Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experimental assessment of diazotroph responses to elevated seawater pCO2 in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

We examined short‐term (24–72 h) responses of naturally occurring marine N2 fixing microorganisms (termed diazotrophs) to abrupt increases in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in seawater during nine incubation experiments conducted between May 2010 and September 2012 at Station ALOHA (A Long‐term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment) (22°45′N, 158°W) in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG). Rates of N2 fixation, nitrogenase (nifH) gene abundances and transcripts of six major groups of cyanobacterial diazotrophs (including both unicellular and filamentous phylotypes), and rates of primary productivity (as measured by 14C‐bicarbonate assimilation into plankton biomass) were determined under contemporary (~390 ppm) and elevated pCO2 conditions (~1100 ppm). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) amplification of planktonic nifH genes revealed that unicellular cyanobacteria phylotypes dominated gene abundances during these experiments. In the majority of experiments (seven out of nine), elevated pCO2 did not significantly influence rates of dinitrogen (N2) fixation or primary productivity (two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), P > 0.05). During two experiments, rates of N2 fixation and primary productivity were significantly lower (by 79 to 82% and 52 to 72%, respectively) in the elevated pCO2 treatments relative to the ambient controls (two‐way ANOVA, P < 0.05). QPCR amplification of nifH genes and gene transcripts revealed that diazotroph abundances and nifH gene expression were largely unchanged by the perturbation of the seawater pCO2. Our results suggest that naturally occurring N2 fixing plankton assemblages in the NPSG are relatively resilient to large, short‐term increases in pCO2.
The biogeography and genetic relationships of Juniperus oxycedrus and related taxa from the Mediterranean and Macaronesian regions

Despite Juniperus spp. being an important component of Mediterranean arid and semi-arid ecosystems, there is a lack of complex studies on their biogeographical patterns. Using 16 morphological cone and seed traits and three nuclear microsatellite markers, we investigated the morphological and genetic variability of seven Mediterranean and Macaronesian Juniperus taxa (J. oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus, J. oxycedrus ssp. badia, J. brevifolia, J. cedrus, J. deltoides, J. macrocarpa and J. navicularis) to identify biogeographical trends and interspecific genetic relationships. The highest gene diversity was measured in J. oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus (HE = 0.716) and the lowest in J. brevifolia (HE = 0.441). The west Mediterranean was characterized by a higher level of genetic diversity than the east Mediterranean. A lack of significant genetic differences between European and African populations of J. oxycedrus suggests that the Strait of Gibraltar was not a significant barrier to gene flow, but has promoted some morphological differentiation. The genetic and morphological results strongly support the recognition of J. macrocarpa, J. navicularis and J. deltoides at the species rank, whereas J. oxycedrus ssp. badia should be included in J. oxycedrus. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 174, 637–653.
POPULASI DAN SERANGAN HAMA ULAT KANTUNG Metisa plana Walker (Lepidoptera; Psychidae) SERTA PARASITOIDNYA DI PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT KABUPATEN DONGGALA, SULAWESI TENGAH

ABSTRACT This research was aimed to study the population, attack intensity of bagworm (M. plana) and it parasitoid on oil palm plantations. Sampling was conducted 4 times in blocks 1-9 Afdeling OK PT. Lestari Tani Teladan, Donggala, Central Sulawesi from August to October 2012. A systematic sampling method was used to observe M. plana population from each observation point. There were two stages of M. plana such as larvae and pupae. Both stages were checked their conditions to clarify their parasitoids. In addition, parasitoids were observed especially at fourth observation. Result showed that population of M. plana larva decreased during observation period (from August to October 2012). Opposite condition was occurred that population of pupa increased in same period of observation. Highest population of M. plana was recorder on third and fourth block of plantation. Number of parasitized pupae directly proportional to total of pupae (R2=0,95). Populations of parasitoid have not been able to control pests M. plana naturally. Some parasitoids were identified such as Brachymeria sp. (34%), Eurytoma sp. (13%), Entodoninae (17%), Tetrastichus sp. (24%), Tachinidae 9% and two species of Phygadeuontinae 2% and 1% for each. Key words: bagworm, Metisa plana, parasitoid, oil palm
Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with Ips typographus (L.) on Picea abies [(L.) H. Karst.] and Pinus sylvestris L. in north-eastern Poland

This study dealt with the species distribution and frequency of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with the bark beetle Ips typographus on Norway spruce and Scots pine in north-eastern Poland. At all locations high spruce bark beetle damage has occurred in 2002-2003. Fungi were isolated from beetles and from brood systems of trees infested by the spruce bark beetle. The ophiostomatoid fungi were represented by 13 species. A similar spectrum of ophiostomatoid fungi as that recorded from Picea abies was associated with I. typographus on Pinus sylvestris trees. The most frequent ophiostomatoid species isolated from beetles, phloem and sapwood of Norway spruce were O. bicolor and O. penicillatum . The frequency of occurrence of ophiostomatoid fungi varied significantly among the examined locations. O. bicolor was the most frequently found species on Scots pine infested by I. typographus . The potential role of ophiostomatoid fungi in the epidemiology of I. typographus is discussed. Additionally, we also recorded how the ophiostomatoid fungi associated with spruce bark beetle could grow into phloem and sapwood of Pinus sylvestris trees.
Life-table parameters of Neoseiulus womersleyi (Schicha) and Euseius ovalis (Evans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) feeding on six food sources

Reproduction, sex ratio and life-table parameters of the predatory mites Neoseiulus womersleyi and Euseius ovalis feeding on the spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, T. kanzawai, Oligonychus mangiferus and Panonychus citri) as well as on maize and Chinese loofah pollen at 25°C were studied. Among all of the food sources tested, the fecundity of N. womersleyi was high (33.57 eggs/female) on T. urticae, but low on P. citri (17.63 eggs/female), whereas E. ovalis was high (35.86 eggs/female) on O. mangiferus and low (8.89 eggs/female) on T. kanzawai. Sex ratio differed among food sources and ranged from 0.67 to 0.78 for N. womersleyi and from 0.68 to 0.78 for E. ovalis. The highest net reproductive rate (R 0 = 24.86 offspring/individual) and intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm = 0.254/day) were found in N. womersleyi feeding on T. urticae and T. kanzawai, respectively; the lowest R 0 (9.88 offspring/individual) was recorded on O. mangiferus and the lowest rm (0.179/day) was on loofah pollen. When feeding on O. mangiferus, E. ovalis had a higher R 0 (26.46 offspring/individual) and rm (0.256/day) than those fed on other food sources. Since N. womersleyi feeding on T. urticae or T. kanzawai had showed the higher rates of fecundity, female sex ratio and intrinsic rate of natural increase, we concluded that T. urticae and T. kanzawai were suitable food sources for N. womersleyi, whereas O. mangiferus and T. urticae were suitable food sources for E. ovalis. Both predatory mites developed, oviposited normally and population increased in a high rate when feeding on the two kinds of pollen, suggesting that these pollens may be a useful food supplement for the two predators.
Organic Citrus: Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition

ABSTRACT Increasing realization of the ill effects of long sustained, exclusive use of chemical fertilizers, and consistent growing demand from the consumers for fruit quality, coupled with unsustainable productivity of citrus, have fostered experimentation with some alternative cultural practices. Organic culture is claimed to be the most benign alternative. Use of organic materials such as farmyard manure, cakes of plant origin, vermicompost, and microbial bio-fertilizers on one hand, and exploiting the synergism between citrus-vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on the other hand, are important components of the bio-organic concept of citrus cultivation. Mycorrhizae were observed to be highly effective in low fertility, coarse textured soils. Mycorrhizal-treated trees had better plant growth and uptake of nutrients like P, Ca, Zn, Cu, and Fe compared to non-mycorrhizal trees. Inoculation of soil with mycorrhizae also helped in regulating the water relations and carbohydrate metabolism of citrus trees. Phosphorus nutrition of mycorrhizal-treated citrus trees was best improved by using rock phosphate as a source of P as opposed to other sources.
Synthesis of the β and β′ subunits of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase is autogenously regulated in vivo by both transcriptional and translational mechanisms

Numerous experiments have indicated that the synthesis of RNA polymerase (ββ′α2σ70) in Escherichia coli is autogenously regulated. In the present study, we have examined expression of the rpoB and rpoC genes which encode the β and β′ subunits of RNA polymerase. These genes are the distal cistrons of the rplKAJLrpoBC ribosomal protein–RNA polymerase transcription unit. Both transcriptional (operon) and translational (gene) fusions of either rpoB or rpoC to the lacZ reporter were used to monitor their in vivo expression by inserting single copies of these fusions into the bacterial chromosome on integration‐proficient lambda vectors. In order to examine the expression of the rpoBC genes in response to varied intracellular concentrations of the RNA polymerase subunits, a series of expression plasmids carrying the rpoBrpoCrpoA (α) and rpoD (σ70) genes in different combinations were then introduced into these cells. Elevated concentrations of either β or β′ were found to repress the expression of both rpoB and rpoC at the translational level. However, the simultaneous increase in the concentration of all the subunits that comprise holoenzyme repressed the transcription of rpoBC. To determine the site of this repression, additional operon fusions were utilized which placed lacZ downstream of each of the transcriptional regulatory sites of this gene cluster, including two promoters, rplKp and rplJp, and a transcriptional attenuator in the rplL–rpoB intercistronic region. Expression from these fusions showed that transcriptional repression is achieved primarily by reducing initiation at both upstream promoters, coupled with a small increase in termination at the attenuator.
Determination of Factors Limiting Prey Size Swallowed by Larval and Small Juvenile Largemouth Bass

Abstract Mouth diameter limits prey size for adult and subadult largemouth bass. In this study we determined the relationships of mouth diameter and cleithrum orifice size to total length of larval and juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Largemouth bass (6–49 mm total length, TL) collected from Centerton State Hatchery and Lake Wedington (Washington County, Arkansas) were preserved in 10% buffered formalin and stored in 70% ethanol. Total length was significantly related (P < 0.001) to mouth size (gape = 0.117TL − 0.129) and cleithrum orifice size (width: CW = 0.079TL + 0.712; height: CH = 0.082TL + 1.24). These relationships differed significantly (P < 0.05) between late postlarvae and juveniles, late postlarvae having a disproportionately larger mouth and cleithrum orifice for their body size. Late larvae disperse from male largemouth bass parental protection, and the change in proportions of feeding structures to body size could affect their foraging ability during this period of vulnerability.
Yumurta Tavuğu Rasyonlarina Maya (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ve Enterococcus faecium Katkilarinin Performans, Yumurta Kalite Kriterleri ve Barsak Mikroflorasi Üzerine Etkileri*

This study was conducted to determine the comparative effects of the additives of yeast and Enterococcus faecium on the criteria of intestinal microflora, egg quality and performance in laying hens. Treatment groups employed were as follows: Group 1- Control (C, n=36): the criteria of intestinal microflora, egg quality and performance were compared, Group 2 (n=36): C + 1 g/kg Enterococcus faecium (EF) (Cylactin ME 10 1x10cfu/g), and Group 3 (n=36): C + 1 g/kg yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SC). The experiment was carried out on 108 Lohman Brown strains of hens, aged 45 weeks old, allocated into 3 groups of 12 replications, each containing 3 hens. Trial groups contained 36 hens each. The feed intake, egg production, egg weight and feed conversion ratio did not differ statistically between the groups (P>0.05). Similary, the egg quality criteria also did not differ statistically between the groups. The number of total bacteria increased in the Enteroccocus faecium group as compared to those of control and yeast-added groups. The number of yeast-fungus increased in the gastrointestinal tract of the yeast group, but it decreased in the control and Enterococcus faecium-added groups. The Serum Red Blood Cells (SRBC) showed no difference between the groups. As a result, the additions of Enterococcus faecium and yeast had no effect on the laying performance, but the numbers of total bacteria and and total yeast-fungus increased in the Enterococcus faecium- and yeast-added groups, respectively. The SRBC was not affected statistically by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and enterococcus.
Detailed studies on seed oil of Salicornia SOS-7 cultivated at the egyptian border of Red Sea

Eight lipid patterns of Salicornia seed oil have been elucidated using HPLC as the main tool of analysis in conjunction with capillary GLC. The whole oil is rich in linoleic (66.5%) with lower amount of linolenic acid (1.4%). Of the 22 triglycerides (TG) determined, three major TG containing 3 and 2 linoleic acyls were detected by HPLC. The total tocopherols content (720 ppm) was determined directly in the oil by HPLC and it was found that alpha-T (49.1%) and gamma-T (48.2%) are predominating. The whole sterol profile, as determined by GLC, includes cholesterol (1.0%), brassicasterol (1.4%), campesterol (2.4%), 5-stigmasterol (8.7%), beta-sitosterol (23.0%), spinasterol (17.0%), isofucosterol (0.8%), 7-stigmastenol (42.0%) and 7-avenasterol (3.7%). Furthermore, sterols patterns of the free (nonacylated) sterols (FS), acylated sterols (AS), free sterylglycosides (FSG) and acylated sterylglycosides (ASG) were determined by HPLC as their anthroylnitriles. FS and AS were determined as their steryl-9-anthroylnitriles (S-9-AN) whereas FSG and ASG were analysed as their sterylglycosidyl-1-anthroylnitriles (SG-1-AN) at nanogram level. Comparing Salicornia SOS-7 oil with traditional freshwater seed oils, Salicornia exhibits mostly a unique lipids constitution.
Anatomical and histochemical defence responses induced in juvenile leaves of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens by Mycosphaerella infection

The responses of juvenile leaves of two Eucalyptus species, with contrasting susceptibility to infection by Mycosphaerella leaf disease, were compared. The anatomical changes, accumulation of phenolics, suberin, lignin and anthocyanin and the retention of chlorophyll were studied in leaf lesions of varying developmental stages caused by species of Mycosphaerella. Enhanced resistance of Eucalyptus nitens in southern Australia was attributed to the formation of an effective lignified and suberized necrophylactic periderm, to restrict pathogen spread. Leaves of E. nitens contained isobilateral palisade which resulted in both abaxial and adaxial cell division and the initiation of a strong reinforced cellular zone from an early lesion stage. Eucalyptus globulus formed a slower, distorted necrophylactic periderm through hypertrophic changes to existing mesophyll and limited cell divisions of the single adaxial palisade layer. Deposits of lignin and suberin did not occur until later in lesion development, which were not effective in preventing further disease development. From this study it is hypothesized that tolerance of eucalypts to Mycosphaerella pathogens may be associated with constitutive mesophyll density.
Colletotrichum truncatum and C. fructicola causing anthracnose on chilli in Karnataka state of India

Chilli is an important spice as well as vegetable crop in India. Anthracnose is one of the most devastating diseases wherever chillies are grown under warm and wet season. The disease appears as sunken necrotic lesions with concentric rings of acervuli on fruit. Colletotrichum species responsible for severe outbreaks of anthracnose on chillies in Karnataka state of India are reported. Forty nine isolates recovered from major chilli production areas of Karnataka state were characterized based on morphological and multilocus gene phylogeny using partial ITS , ACT , CHS-1 , GAPDH , CYLH3 , TUB2 , GS and ApMat genes. The results showed the presence of two species, C. truncatum (37 isolates) and C. fructicola (12 isolates). Pathogenecity assays of the two species were confirmed on ‘chilli cv Arka Lohith’. Thus, the results of this study can be utilized for devising disease management strategies and for the development of disease resistant varieties for use in commercial production of chilli in India.
GENDER BIAS IN PAKISTAN TELEVISION PRIME TIME COMMERCIALS: A CONTENT ANALYSIS

Television viewing today is more than enjoying your preferred programme. It is highly influenced by commercials - as we sit before the television screen and watch commercials trying to persuade us to buy something. The people behind the production of commercials use glamorous objects to appeal to the consumers and provoke them to buy their product. Originally, commercials began on the radio simply because the radio has been around longer than the television. Once the television was invented and introduced to the public, commercials became more and more beneficial. A variety of explanations exists as to why television advertising is preferred to radio ads. The reasons are; on the television, a consumer is able to see what he may be purchasing; television promotes the selling to individuals as well as a family; on the television commercials come at the proper psychological time for the viewer between shows unlike print advertising; has the same advantages of radio sound and most of the time better quality sound is heard on the television; and more people watch television because it is habit-forming (Seehafer, 1959).
Metabolic Responses of Juvenile Striped Bass to Exercise and Handling Stress with Various Recovery Environments

Abstract Striped bass Morone saxatilis were exposed to exercise and handling stresses similar to those experienced during salvage operations in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, and several recovery environments to assess energetic costs and mortality. Young of the year (2.1-15.9 g wet weight) were exercised in a swim tunnel at a maximum speed of 94 cm/s (11.7-14.1 body lengths/s) for 5 min at 15°C and 25°C and yearlings (30.8-144.7 g) at the same maximum speed (5.5 body lengths/s) and for the same amount of time at 15°C. Using static respirometry, the preexercise and handling (in freshwater), 0-h postexercise and handling, and 2-h postexercise and handling oxygen consumption rates (mg/h) were measured in four recovery treatments: freshwater, brackish water (10‰ NaCl), salt water (30‰ NaCl), and buffered freshwater (10 mM NaHCO3). Significant increases in 0-h postexercise oxygen consumption rates (compared with the preexercise rates) were followed by significant decreases during recovery, but .
Vesicular γ‐aminobutyric acid transporter expression in amacrine and horizontal cells

The vesicular γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter (VGAT), which transports the inhibitory amino acid transmitters GABA and glycine, is localized to synaptic vesicles in axon terminals. The localization of VGAT immunoreactivity to mouse and rat retina was evaluated with light and electron microscopy by using well‐characterized VGAT antibodies. Specific VGAT immunoreactivity was localized to numerous varicose processes in all laminae of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and to the outer plexiform layer (OPL). Amacrine cell somata characterized by weak VGAT immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm were located in the ganglion cell layer and proximal inner nuclear layer (INL) adjacent to the IPL. In rat retina, VGAT‐immunoreactive cell bodies also contained GABA, glycine, or parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactivity, suggesting vesicular uptake of GABA or glycine by these cells. A few varicose VGAT‐immunoreactive processes entered the OPL from the IPL. VGAT immunoreactivity in the OPL was predominantly localized to horizontal cell processes. VGAT and calcium binding protein‐28K immunoreactivities (CaBP; a marker for horizontal cells) were colocalized in processes and terminals distributed to the OPL. Furthermore, VGAT immunoreactivity overlapped or was immediately adjacent to postsynaptic density‐95 (PSD‐95) immunoreactivity, which is prominent in photoreceptor terminals. Preembedding immunoelectron microscopy of mouse and rat retinae showed that VGAT immunoreactivity was localized to horizontal cell processes and their terminals. Immunoreactivity was distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the horizontal cell processes. Taken together, these findings demonstrate VGAT immunoreactivity in both amacrine and horizontal cell processes, suggesting these cells contain vesicles that accumulate GABA and glycine, possibly for vesicular release. J. Comp. Neurol. 445:227–237, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of temperature on fertilized eggs and larvae of tawny puffer Takifugu flavidus

Tawny puffer Takifugu flavidus is a species found in China considered to have potential for aquaculture. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimal temperature for its incubation and larval culture. Fertilized eggs collected from cultured broodstocks that were induced to ovulate with a [d-Ala6-Pro9-Net]-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue were inseminated. The effect of temperature (19, 20, 23, 26 and 29 °C) on the hatch rate, incubation period, viability of 24 h post-hatch larvae and total mortality rate was assessed. The effect of temperature (20, 23, 26 and 29 °C) on the growth and survival of larvae from 3 to 19 days after hatching (dah) was also assessed. The results showed that the optimal temperature for successful development of fertilized eggs ranged from 23 to 26 °C, and the highest hatch rate, the optimal viability of 24 h post-hatch larvae and the lowest total mortality rate were all predicted using quadratic equations. The relationship between temperature and the incubation period of tawny puffer eggs was determined using the effective degree-day model. The temperature at developmental zero (t0) was 11.34 °C, and the sum of effective degree-days (k) was 52.356. The survival rate of tawny puffer larvae at 20 °C was significantly lower than among 23, 26 and 29 °C, whereas the survival rate was not significantly different from that at 23, 26 and 29 °C. The larval growth rate increased rapidly as the temperature increased, showing a linear relationship in the range of temperatures investigated. The optimal temperature for larval culture ranged from 23 to 29 °C.