Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Brief Communication: Immune Activation in Patients Infected with HIV Type 1 and Maintaining Suppression of Viral Replication by Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Immune activation associated with HIV infection declines after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), but may persist or recur in some patients. It is not clear whether this reflects a resurgence of HIV replication or another cause of immune activation, such as inflammatory reactions to opportunistic pathogens (immune restoration disease [IRD]). Here, we studied plasma and cellular immune activation markers in adult HIV-1 patients who had received HAART for >12 months and maintained plasma HIV RNA levels of 6 months. Plasma interleukin 1 receptor antagonist and tumor necrosis factor receptor I levels were similar in patients and HIV-negative control subjects, but the highest levels occurred mainly in patients with a history of IRD. In contrast, expression of HLA-DR and CD38 on monocytes and of HLA-DR on CD8+ T cells was higher in patients than in control subjects. Thus, cellular markers of immune activation are abnormal in some patients with a good virological response to HAART,.
NESTLING GROWTH AND THERMOREGULATORY DEVELOPMENT IN SUBALPINE DUSKY FLYCATCHERS

Abstract The Dusky Flycatcher (Empidonax oberholseri), a small, open-nesting Neotropical migrant, is a relatively common summer inhabitant of subalpine environments in the western and southwestern United States. Nestling growth and development of thermoregulation were studied in a population at Tioga Pass (3,000 m) in the eastern Sierra Nevada of California. Despite the selective advantages that might be expected from accelerating rates of growth and thermoregulatory development, in an environment where the season was relatively short and cold temperatures and inclement weather were common, there was little evidence of adaptive modification in either of those parameters; growth rates were comparable to those of other tyrant flycatchers. Feather eruption began around day 5, brushing in dorsal and ventral tracts began two days later, and brushing of the flight feathers around day 9. Asymptotic body masses were attained around day 12, but nestlings did not fledge for another 4 to 5 days. The physiological development of endothermy was closely correlated with increases in body mass and accompanying decreases in surface-area-to-volume ratio and age, but was not significantly correlated with changes in plumage development, when mass and age were statistically controlled. On exposure to ambient temperatures between −3 and 5°C for 10 min (roughly twice as long as the average female bout of inattentiveness), individual nestlings were unable to prevent deep hypothermia until after day 7. Homeothermy, at 80% of adult levels, was not attained until after day 12, although broods of nestlings maintained relatively stable body temperatures as early as day 5. Whereas clutch sizes in this population generally ranged from two to four eggs, the most stable thermal environments were provided by broods of three or four chicks. Although broods of nestlings were generally able to maintain temperatures within 5°C of adult levels, temperature profiles during storms indicated a remarkable capacity for nestlings to tolerate temperatures in the nest as low as 15°C for periods as long as 4 h without apparent ill effect.
Physiological Basis of Differential Sensitivity of Selected Graminaceous Species to Aminocyclopyrachlor

ii Acknowledgments . iii List of Tables. vi List of Figures . vii List of Abbreviations . viii Literature Review . 1 Objectives of Research . 16 Response of Four Graminaceous Species to Aminocyclopyrachlor . 18 Introduction . 18 Materials and Methods . 21 Results and Discussion . 23 Absorption and Fate of Aminocyclopyrachlor in Select Graminaceous Species . 35 Introduction . 35 Materials and Methods . 40 Results and Discussion . 45 Biological-Assay Techniques for Determining Root Exudation of Aminocyclopyrachlor and Dicamba. 56 Introduction . 56
ANTICONVULSANT POTENTIALS OF SESAMUM INDICUM AND ALLIUM SATIVUM OIL ALONE AND IN COMBINATION IN ANIMAL MODELS Research Article

Sesamum indicum and Allium sativum oil which has been used as an antiepileptic remedies in Chhattisgarh region was evaluated for anticonvulsiot activity against experimental seizures in mice. S. indicum (10mg/kg), Allium sativum oil (10 mg/kg) and combination of (S. indicum and A. sativum, 1:1, 10ml/kg) were significantly reduced the locomotion and rearing after 60 minutes. S. indicum oil and A. sativum oil did not produced motor impairment in the wire hanging test and catalepsy test. S. indicum (10mg/kg), Allium sativum oil (10 mg/kg) and combination of (S. indicum and A. sativum, 1:1, 10ml/kg) was significantly reduced (p<0.002) the duration of tonic hind limb extension produced by MES. Only combination of both oil was able to significantly (p<0.002) reduced the latency to death induced by the strychnine. S. indicum oil was only affective against PTZ induced seizure and both oil separately and in combination were effective against the lithium + pilocarpine induced seizure (p<0.004)
Relationship Between Some Soil Characteristics and Various Inorganic Phosphate Fractions of Soils of Rajasthan

One hundred and fifty five surface samples were collected from all the major soil groups of Rajasthan. Soils were analyzed for some important soil characteristics (pH, CaCO3, organic carbon and clay content) and inorganic phosphate fractions. A number of correlations have been worked out. Correlations between pH and saloid bound phosphorus were negatively significant for clayey soils; pH vs iron bound phosphorus negatively for sandy loam, sandy clay loam and clayey soils and positively for pH vs calcium bound phosphorus in the case of sandy clay loam, and clay loam soils. Calcium carbonate content has provided significant positive correlations with calcium bound phosphorus and reductant soluble and occluded phosphorus in sandy loam and sandy clay loam soils. Significant correlations in case of organic carbon have been recorded for saloid bound phosphorus in sandy loam; aluminium bound phosphorus in sandy clay loam, reductant soluble and occluded phosphorus in sandy loam and iron bound phosphorus in sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam and clayey soils.
The efficacy of clay enterosorbent to ameliorate the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 from contaminated corn (Zea mays) on hematology, serum biochemistry, and oxidative stress in ducklings

SUMMARY A 3-wk experiment was conducted to investigate the ability of clay enterosorbent to counteract the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from naturally contaminated moldy corn (Zea mays; 170 µg/kg of AFB1) on hematology, serum biochemistry, and oxidative stress in ducklings. Six hundred forty 1-d-old healthy Cherry Valley Ducks were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments: 1) low-AFB1 diets (LA), without contaminated corn; 2) LA + clay enterosorbent; 3) high-AFB1 diets (HA), with contaminated corn; and 4) HA + clay enterosorbent. There were 8 replicates of 20 birds each. Blood and liver samples from 8 ducks per treatment were obtained at d 21 to determine hematological, biochemical, and antioxidant status. All ducklings had similar ADFI and FCR. However, consumption of the HA diet caused lower (P < 0.05) 21-d BW and ADG than consumption of the LA + clay diet. Compared with ducklings fed the LA diet, those fed the HA diet had an increased (P < 0.05) lymphocyte percentage and had decreased (P < 0.05) granulocyte, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations. Adding 0.1% clay enterosorbent to the HA diets counteracted those effects to some extent. However, the platelet count of ducklings fed the AFB1 diet decreased (P < 0.05) with or without the 0.1% clay enterosorbent. Ducks fed the HA diet had reduced (P < 0.05) activities of creatine kinase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, total superoxide dismutase in the serum, and glutathione peroxidase in both the serum and liver, decreased concentrations of blood urea nitrogen, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein in the serum, but increased (P < 0.05) activities of alkaline phosphatase in the serum and malondialdehyde in the serum and liver. Addition of 0.1% clay enterosorbent to the HA diet increased (P < 0.05) activities of creatine kinase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, total superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and concentrations of all metabolites in the serum, but decreased (P < 0.05) activities of alkaline phosphatase in the serum and malondialdehyde in the serum and liver. Feeding AFB1-contaminated corn had a detrimental effect on ducklings, and addition of 0.1% clay enterosorbent to the diet was effective in counteracting the toxic effects.
Group Housing and Milk Feeding of Dairy Calves

The dairy calf is typically individually housed from birth to protect it from pathogens and to make it easier to monitor milk intake and health, but this deprives the calf of opportunities for social interaction with other calves. Calves are traditionally fed a limited amount of milk to stimulate concentrate intake and to facilitate early weaning off milk, but this practice is associated with poor growth and chronic hunger in calves. Here we review recent research that is showing advantages of grouping and milk rations for the welfare and performance of the pre-weaned dairy calf.
Effects of Method of English Ivy Removal and Seed Addition on Regeneration of Vegetation in a Southeastern Piedmont Forest

ABSTRACT Invasive plants can have substantial negative impacts on native flora and fauna. As a result, ecological restoration often involves removal of invasive species. We examined the effects of the removal of Hedera helix (English ivy) on regeneration of native vegetation in the Piedmont of Georgia. Ivy was removed by hand or by herbicide from five 5 m × 5 m plots for each treatment and half of each plot was seeded with native seeds. We then counted the number of seedlings present in each plot bimonthly over a 5-mo period. Ivy removal by pulling resulted in the greatest density and diversity of seedlings. Furthermore, these plots exhibited increased seedling density and diversity due to seed addition. Spraying was effective in removal of the ivy but significantly lowered seedling density and diversity and hindered any seed addition efforts. Control plots in which ivy was not removed had no seedlings germinate. Our results suggest that the method of exotic plant removal and the addition of native seed can have profound effects on the regeneration of native vegetation and should be a major consideration for future exotic plant removal projects.
Egg capsules, eggs and embryos of the southwestern Atlantic gastropod Coronium coronatum (Gastropoda: Muricidae)

The egg capsules, eggs and embryos of the muricid gastropod Coronium coronatum are described for the first time. Capsules are sessile, bulliform, semi-circular, with a plug in the dorsal center. Sutures split the capsule into two asymmetrical halves. Recently laid capsules showed the presence of 3639 (n ¼ 2) uncleaved nurse eggs with a diameter of 180– 210 mm (mean ¼ 197.4 + 8.9). The number of early embryos was 9 –11. The size of the embryos was 320 � 320 to 820–880 mm. Nine pre-hatching embryos of 3.94 mm (n ¼ 8, SD ¼ 0.32) were found inside the older capsule. SEM illustrations of embryos and radulae are provided. Comparison of shell and radula of embryos with the protoconch and radulae of adults of C. coronatum revealed that the capsule belongs to this species.
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and MAO-derived hydroxyl radical production in mouse model of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (Fare modeli karaciğer iskemi-reperfüzyon hasarinda monoamin oksidaz (MAO) aktivitesi ve MAO kaynakli hidroksil radikali üretimi)

Objective: There are various studies that have been published indicating that reactive oxygen species are produced in large quantities in post-ischemic reperfusion and this oxidative burst mediates the severity of the damage. It has been previously suggested that monoamine oxidase (MAO) is a potential source of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in early reperfusion; and mitochondrial hydroxyl radicals generated from H 2 O 2 during MAO metabolism serve as a contributor to tissue injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible contribution of elevated activities of MAO isoforms to the generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Methods: After 45 minutes of partial ischemia followed by 5 hours of reperfusion performed on mouse liver. Serum lactate dehydrogenase and transaminase activities were measured as indices of hepatic injury. Lipid peroxidation, glutathione content and redox state, antioxidant enzyme activities, total MAO, MAO-A and -B activities and MAO-dependent H2O2 release in liver tissue were determined. Results: MAO-A and -B activities, lipid peroxidation, oxidized glutathione content and H 2 O 2 release were found to be increased, while reduced glutathione content, reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio as indice of redox state and antioxidant enzyme activities were decreased in liver tissues of ischemia-reperfusion group when compared to those of control group. A strong positive correlation was found between MAO isoform activities and H 2 O 2 release in ischemia-reperfusion group, suggesting that MAO is a potential source of H2O2 generation during ischemia-reperfusion. Conclusion: Our study suggests that both MAO isoforms may contribute to reactive oxygen species generation during ischemia-reperfusion, and MAO inhibitors may be used against liver ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Changes of biochemical and sensory characteristics in the musculus longissimus dorsi of the fallow deer in the early phase post-mortem and during maturation

Our researches encompassed determination of biochemical, technological and sensory characteristics in the muscle of the fallow deer (Cervus [Dama] dama L.) in the early phase post-mortem and during maturation. In the early phase post-mortem, pH, glycogen, total amount of pigments (TP), plasticity and water-binding capability (WBC) were determined. During maturation, the following changes were followed: pH values, glycogen, WBC, plasticity, colors (sensory and instrumental measurement), the contents of alpha-amino nitrogen (NH2-N) and non-protein nitrogen (NPN), together with the definition of sensory characteristics of texture and odor. By analyzing results, it was concluded that at 3 h post-mortem, low pH (5.49) was determined and low WBC (12.17 cm2), which pointed to the fact that due to extreme tiring and fast decomposition of glycogen, the ultimate value of pH was reached, while glycolytic enzymes were almost deactivated. A slight increase of pH and WBC during the period of maturation could be explained as a consequence of proteolytic activity and changes in proteins, which at the same time provoked increase of alpha-amino nitrogen (NH2-N) and non-protein nitrogen (NPC). Sensory analysis showed that the muscle of the fallow deer was most appropriate on the fifteenth day of maturation for both processing and culinary processing. Key words: Biochemical changes, technological properties, sensory analysis of meat quality of the fallow deer.
Variability and association studies in indigenous aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The variability, correlation and path analysis for yield and quality traits in twenty-five indigenous aromatic rice genotypes were estimated. Highest genetic coefficient of variation was recorded for grain yield plant -1 and number of panicle bearing tillers among yield traits and length/breadth ratio for quality traits. High heritability (broad sense) coupled with high genetic advance was observed for yield plant -1 , number of panicle bearing tillers and number of grains panicle -1 . Number of panicle bearing tillers and days to 50% flowering exhibited highest positive direct effect along with positive association with yield plant -1 . Kernel length after cooking quality showed highest positive direct effect on kernel length.
Average daily metabolic rate, reproduction and energy allocation during lactation in the Sundevall Jird Meriones crassus

Summary 1 Non-reproducing Sundevall Jird (Meriones crassus) females (body mass = 84 g; n = 51), with a mean average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) of 88 kJ day−1, were divided into three groups: high (H), medium (M) and low (L) ADMR. It was hypothesized that ADMR is related to reproductive rate and predicted that the H group could support a higher reproductive rate than the L group. It was also hypothesized that allocation of energy differs with ADMR level and predicted that the H group would use mainly the reallocation of metabolizable energy to compensate for an increased energy demand for reproduction whereas the L group would increase their metabolizable energy intake markedly. To test the hypotheses, the females were mated and, in those that had litters (n = 32), changes in body mass and metabolizable energy intake were determined and milk production was estimated during 15 days of lactation. Litter size, offspring mass and growth rate were determined for pups. 2 Body mass of dams, litter size and body mass of young at birth were similar among ADMR groups. However, milk production was 42% higher and litter mass at 15 days was significantly greater in the H than in L group, supporting our first hypothesis. All females were in negative energy balance during lactation. Mobilization of body energy reserves increased with litter size but was similar among ADMR groups. In addition, the increase in metabolizable energy intake of lactating females above that of non-reproducing females was similar among ADMR groups and therefore the second hypothesis was rejected. 3 ADMR was reduced by 23% during lactation and milk energy was only 30% of total metabolizable energy invested in milk production in all females. It is concluded that lactating M. crassus used a combination of reallocation of energy and increased metabolizable energy intake during lactation. The efficiency of offspring production did not differ among ADMR groups and therefore a high ADMR has an advantage when food is abundant, whereas a low ADMR has an advantage when food is sparse.
Effects of Energy and Protein Levels on Egg Quality and Performance of Laying Hens at Early Second Production Cycle

Abstract One hundred sixty-two commercial 70-wk-old ISA Brown laying hens, previously subjected to induced molting by feed restriction, were distributed in a completely randomized design with 3 × 3 factorial arrangement (i.e., 3 metabolizable energy levels: 2,850; 2,950, and 3,050 kcal of ME/kg) and 3 protein levels (16, 18, and 20% CP), which totaled 9 treatments with 3 replicates of 6 birds each. Experimental diets were offered to birds after the feed restriction period. Performance and egg quality parameters were evaluated in 14-d intervals from the 4th to 12th weeks after forced molting for a total of 4 evaluation periods. Increases in dietary energy and protein levels did not improve performance or egg quality. The levels of 2,850 kcal of ME and 16% protein were sufficient for laying hens starting the second production cycle without decreasing their performance or egg quality.
Utilization of sugarcane molasses for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates using Bacillus subtilis

Batch cultures of Bacillus subtilis AMN1 was screened for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) using sucrose as a carbon source. In subsequent experiments, sugarcane molasses was used as renewable carbon source since it was rich in sucrose (50%), leading to develop a low cost process of PHA production. The maximum PHA production (2.09 g/100 mL) and dry cell weight (DCW) production (1.5g/100 mL) was observed in the medium amended with 10% sugarcane molasses. The influence of pH on PHA production was also evaluated. It was found that pH 7.0 yielded a maximum DCW of 1.89 g/100 mL and PHA of 1.39 g/100 mL. The UV spectral analysis of PHA showed the presence of ester group (CH3-COO) by recording a sharp peak between 230240 nm. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum of the synthesized PHA showed a transmission band at wave number 1726 cm -1 which is a characteristic of C=O stretching of carbonyl group of the polymer. The major compounds of PHA was detected and identified as aliphatic polymer esters using Gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The prominent peaks of proton and carbon Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the polymer depicted that it can be hydroxyl hexanoate.
Which factors limited stitchbird population growth on Mokoia Island

Reintroduction programmes need to be monitored as a way of gauging potential causes of their success or failure. This, in turn, can be used to improve the likelihood of future translocation success. Since the 1990s, stitchbird (or hihi: Notiomystis cincta) translocations have been intensively monitored, with comparisons between two of these projects (Tiritiri Matangi Island - a successful introduction, and Mokoia Island - an unsuccessful introduction) often compared and contrasted as a means of identifying factors important in translocation success for this species. A consistently low adult survival rate on Mokoia Island in conjunction with a study showing a high prevalence of aspergillosis (a fungal disease of the respiratory tract caused by Aspergillus fumigatus) in adult stitchbirds led to this disease being commonly discussed as a major factor responsible for the difference in translocation outcomes. However, A. fumigatus infection rates have never been compared between the two stitchbird populations; thus, population differences in adult survival may have resulted from other factors. One possibility is that survival differences between populations were influenced by differing predation pressures from morepork (or ruru: Ninox novaeseelandiae). Evidence of stitchbird predation by moreporks and the fact that morepork density on Mokoia Island was markedly higher than on Tiritiri Matangi Island provides some support for this hypothesis. It is important that all plausible hypotheses for differences in survival be considered so that we can better evaluate future conservation strategies that target the recovery of this species.
Two new species of Pyemotes closely related to P. tritici (Acari: Pyemotidae)

Two new species of Pyemotes are described: Pyemotes zhonghuajia sp. nov. parasitic on a variety of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera in China and Pyemotes turkeyensis sp. nov. parasitic on moths in Turkey. Pyemotes tritici (LaGreze-Fossat & Montagne, 1851) in its revised concept is redescribed based on specimens from USA and Mexico. Keys to separate both adult males and females of these species are provided. Grandjean’s notation for idiosomal and leg chaetotaxy is applied to the Pyemotidae.
Effects of boiling, warm‐holding, mashing and cooling on the levels of enzyme‐resistant potato starch

The effects of boiling, warm-holding, cooling and mashing on the enzyme-resistant starch (ERS) content of potatoes was studied together with inter-tuber and inter-cultivar variation in ERS content. Inter-tuber variation in ERS content was small and mean values (on a dry matter basis) for boiled and raw potatoes were 10.7 and 74.2% (cultivar Rooster) and 10.8 and 74.3% (cultivar Anna). There was no significant difference between the ERS values of boiled potatoes of seven cultivars (range 10.0-10.8%). Warm-holding mashed potatoes at 65-70 degrees C for 1 hr raised ERS values from 2.20 to 4.80%. In a separate test slow cooling over 2 hr to 21 degrees C raised the ERS content from 3.65 to 6.35%. Multiple cook-cool (3x) gave ERS contents of 23.2 and 18.2% for boiled potatoes held for 24 hr at 4 or 20 degrees C. Mashing and freezing raised ERS values by 1-2%.