Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Awareness of and attitudes toward pre-exposure prophylaxis among African American women living in low-income neighborhoods in a Southeastern city

ABSTRACT African American women in the South are disproportionately affected by HIV but have often been ignored in HIV prevention efforts, including in the rollout of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). To inform strategies to promote PrEP awareness and access in this population, we conducted a venue-based community survey with 53 African American women living in low-income neighborhoods of a Southeastern city to understand women’s knowledge of and attitudes toward PrEP. Awareness of PrEP was very low (37%) with only 16% being aware that PrEP is used for HIV prevention. The vast majority of women (85%) reported that they would use or would consider using PrEP, most frequently citing a general interest in HIV prevention or a lack of awareness of their partners’ HIV status as motivations for their interest. Some women expressed concerns about side effects or low perceived HIV risk as disincentives for PrEP use. Information regarding side effects and HIV risk assessments will be needed to ensure the acceptable delivery of PrEP in this population.
The role of self-compassion and shame in persons living with HIV/AIDS

ABSTRACT Despite the connection between self-compassion, shame, and HIV/AIDS health outcomes in the literature, little is known about the relationship among these variables. Shame and self-compassion work independently of each other and experiences of shame can impede one’s ability to engage in self-compassionate responses, which could prevent future health declines. Although shame has been found to mediate the relationship between self-compassion and a variety of mental health outcomes, it has not been examined in the context of HIV/AIDS. The purpose of the current study was to examine how shame mediates the relationship of self-compassion and adherence to HIV/AIDS medications, as well as how shame mediates the relationship of self-compassion and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in people living with HIV (PLWH). This is the first study to look at trait-based shame in PLWH in a sample of 34 patients at an urban outpatient integrated care facility for PLWH. Self-compassion was not correlated with HIV adherence behaviors or HRQL, and shame did not mediate the relationship between self-compassion and adherence or HRQL. However as expected, less shame was related to and predicted better HRQL in PLWH. Self-compassion’ relationship to shame, adherence, and HRQL may be context dependent.
Cytogenotoxic evaluation of the acetonitrile extract, citrinin and dicitrinin-A from Penicillium citrinum

Abstract Endophytic fungi are promising sources of bioactive substances; however, their secondary metabolites are toxic to plants, animals, and humans. This study aimed toevaluate the toxic, cytotoxic, mutagenic and oxidant/antioxidant activities of acetonitrile extract (AEPc), citrinin (CIT) and dicitrinin-A (DIC-A) of Penicillium citrinum. For this, the test substances at 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2 μg/mLwere exposed for 24 and 48 h in Artemia salina, and 48 h in Allium cepa test systems. The oxidant/antioxidant test was evaluated in pre-, co- and post-treatment with the stressor hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results suggest that the AEPc, CIT and DIC-A at 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2 μg/mL showed toxicity in A. saline, with LC50 (24 h) of 2.03 μg/mL, 1.71 μg/mL and 2.29 μg/mL, and LC50 (48 h) of 0.51 μg/mL, 0.54 μg/mL and 0.54 μg/mL, respectively.In A. cepa, the test substances also exerted cytotoxic and mutagenic effects. The AEPc, CIT and DIC-A at lower concentrations modulated the damage induced by H2O2 in the proficient and mutant strains of S. cerevisiae for cytoplasmic and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. Moreover, the AEPc at 2 μg/mL and CIT at the two highest concentrations did not affect the H2O2-induced DNA damage in the test strains. In conclusion, AEPc, CIT and DIC-A of P. citrinum may exert their toxic, cytotoxic and mutagenic effects in the test systems possibly through oxidative stress induction pathway.
Relationship in Amino Acid Quality between Raw, Steeped and Germinated Wheat ( Triticum durum ) Grains

Levels of amino acids were determined in the grains of wheat, Triticim durum Desf. The raw sample was best in Arg, Ile, Leu, Thr, Val, Ala, Asp, Glu and Pro but similar to germinated sample in Lys whereas germinated sample was best in His, Met, Cys, Phe,Gly, Ser and Tyr. The total amino acid contents were; raw 12[74.1 g/100 g crude protein (c. p.)], steeped 63.4 g/100g c. p.) and germinated (70.6 g/100 g c. p.) with respective essential amino acids of 32.9 g/100 g c. p., 30.0 g/100 g c. p. and 32.4 g/100 g c. p. The Predicted Protein Efficiency Ratio (P-PER) levels were 2.46 (raw), 2.27 (steeped) and 2.19 (germinated). Only germinated samples enhanced the quality of the wheat amino acid levels up to the tune of 41.2 %. However, significant differences occurred between raw/steeped and raw/germinated at r = 0.05. Key words : Amino acid; Raw; Steeped; Germinated; Wheat grains DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bjsir.v46i1. 8112 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 46(1) , 89-100, 2011
Dynamic alteration of dendrites and dendritic spines in the hippocampus and microglia in mouse brain tissues after kainate-induced status epilepticus

Abstract Purpose To study the alteration of microglial subtypes, the representative markers of microglia, and the morphology of dendrites and dendritic spines after acute status epilepticus (SE) and during recurrent seizures. Methods A mouse kainate-induced SE model was used. Dendrites and dendritic spines of granule neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) subregion and pyramidal neurons in the cornu ammonis (CA)1 and cornu ammonis (CA)3 subregions of the hippocampus were visualized by Golgi staining. Synaptic proteins were evaluated by Western blot analysis, and microglia and their markers were evaluated by flow cytometry. Results Extensive partial spine loss was observed in the dendrites of granule and pyramidal cells in the acute and early chronic stages of SE. In terms of spine loss, the thin and mushroom types predominated. Accompanying the spine loss in these two stages, the proportion of M1 microglia increased significantly with high CX3CR1 expression and low CD200R expression. However, at the transiting stage, the proportion of M2 microglia was increased dramatically, and high expression levels of CXCR3 on all microglia and CD68 on M1 microglia were observed. Morris water maze tests revealed significant learning and memory impairment in the chronic phase of epilepsy. Conclusion Dendritic spines in the hippocampus and microglia in the central nevus system are dynamically altered in epilepsy during the establishment and maintenance of spontaneous seizures. Microglia may contribute to the spine loss and related learning and memory impairment.
Exercise training as prophylactic strategy in the management of neutropenia during chemotherapy

Chemotherapy‐induced immune‐suppression is a common, but potential detrimental, adverse reaction in patients undergoing treatment for cancer and strategies with capacity to boost the immune cell populations are needed. Physical exercise training is a potent regulator of immune cell viability and function and may serve as a viable, non‐pharmacological prophylactic strategy in addition to the current pharmacological management by, for example, granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF). Here, we review the mechanistic evidence linking exercise training to haematopoietic function and subsequent possible amelioration of chemotherapy‐related neutropenia. First, we briefly describe neutrophil regulation and management of neutropenia in cancer patients. Second, we summarize the effect of acute and chronic exercise training on neutrophils and their progenitors, and finally, we outline the current clinical evidence of exercise interventions in ongoing anti‐cancer treatment in regard to neutropenia incidence, treatment tolerance and related outcomes.
Evaluation of tyrosol and farnesol as inducer in pigment production by Monascus purpureus ATCC16365.

This study focused on investigating the effect of exogenously applied two quorum sensing molecules (tyrosol and farnesol) on the synthesis of bioactive metabolites (pigments, lactic acid, ethanol, and citric acid) in Monascus purpureus ATCC16365. None of the tested concentrations (62.5, 125, 250, and 500 µl/L) of farnesol affected the synthesis of metabolites as well as cell growth. As with farnesol application, none of the tested concentrations (3.45, 6.9, 13.8, and 27.6 mg/L) of tyrosol caused a significant change in the synthesis of lactic acid and citric acid as well as cell growth. Conversely, all of the tested concentrations of tyrosol increased pigment synthesis but reduced ethanol synthesis, compared with the control. Maximum increases (3.16-, 2.68-, and 2.87-fold increase, respectively) in yellow, orange, and red pigment production were achieved, especially when 6.9-mg/L tyrosol was added to the culture on day 3. On the contrary, 6.9-mg/L tyrosol reduced the content of citrinin by approximately 51.5%. This is the first report on the effect of tyrosol and farnesol on the synthesis of Monascus metabolites. Due to potential properties, such as low price, nonhuman toxicity, promotion of pigment synthesis, and reduction in citrinin synthesis, tyrosol can be used as a novel inducer in the fermentative production of Monascus pigments.
Aquatic thermoregulation in the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus): energy demands of swimming and diving

Muskrats experienced a steady decline in abdominal and subcutaneous body temperature (ΔTh) during unrestrained dives of 0.5- to 4-min duration. Extent of body cooling, postdive O2 consumption , and metabolic recovery time increased both with time submerged and declining water temperature (3 – 30 °C). For each additional minute that a muskrat remained submerged, cost increased by 99 mL O2∙kg−1 in 3 °C, compared with 71 and 43 mL O2∙kg−1 in 20 and 30 °C water, respectively. Postdive correlated strongly with ΔTh incurred during diving. Mean , during spontaneous activity in water, when animals were free to swim, dive, or float quietly on the surface, varied inversely with water temperature and directly with ΔTh. Temporal decline in Th during 25-min immersion was matched by a concurrent reduction in voluntary dive time. Mean , immediately following withdrawal from water exceeded that during an equivalent period of immersion.
Effect on the ensilage performance and microbial community of adding Neolamarckia cadamba leaves to corn stalks

To comprehensively evaluate the fermentation performance and microbial community of corn stalks (CS) silage mixed with Neolamarckia cadamba leaves (NCL), CS were ensiled with four levels (0%, 10%, 30% and 50% of fresh weight) of NCL for 1, 7, 14, 30, 60 days in two trials. The results showed that all silages were well preserved with low pH (3.60–3.88) and ammonia nitrogen content (0.08–0.19% DM). The silage samples with NCL displayed lower (P < 0.05) acetic acid, propionic acid and ammonia nitrogen contents and lactic acid bacteria population during ensiling than control silages (100% CS). The addition of NCL also influenced the distribution of bacterial and fungal communities. Fungal diversity (Shannon’s indices were 5.15–5.48 and 2.85–4.27 in trial 1 and trial 2 respectively) increased while the relative abundances of Lactobacillus, Leuconostocs, Acetobacter and two moulds (Aspergillus and Fusarium) decreased after added NCL. In summary, mixing NCL is a promising effective approach to preserve protein of CS silage and inhibit the growth of undesirable bacteria and mould, thus to improve the forage quality to some extent.
Tedizolid (torezolid) for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections

ABSTRACT Introduction Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) are among the most frequent infectious diseases. Recently, several new antibiotics with activity against MRSA have been approved. Tedizolid, a second-generation oxazolidinone approved for ABSSSI offers theoretical advantages over first-generation oxazolidinones. Areas covered A comprehensive online search of Medline, ClinicalTrials.gov, and conference presentations was made, selecting articles between January 2000 and April 2020. In this review, the authors discuss the chemical and microbiological properties of tedizolid, summarize its efficacy, safety, and potential role in the treatment of ABSSSI as well as the potential for future indications. Expert opinion Tedizolid has proven to be non-inferior compared to linezolid for the treatment of ABSSSI in two registrational phase III clinical trials, being well tolerated. Tedizolid exhibits antibacterial activity against the most important ABSSSI pathogens (including multidrug-resistant strains of MRSA), as well as mycobacteria and Nocardia. It appears to have a safe profile, including decreased myelotoxicity and no significant drug interactions. Preliminary studies with longer duration of therapy seem to confirm these potential benefits. Overall, tedizolid expands the newly acquired armamentarium to treat ABSSSI. The role of tedizolid for other indications is under investigation and has yet to be determined.
Heterosis for Quality Attributes in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

In present study 43 genotypes (13 parental lines and 30 F1 hybrids) were evaluated during 2010 and 2011 in order to estimate the extent of heterosis and quality trait like ascorbic acid (vitamin C), titratable acidity, lycopene content and total soluble solids (TSS). Significant differences among genotypes were obtained for all four traits. Positive significant heterosis was found for ascorbic acid (32.52% and 23.07% over better parent as well as 30.81% and 15.98% over standard check BT-12), titratable acidity (25.49% and 26.42% over better parent as well as 14.04% and 16.48% over standard check), lycopene content (63.99% and 71.25% over the better parent as well as 77.26% and 62.27% over standard check) and TSS (27.32% and 34.86% over better parent as well as 17.25% and 13.61% over standard check) over both the years, respectively.
Under- or Overtreatment of Mental Distress? Practices, Consequences, and Resistance in the Field of Mental Health Care

The economic, social, and health costs of mental distress are increasingly burdening individuals and societies in Europe. Yet, overmedicalization of mild symptoms is also well documented. This accumulates in more pressures and demands on health care systems. In this article, I explore how the process of help seeking in mental distress might be shaped by health system design and functioning in one of the South European societies—Spain. Employing Bourdieu’s theoretical lens, in-depth interviews with health care providers and users of services are analyzed. I reveal how the logic of the mental health care field, which is reinforced by the market, the state, and the media, may result in medicalization of mild distress while severe mental illness remains undertreated. I also show how mental help-seeking practices could gradually influence the functioning of the treatment system. Nevertheless, points of resistance to medicalization can also be identified.
BIRDS OF THE MONSERRATE AREA, CHIAPAS, MEXICO

The Lea-Edwards Expedition, with John W. Boehm of Elgin, Illinois, visited the Hacienda Monserrate in the state of Chiapas, Mexico, in the spring of 1947, camping near the ranch house from March 24 to April 7. In the summer of 1950 Lea and Edwards with Douglas A. Lancaster and Virginia L. Lea returned to the Monserrate,area and carried on field investigations from July 12 to August 17. In 1952, Edwards, with a field party consisting of J. Dan Webster, Arnold and Shirley Weinberg, and Stephen Russell, worked in the area from August 1 through August 10. Studies were made in an area measuring roughly six by ten miles, embracing both the mountain and plateau regions of southwestern Chiapas (see fig. 1). This paper is based on our collection of 705 specimens (106 spring; 599 summer), which represent 155 species. We have sight records of 29 additional species. The Hacienda Monserrate, an extensive ranch owned by Xavier de1 Piiio E. , is situated in the district of Cintalapa among the mountains of southwestern Chiapas. It is approximately 10 miles east of the Oaxaca-Chiapas border and about 30 miles north of the Pacific Ocean. The main house, ranch buildings, corrals and homes of the workers on the hacienda are communally located on a sort of plateau, which, although rolling and deeply cut by streams, extends for about 15 miles to the south and a considerable distance to the east with little change in elevation. This comparatively flat land, on which are located several large haciendas, we call the Monserrate plateau. At the ranch house it reaches an elevation of 2200 feet. To the west and north of the ranch house, mountains rise steeply in nearly parallel ridges to an elevation of 5000 feet. The continental divide is, however, to the south; water draining from the vicinity of Monserrate flows into the Rio Cintalapa, reaching eventually the Gulf of Mexico. Judging from fauna1 relationships, the Monserrate area appears to be divisible into
Bacterial Mucosa-associated Microbiome in Inflamed and Proximal Noninflamed Ileum of Patients With Crohn’s Disease

Abstract Background Microbiota is most likely essential in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease (CD). Fecal diversion after ileocecal resection (ICR) protects against CD recurrence, whereas infusion of fecal content triggers inflammation. After ICR, the majority of patients experience endoscopic recurrence in the neoterminal ileum, and the ileal microbiome is of particular interest. We have assessed the mucosa-associated microbiome in the inflamed and noninflamed ileum in patients with CD. Methods Mucosa-associated microbiome was assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing of biopsies sampled 5 and 15 cm orally of the ileocecal valve or ileocolic anastomosis. Results Fifty-one CD patients and forty healthy controls (HCs) were included in the study. Twenty CD patients had terminal ileitis, with endoscopic inflammation at 5 cm, normal mucosa at 15 cm, and no history of upper CD involvement. Crohn’s disease patients (n = 51) had lower alpha diversity and separated clearly from HC on beta diversity plots. Twenty-three bacterial taxa were differentially represented in CD patients vs HC; among these, Tyzzerella 4 was profoundly overrepresented in CD. The microbiome in the inflamed and proximal noninflamed ileal mucosa did not differ according to alpha diversity or beta diversity. Additionally, no bacterial taxa were differentially represented. Conclusions The microbiome is similar in the inflamed and proximal noninflamed ileal mucosa within the same patients. Our results support the concept of CD-specific microbiota alterations and demonstrate that neither ileal sublocation nor endoscopic inflammation influence the mucosa-associated microbiome.
The Relationships of the Modern Amphibia: A Re-Examination

Evidence is presented supporting the viewpoint that all the moderns Amphibia are clearly related. It is suggested that the three living orders constitute a natural monophyletic group-the infra-class Lissamphibia sensu Gadow. Other theories are briefly reviewed. Finally an attempt is made to determine the Paleozoic ancestors of the Recent amphibians, but the available evidence is contradictory and inconclusive.
Cultivo orgânico do mamoeiro 'Baixinho de Santa Amália' em diferentes ambientes de proteção

Mudas de mamoeiro da cv. Baixinho de Santa Amalia (grupo 'Solo') foram transplantadas para tres estruturas contiguas: (a) estufa com cobertura de plastico, (b) estufa sombreada com cobertura adicional de sombrite (30%, sobre o plastico) e (c) telado com cobertura exclusiva de sombrite (30%), estabelecendo-se, ao lado, uma area de cultivo em ambiente natural. Nas estufas, as partes laterais e frontais foram revestidas com tela antiafidica. No momento do transplantio e a intervalos mensais subsequentes, durante o primeiro ano de cultivo, as plantas foram avaliadas em relacao a: altura, diâmetro basal do tronco, numero de folhas ativas e area foliar. O manejo e tratos culturais empregados obedeceram as normas tecnicas constantes da legislacao nacional relativa a agricultura orgânica. Desde a primeira colheita, foram contados e pesados todos os frutos produzidos. Em comparacao ao ambiente natural, os cultivos protegidos proporcionaram aumentos na altura da planta alem de 20%; nas estufas, particularmente naquela sem cobertura adicional de sombrite, ocorreram efeitos de aumento do diâmetro basal do tronco (30%), indice de enfolhamento (20%) e area foliar (36%); o cultivo orgânico do mamoeiro no interior das estufas possibilitou acrescimos altamente significativos no desenvolvimento e na producao de frutos orgânicos de padrao comercial (67% em peso e 49% em numero). Deve-se ressaltar, ainda, que a cultivar Baixinho de Santa Amalia nao alcancou, apos a ultima colheita quantificada, o limite maximo do teto das estufas (4,5m), o que lhe permitiu um ciclo produtivo superior a 24 meses nessas estruturas de protecao.
Psychophysical principles of discrete event-driven vibrotactile feedback for prostheses

Abstract Purpose/aim of the study: We aimed to establish psychophysical principles for non-invasive vibrotactile feedback signalling discrete transition events (e.g., extension to flexion) during use of prostheses, especially for the upper limbs. Materials and methods: Two vibrotactile actuators were used on both upper arms of 10 able-bodied human participants. Absolute thresholds, psychometric functions, and magnitude estimates were measured to equalize the sensation magnitudes for the tested vibrotactile frequencies and skin sites. Then, same-different and pattern recognition tasks were run to evaluate, respectfully, the discrimination and closed-set identification of stimuli with varying parameters (2 frequencies, 2 magnitudes, 2 sites). Finally, parameters of the left/right stimuli were mapped to hypothetical prosthesis events representing object/force and movement type. The stimuli were applied sequentially in accordance with the discrete event-driven feedback paradigm. Results: Reliable psychophysical models could be established for individual participants as verified by repetitive threshold measurements and relative adjustment of stimulus levels based on sensation magnitudes. Discrimination accuracy was higher for magnitude versus frequency comparisons; and magnitude discrimination accuracy was correlated with magnitude estimate differences. Pattern recognition recall/precision rates decreased from ∼0.7 to ∼0.5 for sequential delivery of two stimulus patterns to one arm versus to two arms. Using the patterns as two and three consecutive prosthesis events yielded statistically similar performance rates not correlated with magnitude estimate differences. Conclusions: By careful calibration of stimuli based on psychophysical principles, discrete event-driven vibrotactile feedback can be used to signal manipulated object and movement information with moderate identification rates as shown by confusion matrices.