Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Sequence Mining-Based Novel Architecture for Detecting Fraudulent Transactions in Healthcare Systems

With the exponential rise in government and private health-supported schemes, the number of fraudulent billing cases is also increasing. Detection of fraudulent transactions in healthcare systems is an exigent task due to intricate relationships among dynamic elements, including doctors, patients, and services. Hence, to introduce transparency in health support programs, there is a need to develop intelligent fraud detection models for tracing the loopholes in existing procedures, so that the fraudulent medical billing cases can be accurately identified. Moreover, there is also a need to optimize both the cost burden for the service provider and medical benefits for the client. This paper presents a novel process-based fraud detection methodology to detect insurance claim-related frauds in the healthcare system using sequence mining concepts. Recent literature focuses on the amount-based analysis or medication versus disease sequential analysis rather than detecting frauds using sequence generation of services within each specialty. The proposed methodology generates frequent sequences with different pattern lengths. The confidence values and confidence level are computed for each sequence. The sequence rule engine generates frequent sequences along with confidence values for each hospital’s specialty and compares them with the actual patient values. This identifies anomalies as both sequences would not be compliant with the rule engine’s sequences. The process-based fraud detection methodology is validated using last five years of a local hospital’s transactional data that includes many reported cases of fraudulent activities.
Computation of Fundamental Bounds for Antennas

Fundamental bounds play an important role in antenna design. Using method of moments and electric field integral equation, this paper shows a formulation of fundamental bounds on antenna metrics based on optimal current density. This methodology is applied to two representative and challenging examples. The first example examines Yagi-Uda antenna and compares it with performance limits on Q-factor, radiation efficiency, and directivity. The second example shows how to determine fundamental bounds when a designer has far-field constraints. In their entirety, the examples demonstrate variability and generality of this treatment and also recall the existence of an open-source computational package, which can be used for evaluation of fundamental bounds on various metrics including their mutual trade-offs.
Effect of Varying Prior Information in Axillary 2D Microwave Tomography

We numerically assess the potential of microwave tomography (MWT) for the detection and dielectric properties estimation of axillary lymph nodes (ALNs), and we study the robustness of our system using prior information with varying levels of accuracy. We adopt a 2-dimensional MWT system with 8 antennas (0.5-2.5 GHz) placed around the axillary region. The reconstruction algorithm implements the distorted Born iterative method. We show that: (i) when accurate prior knowledge of the axillary tissues (fat and muscle) is available, our system successfully detects an ALN; (ii) ±30% error in the prior estimation of fat and muscle dielectric properties does not affect image quality; (iii) ±7mm error in muscle position causes slight artifacts, while ± 14mm error in muscle position affects ALN detection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper in the literature to study the impact of prior information accuracy on detecting an ALN using MWT.
Impersonating Chatbots in a Code Review Exercise to Teach Software Engineering Best Practices

Over the past decade, the use of chatbots for educational purposes has gained considerable traction. A similar trend has been observed in social coding platforms, where automated agents support software developers with tasks such as performing code reviews. While incorporating code reviews and social coding platforms into software engineering education has been found to be beneficial, challenges such as steep learning curves and privacy considerations are barriers to their adoption. Furthermore, no study has addressed the role chatbots play in supporting code reviews as a pedagogical tool. To help address this gap, we developed an online learning application that simulates the code review features available on social coding platforms and allows instructors to interact with students using chatbot identities. We then embedded this application within a lesson on software engineering best practices and conducted a controlled in-class experiment. This experiment examined the effect that explaining content via chatbot identities had on three aspects: (i) students’ perceived usability of the lesson, (ii) their engagement with the code review process, and (iii) their learning gains. While our findings show that it is feasible to simulate the code review process within an online learning platform and achieve good usability, our quantitative analysis did not yield significant differences across treatment conditions for any of the aspects considered. Nevertheless, our qualitative results suggest that students expect explicit feedback when performing this type of exercise and could thus benefit from automated replies provided by an interactive chatbot. We propose to build on our current findings to further explore this line of research in future work.
High-Gain Multi-Linear Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna in the Millimeter-Wave Band

High-gain polarization-reconfigurable antennas in the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band are of high importance for 5G and future wireless platforms. This paper reports an innovative mm-wave antenna that accomplishes multi-linear polarizations (LPs) with high gains. It employs a TM510-mode cavity etched with a circular slot array on its top surface as the base excitation. A two-layer copper-cladded main substrate is introduced above the base cavity to produce a high gain beam with a low cross-polarization level. Moreover, five reconfigurable LPs can be attained by rotating the main substrate at a 36° interval. Simulated characteristics were validated by measuring the prototyping multi-LP cavity-backed antenna. The measured overlapped −10-dB impedance bandwidth ranges from 28.58 to 28.99 GHz for the five LPs. Within this bandwidth, measured realized gains vary between 15.5 and 16.8 dBi.
A Miniaturized Wideband Circularly Polarized Antenna using Metasurface

A single-feed miniaturized wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna with metasurface is planned for L-band applications. The projected multilayered antenna comprises of a patch radiator with embedded ring-shaped slot and grounded-via, a stacked slit-slotted-circular patch, a metasurface with $5\times 5$ -unit cells, and a coaxial feeding probe. An antenna prototype at L-band exhibits -10-dB reflection coefficient $(\vert \mathrm{S}_{11}\vert)$ bandwidth of 15.7% (1.488 GHz-1.742 GHz), 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 11.0% (1.50 GHz-1.675 GHz), and gain of $> 5.0\text{dBic}$ within the 3-dB AR-bandwidth with an overall size of $\boldsymbol{0.375 \lambda_{0} \times 0.375 \lambda_{0} \times 0.065 \lambda_{0}}$ at 1.5 GHz.
Universal modulations of large-scale motions on entrainment of turbulent boundary layers

Abstract The modulations of high/low-speed large-scale motions (H/L-SMs) on the turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI) and turbulent entrainment are investigated in turbulent boundary layers via both experimental and numerical studies. The spanwise locations of large-scale motions can be locked by the spanwise heterogeneity, so the boundary layers over such a configuration are investigated first as an instructive case. In the engulfment process, it is found that irrotational ‘bubbles’ near the TNTI are more likely to originate from engulfment, while bubbles far from the TNTI could be produced by the local turbulence itself. Additionally, H-SMs are found to enhance the engulfment by the sweep flow. In the nibbling process, a competition relationship is observed: L-SMs induce stronger instantaneous ‘nibbling’ events by transporting more fluids towards the TNTI, while the H-SMs induced a more distorted TNTI. Consequently, the integral nibbling flux is greater above H-SMs. Furthermore, the explored mechanisms are verified to be insensitive to the wall shapes such as smooth and homogeneous roughness walls, which demonstrates that these modulations are universal for turbulent boundary layers. Finally, a conceptual modulation model is proposed to illustrate the entrainment process above the large-scale motions.
Experimental Study of Loss and Variation of Human Blockage for Terahertz Wireless Communications

The 6th generation mobile communication system requires the realization of ultrahigh speed and high-capacity communication. To meet the diverse communication requirements of individual users, we can consider a virtualized terminal that cooperates with peripheral devices of the user terminal to increase the transmission power and expand the number of antennas. It is desirable to use the terahertz band, which can utilize a wide frequency band, for communication between user terminals and peripheral devices. Because of the large blockage loss in the terahertz band, it is necessary to clarify the propagation characteristics of the blockage loss for the design and evaluation of stable systems. Especially in the case of communication between a user terminal and a peripheral terminal, it is necessary to consider blockage resulting from parts of the human body, such as arms and hands, and the variation in loss produced by slight movements of the human body. In this paper, we investigated the propagation characteristics of the blockage loss for the human body at frequencies up to 110 GHz for utilization of the terahertz band around the human body. Based on the experimental results, we clarified that the characteristics of the blockage loss due to a part of the human body follow the existing model. In addition, the variation in the blockage loss for a stationary human body is attributed to differences in the propagation path length produced by slight movement of the human body, and an estimation method for such a range of variation is presented.
An examination on entrepreneurial competencies between lecturers of higher learning institutions in Malaysia and Nigeria

The entrepreneurship has emerged over the last three decades as one of the most powerful economic forces the world has ever experienced. To date, the enormous and remarkable international growth in the field of entrepreneurship education focused mostly on course contents or programs and their immediate impacts on students and neglecting lecturers’ competencies as well as their relevant educational qualifications as an important determinant to the success of entrepreneurship program. This has justified the need for this study. A quantitative research approach was adopted and a purposive sampling technique was used to determine the sample size of the respondents – lecturers teaching entrepreneurship courses in Malaysian and Nigerian Higher Learning Institutions. The data was captured using structure questionnaire developed based on extensive literature review related to the study. A total of 1150 questionnaires were administered out of which 620 or 60% were completed and successfully returned by the selected respondents. This represents 237 (68%) from Malaysia and 383 (69%) from Nigeria. In order to achieve the research objectives of the study, three statistical techniques- descriptive statistics, correlations and PLS regressions analyses were employed. Findings from Malaysia showed that entrepreneurial attitudes is found to be most important competencies with the highest mean score of 5.14 which was followed by entrepreneurial skills 5.09 and knowledge with 4.82. Similarly, in Nigeria the result further indicated that entrepreneurial attitude has the highest mean scores rate of 4.89. Knowledge has 4.82 and skill has the lowest mean scores of 4.80. Moreover, a total of nine hypotheses were postulated and tested and the results in both countries showed positive and significant relationships between the independent and dependent variables. However, this study has covered only some selected public universities and polytechnics only. Further study can be conducted on a wider basis that can lead to more general conclusions. Findings from this study has provided the basis for a new model of entrepreneurial competencies on how to develop enthusiasm for entrepreneurship and enterprise culture among students. The outcome of this study will be used by academics, policy makers and students to improve the state of entrepreneurial learning where entrepreneurship is thought as a key competency and set of skills, knowledge and attitudes are developed in students.
Factors Impacting Students’ Creativity-related Self-efficacy in an Undergraduate Makerspace-based Course

The need to cultivate creativity in engineering education calls for opportunities for students to exercise freedom in proposing and pursuing projects aligned with their interests. This paper presents insights into an undergraduate makerspace-based course in terms of factors affecting students’ creativity-related self-efficacy. We conducted a survey on students who come from an engineering and science background to gain their opinions about the impact of this course on enhancing their creativity. To establish if there is a significant difference in the students’ creativity, we performed the non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test comparing the first and second survey, with results showing that there is a statistically significant increase in students’ creativity-related self-efficacy. There was a general increase for all the items, especially students’ perceptions toward the relevance of the course, the conduciveness of the learning environment, opportunities to make and learn from mistakes, and the resourcefulness of their team. Results obtained via quantitative statistical analysis was backed up by qualitative analysis that employed text mining techniques such as automatic key phrase extraction and sentiment analysis on the open-ended responses and the reason(s) for the Likert-scale answer choice. In addition, we used the Spearman’s rho to report correlations between Likert-scale items and determine the variables that are significantly and positively correlated with the creativity-related self-efficacy construct. A multivariate regression model was then constructed to observe the extent to which each highly correlated variable impacts creativity-related self-efficacy; of which, a sense of relevance appears to have the largest effect. Through gaining insights into the factors that may impact students’ creativity-related self-efficacy, this study contributed to a deeper understanding on how this important attribute could be developed through a makerspace-based university course.
Auroral Beads in Conjunction With Kinetic Alfvén Waves in the Equatorial Inner‐Magnetosphere

Auroral beads are spatially wavy forms routinely seen before the onset of auroral substorms and are closely related to the onset‐related instabilities. To date, the acceleration mechanism of electrons that create auroral beads is not fully determined. Here, we present a fortuitous event when the Van Allen Probe A (RBSP‐A) was in magnetic conjunction with auroral beads. RBSP‐A observed Alfvén waves, locally generated kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) and Alfvénic accelerated electrons at several 100 eV. The Alfvén waves and KAWs carried sufficient Poynting flux to power visible aurora and may control the beads' motion. These observations and previous simulations support that the Alfvénic acceleration is the acceleration mechanism of the auroral beads. Specifically, KAWs are generated around the equator and accelerate local cold electrons to several 100 eV. The waves are suggested to propagate to both hemispheres and accelerate electrons to several keV, which directly account for the auroral beads.
5‐HT3A receptors maintain hippocampal LTP in a CB1 and GABAA receptor‐ dependent manner for spatial memory

As the only ionotropic receptor in the 5‐HT receptor family, the 5‐HT3 receptor (5‐HT3R) is involved in psychiatric disorders and its modulators have potential therapeutic effects for cognitive impairment in these disorders. However, it remains unclear how 5‐HT3Rs shape synaptic plasticity for memory function.
Reconciling Roles of External Forcing and Internal Variability in Indian Ocean Decadal Variability Since 1920

On decadal time scales, Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) exhibit coherent basin‐wide changes, but their origins are not well understood. Here we analyze observations and model simulations from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 and Community Earth System Model Version 1 to quantify the roles of external forcing and internal climate variability in causing Indian Ocean decadal SST variations. Results show that both external forcing and internal variability since 1920 have contributed to the observed decadal variations in linearly detrended Indian Ocean SSTs, and they exhibit an out‐of‐phase relationship since the 1950s. The internally‐generated variations arise from remote influences from the tropical Pacific and possible contributions from internal local processes, while the influence from the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation is opposite to that of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. Decadal SST changes caused by nonlinear variations in greenhouse gases and aerosols are roughly out‐of‐phase with the internal variability, thus dampening observed SST variations since the 1950s.
Microphysical Characteristics of the Phase‐Locking VRW‐Induced Asymmetric Convection in the Outer Eyewall of Super Typhoon Lekima (2019)

Microphysical signatures relevant to the asymmetric convection in the outer eyewall of Super Typhoon Lekima (2019) before its landfall in China were analyzed from ground‐based radar observations. The results indicate that the microphysical characteristics varied in quadrants. In the upshear‐left outer eyewall, the convection was deepened on the inner edge due to the phase locking between vortex Rossby waves (VRWs), and warm rain was the predominant process contributing to the enhancement of rainfall. In contrast, the strongest precipitation occurred on the outer edge of the upshear‐right outer eyewall. In this region, exuberant riming processes and graupel formation prevailed above the melting layer due to the strongest and more outward tilted updrafts induced by the phase locking between the VRWs. A good deal of graupel melted into raindrops, along with significant accretion processes, produced intense rainfall with larger drop sizes.
Role of Poroelasticity During the Early Postseismic Deformation of the 2010 Maule Megathrust Earthquake

Megathrust earthquakes impose changes of differential stress and pore pressure in the lithosphere‐asthenosphere system that are transiently relaxed during the postseismic period primarily due to afterslip, viscoelastic and poroelastic processes. Especially during the early postseismic phase, however, the relative contribution of these processes to the observed surface deformation is unclear. To investigate this, we use geodetic data collected in the first 48 days following the 2010 Maule earthquake and a poro‐viscoelastic forward model combined with an afterslip inversion. This model approach fits the geodetic data 14% better than a pure elastic model. Particularly near the region of maximum coseismic slip, the predicted surface poroelastic uplift pattern explains well the observations. If poroelasticity is neglected, the spatial afterslip distribution is locally altered by up to ±40%. Moreover, we find that shallow crustal aftershocks mostly occur in regions of increased postseismic pore‐pressure changes, indicating that both processes might be mechanically coupled.
Increased Large‐Scale Convective Aggregation in CMIP5 Projections: Implications for Tropical Precipitation Extremes

Convective aggregation refers to the clustering of convective events and occurs on a wide range of spatial scales. It has been suggested that the behavior of convective aggregation may change under global warming, with potential implications for future changes in precipitation extremes. Here, convective regions of the tropics are defined from a percentile threshold on gridded daily precipitation data and used to quantify large‐scale convective aggregation in an ensemble of global climate models. Applying three separate indices for aggregation, it is found that large‐scale convective aggregation increases in 17 of the 19 analyzed models under future warming. However, aggregation is found not to be correlated with tropical‐mean precipitation extremes, either climatologically or with respect to the sensitivity to warming. The large model spread in aggregation indices across the ensemble suggests the possible utility of large‐scale convective aggregation as a target for model evaluation.
Optimal torque vectoring control strategies for stabilisation of electric vehicles at the limits of handling

The study of chassis control has been a major research area in the automotive industry and academia for more than fifty years now. Among the popular m ethods used to actively control the dynamics of a vehicle, torque vectoring, the met hod of controlling both the direction and the magnitude of the torque on the wheels, is of particular interest. Such a method can alter the vehicle’s behaviour in a positive way un der both sub-limit and limit handling conditions and has become even more relevant in the case of an electric vehicle equipped with multiple electric motors. Torque vectoring has been so far employed mainly in lateral v ehicle dynamics control applications, with the longitudinal dynamics of the ve hicle remaining under the full authority of the driver. Nevertheless, it has been also reco gnised that active control of the longitudinal dynamics of the vehicle can improve vehicl e stability in limit handling situations. A characteristic example of this is the case whe re the driver misjudges the entry speed into a corner and the vehicle starts to deviate fr om its path, a situation commonly referred to as a ‘terminal understeer’ condition. Use of combined longitudinal and lateral control in such scenarios have been already propose d in the literature, but these solutions are mainly based on heuristic approaches that als o neglect the strong coupling of longitudinal and lateral dynamics in limit handling situ a ions. The main aim of this project is to develop a real-time impleme ntable multivariable control strategy to stabilise the vehicle at the limits of ha ndling in an optimal way using torque vectoring via the two independently controlled elec tric motors on the rear axle of an electric vehicle. To this end, after reviewing the most im portant contributions in the control of lateral and/or longitudinal vehicle dynamics wi th a particular focus on the limit handling solutions, a realistic vehicle reference behavio ur near the limit of lateral acceleration is derived. An unconstrained optimal control strateg y is then developed for terminal understeer mitigation. The importance of constraining bot h the vehicle state and the control inputs when the vehicle operates at the limits of handli ng is shown by developing a constrained linear optimal control framework, while the e ff ct of using a constrained nonlinear optimal control framework instead is subsequent ly examined next. Finally an optimal estimation strategy for providing the necessary ve hicl state information to the proposed optimal control strategies is constructed, assum ing that only common vehicle sensors are available. All the developed optimal control st ategies are assessed not only in terms of performance but also execution time, so to make su r they are implementable in real time on a typical Electronic Control Unit. v vi ABSTRACT This research was supported by EPSRC under Grant EP/K502820 /1.