Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of insecticides on Nilaparvata lugens and its predators: spiders, Microvelia atrolineata, and Cyrtorhinus lividipennis.

Thirty-five insecticides used on rice in Asia were tested in the field against Nilaparvata lugens . The most important predators of the pest, Cyrthorhinus lividipennis , Microvelia atrolineata , and predacious spiders, Lycosa pseudoannulata , Tetragnatha and Araneus species, were also momtored in the test plots. Ten insecticides significantly reduced numbers of N. lugens , but propoxur and ethylan gave the most consistent and effective control. Most insecticides did not significantly reduce populations of spiders and M. atrolineata compared with untreated checks, but they did reduce numbers of C. lividipennis . Fifteen treatments caused resurgence of N. lugens , resulting in significantly higher numbers in the treated plots than m untreated checks. Resurgence was apparently not caused by the toxicity of the materials against predators. Eleven of the insecticides had no effect on N. lugens .
HISTOCHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION OF CALCIUM OXALATE

Histochemistry of calcium oxalate has not been definitive. The present author has critically investigated various histochemical methods for calcium salts and finally found a new method advantageous to those hitherto reported.Celloidin models of calcium salts, rat kidneys of oxalosis induced with ethylene glycol and human materials were used for study.New method: Firstly calcium phosphate and carbonate are removed by immersing sections into 5% acetic acid for 30 minutes. Secondly the sections still containing calcium oxalate are made to react with 5% aqueous silver nitrate for 15 minutes, and thirdly the reaction product appears dark brown to black with the use of rubeanic acid (saturated rubeanic acid in 70% alcohol with 2 drops of strong ammonium for 1 minute) that is very sensitive to silver without loosing the definite localization of calcium oxalate. This method has a merit; it does not depend on weather or illumination and takes a shorter time than the Kossa method.A confident histochemical method for identifying calcium oxalate was established by combining this method with other characteristics of calcium oxalate such as the unstainability with hematoxylin, birefringency, solubility after incineration and gypsum formation.In the present study calcium oxalate was also found to react with lead besides silver and to appear brownish-black when one uses lead nitrate and ammonium polysulphide.
Effects of an extreme temperature event on the behavior and age structure of an estuarine top predator, Carcharhinus leucas

The frequency of extreme environmental events is predicted to increase in the future. Understanding the short- and long-term impacts of these extreme events on large-bodied predators will provide insight into the spatial and temporal scales at which acute environmental disturbances in top-down processes may persist within and across ecosystems. Here, we use long- term studies of movements and age structure of an estuarine top predator — juvenile bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas — to identify the effects of an extreme 'cold snap' from 2 to 13 January 2010 over short (weeks) to intermediate (months) time scales. Juvenile bull sharks are typically year- round residents of the Shark River Estuary until they reach 3 to 5 yr of age. However, acoustic telemetry revealed that almost all sharks either permanently left the system or died during the cold snap. For 116 d after the cold snap, no sharks were detected in the system with telemetry or captured during longline sampling. Once sharks returned, both the size structure and abundance of the individuals present in the nursery had changed considerably. During 2010, individual long- lines were 70% less likely to capture any sharks, and catch rates on successful longlines were 40% lower than during 2006�2009. Also, all sharks caught after the cold snap were young-of-the- year or neonates, suggesting that the majority of sharks in the estuary were new recruits and sev- eral cohorts had been largely lost from the nursery. The longer-term impacts of this change in bull shark abundance to the trophic dynamics of the estuary and the importance of episodic distur- bances to bull shark population dynamics will require continued monitoring, but are of consider- able interest because of the ecological roles of bull sharks within coastal estuaries and oceans.
Entry ✕ Environment Interactions for Alfalfa Forage Quality

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars are available that produce high-quality forage; however, information is lacking on the consistency of cultivar forage quality over environments and the influence of stand age on quality. Our objectives were to evaluate alfalfa cultivars for consistency of forage quality over time and environments and to test the validity of sampling seeding-year stands for forage quality. We sampled eight alfalfa entries (seven cultivars and one experimental germplasm) at bud and flower maturity stages in the seeding year (one harvest) and first production year (two harvests) in six states (Indiana, Kentucky, Minnesota, New York, Washington, and Wisconsin). ANOVA and orthogonal contrast analyses were conducted to assess entry × environment interactions for forage quality. First-cut forage in the first production year had lower forage quality than third-cut forage, and differences between entries were more pronounced at the first cutting. Including seeding-year data in the ANOVA produced a complex location × entry × stand age interaction, indicating that seeding-year data alone were insufficient to characterize alfalfa entries for forage quality. 'Cimarron VR', 'Arrow', and '5432' had the greatest stability for forage quality and could serve as high, medium, and low forage-quality checks, respectively, in forage quality testing trials. 'WL 322 HQ' and 'Pacesetter' often had high quality, but were not stable for forage quality over environments. Correlations between crude protein, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and in vitro digestible dry matter were consistent across locations, entries, cuttings, and maturities. The high correlation between NDF and ADF (r ≥ 0.97, P ≥ 0.05) suggests that it may not be necessary to use both procedures to predict entry differences in forage quality.
Role of chemical and physical variables in regulating microcystin-LR concentration in phytoplankton of eutrophic lakes

A survey of eutrophic to hypereutrophic hardwater lakes in central Alberta was conducted to test the hypotheses that the concentration of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in phytoplankton is regulated by environmental factors that affect both the biomass of the main producer of the toxin, Microcystis aeruginosa, and the concentration of the toxin in the cells. Of all environmental factors examined, total phosphorus was the strongest correlate of both M. aeruginosa biomass and cellular MC-LR (expressed as micrograms per gram of M. aeruginosa). Microcystis aeruginosa biomass was also strongly negatively related to the total nitrogen to total phosphorus ratio (TN:TP) and inorganic nitrogen (NO2- + NO3-, NH4+). A univariate regression model of TN:TP explained the most variation in MC-LR concentration (expressed as nanograms of cellular toxin per litre) in mixed phytoplankton communities. This study indicated that MC-LR dynamics in phytoplankton of lakes was related to changes in the concentrati.
UTAUT: Analysis of Usage Level of Android Applications as Learning Media in Indonesian Educational Institutions

UTAUT; Android Application; Instructional Media. This study aims to analyze the application of android applications as a medium of mathematics learning in Indonesian educational institutions using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) method both among teachers in delivering mathematical material and students in experimenting or completing school assignments. The research method used was descriptive quantitative with a four option Likert Scale questionnaire as a research instrument. Surveys were deployed using the Google Form-based Black Box system throughout Indonesia through Social Media. Based on the results of data analysis obtained information that the application of android applications as a learning media for mathematics in Indonesia is still below 50%. The effect of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence on behavioral intention is illustrated by the regression equation 062 . 0 271 . 0 280 . 0 469 . 0 ˆ 3 2 1 1     X X X Y while
A Review of the Biology and Pathogenicity of Rosellinia necatrix– The Cause of White Root Rot Disease of Fruit Trees and Other Plants

Rosellinia necatrix, an ascomycete soil-inhabiting fungus, causes white root rot disease in a large number of plant species, especially fruit trees. The fungus, which occurs worldwide, is very aggressive and can kill infected trees. The biology and pathogenicity of the fungus are reviewed here, together with the current principal methods of disease control used in different pathosystems.
THE GONIATITES OF THE BEYRICHOCERAS ZONE IN THE NORTH OF ENGLAND

I. Introduction. This zone, approximately of Middle Visean age, was, together with the succeeding P zone, the period of greatest evolutionary activity in the goniatite fauna of the Carboniferous era. For the first time we meet with practically the whole of those stocks, which either unchanged or in their derivative genera, were to play such an important and at times dominant part in the fauna of the Middle and Upper Carboniferous. Indeed the fresh evolutionary outburst in the Permian period of other areas concerned just those stocks which we see first in zone B. For the first time we make the acquaintance of the genus Goniatites, s.s. The genus Dimorphoceras appears and introduces secondary saddles in the main lobes. The newly arrived genus Beyrichoceras and the allied genera Beyrichoceratoides and Sagittoceras appear to be the ancestral genera of all our dominant Middle and Upper Carboniferous goniatites. The Prolecanitids shew a sudden burst of evolutionary activity, and new genera such as Pronorites and Daraelites 4 are seen for the first time, curiously enough to disappear again, except in Minorca7, until the close of the Carboniferous period. Zone B marks also the last appearance of the Devonian genus Aganides 2. The material on which this paper has been based, in addition to specimens in my own collection, has been loaned by various collectors and officials of museums. I am especially indebted to Dr. R. G. S. Hudson, Mr. F. W. Anderson, Dr. D. Parkinson, Dr. J. W. Jackson, Mr. E. W. J. Moore, Mr.
Talk, talk, talk: exploring idea conversations and the micro-level foundations of knowledge sharing for innovation

ABSTRACT In this study we explore the drivers and consequences of micro-level instances of knowledge sharing for innovation. We do so by focusing on the temporally bounded conversations that colleagues have about new ideas and we study specifically how the strength of ties between these colleagues influences the duration and breadth of knowledge sharing in the idea-related conversations they have over time. A 14-month on-site field study in a multinational company, in which we mapped 496 dyadic relationships regarding 17 new product ideas, shows that knowledge sharing can be explained by the ties between people being either strong or weak, rather than intermediate. We also discover that characteristics of the idea itself shape how tie strength influences the duration and breadth of knowledge sharing in idea conversations. Finally, we provide initial evidence to show how important conversations are for the success of an idea. Our study sheds light on micro-level instances of knowledge sharing for innovation and provides important insights into how managers can foster an environment in which weak and strong ties can be utilised optimally for sharing knowledge about ideas.
Fruit quality attributes of ten Colombian blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth.) genotypes

Colombia requires blackberry genotypes with remarkable traits that improve the competitiveness of this product in the country. The objective of this work was to evaluate the characteristics of the quality attributes of ten Colombian blackberry genotypes in order to assess their potential in the berry markets but also as a genetic source to be included in breeding programs. The weight of fruits, the equatorial and longitudinal diameters, volume, firmness, color, seed number, juice content, flesh and seed content, soluble solids content, acidity, pH and maturity index were evaluated in fruits collected during three different harvest periods in the province of Cundinamarca. Thirty fruits for every genotype and period were harvested and analyzed. These 10 evaluated genotypes showed important differences that allowed separating them into five different groups; however, genotypes 8, 4 and 6 showed the best results regarding size, color, juice content, total soluble solids content, maturity index, firmness and low acidity. These features make them good candidates for incorporating them into breeding programs. Nonetheless, their soluble solids content was considerably lower than values reported for genotypes Prime Ark, Natchez, Ouachita, and Osage that are recognized for these remarkable traits.
Effects of grazing by re‐introduced Equus hemionus on the vegetation in a Negev desert erosion cirque

Asiatic wild asses, Equus hemionus, were driven to extinction in Israel in the early 20th century. In 1983, a herd of these animals was re-introduced to the wild in Makhtesh Ramon, a large erosion cirque in the central Negev desert, Israel. The population has grown steadily ever since and now numbers some 100 animals. In order to determine whether the wild asses are having a significant impact on the vegetation, we have monitored the plant communities in Makhtesh Ramon since 1992, using McAuliffe's log-series survey method. Our study involves 11 pairs of plots along the length of the altitudinal gradient in Makhtesh Ramon. The altitudinal gradient results in a rainfall gradient from an average of 95 mm rain per year to an average of about 40 mm per year. Each pair of plots consists of: (1) an unfenced plot, and (2) a fenced plot that excludes wild asses but not the other large mammalian herbivore, the dorcas gazelle Gazella dorcas. The wild asses have not had a significant impact on vegetation cover, species richness, diversity or dominance. Three plant species showed significant increases in percentage cover in fenced plots, while one species showed a significant increase in percentage cover in unfenced plots. Furthermore, eight plant species invaded fenced plots, three species invaded unfenced plots and one species disappeared from unfenced plots during the study. Using Detrended Correspondence Analysis, we found that the major differences among plots are due to position along the altitudinal gradient. The Detrended Correspondence Analyses indicated that the wild asses have had no significant effect on vegetation community structure.
A Biointegrity Index (IBI) for Coldwater Streams of Western Oregon and Washington

Abstract We developed, tested, and applied an index of biological integrity (IBI) for fish and amphibian assemblages in coldwater streams of the Oregon and Washington Coast Range. A probability sample of 104 wadeable sites was quantitatively sampled for fish and amphibian assemblages as well as physical and chemical habitat from 1994 to 1996. Natural gradients and anthropogenic disturbances were assessed by examining digital data for catchment-scale road density and vegetation cover, along with site-scale physical and chemical habitat data. A set of 109 candidate metrics was evaluated for variance properties, redundancy, and responsiveness to multiple measures of disturbance, resulting in the selection of eight metrics for the index. The IBI itself was subsequently evaluated for variance and responsiveness to disturbance, then compared against an independently selected set of 101 reference sites that had minimal anthropogenic disturbance. Our IBI was fairly precise, with an among-stream variance–residual .
Resources, recruitment limitation and invader species identity determine pattern of spontaneous invasion in experimental grasslands

1 A number of experimental studies have supported the hypothesis that diversity increases invasion resistance, but several mechanisms were proposed to explain this relationship. We studied spontaneous invasion in experimental grasslands varying in species richness (1–16 (60)) and plant functional group richness and identity (1–4; grasses, legumes, tall herbs small herbs) during the first 3 years after establishment on large‐area plots of 20 × 20 m size. 2 Invader species number, biomass and density decreased with increasing community species richness. The identity of successful invaders changed through time as the relative importance of external invaders (= species not belonging to the experimental species pool) decreased, while internal invaders (= species belonging to the experimental species pool) became more important. The presence of legumes increased, while the presence of grasses in the plant communities decreased density, biomass and species number of external invaders and biomass of internal invaders in the second and third year after establishment. 3 Analyses of viable seeds in the topsoil, a higher invasion in communities with more potential invaders in adjacent plots and an edge effect with a higher invader density and species number at the margin of the plots suggested recruitment limitation of internal invader species in contrast to external invader species that were more strongly limited by community characteristics. 4 Resource availability, in particular percentage cover of resident species, root length density and soil nitrate, and propagule availability had significant effects on invasibility. However, statistical analyses revealed that these variables did not completely control for effects of community species richness and the presence of grasses and legumes respectively on invasion resistance. 5 Separate analyses of frequent invader species showed that the invasion success of individual species varied in response to biodiversity and resource niches. 6 Synthesis. Our results confirm that a more complete use of available resources in plant communities of increasing species richness generally decreases invasibility. However, the overall positive effects of biodiversity on invasion resistance are dependent on species identity of the invader species. Thus, mechanisms at species level are important to understand community invasion resistance.
Changes of Physicochemical Components and Antioxidant Activity of Aged Garlic at Different Temperatures

Garlics were aged at 60, 70, 80, and for 1, 3 and 6 days. Samples were analyzed for physico-chemical components and antioxidant activities, such as DPPH scavenging activity and reducing power of hot water and ethanol extracts. The Hunter L, a and b values were significantly lower in sample aged at higher temperature and for longer time. In initiation of aging, the share force was the lowest in sample aged at and it increased for 6 days to in aging. The pH of garlic was acidified at increasing aged temperature and periods. In sample aged for 6 days at and , pH was 6.12 and 3.90, respectively. Contents of total phenolics and flavonoids also increased in sample aged at higher temperature and for longer time. Their contents increased about 3.5 and 9.1 times higher in sample aged for 6 days at than sample aged for 6 days at , respectively. Total pyruvate contents were fluctuated by aging temperature and periods. DPPH scavenging activity was increased in sample aged at higher temperature and longer time. The highest activity of DPPH scavenging showed in sample aged for 6 days at . Similar results were observed in reducing power activity. It was estimated that such increases in anti-oxidant activities in aged garlics may come from actions of phenolics, flavonoids and browning compounds in them.
Ecological niche modelling of montane mammals in the Great Basin, North America: examining past and present connectivity of species across basins and ranges

Aim The goal of this study was to determine the extent of suitable habitats across the basins and ranges of the Great Basin for 13 montane mammals in the present and during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). For all these mammal species, we test whether: (1) more suitable habitat was available in basin areas during the LGM; (2) suitable habitat shifted upwards in elevation between the LGM and the present; (3) more ranges have suitable habitat than are currently occupied; and (4) these species are currently restricted to suitable habitats at higher‐elevation range areas. We also examine whether and how much distributional response varies among these montane mammal species.
FRUIT FORMATION, MARKETABLE YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF TOMATO VARIETIES GROWN UNDER PROTECTED CULTURE IN TWO AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES DURING THE RAINY SEASON

Environmental limitations in agriculture can be successhlly overcome wit11 the use of protected (indoor) culture. Howevel; the powtll and developme~t of indoor grown crops with pa~tial environmental control vary with season, location and crop genetic dif~"erences. This rescarcll was conducted to study the influence of agro-ecological conditions and varietal differences on fiuit development, yield and fiuit quality of' protected c~~lture grown tomato during the rainy season. The location, Rallangala (upcountry intermediate zone) enhanced the yield components, hit size and damage-free fruits under rainy weatller. Fruits at Peradeniya (midcountry wet zone) had higllcl. tolal soluhlc solids (TSS), fruit acidity and locular material contents compared to Rahangala. Protected culture gave greater iiuit formation, yield (fruit weight and numbcr of'marketahle fruits), f'luit size and damage-free fruits than the open field culture. As a result ofthe interaction between culture and locati.on, the hjghest yield and fruit size were reported at Rallangala while the highest TSS w'as reported at Peradeniya in protected culture. More marketable fiuits of cultivar T-245, Iligl~er f111it weight of cultivar Heat; Master and liiigher yield of cultivar Cariho were found, especially under protected culture. Caribo appeared to he suitable for both regions while Heat Master and T-245 were better adapted to Ral~angala and Pcradeniya, respectively. The polythene llouse with improved technology was more productive usder the agro-ecological conditions at Rallangala duxing MuIra season in terms of yield and external fiuit quality of tomato while it was more suitahle,for Peradeniya during XL~U, season in terms of internal fuit quality of tomato.
DIGESTIVE ENZYME ASSAYS IN THE GUT OF Oreochromis niloticus LINNAEUS 1757, Parachanna (Channa) obscura GUNTHER 1861 AND Gymnarchus niloticus CUVIER 1829

Digestive enzyme assays in the different gut regions (oesophagus, stomach, caecum, duodenum, ileum, and rectum) of three commercial African freshwater fish species: Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, African snakehead fish Parachanna obscura, and African long knife fish, Gymnarchus niloticus, revealed an array of glycosidases (amylase, sucrase, maltase, lactase, and cellulase); proteases (chymotrypsin, pepsin, and trypsin) and lipases. The pattern of distribution and relative activity of the enzymes showed that the fishes are capable of digesting carbohydrates, proteins and lipids such that they complemented the different dietary habits of the three fish species. Enzyme activity was not detected in the oesophagus and rectum of the three fish species. The relative distribution and activity of the various enzymes were possibly induced by the nutritional requirements of the fishes.