Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influencing factors of knowledge proficiency of general practitioners in rural China for esophageal cancer prevention and treatment: a cross-sectional study

Background: This study aims to investigate the knowledge of rural general practitioners (GPs) in esophageal cancer (EC) prevention and treatment in China and analyze relevant influencing factors, so as to improve the ability of rural GPs in EC prevention and treatment. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from November 5, 2021, to November 20, 2021. A self-designed questionnaire was used to conduct an online survey. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify the influencing factors of knowledge proficiency of GPs in rural China for EC prevention and treatment. Results: This study included 348 participants from 12 rural areas in Hebei Province. The mean accuracy rate on all question items was 42.3% ± 10.67%. Sex (OR = 2.870, 95% CI: 1.519–5.423), educational level (OR = 3.256, 95% CI: 1.135–9.339), and comprehension of clinical practice guidelines for EC (OR = 4.305, 95% CI: 2.023–9.161) were significant predictors for GPs’ knowledge proficiency of EC prevention and treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The study indicated that knowledge proficiency of rural GPs of EC prevention and control still awaits to be improved. Sex, educational level, and comprehension of clinical practice guidelines for EC were significant predictors for their proficiency.
Cordilleran partitioning and foreland basin evolution as recorded by the sedimentation and stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous Carten Creek and Golden Spike Formations central-western Montana

Waddell, Amy M. , M.S. Geology Cordilieran Partitioning and Foreland Basin Evolution as recorded by the Sedimentation and Stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous Carten Creek and Golden Spike Formations, Centra I-Western Montana Committee Chair: Marc S. Hendrix, Ph.D. Recent stratigraphie and sedimentologic study of Upper Cretaceous nonvolcanic units in the Garrison, MT area provides more detailed interpretation of the upper-middle Carten Creek and lower Golden Spike formations. The facies and deposystems associated with these synorogenic formations record both foreland basin evolution, south of the Lewis and Clark Line (LCL), and the structural deformation of western Montana's fold-thrust belt. Sublithic-feldspathic sediment contained in the Coniacian-Santonian Carten Creek Formation eroded from the western orogenic wedge and allied Idaho Batholith. Upper-middle Carten Creek deposits represent a marginal-marine meandering-fluvial system that records a more terrestrial character upsection. The Campanian Golden Spike Formation is an amalgamation of interbedded volcanic and sublithic-nonvolcanic deposits. Opposing paleoflow of volcanic and nonvolcanic units (Gwinn and Mutch, 1965; Mackie, 1986) and abundant clasts of Mississippian Madison limestone suggest that Golden Spike sediment derived from the Elkhorn Mountain Volcanics, Sapphire Tectonic Block and uplift along the LCL. Depositional environments of the lower Golden Spike include eastward-facing alluvial fans, a southward-flowing fluvial system and a westward-spreading volcanic-alluvial apron. Lava flows and lahars (volcanic-debris flows) comprise the volcanic-alluvial deposits within the Golden Spike: reinterpretation of the unique megaconglomerate facies suggests deposition by multiple lahars that incorporated nonvolcanic detritus through superficial erosion. Overall, the Carten Creek Formation is part of a time-transgressive progradational shoreline that was presumably located in the foredeep depozone and extended north to south across western Montana, whereas the Golden Spike Formation represents wedge-top deposition within the eastward-propagating Cordillera. Golden Spike lava beds and lahar megaconglomerate suggest that concurrent volcanism related to the Elkhorn Mountain Volcanics occurred about 80-83Ma within the wedge-top depozone. The late Cretaceous stratigraphie sequence constrains the inception of uplift along the Lewis and Clark Line and subsequent partitioning of the foreland basin to early Campanian time. I ll Table of
Lingual Taste Nerve Transection Alters Food Selection, Relative Macronutrient Intake, and Meal Patterns in Rats Consuming a Cafeteria Diet without Changing Total Energy Intake

The control of ingestive behavior is complex and involves input from many different sources, including the gustatory system. Signals transmitted via the taste nerves trigger responses that promote or discourage ingestion. The lingual taste nerves innervate 70% of taste buds, yet their role in the control of food selection and intake remarkably remains relatively underinvestigated. Here we used our custom five-item Food Choice Monitor to compare postsurgical behavioral responses to chow and a five-choice cafeteria diet (CAF) between male rats that had sham surgery (SHAM) or histologically verified transection of the chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves (2NX). Compared with SHAM rats, 2NX rats ate significantly more of the high-fat CAF foods. The altered food choices led to dramatically increased fat intake and substantially reduced carbohydrate intake by 2NX vs SHAM rats. Furthermore, whether offered chow or CAF, 2NX rats ate fewer, larger meals each day. Eating rates implied that, compared with SHAM, 2NX rats were equally motivated to consume CAF but less motivated to eat chow. Even with these differences, energy intake and weight gain trajectories remained similar between SHAM and 2NX rats. Although some rats experienced CAF before surgery, contrary to our expectations, the effects of prior CAF experience on postsurgical eating were minimal. In conclusion, although total energy intake was unaffected, our results clearly indicate that information from one or both lingual taste nerves has a critical role in food selection, regulation of macronutrient intake, and meal termination but not long-term energy balance.
Toxoplasma and Plasmodium associate with host Arfs during infection

ABSTRACT The apicomplexans Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium are intracellular parasites that reside within a host-derived compartment termed the parasitophorous vacuole (PV). During infection, the parasites must acquire critical host resources and transport them across their PV for development. However, the mechanism by which host resources are trafficked to and across the PV remains uncertain. Here, we investigated host ADP ribosylation factors (Arfs), a class of proteins involved in vesicular trafficking that may be exploited by T. gondii and Plasmodium berghei for nutrient acquisition. Using overexpressed Arf proteins coupled with immunofluorescence microscopy, we found that all Arfs were internalized into the T. gondii PV, with most vacuoles containing at least one punctum of Arf protein by the end of the lytic cycle. We further characterized Arf1, the most abundant Arf inside the T. gondii PV, and observed that active recycling between its GDP/GTP-bound state influenced Arf1 internalization independent of host guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). In addition, Arf1 colocalized with vesicle coat complexes and exogenous sphingolipids, suggesting a role in nutrient acquisition. While Arf1 and Arf4 were not observed inside the PV during P. berghei infection, our gene depletion studies showed that liver stage development and survival depended on the expression of Arf4 and the host GEF, GBF1. Collectively, these observations indicate that apicomplexans use distinct mechanisms to subvert the host vesicular trafficking network and efficiently replicate. The findings also pave the way for future studies to identify parasite proteins critical to host vesicle recruitment and the components of vesicle cargo. IMPORTANCE The parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium live complex intracellular lifestyles where they must acquire essential host nutrients while avoiding recognition. Although previous work has sought to identify the specific nutrients scavenged by apicomplexans, the mechanisms by which host materials are transported to and across the parasite vacuole membrane are largely unknown. Here, we examined members of the host vesicular trafficking network to identify specific pathways subverted by T. gondii and Plasmodium berghei. Our results indicate that T. gondii selectively internalizes host Arfs, a class of proteins involved in intracellular trafficking. For P. berghei, host Arfs were restricted by the parasite’s vacuole membrane, but proteins involved in vesicular trafficking were identified as essential for liver stage development. A greater exploration into how and why apicomplexans subvert host vesicular trafficking could help identify targets for host-directed therapeutics.
Lipids in Health and Disease the Effect of Korean Pine Nut Oil on in Vitro Cck Release, on Appetite Sensations and on Gut Hormones in Post-menopausal Overweight Women Background

Appetite suppressants may be one strategy in the fight against obesity. This study evaluated whether Korean pine nut free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TG) work as an appetite suppressant. Korean pine nut FFA were evaluated in STC-1 cell culture for their ability to increase cholecystokinin (CCK-8) secretion vs. several other dietary fatty acids from Italian stone pine nut fatty acids, oleic acid, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and capric acid used as a control. At 50 μM concentration, Korean pine nut FFA produced the greatest amount of CCK-8 release (493 pg/ml) relative to the other fatty acids and control (46 pg/ml). A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over trial including 18 overweight post-menopausal women was performed. Subjects received capsules with 3 g Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) nut FFA, 3 g pine nut TG or 3 g placebo (olive oil) in combination with a light breakfast. At 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes the gut hormones cholecystokinin (CCK-8), glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY) and ghrelin, and appetite sensations were measured. A wash-out period of one week separated each intervention day. CCK-8 was higher 30 min after pine nut FFA and 60 min after pine nut TG when compared to placebo (p < 0.01). GLP-1 was higher 60 min after pine nut FFA compared to placebo (p < 0.01). Over a period of 4 hours the total amount of plasma CCK-8 was 60% higher after pine nut FFA and 22% higher after pine nut TG than after placebo (p < 0.01). For GLP-1 this difference was 25% after pine nut FFA (P < 0.05). Ghrelin and PYY levels were not different between groups. The appetite sensation "prospective food intake" was 36% lower after pine nut FFA relative to placebo (P < 0.05). This study suggests that Korean pine nut may work as an appetite suppressant through an increasing effect on satiety hormones and a reduced prospective food intake. which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Lipids in Health and Disease the Effect of Irvingia Gabonensis Seeds on Body Weight and Blood Lipids of Obese Subjects in Cameroon

Dietary fibres are frequently used for the treatment of obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Irvingia gabonensis seeds in the management of obesity. This was carried out as a double blind randomised study involving 40 subjects (mean age 42.4 years). Twenty-eight subjects received Irvingia gabonensis (IG) (1.05 g three time a day for one month) while 12 were on placebo (P) and the same schedule. During the one-month study period all subjects were on a normocaloric diet evaluated every week by a dietetic record book. At the end, the mean body weight of the IG group was decreased by 5.26 ± 2.37% (p < 0.0001) and that of the placebo group by 1.32 ± 0.41% (p < 0.02). The difference observed between the IG and the placebo groups was significant (p < 0.01). The obese patients under Irvingia gabonensis treatment also had a significant decrease of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and an increase of HDL-cholesterol. On the other hand, the placebo group did not manifest any changes in blood lipid components. Irvingia gabonensis seed may find application in weight lose.
Therapy for Specific Problems Therapy for Specific Problems : Youth Tobacco Cessation

There are declines with age in speed of processing, working memory, inhibitory function, and long-term memory, as well as decreases in brain structure size and white matter integrity. In the face of these decreases, functional imaging studies have demonstrated, somewhat surprisingly, reliable increases in prefrontal activation. To account for these joint phenomena, we propose the scaffolding theory of aging and cognition (STAC). STAC provides an integrative view of the aging mind, suggesting that pervasive increased frontal activation with age is a marker of an adaptive brain that engages in compensatory scaffolding in response to the challenges posed by declining neural structures and function. Scaffolding is a normal process present across the lifespan that involves use and development of complementary, alternative neural circuits to achieve a particular cognitive goal. Scaffolding is protective of cognitive function in the aging brain, and available evidence suggests that the ability to use this mechanism is strengthened by cognitive engagement, exercise, and low levels of default network engagement. 173 A nn u. R ev . P sy ch ol . 2 00 9. 60 :1 73 -1 96 . D ow nl oa de d fr om a rj ou rn al s. an nu al re vi ew s. or g by H A R V A R D U N IV E R SI T Y o n 03 /0 6/ 09 . F or p er so na l u se o nl y. ANRV364-PS60-07 ARI 24 November 2008 18:45 fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging PET: positron emission tomography
Therapy for Specific Problems Therapy for Specific Problems : Youth Tobacco Cessation

There is a convergence between cognitive models of imitation, constructs derived from social psychology studies on mimicry and empathy, and recent empirical findings from the neurosciences. The ideomotor framework of human actions assumes a common representational format for action and perception that facilitates imitation. Furthermore, the associative sequence learning model of imitation proposes that experience-based Hebbian learning forms links between sensory processing of the actions of others and motor plans. Social psychology studies have demonstrated that imitation and mimicry are pervasive, automatic, and facilitate empathy. Neuroscience investigations have demonstrated physiological mechanisms of mirroring at single-cell and neural-system levels that support the cognitive and social psychology constructs. Why were these neural mechanisms selected, and what is their adaptive advantage? Neural mirroring solves the “problem of other minds” (how we can access and understand the minds of others) and makes intersubjectivity possible, thus facilitating social behavior. 653 A nn u. R ev . P sy ch ol . 2 00 9. 60 :6 53 -6 70 . D ow nl oa de d fr om w w w . a nn ua lr ev ie w s. or g by V ri je U ni ve rs ite it M ill en ni um o n 02 /2 7/ 13 . F or p er so na l u se o nl y. ANRV364-PS60-25 ARI 24 November 2008 18:59 Hebbian learning: associative learning is implemented by simultaneous activation of cells that would lead to increased synaptic strength between the cells
On the Stability of Undesirable Equilibria in the Quadratic Program Framework for Safety-Critical Control

Control Lyapunov functions (CLFs) and Control Barrier Functions (CBFs) have been used to develop provably safe controllers by means of quadratic programs (QPs). This framework guarantees safety in the form of trajectory invariance with respect to a given set, but it can introduce undesirable equilibrium points to the closed loop system, which can be asymptotically stable. In this work, we present a detailed study of the formation and stability of equilibrium points with the QP framework for a class of nonlinear systems. We introduce the useful concept of compatibility between a CLF and a family of CBFs, regarding the number of stable equilibrium points other than the CLF minimum. Using this concept, we derive a set of compatibility conditions on the parameters of a quadratic CLF and a family of quadratic CBFs that guarantee that all undesirable equilibrium points are not attractive. Furthermore, we propose an extension to the QP-based controller that dynamically modifies the CLF geometry in order to satisfy the compatibility conditions, guaranteeing safety and quasi-global convergence of the system state to the CLF minimum. Numeric simulations illustrate the applicability of the proposed method for safety-critical, deadlock-free robotic navigation tasks.
Ground‐Motion Observations from the 14 November 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikoura, New Zealand, Earthquake and Insights from Broadband Simulations

This article provides insights into the observed ground‐motion records from the 14 November 2016 M w 7.8 Kaikoura earthquake. Specific detail is given in examining observations in the near source and those in the urban Wellington and Lower Hutt regions through a combination of time series and response spectra to help in understanding salient source, path, and site effects. Several ground motions exceeding 1.0 g horizontal are recorded, as well as up to 2.7 g in the vertical direction at one location. The complexity associated with multifault rupture is clearly evident in several strong‐motion stations in the near‐source region. Significant site‐effect case histories from sedimentary and reclaimed soil deposits and topographic effects are observed in the Wellington and Lower Hutt regions. To provide further insights, predictions from preliminary broadband ground‐motion simulations are examined to more directly interpret the observations.
Why and When LLM-Based Assistants Can Go Wrong: Investigating the Effectiveness of Prompt-Based Interactions for Software Help-Seeking

Large Language Model (LLM) assistants, such as ChatGPT, have emerged as potential alternatives to search methods for helping users navigate complex, feature-rich software. LLMs use vast training data from domain-specific texts, software manuals, and code repositories to mimic human-like interactions, offering tailored assistance, including step-by-step instructions. In this work, we investigated LLM-generated software guidance through a within-subject experiment with 16 participants and follow-up interviews. We compared a baseline LLM assistant with an LLM optimized for particular software contexts, SoftAIBot, which also offered guidelines for constructing appropriate prompts. We assessed task completion, perceived accuracy, relevance, and trust. Surprisingly, although SoftAIBot outperformed the baseline LLM, our results revealed no significant difference in LLM usage and user perceptions with or without prompt guidelines and the integration of domain context. Most users struggled to understand how the prompt's text related to the LLM's responses and often followed the LLM's suggestions verbatim, even if they were incorrect. This resulted in difficulties when using the LLM's advice for software tasks, leading to low task completion rates. Our detailed analysis also revealed that users remained unaware of inaccuracies in the LLM's responses, indicating a gap between their lack of software expertise and their ability to evaluate the LLM's assistance. With the growing push for designing domain-specific LLM assistants, we emphasize the importance of incorporating explainable, context-aware cues into LLMs to help users understand prompt-based interactions, identify biases, and maximize the utility of LLM assistants.
Pixel Sentence Representation Learning

Pretrained language models are long known to be subpar in capturing sentence and document-level semantics. Though heavily investigated, transferring perturbation-based methods from unsupervised visual representation learning to NLP remains an unsolved problem. This is largely due to the discreteness of subword units brought by tokenization of language models, limiting small perturbations of inputs to form semantics-preserved positive pairs. In this work, we conceptualize the learning of sentence-level textual semantics as a visual representation learning process. Drawing from cognitive and linguistic sciences, we introduce an unsupervised visual sentence representation learning framework, employing visually-grounded text perturbation methods like typos and word order shuffling, resonating with human cognitive patterns, and enabling perturbation to texts to be perceived as continuous. Our approach is further bolstered by large-scale unsupervised topical alignment training and natural language inference supervision, achieving comparable performance in semantic textual similarity (STS) to existing state-of-the-art NLP methods. Additionally, we unveil our method's inherent zero-shot cross-lingual transferability and a unique leapfrogging pattern across languages during iterative training. To our knowledge, this is the first representation learning method devoid of traditional language models for understanding sentence and document semantics, marking a stride closer to human-like textual comprehension. Our code is available at https://github.com/gowitheflow-1998/Pixel-Linguist
Optimized Information Flow for Transformer Tracking

One-stream Transformer trackers have shown outstanding performance in challenging benchmark datasets over the last three years, as they enable interaction between the target template and search region tokens to extract target-oriented features with mutual guidance. Previous approaches allow free bidirectional information flow between template and search tokens without investigating their influence on the tracker's discriminative capability. In this study, we conducted a detailed study on the information flow of the tokens and based on the findings, we propose a novel Optimized Information Flow Tracking (OIFTrack) framework to enhance the discriminative capability of the tracker. The proposed OIFTrack blocks the interaction from all search tokens to target template tokens in early encoder layers, as the large number of non-target tokens in the search region diminishes the importance of target-specific features. In the deeper encoder layers of the proposed tracker, search tokens are partitioned into target search tokens and non-target search tokens, allowing bidirectional flow from target search tokens to template tokens to capture the appearance changes of the target. In addition, since the proposed tracker incorporates dynamic background cues, distractor objects are successfully avoided by capturing the surrounding information of the target. The OIFTrack demonstrated outstanding performance in challenging benchmarks, particularly excelling in the one-shot tracking benchmark GOT-10k, achieving an average overlap of 74.6\%. The code, models, and results of this work are available at \url{https://github.com/JananiKugaa/OIFTrack}
ChatCell: Facilitating Single-Cell Analysis with Natural Language

As Large Language Models (LLMs) rapidly evolve, their influence in science is becoming increasingly prominent. The emerging capabilities of LLMs in task generalization and free-form dialogue can significantly advance fields like chemistry and biology. However, the field of single-cell biology, which forms the foundational building blocks of living organisms, still faces several challenges. High knowledge barriers and limited scalability in current methods restrict the full exploitation of LLMs in mastering single-cell data, impeding direct accessibility and rapid iteration. To this end, we introduce ChatCell, which signifies a paradigm shift by facilitating single-cell analysis with natural language. Leveraging vocabulary adaptation and unified sequence generation, ChatCell has acquired profound expertise in single-cell biology and the capability to accommodate a diverse range of analysis tasks. Extensive experiments further demonstrate ChatCell's robust performance and potential to deepen single-cell insights, paving the way for more accessible and intuitive exploration in this pivotal field. Our project homepage is available at https://zjunlp.github. io/project/ChatCell.