Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Invasive breast carcinoma: Correlation with the molecular subtypes and pathological response to neo - adjuvant chemotherapy

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in females and leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. The analysis of gene expression data have suggested that breast carcinoma can be divided into molecular subtypes which have distinct clinical features, different prognosis and clinical outcome. Claudins are members of a large family of tight junction proteins that regulate cell adhesion. Currently there are 40 claudins that are variably expressed in several cancers. Only few studies have examined their expression in breast carcinomas. Recently subtype of claudin with low expression has been described that has a prognostic and predictive indication in relation to response following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Aim: The aim of this study was to classify breast tumors into the molecular patterns based on the expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and her-2 neu and to evaluate the expression of claudin, ki-67 and p-53 in invasive breast carcinoma. Pathological response following neoadjuvant chemotherapy was assessed in different molecular patterns of invasive breast carcinomas correlating with expression of claudins. Materials and Method: A retrospective analysis of 100 breast carcinomas immunostained with ER, PR and her-2-neu were performed and tumors were subtyped into molecular patterns. Immunostaining with ki-67 and p-53 was done in 43 cases to assess the pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Claudin 1, 3, 4, and 7 was tested in 43 cases by RT-PCR method. Results: Of 100 cases of invasive breast carcinomas diagnosed and immunostained during the 5-year period from 2012-2016, basal-cell type accounts to 20 cases, followed by her-2 enriched type (17 cases), luminal -A (47 cases) and luminal-B (16 cases). Claudin was expressed in luminal A (44.2%), luminal B (26%), basal (16.3%) and her-2 enriched (14%) subtype. Incidence of claudin low was seen in 14% of T2-4 lesions, 7% nodal metastasis and 9.3% of high grade tumors. Pathological response was better for basal-like type when compared to other subtypes.Ki-67 expression was high among triple negative tumors when compared to non-triple negative tumors. Pathological response was good in basal-like subtype when p-53 was expressed. Conclusion: The histopathological examination of the tumor helps in assessing the response following neoadjuvant chemotherapy and can be correlated with expression of claudin, ki-67 and p-53.Claudin-low subtype can be seen in triple negative, luminal A& B and her-2 enriched type. More number of cases need to be studied in future to assess the response rate in claudin –low tumors as this has direct impact on current therapeutic strategies and follow-up is mandatory to look for recurrences.
Techniques for Smart Traffic Control: An In-depth Review

: Inadequate space and funds for the construction of new roads and the steady increase in number of vehicles has prompted scholars to investigate other solutions to traffic congestion. One area gaining interest is the use of smart traffic control systems (STCS) to make traffic routing decisions. These systems use real time data and try to mimic human reasoning thus prove promising in vehicle traffic control and management. This paper is a review on the motivations behind the emergence of STCS and the different types of these systems in use today for road traffic management. They include – fuzzy expert systems (FES), artificial neural networks (ANN) and wireless sensor networks (WSN). We give an in depth study on the design, benefits and limitations of each technique. The paper cites and analyses a number of successfully tested and implemented STCS. From these reviews we are able to derive comparisons of the STCS discussed in this paper. For instance, for a learning or adaptive system, ANN is the best approach; for a system that just routes traffic based on real time data and does not need to derive any data patterns afterwards, then FES is the best approach; for a cheaper alternative to the FES, then WSN is the least costly approach. All prove effective in traffic control and management with respect to the context in which each of them is used.
Evaluation of the Outcome of Lumbar Disc Surgeries: Laminectomy Discectomy, Microlumbar Discectomy and Microendoscopic Discectomy

Background: The prevalence of back pain has been reported between 49% and 80%. Except for cases that require immediate surgical intervention, the first-line treatment involves medical choices. 90% of attacks of sciatica respond to conservative management. Surgical intervention when indicated involves discectomy and various operative methods include laminectomy discectomy, microlumbar discectomy, and microendoscopic discectomy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages and outcome of the above-mentioned surgical operations for lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and then, specifically, the outcomes for each of them using Odom’s criteria. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was carried out between April 2015 and April 2017 to compare the advantages/ disadvantages and outcome of various surgical interventions in LDH, namely laminectomy discectomy (Group A), microlumbar discectomy (Group B), and microendoscopic discectomy (Group C) with each group consisting of 30 patients. All patients were admitted as per inclusion criteria. Results: In each group of our study, the mean age and sex distribution were comparable and statistically not significant. Our study showed the post-operative hospital stay and the need for post-operative analgesia was low for microendoscopic surgery, but on long-term evaluation with Odom’s criteria, laminectomy achieved better outcomes than other methods. Conclusion: Our study showed that microlumbar discectomy and microendoscopic discectomy have a better short-term outcome as compared to laminectomy discectomy. However, long-term results are comparable.
Predictors of Hospitalization Cost in Infants with Hypoglycemia

This study sought to determine the overall hospital cost estimates in neonates with hypoglycemia, compare hospital cost in premature and non-premature neonates, and identify predictors of increased hospital cost. The median (interquartile range) cost estimate in premature and non-premature neonates were $12,755 ($4,550-$30,339) and $2,360 ($1,153-$3,736), respectively. Increased cost was observed, when more than five procedures was performed during the same hospitalization (OR 10.13, 95 % CI 8.67-11.83, P < 0.0001), when hospital bed size medium (OR 1.37, 95 % CI 1.16-1.61, P =0.0002) or ≥ 400 (OR 1.65, 95 % CI 1.41-1.92, P < 0.0001), when hospital length of stay exceeded 15 days (OR 44.97, 95 % CI 41.49- 48.73, P < 0.0001), in teaching hospitals (OR 1.97, 95 % CI 1.82-2.13, P < 0.0001), in of the presence of chronic conditions (OR 2.46, 95 % CI 2.27-2.66, P < 0.0001), comorbidities (OR 2.11, 95 % CI 1.90-2.35, P < 0.0001), prematurity (OR 2.39, 95 % CI 2.20-2.60, P < 0.0001), and death (OR 2.95, 95 % CI 2.13-4.09, P < 0.0001). Neonates with hypoglycemia consumed 11% of resources associated with hospital births while accounting for only 1.5 % of hospitalization. This study identified factors associated with increased cost in neonatal hypoglycemia.
A Cross-cultural Comparison of Four Sub-dimensions of Communication Apprehension between Koreans and Americans

The purpose of this study is to research cultural differences in reported levels of communication apprehension among Koreans, one of the largest international student national groups, and Americans and to discuss the ramifications of the findings for Koreans studying in the U.S. The author administered the most recent version of the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA) 24, with twenty four items for four different communication situations, to Korean and U.S. mainstream students. In addition to the goal of discovering differences or similarities in cultural patterns of thought, this study will help resolve the conflicting findings of differences in reported communication apprehension level between Koreans and U.S. mainstream students. Results showed that four of the five hypotheses were supported: Koreans reported statistically significant differences in communication apprehension level from the Americans; their levels of communication apprehension were higher for overall communication apprehension and three of the four sub-dimensions of the communication apprehension scale.
17. Small cell osteosarcoma

Small cell osteosarcoma (SeQ) is a rare but distinct variant of osteosarcoma. Although Hutter et al. [1] in 1966 and Jacobson in 1977 [2] described small cell tumors of bone capable of differentiating into bone and cartilage, Sim and collaborators [3], reporting in 1979 on 24 patients at the Mayo Clinic, were the first to delineate the clinicopathological features of this entity. Further clarification was given by other investigators [4-7], but few large series of patients with these lesions have been studied [3-7], and there have been only several case reports [8-10] of these lesions. In this chapter we have compiled the major aspects of 73 SeQ cases accrued from the major series including our experience [3-7] and a few case reports [8-10].
Profile of drugs for treatment of comorbidities in patients with cancer and associated levels of anxiety and depression

Managing cancer patients requires numerous drugs, such as chemotherapeutic agents and drugs for other chronic diseases. Thus, health teams must be aware of potential drug interactions that may be detrimental to health. This study analyzed the types of non-chemotherapeutic drugs used by cancer patients and screened patients undergoing cancer treatment for anxiety and depression. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 138 cancer patients receiving treatment at a reference center in Divinopolis, a city in the midwestern region of the state of Minas Gerais, from June to July 2014. Drug-related data were recorded in a form created by the authors, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used for screening the patients for anxiety and depression. Results: Most patients (62.32%) were taking non-chemotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic agents. Eighty-nine types of drugs were reported. The most common drug classes were those that act on the cardiovascular and nervous systems, alimentary tract, and metabolism. Most patients were taking more than one drug, and 14 patients were taking 6 or more classes of drugs. The number of drug classes correlated with marital status and type of treatment. Anxiety and depression were found in 31.16% and 25.37% of the patients, respectively, and depression correlated with type of cancer (p< 0.048). Conclusion: The non-chemotherapeutic drugs taken by patients undergoing cancer treatment does not differ from those taken by the general population. Health professionals must bear in mind these patients’ vulnerability to side effects and drug interactions, carefully assessing the risks and benefits of treatment and taking into account associated comorbidities, such as anxiety and depression.
Factors Determining Renewal of Membership in Micro Health Insurance

Illness is a major threat to livelihoods of poor people in India. Micro health insurance can provide financial protection against these morbidities. The success of any MHI depends on the continued membership in addition to deeper penetration of target population. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors that determine renewal decisions in MHI in Karnataka state. The data was collected from 500 households using descriptive survey methodology. Logistic regression analysis was carried out that indicates area of residence, income class, education of the head of the household and prevalence of chronic illness as the major determinants of renewal in MHI. This finding has larger implications for insurance companies and NGO that is offering the programme. Since insurance sector is being opened up for foreign direct investment, the article highlights the need to enhance investments in MHI industry to widen the coverage of poor population through affordable yet profitable insurance products for the higher growth and development of insurance industry. ______________________________________________________________________________
DOES MIND MAPPING ENHANCE LEARNING?

In a setting whereby, students of the English Department at the College of Basic Education are exposed to course materials across a number of courses, in a language other than their mother tongue, requiring them to read, comprehend and analyse, note taking gets extremely complicated. The current study focuses on such a complex dilemma, with its objective to find out whether mind mapping may successfully be used by our students in order to overcome their linguistic problems. For the purpose, fifty third/fourth year English language students were used as the study’s sample. The students were divided into two groups and trained to use two different note taking techniques. Later they were given a 10 MSCs, each followed by subjective response question: know, remember, guess. In addition, students were asked to write about their experience to obtain qualitative data. Findings of the study suggest a higher level of performance when the students learn their study material using MM as opposed to SNT. More positive attitudes in favour of MM were also elicited from their selection between the three responses (Know, Remember & Guess).
Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow and Bidders’ Long-run Takeover Performance

This study investigates the relevance of Jensen’s (1986) free cash flow theory to the market for corporate control in Australia. We introduce two proxies of free cash flow, excess cash holdings and excess accounting cash flow and test the relationship between the level of excess cash and bidders’ long-run post-acquisition performance. Results indicate that the level of excess cash holdings does not provide a significant explanation for the cross-sectional variation in long-run post-acquisition performance. Results from the flow measure of cash indicate that the acquisitions carried out by bidders with excess accounting cash flow are not value-decreasing. This finding is contrary to the free cash flow hypothesis proposed by Jensen (1986).
Adenomyosis and Subcutaneous Fatty Tissue Thickness Relationship

Purpose: The etiology of adenomyosis is not well understood, but adenomyosis is a common disease. In our study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between adenomyosis and subcutaneous fat tissue thickness by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: Eighty patients were included in the study and classified into two groups according to their MRI diagnosis. The first group includes patients diagnosed adenomyosis with MRI and the control group consisted of patients who had undergone pelvic MRI for any reason not diagnosed with adenomyosis. The thickness of the subcutaneous fatty tissue was measured at the localization of the first sacral vertebral corpus in both patient groups. In addition, the number of births, cesarean section, and additional pelvic pathologies were compared. Results: Subcutaneous fatty tissue thickness was significantly increased in patients with adenomyosis compared with the control group (P < 0.0005). There was a significant difference in the number of three and more pregnancies in the adenomyosis group (n=23) compared to the control group (n=7). No significant difference was found between the two groups of patients in the history of cesarean section. Conclusion: Adenomyosis is a disease of unknown etiology. Obesity and consequently an increase in thickness in the subcutaneous fatty tissue is one of the important risk factors for the development of adenomyosis.
A Survey of Heavy Metal (Lead, Cadmium and Copper) Contents of Selected Fruit and Vegetable Crops from Borno State of Nigeria

The main objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of toxic heavy metals (lead, cadmium and copper) in some fruits (guava and tomato) and vegetables (onion, okra, sorrel, garden egg, potato, cucumber, carrot and spinach) commonly grown and consumed in Borno State. The fruits and vegetables were purchased directly from Monday Market Ltd in Maiduguri at their peak seasons. Each sample was subjected to two treatments (washed and unwashed), dry-ashed at 500 550 0 C for 12 – 18 hours to extract the heavy metals (analyte) and each analyte was subsequently quantified using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results indicate that the concentration of copper was negligible in all the crops; the highest concentrations of the metals were observed in spinach, these were 0.2250 ppm and 0.0325 ppm of lead and cadmium, respectively. The concentration of lead was higher (P<0.05) in the unwashed sample (0.1121 – 0.5010ppm) compared with 0.0132 – 0.2250ppm for the washed samples; that of cadmium were 0.0023 – 0721ppm and 0.0010 – 0.0325 ppm in the unwashed and washed samples, respectively. Significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in the concentration of the metals between and within crop samples indicating the effects of crop types on metal concentration. The leafy vegetables had higher (P<0.05) concentrations of the metals than the fruits. The fact that considerable amounts of the metals were removed by washing suggests that the contamination was a surface type.
The Influence of Remineralization after Bleaching-In Vitro Study

The aim of this study is to compare remineralizing agent applications on micro-hardness of bleached teeth using Vicker’s Hardness profiles. 60 extracted human premolar teeth were selected. Teeth were divided into 3 groups. Group AControl (16% CP), Group B(16% CP + CPPACP), Group C(16% CP + APF). All specimen were bleached for 15 days with 16% carbamide peroxide for 4 hours. On 15 th day remineralizing agent application was done with respective agents for 5 minutes. Microhardness testing was done on baseline (prior to bleaching), on 15 th day (post bleaching), on 30 th day (post remineralizing agent application). Statistical analysis was done by descriptive and inferential statistics using Student’s paired t test, one way ANOVA and Multiple Comparison: Tukey Test and software used in the analysis was SPSS 21.0 version and ( P<0.05) is considered as level of significance. After bleaching all samples from all the groups showed decrease in micro-hardness. Further application of APF & CPPACP showed reversal of microhardness to the baseline and more than baseline values. APF & CPP – ACP both are equally efficient in regaining the microhardness of teeth.
A Mathematical Model for Nibrin Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma by using Log Normal Distribution

In this paper, we introduce the lognormal distribution. Log-normal distributions are usually characterized in terms of the logtransformed variable, using as parameters the expected value, or mean of its distribution, and the standard deviation [7]. Two parameters are needed to specify a log-normal distribution. Traditionally, the mean μ and the standard deviation σ are used. This paper study sought to discover the role of Nibrin protein in 100 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its potential relationship with clinic pathological parameters. The present study included 20% of patients with stage I disease, 22% of patients with stage II disease, 18% of patients with stage III disease, and 40% of patients with stage IV disease. Nibrin showed a significant positive correlation with moderately/poorly differentiated tumor tissues (P = 0.028), while significant inverse correlation of Nibrin expression was observed with tumor size (P = 0.018) and tumor stage (P = 0.039). Further, using univariate survival analysis it was observed that strong Nibrin expression was significantly associated with disease relapse in early stage OSCC patients (P = 0.049). Thus, the present study revealed that Nibrin could be used as a prognostic marker in patients with early stage OSCC. The application part is fitted with the Mathematical model and conclusion is compared with the medical report this will be helpful for the medical professional.
Quality Parameters of Composite Membranes for Microencapsulation: Evaluation by Statistical Optimization

Optimization of formulations in the manufacture of membrane is necessary to obtain the optimum concentration of base materials and plasticizer. The research was aimed to determine the optimum composition of the blends and that of the plasticizers in the manufacture of soy-protein isolate and cassava starch based membrane intended for food micro-particles. Soy-protein isolate and cassava starch blends were prepared and mixed at different proportions (100: 0%; 90: 10%; 80: 20%; 70: 30%; 60:40%; 50: 50% and 0:100%). Glycerol and sorbitol plasticizer were also prepared and mixed at different proportions (100: 0%; 80: 20% and 60: 40%). The experiment was conducted using response surface (User-Defined) method on design expert (version 11.1.0) software package. The response values of the membrane such as solubility, water vapor permeability, elongation at break, and puncture strength were best fitted into quadratic model while that of the tensile stress was best fitted into linear model considering their values of predicted R2 and adjusted R2. The optimum formulation for the manufacture of the composite membrane is B4 (70% soy-protein isolate and 30% cassava starch) and P2 (80% glycerol and 20% sorbitol) with the desirability value of 0.039. These optimum formulations provide responses for the membrane parameters as membrane thickness of 0.24mm, vapor permeability of 16.06 g H2O mm m-2 day kPa, membrane solubility of 45.95%, tensile stress of 20.71 MPa, elongation at break of 13.65% and puncture strength of 2.37 kN.
Prevalence of Asymptomatic Urinary Tract Infections in the Three Trimesters of Pregnancy

Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is now an established entity in the spectrum of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Asymptomatic bacteriuria is defined as a significant bacterial count (> 10 organisms or colony forming units present per milliter) in the urine of a person without symptoms (Kass,1960). Asymptomatic bacteriuria may Asymptomatic bacteriuria is now an established entity in the spectrum of urinary tract infections (UTIs) especially in pregnant females, which may result in increased risk of prematurity, low birth weight babies and prenatal death if untreated. Therefore this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility in pregnant females in each trimester. A total of 431 asymptomatic pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic, were consecutively selected. For each sample routine microscopy, culture on CLED, identification of organisms and AST was performed as per standard protocol. Out of 431 pregnant females, 38 women (8.8%) were positive for culture. Amongst the 431, 90 were within the first trimester of pregnancy with significant bacteriuria in 15 (16.66%); 161 were in their second trimester with significant bacteriuria in 11 (6.83%) and 180 in third trimester with significant bacteriuria in 12 (6.66%). 52.63% of positive cases were multiparous females while 42.3% were primigravida. On routine microscopy, significant pyuria was found in 44.73% of positive cases. The most common organism isolated was Escherichia coli (39.47%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (23.68%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (10.52%), Enterococcus spp (7.89%), Klebsiella spp (5.26%), Proteus spp (5.26%), Candida (5.26%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.63%). 27% of the gram negative organisms isolated were ESBL producers. The association of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant females in the present study necessities the role of urine culture in all trimesters of pregnancy with treatment by appropriate antibiotic therapy based on sensitivity test so as to avoid maternal-fetal complications. K e y w o r d s