Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurements of the Temperature Inside an Explosive Fireball

This paper discusses the development of a fiber optic probe that can obtain temperature measurements from the interior of explosive fireballs, which are generated when unreacted detonation products react with oxygen in the surrounding air. Signatures of the thermochemical environment and chemical species involved can often be deduced from their light emissions, but the limited optical depth of fireballs means that remote sensing techniques can only sample emissions from the outer shell. By developing a protected fiber optic probe that can be placed adjacent to an exploding charge, giving it the ability to become enveloped by the fireball, the thermal radiation from the interior of the fireball can be sampled. Measurement from five shots using Detasheet-C explosives were carried out and could be obtained over the course of about 20 ms. Blackbody-type radiation with temperatures in the 1600 K to 1900 K range were observed, peaking at about 1850 K after 12 ms. The magnitude and time behavior of the temperature was not significantly different when taken at different locations within the fireball, indicating that temperature is fairly uniform throughout. The lack of specific spectral emission lines implies that in the interior of the fireball any combustion that occurred was probably primarily with carbonaceous soot, though differences in optical depth at different locations in the fireball indicate that it was much more fuel-rich closer to the center.
Reformulation of Processed Yogurt and Breakfast Cereals over Time: A Scoping Review

Poor diet is responsible for a quarter of European non-communicable disease (NCD)-related deaths. The reformulation of sugar, salt, and saturated fat in processed packaged foods offers an opportunity to reduce consumption of nutrients of concern and also support a reduction in energy intake. To date, there have been no publications measuring progress in food reformulation by compiling published evidence for a food category. The aim of this scoping review was to identify, characterize and summarise the findings of studies analysing the reformulation of processed yogurt and breakfast cereals. The review answered the research question: “What is the impact of food reformulation on the nutrient quality of yogurt and breakfast cereals available in the retail environment? ” The research protocol was defined based on PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Five databases were searched in May 2022. Thirteen studies, published between 2010 and 2021 and completed across seven countries were eligible for inclusion. There were sufficient eligible studies to identify trends in sodium, salt, and sugar reduction in breakfast cereals. However, there was minimal or no reduction in energy, which may bring into question the use of food reformulation as part of an overall health strategy for obesity reduction.
Dissipative structures of diffuse molecular gas: II. The translucent environment of a dense core

Aims. This paper belongs to a series of four, dedicated to the analysis of the dynamical, thermal and chemical properties of translucent molecular gas, with the perspective of characterizing the processes driving the dissipation of supersonic turbulence, an anticipated prerequisite of dense core formation. Methods. We analyze the small scale morphology and velocity structure of the parsec-scale environment of a low mass dense core (1 M� ). Our work is based on large maps made with the IRAM-30 m telescope in the two lowest rotational transitions of 12 CO and 13 CO with high angular (20 �� or 0.015 pc at 115 GHz) and spectral (0.055 km s −1 ) resolutions. The field is translucent, hence providing strong constraints on the column density and physical conditions in the gas. Results. More than one third of the field mass (6.5 M� ) lies in an elongated tail of dense and cold gas, possibly extending beyond the edge of the map and connected to the core in space and velocity. This core tail is highly turbulent and sub-structured into narrow filaments of aspect ratio up to 20. These are pure velocity structures with velocity shears in the range 2–10 km s −1 pc −1 . Another third of the mass, according to the weak extinction of the field, lies in more dilute molecular and atomic gas. Its molecular fraction, largely traced by optically thick 12 CO lines, is even more turbulent than the dense core tail. The gas emitting in the broad wings of the 12 CO lines is organized into a conspicuous network of narrow criss-crossed filaments, whose pattern at the parsec scale is seen for the first time. The gas there is optically thin in the 12 CO(1–0) line (τ12 < 0.2), warmer than 25 K and more dilute than 1000 cm −3 . These optically thin 12 CO-filaments, though contributing to about 10% of the mass of the environment, have a CO cooling rate a few times larger than that of the whole field on average. Whether dense or dilute, all the filamentary structures in the field (with transverse sizes 0.015–0.03 pc), are preferentially oriented along the direction of the magnetic fields, as measured a few parsecs away. Using the Chandrasekhar-Fermi method, we estimate the intensity of the magnetic fields intensity in the dilute molecular gas to be Bpos = 15 µG. We infer that the turbulent motions in the dilute gas are in the trans-Alfvenic range. –––
Self-reversed CO profiles in collapsing molecular clouds

Observations of self-reversed CO line profiles in four dense molecular clouds (Mon R2, W3, NGC 1333, and rho Oph) are compared to line profiles calculated for clouds undergoing nonhomologous gravitational collapse (Vcollapse proportional to r/sup -1///sup 2/). While supersonic turbulent cloud models or collapse models with V proportional to r cannot easily account for either the observed line profiles or the line widths of CO and /sup 13/CO, the proposed V proportional r/sup -1///sup 2/ collapse predicts line profiles with features similar to those observed. The best fit to the observed clouds is obtained, not with a pure collapse model, but with one in which a small amount of turbulence is added. The presence of a thermal gradient allows collapse and expansion motions to be distinguished. The four clouds known to possess CO line self-reversals are shown to be in a state of collapse, not expansion. The source-to-source variation of /sup 13/CO line intensity is shown to be a result of the magnitude of the collapse velocity. Predictions are made for the J=2-1 /sup 13/CO line profile in nonhomologously collapsing clouds, and the presence of a self-reversal in these predicted lines provides an observational test for this model. (AIP)
Surgical Outcomes, Long-Term Recurrence Rate, and Resource Utilization in a Prospective Cohort of 165 Patients Treated by Transanal Total Mesorectal Excision for Distal Rectal Cancer

Simple Summary A transanal total mesorectal excision (taTME) is a smart alternative to a conventional TME. Consecutive patients with distal rectal cancer treated by a taTME were prospectively analyzed. Median values were reported as outcomes measures. One hundred sixty-five patients (67% male and 33% female) with a tumor 7 cm from the anal verge were followed for 50 months. The resection margins were threatened in 25% of the patients, while 75% of the patients received neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy. A good mesorectal dissection and clear margins were achieved in 96% of the specimens, and 27 lymph nodes were harvested. Ninety-day major morbidity affected 36 patients (21.8%), including 12 with anastomotic leakages (7.2%). A recurrence occurred locally in 9 patients (5.4%), and 44 patients had distant metastasis (26.7%). The five-year disease-free survival and overall survival were 67% and 90%, respectively. A two-team taTME saved 102 min of operative time and EUR 1385 when compared to a one-team approach. Transanal total mesorectal excision produced sound surgical quality and excellent oncologic outcomes. Abstract A transanal total mesorectal excision (taTME) is a smart alternative to a conventional TME. However, worrisome reports of a high recurrence and complications triggered a moratorium in a few countries. This study assessed the outcomes and resource utilization of a taTME. Consecutive patients with distal rectal cancer treated by a taTME were prospectively included. Outcomes were reported as the median and interquartile range (IQR). One hundred sixty-five patients (67% male and 33% female) with a tumor 7 cm (IQR 5–10) from the anal verge were followed for 50 months (IQR 32–79). The resection margins were threatened in 25% of the patients, while 75% of the patients received neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy. A good mesorectal dissection and clear margins were achieved in 96% of the specimens, and 27 lymph nodes (IQR 20–38) were harvested. Ninety-day major morbidity affected 36 patients (21.8%), including 12 with anastomotic leakages (7.2%). A recurrence occurred locally in 9 patients (5.4%), and 44 patients had a distant metastasis (26.7%). The five-year disease-free survival and overall survival were 67% and 90%, respectively. A multivariate analysis found a long operation and frailty predicted an anastomotic leak, while a positive distal margin and lymph nodes predicted a local recurrence and distant metastasis. A two-team taTME saved 102 min of operative time and EUR 1385 when compared to a one-team approach. Transanal total mesorectal excision produced sound surgical quality and excellent oncologic outcomes.
Safety of Pelargonium extract EPs 7630 in young children with acute bronchitis

Background The efficacy and tolerability of Pelargonium sidoides DC. root extract EPs 7630 in children with acute bronchitis (AB) have been widely demonstrated. We investigated the safety and tolerability of a syrup formulation and an oral solution in pre-school children. Methods In an open-label, randomized clinical trial (EudraCT number 2011-002652-14), children aged 1–5 years suffering from AB received EPs 7630 syrup or solution for 7 days. Safety was assessed by frequency, severity, and nature of adverse events (AE), vital signs, and laboratory values. Outcome measures for evaluating the health status were the intensity of coughing, pulmonary rales, and dyspnea, measured by the short version of the Bronchitis Severity Scale (BSS-ped), further symptoms of the respiratory infection, general health status according to the Integrative Medicine Outcomes Scale (IMOS), and satisfaction with treatment according to the Integrative Medicine Patient Satisfaction Scale (IMPSS). Results 591 children were randomized and treated with syrup (n = 403) or solution (n = 188) for 7 days. In both treatment groups, the number of adverse events was similarly low and revealed no safety concerns. The most frequently observed events were infections (syrup: 7.2%; solution: 7.4%) or gastrointestinal disorders (syrup: 2.7%; solution: 3.2%). After one week's treatment, more than 90% of the children experienced an improvement or remission of the symptoms of the BSS-ped. Further respiratory symptoms decreased similarly in both groups. At Day 7, more than 80% of the whole study population had completely recovered or showed a major improvement as assessed by the investigator and the proxy, respectively. Parents were “very satisfied” or “satisfied” with the treatment in 86.1% of patients in the combined syrup and solution group. Conclusion Both pharmaceutical forms, EPs 7630 syrup and oral solution, were shown to be equally safe and well tolerated in pre-school children suffering from AB. Improvement of health status and of complaints were similar in both groups.
A comparison between buoyant vortex rings and vortex pairs

In this paper it is shown how earlier results for buoyant vortex rings may be extended to describe the corresponding two-dimensional case, which arises in the theory of bent-over plumes. It is again assumed that in uniform surroundings the circulation remains constant while the buoyancy acts to increase the momentum of the pair. The behaviour in two dimensions is quite different from that in three, however; a buoyant vortex ring spreads linearly with height, whereas a buoyant pair spreads exponentially with height, or linearly with time (and therefore, in a bent-over plume, linearly with distance downwind). The theory has been extended to describe the rise of buoyant rings and pairs through stably stratified surroundings having a linear density gradient. The behaviour near the maximum height reached is found to depend critically in both cases on the relative rates at which the circulation and the momentum fall to zero. If these reach zero together, the rings or pairs will steadily increase in size and come to rest at a finite height and with a finite radius. If the circulation is non-zero when the momentum vanishes, the radius begins to decrease soon after the buoyancy becomes zero, and the vortices will therefore tend to break up suddenly and mix into their surroundings. There is a considerable increase in the final height which should be attained by vortex rings or bentover plumes if the initial circulation is increased; it is suggested that releasing smoke intermittently, rather than continuously, at high velocity might be a means of increasing the effective height of chimneys in calm conditions. When the circulation reaches zero before the momentum does, the solutions indicate that the radius becomes very large near the level of zero buoyancy.
Speech parameter estimation by time-weighted-error Kalman filtering

In this paper, we discuss a method of improving the parameter-tracking performance of the Kalman filter for modeling time-varying signals. The Kalman filter is an effective means of recursively estimating the coefficients of an AR (or ARMA) model; however, its effectiveness is diminished by the weight which the filter gives to the history of the signal. With a view toward improved modeling of speech signals, we examine the use of a time-weighted error criterion to remedy this situation.
Testing for the Martingale Hypothesis 1

This paper proposes general speci…cation tests for the martingale hypothesis. They can be used to test the null hypothesis that a given time series is a martin- gale process, against the alternative hypothesis that it is a stationary ergodic non- martingale process. We consider tests of two dierent types: one is a generalized Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the other is a Cramer-von Mises type test. The tests introduced in the paper are simple to compute, neither depend upon any smoothing parameter nor require any resampling procedure to simulate the null distributions. The null distributions of the test statistics are given by the functionals of a continuous martingale process, which are free of any nuisance parameter. We show that the tests are consistent against stationary ergodic non-martingale alternatives, and further in- vestigate the …nite sample properties of the test statistics through simulation. Our tests are found to be rather powerful in moderate size samples against a wide vari- ety of non-martingales including exponential autoregressive, threshold autoregressive, markov switching, and chaotic processes.
Eigenvalues of the Laplacian with Neumann boundary conditions

Abstract Various grometrical properties of a domain may be elicited from the asymptotic expansion of a spectral function of the Laplacian operator for that region with apporpriate boundary conditions. Explicit calculations, using analytical formulae for the eigenvalues, are performed for the cases fo Neumann and mixed boundary conditions, extending earlier work involving Dirichet boundary conditions. Two- and three-dimensional cases are considered. Simply-connected regions dealt with are the rectangle, annular sector, and cuboid. Evaluations are carried out for doubly-connected regions, including the narrow annulus, annular cylinder, and thin concentric spherical cavity. The main summation tool is the Poission summation formula. The calculations utilize asymptotic expansions of the zeros of the eigenvalue equations involving Bessel and related functions, in the cases of curved boundaries with radius ratio near unity. Conjectures concerning the form of the contributions due to corners, edges and vertices in the case of Neumann and mixed boundary conditions are presented.
Theory of Dynamical Behaviors of Ferromagnetic Spins

The dynamical behavior of ferromagnetic spins is studied on the basis of the statistical mechanics of irreversible processes. A macroscopic equation determining the change in time of an inhomogeneous magnetization is derived with explicit expressions for the frequency spectrum and damping constant. With the use of the general expressions thus obtained, the following problems are discussed on the basis of the Heisenberg model of ferromagnetic spins: (1) the pair correlation of spins, (2) the magnetic scattering cross section of neutrons, (3) the frequency spectrum and the clamping constant 'Of spin waves, (4) the damping of the longitudinal spin component above and below the Curie point. In the low temperature limit, a straightforward reduction of our expressions leads to the spin wave frequency and damping equivalent to Dyson's theory of spin wave interactions. A general expression is given for van Hove's parameters describing the asymptotic behavior of the spin pair correlation at large distances. It is shown that the longitudinal spin damping in the low temperature limit exhibits a variety of k dependences, depending upon the relative magnitudes of the spin wave energy Dk2, the effective magnetic field H coming from other than the exchange interaction and the thermal energy keT; in particular, for ! JtJ.eH<t:Dk2<t,kBT, the longitudinal damping is proportional to k2, namely, the change in time of the longitudinal spin density obeys the diffusion equation. In the vicinity of the Curie point and in the paramagnetic region, the longitudinal clamping is shown to obey the· diffusion equation. The diffusion constant thus obtained vanishes at the Curie point and is in good agreement with the values observed by Ericson and J acrot for iron above the Curie point.
Polar‐cap electric field distributions related to the interplanetary magnetic field direction

The correlations between the azimuthal direction of the interplanetary magnetic field and the most simple polar cap signatures are discussed. Only the spatial distribution of the dawn-dusk polar cap field is considered. For each OGO 6 traverse across the northern or southern polar cap, the simultaneous values of the interplanetary magnetic field in solar-equatorial coordinates were recorded by the Explorer 33 magnetometer. Histograms of these values are presented and are discussed. The high degree of correlation with the longitudinal angle indicates that the relative geometry of the interplanetary magnetic field and magnetospheric magnetic fields must be fundamental to explaining the distribution of polar cap electric fields. The sign of the solar-equatorial component perpendicular to the sun-earth line appears to be a more critical parameter than the sign of the component toward the sun. The Svalgaard-Mansurov correlation and the correspondence between fast convection and parallel magnetospheric and interplanetary magnetic fields are described.
From action to ethics: A process-relational approach to prosocial development

Explaining how children first become active prosocial and then later moral agents requires, we argue, beginning with action and interaction with others. We take a process-relational perspective and draw on developmental systems theory in arguing that infants cannot be born knowing about prosociality or morality or anything else. Instead, they are born with emerging abilities to act and react. Their biological embodiment links them to their environment and creates the social environment in which they develop. A clear distinction between biological and social levels cannot be made in the context of ongoing development because they are thoroughly interwoven in a bidirectional system in which they mutually create each other. We focus on infants’ emerging ability to interact and develop within a human developmental system, and prosociality and morality emerge at the level of interaction. Caring is a constitutive aspect of the forms of experience in which infants are embedded in the process of becoming persons. Infants are immersed in a world of mutual responsiveness within caring relationships that are infused with concern, interest, and enjoyment. In such a developmental system, infants become persons when they are treated as persons.
Relèvements de représentations galoisiennes à valeurs dans des groupes algébriques

Soient 1 -> N -> H -> H' -> 1 une suite exacte centrale de groupes algebriques sur Q_p^alg et F un corps de nombres. Etant donnee une representation Galoisienne r' : Gal_F -> H', on s'interesse a ses relevements a valeurs dans H a travers le morphisme H -> H'. Un relevement r : Gal_F -> H sera dit minimal, s'il est non-ramifie aux places ou r' est non-ramifiee et est de Rham/semi-stable/cristalline aux places divisant p si r' l'est. Dans cette these, nous montrons l'existence de relevements minimaux dans certains cas.
Measurable residual disease in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Measurable residual disease (MRD) is defined as the presence of residual cancer cells after treatment in patients with clinically undetectable disease, who would otherwise be considered in complete remission. It is a highly sensitive parameter which indicates the disease burden and predicts survival in this setting of patients. In recent years, MRD has gained a role in many hematological malignancies as a surrogate endpoint for clinical trials: undetectable MRD has been correlated to longer progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). New drugs and combinations have been developed with the aim to achieve MRD negativity, which would indicate favorable prognosis. Different methods to measure MRD have also been devised, which include flow cytometry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and next generation sequencing (NGS), with different sensitivity and accuracy in evaluating deep remission after treatment. In this review, we will analyze the current recommendations for the detection of MRD, with particular focus on its role in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), as well as the different detection methods. Moreover, we will discuss the results of clinical trials and the role of MRD in new therapeutic schemes with inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. MRD is not currently used in the clinical practice to evaluate response to treatment, due to technical and economical limitations, but it’s gaining more and more interest in trials settings, especially since the introduction of venetoclax. The use of MRD in trials will likely be followed by a broader practical application in the future. The aim of this work is to provide a reader-friendly summary of the state of art in the field, as MRD will soon become an accessible tool to evaluate our patients, predict their survival and guide physician’s therapeutic choices and preferences.
Three-dimensional knot convection in a layer heated from below

Steady three-dimensional convection flows induced by the knot instability of two-dimensional convection rolls are studied numerically for various Prandtl numbers. The Galerkin method is used to obtain the three-dimensional solutions of the basic equations in the case of rigid, infinitely conducting boundaries. These solutions exhibit the typical knot-like structure superimposed onto the basic rolls. The Nusselt number and kinetic energy of motion do not differ much for two- and three-dimensional solutions and the toroidal part of the kinetic energy associated with vertical vorticity always remains a small fraction of the total in the case of the knot solution. The analysis of the steady solutions is complemented by a stability analysis with respect to disturbances that fit the same horizontal periodicity interval as the knot solution. All instabilities correspond to Hopf bifurcations. Some example of finite-amplitude oscillatory knot convection are presented.