Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A cellular trafficking signal in the SIV envelope protein cytoplasmic domain is strongly selected for in pathogenic infection

The HIV/SIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) cytoplasmic domain contains a highly conserved Tyr-based trafficking signal that mediates both clathrin-dependent endocytosis and polarized sorting. Despite extensive analysis, the role of these functions in viral infection and pathogenesis is unclear. An SIV molecular clone (SIVmac239) in which this signal is inactivated by deletion of Gly-720 and Tyr-721 (SIVmac239ΔGY), replicates acutely to high levels in pigtail macaques (PTM) but is rapidly controlled. However, we previously reported that rhesus macaques and PTM can progress to AIDS following SIVmac239ΔGY infection in association with novel amino acid changes in the Env cytoplasmic domain. These included an R722G flanking the ΔGY deletion and a nine nucleotide deletion encoding amino acids 734–736 (ΔQTH) that overlaps the rev and tat open reading frames. We show that molecular clones containing these mutations reconstitute signals for both endocytosis and polarized sorting. In one PTM, a novel genotype was selected that generated a new signal for polarized sorting but not endocytosis. This genotype, together with the ΔGY mutation, was conserved in association with high viral loads for several months when introduced into naïve PTMs. For the first time, our findings reveal strong selection pressure for Env endocytosis and particularly for polarized sorting during pathogenic SIV infection in vivo.
The legitimacy of science and the populist backlash: Cross-national and longitudinal trends and determinants of attitudes toward science

Public attitudes toward science have risen for decades yet dropped in the most recent period coinciding with the emergence of anti-scientific populist discourses around the world. Controlling for a number of attitudinal and demographic factors, this study examines whether populist discourse and vote share as well as regime polity have an impact on the public legitimacy of science in the period 2005–2020. Cross-national findings suggest that populism is a consistent predictor of declining support for science across all models, regardless of the political system. While it might be too early to alert to lasting damage done by populist leaders to the public standing of science, more research is warranted to ascertain the impact of anti-scientific rhetoric in the “post-truth era. ”
E4BP4 Coordinates Circadian Control of Cognition in Delirium

Improved understanding of the etiologies of delirium, a common and severe neuropsychiatric syndrome, would facilitate the disease prevention and treatment. Here, the authors invesitgate the role of circadian rhythms in the pathogenesis of delirium. They observe perturbance of circadian rhythms in mouse models of delirium and disrupted clock gene expression in patients with delirium. In turn, physiological and genetic circadian disruptions sensitize mice to delirium with aggravated cognitive impairment. Likewise, global deletion of E4bp4 (E4 promoter‐binding protein), a clock gene markedly altered in delirium conditions, results in exacerbated delirium‐associated cognitive decline. Cognitive decline in delirium models is attributed to microglial activation and impaired long‐term potentiation in the hippocampus. Single‐cell RNA‐sequencing reveals microglia as the regulatory target of E4bp4. E4bp4 restrains microglial activation via inhibiting the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Supporting this, mice lacking in microglial E4bp4 are delirious prone, whereas mice with E4bp4 specifically deleted in hippocampal CA1 neurons have a normal phenotype. Mechanistically, E4bp4 inhibits ERK1/2 signaling by trans‐repressing Mapk1/3 (genes encoding ERK1/2) via direct binding to a D‐box element in the promoter region. These findings define a causal role of clock dysfunction in delirium development and indicate E4bp4 as a regulator of cognition at the crosstalk between circadian clock and delirium.
The master hearing Aid : A PC-based platform for algorithm development and evaluation

Development and evaluation of algorithms for digital signal processing in hearing aids includes many stages from the first implementation of the algorithmic idea, technical evaluations, subjective evaluations with patients up to field tests, and involves several expert groups, usually physicists, engineers, audiologists and hearing aid acousticians. In order to facilitate this complex process, a common platform for development and evaluation is desirable that covers the whole development process and integrates seamlessly the work of the different expert groups. This paper discusses the possibility of using PC-based hardware for this task. Considering the Master-Hearing-Aid (MHA) developed within the HorTech center of competence on hearing technology as an example, it is shown that the approach of using standardized hardware and software is most promising. The MHA allows for the integration of algorithm development using standard software like Matlab and algorithm evaluation using low-delay real-time processing in combination with user-friendly graphical control interfaces. Performance tests show that real-time processing on modem PC-based hardware is possible even with algorithms written in the Matlab script language, although in this case processing delay is larger and floating point performance is smaller than in algorithms programmed in the C language. For waveform processing, a total delay of 4.35 ms can be reached at less than 5% CPU-load when implemented in C, and a delay of about 94 ms at about 20% CPU-load when implemented as a Matlab script. For spectral FFT-based processing, a total delay of 7.25 ms can be reached at less than 10% CPU-load when implemented in C, and a delay of about 187 ms at about 30% CPU-load when implemented as a Matlab script.
Models and Algorithms for Artiﬁcial Intelligence

The expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is a powerful computational technique for maximum likelihood estimation in incomplete data models. When the expectation step cannot be performed in closed form, a stochastic approximation of EM (SAEM) can be used. The convergence of the SAEM toward critical points of the observed likelihood has been proved and its numerical efﬁciency has been demonstrated. However, sampling from the posterior distribution may be intractable or have a high computational cost. Moreover, despite appealing features, the limit position of this algorithm can strongly depend on its starting one. To cope with this two issues, we propose in [11] new stochastic approximation version of the EM in which we do not sample from the exact distribution in the expectation phase of the procedure. We ﬁrst prove the convergence of this algorithm toward critical points of the observed likelihood. Then, we propose an instantiation of this general procedure to favor convergence toward global maxima. Experiments on synthetic and real data highlight the performance of this algorithm in comparison to the SAEM and the EM when feasible.
Recent Advances Concerning the 87Sr Optical Lattice Clock at the National Time Service Center

We review recent experimental progress concerning the 87Sr optical lattice clock at the National Time Service Center in China. Hertz-level spectroscopy of the 87Sr clock transition for the optical lattice clock was performed, and closed-loop operation of the optical lattice clock was realized. A fractional frequency instability of 2.8 × 10−17 was attained for an averaging time of 2000 s. The Allan deviation is found to be 1.6 × 10−15/τ1/2 and is limited mainly by white-frequency-noise. The Landé g-factors of the (5s2)1S0 and (5s5p)3P0 states in 87Sr were measured experimentally; they are important for evaluating the clock’s Zeeman shifts. We also present recent work on the miniaturization of the strontium optical lattice clock for space applications.
Primordial Non-Gaussianity and Cosmic Microwave Background Anomalies

L'analisi dei dati di Planck ha confermato alcune delle anomalie delle CHB trovate da WHAP, ed un livello simile di significanze statistiche. Tra queste anomalie c'e l'Hemispherical Power Asimmetry tra gli emisferi celesti nord e sud. L'obiettivo della tesi e di investigare la possibile connessione tra le anomalie delle CHB e la non-Gaussianita primordiale, da diversi punti di vista, spaziando tra vari modelli gia proposti di non-Gaussianita primordiale.
InfectionAssociated with Low Susceptibility to HIV-1 T Cell Activation Is + Low-Level CD4

Different features have been associated with low susceptibility to HIV type 1 (HIV-1) infection in exposed seronegative individuals. These include genetic make-up such as homozygosity for the CCR5- (cid:2) 32 allele and the presence of HIV-speciﬁc CTLs. We studied immune activation and immune responsiveness in relation to HIV-1 susceptibility in 42 high-risk seronegative (HRSN) participants of the Amsterdam Cohort Studies and 54 men from the same cohort who were seronegative at the moment of analysis but later became HIV seropositive. HRSN had higher naive (CD45RO CD27) CD4 and CD8 T cell numbers and lower percentages of activated (HLADR CD38, CD70) CD4 and proliferating (Ki67) CD4 and CD8 T cells, irrespective of previous episodes of sexually transmittable infections. Furthermore, whole blood cultures from HRSN showed lower lymphoproliferative responses than healthy laboratory controls. These data suggest that low levels of immune activation and low T cell responsiveness may contribute to low HIV susceptibility. The Journal of Immunology, 2005, 175: 6117–6122.
Invariant minimal Markov basis for sampling contingency tables with xed marginals

The METR technical reports are published as a means to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work on a non-commercial basis. Copyright and all rights therein are maintained by the authors or by other copyright holders , notwithstanding that they have offered their works here electronically. It is understood that all persons copying this information will adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. These works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder. SUMMARY In this paper we define an invariant Markov basis for a connected Markov chain over the set of contingency tables with fixed marginals and derive some characterizations of minimality of the invariant basis. We also give a necessary and sufficient condition for uniqueness of invariant minimal Markov basis. The invariance here refers to permutation of indices of each axis of the contingency tables. If the categories of each axis do not have any order relations among them, it is natural to consider the action of the symmetric group on each axis of the contingency table. A general algebraic algorithm for obtaining a Markov basis was given by Diaconis and Sturmfels (1998). Their algorithm is based on computing Gröbner basis of a well-specified polynomial ideal. However the reduced Gröbner basis depends on the particular term order and is not symmetric. Therefore it is of interest to consider properties of invariant Markov basis. We study minimality of invariant Markov basis using techniques of Takemura and Aoki (2003).
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Autonomous Vehicles for Commute Trips: An Analysis with the 2015 and 2017 Puget Sound Travel Surveys

The emergence of autonomous vehicles (AVs) may shape the future landscape of urban mobility. Although there is a growing literature on public opinions with regard to self-driving, little attention has been explicitly given to the commuters and their preferences for their commute trips. Using data from the 2015 and 2017 Puget Sound Regional Household Travel Studies, this study investigates the factors associated with employees’ propensity for using AVs. We develop a bivariate ordered probit model to jointly estimate the determinants of levels of interest in (i) commuting alone using AVs and (ii) commuting with others using shared AVs. Not surprisingly, it was found that current solo drivers are more likely to commute alone using AVs compared with other mode users. Significant differences were not found between current drivers and other commuters when it comes to the potential use of shared AVs. The results also reveal that, controlling for other factors, commuters surveyed in 2017 are less likely to be interested in shared AVs compared with their 2015 counterparts. The conclusion is that more planning efforts are needed to support the market penetration of shared AVs.
Open-Source Electronics Platforms as Enabling Technologies for Smart Cities: Recent Developments and Perspectives

With the increasing availability of affordable open-source embedded hardware platforms, the development of low-cost programmable devices for uncountable tasks has accelerated in recent years. In this sense, the large development community that is being created around popular platforms is also contributing to the construction of Internet of Things applications, which can ultimately support the maturation of the smart-cities era. Popular platforms such as Raspberry Pi, BeagleBoard and Arduino come as single-board open-source platforms that have enough computational power for different types of smart-city applications, while keeping affordable prices and encompassing many programming libraries and useful hardware extensions. As a result, smart-city solutions based on such platforms are becoming common and the surveying of recent research in this area can support a better understanding of this scenario, as presented in this article. Moreover, discussions about the continuous developments in these platforms can also indicate promising perspectives when using these boards as key elements to build smart cities.
Study of InGaAs/InAlAs avalanche photodiodes grown on InP

In this paper, we are report an avalanche photodiodes (APD) with an InGaAs absorption region and an InAlAs avalanche region. Devices are designed with separate absorption, grading, charge, and multiplication (SAGCM) layers on InP substrates, which are demonstrated to detect 1550 nm wavelength light. The epilayers of the APD devices are grown by a Veeco Gen 930 MBE system. The quality of epilayers is good which shown in the surface morphology characterized by AFM. The root mean square (RMS) of surface morphology is only 1. 4Å. Operating at room temperature and in the linear mode, the APD achieved a dark-current level of 2. 7ｕA/mm2,and a maximum gain of M>300 is demonstrated.
Mathematical Models and Computational Aspects of the Simplest Fuzzy Two-Term Controllers

Abstract This paper unveils mathematical models for fuzzy PI / PD controllers which employ two fuzzy sets on each of the two-input variables with different universes of discourse (UoD) and three fuzzy sets on the output variable. The basic constituents of these models are L - type, γ - type membership functions for each input, and trapezoidal / triangular membership functions for output, minimum / algebraic product triangular norm, maximum / bounded sum triangular conorm, Mamdani minimum / algebraic product inference, three linear fuzzy control rules, and Centre of Sums (CoS) defuzzification method. The computational and memory requirements on the digital computer during the implementation of these discrete-time controllers and conventional two-term controllers are compared.
F AMILY B USINESS IN V IETNAM AND IN P OLAND : R EVIEW OF C HARACTERISTICS AND T RENDS OF D EVELOPMENT

Enterprise and entrepreneurship are well-known phenomena that have their history development of over 300 years. However, in relation to the family business they are still not well explored in the literature of management. Based on the overview of management literature, this article is an attempt to construct a theoretical framework for the purpose of comparative analysis of family business and entrepreneurship issues in Poland and in Vietnam. As a result, their similarities and differences are revealed in order to propose adequate solutions and recommendations for business and authority to support and promote this specific business activity towards their prosperity and high performance.
Monitoring the Coefficient of Variation Using EWMA Charts

The coefficient of variation (CV) is a quality characteristic that has several applications in applied statistics and is receiving increasing attention in quality control. A few papers have proposed control charts that monitor this normalized measure of dispersion. This paper suggests a new method to monitor the CV by means of two one-sided EWMA charts of the coefficient of variation squared γ2. Tables are provided for the statistical properties of the EWMA-γ2 when the shift size is deterministic or unknown. An example illustrates the use of these charts on real data gathered from a metal sintering process.
Some Properties of ART-type Reconstruction Algorithms

Ill-posed sets of linear equations typically arise when discretizing certain types of integral transforms. A well known example is image reconstruction, which can be modeled using the Radon transform. After expanding the solution into a finite series of basis functions a large, sparse and ill-conditioned linear system occurs. We consider the solution of such systems. In particular we study a new class of iteration methods named DROP (for Diagonal Relaxed Orthogonal Projections) constructed for solving both linear equations and linear inequalities. This class can also be viewed, when applied to linear equations, as a generalized Landweber iteration. The method is compared with other iteration methods using test data from a medical application and from electron microscopy. Our theoretical analysis include convergence proofs of the fully-simultaneous DROP algorithm for linear equations without consistency assumptions, and of block-iterative algorithms both for linear equations and linear inequalities, for the consistent case. When applying an iterative solver to an ill-posed set of linear equations the error usually initially decreases but after some iterations, depending on the amount of noise in the data, and the degree of ill-posedness, it starts to increase. This phenomenon is called semi-convergence. We study the semi-convergence performance of Landweber-type iteration, and propose new ways to specify the relaxation parameters. These are computed so as to control the propagated error. We also describe a class of stopping rules for Landweber-type iteration for solving linear inverse problems. The class includes the well known discrepancy principle, and the monotone error rule. We unify the error analysis of these two methods. The stopping rules depend critically on a certain parameter whose value needs to be specified. A training procedure is therefore introduced for securing robustness. The advantages of using trained rules are demonstrated on examples taken from image reconstruction from projections. Kaczmarz's method, also called ART (Algebraic Reconstruction Technique) is often used for solving the linear system which appears in image reconstruction. This is a fully sequential method. We examine and compare ART and its symmetric version. It is shown that the cycles of symmetric ART, unlike ART, converge to a weighted least squares solution if and only if the relaxation parameter lies between zero and two. Further we show that ART has faster asymptotic rate of convergence than symmetric ART. Also a stopping criterion is proposed and evaluated for symmetric ART. We further investigate a class of block-iterative methods used in image reconstruction. The cycles of the iterative sequences are characterized in terms of the original linear system. We define symmetric block-iteration and compare the behavior of symmetric and non-symmetric block-iteration. The results are illustrated using some well-known methods. A stopping criterion is offered and assessed for symmetric block-iteration.
G RAPHENE -S ILVER N ANOCOMPOSITE : S YNTHESIS , AND A DSORPTION S TUDY OF C IBACRON B LUE D YE FROM T HEIR A QUEOUS S OLUTION

Graphene and graphene-silver nanocomposites have been prepared by the Hummers modified method and chemical reduction process in a simple one-pot technique. The electronic microscopes (scanning and transmutation), have been used to diagnose morphology and topography of nanocomposites, and X-ray diffraction is used to characterize the structure of the nanocomposites. The results reveal that the silver nanoparticles were effectively composited onto the nanosheets of the graphene within the diameter of silver particles, ranging from 10 to 22 nanometers. I n present study, the synthesized nanocomposites are used as an adsorbent for Cibacron Blue P-6B dye from its aqueous solutions through diverse temperatures (15, 25, 35, 45, and 55 ◦ C). Additionally, the thermodynamic parameters (ΔS, ΔH, ΔG) and the order of the adsorption process were calculated. comparison information obtained both the Freundlich and Langmuir models. Calculation of the thermodynamic parameters for adsorption identical to 3.829 kJ / mol, 31.04 J/(mol·K) and -5.411 kJ / mol, respectively, indicated the values for ΔH, ΔS and ΔG. These findings demonstrate that adsorption is a spontaneous endothermic process and that it behaves with R 2 = 0.9827 as a pseudo-second order.
GLOBAL RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN ZOO-MANAGED GOELDI'S MONKEYS (CALLIMICO GOELDII), 1965–2018

Abstract: As part of the collaborative efforts and goals of managing zoo-housed Goeldi's monkeys, or callimicos (Callimico goeldii), a retrospective review of gross and histopathological postmortem examination reports submitted to the International Studbook Coordinator was carried out by veterinary representatives of the Species Survival Plan to investigate disease trends. A total of 1,887 postmortem reports (1965–2018) collected from more than 150 institutions were reviewed. Histologic findings from 862 postmortem reports and primary causes of mortality were compiled to determine the most common findings. Within the study population, 419 individuals (48.6%) were male, 383 (44.4%) female, and the remaining 60 (7%) of undetermined sex. The primary lesion at death in adults was chronic renal disease. The other prevalent lesions included cardiac disease, myelolipomas, enteritis, colitis, and hepatitis. In Great Britain and mainland Europe, Yersinia spp. infection had significantly higher prevalence than in North American callimico populations. Multiple lesions affecting more than one organ system were identified in many animals of this study population. Results also showed that for adult callimicos in zoological institutions in North America, Europe, and Great Britain, life span has been increasing over the last 50 yr.