Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Riprap Size Selection at Wing-Wall Abutments

The results of an experimental investigation of riprap stability at wing-wall abutments are reported. The aim of the experiments was the determination of the size of riprap stones necessary to resist shear failure by the flow. The results, which were obtained under a wide range of mobile-bed conditions, are compared with predictions of riprap stone size given by existing equations. Two existing methods, with the addition of suitable factors of safety, are shown to give stable stone size for riprap layers at wing-wall abutments under mobile-bed conditions. It is noted that consideration needs also to be given to filter protection, edge effects, and the effects of bed-form undermining in the design of such riprap layers.
On reducing ambiguity in the interpretation of transient electromagnetic sounding data1

An attempt to resolve non-uniqueness in the interpretation of transient electromagnetic (TEM) sounding data using measured data alone is made. It is shown in the various examples studied that sufficiently early time measurements can be the determining factor in reducing the ambiguity caused by model equivalence. The early delay times thus play a dual role in transient soundings: they are responsible for resolving shallow structures and they may eliminate the ambiguity in the interpretation of geoelectric parameters of deeper targets. This is illustrated by the results of a follow-up TEM survey at the Dead Sea coast of Israel where the use of supplementary early time measurements allowed non-uniqueness in the determination of the depth to fresh/saline groundwater interface to be resolved.
MYeHALAL System Usage During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Proposing a Socio-Technical Model to Enhance the Certifier’s Role

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted Malaysian halal certification process. With lockdowns and travel restrictions in place, halal certification bodies have had to adapt to new ways of conducting inspections and audits. This has led to delays and backlogs in the certification process. The purpose of this study is to propose a socio-technical model that will enhance the role of the certifiers in the MYeHALAL system during the Covid-19 pandemic. The system aims to make halal certification more accessible in Malaysia. However, it appears that this endeavour is difficult to achieve, considering the discouraging acceptance of the users. The Covid-19 pandemic makes the halal application process even more difficult as not all halal certification application processes can be done online. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 halal applicants and 3 officers from the certification bodies. To develop the model, this study used Actor-Network Theory (ANT), a theory that allows for equal consideration of human (social) and non-human (technological) elements in one analysis. The socio-technical model is derived from identified issues that led to the revelation of the three actors or elements; applicants, technology and guidelines which have a major impact on the use of the MYeHALAL system. The model will highlight the important elements that the certifiers should emphasize to improve its organizational performance and promote more sustainable use of the system particularly during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study provided new insight into enhancing the role of halal food certifiers by proposing a socio-technical model.
Shadow education: new areas of inquiry in teaching, learning and development (Educación en la sombra: nuevas áreas de estudio sobre enseñanza, aprendizaje y desarrollo)

ABSTRACT Shadow education research has expanded rapidly worldwide in the past decades. Whilst most studies have focused on somewhat broad dimensions of shadow education (for example, its prevalence, nature and characteristics at different educational levels, or its impact on social inequalities), there are various important micro dimensions of this phenomenon that have received limited scholarly attention. In fact, the field lacks research on topics such as the impact of shadow education on students’ developmental outcomes beyond grades and performance scores, teaching and learning practices or the effects of related policies on the various educational stakeholders. This special issue contributes to filling these gaps. The first part of this introductory article briefly defines the concept of shadow education and discusses its evolvement, before identifying the trends and gaps in the extant research. The second part describes the structure and content of the special issue. After the present introduction, readers will find a ‘Prospectives’ article, followed by four empirical studies. These contributions investigate innovative topics and identify new areas of inquiry in shadow education pertaining to teaching, learning and development.
Measurement and analysis of C2‐C10 hydrocarbons at Whiteface Mountain, New York

Canister-based sampling and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection analytical techniques were developed and employed in the field measurement of hydrocarbons conducted from June 1994 through December 1995 at the summit (1400 m) and lodge (600 m) of Whiteface Mountain (WFM). More than 50 ambient hydrocarbon species, including C 2 -C 10 alkanes, C 2 -C 6 alkenes, benzene and a select group of alkylated aromatics, and isoprene were analyzed using these techniques with an estimated accuracy of ±20%. The instrumental limit of detection was ∼20 parts per trillion carbon (pptC). Quality assurance of the analysis was performed, in part, via participation in the Nonmethane Hydrocarbon Intercomparison Experiment (NOMHICE). The NOMHICE results showed that for the majority of the target hydrocarbon species the percent differences between our analyses and those of the referee group were <10% for the standard mixtures and <20% for the whole air sample. Analyses of the hydrocarbon data indicate that WFM is routinely in the path of aged photochemical regional air masses which have been influenced by urban emission upwind of the site. The distribution of hydrocarbon species observed at WFM matches that of mobile sources. The seasonal variation of anthropogenic hydrocarbons at WFM is consistent with the expected seasonal variation in OH. The observed changes in the ratios of toluene/benzene from the summers of 1994-1995 are indicative of a greater reduction in the benzene emissions relative to toluene emissions over this period. One possible explanation for this change is the introduction of reformulated gasoline in many areas in the region starting in 1995. The concentrations of naturally emitted isoprene show a strong seasonal variation and temperature dependence.
Mixing properties of phengitic micas and revised garnet‐phengite thermobarometers

Mixing properties for muscovite–celadonite–ferroceladonite solid solutions are derived from combining available experimental phase equilibrium data with tabulated thermodynamic data for mineral end‐members. When a partially ordered solution model is assumed, the enthalpy of mixing among the end‐members muscovite–celadonite–ferroceladonite is nearly ideal, although the Gibbs energies of muscovite–celadonite and muscovite–ferroceladonite solutions are asymmetric due to an asymmetry in the entropy of mixing. Thermodynamic consistency is achieved for data on phengite compositions inassemblages with (a) pyrope+kyanite+quartz/coesite (b) almandine+kyanite+quartz/coesite (c)talc+kyanite+quartz/coesite and (d) garnet–phengite pairs equilibrated both experimentally at high temperatures and natural pairs from low‐grade schists. The muscovite–paragonite solvus has been reanalysed using the asymmetric van Laar model, and the effects of the phengite substitution into muscovite have been quantitatively addressed in order to complete the simple thermodynamic mixing model for the solid solution among the mica end‐members. Results are applied to a natural pyrope–coesite–phengite–talc rock from the Western Alps, and to investigate the conditions under which biotite‐bearing mica schists transform to whiteschist‐like biotite‐absent assemblages for average pelite bulk compositions.
Coherent modes in multiscale variability of streamflow over the United States

Motivated by the need to understand large‐scale hydrologic response, significant research has been directed toward the identification of coherent regions using characteristics of streamflow variability. Typically, these regions are delineated using principal component analysis on streamflow. This method does not account for differences in temporal scales of fluctuations embedded in the time series. To capture this, we use wavelet spectral analysis. Wavelet spectra from the specific streamflow series are obtained for outflow binned at 3°‐length segments along the border of the conterminous United States. Rotated principal component analysis is performed on the wavelet spectra to obtain clusters of segments that exhibit similar distribution of variability across scales. Three physically distinct modes explain over 89% of the variability. Two of the modes identified are associated with high variability at seasonal scales, and the third is associated with high variability at small timescales. The runoff generation mechanisms underlying the observed modes of multiscale variability of various regions are also discussed. Each of these coherent modes of multiscale variability indicate the existence of regions with similar scales of fluctuations that are located geographically apart, as well as regions located geographically close with dissimilar scales of fluctuations.
Dissolved-oxygen depressions under ice cover in two Yukon rivers

Concentrations of dissolved oxygen under winter ice cover were studied during the winter of 1982–1983 in two Yukon rivers, the Nordenskiold and Takhini. Oxygen in both rivers became depleted during the winter. The depletion of oxygen was more severe in the river with higher organic carbon concentrations. The development and progression of the depressions appears to be related to physical processes as well as biological consumption. About 80% of the depression takes place during the formation of the ice cover. The results are in agreement with earlier reports of depressions of dissolved oxygen under ice. The depression of oxygen we observed during formation of the ice was much more rapid than had been previously described. The level of dissolved oxygen in these rivers was found to return to the saturation concentration before the ice cover broke up.
INTEGRATED FUSION METHOD FOR MULTIPLE TEMPORAL-SPATIAL-SPECTRAL IMAGES

Data fusion techniques have been widely researched and applied in remote sensing field. In this paper, an integrated fusion method for remotely sensed images is presented. Differently from the existed methods, the proposed method has the performance to integrate the complementary information in multiple temporal-spatial-spectral images. In order to represent and process the images in one unified framework, two general image observation models are firstly presented, and then the maximum a posteriori (MAP) framework is used to set up the fusion model. The gradient descent method is employed to solve the fused image. The efficacy of the proposed method is validated using simulated images.
Filtration and standardized properties of Jebel Om El Khecheb clay (Tunisia) and Wyoming bentonite

Abstract The rheological and filtration properties of a Tunisian clay are presented and compared with those of Wyoming bentonite. The study was part of an evauation of Tunisian mining resources in general, and of the bentonitic deposits in particular. Qualitatively, the two clays exhibit the same rheological and filtration behaviour but quantitatively the properties of purified Wyoming bentonite are distinctly better at the same concentration. The difference can be related to the mineralogical structure and the presence of 13% illite in the Tunisian clay. Standard tests show that the rheological behaviour of the purified Tunisian clay is close to that of the raw Wyoming bentonite and conform to the American Petroluem Institute (A.P.I.) standards for medium-depth drilling formulations.
Efeito do sexo e da maturidade sobre o peso de carcaça quente, acabamento e conformação de bovinos abatidos em Sinop-MT

The classification and typing can be used to group carcasses with similar characteristics, according to criteria of gender, maturity, weight, finishing and conformation to standardize the quality and meat yields. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gender and maturity on the hot carcass weight, finishing and conformation in bovines slaughtered. During 4 days in January 2011, data of 2662 bovine carcass from slaughterhouse located in Sinop, Mato Grosso State, Brazil was analyzed to describe the characteristics of beef carcasses from this region. Females represented 60.86% of slaughters; castrated and non-castrated were 19.91$ and 19.23%, respectively. Analyzing the data observed high maturity of slaughtered animals, independent of gender. Oldest animals presented increase of average carcass weight, as well as the deposition of fat in the carcass, the exception were non-castrated male that not showed a direct relationship between maturity and finishing. Results of non-castrated males and females had difference (P<0.05) in conformation according to the maturity. Therefore, data showed that regardless of gender, the animals had increase of weight, conformation and finishing proportional to the increasing maturity.
II – The Reliability of Height and Identity Data

Secondary surveillance radar is a combined radar and communication system, which provides aircraft position (range and azimuth) on the radar side and identity and height on the communication side. It is a main working tool in Air Traffic Control today and the information it produces is an ingredient in providing separation between aircraft in flight. This paper is concerned only with the reliability of the identity (Mode C) and the height (Mode A) data, and not with the radar position data as such. ‘Reliability’ is taken to mean ‘can the values reported by the SSR be relied upon? ’ Consequently we are not concerned with cases where an interrogation elicits no response, but only with responses which are present but not correct. Furthermore, a ‘Mode C discrepancy’ is defined as a read-out that disagrees with the altimeter reading observed by the pilot, so that we are not concerned with altimeter errors, but only with the faithfulness (or otherwise) with which the SSR reproduces the altimeter reading. In cases where the Mode C read-out is obviously wrong, but no pilot's report is available, it is not always possible to distinguish between an altimeter error and a Mode C discrepancy.
Cyclostratigraphy concepts, definitions, and applications

Cyclostratigraphy is the subdiscipline of stratigraphy that deals with the identification, characterization, correlation, and interpretation of cyclic variations in the stratigraphic record and, in particular, with their application in geochronology by improving the accuracy and resolution of time-stratigraphic frameworks. As such it uses astronomical cycles of known periodicities to date and interpret the sedimentary record. The most important of these cycles are the Earth’s orbital cycles of precession, obliquity, and eccentricity (Milankovitch cycles), which result from perturbations of the Earth’s orbit and its rotational axis. They have periods ranging from 20 to 400 kyr, and even up to millions of years. These cycles translate (via orbital-induced changes in insolation) into climatic, oceanographic, sedimentary, and biological changes that are potentially recorded in the sedimentary archives through geologic time. Many case studies have demonstrated that detailed analysis of the sedimentary record (stacking patterns of beds, disconformities, facies changes, fluctuations in biological composition, and/or changes in geochemical composition) enables identification of these cycles with high confidence. Once the relationship between the sedimentary record and the orbital forcing is established, an unprecedented high time resolution becomes available, providing a precise and accurate framework for the timing of Earth system processes. For the younger part of the geologic past, astronomical time scales have been constructed by tuning cyclic palaeoclimatic records to orbital and insolation target curves; these time scales are directly tied to the Present. In addition, the astronomical tuning has been used to calibrate the 40Ar/39Ar dating method. In the older geologic past, “floating” astronomical time scales provide a high time resolution for stratigraphic intervals, even if their radiometric age is subject to the error margins of the dating techniques. Because the term “sedimentary cycle” is used in many different ways by the geologic community and does not always imply time significance, we propose using “astrocycle” once the cycle periodicity has been demonstrated by a thorough cyclostratigraphic analysis. Authors’ addresses: André Strasser, Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, e-mail: andreas.strasser@unifr.ch; Frederik J. Hilgen, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands, e-mail: fhilgen@geo.uu. nl; Philip H. Heckel, Department of Geoscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, U.S.A. , e-mail: philip-heckel@uiowa.edu DOI: 10.1127/0078-0421/2006/0042-0075 0078-00421/06/0042-0075 $ 10.00 © 2007 Gebrüder Borntraeger, D-14129 Berlin · D-70176 Stuttgart
Some historical, theoretical and applied aspects of quantitative water mass analysis

The concept of water masses is reviewed from the point of view of quantitative water mass analysis. A theoretical framework is presented which describes the life history of water masses in terms of formation, consolidation, aging and decay. Water masses are described as physical entities and compared with their atmospheric counterparts (air masses). The classical temperature-salinity diagram is expanded into the mathematical concept of water types in an n-dimensional parameter space. Water types and their standard deviations are introduced as the foundation for quantitative water mass analysis. The relationship between parameter space and physical space is established through the definition of water type density. Mode Waters are discussed as regions in physical space with a minimum in water type density. Some unresolved issues of the structure of the oceanic thermocline are discussed in this context. The definition of water masses is extended to include water masses in the surface mixed layer where air-sea exchange processes continuously modify water mass properties. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the representation of water masses and their evolution in numerical models.
Hospitalization and Housing: A Qualitative Study Exploring the Perspectives of Hospitalized Patients Experiencing Housing Insecurity

Although housing insecurity has clear negative impacts on health, little is known about how it impacts patients’ experience of hospitalization. In this qualitative study, we interviewed 22 hospitalized patients experiencing housing insecurity. The following three major themes emerged: 1) adverse social and environmental factors directly contribute to hospitalization, 2) lack of tailored care during hospitalization leaves patients unprepared for discharge, and 3) patients have difficulty recuperating after a hospital stay, leading to the risk of rehospitalization. Within these themes, participants described the roles of extreme physical and psychological hardship, chaotic interpersonal relationships, substance use, and stigma affecting participants’ experiences before, during, and following hospitalization. Our results, based directly on the patient experience, suggest a need for hospital systems to invest in universal in-hospital screening for housing insecurity, incorporation of trauma-informed care, and robust partnerships with community organizations. Future research should explore the feasibility and impact of these interventions.
BMP Evaluation for Nutrient Control in a Subtropical Reservoir Watershed Using SWAT Model

The eutrophication problem that results from the inappropriate management in upstream watershed is prevailing among most reservoirs in Taiwan. As a result, implementation of appropriate Best Management Practices (BMPs) in upland watershed has proved to be the most effective measure to reduce or alleviate the nutrient loadings and the risk of eutrophication. This study aims to employ the uncertainty analysis and risk probability on SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) simulation for assessing the effectiveness of various BMP scenarios implemented in Feitsui reservoir watershed. The SWAT model was applied to assess the water quality impacts due to the implementation of various BMP scenarios. Five BMPs were selected and implemented on each agricultural land for overall evaluation of pollution reduction efficiency both at field and watershed scales. Finally, the effects of uncertainty in model input parameters on pollution reduction efficiency of BMPs are evaluated using constrained Monte Carlo simulation based on Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) and Orthogonal sampling (OS) schemes. Moreover, the Cumulative Distribution Functions (CDF) of average annual TP and chlorophyll a concentrations were created for further assessment on eutrophication risk. The simulation results show that the reduction of eutrophication risk approaches 13% (from 15 to 2%) for Caelson Trophic Satus Index (CTSI) methods based on implementation of 5 BMPs (a combined BMP scenario). Overall, this study concludes that incooperating uncertainty analysis in modeling will provide model output with specific probability, which not only assists the decision-maker in developing BMP and TMDL plans but also assesses the reliability of NPS pollution control strategies and risk of water quality degradation. Index Terms—Best Management Practices (BMPs), nonpoint source pollution, nutrient, SWAT model, uncertainty analysis.
A new laboratory technique for determining the compressional wave properties of marine sediments at sonic frequencies and in situ pressures

We describe a new laboratory technique for measuring the compressional wave velocity and attenuation of jacketed samples of unconsolidated marine sediments within the acoustic (sonic) frequency range 1–10 kHz and at elevated differential (confining – pore) pressures up to 2.413 MPa (350 psi). The method is particularly well suited to attenuation studies because the large sample length (up to 0.6 m long, diameter 0.069 m) is equivalent to about one wavelength, thus giving representative bulk values for heterogeneous samples. Placing a sediment sample in a water‐filled, thick‐walled, stainless steel Pulse Tube causes the spectrum of a broadband acoustic pulse to be modified into a decaying series of maxima and minima, from which the Stoneley and compressional wave, velocity and attenuation of the sample can be determined. Experiments show that PVC and copper jackets have a negligible effect on the measured values of sediment velocity and attenuation, which are accurate to better than ± 1.5% for velocity and up to ± 5% for attenuation. Pulse Tube velocity and attenuation values for sand and silty‐clay samples agree well with published data for similar sediments, adjusted for pressure, temperature, salinity and frequency using standard equations. Attenuation in sand decreases with pressure to small values below Q−1 = 0.01 (Q greater than 100) for differential pressures over 1.5 MPa, equivalent to sub‐seafloor depths of about 150 m. By contrast, attenuation in silty clay shows little pressure dependence and intermediate Q−1 values between 0.0206–0.0235 (Q = 49–43). The attenuation results fill a notable gap in the grain size range of published data sets. Overall, we show that the Pulse Tube method gives reliable acoustic velocity and attenuation results for typical marine sediments.