Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Latitudinal Variability of Oceanic Rainfall Properties and Its Implication for Satellite Retrievals: 1. Drop Size Distribution Properties

In this study, we analyze an in situ shipboard global ocean drop size distribution (DSD) 8‐year database to understand the underpinning microphysical reasons for discrepancies between satellite oceanic rainfall products at high latitudes reported in the literature. The natural, latitudinal, and convective‐stratiform variability of the DSD is found to be large, with a substantially lower drop concentration with diameter smaller than 3 mm in the Southern hemisphere high latitude (S‐highlat, south of 45°S) and Northern Hemisphere polar latitude (N‐polar, north of 67.5°S) bands, which is where satellite rainfall products most disagree. In contrast, the latitudinal variability of the normalized oceanic DSD is small, implying that the functional form of the normalized DSD can be assumed constant and accurately parameterized using proposed fits. The S‐highlat and N‐polar latitude bands stand out as regions with oceanic rainfall properties different from other latitudes, highlighting fundamental differences in rainfall processes at different latitudes and associated specific challenges for satellite rainfall retrieval techniques. The most salient differences in DSD properties between these two regions and the other latitude bands are: (1) a systematically higher (lower) frequency of occurrence of rainfall rates below (above) 1 mm h‐1, (2) much lower drop concentrations, (3) very different values of the DSD shape parameter (μ0) from what is currently assumed in satellite radar rainfall algorithms, and (4) very different DSD properties in both the convective and stratiform rainfall regimes. Overall, this study provides insights into how DSD assumptions in satellite radar rainfall retrieval techniques could be refined.
Springing for Safe Water: Drinking Water Source Selection in Central Appalachian Communities

There are rural residents of Central Appalachia that collect their drinking water from roadside springs despite having access to in-home piped point-of-use (POU) water. Residents have cited perceptions about water availability/quality as primary motivators for collecting drinking water from roadside springs. Water from roadside springs has been found to contain total coliform and E. coli, suggesting that consumers may be at an increased risk of contracting gastrointestinal illnesses. This research effort seeks to better understand roadside spring usage in Central Appalachia, by exploring motivations influencing potable water source selection and comparing household and spring water quality to Safe Drinking Water Act recommendations. Households were recruited from communities surrounding springs in three states (Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia). 24 tap water samples were collected from participating households and paired with samples from six roadside springs. Samples were analyzed for fecal indicator bacteria and inorganic ions. Study participants also completed short surveys to inventory their perceptions of their household drinking water. The majority of participants did not trust their home tap water, indicating water aesthetics as primary motivators for distrust of their homer water source. Statistical comparisons indicated that 10 water quality constituents (Cd, F, NO3-, Cu, Pb, Ag, Mn, Zn, Na, and Sr) were significantly higher in tap water samples and four constituents (total coliform, U, Al, and SO4) were significantly higher in spring samples. These results suggest that residents might be exposed to different risks based on their drinking water source and that water quality solutions must be devised case-by-case. SPRINGING FOR SAFE WATER: DRINKING WATER SOURCE SELECTION IN CENTRAL APPALACHIAN COMMUNITIES
Uncertainty in the Evolution of Climate Feedback Traced to the Strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

In most coupled climate models, effective climate sensitivity increases for a few decades following an abrupt CO2 increase. The change in the climate feedback parameter between the first 20 years and the subsequent 130 years is highly model dependent. In this study, we suggest that the intermodel spread of changes in climate feedback can be partially traced to the evolution of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Models with stronger Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation recovery tend to project more amplified warming in the Northern Hemisphere a few decades after a quadrupling of CO2. Tropospheric stability then decreases as the Northern Hemisphere gets warmer, which leads to an increase in both the lapse‐rate and shortwave cloud feedbacks. Our results suggest that constraining future ocean circulation changes will be necessary for accurate climate sensitivity projections.
Hypervelocity Impact Experiments in Iron‐Nickel Ingots and Iron Meteorites: Implications for the NASA Psyche Mission

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Psyche mission will visit the 226‐km diameter main belt asteroid (16) Psyche, our first opportunity to visit a metal‐rich object at close range. The unique and poorly understood nature of Psyche offers a challenge to the mission as we have little understanding of the surface morphology and composition. It is commonly accepted that the main evolutionary process for asteroid surfaces is impact cratering. While a considerable body of literature is available on collisions on rocky/icy objects, less work is available for metallic targets with compositions relevant to Psyche. Here we present a suite of impact experiments performed at the NASA Ames Vertical Gun Range facility on several types of iron meteorites and foundry‐cast ingots that have similar Fe‐Ni compositions as the iron meteorites. Our experiments were designed to better understand crater formation (e.g., size, depth), over a range of impact conditions, including target temperature and composition. We find that the target strength, as inferred from crater sizes, ranges from 700 to 1,300 MPa. Target temperature has measurable effects on strength, with cooled targets typically 10–20% stronger. Crater morphologies are characterized by sharp, raised rims and deep cavities. Further, we derive broad implications for Psyche's collisional evolution, in light of available low resolution shape models. We find that the number of large craters (>50 km) is particularly diagnostic for the overall bulk strength of Psyche. If confirmed, the number of putative large craters may indicate that Psyche's bulk strength is significantly reduced compared to that of intact iron meteorites.
Subirrigation of Container-Grown Tomato II: Physical and Chemical Properties of the Growing Medium

Subirrigation of containerized vegetable crops is a promising strategy to increase water and nutrient use efficiency, however, the longer growing seasons for cultivation of vegetable species may cause marked changes in the physical and chemical substrate properties. This study determined the effects of the irrigation system, subirrigation vs. drip-irrigation, and the concentration of the nutrient solution on the substrate physical and chemical properties in containerized tomato plants. Plants were irrigated with solutions at concentrations of −0.072, −0.058 and −0.043 MPa. Root dry weight of subirrigated plants was decreased by 35% in the substrate top layer when the highest concentration was used. Substrate electrical conductivity increased while pH was acidified as solution concentration increased and from the bottom to the top substrate layers in subirrigated plants. Salts buildup was associated with increased concentration of oxalic and tartaric acids and pH acidification. The improved substrate physical and chemical properties in subirrigated plants were associated with higher fruit yield (11.0 kg per plant) provided nutrient solution concentration was reduced to −0.043 MPa; in contrast, the highest yield in drip-irrigated plants (10.1 kg per plant) was obtained when the solution concentration was −0.072 MPa. In conclusion, subirrigation with reuse of the nutrient solution is a promising strategy to reduce water waste through runoff and leaching as water use efficiency increases due to greater water retention properties in the substrate, the maintenance of an EC within a range the plants can tolerate, and a lower acidification of substrate pH.
Manipulating the Extent of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness: 1617

Purpose: The purpose of study was to determine if three discrete levels of soreness can be identified using various magnitudes of eccentric triceps exercise in non-resistance trained, college-aged students. Methods: Mate (n=12) and female (n=12) subjects *"i" ,". rrited and randomly assigned to a 20-, 40-, or 60-repetition group (n=8). Subjects performed maximal eccentric triceps contraction at 90''s-1 on a Cybex isokinetic dynamometer. Measurement of peak torque (PT), arm.circumference (2, 6, and 9 cm), relaxed arm angle (RANG), elbow range of motion (ROM), descriptor differential scale (DDS) (sensation and unpleasantness), and creatine kinase (CK) were done at baseline and 24, 48,72, and 96 h post-soreness induction. A 3 x 5 repeated-measure ANOVA was then done for each dependent variable to assess interactions as weil as timeand group-main effects. To eliminate a dampening effect of baseline values on group data, a univariate ANOVA was also done to determine if groups were similar at baseline. lf they were, a univariate ANOVA on group was done collapsing all time periods but excluding baseline. Results: A reduction in PT was proportionate to the amount of exercise, as strength decreased by 13.6%, 32.9o/o, and 47 . 3% following 20-, 40and 60-repetitions, respectively, compared to baseline for all time points combihed. Arm circumference (2 cm) was significantly different between 20and 60repetition groups, whereas RANG was significantly different between the 20and 40and 20and 60-; there were no differences between the 40and 60repetition groups for either variable. Also, G0-repetitions reduced ROM more than 20-repetitions, but no difference was found for 4O-repetitions. Surprisingly, DDS (sensation) was same for all three groups, but DDS (unpleasantness) was significantly different between the 20and 60repetition groups, as was CK. Changes in all variables except CX peaXeO at48h and had
The impact of flow discharge on the hydraulic characteristics of headcut erosion processes in the gully region of the Loess Plateau

Headcut erosion is associated with major hydraulic changes induced by the gully head of concentrated flow. However, the variation in the hydraulic characteristics of the headcut erosion process is still not clear in the gully region of the Loess Plateau. A series of rainfall combined scouring experiments (flow discharges ranging from 3.6 to 7.2 m3 hr−1, with 0.8 mm min−1 rainfall intensity) were conducted on experimental plots to clarify the variation in the hydraulic parameters induced by gully head and erosion processes under different flow discharges. The results showed that concentrated flows in the catchment area and gully bed were turbulent (Reynolds number ranging from 1,876 to 6,693) and transformed between supercritical and subcritical (Froude number ranging from 0.96 to 3.73). The hydraulic parameters, such as the flow velocity, Reynolds number, shear stress, stream power, Darcy–Weisbach friction factor, and unit stream power in the catchment area were 0.45–0.59 m s−1, 2086–6693, 1.96–5.33 Pa, 0.89–2.86 W m−2, 0.08–0.16, and 0.023–0.031 m s−1, respectively. When the concentrated flows dropped from the gully head, the hydraulic parameters in the gully bed decreased by 3.39–26.07%, 1.49–29.99%, 65.19–67.14%, 67.25–74.96%, 28.53–61.31%, and 67.82–77.14%, respectively, which contributed to the flow energy consumption at the gully head. As flow discharge increased, Reynolds number, shear stress, and stream power increased, while flow velocity, Froude number, unit stream power, and Darcy–Weisbach friction factor did not. The flow energy consumption at the gully head was 9.66–10.13, 13.25–13.74, 15.68–16.41, and 19.28–20.25 J s−1, respectively, under different flow discharges and accounted for 60.58–68.50% of the flow energy consumption of the experimental plots. Generally, the sediment discharges increased rapidly at the initial stage, then increased slowly, and finally reached a steady state condition, which showed a significant declining logarithmic trend with experimental duration (P<.01) and increased with increasing flow discharge. Accordingly, the flow energy consumption was significantly correlated with the sediment yield. These findings could improve our understanding of the hydraulic properties and flow energy characteristics of headcut erosion.
Can We Detect Changes in Amazon Forest Structure Using Measurements of the Isotopic Composition of Precipitation?

Large‐scale (>500 km) spatial gradients of precipitation oxygen isotope ratios (δ18Op) hold information about the hydrological cycle. They result from the interplay between rainout and evapotranspiration along air‐parcel paths, but these counteracting effects are difficult to disentangle, complicating quantification of the effect of land cover change on δ18Op. We show that disentangling can qualitatively be achieved using climate model simulations with a land‐derived precipitation tracer for tropical South America. We then either vary land cover as observed since 1870 or replace Amazon forests with bare land to determine the resulting signals. Our results indicate that effects of historically changing land cover on annual mean δ18O isotope‐ratio gradients are small and unlikely detectable, although there is a noticeable signal during the dry season. Furthermore, the effect of changes in water recycling on Amazon δ18Op in paleo‐records may have been overestimated and need reinterpretation.
Discrimination of different sea ice types from CryoSat-2 satellite data using an Object-based Random Forest (ORF)

Abstract Sea ice type is one of the most sensitive variables in Arctic sea ice monitoring, and it is important for the retrieval of ice thickness. In this study, we analyzed various waveform features that characterize the echo waveform shape and Sigma0 (i.e., backscatter coefficient) of CryoSat-2 synthetic aperture radar altimeter data over different sea ice types. Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute operational ice charts were input as reference. An object-based random forest (ORF) classification method is proposed with overall classification accuracy of 90.1%. Accuracy of 92.7% was achieved for first-year ice (FYI), which is the domain ice type in the Arctic. Accuracy of 76.7% was achieved at the border of FYI and multiyear ice (MYI), which is better than current state-of-the-art methods. Accuracy of 83.8% was achieved for MYI. Results showed the overall accuracy of the ORF method was increased by ∼8% in comparison with other methods, and the classification accuracy at the border of FYI and MYI was increased by ∼10.5%. Nevertheless, ORF classification performance might be influenced by the selected waveform features, snow loading, and the ability to distinguish sea ice from leads.
Vegetation source water identification using isotopic and hydrometric observations from a subhumid mountain catchment

This study coupled long‐term hydrometric and stable water isotope data to identify links between subsurface water storage and vegetation in a subhumid mountain catchment in Arizona, USA. Specific observations included catchment‐scale hydrologic fluxes and soil water storage and stable water isotopes from stream water, soil water, groundwater, and sap water from Arizona pine (Pinus arizonica) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) individuals. Here, we find that tightly bound soil water was sufficient to meet dry period vegetation water demand when the former was defined in terms of field capacity as opposed to a matric tension threshold. This water was a mixture of summer and winter precipitation that predominates in both shallow and deep soil waters, and contributed significantly to streamflow. We also identified a less common mobile water type that did not contribute significantly to streamflow and was related to infiltration during isotopically depleted precipitation events. Although each water type was used by both Arizona pine and Douglas fir vegetation, the second water type was dominant in Douglas fir sap water. Therefore, we conclude that Arizona pine and Douglas fir can occupy different ecohydrological niches at this subhumid mountain location. Further, a lack of isotopic distinction between tightly bound and inferred mobile soil water signals that the ecohydrological water source separation hypothesis is not entirely applicable at this site. The results of this study broadly highlight how alternative definitions of tightly bound water can influence interpretation of data, and contribute to a more thorough understanding of interactions between subsurface storage and plant water dynamics.
The Minimum Scale of Grooving on a Recently Ruptured Limestone Fault

Faults have grooves that are formed by abrasion and wear during slip. Recent observations indicate that this grooving is only a large‐scale feature, indicating brittle behavior has a length scale limit. The connection between this scale and earthquake behavior remains limited because no examples exist from a proven seismogenic fault. Here, we address this problem and analyze differences in this scale between lithologies to further our understanding of the underlying mechanics. This study uses samples from the Mt. Vettoretto fault collected after the Norcia earthquake of 2016. We imaged fault topography with a white light interferometer and 10 μm resolution structure from motion and then calculated a Monte Carlo version of root mean square roughness. We found a minimum scale of grooving of ~100 μm. In comparing this fault to the Corona Heights fault, we find that this minimum grooving scale is consistent with predictions based on material properties.
Spatial Signature of Solar Forcing over the North Atlantic Summer Climate in
the Past Millennium

Abstract. We investigate the effects of solar forcing during summer on the North Atlantic climate in comprehensive simulations of the preindustrial last millennium. We use two Earth System Models forced only by variations in Total Solar Irradiance (TSI). Specifically, we examine how different statistical techniques commonly used in current literature, namely linear methods and composite techniques can condition our understanding of the effects of solar forcing on climate. We demonstrate that the results obtained are strongly shaped by internal model variability. Linear methods like regression and correlation are not suitable to separate solar impacts on summer climate from internal variability. Composite maps show a response of SSTs off the European coasts and atmospheric blocking-like pressure anomalies over the subpolar North Atlantic, with some model-dependent variations of its spatial patterns and extent. In the models analyzed, the relationship of TSI to the tropospheric and surface circulation is linked through a baroclinic response to diabatic heating at the ocean surface. A tendency toward blocking-like patterns over the middle and high latitudes might be subsequently created during summer and in high TSI periods.
Soil organic carbon predictions in Subarctic Greenland by visible–near infrared spectroscopy

ABSTRACT Release of carbon from high-latitude soils to the atmosphere may have significant effects on Earth’s climate. In this contribution, we evaluate visible–near-infrared spectroscopy (vis-NIRS) as a time- and cost-efficient tool for assessing soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations in South Greenland. Soil samples were collected at two sites and analyzed with vis-NIRS. We used partial least square regression (PLS-R) modeling to predict SOC from vis-NIRS spectra referenced against in situ dry combustion measurements. The ability of our approach was validated in three setups: (1) calibration and validation data sets from the same location, (2) calibration and validation data sets from different locations, and (3) the same setup as in (2) with the calibration model enlarged with few samples from the opposite target area. Vis-NIRS predictions were successful in setup 1 (R2 = 0.95, root mean square error of prediction [RMSEP] = 1.80 percent and R2 = 0.82, RMSEP = 0.64 percent). Predictions in setup 2 had higher errors (R2 = 0.90, RMSEP = 7.13 percent and R2 = 0.78, RMSEP = 2.82 percent). In setup 3, the results were again improved (R2 = 0.95, RMSEP = 2.03 percent and R2 = 0.77, RMSEP = 2.14 percent). We conclude that vis-NIRS can obtain good results predicting SOC concentrations across two subarctic ecosystems, when the calibration models are augmented with few samples from the target site. Future efforts should be made toward determination of SOC stocks to constrain soil–atmosphere carbon exchange.
Quantifying the Timescale and Strength of Southern Hemisphere Intraseasonal Stratosphere‐troposphere Coupling

The Southern Hemisphere zonal circulation manifests a downward influence of the stratosphere on the troposphere from late spring to early summer. However, the strength and timescale of the connection, given the stratospheric state, have not been explicitly quantified. Here, SH zonal wind reanalysis time series are analyzed with a methodology designed to detect the minimal set of statistical predictors of multiple interacting variables via conditional independence tests. Our results confirm from data that the variability of the stratospheric polar vortex is a predictor of the tropospheric eddy‐driven jet between September and January. The vortex variability explains about 40% of monthly mean jet variability at a lead time of 1 month and can entirely account for the observed jet persistence. Our statistical model can quantitatively connect the multidecadal trends observed in the vortex and jet during the satellite era. This shows how short‐term variability can help understand statistical links in long‐term changes.
QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF BEHAIRA GOVERNORATE GROUND WATER (EL-DELENGATE DISTRICT) BY CHEMICAL AND HEAVY METAL ANALYSIS

The scarcity of water makes it difficult and expensive to expand the cultivated land, or even protect soil with natural cover. In Egypt, there is a growing concern that the very limited water resources are becoming increasingly polluted because of the misuse and improper management of resources, which jeopardizes any attempt for sustainable agriculture development. The overall objective of this research was to assess the ground water resources quality for an agroecological system in Behaira governorate. To achieve this objective, water samples of 59 well at depth’s 15 to 40 m were taken and chemical as well as heavy metal analyses revealed that:  pH values varied from slightly alkaline to alkaline.  Sodium cation was the dominant followed by magnesium and calcium. On the other hand, chloride and sulphate were the dominant anions.  Adj. SAR of ground water samples studied showed that 30 samples suitable for irrigation purposes, whereas 10 samples may cause permeability problem of soil, and 19 samples were unsuitable for irrigation purposes.  According to USDA diagram, the majority of the studied water samples were in class C3S1 (slightly dangerous for irrigation purposes. The rest of ground water samples were in class C4S3 and C3S2 (highly and medium sodium content and very high saline with high sodium content), so such water are not suitable for irrigation for soils under ordinary condition.  Heavy metal content in the studied ground water samples can be arranged according to their contents in the order: Cu>Pb>Fe>Mn>Cd>Ni. Also, the concentration of Fe, Mn, Pb were lower than the permissible limits for irrigation water according to FAO, 1985. Ni and Cu concentration generally were within the permissible limits FAO, 1985. But Cd concentration was much higher than the permissible limits of FAO, 1985.