Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is the World Flat or Spiky? Information Intensity, Skills, and Global Service Disaggregation

Which service occupations are the most susceptible to global disaggregation? What are the factors and mechanisms that make service occupations amenable to global disaggregation? This research addresses these questions by building on previous work by Apte and Mason (1995) and Rai et al. (2006) that focuses on the unbundling of information and physical flows. We propose a theory of service disaggregation and argue that high information intensity makes an occupation more amenable to disaggregation because the activities in such occupations can be codified, standardized, and modularized. We empirically validate our theoretical model using data on more than 300 service occupations. We find that at the mean skill level, the information intensity of an occupation is positively associated with the disaggregation potential of that occupation, and the effect of information intensity on disaggregation potential is mediated by the modularizability of an occupation. We also find that skills moderate the effect of information intensity on service disaggregation. Furthermore, we study the patterns in U.S. employment and salary growth from 2000 to 2004. Contrary to popular perception, we do not find any adverse effect in terms of employment growth or salary growth for high information-intensity occupations at the mean skill level. Our findings show that high-skill occupations have experienced higher employment and salary growth than low-skill occupations at the mean level of information intensity. Notably, high information-intensity occupations that require higher skill levels have experienced higher employment growth, though this employment growth is accompanied by a decline in salary growth. Occupations with a higher need for physical presence have also experienced higher employment growth and lower salary growth. Overall, these results imply that firms and managers need to consider the modularizability of occupations as they reallocate global resources to pursue cost and innovation opportunities. For individual workers, our results highlight the importance of continuous investments in human capital and skill acquisition because high information-intensity and high-skill occupations appear to be relatively less vulnerable to global disaggregation.
Revising the Bering Strait freshwater flux into the Arctic Ocean

The freshwater flux through the Bering Strait into the Arctic Ocean is important regionally and globally, e.g. for Chukchi Sea hydrography, Arctic Ocean stratification, the global freshwater cycle, and the stability of the Atlantic overturning circulation. Aagaard and Carmack [1989] estimated the Bering Strait freshwater flux as 1670 km3/yr (relative to 34.8 psu), assuming an annual mean transport (0.8 Sv) and salinity (32.5 psu). This is ∼1/3rd of the total freshwater input to the Arctic. Using long‐term moored measurements and ship‐based observations, we show that this is a substantial underestimate of the freshwater flux. Specifically, the warm, fresh Alaskan Coastal Current in the eastern Bering Strait may add ∼400 km3/yr. Seasonal stratification and ice transport may add another ∼400 km3/yr. Combined, these corrections are larger than the interannual variability observed by near‐bottom measurements and near‐surface measurements will be necessary to quantify this flux and its interannual variability.
General circulation model study on the green Sahara during the mid‐Holocene: An impact of convection originating above boundary layer

[1] The mechanism maintaining widespread vegetation over the Sahara, 6000 years before present (6kBP), is investigated with an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) focusing on an impact of convection originating above the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The multiple cloud base Arakawa-Schubert scheme (MCB) is implemented in the GCM, and it is shown that MCB significantly strengthens the impact of vegetation over the Sahara on precipitation in this region. If it is assumed that the whole Sahara was covered by vegetation at 6kBP, the total precipitation is sufficient to maintain vegetation over the south and northwest Sahara. High-valued moist static energy air ranges from surface to the middle troposphere over the northern half of Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in summer because of strong northward moisture transport in the lower troposphere. Convection originating above the PBL prevails in this region especially when the PBL top is lowered between night and early morning and strengthens the intrusion of the ITCZ into the Sahara. Then moisture is further transported northward by the African wave disturbances enhancing precipitation over the northwestern Sahara.
PackNet-SfM: 3D Packing for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation

Densely estimating the depth of a scene from a single image is an ill-posed inverse problem that is seeing exciting progress with self-supervision from strong geometric cues, in particular from training using stereo imagery. In this work, we investigate the more challenging structure-from-motion (SfM) setting, learning purely from monocular videos. We propose PackNet - a novel deep architecture that leverages new 3D packing and unpacking blocks to effectively capture fine details in monocular depth map predictions. Additionally, we propose a novel velocity supervision loss that allows our model to predict metrically accurate depths, thus alleviating the need for test-time ground-truth scaling. We show that our proposed scale-aware architecture achieves state-of-the-art results on the KITTI benchmark, significantly improving upon any approach trained on monocular video, and even achieves competitive performance to stereo-trained methods.
Empirical Bayesian approach to testing multiple hypotheses with separate priors for left and right alternatives

Abstract We consider a multiple hypotheses problem with directional alternatives in a decision theoretic framework. We obtain an empirical Bayes rule subject to a constraint on mixed directional false discovery rate (mdFDR≤α) under the semiparametric setting where the distribution of the test statistic is parametric, but the prior distribution is nonparametric. We proposed separate priors for the left tail and right tail alternatives as it may be required for many applications. The proposed Bayes rule is compared through simulation against rules proposed by Benjamini and Yekutieli and Efron. We illustrate the proposed methodology for two sets of data from biological experiments: HIV-transfected cell-line mRNA expression data, and a quantitative trait genome-wide SNP data set. We have developed a user-friendly web-based shiny App for the proposed method which is available through URL https://npseb.shinyapps. io/npseb/. The HIV and SNP data can be directly accessed, and the results presented in this paper can be executed.
Vegetation‐atmosphere‐soil nutrient feedbacks in the Amazon for different deforestation scenarios

[1] In recent decades, large areas of the Amazon forest have been deforested and the rainforest's future may be dependent on climate and soil nutrient feedbacks associated with deforestation. This is a two-way biosphere-atmosphere interaction problem: the response of the regional climate system to the land cover varies with the forest growth, which, in turn, depends on climate and nutrient stress. Nutrient stress also varies with forest age, being most severe for young forests and declining as forests mature. Here we use a coupled climate-biosphere model to investigate how these feedbacks interact to control the secondary forest recovery after different deforestation scenarios, looking for a threshold of deforestation that could cause dangerous interference on the Amazon recovery. Results show that the reduction in rainfall is proportional to the amount of deforestation and is more drastic when the deforested area is higher than 40% of the original forest extent. In addition, this simulated precipitation reduction alone is not sufficient to prevent the rainforest regrowth. However, when the precipitation reduction is associated with a soil nutrient stress, a savannization process may start over southern Amazonia (northern Mato Grosso state), no matter how much is deforested. In this region, a large precipitation reduction in the transition from the dry to the rainy season and an increase in the dry season duration are favorable to the savanna maintenance on nutrient-limited simulations. These results may be a valuable tool for prioritizing forest conservation in this region, which presently has the highest clearing rate in Amazonia.
Cosmic ray exposure ages of iron meteorites by the Ne21/Al26 method

The Al26 and Ti44 contents of 10 iron meteorites were determined by γ-γ coincidence counting of separated fractions. The Al26 contents, ranging from 0 to 2.70 dpm/kg, were lower by factors of 1.5 to 3 than literature values obtained by β-counting. This discrepancy is apparently caused by a β-emitting impurity that interferes in β-counting but not in the γ-γ coincidence method. The concentrations of He3, He4, Ne21, Ar36, and Ar38 were determined mass spectrometrically. From the Ne21 and Al26 content of these meteorites, the following cosmic ray exposure ages, in millions of years, were calculated (relative to Norfolk = 600 m.y.): Arispe = 120, Aroos = 1000, Duchesne = 200, Grant = 590, Odessa, 360, Sandia Mountains ≤ 210, Santa Apolonia = 840, Sikhote-Alin = 320, Treysa = 530. In most cases, these values agree rather well with previously determined K41/K40 and Ar36Cl36 ages. The agreement with the K41/K40 ages, in particular, casts doubt on the notion that the exposure ages of iron meteorites are strongly affected by space erosion. Sandia Mountains and Arispe were found to contain noble gases in anomalous proportions. Apparently both these meteorites contain small amounts of radiogenic or primordial He4. Arispe, moreover, seems to have suffered a secondary breakup some 100 m.y. ago. Except for the observed falls, Aroos, Sikhote-Alin, and Treysa, none of the above meteorites contained any detectable Ti44 activity. Evidently, the terrestrial ages of these meteorites are long in comparison with the half-life of Ti44, 48 years. The absence of Ti44 activity in Norfolk shows that it cannot have been associated with a 1907 fireball, as had been previously supposed. Sandia Mountains appears to have a low Al26 activity, possibly due to a terrestrial age of the order of 106 years.
Coastal Acidification by Rivers: A Threat to Shellfish?

Increasing atmospheric CO2 is likely to cause a corresponding increase in oceanic acidity by lowering pH by 0.20. 5 pH units by the end of the 21st century [Royal Society, 2005]. In light of increasing acidity, there are growing concerns about the future health of a variety of marine organisms, particularly shellfish, which in the United States is a $1.6 billion industry. Shellfish predominantly inhabit coastal regions, and in addition to the projected stress caused by the global trend in ocean acidification, some coastal ecosystems receive persistent or episodic acid inputs as a result of interactions with river water, bottom sediments, or atmospheric deposition of terrigenous materials. Most river plumes are acidic relative to the receiving ocean, and river water is mixed extensively over the continental shelf. Moreover, the chemical nature and magnitude of discharge are changing rapidly due to climate change and land-use practices.
The geocoronal H α cascade component determined from geocoronal H β intensity measurements

Geocoronal H α and H β intensity measurements using the Wisconsin H α Mapper Fabry‐Perot are used to determine the intensity of the H α cascade component. From basic atomic physics and the work of Meier ( ), we show that the total cascade in geocoronal H α emission is 0.52 ± 0.03 times the geocoronal H β intensity, I(H β), for solar Lyman series excitation of geocoronal hydrogen. The results are consistent with the H α cascade measurements of Mierkiewicz et al. ( ), which were determined directly from the analysis of H α line profile measurements, and significantly narrow the range of uncertainty in the cascade measurement. Accounting for cascade is essential in determining exospheric effective temperatures and dynamics from the shape of the geocoronal H α line.
A Tableaux-based calculus for Abduction in Expressive Description Logics: Preliminary Results.

Abduction [12] is a well-known form of common-sense reasoning that has been widely exploited in Artificial Intelligence applications, including formalization of Diagnostic Reasoning [13] and Scene Interpretation [14]. Abduction has been also proposed as a logical tool for formalizing hypothetical reasoning in E-Commerce [7], Negotiation [15] and Web-service Discovery [10], among others. The computation of Propositional Abduction (PA) has been extensively studied, for nearly all criteria that can be adopted for choosing the preferred hypotheses [6]. Also Abductive Logic Programming is well established [9], and its computation resorts on a modification of SLD-resolution. Yet, when the representation language chosen for the application domain is a Description Logic (DL), the picture is far from being complete. Since concepts in a DL are in fact monadic predicates, the definition of Abduction should be extended from a propositional to a first-order setting. A possible definition has been proposed by Di Noia et al. [7]: given concepts C (prior facts), D (target), and a TBox T (background knowledge), a Concept Abduction Problem is finding another concept H such that both (i) the conjunction of C and H—denoted in DL by C u H—is satisfiable in T , and (ii) in all models of T , C u H is subsumed by D (denoted by T |= C u H v D). A tableauxbased calculus for computing Concept Abduction in the DL ALN was devised in [5]. However, although ALN is computationally simple, it is a rather inexpressive DL. We propose here a form of Concept Abduction which is computed extending the framework of Concept Matching [2]. In a nutshell, we identify places in the description of C where a hypothesis can be added, and name such places with (all distinct) concept variables H0, H1, H2, . We denote C the resulting concept. Then a solution to such an Abduction Problem is a substitution σ of concept variables with concepts, such that T |= σ(C) v D. Note that in Concept Matching the concept with variables is D, and a solution is a substitution σ such that T |= C v σ(D). The remaining of this paper is structured as follows. In the next section, we lay out some definitions and other preliminary notions. Then we propose a calculus based on tableaux for finding substitutions, and in Section 4 we propose some strategies for finding “good” substitutions. Finally, we compare our proposal with existing literature.
Growth Rate and Salinity Profile of First-Year Sea Ice in the High Arctic

Abstract This paper describes the growth of sea ice and the salinity profiles observed in Eclipse Sound near Pond Inlet, Baffin Island, Canada, during the winter of 1977–78. A numerical method of calculation has been developed to incorporate the variations in snow conditions and physical properties of ice and snow during the growth season. It is shown that the growth rate can be predicted reasonably well. It is also shown that the vertical salinity profile in the ice towards the end of the season, provides a record of previous climatological conditions. A dependence has been shown between the predicted growth rate and the measured salinity.
Probabilistic modelling for software quality control

As is clear to any user of software, quality control of software has not reached the same levels of sophistication as it has with traditional manufacturing. In this paper we argue that this is because insufficient thought is being given to the methods of reasoning under uncertainty that are appropriate to this domain. We then describe how we have built a large-scale Bayesian network to overcome the difficulties that have so far been met in software quality control. This exploits a number of recent advances in tool support for constructing large networks. We end the paper by describing how the network was validated and illustrate the range of reasoning styles that can be modelled with this tool.
The Role of Nonlinear Momentum Fluxes on the Evolution of Directional Wind-Wave Spectra

AbstractIt has long been known that nonlinear wave–wave interactions produce stationary solutions related to constant energy flux through the equilibrium range when a deep-water spectrum follows an f−4 form, as has been verified in numerical studies in which spectra follow a constant angular spreading distribution. This paper shows that, although energy fluxes through such spectra remain essentially constant, momentum fluxes do not. On the other hand, if the angular distribution of a spectrum is allowed to behave in a manner consistent with observations, both the energy flux and the momentum flux tend to remain constant through a major portion of the spectrum. Thus, it appears that directional distributions of energy within wind-wave spectra adjust to a form consistent with nondivergent nonlinear fluxes, suggesting that these fluxes likely play a very prominent role in the evolution of directional spectra during wave generation.
High new production in the Bay of Bengal: Possible causes and implications

We report the first measurements of new production (15N tracer technique), the component of primary production that sustains on extraneous nutrient inputs to the euphotic zone, in the Bay of Bengal. Experiments done in two different seasons consistently show high new production (averaging around 4 mmol N m−2 d−1 during post monsoon and 5.4 mmol N m−2 d−1 during pre monsoon), validating the earlier conjecture of high new production, based on pCO2 measurements, in the Bay. Averaged over annual time scales, higher new production could cause higher rate of removal of organic carbon. This could also be one of the reasons for comparable organic carbon fluxes observed in the sediment traps of the Bay of Bengal and the eastern Arabian Sea. Thus, oceanic regions like Bay of Bengal may play a more significant role in removing the excess CO2 from the atmosphere than hitherto believed.
DIAGENETIC HISTORY OF LATE PALAEOCENE POTENTIAL CARBONATE RESERVOIR ROCKS, KOPET‐DAGH BASIN, NE IRAN

The Upper Palaeocene (Thanetian) Chehel‐Kaman Formation in the Kopet‐Dagh Basin of NE Iran is principally composed of carbonates with minor siliciclastics and evaporites. Six stratigraphic sections were measured and more than 1,000 samples were collected for petrographic analysis, together with analyses of carbon and oxygen isotopes and trace element content. Four major carbonate lithofacies (and 13 subfacies) have been identified in previous studies and are interpretd in terms of deposition in a shallow‐marine environment.
Returns to Schooling in China Under Planning and Reform

We estimate returns to schooling using a retrospective work history survey covering more than 4,000 workers over the period 1950 to 1994, with particular emphasis to the returns to schooling for workers who attended institutes of higher education and who graduated from college. We find evidence that schooling returns declined throughout the period leading up to the Cultural Revolution (CR), with returns for workers who did not attend college becoming negligible. Returns to those with some college education remained positive, but low compared to other countries. Consistent with other studies, we find that returns to schooling did not recover from their CR low until the 1990s. Increases in the return to schooling during the transition following the CR were not associated directly with workers changing jobs or with taking ? new-economy? jobs but appear to have occurred for most workers across all ownership categories. Workers most likely to leave jobs in the traditional ownership sector for jobs in the private or jointventure categories were those who entered the labor force prior to 1967. We do not find evidence supporting other studies? finding that schooling returns for college graduates increased more than for workers with lower levels of schooling attainment.
Seasonal variations in the impact of suburban development on runoff response: Peterborough, Ontario

A small basin in Peterborough, Ontario, has been instrumented to investigate the contrasts in runoff response between rural and suburbanized sections of the basin. Data have been collected over three seasons (summer, fall, and spring) to evaluate seasonal variations in the rural-urban contrast. Results indicate that the effect of the urban development is felt most strongly in the spring under snowmelt conditions and least strongly in the summer. Urban direct runoff volumes exceed rural volumes by factors of 1.2 for summer rainstorms, 2.3 for fall rainstorms, and 7.5 for spring snowmelt and rain-on-snow events. Urban peak discharges exceed rural peaks for the same seasons by factors of 4.5, 2.4, and 7.1. Direct runoff-rainfall ratios (infall and snowmelt in the spring case) are fairly consistent in the rural basin, being 0.05 for the summer, 0.07 for the fall, and 0.06 for the spring. The corresponding ratios in the urban basin are 0.06, 0.16, and 0.76. It is believed that seasonal variations in the rural-urban response ratios are caused mainly by seasonal fluctuations in the extent of the runoff contributing area in the urban basin.
The acquisition of sociolinguistic variation: Looking back and thinking ahead

Abstract Although developmental sociolinguistics is a relatively under-researched field, several studies have described children's use of sociolinguistic variables and some have suggested theoretical accounts for the learning mechanisms underpinning their acquisition. Taking a historical point of view, this paper aims firstly to provide an exhaustive review of the studies focused on phonological variables over the past four decades. In the second section, we then deal with three theoretical approaches to the acquisition of variation: abstract variable rule formation, case-by-case concrete learning and exemplar theory. We discuss the main assumptions of these accounts, such as the role of input frequency, abstraction and generalization processes and the construction of the relationship between linguistic and social information. Finally, in the light of this discussion and in line with the available results, we argue in favor of the usage-based theory of language acquisition (Tomasello 2003) as a general framework including exemplar theory and explaining how children learn variable and categorical linguistic forms as well as their social use.