Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Perceived Wealth, Cognitive Sophistication and Behavioral Inattention

By means of a laboratory experiment, we show that, contrary to standard consumer theory, financially equivalent balance sheet profiles may be perceived as non fungible in a controlled frictionless environment with no probabilistic attributes. A large majority of subjects indeed have a bias in the perception of wealth, such that balance sheet composition matters: for a given net worth with values of assets and debt that are financially certain and risk-free, a greater asset-debt ratio implies greater perceived wealth. The predominance of this bias is explained by low cognitive sophistication and great inattention. Moreover, biased subjects are less patient, less debt averse, more likely to increase spending out of unexpected gains and report greater propensities to consume. A standard optimal consumption choice model, enriched with a rational but inattentive agent a la Gabaix (2014, 2019), aligns our key experimental findings.
Insomnia and personality – a network approach 2

Studies on personality traits and insomnia have remained inconclusive about which traits 11 show the most direct associations with insomnia severity. It has moreover hardly been explored 12 how traits relate to specific characteristics of insomnia. We here used network analysis in a large 13 sample (N=2089) to obtain an integrated view on the associations of personality traits with both 14 overall insomnia severity and different insomnia characteristics, while distinguishing direct from 15 indirect associations. We first estimated a network describing the associations among the five factor 16 model personality traits and overall insomnia severity. Overall insomnia severity was associated 17 with Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Openness. Subsequently, we estimated a separate network 18 describing the associations among the personality traits and each of the seven individual items of 19 the Insomnia Severity Index. This revealed relatively separate clusters of daytime and nocturnal 20 insomnia complaints, that both contributed to dissatisfaction with sleep, and were both most 21 directly associated with Neuroticism and Conscientiousness. The approach revealed the strongest 22 direct associations between personality traits and the severity of different insomnia characteristics 23 and overall insomnia severity. Differentiating them from indirect associations identified the targets 24 for improving CBT-I with the highest probability of effectively changing the network of associated 25 complaints. 26
Foreign Aid Effectiveness and Institutional Risks: Evidence from the Health and Education sectors

This paper takes a disaggregated approach to analyse the effect of foreign aid in the health and education sectors. Using bilateral aid data for 74 aid-receiving countries, we find that the level of institutional risk strongly influences sectoral aid effectiveness. Foreign aid flows improve both education and health outcomes when political and economic risks are lower. Education aid is effective in increasing the enrolment rate in the primary and tertiary education sectors and reproductive health aid is effective in reducing the child mortality rate in the health sector. Comparing across regions, while South American countries appear to be more efficient in using education aid, Asian countries are more efficient in channelling health aids. All our findings have significant policy implications, suggesting that good governance of aid spending is essential for aid effectiveness. Higher disbursement of aid in the primary and tertiary education sectors and reproductive health activities in the health sector are beneficial to the recipient countries. JEL Classifications: O11, O43, O57
Effects of Heat Stress on Physiology and Livelihoods: Implications for Human Capital Accumulation∗

We present estimates of the effects of extreme temperatures on human capital accumulation in India. Short-run temperature reduces math but not reading test scores through a physiological mechanism. However this effect is temporary; hot days prior to the day of the test have no effect on performance. Longer-run temperature, in contrast, reduces both math and reading test scores through an agricultural income mechanism hot days during the growing season reduce agricultural yields and test score performance with comparatively modest effects of hot days in the non-growing season. The roll-out of a conditional cash transfer program, by providing a safety net for the poor, substantially weakens the link between longer-run temperature and test scores. Our results indicate that (1) extreme temperatures can affect a single economic outcome through multiple channels over different time horizons requiring multiple policy instruments to combat rising heat stress and (2) that absent social protection programs, climate change will have disproportionate and large negative impacts on human capital accumulation of poor populations in agrarian economies. JEL Codes: H41, I0, Q5, Q54
New injection recommendations for patients with diabetes

Aim: Injections administered by patients are one of the mainstays of diabetes management. Proper injection technique is vital to avoiding intramuscular injections, ensuring appropriate delivery to the subcutaneous tissues and avoiding common complications such as lipohypertrophy. Yet few formal guidelines have been published summarizing all that is known about best practice. We propose new injection guidelines which are thoroughly evidence-based, written and vetted by a large group of international injection experts. Methods: A systematic literature study was conducted for all peer-reviewed studies and publications which bear on injections in diabetes. An international group of experts met regularly over a two-year period to review this literature and draft the recommendations. These were then presented for review and revision to 127 experts from 27 countries at the TITAN workshop in September, 2009. Results: Of 292 articles reviewed, 157 were found to meet the criteria of relevance to the recommendations. Each recommendation was graded by the weight it should have in daily practice and by its degree of support in the medical literature. The topics covered include The Role of the Professional, Psychological Challenges, Education, Site Care, Storage, Suspension and Priming, Injecting Process, Proper Use of Pens and Syringes, Insulin analogues, Human and Pre-mixed Insulins, GLP-1 analogs, Needle Length, Skin Folds, Lipohypertrophy, Rotation, Bleeding and Bruising, Pregnancy, Safety and Disposal. Conclusion: These injecting recommendations provide practical guidance and fill an important gap in diabetes management. If followed, they should help ensure comfortable, effective and largely complication-free injections. © 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Is aid fungible? Evidence from the education and health sectors∗

This paper challenges the prevailing view among donors and development scholars that foreign aid is fungible. Unlike the bulk of previous empirical studies, I employ panel data that contains information on the specific purpose for which aid is given. This allows me to link aid given for education and health to recipient public spending in these sectors. In addition, I attempt to distinguish between aid flows that are recorded on the recipient’s budget and those that are off-budget. Preliminary results suggest recipient government spending on education and health increase almost one for one with education and health sector programme aid, which is entirely on-budget. On the other hand, education and health technical assistance have no effect on recipient sectoral spending, which is in line with expectations that the majority of technical assistance is off-budget. Taken together, these results suggest the fungibility of aid earmarked for education and health is very limited. ∗I am grateful to Chris Adam and Paul Collier for useful comments and discussions, and to Ali Abbas, Nicolas Depetris Chauvin, Ibrahim Levent, and Gerd Schwartz for help in obtaining data. I gratefully acknowledge partial funding from St. Catherine’s College.
Comparison of two phenotypical methods to segregate resistant and susceptible lambs to parasitic nematodes

The objective of this study was to compare two segregation methods to select resistant and susceptible female Pelibuey lambs infected naturally with gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in relation to their haematological and immunological response. For 6 months, faeces and blood samples were taken fortnightly from 40 grazing 5-month-old female lambs. The lambs were classified according to two methods using faecal egg count (FEC) as a phenotypical trait. In the first (reference) method (M3SE, n = 22), resistant (RES) lambs had FEC lower than the mean – 3 standard errors, the susceptible (SUS) lambs levels higher than + 3 standard errors(n = 10) and the intermediate (INT) lambs (n = 8) were categorised by having FECs between the two values. The second method (QUM) divided the population, using quartiles, into resistant (RES; 25%), intermediate (INT; 50%), and susceptible (SUS; 25%) lambs. The agreement between both methods was estimated using the Kappa index. The packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma protein (TPP) and peripheral eosinophils (EOS) were determined for each group. Serum was used to evaluate the IgA levels. PCV and TPP values were higher (P<0.01) in the RES lambs (31.5 ± 3.4 and 6.16 ± 0.5 g/dL by QUM, respectively, and 31.5 ± 3.9 and 6.24 ± 0.49 g/dL by M3SE, respectively) than the SUS lambs (28.1 ± 4.7 and 5.94 ± 0.5 g/d, respectively, by both methods). The EOS and IgA values increased with age. M3SE and QUM were in moderate agreement (Kappa = 0.43). We concluded that the two segregation methods allowed for the identification of the same female SUS lambs, but a greater number of animals were categorised phenotypically as resistant using the M3SE method. PCV and TPP can help to identify phenotypically resistant animals.
Spatiotemporal Differentiation of Alpine Butterfly Parnassius glacialis (Papilionidae: Parnassiinae) in China: Evidence from Mitochondrial DNA and Nuclear Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

The Apollo butterfly, Parnassius glacialis, is one of the most charming members of its genus and includes two subspecies locally distributed in montane areas of south-central China and Japan. In this study, we investigated the genetic structure and demographic history of P. glacialis by analyzing partial sequences of four mitochondrial genes and nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) via genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) of samples from nearly the entire known distributional range in China. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data demonstrated that a total of 39 haplotypes were present, and the species was estimated to have diverged about 0.95 million years ago during the middle Pleistocene transition into two main clades that likely formed during the Kunlun-Huanghe tectonic movement. The two clades then dispersed independently in distinct geographic areas alongside the mountainous routes in central and southern China, most likely driven by the Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles. Nuclear SNP analysis was generally congruent with mtDNA results at the individual level. A minor incongruence of genetic structures that was detected between mtDNA and nuclear SNP data from the Laojunshan and Tiantangzhai populations was likely due to secondary contact and male-biased dispersal. Our work demonstrates that complicated dispersal-vicariance evolutionary processes likely led to the current geographic distribution of P. glacialis in China, particularly the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and related climatic oscillations during the Quaternary period.
OTHER REGARDING PRINCIPAL AND MORAL HAZARD WITH MULTIPLE AGENTS

We analyze a principal multi-agent interaction where the agents are other-regarding vis-àvis themselves and the principal is other-regarding vis-à-vis the agents. We show that when projects are ‘not highly controllable’ both team contracts and relative performance contracts can be optimal if the principal is ‘status seeking’ or ‘not too inequity-averse’. But an extreme independent contract is optimal when the principal is sufficiently inequity averse. Similar results hold when the projects of the agents are correlated as well. Also the agents are generally (weakly) better-off under a ‘sufficiently inequity averse’ principal compared to a ‘status seeking’ or ‘moderately inequity-averse’ principal. With a ‘fair’ principal, ceteris paribus, team contracts are more likely over relative performance contracts compared to the standard ‘other-regarding’ principal.
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA THESIS OR DISSERTATION FORMATTING TEMPLATE

Below, I share some of the common answers. As mentioned in the previous section, displaced people often live in very precarious economic situations, and the women of La Red are no exception. Finding affordable housing is a very big problem for displaced households. Both Violeta and Magdalena rent rooms where they live with their daughters. Carolina, her husband and their two sons live in what used to be a classroom in an abandoned elementary school. Clara and Marisa both live with their families in small rooms which they rent. All of them live in the poorest sectors of Bogotá. Marcela is the only member of La Red who does not live in the city center. She lives in the outskirts of the city, barely in the peripheral areas of Bogotá. Her house, constructed out of salvaged, corrugated metal and tarp, is so far removed from the city that the day I visited her, I had to take the metro to the southernmost station, then take a bus further south until its last stop, then hike up an unpaved road for fifteen minutes in order to find her house. Where she lives, there is only pirated electricity and rationed water brought in with hoses from a nearby community center; it is at least a fifteen minute walk to any food stores. Obviously, one of the women‟s major needs is for decent housing. In a recent study conducted by Ana María Ibáñez, Andrés Moya, and Andrea Velásquez (2006), it was revealed that the majority of displaced households lived in houses prior to their displacement, but once resettled in urban centers, had to suffice with renting an apartment, or a room to share with their families. The study also found that displaced
Effects of Climatic Change on Soil Hydraulic Properties during the Last Interglacial Period: Two Case Studies of the Southern Chinese Loess Plateau

The hydraulic properties of paleosols on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) are closely related to agricultural production and are indicative of the environmental evolution during geological and pedogenic periods. In this study, two typical intact sequences of the first paleosol layer (S1) on the southern CLP were selected, and soil hydraulic parameters together with basic physical and chemical properties were investigated to reveal the response of soil hydraulic properties to the warm and wet climate conditions. The results show that: (1) the paleoclimate in the southern CLP during the last interglacial period showed a pattern of three warm and wet sub-stages and two cool and dry sub-stages; (2) when the climate was warm and wet, the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased and the content of macro-aggregates increased, and when the climate was cool and dry, the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity increased and the content of macro-aggregates decreased, indicating that the paleoclimate affected both the grain size of wind-blown sediment and pedogenic process; and (3) in the soil water characteristic curves, the soil water content showed variation in peaks and valleys, indicating that the dust source and pedogenesis of the paleosol affected the water holding capacity. The findings confirmed that on the southern CLP, the warm and wet climate improved soil aggregate stability and water holding capacity, while reducing soil water conductivity. These results reveal the response of soil hydraulic properties to the climate evolution on the southern CLP, which indicate soil water retention and soil moisture supply capacities under an ongoing global warming scenario.
Dynamic Effects of Persistent Shocks

We show that several shocks identified without restrictions from a model, and frequently used in the empirical literature, display some persistence. We demonstrate that the two leading methods to recover impulse responses to shocks (moving average representations and local projections) treat persistence differently, hence identifying different objects. In particular, standard local projections identify responses that include an effect due to the persistence of the shock, while moving average representations implicitly account for it. We propose methods to re-establish the equivalence between local projections and moving average representations. In particular, the inclusion of leads of the shock in local projections allows to control for its persistence and renders the resulting responses equivalent to those associated to counterfactual non-serially correlated shocks. We apply this method to well-known empirical work on fiscal and monetary policy and find that accounting for persistence has a sizable impact on the estimates of dynamic effects.
Do Statistical Models Capture the Dynamics of the Magnetopause During Sudden Magnetospheric Compressions?

Under periods of strong solar wind driving, the magnetopause can become compressed, playing a significant role in draining electrons from the outer radiation belt. Also termed “magnetopause shadowing,” this loss process has traditionally been attributed to a combination of magnetospheric compression and outward radial diffusion of electrons. However, the drift paths of relativistic electrons and the location of the magnetopause are usually calculated from statistical models and, as such, may not represent the time‐varying nature of this highly dynamic process. In this study, we construct a database ∼20,000 spacecraft crossings of the dayside magnetopause to quantify the accuracy of the commonly used Shue et al. (1998, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JA01103) model. We find that, for the majority of events (74%), the magnetopause model can be used to estimate magnetopause location to within ±1 RE. However, if the magnetopause is compressed below 8 RE, the observed magnetopause is greater than 1 RE inside of the model location on average. The observed magnetopause is also significantly displaced from the model location during storm sudden commencements, when measurements are on average 6% closer to the radiation belts, with a maximum of 42%. We find that the magnetopause is rarely close enough to the outer radiation belt to cause direct magnetopause shadowing, and hence rapid outward radial transport of electrons is also required. We conclude that statistical magnetopause parameterizations may not be appropriate during dynamic compressions. We suggest that statistical models should only be used during quiescent solar wind conditions and supplemented by magnetopause observations wherever possible.
PREVALENCE OF PORCINE CYSTICERCOSIS AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN KATHMANDU VALLEY, NEPAL

A cross sectional study on prevalence of Porcine Cysticercosis and its associated factors was conducted among 384 pigs by using serum samples in the year 2014 at Kathmandu Valley, Nepal by Ag-ELISA test. The statistical analyses was done by using R 3.0. 3 software (R Core Team, 2014) for possible associations between positive cases and each factor of interest. Among 384 pigs tested, 33 animals were found positive against Cysticercosis infection (apparent seroprevalence was 8.59%; 95% C.I. 6.18-11.82%; and the true seroprevalence was 7.9%; 95% C.I. 5.3-11.1%). In bivariate analysis, seroprevalence was found to be significantly associated with breed (improved and local breed were 10.4%; 95% C.I. 7.5-14.5% and 2.3%; 95% C.I. 0.6-7.8% respectively); abortion history in females (18.2%; 95% C.I. 9.5-31.9%) and housing system (indoor housing and free-range grazing were 3.4%; 95% C.I. 1.9-5.9% and 36.7%; 95% C.I. 25.6-49.3% respectively) of pig. In the multivariate analysis, the odds of improved breed being seropositive was 5.1 (95% C.I. 1.2-21.8) times greater that of local; whereas free-grazing pigs showed 16.5 (95% C.I. 7.4-35.6) times higher rate of sero-prevalence than that of indoor raised ones; and both the variables remained significant (p<0.01). The study indicated Kathmandu valley of Nepal as an area of enzootic stability for Cysticercosis infection.
How Can I Contribute?: A Qualitative Analysis of Community Websites of 25 Unix-Like Distributions

Developers collaboratively implement large-scale industrial and open-source projects. Such projects pose several challenges for developers, as they require considerable knowledge about the project and its development processes, for instance, to fix bugs or implement new features. Understanding what information developer communities codify on how to contribute to their project is crucial, for example, to onboard new developers or for researchers to scope analysis techniques. In this paper, we report the results of a qualitative analysis of 25 Unix-like distributions, focusing on what information the communities codify publicly on contributing. The results reveal no dedicated strategies to codify information on contribution or development practices. Still, non-technical contributions are easy to identify, while information on the development is hard to collect---and mostly concerned with versioning and bug reporting. Our insights help to understand information-provisioning strategies, identify information sources, and scope analyses.
Liquid wealth heterogeneity, asymmetric consumption dynamics, and myopic loss aversion

Using transaction-level bank account data on Belgian career starters, we empirically study the effect of liquid wealth on consumption dynamics in the absence of both illiquid wealth and debt. We find an asymmetric consumption response to anticipated income changes, with a stronger response to income increases than to decreases. This asymmetry in consumption responses originates from the asymmetric consumption smoothing effect of liquid wealth. Rational models of consumption are unable to fully explain the results. These results are consistent, however, with the predictions of a behavioural model of myopic loss aversion. Early in a career, individuals thus exhibit a combination of greater sensitivity to losses than to gains and a tendency to evaluate outcomes frequently.