Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
First calcareous fossils and the evolution of the limestones

Introduction It may be assumed that the average water of the ocean has not been of the same composition in any two of the geological periods. The ocean has had a chemical evolution. Though the amount of water may have remained tolerably constant from the pre-Cambrian time to the present, it seems certain that the amount and character of the mineral matter dissolved in the ocean must always have been changing. The inflow of river-borne salts has varied in rate according to the area of the lands and according to the kinds of rocks exposed to subaerial erosion during the different periods. On the other hand, there are reasons for believing that the precipitation of salts from the sea-water (including biochemical precipitation) has occurred at variable rates. The composition of the existing average sea-water may conceivably be dependent on four other factors: a, the primitive condition of the ocean before .
Suspended Sand Transport on a Dissipative Beach

Field studies were conducted in November 1979 to measure suspended sand transport on Twin Harbor Beach, Washington U.S.A. This beach has an average slope of 0.02 and is composed of well-sorted sand with a mean diameter of 0.21mm. The significant height of breaking swells approaching the beach at small angles can be estimated from variance spectra of water level by 4.36 0^. In the surf zone significant wave heights are linearly related to the local mean water depth by Y = H /h » 0.45. Variance, a \, in the gravity wave band (0.048 to 1.0 Hz) is proportional to water depth squared. Low-frequency variance (less than 0.048 Hz) although not systematically related to water depth, is usually largest in the inner surf zone where breakers are small. Sand suspension is correlated with strong offshore flows that recur at about one-fifth the incident wave frequency. Vertical mixing of sand in the water column by these water motions rather than turbulence generated by shear at the bed associated with individual wave oscillations is a key mechanism in sand transport on dissipative beaches. The largest sediment loads occur in the inner surf zone where lowfrequency motions dominate the breakers. Maximum longshore transport rates, however, were measured in the middle of the surf zone because of the higher longshore current speeds there. The suspended load probably accounts for as much as 45 percent of the litoral drift on a dissipative beach exposed to moderately-high swells approaching the shore at small angles.
Wireless Wearables and Implants: A Dosimetry Review

Wireless wearable and implantable devices are continuing to grow in popularity, and as this growth occurs, so too does the need to consider the safety of such devices. Wearable and implantable devices require the transmitting and receiving of electromagnetic waves near and through the body, which at high enough exposure levels may damage proximate tissues. The specific absorption rate (SAR) is the quantity commonly used to enumerate exposure levels, and various national and international organizations have defined regulations limiting exposure to ensure safe operation. In this paper, we comprehensively review dosimetric studies reported in the literature up to the year 2019 for wearables and implants. We discuss antenna designs for wearables and implants as they relate to SAR values and field and thermal distributions in tissue, present designs that have made steps to reduce SAR, and then review SAR considerations as they relate to applied devices. As compared with previous review papers, this paper is the first review to focus on dosimetry aspects relative to wearable and implantable devices. Bioelectromagnetics. 2020;41:3–20 © 2019 The Authors. Bioelectromagnetics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of Greenhouse Gas Concentration Changes on Surface Energetics in IPSL-CM4: Regional Warming Patterns, Land–Sea Warming Ratios, and Glacial–Interglacial Differences

Abstract The temperature response to a greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration change is studied in an ocean–atmosphere coupled model—L’Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace Coupled Model, version 4 (IPSL-CM4)—for both a glacial and an interglacial context. The response to a GHG concentration changing from Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to preindustrial values is similar for both climatic contexts in terms of temperature pattern, but the magnitude is greater under modern ones. The model simulates the classical amplification of the temperature response in the northern high latitudes compared to lower latitudes and over the land surfaces compared to the ocean. The physical reasons for the differential warming according to the latitude and to the surface type are studied through an analysis of the energy flux changes, which are decomposed to consider and quantify many different physical processes. The results highlight the role of many different factors in the thermal response to a GHG forcing for different regions, and stre.
Accuracy of Traffic Speed and Volume Data Detected Using Radar Technology

Selecting an appropriate device for collecting accurate traffic data without creating any negative influence on traffic flow can be challenging for a traffic engineer. Understanding the tradeoffs of different data collection methods is a priority in order to conduct a successful data collection effort. This study explored the differences between three non-intrusive ITS sensors using radar technology: iCone, Radar Recorder, and Wavetronix SmartSensor HD (WSSHD) to collect a specific traffic parameter in comparison to the pneumatic road tubes (PRTs). This study compared 408 hours of sensor data along on a rural two-lane road with a posted speed limit of 55 mph and quantified the differences in accuracy of the devices used for collecting speed and volume traffic data. The results showed that the error in detected speeds and volumes for iCone and Radar Recorder in comparison with PRTs were 1.5 percent and 1.4 percent, respectively, and 2.1 percent for the WSSHD. The error in detected volumes for the iCone and Radar Recorder in comparison with the PRTs were 8.6 percent and 7.8 percent, respectively, while for the WSSHD there was no difference from the PRTs. Based on the results, to collect traffic volume data for each traffic lane separately, the WSSHD is recommended. When collecting individual vehicle data is required, the Radar Recorder is recommended. As long as individual vehicle data are not required, the iCone could be a convenient option especially for short-duration data collection and more specifically at work zones where detector placement may be a challenge.
Is the Event Study Methodology Useful for Merger Analysis? A Comparison of Stock Market and Accounting Data

This paper presents empirical evidence about the ability of event studies to capture mergers' ex-post profitability as measured by accounting data. We use a sample of large horizontal concentrations during the period 1990-2002 involving 482 firms either as merging firms or competitors, and contrast a measure of the mergers' profitability based on stock market event studies with one based on balance sheet profit data. We show that using a long window around the announcement date (25 or 50 days before the event) increases the ability to capture the ex-post merger effect: the pairwise correlation coefficient is positive and highly significant.
Liquid Immiscibility in the Join NaAlSi3O8−CaCO3 to 2.5 GPa and the Origin of Calciocarbonatite Magmas

Field evidence from intrusive and effusive carbonatites supports the existence of calciocarbonatite magmas. Published experimental evidence in the model system Na_2O−CaO−Al_2O_3−SiO_2−CO_2 indicated the formation of nearly pure (99%) CaCO_3 immiscible liquids from a carbonated silicate liquid. This evidence has been used to support interpretations of extremely CaCO_3-rich calciocarbonatite magmas, and immiscible liquids with compositions of almost pure CaCO_3 in metasomatized mantle peridotite and eclogite. Detailed phase relationships are constructed in the model system, based on phase fields intersected by the join NaAlSi_3O_8−CaCO_3 (Ab-CC) at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.5 GPa between 1100 and 1500°C, and analyzed immiscible liquids. The miscibility gap between silicate-rich liquid and carbonate-rich liquid intersected by the join Ab-CC contracts considerably with decreasing pressure: 2.5 GPa, between Ab_(10)CC_(90) (by wt%) and Ab_(65)CC_(35) above 1310°C; 1.5 GPa, between Ab_(23)CC_(77) and Ab_(43)CC_(57) above 1285°C; 1.0 GPa, not intersected. The liquidus piercing point between calcite and silicates becomes enriched in CaCO_3 with decreasing pressure, from Ab_(80)CC_(20) at 2.5 GPa to Ab_(47)CC_(53) at 1.0 GPa. No immiscible liquid contains more than ∼80% dissolved CaCO_3, and all contain at least 5% Na_2CO_3. A round CaCO_3 phase exhibiting morphology similar to that displayed by immiscible liquid globules is determined to be crystalline calcite under experimental conditions. The topology of the phase fields and field boundaries illustrates the kinds of processes and controls existing in magmatic systems. Calciocarbonatite magmas cannot be produced by equilibrium immiscibility process in the mantle. Carbonated silicate magmas in the crust yield residual calciocarbonatite magmas by fractionation along the silicate-calcite field boundary, reached either directly from the silicate liquidus or more commonly via the miscibility gap. Immiscible carbonaterich magmas when freed from the silicate parent cool down a sleep silicate liquidus until they reach a silicate-carbonate field boundary. There is no experimental evidence for immiscible calciocarbonatite magmas with > 80% CaCO_3, and calcite lapilli cannot be formed from 99% CaCO_3 magmas. Sovites are surely cumulates.
The Topology on the Primitive Ideal Space of Transformation Group C # - Algebras and C.C.R. Transformation Group C # -Algebras

If (G, 8) is a second countable transformation group and the stability groups are amenable then C*(G, 8) is C.C. R. if and only if the orbits are closed and the stability groups are C.C. R. In addition, partial results relating closed orbits to C.C. R. algebras are obtained in the nonseparable case. In several cases, the topology of the primitive ideal space is calculated explicitly. In particular, if the stability groups are all contained in a fixed abelian subgroup H, then the topology is computed in terms of H and the orbit structure, provided C*(G, 8) and C*(H, 8) are EH-regular. These conditions are automatically met if G is abelian and (G, 8) is second countable.
A NEW ISECTOLOPHID TAPIROMORPH (PERISSODACTYLA, MAMMALIA) FROM THE EARLY EOCENE OF PAKISTAN

Abstract A new genus and species of tapiromorph, Karagalax mamikhelensis, is described from the Eocene Mami Khel Formation of northwest Pakistan. The new species is known from adult and juvenile dentitions, juvenile skulls, and partial postcrania. It is the most primitive perissodactyl yet reported from Indo-Pakistan. The morphology of its lophodont molars indicates that Karagalax is a tapiromorph, and it is here included in the primitive family Isectolophidae. Karagalax is more derived (more lophodont) than North American isectolophids Systemodon and Cardiolophus or the Asian early Eocene Orientolophus and Homogalax wutuensis, and more primitive (less lophodont) than North American Homogalax and Isectolophus. It is distinct from the poorly known and enigmatic Indian isectolophid Sastrilophus. Karagalax lacks any derived features of the Deperetellidae, Helaletidae or Lophialetidae, including Kalakotia, a primitive lophialetid from the middle Eocene of northwest India. The partial postcrania of Karagalax, which include fragmentary humeri, femora, ulnae, tibiae and metapodials, show a combination of primitive and derived features and suggest that it was more cursorial than other basal tapiromorphs for which postcrania are known. A provisional analysis of the phylogenetic positions of Karagalax and Kalakotia supports the hypothesis that primitive perissodactyls dispersed to Indo-Pakistan, most probably by way of continental Asia. The evolutionary position of Karagalax is consistent with an early Eocene age for H-GSP Locality 300, as argued previously on the basis of other mammals.
Public Sector Wage Policy and Labor Market Equilibrium: A Structural Model

We develop and estimate a structural model that incorporates a sizeable public sector in a labor market with search frictions. The wage distribution and the employment rate in the public sector are taken as exogenous policy parameters. Overall wage distribution and employment rate are determined within the model, taking into account the private sector’s endogenous response to public sector employment policies. Job turnover is sector specific and transitions between sectors depend on the worker’s decision to accept alternative employment in the same or different sector by comparing the value of employment in the current and prospective jobs. The model is estimated on British data by a method of moments. We use the model to simulate the impact of various counterfactual public sector wage and employment policies.
Building the Evidence A report on the status of policy and practice in responding to violence against women with disabilities in Victoria

Disclaimer: Given that a number of the report recommendations relate to government departments and agencies, Victorian Government representatives on the Reference Group limited their advice to comments regarding factual and technical information contained in the draft reports. Consequently, the recommendations contained in the report reflect the views of the Victorian Women with Disabilities Network Advocacy Information Service, not the Victorian Government. Whilst every attempt has been made to seek and correct factual and technical information, all errors of omission or commission rest entirely with the authors of this report.
Performance of Recycled Asphalt Shingles in Hot Mix Asphalt

State highway agencies are increasingly intersted in using recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) in hot mix asphalt (HMA) applications, yet many agencies share common questions about the effect of RAS on the performance of HMA. Previous research has allowed for only limited laboratory testing and field surveys. The complexity of RAS materials and lack of past experiences led to the creation of Transportation Pooled Fund (TPF) Program TPF-5(213). The primary goal of this study is to address research needs of state department of transportation (DOT) and environmental officials to determine the best practices for the use of recycled asphalt shingles in HMA applications. Agencies participating in the study include Missouri (lead state), California, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and the Federal Highway Administration. The agencies conducted demonstration projects that focused on evaluating different aspects (factors) of RAS that include RAS grind size, RAS percentage, RAS source (post-consumer versus post-manufactured), RAS in combination with warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology, RAS as a fiber replacement for stone matrix asphalt (SMA), and RAS in combination with ground tire rubber (GTR). Field mixes from each demonstration project were sampled for conducting the following tests: dynamic modulus, flow number, four-point beam fatigue, semi-circular bending, and binder extraction and recovery with subsequent binder characterization. Pavement condition surveys were then conducted for each project after completion. The demonstration projects showed that pavements using RAS alone or in combination with other cost saving technologies (e.g., WMA, RAP, GTR, SMA) can be successfully produced and meet state agency quality assurance requirements. The RAS mixes have very promising prospects since laboratory test results indicate good rutting and fatigue cracking resistance with low temperature cracking resistance similar to the mixes without RAS. The pavement condition of the mixes in the field after two years corroborated the laboratory test results. No signs of rutting, wheel path fatigue cracking, or thermal cracking were exhibited in the pavements. However, transverse reflective cracking from the underlying jointed concrete pavement was measured in the Missouri, Colorado, Iowa, Indiana, and Minnesota projects.
Covariation of coastal water temperature and microbial pollution at interannual to tidal periods

Water temperature and fecal indicator bacteria levels covary along the shoreline of Huntington and Newport Beach, California at interannual to tidal periods. During summer, cooler than average waters caused by interannual variability in sea surface temperature (SST), synoptic upwelling, and tidal‐period cooling are coincident with elevated levels of microbial pollution in the surf zone. This relationship can be explained by the effects of weakening in stratification on the fate of a waste water plume and the prolonged persistence of fecal indicator bacteria in colder waters. During winter, warmer than average water caused by basin scale oscillations and atmospheric and oceanographic processes that contribute to the Multivariate El Nino Southern Oscillation Index are indicative of elevated total coliform levels in the surf zone. The elevated coliform levels can be ascribed to increased rainfall, and the resultant storm water inflow to the surf zone.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase mutations cause primary adrenal insufficiency and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome

Primary adrenal insufficiency is life threatening and can present alone or in combination with other comorbidities. Here, we have described a primary adrenal insufficiency syndrome and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome caused by loss-of-function mutations in sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SGPL1). SGPL1 executes the final decisive step of the sphingolipid breakdown pathway, mediating the irreversible cleavage of the lipid-signaling molecule sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). Mutations in other upstream components of the pathway lead to harmful accumulation of lysosomal sphingolipid species, which are associated with a series of conditions known as the sphingolipidoses. In this work, we have identified 4 different homozygous mutations, c.665G>A (p.R222Q), c. 1633_1635delTTC (p.F545del), c.261+1G>A (p.S65Rfs*6), and c.7dupA (p.S3Kfs*11), in 5 families with the condition. In total, 8 patients were investigated, some of whom also manifested other features, including ichthyosis, primary hypothyroidism, neurological symptoms, and cryptorchidism. Sgpl1–/– mice recapitulated the main characteristics of the human disease with abnormal adrenal and renal morphology. Sgpl1–/– mice displayed disrupted adrenocortical zonation and defective expression of steroidogenic enzymes as well as renal histology in keeping with a glomerular phenotype. In summary, we have identified SGPL1 mutations in humans that perhaps represent a distinct multisystemic disorder of sphingolipid metabolism.
Assessing the long-term impact of urbanization on run-off using a remote-sensing-supported hydrological model

Land use/land cover (LULC) change in Dongguan, a city belonging to the Pearl River Delta metropolitan area, and its impact on the run-off of this city since the rapid urbanization period starting in 1979 are analysed in this article. Historic remote-sensing imagery (acquired in 1979, 1989, 2000, 2006, and 2013) was processed by the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method to obtain LULC data, and a long-term hydrologic impact assessment (L-THIA) model was applied to evaluate the long-term effects of LULC changes on surface run-off. The results show the urbanized area in Dongguan has increased more than 52% from 1979 to 2013 and the percentages of annual surface run-off depth and annual surface run-off coefficient are 58% and 5.83%, respectively. The increase in annual surface run-off is related to urbanization, and the centre area of the city has experienced the largest increase in annual surface run-off. The 32 towns’ local indicators of spatial association show centre towns are hot spots of increases in annual surface run-off in Dongguan city.
Corporate Characteristics, Governance Attributes and the Extent of Voluntary Disclosure in Bangladesh

The aim of this paper is to examine the linkages “corporate characteristics”, “governance attributes” and the “extent of voluntary disclosure” in Bangladesh. The paper is based on a sample of 120 listed non-financial companies in Dhaka Stock Exchanges (DSE) in 2007. The study used ordinary least squares regression model to examine the relationship between explanatory variables and voluntary disclosure. Using an unweighted relative disclosure index for measuring voluntary disclosure, the empirical results indicate that a positive association between board size and voluntary disclosure, board leadership structure and voluntary disclosure and between board audit committee and voluntary disclosure. In contrast, the extent of voluntary disclosure is negatively related to proportion of INDs, ownership structure and net profitability.
An Empirical Economic Assessment of the Costs and Benefits of Bank Capital in the US

We evaluate the economic costs and benefits for bank capital levels in the United States. The framework and analysis is similar to that found in previous studies though we tailor the analysis to the specific features and experience of the U.S. financial system and account for the impact of new financial regulations. The conceptual framework identifies the benefits of bank capital with a lower probability of financial crises, which result in decreased economic output. The costs of bank capital are identified with increases in banks cost of funding, which are passed along to borrowers and result in a lower level of economic output. Optimal capital maximize the difference between benefits and costs or net benefits. Using a range of empirical estimates of net benefits we find that the optimal level of bank capital in the United States ranges from just over 13 percent to over 26 percent.
The Influence of Accessibility, Local Institutions, and Socioeconomic Factors on Forest Cover Change in the Mountains of Western Honduras

Abstract Tropical deforestation poses a threat to ecological sustainability and socioeconomic development in many parts of the world. Information on forest transformations is especially pertinent in sensitive ecological zones such as mountainous regions, where forest cover protects steep slopes and thin soils from erosion. Such areas are frequently unsuitable for agriculture, but inhabitants may have few alternatives to meet subsistence needs. Understanding the relationship between human behavior and forest change poses a major challenge for development projects, policy makers, and environmental organizations that aim to improve forest management. Knowledge of the areal extent of forest cover and the processes of change represents an integral step, but in many areas of the globe, these processes are still relatively unknown. This study addresses forest cover change in a community in the mountains of western Honduras. Between 1987 and 1996, 9.77 km2 of land was reforested and only 7.48 km2 was deforested, as determined by satellite image analysis. This reforestation is related to the current institutional, biophysical, and socioeconomic contexts. Forests remain primarily on steeper slopes, at higher elevations, and at a distance from settlements and roads. A county ban on logging has allowed regrowth of previously logged areas. Agricultural intensification appears related to abandonment of some marginal lands. Processes of privatization have been occurring; private forests reveal higher reforestation and lower deforestation rates than communal forests. Privatization, however, has favored the wealthy. Thus, the majority has had to depend on shrinking communal forests.