Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Costs Benefit Analysis of Different Rice Varieties in District Swat

The study was conducted in district Swat during 2007 to make comparative cost benefit analysis of per acre rice production of different rice varieties. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaire. Five villages from three tehsils namely Kabal, Barikot and Matta were randomly selected. A sample size of 100 farmers was used and the respondents were randomly selected. For comparison, Cost-Benefit Analysis approach was used. The total per acre rice production of these varieties was amounted to Rs. 40000, 52500, 33600, 34000, 30400, 30400 and 68750 respectively. The same average cost amounted to Rs. 13565 was observed for all the varieties. The Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) of variety JP-5, Basmati-385, Sara Saila, Dil Rosh-97, Swat-1 and Swat-2 and Fakhr-e-Malakand was 2.24, 3.20, 1.80, 1.80, 1.46, 1.54 and4.36. The highest BCR value is observed for variety Fakhr-e-Malakand indicted the most profitable variety in terms of net production. Awareness about the cultivation of Fakhr-e-Malakand variety should be given as against the growing traditional varieties in district Swat.
Classroom Management; a Determinant of Effective Teaching and Learning of Languages in Secondary Schools in Ondo State, Nigeria

The study examined the concept of classroom management as a determinant of effect teaching and learning of languages in secondary schools in Ondo State, Nigeria. From the statement of the problem, three purposes were listed leading to the formation of two research questions and two hypotheses. The study adopted descriptive survey research design with a population of principals’ teachers and students in selected secondary schools in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. A sample of two hundred and fifty (255) respondents (5 Principals, 50 teachers and 200 students) were randomly selected to participate in the research process. The collected data were analyzed descriptively and statistically with the use of appropriate statistic package of frequency counts, simple percentages, mean and standard deviation to analyses the research questions and inferential statistic to test the hypotheses. Based on the result of the findings, it was revealed that there is significant influence of classroom management on students’ academic performance. Also, there is significant relationship between the academic performance of language students and effective classroom management. Based on the findings it was concluded that classroom management is very important at all levels of education especially in the primary and secondary schools where high level of students’ attention is needed for effective teaching and learning. Hence, it was recommended that teachers should ensure that they create conducive learning environment for the students to learn and be able to develop a positive attitude towards schooling.
Replacing the old with the new: long-term issues of teacher professional development reforms in Indonesia

PurposeThis paper is among the first case studies in developing countries that comprehensively investigate the historical evolution of a country's teacher professional development (TPD) system, the outcomes of the current TPD and the factors underlying the stagnation of TPD quality.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collected data from three types of sources—documents, observations and interviews. Documents examined included the handbooks of the TPD program, handouts for teachers, training modules from TPD workshop sessions and research publications or reports on TPD programs in Indonesia introduced from the 1970s to 2018. The authors conducted formal interviews with trainers, education stakeholders and teachers who participated in recent TPD.FindingsThe findings indicate that, on paper, TPD initiatives in Indonesia have included some of the positive features of TPD highlighted in the literature. However, these factors have not been consistently included in the reforms rolled out over the decades, and, indeed, many of the less desirable features of those reforms have endured. The analysis also reveals the absence of four key factors in multiple TPD reforms that led to teachers' and other stakeholders' dissatisfaction with the TPD implementation. These include consideration of teachers' skills, background and capacities; relevance of training; feedback provided to teachers; and workshop follow-up.Originality/valueThe research indicates that the long-term issues of ineffectiveness of TPD in Indonesia are driven by the incoherence of different elements of the education system. This extends beyond the technical and operational elements of the TPD itself. The absence of a clear vision of the purposes of teacher development has created confusion and uncertainty for teachers.
OVERLOOKED TRADITIONAL ORCHARDS: THEIR IMPORTANCE FOR BREEDING BIRDS

SUMMARY. Traditionally used orchards are important landscape features in Central Europe but their importance for wildlife is mostly overlooked. Their significance as important habitats for birds is best known; even some European endangered species nest in orchards. However, during the last decades orchards have disappeared due the intensification of agriculture (e.g. intensive orchards) and pressures from land development. In Slovenia, for example, more then 5000 ha of its traditionally used orchards were lost since 1990. During three years author studied the breeding birds in 64 traditional orchards in Slovenia. The most common trees in these orchards there have been apple trees. The most common breeding birds in orchards under study were Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) and Great Tit (Parus major). In orchards studied breed up to six species, what in most cases depend from the size of orchards. In general, the densities of breeding bird species depends from the size of orchards studied which is also known from other habitat types. Some tips for the management of traditional orchards are presented.
Synthesis of Silanated Coconut Oil-Based Waterborne Polyurethane Coating for Corrosion Protection

In this study, an eco-friendly coconut oil-based polyol blend was synthesized for bio-based waterborne polyurethane (WBPU) and WBPU-silane composite coatings. It was demonstrated that an increase in silane content incorporated into the WBPU matrix significantly enhanced the corrosion protection of WBPU coatings. Results also show a fourfold increase in the adhesion strength of WBPU-silane composite coatings as compared to that of bare WBPU coatings. Further, the water contact angle revealed that hydrophobic properties increase as the silane content incorporated into the WBPU matrix increases. This work provides a novel route for enhanced corrosion protection utilizing a bio-based polyol blend.
Utilization pattern and risk assessment of herbicides usage by farmers, marketers and agricultural extension workers (AEWs) in Plateau State, Nigeria

This research involved carrying out a field survey using a semi structured questionnaire which assessed the practice and risk involved in the usage of herbicides by farmers, marketers and agricultural extension workers using field surveys for two seasons starting in June 2010. The parameters of interest in the survey are: assessments of the level of understanding of these groups of people on the toxicity of the herbicides, precautions taken and basic health symptoms experienced during or after handling the herbicides. The survey was done using the local languages to ensure that all target groups understand and make realistic contributions. The outcome of the survey indicates that 5 herbicides which include: atrazine, paraquat, glyphosate, 2,4-D-Amine and Pendimenthalin, are the most frequently used within the study area. Lack of awareness of the risk involved on exposure to these chemicals substances exposed a good percentage of the users to the chemicals, either when spraying or packaging the products; this informs why the low percentages (15%) of understanding of the basic precautions needed to handle the herbicides was observed among peasant farmers. The data collected were described using descriptive statistics. From the field survey, it was evident that more awareness and training need to be carried out on the usage of herbicides and other pesticides, most especially with the peasant farmers on the basic ethical practice and precautions needed in handling these classes of chemical farm inputs.
The Integrated Plant Record: An Essential Tool For Reconstructing Neogene Zonal Vegetation In Europe

Abstract A semi-quantitative evaluation method has been developed to map integrated fossil plant records (leaf, fruit, and pollen assemblages) in terms of zonal vegetation. It incorporates taxonomy, physiognomy, and autecological features of the fossil plants. To derive vegetation types, the final stage of this method involves a quantitative evaluation. The maps presented here are based on 198 organ assemblages from 173 localities and stratigraphic levels of the Miocene–early Pliocene across Europe. They cover three time intervals: (1) 4–7 Ma (Messinian–middle Zanclean; late Miocene–early Pliocene); (2) 8.5– 12 Ma (latest Serravallian–middle Tortonian); and (3) 14–17 Ma (late Burdigalian–late Langhian). We also look at the interval 13–14 Ma (late Langhian–early Serravallian). They not only show vegetation types but offer more detailed information on the composition of these associations (proportions of major components). The major zonal vegetation types recognized here are broad-leaved deciduous forests, mixed mesophytic forests, broad-leaved evergreen forests, subhumid sclerophyllous forests, open woodlands, and xeric grasslands. Between 14 Ma and 17 Ma, broad-leaved evergreen forests were widespread, and subhumid sclerophyllous forests were more strongly represented in western parts of Central Europe than in eastern parts. In the interval 8.5–12 Ma, broad-leaved deciduous forests largely replaced the evergreen forests, although these were still present in some refugia (e.g., the Lower Rhine embayment and northern Balkan peninsula), and first records of xeric grasslands are found along the northern margin of the Black Sea. The more discontinuous record available from 4 Ma to 7 Ma indicates that broad-leaved evergreen forests still occurred in northern parts of the Mediterranean (northern Italy, Balkan peninsula), while open woodlands increasingly appeared in central and southern parts of Italy and Greece.
THE INFLUENCE OF DOUGLAS-FIR AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN JUNIPER ON WYOMING AND MOUNTAIN BIG SAGEBRUSH COVER IN SOUTHWEST MONTANA

Expansion of conifers into sagebrush steppe is a management concern, since conifers reduce sagebrush cover for wildlife. The primary objective of this research was to examine the relationship between the conifers, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum), and two subspecies of big sagebrush, Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata spp. wyomingensis) and mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata spp. vaseyana), in southwest Montana using a best-fit model. A secondary objective was to determine whether either of the two conifer species have a greater influence on sagebrush cover. Percent cover of both conifers and sagebrush was recorded at 40 Wyoming and 40 mountain big sagebrush plots at each of three study sites in southwest Montana (n = 240). The best-fit model utilizes the terms site, sagebrush subspecies, √conifer cover and site by sagebrush subspecies as the independent variables, with √sagebrush cover as the dependent variable. The model (√sagebrush cover = ai – 0.401√conifer cover; r 2 = 0.61) found a negative relationship between conifer cover and sagebrush cover and indicates that there is no difference between the two sagebrush subspecies and across all three sites in the study area. The best-fit model was validated within the 95 % confidence interval at all three study sites. Validation trials with data from three sites outside the study area were successful for one site, suggesting that the model is better suited to lower elevation, less productive sites. There was no difference in the influence of Douglas-fir or Rocky Mountain juniper cover on live sagebrush cover, indicating that sagebrush responds similarly to competition from both species. Controlling both conifers may increase sagebrush cover slightly, but responses will be small due to low levels of initial sagebrush cover. If maintenance of sagebrush cover is desired, conifer control should be initiated before conifer cover reaches 10 %, since the rate of sagebrush decline is highest at low levels of conifer cover. However, conifer control is not recommended because both conifers and sagebrush are important components of big game winter range.
FOCAL MECHANISM AND TECTONIC STRESS FIELD OF COASTAL SOUTHEAST CHINA

The analysis of focal mechanism for 70 events in the SB coastal China indicates that the principal compression axes of the recent stress field is characterized by a fan-shaped distribution. The nature of focal dislocation of the east portion of the coastal region is quite different from that of the West.Based on the stress field data of Southeast Asia from earthquake focal mechanism analysis, it seems clear that the stress field, as well as its character, may reasonably be explained by the movement of the Pacific and the Indian Ocean plates relative to the Eurasian Plate.
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Macrophages and Cytokines Profile in the Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Patients with Lung Cancer

Simple Summary Macrophages are an integral part of the tumor microenvironment, playing a role in immunoregulation. We investigated the antigenic and cytokine macrophages profile derived from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in lung affected by cancer (cBALF) and healthy lung (hBALF) of 36 patients. Macrophages markers: CD206, CD163, CD80, CD86, CD40, Arginase-1, and CD68 were evaluated by flow cytometry. Cytokines (IL-1 RA, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12, IL-23, and TGF-β) profile was analyzed. There was higher median proportion of macrophages in cBALF than in hBALF. The population of macrophages presented immunophenotype: cCD68+bright CD206+bright CD163+bright CD80+ CD86+ CD40+bright CD45+ cArginase+. We observed some trends in the expression of the analyzed antigens in clBALF and hlBLAF. High concentrations of IL-1RA and IL-6 and correlations between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in cBALF and hBALF supernatants were found. We expanded knowledge of the macrophages polarization, their diversity and unique properties based on the antigenic pattern and cytokine profile. Abstract Macrophages play an important role in the suppression and activation of immune anti-cancer response, but little is known about dominant macrophage phenotype in the lung cancer environment, evaluated by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The aim of this study was to characterize macrophages in BALF from a lung affected by cancer (cBALF) and a healthy lung (hBALF) of the same patient regarding their individual macrophage polarization and selected cytokines profile. A total of 36 patients with confirmed lung cancer were investigated. Macrophages markers: CD206 CD163 CD80 CD86 CD40 CD45, Arginase-1, and CD68 were evaluated by flow cytometry. Cytokines (IL-1 RA, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12, IL-23, and TGF-β) profile was analyzed. There was higher median proportion of macrophages in Cbalf than in Hbalf. The population of macrophages presented immunophenotype: Ccd68+bright CD206+bright CD163+bright CD80+ CD86+ CD40+bright CD45+ cArginase+. We observed some trends in the expression of the analyzed antigens in clBALF and hlBLAF. The highest concentrations of IL-1RA and IL-6 were in Cbalf and Hbalf supernatant. There were the correlations between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The findings showed that macrophages include a diverse and plastic group with the presence of different antigens and cytokines, and determining the target phenotype is a complex and variable process.
Hardaway Revisited: Early Archaic Settlement in the Southeast

This distinctive reanalysis of one of the most famous Early Archaic archaeological sites in the southeastern United States provides a new model for understanding prehistoric settlement patterns. Since the early 1970s, southeastern archaeologists have focused their attention on identifying the function of prehistoric sites and settlement practices during the Early Archaic period (ca. 9,000-10,500 B.P.). The Hardaway site in the North Carolina Piedmont, one of the most important archaeological sites in eastern North America, has not yet figured notably in this research. Daniel's reanalysis of the Hardaway artifacts provides a broad range of evidence - including stone tool morphology, intrasite distributions of artifacts, and regional distributions of stone raw material types - that suggests that Hardaway played a unique role in Early Archaic settlement.
Identification of Various InDel-II Variants of the White Spot Syndrome Virus Isolated from Frozen Shrimp and Bivalves Obtained in the Korean Commercial Market

Simple Summary The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a harmful pathogen with significant economic implications for the shrimp industry. This study investigated the presence of WSSV in frozen shrimp and bivalves in the Korean commercial market, with a specific focus on WSSV genetic variants. The research revealed that WSSV was detected in both domestic and imported shrimp, with higher viral loads in domestic samples. Various genetic variants of WSSV have been identified that exhibit differences in pathogenicity associated with longer deletion lengths in specific genetic regions linked to initial viral replication. Additionally, the presence of WSSV variants in bivalve mollusks suggested their potential utility as biomarkers for viral tracking. This study offers valuable insights into the prevalence and genetic diversity of WSSV in aquatic animal products that are essential for disease control and management in the aquaculture industry. Abstract White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) poses a significant threat to the global shrimp industry. We investigated the presence of WSSV in frozen shrimp (n = 86) and shellfish (n = 185) from the Korean market (2010–2018). The detection rate of first-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in domestic shrimp was 36.8% (7/19), whereas that in imported shrimp was 0.01% (1/67). Furthermore, the WSSV genome was amplified from domestic bivalve mollusks by first- and second-step PCR with accuracies of 3.4% (5/147) and 15.6% (23/147), respectively. The genetic relatedness of InDel-II regions among WSSVs detected in domestic shrimp groups revealed four variants (777, 5649, 11,070 and 13,046 bp insertion or deletion), and imported shrimp groups had four variants (10,778, 11,086, 11,500 and 13,210 bp) compared with the putative ancestor WSSV strain. The 5649 bp variant was the dominant type among the WSSV variants detected in domestic shrimp (54.5%, 6/11). Notably, bivalve mollusks exhibited six variants (777, 5649, 5783, 5876, 11,070 and 13,046 bp), including four variants detected in shrimp, indicating that bivalve mollusks could facilitate WSSV tracking. In a challenge test, whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) exhibited varying mortality rates, indicating a link between InDel-II deletion and viral replication. These findings highlight the complexity of WSSV transmission.
Simultaneous wave and particle observations in the auroral kilometric radiation source region

Simultaneous observations from the topside sounder and the soft particle spectrometer onboard the ISIS 1 satellite reveal that very specific conditions on the local electron density and the energetic electron distributions must both occur in the auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) source region. Such regions are associated with inverted V electron precipitation and with depletions in the local electron density. The electron velocity distribution functions obtained near the inverted V peak were found to increase near several keV energy with increasing velocity as required for plasma instability. The electron density observed near the inverted V peak was too high to support AKR for three events investigated, however, and the AKR source was identified with the edge of the inverted V where the density was low (⩽ 30 cm−3) in each case. Whereas this density depletion can extend deep into the ionosphere (∼ 1500 km altitude), the severe depletion associated with the AKR density cavity is restricted to higher altitudes (> 2750 km for an event studied in detail).
Analysis of Reservoir-forming Conditions of Shale Gas in Lower Silurian of Southeast Sichuan Area

The black shale in Longmaxi Formation of the Lower Silurian in the southeast Sichuan Area was a set of excellent marine hydrocarbon source rocks.According to the experimental analysis of outcrops and down-hole samples,the key geologic parameters controlling the reservoir formation of shale gas were obtained.Comparing with the characteristics of major gas-producing shale in the United States,it was considered that the shale in Longmaxi Formation of Lower Silurian in the studied area had the material base of the gas development.The comprehensive study shows that along the nearby two deep-water sedimentation centers of the area,the black shale is characterized as a great thickness with higher TOC content,high thermal maturity,high intensity of hydrocarbon-generation,strong ability of gas accumulation and appropriate buried depth.Forecasting with the comprehensive information overlay method,the result shows that southern Qijiang and Wulong-Pengshui Areas are the favorable zones for shale gas development.And preliminary estimation made with the volumetric method shows that the shale gas volume in the two areas is 1.2×1012 m3 and 0.70×1012m3 respectively,which indicates a great potential for shale gas exploration in the southeast Sichuan Area.
Data‐assisted control: A framework development by exploiting NASA Generic Transport platform

The increasing capabilities of control systems, driven by abundant data and computational resources, necessitate the incorporation of data‐based techniques with model‐based approaches. While mathematical models exist for air and space vehicles, they may not fully meet the requirements for expanding control system capabilities. Consequently, the development of data‐based extensions in collaboration with these models becomes crucial to provide specific analysis and synthesis tools in the hybrid realm for practical cases. This article introduces the data‐assisted control (DAC) framework for aerospace vehicles, with the NASA generic transport model serving as the platform for study. By leveraging data, the model‐based controller enhances performance during a damage event. Real‐time decisions are made to update the control law based on information obtained from the data, while the model‐based controller may not exhibit consistent performance. The closed‐loop system is shown to be stable in the transition phase between the data and the model, and robust against uncertainties. The dual unscented Kalman filter is employed to estimate fixed dynamic parameters and generalized force‐moment, and the Koopman estimator is used to estimate the evolution equation of the estimated forces and moments. The dual estimation model ensures observability by considering the persistency of excitation. Simulations have shown that the purely model‐based robust control leads to degradation of the closed‐loop performance in case of damage, suggesting the need for data assistance. The DAC framework offers a robust approach to integrate data and models, significantly enhancing control performance in practical aerospace applications.