Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Impact of the 2013 Reform of the Common Agricultural Policy on Land Capitalization in the European Union

Decoupled direct payments to farmers were introduced in the European Union (EU) in the form of the Single Payment Scheme (SPS) in 2005. The 2013 Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) reform changed both the implementation of the SPS and its budget. We assess the possible effects of the 2013 CAP reform on EU land markets, particularly the capitalization of the SPS in land rental values. Our analyses suggest that the implementation details of the 2013 CAP reform will largely determine the impact of the SPS on land markets. The key considerations are the reference period for entitlement allocation, regionalization, payment differentiation, and budgetary changes. Our analysis also implies that a number of relatively minor policy changes could have substantial impacts on land markets.
Predictive Characteristics for the Cross-Section of Private Equity Returns

This research applies findings from the field of factor investing to address the question of what drives private equity deal returns. I provide empirical evidence that the most comprehensively documented factor anomalies have explanatory power of cross sectional variations in returns of private equities deals. Consistent with findings from public equities, I find that the value and quality factors are economically and statistically meaningful effects also in private equity markets. I document that the returns differential between top and bottom sorts portfolios are up to five times larger than those observed the public market. The low risk appears to be present as no clear relationship emerges between the amount of risk and returns. The size effect appears to be less pronounced. Results are robust to commonly used methodologies in the field of factor investing.
Petrological and Structural Evolution of High-Grade Metamorphic Rocks from the Floor of the Alboran Sea Basin, Western Mediterranean

The metamorphic basement beneath the Alboran Sea, a Neogene INTRODUCTION extensional basin drilled during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Late orogenic extension of previously thickened conLeg 161 (Site 976), consists of high-grade pelitic schist overlying tinental lithosphere is a widely documented phenomenon migmatitic pelitic gneiss. Inferred assemblages in the high-grade (e.g. Dewey, 1988; Malavieille, 1993; Ruppel, 1995), schist evolved from garnet+ staurolite+ biotite+ muscovite+ but it is unclear whether the thermal evolution of the plagioclase (Assemblage 1) to biotite + sillimanite + K-feldspar lithosphere in this situation differs significantly from that + plagioclase ± garnet (Assemblage 2) to andalusite + biotite associated with extension in non-orogenic settings. If + K-feldspar+ plagioclase (Assemblage 3). In the gneiss, which extension is triggered by removal of part of the lower shows abundant migmatitic textures, the present assemblage is biotite lithosphere (e.g. England & Houseman, 1989) there may + andalusite + sillimanite + muscovite + cordierite + Kbe a detectable rise in temperature during exhumation feldspar + plagioclase ± garnet. Phase relations and thermoof rocks (Platt & England, 1994), whereas extension barometric calculations suggest that the high-grade schist experienced caused by far-field forces is likely to produce isothermal decompression accompanied by heating from ~500°C at 10·5 kbar decompression paths followed by cooling (Ruppel et al., through 600 ± 30°C at 6–7 kbar (Assemblage 1), and thence 1988; Platt et al., 1999). Decompression accompanied by to 650–700°C at 3–4 kbar (Assemblage 2), followed by cooling heating in extensional settings has been demonstrated in through 500–600°C at 2 kbar or less (Assemblage 3). Peak the Seward Peninsula in Alaska (Patrick & Lieberman, temperature and melting occurred under low-pressure conditions. 1988), the Cordillera Darwin in the southern Andes The widespread disequilibrium and overstepping of metamorphic (Kohn et al., 1993), the Tauern window in the Alps reactions suggests that decompression was rapid. The P–T evolution (Selverstone et al., 1984), the Aegean (Buick & Holland, is consistent with metamorphism in a late orogenic extensional 1989), the High Himalaya (Inger & Harris, 1992), and basin, and suggests the existence of an external source of heat, the Betic Cordillera (Van der Wal & Vissers, 1993). An probably indicating the complete removal of lithospheric mantle interesting related question is the significance of crustal beneath the extending region. melting in extensional settings. In principle, partial melt-
Timing jitter in photon detection by straight superconducting nanowires: Effect of magnetic field and photon flux

We studied the effect of the external magnetic field and photon flux on timing jitter in photon detection by straight superconducting NbN nanowires. At two wavelengths 800 and 1560 nm, statistical distribution in the appearance time of the photon count exhibits Gaussian shape at small times and exponential tail at large times. The characteristic exponential time is larger for photons with smaller energy and increases with external magnetic field while variations in the Gaussian part of the distribution are less pronounced. Increasing photon flux drives the nanowire from quantum detection mode to the bolometric mode that averages out fluctuations of the total number of nonequilibrium electrons created by the photon and drastically reduces jitter. The difference between Gaussian parts of distributions for these two modes provides the measure for the electron-number fluctuations. Corresponding standard deviation increases with the photon energy. We show that the two-dimensional hot-spot detection model explains qualitatively the effect of magnetic field.
Isolation of Aristolochic Acids from Aristolochia Bracteolata and Studies of their Antioxidant Activities

The isolation and structural elucidation of aristolochic acid-A and aristolochic acid-D from Omani Aristolochia bracteolata plant is reported. Antioxidant activities of these two natural products were evaluated for their capacity to reduce Mo(VI) to Mo(V). The study revealed that aristolochic acid-D is more active than vitamin C while aristolochic acid-A has activity similar to vitamin C.
The impact of clustering and angular resolution on far-infrared and millimeter continuum observations

Follow-up observations at high-angular resolution of bright submillimeter galaxies selected from deep extragalactic surveys have shown that the single-dish sources are comprised of a blend of several galaxies. Consequently, number counts derived from low- and high-angular-resolution observations are in tension. This demonstrates the importance of resolution effects at these wavelengths and the need for realistic simulations to explore them. We built a new 2 deg^2 simulation of the extragalactic sky from the far-infrared to the submillimeter. It is based on an updated version of the 2SFM (two star-formation modes) galaxy evolution model. Using global galaxy properties generated by this model, we used an abundance-matching technique to populate a dark-matter lightcone and thus simulate the clustering. We produced maps from this simulation and extracted the sources, and we show that the limited angular resolution of single-dish instruments has a strong impact on (sub)millimeter continuum observations. Taking into account these resolution effects, we are reproducing a large set of observables, as number counts and their evolution with redshift and cosmic infrared background power spectra. Our simulation consistently describes the number counts from single-dish telescopes and interferometers. In particular, at 350 and 500 μm, we find that the number counts measured by Herschel between 5 and 50 mJy are biased towards high values by a factor ~2, and that the redshift distributions are biased towards low redshifts. We also show that the clustering has an important impact on the Herschel pixel histogram used to derive number counts from P(D) analysis. We find that the brightest galaxy in the beam of a 500 μm Herschel source contributes on average to only ~60% of the Herschel flux density, but that this number will rise to ~95% for future millimeter surveys on 30 m-class telescopes (e.g., NIKA2 at IRAM). Finally, we show that the large number density of red Herschel sources found in observations but not in models might be an observational artifact caused by the combination of noise, resolution effects, and the steepness of color- and flux density distributions. Our simulation, called Simulated Infrared Dusty Extragalactic Sky (SIDES), is publicly available.
COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT IN SELECTED PHARMACEUTICAL FIRMS IN ANAMBRA STATE OF NIGERIA

In today’s dynamic business environment, pharmaceutical firms are focusing their strategies on product development. For a product to secure market acceptance it must meet customers’ needs. Competitive intelligence (CI) equips organisations with the necessary information and knowledge needed for product development. With new and unique insights gained from CI, organisations are able to develop new or improve existing products that add value to customers.This study therefore, examined the influence of Competitive intelligence on Product Development of Selected Pharmaceutical Firms in Anambra State. To achieve this objective, a model was specified and competitive intelligence diffused into sub variables of Competitive risks, Core assumptions, Competitor threats, Marketplace opportunities, and Key Vulnerabilities. The study adopted descriptive research design. Data were obtained from primary source, and analysed using Principal Component Analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis. The result of the analysis revealed a significant relationship between competitive intelligence and product development of selected pharmaceutical firms. From the findings, it was concluded that the role of Competitive Intelligence on product and service innovation is to provide strategic information that will guide pharmaceutical firms in producing valuable products that meet customers’ needs. The study recommended among other things that for pharmaceutical firms to increase their performance, they should leveraged on useful information gathered in their environment to engage not only in new product development but also in constantly making relevant modifications to their existing product offerings.
Behavioral / Cognitive Spatial Position Information Accumulates Steadily over Time

Eckart Zimmermann,1 M. Concetta Morrone,2,3 and David C. Burr4,5 1Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich 52425, Germany, 2Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy, 3Scientific Institute Stella Maris, Istituto Scientifico per la Neuropsichiatria dell’Infanzia e dell’Adolescenza, 56018 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy, 4Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Heath, University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy, and 5Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 56124 Pisa, Italy
The Rising Significance of Education for Health?

Research on inequality in America shows evidence of a growing social and economic divide between college graduates and people without college degrees. This article examines whether disparities in health between education groups have also recently increased. Pooled cross-sectional regression analyses of data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) show that educational disparities in self-reported health status increased from 1982 to 2004 among older adults but held relatively steady or narrowed among younger adults. Sensitivity analyses show that the trends do not totally or primarily reflect change in the demographic composition of education groups. The trend of increasing disparities among older adults might reflect large and growing educational disparities in economic resources, health-promoting behaviors, or the use of health services and medical technology.
The Escalation of Aggression in people as measured by the progression of

Research investigating the underlying causes and f ctors involved in violence and aggression has suggested there is a tendency for ag gression to escalate as a means to justify prior aggression. In addition, past research has al so examined the effect of perceived similarity towards the target of aggression on intensity and e scalation of aggression. This study looked at the relationship between initial level of aggressio n and the escalation of aggression and at perceived similarity to the target of aggression as a possible factor influencing this escalation. Individuals engaging in severe initial aggression w ho experience higher perceived similarity to their targets of aggression should be more prone to justifying their actions and so might escalate more. To examine this, subjects could admi nister any of 10 levels of negative reinforcement (insults) to a learner for incorrect responses. Half of the subjects were required to practice this procedure with a mild and half with a severe insult. Results indicated that an effect of perceived similarity emerged, with individuals u ing less severe insults when perceived similarity to the learner was high. Contrary to pre dictions, high-perceived similarity to the learner stemmed escalation for participants insulti ng he learner with a severe insult initially. Moreover, participants who insulted with a mild ins ult initially escalated in their aggression when perceived similarity was high. In addition, an interaction effect of gender and perceived similarity was found, with men engaging in more sev er subsequent aggression than women when perceived similarity to the target of aggressi on is high. The limitations, further directions, and implications of this study are discussed.
A Study of Negative Language Transfer in College Students ’ Writing from Cultural Perspective

Language and culture are closely related with each other and they are inseparable. Language, as a vehicle of culture, is as well culture’s manifestation. Transfer, as an important notion in Second Language Acquisition (SLA), states the situation of previously existing knowledge being extended and expanded to the gaining of new knowledge. Language transfer can be classified into positive, negative and zero transfer. As for the definition of positive transfer, it is the transfer that helps or facilitates language learning in another situation. Negative transfer is one that interferes with language learning in another situation. How to utilize the positive transfer and avoid negative transfer is of great significance in Foreign Language Teaching (FLT). Aiming to improve college students’ English writing, the author tries to analyze the negative transfer from the cultural perspective. With the guidance of the theory of Language Transfer, the author carries out a research on the students’ writing tasks. Based on the research, author has discovered the interference of their mother tongue in students’ writings shown in idioms, cultural terms and conventions in expression. Therefore, the students are not free to use language to explain their arguments. The study also found these negative transfer are mostly generated by cultural difference. The sources of negative transfer include in the three aspects which are thinking mode, aesthetic perception and religious belief. Thus students should find some solutions and avoid negative transfer efficiently.
t−t′−J
 model in one dimension using extremely correlated Fermi-liquid theory and time-dependent density matrix renormalization group

We study the one dimensional t-t'-J model for generic couplings using two complementary theories, the extremely correlated Fermi liquid theory and time-dependent density matrix renormalization group over a broad energy scale. The two methods provide a unique insight into the strong momentum dependence of the self-energy of this prototypical non-Fermi liquid, described at low energies as a Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid. We also demonstrate its intimate relationship to spin-charge separation, i.e. the splitting of Landau quasiparticles of higher dimensions into two constituents, driven by strong quantum fluctuations inherent in one dimension. The momentum distribution function, the spectral function, and the excitation dispersion of these two methods also compare well.
Utilization of poly ethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) as a faecal marker measured with near infra red spectrometry (NIRS) in sheep

Une experimentation a ete conduite avec 9 brebis non gestantes de race Merinos d'Arles placees en cage a digestibilite. Elles recevaient 3 regimes differents (Dl, D2, D3) selon les quantites distribuees de luzerne deshydratee (ALF) 200, 250 or 300 g j-1 et de pulpe de betterave (SBP) 100, 150, ou 200 g H. Elles avaient en plus des bouchons de paille melassee (MSP) offerts a volonte ainsi que 50 g j-1 d'un complement mineral. Apres une periode d'adaptation aux regimes de 2 semaines, les quantites ingerees de matiere seche (DMI) et les quantites de feces excretees (TFDM) ont ete enregistrees sur 7 jours. Puis, pour chaque regime, les brebis ont recu 40, 60 ou 80 g j-1 de PEG administre sous forme de solution par voie orale 2 fois par jour pendant 3 semaines. Pendant cette periode, DMI et TFDM ont ete enregistrees quotidiennement. La concentration de PEG dans les feces a ete determinee par spectrometrie dans le proche infra rouge (NIRS). La calibration a ete construite par addition de PEG dans des feces recoltees la semaine avant le premier drogage. Le PEG a ete ajoute sous forme de solution pour obtenir une gamme finale de concentrations de 0 a 100 g kg -1 MS avec un pas de 5 ou 10 g kg -1. La calibration a ete faite sur une gamme de longueurs d'onde de 1100-2500 nm, en utilisant la methode de regression des moindres carres partiels (PLS), apres traitement statistique des spectres. L'erreur standard de prediction (SEP) s'etendait de 2,2 a 2,5 g kg-1. Le taux de recuperation du PEG a ete en moyenne de 98%. La teneur en MS des feces a diminuee (de 42% a 35%) pendant la phase de drogage quelle que soit la dose. Simultanement, dans les regimes D1, D2 et D3 les DMI de MSP ont augmente respectivement de 120, 145 et 126% et les feces totales de 122, 143 et 133%. Deux semaines apres l'arret du PEG, DMI et TFDM sont restees stables. L'effet du PEG sur la teneur en MS des feces a ete rapporte dans la litterature, mais pas ceux sur les DMI et les TFDM. Ce phenomene pourrait etre lie a la forte teneur en MS des ingredients des regimes (91% ± 2 en moyenne). La facilite et la precision des mesures par NIRS pourrait permettre l'utilisation du PEG comme marqueur fecal. Des essais complementaires sont en cours pour mesurer la concentration du PEG dans les feces prelevees par voie rectale et pour verifier si l'effet du PEG sur la teneur en MS des feces est lie a celle du regime. (Resume d'auteur)
Phytoconstituents and the study of antioxidant, antimalarial and antimicrobial activities of Rhus tripartita growing in Egypt

Phytochemical investigation of the alcoholic extract of Rhus tripartita resulted in the isolation of six compounds, gallocatechin [ 1 ] , quercetin [ 2 ] , myricetin [ 3 ] , Kampferol-3- O - α -L-rhamnopyranoside [ 4 ] , Kampferol-7- O - α -L-rhamnopyranoside [ 5 ] , β -sitosteryl-3- O - β -glucopyranoside [ 6 ] . The structures of these compounds were assigned on the basis of NMR spectroscopic data and MS analysis. The alcoholic extract exhibited good antioxidant activity towards DPPH radical with IC 50 value 16.80  g/mL and higher antimalarial activity against both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum with IC 50 values in the range of 3.9 μ g/mL. The alcoholic extract also exhibited antimicrobial activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus aureus (non-MRSA) with IC 50 values of 10.5 and 11.2  g/mL, respectively.
The Proximate Composition, Heavy Metals and Microbial Load of Cow, Goat and Sheep Offals Sold in University of Maiduguri

The word offal originated from the Norman Conquest from 1150 to 1470 century which means refuse from a processed animal meat product (Simpons, 2017). Literary, according to the encarta dictionary, offal are edible internal organs of animals which include the heart, liver, brain and tongue. In this context, it is defined as those part of an animal which are used as food but which are not skeletal muscles (Mwirigi and Wawefu, 2011). As such, offal could be referred to as all the edible internal organs and entrails (including the heart, liver, lungs, intestine, kidney, head and feet), excluding the muscle and bone of a butchered animal (Marriam et al., 2011).
Apparatus and Technique for Measuring Low RF Resistivity of Tube Coatings at Cryogenic Temperatures

An in-situ technique for coating stainless steel vacuum tubes with Cu was developed to mitigate the problems of wall resistivity that leads to unacceptable ohmic heating of the cold bore of superconducting magnets and generation of electron clouds in RHIC that can limit future machine luminosity enhancement. Room temperature RF resistivity measurements indicated that 10 μm Cu coated stainless steel RHIC beam tube has a conductivity close to copper tubing. Before coating the RHIC beam pipe with copper, it is imperative to test the Cu coating’s conductivity at cryogenic temperatures to ensure coating effectiveness in lowering resistivity. A folded quarter wave resonator structure has been designed and built to be inserted inside a cryogenic system to measure the RF resistivity of copper coated RHIC tubing at liquid helium temperatures. The design is based on making the resonator structure out of a superconducting material such that the copper coating is the most lossy material. RHIC tubing samples prepared with different magnetron sputtering deposition modes are to be measured by the apparatus. Cu coating is to be optimized by iterative processes. Additionally, this device can also be used for the development of better, cheaper superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities and electron guns. The apparatus and its design details will be presented.
Camelid domestication on the western slope of the Puna de Atacama, northern Chile

Les restes fauniques de sites de l'Archaique Ancien au Formatif Ancien (11000-2400 BP) du versant occidental de la Puna de Atacama (22°S-24°S) ont ete analyses afin de comprendre le processus de domestication des camelides. Les restes proviennent d'abris-sous-roche et de sites de plein air refletant une longue sequence d'occupation, depuis les premieres occupations humaines de l'Archaique Ancien (11000-8000). Pendant l'Archaique recent (5000-3800 BP), la traditionnelle chasse/cueillette itinerante s'est transformee en un systeme culturel caracterise par de grands sites de plein air, des activites de chasse perdurantes avec, simultanement, la premiere mise en evidence de la domestication de camelides dans des sites holocenes (Quebrada Tulan et Puripica). Ces sites ont evolue pendant le Formatif Ancien vers des societes pratiquant un systeme d'elevage complexe des camelides, aux environs de 3100 BP. Notre etude exploite essentiellement les donnees de l'osteometrie, mais egalement celles de la paleopathologie, du paleo-environnement, de la culture materielle et du contexte archeologique. Notre intention a ete, d'une part, de mettre en evidence le « scenario » environnemental et l'importance des variables environnementales dans des zones desertiques, d'autre part de comprendre l'emergence de la domestication des camelides en relation avec la subsistance, le transport et les sources de matieres premieres, et enfin de saisir la continuite des activites de chasse des camelides pendant le Formatif Ancien. Les resultats soutiennent l'hypothese d'une domestication dans la Puna chilienne independante de celle des Andes centrales, dans un contexte de societes archaiques complexes qui se consolident pendant le Formatif Ancien.