Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Advances in adversarial attacks and defenses in computer vision: A survey

Deep Learning is the most widely used tool in the contemporary field of computer vision. Its ability to accurately solve complex problems is employed in vision research to learn deep neural models for a variety of tasks, including security critical applications. However, it is now known that deep learning is vulnerable to adversarial attacks that can manipulate its predictions by introducing visually imperceptible perturbations in images and videos. Since the discovery of this phenomenon in 2013, it has attracted significant attention of researchers from multiple sub-fields of machine intelligence. In 2018, we published the first-ever review of the contributions made by the computer vision community in adversarial attacks on deep learning (and their defenses). Many of those contributions have inspired new directions in this area, which has matured significantly since witnessing the first generation methods. Hence, as a legacy sequel of our first literature survey, this review article focuses on the advances in this area since 2018. We thoroughly discuss the first generation attacks and comprehensively cover the modern attacks and their defenses appearing in the prestigious sources of computer vision and machine learning research. Besides offering the most comprehensive literature review of adversarial attacks and defenses to date, the article also provides concise definitions of technical terminologies for the non-experts. Finally, it discusses challenges and future outlook of this direction based on the literature since the advent of this research direction.
Random Forests for Adaptive Nearest Neighbor Estimation of Information-Theoretic Quantities

Information-theoretic quantities, such as conditional entropy and mutual information, are critical data summaries for quantifying uncertainty. Current widely used approaches for computing such quantities rely on nearest neighbor methods and exhibit both strong performance and theoretical guarantees in certain simple scenarios. However, existing approaches fail in high-dimensional settings and when different features are measured on different scales.We propose decision forest-based adaptive nearest neighbor estimators and show that they are able to effectively estimate posterior probabilities, conditional entropies, and mutual information even in the aforementioned settings.We provide an extensive study of efficacy for classification and posterior probability estimation, and prove certain forest-based approaches to be consistent estimators of the true posteriors and derived information-theoretic quantities under certain assumptions. In a real-world connectome application, we quantify the uncertainty about neuron type given various cellular features in the Drosophila larva mushroom body, a key challenge for modern neuroscience.
Vignette for the package poolfstat (version 2+)

4 Estimating and visualizing f-statistics (f2, f3, f ⋆ 3 , f4 and D) 10 4.1 The compute.fstats function and fstats objects . 11 4.2 The plot_fstats function for visualization of f2 (and pairwise FST ), f3 (and f ⋆ 3 ) and f4 (and D) estimates and their confidence intervals . 17 4.3 Estimating admixture proportions with f4-ratios . 18
A Review on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Present Concern

Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy known as GDM is a severe disorder that develops during pregnancy and its prevalence is rapidly increasing all around the world. It arises due to two major metabolic defects; acute resistance of insulin and dysfunctioning of beta cells. Numerous organs are additionally associated with the pathological process of GDM. There are two types of factors that are associated with GDM that are modifiable and non-modifiable. GDM can cause serious long-term complications to both fetus and mother due to maternal hereditary proneness linked with the environment and fetoplacental aspects. The purpose of this manuscript is to audit GDM in detail and to provide a logical information with refreshed exploration from various angles.
Ecosystem Productivity and Evapotranspiration Are Tightly Coupled in Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Plantations along the Coastal Plain of the Southeastern U.S.

Forest water use efficiency (WUE), the ratio of gross primary productivity (GPP) to evapotranspiration (ET), is an important variable to understand the coupling between water and carbon cycles, and to assess resource use, ecosystem resilience, and commodity production. Here, we determined WUE for managed loblolly pine plantations over the course of a rotation on the coastal plain of North Carolina in the eastern U.S. We found that the forest annual GPP, ET, and WUE increased until age ten, which stabilized thereafter. WUE varied annually (2–44%), being higher at young plantation (YP, 3.12 ± 1.20 g C kg−1 H2O d−1) compared to a mature plantation (MP, 2.92 ± 0.45 g C kg−1 H2O d−1), with no distinct seasonal patterns. Stand age was strongly correlated with ET (R2 = 0.71) and GPP (R2 = 0.64). ET and GPP were tightly coupled (R2 = 0.86). Radiation and air temperature significantly affected GPP and ET (R2 = 0.71 − R2 = 0.82) at a monthly scale, but not WUE. Drought affected WUE (R2 = 0.35) more than ET (R2 = 0.25) or GPP (R2 = 0.07). A drought enhanced GPP in MP (19%) and YP (11%), but reduced ET 7% and 19% in MP and YP, respectively, resulting in a higher WUE (27–32%). Minor seasonal and interannual variation in forest WUE of MP (age > 10) suggested that forest functioning became stable as stands matured. We conclude that carbon and water cycles in loblolly pine plantations are tightly coupled, with different characteristics in different ages and hydrologic regimes. A stable WUE suggests that the pine ecosystem productivity can be readily predicted from ET and vice versa. The tradeoffs between water and carbon cycling should be recognized in forest management to achieve multiple ecosystem services (i.e., water supply and carbon sequestration).
Magnitude and risk factors associated with bovine dermatophilosis in Sabon-Gari, Kaduna state and Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria

Publication History: Received: 11-10-2020 Revised: 26-12-2020 Accepted: 05-01-2021 Abstract Dermatophilosis is a contagious zoonotic skin disease affecting a variety of domestic and wild animals with grave economic consequences. The status of bovine dermatophilosis and associated risk factors in Sabon-Gari, Kaduna State and Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria are yet to be fully determined. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of bovine dermatophilosis in Sabon-Gari and Jos. One thousand, nine hundred and twenty skin scab samples consisting of 1,530 from Sabon-Gari and 390 from Jos were obtained from cattle having cutaneous lesions including papules, exudative dermatitis with matting of the hair, cream colored, thickly crusted and scabby lesions suggestive of Dermatophilus infection. Smears were made from the underneath surface of each specimen on a clean glass slide, air dried, heat fixed and Gram stained. The stained smears were examined microscopically for Gram-positive filamentous organism having both longitudinal and transverse division, typical of Dermatophilus congolensis. Further identification was done by isolating the causative agent in 5% de-fibrinated sheep blood agar. Data were analyzed using tables, percentages and Chi square test. P-values less than or equal to 0.05 were considered significant. One hundred and forty-six (9.5 %) and 21 (5.4%) of the samples from Sabon-Gari and Jos respectively were positive for D. congolensis. The overall prevalence of bovine dermatophilosis in Sabon-Gari and Jos was 8.7% (167/1,920), respectively. Breed, age, management practice and season were found to be significant risk factors associated with bovine dermatophilosis. Methods for control of the disease in cattle as well as prevention of human exposure were highlighted.
Patients' Privacy in the Operating Room in Zanjan Educational Hospitals in 2019: Perspectives of Patients and Operating Room Staff

Background: Privacy is one of the basic human needs and is considered one of the most important rights of patients. There is little information about respecting the privacy of patients undergoing surgery in the operating rooms of educational hospitals in Zanjan Iran. Objectives: Determine the status of respect for privacy in operating room from the perspectives of patients and staff. Methods: This is a descriptive cross sectional study. Participants in the study included 204 operating room staff and 323 patients undergoing surgery who were selected by convenience sampling. Patients and staff viewpoints were gathered through combining Serenko Fan privacy questionnaires and Noorian in three physical, informational, and psychological dimensions using self-reporting method for staff and interviewing for patients. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and SPSS software version 16. Results: The findings of this study showed that the rate of total respect for privacy from the patients’ perspective was 13.6% moderate and 86.4% good. In physical, informational and psychological dimensions, 77.1%, 72.8% and 12.7% of patients, respectively, assessed the status of privacy as good. From the perspectives of the operating room staff, respect for privacy was generally poor in 0.5% of cases, moderate in 5.4% of cases, and good in 94.1% of cases. In physical, informational and psychological dimensions, 89.7%, 95.1% and 71.1% of operating room staff, respectively, assessed the status of privacy as good. Conclusion: The findings showed that the evaluation of respect for privacy from the perspectives of staff was better than that of patients. The lowest score given by patients and staff was related to the psychological dimension of respect for privacy. Despite the total favorable status of respect for privacy from the perspectives of patients and staff, taking the necessary strategies is required to improve the current status.
In Vitro plant regeneration from leaf explants of Tagetes erecta L.

Regeneration of multiple shoots via callus induction and organogenesis was obtained from young leaf explants of the field grown marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). Callus induction and shoot regeneration at various frequencies were observed using different concentrations and combinations of growth regulators. Highest percentage (90%) of callus formation was observed within two weeks on MS medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/l BAP with 2.5 mg/l NAA. The maximum percentage (80%) of shoot bud formation (10±0.5/callus) was obtained from MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l BAP with 0.5 mg/l kinetin. The regenerated shoots developed highest percentages (90%) of roots on half strength MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l IBA. The plantlets when transferred into potsoil 80% survived. Regenerated plants were morphologically uniform with normal leaf shape
WHY IS THE COMPONENTIAL CONSTRUCT OF IMPLICIT LANGUAGE APTITUDE SO DIFFICULT TO CAPTURE?

Abstract Although this special issue reveals some promising achievements, most of the contributions show that tasks of implicit learning are not or are only weakly correlated with each other, and they have inconsistent predictive power on L2 acquisition. This commentary examines four possible explanations for this surprising pattern: The (suboptimal) selection of tasks, the low reliability of measures, the deep influence of the starting level even for nominally “new” implicit tasks, and the fact that the mastery of L2 may involve other implicit processes than implicit learning measured through laboratory tasks.
STUDIES ON INDUCED GENETIC VARIABILITY IN LIMA BEAN (PHASEOLUS LUNATUS L.)

In past period the crop breeding has been performed by using the genetic variability using conventional method. But now a days such techniques are insufficient for production of new cultivars to fulfil increased food demand. In such condition induced mutation technique which is new and supplementary tool used for evolving improved mutants with desirable agronomic characters. Some desirable mutants will be used directly in selection or beneficial in breeding programme. In the present investigation lima bean seeds were mutagenized with different doses of gamma rays (GR) ranging from 200, 300 and 400Gy, varying concentration of ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% and Sodium azide (SA) 0.02, 0.03 and 0.04%. Variations in the germination of seeds, seedling height, seedling injury, pollen fertility and survival of plant at maturity of lima bean were recorded in M1 generation. The effects of the mutagenic treatments on quantitative traits resulting in reduction in traits such as seed germination except 200Gy (93.11%), seedling height except 200Gy (13.15cm) and 0.02%SA (13.48cm) and survival of plant at maturity but increases seedling injury except 200Gy (-1.31%) and 0.02%SA (-3.85%), and pollen sterility was observed in treated M1 generated plants.
Effect of water from different sources on quality and morphological parameters of Trigonella foenum

Abstract: Most plants and animals depend on soil as a substrate for their sustained growth and development. In many instances, the sustenance of life in the soil matrix is adversely affected by the presence of deleterious substances or contaminants. Soil contamination has become a serious problem in all industrialized areas of the country. Soil is equally regarded as the ultimate sink for the pollutants discharge into the environment. Seed germination and growth are vital for continuation of life. Therefore, the present work was done to know the impact of water from coalmine, sewage, boring, pond and well added to soil on quality and morphological parameters of Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek) plant. River water was used as a control. There was insignificant change in vigour index of Trigonella foenum graecum seedlings when irrigated with coalmine, sewage, boring, pond and well water as compared to control. Fresh weight was significantly decreased in pond and well water but insignificantly increased in sewage water as compared to control. Dry weight was insignificantly increased in sewage, boring and pond water as compared to control. It can be concluded from the present work that all types of water can be used to irrigate leafy vegetables.
A Race to Lead: How Chinese Government Interventions Shape the U.S.-China Production Competition

Integrating establishment-level data for public and private firms from U.S. and China, we study the dynamic interdependence in industrial activities between the two economies. Births of Chinese firms predict same-industry firm exits and lowered employment in the U.S., but the relation in the reverse is not significant. China’s Five-Year Plans were not preceded by low production/employment in the same industries in the U.S., but were followed by shrinkage afterwards. The dynamics of stock returns, firm valuation, and desire to hire indicate that the market and companies did not expect deterioration of the targeted industries prior to, but made adjustments after the announcement of the Plans.
Mass Propagation of Nauclea diderrichii (de Willd. & Th. Dur) Merr. Seedlings through Tissue Culture Technique

Nauclea diderrichii is a tree species of economic importance. However, its plantation establishment is limited by inadequate seedling production. Hence, there is ample scope of tissue culture for its mass propagation. Its in vitro plantlets development as affected by media strengths indicated that 100 % seed germination was obtained in full MS basal medium while the least (3.35 %) was from quarter-strength at 8 Weeks after inoculation (WAI). The effects of BAP and NAA assessed on the growth of its sub-cultured plantlets showed that highest number of leaves (17) and adventitious shoots (3) were obtained from MS basal medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l BAP only. Whereas, highest shoot length (3.61 cm) and average number of roots (5/plantlet) were obtained from the same medium without hormone(s) at 8 WAI. Further sub-culturing into MS with 0.05 mg/l NAA resulted into plantlets having optimum shoot and massive root growth ready for acclimatization in 6 WAI. The plantlets were successfully acclimatized using coconuthusk/topsoil mixture with 90 % survival. Introduction Nauclea diderrichii commonly known as Opepe belongs to the family Rubiaceae. It is a timber species indigenous to tropical rainforest of West Africa (Leakey 1990). It is one of the five local priority species used in plantations in West African sub region (Onyekwelu 2001). The species is moderately resistance to decay, stem borers and termites (Orwa et al. 2009) while different parts of the species (back, leaves, root and fruit) are loaded with a range of therapeutic compounds (Haudecoeur et al. 2018). Hence, it is harvested from the wild and used traditionally for medicinal purposes, wood and timber production. Its leaves and stem back extracts are reported for activities on metabolic disorders (Agnaniet et al. 2016, Ogbole et al. 2016). Its leave is also used for the treatment of skin disorder in keffi, Nigeria (Mustapha et al. 2013). The back and stem back are used for treatment of *Author for correspondence: <olujames58@gmail.com> DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v31i1. 54111
Reasoning with Transformer-based Models: Deep Learning, but Shallow Reasoning

Recent years have seen impressive performance of transformer-based models on diﬀerent natural language processing tasks. However, it is not clear to what degree the transformers can reason on natural language. To shed light on this question, this survey paper discusses the performance of transformers on diﬀerent reasoning tasks, including mathematical reasoning, commonsense reasoning, and logical reasoning. We point out successes and limitations, of both empirical and theoretical nature
Efficacy of plant derived and synthetic insecticides against cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) and their effect on coccinellid predators

Cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) is one of the major insect pests of brassica crops worldwide. Mainly insecticides are being used for its management which poses hazardous effects on the environment and the applicator. Low efficacy and non-target effect of the available insecticide are the main challenge in the management of the pest in Ethiopia. The use of bio-rational and neonicotinoid pesticides is a promising alternative as they are less vulnerable to resistance development and relatively safe to the environment and the applicator. This study was carried out in 2018/19 cropping season to evaluate the efficacy of plant derived and synthetic insecticides for the management of cabbage aphid and their effect on coccinellid predators on Ethiopian kale. Ten treatments including six synthetic and two botanical insecticides were tested in comparison with the standard check dimethoate 40% EC and the untreated control in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Significant (P<0.05) differences were observed among the treatments in terms of cabbage aphid population reduction and their effect on coccinellid beetles. The botanical mix (Garlic+onion+pepper) and imidacloprid were at par with each other and found to be the best treatment with 93.79% and 91.04% efficacy, respectively. The maximum leaf yield was obtained from imidacloprid (14.18 t/ha) followed by botanical mix (13.45 t/ha) and lufenuron (12.42 t/ha). The highest yield increment over control was obtained from imidacloprid (3.1 t/ha), followed by botanical mix (2.37 t/ha). The botanical mix, imidacloprid and neem seed extract were highly effective in aphid control as well as less hazardous to ladybird beetle (Coccinella septempunctata L.). The highest cost benefit ratio was recorded with profenofos (1:1.14) followed by lufenuron (1:0.2), spinosad and nimbecidine (1:0.18). Results of the current study demonstrated that imidacloprid and plant-based insecticides can reduce aphid populations equally to conventional insecticides and could be used as an alternative component for the integrated pest management (IPM) of cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) on kale crop under field condition of smallholder farming system. Key words/phrases: Botanicals, Cabbage aphid, Efficacy, Ethiopian Kale, Ladybird beetle
Prevalence and predictors of common mental disorders among Syrian refugees in Istanbul, Turkey: A cross-sectional study Short title: Mental disorders among Syrian refugees in Turkey

Ceren Acarturk, Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey Michael McGrath, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Health Services Research and Policy, Public Health and Policy, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, UK; KIT Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam Bayard Roberts, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Health Services Research and Policy, Public Health and Policy, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, UK Zeynep Ilkkursun, Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey Pim Cuijpers, Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Marit Sijbrandij, Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Egbert Sondorp, KIT Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam Peter Ventevogel, Public Health Section, Division of Programme Management and Support, United High Commissioner for Refugees Martin McKee, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Health Services Research and Policy, Public Health and Policy, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, UK Daniela C. Fuhr, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Health Services Research and Policy, Public Health and Policy, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, UK
Using Qualitative Data from Targeted Interviews to Inform Rapid AIED Development

: This paper examines how interviews with students—at critical moments of the learning process—may be leveraged to improve the design of educational software. Specifically, we discuss iterative work to improve the design of a pedagogical agent in the Betty’s Brain learning environment, Mr. Davis. Students interacted with the pedagogical agent in Betty’s Brain during two separate studies, two months apart. During study one, qualitative interviews were prompted by student actions within the system and theoretically aligned sequences of educationally relevant affective states (as detected by previously validated models). Facilitaed by an app called the Quick Red Fox (QRF), these in situ interviews were then used to identify ways to rapidly improve Mr. Davis’ design, investigated in study two. Results indicate that changes designed to make Mr. Davis more empathetic correlate with improved learning outcomes. We also discuss the potential for rapidly collected qualitative data in future developments.
Supervised Contrastive Learning - Supplementary Material

In Fig. 1, we compare the training setup for the cross-entropy, self-supervised contrastive and supervised contrastive (SupCon) losses. Note that the number of parameters in the inference models always stays the same. We also note that it is not necessary to train a linear classifier in the second stage, and previous works have used k-Nearest Neighbor classification [12] or prototype classification to evaluate representations on classification tasks. The linear classifier can also be trained jointly with the encoder, as long as it doesn’t propagate gradients back to the encoder.
How to respond to (pre-)eruptive volcanic activity for the highest scientific return? CONVERSE Research Coordination Network & IAVCEI Commission for Volcano Geodesy workshop report

On October 7th and 8th 2019 about 30 members of the volcano geodesy community, representing both the academic community and the USGS Volcano Hazards Program, met in Portland, OR, to discuss the question of the workshop: How can the community prepare for (pre)eruptive volcanic activity at U.S. volcanoes to enable collection of data and observations that will yield the highest possible scientific return from this event? The agenda (see Appendix) addressed four major areas that required discussion: