Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Temperature-dependent diffusion coefficient of H 2 SO 4 in air: laboratory measurements using laminar flow technique

Abstract. We report measurements of the diffusion coefficient of sulfuric acid in humidified air at a range of relative humidities (from ~4 to 70 %), temperatures (278, 288 and 298 K) and initial H2SO4 concentration (from 1 × 10e6 to 1 × 10e8 molec. cm−3). The diffusion coefficients were estimated from the sulfuric acid wall loss rate coefficients under laminar flow conditions. The flow conditions were verified with additional fluid dynamics model CFD-FLUENT simulations which also reproduced the loss rate coefficients very well at all three temperatures with the maximum difference of 7 % between the measured and simulated values. The concentration of H2SO4 was measured continuously with chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) at seven different positions along the flow tube. The wall losses of H2SO4 were determined from the slopes of fits to measured H2SO4 concentrations as a function of the position along the flow tube. The observed wall loss rate coefficients, and hence the diffusion coefficients, were independent of different initial H2SO4 concentrations and different total flow rates. However, the determined diffusion coefficients decreased with increasing relative humidity, as also seen in previous experiments, and had a rather strong power dependence of the diffusion coefficient with respect to temperature, around ∝T5.4, which is in disagreement with the expected temperature dependency of ~T1.75 observed for other gases and not tested before for sulfuric acid. The effect of relative humidity on the diffusion coefficient is likely due to stronger hydration of H2SO4 molecules and likely also due to the presence of trace impurities such as amines, possibly brought to the system by humidification. Clustering kinetics simulations using quantum chemical data suggest that also the strong temperature dependence of the observed diffusion coefficient might be explained by increased diffusion volume of H2SO4 molecules due to stronger clustering with base-impurities like amines.
The Pandemic Period and the Parent-Child Relationship

The aim of this study is to investigate parents’ relationships with their children during the pandemic period. The study is a qualitative research study and was conducted with a case study design. The study group of this research consisted of 19 parents. The study group was selected using the criterion sampling method of purposive sampling. The criteria specified in this research were that parents should have a child attending preschool and at least a secondary school level of education. The research data were gathered during the 2019-2020 academic year via interviews conducted with parents having at least one child who was still receiving preschool education, using a semi-structured interview form. The study variables were age, occupation, education level, number of children, and cohabitation status of the parents. The data obtained from the interviews were analysed using the content analysis method. Accordingly, the researcher aimed to assess, through content analysis, the reasons for directly unobservable or non-quantifiable behaviours of the parents by conducting interviews. The research findings revealed that the positive aspects of the parent-child relationship during the pandemic were stated to be spending time together, sharing, doing activities, and communication, while the negative aspects were reported as social isolation, domestic conflicts, and mobile phone addiction. Changes in the mother-child relationship during the pandemic were revealed to be related to knowing each other, spending time together, conflicts, and obeying rules, while in terms of the father-child relationship, changes were seen in communication, doing activities and sense of responsibility. While participants evaluated domestic relationships positively with regard to being together, being supportive and positive communication, they regarded them negatively in terms of conflicts, communication problems and boredom. Lastly, participants stated that educational activities, playing games, watching educational videos and preparing food were the activities on which the most time was spent.
A bibliometric review of International Marketing Review (IMR): past, present, and future

PurposeThe primary objective of this endeavour is to form a retrospective overview of the International Marketing Review (IMR) and map its way forward.Design/methodology/approachA range of bibliometric techniques has been employed to analyse the performance of IMR and its stakeholders, map the evolution of its thematic and intellectual structures and analyse the factors driving IMR's academic influence and impactFindingsIMR's academic contributions, influence and impact have grown progressively. The thematic structure of the journal has evolved into six clusters. Simultaneously, its research fronts have submerged to six bibliographic clusters, noted as marketing channels, cross-cultural impact on emerging markets, export performance, country of origin (COO), online consumers and global business environment. Among these, the first four are still evolving, suggesting scope for future submissions.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitation of this endeavour largely arises from its selection of bibliographic data being confined to Scopus.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first objective assessment of the journal, useful to its authors, readers, reviewers and editorial board.
Analysis of Climate-Oriented Researches in Building

Many factors and aspects of the construction and operation of buildings depend on climatic parameters and climatic zones, so these will be fundamental for adapting and mitigating the effects of climate change. For this reason, the number of climate-oriented publications in building is increasing. This research presents an analysis on the most-cited climate-oriented studies in building in the period 1979–2019. The main themes, the typologies of these investigations and the principal types of climatic zoning used in these studies were analysed through bibliographic and manual analysis. A broad spectrum of themes directly and indirectly related to climate and climatic zones and buildings was demonstrated. It was found that 88% of all climate-oriented investigations, to one degree or another, are within the scope of the general topic of energy conservation. A thorough understanding of all climate-dependent aspects will help in designing dwellings appropriately in different climate zones. In addition, a methodology that facilitates the establishment of a typology of climate-oriented research is presented. This typology can be used in future research in different scientific areas. It was also revealed that the climate zones of the National Building Codes of China, the USA and Turkey prevailed in the studies analysed.
CSR and corporate taxes: Substitutes or complements?

There is a debate in academia and the business world on whether tax payments should be considered part of firms’ social responsibility. Existing literature provides conflicting evidence on the relationship between corporate tax payments and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Borrowing a concept from a behavioral theory of the firm (BTOF), this study attempts to present a more refined model on the relationship between the two. The results in this study reveal that as firms’ performance rises further above their aspiration level, they are less likely to show better CSR performances and are also less likely to avoid taxes. Firms performing just above their aspiration level show higher CSR performances and firms performing nearby (both below and above) their aspiration level avoid more taxes. In conclusion, firms’ CSR and tax payment decisions are related to the desire to meet or beat an aspiration level or sustain competitive advantage than being ethical or unethical. JEL CLASSIFICATION M14; H26
Mantle Flow and Dynamics Beneath Central‐East China: New Insights From P‐Wave Anisotropic Tomography

Massive lithospheric thinning occurred in eastern China and large‐scale magmatism in South China occurred in the Mesozoic. Some geodynamic models have been proposed to explain their mechanisms, but are not consistent with each other. We apply anisotropic tomography to 32,728 P‐wave travel time data of 479 teleseismic events recorded at 225 stations to study the 3‐D anisotropic Vp structure of the upper mantle beneath central‐east China. P‐wave radial anisotropy is investigated for the first time in the study region. Our results show that an obvious low‐velocity zone exists in the asthenosphere under the eastern part of our study region, which represents upwelling thermal flow from the Cathaysia block to the North China block (NCB) according to the results of azimuthal and radial anisotropies. A distinct high‐velocity zone with weak radial anisotropy exists under the middle Yangtze block, which is explained as the stable cratonic root. Two other weak high‐velocity zones appear near or within the mantle transition zone under the middle‐lower Yangtze River and the eastern NCB, which might be detached lithosphere or the stagnant Pacific slab. Combining with previous geological and geochemical results, we consider that both the NCB and the South China block have undergone a common geodynamic process in the Mesozoic due to their similar age trending of igneous rocks, which could be explained by a flat‐slab subduction model and a ridge subduction model. These two models are associated with the paleo‐Pacific plate subduction that might have played a key role in the evolution of eastern China.
A Comprehensive Study of Spatiotemporal Variations in Temperature Extremes across China during 1960–2018

Understanding the changing patterns of extreme temperatures is important for taking measures to reduce their associated negative impacts. Based on daily temperature data derived from 2272 meteorological stations in China, the spatiotemporal variations in temperature extremes were examined with respect to covariates by means of the Mann–Kendall test and a spatiotemporal model during 1960–2018. The results indicated that the temporal changes in cold extremes showed decreasing trends and warm extremes experienced increasing trends across almost all of China, with mean change rates of −3.9 days, −1.8 days, 3.7 days and 2.3 days per decade for TN10p, TX10p, TN90p and TX90p, respectively. Nighttime warming/cooling was higher than daytime warming/cooling, which indicated that trends in minimum temperature extremes are more rapid than trends in maximum temperature extremes. In addition, the temporal effect on the temperature extremes varied throughout the year, with significant increasing trends in the temporal heterogeneity of warm extremes occurring during 1992–2018. The areas with strong spatial heterogeneity of cool nights mainly included northeastern and central China, and the spatial variation on cool days was more prominent in northern China. For warm nights, the areas showing high spatial heterogeneity were mainly located in the northwestern part of China, while areas for warm days were distributed in northern China. Our results provide meaningful information for a deeper understanding of the spatiotemporal variations in temperature extremes across mainland China.
Remote sensing‐based biological and nonbiological indices for evaluating desertification in Iran: Image versus field indices

Mapping and monitoring of the complex process of desertification based on ground data in broad arid and semiarid areas faces basic limitations. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to propose a new method for mapping this phenomenon in central Iran using biological and nonbiological (BNB) indices of remote sensing products from 2003 to 2016. For this purpose, BNB indices including normalized difference vegetation index, land surface temperature, temperature vegetation dryness index, precipitation, evapotranspiration, net primary production, rain use efficiency (RUE), aridity index, and slope were extracted using MOD13A2, MOD11A2, PERSIANN‐CDR, and SRTM products. After calibration and normalization of indices, they were combined using fuzzy logic and gamma operator and the combined 2003 map was validated by MEDALUS model map prepared based on ground data in 2003 using Pearson correlation and error matrix. Results showed more than 70% correlation (p < .001) as well as overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of more than 70% and 0.5 between remote sensing‐based and MEDALUS‐based desertification maps. According to the 2003 and 2016 maps, desertification classes including low, moderate, severe, and very severe changed from 11.9, 49.8, 34, and 4.1% to 11.11, 43.21, 40.43, and 5.24%, respectively, which indicate increasing trend of desertification in the region. The findings demonstrate the high capability of proposed method to map and monitor desertification classes. Therefore, it can be used to update existing desertification models and to report desertification condition and its positive and negative trends at local, national, and international levels.
Outcome of Open Long Bone Fractures in Dogs Stabilized with Linear External Skeletal Fixator

Background: External skeletal fixator (ESF) has been recommended as biological method to stabilize open fracture as it does not involves the wound site, besides protecting adjacent soft tissue structures. Considering the advantages of ESF, this study was envisaged with an objective to study the outcome of open fractures of radius-ulna and tibia-fibula stabilized with linear ESF in dogs.Methods: This study included 17 dogs suffering from open long bone fractures of radius-ulna and tibia-fibula, divided into three groups; linear ESF type I or II (group I, n=8) and type III (group II, n=3). In group III (n=6), open fractures were initially treated using conservative methods i.e management of open wound till complete healing followed by delayed internal fixation using intramedullary pin or bone plating.Result: Majority of the open fractures of radius-ulna and tibia-fibula were transverse (64.71%), involving distal third diaphysis (47.06%) in heavy weight (54.55%), 1-3 year old (64.71%), non-descript (35.29%), male (88.23%) dogs due to automobile accidents (58.82%). Neutrophilic (81.47±4.45%) leukocytosis (24610±2461.88 per cumm) and elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase and creatine kinase were observed. Staphylococcus spp. was the common isolated bacteria sensitive to Gentamicin, Cefotaxime, Tobramycin, Amikacin and Neomycin. High per cent fractures (83.33%) in group III had acceptable functional outcome as compared to fractures treated with linear ESF (55.55%) in groups I and II. Osteomyelitis due to pin tract infections was the major complication (8/11; 72.7%) recorded in ESF groups (Group I and II) that lead to delayed and/or nonunion. Weight bearing score improved markedly after removal of the ESF frame. In conclusions, immediate fixation of the long bone fracture using linear ESF in the presence of open contaminated / infected wounds leads to unacceptable outcome. Poor animal compliance, pin tract discharge, osteomyelitis, delayed union and nonunion are major complications associated with linear ESF. Conservative management of the open fracture wound using standard treatment for 2-3 weeks till complete wound healing followed by internal fixation with intramedullary pin or bone plate is recommended for open long bone fractures in dogs.
Simulating risk measures via asymptotic expansions for relative errors

Risk measures, such as value‐at‐risk and expected shortfall, are widely used in finance. With the necessary sample size being computed using asymptotic expansions for relative errors, we propose a general framework to simulate these risk measures for a wide class of dependent data. The asymptotic expansions are new even for independent and identical data. An extensive numerical study is conducted to compare the proposed algorithm against existing algorithms, showing that the new algorithm is easy to implement, fast and accurate, even at the 0.001 quantile level. Applications to the estimation of intra‐horizon risk and to a comparison of the relative errors of value‐at‐risk and expected shortfall are also given.
Attitudes Toward Implementing E-Government in Health Insurance Administration

Health insurance administration (HIA), a governmental institution that provides health insurance services for citizens in Jordan, is investing in an electronic health insurance administration (EHIA) system. This paper aims to explore the main factors influencing users' intention to adopt EHIA in Jordan, where little research focused on such systems. Using a quantitative approach, a sample of 315 citizens was utilized, and an instrument of 30 items was used. Findings revealed that perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, information technology background, and social influence are major predictors of citizens' intention to use EHIA. In contrast, perceived security and perceived trust are not significant toward the adoption process. Jordanian government should focus on the ease and usefulness of the system to encourage citizens to use EHIA system, where substantial efforts need to be exerted to advance citizens' skills in using e-government applications. In addition, Jordanian authorities should utilize social media effectively to illustrate the significance of EHIA system for citizens.
Transition to E - Learning : By Choice or By Force – A Cross - Cultural and Trans-National Assessment

Purpose: This study focused on the transition to e-learning in these turbulent times and its adaptation mode. The study aimed to measure teachers' and students' satisfaction and adoption levels towards e-learning in KSAand India due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In a nutshell, we intended to address three primary research questions: What were the factors affecting the satisfaction and adoption level of teachers & students towards e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic? Does choice moderate the associations between perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, satisfaction, and behavioral intention to use? Does satisfaction mediate the relationship between perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and behavioral intention to use? Methodology: Four hundred seventy-six faculty members and students from KSA and India were considered as the sample. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data, and structural equation modeling was used to analyze the same.Findings : The findings suggested that Perceived Usefulness (PU) had a significant impact on Satisfaction (SAT) and Behavioural Intention to Use (BIU). Perceived Ease of Use (PEU) did not have a substantial effect on Satisfaction (SAT), but had a significant impact on Behavioural Intention to Use (BIU). Further, Satisfaction (SAT) and Choice (CHO) too had a substantial effect on Behavioural Intention to Use (BIU). Satisfaction (SAT) mediated the relationship between Perceived Ease of Use (PEU) and Behavioural Intention to Use (BIU). Again, Choice (CHO) moderated the relationship between Perceived Ease of Use (PEU) and Behavioural Intention to Use (BIU). Originality: This study was unique in comparing the impact of different cultures, economies, and governance models on this transition to e-leaming. It provided a cross-cultural, trans-national, and cross-sectional analysis with a futuristic e-learning framework. © 2021, Associated Management Consultants Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
Comparison of soil organic matter composition under different land uses by DRIFT spectroscopy

The study aimed to estimate and characterise soil organic matter under different land uses (cropland, grassland, and forest) and soil depths. The soil organic matter composition of the soil was assessed by diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT). Humic and fulvic acids (HAs, FAs) were extracted from soils and their compositions were evaluated by DRIFT. Low molecular mass organic acids content was also measured. Our result revealed that the largest differences of the spectra in the composition of organic matter were observed in the upper parts of the soil profile. The forest soil spectra had more intense aliphatic bands, carboxylic, and CH bands than spectra of grassland and cropland soils. The difference of HAs spectra was at 3 010 to 2 800/cm where the most intensive aliphatic bands were in forest soil HAs, followed by grassland and cropland soil HAs. The grassland topsoil FAs spectrum differs most from the other land uses. It has lower peaks around 1 660–1 600/cm and 1 200/cm than cropland and forest. The concentration of low molecular mass organic acid (LMMOA) was the highest in the forest soil and the most abundant acid was citrate.
Blind Deconvolution-Based Localization Method by Matching Multipath Angle of Arrival in The Deep-Sea Direct Acoustic Regions

In this paper, a blind deconvolution-based localization method by matching multipath angle of arrival in the deep-sea direct acoustic regions is proposed. A blind deconvolution method based on the Richardson-Lucy algorithm in the frequency domain is used to directly estimate the multiway arrival angle of the deep-sea acoustic source target, and the target localization is realized by matching the multiway arrival angle feature template of the acoustic field. This method overcomes the inapplicability of the conventional method in the long range of the direct acoustic region and the lower signal-to-noise ratio, and has higher localization accuracy and stability. Simulation and sea trial data validation show that the proposed method is significantly superior to conventional methods in terms of localization accuracy and robustness to environmental mismatch.
The Use of Standardized DSM-5 Symptoms Increases the Likelihood of a False-Positive Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder in Children Aged 6-12 in the United States

Over the past ten years, there has been a 10% increase in the misdiagnosis of psychiatric disorders in the United States. The increase is notably important as the rate of misdiagnosis of pediatric bipolar disorder is on the rise. I studied causes of misdiagnosing bipolar disorder, specifically in children, and analyzed why psychiatrists continue to misdiagnose children despite knowing that children are still growing and have radical symptoms, in order to develop a strategy that decreases the number of misdiagnoses of pediatric bipolar disorder. Several studies have shown that one of the leading causes of misdiagnosis includes the broad symptoms listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). The revisions to the DSM-4 involved the addition of 15 disorders. The symptoms listed in the DSM-5 are targeted towards adults, however, are being used to diagnose children. I analyzed longitudinal studies using national data to assess what percent of children are misdiagnosed with the disorder. The study showed that about 2.5% of the children were diagnosed with bipolar disorder based on the symptoms of the DSM-5. However, at the end of the study, the children no longer presented the bipolar disorder symptoms they were diagnosed by. The results from the study supported the claim that children are being over-diagnosed with bipolar disorder. I hypothesize that children should not be diagnosed with severe disorders until they are older and fully developed, unless they have severe symptoms that impair daily functioning. Based on the results of this study, pediatric bipolar disorder should be diagnosed by alternative diagnostic methods, such as using collateral history and therapy as opposed to prescribing strong medications. It is crucial that the misdiagnosis rate is addressed because children should not be dependent on such medications as their age is the crucial point for development.