Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
INTRODUCTION OF A MODIFIED RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN L3 GENE AS A STRATEGY TO INCREASE TRICHOTHECENE TOXIN RESISTANCE IN PLANTS

Fusarium graminearum, the causative agent of wheat head blight, produces the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON). DON acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and is a significant factor contributing to the disease. However, acetylation of the C-3 hydroxyl group of a number of different trichothecenes reduces the toxicity to yeast as well as to the singlecelled plant, Chlamydomonas, suggesting that the C-3 OH site is critical for toxicity. Since the TRI101 gene in F. graminearum encodes a 3-O-acetyltransferase, this gene may function for self-protection against DON and its intermediates. Disruption of the FgTRI101 was done to test if, and to what extent, this gene is involved in self-protection. The degree of virulence on wheat by mutants deficient in TRI101 activity has also been evaluated. FgTRI101 was cloned from Gz3639 into the vector pT7Blue3. The selectable marker, hygromycin B, as well as its promoter, was inserted into an EcoRI site, located approximately in the middle of the 1.4 kb DNA sequence encoding FgTRI101. Disruption was verified by both PCR and Southern hybridization. Fungal disruptants were tested on toxincontaining medium to determine if the mutants were more sensitive than the wild type strain. They were also analyzed to determine what intermediates in the pathway they synthesized. Previous work in our labs has shown that F. sporotrichioides mutants carrying a disrupted FsTRI101 gene accumulate isotrichodermol, a compound shown by us to be toxic to Chlamydomonas. However, TRI101-disrupted mutants in F. graminearum do not accumulate the C-3 hydroxylated compound and instead accumulate the C-3,8 hydroxylated compound, which has been shown to be less toxic in our Chlamydomonas toxicity tests. To test whether FgTRI101 disruptants were less virulent than wild type, wheat virulence testing in the greenhouse showed that the fungal TRI101 disruptants produced far less disease than the wild type. Our results support the conclusion, that in F. graminearum, FgTRI101 plays a role in self-protection but is not the sole mechanism. Disruption mutants are weakened in their ability to infect and cause disease in wheat, most likely because they do not produce large quantities of a C-3 OH toxic byproduct. 2000 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum 5 Biotechnology CHARACTERIZATION OF WHEAT PR-PROTEINS CDNA’S FOR TRANSFORMATION OF WHEAT TO ENHANCE RESISTANCE TO SCAB A. Anand, W. Li, N. Sakthivel, S. Krishnaveni, S. Muthukrishnan*, B.S. Gill2, J.S. Essig, R.E. Adams V.Janakiraman, H.N. Trick Department of Biochemistry; 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506 *Corresponding author: PH: (785) 532-6939, E-mail: smk@ksu.edu
Genetically and Antigenically Divergent Influenza A(H9N2) Viruses Exhibit Differential Replication and Transmission Phenotypes in Mammalian Models

A(H9N2) influenza viruses are widespread in poultry in many parts of the world and for over 20 years have sporadically jumped species barriers to cause human infection. As these viruses continue to diversify genetically and antigenically, it is critical to closely monitor viruses responsible for human infections, to ascertain if A(H9N2) viruses are acquiring properties that make them better suited to infect and spread among humans. In this study, we describe an active poultry surveillance system established in Vietnam to identify the scope of influenza viruses present in live bird markets and the threat they pose to human health. Assessment of a recent A(H9N2) virus isolated from an individual in China in 2018 is also reported, and it was found to exhibit properties of adaptation to humans and, importantly, it shows similarities to strains isolated from the live bird markets of Vietnam. ABSTRACT Low-pathogenicity avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses, enzootic in poultry populations in Asia, are associated with fewer confirmed human infections but higher rates of seropositivity compared to A(H5) or A(H7) subtype viruses. Cocirculation of A(H5) and A(H7) viruses leads to the generation of reassortant viruses bearing A(H9N2) internal genes with markers of mammalian adaptation, warranting continued surveillance in both avian and human populations. Here, we describe active surveillance efforts in live poultry markets in Vietnam in 2018 and compare representative viruses to G1 and Y280 lineage viruses that have infected humans. Receptor binding properties, pH thresholds for HA activation, in vitro replication in human respiratory tract cells, and in vivo mammalian pathogenicity and transmissibility were investigated. While A(H9N2) viruses from both poultry and humans exhibited features associated with mammalian adaptation, one human isolate from 2018, A/Anhui-Lujiang/39/2018, exhibited increased capacity for replication and transmission, demonstrating the pandemic potential of A(H9N2) viruses. IMPORTANCE A(H9N2) influenza viruses are widespread in poultry in many parts of the world and for over 20 years have sporadically jumped species barriers to cause human infection. As these viruses continue to diversify genetically and antigenically, it is critical to closely monitor viruses responsible for human infections, to ascertain if A(H9N2) viruses are acquiring properties that make them better suited to infect and spread among humans. In this study, we describe an active poultry surveillance system established in Vietnam to identify the scope of influenza viruses present in live bird markets and the threat they pose to human health. Assessment of a recent A(H9N2) virus isolated from an individual in China in 2018 is also reported, and it was found to exhibit properties of adaptation to humans and, importantly, it shows similarities to strains isolated from the live bird markets of Vietnam.
Population genetic analyses suggest that the Eucalyptus fungal pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata has been introduced into South Africa

Ceratocystis fimbriata is one of the most important pathogens of woody plants in the world. This fungus is also a serious pathogen of Eucalyptus species in various countries and has recently been reported from wounds on these trees in South Africa. Inoculation studies have shown that the fungus can cause disease on Eucalyptus spp. in South Africa, although trees dying in the field due to infection have never been encountered. The origin of C. fimbriata in South Africa is unknown, but there is some phylogenetic evidence that the fungus has a Latin American origin. In this study, microsatellite markers specifically designed for C. fimbriata were used to analyse the population diversity of 80 C. fimbriata isolates from Eucalyptus trees in South Africa. Analyses showed a low gene diversity (H = 0.36) and the population was found to be predomi- nantly clonal (IA = 0.95, P < 0.0001). The genotypic diversity was high (GST = 0.99) and the maximum genotypic diversity was very low (1.23%). These data provide good evidence that C. fimbriata has been introduced into South Africa.
Clinical Profile of Covid-19 Infected Patients Admitted in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India.

Background The novel coronavirus (Covid-19) continues to wreck havoc across China, European countries, USA and now seems to gain a strong foothold in India. The aim of this report is to describe the clinical profiles of these Covid-19 infected patients admitted in Sawai Mansingh Hospital(S.M.S), Jaipur ranging from their age, sex, travel history, clinical symptoms, laboratory evaluation, radiological characteristics, treatment provided along with common side effects and the final outcome. The described cases are one of the earliest cases of Covid-19 in the Indian subcontinent. Methods Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and outcomes data were obtained with data collection forms from electronic medical records and history given by 21 Covid-19 infected patients admitted in S.M.S., Jaipur. Patients were tested for Covid-19 by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay of 2019-nCoVRNA. Results and Discussion During the course of this study 21 Covid-19 positive patients were admitted in S.M. S Hospital, Jaipur. Male patients constituted 66.66% of total patients and majority of the patients (80.90%) were below 60 years of age. Most of the patients (71.40%) were either foreigners or had a history of foreign travel suggesting that these cases were not community acquired except for 4 cases from textile producing district Bhilwara (known as Manchester of India), an epicenter of North India. Approximately 33.33% patients were completely asymptomatic and of those who were symptomatic cough was the most common symptom (85.71%) followed by fever (78.57%), myalgia (64.28%), headache (28.57%) and dyspnea (28.57%). Three patients (14.28 %) had underlying co morbidity in the form of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, chronic kidney disease or coronary artery disease. 11 patients (52.38%) had lymphopenia in their hemogram during the course of admission. 3 patients (14.28%) had leucocytosis and 4 patients (19.04%) presented with thrombocytopenia. All 4 patients in the severe category had raised FDP, D-Dimer levels and they needed oxygen support. These patients had deranged liver functions and had elevated pro-calcitonin levels, serum ferritin levels and LDH levels. 1 out of the these 4 cases went into ARDS during the course of treatment. 10 patients yielded negative results for Covid-19. The mean duration from admission to getting 1st Covid-19 sample negative was 8.3 days. 18 patients (85.71%) are still under treatment. Conclusion Clinical investigations in initial Covid-19 patients in the Indian subcontinent reveal lymphopenia as predominant finding in hemogram. Patients with older age and associated comorbid conditions (COPD and diabetes) seem to have greater risk for lung injury thereby requiring oxygen support during the course of disease and these patients also had greater derangement in their biochemical profile.
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Mortality among Foreign-Born and Spanish-Born in Small Areas in Cities of the Mediterranean Coast in Spain, 2009–2015

Many studies have analysed socioeconomic inequalities and its association with mortality in urban areas. However, few of them have differentiated between native and immigrant populations. This study is an ecological study of mortality by overall mortality and analyses the inequalities in mortality in these populations according to the level of deprivation in small areas of large cities in the Valencian Community, from 2009 to 2015. The census tract was classified into five deprivation levels using an index based on socioeconomic indicators from the 2011 census. Rates and relative risks of death were calculated by sex, age, level of deprivation and country of birth. Poisson regression models have been used. In general, there was a higher risk of death in natives at the levels of greatest deprivation, which did not happen in immigrants. During the 2009–2015 period, there were socioeconomic inequalities in mortality, particularly in natives, who presented a higher risk of death than immigrants. Future interventions and social policies should be implemented in order to reduce inequalities in mortality amongst socioeconomic levels and to maintain the advantage that the immigrant population enjoys.
Genetic Studies of Flower Color in Anagallis monelli L

Wild Anagallis monelli exhibits blue or orange flower colors in geographically isolated populations. A new red flower color was developed through breeding, and a three-gene model was proposed for the inheritance of flower color in this species. In this study, blue and orange wild diploid accessions were used as parents to develop six F 2 populations (n = 19 to 64). Sexual compatibility between blue and orange wild individuals was low with only 29% of the hybridizations producing F 1 individuals. Six of 14 cross combinations between F 1 siblings produced fruits, and fruiting success ranged from 55% to 90%. The number of seeds per fruit averaged 14.1 and germination rates for the F 2 s were low (16.8% to 30.7%). In three of six F 2 populations obtained, flower color segregation ratios for orange, blue, and red were not significantly different from the expected ratios under a previously proposed three-gene model. White flower color was obtained as a fourth color variant in two of the remaining F 2 populations. For one of these populations, segregation ratios were not significantly different from expected ratios for an expanded four-gene model. White flowers did not contain anthocyanidins, suggesting that there was a mutation in the early stage of the anthocyanin pathway. Orange flower color was found to be primarily the result of pelargonidin, blue to malvidin, and red to delphinidin. These three pigments may be present simultaneously, and their ratios play a significant role in determining flower color. Other factors such as copigments, metal ions, or a different molecular conformation of the anthocyanin could also be involved in flower color determination.
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Pomegranates

Twenty pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) accessions were collected from different regions in northern Greece and evaluated under uniform conditions for leaf dimensions, frost resistance, and fruit physical and chemical characteristics, such as the juice antioxidant activity [ascorbate equivalent antioxidant activity (AEAC)], using the radical DPPH, ascorbic acid, total phenolic and total anthocyanin contents. Considerable variation in the characteristics studied was found and valuable pomological traits were exhibited. Cluster analysis produced cases of homonymy between some accessions. Principal component analyses showed that the component explaining the greatest variability positively correlated with percent juice, fruit chroma, AEAC, total anthocyanins, and soluble solids content (SSC), but negatively correlated with fruit fresh weight (FW), fruit and seed hue angle (less red color), total acidity, and leaf dimensions. Fruit size was positively correlated with acidity, while acidity was negatively correlated with SSC. Skin thickness and FW were correlated with fruit hue angle and chroma, suggesting that red color may better develop in thick-skinned and/orsmall-sized pomegranates. Total anthocyanin content was negatively correlated with FW and fruit hue angle. AEAC was positively correlated with total anthocyanin and ascorbic acid contents, the latter one constituted a 15% contribution to AEAC. The associations found among physical and chemical traits suggest that consumers interested in a healthier produce should be directed to small and red pomegranates.
Influence of Constant Temperatures on Life History of Immature Lygus elisus (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Abstract Life history characteristics of Lygus elisus Van Duzee were studied at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C in the laboratory. The egg incubation period, instar-specific nymphal development, survivorship, and longevity of L. elisus were influenced by temperature. Eggs did not hatch at 10°C. For the five remaining selected temperature treatments, the incubation period was longest at 15°C and decreased nonlinearly with an increase in temperature. Temperature influenced the developmental period differently for different instars, with the second stadium being the shortest at 10, 20, 25, and 30°C, whereas first and third stadia were the shortest at 15 and 35°C, respectively. The final stadium was longest across all six temperatures. The relationships between temperature and total durations were described by the same equation for both males and females. Total nymphal duration was not significant with sexes. Sex ratio (proportion of males) of emerging adults of L. elisus did not deviate from 1:1. Both instar-specific and total nymphal survivorship varied significantly with temperature. Total nymphal survivorship was highest at 15°C and lowest at 10°C. Adult longevity ranged from 16 (35°C) to 122 d (15°C), with a curvilinear response to temperature. Females survived ≈10 d longer than males at 20°C, but survivorship of males and females was similar at other temperatures. These life history data will be useful in developing a computer model simulating L. elisus population dynamics in the field.
Population size and dispersal of Sulcophanaeus leander (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on riverine beaches in the Amazonian region

Dung beetles are a well-defined guild within the family Scarabaeidae, with distinctive morphological, ecological and behavioural characteristics (Halffter & Matthews 1966). Although this group has been extensively studied (Hanski & Cambefort 1991) due in part to the important role they fulfil in ecosystems (Nichols et al. 2008), little information exists regarding population size and the scale of their dispersal abilities, especially in the Neotropical region. Moreover, few studies have been devoted to exploring the population dynamics of dung beetles (Roslin 1999, 2000).
Influence of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) essential oil on the microbial, chemical, and sensory properties of chicken fillets wrapped with gelatin film

The present study aimed to develop a novel active edible film based on gelatin incorporated with 0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9% w/w anise essential oil as a natural preservative and investigate the shelf life extension potential of chicken fillets during 12 days of refrigerated storage. The chicken fillets were wrapped with the essence-free and anise essential oil-loaded gelatin films, and microbial counts, chemical and sensory tests were surveyed during chilled storage. Results showed that aerobic mesophilic bacteria and Pseudomonas spp counts significantly decreased at all levels of anise essential oil during the first week of storage, while psychrotrophs, yeasts, and molds numbers began to reduce at concentrations of 0.6 and 0.9% from day 6. The using of anise essential oil caused a significant decrease of chemical parameters of chicken fillets, and the values of pH, peroxide, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, and total volatile basic-nitrogen reached from 7.42, 5.7 meq/kg, 2.21 mg malondialdehyde/kg, and 24.94 mg N/100 g for the essence-free wrapped samples to 4.8, 6.35 meq/kg, 1.73 mg malondialdehyde/kg, and 18.78 mg N/100 g for the ones wrapped with 0.9% anise essential oil-loaded gelatin films at the end of storage day. In conclusion, application of gelatin films loaded with 0.6 and 0.9% anise essential oil can be advised for wrapping chicken fillets to prolong the shelf life for at least one week.
Evaluation of ‘Miniverde’ Bermudagrass and ‘Diamond’ Zoysiagrass Putting Green Establishment using Granular Fertilizer Applications

Miniverde' bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. · C. transvaalensis (Burtt-Davy)) and 'Diamond' zoysiagrass (Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. ) are becoming more widely used on putting greens in the transition zone. Field studies were conducted from June through Aug. 2008 and 2009 in Raleigh, NC, and in Jackson Springs, NC, respectively. The objective was to determine the influence of granular fertilizer programs consisting of various nitrogen (N) sources and rates on the establishment of 'Miniverde' and 'Diamond' from sprigs. In 2008, the experimental area consisted of a putting green built to U.S. Golf Association (USGA) recommendations (85 sand:15 peat (v/v)). A native sandy-soil putting green was used in 2009. Fertilizer programs consisting of stabilized urea, polymer-coated urea, and a combination of stabilized urea and activated sewage sludge were initiated 1 week after planting (WAP). Nitrogen rates ranged from 12 to 48 kgha -1 / week. Nitrogen source and rate differentially influenced turf color and establishment. The combination program increased color of both grasses to an acceptable level earlier than other programs. Coverage rates of both grasses under the combination program were significantly higher than other programs across both years. Despite having the most total N applied, the polymer-coated urea program did not significantly enhance bermudagrass and zoysiagrass color or establishment compared with other programs. Increasing the N rate of stabilized urea from 12 to 24 kgha -1 /week did not increase establishment for either grass. This research indicates that 'Miniverde' bermudagrass and 'Diamond' zoysiagrass planted in the summer can be completely established from sprigs in the transition zone using granular fertilizer. However, turfgrass color and coverage may vary depending on N sources and rates within the fertilizer program.
Personal recovery and depression, taking existential and social aspects into account: A struggle with institutional structures, loneliness and identity

Background: Although depression is one of the most studied mental illness phenomena, the studies attempt to understand depression as different phases, turning points and transitions, but depression has an existential and social resonance. There is progress to be made in seeking to understand how people experience, cope and process, living with depression. There is a need of supplementary and alternative approaches that goes beyond medicine and traditional treatment of psychiatric disabilities. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore perceptions and challenging issues related to living with depression, allowing the researchers to get a deeper understanding of existential and social aspects. Method: A phenomenological–hermeneutic study design was applied, based on the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur’s theory of interpretation. Data were collected through observations and semi-structured interviews. Findings: Several of the interviewees were lonely at home as well as at the hospital. This caused experiences of sheer isolation with feelings of sadness enhancing desperation concerning what to do with themselves. This could even cause physical feelings of pain. In different ways, the interviewees expressed how being with other people filled their lives with relationships and closeness. Health care professionals were focused on applying structure into the users’ everyday life, shadowing the person’s individuality, strengths and resources. The prioritizations between users and healthcare professionals were not always in concordance. The interviewees experienced recurrent situations where their authority and individuality were ignored or felt non-existent. Conclusion: Existential and social aspects are vital in regard to understanding people living with depression. However, personal recovery can be diminished by controlling structures and lack of a caring guidance, creating feelings of stigmatization missing out on autonomy, causing inner doubts. A recommendation is that we challenge institutional structures and accelerate education developing the healthcare professionals’ empathic competences and ability to make wise judgments, empowering the users’ autonomy.