Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cambios temporales de la lluvia en el occidente de la isla de Cuba

The main objective of the research was the study of the behavior of rainfall in space and time in the western part of Cuba. Analysis was done in relation to seasonality, trends, variability and the presence of cycles. It was identifi ed that in the period 1961-1993 there was not any displacement of the rainy and dry season. It was identifi ed that this trend was strongly broken in 1975 and in a lesser scale en 1973. Four non periodic cycles were manifested. There is a similar behavior of rainfall in the western part of Cuba.
Species dependent energies in upward directed ion beams over auroral arcs as observed with FAST TEAMS

Upward flowing field‐aligned ion beams over auroral arcs have been observed with the 3‐dimensional ion mass spectrograph TEAMS on FAST. We have performed a statistical study on a sample of 77 ion beams from the auroral campaign in early 1997. All observed beams contain substantial amounts of H+, He+ and O+. A clear ordering of the total energies according to mass is found, with H+ having the lowest and O+ the highest energy. The composition varies significantly from beam to beam, with O+/H+ ratios ranging from ≈ 0.1 to 10. No variation of the energy ratio between species is observed as a function of relative abundance. These results are discussed in the light of earlier observations of higher energies for O+ in statistical studies of beams during solar minimum and attempts to explain this behavior in terms of beam instabilities.
Magma chamber of the Campi Flegrei supervolcano at the time of eruption of the Campanian Ignimbrite

A supereruption that occurred in the Campi Flegrei area, Italy, ca. 39 ka had regional- and global-scale environmental impacts and deposited the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI). We attempt to shed light on critical aspects of the eruption (depth of magma chamber, intensive pre-eruptive magma conditions) and the large-volume magma plumbing system on the basis of information derived from analyzing melt inclusion (MI) data. To achieve these aims, we provide new measurements of homogenization temperatures and values of dissolved H2O within phenocryst-hosted MIs from pumices erupted during different phases of the CI eruption. The MI data indicate that a relatively homogeneous overheated trachytic magma resided within a relatively deep magma chamber. Dissolved water contents in MIs indicate that prior to the eruption the magma chamber underwent radical changes related to differential upward movement of magma. Decompression of the rising trachytic magma caused a decrease in water solubility and crystallization, and trachytic bodies were emplaced at very shallow depths. The proposed eruptive model links portions of the main magma chamber and apophyses with specific eruptive units.
Potential climate change effects on groundwater recharge in the High Plains Aquifer, USA

Considering that past climate changes have significantly impacted groundwater resources, quantitative predictions of climate change effects on groundwater recharge may be valuable for effective management of future water resources. This study used 16 global climate models (GCMs) and three global warming scenarios to investigate changes in groundwater recharge rates for a 2050 climate relative to a 1990 climate in the U.S. High Plains region. Groundwater recharge was modeled using the Soil‐Vegetation‐Atmosphere‐Transfer model WAVES for a variety of soil and vegetation types representative of the High Plains. The median projection under a 2050 climate includes increased recharge in the Northern High Plains (+8%), a slight decrease in the Central High Plains (−3%), and a larger decrease in the Southern High Plains (−10%), amplifying the current spatial trend in recharge from north to south. There is considerable uncertainty in both the magnitude and direction of these changes in recharge projections. Predicted changes in recharge between dry and wet future climate scenarios encompass both an increase and decrease in recharge rates, with the magnitude of this range greater than 50% of current recharge. On a proportional basis, sensitivity of recharge to changes in rainfall indicates that areas with high current recharge rates are least sensitive to change in rainfall and vice versa. Sensitivity analyses indicate an amplification of change in recharge compared to change in rainfall, and this amplification is in the range of 1–6 with an average of 2.5–3.5 depending upon the global warming scenario.
Impact of Sea Surface Temperature and Soil Moisture on Summer Precipitation in the United States Based on Observational Data

AbstractThis study examines the impact of sea surface temperature (SST) and soil moisture on summer precipitation over two regions of the United States (the upper Mississippi River basin and the Great Plains) based on data from observation and observation-forced model simulations (in the case of soil moisture). Results from SST–precipitation correlation analysis show that spatially averaged SST of identified oceanic areas are better predictors than derived SST patterns from the EOF analysis and that both predictors are strongly associated with the Pacific Ocean. Results from conditioned soil moisture–precipitation correlation analysis show that the impact of soil moisture on precipitation differs between the outer-quartiles years (with summer precipitation amount in the first and fourth quartiles) and inner-quartiles years (with summer precipitation amount in the second and third quartiles), and also between the high- and low-skill SST years (categorized according to the skill of SST-based precipitation p.
One Billion Hungry: Can We Feed the World?

Hunger is a daily reality for a billion people. More than six decades after the technological discoveries that led to the Green Revolution aimed at ending world hunger, regular food shortages, malnutrition, and poverty still plague vast swaths of the world. And with increasing food prices, climate change, resource inequality, and an ever-increasing global population, the future holds further challenges.In One Billion Hungry, Sir Gordon Conway, one of the world's foremost experts on global food needs, explains the many interrelated issues critical to our global food supply from the science of agricultural advances to the politics of food security. He expands the discussion begun in his influential The Doubly Green Revolution: Food for All in the Twenty-First Century, emphasizing the essential combination of increased food production, environmental stability, and poverty reduction necessary to end endemic hunger on our planet. Conway addresses a series of urgent questions about global hunger: * How we will feed a growing global population in the face of a wide range of adverse factors, including climate change? * What contributions can the social and natural sciences make in finding solutions? * And how can we engage both government and the private sector to apply these solutions and achieve significant impact in the lives of the poor? Conway succeeds in sharing his informed optimism about our collective ability to address these fundamental challenges if we use technology paired with sustainable practices and strategic planning.Beginning with a definition of hunger and how it is calculated, and moving through issues topically both detailed and comprehensive, each chapter focuses on specific challenges and solutions, ranging in scope from the farmer's daily life to the global movement of food, money, and ideas. Drawing on the latest scientific research and the results of projects around the world, Conway addresses the concepts and realities of our global food needs: the legacy of the Green Revolution; the impact of market forces on food availability; the promise and perils of genetically modified foods; agricultural innovation in regard to crops, livestock, pest control, soil, and water; and the need to both adapt to and slow the rate of climate change. One Billion Hungry will be welcomed by all readers seeking a multifaceted understanding of our global food supply, food security, international agricultural development, and sustainability.
Effects of Potassium Humate Fertilizers and Irrigation Rate on Potato Yield and Consumptive Use under Drip Irrigation Method

The current study was carried out at Agricultural College, University of Baghdad in the vegetable farm, Department of Horticulture during 2013 spring growing season. Yield response to irrigation of different crops is of major importance in production planning where water resources are limited. This study aims to determine the effect of different irrigation treatment (deficit irrigation) and potassium humate fertilizer on yield, content of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphor in tuber of potato and water use efficiency in the Abu-Graib Region, Iraq. Potato was grown under drip irrigation with three treatments: irrigation applied when evaporation 75%, 100% and 125% from pan A, and three potassium humate fertilizers: 0, 1.2 and 2.4 kg/ha with three times additions. The seasonal potato evapotranspiration ranged from 267 mm to 372 mm. The drip irrigation treatment had significant effecting tuber yield of potato recorder 29,530, 27,630 and 24,880 kg/ha for 125%, 100% and 75% from pan A evapotranspiration, respectively. Humus fertilizers addition has the lowest value of ETa 309 mm and maximum value of yield 2,930 kg/ha. Water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values increased with increasing humus fertilizers, recording 9.92, 14.52, 8.59, 12.42 and 7.51, 10.70 kg/m for potassium humate K3 (2.4 kg/ha), K2 (1.2 kg/ha) and K1 (0.0 kg/ha), respectively. Plants irrigated with 125% from class pans A evaporation, produced a significant increase in N, P and K content in tubers recorder 0.96%, 0.58% and 1.52%, respectively. Potassium humus-fertilizer significant differences among K1, K2 and K3 on high of plants reached 41.52, 50.08 and 56.39 cm, respectively, number of stems/plant 2.69, 3.22 and 3.78, respectively, leaves area index recorder 2.80, 3.35 and 3.73.
Impact of Uncertainty on Loss Estimates for a Repeat of the 1908 Messina‐Reggio Calabria Earthquake in Southern Italy

Increasing sophistication in the insurance and reinsurance market is stimulating the move towards catastrophe models that offer a greater degree of flexibility in the definition of model parameters and model assumptions. This study explores the impact of uncertainty in the input parameters on the loss estimates by departing from the exclusive usage of mean values to establish the earthquake event mechanism, the ground motion fields, or the damageability of the building stock. Here the potential losses due to a repeat of the 1908 Messina-Reggio Calabria event are calculated using different plausible alternatives found in the literature that encompass 12 event scenarios, 2 different ground motion prediction equations, and 16 combinations of damage functions for the building stock, a total of 384 loss scenarios. These results constitute the basis for a sensitivity analysis of the different assumptions on the loss estimates that allows the model user to estimate the impact of the uncertainty on input parameters and the potential spread of the model results. For the event under scrutiny, average losses would amount today to about 9.000 to 10.000 million Euros. The uncertainty in the model parameters is reflected in the high coefficient of variation of this loss, reaching approximately 45%. more » The choice of ground motion prediction equations and vulnerability functions of the building stock contribute the most to the uncertainty in loss estimates. This indicates that the application of non-local-specific information has a great impact on the spread of potential catastrophic losses. In order to close this uncertainty gap, more exhaustive documentation practices in insurance portfolios will have to go hand in hand with greater flexibility in the model input parameters. « less
Artificial neural networks in proglacial discharge simulation: application and efficiency analysis in comparison to the multivariate regression; a case study of waldemar river (svalbard)

Abstract Artificial neural networks were applied to simulate runoff from the glacierized part of the aldemar iver catchment (valbard) based on hydrometeorological data collected in the summer seasons of 2010, 2011 and 2012. Continuous discharge monitoring was performed at about 1 km from the glacier snout, in the place where the river leaves the marginal zone. Averaged daily values of discharge and selected meteorological variables in a number of combinations were used to create several models based on the feed‐forward multilayer perceptron architecture. Due to specific conditions of melt water storing and releasing, two groups of models were established: the first is based on meteorological inputs only, while second includes the preceding day's mean discharge. Analysis of the multilayer perceptron simulation performance was done in comparison to the other black‐box model type, a multivariate regression method based on the following efficiency criteria: coefficient of determination (2) and its adjusted form (adj. 2), weighted coefficient of determination (w2), Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency, mean absolute error, and error analysis. Moreover, the predictors' importance analysis for both multilayer perceptron and multivariate regression models was done. The performed study showed that the nonlinear estimation realized by the multilayer perceptron gives more accurate results than the multivariate regression approach in both groups of models.
An early Pennsylvanian waterhole deposit and its fossil biota in a dryland alluvial plain setting, Joggins, Nova Scotia

The terrestrial ecology of Pennsylvanian tropical wetlands is understood in detail, but coeval dryland ecosystems remain highly enigmatic. To fill this gap in our knowledge, a Pennsylvanian (Langsettian) continental red-bed succession was studied at the classic Joggins locality, Nova Scotia. These units represent the deposits of seasonally dry, alluvial plains traversed by anastomosed drainage networks. One channel complex informally known as the ‘Hebert beds’ (the focus of this study) contains an unusual fossil assemblage and is interpreted as an alluvial waterhole deposit that formed following drought-induced cessation of channel flow. Adpressed and charred fossil plant remains indicate that the alluvial plain surrounding the waterhole was covered by fire-prone cordaite vegetation, with hydrophilic lycopsids and sphenopsids restricted to waterlogged riparian niches. Gigantic unionoid freshwater bivalves, locally in life position, and occurring in large numbers in the waterhole, were probably infaunal suspension feeders during periods of fluvial activity, but aestivated in channel bottom muds when flow ceased. Abundant terrestrial gastropods found clustered around fossil plant detritus may have been deposit feeders scavenging dry portions of channel floors. Common partially articulated remains of small to medium-sized tetrapods possibly represent animals drawn to the waterhole during drought when surface water was scarce elsewhere. In terms of both sedimentology and biology, the Hebert beds alluvial complex bears a very close similarity to the seasonal drainages and waterholes of present-day central and northern Australia. This unique deposit sheds significant new light on the nature of Pennsylvanian dryland tropical ecology.
ASSEMBLAGES OF Ag–Bi SULFOSALTS AND CONDITIONS OF THEIR FORMATION: THE TYPE LOCALITY OF SCHAPBACHITE (Ag0.4Pb0.2Bi0.4S) AND NEIGHBORING MINES IN THE SCHWARZWALD ORE DISTRICT, SOUTHERN GERMANY

Several examples of hydrothermal vein-type mineralization with matildite, schapbachite, ourayite, eskimoite, berryite, benjaminite, miharaite, and gustavite occur along the Northern Kinzigtal Fault (NKF) in the Schwarzwald ore district, in southwestern Germany. The complex history of naming of the sulfosalts schapbachite and matildite is shortly revisited here. The sequence of mineralization starts with gustavite, ourayite and eskimoite, followed by native bismuth and bismuthinite. These assemblages are overgrown or replaced by a cubic solid-solution of the Ag–Bi–Pb sulfosalt, schapbachite, which later exsolved into galena and matildite. Subsequently, this intergrowth was again overgrown by berryite, benjaminite, chalcopyrite and tennantite. The temperature of formation of the sulfosalt assemblages straddles the conversion of schapbachite (cubic AgBiS 2 ) to matildite (hexagonal AgBiS 2 ). The upper limit based on untwinned acanthite is 179°C, whereas recalculated compositions of schapbachite–galena intergrowths from various localities indicate a formation temperature above 144°C. Calculated fields of stability of matildite show that it is stabilized by higher temperatures or by its solid solution with PbS in favor of an assemblage of Bi- and Ag-sulfide, and by a high sulfur activity, low pH and an f (O 2 ) around the hematite–magnetite buffer in favor of the more common assemblage of native bismuth and native silver.
Governance of Europe's City Regions: Planning, Policy & Politics

1. Introduction 2. City Regions in Europe - From Planning to Co-operative 'flexible' Governance? 3. European Regions and Regional Policy: Towards Greater 'Localisation' 4. Cities, Regions and Regionalisation in the EU 5. Formal Provisions for Regions and Regional Governance in the UK and Germany: Centralised or De-Centralised Regionalism? 6. Making and Operating Regions: Examples of Regionalisation in two Mono-centric English and German Regions. 7. Multi-centric City Regions in England and Germany: Between Competitive Localism and Regions as 'Marriages of Convenience' 8. Conclusions: Towards Regions as City-based Flexible Alignments of Convenience?
Spati0-temporal And Statistical Analysis Of Malaria In The Amansie West District Of Ghana

In this study, Poisson variograms were used determine the spatial dependency of the risk of malaria which was then used to create surface maps from 2004 to 2009. Bayesian geostatitical approach was used to correlate the relationship between the elevation and the disease risk. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to create the risk surfaces and overlays in the study. Buffered distances of 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 m were used to overlay the disease risk map with forest, rivers/streams to find out its effects with the disease prevalence. The risk map created in this study showed an average of 20% rise yearly from 2004 to 2009. The results in the semi-variogram analysis with an average range of 2000 m showed that the disease incidence was local and not global. Areas which were more than 2km away from the water source (rivers/streams) recorded relatively higher cases except for some few within 1km of the Offin and Oda rivers. There was a varied effect of elevation with the disease prevalence was and a general trend of high incidence of the disease between 1 to 3 km from the edge of the forest.
Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine

P. Anversa, Boston, USA J.J.M. Bergeron, Montreal, Canada M. Bhatia, Christchurch, New Zealand O. Binah, Haifa, Israel H.E. Blum, Freiburg, Germany T.B. Bolton, London, UK C. Bona, New York, USA M.D. Bootman, Cambridge, UK N. Bornstein, Tel Aviv, Israel G. Bussolati, Turin, Italy K. Camphausen, Bethesda, USA M. Caraglia, Naples, Italy Y.H. Chen, Shanghai, China C. -M. Cheng, Hsinchu, Taiwan S.N. Constantinescu, Brussels, Belgium P. Doevendans, Utrecht, The Netherlands B. Eyden, Manchester, UK M.S. Faussone-Pellegrini, Florence, Italy W. Franke, Heidelberg, Germany L. Frati, Rome, Italy T. Fujimoto, Nagoya, Japan P.M. Glazer, New Haven, USA J. Gooch, Atlanta, USA H. zur Hausen, Heidelberg, Germany A.M. Hofer, Boston, USA R.E. Horch, Erlangen, Germany O. Hovatta, Huddinge, Sweden S.S. Hu, Beijing, China J.D. Huizinga, Hamilton, Canada M. Ivan, Indianapolis, USA B. Jena, Detroit, USA Y.T. Konttinen, Helsinki, Finland T. Kornberg, San Francisco, USA S. Kostin, Bad Nauheim, Germany R.C. Kukreja, Richmond, VA, USA R. Langer, Cambridge, USA J.W. Lawler, Boston, USA F. Lupu, Oklahoma City, USA J. Meldolesi, Milan, Italy M. Mercola, San Diego, USA V.M. Miller, Rochester, USA K. Morgan, Boston, USA J.F. Morris, Oxford, UK C. Mummery, Utrecht, The Netherlands F. Murad, Houston, USA D.F. Mureşanu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania H. O’Neil, Canberra, Australia K.P. Nephew, Bloomington, USA M. Pesce, Milan, Italy O.H. Petersen, Liverpool, UK N.C. Popescu, Bethesda, USA D. Pozo, Sevilla, Spain M.Z. Ratajczak, Louisville, USA U. Ripamonti, Johannesburg, South Africa J. Rubin, Bethesda, USA A. Samali, Galway, Ireland P.R. Sanberg, Tampa, USA R.C. dos Santos Goldenberg Rio de Janeiro, Brasil M. Simionescu, Bucharest, Romania G.W. Sledge, Indiana, USA R.V. Stan, Hanover, USA G. Steinhoff, Rostock, Germany M. Stürzl, Erlangen, Germany M. Taggart, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK A. Tosaki, Debrecen, Hungary N.A. Turner, Leeds, UK C.A. Vacanti, Boston, USA A. Vaheri, Helsinki, Finland L. Vécsei, Szeged, Hungary V. Velculescu, Baltimore, USA C. Wang, Beijing, China R.A. Wang, Xi’an, China B. Winblad, Stockholm, Sweden C. Zhang, Newark, USA
Studies on Colombian cryptogams. IIB. Hepaticae – Oil body structure and ecological distribution of selected species of tropical Andean Jungermanniales

Oil bodies 7-12 in upper leaf cells, 10-20 in elongated basal leaf cells; globose to ellipsoid, 3-7(-10)x3-5 μm; colourless, coarsely segmented, consisting of c. 15-30 aggregated droplets (Colombia, Boyaca, paramos NW of Belen, Cabeceras Q. El Toral, 3765 m, Cleef 2292e; Ecuador, paramos de El Angel, 17 km. S. of Tulcan, 3350 m, Gradstein, Lanier & Weber s.n.). The presence of segmented oil bodies in Colura patagonica is remarkable because previous studies of living Colura (from Japan) reported homogeneous oil bodies (cf. Schuster & Hattori 1964; Inoue 1974).
Atmospheric modulations of the ratio of UVB to broadband solar radiation: effect of ozone, water vapour, and aerosols at Qena, Egypt

This study is an attempt to assess atmospheric modulations of the radiometric ratio of ultraviolet‐B (UVB) to broadband solar radiation (G). It examines the role of the atmosphere as a filter, absorbing and scattering portions of the solar spectrum, shielding the biosphere from damaging doses of UVB. The diurnal variability of UVB/G at the Earth's surface has been evaluated by analysing 10‐year hourly measurements of UVB and G on a horizontal surface at Qena, Egypt. The results show that, throughout the whole period, the values of hourly UVB/G varied from 0.03 to 0.73%, with an average value of 0.27%. This average represents only 17% of the corresponding value outside the atmosphere (1.56%). Moreover, the study quantifies the impact of ozone, water vapour, and aerosols on UVB/G under cloudless conditions. An analysis of the relationship between this ratio and the slant total ozone column (Z) was also carried out. It showed that the ratio decreased with increasing Z. For Z = 537 DU, the average UVB/G was almost 53.47% lower than that at low Z (277 DU). The influence of precipitable water (W) on UVB/G was determined under limited change in Z (<8.72%) and almost constant turbidity level (Ångström turbidity coefficient, β, of 0.19). The values of UVB/G increased with increasing W. For an average W = 1.13 cm, the average UVB/G was approximately 3.93% lower than at high W (2.82 cm). Moreover, the study illustrated the effect of aerosols on UVB/G when their influence on this ratio is greater than the impact of other atmospheric factors such as ozone and water vapour. It can be concluded that the ratio of the change in UVB/G to the change in β varies from 0.16 to 0.59%, with an average value of 0.33%.