Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STAR FORMATION HISTORY, DUST ATTENUATION, AND EXTRAGALACTIC BACKGROUND LIGHT

At any given epoch, the extragalactic background light (EBL) carries imprints of integrated star formation activities in the universe until that epoch. On the other hand, in order to estimate the EBL when direct observations are not possible, one requires an accurate estimation of the star formation rate density (SFRD) and the dust attenuation ( A &ngr; ? > ) in galaxies. Here, we present a “progressive fitting method” that determines the global average SFRD(z) and A &ngr; ? > (z) for any given extinction curve by using the available multiwavelength, multiepoch galaxy luminosity function measurements. Using the available observations, we determine the best-fit combinations of SFRD(z) and A &ngr; ? > (z), in a simple fitting form, up to z ∼ 8 ? > for five well-known extinction curves. We find, irrespective of the extinction curve used, the z at which the SFRD(z) peaks is higher than the z above which A &ngr; ? > (z) begins to decline. For each case, we compute the EBL from ultraviolet to the far-infrared regime and the optical depth ( τ γ ? > ) encountered by the high-energy γ-rays due to pair production upon collisions with these EBL photons. We compare these with measurements of the local EBL, γ-ray horizon, and τ γ ? > measurements using Fermi-Large Area Telescope. All these and the comparison of independent SFRD(z) and A &ngr; ? > (z) measurements from the literature with our predictions favor an extinction curve similar to that of the Large Magellanic Cloud Supershell.
THE BEARING CAPACITY OF STRIP FOOTING FROM THE STANDPOINT OF PLASTICITY THEORY

SOLUTIONS, BY THE THEORY FOR A PERFECTLY PLASTIC MATERIAL WITH A NON-ASSOCIATED FLOW RULE, ARE PRESENTED OVER THE FULL RANGE FROM THE LIMITING CASE OF NO BODY FORCES (THE PRANDTL SOLUTION) TO THE LIMITING CASE FOR NO SURCHARGE. IT IS SHOWN THAT IN BETWEEN THESE LIMITING CASES THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION IMPLIED IN THE ORDINARY CONCEPT OF BEARING CAPACITY COEFFICIENTS IS APPROXIMATELY TRUE, THE ERROR BEING NO MORE THAN A MAXIMUM OF 30%. THE RESULTS CONFIRM PREVIOUS SOLUTIONS BY SOKOLOVSKY AND BY COX FOR SMOOTH FOOTINGS AND ALSO SHOW THAT FOR SUCH FOOTINGS THE NATURE OF THE FLOW RULE OF THE MATERIAL HAS NO INFLUENCE AT ALL ON THE COLLAPSE LOAD. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT THE ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY OF A ROUGH FOOTING MAY BE AS MUCH AS DOUBLE THAT OF A SMOOTH SURCHARGE THE EFFECT OF ROUGHNESS DECREASES. /TRRL/
A nurse-led educational intervention for relieving idiopathic constipation: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND Constipation is a common condition. Although numerous articles emphasise the importance of conservative interventions, none have set out a complete educational programme. AIMS To describe the results of an evidence-based, nurse-led educational intervention for functional constipation in adults. METHODS A retrospective study of patient records with an analysis of Wexner constipation scores and Bristol stool charts was carried out before and after a nurse-led educational programme on nutrition and bowel habits. FINDINGS Twenty-nine patients were enrolled (19 women and 10 men), with a median age of 61 (53-71) years, a mean BMI of 24.4±3.88 kg/m2 and comparable baseline Wexner and Bristol scores. A statistically significant improvement in Wexner scores (P<0.001) and a clinically relevant but not statistically significant (P=0.682) improvement in Bristol scores were observed. CONCLUSION The results suggest this investigation should be repeated on a larger scale. An educational intervention could be included in all consultations on any issue that could affect bowel activity.
Three life stages of wall-bounded decay of Taylor-Couette turbulence

The decay of Taylor-Couette turbulence, i.e~the flow between two coaxial and independently rotating cylinders, is numerically studied by instantaneously stopping the forcing from an initially statistically stationary flow field at a Reynolds number of $Re=3.5\times 10^4$. The effect of wall-friction is analysed by comparing three separate cases, in which the cylinders are either suddenly made no-slip or stress-free. Different life stages are observed during the decay. In the first stage, the decay is dominated by large-scale rolls. Counterintuitively, when these rolls fade away, if the flow inertia is small a redistribution of energy occurs, the energy of the azimuthal velocity behaves non-monotonically: first decreasing by almost two orders of magnitude, and then increasing during the redistribution. The second stage is dominated by non-normal transient growth of perturbations in the axial (spanwise) direction. Once this mechanism is exhausted, the flow enters the final life stage, viscous decay, which is dominated by wall-friction. We show that this stage can be modeled by a one-dimensional heat equation, and that self-similar velocity profiles collapse onto the theoretical solution.
EEG-Based Seizure Prediction via Model Uncertainty Learning

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have the powerful ability to automatically extract efficient features, which makes them prominent in electroencephalogram (EEG) based seizure prediction tasks. However, current research in this field cannot take the model uncertainty into account, causing the prediction less credible. To this end, we introduce a novel end-to-end patient-specific seizure prediction framework via model uncertainty learning. Specifically, we propose a reparameterized EEG-based lightweight CNN architecture and a modified Monte Carlo dropout (RepNet-MMCD) strategy to improve the reliability of the DNNs-based model. In RepNet, we obtain multi-scale feature representations by applying depthwise separable convolutions of different kernels. After training, depthwise convolutions with different scales are equivalently converted into a single convolution layer, which can greatly reduce computational budgets without losing model performance. In addition, we propose a modified Monte Carlo (MMCD) strategy, leveraging the samples-based temporal information in EEG signals to simulate the Monte Carlo dropout sampling. Sensitivity, false-positive rate (FPR), and area under curve (AUC) of the proposed RepNet-MMCD achieve 93.1%, 0.033/h, 0.950 and 81.6%, 0.056/h, 0.903 on two public datasets, respectively. We further extend the MMCD strategy to the other baseline methods, which can improve the performance of seizure prediction by a clear margin.
Soils in warmer and less developed countries have less micronutrients globally

Soil micronutrients are capital for the delivery of ecosystem functioning and food provision worldwide. Yet, despite their importance, the global biogeography and ecological drivers of soil micronutrients remain virtually unknown, limiting our capacity to anticipate abrupt unexpected changes in soil micronutrients in the face of climate change. Here, we analyzed >1300 topsoil samples to examine the global distribution of six metallic micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Co and Ni) across all continents, climates and vegetation types. We found that warmer arid and tropical ecosystems, present in the least developed countries, sustain the lowest contents of multiple soil micronutrients. We further provide evidence that temperature increases may potentially result in abrupt and simultaneous reductions in the content of multiple soil micronutrients when a temperature threshold of 12–14°C is crossed, which may be occurring on 3% of the planet over the next century. Altogether, our findings provide fundamental understanding of the global distribution of soil micronutrients, with direct implications for the maintenance of ecosystem functioning, rangeland management and food production in the warmest and poorest regions of the planet.
AGILE Detection of a Candidate Gamma-Ray Precursor to the ICECUBE-160731 Neutrino Event

On 2016 July 31 the ICECUBE collaboration reported the detection of a high-energy starting event induced by an astrophysical neutrino. Here, we report on a search for a gamma-ray counterpart to the ICECUBE-160731 event, made with the AGILE satellite. No detection was found spanning the time interval of ±1 ks around the neutrino event time T0 using the AGILE “burst search” system. Looking for a possible gamma-ray precursor in the results of the AGILE-GRID automatic Quick Look procedure over predefined 48-hr time bins, we found an excess above 100 MeV between 1 and 2 days before T0, which is positionally consistent with the ICECUBE error circle, that has a post-trial significance of about . A refined data analysis of this excess confirms, a posteriori, the automatic detection. The new AGILE transient source, named AGL J1418+0008, thus stands as a possible ICECUBE-160731 gamma-ray precursor. No other space missions nor ground observatories have reported any detection of transient emission consistent with the ICECUBE event. We show that Fermi-LAT had a low exposure for the ICECUBE region during the AGILE gamma-ray transient. Based on an extensive search for cataloged sources within the error regions of ICECUBE-160731 and AGL J1418+0008, we find a possible common counterpart showing some of the key features associated with the high-energy peaked BL Lac (HBL) class of blazars. Further investigations on the nature of this source using dedicated SWIFT ToO data are presented.
Waves on an interface between two phase-separated Bose-Einstein condensates

We examine waves localized near a boundary between two weakly segregated Bose-Einstein condensates, In the case of a wavelength of the order of or larger than the thickness of the overlap region the variational method is used. The dispersion laws for the two oscillation branches are found in analytic form. The opposite case of a wavelength much shorter than the healing length in the bulk condensate is also discussed.
Muscle mass and quality as predictors for complications, recurrence and length of hospital stay in acute uncomplicated diverticulitis: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the potential correlation between muscle mass/muscle quality and risk of complications or recurrence in patients presenting with acute uncomplicated diverticulitis. It was also to study if low muscle mass/quality correlated to prolonged hospital stay. Materials and methods The study population comprised 501 patients admitted to Helsingborg Hospital or Skåne University Hospital between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2017, who had been diagnosed with acute uncomplicated diverticulitis and undergone computed tomography upon admission. The scans were used to estimate skeletal muscle mass and muscle radiation attenuation (an indicator for muscle quality). Skeletal muscle index was obtained by adjusting skeletal muscle mass to the patients’ height. Values of below the fifth percentile of a normal population were considered low. Results There were no differences between the patients with normal versus those with low skeletal muscle mass, skeletal muscle index or muscle radiation attenuation regarding risk of complications or recurrence of diverticular disease. However, as only 11 patients had complications, no conclusion as to a potential correlation can be made. Low muscle quality correlated to longer hospital stay, also when adjusting for other potential confounders. Conclusions Muscle mass/quality do not seem to serve as predictor of risk for recurrent disease in patients with acute uncomplicated diverticulitis. However, low muscle radiation attenuation was associated with prolonged hospital stay. This indicates that muscle quality, assessed by computed tomography scan, might be used in clinical practise to identify patients at risk of longer hospitalisation.
Associations Between the Severity of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Vocal Features in Children and Adolescents: Protocol for a Statistical and Machine Learning Analysis

Background Artificial intelligence tools have the potential to objectively identify youth in need of mental health care. Speech signals have shown promise as a source for predicting various psychiatric conditions and transdiagnostic symptoms. Objective We designed a study testing the association between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) diagnosis and symptom severity on vocal features in children and adolescents. Here, we present an analysis plan and statistical report for the study to document our a priori hypotheses and increase the robustness of the findings of our planned study. Methods Audio recordings of clinical interviews of 47 children and adolescents with OCD and 17 children and adolescents without a psychiatric diagnosis will be analyzed. Youths were between 8 and 17 years old. We will test the effect of OCD diagnosis on computationally derived scores of vocal activation using ANOVA. To test the effect of OCD severity classifications on the same computationally derived vocal scores, we will perform a logistic regression. Finally, we will attempt to create an improved indicator of OCD severity by refining the model with more relevant labels. Models will be adjusted for age and gender. Model validation strategies are outlined. Results Simulated results are presented. The actual results using real data will be presented in future publications. Conclusions A major strength of this study is that we will include age and gender in our models to increase classification accuracy. A major challenge is the suboptimal quality of the audio recordings, which are representative of in-the-wild data and a large body of recordings collected during other clinical trials. This preregistered analysis plan and statistical report will increase the validity of the interpretations of the upcoming results. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/39613
Osteocytes regulate senescence of bone and bone marrow

The skeletal system contains a series of sophisticated cellular lineages arising from the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that determine the homeostasis of bone and bone marrow. Here, we reasoned that osteocyte may exert a function in regulation of these lineage cell specifications and tissue homeostasis. Using a mouse model of conditional deletion of osteocytes by the expression of diphtheria toxin subunit α in dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1)-positive osteocytes, we demonstrated that partial ablation of DMP1-positive osteocytes caused severe sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and degenerative kyphosis, leading to shorter lifespan in these animals. Osteocytes reduction altered mesenchymal lineage commitment, resulting in impairment of osteogenesis and induction of osteoclastogensis. Single-cell RNA sequencing further revealed that hematopoietic lineage was mobilized toward myeloid lineage differentiation with expanded myeloid progenitors, neutrophils, and monocytes, while the lymphopoiesis was impaired with reduced B cells in the osteocyte ablation mice. The acquisition of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in both osteogenic and myeloid lineage cells was the underlying cause. Together, we showed that osteocytes play critical roles in regulation of lineage cell specifications in bone and bone marrow through mediation of senescence.
Computational modeling of color perception with biologically plausible spiking neural networks

Biologically plausible computational modeling of visual perception has the potential to link high-level visual experiences to their underlying neurons’ spiking dynamic. In this work, we propose a neuromorphic (brain-inspired) Spiking Neural Network (SNN)-driven model for the reconstruction of colorful images from retinal inputs. We compared our results to experimentally obtained V1 neuronal activity maps in a macaque monkey using voltage-sensitive dye imaging and used the model to demonstrate and critically explore color constancy, color assimilation, and ambiguous color perception. Our parametric implementation allows critical evaluation of visual phenomena in a single biologically plausible computational framework. It uses a parametrized combination of high and low pass image filtering and SNN-based filling-in Poisson processes to provide adequate color image perception while accounting for differences in individual perception.
Delayed Shock-induced Dust Formation in the Dense Circumstellar Shell Surrounding the Type IIn Supernova SN 2010jl

The light curves of Type IIn supernovae are dominated by the radiative energy released through the interaction of the supernova shock waves with their dense circumstellar medium (CSM). The ultraluminous Type IIn supernova SN 2010jl exhibits an infrared emission component that is in excess of the extrapolated UV–optical spectrum as early as few weeks postexplosion. This emission has been considered by some as evidence for the rapid formation of dust in the cooling postshock CSM. We investigate the physical processes that may inhibit or facilitate the formation of dust in the CSM. When only radiative cooling is considered, the temperature of the dense shocked gas rapidly drops below the dust condensation temperature. However, by accounting for the heating of the postshock gas by the downstream radiation from the shock, we show that dust formation is inhibited until the radiation from the shock weakens as it propagates into the less dense outer regions of the CSM. In SN 2010jl, dust formation can therefore only commence after day ∼380. Only the IR emission since that epoch can be attributed to the newly formed CSM dust. Observations on day 460 and later show that the IR luminosity exceeds the UV–optical luminosity. The postshock dust cannot extinct the radiation emitted by the expanding SN shock. Therefore, its IR emission must be powered by an interior source, which we identify as the reverse shock propagating through the SN ejecta. IR emission before day 380 must therefore be an IR echo from preexisting CSM dust.
Entanglement negativity in Galilean conformal field theories

We obtain the entanglement negativity for various bipartite zero and finite temperature pure and mixed state configurations in a class of $(1+1)$-dimensional Galilean conformal field theories. In this context we establish a construction for computing the entanglement negativity for such bipartite states involving a suitable replica technique. Our construction exactly reproduces certain universal features observed for entanglement negativity of corresponding states in relativistic $(1+1)$-dimensional conformal field theories.
Electroweak properties of pions in a nuclear medium

The charge form factor and weak decay constant of the pion as well as the pion-quark coupling constant in symmetric nuclear matter are explored in the framework of the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model, where the pion is described as a bound state of dressed quark-antiquark pair obtained by the Bethe-Salpeter equation. For the in-medium current quark properties, we adopt the quark-meson coupling model, which describes successfully many hadron properties in a nuclear medium. The pion decay constant and the pion-quark coupling constant are found to decrease with increasing density as well as the magnitude of the light quark condensate. But the pion mass is found to be insensitive to density up to $1.25$ times the normal nuclear density. The pion charge form factor in the space-like region is also explored and is found to have a similar $Q^2$ dependence as the form factor in vacuum showing $1/Q^2$-behavior in large $Q^2$ region, where $Q^2$ is the negative of the four-momentum transfer squared. The modifications of the charge radius of the charged pion in nuclear matter are then estimated and the root-mean-square radius at the normal nuclear density is predicted to be larger than that in vacuum by about 20\%.
Perioperative Management of Pediatric Crohn’s Disease

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory condition that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. It is transmural in nature and complications such as fistula, strictures and peri-anal disease may occur. There is more extensive anatomic involvement (50% ileocolonic, 20% colonic, 30% with upper GI symptoms) and a higher surgical risk in pediatrics than adults (50% vs 14% by age 30). Studies have shown 3.4%-7.9% of patients require surgery in first year after diagnosis, 13.8-47.2% by 5 years and 28%-35% by 10 years (1). There are three major surgical categories: ileocecal resection, treatment of complication, (fistula/stricture-figure 1,2) or salvage procedure for severe refractory disease. In addition, surgery may be considered with active short segment disease or children illustrating poor growth despite optimized medical therapy (ESPGHAN). Unfortunately, much data on pediatrics is derived from single centers rather than population-based cohorts and the most recent societal reports were based on studies with minimal biologic use (18-24%) (1). Despite larger use of biologics, resection is still needed in 20%- 34%, thus effective peri-operative management of pediatric CD is imperative (1).
THE VELOCITY WIDTH FUNCTION OF GALAXIES FROM THE 40% ALFALFA SURVEY: SHEDDING LIGHT ON THE COLD DARK MATTER OVERABUNDANCE PROBLEM

The ongoing Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA (ALFALFA) survey is a wide-area, extragalactic HI-line survey conducted at the Arecibo Observatory. Sources have so far been extracted over ∼3000 deg2 of sky (40% of its final area), resulting in the largest HI-selected sample to date. We measure the space density of HI-bearing galaxies as a function of their observed velocity width (uncorrected for inclination) down to w = 20 km s−1, a factor of two lower than the previous generation HI Parkes All-Sky Survey. We confirm previous results that indicate a substantial discrepancy between the observational distribution and the theoretical one expected in a cold dark matter (CDM) universe, at low widths. In particular, a comparison with synthetic galaxy samples populating state-of-the-art CDM simulations imply a factor of ∼8 difference in the abundance of galaxies with w = 50 km s−1 (increasing to a factor of ∼100 when extrapolated to the ALFALFA limit of w = 20 km s−1). We furthermore identify possible solutions, including a keV warm dark matter scenario and the fact that HI disks in low-mass galaxies are usually not extended enough to probe the full amplitude of the galactic rotation curve. In this latter case, we can statistically infer the relationship between the measured HI rotational velocity of a galaxy and the mass of its host CDM halo. Observational verification of the presented relationship at low velocities would provide an important test of the validity of the established dark matter model.