Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geographic patterns of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel burning, hydraulic cement production, and gas flaring on a one degree by one degree grid cell basis: 1950 to 1990

Data sets of one degree latitude by one degree longitude carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) emissions in units of thousand metric tons of carbon (C) per year from anthropogenic sources have been produced for 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990. Detailed geographic information on CO{sub 2} emissions can be critical in understanding the pattern of the atmospheric and biospheric response to these emissions. Global, regional and national annual estimates for 1950 through 1992 were published previously. Those national, annual CO{sub 2} emission estimates were based on statistics on fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacturing and gas flaring in oil fields as well as energy production, consumption and trade data, using the methods of Marland and Rotty. The national annual estimates were combined with gridded one-degree data on political units and 1984 human populations to create the new gridded CO{sub 2} emission data sets. The same population distribution was used for each of the years as proxy for the emission distribution within each country. The implied assumption for that procedure was that per capita energy use and fuel mix is uniform over a political unit. The consequence of this first-order procedure is that the spatial changes observed over time are solely due to changes in national energy consumption and nation-based fuel mix. Increases in emissions over time are apparent for most areas.
Infection and Drug Resistance Dovepress

In this article both Wenjing Ji and David J McIver were erroneously listed in the acknowledgements but should have been included as coauthors. A communication error at the manuscript submission stage led to both authors being left off the original authorship list. Both Wenjing Ji and David J McIver were originally acknowledged for their assistance with formatting and proofreading and language editing, respectively. However, it was shown both authors also assisted with the interpretation of data and analysis, as well as assisting in drafting the manuscript, extensive editing, recommendations for analysis and the interpretation of findings. The authors wish to apologize for this error. The correct author list and affiliations are shown below. Kankan Gao, Xiaoshan Guan, Lanlan Zeng, Wenjing Ji, David J McIver, Jiabi Qian, Sufei Zhu, Qiulian Deng, Huamin Zhong, Shuying Pang, Fei Gao, Jielin Wang, Yan Long, Chien-Yi Chang, Haiying Liu
Habitat availability, dietary mineral supplement, and measuring abundance of band-tailed pigeons in western Oregon

Currently there is no effective or standardized population survey technique for estimating abundance of band-tailed pigeons (Columbafasciata). I evaluated a point count technique for estimating relative abundance of band-tailed pigeons. I counted band-tailed pigeons detected by coo call at random point locations in the central Coast Range of Oregon between mid-May and mid-August 1996-98. Counts began 10 minutes before local sunrise and lasted 1 hour. Also, I recorded band-tailed pigeon coo calls to determine coo call characteristics and audibility. Band-tailed pigeons cooed 1-50 times during point counts. Coos lasted about 8-9 seconds, had a maximum intensity frequency range of 200-500 Hz, and could be detected from >1,000 m away. The intervals of 16 June-24 July and 25 July-16 August provided uniform periods of detection probability; however, a multiplicative factor of 0.49 must be added to second period counts for unbiased comparisons between periods. The probability of detecting a band-tailed pigeon during point counts <60 minutes depended on survey length, and increased about 1.5% per minute. During point counts, new detections in 6 10-minute intervals ranged from 11-25%. Point counts of cooing band-tailed pigeons offer an effective means of estimating abundance. Point counts should: be 800 m apart, begin 10 minutes before official local sunrise, last 1-hour in duration, and in the Coast Range of Oregon, be conducted during 16 June-24 July, or if necessary 25 July-16 August. The technique should be applicable anywhere in the breeding range of the band-tailed pigeon; however, the uniform period of peak calling activity may need verification.
Rock magnetic properties and structural development in the core of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis, NE Pakistan

Paleomagnetic and structural analyses have been conducted on three well-exposed sections through a 6–8 km thick pile of molassic red beds (Murree formation) in the lowermost tectonic unit of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis. Micropaleontological age determinations of the lowermost Murree sediments indicate Late Paleocene deposition (55 m.y.). From south to north, the sections are situated in the Jhelum, Neelum (both in Azad Kashmir), and Kaghan (northeastern Pakistan) valleys. Thermal demagnetization experiments suggest that haematite with high unblocking temperatures carries stable characteristic remanence directions. The relationship between finite strain and magnetic fabric was established by mapping deformed reduction spot strain markers and by measuring the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS). For the Jhelum valley the weakly tectonized Murree beds are characterized by flattened AMS ellipsoids resulting from diagenetic compaction. Inclination values suggest that the Murree foreland basin started to develop at about 8°N during the early suturing of India and the development of island arcs to the north. India has moved northward by at least 2600 km since collision with Eurasia in the Paleocene. Declination values suggest 45° of clockwise rotation of the block supporting the Murree formation relative to the Indian craton. For the Neelum and Kaghan valleys, quantitative strain mapping shows a progressive increase of deformation northward. NRM directions rotate passively toward the cleavage plane which parallels the foliation of the AMS ellipsoids. NRM directions and AMS ellipsoids are deformed because of superposition of tectonic strain on a primary compactional strain. The AMS pattern is interpreted in light of this superposition, and a regional deformation path from south to north is suggested. A tectonic rotation model is proposed which is consistent with the transport directions around the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis and the rotation of thrust sheets indicated by the NRM data. This model relates the convergent transport directions with the mean indentation direction of India into Asia.
Functional connectomics of affective and psychotic pathology

Significance Historically, most research on the biological origins of psychiatric illness has focused on individual diagnostic categories, studied in isolation. Mounting evidence indicates that nominally distinct psychiatric diagnoses are not separated by clear neurobiological boundaries. Here, we derive functional connectomic signatures in over 1,000 individuals, including patients presenting with different categories of impairment (psychosis), clinical diagnoses, and severity of illness as reflected in treatment seeking. Our analyses reveal features of connectome functioning that are commonly disrupted across distinct forms of pathology, scaling with clinical severity. Conversely, other aspects of network connectivity were preferentially disrupted in patients with psychotic illness. These data have important implications for the establishment of functional connectome fingerprints of severe mental disease. Converging evidence indicates that groups of patients with nominally distinct psychiatric diagnoses are not separated by sharp or discontinuous neurobiological boundaries. In healthy populations, individual differences in behavior are reflected in variability across the collective set of functional brain connections (functional connectome). These data suggest that the spectra of transdiagnostic symptom profiles observed in psychiatric patients may map onto detectable patterns of network function. To examine the manner through which neurobiological variation might underlie clinical presentation, we obtained fMRI data from over 1,000 individuals, including 210 diagnosed with a primary psychotic disorder or affective psychosis (bipolar disorder with psychosis and schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder), 192 presenting with a primary affective disorder without psychosis (unipolar depression, bipolar disorder without psychosis), and 608 demographically matched healthy comparison participants recruited through a large-scale study of brain imaging and genetics. Here, we examine variation in functional connectomes across psychiatric diagnoses, finding striking evidence for disease connectomic “fingerprints” that are commonly disrupted across distinct forms of pathology and appear to scale as a function of illness severity. The presence of affective and psychotic illnesses was associated with graded disruptions in frontoparietal network connectivity (encompassing aspects of dorsolateral prefrontal, dorsomedial prefrontal, lateral parietal, and posterior temporal cortices). Conversely, other properties of network connectivity, including default network integrity, were preferentially disrupted in patients with psychotic illness, but not patients without psychotic symptoms. This work allows us to establish key biological and clinical features of the functional connectomes of severe mental disease.
Improving Implementation of eMental Health for Mood Disorders in Routine Practice: Systematic Review of Barriers and Facilitating Factors

Background Electronic mental health interventions (eMental health or eMH) can be used to increase accessibility of mental health services for mood disorders, with indications of comparable clinical outcomes as face-to-face psychotherapy. However, the actual use of eMH in routine mental health care lags behind expectations. Identifying the factors that might promote or inhibit implementation of eMH in routine care may help to overcome this gap between effectiveness studies and routine care. Objective This paper reports the results of a systematic review of the scientific literature identifying those determinants of practices relevant to implementing eMH for mood disorders in routine practice. Methods A broad search strategy was developed with high sensitivity to four key terms: implementation, mental health care practice, mood disorder, and eMH. The reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance (RE-AIM) framework was applied to guide the review and structure the results. Thematic analysis was applied to identify the most important determinants that facilitate or hinder implementation of eMH in routine practice. Results A total of 13,147 articles were screened, of which 48 studies were included in the review. Most studies addressed aspects of the reach (n=33) of eMH, followed by intervention adoption (n=19), implementation of eMH (n=6), and maintenance (n=4) of eMH in routine care. More than half of the studies investigated the provision of mental health services through videoconferencing technologies (n=26), followed by Internet-based interventions (n=20). The majority (n=44) of the studies were of a descriptive nature. Across all RE-AIM domains, we identified 37 determinants clustered in six main themes: acceptance, appropriateness, engagement, resources, work processes, and leadership. The determinants of practices are expressed at different levels, including patients, mental health staff, organizations, and health care system level. Depending on the context, these determinants hinder or facilitate successful implementation of eMH. Conclusions Of the 37 determinants, three were reported most frequently: (1) the acceptance of eMH concerning expectations and preferences of patients and professionals about receiving and providing eMH in routine care, (2) the appropriateness of eMH in addressing patients’ mental health disorders, and (3) the availability, reliability, and interoperability with other existing technologies such as the electronic health records are important factors for mental health care professionals to remain engaged in providing eMH to their patients in routine care. On the basis of the taxonomy of determinants of practices developed in this review, implementation-enhancing interventions can be designed and applied to achieve better implementation outcomes. Suggestions for future research and implementation practice are provided.
Relationships between ENSO and drought over the southeastern United States

A long term precipitation (P) data set over the United States and the sea surface temperature (SST) data from 1915 to 2006 were used to examine the impact of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on drought and persistent wet spells over the southeastern United States. The meteorological droughts and wet spells were identified based on the 6‐month standardized precipitation index (SPI 6) calculated from P averaged over the Southeast. These events indicate that a drought (or wet spell) over the Southeast is more likely to start during a cold (warm) ENSO winter or early spring. The influence of ENSO on P is seasonally dependent. The P composites for cold ENSO events show positive P anomalies over the Southeast in winter but negative anomalies in summer. For warm ENSO events, the situation reverses. Therefore, a persistent cold (warm) ENSO from winter to summer does not create favorable conditions for drought (wet spells) to persist over the Southeast. While cold ENSO events are more likely to initiate droughts, droughts are likely to persist if the cold (warm) ENSO winter is followed by an ENSO neutral summer.
Mean winds and tidal components during counter electrojet events

The first observations of mean winds and the amplitude and phases of the tidal components measured with a meteor wind radar located at Trivandrum (8.5°N, 77°E) during five consecutive days of counter electrojet events identified in the horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field from January 27–31, 1987 are described. The mean zonal winds in the altitude region of 90–105 km are in general westward during counter electrojet days and eastward during no counter electrojet days. The amplitudes and phases of the tidal components on the counter electrojet days are found to be substantially different from those on the no counter electrojet days.
Overpressured Cenozoic shale mapped from velocity anomalies relative to a baseline for marine shale, North Sea

A study of interval velocities from almost a thousand wells reveals basinwide differences in physical properties of the Cenozoic deposits of the North Sea Basin. These differences relate primarily to the sediments below the mid-Miocene unconformity as testified by a subdivision of a subset of these wells. Velocity-depth anomalies are mapped relative to a constrained, normal velocity-depth trend derived for marine Jurassic shale: tt = 465.e (super -z/2435) +180, where tt is transit time in mu s m (super -1) , and z is depth in metres below sea bed. The upper Cenozoic deposits are close to normal compaction, whereas anomalies for the lower Cenozoic sediments outline a zone of undercompaction in the Central North Sea that corresponds to the overpressure in the Upper Cretaceous-Danian Chalk. The overpressure results from a balance between the load of the upper Cenozoic deposits, and the draining determined by the thickness and sealing quality of the lower Cenozoic sediments. The shale trend may be more widely applicable to marine shale dominated by smectite/illite. This suggestion is based on the observed correspondence between velocity anomalies and pressure data, and due to the match between trends for marine shale of different ages in the North Sea and in the US Gulf Coast area over a significant velocity range.
Use of palynofacies analysis to define Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian to Pliensbachian) genetic stratigraphic sequences in the Wessex Basin, England

Abstract Quantitative palynological and palynofacies analyses allow the Lower Jurassic succession of the Dorset coast (Wessex Basin, southern England, UK) to be placed within a genetic sequence stratigraphic framework. The multifaceted approach employed utilizes various palynological criteria adopted from previous publications (e.g. both relative and absolute particle abundance data, allochthonous versus autochthonous palynomorphs ratios, phytoclast type, etc.), and suggests new parameters which may be studied in this context (e.g. ratios of acritarch spine length). Interpretation of plynofacies trends within the studied succession enables the identification of eight genetic sequences informally described as Genetic Stratigraphic Sequences I–VIII. Genetic stratigraphic sequence boundaries are placed at the following horizons: Mongrel, Grey Ledge, Pavior, the Coinstone, Hummocky, the Belemnite Stone, Day’s Shell Bed and the margaritatus Stone. These results compare well with sequence stratigraphic frameworks for published for the British Lower Jurassic interval both in Dorset and elsewhere, suggesting that the maximum flooding events recognized are likely to have been of inter-regional extent.
The magnetotelluric phase over 2-D structures

SUMMARY In 1985 Fischer gave a simple explanation for the behaviour of the E-polarization magnetotelluric phase over a 2-D dike. This phase behaviour is a direct consequence of the rearrangement of the current flow in a 2-D structure as opposed to the flow in a simple uniform half-space. In spite of its usefulness it is shown that the simple phase rule is only qualitatively correct. For B-polarization it seemed at first that the simple phase rule would not remain valid. However, it is found that if the very different current distributions for E- and B-polarization are correctly interpreted, the simple phase rule retains its validity qualitatively. Arguments are given for the very general validity of this rule at the surface of any 2-D structure, even in the presence of complicated topography. The rule is best formulated in terms of two statements: (a) the magnetotelluric phase is a continuous function over any structure, even across outcropping resistivity contrasts; and (b) where the current is drawn to greater depths the phase will rise, and where the current is concentrated near the surface the phase will drop.
Spatial patterns of snow stability throughout a small mountain range

Abstract This research investigates snow stability on the eastern side of a small mountain range in southwest Montana, U.S.A. , on one mid-season day and one late-season day during the 1996/97 winter. Although previous research has addressed snow stability at smaller spatial scales, this is the first field-based study to investigate snow stability (as measured by stability tests) over a mountain range in order to better understand its spatial distribution and the implications for predicting dry-slab avalanches. Using helicopter access, six two-person sampling teams collected data from over 70 sites on each of the two sampling days. Variables for terrain, snowpack, snow strength and snow stability were generated from the field data, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and multiple regression. Results from the first sampling day show stability is only weakly linked to terrain, snowpack and snow-strength variables due to consistently stormy weather conditions leading up to that day. The second field day’s results demonstrate a stronger relationship between stability and the other variables due to more variable weather conditions that ranged from periods of sunshine to storms. On both days stability decreased on high-elevation, northerly-facing slopes. The data-structure complexity provides insights into the difficulties faced by both scientists and conventional avalanche forecasters in predicting snow avalanches.
Qualitative, grounded theory exploration of patients’ experience of early mobilisation, rehabilitation and recovery after critical illness

Rationale Physical rehabilitation (encompassing early mobilisation) of the critically ill patient is recognised best practice; however, further work is needed to explore the patients’ experience of rehabilitation qualitatively; a better understanding may facilitate implementation of early rehabilitation and elucidate the journey of survivorship. Objectives To explore patient experience of physical rehabilitation from critical illness during and after a stay on intensive care unit (ICU). Design Exploratory grounded theory study using semistructured interviews. Setting Adult medical/surgical ICU of a London teaching hospital. Participants A purposive sample of ICU survivors with intensive care unit acquired weakness (ICUAW) and an ICU length of stay of >72 hours. Analysis Data analysis followed a four-stage constant comparison technique: open coding, axial coding, selective coding and model development, with the aim of reaching thematic saturation. Peer debriefing and triangulation through a patient support group were carried out to ensure credibility. Main results Fifteen people were interviewed (with four relatives in attendance). The early rehabilitation period was characterised by episodic memory loss, hallucinations, weakness and fatigue, making early rehabilitation arduous and difficult to recall. Participants craved a paternalised approach to care in the early days of ICU. The central idea that emerged from this study was recalibration of the self. This is driven by a lost sense of self, with loss of autonomy and competence; dehumanised elements of care may contribute to this. Participants described a fractured life narrative due to episodic memory loss, meaning that patients were shocked on awakening from sedation by the discrepancy between their physical form and cognitive representation of themselves. Conclusions Recovery from ICUAW is a complex process that often begins with survivors exploring and adapting to a new body, followed by a period of recovering autonomy. Rehabilitation plays a key role in this recalibration period, helping survivors to reconstruct a desirable future.
Slab temperature and thickness from seismic tomography

Delay times of compressional body wave phases from both teleseismic and local events are used to invert for a high-resolution P wave velocity model in the Tonga subduction zone. Using only null-space components to modify the minimumnorm solution, an enhanced model is obtained which has been biased toward the theoretical solution but has the same data misfit as the minimum-norm solution. The final image shows a very narrow and continuous slab with maximum velocity anomalies of the order of 6–7%; many of the gaps within the slab, as well as artifacts around the slab which were present in the minimum-norm solution, are absent in the biased image.
Empowered to Differ : Stakeholders' Influences in Community-Based Rehabilitation

Since the advent of Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) in 1976, many developing countries have conducted CBR projects. CBR has been presented as a relevant and costeffective way to provide rehabilitation services to people with disabilities. Twenty-five years later it was concluded that, despite the growing amount of literature on the topic, the evidence base for CBR is still fragmented and therefore its effectiveness cannot be sufficiently established. In this thesis, a theoretical model based on the competency levels of the different stakeholders involved in CBR is presented. In addition, an analysis of the stakeholders involved is carried out in order to study the process of CBR. Finally, CBR projects in Southern Africa (i.e. Zimbabwe) have been analysed to determine the influence of these stakeholders on the CBR process. The stakeholders involved in CBR projects are highly interdependent and rely on each other to achieve programme and individual objectives. However, the interests of these stakeholders conflict on several issues. One of these issues is the need for a specialised competency level versus a broad competency level, and another is their orientation regarding the individual versus society. On the basis of these two issues, this thesis concludes by providing four scenarios for the further development of CBR.