Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Response to Maser et al.

We appreciate the letter by Maser et al. (1), reporting an absence of association of factor V Leiden mutation with diabetes in subjects with coronary heart disease (CHD). Diabetic patients are at increased risk for developing coagulopathy as well as CHD, which is one of the most important causes of premature death in diabetic patients in many developed countries. Genetic abnormalities that are associated with CHD in nondiabetic subjects also tend to be risk factors for CHD in diabetic patients (2). However, marked ethnic differences are observed in the genetic predisposition (3-5). Maser et al. reported that the prevalence of the Leiden mutation is not increased in diabetic patients compared with nondiabetic subjects associated with CHD. The prevalence of this mutation in patients with CHD was similar to that in healthy white Americans. Their data are consistent with ours in that the mutation is not associated with N1DDM or CHD in Japanese subjects (3,6) but seems to be inconsistent with another report on its association with NIDDM in Italian subjects (7). In genetic studies, several kinds of bias can be inadvertently included (8). If analyzed subjects are from different ethnic groups or from different regions, different conclusions may be drawn. Other bias can also be included if randomization of the subjects is incomplete. The presence or absence of the association of the Leiden mutation with diabetes may be partly because the analyzed populations were from different ethnic groups (3,7) or subgroups from different regions (1,7) or because the selection of the analyzed patients was not appropriate. The patients in the previous report (7) do not seem to be well randomized, because the researchers analyzed 147 patients consecutively admitted to a hospital. Hospitalized patients may have more severe clinical problems than those we see in outpatient clinics. They may have subclinical or overt cerebral infarctions or some other symptoms associated with minor thromboembolism. Direct or indirect reasons for hospitalization may be related to coagulative disorders associated with this mutation. There may be seasonal variance in the reasons for hospitalization. If the analyzed patients were admitted in winter, the proportion of patients with cardiovascular problems may be increased. Because little is known about the backgrounds of the patients who were included in the previous study (7), it is difficult to assess whether the selection of patients was appropriate. Proper selection of patients is crucial to conclusively determine the association of the Leiden mutation with NIDDM or CHD associated with NIDDM. Analysis of increased numbers of patients from many ethnic groups will contribute to the exclusion of such bias in genetic studies. Although it is premature to conclude that the association of the Leiden mutation with NIDDM is absent in white patients, we think that the observations by Maser et al. add new important evidence to the study of one of the most important genetic mutations associated with coagulative disorders.
Persistent Unemployment, Sovereign Debt Crises, and the Impact of Haircuts

After 2008, the Southern European economies suffered a strong and persistent increase in unemployment. Rising government bond spreads necessitated the implementation of austerity policies. Austerity however, may increase unemployment. If workers lose human capital during unemployment spells, the economy's future production potential and thus the fiscal capacities to serve public debt will decline, aggravating a sovereign debt crisis. Debt renegotiations can help to avoid the costs of austerity. I develop a dynamic stochastic model of sovereign debt with long-term debt, endogenous haircuts and skill loss during unemployment to study optimal fiscal policy in sovereign debt crises. In a quantitative exercise, I find that with higher intensity of the skill loss, ex ante, the government issues less debt and the pro-cyclicality of fiscal policy declines. For Portugal, the model predicts debt renegotiations as optimal fiscal response in 2011 with a medium-run unemployment reduction of up to 3.63 percentage points.
On the political and social consequences of economic inequality: Civic engagement in Colombia

This paper investigates the impact of inequality on individual civic engagement at the community level, whether this impact persists over time, and what mechanisms may shape the relationship between inequality and civic engagement. The results show that inequality in Colombia is associated with increases in individual participation in political organizations, including increased membership, meeting attendance, and assumption of leadership roles. Mechanisms explaining this effect include elite influence, strong connectivity between community members, and high individual aspirations.
CMAR_A_196273 2405..2414

1Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People’s Republic of China; 2Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People’s Republic of China Abstract: Clusterin is a conserved glycoprotein that has been characterized from almost all human tissues and fluids and plays a key role in cellular stress response and survival. Recently, research efforts have been contributed to explore the function of Clusterin in cancer metastasis, which is particularly important to design the strategies for treating metastatic patients. Evidence collected has demonstrated that Clusterin is overexpressed in tumor metastatic patients and experimental metastasis models. Specifically, Clusterin has been shown to have the role in anti-apoptotic capacities, development of therapy resistance and induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition, all associated with cancer metastasis. Inhibition of Clusterin is known to increase the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents and improves advanced cancer patients survival in clinical trials. Our unpublished data have demonstrated that Clusterin is overexpressed in bladder cancer and metformin, a well-known metabolism modulator specifically targets Clusterin by inhibiting migration of bladder cancer cells. In this review, we provide a general view of how Clusterin modulates cancer metastasis and update current understanding of detailed molecular mechanisms underlying of Clusterin for developing cancer management in future.
Health, functionality, and social support in families with a child with a neurodevelopmental disorder – a pilot study

Introduction: Several studies have reported that having a child with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) increases parental stress and that parental psychosocial functioning in ﬂ u-ences child`s development and behavior. It is unclear how parents of children with NDD experience family functionality, family health and receive support and if there are differences between experiences of mothers and fathers. Methods: Families with children referred to a neurocognitive unit were invited to the study. A modi ﬁ ed version of the FAmily Functionality, HEalth, and Social support (FAFHES) questionnaire was used. Open-ended questions were also included. Results: Parents rated their social support lower than their family functionality and family health. Family functionality correlated positively with family health. No signi ﬁ cant differences were found between mothers ’ and fathers ’ experiences. A three-months test-retest using the FAFHES showed no signi ﬁ cant change in ratings of family functionality, family health, and social support. Conclusions: Family functionality was connected to family health in families with a child with NDD. Mothers and fathers experienced their family health, family functionality, and received social support in similar ways.
Resurgence of Measles in Europe: A Systematic Review on Parental Attitudes and Beliefs of Measles Vaccine

Background and Objectives: Europe has experienced a major resurgence of measles in recent years, despite the availability and free access to a safe, effective, and affordable vaccination measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR). The main driver for this is suboptimal vaccine coverage. The three objectives of this study are to synthesize and critically assess parental attitudes and beliefs toward MMR uptake, to develop strategies and policy recommendations to effectively improve MMR vaccine uptake accordingly, and ultimately to identify areas for further research. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using primary studies from PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Scopus published between 2011 and April 2019. Inclusion criteria comprised primary studies in English conducted in Europe and studying parental attitudes and behavior regarding MMR uptake. Data were extracted using an inductive grounded theory approach. Results: In all, 20 high-quality studies were identified. Vaccine hesitancy or refusal were mainly due to concerns about vaccine safety, effectiveness, perception of measles risk and burden, mistrust in experts, and accessibility. Factors for MMR uptake included a sense of responsibility toward child and community health, peer judgement, trust in experts and vaccine, and measles severity. Anthroposophical and Gypsy, Roma, and Traveler populations presented unique barriers such as accessibility. Conclusion: A multi-interventional, evidence-based approach is vital to improve confidence, competence, and convenience of measles vaccination uptake. Healthcare professionals need an understanding of individual contextual attitudes and barriers to MMR uptake to tailor effective communication. Effective surveillance is needed to identify under-vaccinated populations for vaccination outreach programs to improve accessibility and uptake.
The Cambridge-Cambridge ROSAT Serendipity Survey - I.X-ray-luminous galaxies

We report on the first results obtained from a new optical identification programme of 123 faint X-ray sources with $S$(0.5--2$\,{\rm keV)}>2\times 10^{-14}\,$erg$\,$s$^{-1}\,$cm$^{-2}\,$ serendipitously detected in {\it ROSAT} PSPC pointed observations. We have spectroscopically identified the optical counterparts to more than 100 sources in this survey. Although the majority of the sample (68 objects) are QSOs, we have also identified 12 narrow emission line galaxies which have extreme X-ray luminosities ($10^{42} < L_{\rm X} < 10^{43.5}\,$erg$\,$s$^{-1}$). Subsequent spectroscopy reveals them to be a mixture of starburst galaxies and Seyfert 2 galaxies in approximately equal numbers. Combined with potentially similar objects identified in the {\it Einstein} Extended Medium Sensitivity Survey, these X-ray-luminous galaxies exhibit a rate of cosmological evolution, $L_{\rm X} \propto (1+z)^{2.5\pm1.0}$, consistent with that derived for X-ray QSOs. This evolution, coupled with the steep slope determined for the faint end of the X-ray luminosity function ($\Phi(L_{\rm X}) \propto L_{\rm X}^{-1.9}$), implies that such objects could comprise 15--35 per cent of the soft (1--2$\,$keV)
Mii and MiiBump: Supporting pregnant women to continue or commence an active lifestyle

The purpose of this study was to investigate how women perceive exercising during pregnancy and whether existing technologies could be used to support active behaviors. Information for pregnant women who wish to continue or start exercising is limited and not readily offered. With the ever-growing capability and accessibility to technologies, research is warranted to investigate whether this could be used to help support exercising during pregnancy. An interpretative phenomenological approach was used to conduct in-depth interviews with five women, via purposive sampling. The data revealed that the participants perceived a number of barriers to active behaviors, such as the lack of a pregnant buddy with which to exercise. A lack of provided information was evident with the women claiming to have sought appropriate information themselves. Findings highlighted the potential for existing technologies to be utilized in order to support and enhance exercise behaviors during pregnancy.
Human Screening Model of Tobacco Abstinence

1. School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. 2. MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. 3. UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Bristol, UK. 4. Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK. 5. Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK. 6. Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK. 7. College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
Child Welfare Inequalities in a Time of Rising Numbers of Children Entering Out-of-Home Care

The relationship between poverty and child maltreatment and by extension of being placed in out-of-home care is a well-established one. However, this study goes beyond recent UK studies on the scale of child welfare inequalities in the likelihood of being placed in out-of-home care by considering such inequalities over time. The study is an analysis of longitudinal administrative data on children ‘looked after’ with a specific focus on children entering care in the two years that followed the death of Peter Connelly in 2007, a period that saw a rapid increase in numbers of children entering care. The analysis considers these increases using a child welfare inequalities lens. There is a ‘social gradient’ present within the overall rates of children entering care, with children in the most deprived neighbourhoods almost twelve times more likely to enter care than those in the least deprived. Such inequalities are compounded further in times of rapidly increasing entries to care with children entering care being disproportionately drawn from the poorest neighbourhoods, illustrated by a 42-per cent increase in rates between the two years in the most deprived neighbourhoods whilst rates in the least deprived neighbourhoods fell or remained the same.
Cigarette Smoking, and the Use of Tobacco Products,by Persons With Developmental Disabilities

quantification of the suffering involved over the protracted course of many of the tobacco-related diseases, such as lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, where afflicted individuals may die after many months of illness, literally gasping for breath. Cigarette smoking, along with illnesses attributable to the ingestion of alcohol and other addicting drugs, and diet-related obesity and other medical conditions, have as a group been labeled as “profitogenic” disorders. The hallmark 8
Perceptions about Pre-Marital Counselling and Marriage Stability in Botswana: A Case of Towing Village

Studies have shown that divorce cases are becoming rampant or occurring at alarming rate and one of the processes that is believed could have a positive impact on marriage or reduce these accelerated divorce rates is pre-marital counselling. Pre-marital Counselling has been defined as a procedure that aims to equip couples with information on how they could advance their relationship once they are legally married.This case study reports the findings of a study conducted by one of the authors for his master’s degree thesis. In the case study which intended to explore perceptions on the role of pre-marital counselling and marriage stability, a total of 23 participants from one village near the capital city of Gaborone (8 married, 8 single, 7 divorced) responded to an interview guided by semi structured questions. The twenty three participants were selected through purposivelysampling and snowballing.
A PURELY COMBINATORIAL PROOF OF GOWERS’ THEOREM

We prove an exact, i.e., formulated without ∆-expansions, Ramsey principle for infinite block sequences in vector spaces over countable fields, where the two sides of the dichotomic principle are represented by respectively winning strategies in Gowers’ block sequence game and winning strategies in the infinite asymptotic game. This allows us to recover Gowers’ dichotomy theorem for block sequences in normed vector spaces by a simple application of the basic determinacy theorem for infinite asymptotic games.
The effect of invasive ecosystem engineers on ecosystem functioning

Invasive species can have drastic impacts on the functioning of ecosystems and thereby may threaten human use of these natural resources. However, invasive species can have positive effects also as creating refuges for other organisms. By modifying, creating and maintaining habitats invasive ecosystem engineers directly or indirectly influence their environment and may have a large impact on a habitat. Because of the increasing rate with which species settle in non-native habitats the importance of a framework that helps to predict the impact of invasive species on an ecosystem is increasing. The effects of three well known ecosystem engineers were compared, namely the Japanese oyster (Crassostrea gigas), a seaweed (Caulerpa taxifolia) and Eelgrass (Zostera japonica) on four physical and biological aspects of the invaded habitat: structural change, abiotic change (e.g. biochemical cycle, sedimentation), biotic change (e.g. species abundance, richness, effect on species interactions) and feedback of structural, abiotic and biotic changes on the engineer. I expected that most invasive engineers have a positive net effect on ecosystem functioning because they tend to increase the habitat complexity and thereby increase species abundance and diversity. This thesis showed that the impact of an invasive ecosystem engineer depends on the effect an engineer has on: the complexity of a system, on the native ecosystem engineer and the ecosystem services and that effects of an invasive ecosystem vary widely. For future research I would recommend to focus on functional groups because some generalisations can be made by comparing the effects different invasive ecosystem engineers species of the same functional group have. These generalisations can provide more insight in the effect possible new invasive ecosystem engineers may have on an ecosystem.
By chance or by choice?

Decision makers in positions of power often make unobserved choices under risk and uncertainty. In many cases, they face a trade-off between maximizing their own payoff and those of other individuals. What inferences are made in such instances about their choices when only outcomes are observable? Using a laboratory experiment, we investigate whether outcomes are attributed to luck or to choices. We show that attribution biases exist in the evaluation of good outcomes. In particular, decision makers receive too little credit for their successes. Importantly, these biases tend to be driven by individuals who make the selfish choice themselves when placed in the role of the decision maker. JEL Classification: C92, D91, D81
Factors Influencing Nursing Education and Teaching Methods in Nursing Institutions: A Case Study of South West Nigeria

BACKGROUND: Teaching and learning are like two composites sides of a coin. While the indispensability of teaching to knowledge and skill acquisition among professionals including nurses is never in doubt, certain teaching methods have been proven to yield more fruitful results than others. This study therefore explored the lived experience of nurse educators regarding teaching methods and the challenges encountered in nursing education institutions in South West Nigeria. METHODOLOGY: A qualitative inquiry research approach was used. Fifteen nursing educators were purposively selected from three nursing institutions in South West Nigeria with at least one year of teaching experience. Data was collected through semi-structured, in-depth individual interviews with the selected participants. All interview sessions were audio recorded with participants' permission and later transcribed verbatim. Thereafter, the collected data was analyzed using thematic content analysis. RESULTS: The study identified a number of factors that hindering teaching methods that support students learning by nurse educators. Results showed six themes viz: Inadequate preparedness of the students for higher education; Insufficient facilitation skills of the teachers; Misconceptions about teaching practices; Resource constraints; Resistance to change; and Lack of incentives. Further analysis revealed that the dynamic changes occurring in the health care professions, require a radical shift in the way nursing students are taught, to develop them into competent nurses of the future, who are capable of using their skills to solve the health care needs of the populace. CONCLUSIONS: The effective use of teaching methods is the cornerstone of the future of general nursing and nursing practice. Nurses need to be trained with an objective to become skilled and competent through effective teaching and learning by taking into account the diversity of higher education institutions and responding effectively to the needs of nursing educators and nursing students, as well as institutional demands.
Impact of a Palliative Care Nursing Educational Program in a Veterans Administration Medical Center

End-of-life and palliative care, while not new, have become focal issues in the health arena. The distinction between the two is often blurred. A number of initiatives have been used to educate and promote an understanding of palliative care. The aim of this study was to increase nursing staff awareness of palliative care in a Midwest Veterans Administration medical center through a variety of educational interventions and assess their impact. The focus was on the staff's understanding of palliative care, when it begins, and the nurse's role. Various educational resources were developed, including a traditional in-service session, a palliative care Web site, a set of pocket-sized reference cards, and a poster presentation. Preassessment and postassessment of the staff's understanding of the three key questions and items assessing the use and effectiveness of the educational resources were conducted. The findings demonstrate that most nurses define palliative care in the context of comfort and end-of-life. After the educational period, they recognized that palliative care begins with the diagnosis of a progressive chronic disease, and the nurse's role is primarily coordination, comfort, and advocacy. This evidence-based palliative care nursing study demonstrated that an educational program for nursing staff can increase awareness and understanding of palliative care.
Finance-growth Nexus in China: A Channel Decomposition Analysis

This study aims to reassess the finance-growth nexus debate in China, and consequently illustrate the channels through which financial development gives impact on China’s economic growth after 1978. Specifically, this study addresses two channels through which the effects operate, i.e., physical capital accumulation and productivity improvement. The study adopts an approach called channel decomposition which combines the conventional accounting framework and regression analysis. The empirical analysis, using a panel dataset of Chinese provinces between 1980 and 2004, argues that: (1) the relationship between financial development and economic growth in China tends to be a long-run one; (2) the direction of causality between financial development and economic growth has presumably run from the former to the latter in China; (3) the impacts induced by various measures of financial system exert on economic growth are different, and the channels through which they give impact on the growth are different as well; (4) the existence of inter-regional heterogeneity in the context of China’s finance-growth nexus tends to be sensitive to the selection of financial variables.