Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Flexible IoT Agriculture Systems for Irrigation Control Based on Software Services

IoT technology applied to agriculture has produced a number of contributions in the recent years. Such solutions are, most of the time, fully tailored to a particular functional target and focus extensively on sensor-hardware development and customization. As a result, software-centered solutions for IoT system development are infrequent. This is not suitable, as the software is the bottleneck in modern computer systems, being the main source of performance loss, errors, and even cyber attacks. This paper takes a software-centric perspective to model and design IoT systems in a flexible manner. We contribute a software framework that supports the design of the IoT systems’ software based on software services in a client–server model with REST interactions; and it is exemplified on the domain of efficient irrigation in agriculture. We decompose the services’ design into the set of constituent functions and operations both at client and server sides. As a result, we provide a simple and novel view on the design of IoT systems in agriculture from a sofware perspective: we contribute simple design structure based on the identification of the front-end software services, their internal software functions and operations, and their interconnections as software services. We have implemented the software framework on an IoT irrigation use case that monitors the conditions of the field and processes the sampled data, detecting alarms when needed. We demonstrate that the temporal overhead of our solution is bounded and suitable for the target domain, reaching a response time of roughly 11 s for bursts of 3000 requests.
Optofluidic ring resonator based dye laser

The authors demonstrate a microfluidic dye laser using a liquid core optical ring resonator (LCORR). The LCORR is made of a fused silica capillary with a wall thickness of a few microns. The circular cross section of the capillary forms a ring resonator that supports whispering gallery modes (WGMs) and provides an optical feedback for lasers. Due to the high Q factor of the WGM (107), a low lasing threshold is achieved (1μJ∕mm2). In addition, they show that the laser can be coupled out via a tapered fiber in touch with the LCORR, thus providing a mechanism for easy laser delivery.
An Estimation of the Acoustic Cutoff Frequency of the Sun Based on the Properties of the Low-Degree Pseudomodes

The acoustic cutoff frequency (νac) is an important atmospheric parameter whose estimation has in the past been based on the study of power spectra that have yielded a wide range of values between 5300 and 5700 μHz. The discovery of a solar signal well beyond the acoustic cutoff frequency (pseudomodes) might lead one to think that the determination of νac would be even more complicated because, for example, looking for a sudden drop in the power density signal could no be longer used. Contrary to what might be thought at first sight, the existence of pseudomodes helps to provide a good estimation of νac, because the frequency pattern of pseudomodes is shifted with respect to that of p-modes. In this study a bivariate analysis (coherence and phase shift) between the intensity signals of VIRGO and the velocity signal of GOLF (both instruments on board the SOHO probe) is carried out over the frequency range of p-modes and pseudomodes. The results shows clear evidence that the acoustic cutoff frequency of the Sun is close to the theoretical value of 5300 μHz; specifically, a value around 5100 μHz is found in this research.
The evolution of co‐orbiting material in the orbit of 2201 Oljato from 1980 to 2012 as deduced from Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Venus Express magnetic records

Asteroid 2201 Oljato passed through perihelion inside the orbit of Venus near the time of its conjunction with Venus in 1980, 1983, and 1986. During those three years, many interplanetary field enhancements (IFEs) were observed by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) in the longitude sector where the orbit of Oljato lies inside Venus' orbit. We attribute IFEs to clouds of fine‐scale, possibly highly charged dust picked up by the solar wind after an interplanetary collision between objects in the diameter range of 10–1000 m. We interpret the increase rate in IFEs at PVO in these years as due to material in Oljato's orbit colliding with material in, or near to, Venus' orbital plane and producing a dust‐anchored structure in the interplanetary magnetic field. In March 2012, almost 30 yr later, with Venus Express (VEX) now in orbit, the Oljato‐Venus geometry is similar to the one in 1980. Here, we compare IFEs detected by VEX and PVO using the same IFE identification criteria. We find an evolution with time of the IFE rate. In contrast to the results in the 1980s, the recent VEX observations reveal that at solar longitudes in which the Oljato orbit is inside that of Venus, the IFE rate is reduced to the level even below the rate seen at solar longitudes where Oljato's orbit is outside that of Venus. This observation implies that Oljato not only lost its co‐orbiting material but also disrupted the “target material,” with which the co‐orbiting material was colliding, near Venus.
Application of Harmonic Balance Technique to Synthetic Jets in Cross-Flow

The harmonic balance technique was applied to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for the time-periodic flow fields associated with synthetic jets in quiescent and cross-flows. The method yields approximate time-mean and unsteady flow field solutions through a series of steady-state computations for frequency domain variables. Relatively accurate solutions for the time-mean flow field were obtained using truncated series of low harmonic order (e.g., three to five). Computational results were compared against hotwire data from complementary low-speed wind tunnel experiments with various synthetic-jet slot aspect ratios and jet-to-freestream momentum ratios. The preliminary assessment of the computational methodology suggests that the harmonic balance technique has potential to offer an efficient means by which to simulate forced time-periodic flow fields of interest to the aeropropulsion community.
Viscoelastic Poiseuille flow through a curved channel: A new elastic instability

The linear stability of the inertialess, pressure‐driven Poiseuille flow of an Oldroyd‐B fluid through a slightly curved channel is considered. The flow is shown to be unstable in certain flow parameter regimes. The critical conditions and the structure of the vortex flow at the onset of instability are presented. These results reveal that there is a purely elastic, instability in the flow, and the instability is a stationary mode in contrast to the elastic, oscillatory instability that occurs in Taylor–Couette flow [see Larson, Shaqfeh, and Muller, J. Fluid Mech. 218, 573 (1990)]. In addition, the mechanism of the instability is investigated through an examination of the disturbance‐energy equation.
Radar Sensor and Data Communication System Based on OFDM Without Cyclic Prefix

The high data rate and large bandwidth of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulations have made the integrated waveform design using OFDM-based signals a popular research topic in recent years. However, OFDM signals are sensitive to the Doppler frequency bias and multipath effects, which are traditionally accommodated by cyclic prefixes (CPs) inserted before each OFDM symbol. Since the CP is the partial copy of the OFDM symbol, it not only loses energy in communication systems but also forms false targets after radar signal processing. To address the shortcomings of conventional OFDM, this article proposes a modified CP-free OFDM joint radar communication system (JRCS). It transmits the OFDM pulse signal to certain targets and/or communication systems and receives echoes in the pulse repetition interval. By removing CP, the radar system can compress the echoes without ghost targets. Through reasonable sampling which should be designed significantly, the communication systems demodulate the OFDM pulse to extract information without intersymbol interference (ISI) in multipath channels. Furthermore, the constraints of the time, frequency, and sampling on the system are analyzed in detail and an illustrating system under an air-to-ground scenario is constructed. Simulation results show that the proposed signal design and processing method has a better performance compared to conventional OFDM signals.
Crescimento de mudas de erva-mate fertilizadas com n, P E K

The significant reduction of mate native populations areas has been impelling the search for seedlings of mate tea for new mate stands implantation. However, there are few studies related to adequate levels of N, P and K for the production of seedlings of mate tea. With the objective in evaluating the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium doses on the initial growth of seedlings of mate tea tree an experiment were installed in a greenhouse it UFSM-RS. After five months under dormancy break the seeds were sown in a seed bed. In October 2004, the seedlings were transplanted for vases with 2 dm³ of soil, Argilic red-yellow. The experiments were carried out in blocks at random with eight treatments: T1-control, T2-100, T3-200, T4-300, T5-400, T6-500, T7-600 and T8-700 mg of the tested element kg -1 of soil (N, P and K). After 270 days of transplanting, total height (H), diameter of the collar (DC), fresh matter of the above ground part (MFPA), dry matter of the root (MSR), dry matter of the above ground part (MSPA) and total dry matter (MST), were analysed. The seedlings produced the best growth on the average dose of 447.5 mg kg -1 of P, for all analyzed variables. However, the same was not observed for treatments with N and K. Doses of N and K higher than 100 mg kg -1 substrate showed to be inadequate for mate tea tree seedlings productions.
A New Scenario for Type III Solar Radio Emission

This paper describes a new scenario for type III solar radio emission. While the conventional theories emphasize Langmuir waves propagating along the ambient magnetic field, the present model stresses extraordinary-mode Bernstein waves with quasi-perpendicular wave vectors. The present model relies on plasma inhomogeneity and wave reflection to produce the electromagnetic radiation, in contrast to the conventional theories, which rely on nonlinear wave-wave and wave-particle interactions. The essence of the model is that Bernstein waves with frequencies above the X-mode cutoff frequency are first excited. Initially these waves can only propagate toward regions with higher density and magnetic field. During this process, quasi-electrostatic Bernstein waves spontaneously convert to electromagnetic waves and rapidly reach the local X-mode cutoff frequency. Subsequently, these waves are reflected and propagate away from the source region. The escaping radiation is observed as the type III emission. It is pointed out that in general, the observed radiation should possess one band in the dynamic spectrum. However, under certain conditions, the present theory is also capable of explaining the appearance of a pair of bands similar to those commonly called the "fundamental" and "harmonic" components in the literature. The present model resolves some of the inconsistencies between the usual plasma emission hypothesis and the observed pair emissions.
A Conductance-Based Silicon Synapse Circuit

Neuron, synapse, and learning circuits inspired by the brain comprise the key components of a neuromorphic chip. In this study, we present a conductance-based analog silicon synapse circuit suitable for the implementation of reduced or multi-compartment neuron models. Compartmental models are more bio-realistic. They are implemented in neuromorphic chips aiming to mimic the electrical activities of the neuronal networks in the brain and incorporate biomimetic soma and synapse circuits. Most contemporary low-power analog synapse circuits implement bioinspired “current-based” synaptic models suited for the implementation of single-compartment point neuron models. They emulate the exponential decay profile of the synaptic current, but ignore the effect of the postsynaptic membrane potential on the synaptic current. This dependence is necessary to emulate shunting inhibition, which is thought to play important roles in information processing in the brain. The proposed circuit uses an oscillator-based resistor-type element at its output stage to incorporate this effect. This circuit is used to demonstrate the shunting inhibition phenomenon. Next, to demonstrate that the oscillatory nature of the induced synaptic current has no unforeseen effects, the synapse circuit is employed in a spatiotemporal spike pattern detection task. The task employs the adaptive spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) learning rule, a bio-inspired learning rule introduced in a previous study. The mixed-signal chip is designed in a Taiwan Manufacturing Semiconductor Company 250 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology node. It comprises a biomimetic soma circuit and 256 synapse circuits, along with their learning circuitries.
Red giants and supergiants with degenerate neutron cores

A new type of stellar model is constructed. It is related to neutron stars as ordinary red giants are related to white dwarfs. Its external appearance is similar to that of an ordinary M supergiant, but its evolutionary lifetime is 10 times longer. Our models are constrained to be relativistic but nonrotating, to constrain a degenerate neutron core of mass 1 M⊙ and radius 10 km, surrounded by a nondegenerate, massive, diffuse envelope. The core and envelope turn out to be separated by a thin (~40 m) energy-generation layer. The envelope convects from this layer all the way out to the photosphere. The effective temperatures and radii are ~2700 K and ~1000 R⊙. Within a fairly narrow range of effective temperatures and radii, two families of models were found: "red giants" and "red supergiants" with luminosities and masses less than and greater than ~65,000 L⊙ and ~10 M⊙, respectively. The luminosity of a giant comes 97 percent from gravitational contraction and 3 percent from nuclear burning. That of a supergiant is 5 percent from gravitational contraction and 95 percent from hydrogen burning by nonequilibrium, hot CNO reactions. The CNO reaction products are convected directly from the hydrogen-burning shell out to the photosphere of the supergiant, where they should be observable.
The Sugar Metabolic Model of Aspergillus niger Can Only Be Reliably Transferred to Fungi of Its Phylum

Fungi play a critical role in the global carbon cycle by degrading plant polysaccharides to small sugars and metabolizing them as carbon and energy sources. We mapped the well-established sugar metabolic network of Aspergillus niger to five taxonomically distant species (Aspergillus nidulans, Penicillium subrubescens, Trichoderma reesei, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Dichomitus squalens) using an orthology-based approach. The diversity of sugar metabolism correlates well with the taxonomic distance of the fungi. The pathways are highly conserved between the three studied Eurotiomycetes (A. niger, A. nidulans, P. subrubescens). A higher level of diversity was observed between the T. reesei and A. niger, and even more so for the two Basidiomycetes. These results were confirmed by integrative analysis of transcriptome, proteome and metabolome, as well as growth profiles of the fungi growing on the corresponding sugars. In conclusion, the establishment of sugar pathway models in different fungi revealed the diversity of fungal sugar conversion and provided a valuable resource for the community, which would facilitate rational metabolic engineering of these fungi as microbial cell factories.
Atmospheric Overvoltages Suppression: In Situ and Analytical Validation

This article deals with the issues arising from nonadequately designed grounding system of the telecommunication cell tower, in situ experimental investigations, novel system design, and consecutive verification as well as in-depth analysis based on the analytical model. The aforementioned surge pulse-based experiments confirmed the validity of the proposed modification in the grounding system geometry. As a measure of the novel solution's effectiveness, the attenuation factor of the grounding system is used, defined as a ratio of the measured surge pulse peak at the electrode beginning and its end, with and without the novel modification. The value obtained with the modification active is 2.44, in comparison with the value of 1.12 for the bypassed modification. In order to obtain a more general set of conclusions, the modification is additionally verified by applying analytical modeling that enables the consideration of various parameters of the presented problem, in particular in terms of the various lightning pulses according to EN 62305 and for different electrode lengths. Presenting a continuation of the previously reported findings, this article exhibits that the analytical model can serve for engineering estimation of the grounding electrode response to various pulses and to design the optimal electrode geometry.
CO (3 − 2) HIGH-RESOLUTION SURVEY OF THE GALACTIC PLANE: R1

We present the first release (R1) of data from the CO High-Resolution Survey (COHRS), which maps a strip of the inner Galactic plane in 12CO (J = 3 → 2). The data are taken using the Heterodyne Array Receiver Programme on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) in Hawaii, which has a 14 arcsec angular resolution at this frequency. When complete, this survey will cover |b| ⩽ 0. °5 between 10° < l < 65°. This first release covers |b| ⩽ 0. °5 between 10. °25 < l < 17. °5 and 50. °25 < l < 55. °25, and |b| ⩽ 0. °25 between 17. °5 < l < 50. °25. The data are smoothed to a velocity resolution of 1 km s−1, a spatial resolution of 16 arcsec and achieve a mean rms of ∼1 K. COHRS data are available to the community online at http://dx.doi. org/10.11570/13.0002. In this paper we describe the data acquisition and reduction techniques used and present integrated intensity images and longitude–velocity maps. We also discuss the noise characteristics of the data. The high resolution is a powerful tool for morphological studies of bubbles and filaments while the velocity information shows the spiral arms and outflows. These data are intended to complement both existing and upcoming surveys, e.g., the Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS), ATLASGAL, the Herschel Galactic Plane Survey (Hi-GAL) and the JCMT Galactic Plane Survey with SCUBA-2 (JPS).
Towards depression monitoring and prevention in older populations using smart wearables: Quantitative Findings

Depression has become a growing concern over the recent years. Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, depression among all age groups has increased significantly. As mental health is often stigmatized among older aged people, it is less openly discussed or treated. We propose a mental health monitoring approach that limits explicit user interaction, using Fitbit smartwatch data to determine depressive tendencies in older-aged people. We analysed physiological user data extracted from a Fitbit Alta HR device and use this data to train a machine learning model to detect depressive tendencies. While this is not a diagnostic tool, the aim is to identify physiological signs early on and direct the user toward professional medical guidance and treatment. We trained 19 predictive models on our dataset, the gradient boosting regressor outperformed all other models. The best performing model achieved at R-square of 0.32 although most models were poorly performing. Due to the limited sample size, there is a risk of model overfitting. Although these preliminary results are promising for one model, they would need to be replicated in a larger sample of older people, who exhibit a wider range of depressive tendencies.
On the instability of Taylor vortices

It is known experimentally that laminar circular Couette flow between two concentric circular cylinders, the outer of which is fixed, becomes unstable when the speed of the inner cylinder is high enough. The flow is then replaced by a new circumferential flow with superimposed toroidal (or Taylor) vortices spaced periodically along the axis. At a higher speed still the new flow develops another instability, and is replaced by a flow in which the axially periodic vortices are simultaneously periodic travelling waves in the azimuth. In the present paper an attack is made on the problem of instability of the Taylor-vortex flow against perturbations which are periodic both in the axial and azimuthal co-ordinates and, moreover, travel with some phase velocity in the latter. Subject to a number of assumptions and approximations, which are detailed in the paper, it is found that the Taylor-vortex flow is stable against perturbations with the same axial wavelength and phase, but unstable against perturbations differing in phase by ½π. After instability the new flow no longer has planes separating neighbouring vortices, but has wavy surfaces travelling in the azimuth. This feature is in accord with much (though not all) of the experimental evidence. The critical Taylor number (proportional to the square of the speed) at which the Taylor vortices become unstable is found theoretically to be about 8% above the value for which Taylor vortices first appear. This must be compared with a value in the range 5-20% for the experiments which our work models most closely. The azimuthal wave-number given a slight preference by theory is 1, in agreement with those experiments.
HIERARCHICAL LATENT SEMANTIC CLASS EXTRACTION USING ASYMMETRIC TERM SIMILARITIES

Automatic extraction of term semantic classes is an interesting task in the Information Retrieval field. Models such as Latent Dirichlet Allocation or Probabilistic Semantic Indexing are able to provide the probability that a term belongs to a given semantic class. However such models do not provide neither Euclidean coordinates for terms nor a hierarchical structure to organize the latent semantic classes, which makes difficult to visualize the information under consideration. In this work we propose a hierarchical latent topic extraction method that exploits the information contained in asymmetric term similarity matrices. Our method produces Mercer Gram matrices for terms organized by frequency levels and then hierarchically combines classes belonging to different levels. Euclidean coordinates for terms can be recovered from the proposed kernel matrices. Our proposal also provides explicit conditional probabilities, as the Latent Dirichlet Allocation model does, but avoiding the computational burden usually involved in the iterative step of such probabilistic models. Finally, we analyze a real data base showing the advantages of the new approach.
Contribution of the built environment to inequity in loneliness by neighbourhood disadvantage in Australia

ABSTRACT Disadvantaged areas have higher loneliness levels than advantaged areas, though studies rarely identify objective built environment determinants of loneliness by neighbourhood disadvantage. We studied the contribution of objective walkability components (residential density, street connectivity, and land use mix) and overall walkability in the relationship between neighbourhood disadvantage and loneliness using cross-sectional data from 3778 individuals aged 48-77 years old living in 200 neighbourhoods in Brisbane, Australia. Residential density only partly contributed to the observed inequity in loneliness across neighbourhood disadvantages, among all walkability components. Moreover, the overall walkability could not explain inequity in loneliness across neighbourhood disadvantages.