Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Substorm intensifications and field line resonances in the nightside magnetosphere

Magnetometer and HF radar data often indicate the presence of magnetohydrodynamic, field line resonances in the nightside magnetosphere. These resonances have frequencies of about 1.3, 1.9, 2.6, and 3.4 mHz and are due to cavity modes or waveguide modes which form between the magnetopause and turning points on dipolelike magnetic shells. Energy from these cavity modes tunnels to the field line resonances which are seen in the F region by the HF radar and on the ground by the magnetometers. The presence of these field line resonances gives us an excellent diagnostic tool for determining the position of the mechanism leading to the energetic electrons and field-aligned currents associated with substorm intensifications and auroral brightening. Using data from the Canadian CANOPUS array of magnetometers, meridian scanning photometers, riometers, and bistatic auroral radars and data from the Johns Hopkins University/Applied Physics Laboratory HF radar at Goose Bay in Canada, we have identified a number of intervals in which substorm intensifications occurred during times when field line resonances existed in the region of the magnetosphere where the intensification occurred. In the events that we have analyzed in detail, the ionospheric signatures of the substorm intensification began equatorward (earthward) of existing field line resonances. These observations give very strong evidence indicating that at least one component of the substorm mechanism must be active very close to the Earth, probably on dipolelike field lines in regions with trapped and quasi-trapped energetic particles. Furthermore, the auroral intensifications started near the position of one of the equatorward resonances, indicating that the field line resonances may play a role in triggering or producing the substorm intensifications. One possible scenario is mode conversion to kinetic Alfven waves in the resonance.
Fracture Permeability Evolution in Desert Peak Quartz Monzonite

Fracture flow experiments are being conducted on quartz monzonite core from the Desert Peak East EGS site, Churchill County, Nevada. The flow experiments are conducted at temperatures of 167-169 C and 5.5 MPa confining pressure through artificial fractures. Two injection fluids, a saline solution and a silica-bearing solution, have been used to date. Flow rates are typically 0.02 mL/min, but other rates have been used. The fracture surfaces are characterized with a contact profilometer. The profilometry data demonstrate that it is possible to fabricate statistically similar fracture surfaces and enable us to map aperture variations, which we use in numerical simulations. Effluent samples are collected for chemical analysis. The fluid pressure gradient is measured across the specimen and effective hydraulic apertures are calculated. The experiments show a reduction in permeability over time for both injection fluids, but a more rapid loss of permeability was observed for the silica-bearing solution. The calculated hydraulic aperture is observed to decrease by 17% for the saline solution and 75% for the silica-bearing fluid, respectively. Electrical resistivity measurements, which are sensitive to the ionic content of the pore fluid, provide additional evidence of fluid-rock interactions.
Genetic and Phenotypic Characteristics of Belted Pig Breeds: A Review

Simple Summary In many parts of the world, belted pig breeds have been selectively raised for their distinctive appearance for centuries. These pigs present a white belt of variable width, generally centred on the shoulders or trunk on a solid black background. The present review aimed to identify and describe, from a genetic point of view, all existing pig breeds with this peculiar coat pattern. Using the online database, 42 pig breeds, their origin, productive, and reproductive data, and conservation status have been identified. Most of them are local small-size breeds, some extinct or endangered. Highlighting the attention paid to these breeds and their role as local livestock is of great importance for conserving local biodiversity. Abstract Belted pig breeds have unique, distinguishing phenotypic characteristics. This review summarises the current knowledge on pig breeds displaying a belted coat pattern. Belts of different widths and positions around the animal’s trunk characterise specific pig breeds from all around the world. All the breeds included in the present paper have been searched through the FAO domestic animal diversity information system (DAD-IS), Every country was checked to identify all breeds described as having black or red piebald coat pattern variations. Advances in genomic technologies have made it possible to identify the specific genes and genetic markers associated with the belted phenotype and explore the genetic relationships between different local breeds. Thus, the origin, history, and production traits of these breeds, together with all the genomic information related to the mechanism of skin pigmentation, are discussed. By increasing our understanding of these breeds, we can appreciate the richness of our biological and cultural heritage and work to preserve the biodiversity of the world’s animals.
Suspended solids discharge from a small forested basin in the humid tropics

Suspended solids (SS) discharge from a tropical rain forest was observed at the Bukit Tarek Experimental Watershed in Peninsular Malaysia in order to elucidate mechanisms of SS production and transport. Peaks of water discharge and electrical conductivity (EC) lagged further behind rainfall peaks than did dissolved oxygen (DO), indicating that the discharge in the early stage of a storm is mainly formed by rain water with high DO. Stream water showing a high value of EC originating from subsurface water formed the main storm flow and lagged behind the rainfall. SS concentrations rose to a peak quickly and, like DO, the peak preceded that of water discharge. A clockwise hysteresis loop in the relationship between SS and water discharge exists, and the magnitude of hysteresis loop is in proportion to storm size. The values of SS concentration correlate positively with the values of rainfall intensity on logarithmic axes. The time intervals between peaks of rainfall and SS concentrations are assumed to be a delivery term expressing distance from sediment source to measuring point. Immediate transport of SS from the source to the sampling site, the short time gap between the peaks of rainfall and SS concentrations, and the high rate of infiltration on the hillslope suggest that the sources of high SS concentrations are located close to the stream. The calculated source area is located at a gentler part of the stream, where wet riparian areas exist. The strong relationship between water discharge and SS concentration during the small storm proves that the source areas of SS and water were the same. In contrast, the source area of SS disappeared when rainfall ceased, whereas the source area of water discharge was still expanding in the larger storm. These phenomena may produce clockwise loops in the SS concentration–water discharge relationship. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geochemistry of carbonatites in Maoniuping REE deposit, Sichuan Province, China

Carbonatites in the Maoniuping REE deposit, Sichuan Province, which are spatially and temporally associated with rare earth mineralization, were emplaced at the time of Himalayan. The rocks are carbonatite-syenite complexes, with the mineral assemblages of calcite-aegirine-acmite- arfvedsonite-mica-orthoclase. The rocks are characterized by the enrichment in incompatible elements, such as Sr, Ba and REE, with C and O isotopic compositions of the “primary igneous carbonatites”, relatively high initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios and low e Nd values. All of these suggest that the rocks were derived from the metasomatic enriched mantle. It is demonstrated by geological and geochemical evidence that the mixing of the Himalayan subducting crustal materials with mantle source EM1 is probably the main factor responsible for the formation of carbonatites. The carbonatite-syenite complexes were generated from liquid immiscibility of CO 2 -rich alkalic silicate magma, which was derived from partial melting of the metasomatic mantle.
Broadband EPR Spectroscopy of the Triplet State: Multi-Frequency Analysis of Copper Acetate Monohydrate

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy is a long-standing method for the exploration of electronic structures of transition ion complexes. The difficulty of its analysis varies considerably, not only with the nature of the spin system, but more so with the relative magnitudes of the magnetic interactions to which the spin is subject, where particularly challenging cases ensue when two interactions are of comparable magnitude. A case in point is the triplet system S = 1 of coordination complexes with two unpaired electrons when the electronic Zeeman interaction and the electronic zero-field interaction are similar in strength. This situation occurs in the X-band spectra of the thermally excited triplet state of dinuclear copper(II) complexes, exemplified by copper acetate monohydrate. In this study, applicability of the recently developed low-frequency broadband EPR spectrometer to S = 1 systems is investigated on the analysis of multi-frequency, 0.5–16 GHz, data from [Cu(CH3COO)2H2O]2. Global fitting affords the spin Hamiltonian parameters gz = 2.365 ± 0.008; gy = 2.055 ± 0.010; gx = 2.077 ± 0.005; Az = 64 gauss; D = 0.335 ± 0.002 cm−1; E = 0.0105 ± 0.0003 cm−1. The latter two define zero-field absorptions at ca. 630, 7730, and 10,360 MHz, which show up in the spectra as one half of a sharpened symmetrical line. Overall, the EPR line shape is Lorentzian, reflecting spin-lattice relaxation, which is a combination of an unusual, essentially temperature-independent, inverted Orbach process via the S = 0 ground state, and a Raman process proportional to T2. Other broadening mechanisms are limited to at best minor contributions from a distribution in E values, and from dipolar interaction with neighboring copper pairs. Monitoring of a first-order double-quantum transition between 8 and 35 GHz shows a previously unnoticed very complex line shape behavior, which should be the subject of future research.
Geography: a modern synthesis

Arriving at the University of Zambia in Lusaka in 1979, I had brashly assumed that my geographical training would protect me from at least the more bruising aspects of ’cultural shock’. It didn’t. When a few days after arrival my new Head of Department presented me with Peter Haggett’s Geography: a modern synthesis (1972) and the firm instructions to ’rewrite’ Chapters 1 to 13 (inclusive) for a term scheduled to begin two weeks later, my shock was complete. The remaining chapters were allocated to an assortment of other colleagues. The challenge, as it was presented, was to rework the text to meet the needs of my Zambian students whom, it was explained, were not necessarily cognizant of the examples used in the British text. This at least I could understand. But it was a some-
Rare gases in phases of the Deelfontein meteorite

The abundances of the stable rare-gas isotopes in the metal, troilite, and graphite phases of the Deelfontein iron meteorite were measured. In the metal phase, the rare gases are entirely due to spallation, and the Cl36-Ar36 exposure age of 4.0 ± 0.4 × 108 years is obtained. The lack of Ar39 indicates that the terrestrial age is greater than 1400 years. In the troilite phase, the isotopes of He, Ne, and Ar are also entirely due to spallation, and the relative spallation cross sections for Fe and S can be obtained. In troilite, the Xe has a very large Xe129 anomaly, Xe129/Xe132 = 3.45, probably due to extinct I129, and excesses at Xe128 and Xe131, probably due to neutron capture on I and Te. In the graphite phase, besides spallation He, there are primordial Ar and Xe. The bearing of these results on the history of the iron meteorite is discussed.
An indentation model for the North and South China collision and the development of the Tan‐Lu and Honam Fault Systems, eastern Asia

Passive continental margins are geometrically irregular as a consequence of either triple-junction evolution or the development of transfer zones in detachment fault systems, whereas active continental margins are smoothly arc-shaped due to subduction of plates on the Earth's spherical surface. We propose that this basic difference in boundary geometry has played an important role in the latest Paleozoic-early Mesozoic collision of North and South China. In particular, we suggest that prior to collision, the active southern margin of the North China Block (NCB) was contiguous across the Qilian Shan, Qinling, Dabie Shan, Shandong peninsula of east central China to the Imjingang area of central Korea. The passive northern margin of the South China Block (SCB), in contrast, had a more irregular shape, such that its northeastern segment in northern Jiangsu and eastern Anhui provinces of China extended some 500 km farther north than its western counterparts in northern Sichuan, southern Shaanxi, and northern Hubei provinces. Collision of the NCB and the SCB began by indentation of the northeastern SCB into the eastern NCB in the late Early Permian and lasted until the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic. The indentation produced the left-slip Tan-Lu fault in northeastern China and the right-slip Honam shear zone in southeastern Korea and caused the northward displacement of the Shandong and the Imjingang metamorphic belts. This model predicts that collision along the Dabie and Qinling metamorphic belt occurred significantly later than along the Shandong belt, which is consistent with radiometric and depositional constraints on the time of collision. The proposed model accounts for the abrupt termination of the Tan-Lu fault at its south end and the drastic decrease in slip along the Tan-Lu fault north of the Shandong metamorphic belt. The model also predicts the distribution and ages of metamorphism along the suture and the observed local but intense Triassic deformation (=Indosinian orogeny) in northeastern China and northern Korea, which was previously an enigmatic feature in this region.
Seismicity at Mount St. Helens, 1987–1992: Evidence for repressurization of an active magmatic system

Several changes have occurred in seismicity associated with Mount St. Helens since it last erupted in October 1986. Perhaps the most significant is the recurrence of earthquakes deeper than 3 km, previously observed only in the months following the cataclysmic eruption of May 18, 1980, and briefly in March 1982. Events located below 6.5 km define a circular aseismic zone, similar in location to one observed after May 18, 1980. Focal mechanisms are computed for two depth ranges, 4–6.5 km (Intermediate) and 6.5–10 km (Deep), using both polarity and amplitude ratio data. Mechanisms for Intermediate events are mostly strike-slip, and many P and T axes point in directions ∼80° offset from the regional stress field, indicating that earthquakes in this zone are caused by magmatic as well as tectonic forces. Mechanisms for Deep events are also mostly strike-slip, and P and T axes form a pattern suggestive of a pressure increase within the aseismic zone. The observed Deep patterns are compared with theoretical stress fields generated by a numerical model of a pressurized hole in an elastic plate. Results from modeling support the pressure increase hypothesis for 1987–1992 seismicity, in contrast to a pressure drop for post-May 18, 1980, earthquakes. This apparent repressurization is proposed to be a result of the sealing of the shallow conduit system.
Gas exchange and CO2 flux in the tropical Atlantic Ocean determined from 222Rn and pCO2 measurements

Measurements of /sup 222/Rn vertical profiles and pCO/sub 2/ in the surface water and the atmosphere were made simultaneously in the tropical Atlantic Ocean as part of the TTO/TAS program. The gas exchange rate or piston velocity was determined from the /sup 222/Rn profiles, and the . delta.pCO/sub 2/ between the surface ocean and the atmosphere was determined from the pCO/sub 2/ measurements. The net flux of CO/sub 2/ across the sea-air interface was calculated from these two data sets. The piston velocity ranged from 1.4 to 6.9 m/d and was correlated with wind speed. The slope of piston velocity versus wind speed was estimated to be between 0.3 and 1.1 (m/d)/(m/s). The . delta.pCO/sub 2/ ranged from /minus/ 35 . mu.atm at 15/degree/N, 55/degree/W to + 64 . mu.atm at 5/degree/S, 28/degree/W, with the zero . delta.pCO/sub 2/ isopleth located at about 10/degree/N. The high . delta.pCO/sub 2/ values can be explained by lateral advection of surface water from the east with heating and biological consumption of CO/sub 2/ and alkalinity during transit. The net flux of CO/sub 2/ was into the ocean north of 10/degree/N latitude with values reaching a maximum of 1.4 mol m/sup /minus/2/ yr/sup /minus/1/ at 15/degree/N, 50/degree/W. South of 10/degree/N,more » the net flux was out of the ocean, reaching a maximum value of 2.7 mol m/sup /minus/2/ yr/sup /minus/1/ at 8/degree/S, 28/degree/W. The average net flux from 10/degree/N to 10/degree/S was 1.3 mol m/sup /minus/2/ yr/sup /minus/1/ out of the ocean, which is equivalent to 0.15 gigatons of carbon per year if the flux determined applied throughout the year. 56 refs., 16 figs., 4 tabs.ss« less
Sub-bottom profiling with ambient noise measured on a drifting vertical array

The angle and frequency dependent reflective properties of the seabed can be determined from beam-steered ambient noise measurements on a vertical array of hydrophones. From the up-to-down ratio the beam-smeared modulus square of the plane wave reflection coefficient is obtained. Geo-acoustic parameters can be inverted by matching the measured and modelled reflection loss assuming a certain number of sediment layers. The searching for the geo-acoustic parameters is done with fast global optimisation techniques such as differential evolution. An alternative approach is to Fourier transform the reflection coefficient producing the minimum phase impulse response, which explicitly shows layer boundaries. Spectral factorisation is applied to restore the lost phase of the reflection coefficient. This method offers the possibility of determining the number of layers and their order. Both methods were applied to reflection loss data extracted from ambient noise measurements on a drifting vertical array in the shallow waters in the Mediterranean. The results of both methods are compared showing good agreement between the two sets of sediment layering estimates. It is concluded that the methods offer a sub-bottom profiling technique without making additional sound where the array is sensing local seabed properties with a footprint of order the water depth.
Application of Meteosat thermal data to map soil infiltrability in the central part of the Lake Chad basin, Africa.

In the central part of the Lake Chad Basin, Africa, the superficial Quaternary aquifer (500,000 km2) forms the main water resource. Little is known about the aquifer recharge processes. Large piezometric depressions affect the aquifer and are still unexplained. Meteosat thermal composite data were used to infer qualitative information about time‐space variations of soil moisture. Over the aquifer, Meteosat data reveal that after heavy rainfall, the piezometric depressions (Kadzell, Chari‐Baguirmi) appear cooler than the surrounding areas (Manga and Harr). The interpretation is that above the depressions, rainwater accumulates at the surface and does not infiltrate deep into the ground, leading to the observed cooler ground. Accordingly, the depressions are characterized by low rainwater infiltrability, which presumably results in a small rainfall recharge. As far as we know, this is the first time that an observed surface phenomenon is directly related to the origin of some piezometric depressions.
The thermal influence of the subducting slab beneath South America from 410 and 660 km discontinuity observations

SUMMARY Regional seismic network data from deep South American earthquakes to western United States and western European seismic arrays is slant stacked to detect weak near-source interactions with upper mantle discontinuities. These observations are complemented by an analysis of earlier work by Sacks & Snoke (1977) who observed S to P conversions from deep events to stations in South America, and similar observations from 1994‐95 events using the BANJO and SEDA networks. Observations of the depth of the 410 km discontinuity are made beneath central South America in the vicinity of the aseismic region of the subducting Nazca Plate. These results image the 410 km discontinuity over a lateral extent of up to 850 km perpendicular to the slab and over a distance of 2700 km along the length of the slab. Away from the subducting slab the discontinuity is mainly seen near its global average depth, whilst inside the slab there is evidence for its elevation by up to around 60 km but with significant scatter in the data. These results are consistent with the presence of a continuous slab through the aseismic region with a thermal anomaly of 900 uC at 350 km depth. This value is in good agreement with simple thermal models though our data are too sparse to accurately constrain them. Sparse observations of the 660 km discontinuity agree with tomographic models suggesting penetration of the lower mantle by the slab in the north but stagnation at the base of the transition zone in the south. The geographical distribution of the data, however, does not allow us to rule out the possibility of slab stagnation at the base of the transition zone in the north. These observations, together with the presence of deep earthquakes, require more complicated thermal models than previously used to explain them, possibly including changes in slab dip and age with depth.
Deep-sea fan sediments in the Torlesse zone, Lake Ohau, South Canterbury, New Zealand

Abstract Late Triassic Torlesse metasediments outcropping in and around the Lake Ohau Ski-basin comprise interbedded granule-conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and mudstone. The strata dip steeply and are broken by numerous faults. The sediments have undergone low grade regional metamorphism of the prehnite-pumpellyite facies. Seven facies are recognised within the sedimentary pile. Facies A-F are thought to have been deposited dominantly by one of the processes of gravity-induced subaqueous mass transport, inchiding synsedimentary slumping and debris, inertia, or turbidity flows. Facies G includes finer sediments attributable to hemipelagic rain on an ocean floor. Associations of these facies suggest that sedimentation occurred on and around the midfan region of a submarine fan system. Suites of facies associations reflect the meandering and progradation of the main axes of sediment dispersal over the fan complex. Paleocurrent and paleoslope indicators support a fan model, and possibly suggest turbidity .