Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
North Atlantic Oscillation–induced changes of the upper layer circulation in the northern North Atlantic Ocean

[1] Hydrographic data of the 1990s along World Ocean Circulation Experiment sections A1E (Greenland-Ireland) and A2 (Newfoundland-France) indicate a redistribution of cold, low-saline subarctic waters and warm, saline subtropical waters in the upper layer of the northern North Atlantic within about 2 years after the North Atlantic Oscillation had turned from a period with strong westerlies until 1995 to a period with weak westerlies in 1996 and 1997. In the latter period, subarctic waters spread preferably southward along the continental slope east of Newfoundland rather than eastward with the North Atlantic Current (NAC) into the Irminger, Iceland, and West European Basins. As a consequence, the Subarctic Front and the associated NAC shifted eastward in the Newfoundland Basin, where subarctic waters accumulate, and westward in the Iceland Basin, where a large, warm, and saline anomaly was found in 1996 and 1997, indicating a contraction of the subpolar gyre. In the Irminger Basin the anomaly occurred in 1998 and 1999. Whereas the cyclonic circulation in the Irminger and Iceland Basins weakened, it intensified in the Newfoundland Basin, where a strengthened Labrador Current retroflection joined the NAC. This and the increased anticyclonic recirculation of subtropical waters in the Newfoundland and West European Basins caused a considerable reduction of the northward heat transport across 47°N in the upper layer in 1997. The anticyclonic circulation occurring in the West European Basin suggested a northward expansion of the subtropical gyre.
The evolution of precipitable water associated with the Asian and Australian monsoons as revealed from MODIS/SSMI, ECMWF and NCEP reanalysis data sets

By using MODIS/SSMI merged water vapor data, the evolution of total precipitable water (TPW) associated with the Asian and Australian monsoons has been studied. In addition to the satellite data, the monthly means of TPW data from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Reanalysis II and the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 40‐year Reanalysis (ERA‐40) are used to compare with the merged TPW data. The large TPW is associated with the onsets of the Asian and Australian monsoons and shows a pronounced seasonal variability. Within northern Australia the annual mean TPW from the NCEP and SSMI/MODIS data sets show a decreasing trend over the last five years and the ERA‐40 over the 2.5 years but no obvious trend can be found within southern Asia, indicating that the atmosphere tends to become “drier” over the Australian monsoon region. The result from available ERA‐40 data set shows a quite similar feature with that of the merged TPW. However the NCEP TPW, which may be mostly influenced by the forecast model, particularly, by the performance of the physical parameterizations, has underestimated the TPW and has a rather unsystematic evolution in terms of seasonal migration.
Statistical evaluation of tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams for granitic rocks and proposal of new discriminant-function-based multi-dimensional diagrams for acid rocks

The four tectonic discrimination diagrams of Pearce et al. [Journal of Petrology, v. 25, p. 956–983] for granitic rocks were first evaluated using the literature cited by these authors as well as from our new database. The first diagram (Y−Nb) cannot discriminate volcanic-arc and collision settings. Both Y−Nb and Yb−Ta diagrams have an overlapping field for within-plate and ocean-ridge granitoids. The remaining two diagrams (Y + Nb−Rb and Yb + Ta−Rb) use a mobile element (Rb) in their y-axis. Although these diagrams successfully discriminate volcanic-arc and within-plate granites, they perform less well for collision tectonics. Besides, felsic or acid rocks are scarce in ocean-ridge settings, which limits the usefulness of these diagrams for this geological environment. Therefore, using an extensive database, we proposed a set of five new discriminant-function-based multi-dimensional diagrams for acid magmas from four tectonic settings (island arc, continental arc, continental rift, and collision). The very similar tectonic settings of island and continental arcs are discriminated for the first time. These diagrams are based on correct statistical treatment of compositional data, because they use natural logarithm transformation of major-element ratios and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The use of discordant outlier-free samples prior to LDA improved the success rates by about 3–5%. Success rates of these diagrams as inferred from a testing set were between 76% and 88% for island arc, 60% and 92% for continental arc, and 72% and 84% for both continental rift and collision settings. Finally, application of these new diagrams to case studies not compiled in our initial database used for constructing these diagrams provided the following results: a collision setting for the Himalayas at about 30 Ma; an island arc setting for Quaternary acid rocks from geothermal boreholes in El Salvador; an island- or continental-arc setting for northern Italy at 35–52 Ma; a continental-arc setting for the Italy–Austria border at about 30 Ma; either a rift or a collision setting for northern Nigeria at about 164 Ma; a collision setting for central Nigeria at about 144 Ma and for the Cretaceous Masirah ophiolites of Oman; and an island arc setting for the Cretaceous Semail ophiolites of Oman. In spite of the relative mobility of major elements, these applications suggest utility of the new discrimination diagrams for all four tectonic settings.
Industry Equilibrium With Outside Financing and Moral Hazard: Effects of Market Integration

In this paper we study industry equilibrium and the effects of integration under the assumptions that 1) firms must use outside financing and 2) they face a moral hazard problem due to the possibility of taking excessive risks. These are typical features of banking and insurance, for instance. We examine an industry equilibrium where firms choose not to take excessive risks and compare this with the equilibrium in industries that do not have a moral hazard problem. We show that, as markets integrate, competition intensifies and prices fall in both types of industry. In markets with moral hazard there are relatively more exits, a smaller fall in prices and, contrary to the other case, the market value of the industry increases.
Stratigraphy of the Upper Cenozoic Deposits on the Neck of Motobu Peninsula, Okinawa-jima, Ryukyu Islands, Japan

沖縄本島北部,本部半島基部には,上部鮮新統-下部更新統の砕屑岩が分布する. 本研究により,これらの堆積物は下位の礫岩を主体とする呉我層(Guga Formation)と,上位のシルト岩,砂岩,石灰質シルト岩,石灰質砂岩を主体とする仲尾次層(Nakoshi Formation)に区分された. そして,呉我層の上部と仲尾次層は,本部半島北部-西部に広く分布するサンゴ礁複合体堆積物(琉球層群)と同時異相の関係にあることが判明した. このサンゴ礁複合体堆積物および仲尾次層最下部から得られた石灰質ナンノ化石による生層序年代は1. 45～1. 65Maで,これまで報告されている琉球層群の中で最も古い. 本部半島周辺では更新世初期に,サンゴ礁が形成されはじめ,同時に基盤地形が複雑であった半島基部では,陸源性砕屑物の堆積が活発に進行していたことが明らかとなった. これに対して,当時,島棚外縁-島棚斜面であったと想定される沖縄本島中南部ではサンゴ礁は形成されず,砂質の陸源性砕屑物および炭酸塩砕屑物の堆積が支配的であった.
Climatic history and the future

12. Man's Awareness of Climatic Changes Part III: Climatic History 13. Evidence of Past Weather and Climate 14. Climate and the Long History of the Earth 15. The Quartenary Ice Ages and Interglacial Periods 16. Postglacial Times 17. Climate in Historical Times 18. Climate Since Instrument Records Began Part IV: The Future 19. Man-Made Climatic Changes 20. Approaches to the Problem of Forecasting
Measurements of salinity and volume of brine excluded from growing sea ice

The volume of brine excluded from growing sea ice and its salinity were measured using a brine sampler. The measurements were made, in both laboratory and field, under various growth conditions of the sea ice. The salinity of the brine becomes higher, and the volume flux decreases as the sea ice growth rate decreases. Consequently, the salt flux of the brine decreases with decreasing growth rate. In the case of sea ice growth at a constant rate, as the sea ice becomes thicker, the salinity of the brine excluded increases while its volume flux decreases. However, the salt flux is nearly independent of the ice thickness increase, at least up to a thickness of 15 cm. For sea ice growth rates between 1.7×10−5 and 1.4×10−4 cm s−1, and for a seawater salinity of 33.0‰, the brine salinity ranged from 42.3‰ to 92.7‰, the volume flux ranged from 6.3×10−6 to 3.4×10−5 cc cm−2 s−1, and the salt flux ranged from 6.4× 0−7 to 1.5×10−6 g cm−2 s−1.
Evaluating the Success of President Johnson's War on Poverty: Revisiting the Historical Record Using a Full-Income Poverty Measure

We evaluate progress in President's Johnson's War on Poverty. We do so relative to the scientifically arbitrary but policy relevant 20 percent baseline poverty rate he established for 1963. No existing poverty measure fully captures poverty reductions based on the standard that President Johnson set. To fill this gap, we develop a Full-income Poverty Measure with thresholds set to match the 1963 Official Poverty Rate. We include cash income, taxes, and major in-kind transfers and update poverty thresholds for inflation annually. While the Official Poverty Rate fell from 19.5 percent in 1963 to 12.3 percent in 2017, our Full-income Poverty Rate based on President Johnson’s standards fell from 19.5 percent to 2.3 percent over that period. Today, almost all Americans have income above the inflation-adjusted thresholds established in the 1960s. Although expectations for minimum living standards evolve, this suggests substantial progress combatting absolute poverty since the War on Poverty began.
Lack of Neointimal Proliferation After Implantation of Sirolimus-Coated Stents in Human Coronary Arteries: A Quantitative Coronary Angiography and Three-Dimensional Intravascular Ultrasound Study

BackgroundRestenosis remains an important limitation of interventional cardiology. Therefore, we aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of sirolimus (a cell-cycle inhibitor)-coated BX Velocity stents. Methods and ResultsThirty patients with angina pectoris were electively treated with 2 different formulations of sirolimus-coated stents (slow release [SR], n=15, and fast release [FR], n=15). All stents were successfully delivered, and patients were discharged without clinical complications. Independent core laboratories analyzed angiographic and 3D volumetric intravascular ultrasound data (immediately after procedure and at 4-month follow-up). Eight-month clinical follow-up was obtained for all patients. There was minimal neointimal hyperplasia in both groups (11.0±3.0% in the SR group and 10.4±3.0% in the FR group, P =NS) by ultrasound and quantitative coronary angiography (in-stent late loss, 0.09±0.3 mm [SR] and −0.02±0.3 mm [FR]; in-lesion late loss, 0.16±0.3 mm [SR] and −0.1±0.3 mm [FR]). No in-stent or edge restenosis (diameter stenosis ≥50%) was observed. No major clinical events (stent thrombosis, repeat revascularization, myocardial infarction, or death) had occurred by 8 months. ConclusionsThe implantation of sirolimus-coated BX Velocity stents is feasible and safe and elicits minimal neointimal proliferation. Additional placebo-controlled trials are required to confirm these promising results.
Ingredients and Meals Rather Than Recipes: A Proposal for Research That Does Not Treat Usability Evaluation Methods as Indivisible Wholes

To better support usability practice, most usability research focuses on evaluation methods. New ideas in usability research are mostly proposed as new evaluation methods. Many publications describe experiments that compare methods. Comparisons may indicate that some methods have important deficiencies, and thus often advise usability practitioners to prefer a specific method in a particular situation. An expectation persists in human–computer interaction (HCI) that results about evaluation methods should be the standard “unit of contribution” rather than favoring larger units (e.g., usability work as a whole) or smaller ones (e.g., the impact of specific aspects of a method). This article argues that these foci on comparisons and method innovations ignore the reality that usability evaluation methods are loose incomplete collections of resources, which successful practitioners configure, adapt, and complement to match specific project circumstances. Through a review of existing research on methods and resources, resources associated with specific evaluation methods, and ones that can complement existing methods, or be used separately, are identified. Next, a generic classification scheme for evaluation resources is developed, and the scheme is extended with project specific resources that impact the effective use of methods. With these reviews and analyses in place, implications for research, teaching, and practice are derived. Throughout, the article draws on culinary analogies. A recipe is nothing without its ingredients, and just as the quality of what is cooked reflects the quality of its ingredients, so too does the quality of usability work reflect the quality of resources as configured and combined. A method, like a recipe, is at best a guide to action for those adopting approaches to usability that are new to them. As with culinary dishes, HCI needs to focus more on what gets cooked, and how it gets cooked, and not just on how recipes suggest that it could be cooked.
Use of multicomponent seismic data for oil-water discrimination in fractured reservoirs

Geophysicists have devoted great efforts to the problem of determining fluid saturation from seismic measurements, with some notable successes. It is commonly believed that fluid information is to be found in the P-wave data, with shear waves being insensitive to fluid, and indeed almost all successful fluid-detection methodologies have been based on analysis of the P-wave.
Impact glasses in fallout suevites from the Ries impact structure, Germany: An analytical SEM study

Abstract— t‐Impact‐generated glasses from fallout suevite deposits at the Ries impact structure have been investigated using analytical scanning electron microscopy. Approximately 320 analyses of glass clasts were obtained. Four glass types are distinguished on the basis of composition and microtextures. Type 1 glasses correspond to the aerodynamically shaped glass bombs studied previously by many workers. Major oxide concentrations indicate the involvement of granitic rocks, amphibolites, and minor Al‐rich gneisses during melting. Type 2 glasses are chemically heterogeneous, even within individual clasts, with variations of several wt% in most of the major oxides (e.g., 57–70 wt% SiO2). This suggests incomplete mixing of: 1) mineral‐derived melts or 2) whole rock melts from a wide range of lithologies. Aluminium‐rich clinopyroxene and Fe‐Mg‐rich plagioclase quench crystals are present in type 1 and 2 glasses, respectively. Type 3 glasses contain substantial amounts of H2O (˜12–17 wt%), low SiO2 (50–53 wt%), high Al2O3 (17–21 wt%), and high CaO (5–7 wt%) contents. This suggests an origin due to shock melting of part of the sedimentary cover. Type 4 glasses form a ubiquitous component of the suevites. Based on their high SiO2 content (˜85–100 wt%), the only possible protolith are sandstones in the lowermost part of the sedimentary succession. Calcite forms globules within type 1 glasses, with which it develops microtextures indicative of liquid immiscibility. Unequivocal evidence also exists for liquid immiscibility between what are now montmorillonite globules and type 1, 2, and 4 glasses, indicating that montmorillonite was originally an impact melt glass. Clearly, the melt zone at the Ries must have incorporated a substantial fraction of the sedimentary cover, as well as the underlying crystalline basement rocks. Impact melts were derived from different target lithologies and these separate disaggregated melts did not substantially mix in most cases (type 2, 3, and 4 glasses and carbonate melts).
The pattern of distribution of the antarctic fauna

The antarctic climate is unfavourable to the development of a land flora, and the true land fauna is meagre and inconspicuous, consisting of little more than a few insects and fresh water Crustacea; but the water circulation of the southern ocean allows for a rich production of phytoplankton, and we have a very abundant fauna living in or on the sea. Topographical and oceanographical conditions The Antarctic continent (figure 74) is surrounded by a belt of deep, cold ocean, generally very wide, which constitutes a rather effective barrier to shelf-living organisms, but within which the physical conditions tend to be uniform in a circumpolar direction. There are, however, certain submarine ridges which radiate from the continent and which may offer routes or stepping stones for dispersal. Thus the Scotia Arc connects South America with Graham Land and has several island groups. The Kerguelen Gaussberg Ridge (about 70° - 90° E) has fewer islands but no wider gaps of abyssal depths, and south of New Zealand the deep belt is narrower than at most other points.
Spatiotemporal variations in land surface albedo across Canada from MODIS observations

A detailed knowledge of spatiotemporal variations in surface albedo is crucial if surface-atmosphere energy exchanges are to be accurately represented in climate models. Satellite observations can provide this information. This study uses moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data to investigate how summer and winter albedos, and the intra-annual variation in albedo, vary across the Canadian landscape. We show that (i) albedos generally decrease as one moves from grassland to broadleaved forest to needleleaved and mixed forest; (ii) the effects of snow on albedo vary among cover types; (iii) the largest intra-annual albedo variations occur over grasslands, cropland, and tundra; (iv) significant differences in albedo occur not only among broadleaved forest, needleleaf forest, grassland, and tundra, but also among their various canopy types (e.g., open versus closed canopies); and (v) land cover types sharing similar albedos in winter do not necessarily share similar albedos in summer. These trends are caused by differences in canopy structure and are supported to varying degrees by other in situ and remote sensing studies. These results suggest that the use of overly general land cover classes (e.g., needleleaved forest, grassland, tundra) in climate models will ignore important local-scale spatial variations in surface albedo.
Medusa: a simple tool for interaction graph analysis

SUMMARY Medusa is a Java application for visualizing and manipulating graphs of interaction, such as data from the STRING database. It features an intuitive user interface developed with the help of biologists. Medusa is optimized for accessing protein interaction data from STRING, but can be used for any type of graph from any scientific field.
Evolution of Laterite in Goa

This work summarises the occurrence, distribution and evolution of laterite in Goa State, India. It places the development of Goan laterite within the context of the geomorphological and geological (i.e. morphotectonic) evolution of the western continental margin of India. The multiphase rift history that affected western India during the Mesozoic has placed important constraints upon this morphotectonic evolution, and also upon the associated erosional, depositional and deep weathering effects that have contributed to the long-term development of the continental margin. The Konkan – Kanara coastal lowland region of western India evolved geomorphologically during Cenozoic times. It is bounded to the east by the immensely long (c. 1600 km) Western Ghats escarpment. From Trivandrum to Mumbai (c. 8° - 19°N) the coastal lowlands that precede the Ghats escarpment are remarkable for the occurrence of a shallowly dipping, discontinuous ramp or 'belt' of dissected laterite-capped 'table lands' which slope gently toward the coast. These table lands represent the remnants of a once extensive, semi-continuous laterite belt that originally extended along the length of western peninsular India. This widespread lateritization testifies to an important phase of tropical deep weathering that occurred during the Late Cenozoic when favourable climatic conditions reached an acme. The laterites of Goa State form an important component of this Late Cenozoic Konkan – Kanara laterite belt, and assist in providing a broader understanding of the syn- and post-Miocene evolution of the coastal regions of western India.
Lessons from learner experiences in a field-based inquiry in geography using mobile devices

Geographical inquiry involves collecting, using and making sense of the data to investigate some geographical phenomena. With the increasing number of mobile devices equipped with Internet access capabilities, there is a wide scope for using it in field inquiry where learning can take place in the form of social interactions between team members while performing a common task. The authors examine the use of MobiTOP (Mobile Tagging of Objects and People), a geospatial digital library system which allows users to contribute and share multimedia annotations via mobile devices, within a geographical field inquiry. A key feature of MobiTOP that is well suited for collaborative learning is that annotations are hierarchical, allowing annotations to be annotated by other users to an arbitrary depth. A group of student and teachers involved in an inquiry-based learning activity in geography was instructed to identify rock types and associated landforms by collaborating with each other using the MobiTOP system. A method combining several data collection methods was used. Four main findings on the affordances of the mobile phone, the need for specialized training in using the application with the mobile phone, design considerations of the application and the authentic context of learning with fieldwork are reported. A discussion on the implication of these findings and how mobile technology may be used for geographical field learning are also included in this paper.
Prevalence and Clinical Profile of Myocardial Crypts in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Background— In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), cardiovascular MR can detect morphological abnormalities of the left ventricle (LV) not visualized with echocardiography. Although myocardial crypts (ie, narrow, blood-filled invaginations within the LV wall) have been recognized in HCM, all clinical implications of these structural abnormalities within the broad clinical HCM spectrum are not completely resolved. Therefore, we sought to characterize the prevalence and diagnostic significance of myocardial crypts in HCM patients. Methods and Results— Cine and late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular MR and 2-dimensional echocardiography were obtained in 292 consecutive patients with HCM including 31 genotype-positive/phenotype-negative family members without LV hypertrophy (28 ± 16 years; 51% male) and 261 patients with LV hypertrophy (46 ± 18 years; 60% male). Ninety-eight subjects without cardiovascular disease were controls. Myocardial crypts (1–6/patient) were identified only by cardiovascular MR in 19 of 31 genotype-positive/phenotype-negative patients (61%) compared with only 10 of 261 (4%) patients with HCM with LV hypertrophy (P<0.001) and were absent in control subjects. Twelve-lead electrocardiograms were normal in 10 (53%) of the genotype-positive/phenotype-negative patients with crypts. Crypts were confined to the basal LV, most commonly in the ventricular septum (n=21) or posterior LV free wall (n=4), and associated with normal LV contractility and absence of late gadolinium enhancement in all but one patient. Conclusions— LV myocardial crypts represent a distinctive morphological expression of HCM, occurring with different frequency in HCM patients with or without LV hypertrophy. Crypts are a novel cardiovascular MR imaging marker, which may identify individual HCM family members who should also be considered for diagnostic genetic testing. These data support an expanded role for cardiovascular MR in early evaluation of HCM families.