Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Subacute toxicity of Berberis vulgaris L Aqueous Extract in Atherosclerotic- induced Rabbit

Objective : Berberis vulgaris L is widely used in traditional medicine to treat various type of diseases. The evaluation of toxic properties of B. vulgaris L is crucial when considering public health protection because exposure to plant extracts can result in undesirable effects on consumers. Method : In this study, the subacute oral toxicity of B. vulgaris aqueous extract was investigated in atherosclerotic-induced rabbit for ten weeks. This include to determine toxicity effect of BVAE on liver function test (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase), renal function (urea and creatinine) and histopathological changes. Result: Oral administration of aqueous extract at the dose of 25mg/kg and 50mg/kg for ten weeks resulted in no mortality or evidence of adverse effects, implying that B. vulgaris in nontoxic. there were no any significant elevations observed in the biochemical analysis of the blood serum. Further, histopathological examination revealed normal architecture and no significant adverse effects observed on the kidney and liver. Conclusion : Overall, the results suggest that, the oral administration of B. vulgaris aqueous extract did not produce any significant toxic effect in atherosclerotic-induced rabbit. Hence, the extract can be utilized for pharmaceutical formulations at these concentrations.
Effect of Natural and Synthetic Sources of Lycopene on Productive Performance, Carcass Quality and viscera relative weights of Japanese Quail Coturnx japonica Temminck & Schlegel, 1849

This study aimed to investigate the effect of natural and synthetic sources of lycopene on performance, carcass quality and organ morphology of Japanese quail. A total of 420 one-day-old quail chicks were randomly distributed among seven treatments. First treatments were fed a basal diet as a control. Second and third treatments were fed diet supplemented with tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum) powder (TOM) (17 and 34 g.kg-1 equal to 50 and 100 mg.kg-1 lycopene), fourth and fifth treatments were fed diet supplemented with red bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.) fruit powder (RBP) (16.23, 32.46 g.kg-1 equal to 50 and 100 mg.kg-1 lycopene), sixth and seventh treatments were fed diet supplemented with 50 and 100 mg.kg-1 pure lycopene powder (LY), respectively. Results indicated that final body weight and weight gain were improved significantly in comparison to control and T3. Feed efficiency was improved compared to control, T3 and T7. Production and economic efficiency index significantly better than control. A significant elevation (P≤0.05) in relative weight of thigh, small intestine, duodenum, cecum weight and length for T3 treatment, T7 in jejunum and ileum weight, T4 in carcass weight and gizzard, T5 in the liver compared to control. The relative weight of abdominal fat, spleen, bursa and bursa index were decreased (P≤0.05) in supplemented treatments in comparison to control. In conclusion, natural sources of LY (50 mg.kg-1) either TOM (17 g.kg-1) or RBP (16.23 g.kg-1), could be used to improve performance, production and economical efficiency index, carcass traits and some gut measurements of quails.
THE AXIAL GRADIENTS IN HYDROZOA. VIII. RESPIRATORY DIFFERENCES ALONG THE AXIS IN TUBULARIA WITH SOME REMARKS ON REGENERATION RATE

1. The rate of oxygen consumption per unit volume of cœnosarc is greater in apical than in basal halves of distal regions of the stem of Tubularia.2. The rate of oxygen consumption per unit volume of cœnosarc is greater the younger the stem (smaller its diameter). 3. The time between cutting and completion of oral hydranths is shorter the more apical the piece in pieces of equal length from distal levels of the stem of Tubularia.4. The statement in 3 may or may not hold for proximal regions of the stem, depending on the species.5. The time between cutting and completion of oral hydranths is independent of the length of the piece when the apical end of the pieces is taken at the same level, except in very short pieces.6. The time between cutting and completion of oral hydranths is shorter the younger the stem (smaller the diameter). 7. The size of the regenerated oral hydranths is almost entirely independent of the length of the piece, when the apical end of the pieces is taken at the same level, except in v.
Ultrastructure Observation on the Ontogeny of Respiratory Tract Lymphoid Tissues in the Pig

Histology method and electron microscopy technique were used to investigate the changes of respiratory tract lymphoid tissues in pig during growth.The result showed that tonsil and pharynx were the first place of lymphoid tissue aggregation for respiratory tract entering the body.Lymphoid tissue in the tonsil existed at birth without any apparent lymph nodule aggregations.Lymphoid tissue began to increase at 20 days,with clear lymph nodule aggregations.The lymph nodules increased and densely packed beneath the stratified squamous epithelium of tonsils at 120 days.The well-developed lymph nodules were present with germinal center.A number of intraepithelial lymphocytes were located between the stratified squamous epithelium of tonsil.The bifurcation of trachea is the second place of lymphoid tissue aggregation for respiratory tract entering the body.The apparent lymphoid tissue in the adventitia of trachea bifurcation linked with tracheobronchial lymph nodule at birth,whereas they divided into two parts at 20 days: the packed lymphoid tissue in the adventitia of trachea bifurcation and tracheobronchial lymph nodule.The trachea bifurcation was rich with lymphoid tissue with increased intraepithelial lymphocytes at 120 days.More lymphocytes were located in the laminal propria of branches and bronchioles in the lung.The number of plasma cells increased and few intraepithelial lymphocytes existed between the columnar epithelium.Our results showed that the respiratory tract of pig was the effective induction sites and effective sites of mucosal immune.The local immunity in the respiratory tract can be enhanced by the nasal immunity in the piglet.
Autolysis and Characterization of Sarcoplasmic and Myofibril Associated Proteinases of Oxeye Scad (Selar boops) Muscle

ABSTRACT The autolytic profile of oxeye scad mince was characterized. Mince showed higher proteolytic activity than washed mince. The highest autolysis was observed at 65 and 60°C for mince and washed mince, respectively. Both mince and washed mince showed the optimum pH for autolysis at pH 9.0, and their activities decreased with increasing NaCl concentration (0–3.5%). Autolysis of washed mince was markedly inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI), suggesting that myofibril-associated proteinase was serine proteinase. Sarcoplasmic proteinase was characterized to be heat-activated alkaline proteinase having the optimal pH and temperature of 9.0 and 60°C, respectively. The activities were stable at pH range of 8.0–11.0 at 20–40°C. The crude proteinase was inhibited by N-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone, SBTI, and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, suggesting the predominance of serine proteinases, especially trypsin. NaCl suppressed the activity while β-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, and CaCl2 activated the activity. Therefore, trypsin-like proteinase is a major endogenous proteinase responsible for autolysis in oxeye scad muscle. The present results can be used as scientific guidelines to predict the gel strength of surimi made from oxeye scad muscle.
Progress of Plant Succession on the Paricutin Volcano: 25 Years after Activity Ceased

Eruptions of Paricutin Volcano, Michoacan, Mexico, began in 1943 and ceased in 1952. Two species of vascular plants were first observed on the cinder cone in February, 1957. Twelve species were reported in 1958, 13 in 1959 and 17 in 1960. No other data have been published since then. During our field studies, carried out in September 1977, 39 vascular plant species were recorded. The principal ones were the small shrub Gaultheria parvifolia (Ericaceae) and the grasses Aegopogon cenchroides, Eragrostis ciliaris, E. pectinacea and Muhlenbergia minutissima. Total vascular plant cover was usually up to 20% and never exceeded 40%, the size of the releves being 25 M2. The colonization rate is compared with those of six different successional series.
SEASONAL CAPTURES OF SPIDERS (ARANEAE) IN A WHEAT FIELD AND ITS GRASSY BORDERS IN CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN

Abstract During a 2-year period, 47 species of spiders in 37 genera were taken in pitfall traps set within, or bordering a wheat field near Clavet, Saskatchewan. Species diversity and evenness were determined for the collections from both areas. Lycosids were predominant, both in the field and in the field borders. Seasonal distribution of captures of the two most common species, Arctosa emertoni Gertsch and Pardosa nebraska Chamberlin & Ivie, are given.
Sequence and structure‐based characterization of ubiquitination sites in human and yeast proteins using Chou's sample formulation

Ubiquitination is an important post‐translational event responsible for half‐life and turnover of proteins inside the cell. Proteins are ubiquitinated by forming an iso‐peptide bond between their lysine residue and C‐terminal glycine residue of ubiquitin leading to rapid degradation of proteins by 26S proteosome complex. Deregulation of ubiquitination is manifested by aberrant expression of E3‐ligase activity or mutation in the surroundings of ubiquitination sites. Many new experimentally validated ubiquitinated lysines have been recently identified that motivated the study of the environments surrounding the ubiquitinated lysines. With the help of known ubiquitinated proteins, here we present a comprehensive study of sequence and spatial environment of ubiquitination sites of human and yeast proteins. To identify position‐specific features, this work distinguishes the spatial environments as proximity and distal regions. Certain amino acids specific to these regions, well differentiate the ubiquitination sites from non‐ubiquitination sites are revealed. Additionally, amino acid signatures that contribute for protein disordered regions and solvent accessibility of amino acids are found to be contributing factors in ubiquitination sites. These results suggest that the ubiquitination site environment of the substrate determines the recognition and unfolding of substrate to facilitate the entry into 26S proteosomal complex. We believe that these findings will help in better prediction of ubiquitination sites using the sequence and spatial information.
Usefulness of the Glasgow prognostic score for predicting survival in patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer

Background: Few studies have investigated whether the Glasgow prognostic score (GPS), an inflammation based prognostic score, is useful for postoperative prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and methods: Two hundred and eighty nine consecutive patients of resected NSCLC with a follow-up period more than 5 years were enrolled. GPS was calculated on the basis of admission data as follows: patients with elevated C-reactive protein level (1.0 mg/dL) and hypoalbuminemia (3.5 g/dL) were assigned to GPS 2. Patients with one or no abnormal value were assigned to GPS 1 or GPS 0. Results: Study patients were allocated as follows: 244 (84.44 %) to GPS 0, 28 (9.69 %) to GPS 1, and 16 (5.54 %) to GPS 2. The prognosis of the patients with GPS 2 was significantly poorer. Multivariate logistic analysis identified age, gender, pT status, pN status, serum CEA level and GPS were found to be independent prognostic variables. Conclusions: Preoperative GPS, especially GPS 2, may be useful for postoperative prognosis of patients with NSCLC.
Effect of Two Floor Housing Systems and Cages on Health, Production, and Fear Response in Layers

Abstract Health, production, and fear reaction (tonic immobility) were compared in two non-beak-trimmed hybrids (1726 birds), a medium-heavy brown (LB) and a light white Leghorn (LSL), kept in three housing systems: a three-tiered “Marielund aviary,” a traditional floor system, or conventional three-hen cages from 20-80 wk of age. LB hens showed mortality rates of 21-27% in both floor systems, mainly due to bacterial infection through pecking at the naked skin, while mortality reached on 7% in cages. The LSL showed moderate mortality (6-10%) regardless of system. Due to corresponding amounts of feather pecking, there were 10% increases in feed intake due to poor feather insulation of the body. The proportion of cracked and dirty eggs was lower in the tradition floor system than in cages for LSL birds; the proportion of misplaced eggs was similar in the aviary and the traditional system for LSL, but higher for LB in the aviary. Birds had more bumble foot, keel bone deviation, and inferior hygiene of feet and plumage but less hyperkeratosis in the floor systems than in cages. Tonic immobility duration in birds did not differ between systems, but the LSL needed fewer induction repetitions than the LB. The non-beak-trimmed LB apparently experiences social disturbance leading to pecking when kept in large groups, i.e., non-cage systems. There may be little difference in health between birds in an aviary system and a traditional floor system.
VARIATION IN WHITE-THROATED SPARROW SONGS

ANYONE who has listened carefully to the songs of passerine birds knows that there is regional, local, and often individual variation in the songs of many species, but this variation has been critically studied (e.g., with a sound spectrograph) in relatively few species. Such studies as have been made (e.g., Borror, 1961) indicate that the nature and amount of variation in passerine songs differ greatly in different species. The songs of the White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) are relatively simple, and much of the variation in these songs is detectible by ear, yet little has been written about song variation in this species. Saunders (1935) and Arlton (1949) describe several variations of White-throat songs, but say little or nothing about the relative incidence of these variations. This paper is based on a study of the recorded songs of 433 Whitethroated Sparrows from seven states of the United States and six provinces of Canada, recorded from 1951 to 1962. Field observations of 278 additional birds in four states and four provinces were used in an examination of the geographic distribution of the major song patterns. Most of the recordings were made by the writers, but we have been able to study the recordings of 29 birds from the collection of Cornell University (mostly recorded by P. P. Kellogg and the late A. A. Allen) and recordings of 61 birds made by J. Bruce Falls of the University of Toronto. We are grateful to Dr. Kellogg and Dr. Falls for the opportunity to examine their recordings. A summary of the birds studied is given in Table 1; the field observations (by Gunn) were made in 1960. Data on the detailed character of the recorded songs (the pitch, length, and character of the notes) were obtained by means of a Vibralyzer sound spectrograph (Borror and Reese, 1953). At least one song of most birds was graphed, and in many cases two or more songs of a given bird were graphed to learn something of the variation in the songs of that bird. The recorded songs not graphed were studied by listening to the recordings played at a reduced speed. We are concerned in this paper with what is usually called the territorial or advertising song; such songs consist of the vocalizations, usually given only by the male and usually more complex in character than the bird's various call notes, which appear to advertise the presence of the male, to attract a female, and/or to repel other males of the same species. We are not concerned with the biological significance of these songs or their variations; a discussion of this subject must await further study.
Life-history and Production of the Leech Helobdella stagnalis (L.) (Hirudinea) in a Shallow Eutrophic Reservoir in South Wales

There appear to have been few studies of the life-history of Helobdella stagnalis (L.), a widely distributed predator which feeds on oligochaetes and insects, especially chironomid larvae (Hilsenhoff 1967; Sawyer 1972), and which is frequently the most abundant leech in eutrophic lakes and ponds (Mann 1962). The gametogenetic cycle has been described by Tillman & Barnes (1973) for a population from Utah Lake (U.S.A.) and Sawyer (1972) has described the egg-laying process. Tillman & Barnes (1973) also reviewed the somewhat limited observations made on the reproductive biology of this species as well as giving additional information of their own. Their conclusions were that overwintering adult leeches produced two broods of young (May and June) in Utah Lake before dying and therefore had a very different life-cycle from that found by Mann (1957) for a population in Whiteknights Lake, England. Mann (1957) concluded that the overwintering population died after reproduction and that the second brood was produced by part of the spring generation. Mann (1957) sampled at monthly intervals and it is possible that such a frequency was inadequate for the life-history to be studied satisfactorily. Other authors have concluded that the species produces only one brood a year; both Thut (1969) and Hilsenhoff (1967), studying populations in Lake Washington and Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin, respectively, found recruitment to occur chiefly in June. Some of these observed differences may be due to differences in the environmental temperature (Mann 1962). H. stagnalis was the only leech of numerical importance found during a study carried out in 1970 and 1971 of the benthos of Eglwys Nunydd, a shallow reservoir in South Wales, and regular sampling, weekly for much of the year, has provided useful additional information on the life-history of this species, as well as enabling estimates of production to be made.
Large Product Key Memory for Pre-trained Language Models

Product key memory (PKM) proposed by Lample et al. (2019) enables to improve prediction accuracy by increasing model capacity efficiently with insignificant computational overhead. However, their empirical application is only limited to causal language modeling. Motivated by the recent success of pretrained language models (PLMs), we investigate how to incorporate large PKM into PLMs that can be finetuned for a wide variety of downstream NLP tasks. We define a new memory usage metric, and careful observation using this metric reveals that most memory slots remain outdated during the training of PKM-augmented models. To train better PLMs by tackling this issue, we propose simple but effective solutions: (1) initialization from the model weights pretrained without memory and (2) augmenting PKM by addition rather than replacing a feed-forward network. We verify that both of them are crucial for the pretraining of PKM-augmented PLMs, enhancing memory utilization and downstream performance. Code and pretrained weights are available at https://github.com/clovaai/pkm-transformers.
AstroSat view of GRS 1915+105 during the soft state: detection of HFQPOs and estimation of mass and spin

We report the results of AstroSat observations of GRS 1915$+$105 obtained using 100 ks guaranteed-time (GT) during the soft state. The Color-Color Diagram (CCD) indicates a variability class of $\delta$ with the detection of High Frequency QPO (HFQPO) in the power density spectra (PDS). The HFQPO is seen to vary in the frequency range of $67.96 - 70.62$ Hz with percentage rms $\sim 0.83 - 1.90$ % and significance varying from $1.63 - 7.75$. The energy dependent power spectra show that the HFQPO features are dominant only in $6 - 25$ keV energy band. The broadband energy spectra ($0.7 - 50$ keV) of SXT (Soft X-ray Telescope) and LAXPC (Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter) modelled with nthComp and powerlaw imply that the source has an extended corona in addition to a compact 'Comptonizing corona' that produces high energy emission and exhibits HFQPOs. The broadband spectral modelling indicates that the source spectra are well described by thermal Comptonization with electron temperature (kT$_{\rm e}$) of $2.07 - 2.43$ keV and photon-index ($\Gamma_{\rm nth}$) between $1.73-2.45$ with an additional powerlaw component of photon-index ($\Gamma_{\rm PL}$) between $2.94 - 3.28$. The norm of nthComp component is high ($\sim 8$) during the presence of strong HFQPO and low ($\sim 3$) during the absence of HFQPO. Further, we model the energy spectra with the kerrbb model to estimate the accretion rate, mass and spin of the source. Our findings indicate that the source accretes at super-Eddington rate of $1.17-1.31~ \dot{M}_{\rm Edd}$. Moreover, we find the mass and spin of the source as $12.44 - 13.09~M_{\odot}$ and $0.990-0.997$ with $90\%$ confidence suggesting that GRS 1915$+$105 is a maximally rotating stellar mass X-ray binary black hole source.
Growth in White-Tailed Deer Fawns Fed Varying Energy and Constant Protein

In the fall a 40 percent restriction in energy intake caused a 76 percent reduction in body fat deposition but no significant decrease in body weight or protein deposition (P > 0.05). As energy intake was restricted, urine nitrogen increased suggesting use of dietary protein for energy. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 41(3):506-510 One major determinant of size of whitetailed deer populations, especially in Northern ranges, is winter survival of fawns. Undernutrition often is evident. Thompson et al. (1973) estimated the maintenance metabolizable energy (ME) requirement of fawns in October to be 166 kcal per kilogram metabolic body weight (WO.75). Subsequently, Holter et al. (1977) found a corresponding value of 162 in yearlings in May through October. Although energy usually is the most critical factor in deer nutrition, the work of Murphy and Coates (1966) suggested that low protein content in foods may account for low productivity and suboptimal growth. Smith et al. (1975), studying fawns in September through December, found optimum body protein deposition when daily intake of digestible nitrogen was about 3 g/kgWo.75; diet dry matter contained 2.5 kcal ME/g. However, reduction in protein deposition (growth) was not great when digestible nitrogen intake was reduced to approximately 2 g/kgW075 because urinary nitrogen loss declined markedly. Yet little is known about the energy needs of deer, especially that needed above maintenance for productive functions, and the amount of deprivation that can be tolerated without seriously affecting growth and body size. The objective of this study was to observe in weaned fawns the effect on growth and body composition of a diet offered in increme ts below ad libitum intake. Daily protein intake was held constant. The authors gratefully acknowledge technical support of H. A. Davis, B. Mueller, T. Kenna, and E. Poff.