Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sub-seismic fractures in foreland fold and thrust belts: insight from the Lurestan Province, Zagros Mountains, Iran

ABSTRACT The Simply Folded Belt of the Zagros Mountains, Iran, is a spectacularly well-exposed example of a foreland fold and thrust belt. A regional analysis of the Cenomanian–Coniacian Sarvak and Ilam Formations, exposed in the southern Lurestan Province, is presented as a case study for sub-seismic fracture development in this type of compressive setting. The area is characterized by gentle to tight anticlines and synclines parallel to the NW–SE trend of the belt. In the Lurestan Province, the Cenomanian–Coniacian interval is exposed in the core of most of the outcropping anticlines. Fold style is intimately related to both vertical and lateral facies distribution. Geometry, kinematics and timing of sub-seismic fractures were characterized through extensive fieldwork, interpretation of orthorectified QuickBird imagery and interpretation of 3D photorealistic models derived from LiDAR. Data were collected from 12 anticlines covering an area of approximately 150 × 200 km. Key outcrops for understanding fracture geometry, kinematics and timing are presented. Field observations and interpretation of QuickBird and 3D photorealistic models reveal the complexity of fracture geometry and timing. Fractures record pre-, syn- and post-folding stages of deformation. Pre-folding structures include synsedimentary normal faults, and subsequent small-scale thrusts, systematic veins and stylolites. During folding, pre-existing fracture planes were re-activated and through-going fractures and reverse faults developed. Strike-slip faults typically postdate pre- and syn-folding structures and are probably related to the late stages of fold tightening. All structures are geometrically and kinematically consistent with the trend of the Arabian passive margin and its subsequent tectonic inversion.
Late Neogene exhumation patterns in Taranaki Basin (New Zealand): Evidence from offset porosity‐depth trends

Taranaki Basin, New Zealand, is located adjacent to the Australian-Pacific Plate boundary where the tectonic regime changes from dominantly subduction-related to the north to transpression-related along the Alpine Fault to the south. During the Neogene, burial and exhumation varied extensively, in both time and space, in response to subsidence and uplift along this evolving plate boundary zone. The basin can be divided into two regions: (1) the Western Platform outside the plate boundary deformation zone where no uplift nor exhumation has occurred and (2) the Eastern Mobile Belt, which lies inside the deformation zone and has been variably uplifted and exhumed. Exhumation magnitudes for sedimentary deposits of the basin are estimated from offset porosity-depth trends. The analysis is based on correlating sonic log travel times with compensated density logs, permitting sonic travel time to be used as a proxy for porosity. Twelve Western Platform wells are used to define a standard exponential porosity-depth trend with an extrapolated surface porosity of 50% and an exponential decay factor of 2265 m, valid for mudstone/shale sections spanning a depth range of 300–3000 m. This curve is a calibration curve against which offset porosity-depth trends from wells in exhumed regions can be compared to determine apparent exhumation amounts. Porosity-depth trends for 43 Eastern Mobile Belt wells are offset 0–2800 m shallower relative to the Western Platform trend but generally are parallel to it. In the southern region of the Eastern Mobile Belt, net exhumation amounts, which are the sum of the porosity-depth trend offset and depth to unconformity, range from 850 to 3000 m; most of this exhumation occurred on discrete contractional structures in late Miocene to early Pliocene time, probably associated with an increased rate of convergence across the Alpine Fault system to the south. In the eastern region of the Eastern Mobile Belt, net exhumation progressively increases from 0 m in the south to 1800 m in the northeast part of the basin, consistent with the 2°–4°SW structural tilt of onshore strata. The regional and consistent pattern of exhumation in the eastern region contrasts with the discrete structure-related exhumation in the southern region and is consistent with models of thermal and flexural uplift.
Current Clinical Features of New Patients With Takayasu Arteritis Observed From Cross-Country Research in Japan Epidemiology and Prevention

elderly onset have recently been reported. 4,6,7,21,22 A French study showed that white patients often had elderly onset and cervicobrachial vascular involvements, whereas nonwhite Background —The clinical features of newly diagnosed Japanese patients with Takayasu arteritis and its age or sex specificities are unknown. Methods and Results —We analyzed information from nationwide registration forms submitted by patients with Takayasu arteritis between April 2001 and March 2011 as part of a research program by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Among the 7779 patients who submitted their forms, 1372 newly registered patients with Takayasu arteritis were enrolled; 83.8% were female. The median age at onset was 35 years, which was significantly higher in male patients (median, 43.5 years) than in female patients (median, 34 years; P <0.001). Local symptoms and findings were most commonly observed in the cervicobrachial area, with more complaints in the head or neck than in the upper limbs. Approximately 85% of the patients had vascular involvements in the aortic arch or its major branches; many young female patients had localized lesions. Although male patients had extensive aortic lesions or aneurysms with more complications, localized abdominal lesions were relatively more frequent in male patients with age at onset >40 years than in other age-sex groups. Disease statuses were severe in patients who registered at ≥ 1 year after onset. Conclusions —The proportions of male patients and patients with elderly onset increased in newly diagnosed patients with Takayasu arteritis. Their clinical and angiographic features differed according to onset age and sex. ( Circulation . 2015;132:1701-1709. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.012547.) they also had localized abdominal lesions. The most common complications were hypertension and aortic valve regurgitation. The clinical findings were more likely to show complications in patients with elderly onset or in patients who presented after long years from onset. The results of the present analyses of the clinical features of TA in relation to onset age or sex showed close similarities with reports from many countries. Our novel findings provide vital information which may aid in the early diagnosis of TA or its differential diagnosis from other vasculitis across countries. ,
Shear deformation experiments on vesicular rhyolite: Implications for brittle fracturing, degassing, and compaction of magmas in volcanic conduits

[1] Shear-induced brittle fractures in vesicular magmas are thought to be possible pathways for open-system degassing that controls the explosivity of volcanic eruptions. To investigate the detailed processes involved in the shear-induced degassing, we performed torsional deformation experiments on columnar rhyolites with water contents and averaged vesicularities of 0.4–0.5 wt % and 20–41 vol %, respectively, at temperatures of 780–930°C and strain rates of <0.03 s−1. The experimental conditions, such as viscosity and vesicularity of the sample, strain rate, and total strain, simulated those of typical natural dehydrated rhyolites in shallow volcanic conduits. At relatively high temperatures (≥855°C), the columnar samples were homogeneously twisted and deformed. On the other hand, at temperatures of ≤830°C, the deformation was localized and finally resulted in brittle failure into a column and a disk, followed by a slip at the fractured interface. This slip prevented further brittle failure and shear-induced bubble coalescence in the remaining parts of the sample. A permeable fragmented zone was formed near the interface, while in the rest of the sample, the bubbles remained isolated and permeability did not increase. From this, we infer that a single event of magma fracturing may enhance open-system degassing locally near a fracture, but repeated fracturing and healing processes are necessary for the effective degassing of the entire magma that leads to nonexplosive eruptions.
Climate change induced decadal variations in hydrodynamic conditions and their influence on benthic habitats of the Estonian coastal sea

Above Northern Europe, recent climate change, apart from temperature rise, also manifests as shifts in wind climatology and storminess, which, in turn, influences the marine ecosystem via changes in hydrodynamic regime. Based on meteorological and sea level data from the Estonian weather and tide gauge stations, as well as on hydrodynamic modelling experiments with the shallow sea 2D model and wave hindcast for the period 1966–2009, the study includes an analysis of hydrodynamic changes in the Estonian coastal waters and discussion on their possible influences on the biotic component of the littoral zone. In the practically tideless Baltic Sea, the climate change induced variations include spatially contrasting trends in sea level, wave conditions and turbidity. Changes in thermohaline and oxygen conditions are frequently governed by shifts in wind-driven flow patterns and upwelling zones. Variations in spatial distribution of charophytes can serve as indicators for changes in coastal sea hydrodynamic conditions.
On the origin of Upper Miocene sapropelites: A case study from the Faneromeni Section, Crete (Greece)

For the first time, results of an integrated geochemical and micropalaeontological study of upper Miocene sapropelites in a land-based section in the Mediterranean are presented. Three sapropelites and adjacent homogeneous intervals in the Cretan Faneromeni section have been investigated in detail. The chemical and foraminiferal characteristics were found to be markedly similar to those of Plio-Pleistocene sapropelites. As the physiography and climate of the late Miocene Mediterranean were not fundamentally different from those of today, our preferred model for late Miocene sapropelite formation is similar to the one recently developed for Plio-Pleistocene sapropelites. Increased seasonality and freshwater input during northern hemisphere summer insolation maxima triggered high export production and oxygen consumption rates, which, in combination with a concomitant decrease in deep water formation rate, resulted in the observed high organic matter content of the sapropelites.
Rare ground‐based observations of Siple VLF transmitter signals outside the plasmapause

Signals from the Siple, Antarctica (L ∼4.3), VLF transmitter observed at the conjugate ground station Roberval, Canada, have previously been found to propagate either within the outer plasmasphere or within the region of steep plasmapause density gradients, but on paths with equatorial electron density that is within a factor of 2 of nearby plasmaspheric levels. We report here two cases in which propagation occurred just outside the plasmapause and at plasma trough density levels. In one case a series of 1-s pulses and frequency ramps was observed; many of the pulses triggered risers with slopes of ∼10 kHz/s, much steeper than those usually observed within the plasmasphere. In the other case, no evidence of triggered emissions was seen on the Siple pulses, but instead efficient echoing occurred and noise band precursors to large wave bursts were initiated. The wave bursts were of a type that has been previously identified as driving transient bursts of electron precipitation into the ionosphere. Both cases occurred under magnetic conditions more disturbed than those typical of strong Siple signal propagation in the outer plasmasphere.
Response of Circulation and Heat Transport in the North Atlantic to Changes in Thermohaline Forcing in Northern Latitudes: A Model Study

To avoid an explicit simulation of the overflows across the Greenland-Scotland ridge, many models of the large-scale ocean circulation seek to include the net effect of the inflowing dense water masses by restoring temperature and salinity near the ridge to observed conditions. In this paper the authors examine the effect of different datasets for the northern restoring condition in two versions, eddy resolving and non-eddy resolving, of the model of the North and equatorial Atlantic that has been developed in recent years as a Community Modeling Effort for WOCE. It is shown that the use of smoothed climatological fields of temperature and salinity south of the Denmark Strait leads to strong deficiencies in the simulation of the deep flow field in the basin. A switch to actual hydrographic data from the Denmark Strait ignites a rapid dynamic response throughout the North Atlantic, affecting the transport and vertical structure of the deep western boundary current and, by virtue of the JEBAR efffect, the transport of the horizontal gyres. Meridional overturning and northward heat transport too weak in the cases with climatological boundary conditions, increase to more realistic levels in the subtropical North Atlantic. The initial response to switches in the high-latitude thermohaline forcing is mediated by fast waves along the westurn boundary, leading to changes in the deep western boundary current in low latitudes after about two years in the non-eddy-resolving cast. The initial timescale depends on the horizontal grid spacing of the model; in the high-resolution case, the first signal reaches the equator in a few months. The adjustment to a new, dynamic quasi equilibrium involves Kelvin waves along the equator and Rossby wave in the interior and is attained in less than two decades throughout the North Atlantic. It is suggested that these fast dynamic adjustment processes could play an important role in possible fluctuations of the thermohaline circulation, or transitions between different equilibrium states of the coupled ocean–atmosphere system, and may have determined the timescale of the observed climatic transitions before and during the last deglaciation.
Model study on particle size segregation and deposition during Asian dust events in March 2002

[1] A size-segregated aerosol model that includes most of the major physical processes (generation, transport, and dry and wet deposition) is developed. This model is coupled with a Regional Air Quality Model (RAQM) and is applied to simulate Asian dust storms during the 10-day period of 15-24 March 2002. A nonhydrostatic mesoscale model (MM5) is used to provide meteorological fields. Model results are verified by available observational data including surface weather observations and size-segregated particle concentrations. The validation demonstrates a good capability of this model system in capturing most of the key features of dust evolution and reproducing the particle mass size distribution along the transport pathway of soil dust. An apparent feature has been both observed and reproduced by the model, showing a shift of size range with peak mass concentration from coarse mode to finer mode on the pathway from source regions to distant downwind areas. The maximum dust concentration averaged over 10 days is simulated to be 3000 μg m over the southern China-Mongolia border. Total dry deposition of soil dust for 10 days is up to 30 g m -2 in the Gobi desert along the southern China-Mongolia border. Distribution and magnitude of particle deposition are strongly dependent on both concentration and size-segregated dry deposition velocity and scavenging rate. While dry deposition dominates the removal of dust particles in or in the vicinity of source regions, the influence of wet deposition increases along the transport pathway of soil dust, with high removal efficiency for coarser particles (>2 μm) and very low efficiency for particles in the accumulation mode. Of the total dust emission (43.2 megatons), about 71% is redeposited onto the underlying surface by the dry deposition process, 6% is removed by the wet deposition process, and the remaining 23% is suspended in the atmosphere or subject to long-range transport.
Shebeens as spaces and places of informality, enterprise, drinking and sociability

The paper explores the complex role of drinking in Sweet Home Farm (an informal settlement) through an examination of its contextual setting and its spatial characteristics. It examines, through a social-spatial ethnographic method and focus on a series of case studies, how shebeens are positioned in terms of their relationship to urban settlement, their role in providing publicly accessible venues within an over-crowed slum and influence on drinking outcomes. Our analysis of space focuses on the context of the informal settlement as an (un)regulated space which permits emergent spatial expressions and arrangements. Through a detail examination of four case studies, we consider the intimate configuration and organisation (place) of specific venues. From the perspective of place, the analysis examines the use (and non-use) of equipment/objects and internal architecture to define the character of particular typologies of establishments and their positioning vis-a-vis market niches. We reflect on the role and impact of shebeens on life within Sweet Home Farm, both in terms of providing space for socialisation and in supporting diverse cultures of drinking and business forms.
Paleozoic and mesozoic complexes in the Yunnan areaChina (part 1) : Preliminary report of Midd-late permian radiolarian assemblages

Middle Late Permian radiolarians were detected in the siliceous sediments of the Laba and Nanpihe Groups in the Changning-Menglian Terrane of the southwestern Yunnan area, China. These radiolarian assemblages contain albaillellarians, entactinarians and spumellarians. On the basis of the characteristic albaillellarian assemblages, seven radiolarian zones were distinguished. They are named the Follicucullus monacanthus, Follicucullus scholasticus, Follicucullus charveti, unnamed, Albaillella excelsa, Albaillella levis and Neoalbaillella pseudogrypa Zones, in ascending order. These zones were correlated with the Japanese radiolarian zones. They are useful for worldwide correlation in the Paleotethys and the Panthalassa regions.
Short-term effects of wildfires on fishes in the southwestern United States, 2002: management implications

Summer 2002 was a season of markedly increased wildfire in the southwestern United States. Four fires affected landscapes that encompassed watersheds and streams containing fishes. Streams affected in three of the four fires were sampled for multiple factors, including fishes, to delineate the impact of fires on aquatic ecosystems in the -Southwest. All fishes were lost in one stream, Ponil Creek, affected by the Ponil Complex fire. In two streams, Rio Medio and West Fork of the Gila River, 60 to 80 percent reductions in fish populations occurred following combinations of ash and flood flows. In 2002, information on fires effects on fishes was dramatically increased for mostly native, non-salmonid species of fishes. Results of these short-term studies suggest that the impacts of fire on fishes in lower order montane streams are extensive and negative. Because of the listed status of many (70 percent) of southwestern fishes, land and resource managers must be vigilant of opportunities to protect these species following wildfire.
Volcanic hot spots on Io: Correlation with low‐albedo calderas

Comparison of Voyager imaging data with Voyager 1 infrared observations (IRIS) and with ground-based telescopic infrared data demonstrates a strong correlation between hot spots and low-albedo features (reflectivity ≤0.3 in all visual wavelengths) on Io. Most of these low-albedo areas occur on the floors of volcanic calderas, and many are associated with active or recent volcanism. We use this correlation to identify additional hot spots in regions not observed by IRIS and to model their temperatures. The major features discovered by this method are in a ringlike structure in the south-polar region (centered at 140°W, 75°S) and Amaterasu Patera (307°W, 38°N). Our model temperature for the south-polar feature is 280±50 K. Taking account of the high latitudes of these features, the estimated global average heat flow from the hot spots becomes 1.8±0.5 W m−2. Most of this heat emanates from just a few very large hot spots. The global distribution of hot spots is further evidence that Io is a dimorphous body: the hemisphere centered on ∼310°W, 30°S is much more volcanically active than the opposite hemisphere. The styles of heat transfer in Io (conductive versus convective) may be related to the global distribution of hot spots, large eruptive plumes, and large-scale topographic relief. The correlation between hot spots and dark areas is due to (1) the absence of the bright materials, such as SO2 frost, which cover most of the surface, and (2) the presence of a low-albedo substance. Spectral properties of the low-albedo features, extracted from the Voyager multispectral data, are consistent with a number of candidate materials: liquid sulfur, boiled sulfur, silicate-sulfur mixtures, zinc sulfide, Fe sulfate, and Fe chloride. Quenched sulfur allotropes, on the other hand, are redder than the low-albedo features on Io and are incompatible with the elevated temperatures of the hot spots. Some of the dark caldera floor materials may be liquid sulfur and/or thermally altered (boiled) sulfur. Liquid sulfur would tend to collect in the topographic depressions and fractured bedrock of the calderas, and this would explain the concentration of low-albedo material in the calderas. The presence of liquid sulfur is also suggested by the hot spot temperature distribution (typically, 200–400 K) and by morphologies suggestive of lava lakes. However, the liquid/boiled sulfur model does not seem to work for Babbar and Amaterasu Paterae, and the evidence for liquid sulfur is not conclusive.
Quantifying the impact of soil water repellency on overland flow generation and erosion: a new approach using rainfall simulation and wetting agent on in situ soil

The conventional view of soil water repellency is that it promotes overland flow and soil erosion, but this is not always borne out by observations. This study aimed to isolate the effects of repellency on long‐unburnt and recently burnt terrain on infiltration, overland flow and erosion at the small plot scale (0·36 m2). Rainfall simulations (30 min; intensity 100 mm h−1), using untreated water, and water treated with surfactants to eliminate repellency, were conducted on in situ repellent soils in fire‐prone Eucalyptus globulus plantations, north‐central Portugal at (i) a long‐unburnt site with and without litter, and (ii) a recently burnt site. On long‐unburnt terrain, the mean overland flow coefficient (33%) was 16 times higher and mean slopewash was 23 times higher under repellent compared with wettable conditions. On recently burnt terrain, no overland flow was recorded under wettable conditions, while under repellent conditions the mean coefficient was 70%. The water storage capacity of the litter layer under 10‐year‐old eucalyptus stands for dry antecedent conditions was at least 3 mm water depth per cm litter depth, implying at least a delay to the onset of overland flow. Severe repellency (36% ethanol) was found to persist through a 30‐min storm (100 mm h−1) when a litter layer was present. A continuous wetting front was observed in the upper ∼1 cm of exposed soil, indicating a breakdown in repellency at the time of observation. Below ∼1 cm, repellent, dry soil conditions generally persisted through the simulated storm event. A major implication is that prediction of hydrological impacts of repellency must also take into account the infiltration characteristics of any litter layer and any non‐repellent soils, if present. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.