Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interactions between Increasing CO2 and Antarctic Melt Rates

Meltwater from the Antarctic ice sheet is expected to increase the sea ice extent. However, such an expansion may be moderated by sea ice decline associated with global warming. Here we investigate the relative balance of these two processes through experiments using HadGEM3-GC3.1 and compare these to two standard idealized CMIP6 experiments. Our results show that the decline in sea ice projected under scenarios of increasing CO2 may be inhibited by simultaneously increasing melt fluxes. We find that Antarctic Bottom Water formation, projected to decline as CO2 increases, is likely to decline further with an increasing meltwater flux. In our simulations, the response of the westerly wind jet to increasing CO2 is enhanced when the meltwater flux increases, resulting in a stronger peak wind stress than is found when either CO2 or melt rates increase exclusively. We find that the sensitivity of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to increasing melt fluxes in the Southern Ocean is countered by increasing CO2, removing or reducing a feedback mechanism that may otherwise allow more heat to be transported to the polar regions and drive increasing ice shelf melt rates. The insights presented here and in a companion paper (which focuses on the effect of increasing melt fluxes under preindustrial forcings) provide insights helpful to the interpretation of both future climate projections and sensitivity studies into the effect of increasing melt fluxes from the Antarctic ice sheet when different forcing scenarios are used.
Using Peer Tutoring to Improve Students’ Academic Achievement in Financial Accounting Concepts

This study investigated the effectiveness of the peer tutoring instructional strategy in improving students’ academic achievement in financial accounting concepts. A nonrandomized pretest-posttest control group quasi-experimental design with a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial matrix was adopted. The research sample comprised 137 purposively selected students from eight intact classes in secondary schools in Southern Nigeria. The experimental group adopted a peer tutoring instructional strategy, while the control group was exposed to the conventional lecture method. Teachers’ Instructional Guides on peer tutoring and conventional method and Financial Accounting Achievement Test were used to collect data for this study. Results affirmed that the peer tutoring instructional strategy is more effective in improving students’ academic achievement in financial accounting concepts than the conventional lecture method. The outcome of this study also shows that the experimental strategy was not sensitive to gender but sensitive to socioeconomic status. Sequel to this finding, the study recommends that post-basic school teachers should make use of the peer tutoring instructional strategy to present financial accounting lessons in secondary schools to advance students’ attainment in the subject.
The utility of the Charlson Comorbidity Index and modified Frailty Index as quality indicators in total joint arthroplasty: a retrospective cohort review

Background: Total joint arthroplasty continues to burden the United States healthcare system as the population ages. Efforts to reduce costs have focused on quality measures following joint arthroplasty procedures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and modified Frailty Index (mFI) on length of stay (LOS), 90-day return to the operating room, 30-day readmission rates, and emergency department (ED) visits within 30 days of a joint arthroplasty procedure at a Veterans Affairs (VA) Hospital. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty between January 2, 2013 and March 1, 2018 (n=451). Postoperative outcomes were evaluated and compared to preoperative calculated CCI and mFI values. Binomial logistic regression was used to determine the effects of CCI and mFI on each of these outcome measures. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated for significant effects (ie, where P≤0.05). Results: Higher CCI was associated with LOS greater than one day (odds ration [OR]=1.25) and greater probability of readmission within 30 days (OR=1.4). Higher mFI was related to higher probability of postoperative ED visit (OR=4.95) and readmission rate (OR=10.75). Conclusions: Presurgical evaluation utilizing CCI and MFI may better identify those at risk and encourage modified preoperative counseling for these patients. Further study is needed to determine a risk stratification scheme that allows for more accurate prediction of patients who may require more intense hospital-based postoperative care. Level of Evidence: Level IV.
A Joint Model of Failures and Credit Ratings

We propose a novel framework for credit risk modeling, where default or failure information and rating or expert information are jointly incorporated in the model. These sources of information are modeled as response variables in a multivariate ordinal regression model estimated by a composite likelihood procedure. The proposed framework provides probabilities of default conditional on the rating information observed at the beginning of a predetermined period and is able to account for missing failure or credit rating information. Our approach is, to the best of our knowledge, the first that consistently combines failure-prediction models, where default indicators are used as responses, with so-called shadow rating models, where the responses are estimates of default probabilities usually derived from the leading credit rating agencies. In our empirical analysis we apply the proposed framework to a data set of US firms over the period from 1985 to 2014. Different sets of financial ratios constructed from financial statements and market information are selected as bankruptcy predictors in line with the standard literature in failure-prediction modeling. We find that the joint model of failures and credit ratings outperforms state-of-the-art failure prediction models and shadow rating approaches in terms of prediction accuracy and discriminatory power.
Dengue fever and Aedes aegypti risk in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador

Introduction Dengue fever is an emerging infectious disease in the Galápagos Islands of Ecuador, with the first cases reported in 2002 and periodic outbreaks since then. Here we report the results of a pilot study conducted in two cities in 2014: Puerto Ayora (PA) on Santa Cruz Island, and Puerto Baquerizo Moreno (PB) on Santa Cristobal Island. The aims of this study were to assess the social-ecological risk factors associated with dengue and mosquito presence at the household-level. Methods In 2014 we conducted 100 household surveys (50 on each island) in neighborhoods with prior reported dengue. Adult mosquitoes were collected inside and outside the home, larval indices were determined through container surveys, and heads of households were interviewed to determine demographics, prior dengue infections, housing conditions, and knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding dengue. Multimodel selection methods were used to derive best-fit generalized linear regression (GLM) models of prior dengue infection, and the presence of Ae. aegypti in the home. Results We found that 24% of PB and 14% of PA respondents self-reported a prior dengue infection, and more PB homes than PA homes had Ae. aegypti. The top-ranked model for prior dengue infection included human movement – travel between neighborhoods, between islands, and to the mainland; demographics including salary level and education of the head of household, and increase with more people per room in a house, house condition, access to water quality issues, and dengue awareness. The top-ranked model for the presence of Ae. aegypti included housing conditions, including the presence of window screens and air conditioners, mosquito control actions, and dengue risk perception. Discussion/conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study of dengue risk and Aedes aegypti in the Galápagos Islands. The findings that human movement within and between islands, and to and from the mainland, were important to reported dengue cases confirms concerns of this route of introduction and repeated transmission.
Post-tonsillectomy pain control with pre-incisional infiltration of bupivacaine

1 Rizgary Teaching Hospital, Erbil, Iraq. * Correspondence: drmohammedo@yahoo.com Introduction Tonsillectomy is a common surgical procedure -especially in childrenassociated with significant post-operative pain that is a challenge to treat. Tonsillar fossa is very sensitive. It is well innervated by tonsillar branches of the maxillary and glossopharyngeal nerves. A moderate -severe persistent pain develops in the tonsillar bed, and surrounding tissues following tonsillectomy. The advantages of decreasing the pain are shorter recovery period, lower risk of post-operative bleeding, shorter hospitalization stay, and returning to a normal dietary regimen and a status of activity which is appropriate for the patient and parents. Although analgesic drugs are used orally or parenterally to manage post-tonsillectomy pain, this pain is still considered one of the important complications, especially in adults. Various research and many efforts have been made regarding reducing the post-tonsil lectomy pain such as administration of improved analgesic drugs during anesthesia, use of corticosteroids, improvements in surgical procedures, e.g., local use of analgesics. Although adequate pain relief is achieved using narcotic analgesics, their use is fraught with adverse side effects. This obviates the need to achieve adequate pain control Background and objective: Tonsillectomy is one of the most common surgeries, and post-operative pain is one of the most common inevitable sequel. Although various post-operative analgesia are used, pain is still an issue needed to be handled more thoroughly to gain early oral intake, less hospital stay, and early return to normal life. Thus, efforts are made to employ pre-emptive analgesia and achieve more relief. This study evaluated the effectiveness of pre-incisional peri-tonsillar (subcapsular) infiltration of bupivacaine in decreasing the post-tonsillectomy pain. Methods: The study design is a prospective single-blinded controlled intra-individual study wielding a convenience sample of 45 patients of both genders, aged 14-40 years underwent tonsillectomy. Under general anesthesia, left tonsillar fossa infiltrated with 3cc of bupivacaine 0.5, leaving the other side free as a control side. After a wait time of 10 minutes while operating right side, left tonsillectomy done. post-operative pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) on 1⁄2, 2, 4 and 6 hours pos-operatively. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 24.44±6.959, and they included 29 (64.4) females and 16 (35.6) males. Seven patients (15.6%) showed no pain difference between left (test) side and right (control) side while 38 patients (84.4%) had a significant difference. The test side mean pain score was 1.01±0.64, and the control side mean pain score was 2.24±1.18 (P <0.001). Conclusion: Infiltration of 3cc bupivacaine with a latent period of 10 minutes reduces the post-tonsillectomy pain by around two folds without any additional analgesia in the initial six hours.
TRACKING A TREE-KILLER: IMPROVING DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZING SPECIES DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI IN APPALACHIAN FORESTS

OF DISSERTATION TRACKING A TREE-KILLER: IMPROVING DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZING SPECIES DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI IN APPALACHIAN FORESTS Phytophthora cinnamomi is a soil-borne oomycete pathogen causing root rot in susceptible host species. P. cinnamomi is thought to have originated in Southeast Asia, but has since been introduced to many regions around the world, where it causes dramatic declines in many forest tree species. In the eastern US, the primary susceptible tree species of concern are American chestnut (Castanea dentata), white oak (Quercus alba), and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata). American chestnut, functionally eliminated in the early 1900s by the rapidly acting chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), has been the subject of decades-long breeding efforts aimed at improving chestnut resistance to chestnut blight. To improve chestnut restoration success, and restoration of other susceptible species, the distribution patterns of P. cinnamomi on a landscape scale must be better understood. This project was initiated to develop an improved method for detecting P. cinnamomi to permit high-throughput screening of forest soils, and to implement the improved detection approach in characterizing the distribution patterns of P. cinnamomi in developing soils on reclaimed surface mines in eastern Kentucky, as well as mature forest soils within an undisturbed watershed in a reference-quality eastern Kentucky forest. We developed an improved detection method using a molecular DNAamplification approach (PCR), which demonstrated similar sensitivity to traditional culturebased methods, but required less time and space than traditional methods. We used this detection approach to screen soils from a chronosequence of reclaimed surface mines (reclaimed at different points in time) to evaluate whether reclaimed surface mined sites become favorable for P. cinnamomi colonization over time. Our analysis detected P. cinnamomi at the two older sites (reclaimed in 1997 and 2003), but we did not detect P. cinnamomi at the two newer sites sampled (reclaimed in 2005 and 2007). These results suggest that surface mined sites become favorable for P. cinnamomi colonization over time, and should not be considered permanently “Phytophthora-free. ” We also collected ~200 samples from a watershed in UK’s Robinson Forest, from plots representing a gradient of topographic position, slope, and aspect. This survey indicated that P. cinnamomi distribution in forests is complex and can be difficult to predict; however, P. cinnamomi was detected in both drier upslope sites and in moister drainage sites.
Genetic diversity in sorghum mini-core and elite rainy and post-rainy genotypes of India

Knowledge on genetic diversity is necessary to determine the relationships among the genotypes, which allow the selection of individual accessions for crop breeding programmes. The present study aimed at assessing the extent and pattern of genetic diversity within a set of 251 sorghum genotypes using SSR markers. A total of 393 alleles were detected from the 251 genotypes, with the number of alleles ranging from 2 (Xcup11) to 24 (Sb5-206) and an average of 10.07 alleles per primer pair. Pairwise Wright's FST statistic and Nei's genetic distance estimates revealed that the race and geographical origin were responsible for the pattern of diversity and structure in the genetic materials. In addition, the analysis also revealed high genetic differentiation between the rainy and post-rainy sorghum groups. Narrow diversity was observed among the different working groups in the rainy (restorers and varieties) and post-rainy (varieties and advanced breeding lines) sorghum groups. Neighbour-joining and STRUCTURE analysis also classified 44 elite lines broadly into two distinct groups (rainy and post-rainy). However, limited diversity within the rainy and post-rainy sorghum groups warranted an urgent need for the utilization of diverse germplasm accessions for broadening the genetic base of the Indian breeding programme. The diverse germplasm accessions identified from the mini-core accessions for utilization in breeding programmes are discussed.
Effects of Horizontal Grid Spacing and Inflow Environment on Forecasts of Cyclic Mesocyclogenesis in NSSL’s Warn-on-Forecast System (WoFS)

Cyclic mesocyclogenesis is the process by which a supercell produces multiple mesocyclones with similar life cycles. The frequency of cyclic mesocyclogenesis has been linked to tornado potential, with higher frequencies decreasing the potential for tornadogenesis. Thus, the ability to predict the presence and frequency of cycling in supercells may be beneficial to forecasters for assessing tornado potential. However, idealized simulations of cyclic mesocyclogenesis have found it to be highly sensitive to environmental and computational parameters. Thus, whether convective-allowing models can resolve and predict cycling has yet to be determined. This study tests the capability of a storm-scale, ensemble prediction system to resolve the cycling process and predict its frequency. Forecasts for three cyclic supercells occurring in May 2017 are generated by NSSL’s Warn-on-Forecast System (WoFS) using 3- and 1-km grid spacing. Rare cases of cyclic-like processes were identified at 3 km, but cycling occurred more frequently at 1 km. WoFS predicted variation in cycling frequencies for the storms that were similar to observed variations in frequency. Object-based identification of mesocyclones was used to extract environmental parameters from a storm-relative inflow sector from each mesocyclone. Lower magnitudes of 0–1-km storm-relative helicity and significant tornado parameter are present for the two more frequently cycling supercells, and higher values are present for the case with the fewest cycles. These results provide initial evidence that high-resolution ensemble forecasts can potentially provide useful guidance on the likelihood and cycling frequency of cyclic supercells.
A Cross-Modal Variational Framework For Food Image Analysis

Food analysis resides at the core of modern nutrition recommender systems, providing the foundation for a high-level understanding of users’ eating habits. This paper focuses on the sub-task of ingredient recognition from food images using a variational framework. The framework consists of two variational encoder-decoder branches, aimed at processing information from different modalities (images and text), as well as a variational mapper branch, which accomplishes the task of aligning the distributions of the individual branches. Experimental results on the Yummly-28K data-set showcase that the proposed framework performs better than similar variational frameworks, while it surpasses current state-of-the-art approaches on the large-scale Recipe1M data-set.
Spatiotemporal distribution of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from cascade reservoirs in Lancang‐Mekong River Yunnan section, Southwestern China

The current issue of river damming causing the release of greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) from reservoirs has led to a debate over whether hydropower can still provide clean energy. In January (dry season) and August 2019 (wet season), we detected the N2O concentrations from cascade reservoirs in Lancang‐Mekong River Yunnan section by using static headspace gas chromatography and estimated the emission flux by the boundary layer approach to explore the influencing factors, especially the impact of cascade reservoirs development and operation. In the Lancang River (Yunnan section), the longitudinal distribution of N2O concentration along the cascade reservoirs showed seasonal differences. The average concentrations of N2O during the dry season and the wet season were 13.50 ± 2.00 nmol/L and 16.40 ± 4.10 nmol/L, respectively. The reservoirs with thermal stratification in both seasons were the Xiaowan (XW), Nuozhadu (NZD), and Jinghong (JH) reservoirs. The vertical distribution of N2O concentration was depth dependent (i.e., the deeper the location, the higher the concentration) in reservoirs with thermal stratification and uniform in reservoirs without thermal stratification. Dissolved oxygen (DO), water temperature, and other biogenic elements were the main factors affecting N2O distribution. The average N2O emission flux in the cascade reservoirs was 12.80 ± 2.60 μmol m2·day−1 during the dry season and 16.10 ± 4.75 μmol m2·day−1 during the wet season. The annual average N2O emission fluxes of all reservoirs were in an order of JH > XW > Dachaoshan (DCS) > NZD > Miaowei (MW) > Gongguoqiao (GGQ) > Manwan (Man W). In 2019, a total of 3.37 × 106 mol year−1 (94.39 ton N2O‐N year−1) was released from the water surface of the cascade reservoirs, which accounted for approximately 0.31% of the total N2O emissions from reservoirs worldwide. This study shows the cascade reservoirs development and operations have made the Lancang River (Yunnan section) a major area for N2O emissions.
Age-related changes in

Development and aging are associated with functional changes in the brain across the lifespan. These changes can be detected in spatial and temporal features of resting state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) data. Independent vector analysis (IVA) is a whole-brain multivariate approach that can be used to comprehensively assess these changes in spatial and temporal features. We present a multi-dimensional approach to assessing age-related changes in spatial and temporal features of statistically independent components identified by IVA in a cross-sectional lifespan sample (ages 6-85 years). We show that while large-scale brain network configurations remain consistent throughout the lifespan, changes continue to occur in both local organization and in the spectral composition of these functional networks. We show that the spatial extent of functional networks decreases with age, but with no significant change in the peak functional loci of these networks. Additionally, we show differential age-related patterns across the frequency spectrum; lower frequency correlations decrease across the lifespan whereas higher-frequency correlations increase. These changes indicate an increasing stability of networks with age. In addition to replicating results from previous studies, the current results uncover new aspects of functional brain network changes across the lifespan that are frequency band-dependent.
Seeking Justice Elsewhere: Informal and formal justice in the true crime podcasts Trace and The Teacher’s Pet

Following Carol Smart’s argument that feminists have reason to mistrust legal institutions and to seek justice elsewhere, this article suggests that contemporary Australian true crime podcasts offer women and their families alternatives to seek justice beyond formal systems. This article will examine the representation of women in two recent and popular Australian true crime podcasts that followed inconclusive investigations of murder cases. Trace (2017–2018) is a seven-episode true crime podcast by Rachael Brown for the ABC about the 1980 murder of Maria James in her Melbourne bookshop, where she lived with her two sons. The Teacher’s Pet by Hedley Thomas for The Australian is about the disappearance of Lynette Dawson from the northern beaches of Sydney in 1982, leaving behind her two daughters. Thomas explicitly accuses Dawson’s husband, former professional rugby player, Chris Dawson, of murdering her and disposing of her body. Both true crime podcasts represent women in ways that—while not always feminist—use the affordances of mass media to draw support from the public, effectively inviting the audience to perform as an alternate jury. In both cases, this jurified audience has then engendered changes in formal processes.
The Use of the Posterior Probability in Score Differencing

Score differencing is one of the six categories of statistical methods used to detect test fraud (Wollack & Schoenig, 2018) and involves the testing of the null hypothesis that the performance of an examinee is similar over two item sets versus the alternative hypothesis that the performance is better on one of the item sets. We suggest, to perform score differencing, the use of the posterior probability of better performance on one item set compared to another. In a simulation study, the suggested approach performs satisfactory compared to several existing approaches for score differencing. A real data example demonstrates how the suggested approach may be effective in detecting fraudulent examinees. The results in this article call for more attention to the use of posterior probabilities, and Bayesian approaches in general, in investigations of test fraud.