Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detection and Differentiation of Replay Attack and Equipment Faults in SCADA Systems

Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems are widely used for industrial control of critical infrastructures, such as power plants and manufacturing systems. There is abundant evidence of SCADA systems being subject to cyberattacks. With increasing interest in industrial digitization, the cybersecurity of SCADA systems is poised to be even more important. Equipment faults and cyberattacks can manifest themselves in a similar fashion, i.e., they can exhibit similar signatures. This article focuses on methods that are capable of distinguishing equipment faults from bona fide cyberattacks. Especially, we consider a relatively sophisticated form of cyberattack known as the “replay attack” (RA). We derive mathematical formalisms that distinguish the RA from several classes of equipment faults and verify our methodology through an extensive numerical study. Note to Practitioners—This article is motivated by the problem of detecting replay cyberattacks in industrial control systems and differentiating it from equipment faults. Existing approaches mainly focus on the detection aspect but usually ignore the importance of differentiation. We an ensembled statistical process monitoring approach based on five statistical metrics. The statistical metrics are derived based on a theoretical analysis that shows the data characteristics under each system anomaly, including replay attack (RA), controller fault, and plant fault. We mathematically prove that the signatures generated by the derived metrics can be used to differentiate an RA from the equipment faults. We conduct a sensitivity analysis of the detection delay of our method regarding the magnitude of the cyberattack. Physical experiments on a rotating machinery setup show that the proposed approach applies to some simple real-world settings. In future research, we will address the scalability issue of our method as well as more generalized nonlinear system settings.
Relationships among Electromyogram, Displacement and Velocity of the Center of Pressure, and Muscle Stiffness of the Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle during Quiet Standing

Medial gastrocnemius muscle stiffness was estimated using a system identification technique. The medial gastrocnemius muscle was electrically stimulated using surface Ag-AgCl electrodes and the center of pressure fluctuation in the forward-backward direction was measured with a force plate. Electrically induced fluctuation of the center of pressure was classified according to the displacement and velocity of the center of pressure. The classified steps of displacement and velocity were 0.2 cm and 0.2 cm / s, respectively. The ranges of the classes were ± 0.15 cm and ± 0.15 cm / s. The classified fluctuations were synchronously averaged and the averaged fluctuation was regarded as an output signal of the transfer function from the electrical stimulation to the fluctuation. The transfer function was identified as an estimate of muscle stiffness using a singular value de-composition method. The average muscle stiffness of eight young male participants ranged from 56.7 to 75.9 N / m. Muscle stiffness was high when the displacement of the center of pressure was positive and the velocity was negative. These characteristics resembled the preceding 0.3 s of the electromyogram. This preceding high muscle activity probably contributed to muscle stiffness. Muscle stiffness was well approximated with a multiple linear regression plane, in which the explanatory variables were the displacement and velocity of the center of pressure.
The rhizome essential oil of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) from Vietnam

The volatile compounds identified from the rhizome oil of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb (Zingiberaceae) collected from Cham Chu Natural Reserve, Tuyen Quang Province, Vietnam, are reported. The plant sample was air-dried for two weeks under laboratory shade. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodisitllation in a Clevenger-type apparatus. The yield of the oil was 0.18% (v/w) regarding the dry weight of the plant material. The constituents of the oil were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The main constituents of the oil were found to be β-pinene (21.9%), neocurdione (16.1%) and curcumol (15.2%).
Gender Diversity, Banks‘ Performance, and Stability across Central and Eastern European Countries

This paper investigates the impact of board diversity on the performance and riskiness of banks across Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. We emphasize identifying features of the board structure that could increase performance and lower the possible losses of banks. Using a unique, hand-collected dataset of 156 banks from CEE countries during 2005-2012, we assess whether banks with more female directors or chairwomen display lower risk and higher performance. The analysis first shows that banks with a chairwoman and a higher proportion of females among the members of a bank's board record a higher level of profitability and tend to have a lower level of credit losses. Additionally, the results suggest that the higher proportion of females among members on bank boards, on average, the higher the level of bank stability during the financial crisis of 2008. Our results also reveal that the regulatory framework in the host-country affects the relationship between board gender diversity and bank performance and risk.
Evaluation of Pragmatic Telehealth Physical Therapy Implementation During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract Objective The objective was to evaluate implementation of telehealth physical therapy in response to COVID-19 and identify implementation strategies to maintain and scale up telehealth physical therapy within a large urban academic medical center. Methods The Reach Effectiveness Adoption Implementation Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework was used to evaluate telehealth physical therapy implementation. Patient-level data were extracted from electronic medical records between March 16, 2020, and May 16, 2020 (implementation phase). Reach was defined as the proportion of physical therapy sessions completed via telehealth. Effectiveness was assessed using a patient-reported satisfaction survey with a 5-point Likert scale. Adoption was defined as the proportion of physical therapists who used telehealth. Implementation was assessed through qualitative analysis of patient and clinician perspectives to identify emergent themes, retrospectively classify strategies used during the implementation phase, and prospectively identify evidence-based strategies to increase telehealth maintenance and scale-up. Maintenance of telehealth was defined as the proportion of patients who indicated they would attend another telehealth session. Results There were 4548 physical therapy sessions provided by 40 therapists from March 22, 2020, to May 16, 2020, of which 3883 (85%) were telehealth. Ninety-four percent of patients were satisfied. All physical therapists (100%) used telehealth technology at least once. Retrospectively classified and prospectively identified evidence-based strategies were organized into 5 qualitative themes that supported implementation: organizational factors (policies, preexisting partnerships), engaging external stakeholders (satisfaction survey), champions (clinician leaders), clinician education (dynamic, ongoing training), and process (promote adaptability, small tests of change). Ninety-two percent of patients reported they would attend another telehealth session. Conclusion Findings from this study suggest that implementation of telehealth physical therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic was feasible and acceptable in this setting. Impact These results can be used to guide future health policy, quality improvement, and implementation science initiatives to expand the use and study of telehealth for physical therapy.
The Dire Consequences of Specializing on Large Herbivores

Niche differentiation is a way in which similar species avoid competition. Some species do this by specializing in certain prey items. This review aims to determine why the dire wolf (Canis dirus) went extinct while its similar and less abundant relative, the grey wolf (Canis lupus) did not. Both species were present in North America during the Pleistocene, though only one went extinct during the Quaternary extinction event. Physiological differences existed between the two species, mostly due to a greater focus in hypercarnivory for dire wolves. Dire wolves had more robust frame and skull, greater bite strength, and larger carnasials and canines. These differences in dire wolf morphology all help it to handle and kill larger prey species, while the more lithe grey wolf is better adapted to switching to smaller alternative prey. Dire wolves at have been shown to consume mostly large herbivores while grey wolves can survive with lagomorphs as a primary food source. Larger carnivore body size means reduction in locomotor performance, which means that when many mega-herbivores went extinct at the end of the Pleistocene, dire wolves were not as well adapted to switch to smaller prey as grey wolves are. Their naturally larger body mass also means that they needed higher caloric input to maintain their body condition and fecundity. Overall, Canis dirus specialized in larger prey than Canis lupus, so when this prey became extinct, the dire wolf went extinct along with other hypercarnivores such as the North American lion, Smilodon, and short-faced bear.
Use of complementary and alternative therapies in infants under 3 months in Jordan.

Background The use of complementary and alternative medicine in infants to maintain health and treat illnesses is popular in Jordan. No guidelines or regulations govern their use. Aims This study explored mothers' knowledge and use of complementary and alternative therapies for infants younger than 3 months in Jordan and their reasons for using these remedies. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of mothers of babies born in 2015 in Jordan. Data were collected using a questionnaire posted on six Facebook groups that target mothers in Jordan. Mothers were asked about their use of several complementary and alternative therapies for different conditions. Results Of 1028 questionnaires received, 520 were included in the analysis. Most mothers (81.3%) were 18-29 years old and had a university degree (78.3%). Most knew about the use of the complementary and alternative medicines for bloating/ colic but had never used them. Of the medicines used for bloating/colic, aniseed was most often used (by 70.2% of mothers). Aniseed was also used by 60.8% of mothers to help their baby sleep and by 48.1% for constipation. The main reasons for using these remedies were availability at home (60.4%) and social acceptability of their use (55.4%). The main sources of information about these medicines were older female relatives (78.1%) and social media (56.0%). Conclusions The use of complementary and alternative medicines for babies is common in Jordan. Efforts are needed to increase awareness among mothers of the risks, side-effects and efficacy of complementary and alternative therapies in infants.
Challenging behaviour in dementia care: a novel framework for translating knowledge to practice

Abstract This article provides guidance on the management of challenging behaviours (CBs) in dementia care, and introduces concepts from positive behavioural support not usually applied to dementia. While the use of formulations has received a lot of attention in recent years, the mechanisms of how to apply the formulation-led interventions requires more consideration. In order to assist caregivers to deliver effective interventions we need to have a better understanding of the CBs we are attempting to manage, and also produce management strategies with clearer goals. Ideally we would also want caregivers to be able to describe the skills they employ in a coherent manner in order to facilitate self-reflection and to be able to pass on their skills to junior colleagues. This paper attempts to fulfil these needs by integrating two new models with philosophies already used in dementia care. In terms of new concepts, the first is the Arousal Cycle, which gives caregivers an awareness of the five phases of a typical CB (wellbeing, trigger, escalation, CB, and recovery phase). In relation to the second, the Traffic Light analogy examines CBs in terms of four management stages: primary prevention, secondary prevention, reactive strategies, and calming strategies. It is proposed that we distinguish between these stages when composing our formulations and care plans, and thereby produce better targeted interventions. By the end of the paper the reader will have been presented with material integrating concepts from the fields of dementia and intellectual impairment, and been introduced to new ways of managing CBs. Key learning aims After reading this article people will:(1) Be provided with more specific guidance regarding the management of challenging behaviour (CB) in dementia; such guidance was not provided by the update of the NICE guidelines for dementia (2018). (2) Appreciate that the unmet needs perspective helps us both to understand why CB occur and to select appropriate management strategies. (3) Have an increased awareness and knowledge of new models from outside of the field of dementia. For example, through the use of the ‘arousal cycle’ people can recognise that a CB should more realistically be seen as having different phases (beginning, middle, end) rather than being perceived as a single action. (4) Be introduced to the traffic light conceptualisation which provides a useful way for guiding management strategies. (5) Be aware of when best to use resource-intensive formulations. (6) Recognise that in addition to conceptualising the person in relation to the CB, it is helpful to conceptualise the structural elements of the behaviour too. (7) Appreciate the need to help caregivers to recognise their existing skills, and to give carers the means to be able to articulate these abilities. Many care home staff currently work intuitively in the way they deliver care; as such we think they require practical frameworks and protocols to help them better elucidate what they do.
Discourse, materiality and power: Dietary supplements and their users

1 Table of contents 3 Acknowledgements 5 Preface 6 Chapter 1: Introduction 7 Scope of the study 7 Previous studies of supplements 9 Research gaps 15 Structure of the thesis 18 Chapter 2: Ingested substances: ancient and modern 20 Legends and literature 20 Traditional medicines 24 The beginnings of professional and ‘alternative’ health care 28 Informal home remedies in colonial New Zealand 29 The persistence of home remedies into the mid-20 century 31 Chapter 3: Methodology and methods 33 Introduction 33 Epistemological approach 33 Reflexivity 36 Methods 38 The sample 40 Ethical approval and Māori consultation 43 The interview process 44 Analytical approach 45 Theoretical framing 48 Chapter 4: Natural, holistic and safe: deconstructing discourses about supplements 5
Influence of Levels of Dietary Fiber Sources on the Performance, Carcass Traits, Gastrointestinal Tract Development, Fecal Ammonia Nitrogen, and Intestinal Morphology of Broilers

25/September/2019 Approved: 10/December/2019 ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fiber source levels on the fecal ammonia nitrogen, growth performance, carcass traits, gastrointestinal tract development, and intestinal morphology of broilers. A total of 420 one-day-old unsexed broiler chicks were individually weighed and randomly divided into 5 groups, each with seven replicates of twelve chicks. Rice hulls (RH) and soybean hulls (SH) were ground through a hammer mill with a 2-mm screen. The RH and SH experimental diets were as follows: 0% (control); 2.5% RH; 2.5% SH; 5% RH; and 5% SH. No significant differences were found in growth performance and fecal ammonia nitrogen among the dietary treatment groups ( p >0.05). Compared with the control, the experimental diets with 2.5% SH significantly decreased the wing weight of chickens ( p <0.05), while no significant differences in the weight of the other visceral organs were observed. Compared with the control, broilers in the 5% SH group had a longer jejunum and ileum ( p <0.05). Feeding the broilers SH and RH had no effect on the villus area and crypt depth of the intestine. Compared with the control, the experimental diet with 2.5% RH significantly increased the duodenal villus height of chickens ( p <0.05). These findings suggest that the inclusion of 5% SH in the diets resulted in improved intestinal morphology without negatively affecting growth performance
The PROMETRA Program: Fuel Cladding Mechanical Behavior under High Strain Rate

An assessment of the mechanical properties of the highly irradiated fuel claddings under high strain rate has been carried out in the framework of the PROMETRA program undertaken by the French Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire in collaboration with Electricité de France and Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA). Three types of tests, including burst tests, hoop and axial tensile tests, have been performed at CEA-Saclay hot laboratories to determine the cladding tensile properties to use in the SCANAIR code. The prototypicality of each test with regard to the reactivity-initiated accident loading conditions can be addressed and analyzed in terms of strain or stress ratio. The high-strain-rate ductile mechanical properties of irradiated ZIRLO and M5 alloys derived from the PROMETRA program and their comparison to the stress-relieved irradiated Zircaloy-4 are reported. Then, the clad brittle behavior, in particular for highly corroded or spalled Zircaloy-4 cladding, is investigated.
Do platforms favour dissidents? Characterizing political actor types based on social media uses and gratifications

BACKGROUND: The rise of social media has resulted in a dramatic change in citizen engagement in political processes. This raises the question of whether affordances of social network sites motivate alternative politics more than more conventional form of political engagement. OBJECTIVE: 1) identify differences in social media uses and gratifications among four political personality types (i.e., potential dissidents, allegiants, subordinates, and the alienated), and 2) examine the extent to which political personality types can be discerned using social media uses and gratifications. METHODS: 313 United States citizens above the age of 18 completed a survey using the revised MAIN model scale to measure social media uses and gratifications. Subjects were categorised into political personality types based on the Gamson Hypothesis and Paige’s conceptualisation of actor types. We developed a multinomial logistic regression model to examine the relationship between predictors (uses and gratifications) and political personality types. RESULTS: Potential allegiants and dissidents are driven by a similar set of social media uses and gratifications as opposed to political subordinates and the alienated. CONCLUSION: Social media can provide more gratifications for potential dissidents and allegiants, ‘favouring’ personality types with high political efficacy.
Effects of C-peptide on the single-nephron glomerular filtration rate in early diabetic rats

Objective: Single-nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) is an important and valuable parameter for evaluating renal function. Previously, SNGFR measure-ments required radioactive labelling of isolated animal nephrons, which was a time-consuming and inefficient process. Owing to the development of laser confocal microscopy, in vivo renal visualisation became much simpler, facilitated by the use of fluorescent markers. In this study, the effects of C-peptide on hyperfiltration reversal were evaluated during the early stages of diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: Wistar rats (n = 17) were divided into control and streptozotocin-induced DM groups. Analyses were performed at 2 and 6 weeks following induction. Lucifer Yellow was administered by bolus injection to visualise tubular urinary flow using a laser confocal microscope. Results: SNGFR increased in diabetic rats ( p < 0.05) and decreased by approximately 40% following C-peptide administration ( p < 0.05). Moreover, tubular luminal flow increased ( p < 0.05), as previously reported, but decreased by 3–11% after C-peptide administration in 6-week diabetic rats without significance. Conclusion: Confocal microscopy demonstrated that C-peptide administration decreases SNGFR and tubular luminal flow in diabetic rats.
Prevalence of Hypomineralization in Second Primary MOLARS (HSPM) in 7 to 10-Year-Old Saudi Children

Background: The aim of the study is to know the prevalence of hypomineralizations in second primary molars (HSPM) in 7to 10-year-old Saudi children. Materials and Methods: A Total of 596 school children of age group 7-10 years was screened for HSPM. Clinical examination was done inside the respective schools. Dental examination was carried out by using scoring criteria to identify for HSPM on we surface under the portable light source. The results were recorded and analyzed for statistical significance using the Chisquare test and t-test with a P-value of <0.05 considered significant. Results: In this study, 596 (80% males) of the 745 selected children participated. Causes for nonparticipation were not interested, lack of time, fearful child, language problems, not present, and other reasons. Distribution of HSPM according to the age of the children is shown in the In 32 (5.4%) children a second primary molar was seen with a demarcated opacity, an atypical restoration or posteruptive enamel loss, with a mean of 4.6 HSPMs per child. Among the 32 affected children, 9 had 1 HSPM, 11 had 2 HSPMs, 7 had 3 HSPMs, and 5 had 4 HSPMs. Conclusions: Children with a higher prevalence of HSPM, also suggests that HSPM is a predisposing factor for MIH. Several other studies also suggested that HSPM lesions were associated with carious lesion occurrence and increased disease severity. Increased awareness of HSPM in children and primary health settings may help to identify children at risk early.