Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Adaptive Hammerstein Model for FES-Induced Torque Prediction Based on Variable Forgetting Factor Recursive Least Squares Algorithm

Modeling the muscle response to functional electrical stimulation (FES) is an important step during model-based FES control system design. The Hammerstein structure is widely used in simulating this nonlinear biomechanical response. However, a fixed relationship cannot cope well with the time-varying property of muscles and muscle fatigue. In this paper, we proposed an adaptive Hammerstein model to predict ankle joint torque induced by electrical stimulation, which used variable forgetting factor recursive least squares (VFFRLS) method to update the model parameters. To validate the proposed model, ten healthy individuals were recruited for short-duration FES experiments, ten for long-duration FES experiments, and three stroke patients for both. The isometric ankle dorsiflexion torque induced by FES was measured, and then the test performance of the fixed-parameter Hammerstein model, the adaptive Hammerstein model based on fixed forgetting factor recursive least squares (FFFRLS) and the adaptive Hammerstein model based on VFFRLS was compared. The goodness of fit, root mean square error, peak error and success rate were applied to evaluate the accuracy and stability of the model. The results indicate a significant improvement in both the accuracy and stability of the proposed adaptive model compared to the fixed-parameter model and the adaptive model based on FFFRLS. The proposed adaptive model enhances the ability of the model to cope with muscle changes.
Investigating rainfall duration effects on transport of chemicals from soil to surface runoff on a loess slope under artificial rainfall conditions

The release and transport of soil chemicals in water erosion conditions are important for the local environment, soil and water resources conservation. According to the artificial rainfall experiments with a constant rainfall intensity of 90 mm/h and different rainfall duration (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min), the traits of soil PO43–, K+, and Br– release and transport from soil to surface runoff on the loess slope were analysed, and a model describing the chemical concentration change in surface runoff under soil erosion conditions was developed. The runoff coefficient quickly increased in 15 min or so, and then it was stable in the range of 0.60–0.85. The sediment intensity decreased in 30 min and soon increased after severe sheet erosion occurred on the slope. The concentration curve of Br– in surface runoff can be divided into two stages, quickly decreasing in the initial 30 min after the surface runoff occurred, and then stable. The concentration curve of PO43– and K+ in surface runoff can be divided into three stages, quickly decreasing like Br– was decreasing, then stable, and increasing after severe sheet erosion began. Compared with the exponential function, the power function was found more suitable for fitting the change in chemicals in runoff with unsaturated soil; while neither of them could well fit the PO43– and K+ concentration change after severe erosion occurred. The transport of chemicals under complex soil erosion conditions seems to be a dynamic release process between surface runoff and sediment. Based on the convection-dispersion mechanism and desorption kinetics, the polynomial model under soil erosion conditions was created. For adsorbed PO43– and K+, it is more suitable to simulate that process than the power function, while it is not so good for mobile Br–.
Implications of Improved Representation of Convection for the East Africa Water Budget Using a Convection-Permitting Model

The precipitation and diabatic heating resulting from moist convection make it a key component of the atmospheric water budget in the tropics. With convective parameterization being a known source of uncertainty in global models, convection-permitting (CP) models are increasingly being used to improve understanding of regional climate. Here, a new 10-yr CP simulation is used to study the characteristics of rainfall and atmospheric water budget for East Africa and the Lake Victoria basin. The explicit representation of convection leads to a widespread improvement in the intensities and diurnal cycle of rainfall when compared with a parameterized simulation. Differences in large-scale moisture fluxes lead to a shift in the mean rainfall pattern from the Congo to Lake Victoria basin in the CP simulation—highlighting the important connection between local changes in the representation of convection and larger-scale dynamics and rainfall. Stronger lake–land contrasts in buoyancy in the CP model lead to a stronger nocturnal land breeze over Lake Victoria, increasing evaporation and moisture flux convergence (MFC), and likely unrealistically high rainfall. However, for the mountains east of the lake, the CP model produces a diurnal rainfall cycle much more similar to satellite estimates, which is related to differences in the timing of MFC. Results here demonstrate that, while care is needed regarding lake forcings, a CP approach offers a more realistic representation of several rainfall characteristics through a more physically based realization of the atmospheric dynamics around the complex topography of East Africa.
Muscle Strength of Lower Limbs as a Postoperative Predictor in Bariatric Surgery

Objective: The aim of our study was to assess postoperative lower limbs muscle strength (MS) as a predictor of late surgical success (36 months). Methods: Body composition analyses and isokinetic dynamometry evaluation were performed before (T0: n=123), six months (T1: n=123) and 36 months (T2: n=79) after Roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB). Surgical success (SS) was defined as ≥ 50% excess weight loss (EWL) 36 months after surgery or ≤ 50% surgical failure (SF). Results: There was no difference between relative MS extension (Ext) and flexion (Flex) in T1 and T2. There was also, no difference between relative MS Ext and Flex in T1 and T2 between patients with SS and SF. There was a difference in relative MS Ext (144.9 ± 39.8 Nm/kg x 125.5 ± 29.2 Nm/kg; p=0.04) and Flex (73.6 ± 21.8 Nm/kg x 60.4 ± 15.8 Nm/kg; p=0.02) between SS and SF patients only in T2. Patients with an increment in Ext and Flex MS ≥4 Nm/kg at T1 had approximately 76% of SS at 36 months. Conclusion: An increase of lower limbs MS ≥4 Nm/kg 6 months after RYGB predicts SS at 36 months. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04129801
Influence of Internal Variability and Global Warming on Multidecadal Changes in Regional Drought Severity over the Continental United States

Meteorological droughts in the continental United States (CONUS) are known to oscillate at the multidecadal time scale in response to the sea surface temperatures (SST) variability over the Pacific Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean. While previous studies have focused on understanding the influence of SST oscillations on drought frequency over the CONUS, this information has not been integrated with global warming for future drought risk assessment at the decadal scale. In this study, we use the support vector machines (SVMs) to handle correlation between input variables for quantifying the influence of internal variability [Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) and Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO)] and global warming on the decadal changes in the severity of seasonal droughts over the CONUS during 1901–2015. The regional drivers of drought severity identified using SVMs are used for the assessment of decadal drought risk in the near future. We find internal variability as the dominant driver of decadal changes in drought severity in the southern and central Great Plains and global warming as the dominant driver for the southeastern and southwestern United States. In the southern Plains, the existing pattern of increasing drought severity is likely to persist in the near future if AMO and PDO remain in their positive and negative phases, respectively, while global warming is likely to contribute to increasing drought severity in the Southeast and Southwest. This study suggests an emerging role of global warming in drought risk over the southern states, where near-term climate change adaptation is necessary.
Large-scale evidence for logarithmic effects of word predictability on reading time

Significance The difficulty of comprehending words in context is related to their predictability, but what cognitive processes do these predictability effects reflect? In one view, predictability effects reflect facilitation due to anticipatory processing of predictable words. This view predicts a linear effect of predictability on processing demand. In another view, predictability effects reflect the costs of probabilistic inference over sentence interpretations. This view predicts either a logarithmic or a superlogarithmic effect of predictability on processing demand, depending on whether it assumes pressures toward a uniform distribution of information over time. Here, we investigate this question by applying recent advances in nonlinear regression to diverse datasets of human reading. Results support a logarithmic effect of word predictability on processing difficulty.
Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics

We present a new logic-based inference engine for natural language inference (NLI) called MonaLog, which is based on natural logic and the monotonicity calculus. In contrast to existing logic-based approaches, our system is intentionally designed to be as lightweight as possible, and operates using a small set of well-known (surface-level) monotonicity facts about quantiﬁers, lexical items and token-level polarity information. Despite its simplicity, we ﬁnd our approach to be competitive with other logic-based NLI models on the SICK benchmark. We also use MonaLog in combination with the current state-of-the-art model BERT in a variety of settings, including for compositional data augmentation. We show that MonaLog is capable of generating large amounts of high-quality training data for BERT, improving its accuracy on SICK.
Structure-(in)dependent Interpretation of Phrases in Humans and LSTMs

In this study, we compared the performance of a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network to the behavior of human participants on a language task that requires hierarchically structured knowledge. We show that humans interpret ambiguous noun phrases, such as second blue ball, in line with their hierarchical constituent structure. LSTMs, instead, only do so after unambiguous training, and they do not systematically generalize to novel items. Overall, the results of our simulations indicate that a model can behave hierarchically without relying on hierarchical constituent structure.
Solute divides and chemical facies in southeastern Australian salt lakes and the response of ostracods in time (holocene) and space

Cyclic salts of oceanic origin are regarded as the primary source of solutes for saline lakes of southeastern Australia. Previous work has shown that these salts impart a relatively uniform marine-like chemical character to the lakes in which sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) strongly dominate the ionic composition, and concentrations of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sulphate (SO4) and carbonate alkalinity (HCO3+CO3) commonly follow a sequence in which Na>Mg>K<>Ca and Cl>SO4<>HCO3+CO3. As a consequence, limnologists have generally abandoned notions that differences in solute composition could influence the distributions of the Australian salt lake biota. This thesis re-examines hydrochemical data from ~80 southeastern Australian lakes using principal components analysis, a variety graphical techniques, and reaction path models generated by PHRQPITZ. Results suggest that the saline lakes of southeast Australia are more diverse than previous published studies have implied, and that cyclic solute matrices may be modified in catchments by rock-water interactions, mineral dissolution, diffusion, seawater-intrusion, and cation-exchange reactions , and within the lakes by sulphate reduction, mixing, reflux, mineral precipitation, and the re-cycling of the most soluble components. Three different pathways of the Eugster-Jones-Hardie (EJH) models were identified. The Wimmera region of northwest Victoria is also highlighted for its unusually high level of chemical diversity. The main hydrochemical gradients influencing the distributions of halophilous and halobiont ostracods in southern Australian lakes were explored. These gradients include: (i) ion concentration or correlated factors; (ii) a pervasive %Na to %Mg-SQ4 gradient; and (iii) the EJH path of solute evolution. Ion ratios of transfer mechanisms, known to regulate ions in marine and freshwater decapod crustaceans, were also integrated into analyses. It was found that: (i) abrupt changes in log aNa/aH and aAlk/aCl ratios at the calcite branchpoint coincide with the emergence of halobiont and halophilous genera; (ii) that species that prefer Path 2 waters ( e.g. HCO3+CO3>Ca), could be differentiated in
Crustal structure across the eastern North American margin from ambient noise tomography

Passive tectonic margins, like the eastern North American margin (ENAM), represent the meeting of oceanic and continental material where no active deformation is occurring. The recent ENAM Community Seismic Experiment provides an opportunity to examine the crustal structure across the ENAM owing to the simultaneous deployment of offshore and onshore seismic instrumentation. Using Rayleigh wave phase and group velocities derived from ambient noise data, we invert for shear velocity across the ENAM. We observe a region of transitional crustal thicknesses that connects the oceanic and continental crusts. Associated with the transitional crust is a localized positive gravitational anomaly. Farther east, the East Coast magnetic anomaly (ECMA) is located at the intersection of the transitional and oceanic crusts. We propose that underplating of dense magmatic material along the bottom of the transitional crust is responsible for the gravitational anomaly and that the ECMA demarks the location of initial oceanic crustal formation.
High-order analytic translation matrix elements for real-space six-dimensional polar Fourier correlations

Analytic expressions are presented for calculating translations of high-order three-dimensional expansions of orthonormal real spherical harmonic and Gaussian-type or exponential-type radial basis functions. When used with real spherical harmonic rotation matrices, the resulting translation matrices provide a fully analytic method of calculating six-dimensional real-space rotational–translational correlations. The correlation algorithm is demonstrated by using an exhaustive search to superpose the steric density functions of a pair of similar globular proteins in a matter of seconds on a contemporary personal computer. It is proposed that the techniques described could be used to accelerate the calculation of e.g. real-space electron density correlations in molecular replacement, docking proteins into electron microscopy density maps, and searching the Protein Data Bank for structural homologues.
Crop Coefficients and Transpiration of a Super Intensive Arbequina Olive Orchard using the Dual Kc Approach and the Kcb Computation with the Fraction of Ground Cover and Height

The SIMDualKc model was used to simulate crop water requirements for a super high density olive orchard in the region of Alentejo, Portugal. This model uses the dual crop coefficient approach to estimate and partitioning the actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc act) and therefore to perform the soil water balance. The model was calibrated with 2011 tree transpiration using trunk sap flow measurements and was validated using similar data from 2012 and tested with 2013 data. Low root mean square errors (RMSE < 0.53 mm·d−1) and acceptable modelling efficiency indicators (EF > 0.25) were obtained. Further validation was performed comparing modelled ETc act with eddy covariance measurements. These indicators support the appropriateness of using SIMDualKc to guide irrigation management. The basal crop coefficient (Kcb) curves obtained with SIMDualKc for those 3 years were compared with the Kcb values computed with the Allen and Pereira approach (A&P approach) where Kcb is estimated from the fraction of ground cover and plant height considering an adjustment factor for crop stomatal control (Fr). Fr values were obtained through a trial and error procedure through comparing the Kcb estimated with this approach and with SIMDualKc. The Kcb curves obtained by both methods resulted highly correlated, which indicates that the A&P approach may be used in the irrigation management practice to estimate crop water requirements. Results of performing the soil water balance with SIMDualKc have shown that soil evaporation is a large fraction of ETc act, varying between 41% and 45% for the 3 years under study. Irrigation, applied with a drip system, represented 39 to 56% of ETc act, which shows the great importance of irrigation to achieve the water requirements of super intensive olive orchards. Nevertheless, the analysis has shown that the irrigation management adopted at the orchard produces a water deficit larger than desirable, with a ratio of ETc act to non-stressed crop evapotranspiration (ETc) varying from 70% to 94% during the mid-season, when that ratio for a eustress irrigation management could be around 90%.
Hydroacoustic Evaluation of Fish Passage Through Bonneville Dam in 2002

The Portland District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers requested that the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) conduct fish-passage studies at Bonneville Dam in 2002. The ERDC contracted with MEVATEC Corporation to provide staff ranging from scientists to technicians to help conduct the study. This study supports the Portland-District goal of maximizing fish-passage efficiency (FPE) and obtaining 95% survival for juvenile salmon passing Bonneville Dam. In this report, we present results of two studies of juvenile salmonid passage at Bonneville Dam that we carried out in the 2002 downstream passage season April 20 through July 15, 2002. The first study of Project-wide FPE provides hourly estimates of fish passage and associated variances for all operating turbine units, spill bays, and the two sluiceway entrances at Powerhouse 1 (B1), as well as estimates of a variety of fish-passage efficiency and effectiveness measures. This was the third consecutive year of full-project hydroacoustic sampling and passage estimation. The second study was more narrowly focused on B2 turbines and had two components: (1) to sample the FGE at two modified turbine intakes and compare them with efficiencies of other B2 units that weremore » sampled in the first study, and (2) to evaluate proportions of fish passing up into gatewell slots versus through screen gaps at a few B2 turbine intakes. « less
A Meta-Analysis on Relationship Modeling Accuracy: Comparing Relational and Semantic Models

Semantic data modeling, such as entity-relationship (ER) modeling and extended/enhanced entity-relationship (EER) modeling, has emerged as an alternative to relational data modeling. The majority of research in data modeling suggests that the use of semantic data models leads to better performance. However the findings are not conclusive and sometimes inconsistent. In this research, we investigate modeling relationship correctness in relational and semantic models. The meta-analysis carried out in this research is an attempt to alleviate inconsistent results in previous studies.
Pronunciation by Analogy : Impact of Implementational Choices on Perjormance

Pronunciation by analogy (PbA) is an emerging, data-driven technique with potential application in text-to-speech (TTS) systems, as well as being an influential psychological model of reading aloud. The underlying idea is that a pronunciation for an unknown word (i.e., one not in the dictionary, or lexicon, of the human or machine “reader”) is assembled by matching substrings of the input to substrings of known, lexical words, hypothesizing a partial pronunciation for each matched substring from the lexical knowledge of the “reader,” and concatenating the partial pronunciations. This paper assesses the capability of PbA to derive pronunciations for unknown words of English. As a psychological model, PbA is “under-specified,” that is, the implementor of a simulation of the process faces detailed choices which can only be resolved by trial and error. One goal for this paper is to explore the impact of certain basic implementational choices on the performance of PbA systems. The variables studied are the specific lexical database used as the basis of the analogy process, the way of ranking/scoring candidate pronunciations, and the effect of manual versus automatic alignment of letters and phonemes. When tested with short (monosyllabic) pseudowords previously used in experimental psychology studies, the lowest error rate achieved is 14.3% (for a test set of size 70). We conclude that current PbA systems are at best poor models of pseudoword pronunciation by humans. To assess their suitability for use in a TTS application, in which multisyllabic words will be encountered, the implementations have also been tested with lexical words temporarily removed from the dictionary. The best performance obtained was 93.5% phonemes correct (corresponding to 67.9% words correct) for a 16,280-word dictionary. This is vastly superior to the 25.7% words correct obtained using a set of popular letter-to-sound rules, indicating considerable scope for analogy methods to be exploited in titure TTS systems. *Acknowledgements: This work was supported by research grant ROO0235487 “Speech Synthesis by Analogy” from the U.K. Economic and Social Research Council. R. I. Damper is also with the Center for Spoken Language Understanding, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, PO Box 91000, Portland, OR 97291-1000, U.S.A. Address for correspondence: R. I. Damper, Image, Speech and Intelligent Systems (ISIS) Research Group, Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 lBJ, U.K. Tel. : +44 1703 594577. Fax: +44 1703 594498. E-mail: rid@ecs.soton. ac.uk
The Role of Horticulture in the Prehistoric Apishapa Region of Southeastern Colorado

At least 40 sites in the Apishapa region of southeastern Colorado and adjacent portions of New Mexico and Oklahoma have produced evidence of prehistoric maize. Firmly dated remains range in age from Late Archaic through Late Prehistoric, with the greatest occurrence between A.D. 550 and 1350. Maize was widespread throughout the region but the remains at individual sites are typically scant. The occurrence of maize increases in frequency over time, a trend that correlates more readily with population increase than climatic variation. The long-standing hunter-gatherer economy of southeastern Colorado persisted into Late Prehistoric times and was supplemented but not replaced by maize horticulture. Over time, pressure on resources resulted in a reduction in mobility and corresponding coalescence of populations into seasonally-occupied sites in canyon areas where resource diversity and availability were greatest. Prolonged drought after A.D. 1000 resulted in abandonment of southeastern Colorado ca. A.D. 1450. A mixed hunter-gatherer and horticultural economy characterized this period, although procurement of wild plant foods and hunting (mostly small mammals) remained prevalent. The failure of maize horticulture to assume a more prominent role in Apishapa subsistence practices may reflect the marginal nature of the semi-arid environment, where even today the growing of food crops is limited both by availability of water and, in some areas, elevation.