Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Testing and improving OMI DOMINO tropospheric NO2 using observations from the DANDELIONS and INTEX-B validation campaigns

We present a sensitivity analysis of the tropospheric NO2 retrieval from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) using measurements from the Dutch Aerosol and Nitrogen Dioxide Experiments for Validation of OMI and SCIAMACHY (DANDELIONS) and Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-B (INTEX-B) campaigns held in 2006. These unique campaigns covered a wide range of pollution conditions and provided detailed information on the vertical distribution of NO2. During the DANDELIONS campaign, tropospheric NO2 profiles were measured with a lidar in a highly polluted region of the Netherlands. During the INTEX-B campaign, NO2 profiles were measured using laser-induced fluorescence onboard an aircraft in a range of meteorological and polluted conditions over the Gulf of Mexico and the east Pacific. We present a comparison of measured profiles with a priori profiles used in the OMI tropospheric NO2 retrieval algorithm. We examine how improvements in surface albedo estimates improve the OMI NO2 retrieval. From these comparisons we find that the absolute average change in tropospheric columns retrieved with measured profiles and improved surface albedos is 23% with a standard deviation of 27% and no trend in the improved being larger or smaller than the original. We show that these changes occur in case studies related to pollution in the southeastern United States and pollution outflow in the Gulf of Mexico. We also examine the effects of using improved Mexico City terrain heights on the OMI NO2 product.
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein predicted to form stable complexes with host receptor protein orthologues from mammals

SARS-CoV-2 has a zoonotic origin and was transmitted to humans via an undetermined intermediate host, leading to infections in humans and other mammals. To enter host cells, the viral spike protein (S-protein) binds to its receptor, ACE2, and is then processed by TMPRSS2. Whilst receptor binding contributes to the viral host range, S-protein:ACE2 complexes from other animals have not been investigated widely. To predict infection risks, we modelled S-protein:ACE2 complexes from 215 vertebrate species, calculated their relative energies, correlated these energies to COVID-19 infection data, and analysed structural interactions. We predict that known mutations are more detrimental in ACE2 than TMPRSS2. Finally, we demonstrate phylogenetically that human SARS-CoV-2 strains have been isolated in animals. Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 can infect a broad range of mammals, but not fish, birds or reptiles. Susceptible animals could serve as reservoirs of the virus, necessitating careful ongoing animal management and surveillance.
Application of several depth-averaged turbulence models to simulate flow in vertical slot fishways

Vertical slot fishways are hydraulic structures which allow the upstream migration of fish through obstructions in rivers. The velocity, water depth, and turbulence fields are of great importance in order to allow the fish swimming through the fishway, and therefore must be considered for design purposes. The aim of this paper is to assess the possibility of using a two-dimensional shallow water model coupled with a suitable turbulence model to compute the flow pattern and turbulence field in vertical slot fishways. Three depth-averaged turbulence models of different complexity are used in the numerical simulations: a mixing length model, a k−e model, and an algebraic stress model. The numerical results for the velocity, water depth, turbulent kinetic energy, and Reynolds stresses are compared with comprehensive experimental data for three different discharges covering the usual working conditions of vertical slot fishways. The agreement between experimental and numerical data is very satisfactory. The re.
Tangential gunshot wound to the head. A case report with review of literature

no further attacks of seizure. Conclusion. TGSWs are associated with good GCS and favourable prognosis in most cases unless the patient has been deteriorating or has an associated ICH. Moreover, in our case, the history taking, mechanism of the injury, rapid evolution, and radiological imaging have an essential effect on the outcome.
The Northeast Nevada Volcanic Field: Magnetic properties and source implications

[1] Magnetic susceptibility and remanence studies on late Eocene ash flow deposits of the Northeast Nevada Volcanic Field (NENVF) were undertaken at 39 sites in four sampling localities: Dolly Varden Mountains (20 sites), Nanny Creek area of the Pequop Mountains (11 sites), eastern Windermere Hills (7 sites), and southern Snake Mountains (1 site). These deposits span a narrow age range from 41.08 to 39.08 Ma based on 40Ar/39Ar data [Brooks et al., 1995a, 1995b] and on new K-Ar ages presented here. Characteristic remanences reveal that all ignimbrites sampled are reversely magnetized. The characteristic directions of remanent magnetization do not significantly deviate from the expected direction computed from the 42 Ma mean pole for North America, indicating that no major vertical axis rotations have affected the sampling regions since Eocene time. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility studies, undertaken to decipher flow trends and possible source areas for these ash flow tuff units of the NENVF, are consistent with a source region near the Toano Range. This places the ash flow source area east of Nanny Creek, the type area for the NENVF. The suspected source region lies close to the Wells fault system. However, Tertiary detachment faulting, Basin and Range normal faulting, erosion, and sedimentation have obscured the suspected source region. A more clearly defined zone of Eocene igneous activity, in the central Pilot Range to the east, cannot be ruled out as a potential source area.
Attributes of Several Methods for Detecting Discontinuities in Mean Temperature Series

Abstract Simulated annual temperature series are used to compare seven homogenization procedures. The two that employ likelihood ratio tests routinely outperform other methods in their ability to identify modest (0.33°C; 0.6 standard deviation anomaly) shifts in the mean. The percentage of imposed shifts that are detected by these methods is similar to that based on tests that rely on a priori metadata information concerning the position of potential shifts. These methods, along with a two-phase regression approach, are also best at identifying and placing multiple shifts within a single time series. Although the regression procedure is better able to detect multiple breaks that are separated by relatively short time intervals, in its published form it suffers from a higher-than-expected Type I error rate. This was also found to be a problem with a metadata-based procedure currently in operational use. The likelihood tests are strongly influenced by the presence of trends in the difference series and shor.
Mobile Positioning in Sustainability Studies: The Social Positioning Method in Studying Commuter’s Activity Spaces in Tallinn

This paper introduces the mobile phone positioning-based social positioning method (SPM) in studying activity spaces of commuters and residents of the city center of Tallinn. The SPM studies space-time behavior by analyzing the location coordinates of mobile phones and the social characteristics of the people carrying them. Our study experiments took place in the Tallinn and Tartu region in Estonia from 2003–2006. The results demonstrate that mobile positioning-based tracing is applicable in geographical studies, as an analysis of temporal movement patterns and activity spaces. This is good reference for analyzing travel diaries, especially for analyzing daily activity spaces and space consumption which is a key issue in sustainable planning of the sprawling cities. The biggest advantage of mobile positioning-based methods is that mobile phones are wide-spread, positioning works inside buildings, and the collection of movement data is done by a third party at regular intervals. The disadvantage of mobile positioning today is relatively low preciseness and surveillance fears. The boom in the generation of phones with A-GPS will raise positioning accuracy in the near future.
New Plant Foods in Roman Britain — Dispersal and Social Access

Abstract This paper presents the first detailed review of all archaeobotanical records from Roman Britain. It reveals that some 50 new plants food (mostly fruits, herbs and vegetables) were introduced into this country during the Roman period. These introductions represent a major diversification of the plant component of the British diet at this time, adding important nutrients, variety of flavours, ways of expressing cultural identity, as well as social status. The geographical, chronological and social dispersal of these foods is analysed and three dispersal patterns and at least four consumer groups are identified. Methodological issues are discussed and gaps in the data highlighted. The role of these foods in expressions of cultural identity is briefly discussed, as is the impact of their introduction on the productive capacity of the agricultural economy.
Optimal Central Bank Forward Guidance

When the future state of the economy is uncertain, yet a central bank has more information about the possible scenarios, how should the central bank communicate its private information to the public? This paper analyzes the optimal tone of central bank Delphic forward guidance using the Bayesian persuasion model (Kamenica and Gentzkow 2011). Assuming that monetary policy is an exogenously given function over the states of the economy and that the central bank is pre-committed to a forward-guidance policy function, under certain conditions, the optimal tone of communication about the uncertain future is overly pessimistic
Partial melting of oceanic gabbro triggered by migrating water-rich fluids: a prime example from the Oman Ophiolite

Abstract Detailed backscattered electron (BSE) and cathodoluminescence (CL) observations in an olivine gabbro from the Wadi Rajmi of the Fizh Block of the Oman Ophiolite revealed that this gabbro represents a perfect example of a partial melting reaction. The observed microtextures imply that water-rich fluids migrated on grain boundaries in a ductile regime, causing an incongruent partial melting reaction. All grain boundaries between primary plagioclases are characterized by c. 50 µm thick haloes of Anorthite-rich (An) plagioclase, with An contents which are c. 10 mol higher compared to the host plagioclase composition. Where these An-rich zones are in contact with the mafic primary minerals (olivine, clinopyroxene) in places, reactive rims of orthopyroxene and pargasitic amphibole around the primary mafic silicates have been formed. In situ analyses of 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios on primary plagioclases and on An-enriched zones along grain boundaries revealed no significant difference, implying that the water/rock ratio was very low during the fluid–rock interaction. The observed features imply a model of hydrothermal activity proceeding on grain boundaries within the deep oceanic crust at very high temperatures (900–1000 °C) without any crack system, a prerequisite in current models to enable hydrothermal circulation. Interconnected porosity is generated by coupled dissolution–reprecipitation which allows pervasive fluid transport through the minerals at the grain boundaries, establishing a novel type of hydrothermal circulation maintaining water–rock interaction at very high temperatures in the ductile regime. The presence of isolated product phases as inclusions within the parent minerals emphasizes the importance of an interconnecting fluid establishing local equilibrium between parent and product phases of the incongruent melting reaction.
Periodic volcanic degassing behavior: The Mount Etna example

In contrast to the seismic and infrasonic energy released from quiescent and erupting volcanoes, which have long been known to manifest episodes of highly periodic behavior, the spectral properties of volcanic gas flux time series remain poorly constrained, due to a previous lack of high‐temporal resolution gas‐sensing techniques. Here we report on SO2 flux measurements, performed on Mount Etna with a novel UV imaging technique of unprecedented sampling frequency (0.5 Hz), which reveal, for the first time, a rapid periodic structure in degassing from this target. These gas flux modulations have considerable temporal variability in their characteristics and involve two period bands: 40–250 and 500–1200 s. A notable correlation between gas flux fluctuations in the latter band and contemporaneous seismic root‐mean‐square values suggests that this degassing behavior may be generated by periodic bursting of rising gas bubble trains at the magma‐air interface.
Instantaneous cloud overlap statistics in the tropical area revealed by ICESat/GLAS data

This study uses ICESat/GLAS instantaneous observations from 29 September to 18 November 2003 to investigate cloud overlap statistics between 10°S–20°N. The results show that 75.1% of profiles detect clouds: 46.5% are single layer and 28.6% multilayer clouds (cloud layers are separated by 0.5km). Using a definition of cloud type based on cloud heights and laser attenuation information, cloud overlap statistics are derived by analyzing 96.4% of the cloudy profiles. The most frequent overlap occurs between cirrus clouds and boundary layer clouds, which accounts for 31.88% of boundary clouds. 23.8% of deep convection has overlying cirrus clouds. We find that differences exist between the cloud overlap fraction from the GLAS observations and one calculated from the random overlap assumption commonly used by climate models.
Carbon Tetrachloride Flow and Transport in the Subsurface of the 216‐Z‐9 Trench at the Hanford Site

As a result of past practices, up to 580 m3 carbon tetrachloride (CT) was discharged to waste sites at the 200 West Area of the USDOE's Hanford Site near Richland, WA. Three‐dimensional modeling was conducted to enhance the current conceptual model of CT distribution beneath the major disposal site (216‐Z‐9). The simulations, using the STOMP code, focused on migration of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) consisting of CT and codisposed organics under scenarios with differing sediment properties, sediment distribution, waste properties, and waste disposal history. Simulation results support a conceptual model for CT distribution where CT in the DNAPL phase migrated primarily in a vertical direction below the disposal site and where some CT DNAPL likely migrated across the water table into the regional aquifer. Results also show that the lower permeability Cold Creek unit retained more CT DNAPL within the vadose zone than other hydrologic units during the infiltration and redistribution process. Due to the relatively high vapor pressure of the CT, the resulting vapor plumes are extensive and influenced by density‐driven advection. Any continued migration of CT from the vadose zone to the groundwater is likely through interaction of vapor phase CT with the groundwater and not through continued DNAPL migration. Additional simulations assessed the impacts of soil vapor extraction (SVE) as a remediation method. These simulations showed rapid CT removal associated with the assumed local equilibrium of CT between the phases. Additional efforts are needed to enhance the understanding of rate‐limited volatilization to improve simulation of the SVE process and to provide a basis for refining the design and operation of SVE systems.
Educational nursing intervention to reduce the hyperphosphatemia in patients on hemodialysis

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational nursing intervention to reduce hyperphosphataemia in chronic renal patients on hemodialysis. Method: quasi-experimental study with 63 hyperphosphatemic patients on hemodialysis. The intervention consisted of developing and providing a printed and illustrated manual to patients containing information on disease control. The participant was asked to complete a daily checklist with the aim to reinforce aspects provided in the manual. Laboratory tests and itching intensity were analyzed at the beginning of the study, and at 30 and 60 days after the educational intervention. Results: the mean age of participants was 58±13.1 years, with a treatment time of 51.1±44.7 months. A reduction in serum phosphorus values of 7.06 ± 1.43 to 5.80 ± 1.53 (p <0.001) and the intensity of itching after the intervention was observed. Conclusion: the educational nursing intervention was effective in reducing phosphate and decreasing itching in hyperphosphatemic patients. Descriptors: Renal Dialysis; Hyperphosphataemia; Nursing; Hemodialysis; Renal Insuffi ciency, Chronic. RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a efetividade de uma intervenção educacional de enfermagem para redução da hiperfosfatemia em pacientes renais crônicos em hemodiálise. Método: estudo quase experimental realizado com 63 pacientes hiperfosfatêmicos em hemodiálise. A intervenção se constituiu em orientar e disponibilizar um manual impresso e ilustrado aos pacientes, contendo informações sobre o controle da doença. Foi solicitado o preenchimento de um checklist diário, com fi nalidade recordatória dos aspectos abordados no manual. Os exames laboratoriais e a intensidade do prurido foram analisados no início do estudo, aos 30 e 60 dias após a intervenção educacional. Resultados: a média de idade dos participantes foi 58±13,1 anos e tempo de tratamento de 51,1±44,7 meses. Houve redução dos valores séricos do fósforo de 7,06±1,43 para 5,80±1,53 (p<0,001) e da intensidade do prurido após a intervenção. Conclusão: a Intervenção Educacional de Enfermagem foi efetiva para redução do fosfato e diminuição do prurido nos pacientes hiperfosfatêmicos. Descritores: Diálise Renal; Hiperfosfatemia; Enfermagem; Hemodiálise; Insufi ciência Renal Crônica. RESEARCH Educational nursing intervention to reduce the hyperphosphatemia in patients on hemodialysis Intervenção educacional de enfermagem para redução da hiperfosfatemia em pacientes em hemodiálise Intervención educativa de enfermería para reducir hiperfosfatemia en pacientes en hemodiálisis
Improving the performance of linear systems by adding a hybrid loop

Abstract Considering a linear system, we construct hybrid loops consisting in a (possibly non stabilizing) given linear dynamic continuous-time controller with a jump rule when some conditions of the state occur. This allows us to study the performance improvement problem. More precisely, we firstly show the interest of an hybrid loop to maximize the decay rate when the gain of the controller is limited. Secondly, we show how adding a hybrid loop can be useful to reduce the overshoot of an output. The proposed approaches are illustrated on two examples.
Flow reorganizations in the Panama Seaway: A cause for the demise of Miocene corals?

A large number of coral species in the Caribbean Sea disappeared in the early Miocene. Based on climate model simulations, we propose that this regional extinction is related to a flow reorganization in the Panama Seaway. It is shown that large‐scale tectonic events, such as the opening of Drake Passage and the closing of the Tethys Seaway, reorganized the global ocean currents to induce a reversal of the volume transport between Atlantic and Pacific. This flow reversal, which is timed near the Oligocene‐Miocene boundary, allowed cool Pacific waters to enter the Caribbean Sea possibly affecting the habitat of warm water tolerant coral species.
Large-Scale Patterns of Forest Succession as Determined by Remote Sensing

The spatial pattern of and the transition rates between forest ecological states were inferred for °260 000 pixel—sized (3600 m2) landscape units using stallite remote sensing. Transition rates were estimated from 1973 to 1983 Landsat images of the study area, classified into ecological states associated with forest succession. The effects of classification error on transition rate estimates were modeled and error adjustments made. Classification of the 1973 and 1983 Landsat images of the 900 km2 study region required a relatively small set of ground—observed and photo—interpreted plots in 1983, with a total area of just 1.62 km2. An innovative technique for correcting multiyear Landsat images for between—image differences in atmospheric effects and sensor calibration, permitted classification of the 1973 Landsat image using 1983 ground observations. Given current Landsat data, and ground observations in one year, this technique would permit monitoring of forest succession and dynamics for nearly a 20—yr period. Results of applying these techniques to a forest ecosystem showed that during the 10—yr observation period it was patchy and dynamic. For both a wilderness and a nonwilderness area in the study region, sizeable values of transition rates were observed and over half of the landscape units were observed to change state: however, a Markov analysis, using the observed transition probabilities, suggests that at the regional level neither the wilderness nor the nonwilderness areal proportions of ecological states are undergoing rapid change.
Corporate Governance and the Public Interest *

Recent developments in understanding the theory and impact of the firm imply new insights into the policy significance of corporate governance. Unlike a market centred approach, a theory based on strategic decision making highlights the form of governance as a central determinant of people's wellbeing. To govern a corporation is to make its strategic decisions and therefore determine its broad impact. Preferences vary over strategy but the consensus is that not all interests are currently being represented, one reason why governance remains very topical. The essential difficulty is a failure to govern in the public interest. As solutions, we consider the design of company law and also more immediate ways forward, focusing on regulation and democratically controlled public agencies to monitor and influence firms' actions. Throughout, the arguments are illustrated using examples from various countries and industries, including education, information technology, football and public utilities in Europe and the US.
Effect of water on the spinel‐postspinel transformation in Mg2SiO4

The phase boundary between ringwoodite and perovskite plus periclase in Mg2SiO4 was determined at 1600 °C under hydrous conditions with 1∼3 wt% H2O. We found that the boundary moved to high‐pressure side by ∼0.2 GPa in these hydrous conditions compared with that in anhydrous condition. The SIMS measurements confirmed that the ringwoodite in hydrous condition contained a significant amount (∼1 wt%) of water, whereas the perovskite accepted only very little (∼0.05 wt%) water in its crystal structure. The discrepancy between the pressure of 660 km seismic discontinuity and that of the postspinel transformation reported in a recent in situ x‐ray study is not explained by the effect of water on the transformation.