Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Can Different Polishing Timing Influence Methacrylate and Dimethacrylate Bulk Fill Composites? Evaluation of Chemical and Physical Properties

The polishing procedure is commonly performed after direct composite restorations, and little information exists regarding the right timing during which it should be performed on bulk fill composites. This study investigated the effect of polishing timing on the degree of conversion (DC), Vickers microhardness (VMH), and surface morphology of a methacrylate- (MET-) and dimethacrylate- (DMET-) based bulk fill composite, by using FT-NIR, microhardness tester, and SEM. Composite samples were divided as follows: in Group I (immediate), samples were polished immediately after curing (t0); in Group D (delayed), samples were polished after 24 h from curing (t24), whereas the unpolished samples were considered as controls (Group C). The DC and VMH values were evaluated before and after polishing, at t0 and t24. Statistical analysis was performed with a significance level set at p < 0.05. At t0, DC increased after polishing in both tested composites (p < 0.05), while at t24, Group I and Group D were not different. By considering VMH, in the case of MET, all groups were not different both at t0 and t24. On the other hand, at t0, VMH values of DMET increased after polishing. At t24, DMET Group I and DMET Group D were not different. Qualitative evaluations of scanning electron micrographs showed that the surface morphology of MET presented a more irregular aspect than the DMET one. In summary, since the immediate polishing of MET can improve the DC, without negatively affecting VMH, but showing an irregular surface, it is suggested to wait 24 hours before proceeding with polishing. Otherwise, for DMET, the immediate polishing could definitively be recommended, since it improves both DC and VMH, also producing a regular surface. Therefore, clinicians may always safely polish a restoration performed using DMET-based bulk fill composites in one-chair appointment, avoiding a second appointment.
Transnasal endoscopic surgery for benign neoplasms of the nose and sinuses

become readily accepted as the standard of care in the management of medically unresponsive inflammatory disease of the paranasal sinuses. Increasing skill with the use of nasal telescopes, and a better understanding of the complex anatomy of the paranasal sinuses and surrounding orbital and skull base structures, have allowed rhinologic surgeons to extend the applications of endoscopic sinus surgery. Alternative treatment options for the surgical management of a variety of benign lesions of the paranasal sinuses, orbit, and skull base have been advocated. The following paper reviews the recent literature for general opinions regarding endoscopic management of benign neoplasms involving the nose and paranasal sinuses. The clinical results of endoscopic approaches are compared with traditional external surgical approaches. In the hands of experienced and skilled surgeons, endoscopic resection is possible in most cases. Extranasal tumor extension, poor endoscopic visualization, and evidence of malignancy remain contraindications to endoscopic resection. The increasing ability of surgeons to endoscopically repair even moderate-size skull base defects, combined with advancements in technology, such as computer-assisted surgery or powered dissection, will continue to change the limits of endoscopic resection. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
THE EFFECT OF THE EXPERIENCE OF COMPENSATION COMMITTEE MEMBERS ON THE USE OF NONFINANCIAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES

The importance of nonfinancial performance measures is increasing. Rewarding Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) based on only financial targets could promote short-term thinking and could give too little attention to the future performance of the firm. Previous research has found many benefits in using nonfinancial performance measures, such as the improvement of financial performance. However, there are still many firms where the compensation committee only uses financial performance measures in the annual bonus incentive for the CEO. In this study, the relation between the experience (tenure) of the compensation committee members and the use of nonfinancial performance measures is examined. The results show significant support for the hypothesis that compensation committee tenure is negatively associated with the use of nonfinancial performance measures, suggesting that a long tenure leads to less independence, which gives the CEO an opportunity to influence the committee to not include any nonfinancial measures in the bonus determination. No significant support is found for the second hypothesis, predicting that the effect is stronger when the CEO has more power.
The Oriental City : Political Hierarchy and Regional Development in China , AD 1000-2000 ∗

Because regime changes in China between AD1000 and 2000 systematically altered the relative importance of different regions in the political hierarchy, tracing the evolution of Chinese provincial capitals and economic activities during this period throws light on how political factors shape economic geography. Our analysis shows that economic advantages driven by political factors do not necessarily persist: while gaining capital status has a large and positive on economic development as measured by population density and urbanization, the economic advantage shrinks after losing capital status. This pattern is further supported by exploiting variation arising from relocation of national capitals and redivision of provincial boundaries due to regime changes as an instrument for provincial capitals. We further document that (i) public offices are malleable but their relocation only explains a small part of our finding on population density, and (ii) political hierarchy affects many second-nature factors, even the less malleable ones like human capital and transportation networks. ∗We thank Daron Acemoglu, Konrad Burchardi, Oded Galor, Walker Hanlon, Gordon Hanson, Yi Lu, Torsten Persson, Aleh Tsyvinski, Thomas Vendryes, Xiaoxue Zhao, Fabarizio Zilibotti and seminar participants at Barcelona Summer Forum, BREAD Pre-conference, CESifo, China Meeting of Econometric Society, CIFAR, Henan University, HKU, HKUST, IIES, NBER, Paris School of Economics, Tsinghua, and Xiamen University for their comments. †Department of Economics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, ybai@cuhk.edu. hk. ‡School of Global Policy and Strategy, University of California, San Diego, and CIFAR, rxjia@ucsd.edu.
Daily activity and diet of Talaud bear cuscus (Ailurops melanotis Thomas, 1898) on Salibabu Island, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Authors. 2019. Daily activity and diet of Talaud bear cuscus (Ailurops melanotis Thomas, 1898) on Salibabu Island, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2636-2644. Talaud bear cuscus (Ailurops melanotis) is an endemic species in the Sangihe and Talaud Islands, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. This species is critically endangered in the IUCN Redlist, with a declining population trend. As a protected species in Indonesia, there has not been any specific research on this species. This research aimed to determine the daily activity pattern of talaud bear cuscus based on sex and age classes, and provide the first preliminary data on its dietary diversity and preference. Data collection was conducted on Salibabu Island (Talaud Islands District, North Sulawesi, Indonesia) for approximately three months (May-July 2016). The talaud bear cuscus spent most of its time resting 78.19%, moving 14.98%, feeding 3.49%, grooming 3.06%, and social 0.28%. Talaud bear cuscus fed on 22 species in its daily diet consisting of 20 tree species and 2 liana species. Cuscus fed mainly on young leaves (57.48%) followed by petioles (leaf stalk) (17.60%), mature leaves (15.33%), bud (7.19%), flowers (1.32%) and unripe fruit (1.07%). This preliminary data about the behavior, activity patterns, and diet of talaud bear cuscus, in general, can be used as supporting information in cuscus conservation efforts, especially habitat management related to the availability of feed resources and to determine the time of the survey and to understand the general behavior and ecology of this species.
Analysis of electricity theft influence propagation using multiplex and heterogeneous networks

Nos países em desenvolvimento, o roubo de eletricidade é um tipo comum de perdas não técnicas (NTL, isto é, perdas associadas à eletricidade consumida mas não faturada por algum tipo de anomalia), afetando financeiramente não apenas os operadores do sistema de distribuição (DSO), mas também clientes. Da mesma forma que as fraudes em outros contextos, há evidências de que o roubo de eletricidade é altamente influenciado por interações sociais. Aqui nós propomos um modelo de rede multiplexado e heterogêneo para avaliar como as interações sociais e profissionais influenciam no roubo de eletricidade. Particularmente, empregando uma variação do algoritmo de caminhada aleatória com reinicialização, conseguimos obter uma nova pontuação de exposição para discriminar entre fraudadores e clientes regulares.
An empirical investigation of remittances and financial inclusion nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract The scope of financial development has been expanding and moving gradually towards a more inclusive development thus attention is gradually shifting to financial inclusion. It is against this background that this study investigates the role of migrants’ remittances on financial inclusion in selected SSA countries. Pooled Mean Group (PMG) form of panel ARDL was employed but cross-sectional dependent characteristics of the data required the use of cross-sectional methods that cater for such properties. Consequently, XTDCCE: Dynamic Common Correlated Effects and XTCCE Common Correlated Effects estimator were used as robustness checks. For the purpose of this empirical investigation, we collected data on Remittances, Account Ownership and Income Per Capita for 27 SSA countries based on data availability. The conclusion is that remittances have no significant effect on financial inclusion in SSA. However, the variable demonstrates the potential to positively influence financial inclusion. Thus, there should be concrete policy efforts in the SSA to make remittances count for inclusive growth. The study contributes substantially by moving attention from a broad concept of financial development to Financial Inclusion and employed a more recent panel estimating techniques to investigate the nexus between remittances and Inclusion.
Organisational Factors, Business Environment, Regulatory Systems and Local Content Practices: A Case of Oil and Gas Companies in Tanzania

The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of; organisational related factors and the mediating roles of; business environment and regulatory systems on the local content practices in the oil and gas companies in Tanzania. Five hypotheses were developed from the literatures and data were collected using standardized questionnaires from a sample of 150 respondents selected randomly from the employees of the oil and gas companies operating in Tanzania. The collected data were analysed using regression technique where Barron and Kenny approach for testing mediation were applied. The findings revealed that organisational related factors have significant negative effect on the local content practices and that business environment and regulatory systems support partial mediation between organisational factors and local content practices. The findings imply that oil and gas companies’ activities and strategies have significant roles on developing local industries in Tanzania as its influence on regulatory systems and business environment in the host country is significant.
Acoustic Neurinoma presenting with Repeated Intratumoral Hemorrhage

A case of acoustic neurinoma with multiple intratumoral hemorrhages is reported. A 56-year-old male noted sudden hearing reduction in his left ear in October of 1985. The diagnosis of a local physician was sudden deafness. About 10 months later, he had two episodes of severe headache without nausea or vomiting. The patient was hospitalized in October of 1986. Neurological examination on admission revealed left V and VII-X cranial nerve palsies and left cerebellar ataxia. Plain and enhanced computed tomography revealed only an unremarkable low-density area at the left cerebellopontine angle. In contrast, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) clearly demonstrated a large (3 × 4 × 5 cm), multicystic tumor in this site. On exposure of the tumor at surgery, most of the cysts were found to be filled with a dark red or xanthochromic fluid. The tumor was completely removed following numerous cyst punctures to decrease its volume. There was no evidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Histological examination showed a typical acoustic neurinoma. The cyst wall contained numerous telangiectasia-like lesions. The initial symptom of this patient was sudden hearing loss, which is an atypical manifestation of acoustic neurinoma. The massive intratumoral hemorrhage was thought to be caused by telangiectatic lesions in the cyst wall. MRI clearly demonstrated the hemorrhagic cysts within the tumor, especially in the posterior fossa.
Community study of dragon’s blood palm (Daemonorops spp.) in Harapan Rainforest, Sumatra

Asra R, Witono JR, Fijridiyanto I, Elva, Scheu S. 2019. Community study of dragon’s blood palm (Daemonorops spp.) in Harapan Rainforest, Sumatra. Biodiversitas 20: 3632-3640. Dragon's blood palms are rattan species that produce red-colored exudate on its fruit skin, popularly called exudates 'dragon's blood'. It has a high economic value and plays an important role as an income source for indigenous tribes in Jambi, such as in Bukit Duabelas National Park who live Anak Dalam Tribe and Semerantihan Village live Talang Mamak Tribe. However, overexploitation and unsustainable harvesting method have caused its decline in its population in natural forest. This study aims to make an inventory and map distribution of Dragon's blood palms in Harapan Rainforest, at the boundary between Jambi and South Sumatra Provinces, Indonesia; to determine its sex ratio and identify environmental factors that influence sex of Dragon's blood palms. This research used purposive random sampling method at three areas in Harapan Rainforest, i.e.: Hamparan Bato, Hamparan Batang Kapas, and Hamparan between Block A and B. The results showed that three species of Daemonorops were found in Harapan Rainforest, namely Daemonorops didymophylla, D. draco, and D. longipes. D. longipes has the highest population (18 clumps). The highest number of clumps were found in Hamparan Bato (17 clumps)and Hamparan Batang Kapas (17 clumps) areas. The ratio of male and female plants of D. longipes is 1: 1.84, D. draco is 1: 2 and D. didymophylla is 2.2: 1. Most clumps of Daemonorops species in Harapan Rainforest grow on the river banks which have low organic matters. Soil chemical variables that most contribute to the growth of Daemonorops spp. in Harapan Forest are N, C and pH. Keyword: Distribution, Daemonorops, Harapan rainforest, rattans, sex ratio
Discrimination of Earthquake-Induced Building Destruction from Space Using a Pretrained CNN Model

The building is an indispensable part of human life which provides a place for people to live, study, work, and engage in various cultural and social activities. People are exposed to earthquakes, and damaged buildings caused by earthquakes are one of the main threats. It is essential to retrieve the detailed information of affected buildings after earthquakes. Very high-resolution satellite imagery plays a key role in retrieving building damage information since it captures imagery quickly and effectively after the disaster. In this paper, the pretrained Visual Geometry Group (VGG)Net model was applied for identifying collapsed buildings induced by the 2010 Haiti earthquake using preand post-event remotely sensed space imagery, and the fine-tuned pretrained VGGNet model was compared with the VGGNet model trained from scratch. The effects of dataset augmentation and freezing different intermediate layers were also explored. The experimental results demonstrated that the fine-tuned VGGNet model outperformed the VGGNet model trained from scratch with increasing overall accuracy (OA) from 83.38% to 85.19% and Kappa from 60.69% to 67.14%. By taking advantage of dataset augmentation, OA and Kappa went up to 88.83% and 75.33% respectively, and the collapsed buildings were better recognized with a larger producer accuracy of 86.31%. The present study showed the potential of using the pretrained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model to identify collapsed buildings caused by earthquakes using very high-resolution satellite imagery.
Assessing Soil Tolerance Limit for Two Soil Orders Surrounding Sulaimani City

This research was conducted to determined Soil loss tolerance limit (SLTL) which used for soil and water conservation projects and assessing the potential risk of soil erosion. In this study, two different sites were selected including Bakrajo and Qallachwalan were located 9.4 and 23.7 km far from Sulaimani city respectively. The soil orders in the two studied sites were determined through describing the soil profile properties which were known as Vertisols and Mollisols respectively. Each site was divided into 16 sub-sites using the grid point system. The dimension of each site was (2.5*2.5 km). The estimated soil tolerance limit for whole grid points except one grid point at Bakrajo site was equal to 12.5 (Mg/ ha/ yr), while at Qallachwalan in a wide range as 2.5-10 (Mg/ ha/ yr). The mentioned results of soil tolerance limit explained that the Bakrajo site is more resistant to the risk of water erosion compared to Qallachwalan site which was known as a rugged area. Besides the most soil depth of the grid points at Qallachwalan was shallow did not exceed 50 cm. So the Qallachwalan site needs several processes conservation planning than the Bakrajo site which known as more deep and flatty soil.
The importance of individual police officers in law enforcement outcomes

The public’s perception of police fairness is essential to the willingness of citizens to cooperate with the police and is fundamental to establishing police legitimacy. However, little is known about whether police officers are actually fair and impartial in their application of the law. In this paper, I show that the likelihood of an arrest is not only a function of incident timing, geography, offense type, and other contextual factors but also critically depends on the identity of the police officer who responds to a call for service. The analysis examines detailed data on more than 1,850 police officers responding to over 230,000 offenses reported through calls for service from the Dallas Police Department. I find that police officers are important determinants of arrest outcomes, with individual officer behavior accounting for 10-15% of the explainable variation in arrests. Officers vary widely in their arrest behavior, with a 1 standard deviation increase in an officer’s propensity to arrest resulting in a 32% increase in the likelihood of arrest. Additionally, I apply a test of taste-based racial bias and fail to find conclusive evidence that officer differences are driven by racial bias in this setting. JEL Classification: K40, K42, J45
Factors Affecting Arabic Handwriting of a Sample of Adult Egyptian Twins

Introduction: Both of heredity and the environment may play a crucial role in development of a person's handwriting. This study aimed to investigate the degree of similarity in Arabic handwriting of twins and features of Arabic handwriting in relation to some environmental factors. Methods: The study included 40 pairs of adult Egyptian twins (20 identical and 20 fraternal pairs). The study investigated the effects of genetic factor as well as two environmental factors (primary language of education and drawing practice) on Arabic handwriting of the included subjects. Results: There was no significant difference between identical and fraternal twins in frequency of similar pairs in the characteristics of Arabic handwriting. Subjects whose primary language of education was Arabic language were found to have better legibility of Arabic handwriting and lesser frequency of spelling mistakes. Also, they showed more frequent use of punctuation marks. On the other hand, handwriting of subjects whose primary language of education was English language showed greater frequency of keeping regular word spacing. Subjects who were practicing drawing were found to keep regular right and left margins, regular spacing between lines and good legibility of handwriting. Conclusions: Both of primary language of education and drawing practice was found to affect Arabic handwriting while the effect of genetic factor couldn’t be evidenced.
The Role of Economist Forecasts in Over-The-Counter Treasury Bond Markets

This study investigates the role of economist forecasts in treasury bond trading. Using participant identified proprietary data we link economist forecasts predicting changes in the overnight interest rate with abnormal changes in trading activity at the economist’s employing institution. We find only dealers adjust trading activity consistent with information provided by their firms economist forecasts. The dynamics of this adjustment are described. We argue that our findings reflect the unique informational risks inherent in the market making process. Additionally, forecasts implying treasury bond price increases are preceded by abnormal buying by the affiliated dealers.
The Export Performance of Indonesia’s Palm Oil in International Market

This study aims to analyze the performance of Indonesian exports to export destination countries in the international market. The subjects of this study are two Indonesian palm oil commodities: crude palm oil or CPO and processed palm oil or OPO (Other Palm Oil). There are four Indonesian palm oil markets in the international market, namely the Asian market, the European market, the African market, the American market, and the Australian market. The data used in this study is a time series from 1991 to 2016 and analyzed using the CMS (Constant Market Share) method. The CMS method explains the export growth performance in several components, which are the standard growth effect, the effect of product composition, the effect of market distribution, and the effect of competitiveness. The results showed that the performance of Indonesian CPO exports in the period 1991-2016 tended to decline compared to the growth of exports of all world products. Indonesian CPO is more competitive in the Asian market than the European market. The dynamics of Indonesian CPO exports in the African, American and Australian markets are quite good, but these three markets have not become the main destinations for Indonesian CPO exports. Indonesia's OPO export performance in the 1991-2016 period tended to increase compared to the growth in exports of all world products. Indonesian OPO in the Asian and African markets is more competitive than the European market. The dynamics of Indonesia's OPO exports on the American market and the Australian market are quite good, but these two markets have not become the main destinations for Indonesia's OPO market. Thus, Indonesia can maximize the performance of OPO exports when there is a rejection of Indonesian OPO in the international market.Keywords: CPO, constant market share (CMS), export, palm oil, performance