Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vacillation cycles in simulations of hurricane Katrina

In an earlier numerical study, Nguyen et al. found that as hurricane Katrina (2005) intensified it vacillated between highly asymmetric and relatively symmetric states. The characteristics of vacillation cycles produced in a series of high‐resolution simulations of hurricane Katrina are reported. As before, these simulations are made with the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's Tropical Cyclone Limited Area Prediction System (TCLAPS). It is found that the majority of the simulated vortices exhibit vacillation cycles during the 48 h integration from 0000 UTC on 27 August 2005. The dominant periods of vacillation range from 8–23 h with a median of about 13 h. In most simulations with vacillation cycles, the more asymmetric states are associated with lower intensification rates (as measured by the rate of change of the maximum azimuthally averaged tangential wind). Both barotropic and convective instabilities are shown to be important for the development of these vacillation cycles.
Quantifiable Analysis of 18f-(+) DTBZ Picture: Comparison of PET Template & MRI Centred Image Investigation

A newly formed PET scanner called [18F]9-fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine (18F-(+)DTBZ) has been used to study the function of the vesicular monoamine transporters type-2 (VMAT2) in assessing Parkinson’s disease (PD) severity & quantifying dopaminergic degradation in vivo. The striatal zones can be drawn manually, but this takes a lot of period and is subject to human bias. In the present work, an automatic approach for quantifying striatal signal on 18F-(+) DTBZ pictures was established. 26 control & 39 PD sufferers were enlisted. 18F-(+) DTBZ PET & conventional cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was obtained. Both immediate registration of native pictures to the PET pattern in normal mode & indirectly normalisation of relative PET picture to the standards region via actual brain MRI were carried out. SURs, or unique uptake rates, was utilised to measure VMAT2 activity and connect this with motor intensity in 10 designated locations. Their findings demonstrated that PD individual had substantially less SURs than control in the contralateral putamina, globus pallidi & caudates. Motor intensity was substantially linked with SURs inside the putamen & audate. The excellent performance in differentiating among PD patient and controls was in the ipsilateral putaminal area. Ultimately, the outcomes obtained using the 18F-(+) DTBZ PET pattern were still on par with those obtained using the conventional MRI-centred approach. Therefore, 18F-(+) DTBZ PET picturing has the ability to distinguish PD patient from control in an efficient manner. The 18F-(+) DTBZ PET pattern based technique may provide effective, reliable, & customer independent quantification of presynaptic VMAT2 transporters concentration because it is simpler to implement.
Beyond equivalence: the transformation of functions and multiple stimulus relations

Tonneau (2001) has provided a scholarly review and re-appraisal of some of the important issues surrounding equivalence relations. His logical analysis highlights the limitations and conflicting uses of set-theoretic definitions of equivalence and of the concept of equivalence itself. Given the difficulties with Sidman’s initial formulations, the continued refinement of the rougher edges of the basic process theory of equivalence, and the fact that research on equivalence arose from an interest in understanding symbolic behavior, Tonneau suggests a reconsideration of symbolic functioning in terms of derived stimulus functions. I find myself in general agreement with much of what Tonneau has to say on these issues, including his elaboration of the potential role played by Pavlovian contingencies in transfer of function, as well as his willingness to highlight critical limitations with Skinner’s (1957) direct-contingency account of verbal behavior. Tonneau’s paper re-orients our attention to what is at stake in our research endeavors: the main prize of a truly functional, behavioral analysis of complex human behavior such as reasoning, problem solving, rule-following, metaphor, selfawareness, anxiety, emotion, and suicide, amongst others. He suggests a revised way of looking at these types of performances we typically describe as symbolic, derived, or emergent. While I am supportive of such efforts, I do have some reservations about an over-reliance on just equivalence relations or function transfer through equivalence (p. 5) to explain the range of behaviors that constitute symbolic functioning, regardless of the influence of Pavlovian contingencies. Empirically and conceptually, the consideration of derived relations other than equivalence and the development of new methods other than matching-to-sample (MTS) has been restricted by the explanatory concept of stimulus classes as well as by the idea that equivalence class formation be considered a basic behavioral process (see BarnesHolmes, Hayes, Dymond, & O’Hora, 2001). Although a detailed analysis of these issues is beyond the remit of the current paper, by approaching the study of symbolic behavior from the perspective of relational frame theory the operant nature of relational activity and the critical need for new, non-MTS procedures where the concept of stimulus relation is given central status, is emphasized. For the remainder of this commentary, I will first address three empirical issues raised by Tonneau before outlining the relational frame account of transformation and multiple stimulus relations.
The planets capture model of V838 Monocerotis: conclusions for the penetration depth of the planet(s)

V838 Mon is the prototype of a new class of objects. Understanding the nature of its multistage outburst and similar systems is challenging. So far, several scenarios have been invoked to explain this group of stars. In this work, the planets-swallowing model for V838 Mon is further investigated, taking into account the findings that the progenitor is most likely a massive B-type star. We find that the super-Eddington luminosity during the eruption can explain the fast rising times of the three peaks in the optical light curve. We used two different methods to estimate the location where the planets were consumed. There is a nice agreement between the values obtained from the luminosities of the peaks and from their rising time-scale. We estimate that the planets were stopped at a typical distance of one solar radius from the centre of the host giant star. The planets-devouring model seems to give a satisfying explanation to the differences in the luminosities and rising times of the three peaks in the optical light curve of V838 Mon. The peaks may be explained by the consumption of three planets or alternatively by three steps in the terminal falling process of a single planet. We argue that only the binary merger and the planets-swallowing models are consistent with the observations of the new type of stars defined by V838 Mon.
Realignment of the ventricular septum in tetralogy of Fallot using (partial) direct closure of the ventricular septal defect: Long-term follow-up and comparison to conventional patch repair

Objectives : Aortic dilatation and regurgitation after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is known, and beside other factors, mainly addressed to an intrinsic aortopathy. In 2011, we reported the influence of realingement of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) by (partial) direct closure of the ventricular septal defect (VSD) in TOF on aortic structures and function. We now evaluated the further follow-up of this cohort and compared the results to a matched group of TOF patients with classical VSD patch closure. Patients and Methods : Forty patients with TOF treated between 2003 and 2008 are included in the study, with 20 patients each in the VSD (a) (partial) direct closure and (b) patch closure group. Follow-up time after surgery was 12.3 years (11.3–13.0). Results : Patient characteristics, echocardiographic measurements, and surgical and intensive care unit parameters were not significantly different between both groups. After surgery and during long-term follow-up, realignement of the LVOT, shown by the angle between the interventricular septum and the anterior aortic annulus in long axis view in echocardiography, was lower in Group A (34 vs. 45°, P < 0.0001). No differences in LVOT or aortic annulus size, aortic regurgitation, or dilation of the ascending aorta and right ventricular outflow tract gradients were found. Transient rhythm disturbances were found in 3 patients in each group, with only one persistent complete atrioventricular block in Group B. Conclusion : (Partial) direct closure of the VSD in TOF leads to a better realignement of the LVOT and showed comparable short- and long-term results without higher risk for rhythm disturbances during follow-up.
Novel Experimental Mouse Model to Study Malaria-Associated Acute Kidney Injury

The impact of malaria-associated acute kidney injury (MAKI), one of the strongest predictors of death in children with severe malaria (SM), has been largely underestimated and research in this area has been neglected. Consequently, a standard experimental mouse model to research this pathology is still lacking. The purpose of this study was to develop an in vivo model that resembles the pathology in MAKI patients. In this study, unilateral nephrectomies were performed on wild-type mice prior to infection with Plasmodium berghei NK65. The removal of one kidney has shown to be an effective approach to replicating the most common findings in humans with MAKI. Infection of nephrectomized mice, compared to their non-nephrectomized counterparts, resulted in the development of kidney injury, evident by histopathological analysis and elevated levels of acute kidney injury (AKI) biomarkers, including urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, serum Cystatin C, and blood urea nitrogen. Establishment of this in vivo model of MAKI is critical to the scientific community, as it can be used to elucidate the molecular pathways implicated in MAKI, delineate the development of the disease, identify biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis, and test potential adjunctive therapies.
Reflection and transmission of plane waves through isotropic medium sandwiched between two highly anisotropic half-spaces

A problem of reflection and transmission of plane wave is presented. The considered geometry consists of an isotropic layer bonded between two highly anisotropic media (Triclinic crystalline). We set to find a relation between direction of motion and direction of propagation of waves as they are not same in anisotropic medium. The incident plane wave reflects three waves (, and ) at the interface of isotropic layer and lower half-space. A closed form expression for velocity profile is obtained. We have found the reflection/transmission coefficients and energy ratios of different reflected and transmitted waves. Variations in obtained amplitude ratios and energy ratios with respect to incident angle have been shown graphically.
Assessment is contagious: the social contagion of formative assessment practices and self-efficacy among teachers

ABSTRACT Social contagion has been documented across various domains. However, this phenomenon has not been explored in relation to formative assessment in schools. This study examines the social contagion of school teachers’ formative assessment practices and self-efficacy. A sample of 296 teachers from 12 Hong Kong primary and secondary schools participated in this study. All participants completed the same questionnaire twice, one year apart. The longitudinal results showed that formative assessment practices and self-efficacy were socially contagious. When teachers had colleagues who engaged in formative assessment practices and had high self-efficacy, they were more likely to engage in formative assessment and become more efficacious themselves. Also, school-level formative assessment self-efficacy predicted individual-level formative assessment practices demonstrating the importance of collective efficacy. The findings can inform the provision of school support and the design of teacher professional development programmes for promoting formative assessment in schools.
Infrared spectroscopy for ploidy estimation: An example in two species of Veronica using fresh and herbarium specimens

Abstract Premise Polyploidy has become a central factor in plant evolutionary biological research in recent decades. Methods such as flow cytometry have revealed the widespread occurrence of polyploidy; however, its inference relies on expensive lab equipment and is largely restricted to fresh or recently dried material. Methods Here, we assess the applicability of infrared spectroscopy to infer ploidy in two related species of Veronica (Plantaginaceae). Infrared spectroscopy relies on differences in the absorbance of tissues, which could be affected by primary and secondary metabolites related to polyploidy. We sampled 33 living plants from the greenhouse and 74 herbarium specimens with ploidy known through flow cytometrical measurements and analyzed the resulting spectra using discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and neural network (NNET) classifiers. Results Living material of both species combined was classified with 70% (DAPC) to 75% (NNET) accuracy, whereas herbarium material was classified with 84% (DAPC) to 85% (NNET) accuracy. Analyzing both species separately resulted in less clear results. Discussion Infrared spectroscopy is quite reliable but is not a certain method for assessing intraspecific ploidy level differences in two species of Veronica. More accurate inferences rely on large training data sets and herbarium material. This study demonstrates an important way to expand the field of polyploid research to herbaria.
Two-dimensional vortex structures in the bottom boundary layer of progressive and solitary waves

Abstract The two-dimensional vortices characterizing the bottom boundary layer of both progressive and solitary waves, recently discovered by experimental flow visualizations and referred to as vortex tubes, are studied by numerical solution of the governing equations. In the case of progressive waves, the Reynolds numbers investigated belong to the subcritical range, according to Floquet linear stability theory. In such a range the periodic generation of strictly two-dimensional vortex structures is not a self-sustaining phenomenon, being the presence of appropriate ambient disturbances necessary to excite certain modes through a receptivity mechanism. In a physical experiment such disturbances may arise from several coexisting sources, among which the most likely is roughness. Therefore, in the present numerical simulations, wall imperfections of small amplitude are introduced as a source of disturbances for both types of wave, but from a macroscopic point of view the wall can be regarded as flat. The simulations show that even wall imperfections of small amplitude may cause flow instability and lead to the appearance of vortex tubes. These vortices, in turn, interact with a vortex layer adjacent to the wall and characterized by vorticity opposite to that of the vortex tubes. In a first stage such interaction gives rise to corrugation of the vortex layer and this affects the spatial distribution of the wall shear stress. In a second stage the vortex layer rolls up and pairs of counter-rotating vortices are generated, which leave the bottom because of the self-induced velocity.
Unification and comparison between two concepts of radar target angular glint

This paper provides a general proof of unification between two concepts of radar target angular glint. The analysis of a two-point target model. consisting of a electrically and a magnetically ideal dipole, shows the relation, difference and equivalent condition between them more clearly. Angular glint has been synthesized from the measured data of radar echo phase, and compared with the theoretical result.
Observations of Cloud-Top Entrainment in Marine Stratocumulus Clouds

Abstract Measurements of the thermodynamic and dynamic properties of entrainment events in marine stratocumulus are used to explain why cloud-top entrainment instability may not lead to the breakup of the clouds and to define the role of cloud-top entrainment on the turbulent mixing processes when buoyancy reversal due to mixing is released. The measurements were made off the coast of California during the First ISCCP Regional Experiment (FIRE 1987) by the NCAR Electra research aircraft. The data used in this study were collected on a day when the cloud-top jump conditions indicate possible buoyancy reversal for the entrained parcels that mix with cloudy air. The entrainment events are identified using a conditional sampling method. Ozone concentration is used as a tracer of inversion air to define the entrainment mixing fraction. It is found that cloud-top entrainment ceases to be a mere interfacial phenomenon when buoyancy reversal of the entrainment parcel occurs. Strong entrainment preferentially occu.
Banking Crises in Historical Perspective

This article surveys the recent empirical literature on historical banking crises, defined as events taking place before 1980. Advances in data collection and identification have provided new insights into the causes and consequences of crises both immediately and over the long run. We highlight three overarching threads that emerge from the literature: First, leverage in the financial system is a systematic precursor to crises; second, crises have sizable negative effects on the real economy; and third, government interventions can ameliorate these effects. Contrasting historical episodes reveals that the process of crisis formation and evolution varies significantly across time and space. Thus, we also highlight specific institutions, regulations, and historical contexts that give rise to these divergent experiences. We conclude by identifying important gaps in the literature and discussing avenues for future research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Financial Economics, Volume 15 is November 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews. org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Effect of pre and post-emergence herbicides on weed dynamics, growth and yield of soybean (Glycine Max L.)

A field experiment was conducted in zonal agricultu ral research station, University of agricultural sc iences, (UAS) GKVK Bengaluru during Kharif, 2012 to study the eff ect of pre and post-emergence herbicide on weed, gr owth and yield of soybean (Glycine max L.). The experiment w as carried out in randomized completely block desig n (RCBD) wherein there was combination of pre and post-emerg ence herbicides (pendimethalin 30 EC, metribuzin 70 WP and fenoxaprop‐p-ethyl 9 EC, Imazethapyr 10 SC, respect ively), farmer’s practice of intercultivation fb tw o hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS as well as unweeded check, all replicated thrice. The results showed that int ercultivation fb.hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS recorded significa ntly higher grain and haulm yield (2570- 2964 kg ha -1 , respectively), lower weed population and their dry weight (8.00 number and 1.00 g 0.25 m -2 , respectively), no.of pods per plant (165), pod weight per plant (77g pla nt -1 ), no.of grains per pod (2.79) and hundred grains w eight (19.18 g). However, pre-emergence application of me tribuzin 70 WP fb. imazethapyr 10 SC and metribuzin 70 WP fb.intercultivation at 30 DAS gave lower weed popul ation, dry weight and higher grain, haulm yield, no . of pods per plant, pod weight per plant, no.of grains per pod a nd 100 grains weight as compared to other herbicide treatments and unweeded check.
Weed management in rabi onion (Allium cepa L.)

A field experiment was carried out during rabi season of 2012-13 at Junagadh to find out practically convenient and economically feasible weed management practice in onion. The experiment comprised of ten treatments of pre-emergence and post- emergence herbicides, their combination with hand weeding, weed free and unweeded control. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Weed free check treatment (three hand weeding at 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAT) recorded significantly the lowest dry matter of weeds and the highest weed control efficiency. All the growth and yield attributes of onion viz., plant height (58.87 cm), no. of leaves (15.11), neck thickness (1.4 cm), A grade bulb (42.60 %), fresh bulb weight (70 g), bulb diameter (5.75 cm) and bulb yield (40.9 t ha-1) were recorded maximum in weed free plots. This treatment also recorded minimum bolters (0.0 %) and doubles (1.12 %), the highest gross ( 3,27,200 ha-1) & net return ( 2,87,471) and maximum B:C ratio (7.12). However, treatment combined spray of oxyfluorfen @ 0.240 kg ha-1 and propaquizafop @ 0.090 kg ha-1 as PE followed by second spray as POE at 45 DAT was equally effective with this treatment.
Reduced IL-8 Secretion by NOD-like and Toll-like Receptors in Blood Cells from COVID-19 Patients

Severe inflammatory responses are associated with the misbalance of innate and adaptive immunity. TLRs, NLRs, and cytokine receptors play an important role in pathogen sensing and intracellular control, which remains unclear in COVID-19. This study aimed to evaluate IL-8 production in blood cells from COVID-19 patients in a two-week follow-up evaluation. Blood samples were taken at admission (t1) and after 14 days of hospitalization (t2). The functionality of TLR2, TLR4, TLR7/8, TLR9, NOD1, and NOD2 innate receptors and IL-12 and IFN-γ cytokine receptors was evaluated by whole blood stimulation with specific synthetic receptor agonists through the quantification of IL-8, TNF-α, or IFN-γ. At admission, ligand-dependent IL-8 secretion was 6.4, 13, and 2.5 times lower for TLR2, TLR4, and endosomal TLR7/8 receptors, respectively, in patients than in healthy controls. Additionally, IL-12 receptor-induced IFN-γ secretion was lower in COVID-19 patients than in healthy subjects. We evaluated the same parameters after 14 days and observed significantly higher responses for TLR2, TLR4, TLR7/8, TLR9, and NOD1, NOD2, and IFN-γ receptors. In conclusion, the low secretion of IL-8 through stimulation with agonists of TLR2, TLR4, TLR7/8, TLR9, and NOD2 at t1 suggests their possible contribution to immunosuppression following hyperinflammation in COVID-19 disease.