Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Wealth Inequality and Mobility in General Equilibrium

What determines inequality and mobility of wealth? This paper quantifies in closed form both the bottom and the top (Pareto) tail of the distribution for a rich continuous-time model. The distribution is especially shaped by bequest motives, demographics, and the asset portfolio composition under idiosyncratic wealth risk. Factors that increase inequality also reduce mobility. The model - enriched by a realistic income process and non-trivial portfolio constraints - is solved in general equilibrium and calibrated to match US evidence. A bequest tax is shown to reduce inequality and increase mobility. Several partial-equilibrium intuitions do not carry over into general equilibrium.
Job Turf or Variety: Task Structure as a Source of Organizational Inequality

What explains pay inequality among coworkers? Theories of organizational influence on inequality emphasize the effects of formal hierarchy. But restructuring, firm flattening, and individualized pay setting have challenged the relevance of these structuralist theories. I propose a new organizational theory of differences in pay, focused on task structure and the horizontal division of labor across jobs. When organizations specialize jobs, they reduce the variety of tasks performed by some workers. In doing so they leave exclusive job turf to other coworkers, who capture the learning and discretion associated with performing a distinct task. The division of labor thus erodes pay premiums for some workers while advantaging others through job turf. I test this theory with linked employer–employee panel data from U.S. labor unions, which include a type of data that is rarely collected: annual reporting on work tasks. Results show that reducing task variety lowers workers’ earnings, while increasing job turf raises earnings. When organizations reduce task variety for some workers, they increase job turf for others. Without assuming fixed job hierarchies and pay rates, interdependencies in organizational task allocation yield unequal pay premiums among coworkers.
Effect of vaccination in lowering bovine brucellosis in the State of Rondônia, Brazil

The study was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the vaccination program against bovine brucellosis, implemented by the State of Rondonia, using prevalence rates as an indicator. The State was divided into three regions. For each region, a pre-determined number of herds were selected and at each herds, blood samples were collected from randomly chosen females with 24 months age or more. Sera from animals were submitted to a serial testing protocol, with screening performed using the buffered acidified antigen test and confirmation by the complement fixation test. A epidemiological questionnaire was administered to each farm property to identify the risk factors associated with the disease. The prevalence rates of infected herds and infected animal at the state were 12.3% [10.3–14.6] and was 1.9% [1.4–2.5], respectively. Between the regions, the prevalence of infected herds varied from 11.6% to 12.8% and the prevalence of infected animals ranged between 1.4% and 2.6%. Bovine brucellosis in Rondonia State is associated with the beef herd, a larger number of cows and the presence of flooded pastures. There was an important reduction in prevalence rates of infected herds and infected animals since 2004, however further reduction could still be achieved with vaccination. Thus, the State should continue its vaccination program, placing emphasis on ensuring the quality of the process. In addition, it should also promote the use of a vaccine that does not induce antibody formation. Additionally, the State must carry out a great effort of education so that producers test breeding animals for brucellosis before introducing them onto their properties and, where possible, prevent calved cows from having access to areas that are flooded.
Interferon-induced Protein-44 and Interferon-induced Protein 44-like restrict replication of Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Cellular intrinsic immunity, mediated by the expression of an array of interferon-stimulated antiviral genes, is a vital part of host defence. We have previously used a bioinformatic screen to identify two interferon stimulated genes (ISG) with poorly characterised function, Interferon-induced protein 44 (IFI44) and interferon-induced protein 44-like (IFI44L), as potentially being important in Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection. Using overexpression systems, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout, and a knockout mouse model we investigated the antiviral capability of these genes in the control of RSV replication. Over-expression of IFI44 or IFI44L was sufficient to restrict RSV infection at an early time post infection. Knocking out these genes in mammalian airway epithelial cells increased levels of infection. Both genes express antiproliferative factors that have no effect on RSV attachment but reduce RSV replication in a minigenome assay. The loss of Ifi44 was associated with a more severe infection phenotype in vivo. These studies demonstrate a function for IFI44 and IFI44L in controlling RSV infection. Importance RSV infects all children under two years of age, but only a subset of children get severe disease. We hypothesize that susceptibility to severe RSV necessitating hospitalization in children without pre-defined risk factors is in part mediated at the anti-viral gene level. But there is a large array of anti-viral genes, particularly in the ISG family about which the mechanism is poorly understood. Having observed significantly lower levels of IFI44 and IFI44L gene expression in hospitalized children with a confirmed diagnosis of RSV, we dissected the function of these two genes. Through a range of over-expression and knockout studies we show that the genes are anti-viral and anti-proliferative. This study is important because IFI44 and IFI44L are upregulated after a wide range of viral infections and IFI44L can serve as a diagnostic bio-marker of viral infection.
An Empirical Study on Program Failures of Deep Learning Jobs

Deep learning has made significant achievements in many application areas. To train and test models more efficiently, enterprise developers submit and run their deep learning programs on a shared, multi-tenant platform. However, some of the programs fail after a long execution time due to code/script defects, which reduces the development productivity and wastes expensive resources such as GPU, storage, and network I/O. This paper presents the first comprehensive empirical study on program failures of deep learning jobs. 4960 real failures are collected from a deep learning platform in Microsoft. We manually examine their failure messages and classify them into 20 categories. In addition, we identify the common root causes and bug-fix solutions on a sample of 400 failures. To better understand the current testing and debugging practices for deep learning, we also conduct developer interviews. Our major findings include: (1) 48.0% of the failures occur in the interaction with the platform rather than in the execution of code logic, mostly due to the discrepancies between local and platform execution environments; (2) Deep learning specific failures (13.5%) are mainly caused by inappropriate model parameters/structures and framework API misunderstanding; (3) Current debugging practices are not efficient for fault localization in many cases, and developers need more deep learning specific tools. Based on our findings, we further suggest possible research topics and tooling support that could facilitate future deep learning development.
Histological and Immunohisto-chemical Study of Toxic Effect of Gibberellic Acid Postnatally on Renal Cortex of Albino Rats

Background: Gibberellic acid (GA3) is one of naturally occurring plant growth regulator, it is one of the family of "biocides" that are phyto-hormones with insecticidal effects. Most of nitrogenous wastes are eliminated through the two kidneys that in addition maintains blood volume, composition and pressure and keeps bone density. Aim: To evaluate the histopathological effect GA3 on rat’s renal cortex postnatally in different ages (PND1, PND 7 & PND 21). Material &Methods: Pregnant female albino rats (n=20) had been distributed into: control group and treated group, GA3 was administered from the 14th day of pregnancy to the 21st postnatal day at a dose of 55 mg/kg of body weight /day. After giving birth, the male pups of each group were randomly divided into three subgroups and were sacrificed at the (1 day), (7 days) and at (21 days). Animals were anaesthetized and sacrificed. Kidneys of pups born to control and treated mothers were obtained and processed for examination of oxidative stress marker, histological and immunohistochemical examination. Results: pups of GA3 treated mothers showed increase in urea, creatinine serum level and MDA level and decrease in CAT and GPX content. Moreover, histological examination of the kidneys of these pups revealed multiple atrophied immature forms of glomeruli, multiple congested blood capillaries, some renal tubules showed loss of some cells lining them and others with vacuolated cytoplasm. Statistically, GA3–treated groups at all age groups displayed a highly significant decrease in the mean cortical thickness than control groups. Moreover, the area percentage of collagen and of renal PCNA expression showed a significant increase with GA3 treatment of mothers. Conclusion: Exposure of pregnant rats to GA3 in late pregnancy and during lactation induced oxidative stress and histopathological alterations in renal cortex of suckling pups.
Retrospective analysis of cardiovascular (CV) events following compassionate use of carfilzomib (CFZ) in patients (Pts) with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM).

8595 Background: Herein, we report CV events observed in late-stage, heavily pretreated pts who received salvage CFZ under a compassionate use protocol. Methods: Pts received IV single-agent CFZ (20-45 mg/m2) over 2-30 min on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 of a 28-day cycle (C) or CFZ with weekly dexamethasone (4-40 mg) during C1, along with other agents (eg, lenalidomide, thalidomide, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, cisplatin, vorinostat) during C2 and beyond. CV events were grouped according to preferred terms. Serious CV events were defined as those that required hospitalization. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) values were measured at baseline; peak values were recorded during C1. Results: 143 pts (median age, 61 years old; 70% were male) received treatment. Prior to enrollment, pts received a median of 7 prior lines of therapy (range, 2-15), including doxorubicin (range, 0-360 mg/m2). Most pts (92%) had prior autologous stem cell transplants (ASCT), with 74% receiving ≥2 ASCT (range, 0-5). Pts received C.
“This Gig Is Not for Women”: Gender Stereotyping in Online Hiring

This study examines gender segregation in the context of the so-called gig economy. In particular, it explores the role that stereotypes about male and female occupations play in sorting men and women into different jobs in an online freelance marketplace. The findings suggest that gender stereotypes are particularly salient in online hiring because employers typically contract for short-term, relatively low-value jobs based on limited information about job applicants. These conditions trigger the use of cognitive shortcuts about intrinsic gender characteristics linked to different skills and occupations. The results corroborate that female candidates are less likely to be hired for male-typed jobs (e.g., software development) but more likely to be hired for female-typed jobs (e.g., writing and translation) than equally qualified male candidates. Further, the study investigates three mechanisms predicted to attenuate the female penalty in male-typed jobs. The penalty is found to be self-reinforcing, as it perpetuates gender imbalances in worker activity across job categories that strengthen the sex typing of occupations.
The Dependence Between the Return Rate Volatility and the Trading Volume of the Most Important Cryptocurrencies – a Correlation Analysis

We propose an exploratory analysis of the differences between the performance of companies in the retail industry, as well as of the links between firms’ characteristics and measures of performance within the retail industry and across EU countries with the help of canonical correlation analysis (CCA), in the foreign versus local ownership dichotomy. We find that performance in the EU retail sector is highly variable across countries, but foreign-owned companies generate higher turnover and value added at enterprise and employee level, pay higher salaries and invest more compared to locally-owned enterprises. The aggregate performance of companies, measured through labour productivity and operational profitability, is more homogeneous across countries and foreign versus locally-owned companies. We identify a link between firm attributes and performance, but foreign and locally-owned companies display, to some extent, a different pattern of this link particularly in the case of labour productivity, but not in the case of profitability.
APPARENT DENSITY AS AN ESTIMATOR OF WOOD PROPERTIES OBTAINED IN TESTS WHERE FAILURE IS FRAGILE

The use of new wood species in construction requires knowledge of their properties for safer and more economical structural sizing. In Brazil, structural projects are carried out according to the standard document ABNT NBR 7190:1997. Tests required by this standard for the complete characterization of species require large machines with high costs, which are present only in large research centers. Considering the lack of experimental determination, this study aimed, with the help of analysis of variance of regression models, to investigate the possibility of estimating, through apparent density, wood properties obtained in tests where failure is considered fragile, allowing the estimation of properties of species still little used. Ten wood species belonging to the hardwood group (cambara, cedro, cedrorana, copaiba, angelim-araroba, castelo, oiticica-amarela, guarucaia, guaicara, and garapa), covering all strength classes established in the standard ABNT NBR 7190:1997, were used. The results showed that shear strength parallel to the grain (f v0 ) was the only property that could be estimated by apparent density (ρ 12 ), with an R 2 above 50%. Tensile strength normal to the grain (f t90 ) and splitting strength (f s0 ) showed poor fit quality.
PERFORMANCE AND COMBINING ABILITY FOR STRAW YIELD AND RELATED CHARACTERS IN A DIALLEL CROSS OF FLAX (Linum usitatissmum, L.) UNDER DIFFERENT SOWING DATES

Thirty six entries of flax (Linum usitatissmum, L.) involving eight parental genotypes and their twenty eight hybrids were evaluated for straw yield and its related traits in the F1 during (2015/2016) and F2 populations during (2016/2017) under early (F2D1) and late (F2D2) sowing dates (two environments) in the Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University at Shalakan, Kalubia Governorate. Mean squares due to genotypes, parents and crosses were highly significant for straw yield, plant height, technical stem length, fiber yield/plant, fiber percentage, fiber length and fiber fineness in the F1 and F2 generations (at early and late sowing dates), indicating that parental genotypes as well as their F1 and F2 generations exhibited reasonable degree of variability for all studied traits. Highly significant variations mean performance were found for parental genotypes and hybrids for straw yield/plant and its related traits in the F1, F2D1and F2D2, indicating presence of wide genetic variability among studied genotypes. The highest mean values were recorded under all studied environments, for straw yield/plant, fiber yield/plant and fiber fineness were found by S. 402/1 genotype, while Sakha 5 gave the highest mean values for plant height, technical stem length and fiber length. General and specific combining ability mean squares were highly significant for all studied traits in F1, F2D1 and F2D2 with the exception of a few cases, indicating the importance of both additive and non-additive gene effects in the expression of straw yield and its components. The additive effects were more important than non-additive effects under all studied environments for straw yield/plant (except at F2D2), plant height (except at F1), fiber percentage and fineness. On the other hand, the non- additive effects were more effective than additive effects for technical stem length, fiber yield/plant and fiber length. Results showed that the parents; Giza 11and Giza 12 for straw yield/plant, Sakha 5 for plant height and fiber length, Sakha 6 for fiber yield/plant, Jowhar for fiber percentage and S. 402/1, Sakha 2, Giza 12 and Sakha 5 for fiber fineness, these parents appeared to be the best general combiners for these traits. Some of the crosses exhibited highly significant and positive SCA effects included high x high and high x low general combiner parents, suggesting that the breeding procedure which utilize both additive and non-additive genetic variances would be more useful for improvement of straw yield and its components of flax.
Examining mental health literacy, help seeking behaviours, and mental health outcomes in UK university students

Purpose Many university students in the UK experience mental health problems and little is known about their overall mental health literacy and help-seeking behaviours. The purpose of this paper is to ascertain levels of mental health literacy in UK university students and to examine whether mental health literacy is associated with better mental health outcomes and intentions to seek professional care. Design/methodology/approach A total of 380 university students at a university in the south of England completed online surveys measuring multiple dimensions of mental health literacy, help-seeking behaviour, distress, and well-being. Findings Mental health literacy in the students sampled was lower than seen in previous research. Women exhibited higher levels of mental health literacy than men and postgraduate students scored higher than undergraduate students. Participants with previous mental health problems had higher levels of mental health literacy than those with no history of mental health problems. Individuals were most likely to want to seek support from a partner or family member and most participants indicated they would be able to access mental health information online. Mental health literacy was significantly positively correlated with help-seeking behaviour, but not significantly correlated with distress or well-being. Practical implications Strategies, such as anonymous online resources, should be designed to help UK university students become more knowledgeable about mental health and comfortable with seeking appropriate support. Originality/value This study is the first to examine multiple dimensions of mental health literacy in UK university students and compare it to help-seeking behaviour, distress, and well-being.
An application of NPD to double-stage diamond anvil cells: XAS spectra of rhenium metal under high pressures above 300 GPa

ABSTRACT We present the first application of double-stage diamond anvil cells (ds-DACs) to X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of Rhenium (Re) metal. By using highly stable and sub-micron sized X-ray beam, XAS spectra were successfully observed at the -edges from the sample encapsulated in the small space between the second-stage anvils. The pressure generation exceeding 300 GPa was evaluated by the pressure-induced shift of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) oscillation at the -edge. The profile of white-line at the -edges broadened with increasing pressure, which indicates the modification of the Re band structure. The present results demonstrate the high ability of XAS technique combined with ds-DACs as a probe for crystal structure and electronic structure under ultrahigh pressure.
Essays on Incentives and Human Capital Formation

I study policies designed to affect the production of human capital, either to improve efficiency or reduce inequality. Each chapter provides insights into how human capital accumulation is affected by the structure of the labor market, information, and policy interventions themselves. In Chapter 1, I study optimal income taxation when workers’ human capital investment is imperfectly observable by employers. Bayesian employer inference about worker productivity drives a wedge between the private and social returns to human capital investment. The resulting positive externality from worker investment implies lower optimal marginal tax rates. I calibrate my model to match empirical moments from the United States. Taking into account the spillover from human capital investment introduced by employer inference reduces optimal marginal tax rates by 13 percentage points at around 100,000 dollars of income, with little change in the tails of the income distribution. In Chapter 2 (joint with Roland Fryer), I develop a model of two-sided statistical discrimination, in which firms try to infer whether workers have made investments required for them to be productive, and simultaneously, workers try to deduce whether firms have made investments necessary for them to thrive. Complementarity between worker and firm beliefs complicates both empirical analysis designed to detect discrimination and policy meant to alleviate it. We propose “two-sided investment insurance” as an alternative tool that is weakly more effective than any alternative. The chapter concludes by proposing a way to identify statistical discrimination when beliefs are complementary.
3rd Person Needs Licensing Too: Examining the se/suu Connection

This paper introduces two instances of person effects with 3 rd person items – the reflexive clitic se in French and the non-honorific clitic pronoun suu in Punjabi. Examining the properties of these items, we argue against the phi-feature based accounts of person licensing. Instead, we re-conceptualize it as a syntactico-semantic phenomenon, which requires a pronominal to be contextually-anchored via a feature labeled [F]. More globally, this paper attempts to work out the special status of person and articulate why person requires special licensing in grammar.