Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implicit Racial and Gender Bias About Handguns: A New Implicit Association Test

This study measured implicit and explicit racial bias about women and handguns and addressed important perceptions and stereotypes about gun competence and victimization that vary based on race and gender. We administered a national survey to 1,000 US adults using a new Race–Women–Handguns Implicit Association Test (IAT). Survey weighting was used to generate nationally representative estimates on the prevalence of implicit racial bias about women with handguns. The majority of participants (62.5%) associated Black women with handguns and White women with smartphones (weighted-mean IAT = 0.252; 95% CI [0.227, 0.276]) reflecting an anti-Black bias among US adults that is stereotype consistent associating Black women with handguns and White women with smartphones. The proportion that indicated Black and White women were competent with handguns was low (21.6% and 22.4%, respectively), and the proportion of US adults who indicated Black women are more likely to experience intimate partner violence (range: 19.4%−22.9%) and sexual harassment/assault (range: 11.4%−20.4%) was low compared to the prevalence of both forms of violence US among Black women that may impact the decision to possess a handgun. These findings suggest there is an anti-Black implicit bias about women with handguns (associating Black women with handguns) among US adults and support the need for further research measuring racism in systems and structures that intersect with gun possession.
Epidemiology of overall and early‐onset serrated polyps versus conventional adenomas in a colonoscopy screening cohort

Serrated polyps (SPs) are precursors to one‐third of colorectal cancers (CRCs), with histological subtypes: hyperplastic polyps (HPs), sessile serrated lesions (SSLs) and traditional serrated adenomas (TSAs). The incidence of early‐onset CRC before the age of 50 is increasing, with limited understanding of SPs in younger cohorts. Using a large colonoscopy‐based cohort, we characterized epidemiologic profiles of SP subtypes, compared to conventional adenomas, with secondary analysis on early‐onset polyps. Ninety‐four thousand four hundred and twenty‐seven patients underwent screening colonoscopies between 2010 and 2018. Demographic, endoscopic and histopathologic characteristics of each polyp subtype were described. High‐risk polyps included SSLs ≥10 mm/with dysplasia and conventional adenomas ≥10 mm/with tubulovillous/villous histology/high‐grade dysplasia. We examined polyp prevalence with age and compared early‐ (age < 50) and late‐onset polyps (age ≥ 50). Eighteen thousand one hundred and twenty‐five patients had SPs (4357 SSLs, 15 415 HPs, 120 TSAs) and 26 699 had conventional adenomas. High‐risk SSLs were enriched in the ascending colon (44.1% vs 2.6‐35.8% for other locations; P < .003). Early‐ and late‐onset SPs had similar subsite distribution. Early‐onset conventional adenomas were more enriched in the distal colon/rectum (51.8% vs 43.4%, P < .001). Multiple conventional adenomas were more represented in late‐onset groups (40.8% vs 33.8%, P < .001), with no difference in SSLs. The prevalence of conventional adenomas/high‐risk conventional adenomas increased continuously with age, whereas the prevalence of SSLs/high‐risk SSLs was stable from age 40 years onwards. A higher proportion of women were diagnosed with early‐onset than late‐onset SSLs (62.9% vs 57.6%, P = .03). Conventional adenomas, SSLs, early‐ and late‐onset polyps have distinct epidemiology. The findings have implications for improved colonoscopy screening and surveillance and understanding the etiologic heterogeneity of CRC.
ACL Blasts From Past to Present

(without developing instability) sooner than patients who complied with the regimen. ’’ 45(p292) Based upon these observations, the authors liberalized their rehabilitation protocol to match the behavior of the noncompliant patients. Key elements of the accelerated program included empha-sizing an immediate return to full extension and allowing athletes to resume their sports as soon as they felt ready and had met several examination and performance criteria. Whereas athletes had previously been withheld from full sports participation for 9 to 12 months after surgery, some were now returning within 4 to 6 months. To measure the success of the new regimen, Shelbourne and Nitz compared 138 patients who were treated with the initial program with 247 who followed the accelerated one. kept meticulous records of their patients and tested them routinely with the KT-1000 arthrometer and an dynamometer, were able to compile a detailed report. The authors determined that the accelerated group attained full extension earlier and were less likely to undergo subsequent surgery to eliminate a flexion contracture, while maintaining arthrometer
Removal of breast implants as primary treatment for autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants

Associations between introducing adjuvants into the body and the development of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases have long been recognized. In 2011, this phenomenon was characterized as the autoim-mune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) (1). However, very few studies have focused on whether explantation of these adjuvants has a role in treatment. Explantation is often performed owing to implant rupture or infection (2) rather than as a primary therapeutic option, and this may act as a confounding factor on any improvement in symptoms. Furthermore, medication changes around the time of explantation (3) may mask any effects of implant removal. We describe a patient with breast implants and autoimmune disease who showed significant improvement following explantation of implants alone. The patient fulfilled three major and two minor criteria for the diagnosis of ASIA (1).
Outgoing gravitational shock-wave at the inner horizon: The late-time limit of black hole interiors

Author(s): Marolf, D; Ori, A | Abstract: We investigate the interiors of (3+1)-dimensional, asymptotically flat charged and rotating black holes as described by observers who fall into the black holes at late time, long after any perturbations of the exterior region have decayed. In the strict limit of late infall time, the initial experiences of such observers are precisely described by the region of the limiting stationary geometry to the past of its inner horizon. However, we argue that late-infall-time observers encounter a null shock wave at the location of the would-be outgoing inner horizon. In particular, for spherically symmetric black hole spacetimes, we demonstrate that freely falling observers experience a metric discontinuity across this shock; that is, a gravitational shock wave. Furthermore, the magnitude of this shock is at least of order unity. A similar phenomenon of metric discontinuity appears to take place at the inner horizon of a generically perturbed spinning black hole. We compare the properties of this null shock-wave singularity with those of the null weak singularity that forms at the Cauchy horizon. © 2012 American Physical Society.
Resolvin D1: A key endogenous inhibitor of neuroinflammation

After the initiation of inflammation, a series of processes start to resolve the inflammation. A group of endogenous lipid mediators, namely specialized pro‐resolving lipid mediators is at the top list of inflammation resolution. Resolvin D1 (RvD1), is one of the lipid mediators with significant anti‐inflammatory properties. It is produced from docosahexaenoic acid (omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid) in the body. In this article, we aimed to review the most recent findings concerning the pharmacological effects of RvD1 in the central nervous system with a focus on major neurological diseases and dysfunctions. A literature review of the past studies demonstrated that RvD1 plasma level changes during mania, depression, and Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, RVD1 and its epimer, aspirin‐triggered RvD1 (AT‐RvD1), have significant therapeutic effects on experimental models of ischemic and traumatic brain injuries, memory dysfunction, pain, depression, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Interestingly, the beneficial effects of RvD1 and AT‐RvD1 were mostly induced at nanomolar and micromolar concentrations implying the significant potency of these lipid mediators in treating diseases with inflammation.
Is human labor at term an inflammatory condition?

Abstract Parturition at term in normal pregnancy follows a predictable sequence of events. There is some evidence that a state of inflammation prevails in the reproductive tissues during labor at term, but it is uncertain whether this phenomenon is the initiating signal for parturition. The absence of a clear temporal sequence of inflammatory events prior to labor casts doubt on the concept that normal human labor at term is primarily the result of an inflammatory cascade. This review examines evidence linking parturition and inflammation in order to address whether inflammation is a cause of labor, a consequence of labor, or a separate but related phenomenon. Finally, we identify and suggest ways to reconcile inconsistencies regarding definitions of labor onset in published research, which may contribute to the variability in conclusions regarding the genesis and maintenance of parturition. A more thorough understanding of the processes underlying normal parturition at term may lead to novel insights regarding abnormal labor, including spontaneous preterm labor, preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes, and dysfunctional labor, and the role of inflammation in each. Summary Sentence Human labor has features suggestive of inflammatory processes. However, data indicate that inflammation may not be necessary for labor initiation at term. Further research is needed to understand the events leading to normal human parturition.
Microscopic driving theory with non-hypothetical congested steady state: Model and Empirical verification

The essential distinction between the fundamental diagram approach and three-phase theory is the existence of the unique space-gap-speed relationship. In order to verify this relationship, empirical data are analyzed with the following findings: (1) linear relationship between the actual space gap and speed can be identified when the speed difference between vehicles approximates zero; (2) vehicles accelerate or decelerate around the desired space gap most of the time. To explain these phenomena, we propose that, in homogeneous congested traffic flow, the space gap between two vehicles will oscillate around the desired space gap in the noiseless limit. This assumption is formulated in terms of a cellular automaton. Simulations under periodic and open boundary conditions reproduce the empirical findings of three-phase theory. Finally, the model is calibrated and validated. All verification results are acceptable and better than that of previous studies.
A calculated risk: Evaluating HIV resistance to the broadly neutralising antibodies10-1074 and 3BNC117

Purpose of this review Broadly neutralising antibodies (bNAbs) are a promising new therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. However, the effective use of bNAbs is impacted by the presence of preexisting virological resistance and the potential to develop new resistance during treatment. With several bNAb clinical trials underway, sensitive and scalable assays are needed to screen for resistance. This review summarises the data on resistance from published clinical trials using the bNAbs 10-1074 and 3BNC117 and evaluates current approaches for detecting bNAb sensitivity as well as their limitations. Recent findings Analyses of samples from clinical trials of 10-1074 and 3BNC117 reveal viral mutations that emerge on therapy which may result in bNAb resistance. These mutations are also found in some potential study participants prior to bNAb exposure. These clinical data are further informed by ex-vivo neutralisation assays which offer an alternative measure of resistance and allow more detailed interrogation of specific viral mutations. However, the limited amount of publicly available data and the need for better understanding of other viral features that may affect bNAb binding mean there is no widely accepted approach to measuring bNAb resistance. Summary Resistance to the bNAbs 10-1074 and 3BNC117 may significantly impact clinical outcome following their therapeutic administration. Predicting bNAb resistance may help to lower the risk of treatment failure and therefore a robust methodology to screen for bNAb sensitivity is needed.
Future virialized structures: an analysis of superstructures in the SDSS-DR7

We construct catalogues of present superstructures that, according to a A cold dark matter (∧CDM) scenario, will evolve into isolated, virialized structures in the future. We use a smoothed luminosity density map derived from galaxies in SDSS-DR7, Abazajian et al., data and separate high-luminosity density peaks. The luminosity density map is obtained from a volume-limited sample of galaxies in the spectroscopic galaxy catalogue, within the SDSS-DR7 footprint area and in the redshift range 0.04 < z < 0.12. Other two samples are constructed for calibration and testing purposes, up to z = 0.10 and 0.15. The luminosity of each galaxy is spread using an Epanechnikov kernel of 8 Mpc h ―1 radius, and the map is constructed on a 1 Mpc h ―1 cubic cell grid. Future virialized structures (FVSs) are identified as regions with overdensity above a given threshold, calibrated using a ACDM numerical simulation and the criteria presented by Dunner et al. We assume a constant mass-to-luminosity ratio and impose the further condition of a minimum luminosity of 10 12 L ⊙ . According to our calibrations with a numerical simulation, these criteria lead to a negligible contamination by less overdense (non-FVS) superstructures. We present a catalogue of superstructures in the SDSS-DR7 area within redshift 0.04 < z < 0.12 and test the reliability of our method by studying different subsamples as well as a mock catalogue. We compute the luminosity and volume distributions of the superstructures, finding that about 10 per cent of the luminosity (mass) will end up in future virialized structures. The fraction of groups and X-ray clusters in these superstructures is higher for groups/clusters of higher mass, suggesting that future cluster mergers will involve the most massive systems. We also analyse known structures in the present Universe and compare with our catalogue of FVSs.
Galaxy interactions in the Hickson Compact Group 88

I present observations of the Hickson Compact Group 88 (HCG88) obtained during the commissioning of a new 28-inch telescope at the Wise Observatory. This galaxy group was advertised to be non-interacting, or to be in a very early interaction stage, but this is not the case. The observations reported here were done using a "luminance" filter, essentially a very broad R filter, reaching a low surface brightness level of about 26 mag per square arcsec. Additional observations were obtained in a narrow spectral band approximately centered on the rest-frame H-alpha line from the group. Contrary to previous studies, my observations show that at least two of the major galaxies have had significant interactions in the past, although probably not between themselves. I report the discovery of a faint extended tail emerging from the brightest of the group galaxies, severe isophote twisting and possible outer shells around another galaxy, and map the HII regions in all the galaxies.
DISK MASSES AT THE END OF THE MAIN ACCRETION PHASE: CARMA OBSERVATIONS AND MULTI-WAVELENGTH MODELING OF CLASS I PROTOSTARS

We present imaging observations at the 1.3 mm wavelength of Class I protostars in the Taurus star-forming region, obtained with the CARMA interferometer. Of an initial sample of 10 objects, we detected and imaged millimeter wavelength emission from 9. One of the nine is resolved into two sources and detailed analysis of this binary protostellar system is deferred to a future paper. For the remaining eight objects, we use the CARMA data to determine the basic morphology of the millimeter emission. Combining the millimeter data with 0.9 μm images of scattered light, Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph spectra, and broadband spectral energy distributions (all from the literature), we attempt to determine the structure of the circumstellar material. We consider models including both circumstellar disks and envelopes, and constrain the masses (and other structural parameters) of each of these components. We show that the disk masses in our sample span a range from ≲ 0.01 to ≳ 0.1 M☉. The disk masses for our sample are significantly higher than for samples of more evolved Class II objects. Thus, Class I disk masses probably provide a more accurate estimate of the initial mass budget for star and planet formation. However, the disk masses determined here are lower than required by theories of giant planet formation. The masses also appear too low for gravitational instability, which could lead to high mass accretion rates. Even in these Class I disks, substantial particle growth may have hidden much of the disk mass in hard-to-see larger bodies.
Viscous hydrodynamics simulations of circumbinary accretion discs: variability, quasi-steady state and angular momentum transfer

We carry out numerical simulations of circumbinary discs, solving the viscous hydrodynamics equations on a polar grid covering an extended disc outside the binary co-orbital region. We use carefully controlled outer boundary conditions and long-term integrations to ensure that the disc reaches a quasi-steady state, in which the time-averaged mass accretion rate onto the binary, $\langle\dot{M}\rangle$, matches the mass supply rate at the outer disc. We focus on binaries with comparable masses and a wide range of eccentricities ($e_\mathrm{B}$). For $e_\mathrm{B} \lesssim 0.05$, the mass accretion rate of the binary is modulated at about $5$ times the binary period; otherwise it is modulated at the binary period. The inner part of the circumbinary disc ($r \lesssim 6 a_\mathrm{B}$) generally becomes coherently eccentric. For low and high $e_\mathrm{B}$, the disc line of apsides precesses around the binary, but for intermediate $e_\mathrm{B}$ ($0.2 - 0.4$), it instead becomes locked with that of the binary. By considering the balance of angular momentum transport through the disc by advection, viscous stress, and gravitational torque, we determine the time-averaged net angular momentum transfer rate to the binary, $\langle\dot{J}\rangle$. The specific angular momentum, $l_0 = \langle\dot{J}\rangle/\langle\dot{M}\rangle$, depends non-monotonically on $e_\mathrm{B}$. Contrary to previous claims, we find that $l_0$ is positive for most $e_\mathrm{B}$, implying that the binary receives net angular momentum, which may cause its separation to grow with time. The minimum $l_0$ occurs at intermediate $e_\mathrm{B}$ ($0.2 - 0.4$), corresponding to the regime where the inner eccentric disc is apsidally aligned with the binary.
A neutrophil–B-cell axis impacts tissue damage control in a mouse model of intraabdominal bacterial infection via Cxcr4

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by uncontrolled systemic inflammation and coagulation, leading to multiorgan failure. Therapeutic options to prevent sepsis-associated immunopathology remain scarce. Here, we established a mouse model of long-lasting disease tolerance during severe sepsis, manifested by diminished immunothrombosis and organ damage in spite of a high pathogen burden. We found that both neutrophils and B cells emerged as key regulators of tissue integrity. Enduring changes in the transcriptional profile of neutrophils include upregulated Cxcr4 expression in protected, tolerant hosts. Neutrophil Cxcr4 upregulation required the presence of B cells, suggesting that B cells promoted disease tolerance by improving tissue damage control via the suppression of neutrophils’ tissue-damaging properties. Finally, therapeutic administration of a Cxcr4 agonist successfully promoted tissue damage control and prevented liver damage during sepsis. Our findings highlight the importance of a critical B-cell/neutrophil interaction during sepsis and establish neutrophil Cxcr4 activation as a potential means to promote disease tolerance during sepsis.
No significant effect of frequent online sexual behaviour on Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT): Implications for compulsive sexual behaviour disorder

Reward based learning is broadly acknowledged to underpin the development and maintenance of addictive behaviour although the mechanism in sexual compulsivity is less understood. Using a Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) task we tested whether the motivational aspect of conditioned Pavlovian conditioned stimulus invigorated instrumental responding in relation to specific compatible monetary rewards. Performance on the task was analysed between two groups of males based on Low (N = 38) and High (N = 41) self-report online sexual behaviour (OSB). Psychometric tests including sexual compulsivity scale and behavioural activation/behavioural inhibition (BIS/BAS) were also administered to determine the relationship between OSB and general reward sensitivity. We show clear evidence of acquisition in the Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning phases. Specific transfer effect was greater in the High-OSB group although the difference compared to the Low-OSB group was non-significant. OSB negatively correlated with both BIS and BAS indicative of introversion and low reward sensitivity. OSB positively correlated with sexual compulsivity although it is unclear whether individuals in the High-OSB group considered their behaviour either excessive or problematic. These findings contribute to the ongoing debate regarding the nature of problematic OSB. Fundamental differences in motivational characteristics and mechanism contributing to compulsive behaviour in relation to high-OSB might indicate incompatibility with behavioural addiction models. PIT was not enhanced in high-OSB by appetitive conditioning, although problematic OSB could stem from failure to inhibit actions. Further research should investigate whether aversive conditioning differentially affects responding in high-OSB individuals, potentially explaining perseverant behaviour despite negative consequences.
A millimeter wave relativistic backward wave oscillator operating in TM03 mode with low guiding magnetic field

A V-band overmoded relativistic backward wave oscillator (RBWO) guided by low magnetic field and operating on a TM03 mode is presented to increase both the power handling capacity and the wave-beam interaction conversion efficiency. Trapezoidal slow wave structures (SWSs) with shallow corrugations and long periods are adopted to make the group velocity of TM03 mode at the intersection point close to zero. The coupling impedance and diffraction Q-factor of the RBWO increase, while the starting current decreases owing to the reduction of the group velocity of TM03 mode. In addition, the TM03 mode dominates over the other modes in the startup of the oscillation. Via numerical simulation, the generation of the microwave pulse with an output power of 425 MW and a conversion efficiency of 32% are achieved at 60.5 GHz with an external magnetic field of 1.25 T. This RBWO can provide greater power handling capacity when operating on the TM03 mode than on the TM01 mode.