Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Response of mid‐latitude North Pacific surface temperatures to orbital forcing and linkage to the East Asian summer monsoon and tropical ocean–atmosphere interactions

We present a palaeoceanographic perspective of the North Pacific during the last two glacial cycles based on U K′37 ‐derived palaeotemperature records of IMAGES Core MD01‐2421 off the coast of central Japan and cores from the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 1014 and 1016 off the coast of California. The sea surface temperature (SST) differences between ODP Sites 1014 and 1016 (ΔSSTnortheastern Pacific (NEP) = SSTODP1014 – SSTODP1016) indicate the intensity of the California Current. Comparison of ΔSSTNEP and the SST from Core MD01‐2421 revealed anti‐phase variation; high ΔSSTNEP (indicating weakening of the California Current) corresponded to low SST at the Japan margin (indicating the southward displacement of the north‐western Pacific subarctic boundary and weakening of the Kuroshio Extension), and vice versa. This finding suggests that the intensity of the North Pacific subtropical gyre circulation has varied in response to precessional forcing and that this response has been linked with changes in tropical ocean–atmosphere interactions. In the precessional cycle, the SST variation derived from Core MD01‐2421 lags ca. 2.5–4 ka behind the variations shown by Hulu and Sanbao stalagmite δ18O records and by the pollen temperature index from Core MD01‐2421, suggesting out‐of‐phase variations of the North Pacific subtropical gyre circulation and the East Asian summer monsoon. These findings indicate that the behaviour of interactions between tropical ocean–atmosphere dynamics and the East Asian summer monsoon may have varied in response to the precessional cycle. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paleoecology and paleontology of the Lower Cretaceous Kiowa Formation, Kansas

5 Interspecific relationships 48 INTRODUCTION 5 Predation 49 Location and geologic setting 5 Competition 50 Previous work 7 Commensalism 50 Approaches and study objectives 7 DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND Vertebrate paleontology 8 PALEOECOLOGIC SYNTHESIS 50 Paleobotany 8 Climate and paleogeography 50 Stratigraphy and correlation 8 Succession of the ancient communities 51 Acknowledgments 12 Summary of other environmental factors 52 KIOWA FOSSIL ASSEMBLAGES AND ASSOCIATIONS 13 CONCLUSIONS 52 Modes of occurrence of Kiowa fossil assemblages 13 SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS AND Texture, structure, and shape of sedimentary body 13 PALEOECOLOGIC DISCUSSIONS 54 Dispersion of fossils 13 Introduction 54 Density of fossils 13 Phylum Porifera 54 Orientation of fossils 13 Phylum Coelenterata 55 Dissociation of hard parts 13 Phylum Bryozoa 55 Fragmentation of remains 14 Phylum Brachiopoda 57 Size-sorting of abundant species 14 Phylum Annelida 58 Faunal composition 14 Phylum Mollusca 58 Modes of origin of Kiowa fossil assemblages 16 Class Bivalvia 58 Definition of Kiowa fossil associations 16 Subclass Palaeotaxodonta 58 Lithofacies and fossil associations 29 Subclass Pteriomorphia 59 Dark-gray shale lithofacies 29 Subclass Palaeoheterodonta 70 Mudstone lithofacies 30 Subclass Heterodonta 71 Thin-laminated sandstone lithofacies 31 Subclass Anomalodesmata 77 Thin-bedded sandstone lithofacies 34 Class Scaphopoda 78 Mottled-sandstone lithofacies 35 Class Gastropoda 78 Shell-conglomerate lithofacies 36 Subclass Streptoneura 78 Geographic and stratigraphic variations 39 Subclass Euthyneura 82 Comparison of Kiowa fossil associations with Class Cephalopoda 83 analogous marine communities 39 Phylum Arthropoda 84 Introduction 39 Phylum Echinodermata 86 Nuculana association 45 Trace fossils 86 Corbulid-breviarcid association Trachycardium-Turritella association Pteriid-mytilid association Gryphaea association 45 46 46 47 APPENDIX A—METHODS OF STUDY Field methods Laboratory methods 88 88 88 Cypritneria association 47 Simpson's diversity coefficient 90 Crassostrea association 48 Jaccard coefficient 90 Brachidontes association 48 APPENDIX B—DESCRIPTIONS OF LOCALITIES 90 Trace fossil association 48 REFERENCES 91
Hierarchy in influence but not firing patterns among forelimb motor cortices

Though hierarchy is commonly invoked in descriptions of neural system function, its presence and manifestation in firing patterns remain poorly resolved. Here we use rapid activity perturbations to demonstrate asymmetric influence between premotor and primary motor cortices on fast timescales during reaching in mice, confirming hierarchy among endogenous firing patterns. However, this hierarchy had a surprising manifestation: firing in each region was dominated by temporally-aligned patterns and was equally predictive of future firing in the other region. Network modeling suggests an explanation: functional hierarchy can be determined by the relative dependence of local circuits on across-region input, rather than asymmetry in that input. We propose that motor cortical firing patterns are primarily defined not by across-region input, but by the constraints of patterning motor output.
A joint analysis of GPS motions and InSAR to infer the coseismic surface deformation of the Izmit, Turkey earthquake

SUMMARY From a joint analysis of GPS and InSAR data we have determined the kinematic coseismic surface deformation of the 1999 August 17, Izmit (Turkey) earthquake in terms of strain, rotation and fault slip. The fault slip contribution shows two distinct peaks: one of ∼4 m of slip at Golcuk, and a second of ∼2.9 m slip near Sapanca Lake. The strain field portrays four distinct quadrants reflecting the earthquake focal mechanism. The transition between the quadrants is not centred on the epicentre of the event, but shifted eastwards north of the fault and westwards south of the fault. This shift is the result of a two-stage source rupture process caused by the step-over features in the fault geometry. This rupture process also induced a distinct asymmetry in the displacement field across the fault. We obtain left-lateral shear strains along the Sakarya segment that is the result of a subsequent source nucleating at the Akyazi Gap inducing failure on the easternmost segments. Strong interaction is also observed from a consecutive source near Hersek. Finally, we deduce that the Izmit earthquake has released most of the strain that has accmulated since the last main event on this stretch of the North Anatolian fault in 1719.
After All, Land Belongs to the State: Examining the Benefits of Land Registration for Smallholders in Ethiopia

The role of land registration in reducing rural poverty has been debated for several decades. This article analyses the impacts of land registration on land rentals, security of land tenure, disputes over land, use of credit facilities from formal financial institutions and gender access and control over land. Our findings are based on data collected between April and December 2011 in irrigation systems in three regional states of Ethiopia using in‐depth interviews and field surveys. Land registration has a positive influence on land rentals by reducing the fear of landholders in losing land to renters. Important benefits of land registration also include enhancing tenure security through ensuring usufruct rights over land and addressing the conflicts that arise from the competition to access irrigable land. Joint land titling secures women's access to land and encourages women's decision‐making on land rentals, input use, cropping patterns and the marketing of harvest from irrigable plots. While land registration allows for improved tenure security, gender equity and reduced disputes over land, it does little to facilitate access to credit or increase the use of farm inputs. The findings suggest that more work needs to be carried out to translate the benefits of land registration into improved livelihoods by increasing investment in farm inputs, production of high value, off‐season crops and increase market participation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency dependent seismic reflection analysis: a path to new direct hydrocarbon indicators for deep water reservoirs

Frequency Dependent Seismic Reflection Analysis: A Path to New Direct Hydrocarbon Indicators for Deep Water Reservoirs. (August 2007) Seung Chul Yoo, B.S., Korea University; M.S., Pennsylvania State University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Richard L. Gibson Jr. To better study frequency related effects such as attenuation and tuning, we developed a frequency dependent seismic reflection analysis. Comprehensive tests on full waveform synthetics and observations from the Teal South ocean bottom seismic (OBS) data set confirmed that normal moveout (NMO) stretch could distort both frequency and amplitude information severely in shallow events and far offset traces. In synthetic tests, our algorithm recovered amplitude and frequency information accurately. This simple but robust target oriented NMO stretch correction scheme can be used on top of an existing seismic processing flow for further analyses. By combining the NMO stretch correction, spectral decomposition, and crossplots of amplitude versus offset (AVO) attributes, we tested the frequency dependent workflow over Teal south and Ursa field data sets for improved reservoir characterization. As expected from NMO stretch characteristics, low frequencies have been less affected while mid and high frequency ranges were affected considerably. In seismic attribute analysis, the AVO crossplots from spectrally decomposed prestack data confirmed the improved accuracy and effectiveness of our workflow in mid and high frequency regions. To overcome poor spectral decomposition results due to low signal to noise ratio (S/N) in the Teal South application, we also implemented a substack scheme that stacks adjacent traces to increase S/N ratio while reducing the amount of data to process and increasing the accuracy of the spectral decomposition step. Synthetic tests verified the effectiveness of this additional step. An application to the Ursa, Gulf of Mexico, deep water data set showed significant improvement in high frequency data while correcting biased low frequency information.
A Transformer-based Method for Skin Fungi Identification from Fluorescent Images

Due to the increasing number of patients with impaired immune function and the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, the rate of fungal infections is rising and invasive fungal infections (IFD) have become one of the major causes of death. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of IFD is the focus of medical attention. In order to automatically identify and diagnose the fungal species of infected patients, we propose a fluorescent identification method of skin fungi with a compact model and high identification accuracy. The method uses fluorescence staining to label fungi, and data enhancement processing is applied to the collected sample images to compensate for the shortcomings of less clinical data of some fungal samples. Convolutional Tokenizer and Positional Embedding are applied to provide sample image labeling in the recognition process, and Transformer is used to solve the problem of too many layers of traditional Convolutional Neural Networks and expand the image perceptual field; In the Sequence Pooling module, the attention mechanism is used to pool all the tokens. Finally, it is transformed into the final category output through a Fully Connected layer. The experimental results show that the method takes less training time, has a compact model and a smaller number of parameters, while still maintaining a high recognition accuracy, which is of great practical value in clinical diagnosis.
Remote sensing of seabed types in the Australian South East Fishery; development and application of normal incident acoustic techniques and associated 'ground truthing'

Calibrated acoustic backscattering measurements using 12, 38 and 120 kHz were collected over depths of 30-230 m, together with benthic epi- and in-fauna, sediments, photographs and video data. Each acoustic ping was envelope detected and digitized by echo sounder to include both the first and second echoes, and specifically designed software removed signal biases. A reference set of distinct habitat types at different depths was established, and a simple classification of the seabed combined both biological and geological attributes. Four seabed types were identified as having broad biological and geological significance; the simple acoustic indices could discriminate three of these at a single frequency. This demonstrates that the acoustic indices are not directly related to specific seabed properties but to a combination of seabed hardness and roughness attributes at a particular sampling frequency. The acoustic-derived maps have greater detail of seabed structure than previously described by sediment surveys and fishers' interpretation. The collection of calibrated digital acoustic data at multiple frequencies and the creation of reference seabed sites will ensure that new shape- and energy-based feature extraction methods on the ping-based data can begin to unravel the complexities of the seabed. The methods described can be transferred to higher-resolution swath-mapping acoustic-sampling devices such as digital side-scan sonars and multi-beam echo sounders.
The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai)

Abstract : This volume is a cooperative effort involving persons of many professions and personal interests. Accurate identification of mammalian host species and knowledge of ecologic factors and geographical distribution was of immediate importance in this project. A modern treatise on the mammals of Egypt with workable keys, accurate descriptions, and fundamental biological information has been the goal of this work. (Author)
A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems

The clssical filleting and prediclion problem is re-examined using the Bode-Shannon representation of random processes and the ? stat-tran-sition? method of analysis of dynamic systems. New result are: (1) The formulation and Methods of solution of the problm apply, without modification to stationary and nonstationary stalistics end to growing-memory and infinile -memory filters. (2) A nonlinear difference (or differential) equalion is dericed for the covariance matrix of the optimal estimalion error. From the solution of this equation the coefficients of the difference, (or differential) equation of the optimal linear filter are obtained without further caleulations. (3) Tke fillering problem is shoum to be the dual of the nois-free regulator problem. The new method developed here, is applied to do well-known problems, confirming and extending, earlier results. The discussion is largely, self-contatained, and proceeds from first principles; basic concepts of the theory of random processes are reviewed in the Appendix.
Sedimentary processes in the Selvage sediment‐wave field, NE Atlantic: new insights into the formation of sediment waves by turbidity currents

An integrated geophysical and sedimentological investigation of the Selvage sediment‐wave field has revealed that the sediment waves are formed beneath unconfined turbidity currents. The sediment waves occur on the lower continental rise and display wavelengths of up to 1 km and wave heights of up to 6 m. Wave sediments consist of interbedded turbidites and pelagic/hemipelagic marls and oozes. Nannofossil‐based dating of the sediments indicates a bulk sedimentation rate of 2·4 cm 1000 years–1, and the waves are migrating upslope at a rate of 0·28 m 1000 years–1. Sediment provenance studies reveal that the turbidity currents maintaining the waves are largely sourced from volcanic islands to the south. Investigation of existing models for sediment‐wave formation leads to the conclusion that the Selvage sediment waves form as giant antidunes. Simple numerical modelling reveals that turbidity currents crossing the wave field have internal Froude numbers of 0·5–1·9, which is very close to the antidune existence limits. Depositional flow velocities range from <6 to 125 cm–1. There is a rapid increase in wavelength and flow thickness in the upper 10 km of the wave field, which is unexpected, as the slope angle remains relatively constant. This anomaly is possibly linked to a topographic obstacle just upslope of the sediment waves. Flows passing over the obstacle may undergo a hydraulic jump at its boundary, leading to an increase in flow thickness. In the lower 15 km of the wave field, flow thickness decreases downslope by 60%, which is comparable with results obtained for other unconfined turbidity currents undergoing flow expansion.
Oceanic control of the sea ice edge and multiple equilibria in the climate system

I study fundamental mechanisms of atmosphere-ocean-sea ice interaction. Hierarchies of idealized models are invoked to argue that multiple equilibria and abrupt change are robust features of the climate system. The main finding is that meridional structure in poleward oceanic energy transport, which is set by the wind forcing, gives rise to preferred latitudes for the sea ice edge, including a stable large ice cap extending into mid-latitudes. I review multiple equilibria in energy balance models (EBMs), and extend the EBM to include explicit ocean heat transport (OHT) and insulating sea ice. I derive a method for simultaneously satisfying global energy and angular momentum budgets through a diffusive closure for potential vorticity, enabling a prediction of the basic shape of the surface wind stress. An idealized model of wind-driven gyres links this stress to OHT, and gives significant structure on sub-hemispheric scales in agreement with observations. This model predicts a stable large ice cap solution not found in the classic EBM, made possible by convergence of OHT in mid-latitudes. Analogous multiple equilibria are found in coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice general circulation model (GCM) simulations with idealized geometry (a pure aquaplanet and a “ridgeworld” with a global-scale ocean basin). Despite differing ocean dynamics, both configurations support similar equilibria: an ice-free climate, a cold climate with mid-latitude sea ice edge, and a completely ice-covered Snowball state. Multiple states persist despite a seasonal cycle and vigorous internal variability. Simulations with slowly-evolving thermal forcing show that some transitions between the ice-free and large ice cap states are abrupt. Multiple equilibria are explored in uncoupled simulations with prescribed OHT. The large ice cap is stabilized by wind-driven convergence of OHT at the poleward edge of the subtropical thermocline. The size of the large ice cap is sensitive to the meridional and seasonal distribution of OHT convergence. The ice-free state persists in the absence of high-latitude OHT. Mid-latitude convergence of OHT warms the poles by driving increased atmospheric heat transport to the poles. This effect is captured in a simple diffusive EBM. I discuss the significance of these findings for
Automatic Shear Wave Splitting Measurements at Mt. Ruapehu Volcano, New Zealand

This thesis presents an automatic shear wave splitting measurement tool and the results from its application to data recorded in the vicinity of Mt. Ruapehu volcano on the North Island of New Zealand. The best methodology and parameters for routine automatic monitoring are determined and approximately 10,000 events are processed. About 50% of all S-phases lead to measurements of acceptable quality. Results obtained with this technique are reproducible and objective, but more scattered than results from manual measurements. The newly developed automatic measurement tool is used to measure shear wave splitting for previously analysed data and for new data recorded in 2003-2007. In contrast to previous studies at Mt. Ruapehu, we have a larger and continuous data set from numerous three-component seismic stations. No major temporal changes are found within the new data, but results vary for di erent station locations. I
Highly intense lightning over the oceans: Estimated peak currents from global GLD360 observations

We present the first global distribution of the average estimated peak currents in negative lightning flashes using 1 year of continuous data from the Vaisala global lightning data set GLD360. The data set, composed of 353 million flashes, was compared with the National Lightning Detection NetworkTM for peak current accuracy, location accuracy, and detection efficiency. The validation results demonstrated a mean (geometric mean) peak current magnitude error of 21% (6%), a median location accuracy of 2.5 km, and a relative ground flash detection efficiency of 57% averaged over all positive and negative reference flashes, and 67% for all reference flashes above 15 kA. The distribution of peak currents for negative flashes shifts to higher magnitudes over the ocean. Three case study 10°×10° regions are analyzed, in which the peak current enhancement is extremely sharp at the coastline, suggesting that the higher peak currents for oceanic lightning cannot be solely attributable to network artifacts such as detection efficiency and peak current estimation error. In these regions, the geometric mean and 95th percentile of the peak current distribution for negative cloud to ocean flashes is 22%–88% and 65%–121% higher, respectively, compared to cloud to ground flashes in nearby land regions. Globally, the majority of all negative flashes with estimated peak current magnitude above 75 kA occur over the ocean.
TES Limb-Geometry Observations of Aerosols

The Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) on-board Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) has a pointing mirror that allows observations in the plane of the orbit anywhere from directly nadir to far above either the forward or aft limbs for details about the TES instrument). Nadir-geometry observations are defined as those where the field-of-view contains the surface of Mars (even if the actual observation is at a high emission angle far from true nadir). Limb-geometry observations are defined as those where the line-of-sight of the observations does not intersect the surface. At a number of points along the MGS orbit (typically every 10 deg. or 20 deg. of latitude) a limb sequence is taken, which includes a stack of overlapping TES spectra from just below the limb to more than 120 km above the limb. A typical limb sequence has approx. 20 individual spectra, and the projected size of a TES pixel at the limb is 13 km.
2ACE: Spectral Profile-driven Multi-resolutional Compressive Sensing for mmWave Channel Estimation

Channel estimation is critical to millimeter-wave capability. Unlike sub-6 GHz WiFi, commercial-off-the-shelf 60 GHz WiFi devices adopt a single RF-chain and can only report the combined received signal strength (RSS) instead of the antenna-wise channel state information (CSI). Therefore, recovering the CSI using a limited number of RSS measurements is important but faces the following challenges: (i) solving a non-convex objective is hard and computationally heavy, (ii) the estimation error is high with insufficient RSS measurements, and (iii) channel fluctuates dynamically. To jointly tackle them, we propose 2ACE, an Accelerated and Accurate Channel Estimation approach using spectral profile-driven multiresolutional compressive sensing. Our thorough experiments show that 2ACE yields 2--8 dB reduction in CSI estimation error, 1--5 dB improvement in beamforming performance, and 5° - 10° reduction in angle-of-departure estimation error over the existing schemes.