Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Historyczne złącza ciesielskie

Rozwój budownictwa drewnianego uwarunkowany był dobrymi parametrami wytrzymałościowymi drewna oraz jego szeroką dostępnością. Wznoszono budynki od obwarowań, poprzez domy i budowle sakralne, aż po wielkie obiekty inżynierskie. Kluczowym zagadnieniem w kształtowaniu tych obiektów było wykonywanie połączeń, które zespalały elementy budynku w całość, zapewniały przenoszenie sił i niejednokrotnie świadczyły o wysoko rozwiniętej technice i kunszcie budowniczych. Budowle z drewna były tworzone już w epoce kamienia i brązu za pomocą ówczesnych prostych narzędzi. Na uwagę zasługują najstarsze drewniane mosty (np. most na Renie z 55 r. p.n.e. czy most Trajana przez Dunaj ze 105 r.). Najstarsze zachowane w Europie obiekty to domy o drewnianym szkielecie wypełnionym deskami i plecionką (IX w.) i domy z bali o konstrukcji zrębowej ścian (X – XII w.). Pierwsze połączenia w tych domach to połączenia trzpieniowe i klinowe. Łączniki wykonywano z drewna twardszego, np. dębowego lub jesionowego. W grodzie Radzim pochodzącym z IX/X w. odkryto pierwsze połączenia czopowe [1]. W pierwszych domach szkieletowych z XIII w. stosowano połączenia czopowe wzmacniane klinami, połączenia wrębowe z czopami i w kształcie jaskółczego ogona. Między XIII a XVII w. nastąpił znaczny rozwój sztuki ciesielskiej i powstały nowe typy konstrukcji więźby, m.in. w gotyckich dachach i barokowych kopułach oraz nowe formy połączeń [1]. Od XVII w. na pograniczu Niemiec, Czech i Polski wznoszono tzw. domy przy
Keywords: Hedges; Types; Frequen Hedges in English Research Articles by Kurdish and English Native Authors

This paper examines the types and frequency of hedges written by Kurdish authors (KA) and English authors (EA) in different sections of English research articles in the field of linguistics during the period 2016-2018, based on the taxonomy of hedges proposed by Hyland (1998). Hence, a corpus of twenty research articles published in national and international journals were randomly selected and analyzed in terms of frequency and type. The choice of hedging devices is basically tactical since authors from both groups incline to use appropriate hedging strategies to express claims with accuracy, attention and humility. The results show that generally English authors use more hedges compared to Kurdish authors, this could be due to different cultural background, nationality, language proficiency and rhetorical differences between the two languages. English authors use lexical verbs, adverbs, adjectives and nouns in research articles more frequently than their Kurdish counterparts. The findings also provide some pedagogical implications for teachers in that they can employ various techniques to help students improve their ability in using hedging devices; they should also make students be aware of different types of hedging devices.
Person-Centred Maternity Care in a Poor-Resource Setting: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Study in Enugu State, Nigeria

Background Women are not getting adequate person-centred maternity care (PCMC) in low-income and middle-income countries despite being important in reducing maternal morbidity and mortality. This study assessed perceptions and predictors of PCMC among childbearing women in Enugu State, South-east Nigeria.Methods The study was conducted in two health districts in Enugu State using a descriptive, cross-sectional survey design. We conveniently selected 450 childbearing women, within 9 weeks post-partum, from 11 health facilities purposively selected based on high maternal and child health attendance. Data was collected from women using an interviewer administered 30-item PCMC scale (scores 0–90) consisting of: dignity and respect (6 items, scores 0–18), communication and autonomy (9 items, scores 0–27), and supportive care (15 items, scores 0–45). We categorized full PCMC and each sub-scale into “low, medium and high” using 25th and 75th percentile of the summative scores. The questionnaire also collected data on women characteristics, facility characteristics and service type. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, t- tests, analysis of variance and Generalized Linear Models.Results Women had medium scores on full PCMC scale and sub-scales. The lowest score was in communication and autonomy. A quarter of women perceived PCMC as high. Marrying at age 20–29 years (β = 5.83, ρ = 0.002), self-employed women (β = -10.23, ρ = 0.004), starting antenatal care in the third trimester (β = -7.93, ρ = 0.008), high participation in household decisions (β = -4.98, ρ = 0.011), domestic violence experience (β = 5.41, ρ = 0.002), delivery at health centre (β = 7.09, ρ = 0.000), delivery at private/mission hospital (β = 17.47, ρ = 0.000), delivery by non-skilled attendant (β = -9.61, ρ = 0.001); delivery by community health workers (β = -7.65, ρ = 0.001), and experience of pregnancy complication (β = 6.20, ρ = 0.028) predicted PCMC.Conclusions Person-centred maternity care was generally inadequate. Improving PCMC would entail sustaining dignified care, enhancing provider-patient communication, addressing facility-level drivers, increasing women’s personal empowerment and self-employment, timely initiation of antenatal care, and paying attention to women with pregnancy complication.
A proposal for changes to the European Union syphilis surveillance case definition using evidence from evaluations in Ireland

Syphilis remains a disease of public health importance, with considerable health effects if not treated. Concurrent infection with syphilis and untreated HIV facilitates HIV transmission. The incidence of syphilis in Europe has been increasing, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM) and in MSM with HIV. However, there is heterogeneity among countries in the case definition used for syphilis and in reported syphilis notification rates. In Ireland, we have undertaken a number of refinements of the national syphilis surveillance system since 2014, including refinement of the laboratory thresholds for notification (rapid plasma reagin 1:16 and/or positive IgM). This article outlines the steps taken and some of the challenges we faced. Our current case definition now accurately reflects the epidemiology of syphilis in Ireland and our current surveillance provides timely information for action, while not reducing the sensitivity of the system too much. For countries where surveillance is driven mainly by laboratory reporting and where obtaining clinical details is challenging, these thresholds for notification may be a pragmatic solution.
The Role of Serum Expression Levels of Microrna-21 on Bone Mineral Density in Hypostrogenic Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis: Study on Level of RANKL, OPG, TGFβ-1, Sclerostin, RANKL/OPG Ratio, and Physical Activity.

BACKGROUND MiR-21 is known to play a role in osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, but the role of serum miR-21 expression in osteoporosis remains unclear. Previous research found that serum miR-21 expression was positively correlated with bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients, but other factors involved in postmenopausal osteoporosis still unknown. This study aimed to determine the role of serum miR-21 expression, concentration of RANKL, OPG, TGF-β1, sclerostin and serum calcium, RANKL/OPG ratio, and physical activity on bone mineral density of spine in hypoestrogenic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (PMOP) compared with no osteoporosis (PMNOP), with point of interest on the expression of serum miR-21. METHODS this study was conducted by comparative cross-sectional design. The subjects were divided into 2 groups of PMOP and PMNOP. We used an absolute quantification real-time PCR method to determine serum miR-21 expressions level. RESULTS Median of serum miR-21 expression at the PMOP group was significantly higher compared to PMNOP group (p = 0.001). Serum miR-21 expression, RANKL, RANKL/OPG ratio, and physical activity were significantly correlated with BMD values in the PMOP group. Moderate physical activity was significantly negatively correlated with serum miR-21 expression. We also obtained a linear regression equation BMD = 1.373-0.085*Ln.miR-21-0.176*Log10.RANKL (R2 = 52.5%). CONCLUSION serum miR-21 expression in PMOP was higher compared with PMNOP. Serum miR-21 expression proved to have a negative effect on spinal BMD values in hypoestrogenic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis of 8.5%. Obtained equation of BMD = 1.373-0.085*Ln.miR-21-0.176*Log10.RANKL can explain the value of spinal BMD by 52.5%.
Effects of Impeller-Diffuser Interaction on Centrifugal Compressor Performance

This research program focuses on characterizing the effect of impeller-diffuser interactions in a centrifugal compressor stage on its performance using unsteady threedimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulations. The computed results show that the interaction between the downstream diffuser pressure field and the impeller tip clearance flow can account for performance changes in the impeller. The magnitude of performance change due to this interaction was examined for an impeller with varying tip clearance followed by a vaned or vaneless diffuser. The impact of unsteady impeller-diffuser interaction, primarily through the impeller tip clearance flow, is reflected through a time-averaged change in impeller loss, blockage and slip. The results show that there exists a tip clearance where the beneficial effect of the impeller-diffuser interaction on the impeller performance is at a maximum. A flow feature that consists of tip flow back leakage was shown to occur at design speed for the centrifugal compressor stage. This flow phenomenon is described as tip flow that originates in one passage, flows downstream of the impeller trailing edge and then returns to upstream of the impeller trailing edge of a neighboring passage. Such a flow feature is a source of loss in the impeller. A hypothesis is put forth to show that changing the diffuser vane count and changing impeller-diffuser gap has an analogous effect on the impeller performance. The centrifugal compressor stage was analyzed using diffusers of different vane counts, producing an impeller performance trend similar to that when the impeller-diffuser gap was varied, thus supporting the hypothesis made. This has the implication that the effect impeller performance associated with changing the impeller-diffuser gap and changing diffuser vane count can be described by the non-dimensional ratio of impeller-diffuser gap to diffuser vane pitch. A procedure is proposed and developed for isolating impeller passage blockage change without the need to define the region of blockage generation (which may incur a certain degree of arbitrariness). This method has been assessed for its applicability and utility.
Teams, Team Process, and Team Building

This chapter examines what is involved in creating effective teams first by differentiating between work units and teams, examining team processes, understanding how and when teams can contribute to a more effective organization, and discussing how to select and develop the best team members, develop effective team leadership, and motivate team performance. It examines some of the latest developments and challenges in teams, including virtual and global teams. The group process model says that the sum of the individuals’ potential plus process gain minus process loss equals group effectiveness. The chapter describes the situations in which teams can be productive and those in which they cannot. It is important for employees to understand how their tasks contribute to the success of others’ tasks and what the successful performance of these tasks means to the organization. Team members should be selected based on either possessing technical skills, problem-solving and decision-making skills or interpersonal skills, or having a strong aptitude for their development. The chapter explains the importance of training with respect to teams, distinguishes between task-related training and team-related training, and helps the reader to understand the concept of team building. Successful team leaders know that team performance comes from collective effort and action. Goal-setting theories suggest that goals can improve performance because they generate, direct, and sustain effort. The chapter explains how to evaluate team and team member performance, and emphasizes individual performance in terms of contribution to the team.
COHORT STUDY OF LEARNER AND NOVICE DRIVERS PART 2: ATTITUDES, OPINIONS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRIVING SKILLS IN THE FIRST 2 YEARS

A major cohort study was set up in 1988 to explore the relationship between the experience gained while learning to drive and the subsequent accident rates of recently qualified drivers. The study has the objective of gathering detailed information concerning the methods used by learner drivers in Great Britain, and of identifying any aspect of the learning experience which is particularly associated with better or poorer subsequent accident rates. Factors associated with better or poorer performance in the driving test, driver attitudes and the development of driving skills once the test has been passed are also examined. This report is the second in a series of 4 which will be published under the collective heading of "Cohort study of learner and novice drivers". It outlines the methodology of, and presents the findings from, component surveys of the attitudes and opinions of recently qualified drivers and the development of driving skills in the first 2 years. The attitudes and opinions of drivers concerning a range of road safety issues, the training and testing system in Great Britain, their own driving ability (and that of other drivers), their driving style, the importance of factors in causing road accidents and possible countermeasures directed at young-newly qualified drivers are discussed. The results of driving skills assessments conducted with 400 new drivers at intervals during their first 2 years of driving are considered in relation to findings from the survey of performance in the learner driving test. (A)
Performance parameters and target values for construction of UK road foundations

There i s impe tus in the UK to move away f rom empi r ica l des ign o f road founda t ions and method spec i f i ca t ion towards ana ly t i ca l des ign assured by end p roduc t t e s t ing dur ing cons t ruc t ion . Cur ren t r esea rch a t Loughborough Univers i ty , sponsored by the Highways Agency , i s a imed a t in t roduc ing such a pe r fo rmance based spec i f i ca t ion . Th is paper in t roduces the ph i losophy beh ind the resea rch and exp la ins the p r imary ob jec t ives . Se lec t ive resu l t s a re p resen ted f rom a fu l l sca le f i e ld t r i a l cons t ruc t ion o f a road founda t ion on a so f t subgrade , which was charac te r i sed by a va r ie ty o f f i e ld dev ices and subsequen t ly t r a f f i cked . Th i s paper focuses on ins i tu s t i f fness modulus (E R ) , measured by severa l dev ices fo r compar i son . The se t t ing o f su i t ab le t a rge t va lues fo r f i e ld E R i s seen as a key fac to r and the in f luence o f inheren t va r iab i l i ty in mate r ia l r esponse a concern . The d i sc repancy be tween dev ices and the p rob lem of longte rm s tab i l i ty a re d i scussed and h igh l igh ted as a key focus fo r the remainder o f the work .
Estimating the sea ice floe size distribution using satellite altimetry: theory, climatology, and model comparison

Abstract. In sea-ice-covered areas, the sea ice floe size distribution (FSD) plays an important role in many processes affecting the coupled sea–ice–ocean–atmosphere system. Observations of the FSD are sparse – traditionally taken via a painstaking analysis of ice surface photography – and the seasonal and inter-annual evolution of floe size regionally and globally is largely unknown. Frequently, measured FSDs are assessed using a single number, the scaling exponent of the closest power-law fit to the observed floe size data, although in the absence of adequate datasets there have been limited tests of this “power-law hypothesis”. Here we derive and explain a mathematical technique for deriving statistics of the sea ice FSD from polar-orbiting altimeters, satellites with sub-daily return times to polar regions with high along-track resolutions. Applied to the CryoSat-2 radar altimetric record, covering the period from 2010 to 2018, and incorporating 11 million individual floe samples, we produce the first pan-Arctic climatology and seasonal cycle of sea ice floe size statistics. We then perform the first pan-Arctic test of the power-law hypothesis, finding limited support in the range of floe sizes typically analyzed in photographic observational studies. We compare the seasonal variability in observed floe size to fully coupled climate model simulations including a prognostic floe size and thickness distribution and coupled wave model, finding good agreement in regions where modeled ocean surface waves cause sea ice fracture.
Effectiveness of Various Safety Improvements in Reducing Crashes on Wyoming Roadways

The high societal cost of roadway crashes nationwide makes improving highway safety an important objective of transportation agencies. Recognizing this, Safety Management Systems (SMS) have been required by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to encourage states to pursue and promote safety and accident investigations. In 2006, the Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT) SMS Committee organized an effort to reduce the number of fatal and serious injury crashes on Wyoming roadways. A plan was published in a formal document known as the Wyoming State Highway Safety Plan (WSHSP). When developing the WSHSP, the WYDOT SMS Committee recognized four main emphasis areas: roadway departure crashes, use of safety restraints, impaired driving, and speeding. While each one of the four emphasis areas plays an important role in the overall reduction of fatal and serious injury crashes statewide, this research focuses primarily on roadway departure crashes. This research study summarizes the effectiveness of the WSHSP on crash severity statewide. This is done by analyzing crash severity on geometric conditions statewide, as well as the effectiveness of two types of safety devices installed on selected roadway sections: shoulder rumble strips and cable median barriers.
Decoding Organization: Bletchley Park, Codebreaking and Organization Studies

Introduction: organization studies, history and Bletchley Park Part I. Decoding Structures: 1. The making of Bletchley Park 2. The making of signals intelligence at Bletchley Park Part II. Decoding Cultures: 3. Pillars of culture at Bletchley Park 4. Splinters of culture at Bletchley Park Part III. Decoding Work: 5. Making Bletchley Park work 6. Understanding Bletchley Park's work Conclusion: reviving organization studies.
Does Price Cause Demand or Vice Versa? Evidence from Demand Analyses for Soft Drinks in the US

For the full use of the theoretical development to derive three alternative specifications of the direct, inverse, and mixed demand systems, the following empirical procedure is proposed to address three issues of the identification, functional form, and comparisons among three specifications: (i) the graphical causal methods of the PC and GES algorithms are applied to obtain an empirical guidance for the specification choice among three demand specifications; (ii) the inferred specifications are estimated with the generalized functional forms, which extend the synthetic approach based on the differential functional form framework; and the statistical tests of synthetic coefficients are used to choose the best parameterizations among the Rotterdam, LA/AIDS, CBS, NBR, and generalized functional forms within each of the three specification; (iii) the estimated results of the chosen parameterization are interpreted and compared based on the identified relationships among three demand specifications; Finally, the overall results of three alternative specifications are evaluated based on the model selection frameworks. The validity of the procedure is illustrated by using retail checkout scanner data of soft drinks consumptions.
Recovering multiplexing loss and improving reliability in cooperative half-duplex relay networks.

To meet the rapid growth of wireless applications and multimedia services, the development of wireless communications that is able to provide higher data rates and more reliable communications while maintaining satisfactory quality of service is required. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system has shown tremendous potential to be an excellent approach for solving this problem by providing multiplexing and spatial diversity gains without requiring additional radio resources, such as bandwidth and power. However, the size and complexity limitations of wireless mobile devices mean that MIMO systems may possibly be unfeasible, especially for the uplink. For this reason, cooperative communications has been proposed and its potential benefits have attracted much research attention in the past few years. The idea of this technique is to utilize the broadcast nature of wireless signals by exploiting the fact that a signal intended for a particular destination node can be overheard at neighboring nodes, and thus these nodes can help each other to create a virtual MIMO system. Spectral efficiency (multiplexing gain) and reliability (diversity gain) are the two most important features of cooperative communication protocols. Many cooperative communication protocols are able to achieve full spatial diversity gain, but fail to exploit the multiplexing gain. It is observed in many cases that the multiplexing gain is reduced to one-half due to the half-duplex constraint of the relay. Thus, in this thesis, we investigate cooperative communications protocols that are able to enhance this spectral efficiency (recover multiplexing loss) and improve the corresponding reliability in wireless networks. Specifically, we first analyze the performance of amplify-and-forward (AF) twopath, also known as successive half-duplex, relaying protocol where two-relays are utilized to alternate between transmission and reception modes. This protocol is very interesting, but less studied in the literature due to inter-relay interference inherent in this protocol. We first show that the two-path relaying protocol is able to significantly recover the multiplexing loss of conventional half-duplex relaying. We then propose an inter-relay self-interference cancellation method to manage the interference. A precoder design is also proposed to achieve full diversity gain and thus improving the overall reliability. Our next step is to characterize the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) of