Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Eddy covariance measurements of surface energy budget and evaporation in a cool season over southern open water in Mississippi

[1] Eddy covariance measurements of sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes were made over a large southern open water surface of Ross Barnett Reservoir (the Reservoir hereafter) in Mississippi during the cool season with frequent incursions of cold fronts from 1 September 2007 to 31 January 2008. The eddy covariance tower was located in the middle of the main body of the Reservoir with the tower fetches exceeding 2.0 km in all directions. The Reservoir was ice-free in winter and the water temperatures always decreased with depth. Over the entire cool season, the averaged water surface temperatures were 1.8°C higher than the overlying air (i.e., positive temperature gradients that led to thermally convective conditions) and the averaged vapor pressure near the water surface was 0.8 kPa greater than the overlying air (i.e., positive vapor pressure gradients), though occasionally negative gradients for temperature and vapor pressure were also observed for short periods. On average, the wind speeds were considerably large (3.9 m s−1) to maintain adequate turbulent mixing mechanically. As a consequence of the combined effect of thermally and mechanically generated turbulent mixing, consistently positive H (with a mean H of 20.0 W m−2) and LE (with a mean LE of 80.0 W m−2) occurred during the entire season. These continuous energy losses via H and LE resulted in release of a large amount of energy stored in the water to the atmosphere. The mean Bowen ratio was low for this open water surface (i.e., 0.3), suggesting that most of the energy released from the water fueled evaporation rather than sensible heating of the atmosphere. Nighttime evaporative water losses were substantial, contributing to 45% of the total evaporative water loss in this cool season. Frequent incursions of cold fronts with windy, cold, and dry air masses significantly promoted turbulent exchanges of sensible and latent heat through enhanced turbulent mixing thermally and mechanically, leading to large H and LE events. Daily H and LE (i.e., evaporation) during the passages of cold fronts were on average 2.7 and 7.3 times those in nonevent days, respectively. Given the fact that large H and LE events occurred 26% of the time for our site, these cold front events caused an increase in the seasonal H by 42% and LE by 157%. Therefore changes in frequency, intensity, and duration of synoptic weather events, particularly the incursions of cold fronts, have significant impacts on the surface energy budget and evaporation over water at this site.
Gmax-qc Relationships for Clays

Data are compiled from 31 clay sites where in-situ measurements of initial tangent shear modulus (Gmax) and cone tip resistance (qc) were available. Values of Gmax were obtained from either seismic cone penetration (SCPT), crosshole (CHT), downhole (DHT), or spectral analysis of surface wave (SASW) tests, and readings of qc were taken either by regular cone penetration (CPT) or piezocone (CPTU) tests. Multiple regression analyses indicate that in-situ values of Gmax depend on void ratio (eo), overburden stress (σ′vo), and stress history (OCR), as previously established from laboratory resonant column tests. Since qc also depends on σ′vo and OCR, a moderate association between Gmax and qc is possible, despite their incompatible strain levels. For preliminary correlative purposes, a power function relates in-situ Gmax, qc, and eo in clay deposits having a wide range in plasticity, sensitivity, stress history, and consistency.
The partial melting of basalt and its enclosed mineral-filled cavities at Scawt Hill, Co. Antrim

Abstract Partially melted basalts enclosing amygdales which have been completely melted formed at Scawt Hill adjacent to a Tertiary dolerite plug. Melting of the basalts commenced in a clay-rich mesostasis to produce a feldspathic liquid which then crystallized to an assemblage of dendritic olivine, skeletal hypersthene, opaque oxide and Mg-hercynite in a microcrystalline plagioclase matrix. An original mineral assemblage of zeolite, calcite, and saponite-nontronite in the amygdales melted and quenched to a brown glass now containing complexly zoned pyroxenes with plagioclase and opaque oxide. Melting commenced between 700–800°C, reaching a maximum temperature of 1168°C, and was followed by rapid cooling. The assimilation of remelted basalt may alter the course of crystallization of contaminated magmas.
Urban Environmental Management Approaches by Tourism Organisations in Wellington, New Zealand

Tourism in New Zealand depends heavily on the quality of the environment yet at the same time holds the potential of destroying the very environment on which it relies upon if not managed properly. Therefore, concerted actions must be taken to ensure New Zealand's '100% Pure' image is maintained. According to the New Zealand Tourism Strategy 2015, the tourism sector's ability to take a leading role in protecting and enhancing the environment is a key priority. While most tourism studies on environmental management tend to focus on rural or protected areas there is a need to investigate environmental management within urban settings. This research takes a qualitative approach based on semi-structured interviews to investigate and examine the nature of environmental management approaches taken by tourism organisations in the urban setting of Wellington. It also aims to identify the factors influencing the adoption of environmentally-friendly practices, barriers which may hinder the adoption of such practices, and the role of public and private sector agencies in environmental management for tourism businesses. The research found that tourism organisations in Wellington mainly took an informal approach towards environmental management. However, a qualitative method of enquiry revealed that tourism businesses were slowly moving towards change. This was evident from the number of businesses that indicated they were adopting environmental practices related to supply chain management, employee awareness and training, and interpretation. The main factors influencing adoption have also provided reasons for this change. Though, the barriers and difficulties faced by tourism businesses continue to affect the pace of change. As with businesses, public and private sector organisations have an important role to play in urban environmental management. The responses of interviewees indicate that these 'bigger' organisations such as the RTO need to take on a much more proactive role. The need for greater cooperation and communication between key stakeholders of tourism is essential to the success of urban environmental sustainability.
Solar cycle modulation of the Arctic Oscillation in a chemistry‐climate model

The structural modulation of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) induced by a realistic enhancement of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation associated with the 11‐year solar cycle is investigated with a coupled Chemistry‐Climate Model. It has been found that the main features of the modulation are an eastward shift of the surface Atlantic center of action into Europe and a vertical extension into the stratosphere in solar maximum conditions. These model results are in good agreement with observational results in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) centers of action. Confirmation of the modulation effect of solar activity on the NAO spatial structure by a Chemistry‐Climate Model simulation gives support to the occurrence of a real solar effect on the tropospheric circulation.
Assessment of Undiscovered Natural Gas Resources of the Arkoma Basin Province and Geologically Related Areas

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 2010 completed an assessment of the undiscovered, technically recoverable petroleum resources of the Arkoma Basin Province, which includes the Arkoma Basin and Ouachita Thrust Belt, and two adjacent areas. The principle focus of this assessment is the Arkoma Basin of central Arkansas and east-central Oklahoma Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated mean volumes of 38 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of undiscovered natural gas, 159 million barrels of natural gas liquid (MMBNGL), and no oil in accumulations of 0.5 million barrels (MMBO) or larger in the Arkoma Basin Province and related areas. More than 97 percent of the undiscovered gas occurs in continuous accumulations — 70 percent in shale gas formations, 18 percent in a basin-centered accumulation with tight sandstone reservoirs, and 9 percent in coal beds. Less than 3 percent of the natural gas occurs in conventional accumulations.
Ocean forcing of the Greenland Ice Sheet: Calving fronts and patterns of retreat identified by automatic satellite monitoring of eastern outlet glaciers

[1] We have developed an automatic method to identify changes in the position of calving glacier margins using daily MODIS imagery. Application of the method to 32 ocean-terminating glaciers in East Greenland produced 26,802 margin positions for a 10 year long period (2000–2009). We report these high-resolution data and show that the glaciers exhibit seasonal cycles with magnitudes of advance and retreat proportional to glacier width. Despite similar seasonality there is a distinct difference between the interannual trends of calving front positions north and south of 69°N. All glaciers above this latitude showed very limited or no change when seasonality was excluded, while glaciers south of 69°N retreated significantly between 2001 and 2005 (∼2.3 km on average). Approximately 26% of the retreat of southern glaciers was regained by readvance from 2005 to 2009. To explain the latitudinal boundary of glacier dynamics, we review basic climatic factors, including summer and winter atmospheric forcing, sea ice conditions, and ocean temperature. We conclude that the southern retreats were strongly influenced by warm oceanic conditions associated with increased transport of subtropical waters to the Irminger Sea and to fjords and coastal regions south of 69°N. Northern glaciers remained stable despite significant increase in runoff in this region because fjords at latitudes higher than 69°N are less exposed to subtropical waters. The southern retreats illustrate sensitive behavior of calving glaciers, and we hypothesize that the calving fronts retreated because they were exposed to rapid ice-front melting.
A Rip Current Warning System Based on Real-Time Observations for Haeundae Beach, Korea

ABSTRACT Choi, J.; Lim, C.H. , and Yoon, S.B. , 2014. A rip current warning system based on real-time observations for Haeundae Beach, Korea. A real-time rip current warning system was studied to help mitigate against rip current accidents at Haeundae Beach. The system produces a real time sequence of index representing the risk and the likelihood of rip current based on the real time observations such as waves, currents, and tide. The index is estimated by using the rip current likelihoods derived from the results of various numerical simulations with various sea conditions, the parameters of which correspond to the observation quantities. The rip current warning system is operated by taking into account the effect of wave height, wave period, wave direction, wave spectrum (i.e., frequency-directional spreading), longshore currents, and tidal elevation on the rip current likelihood. The real-time wave and tidal observations at the Haeundae coast in 2012 were applied to the rip current warning system, and its performances at several real events observed from the video cameras were presented and analyzed.
Rainfall and runoff erosivity in the alpine climate of north Slovenia: a comparison of different estimation methods

Abstract Rainfall and runoff erosivity is often assessed by using the R factor. For its computation different methods may be used. The aim of this study was to compare some estimation methods for the alpine climate in the Slovenian Alps. Monthly and annual R factor values were calculated according to the RUSLE, using daily precipitation data for the period 1990–2002 in Solčava, which is typical of the alpine region in Slovenia. In this alpine area with rather low rainfall intensities, the expression for computing the rainfall kinetic energy proposed by van Dijk et al. yielded on average 17.9% higher rainfall erosivities than the RUSLE approach. The newly proposed A index yielded on average 40% lower rainfall erosivities than the RUSLE approach. These lower values of rainfall erosivity were caused by the structure of rainfall during erosive events in the alpine region. The analysis in the alpine climate in Slovenia does not support the use of the proposed A index as a replacement for the usually used R factor when assessing rainfall erosivity.
Salinity and erosion : a preliminary investigation of soil erosion on a salinized hillslope

This stuldy aims to determine whether increasing soil salinity levels promote higher rates of runoff induced erosion. Rainfall simulation experiments, with an average intensity of 75 mm h -1 , were conducted on eight 1-m 2 runoff plots in central New South Wales, Australia. A cross-design method was adopted using three soil salinity levels (low, medium and high) and two vegetation covers ( 30%). Multiple regression analyses reveal that the sediment concentration of runoff is positively related to soil salinity levels and negatively related to vegetation cover (R 2 = 0.688; p > F = 0.048), suggesting a causal link between soil salinity and sediment mobilization. The results of this study will provide useful information to land managers seeking to redress salinity issues in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
Paleomagnetic rotations and the Cenozoic tectonics of the Cascade Arc, Washington, Oregon, and California

Paleomagnetic results from Cenozoic (62–12 Ma) volcanic rocks of the Cascade arc and adjacent areas indicate that moderate to large clockwise rotations are an important component of the tectonic history of the arc. Two mechanisms of rotation are suggested by the regional pattern of paleomagnetic rotations. The progressive increase in rotation toward the coast in arc and forearc rocks results from distributed dextral shear, which is likely driven by oblique subduction of oceanic plates to the west. Simple shear rotation is accommodated in the upper crust by strike-slip faulting. The right-lateral Mount St. Helens seismic zone may be an active manifestation of this process. Dextral shear probably obscures a subequal contribution to arc and forearc rotation that is driven by intraarc or backarc extension. This rotation is suggested by the average southward increase in continental margin rotations into the region outboard of the Basin and Range. The southward increase in rotation parallels a change in the arc tectonic regime from largely compressional in northern Washington to extensional in Oregon. Concomitant with this change is a southward increase in the volume of eruptive rocks and the number of basaltic vents in the arc. A progressive eastward shift of the arc volcanic front with time in the rotated arc terrane is the result of the westward pivoting of the arc block in front of a zone of extension since Eocene time. Westward migration of bimodal Basin and Range volcanism since at least 16 Ma is tracking westward rotation of the frontal arc block and growth of the Basin and Range in its wake.
Identificación experimental del subproceso de postcombustión en un horno de reducción de níquel

Se ha desarrollado un modelo matematico en el espacio de estado, que refleja de forma satisfactoria el comportamiento dinamico del subproceso de postcombustion de un horno de multiples hogares destinado a la reduccion de niquel mediante el esquema carbonato-amoniacal. Este modelo se utilizara para el diseno de un algoritmo de control de la temperatura del hogar 4, la cual influye decisivamente sobre la estabilidad del perfil de temperatura del horno. Se empleo como herramienta de calculo el "Toolbox" de Identificacion de Sistemas del programa MATLAB. Para su obtencion se realizaron varios experimentos en diferentes puntos de operacion del proceso, atendiendo al caracter no lineal del mismo
On the relations between fracture energy and physical observables in dynamic earthquake models

[1] We explore the relationships between the fracture energy density (EG) and the key parameters characterizing earthquake sources, such as the rupture velocity (vr), the total fault slip (utot), and the dynamic stress drop (Δτd). We perform several numerical experiments of three-dimensional, spontaneous, fully dynamic ruptures developing on planar faults of finite width, obeying different governing laws and accounting for both homogeneous and heterogeneous friction. Our results indicate that EG behaves differently, depending on the adopted governing law and mainly on the rupture mode (pulselike or cracklike, sub- or supershear regime). Subshear, homogeneous ruptures show a general agreement with the theoretical prediction of EG ∝ , but for ruptures that accelerate up to supershear speeds it is difficult to infer a clear dependence of fracture energy density on rupture speed, especially in heterogeneous configurations. We see that slip pulses noticeably agree with the theoretical prediction of EG ∝ utot2, contrarily to cracklike solutions, both sub- and supershear and both homogeneous and heterogeneous, which is in agreement with seismological inferences, showing a scaling exponent roughly equal to 1. We also found that the proportionality between EG and Δτd2, expected from theoretical predictions, is somehow verified only in the case of subshear, homogeneous ruptures with RD law. Our spontaneous rupture models confirm that the total fracture energy (the integral of EG over the whole fault surface) has a power law dependence on the seismic moment, with an exponent nearly equal to 1.13, in general agreement with kinematic inferences of previous studies. Overall, our results support the idea that EG should not be regarded as an intrinsic material property.
Stratigraphic development and controls on the architecture of Eocene depositional systems in the Faroe-Shetland Basin

A detailed investigation of the Eocene stratigraphy in the Faroe-Shetland Basin was undertaken with a view to developing a basin-wide seismic-stratigraphic framework in order to describe the palaeogeographic evolution and depositional architecture of the basin. This study has tested the applicability of sequence stratigraphy on a regional and local scale and outlines the major depositional controls on the succession. Integration of seismic, well and biostratigraphic data has allowed for the identification of four regionally correlatable seismic-stratigraphic units which document the basin fill history. Depositional systems are controlled by the interaction of fluctuating relative sea-level and local tectonic controls. Early Eocene uplift on compressional fold structures, inherited Mesozoic palaeobathymetry, dynamic uplift from mantle plume activity and prograding lava deltas all control the distribution, thickness and facies of the Eocene succession. Case studies from a basin margin and intra-basinal setting have provided detailed evidence of the localised sedimentary response to changing basin conditions. The use of high resolution 3-D seismic data has enabled depositional sequences and the complex seismic geomorphology of palaeo-drainage systems to be recognised. A cyclicity of sedimentary response is observed in a deltaic environment which documents the evolution of relative sea-level on the southern margin of the basin. Classical sequence-stratigraphic techniques have, in places, provided a useful guide to stratigraphic interpretation and analysis. However, attempts to test the widely used sequence stratigraphic model of sequences as regionally correlatable stratigraphic surfaces have failed largely because of the impracticability of correlating seismic reflections on a regional scale. The conclusion from this is that sequence stratigraphy is a powerful analytical tool that can be applied locally, but is likely to encounter significant difficulties on a basinal length scale. This larger scale correlatability is a corollary of the link between sequence development and eustatic sea level changes. In this thesis, this link cannot be substantiated, and local factors predominate.
Geology and ages of porphyry and medium- to high-sulphidation epithermal gold deposits of the continental margin of Northeast China

The continental margin of Northeast China, an important part of the continental margin-related West Pacific metallogenic belt, hosts numerous types of gold-dominated mineral deposits. Based on ore deposit geology and isotopic dating, we have classified hydrothermal gold–copper ore deposits in this region into four distinct types: (1) gold-rich porphyry copper deposits, (2) gold-rich porphyry-like copper deposits, (3) medium-sulphidation epithermal copper–gold deposits, and (4) high-sulphidation epithermal gold deposits. These ore deposits formed during four distinct metallogenic stages or periods, at 123.6 ± 2.5 Ma, 110–104 Ma, 104–102 Ma, and 95.0 ± 2 Ma, corresponding to periods of Cretaceous intermediate–acid volcanism and late-stage emplacement of hypabyssal magmas along the northern margin of the North China platform. The earliest stage of mineralization (123.6 ± 2.5 Ma) corresponds to the formation of medium-sulphidation epithermal copper – gold deposits and was associated with a continental margin magmatic arc system linked to subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasia. This metallogenesis is closely related to high-K calc-alkaline intermediate–acid granite and pyroxene – diorite porphyry magmatism. The second and third stages of mineralization in the study area (110–104 Ma and 104–102 Ma, respectively) correspond to the formation of gold-rich porphyry copper, porphyry-like copper, and high-sulphidation gold deposits, with metallogenesis closely related to sodic or adakitic magmatism. These magmas formed in a continental margin magmatic arc system related to oblique subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasia, as well as mixing of crust-derived remelted granitic and mantle-derived adakitic magmas. During the final stage of mineralization (95.0 ± 2 Ma), metallogenesis was closely related to sodic or adakitic magmatism, with diagenesis and metallogenesis related to the disintegration or destruction of the Pacific Plate, which was subducted beneath the Eurasian Plate during the Mesozoic.
Iron‐manganese Concretions in Hydrosequences of Soils in Loess in Bavaria

To expand knowledge about the nature and distribution of Fe-Mn concretions in soils, and in particular about their relation to degree of hydromorphism, the amounts and composition of concretions (0.2–0.63, 0.63–2.0, and >2.0-mm diam) in profiles of two hydrosequences on loess in Bavaria, Germany were determined. Concretions were separated by wet sieving air-dried soil samples. Maximum concretion formation (up to 7.5 weight percent) occurred in the upper B horizons (∼50-cm depth) approaching the surface with increasing wetness. Maximum concretion formation (up to 40 kg/m²) also occurred under medium wetness and not in the wettest profile. Mn, Fe, and P (except not P in the wettest members) were concentrated in the concretions, Fe predominantly as goethite, Mn presumably as birnessite and P (as concluded from correlations) adsorbed to Fe-oxides, but not to Mn-oxides. Selected concretion and microprobe studies showed that during concretion formation Mn with Some Fe is concentrated first with Mn being essentially exhausted at a later stage where nearly only Fe accumulates. Inasmuch as P from 2,000-year-old bones accumulated in concretions, their formation appears to have been continuing through recent time.