Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Delays Impair Learning and Can Drive Convergence to Inefficient Strategies

With so many possible choices, why do managers adopt the strategies they do? We identify delays between adopting a strategy and observing the full implications of that choice as a critical factor influencing strategic choices. Using a simulation of a service firm, we conduct two behavioral experiments to investigate how delays interact with outcome uncertainty to shape learning, strategy adaptation, and performance outcomes. Two mechanisms emerge from how different subject groups perceive, react to, and learn in the presence of delayed feedback and uncertainty. First, when multiple viable strategies exist, longer delays lead both general participants and experienced managers toward alternatives that have rapid returns. When those alternatives are suboptimal, delays may strengthen convergence to inefficient strategies. Second, delays and uncertainty may also induce learners to persist with their a priori strategies. Managers show larger confidence in their priors and thus underperform general participants when the underlying task structure diverges from those priors. Both mechanisms can undermine performance. Moreover, delays and uncertainty may reduce heterogeneity in strategies and performance in more dynamic, uncertain environments, leading to convergence as tasks grow more complex and where decision makers possess similar priors.
Influence of secondary electrons in high-energy electron beam lithography

The effect of secondary electrons in electron beam lithography is investigated based on a technique called point exposure distribution measurements. This technique involves printing a series of dots at different exposure doses using a high contrast electron beam resist. The experimental results indicate that the secondary electrons are the most likely cause for exposure events. The secondary electrons generated due to forward scattering also limit the highest achievable resolution. An analytical model is developed here based on the physics governing secondary electron generation and transport. The model is able to predict the dependence of dose on the observed diameter to within a reasonable accuracy. The experimental results were verified with the model at both 100 and 50 keV.
Cycling Injury Risk in London: Impacts of Road Characteristics and Infrastructure

This study of cycling injury risk in London examines impacts of road characteristics and environment, including different types of cycling infrastructure. It controlled for exposure by using a case-crossover method alongside an algorithm developed by Transport for London to predict cyclist routes. When compared to no infrastructure, this study found that protected cycle infrastructure reduced odds of injury by 40-65% in the morning commute, whereas advisory lanes increased injury odds by 34%. Junctions were found to increase injury odds threefold; higher pedestrian density also increased injury odds. This study supports growing evidence of a ‘safety in numbers’ effect.
Police legitimacy or risk-avoidance: what makes people feel safe?

ABSTRACT This paper’s focus is Russia, a country where trust in police has been low for decades. We examine key factors that explain citizens’ assessments of risk and safety, perceptions of police legitimacy and engagement in precautionary behaviors. We further explore the relationship between gender, prior victimization, and neighborhood incivilities to explain citizens’ safety perceptions. Two key findings emerge from a survey of millennials from St. Petersburg, Russia. Police legitimacy is a strong predictor that is positively related to citizens’ safety perceptions. However, engagement in precautionary behaviors is inversely related to respondents’ safety and risk perceptions. In addition, we have found that being a female is a strong predictor of feeling unsafe, a finding consistent with studies from other parts of the world. Neighborhood incivilities are negatively associated with safety perceptions, but its effect was only marginal for men in the subgroup analysis. Implications for the citizens’ practices of engagement in co-producing safety versus enhancing police legitimacy and the police role in enhancing risk and safety perceptions are discussed.
Ab initio molecular dynamics simulation of liquid hydrogen fluoride

We have performed an ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the structure of liquid hydrogen fluoride. Our results exhibit a strong contraction of the hydrogen bond in going from the gas to the liquid phase. The local structure of the liquid resembles that of the solid with the appearance of short lived hydrogen-bonded zig-zag chains. We have also studied the dynamical properties of the system. When compared with previous MD and Monte Carlo simulations based on empirical potentials our calculations allow us to resolve old controversies.
Effect of heat treatment on antinutrients and precaecal crude protein digestibility in broilers of four tropical crop seeds

Summary Four tropical crop seeds, namely Vigna unguiculata (Cowpea), Mucuna pruriens, Manihot esculenta and Centrosema pubescens were thermally processed for 1 h at 100 °C and analysed for their antinutritional factors (ANF). Four hundred and forty-eight 1-day-old broilers were used to determine the effect of heating the seeds on their precaecal crude protein (CP) digestibility. Total phenols, protein precipitable tannins and l-dopa were higher in the mucuna and centrosema seeds and diets than in the vigna and manihot seeds and diets. Phytic acid was of similar occurrence in all the raw seeds. Heat treatment resulted in reduction in all the ANF in the seeds. Precaecal CP digestibility, feed intake and growth rate were significantly (P < 0.01) increased in the heat-treated mucuna and centrosema diets. There was no significant effect on the digestibility of CP, feed intake and growth rate in birds on the vigna and manihot diets owing to heat treatment of the seeds. The results showed that heating improved the nutritive quality of mucuna and centrosema seeds but was not of significant advantage with vigna and manihot seeds when used at levels of up to 150 g kg−1 in diets.
THE EFFECT OF VEGETABLE OILS AND THE FISH OIL ON THE FATTY ACID PROFILE IN EGG YOLKS

The paper presents the results of a research in the use of flaxseed (LO) and rapeseed oil (RO) in a combination with fish oil (FO) in the feeding of laying hens and the effect on the fatty acid profile of egg yolks (∑n-3 PUFA and ∑n-6/∑n-3 PUFA ratio). Nutritional treatments were as follows: C1, C2 = control (5% soybean oil SO), E1 = 1.5% LO+3.5% FO, E2 = 3.5% LO+1.5% FO, E3 = 1.5% RO+3.5% FO, E4 = 3.5% RO+1.5% FO. Feed mixtures for the laying hens were balanced on the basis of a 17% crude protein and 11.5 MJ/kg ME, and the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the mixtures was as follows: C1 13.64, C2 13.10, E1 2.63, E2 1.53, E3 4.84 and E4 6.21. The combination of the flaxseed oil and fish oil in the feed affected the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, making it narrower when compared to the combination of rapeseed oil and the fish oil. The control feed C1 and C2 contained only ALA 3.12 and 4.08%, being without the EPA and DHA fatty acids. The analysis of the fatty acid profiles in egg yolks demonstrated that the eggs contained 1.16 and 1.26% of DHA in addition to ALA, which means that, although in the small amounts, the DHA was synthesized and deposited in the eggs by the laying hens. The following proportions of n-3 PUFAs were found in the eggs of the experimental groups: E1 6.51%, E2 8.30%, E3 5.17%, and E4 3.54%. The n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in egg yolks decreased from 9.67 and 11.85 (control groups) to 3.08 and 2.57, respectively, for the flaxseed and fish oil treatments and 4.25 and 6.95 for the rapeseed and fish oil treatment. The studies have demonstrated a more efficient deposition of the n-3 PUFAs in the yolks of the E1 and E2 groups, although the ALA was most abundantly present in the total n-3 PUFAs.
Selective Inference: The Silent Killer of Replicability

Replicability of results has been a gold standard in science and should remain so, but concerns about lack of it have increased in recent years. Transparency, good design, and reproducible computing and data analysis are prerequisites for replicability. Adopting appropriate statistical methodologies is another identified one, yet which methodologies can be used to enhance replicability of results from a single study remains controversial. Whereas the p-value and statistical significance are carrying most of the blame, this article argues that addressing selective inference is a missing statistical cornerstone of enhancing replicability. I review the manifestation of selective inference and the available ways to address it. I also discuss and demonstrate whether and how selective inference is addressed in many fields of science, including the attitude of leading scientific publications as expressed in their recent editorials. Most notably, selective inference is attended when the number of potential findings from which the selection takes place is in the thousands, but it is ignored when ‘only’ dozens and hundreds of potential discoveries are involved. As replicability, and its closely related concept of generalizability, can only be assessed by actual replication attempts, the question of how to make replication an integral part of the regular scientific work becomes crucial. I outline a way to ensure that some replication effort will be an inherent part of every study. This approach requires the efforts and cooperation of all parties involved: scientists, publishers, granting agencies, and academic leaders.
Suitability of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash as Sub-Base Material for Construction of Road T

Incineration bottom ash is a form of ash produced in incineration facilities and this material is discharged from the moving grate of municipal solid waste incinerators. Geotechnical investigation is one of the effective means of detecting and solving pre, syn and post constructional problems. The geotechnical properties of incineration bottom ash and their suitability as sub-base and base materials for road construction have been evaluated. All analyses were carried out in accordance with the British Standard Institution. The natural moisture content ranged from 10.20% to 10.27%, specific gravity ranged from 2.36 to 2.39, liquid limits ranged from 40.50% to 41.00%, all samples were non plastic. The maximum dry density ranged from 1.81 mg/m 3 to 2.39 mg/m 3 while the optimum moisture content varied from 9.21% to 9.29%. The particle size distribution for percentage passing BS sieve size 200 (0.075 mm) ranged from 0.66% to 0.69% and fall under-fine grained silt sand samples according to the USC system. The california bearing ratio was low at 6% for all samples which makes them fail for use as sub-base materials, thereby requiring application of stabilizing agent such as cement, lime, gravel, etc before use for road construction. The evaluation Original Research Article Oshioke et al.; JMSRR, 6(4): 79-92, 2020; Article no.JMSRR. 63185 80 reveals that all the samples of incineration bottom ash contain no plastics, Maximum Dry Densities (MDD) and Optimum Moisture
Meanings and Motives for Consumers’ Sustainable Actions in the Food and Clothing Domains

The concept of sustainability has been widely discussed in the public arena by public entities and companies; however, consumers express inconsistency and confusion around the meaning of sustainability. This study aims to provide insights into consumers’ associations with the concept of sustainability in general and within two behavioural domains that represent daily necessities (i.e., food and clothing), in addition to exploring the motivational drivers behind sustainable behaviours. A total of 23 semi-structured interviews were conducted with young consumers in Denmark to address this aim. Consumers perceived the concept of sustainability as complex and mainly related it to environmental aspects, whereas social and economic aspects were less emphasised. The interviewees used examples of sustainable behaviours, which cover the whole consumption-cycle, when interpreting sustainability. Consumers had various motivations to engage in sustainable behaviours and these varied by the stage in the consumption-cycle and domain. The interviewees displayed external motivation (e.g., save money, better taste), introjected motivation (e.g., impress others, public self-consciousness), internalised motivation (e.g., reflection of self) and even intrinsic motivation (e.g., pure interest) to engage in different types of sustainable food or clothing behaviours across the consumption-cycle. Different types of motivations drove the same behaviour, suggesting potential synergies or internal conflicts.
Bounding Boundaries: Building a Typology of Careers with the Concept of Boundary

The core idea of this paper is that the concept of boundary can help us to understand the social form careers take. The concept of boundary has informed much of the literature on careers. Scholars are now looking beyond the boundaryless/boundaried divide as the boundaryless argument has been convincingly contested theoretically and empirically. This is what we do in this article. It offers a definition of career boundaries which can be empirically tested as both objective and subjective construct along two dimensions: the existence of fixed career patterns and that of individual, shared, or collective awareness of these patterns. This leads us to build a six-case typology combining these two dimensions. To test the explanatory power of this theoretical framework, we use the original case of French poets. As poets do not work in stable organizations, we could expect erratic careers. We find that poets’ careers are not erratic, but follow fixed patterns, structured by publishers and the pace of publications, with, respectively, shared and individual awareness of these patterns. We also find that similarly reputed poets tend to follow similar career patterns as they cross the same boundaries at a similar moment in their career. We end by discussing how our typology can help to understand careers, using examples from the literature from various professional settings.
Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific

The widespread Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov., from the Eastern Tropical Pacific (Mexico to Colombia) is distinguished from its congeners by having radial shields covered by granules, naked adoral shields, up to 11 arm spines, and by its brown and beige coloration. Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. belongs to the group of species with naked adoral shields (i.e., O. pentacanthum H.L. Clark, 1917, O. variegatum Lutken, 1856), and it has frequently been misidentified as O. panamense Lutken, 1859 or O. variegatum. Therefore, the main aim of the present work was to describe Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. and differentiate it from its congeners. The original description of O. panamense was incomplete; thus, we provide a redescription. Due to the confusion in previous designations of its type material, we designate a lectotype and paralectotype of O. variegatum. Finally, we expand the distribution range of O. pentacanthum to Cocos Island, Costa Rica. With this work, the total number of valid species of Ophioderma Muller & Troschel, 1840 in the world increases to 33 and in the Eastern Pacific to nine species.
Differential household vulnerability to climatic and non-climatic stressors in semi-arid areas of Mali, West Africa

ABSTRACT Semi-Arid Regions (SARs) of West Africa are considered climate change “hotspots” where strong ecological, economic and social impacts converge to make socio-ecological systems particularly vulnerable. While both climatic and non-climatic drivers interact across scales to influence vulnerability, traditionally, this inter-connectedness has received little attention in vulnerability assessments in the region. This study adopted the vulnerability patterns framework, operationalized using the Multidimensional Livelihood Vulnerability approach to include both climatic and non-climatic stressors to analyze differential household vulnerability in SARs of Mali. Findings showed that while drought was the most mentioned climate-related stressor, households were also exposed to a diversity of environmental and socio-economic stressors, including food scarcity, livestock disease, labour unavailability, crop damage, and erratic rainfall patterns. The typology revealed three vulnerability archetypes differentiated by adaptive capacity and sensitivity. Availability of productive household members, household resource endowments, livelihood diversification and social networks were the main discriminant factors of household adaptive capacity, while challenges relating to food and water security make households more sensitive to stressors. The analysis highlighted the heterogeneity in household vulnerability patterns within and across communities. Failing to account for this heterogeneity in adaptation planning might result in a mismatch between adaptation needs and interventions, and potentially in maladaptation.
Safety of Ertugliflozin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled with Conventional Therapy at Different Periods: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Aims To assess the safety of ertugliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled with conventional therapy at different periods. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, and The Cochrane Library from inception to September 23, 2020. A total of six studies involving 4120 patients were included. Results Compared with the control group, 15 mg and 5 mg of ertugliflozin were associated with higher risks of genital mycotic infections (GMIs) at 26 weeks (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively), 52 weeks (p < 0.00001 and p < 0.0001, respectively), and 104 weeks (p < 0.00001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Moreover, females had a higher risk of GMIs than males in the 15 mg group at 26 weeks (p = 0.0008), 52 weeks (p < 0.0001), and 104 weeks (p = 0.02). At 104 weeks, 15 mg and 5 mg of ertugliflozin showed beneficial effects on symptomatic hypoglycemia (p < 0.00001 and p = 0.004, respectively) compared with the effects observed in the control group. Compared with the control group, 15 mg and 5 mg of ertugliflozin were associated with higher risks of drug-related adverse events at 26 weeks (p = 0.002 and p = 0.002, respectively); 15 mg of ertugliflozin was associated with a higher risk of discontinuation related to adverse events at 104 weeks (p = 0.03). No significant differences were found in the remaining safety outcomes. Conclusion This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials indicates that ertugliflozin is tolerated by T2DM, but the risk of GMIs is noteworthy, especially among females in the high-dose group.
Quantitative Attribution of Runoff Attenuation to Climate Change and Human Activity in Typical Mountainous Areas: An Enlightenment to Water Resource Sustainable Utilization and Management in North China

The influence of climate change and human activities on hydrological elements has increased along with increasing dependence on water resources. Therefore, quantitative attribution of hydrological elements has received wide attention. In this study, the double mass curve (DMC) is used to assess the abrupt change point of the hydrological data series, based on which the periods with/without large-scale human activities causing runoff attenuation are separated. The land use transition matrix is then employed to analyze the land use types at different historical stages, and the sensitivities of the runoff attenuation to different land use/cover change (LUCC) categories are quantified. A soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model that considers the underlying surface is constructed with six designed scenarios of different climate and LUCC conditions. Taking three typical mountainous basins in North China as the study area, the quantitative contributions of climate change and human activities to the water resources are identified. The results of the study have brought enlightenment to the water resource sustainable utilization and management in North China, and the methodologies can be transferred to runoff attribution analysis in water shortage areas.
Toward a framework for assessing managerial intentions: A review of support for market managers’ engagement with nutrition incentive programs

The last several years have seen a rapid expansion in the number of nutrition incentive programs implemented at farmers markets. While there has been increased attention paid to these efforts in terms of influencing consumer health indicators, there has been less focus on the farmers market managers responsible for implementing and administering the programs. To date, most studies that have addressed manager perspectives have been qualitative case-studies where findings may have limited generalizability to other market contexts. In this integrative review of literature, we examine the current state of both scholarly and practitioner literature regarding market manager perspectives on nutrition incentive programming. Given the identification of critical gaps and salient factors in efforts to promote nutrition incentive programming at markets, we call for the advancement of a framework that may be shared between organizations. This framework will capture essential data that inform market managers’ behavioral intention towards the nutrition incentive programs they currently administer. We propose that the development of a comprehensive survey tool designed to capture managerial intentions may ultimately prompt multistate, cross-organizational collaboration on improving nutritional program outcomes at farmers markets.
Oxygen exchange between palladium and oxide supports in combustion catalysts

Temperature programmed isotopic exchange (TPIE) of oxygen and pulsed methane combustion experiments were used to investigate the contribution of oxygen from the support in the methane combustion reaction over alumina- and zirconia-supported palladium. TPIE experiments show that PdO is more active than reduced palladium for oxygen exchange between the catalyst and gas phase. Experiments performed on initially reduced catalysts produced a partially oxidized palladium phase containing both oxygen isotopes, suggesting that oxygen exchange between solid phases proceeds simultaneously with Pd oxidation. Reactivity tests performed with labeled reaction mixture pulses showed an important contribution of the support in the overall oxygen balance. Adsorbed oxygen is much more rapidly exchanged on zirconia-supported Pd than on alumina-supported Pd, and the isotopic exchange between the gas phase and the catalyst is strongly accelerated in the presence of methane. This is assigned to an increase in the concentration .
On the focusing generalized Hartree equation

In this paper we give a review of the recent progress on the focusing generalized Hartree equation, which is a nonlinear Schrodinger-type equation with the nonlocal nonlinearity, expressed as a convolution with the Riesz potential. We describe the local well-posedness in H1 and Hs settings, discuss the extension to the global existence and scattering, or finite time blow-up. We point out different techniques used to obtain the above results, and then show the numerical investigations of the stable blow-up in the L2 -critical setting. We finish by showing known analytical results about the stable blow-up dynamics in the L2 -critical setting.