Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Thermospheric Nitric Oxide Emission Observations and the GITM Simulations: Sensitivity to Solar and Geomagnetic Activities

An accurate estimate of the energy budget (heating and cooling) of the ionosphere and thermosphere, especially during space weather events, has been a challenge. The abundance of nitric oxide (NO), a minor species in the thermosphere, is an important component of energy balance here because its production comes from energy sources able to break the strong bond of molecular nitrogen, and infrared emissions from NO play an important role in thermospheric cooling. Recent studies have significantly improved our understanding of NO chemistry and its relationship to energy deposition in the thermospheric photochemical reactions. In this study, the chemical scheme in the Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model (GITM) is updated to better predict the lower thermospheric NO responses to solar and geomagnetic activity. We investigate the sensitivity of the 5.3‐μm NO emission to F10.7 and Ap indices by comparing the global integrated emission from GITM with an empirical proxy derived from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry measurements. GITM's total emission agrees well within ±20% of the empirical values. The updated chemistry scheme significantly elevates the level of integrated emission compared to the previous scheme. The inclusion of N2(A)‐related production of NO contributes an additional 5–25% to the emission. Localized enhancement of ~70% in column density and a factor of 3 in column emission are simulated at a moderate geomagnetic level.
Quantum friction: environment engineering perspectives

We prove a generalization of the Lindblad's fundamental no-go result: A quantum system cannot be completely frozen and, in some cases, even thermalized via translationally invariant dissipation -- the quantum friction. Nevertheless, a practical methodology is proposed for engineering nearly perfect quantum analogs of classical friction within the Doppler cooling framework. These findings pave the way for hallmark dissipative engineering (e.g. nonreciprocal couplings) with atoms and molecules.
Approximate Dynamic Programming with Applications

This thesis studies approximate optimal control of nonlinear systems. Particular attention is given to global solutions and to the computation of approximately optimal feedback controllers. The solution to an optimal control problem is characterized by the optimal value function. For a large class of problems the optimal value function must satisfy a Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman type equation. Two common methods for solving such equations are policy iteration and value iteration. Both these methods are studied in this thesis. An approximate policy iteration algorithm is presented for both the continuous and discrete time settings. It is shown that the sequence produced by this algorithm converges monotonically towards the optimal value function. A multivariate polynomial relaxation algorithm is proposed for linearly constrained discrete time optimal control problems with convex cost. Relaxed value iteration is studied for constrained linear systems with convex piecewise linear cost. It is shown how an explicit piecewise linear control law can be computed and how the resulting lookup table can be reduced efficiently. The on-line implementation of receding horizon controllers, even for linear systems, is usually restricted to systems with slow dynamics. One reason for this is that the delay between measurement and actuation introduced by computing the control signal on-line can severely degrade systems with fast dynamics. A method to improve robustness against such delays and other uncertainties is presented. A case study on the control of DC--DC converters is given. Feasibility of a Relaxed Dynamic Programming algorithm is verified by synthesizing controllers for both a step-down converter and a step-up converter. The control performance is evaluated both in simulations and in real experiments.
Can Mechanical Power be Used as a Safety Precaution in Pediatric Patients?

Objective: Mechanical power (MP) is the amount of energy transferred to the respiratory system of patients during each breath period. After overcoming the resistances required for respiration, the remaining energy may end up by damaging the lung parenchy -ma. The MP limit that should not be exceeded in pediatric patients is not yet clear. The aim of this observational descriptive study is to compare the perioperative MP measurements in healthy pedi atric cases with the values given in the literature. Methods: Perioperative MP was calculated according to the sim plified MP formula in pediatric patients without known lung dis ease and compared with the literature. Results: The mean age of 34 patients was 68.88±31.4 months and the mean weight was 21.82±7.5 kg. The mean MP was 3.93±1.1 J min -1 , and the indexed MP was 0.19±0.08 J min -1 kg -1 . Both MP (p=0.008) and indexed MP (p<0.001) were significantly higher in patients with high tidal volume. In addition, we found a neg ative correlation between indexed MP and weight (r: -668 and p<0.001). Both MP and indexed MP had sufficient predictive pow er to predict tidal volume >10 and predictive value was significant [Auc: 0.764, 95%CI: 0.55-0.97, p: 0.026]. The value of MP>3.76 was an indicator for tidal volume >10 with 87 sensitivity and 50 specificity. Predictive value of indexed MP for tidal volume >10 mL kg -1 was 0.25 J kg -1 [AUC 0.856, 95%CI: 0.70-1.0, p=0.003], and indexed MP was a stronger indicator than MP. Conclusion: This study revealed that MP threshold values calculated for adults or patients with ARDS lung are not sensitive for pe diatric patients, and a new threshold value should be determined for these patients.
Interaction of Large Bodies with the Earth's Atmosphere

During the last decade much work has proceeded on the prob­ lem of understanding the complex physiochemical processes associated with the entry of large meteoroids into the atmosphere. In this paper the respective areas of ablation, luminosity and infrasonic wave generation are surveyed from the viewpoint of the physics of fluids. Related work on meteorite cratering processes is not considered in this brief survey. Companion papers by Baggaley and by Ceplecha consider additional areas of current interest in meteor and fireball research.
Use of Modular Distance Learning in Relation to the Problem-Solving Skills in Statistics and Probability of Grade 11 Students

This study determined the use of modular distance learning (MDL) in relation to the problem-solving skills in statistics and probability of Grade 11 students in Bula National High School, the School year 2021-2022. It drew out the profile of the Grade 11 learners’ pre-test scores of the problem-solving skills in Statistics and probability utilizing modular distance learning in terms of Analysis, Estimation and Approximation, Hypothesis Testing, and Applied math; the profile of the learners' post-test scores after their exposure to the modular distance learning; tested the significant change in the improvement brought by the utilization of MDL, and the uses of findings to apply in the lesson content and subject matter in Statistics and Probability. The study used the descriptive-evaluative correlational method to determine the data needed under the present investigation. Purposive and quota sampling was used. The research Subjects were the (30) Grade 11 learners of Bula National High School. Weighted Mean, frequency count, percentage, mean and MPL, and t-test were used to treat the data statistically. The significance level was set at 0.05. It revealed that the profile of the learners' post-test scores after their exposure to modular distance learning is satisfactory and significant improvement existed, implying that the utilization of modular distance learning in statistics and probability is effective.
An Optimized HPLC-DAD Methodology for the Determination of Anthocyanins in Grape Skins of Red Greek Winegrape Cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.)

A rapid and simple HPLC-DAD analytical method was developed and optimized for the determination of anthocynanins in three red Greek winegrape varieties (Kotsifali, Limnio, and Vradiano). The critical parameters, such as the acidifying solvent and the extraction temperature, which affect the extraction of anthocyanins from the grapes, were studied to find the optimum values. The developed methodology was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision and presented satisfactory results. The limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged between 0.20 mg/kg to 0.60 mg/kg, and the limits of detection (LODs) ranged between 0.06 mg/kg and 0.12 mg/kg. The RSD% of the within-day and between-day assays were lower than 6.2% and 8.5%, respectively, showing adequate precision. The accuracy ranged between 91.6 and 119% for within-day assay and between 89.9 and 123% for between-day assay. Sixteen samples from the main regions of each variety as well as from the official ampelographic collections of Greece were collected during the 2020 growing season and were further analyzed by HPLC-DAD. Notable differences in the anthocyanin content were detected among the cultivars using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA).
PERCEPTION AND ATTITUDES OF PRINCE ABUBAKAR AUDU UNIVERSITY STUDENTS TOWARD CAREER IN FASHION DESIGNING

The upsurge in the rate of unemployment in Nigeria has given rise to the need for a shift in attention to the fashion industry. In recent experience, unemployment has pushed people to think entrepreneurship and the creation of one’s own business as the only alternative for survival by people irrespective of their educational background. It is in the light of this, that this study examined the perception and attitudes of students in Prince Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba, Kogi State Nigeria, towards career in fashion designing and job creation. The study objectives included a cursory look into the perception and attidutes of the students towards fashion designing as a career, ascertaining the socioeconomic benefits of fashion designing as a means of job creation and an identification of the challenges associated with fashion designing as a career. The study adopted survey research design with the sample size of 377 from the total population of 23, 927 students using Krejcie and Morgan statistical table, while Schumpeter’s Innovation theory was used to justify the place of fashion designing as a career. Questionnaire and in-depth interview were used as instruments of primary data collection with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) V. 20 and content analysis as tools of data analysis. Findings from the study revealed amongst others, that a significant number of Prince Abubakar Audu University students had a high level of perceptions towards fashion designing as they showed interest in the career in fashion designing, and that they as well had a positive attitude towards it while some of them reported that they go for training frequently during the holidays. The study also revealed that choosing a career in fashion design can help create jobs and reduce the rate of unemployment in the society and thereby contributing to the growth of the Nation’s economy because fashion designers are job creators and not job seekers. It further identified that there are certain challenges faced by Prince Abubakar Audu University Students who were interested in choosing fashion designing as a career such as lack of capital amongst others, and concluded that "fashionpreneur” as a lucrative business has the capacity to reduce unemployment in Nigeria and Kogi State in particular if it is properly explored into. Therefore, it was recommended amongst others that school authorities should sponsor empowerment programmes in the school and likewise the government at all levels should provide grant and soft loans for students fashionpreneurs and fashion designers to help their innovativeness in the career. Keywords: Perception, Attitudes, Career, Fashion Design, Undergraduates, University.
G51.04+0.07 and its environment: Identification of a new Galactic supernova remnant at low radio frequencies

We have identified a new supernova remnant (SNR), G51.04+0.07, using observations at 74 MHz from the Very Large Array Low-Frequency Sky Survey Redux (VLSSr). Earlier, higher frequency radio continuum, recombination line, and infrared data had correctly inferred the presence of nonthermal radio emission within a larger, complex environment including ionised nebulae and active star formation. However, our observations have allowed us to redefine at least one SNR as a relatively small source (7.′5 × 3′in size) located at the southern periphery of the originally defined SNR candidate G51.21+0.11. The integrated flux density of G51.04+0.07 at 74 MHz is 6.1 ± 0.8 Jy, while its radio continuum spectrum has a slope α = −0.52 ± 0.05 (S v ∝ vα), typical of a shell-type remnant. We also measured spatial variations in the spectral index between 74 and 1400 MHz across the source, ranging from a steeper spectrum (α = −0.50 ± 0.04) coincident with the brightest emission to a flatter component (α = −0.30 ± 0.07) in the surrounding fainter region. To probe the interstellar medium into which the redefined SNR is likely evolving, we have analysed the surrounding atomic and molecular gas using the 21 cm neutral hydrogen (HI) and 13CO(J = 1 − 0) emissions. We found that G51.04+0.07 is confined within an elongated HI cavity and that its radio emission is consistent with the remains of a stellar explosion that occurred ~6300 yr ago at a distance of 7.7 ± 2.3 kpc. Kinematic data suggest that the newly discovered SNR lies in front of HII regions in the complex, consistent with the lack of a turnover in the low frequency continuum spectrum. The CO observations revealed molecular material that traces the central and northern parts of G51.04+0.07. The interaction between the cloud and the radio source is not conclusive and motivates further study. The relatively low flux density (~1.5 Jy at 1400 MHz) of G51.04+0.07 is consistent with this and many similar SNRs lying hidden along complex lines of sight towards inner Galactic emission complexes. It would also not be surprising if the larger complex studied here hosted additional SNRs.
X-Ray Surveys

A review of recent developments in the field of X-ray surveys, especially in the hard (2-10 and 5-10 keV) bands, is given. A new detailed comparison between the measurements in the hard band and extrapolations from ROSAT counts, that takes into proper account the observed distribution of spectral slopes, is presented. Direct comparisons between deep ROSAT and BeppoSAX images show that most hard X-ray sources are also detected at soft X-ray energies. This may indicate that heavily cutoff sources, that should not be detectable in the ROSAT band but are expected in large numbers from unified AGN schemes, are in fact detected because of the emerging of either non-nuclear components, or of reflected, or partially transmitted nuclear X-rays. These soft components may complicate the estimation of the soft X-ray luminosity function and cosmological evolution of AGN.
Rotational Velocities and Radii of Pre-Main-Sequence Stars in the Orion Nebula Cluster

We have obtained high-dispersion spectra for a sample of 256 pre–main-sequence stars in the Orion Nebula cluster to measure their projected rotational velocities and investigate the rotational evolution and physical properties of young low-mass stars. Half the stars were chosen because they had known photometric periods and the other half were selected as a control sample of objects without known periods from the same portion of the H-R diagram. More than 90% of the spectra yielded v sin i measurements, although about 1/3 are upper limits. We find strong evidence confirming the long-held assumption that the periodic light variations of T Tauri stars are caused by rotation of spots on their surfaces. We find no statistically significant difference between the v sin i distributions of the periodic and control samples, indicating that there is no strong bias in studying the rotational properties of young stars by using periodic variables. Likewise, the classical and weak T Tauri stars exhibit v sin i distributions that are statistically the same. For stars with known period and v sin i, the mean value of sin i is significantly lower than expected for a random distribution of stellar rotation axes. This could be caused by errors in one or more of the quantities that contribute to the sin i calculation or to a real physical effect. We investigate the possible causes and find that ⟨sin i⟩ has the expected value if we increase the effective temperatures of our stars by 400–600 K. Finally, we have calculated minimum radii (R sin i) for stars with both v sin i and period, as well as average radii for objects grouped by their location in the H-R diagram. We find evidence at the 3 σ level that the radii of the stars on similar mass tracks are decreasing as the stars move closer to the zero-age main sequence.
The Ensemble Photometric Variability of ~25,000 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

Using a sample of over 25,000 spectroscopically confirmed quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we show how quasar variability in the rest-frame optical/UV regime depends on rest-frame time lag, luminosity, rest wavelength, redshift, the presence of radio and X-ray emission, and the presence of broad absorption line systems. Imaging photometry is compared with three-band spectrophotometry obtained at later epochs spanning time lags up to about 2 yr. The large sample size and wide range of parameter values allow the dependence of variability to be isolated as a function of many independent parameters. The time dependence of variability (the structure function) is well fitted by a single power law with an index γ = 0.246 ± 0.008, on timescales from days to years. There is an anticorrelation of variability amplitude with rest wavelength—e.g., quasars are about twice as variable at 1000 Å as at 6000 Å—and quasars are systematically bluer when brighter at all redshifts. There is a strong anticorrelation of variability with quasar luminosity—variability amplitude decreases by a factor of about 4 when luminosity increases by a factor of 100. There is also a significant positive correlation of variability amplitude with redshift, indicating evolution of the quasar population or the variability mechanism. We parameterize all of these relationships. Quasars with ROSAT All-Sky Survey X-ray detections are significantly more variable (at optical/UV wavelengths) than those without, and radio-loud quasars are marginally more variable than their radio-quiet counterparts. We find no significant difference in the variability of quasars with and without broad absorption line troughs. Currently, no models of quasar variability address more than a few of these relationships. Models involving multiple discrete events or gravitational microlensing are unlikely by themselves to account for the data. So-called accretion disk instability models are promising, but more quantitative predictions are needed.
Resistor networks and finite element models

There are two commonly discrete approximations for the inverse conductivity problem.Finite element models are heavily used in electrical impedance tomography research as they are easily adapted to bodies of irregular shapes. The other approximation is to use electrical resistor networks for which several uniqueness results and reconstruction algorithms are known for the inverse problem. In this thesis the link between finite element models and resistor networks is established. For the planar case we show how resistor networks associated with a triangular mesh have an isotropic embedding and we give conditions for the uniqueness of the embedding. Moreover, a layered finite element model parameterized by thevalues of conductivity on the interior nodes is constructed. Construction of the finite element mesh leads to a study of the triangulation survey problem. A constructive algorithm is given to determine the position of the nodes in the triangulation with a knowledge of one edge and the angles of the finite element mesh. Also we show that we need to satisfy the sine rule as aconsistency condition for every closed basic cycle that enclosing interior nodes and this is a complete set of independent constraints.
Effect of Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin with a Nano-Hydroxyapatite Bone Graft on the Treatment of a Grade II Furcation Defect

Background: Periodontal diseases lead to bone loss, crestal defects and even loss of the tooth, which also further makes it difficult to replace the tooth. Autogenous bone grafts are considered the gold standard in bone regenerative procedures. This study aimed to compare and evaluate the bone regenerative effects of i-PRF (Injectable- Platelet-rich fibrin) with a bone graft and a bone graft alone in mandibular grade II furcation defects over a period of 9 months. Method: This was a comparative study of 12 participants, who were randomly selected and grouped into two groups: test and control. Following phase I therapy, both groups were subjected to open flap debridement. In the test group, after debridement, a nano-hydroxyapatite bone graft mixed with i-PRF was inserted, whereas in the control group only a nano-hydroxyapatite bone graft was inserted. The clinical parameters such as plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), pocket probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), horizontal probing depth (HPD) and vertical probing depth (VPD) were recorded at baseline, 3 months, 6 months and 9 months following the surgery. The bone area fill (BAF) was assessed using intraoral periapical radiographs (IOPARs) taken at baseline and 9 months after surgery. Results: At the baseline, there was no statistically significant difference between the tested parameters. After 9 months all the clinical parameters, PI, GI, PPD, CAL, HPD and VPD as well as radiographic bone fill showed a significant increase in both the groups (p < 0.05) (PI-TGr; CGr–VPD—3.5 ± 0.54 to 0.66 ± 0.51; 3.3 ± 0.81 to 2 ± 0.63/BAF—2.9 ± 0.88 to 5.6 ± 1.10; 3.4 ± 1.39 to 3.9 ± 1.4). On comparison the test group showed better results for each clinical parameter. Conclusion: The results showed increased improvement in clinical conditions in both groups, although better results were seen in the group where i-PRF with a nano-HA bone graft was used in the furcation defect.
A compact and modular x- and gamma-ray detector with a CsI scintillator and double-readout Silicon Drift Detectors

A future compact and modular X and gamma-ray spectrometer (XGS) has been designed and a series of proto- types have been developed and tested. The experiment envisages the use of CsI scintillator bars read out at both ends by single-cell 25 mm2 Silicon Drift Detectors. Digital algorithms are used to discriminate between events absorbed in the Silicon layer (lower energy X rays) and events absorbed in the scintillator crystal (higher energy X rays and -rays). The prototype characterization is shown and the modular design for future experiments with possible astrophysical applications (e.g. for the THESEUS mission proposed for the ESA M5 call) are discussed.