Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High Seebeck effects from conducting polymer: Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) based thin-film device with hybrid metal/polymer/metal architecture

Conductive polymers are of particular interest for thermoelectric applications due to their low thermal conductivity and relatively high electrical conductivity. In this study, commercially available conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) was used in a hybrid metal/polymer/metal thin film design in order to achieve a high Seebeck coefficient with the value of 252 μV/k on a relatively low temperature scale. Polymer film thickness was varied in order to investigate its influence on the Seebeck effect. The high Seebeck coefficient indicates that the metal/polymer/metal design can develop a large entropy difference in internal energy of charge carriers between high and low-temperature metal electrodes to develop electrical potential due to charge transport in conducting polymer film through metal/polymer interface. Therefore, the metal/polymer/metal structure presents a new design to combine inorganic metals and organic polymers in thin-film form to develop Seebeck devices.
Robust Bayes Estimation

This article deals with robust Bayes estimation, namely Stable action, Conditional Gamma-Minimax action and Posterior Regret Gamma-Minimax action. We extend the results of Meczarski (1993) and obtain the exact actions in each case. The results are applied for a family of one-parameter exponential families introduced by Morris (1983) as an extension of the results of Boratynska (1997).
Risk factors for melioidosis in Udupi District, Karnataka, India, January 2017-July 2018

We initiated an epidemiological investigation following the death of a previously healthy 17 year-old boy with neuro-melioidosis. A case was defined as a culture-confirmed melioidosis patient from Udupi district admitted to hospital A from January 2013—July 2018. For the case control study, we enrolled a subset of cases admitted to hospital A from January 2017- July 2018. A control was resident of Udupi district admitted to hospital A in July 2018 with a non-infectious condition. Using a matched case-control design, we compared each case to 3 controls using age and sex groups. We assessed for risk factors related to water storage, activities of daily living, injuries and environmental exposures (three months prior to hospitalization), using conditional regression analysis. We identified 50 cases with case fatality rate 16%. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus was present in 84% cases and 66% of cases occurred between May and October (rainy season). Percutaneous inoculation through exposure to stagnant water and injury leading to breakage in the skin were identified as an important mode of transmission. We used these findings to develop a surveillance case definition and initiated training of the district laboratory for melioidosis diagnosis.
Effect of Nonuniform Magnetization on the Spin‐Wave Spectrum in Thin Ferromagnetic Films

It was first suggested by Portis that the linear positioning of the first few spin‐wave modes observed in some ferromagnetic films could be due to a nonuniform static magnetization M and he examined a simple model which showed this effect. This model, where the magnetization falls parabolically from the film center, has been studied in greater detail. The modes found by Portis are incorrect in detail, since they all collapse onto the uniform mode as the distortion of M goes to zero. A more suitable choice of boundary conditions gives rise to a spectrum where the lower modes are linearly positioned whereas the higher modes tend to the more usual quadratic positioning. For a given relative distortion, the number of linear modes should be greater the thicker the film. This is in agreement with the measurements of Kooi, Wigen, and Nisenoff on Permalloy films, though the transition between linear and quadratic positioning observed by Nisenoff is much more abrupt than this model predicts.
Experimental confirmation of horizontal refraction of cw acoustic radiation from a point source in a wedge‐shaped ocean environment

Analysis of experimental data obtained in the region of the East Australian Continental Slope has been found to be consistent with theoretical predictions of energetic horizontal refraction due to multiple reflections from a sloping bottom. The observed azimuthal characteristics are in accordance with both normal mode and ray theoretical solutions. The experiment, conducted with two ships (one towing a source and the other an array), started in water ≊400 to 500 m deep with an initial separation of 34 km and proceeded to deeper water on a diverging but constant line of bearing course. Bearing shifts deduced from beamformed data show changes of tens of degrees in as little as half an hour. These bearing shifts demonstrate the dominance of horizontally refracted arrivals for the geometry. A combination of source–array positions and critical angle effects served to limit both the azimuthal extent of energy received and the total number of modes arriving at any one position.
Bioprinting of alginate-carboxymethyl chitosan scaffolds for enamel tissue engineering in vitro

Tissue engineering offers a great potential in regenerative dentistry and to this end, three dimensional (3D) bioprinting has been emerging nowadays to enable the incorporation of living cells into the biomaterials (such a mixture is referred as a bioink in the literature) to create scaffolds. However, the bioinks available for scaffold bioprinting are limited, particularly for dental tissue engineering, due to the complicated, yet compromised, printability, mechanical and biological properties simultaneously imposed on the bioinks. This paper presents our study on the development of a novel bioink from carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and alginate (Alg) for bioprinting scaffolds for enamel tissue regeneration. CMC was used due to its antibacterial ability and superior cell interaction properties, while Alg was added to enhance the printability and mechanical properties as well as to regulate the degradation rate. The bioinks with three mixture ratios of Alg and CMC (2–4, 3–3 and 4–2) were prepared, and then printed into the calcium chloride crosslinker solution (100 mM) to form a 3D structure of scaffolds. The printed scaffolds were characterized in terms of structural, swelling, degradation, and mechanical properties, followed by their in vitro characterization for enamel tissue regeneration. The results showed that the bioinks with higher concentrations of Alg were more viscous and needed higher pressure for printing; while the printed scaffolds were highly porous and showed a high degree of printability and structural integrity. The hydrogels with higher CMC ratios had higher swelling ratios, faster degradation rates, and lower compressive modulus. Dental epithelial cell line, HAT-7, could maintain high viability in the printed constructs after 1, 7 and 14 d of culture. HAT-7 cells were also able to maintain their morphology and secrete alkaline phosphatase after 14 d of culture in the 3D printed scaffolds, suggesting the capacity of these cells for mineral deposition and enamel-like tissue formation. Among all combinations Alg4%–CMC2% and in a less degree 2%Alg–4%CMC showed the higher potential to promote ameloblast differentiation, Ca and P deposition and matrix mineralization in vitro. Taken together, Alg-CMC has been illustrated to be suitable to print scaffolds with dental epithelial cells for enamel tissue regeneration.
Shock tube flows past partially opened diaphragms

Unsteady compressible flows resulting from the incomplete burst of the shock tube diaphragm are investigated both experimentally and numerically for different initial pressure ratios and opening diameters. The intensity of the shock wave is found to be lower than that corresponding to a complete opening. A heuristic relation is proposed to compute the shock strength as a function of the relative area of the open portion of the diaphragm. Strong pressure oscillations past the shock front are also observed. These multi-dimensional disturbances are generated when the initially normal shock wave diffracts from the diaphragm edges and reflects on the shock tube walls, resulting in a complex unsteady flow field behind the leading shock wave. The limiting local frequency of the pressure oscillations is found to be very close to the ratio of acoustic wave speed in the perturbed region to the shock tube diameter. The power associated with these pressure oscillations decreases with increasing distance from the diaphragm since the diffracted and reflected shocks partially coalesce into a single normal shock front. A simple analytical model is devised to explain the reduction of the local frequency of the disturbances as the distance from the leading shock increases.
Suppression of oxygen vacancy formation in Hf-based high-k dielectrics by lanthanum incorporation

The effects of lanthanum incorporation into HfO2 dielectrics were studied using first-principles total energy calculations. The author’s computational result clearly showed that the formation energy of a neutral oxygen vacancy (VO0) in the vicinity of substitutional La atoms at Hf sites is 0.7eV larger than that in pure HfO2, indicating that the concentration of VO0’s is drastically reduced by La incorporation. This effect is understood to be caused by the decrease in the local dielectric constant κL around La atoms due to the strong ionic character of the La–O bond compared to the Hf–O bond.
Association Between Emotional Eating, Sociodemographic Characteristics, Physical Activity, Sleep Duration, and Mental and Physical Health in Young Adults

Background Emotional eating (EmE) is one of the most common eating behaviors maladaptive among young adults, however, in the Peruvian context, it remains unexplored. Objective The aim of the study was to determine the association between negative EmE, sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity, sleep duration, and mental and physical health in young adults. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 400 young Peruvian adults living in three regions of Peru (coast, jungle, and highlands). An online survey was used to collect information on sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity, sleep duration, depressive symptoms, anxiety, hypertension, and negative EmE. In addition, self-reported anthropometric data were collected to calculate body mass index (BMI). Results Approximately 55.8% of women presented negative EmE. Logistic regression analysis revealed that participants aged 30–39 years were less likely to have negative EmE in both female and male gender, OR; 0.24, 95% CI; 0.08–0.66, p<0.01 and OR; 0.40, 95% CI; 0.16–0.97, p<0.05, respectively. Perform physical activity 3 to 4 times 5.22 (95% CI: 1.31–20.78), 1 to 2 times a week 5.77 (95% CI: 1.91–17.44), and never 15.18 (95% CI: 3.90–59.00) were associated with negative EmE. Moreover, sleeping less than 7 hours per day (OR; 2.26, 95% CI; 1.04–4.90), depressive symptoms (OR = 6.29, 95% CI: 1.27–31.19), anxiety (OR = 14.13, 95% CI: 2.46–80. 97, p<0.01), hypertension (OR = 7.58, 95% CI: 1.24–46.17), and BMI ≥25 (overweight/obese) (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.66–3.41) were associated with negative EmE. Conclusion The findings show that there is an association between negative EmE, sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity, sleep duration, and mental and physical health in young adults.
The Penetration of Mountain Waves into the Middle Atmosphere

Abstract A linear nonhydrostatic model of gravity waves forced by a bell-shaped ridge is used to investigate the penetration of mountain waves into the stratosphere and mesosphere during winter and fall. Gravity waves with horizontal scales less than 30 km are found to be trapped near the tropopause and the stratopause in regions of strong winds. The effect of trapping these modes produces a disturbance whose structure broadens with height. In the mesosphere the disturbance appears 20–40 km downstream from the forcing depending on the strength of the intervening winds. Wavebreaking associated with the mountain wave is predicted in the lower stratosphere as a result of wave superposition; no individual harmonic reaches breaking amplitude. In the mesosphere, wave breakdown is more prevalent, and the disturbance spectrum is relatively more monochromatic as a result of the filtering of the shorter scale modes by the lower atmosphere.
Scheduling, Location, Transportation, and Continuum Mechanics: Some Simple Approximations to Optimization Problems

Many optimization problems involve the determination of a large number of (perhaps vector-valued) parameters which collectively can be represented as a set of points in some space of small dimension. For example, one may wish to determine a set of times $\{ {t_j } \}$ at which to dispatch buses (a set of points on the real line), or to locate public facilities in a city (a set of points in the plane). In many of these problems, the objective function is more sensitive to spacings between the points than to their precise location. By elementary methods, one can often find an approximate global optimal by simply choosing the spacings (or approximate density of points) so as to give a “local optimal” everywhere in the space.
Analysis and optimization of the edge effect for III–V nanowire synthesis via selective area metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

Selective Area Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (SA-MOCVD) is a promising technique for the scale-up of nanowire fabrication. Our previous study investigated the growth mechanism of SA-MOCVD processes by quantifying contributions from various diffusion sources. However, the edge effect on nanostructure uniformity captured by skirt area diffusion was not quantitatively analyzed. This work further improves our understanding of the process by considering the edge effect as a superposition of skirt area diffusion and “blocking effect” and optimizing the edge effect for uniformity control of nanowire growth. We directly model the blocking effect of nanowires in the process of precursor diffusion from the skirt area to the center of a substrate. The improved model closely captures the distribution of the nanowire length across the substrate. Physical interpretation of the edge effect is provided. With the established model, we provide a method to optimize the width of the skirt area to improve the predicted structural uniformity of SA-MOCVD growth.
An electron cyclotron maser instability for astrophysical plasmas

The electron cyclotron maser instability is analyzed for a plasma which consists of a suprathermal electron component characterized by velocity‐space anisotropies in directions both parallel and perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field, as well as a high‐density thermal plasma in which ωe∼Ωe (where ωe and Ωe are the electron plasma and cyclotron frequencies). The complete relativistic resonance condition is used and shown to result in a ‘‘resonance ellipse’’ in momentum space. The instability is considered for both cold and warm suprathermal electron distributions, and for frequencies ω∼Ωe in the ordinary mode and ω∼2Ωe in the fast extraordinary mode. It is shown that the growth rates are comparable for these harmonics over a wide range of parameters which, since they are escape modes of the plasma, can lead to comparable radiation intensities.
Entropymetry for detecting microcracks in high-nickel layered oxide cathodes

Significance Monitoring the health of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is the first step toward warranting the operating quality of a battery throughout its lifetime. Nonetheless, diagnosing the state of health of a battery cell without disassembly is nontrivial. In conventional thermodynamics, entropy refers to the directionality of a system related to the degree of freedom or the configurational change when targeting the crystal structure. In this study, this thermodynamic principle is introduced to describe and monitor the structural heterogeneity of the LIB cathode, particularly focusing on microcracks that are known to degrade the performance of high-nickel layered cathodes. Entropymetry is demonstrated as a nondestructive diagnostic tool for examining the cathode, with the ultimate goal of improving the safety and reliability of LIBs.
Simultaneous radar and aircraft observations of mixed‐phase cloud at the 100 m scale

Three UK C‐130 aircraft flights performed in conjunction with the Chilbolton Advanced Meteorological Radar were carried out in mixed‐phase clouds. The aircraft instrumentation included the Small Ice Detector (SID) and Nevzorov probe that are both capable of discriminating between liquid and ice phase. It was found that particle sphericity measured by the SID could be successfully used as a proxy for particle phase. Using a combination of the SID and other probes it is possible to determine whether a 100 m cloud segment is ice, liquid or mixed‐phase. Regions as short as 100 m exhibited mixed‐phase characteristics. There was generally good agreement between water phase indicated by the SID and Nevzorov probes, with any differences arising from the fact that the SID provides a number‐weighted estimate of dominant phase, while the Nevzorov probe provides a mass‐weighted estimate. The radar and aircraft observations show that when high values of differential reflectivity are observed the nearby presence of liquid water is indicated. When large ice crystals are present in deeper cloud they can suppress the differential reflectivity signal. Therefore the absence of a high differential reflectivity signal does not necessarily mean that liquid water is absent. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2004. P. R. Field's and P. R. A. Brown's contributions are Crown copyright.
The effect of clamping sequence on dimensional variability of a manufactured automotive sheet metal sub-assembly

ABSTRACT The use of holding and inspection fixtures is common across many sectors of manufacturing. The concept of a fixture for holding a component, for the purposes of assembly or inspection, is straightforward. The fixture design and the associated clamping strategy can have a significant impact on the process. This paper presents a methodology for investigating the effects of clamping sequence for a production inspection fixture, on the dimensional variability of an automotive production-representative sheet metal sub-assembly, along with experimental findings and analysis of measurement data. The study utilises both a coordinate measuring machine and laser tracker to capture a range of features and surface points, and compares four different clamping sequences, including the manufacturer’s defined sequence, to evaluate their effect on the dimensional results from a predetermined measurement plan. The results from the study show that there was significant variation in measurements taken from the four different clamping sequences, and these variations can show the same points and/or features being within tolerance for one clamping sequence and out of tolerance for another. This clearly has major implications for product development and subsequent volume manufacture, so needs to be considered and optimised in the measurement planning process.
Distributional properties of estimated capability indices based on subsamples

Under the assumption of normality, the distribution of estimators of a class of capability indices, containing the indices $C_p$, $C_{pk}$, $C_{pm}$ and $C_{pmk}$, is derived when the process parameters are estimated from subsamples. The process mean is estimated using the grand average and the process variance is estimated using the pooled variance from subsamples collected over time for an in‐control process. The derived theory is then applied to study the use of hypothesis testing to assess process capability. Numerical investigations are made to explore the effect of the size and number of subsamples on the efficiency of the hypothesis test for some indices in the studied class. The results for $C_{pm}$ and $C_{pk}$ indicate that, even when the total number of sampled observations remains constant, the power of the test decreases as the subsample size decreases. It is shown how the power of the test is dependent not only on the subsample size and the number of subsamples, but also on the relative location of the process mean from the target value. As part of this investigation, a simple form of the cumulative distribution function for the non‐central $\chi^2$‐distribution is also provided. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Communication of Value Judgements and its Effects on Climate Scientists’ Perceived Trustworthiness

ABSTRACT Scientists are called upon by policymakers to provide recommendations on how to address climate change. It has been argued that as policy advisors, scientists can legitimately make instrumental value judgements (recommendations based on defined policy goals), but not categorical value judgements (challenge and/or redefine established policy goals), and that to do otherwise is to overstep in ways that may threaten their perceived trustworthiness. However, whether these types of value judgements affect public trust in scientists remains largely untested. We conducted two studies (N1 = 367, N2 = 819) to investigate public perceptions of trustworthiness of a climate scientist expressing either an instrumental or a categorical value judgement. We found no difference in perceived trustworthiness between the two conditions. However, trustworthiness perceptions in both studies depended on individuals’ support for the policy recommended by the scientist. Our findings suggest that climate scientists should not fear for their overall perceived trustworthiness when making categorical value judgments if their opinions are supported by the majority of the public.
Revisiting the Impact of Structural Factors on Television Audience Behavior in the Streaming Age

ABSTRACT The current study uses national Nielsen ratings data for the five English-language broadcast networks (ABC, CBS, the CW, Fox and NBC) from the 2014, 2015 and 2016 television seasons to build on the more than 50 years of television audience scholarship by examining whether the factors traditionally found to impact primetime entertainment TV program ratings continue to do so in today’s media environment. The relationship between audience availability and program ratings followed traditional patterns. Importantly, the study found a heavy reliance on marquee events and special episodes of popular series to boost ratings at the expense of schedule predictability.
DNS predictions of NOx production in developing turbulent mixing layers with non-premixed hydrogen–air combustion

ABSTRACT Direct numerical simulations of three-dimensional compressible mixing layers with non-premixed hydrogen–air combustion were performed using a detailed chemical reaction mechanism with production. Flow fields with three types of initial disturbances were simulated to investigate the relationship between developing vortical structures and formation. The amounts of and produced in the simple shear layer were smaller than those in the two- and three-dimensional mixing layers with vortical structures. In the mixing layers, the formation and expansion of the combustion region by the roller vortices and the baroclinic torque had a significant impact on production, while the relatively low-temperature combustion region formed by the three-dimensional developed rib vortices in the blade regions between the roller vortices had a large effect on the production. It was found that a two-dimensional simulation can estimate the production, while the information on a three-dimensional mixing layer is necessary to predict the production.