Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contrasting Diet of Two Temperate Reef Fish Species (Notolabrus Tetricus and Meuschenia Hippocrepis) as Determined from Commercial Rock Lobster Bycatch Samples

The Commercial Rock Lobster Fishery is South Australia’s most valuable wild fishery. Its bycatch is primarily composed of finfish that includes wrasses, leatherjackets, and bearded rock cods. This study used bycatch samples to broaden the biological understanding of two such species, namely the bluethroat wrasse Notolabrus tetricus and the horseshoe leatherjacket Meuschenia hippocrepis. Specifically, we examined the diets of each species through stomach content analyses, which were then compared to gape morphology. PERMANOVA analyses indicated a highly significant difference in diet between bycatch species. For M. hippocrepis, sponges, and red and brown algae were important dietary components, while molluscan prey species were more prevalent in N. tetricus. Morphometric analyses indicated that gape morphology was adapted to dietary items consumed. Mouth parts of M. hippocrepis were beak-like and highly suited for algal grazing. In contrast, mouth parts of N. tetricus consisted of a masticating plate combined with sharp, conical teeth that allowed for consumption of hard-shelled molluscan prey species.
Effect of dietary L- Carnitine supplementation of diets containing cashew nut reject meal by broiler chickens

In a completely randomized designed, two hundred and forty day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments containing 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5mg kg-1 Lcarnitine. Each of the diets contained equal amount of maize and cashew nut reject meal (CNRM). The birds were randomly divided into sixteen groups of fifteen chicks each after weight equalisation. Each diet was assigned to four groups of birds representing four replicates per experimental diet. Measurements taken during starting and finishing phase included average live weight, average weight gain, average feed intake while feed to gain ratio was calculated. Nutrient digestibility of the experimental diets was also evaluated. Results between 0-4weeks indicated that body weights ranged from 673.71g in the birds that received 2.5mgkg-1 to 700.21g in the birds that received 7.5mgkg-1 L-carnitine. Weight gain and feed intake values were significantly (P<0.05) affected by L-carnitine levels. Feed to gain ratio values were elevated when birds were fed 0 and 2.5mgkg-1 L-carnitine levels. Evaluation of nutrient utilization showed a significant (P<0.05) influence on crude protein and ether extract values. Between 5-8 weeks of rearing, feed intake increased (P<0.05) as Lcarnitine levels increased in diets while lower (P<0.05) feed to gain value was recorded at high level of dietary L carnitine. Nutrients utilization parameters were not affected (P>0.05) during finishing phase. Overall results showed that highest body weight and weight gain were obtained in the group that received 7.5mgkg-1 L-carnitine supplementation. The study showed that supplementing CNRM diets up to 7.5mgkg-1 is beneficial to growth and utilization of broiler chickens. However, this was more effective at the starter phase.
Unsupervised Bitext Mining and Translation via Self-Trained Contextual Embeddings

Abstract We describe an unsupervised method to create pseudo-parallel corpora for machine translation (MT) from unaligned text. We use multilingual BERT to create source and target sentence embeddings for nearest-neighbor search and adapt the model via self-training. We validate our technique by extracting parallel sentence pairs on the BUCC 2017 bitext mining task and observe up to a 24.5 point increase (absolute) in F1 scores over previous unsupervised methods. We then improve an XLM-based unsupervised neural MT system pre-trained on Wikipedia by supplementing it with pseudo-parallel text mined from the same corpus, boosting unsupervised translation performance by up to 3.5 BLEU on the WMT’14 French-English and WMT’16 German-English tasks and outperforming the previous state-of-the-art. Finally, we enrich the IWSLT’15 English-Vietnamese corpus with pseudo-parallel Wikipedia sentence pairs, yielding a 1.2 BLEU improvement on the low-resource MT task. We demonstrate that unsupervised bitext mining is an effective way of augmenting MT datasets and complements existing techniques like initializing with pre-trained contextual embeddings.
Theoretical Analysis by the Use of Mathematical Model in LD Converter Operation

In order to jJredicl the transitional variations oj IJrocess variables in LD converter accompanied with Ihe jJwgress oj blowing time, a mathe matical model Jar the absorption oj oxygen accompanied b), the simultaneous reactions oj the oxidations oj carbon, silicon, alld iroll which exist in steel bath close to the surface of caviry has been developed ill this work. The changes in the temjJeratures oj steel bath and the comjJositiolls oj moltell steel alld oj waste gas and those ill Ihe flow rate oj waste gas can be estimated by the use oj this model. On the basis oj the model, Ilumerical calculations under various ojJerating conditions have been conducted with the aid of digital computer (HIT A C 5020 E). From the comparison oj the calculated results with empirical data obtained by the other investi gators, it has been considered that the model may be available Jar predicting the transitional variations oj process variables in the converter. In addition, to predict the changes ill process variables along with the alternations oj the operating conditions, the effects of the alternations oj the operating conditions such as the . feeding conditions q[ the auxiliary raw materials, the back pressures oj oxygen, and the temperatures and the carbon concentration of pig iron charged into the converter have been eval uated by the use oj this model.
Evaluating the effect of dietary nitrate supplementation on growth, oxygen consumption and reproductive performance of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Nitrate and nitrite have been long considered hazardous substances for human and animal health. However, recent research has shown multiple benefits of dietary nitrate, mostly attributed to the reduction of ingested nitrate into nitric oxide, a substance known for the control of several physiologic functions. Nonetheless, even though the recently suggested beneficial effects of ingested nitrate have been widely studied in mammals, little is known about this subject on fish. The present study was conducted in order to assess the effect of dietary nitrate supplementation on zebrafish (Danio rerio) growth, reproductive performance and oxygen consumption. Three trials took place successively to analyze each one of those parameters by the mentioned order, using the same set of fish throughout the whole study. Four levels of sodium nitrate (1, 2, 4 and 8%) were tested as a nitrate supplementation source on the diets used in this assessment, against a control diet with no supplementation. Dietary nitrate supplementation showed no improvement in zebrafish growth, but at higher supplementation levels (4 and 8% of sodium nitrate) led to a decreased growth performance, which indicates a toxic effect of nitrate at these levels. Regarding the reproductive performance, nitrate affected spawning frequency positively at a low level (1% sodium nitrate) but showed toxic effects at a high level (8% sodium nitrate). Oxygen consumption was lower in fish fed diets with intermediate nitrate levels (2 and 4% sodium nitrate). Results corroborate previous findings that dietary nitrate promotes an oxygen sparing effect, and broaden this effect to fish, which, to our knowledge, has not been reported yet.
Is Thermoregulation Unimportant for Most Reptiles? An Example Using Water Pythons (Liasis fuscus) in Tropical Australia

Studies on reptilian thermoregulation have been dominated by research on small diurnal lizards living in the temperate zone, in environments where thermoregulatory challenges are severe and the animals (i) consequently devote considerable time and effort to the maintenance of high stable body temperatures and (ii) are constrained in their times and places of activity by thermal factors. However, most reptiles live in the Tropics, in more thermally benign regions where the animal's ecology and behavior may be affected only trivially by thermoregulatory concerns. We present data on environmental temperatures and body temperatures of 26 radio-tracked water pythons (Liasis fuscus) in tropical Australia, to investigate the extent to which thermal considerations influence the day-to-day life of this species. Some effects are evident-for example, activity is reduced on cool nights, and gravid female pythons often bask in the few weeks prior to oviposition. Nonetheless, most pythons are able to maintain high and stable temperatures (approx. 30°C) throughout the year without overt thermoregulatory activities, because (i) ambient temperatures are generally high, (ii) microhabitats with distinctive thermal characteristics are easily accessible, and (iii) the large body sizes of adult pythons confer a high degree of thermal inertia. Overall, there are few features of the ecology of this species that appear to be substantially influenced by thermoregulation. Before we can place thermoregulatory biology in its proper perspective, we will need considerably more data on the thermal biology of tropical reptiles.
Effect of Presoaking Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Seeds with Gibberellic, Abscisic or Ascorbic Acids on Alleviation of Salinity Stress

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of presoaking of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) seeds (polygerm) with gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, or ascorbic acid on alleviation of salt stress at seedling stage. The salinity levels of irrigation solution were 0, 25, 50 and 100 mM NaCl and the presoaking treatments were water as a control, 10 µM GA3, 10 µM ABA, and 0.5 mM ASA for 12 hrs. Seeds were sown in plastic pot containing 0.8 Kg prewashed sand and irrigated three times weekly by 100 mL per pot of one-tenth modified Hoagland solution containing the salt level. After seven weeks from sowing, the whole plants were collected. The results indicated that increasing salt concentration decreased the fresh and dry weight of whole plant, shoot and root, and shoot height of all presoaking treatments. However, shoot/root ratio on fresh and dry weight basis and moisture content of whole plant, shoot and root, chlorophyll content index, and electrolyte leakage were increased with increasing salt concentration of all presoaking treatments. However, presoaking of sugar beet seeds (polygerm) with the GA3, ABA, or ASA showed no significant effect to alleviation salt stress on sugar beet seedlings. However, the interaction between salt levels and presoaking treatments was significant for whole plant and root fresh and dry weights, shoot/root ratio on fresh weight basis, whole plant and root moisture content and chlorophyll content index, while nonsignificant for shoot fresh and dry weights, shoot height, shoot/root ratio on dry weight basis, shoot moisture content and electrolyte leakage.
Frequency of dehydration and metabolic depletion in cattle and water buffalo transported from India to a livestock market in Bangladesh

The effects of presumed long distance transport on blood parameters were examined in cattle and water buffalo exported from India to Bangladesh. The aim was to assess the welfare of the animals in terms of the frequency of dehydration, metabolic depletion and muscle injury or activation, when they reached their destination. The physiological indicators were total plasma protein, serum sodium, plasma glucose, serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and serum creatine kinase (CK). Ninety-eight cattle and 57 water buffalo were randomly selected from 24 trucks as they arrived at the market between 0700 and 1000h each day during the hot season (April). In the majority of animals, all five blood variables were higher than published normal values. In all the cattle, total plasma protein concentration, serum NEFA concentration and serum CK activity were higher than the normal range and these values were higher than normal in over 84% of the buffalo. Seventy-two percent of all the animals were hypernatraemic. About 90% of the buffalo and 86% of the cattle were hyperglycaemic. There were no differences in total plasma protein and serum sodium between cattle and water buffalo. By contrast, cattle had significantly higher NEFA and CK and lower glucose than water buffalo. It was evident that this long distance export trade was associated with dehydration, lipolysis and muscle injury or activation. It is recommended that both cattle and water buffalo are given adequate feed and water whenever they are off-loaded from vehicles during the course of journeys.
FAR: A General Framework for Attributional Robustness

Attribution maps have gained popularity as tools for explaining neural networks predictions. By assigning an importance value to each input dimension that represents their influence towards the outcome, they give an intuitive explanation of the decision process. However, recent work has discovered vulnerability of these maps to imperceptible, carefully crafted changes in the input that lead to significantly different attributions, rendering them meaningless. By borrowing notions of traditional adversarial training - a method to achieve robust predictions - we propose a novel framework for attributional robustness (FAR) to mitigate this vulnerability. Central assumption is that similar inputs should yield similar attribution maps, while keeping the prediction of the network constant. Specifically, we define a new generic regularization term and training objective that minimizes the maximal dissimilarity of attribution maps in a local neighbourhood of the input. We then show how current state-of-the-art methods can be recovered through principled instantiations of these objectives. Moreover, we propose two new training methods, AAT and AdvAAT, derived from the framework, that directly optimize for robust attributions and predictions. We showcase the effectivity of our training methods by comparing them to current state-of-the-art attributional robustness approaches on widely used vision datasets. Experiments show that they perform better or comparably to current methods in terms of attributional robustness, while being applicable to any attribution method and input data domain. We finally show that our methods mitigate undesired dependencies of attributional robustness and some training and estimation parameters, which seem to critically affect other methods.
Survival, Recruitment and Immigration Processes in Four Subpopulations of the Leaf-Eared Mouse in Semiarid Chile

The leaf-eared mouse (Phyllotis darwini) undergoes periodical population irruptions in semiarid Chile associated with unusual rainfall driven by ENSO (El Nino/Southern Oscillation) disturbances. In this study, we estimated survival, immigration, and recruitment between contiguous subpopulations in opposite-facing slopes of two creeks by means of probabilistic models. Population trajectories were similar in all four subpopulations. However, xeric-habitat subpopulations were larger than mesic-habitat subpopulations in the two creeks studied. On the other hand, survival showed strong temporal effects, but no habitat-type or life-stage effects. The most parsimonious models were those that included seasonal effects on survival rate. Numbers of births and immigrants were correlated with total population changes in both subpopulations of El Cobre creek, but the two subpopulations at El Grillo creek showed juvenile and adult mortality plus emigration as the most important processes contributing to population change. Our study demonstrates spatiotemporal variability in population processes (survival, birth, immigration, and recruitment) between neighboring subpopulations.
Viewmaker Networks: Learning Views for Unsupervised Representation Learning

Many recent methods for unsupervised representation learning involve training models to be invariant to different "views," or transformed versions of an input. However, designing these views requires considerable human expertise and experimentation, hindering widespread adoption of unsupervised representation learning methods across domains and modalities. To address this, we propose viewmaker networks: generative models that learn to produce input-dependent views for contrastive learning. We train this network jointly with an encoder network to produce adversarial $\ell_p$ perturbations for an input, which yields challenging yet useful views without extensive human tuning. Our learned views, when applied to CIFAR-10, enable comparable transfer accuracy to the the well-studied augmentations used for the SimCLR model. Our views significantly outperforming baseline augmentations in speech (+9% absolute) and wearable sensor (+17% absolute) domains. We also show how viewmaker views can be combined with handcrafted views to improve robustness to common image corruptions. Our method demonstrates that learned views are a promising way to reduce the amount of expertise and effort needed for unsupervised learning, potentially extending its benefits to a much wider set of domains.
Effect of growth regulators on somatic embryogenesis, morphogenesis and plantlet regeneration in Citrus reticulata Blanco

Ovules were exercised from 8 weeks old fruits of Nagpur mandarins and cultured in basal salt solution of MS and MS supplemented with ME and MS supplemented with growth regulators, viz. NAA, IAA, BAP, IBA and kinetin. The cotyledonary embryoids obtained from MS + ME medium were again sub-cultured in MS and with different growth regulators. Results indicated that the percentage of different kinds of embryoids varied with supplementation. Addition of malt extract induced higher percentage of cotyledonary embryoids followed by basal medium. The data were further recorded 6 weeks after cotyledonary embryoids culture. The basal medium had significant effect on root length, shoot, root, plant and embryoid weight. Among growth regulators, kinetin (0.1 mg/litre) alone and in combination with IAA (2 mg/litre each) promoted plantlet formation. NAA (1 mg/litre) promoted embryogenesis. Thus, it is possible to produce reasonable number of plants via somatic embryogenesis and it can be adopted favourably for genetic studies and breeding experiments to improve Nagpur mandarins.
Genetic variability in Bipolaris sorokiniana isolates causing spot blotch of wheat in India

Spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc. in Sorok) Shoem, anamorphic state, syn. Helminthosporium sativum Pamm. King and Bakke, [syn. Drechslera sorokiniana (Sacc.) Subram. and Jain], teleomorphic state Cochliobolus sorokiniana (Ito and Kurib.) Drechsl. ex Dastur. , is one of the most important foliar diseases of wheat in warmer wheat growing areas (Dubin and Van Ginkel, 1991; Duveiller and Gilchrist, 1994). Pathogen infects leaves, stems, crowns and roots, causing infected tissues to become necrotic. Pathogen has a world wide distribution, but is more aggressive under high humidity and temperature. Historically, B. sorokiniana has been described as a variable fungus with many morphological and physiological variants (Christensen, 1925; Christensen and Davis, 1937; Tinline 1960; Oliveira et al., 1998; Nelson and Klyne, 1962; Mehta 1981; Valim-Labres et al., 1997). Variability has been attributed to heterokaryosis and parasexuality mechanisms (Tinline, 1962). Untill now, however, no clear physiological races of B. sorokiniana have been characterized on wheat, despite limited genotypeisolate interactions (Hetzler, 1992).
Histology, histochemistry and fine structure of the Harderian gland, lacrimal gland and superficial gland of the third eyelid of the European bison, Bison bonasus bonasus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

The macroscopic anatomy and the microscopic and ultrastructural features of the Harderian gland (HG), lacrimal gland (LG) and superficial gland of the third eyelid (SGTE) of the adult European bison are described. In addition, morphometric studies were conducted and were followed by statistical analysis of the results. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, methyl green-pyronin Y, periodic acid-Schiff, Alcian blue pH 2.5, aldehyde fuchsin and Hale's dialysed iron. Analysis of the staining showed that the HG has a multilobular tubuloalveolar structure with mixed secretion. The LG and the SGTE have a multilobar tubuloacinar structure with serous secretion in the LG and mucoserous in the SGTE. The TEM study demonstrates that the secretory cells of the HG, LG and SGTE have similar ultrastructural appearance, with two types of secretory vesicles in the cytoplasm of all studied glands. The histochemical staining methods and the TEM study revealed the secretory activity in the HG, LG and SGTE ducts. The structural studies can be important for establishing relations between morphological structure and functions of these glands. It can have clinical implications especially when taking into consideration the protective mechanisms of the eye.
BIOLOGIA DE ANOFELINOS AMAZÔNICOS. XXL OCORRRÊNCIA DE ESPÉCIES DE ANOPHELES E OUTROS CULICÍDEOS NA ÁREA DE INFLUÊNCIA DA HIDRELÉTRICA DE BALBINA - CINCO ANOS APÓS O ENCHIMENTO DO RESERVATÓRIO

The Biology of Amazonian Anophelines an Evaluation of the Occurrence of Species of Anopheles,and Other Culicids at the Balbina Hydroletric Dam - Five Years After the Filling of the Reservoir. An entolomogical study was conducted in the area of influence of the Balbina Hydroelectric Dam (UHB), situated about 146 km from Manaus, Amazonas, in order to evaluate the effect it might have on populations of Anophelesand other culicids. Five years after the lake was formed, An. darlingi, An. nuneztovariand An. triannulatuswere the most frequently encountered species. Collection areas were: 1 - Road BR-174, 2 - Access to UHB and 3 - Uatuma-Morena Area. The mosquito/man/hour for each specie in the three areas were respectively: Area 1 - 0,57; 12,85; 0,43. Area 2 - 0; 3,75; 0,18 and Area 3 - 0; 26,38; 0,34. Representatives of the first two of these species were found to be positive for Plasmodiumby using an immunoenzymatic test. The prevalence of positive mosquitos was 1:35 for An. darlingiand only 1:548 for An* mmezjovciri.The density of the other culicids was low even though the diversity was comparable ( 32 different species) to that found in the areas of other hydroelectric dams built on clear or white water rivers in Amazonia. In the black waters of Balbina, an initial proliferation of macrophytes was followed by a reduction in these plants possibly caused by lack of nutrients in the water. The fall off in macro-phyte production relates to a scarcity of Mansoniasp. in the area.
NADH Dehydrogenase Subunit 4 Is Not an Ideal Target for Phylogeny Reconstruction or Genetic Differentiation Among Entomopathognic Nematodes (RHABDITIDA: HETERORHABDITIDAE)

We investigated the potential of the mitochondrial gene nd4 in molecular differentiation and phylogenetic relationship inference among Heterorhabditis strains. Partial nd4 gene sequences of mitochondrial DNA were determined from 20 strains of Heterorhabditis representing six different species collected from different geographic regions all over the world. Thirteen haplotypes were observed with a diversity index of 0.853 and standard deviation of 0.08 while the nucleotide diversity was only 0.05087. The overall average of pairwise distance among Heterorhabditis strains was only 5%. No nd4 gene sequence and ND4 amino acid-based phenetic and phylogenetic trees completely resolved the phylogenetic relationships among species of Heterorhabditis. We conclude that nd4 is not an ideal target for reconstruction of phylogeny or molecular differentiation among Heterorhabditis species.