Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Six Hundred and Twenty-two Intertrochanteric Hip Fractures

Of 622 intertrochanteric fractures, 57% were stable (Types I and II). Twenty-eight per cent were Type III, and 15% were Type IV (the unstable types). The 150-degree telescoping Massie nail proved superior to the fixed 135-degree Jewett nail (particularly for unstable fractures) because it allowed a controlled impaction of the fracture fragments to a stable position. In about one-third of the fractures, some medial displacement occurred. With anatomical reduction and the use of the Massie or ASIF nails, we achieved a decrease in the morbidity and mortality and 96% satisfactory results. Our prospective study was compared with a retrospective study in which other devices were used. Early ambulation and weight-bearing also was a major contributing factor to the improved results in the prospective study. Intertrochanteric hip fractures that are unstable can be fixed with a collapsible nail, and that treatment appears to give as good or better results than the displacement method of Dimon and Hughston or Sarmiento.
The Cagayan Valley Rural Electrification Project: An Impact Assessment

This paper attempts to evaluate the economic and social impact of a rural electrification project in Cagayan Valley. The assessment has been focused on development variables such as income, productivity, employment, energy, education and health and it involves a two-stage process. First stage concerns the assessment of the progress of rural electrification in terms of coverage, utilization and constraints has been assessed. Second stage engages in the evaluation of the electrification project in terms of its impact on the intended areas.
Robust Vehicle Mass Estimation Using Recursive Least M-Squares Algorithm for Intelligent Vehicles

A practical and reliable online vehicle mass estimation scheme is crucial to effectively control an automated and intelligent vehicle. The Recursive Least Squares with Multiple Forgetting Factors (RLSMFF) algorithm has been shown to demonstrate great accuracy and computational efficiency in estimating vehicle mass. Nevertheless, our analysis on the convexity and convergence of the RLSMFF algorithm revealed significant inaccuracies at low sampling rates, as well as an estimation bias when the initial estimate is poor. Thus, the RLSMFF needs high-frequency data and an accurate initial estimate (both which could be challenging to obtain) to generate an accurate estimate. Additionally, the robustness of the RLSMFF algorithm to impulsive disturbances (such as braking, which is a common and inevitable driving maneuver) remains a challenge. To address the aforementioned issues, this article proposes a robust Recursive Least M-Squares with Multiple Forgetting Factors (RLM-SMFF) algorithm for reliable vehicle mass estimation in the presence of impulsive disturbance. In particular, a restructured longitudinal dynamics model and a bias reduction strategy are introduced to enhance the accuracy of the mass estimation even when the sampling rate is low. An M-estimator is incorporated to suppress the effects of the impulsive disturbance. The stability of our proposed algorithm is also verified mathematically. We evaluated our proposed algorithm using extensive simulations, which showed that our method demonstrates superior accuracy compared to existing mass estimation algorithms, at low computational demand.
Drivers of increased organic carbon concentrations in stream water following forest disturbance: Separating effects of changes in flow pathways and soil warming

Forest disturbance such as clear‐cutting has been identified as an important factor for increasing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in boreal streams. We used a long‐term data set of soil temperature, soil moisture, shallow groundwater (GW) levels, and stream DOC concentrations from three boreal first‐order streams to investigate mechanisms causing these increases. Clear‐cutting was found to alter soil conditions with warmer and wetter soils during summer. The application of a riparian flow concentration integration model (RIM) explained a major part of variation in stream [DOC] arising from changing flow pathways in riparian soils during the pretreatment period (r2 = 0.4–0.7), but less well after the harvest. Model residuals were sensitive to changes in soil temperature. The linear regression models for the temperature dependence of [DOC] in soils were not different in the disturbed and undisturbed catchments, whereas a nonlinear response to soil moisture was found. Overall these results suggest that the increased DOC mobilization after forest disturbance is caused by (i) increased GW levels leading to increased water fluxes in shallow flow path in riparian soils and (ii) increased soil temperature increasing the DOC availability in soils during summer. These relationships indicate that the mechanisms of DOC mobilization after forest disturbance are not different to those of undisturbed catchments, but that catchment soils respond to the higher hydro‐climatic variation observed after clear‐cutting. This highlights the sensitivity of boreal streams to changes in the energy and water balance, which may be altered as a result of both land management and climate change.
Newly discovered Early Miocene deposits in the Nowy Sącz area (Magura Nappe, Polish Outer Carpathians)

In the Nowy Sącz area Early Miocene marine deposits have been discovered in the southern part of the Raca Subunit, and at the front of the Bystrica Subunit of the Magura Nappe. These deposits belong to the Zawada Formation, which is represented by medium- to thick-bedded glauconitic sandstones with intercalations of thick-bedded marls and marly claystones. The formation is at least 550 m thick. Calcareous nannofossils show the age of the formation to be Early Burdigalian (NN1-2-3 biozones). Due to a lack of exposures the relationship between the deposits of the Malcov and the Zawada formations is not yet clear. However, comparing the youngest age of the Malcov Formation in the Nowy Sscz I borehole (NP 25) with the age of the Zawada Formation suggests sedimentary continuity transition between these formations.
Lost in Space: The Geography of Corporate Interlocking Directorates1

The article studies the causes of local and nonlocal interlocking directorates among the largest U.S. industrial corporations in 1964. The authors hypothesize that interlocks are spatial phenomena‐ with spatial attributes and spatial determinants. Consistent with this hypothesis, they find that local and nonlocal interlocks have different correlates. Further, three spatial structures influence interlocking: the location of a corporation's headquarters vis‐a`‐vis other corporate headquarters and upper‐class clubs, the territorial distribution of a firm's production facilities, and the spatial configuration of a corporation's ownership relations. This suggests that previous interlock research, which ignores spatial considerations, has been seriously misspecified.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BIOPOLYMERS

In single-cell gel electrophoresis (the comet assay) the DNA of lysed cells, the nucleoids, extends towards the anode in a track resembling a comet tail. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of changes in DNA topology on this process. Methods. We used the kinetic approach, proposed earlier by us, to measure a relative amount of DNA in the comet tails as a function of time in the presence of different concentrations of chloroquine, a widely used intercalator. Results. We have shown that, at given small concentrations, intercalation of chloroquine strongly facilitates the comet tail formation. At the same time, some part of DNA (about 8 %) in the nucleoids exits very fast independently on chloroquine, while the largest part of DNA (about three quarters) does not exit at all. At high concentrations the intercalator increases the fraction of DNA, which cannot exit. Conclusions. Our results imply that the loop domains, which contain about one to several hundreds kilobases, represent only a small part (about a quarter) of DNA in the nucleus. The intercalation induces detachment of these loops from the nuclear matrix.
Adjoint analysis of the 2007 all time Arctic sea‐ice minimum

The past two decades saw a steady decrease of summer Arctic sea ice extent. The 2007 value was yet considerably lower than expected from extrapolating the long‐term trend. We present a quantitative analysis of this extraordinary event based on the adjoint of a coupled ocean‐sea ice model. This new approach allows to efficiently assess the sensitivity of the ice‐covered area in September 2007 with respect to any potential influence factor. We can trace back 86% of the ice area reduction to only four of these factors: May and June wind conditions, September 2‐meter temperature, and March ice thickness. Two thirds of the reduction are determined by factors that are already known at the end of June, suggesting a high potential for an early prediction.
Characteristics of evaporation from partially wettable porous media

The evaporation rate from porous media often exhibits an abrupt transition from a high and nearly constant rate supplied by capillary‐induced liquid flow (stage 1) to lower values supported by vapor diffusion. Evidence suggests that evaporation from hydrophobic porous media is suppressed relative to evaporation from similar hydrophilic media. The mechanism for evaporation suppression remains unclear; some implicate effects of partial wettability on liquid phase continuity. Here we examine potential effects of wettability on capillary driving forces required for sustaining liquid flows. Evaporation experiments from sand‐filled columns with different fractions of hydrophobic grains enabled comparisons of evaporative mass loss rates and drying front depths. Results show a gradual reduction in drying front depth at the end of stage 1 (denoted as “evaporation characteristic length”) with an increasing fraction of hydrophobic grains. A model based on the simple averaging of partial wettability effects on capillary driving forces was in good agreement with the experimentally determined drying front depth. Experimental and modeling results suggest that liquid phase continuity was less important in suppressing the duration of stage 1 and reducing the evaporation characteristic length relative to capillarity effects, as is also confirmed in a 3‐D percolation‐based morphological pore network model. Nevertheless, partial wettability significantly modifies phase distribution above the drying front, as shown by spatially resolved observations using neutron radiography and by a pore‐scale percolation model. New insights concerning the effects of partial wettability on evaporation may provide engineering solutions for reducing evaporative losses from porous surfaces.
De-henging the henge: a biographical approach to Scotland's henge monuments

Henges are circular earthwork monuments built from the 32nd-17th centuries BC throughout the British Isles. Seen as a discrete monument ‘type’ since the early 1930s, they comprise a morphologically-varied group of sites. Excavations of henges have demonstrated them to be multi-phase sites which were repeatedly returned to, reused and rebuilt over thousands of years. The earthworks so often seen as the defining feature of henge sites are increasingly recognised as a ‘late’ addition to existing sites which were already long-established as significant places in the landscape. The key aim of this thesis is to ‘de-henge’ henges, removing the focus from the final morphology of monuments to instead consider how henge sites were used and transformed throughout their lives. It reinterprets henge sites in Scotland, a previously neglected corpus of sites, using a biographical approach to understand the significance of the transformations effected at henge sites over time, and consider aspects of both tradition/continuity, and change/innovation over time. Henge sites are interpreted as places of commemoration where people encountered, mediated and re-negotiated their pasts and present. The research explores relationships with the past and the creation of memory at henge sites during the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Bronze Age in Scotland. It is argued that this occurred through monument construction, destruction, rebuilding and reuse; but can be best understood by focusing not only on monumental architecture, but also on the (re)use of materials and material culture, the control and manipulation of sensory experiences of (monumental) spaces, and the relationships between henge sites and other spheres of prehistoric life and death, such as house architecture, farming practices, uses of fire and the burial of (fragments of) people and objects. The thesis discusses these themes through comparison of the biographies of case study sites from Scotland, and contextualises these with reference to henge sites elsewhere in the British Mainland. The reinterpretations of Scottish henges presented in the thesis, and the approaches used, represent a contribution not only to the study of henge monuments, but also have implications for the interpretation and understanding of prehistoric monumentality more generally.
Design Characteristics, Visual Qualities, and Walking Behavior in an Urban Park Setting

The design characteristics of urban parks’ pathways are important in facilitating leisure walking and maintaining the minimum rate of physical activity, thus improving public health. This study examined and explored the relationships between design characteristics as well as certain visual qualities of Cautin Park, the biggest urban park in the Araucanian Region of Chile, and the tendency for walking as well as walking behavior. A mix of quantitative and qualitative methods was used to examine the objectives. Several design attributes were found to be related to the tendency for walking and the walking behavior in this urban park, including greater pathway width, more vegetation, tranquility along the pathways, and more comfortable pathway environments for pets. Additionally, these correlations were assessed based on gender and age, and it was found that adolescents showed the greatest difference from other groups. For instance, adolescents walk significantly more along pathways with more connectivity to activity zones. Among the visual qualities, only legibility shows a significant correlation with the number of all types of pedestrians, as well as subgroups of adolescents, adult men, and adult women. These results were reviewed, and their implications were discussed. Urban planners and designers could apply these findings when designing future urban parks in this context.
Suitability of dust and bioaerosols from a pig stable as inoculum for biological air filters

Biofiltration for removing ammonia and odour compounds from ventilation air of pig stables is a promising approach. In order to reduce the time for starting up a well-functioning biofilter a good inoculum suited for the environment is needed. In this study the microbial identity and quantity of dust and bioaerosols coming from a pig stable were analyzed for its suitability as inoculum. Inoculation of biofilters with dust had similar good ammonia removal capabilities as biofilters inoculated with activated sludge, although analysis of the microbial dust community revealed clear differences. The organic fraction of the dust particles seems to be important for mediating biofilm development on the filter material.
U‐Pb and Hf isotope analysis of detrital zircons from Mesozoic strata of the Gravina belt, southeast Alaska

The Gravina belt consists of Upper Jurassic through Lower Cretaceous marine clastic strata and mafic‐intermediate volcanic rocks that occur along the western flank of the Coast Mountains in southeast Alaska and coastal British Columbia. This report presents U‐Pb ages and Hf isotope determinations of detrital zircons that have been recovered from samples collected from various stratigraphic levels and from along the length of the belt. The results support previous interpretations that strata in the western portion of the Gravina belt accumulated along the inboard margin of the Alexander‐Wrangellia terrane and in a back‐arc position with respect to the western Coast Mountains batholith. Our results are also consistent with previous suggestions that eastern strata accumulated along the western margin of the inboard Stikine, Yukon‐Tanana, and Taku terranes and in a fore‐arc position with respect to the eastern Coast Mountains batholith. The history of juxtaposition of western and eastern assemblages is obscured by subsequent plutonism, deformation, and metamorphism within the Coast Mountains orogen, but may have occurred along an Early Cretaceous sinistral transform system. Our results are inconsistent with models in which an east‐facing subduction zone existed along the inboard margin of the Alexander‐Wrangellia terrane during Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous time.
Cretaceous deformation of the southern Central Andes: synorogenic growth strata in the Neuquén Group (35° 30′–37° S)

The Neuquén Group is an Upper Cretaceous continental sedimentary unit exhumed during the latest Miocene contractional phase occurred in the southern Central Andes, allowing a direct field observation and study of the depositional geometries. The identification of growth strata on these units surrounding the structures of the frontal parts of the Andes, sedimentological analyses and U–Pb dating of detrital components, allowed the definition of a synorogenic unit that coexisted with the uplift of the early Andean orogen since ca. 100 Ma, maximum age obtained in this work, compatible with previous assignments and constrained in the top by the deposition of the Malargüe Group, in the Maastrichtian (ca. 72 Ma). The definition of a wedge top area in this foreland basin system, where growth strata were described, permitted to identify a Late Cretaceous orogenic front and foredeep area, whose location and amplitude contrast with previous hypotheses. This wedge top area was mostly fed from the paleo‐Andes with small populations coming from sources in the cratonic area that are interpreted as a recycling in Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous sections, which contrasts with other analyses performed at the foredeep zone that have mixed sources. In particular, Permian sources are interpreted as coming directly from the cores of the basement structures, where Neopaleozoic sections are exposed, next to the synorogenic sedimentation, implying a strong incision in Late Cretaceous times with an exhumation structural level similar to the present. The maximum recognised advance for this Late Cretaceous deformation in the study area is approximately 500 km east of the Pacific trench, which constitutes an anomaly compared with neighbour segments where Late Cretaceous deformations were found considerably retracted. The geodynamic context of the sedimentation of this unit is interpreted as produced under the westward fast moving of South America, colliding with two consecutive mid‐ocean ridges during a period of important plate reorganisation. The subduction of young, anhydrous, buoyant lithosphere would have produced changes in the subduction geometry, reflected first by an arc waning/gap and subsequently by an arc migration that coexisted with synorogenic sedimentation. These magmatic and deformational processes would be the product of a shallow subduction regime, following previous proposals, which occurred in Late Cretaceous times, synchronous to the sedimentation of the Neuquén Group.
Sequence architecture and depositional evolution of the Ordovician carbonate platform margins in the Tarim Basin and its response to tectonism and sea‐level change

The sequence architecture and depositional evolution of the Ordovician carbonate platform margins in the Tarim Basin, China, were formed in response to the interplay of tectonism and sea‐level change, their history being documented by the integrated analysis of many seismic lines, drilling and outcrop data. The Ordovician carbonate system in the basin is divided into four composite sequences defined by major unconformities. Each sequence consists of a regional depositional cycle from transgression with an onlapping transgressive systems tract (TST) to regression with a prograding highstand systems tract (HST), and can be further subdivided into 10 third‐order sequences based on subordinate discontinuous boundaries at the carbonate platform marginal zones. Constrained by the marginal slope of the early‐rifted Manjiaer aulacogen, the carbonate platform margins of the Lower and Middle Ordovician that prograded eastward in an arcuate belt extending generally north‐south across the northern part of the basin. The development of the Tazhong uplift due to compression resulted in an extensive paleokarst hiatus between the Middle and the Upper Ordovician in the south‐central basin, and subsequently constrained the formation of a peninsula‐shaped carbonate platform whose margins were controlled by marginal thrust‐fault belts of the paleo‐uplift during the Late Ordovician. In the northern basin, the Late Ordovician carbonate platform margin developed around the marginal slope of the Tabei paleouplift. The transgressive–regressive cycles of the carbonate system are comparable and seem to have occurred simultaneously across the entire basin, suggesting that the cyclic sequence architecture was fundamentally controlled by eustatic fluctuations. Stacking patterns of the composite sequences varied due to the interplay between the accommodation produced by tectonism and sea‐level change, and the carbonate production rate. The reef–shoal facies complexes that developed along the platform margins, with paleokarst development at unconformities, constitute the major reservoir of large petroleum reserves in the basin.
Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Fish and Invertebrates

In this progress report, we describe the preliminary experiments conducted with three fish and one invertebrate species to determine the effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. During fiscal year 2010, experiments were conducted with coho salmon (Onchrohychus kisutch), California halibut (Paralicthys californicus), Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), and Dungeness crab (Cancer magister). The work described supports Task 2.1. 3: Effects on Aquatic Organisms, Subtask 2.1. 3.1: Electromagnetic Fields.
Land use impacts on atmospheric carbon monoxide consumption by soils

Seasonal analyses of in situ CO fluxes from forested and agricultural soils in Maine and Georgia, and more limited comparisons in Hawai'i indicated that agricultural land use consistently enhanced CO consumption. Soils at an agricultural site in Maine consumed approximately 1.9 g CO m−2 yr−1 while uptake in a nearby mixed forest was about 70% lower, 0.6 g CO m−2 yr−1. A similar trend was observed for sites in Georgia, where annual uptake by agricultural sites was approximately 1.0 g CO m−2 while net emission (about −0.5 g CO m−2) was observed for neighboring pine stands. Net CO fluxes in Maine and Georgia were generally aseasonal. Accordingly, seasonal changes in temperature and water content played variable but often minimal roles as determinants of net fluxes and gross CO uptake and production. However, comparisons among sites suggested that soil organic matter contents were an important control of the magnitude of CO fluxes. In particular net CO consumption for a given soil type increased with decreasing organic matter content associated with forest to agriculture transitions in land use. Although interactions among soil organic matter and various microbiological, physical and chemical parameters in soils are complex, changes in organic matter at the sites described here appear to affect net CO fluxes primarily by reducing the relative rate of abiological CO production