Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical Sparse Coding of Objects in Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Recently, deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have attained human-level performances on challenging object recognition tasks owing to their complex internal representation. However, it remains unclear how objects are represented in DCNNs with an overwhelming number of features and non-linear operations. In parallel, the same question has been extensively studied in primates’ brain, and three types of coding schemes have been found: one object is coded by entire neuronal population (distributed coding), or by one single neuron (local coding), or by a subset of neuronal population (sparse coding). Here we asked whether DCNNs adopted any of these coding schemes to represent objects. Specifically, we used the population sparseness index, which is widely-used in neurophysiological studies on primates’ brain, to characterize the degree of sparseness at each layer in two representative DCNNs pretrained for object categorization, AlexNet and VGG11. We found that the sparse coding scheme was adopted at all layers of the DCNNs, and the degree of sparseness increased along the hierarchy. That is, the coding scheme shifted from distributed-like coding at lower layers to local-like coding at higher layers. Further, the degree of sparseness was positively correlated with DCNNs’ performance in object categorization, suggesting that the coding scheme was related to behavioral performance. Finally, with the lesion approach, we demonstrated that both external learning experiences and built-in gating operations were necessary to construct such a hierarchical coding scheme. In sum, our study provides direct evidence that DCNNs adopted a hierarchically-evolved sparse coding scheme as the biological brain does, suggesting an implementation-independent principle of representing a myriad of objects efficiently.
Effects of Hatha Yoga on Cardiac Hemodynamic Parameters and Physical Capacity in Cardiac Rehabilitation Patients

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. The purpose was to investigate the effect of hatha yoga training on cardiac hemodynamic parameters and physical capacity in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. The results showed that the most notable changes in echocardiography parameters and physical capacity were in the experimental group. Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of hatha yoga training that was added to the standard cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program on the cardiac hemodynamic parameters and physical capacity of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: The study included 70 male patients aged 45-65 yr with STEMI who were treated by angioplasty. Patients were randomized to standard CR (control group) versus standard CR plus hatha yoga (experimental group). The training program lasted for a total of 24 d for each patient, with day 1 and day 24 used for medical examinations (electrocardiogram, spiroergometric submaximal treadmill test, and echocardiography). The remaining 22 d consisted of the actual training. Results: After the CR program the spiroergometric stress test parameters and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) improved in both the experimental and control groups. The most notable changes in echocardiography parameters and physical capacity were in the experimental group. The results showed significant main effect over time, a time-versus-group interaction in LVEF, the duration of the test, and peak oxygen uptake, and a time-versus-group interaction in metabolic equivalents (METs). We also noted the improvement of left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, and heart rate over time. Conclusion: The results revealed better effectiveness in the CR program with a modified hatha yoga training program. Hatha yoga training could be recommended as an adjunct to standard CR.
Health Professionals' Perspectives on the Efficacy of Using Comprehensive Care to Improve Outcomes in Patients With Traumatic Injury

ABSTRACT Background Barriers related to comprehensive posttrauma care and health outcome monitoring exist. The insights and perspectives of health professionals on this issue may help integrate care experiences to provide continuous care to patients with traumatic injury. Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives of health professionals with regard to comprehensive care to improve the outcomes of patients with traumatic injury. Methods Data were collected at two teaching hospitals in Taiwan. In total, 28 health professionals across various disciplines were interviewed in five focus groups. Results Six themes were delineated, including “wound care is a primary concern for patients,” “ineffective health education during the hospital stay,” “patients and families worry about postinjury conditions,” “current continuity of care is not effective,” “lack of standards for discharge planning,” and “incorporation of interdisciplinary care to improve patient outcomes. ” Conclusions The experiences of health professionals are useful to the establishment of a foundation for trauma case management and interdisciplinary care for hospitals.
AN “EGG-TOOTH”–LIKE STRUCTURE IN TITANOSAURIAN SAUROPOD EMBRYOS

Remains of dinosaur embryos and neonates are extremely rare (Carpenter and Alf, 1994; Schweitzer et al., 2002; Varricchio et al., 2002; Deeming and Unwin, 2004; Reisz et al., 2005), a fact that historically has limited our knowledge on the ontogeny of these animals (Weishampel and Horner, 1994; Horner, 2000). For this reason, osteological evidence in relation to their probable hatching strategies is practically nil; the only inferences on this subject were made by Carpenter (1999) and Mueller-Töwe and colleagues (2002), but based on eggs portraying hatching windows, not specifically on embryos. Carpenter (op. cit.) supposed that “the dinosaur hatchling pushed its way out of the egg much like a megapode bird” (Carpenter, 1999:214), thus assuming that dinosaurs were deprived of a special hatching structure, like an egg-tooth. On the contrary, Mueller-Töwe and colleagues (op. cit.) stated that the (unknown) hatching embryos from spherical eggs form China (referred to the oogenus Megaloolithus), and Mongolia (Faveoloolithus), as well as those from elongated eggs assignable to theropods from China, would have had an egg-tooth, ‘caruncle,’ or a similar structure (MuellerTöwe et al., 2002). The goal of this communication is to announce the identification of an ‘egg-tooth’–like structure in exceptionally preserved sauropod embryos in ovo (tiny skeletons inside eggs of the oofamily Megaloolithidae of parataxonomic classification [Chiappe et al., 1998, 2000; Grellet-Tinner et al., 2004]), from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina), which reinforces the previous belief of Mueller-Töwe and colleagues. Unlike those eggs studied by Carpenter (1999), Mueller-Töwe and colleagues (2002), and Cousin and colleagues (1994), the megaloolithids from Patagonia were not hatched, and therefore, their eggshells do not exhibit hatching windows (Grellet-Tinner et al., 2004). This new evidence sheds some light on the hatching strategies of sauropods, illuminating aspects of their ontogeny and evolution (García, in prep.). The specimens herein reported come from Auca Mahuevo (Neuquén Province, Argentina), and from the Anacleto Formation, the uppermost stratigraphic unit of the Neuquén Group (Ramos, 1981; Chiappe et al., 1998, 2000; Dingus et al., 2000) (Fig. 1), whose age has been estimated as Campanian (Dingus et al., 2000). In the area of study, the 85 m-thick sequence is composed predominantly of sandstones, siltstones and mudstones (Chiappe et al., 2000, 2004). Four egg-layers have been identified, but the embryos here and elsewhere described come all from the egg-layer 3 (Chiappe et al., 1998, 2000, 2001; Chiappe and Dingus, 2001; Chiappe and Coria, 2004; Salgado et al., 2005). Institutional Abbreviations—MCF-PVPH, Museo “Carmen Funes”—Paleontología de Vertebrados, Plaza Huincul; MPCA, Museo Provincial Carlos Ameghino, Cipolletti; PVL, Paleontología de Vertebrados, Instituto Lillo, Tucumán. MORPHOLOGY OF THE EMBRYONIC PREMAXILLAE
Identification of the Chemical Forms of Heavy Metals in Municipal Sewage Sludge as a Critical Element of Ecological Risk Assessment in Terms of Its Agricultural or Natural Use

The present study aimed to demonstrate that identification of the chemical forms of heavy metals in sewage sludge produced in municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) is a critical element of ecological risk assessment, especially in terms of its agricultural or natural use. The concentrations of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg) were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical spectrometry (ICP-OES) and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS). The chemical forms of heavy metals were analyzed in accordance with the sequential extraction method proposed by the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR). Sludge samples were collected at the five municipal WWTPs located in the largest industrial area in the country, i.e., the Upper Silesian Industrial Region (southern Poland, central Europe). The ecological risk was assessed by calculating the Potential Ecological Risk Factor (ER), Risk Index (RI), Risk Assessment Code (RAC), Individual Contamination Factor (ICF), Global Risk Index (GRI) as well as the author’s indices, i.e., Individual Ecological Risk (IER) and Global Ecological Risk (GER). To demonstrate the differences between the level of ecological risk posed by the different heavy metals, sludge samples were collected at two specific points of the processing line. Considering the chemical forms of heavy metals, the highest ecological risk was posed by Zn, Cd and Ni, while in the case of their total concentrations, by Cd and Hg. The obtained results confirm that quantitative determination of the total content of heavy metals in sewage sludge is not a sufficient criterion in assessment of the ecological risk that these elements pose to the natural environment and living organisms. Moreover, multivariate statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between the concentrations of heavy metals, which indicates that they plausibly originate from the same source of pollution.
Phylogenetic relationships in the Pterygiella complex (Orobanchaceae) inferred from molecular and morphological evidence

The Pterygiella complex, i.e. Pterygiella, Phtheirospermum, Pseudobartsia and Xizangia, is controversial in terms of both its relationships and taxonomic status. The genera of the complex are all species-poor and endemic to eastern Asia. In this study, we sampled all taxa in the complex for seven genic regions [atpB-rbcL, atpH-I, psbA-trnH, rpl16 intron, trnL-F, trnS-G and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)], which were analysed separately and in combination. We examined capsule and seed morphology of these genera using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our results indicate that the complex is polyphyletic and comprises two clades. The first, designated Pterygiella complex I', includes only Phtheirospermum japonicum. This clade is uniquely diagnosed by its papery yellow capsule and reticulate secondary thickening on the seed coat. The second clade, Pterygiella complex II', includes Phtheirospermum tenuisectum, P.parishii, P.muliense, Pseudobartsia, Xizangia and Pterygiella. These taxa share a coriaceous capsule. Pterygiella is monophyletic and is characterized by eglandular, unicellular, pilose hairs on the capsule and hook-like protuberances on the horizontal ridges of the striate or reticulate seed coat. Excluding P.japonicum, the remaining taxa of Phtheirospermum cluster together and are sister to Pterygiella. Xizangia bartschioides and Pseudobartsia yunnanensis are separated from Pterygiella and Phtheirospermum, respectively, and are supported as genera by molecular and morphological evidence. (c) 2013 The Linnean Society of London
Use of Cost Effective Remote Sensing to Map and Measure Marine Intertidal Habitats in Support of Ecosystem Modeling Efforts: Cobscook Bay, Maine

Abstract Reliable estimates of the habitat areas of major marine producer groups were needed in support of an ecosystem modeling effort in the macrotidal Cobscook Bay, ME. Results needed to be comprehensive, synoptic, objective, affordable, and on a suitable spatial scale. We chose to address these goals by applying accepted procedures utilizing existing Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery and a computer-generated unsupervised classification. Unsupervised classification of high and low tide Landsat TM images yielded coherent habitat maps that were supported by reference data and independent habitat analyses. The high tide image revealed surface water patterns that supported the existence of a large, Central Bay dipole eddy predicted by a numerical three-dimensional circulation model. Classification of the low tide image resulted in 14 intertidal and water habitat classes being defined. Overall accuracy of the classification was 86%. Good agreement in habitat areas existed between the affordable and easily repeatable satellite survey and four other Cobscook Bay surveys which differed methodologically and temporally. The four studies agreed within 7% of total habitat area and 12% on intertidal habitat area. The area of both brown and green algae in the Bay apparently increased modestly over a 25-year period which saw the introduction of large-scale salmon aquaculture and the advent of intensive dragging for scallops and sea urchins. The increase in both groups is inconsistent with changes induced by nutrient additions observed elsewhere. Landsat imagery appears to be a valuable tool for the management and monitoring of macrotidal environments.
Nutritional composition, product development, shelf-life evaluation and quality assessment of pacu Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier, 1818)

Red-bellied pacu Piaractus brachypomus has a characteristic pomfret like shape and is marketed as freshwater pomfret. Pacu flesh had adequate amounts of protein (17%) and fat (1.19%). Essential amino acids formed 80.5% of the total amino acids of pacu meat. Histidine (32.55%), lysine (25.77%) and phenyl alanine (8.88%) were the predominant essential amino acids. Pacu meat was rich in unsaturated fatty acids (85.5%) of which mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) constituted 53% and 32.5%, respectively. The predominant MUFA, PUFA and SFA were palmitoleic acid-C16:1 (44.3%), α-linolenic acid-C18:3 (15.6%) and stearic acid-C18:0 (13.1%), respectively. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosa hexaenoic acid (DPA) were relatively low at 1.87%, each. During iced storage of whole and gutted fish, moisture content increased and fat content decreased with storage period. The TVBN, TMA, AAN, PV, FFA, APC, H2S producing bacteria showed an increasing trend during iced storage. Chemical and microbiological analyses showed that, both whole and gutted pacu can be stored under iced condition for a period of 13 days. Fish fingers prepared using pacu meat and batter had a moisture and protein content of 59.47% and of 12.59% respectively and stored well for 2 months in air packing and 3 months in vacuum packing at -20°C. Pacu meat and fingers could serve as nutritionally good food item, but for the presence of fine spines in the flesh.
Amazonian Biodiversity: Pigments from Aspergillus and Penicillium-Characterizations, antibacterial activities and their toxicities

The Aspergillus and Penicillium culture collection were screened for pigment production. The antimicrobial activity was measured by the agar diffusion methodology. The organic extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol 95%) were tested for bioautography against yeasts and pathogenic bacteria. The extracts were also tested on Artemia salina toxicity. Cryptococcus laurentii and Mycobacterium smegmatis exhibited higher sensitivity to the pigments as test-microorganism. Pigments from Penicillium simplicissimum DPUA 1379 and Penicillium janczewskii DPUA 304 showed the highest degree of mortality for Artemia salina larvae. The other tested fungal strains of Aspergillus and Penicillium producing pigments, isolated from Amazonia, showed significant antimicrobial activities and total absence of toxicity.
Effect of type of suckling and polyunsaturated fatty acid use on lamb production.2. Chemical and fatty acid composition of raw and cooked meat

Abstract This study was carried out in order to examine the chemical and fatty acid composition of raw and cooked meat obtained from lambs raised under mothers or reared by artificial suckling with acidified milk replacers with or without polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. Meat samples were taken from twenty Gentile di Puglia male lambs subjected to the following feeding treatments: the control group received only maternal milk (MM, n.=6) while two groups were reared by artificial suckling with an acidified milk replacer (MR, n.=7) or with an acidified milk replacer supplemented with 10 ml/l of a PUFA enriched oil (MR+PUFA, n.=7). Lambs were slaughtered at 45 days of age. After 24 hours of refrigeration at 4 °C, the lumbar region was dissected from each right half-carcass and split into pieces, one of which was used raw while the other was cooked in a ventilated electric oven at 180 °C until an internal temperature of 75 °C was reached. Chemical and fatty acid analysis were performed on raw and cooked meat, while only raw meat was assessed for cholesterol. Cooking losses were also evaluated. Meat obtained from MR+PUFA fed lambs contained more fat (P<0.01) and less protein (P<0.05) than MM lambs. Nursing under mothers increased the total amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA), compared with both the MR group (P<0.05) and to the MR+PUFA one (P<0.01). In MM meat samples, fewer PUFAs (P<0.01) and omega-6 fatty acids (P<0.01) were found in comparison with both MR diets. The highest PUFA/SFA ratio of meat was recorded for the MR+PUFA group (0.27), with statistical differences respect to the MR group (0.21; P<0.05) and to the MM one (0.14; P<0.01). Lambs raised with maternal milk produced meat containing more cholesterol than the MR+PUFA group (85.89 vs 76.26 mg/100 g; P<0.05). The atherogenicity index of meat was higher following natural rearing in comparison with the MR+PUFA treatment (1.34 vs 1.05; P<0.05), while the PCL/PCE ratio was significantly higher in MR+PUFA samples than in both MM and MR ones (0.93 vs 0.77 and 0.76, respectively; P<0.05). Cooking cancelled the differences between treatments with regard to the all the dietetic parameters evaluated. In conclusion, artificial suckling with acidified milk replacers improves some meat quality features. Supplementation of milk replacers with PUFAs, although in a limited way, may improve the dietetic properties of lamb meat.
Nutritive value of Robinia (Robinia pseudoacacia) leaves in growing Soviet Chinchilla rabbits.

Far determining the nutritiva value of robinia (Robinia pseudoacacia) leaves, widely distributed in the temperate and humid Himalayan ranges (29°25N and 79o35E), containing OM 89.9; CP 20.7; EE 3.8; CF 21.7; NFE 43.7; NDF 60.1; ADF 29.6; Ca 2.4 and P 0.2 par cent on DM basis, ten Soviet Chinchilla rabbits of six week old (mean body weight 792+73 g) were fed freshly lopped green robinia leaves as a sale feed far 56 d. The green leaves were offered individually at 400g/rabbit/day. A metabolism trial of 6 day was conducted after 21 d of experimental feeding. The digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF and ADF was 74.3; 77.4; 36.8; 73.2; 60.3 and 29.4%, respectively. The average intake of DM was 145.3g/d and 143.79/kg Wo,75, DCP 11.29/d and 11.1g/kg W 0.75 and DE 407.6 Kca1/d and 402.4Kca1/kg W 0.75 , which could not only meet the maintenance requirement but also supported 10.4g daily body weight gain. The dry matter of robinia leaves contained a.o percent DCP and 2.81 kcal DE/g. Results suggest that robinia leaves may be usad as a sale feed far maintenance. This may also be usad far the development of production rations by supplementation of energy and if necessary proteinacious feeds.
Occupation and maternal mortality in Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate maternal mortality ratio according to occupation in Brazil. METHODS This is a mortality study conducted with national data from the Mortality Information System (SIM) and the Live Birth Information System (SINASC) in 2015. Maternal mortality ratios were estimated according to the occupation recorded in death certificates, using the Brazilian Classification of Occupation (CBO), version 2002. RESULTS A total of 1,738 maternal deaths records were found, corresponding to a maternal mortality ratio of 57.6/100,000 live births. It varied among occupational groups, with higher estimates among service and agricultural workers, particularly for domestic workers (123.2/100,000 live births), followed by general agricultural workers (88.3/100,000 live births). Manicurists and nursing technicians also presented high maternal mortality ratio. Maternal occupation was not reported in 17.0% of SIM registers and in 13.2% of SINASC data. Inconsistent records of occupation were found. “Housewife” prevailed in SIM (35.5%) and SINASC (39.1%). CONCLUSIONS Maternal mortality ratio differs by occupation, suggesting a work contribution, which requires further research focusing occupational risk factors. Socioeconomic factors are closely related to occupation, and their combination with work exposures and the poor access to health services need to be also addressed.
Molecular and Ecological Characterization of Extralimital Populations of Red-Legged Frogs from Western North America

Abstract Extralimital populations of red-legged frogs have recently been found on Graham Island (Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia, and on Chichagof Island, Alaska. Both islands are well north of the traditionally understood (or core) range of red-legged frogs in western North America. The Chichagof Island frogs are known to be introduced, and the Graham Island frogs are suspected to be introduced. However, species-level identification of these populations remains uncertain. Recent phylogeographic analyses have demonstrated that there are two species of red-legged frogs, Rana aurora and Rana draytonii, and R. aurora is more closely related to the Cascades Frog, Rana cascadae (i.e., [aurora + draytonii] is not monophyletic). Here, we compare new mtDNA sequence data from these extralimital populations to available sequences from 50 populations from the core range of red-legged frogs. These results demonstrate that both extralimital populations are the Northern Red-Legged Frog, R. aurora, and are most closely related to haplotypes found in the most northern clade of R. aurora. Further, we conduct ecological niche modeling under current conditions and future conditions that assume a global warming scenario to assess habitat suitability in southeastern Alaska and the Queen Charlotte Islands and the potential for the persistence and expansion of the extralimital populations. These analyses suggest that the extralimital populations occur in the most suitable habitat on Graham and Chichagof Islands and that suitability will increase on Graham and decrease on Chichagof Island in the future. These results are used to discuss several management options for the extralimital R. aurora.