Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PARASITOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF LETTUCE SERVED IN SCHOOL MEALS AT A FEDERAL STATE SCHOOL IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

The Brazilian “National School Lunch Program” (PNAE) must provide healthy food for students in public primary education. Thus, it is necessary to ensure both nutritional and parasitological quality, reducing health risks. Vegetables must be clean, presenting no parasites and larvae, according to Brazilian legislation. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the favorite vegetables among students, and is eaten raw in salads. This paper aims to evaluate the parasitological quality of lettuce served in school lunches. 72 samples of leaf lettuce, 36 from conventional agriculture (CA) and 36 from family agriculture (FA), were analyzed. Half the samples in each group were sanitized by immersion in a sodium hypochlorite solution, with 2% active stabilized chlorine for 10 minutes (n=18/each) and half were not sanitized (n=18/ each). Parasite load evaluation was performed by two methods in each subgroup: spontaneous sedimentation (SS) and sedimentation by centrifugation (SC). The parasite frequencies found were evaluated by the chi-squared test. Medically relevant parasites identified were helminths (Strongyloides stercoralis, Ascaris lumbricoides and Hookworms) as well as protozoa (Balantidium coli and Entamoeba coli). 44.6% of the FA samples presented some form of parasite by SS evaluation and 33.4% by SC evaluation; 66.7% of the CA samples presented parasites by SS evaluation, and 44.5% by SC evaluation. No significant differences were noted between the FA and CA groups in either technique. No parasites were found in any of the sanitized lettuces, regardless of the subgroup or technique applied. These results evidence the importance of adequate training and guidance for vegetable growers, food handlers as well as the general population regarding proper hygiene of lettuce leaves prior to consumption.
A Historical Perspective of Pathogen Biological Control of Aquatic Plants

Abstract Pathogens were not seriously considered as biological control agents for aquatic plants in the United States until the Chesapeake Bay Eurasian watermilfoil decline occurred in the 1960s. The decline and suggestion that it was induced by pathogens spawned interest in the use of pathogens as biological control agents for nuisance aquatic species. In the years that followed, emphasis was placed on finding pathogen agents for some of the most problematic aquatic weeds, including waterhyacinth, Eurasian watermilfoil, and hydrilla. The scientist that has contributed the most to our knowledge of pathogen biological control in aquatic plants has been Dr. Raghavan Charudattan (University of Florida, Gainesville, FL). For the past 40 yr, he has authored or coauthored more than 50 manuscripts devoted to the subject in peer-reviewed journals, books, and proceedings. Abstract Los patógenos no fueron seriamente considerados como agentes de control biológico para plantas acuáticas en los Estados Unidos hasta que empezó a deteriorarse la Myriophyllum spicatum L. en la Bahía de Chesapeake en los sesentas. Este deterioro y la idea de que fue inducido por patógenos despertaron el interés en el uso de patógenos como agentes de control biológico para especies acuáticas difíciles de controlar. En los años posteriores, se puso especial énfasis en la búsqueda de agentes patógenos para algunas de las malezas acuáticas más problemáticas incluyendo la Eichhornia crassipes, la Myriophyllum spicatum L y la Hydrilla verticillata. El científico que más ha contribuido a ampliar nuestros conocimientos en el uso de patógenos como agentes de control biológico en plantas acuáticas ha sido el Dr. Raghavan Charadattan de la Universidad de Florida en Gainesville. Durante los últimos 40 años, él ha sido autor o co-autor de más de 50 ensayos dedicados a este tema, publicados en revistas científicas, libros, minutas y otros medios de comunicación. Nomenclature: Eurasian watermilfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum L, hydrilla, Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle, waterhyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms
Imaturos de Culicidae (Diptera) encontrados em recipientes instalados em mata residual no munícipio de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil

Forest fragments in an urban area were found to be a situable site for Culicidae breeding. This research aims to inventory the Culicidae species that use artificial breeding sites, their coexistence, and the population variation in a fragment forest in the Londrina City, Parana State. Biweekly collecting efforts were performed from October 1995 to September 1996 using tires and bamboo internodes traps installed at a ground level and bamboo internodes traps at two 2 m height. A total of 12,656 culicid specimens belonging to five genus and 11 species were collected. The most abundant species in those artificial breeding sites were Limatus durhami Theobald, 1901, Culex eduardoi Couple & Garcia, 1968, Aedes terrens (Walker, 1856), Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 and Aedes albopictus. (Skuse, 1894). The greatest number of individuals was collect in tires and Limatus durhami and Aedes terrens, showed a preference to the breeding sites. The capture of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), Aedes albopictus and Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Dyar & Shannon, 1924) in different collections efforts indicates that this kind of environment must be taken in account in the vector control actions and constantly monitored.
A model estimating the risk of Fusarium head blight on wheat

Un modele de simulation dynamique du risque de fusariose des epis sur ble a ete elabore sur la base d'analyse de systemes. Le modele calcule un risque journalier d'infection base sur la sporulation, ladispersion des spores et l'infection des tissus de l'hote pour les quatre principales especes provoquant la maladie (Gibberella zeae, Fusarium culmorum, Gibberella avenacea, Monographella nivalis). La production de spores et la dispersion sont calculees en tant que fonctions de la temperature, des precipitations et de l'humidite relative, alors que les principaux facteurs affectant le taux d'infection sont la temperature, l'humidite et le developpement de l'hote. Le modele calcule egalement le risque de production de mycotoxines par G. zeae et F culmorum dans les tissus infectes de l'epi. Les premieres validations confrontees a des donnees du champ, qui ont ete collectees dans des zones de culture du ble du Nord de l'Italie et qui n'avaient pas ete utilisees pour l'elaboration du modele, ont donne des resultats satisfaisants.
Anesthetic and Surgical Techniques for Pacific Salmon

An operating table and associated anesthetizing system for salmonids are described in detail. Techniques for vascular and urinary cannulation and sampling are also described along with comments on the use of physiological salines and anticoagulants. Utilization of these techniques and apparatus can make fish as convenient and useful an experimental animal as the laboratory rat.
Utilization of Harvested Water for Protective Irrigation and Mulching with Integrated Nutrient Management to Mitigate Dryspell for Maize (Zea mays L.) Production under Dryland Conditions

In kharif, 2012 there was a drought condition in the eastern dry zone of Karnataka where the rainfall accounted for only about 59.5% of the normal rainfall. To assess the effect of protective irrigation and mulching to mitigate dryspell with integrated nutrient management in maize production, a field experiment was conducted at All India Co-ordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore during kharif, 2012. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design and replicated thrice which consisted of three main treatments viz. M1 (no protective irrigation and no mulch); M2 (protective irrigation) and M3 (protective irrigation with weed biomass mulching), and three sub-treatments viz. N1 (recommended doses of fertilizers); N2 (50% N substituted through poultry manure) and N3 (50% N substituted through Glyricidia green leaf manuring) with recommended doses of P2O5 and K2O through fertilizers. Three protective irrigations of 246926 l/ha were given through harvested water collected in the farm pond. Significantly higher growth parameters, yield attributes, kernel yield (5424 kg/ha) and stover yield (10342 kg/ha) of maize was observed in the plots under protective irrigations and mulching. Among the nutrient management treatments, recommended dose of fertilizers gave significantly higher kernel (5628 kg/ha) and stover yield (9825 kg/ha).
Determination of Sulphadimidine (Sulfamethazine) Residues in Milk, Plasma, Urine and Edible Tissues by Sensitive ELISA

A highly sensitive immunoassay for sulphadimidine (SDM) is described, demonstrating the benefit of using spacer arms with different chemical compositions in the hapten immunogen and peroxidase tracer. The antiserum used in the optimized SDM assay exhibited 50% binding inhibition in buffer at approximately 0.15 microg l -1 , while the developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) exhibited approximately 100% cross-reactivity between SDM and its major metabolite N 4 -acetyl-SDM, relatively slight reaction with sulphamerazine (5.2%) and negligible reaction with 25 other related antimicrobials. The assay was evaluated using control and SDM-spiked milk, plasma, urine and edible tissue samples. The recovery of added SDM at the concentration of regulatory interest varied around 100%. The precision of the ELISA was below 5 and 15% for inter-and intra-assay variability, respectively. The highly sensitive method has been demonstrated to be an extremely effective way of overcoming problems caused by matrix int.
Polar Electron Content From GPS Data‐Based Global Ionospheric Maps: Assessment, Case Studies, and Climatology

The electron content distribution of the north and south polar ionosphere from 2001 to the beginning of 2019 is analyzed by using the UQRG global ionospheric map (GIM) of vertical total electron content (VTEC), computed every 15 min by UPC‐IonSAT with a tomographic‐kriging combined technique. We first show that the accuracy of UQRG GIM is slightly better than that of the GIMs of other analysis centers on the whole and also over both poles. Second, we show examples of polar VTEC features in UQRG GIM, previously reported by different authors and with higher‐resolution techniques. Third, by means of an unsupervised clustering algorithm, learning vector quantization, we characterize the main features of the ionospheric electron content climatology, separately for the north and south polar regions.
Características morfométricas, rendimentos de carcaça, filé, vísceras e resíduos em tilápias-do-nilo em diferentes faixas de peso

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of weight categories on the relation of the measures of standard length; length of the head; height of the body measured at the front of the 1° ray of pectoral, dorsal, anal and tail fins; width of the body measured at the front of the insertion of 1o ray of pectoral, dorsal and anal fins; perimeter measured at the front of the insertion of the 1° ray of pectoral, dorsal and anal fins and minor circumference of the peduncle and yield of carcass, filet, head, fin, skin, viscera and residues of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Eighty tilapia were used, in a completely randomized design, with four treatments (weight categories 250 the 300 g; 350 the 400 g; 450 the 500 g and 550 the 600 g) and 20 replications. Each fish was considered an experimental unit. The Nile tilapia presented minors variations in the morphometric characteristics in the weight category 450 to 600 g, when compared with the category 250 to 400 g. The weight category 250 the 300 g, 350 the 400 g, 450 the 500 g and 550 the 600 g provided the same yield of carcass, filet and percentages of head, fin, skin and residues. The percentage of viscera in the 550 the 600 g category (10.98%) was significantly lower when compared to 250 the 300 g (12.77%), 350 the 400 g (13.26%) and 450 the 500 g (12.69%). The weight of filet in the 350 the 400 g category (260.50 g) was higher than the 250 the 300 g category (239.95 g). There was no difference in the weight of fillet between the 450 the 500 g category (284.20 g) and 550 the 600 g (292.80 g). The category 450 the 500 g and 550 the 600 g presented higher values of weight of fillet when compared to 250 the 300 g and 350 the 400 g. According to the weight of fillet found, the ideal weight of slaughter of the tilapia is between 450 and 500 g in a range of 250-600 g.
The Janus face of social media and democracy? Reflections on Africa

The purpose of this issue of Media Culture and Society is to discuss the possible role of social media in the struggle for democracy, against authoritarianism, and over hidden power structures. The articles included in this volume are meant to offer empirical interventions to beliefs, some of them unproven, on whether the emergence of new media technologies has driven Africa towards democratic change. Papers in this Special Issue cover a wide variety of African countries delving deep into comparative studies of participatory citizens’ media on the continent. This introduction is an attempt to offer an explanation on African democratisation and authoritarianism before conceptualising the role of social media in political processes with the backing of current case study dispatches in Africa, demonstrating the dilemmas of digital disparities in promoting or denting democratisation in Africa.
Racemization of Amino Acid Residues during Alkali-Treatment of Protein and Its Adverse Effect on Pepsin Digestibility

The tritium-hydrogen exchange method was used to determine the total racemization of amino acid residues of four proteins (ribonuclease A, lysozyme, soybean protein and casein) during their exposure to an alkali. Tritium was incorporated with first order kinetics into these proteins during their incubation in 0.2 n NaOH at 40°C. The tritium-hydrogen exchange increased as the temperature and the alkali concentration increased. In contrast, pepsin digestibility decreased extensively in the initial stage of the treatment. This phenomenon was verified by the subsite theory of protease, that only minor racemization renders the extended range of the peptide chain around the racemized amino acids non-susceptible to pepsin. General precautions against the racemization of food protein treated with alkalis are discussed briefly in terms of the deterioration of nutrients.
Benign growth: Structural transformation and inclusive growth in Thailand

Between 1981 and 2017, real gross domestic product in Thailand grew at an average annual rate of 5.7 per cent. Agricultural output grew more slowly than industry or services, and its gross domestic product share consequently declined. Industry's gross domestic product share increased, and the share of services remained relatively constant. Agriculture's employment share declined, but most new jobs were in services. Concurrently, poverty incidence declined dramatically.
EXTRACTING MORE OUT OF RELOCATION DATA: BUILDING MOVEMENT MODELS AS MIXTURES OF RANDOM WALKS

We present a framework for fitting multiple random walks to animal move- ment paths consisting of ordered sets of step lengths and turning angles. Each step and turn is assigned to one of a number of random walks, each characteristic of a different behavioral state. Behavioral state assignments may be inferred purely from movement data or may include the habitat type in which the animals are located. Switching between different behavioral states may be modeled explicitly using a state transition matrix estimated directly from data, or switching probabilities may take into account the proximity of animals to landscape features. Model fitting is undertaken within a Bayesian framework using the WinBUGS software. These methods allow for identification of different movement states using several properties of observed paths and lead naturally to the formulation of movement models. Analysis of relocation data from elk released in east-central Ontario, Canada, suggests a biphasic movement behavior: elk are either in an ''encamped'' state in which step lengths are small and turning angles are high, or in an ''exploratory'' state, in which daily step lengths are several kilometers and turning angles are small. Animals encamp in open habitat (agricultural fields and opened forest), but the exploratory state is not associated with any particular habitat type.
Impact of Polyhouse Culture During Winter on Ovarian Maturity, Growth, Muscle, and Egg Composition of Carps

Abstract Impact of polyhouse culture was examined on ovarian maturity, growth, muscle and egg composition in two Indian major carps: rohu, Labeo rohitaand catla, Catla catla; and two Chinese carps: grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellaand silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrixduring winter. Eight females (2+ years age group) of each species, were stocked in polyhouse and outdoor concrete tanks (250 m2), in duplicate. Results of the study revealed that polyhouse-cutured fishes, in general, exhibited better (P < 0.05) values for weight increment, gonadosomatic index, total number of eggs/fish, number of eggs/g body weight, and egg diameter. Proximate composition of muscle and eggs in fishes varied significantly with culture conditions. It was seen that Chinese carps attained maturity about two weeks earlier than the Indian major carps. The stage of oocyte maturation varied between fishes reared in the two culture systems. Polyhousecultured fishes possessed most oocytes (> 70%) at migrating germinal vesicle stage, while those reared in outdoor tanks exhibited these at the central germinal vesicle stage. An advancement in attainment of maturity was evident in these carps when grown in polyhouse during winter.
The Role of Parasitoids in Limiting the Harmfulness of Leafrollers in Apple Orchards

The aim of the studies was to determine significance of parasitoids as biocontrol agents against teafrollers in apple orchards. The studies were performed in different parts of Poland in 1994-2001. An average parasitization level of caterpillars amounted to ca. 8.6%, and it varied broadly up to individual orchards (from 2.4 to 32.4%). A natural parasitization level was strictly related to the in- tensity of orchards' protection against pests. Higher parasitization was observed in case of less protected orchards, and in those ones with a great number of leafrollers. The greatest share in parasitizing leafroller caterpillars was stated for hymenopterans belonging to two families: Ichneumonidae and Braconidae. Populations of leafrollers were most effectively reduced by the following parasitoid species: Ascogaster rufidens, Apanteles ater, Meteorus ictericus, Macrocentrus linearis and M. thoracicus of Braconidae as well as Campoplex mutabilis, Lissonota segmenta- tor, Phytodietus segmentator, Itoplectis maculator, Diadegma armillatum and Apechthis rufata of Ichneumonidae. The results of conducted research also revealed preferences of particular parasitoids to parasitize some leafroller species. A. rufidens had the greatest share in parasitizing caterpillars of Pandemis heparana. Among hymenopterani parasitoids of Archips rosa- nus, the one most numerously occurring was C. mutabilis, also considered as the main parasitoid of Acleris rhombana. In parasitizing the leafroller Adoxophyes orana the greatest share fell to M. ictericus while in case of Spilonota ocellana - the most frequent parasitoid was A. quadridentata. Tachinid flies were found to be of a minor importance in parasitization of leafroller caterpillars. They were only raised from four leafroller species, and their largest share fell in parasitization of A. rosanus. Parasitation of A. rosanus eggs by Trichogramma sp. varied broadly depending on individual orchards and growing seasons, and ranged 0.8 to 33.9%.
Genetic identification of wild Asian water buffalo in Nepal

The wild water buffalo is highly endangered, with the few remaining populations already affected or likely to be increasingly affected by hybridization with domestic buffalo. The work described here was done to evaluate a genetic method to discriminate wild from mixed ancestry (hybrid) and domestic animals, and to identify with high probability those most likely to be purebred wild. Samples from 45 animals (phenotypically classified into three groups ‐ ten wild, 28 domestic and seven hybrid) were genotyped for ten microsatellite loci. Although genetic distances among the three groups were small, an assignment test identified two of the ‘wild’ and seven of the ‘domestic’ as hybrids. However, sample sizes also are small, indicating the need for a conservative approach in the first instance in using these results. As more animals are genotyped, assignments will become more accurate, and a translocation programme to establish a second Nepalese wild population in a protected area could be undertaken.
Proteolytic enzymes of dairy starter cultures

The synthesis of proteolytic enzymes by starter bacteria is a fundamental requirement for rapid acid production in milk fermentations. These organisms possess a number of proteinases and peptidases which act in concert to hydrolyse milk protein to the free amino acids required for cell growth. The same enzymes have an important secondary role in cheese ripening contributing to rheological and organoleptic changes. A highly complex mixture of both enzymes and substrates is present. The strategic location of these enzymes, in the cell wall and membrane structures and in the cytoplasm, governs enzyme access to the substrates and is central to both roles. An overview of the above topics is presented.
High titer, phage-neutralizing antibodies in bovine colostrum that prevent lytic infection of Lactococcus lactis in fermentations of phage-contaminated milk

Antibodies against six phages of Lactococcus lactis were produced in six bovine colostra. Each colostrum neutralized its homologous phage. In addition, each colostrum neutralized a different phage from the same species as its homologous phage, but either did not neutralize or weakly neutralized more distantly related lactococcal phages. The neutralization of heterologous phages correlated with the phage species but not with the strain on which the phage was grown. Blood serum from the same cows also neutralized homologous phages, but the titers were lower than that of the colostrum. Addition of colostrum to phage-contaminated milk prevented lysis of starter cultures of L. lactis. The titers of some of the colostra were sufficiently high that it may be economically practical to prepare antibodies from similar, high titer colostra for commercial use in factory bulk starter vats.
Molecular detection and genetic characterisation of fumonisin producing fusarium isolates from rice cultivars

Fusarium species mainly produce fumonisins group of mycotoxins which are classified as Group 2B human carcinogen by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In poor storage conditions, Fusarium species producing fumonisins can infect rice or paddy (Oryza sativa L.) which is the highest produced and consumed staple food in India. A rapid molecular method using primer Fum5F and Fum6R detected 85% fumonisin producers among 28 Fusarium isolates from Indian rice cultivars. Genetic variability of the isolates was studied by PCR based RAPD assay using 13 random primers. A total of 169 polymorphic bands were obtained by 13 markers with an average polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.665 and overall polymorphism of 88%. Primer 3B showed a polymorphism of 96% with PIC value of 0.66 and it amplified 26 scorable fragments hence may be useful for the analysis of genetic variation among Fusarium isolates. Four strains (F47, F90, F92 and F96) in which fum gene wasn't amplified by Fum5F and Fum6R and supposed to be non producer of fumonisin have been consistently placed in one separate group by RAPD primers. Genetic variation of toxic Fusarium in rice from India is less studied. RAPD proved to be a suitable tool for depicting Polymorphism among the isolates. The high genetic variability among the Fusarium isolates used in the current study is a matter of concern considering the importance of Rice in India.