Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Combined Analyses of Phenotype, Genotype and Climate Implicate Local Adaptation as a Driver of Diversity in Eucalyptus microcarpa (Grey Box)

Trees are a keystone species in many ecosystems and a critical component of ecological restoration. Understanding their capacity to respond to climate change is essential for conserving biodiversity and determining appropriate restoration seed sources. Patterns of local adaptation to climate between populations within a species can inform such conservation decisions and are often investigated from either a quantitative trait or molecular genetic basis. Here, we present findings from a combined analysis of phenotype (quantitative genetic analysis), genotype (single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) trait associations), and climate associations. We draw on the strength of this combined approach to investigate pre-existing climate adaptation and its genetic basis in Eucalyptus microcarpa (Grey box), an important tree for ecological restoration in south-eastern Australia. Phenotypic data from a 26-year-old provenance trial demonstrated significant genetic variation in growth and leaf traits at both the family and provenance levels. Growth traits were only associated with temperature, whilst leaf traits were associated with temperature, precipitation and aridity. Genotyping of 40 putatively adaptive SNPs from previous genome-wide analyses identified 9 SNPs associated with these traits. Drawing on previous SNP–climate association results, several associations were identified between all three comparisons of phenotype, genotype and climate. By combining phenotypic with genomic analyses, these results corroborate genomic findings and enhance understanding of climate adaptation in E. microcarpa. We discuss the implication of these results for conservation management and restoration under climate change.
The Development and Initial Validation of a Self-Report Job Precariousness Scale Suitable for Use With Young Adults Who Study and Work

Precarious employment has been increasing worldwide. Yet there are few scales suitable to assess it, and no scales to measure perceived job precariousness in working students who are particularly vulnerable. Using classic test theory, we generated 21 job precariousness items and had them reviewed by experts. In Study 1 (N = 282, 63% female, mean age 22 years), exploratory factor analysis yielded four factors of job conditions, security, remuneration, and flexibility, each with 3 items. In Study 2 (N = 211, 75% female, mean age 22 years), confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that this four-factor model was the best fit compared to unidimensional, second-order, and bifactor models. Cronbach’s α coefficients for all factors and the full-scale score were sound (all >.78). Validity was supported by showing that precariousness was related negatively to life satisfaction and employer support and positively to job insecurity, financial strain, and subjective social status. Precariousness was unrelated to age, sex, and hours worked. The Job Precariousness Scale has the potential to promote research into the effects of precarious employment on working students’ current and future functioning and achievement and how experiences of precariousness influence the development of a precarity identity.
Peritoneal inflammatory cells in plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L.: effects of stress and endotoxin

When plaice were injected intraperitoneally with either oyster glycogen or live Vibrio alginolyticus an acute cellular inflammatory response was observed. The duration of these responses, 7 and 15 days respectively, exceeded the time course of the mammalian cellular inflammatory reaction. Peak leucocyte numbers were found at 2–3 days and neutrophils, which were phagocytic, were more numerous than macrophages. Although the increase in macrophage numbers was less marked, these cells appeared more actively phagocytic than neutrophils. Cortisol injections and environmentally-induced stress caused a significant reduction in the extent of inflammatory cell infiltrates, while endotoxin significantly enhanced the response.
La distribution de quatorze marqueurs génétiques dans la population de l'Ile de Corse (France)

Resume. — Quatorze marqueurs erythrocytaires, plasmatiques et antigeniques, ont ete analyses sur 170 echantillons sanguins representatifs de la population du centre de la Corse. Les resultats obtenus ont ete confrontes, par l'intermediaire de l'analyse en composantes principales et des distances genetiques, aux donnees concernant d'autres populations principalement mediterraneennes. Les relations genetiques etablies sont discutees en fonction des donnees historiques et archeologiques.
MlAB10: A Triticum turgidum Subsp. dicoccoides Derived Powdery Mildew Resistance Gene Identified in Common Wheat

Powdery mildew is an economically important disease in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). NC97BGTAB10 contains powdery mildew resistance introgressed from wild emmer wheat (T. turgidum subsp. dicoccoides). The objectives of this research were to genetically characterize the powdery mildew resistance in NC97BGTAB10, identify SSR markers closely linked to the resistance gene, and provide evidence that the gene is novel. One hundred thirty nine F2:3 lines from the cross NC97BGTAB10/Saluda were evaluated in the fi eld and greenhouse for reaction to powdery mildew. Resistance was controlled by a single gene. Bulked segregant analysis identifi ed a polymorphism between the resistant and susceptible bulks on chromosome 2BL. The population was genotyped with SSR markers that were specifi c to chromosome 2B and a linkage map was developed. The SSR marker Xwmc445 mapped 7 cM proximal to the resistance gene and no marker could be mapped distal to the gene. It was concluded that the resistance gene lies in the distal tip of chromosome 2BL. The powdery mildew resistance genes Pm33 and MlZec1 have also been mapped to the region. A detached leaf test with two powdery mildew isolates indicated the resistance gene in NC97BGTAB10 was different from MlZec1. No allelism test could be conducted to determine the relationships between the resistance genes in NC97BGTAB10, Pm33 or MlZec1 at this time. Thus, the resistance gene in NC97BGTAB10 was given the temporary designation MlAB10. J. J. Maxwell, LDB-Independence, 2332 Henley Ave., Independence, IA. 50644. J.H. Lyerly and J.P. Murphy, Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695. G. Srnic, Pioneer– Hybrid International, Inc., Via Madre Teresa Di Calcuta 2/4, 26030 Pessina Cremonese (CR), Italy. C. Cowger, D. Marshall, and R. Parks, USDAARS Plant Sciences Research, Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695. G. Brown-Guedira, USDA-ARS Plant Sciences Research, Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695. Received 7 Apr. 2010. *Corresponding author (paul_murphy@ncsu.edu). Published in Crop Sci. 50:2261–2267 (2010). doi: 10.2135/cropsci2010.04. 0195 Published online 27 Sept. 2010. © Crop Science Society of America | 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
On the Measurement of Relative Variability

The fact that elephants may have a standard deviation of 50 mm for some linear dimension and shrews a standard deviation of . 5 mm for the same dimension does not necessarily mean that the ele,phants are more variable, in the essential zoological sense, than shrews. The elephants are one hundred times the size of shrews in any case, and we should expect the absolute variation also to be about a hundred times as great without any essential difference in functional variability.
Accountability in agricultural governance and food security in Nigeria

Abstract This study explores the relationship between agricultural governance and food security in Nigeria and employs two main approaches: descriptive and econometric. The econometric approach engages Autoregressive Distribution Lag (ARDL) in examining the long-run relationship between the indicators of food security and agricultural governance for the period 1985 to 2016. The results show that in the long-run, agricultural performance contribute to food security in Nigeria. The findings from the descriptive analysis unveil that Nigeria has the highest number of undernourished people, which increased by 22% between 2000 and 2001. Between 2000 and 2015, the population grew by 30.60% with the rate of violence increasing by 55%. The study recommends, among others, that accountability in addressing the challenges in the implementation of food security programs and ensuring timely distribution of food resources is germane.
Este es el fin de la escuela tal y como la conocemos. Unas reflexiones en tiempo de confinamiento.

La crisis provocada por la COVID-19 ha situado a la escuela en un escenario inedito. De un dia para otro, la ensenanza –cuando esto ha sido posible- ha pasado de ser presencial a serlo virtual. Se desconoce tanto el porcentaje de profesores como de alumnos que pueden estar ensenando y aprendiendo telematicamente y a que estrategias estan recurriendo. En este escenario, las diferencias en terminos de capital economico y cultural se agravan. Si no se adoptan medidas radicales, es posible que este periodo sin docencia presencial pueda pasar factura a toda una generacion. Profesores, alumnos y padres y madres estan accediendo a contenidos didacticos –del tipo de la academia Khan- que ponen de manifiesto que es posible aprender de otra manera, de un modo mas autonomo. Esto puede traducirse en una redefinicion creativa e innovadora del papel del profesor. Es posible que, a partir de la vuelta a la docencia presencial, no sea preciso pasar tantas horas en la escuela y, muy especialmente, en el aula. La universidad, igualmente, deberia aprovechar la ventaja de contar con mas medios y con un estudiantado mas conectado a la red que el del resto de los niveles educativos, para acometer una transformacion profunda de su docencia.
An Intensifying Urban–Rural Schism in U.S. Women’s Preference for Governmental Solutions to Social Problems

During the Reagan Revolution, a significant gender gap emerged, accompanied by an urban–rural schism in party preference by gender, one manifestation of the nation’s widening urban–rural divide. Using the General Social Survey (GSS) data from 1972 to 2018, we explore this urban–rural schism in party preference by running several ordinary least squares models and specifications. Controlling for individuals’ traits, we find that differences in the preference for governmental action to address social problems lie at the heart of this gender gap and are further explained by location. Urban women are far more likely than urban men to call for the government to solve problems of income inequality; rural women, like rural men, are much more likely to emphasize individual responsibility and self-sufficiency.
Trichoderma protoplast fusion: a tool for improving biocontrol agents

Protoplasts from two auxotrophic mutants of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai (ATCC 32173), obtained from young thalli following cell wall digestion by NovoZym 234, were fused in 33% PEG suspended in 10 mM Tris-HCl and 10 mM CaCl2, pH 7.5. The frequency of fusion between lysine- and arginine-requiring auxotrophs resulting in prototrophic strains was about 5%. These prototrophic strains were classified into parental and nonparental types. Colonies developed from single conidia of the nonparental phenotype exhibited prototrophic parental or recombinant phenotypes. The ability of both prototrophic and parental strains to overgrow the soil-borne pathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Pythium aphanidermatum in dual cultures was used to evaluate their antagonistic capability. The antagonistic abilities of the prototrophic strains were found to vary with each pathogenic fungus. The prototrophic strain A2 overgrew all the pathogenic fungi more rapidly than the parental strains. Strain A2 effective.
Diversidade de ácaros (Arachnida: Acari) em Hymenaea martiana (Leguminosae) em gradiente de tamanho de plantas

The mite communities on plants with different sizes of Hymenaea martiana Hayne (Leguminosae) were studied in a remnant of Mata Estacional Semidecidual in transition to Cerrado forest. The plants were selected according to the height and perimeter of trunk at 10 cm from the soil. Biweekly samples from March 2007 to March 2008 were performed, with three leaves collected from the outer and three from the inner branches at level of median canopy region for each plant selected. Diversity indexes were applied in order to verify the ecological patterns of mite community among the plants. We recorded 109,445 mites belonging to 28 species and 14 families on H. martiana. The population density of nine species of mites, among 19 classified as frequent and accessory, varied according to the plant size. While the population densities of Chiapacheylus edentatus De Leon, 1962, Euseius cf. errabundus, Pronematus sp. , Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) and Tarsonemus sp. had positive correlation with the plant size, the densities of Aberoptus aff. cerostructor, Euseius sibelius (De Leon, 1962), Typhlodromalus aripo De Leon, 1967 and Phytoseius nahuatlensis De Leon, 1959 had negative correlation. There was no influence of the plant height on the species richness and total density of mites between leaves from the inner and outer branches sampled in plants with different sizes. The physiological variations between individuals of H. martiana in different ontogenetic stages, in addition to abiotics traits, might have influenced the occurrence and distribution of mites on this plant.
Group size, composition, and reproductive success in wild common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Data from published sources about size and composition of wild common marmoset groups (Callithrix jacchus) were analyzed to see if the number of juveniles in a group is closely related to the number of other group members. Mean group size was 8.7 members including 4.4 adults (1.8 females, 2.5 males), 2.9 subadults, and 1.4 juveniles. The number of juveniles was significantly positively correlated to the number of adult males. Groups with one or two adult males had significantly fewer juveniles (mean: 1:1 juveniles) than groups containing more than two adult males (mean: 2.0 juveniles). Apart from a different number of subadults, results showed obvious similarities between common marmosets and tamarins of the genus Saguinus in size and composition of subgroups of adults as well as the key role of adult males in mediating the reproductive success of a breeding female. Common marmoset females seem to gain direct fitness benefits in increased reproductive success from the presence of a larger number of adult males. Whether or not other group members get fitness benefits depends on the reproductive strategy of adult males (monogamy vs. polyandry), their kinship, and on the genetic relationship of nonbreeders to the offspring of the breeding female. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Palmetto Bass Movements and Habitat Use in a Fluctuating Colorado Irrigation Reservoir

Abstract Movement and habitat use by adult palmetto bass (female striped bass Morone saxatilis × male white bass M. chrysops) were monitored with ultrasonic transmitters in a 1,166-ha fluctuating irrigation reservoir in eastern Colorado. Movement varied by diel periods, and heterogeneity was recorded among individuals. Minimum estimates for displacement ranged from 30 to 558 m/h. Factors that appeared to influence movement included water clarity, water temperature, and barometric pressure, although these relationships explained little variability in the multiple-regression model used. Palmetto bass exhibited a preference for nearshore areas, but they did not select for cover types within that region. As the water level in the reservoir was reduced through irrigation drawdown, the fish used deeper areas of the lake than during periods of water level stability. Knowledge of the influence of these variables on activity patterns should help improve catch rates for anglers and sampling efficiency for biologists.
Generalist plants are more competitive and more functionally similar to each other than specialist plants: insights from network analyses

Ecological specialization is defined by the variety of environments species occupy. Identifying the mechanisms that influence specialization is critical to understand patterns of species coexistence and biodiversity. However, the functional attributes that result in specialization are still unknown. Similarly, there is contrasting evidence between the degree of specialization and the local abundance of species. We investigated whether specialist and generalist plant species (a) are associated with distinct functional profiles, using core plant functional traits and strategies, (b) show similar functional variation and (c) perform at the local scale.
Some attitudinal predictors of fair-trade buying behavior in the United States

The purpose of this research was to determine which attitudes predict the propensity of individual consumers in the United States to purchase fair trade products. In doing so, drivers of fair trade growth and implications for marketing strategy were identified. Previous research regarding attitudes that predict fair trade consumption had been conducted primarily in Europe. In contrast, few attitudinal studies utilizing a probability sample had been conducted within the context of the United States. This effort replicated a study previously conducted in Belgium in 2007 by De Pelsmacker and Janssens utilizing their model for fair trade buying behavior, which found a connection between positive attitudes and level of fair trade knowledge, perception of fair trade information quality, degree of product interest, degree of product likeability, and price perception. Similar empirical studies conducted in the United States have been limited (particularly those involving a probability sample), providing marketers with little understanding of the American fair trade consumer (Pharr, 2011). In addition, few studies have been replicated in multiple markets, limiting an understanding of the global fair trade consumer. Using an online survey facilitated by a panel provider, data was collected from consumers in the United States ages 18 and older. Structural equation modeling was employed to examine attitudes and their relationship to fair trade purchase levels. Results indicated that knowledge of fair trade, skepticism, information quality, and product likeability are important attitudes when considering fair trade buying behavior of consumers in the United States. Knowledge levels of fair trade and information about fair trade that is of high quality had a direct impact on fair trade buying behavior. While reduced levels of skepticism impacted attitudes toward fair trade products, positive attitudes toward fair trade products did not produce fair trade buying behavior
Estimation of genome size and physical mapping of ribosomal DNA in diploid and tetraploid guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.)

Guineagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) is one of the most important tropical forage grasses due to its high productivity and good forage qualities. Although P. maximum is important forage, basic genomic information such as genome size and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) ideogram information have not been reported. In this study, the DNA contents of one diploid strain and three tetraploid cultivars of P. maximum were examined by flow cytometry and rDNA loci were physical mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The DNA content of the diploid strain was determined to be approximately 500 Mbp, which is of similar size to Oryza sativa and represents a relatively small genome size when compared to other members of the plant kingdom. The tetraploid cultivars were determined to exhibit a genome size of approximately 1000 Mbp. FISH with rDNA probes was applied to diploid and tetraploid strains. The numbers of 5S rDNA loci in the diploid and the tetraploids were two and four, respectively. The number of 45S rDNA loci varied from four to eight among the tetraploids. Constructed quantitative ideograms of diploid strain by image analysis indicated that the difference in the number of 45S rDNA is dependent on the presence or absence of the locus on chromosome 2. The determined DNA content and constructed ideograms in this study are useful for future research efforts on P. maximum in areas focused on cultivar development, gene isolation of apomixis loci and mutation research.
Pollination networks and functional specialization: a test using Lesser Antillean plant–hummingbird assemblages

Network analysis has in recent years improved our understanding of pollination systems. However, there is very little information about how functionally specialized plants and pollinators interact directly and indirectly in pollination networks. We have developed a parameter, Functional specialization index, to quantify functional specialization in pollination networks. Using this parameter, we examined whether different sized hummingbirds visit a distinct set of flowers in five hummingbird-pollinated plant assemblages from the Lesser Antilles, obtaining a simple relationship between hummingbird body size, network parameter and ecological function. In the Lesser Antilles, functionally specialized hummingbird pollination is distinct for plant species pollinated by the largest hummingbird species, whereas the pollination niche gradually integrates with the insect pollinator community as hummingbird body size decreases. The network approach applied in this study can be used to validate functional specialization and community-level interdependence between plants and pollinators, and it is therefore useful for evaluating and predicting plant resilience to pollinator loss, presently a global concern.
A Comparison of the Polarimetric Radar Characteristics of Heavy Rainfall From Hurricanes Harvey (2017) and Florence (2018)

Polarimetric coastal radar data are used to compare the rainfall characteristics of Hurricanes Harvey (2017) and Florence (2018). Intense rainfall was an infrequent yet important contributor to the total rainfall in Harvey, but its relative contribution varied spatially. The total rainfall over land maximized near the coast over Beaumont, TX, due to intense convection resulting from prolonged onshore flow downshear from the circulation center. Overall, polarimetric radar observations in Harvey show a dominance of high concentrations of small‐to‐medium drops, consistent with prior tropical cyclone studies. The microphysical characteristics were spatially and temporally inhomogeneous however, with larger drops more frequent on 27 August and higher number concentrations more frequent on 28 and 30 August. The polarimetric variables and raindrop characteristics observed during Florence share broad similarities to Harvey, but had reduced variability, fewer observations of stronger reflectivity and differential reflectivity, and a lower frequency of high number concentrations and medium‐sized drops. The radar data indicate Florence had reduced coverage of stronger convection compared to Harvey. We hypothesize that differences in storm motion, intensity decay rates, and vertical wind shear produce the distinct precipitation structures and microphysical differences seen in Harvey and Florence.