Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Future long-term changes in global water resources driven by socio-economic and climatic changes

Abstract A global water model is used to analyse the impacts of climate change and socio-economic driving forces (derived from the A2 and B2 scenarios of IPCC) on future global water stress. This work extends previous global water research by analysing not only the impact of climate change and population, but also the effects of income, electricity production, water-use efficiency and other driving forces, on water stress. Depending on the scenario and climate model, water stress increases (between current conditions and the 2050s) over 62.0–75.8% of total river basin area and decreases over 19.7–29.0% of this area. The remaining areas have small changes. The principal cause of decreasing water stress (where it occurs) is the greater availability of water due to increased annual precipitation related to climate change. The principal cause of increasing water stress is growing water withdrawals, and the most important factor for this increase is the growth of domestic water use stimulated by income growth. (Population growth was a much less important factor and irrigated area was assumed to remain constant.) To address the uncertainty of water stress estimates, three different indicators of water stress were computed and compared. The overlap area of their computation of “severe stress” in the 2050s was large (approximately 23 × 106 km2 or 56–73 % of the total “severe stress” area). This indicates a moderate level of agreement and robustness in estimates of future water stress. At the same time the indicators disagreed in many other areas, suggesting that work is still needed to elaborate general indicators and concepts of water stress.
Neoproterozoic deformation in central Madagascar: a structural section through part of the East African Orogen

Abstract The Itremo region of central Madagascar has an importance in the evolution of the East African Orogen (EAO) that belies its size. Unusually for the southern EAO (Mozambique Belt), it is made up of low-grade metasedimentary rocks and therefore preserves an almost unique window into upper crustal deformation during this key period of the Gondwana supercontinent cycle. In this paper new field mapping of three linked regions in the Itremo Sheet and in the upper part of the underlying mid-crustal Antananarivo Block are presented. From these a complete structural section through the eastern Itremo Sheet is produced and the complex deformation record preserved there is then discussed. An early deformation (D1) consists of 10 km scale recumbent isoclinal folds that predate intrusion of a c. 780–800 ma igneous suite. Metamorphic aureoles around these plutonic bodies overprint D1-related fabrics. Local deformation accompanies intrusion of the c. 780–800 Ma, suite (D2). Extensive E-W contractional deformation occurs between 780 and c. 570 Ma, that is here amalgamated as a composite D3 event, which includes thrusts and at least two phases of upright folds. Post-551 Ma, normal shearing (D4) marks the boundary between the Itremo Sheet and the underlying Antananarivo Block (the Betsileo Shear Zone), and may have also been responsible for formation of the Saronara Shear Zone. Finally, E-W open folding and dextral shear zone development marks a late N-S contractional event that is interpreted as a far-field response to collision between the northern Bemarivo Belt and central Madagascar.
Formation and transport of oxidized reactive nitrogen, ozone, and secondary organic aerosol in Tokyo

[1] Measurements of the major reactive nitrogen species (NOy)i (NOx, peroxyacyl nitrates, HNO3, and particulate nitrate (NO3−)), total reactive nitrogen (NOy), volatile organic compounds, OH and HO2, and organic aerosol were made near the urban center of Tokyo in different seasons of 2003–2004 to study the processes involving oxidized forms of reactive nitrogen and O3. Generally, NOx constituted the dominant fraction of NOy throughout the seasons. The NOx/NOy and HNO3/NOy ratios were lowest and highest, respectively, in summer, owing to the seasonally high OH concentration. The fraction of NOy that remained in the atmosphere after emission (RNOy) decreased with the decrease in the NOx/NOy ratio in summer and fall. It is likely that the median seasonal-diurnal variations of Ox = O3 + NO2 were controlled by those of the background O3 levels, photochemical O3 formation, and vertical transport. Ox showed large increases during midday under stagnant conditions in mid-August 2004. Their in situ production rates calculated by a box model were too slow to explain the observed increases. The high Ox was likely due to the accumulation of Ox from previous days in the upper part of the boundary layer (BL) followed by transport down to near the surface by mixing after sunrise. Considering the tight correlation between Ox and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), it is likely that SOA also accumulated during the course of sea-land breeze circulation in the BL.
SNPStats: a web tool for the analysis of association studies

SUMMARY A web-based application has been designed from a genetic epidemiology point of view to analyze association studies. Main capabilities include descriptive analysis, test for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium. Analysis of association is based on linear or logistic regression according to the response variable (quantitative or binary disease status, respectively). Analysis of single SNPs: multiple inheritance models (co-dominant, dominant, recessive, over-dominant and log-additive), and analysis of interactions (gene-gene or gene-environment). Analysis of multiple SNPs: haplotype frequency estimation, analysis of association of haplotypes with the response, including analysis of interactions. AVAILABILITY http://bioinfo.iconcologia. net/SNPstats. Source code for local installation is available under GNU license.
Magmagenesis at Soufriere Volcano, St Vincent, Lesser Antilles Arc

Soufriere volcano of St Vincent ( 3 wt %, whereas various projections onto phase diagrams are more consistent with relatively anhydrous magmas. Primary magmas at Soufriere were generated by around 15% melting of mid-ocean ridge basalt type mantle sources which had been modified by addition of fluids released from the slab containing contributions from subducted sediments and mafic crust.
Experimental deformation of fine‐grained anhydrite: Evidence for dislocation and diffusion creep

Deformation experiments on two fine-grained anhydrite aggregates have revealed two high-temperature flow regimes: (1) twinning and dislocation creep at high stresses (σ), and (2) diffusion creep accompanied by grain boundary sliding at low stresses. Each regime is characterized by a power law constitutive equation, diagnostic microstructures, and crystallographic preferred orientations (CPO). Experiments were performed at 400°–800°C, strain rates of 10−3–10−6 s−1, and confining pressures of 150–300 MPa on natural (d = 30 μm) and synthetic (d = 12 μm) anhydrites. The data for both anhydrites, corrected for grain size (d), are combined into a single composite flow law. The anhydrites show strain hardening for σ > 150 MPa and steady state flow for σ ≤ 150 MPa. Regime 1 is characterized by a flow law with a stress exponent (n) = 5. The deformation microstructures are indicative of twinning and dislocation creep: twins, undulatory extinction, grain flattening, serrate grain and twin boundaries, high dislocation densities, and newly recrystallized strain-free grains. Recrystallization occurs by grain and twin boundary migration and subgrain rotation. The CPO reflects twinning at low strains and a combination of slip systems at high strains. In regime 2 the rheology is indicative of diffusion creep with n = 1. There is very little microstructural evidence of the bulk deformation. Grains are equant and have very low dislocation densities, and grain boundaries are smooth and gently curved. Split cylinder experiments reveal significant grain boundary relief attributed to grain boundary sliding. The CPO within this regime is random. The rheology and microstructures of regime 2 strongly suggest that diffusion creep accompanied by grain boundary sliding is the dominant deformation mechanism.
Effect of plate thickness on bending radius and energy dissipation at the subduction zone hinge

[1] Despite the thickness of subducting oceanic plates being identified as a control on slab and hinge behavior during subduction, there have been few attempts to quantify its effect with fully dynamic models. This paper presents a series of dynamic laboratory experiments of progressive subduction of a narrow plate into an upper mantle reservoir in which plate thickness is systematically varied from 4 mm (scaling to 20 km), up to 24 mm (120 km). The experiments investigate its effect on bending radius, subduction kinematics and the rate of energy dissipated at the hinge as a percentage of the total potential energy released through subduction. The bending radius of the hinge is found to have a strong linear relationship with plate thickness, where an increase in plate thickness corresponds to an increase in bending radius. Subduction velocity increases with plate thickness due to the increased negative buoyancy of thicker slabs, which is not compensated for by any significant increase in mantle drag on the slab. This increase is almost entirely accommodated by an increase in trench retreat rate, with a fivefold increase over the whole thickness range, while subducting plate velocity remains relatively constant. The energy dissipation ratio (ΦBe/ΦBu) is low across all plate thicknesses, with the plates falling within a range of ∼4–10% during steady state subduction. The models show a moderate trend toward decreasing ΦBe/ΦBu with increasing plate thickness.
Thin Layer Immunoassay: An Economical Approach to Diagnose Helicobacter pylori Infection in Gastroduodenal Ulcer Disease Patients of Pakistan, a Comparative Analysis

Helicobacter pylori is a causative agent of gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcers and gastric adenocarcinoma. The majority of H. pylori-associated patients live in underdeveloped areas, facing the problem of lack of proper diagnostic facility. Hence, a simple and economical assay is required to handle the majority of gastric patients. Serum samples from gastroduodenal ulcers and gastritis patients were screened for H. pylori infection by thin layer immunoassay. A polystyrene plate coated with H. pylori sonicate whole cell antigen (10 µg/mL). Two-fold diluted patient’s serum was allowed to react at 37 °C, incubated at 60 °C for 1 min over a water bath and the water condensation pattern for the H. pylori antibody was recorded. ELISAs were used as reference assays to evaluate the efficacy of the developed thin layer immunoassay (TLI). Gastric patients’ blood samples (62% male and 6% female) tested positive for H. pylori, while age-wise, 15–25-year-old males (36%) and 65–75-year-old females (50%) showed the highest number of H. pylori infections. TLI showed sensitivity (72–67%), specificity (100%), accuracy (94–69%) and κ value (0.493–0.357) in comparison with wELISA (Surface whole cell ELISA), sELISA (sonicate whole cell ELISA) and kELISA (commercial KIT ELISA). We conclude that thin layer immunoassay is a low cost, fast, simple and clinically reliable method for H. pylori diagnosis at initial stages in patients in under-developed countries.
Water Balance and Groundwater Quality of Koraro Area, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

Achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) has been given a paramount importance by both Regional and Federal Governments in Ethiopia. In this direction some stations in Hawzen Woreda, Tigray Regional state, extremely poor, have been selected as model areas to test the achievement of the MDG. This paper focuses Koraro Tabia (or Station), one of the millennium villages where shortage and bad quality water is a challenge. Water balance and the hydro chemical characteristics of groundwater have been investigated in order to assess the water potential and quality in the area. Hydrometeorological information has been used to calculate water balance parameters and the recharge amount. Accordingly, the mean annual rainfall, actual evapotranspiration, bare land evaporation, runoff and groundwater recharge was found to be 548.5 mm, 431.3 mm, 372 mm, 71.33mm and 56.7mm respectively. Twelve water samples were collected from hand dug wells and springs located in different lithologies and were tested for major anions, cations, and some trace metals in Ethiopian Geological Surveys Central Geological Laboratory. Mean electrical conductivity of water samples from different sources varies significantly. The mean electrical conductivity for the hand dug wells is found to be 5170 µS/cm and that of springs is 209 µS/cm. Piper diagram revealed that groundwater in the hand dug wells is of sodium sulfate type and spring water are calcium bicarbonate type. The results indicate that groundwater from the hand dug wells is of very poor quality with high salinity and sulfate content and does not fit for human consumption. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid water for drinking purpose from hand dug wells constructed in shale dominated areas and in the alluvial deposits underlain by shale. Moreover, groundwater recharge is also insufficient in the area due to the impervious shale unit. Hence, an adaptive management method is suggested for efficient use of water and a mechanism to isolate the bad quality water while trying to construct water supply scheme for drinking in the area. Key words: Groundwater, Water balance, Water quality, Koraro, Ethiopia.
to Leeds Beckett Repository

Men’s body dissatisfaction is prevalent and a serious health concern as it is associated with negative outcomes including depression, disordered eating, and anabolic steroid abuse. Gay men are particularly vulnerable to body dissatisfaction, perhaps due to heightened sociocultural appearance pressures experienced in gay subculture. Appearance conversations represent an underresearched, but potentially potent, mechanism of appearance pressures. The current study explored whether differences in the frequency of engaging in appearance conversations accounted for differences in body dissatisfaction and associated risk factors among gay and heterosexual men. A purposeful sample of gay (N 77, Mage 32.57) and heterosexual (N 78, Mage 25.30) men were recruited from community organizations in the UnitedKingdom. Participants completed an online questionnaire assessing appearance conversations, body dissatisfaction, appearance orientation, and internalization of appearance ideals. Gay men reported more frequent engagement in positive and negative appearance conversations and greater body dissatisfaction, appearance orientation, and general internalization than heterosexual men. Moreover, frequency of appearance conversations mediated the relationship between sexuality and the majority of study variables, including body dissatisfaction (ps .05). These findings suggest that appearance conversations are an important sociocultural influence on male body image and that they are important in understanding the differences between gay and heterosexual men’s body dissatisfaction and associated risk factors. conversation measures revealed a significant multivariate effect ( F (2,127) = 5.82, p = . 004, partial ŋ 2 = . 08) after controlling for age ( p = .30). There also were significant univariate effects for sexuality on positive appearance conversations ( F (1,128) = 8.38, p = . 004, partial ŋ 2 = . 06) and negative appearance conversations ( F (1,128) = 4.29, p = . 040, partial ŋ 2 = . 03).
Microstructure, metamorphism and tectonics of the western Cape Breton Highlands, Nova Scotia

Microstructural and petrological data from the Jumping Brook metamorphic suite, western Cape Breton Highlands, suggest that a single episode of syntectonic prograde metamorphism, followed by uplift, cooling and associated retrogression, affected these rocks during mid-Palaeozoic times. Microstructures indicative of progressive crenulation foliation development can be traced from low-grade (chlorite zone) through high-grade (kyanite zone) rocks, allowing a clear sequence of porphyroblast growth to be established. Metamorphic reactions and P-T calculations suggest metamorphic conditions of 700-750°C at 8-10 kbar were achieved in kyanite zone rocks. Although a complete P-T-t path was not defined, combined petrological and geochronological data can be used to constrain computed P-T-t models. These models suggest that a component of post-metamorphic tectonic exhumation is required to explain the observed times of cooling and uplift. The microstructural and petrological data to not support the interpretation that the high-grade rocks represent pre-existing crystalline basement. Indeed, the metamorphic history, geochronology and computed tectonic models all point to a single, short-lived episode of Silurian-Devonian volcanism, intrusion, convergence, regional metamorphism and uplift, probably resulting from collision tectonics at an irregular continental margin.
Nitrogen recovery and partitioning with different rates and methods of sidedressed manure

Animal manure is an important source of N for crops in areas with intensive livestock production. Variable manure N availability can incite over-application of manure or supplemental fertilizer leading to low N recovery and possible negative environmental and economic impacts. To improve manure N use efficiency, the effects of rate and method of sidedress application of liquid swine (Sus scrofa) manure (LSM) on N recovery by corn (Zea mays L.) were determined. We used in-row injection (INJ) or topdressing (TD) to sidedress LSM from 1999 to 2002 at rates ranging from 0 to 93.5 m 3 ha -1 , and measured grain N uptake and NO 3 -N in drainage tile water, stalks, and topsoil postharvest. Apparent recovery of manure total N (LSM-N) ranged from 0 to 57% and was greatest with injection of 37.4 m 3 ha -1 (194 kg LSM-N ha -1 ). Injection rate to achieve 95% of maximum grain yield averaged 216 kg LSM-N ha -1 over 4 yr. Transport of LSM-N to ground- and surface waters was minimized when sidedressed at or below rates for optimal yield. When injected N exceeded crop demand, NO 3 -N increased to over 10 mg kg -1 in topsoil, 20 mg L -1 in drainage water, and to excessive (3.6 g kg -1 ) levels in stalks. Due to greater LSM-N recovery, injection (59%) is recommended rather than topdress (41%) for sidedress application of manure.
Variation of seawater 87Sr/86Sr throughout Phanerozoic time

Precise measurements of 786 marine carbonate, evaporite, and phosphate samples of known age provide a curve of seawater 87Sr/86Sr versus geologic time through the Phanerozoic. Many episodes of increasing and decreasing values of 87Sr/86Sr of seawater have occurred through the Phanerozoic. The Late Cambrian–Early Ordovician seawater ratios are approximately equal to the modern ratio of 0.70907. The lowest ratios, ∼0.7068, occurred during the Jurassic and Late Permian. The configuration of the curve appears to be strongly influenced by the history of both plate interactions and seafloor spreading throughout the Phanerozoic. The curve provides a basis for dating many marine carbonate, evaporite, and phosphate samples. Furthermore, diagenetic modifications of original marine 87Sr/86Sr values are often interpretable. Analysis of 87Sr/86Sr data, therefore, may provide useful information on regional diagenetic patterns and processes. All of the Cenozoic samples and some of the Cretaceous samples are from Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) cores. With the exception of the DSDP samples, the curve was constructed only from samples containing at least 200 ppm Sr and not more than 10% dilute acid insoluble material. All measurements are made by comparison with standard SrCO3 (NBS SRM 987) for which a 87Sr/86Sr of 0.71014 is assumed. Precision is estimated to be ± 0.00005 at the 95% confidence level. Measured ratios of 42 modern marine samples average 0.70907, with a standard deviation of 0.00004.
Atmospheric pCO2 sensitivity to the biological pump in the ocean

In models of the global carbon cycle, the pCO2of the atmosphere is more sensitive to the chemistry of the high‐latitude surface ocean than the tropical ocean. Because sea‐surface nutrient concentrations are generally high in the high latitudes,pCO2sensitivity to high‐latitude forcing also determinespCO2sensitivity to the biological pump globally. We diagnose high‐latitude sensitivity of a range of ocean models using atmosphericpCO2above an abiotic ocean; cold high‐latitude waters pull abioticpCO2to low values. Box models are very high‐latitude sensitive, while most global circulation models are considerably less so, including a two‐dimensional overturning model, two primitive equation models, the Hamburg class of large scale geostrophic (LSG) general circulation models (GCMs), and the MICOM isopycnic GCM. High‐latitude forcing becomes more important in a depth‐coordinate GCM when lateral diffusion is oriented along isopycnal surfaces, rather than horizontally, followingRedi [1982]. In two different GCMs (a primitive equation model and LSG), addition of the Gent and McWillams[1990] isopycnal thickness diffusion scheme had only minor impact on high‐latitude sensitivity. Using a simplified box model, we show that high‐latitude sensitivity depends on a high‐latitude monopoly on deep water formation. In an attempt to bridge the gap between box models and GCMs, we constructed a simple slab overturning model with an imposed stream function which can be discretized at arbitrary resolution from box model to GCM scale. High‐latitude sensitivity is independent of model resolution but very sensitive to vertical diffusion. Diffusion acts to break the high‐latitude monopoly, decreasing high‐latitude sensitivity. In the isopycnal GCM MICOM, however, high‐latitude sensitivity is relatively insensitive to diapycnal diffusion of tracers such as CO2. This would imply that flow pathways in MICOM take the place of vertical diffusion in the slab model. The two nominally most sophisticated ocean models in the comparison are the isopycnal model MICOM and the depth‐coordinate GCM withRedi [1982] and Gent and McWilliams [1990] mixing. Unfortunately, these two models disagree in their abiotic CO2behavior; the depth‐coordinate isopycnal mixing GCM is high‐latitude sensitive, in accord with box models, while MICOM is less so. The rest of the GCMs, which have historically seen the most use in geochemical studies, are even less high‐latitude sensitive than MICOM. This discrepancy needs to be resolved. In the meantime, the implication of the MICOM/traditional GCM result would be that box models overestimate high‐latitude sensitivity of the real ocean. This would eliminate iron dust fertilization of the ocean as an explanation for the glacialpCO2 range of 180–200 μatm [Archer et al., 2000].
Intercomparison of Global Reanalyses and Regional Simulations of Cold Season Water Budgets in the Western United States

Abstract Estimating water budgets of river basins in the western United States is a challenge because of the effects of complex terrain and lack of comprehensive observational datasets. This study aims at comparing different estimates of cold season water budgets of the Columbia River (CRB) and Sacramento–San Joaquin River (SSJ) basins. An intercomparison was performed based on the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis I (NRA1), NCEP–Department of Energy (DOE) reanalysis II (NRA2), ECMWF reanalyses (ERA), regional climate simulations produced by the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) and NCEP Regional Spectral Model (RSM) driven by the reanalyses, and two precipitation datasets gridded at 2.5° and ⅛° for 7 yr between 1986 and 1993. The purpose of the intercomparison was to understand the effects of spatial resolution, model configuration and associated parameterizations, and large-scale conditions on basin-scale water budgets. Overall, the regional simulations were superior to the gl.