Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scour Countermeasures for Wing-Wall Abutments

An experimental study of scour countermeasures for wing-wall abutments under mobile-bed conditions is reported. The purpose of the study was to determine the required apron size to protect a wing-wall abutment from scour under mobile-bed conditions, for different flow depths, flow velocities, and apron placement level. Riprap and cable-tied block countermeasures were investigated. It was observed that scour at the abutment undermines the apron, causing the outer edge of the apron to settle. Scour at the abutment can be a combination of localized scour (i.e., contraction scour and local scour) and scour due to the troughs of the bed forms that migrate past the abutment, the latter being the focus of the study presented. As the flow depth and flow velocity are increased, the outer edge of the apron settles into the sand, to a depth proportional to the height of the bed forms developed in the flume. Localized scour may additionally influence the depth of settlement. When the apron width is increased, the depth to which the outer edge settles remains reasonably constant. When the apron is preburied below the average bed level, the settlement of the outer edge is less, but the depth of the outer edge of the apron below the average bed level is the same as for the corresponding apron placed on top of the bed. Riprap and cable-tied block aprons respond in different ways. Stones at the outer edge of riprap aprons tend to roll away from the abutment as they settle, pushing the erosion zone further away from the abutment. Conversely, because cable-tied block mats remain attached to the abutment, apron settlement allows the scour to occur closer to the abutment face. It is concluded that the scour at abutments under mobile-bed conditions is often governed by the size of the bed forms that pass the abutment. Therefore, the design of armored scour countermeasures for abutments under mobile-bed conditions should be based upon the largest expected bed forms, which can be predicted based on existing expressions, together with any effects of localized scour. This will enable the settlement of the outer edge of the apron to be determined, and the required apron width to be chosen, depending on the tolerable distance between the deepest scour and the abutment. An equation is given for prediction of the minimum width of apron remaining horizontal after erosion.
Kar-Reproductive Factors and Risk of Ovarian Cancer Reproduktive Faktoren und das Ovarialkarzinomrisiko

epi-Abstract ! Ovarian epithelial cancer (OEC) is the most lethal gynaecological malignancy and the sixth most common cancer among women in industrialised countries. This review summarises the current knowledge on the role of reproductive factors for the development of OEC. Recent studies have shown that OECs represent a diverse group of cancers. This is partly reflected in the results of epidemiological and clinical studies which have investigated the impact of various reproductive factors on the risk of developing OEC. Fewer ovu-latory cycles, parity and lactation were found to decrease the risk for OEC, whereas the association between infertility and ovarian cancer has not yet been fully elucidated and further investigation is required. None of the proposed hypotheses on the development of ovarian cancer fully explains the epidemiological and clinical findings of the association between reproductive factors and OEC development. Further research is warranted which would focus more on the clinical and ge-netic diversity of OECs to obtain a better understanding of the pathogenesis.
Quantifying seasonal export and retention of nutrients in West European lowland rivers at catchment scale

To set accurate critical values for the protection of lakes and coastal areas, it is crucial to know the seasonal variation of nutrient exports from rivers. This article presents an improved method for estimating export and in‐stream nutrient retention and its seasonal variation. For 13 lowland river catchments in Western Europe, inputs to surface water and exports were calculated on a monthly basis. The catchments varied in size (21 to 486 km2), while annual in‐stream retention ranged from 23 to 84% for N and 39 to 72% for P. A novel calculation method is presented that quantifies monthly exports from lowland rivers based on an annual load to the river system. Inputs in the calculation are annual emission to the surface waters, average monthly river discharge, average monthly water temperature and fraction of surface water area in the catchment. The method accounts for both seasonal variation of emission to the surface water and seasonal in‐stream retention. The agreement between calculated values and calibration data was high (N: r2 = 0·93; p < 0·001 and P: r2 = 0·81; p < 0·001). Validation of the model also showed good results with model efficiencies for the separate catchments ranging from 31 to 95% (average 76%). This indicates that exports of nitrogen and phosphorus on a monthly basis can be calculated with few input data for a range of West European lowland rivers. Further analysis showed that retention in summer is higher than that in winter, resulting in lower summer nutrient concentrations than that calculated with an average annual input. This implies that accurate evaluation of critical thresholds for eutrophication effects must account for seasonal variation in hydrology and nutrient loading. Our quantification method thus may improve the modelling of eutrophication effects in standing waters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late-Glacial Chronology and Glacio-Isostatic Recovery, Home Bay, East Baffin Island, Canada

Fossiliferous raised marine deposits occur around Home Bay, east Baffin Island, Northwest Territory. We developed a late-glacial chronology on the bases of 32 radiocarbon dates and morphostratigraphic evidence. In addition, the similarity of observed and predicted postglacial emergence curves enabled development of techniques that provided age estimates of marine limits throughout the area, and allowed construction of an isochron map for deglaciation. Retreat of the fiord glaciers was relatively rapid (average 27 m yr −1 ) between 10,000 and about 8000 B.P. Evidence for a major readvance of the glaciers about 8000 years ago includes moraines overlying marine clay, elevation of associated raised delta deposits relative to local marine limits, and a prominent and extensive moraine, the Ekalugad Moraine (new name). Related radiocarbon dates are similar in age to the Cockburn Moraine of Arctic Canada. Another moraine, dated about 6800 B.P., is of similar age to the Isortoq Moraine of west Baffin Island. Valley glaciers from the main interior ice sheets were still descending to near sea level only 4500 to 4000 years ago. Disappearance of the interior ice sheet west of Home Bay apparently coincided with, or at least preceded, the growth of the local mountain ice caps. Marine limit elevations are a function of distance from the continental shelf (a measure of ice thickness) and date of deglaciation; elevations, consequently, incline inland to the outer limit of the Ekalugad Moraine (from 40 m to a maximum of 91 m) and then decline inland, thus reflecting the slow deglaciation and the importance of restrained rebound. Isobases are oriented from 140° to 320°. Glacio-isostatic recovery has led to the warping of former marine planes. Maximum tilt on the oldest strandline (8600 years old) is 1.8m km −1 .
Primary myelo ﬁ brosis is not primary anymore since the discovery of MPL 515 and CALR mutations as driver causes of mono-linear megakaryocytic and dual megakaryocytic granulocytic myeloproliferation and secondary myelo ﬁ brosis

Primary myelofi brosis (PMF) is a distinct clinicopathological myeloproliferatve disease (MPD) not preceded by any other MPD ET, PV, CML, or MDS. With the advent of the MPL 515 , CALR and JAK2 V617F mutations as the driver causes of three variants of ET (thrombocythemias) the term ET is not essential and PMF is not primary anymore simple because myelofi brosis is a secondary event in all three molecular variants of thrombocythemia and PV. CALR-mutated hypercellular thrombocythemia and MPL 515 -mutated normocellular thrombocythemia are two novel distinct myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) disease entities without features of PV and complicated by splenomegaly and secondary myelofi brosis during life-long follow-up. The life expectancy of JAK2 V617F , MPL 515 and CALR mutated MPNs are related to allele burden, bone marrow cellularity and the degree of anemia, splenomegaly and myelofi brosis during life-long follow-up.
What Does It Mean to Be an “American”?

1 here is no country called America. We live in the United States of America, and we have appropriated the adjective "American" even though we can claim no exclusive title to it. Canadians and Mexicans are also Americans, but they have adjectives more obviously their own, and we have none. Words like "unitarian" and "unionist" won't do; our sense of ourselves is not captured by the mere fact of our union, however important that is. Nor will "statist," even "united statist," serve our purposes; a good many of the citizens of the United States are antistatist. Other countries, wrote the "American" political theorist Horace Kallen, get their names from the people, or from one of the peoples, who inhabit them. "The United States, on the other hand, has a peculiar anonymity. "1 It is a name that doesn't even pretend to tell us who lives here. Anybody can live here, and just about everybody doesmen and women from all the world's peoples. (The Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups begins with Acadians and Afghans and ends with Zoroastrians.2) It is peculiarly easy to become an American. The adjective provides no reliable information about the origins, histories, connections, or cultures of those whom it designates. What does it say, then, about their political allegiance?
Scientific Analysis of Variability and Time Series Trends of Observed Annual and Decadal Temperature over Northwestern Ethiopia Since 1987

: Climate variability and change are among the major environmental challenges of the 21st century. Climate change is a global concern as it severely affects the livelihoods of the world community in general and agricultural production and food security of the farming community in particular. This scientific analysis investigated the variability and time-series trends of observed temperature over the past periods. Dataset for statistical analysis were obtained from the National Meteorology Agency of Ethiopia and National Aeronautics and Space Administration. All statistical tests and analyses were conducted using Python 3.7. 4. A less variable annual minimum temperature was observed over the period with the lowest record of 16.341°C and a maximum-minimum temperature of 17.45°C. Increasing of annual and decadal average temperature was observed over the series of years within the range of 30 years.
Stratigraphy, paleomagnetism, and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of the Miocene Stanislaus Group, central Sierra Nevada and Sweetwater Mountains, California and Nevada

Paleomagnetism and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) reveal pyroclastic flow patterns, stratigraphic correlations, and tectonic rotations in the Miocene Stanislaus Group, an extensive volcanic sequence in the central Sierra Nevada, California, and in the Walker Lane of California and Nevada. The Stanislaus Group (Table Mountain Latite, Eureka Valley Tuff, and the Dardanelles Formation) is a useful stratigraphic marker for understanding the post–9-Ma major faulting of the easternmost Sierra Nevada, uplift of the mountain range, and transtensional tectonics within the central Walker Lane. The Table Mountain Latite has a distinctively shallow reversed-polarity direction (I = −26.1°, D = 163.1°, and α 95 = 2.7°) at sampling sites in the foothills and western slope of the Sierra Nevada. In ascending order, the Eureka Valley Tuff comprises the Tollhouse Flat Member (I = −62.8°, D = 159.9°, α 95 = 2.6°), By-Day Member (I = 52.4°, D = 8.6°, α 95 = 7.2°), and Upper Member (I = 27.9°, D = 358.0°, α 95 = 10.4°). The Dardanelles Formation has normal polarity. From the magnetization directions of the Eureka Valley Tuff in the central Walker Lane north of Mono Lake and in the Anchorite Hills, we infer clockwise, vertical-axis rotations of ∼10° to 26° to be a consequence of dextral shear. The AMS results from 19 sites generally show that the Eureka Valley Tuff flowed outward from its proposed source area, the Little Walker Caldera, although several indicators are transverse to radial flow. AMS-derived flow patterns are consistent with mapped channels in the Sierra Nevada and Walker Lane.
Geochemistry and chemostratigraphical correlation of slates, marbles and quartzites of the Appin Group, Argyll, Scotland

ABSTRACT Approximately 700 samples from five slate, three marble and five quartzite units have been analysed for 26 elements to determine the use of geochemistry in stratigraphic correlation. Statistical treatment of the data has established that for all the slates and marbles, and certain of the quartzites, geochemistry is a viable method of distinguishing units of similar lithology. The most useful elements for distinguishing the four main slate units are P, Cr. Zn, Cu and, to a lesser extent, Rb, Sr, Y, Nb, Ba, La and Ce. Sr may indicate climatic changes or variable organic activity. The three marble units were considered as three limestone and three dolostone types. Dolostones are distinguished by high insoluble residue contents and the elements that distinguish between the dolostones are heavily influenced by these. Limestones, however, have very large differences in Sr. SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, Cr, Mn, Cu, Rb, Sr, Y and Zr have been used in discrimint function analysis. These parameters are strongly controlled by the insoluble residue with Al2O3, K2O, Cr and Rb being correlated with shaley impurities and SiO2, TiO2 and Zr with sandy impurities. Sr, Pb, Y and Zn, and to a lesser extent S and Mn, appear to be associated with the carbonate fraction. The quartzites were found to be of three major types: (1) a very variable deltaic deposit (Appin Quartzite Formation), (2) marine bodies of immature quartz sands (Glen Coe and Eilde Quartzite formations) and (3) highly mature quartz sands (Binnein Quartzite Formation and northerly outcrops of the Glen Coe Quartzite Formation). It is possible to distinguish these three types on the basis of some trace elements (Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Ba, La, Ce) but it is not feasible to distinguish between the Glen Coe and Eilde quartzites purely on geochemistry. The Eilde Flags, an immature estuarine sandstone, has a geochemistry intermediate between that of the quartzites and the pelites, although with higher CaO, Zr and Ba than either.
Paleomagnetism and chronology of B-1 marginal sills of the Bushveld Complex from the eastern Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa

Abstract The Rustenburg Layered Suite (RLS) of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa is the largest mafic–ultramafic-layered complex on Earth. The RLS is associated with marginal sills that penetrate into the ~2.2 billion-year-old sedimentary strata of the Pretoria Group. These sills are in contact and share some geochemical similarities with different zones of RLS and are classified in terms of chemical composition, which suggests their derivation from distinct parental magma compositions (so-called B-1, B-2 and B-3 parental magmas). Existing paleomagnetic constraints for the Bushveld Complex originate from the upper Critical to Upper zones of the RLS, which are associated with B-2 and B-3 marginal sills. Geochemically, verified B-1 marginal intrusions are here used as a proxy for constraining the paleomagnetism and chronology of the Lower and lower Critical zones of the RLS. We identified a dual-polarity magnetic component with a paleopole (Latitude = 13.1°N, Longitude = 44.0°E, A95 = 14.3, N = 7) that is very similar to the established Bushveld Complex poles. We further report 2058.4 ± 1.3 Ma and 2058.1 ± 6 Ma U–Pb baddeleyite ages from B-1 sills that record opposite magnetic polarities. The ca. 2058 Ma ages are older than the 2054.89 ± 0.37 Ma age recently reported from throughout the RLS, but near identical to a previously reported ages of the Marginal Zone and from the upper Critical Zone. The ages could be interpreted as distinct pulses of magma emplacement separated in time by up to 4 million years (i.e., B-1 type magma pulse around ca. 2058 Ma and the B-2 and B-3 types magma pulses following closely on each other around ca. 2054 Ma), but is unlikely when petrological models are considered.
The Palaeoproterozoic anatomy of the Lewisian Complex, NW Scotland: evidence for two ‘Laxfordian’ tectonothermal cycles

A new structural examination of Palaeoproterozoic high-P granulites on South Harris, NW Scotland, when integrated with previous geochronological, structural and metamorphic studies on key areas of the Lewisian Complex, suggests the existence of two distinct tectonothermal cycles within the Palaeoproterozoic ‘Laxfordian Event’, which on South Harris are separated by a >100 myr hiatus in deformation. The older cycle, from c. 1.91 to 1.85 Ga, records the development of an active continental margin on the Archaean gneisses that dominate the Complex, and the subsequent onset of continent–continent collision; this represents the continuation of the Nagssugtoqidian orogen of Greenland. Evidence for this is concentrated in allochthonous slivers of the former active continental margin displaced during the younger cycle. The younger cycle, around 1.75–1.65 Ga, began with thrust-related crustal thickening that initiated regionally extensive amphibolite-facies metamorphism and ductile deformation, which dominates the preserved ‘Laxfordian’ deformation history. This may be the peripheral expression of the accretion of the Malin block to the SW of the Lewisian, and represents the lateral continuation of the Labradorian–Ketilidian orogen of North America. Supplementary Material: Additional figures are available at http://www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18863.
Improved Understanding of Permafrost Controls on Hydrology in Interior Alaska by Integration of Ground-Based Geophysical Permafrost Characterization and Numerical Modeling

Abstract : Permafrost and seasonal ground ice are key factors that control the routing of water above and below the land surface in interior Alaska; hence frozen ground affects water resources, ecosystem state, landscape evolution, and soil stability. Despite its hydrologic, ecologic, and geotechnical importance, the spatial distribution of permafrost and its relation to subsurface water flow remains poorly understood for many areas of interior Alaska largely due to its remoteness and inaccessibility. This study was aimed at improving the knowledge base by (1) developing a new numerical modeling tool for simulation of groundwater/permafrost interaction; (2) demonstrating and evaluating geophysical methods for mapping of permafrost distribution at several test sites; and (3) elucidating permafrost-controlled surface water/ groundwater exchanges using physics-based modeling to evaluate local settings that were characterized by field efforts and by evaluating larger scale interactions based on generic understanding of permafrost patterns based on geophysical and other data. This research has resulted in both basic-science and methodological advances. The hydrologic modeling tools and approaches and the geophysical methods and evaluation approaches developed here are readily transferrable to a wide range of issues related to permafrost characterization and dynamics affecting cold-region DoD installations and operations.
Database of Friction Angles of Sand and Consolidation Characteristics of Sand, Silt, and Clay

AbstractThe paper presents diagrams of the (1) drained and undrained effective stress friction angles of sand; (2) dilatancy angle of sand; (3) parameters in a nonlinear constrained modulus expression for virgin loading, unloading, and reloading on sand and silt; and (4) diagrams with the coefficient of permeability for sand, silt, and clay. The database parameters are suitable for preliminary assessments or applications when assumed parameters are acceptable. The database can also be helpful in planning and interpreting site-specific tests and in reducing the number of site-specific tests. For important projects the parameters should be determined by site-specific tests.
Timing, relations and cause of plutonic and volcanic activity of the Siluro-Devonian post-collision magmatic episode in the Grampian Terrane, Scotland

Abstract: Calc-alkaline magmatism in the Grampian Terrane started at c. 430 Ma, after subduction of the edge of continental Avalonia beneath Laurentia, and it then persisted for at least 22 Ma. Isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry U–Pb zircon dating yields 425.0 ± 0.7 Ma for the Lorn Lava Pile, 422.5 ± 0.5 Ma for Rannoch Moor Pluton, 419.6 ± 5.4 Ma for a fault-intrusion at Glencoe volcano, 417.9 ± 0.9 Ma for Clach Leathad Pluton in Glencoe, and, in the Etive Pluton, 414.9 ± 0.7 Ma for the Cruachan Intrusion and 408.0 ± 0.5 Ma for the Inner Starav Intrusion. The Etive Dyke Swarm was mostly emplaced during 418–414 Ma, forming part of the plumbing of a large volcano (≥2000 km3) that became intruded by the Etive Pluton and was subsequently removed by erosion. During the magmatism large volumes (thousands of km3) of high Ba–Sr andesite and dacite were erupted repeatedly, but were mostly removed by contemporaneous uplift and erosion. This volcanic counterpart to the ’Newer Granite' plutons has not previously been fully recognized. The intermediate magmas forming both plutons and volcanoes originated mainly by partial melting of heterogeneous mafic to intermediate lowermost crust that had high Ba–Sr derived from previous melting of large ion lithophile element (LILE)-enriched mantle, possibly at c. 1.8 Ga. This crustal recycling was induced by heat and volatiles from underplated small-degree melts of LILE- and light REE-enriched lithospheric mantle (appinite–lamprophyre magmas). The post-collision magmatism and uplift resulted from breakoff of subducted oceanic lithosphere and consequent rise of asthenosphere. Supplementary material: Geochronological methods, tabulated data and additional figures are available at http://www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18343.
Student Development in College: Theory, Research, and Practice. Jossey-Bass Higher and Adult Education Series.

Part One: Understanding and Using Student Development Theory. 1. Student Development as a Field of Study. 2. Using Student Development Theory. Part Two: Psychosocial and Identity Development Theories. 3. Chickering's Theory of Identity Development. 4. Josselson's Theory of Identity Development in Women. 5. Racial and Ethnic Identity Development. 6. Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Identity Development. 7. Schlossberg's Transition Theory. Part Three: Cognitive--Structural Theories. 8. Perry's Theory of Intellectual and Ethical Development. 9. Later Cognitive--Structural Theories. 10. Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development. 11. Gilligan's Theory of Woman's Moral Development. Part Four: Typology Theories . 12. Kolb's Theory of Experiential Learning. 13. Holland's Theory of Vocational Personalities and Environments. 14. The Myers--Briggs Adaptation of Jung's Theory of Personality Type. Part Five: Reflecting on Theory in Practice. 15. Using Theories in Combination. 16. Future Directions for Theory in Student Development Practice.