Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Investigation of Errors in Distributed Models' Stream Discharge Prediction Due to Channel Routing

Over the summer of 2015, the National Water Center hosted the National Flood Interoperability Experiment (NFIE) Summer Institute. The NFIE organizers introduced a national‐scale distributed hydrologic modeling framework that can provide flow estimates at around 2.67 million reaches within the continental United States. The framework generates discharges by coupling a given Land Surface Model (LSM) with the Routing Application for Parallel Computation of Discharge (RAPID). These discharges are then accumulated through the National Hydrography Dataset Plus stream network. The framework can utilize a variety of LSMs to provide the runoff maps to the routing component. The results obtained from this framework suggested that there still exists room for further enhancements to its performance, especially in the area of peak timing and magnitude. The goal of our study was to investigate a single source of the errors in the framework's discharge estimates, which is the routing component. The authors substitute RAPID which is based on the simplified linear Muskingum routing method by the nonlinear routing component the Iowa Flood Center have incorporated in their full hydrologic Hillslope‐Link Model. Our results show improvement in model performance across scales due to incorporating new routing methodology.
Stratigraphic constraints on the late Miocene–Pleistocene evolution of the North Island Fault System and axial ranges in the central Hikurangi subduction margin, New Zealand

ABSTRACT The North Island Fault System (NIFS), coincides with North Island’s axial ranges, accommodating crustal strain associated with the Hikurangi subduction margin. Detailed geological mapping along c. 80 km of the NIFS constrains uplift/subsidence and displacement patterns since c. 12 Ma. Uplift within the NIFS area and/or vertical displacement on faults occurred at 12–10, 7–6.5, 5–4.5, 3.5–3.0, 2.5–2, and post-1 Ma. Each deformation episode was associated with vertical offsets across the NIFS of >300–500 m (total c. 5 km). Total dextral strike-slip across the NIFS since 5 Ma is <20 km. Little of the relative plate motion is accommodated on the NIFS (<10%) or in the upper plate (<20%), the majority occurring on the subduction interface. The tectonic evolution of North Island is best explained by reconstructions incorporating vertical axis block rotations and <30 km strike-slip distributed across the entire margin on multiple discrete structures.
Palaces ' Gardens ' City ' Strolling ' Architecture '

We study the problem of learning personalized user models from rich user interactions. In particular, we focus on learning from clustering feedback (i.e., grouping recommended items into clusters), which enables users to express similarity or redundancy between different items. We propose and study a new machine learning problem for personalization, which we call collaborative clustering. Analogous to collaborative filtering, in collaborative clustering the goal is to leverage how existing users cluster or group items in order to predict similarity models for other users’ clustering tasks. We propose a simple yet effective latent factor model to learn the variability of similarity functions across a user population. We empirically evaluate our approach using data collected from a clustering interface we developed for a goal-oriented data exploration (or sensemaking) task: asking users to explore and organize attractions in Paris. We evaluate using several realistic use cases, and show that our approach learns more effective user models than conventional clustering and metric learning approaches.
Biological modification of mechanical properties of the sea surface microlayer, influencing waves, ripples, foam and air-sea fluxes

Gas exchange reduction (GER) at the air-sea interface is positively related to the concentration of organic matter (OM) in the top centimetre of the ocean, as well as to phytoplankton abundance and primary production. The mechanisms relating OM to GER remain unclear, but may involve mechanical (rheological) damping of turbulence in the water immediately below the surface microlayer, damping of ripples and blocking of molecular diffusion by layers of OM, as well as electrical effects. To help guide future research in GER, particularly of CO2, we review published rheological properties of ocean water and cultures of phytoplankton and bacteria in both 3D and 2D deformation geometries, in water from both the surface layer and underlying water. Production of foam modulates air-sea exchange of many properties and substances, perhaps including climate-changing gases such as CO2. We thus also review biological modulation of production and decay of whitecaps and other sea foam. In the ocean literature on biological production of OM, particularly that which associates with the sea surface, the terms “surfactant” and “surface-active” have been given a variety of meanings that are sometimes vague, and may confuse. We therefore propose a more restricted definition of these terms in line with usage in surface science and organic chemistry. Finally, possible changes in OM-modulated GER are presented in relation to predicted global environmental changes.
The sorption fate of active pharmaceutical ingredients in soils receiving high wastewater inputs and implications for risk assessments

Chapter 1 has been published in the following paper. Lees, K. , Fitzsimons, M. , Snape, J., Tappin, A. and Comber, S. , 2016. Pharmaceuticals in soils of lower income countries: physico-chemical fate and risks from wastewater irrigation. Environment International, 94:712-723. Chapter 3 has been published in the following paper. Lees, K. , Fitzsimons, M. , Snape, J., Tappin, A. and Comber, S. , 2018. Does abiotic really mean abiotic? Assessing different soil sterilisation methods for use in OECD 106. Chemosphere, 209, 61-67.
O ct 2 02 1 Object Allocation Over a Network of Objects : Mobile Agents with Strict Preferences

In recent work, Gourvès, Lesca, and Wilczynski propose a variant of the classic housing markets model where the matching between agents and objects evolves through Pareto-improving swaps between pairs of adjacent agents in a social network. To explore the swap dynamics of their model, they pose several basic questions concerning the set of reachable matchings. In their work and other follow-up works, these questions have been studied for various classes of graphs: stars, paths, generalized stars (i.e., trees where at most one vertex has degree greater than two), trees, and cliques. For generalized stars and trees, it remains open whether a Pareto-efficient reachable matching can be found in polynomial time. In this paper, we pursue the same set of questions under a natural variant of their model. In our model, the social network is replaced by a network of objects, and a swap is allowed to take place between two agents if it is Pareto-improving and the associated objects are adjacent in the network. In those cases where the question of polynomial-time solvability versus NP-hardness has been resolved for the social network model, we are able to show that the same result holds for the network-of-objects model. In addition, for our model, we present a polynomial-time algorithm for computing a Pareto-efficient reachable matching in generalized star networks. Moreover, the object reachability algorithm that we present for path networks is significantly faster than the known polynomial-time algorithms for the same question in the social network model. ∗Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin. A preliminary version of this paper will appear as an extended abstract in the Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems. Email: {fuli, plaxton, vaibhavsinha}@utexas.edu.
in subexpression

— In this paper, a novel optimization technique is proposed to optimize ﬁlter coefﬁcients of linear phase ﬁnite-impulse response (FIR) ﬁlter to share common subexpressions within and among coefﬁcients. Existing approaches of common subexpression elimination optimize digital ﬁlters in two stages: ﬁrst, an FIR ﬁlter is designed in a discrete space such as ﬁnite wordlength space or signed power-of-two (SPT) space to meet a given speciﬁcation; in the second stage, an optimization algorithm is applied on the discrete coefﬁcients to ﬁnd and eliminate the common subexpressions. Such a two-stage optimization technique suffers from the problem that the search space in the second stage is limited by the ﬁnite wordlength or SPT coefﬁcients obtained in the ﬁrst stage optimization. The new proposed algorithm overcomes this problem by optimizing the ﬁlter coefﬁcients directly in subexpression space for a given speciﬁcation. Numerical examples of benchmark ﬁlters show that the required number of adders obtained using the proposed algorithm is much less than those obtained using two-stage optimization approaches.
Magnetostratigraphy of the Eldorado Mountains volcanic complex and the calibration of the early to middle Miocene polarity time scale

Magnetic polarity measurements from a well dated (15.6–13.7 Ma) volcanic section in southern Nevada allow resolution of controversies in the calibration of the Middle Miocene polarity time scale. A sequence of lavas yielding exclusively reversed polarities dated at 15.5–14.9 Ma can be confidently identified as C5Br, and the C5Cn.ln(y) reversal is bracketed between 15.67 and 15.48 Ma (relative to TC = 27.92 Ma). Integration with other recent studies shows that polarity chrons C5Cr–C5ABr are now confidently correlated with lava flows dated from 16.9 to 13.4 Ma by the 40Ar/39Ar method.
RHEOLOGY OF SURFACTANT ASSEMBLIES AT THE AIR/LIQUID AND LIQUID/LIQUID INTERFACE

In this paper, interfacial shear rheology is presented as a method for the characterization of small molecular surfactants as well as proteins adsorbed at the air/water and oil/water interfaces. A biconical disk rheometer is used to measure the steady state and transient interfacial shear viscosities at different surfactant concentrations and with different bulk phases. In order to study the influence of bulk phase contributions to the measured interfacial viscosity values, evaluation of the raw data (torque and angular velocity of the disk) is based on a hydrodynamical analysis of the flow field. The scope and limitations of the rheometer are discussed. Results from transient and steady state shear rate experiments as well as creep recovery tests at both air/water and oil/water interfaces are presented.
Graph Neural Networks Meet Neural-Symbolic Computing: A Survey and Perspective

Neural-symbolic computing has now become the subject of interest of both academic and industry research laboratories. Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been widely used in relational and symbolic domains, with widespread application of GNNs in combinatorial optimization, constraint satisfaction, relational reasoning and other scientific domains. The need for improved explainability, interpretability and trust of AI systems in general demands principled methodologies, as suggested by neural-symbolic computing. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art on the use of GNNs as a model of neural-symbolic computing. This includes the application of GNNs in several domains as well as their relationship to current developments in neural-symbolic computing.
PARTICIPATION IN OPEN KNOWLEDGE COMMUNITIES AND JOB-HOPPING : EVIDENCE FROM ENTERPRISE SOFTWARE 1

Using longitudinal data of IT professionals’ activities in the SAP Community Network, and the career histories of these professionals obtained from LinkedIn, we investigate the relationship between an individual’s participation in Internet-enabled open knowledge communities and a major event of his/her career development: jobhopping. We measure individual participation in open knowledge communities by two dimensions of related activities: contribution and learning. We provide empirical evidence that contribution to knowledge communities leads to a higher likelihood of job-hopping, yet a greater amount of learning is associated with a higher probability of retention. We argue that the effect of contribution can be attributed to job market signaling and the effect of learning is primarily driven by enhanced job performance and career advancement within the current organization. A series of robustness tests were conducted to address the self-selection bias and to rule out some possible alternative explanations to these mechanisms. Our work contributes to the existing body of literature on networks of practice and provides supporting evidence that participation in these networks indeed leads to career benefits and status advancements. Additionally, our study takes the first step to fill the gap in the current literature on voluntary employee turnover that has so far ignored the impacts of employee participation in external knowledge communities, thus providing both theoretical and practical insights in the area of organizational research. 1
The Effects of Earth Science Textbook Contents on High School Students' Knowledge of, Attitude toward, and Behavior of Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction.

As science textbooks are considered as one of the major source of climate change information of students, this study aims to examine the differences in energy saving and carbon reduction knowledge, attitude, and behavior between two groups of Taiwan’s high school students using earth science textbooks of two different publishers. Some items of knowledge, attitudinal, and behavioral subscales reflecting significant differences largely coincide with the differences in the coverage amount, text specificity, and picture presence in relevant contents between two textbooks. Students using the textbook with those features performed better on most of those items, including higher percents correct of identifying types of radiations and greenhouse gases and stronger support for more wind power generators. Behavioral effects of the two textbooks seem comparable between two groups of students.
Non-commercial Research and Educational Use including without Limitation Use in Instruction at Your Institution, Sending It to Specific Colleagues That You Know, and Providing a Copy to Your Institution's Administrator. All Other Uses, Reproduction and Distribution, including without Limitation Comm

Ecologists have long treated temperate forests as systems limited by nitrogen (N) availability. Widespread concern about the effects of anthropogenic N on forested ecosystems has inspired experimental simulation of the effects of chronic N addition. This study investigates the effects of 8 years (1996–2003) of simulated chronic N deposition on tree growth and mortality in an upland mixed-oak forest at the Institute of Ecosystem Studies (IES), Millbrook, NY, USA. Nitrogen was added at a rate of 50–100 kg N ha À1 y À1 , with atmospheric deposition (wet + dry, inorganic N) at the site averaging 10 kg N ha À1 y À1. The experiment used a paired design, with six fertilized plots and six non-fertilized control plots. We measured the diameter of all of the trees in the plots, recorded mortality, and extracted increment cores and measured their annual growth rings. We found that fertilization caused both increased mortality (N-saturation effect) and increased relative growth rate of surviving trees (fertilization effect). The combined effect was a net loss of living basal area in most of the fertilized stands. Growth and mortality effects varied among sites and species. Within sites, N fertilization caused increased growth in some trees and mortality of neighboring trees in the same site, indicating that N saturation is manifest as a mosaic phenomenon mediated by sensitivity of individual trees and soil microsites. No interactions were observed between site, treatment, and species for basal area growth, but oak species suffered greater mortality. Decreased Ca:Al ratio in organic soil is a possible explanation for increased mortality, though the specific mechanism is unknown. The growth and mortality responses at this deciduous forest may be more similar to those previously observed in coniferous forests, calling into question the hypothesis that deciduous forests are less sensitive to the effects of N-saturation.
Scheduling proxy: enabling adaptive-grained scheduling for global computing system

A global computing system (GCS) harnesses the idle CPU resources of clients connected to the Internet for solving large problems that require a high volume of computing power. Since GCS scales to millions of clients, many projects usually adopt coarse-grained scheduling in order to reduce server-side contention at the expense of sacrificing the degree of parallelism and wasting CPU resources. In this paper, we propose a new type of client, i.e., a scheduling proxy that enables adaptive-grained scheduling between the server and clients. While the server allocates coarse-grained work units to scheduling proxies alone, clients download fine-grained work units from a relatively nearby scheduling proxy not from the distant server. By computation of small work units at client side, the turnaround time of work unit can be reduced and the waste of CPU time by timeout can be minimized without increasing the performance cost of contention at the server.
Knowledge sharing through virtual teams across borders and boundaries

This study focuses on a challenge faced by multinational corporations: how to enhance knowledge sharing across locational and functional boundaries. Through an in-depth qualitative analysis, this article illustrates how virtual teams augment knowledge sharing across geographically dispersed sales, marketing, and R&D units. Moreover, the present paper demonstrates how a multinational company can create effective spaces where their employees can both access knowledge and provide it to others, thus mitigating the negative effect of physical distance on the availability of support and information.
Topic Modeling as a Strategy of Inquiry in Organizational Research: A Tutorial With an Application Example on Organizational Culture

Research has emphasized the limitations of qualitative and quantitative approaches to studying organizational phenomena. For example, in-depth interviews are resource-intensive, while questionnaires with closed-ended questions can only measure predefined constructs. With the recent availability of large textual data sets and increased computational power, text mining has become an attractive method that has the potential to mitigate some of these limitations. Thus, we suggest applying topic modeling, a specific text mining technique, as a new and complementary strategy of inquiry to study organizational phenomena. In particular, we outline the potentials of structural topic modeling for organizational research and provide a step-by-step tutorial on how to apply it. Our application example builds on 428,492 reviews of Fortune 500 companies from the online platform Glassdoor on which employees can evaluate organizations. We demonstrate how structural topic models allow to inductively identify topics that matter to employees and to quantify their relationship with employees’ perception of organizational culture. We discuss the advantages and limitations of topic modeling as a research method and outline how future research can apply the technique to study organizational phenomena.
Mechanical evaluation of theories of neurulation using computer simulations

Neurulation, one of the earliest of developmental processes, has intrigued observers for millennia. The forces that drive the seemingly simple shape changes that are necessary for successful neural tube closure have been a subject of intensive investigation during approximately the last one Much is also now known about the morphology (Fig. 1A) and mechanical nature of the cytoskeleton and other force-producing structures that affect the neural plate (Burnside, 1973; Gordon and Brodland, 1987; Gordon and Essner, 1987). That neural tube defects are among the most common of human birth defects has, no doubt, provided much of the motivation for this work (Campbell et al., 1986; Copp et al., 1990). An understanding of neurulation that is consistent with the plethora of experimental evidence has, however, continued to elude researchers (Trinkaus, 1984). The importance to neural tube morphogenesis of the notochord remain disputed. Novel theories have arisen to account for intriguing aspects of neural tube closure, such as cell skewing at the junction between the neural plate and neural ridge (Jacobson et al., 1986), and the appearance of 'hinges' during neural tube closure (Smith and Schoenwolf, 1991). To investigate the mechanics of neurulation, one might construct a physical machine, like Lewis (1947). Gears, levers, springs, shock absorbers and blocks of viscoelastic
Total mercury distribution among soil aggregate size fractions in a temperate forest podzol

This study determined the distribution of total Hg (HgT) among aggregate size fractions in the A, E, Bh and Bs horizons of a representative temperate forest podzol. The aggregate distribution was dominated by the coarse sand size fraction (average of 55%) followed by fine sand (29%), fine silt (10%), coarse silt (4%) and clay (2%). In general, HgT mean values increased as the aggregate size become smaller: clay (170 ng g-1) > fine silt (130 ng g-1) > coarse silt (80 ng g-1) > fine sand (32 ng g-1) > coarse sand (14 ng g-1). Total Hg enrichment in clay-sized aggregates ranged from 2 to 11 times higher than the values shown by the bulk soil (< 2 mm). The accumulation of HgT in the finer size aggregates was closely related to total organic C, Na-pyrophosphate extracted C, metal (Al, Fe)-humus complexes and Al and Fe oxyhydroxides. Indeed, these parameters varied significantly (p < 0.05) with the aggregate size and their highest values were found in the finer fractions. This suggested the role of these soil compounds in the increase of the specific surface area per mass unit and negative charges in the smallest aggregates, favouring Hg retention. Mercury accumulation factor (HgAF) values reached up to 10.8 in the clay size aggregates, being close to 1 in sand size fractions. Regarding Hg enrichment factors (HgEF), they were < 4 (“moderate pollution” category) in most of the horizons and aggregate sizes. Grain size mass loading (GSFHg) revealed that finer fractions had a higher Hg loading than their mass fractions, with a notable contribution of fine silt which made up > 50% of HgT in Bh and Bs horizons. The potential ecological risk index (PERIHg) increased as the aggregate size decreased, with the highest values in the illuvial horizons (45-903) and lowest in the E horizon (3-363). Heterogeneous distribution of Hg in the soil aggregate size fractions must be considered for Hg determination for purposes such as critical loads, background values or environmental risk indices. In addition, Hg accumulation in finer aggregates could be of concern due to its potential mobility in forest soils, either transferred by leaching to groundwater and freshwaters or mobilized by runoff in surface horizons.