Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of softening on dynamical simulations of galaxies

Dynamical simulations are a fundamental tool for studying the secular evolution of disc galaxies. Even at their maximum resolution, they still follow a limited number of particles and typically resolve scales of the order of a few tens of parsecs. Generally, the spatial resolution is defined by (some multiple of) the softening length, whose value is set as a compromise between the desired resolution and the need for limiting small-scale noise. Several works have studied the question whether a softening scale fixed in space and time provides a good enough modelling of an astrophysical system. Here, we address this question within the context of dynamical simulations and disc instabilities. We first follow the evolution of a galaxy-like object in isolation and then set up a simulation of an idealized merger event. Alongside a run using the standard fixed-softening approach, we performed simulations where the softening lengths were let to vary from particle to particle according to the evolution of the local density field in space and time. Even though during the most violent phases of the merging the fixed-softening simulation tends to underestimate the resulting matter densities, as far as the evolution of the disc component is concerned we found no significant differences among the runs. We conclude that using an appropriate fixed softening scale is a safe approach to the problem of modelling an N-body, non-cosmological disc galaxy system.
Digitization of Spörer's sunspot drawings

Abstract Much of our knowledge about the solar dynamo is based on sunspot observations. It is thus desirable to extend the set of positional and morphological data of sunspots into the past. Gustav Spörer observed in Germany from Anklam (1861–1873) and Potsdam (1874–1894). He left detailed prints of sunspot groups, which we digitized and processed to mitigate artifacts left in the print by the passage of time. After careful geometrical correction, the sunspot data are now available as synoptic charts for almost 450 solar rotation periods. Individual sunspot positions can thus be precisely determined and spot areas can be accurately measured using morphological image processing techniques. These methods also allow us to determine tilt angles of active regions (Joy's law) and to assess the complexity of an active region.
Unravelling systems of inequality and debating pro-poor policy results in drought prone areas of South West Ethiopia

A desk review, survey, interview and on-site observation were used to collect data. The impact of external systems on smallholder water scarcity management institutions in the context drought stress was analyzed in this study. The findings show that the external intervention eliminated resilient people’s institutions such as water scarcity (in droughts). Interventions introduce new water management systems that fuel tension, conflict and water poverty. The local water management systems are sustainable and enhance social cohesion and trust while the new program-based institutional arrangements/systems are nepotic and corrupt in terms of ensuring equality and addressing needs of diverse beneficiaries . A local peoples’ institutional approach is recommended to respond to climate change-induced stresses and such approach is capable of managing social, political, economic and environmental dimensions. Policy interventions need to consider a bottom-up approach to accommodate local specific context as well as built on existing local systems that ensure social cohesion among members of community. Interventions that meet pro-poor, inclusive and sustainable objectives need to adopt a human-rights based transformative approaches and such an approach inclusive and sustainable.
Tree Species Classification Using High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and Weakly Supervised Learning

Knowing vegetation type in an area is crucial for several applications, including ecology, land-use management, and infrastructure risk assessment. In combination with recent advancements in image processing, remote-sensing technology has been used to perform fast vegetation-type estimation and reduce the need for intensive and time-consuming field-based surveys. This article proposes a weakly supervised method based on deep learning to estimate tree species relying on multispectral high-resolution satellite images. We tested the approach against noisy labels, which often occur in real-world datasets. We validate our approach for a study area in Norway and Italy using images taken during different periods of the year. Our method significantly enhances the quality of the available forestry inventory dataset.
A Search For The Sm Higgs Boson In The Process Zhllbb In 4.1/fb Of Cdf Ii Data

186 Autobiographical Statement . 187
Blended Learning Implementation at Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology – an Academic Quality Enhancer and a Savior During the Covid-19 Pandemic

This work evaluates blended learning implementation at Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology (AUST) by integrating technologies with the collaboration of the Commonwealth of Learning (COL). It explores the readiness of students toward blended learning through their attitudes, perceptions of, and satisfaction. The Technology-Enabled Learning policy is institutionalized based on the necessary infrastructure and capacity of AUST and Twenty blended courses were developed for the students. These blended courses were offered by AUST during the COVID-19 pandemic, from 2 February to 13 December 2020. A student survey was carried out in all these courses. Twenty instructors also participated in a different survey comprising a few very significant questions addressing the experience of the teachers in terms of designing and teaching blended courses. After a successful application of blended learning at the AUST premise, we have gathered, filtered, and performed a number of significant statistical analyses on the available data to assess the impact. Course-wise performances for blended courses over non-blended ones were calculated. A stepwise regression analysis was performed to see the impact of the students’ self-regulated learning behavior. The approach came in handy to partially tackle the COVID-19 pandemic, which forced a nationwide shutdown of face-to-face studies in Bangladesh.
The effects of orbital inclination on the scale size and evolution of tidally filling star clusters

We have performed N-body simulations of tidally filling star clusters with a range of orbits in a Milky Way-like potential to study the effects of orbital inclination and eccentricity on their structure and evolution. At small galactocentric distances Rgc, a non-zero inclination results in increased mass loss rates. Tidal heating and disk shocking, the latter sometimes consisting of two shocking events as the cluster moves towards and away from the disk, help remove stars from the cluster. Clusters with inclined orbits at large Rgc have decreased mass loss rates than the non-inclined case, since the strength the disk potential decreases with Rgc. Clusters with inclined and eccentric orbits experience increased tidal heating due to a constantly changing potential, weaker disk shocks since passages occur at higher Rgc, and an additional tidal shock at perigalacticon. The effects of orbital inclination decrease with orbital eccentricity, as a highly eccentric cluster spends the majority of its lifetime at a large Rgc. The limiting radii of clusters with inclined orbits are best represented by the rt of the cluster when at its maximum height above the disk, where the cluster spends the majority of its lifetime and the rate of change in rt is a minimum. Conversely, the effective radius is independent of inclination in all cases.
THE NATURE OF STARBURSTS. III. THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF STAR FORMATION

We map the spatial distribution of recent star formation over a few × 100 Myr timescales in 15 starburst dwarf galaxies using the location of young blue helium burning stars identified from optically resolved stellar populations in archival Hubble Space Telescope observations. By comparing the star formation histories from both the high surface brightness central regions and the diffuse outer regions, we measure the degree to which the star formation has been centrally concentrated during the galaxies' starbursts, using three different metrics for the spatial concentration. We find that the galaxies span a full range in spatial concentration, from highly centralized to broadly distributed star formation. Since most starbursts have historically been identified by relatively short timescale star formation tracers (e.g., Hα emission), there could be a strong bias toward classifying only those galaxies with recent, centralized star formation as starbursts, while missing starbursts that are spatially distributed.
Poles as the only true resonant-state signals extracted from a worldwide collection of partial-wave amplitudes using only one, well controlled pole-extraction method

Each and every energy-dependent partial-wave analysis is parametrizing the pole positions in a procedure defined by the way the continuous energy dependence is implemented. These pole positions are, henceforth, inherently model dependent. To reduce this model dependence, we use only one, coupled-channel, unitary, fully analytic method based on the isobar approximation to extract the pole positions from each available member of the worldwide collection of partial-wave amplitudes, which are understood as nothing more but a good energy-dependent representation of genuine experimental numbers assembled in a form of partial-wave data. In that way, the model dependence related to the different assumptions on the analytic form of the partial-wave amplitudes is avoided, and the true confidence limit for the existence of a particular resonant state, at least in one model, is established. The way the method works and first results are demonstrated for the ${S}_{11}$ partial wave.
Angular analyses of exclusive $\overline{B} \to X_J \ell_1 \ell_2$ decays for spin $J \leq 4$

As an update to our previous calculation for spin $J\leq2$, we present the angular moments for exclusive $\overline{B} \to X_J \ell_1 \ell_2$, where $\ell_1$ is a charged massless lepton and $\ell_2$ is a charged or neutral massless lepton, and $X_J$ is a mesonic system with spin $J\leq4$. The expected applications include higher resonances in the $[K\pi]$ system in $\overline{B}^0 \to K^- \pi^+ \mu^- \mu^+$ at LHCb in Run~II, and in the $[\pi \pi]$ system for $ \overline{B} \to \pi \pi \ell^- \bar{\nu}_\ell$ at Belle~II. For the $J\leq2$ case, we also provide a set of consistency relations among the measured moments observables and validate them against the latest measurements from LHCb.
Hybrid PET Track-Etched Membranes Grafted by Well-Defined Poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) Brushes and Loaded with Silver Nanoparticles for the Removal of As(III)

Nanoporous track-etched membranes (TeM) are promising materials as adsorbents to remove toxic pollutants, but control over the pore diameter and density in addition to precise functionalization of nanochannels is crucial for controlling the surface area and efficiency of TeMs. This study reported the synthesis of functionalized PET TeMs as high-capacity sorbents for the removal of trivalent arsenic, As(III), which is more mobile and about 60 times more toxic than As(V). Nanochannels of PET-TeMs were functionalized by UV-initiated reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)-mediated grafting of 2-(dimethyamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), allowing precise control of the degree of grafting and graft lengths within the nanochannels. Ag NPs were then loaded onto PDMAEMA-g-PET to provide a hybrid sorbent for As(III) removal. The As(III) removal efficiency of Ag@PDMAEMA-g-PET, PDMAEMA-g-PET, and pristine PET TeM was compared by adsorption kinetics studies at various pH and sorption times. The adsorption of As(III) by Ag@DMAEMA-g-PET and DMAEMA-g-PET TeMs was found to follow the Freundlich mechanism and a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. After 10 h, As(III) removal efficiencies were 85.6% and 56% for Ag@PDMAEMA-g-PET and PDMAEMA-g-PET, respectively, while PET template had a very low arsenic sorption capacity of 17.5% at optimal pH of 4.0, indicating that both PDMAEMA grafting and Ag-NPs loading significantly increased the As(III) removal capacity of PET-TeMs.
Effective medium theory for superconducting layers: A systematic analysis including space correlation effects

We investigate the effects of mesoscopic inhomogeneities on the metal-superconductor transition occurring in several two-dimensional electron systems. Specifically, as a model of systems with mesoscopic inhomogeneities, we consider a random-resistor network, which we solve both with an exact numerical approach and by the effective medium theory. We find that the width of the transition in these two-dimensional superconductors is mainly ruled by disorder rather than by fluctuations. We also find that "tail" features in resistivity curves of interfaces between LaAlO3 or LaTiO3 and SrTiO3 can arise from a bimodal distribution of mesoscopic local Tc's and/or substantial space correlations between the mesoscopic domains.
GRAVITATIONAL MICROLENSING BY NEUTRON STARS AND RADIO PULSARS: EVENT RATES, TIMESCALE DISTRIBUTIONS, AND MASS MEASUREMENTS

We investigate properties of Galactic microlensing events in which a stellar object is lensed by a neutron star. For an all-sky photometric microlensing survey, we determine the number of lensing events caused by ∼ 10 5 ? > potentially observable radio pulsars to be ∼ 0.2 yr − 1 ? > for 1010 background stellar sources. We expect a few detectable events per year for the same number of background sources from an astrometric microlensing survey. We show that such a study could lead to precise measurements of radio pulsar masses. For instance, if a pulsar distance could be constrained through radio observations, then its mass would be determined with a precision of ∼ 10 % ? > . We also investigate the timescale distributions for neutron star events, finding that they are much shorter than had been previously thought. For photometric events toward the Galactic center that last ∼15 days, around 7% will have a neutron star lens. This fraction drops rapidly for longer timescales. Away from the bulge region we find that neutron stars will contribute ∼ 40 % ? > of the events that last less than ∼10 days. These results are in contrast to earlier work which found that the maximum fraction of neutron star events would occur on timescales of hundreds of days.
Examining Factors Affecting Intention to Play Video Games: Study of the Indonesian Game Industry

Video games become one of the entertainment media that grabs peoples’ interest along with the development of technology. It forms in several platforms, such as personal computers, consoles, and mobile. As one of the potential target markets for games, Indonesia is still struggling to compete with foreign games to dominate the local market. This study aims to determine the factors influencing the intention to play video games. This research is also intended to help the local developers in developing their games. This research employs the Uses and Gratification Theory and Technology Acceptance Model, supported by Factors in Game. This study uses a quantitative approach involving 311 respondents by distributing online questionnaires to foreign and local gamers who play online and offline games. The results show that escape, challenges, perceived ease of use, and perceived usefulness indirectly influence the intention to play through perceived enjoyment. Meanwhile, trust in game developers has a direct influence on the intention to play.
Classical Yang–Mills theory in condensed matter physics

Gauge field theory approaches have been used extensively in recent times to discuss the physical consequences of spin–orbit interactions in condensed matter physics. An SU(2)×U(1) gauge theory is very naturally borne out and provides an illustrative example of classical Yang–Mills field theory at work. This approach may serve as an exemplification of non-Abelian field theories for students in a general physics curriculum. It allows one to introduce discussions on fundamental ideas like Noether currents, the gauge symmetry principle, gauge symmetry breaking and non-linear Yang–Mills equations in very concrete physical situations that make them accessible to a broad audience.
A NEW CATALOG OF TYPE 1 AGNs AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON THE AGN UNIFIED MODEL

We have recently identified a substantial number of type 1 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) featuring weak broad-line regions (BLRs) at z < 0.2 ? > from detailed analysis of galaxy spectra in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7. These objects predominantly show a stellar continuum but also a broad Hα emission line, indicating the presence of a low-luminosity AGN oriented so that we are viewing the central engine directly without significant obscuration. These accreting black holes have previously eluded detection due to their weak nature. The newly discovered BLR AGNs have increased the number of known type 1 AGNs by 49%. Some of these new BLR AGNs were detected with the Chandra X-ray Observatory, and their X-ray properties confirm that they are indeed type 1 AGNs. Based on our new and more complete catalog of type 1 AGNs, we derived the type 1 fraction of AGNs as a function of [O iii] λ 5007 ? > emission luminosity and explored the possible dilution effect on obscured AGNs due to star formation. The new type 1 AGN fraction shows much more complex behavior with respect to black hole mass and bolometric luminosity than has been suggested previously by the existing receding torus model. The type 1 AGN fraction is sensitive to both of these factors, and there seems to be a sweet spot (ridge) in the diagram of black hole mass and bolometric luminosity. Furthermore, we present the possibility that the Eddington ratio plays a role in determining opening angles.
Theoretical Study of the Exciton Binding Energy and Exciton Absorption in Different Hyperbolic-Type Quantum Wells under Applied Electric, Magnetic, and Intense Laser Fields

In this study, we investigated the exciton binding energy and interband transition between the electron and heavy-hole for the single and double quantum wells which have different hyperbolic-type potential functions subject to electric, magnetic, and non-resonant intense laser fields. The results obtained show that the geometric shapes of the structure and the applied external fields are very effective on the electronic and optical properties. In the absence of the external fields, the exciton binding energy is a decreasing function of increasing well sizes except for the strong confinement regime. Therefore, for all applied external fields, the increase in the well widths produces a red-shift at the absorption peak positions. The magnetic field causes an increase in the exciton binding energy and provides a blue-shift of the absorption peak positions corresponding to interband transitions. The effect of the electric field is quite pronounced in the weak confinement regime, it causes localization in opposite directions of the quantum wells of the electron and hole, thereby weakening the Coulomb interaction between them, causing a decrease in exciton binding energy, and a red-shift of the peak positions corresponding to the interband transitions. Generally, an intense laser field causes a decrease in the exciton binding energy and produces a red-shift of the peak positions corresponding to interband transitions.
Cosmic ray streaming in clusters of galaxies

The observed bimodality in radio luminosity in galaxy clusters is puzzling. We investigate the possibility that cosmic-ray (CR) streaming in the intra-cluster medium can 'switch off' hadronically induced radio and gamma-ray emission. For self-confined CRs, this depends on the source of MHD wave damping: if only non-linear Landau damping operates, then CRs stream on the slow Alfvenic timescale, but if turbulent wave damping operates, super-Alfvenic streaming is possible. As turbulence increases, it promotes outward streaming more than it enables inward turbulent advection. Curiously, the CR flux is independent of $\nabla f$ (as long as it is non-zero) and depends only on plasma parameters; this enables radio halos with flat inferred CR profiles to turn off. We perform 1D time-dependent calculations of a radio mini-halo (Perseus) and giant radio halo (Coma) and find that both diminish in radio luminosity by an order of magnitude in several hundred Myr, given plausible estimates for the magnetic field in the outskirts of the cluster. Due to the energy dependence of CR streaming, spectral curvature develops, and radio halos turn off more slowly at low frequencies -- properties consistent with observations. Similarly, CR streaming rapidly turns off gamma-ray emission at the high-energies probed by Cherenkov telescopes, but not at the low energies probed by Fermi. CR mediated wave-heating of the ICM is unaffected, as it is dominated by ~GeV CRs which stream Alfvenically.
The effect of the motor dual-task on static and dynamic postural control and classification of the motor task difficulty - Systematic Review

Many daily activities require performing multiple tasks and involve the integration of cognitive and motor skills, on which the outcome depends. Many studies approach the influence of cognitive tasks on gait and postural control, but few studies analyze the effect of another motor task during gait or postural control. This review aims to analyze the motor tasks used in motor dual-tasks studies and classify motor tasks as to their difficulty level. The literature review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines in the databases: Medline, Web on Science, and Scopus during December 2019, using the key-words: motor dual-task, secondary motor task, gait, and postural control. It included observational studies based on the effects of motor dual-tasking in static and dynamic postural control, published in the last ten years. N = 215 studies were found within the databases, and this review included sixteen studies. One study analyzed gait with secondary motor task of different levels of complexity. Three studies analyzed the primary motor task (gait) at different difficulty levels or conditions. They all found that more complex tasks lead to poorer gait performance.In conclusion, a classification of the motor tasks is suggested according to their complexity level and suggests the need for more studies with motor tasks of different levels of difficulty. The static and dynamic postural control parameters analyzed in this review were negatively affected compared to the simple motor task, regardless of age or clinical condition.
Growth and Export Performance of Maize from India

Maize is India’s third most important cereal crop after rice and wheat and it is the only cereal crop which can be cultivated throughout the seasons. The present study focuses on the growth in area, production, productivity and export performance of maize from India by using secondary data for the period (1999-2019). To estimate the growth rate in area, production and productivity of maize in India, the following analytical tool was used that is Compound Growth Rate (CGR). The results revealed that area, production, productivity observed positive compound growth rate at one per cent level of significance during overall study period. Export quantity showed the positive growth rate at ten per cent level of significance. Export value of maize showed the positive compound growth rate at one per cent level of significance during overall study period. In country wise analysis Yemen Republic showed highest growth rate in terms of export quantity and Nepal showed highest growth rate in terms of export value respectively. The research will help us understand the primary factors influencing maize production and export of maize from India. So, it becomes a paramount importance for a country like India to start promotion measures to boost up the pace of its exports.