Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Fracture of Glass and Single-crystalline Silicon

The dynamic brittle fracture of amorphous soda-lime glass and single-crystalline silicon was studied in a comparative experimental investigation. A potential drop technique was used to accurately determine the crack velocity. A terminal crack velocity ν C of about 50 % of the Rayleigh wave velocity ν R was determined for glass. The terminal crack velocity in single-crystalline silicon is significantly higher, reaching about 0.85 ν R = 3800 m/s. Inspection of the fracture surface revealed significant differences between the amorphous and the single-crystalline materials. A continuous increase in the size of the characteristic features is typical for the transition from mirror to mist and hackle regions of the fracture surface in glass. In contrast, the onset of a rough, hackle-like region is clearly discontinuous in silicon single crystals. Mirror-like flat and hackle regions may coexist at the same location on the fracture surface.
Age-related interactions between Calluna vulgaris and phytophagous insects

plants passed through the successive phases. These changes are summarised and explanation is sought in terms of changes in the morphology of the plant, in the relative proportions of different fractions of the aboveground biomass, and in the chemical composition of the undignified parts. The above samples were obtained from even-aged stands created by uniform regeneration of Calluna after burning. The results from these stands are compared with the fauna of uneven-aged stands. The effect of heathland management upon the interactions between Calluna and its insect fauna (and, in passing, its vertebrate herbivores), is discussed.
Role of C-Terminal Domains in Surface Attachment of the Fructosyltransferase of Streptococcus salivariusATCC 25975

ABSTRACT The cell-associated β-d-fructosyltransferase ofStreptococcus salivarius, which is devoid of the cell wall anchoring motif, LPXTG, is released on exposure to its substrate, sucrose. Deletions within the C terminus of the enzyme implicated both the hydrophobic and the proline-glycine-serine-threonine-rich wall-associated domain in stabilizing the enzyme on the cell surface.
Global Trade Analysis: Modeling and Applications

This book, drawn from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), aims to help readers conduct quantitative analysis of international trade issues in an economy-wide framework. In addition to providing a succinct introduction to the GTAP modeling framework and data base, this book contains seven of the most refined GTAP applications undertaken to date, covering topics ranging from trade policy, to the global implications of environmental policies, factor accumulation and technological change.
VULNERABILITY OF THE FIR CONEWORM, DIORYCTRIAABIETIVORELLA (GROTE) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), IN DIFFERENT LARVAL STAGES TO THE HD-1 STRAIN OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS

The fir coneworm, Dioryctria abietivorella (Grote), is a major insect pest in seed orchards across Canada and the adjoining eastern and western United States. Larvae feed principally on cones, but they can also feed on needles and occasionally on the bark of young tree trunks (Hedlin et al. 1980; Ruth 1980; Martineau 1985). The potential for a population of D. abietivorella to build up in seed orchards may be greater than in natural stands (Hedlin et al. 1980; Ruth et al. 1982). The use of entomopathogen in the management of fir coneworm could be an adequate measure to reduce the impact of this insect. Moreover, Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki has a specific effect on Lepidoptera (Aronson et al. 1986; Gill et al. 1992). The purpose of our study was to determine the activity of the HD-1 strain of B. thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki (serotype H-3a:3b) to larvae D. abietivorella. Bioassays were conducted with first-, third-, and fifth-instar larvae of fir coneworm to determine whether or not the insect's vulnerability to B. thuringiensis varies with larval age.
Land Streamer: A New System For Highresolution S-Wave Shallow Reflection Surveys

A new field system named “Land Streamer” has been developed and successfully applied for high-resolution S-wave shallow reflection surveys at the paved areas. The land streamer is a multi-channel receiver system with a CDP cable and a pair of non-stretchable textile belts. A total of 48 geophone units are clamped on each belt with 50 cm spacing. The streamer is 30 m in total length with 23.5 m long active section. It is easily towed by a vehicle that carries the seismograph or by a few crew members. The system provides us considerably clean records although each geophone unit of the streamer is indirectly coupled with paved ground surface through a small baseplate of aluminum 8 cm wide and 11 cm long. Because of its easiness to move the spread, we can accomplish a high performance of the field work. A field survey carried out on the sidewalk along a heavy traffic roadway reveals the tool is quite hardy to the traffic noise. We successfully obtained high-resolution profiles for the near surface to about 60 m in depth using the land streamer.
Genetic variability and association among oil, protein and other economic traits of Gossypium hirsutum L. in F2 generation.

A study was conducted in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan during 2004-07. Eight cotton genotypes/lines comprising diverse origin were crossed and segregating generation was studied for different traits with a particular emphasis on seed oil and protein. The data indicated the presence of significant variation in segregating material which could be exploited to improve the lines of interest. Oil and protein contents illustrated positive and significant phenotypic and genotypic relationship with yield, yield components and fibre quality traits. The results indicated that these characters are more related genetically. Therefore, oil and protein contents in cotton seed may be improved without sacrifying the other economic traits in future breeding programme.
Major gene, nonallelic sheath blight resistance from the rice cultivars Jasmine 85 and Teqing

Chromosomal translocations between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) have been associated with an increase in grain yield and a decrease in end-use quality in hard red winter wheat. Although demonstrated with a 1BL.1RS translocation, less information is available regarding the effect of 1AL.1RS translocations. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a 1AL.1RS translocation in hard red winter wheat on end-use quality traits and their stability across environments. From the heterogeneous 1AL.1RS wheat cultivar Nekota, 18 homogeneous 1A lines (non-1RS), 16 1AL.1RS lines, four composites (1A, 1AL.1RS, 1AL.1RS+ 1A, and Nekota), and six cultivars were tested in eight Nebraska environments. The 1AL.1RS translocation increased flour protein content (5.5 mg g -1 ), but decreased flour yield (14.2 g kg -1 ), Mixograph mixing time (from 2.9-2.7 min), and Mixograph mixing tolerance rating (from 3.5-3.1). Despite higher flour protein content in 1AL.1RS lines, the 1AL.1RS translocation did not enhance other end-use quality traits. On the basis of linear regression, the 1A and 1AL.1RS lines had similar stability values for flour yield and flour protein content. The 1A lines showed higher flour yield in all environments, while the 1AL.1RS lines had higher Dour protein content in all environments. For Mixograph mixing time and mixing tolerance, the 1A lines were more responsive to the environment, while the 1AL.1RS lines had exceptional stability over all environments. The end-use quality of Nekota can be explained by a mixture of 1A lines with acceptable to good quality and 1AL.1RS lines with poor to acceptable quality.
Measurement of the W Boson Mass with the Collider Detector at Fermilab

We present a measurement of the W boson mass using data collected with the CDF detector during the 1994-1995 collider run at the Fermilab Tevatron. A fit to the transverse mass spectrum of a sample of 30115 W --> ev events recorded in an integrated luminosity of 84 pb(-1) gives a mass M-W=80.473 +/-0.065(stat) +/-0.092(syst) GeV/c(2). A fit to the transverse mass spectrum of a sample of 14740 W --> muv events from 80 pb(-1) gives a mass M-W=80,465 +/-0.100(stat)+/-0.103(syst) Ge V/c(2) The dominant contributions to the systematic uncertainties are the uncertainties in the electron energy scale and the muon momentum scale, 0.075 GeV/c(2) and 0.085 GeV/c(2), respectively. The combined value for the electron and muon channel is M-W=80.470 +/-0.089-GeV/c(2). When combined with previously published CDF measurements, we obtain M-W=80.433 +/-0.079 GeV/c(2).
Origin and Genetic Diversity of Four Subspecies of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)

367 bps of cytochrome b were sequenced with PCR.Subspecific origin and genetic diversity of red deer in china were studied according to differences of cytochrome b DNA sequences.The DNA differences of 4 subspecies were within subspecific diversity,but two populations of Tianshan red deer may be regarded as two subspecies.The divergence occurred about 0.54-0.76 Mya ago among 4 subspecies and Tianshan red deer diverged first from the other subspecies.It may be thought that red deer and sika deer diverged later and had closer relationships because of lower interspecific genetic difference between them.
Influence of Time on Background upon the Chromatophore Systems of Two Crustaceans

background. Physiological color changes that result in proper adaptation of an organism to its background depend primarily upon the ratio of the intensity of light incident on the eye directly from the source to the intensity of light reflected onto the eye from the background. The ratio of incident to reflected light is known as the "albedo. " Background responses have been observed in a wide variety of crustaceans; among them are
Phenotypic stability for grain yield in rice

Twenty six rice genotypes were evaluated at the Rice Research Station, Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, over eight environments during wet season 2000 and dry season 2001 for the assessment of yield and yield stability. Pooled analysis of variance for grain yield over environments showed highly significant differences among genotypes, environments and genotype-environment (GxE) interaction indicating diverse and variable nature of cropping environments. The genotypes were classified into four adaptive groups based on regression co-efficient (b) and deviation from regression (S2 d). Majority of the high yielding genotypes in both mid-early group (Daya, Lalat, Sebati, Konark and ORS 199-5) and medium maturity group (Bhuban, Birupa, Meher, Kharavela and Tapaswini) with high yield potential have either above average (b>1) or below average (b1) responses. The genotypes Sarathi and IR 36 with low yield potential exhibited average stability with unit regression and S2 d values not significantly different from zero.
The seasonal ecophysiology of Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar in Otago Harbour, New Zealand

Since the discovery of the Asian kelp, Undaria pinnatifida, in Wellington, New Zealand in 1987, interest has been expressed in the wild harvest or cultivation of this edible species. As there is little data on the ecology of this species outside its native habitat, the objectives of this study were to investigate the seasonal ecophysiology of Undaria pinnatifida in Otago Harbour, New Zealand, to enable a more informed appraisal of the potential impacts of U. pinnatifida on New Zealand's coastal ecosystems. Field investigations showed that sea surface temperature correlated with blade growth rate of Undaria pinnatifida, however, evidence for the environmental control of sporophyte senescence was equivocal. Seasonal variation in blade and stipe growth rate, and sporophyll development, produced a temporal cline of morphological traits characteristic of both f. typica and f. distans. Phenotypic response to environmental factors produced an extreme morphology of U. pinnatifida f. typicfl. (=f. narutensis), which was morphologically similar to U. undarioides. The seasonal growth pattern of U. pinnatifida sporophytes in Carey's Bay was typical of a seasonal annual (sensu Sears and Wilce 1975). Also, the seasonal changes in sporophyte population structure did not indicate the persistence of successive cohorts through to the next season. Recruitment of U. pinnatifida sporophytes showed a variable response to environmental factors, which may enable U. pinnatifida to colonise regions over a wide latitudinal range and environments which differ from those experienced in its endemic habitat. The development of gametophyte cultures indicated that the physiological requirements of vegetative and reproductive development occured for U. pinnatifida over the temperature range similar to that of Otago Harbour (7 -l6°C). This may indicate an adaption to sub-optimal temperatures, enabling U. pinnatifida to complete its lifehistory at temperatures which are lower than those experienced in its native habitat.
The role of fibroblast phenotype and pericellular matrix in wound healing

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS.iii LIST OF TABLES.vii LIST OF FIGURES.ix LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS.xvi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.xvii 1. CHAPTER ONE – REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.1 1.
L2-determinant class and approximation of L2-Betti numbers

A standing conjecture in L2-cohomology is that every finite CW-complex X is of L2-determinant class. In this paper, we prove this whenever the fundamental group belongs to a large class of groups containing e.g. all extensions of residually finite groups with amenable quotients, all residually amenable groups and free products of these. If, in addition, X is L2-acyclic, we also prove that the L2-determinant is a homotopy invariant. Even in the known cases, our proof of homotopy invariance is much shorter and easier than the previous ones. Under suitable conditions we give new approximation formulas for L2-Betti numbers. Errata are added, rectifying some unproved statements about "amenable extension": throughout, amenable extensions should be extensions with \emph{normal} subgroups.
Genetic variability and character association in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)

Studies on the genetic variability, heritability, genotypic coefficient of variation, phenotypic coefficient of variation, genetic advance of the associated character of the turmeric at different site and estimate the curcumin and oleoresin content, are evaluated in two seasons 2007–08 and 2008–09. Significant differences were observed for sixteen characters among seventeen genotypes in turmeric (curcuma longa L.). The phenotypic coefficient variation (PCV) was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) estimates for all the traits studied. The high heritability accompanied with a high genetic advance in per cent of mean was recorded for weight of mother rhizome and weight of fresh rhizome per plant while high heritability along with moderate genetic advance was recorded for number of tillers per clump, plant girth, length and width of mother rhizome, number and weight of fresh rhizome per plant, number and weight of secondary rhizome per plant, rhizome girth, dry matter (%). Rhizome yield had positive and significant correlation with plant height, number of leaves on main shoot, plant girth, length and width of mother rhizome, number and weight of primary rhizome per plant, number of secondary rhizome per plant and weight of fresh rhizome per plant at phenotypic and genotypic levels, while only one character viz number of tillers per clump showed positively and significant association at genotypic level only. The estimates of genetic parameters revealed scope for further improvement of rhizome yield by selection.
An evaluation of trees and shrubs for planting surface-mine spoils

Fifty-five tree and shrub species were evaluated on two surface-mine sites in eastern Kentucky. After 4 years' growth, comparison of survival and growth was used to identify the promising species for planting on acid surface-mine spoils. Three species of birch and three Eleagnus species survived and grew well on a range of sites. Noncommercial tree species and shrubs adapted to acid surface-mine spoils included silktree, tree-of-heaven, French tamarisk, Japanese fleeceflower, and Amur privet.
BEITRÄGE ZUR REGIONALEN GEOLOGIE DER ERDE

The Tuva-Mongolian massif (TMM) is one of the numerous Precambrian terrranes scattered over the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). It is likely that most of these terranes are the dispersed fragments of a large continent. This paper provides a schematic overview of the TMM Neoproterozoic tectonics. These data can be compared with those for similar terranes to restore the early history of CAOB evolution. The TMM shows an asymmetric structure with its eastern part representing a Neoarchaean block. Early and late Neoproterozoic arcs were successively accreted to its western margin in the course of two collision events (~800 and ~600 Ma). The rst event occurred when the TMM was still attached to the parental continent, whereas during the second stage the TMM was already a microcontinent. The early Neoproterozic Dunzhugur island arc was created not later than 1034 ± 9 Ma existed up to 810 Ma when it collided with the passive margin of the ancient continent. At the end of the early Neoproterozoic (about 850 Ma) the Dunzhugur arc split up, giving birth to the Shshkhid island arc. The midNeoproterozoic orogeny involved obduction of the Dunzhugur forearc ophiolite onto the passive margin that produced gravitational nappes in the foreland basin. Subsequently the subduction polarity changed and the subduction channel became inclined beneath the continental margin. This caused Andean-type magmatism on the continental margin to occur that still belonged to the continent. Three tectonic units can be reconstructed in the early late Neoproterozoic. These are the Sarkhoi volcanic belt resting on the above continental margin. The Oka accretionary prism grew outward from it, and the Shishkhid island arc drifted in the Palaeo-Asian ocean. At ~750 Ma an oceanic spreading ridge arrived at the subduction zone and this produced voluminous basaltic magma intrusions into the prism sediments. This event may have triggered back-arc rifting in the rear of the Sarkhoi continental arc. It is likely that, at about the same time, the Shishkhid arc collided with the Sarkhoi margin and generated a triple junction. At least from the middle of late Neoproterosoic the Tuva-Mongolian massif existed as a micrcontinent, separated from its ancestor by a newly formed oceanic basin. By ~600 Ma the Shishkhid arc was completely accreted onto the Sarkhoi margin, and the TMM reached its full size. In the latest Neoproterozoic and Cambrian the Tuva-Mongolian microcontinent drifted through the Palaeo-Asian ocean as a carbonate platform. Collision of the island arc and continental terranes began in late Cambrian and culminated in the Early Ordovician when the TMM and surrounding terranes were squeezed between Siberia and one of the Gondwana-derived continents.
Gating of water channels (aquaporins) in plants: effects of osmotic and oxidative stresses and the role of unstirred layers

Isolated internodes of Chara corallina have been used to study the gating of aquaporins (water channels) in the presence of high concentrations of osmotic solutes of different size (molecular weight). Osmolytes were acetone and three glycol ethers: ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGMME), diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DEGMME), and triethylene glycol monoethyl ether (TEGMEE). The ‘osmotic efficiency’ of osmolytes was quite different. Their reflection coefficients ranged between 0.15 (acetone), 0.59 (EGMME), 0.78 (DEGMME), and 0.80 (TEGMEE). Bulk water permeability (Lp) and diffusive permeabilities (Ps) of heavy water (HDO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), acetone and glycol ethers (EGMME, DEGMME and TEGMEE) were measured using a cell pressure probe. Cells were treated with different concentrations of osmotic solutes of up to 800 mM (≈ 2.0 MPa of osmotic pressure). Inhibition of aquaporin activity increased with both concentration and size of solutes (reflection coefficients). As cell Lp decreased, Ps increased indicating that water and solutes used different passages across the plasma membrane. Similar to earlier findings of an osmotic gating of ion channels (Zimmerberg & Parsegian 1986), a cohesion/tension model of the gating water channels in Chara internodes by high concentration is proposed. According to the model, tensions (negative pressures) within water channels affected the open/closed state by changing the free energy between states and favour a distorted/collapsed rather than the open state. They should have differed depending on the concentration and size of solutes that are more or less excluded from aquaporins. The bigger the solute, the lower was the concentration which induced a reversible closure of aquaporins, as predicted by the model.
Financial Education and Intertemporal Choice in Adolescence∗

We study the impact of an established financial education program on intertemporal choice in adolescence. The program was randomly assigned to high-school students and intertemporal choices were elicited using an incentivized experiment. Students who participated in the program display lower aggregate present bias, and an increase in corner choices. Students’ choices also display an increase in consistency with the law of demand. These results suggest that financial education affects how students view intertemporal choices. Increased consistency is in line with increased understanding, while increased time consistency and corner choices are suggestive of less narrow bracketing when choosing among time-dated
Molecular mechanisms in allergy and clinical immunology

Lack of adequate macronutrients or selected micronutrients, especially zinc, selenium, iron, and the antioxidant vitamins, can lead to clinically significant immune deficiency and infections in children. Undernutrition in critical periods of gestation and neonatal maturation and during weaning impairs the development and differentiation of a normal immune system. Infections are both more frequent and more often become chronic in the malnourished child. Recent identification of genetic mechanisms is revealing critical pathways in the gastrointestinal immune response. New studies show that the development of tolerance, control of inflammation, and response to normal mucosal flora are interrelated and linked to specific immune mechanisms. Nutrients act as antioxidants and as cofactors at the level of cytokine regulation. Protein calorie malnutrition and zinc deficiency activate the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis. Increased circulating levels of glucocorticoids cause thymic atrophy and affect hematopoiesis. Chronic undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency compromise cytokine response and affect immune cell trafficking. The combination of chronic undernutrition and infection further weakens the immune response, leading to altered immune cell populations and a generalized increase in inflammatory mediators. Obesity caused by excess nutrition or excess storage of fats relative to energy expenditure is a form of malnutrition that is increasingly seen in children. Leptin is emerging as a cytokine-like immune regulator that has complex effects in both overnutrition and in the inflammatory response in malnutrition. Because the immune system is immature at birth, malnutrition in childhood might have long-term effects on health. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005;115:1119-28.)
Postoperative analgesic effects of three demand-dose sizes of fentanyl administered by patient-controlled analgesia.

Many studies have demonstrated the postoperative analgesic efficacy of fentanyl delivered IV by patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) devices at demand doses ranging from 10 to 50 [micro sign]g, but none has sought to define the optimal fentanyl PCA dose. In this randomized, double-blind, multicenter s