Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Wind Properties of Eta Carinae

We perform X-ray spectral fits to a recently obtained Chandra grating spectrum of η Carinae, one of the most massive and powerful stars in the Galaxy, and which is strongly suspected to be a colliding wind binary system. The good fit that we obtain gives us further confidence in the binary hypothesis, and we find Ṁ ≈ 2.5 × 10 M yr −1 for the mass-loss rate of η Car. In recent years, there has been growing evidence that the superluminous star η Carinae (HD 93308, HR4210) may be a binary (Damineli 1996; Duncan et al. 1995; Lamers et al. 1998; Corcoran et al. 2000). The presence of an early-type companion means that a powerful wind-wind collision will contribute to the observed emission, and is consistent with observed X-ray and radio variability. In addition, the X-ray emission from η Car is unlike any of the other single stars observed so far at high energies and dispersion and shares some common features with other colliding wind binaries. A binary interpretation remains somewhat controversial, however, not least because recent STIS spectra did not confirm the predicted variations in the radial velocity of the emission lines (Davidson et al. 2000). To test the binary hypothesis, and to obtain accurate estimates of the wind parameters of each star, we have recently fitted a Chandra grating spectrum against a grid of synthetic spectra calculated from a range of hydrodynamical models of the wind-wind collision (see Pittard & Corcoran 2002 for further details). As η Carinae has a relatively slow wind, the majority of the hard X-ray emission arises from the shocked wind of the companion. In our calculations we fix the wind speed of η Car to 500 km s and the wind momentum ratio, η = (Ṁ2v∞,2)/(Ṁ1v∞,1), to 0.2, as suggested from models of the X-ray eclipse. Our best-fit to the data (Figure 1) yields the following wind parameters for the companion: Ṁ2 ≈ 10 M yr , v∞,2 ≈ 3000 km s . With our previous assumptions this implies that the mass-loss rate of η Carinae is Ṁ1 ≈ 2.5 × 10 −4 M yr . This is smaller than typically inferred (e.g., Hillier et al.
A physical explanation for the development of redox microzones in hyporheic flow

Recent observations reveal a paradox of anaerobic respiration occurring in seemingly oxic‐saturated sediments. Here we demonstrate a residence time‐based explanation for this paradox. Specifically, we show how microzones favorable to anaerobic respiration processes (e.g., denitrification, metal reduction, and methanogenesis) can develop in the embedded less mobile porosity of bulk‐oxic hyporheic zones. Anoxic microzones develop when transport time from the streambed to the pore center exceeds a characteristic uptake time of oxygen. A two‐dimensional pore‐network model was used to quantify how anoxic microzones develop across a range of hyporheic flow and oxygen uptake conditions. Two types of microzones develop: flow invariant and flow dependent. The former is stable across variable hydrologic conditions, whereas the formation and extent of the latter are sensitive to flow rate and orientation. Therefore, pore‐scale residence time heterogeneity, which can now be evaluated in situ, offers a simple explanation for anaerobic signals occurring in oxic pore waters.
What Is Water?: The History of a Modern Abstraction

Foreword: Making Waves / Graeme Wynn Preface Part 1: Introduction 1 Fixing the Flow: The Things We Make of Water 2 Relational Dialectics: Putting Things in Fluid Terms Part 2: The History of Modern Water 3 Intimations of Modern Water 4 From Premodern Waters to Modern Water 5 The Hydrologic Cycle(s): Scientific and Sacred 6 The Hortonian Hydrologic Cycle 7 Reading the Resource: Modern Water, the Hydrologic Cycle, and the Stat 8 Culmination: Global Water Part 3: The Constitutional Crisis of Modern Water 9 The Constitution of Modern Water 10 Modern Water in Crisis 11 Sustaining Modern Water: The New "Global Water Regime" Part 4: Conclusion: What Becomes of Water 12 Hydrolectics Notes Bibliography Index
Seismic reflection imaging of a major strike-slip fault zone in a rift system: Paleogene structure and evolution of the Tan-Lu fault system, Liaodong Bay, Bohai, offshore China

The Tan-Lu fault system in the Liaodong Bay, Bohai, offshore China, affords an exceptional opportunity to document the structural features of a major strike-slip fault using two- and three-dimensional seismic reflection data, as well as evolution of a strike-slip fault developed coeval with a rift system. The fault zone displays a relatively straight, throughgoing trace longitudinally bisecting the rift valley. It consists of positive and negative flower structures and en echelon folds in the south bay, and three parallel, flower-structure systems northward. The middle fault bifurcates northward into two semiparallel vertical fault strands. To the north, the west strand bends clockwise and merges with the east strand. The stepping pattern and orientation of en echelon structures indicate right-lateral sense and about N10–35E azimuth of slip. The fault apparently accrued about 30–40 km (20–25 mi) of post-early Eocene slip based on the current distribution of deformation zones and depocenters. Tan-Lu fault segments with clockwise and counterclockwise orientation relative to the regional slip direction are characterized by divergent and convergent structures (i.e., restraining and releasing bends), respectively. Waning of rifting eliminated the cause of a major restraining bend, putting an end to development of associated convergent structures in the south bay area. Near the central-north bay, deformation occurred along major normal faults related to the basin rifting. Although a prominent feature reflecting regional strain partitioning, the Tan-Lu fault apparently was not a major factor in the Paleogene opening of the Liaodong Bay basin and the larger North China rift basin.
Geochemistry, geology, and isotopic (Sr, S, and B) composition of evaporites in the Lake St. Martin impact structure: New constraints on the age of melt rock formation

We report new Sr, S, and B isotopic data for evaporites (gypsum, anhydrite), carbonates, melt rocks, gneisses, and groundwaters recovered in and around the Lake St. Martin (LSM) impact structure, Interlake Region, Manitoba, Canada. The LSM meteorite impacted Devonian to Ordovician carbonates and sandstones of the eastern Williston Basin, resulting in partial melting of underlying Superior Province (∼2.5 Ga) gneisses of the Canadian Shield. Overlying the LSM melt rocks are red beds and evaporites (anhydrite/gypsum/glauberite) previously inferred to have been deposited during the Jurassic. The 87Sr/86Sr (lowest values cluster at 0.70836) and δ34SCDT (+23.7 ± 0.9‰) of the evaporites, combined with B isotope compositions of associated groundwaters (δ11BNBS951 = +25 to +28‰), are consistent with evaporite deposition within the impact structure near the edge of an ocean‐connected salina. The establishment of a marine origin for the evaporites offers a method of age assignment using the secular variation of S and Sr isotopes in seawater. Comparison of Sr and S isotope results with the seawater curves precludes Jurassic deposition for the evaporites or correlation with Watrous and Amaranth formation evaporites, previously considered correlative with those at LSM. The lowest Sr and mean of S isotope values from the LSM evaporites are similar to seawater in the latest Devonian, consistent with conodonts recovered from carbonate breccia overlying melt rocks, and we suggest this as an alternative age of the evaporites. Data presented here preclude a Jurassic age for the evaporites and therefore for the impact event.
Airborne observations of DMSO, DMS, and OH at marine tropical latitudes

This paper reports the first simultaneous fast‐time resolution measurements of dimethylsulfide (DMS), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and the hydroxyl radical (OH) at marine tropical latitudes. These observations were recorded during the PEM‐Tropics B field program on NASA's P‐3B aircraft. The observations of DMSO, using a Selected Ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (SICIMS) technique, are of particular significance. They have revealed two unique findings: 1) average midday‐tropical levels of DMSO are significantly higher than those predicted from current models when constrained by observed DMS and OH levels (e.g., 10 pptv versus 1 to 3 pptv); and 2) DMSO concentration profiles are significantly out‐of‐phase with model predictions, maximum values being seen under near dark conditions and minimum values being observed at midday. Although no simple explanation has yet been found for these unusual results, the fact that no evidence points to a problem in the measurements suggests that others may exist. Clearly, if the observations are correct, they indicate that at least for tropical upwelling regions the atmospheric sulfur budget may need to be adjusted to accommodate additional sources of DMSO.
Stocks Are from Mars, Real Estate Is from Venus

How does the expected total return, or opportunity cost of capital (the discounted cash flow discount rate), differ across different types and locations of properties? This question is fundamental to institutional real estate investment portfolio and asset management. The cross-section of the long-run investment performance of real estate assets should be related to plausible measures of risk. The authors study this question using original, customized investment performance indexes constructed from the property-level NCREIF Index database. They find that a multi-factor model similar in structure to that of Fama and French predicts quite well the cross-section of long-run performance within NCREIF. But the real estate model is curiously opposite to that of the stock market. Is this an arbitrage opportunity?
American Based Research Journal Vol-9-Issue-11 Nov-2020 ISSN (2304-7151)]

The study focused on Caregivers’ Position in Stirring Virtue Based Education in Early Childhood Centres in Rivers State. Virtue is that admirable character or disposition which contributes to social harmony. It enables people to feel appropriately and have the right intention. The development of virtuous character such as cooperation, self-esteem, discipline among others is highly valued in every society worldwide. The realization of the existing gab in the inculcation of these virtues in the early childhood centres is the backdrop for this paper. In doing this, the paper discussed virtue as applied in early childhood education. It discussed also, the role of the caregivers in inculcation of virtue based education, the child’s behavior and virtue based learning and the significance of virtue based education. Being a descriptive survey research, the statement of problem was identified, purpose of study, theoretical framework and conceptual framework were developed. Methodology and the findings were discussed. It was concluded among others that virtue is a necessary ingredient needed in the society for political and economic stability. It was therefore recommended among others that caregivers should model, motivate and counsel children for the attainment of virtuous life style among children
Marine Biodiversity in Temperate Western Australia: Multi-Taxon Surveys of Minden and Roe Reefs

A growing body of evidence indicates that temperate marine ecosystems are being tropicalised due to the poleward extension of tropical species. Such climate mediated changes in species distribution patterns have the potential to profoundly alter temperate communities, as this advance can serve to push temperate taxa, many of which are southern Australian endemics, southward. These changes can lead to cascading effects for the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems, including contraction of ranges/habitats of sensitive cool water species. Hence there is growing concern for the future of Australia’s temperate marine biodiversity. Here we examine the diversity and abundance of marine flora and fauna at two reefs near Perth’s metropolitan area—Minden Reef and Roe Reef. We report the presence of 427 species of marine flora and fauna from eight taxon groups occurring in the Perth metropolitan area; at least three species of which appear to be new to science. Our data also extends the known range of 15 species, and in numerous instances, thousands of kilometres south from the Kimberley or Pilbara and verifies that tropicalisation of reef communities in the Perth metropolitan area is occurring. We report the presence of 24 species endemic to south-west Australia that may be at risk of range contractions with continued ocean warming. The results of these surveys add to our knowledge of local nearshore marine environments in the Perth metropolitan area and support the growing body of evidence that indicates a diverse and regionally significant marine fauna occurs in temperate Western Australia. Regular, repeated survey work across seasons is important in order to thoroughly document the status of marine biodiversity in this significant transition zone.
Famennian survivor turiniid thelodonts of North and East Gondwana

Abstract Microvertebrate samples from the Upper Devonian Hojedk section, southeastern Iran, and the Napier Formation, northwestern Australia, have yielded scales of agnathan thelodonts, dated as early/mid-Famennian (crepida–marginifera/trachytera conodont zones). These scales are referred to Arianalepis megacostata, a new genus and species, and Arianalepis sp. indet. , a second indeterminate species of this new turiniid genus. Further recorded scales of Australolepis seddoni from the Napier Formation confirm the age range for this taxon as extending into the late Frasnian. The new remains post-date the previously youngest thelodonts from Iran and Western Australia and provide the first evidence of thelodonts surviving the Frasnian–Famennian extinction events.
Validation of streamflow measurements made with M9 and RiverRay acoustic Doppler current profilers

AbstractThe USGS Office of Surface Water (OSW) previously validated the use of Teledyne RD Instruments (TRDI) Rio Grande (in 2007), StreamPro (in 2006), and Broadband (in 1996) acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) for streamflow (discharge) measurements made by the USGS. Two new ADCPs, the SonTek M9 and the TRDI RiverRay, were first used in the USGS Water Mission Area programs in 2009. Since 2009, the OSW and USGS Water Science Centers (WSCs) have been conducting field measurements as part of their stream-gauging program using these ADCPs. The purpose of this paper is to document the results of USGS OSW analyses for validation of M9 and RiverRay ADCP streamflow measurements. The OSW required each participating WSC to make comparison measurements over the range of operating conditions in which the instruments were used until sufficient measurements were available. The performance of these ADCPs was evaluated for validation and to identify any present and potential problems. Statistical analyses of st.
Relating nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation time distributions to void-size distributions for unconsolidated sand packs

ABSTRACTNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is used in near-surface geophysics to understand the pore-scale properties of geologic material. The interpretation of NMR data in geologic material assumes that the NMR relaxation time distribution (T2-distribution) is a linear transformation of the void-size distribution (VSD). This interpretation assumes fast diffusion and can be violated for materials with high surface relaxivity and/or large pores. We compared T2-distributions to VSDs using grain-size distributions (GSDs) as a proxy for VSDs. Measurements were collected on water-saturated sand packs with a range of grain sizes and surface relaxivities, such that some samples were expected to violate the fast diffusion assumption. Samples were prepared from silica sand with three different average grain sizes and were coated with the iron-oxide mineral hematite to vary the surface relaxivity. We found analytically that outside the fast diffusion regime, the T2-distributions are broader than in the fast diffusio.
Entrainment and emplacement of englacial debris bands near the margin of Storglaciären, Sweden

Internal structure, stable isotope composition and tritium concentration were measured in and around debris‐bearing ice at the margin of Storglaciären, where englacial debris bands have previously been inferred to form by thrusting. Two types of debris bands were distinguished: (i) an unsorted diamicton band that is laterally continuous for more than 200 m, and (ii) well‐sorted sand and gravel bands that are lenticular and discontinuous. Above‐background tritium levels and enrichment of δ18 O and δD in ice from the diamicton band indicate entrainment by basal freeze‐on since 1952. Isotopic enrichment and tritium‐free ice in the sandy debris bands also indicate entrainment in freezing water, but prior to 1952. The lenticular cross‐section, sorting and stratification of the sandy bands suggest that they were deposited englacially. The basally accreted diamicton band has been elevated tens of metres above the bed and presently overlies the englacially deposited sandy bands, suggesting that the stratigraphy has been disrupted. Three interpretations could account for these observations: (i) thrusting of fast‐moving ice over slow, marginal ice uplifting recently accreted basal ice along the fault; (ii) folding near the margin, elevating young basal ice over older basal and englacial ice; and (iii) debris‐band formation by an unknown mechanism and subsequent contamination of ice geochemical properties by meltwater flow through debris bands. Although none of these interpretations is consistent with all measurements, folding is most compatible with observations and local ice‐flow kinematics.
Inter-Temporal Investment in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

Currently, different dimensions of mitigation strategies have been investigated in policy analysis. However, ambitious mitigation action aiming at reducing future climate change will not prevent much climate change before mid-century. Short-term and medium-term temperature as well as associated damages cannot be avoided completely. Increasingly there appears to be recognition of the need to simultaneously implement adaptation and mitigation. However, the optimal combination between adaptation and mitigation that can best address climate change over time is still an open question. Literature base is rather small, yet very diverse and inconsistent in conclusions. In this paper, we do an exploration of the temporal optimal investment mix between adaptation and mitigation and their relative contributions to climate change damage reduction. By proposing a conceptual framework that integrates both strategies and developing a more complete integrated assessment model, the temporal investment allocation between adaptation and mitigation is identified. Results suggest that adaptation is an effective climate change damages reduction strategy and a complement to mitigation. Adaptation investment tackles the short run reduction of damages in the first 250 years while mitigation dominates from thereon.
Do Low Price Guarantees Hurt Consumers ? Theory and Evidence

Low Price Guarantees (LPGs) are employed in a variety of markets. I examine how this policy affects consumers by introducing a model that encompasses general alternative explanations of LPGs. Under the proposed model, whether LPGs harm or benefit consumers depends on the market’s characteristics. I propose a structural model to estimate the parameters of the market, using price data alone. I then use those estimates to construct counterfactual prices and measure the effect of LPGs on consumer surplus. I examine a rich and novel dataset on the tire market and I find that LPGs hurt consumers. If this policy was not allowed, prices would decrease by between four to ten percent. Moreover, LPGs have the largest effect on price-sensitive consumers, who tend to be the poorest. JEL Classification: C51, D21, D22, L10, L40
The Private Internal Rates of Return to Tertiary Education: New Estimates for 21 OECD Countries

This study provides estimates of the private Internal Rates of Return (IRR) to tertiary education for women and men in 21 OECD countries, for the years between 1991 and 2005. IRR are computed by estimating labour market premia on cross-country comparable individual-level data. Labour market premia are then adjusted for fiscal factors and education cost. Returns to an additional year of tertiary education are, on average, above 8% and vary in a range from 4 to 15% in the countries and in the period under study. IRR are relatively homogenous across gender. Overall, a slightly increasing trend is observed over time. The study discusses various policy levers for shaping individual incentives to invest in tertiary education and provides some illustrative quantification of the impact of policy changes on those incentives. Les taux de rendement prives de l'education superieure : nouvelles estimations pour 21 pays de l'OCDE Cette etude fournit des estimations des taux de rendement prives de l'education superieure, pour les hommes ainsi que pour les femmes, dans 21 pays de l'OCDE et pour les annees comprises entre 1991 et 2005. Les rendements sont calcules en estimant les primes sur le marche du travail a partir de donnees individuelles comparables entre les pays. Ces primes sont ensuite corrigees par des facteurs fiscaux et par les couts de l'education. Les rendements d'une annee supplementaire d'enseignement superieur sont en moyenne superieurs a 8%, et varient dans un intervalle de 4% a 15% entre pays et pour la periode consideree. Les rendements sont a peu pres les memes pour les hommes et pour les femmes. Dans l'ensemble, une legere tendance a la hausse apparait dans la periode d'observation. L'etude examine l’influence des differentes politiques sur les incitations individuelles a investir dans l'education superieure et propose des estimations de l'impact des reformes sur ces incitations.
Accuracy of automatically extracted geomorphological breaklines from airborne lidar curvature images

Rutzinger, M. , Höfle, B. and Kringer, K. , 2012. Accuracy of automatically extracted geomorphological breaklines from airborne LiDAR curvature images. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography, 94, 33–42. doi:10.1111/j.1468‐0459.2012. 00453.x ABSTRACT Geomorphological breaklines are 3D polylines extracted from high‐resolution digital terrain models (DTMs), which have manifold applications in geomorphology and related fields. Breaklines are used to maintain and refine the characteristic information on discontinuities in the process of DTM filtering and interpolation. Knowledge about the quality of the derived breaklines is important in order to provide adequate input data for DTM generation, geomorphological feature mapping, and change detection analysis. The spatial accuracy and the classification accuracy of derived breaklines depend on data acquisition settings and processing steps. The critical criteria are the precision and density of the LiDAR point cloud, the resolution and quality of the filtered and interpolated DTM and the target scale breaklines are derived for. In this paper a quantitative method for assessing the quality of derived breaklines, which are extracted from regions with high curvature, is presented. Selected components of the breakline detection workflow are analysed. In addition, the reliability of manually digitized reference lines is investigated. Selected geometric properties such as line length, slope and sinuosity are computed and compared to reference data. The properties are discussed regarding their explanatory power with respect to accuracy and precision. Automatic extraction results strongly differ from manually digitized breaklines. Breaklines from manual digitalization are found to vary in coverage and spatial accuracy and thus reflect always the operator's ability, perception and intention. The advantage of automated extracted breaklines is their reproducibility and adaptability to scale.