Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Iron Oxide Nanofluids and Study of Temperature Dependence on Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity

We investigate the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity (k) of aqueous and nonaqueous stable nanofluids with average particles size of 8 nm stabilized with a monolayer of surfactant. Iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles are synthesized by a coprecipitation technique and are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and theromogravimetric analysis (TGA). The particles are functionalized with suitable surfactants and dispersed in aqueous and nonaqueous base fluids. The thermal conductivity and viscosity measurements are carried out using a transient hot wire and a rotational rheometer, respectively. The thermal conductivity of aqueous nanofluids increases with temperature while it shows a decrease in nonaqueous nanofluids. Interestingly, the ratio of thermal conductivity of both nanofluids with respect to base fluids (k/kf) remains constant with an increase in temperature, irrespective of th.
Hydrogen Chloride Transport and Decay in a Large Apparatus: II. Variables Affecting Hydrogen Chloride Decay

Hydrogen chloride decay, defined as the deposition of hydrogen chloride from fire (and other) atmospheres onto surfaces, has been studied as a function of atmospheric humidity, of size or configuration of the apparatus used, of type of surface in the apparatus and of rate of air movement. This decay means that, in a static system with a sorptive surface, hydrogen chloride has a half-life of 3 min or less, before disappearing from the atmosphere. A simplified mechanism has been devised to identify reactions which simulate the processes involved in hydrogen chloride generation, transport and decay. Mathematical fitting of the hydrogen chloride concentration-time profiles obtained from a large-scale and two small-scale apparatuses was carried out. The "parameters" calculated in this way have been used as a method for screening system vari ables and identifying dependencies.
Preparation of Novolak Resin by Liquefaction of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) and Characterization of EFB Residue

Liquefaction of empty fruit bunches (EFB) in phenol was carried out in the presence of various types of acids as catalyst. Then the nonreacted EFB (residue) was analyzed using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy. The result show that strong acids produce lower residue compared to weak acids. The TGA results show that the residue possesses a better hydrophobicity and better heat resistance compared to the EFB. The XRD results show the crystallinity of cellulose has been reduced tremendously in the residue reacted with sulfuric acid. The FT-IR results show that for the lowest residue, some of the functional groups belonging to the lignin structure have vanished.
SOLUTION, EXCHANGEABLE, AND NONEXCHANGEABLE POTASSIUM IN FIVE SOIL SERIES FROM THE ALLUVIAL SOILS REGION OF NORTHERN INDIA

We investigated soils belonging to five soil series from the alluvial belt of northern India. These series differed in their solution, exchangeable, and nonexchange- able potassium (K). Potassium desorbed by electroultrafiltration (EUF) in 10 min (EUF-10) was almost equal to water-soluble K (1:5 soil water extract). Potassium desorbed by EUF in 35 min (EUF-35) was less than ammonium-acetate-extractable K (NH4OAc), which was much less than boiling nitric-acid-soluble K (reserve). Water-soluble K was 17 to 30% of NH4OAc K, which, in turn, was 6 to 16% of reserve K. Soils with high amounts of exchangeable K and percentage of K saturation recorded higher amounts of K in solution. At constant exchangeable K, the water-soluble K in the Nabha series was almost double that of the Khatki and Rarha series. The Khatki and Rarha series with comparatively heavier texture had high reserve K, although the rate of release of K was low. The Nabha series with comparatively less reserve K had the highest rate of K release. The Lukhi series, low in both NHjOAc and reserve K, had an intermediate rate of K release. The Nabha soils, with the maximum rate of K release, are expected to deplete much faster than the Khatki and Rarha series that have high reserves of K, but slow rates of release.
Strain Effects on Optical Properties of (In,Ga)As-Capped InAs Quantum Dots Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy on GaAs (113)A Substrate

We have investigated the optical properties of InAs/GaAs (113)A quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) capped by (In,Ga)As. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is used to investigate the formation process of InAs quantum dots (QDs). A broadening of the PL emission due to size distribution of the dots, when InAs dots are capped by GaAs, was observed. A separation between large and small quantum dots, when they are encapsulated by InGaAs, was shown due to hydrostatic and biaxial strain action on large and small dots grown under specifically growth conditions. The PL polarization measurements have shown that the small dots require an elongated form, but the large dots present a quasi-isotropic behavior.
RELATIONSHIPS AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN BLACK ADOLESCENTS 1 Intimate Relationship Involvement, Intimate Relationship Quality, and Psychopathology Among African American Adolescents

Prior research has shown that mental health problems are associated with intimate relationship status and functioning in adolescents. However, little research has been done on the associations between these variables in racial or ethnic minority groups. The present study examined associations between intimate relationship involvement, intimate relationship quality, and psychiatric disorders in a population-based sample of 1,165 African American and Caribbean Black adolescents, aged 13-17 years old. Participants were drawn from the National Survey of American Life – Adolescent Supplement (NSAL-A), which involved a face-to-face interview of adolescents in 2001-2004. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between relationship involvement, positive and negative relationship quality, and 12-month prevalence of common mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders. No associations were obtained between intimate relationship involvement and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders. In comparison, self-reported levels of positive relationship quality were negatively associated with the prevalence of substance use disorders, and self-reported levels of negative relationship quality were positively associated with prevalence of social phobia and any disorder. Comparison of these results with those obtained from samples primarily involving White adolescents suggests that the patterns of associations between relationship involvement, relationship quality, and psychopathology may be different for African-American adolescents relative to other adolescents, and supports the need for continued research on relationship functioning and psychopathology in African-American adolescents.
Precise structure analysis by neutron diffraction for RNbO4 and distortion of NbO4 tetrahedra

Precise crystal structure analysis by neutron powder diffraction is performed for rare-earth orthoniobates (RNbO4: R = La, Nd, Ho and Yb) and the distortion of NbO4 tetrahedra is estimated with the normal-coordinate method. Displacement of the cubic symmetry mode is large and increases with decreasing ionic radius of VIIIR3+. This displacement produces a regular tetrahedron of NbO4. The mean value of Nb–O distances in the regular tetrahedron of RNbO4 crystals is 1.834 A. This value is nearly equal to the mean bond length for s = 5/4, \overline R = 1.828 A, estimated by the bond-valence method. Displacements of the other symmetry modes slightly decrease or are almost constant with decreasing ionic radius.
Knowledge-based hydrogen bond prediction and the synthesis of salts and cocrystals of the anti-malarial drug pyrimethamine with various drug and GRAS molecules

We have previously reported on hydrogen bond propensity calculations for the potential formation of adducts between pyrimethamine and dicarboxylic acids. Here we extend the range of potential synthon interactions using a variety of potential coformers. Specifically calculations were performed to predict the possibility of the formation of molecular adducts, 1a–1h, between the anti-malarial drug pyrimethamine (1) and (a) carbamazepine, (b) theophylline, (c) aspirin, (d) α-ketoglutaric acid, (e) saccharin, (f) p-coumaric acid, (g) succinimide and (h) L-isoleucine. The bonds of highest propensity were predicted between 1 and coformers (b–h), indicating a high probability of formation of adducts between 1 and b–h. In contrast the bonds of highest propensity were between reactants and the solvent for the adduct 1a, indicating either a high probability of the reactants crystallizing as solvates or incorporation of solvent into the adduct lattice. Experimental results agreed with the propensity calculations with the formation of a solvated cocrystal (1a·CH3OH). The successful application of hydrogen bond propensity calculations to the prediction of likely outcomes of these cocrystallization reactions suggests that this may be a useful tool in designing more targeted screening experiments.
Quality Loss of Mediterranean Horse Mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus) Skinned Fillets Kept Under Vacuum During Frozen Storage

The quality changes of Mediterranean horse mackerel skinned fillets kept under vacuum during 20 months of frozen storage at −18°C were studied. Analyses included physicochemical and chemical changes and sensory acceptance. Attribute scores (appearance, texture, odor, flavor) were found to be at a level of acceptance for almost 16 months. Water holding capacity decreased significantly over the first 8 months of frozen storage, while pH values did not lead to good correlation with the storage time. Lipid hydrolysis developed gradually up to 8 months and then remained relatively constant between 10 and 18 months. There were some fluctuations in malondialdehyde (MDA) values (μg malondialdehyde/kg sample) throughout frozen storage, reaching maximum but still acceptable levels at the 14th month. Although a proportional increase in TVB-N (total volatile base-nitrogen) with storage time was observed, the values never exceeded the upper limit for frozen fish products.
Effect of Growth Rate on Fibre Characteristics in Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)

Summary To study the effect of growth rate on fibre characteristics and their variations in Norway spruce, trees were sampled in a nutrient optimisation experiment in northern Sweden. Data was collected from 24 trees (40 years old) from fertilised and control plots after 12 years of annual nutrient application, as well as from older trees outside the experimental area. Fibre length, fibre diameter, cell wall thickness, lumen diameter and cell wall percentage were measured from every third annual ring at breast height and at a height of 4 m. Fibre properties, as well as their standard deviation, were closely related to ring number and distance from the pith. Intra-ring variation of fibre characteristics was high compared to their variation between trees. Fertilisation reduced fibre length and cell wall thickness, but increased fibre and lumen diameter in rings of the same age. The difference in fibre width, cell wall thickness and lumen diameter between fertilised and control trees was less apparent, but a greater difference in fibre length was found between the treatments with regard to distance from the pith. There was a similar effect of fertilisation on fibre properties in early- and latewood. The effect of enhanced growth rate was less pronounced at a height of 4 m (near the pith) than at breast height (in older rings). It was demonstrated that it is possible to model intra-tree variability of fibre characteristics using ring width and cambial age as independent variables. Models presented are, however, limited by the relatively young age of the sample trees used.
A Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic comparison of cultured human fibroblast and fibrosarcoma Cells

Several advantages of infrared vibration spectroscopy made it a promising technique in both the study and diagnosis of cancer. These advantages include: infrared light has a low absorption and scattering coefficient, which might be able to allow deeper penetration of infrared radiation into the tissue sample as it is very crucial for in-vivo diagnosis. Also, vibration spectra provide fingerprints of chemical groups present in cells which can help us in getting the information on the molecular
Synthesis and Screening of t-Bu-CyMe4-BTBP, and Comparison with CyMe4-BTBP

The effect of adding a t-butyl group to the core molecule of CyMe4-BTBP, with the aim of improving solubility in organic diluents, has been studied with regard to the extraction of Am(III) and Eu(III) from HNO3. Synthesis of t-Bu-CyMe4-BTBP is described in detail. Metal nitrates are extracted from nitric acid in the form of 1:2 complexes, M(NO3)3(BTBP)2. Whether in 1-octanol, kerosene, or cyclohexanone diluents, t-Bu-CyMe4-BTBP extracts with larger distribution ratios but with slower kinetics than CyMe4-BTBP. The general trends previously observed for CyMe4-BTBP regarding the diluent and modifier influence were also found for t-Bu-CyMe4-BTBP.
Factors Influencing Additive Interactions with Calcium Hydrogenphosphate Dihydrate Crystals

The effect of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, hexaammonium tetrapolyphosphate, calcium phytate, and polyaspartic acid on calcium hydrogenphosphate dihydrate (CaHPO4·2H2O, DCPD) crystal growth morphology was studied. The mechanism of additive−DCPD crystal interaction depends on the size and structure of the additive molecule and the structural fit between the organic molecule and the ionic structure of particular crystal face. Small molecules with low charge (aspartic and glutamic acid) do not have a significant effect, whereas small molecules with several functional groups (citrate and hexaammonium tetrapolyphosphate) adsorb on lateral faces primarily by electrostatic interactions. Molecules with hindered structures (phytate) and macromolecules (polyaspartic acid) specifically adsorb on the dominant (010) face, for which a certain degree of structural fit is necessary.
Drying of Chestnuts (Castanea sativa Mill.) after Osmotic Dehydration with Sucrose and Glucose Solutions

Chestnuts were dehydrated by using a combined method of osmotic dehydration followed by air drying. Samples were osmotically pretreated with sucrose (60% w/w) and glucose (56% w/w) for 8 h, air-dried at temperatures of 45, 55, and 65°C, at a relative humidity of 30% and at a velocity of 2.7 m·s−1 and the experimental data of the drying kinetics were obtained. Whole samples were dried with different peelings: (a) removal of endocarp and pericarp (peeled) and (b) additionally the internal rough surface (cut). In all cases, cut chestnuts show greater drying rates than peeled samples, indicating that a significant mass transfer resistance in the layer nearest to the surface takes place. Peeled samples pretreated with sucrose solutions behave in a similar way to untreated samples. For the rest of the samples, the cut samples osmotically treated with sucrose solutions and all the samples treated with the glucose solution, the drying rates decrease during drying. Drying kinetics are successfully modeled by employing a diffusional model that takes the shrinkage into account. The effective coefficient of water diffusion was evaluated and correlated with temperature. The quality of the final product was monitored by color change. In spite of the fact that the total color difference is not modified by the osmotic treatment, the L*, a*, and b* color coordinates of cut samples treated with sucrose and glucose solutions do undergo changes; the L* and a* coordinates change less than the b*.
Prediction of the state diagram of starch water mixtures using the Flory–Huggins free volume theory

In this paper we analyse the phase and state transitions of starch and other glucose homopolymers and oligomers using the free volume extension of the Flory–Huggins theory by Vrentas and Vrentas, combined with the Couchman–Karasz theory for the glass transition. Using scaling relations of model parameters with molar weight we have obtained accurate predictions of moisture sorption and the freezing, boiling, and melting data obtained from literature for starch, dextrans, pullulan and maltodextrins. With the estimated model parameters we can construct the complete state diagram for starch, which can now be used as a quantitative tool for design and analysis of food structuring processes.
Surface Properties of Polystyrene Nanoparticles Coated with Dextrans and Dextran−PEO Copolymers. Effect of Polymer Architecture on Protein Adsorption

Hydrophobically substituted dextran (dextran phenoxy, DexP) and dextran phenoxy−poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers (DexP−PEO) have been used to modify the surface of polystyrene latex particles. To av.
Amorphous silicon nitride films of different composition deposited at room temperature by pulsed glow discharge plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition

Amorphous hydrogenated silicon nitride (a-SiNx:H) films of different compositions (0⩽x⩽1.18) were prepared by pulsed glow discharge plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition. The processing gases were silane and nitrogen at a substrate temperature ⩽50°C. The properties of the films were investigated using Rutherford backscattering, elastic recoil detection analysis, UV–visible optical absorption, Fourier transform infrared, and Raman spectroscopies, and nanoindentation. Depending on the value of x, the band gap of the films changes from 1.54to4. 42eV, and hardness changes from 11.2to15. 3GPa. Changes in the film properties are caused by formation of Si–N bonds and by reducing disorder in the films. It is shown that hard and transparent silicon nitride films can be obtained at room temperature.
Effect of Ferrous Ion Concentration on the Corrosion of Iron in Semicontinuous Cultures of Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria

AbstractThe rate of breakdown of protective films of iron sulphide produced by reaction of biogenic sulphide with the iron has been shown to be proportional to the iron concentration in the medium. After film breakdown, the rate of corrosion is also proportional to the iron concentration. Film breakdown appears to be associated with the transformation of protective mackinawite films to minor smythite and minor pyrrhotite, rather than to greigite.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopic (EPR) Study of Copper Amine Treated Southern Pine in Wood Preservation

Summary The structure of copper complexes in copper amine treated wood samples were elucidated by the application of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). EPR axial spectra were observed for all Cu-amine treated samples irrespective of the formulations. The values of A∥ and g∥ of the axial spectra indicate that the stereo-structure of copper complexes in copper amine treated wood was either tetragonal-based octahedral or square-based pyramidal. Comparison of electronic parameters of A∥ and g∥ in Cu-amine treated wood with those of the Cu-amine treating solution and the values in literature suggests that the interaction of wood with copper amine is through complexation in which wood functional groups are complexed with copper amine perpendicularly. The copper complexes in both treating solution and treated wood are in the form of CuN2O2, where copper is ligated with 2 nitrogen and 2 oxygen.
Crystal Structure and Electron Density Distribution in Niobium Carbide

In this paper the bonding properties, e. g. the charge distribution between the atoms and the deformation of niobium carbide densities have been studied. The crystal studied had the composition NbC0.98. Careful and redundant data collection (74 unique reflections out of 2087 reflections measured) gave the basis for a detailed study. IAM models (independent atom model), high order and multipole refinements were made resulting in R values of R = 0.4% and R = 0.07%. In the corresponding deformation density maps electron accumulations between the niobium atoms were detected, but no bonding to the carbon atoms. Kristallstruktur und Elektronendichte Verteilung in Niobcarbid Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Ermittlung des Bindungsverhaltens in NbC. Der fur die Untersuchung verwendete Kristall hatte die Zusammensetzung NbC0.98. Durch sorgfaltige und umfangreiche Datenmessungen: 74 unabhangige Reflexe aus 2087 gemessenen Reflexen konnte zunachst mit einer Standardverfeinerung (IAM = Independent Atom Model) ein R-Wert von R = 0.4% erreicht werden. Die Deformationselektronendichten zeigten eine Akumultion zwischen den Niob Atomen, d. h. kovalentes Bindungsverhalten, aber keine Bindungselektronen zu den Kohlenstoffatomen. Durch weiterfuhrende Multipol-Verfeinerungen konnte ein Wert von R = 0.07% erreicht werden.
Coccidiosis: A Parasitic Disease of Significant Importance in Rabbits

Rabbits are considered an important and healthy source of animal protein all over the world. They are susceptible to important diseases that can reduce their productivity, causing severe economic losses. Coccidiosis is one of the important protozoon diseases caused by Eimeria species. Rabbits are highly susceptible to coccidiosis, especially after weaning time. Coccidiosis in rabbits has two forms, namely hepatic and intestinal. Affected animals indicated the symptoms of diarrhea, reduced appetite, dehydration, and weight loss as well as liver and intestinal lesions. Diagnosis is based on the detection of the infective stages of the protozoon in feces or affected tissues. Prevention and control are achieved by adopting hygienic measures and using different anticoccidial drugs. The use of natural alternatives for the prophylaxis of coccidiosis in rabbits indicated promising results. Vaccine production trials are still under investigation. Accordingly, this review article aims to shed light on coccidiosis in rabbits considering pathology, diagnosis, and control.
Qualidade física do solo sob diferentes sistemas de manejo e aplicação de dejeto líquido suíno

The application in agriculture has been the main alternative to allocate the large volume of pig slurry (PS) generated in production environments. The aim of this study was to assess possible changes in physical properties of soil resulting from the management system and PS application. Five areas were sampled: native forest, pasture with mineral fertilizer and PS application, conventional tillage with mineral fertilizer and PS application, no-tillage with mineral fertilizer, no-tillage with mineral fertilizer and PS application. The evaluated physical properties of soil were: bulk density (Bd), total porosity (Pt), macroporosity (Ma), macro and microporosity ratio (Ma/Mi) and penetration resistance (PR). The adoption of different agricultural management systems altered the physical conditions of the soil, increasing the Bd and the PR and reducing the pore volume. The soil managed under pasture showed the highest values of PR. No changes were found in physical properties of soil by the application of PS in evaluated tillage systems.