Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nonequilibrium stationary states and phase transitions in directed Ising models

We study the nonequilibrium properties of directed Ising models with non-conserved dynamics, in which each spin is influenced by only a subset of its nearest neighbours. We treat the following models: (i) the one-dimensional chain; (ii) the two-dimensional square lattice; (iii) the two-dimensional triangular lattice and (iv) the three-dimensional cubic lattice. We raise and answer the question: (a) under what conditions is the stationary state described by the equilibrium Boltzmann–Gibbs distribution? We show that, for models (i), (ii) and (iii), in which each spin ‘sees’ only half of its neighbours, there is a unique set of transition rates, namely with exponential dependence in the local field, for which this is the case. For model (iv), we find that any rates satisfying the constraints required for the stationary measure to be Gibbsian should satisfy detailed balance, ruling out the possibility of directed dynamics. We finally show that directed models on lattices of coordination number z≥8 with exponential rates cannot accommodate a Gibbsian stationary state. We conjecture that this property extends to any form of the rates. We are thus led to the conclusion that directed models with Gibbsian stationary states only exist in dimensions one and two. We then raise the question: (b) do directed Ising models, augmented by Glauber dynamics, exhibit a phase transition to a ferromagnetic state? For the models considered above, the answers are open problems, with the exception of the simple cases (i) and (ii). For Cayley trees, where each spin sees only the spins further from the root, we show that there is a phase transition provided the branching ratio, q, satisfies q≥3.
Using synchrotron emission modelling of relativistic hydrodynamic jet simulations to study the FR I/FR II dichotomy of active galactic nuclei radio jets

In this paper three dimensional relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of AGN jets are presented to investigate the FR I/FR II dichotomy. Three simulations are presented which illustrates the difference in morphology for high/low Lorentz factor injection as well as a stratified background medium. Lorentz factors of 10 and 1.0014 were used for the high and low Lorentz factor cases respectively. The hydrodynamic simulations show a division in the morphology of jets based on their initial injection luminosity. An additional simulation was set up to investigate the evolution of the low Lorentz factor jet if the mass injection was lowered after a certain time. A synchrotron emission model was applied to these simulations to reproduce intensity maps at radio frequencies (1.5GHz) which were compared to the observed emission structures of FR I/FR II radio galaxies. The effect of Doppler boosting on the intensity maps was also investigated for different polar angles. The intensity maps of both the high and low Lorentz factor cases reproduced emission structures that resemble those of FR II type radio galaxies with a dominant cocoon region containing time dependent hot spots and filaments. An FR I like structure was, however, produced for the low Lorentz factor case if the mass injection rate was lowered after a set time period.
Bi-Photon Entangled Airy Beams through Unstable Oceanic Turbulence

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) carried by bi-photon entangled Airy beams in unstable oceanic turbulence is theoretically investigated. The analytical expression of the spatial coherence radius of a spherical wave in the unstable stratification oceanic turbulence is derived to obtain the relative detection probability of bi-photon entangled Airy beams. The relative detection probability of OAM carried by bi-photon entangled Airy beams acquires significant enhancements—up to 62% compared to the same measurement for the single photon system over a distance of 100 m. Lower-order bi-photon entangled Airy beams with larger wavelengths, and main ring radius are less affected by oceanic turbulence. A larger main ring radius also contributes to reducing the fluctuations in detection probability. Oceanic turbulence dominated by salinity fluctuations induces more adverse effects on the OAM, as well as a stronger strength of the turbulence.
The galactocentric radius dependent upper mass limit of young star clusters: stochastic star formation ruled out

It is widely accepted that the distribution function of the masses of young star clusters is universal and can be purely interpreted as a probability density distribution function with a constant upper mass limit. As a result of this picture the masses of the mostmassive objects are exclusively determined by the size of the sample. Here we show, with very high confidence, that the masses of the most-massive young star clusters in M33 decrease with increasing galactocentric radius in contradiction to the expectations from a model of a randomly sampled constant cluster mass function with a constant upper mass limit. Pure stochastic star formation is thereby ruled out. We use this example to elucidate how naive analysis of data can lead to unphysical conclusions.
Short gamma-ray bursts as a possible probe of binary neutron star mergers

We study the properties of short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), based on the assumption that they are all connected to binary neutron star mergers, whose mechanism contains a large amount of uncertainty. In particular, the merger time distribution, which is essential for short GRB rate estimation, is focused on; we parametrize it simply as Pm(t)∝tα with a lower cut-off timescale τ. The short GRB rate, calculated using such a parametrization with a specific model of the cosmic star formation rate, is found to be quite insensitive to the value of τ, but very sensitive to α. With such formation rate models, the peak flux distribution observed by BATSE is fitted. In the fitting process, the local short GRB rate ρ0 is treated as one of the free parameters, giving the best fit when ρ0 = 0.1–2 yr−1 Gpc−3, depending on the other free parameters as well as the formation rate model represented by (τ,α). We also discuss several implications for the intrinsic properties of possible sources of short GRBs, such as jet structure, intrinsic luminosity function, and intrinsic duration distribution.
STUDIES OF THERMALLY UNSTABLE ACCRETION DISKS AROUND BLACK HOLES WITH ADAPTIVE PSEUDOSPECTRAL DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION METHOD. II. LIMIT-CYCLE BEHAVIOR IN ACCRETION DISKS AROUND KERR BLACK HOLES

For the first time ever, we derive equations governing the time evolution of fully relativistic slim accretion disks in the Kerr metric and numerically construct their detailed non-stationary models. We discuss applications of these general results to a possible limit-cycle behavior of thermally unstable disks. Our equations and numerical method are applicable in a wide class of possible viscosity prescriptions, but in this paper we use a diffusive form of the “standard alpha prescription” that assumes that the viscous torque is proportional to the total pressure. In this particular case, we find that the parameters that dominate the limit-cycle properties are the mass-supply rate and the value of the alpha-viscosity parameter. Although the duration of the cycle (or the outburst) does not exhibit any clear dependence on the black hole spin, the maximal outburst luminosity (in the Eddington units) is positively correlated with the spin value. We suggest a simple method for a rough estimate of the black hole spin based on the maximal luminosity and the ratio of outburst to cycle durations. We also discuss a temperature–luminosity relation for the Kerr black hole accretion disk limit cycle. Based on these results, we discuss the limit-cycle behavior observed in microquasar GRS 1915+105. We also extend this study to several non-standard viscosity prescriptions, including a “delayed heating” prescription recently addressed by the MHD simulations of accretion disks.
Paying Returns to Shareholders of Water Utilities: Evidence from Italy

The debate about the role of corporations with regard to water also involves the influence that paying returns to shareholders could have on the investment policy of utilities, influencing the development of new infrastructure or the renewal of existing ones. This study investigated the dividend policy of water utilities by analyzing the data of 128 Italian firms during 2009–2014. Data show that the majority of utilities do not distribute any return to shareholders. On average, large utilities pay more frequent returns than medium-sized and small ones. Moreover, water utilities that are part of a group, multi-utilities, and those located in the center of Italy pay more frequent returns than do others. Southern firms usually do not pay returns. As expected, privately owned water utilities pay dividends more frequently and have higher returns to equity. In all the observed years, at least one-third of such utilities paid returns. Empirical results provide water regulators, water utility managers, and stakeholders with information that can impact future regulatory and managerial decisions related to management and strategic model choices in the water industry and how these decisions affect investments to improve water quality, water quantity, and/or water services.
Decay of the metastable phase in d = 1 and d = 2 Ising models

We calculate perturbatively the tunneling decay rate $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ of the metastable phase in the quantum $d=1$ Ising model in a skew magnetic field near the coexistence line $0l{h}_{x}l1, {h}_{z}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{-}0$ at $T=0. $ It is shown that $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ oscillates in the magnetic field ${h}_{z}$ due to discreteness of the excitation energy spectrum. After mapping of the obtained results onto the extreme anisotropic $d=2$ Ising model at $Tl{T}_{c},$ we verify in the latter model the droplet theory predictions for the free energy analytically continued to the metastable phase. We also find evidence for the discrete-lattice corrections in this metastable phase free energy.
Meaning and Use in the Expression of Estimative Probability

Abstract Words of estimative probability (WEPs), such as ‘possible’ and ‘a good chance’, provide an efficient means for expressing probability under uncertainty. Current semantic theories assume that WEPs denote crisp thresholds on the probability scale, but experimental data indicate that their use is characterised by gradience and focality. Here, we implement and compare computational models of the use of WEPs to explain novel production data. We find that, among models incorporating cognitive limitations and assumptions about goal-directed speech, a model that implements a threshold-based semantics explains the data equally well as a model that semantically encodes patterns of gradience and focality. We further validate the model by distinguishing between participants with more or fewer autistic traits, as measured with the Autism Spectrum Quotient test. These traits include communicative difficulties. We show that these difficulties are reflected in the rationality parameter of the model, which modulates the probability that the speaker selects the pragmatically optimal message.
Correlation Statistics of Irregular and Spiral Galaxies Mapped in H i

Several measures of galaxy size and mass obtained from the neutral hydrogen mapping of 70 dwarf irregular galaxies presented in Paper I (Hoffman et al. 1996) are compared statistically to those for the set of all available HI-mapped dwarfs and HI-mapped spirals distributed within the same spatial volume to investigate variations in Tully-Fisher relations and in surface densities as functions of galaxy size and luminosity or mass. Some ambiguities due to the ``non-commutativity'' of the correlations among the variables are addressed and linear regressions of logarithms of blue luminosity, HI and optical radii, velocity profile half-width incorporating rotation and random motions, HI mass, and indicative dynamical mass are presented and analyzed. The surface density of HI is almost constant along the sequence of size/mass/luminosity while surface density of blue luminosity increases with galaxy size. For quantities not involving HI we find no evidence for a ``break'' between dwarfs and spirals, but we do find some curvature in velocity vs. radius and in the Tully-Fisher relation. There is an indication for a difference in the correlations involving HI mass or radius between dwarfs alone and spirals alone, in the sense that irregulars have somewhat more HI mass or slightly larger HI radii than spirals at a given blue luminosity, optical radius, or velocity profile width.
Effects of Laser Therapy on Periodontal Status in Adult Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment

Orthodontic treatment with fixed devices should only be indicated in case of a stable, non-active periodontal disease status. Throughout orthodontic treatment, a careful assessment of the periodontal status is advised. Due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, laser therapy is frequently used as an adjunct to classic periodontal therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the advantages and limitations of the use of laser therapy on periodontal status during orthodontic treatment. Throughout the 9 months during which this placebo-controlled, single-blind clinical trial was conducted, 32 patients were included in the study, divided into two groups: microscope “+” (patients who observed the bacteria within the dental plaque-sample examination on the screen of a dark-field microscope in real time) and microscope “−” (patients who did not see the oral pathogens using a dark-field microscope). For all patients, using the split-mouth study design, laser therapy was applied to one hemiarch (HL), whereas the other hemiarch received treatment without active light (HC). After one month, by analyzing the main indicators of periodontal health status, we found that the plaque index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) values were significantly decreased after receiving treatment (for PI: HL-p = 0.0005, HC-p = 0.0297; for BOP: HL-p = 0.0121, HC-p = 0.0236), whereas the probing-depth (PD) values remained almost the same as before treatment (HL-p = 1.5143; HC-p = 1.4762). Conclusions: The use of the dark-field microscope proved to be beneficial in sensitizing patients to the presence of bacteria in the oral cavity and motivated them to strictly follow the rules of oral hygiene. Laser treatment can be a valuable aid in periodontal therapy, but only in adjunction with mechanical therapy.
EFFECT OF COMPANY AGE, AUDIT QUALITY, LEVERAGE AND PROFITABILITY ON EARNINGS MANAGEMENT

This research aims to test the impact of Company Age, Audit Quality, Leverage and Profitability on Earnings management on Indonesian Stock Exchange-listed Retail and Wholesale Trading Companies for the years 2016-2020. The study used data obtained from financial statements. The trade sector, which is listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, is the focus population for this study. The sample selection technique used is purposive sampling with several criteria that have been determined, the sample data obtained by 18 companies with the period 2016-2020. SPSS version 25 was utilized for data analysis, and the traditional assumption test of heteroskedasticity multicollinierity, normality test, correlation and determination coefficient test, simultaneous test, and partial test were used. This research showed that company age had a significant positive impact on earnings management, audit quality had a significant negative impact on earnings management, leverage had no significant impact on earnings management and profitability had a positive impact on earnings management.
The Importance of MicroRNA Expression in Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is an important systemic disorder of the extracellular matrix, in which granular amyloid-like protein fibers accumulate in the anterior segment of the eyeball as well as in other organs. PEX is currently considered to be a multifactorial systemic disorder with genetic and environmental risk factors. The aim of this manuscript was to analyze miR expression in PEX. In recent years, an attempt has been made to investigate and describe the level of expression of selected miRs in PEX. Four polymorphisms of genes isolated from the blood that may be related to PEX were identified and miR-122-5p was found to be upregulated in patient blood. Furthermore, 18 miRs were identified with a statistically different expression in the aqueous humor. A significantly elevated expression of miR-125b was found in the anterior lens capsule, and four miRs were described, which may have a significant impact on the development of PEX. Regulatory miR molecules are gaining more and more importance in research aimed at identifying and isolating molecular markers related to the pathogenesis and prognosis of PEX, but further studies are needed.
Nuclear Star Clusters and the Stellar Spheroids of their Host Galaxies

We combine published photometry for the nuclear star clusters and stellar spheroids of 51 low-mass, early-type galaxies in the Virgo cluster with empirical mass-to-light ratios, in order to complement previous studies that explore the dependence of nuclear star cluster (NSC) masses on various properties of their host galaxies. We confirm a roughly linear relationship between NSC mass and luminous host spheroid mass, albeit with considerable scatter (0.57 dex). In order to translate this to an MNSC σ relation, we estimate velocity dispersions from the virial theorem, assuming all galaxies in our sample share a common dark matter fraction and are dynamically relaxed. We then find that MNSC � σ 2.73±0.29 , with a slightly reduced scatter of 0.54 dex. This confirms recent results that the shape of the MCMO σ relation is different for NSCs and super-massive black holes (SMBHs). We discuss this result in the context of the generalized idea of "central massive objects" (CMOs). In order to assess which physical parameters drive the observed nuclear cluster masses, we also carry out a joint multi-variate power-law fit to the data. In this, we allow the nuclear cluster mass to depend on spheroid mass and radius (and hence implicitly on velocity dispersion), as well as on the size of the globular cluster reservoir. When considered together, the dependences on MSph and RSph are roughly consistent with the virial theorem, and therefore MNSC / σ 2 . However, the only statistically significant correlation appears to be a simple linear scaling between NSC mass and luminous spheroid mass. We proceed to directly compare the derived NSC masses with predictions for two popular models for NSC formation, namely i) globular cluster infall due to dynamical friction, and ii) in-situ formation during the early phases of galaxy formation that is regulated via momentum feedback from stellar winds and/or supernovae. Neither model can directly predict the observations, and we discuss possible interpretations of our findings.
A Multichannel EMG System for Spatial Measurement of Diaphragm Activities

An important aspect of mechanical ventilation is the recognition and quantification of spontaneous respiratory effort. However, a measurement of flows and pressures often used for this purpose is prone to error. A promising alternative is to detect diaphragmatic contractions, directly. A method recently proposed is to acquire the diaphragm electromyography (EMG) signals using surface electrodes. However, this method is often limited by disturbances and electrode placements for some applications in which the patient is moving, such as rehabilitation or breathing training. In this work, we present a novel noninvasive method that addresses these problems. This method is based on a novel dry electrode belt, which can be used to comfortably derive EMG signals from the thorax, in combination with a developed electrical measurement system. The modular multichannel system is capable of simultaneously deriving and digitizing 32 differential EMG channels and sending them to a personal computer (PC). A specific digital signal processing chain allows combining the data into one robust overall signal. In addition, the signals derived from the thorax can be used to obtain information regarding the spatiotemporal propagation of the diaphragm EMG. To verify the functionality, the system is characterized. Subsequently, subject measurements are performed. From these, the spatiotemporal propagation of diaphragm EMG on the thorax can be identified. For better visualization, this propagation is graphically displayed in a 3-D model. In addition, it is shown how the combination of all signals can be used to obtain a robust overall signal that can be used to control ventilators.
In-medium vector mesons and low mass lepton pairs from heavy ion collisions

The ρ and ω meson self-energy at finite temperature and baryon density have been analysed for an exhaustive set of mesonic and baryonic loops in the real time formulation of thermal field theory. The large enhancement of spectral strength below the nominal ρ mass is seen to cause a substantial enhancement in dilepton pair yield in this mass region. The integrated yield after space-time evolution using relativistic hydrodynamics with quark gluon plasma in the initial state leads to a very good agreement with the experimental data from In-In collisions obtained by the NA60 collaboration.
The dynamics of galaxy pairs in a cosmological setting

We use the Millennium Simulation, and an abundance-matching framework, to investigate the dynamical behaviour of galaxy pairs embedded in a cosmological context. Our main galaxy-pair sample, selected to have separations r 6 250h −1 kpc, consists of over 1.3 million pairs at redshift z = 0, with stellar masses greater than 10 9 M⊙, probing mass ratios down to 1:1000. We use dark matter halo membership and energy to classify our galaxy pairs. In terms of halo membership, central-satellite pairs tend to be in isolation (in relation to external more massive galaxies), are energeticallybound to each other, and are also weakly-bound to a neighbouring massive galaxy. Satellite-satellite pairs, instead, inhabit regions in close proximity to a more massive galaxy, are energetically-unbound, and are often bound to that neighbour. We find that 60% of our paired galaxies are bound to both their companion and to a third external object. Moreover, only 9% of our pairs resemble the kind of systems described by idealised binary merger simulations in complete isolation. In sum, we demonstrate the importance of properly connecting galaxy pairs to the rest of the Universe.
Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia and Reference Range of Complete Blood Count, Reticulocyte Parameters in Infants Aged 9–11 Months

Background Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is still a major global health problem. Determination of reference ranges for complete blood count (CBC), reticulocyte hemoglobin content (Ret-He), immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF), and reticulocyte production index (RPI) are essential to help diagnose a disease. Purpose The study aims to know the prevalence of IDA, risk factors that influence it, and set a reference range for CBC and reticulocyte parameters in infants aged 9–11 months in Indonesia. Patients and Methods The study was conducted prospectively at 10 Community Health Centers in Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, from August 2020 to August 2021. Results This study recruited 100 healthy infants (47% boys, 53% girls) aged 9–11 months. The prevalence of IDA was 32%. There is no association between IDA prevalence with the mother’s education and occupation, maternal parity, family income, and infant nutritional status (p > 0.05). The reference range for hemoglobin (Hb) at P2.5-P97.5, P3-P97, P5-P95 and mean ± 2SD was 11.06 to 14.34 g/dL, 11.10 to 14.31 g/dL, 11.13 to 13.90 g/dL and 10.57 to 13.65 g/dL, respectively. This study also defined the reference ranges for reticulocyte parameters. Conclusion The reference range of CBC, Ret-He, IRF, and RPI for healthy infants aged 9–11 months in this study can be used as a benchmark.