Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Macroeconomic Implications of Deficit Financing Under Present Bias

We examine how present bias affects deficit, inflation, and welfare in an economy where the deficit is funded by a seigniorage tax. In a hyperbolic discounting economy, reduced money holdings due to the desire for immediate consumption cause a decline in the sustainable deficit limit. To meet the targeted deficit, the government must raise seigniorage tax collection, especially with present bias. This results in increased inflation rates and higher welfare costs associated with the deficit for hyperbolic discounting individuals.
Deciding How Long to Test Software

Testing software before its release is an important stage of the software testing process. We propose a decision theoretic solution to the problem of deciding the optimal length of the testing period. We make use of a well-known error detection model and a sensible utility. Three testing plans are described: the single stage, the two stage and the next fixed time look ahead. A study to compare the performance of the plans shows the relative performance of each plan under a variety of assumptions about the quality of the software to be tested. All the plans are illustrated by using the well-known naval tactical data system data set.
Analysis of failure mechanisms in electrically stressed Au nanowires

An analysis of polycrystalline Au thin film interconnects of widths ranging from 850 to 25 nm, and lengths ranging from 1.0 μm to 20 nm which have been electrically stressed to the point of failure is presented. For the longer wires (widths 60–850 nm), the failure current density is typically found to be 1012 A m−2, essentially independent of the wire width, and then rapidly approaching zero for thinner wires. For the wider wires, failure occurs at the end towards the negative electrode; for narrow wires, failure tends to occur towards the center of the wire, as observed using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The mean time to failure for fixed current density is seen to decrease with decreasing wire width. The failure current density for a given wire width increases as the length decreases. An analysis of the temperature profile based on calculations of a simple model is presented which shows that this width-dependent behavior of narrow lines is not anticipated from the assumption.
Do our hands see what our eyes see? Investigating spatial and haptic abilities

Spatial abilities (SAs) are cognitive resources used to mentally manipulate representations of objects to solve problems. Haptic abilities (HAs) represent tactile interactions with real‐world objects transforming somatic information into mental representations. Both are proposed to be factors in anatomy education, yet relationships between SAs and HAs remain unknown. The objective of the current study was to explore SA–HA interactions. A haptic ability test (HAT) was developed based on the mental rotations test (MRT) with three‐dimensional (3D) objects. The HAT was undertaken in three sensory conditions: (1) sighted, (2) sighted with haptics, and (3) haptics. Participants (n = 22; 13 females, 9 males) completed the MRT and were categorized into high spatial abilities (HSAs) (n = 12, mean± standard deviation: 13.7 ± 3.0) and low spatial abilities (LSAs) (n = 10, 5.6 ± 2.0) based on score distributions about the overall mean. Each SA group's HAT scores were compared across the three sensory conditions. Spearman's correlation coefficients between MRT and HAT scores indicated a statistically significant correlation in sighted condition (r = 0.553, p = 0.015) but were not significant in the sighted with haptics (r = 0.0.078, p = 0.212) and haptics (r = 0.043, p = 0.279) conditions. These data suggest HAs appear unrelated to SAs. With haptic exploration, LSA HAT scores were compensated; comparing HSA with LSA: sighted with haptics [median (lower and upper quartiles): 12 (12,13) vs. 12 (11,13), p = 0.254], and haptics [12 (11,13) vs. 12 (10,12), p = 0.381] conditions. Migrations to online anatomy teaching may unwittingly remove important sensory modalities from the learner. Understanding learner behaviors and performance when haptic inputs are removed from the learning environment represents valuable insight informing future anatomy curriculum and resource development.
Numbers and Contraction-Values of Individual Motor-Units Examined in some Muscles of the Limb

“The muscle with its nerve may be thought of as an additive assemblage of motor-units, meaning by motor-unit an individual motor nerve-fibre with the bunch” [or “squad” (E. L. Porter, 1929 (1))]“ of muscle-fibres it activates. ” (2) The components of such a unit can claim sufficiently close and sufficiently analysed interrelation to warrant acceptance for many purposes as a single functional entity. In application to reflexes, the unit thus resulting favours brevity and directness of quantitative statement. Its correspondence with a so-to-say quantum reaction, which forms the basis, by combinations temporal and numerical, of all grading of the muscle as effector-organ, fits it for measuring that grading. It is, moreover, applicable centrally as well as peripherally, since the motor-units active number the motoneurones discharging. Such mensuration, the total of the pool of motoneurones being known, evaluates per se the given reaction in terms of the total potential reaction. 1. Contraction-Tension of the Individual Motor-Unit. In the following experiments it was therefore sought to find the physiological size of the motor-unit, i. e. , to measure its contraction-tension. The muscles examined (cat) have been gastrocnemius (median head) soleus, semitendinosus, extensor longus digitorum , and, less fully, tibialis anticus and crureus.
Specification and testing of multiplicative time-varying GARCH models with applications

ABSTRACT In this article, we develop a specification technique for building multiplicative time-varying GARCH models of Amado and Teräsvirta (2008, 2013). The variance is decomposed into an unconditional and a conditional component such that the unconditional variance component is allowed to evolve smoothly over time. This nonstationary component is defined as a linear combination of logistic transition functions with time as the transition variable. The appropriate number of transition functions is determined by a sequence of specification tests. For that purpose, a coherent modelling strategy based on statistical inference is presented. It is heavily dependent on Lagrange multiplier type misspecification tests. The tests are easily implemented as they are entirely based on auxiliary regressions. Finite-sample properties of the strategy and tests are examined by simulation. The modelling strategy is illustrated in practice with two real examples: an empirical application to daily exchange rate returns and another one to daily coffee futures returns.
Scattering of Polarized Laser Light by Water Droplet, Mixed-Phase and Ice Crystal Clouds. Part II: Angular Depolarizing and Multiple-Scattering Behavior.

Abstract Light scattering measurements obtained with a polar nephelometer in the planes of polarization both orthogonal and parallel to that of the linearly polarized laser source are used to investigate the angular depolarizing properties of artificial ice, water and mixed-phase clouds in Part II of this report. Although the generation of depolarized energy in water and ice clouds is shown to be accomplished by different scattering mechanisms, angular depolarization patterns for both cloud types display the tendency for linear depolarization ratios (δ, the ratio of orthogonal to parallel polarized signals) to increase with increasing scattering angle. For ice clouds, however, the δ values are typically an order of magnitude or more greater than the values for water clouds as a consequence of cloud particle shape effects. Angular depolarization measurements of mixed-phase clouds are shown to possess the potential for determining a measure of cloud ice-water balance by means of bistatic remote sensing obse.
Applications of Posmom in Quantum Chemistry

The context of this Thesis is a new approach to the electron correlation problem based on two ideas. The first idea states that the correlation energy can be approximated simply by a linear operator which contains information about both the position, r, and the momentum, p, of an electron, i.e. a phase-space operator. The second idea proposes the use of two-electron operators, as the electron correlation occurs between pairs of electrons. The combination of these two ideas gave birth to Intracule Function Theory, where intracules are two-electron distributions. To include position and momentum information, Intracule Functional Theory uses the Wigner distribution, a quasi -phase-space distribution, as a true phase-space distribution does not exist because of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. In this Thesis, we study two new phase-space variables, the one-particle Posmom variable, s = r · p, and the two-particle Posmom intracule variable, x = (r1 − r2) · (p1 − p2), and their respective distributions, the Posmom density S(s) and the Posmom intracule X(x). The one-particle Posmom variable s and its associated operator s are known in physics and have been used, for example, in the development of scattering theory. However, they have never been used in quantum chemistry and we present, for the first time, the quantum distribution S(s) for several relevant systems. The two-particle equivalent variable, x, has been introduced previously in Intracule Functional Theory and an intracule, based on the Wigner distribution, has been proposed; the Dot intracule D(x). Within Intracule Functional Theory, we use the Dot intracule to calculate the correlation energy of small atoms and molecules. Furthermore, we derive the exact two-particle Posmom operator x and its exact distribution X(x)
The Morphology of Hydrogen and of Other Tracers in the Galaxy

It has recently become clear that, among the constituents of the interstellar medium, atomic hydrogen is unique in its distribution. In particular, the galactic disk as defined by atomic hydrogen has a diameter fully twice as large as that defined by the ionized and molecular states of hydrogen, as well as by other molecules, supernova remnants, pulsars, . gamma. -radiation, and synchrotron radiation. The focus of this review is on the relative overall morphological characteristics of those constituents of the disk which can be observed along transgalactic paths. 13 figs., 153 refs. (GHT)
The group classification of a scalar stochastic differential equation

Lie point group classification of a scalar stochastic differential equation (SDE) with one-dimensional Brownian motion is presented. The admitted symmetry group can be zero, one, two or three dimensional. If an equation admits a three-dimensional symmetry group, it can be transformed into the equation of Brownian motion by a change of variables with non-random time transformation. Such equations can be integrated by quadratures. There are described drift coefficients for which SDEs with constant diffusion coefficients admit two- and three-dimensional symmetry groups.
Existence and uniqueness of solutions of boundary value problems for two dimensional systems of nonlinear differential equations

The paper considers the nonlinear system x'=f(t,x,y), y'=g(t, x, y) with linear and nonlinear two point boundary conditions. With a Lipschitz condition, an interval of uniqueness for linear boundary conditions is determined using a comparison theorem. A corresponding existence theorem is established. Under the assumption of uniqueness, a general existence theorem is established for quite general nonlinearities in the functions and in the boundary conditions. Examples are provided. The results extend previous work on second order scalar differential equations. Introduction. Questions of the existence and uniqueness of solutions of the two point boundary value problem (i.i) y"+f(t,y,y') = o, (1.2) yia) = A, (1.3) yib) = 77, where f(t, y, y') satisfies a Lipschitz condition, have a long history, going back to Picard [9], 1893. The problem is to determine, in terms of the Lipschitz constants, the best possible interval [a, b] on which there exists a unique solution of (1.1), (1.2), (1.3). Recent results and references on this problem can be found in [2], [3]. A second question of interest is, given that solutions of (1.1), (1.2), (1.3) are unique, i.e. given that there exists at most one solution, when does this imply that there exists at least one solution. The first results along this line are due to Lasota and Opial [6] and Jackson [3]. This paper investigates these two types of questions for the second order system (1-4) x'=f(t,x,y), y'=f2(t,x,y) subject to more general boundary conditions (1.5) gi(x(a), y(a)) = cu (1.6) g2(x(b),y(b)) = c2. Received by the editors March 10, 1969 and, in revised form, February 11, 1970. AMS 1970 subject classifications. Primary 34B15.
Immobilizing Low‐Cost Metal Nitrides in Electrochemically Reconstructed Platinum Group Metal (PGM)‐Free Oxy‐(Hydroxides) Surface for Exceptional OER Kinetics in Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis

A highly efficient and platinum group metal (PGM)‐free oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrode is developed by immobilizing Ni3N particles on the electrochemically reconstructed amorphous oxy‐hydroxides surface, resulting in a twofold higher industrial relevance current density of 1 A cmgeo−2 at an ultra‐small overpotential η(O2) of 271 mV, with a high turnover frequency of 2.53 s−1, high Faradic efficiency of 99.6 % and exceptional OER stability of 1000 h in continuous electrolysis. Such a unique amorphous‐crystalline interface with enriched active sites greatly facilitates electron transport and OER kinetics at the electrode‐electrolyte interface. Further, combined with an efficient PGM‐free cathode (MoNi4/MoO2@Ni), this electrode demonstrates a current density of 685 mA cmgeo−2 at 1.85 Vcell at 70 °C in an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE) operated with ultra‐pure water‐electrolyte. These findings highlight the design of highly‐efficient oxygen‐evolving catalysts and significant advancement in the practical implementation of AEMWEs for grid‐scale hydrogen production.
Molecular dynamics simulation of crack tip processes in alpha‐iron and copper

The intrinsic crack tip processes of either propagation by cleavage or blunting by the nucleation of dislocations from the nonlinearly stressed region at the crack tip have been simulated by a molecular dynamics approach in alpha‐iron and in copper, utilizing the Johnson and Morse potentials, respectively, and a new fixed stress boundary condition at the border between the inner discrete region and the outer anisotropic linear continuum. The simulations showed that alpha‐iron is inherently brittle, and fails by cleavage along a cube plane when the stress intensity factor reaches the critical Griffith value. No dislocations are nucleated in iron and even the development of restricted crack tip twinning in special orientations does not alter this intrinsic brittleness. In copper crack tip blunting at a level somewhat less than the Griffith stress intensity factor always prevented brittle crack growth by cleavage. Thus, copper is inherently ductile. Because it permitted the unhindered development of substant.
Biomarker Concentrations and Their Temporal Changes in Patients With Myocardial Infarction and Nonobstructive Compared With Obstructive Coronary Arteries: Results From the PLATO Trial

Background The pathobiology of myocardial infarction (MI) with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is often uncertain. Investigating biomarker concentrations and their changes may offer novel pathophysiological insights. Methods and Results In this post hoc study of the PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) trial, concentrations of hs‐cTnT (high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T), NT‐proBNP (N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide), hs‐CRP (high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein), and GDF‐15 (growth differentiation factor 15) were measured in patients with MINOCA at baseline (n=554) and at 1‐month follow‐up (n=107). For comparisons, biomarkers were also measured in patients with MI with obstructive (stenosis ≥50%) coronary artery disease (baseline: n=11 106; follow‐up: n=2755]). Adjusted linear regression models were used to compare concentrations and their short‐ and long‐term changes. The adjusted geometric mean ratios (GMRs) in patients with MINOCA (median age, 61 years; 50.4% women) indicated lower hs‐cTnT (GMR, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.68–0.88]) but higher hs‐CRP (GMR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.08–1.37]) and GDF‐15 concentrations (GMR, 1.06 [95% CI, 1.02–1.11]) at baseline compared with patients with MI with obstructive coronary artery disease, whereas NT‐proBNP concentrations were similar. Temporal decreases in hs‐cTnT, NT‐proBNP, and hs‐CRP concentrations until 1‐month follow‐up were more pronounced in patients with MINOCA. At follow‐up, patients with MINOCA had lower concentrations of hs‐cTnT (GMR, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.60–0.84]), NT‐proBNP (GMR, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.36–0.56]), and hs‐CRP (GMR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.53–0.86]). One‐month GDF‐15 concentrations were similar between both groups with MI. Conclusions Biomarker concentrations suggest greater initial inflammatory activity, similar degree of myocardial dysfunction, and less pronounced myocardial injury during the acute phase of MINOCA compared with MI with obstructive coronary artery disease but also faster myocardial recovery. Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials. gov; Unique identifier: NCT00391872.
Drivers of contemporary lacustrine fish species richness in the glacial Lake Agassiz basin

Biological communities are the result of a stepwise spatiotemporal filtering process, driven by large‐scale historical and local contemporary determinants. The biogeographical pattern and species richness of North American fishes are predominantly determined by historical processes of past glaciations and postglacial dispersal and by contemporary environmental and ecological processes. We evaluated the effects of postglacial dispersal through glacial Lake Agassiz and habitat heterogeneity, represented by lake surface area, on contemporary freshwater fish species richness patterns of northwestern Ontario lakes.
The Solar Eruption of 2005 May 13 and Its Effects: Long-Baseline Interplanetary Scintillation Observations of the Earth-Directed Coronal Mass Ejection

Long-baseline observations of interplanetary scintillation (IPS) provide a unique source of information on solar wind speed and meridional direction across the inner regions of the solar system. We report the results of a series of coordinated IPS observations of an Earth-directed CME. A significant development in the interpretation of these data is the use of 3D tomographic reconstructions of solar wind structure derived from STELab IPS data to better constrain the analysis of extremely long baseline observations from EISCAT and MERLIN. The combination of these two approaches leads to a significantly better understanding of the interaction of the CME with the background solar wind than would be possible with either technique alone, revealing a significant rotation in the meridional flow direction of the background wind associated with the passage of the CME. The CME itself is decelerated significantly between its emergence through the corona and its arrival in the IPS ray path, with comparatively little change in speed from then until arrival at ACE.
Improvement of growth, yield and nutritional status of maize (Zea mays L.) through X-ray bombardment of seed

Crop improvement faces a lot of challenges ranging from genetic effects of seeds to environmental factors, among others. Therefore, certified hybrid seeds of maize (Oba super II), were exposed to three different doses of X-ray radiation: 3 MGy, 6 MGy, 9 MGy and a control, no exposure (0 MGy) to assess the effect of irradiation on growth performance, grain yield and nutritional status of maize. The field research was conducted in 2016 cropping season at Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike (latitude 05º 29'N; longitude 07º 33'E; altitude 122 masl), southeast Nigeria. The experiment was laid down in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results indicated that X-ray irradiation significantly affected growth, yield and nutritional status of maize. The application of 6 MGy of X-ray dose gave the longest cob, highest 100-seed weight and grain yield (4,973.00 kg ha-1 ) as well as nutritional values of the crop such as b-carotene, vitamin C, protein and phosphorus relative to the other treatments suggesting a possible genetic synergy from the dosage level. Correlation showed that above ground dry matter, crop growth rate and absolute growth rate had positive and significant (P≤0.05) relationships with grain yield. The mean sequence of grain yield obtained from maize due to X-ray bombardment of the seeds before planting was in the order: 6 MGy X-ray irradiation>9 MGy X-ray irradiation>3 MGy X-ray irradiation>0 MGy X-ray irradiation. The implications of these results can lead to further improvement of maize varieties in southeast Nigeria.
Multilayer metal–dielectric planar waveguides for subwavelength guiding of long-range hybrid plasmon polaritons at 1550 nm

The characteristics of long-range hybrid plasmonic modes guided by multilayer metal–dielectric planar waveguides are investigated at the telecom wavelength. These multilayer structures are formed by sandwiching thin metallic stripes into horizontal silicon slot-like waveguides. Comprehensive numerical studies regarding the geometric parameters’ effects on the modal properties reveal that, by properly choosing the dimensions of the metal stripe and the low-index gaps between the stripe and the silicon layers, the symmetric hybrid modes supported by the structures could feature simultaneously ultra-long propagation distance (several centimeters) and subwavelength mode size. Consideration of possible fabrication imperfections shows that the optical performances of the waveguides are quite robust and highly tolerant to these errors. The presented multilayer plasmonic structures greatly extend the capabilities of conventional long-range surface plasmon polariton waveguides by successfully confining light into a subwavelength scale while maintaining the key advantage of enabling ultra-low-loss propagation, which could facilitate potential applications in ultra-long-range plasmon waveguiding and realizations of compact, high-performance photonic components, as well as building optically integrated circuits with complex functionalities.