Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Interaction between Psychological Stress and Iron Status on Early-Life Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

This review presents evidence from animal and human studies demonstrating the possible connection and significant impact of poor iron status and psychological distress on neurocognitive development during pregnancy and the neonatal period, with implications for long-term cognition. Stress and iron deficiency are independently prevalent and thus are frequently comorbid. While iron deficiency and early-life stress independently contribute to long-term neurodevelopmental alterations, their combined effects remain underexplored. Psychological stress responses may engage similar pathways as infectious stress, which alters fundamental iron metabolism processes and cause functional tissue-level iron deficiency. Psychological stress, analogous to but to a lesser degree than infectious stress, activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis and increases proinflammatory cytokines. Chronic or severe stress is associated with dysregulated HPA axis functioning and a proinflammatory state. This dysregulation may disrupt iron absorption and utilization, likely mediated by the IL-6 activation of hepcidin, a molecule that impedes iron absorption and redistributes total body iron. This narrative review highlights suggestive studies investigating the relationship between psychological stress and iron status and outlines hypothesized mechanistic pathways connecting psychological stress exposure and iron metabolism. We examine findings regarding the overlapping impacts of early stress exposure to iron deficiency and children’s neurocognitive development. We propose that studying the influence of psychological stress on iron metabolism is crucial for comprehending neurocognitive development in children exposed to prenatal and early postnatal stressors and for children at risk of early iron insufficiency. We recommend future directions for dual-exposure studies exploring iron as a potential mediating pathway between early stress and offspring neurodevelopment, offering opportunities for targeted interventions.
The charters of the early West Saxon kingdom

This thesis relates to the earliest West Saxon charters, that is those dating from the period c. 670 to the end of the reign of Ecgberht in 839. All charters which have any direct and specific relevance to the West Saxon kingdom in this period are included. The early West Saxon charters are among the most problematical and neglected of all Anglo-Saxon charters. There are various reasons for this: only a small amount of material survives, and it is difficult to form any judgement of, or base any conclusions on, such fragmentary evidence; there are no original West Saxon charters for the period before 838, and consequently no fixed point from which a study of the material could proceed; the main collections, such as those of Malmesbury and Glastonbury, have been widely regarded with suspicion; there is a dearth of other types of evidence for the period which might have illuminated the charters; and the whole period has been largely neglected by modern historians in comparison with the earlier and later periods of West Saxon history. The purpose of this study is to examine each of the documents in detail, to establish as far as possible which of the texts or portions of them are authentic, and to identify a body of genuine material which scholars may in future use as historical evidence with some confidence. Charters are arranged under the archives in which they survived in the medieval period, and each document is discussed individually. Judgements regarding authenticity are presented, and, where the document is genuine in whole or in part, some attempt is made to suggest the historical conclusions which can be drawn from it. A summary of early West Saxon diplomatic is provided and an analysis of the charters according to authenticity. The chief conclusion of this study is that a substantial proportion of the early West Saxon charters are authentic in whole or in part, and that they constitute a considerable body of evidence for the history of the early West Saxon kingdom.
Both mOTS-words and pOTS-words prefer emoji stimuli over text stimuli during a reading task

The visual word form area in the occipitotemporal sulcus (OTS), here referred to as OTS-words, responds more strongly to text than other visual stimuli and is crucial for reading. We hypothesized, that this text preference may be driven by a preference for reading tasks, as in most prior fMRI studies only the text stimuli were readable. Hence, we performed three fMRI experiments (N=15) and systematically varied the participant ‘s task and the stimulus, investigating mOTS-words and pOTS-words subregions. In experiment 1, we contrasted text stimuli with non-readable visual stimuli (faces, limbs, houses, objects). Experiment 2 utilized an fMRI adaptation paradigm, presenting compound words in text or emoji formats. In experiment 3, participants performed a reading or a color task on compound words in text or emoji format. Using experiment 1 data, we identified mOTS-words and pOTS-words by contrasting texts with non-readable stimuli. In experiment 2, pOTS-words, but not mOTS-words, showed fMRI adaptation for compound words in both text and emoji formats. In experiment 3, surprisingly, both subregions showed higher responses to compound words in emoji than text format. Moreover, mOTS-words showed higher responses during the reading than the color task and a task-stimulus interaction. Multivariate analyses revealed that distributed responses in pOTS-words encode the visual stimulus, while responses in mOTS-words encode both stimulus and task. Together, our findings suggest that the function of the OTS-words subregions goes beyond the specific visual processing of text and that these regions are flexibly recruited whenever semantic meaning needs to be assigned to visual input. Significance Statement Reading skills are essential in modern society and supported by a brain region in the occipitotemporal sulcus (OTS-words) that is critical for fluent reading. Here we evaluated if responses in OTS-words are driven by the activity of reading or simply by seeing text or other readable symbols (emojis). We found that OTS-words can be divided into two sub-regions which both prefer readable emojis over text, whereas the anterior sub-region also prefers reading over other tasks. These results suggest that OTS-words is flexibly recruited to encode any readable visual stimulus, not just text. By demonstrating OTS-words ‘ flexibility, this work reconciles previous contradictory findings on this regions ‘ functional properties and inspires future research on OTS-words, including its emergence during literacy acquisition.
Stakeholders’ Integration to Social Responsibility: Its Implication on Youth Self Employment

This study was conducted to determine the level of stakeholders’ integration, and to validate its roles, and their social responsibilities to the local community in Ethiopia. The purpose of the study was to enhance better understandings about stakeholders’ engagements in the implementation of the Youth Revolving Fund to the local development process. Primary data were collected from 224 youths, and they were analyzed using descriptive and hierarchical regression. The finding of the study revealed that the overall level of stakeholders’ integration to promote youth self-employment was at an average level. Despite this, there were differences in the youths’ knowledge, interaction, and adaptation to stakeholders. As a result, a high level of stakeholders’ integration provides a good opportunity to carry out social responsibilities. Hence, the study concludes that the stakeholders’ integration in the implementation of the Youth Revolving Fund is optimum, and as a result, youths require knowledge, positive attitude, and willingness to change. Thus, local stakeholders should have commitments to support youth self-employment projects in the long-term, and the initiatives to support youth selfemployment should come from the local stakeholders.
A comprehensive nitrogen fertilizer management model for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Winter wheat at 47 locations in Montana was topdressed with nitrogen (N) in the spring of 1970, 1971, 1972 and 1973. A stepwise multiple regression technique was utilized to generate a comprehensive N fertilizer management model to predict potential grain yield, N fertilizer requirements, grain protein with additions of N fertilizer, grain yield and grain protein without spring N additions and residual soil NO3-N after harvest. The data were organized into two groups based on soil NO3-N to 4 ft. Locations having soils which contained less than 120 lbs NOg-N/4 ' were designated as group I and remaining locations as group II. With group I data highly significant equations were generated for the entire N fertilizer management model. Independent variables for potential yield prediction were growing season rain-fall, evaporation rates during the first half of the growing season and soil organic matter. Soil NO3-N, potential yield, evaporation rate during the first half of the growing season and available soil water were the important factors for predicting N fertilizer requirement. The variables useful in predicting grain protein were potential yield, soil NO3-N, N fertilizer rate, soil organic matter and growing season rainfall. For comparison with potential yield, grain yield equations were generated from check plot data; the important independent variables were soil NO3-N, evaporation rate during the first half of the growing season, growing season rainfall and soil organic matter. Similarly grain protein was predicted; important factors were soil NO3-N, growing season rainfall, grain yield and soil temperature at 50 cm. Equations for the group II data were eractic because of insufficient data for analysis and response to added N was uncertain. Data from groups I and II were combined and equations developed similar to group I; only the protein functions were nonsignificant. A modeling system to predict residual soil NO3-N after harvest was generated. The equations developed from the check plots were highly significant; the important variables include soil NO3-N, soil water, soil temperature at 50 cm, evaporation rate and grain protein. Equations generated from 80 to 180 N treatments were nonsignificant. The modeling system applies to winter wheat producing areas of Montana where excellent stands of recommended varieties are present, an alternate' crop-fallow management system is practiced and P fertilizer is drilled with the seed. A COMPREHENSIVE NITROGEN FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR WINTER WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L .) by GRANT DEWAYNE JACKSON A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ■ in Crop and Soil Science
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among health care workers amidst ongoing pandemic

Background: Beyond the current pandemic of COVID-19 disease, development and subsequently global access of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is vital. However, concern about vaccine hesitancy (delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite availability of vaccination services) is a growing issue. With limited literature, this study aims to explore vaccine hesitancy for COVID-19 disease among health care workers.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional anonymous online survey on heath care workers of medical college, Agra from 1 to 15 January 2021. Survey consisted of questions on demographic background, health status, and willingness for vaccination, reasons for unwillingness and items related to information about COVID-19 vaccination.Results: The study received responses from 400 health care workers. In present study, 233 (58.25%) responded that they are very likely to get COVID-19 vaccine (vaccine acceptance). 33.50% of HCWs were uncertain about being vaccinated (vaccine hesitant) and 8.25% HCWs reported that they are very unlikely to get vaccinated (vaccine resistant). Females were less willing for vaccination and significant gender wise difference was found. Majority of participants cited side effects (56%) and fast moving clinical trials (45%) as reasons for not going for vaccination. In context of COVID appropriate behavior, 93%, 77% and 70% responded that they will wear mask, practice social distancing and avoid social gatherings respectively even after vaccination.Conclusions: Our study finds that COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in HCWs is 41.75%. Governments, public health officials and advocacy groups must be prepared to address hesitancy and build vaccine literacy so that the public will accept vaccine.
Impact Evaluation of the Get Healthy in Pregnancy Program: Evidence of Effectiveness

The efficacy of lifestyle interventions for reduced gestational weight gain (GWG) is established, but evidence of their effectiveness is limited. The Get Healthy in Pregnancy (GHiP) program is a telephone health coaching program supporting healthy GWG delivered state-wide in New South Wales, Australia. This evaluation explores the impact of GHiP on behavioural outcomes and GWG, analysing GHiP participant data (n = 3702 for 2018–2019). We conducted McNamar’s tests to explore within-individual change for behavioural outcomes and logistic regression to assess associations between demographic characteristics, participant engagement and behavioural and weight outcomes for women who completed the program. Participants who completed ten coaching calls made significant improvements (all p < 0.001) in more health-related behaviours (walking, vigorous physical activity, vegetable consumption, takeaway meals and sweetened drink consumption) than those who completed fewer calls. Among women with valid weight change data (n = 245), 31% gained weight below, 33% gained weight within, and 36% gained weight above GWG guidelines. Pre-pregnancy BMI was the only factor significantly associated with meeting GWG guidelines. Women with pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity had lower odds than those with a healthy weight of having GWG within the guidelines. The majority of these women did not gain weight above the guidelines. A higher proportion of women with pre-pregnancy obesity gained weight below the guidelines (33.8%) than above the guidelines (28.5%). GHiP has the potential to support all pregnant women, including those with pre-pregnancy obesity, to achieve a healthier pregnancy.
Optimising Hollow-Structured Silicon Nanoparticles for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Silicon has been proven to be one of the most promising anode materials for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries for application in batteries, the Si anode should have high capacity and must be industrially scalable. In this study, we designed and synthesised a hollow structure to meet these requirements. All the processes were carried out without special equipment. The Si nanoparticles that are commercially available were used as the core sealed inside a TiO2 shell, with rationally designed void space between the particles and shell. The Si@TiO2 were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimised hollow-structured silicon nanoparticles, when used as the anode in a lithium-ion battery, exhibited a high reversible specific capacity over 630 mAhg−1, much higher than the 370 mAhg−1 from the commercial graphite anodes. This excellent electrochemical property of the nanoparticles could be attributed to their optimised phase and unique hollow nanostructure.
Multi-Layer Fabric Composites Combined with Non-Newtonian Shear Thickening in Ballistic Protection—Hybrid Numerical Methods and Ballistic Tests

Multi-layer fabrics are commonly used in ballistics shields with a lower bulletproof class to protect against pistol and revolver bullets. In order to additionally limit the dynamic deflection of the samples, layers reinforced with additional materials, including non-Newtonian fluids compacted by shear, are additionally used. Performing a wide range of tests in each case can be very problematic; therefore, there are many calculation methods that allow, with better or worse results, mapping of the behavior of the material in the case of impact loads. The search for simplified methods is very important in order to simplify the complexity of numerical fabric models while maintaining the accuracy of the results obtained. In this article, multi-layer composites were tested. Two samples were included in the elements subjected to shelling. In the first sample, the outer layers consisted of aramid fabrics in a laminate with a thermoplastic polymer matrix. The middle layer contained a non-Newtonian shear-thickening fluid enclosed in hexagonal (honeycomb) cells. The fluid was produced using polypropylene glycol and colloidal silica powder with a diameter of 14 µm in the proportions of 60/40. The backing plate was made using a 12-layer composite made of Twaron® para-aramid fabrics with a DCPD matrix—not yet used in a wide range of ballistics. Then, numerical simulations were carried out in the Abaqus/Explicit dynamic analysis. The Johnson–Cook constitutive strength model was used to describe the behavior of elastic–plastic materials constituting the elements of the projectiles. For the non-Newtonian fluid, a Up-Us EOS was used. The inner layers of the fabric were treated as an orthotropic material. Complete homogenization of the sample layers was carried out, thanks to which each layer was treated as a homogeneous continuum. As a parameter of fracture mechanics for shield components, the strain criterion was used with the smooth particles hydrodynamics method (SPH). Then, the results of simulations were compared with the results of the ballistic test for both samples placed next to each other, which resulted in the formation of a multi-layer composite in one ballistic test subjected to impact loads during firing with a 9 × 19 mm Parabellum FMJ projectile with an initial velocity of 370 ± 10 m/s. The results of numerical tests are very similar to the ballistic tests, which indicates the correct mapping of the process and the correct conduct of layer homogenization. The applied proportions of the components in the non-Newtonian fluid allowed a reduction in the deflection compared to previous studies. Additionally, the proposal to use a DCPD matrix allowed to obtain a much lower deflection value compared to other materials, which is a novelty in the field of production of ballistic shields.
Neuroimaging based biotypes for precision diagnosis and prognosis in cancer-related cognitive impairment

Cancer related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is commonly associated with cancer and its treatments, yet the present binary diagnostic approach fails to capture the full spectrum of this syndrome. Cognitive function is highly complex and exists on a continuum that is poorly characterized by dichotomous categories. Advanced statistical methodologies applied to symptom assessments have demonstrated that there are multiple subclasses of CRCI. However, studies suggest that relying on symptom assessments alone may fail to account for significant differences in the neural mechanisms that underlie a specific cognitive phenotype. Treatment plans that address the specific physiologic mechanisms involved in an individual patient’s condition is the heart of precision medicine. In this narrative review, we discuss how biotyping, a precision medicine framework being utilized in other mental disorders, could be applied to CRCI. Specifically, we discuss how neuroimaging can be used to determine biotypes of CRCI, which allow for increased precision in prediction and diagnosis of CRCI via biologic mechanistic data. Biotypes may also provide more precise clinical endpoints for intervention trials. Biotyping could be made more feasible with proxy imaging technologies or liquid biomarkers. Large cross-sectional phenotyping studies are needed in addition to evaluation of longitudinal trajectories, and data sharing/pooling is highly feasible with currently available digital infrastructures.
Comparative study of Alvarado score and RIPASA score in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis

Background: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies. Immediate and accurate diagnosis, mainly based on clinical assessment and laboratory results, is of paramount importance in order to reduce complications and mortality rates. Challenging diagnosis and fears of missing an inflamed appendix may lead to a negative appendectomy. Many scoring systems have been developed to reduce ambiguities in the diagnosis of appendicitis. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of Alvarado score and RIPASA score in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Surgery, Nehru Hospital, BRD Medical College, over a period of 12 months. A total number of 50 cases with a clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis were studied. Informed consent was obtained from all registered cases. Results: 48% were male and 52% were females in the study. 70% belonged to <40 years and 30% belonged to >40 years. Among 50 patients, in patients ≥40 years of age, appendicitis was diagnosed in 10 patients and in patients <40 years of age, 24 were diagnosed with appendicitis. Among 50 patients, 24 were males out of which 19 were diagnosed with appendicitis compared to 15 out of 26 females. Anorexia and tenderness in RLQ were present in 100% patients. 100% patients had anorexia, RIF pain and tenderness. Alvarado and RIPASA score showed sensitivity 64.7% and 88.2% respectively. Conclusions: The difference in the diagnostic accuracy between Alvarado and RIPASA scoring system is significant indicating that the RIPASA score is a much better diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. When the ROC curve was observed the area under the curve is high for RIPASA scoring system.
Tilting of continental interiors by the dynamical effects of subduction: Tectonics

A method and apparatus for use in tree felling for causing a tree to tip under the influence of a force acting on the cutting surfaces of a saw notch in the tree trunk. The tipping force is produced by means of an inflatable cushion which is inserted in a flattened state into the saw notch and connected to the combustion chamber of the cylinder of the power saw motor to be inflated with compressed gas from said combustion chamber.
Intention of Stock Investment by Students in The Covid-19 Period

This research is intended to know and prove attitudes to risk and return on investment in investment intentions made by students with financial literacy and investment understanding as moderation.The type of research used is explanatory research, with a quantitative approach of data collection using questionnaires with the number of respondents to 277 students of the Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Muhammadiyah Malang class of 2019. Furthermore, the analysis of data that has been obtained using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) method in the SmartPLS program. The results of the analysis showed that attitudes to risk and return have a positive effect on investment intentions while financial literacy and investment understanding can moderate perceptions of risk and returns on investment intentions positively and significantly.