Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mesozoic molybdenum deposits in the East Xingmeng orogenic belt, northeast China: characteristics and tectonic setting

Numerous molybdenum (Mo) ore deposits have been discovered in the East Xingmeng orogenic belt (East Central Asian orogenic belt), over the past 10 years, and this region is becoming one of the world's most important Mo production areas. It contains 6.18 Mt of proven Mo metal reserves, which accounts for 30% of the total proven Chinese Mo reserves. The ore district includes 37 deposits and 15 occurrences, with three major Mo ore types, that is porphyries, skarns, and hydrothermal veins. The latter can be subdivided into quartz- and volcanic hydrothermal-vein types. With the exception of the Ordovician Duobaoshan porphyry Cu–Mo deposit (477 Ma), all the East Xingmeng Mo deposits formed during the Mesozoic. Re–Os dating of molybdenite has documented three episodes of Mo mineralization: Early Triassic (248–242 Ma), Jurassic (178–146 Ma), and Early Cretaceous (142–131 Ma). Early Triassic Mo deposits are distributed along the northern margin fault of the North China Craton (NCC) and include porphyry and quartz vein types. They are characterized by the association of Mo + Cu. Jurassic Mo deposits are mainly distributed in the eastern area and include porphyry, quartz vein, and skarn types. They are typified by Mo alone and/or the association of Mo, Pb, and Zn. Cretaceous Mo deposits are distributed in all areas and include porphyry and volcanic hydrothermal vein types. Similar to the Jurassic ores, they are simple Mo or Mo + Pb + Zn deposits. Volcanic hydrothermal vein deposits are characterized by an association of molybdenum and uranium. The Triassic Mo deposits formed in a syn-collision setting between the Siberian and North China plates. The Jurassic Mo deposits formed in a compressional setting, which was probably triggered by the westward subduction of the palaeo-Pacific plate. The Early Cretaceous Mo deposits are linked to a tectonic regime of lithosphere thinning, which was caused by delamination of thickened lithosphere. However, the Mo deposits in the Erguna terrane of the northwest Xingmeng orogenic belt may be related to the evolution of the Okhotsk Ocean.
The Location and Growth of Business and Professional Services in American Metropolitan Areas, 1976–1986

Abstract The economic base of American metropolitan areas relies increasingly on business and professional services. We explore the causes for fast growth of these sectors in metropolitan areas for 1976–86. Business and professional services produce new types of inputs to a large number of sectors. They encompass far more than externalization of activities once produced internally by manufacturers. We emphasize localization of business and professional services in selected metropolitan areas driven by the demand for skilled labor and information. Using employment data for SMSAs, we present empirical evidence verifying the concentration of business and professional services in the largest metropolitan areas and a temporal lag in their market penetration of smaller metropolitan areas. We introduce a new measure called a growth quotient to show that these services are growing rapidly in selected regional metropolitan areas. SMSAs in the industrial belt, especially in their central counties, rely on business .
How Important Is Air–Sea Coupling in ENSO and MJO Evolution?

Abstract The effect of air–sea coupling on tropical climate variability is investigated in a coupled linear inverse model (LIM) derived from the simultaneous and 6-day lag covariances of observed 7-day running mean departures from the annual cycle. The model predicts the covariances at all other lags. The predicted and observed lag covariances, as well as the associated power spectra, are generally found to agree within sampling uncertainty. This validates the LIM’s basic premise that beyond daily time scales, the evolution of tropical atmospheric and oceanic anomalies is effectively linear and stochastically driven. It also justifies a linear diagnosis of air–sea coupling in the system. The results show that air–sea coupling has a very small effect on subseasonal atmospheric variability. It has much larger effects on longer-term variability, in both the atmosphere and the ocean, including greatly increasing the amplitude of ENSO and lengthening its dominant period from 2 to 4 years. Consistent with these.
Short Comment on: Nitrogen mineralisation in relation to previous crops and pastures ∗

Angus et al. (2006) published a paper from 2 field experiments conducted in southernNewSouthWales, where they determined net nitrogen (N) mineralisation in relation to previous crops and pastures. The comprehensive study was very interesting to read but also challenging due to the complex experimental design including different methods used to remove the pasture and different subsequent crop species. A general striking result was highlighted. During the first year after lucerne+ perennial grass pasture, the net N mineralisation was higher (0.64 kgN/ha.day) than the first year after pure lucerne pasture (–0.08 kgN/ha.day) shown in table 4, page 361. The authors expected that pastures containing the highest potential inputs from N2-fixation would provide N-rich residues with a high N mineralisation potential (Peoples et al. 1998). N-richmaterial such as lucerne is expected to have an initially fast N mineralisation controlled by the breakdown of easily decomposable components, followed by a much slower decay of stabilised residues and decomposition products. Hence, the authors had no clear explanation of the higher N mineralisation after lucerne+ perennial grass. Under different climatic conditions in the Northern Hemisphere, Hauggaard-Nielsen et al. (1998) found that net N mineralisation after incorporation of clover–grass pastures grown without any mineral fertiliser application was similar to the level after incorporation of clover pure stands supplied with 150 kgN/ha.year and even with a tendency to increase soil mineral N levels after clover–grass compared with pure clover 100 days after incorporation and throughout the experimental period (130 days after residue incorporation). In the experiment by Angus et al. (2006) it is stated that fertiliser inputs followed local recommendations, but with no specific information about fertiliser strategies when having pastures including legumes. Potentially, the pastures have received mineral N fertilisers. As soil mineral N is known to reduce N2-fixation (Hogh-Jensen and Schjoerring 1997) it can be assumed that the lucerne N2-fixation at Old Junee (Angus et al. 2006) is reduced. It is expected that the perennial grass is very efficient at extracting soil mineral N, as shown for ryegrass when grown together with clover under temperate growing conditions (Hogh-Jensen and Schjoerring 1997). Such increased interspecific competition towards soil
Neogene extension in the Northern Apennines (Italy): insights from the southern part of the Mt. Amiata geothermal area

Fieldwork data, boreholes stratigraphy and seismic interpretations revealed that stretched upper crust typifies the southern part of the Mt. Amiata geothermal area. Crustal stretching took place during Miocene extensional tectonics which gave rise to widespread tectonic delamination within the tectonic pile of the inner Northern Apennines, stacked from the Cretaceous to the Early Miocene. Extensional horses (boudins) composed of the Tuscan Nappe, the deepest non-metamorphic tectonic unit of the Northern Apennines, were generated from subhorizontal detachments linked to east-dipping ramps. Minor detachments and related ramps produced minor Tuscan Nappe boudins composed of only part of the Tuscan Nappe succession. West and south of the Mt. Amiata geothermal area, three main Tuscan Nappe boudins have been discovered and geometrically investigated by boreholes, fieldwork and seismic data. These geological bodies partially crop out in the Sasso d'Ombrone, Roccalbegna-Torrente Rigo and Castell'Azzara areas. Seismic images and boreholes have allowed better control of the geometry of the Roccalbegna-Torrente Rigo boudin and reconstruction of its possible developmental mechanism, characterised by superposed normal faulting. The Tuscan Nappe boudinage produced structural depressions which were mainly infilled by continental sediments. The Cinigiano-Baccinello basin lies between the Roccalbegna and Sasso d'Ombrone Tuscan Nappe boudins and was mainly infilled by Late Miocene continental deposits. Seismic profiles imaging the geometrical relationships between the Tuscan Nappe boudins and the Late Miocene deposits infilling the Cinigiano-Baccinello basin in its eastern margin, indicate that this basin was a boudinage-related basin.
Timing of volcanism, hydrothermal alteration and ore formation at Garpenberg, Bergslagen, Sweden

The timing of Palaeoproterozoic magmatism in the Garpenberg area in the Bergslagen region of the Fennoscandian shield has been constrained by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) U–Pb zircon dating of metamorphosed igneous rocks. Volcanism is constrained by igneous crystallisation ages of 1895 ± 4 Ma for a syn-volcanic rhyolite porphyry intrusion and 1893 ± 3 Ma for a rhyolitic pumice breccia. Granite and microgranodiorite, which intruded into the stratigraphy, are dated at 1895 ± 3 and 1894 ± 4 Ma, respectively. The identical U–Pb ages suggest rapid geological evolution from the emplacement of volcanics, their burial and subsidence to 2–5 km depths and intrusion by granitoids. The timing of metamorphism and the extent of metamorphic resetting of titanite have been evaluated. SIMS titanite 207Pb–206Pb ages from the same samples as the zircon yield younger ages. Although errors are large in individual analyses and fractions, a weighted average of 59 analyses from four samples yields a 207Pb–206Pb age of 1858 ± 14 Ma, interpreted as the age of regional metamorphism. The results add constraints to the timing of sulphide and iron oxide mineralisation at Garpenberg. The rhyolite porphyry is intruded into a syngenetic iron formation. Its crystallisation age provides a minimum age for syngenetic iron oxide deposits at Garpenberg. The major Zn–Pb sulphide deposits are accompanied by alteration envelopes. Units formed before alteration yield similar igneous crystallisation ages as intrusions post-dating alteration. It is concluded that both iron oxide and sulphide mineralisation formed within the same age-span as the dated units.
Experimental study of rill bank collapse

Rill bank collapse is an important component in the adjustment of channel morphology to changes in discharge and sediment flux. Sediment inputs from bank collapse cause abrupt changes in flow resistance, flow patterns and downstream sediment concentrations. Generally, bank retreat involves gradual lateral erosion, caused by flow shear stress, and sudden bank collapse, triggered by complex interactions between channel flow and bank and soil water conditions. Collapse occurs when bank height exceeds the critical height where gravitational forces overcome soil shear strength. An experimental study examined conditions for collapse in eroding rill channels. Experiments with and without a deep water table were carried out on a meandering rill channel in a loamy sand and sandy loam in a laboratory flume under simulated rainfall and controlled runon. Different discharges were used to initiate knickpoint and rill incision. Soil water dynamics were monitored using microstandpipes, tensiometers and time domain reflectometer probes (TDR probes). Bank collapse occurred with newly developed or rising pre‐existing water tables near rill banks, associated with knickpoint migration. Knickpoint scour increased effective bank height, caused positive pore water pressure in the bank toe and reduced negative pore pressures in the unsaturated zone to near zero. Matric tension in unsaturated parts of the bank and a surface seal on the ‘interrill’ zone behind the bank enhanced stability, while increased effective bank height and positive pore water pressure at the bank toe caused instability. With soil water contents >35 per cent (sandy loam) and >23 per cent (loamy sand), critical bank heights were 0·11–0·12 m and 0·06–0·07 m, respectively. Bank toe undercutting at the outside of the rill bends also triggered instability. Bank displacement was quite different on the two soils. On the loamy sand, the failed block slid to the channel bed, revealing only the upper half of the failure plane, while on the sandy loam the failed block toppled forwards, exposing the failure plane for the complete bank height. This study has shown that it is possible to predict location, frequency and magnitude of the rill bank collapse, providing a basis for incorporation into predictive models for hillslope soil loss or rill network development. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiation and cloud radiative properties in the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts forecasting system

The successive versions (EC1, EC2, and EC3) of the radiation scheme used in the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operational model, including the version which became operational on May 2, 1989, are reviewed and their results are compared to results of more detailed radiation models made available thanks to the Intercomparison of Radiation Codes Used in Climate Models (ICRCCM) program. For clear-sky conditions, the shortwave H2O absorptivity is overestimated in EC1-EC2, which leads to too large shortwave atmospheric absorption (by up to 20%) and too small downward shortwave radiation at the surface (by 5–10%). EC1 and EC2 both significantly underestimate the longwave radiative cooling, with main errors in the lower troposphere with EC1, and between 700 and 300 hPa with EC2. Therefore EC1 and, to a smaller extent, EC2 underestimate the outgoing longwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere. In cloudy conditions, EC1 shows an exaggerated sensitivity to small amounts of scatterer, a problem corrected in EC2. Due an unrealistic model cloud embedded in EC1-EC2, these schemes cannot properly represent both the shortwave planetary albedo and outgoing longwave radiation for realistic cloud liquid water contents. EC3 corrects most of these deficiencies and gives results in better agreement with those of more detailed models.
BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW AND SAND TRANSPORT UNDER FULL SCALE SURFACE WAVES

Existing models for wave-related (cross-shore) sand transport are primarily based on data from oscillatory flow tunnel experiments. However, theory and former experiments indicate that flow differences between full scale surface waves and oscillatory flow tunnels may have a substantial effect on the net sand transport. In this paper, high resolution measurements of boundary layer flow characteristics, sheet-flow layer sediment concentrations and net sand transport rates under full scale surface waves are presented. These experiments were performed in a large wave flume (GWK) for different wave conditions with medium (D50 = 0.25 mm) and fine (D50 = 0.14 mm) sand. It is shown that, especially under sheet-flow conditions, small wave induced net currents are of large importance for the total sand transport rates under these conditions.
Glaciochemical evidence in an East Antarctica ice core of a recent (AD 1450–1850) neoglacial episode

[1] Chemical analysis of a shallow (82.5 m) ice core from a location (DT263) in the essentially unexplored area of Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, has been used to construct a continuous, high-resolution 780-year (AD 1207–1996) glaciochemical record. During the twentieth century, snow accumulation rates and concentrations of chemical species in snow appear to be stable with short-term variations, indicating relatively stable and warm climatic conditions. The period of AD 1450–1850 in this record is characterized by sharply reduced snow accumulation rates and decreased concentrations of several chemical species that suffer postdepositional losses linked to very low accumulation rates. These characteristics are consistent with colder climatic conditions and suggest that this is likely a neoglacial episode. The timing of this episode coincides with the Little Ice Age (LIA), a relatively cold period in the Northern Hemisphere between the beginning of the fifteenth century and the end of the nineteenth century. Evidence in ice core and sedimentary records also indicates neoglacial conditions in some Southern Hemisphere locations during the general time frame of LIA. The DT263 record, along with a few published ice core records, points to the existence of an LIA-type climatic episode in Antarctica between the fifteenth century and the twentieth century. However, other Antarctic ice core records show no such evidence. Together, these records highlight the regional differences in Holocene climate variations in Antarctica. The DT263 record suggests that colder and drier conditions prevailed during the LIA time period at the eastern Indian Ocean sector of East Antarctica.
A nutrient budget of the Gulf of Riga; Baltic Sea

Abstract A nutrient budget is formed for what appears to be the strongly eutrophicated, phosphorus-limited Gulf of Riga. It is connected to the eutrophicated but mainly nitrogen-limited, brackish Baltic Sea. The budget is based on field measurements during 1989. The major nutrient input comes from the rivers. The Gulf seems to act as a large internal sink for inorganic nitrogen (>75%) and phosphate (∼45%). However, almost no total phosphorus is deposited in the Gulf, hence the missing phosphate is probably exported as particulate matter to the Baltic proper, mainly during winter time.
Le litage des Éboulis Stratifiés Cryonivaux en Gaspésie (Québec, Canada): Rǒle de la Sédimentation Nivéo‐Éolienne et des Transits Supranivaux

Des cones d'eboulis stratifies cryonivaux evoluent actuellement, sous climat tempere froid, dans des enclaves de l'etage forestier gaspesien (Quebec, Canada). Un suivi des processus a permis d'identifier les etapes de la stratogenese. Les principaux aspects examines sont: (a) le rǒle respectif des processus impliques dans la stratogenese, en particulier les processus de remaniement syn/epigenetiques; (b) la caracterisation de la signature sedimentaire propre a chacun des processus. Elle permet leur identification en coupe. Seule la partie inferieure des cǒnes d'eboulis est clairement stratifiee. Les coupes alternent quatre types de lits: (1) des couches de fines plaquettes d'argilite (de la taille des grezes) qui se deplacent par saltation a la surface du manteau nival lors des blizzards; (2) des couches de sables moyens a grossiers derivant des manteaux niveo-eoliens associes aux vents d'intensite moderee; (3) des couches openwork constituees de grosses plaquettes imbriquees resultant de glissements supranivaux; (4) des couches diamictiques qui correspondent a des laves boueuses supranivales. Il n'y a aucune periodicite saisonniere stricte dans la mise en place des lits. Comme la plupart des transferts de debris se font sur la neige, la majorite des caracteristiques de facies observees dans les coupes sont acquises lors de la fonte des neiges, auxquelles s'ajoutent les effets de la reptation, du splash et des percolations de saison chaude. Que ces eboulis stratifies evoluent actuellement dans une region temperee forestiere montrent que des conditions periglaciaires rigoureuses ne sont pas necessaires a leur developpement.
Glyoxal uptake on ammonium sulphate seed aerosol : reaction products and reversibility of uptake under dark and irradiated conditions

Chamber studies of glyoxal uptake onto ammonium sulphate aerosol were performed under dark and irradiated conditions to gain further insight into processes controlling glyoxal uptake onto ambient aerosol. Organic fragments from glyoxal dimers and trimers were observed within the aerosol under dark and irradiated conditions. Glyoxal monomers and oligomers were the dominant organic compounds formed under the conditions of this study; glyoxal oligomer formation and overall organic growth were found to be reversible under dark conditions. Analysis of highresolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectra provides evidence for irreversible formation of carbon-nitrogen (C-N) compounds in the aerosol. We have identified 1H-imidazole2-carboxaldehyde as one C-N product. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time C-N compounds resulting from condensed phase reactions with ammonium sulphate seed have been detected in aerosol. Organosulphates were not detected under dark conditions. However, active photochemistry was found to occur within aerosol during irradiated experiments. Carboxylic acids and organic esters were identified within the aerosol. An organosulphate, which had been previously assigned as glyoxal sulphate in ambient samples and chamber studies of isoprene oxidation, was observed only in the irradiated experiments. Comparison with a laboratory synthesized standard and chemical considerations strongly suggest that this organosulphate is glycolic acid sulphate, an isomer of the previously proposed glyoxal sulphate. Correspondence to: F. N. Keutsch (keutsch@wisc.edu) Our study shows that reversibility of glyoxal uptake should be taken into account in SOA models and also demonstrates the need for further investigation of C-N compound formation and photochemical processes, in particular organosulphate formation.
Land cover characterization and mapping of continental Southeast Asia using multi-resolution satellite sensor data

Land use/land cover change, particularly that of tropical deforestation and forest degradation, has been occurring at an unprecedented rate and scale in Southeast Asia. The rapid rate of economic development, demographics and poverty are believed to be the underlying forces responsible for the change. Accurate and up-to-date information to support the above statement is, however, not available. The available data, if any, are outdated and are not comparable for various technical reasons. Time series analysis of land cover change and the identification of the driving forces responsible for these changes are needed for the sustainable management of natural resources and also for projecting future land cover trajectories. We analysed the multi-temporal and multi-seasonal NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite data of 1985/86 and 1992 to (1) prepare historical land cover maps and (2) to identify areas undergoing major land cover transformations (called ‘hot spots’). The identified ‘hot spot’ areas were investigated in detail using high-resolution satellite sensor data such as Landsat and SPOT supplemented by intensive field surveys. Shifting cultivation, intensification of agricultural activities and change of cropping patterns, and conversion of forest to agricultural land were found to be the principal reasons for land use/land cover change in the Oudomxay province of Lao PDR, the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and the Loei province of Thailand, respectively. Moreover, typical land use/land cover change patterns of the ‘hot spot’ areas were also examined. In addition, we developed an operational methodology for land use/land cover change analysis at the national level with the help of national remote sensing institutions.