Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Consistency and bias in the attribution of attitudes.

This article is based on the proposition that people attribute a disposition to an actor by evaluating its consistency with other information about the actor or the situation. This strategy is assumed to be accompanied by a cognitive set or bias to view ambiguous information as consistent with the hypothesized disposition. Respondents were told that a student had chosen or had been assigned to write a proabortion or antiabortion paper, and they were or were not given an ambiguous description of the author's personality. In support of predictions, under choice conditions attitudes were always attributed in accordance with the paper's position, but under assignment conditions such attributions occurred only when respondents received the ambiguous personality description. A central focus of attribution theory is the extent to which an actor's behavior provides information about his or her stable underlying dispositions (cf. Ajzen, 1971; Jones & Davis, 1965; Steiner, 1970). Most analyses of the attribution process (e.g., Heider, 1958; Jones & Davis, 1965; Kelley, 1967) have likened observers to naive scientists who, except for a few motivational biases, make systematic use of the information available to them. It has recently been suggested, however, that instead of using sophisticated information-processing strategies, people rely on rather simple intuitive heuristics (Tversky and Kahneman, 1974) or cognitive scripts (Abelson, 1976) in making their judgments (see Slovic, Fischhoff, & Lichtenstein, 1977, for a review). Although these intuitive strategies often produce reasonable judgments, they are said to be capable of leading to systematic biases and errors (Ajzen, 1977; Kahneman & Tversky, 1973; Nisbett & Borgida, 1975). This article deals with what Ross (1977) has termed the fundamental attribution error, the assumed tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of dispositional fac
Improvement of Salt Tolerance in Kentucky Bluegrass by Trinexapac-ethyl

Trinexapac-ethyl (TE) is a popular plant growth regulator in the turfgrass industry that inhibits gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis and effectively reduces leaf elongation and subsequent clipping production. This greenhouse sand culture experi- ment was conducted to determine effects of TE application on kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) responses to salinity stress. The five salinity levels (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mM NaCl) were applied in nutrient solutions and TE treatments (0, 1, and 1.7 g/100 m 2 ) were applied twice at 4-week intervals. Under non-saline conditions and low level salinity conditions, application of TE at 1 g/100 m 2 (TE1) increased turf quality (TQ), leaf total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC),and chlorophyll (Chl) content. Inhighsalinity, TE1 alleviated the decline in TQ, antioxidant enzyme activities, leaf TNC, Chl, and K + content. In addition, treated turf with TE at 1 g/100 m 2 had lower proline, Na + , and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. However, the adverse effects of high salinities were more pronounced when turf was treated by TE at 1.7 g/100 m 2 (TE1.7), suggesting that effects of TE on salt tolerance vary with its dosages and salinity levels. We concluded that moderate inhibition of GA biosynthesis by TE enhances salt tolerance in kentucky bluegrass and suggest that enhancement is the result of the maintenance of antioxidant activities,leadingtomorerootgrowthandgreaterlevelsofTNCandChlcontent.Chemical names used: 4-(cyclopropyl-b-hydroxymethylene)-3, 5-dioxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (trinexapac-ethyl).
Sensitivity of selected dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars to mesotrione in a simulated carry-over trial

Mesotrione is used to control annual broadleaf weeds and grasses in maize, with waiting periods up to 24 months recommended prior to planting sensitive crops. The objectives of this study were to determine if selected dry bean cultivars exhibited differences in sensitivity to mesotrione, and the lowest concentration that would cause significant damage. A pot trial was carried out using two small white canning bean and six red speckled bean cultivars. Mesotrione was applied at 51.2, 1.6, 5 × 10−2, 1.5 × 10−3, 4.9 × 10−4, 1.5 × 10−6, 4.8 × 10−8 and 0 µg kg−1 soil. Numbers of days to emergence, number of emerged seedlings as well as phytotoxicity symptoms were monitored, with plant height and mass determined at harvest. Symptoms varied from bleaching and necrosis at the higher rates, through to malformed and crinkled leaves. Highly significant effects due to both cultivar and mesotrione rate were noted on plant height, as well as a highly significant interaction effect on dry mass. The 270-day waiting period prior to planting dry beans appears to be sufficient to avoid damage to the cultivars tested on the soil type used. Although cultivar differences in sensitivity were noted, no distinct groups could be identified.
HPLC analysis of carotenoids in four varieties of Calendula officinalis L. flowers

Calendula officinalis L. is a medicinal plant that accumulates large amounts of carotenoids in its inflorescences. The yellow-to-orange colour of inflorescences is mostly due to carotenoids and the shade is dependent on pigments content and profile.We investigated the carotenoid content and profile in four selected varieties of Calendula: Double Esterel Orange, Radio Extra Selected, Bonbon Abricot and Double Esterel Jaune. The total carotenoid content was evaluated spectrophotometrically and pigments were separated using chromato- graphic methods (CC, TLC, HPLC). An HPLC gradient system with a Nucleosil C18 column and a Waters PDA detector was used for separation and identification of carotenoids. The carotenoid content was higher in orange varieties: 276 mg/100 g fresh flowers for Double Esterel Orange and 111 mg/100 g fresh flowers for Radio variety. All varieties contain the same pigments but there are significant differences for the ratio between individual pigments. Orange varieties contain higher amounts of hydrocarbons: 44.5% of total carotenoid in Double Esterel Orange; while yellow varieties contain mostly oxygenated derivatives: 97% of total carotenoids in Double Esterel Jaune. The main pigments identified were: flavoxanthin, lutein, rubixanthin, β-carotene, γ-carotene and lycopene. The cultivation of orange varieties is recommended especially when the pharmacological products for skin protection are envisaged.
The volume of an isotropic random parallelotope

The p-content of the p-parallelotope ∇ p, n determined by p independent isotropic random points z 1, …, zp in ℝ n (1 < p ≦ n) can be expressed as a product of independent variates in two ways, by successive orthogonal projection onto linear subspaces and by radial projection of the points, enabling calculation of the actual distribution as well as the moments of ∇ p, n . This is done explicitly in several cases. The results also have interest in multivariate statistics.
Improving Self-supervised Pre-training via a Fully-Explored Masked Language Model

Masked Language Model (MLM) framework has been widely adopted for self-supervised language pre-training. In this paper, we argue that randomly sampled masks in MLM would lead to undesirably large gradient variance. Thus, we theoretically quantify the gradient variance via correlating the gradient covariance with the Hamming distance between two different masks (given a certain text sequence). To reduce the variance due to the sampling of masks, we propose a fully-explored masking strategy, where a text sequence is divided into a certain number of non-overlapping segments. Thereafter, the tokens within one segment are masked for training. We prove, from a theoretical perspective, that the gradients derived from this new masking schema have a smaller variance and can lead to more efficient self-supervised training. We conduct extensive experiments on both continual pre-training and general pre-training from scratch. Empirical results confirm that this new masking strategy can consistently outperform standard random masking. Detailed efficiency analysis and ablation studies further validate the advantages of our fully-explored masking strategy under the MLM framework.
Fertirrigação por gotejamento com doses de K na fase reprodutiva do tomateiro tipo italiano

Tomato is one of the most commercialized vegetables worldwide and its production is limited during some seasons of the year. Studying fertilization management of potassium (K), which is the most extracted nutrient by the tomato crop, could improve its growing conditions as well as its nutritional aspect. We evaluated the effect of K doses, applied by drip fertigation in the early reproductive stage, on productivity and content of K, Ca and Mg for Italian-type tomato under greenhouse conditions. Randomized blocks with ten replications was the experimental design the treatments consistingof five K doses (60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 mg/dm3) applied on the beginning of the reproductive phase. Until flower opening, all plots received the standard nutrient solution. The K doses up to 300 mg/dm3 did not influence the productivity of ripe and wealthy fruits, and the contents of K, Ca and Mg in the diagnostic leaves were not influenced by treatments. On some plants we observed a deficiency of Ca on the second to third bunch. Considering the results in this study, doses of K between 60 and 300 mg/dm3 applied in the phase of highest demand (fruit formation), did not influence the productivity of the Italian-type tomato.
Estimation of dust ingestion rates in units of surface area per day using a mechanistic hand-to-mouth model

ABSTRACT In order to provide dust ingestion rates that can aid the interpretation of indoor dust measurements as surface loadings (i.e., units of µg/m2), dust ingestion rates have been developed for various age groups on a surface area basis. The approach incorporates a hand-to-mouth mechanistic model that was previously developed to estimate dust ingestion rates in units of mg/day. The analysis resulted in estimated mean dust intakes that range from 0.0032 m2/d (for teenagers) to 0.061 m2/d (for toddlers) at residential settings assumed to be comprised of 50% hard surfaces and 50% soft surfaces. Intake rates assuming 100% hard surfaces and 100% soft surfaces are also presented. The values provided are intended to assist the interpretation of indoor dust investigations where substance content in dust is presented as surface loadings rather than bulk dust concentrations.
Reclassification of Oligodon ningshaanensis Yuan, 1983 (Ophidia: Colubridae) into a New Genus, Stichophanes gen. nov with Description on Its Malacophagous Behavior

The complete mitochondrial cytb gene and the partial nuclear c-mos gene of Oligodon ningshaanensis Yuan, 1983 were sequenced and used for reconstructing the phylogenetic relationship of this taxon amongst alethinophidian snakes. Its strong affinity to the New World subfamily Dipsadinae and the Old World species Thermophis baileyi was inferred. Hemipenial morphology found by authors conflicts with the original description and its similarity with those of the dipsadid snakes is in accordance with our molecular results. Feeding tests show that O. ningshaanensis is a malacophagous predator, which is another matchless character for this species. This behavior is described and compared with other known slug- and snail-feeding snakes. The discovery of the particular position of our subject indicates that erecting a new genus is necessary accommodate this unique species.
Effects of Rosa multiflora and Rosa multiflora Complex on Lipid Content in Rats Fed a High-Fat·High-Cholesterol Diet

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of water extract from Rosa multiflora and Rosa multiflora complex on lipid metabolism in rats fed a high cholesterol diet. Experimental rats were divided into four groups, which were composed of normal diet group (N group), high cholesterol diet group (HF group), high cholesterol and 5% Rosa multiflora diet group (HR group), and high cholesterol and Rosa multiflora complex diet group (HRC group). Rosa multiflora complex is composed of Duchesnea chrysantha, Salvia plebeia R. BR. , and Sasa borealis. The serum triglyceride (TG) content of the HF group was significantly higher than that of the N group, whereas that of the HRC group was significantly lower. Serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol contents of the HR and HRC groups were significantly higher than that of the HF group. The serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol contents of the HF group were significantly higher than those of the N group, and especially the atherogenic index of the HRC group was significantly reduced compared to the HF group. The liver TG and total cholesterol contents of the HF group were significantly increased compared to the normal diet group, while those of the HR and HRC groups were significantly decreased compared to the HF group. Fecal total lipid and total cholesterol contents of the HR and HRC groups were significantly increased compared to the HF group. Uridine 5'-diphospho (UDP)-glucuronyl transferase activity of the HR and HRC groups were increased compared to the HF group. Total bile acid contents of the HR and HRC groups were increased compared to the HF group, and that of the HRC group was significantly increased compared to the HF groups. These results suggest that Rosa multiflora supplementation has powerful health benefits due to UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity, bile acid, and lipid metabolism.
Factors Affecting Nutrient Availability, Placement, Rate, and Application Timing of Controlled-release Fertilizers for Florida Vegetable Production Using Seepage Irrigation

S UMMARY . This publication summarizes the factors inﬂuencing controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) nutrient release, CRF placement, CRF rate, and CRF application timing for the two major seepage-irrigated vegetable production systems (plasti- culture and open-bed) in Florida. One of several best management practices for vegetable production, CRF helps growers achieve total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) established in Florida under the Federal Clean Water Act. Several factors intrinsic to CRF and to the vegetable production systems affect CRF nutrient release, making implementation of CRF fertility programs challenging. Increasing or decreasing soil temperature increases or decreases nutrient release from CRF. Soil moisture required for uninhibited plant growth is within the soil moisture range for optimum CRF nutrient release. CRF substrate affects nutrient release rate, which is inversely related to coating thickness and granule size. Soil microbes, soil texture, and soil pH do not inﬂuence nutrient release rate. Field placement of CRFs in seepage-irrigated, plasticulture, and open-bed production should be in the bottom mix at bed formation and soil incorporated or banded at planting, respectively. In plasticulture production systems, soil fumigation and delayed planting for contin-uous harvest may add a 14- to 21-day lag period between fertilization and planting, which along with different season lengths will inﬂuence CRF release length selected by growers. Using a hybrid fertilizer system in plasticulture production or in- corporating CRF at planting in open-bed production allows for up to a 25% reduction in the nitrogen (N) rate needed.
Functionality of sucralose/maltodextrin: isomalt blends in yellow shortened cupcakes over a 4-day storage period

SHORTENED CUPCAKES OVER A 4-DAY STORAGE PERIOD by AIMEE ELIZABETH CHISAMORE (Under the Direction of Ruthann Swanson) ABSTRACT High quality, reduced-sugar baked goods have potential to reduce carbohydrate and calorie consumption. In yellow shortened cupcakes, 100% of sugar was replaced with 100% Splenda®Granulated (SP99) and two ratios of Splenda®Granulated:isomalt, 40:60 (SP40) and 50:50 (SP50). A descriptive sensory panel (DSP) evaluated texture and flavor attributes 1 and 3days post-bake. Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) was collected throughout the storage period. Consumer panelists (n=66) evaluated acceptability 1-day post-bake. Springiness and cohesiveness decreased whereas hardness and chewiness increased over time. Instrumentally SP99 was closest to the control in texture whereas the DSP found SP40 to be most like the control. Treatment flavor effects were found; isomalt/Splenda®Granulated moderated differences in attribute intensities when compared to the control. SP40 exhibited a flavor profile most similar to the control. Color, water activity, volume, and batter specific gravity supported DSP results. Reformulated cakes were in the neither acceptable nor unacceptable range in terms of overall acceptability. Sugar reduction was 94% for blends; calorie, 12-13%.
Nutrition of Breeding Female Ruddy Ducks: The Role of Nutrient Reserves

We determined fat, protein, and mineral content of somatic tissue, and estimated amounts of these nutrients committed to eggs by Ruddy Ducks (Oxyurajamaicensis) nesting in southern Manitoba in 1988. Seasonal nutrient dynamics differed between breeding and nonbreeding females. Nonbreeders had less fat and protein reserves than did breeders early in the nesting season, but these then increased and subsequently declined, whereas nutrient reserves of breeders declined linearly with date from the outset of our study. Onset of breeding was related to a nutrient reserve threshold (early RFG [rapid follicle growth] ducks had 22.7 g more fat and 5.1 g more protein than did non-RFG ducks). Adults showed greater propensity to initiate breeding (73% of breeding population) than did yearlings (68% of nonbreeding population), and we relate this to greater fat and protein reserves of adults. Adult breeders had more fat and protein reserves than did yearlings at every stage in the breeding cycle but no age-related differences in use of fat, protein or mineral reserves for clutch formation were found. When controlling for date effects, fat reserves declined (b = -0.49) as fat was committed to eggs. Early nesters initiated and ended egg laying with significantly more fat compared to late nesters, although rate of fat use was not different. Protein and mineral reserves were used for clutch formation by early nesters (b = -0.24 and -0.08, respectively), but not by late nesters. Among females nearing end of laying, number of developing follicles was related to mineral, but not fat or protein reserves, indicating that mineral reserves were a proximate factor constraining clutch size. Our findings confirm that, for Ruddy Ducks, somatic tissues are important sources of nutrients for clutch formation, and that clutch size is directly related to mineral reserves. Of importance to lifetime reproduction, and thus fitness, is our finding that minimum levels ofnutrient reserves appear critical for initiation of breeding by female Ruddy Ducks.
Studies in Southeast Asian Melastoma (Melastomataceae), 1. Morphological variation in Melastoma malabathricum and notes on rheophytic taxa and interspecific hybridisation in the genus

Morphological variation in the widespread Indo-Pacific Melastoma malabathricum L. is discussed, as well as the possibility of hybridisation or introgression with other species. Hypanthium indumentum is a reliable character to diagnose the group and species. Five rheophytic taxa, including four distinctive species and a variant of the widespread M. malabathricum, which are superficially alike because of their stenophyllous leaf form, are enumerated for Southeast Asia and a key is provided for their identification. Melastoma kahayanense K.M. Wong from Borneo is described for the first time and the Sumatran Melastoma stenophyllum Merr. is considered a distinct species and not synonymous to M. malabathricum. Various putative hybrids or introgression products involving M. malabathricum are identified.
Development of a deep learning classifier to accurately distinguish COVID-19 from look-a-like pathology on lung ultrasound

Objectives Lung ultrasound (LUS) is a portable, low cost respiratory imaging tool but is challenged by user dependence and lack of diagnostic specificity. It is unknown whether the advantages of LUS implementation could be paired with deep learning techniques to match or exceed human-level, diagnostic specificity among similar appearing, pathological LUS images. Design A convolutional neural network was trained on LUS images with B lines of different etiologies. CNN diagnostic performance, as validated using a 10% data holdback set was compared to surveyed LUS-competent physicians. Setting Two tertiary Canadian hospitals. Participants 600 LUS videos (121,381 frames) of B lines from 243 distinct patients with either 1) COVID-19, Non-COVID acute respiratory distress syndrome (NCOVID) and 3) Hydrostatic pulmonary edema (HPE). Results The trained CNN performance on the independent dataset showed an ability to discriminate between COVID (AUC 1.0), NCOVID (AUC 0.934) and HPE (AUC 1.0) pathologies. This was significantly better than physician ability (AUCs of 0.697, 0.704, 0.967 for the COVID, NCOVID and HPE classes, respectively), p < 0.01. Conclusions A deep learning model can distinguish similar appearing LUS pathology, including COVID-19, that cannot be distinguished by humans. The performance gap between humans and the model suggests that subvisible biomarkers within ultrasound images could exist and multi-center research is merited.
Vernalization Affects Absorption and Translocation of Clopyralid and Aminopyralid in Rush Skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea)

Abstract The developmental status of perennial weeds such as rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea L.) can influence herbicide absorption and translocation. Differential efficacy between fall and spring applications suggests vernalization impacts herbicide absorption and translocation in other perennial asters. Clopyralid and aminopyralid absorption and translocation were quantified in nonvernalized and vernalized plants following application of 14C-labeled herbicides 2, 4, 8, 24, and 72 h after treatment. Less 14C clopyralid was absorbed, and at a slower rate, in vernalized plants. Movement out of the treated leaf was slower, with 14C clopyralid translocating more rapidly than 14C aminopyralid. More 14C moved to the roots in nonvernalized plants compared with vernalized plants, regardless of herbicide. Increased translocation to belowground survival structures is needed for effective control of C. juncea.