Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Switching-GAS Copula Models for Systemic Risk Assessment

Recent financial disasters have emphasised the need to accurately predict extreme financial losses and their consequences for the institutions belonging to a given financial market. The ability of econometric models to predict extreme events strongly relies on their flexibility to account for the highly nonlinear and asymmetric dependence observed in financial returns. We develop a new class of flexible Copula models where the evolution of the dependence parameters follow a Markov-Switching Generalised Autoregressive Score (SGASC) dynamics. Maximum Likelihood estimation is consistently performed using the Inference Functions for Margins (IFM) approach and a version of the Expectation-Maximisation (EM) algorithm specifically tailored to this class of models. The SGASC models are then used to estimate the Conditional Value-at-Risk (CoVaR), which is defined as the VaR of a given asset conditional on another asset (or portfolio) being in financial distress, and the Conditional Expected Shortfall (CoES). Our empirical investigation shows that the proposed SGASC models are able to explain and predict the systemic risk contribution of several European countries. Moreover, we also find that the SGASC models outperform competitors using several CoVaR backtesting procedures.
Parameterizing Vertically Coherent Cloud Distributions

Abstract A parameterization for specifying subgrid-scale cloud distributions in atmospheric models is developed. The fractional area of a grid-scale column in which clouds from two levels overlap (i.e., the cloud overlap probability) is described in terms of the correlation between horizontal cloudiness functions in the two levels. Cloud distributions that are useful for radiative transfer and cloud microphysical calculations are then determined from cloud fraction at individual model levels and a decorrelation depth. All pair-wise overlap probabilities among cloudy levels are obtained from the cloudiness correlations. However, those probabilities can overconstrain the determination of the cloud distribution. It is found that cloud fraction in each level along with the overlap probabilities among nearest neighbor cloudy levels is sufficient to specify the full cloud distribution. The parameterization has both practical and interpretative advantages over existing parameterizations. The parameterized cloud .
Stability of seismically loaded slopes using limit analysis

Numerical limit analysis is used to assess the stability of slopes subjected to seismic loading. The soil is assumed to follow the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion. The lower and upper bound theorems are formulated as linear problems to be solved using linear programming techniques. Based on finite element discretisation of the slope, the velocity field is optimised to find the lowest upper bound, and the stress field is optimised to obtain the highest lower bound. Limit equilibrium computations and log-spiral upper bound solutions were also performed for comparison purposes. Additionally, finite element analyses were done for selected cases. Results from the limit equilibrium and finite element methods are in excellent agreement with the rigorous lower and upper bounds for all cases studied. The slip surfaces obtained from both the limit equilibrium and log-spiral upper bound methods lie within the plastic zones obtained for the slopes from both finite element and numerical limit analysis. Plots are presen.
Electron impact excitation of magnesium and zinc atoms in the relativistic distorted-wave approximation

A calculation based on a relativistic distorted-wave approximation has been carried out for the electron impact excitation of the , , and -states of magnesium and the and -states of zinc from their respective ground states. Differential cross sections, coherence and correlation parameters as well as the spin-polarization parameters were obtained at incident energies of 10, 20 and 40 eV, respectively. The results for magnesium are analysed and compared with other available theoretical and experimental data while those for the zinc atom are reported for the first time.
Langevin Representation of Coulomb Collisions in PIC Simulations

An efficient grid-based Langevin formulation is developed for treating electron? electron (e-e) and electron? ion collisions within a particle-in-cell plasma simulation code. The formulation is energy- and momentum-conserving. If the thermal part of the electron velocity distribution is reasonably close to isotropy in any local frame of reference, the basic scattering algorithm is quantitatively accurate for electrons with any value of energy. This is particularly important in calculating the approach to equilibrium of the high-energy tail, or the equilibrium under the competing influences of e-e collisions, inelastic electron? neutral collisions, and end losses through sheaths. If the electron velocity distribution is multi-peaked or very anisotropic, accurate calculations can be performed by representing the electrons as a superposition of several beams. Computational examples are given illustrating both equilibrium energy distribution and approach to equilibrium.
On the evolution of instabilities in the near field of a plane jet

The dynamic behaviors of coherent structures in the near field of a plane jet are extensively studied by hot‐wire measurements. The instability evolution for both streamwise and transverse velocity fluctuations are investigated simultaneously. The shear stresses contributed by the individual instabilities are detected by using the cross‐spectrum technique. Experimental results show that the jet spreading is governed by the vortex interaction mechanism, and the evolution of the instabilities for the two velocity components is found to perform distinct patterns. The characteristics for the instability evolution cannot be adequately identified from only streamwise velocity fluctuations. The vortex formation and merging locations should be determined from the saturation condition of the transverse velocity fluctuations v’( f ). Results also indicate that the instabilities cannot only absorb energy from the mean flow, but also transfer their energy to the subharmonics, or even back to the mean flow. The variat.
Surface anisotropy in giant magnetic coercivity effect of cubic granular FeCo/SiO2 and NiCo/SiO2 films: A comparison with Néel’s theory

The structure and magnetic properties of a series of granular Fe1−xCox/SiO2 and Ni1−xCox/SiO2 films have been studied. Both Fe1−xCox and Ni1−xCox alloy fine grains posses cubic structure within the cobalt composition x<0.7. The grains grow to about 150–200 A in diameter when the annealing temperature is between 570 and 600 °C, where the samples show a giant magnetic coercivity effect. The experimental results can be successfully accounted for by the thermal relaxation theory, assuming the surface anisotropy dominates in the giant magnetic coercivity effect. By fitting the theory into the experimental results, the surface anisotropy constants of Fe1−xCox and Ni1−xCox fine grains can be obtained in the range x<0.7. The surface anisotropy from Neel’s theory, on the other hand, manifests qualitative similarity to the fitting results as a function of Co contents.
On the quantitative effects

The physical phenomena what modern physics describes seem all very peculiar, which results from the quantitative effects deviating fro m the absolute space-time theory. The absolute space-time theory, which describes the wor ld with invariable space-time standards, is a fundamental space-time theory; whil e actual space-time standards can vary with environment, and thus, the actual measuri ng data are always to deviate from the absolute space-time theory and the quantitative effects occur. A light is the most exact tool measuring space-time in the modern physi cs, whose space-time standards have a variability and leads up to the quantitative effects such as relativistic and quantum effects. The relativistic equations of the quantitative effects and the analytic method of effect energy are proposed, they can be u sed to describe relativistic phenomena simply.
VISCOELASTIC CONTINUUM DAMAGE MODEL OF ASPHALT CONCRETE WITH HEALING

A viscoelastic constitutive model of asphalt mixtures that accounts for the rate-dependent damage growth and microdamage healing is presented in this paper. An elastic continuum damage model, which is based on thermodynamics of irreversible processes with internal state variables, is first reviewed and extended to a corresponding viscoelastic model using an elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle. A rate-type internal state evolution law is employed to describe the damage growth and microdamage healing in asphalt concrete. An analytical representation of the model is established for the uniaxial loading condition. Tensile uniaxial cyclic tests were performed under the controlled-strain mode with different strain amplitudes to determine model parameters. The resulting constitutive model successfully predicts the damage growth and recovery in asphalt concrete under multilevels of loading, varying rates of loading, different modes of loading (controlled-strain and controlled-stress), and random rest periods.
Virtual Bayesian Implementation

Allowing for incomplete information, this paper characterizes the social choice functions that can be approximated by the equilibrium outcomes of a mechanism: incentive compatibility is necessary and almost sufficient for virtual Bayesian implementability. In conjunction with a second condition, Bayesian incentive consistency, incentive compatibility is also sufficient. This new condition is weak--under standard topological and informational assumptions it is satisfied by every social choice function. The type sets of the agents are taken to be arbitrary (possibly infinite) measurable spaces. An example shows that there are virtually (in fact, exactly) Bayesian implementable social choice functions that are not virtually implementable in iteratively undominated strategies.
Cyclotron resonance in coronal holes: 3. A five‐beam turbulence‐driven model

Following Hollweg and Johnson [1988], Isenberg [1990], and Li et al. [1999a], we postulate that the Sun launches a flux of low-frequency Alfven waves, which dissipate via a turbulent cascade to high frequencies where the energy is absorbed by ion cyclotron resonant interactions. The plasma consists of two proton beams, which are proxies for the resonant and nonresonant halves of their distribution function, two He++ beams, which are proxies for the strongly and weakly resonant halves of their distribution, and a single beam of O+5 with vanishing density. The level of the power spectrum at the high resonant frequencies is determined by the condition that the protons and He++ resonantly absorb energy at the same rate at which the low-frequency waves are dissipating. Once the level of the high-frequency power spectrum is determined, the resonant heating and acceleration of the O+5 can be calculated. For both Kolmogorov and Kraichnan scalings of the turbulent dissipation the model yields results for the protons that are in reasonably good agreement with the UVCS/SOHO results. The He++ becomes more than mass proportionally heated and flows faster than the protons, close to the Sun. However, our model is unable to reproduce the UVCS/SOHO observation that the O+5 temperature is still increasing with heliocentric distance r out to 3.5 rs. Instead, the O+5 becomes very hot initially, experiences a strong mirror force, and accelerates to high speed, which in turn leads to rapid adiabatic cooling. Put another way, the O+5 observations imply that (dT⊥/dt)res must be an increasing function of r, while it is the nature of the resonant interactions to make (dT⊥/dt)res decrease with increasing r.
Velocity profiles and surface roughness under breaking waves

Recent measurements under wave-breaking conditions in the ocean, lakes, and tanks reveal a layer immediately below the surface in which dissipation decays as depth to the power −2 to −4 and downwind velocities are approximately linear with depth. This behavior is consistent with predictions of a conventional, one-dimensional, level 2.5 turbulence closure model, in which the influence of breaking waves is parameterized as a surface source of turbulent kinetic energy. The model provides an analytic solution which describes the near-surface power law behavior and the deeper transition to the “law of the wall. ” The mixing length imposed in the model increases linearly away from a minimum value, the roughness length, at the surface. The surface roughness emerges as an important scaling factor in the wave-enhanced layer but is the major unknown in the formulation. Measurements in the wave-affected layer are still rare, but one exceptional set, both in terms of its accuracy and proximity to the surface, is that collected by Cheung and Street [1988] in the Stanford wind tunnel. Their velocity profiles first confirm the accuracy of the model, and, second, allow estimation, via a best fit procedure, of roughness lengths at five different wind speeds. Conclusions are tentative but indicate that the roughness length increases with wind speed and appears to take a value of approximately one sixth the dominant surface wavelength. A more traditional wall-layer model, which ignores the flux of turbulent kinetic energy, will also accurately reproduce the measured velocity profiles. In this case, enhanced surface turbulence is forced on the model by the assumption of a large surface roughness, three times that required by the full model. However, the wall-layer model cannot predict the enhanced dissipation near the surface.
The Glycosylated N-Terminal Domain of MUC1 Is Involved in Chemoresistance by Modulating Drug Permeation Across the Plasma Membrane

Mucin 1 (MUC1) is aberrantly expressed in various cancers and implicated in cancer progression and chemoresistance. Although the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of MUC1 is involved in signal transduction, promoting chemoresistance, the role of the extracellular MUC1 domain [N-terminal glycosylated domain (NG)-MUC1] remains unclear. In this study, we generated stable MCF7 cell lines expressing MUC1 and cytoplasmic tail-deficient MUC1 (MUC1ΔCT) and show that NG-MUC1 is involved in drug resistance by modulating the transmembrane permeation of various compounds without cytoplasmic tail signaling. Heterologous expression of MUC1ΔCT increased cell survival in treating anticancer drugs (such as 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel), in particular by causing an approximately 150-fold increase in the IC50 of paclitaxel, a lipophilic drug, compared with the control [5-fluorouracil (7-fold), cisplatin (3-fold), and doxorubicin (18-fold)]. The uptake studies revealed that accumulations of paclitaxel and Hoechst 33342, a membrane-permeable nuclear staining dye, were reduced to 51% and 45%, respectively, in cells expressing MUC1ΔCT via ABCB1/P-gp-independent mechanisms. Such alterations in chemoresistance and cellular accumulation were not observed in MUC13-expressing cells. Furthermore, we found that MUC1 and MUC1ΔCT increased the cell-adhered water volume by 2.6- and 2.7-fold, respectively, suggesting the presence of a water layer on the cell surface created by NG-MUC1. Taken together, these results suggest that NG-MUC1 acts as a hydrophilic barrier element against anticancer drugs and contributes to chemoresistance by limiting the membrane permeation of lipophilic drugs. Our findings could help better the understanding of the molecular basis of drug resistance in cancer chemotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Membrane-bound mucin (MUC1), aberrantly expressed in various cancers, is implicated in cancer progression and chemoresistance. Although the MUC1 cytoplasmic tail is involved in proliferation-promoting signal transduction thereby leading to chemoresistance, the significance of the extracellular domain remains unclear. This study clarifies the role of the glycosylated extracellular domain as a hydrophilic barrier element to limit the cellular uptake of lipophilic anticancer drugs. These findings could help better the understanding of the molecular basis of MUC1 and drug resistance in cancer chemotherapy.
Status of Serum Uric Acid and Hyperuricemia among Adults in China: China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015).

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the serum uric acid levels and the prevalence of hyperuricemia among Chinese adults in 2015 and compare the differences between urban and rural areas, as well as the differences between eastern, central, and western regions. Methods A national representative sample of 180,208 participants were included using a stratified, multistage, and random sampling method. The demographic characteristics and blood samples were collected to determine the serum uric acid levels and prevalence of hyperuricemia among subgroups using complicated sampling weight. A t-test or ANOVA was used for normally-distributed data. The Kruskal-Wallis rank test was used for skewed-distributed data. The Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test was used to compare the difference in categorical variables. Results The weighted mean uric acid level in Chinese adults was 310.4 μmol/L (317.5 μmol/L in urban areas and 302.9 μmol/L in rural areas). The weighted average values of uric acid in eastern, central, and western China were 315.5 μmol/L, 303.5 μmol/L, and 310.4 μmol/L, respectively. The weighted prevalence of hyperuricemia in Chinese adults was 14.6%, with a prevalence of 16.5% in urban areas and 12.5% in rural areas. The weighted prevalence of hyperuricemia in eastern, central, and western China was 16.0%, 12.5%, and 14.8%, respectively. Conclusion The uric acid level in Chinese adults is relatively high. Effective actions are warranted to improve this metabolic abnormality.
Matrix methods applied to acoustic waves in multilayers

Matrix methods for analyzing the electroacoustic characteristics of anisotropic piezoelectric multilayers are described. The conceptual usefulness of the methods is demonstrated by examples that show the simplification of formal statements of propagation, transduction, and boundary-value problems in complicated acoustic layered geometries such as those in SAW (surface acoustic wave) devices, in multicomponent laminates, and in bulk-wave composite transducers. The formulation reduces the electroacoustic equations to a set of first-order matrix differential equations, one for each layer, in the variables which must be continuous across interfaces. The solution to these equations is a transfer matrix that maps the variables from one layer face to the other. Interface boundary conditions for a planar multilayer are automatically satisfied by multiplying the individual transfer matrices in the appropriate order, thus reducing the problem to the imposition of boundary conditions appropriate to the remaining two surfaces. The computational advantages of the matrix method lie in the fact that the problem rank is independent of the number of layers, and in the availability of PC software, which makes interactive numerical experimentation with complex layered structures practical. <<ETX>>
Uniform asymptotic expansions for the Barnes double gamma function

We develop uniform asymptotic approximations for the Barnes double gamma function for various parameter values. This involves the use of the method of matched asymptotic expansions to solve the defining functional difference equation in various asymptotic regions. The resulting solutions provide extremely accurate approximations to the double gamma function. We also give applications of our results to functional difference equations that arise in the theory of moving contact lines and acoustic wave diffraction.
Epigenetic drugs in somatostatin type 2 receptor radionuclide theranostics and radiation transcriptomics in mouse pheochromocytoma models

Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PCCs/PGLs) are catecholamine-producing tumors. In inoperable and metastatic cases, somatostatin type 2 receptor (SSTR2) expression allows for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE. Insufficient receptor levels, however, limit treatment efficacy. This study evaluates whether the epigenetic drugs valproic acid (VPA) and 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC) modulate SSTR2 levels and sensitivity to [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE in two mouse PCC models (MPC and MTT). Methods: Drug-effects on Sstr2/SSTR2 were investigated in terms of promoter methylation, mRNA and protein levels, and radiotracer binding. Radiotracer uptake was measured in subcutaneous allografts in mice using PET and SPECT imaging. Tumor growth and gene expression (RNAseq) were characterized after drug treatments. Results: DAC alone and in combination with VPA increased SSTR2 levels along with radiotracer uptake in vitro in MPC (high-SSTR2) and MTT cells (low-SSTR2). MTT but not MPC allografts responded to DAC and VPA combination with significantly elevated radiotracer uptake, although activity concentrations remained far below those in MPC tumors. In both models, combination of DAC, VPA and [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE was associated with additive effects on tumor growth delay and specific transcriptional responses in gene sets involved in cancer and treatment resistance. Effects of epigenetic drugs were unrelated to CpG island methylation of the Sstr2 promoter. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that SSTR2 induction in mouse pheochromocytoma models has some therapeutic benefit that occurs via yet unknown mechanisms. Transcriptional changes in tumor allografts associated with epigenetic treatment and [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE provide first insights into genetic responses of PCCs/PGLs, potentially useful for developing additional strategies to prevent tumor recurrence.
Trade Policy Uncertainty and Import Prices

This paper studies how trade policy uncertainty (TPU) affects the pass-through of import tariff and exchange rate changes into import prices. Little is known about the effects of tariff changes accompanied by TPU on import prices, especially when price rigidities are present. Using a dynamic model of exporting with costly price adjustments and variable markups, I show that TPU significantly increases tariff pass-through into the tariff-inclusive import price. TPU raises tariff pass-through via two channels relative to a one-time permanent tariff increase. First, TPU decreases the likelihood of costly price adjustment on impact (“wait-and-see” effect), which immediately induces high tariff pass-through. Second, TPU leads exporters to set higher markups due to a precautionary pricing motive, resulting in higher tariff pass-through even after prices are adjusted. Conversely, exchange rate pass-through is unaffected by TPU and remains low and incomplete. Quantitatively, high TPU accounts for half of the gap between the puzzling complete pass-through estimated for U.S. tariffs on China in 2018-2019 into U.S. import prices and the prediction of a standard model without TPU. High TPU also increases tariff deadweight loss by 51% and increases the share of tariff incidence borne by U.S. importers by 36%.