatically starting up from a quiescent state and entering the limit cycle is elucidated for various values of the moment of inertia and the initial angle of the rotor.
Laplacian, on the Sierpinski tetrahedron

Following the approach of J. Kigami and R. S. Strichartz, we hereafter present a detailed construction of a Laplacian on the Sierpinski Tetrahedron ST. We go so far as giving the explicit spectrum of the Laplacian, with a specific presentation of the first eigenvalues. This enables us to obtain an estimate of the spectral counting function (analogous of Weyl's law).
The sequence of non k-th powers of a finite group G

Abstract We examine the connection between the sequence of not k-th powers of a finite group G and structural information about G. It is known that a single nonzero entry in the sequence bounds the order of G. We show that information about the number of specific not k-th powers can determine whether G is nilpotent, has a normal Hall subgroup, and other structural information about G. Furthermore, we show that the set of not k-th powers uniquely determines finite abelian groups up to isomorphism.