Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of material stiffness on hardness: A computational study based on model potentials

We investigate the dependence of the hardness of materials on their elastic stiffness. This is possible by constructing a series of model potentials of Morse type; starting with modelling natural Cu, the model potentials exhibit an increased elastic modulus, while keeping all other potential parameters (lattice constant, bond energy) unchanged. Using molecular-dynamics simulation, we perform nanoindentation experiments on these model crystals. We find that the crystal hardness scales with the elastic stiffness. Also the load drop, which is experienced when plasticity sets in, increases in proportion to the elastic stiffness, while the yield point, i.e. the indentation at which plasticity sets in, is independent of the elastic stiffness.
Superstrong approximation for monodromy groups

This document is an expanded version of a lecture presented at a conference on "Thin Groups and Superstrong Approximation" held at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in February 2012. Superstrong approximation is a criterion on a finitely generated group, saying that certain Cayley graphs associated to finite quotients of the group form an expander family. In recent years, our knowledge about superstrong approximation for infinite-index Zariski-dense subgroups of arithmetic lattices ("thin groups") has drastically improved. We briefly survey the construction of monodromy groups, discuss our (limited) knowledge about whether such groups are thin, and discuss an application to arithmetic geometry (see the paper "Expander graphs, gonality, and variation of Galois representations") deriving from recent advances in superstrong approximation. We conclude by indulging in some speculations about more general contexts, asking: what are the interesting questions about "nonabelian superstrong approximation" and "superstrong approximation for Galois groups? " We discuss the relation of these notions with the Product Replacement Algorithm and the Bogomolov property for infinite algebraic extensions of number fields.
The Long-Run Phillips Curve is ... A Curve

In U.S. data, inflation and output are negatively related in the long run. A Bayesian VAR with stochastic trends generalized to be piecewise linear provides robust reduced-form evidence in favor of a threshold level of trend inflation below which potential output is independent of trend inflation, and above which, instead, potential output is negatively affected by trend inflation. The threshold level of inflation is slightly lower than 4%, above which every percentage point increase in inflation is related to about 1% decrease in potential output per year. A New Keynesian model generalized to admit time-varying trend inflation and estimated via particle filtering provides theoretical foundations to this reduced-form evidence. The structural long-run Phillips Curve implied by the estimated New Keynesian model is not statistically different from the one implied by the reduced-form piecewise linear BVAR model. JEL Classification Numbers: C32, C51, E30, E31, E52
EFFECTS OF AFFECTIVE PAIN ON C-FOS AND N2RA: N2RB EXPRESSION Long-term Effects of Perinatal Affective Pain on c-Fos and N2RA: N2RB expression in the rACC of adult rats

Preterm infants in intensive care are exposed to higher levels of inflammatory injuries and infections than babies born full-term, during a time where noxious stimulations are normally absent. Research by Gomes and Barr (2020) suggests that early life exposures to injury and infection concurrently, as well as injury alone, have long-term effects on the nociceptive and affective components of pain. Following aversive conditioning, regions critical for pain processing (like the anterior cingulate cortex) show increased c-Fos expression and changes in glutamatergic subunit ratios for NR2A and NR2B. Using tissues acquired from Gomes and Barr (2020), the goal of this study was to measure activity in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), through c-Fos expression and the semi-quantify the N2RA: N2RB ratio, in adult rats following a formalin-induced conditioned place aversion (F-CPA) task. We compared c-Fos positive cells in the ACC in rats exposed to either infection and inflammatory injury (E. coli and carrageenan), only infection (E. coli and saline), only inflammatory injury (PBS and carrageenan), or a control (PBS and saline). Results showed no significant difference in c-Fos expression in the ACC between any of the four groups. Due to the small sample size, rACC slices were grouped with the rest of the ACC, but the sample size still did not allow statistically powered results. Lastly, we were unable to semi-quantify the N2RA: N2RB ratio as we did not have full brains to run immunofluorescent staining. Contrary to our hypotheses, these findings revealed adult ACC activity did not reflect developmental treatment-related exposures as proposed by Gomes and Barr (2020) as well as previous research studying affective pain and the ACC. The results of this study show no relationship between early exposure to inflammatory injury or infection and increased c-Fos expression in the ACC. These findings suggest that early painful exposures do not result in increased ACC activity. Our first hypothesis predicted an increase in c-Fos expression specifically in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex; unfortunately, the sample size used did not allow for an analysis of the comparison of c-Fos expression in the rACC between the interaction and control group. Instead, we used pooled ACC slides to look at c-Fos expression differences between groups in the entirety of the ACC and found no significant differences between any of the four groups. My second hypothesis, regarding a change in the N2RA: N2RB subunit ratio, in the rACC, in pups exposed to neonatal infection and inflammatory injury was not carried out as there were no whole brains available. The brains used in this study, had been previously sliced, stained for c-Fos expression, and mounted on slides, and thus could not be used for the semi-quantification of the N2RA: N2RB ratio. ACC c-Fos between work results.
Global Inequality in the Current Era

One of the most vehement criticisms to the current global era refers to the issue of huge income disparities within and between countries. At present, global inequality is higher than it was 200 years ago but, at the same time, up to COVID 19, the Gini index marks the first time since the Industrial Revolution that it stopped rising. This downward trajectory has been driven by a decline in between-country inequality —the main explanatory factor for global income disparities— partially offset by a rise in within-country inequality. The downward trend between countries should not be unexpected, since low-income countries in Asia, particularly China, have experienced growth rates substantially above the world average in the context of a rapid industrialization process. The pandemic has revealed and worsened preexisting inequalities in both within and between countries, so that global inequality also appears to have increased since its outbreak.
Stable Random Fields, Bowen-Margulis measures and Extremal Cocycle Growth

We establish a connection between extreme values of stable random fields arising in probability and groups G acting geometrically on CAT(-1) spaces X. The connection is mediated by the action of the group on its limit set equipped with the Patterson-Sullivan measure. Based on motivation from extreme value theory, we introduce an invariant of the action called extremal cocycle growth and show that its non-vanishing is equivalent to finiteness of the Bowen-Margulis measure for the associated unit tangent bundle U(X/G) provided X is not a tree whose edges are (up to scale) integers. As a consequence, we establish a dichotomy for the growth-rate of a partial maxima sequence of stationary symmetric $\alpha$-stable ($0 < \alpha < 2$) random fields indexed by groups acting on CAT(-1) spaces. We also establish analogous results for normal subgroups of free groups. This enables investigation of extremes for tree-indexed stable random fields.
NUT-like and near-horizon limits of Kerr-NUT-(A)dS spacetimes

We study a class of limits of the higher-dimensional Kerr-NUT-(A)dS spacetimes where particular roots of metric functions degenerate. Namely, we obtain the Taub-NUT-(A)dS and the extreme near-horizon geometries as two examples of our limiting procedure. The symmetries of the resulting spacetimes are enhanced which is manifested by the presence of supplementary Killing vectors and decomposition of Killing tensors into Killing vectors.
A solution of the non‐uniqueness problem of the Dirac Hamiltonian and energy operators

In a general spacetime, the possible choices for the field of orthonormal tetrads lead (in standard conditions) to equivalent Dirac equations. However, the Hamiltonian operator is got from rewriting the Dirac equation in a form adapted to a particular reference frame, or class of coordinate systems. That rewriting does not commute with changing the tetrad field (uα ). The data of a reference frame F fixes a four‐velocity field v, and also fixes a rotation‐rate field Ω. It is natural to impose that u0 = v. We show that then the spatial triad (up) can only be rotating w.r. t. F, and that the title problem is solved if one imposes that the corresponding rotation rate Ξ be equal to Ω – or also, if one imposes that Ξ = 0. We also analyze other proposals which were aimed at solving the problem of the non‐uniqueness of the Dirac Hamiltonian.
FORMATION OF DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXIES VIA MERGERS OF DISKY DWARFS

We perform collisionless N-body simulations to investigate whether binary mergers between rotationally supported dwarfs can lead to the formation of dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs). Our simulation campaign is based on a hybrid approach combining cosmological simulations and controlled numerical experiments. We select merger events from a Constrained Local Universe simulation of the Local Group (LG) and record the properties of the interacting dwarf-sized halos. This information is subsequently used to seed controlled experiments of binary encounters between dwarf galaxies consisting of exponential stellar disks embedded in cosmologically motivated dark matter halos. These simulations are designed to reproduce eight cosmological merger events, with initial masses of the interacting systems in the range ∼(5–60) × 107M☉, occurring quite early in the history of the LG, more than 10 Gyr ago. We compute the properties of the merger remnants as a distant observer would and demonstrate that at least three of the simulated encounters produce systems with kinematic and structural properties akin to those of the classic dSphs in the LG. Tracing the history of the remnants in the cosmological simulation to z = 0, we find that two dSph-like objects remain isolated at distances ≳ 800 kpc from either the Milky Way or M31. These systems constitute plausible counterparts of the remote dSphs Cetus and Tucana which reside in the LG outskirts, far from the tidal influence of the primary galaxies. We conclude that merging of rotationally supported dwarfs represents a viable mechanism for the formation of dSphs in the LG and similar environments.
The Relationship Between Knowledge And Attitudes of The Community With The Prevention Of Draining, Burying And Closing (3M) Program against Dengue Haemorragic Fever In Aimutin Village, Comoro Village, Dom Aleixo Sub-district, Dili District

The Aedes Aegypti mosquito which is often referred to the cause of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) has a different life cycle from other mosquitoes. DHF mosquitoes are active between morning and evening, sucking the blood of their victims so that they spread the dengue virus. DHF is an endemic disease, meaning that it always occurs in certain geographic locations or demographic groups. The purpose of this research is to prevent dengue hemorrhagic fever by involving the community in the form of an effective implementation of drainage, burial, and cover (3M) programs in Aimutin Village. This study uses a quantitative descriptive design with a cross sectional design. The population in this study consisted of 321 heads of families, while the sample consisted of 39 heads of families. The sampling strategy used in this study was random sampling. The data analysis technique was multiple correlation with the results of the relationship between the knowledge variable (variable X1) and the attitude (variable X2) of the community towards the implementation of the drainage, burial, and closure (3M) program for the prevention of dengue hemorrhagic fever (variable Y), the classification level was very strong. Meanwhile, to show the magnitude of the contribution of the X1 variable to the Y variable, the determinant coefficient is r2x100% or 0.492x100% = 24.01%, while the rest is influenced by other factors. This conclusion requires the attention of the minister of health, community leaders, and local communities in order reactivate efforts to control this disease. (Y). These findings indicate that public awareness of the necessity of draining, burying, and closing (3M) programs is strongly associated with Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. According to the findings of this study, it differs with a previous one performed in 20096 in the urban hamlet of Medan by Meutia Wardhanie Ganie, which indicated that as many as 32.8 %. While the findings of this study done by researchers in Ai-Mutin Village indicated that as much as 59.29 % of the population is aware of the draining, burying, and closing (3M) program of preventative measures against the development of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in local areas.
Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous quantitation of ceftriaxone, metronidazole and hydroxymetronidazole in plasma from seriously ill, severely malnourished children [version 1; peer review: 4 approved with reservations]

We have developed and validated a novel, sensitive, selective and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI-MS/MS) for the simultaneous quantitation of ceftriaxone (CEF), metronidazole (MET) and hydroxymetronidazole (MET-OH) from
CHANDRA SPECTROSCOPY OF MAXI J1305−704: DETECTION OF AN INFALLING BLACK HOLE DISK WIND?

We report on a high-resolution Chandra/HETG X-ray spectrum of the transient X-ray binary MAXI J1305−704. A rich absorption complex is detected in the Fe L band, including density-sensitive lines from Fe xx, Fe xxi, and Fe xxii. Spectral analysis over three wavelength bands with a large grid of XSTAR photoionization models generally requires a gas density of n ⩾ 1017 cm−3. Assuming a luminosity of L = 1037 erg s−1, fits to the 10–14 Å band constrain the absorbing gas to lie within r = (3.9 ± 0.7) × 103 km from the central engine, or about r = 520 ± 90 (M/5 M☉) rg, where rg = GM/c2. At this small distance from the compact object, gas in stable orbits should have a gravitational redshift of z = v/c ≃ (3 ± 1) × 10−3 (M/5 M☉), and any tenuous inflowing gas should have a free-fall velocity of v/c ≃ (6 ± 1) × 10−2 (M/5 M☉)1/2. The best-fit single-zone photoionization models measure a redshift of v/c = (2.6–3.2) × 10−3. Models with two absorbing zones provide significantly improved fits, and the additional zone is measured to have a redshift of v/c = (4.6–4.9) × 10−2 (models including two zones suggest slightly different radii and may point to lower densities). Thus, the observed shifts are broadly consistent with those expected at the photoionization radius. The absorption spectrum revealed in MAXI J1305−704 may be best explained in terms of a “failed wind” like those predicted in some recent numerical simulations of black hole accretion flows. The robustness of the velocity shifts was explored through detailed simulations with the Chandra/MARX ray-tracing package and analysis of the zeroth-order ACIS-S3 spectrum. These tests are particularly important given the anomalously large angle between the source and the optical axis in this observation. The simulations and ACIS spectrum suggest that the shifts are not instrumental; however, strong caution is warranted. We discuss our results in the context of accretion flows in stellar-mass black holes and active galactic nuclei, as well as the potential role of failed winds in emerging connections between disk outflows and black hole state transitions.
Model building in AdS/CMT: DC conductivity and Hall angle

Using the bottom-up approach in a holographic setting, we attempt to study both the transport and thermodynamic properties of a generic system in 3+1 dimensional bulk spacetime. We show the exact 1/T and $T^2$ dependence of the longitudinal conductivity and Hall angle, as seen experimentally in most copper-oxide systems, which are believed to be close to quantum critical point. This particular temperature dependence to conductivities are possible in two different cases: (1) Background solutions with scale invariant and broken rotational symmetry, (2) solutions with pseudo-scaling and unbroken rotational symmetry but only at low density limit. Generically, the study of the transport properties in a scale invariant background solution, using the probe brane approach, at high density and at low temperature limit suggests us to consider only metrics with two exponents. More precisely, the spatial part of the metric components should not be same i.e., $g_{xx}\neq g_{yy}$. In doing so, we have generated the above mentioned behavior to conductivity with a very special behavior to specific heat which at low temperature goes as: $C_V\sim T^3$. However, if we break the scaling symmetry of the background solution by including a nontrivial dilaton, axion or both and keep the rotational symmetry then also we can generate such a behavior to conductivity but only in the low density regime. As far as we are aware, this particular temperature dependence to both the conductivity and Hall angle is being shown for the first time using holography.
On the α formalism for the common envelope interaction

The α formalism is a common way to parametrize the common envelope interaction between a giant star and a more compact companion. The α parameter describes the fraction of orbital energy released by the companion that is available to eject the giant star’s envelope. By using new, detailed stellar evolutionary calculations, we derive a user-friendly prescription for the λ parameter and an improved approximation for the envelope binding energy, thus revising the α equation. We then determine α both from simulations and from observations in a self-consistent manner. By using our own stellar structure models as well as population considerations to reconstruct the primary’s parameters at the time of the common envelope interaction, we gain a deeper understanding of the uncertainties. We find that systems with very low values of q (the ratio of the companion’s mass to the mass of the primary at the time of the common envelope interaction) have higher values of α. A fit to the data suggests that lower-mass companions are left at comparable or larger orbital separations to more massive companions. We conjecture that lower-mass companions take longer than a stellar dynamical time to spiral into the giant’s core, and that this is key to allowing the giant to use its own thermal energy to help unbind its envelope. As a result, although systems with light companions might not have enough orbital energy to unbind the common envelope, they might stimulate a stellar reaction that results in the common envelope ejection.
Comparative sequence analysis elucidates the evolutionary patterns of Yersinia pestis in New Mexico over thirty-two years

Background Yersinia pestis, a Gram-negative bacterium, is the causative agent of plague. Y. pestis is a zoonotic pathogen that occasionally infects humans and became endemic in the western United States after spreading from California in 1899. Methods To better understand evolutionary patterns in Y. pestis from the southwestern United States, we sequenced and analyzed 22 novel genomes from New Mexico. Analytical methods included, assembly, multiple sequences alignment, phylogenetic tree reconstruction, genotype-phenotype correlation, and selection pressure. Results We identified four genes, including Yscp and locus tag YPO3944, which contained codons undergoing negative selection. We also observed 42 nucleotide sites displaying a statistically significant skew in the observed residue distribution based on the year of isolation. Overall, the three genes with the most statistically significant variations that associated with metadata for these isolates were sapA, fliC, and argD. Phylogenetic analyses point to a single introduction of Y. pestis into the United States with two subsequent, independent movements into New Mexico. Taken together, these analyses shed light on the evolutionary history of this pathogen in the southwestern US over a focused time range and confirm a single origin and introduction into North America.
The effect of additional background risk on mixed risk behavior

Although economics has mainly focused on the measurement of risk aversion, this is only a partial measure of an individual’s risk profile. Further, background risks may also affect an individual’s decisions. We use a risk apportionment approach to measure individual higher order risk attitudes before and after an increase in background risk. We focus on risk aversion, prudence and temperance. Results indicate that around 17% of our sample is mixed risk-loving in our online experiment. After the increase in background risk, the proportion of mixed risk-averse individuals increases, driven by an increase in risk-averse choices. Our findings suggest that one-size-fits-all policies should be flexible to incorporate the heterogeneity of individual risk profiles, as well as changes in individual and overall risk conditions.
Flavor structure of the nucleon sea from lattice QCD

We present the first direct lattice calculation of the isovector sea-quark distributions in the nucleon within the framework of the large-momentum effective field theory proposed recently. We use N f = 2 + 1 + 1 highly improved staggered quarks lattice gauge ensembles (generated by the MILC Collaboration) and clover valence fermions with pion mass 310 MeV. We establish the convergence of the result as the nucleon momentum increases within the uncertainty of the calculation. Although the lattice systematics are not yet fully under control, we obtain some qualitative features of the flavor structure of the nucleon sea: d ¯ ( x ) > u ¯ ( x ) leading to the violation of the Gottfried sum rule, Δ u ¯ ( x ) > Δ d ¯ ( x ) as indicated by the STAR data at large and small leptonic pseudorapidity.