Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Carnegie Supernova Project: Classification of Type Ia Supernovae

We use the spectroscopy and homogeneous photometry of 97 Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) obtained by the Carnegie Supernova Project as well as a subset of 36 SNe Ia presented by Zheng et al. to examine maximum-light correlations in a four-dimensional (4D) parameter space: B-band absolute magnitude, MB, Si ii λ6355 velocity, , and Si ii pseudo-equivalent widths pEW(Si ii λ6355) and pEW(Si ii λ5972). It is shown using Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) that the original four groups in the Branch diagram are well-defined and robust in this parameterization. We find three continuous groups that describe the behavior of our sample in [MB, ] space. Extending the GMM into the full 4D space yields a grouping system that only slightly alters group definitions in the [MB, ] projection, showing that most of the clustering information in [MB, ] is already contained in the 2D GMM groupings. However, the full 4D space does divide group membership for faster objects between core-normal and broad-line objects in the Branch diagram. A significant correlation between MB and pseudo-equivalent width (Si ii λ5972) is found, which implies that Branch group membership can be well-constrained by spectroscopic quantities alone. In general, we find that higher-dimensional GMMs reduce the uncertainty of group membership for objects between the originally defined Branch groups. We also find that the broad-line Branch group becomes nearly distinct with the inclusion of , indicating that this subclass of SNe Ia may be somehow different from the other groups.
Planar boundaries and parabolic subgroups

We study the Bowditch boundaries of relatively hyperbolic group pairs, focusing on the case where there are no cut points. We show that, if there are parabolic inseparable cut pairs in $\partial(G,\mathcal{P})$, the group $G$ splits over a finite group. We use this to prove that when $G$ is one ended, and $(G, \mathcal{P})$ is a relatively hyperbolic pair with connected planar boundary with no cut points, then every element of $\mathcal{P}$ is virtually a surface group. This conclusion is consistent with the conjecture that such a group $G$ is virtually Kleinian. We give numerous examples to show the necessity of our assumptions.
Probing the nuclear and circumnuclear properties of NGC 6300 using X-ray observations

We present the results obtained from a detailed X-ray timing and spectral analysis of Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 6300 by using observations with the {\it Suzaku}, {\it Chandra} and {\it NuSTAR} observatories between 2007 and 2016. We calculate variance, rms fractional variability of the source in different energy bands and find variabilities in various energy bands. Spectral properties of the source are studied by using various phenomenological and physical models. The properties of the Compton clouds, reflection, Fe K$\alpha$ line emission and soft X-ray excess are studied in detail. Several physical parameters of the source are extracted and investigated to establish the presence/absence of any correlation between them. We also investigate the nature of the circumnuclear `torus' and find that the torus is not uniform, rather clumpy. The observed changes in the line-of-sight column density can be explained in terms of transiting clouds. The iron line emitting region is found to be different in the different epoch of observations. We also observe that the torus and the nucleus independently evolve over the years.
FUMIGATION LETHAL EFFECT OF ETHYL FORMATE ON THE ADULTS OF LIPOSCELIS BOSTRYCHOPHILA

The sealed jar fumigation experiment showed that fumigation time and temperature significantly affected the fumigation effects of EtF(ethyl formate) on Liposcelis bostrychophila adults.Within 24 h of treatment,EtF showed a fairly high fumigation activity.Fumigation at 16℃ gave better result than at 31℃. The LC_(50) of L.bostrychophila adults fumigated by EtF with an exposure time of 12,24,36,48 and 60 h was 15.882,15.676,14.011, 13.154 and 10.495 μL/L,respectively.Fumigation at 20,25 and 30℃ gave an LC_(50) of(11.372),13.283 and 15.676 μL/L,respectively,when the treatment lasted for 24 h,and an LC_(50) of 10.857,12.891 and 13.154μL/L,respectively,when the treatment lasted for 48 h.
The classical compact groups and Gaussian multiplicative chaos

We consider powers of the absolute value of the characteristic polynomial of Haar distributed random orthogonal or symplectic matrices, as well as powers of the exponential of its argument, as a random measure on the unit circle. We also consider the case where these measures are restricted to the unit circle minus small neighborhoods around ±1. We show that for small enough powers and under suitable normalization, as the matrix size goes to infinity, these random measures converge in distribution to a Gaussian multiplicative chaos (GMC) measure. Our result is analogous to one relating to unitary matrices previously established by Christian Webb (2015 Electron. J. Probab. 20). We thus complete the connection between the classical compact groups and GMC. To prove this convergence when excluding small neighborhoods around ±1 we establish appropriate asymptotic formulae for Toeplitz and Toeplitz + Hankel determinants with merging singularities. Using a recent formula due to Claeys et al (2021 Int. Math. Res. Not. rnaa354), we are able to prove convergence on the whole of the unit circle.
Person image generation with semantic attention network for person re-identification

Pose variation is one of the key factors which prevents the network from learning a robust person re-identification (Re-ID) model. To address this issue, we propose a novel person pose-guided image generation method, which is called the semantic attention network. The network consists of several semantic attention blocks, where each block attends to preserve and update the pose code and the clothing textures. The introduction of the binary segmentation mask and the semantic parsing is important for seamlessly stitching foreground and background in the pose-guided image generation. Compared with other methods, our network can characterize better body shape and keep clothing attributes, simultaneously. Our synthesized image can obtain better appearance and shape consistency related to the original image. Experimental results show that our approach is competitive with respect to both quantitative and qualitative results on Market-1501 and DeepFashion. Furthermore, we conduct extensive evaluations by using person re-identification (Re-ID) systems trained with the pose-transferred person based augmented data. The experiment shows that our approach can significantly enhance the person Re-ID accuracy.
Formation of superstrong horizontal magnetic field in delta-type sunspot in radiation magnetohydrodynamic simulations

We perform a series of radiative magnetohydrodynamic simulations to understand the amplification mechanism of the exceptionally strong horizontal magnetic field in delta-type sunspots. In the simulations, we succeed in reproducing the delta-type sunspot and resulting strong magnetic field exceeding 6000 G in a light bridge between the positive and negative polarities. Our conclusions in this study are summarized as follows: 1. The essential amplification mechanism of the strong horizontal magnetic field is the shear motion caused by the rotation of two spots. 2. The strong horizontal magnetic field remains the force-free state. 3. The peak strength of the magnetic fields does not depend on the spatial resolution, top boundary condition, or Alfven speed limit. The origin of the rotating motion is rooted in the deep convection zone. Therefore, the magnetic field in the delta-spot light bridge can be amplified to the superequipartition values in the photosphere.
Integration of Singular Subalgebroids

We establish a Lie theory for singular subalgebroids, objects which generalize singular foliations to the setting of Lie algebroids. First we carry out the longitudinal version of the theory. For the global one, a guiding example is provided by the holonomy groupoid, which carries a natural diffeological structure in the sense of Souriau. We single out a class of diffeological groupoids satisfying specific properties and introduce a differentiation-integration process under which they correspond to singular subalgebroids. In the regular case, we compare our procedure to the usual integration by Lie groupoids. We also specify the diffeological properties which distinguish the holonomy groupoid from the graph.
The relational data borg is learning

This paper overviews an approach that addresses machine learning over relational data as a database problem. This is justified by two observations. First, the input to the learning task is commonly the result of a feature extraction query over the relational data. Second, the learning task requires the computation of group-by aggregates. This approach has been already investigated for a number of supervised and unsupervised learning tasks, including: ridge linear regression, factorisation machines, support vector machines, decision trees, principal component analysis, and k-means; and also for linear algebra over data matrices. The main message of this work is that the runtime performance of machine learning can be dramatically boosted by a toolbox of techniques that exploit the knowledge of the underlying data. This includes theoretical development on the algebraic, combinatorial, and statistical structure of relational data processing and systems development on code specialisation, low-level computation sharing, and parallelisation. These techniques aim at lowering both the complexity and the constant factors of the learning time. This work is the outcome of extensive collaboration of the author with colleagues from RelationalAI, in particular Mahmoud Abo Khamis, Molham Aref, Hung Ngo, and XuanLong Nguyen, and from the FDB research project, in particular Ahmet Kara, Milos Nikolic, Maximilian Schleich, Amir Shaikhha, Jakub Závodný, and Haozhe Zhang. The author would also like to thank the members of the FDB project for the figures and examples used in this paper. The author is grateful for support from industry: Amazon Web Services, Google, Infor, LogicBlox, Microsoft Azure, RelationalAI; and from the funding agencies EPSRC and ERC. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 682588.
The Near-infrared Spectrum of the Nuclear Star Cluster: Looking below the Tip of the Iceberg, and Comparisons with Extragalactic Nuclei

Long-slit near-infrared (NIR) spectra of the Galactic nuclear star cluster (NSC) are discussed. The spectra sample the major axis of the NSC out to its half-light radius. The absorption spectrum of the central regions of the NSC is averaged over angular scales of tens of arc seconds in order to sample globular cluster-like total luminosities, and the results are compared with model spectra. The equivalent widths of Na i2.21 μm and Ca 2.26 μm outside of the center of the NSC, where light from nuclear bulge stars contributes a large fraction to the total flux, are consistent with solar chemical mixtures. In contrast, the equivalent widths of Na i2.21 μm and Ca i2.26 μm near the center of the NSC are larger than expected from models with solar chemical mixtures, even after light from the brightest evolved stars is removed. The depths of spectroscopic features changing along the major axis of the NSC are consistent with imaging studies that have found evidence of population gradients in the NSC. That Na i2.21 μm and Ca i2.26 μm are deeper than predicted for solar chemical mixtures over a range of evolutionary states is consistent with previous studies that find that the majority of stars near the center of the NSC formed from material that had nonsolar chemical mixtures. The depths of the Na i2.21 μm and Ca i2.26 μm features in the central regions of the NSC are comparable to those in the nuclear spectrum of the early-type Virgo disk galaxy NGC 4491, and are deeper than in the central spectra of NGC 253 and 7793. A spectrum of nebular emission and the youngest stars near the galactic center is also extracted. The equivalent widths of emission features in the extracted NIR spectrum are similar to those in the nuclear spectrum of NGC 253, and it is argued that this agreement is best achieved if the current episode of star formation near the center of the NSC has been in progress for at least a few megayears.
Panchromatic calibration of Ca II triplet luminosity dependence

Context. The line strength of the near-infrared Ca II triplet (CaT) lines are a proxy for measuring metallicity from integrated and individual stellar spectra of bright red giant stars. In the latter case it is a mandatory step to remove the magnitude (proxy for gravity, temperature, and luminosity) dependence from the equivalent width (EW) of the lines before converting them into metallicities. For decades the working empirical procedure has been to use the relative magnitude with respect to the horizontal branch level or red clump, with the advantage that it is independent from distance and extinction. Aims. The V filter is broadly adopted as the reference magnitude, although a few works have used different filters (I and Ks, for example). In this work we investigate the dependence of the CaT calibration using the griz filters from the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) and the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS), the G filter from Gaia, the BVI filters from the Magellanic Clouds photometric survey (MCPS), and the YJKs filters from the Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA) InfraRed CAMera (VIRCAM). We use as a reference the FOcal Reducer and low dispersion Spectrograph 2 (FORS2) V filter used in the original analysis of the sample. Methods. Red giant stars from clusters with known metallicity and available CaT EWs were used as reference. Public photometric catalogues were taken from the Survey of the MAgellanic Stellar History (SMASH) second data release, VISTA survey of the Magellanic Clouds system (VMC), Gaia, MCPS surveys, plus VIsible Soar photometry of star Clusters in tApi’i and Coxi HuguA (VISCACHA) GMOS data, for a selection of Small Magellanic Cloud clusters. The slopes were fitted using two and three lines to be applicable to most of the metallicity scales. Results. The magnitude dependence of the CaT EWs is well described by a linear relation using any filter analysed in this work. The slope increases with wavelength of the filters. The zero point (i.e. reduced EW), which is the metallicity indicator, remains the same. Conclusions. If the same line profile function is used with the same bandpasses and continuum regions, and the total EW comes from the same number of lines (2 or 3), then the reduced EW is the same regardless the filter used. Therefore, any filter can be used to convert the CaT equivalent widths into metallicity for a given CaT calibration.
Growth, fruit yield and quality of Golden Delicious apple trees under fixed partial rootzone drying

We investigated the vegetative and productive responses of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees to  xed partial rootzone drying under the dry climate of central Sicily. Soil water content (SWC), stomatal conductance, yield, fruit quality, fruit growth, and vegetative growth of conventionally irrigated trees (CI), where drip emitters on both sides of each tree were left open, were compared to that of  xed partial rootzone drying (FPRD) trees where only one side of the rootzone was irrigated for the entire season thus receiving 50% of the CI irrigation water. The irrigation season started on 31 July and ended on 13 September, 2004. Wet and dry rootzone sides showed signi cantly different SWC from 16 August until 14 September, whereas stomatal conductance of CI and FPRD trees differed signi cantly starting on 24 August. Relative growth rate of CI fruit was higher than that of FPRD fruit on 27 and 31 August, but fruit size was similar during the entire sampling period and at harvest. Trees of the two treatments had similar yields, number of fruits, crop load, fruit:leaf ratio, fruit quality, tree height, wood fresh and dry weight, canopy spread area, volume and density, shoot length and number, internode length, and leaf area. FPRD trees had higher yield ef ciency, thinner shoots, lower leaf water content, higher canopy density and leaf dry weight and speci c leaf weight than CI trees. Our observations suggest the extent of possible water savings without loss of yield and fruit quality using this partial rootzone drying strategy in ‘Golden Delicious’ apple orchards of central Sicily.
FANG: Leveraging Social Context for Fake News Detection Using Graph Representation

We propose Factual News Graph (FANG), a novel graphical social context representation and learning framework for fake news detection. Unlike previous contextual models that have targeted performance, our focus is on representation learning. Compared to transductive models, FANG is scalable in training as it does not have to maintain all nodes, and it is efficient at inference time, without the need to re-process the entire graph. Our experimental results show that FANG is better at capturing the social context into a high fidelity representation, compared to recent graphical and non-graphical models. In particular, FANG yields significant improvements for the task of fake news detection, and it is robust in the case of limited training data. We further demonstrate that the representations learned by FANG generalize to related tasks, such as predicting the factuality of reporting of a news medium.
Uncertainty about Uncertainty: Optimal Adaptive Algorithms for Estimating Mixtures of Unknown Coins

Given a mixture between two populations of coins, "positive" coins that each have---unknown and potentially different---bias $\geq\frac{1}{2}+\Delta$ and "negative" coins with bias $\leq\frac{1}{2}-\Delta$, we consider the task of estimating the fraction $\rho$ of positive coins to within additive error $\epsilon$. We achieve a tight upper and lower bound of $\Theta(\frac{\rho}{\epsilon^2\Delta^2})$ samples for constant probability of success. In particular, our lower bound applies to all fully-adaptive algorithms. A crucial component of our lower bound proof is a decomposition lemma (Corollary 16) showing how to assemble partially-adaptive bounds into a fully-adaptive bound, which may be of independent interest: though we invoke it for the special case of Bernoulli random variables (coins), it applies to general distributions. We present simulation results to demonstrate the practical efficacy of our approach for realistic problem parameters for crowdsourcing applications, focusing on the "rare events" regime where $\rho=O(\frac{1}{\log 1/\epsilon})$. The fine-grained adaptive flavor of both our algorithm and lower bound contrasts with much previous work in distributional testing and learning.
Bio-efficacy Evaluation of Chemical Insecticides against Painted Bug, Bagrada hilaris (Burm.) in Mustard

Bio-efficacy studies of insecticides i.e. fipronil 5 SC @ 75 g a.i./ha, spinosad 45 SC @ 75 g a.i./ha, indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 75 g a.i./ha, imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 40 g a.i./ha, acetamiprid 20 SP @ 40 g a.i./ha, endosulfan 35 EC @ 350 g a.i./ha, dimethoate 30 EC @ 300 g a.i./ha and oxy-demeton methyl 25 EC @ 250 g a.i./ha against painted bug, Bagrada hilaris (Burm.) in mustard crop during 2006–07 and 2007–08 revealed that all the insecticide treatments were significantly superior over the control in term of higher yield and less infestation of painted bug. However, among the insecticidal treatments, comparative higher painted bug control and yield was obtained by imidacloprid 17.8 SL@ 40g a.i./ha, spinosad 45 SC @ 75 g a.i./ha, indoxacarb 14.5 SC@ 75 g a.i./ha, and acetamiprid 20 SP @ 40 g a.i./ha when compared with other insecticides. Most favourable incremental costbenefit ratio was obtained by the treatments i.e. imidacloprid 17.8 SL@ 40 g a.i./ha (1:32) followed by acetamiprid 20 SP @ 40g a.i./ha (1:28), dimethoate 30 EC @ 300 g a.i./ha (1:27), endosulfan 35EC @ 350 g a.i./ha (1:24), oxy-demeton methyl 25 EC @ 250 g a.i./ha (1:19), indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 75 g a.i./ha (1:17.0), spinosad 45 SC @ 75 g a.i./ha (1:17) and fipronil 5 SC @ 75 g a.i./ha (1:9).
Interpretations of cosmic expansion: anchoring conceptions and misconceptions

Teaching cosmology at the undergraduate or high school level requires simplifications and analogies, and inevitably brings the teacher into contact with at least one of the pedagogical interpretations of the expanding Universe. The by far most popular interpretation holds that galaxies in an expanding Universe are stationary, while space itself expands and thus causes the growing distances that characterize cosmic expansion. The alternative relativistic explosion interpretation regards cosmic expansion as a pattern of (relativistic) galaxy motion. The aim of this article is to discuss the two competing interpretations from the perspective of potential student preconceptions, taking into account both beneficial anchoring conceptions and potentially harmful preconceptions that can lead to misconceptions.
Algebraic Number Starscapes

Abstract We study the geometry of algebraic numbers in the complex plane, and their Diophantine approximation, aided by extensive computer visualization. Motivated by the resulting images, which we have called algebraic starscapes, we describe the geometry of the map from the coefficient space of polynomials to the root space, focusing on the quadratic and cubic cases. The geometry describes and explains the notable features of the illustrations, and motivates a geometric-minded recasting of fundamental results in the Diophantine approximation of the complex plane. Meanwhile, the images provide a case-study in the symbiosis of illustration and research, and an entry-point to geometry and number theory for a wider audience. In particular, the paper is written to provide an accessible introduction to the study of homogeneous geometry and Diophantine approximation. We investigate the homogeneous geometry of root and coefficient spaces under the natural action. Hyperbolic geometry and the discriminant play an important role in low degree. In particular, we rediscover the quadratic and cubic root formulas as isometries of and its unit tangent bundle, respectively. Utilizing this geometry, we determine when the map sending certain families of polynomials to their complex roots (our starscape images) are embeddings. We reconsider the fundamental questions of the Diophantine approximation of complex numbers by algebraic numbers of bounded degree, from the geometric perspective developed. In the quadratic case (approximation by quadratic irrationals), we consider approximation in terms of hyperbolic distance between roots in the complex plane and the discriminant as a measure of arithmetic height on a polynomial. In particular, we determine the supremum on the exponent k for which an algebraic target α has infinitely many approximations β whose hyperbolic distance from α does not exceed . It turns out to fall into two cases, depending on whether α lies on the image of a plane of rational slope in coefficient space (a rational geodesic). The result comes as an application of Schmidt’s subspace theorem. Our results recover the quadratic case of results of Bugeaud and Evertse, and give some geometric explanation for the dichotomy they discovered. Our statements go a little further in distinguishing approximability in terms of whether the target or approximations lie on rational geodesics. The paper comes with accompanying software, and finishes with a wide variety of open problems.