Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MODELING THE SUNSPOT NUMBER DISTRIBUTION WITH A FOKKER–PLANCK EQUATION

Sunspot numbers exhibit large short-timescale (daily–monthly) variation in addition to longer-timescale variation due to solar cycles. A formal statistical framework is presented for estimating and forecasting randomness in sunspot numbers on top of deterministic (including chaotic) models for solar cycles. The Fokker–Planck approach formulated assumes a specified long-term or secular variation in sunspot number over an underlying solar cycle via a driver function. The model then describes the observed randomness in sunspot number on top of this driver function. We consider a simple harmonic choice for the driver function, but the approach is general and can easily be extended to include other drivers which account for underlying physical processes and/or empirical features of the sunspot numbers. The framework is consistent during both solar maximum and minimum, and requires no parameter restrictions to ensure non-negative sunspot numbers. Model parameters are estimated using statistically optimal techniques. The model agrees both qualitatively and quantitatively with monthly sunspot data even with the simplistic representation of the periodic solar cycle. This framework should be particularly useful for solar cycle forecasters and is complementary to existing modeling techniques. An analytic approximation for the Fokker–Planck equation is presented, which is analogous to the Euler approximation, which allows for efficient maximum likelihood estimation of large data sets and/or when using difficult to evaluate driver functions.
Constraints on μ-distortion fluctuations and primordial non-Gaussianity from Planck data

We use the Planck HFI channel maps to make an all sky map of μ-distortion fluctuations. Our μ-type distortion map is dominated by the y-type distortion contamination from the hot gas in the low redshift Universe and we can thus only place upper limits on the μ-type distortion fluctuations. For the amplitude of μ-type distortions on 10′ scales we get the limit on root mean square (rms) value μrms10′< 6.4× 10−6, a limit 14 times stronger than the COBE-FIRAS (95% confidence) limit on the mean of ⟨ μ ⟩<90× 10−6. Using our maps we also place strong upper limits on the auto angular power spectrum of μ, Cℓμμ and the cross angular power spectrum of μ with the CMB temperature anisotropies, Cℓμ T. The strongest observational limits are on the largest scales, ℓ(ℓ+1)/(2π)Cℓμμ|ℓ=2−26<(2.3± 1.0)× 10−12 and ℓ(ℓ+1)/(2π)Cℓμ T|ℓ=2−26<(2.6± 2.6)× 10−12 K. Our observational limits can be used to constrain new physics which can create spatially varying energy release in the early Universe between redshifts 5× 104≲ z≲ 2× 106. We specifically apply our observational results to constrain the primordial non-Gaussianity of the local type, when the source of μ-distortion is Silk damping, for very squeezed configurations with the wavenumber for the short wavelength mode 46 ≲ kS ≲ 104 Mpc−1 and for the long wavelength mode kL≈ 10−3 Mpc−1. Our limits on the primordial non-Gaussianity parameters are fNL<105, τNL<1.4× 1011 for kS/kL≈ 5× 104− 107. We also give a new derivation of the evolution of the μ-distortion fluctuations through the y-distortion era and the recombination epoch until today resulting in very simple expressions for the cross and auto power spectra in the squeezed limit. We also introduce mixing of Bose-Einstein spectra due to Silk damping and yBE-type distortions. The μ-type distortion map and masks are now publicly available.
Diagonal automorphisms of the 2-adic ring C*-algebra

The $2$-adic ring $C^*$-algebra $\mathcal{Q}_2$ naturally contains a copy of the Cuntz algebra $\mathcal{O}_2$ and, a fortiori, also of its diagonal subalgebra $\mathcal{D}_2$ with Cantor spectrum. This paper is aimed at studying the group ${\rm Aut}_{\mathcal{D}_2}(\mathcal{Q}_2)$ of the automorphisms of $\mathcal{Q}_2$ fixing $\mathcal{D}_2$ pointwise. It turns out that any such automorphism leaves $\mathcal{O}_2$ globally invariant. Furthermore, the subgroup ${\rm Aut}_{\mathcal{D}_2}(\mathcal{Q}_2)$ is shown to be maximal abelian in ${\rm Aut}(\mathcal{Q}_2)$. Saying exactly what the group is amounts to understanding when an automorphism of $\mathcal{O}_2$ that fixes $\mathcal{D}_2$ pointwise extends to $\mathcal{Q}_2$. A complete answer is given for all localized automorphisms: these will extend if and only if they are the composition of a localized inner automorphism with a gauge automorphism.
Ectomycorrhizal (dipterocarp) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (non‐dipterocarp) tree hosts and their relative distribution in a tropical forest predict soil bacterial communities

The type of mycorrhizal associations (i.e. ectomycorrhizal [EM] or arbuscular mycorrhizal [AM]) formed by trees is of fundamental importance for a range of soil properties and processes in forests, yet their importance for the distribution of other important soil biota such as bacteria is largely unknown. We used an experimental common garden and amplicon sequencing to assess how abiotic and biotic variation differentially influenced bacterial communities associated with 13 climax tree species (8 EM members of the Dipterocarpaceae and 5 AM species from different families) planted into a secondary tropical forest in Borneo. Rhizosphere bacterial (RB) communities differed significantly between EM and AM trees but not among EM species and only marginally among AM species. RB communities were related to the density and size of neighbouring EM but not AM trees. Diversity of RB on AM trees responded positively to AM neighbours and negatively to EM neighbours but RB diversity associated with EM trees was unaffected by neighbourhood. Plant‐growth‐promoting taxa of RB assorted similarly to total RB but more strongly. Synthesis. Our results suggest that the distribution of RB communities is associated with plant mycorrhizal type and plant neighbourhood. Because rhizosphere bacteria alter nutrient cycling and influence plant species composition, their distributions are likely important for understanding ecosystem processes and plant demographics in forest ecosystems.
COSMIC-RAY-INDUCED FILAMENTATION INSTABILITY IN COLLISIONLESS SHOCKS

We used unprecedentedly large two-dimensional and three-dimensional hybrid (kinetic ions—fluid electrons) simulations of non-relativistic collisionless strong shocks in order to investigate the effects of self-consistently accelerated ions on the overall shock dynamics. The current driven by suprathermal particles streaming ahead of the shock excites modes transverse to the background magnetic field. The Lorentz force induced by these self-amplified fields tends to excavate tubular, underdense, magnetic-field-depleted cavities that are advected with the fluid and perturb the shock surface, triggering downstream turbulent motions. These motions further amplify the magnetic field, up to factors of 50–100 in knot-like structures. Once downstream, the cavities tend to be filled by hot plasma plumes that compress and stretch the magnetic fields in elongated filaments; this effect is particularly evident if the shock propagates parallel to the background field. Highly magnetized knots and filaments may provide explanations for the rapid X-ray variability observed in RX J1713.7−3946 and for the regular pattern of X-ray bright stripes detected in Tycho's supernova remnant.
Distinguishability of hyperentangled Bell states by linear evolution and local projective measurement

Measuring an entangled state of two particles is crucial to many quantum communication protocols. Yet Bell-state distinguishability using a finite apparatus obeying linear evolution and local measurement is theoretically limited. We extend known bounds for Bell-state distinguishability in one and two variables to the general case of entanglement in n two-state variables. We show that at most 2{sup n+1}-1 classes out of 4{sup n} hyper-Bell states can be distinguished with one copy of the input state. With two copies, complete distinguishability is possible. We present optimal schemes in each case.
Measures of macroscopicity for quantum spin systems

We investigate the notion of “macroscopicity” in the case of quantum spin systems and provide two main results. First, we motivate the quantum Fisher information as a measure for the macroscopicity of quantum states. Second, we compare the existing literature of this topic. We report on a hierarchy among the measures and we conclude that one should carefully distinguish between “macroscopic quantum states” and “macroscopic superpositions”, which is a strict subclass of the former. PACS numbers: 03.65. -w,03.67. Mn,03.65. Ud
Gas, dust and stars in the SCUBA galaxy, SMM J02399−0136: the EVLA reveals a colossal galactic nursery

We present new multiwavelength observations of the first submillimetre-selected galaxy (SMG) SMM J02399-0136 at z = 2.8. These observations include mapping of the CO J=1→0 emission using elements of the Expanded Very Large Array, as well as high-resolution 1.4-GHz imaging and optical/infrared (IR) data from the Very Large Array, Hubble Space Telescope, Spitzer and Keck-I. Together, these new data provide fundamental insights into the mass and distribution of stars, gas and dust within this archetypal SMG. The CO J=1→0 emission, with its minimal excitation and density requirements, traces the bulk of the metal-rich molecular gas, and reveals a molecular gas mass of ~10 11 M ☉ , extending over approximately 5 arcsec (~25 kpc in the source plane), although there is tentative evidence that it may be significantly larger. Our data suggest that three or more distinct structures are encompassed by this molecular gas reservoir, including the broad absorption line (BAL) quasar from which the redshift of the SMG was initially determined. In particular, the new rest-frame near-IR observations identify a massive, obscured, starburst which is coincident with a previously known Lyα cloud. This starburst dominates the far-IR emission from the system and requires a re-assessment of previous claims that the gas reservoir resides in a massive, extended disc around the BAL quasi-stellar object (QSO). Instead, it appears that SMM J02399-0136 comprises a merger between a far-IR-luminous, but highly obscured starburst, the BAL QSO host and a faint third component. Our findings suggest that this archetypal SMG and its immediate environment mark a vast and complex galactic nursery and that detailed studies of other SMGs are likely to uncover a similarly rich diversity of properties.
Reconciling participatory and evidence-based policymaking in the EU Better Regulation policy: mission (im)possible?

ABSTRACT Modern systems of governance are increasingly adopting measures aimed at fostering public participation in policymaking, while embedding decisions in scientific evidence under the label of Better Regulation policy. Existing research identifies tensions between participatory and evidence-based approaches. This prompts questions about one of the most ambitious reforms to combine and enhance participatory and evidence-based tools of policymaking, initiated by the European Commission in 2016. We assess the extent to which this reform successfully combined and expanded the participatory layer of supranational policymaking while also strengthening its evidence-based credentials by analysing stakeholders’ evaluations. We find that stakeholders assess both sets of measures as part of a single, integrated dimension. Participatory measures received slightly better appraisals and were better known, but both sets of measures were evaluated positively and there are no significant differences in evaluations across stakeholder categories. This points to the complementarity of measures from a stakeholder perspective.
To Evaluate the Level of Serum Cholesterol, Uric Acid, Urea, Creatinine and Urine Albumin in Diabetic Patients from Peshawar

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder that causes chronic hyperglycemia. Its progression may lead to the dysfunction of multiple organs such as kidneys, eyes, blood vessels and neurons. It is caused by a combination of two basic factors that are abnormal insulin secretion and sensitivity of tissues to insulin. Group of parameters were selected in this study that have some relation with diabetes mellitus which included serum uric acid, cholesterol, urea, creatinine and urine albumin. The aim of this study was to find the impact of diabetes mellitus on these parameters. The blood and urine samples were collected according to the recommended protocol. The biochemical parameters had been determined by Micro-lab 300 biochemistry analyzer and urine qualitative was performed through uric-v3 strips. A cross-sectional study was carried out by 105 diabetic subjects and their samples were collected from different laboratories of district Peshawar. The mean age was 44 ± 12.54 years and samples were comprised of 50.48%male and 49.52% females. According to our findings among 105 diabetic patients 29% had elevated uric acid, 69% cholesterol, 57% urea, 39%creatinine and 40% urine albumin levels respectively. The overall result concluded that these parameters must be considered or taken seriously to monitor and to limit its progression to irreversible changes. Keywords: cholesterol, creatinine, diabetes mellitus, nephropathy, serum urea, uric acid, urine albumin.
Leaky modes of dielectric cavities

In the absence of external excitation, light trapped within a dielectric medium generally decays by leaking out—and also by getting absorbed within the medium. We analyze the leaky modes of a parallel-plate slab, a solid glass sphere, and a solid glass cylinder, by examining those solutions of Maxwell’s equations (for dispersive as well as non-dispersive media) which admit of a complex-valued oscillation frequency. Under certain circumstances, these leaky modes constitute a complete set into which an arbitrary distribution of the electromagnetic field residing inside a dielectric body can be expanded. We provide completeness proofs, and also present results of numerical calculations that illustrate the relationship between the leaky modes and the resonances of dielectric cavities formed by a simple parallel-plate slab, a glass sphere, and a glass cylinder.
THE MASS–RADIUS RELATION OF YOUNG STARS. I. USCO 5, AN M4.5 ECLIPSING BINARY IN UPPER SCORPIUS OBSERVED BY K2

We present the discovery that UScoCTIO 5, a known spectroscopic binary in the Upper Scorpius star-forming region (P = 34 days, M tot sin ( i ) = 0.64 M ⊙ ? > ), is an eclipsing system with both primary and secondary eclipses apparent in K2 light curves obtained during Campaign 2. We have simultaneously fit the eclipse profiles from the K2 light curves and the existing RV data to demonstrate that UScoCTIO 5 consists of a pair of nearly identical M4.5 stars with M A = 0.329 ± 0.002 M ⊙ ? > , R A = 0.834 ± 0.006 R ⊙ ? > , M B = 0.317 ± 0.002 M ⊙ ? > , and R B = 0.810 ± 0.006 R ⊙ ? > . The radii are broadly consistent with pre-main-sequence ages predicted by stellar evolutionary models, but none agree to within the uncertainties. All models predict systematically incorrect masses at the 25%–50% level for the HR diagram position of these mid-M dwarfs, suggesting significant modifications to mass-dependent outcomes of star and planet formation. The form of the discrepancy for most model sets is not that they predict luminosities that are too low, but rather that they predict temperatures that are too high, suggesting that the models do not fully encompass the physics of energy transport (via convection and/or missing opacities) and/or a miscalibration of the SpT– T eff ? > scale. The simplest modification to the models (changing T eff ? > to match observations) would yield an older age for this system, in line with the recently proposed older age of Upper Scorpius (τ ∼ 11 Myr).
Falls and correlations among community-dwelling older adults: A Cross-sectional study in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Objectives: Falls are one of the major health issues faced by older adults, and they can result in physical harm, eventual loss of independence, and even death. Herein, we investigated the prevalence, alongside the main risk factors and resulting injuries, of falls among older adults. Methods: We employed a descriptive cross-sectional approach. Data were collected between February and July 2021 from 403 older adults aged 60 years or above via an online self-reported questionnaire. Basic activities of daily living (BADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) were also recorded. Results: The prevalence of falls among community-dwelling older adults was 47.4%. Among those who had experienced a fall, 36.2% incurred injuries, 25.3% had fractures, and 23.1% required walking aids. Age between 95-104 years, female sex, participants on anti-hypertensive medications, history of hip or knee replacement surgery, and presence of a caregiver, were significantly more likely to have had a previous history of falls (p < 0.05). Furthermore, having a previous history of stroke, osteoporosis, lower limb weakness, dizziness, using wheelchairs as walking aids, and living with the fear of stumbling or slipping were significantly associated with history of previous falls (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of falls is high among community-dwelling older adults in Jeddah. Physicians should identify older adults with higher falling risk and provide them with appropriate interventions. Public health strategies could significantly reduce falls and fall-related injuries in older adults.
KRAB family is involved in network shifts in response to osmotic stress in camels

ABSTRACT A feature of the camel is its tolerance to osmotic stress. However, few studies of osmotic stress in vivo or comparative analyses between different tissues of the camel have been performed. Here, we report the roles of Krüppel-associated box domain containing zinc-finger repressor proteins (KRAB-ZFPs) in transcriptional networks under osmotic stress in camels by analyzing transcriptomes of four different tissues under various osmotic conditions. We found that 273 of 278 KRAB-ZFPs were expressed in our data set, being involved in all of the 65 identified networks and exhibiting their extensive functional diversity. We also found that 110 KRAB-ZFPs were hub genes involved in more than half of the networks. We demonstrated that the osmotic stress response is involved in network shifts and that KRAB-ZFPs mediate this process. Finally, we presented the diverse mechanisms of osmotic stress responses in different tissues. These results revealed the genetic architecture of systematic physiological response in vivo to osmotic stress in camels. Our work will lead to new directions for studying the mechanism of osmotic stress response in anti-arid mammals.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASYMMETRY ORIGIN OF GALAXIES IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS. I. OPTICAL OBSERVATIONS

This paper presents the first of two analyses about the influence of environment on the formation and evolution of galaxies observed in the nearby universe. For our study, we used three different samples representing different density environments: galaxies in Compact Groups (HCGs), Isolated Pairs of Galaxies (KPGs), and Isolated Galaxies (KIGs), which were taken as references. Usingboth characteristic isophotal parameters and evidence of asymmetries in the optical and the near-infrared, we are able to establish differences in the characteristics of galaxies with different morphologies in different environments, allowing us to better understand their different formation histories. In this first paper, we present the isophotal and asymmetry analyses of a sample of 214 galaxies in different environments observed in the optical (V and I images). For each galaxy, we have determined different characteristic isophotal parameters and V − I color profiles, as a function of semi-major axis, and performed a full asymmetry analysis in residual images using the V filter. Evidence of asymmetry in the optical is almost missing in the KIG sample and significantly more common in the KPG than in the HCG samples. Our isophotal analysis suggests that the stellar populations in the HCG galaxies are older and more dynamically relaxed than in the KPG. The HCG galaxies seem to be at a more advanced stage of interaction than the KPGs. One possible explanation is that these structures formed at different epochs: compact groups of galaxies would have formed before close pairs of galaxies, which only began interacting recently. However, similarities in the formation process of galaxies with same morphology suggest CGs and close pairs of galaxies share similar conditions; they are new structures forming relatively late in low-density environments.
Evaluation of light-emitting diode colors and intensities on slaughter performance, meat quality and serum antioxidant capacity in caged broilers

Objective This study was to evaluate the interaction of three different light-emitting diode (LED) light colors (white, green, and blue) and three intensities (5, 10, and 15 lx) on slaughter performance, meat quality and serum antioxidant capacity of broilers raised in three-layer cages. Methods A total of 648 (8-days-old) male broiler chicks (Cobb-500) were randomly assigned in 3×3 factorially arranged treatments: three light colors (specifically, white, blue, and green) and three light intensities (namely, 5, 10, and 15 lx) for 35 days. Each treatment consisted of 6 replicates of 12 chicks. The test lasted for 35 days. Results The semi-eviscerated weight percentage (SEWP) in 5 lx white was higher than that in 15 lx (p<0.01). The eviscerated weight percentage (EWP) (p<0.05) and water-loss percentage (WLP) (p<0.01) decreased in 10 lx white light than those in green light. Under blue light, the content of hypoxanthine (Hx) in muscle was lower than that under white and green light (p<0.01). The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in 15 lx blue light was higher than that in 10 lx green light (p<0.05). Light color had an extremely significant effect on thigh muscle percentage, WLP, Hx, and crude protein content (p<0.01). Light intensity had a significant effect on SEWP (p<0.05), EWP (p<0.05), lightness (L*) value (p<0.05), WLP (p<0.01), and the contents of superoxide dismutase (p<0.05), MDA (p< 0.01), glutathione peroxidase (p<0.01). Conclusion Using white LED light with 10 lx light intensity can significantly improve the chicken quality of caged Cobb broilers, improve the content of inosine acid in chicken breast and enhance the antioxidant capacity of the body. We suggest that the broiler farm can use 10 lx white LED light source for lighting in 8 to 42 days.
Effective theory for electroweak doublet dark matter

We perform a detailed study of an effective field theory which includes the Standard Model particle content extended by a pair of Weyl fermionic SU(2)-doublets with opposite hypercharges. A discrete symmetry guarantees that a linear combination of the doublet components is stable and can act as a candidate particle for Dark Matter. The dark sector fermions interact with the Higgs and gauge bosons through renormalizable $d=4$ operators, and non-renormalizable $d=5$ operators that appear after integrating out extra degrees of freedom above the TeV scale. We study collider, cosmological and astrophysical probes for this effective theory of Dark Matter. We find that a WIMP with a mass nearby to the electroweak scale, and thus observable at LHC, is consistent with collider and astrophysical data only when fairly large magnetic dipole moment transition operators with the gauge bosons exist, together with moderate Yukawa interactions.