Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fertilizante de liberação lenta no desenvolvimento de mudas de Schinus terebinthifolius e Sebastiania commersoniana

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar diferentes doses de fertilizante de liberacao lenta (FLL) no desenvolvimento de mudas de Schinus terebinthifolius e Sebastiania commersoniana. O estudo foi realizado na regiao do Vale do Itajai (SC), entre marco e dezembro de 2009, em viveiro localizado no municipio de Rio do Sul, com sementes provenientes da propria regiao. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com 6 tratamentos em 4 repeticoes, tendo 40 plantas como unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram: T1–0 kg (testemunha); T2–2 kg; T3–4 kg; T4–6 kg; T5–8 kg e T6–10 kg de FLL por m³ de substrato-base. Decorridos 189 (aroeira) e 245 (branquilho) dias da semeadura, foram analisadas as variaveis altura total, diâmetro do coleto, biomassa seca da parte aerea, biomassa seca da raiz, biomassa seca total e dose de maxima eficiencia tecnica. As mudas de aroeira e branquilho tiveram um melhor crescimento com a dose de 10 kg de FLL por m³ de substrato padrao e 6 kg de FLL por m3, respectivamente. Ambas as plantas responderam significativamente ao uso do fertilizante de liberacao lenta, apresentando as seguintes doses de maxima eficiencia tecnica: 9,48 (aroeira) e 5,54 kg.m-3 (branquilho) de Basacote 6M. Palavras-chave:Branquilho; aroeira-vermelha; fertilizacao; producao de mudas; qualidade de mudas florestais. Abstract Slow release fertilizer in development of Schinus terebinthifolius and Sebastiania commersoniana seedlings. This reserach aimed to evaluate different doses of slow-release fertilizer (FLL) in Schinus terebinthifolius and Sebastiania commersoniana seedlings development. The study was conducted in Vale do Itajai (SC), between March and December 2009, in a nursery in the city of Rio do Sul, with seeds from the region. The experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments in 4 replications, with 40 plants as experimental unit. The treatments were: T1-0 kg (control), T2-2 kg, T3- 4kg-, T4-6 kg; T5-8kg; and T6-10 kg per m³ FLL substrate base. After 189 (aroeira) and 245 (branquilho) days of sowing, the variables analyzed were total height, diameter, shoot dry biomass, root dry weight, total biomass and maximum dose of technical efficiency. The seedlings of aroeira and branquilho had better growth with the dose of 10 kg per cubic meter of FLL standard substrate and 6 kg per m3 of FLL, respectively. Both plants responded significantly to the use of slow release fertilizer, with the following maximum doses of technical efficiency 9.48 (aroeira) and 5.54 kg.m-3 (branquilho) of Basacote 6M. Keywords: Sebastiana; red aroeira; fertilization; seedling production; quality forest seedlings.
First record of the marine, benthic dinoflagellate Spiniferodinium galeiforme (Dinophyceae) from a temperate region

P. Houpt and M. Hoppenrath. 2006. First record of the marine, benthic dinoflagellate Spiniferodinium galeiforme (Dinophyceae) from a temperate region. Phycologia 45: 10–12. DOI: 10.2216/05-10.1 Spiniferodinium galeiforme, a marine sand-dwelling dinoflagellate originally described from a subtropical region, was observed over the last 3 years at sand beaches in the province of Zeeland near the estuary of the river Scheldt, The Netherlands. Sand discolorations were observed at relatively high temperatures.
Weed control using reduced rates of postemergence herbicides in narrow and wide row soybean

Field studies were conducted in 1994 and 1995 to examine the effects of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] row spacing and application rate and timing of four postemergence herbicide tank mixtures on weed control and soybean yield. Weed control and soybean yield were greater in narrow rows (7.5 in.) than wide rows (30 in.). Herbicide tank mixtures applied at 25% of the full recommended rate at an early postemergence timing followed by a second 25% application at a standard postemergence timing (1/4x E Post + 1/4x Post) resulted in weed control and soybean yield equal to that of herbicide tank mixtures applied at the full recommended rate at a standard postemergence timing (lx Post). Three of four tank mixtures in 1994 and two of four in 1995, applied at 50% of the full rate applied at a standard postemergence timing (1/2x Post) resulted in weed control and soybean yield equal to that of 1x Post applications. All tank mixtures applied at 50% of the full rate at an early postemergence timing (1/2x E Post) resulted in poor weed control and low soybean yield. In most cases it was more profitable to plant soybean in narrow rows than wide rows regardless of application rate or timing, based on economic gross margin calculations. Gross margins of tank mixtures applied at 1/4x E Post + 1/4x Post were similar to or greater tban tbe gross margin of the same tank mixture applied at the full rate in 13 of 16 cases. Gross margins of tank mixtures applied at 1/2x Post were similar to or greater than the gross margin of the same tank mixture applied at the full rate in eight of 16 cases.
Resistance breeding against Plum pox virus (PPV) in Austria: state of the art.

The background of the “Austrian situation” concerning field trials, and the legal framework for working with GMOs in contained systems and for intended release will be reported. We describe our work with GMOs, started in the late 80’s, and continued in the ongoing project “Characterisation of transgenic fruit trees and analyses of direct and indirect biological interactions”, approved by the Austrian Ministries of Science and Agriculture in 2000. Transgenic trees of the genus Prunus were selected as model organisms to study the performance of woody GMOs over a period of five years. Other institutes from our University were invited to submit projects on biosafety aspects of transgenic trees. Experimental approaches and some results will be presented.
Wadi Rabah and Related Assemblages in the Southern Levant: Interpreting the Radiocarbon Evidence

Current lack of consensus on how to date or even classify �Late Neolithic� or �Early� or �Middle Chalcolithic� assemblages in the southern Levant is due not only to a past shortage of radiocarbon evidence but to misapplication of such evidence as we have an inconsistency in terminology. This paper presents some typological analyses of several assemblages with claimed �Wadi Rabah� and �Middle Chalcolithic� affinities as well as Bayesian analyses of the associated radiocarbon evidence. The results indicate that a group of assemblages with most of the characteristics we might consider most typical of Wadi Rabah date to the period 5800-5200 cal. BC. Some of the assemblages with this claim, however, fit neither the typological nor the chronological characteristics of Wadi Rabah, and appear to belong to a later, yet Pre-Ghassulian, Chalcolithic.
Non-genetic inheritance and changing environments

Climate change continues to impact species worldwide. Understanding and predicting how populations will respond is of clear importance. Here, we review a mechanism by which populations may respond rapidly to these changes: Trans-Generational Plasticity (TGP). TGP exists when the environment experienced by the parents affects the shape of the reaction norm in their offspring; that is, the parental and offspring environments interact to determine the offspring phenotype. We survey 80 empirical studies from 63 species (32 orders, 9 phyla) that demonstrate TGP. Overall, TGP is taxonomically widespread and present in response to environmental drivers likely to be impacted by climate change. Although many examples now exist, we also identify areas of research that could greatly improve our understanding of TGP. We conclude that TGP is sufficiently established both theoretically and empirically to merit study as a potential coping tactic against rapid environmental changes.
Treatment is Prevention

The past 15 years have seen the waning of both cultural analysis and activism dedicated to HIV/AIDS prevention, especially in relation to the enduring epidemic in the United States. However, current mutations in the American HIV prevention landscape, driven by the biomedical promise of a ‘Test and Treat’ strategy, are producing potentially destructive outcomes for vulnerable and dispossessed communities, a situation that demands renewed investment from cultural critics. The aim of this article is to mobilize a specific strand of biopolitical theory (Foucault, Agamben, Esposito) to examine recent federally orchestrated prevention measures dedicated to a scale-up and integration of HIV testing, treatment and ‘linkage to care’, in order to move beyond their reductive approach to the preservation of life and advance a more capacious, politically engaged prevention model rooted in communal rather than individual forms of immunity. Based on my ethnographic fieldwork in Baltimore, MD, I attend to ways in which local HIV prevention initiatives are courting the city's precarious Ballroom community – a kinship system of black queer youth structured around competitive dance and performance – in an attempt to materialize their ‘target population’ for testing purposes. Previously neglected by governmental and medical institutions, members of the Ballroom community now find themselves addressed as responsible sexual citizens who are expected to protect their bodies by getting tested and, if tested positive, start treatment. Yet, this emphasis on the medical rights and responsibilities of HIV positive youth threatens to abandon large groups of youth who have managed to stay uninfected. I conclude by locating this problem in the incongruity between the biological life protected by current ‘Test and Treat’ strategies and the forms of life that allow the Ballroom community to persevere under often dire circumstances, constituting an indigenous resource for an alternative take on HIV prevention
Developmental Changes in Serum Androgen Levels of Eastern Screech-Owls (Megascops asio)

Abstract We studied androgen production during development in nestling Eastern Screech-Owls (Megascops asio) and hypothesized that gender and hatch order might influence serum levels of testosterone and androstenedione. Testosterone levels were highest immediately after hatching and declined significantly in the 4 weeks leading to fledging. The average level of testosterone for 1–7 day-old owls was 3.99 ± 0.68 ng/ml. At 22–28 days of age, the average testosterone level for nestling owls was 0.83 ± 0.18 ng/ml. Testosterone levels did not differ between males or females. The average testosterone level for male nestlings was 2.23 ± 0.29 ng/ml and 2.39 ± 0.56 ng/ml for female nestlings. The average level of androstenedione for nestling owls was 1.92 ± 0.11 ng/ml and levels remained constant throughout development. Levels were significantly higher in males than females. The average androstenedione level was 1.77 ± 0.16 ng/ml for male nestlings and 1.05 ± 0.24 ng/ml for female nestlings. Hatching order did not affect levels of either androgen. Our results provide a foundation for future studies of androgen production by nestling owls.
Rapoport's Rule Does Not Apply to Marine Teleosts and Cannot Explain Latitudinal Gradients in Species Richness

Two methods are used to analyze latitudinal ranges of fish species: means of ranges of all species with a midpoint in the same 5⚬ latitude band plotted against latitude, and means of ranges of all species occurring in the same 5⚬ latitude band plotted against latitude. Application of the first method to data on 894 teleost species from the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic oceans showed that species with midpoints of latitudinal ranges near the equator have, on the average, much greater latitudinal ranges than species with midpoints at higher latitudes. Ranges of species were more or less the same when the second method was used, because of larger ranges and greater species numbers of low-latitude species. Rapoport's rule, according to which high-latitude species have greater latitudinal range than low-latitude species, therefore does not generally apply to marine teleosts. In contrast, the rule applies to North American (720 species) and North European (61 species) freshwater fish above a latitude of approximately 40⚬N as demonstrated by both methods. The rule has not been shown to apply to any group of organisms below a latitude of approximately 25⚬-35⚬N. Attempts to explain greater species numbers of tropical species by narrower environmental tolerances of tropical species, as indicated by Rapoport's rule, are therefore premature, and such an explanation does not hold for marine teleosts.
Estado nutricional, vigor e produção em videiras cultivadas com plantas de cobertura

Perennial or annual species of cover crops can be grown in vineyards to protect the soil surface and to reduce the availability of water and nutrients to the vine. The study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status, vigour and yield of grapevines intercropped with some species of cover crops under two different managements. A field experiment was conducted for two years, 2009 through 2011, in a vineyard of cv Cabernet Sauvignon in a Haplumbrept soil. The following treatments were evaluated: a control, where weeds were controlled by chemical drying in the grapevine row and by mowing in the inter row; a perennial species, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea); two sequences of annual species, ryegrass-moha (Lolium multiflorum-Setaria italica) and oat-buckwheat (Avena sativa-Fagopyrum esculentum); and two types of crop residues management, with and without its transfer of the grapevine row to the inter row. The grapevine leaves were sampled at flowering and at berries softening stages for analysis of N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents. It was determined the branches and internodes lengths, branches pruned mass, grape bunches length, width and mass, yield per plant and the weight of 100 berries and it was also calculated the Ravaz index of the grapevines. Grapevines intercropped with succession of annual cover crops showed higher total N content in leaves at flowering, vigour and grape yield. The transfer of the crop residue from the row to the inter row, did not affect the grapevine vigour and yield, but decreased the total content of N in the leaves at flowering. The tall fescue as soil cover crop in vineyard can be an effective alternative to reduce the vigor of the grapevine.
Language Planning and Literacy in Kenya: Living with Unresolved Paradoxes

This paper is a critique of the interaction between language planning and literacy in Kenya. It demonstrates that, contrary to the reasons given at independence for not favouring indigenous languages as languages of instruction or as languages for communication in public discourse, the very things that the language policy was meant to safeguard have happened. As in many African nations today, such a policy contributes to many ills in Kenya in particular, the high levels of illiteracy that have persisted because a big portion of the Kenyan population does not manage to attain meaningful literacy levels through the school system. Consequently, many are not able to participate meaningfully in the important discourses and thoughts which are by and large expressed in a foreign tongue. A close look at Kenya's literacy statistics, literacy working definitions used in Africa, language attitudes, and school language practices underlines this worrying trend. Several practical suggestions are offered to combat illiteracy; a major one is the need to redefine literacy in Kenya because a peoples’ perception of what counts as literacy plays an important role in determining their approach to it.
SELECTION FOR AND GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PERMETHRIN RESISTANCE IN METASEIULUS OCCIDENTALS: GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT

A strain of Metaseiulus (= Typhlodromus) occidentals (Nesbitt) was treated with increasing dosages of the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin, starting with 1 g AI/100 1. Initially, survival on dipped leaf discs was 21% at this dose. After 18 selections, the strain had developed moderate resistance (ca. 10x) with survival averaging 23% at 8 g AI/100 1. Dose mortality lines were established using sprayed leaf discs for the selected strain, the base strain from which it was derived, their reciprocal F1 hybrids, F2 progeny and backcross (to the base strain males) progeny. The respective LC50 values (in g AI/100 1) using this method are: 3.81, 0.39, 0.88, 0.75 and 0.30. Permethrin resistance in this strain probably is determined quantitatively. Field releases into orchards or vineyards of this genetically improved strain therefore should be done after a permethrin spray has been applied to facilitate replacement of native M. occidentalis populations. Unidirectional genetic incompatibility was observed in crosses between the base strain males and selected strain females. The cause of this incompatibility is unknown, but could influence release strategies or field success. The base colony is resistant to azinphosmethyl and the selected strain retained its azinphosmethyl resistance, indicating there was no negatively correlated cross resistance. There was cross resistance to other pyrethroids (fenvalerate, Shell 57706).
Temporal, Intra-population Differences in Energy Allocation and Use by American Shad (Alosa sapidissima) During the Spawning Migration

The intra-population tissue weight dynamics and bioenergetics of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) were studied during the freshwater migration in the Connecticut River. Emphasis was on the extent and significance of temporal differences in the magnitude and rate of depletion of stored body reserves. This was accomplished by the comparison of body reserves of shad sampled at various locations and times along the migratory route. Somatic weight loss and associated energy depletion was extreme (45–60%); up to 50 and 70% of available body protein and lipid, respectively, were used to fuel the migration. The extent of reserve depletion was sex- and size-specific. Small individuals and males suffered the greatest tissue depletion. High water temperatures accounted for the reduced energy efficiency of late migrant shad (average of 42 vs. 24 KJ∙kg−1∙km−1 expended by earlier migrants), and resulted in, greater depletion of total body reserves. More extensive depletion may contribute to the higher mortality report.
Seasonal diet of capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) in a semideciduous forest in south-east Brazil

ABSTRACT The diet of capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella, in a 250 ha semideciduous forest in south-east Brazil was studied for 44 consecutive months. Based on 367 feeding bouts the diet of capuchins was 53.9% fruit pulp, 16.0% seeds, 11.1% flowers, 6.3% leaves and new shoots, 1.5% roots and 13.9% corn from plantations surrounding the forest. Seventy-one plant species were consumed by capuchins. Food availability was markedly seasonal. During the dry season the fleshy fruit availability decreased, and at that time the capuchins became seed predators and flowereaters. Several fruits eaten by capuchins in the dry season were not consumed by other frugivorous vertebrates, such as howler monkeys, parrots or squirrels, allowing capuchins to avoid competition with other arboreal frugivores. In semideciduous forests where fleshy fruits are less abundant than in the wet forests capuchins are important seed predators.
Influence of whole wheat feeding on the development of gastrointestinal tract and performance of broiler chickens

The main aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in the relative growth of digestive organs of broilers as influenced by whole wheat feeding and age of birds. The secondary aim was to examine the effects of whole wheat feeding on broiler performance over a 5-week feeding period. Diets containing ground wheat and whole wheat (100 and 200 g/kg whole wheat replacing ground wheat during 1-21 days and 22-35 days, respectively) were placed in 4 replicate pens (46 birds/pen) each. Throughout the 5-week trial, the birds offered feed containing wheat as whole grain grew slower (P 0.05) by the form of wheat during the first 2 weeks, but was significantly lowered (P 0.05) on the relative weights of crop, proventriculus, and pancreas or on the relative weight and length of the small intestine. The relative weights of storage sections of the gastrointestinal tract (crop, proventriculus, and gizzard) steadily declined during the 5-week period. The relative weights of pancreas and liver increased to Day 14 and decreased thereafter. The relative weights of intestinal segments were maximal during Weeks 1 and 2 of life, and declined rapidly with age. In general, the growth of different segments of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) followed a similar pattern. The intestinal mass, measured as g tissue/cm tissue, steadily increased over the trial period, indicating that, although the relative size of the intestine declines with age, this decline is compensated by increased intestinal mass to support the nutrient supply function to the demand tissues.
SEED PREDATION IN RELATION TO TREE DOMINANCE AND DISTRIBUTION IN MANGROVE FORESTS

The ecology of seed predation was studied in mangrove forests. Controlled field experiments were used to assess the magnitude of predation on mangrove propagules, to test for differences in predation among five species of mangroves, and to examine how differential amounts of predation on seeds are correlated with nonspecific dominance and may contribute to observed patterns of tree distribution across the intertidal region. Averaged over all species and forests, 75.7 ? 28.7% (X ? 1 SD) of the seeds used in the experiments were consumed by predators (small crabs belonging to the family Grap- sidae). Significant differences existed in the amounts of predation among mangrove species. Avicennia marina was most heavily preyed upon, followed in decreasing order by Bruguiera exaristata, Ceriops tagal, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Rhizophora stylosa. Differences in chemical composition of the propagules accounted for ? 9 7% of the differences in amounts of predation among the five species. Nutritive quality of the propagules, expressed as a function of protein, simple sugar, fiber, and tannin content, was more important in ex- plaining the differences than was propagule size. Significant differences also existed among three forest types, which differed in species dominance. Lowest amounts of predation for C. tagal were in the forest where adults of this species were absent, and highest in the forest where the species was most dominant. For A. marina, the two Bruguieras, and R. stylosa, however, amounts of predation were significantly higher in forests where conspecifics were rare or absent and lowest where conspecifics were dominant. For these latter four species, nonspecific dominance in the canopy explained '63% of the variation in predation among forest types. The pattern of differences in seed predation among forests across the intertidal region indicates that seed predators may play a significant role in determining the intertidal distribution of the mangrove species studied.
Genetical polymorphism of acc synthase and ACC oxidase in Apple selections bred in Čačak

The work on breeding new apple cultivars, of improved quality and longer storage life has been going on for a long time at the Fruit and Grape Research Centre in Cacak. As a result nine promising apple selections, that show the range of fruit storage capability (J/l/7, J/l/20, J/2/12, J/2/14, J/ll/31, J/54/53/59, J/60/7/63, Sumatovka 1 O.P. and Sumatovka 2 O.P.), were singled out. Fruit ripening is genetically programmed, complex physiological process with the important role of plant hormone ethylene. Allelic polymorphism of the genes encoding ACC synthase and ACC oxidase, enzymes on ethylene biosynthetic pathway, was studied in promising apple selections and compared to their storage life. Polymorphism was detected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR method) and restriction analysis with 6 restriction enzymes. Two alleles of the gene encoding ACC synthase (ACS1-1 and ACS1-2), three alleles of the ACC oxidase gene (a, b and n) were identified and a positive test for early seedling selection, the fruits of which will be characterized by long storage life, was indicated.