Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Velocity of deep-sea sediments from sonobuoy data

Interval velocity solutions from sonobuoy data reveal three major sedimentary sequences: (1) Unconsolidated sediments whose velocity increases with depth of burial and ranges from 1.6 to 2.2 km/sec; (2) semiconsolidated sediments (layer A), which probably have some velocity discontinuities, whose velocity increases with depth of burial and ranges from 1.7 to 2.9 km/sec; (3) consolidated sediments (layer β), measured in a few places, whose velocity is apparently independent of overburden and ranges from 2.7 to 3.7 km/sec. In the shallower layers, low velocities seem to be related to the deposition of clay-sized particles by relatively swift bottom currents; high velocities, to quieter bottom conditions or the influx of much turbidite material. Except for the shallow layers, velocity-depth functions are quite similar for the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. All the curves show an increase of velocity with depth without significant velocity reversals.
How does mass loading impact local versus global control on dayside reconnection?

This paper investigates the effects of magnetospheric mass loading on the control of dayside magnetic reconnection using global magnetospheric simulations. The study iys motivated by a recent debate on whether the integrated dayside magnetic reconnection rate is solely controlled by local processes (local‐control theory) or global merging processes (global‐control theory). The local‐control theory suggests that the integrated dayside reconnection rate is controlled by the local plasma parameters. The global‐control theory argues that the integrated rate is determined by the net force acting on the flow in the magnetosheath rather than the local microphysics. Controlled numerical simulations using idealized ionospheric outflow specifications suggest a possible mixed‐control theory, that is, (1) a small amount of mass loading at the dayside magnetopause only redistributes local reconnection rate without a significant change in the integrated reconnection rate and (2) a large amount of mass loading reduces both local reconnection rates and the integrated reconnection rate on the dayside. The transition between global‐control‐ and local‐control‐dominated regimes depends on (but not limited to) the source region, the amount, the location, and the spatial extension of the mass loading at the dayside magnetopause.
Study the Effect of Ogee Stepped Spillway on Stream Reaeration

The oxygen transfer at a hydraulic structure happens by self-aeration through the spillway and by flow aeration in the hydraulic jump downstream of the hydraulic structure. Spillways with their water-air controlling mechanisms are important not only for their structural properties but also for their effects on stream ecology. Spillway types also affect the efficiency of aeration. Decisions on the types of spillway should be made by taking the environmental conditions and flow rates
Experimental verification of the anisotropic Gassmann model for fluid substitution in fractured reservoirs

Porous reservoirs with aligned fractures exhibit frequency dependent seismic anisotropy due to wave induced fluid flow between pores and fractures. We model this frequency dependent anisotropy by combining the low-frequency anisotropic Gassmann model with the Hudson et al. model for frequency dependent properties of a porous material with penny-shaped cracks. The predictions of the anisotropic Gassmann model are compared with experimental measurements of elastic wave velocities as function of angle for a synthetic sample with aligned disc-like cracks. The properties of the host rock and fracture compliances are obtained from P, SV, and SH velocities measured on the dry sample. The dry fractured porous rock properties serve as input to anisotropic Gassmann fluid substitution model, which is used to compute the saturated rock properties. The stiffnesses of the saturated fractured porous rock are used to calculate the angular dependent compressional and shear wave velocities. The predicted velocities are then compared to the measured velocities. The agreement is reasonably good for both S-wave velocities, but P-wave anisotropy is overestimated by about 25%. This discrepancy can be explained by the fact that the low frequency assumption of the anisotropic Gassmann model does not account for the fluid diffusion effects occurring at relatively high frequencies used in the experiment (100 KHz). A combination of the low frequency anisotropic Gassmann model with the Hudson et al. frequency dependency accounts for fluid diffusion effects and results in an excellent agreement for P- as well as S- waves.
Topographic position and landforms analysis

Using tpi300 (Fig. 3b), many individual ridge lines and valleys are delineated at a fine scale, including lateral drainages in the major valleys, and the bottoms of the major canyons are classified as flat areas. At tpi2000, the classification shows the major landforms (Fig. 3c): mountains, major ridge lines, and the major valleys and canyons. Smaller lateral features disappear, and canyons bottoms are now classified as valleys.
Impact of climate change on runoff process in headwater area of the Yellow River

The impact of temperature and precipitation changes on annual and monthly runoff process in headwater area of the Yellow River was analyzed by using WEP-L model.The model was calibrated and verified by the 45 years observed meteorological data obtained from the Tannaihai Hydrological Station.On this basis,the simulation of 8 climate change scenarios was carried out.The results indicate that the increase of atmospheric temperature causes the decrease of annual runoff,the runoff significantly reduced from May to October due to the increase of evaporation but it will increase from November to April of next year because of the melting of snow and the change of infiltration characteristics caused by frozen.The variation of precipitation may directly affect the change of runoff,but the variation rate of runoff is larger than the change rate of precipitation.
Analysis and regionalization of northern European winter precipitation based on its relationship with the North Atlantic oscillation

The relationship between the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) and winter temperature and precipitation over northern Europe has long been known. However, its strength is variable within this region. In this paper, an analysis of the regional variability of the influence of the NAO on winter precipitation in northern Europe is developed using empirical orthogonal function analysis, cluster analysis and simple correlation. Results show that precipitation in most of the region studied is affected by the NAO, although with varying intensity. The NAO strongly influences winter precipitation along the Norwegian coast, in northern Sweden and in southern Finland. It is evident that the region on the lee side of the Scandes (the mountain chain between Norway and Sweden) is protected from the effects of the moist western winds from the Atlantic that, in turn, are strongly related to the NAO. As a result, precipitation in this shielded area is mainly related to southeasterly winds. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Geology and geochemistry of the ophiolitic Trinity Terrane, California: Evidence of middle Paleozoic depleted supra-subduction zone magmatism in a proto-arc setting

As the largest exposure of ophiolitic rock in North America, the Trinity terrane constitutes an important part of the ophiolite record worldwide. It has been interpreted variously as a fragment of a mid-ocean ridge crust, a mantle diapir, the roots of a volcanic arc, and a backarc basin. A recent compilation of existing field, compositional, and geochronologic data from the Trinity terrane and the adjacent Eastern Klamath, Central Metamorphic, and Yreka terranes has led to the hypothesis that the Trinity terrane is a polygenetic supra-subduction zone (SSZ) ophiolite that formed in a trench-proximal extensional environment. New major and trace element geochemical data for mafic crustal rocks of the Trinity terrane are reported here and used to test the SSZ ophiolite hypothesis. Gabbro and mafic dike samples are depleted in high field strength elements relative to normal mid-oceanic-ridge basalt (MORB) and have high Th/Nb and Pb/Ce ratios, negative Ce anomalies, and positive Eu anomalies. These data are consistent with partial melting of a depleted, residual, MORB-type, mantle source enriched by subduction-derived fluids that included a sedimentary input. A model is presented for the development of the Trinity as a proto-arc formed during the inception of a single, east-dipping, middle Paleozoic subduction zone, analogous to the Eocene proto-arc of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana intraoceanic arc system.
Reading the Letters of Pliny the Younger: An Introduction

Introduction 1. Reading a life: Letters, Book 1 2. Reading a book: Letters, Book 6 3. Epistolary models: Cicero and Seneca 4. Pliny's elders and betters: the Elder Pliny, Vestricius Spurinna, Corellius Rufus, Verginius Rufus 5. Pliny's peers: reading for the addressee 6. Otium: how to manage leisure 7. Reading the Villa Letters: 9.7, 2.17, 5.6 8. The grand design: how to read a collection Appendix 1. A Pliny timeline, and the great Comum inscription Appendix 2. Letters 1-9: catalogue of contents and addressees Appendix 3. Popular topics in the Letters: bibliographical help Appendix 4. Index of main characters in the Letters.
Influence of climate and environment on post-fire recovery of mountain big sagebrush

In arid and semi-arid landscapes around the world, wildfire plays a key role in maintaining species diversity. Dominant plant associations may depend upon particular fire regime characteristics for their persistence. Mountain shrub communities in high-elevation landscapes of the Intermountain West, USA, are strongly influenced by the post-fire recovery dynamics of the obligate-seeding shrub, mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle). This species is a short-distance disperser with a short-lived seedbank, leading to highly variable post-fire recovery times (15-100 years). We investigated the relative importance of site productivity and seasonal climate in explaining the variance in recovery time for 36 fires, comprising a fire chrono-sequence (from 1971 to 2007) for the Great BasinandColoradoPlateau.A. t.vaseyanarecoverywaspositivelyrelatedtoprecipitation inthecoolseasonimmediately following fire, likely because deep soil-water recharge that persists throughout the growing season enhances first-year seedling survival. Percentage sand fraction positively correlated with recovery rate yet negatively correlated with live cover in unburnt stands. Our data support the hypothesis that post-fire recovery rate of A. t. vaseyana depends on the climatically controlled ephemerality of the regeneration niche, as is likely true for many arid-land shrub species. Additional keywords: Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, Colorado Plateau, fire effects, Great Basin, precipitation variability, succession.
Experimental Study on Outlet and Scour of Blocked Dam

Seven dam break experiments were designed,with different inner slopes and gradation of grain building dam,to study the effect of conditions on the process of dam break.According to photography of dam break,four stages were observed,and the flow erosion of dam body was the most intense in stage Ⅲ. In stage Ⅰ,inner slope was eroded.In stage Ⅱ,the top of the breach was eroded.In stage Ⅲ,outer slope was eroded,and in stage Ⅳ,the shape of the dam body kept steadily and water level of reservoir gradually came to the constant.Using the WYG-Ⅱwater level measurement system,the real-time water lever data of the reservoir were obtained.The result of the experiments indicated that the peak discharge of dam break increases with theincrease of inner slope.If the nonuniformity coefficient is bigger,the peak discharge of dam break increases at first because of lee erosion,but decreases at last because of the conceal function.
Hotspot Identification Through Pick-Up and Drop-Off Analysis of Ride-Hailing Transport Service

—It is important to extract hotspots in urban traffic networks to improve driver route efficiency. This research aims to identify hotspot pick-up and drop-off (PUDO) areas in ride-hailing transportation services using a clustering approach. However, there are challenges in applying clustering algorithms to trajectory data in the coordinates of the Global Positioning System (GPS). So this research proposes modifications to the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm by considering the radius from the center of the cluster to determine the presence of amenities around the cluster. We used a dataset containing 55,988 trip trajectories of Grab drivers over a two-week period in Jakarta. A preliminary statistical analysis was carried out to understand the distribution of trips. Next, we identify the PUDO point of each trip for use in the clustering analysis. The research explores the various parameters and settings of the clustering method and their impact on the results. The study found that the results obtained from the clustering method are sensitive to parameter selection, including epsilon radius and minimum number of points needed to form a cluster. The optimal cluster with the best parameters (eps: 0.25, minpts: 100) in the pick-up (PU) location analysis produced 17 clusters with the silhouette coefficient of 0.752, while in the drop-off (DO) location there are 18 clusters with a silhouette coefficient of 0.694. Overall, the research highlights the potential of the clustering analysis method for ride-hailing transportation.
Diurnal cross‐shore thermal exchange on a tropical forereef

Observations of the velocity structure at the Kilo Nalu Observatory on the south shore of Oahu, Hawaii show that thermally driven baroclinic exchange is a dominant mechanism for cross-shore transport for this tropical forereef environment. Estimates of the exchange and net volume fluxes are comparable and show that the average residence time for the zone shoreward of the 12 m isobath is generally much less than 1 day. Although cross-shore wind stress influences the diurnal cross-shore exchange, surface heat flux is identified as the primary forcing mechanism from the phase relationships and from analysis of momentum and buoyancy balances for the record-averaged diurnal structure. Dynamic flow regimes are characterized based on a two-dimensional theoretical framework and the observations of the thermal structure at Kilo Nalu are shown to be in the unsteady temperature regime. Diurnal phasing and the cross-shore momentum balance suggest that turbulent stress divergence is an important driver of the baroclinic exchange. While the thermally driven exchange has a robust diurnal profile in the long term, there is high temporal variability on shorter time scales. Ensemble-averaged diurnal profiles indicate that the exchange is strongly modulated by surface heat flux, wind speed/direction, and alongshore velocity direction. The latter highlights the role of alongshore variability in the thermally driven exchange. Analysis of the thermal balance in the nearshore region indicates that the cross-shore exchange accounts for roughly 38% of the advective heat transport on a daily basis.
Tectonic Evolution of the Moncton Basin, New Brunswick, Eastern Canada: New Evidence from Field and Sub-Surface Data

Abstract The Paleozoic tectonic history of the Moncton Basin is characterised by periods of subsidence that accommodated much of the sedimentary succession, punctuated by periods of tectonic contraction, uplift and basin inversion recorded by unconformities or disconformities in the basin section. Five periods of basin inversion are identified: a mid-Tournaisian inversion, resulting in the Horton/Sussex unconformity; a late Tournaisian to early Visean inversion, resulting in the Sussex/Hillsborough unconformity; a late Visean to Serpukhovian inversion, resulting in the emplacement of basement slices allochthonously overlying basin units and the formation of the Mabou/Cumberland unconformity; a period of basin inversion and salt tectonics probably associated with the development of a mid-Bashkirian disconformity; and latest Carboniferous or Permian (Alleghanian) contraction. The pattern of subsidence and deposition punctuated by contraction and basin inversion suggests that the Moncton Basin was subjected to a consistent regional-scale kinematic movement picture throughout Carboniferous time. This was probably the result of episodic transpression occurring in a restraining bend of the regional Minas fault system in response to latest Devonian to Pennsylvanian dextral strike-slip movements on that fault system.
Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Detection of Drug Resistance: A Comprehensive Updated Review

Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant public health challenge, especially in developing nations. Developing a TB eradication strategy is hampered by the global health concern of drug-resistant (DR) TB. Effective patient treatment, preventing TB transfer and avoiding the upsurge of DR strains depend primarily on the timely and accurate identification of DR TB. Due to inadequate sensitivity, the necessity of trained laboratory personnel, the sluggish growth pattern of Mycobacterium bacilli in culture, and the small number of bacilli that are usually found in extrapulmonary TB samples, TB diagnosis is still tricky in clinical practice. Although mycobacterial culture is the gold standard to identify TB and determine drug resistance, it takes 2 to 8 weeks to develop. Despite their high cost, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) are the commonly employed molecular-based methods for diagnosing and identifying TB. The WHO suggested the GeneXpert MTB/RIF to identify TB and detect resistance to rifampicin. In comparison, numerous molecular techniques were developed, including allele-specific PCR (MAS-PCR), solid-phase hybridization, real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and droplet digital PCR-based technique (DDPCR). This manuscript is intended to overview the current approaches for the phenotypic and genotypic diagnosis of TB disease and identifying resistance to antitubercular drugs depending on recently published articles, WHO and CDC reports, and commercially available diagnostic tools.
EVALUATION OF SPACING OF STYLOLITES AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR SELF-ORGANIZATION OF PRESSURE DISSOLUTION

ABSTRACT The self-organization theory of stylolite development is one of the most prominent explanations of pressure-dissolution phenomena. Its proponents cite uniform spacing of stylolites as evidence of self-organization, and its original authors concluded that "a natural consequence of the theory . is the development of sets of stylolites with roughly regular spacing". Spacing of stylolites is the only observable physical criterion by which self-organized pressure dissolution can be differentiated from conventional pressure dissolution in ancient limestones. Quantitative analysis of spacing of stylolites in limestones shows, however, that spacing of stylolites is generally indistinguishable from random arrangement. Spacing of stylolites thus provides no support for the theory of self-organization of pressure dissolution.
Geospatial Analysis of Barrier Island Width of Two Segments of the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA: Anthropogenic Curtailment of Natural Self-Sustaining Processes

Abstract A comparison of two sections of the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA (Pea Island and Avon-Buxton areas), reveals the importance of the interplay between oceanic and estuarine shoreline dynamics to long-term changes in barrier island width. From 1852 to 1998, the northern portion of Pea Island experienced an average net increase in width of 431 m (3 m/y); this area experienced low to moderate rates of oceanic shoreline erosion and high rates of back-barrier land accretion via overwash and formation of flood tidal delta islands. In contrast, between 1852 and 1998, the width of the southern portion of Pea Island and the Avon-Buxton area decreased an average of 515 m (4 m/y) and 594 m (4 m/y), respectively, because of high rates of oceanic shoreline erosion and variable changes in estuarine shoreline accretion and erosion. Net gain or net loss of barrier island width is strongly dependent on the natural depositional processes of overwash and flood tide delta formation. Anthropogenic modifications to the barrier island, such as construction of barrier dune ridges, planting of stabilizing vegetation, and urban development, can curtail or even eliminate the natural, self-sustaining processes of overwash and inlet dynamics.
A ChatGPT Prompt for Writing Case-Based Multiple-Choice Questions

The significant challenge faced by medical schools is the effortful process of writing a high quantity of high-quality case-based multiple-choice questions (MCQs) to assess the higher-order skills of medical students. The demand for a high volume of MCQs in education has led to the development of Automatic Item Generation (AIG), specifically template-based AIG, which involves creating cognitive and item models by subject matter experts to generate hundreds of MCQs at once using software. It demonstrated significant success in various languages and even being incorporated into national medical licensure exams. However, this method still heavily depends on the efforts of subject matter experts. This paper introduces a detailed ChatGPT prompt for quickly generating case-based MCQs and provides important research questions for future exploration into ChatGPT's potential in generating items, signaling the beginning of the artificial intelligence era in medical education, encouraging health professions education researchers to delve deeper into its potential.
SHRIMP dating of zircons from volcanic host rocks of Dahalajunshan Formation in Axi gold deposit,Xinjiang,China,and its geological impfications.

Axi is a low-sulfidation type epithermal gold deposit hosted in Paleozoiz continental volcanic rocks in western Tianshan, Xinjiang,China.SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating shows that the age of fifth member of Dahalajunshan formation,which is the host rocks of the Axi mine,is 363.2±5.7Ma. The new age possesses two implications:Firstly,the volcanic host rocks of the Axi gold mine were formed in the late Devonian,not in the early Carboniferous or Triassic to Cretaceous period,which were believed as the ages of the host rocks by most previous researchers;Secondly,the metallogenic age of the Axi gold deposit is the early Paleozoic,varying between 363.2±5.7Ma to Visean period of the early Carboniferous.
The Mindanao and Halmahera eddies: Twin eddies induced by nonlinearities

Abstract It is shown analytically that a nonlinear collision of northward- and southward-flowing western boundary currents (WBC) on a β plane produces both an anticyclonic and a cyclonic eddy. (On an f plane no eddies are established; similarly, no eddies are established in the linear limit.) The length scales of both the anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies are larger than most eddies in the ocean. Furthermore, the anticyclone scale is larger than the cyclone length scale because of the higher upstream momentum flux. A reduced-gravity numerical model is used to validate these analytical results. The balance of forces and the eddy size estimates (derived from the numerical simulations) agree with the analytical results. Based on the above collision problem, it is argued that the Halmahera and Mindanao eddies are required to balance the nonlinear momentum fluxes of their colliding parent currents, the southward-flowing Mindanao Current (MC) and the northward-flowing South Equatorial Current (SEC). Assuming tha.