Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatio-temporal scale assessment of an “upwelling shadow” in Northern Monterey Bay, California

The time and space scales of an “upwelling shadow” in northern Monterey Bay, California, were assessed using hydrographic monitoring and satellite imagery. Thirteen cruises were conducted over a 15-month period (March 1988–May 1989) to discern the hydrographic environment of no thern Monterey Bay. During the upwelling season of both years, the upwelling shadow was identified in the bay as a buoyant, warm-water feature about 10 m thick. This nearshore feature, separated by a distinct “retrograde” front from cold, recently upwelled water offshore, is reminiscent of estuarine plume fronts. The front usually occurred approximately 6.5 km from shore and appeared to be recurrent during upwelling season. Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometry (AVHRR) satellite imagery of sea surface temperature was reviewed daily for the period from January 1, 1988 to December 31. 1989. From these images, it was determined that the upwelling shadow characterized through hydrographic monitoring clearly extended across northern Monterey Bay for approximately 20 km. The feature appeared to persist for as long as 67 d in 1988 and 86 d in 1989. The unusual spatio-temporal relationship of the feature (spatially small, yet long-lived) may allow for the decoupling of time and space effects when considering biological processes which occur around nearshore fronts. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY061 00007
HALOGENATED MONOTERPENE PRODUCTION IN REGENERATED PLANTLET CULTURES OF OCHTODES SECUNDIRAMEA (RHODOPHYTA, CRYPTONEMIALES)

Three genera of macrophytic red algae (Ochtodes, Plocamium, and Portieria) contain novel halogenated monoterpenes. To develop an in vitro system for studying halogenated monoterpene production, a laboratory tissue culture was established for Ochtodes secundiramea (Montagne) Howe (Cryptonemiales, Rhizophyllidaceae). Specifically, callus cells were induced from thallus explants of O. secundiramea plants. Shoot primordia regenerated from callus cells and developed into plantlets that released tetraspores. A sporeling from one of these tetraspores was selected for further culture. Axenic plantlets were cultivated in ESS‐enriched natural seawater. Thallus tissue was cut into small pieces before subculture. Each plantlet grew as a symmetrical array of highly branched shoot tissues emanating from a common center, ultimately assuming a spherical shape of 20 mm diameter 4 weeks after subculture. Specific growth rates of over 20% per day were attained in bubble‐aerated flask culture at an optimal temperature of 26° C and photosynthetic saturation light intensity of 200 μmol photons·m−2·s−1. The cultured plantlets contained myrcene and seven halogenated monoterpenes, based on gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy analysis of dichloromethane extracts. Although bromomyrcene was the dominant acyclic halogenated monoterpene, the cyclic halogenated monoterpenes chondrocole C and ochtodene were also produced by the O. secundiramea plantlet cultures. Halogenated monoterpene production at light‐saturated growth conditions increased with decreasing nitrogen availability below 1.0 mM medium nitrate concentration (N:P ratios of 1.6:1 to 32:1). The halogenated monoterpene yield was insensitive to medium nitrate concentrations above 1.0 mM (N:P ratios of 32:1 to 320:1), where the bromomyrcene yield was 1700 μg per gram of dry cell mass.
Patterns of resource allocation to somatic, defensive, and reproductive functions in the Mediterranean encrusting sponge Crambe crambe (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida)

The pattern of resource allocation in the sponge Crambe crambe (Schmidt) (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) in 2 contrasting habitats and in specimens of 3 size classes was studied. The sponge biomass per unit area increased with sponge size in both illuminated and dark environments. An increase with size was also found in the illuminated habitat for the investment in organic matter per unit area This parameter was almost constant among the 3 size classes from the shaded habitat, with values similar to those of the medium-slzed specimens from the l l lum~nated environment The amount of sihca per mm2 was higher in the dark site where it proved size-dependent, whereas ~t dld not vary with size in the illuminated habitat Investment in reproduction per unit area was higher in the illuminated wall and was positively correlated with size in both habitats. The amount of calcareous debris included by the sponge during its growth did not vary across size classes in either habitat. All variables related to sponge thickness showed significant differences between the 2 sites studied, while neither the size nor the interaction of habitat and size significantly influenced their values. The specimens were thicker in the illuminated habitat, both in their choanosome and ectosome layers. No variations with size or site were found for the canal system. There was a significant habitat effect on the amount of matrix, which was higher in the illuminated environment. Sponges produced more collagen in the shaded environment than in the illuminated site. This was particularly true for specimens larger than 1000 mm2 (medium and large size classes). As for the number of fibres, there was also significantly more fibre material in the sciaphilous sponges. A significant Interaction was found between habitat and size effects on the number of cells per sponge section. The pattern of resource allocation to the different functions considered was similar in medium-sized specimens from the 2 contrasting habitats except for the number of cells and amount of collagen per sponge section. Small and large sponges, on the other hand, featured the highest between-habitat differences in resource allocation. Large sponges from the illuminated habitat invested relatively more energy in organic matter and less in mineral and collagen structures than their sciaphilous counterparts. Small photophilic sponges invested more in silica than small sciaphilous specimens. Investment in reproduction was notably hlgher In the whole size range of photophilic sponges than in the corresponding size classes from the dark site. Consequently, thls species seems able to shift its resource allocation as a function of size and environmental conditions. We propose an interpretation in terms of a higher competitive pressure in the shaded environment that results in increased investment in defensive/supportive (mineral and organic) structures and a lower investment in somatic growth (organic matter) and reproductive output (larvae).
A statistical thinning model for initialising large-scale ecosystem models

Abstract Large-scale ecosystem models are important tools for carbon assessment at national scales. Many of these models are not initialised with known field data from any particular time, but simulate the growth of each stand from its estimated germination year up to the present or future. The models will overestimate current-day standing volume or biomass unless historic stand management (biomass removal due to thinning) is taken into account. The full management history of each stand is rarely known, and must be somehow estimated. One possibility is to build statistical thinning models based on data in a National Forest Inventory, which could then be integrated into the ecosystem models. If the harvesting model is constructed using only variables that are also used within the ecosystem model, then the management impacts can be included in the ecosystem model for the entire simulated life of the stand. In the case of most flux dynamics models, this precludes the use of the tree-level data that harvesting models have traditionally relied on. In this article, we develop a novel means to interrogate a subset of the Austrian National Forest Inventory based on deriving probability density functions for particular combinations of stand and site variables. We determine the parameters of a probabilistic model to estimate historic patterns of timber removals and validate it against inventory estimates. Our procedure can establish supportable estimates of historic management regimes suitable as input data for subsequent modelling of national-scale forest carbon stocks, sources and sinks.
The reduction of abnormal behaviors in individually housed rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with a foraging/grooming board

A new environmental enrichment device, termed a “foraging/grooming board,” was presented to 8 individually housed rhesus monkeys for the explicit purpose of reducing the level of aberrant behaviors manifested by these animals. The device, consisting of a piece of plexiglass covered with artificial fleece, had particles of food treats rubbed into it and was attached to the outside of each animal's home cage. All animals foraged from the board to the point that a significant reduction in the level of abnormal behavior was noted. Most animals also groomed the fleece covering the board, utilizing the same motor patterns that would be directed toward grooming another monkey. These boards are inexpensive to construct and easy to sanitize, and do not require placing animal facility personnel at risk to maintain them.
Effect of phospholipids on isothermal crystallisation and fractionation of milk fat

Milk fats with different concentrations of water and phospholipids (PL) were crystallised isothermally under static conditions and their crystallisation behaviour was monitored by Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC) and pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (pNMR). The Avrami and the Gompertz models, which were fitted by non-linear regression, described the crystallisation process. A significant effect of phospholipid concentration was observed using both techniques (DSC and pNMR). Especially the induction time and the Avrami growth rate constant were altered: higher amounts of PL delayed the onset of static crystallisation. A similar effect of PL on the crystallisation kinetics was observed in a small-scale fractionation. Moreover, the filtration time of the crystal suspension and melting properties of the stearin were strongly affected by the presence of higher concentrations of PL. These observations emphasise the importance of the adequate removal of PL during anhydrous milk fat production.
PHYTOPLANKTON PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN SANCTUARY LAKE, PYMATUNING RESERVOIR

One of the basic factors governing the biological productivity of a lake is photosynthesis. It represents the underlying process on which depends the production of organic material. Many workers have recognized its significance and some (Manning and Juday 1941) (Gessner 1949) have developed criteria of productivity by measuring photosynthetic rates per unit of chlorophyll in the water. These workers assumed that once they had established an average rate for a few lakes, they could apply this rate to other lakes in which they made no measurements of photosynthesis, but simply estimated the amount of chlorophyll present. Their criterion would seem to be one of the best yet devised for roughly comparing the primary productivity of different lakes. However, much remains to be learned concerning variations in photosynthetic rates in relation to time, from one lake to another and among natural communities of different phytoplankton species. In the present investigation, photosynthetic and respiratory rates of the Myxophycean communities in Sanctuary Lake were studied during the summer of 1951. The rates observed are described and discussed below. The authors would like to acknowledge advice and guidance for this investigation from Dr. Jacob Verduin of the Franz Theodore Stone Institute of Hydrobiology. The equipment used in this study was provided by the Pymatuning Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh.
Seletividade de Agroquímicos Utilizados na Produção Integrada de Maçã aos Parasitóides Trichogramma pretiosum Riley e Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Parasitoids of genus Trichogramma represent an alternative to control tortricids in apple orchards; however, it is necessary to use selective pesticides for managing this crop. The side-effects of pesticides used in Integrated Production of Apples, were evaluated to parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) under laboratory conditions, by following protocols of IOBC/WPRS. Bioassays were carried with: a) adults by exposing to fresh pesticides residues, applied on glass plates; b) immature stages, with applications of pesticides on eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), with the parasitoid in the egg-larvae, pre-pupae and pupae stages. The reduction in the parasitization (adults) and reduction on adults emergence (immatures), in relation the control were used to classified the pesticides in harmless ( 99%). Out of 60 pesticides tested in bioassays with adults of T. pretiosum, 60% were harmless, 10% slightly harmful, 16.67% moderately harmful and 13.33% harmful. In bioassays with immatures, out of 19 pesticides evaluated, 73.68% were harmless for all immatures stages and the others were slightly harmful in at least one stage. For T. atopovirilia, of the 40 pesticides evaluated with adults, 45% were harmless, 15% slightly harmful, 12.5% moderately harmful and 27.5% harmful; in bioassays with immatures of the 17 pesticides tested 58.82% were harmless for the three stages, while 41.18% were slightly harmful, moderately harmful and harmful. T. atopovirilia was more sensitive than T. pretiosum to evaluated pesticides in the tests with either adults or immatures.
Redescription of the advertisement call of Aplastodiscus arildae (Cruz & Peixoto) and description of the call of Aplastodiscus weygoldti (Cruz & Peixoto) with general notes about the genus in Southeastern Brazil (Anura, Hylidae)

The study of anuran advertisement calls is very significant for it is an important premating premating mechanism. Herein we redescribe the advertisement call of Aplastodiscus arildae from an area near type-locality and describe the advertisement call of A. weygoldti comparing them to previously described advertisement calls of species of the genus Aplastodiscus. Both advertisement calls are simple, non-modulated calls, very similar to each other, but significantly different in what matters to call duration. We describe the first distress call registered for the genus, the distress call of A. arildae, that does not have rigid form and was only recorded for one individual. Some general notes of the genus Aplastodiscus are given.
Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems: The Role of Nutrients

Section I. Evolution and Character of Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems. - 1. The Comparative Evolution of Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems: A Southern Perspective. - 2. Mediterranean-Type Heathlands and Sclerophyllous Shrublands of the World: An Overview. - 3. Ecological Control of the Vegetation of Southwestern Australia: Moisture versus Nutrients. - 4. Influence of Nutrients on the Composition and Distribution of Plant Communities in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems of Israel. - 5. Approaches to the Definition of Mediterranean Growth Forms. - Section II. Plant Form and Function. - 6. Carbon-Gaining Capacity and Allocation Patterns of Mediterranean-Climate Plants. - 7. Moisture Regime and Nutrient Control of Seasonal Growth in Mediterranean Ecosystems. - 8. Canopy Structure of Mediterranean-Type Shrubs in Relation to Heat and Moisture. - 9. Carbon and Nitrogen Economy of Diplacus aurantiacus, a Californian Mediterranean-Climate Drought-Deciduous Shrub. - Section III. Nutrient Cycling. - 10. Nutrient Cycling in Australian Heath and South African Fynbos. - 11. Impact of Fire on Nutrient Cycles in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems with Reference to Chaparral. - 12. Decomposition and Mineralization Processes in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems and in Heathlands of Similar Structure. - 13. The Effects of Different Fire Regimes on Soil Nutrient Levels in Quercus coccifera Garrigue. - Section IV. Plant Nutrition. - 14. Strategies for Maximizing Nutrient Uptake in Two Mediterranean Ecosystems of Low Nutrient Status. - 15. The Effects of Fire on Photosynthesis in Chaparral Resprouts. - 16. Mineral Nutrient and Nonstructural Carbon Pools in Shrubs from Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems of California and Chile. - 17. Comparative Phenology of Mediterranean-Type Plant Communities. - Section V. Community Patterns and Diversity. - 18. Some Thoughts on Resource Competition and Diversity in Plant Communities. - 19. On Alpha Diversity and the Richness of the Cape Flora: A Study in Southern Cape Fynbos. - 20. Continental Diversity Patterns and Convergent Evolution in Bird Communities. - 21. Distribution and Species Diversity of Birds and Plants in Fynbos Vegetation of Mediterranean-Climate Zone, South Africa. - 22. Plant Community Structure - Spatial Partitioning of Resources. - 23. Plant Community Diversity and Dynamics in Relation to Fire. - 24. Mammal Species Diversity in Australian Heathlands: the Importance of Pyric Succession and Habitat Diversity. - 25. Animal Demography in Relation to Fire and Shortage of Food: Some Indicative Models. - Section VI. Plant-Animal Interactions. - 26. The Role of Sclerophyllous Leaves in Determining Insect Grazing Damage. - 27. Defoliation Patterns in Matorral Ecosystems.
Comparative study of the discriminating capacity and effectiveness of AFLP, STMS and EST markers in assessing genetic relationships among evergreen azaleas

The application of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), sequence tagged microsatellite site (STMS) and expressed sequence tag (EST) markers to study the genetic relationships in an evergreen azalea gene pool was investigated. STMS and EST markers revealed a higher genetic distance detection capacity than AFLPs, which, nevertheless, were the most efficient marker system due to their highest polymorphism detection capacity. Similarity matrices showed weak, yet significant, correlations when Mantel's test was applied. To assess the usefulness of the overall information provided by these marker data for establishing phylogenetic relationships and horticultural classification, cluster analysis was performed. The joint AFLP, STMS and EST data were demonstrated to be remarkably effective for group discrimination and phylogenetic studies. The use of these polymerase chain reaction marker systems is discussed in terms of the choice of appropriate marker techniques for different aspects of evergreen azalea germplasm evaluation.
Changes in phloem export of sucrose in leaves in response to phosphorus, potassium and magnesium deficiency in bean plants

The effect of varied phosphorus (10 and 250 mmol P m -3 ), potassium (50 and 2010 mmol K m -3 ) and magnesium (20 and 1000 mmol Mg m -3 ) supply on sucrose, reducing sugars, amino acids, P, K, and Mg in phloem exudate was studied in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants over a 12 d growth period in nutrient solution. Phloem exudates were collected from detached primary leaves using the EDTA-promoted exudation technique. Compared with control nutrient-sufficient plants, sucrose export in the phloem exudate was drastically decreased by K deficiency and, particularly, by Mg deficiency, whereas P deficiency either had no effect or stimulated sucrose export. In Mg-deficient plants the rate of sucrose export was decreased to 10-20% of the control plants
Resource pulses, switching trophic control, and the dynamics of small mammal assemblages in arid Australia

Abstract Small mammal assemblages in the aridlands of the Southern Hemisphere often have wildly fluctuating dynamics. Previous studies have attributed these fluctuations to climate-driven pulses in food resources resulting in the switching of trophic control from bottom-up (food-limited) to top-down (predation-limited) population regulation, and vice versa. In this study we use a meta-analytic approach to evaluate the evidence for the phenomenon of switching trophic control. If shifting trophic control is a unifying phenomenon that shapes small mammal assemblages in arid Australia, we would expect the abundance and species richness of small mammals to increase with increasing primary productivity and the abundance of small mammals to decrease with increasing predator abundances, which lag behind those of small mammals. We tested these predictions using data compiled from 6 unpublished and 2 published data sets containing time series (3–11 years) of small mammal and predator community dynamics. Our analyses provide moderate support for the notion that switching trophic control is a unifying phenomenon shaping small mammal assemblages. Also, our results provide evidence that top-down and bottom-up control are not mutually exclusive phenomena driving desert small mammal assemblages but rather alternative ecosystem states that exist along a rainfall-driven continuum of ecosystem energy flux through time.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PHACUS TRYPANON (EUGLENOPHYCEAE) WITH AN EMPHASIS ON STRIATED FIBER AND MICROTUBULE ARRANGEMENT

Phacus trypanon Pochmann is a photosynthetic euglenoid that is known to have typical characteristics of the Euglenales. The ultrastructure of P. trypanon was examined with particular attention being given to the striated fibers of both the basal body complex and feeding apparatus and microtubule arrangement. As in other euglenoids, the basal body complex was associated with the striated and fibrous fibers. The singlet microtubules at the reservoir level were arranged into doublets by a successive linkage of the existing adjacent microtubules at the transition level, and doublets were rearranged into a three‐over‐two pattern of cytoskeletal microtubules that were continuous with the subpellicular microtubules. The most striking feature of the feeding apparatus of P. trypanon was the prominent striated fiber that originated from the reservoir membrane and became arc shaped with electron‐opaque bands at the lower canal level. The reinforcing microtubular band (MTR)/pocket of P. trypanon was associated with a prominent striated fiber that may act as a nucleating site for the semicircular microtubules, which surround the canal. The striated fiber and MTR/pocket are usually only found in those taxa that have a well‐developed feeding apparatus and lack plastids; therefore, we speculate that the ingestion apparatus is functional in P. trypanon, which likely diverged in the early history of the photosynthetic green euglenoids.
Neonatal invariant Vα24+ NKT lymphocytes are activated memory cells

NKT cells are a small subset of T lymphocytes which express an invariant Vα24JαQ TCR and recognize glycolipids presented by CD1d. In adults, NKT cells have a memory phenotype, frequently associated with oligoclonal expansion, express NK cell markers, and produce T0 cytokines upon primary stimulation. Because of these features, NKT cells are regarded as lymphocytes of innate immunity. We investigated NKT cells from cord blood to see how these cells appear in the absence of exogenous stimuli. We found that NKT cells are present at comparable frequencies in cord blood and adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in both cases display a memory (CD45RO+CD62L–) phenotype. However, neonatal NKT cells differ from their adult counterparts by the following characteristics: (1) they express markers of activation, such as CD25; (2) they are polyclonal; (3) they do not produce cytokines in response to primary stimulation. Together, our data show that human NKT cells arise in the newborn with an activated memory phenotype, probably due to recognition of an endogenous ligand(s). The absence of oligoclonal expansion and primary effector functions also suggest that neonatal NKT cells, despite their activated memory phenotype, require a further priming / differentiation event to behave as fully functional cells of innate immunity.