Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Arrow of Time : What Inflation Does For Us

Inflation allows the problem of the Arrow of time to be understood as a question about the structure of spacetime: why was the intrinsic curvature of the earliest spatial sections so much better behaved than it might have been? This is really just the complement of a more familiar problem: what mechanism prevents the extrinsic curvature of space from diverging, as classical General Relativity suggests? We argue that the stringy version of “creation from nothing”, sketched by Ooguri, Vafa, and Verlinde, solves both of these problems at once. The argument, while very simple, hinges on some of the deepest theorems in global differential geometry. These results imply that when a spatially toral spacetime is created from nothing, the earliest spatial sections are forced to be [quasiclassically] exactly locally isotropic. This local isotropy, in turn, forces the inflaton into its minimal-entropy state. The theory explains why the Arrow does not reverse in black holes or in a cosmic contraction, if any. 1. The Arrow of Time: What Inflation Does For Us One of the deepest mysteries in physics is the origin of the Arrow of time. The first step towards understanding this mystery was identifying where the explanation is to be looked for: in cosmology. For example, the immediate origin of the low-entropy conditions in our local environment is the Sun; and the Sun’s ability to play this role can readily be traced back to the extremely low total entropy of the Big Bang era. [Excellent surveys of this question have been given by Albrecht [1], Price [2], and Carroll and Chen [3]; see also [4] for relevant general background. ] The problem is now in the cosmological domain: why was the entropy so low at that time — what set up the conditions that allowed the nucleosynthesis which provided the raw materials for the Sun, together with the subsequent local contraction which formed it? It is important to understand that we have no right to expect a single answer to this question. The low entropy of the very earliest universe might well have been stored in a vast variety of ways, as Price [2] emphasises. In fact, however, the theory of Inflation [5] provides a beautifully simple answer. The matter and radiation of the early Big Bang era derived its low entropy from a single source: the inflaton. For it was the inflaton that generated the equilibrium that obtained just before re-heating, and it was of course the inflaton that drove re-heating itself. This is the first service that Inflation performs in our search for the origin of the Arrow of time: it reduces what could have been an enormously complex collection of problems [explaining a whole variety of ways in which the initial low entropy state might have been arranged] to a single one: why was the inflaton itself in a special state [6] in the beginning? The special initial state of the inflaton had a precise form: the inflaton was in a “potential-dominated” state. The stress-energy-momentum tensor for the inflaton has the form
Scaling violations and determination of α s from jet production in γp interactions at HERA ZEUS Collaboration

Differential cross sections for jet photoproduction in the reaction ep → e jet X have been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA using 82.2 pb1 of integrated luminosity. Inclusive jet cross sections are presented as a function of the jet transverse energy, E T , for jets with E jet T > 17 GeV and pseudorapidity −1 < η < 2.5, in the γp centre-of-mass-energy range 142 < Wγp < 293 GeV. Scaled jet invariant cross sections are presented as a function of the dimensionless variable xT ≡ 2E T /Wγp for 〈Wγp〉 = 180 and 255 GeV. Next-to-leading-order QCD calculations give a good description of the measured differential cross sections in both magnitude and shape. The ratio of scaled jet invariant cross sections at the two 〈Wγp〉 values shows clear non-scaling behaviour. A value for the strong coupling constant of αs(MZ) = 0.1224 ± 0.0001 (stat.) +0.0022 −0.0019 (exp.) +0.0054 −0.0042 (th.) has been extracted from a QCD analysis of the measured dσ/dE T . The variation of αs with E jet T is in good agreement with the running of αs as predicted by QCD. The ZEUS Collaboration S. Chekanov, D. Krakauer, J.H. Loizides, S. Magill, B. Musgrave, J. Repond, R. Yoshida Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4815 n M.C. K. Mattingly Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan 49104-0380 P. Antonioli, G. Bari, M. Basile, L. Bellagamba, D. Boscherini, A. Bruni, G. Bruni, G. Cara Romeo, L. Cifarelli, F. Cindolo, A. Contin, M. Corradi, S. De Pasquale, P. Giusti, G. Iacobucci, A. Margotti, R. Nania, F. Palmonari, A. Pesci, G. Sartorelli, A. Zichichi University and INFN Bologna, Bologna, Italy e G. Aghuzumtsyan, D. Bartsch, I. Brock, S. Goers, H. Hartmann, E. Hilger, P. Irrgang, H. -P. Jakob, A. Kappes, U.F. Katz, O. Kind, E. Paul, J. Rautenberg, R. Renner, H. Schnurbusch, A. Stifutkin, J. Tandler, K.C. Voss, M. Wang, A. Weber Physikalisches Institut der Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany b D.S. Bailey, N.H. Brook, J.E. Cole, B. Foster, G.P. Heath, H.F. Heath, S. Robins, E. Rodrigues, J. Scott, R.J. Tapper, M. Wing H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom m M. Capua, A. Mastroberardino, M. Schioppa, G. Susinno Calabria University, Physics Department and INFN, Cosenza, Italy e J.Y. Kim, Y.K. Kim, J.H. Lee, I.T. Lim, M.Y. Pac Chonnam National University, Kwangju, Korea g A. Caldwell, M. Helbich, X. Liu, B. Mellado, Y. Ning, S. Paganis, Z. Ren, W.B. Schmidke, F. Sciulli Nevis Laboratories, Columbia University, Irvington on Hudson, New York 10027 o J. Chwastowski, A. Eskreys, J. Figiel, K. Olkiewicz, P. Stopa, L. Zawiejski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Cracow, Poland i L. Adamczyk, T. Bo ld, I. Grabowska-Bo ld, D. Kisielewska, A.M. Kowal, M. Kowal, T. Kowalski, M. Przybycień, L. Suszycki, D. Szuba, J. Szuba Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Cracow, Poland p A. Kotański, W. S lomiński Department of Physics, Jagellonian University, Cracow, Poland
Chapter 9 Petroleum geology of the Rakhine region, Myanmar

Rakhine (formerly Arakan) is the name of the Myanmar state that extends almost the whole length of the Bay of Bengal coast from the Bangladesh border south to about latitude 17°30′, and inland to the watershed of the Indo-Burman Ranges. The Myanmar government adopted the name for the northernmost of its offshore petroleum regions, and their Rakhine Region comprises the offshore blocks A1–A7 and deep-water blocks AD1–AD16 (Fig. 9.1). Much of that offshore region is occupied by the Rakhine Basin which also extends onshore beneath the Rakhine Coastal Lowlands, and this chapter discusses the petroleum geology of both the Rakhine Region (i.e. offshore) in which the Shwe gas field is located and the Rakhine Coastal Lowlands (onshore) in which a number of small oil discoveries have been made. Fig. 9.1. Location map showing Rakhine Region licence blocks, fields and wells. Dashed box indicates the part of the onshore Rakhine Coastal Lowlands that are discussed in the text. The Rakhine Coastal Lowlands represents the southwards extension of the hydrocarbon-bearing regions of Assam and eastern Bangladesh. The offshore Rakhine Region covers an area of 170 000 km2 and has a Tertiary clastic sedimentary fill of several kilometres. The Rakhine Basin is subdivided into: (1) a structurally complex onshore and offshore shelf area; and (2) a poorly structured deep-water area. The two are separated by a dextral trench-parallel shear fault system which represents the boundary between the India Plate in the west and the Burma Platelet in the east. Several tectonic and geological models have been suggested for this area, for example, Curray et al. (1979), Bender (1983), Hutchison (1989), Mitchell (1993), Curray et al. (2003), Mitchell et al. (2010), Rangin (2012) and Rangin et al. (2013). The preferred model adopted here and discussed previously in Chapter …
Non scholae, sed vitae discimus! - The importance of fields of study for the gender wage gap among German university graduates during labor market entry and the first years of their careers

This paper investigates the gender wage gap among German university graduates in their first job and five to six years into their careers. We find that women earn about 30% less than men at their first job and about 35% less after five to six years. Results from standard decomposition techniques show that 80% of the earnings gap in the first job can be attributed to differences in endowment of which between 74 and 78% are related to different fields of studies. Adding employer information leads to an explained share of about 90% of the earnings gap with fields of study still accounting for about half of the gap. These also play a dominant role in a model without employer information after five to six years, directly explaining between 26 and 33% of the earnings gap. Adding employer information, however, leads to insignificant results. Together with detailed information on experiences after graduation, these variables account for about 44 to 50% of the earnings gap later in the graduates careers.
Estimating Rooftop Suitability for PV: A Review of Methods, Patents, and Validation Techniques

A number of methods have been developed using remote sensing data to estimate rooftop area suitable for the installation of photovoltaics (PV) at various geospatial resolutions. This report reviews the literature and patents on methods for estimating rooftop-area appropriate for PV, including constant-value methods, manual selection methods, and GIS-based methods. This report also presents NREL's proposed method for estimating suitable rooftop area for PV using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data in conjunction with a GIS model to predict areas with appropriate slope, orientation, and sunlight. NREL's method is validated against solar installation data from New Jersey, Colorado, and California to compare modeled results to actual on-the-ground measurements.
Redetermination of despujolsite, Ca3Mn4+(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2O

The crystal structure of despujolsite [tricalcium manganese bis(sulfate) hexahydroxide trihydrate], the Ca/Mn member of the fleischerite group, ideally Ca3Mn4+(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2O, was previously determined based on X-ray diffraction intensity data from photographs, without H-atom positions located [Gaudefroy et al. (1968 ▶). Bull. Soc. Fr. Minéral. Crystallogr. 91, 43–50]. The current study redetermines the structure of despujolsite from a natural specimen, with all H atoms located and with higher precision. The structure of despujolsite is characterized by layers of CaO8 polyhedra (m. symmetry) interconnected by Mn(OH)6 octahedra (32. symmetry) and SO4 tetrahedra (3. symmetry) along [001]. The average Ca—O, Mn—O and S—O bond lengths are 2.489, 1.915, and 1.472 Å, respectively. There are two distinct hydrogen bonds that stabilize the structural set-up. This work represents the first description of hydrogen bonds in the fleischerite group of minerals.
The role of women in marketing of frozen fish in Lagos State of Nigeria

The involvement of women in the marketing of frozen fish in Lagos State (Nigeria) was examined in this study. Two hundred questionnaires were administered to fish marketers in five markets randomly selected within the Lagos metropolis based on their storage capacities. These markets were Balogun (500 tones), Idumagbo and Idumota (250 tonnes each) Obalende and Epetedo (37.5 tonnes each). From the study results, a greater percentage of women (64.2%) are actively involved in marketing of frozen fish in the study areas. Over 56% of these traders are retailers while about 33% are wholesalers. More than 91% of the marketers were found to be literate. A high percentage of the frozen fish are imported (68%), 27% from coastal fishing and 5% from riverine fishing. The commonest fish in the markets were titus (34%), sardine (32%), hake 19%, catfish 10% and argentine 5%. Catfish has the highest profit margin. The greatest problem of these traders is the lack of modern storage facilities and where available, the erratic power supply constitutes a problem
Revisional bariatric surgery after failed laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding – a single-center, long-term retrospective study

Introduction Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) used to be one of the most popular bariatric procedures. Aim To present our institution’s experience with LAGB, its complications, causes of failure and revisional bariatric procedures, in a long-term follow-up. Material and methods Records of patients who underwent pars flaccida LAGB from 2003 to 2006 were gathered. We selected data on patients with a history of additional bariatric procedures. Their initial demographic data, body mass index and causes of revision were gathered. We analyzed length of stay and early perioperative complications. Results 60% of patients (n = 57) who underwent LAGB in our institution between 2003 and 2006 had their band removed (out of 107, 11% lost to follow-up). Median time to revisional surgery was 50 months. The main reasons for removal were: weight regain (n = 23; 40%), band slippage (n = 14; 25%), and pouch dilatation (n = 9; 16%). Thirty (53%) patients required additional bariatric surgery, 10 (33%) of which were simultaneous with band removal. The most popular procedures were: laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) (n = 15; 50%), open gastric bypass (n = 8; 27%), and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) – (n = 3; 10%). Mean length of stay (LOS) was 5.4 ±2.0. One (3%) perioperative complication was reported. Conclusions The results show that LAGB is not an effective bariatric procedure in long-term follow-up due to the high rate of complications causing band removal and the high rate of obesity recurrence. Revisional bariatric surgery after failed LAGB may be performed in a one-stage approach with band removal.
Laparoscopic minor pancreatic resections (enucleations/atypical resections). A long-term appraisal of a supposed mini-invasive approach

Introduction A few retrospective, small, often multicentric studies show encouraging results of laparoscopic minor pancreatic surgery, but do not allow for an evaluation of feasibility and effectiveness. Aim Evaluation of the results of laparoscopic minor pancreatic resections (LMPR), including atypical resections and enucleations. Material and methods The outcome of all consecutive patients undergoing LMPR in a tertiary care university hospital specializing in the laparoscopic approach to solid organs (I.M.M., Paris – France) was retrospectively evaluated by the analysis of operating time, blood loss, conversion, morbidity, stay and late outcome. Results Thirty-three patients underwent LMPR (29 enucleations and 4 atypical resections) for various diseases. The conversion rate was 21%, mean operating time 189 min, and mean blood loss 133 ml. Morbidity was 60%; 10 patients (30%) presented a pancreatic fistula. Pancreatic fistula was independent of type of resection, technique of pancreas section, management of enucleated surface and somatostatin administration. Median stay for enucleations was 18 days. Mean follow-up was 61 months. Conclusions Laparoscopic pancreatic enucleation is feasible and safe, with no mortality, no lengthening of operating time and a high success rate. Conversely, it does not imply a reduction in complications or hospital stay at the present state of the art.
Timing of Cenozoic extensional tectonics in west Turkey

The timing of the transition from compressional to extensional tectonics in the late Cenozoic evolution of west Turkey has been constrained by K-Ar geochronology from acidic volcanic rocks and tourmaline leucogranite dykes in the central and east margin respectively of the Gördes basin. Dacites and rhyolites in the centre of the Gördes Neogene sedimentary basin cut both the basement ophiolites of the Izmir-Ankara suture zone and the Neogene sediments. On the basin’s eastern margin the leucogranites cut metamorphic basement along a major NE-SW-trending normal fault that controls the regional structure of the basin. Pebbles of these leucogranites occur in adjacent Neogene turfites and conglomerates. K-Ar dates on biotites from the central volcanic rocks vary from 18.4 ± 0.8 Ma to 16.3 + 0.5 Ma (early Miocene) whilst muscovite from a leucogranite on the eastern margin of the basin provides ages of 24.2 ± 0.8 Ma and 21.1 ± 1.1 Ma (latest Oligocene to early Miocene). Geochronological data and field relationships demonstrate that the earlier compressional regime had been replaced by extensional tectonics by latest Oligocene-early Miocene.
of the month

JAVMA, Vol 242, No. 9, May 1, 2013 A 1.5-year-old sexually intact male Labrador Retriever was referred for investigation of diarrhea of 3 months’ duration. Previous treatments had included deworming and administration of antimicrobials (metronidazole and spiramycin) with a concurrent dietary change. Physical examination revealed poor body condition (body condition score, 2/9; weight, 21.6 kg [47.5 lb]), pale mucous membranes, slow capillary refill time (> 2 seconds), strong precordial beat, strong pulse, no heart murmur, and slow heart rate (40 beats/min). The dog was weak and had signs of depression. Rectal temperature was 37.8°C (100°F). Diagnostic evaluations included a CBC, serum biochemical analysis, assessment of serum electrolyte concentrations, coagulation profile, trypsin-like immunoreactivity assay, urinalysis, abdominal ultrasonography, thoracic radiography, and cardiac evaluation. Hematologic and serum biochemical values were within reference ranges, as were serum concentrations of potassium (4.7 mmol; reference range, 3.7 to 5.8 mmol), sodium (141 mmol; reference range, 141 to 152 mmol), and calcium (10.1 mg/dL; reference range, 8 to 12 mg/dL). Only serum glucose concentration was mildly low (78 mg/dL; reference range, 80 to 110 mg/dL). The result of the trypsin-like immunoreactivity assay was considered normal (5.1 ng/mL; reference range, 5 to 35 ng/mL). Activated partial thromboplastin time was 17.8 seconds (reference range, 9 to 20 seconds), and partial thromboplastin time was 9.5 seconds (reference range, 5 to 8 seconds); plasma fibrinogen concentration was 253 mg/dL (reference range, 100 to 400 mg/dL). Abdominal ultrasonography revealed that the mucosal layer throughout the entire small intestine was inhomogeneous and mildly hyperechogenic; there was mild thickening (0.42 mm) of the wall of the large intestine. The dog underwent evaluation of its cardiac rhythm and contractility. No episode of syncope had been detected during the dog’s entire life. Electrocardiography (Figure 1) and complete echocardiography were initially performed. All echocardiographic values were within reference limits. Fractional shortening was 43% (reference range, > 27%), and ejection fraction was 74% (reference range, 40% to 100%). Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter determined with allometric scaling was 1.73 (reference range, 1.27 to 1.85); left ventricular end-systolic diameter determined with allometric scaling was 0.99 (reference range, 0.71 to 1.26). The left atrial-to-aortic root ratio was 1.37 (reference range, < 1.5). Aortic and pulmonary flows were laminar, and the transmitral valve pattern was considered normal (ratio between early [E] and late [atrial] ventricular filling velocities [ie, E wave–to–A wave ratio], 1.7; reference range, 1 to 2). Systolic blood pressure ECG of the Month
Assessment of alcohol consumption among adolescents and the associated problems

Objective: investigating the consumption of alcohol by youths and also its problems and evaluating the relation between both of them. Method: descriptive study and transversal, students from elementary school. It was applied an evaluation form about the sociodemographic profile, anthropometric, Drug Use Screening Inventory. Results: the consumption was in the same proportion among boys and girls and older than 13 years old. Adolescents who used alcohol were more likely to be involved in situations of risk, such as car accidents and difficulties to resist the use of other drugs. Conclusion: alcohol causes negative effects to adolescent life and the influence of friends and family can boost their consumption.
Disequilibrium Dihedral Angles in Layered Intrusions: a Microstructural Record of Fractionation

The dihedral angle formed at junctions between two plagioclase grains and a grain of augite is only very rarely in textural equilibrium in gabbros from kilometre-scale crustal layered intrusions. The median of a population of these disequilibrium angles, Θcpp, varies systematically within a single layered intrusion, remaining constant over large stretches of stratigraphy with significant increases and decreases associated with the addition or reduction respectively of the number of phases on the liquidus of the bulk magma. The stepwise changes in Θcpp are present in the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex, the Megacyclic Unit I of the Sept Iles Intrusion, and the Layered Series of the Skaergaard intrusion. The plagioclase-bearing cumulates of Rum have a bimodal distribution of Θcpp, dependent on whether the cumulus assemblage includes clinopyroxene. The presence of the stepwise changes is independent of the order of arrival of cumulus phases and of the composition of either the cumulus phases or the inferred composition of the interstitial liquid. The only parameter that behaves in an exactly analogous manner to Θcpp is the rate of change in enthalpy with temperature (ΔH/ΔT) during crystallization. Both ΔH/ΔT and Θcpp increase with the addition of a liquidus phase, and decrease with the removal of a liquidus phase. The replacement of one phase by another has little effect on ΔH/ΔT and no discernible effect on Θcpp. An increase of ΔH/ΔT results in an increase in the fraction of the total enthalpy budget that is the latent heat of crystallization (the fractional latent heat). It also increases the mass crystallized in each incremental temperature drop (the crystal productivity). These increases of both fractional latent heat and crystal productivity are likely to cause an increase in the time taken to form three-grain junctions in the mush via thermal buffering of a thickened mushy layer. We suggest these are the underlying causes of stepwise increases in Θcpp. Stepwise changes in the geometry of three-grain junctions in fully solidified gabbros thus provide a clear microstructural marker for the progress of fractionation down the liquid line of descent in layered intrusions.
Modelling Volatility Spillover Effects Between Developed Stock Markets and Asian Emerging Stock Markets

This paper examines the linkages of stock markets across the U.S., Japan and six Asian developing countries: China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand over the period January 1, 1993 to December 31, 2012. The volatility spillover is modeled through an asymmetric multivariate GARCH model. We find significant unidirectional shock and volatility spillovers from the U.S. market to both the Japanese and the Asian emerging markets. It is also found that the volatility spillovers between the U.S. market and the Asian markets are stronger and bidirectional during the Asian financial crisis. Further, during the last five years, the linkages between the Japanese market and the Asian emerging markets became more apparent. Our paper contributes to the literature by examining both the long run and the short run periods and focusing on shock and volatility spillovers rather than return spillovers, which have been the primary focus of most other studies.