Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of insecticide resistance in two strains of fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Tephritidae: Diptera), with fruit dip method.

Present study was conducted to determine the level of insecticide resistance in five insecticides, viz . , malathion, trichlorfon, lambda-cyhalothrin, spinosad and bifenthrin, commonly being used for the control of fruit flies, in two field strains of fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Tephritidae: Diptera) by using fruit dip bioassay method under laboratory conditions. Response data were collected at 24 and 48 hours after releasing graved females in the cages having fruits dipped in appropriate concentrates of each insecticide. Results showed that B. zonata from Multan and Faisalabad zones were resistant to trichlorfon, malathion, lambda-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin ranging 3-19 fold, however, population from these places were susceptibility to spinosad. Malathion registered resistances ratio (3-6 fold) less than bifenthrin (8-11 fold), trichlorofon (10-19 fold) and cyhalothrin (4-9 fold). The data suggest that B. zonata has developed resistance to trichlorfon and indicate a danger for its use as cover spray and in baits.
Evaluation of enteric methane prediction equations for dairy cows used in whole farm models

The importance of evaluating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dairy cows within the whole farm setting is being realized as more important than evaluating these emissions in isolation. Current whole farm models aimed at evaluating GHG emissions make use of simple regression equations to predict enteric methane (CH4) production. The objective of the current paper is to evaluate the performance of nine CH4 prediction equations that are currently being used in whole farm GHG models. Data used to evaluate the prediction equations came from a collection of individual (IND) and treatment averaged (TRT) data. Equations were compared based on mean square prediction error (MSPE) and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) analysis. In general, predictions were poor, with root MSPE (as a percentage of observed mean) values ranging from 20.2 to 52.5 for the IND database and from 24.0 to 38.2 for the TRT database and CCC values ranging from 0.009 to 0.493 for the IND database and from 0.000 to 0.271 for the TRT database. Overall, the equations of Moe & Tyrrell and IPCC Tier II performed best on the IND dataset, and the equations of Moe & Tyrrell and Kirchgeßner et al., performed best on the TRT dataset. Results show that the simple more generalized equations performed worse than those that attempted to represent important aspects of diet composition, but in general significant amounts of bias and deviation of the regression slope from unity existed for all equations. The low prediction accuracy of CH4 equations in whole farm models may introduce substantial error into inventories of GHG emissions and lead to incorrect mitigation recommendations.
The effect of captivity on reproduction and development in Peromyscus maniculatus

Artificial selection for high productivity (early maturation and large litters) early in life was maintained in a laboratory colony of Peromyscus maniculatus nebrascensis for 11 generations. A comparison of reproductive and developmental characteristics in this colony indicated that some traits, such as weight of females, age at maturation, and litter size, did not change over generations. However, other traits did change. An initial increase in the proportion of pairs breeding was offset by the inability of females to successfully raise their offspring. Weight of offspring was larger among wild females than among females born in captivity, although weight of offspring was not different between early and late generations in captivity. The relationship between offspring weight and litter size also differed between wild and laboratory-born females. We conclude that data derived from laboratory stocks do not necessarily reflect patterns exhibited by mice in natural populations. We recommend that generations .
Ant nest location, soil nutrients and nutrient uptake by ant‐associated plants: does extrafloral nectar attract ant nests and thereby enhance plant nutrition?

1. As central place foragers, ants accumulate organic debris near their nests. Consequently, soil nutrient stocks are often enriched near the nest site. We investigated the hypothesis that plant‐derived food sources, such as extrafloral nectar (EFN), can encourage soil‐dwelling ant colonies to nest near the plant, thereby inadvertently providing the plant with an additional source of mineral nutrients. The study focused on a population of Acacia constricta, a North American shrub bearing EFNs.
Phenology of Arthropod Pests and Associated Natural Predators on Avocado Leaves, Fruit, and in Leaf Litter in Southern California

Abstract Abundance of Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker & Abbatiello (Acari: Tetranychidae), predators, and associations among their population trends on avocado leaves and fruit were determined in three untreated avocado orchards in Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties, CA, from 1998 to 2000. Objectives were to understand pest-predator dynamics and to assess which predators have potential as biological control agents. Numbers of S. perseae and predators from leaf litter/soil were also determined in one orchard from 1998 to 2000. On leaves, O. perseae was the most abundant pest, followed by S. perseae, and Oligonychus puniciae (Hirst) (Acari: Tetranychidae). Phytoseiid mites and spiders were the most abundant predators. The predatory thrips Franklinothrips orizabensis Johansen and Aeolothrips kuwanaii Moulton (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae) were also relatively abundant compared with at least 13 other species of predators on leaves. On immature avocado fruit, S. perseae was the most abundant pest and phytoseiid mites, F. orizabensis, and A. kuwanaii were the three most abundant predators. No consistent positive associations between pests and predators were seen on leaves, but F. orizabensis, A. kuwanaii, and phytoseiid numbers on fruit and S. perseae numbers on fruit were positively and significantly associated in all three orchards. In addition, there were significant positive associations between S. perseae and predatory thrips populations from leaf litter in two of the 3 yr. These pest-predator interactions may play a role in developing new control strategies and the importance of these relationships needs to be experimentally investigated.
Multivariate analysis to determine relationship between phenological traits with yield components in native melon population (Cucumis melo. L)

Canonical correlation analysis (CCA), factor analysis and simple correlation analysis were used to estimate relationships between plant characters [ X set - days number for flowering, fruit formation, fruit maturity, harvesting, number of seeds per fruit, thousand seeds weight, seed length, seed width, plant length], and yield components [ Y set- fruit weight (F.WE), fruit length(F.L), fruit width (F.WI) and number of fruits per plant (N.F.P)] of 41 native melons (Ghandak) collected from the Sistan region in the south eastern of Iran. The results of the canonical analysis showed that a high canonical correlation is observed between yield components and plant characters in first pairs of canonical variables (0.78). The findings obtained from the CCA indicate that fruit width (F.WI) had the largest contribution for the explanatory capacity of canonical variables estimated from yield components of the melon population. Thousand seeds weight and number of days to fruit formation had the largest contribution to explain the canonical variables estimated from X-set when compared to other characters. The correlation coefficient analysis indicated that number of days to fruit ripening had the most significant positive effect on fruit length. Factor analysis results revealed that six factors could explain approximately 77% of total variation; those factors were strongly influenced by number of seed per fruit, thousands seed weight, fruit width, number of days to flowering, fruit length, number of days to fruit ripening and seed width.
GROUNDNUT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN CONTRASTING ENVIRONMENTS. 1. GROWTH AND PLANT DENSITY RESPONSES

Data from studies of growth and development, and response to plant density in common groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars were examined from published studies. Data were available from the humid tropics of Indonesia, the semi-arid tropics of north-west Australia and the humid coastal and inland elevated areas of north-east Australia. Temperature and irradiance played a major role in determining crop duration, individual plant size and partitioning of dry matter to pods across environments, and these plant characteristics provided the major determinants of pod yield and response to plant density. Crop duration was shortest in humid tropical and subtropical environments, with both high and low temperatures apparently delaying crop maturity. A relatively small individual plant size in humid tropical environments was due to a combination of low incident irradiance and short duration, with very high plant densities needed to maximize dry matter production. The progressive decline in harvest indices in more tropical environments was due to a decline in pod numbers per plant. Although increased plant density resulted in greater numbers of pod initials in the humid tropics, a high proportion of these pods did not contain developed seeds and pod yield at high densities remained relatively low at ≤2.5 t ha−1.
The Evolution of Horizontally Transferred Genes: A Model for Prokaryotes

Horizontal gene transfer is a pervasive evolutionary process which has developed and is still developing an essential role in shaping biodiversity through providing opportunities for innovation, moving determinants of functions among taxa, opening opportunities for colonization of new niches, or acting as a catalyst for adaptation. However, its importance in evolution has only recently begun to be recognized. Reasons for this relatively late recogni tion of HGT and its relevance stem from two main sources. One is the availability, or rather the lack thereof, of appropriate information to infer the existence of HGT. This shortcoming has now been widely overcome with the large, and still growing at a very fast rate, number of completely sequenced genomes, which allow for precise phylogenetic reconstructions, along with the deployment of theoretical models necessary for inferring evolutionary events in deep-time. The second source is the appreciation that HGT does not leave an indelible stamp on the transferred genes because these continue evolving under a different genomic, and often ecological, environment which usually act synergistically to erase the initially clear marks that go along with those genes. In this chapter we provide an overview of these processes along with a model proposal that will help to better understand the consequences of the continuous evolution of laterally transferred genes at different evolutionary time-scales.
Dehydration curve, fungi and mycotoxins in Tifton 85 hay dehydrated in the field and in shed

The objective of this study was to estimate the dehydration curve and occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in Tifton 85 hay. The experimental design was randomized blocks in split plots with four replications and five levels of nitrogen (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1) in the form of urea, two regrowth ages (28 and 35 days) and drying hay in the sun and in shed. After harvesting, the grass was sampled four times (0, 8, 23 and 32 hours) to dry in the sun and twelve times (0, 3, 18, 27, 42, 51, 66, 75, 90, 99, 114 and 123 hours) for drying in shed, turned over daily. The fungi were identified after seeding and growth in three steps of haymaking (cutting, baling and after 30 days of storage). To verify the presence of mycotoxins, 20 samples, composed of hay stored for 30 days, were collected, of which 10 samples were from sun-dried hay and 10 from hay dried in shed. It took 32 hours to produce hay at field conditions, with water loss rates up to 6.10 g g-1 DM-h during the first 8 hours after cutting. The average loss of water in this period was 2.0 g g-1 DM-h. Hays dried in the shed took 123 hours and the dehydration rates were less than 0.5 g g-1 DM-h due to environmental conditions. There was a predominance of three genera of fungi: Fusarium, Penicillium and Aspergillus. The largest population was the Fusarium, followed by Penicillium, at the steps of baling and storage. The fumonisin mycotoxin was found at a higher concentration and there was no difference in fumonisin concentration in the hay dried in the sun and in shed. Although it brings no hazard to animal health, the production of aflatoxin and zearalenone was significantly higher in the samples of sun-dried hay.
Medication adherence among HIV+ adults: Effects of cognitive dysfunction and regimen complexity

Background Although the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of HIV infection has led to considerable improvement in morbidity and mortality, unless patients are adherent to their drug regimen (i.e., at least 90 to 95% of doses taken), viral replication may ensue and drug-resistant strains of the virus may emerge. Methods The authors studied the extent to which neuropsychological compromise and medication regimen complexity are predictive of poor adherence in a convenience sample of 137 HIV-infected adults. Medication adherence was tracked through the use of electronic monitoring technology (MEMS caps). Results Two-way analysis of variance revealed that neurocognitive compromise as well as complex medication regimens were associated with significantly lower adherence rates. Cognitively compromised participants on more complex regimens had the greatest difficulty with adherence. Deficits in executive function, memory, and attention were associated with poor adherence. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that neuropsychological compromise was associated with a 2.3 times greater risk of adherence failure. Older age (>50 years) was also found to be associated with significantly better adherence. Conclusions HIV-infected adults with significant neurocognitive compromise are at risk for poor medication adherence, particularly if they have been prescribed a complex dosing regimen. As such, simpler dosing schedules for more cognitively impaired patients might improve adherence.
A Decade of Hop Powdery Mildew in the Pacific Northwest

Abstract Hop powdery mildew, caused by the fungus Podosphaera macularis , was confirmed for the first time in hop yards in the United States Pacific Northwest in 1997. The US hop industry experienced significantly crop loss and damage from the disease, but new knowledge, grower experience, and management approaches have allowed the industry to survive the introduction of this damaging pathogen. This review provides an overview of research on and progress towards economically sustainable management of hop powdery mildew in the US, and future directions for research and further innovation. Introduction In 1997, hop powdery mildew, caused by the fungus Podosphaera macularis , was confirmed for the first time in hop yards in the United States Pacific Northwest (27). The disease had been important in hop production in New York (1), and was responsible, in part, for the decline of the hop industry in that state. The prospects for hop production in the US appeared grim after the 1997 season when greater than 800 ha of crops in Washington were abandoned because of severe infection (37). Sulfur was the only pesticide registered for use on hop with efficacy against powdery mildew, and this product was registered only for suppression of spider mites (
In vitro shoot multiplication as influenced by repeated subculturing of shoots of contemporary fruit rootstocks

In vitro shoots of vegetative rootstocks for cherry (Gisela 5 and Gisela 6), plum (Fereley Jaspi) and pear (Pyrodwarf) were repeatedly subcultured for 10 subcultures on Murashige and Skoog medium of unchanged hormonal composition. Shoot formation capacity decreased over repeated subculturing in all genotypes. The first significant decrease in multiplication index was observed after first subculture in Gisela 6 and Fereley Jaspi, while in Gisela 5 the decline occurred after second subculture, and remained at that level. As for Gisela 6 and Fereley Jaspi, multiplication index was mainly stable from second to forth subculture, whereupon the second decline in shoot formation was observed. Although Pyrodwarf showed very low multiplication capacity, shoot multiplication slightly increased over the first three subcultures and then declined. This irreversible decline could be due to residual effects of hormones. However, no visible morphological variations or aberrations of shoots were found in successive subcultures in any genotype. Quality of shoots in terms of shoot length varied during subculturing, but the highest quality was observed in later subcultures (from fifth subculture onwards). After subculturing, several media were evaluated for induction of rhizogenesis in order to achieve high rooting rates in tested rootstocks. The highest rooting ability (100%) among genotypes was observed in Fereley Jaspi, followed by Pyrodwarf and Gisela 6 (the best rooting percentage being 90% in both) and Gisela 5 (70%). Rooted shoots were successfully acclimatized under the mist system in greenhouse.
Influence of Different Seed Rates on Yield Contributing Traits in Wheat Varieties

A series of field experiments were conducted to determine the influence of different seed rates (100, 125 and 150 kg ha-1) on yield contributing traits of promising wheat varieties viz. Sarsabz, Kiran-95 and TD-1. The maximum germination, spike length and grains spike-1 was observed under seed rate of 125 kg ha-1. The maximum plant population was recorded under seed rate of 150 kg ha-1 in Kiran-95 and highest grain weight spike-1 was noted under seed rate of 100 kg ha-1 in TD-1 variety. While maximum plant height was observed in Sarsabz under seed rate of 125 kg ha-1. The maximum 1000 grain weight was observed under seed rate of 100 kg ha-1 in TD-1; however, highest grain yield was recorded in Kiran-95. The studies about the biological yield revealed that Sarsabz indicated maximum biological yield under seed rate of 125 kg ha-1 and harvest index in TD-1 under seed rate of 150 kg ha-1. Based on the findings, it is concluded that the Kiran-95 at the seed rate of 125 kg ha-1 performed best, followed by TD-1 and Sarsabz which also produced more yield at seed rate of 125 kg ha-1.
Eminium koenemianum (Araceae), a new species from NE Turkey and a key to the genus Eminium

Lobin,W. & Boyce, P.: Eminium koenenianum (Araceae), a new species from NETurkey and a key to the genus Eminium. -Willdenowia 20: 43-51. 1991. - ISSN 0511-9618. Eminium koenenianum from NE Turkey is described as a species new to science and illustrated. Comments are made regarding possible relationships of the new species. A key to the genus Eminium is provided.
Supplementation Effect of Herbal and Organic Minerals in Beef Cattle Feed on Consumption, Digestibility, Efficiency and Daily Gain

Abstract . The experiment was conducted in an attempt to study the effect of supplementation of Sapindus rarak , garlic powder and its combinations in beef cattle feed enriched with organic minerals of Cr and Zn on feed consumption, feed digestibility, feed efficiency, daily gain of beef cattle. The study used 16 males Brahman cross cows, which were fed with feeds supplemented with 250 ppm Sapindus rarak powder, 250 ppm Garlic powder, and a combination of 250 ppm garlic- Sapindus rarak enriched with Cr and Zn mineral. The results showed that supplementation of Sapindus rarak , garlic and enriched organic minerals increased the consumption of dry matter, organic matter, digestibility of dry and organic matter, daily gain, feed efficiency, and reduced the population of rumen protozoa and bacteria. Conclusively, supplementation with 250 ppm garlic powder and Cr-Zn organic minerals was the best for beef cattle feed to improve daily gain and feed efficiency. Key words : Sapindus rarak , garlic, Cr-Zn, beef cattle, feed efficiency Abstrak . Penelitian dilaksanakan bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh suplementasi tepung Sapindus rarak , garlic maupun kombinasinya yang diperkaya dengan mineral organik Cr dan Zn terhadap konsumsi pakan, kecernaan pakan, pertambahan bobot badan dan efisiensi pakan sapi potong. Penelitian menggunakan 16 ekor sapi Brahman cross, yang diberikan 250 ppm tepung Sapindus rarak , 250 ppm tepung Garlic dan 250 ppm tepung Sapindus rarak dan garlic yang diperkaya dengan mineral Cr dan Zn. Hasil penelitian menunju k kan , bahwa suplementasi tepung Sapindus rarak maupun garlic yang diperkaya mineral organik meningkatkan konsumsi bahan kering, bahan organik, kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik, pertambahan bobot badan, efisiensi pakan dan menurunkan populasi protozoa dan bakteri rumen. Suplementasi 250 ppm tepung garlic dan mineral organik Cr-Zn merupakan suplemen terbaik pada pakan sapi potong untuk meningkatkan bobot badan dan efisiensi pakan. Kata kunci : Sapindus rarak , bawang, Cr-Zn, sapi potong, efisiensi pakan
Modelling mortality and dispersal: consequences of parameter generalisation on metapopulation dynamics

Modelling dispersal is a fundamental step in the design of population viability analyses. Here, we address the question of the generalisation of population viability analysis models across landscapes by comparing dispersal between two metapopulations of the bog fritillary butterfly (Proclossiana eunomia) living in similar highly fragmented landscapes (<1% of suitable habitat in 9 km(2)). Differences in dispersal patterns were investigated using the virtual migration (VM) model, which was parameterised with capture-mark-recapture data collected during several years in both landscapes. The VM model allows the estimation of 6 parameters describing dispersal and mortality as well as the simulation of dispersal in the landscapes. The model revealed large differences in the VM parameter estimates between the two landscapes and consequently, simulations indicated differential rates of emigration and dispersal mortality. Furthermore, results from crossed-simulations i.e. simulations performed in one of the landscape but using parameter estimates from the other landscape emphasize that dispersal parameters are very specific to each metapopulation and to their landscape. Hence, we urge conservation biologists to be cautious with such parameter generalisations, even for the same species in comparable landscapes.
Salt stress induced changes in germination, sugars, starch and enzyme of carbohydrate metabolism in Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench seeds

During germination stage, the influence of NaCl on cumulative germination percentage, starch, total soluble sugar and phenol content in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, cultivar Marsaouia) seeds and growth seedlings components (cotyledons and embryonic axes) were studied. Seeds were sown in Petri dishes with varying concentrations of saline solutions (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mM NaCl) at 25°C. Seed germination decreased significantly with the increase in NaCl concentration, optimal germination percentage occurred in non saline solution reaching 100%. With increasing stress, there was more accumulation of sugar and phenol, starch level decreased markedly especially in cotyledons along with lower amylase activity. Amounts of sodium increased but amounts of potassium did not change significantly with increasing stress. Key words: Abelmoschus esculentus, germination, seeds, salinity, starch, total soluble sugars, phenols, amylase, ion uptake.