Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Repair at the femoral articular surface in osteo‐arthritis of the hip

A N osteo-arthritic hip-joint shows changes in its articular cartilage, bone and synovial membrane. In the articular cartilage the predominant changes are usually disintegration and erosion, leading to exposure of the underlying bone. Can cartilage lost in this manner become replaced by non-osseous repair tissue? If so, what is the nature and origin of the new tissue? To investigate these questions the histology of the articular surface has been studied in a series of femoral heads excised surgically during operations for treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip. The various types of tissue found at the femoral articular surface are described and an attempt is made to interpret their nature and origin; criteria are put forward for the identification of reparative cartilage, and two possible sources for this tissue are suggested. The area of the joint surface occupied by reparative cartilage has been estimated in each of the femoral heads examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Soil Aggregate Stability Improvement with Urban Composts of Different Maturities

Organic matter controls aggregate stability in loam soils. Intensive farming can lead to a decrease in soil organic matter content. In areas where livestock have disappeared, the recycling of composted urban organic wastes on agricultural soils may represent a valuable source of organic matter for restoring soil organic matter content. The effects on the aggregate stability of a silt loam soil of three urban composts (a municipal solid waste compost, a co-compost of sewage sludge and green waste, and a biowaste compost) sampled at two different stages of maturity (immature and mature composts) were studied during laboratory incubations. The results were related to (i) compost organic matter biodegradability, biochemical fractions, and humic substance content, (ii) microbial activity evaluated through organic C mineralization and microbial and fungal biomass evolution, (iii) hot-water-extractable polysaccharides, and (iv) aggregate hydrophobicity as revealed by the water drop penetration time test. Both immature and mature composts increased aggregate stability via different mechanisms. After immature compost addition, the enhanced microbial activity mainly improved aggregate stability by increasing water repellency. The fungal biomass was particularly involved in aggregate stabilization. The municipal solid waste compost was more efficient at improving resistance to slaking, probably because of its larger labile organic pool that enhanced microbial activity. The addition of mature composts immediately improved aggregate stability with similar efficiency for all composts but to a lesser extent than improvements from immature composts. The observed increase of interparticular cohesion could be due to the inward diffusion of binding organic substances within the aggregates.
Association of Rayleigh Waves Using Backazimuth Measurements: Application to Test Ban Verification

The defining characteristic of a fundamental mode Rayleigh wave in a spherical, isotropic Earth is its elliptical polarization in the plane of propagation. Measurement of this polarization is thus critical both in identification and in determining the backazimuth of a Rayleigh wave from receiver to source and hence the association with a particular seismic disturbance. Currently, the prototype International Data Center (pIDC) and the International Data Center (IDC) measure backazimuth but do not utilize this in association because it is believed that measurement of backazimuth is unreliable. In this article, we demonstrate that an accurate measurement of backazimuth can be obtained for the large majority of Rayleigh waves reported in the bulletins of the pIDC/IDC. A reliable backazimuth measurement confirms the association of a waveform with a seismic disturbance, whereas the inclusion of large backazimuth errors in the bulletin can cast doubt on the association. Because the object of event screening is to positively identify earthquakes, it is vital that surface-wave magnitudes are only measured from positively identified and associated Rayleigh waves.
Imaging spectrometry data correlated to hydrocarbon microseepage

Modular Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (MAIS) data were used to map hydrocarbon microseepages in the Weibei Depression, People's Republic of China, as an aid to petroleum exploration. To convert the radiance data to reflectance, the Empirical Line Method was used and the resulting data were similar to the field spectra. After first delineating the wheat fields, three bands (at 719.75nm, 739nm and 758.25nm) were used to map the pixels that had a red shift. A neighbourhood summation function was applied to evaluate which pixels were more likely to be anomalies. The non-systematic geometric distortions were corrected with the aid of linear features in the image and subsequently the systematic geometric distortions were corrected using ground control points. Ethane concentrations of 217 soil samples were used to assess the mapping result. It appears that high ethane concentrations in the map area are positively correlated to red-edge shift, which suggests that a high ethane concentration in soil may cause red-edge shift in wheat spectra. However, sub-surface structure and stratigraphy must be considered as well when analysing MAIS data.
Graph-based LiDAR-Inertial SLAM Enhanced by Loosely-Coupled Visual Odometry

In this paper, we address robot localization using Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) with Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) perception enhanced by visual odometry in scenarios where laser scan matching can be ambiguous because of a lack of sufficient features in the scan. We propose a Graph-based SLAM approach that benefits from fusing data from multiple types of sensors to overcome the disadvantages of using only LiDAR data for localization. The proposed method uses a failure detection model based on the quality of the LiDAR scan matching and inertial measurement unit data. The failure model improves LiDAR-based localization by an additional localization source, including low-cost black-box visual odometers like the Intel RealSense T265. The proposed method is compared to the state-of-the-art localization system LIO-SAM in cluttered and open urban areas. Based on the performed experimental deployments, the proposed failure detection model with black-box visual odometry sensor yields improved localization performance measured by the absolute trajectory and relative pose error indicators.
Sensitivity of GCM tropical middle atmosphere variability and climate to ozone and parameterized gravity wave changes

[1] This paper describes the impact of changing the current imposed ozone climatology upon the tropical Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) in a high top climate configuration of the Met Office U.K. general circulation model. The aim is to help distinguish between QBO changes in chemistry climate models that result from temperature-ozone feedbacks and those that might be forced by differences in climatology between previously fixed and newly interactive ozone distributions. Different representations of zonal mean ozone climatology under present-day conditions are taken to represent the level of change expected between acceptable model realizations of the global ozone distribution and thus indicate whether more detailed investigation of such climatology issues might be required when assessing ozone feedbacks. Tropical stratospheric ozone concentrations are enhanced relative to the control climatology between 20–30 km, reduced from 30–40 km and enhanced above, impacting the model profile of clear-sky radiative heating, in particular warming the tropical stratosphere between 15–35 km. The outcome is consistent with a localized equilibrium response in the tropical stratosphere that generates increased upwelling between 100 and 4 hPa, sufficient to account for a 12 month increase of modeled mean QBO period. This response has implications for analysis of the tropical circulation in models with interactive ozone chemistry because it highlights the possibility that plausible changes in the ozone climatology could have a sizable impact upon the tropical upwelling and QBO period that ought to be distinguished from other dynamical responses such as ozone-temperature feedbacks.
Cloud fraction errors for trade wind cumuli from EOS‐Terra instruments

Errors in the standard cloud fraction products produced by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) on EOS‐Terra were examined using 15 m resolution data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). Relative to 124 ASTER scenes containing only trade wind cumuli and having an average cloud fraction of 0.08, MODIS and MISR overestimated cloud fraction by 0.18 and 0.36, respectively. For non‐sunglint scenes, MODIS and MISR overestimated cloud fractions by 0.02 and 0.24, respectively. Systematic dependences in the MODIS and MISR cloud fractions with ASTER cloud fraction were observed. Large RMS errors in MODIS and MISR cloud fractions were observed because of variations in the spatial distribution of clouds, suggesting it may be difficult to decouple long‐term changes in cloud fraction from satellites from true changes in the spatial distribution of clouds.
Swash on a gently sloping beach

Waves observed in the inner surf and swash zones of a fine grained, gently sloping beach are modeled accurately with the nonlinear shallow water equations. The model is initialized with observations from pressure and current sensors collocated about 50 m from the mean shoreline in about i m depth, and model predictions are compared to pressure fluctuations measured at five shoreward locations and to run-up. Run-up was measured with a vertical stack of five wires supported parallel to and above the beach face at elevations of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 cm. Each 60-m-long run-up wire yields time series of the most shoreward location where the water depth exceeds the wire elevation. As noted previously, run-up measurements are sensitive to the wire elevation owing to thin run-up tongues not measured by the more elevated wires. As the wire elevation increases, the measured mean run-up location moves seaward, low-frequency (infragravity) energy decreases, and higher-frequency sea swell energy increases. These trends, as well as the variation of wave spectra and shapes (e.g., wave skewhess) across the inner surf zone, are well predicted by the numerical model.
Errors in cloud detection over the Arctic using a satellite imager and implications for observing feedback mechanisms.

Abstract Arctic sea ice extent has decreased dramatically over the last 30 years, and this trend is expected to continue through the twenty-first century. Changes in sea ice extent impact cloud cover, which in turn influences the surface energy budget. Understanding cloud feedback mechanisms requires an accurate determination of cloud cover over the polar regions, which must be obtained from satellite-based measurements. The accuracy of cloud detection using observations from space varies with surface type, complicating any assessment of climate trends as well as the understanding of ice–albedo and cloud–radiative feedback mechanisms. To explore the implications of this dependence on measurement capability, cloud amounts from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are compared with those from the CloudSat and Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder (CALIPSO) satellites in both daytime and nighttime during the time period from July 2006 to December 2008. MODIS is an imager that makes.
Daylight in relation to plant growth and illumination of buildings

This paper attempts to provide an introduction to daylight and the manner in which it can vary, with particular reference to arboriculture and forestry, and with some reference to architecture and planning. There appear to be very few sources of information which provide a comprehensive and readily understandable description of the variables that influence the amount of daylight which is received at any particular point and the effects that this is likely to have on plant growth and the provision of light within buildings. The author has attempted to relate direct measurements of daylight in different locations and at different times of the year to the limited amount of published information that he has been able to find, in order to provide an overview of this somewhat complex and frequently misunderstood topic.
Extinction, survival and recovery of corals from the Triassic to Middle Jurassic time

Recognizing extinction events and determining their cause at the Triassic/Jurassic (T/J) transition and near the Pliensbachian–Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) boundary is a field of growing interest. We provide arguments for these events through a literature based new evaluation of coral diversity from Triassic to Dogger and a new palaeobiogeographical map. The T/J extinction of corals is clearly related to the breakdown of reef environments. Origination curves show that Hettangian (the lowest Jurassic stage) was not only a survival phase but already rather a recovery phase. Post‐extinction evolution of reefs and their survival only in the northernmost margin of the Tethys support the hothouse hypothesis for the T/J extinction event. During Pliensbachian, many new taxa appear, but mostly solitary corals, not really framebuilders. Many of these taxa do not occur anymore during the following stages. The new increase in diversity is related to the development of Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) reefs.
Frequency dependent ultrasonic properties of high‐porosity sandstones

Compressional wave phase velocity and attenuation have been measured in several high-porosity (20–26%) sandstones as a continuous function of frequency from 400 to ∼2000 kHz. Samples include Massilon, Berea, and Boise sandstones and a synthetic fused glass bead sample. Both dry and brine saturated samples have been studied at effective pressures up to 40 MPa. Dry samples all show negative velocity dispersion (velocity decreasing with increasing frequency) and attenuation (dB/m) increasing as the third to fourth power of frequency. These data are interpreted as evidence of scattering within the samples. Brine saturated rocks show positive velocity dispersion and attenuation increasing with a first- to second-power frequency dependence. These data are interpreted as evidence for a local fluid-flow loss mechanism. Fused glass beads show no indication of flow related losses.
Students’ Learning Interest, Academic Achievement and Learning Retention in College Physics as observed from Flipped Classroom Learning Strategy and Traditional Lecture Method

This study examined students’ learning interest, academic achievement and learning retention in college physics based on Flipped Classroom Learning Strategy (FCLS) and Traditional Lecture Method (TLM). The study adopted quasi-experimental research design with a study sample of 60 physics students (200L and 300L) drawn using purposive sampling technique from department of physics, Federal College of Education, Abeokuta. The students were assigned as experimental group for PHY 222 and PHY 322 courses and as control group for PHY 223 and PHY 323 courses. The experimental and control groups were taught using FCLS and TLM, respectively. Data were collected through a validated Students’ Learning Interest Scale, Flipped Classroom-Physics Achievement Test, Traditional Lecture-Physics Achievement Test, Flipped Classroom-Physics Retention Test and Traditional Lecture-Physics Retention Test with reliability coefficients, r = 0.81, 0.82, 0.79, 0.78, 0.76, respectively, obtained using Cronbach Alpha. Collected data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and t-test statistics at 0.05 significance level. The result showed that (i) FCLS significantly enhanced students’ learning interest and academic achievement in college physics better than the TLM. (ii) FCLS enhanced academic achievement in male physics students better than their female colleagues taught using FCLS, but no significant difference was observed between them, (iii) FCLS positively influence students’ learning retention in college physics better than the TLM, but no significant difference was observed between them. We therefore recommend that school authorities should organize training workshops for science lecturers on the use of FCLS for teaching-learning of physics and other sciences.
Water‐dominated vegetation activity across biomes in mid‐latitudinal eastern China

Sensitivity of vegetation activity to water and temperature in eastern China was investigated using growing‐season Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and climate factors (MAP, mean annual precipitation; RH, relative humidity; PDSI, Palmer Drought Severity Index; and MAT, mean annual temperature). At a regional level, the cut‐off of mean NDVI value receiving a MAP interval of 543 ± 69 mm is identified, indicating the saturating effect of natural vegetation cover or greenness in the open‐canopy summer‐green deciduous forest of eastern China along the north–south rainfall gradient. The rainfall‐use efficiency (RUE) of vegetation as well as correlation coefficients of NDVI against MAP, RH and PDSI decreases with increased precipitation in a consistent logarithmic pattern. In most cases, temperature does not have a significant effect on the vegetation activity. The results of this study highlight a clear pattern of water‐dominated vegetation activity; however, a potential temperature‐induced drought stress in temperate steppe and subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest of eastern China is also indicated.
Soil movement on irregular slopes

Soil loss and runoff were measured from concave, uniform, and convex slopes subjected to simulated rainfall. Fluorescent glass particles and microrelief measurements were used to determine soil movement patterns in the slopes. For slopes of equal average steepness, a concave shape greatly reduced the total sediment loss in comparison with that from either a uniform or convex slope. Average slope steepness was not a good indicator of soil delivery past a given point except for a uniform slope. In general, soil losses from irregular slopes depend on the steepness of a short section of that slope immediately above the point of measurement. Soil movement off the plots was primarily transport by raindrop splash to a rill system and then transport down the slope by runoff in the rill system. A breakdown of the rill system occurred on the bottom of the concave slopes because of decreasing local steepness, resulting in sheet flow and sediment deposition.
Kuroshio in the Luzon Strait

[1] Three acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) were deployed in the central Luzon Strait to monitor current velocity. The profilers were deployed from 1997 to 1999, with the duration of deployment varying by location. The observed current velocities indicated that the Kuroshio flowed consistently into the South China Sea. Further information provided by composite shipboard ADCP data showed that the Kuroshio intruded into the Luzon Strait through the deepest channels (∼20.5°N). Most of the intruded component made a loop and flowed out of the northern Luzon Strait, but a branch of the Kuroshio intruded into the South China Sea. While the current velocity obtained from mooring data did not show seasonal variation, significant intraseasonal variation ranging from several to 100 days was found. The seasonal reversal of monsoonal winds (i.e., northeasterly in winter and southwesterly in summer) did not cause noticeable variation in current velocity. The Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model, together with monthly wind data, provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts was used to interpret the observed current velocity. Validation of the model results by the ADCP data showed that the model can explain the seasonal and interannual variations in the observed velocity fields. For example, the model reproduced the branch of the Kuroshio that consistently intruded into the South China Sea. The modeled velocity showed slight seasonal variation in the central Luzon Strait, although the large interannual signal could have hindered the seasonal timescale fluctuation. The interaction between the Kuroshio and South China Sea cyclonic flow caused variation in current velocities in both the Luzon Strait and the northern sector of the South China Sea. The model results also indicated that the Kuroshio axis bent clockwise within the Luzon Strait and flowed into and out of the South China Sea through the central and northern Luzon Strait, respectively. This pattern is similar with that shown by composite shipboard ADCP data. In summer, the Kuroshio looped west of the Luzon Strait, with a small intruding branch confined to the northwestern South China Sea. In winter, the intruding branch of the Kuroshio extended west and into the interior of the South China Sea. The net zonal transport of inflow and outflow across the Luzon Strait calculated from the model results was primarily westward, with the maximum varying from 4.8 to 6.5 Sv. Eastward transport was found occasionally in summer in some years, with a maximum from 0.3 to 2.2 Sv. While the Kuroshio intruded consistently into the South China Sea, transport out of the South China Sea was also observed. In summer, the current on the northern South China Sea shelf break contributed to the outflow. Variation in zonal transport was caused by variation in the sea surface height (SSH) west of northern Luzon caused by wind stress curl. Ekman transport, driven by monsoonal winds, and the strength of the Kuroshio off the Luzon Strait had little impact on the intrusion, which varied with fluctuation of the SSH west of northern Luzon.
The generation of quartz‐normative melts and corundum‐bearing restites by crustal anatexis: petrogenetic modelling based on an example from the Lewisian of North‐West Scotland

Abstract Rare layers of an aluminous, muscovite-rich rock from the Lewisian Complex at Stoer, North-West Scotland, display evidence which suggests that the rock has undergone local partial melting to form quartz-bearing veins and a corundum-bearing restite. The assemblages observed in these rocks match those predicted by modelling in the system KAlO2-NaAlO2-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O (KNASH) where certain bulk compositions melt peritectically to give corundum-bearing restites and quartz-normative melts. Study of the model system shows that the observed parageneses could have formed from a range of bulk compositions with a variety of possible values of aH2O which could have been internally or externally buffered. The KNASH petrogenetic grid, together with another in the system CaO-Na2O-FeO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O (CNFASH), allows the P–T path of the rocks to be delineated and an estimate to be made of the conditions at the peak of metamorphism as > 11 kbar and 900-925°C. This estimate is in agreement with P–T estimates using thermobarometric methods on adjacent lithologies: The activity of H2O in the system throughout metamorphism is calculated to have been >0.3.
SAR-based estimation of areal aboveground biomass (AAB) of herbaceous vegetation in the semi-arid zone: A modification of the water-cloud model

Estimating herbage biomass in semi-arid regions is essential, but remote sensing techniques are problematic for this purpose due to sparse vegetation cover and the strong effect that soil background has on signals. In order to minimize this problem, the synergy of unmixed soil and vegetation data within the water-cloud model is presented in this study. Results show that the modified model estimations are in agreement with actual field measurements from the semi-arid zone of central Israel. These results may imply that the water-cloud model could be implemented in areas of sparse herbaceous canopies using ERS-2 SAR data when combined with additional information about vegetation cover.