Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigating the effects of long-term application of compost-like output on wheat yield and N, P and K in kernel and soil under planting

In order to investigate the effects of application of 3 and 5 consecutive periods of Compost-Like Output (CLO) on yield and concentration of N, P, K in kernel wheat and soil under planting, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in split plot based on a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications in 2009. The main plot was six fertilizer levels including: control (without CLO and chemical fertilizer), Chemical Fertilizer (CF) based on soil test, 4 levels of CLO (20 and 40 t/ha without and with half of CF) and sub-plot was applying 3 and 5 continuous periods. The results showed that application of CLO significantly increased yield amendment and concentration of macro-nutrient in grain wheat and soil. Also, regarding the periods of application, it was observed that the application of CLO in five consecutive periods was more effective compared with three consecutive periods. The maximum and minimum amount of N, P kernel and soil after harvesting and number of kernel in spike were produced with application of 40 t/ha CLO with half of CF and control, respectively. The highest amount of 1000- kernel weight was observed in 40 t/ha of CLO treatment.The maximum grain yield was obtained with the application of 5 consecutive periods of 40 t/ha CLO with half of CF. Furthermore, it was observed that between CLO treatments, there was no significant difference in the concentration of k in kernel. Key words: Consecutive periods, compost-like output, soil, wheat, yield.
Sleep Spindles Preferentially Consolidate Weakly Encoded Memories

Sleep has been shown to be critical for memory consolidation, with some research suggesting that certain memories are prioritized for consolidation. Initial strength of a memory appears to be an important boundary condition in determining which memories are consolidated during sleep. However, the role of consolidation-mediating oscillations, such as sleep spindles and slow oscillations, in this preferential consolidation has not been explored. Here, 54 human participants (76% female) studied pairs of words to three distinct encoding strengths, with recall being tested immediately following learning and again 6 h later. Thirty-six had a 2 h nap opportunity following learning, while the remaining 18 remained awake throughout. Results showed that, across 6 h awake, weakly encoded memories deteriorated the fastest. In the nap group, however, this effect was attenuated, with forgetting rates equivalent across encoding strengths. Within the nap group, consolidation of weakly encoded items was associated with fast sleep spindle density during non-rapid eye movement sleep. Moreover, sleep spindles that were coupled to slow oscillations predicted the consolidation of weak memories independently of uncoupled sleep spindles. These relationships were unique to weakly encoded items, with spindles not correlating with memory for intermediate or strong items. This suggests that sleep spindles facilitate memory consolidation, guided in part by memory strength. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Given the countless pieces of information we encode each day, how does the brain select which memories to commit to long-term storage? Sleep is known to aid in memory consolidation, and it appears that certain memories are prioritized to receive this benefit. Here, we found that, compared with staying awake, sleep was associated with better memory for weakly encoded information. This suggests that sleep helps attenuate the forgetting of weak memory traces. Fast sleep spindles, a hallmark oscillation of non-rapid eye movement sleep, mediate consolidation processes. We extend this to show that fast spindles were uniquely associated with the consolidation of weakly encoded memories. This provides new evidence for preferential sleep-based consolidation and elucidates a physiological correlate of this benefit.
Entstehung und Gestalt von Korrosionslöchern bei Lochfraß an Eisen und theoretische Folgerungen zur Lochfraßkorrosion

Es werden Untersuchungen über die Bildung kleiner Korrosionslöcher von etwa 1 bis 50 μ Durchmesser an Eisen unter der Wirkung von Chlorid‐ und Sulfationen im Phthalatpuffer (pH = 5) durchgeführt. Eine erhöhte Lochkeimbildung wird an mechanisch und durch Potentialänderung elektrisch gestörten Passivschichten beobachtet. Die Lochkeimbildung wird durch ein mechanisches Aufreißen der Passivschicht unter Bildung von porenfreien Salzdeckschichten (auch Chemisorptionsschichten) in den Löchern gedeutet. Ein Transport der aggressiven Ionen durch die Schicht kann ausgeschlossen werden. Die Gestalt auch sehr kleiner Korrosionslöcher (2 μ Durchmesser) wird mit dem Elektronenrastermikroskop ermittelt. Es werden polygonale globulistische Lochformen gefunden, die nur im Falle von Sulfat bei größeren Löchern (>3 μ Durchmesser) eine Halbkugelform annehmen. Es werden gut ausgebildete (100)‐ und (110)‐Flächen beobachtet. Die Schärfe des Lochrandes wird elektronenmikroskopisch zu besser als 100 Å ermittelt. Das bedeutet, daß die beobachteten Korrosionsstromdichten von einigen A/cm2 im Loch auf Bruchteile von μA/cm2 auf der passiven Eisenoberfläche im Bereich eines Oberflächenabstandes von weniger als 100 Å abfallen. Ohmsche Spannungsabfälle bzw. Konzentrationsänderungen über diese Entfernungen können nicht größer als 2 μ V bzw. 5 · 10−4 mol/1 sein.Der Konzentrations‐ und Spannungsabfall im Elektrolyten kleiner Löcher (2 μ Durchmesser) werden auf Grund der experimentellen Korrosionsstromdichten abgeschätzt. Es ergibt sich eine Anreicherung von 0,9 m Fe2+ und eine pH‐Verschiebung von + 0,8. Beides kann nicht zu einer Konzentrationsfällung führen. Der Potentialabfall im Lochelektrolyten ergibt sich unabhängig vom Lochdurchmesser und der Korrosionsstromdichte zu etwa 18 mV, zusätzlich 30 mV außerhalb des Loches. In sulfathaltigen Lösungen sind die angeführten Effekte noch wesentlich kleiner. Eine Mitwirkung von Diffusionseffekten und Potentialverschiebungen bei der Lochfraßkorrosion, wie es in den meisten bestehenden Theorien zur Lochfraßkorrosion angenommen wird, ist deshalb abzulehnen. Diese Effekte kommen als Ursache der Lochfraßkorrosion nicht in Frage und wirken sich nur als Komplikation erst bei größeren Löchern (> 50 μ Durchmesser) aus.
Diel and depth variations in dissolved free amino acids and ammonium in the Baltic Sea determined by shipboard HPLC analysis1

A precolumn fluorimetric labeling method was tested for shipboard HPLC analysis of dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) in natural waters. No sample preparation is required and all naturally occurring amino acids plus ammonium are sufficiently separated within 30 min. Striking diel trends were observed to a depth of at least 60 m, with maximal DFAA concentrations (200–400 nM) in the late evening and minimal concentrations (30–40 nM) in the early day. Concurrent with the evening concentration maxima were elevated relative abundances of basic amino acids (especially ornithine and lysine) and ammonium. During the day very low levels of amino acids were found in the upper water. The magnitude of the night-to-day drop in total DFAA suggests a net heterotrophic uptake rate of up to 6 µg AA·liter−1 h−1. A pronounced amino acid maximum at the O2−HS− interface in the water column was presumably derived from microbial populations inhabiting this region. Pronounced, coincidental minima in amino acid and ammonium concentrations just above this interface may be related either to scavaging by precipitating metal oxyhydroxides or to enhanced heterotrophic utilization.
Southern ozone variations induced by solar particle events during 15 January – 5 February 2005

A preliminary analysis of effects induced on the high-latitude Southern ozone layer by the enhanced Space Weather storms of January 2005 is presented. Data from Earth Probe TOMS V.8, SAGE II and POAM III suggest short (hours) ozone depletions induced by the outstanding solar activity. Such ozone variabilities are investigated at the edge of the so-called polar cap region. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Staining localization of ferric reduction on roots

Abstract Tomato plants (cv. ‘Rutgers') were grown in nutrient solutions without and with FeEDDHA or at low phosphorus levels to evaluate the formation of prussian blue (Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3‐nH2O), a stain used in determining the site of ferric reduction on roots. The effect of Fe source, Fe concentration, solution pH, and time were evaluated. Prussian blue was compared with nitro‐BT, and agar systems with Fe‐chelates and ferrous color reagents. Ferric iron was supplied as a chelate, Fe‐EDDHA or Fe‐HEDTA; or as a salt, FeNH4(SO4)2 or Fe(NO3)3. The staining procedure producing the most distinct and localized stain on the roots was the combination of FeNH4(SO4)2 and ferricyanide both at 100 μM for approximately 1 hour. The initial pH was 3.0 to maintain ferric soluble. Greater salt and ferricyanide concentrations, lower solution pH's or lengthening staining times resulted in stains on most of the root with less differences in the extent of staining between Fe sufficient and Fe deficient plants. When roots were stai.
Does University Play a Significant Role in Shaping the Entrepreneurial Intention ? :

Purpose To foster entrepreneurship among students and incubate more start-ups for economic prosperity, universities around the globe are required to play a key role in terms of developing an overall conducive eco-system for student fraternity. Some previous studies have analyzed student entrepreneurship and the effect of entrepreneurship courses. However, the role of university as provider and enabler of entrepreneurial environment and its impact on entrepreneurial intent among student has not studied in a cross-cultural context. Considering this, the present study seeks to examine the critical role played by university in fostering entrepreneurial intention among post-graduate students. Design/Methodology/Approach For the said purpose, researcher has taken the broader framework suggested by Kraaijenbrink et al. (2010) to understand university environment and Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1975) to measure entrepreneurial intention and it’s antecedents among the sample of final year postgraduate management students of India, Malaysia and Singapore. The total sample size is 1097. The data has been analysed with the help of Exploratory Factor analysis, MANOVA and Structural Equation Modeling.
N O Bond Activation and Cleavage Reactions of the Nitrosyl-Bridged Complexes [ M 2 Cp 2 (-PCy 2 ) (-NO )

The title complexes (1a,b) were prepared in two steps by first reacting the hydrides [M2Cp2(-H)(-PCy2)(CO)4] with [NO](BF4) in the presence of Na2CO3 to give dinitrosyls [M2Cp2(-PCy2)(CO)2(NO)2](BF4), which were then fully decarbonylated upon reaction with NaNO2 at 323 K. An isomer of the Mo2 complex having a cisoid arrangement of the terminal ligands (cis-1a) was prepared upon irradiation of toluene solutions of 1a with visible-UV light at 288 K. The structure of these trinitrosyl complexes was investigated using X-ray diffraction and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, these revealing a genuine pyramidalization of the bridging NO that might be associated in part to an increase of charge at the N atom, and also anticipated a weakening of the NO bond upon reaction with bases or reducing reagents. Complexes 1a,b reacted with [FeCp2](BF4) to give first the radicals [M2Cp2(-PCy2)(NO)(NO)2](BF4) according to CV experiments, which then underwent H-abstraction to yield the nitroxyl-bridged complexes [M2Cp2(-PCy2)(-:-HNO)(NO)2](BF4), alternatively prepared upon protonation with HBF4·OEt2. The novel coordination mode of the nitroxyl ligand in these products was thermodynamically favored over its tautomeric hydroximido form, according to DFT calculations, and similar nitrosomethane-bridged cations [M2Cp2(-PCy2)(-:-MeNO)(NO)2] were prepared by reacting 1a,b with CF3SO3Me or [Me3O]BF4. Complexes 1 reacted with M(Hg) (M = Zn, Na) in tetrahydrofuran to give the amido-bridged derivatives [M2Cp2(-PCy2)(-NH2)(NO)2] with retention of stereochemistry, a transformation also induced by using mild O-atom scavengers such as CO and phosphites in the presence of water. In the absence of water, phosphites accomplished a deoxygenation of the bridging NO of the Mo2 complexes to yield the phosphoraniminato-bridged derivatives [Mo2Cp2(-PCy2){-NP(OR)3}(NO)2] (R = Et, Ph), also with retention of stereochemistry.
Essential Emergency and Critical Care: a consensus among global clinical experts

Background Globally, critical illness results in millions of deaths every year. Although many of these deaths are potentially preventable, the basic, life-saving care of critically ill patients are often overlooked in health systems. Essential Emergency and Critical Care (EECC) has been devised as the care that should be provided to all critically ill patients in all hospitals in the world. EECC includes the effective care of low cost and low complexity for the identification and treatment of critically ill patients across all medical specialties. This study aimed to specify the content of EECC and additionally, given the surge of critical illness in the ongoing pandemic, the essential diagnosis-specific care for critically ill patients with COVID-19. Methods In a Delphi process, consensus (>90% agreement) was sought from a diverse panel of global clinical experts. The panel iteratively rated proposed treatments and actions based on previous guidelines and the WHO/ICRC’s Basic Emergency Care. The output from the Delphi was adapted iteratively with specialist reviewers into a coherent and feasible package of clinical processes plus a list of hospital readiness requirements. Results The 269 experts in the Delphi panel had clinical experience in different acute medical specialties from 59 countries and from all resource settings. The agreed EECC package contains 40 clinical processes and 67 requirements, plus additions specific for COVID-19. Conclusion The study has specified the content of care that should be provided to all critically ill patients. Implementing EECC could be an effective strategy for policy makers to reduce preventable deaths worldwide.
Intensity of COVID-19 in care homes following hospital discharge in the early stages of the UK epidemic

Background A defining feature of the COVID-19 pandemic in many countries was the tragic extent to which care home residents were affected, and the difficulty preventing introduction and subsequent spread of infection. Management of risk in care homes requires good evidence on the most important transmission pathways. One hypothesised route at the start of the pandemic, prior to widespread testing, was transfer of patients from hospitals, which were experiencing high levels of nosocomial events. Methods We tested the hypothesis that hospital discharge events increased the intensity of care home cases using a national individually linked health record cohort in Wales, UK. We monitored 186,772 hospital discharge events over the period March to July 2020, tracking individuals to 923 care homes and recording the daily case rate in the homes populated by 15,772 residents. We estimated the risk of an increase in cases rates following exposure to a hospital discharge using multi-level hierarchical logistic regression, and a novel stochastic Hawkes process outbreak model. Findings In regression analysis, after adjusting for care home size, we found no significant association between hospital discharge and subsequent increases in care home case numbers (odds ratio: 0.99, 95% CI 0.82, 1.90). Risk factors for increased cases included care home size, care home resident density, and provision of nursing care. Using our outbreak model, we found a significant effect of hospital discharge on the subsequent intensity of cases. However, the effect was small, and considerably less than the effect of care home size, suggesting the highest risk of introduction came from interaction with the community. We estimated approximately 1.8% of hospital discharged patients may have been infected. Interpretation There is growing evidence in the UK that the risk of transfer of COVID-19 from the high-risk hospital setting to the high-risk care home setting during the early stages of the pandemic was relatively small. Although access to testing was limited to initial symptomatic cases in each care home at this time, our results suggest that reduced numbers of discharges, selection of patients, and action taken within care homes following transfer all may have contributed to mitigation. The precise key transmission routes from the community remain to be quantified.
A DNA methylome biosignature in alveolar macrophages from TB-exposed individuals predicts exposure to mycobacteria

Several studies have identified biomarkers for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis based on blood cell transcriptomics. Here, we instead studied epigenomics in the lung compartment by obtaining induced sputum from subjects included in a TB contact tracing. CD3- and HLA-DR-positive cells were isolated from the collected sputum and DNA methylome analyses performed. Unsupervised cluster analysis revealed that DNA methylomes of cells from TB-exposed individuals and controls appeared as separate clusters and the numerous genes that were differentially methylated were functionally connected. The enriched pathways were strongly correlated to data from published work on protective heterologous immunity to TB. Taken together, our results demonstrate that epigenetic changes related to trained immunity occurs in the pulmonary immune cells of TB-exposed individuals and that a DNA methylation signature can be derived from the DNA methylome. Such a signature can be further developed for clinical use as a marker of TB exposure.
Opposed hemodynamic responses following increased excitation and parvalbumin-based inhibition

Understanding cellular contributions to hemodynamic activity is essential for interpreting blood-based brain mapping signals. Optogenetic studies examining cell-specific influences on local hemodynamics have reported that excitatory activity results in cerebral perfusion and blood volume increase, while inhibitory activity contributes to both vasodilation and vasoconstriction. How specific subpopulations of interneurons regulate the brain’s blood supply is less examined. Parvalbumin interneurons are the largest subpopulation of GABAergic neurons in the brain, critical for brain development, plasticity, and long-distance excitatory neurotransmission. Despite their essential role in brain function, the contribution of parvalbumin neurons to neurovascular coupling has been relatively unexamined. Using optical intrinsic signal imaging and laser speckle contrast imaging, we photostimulated awake and anesthetized transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin under a parvalbumin promoter. Increased parvalbumin activity reduced local oxygenation, cerebral blood volume, and cerebral blood flow. These “negative” hemodynamic responses were consistent within and across mice and reproducible across a broad range of photostimulus parameters. However, the sign and magnitude of the hemodynamic response resulting from increased parvalbumin activity depended on the type and level of anesthesia used. Opposed hemodynamic responses following increased excitation or parvalbumin-based inhibition suggest unique contributions from different cell populations to neurovascular coupling.
Effectiveness of a health and social care integration programme for home-dwelling frail older persons in Argentina

Introduction The evidence of effectiveness of integrated care initiatives for home-dwelling frail older persons is still inconclusive. There is a need for more studies, especially in developing countries. Our objective was to assess the effectiveness of a health and social care integration programme versus the best standard of care to date in this population. Methods Quasi-experimental study performed in patients' homes in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The intervention arm had a health and social care counsellor that systematically reviewed the social and biological situation following a structured process, evaluating: functionality, nutrition, mobility, pain, cognition, medication reconciliation and adherence, need for care, quality of care, and environmental safety. The control group received the best standard of care to date, with access to the same health or social care services, but without the counsellor and related processes. The main outcome was the adjusted hazard ratio for hospitalizations after one year using a Cox-proportional hazards model. Results We recruited 121 persons in each group. The crude hazard ratio for hospital admissions, comparing the intervention to the control group was 0.622 (95% CI: 0.427–0.904; p = 0.013). The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) was 0.503 (95% CI: 0.340–0.746; p = 0.001). The aHR for death was 0.993 (95% CI: 0.492–2.002; p = 0.984). The absolute difference in the quality of life was 16.59 points (95% CI: 12.03–21.14; p < 0.001). Discussion The integration programme had lower hospital admissions and better quality of life than the usual care. There was no significant difference in death rates.
Injection drug use, depression, and HIV screening in rural primary care settings: A retrospective cross-sectional study

Introduction Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced HIV viral replication and transmission of disease. However, continuing incidence of new HIV infections has been attributed to undiagnosed HIV infections among injection drug users. This purpose of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to determine whether depression moderates the relationship between injection drug use and HIV screening among people with substance use in the screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment in Alabama (AL-SBIRT) program. Methods Electronic health record data were obtained from three consenting medical facilities (n = 103). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the moderating effect of depression on the relationship between injection drug use and HIV screening. Results Bivariate analyses revealed that HIV screening was more common among individuals not engaged in injection drug use, 75% and 57% respectively. Participants who had never been screened had worse depressive symptoms on the PHQ-2 (M = 3.00, SE = 0.42) than individuals who had been screened for HIV (M = 1.45, SE = 0.17). After controlling for demographic variables, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and drug abuse, results indicated a moderating effect of depression on the relationship between injection drug use and receipt of HIV screening (aOR = 0.85 [95% CI = 0.84, 0.86). Discussion Findings suggest that high risk subgroups such as injection drug users with severe depression may not be using HIV prevention services, leading to possible delays in HIV diagnosis. Integration of behavioral interventions and HIV prevention services may reduce risk factors among depressed injection drug users. Such interventions may improve retention for injection drug users who experience worse depressive symptoms post HIV diagnosis.