Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DEMOCRACY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA: A FRIEND OR FOE?

DOI No: 10.36713/epra6811 Article DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra6811 The study assessed the impact of democracy on economic development in Africa from 1996 to 2017 for a panel study of 50 African countries. The study employed panel methodologies such as panel stepwise regression, generalized linear model, and Arellano-Bond dynamic panel data GMM (two-step) and censored Tobit regression methods for its robustness inference. The study found a negative and strong statistically significant relationship between democracy and economic development in Africa. Whereas the rule of law negatively relates to economic growth and voice and accountability also relates at a statistical significance level of 1% across all the methods used for the data analysis. İn the wake to achieve higher economic development, one variable critically showed promising thus human development index. The human development index encompasses a composite measure of life expectancy at birth, per capita income indicators, and level of education in every country.
FOOD HABITS OF GREAT HORNED OWLS (BUBO VIRGINIANUS) IN THE BREEDING SEASON IN LAMI BIOLOGICAL RESERVE, SOUTHERN BRAZIL

The Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) is widely distributed, occurring from northern Canada to southern South America (except Argentine Patagonia and Chile) (del Hoyo et al. 1999). Its feeding ecology has been intensively documented in North America, including studies carried out at several sites from Mexico to Alaska (e.g., Marti 1974, McInvaille & Keith 1974, Rudolph 1978, Weir & Hanson 1989, Llinas-Gutiérrez et al. 1991, Bosakowski & Smith 1992, Marti & Kochert 1996, Zimmermann et al. 1996, Murphy 1997). However, it remains unknown in a broad area of its geographical distribution, including Central and South America. We report the food habits of a pair of Great Horned Owls and their two young in the Lami Biological Reserve, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. In October 2001, we found a Great Horned Owl nest on branches of a fig tree (Ficus organensis) in a dry forest patch surrounded by wetlands. This owl species has been classified as rare in Rio Grande do Sul (Belton 2000), probably because of a lack of information, and this is the first record for the Great Horned Owl in the Lami Biological Reserve. The reserve (30o15’S, 51o05’W – 179.78 ha) encompasses a mosaic of wetlands (grasslands and swamps, 64% of the study area), sandy coastal plain vegetation (“restinga”, 36%), and water bodies, including a stream and a large lake that surrounds 60% of the reserve’s perimeter. We collected regurgitated pellets and prey remains discarded before prey ingestion and derived from degradation of old pellets at seven field expeditions (one-two days each) from October 2001 to February 2002, within a 10-m radius under the nest and roosts used by the owls. We attempted to identify prey items to species, with reference collections (Museu de Ciências Naturais/Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul – MCN/ FZBRS and Museu de Ciência e Tecnologia/ Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul – MCT/PUCRS) and special-
Coalescent-based species delimitation meets deep learning: Insights from a highly 1 fragmented cactus system 2

- Delimiting species boundaries is a major goal in evolutionary biology. An 20 increasing body of literature has focused on the challenges of investigating cryptic diversity 21 within complex evolutionary scenarios of speciation, including gene flow and demographic 22 fluctuations. New methods based on model selection, such as approximate Bayesian 23 computation, approximate likelihood
MECHANICALLY AND ELECTRICALLY EVOKED SOMATOSENSORY POTENTIALS IN HUMANS: SCALP AND NECK DISTRIBUTIONS OF SHORT LATENCY COMPONENTS H. PRATT ~ and A. STARR

Short latency electrically evoked somatosensory potentials have been described by various investigators, and in some of the studies non-cephalic references were used (Cracco and Cracco 1976; Jones 1977; Kritchevsky and Wiederholt 1978). The surface distribution studies were limited to detailed examination of the short latency components occurring in the nuchal region (e.g., Jones 1977); scalp recording sites were few. The scalp distribution of longer latency components of the sorfmtosensory evoked potentials has been studied (Goff et al. 1977) but the cephalic reference which was used complicates the interpretat ion of the origin of farfield recorded components . Recently we have described short latency mechanically evoked potentials (Pratt et al. 1979a) and compared them with electrically evoked somatosensory potentials (Pratt et al. 1979b). In our previous studies both of the electrodes in the differential configuration were cephalic (or nuchal) and thus the distribut ion of components was difficult to assess because of possible superimposition of constituents in the wave forms recorded. The purpose of this study was to define the neck and scalp surface distribution of short
Fear of Coronavirus, Stress and Fear of Childbirth in Polish Pregnant Women During SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic

Background: COVID-19 pandemic is the largest pandemic of aggressive coronavirus in the human population in the 21st century. The pandemic may have a negative emotional impact on pregnant women, causing fear and stress. Negative feelings during pregnancy affect the later fear of childbirth. Objective: Out study aimed to determine the relationship between fear of COVID-19, stress and fear of childbirth. We assume that fear of COVID-19 will be a mediator of the relationship between perceived stress and fear of childbirth. Methods: 262 Polish pregnant women participated in this study. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FOC-6), and Labour Anxiety Questionnaire (KLP II) were used in the study. Results: There was a statistically significant, moderate, and positive relationship between perceived stress, fear of COVID-19, and fear of childbirth. Fear of COVID-19 was a statistically significant mediator in the relationship between perceived stress and fear of childbirth Conclusions: The COVID-19 epidemic may have a negative emotional impact on pregnant women, causing fear, stress, and increased fear of childbirth. Childbirth during the COVID-19 pandemic is perceived by women as a threat to their well-being and health. Therefore, it is especially important to support a woman in the perinatal period and to enable her to give birth to a companion.
Deep Learning Classification Methods Applied to Tabular Cybersecurity Benchmarks

This research recasts the network attack dataset from UNSW-NB15 as an intrusion detection problem in image space. Using one-hot-encodings, the resulting grayscale thumbnails provide a quarter-million examples for deep learning algorithms. Applying the MobileNetV2’s convolutional neural network architecture, the work demonstrates a 97% accuracy in distinguishing normal and attack traffic. Further class refinements to 9 individual attack families (exploits, worms, shellcodes) show an overall 54% accuracy. Using feature importance rank, a random forest solution on subsets shows the most important source-destination factors and the least important ones as mainly obscure protocols. It further extends the image classification problem to other cybersecurity benchmarks such as malware signatures extracted from binary headers, with an 80% overall accuracy to detect computer viruses as portable executable files (headers only). Both novel image datasets are available to the research community on Kaggle.
The Growing Importance of Decision-Making on the Job

Machines increasingly replace people in routine job tasks. The remaining tasks require workers to make open-ended decisions and to have “soft” skills such as problem-solving, critical thinking and adaptability. This paper documents growing demand for decision-making and explores the consequences for life-cycle earnings. Career earnings growth in the U.S. more than doubled between 1960 and 2017, and the age of peak earnings increased from the late 30s to the mid-50s. I show that a substantial share of this shift is explained by increased employment in decision-intensive occupations, which have longer and more gradual periods of earnings growth. To understand these patterns, I develop a model that nests decision-making in a standard human capital framework. Workers predict the output of uncertain, context-dependent actions. Experience reduces prediction error, improving a worker’s ability to adapt using data from similar decisions they have made in the past. Experience takes longer to accumulate in high variance, non-routine jobs. I test the predictions of the model using data from the three waves of the NLS. Life-cycle wage growth in decision-intensive occupations has increased over time, and it has increased relatively more for highly-skilled workers.
invA Gene to Detect Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium Supported by Serum Anti-Salmonella Antibodies and Protein Profiles for Chicken Carcass Isolates

HANY m. YEHIA (  hanyehia@ksu.edu.sa ) King Saud University College of Food and Agricultural Sciences https://orcid.org/0000-0002-14349276 Manal Fawzy Elkhadragy Princess Noura Bint AbdulRahman University Abdulrahman Abdulrahman Al-masoud1 King Saud University College of Food and Agricultural Sciences Mosffer M. Al-Dagal1 M. Al-Dagal King Saud University College of Food and Agricultural Sciences
Social Norm Formation: The Role of Esteem

Norms play an important role in shaping behavior, but our understanding of norm formation is incomplete. This paper views norms as shared values. In the model, players choose values, motivated by economic considerations and, crucially, also by the desire for esteem. The comparative statics are driven by the following tension: players obtain more esteem from peers if they conform; but they may obtain more self-esteem if they di¤erentiate. This tension explains why, for instance, peer e¤ects are sometimes positive and sometimes negative. We discuss three illustrations, related to: schools, inner cities, and organizational “resistance. ” (JEL: Z13, J01.) University of Warwick, r.akerlof@warwick.ac. uk. I would like to thank George Akerlof, Robert Gibbons, Rachel Kranton, Laurence Kotliko¤, and seminar participants at the University of Warwick and the University of Munich for their suggestions and support.
Reverse Dutch disease with trade costs: Prospects for agriculture in Africa's oil-rich economies

Low world oil prices since 2014 are stimulating tradable sectors in oil-exporting countries. I use a three-location open economy model to investigate the prospects for reverse Dutch disease in African countries with a comparative advantage in agriculture but large internal and external trade costs. While falling resource revenues lead factors of production to shift into agriculture, remote farmers can lose when trade costs make agricultural goods behave like non-tradables. Household survey data from Nigeria show a significant agricultural supply response that is correlated with exposure to international markets. Lowering trade costs and boosting agricultural productivity can help offset the lost income from oil.
Adoption of new technologies: A study with non-users of the CPF issuance request system on the internet, with emphasis on sociodemographic aspects

tecnologias. Teve como base teórica a Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) . O estudo quantitativo descritivo obteve amostra de 383 clientes dos Correios. A consistência interna do instrumento foi aferida pelo Alpha de Cronbach, foram analisadas correlações de Pearson e Spearman entre variáveis, além de testes: T de Student, ANOVA e Qui-quadrado. Concluiu-se que há uma complexidade para atender necessidades do usuário dadas as características demográficas existentes no Brasil. O estudo recomenda ações para o desenvolvimento de plataformas mais intuitivas, para incrementar a difusão da plataforma digital
Embedding-Assisted Entity Resolution for Knowledge Graphs

Entity Resolution (ER) is a main task for integrating diﬀer-ent knowledge graphs in order to identify entities referring to the same real-world object. A promising approach is the use of graph embeddings for ER in order to determine the similarity of entities based on the similarity of their graph neighborhood. Previous work has shown that the use of graph embeddings alone is not suﬃcient to achieve high ER quality. We therefore propose a more comprehensive ER approach for knowledge graphs called EAGER ( E mbedding-A ssisted Knowledge G raph E ntity R esolution) to ﬂexibly utilize both the similarity of graph embeddings and attribute values within a supervised machine learning approach and that can perform ER for multiple entity types at the same time. Furthermore, we comprehensively evaluate our approach on 19 benchmark datasets with diﬀerently sized and structured knowledge graphs and use hypothesis tests to ensure statistical signiﬁcance of our results. We also compare our approach with state-of-the-art ER solutions, where EAGER yields competitive results for shallow knowledge graphs but much better results for deeper knowledge graphs.
C A ] 1 4 D ec 2 02 0 A Differential Analogue of Favard ’ s Theorem

Favard’s theorem characterizes bases of functions {? =}=∈Z+ for which G? = (G) is a linear combination of ? =−1 (G), ? = (G), and ? =+1 (G) for all = ≥ 0 with ? 0 ≡ 1 (and ? −1 ≡ 0 by convention). In this paper we explore the differential analogue of this theorem, that is, bases of functions {i=}=∈Z+ for which i′ = (G) is a linear combination of i=−1 (G), i= (G), and i=+1 (G) for all = ≥ 0 with i0 (G) given (and i−1 ≡ 0 by convention). We answer questions about orthogonality and completeness of such functions, provide characterisation results, and also, of course, give plenty of examples and list challenges for further research. Motivation for this work originated in the numerical solution of differential equations, in particular spectral methods which give rise to highly structured matrices and stable-by-design methods for partial differential equations of evolution. However, we believe this theory to be of interest in its own right, due to the interesting links between orthogonal polynomials, Fourier analysis and Paley–Wiener spaces, and the resulting identities between different families of special functions.
Synthesis and characterization of polymer-based coatings mod-2 ified with bioactive ceramic and bovine serum albumin 3

The paper involved the synthesis of hydroxyapatite and describes the preparation and 13 characterization of polymer coatings based on poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and poly(ethylene 14 glycol) and modified with bovine serum albumin and hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite was ob15 tained by wet chemical synthesis and characterized by X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy, and 16 its Ca/P molar ratio was determined (1.69±0.08). The ceramic and bovine serum albumin were used 17 in the preparation of composite materials with the polymeric matrix. The chemical composition of 18 coatings was characterized with FTIR spectroscopy and their morphology was recorded with SEM 19 imaging. Moreover, the measurements of surface roughness parameters and stereometric research 20 were performed. The prepared coatings were subjected to in vitro studies in simulated body fluid 21 and artificial saliva. Changes in chemical composition and morphology after immersion were ex22 amined with FTIR spectroscopy and SEM imaging. Based on the conducted research it can be stated 23 that applied modifiers promote the biomineralization process. The roughness analysis confirmed 24 prepared materials were characterized by the micrometer-scale topography. The materials morphol25 ogy and roughness, as well as the morphology of the newly-formed apatite deposit, are dependent 26 on the type of the used modifier, as well as on the artificial fluid used in in vitro studies. 27
J un 2 01 1 Future Boundary Conditions in De Sitter Space

We consider asymptotically future de Sitter spacetimes endowed with an eternal observatory. In the conventional descriptions, the conformal metric at the future boundary I+ is deformed by the flux of gravitational radiation. We however impose an unconventional future “Dirichlet” boundary condition requiring that the conformal metric is flat everywhere except at the conformal point where the observatory arrives at I+. This boundary condition violates conventional causality, but we argue the causality violations cannot be detected by any experiment in the observatory. We show that the bulk-to-bulk two-point functions obeying this future boundary condition are not realizable as operator correlation functions in any de Sitter invariant vacuum, but they do agree with those obtained by double analytic continuation from anti-de Sitter space.
Reply : We do not think this makes sense

The relative contribution of variations in meteorological and aerosol initial and boundary conditions to the variability in modelled cloud properties are investigated with a high-resolution ensemble (30 members). In the investigated case, moderately deep convection develops along sea-breeze convergence zones over the southwestern peninsula of the UK. A detailed analysis of the mechanism of aerosol-cloud interactions in this case has been presented in the first part of this study (Miltenberger et al., 2018). 5 The meteorological ensemble (10 members) varies by about a factor of 2 in boundary layer moisture convergence, surface precipitation, and cloud fraction, while aerosol number concentrations are varied by a factor of 100 between the three considered aerosol scenarios. If ensemble members are paired according to the meteorological initial and boundary conditions, aerosol-induced changes are consistent across the ensemble. Aerosol-induced changes in CDNC, cloud fraction, cell number and size, outgoing shortwave radiation, instantaneous and mean precipitation rates, and precipitation efficiency are statistically 10 significant at the 5 % level, but changes in cloud top height or condensate gain are not. In contrast, if ensemble members are not paired according to meteorological conditions, aerosol-induced changes are statistically significant only for CDNC, cell number and size, outgoing shortwave radiation, and precipitation efficiency. The significance of aerosol-induced changes depends on the aerosol scenarios compared, i.e. an increase or decrease relative to the standard scenario. A simple statistical analysis of the results suggests that a large number of realisations (typically > 100) of meteorological 15 conditions within the uncertainty of a single day are required for retrieving robust aerosol signals in most cloud properties. Only for CDNC and shortwave radiation small samples are sufficient. While the results are strictly only valid for the investigated case, the presented evidence combined with previous studies highlights the necessity for careful consideration of intrinsic predictability, meteorological conditions, and co-variability between aerosol and meteorological conditions in observational or modelling studies on aerosol indirect effects. 20 Copyright statement. The works published in this journal are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. This licence does not affect the Crown copyright work, which is reusable under the Open Government Licence (OGL). The Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License and the OGL are interoperable and do not conflict with, reduce, or limit each other.
Zonal Wave 3 Pattern in the Southern Hemisphere 1 generated by tropical convection 2 3 4

17 18 A distinctive feature of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) extratropical atmospheric circulation 19 is the quasi-stationary zonal wave 3 (ZW3) pattern, characterized by three high and three 20 low-pressure centers around the SH extratropics. This feature is present in both the mean 21 atmospheric circulation and its variability on daily, seasonal and interannual timescales. 22 While the ZW3 pattern has significant impacts on meridional heat transport and Antarctic 23 sea ice extent, the reason for its existence remains uncertain, although it has long been 24 assumed to be linked to the existence of three major land masses in the SH extratropics. 25 Here we use an atmospheric general circulation model to show that the stationery ZW3 26 pattern is instead driven by zonal asymmetric deep atmospheric convection in the tropics, 27 with little to no role played by the orography or land masses in the extratropics. Localized 28 regions of deep convection in the tropics form a local Hadley cell which in turn creates a 29 wave source in the subtropics that excites a poleward and eastward propagating wave train 30 which forms stationary waves in the SH high latitudes. Our findings suggest that changes in 31 tropical deep convection, either due to natural variability or climate change, will impact the 32 zonal wave 3 pattern, with implications for Southern Hemisphere climate, ocean circulation, 33 and sea-ice. 34 35 Introduction 36 The quasi-stationary ZW3 pattern is a prominent feature in the SH extratropical circulation, 37 with significant impacts on Antarctic sea-ice1,2, meridional heat and momentum transport3 38 and CO2 uptake4. The ZW3 pattern is evident in the time mean but exhibits seasonal 39 variations in location and significant variability in both amplitude and phase at sub-monthly to 40 monthly timescales5,6. ZW3 exhibits a quasi-stationary pattern with small longitudinal 41 movement (between 15-25 degrees) between austral autumn and austral winter3. Previous 42 studies have suggested that the quasi-stationary ZW3 pattern evident in the time-mean 43 circulation in the SH extratropics is linked to the land-ocean distribution in the SH mid44 latitudes, in particular, the presence of three separated land masses and three ocean 45 basins2,3,7–10. This conjecture seems plausible given the presence of the annual mean ZW3 46 surface pressure ridges on or near the southern flank of the three continents and troughs in 47 the three ocean basins between them3,7. However, a similar stationary ZW3 pattern is also 48 present in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropics11, where there is no obvious threefold 49 symmetry in the land-ocean distribution. Therefore, the mechanisms responsible for the 50 generation of this stationary ZW3 pattern in the SH extratropics require further examination. 51
Title Empirical Likelihood Incorporating the Existence Probability ( New Developments in Statistical Model )

Empirical likelihood is an effective nonparametric method for statistical inference, having several good properties from both theoretical and practical aspects. One serious problem of empirical likelihood is that its confidence regions can have poor accuracy, especially when the sample size is small, the parameter is multidimensional, and/or the underlying distribution is skewed. Importantly, the fact that the "probability that the empirical likelihood ratio function exists" (hereinafter, referred to as "existence probability") is always lower than 1 isa strong contributor to such poor accuracy. In this paper, we develop a new approach to improvements in coverage accuracy of empirical likelihood inference by incorporating the existence probability into the inference. It is demonstrated in simulation studies how accurate our methods are; they may work well even in small sainple, multidimensional, highly skewed situations.
Exploring RoBERTa’s theory of mind through textual entailment

Within psychology, philosophy, and cognitive science, theory of mind refers to the cognitive ability to reason about the mental states of other people, thus recognizing them as having beliefs, knowledge, intentions and emotions of their own. In this project, we construct a natural language inference (NLD) dataset that tests the ability of a state of the art language model, RoBERTa-large finetuned on the MNLI dataset, to make theory of mind inferences related to knowledge and belief. Experimental results suggest that the model struggles with such inferences, including after attempts for further finetuning