Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differential Sensitivity of Children and Adults to Chemical Toxicity

ABSTRACT Children, particularly neonates, can be biologically more sensitive to the same toxicant on a body weight basis than adults. Current understanding of the rates of maturation of metabolism and evidence from case studies indicate that human infants up to 6 months of age typically lack the capacity to detoxify and eliminate substances as readily as adults. For most chemicals, the infant physiologic systems usually produce higher blood levels for longer periods. The newborn's metabolic capacity rapidly matures and, by 6 months of age, children are usually not more sensitive than adults based on their pharmacokinetic competence. Whether children are at greater risk from chemical exposures is another question. Drawing conclusions about the ability of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's intraspecies (UFH) and database (UFD) uncertainty factors to protect children on the basis of the modest data available is challenging. However, virtually all studies available suggest that a high percentage of the population, including children, is protected by using a 10-fold UFH or by using a 3.16-fold factor each for toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic variability. Based on specific comparisons for newborns, infants, children, adults and those with severe disease, the population protected is between 60% and 100%, with the studies in larger populations that include sensitive individuals suggesting that the value is closer to 100%. UFD is likewise protective when used with databases that are missing substantive studies.
Estimation of dietary lysine requirement based on broken line and quadratic model analyses with the use performance and immune responses criterion

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of supplementing Lysine (Lys) at on growth performance and immune responses of broiler chickens challenged with infectious bursal disease (IBD) and estimation of Lys requirement based on different response criterions. A total of 400-day-old male broiler chicks were assigned to eight dietary treatments. Chickens were fed by eight graded levels of Lys (0.8 National Research Council (NRC) (0.75% of diet), 0.9 NRC (0.85% of diet), NRC (0.94 of diet), 1.1 NRC (1.03% of diet), 1.2 NRC (1.13% of diet), 1.3 NRC (1.22% of diet), 1.5 NRC (1.41% of diet) and 1.8 NRC (1.69% of diet)) from day 21 to 42 of age. On day 28, all birds were challenged with a commercial live-IBDV vaccine. Body weight gains (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and carcass characterization (breast, thigh and fat pad percentage) were significantly influenced by dietary Lys levels. With increasing Lys level up to 1.22% of diet, performance improved significantly and with higher than this level decreased. Antibody titre against IBD was influenced by Lys levels. On 7 and 14 days after IBD challenge, antibody titre against IBD of broilers that receive diet that contain Lys higher than NRC recommendation wwas significantly higher than those receive lower level and the highest antibody level found in 1.22% Lys in diet. The highest (1.2519±0.0441) and the lowest (1.0408±0.11) Lys requirements with straightbroken line analysis were estimated for immune response and carcass efficiency percentage, respectively. The results obtained on the present study indicated that Lys requirements of broiler based on recommendation of NRC are not sufficient to meet the requirement of the new commercial poultry and commercial broiler companies under non-hygienic condition.
Quantitative EEG Findings in Patients With Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures

Objective. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), is one of the clinical manifestations of conversion disorder that epileptiform discharges do not accompany. Factors capable of increasing susceptibility to these seizures have not been adequately investigated yet. This study aims to investigate the quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) findings for PNES by evaluating the resting EEG spectral power changes during the periods between seizures. Methods. Thirty-nine patients (29 females, 10 males) diagnosed with PNES (group 1) and 47 patients (23 females, 24 males) without any psychiatric diagnosis (group 2) were included in the study. The patients underwent a psychiatric examination at their first visit, were diagnosed and their EEGs were recorded. Using fast Fourier transformation (FFT), spectral power analysis was calculated for delta (0.5-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), beta (15-30 Hz), high-beta (25-30 Hz), gamma-1 (31-40 Hz), gamma-2 (41-50 Hz), and gamma (30-80 Hz) frequency bands. Results. Six separate EEG band power, namely (C3-high beta, C3-gamma, C3-gamma-1, C3-gamma-2, P3-gamma, P3 gamma-1), were found to be higher in the patients diagnosed with PNES than in the control group. Conclusion. Our findings show that PNES correlate with high-frequency oscillations on central motor and somatosensory cortices.
The Intersection between Criminal Accusations, Victimization, and Mental Disorders: A Canadian Population-Based Study

Objective: Understand the relationship between criminal accusations, victimization, and mental disorders at a population level using administrative data from Manitoba, Canada. Method: Residents aged 18 to 64 between April 1, 2007, and March 31, 2012 (N = 793,024) with hospital- and physician-diagnosed mental disorders were compared to those without. Overall and per-person rates of criminal accusations and reported victimization in the 2011/2012 fiscal year were examined. Relative risks were calculated, adjusting for age, sex, income, and presence of a substance use disorder. The overlap between diagnosed mental disorders, accusations, and victimization with a χ2 test of independence was studied. Results: Twenty-four percent (n = 188,693) of the population had a mental disorder over the 5-year time frame. Four to fifteen percent of those with a mental disorder had a criminal accusation, compared to 2.4% of the referent group. Individuals with mental disorders, especially psychotic or personality disorders, were often living in low-income, urban neighborhoods. The adjusted relative risk of accusations and victimization remained 2 to 5 times higher in those with mental disorders compared to the referent group. Criminal accusations and victimization were most prevalent among individuals with a history of attempted suicide (15.2% had an accusation and 8.1% were victims). The risk of victimization in the same year as a criminal accusation was significantly increased among those with mental disorders compared to those without (χ2 = 211.8, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Individuals with mental disorders are at elevated risk of both criminal involvement and victimization. The identification of these multiply-stigmatized individuals may lead to better intervention and support.
Distal leg structures of the Aculeata (Hymenoptera): A comparative evolutionary study of Sceliphron (Sphecidae) and Formica (Formicidae)

The distal parts of the legs of Sceliphron caementarium (Sphecidae) and Formica rufa (Formicidae) are documented and discussed with respect to phylogenetic and functional aspects. The prolegs of Hymenoptera offer an array of evolutionary novelties, mainly linked with two functional syndromes, walking efficiently on different substrates and cleaning the body surface. The protibial‐probasitarsomeral cleaning device is almost always well‐developed. A complex evolutionary innovation is a triple set of tarsal and pretarsal attachment devices, including tarsal plantulae, probasitarsomeral spatulate setae, and an arolium with an internal spring‐like arcus, a dorsal manubrium, and a ventral planta. The probasitarsal adhesive sole and a complex arolium are almost always preserved, whereas the plantulae are often missing. Sceliphron has retained most hymenopteran ground plan features of the legs, and also Formica, even though the adhesive apparatus of Formicidae shows some modifications, likely linked to ground‐oriented habits of most ants. Plantulae are always absent in extant ants, and the arolium is often reduced in size, and sometimes vestigial. The arolium contains resilin in both examined species. Additionally, resilin enriched regions are also present in the antenna cleaners of both species, although they differ in which of the involved structures is more flexible, the calcar in Sceliphron and the basitarsal comb in Formica. Functionally, the hymenopteran distal leg combines (a) interlocking mechanisms (claws, spine‐like setae) and (b) adhesion mechanisms (plantulae, arolium). On rough substrate, claws and spine‐like setae interlock with asperities and secure a firm grip, whereas the unfolding arolium generates adhesive contact on smooth surfaces. Differences of the folded arolium of Sceliphron and Formica probably correlate with differences in the mechanism of folding/unfolding.
Effects of dietary supplementation in sport and exercise: a review of evidence on milk proteins and amino acids

Abstract Dietary supplements, especially protein, are used by athletes to achieve the exercise and training daily demands, and have been receiving research focus on their role regarding recovery and performance. Protein supplements are preferred over traditional protein sources because of their ease of availability and use. In addition to consuming a complete protein supplement, such as whey protein, the ingestion of a supplement containing only amino acids has been of interest for promoting skeletal muscle anabolism and high-quality weight loss. The aim of this study was to review the existing evidence on the effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on exercise. The preponderance of evidence suggests that protein supplementation, especially milk proteins, potentiate muscle protein synthesis, lean mass and exercise recovery. Unlike proteins, amino acids supplementation (branched-chain amino acids, glutamine or leucine) results from research are equivocal and are not warranted.
Metal-Organic Framework microspheres formulation for pulmonary administration.

Although nanoscaled Metal-Organic Frameworks (nanoMOFs) are promising drug carriers, their appropriate formulation remains almost unexplored and basically restricted to intravenous route. Lungs, beneficiating from a large absorption surface and low en-zymatic presence, are a very attractive target for both local and systemic delivery. However, pulmonary nanoMOF formulation is a pending and defying task. Thus, we propose a pioneer nanoMOF-based microsphere system as potential platform for pulmonary administration. A biocompatible nanoMOF was successfully en-capsulated in mannitol by a simple and continuous spray-drying technique. Upon intratracheal administration to rats, the resulting formulation, exhibiting optimal properties (i.e. homogeneity, aero-dynamic size, yield), was able to release the intact nanoMOF carrier uniformly along the lungs, reaching the bronchioles and alveoli.
Cytotoxic and Antibiotic Potential of Secondary Metabolites from the Lichen Umbilicaria muhlenbergii.

Lichens are emerging as a promising natural source of bioactivities of pharmaceutical interest. The present study aims to contribute to the knowledge of the lichen Umbilicaria muhlenbergii as a potential source of pharmaceutically relevant anticancer and antibiotic lichen chemicals. The crude acetone extract of U. muhlenbergii exhibited 13.3 μg mL-1 cytotoxic activity (EC50) against breast cancer cells (MCF-7), as compared to a cisplatin positive control with EC50 of 5.8 μg mL-1. The antibiotic activity of the crude extract against a gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus was 22.5 μg mL-1 as MIC. Using silica gel 60 (SG60) column chromatography, the crude extract was then separated into eight fractions, which were further evaluated for their anticancer activities against MCF-7 cells. By means of propidium iodide flow cytometry, two of the eight SG60 fractions were found to cause cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells (73.14% of cells) at G2 phase, which is indicative of apoptosis and inhibition of cellular proliferation. Identification of chemical constitutes present in these two SG60 fractions was carried out with a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and a lichen metabolite database (Wintabolites). The two fractions (SG60-5 and SG60-6) were found to contain compounds belonging to the chemical families depsides, depsidones, anthraquinones, and xanthones. The SG60-5 and SG60-6 fractions were further fractionated with Sephadex LH-20. Over 15% of the 46 LH-20 fractions obtained from the SG60-5 fraction caused 100% cell death, whereas 32% of the LH20 fractions derived from SG60 6 fraction reduced cell survival to below 20%. Further investigations are underway to reveal the full biopharmaceutical potential of U. muhlenbergii.
Effects of female spawning experience and larval size on feeding and growth of cod larvae Gadus morhua L. reared in mesocosms

Abstract The viability, defined in terms of growth and feeding success, of cod larvae from first-time and repeat spawners of similar sizes was studied in two mesocosms. The growth rate of larvae from first-time and repeat spawners were similar from hatching through to 41 days old, when the experiment was terminated. Larvae from first-time spawners were heavier throughout the experiment than larvae of repeat spawners, a difference that might be explained by a difference (although non-significant) in egg size between the two groups. There was a significant difference in growth rate between the two mesocosms, which may be explained by the difference in temperature between the mesocosms. In both mesocosms larvae fed mainly on copepod nauplii during the first weeks of life and started to actively select copepodites at age 20 days post hatch. There was no significant difference in the energy content of the ingested prey at a given age between offspring of first-time and repeat spawners, although there was a significant difference between the two mesocosms. The dry mass of the ingested prey items compared to larval dry mass increased until age 17–27 days post hatch and decreased thereafter.
Vascular endothelial cell–specific phosphotyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) activity is required for blood vessel development

VE-PTP, a receptor-type phosphotyrosine phosphatase, associates with the tyrosine kinase receptor Tie-2 and VE-cadherin and enhances the adhesive function of the latter. Here, VE-PTP was found to be restricted to endothelial cells, with a preference for arterial endothelium. Mutant mice expressing a truncated, secreted form of VE-PTP lacking the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains and the most membrane-proximal extracellular fibronectin type III repeat, showed severe vascular malformations causing lethality at 10 days of gestation. Although blood vessels were initially formed, the intraembryonic vascular system soon deteriorated. Blood vessels in the yolk sac developed into dramatically enlarged cavities. In explant cultures of mutant allantoides, endothelial cells were found next to vessel structures growing as cell layers. No signs for enhanced endothelial apoptosis or proliferation were observed. Thus, the activity of VE-PTP is not required for the initial formation of blood vessels, yet it is essential for their maintenance and remodeling.
Seasonal and sex differences in area preference and behavior of young cattle just after long distance transport

To determine seasonal and sex differences in behavioral motivation of cattle just after long transport, 54 Japanese Black × Holstein cattle were observed at 5 min intervals for 2 h just after 25-h transport by road and ferry. The stocking pen (12.0 × 9.5 m) consisted of an eating area (near a feeding alley), a drinking area (near water bowls) and a resting area (all areas except for other two areas). First, the effect of season was determined with heifers in summer (n = 12: 7.9 ± 0.6 months of age; 292.0 ± 18.5 kg) and autumn (n = 19: 8.2 ± 0.6 months of age; 295.8 ± 15.5 kg). The mean temperature on the observation day was 28.5 (max: 34.5, min: 24.5)°C in summer and 20.3 (max: 26.5, min: 16.4)°C in autumn. Percentage of cattle staying in each area was different by season (χ2 = 22.0; P < 0.01). In summer, the percentage of cattle staying in the drinking area (26.7%) was greater than the expected percentage (16.7%). Percentage of cattle staying in the eating area was greater in both seasons (31.3% in summer and 53.6% in autumn) than the expected percentage (16.7%). However, the mean percentage of cattle performing each behavior was not significantly different by season. Secondly, the effect of sex was determined with steers (n = 23: 7.6 ± 0.6 months of age; 301.9 ± 20.7 kg) and heifers (n = 19: same as above) in autumn. Although the percentage of cattle staying in each area was different by sex (χ2 = 20.2; P < 0.01), the percentages of steers (25.5%) and heifers (53.6%) staying in the eating area were both greater than the expected percentage (16.7%). However, percentage of animals performing each behavior was not different by sex. These results recommend to stockpersons that they should install additional troughs for hay and water into a pen just after long distance transport, since the number of cattle that can eat and drink at the same time was limited.
Gene-Environment Interaction of FOXO and Residential Greenness on Mortality among Older Adults.

Residential greenness is an important environment factor strongly associated with mortality. To our knowledge, there was no previous study on the gene-environment interaction analysis between residential greenness and forkhead box O gene (FOXO), a candidate longevity gene. Our sample consisted of 3,179 participants aged 65 and older from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Residential greenness was measured by satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) using a 500-meter radius around each residential location. Contemporaneous NDVI, cumulative NDVI, and changes in NDVI over time were calculated. We used Cox-proportional hazard regression models to assess the main effect and gene-environment interaction effect of FOXO Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) and residential greenness on mortality. We found participants carrying two minor alleles of the three studied FOXO3A SNPs had lower mortality risk than those without minor allele (HR: 0.803 95% CI: 0.654, 0.987 for rs4946936, HR: 0.807 95% CI: 0.669, 0.974 for rs2802292, HR: 0.803 95%CI: 0.666, 0.968 for rs2253310). We found no difference in mortality among the genotypes of the other three FOXO1A SNPs (rs17630266, rs2755213, or rs2755209). Higher contemporaneous NDVI was associated with lower mortality risk (HR: 0.887 95% CI: 0.863, 0.911 for 0.1-unit of NDVI). The protective effect of both contemporaneous NDVI and cumulative NDVI was stronger for two minor alleles carriers compared with zero minor allele carriers of the three FOXO3A SNPs. Compared to zero minor allele genotype of the three FOXO3A SNPs, the protective effect on mortality risk of minor allele homozygotes also increased with the increasing NDVI level at percentile 25, 50, and 75 (interaction term coefficient P<0.05). We found gene-environment interaction between FOXO and residential greenness on mortality in this population study. A higher level of greenness may interact with FOXO pathways.
Vibrio-bivalve interactions in health and disease.

In the marine environment, bivalve mollusks constitute habitats for bacteria of the Vibrionaceae family. Vibrios belong to the microbiota of healthy oysters and mussels, which have the ability to concentrate bacteria in their tissues and body fluids, including the hemolymph. Remarkably, these important aquaculture species respond differently to infectious diseases. While oysters are the subject of recurrent mass mortalities at different life stages, mussels appear rather resistant to infections. Thus, Vibrio species are associated to the main diseases affecting the worldwide oyster production. Here we review the current knowledge on Vibrio-bivalve interaction in oysters (Crassostrea sp.) and mussels (Mytilus sp.). We discuss the transient versus stable associations of vibrios with these bivalves as well as technical issues limiting the precise monitoring of vibrios in health and disease. Based on the current knowledge of oyster/mussel immunity and their interactions with Vibrio species pathogenic for oyster, we discuss how differences in immune effectors could contribute to the higher resistance of mussels to infections. Finally, we review the multiple strategies evolved by pathogenic vibrios to circumvent the potent immune defenses of bivalves and how key virulence mechanisms could have been positively or negatively selected in the marine environment through interactions with predators. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Cumulative risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia for women with normal cytology but positive for human papillomavirus: Systematic review and meta‐analysis

Most women positive for human papillomavirus (HPV) are cytology normal. The optimal screen‐management of these women is unclear given their risk of developing precancer. We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of progression rates to precancer and cancer for HPV‐positive, cytology normal women. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus for prospective studies measuring the cumulative incidence of precancer and cervical cancer in HPV‐positive, cytology/histology normal women. Record screening was performed independently by two reviewers. We modeled the cumulative incidence over time using a multilevel random‐effects meta‐regression model. We used the model to predict HPV type‐specific risks of precancer and cancer over follow‐up. Data from 162 unique records were used in our analysis. The average incidence rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or cancer (CIN3+) in high‐risk HPV positive but cytology/histology normal women was 1.0 per 100 women‐years (95% CI: 1.0‐1.1). This corresponds to an average cumulative risk at 1, 3 and 5 years of 2.1% (95% prediction interval 0.0‐9.5), 4.3% (95% prediction interval 0.0‐11.5) and 6.4% (95% prediction interval 0.0‐13.5). HPV type was a strong predictor of the risk of oncogenic progression. There was substantial heterogeneity in the background precancer risk across studies (P‐value < .0001). Our HPV type‐specific progression risk estimates can help inform risk‐based cervical cancer screening guidelines for HPV‐positive women. However, precancer and cervical cancer risks are highly variable and may not be generalizable between populations.
The Rhythm Pattern Adaptation of Langgam Jawa in Kroncong

Kroncong is a type of original Indonesian music that grows and develops well in Indonesia and has a place in the community. Lately, Kroncong is considered less attractive because of its limited rhythmic pattern. Adaptation to the rhythm pattern of other types of music is very necessary. The purpose of this study is to describe the adaptation of rhythm patterns that can be applied to Kroncong. The result shows that the rhythmic patterns of the cak and cuk instruments in Langgam Jawa contained five positions, namely the Do position, the Mi position, the Fa position, the Sol position, and the Si position. On the cak position, Do position consists of a description of the notes do, fa, sol, and si. Mi position consists of a description of the notes mi, si, sol, and, fa. Fa position consists of a description of the notes fa, do, si, sol. Sol position consists of a description of the notes sol, fa, do, and si. Si position consists of a description of the notes si, mi, fa, sol. Each description of the notes is in sixteenth notes. While on the cuk instrument, Do position consists of a description of the notes do and sol, Mi position consists of a description of the notes mi and si, Fa position consists of a description of the notes fa and do, Sol position consists of a description of the notes sol and si, Si position consists of the notes si and sol, each of the notes played is a quarter notes. Keywords—Kroncong, Langgam Jawa, rhythm patterns, adaptation