Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sapphirine + quartz assemblage from the Southern Granulite Terrane, India: diagnostic evidence for ultrahigh‐temperature metamorphism within the Gondwana collisional orogen

A synthesis of the petrological characters of granulite facies rocks that contain equilibrium sapphirine + quartz assemblage from three localities (Rajapalaiyam, Ganguvarpatti and Panangad) in the Southern Granulite Terrane (SGT), India, provides unequivocal evidence for extreme crustal metamorphism associated with the collisional assembly of the Gondwana supercontinent during the Late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian. The reaction microstructures associated with sapphirine + quartz vary among the samples, probably suggesting different tectonic conditions during the metamorphic evolution. Sapphirine and quartz in pelitic granulites from Rajapalaiyam in the Madurai Block occur as an intergrowth in poikiloblastic garnet, whereas the two minerals show host‐inclusion relationship (quartz inclusion in coarse‐grained sapphirine) in a Mg‐Al‐rich rock from Ganguvarpatti in the same block. The sapphirine–quartz association and related microstructures from the two localities are consistent with isobaric cooling from sapphirine + quartz to orthopyroxene + sillimanite + quartz fields, possibly along a counterclockwise P‐T path. In contrast, sapphirine + quartz occurs as coronas around Mg‐rich (XMg ∼ 0.58) staurolite within poikiloblastic garnet in an Mg‐Al‐rich rock from Panangad in the Palghat–Cauvery Suture Zone (PCSZ). The texture suggests decompression from the stability field of Mg‐rich staurolite (P > 15 kbar) at T > 1000 °C possibly along a clockwise P‐T trajectory. Such contrasting P‐T paths are consistent with a recent tectonic model of the SGT, according to which the metamorphism in the Madurai Block is related to heat (and fluid) input from the mantle, whereas that in the PCSZ is related to the subduction‐collision tectonics between the Madurai Block and the Dharwar Craton, where high‐pressure and ultrahigh‐temperature (UHT) metamorphic rocks were extruded along the subduction channel. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of non-communicable diseases and its awareness among inhabitants of Sokoto metropolis: outcome of a screening program for hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus and overt proteinuria.

INTRODUCTION Developing countries confront double jeopardy of prevalent infectious disease and increasing Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) with imminent projected epidemic proportions. Nigeria has witnessed tremendous socio-economic changes and rural to urban migration culminating in emergence of NCD. The impact of these diseases on the lives of people is enormous when measured in terms of outcomes. We initiated a screening program among inhabitants of Sokoto metropolis in an attempt to unravel the prevalence and pattern of NCD. METHODS This is a descriptive cross sectional study involving 535 participants who were randomlyselected during World Kidney Day Screening in Sokoto. Health promotion talk was organized for the participants before commencing the screening. We took anthropometric measurements and calculated body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio for all individuals. We also checked blood pressure and blood glucose levels and performed urinalysis for all participants. RESULTS There were 535 participants including 332 males and 203 females with a mean age of 37 ± 17 years. Overweight, obesity and morbid obesity were found in 12.3%, 6.7% and 0.9% of participants respectively. About 11% had waist/hip ratio greater than 1. The prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension was 8.5% and 30.2% respectively. Elevated random blood glucose levels were found in 6% of participants while 17.9% had at least 1+ of proteinuria in urinalysis. CONCLUSION Non-communicable diseases are common in our environment and the level of awareness is low. Regular health education and screening programs are necessary in order to reduce the menace.
GMM Estimators for Binary Spatial Models in R

Despite the huge availability of software to estimate cross-sectional spatial models, there are only few functions to estimate models dealing with spatial limited dependent variable. This paper fills this gap introducing the new R package spldv . The package is based on generalized methods of moment (GMM) estimators and includes a series of one-and two-step estimators based on different choices of the weighting matrix for the moments conditions in the first step, and different estimators for the variance-covariance matrix of the estimated coefficients. An important feature of spldv is that users can estimate the spatial Durbin model and compute the direct, indirect, and total effects in a friendly and flexible way
Centennial‐scale winter monsoon variability in the northern East China Sea during the Holocene

The East China Sea (ECS) responds to changes in the strength of the Kuroshio and East Asian monsoon activity. Multidecadal resolution records of the palaeotemperature indices ${\rm TEX}_{{\rm 86}}^{{\rm H}} $ and $U_{37}^{K'} $ from core KY07‐04 PC‐1 show that the hydrology of the ECS responded to variability in the East Asian winter monsoon. Unlike Mg/Ca‐derived sea surface temperatures, which show neither warming nor cooling trends during the Holocene, the ${\rm TEX}_{{\rm 86}}^{{\rm H}} $ record showed a general warming trend at a rate of 0.2°C ka−1. This warming was attributable to shrinkage of the Yellow Sea Central Cold Water and/or weaker winter cooling of the surface water. The ${\rm TEX}_{{\rm 86}}^{{\rm H}} $ record indicated a centennial‐scale variability with an ∼1°C amplitude superimposed on the warming trend that reflected changes in the East Asian winter monsoon and/or the Kuroshio. Temperature minima appeared at ca. 3.0, 4.7, 6.2, 7.9 and 9.0 ka, and spectral analysis of the last 7 ka revealed significant peaks with periodicities of approximately 210, 250, and 440 years that were close to those observed in solar radiation. The reconstructed winter monsoon variability is consistent with Chinese documentary records for the last two millennia. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimal upper mantle temperature variations consistent with observed heat flow and plate velocities

The momentum equations applied to 5 o block means are integrated from the observed surface plate velocities downward to a depth of 280 km, assuming no lateral heterogeneities in density or viscosity. It is assumed that 85% of the global heat production Qc, = 0.85 x 4.0 x 10 3 W comes from below 280 km and that at this level the transfer is fully convective. A temperature field T is inferred at depth 280 km by minimizing the quantity fit - Tol" dS + nX{Qc, - pCf(T - To)v,. dS}, where the integrals are over the sphere, p is density, C is heat capacity, v, is radial velocity, To is a prescribed mean, and X is a Lagrangian multiplier. Norms n, ranging from 1.5 to 2.5, are tried. The intervening temperature fields are then inferred, integrating the energy equation downward by using the previously calculated velocity field. This integration is subject to the limitations that the derivative of the temperature with respect to depth is everywhere sufficient to attain the fully convecting temperature, but never less than adiabatic. A surface heat flow based on observations plus age and tectonic setting is used. The principal inferences are: (1) the greatest lateral variations in temperature, -1000oC, occur with the top 20 km; (2) the greatest advection, -200oC/m.y. , occurs within the top 20 km; (3) below 50 km, the greatest departures of temperature from the mean are negative "tongues," reaching an extreme of about -800oC at depth 100 km; (4) below 50 km, heat transfer becomes more convective than conductive; (5) at the fully convecting level, 280 km, temperature variations are at least _+ 180oC about the mean. The principal defect in the entire calculation is unrealistically low temperatures arising from unrepresentatively low surface heat flows. The principal defect of the model probably arises from the assumption that all heat transfer at a depth of 280 km is representable by 5 o means in velocity and temperature.
Environment of Deposition and Reservoir Properties of the Woodbine Sandstone at Kurten Field, Brazos County, Texas

ABSTRACT A combination of stratigraphic and diagenetic events has trapped oil in thin-bedded, clayey sandstones of the Upper Cretaceous Woodbine-Eagleford Formations. Five sandstone units occur in Kurten field and are designated from top to bottom as "A" through "E". Foraminifera and nannofossils indicate these units to be late Turonian. The "C" and "D" units are elongate north to south, 4.5 miles wide, over 10 miles long, and 40 feet thick. The "B" and "E" units are thinner and trend northeast to southwest. Grain size coarsens upward in the "B", "C", and "D" units, averaging 0.14 mm and ranging from 0.09 mm to 0.18 mm. Grain size fines upward in the "E" unit. The sandstone's average composition is 66 percent quartz, 1 percent feldspar, 2 percent rock fragments, and 28 percent matrix. Sedimentary structures in the "B", "C", and "D" units grade upward from laminated and bioturbated siltstones to clean sandstones with flaser cross-beds. The "E" unit consists of repeated bedsets similar to "cde" turbidite divisions. Sedimentary structures and bioturbation indicate that the units are offshore bars which have been formed by a combination of river mouth by-passing, storm-surge turbidity flows, and longshore currents. The porosity is largely diagenetic and occurs in the clayey beds. It appears to have been formed by fresh-water leaching along an erosional unconformity overlain by the Austin Chalk. Permeability becomes progressively poorer away from the unconformity; and a permeability barrier ultimately forms a poorly defined updip limit for the field, making Kurten field a combination diagenetic and stratigraphic trap. Relatively widespread occurrences of offshore bars suggest that similar traps may be fairly common in ancient shelf sediments.
The antiquity of seedgrinding in arid Australia

Long term cultural stability in the Australian arid zone has been unduly emphasised by prehistorians. One response of human populations to the alternating periods of drier and wetter conditions was to intensively exploit wild seeds. These were harvested and ground into flour or paste and were a staple food of many inland groups. In this paper I will show that, in contrast to current views, seedgrinding implements appear late in the archaeological sequence of the arid and semi-arid zones and postdate by millennia the earliest settlement of the region. Current views on the age and development of seed-gathering economies have largely been shaped by archaeological work in the Darling basin. Here the discovery of grindstones dating back to 12,00015,000 years BP and their first appearance at a time when the extensive Willandra lake system was drying up suggested that intensive use of seeds began as a response to environmental stress at the end of the Pleistocene (Allen 1972:228-44, 338-351). These archaeological discoveries were complemented in a study by Golson (1971) which suggested that the absence from central Australia of a whole series of tropical food plants forced upon settlers a greater reliance on seed foods. Bowdler (1977:229-30) took this idea a step further in her coastal colonisation model where she implied a link between the earliest seedgrinding in the Darling basin and subsequent settlement of the central desert. Although not specific about the details, she gives the impression that the development of seedgrinding technology was a prerequisite for successful settlement of the arid zone. At the same time that Allen (1972, 1974) was describing long term continuities in subsistence in the Darling basin, Gould (1971:174-5, 1977:168-175) was formulating similar interpretations of long term cultural stability in the Western Desert. The current picture therefore is of an early development of seed-gathering economies in the semi-arid zone as a response to increasing aridity about 15,000 years ago. The development of the technology for processing seeds then allowed the settlement of other arid areas where the subsistence pattern, once established, was remarkably stable. However my own study of the Pleistocene grindstones from the Darling basin and other areas (1985) dismisses their identification as seedgrinding implements. Rather, they appear to be expedient grindstones as distinct from the specialised formal seedgrinding implements used by Aboriginal groups throughout arid Australia. In this paper therefore I will review the archaeological evidence for seedgrinding from Holocene sites in the arid or semi-arid zones. I will also discuss the role of this technology in the settlement of the arid zone and possible reasons for the
An investigation of the relationship between bulk composition, inferred reaction progress and fluid‐flow parameters for layered micaceous carbonates from Maine, USA

Reaction progress exhibited by multivariant assemblages in micaceous limestones can provide an excellent record of metamorphic fluid flow. However, it is necessary to understand the sensitivity of these assemblages to bulk‐composition parameters. Here, analysis of bulk composition on different scales and pseudosection construction are used to draw conclusions on relationships between bulk composition, fluid flow and reaction progress. Issues addressed include the effects of bulk composition on the mineralogical evolution of micaceous carbonates, the sensitivity of bulk composition to bulk‐composition sampling methods, the magnitude of cross‐layer fluid‐composition gradients, the potential for metasomatism to drive reaction progress, and the relative timing of reaction in adjacent layers. Pseudosections successfully represent observed mineral assemblages, constrain the position of reactions in T–X(CO2) space, and allow assessment of the sensitivity of reaction position, inferred reaction progress and calculated fluid fluxes to uncertainties in bulk composition. The scale of bulk‐composition sampling affects bulk compositions, calculated modes, predicted mineral assemblages and calculated fluid compositions. Larger samples record an average of different lithological subdomains, while point‐count‐derived bulk compositions are subject to uncertainties related to the small number of sample points. The optimum bulk composition for pseudosection purposes probably lies between measured bulk compositions. Results suggest that reaction progress in some extensively reacted layers was driven by infiltration of H2O‐rich fluid which flowed or diffused parallel to layering, perpendicular to layering in response to fluid‐composition gradients, and out of veins. Small variations in fluid composition across layering (ΔX(CO2) < 0.02) were maintained by internal buffering by the mineral assemblages. Internal buffering must also have driven samples up a sequence of narrow low‐variance fields in T–X(CO2) space, and so reaction in adjacent layers must have close to simultaneous. Metasomatic effects on reaction progress are likely to have been small, so long as the porosity was low.
An intercomparison of aerosol light extinction and 180° backscatter as derived using in situ instruments and Raman lidar during the INDOEX field campaign

[1] Aircraft in situ and Raman lidar profiles of aerosol light extinction (ep) and 180 backscattering (p) are compared for 6 days during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX). The measurements of ep and p were made from the National Center for Atmospheric Research C-130 aircraft using two integrating nephelometers to measure light scattering and one Radiance Research Particle Soot Absorption Photometer to measure light absorption. Particulate 180 backscattering was measured in situ using a new instrument, the 180 backscatter nephelometer. The Institute for Tropospheric Research Raman lidar was located on the island of Hulule (4.18N, 73.53E), and all of the in situ profiles presented are from descents into the Hulule airport. Aerosol optical depth was also measured from Hulule using a Sun photometer, and these data are included in the intercomparison. On average, the lidar-derived values of ep and p are 30% larger than the in situ-derived values to a 95% confidence interval. Possible reasons for the overall discrepancy are (1) a low bias in the in situ measurements because of losses in the C-130 Community Aerosol Inlet; (2) underestimation of the humidification effect on light extinction in the in situ measurements; (3) overestimation of ep and p in the lidar because of subvisible cloud contamination; (4) errors in data processing that could be biasing either measurement, though the lidar retrievals are especially sensitive to this type of error. Temporal and spatial variability also appear to be the source of at least some of the discrepancy in two of the six cases, none of which are well collocated. INDEX TERMS: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0394 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques; 0360 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Transmission and scattering of radiation; 0345 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pollutionurban and regional (0305); KEYWORDS: aersol, optical, lidar, in situ, comparison, INDOEX
Efficacy of Interleukin-1β Inhibitor on Dry Eye Disease in Patients with Degenerative Arthritis

Purpose To evaluate diacerein (interleukin-1β inhibitor) efficacy on ocular surface disease (OSD). Patients and Methods This prospective observational study included patients who received diacerein for osteoarthritis and had dry eye (DE). The primary outcome was corneal staining score. Secondary outcomes were ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score, tear breakup time (TBUT), tear osmolarity (Osm), Schirmer’s test results, interleukin-1α (IL-1α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) levels in tears. All measurements were done at baseline and 2-month follow-up visits. Linear mixed models were used to examine the effect of all parameters, and log-transformed models were used for IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-1Ra analyses. Results Thirty-four patients (31 females and 3 males) were enrolled. The corneal staining score improved by 1.29 points (P=0.022, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.19 to 2.40) after 2 months, and the OSDI score improved by 17.2 points (P<0.001, 95% CI 10.82 to 23.58) but TUBT decreased by 0.66 seconds (P=0.021, 95% CI 0.10 to 1.22). No significant differences were observed in the tear Osm and Schirmer’s test. IL-1Ra demonstrated no statistical difference, IL-1α was significantly increased by 80% (P=0.260), and IL-1β was significantly decreased by 99.21% (P<0.001). Conclusion Diacerein can improve corneal staining and decrease IL-1β levels in tears, which reflects better DE symptoms. Diacerein may be a promising alternative treatment for patients with OSD and osteoarthritis.
A role of eddies in formation and transport of North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water

Hydrographic data acquired during 2001 by Argo profiling floats deployed in the Kuroshio recirculation region are used to verify the inference that mesoscale eddies prevailing in the recirculation region play an important role in the formation and transport of North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (NPSTMW). That is, the deeper winter mixed layer is formed preferentially where the thermocline is deeper in association with anticyclonic eddies. In the succeeding seasons, mesoscale eddies retain NPSTMW during their southwestward movement from the NPSTMW formation region, so that anticylonic eddies contribute substantially to the NPSTMW transportation. The spatial distributions of the mixed layer depth in winter and the NPSTMW thickness in the succeeding seasons, based on the float data, suggest that they are affected by mesoscale eddies. The float data also provide the statistical relations of these quantities against the thermocline depth, which are consistent with our inference.
Adapting Temperature Predictions to MR Imaging in Treatment Position to Improve Simulation-Guided Hyperthermia for Cervical Cancer

Hyperthermia treatment consists of elevating the temperature of the tumor to increase the effectiveness of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Hyperthermia treatment planning (HTP) is an important tool to optimize treatment quality using pre-treatment temperature predictions. The accuracy of these predictions depends on modeling uncertainties such as tissue properties and positioning. In this study, we evaluated if HTP accuracy improves when the patient is imaged inside the applicator at the start of treatment. Because perfusion is a major uncertainty source, the importance of accurate treatment position and anatomy was evaluated using different perfusion values. Volunteers were scanned using MR imaging without (“planning setup”) and with the MR-compatible hyperthermia device (“treatment setup”). Temperature-based quality indicators were used to assess the differences between the standard, apparent and the optimized hyperthermia dose. We conclude that pre-treatment imaging can improve HTP predictions accuracy but also, that tissue perfusion modelling is crucial if temperature-based optimization is applied.
Fish and aquatic salamander responses to the creation of riparian canopy gaps along forested headwater streams

Many headwaters across temperate North America have uniform mid‐succession riparian forests recovering from historic land clearing. These young riparian stands contrast with late‐succession forests, which have complex structural characteristics including canopy gaps. Canopy gaps provide structural diversity that can be important for terrestrial species, and they are also hypothesized to be important features for aquatic environments. The light patches below gaps create productivity hotspots in streams and therefore create potential for increased stream apex predator abundances through bottom‐up food web drivers. However, increasing light may also affect stream temperature, a consideration for coldwater fish (salmonids). We established an experimental before‐after control‐impact study to explicitly assess how creating canopy gaps in the riparian forest affects the abundance and biomass of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) and Pacific giant salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) in paired reference and treatment reaches at five replicate streams. Gaps were designed to resemble those in old‐growth forests in the treatment reach of each system although wood was explicitly left out of the stream. At four of five sites, we found small and generally consistent positive responses in adult cutthroat trout and total vertebrate biomass to localized increases in light but only 2 years after treatment. Results suggest that opening riparian canopies adjacent to streams via gaps is a viable tool to enhance structural complexity of riparian forests without negatively impacting stream vertebrates; however, a single gap alone had small effects on aquatic vertebrates. More or larger gaps would likely be needed to notably enhance aquatic apex predators.