Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Furrow Compaction for Controlling Excessive Irrigation Water Intake

ABSTRACT IRRIGATION of moderately permeable soils by the graded furrow method can result in excessive water intake and major losses to profile drainage. Irrigation water management practices that have been developed to limit excessive water intake in graded furrow systems are wide spacing, wheel compaction, and smoothing of irrigated furrows. A field study was conducted on Olton clay loam (fine, mixed thermic family of Aridic Paleustolls) to evaluate effects of increasing irrigated furrow spacing from 0.75 to 1.5 m and furrow compaction on irrigation water intake, evapotranspiration, estimated profile drainage losses, and corn yields. Wide spacing of furrows had very little effect, while wheel compaction reduced the average water intake during seasonal irrigation from 123 to 82 mm and estimated profile drainage losses from 29.4 to 9.1% of water applied. Tractor-wheel compaction from multiple field operations increased average dry soil bulk densities from 1.26 to 1.62 Mg/m3. Irrigated furrows were compacted as a separate tractor pass prior to the preplant irrigation, and effects remained through the growing season. The reduced water intake with furrow compaction did not affect corn grain yields. Alternating compacted and noncompacted furrows permits flexibility in irrigating for a range in water intake, depending on water use rates and profile soil water depletion. Irrigation of compacted furrows permits the use of a fixed pumping rate to irrigate a larger area by reducing profile drainage and increasing field application efficiency.
Stability and Wave Transmission at Low‐Crested Rubble‐Mound Structures

Low-crested structures can be classified in three categories: dynamically stable reef breakwaters, statically stable low-crested structures with their crest above still-water level (SWL), and statically stable submerged structures. This paper presents practical design formulas and graphs with respect to the stability for each of the three classes. In addition, formulas were developed to predict wave transmission over low-crested rubble mound structures, taking into account the crest height and width, wave height and wave steepness. Most available data sets of various investigations from all over the world were reanalyzed in order to produce the design formulas. The reliability of each formula is described.
Basal Ganglionic Lesions in Egyptian Children: Radiological Findings in Correlation With Etiology and Clinical Manifestations

Background: In childhood, the metabolic activity of the basal ganglia is greater and they are particularly prone to injury. The lesions may be unilateral: in Rassmussen encephalitis or – more frequently – bilateral in many pathologic conditions like Carbon monoxide poisoning, hypoglycemia, and Wilson disease. Damage to the basal ganglia cells may cause problems controlling speech, movement, consciousness, muscle tone, posture and cognition. Aim of the Study: to determine the etiology of basal ganglionic disorders in a sample of Egyptian children. Methods: This study was conducted on 34 patients attended the Pediatric Neurology of AlAzhar University Hospitals during a period of one year from the beginning of November 2014 to the end of November 2015. A specialized pediatric neurological sheet, Cognitive assessment in children using Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale and Laboratory investigations were performed. Results: Acute ischemic stroke was the most frequent cause, which was found in 12 (35.3%) cases, followed by 10 (29.4%) had metabolic and infectious causes, and lastly 2 (5.9%) had toxic causes. The incidence of toxic causes (CO poisoning) was significantly higher among ganglionic group compared to paraganglionic group (8.7% versus 0.0%, respectively). Conclusion: Acute ischemic stroke was the most frequent cause of basal ganglionic lesion in a sample of Egyptian children.
A validation of the cloud parameterization in the regional model SN‐REMO

[1] The cloud parameterization in the regional atmospheric model SN-REMO (Spectrally Nudged Regional Model) was validated using satellite data from the ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project). There is an overall good agreement between the cloudiness of SN-REMO and ISCCP in terms of temporal and spatial means. However, with further investigation a deficiency was localized regarding the simulation of cloud amount: Too many clouds are simulated. This overestimation occurs especially during the night. It is connected with a poor simulation of the cloud diurnal cycle. Clouds at low-level emissivity heights (1000–475 hPa) are causing this overestimation. The magnitude of the overall overestimation is also affected by the underestimation of simulated cloud amount at high-level emissivity heights (<475 hPa) and its diurnal variation. The overestimation of the simulated cloud amount is caused by subgrid-scale cloudiness. Since the simulation of subgrid-scale clouds in the regional model SN-REMO is described by a relative humidity parameterization, these deficiencies are connected with this parameterization.
A deep seismic reflection profile across the extinct Mid‐Labrador Sea spreading center

In 1990 a deep multichannel seismic reflection line was shot along a flow line across the Labrador Sea. The results from the central portion of this line between magnetic anomalies 25 and across the extinct central ridge are described here. Spreading rates in this part of the Labrador Sea are very low, from 10 mm/yr to less than 3 mm/yr, so that the line provides a unique opportunity to examine the relationship between very slow spreading and crustal structure. A clear division is observed between two types of crust. The oldest crust, between dirons 21 and 25, which formed at a mean half spreading rate of 10 mm/yr, exhibits smoothly undulating basement with only minor normal faulting. This region shares many of the reflection characteristics of North Atlantic crust formed at moderate to low spreading rates. In contrast, the younger central region, between chrons 21 and 13, which formed at a mean half spreading rate of 3 mm/yr, displays evidence of intense normal faulting of the crust, giving a total extension of about 70%. Inward facing normal faults on both sides of the extinct ridge, with large offsets, many of which extend to lower crust or Moho depths, dominate the seismic section. The axial region is characterized by a deep, fault-bounded, median valley. These results suggest that mechanical extension plays a more important role in seafloor spreading at low spreading rates than previously documented. Integration of the reflection data with previous refraction measurements and with gravity modeling of the region shows variations in crustal thickness which can be correlated with spreading rates. The region formed at a mean spreading rate of 10 mm/yr, where about 15% extension is observed, exhibits slightly thinner than normal crust (4.8 km or less versus a normal thickness of about 7 km). At a lower spreading rate of 3 mm/yr across the axial region where extension is about 70%, an average crustal thickness of 3 km is obtained. Thus lower spreading rates are associated with regions of thinner crust and greater amounts of extension. While many studies suggest that thin crust at slow spreading rates may result from a reduced magma supply, this study suggests that extension is at least equally important and may be responsible for most of the variations in crustal thickness. The increased cooling of young oceanic lithosphere formed at these very low spreading rates (approximately 3 mm/yr) may have amplified brittle failure in response to plate separation. However, the timing of extension is still uncertain and some of it may be related to postextinction tectonics and not to the spreading process. The role of extension as a control on crustal thickness needs to be considered further in studies of crustal generation and magmatism at slow spreading ridges. Extension will decrease the importance of magmatism in generating thin oceanic crust and will favor models of magmatic processes which produce thicker crust.
Modelling the influence of global sea surface temperatures on the variability and predictability of seasonal Sahel rainfall

An atmospheric general circulation model has been forced by observed global sea surface temperature data from ten individual years. The results support the idea that oceanic effects tend to dominate the forcing of both interannual and interdecadal variability of Sahel rainfall, with different local atmospheric mechanisms dominating in different years. Further experiments indicate that skillful predictions of July–September Sahel rainfall are possible using the persistence of June SST anomalies.
Source to discard : patterns of lithic raw material procurement and use in Sturt National Park, northwestern New South Wales

Sturt National Park, located in arid Northwestern New South Wales, has an abundance of stone sources occurring as outcrops and pavements of rounded cobbles (gibber) ; the flaking quality of the silcrete varies according to its geological characteristics. Detailed studies have focused on the procurement and use of these silcrete sources using a quarry and two nearby lithic scatters in the Stud Creek catchment. The results show that quarry location was influenced by the outcrop type ; rare massive outcrops were targeted while the much more common columnar silcrete was ignored. Furthermore, several factors have influenced stone use and tool forms, not only stone abundance and quality, but also the type of stone resource, the form and size of the blocks/boulders available, and the distance from the source. These factors have interacted to create the patterns of discard observed today.
Assessment of the effects of land use patterns on hydrologic landscape functions: development of sustainable land use concepts for low mountain range areas

Risk assessment of future land use changes with respect to their ecological impact is still an unsolved problem. The implementation of sustainable land use concepts for mesoscale catchments requires a methodology that is able to quantify the effects on the water balance of this ecosystem. Paired catchment experiments on this scale are either not feasible or too time‐consuming and expensive, and the results are usually not transferable to other regions. Thus the application of hydrological models can clarify the processes involved and support well‐balanced management decisions.
Trends in education in environmental assessment: a comparative analysis of European EA-related Master programmes

The international take-up and rapid development of environmental assessment (EA) systems has been driven by the introduction of EA legal requirements and by the advancement of methodological aspects published in the EA literature. However, despite the existence of common legal frameworks and methodological guidelines, the way in which EA is practised and conceived within a multidisciplinary context varies. There are a range of interpretations defining the way in which EA should be used and how EA fits within different disciplines; in Europe, this variation is reflected in the formative and educational programmes offered by universities in EU Member States. This paper identifies existing trends in EA education by providing an overview of the ways in which EA is taught in Europe. A comparative analysis of 64 EA-related Master programmes representing nine EU Member States is conducted. Furthermore, the paper aims to set the basis for a discussion on the different social science and physical science understandings of EA revealed by the research findings. We recommend that interlinkages between these two understandings be improved and suggest that this could occur through the introduction of formal EA education, enhanced collaboration between different types of departments, and holistic approaches to teaching and learning.
Biofilm growth and the related changes in the physical properties of a porous medium. 3. Dispersivity and model verification.

In the first part of this paper the change in dispersivity resulting from the growth of a biofilm in a porous medium is derived from an existing model of dispersivity and a cut-and-random-rejoin-type model of the pore geometry. The change in dispersivity due to a biofilm is also estimated from experimental data. Tracer experiments were conducted in biofilm column reactors and dispersion coefficients estimated by solving the inverse solute transport problem by nonlinear, least squares regression. Due to the presence of the biofilm in the porous media, solute flux into the biofilm is an important transport process and is given special attention. Both the dispersivity model and experimentally estimated dispersivities show order of magnitude increases in dispersivity as a result of significant biofilm growth. In the second part of the paper the models for the biofilm-affected permeability, porosity, and specific surface derived in a companion paper (Taylor et al., this issue) are verified using data from biofilm column reactors. These models are used to parameterize an equation describing the transport of substrate in the experimental columns. Numerical simulations were performed and compared to observed substrate data. Results show that the models for permeability and porosity can be used to make estimates of these parameters, while the model for specific surface appears to be inadequate.
Nutrient and heavy metal transport capabilities of sediment in the southwestern United States

Nutrient and heavy metal transport capacity of sediment from small watersheds in the southwestern U.S. was studied. If watersheds are of a uniform bedrock and have single vegetation type, the watersheds have a uniform nutrient and heavy metal transport capacity. Analyses of sediment from ponderosa pine communities on basalt, sandstone, limestone, and granite bedrocks are compared with sediment from a mixed conifer community on basalt bedrock. The pine communities yielded different nutrient and heavy metal transport levels due to differences in bedrock makeup. (3 graphs, 1 map, 13 references, 4 tables)
Early Paracamelus (Mammalia, Tylopoda) in Eastern Europe

We describe some remains of late Miocene Paracamelus cf. aguirrei from East- ern Europe. The specimens originate from limestone deposits dated to the lower Pontian (the Novorossian substage) of the Black Sea marine stratigraphic scheme. These camel fossils are among the earliest in Europe. These late Miocene camels were ancestors of the Pliocene Paracamelus, whose remains are common in the numerous localities of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov regions.
Petrology and geochemistry of Devono-Carboniferous volcanic rocks in Nova Scotia

The Devono-Carboniferous volcanic rocks of Nova Scotia include Middle Devonian basalts from the McAras Brook Formation in the northern Antigonlsh Highlands (Ballantynes Cove and McAras Brook areas), Kiddle Devonian and Carboniferous basalts and rhyolites of the Fountain Lake Group In the Cobequid Highlands and the Upper Devonian-Lower Carboniferous basalts and rhyolites of the Fisset Brook Formation in Cape Breton Island. The volcanic rocks were extruded upon the continental crust in an lntraplate setting. The basalts are tholelitic except those from Ballantynes Cove which are alkaline. All these basalts could have been derived from a similar upper mantle source - garnet peridotite. Rhyolites were probably generated by crustal anatexis related to the ascending basaltic magma. The Devono-Carboniferous volcaniant is probably connected with rifting along faults bounding the Magadalen pull-apart basin. In the Cobequid Highlands, the volcanlsm appears to be spatially and temporally associated with plutonism. RESUME Les roches volcaniquee Devono-Carboniferes de la Nouvelle-Ecosse comprennent: les basaltes de la formation McAras Brook (Devonian moyen) dans la partie nord des hautes-terres d'Antigonlsh (regions de Ballantynes Cove et de McAras Brook); les basaltes et les rhyolites du groupe Fountain Lake (Devonien moyen et Carbonifere) des monts Cobequid; et les basaltes et rhyolites (Devonien superieur-Carbonifere inferieur) de la formation Fisset Brook su l’ile du Cap-Breton. Les roches volcaniquee furent repandues a la surface de la croute continentale dans un contexte intraplaque. Les basaltes sont tous tholeiltiques a l'exception de ceux de Ballantynes Cove qui sont alcallns. Tous ces basaltes pourralent provenir d'une meme source situee dans la partie superieure de manteau terrestre - peridotite a grenat. Les rhyolites resultent probablement de l'anatexie de la croute associee a la montee du magma basaltique. Le volcanisme Devono-Carbonifere est probablement relie a une fissuration le long des failles qui encadrent le bassin de dechirement des Madeleines. Dans les monts Cobequid, le volcanisme semble associe de facon spatio-temporelle au plutonisine. [Traduit par le Journal]
Long-Term Prognosis of Patients with Major Depression and Silent Cerebral Infarction

Objective: Many studies have examined the effects of cerebrovascular changes on treatment response in geriatric depression. However, few such studies have examined the relationship between cerebrovascular changes and long-term prognosis. We examined the effects of cerebrovascular changes on the course of geriatric depressive symptoms, dementia rates, and mortality over a follow-up period of approximately 10 years. Method: Participants were 84 patients with major depression (age of onset over 50 years); patients suffering from strokes, neurological disorders, and other psychiatric disorders were excluded. Magnetic resonance imaging findings were used to classify all patients into silent cerebral infarction (SCI)-positive (n = 37) or SCI-negative groups (n = 47). Prognoses were ascertained using a review of clinical charts and mailed questionnaires. Results: Only 5% of patients with SCI were able to maintain remission whereas 36% of patients without SCI were able to do so. Total duration of depressive episodes was significantly longer in the SCI-positive group than in the SCI-negative group. SCI was also associated with a higher risk of dementia. Conclusion: The results of this long-term follow-up study demonstrate that the presence of SCI is associated with a relatively poor prognosis in geriatric depression.
Histopathological features and immunophenotyping of canine transmural gastrointestinal lymphoma using full-thickness biopsy samples

To elucidate the histopathological characteristics and immunophenotypes of canine transmural “mass-forming” gastrointestinal lymphomas and plasmacytomas, 83 surgically resected biopsy samples were examined. All lymphomas and plasmacytomas were located in the small or large intestine except for 1 plasmacytoma which was in the stomach. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, B-cell neoplasms (17 cases) included lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (6/17), plasmacytoma (5/17), follicular lymphoma (3/17), and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (3/17). Based on nuclear sizes, T-cell neoplasms (66 cases) were broadly divided into large cell lymphoma (LCL; 48/66) and small cell lymphoma (SCL; 18/66). According to the WHO classification, T-cell neoplasms included anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma (ALCL; 10/66), angiotropic T-cell lymphoma (3/66), mixed inflammatory type peripheral T-cell lymphoma (mixed inflammatory type PTCL; 33/66), and PTCL-not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS; 20/66). Mixed inflammatory type PTCLs were further divided into histiocyte- (27/33) and eosinophil- (6/33) dominant types. Immunohistochemically, lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas were positive for Pax5 (6/6) and IgM (5/6), while plasmacytomas were positive for IgG (5/6) and negative for Pax5. LCLs were immunopositive for granzyme B in 31/48 cases (65%) and CD8 in 9/48 cases (19%), while SCLs were immunopositive for granzyme B in 3/18 cases (17%) and CD8 in 3/18 cases (17%). Furthermore, 8/10 cases (80%) of ALCL and 19/27 cases (70%) of histiocyte-dominant PTCL were immunopositive for granzyme B, whereas 6/20 cases (30%) of PTCL-NOS, 1/6 cases (17%) of eosinophil-dominant PTCL, and no cases of angiotropic T-cell lymphomas were immunopositive for granzyme B. The present study describes the immunophenotypes in different histological types of transmural gastrointestinal lymphomas in the dog.
Change in peripheral refraction and curvature of field of the human eye with accommodation

Recent research showed that the peripheral refractive state is a sufficient stimulus for myopia progression. This finding led to the suggestion that devices that control peripheral refraction may be efficacious in controlling myopia progression. This study aims to understand whether the optical effect of such devices may be affected by near focus. In particular, we seek to understand the influence of accommodation on peripheral refraction and curvature of field of the eye. Refraction was measured in twenty young subjects using an autorefractor at 0° (i.e. along visual axis), and 20°, 30° and 40° field angles both nasal and temporal to the visual axis. All measurements were conducted at 2.5 m, 40 cm and 30 cm viewing distances. Refractive errors were corrected using a soft contact lens during all measurements. As field angle increased, refraction became less hyperopic. Peripheral refraction also became less hyperopic at nearer viewing distances (i.e. with increasing accommodation). Astigmatism (J180) increased with field angle as well as with accommodation. Adopting a third-order aberration theory approach, the position of the Petzval surface relative to the retinal surface was estimated by considering the relative peripheral refractive error (RPRE) and J180 terms of peripheral refraction. Results for the estimated dioptric position of the Petzval surface relative to the retina showed substantial asymmetry. While temporal field tended to agree with theoretical predictions, nasal response departed dramatically from the model eye predictions. With increasing accommodation, peripheral refraction becomes less hyperopic while the Petzval surface showed asymmetry in its change in position. The change in the optical components (i.e. cornea and/or lens as opposed to retinal shape or position) is implicated as at least one of the contributors of this shift in peripheral refraction during accommodation.
Modeling Earth deformation from monsoonal flooding in Bangladesh using hydrographic, GPS, and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data

[1] The Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers converge in Bangladesh with an annual discharge second to the Amazon. Most of the flow occurs during the summer monsoon causing widespread flooding. The impounded water represents a large surface load whose effects can be observed in Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GPS data. Bangladesh is at the center of the second largest seasonal anomaly in the GRACE gravity field, reflecting water storage in Southeast Asia. Eighteen continuous GPS stations in Bangladesh record seasonal vertical motions up to 6 cm that inversely correlate to river level. We use 304 river gages to compute water height surfaces with a digital elevation model to separate surface water from groundwater. Porosity of 20% was used to estimate groundwater mass and calculate the water load. Results show ∼100 GT of water are stored in Bangladesh (7.5% of annual discharge) but can reach 150 GT during extreme events. The calculated water mass agrees with monthly GRACE water mass equivalents from Bangladesh within statistical limits. We compute the deformation due to this water load on an elastic half-space, and we vary Young's modulus to fit GPS data from our two most continuous records. The water loading can account for >50% of the variance in the GPS data. The best fitting Young's modulus is 117-124 GPa for DHAK and 133-135 GPa for SUST, although the upper bound is not well constrained. These estimates lie between sediment (30-75 GPa) and mantle (190 GPa) values, indicating that response to loading is sensitive to structure throughout the lithosphere and is not absorbed by the weak sediments.