Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Local Models for Spatial Analysis

Introduction Remit of This Book Local Models and Methods What Is Local? Spatial Dependence Spatial Scale Stationarity Spatial Data Models Data Sets Used for Illustrative Purposes A Note on Notation Overview Local Modeling Approaches to Local Adaptation Stratification or Segmentation of Spatial Data Moving Window/Kernel Methods Locally Varying Model Parameters Transforming and Detrending Spatial Data Overview Grid Data Exploring Spatial Variation in Single Variables Global Univariate Statistics Local Univariate Statistics Analysis of Grid Data Moving Windows for Grid Analysis Wavelets Segmentation Analysis of Digital Elevation Models Overview Spatial Relations Spatial Autocorrelation: Global Measures Spatial Autocorrelation: Local Measures Global Regression Local Regression Regression and Spatial Data Spatial Autoregressive Models Multilevel Modeling Allowing for Local Variation in Model Parameters Moving Window Regression (MWR) Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) Spatially Weighted Classification Overview Spatial Prediction 1: Deterministic Methods Point Interpolation Global Methods Local Methods Areal Interpolation General Approaches: Overlay Local Models and Local Data Limitations: Point and Areal Interpolation Overview Spatial Prediction 2: Geostatistics Random Function Models Stationarity Global Models Exploring Spatial Variation Kriging Equivalence of Splines and Kriging Conditional Simulation The Change of Support Problem Other Approaches Local Approaches: Nonstationary Models Nonstationary Mean Nonstationary Models for Prediction Nonstationary Variogram Variograms in Texture Analysis Summary Point Patterns Point Patterns Visual Examination of Point Patterns Density and Distance Methods Statistical Tests of Point Patterns Global Methods Distance Methods Other Issues Local Methods Density Methods Accounting for the Population at Risk The Local K Function Point Patterns and Detection of Clusters Overview Summary: Local Models for Spatial Analysis Review Key Issues Software Future Developments Summary References Index
Electron coherence length and mobility in highly mismatched III-N-V alloys

We investigate the quantum coherence length, Lφ, and mobility of conduction electrons in the dilute nitride alloy GaAs1−xNx. Analysis of the negative magnetoresistance using weak localization theory reveals a marked reduction in Lφ with increasing N-content. Our data are compared to theoretical models of electronic transport in GaAs1−xNx and discussed in terms of the unusual type of compositional disorder exhibited by III-N-V alloys. A comparative study of the electron mobility in InAs1−xNx also indicates that disorder effects are significantly weaker in this small band gap material.
Surgical Resection of Tumors of the Cauda Equina in the Absence of Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring: Experience with 25 Cases

Background data: Tumors of the cauda equina represent an uncommon group of tumors with diverse pathologies and clinical manifestations. Surgery represents the mainstay of treatment for these tumors. Study design: A retrospective case series was conducted. Purpose: This study evaluates the clinical outcome and the extent of resection in a group of patients operated upon for resectioning tumors of the cauda equina in the absence of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. Patients and methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 25 adult patients operated upon for resection of primary cauda equina tumors in the absence of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. The modi ﬁ ed McCormick scale was used for the evaluation of the functional outcome of the patients 12 months after surgery. The outcome was graded into four groups: excellent, good, fair, or poor. The extent of resection was assessed by MRI with contrast. Results: The mean duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 13.8 ± 8.2 months. Low back pain was the most common symptom (96%), with 44% of the patients having neurological de ﬁ cits at presentation. There were 13 nerve sheath tumors (nine schwannomas and four neuro ﬁ bromas) (52%) and eight (32%) ependymomas. Gross total resection was achieved in 80% and subtotal resection was achieved in 16%, whereas partial resection was achieved in 4% of the patients. Excellent, good, fair, and poor clinical outcomes were achieved in 68, 4, 20, and 8% of the patients, respectively. Conclusion: Cauda equina tumors are mostly benign with a favorable prognosis. High rates of gross total resection with favorable clinical outcomes could be achieved in most of these tumors, even in the absence of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (2022ESJ258).
Comparison of Trunk and Pelvic Kinematics in Youth Baseball Pitchers With and Without Upper Extremity Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Motion of the pelvis and trunk during baseball pitching is associated with increased upper extremity (UE) kinetics. Increased kinetics on the UE may lead to throwing-arm pain in youth pitchers. Limited biomechanical comparisons have been conducted on youth pitchers with and without throwing-arm pain to identify mechanical risk factors associated with pain. Purpose: To examine trunk and pelvic kinematics in youth baseball pitchers with and without UE pain. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 26 male youth baseball pitchers (mean age, 12.7 ± 1.5 years; mean height, 162.2 ± 12.9 cm; mean weight, 52.6 ± 13.1 kg) were recruited to participate. An electromagnetic tracking system was used to obtain kinematic data during the fastball pitch. Data from a health history questionnaire was examined. Participants who answered “yes” to experiencing pain and who selected a region on their UE as the pain location were placed into the UE pain group. Participants who responded “no” to experiencing pain were placed into the pain-free group. We compared between-group differences in trunk rotation, flexion, and lateral flexion; pelvic rotation, anteroposterior tilt, and lateral tilt; and hip-shoulder separation from peak knee height to ball release of the baseball pitch using 1-dimensional statistical parametric mapping with an alpha level set at . 05. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between the UE pain and pain-free groups in the 7 trunk and pelvic kinematics analyzed from peak knee height to ball release (P > .05). Conclusion: Trunk and pelvic kinematics during the pitching motion did not differ between pain and pain-free groups of youth baseball pitchers.
Healing-Centered Educator Activism in Mathematics Actualized by Women of Color Mathematics Teacher Activists

ABSTRACT Many teacher activists engage in justice-oriented work within and outside their classrooms, yet the work of mathematics teacher activists has been understudied. In this qualitative interview study, I investigated ten women of Color mathematics teacher activists’ actualization of their organizing work, which includes the creation of and participation in grassroots collectives, podcasts, and online communities that aim to disrupt dominant conceptualizations of mathematical knowledge. Building on theories of teacher activism and healing-centered engagement, I share findings of participants’ healing-centered educator activism. From the findings, I theorize a healing-centered educator activism in mathematics framework, which entails centering relationships and community wellness (of humans and the earth) for collective healing, examining and dismantling systems of oppression, broadening conceptualizations of mathematical knowledge, and fostering healthy relationships with dominant mathematics. I discuss constraints and considerations for engaging in healing-centered educator activism as a teacher of mathematics.
Estimating low‐frequency variability and trends in atmospheric temperature using ERA‐Interim

Low‐frequency variability and trends in temperature from 1979 to 2012 are examined. Observational improvements are noted and near‐surface behaviour of the ECMWF ERA‐Interim reanalysis is reviewed. Attention is then focussed on how closely ERA‐Interim fits the upper‐air data it assimilates, the bias adjustments it infers for satellite data, and its agreement with the ERA‐40, MERRA and JRA‐55 reanalyses and with model simulations.
SU‐GG‐I‐67: Variation of MOSFET Calibration Factor as a Function of Dosimeter Age

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the variation of the calibration factor (mV/cGy) as a function of the dosimeter age in diagnostic and therapeuticMOSFET dosimeters. Method and Materials: Two of each diagnostic and therapeuticMOSFET dosimeters (TN‐1002RD and TN‐502RD, Best Medical Canada) were used in the study. They were irradiated side by side next to a 0.18 cc MDH RadCal 9015 ion chamber. An AGFA X‐RAD 320 Orthovoltage x‐ray irradiator was used with the beam quality of HVL 7.9 mm Al equivalent to a typical CT beam at 120 kVp. The desired beam quality was achieved by adding a filter (2.5mm Al and 0.1 mm Cu) to the tube. The diagnosticMOSFETs with a high sensitivity bias setting were exposed at 120 kVp over the lifetime of MOSFET, i.e., the age of 0 to 20,000 mV and calibration factor obtained as specified by the manufacturer. Similarly, the therapeuticMOSFETs, using a standard sensitivity bias setting, were exposed at 250 kVp (commonly used in small animal dosimetry) over the lifetime of MOSFET.Results: It was observed that the diagnosticMOSFETcalibration factor remained within ±4% from the initial value from 0 mV up to the age of 12,000 mV (corresponding to a dose of ∼450 cGy), and then, the calibration factor decreased on average by 19% from 12,000 mV to 18,000 mV. The therapeuticMOSFETscalibration factor decreased linearly by approximately 3% every 3,000 mV up to the age of 18,000 mV. Conclusion: The diagnosticMOSFET detectors (TN‐1002RD) maintain their initial calibration up to 12,000 mV (approximately 450 cGy), and thereafter, a larger percentage uncertainty was seen; therefore, we recommend a recalibration after the age of 15,000 mV. The therapeuticMOSFET (TN‐502RD) should be recalibrated every 5,000mV over the life of the MOSFET.
ON SUBSET SELECTION RULES WITH CERTAIN OPTIMALITY PROPERTIES.

Abstract : The rejection of the hypothesis that the k tested populations are identically distributed is in most cases not satisfactory enough to the experimenter. What he really wants to know is not whether the populations are different, but which ones are significantly different from the others and how big the deviations are. For the case where all but one are identical an answer was found by Mosteller testing homogeneity against slippage alternatives. The general problem has been approached in two different ways. The first, known as indifferent zone approach, states the goal as selecting the best population with a predetermined guaranteed probability provided that this best one exceeds the others by a preassigned amount in terms of a suitable defined distance function. This formulation is due to Bechhofer. The second, which is the one used in the investigations of the present thesis, is the subset selection approach formulated by Gupta, where the goal is the selection of a subset containing the best population with a preassigned probability. Here the number of populations retained in the selected subset is a random variable. The best population may be the one with highest (lowest) parameter value if the distributions come from a one-parameter family, in general it is the one which precedes the others with respect to some (partial) order relation. (Author)
A categorical approach to matrix Toda brackets

In this paper we give a categorical treatment of matrix Toda brackets, both in the preand post-compositional versions. Explicitly the setting in which we work is, a la Gabriel-Zisman, a 2-category with zeros. The development parallels that in the topological setting but with homotopy groups replaced by nullity groups of invertible 2-morphisms. A central notion is that of conjugation of 2-morphisms. Our treatment of matrix Toda brackets is carried forward to the point of establishing appropriate indeterminacies. 0. INTRODUCTION When P. Gabriel and M. Zisman wrote their book [3] they presented their subject (homotopy theory of simplicial sets via categories of fractions) from the most general point of view available going "back to the beginning of the theory . in the hope of providing the reader with . proofs which are easier or more conceptual than those already published. " Their study of homotopy having begun in Chapter IV they set out in Chapter V "to give a standard and self-dual proof of various exact sequences occurring in Algebraic Topology . the main idea is to construct an exact sequence in the category of pointed groupoids and then to reduce the study of a large class of 2-categories to the preceding one. " They soon specialise to 2-categories ? 1 which satisfy conditions A and B below: A. If x and y are two objects of 2', Hom sw(x, y) is a groupoid. B. There is an object o of 2' such that, for any object x of XP, Homr(o, x) and Homw(x, o) are isomorphic to the zero category Continuing in the spirit of Gabriel and Zisman the present paper is a contribution to an abstract theory of homotopy that assumes the existence of a 2-category &' satisfying only condition B. Indeed it can be regarded as sequel to a paper [8] by the third author which, in the setting of an arbitrary 2-category, studies the notion of homotopy equivalence and characterises the homotopy equivalences in various lax categories. Here the development parallels that in the topological setting but with track groups of the form 7r(EX, Y) or 7r(X, Q2Y) replaced by nullity groups of invertible 2-morphisms. A central notion is that of conjugation of 2-morphisms. This notion is available in any 2-category but does not seem to have been used previously. In fact when Received by the editors June 9, 1993. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 18D05, 55Q05, 55Q35. 1995 American Mathematical Society
Vector level sets for description of propagating cracks in finite elements

A new level set method is developed for describing surfaces that are frozen behind a moving front, such as cracks. In this formulation, the level set is described in two dimensions by a three‐tuple: the sign of the level set function and the components of the closest point projection to the surface. The update of the level set is constructed by geometric formulas, which are easily implemented. Results are given for growth of lines in two dimensions that show the method is very accurate. The method combines very naturally with the extended finite element method (XFEM) where the discontinuous enrichment for cracks is best described in terms of level set functions. Examples of crack growth simulations obtained by combining this level set method with the extended finite element method are given. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling the Air-Cooled Gas Turbine: Part 2—Coolant Flows and Losses

This paper is Part II of a study concerned with developing a formal framework for modeling air-cooled gas turbine cycles. It deals with the detailed specification of coolant flowrates and losses. For accurate performance assessment, it is necessary to divide the turbine expansion into individual stages with stator and rotor rows being treated separately. Particular care is needed when deriving the equations for the rotor, and it is shown how all required flow variables can be estimated from minimal data if design values are unavailable. Specification of the cooling flowrates is based on a modified Holland and Thake procedure, which can be formalized in terms of averaged parameters. Thermal barrier coatings can be included if present. The importance of allowing for fluctuations in combustor outlet temperature is stressed and procedures for dealing with end-wall and disk cooling are suggested. There is confusion in the literature concerning cooling losses, and it is shown how these may be defined and subdivided in a consistent way. The importance of representing losses in terms of irreversible entropy creation rather than total pressure loss is stressed. A set of models for the components of the cooling loss are presented and sample calculations are used to illustrate the division and magnitude of the loss.
The effects of stable stratification on turbulent diffusion and the decay of grid turbulence

Experiments are described in which a grid is towed horizontally along a large tank filled first with water and then with a stably stratified saline solution. The decay rates of the r.m.s. turbulent velocity components (w’, v’) perpendicular to the mean motion are measured by a ‘Taylor’ diffusion probe and are found to be unaffected by the stable stratification over distances measured from 5 to 47 mesh lengths (M) downstream, and over a range of Froude number U/NM of ∞ and 8·5 to 0·5, U being the velocity and N the buoyancy frequency. The Reynolds number Mw’/ν of the turbulence was about 103, where v is the kinematic viscosity. The vertical velocity fluctuations produced near the grid were reduced by the stratification by up to 30% when U/MN ≈ 0·5. Large-scale internal wave motion was not evident from the observations within about 50 mesh lengths of the grid. The turbulent diffusion from a point source located 4·7 mesh lengths downstream was studied. σy, σz, the horizontal and vertical plume widths, were measured by a rake of probes. σy was found to be largely unaffected by the stratification and grew like t½, while σz was found in all cases to reach an asymptotic limit σz∞ where 0·5 [les ] σz∞N/w’s [les ] 2, w’s being the r.m.s. velocity fluctuations at the source; the time taken for σz to reach its maximum was about 2N−1. These results are largely in agreement with the theoretical models of Csanady (1964) and Pearson, Puttock & Hunt (1983).
Helium Emission from Classical T Tauri Stars: Dual Origin in Magnetospheric Infall and Hot Wind

High-resolution emission-line profiles of He I and He II in 31 classical T Tauri stars are analyzed with the aim of probing the environs of the star-disk interface in accreting low-mass young stars. The diagnostic power of the helium lines lies in their high-excitation potentials, which restrict their formation to a region either of high temperature or close proximity to a source of ionizing radiation. The He I profiles are decomposed into kinematic components that support the paradigm of magnetically controlled accretion from the disk onto the stellar surface but also require a significant contribution from a hot wind. A narrow component, seen in 28/31 stars, is characterized by relatively uniform line widths and centroid velocities among all the helium lines. Our analysis supports previous conclusions that this feature is consistent with formation in the decelerating postshock gas at the magnetosphere footpoint. A broad component, seen in 22/31 stars, displays a diversity of kinematic properties. Our analysis suggests that in many stars the He I broad component is itself composite. At one extreme are stars where the broad component is redshifted in excess of 8 km s-1, as would occur if helium emission arises primarily from polar angles less than 54. °7 in the funnel flow. At the other extreme are stars where the broad component is blueshifted in excess of -30 km s-1, requiring an origin in outflowing gas. The additional occurrence of maximum blue wing velocities exceeding -200 km s-1 in 14 stars leads us to argue that hot winds are present in about half of our sample. The relation between the narrow component and the optical veiling differs between the stars with or without a hot helium wind, suggesting that when the hot wind is present the luminosity and temperature of the accretion shock are reduced. A comparison of broad component helium emission with standard outflow indicators leads us to suggest that there are two sources of inner wind in T Tauri accretion disk systems: one a hot polar/coronal wind that prevails in stars with high veiling, and the other a more widespread cool disk wind that is likely launched at the magnetosphere/disk boundary.
The Gold(I) Complex with Plant Hormone Kinetin Shows Promising In Vitro Anticancer and PPARγ Properties

Motivated by the clinical success of gold(I) metallotherapeutic Auranofin in the effective treatment of both inflammatory and cancer diseases, we decided to prepare, characterize, and further study the [Au(kin)(PPh3)] complex (1), where Hkin = kinetin, 6-furfuryladenine, for its in vitro anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. The results revealed that the complex (1) had significant in vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines (A2780, A2780R, PC-3, 22Rv1, and THP-1), with IC50 ≈ 1–5 μM, which was even significantly better than that for the conventional platinum-based drug Cisplatin while comparable with Auranofin. Although its ability to inhibit transcription factor NF-κB activity did not exceed the comparative drug Auranofin, it has been found that it is able to positively influence peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), and as a consequence of this to have the impact of moderating/reducing inflammation. The cellular effects of the complex (1) in A2780 cancer cells were also investigated by cell cycle analysis, induction of apoptosis, intracellular ROS production, activation of caspases 3/7 and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, and shotgun proteomic analysis. Proteomic analysis of R2780 cells treated with complex (1) and starting compounds revealed possible different places of the effect of the studied compounds. Moreover, the time-dependent cellular accumulation of copper was studied by means of the mass spectrometry study with the aim of exploring the possible mechanisms responsible for its biological effects.
Bile Acids Induce Neurite Outgrowth in Nsc-34 Cells via TGR5 and a Distinct Transcriptional Profile

Increasing evidence supports a neuroprotective role for bile acids in major neurodegenerative disorders. We studied major human bile acids as signaling molecules for their two cellular receptors, farnesoid X receptor (FXR or NR1H4) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1 or TGR5), as potential neurotrophic agents. Using quantitative image analysis, we found that 20 μM deoxycholic acid (DCA) could induce neurite outgrowth in NSC-34 cells that was comparable to the neurotrophic effects of the culture control 1 μM retinoic acid (RA), with lesser effects observed for chenodexoycholic acid (CDCA) at 20 μM, and similar though less robust neurite outgrowth in SH-SY5Y cells. Using chemical agonists and antagonists of FXR, LXR, and TGR5, we found that TGR5 agonism was comparable to DCA stimulation and stronger than RA, and that neither FXR nor liver X receptor (LXR) inhibition could block bile acid-induced neurite growth. RNA sequencing identified a core set of genes whose expression was regulated by DCA, CDCA, and RA. Our data suggest that bile acid signaling through TGR5 may be a targetable pathway to stimulate neurite outgrowth.