Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
you see it, now you don’t: Overlapping neural representations for the position of visible and 1 imagined objects

10 Humans can covertly track the position of an object, even if the object is temporarily occluded. What are 11 the neural mechanisms underlying our capacity to track moving objects when there is no physical stimulus 12 for the brain to track? One possibility is that the brain “fills-in” information about imagined objects using 13 internally generated representations similar to those generated by feed-forward perceptual mechanisms. 14 Alternatively, the brain might deploy a higher order mechanism, for example using an object tracking 15 model that integrates visual signals and motion dynamics (Kwon et al., 2015). In the present study, we 16 used electroencephalography (EEG) and time-resolved multivariate pattern analyses to investigate the 17 spatial processing of visible and imagined objects. Participants tracked an object that moved in discrete 18 steps around fixation, occupying six consecutive locations. They were asked to imagine that the object 19 continued on the same trajectory after it disappeared and move their attention to the corresponding 20 positions. Time-resolved decoding of EEG data revealed that the location of the visible stimuli could be 21 decoded shortly after image onset, consistent with early retinotopic visual processes. For processing of 22 unseen/imagined positions, the patterns of neural activity resembled stimulus-driven mid-level visual 23 processes, but were detected earlier than perceptual mechanisms, implicating an anticipatory and more 24 variable tracking mechanism. Encoding models revealed that spatial representations were much less 25 precise for imagined than visible stimuli. Monitoring the position of imagined objects thus utilises similar 26 perceptual processes as processing objects that are actually present, but with different temporal 27 dynamics. These results indicate that internally generated representations rely on top-down position-specific contained within during imagined stimulus We of the from all phases of the task. Our show that the visible and imagined stimuli evoked the same neural response patterns, with very different temporal dynamics. Further, multivariate encoding models revealed that the of imagined stimuli were less precise than those of visual stimuli. These suggest that overlapping mid- and high-level visual processes underlie perceptual and internally generated representations of spatial location, and that these are pre-activated in anticipation of a stimulus.
Now you see it now you don't: The effectiveness of the recognition heuristic for selecting stocks

It has been proposed that recognition can form the basis of simple but ecologically rational decision strategies (Gigerenzer & Goldstein, 1996). Borges, Goldstein, Ortmann, & Gigerenzer (1999) found that constructing share portfolios based on simple name recognition alone often yielded better returns than the market index. We describe four studies with seven samples of participants from three countries (total N = 319) in which the returns of recognized and unrecognized shares from several stock markets were tracked over various periods of time. We find no support for the claim that a simple strategy of name recognition can be used as a general strategy to select stocks that yield better-than-average returns. However, there was some suggestion in the data that recognition performs better when the market is falling and worse when it is rising. A follow-up study indicated that the absence of an overall recognition effect could not easily be attributed to our reliance on student participants or smaller samples than Borges et al. (1999) had used. We conclude that, with respect to changes in value, selecting stocks on the basis of name recognition is a near-random method of portfolio construction that offers little, if any, benefit to the personal investor.
Runoff and water quality from steep hills in south-eastern Australia.

To understand the mechanisms of surface runoff and the impact of phosphorus (P) fertiliser on runoff quality, a 4-year catchment study was conducted near Ararat in western Victoria. Four small catchments and two larger catchments with slopes of 9-33% were selected in the upper Hopkins basin. Superphosphate was applied at 40 kg P/ha once to two of the small catchments, and water quality samples taken from all the small catchments. Soil moisture was measured by a neutron moisture meter and reflectometers. Each surface runoff event was classified into terciles based on antecedent soil moisture. In four of the catchments, more flow occurred in the dry or intermediate terciles than in the moist tercile. This indicates that Hortonian flow (runoff while the soil is partially dry) is important in the study environment. We attribute this flow to a combination of water repellence of the topsoil, and low detention storage on the steep slopes. Catchments to which superphosphate was applied had nearly double the concentration of P in runoff water.
Distribution of Sulfur Between Melt and Fluid in S-O-H-C-Cl-Bearing Magmatic Systems at Shallow Crustal Pressures and Temperatures

Volatile constituents dissolved in magmatic fluids control fundamental geologic processes including magma ascent, degassing, and eruption; metasomatism; and hydrothermal mineralization in the shallow crust, and volatile compounds involving sulfur are vigorous agents of these fluids. Volcanic outgassing of magmatic volatiles, including SO2 and H2S, to the atmosphere has influenced atmospheric chemistry throughout Earth’s history (Arthur 2000), and of particular importance has been the effectiveness of SO2- and H2SO4-laden stratospheric aerosols to reflect sunlight and cool Earth’s surface (Siggurdson et al. 1990; Oppenheimer et al. 2011, this volume; Wallace and Edmonds 2011, this volume). In addition, many ore metals exhibit chalcophile behavior, i.e., a strong affinity to S. As a result, magmatically sourced S that is typically present as reduced sulfide species plays an essential role in processes of generating nickel sulfide, porphyry copper-gold-molybdenum, high-sulfidation precious metal, and volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits (Hedenquist and Lowenstern 1994; Burnham 1997; Vaughan and Craig 1997; Seo et al. 2009; Simon and Ripley 2011, this volume). Crucial and poorly understood aspects common to each of these processes are determining how and when multi-component fluids exsolve, evolve, and escape from magmas and how significantly S dissolves in such chemically complex fluids. The results of hydrothermal experiments, summarized herein, provide important new insights into these processes. The silicate melt phase (herein abbreviated si-mt ) in magmas may contain variable concentrations of S, and S-isotopic data indicate that this S is mostly of magmatic origin (Rye et al. 1984; Wallace 2001). The melts of mafic and intermediate-silica-content magmas generally exhibit greater S concentrations (e.g., > several thousands of ppm S) than felsic melts (Ducea et al. 1994; Wallace and Anderson 2000; Cervantes and Wallace 2003; Metrich and Wallace …
Vegetable farmers' attitude towards organic agriculture practices in South Western Nigeria

This paper investigated attitude of vegetable farmers towards organic agriculture practices in South West Nigeria with a view to isolate determinants of their attitude. Cluster sampling technique was adopted for selecting the required sample of urban vegetable producers. Interview schedule was used to elicit information from 450 respondents. Attitude was measured as a pooled score and responses to attitudinal statements were made on a five point Likert scale. The respondents were asked to rate the statements using the 5 point Likert scale as follows: 1 strongly disagree, 2 disagree, 3 undecided, 4 agree and 5 strongly agree. The variables used in the study were used to identify factors influencing vegetable farmers’ attitude towards organic agriculture practices. Data was analysed using mean and standard deviation and probit regression model. Mean was used to rate the responses of the respondents on the rating scale while probit regression model was used to identify determinants of vegetable farmers’ attitude towards organic agriculture practices. The results revealed an overwhelming general positive attitude by vegetable farmers towards organic agriculture. The most prominent attitudinal statements as ranked by the farmers were that organic agriculture improves soil fertility and soil structure (4.38), organic agriculture encourages the use of indigenous knowledge (4.38). The results of the probit model revealed that farming experience (t = 0.093, p<0.01), farm size (t = 0.281, p<0.01), household size (t = 0.117, p<0.01), organization membership (t = 0.572, p<0.01) and frequency of extension contacts (t = 0.469, p<0.05) showed a significantly positive relationship with attitude to organic farming practices. Therefore, the training of extension agents should include more messages on organic agriculture techniques to the farmers.
Gait as a biometric for person identification in video

The term gait recognition is typically used to signify the identification of people in image sequences ‘by the way they walk’. Gait is determined by the physical characteristics of each individual, and so is believed to be as unique to the person as a fingerprint is. Gait is also one of the few biometrics that can be measured at a distance, which makes it useful in surveillance applications as well. In this thesis, our objective is to develop robust methods for extracting discriminant gait features automatically and passively from low-resolution video. To this end, we explore two different gait recognition techniques: a non-parametric approach that derives its classification feature from the image self-similarity plot of a walking sequence, and a parametric approach that estimates explicit parameters of gait, viz. cadence, stride length and apparent height and uses them for classification. Both methods derive their robustness from the fact that they do not rely on image feature tracking or correspondence. The methods are extensively tested on a variety of datasets, and achieved up to 70% with the first method and 50% with the second method in classification accuracy on reasonably large datasets. Finally, because carried loads are gait-altering, we also describe a method to determine whether or not a walking person is carrying an object prior to applying gait recognition on the sequence. The method exploits known shape and periodicity cues of human walking figure. It achieves 85% detection rate and 12% false alarm rate when tested on 41 realistic outdoor sequences.
A program for experimental syntax: Finding the relationship between acceptability and grammatical knowlege

Title of dissertation: A PROGRAM FOR EXPERIMENTAL SYNTAX: FINDING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACCEPTABILITY AND GRAMMATICAL KNOWLEDGE Jon Sprouse Doctor of Philosophy, 2007 Dissertation directed by: Professor Howard Lasnik Department of Linguistics There has always been interest in the methodology of acceptability judgment collection, as well as the reliability of the results. It seems, though, that the past several years have seen an increase in the number of studies employing formal experimental techniques for the collection of acceptability judgments, so much so that the term experimental syntax has come to be applied to the use of those techniques. The question this dissertation asks is whether the extent of the utility of experimental syntax is to find areas in which informal judgment collection was insufficient, or whether there is a complementary research program for experimental syntax that is more than just a methodological footnote to the informal judgment collection of theoretical syntax. This dissertation is a first attempt at a tentative yes : the tools of experimental syntax can be used to explore the relationship between acceptability judgments and the form or nature of grammatical knowledge, not just the content of grammatical knowledge. This dissertation begins by identifying several recent claims about the nature of grammatical knowledge that have been made based upon hypotheses about the nature of acceptability judgments. Each chapter applies the tools of experimental syntax to those hypotheses in an attempt to refine our understanding of the relationship between acceptability and grammatical knowledge. The claims investigated include: that grammatical knowledge is gradient, that grammatical knowledge is sensitive to context effects, that the stability or instability of acceptability reflects underlying differences in grammatical knowledge, that processing effects affect acceptability, and that acceptability judgments have nothing further to contribute to debates over the number and nature of dependency forming operations. Using wh-movement and Island effects as the empirical basis of the research, the results of these studies suggest that the relationship between acceptability and grammatical knowledge is much more complicated than previously thought. The overarching conclusion is that there is a program for experimental syntax that is independent of simple data collection: only through the tools of experimental syntax can we achieve a better understanding of the nature of acceptability, and how it relates to the nature of grammatical knowledge. A Program for Experimental Syntax: Finding the relationship between acceptability and grammatical knowledge
Electrospun Nanofibers of Acrylonitrile and Itaconic Acid Copolymers and their Stabilization

(APS) as an oxidant in the aqueous medium,and nanofibers produced by electrospinning . Electrospun nanofiber mats were by treated heat under air atmosphere to be stabilized. Nanofiber production from AN-IA copolymers and suitability of the nanofiber as carbon nanofiber precursor is discussed. Copolymer are characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance spectrometer (FTIR-ATR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ( 1 H-NMR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The effect of IA content on the spectroscopic and thermal properties of AN-IA copolymers was investigated. Increasing IA content confirmed by spectroscopic methods seriously affects thermal properties which is important for carbon nanofiber production. IA provides a catalytic effect on stabilization process by decreasing initiation cyclization reaction temperature from 202 to 195 o C. Elecrospinning from the AN-IA copolymer solutions in dimethyl foramide (DMF) was performed, morphology of nanofibers was monitored using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Bead free nanofibers were produced from AN-IA copolymer solutions under same conditions. Average nanofiber diameter decreases from 878±18 to 376±7 nm according to increasing IA content in copolymers. The nanofiber mats produced were treated at high temperature under air atmosphere for oxidative stabilization. Stabilized nanofibers were characterized using FTIR-ATR spectrometer and a new structure was monitored as a result of cyclization reactions. The stabilized nanofibers were also characterized mophologically using SEM. Volume loss occurring after heat treatment calculated based on the nanofiber diameter changes. Consequently, electrospun nanofibers can be suggested as a carbon nanofiber precursor due to suitability for electrospinning and stabilization process.
The Effects of the Properties of Materials in a Cigarette on Filter Ventilation

Abstract A computer model was developed which makes it possible to predict the effects of several cigarette properties on the different degrees of ventilation (total degree of ventilation, degree of ventilation of the tobacco rod, degree of ventilation of the filter) and on the pressure drop. A special advantage of this model is its ability to predict the degree of ventilation from the properties of the materials (e.g. of filter, paper, tobacco) instead of from the properties of the manufactured cigarette. Thus it is no longer necessary to manufacture an experimental cigarette each time. Another advantage results from the fact that the fluctuations of the degree of ventilation can be attributed directly to the factors responsible. Each contribution of the individual factors responsible can be determined separately, which is normally not possible by means of experiments. Thus this model is not only a component of a computer-aided product design, but is also a useful tool for quality control. Some examples are presented which are typical of the effects of various properties of the materials on the ventilation. It becomes obvious that a low level of fluctuations of the filter ventilation does not only imply constant properties of the applied materials (such as tipping paper) but also a uniform primary process.
Determination of Ionospheric Parameters over Iraqi Zone

In this paper, an analytical study for the behavior of ionospheric parameters (Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF) and Optimum Traffic Frequency (FOT)) has been preformed between transmitter station (Baghdad) and many different receiver stations which are distributed randomly over Iraqi territory. The ionospheric parameters dataset has been made using ICEPAC communication model for annual time for the years 2009-2011 of the solar cycle 24. A simplified ionospheric model has been suggested which based on the correlated relationship between the geographical locations coordinates (longitude & Latitude) of receiver stations and the dataset of the MUF and FOT parameters. The results of this study showed that the correlation between the ionospheric parameters and geographical location coordinates can be expressed as linear surface equation. The predicated ionospheric parameters values using the suggested empirical model show a good fitting with theoretical values that calculated using the international models.
Size distribution and hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles from dry-season biomass burning in Amazonia

Aerosol particle number size distributions and hygroscopic properties were measured at a pasture site in the southwestern Amazon region (Rondonia). The measurements were performed 11 September-14 November 2002 as part of LBA-SMOCC (Large scale Biosphere atmosphere experiment in Amazonia - SMOke aerosols, Clouds, rainfall and Climate), and cover the later part of the dry season (with heavy biomass burning), a transition period, and the onset of the wet period. Particle number size distributions were measured with a DMPS (Differential Mobility Particle Sizer, 3-850 nm) and an APS (Aerodynamic Particle Sizer), extending the distributions up to 3.3 mu m in diameter. An H-TDMA (Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer) measured the hygroscopic diameter growth factors (Gf) at 90% relative humidity (RH), for particles with dry diameters (d(p)) between 20-440 nm, and at several occasions RH scans (30-90% RH) were performed for 165 nm particles. These data provide the most extensive characterization of Amazonian biomass burning aerosol, with respect to particle number size distributions and hygroscopic properties, presented until now. The evolution of the convective boundary layer over the course of the day causes a distinct diel variation in the aerosol physical properties, which was used to get information about the properties of the aerosol at higher altitudes. The number size distributions averaged over the three defined time periods showed three modes; a nucleation mode with geometrical median diameters (GMD) of similar to 12 nm, an Aitken mode (GMD=61-92 nm) and an accumulation mode (GMD=128-190 nm). The two larger modes were shifted towards larger GMD with increasing influence from biomass burning. The hygroscopic growth at 90% RH revealed a somewhat external mixture with two groups of particles; here denoted nearly hydrophobic (Gf similar to 1.09 for 100 nm particles) and moderately hygroscopic (Gf similar to 1.26). While the hygroscopic growth factors were surprisingly similar over the periods, the number fraction of particles belonging to each hygroscopic group varied more, with the dry period aerosol being more dominated by nearly hydrophobic particles. As a result the total particle water uptake rose going into the cleaner period. The fraction of moderately hygroscopic particles was consistently larger for particles in the accumulation mode compared to the Aitken mode for all periods. Scanning the H-TDMA over RH (30-90% RH) showed no deliquescence behavior. A parameterization of both Gf(RH) and Gf(d(p)), is given. (Less)
Particle size distribution and particle mass measurements at urban , near-city and rural level in the Copenhagen area and Southern Sweden

Particle size distribution and particle mass measurements at urban, near-city and rural level in the Copenhagen area and Southern Sweden M. Ketzel , P. Wåhlin, A. Kristensson, E. Swietlicki, R. Berkowicz, O. J. Nielsen, and F. Palmgren Department of Atmospheric Environment, National Environmental Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark Division of Nuclear Physics, Physics Department, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Received: 17 September 2003 – Accepted: 28 October 2003 – Published: 3 November 2003 Correspondence to: M. Ketzel (mke@dmu.dk)
The Association Between Helicobacter Pylori Seropositivity And The Association Between Helicobacter Pylori Seropositivity And Risk Of Hyperemesis Gravidarum During Pregnancy Risk Of Hyperemesis Gravidarum During Pregnancy

Background: A severe form of nausea and vomiting known as hyperemesis gravidarum is common among women who are expecting a baby. The reported occurrence of hyperemesis gravidarum is about . 3 to 1.5 percent. Hyperemesis gravidarum's cause is still a mystery. Different explanations such as immune, endocrine disorders, genetics and metabolic problems as well as infections like helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter pylori infection and hyperemesis gravidarum have been linked in recent studies
Association of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio with presence of isolated coronary artery ectasia.

OBJECTIVES Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) has been defined as a dilated artery luminal diameter that is at least 50% greater than the diameter of the normal portion of the artery. Isolated CAE is defined as CAE without significant coronary artery stenosis and isolated CAE has more pronounced inflammatory symptoms. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is widely used as a marker of inflammation and an indicator of cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. We examined a possible association between NLR and the presence of isolated CAE. STUDY DESIGN In this study, 2345 patients who underwent coronary angiography for suspected or known ischemic heart disease were evaluated retrospectively. Following the application of exclusion criteria, our study population consisted of 81 CAE patients and 85 age- and gender-matched subjects who proved to have normal coronary angiograms. Baseline neutrophil, lymphocyte and other hematologic indices were measured routinely prior to the coronary angiography. RESULTS Patients with angiographic isolated CAE had significantly elevated NLR when compared to the patients with normal coronary artery pathology (3.39 ± 1.36 vs. 2.25 ± 0.58, p<0.001). A NLR level >= 2.37 measured on admission had a 77% sensitivity and 63% specificity in predicting isolated CAE at ROC curve analysis. In the multivariate analysis, hypercholesterolemia (OR=2.63, 95% CI 1.22-5.65, p=0.01), obesity (OR=3.76, 95% CI 1.43-9.87, p=0.007) and increased NLR (OR=6.03, 95% CI 2.61-13.94, p<0.001) were independent predictors for the presence of isolated CAE. CONCLUSION Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is a readily available clinical laboratory value that is associated with the presence of isolated CAE.