Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the definition of distinct mineral species: A critique of current IMA–CNMNC procedures

Abstract The criteria for the definition of a new mineral species currently used by the Commission on New Minerals Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) of the International Mineralogical Association are critically examined. In particular, the rule of the dominant constituent can violate the laws of conservation of electric charge. A series of additional rules: (1) valency-imposed double site-occupancy; (2) the dominant-valency rule; and (3) the site-total-charge approach, have been developed in an attempt to correct this error. However, none of these rules can overcome the fundamental flaw introduced by the rule of the dominant constituent, and the chemical formulae resulting from application of these rules can violate the requirements of an end-member, particularly that of electroneutrality. As a result, the IMA–CNMNC rules cannot derive end-member formulae for some groups of minerals, giving rise to many ad hoc decisions in defining distinct mineral species.
Altered Feedback-Related Negativity in Mild Cognitive Impairment

Introduction: Feedback-related negativity (FRN) is electrical brain activity related to the function of monitoring behavior and its outcome. FRN is generated by negative feedback input, such as punishment or monetary loss, and its potential is distributed maximally over the frontal-central part of the skull. Our previous study demonstrated that FRN latency was delayed and that the amplitude was increased in patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD). As mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered to be a prodromal stage of AD, we speculated that FRN would also be altered in MCI, as in AD. The aim of this study is to examine whether MCI patients showed changes in FRN during a gambling task. Methods: Thirteen MCI patients and thirteen age-matched healthy elderly individuals participated in a simple gambling task and underwent neuro-psychological assessments. The participants were asked to choose one out of two options and randomly received positive or negative feedback to their response. An EEG was recorded during the task, and FRN was obtained by subtracting the positive feedback-related activity from the negative feedback-related activity. Results: The reaction time to probe stimuli was comparable in the two groups. The group comparisons revealed that the FRN amplitude was significantly larger for the MCI group than for the healthy elderly (F(1,24) = 6.4, ηp2 = 0.22, p = 0.019), but there was no group difference in the FRN latency. The FRN amplitude at the frontocentral electrode positively correlated with the mini-mental state examination score (Spearman’s rhopartial = 0.41, p = 0.043). The finding of increased FRN amplitude in MCI was consistent with the previous finding in AD. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that monitoring dysfunction might also be involved in the prodromal stage of dementia.
Quasigeostrophic Diagnosis of Three-Dimensional Ageostrophic Circulations in an Idealized Baroclinic Disturbance

Abstract The kinematic technique of representing three-dimensional vertical circulations in baroclinic disturbances in terms of a vector streamfunction (referred to as the psi vector) recently proposed by the authors is placed in the context of quasigeostrophic (QG) theory. A diagnostic equation is derived for the psi vector from which the vertical velocity and the irrotational part of the ageostrophic velocity can be inferred. It is shown that, for domains that are periodic or unbounded horizontally, the psi vector is forced dynamically by the irrotational part of the Q vector. It is further shown for such domains that the vertical shear of the nondivergent part of the ageostrophic velocity is proportional to the nondivergent part of the Q vector. This, in principle, completes the diagnosis of the vertical velocity and the total ageostrophic velocity from the mass field, along with diabatic and frictional effects in the thermodynamic and momentum equations. It is demonstrated that the projection of the p.
Numerical simulation of two‐dimensional laminar incompressible offset jet flows

Two‐dimensional transient laminar incompressible offset jet is simulated numerically to gain insight into convective recirculation and flow processes induced by an offset jet. The behaviour of the jet with respect to offset ratio (OR) and Reynolds number (Re) are described in detail. The transient development of the velocity is simulated for various regions: recirculation, impingement and wall jet development. It is found that the reattachment length is dependent on both Re and OR for the range considered. Simulations are made to show the effect of entrainment on recirculation eddy. A detailed study of u velocity decay is reported. The decay rate of horizontal velocity component (u) is linear in impingement region. It is found that at high OR, velocity decay depends on Re only. Velocity profile in the wall jet region shows good agreement with experimental as well as similarity solutions. It is found that the effect of Re and OR are significant to bottom wall vorticity up to impingement region. Far downstream bottom wall vorticity is independent of OR. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi-Omics Profiling in PGM3 and STAT3 Deficiencies: A Tale of Two Patients

Hyper-IgE Syndrome (HIES) is a heterogeneous group of primary immune-deficiency disorders characterized by elevated levels of IgE, eczema, and recurrent skin and lung infections. HIES that is autosomally dominant in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and autosomal recessive mutations in phosphoglucomutase 3 (PGM3) have been reported in humans. An early diagnosis, based on clinical suspicion and immunological assessments, is challenging. Patients’ metabolomics, proteomics, and cytokine profiles were compared to DOCK 8-deficient and atopic dermatitis patients. The PGM3 metabolomics profile identified significant dysregulation in hypotaurine, hypoxanthine, uridine, and ribothymidine. The eight proteins involved include bifunctional arginine demethylase and lysyl hydroxylase (JMJD1B), type 1 protein phosphatase inhibitor 4 (PPI 4), and platelet factor 4 which aligned with an increased level of the cytokine GCSF. Patients with STAT3 deficiency, on the other hand, showed significant dysregulation in eight metabolites, including an increase in protocatechuic acid, seven proteins including ceruloplasmin, and a plasma protease C1 inhibitor, in addition to cytokine VEGF being dysregulated. Using multi-omics profiling, we identified the dysregulation of endothelial growth factor (EGFR) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathways in PGM3 and STAT3 patients, respectively. Our findings may serve as a stepping stone for larger prospective HIES clinical cohorts to validate their future use as biomarkers.
A Review of Conventional and Novel Treatments for Osteoporotic Hip Replacements

Introduction: Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease that severely affects the mechanical properties of bone. It increases the porosity of cancellous bone and reduces the resistance to fractures. It has been reported in 2009 that there are approximately 500 million osteoporotic patients worldwide. Patients who suffer fractures due to fragility cost the National Healthcare Systems in the United Kingdom £4.4 billion in 2018, in Europe €56 billion in 2019, and in the United States $57 billion in 2018. Thus, osteoporosis is problematic for both patients and healthcare systems. Aim: This review is conducted for the purpose of presenting and discussing all articles introducing or investigating treatment solutions for osteoporotic patients undergoing total hip replacement. Methods: Searches were implemented using three databases, namely Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science to extract all relevant articles. Predetermined eligibility criteria were used to exclude articles out of the scope of the study. Results: 29 articles out of 183 articles were included in this review. These articles were organised into three sections: (i) biomechanical properties and structure of osteoporotic bones, (ii) hip implant optimisations, and (iii) drug, cells, and bio-activators delivery through hydrogels. Discussion: The findings of this review suggest that diagnostic tools and measurements are crucial for understanding the characteristics of osteoporosis in general and for setting patient-specific treatment plans. It was also found that attempts to overcome complications associated with osteoporosis included design optimisation of the hip implant; however, only short-term success was reported, while the long-term stability of implants was compromised by the progressive nature of osteoporosis. Finally, it was also found that targeting implantation sites with cells, drugs, and growth factors has been outworked using hydrogels, where promising results have been reported regarding enhanced osteointegration and inhibited bacterial and osteoclastic activities. Conclusions: These results may encourage investigations that explore the effects of these impregnated hydrogels on osteoporotic bones beyond metallic scaffolds and implants.
Neurosurgical Treatment and Outcome of Pediatric Skull Base Lesions: A Case Series and Review of the Literature

Introduction: Pediatric skull base lesions occur rarely and are of various etiologies. Traditionally, open craniotomy has been the treatment of choice; however, nowadays, endoscopic approaches are increasingly applied. In this retrospective case series, we describe our experience in treating pediatric skull base lesions and provide a systematic overview of the literature on the treatment and outcome of pediatric skull base lesions. Methods: We conducted a retrospective data collection of all pediatric patients (<18 years) treated for a skull base lesion at the Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University Children’s Hospital Basel, Switzerland, between 2015 and 2021. Descriptive statistics and a systematic review of the available literature were additionally conducted. Results: We included 17 patients with a mean age of 8.92 (±5.76) years and nine males (52.9%). The most common entity was sellar pathologies (n = 8 47.1%), with craniopharyngioma being the most common pathology (n = 4, 23.5%). Endoscopic approaches, either endonasal transsphenoidal or transventricular, were used in nine (52.9%) cases. Six patients (35.3%) suffered from transient postoperative complications, while in none of the patients these were permanent. Of the nine (52.9%) patients with preoperative deficits, two (11.8%) showed complete recovery and one (5.9%) partial recovery after surgery. After screening 363 articles, we included 16 studies with a total of 807 patients for the systematic review. The most common pathology reported in the literature confirmed our finding of craniopharyngioma (n = 142, 18.0%). The mean PFS amongst all the studies included was 37.73 (95% CI [36.2, 39.2]) months, and the overall weighted complication rate was 40% (95% CI [0.28 to 0.53] with a permanent complication rate of 15% (95% CI [0.08 to 0.27]. Only one study reported an overall survival of their cohort of 68% at five years. Conclusion: This study highlights the rarity and heterogeneity of skull base lesions in the pediatric population. While these pathologies are often benign, achieving GTR is challenging due to the deep localization of the lesions and eloquent adjacent structures, leading to high complication rates. Therefore, skull base lesions in children require an experienced multidisciplinary team to provide optimal care.
Hypergraph-Based Numerical Neural-Like P Systems for Medical Image Segmentation

Neural-like P systems are membrane computing models inspired by natural computing and are viewed as third-generation neural network models. Although real neurons have complex structures, classical neural-like P systems simplify the structures and corresponding mechanisms to two-dimensional graphs or tree-based firing and forgetting communications, which limit the real applications of these models. In this paper, we propose a hypergraph-based numerical neural-like (HNN) P system containing five types of neurons to describe the high-order correlations among neuron structures. Three new kinds of communication mechanisms among neurons are also proposed to address numerical variables and functions. Based on the new neural-like P system, a tumor/organ segmentation model for medical images is developed. The experimental results indicate that the proposed models outperform the state-of-the-art methods based on two hippocampal datasets and a multiple brain metastases dataset, thus verifying the effectiveness of the HNN P system in correctly segmenting tumors/organs.
The role of ring current O+ in the formation of stable auroral red arcs

Coulomb collisions between ring current protons and thermal electrons were first proposed by Cole (1965) as the energy source for stable auroral red (SAR) arcs. Recent observations have shown that the ring current and magnetospheric plasma contain significant amounts of heavy ions (Johnson et al., 1977; Young et al., 1977; Geiss et al., 1978; and others). In fact, the ring current is often dominated by heavy ions at those energies (E ≤ 17 keV) important for Coulomb collisions on SAR arc field lines (Kozyra et al., 1986a). Observations (during four SAR arcs in 1981) of thermal and energetic ion populations by the Dynamics Explorer 1 satellite in the magnetospheric energy source region and nearly simultaneous Langmuir probe measurements of enhanced electron temperatures by Dynamics Explorer 2 within the SAR arc at F region heights have allowed us to examine the role of heavy ions in the formation of SAR arcs. We find that (1) sufficient energy is transferred to the electron gas at high altitudes via Coulomb collisions between the observed ring current ions and thermal electrons to support the enhanced (SAR arc) F region electron temperatures measured on these field lines, (2) the latitudinal variation in the electron heating rates calculated using observed ion populations is consistent with the observed variation in electron temperature across the SAR arc, and (3) in all cases, ring current O+ is the major source of energy for the SAR arcs. This implies a relationship between the heavy ion content of the magnetospheric plasma and the occurrence frequency and intensity of SAR arcs.
Mobility of the two‐dimensional electron gas in GaAs‐AlxGa1−xAs heterostructures

The mobility of the two‐dimensional electron gas in GaAs‐Alx Ga1−xAs heterostructures was studied systematically in ten samples with density from 1.33×1011 to 7.8×1011 cm−2 in the temperature range T=4.2–300 K. A theoretical calculation using the variational wave function was carried out for scattering by screened impurity ions, optical phonons, and acoustic phonons through deformation and piezoelectric couplings. Good quantitative agreement between theory and experiment was obtained with no adjustable parameters.
The Sizes of Rearrangements of Cantor Sets

Abstract A linear Cantor set $C$ with zero Lebesgue measure is associated with the countable collection of the bounded complementary open intervals. A rearrangment of $C$ has the same lengths of its complementary intervals, but with different locations. We study the Hausdorff and packing $h$ -measures and dimensional properties of the set of all rearrangments of some given $C$ for general dimension functions $h$ . For each set of complementary lengths, we construct a Cantor set rearrangement which has the maximal Hausdorff and the minimal packing $h$ -premeasure, up to a constant. We also show that if the packing measure of this Cantor set is positive, then there is a rearrangement which has infinite packing measure.
Wild Felid Diversity, Space Use and Activity Patterns in the Eastern Himalaya, India

Species with similar resource requirements cannot coexist for long. To facilitate co-existence, carnivores adapt different strategies to partition the available resources in space and time. In high-altitude ecosystems with limited resources the operation becomes complex. We assessed species diversity and spatio-temporal resource partitioning among felid species inhabiting the intricate habitats of Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve (KBR), Eastern Himalaya. We used systematic camera trap surveys along with abundance and overlap indices to generate information on their space use and activity patterns. We recorded six species of felids belonging to five genera, including four species of global conservation importance. The differential use of space by felids was observed with respect to the habitat types determined by sharp altitudinal gradients with varied levels of spatial and altitudinal overlap. Maximum overlap was observed among Asiatic golden cat Catopuma temminckii, jungle cat Felis chaus and clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa. The felids had distinct activity profiles from one other, particularly between golden cat and leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis. Pianka’s index also provided weak evidence for temporal overlap among species. The overall results indicate that habitat heterogeneity facilitates primary separation at the spatial scale, although species are also segregated temporally. Golden cat was the most adaptive felid in the area, depicting a peculiar pattern of spatio-temporal segregation with other species. We suspect either intense competition or dietary segregation among some species, and propose a further investigation of their diet and the activity patterns of their prey. The study presents an early template of carnivore community organization in resource-scarce high-altitude environments, thus, offering huge ecological and conservation significance.
Variation in Cutoff Effect and Sound Field Caused by Geometrical Structures near the Coast

The mysterious mass stranding of whales often arises in specific areas in the world. Moreover, vibrational noise, suspected to originate from large-scale construction in coastal areas, is problem. These problems could be considered to be related to sound propagation near coastal areas with a special geometrical structure and an ambient noise environment. We set up a propagation model in a coastal area, and simulated low-frequency sound propagation near the coast using the parabolic equation method (PE method) and the normal mode method. It has been shown that low-frequency sound cannot propagate from the ocean to the coast owing to the cutoff effect of shallow water that occurs when there is a water layer with a basement half space. However, when the water layer has a sediment layer, mode coupling occurs between the water layer and the sediment layer and propagation attenuation rapidly decreases. Sound can propagate to the coast in this case.
Lithium abundances of nearby young solar-type stars based on optical high-resolution spectroscopy

Context. Lithium has long been recognized as a powerful tool for investigating the internal mixing of low-mass stars. In addition, accurate measurements of lithium abundances in young solar-type stars provide independent and reliable age diagnostics. Aims. To study the relationship between lithium and activity in normal solar type-type stars and determine the effectiveness of lithium and kinematics as activity indicators, we perform a lithium survey of nearby late-type stars. We search for nearby young solar-type stars and investigate the relationship between lithium abundances and X-ray activity by measuring logLx. Methods. On the basis of high-resolution spectroscopic observations, we derived the lithium abundances of 33 young solar-type stars by comparing the measured Li I λ 670.8 nm equivalent widths with the curve of growth calculations in non-LTE (NLTE) conditions. Results. We obtain the lithium abundances of a sample of young solar-type stars. Using the lithium abundance and X-ray luminosity, Lx, we investigate the relationship between Li abundance and X-ray activity. We find a clear correlation between lithium abundance (logN(Li)) and X-ray luminosity, log Lx, for our sample stars. Conclusions. As the X-ray luminosity, Lx, becomes stronger, the lithium abundance decreases in our sample (11 pre-main-sequence, 15 zero-age-main-sequence, and 7 young main-sequence) stars. The results imply that there is a large number of solar-type stars. A correlation appears to exist between Li abundance and age, thus confirming the presence of very active young stars close to the Sun.
Measurements of the Kolmogorov constant and intermittency exponent at very high Reynolds numbers

Characteristics of turbulence in the inertial range are experimentally studied in the atmospheric surface layer over the range of the Taylor microscale based Reynolds number Rλ≊(2.8–12.7)×103 and in a large wind tunnel (in a mixing layer at Rλ≊2.0×103 and a return channel at Rλ≊3.2×103). The intermittency exponent μ, estimated from the correlation function of energy dissipation Ree(r)=〈e(x)e(x+r)〉∝r−μ, is found to be independent of Reynolds number and approximately equal to 0.20. No ‘‘measurable’’ deviation from the −5/3 exponent in the ‘‘five‐thirds’’ law is found. On the other hand, the Kolmogorov constant C in this law is found to be weakly dependent on Rλ. This dependence is well described by the power law C∝R−μ/2λ≊R−0. 10λ at μ≊0.20.
Holocene evolution of parabolic dunes, White River Badlands, South Dakota, USA, revealed by high-resolution mapping

Abstract The White River Badlands (WRB) of South Dakota record eolian activity spanning the late Pleistocene through the latest Holocene (21 ka to modern), reflecting the effects of the last glacial period and Holocene climate fluctuations (Holocene Thermal Maximum, Medieval Climate Anomaly, and Little Ice Age). The WRB dune fields are important paleoclimate indicators in an area of the Great Plains with few climate proxies. The goal of this study is to use 1 m/pixel-resolution digital elevation models from drone imagery to distinguish Early to Middle Holocene parabolic dunes from Late Holocene parabolic dunes. Results indicate that relative ages of dunes are distinguished by slope and roughness (terrain ruggedness index). Morphological differences are attributed to postdepositional wind erosion, soil formation, and mass wasting. Early to Middle Holocene and Late Holocene paleowind directions, 324°± 13.1° (N = 7) and 323° ± 3.0° (N = 19), respectively, are similar to the modern wind regime. Results suggest significant landscape resilience to wind erosion, which resulted in preservation of a mosaic of Early and Late Holocene parabolic dunes. Quantification of dune characteristics will help refine the chronology of eolian activity in the WRB, provide insight into drought-driven landscape evolution, and integrate WRB eolian activity in a regional paleoenvironmental context.
The Effects of Viruses on Insulin Sensitivity and Blood–Brain Barrier Function

In this review manuscript, we discuss the effects of select common viruses on insulin sensitivity and blood–brain barrier (BBB) function and the potential overlapping and distinct mechanisms involved in these effects. More specifically, we discuss the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes, hepatitis, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and SARS-CoV-2 viruses on insulin sensitivity and BBB function and the proposed underlying mechanisms. These viruses differ in their ability to be transported across the BBB, disrupt the BBB, and/or alter the function of the BBB. For RSV and SARS-CoV-2, diabetes increases the risk of infection with the virus, in addition to viral infection increasing the risk for development of diabetes. For HIV and hepatitis C and E, enhanced TNF-a levels play a role in the detrimental effects. The winter of 2022–2023 has been labeled as a tridemic as influenza, RSV, and COVID-19 are all of concern during this flu season. There is an ongoing discussion about whether combined viral exposures of influenza, RSV, and COVID-19 have additive, synergistic, or interference effects. Therefore, increased efforts are warranted to determine how combined viral exposures affect insulin sensitivity and BBB function.