Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On Unramified Separable Abelian p-Extensions of Function Fields I

Let k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic p>0. Let K/k be a function field of one variable and L/K be an unramified separable abelian extension of degree pr over K. The galois automorphisms ε1, …, εpr of L/K are naturally extended to automorphisms η(ε1), … , η(εpr) of the jacobian variety JL of L/k. If we take a svstem of p-adic coordinates on JL , we get a representation {Mp(η(εv))} of the galois group G(L/K) of L/K over p-adic integers.
Thermophoresis and Brownian effects on natural convection of nanofluids in a square enclosure with two pairs of heat source/sink

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow in a square cavity filled with CuO-water nanofluid. Design/methodology/approach – The entire length of the bottom wall of the cavity is covered by two pairs of heat source-sink, whereas the other walls are insulated. The governing equations of fluid flow are discretized using a finite volume method with a collocated grid arrangement. The coupling between velocity and pressure is solved using the SIMPLEC and the Rhie and Chow interpolation is used to avoid the checker-board solutions for the pressure. Findings – The numerical results are reported for the effect of Rayleigh number, solid volume fraction and both presence and absence of thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects. The numerical results show an improvement in heat transfer rate for the whole range of Rayleigh numbers when Brownian and thermophoresis effects are considered. Furthermore, an increase in the Rayleigh number and nanoparticle volume fract.
IS THE POLAR REGION DIFFERENT FROM THE QUIET REGION OF THE SUN?

Observations of the polar region of the Sun are critically important for understanding the solar dynamo and the acceleration of solar wind. We carried out precise magnetic observations on both the north polar region and the quiet Sun at the east limb with the spectropolarimeter of the Solar Optical Telescope aboard Hinode to characterize the polar region with respect to the quiet Sun. The average area and the total magnetic flux of the kilo-Gauss magnetic concentrations in the polar region appear to be larger than those of the quiet Sun. The magnetic field vectors classified as vertical in the quiet Sun have symmetric histograms around zero in the strengths, showing balanced positive and negative fluxes, while the histogram in the north polar region is clearly asymmetric, showing a predominance of the negative polarity. The total magnetic flux of the polar region is larger than that of the quiet Sun. In contrast, the histogram of the horizontal magnetic fields is exactly the same for both the polar region and the quiet Sun. This is consistent with the idea that a local dynamo process is responsible for the horizontal magnetic fields. A high-resolution potential field extrapolation shows that the majority of magnetic field lines from the kG-patches in the polar region are open with a fanning-out structure very low in the atmosphere, while in the quiet Sun, almost all the field lines are closed.
Local Stellar Kinematics from RAVE Data – VI. Metallicity Gradients Based on the F–G Main-Sequence Stars

Abstract We estimated iron and metallicity gradients in the radial and vertical directions with the F and G type dwarfs taken from the Radial Velocity Experiment Data Release 4 database. The sample defined by the constraints Zmax ⩽ 825 pc and ep ⩽ 0.10 consists of stars with metal abundances and space velocity components agreeable with the thin-disc stars. The radial iron and metallicity gradients estimated for the vertical distance intervals 0 < Zmax ⩽ 500 and 500 < Zmax ⩽ 800 pc are $\text{d}[\text{Fe}/\text{H}]/\text{d}R_{\rm m}=-0.083\pm 0.030$ and $\text{d}[\text{Fe}/\text{H}]/\text{d}R_{\rm m}=-0.048\pm 0.037$ dex kpc−1, and $\text{d}[\text{M}/\text{H}]/\text{d}R_{\rm m}=-0.063\pm 0.011$ and $\text{d}[\text{M}/\text{H}]/\text{d}R_{\rm m}=-0.028\pm 0.057$ dex kpc−1, respectively, where Rm is the mean Galactocentric distance. The iron and metallicity gradients for less number of stars at further vertical distances, 800 < Zmax ⩽ 1500 pc, are mostly positive. Compatible iron and metallicity gradients could be estimated with guiding radius (Rg) for the same vertical distance intervals 0 < Zmax ⩽ 500 and 500 < Zmax ⩽ 800 pc, i.e. $\text{d}[\text{Fe}/\text{H}]/\text{d}R_{\rm g}=-0.083\pm 0.030$ and $\text{d}[\text{Fe}/\text{H}]/\text{d}R_{\rm g}=-0.065\pm 0.039$ dex kpc−1; $\text{d}[\text{M}/\text{H}]/\text{d}R_{\rm g}=-0.062\pm 0.018$ and $\text{d}[\text{M}/\text{H}]/\text{d}R_{\rm g}=-0.055\pm 0.045$ dex kpc−1. F and G type dwarfs on elongated orbits show a complicated radial iron and metallicity gradient distribution in different vertical distance intervals. Significant radial iron and metallicity gradients could be derived neither for the sub-sample stars with Rm ⩽ 8 kpc, nor for the ones at larger distances, Rm > 8 kpc. The range of the iron and metallicity abundance for the F and G type dwarfs on elongated orbits, [−0.13, −0.01), is similar to the thin-disc stars, while at least half of their space velocity components agree better with those of the thick-disc stars. The vertical iron gradients estimated for the F and G type dwarfs on circular orbits are $\text{d}[\text{Fe}/\text{H}]/\text{d}Z_{{\rm max}}=-0.176\pm 0.039$ dex kpc−1 and $\text{d}[\text{Fe}/\text{H}]/\text{d}Z_{{\rm max}}=-0.119\pm 0.036$ dex kpc−1 for the intervals Zmax ⩽ 825 and Zmax ⩽ 1500 pc, respectively.
Effects of the Protein Hydrolysate Pretreatment on Cucumber Plants Exposed to Chilling Stress

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the protein hydrolysate Naturamin WSP on the antioxidant defense system and oxidation-related damage of young cucumber plants exposed to chilling stress. Low positive temperatures have a negative effect on plant growth and performance, and besides visible alterations, such as inhibited growth, significant changes occur at the cellular level. Plants grown at low temperature typically suffer from oxidative damage, which leads to increased lipid peroxidation. Moreover, chilling-stressed plants accumulate more proline to protect their cell membranes. The application of biostimulants such as the protein hydrolysate Naturamin WSP can alleviate some of the adverse effects caused by low temperature. Our results indicated an increased activity of guaiacol peroxidase (GPOD) in all plants treated with the biostimulant regardless of the temperature of cultivation. The mitigation of damages caused by chilling stress might be explained by an enhanced anti-oxidative defense, as demonstrated by the activity of guaiacol peroxidases and increased proline concentrations in Naturamin WSP-treated plants.
Primordial Fluctuations from Inflation with a Triad of Background Gauge Fields

We study the linear perturbation of the recently proposed model of inflation where a uniform gauge-kinetic coupling of the inflaton to multiple vector fields breaks the cosmic no-hair conjecture while maintaining the isotropy. We derive the general quadratic action for the perturbation and calculate the power spectra of scalar and tensor modes at the end of inflation by in-in formalism. It is shown that the model predicts slightly red spectra and the tensor-to-scalar ratio tends to be suppressed. The comparison with the data from WMAP 7-year does not impose strong constraints on the parameters and both weak- and strong- gauge-field regimes are consistent with the current observations.
Integrated nutrient management in maize (Zea mays) under different microclimatic regimes

A field experiment entitled was conducted during summer season of 2020 and 2021 at the research farm of Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam with an objective to study the effect of microclimatic regime and integrated nutrient management in maize. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with 3 replications. Results revealed that among the different microclimatic regimes, crop sown on 15th March resulted in significantly higher values in almost all the growth characters, yield attributing characters, and yield as compared to other dates of sowing. Among the different integrated nutrient management practices, application of 75% of RDN through urea + 25% RDN through enriched compost (N4) recorded significantly higher value in respect of growth parameters, yield attributing characters and cob yield as compared to RDF, but remain at par with 75% of RDN through urea + 25% RDN through vermicompost (N2).
Probing Modified Gravity with Atom-Interferometry: a Numerical Approach

Refined constraints on chameleon theories are calculated for atom-interferometry experiments, using a numerical approach consisting in solving for a four-region model the static and spherically symmetric Klein-Gordon equation for the chameleon field. By modeling not only the test mass and the vacuum chamber but also its walls and the exterior environment, the method allows one to probe new effects on the scalar field profile and the induced acceleration of atoms. In the case of a weakly perturbing test mass, the effect of the wall is to enhance the field profile and to lower the acceleration inside the chamber by up to 1 order of magnitude. In the thin-shell regime, results are found to be in good agreement with the analytical estimations, when measurements are realized in the immediate vicinity of the test mass. Close to the vacuum chamber wall, the acceleration becomes negative and potentially measurable. This prediction could be used to discriminate between fifth-force effects and systematic experimental uncertainties, by doing the experiment at several key positions inside the vacuum chamber. For the chameleon potential $V(\ensuremath{\phi})={\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}^{4+\ensuremath{\alpha}}/{\ensuremath{\phi}}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ and a coupling function $A(\ensuremath{\phi})=\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{\phi}/M)$, one finds $M\ensuremath{\gtrsim}7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{16}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, independently of the power-law index. For $V(\ensuremath{\phi})={\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}^{4}(1+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}/\ensuremath{\phi})$, one finds $M\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{10}^{14}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. A sensitivity of $a\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ would probe the model up to the Planck scale. Finally, a proposal for a second experimental setup, in a vacuum room, is presented. In this case, Planckian values of $M$ could be probed provided that $a\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$, a limit reachable by future experiments. Our method can easily be extended to constrain other models with a screening mechanism, such as symmetron, dilaton and f(R) theories.
Are we living near the center of a local void?

The properties of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and polarisation anisotropies measured by a static, off-centered observer located in a local spherically symmetric void, are described. In particular in this paper we compute, together with the standard 2-point angular correlation functions, the off-diagonal correlators, which are no more vanishing by symmetry. While the energy shift induced by the off-centered position of the observer can be suppressed by a proper choice of the observer velocity, a lensing-like effect on the CMB emission point remains. This latter effect is genuinely geometrical (e.g. non-degenerate with a boost) and reflects in the structure of the off-diagonal correlators. At lowest order in this effect, the temperature and polarisation correlation matrices have non-vanishing diagonal elements, as usual, and all the off-diagonal terms are excited. This particular signature of a local void model allows one, in principle, to disentangle geometrical effects from local kinematical ones in CMB observations.
Asymptotics when the number of parameters tends to infinity in the Bradley-Terry model for paired comparisons

We are concerned here with establishing the consistency and asymptotic normality for the maximum likelihood estimator of a merit vector (u 0 , ., u t ), representing the merits of t+1 teams (players, treatments, objects), under the Bradley-Terry model, as t → ∞. This situation contrasts with the well-known Neyman-Scott problem under which the number of parameters grows with t (the amount of sampling), and for which the maximum likelihood estimator fails even to attain consistency. A key feature of our proof is the use of an effective approximation to the inverse of the Fisher information matrix. Specifically, under the Bradley-Terry model, when teams i and j with respective merits u i and u j play each other, the probability that team i prevails is assumed to be u i /(u i + u j ). Suppose each pair of teams play each other exactly n times for some fixed n. The objective is to estimate the merits, u i 's, based on the outcomes of the nt(t + 1)/2 games. Clearly, the model depends on the u i 's only through their ratios. Under some condition on the growth rate of the largest ratio u i /u j (0 < i, j < t) as t → ∞, the maximum likelihood estimator of (u 1 /u 0 u t /u 0 ) is shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal. Some simulation results are provided.
Comparing the Concentrations of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone in Females with Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism in Iraq

The endocrine system of the body includes the thyroid gland. It is the largest organ in the human body that performs endocrine functions. The thyroid gland is crucial for healthy body development during childhood and adolescence. It takes in iodine from the diet and releases iodine-containing thyroid hormones. Methods: Between October 2021 and February 2022, 25 females with hyperthyroidism and 25 females with hypothyroidism of similar age underwent standard medical examinations at the Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinic of AL-Sadder Medical City in the Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf governorate of Iraq. Results: When compare to patients with hypothyroidism, the findings showed a considerable rise in T3 and T4 levels in the sera of patients with hyperthyroidism. As opposed to patients with hypothyroidism, patients with hyperthyroidism had a highly significant drop in TSH in their sera, according to the TSH data (P< 0.001). Conclusion: When compare to patients with hypothyroidism, the level of T3 and T4 in the sera of patients with hyperthyroidism significantly increased, according to the measurements of T3, T4, and TSH for the two study groups. When compare to patients with hypothyroidism, the TSH readings for patients with hyperthyroidism showed a highly significant drop in TSH in their sera (P< 0.001).
Conformally flat black holes in Poincaré gauge theory

General criteria for the existence of conformally flat Riemannian solutions in 3D Poincar\'e gauge theory without matter are formulated. Using these criteria, we show that the Oliva-Tempo-Troncoso black hole, a solution of the Bergshoeff-Hohm-Town\-send gravity, is also an exact vacuum solution of the Poincar\'e gauge theory. The related conserved charges, calculated from the Hamiltonian boundary term, are shown to satisfy the first law of black hole thermodynamics. The form of the boundary term is verified by using the covariant Hamiltonian approach.
Improved postoperative recovery profile in pediatric oral rehabilitation with low-dose dexmedetomidine as an opioid substitute for general anesthesia: a randomized double-blind clinical trial

Background Low-dose dexmedetomidine may be a suitable alternative to opioids for pediatric ambulatory procedures under general anesthesia (GA). However, the recovery profile remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the effects of low-dose dexmedetomidine on the recovery profile of children. Methods Seventy-two children undergoing ambulatory oral rehabilitation under GA were randomly and equally distributed into two groups (D and F). Group D received an infusion of dexmedetomidine 0.25 µg/kg for 4 min for induction, followed by maintenance of 0.4 µg/kg/h. Group F received an infusion of fentanyl 1 µg/kg over 4 min for induction, followed by maintenance at 1 µg/kg/h. The primary outcome was the extubation time. The secondary outcomes were awakening time, end-tidal sevoflurane (ET-Sevo) requirement, change in hemodynamic parameters, Richmond Agitation–Sedation Scale (RASS), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario pain scale (CHEOPS) score, length of PACU stay, and incidence of adverse events. Results Statistically significant differences were observed in the recovery profile between the groups: the median time for extubation was 3.65 (3.44–6.2) vs. 6.25 (4.21–7) minutes in groups D vs. F (P = 0.001), respectively, while the corresponding awakening times were 19 (18.75–21) and 22.5 (22–24) minutes, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean ET-Sevo was low in group D (1.1 vs. 1.2; P < 0.001). The heart rate was significantly low across all time points in group D, without resulting in bradycardia. The median RASS and CHEOPS scores were also significantly lower in group D. No significant differences were observed in the mean arterial pressure, incidence of adverse events, or length of PACU stay. Conclusion Low-dose dexmedetomidine was more effective than fentanyl as an opioid substitute at providing a better recovery profile in pediatric ambulatory oral rehabilitation under GA. Dexmedetomidine also significantly reduced sevoflurane consumption without causing adverse events or prolonging hospital stay.
Acquiring Grammatical Structures by Guided Induction

RESEARCHERS ARE NOW CONFIRMING what most foreign language teachers have believed for years: the acquisition of certain grammatical structures can benefit from formal instruction (see Chaudron; Lightbown and Spada; Long; Rutherford and Sharwood Smith for review). Lightbown and Spada categorize this focus-on-form by the teacher as either "instructional" (the teacher presents a linguistic structure and leads the students in practice exercises) or "reactive" (the teacher reacts to an apparent difficulty a student is having during a communicative activity) (436). Within the "instructional" format, controversy still surrounds the issue of what is the most effective approach for presenting a new grammatical pattern in the classroom. Currently, Omaggio and Rivers in their methods books favor an inductive presentation in which students are encouraged to develop rules from authentic linguistic samples and then to practice applying these rules in communicative exercises. Many foreign language teachers and textbooks, however, still adhere to a deductive presentation. In this approach the instructor explains a grammatical rule first and then directs the class in contextualized exercises which practice application of the rule (or, the students may read about the rule in a textbook and complete accompanying exercises to practice application). This approach is deductive in the sense that the grammar lesson progresses from the general (the rule) to particulars (examples in a drill). Although far from definitive, the majority of empirical research comparing inductive and deductive approaches suggests that the deductive approach may be slightly more effective (e.g., Chastain and Woerdehoff; Chastain; Scherer and Wertheimer; Seliger; see Hammerly for a discussion of the controversy). From our point of view, the problem with this research is in the way the inductive approach is conceptualized. In all of the studies cited above the only difference between deductive and inductive approaches was in whether the rule was explicitly stated by the teacher before or after the examples. With regard to learning the rule, therefore, the student plays a passive role in both of these presentations. This passivity on the part of the student runs contrary to findings of cognitive psychologists and researchers who stress that language learners need to be actively engaged in their learning, and that this learning need not involve
On Group-Theoretic Decision Problems and Their Classification.

Part exposition and part presentation of new results, this monograph deals with that area of mathematics which has both combinatorial group theory and mathematical logic in common. Its main topics are the word problem for groups, the conjugacy problem for groups, and the isomorphism problem for groups. The presentation depends on previous results of J. L. Britton, which, with other factual background, are treated in detail.
Back and forth from cool core to non-cool core: clues from radio halos

X-ray astronomers often divide galaxy clusters into two classes: “cool core” (CC) and “non-cool core” (NCC) objects. The origin of this dichotomy has been the subject of debate in recent years, between “evolutionary” models (where clusters can evolve from CC to NCC, mainly through mergers) and “primordial” models (where the state of the cluster is fixed “ab initio” by early mergers or preheating). We found that in a well-defined sample (clusters in the GMRT Radio halo survey with available Chandra or XMM-Newton data), none of the objects hosting a giant radio halo can be classified as a cool core. This result suggests that the main mechanisms that can start a large-scale synchrotron emission (most likely mergers) are the same as those that can destroy CC, which therefore strongly supports “evolutionary” models of the CC-NCC dichotomy. Moreover, combining the number of objects in the CC and NCC state with the number of objects with and without a radio-halo, we estimated that the time scale over which a NCC cluster relaxes to the CC state should be larger than the typical life-time of radio-halos and likely shorter than � 3 Gyr. This suggests that NCC transform into CC more rapidly than predicted from the cooling time, which is about 10 Gyr in NCC systems, allowing the possibility of a cyclical evolution between the CC and NCC states.
ADAPTIVE OPTICS IMAGING OF VHS 1256–1257: A LOW MASS COMPANION TO A BROWN DWARF BINARY SYSTEM

Recently, Gauza et al. reported the discovery of a companion to the late M-dwarf, VHS J125601.92–125723.9 (VHS 1256–1257). The companion’s absolute photometry suggests its mass and atmosphere are similar to the HR 8799 planets. However, as a wide companion to a late-type star, it is more accessible to spectroscopic characterization. We discovered that the primary of this system is an equal-magnitude binary. For an age ∼300 Myr the A and B components each have a mass of 64.6 − 2.0 + 0.8 M Jup ? > , and the b component has a mass of 11.2 − 1.8 + 9.7 ? > , making VHS 1256–1257 only the third brown dwarf triple system. There exists some tension between the spectrophotometric distance of 17.2 ± 2.6 pc and the parallax distance of 12.7 ± 1.0 pc. At 12.7 pc VHS 1256–1257 A and B would be the faintest known M7.5 objects, and are even faint outliers among M8 types. If the larger spectrophotmetric distance is more accurate than the parallax, then the mass of each component increases. In particular, the mass of the b component increases well above the deuterium burning limit to ∼ 35 M Jup ? > and the mass of each binary component increases to 73 − 17 + 20 M Jup ? > . At 17.1 pc, the UVW kinematics of the system are consistent with membership in the AB Dor moving group. The architecture of the system resembles a hierarchical stellar multiple suggesting it formed via an extension of the star formation process to low masses. Continued astrometric monitoring will resolve this distance uncertainty and will provide dynamical masses for a new benchmark system.