Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PERC: Posit Enhanced Rocket Chip

Balancing between precision and performance is a known trade-off in system design. Universal Number system attempts to dissolve this trade-off with its flexible arbitrary precision bound within fixed bit length. Its Type-III class, also known as Posits, has been especially introduced to be hardware implementation friendly. Posit is a dynamic floating-point representation that ensures better accuracy and precision using a system that minimizes the number of unusable representations and introduces a higher dynamic range which can serve as a substitute for the IEEE-754 2008 floating-point standard. Inthispaper, we share our experience with implementation and integration of a Posit Processing Unit (PPU) into the Rocket Chip SoC generator. This PPU replaces the IEEE-754 2008 FPU inside the chip, and supports both of RISC-V ISA floating-point extensions namely ‘F’ for single precision and ‘D’ for double precision using 32-bit and 64-bit posits respectively. We discuss various design choices that were available to us and the decisions made in this work. We elaborate our use of Chisel, a Scala embedded hardware construction DSL, to describe our design. Later we observe how various constructs in Chisel help not only to describe a product but also aids the description process in a robust, flexible and efficient manner. Wefurther delve into how the design has been tested using a version of the RISC-V ISA test suite which has been modified for Posit arithmetic numbers. The paper also discusses the scope for future work that can be done, including a posit arithmetic accelerator and higher-level toolchain support for posits.
Evaluating the Effect of Six Weeks Strength Training on the Speed of Sprinters Among Debre Markos University Male Sport Science Students, Ethiopia

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of six weeks strength training interventions on speed performance of sprinters. Furthermore, the purpose was to compare the effects of strength training on some anthropometry of sprinters among University sport science students. Methods: To achieve the purpose of the study, six male student athletes were selected as subjects purposively. The study was formulated as experimental (pre and post-test) study design. All Selected subjects participated on proposed exercises training program for six consecutive weeks, with four days per week for a total of thirty two training sessions. The outcome variables were measurement of calf, thigh, chest, biceps and triceps circumference and 100m and 200m speed. The data were analyzed using paired t-test with comparison of means at 95% confidence intervals. Results: The results indicated there were significant improvement on selected variables weight, biceps and triceps muscle circumference and speed of 100m and 200m (p< 0.05). In other variables like calf, thigh, and chest had a change but significant differences were not observed. The mean differences (MD) between pre and post tests for weight were 1.4, biceps triceps 2.5, chest 0.5 thigh 0.833, calf 0.5 and speed of 100m 0.143, 200m 0.6. Conclusion: This study confirmed that strength training has an impact on speed and anthropometry. The study showed that student athletes who were exposed to six weeks strength exercise training have positive outcomes on speed.
Development of proglacial lakes and evaluation of related outburst hazard susceptibility at Adygine ice-debris complex , northern Tien

Formation and development of glacial lakes in mountain regions is one of the consequences of glacier recession. Such lakes may drain partially or completely when the stability of their dam is disturbed or as a consequence of impacts. We presented a case study from Central-Asian mountain range of Tien Shan, a north-oriented tributary Adygine valley, where a the retreat of a polythermal glacier surrounded by permafrostglacier retreat resulted in the formation of several generations of lakes. The aim of this study iwas to analyse the past development of different types of glacial lakes influenced by the same glacier, to project site’s future development, and to evaluate the hazard outburst susceptibility of individual lakes with an outlook for expected future change. We addressed the problem with a combination of methods, namely bathymetric, geodetic, and geophysical on-site survey, satellite image and digital elevation model (DEM) analysis, and modelling of glacier development. Based on the case of glacial lakes of varied age and type, we demonstrate the significance of glacier ice in lake’s development. Lake 3, which is in contact with glacier terminus, has changed rapidly over the last decade, expanding both in area and depth and increasing its volume more than 13 times (7 800 m to 106 000 m). Hydrological connections and routing of glacier meltwater proved to be an important factor as well, since most lakes in the region are drained by subsurface channels. As the site is at the boundary between continuous and discontinuous permafrost, the subsurface water flow is strongly governed by distribution of non-frozen zones above, within or beneath the perennially frozen ground. Within the hazard evaluation of lakes’ outburst susceptibility, we highlighted the importance of field data which can provide crucial information on lake stability. In our case, the understanding of thesite’s hydrological system at the site and its regime helped to categorise Lake 2 into low outburst hazardsusceptibility, while Lake 1 and Lake 3 were labelled as lakes with medium outburst susceptibilityhazard lakes. Further development of the site will be driven mainly by rising air temperature and increasingly negative glacier mass balance. All three scenarios predict a significant glacier area decrease by 2050, specifically leaving 73.2 % (A1B), 62.3 % (A2), and 55.6 % (B1) of the 2012 glacier extent. The glacier retreat will be accompanied by changes in glacier runoff with first peak expected around the year 2020 and the formation of additional lakes.
Production of the rho(770)0 meson in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at root S-NN=2.76 TeV

The production of the ρ (770) 0 meson has been measured at midrapidity ( | y | < 0 . 5) in pp and centrality differential Pb-Pb collisions at √ s NN = 2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The particles have been reconstructed in the ρ (770) 0 → π + π − decay channel in the transverse-momentum ( p T ) range 0.5–11 GeV / c . A centrality-dependent suppression of the ratio of the integrated yields 2 ρ (770) 0 / ( π + + π − ) is observed. The ratio decreases by ∼ 40% from pp to central Pb-Pb collisions. A study of the p T -differential 2 ρ (770) 0 / ( π + + π − ) ratio reveals that the suppression occurs at low transverse momenta, p T < 2 GeV / c . At higher momentum, particle ratios measured in heavy-ion and pp collisions are consistent. The observed suppression is very similar to that previously measured for the K ∗ (892) 0 / K ratio and is consistent with EPOS3 predictions that may imply that rescattering in the hadronic phase is a dominant mechanism for the observed suppression. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.99. 064901
Seasonal variation in dinitrogen fixation and oxygen fluxes associated with two dominant zooxanthellate soft corals from the northern Red Sea

Dinitrogen (N2) fixation by specialized prokaryotes (diazotrophs) represents an important source of bioavailable nitrogen (N) in the ocean. In coral reefs, several substrates and organisms are associated with diazotrophs, but potential N2 fixation activity by zooxanthellate soft corals has not yet been investigated. Such soft corals may contribute importantly to the input of new N into the reef ecosystem, as they can cover substantial benthic areas in today’s coral reefs. Therefore, this study investigated N2 fixation of 2 dominant zooxanthellate soft coral groups (Sarco phyton sp. and Xeniidae) in a northern Red Sea fringing reef during all 4 seasons of 1 yr. This was supplemented by respirometry incubations and in situ monitoring of key environmental parameters. Findings revealed detectable N2 fixation for both soft corals during all seasons. Annual N2 fixation by Sarcophyton sp. was 3 times higher than that by Xeniidae, but both soft corals exhibited similar seasonal patterns. N2 fixation significantly increased during summer, when water temperature and light intensity were highest and inorganic nutrient availability was lowest. Coral respiration also peaked during summer and was positively correlated to N2 fixation, while photosynthesis revealed maximum rates during the nutrient-enriched spring season. Given the importance of N for reproduction and growth, N2 fixation may be a key component of soft coral nutrition during summer, when inorganic nutrient availability in the water column is lowest and likely not sufficient to sustain the high metabolic demand of soft corals.
POPULATION DENSITY AND SIZE OF BLOOD COCKLE, Anadara cornea IN SETIU WETLANDS, TERENGGANU DURING NORTHEAST MONSOON SEASON

Blood cockle, Anadara cornea locally known as ‘Kerang Bulu’ is one of the bivalves in Setiu Wetlands, Terengganu. They were retrieved from the wild to be traded by the coastal communities for more than 20 years. This bivalve plays role in contributing as income resources for the local community caused by the continuous harvesting from their habitat. There is a lack of research in determining the population density and size of A. cornea in Setiu Wetlands Therefore, this study aims to determine the population density and size of A. cornea in Setiu Wetlands during Northeast monsoon season from November 2015 to March 2016 by using line transect method. A total of 1,506 individuals of A. cornea were collected with the lowest population density recorded in December 2015 (2.83 ± 0.64 individuals /m2). The highest was in March 2016 (4.37 ± 0.97 individuals /m2). Mean size of A. cornea recorded was 23.92 mm shell length, 20.69 mm height and 16.39 mm width. The largest A. cornea was recorded in November with shell length, height and width of 56.16 mm, 45.13 mm and 39.77 mm, respectively. This report on the population density and size of A. cornea during Northeast monsoon season in Setiu Wetlands could serves as a reference by local communities and authorities for sustainable management
Upward Negative Leaders in Positive Upward Lightning in Winter: Propagation Velocities, Electric Field Change Waveforms, and Triggering Mechanism

Upward negative leaders (UNLs) in positive upward lightning are rarely observed. In this study, 24 UNLs observed by the Fast Antenna Lightning Mapping Array during winter thunderstorms in Japan are analyzed. Three‐dimensional velocities of UNLs are calculated, and it is found that velocities during the upward propagation stage range from 1.8 to 27.9 × 105 m/s with a mean value of 10.4 × 105 m/s, and they are always larger than velocities during the following horizontal propagation stage. UNLs produce distinctive electric field change waveforms with V‐shaped overall change trend, with small pulses at the beginning when UNLs start, large pulses during upward propagations, and small pulses again when UNLs turn into horizontal directions. Pulses produced by UNLs are mainly unipolar but sometimes also bipolar. Pulse interval, pulse width, rise time, and fall time are calculated for waveforms produced by five UNLs. Pulse intervals range from 13.7 to 18.9 μs. Pulse width, rise time, and fall time are on average 5.8, 3.3, and 2.4 μs, respectively. All UNLs are preceded by other discharges. Strong negative strokes including some special types of strokes usually precede initiations of UNLs by tens of milliseconds. These negative strokes are usually found only a few kilometers away from UNLs. It is speculated that these negative strokes along with following in‐cloud positive leaders contribute to the depletion of negative charges in thunderclouds, which result in positive electric field changes (atmospheric electricity sign convention) large enough for initiations of UNLs.
Do we trust social robots? 1

Understanding human trust in machine partners has become an imperative following the 4 widespread use of intelligent machines in a variety of applications and contexts. The aim of this paper is 5 to study experimentally whether human-beings trust a social robot - i.e. a human-like robot that embod-6 ies emotional states, empathy and non-verbal communication - differently than other types of agents. 7 To do so, we adapt the well-known economic trust-game proposed by Charness and Dufwenberg (2006) 8 to assess whether receiving a promise from a robot increases human-trust in it. We ﬁnd that receiving 9 a promise from the robot increases the trust of the human in it, but only for individuals who perceived 10 the robot very similar to a human-being. Importantly, we could replicate a similar pattern in choices 11 when we replaced the humanoid counterpart with a real human but not when it was replaced by a 12 computer-box. We additionally ﬁnd that human participants’ psychophysiological reaction is stronger 13 when confronted with the humanoid.
Synthetic Behavior Sequence Generation Using Generative Adversarial Networks

Due to the increase in life expectancy in advanced societies leading to an increase in population age, data-driven systems are receiving more attention to support the older people by monitoring their health. Intelligent sensor networks provide the ability to monitor their activities without interfering with routine life. Data collected from smart homes can be used in a variety of data-driven analyses, including behavior prediction. Due to privacy concerns and the cost and time required to collect data, synthetic data generation methods have been considered seriously by the research community. In this article, we introduce a new Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) algorithm, namely, BehavGAN, that applies GAN to the problem of behavior sequence generation. This is achieved by learning the features of a target dataset and utilizing a new application for GANs in the simulation of older people’s behaviors. We also propose an effective reward function for GAN back-propagation by incorporating n-gram-based similarity measures in the reinforcement mechanism. We evaluate our proposed algorithm by generating a dataset of human behavior sequences. Our results show that BehavGAN is more effective in generating behavior sequences compared to MLE, LeakGAN, and the original SeqGAN algorithms in terms of both similarity and diversity of generated data. Our proposed algorithm outperforms current state-of-the-art methods when it comes to generating behavior sequences consisting of limited-space sequence tokens.
The Initiation and Developing Mechanisms of Central Pacific El Niños

The initiation and developing mechanisms of four major central Pacific (CP) El Ni~ no events in 1994, 2002, 2004, and 2009 were investigated by analyzing oceanic and atmospheric reanalysis data. A mixed layer heat budget analysis was conducted and the result shows that the initiation mechanism of the 1994 CP El Ni~ no is very different from other CP El Ni~ nos in 2000s, while the developing mechanisms are similar among these events. The initial sea surface temperature (SST) warming of the 1994 El Ni~ no was caused by enhanced solar radiation, which was related to atmospheric meridional overturning circulation in association with positive SST anomaly forcing in the subtropical Pacific. The subtropical SST anomalies also induced anticyclonic surface wind stress curl anomalies, which caused the formation of subsurface warmer waters in the offequatorial regions. The off-equatorial subsurface warmerwaters were transported farther equatorward by the mean subsurface ocean currents, leading to the subsurface warming in the central equatorial Pacific. The deepened thermocline anomaly at the equator further promoted a positive advective and thermocline feedback so that the SST anomaly grew. During the initiation phase of the 2000s El Ni~ nos, ocean dynamics played a dominant role, while the effect of surface heat flux anomalies was minor. Preexisting subsurface warmer waters appeared in the equatorial region during their initiation phases. Such subsurface anomalies can cause the SST warming in the central Pacific through induced anomalous eastward zonal currents that advect high mean SST eastward. This positive zonal advective feedback, along with a positive thermocline feedback, continued to warm the local SST throughout the developing phase of the 2000s El Ni~ no events.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT AND MAP PRODUCTION

The FOREGS Geochemical Baseline Mapping Programme was initiated in 1998 to provide high quality environmental geochemical baseline data in Europe. Geological surveys and related institutions from 26 countries have taken part in the mapping programme. During the five working years, several European-wide data archives have been established. The FOREGS databases and material archives comprise: archived sample materials (topsoil, subsoil, floodplain and stream sediments, and humus) stored at the Geological Survey of the Slovak Republic; field observation sheets; work maps; Microsoft Access databases for field observations; analytical data files; databases of combined field and analytical data; GIS layers; work maps and tables; collections of field photographs; and a digital photo archive. The Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) has been responsible for database management and map production for the FOREGS group. Data handling and map production methods have been selected in the database management group workshops. Data verification and validation has been carried out by each participating country.
THE CYTOGEOGRAPHY OF THE LORANTHACEOUS MISTLETOES

Known chromosome numbers in the Loranthaceae are reviewed and 102 new records added. The basic number of the family is x = 12 and there has been progressive aneuploid reduction to x = 8. The early development of the family has been under temperate conditions in the Southern Hemisphere, where stocks with x = 12 and 11 became established in temperate South America and Australasia. Rapid aneuploid reduction continued after the establishment of strong continental isolation, establishing numbers of x = 9 and 8 in the Old and New Worlds respectively. Massive secondary radiation in the tropics has followed, involving the 12-, 9and 8-paired stocks. Increase in chromosome size occurred during the tropical radiation, perhaps compensating for loss of recombination potential due to aneuploid reduction. Polyploidy is a rare and recent phenomenon in the history of the family, being documented in only two Central American taxa. One of these may be an autoploid.
Investments in R&D under Monopolistic Competition: Large-Market Advantage in Trade

We study endogenous productivity in monopolistic competition with general utility/investment functions; a bigger investment yields smaller marginal cost. Do equilibrium investments increase with the market size (jump from autarky to economic integration)? They do if and only if the utility (realistically) generates increasing demand elasticity. Moreover, this increase can be abrupt (threshold effect). However, this technological advantage of a bigger country/city doesn’t necessarily mean welfare advantage. To reach social optimality, a governmental taxation/subsidy should be non-linear. Extending this setting to costly trade of a small open economy, we also find that under increasingly elastic demand firms in a bigger country have higher output and R&D.
Production of carotenoids by Rhodotorula toruloides isolated from Brazilian tropical savannah

Several artificial colouring agents are used as food additives to improve the foods’ visual appearance. A recent increase in the use of natural colouring with bioactive properties (antioxidants) as a substitute for additives used in the food industry has led to the search for novel sources to produce such substances with functional colouring. The present work was aimed to isolate and select yeasts from the Cerrado (Savannah) biome (Central region, Brazil) to produce carotenoids. Sixty-nine of the 470 colonies, selected after screening, presented colours from yellow to red. These yeasts were grouped into three colours: yellow, pink and orange. Yeast belonging to the pink group, identified as Rhodotorula toruloides, was chosen for improvement of the factors (physical and nutritional) involved in submerged cultivation. Carotenoid bioproduction was improved by using an experimental design which evaluated the characteristics of the physical processes (agitation and temperature), followed by 25–1 factorial experimental design to select the relevant factors for the culture medium. Following statistical analysis, a complete second-order experimental design was employed to optimise the composition of the culture medium. The maximum carotenoid production obtained was 1,333.11 μg.L–1 (106.92 μg.g–1) after 144 h at 25°C and 130 rpm in yeast malt (YM) medium containing 45.95 g.L–1 glucose, 1 g.L–1 malt extract, 0.7 g.L–1 yeast extract, and 0.4 g.L–1 peptone, with an initial pH value of 6. This result showed the potential of this yeast as a viable source of biopigments.
Chemoprevention of Chemical Carcinogenesis Induced Colon Tumor in Experimental Animals by Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Compare with Special Stains in Histopathology

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common types of cancer in the world. Globally a steadily increasing proportion of elderly people in the world result in approximately 16 million new cases of cancer by the year 2020. Regarding treatment; Meloxicam was shown to prevent the initiation of chemical-induced tumors, and considered as anticancer agent by virtue of its anti-proliferative effect, capacity for cell cycle arrest, and pro-apoptotic effects, also acted as free radical scavenger, in particular superoxide anion oxidation scavenge. The aim of the current study was to investigate the protective role of meloxicam against colon cancer. The study was carried out on 60 male albino rats, animals were divided into 5 groups; A: control group, B: animals received S.C. injections of 20 mg 1,2 DMH /Kg b.w, C: animals received 1, 2 DMH with ad libitum access to water and high fat diet, D: animals fed high fat diet and water ad libitum. E: animals received S.C. injections of 1,2 DMH and oral 15mg/Kg /day meloxicam/0.1 ml saline. Colon tissues from all studied groups were stained applying the following techniques: Hematoxylin & eosin, Alcian blue pH 2.5acid mucopolysaccharide, Feulgen nuclear staining of DNA, Whole mount staining of colon. The results confirmed the efficacy of meloxicam inhibiting or delaying growth of aberrant crypt foci in colon. Further research is needed to support presented findings.