Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Potassium-Release Characteristics and Their Correlation with Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Plant Indices in Some Calcareous Soils

The rate of potassium (K) release from soils can significantly influence K availability to plants. There are few studies about K-release kinetics and K availability in calcareous soils of central Iran. The objective of this study was to study the release rates in 15 different soils from Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari Province through successive extractions with 10 mM citric acid over periods of 2–2016 h and the correlation of K-release characteristics with bean plant indices. The results showed that there was wide variation in the cumulative K release among soils. The cumulative K release ranged from 169 to 1199 mg kg−1. The amounts of K released after 2016 h was not significantly correlated with bean plant indices. Plots of cumulative amounts of K released show a discontinuity in slope at 168 h. Thus, two equations were applied to segments of the total period (2 to 168 and 168 to 2016 h). The amount of K released after 168 h ranged from 62 to 879 mg kg−1. The amount of K released after 168 h was significantly correlated with bean plant indices. In the segment 1 parabolic diffusion, first-order and power function equations and in the second segment parabolic diffusion, first-order, zero-order, and power function equations described K-release kinetics. Release rate constants in the segment 1 were significantly correlated with bean plant indices; however, in the segment 2 release rate constants were not significantly correlated with bean plant indices. The results of our research showed that K-release characteristics after an initial fast reaction play a role in supplying available K and dilute citric acid solution can be used for estimating of K-release kinetics in the studied soils.
COMBINING THE STRENGTHS OF OPEN-PATH AND CLOSED-PATH DESIGNS INTO A SINGLE CO2/H2O GAS ANALYZER

Aubinet M, A Grelle, A Ibrom, U Rannik, J Moncrieff, et al. 2000. Estimates of annual net carbon and water exchange of European forests: the EUROFLUX Methodology. Advances in Ecological Research, 30: 113-175 Clement R, G Burba, A Grelle, D Anderson, and J Moncrieff. 2009. Improved trace gas flux estimation through IRGA sampling optimization. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 149 (3-4): 623-638 Webb E, G Pearman, and R Leuning. 1980. Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. , 106: 85-100
The intermediate phase of strontium chromate aluminate sodalite

Abstract At high temperatures yellow strontium chromate aluminate sodalite Sr8[Al12O24](CrO4)2 has cubic symmetry with orientational disorder of the CrO42--ions within the sodalite cages. The existence of two phase transitions at 299 K and 289 K, which result in superstructures of tetragonal and orthorhombic symmetry, respectively, is well known. The structure of the orthorhombic low-temperature phase has been solved recently. In this work we discuss the crystal structure of the intermediate phase and its determination from neutron and x-ray powder diffraction data. The structure of this phase shows only very small distortions of the framework of AlO4-tetrahedra. The CrO4-tetrahedra within the sodalite cages are partially ordered. The observed distribution of their orientations can be described as a combination of those of the low- and the high-temperature phase. 27Al-MAS-NMR spectra reveal the dynamic nature of the structure.
Findings Annihilator(s) via Fault Injection Analysis (FIA) on Boolean Function of LILI-128

—LILI-128 keystream generator was designed by Dawson et al. (2000) and it was submitted to NESSIE project. This LILI-128 algorithm is a LFSR based synchronous stream cipher come with 128 bit key length. LILI-128 was designed to implement in hardware and software based and its offer large period and linear complexity. In this algorithm, the Boolean function given with coefficients, n is equal to ten (10) and its degree, d is equal to six (6). In conducting this attack, we aim to decrease the degree of the targeted Boolean equation by find it vulnerability with constructing low degree annihilator equation(s). We adopt the Fault Injection Analysis (FIA) methodology to achieve our objectives. In this study, we found the vulnerability via annihilator(s) through FIA (inject with value of one (1)) on Boolean function of LILI-128. With these injected Boolean functions, we proceed to utilize Hao’s method to find new annihilator(s). Then we obtained new annihilator(s) on Boolean function of LILI-128 stream cipher. As a result, these newly identified annihilators successfully reduce the complexity of the published Boolean function to guess the initial secret key. It likewise gives truly necessary data on the security of these chose stream cipher concerning Fault Injection Analysis.
ICT in National Pandemic: The Hope for Academic Development (Case Study of Secondary Schools and Universities in Owerri Municipal Nigeria)

Information and communication technologies (ICT) have become more of a classroom to all nation in carrying out academic activities. This research work used descriptive research method of analysis. This study was concerned with looking at the significance and hope of nations through the use of ICT in academic development in secondary and university education in Owerri municipal Imo state, Nigeria. Out of the Two hundred and five (205) respondent used for this research from different schools, including teachers the majority of respondents 132 (64.4%) were females and the remaining 73 (35.6%) were males. Their ages were 73 (36 %) for 16-20 years, 61 (30 %) for 10-15 years, 51 (26%) for 20-25 years and 17 (8 %) for 26 years above. All the 205 respondents indicated that ICT is the only hope for distance learning during national pandemic for academic development. The researcher went further to ask the respondents the frequently used ICT software that aids online learning and the highest respond shown that whatsapp (50 %) was the highest used app due to its ability to reduce data consumption followed by Google classroom (24%). They found out that the use of ICT encourage research activities since all information needed for any form of online research is found on the internet. Majority of the respondents strongly agreed that ICT permits online assignment (57.5 %). Communicating high expectations, emphasizing time on task, creating quizzes and exams, immediate feedback mechanisms are major principles underlying teaching. This research can conclude that ICTs are said to help expand approach to education, support the relevance of education to the progressively digital workplace, and raise educational quality. Keywords: academic, ICT, national, pandemic DOI: 10.7176/IKM/10-7-02 Publication date: October 31 st 2020
Measurement of air and ground vibrations produced by explosions situated on the Earth's surface

Most equations used to predict the ground motion produced by explosions were developed using confined blasts that were detonated for breaking rock in mining or tunnelling. Ground motion is usually recorded by geophones or seismometers. The air blast produced by open-pit blasts and explosions on the surface can pose a significant risk, thus microphones and pressure gauges are often also used to monitor the effects of the explosion. The aim of this study is to determine whether the predictive equations developed for confined explosions can be used to predict the effects from explosions on the surface, with appropriate adjustments to the various coefficients. Three predictive equations developed for buried explosions were tested. The study shows that the US Bureau of Mines peak particle velocity (PPV) predictive equation is the most reliable. In addition, a predictive equation that uses the secondary atmospheric shock wave phenomenon also produced good results, and uses the scaled delay time parameter, which is easier to measure. These equations may be utilized for demolition sites, where old and potentially unstable explosives and obsolete equipment are destroyed on the surface, and for assisting in forensic seismology to determine the details of an unexpected and unknown explosion.
Wafer-to-Wafer Hybrid Bonding Development by Advanced Finite Element Modeling for 3-D IC Packages

This article focuses on the 3-D modeling methodology development of the wafer-to-wafer hybrid bonding (W2W-HB) annealing process. With its successful application in a 2-stack wafer-to-wafer bonding, the Cu-to-Cu bonding area is derived and compared for various design and process conditions, such as dishing value, annealing temperature, and dwell duration, through-silicon via (TSV) depth, and TSV/Cu pad pitch. Cu protrusion during the annealing process induces peeling stresses on both Cu and dielectric bonding interfaces. The resulting debonding risk for both Cu and dielectric bonding is assessed by comparing the peak interfacial peeling stresses for various scenarios. The impact of wafer designs with or without TSV has also been studied. The key advantage of this numerical study is to help establish design and process guidelines to shorten the W2W-HB process development cycle and achieve robust bonding integrity. The outcome of this work has been successfully implemented in the actual process.
Effect of Hydrogen on the Formation of Porous TiO2 in Alkaline Solution

The influence of hydrogen on the formation of porous TiO 2 in alkaline solution was investigated using an electrochemical measurement, a scanning electron microscope, and a grazing incident X-ray diffraction technique. The porous TiO 2 was not obtained on the surface of titanium in 5 M NaOH solution at 303 K for 3 h. When the titanium was charged with hydrogen in I M H 2 SO 4 at 303 K for I h before immersion, the porous TiO 2 was readily produced on the surface under the same experimental conditions. The anodic polarization measurement indicated that the hydrogen-charged titanium was more readily dissolved in alkaline solution than the titanium. The cathodic reaction was the hydrogen evolution reaction on both the titanium and the hydrogen-charged titanium. For titanium, although the hydrogen penetrated into the inside of the material due to the side reaction of hydrogen evolution, the hydrogen content in the inside was so small that porous TiO 2 was not produced under this condition.
Frequency of Anxiety, Depression and Stress among Pharmacy Undergraduates of Annual and Semester System: A Cohort-Based Comparison

Objectives: The current study was aimed to evaluate the anxiety, depression and stress (AD&S) among two different academic performance systems (i.e. semester and annual system). Methods: A questionnaire— based, cross-sectional survey technique was adopted. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) was used to assess the AD&S among pharmacy undergraduates enrolled at Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of Balochistan Quetta. SPSS v 20.0 was used for data coding and analysis whereas both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data elaboration. Results: Two hundred and eighty-nine pharmacy undergraduates participated in the study with a distribution of 43.3% belonging to the annual academic system and 56.7% from the semester system. Students Majority were of 20 years old (59, 20.4%), including both male (194, 67.1%) and female (95, 32.9%). The mean AD&S scores of the entire cohort were 14.15±9.3, 13.61±7.9 and 18.18±8.2 respectively representing moderate AD&S among pharmacy undergraduates. Statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was reported among students of annual and semester system for all three variables of study whereby the students of semester system were more in AD&S as compared to the annual system. Conclusion: Based on the findings of current study it is suggested that measure should be taken to reduce the AD&S among students for better academic performance. This is achievable by engaging students by inquiring their queries and problems faced during the semester-related activities. By doing so, a stress-free environment is predicted hence bringing academic prosperity among students leading to the development of a more qualified and satisfied future pharmacist.
Capital structure and firm performance: the role of corporate governance

: The purpose of this paper is to examine whether corporate governance has a mediating or moderating effect on the relationship between capital structure and firm performance. This study employs a quantitative method with a sample of 224 Italian non-financial listed firms from 2013–2017. Collected data were analysed using OLS and GMM estimations to test the research hypotheses and to assess the mediating and/or moderating effect of corporate governance. Based on an integrated theoretical framework that draws insights from agency theory, pecking order theory, and trade-off theory, our results are threefold. First, we find that capital structure has a negative and significant impact on firm performance. Second, we show a significant association between corporate governance mechanisms and firm performance. Specifically, we find that board size has a negative effect on firm performance, while board independence and managerial ownership has a positive effect on firm performance. Finally, our results indicate that corporate governance mechanisms do not mediate, but instead moderate the association between capital structure and firm performance. This study further suggests some important policy implications for both theory and practice.
Accuracy and Linearity in UV Spectrophotometry with a Liquid Absorbance Standard

Estimations of the uncertainty of eight significant values (λ = 235, 257, 313, 322, 323, 345, 346, and 350 nm) of apparent molar absorptivities in the UV region have been obtained for acidic potassium dichromate solutions at pH 2.21–2.25, recommended as Standard Reference Materials (SRMs). The uncertainties include all the usual sources of possible systematic error in a commercial microprocessor-controlled spectrophotometer. The comparison of these values with those provided by the National Bureau of Standards (U.S.A.) indicates that a precision of ±0.40% has been obtained throughout the absorptivity range. Likewise, the uncertainty in the linearity of experimental absorbances for the eight wavelengths has been estimated, and a table has been drawn up of the absorptivity values and their uncertainties at 10-nm increments over the wavelength range of 200 to 500 nm.
The Regulation of Zakat Digital Technology in Creating Community Welfare Impact on Economic Development

A research study with a mixture of exploratory methods was conducted to investigate why the digitization of zakat can improve people's welfare. This study explains how the role of digital zakat technology in the National Amil Zakat Agency (BAZNAS) in Indonesia through the Islamic economic approach includes the relationship between humans and the social environment. This study also explains how the relationship between the values of faith, sharia, and morals can influence perspectives on (1) acceptance of digital zakat technology; (2) zakat education; (3) the socio-economic environment. Zakat digital technology is formed by the development of multidimensional digitalization where people tend to use the internet for various economic activities. There is an assumption that technology has a negative impact on society, but other facts prove that technology can also have a positive impact on economic development. Zakat as an obligation for Muslims has a positive impact on the welfare of the community based on the value of justice in the distribution of wealth. Digital zakat is present as an efficient step to facilitate the management of zakat. Studies prove that digital zakat can increase the potential for receiving zakat significantly and the public also supports the implementation of digital zakat technology as an alternative management of zakat.
Correlation Splitting in Helium‐Like Ions

The correlation effects in the ground state of the He‐like ions are investigated by using the idea that the two electrons may occupy different orbitals in space. By using a scale factor η and a splitting parameter v, a radial function [open phi][r] is split into two different orbitals, [open phi][η(1+v)r] and [open phi][η(1—v)r], following Hylleraas [E. A. Hylleraas, Z. Physik 54, 347 (1929)], and Eckart [C. Eckart, Phys. Rev. 36, 878 (1930)]. It is shown that by using orbitals obtained by splitting a simple exponential function, a surprisingly large amount of the radial correlation energy may be taken into account, whereas an attempt to split the atomic self‐consistent field function for He led to a negative result. The lowest triplet state is also treated by using the same approach.
Moderate vs. Radical NGOs∗

NGOs often vary in terms of how radical they are. In this paper, we explore the effectiveness of NGO discourses in bringing about social change. We focus on animal advocacy: welfarist NGOs primarily seek to improve the conditions in which animals are raised and reduce meat consumption, while abolitionist NGOs categorically reject animal use and call for a vegan society. We design an experiment to study the respective impact of welfarist and abolitionist discourses on participants’ beliefs regarding pro-meat justifications and their actions, namely their propensity to engage in the short-run in animal welfare (charity donation, petition against intensive farming) and plant-based diets (subscription to a newsletter promoting plant-based diets, petition supporting vegetarian meals). We first show that both welfarist and abolitionist discourses significantly undermine participants’ pro-meat justifications. Second, the welfarist discourse does not significantly affect participants’ actions, while we detect a potential backlash effect of the abolitionist discourse. We show that the NGOs’ positive standard effect on actions through the change in beliefs is outweighed by a negative behavioral response to the discourses (reactance effect). Last, greater public-good contributions are associated with greater engagement in animal welfare in the presence of an NGO discourse. JEL codes: C91, Q18, Q5, D71.
Nitrogen Mineralization of Anaerobic Swine Lagoon Sludge as Influenced by Seasonal Temperatures

Abstract As anaerobic swine lagoons approach maximum sludge storage capacity, producers must periodically remove sludge and apply it to nearby fields. Information regarding the availability of nitrogen (N) in sludge as a nutrient source applied at different seasons of the year could improve crop-use efficiency. A 12-month laboratory study was conducted to quantify the effects of seasonal temperatures on mineralization of N in lagoon sludge. Sludge was mixed with a Coastal Plain soil (Arenic Kandiudult) and incubated for one year at weekly fluctuating temperatures based on Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall application dates, ranging from a Winter low temperature of 9°C to a Summer maximum temperature of 30°C. Samples were analyzed monthly for NO3-N and NH4-N in 1.0 M KCl extracts of sludge amended soil. Sludge N availability (sum of NO3-N plus NH4-N concentration in 1.0 M KCl extract) was fit to a nonlinear regression model for a first-order reaction. Net N mineralization rate constants (k) derived from these models for the initial season of application increased in the order Fall (0.07) < Winter (0.075) < Spring (0.22) < Summer (0.36). While initial rates of net N mineralization differed, N availability predicted from first order equations was similar for all temperature regimes after one year of incubation and averaged 74% of the total N applied. Forty-two to 53% of the organic N in the sludge was mineralized during the one-year incubation.
Who are our owners? Exploring the ownership links of businesses to identify illicit financial flows

This article investigates the patterns of business ownership in Europe, using a unique dataset on the nationality of 28.7 million shareholders of companies registered in 41 European countries. By means of an exploratory multivariate analysis, it tests whether ownership links between different countries are driven exclusively by social and macroeconomic variables – such as trade or geographical or cultural proximity – or are also related to measures of financial secrecy, corruption and lack of compliance with anti-money laundering regulations. The results indicate that factors other than licit economic incentives explain the international ownership structure of European companies. European firms have an abnormal number (that is, above the predicted value) of owners from tax havens and countries with poor financial transparency, which may suggest the use of holding companies for money laundering and tax evasion and to conceal illicit financial flows. However, ceteris paribus, the number of owners is abnormal in countries where rule of law and the control of corruption are more effective, suggesting that a high level of corruption may be a cost in money laundering activities. The findings contribute to the current international debate on illicit financial flows – as framed by United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 16.4 – and can be used by public agencies and private actors to detect anomalies in business ownership and prevent potential financial crime schemes at corporate level.
A Design of Image Dehazing Engine Using DTE and DAE Techniques

An image dehazing technique can restore hazy images to clear ones. Under hazy conditions, it can be a preceding stage of advanced-driver assistance systems (ADAS) to keep driving images clear. ADAS pursues a larger image resolution with a higher frame rate to keep its reliability for driving safety. This trend drives the image dehazing to face a severe challenge of considerable throughput. In this study, a hardware-efficient image dehazing engine with low computational burdens is proposed. It comprises two core techniques: Depth-Refinement Transmission-Rate Estimation (DTE) and Distribute Airlight Estimation (DAE). DTE provides an accurate depth map to estimate transmission rate, where the depth of white-objects is carefully calibrated. Base on the depth information, DAE predicts the airlight with the average of distant illumination sources to compensate nonuniform haze concentration. DTE and DAE can reduce the number of line buffers by 33% at least, while keeping comparable image dehazing quality. This study is implemented using TSMC CMOS $0.18~\mu \text{m}$ technology. To construct a smooth data scheduling, it is organized into a six-stage pipelinging strategy with an interleaving access technique. The logic gate count is 14.4K, and the power consumption is 15.2mW@250MHz. With a two-level parallelism, its throughput can support 3, $840\times 2.160$ @60fps. The experiment results show this study presents the superior combined performance of energy efficiency, area efficiency and line buffer reduction.