Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Untersuchungen zum atmosphärenchemischen Abbau langkettiger Aldehyde

In dieser Arbeit wurden die bimolekularen Geschwindigkeitskonstanten fur die Reaktionen von Hexanal, Heptanal, Oktanal und Nonanal mit OH and Cl Radikalen bei (298 ± 2) K und (1000 ± 20) mbar experimentell bestimmt. Ebenso wurde die Chlorgeschwindigkeitskonstante fur Butanal gemessen. Die Werte sind (in Einheiten von cm3 Molekul-1 s-1) in Tabelle 1 zusammengefast. Tabelle 1 : Aldehyde kOH kCl Butanal - (2,21 ± 0,16) · 10-10 Hexanal (2,71 ± 0,20) · 10-11 (3,23 ± 0,15) · 10-10 Heptanal (2,78 ± 0,25) · 10-11 (3,53 ± 0,10) · 10-10 Oktanal (2,88 ± 0,25) · 10-11 (4,34 ± 0,20) · 10-10 Nonanal (2,88 ± 0,20) · 10-11 (4,82 ± 0,20) · 10-10 Quantitative Gasphasen-UV-Absorptionsspektren von Hexanal und Heptanal wurden gemessen. Fur Oktanal und Nonanal wurden qualitative UV-Absorptionsspektren erhalten. Die gemessenen UV-Absorptionsquerschnitte bei 295 nm sind (in Einheiten von cm2 Molekul-1): (6,03 ± 0,12) 10-20 fur Hexanal und (6,85 ± 0,25) 10-20 fur Heptanal. Die Photolysefrequenz von Hexanal wurde unter naturlichen Lichtbedingungen im Europaischen Photoreaktor in Valencia, Spanien, gemessen. Ein Wert von J = (1,81 ± 0,10) · 10-5 s-1 wurde fur 40° N, einen Zenitwinkel von 16.9° und einen sonnigen, wolkenlosen Himmel erhalten. Dies entspricht fur diese Bedingungen einer atmospharischen Photolyselebensdauer von τhν(Hexanal) = (15 ± 1) h und einer Quantenausbeute von Φ = (0,31 ± 0,02). Produktstudien fur die Photolyse von Hexanal wurden unter verschiedenen Lichtbedingungen durchgefuhrt. Der Photolysemechanismus von Hexanal besteht aus drei Hauptkanalen: ein radikalischer Kanal (Norrish Typ I), der zur Bildung des 1-Pentyl- und des HCO-Radikals fuhrt zwei nichtradikalische Kanale: a) ein Norrish Typ II-Kanal mit den Hauptprodukten Ethanal und 1-Buten b) einer Cyclisierung, die zu zwei isomeren Cyclobutanolen als Produkte fuhrt Der Cyclisierungskanal wurde in dieser Arbeit zum ersten Mal beobachtet. Fur die Reaktion von Hexanal mit OH-Radikalen in Gegenwart von NOx wurden Produktstudien durchgefuhrt. Das 1-Pentoxi- und das Hexanoylperoxiradikal sind wichtige Zwischenstufen dieser Photooxidation. Die Reaktion des Hexanoylperoxiradikals fuhrt zur Bildung des Hexanoylperoxinitrates, das ein Reservoir fur NOx ist. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse unterstutzen folgende Annahmen fur das 1-Pentoxiradikal: Zerfall in HCHO und ein 1-Butylradikal ist vernachlassigbar Reaktion mit O2 fuhrt zur Bildung von Pentanal (~ 35 %) Hauptkanal ist die Isomerisierung (~ 65 %) Eine zweite Isomerisierung fuhrt zur Bildung von δ-Hydroxipentanal. Die Photolyse von trans-2-Hexenal unter naturlichen Bedingungen wurde untersucht. Die Photolyse fuhrt zu einer schnellen Isomerisierung zu cis-2-Hexenal. Die Photolyse beider Komponenten ist langgsam. Weitere Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Photolyseprodukte sind notwendig.
Explaining by Removing Explaining by Removing: A Unified Framework for Model Explanation

Researchers have proposed a wide variety of model explanation approaches, but it remains unclear how most methods are related or when one method is preferable to another. We establish a new class of methods, removal-based explanations, that are based on the principle of simulating feature removal to quantify each feature’s influence. These methods vary in several respects, so we develop a framework that characterizes each method along three dimensions: 1) how the method removes features, 2) what model behavior the method explains, and 3) how the method summarizes each feature’s influence. Our framework unifies 25 existing methods, including several of the most widely used approaches (SHAP, LIME, Meaningful Perturbations, permutation tests). This new class of explanation methods has rich connections that we examine using tools that have been largely overlooked by the explainability literature. To anchor removal-based explanations in cognitive psychology, we show that feature removal is a simple application of subtractive counterfactual reasoning. Ideas from cooperative game theory shed light on the relationships and trade-offs among different methods, and we derive conditions under which all removal-based explanations have information-theoretic interpretations. Through this analysis, we develop a unified framework that helps practitioners better understand model explanation tools, and that offers a strong theoretical foundation upon which future explainability research can build.
International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology

Seven hundred ninety six milk samples from 266 quarters of 69 lactating cows were subjected to microbiological investigations for identification of pathogens. One hundred ninety bacterial isolates were recovered from 89 infected quarters, among these monomicrobial infection was found in 50 (56.2%) quarters, whereas, mixed infection was observed in 39 (43.8%) quarters. Bacterial isolates identified were Staph. chromogenes (49.47%), Staph. hyicus (21.1%), Staph. epidermidis (11.05%), Str. agalactiae (5.8%), Staph. aureus (4.2%), Staph. intermedius (3.1%), Enterobacter sp. (1.5%), Klebsiella sp. , E. coli (1.05%), Micrococcus sp. (1.05%) and Serratia marcescens (0.52%). Milk samples from every quarter of each cow were also subjected to 6 mastitis marker tests named Somatic cell count (SCC), California mastitis test (CMT), electrical conductivity (EC) by EC-meter as well as by hand-held mastitis detector, pH detection by impregnated paper strip and also by pH meter. Efficacy of mastitis markers for diagnosis of sub-clinical mastitis was determined by comparing results of mastitis marker tests with microbiological findings. Mean value of SSC in milk from healthy quarters was significantly lower (p≤ 0.01) than that in milk from infected quarters. Significantly higher (p≤ 0.01) value of SSC was observed in milk samples having coagulase positive staphylococci as compared to that in milk from quarter with coagulase negative pathogens. The mean electrical conductivity (EC) in milk samples from infected quarters was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that from healthy quarters. Numbers and percentages of samples showing true positive, true negative, false positive and false negative results with SSC, CMT, EC by EC-meter, EC by hand-held meter, pH by impregnated strips, pH by digital pH-meter tests were evaluated and compared. The sensitivity and specificity of impregnated pH paper strip, CMT, pH-meter test, SCC, electrical conductivity by EC-meter and the same by hand-held mastitis detector were evaluated The compatibility between the results of SCC, impregnated pH paper strip, CMT, EC-meter, pH-meter, hand-held mastitis detector and bacteriological culture examination (reference test) was found to be 64.4, 63.4, 61.5, 59, 59 and 53 respectively.
International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology

Aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars are strong aromatic rice cultivars which can thrive well in rice fields prone to flood, drought and other soil constraints. The present investigation was undertaken to determine a suitable media compositions for callus induction and regeneration using immature embryo of six aromatic grown rice cultivars of Bangladesh, namely, Chinigura, Kalijira, Radhuni Pagal, Modhumala, Kataribog and Mohonbhog. For callus induction different concentrations and combinations of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyaceticacid (2, 4-D) along with NAA were evaluated. Maximum callus induction (97.22%) was observed in Kalijira when 2 mg/L of 2, 4-D and 0.5 mg/l NAA was used and less Modhumala (66.67%) and remaining cultivars showed moderate. For regeneration initially different concentrations and combinations of 6BenzylAminoPurine (BAP) and Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IBA) were tested. Maximum regeneration frequency (91.67%) was observed Kalijira when the optimum concentrations and combinations of 0.5 mg/l of BAP + 0.1 of mg/l IBA were used. Presently optimized regeneration method holds promise for facilitating the deployment of agronomical important trait through genetic transformation for the improvement of this important food crops.
International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology

Nine, Ebola viruse EBOV (Zaire ebolavirus), proteins are extracted from the NCBI repository and their study was carried out. The physicchemical properties and evolutionary link with other such viruses by homology modeling were carried out. All the proteins show rich in leucine domain an ideal requirement for fast attachment of the virus to the receptor molecule on the host cell surface. The prediction of trans-membrane sequence for the entire glycoprotein component reveals the ability of the virus to enter the host with ease. The lack of adequate homology model for the viral proteins indicates its novel origin and lack of well traceable evolutionary link. We studied the homology based model by using various available tools and find similar approach in all, hence finally concentrated only on one method. The model predicted shows well acceptable region on Ramchandran plot. This discrepancy is only due to the fact that we validate the model to Ramchandran plot and the model predicted were not under the well acceptable ‘e’ value range i.e. >1. Therefore we suggests that vaccine production against this deadly virus should be concentrated on the structure and functions of glycoprotein like low quality secreted glycoprotein (NP_066248), low quality spike glycoprotein(NP_066246)0, small secreted glycoprotein (NP_066247) and RNA dependent RNA polymerase (NP_066251).
International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology

Two experiments were carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with six treatments (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 Mg FYM ha) replicated four times at the horticultural farm, IAAS, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal in winter (Oct-Jan) and spring (Feb-May) seasons to quantify optimum dose of organic manure (FYM) to maintain earthworm population and enhance soil properties. In each treatment 100 earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were inoculated within one square meter of each plot. Porosity in the first season was significantly higher than the control treatment (0 Mg FYM ha). In the second season it remained unaffected but in increasing trend. In the second season the highest porosity (40.75 ± 1.57%) was obtained from 50 Mg FYM ha . The highest bulk density (1.553 ± 0.017 Mg m) in the second season was observed from the control treatment but it was in decreasing trend with increasing doses of FYM. There was no significant effect of FYM on pH in the either season. The highest OM (3.87 ± 0.22%) was observed from 50 Mg FYM ha which was similar to 30 and 40 Mg FYM ha in first season. Similarly, in the second season, increasing doses of FYM increased the OM and the highest OM (3.83 ± 0.19%) was from 50 Mg FYM ha which did not differ from 40 Mg FYM ha. As anticipated, the lowest OM 2.425 ± 0.224% and 2.275 ± 0.1968% were from control treatments of the first and second seasons, respectively. As the doses of FYM were increased, earthworm populations were also increased significantly in the both seasons. Earthworm numbers from 50 Mg FYM ha were significantly higher than the 20, 30 and 40 Mg FYM ha in both seasons. The highest numbers 887 ± 12.84 and 976 ± 20.30 of earthworm per square meter were recorded from 50 Mg FYM ha in the both seasons, respectively. Thus, the application of 30 Mg FYM ha is optimum for both the seasons to improve soil properties and to maintain earthworm population in the agricultural field. Also, this research indicated a possibility for earthworm inoculation in the field to enhance soil fertility for sustainable agriculture in the western Chitwan, Nepal.
Tamao travel time of sudden impulses and its relationship to ionospheric convection vortices

[1] We have examined the propagation of sudden impulses (SI) by an MHD numerical simulation in the three-dimensional magnetosphere to assess the precision of the Tamao travel time approximation and the dynamic properties of preliminary impulses (PI). The results show that the propagation of SI signals is strongly influenced by the inhomogeneous Alfven velocity profile, and the region of high Alfven velocity immediately outside the plasmasphere allows the signals to reach ionospheric altitudes in the shortest time possible. At the ionospheric altitude, the simulated arrival time of the PI, defined by the first peak in wave amplitude, is in extremely good agreement with Tamao's prediction throughout the range of invariant latitudes connected to the outer magnetosphere. The arrival time at invariant latitudes within the plasmasphere, however, is slightly earlier than Tamao's prediction because of the fact that the impulse deviates from a point source as it arrives at the plasmapause. In contrast, the onset time of the PI, which corresponds to the first deflection in the magnetic field, varies little with invariant latitude, consistent with the well-established observations of the nearly simultaneous PI onset without the need to invoke the Earth-ionosphere waveguide model. Our simulation also shows that the differentiation in PI arrival time strongly influences the evolution of the ionospheric convection vortices. The twin vortices first appear slightly above the latitude connected to the plasmapause, and they move poleward because of the late arrival of impulse signals at higher latitudes. Another pair of vortices appears later at plasmaspheric latitudes owing to the delay of signals by the dense plasmasphere. Our results not only provide quantitative assessment on the Tamao path, which can benefit future development in travel time magnetoseismology, but they also demonstrate the evolution of PI-induced ionospheric convection vortices by incorporating the propagation characteristics of MHD waves.
Proposal for the recognition of a Saberian Substage in the mid-Stephanian (West European chronostratigraphic scheme)

A proposal by WAGNER & ALVAREZ-VAZQUEZ (2010) to recognise a Saberian Regional Substage to follow upon Barruelian is now formalised with reference to a boundary stratotype in the Sabero Coalfield (Leon), NW Spain. A brief historical perspective on the Stephanian substages (formerly stages) confirms the inadequacy of the classical A, B and C subdivision recognised in the intramontane basins of the Massif Central, France. The lower Stephanian succession in the Cantabrian Mountians, NW Spain, where it is in continuity with the highest Westphalian and shows both marine and terrestrial facies, has already provided suitable stratotypes for the Cantabrian and Barruelian substages. A Barruelian–Stephanian B boundary was recognised in the Sabero Coalfield, NW Spain, in correlation with the putative Stephanian A–B boundary identified in the Carmaux Coalfield, south-central France. This boundary lies below the base of type Stephanian B as defined in the Saint Etienne Basin. A Saberian Substage following upon Barruelian and occupying the gap below the Stephanian B at Saint Etienne is now formalised by a proposed stratotype at Sabero. Palaeobotanical analysis confirms that the Saberian is broadly equated with the Alethopteris zeilleri Megafloral Zone. The proposed stratotype is described in the context of a coastal basin with westerly onlap both within and beyond the Sabero Coalfield. Pyroclastic tonsteins in the reference Saberian succession of Sabero have permitted radiometric U-Pb dating of zircons (CATIMS) from two bands at around 302 Ma. A preliminary account of the absolute age analysis is given.
Nanotechnology and Developing Countries – Part 1: What Possibilities?

Background Abstract In recent times, nanotechnology has been included in a number of the debates considering emerging technology and developing countries. However, the literature considering nanotechnology's application to the developing world has often varied in its interpretation of what nanotechnology really is. Furthermore, despite a wide range of perspectives as to the relevance, appropriateness and potential impact of nanotechnology for developing countries, the key debates have often remained disengaged. This paper attempts to clarify understandings of nanotechnology and synthesize discussions on issues of relevance, appropriateness and distribution with respect to developing countries. In support, recent developments in nanotechnology and healthcare are provided.
Projected impact on wave-driven harbour agitation due to climate change - application to the Catalan ports

Projected impact on wave-driven harbour agitation due to climate change – application to the Catalan ports J. P. Sierra, M. Casas-Prat, M. Virgili, C. Mösso, and A. Sánchez-Arcilla Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, Jordi Girona 1–3, Mòdul D1, Campus Nord, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Centre Internacional d’Investigació dels Recursos Costaners (CIIRC), Jordi Girona 1–3, Mòdul D1, Campus Nord, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain now at: Environment Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Toronto, Canada
Net field-aligned currents controlled by the polar ionospheric conductivity

[1] The results of an analysis of the east-west magnetic variations at midlatitudes suggest that the net field-aligned currents, which are the integral of the downward and upward field-aligned currents along a meridian, are strongly controlled by the polar ionospheric conductivity. The east-west magnetic disturbances at midlatitudes are expected to be the magnetic effects of the net field-aligned currents in the polar region. We have examined the relation between the auroral electrojet intensity represented by the auroral electrojet (AE) index and the net field-aligned current intensity represented by the east-west magnetic disturbances at midlatitudes. It is deduced from this analysis that the net field-aligned currents are upward on the nightside and downward on the dayside. It is also derived that the net upward field-aligned currents on the nightside are stronger in winter than in summer. This seasonal dependence can be explained by the seasonal variation of the polar cap ionospheric conductivity.
Involvement of polyamine in floral and fruit development

Polyamines, including putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm), are polycationic compounds of low molecular weight that are widely distributed in living organisms. They are implicated in a variety of plant processes, such as floral and fruit development. In addition, correlation between polyamines and flower gender or fertility is reported in some plant species. Since polyamines, especially Spd and Spm share a common precursor, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), with ethylene, they demonstrated competitive effects on functions in fruit development and ripening in many plants. Exogenous polyamines have been employed to regulate floral and fruit development and ripening in a lot of plants. Besides, polyamines have shown their potential for postharvest fruit management. Therefore, in this review, we focused on the involvement of polyamines in floral and fruit development along with perspectives of polyamine research.
Simulation and design of lateral photo-Dember emitters and a novel microwave antenna

In this thesis I will discuss the modelling and testing of THz and microwave emitters. I firstly present a new model for the lateral photo-Dember effect and find that the previous 1D model by Barnes et. al. is incomplete. I use a 2D solution of the drift diffusion equation and feed the currents in to a finite difference time domain algorithm. In order to have a realistic representation of the far-field to the detector I use a far-field algorithm. I show that the dynamics of the system are dependent on the currents travelling perpendicular to the semiconductor surface, as opposed to just the lateral currents as previously thought. I then go on to compare this model with experimental results. The experiment in question involved the examination of photo-Dember emission when the semiconductor is under the influence of a biasing electric field. I also performed a separate experiment in which a gap was introduced to various lateral Photo-Dember emitters in order to observe its effects in both the time and frequency domains. I also present a novel microwave antenna based on the fishscale and split-ring resonator metamaterial designs. I demonstrate that mutual coupling between the fishscale and SRRs is responsible for creating a greater absorption of the input signal than either component is capable of in isolation. The antenna was tested, and I compare the experimental results with the computational model.
SEA profile of small islands states and territories: The European ultra-peripheral islands case

Sustainability represents a key concern for Small Islands due to their fragile ecosystems, economies and human systems, and therefore, there is an immediate need to find solutions for sustainable development for Small Island states and territories. Environmental assessment of islands policies, plans and programs play a central role in the development of these isolated territories, beyond the fundamental and more common instrument of impact assessment of projects. The major goal of this research is to establish the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) profile in small islands, identifying how the current methods and practices are being used in these territories. The European ultra-peripheral islands regions are used as case study (the Azores and Madeira, the French overseas departments and the Canaries). A review of published literature and legal documents was conducted for all these island regions in order to identify and analyse the SEA legislation, institutional framework and practices. This paper provides an overview analysis of the SEA practice in the European outermost regions. The overall results demonstrate a low adoption level of new specific SEA approaches, which stresses that islands mainly direct import the SEA developed for other
Plant Responses to Haloxyfop as Influenced by Water Stress

Green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. # SETVI] and proso millet [Panicum miliaceum (L.) #PANMI] growing under high water stress for 3 days before + 3 days after foliar applications of the methyl ester of haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} developed less herbicide injury than plants growing under low water stress. There was a 32% reduction in the retention of haloxyfop sprays by proso millet when growing under high water stress than when growing under low water stress. Haloxyfop spray retention by green foxtail was not affected by the degree of water stress. The translocation of 14C out of 14C-haloxyfop-treated leaves was significantly greater in plants of both species when growing under low water stress than when growing under high water stress. The conversion of 98% of the absorbed 14C-haloxyfop-methyl to 14C-haloxyfop and unidentified polar metabolites occurred in both species within 12 h of application. The green foxtail growing under low water stress contained greater concentrations of 14C-haloxyfop than did plants growing under high water stress. Levels of 14C-haloxyfop were the same in proso millet growing under high and low water stress. The reduced injury of green foxtail and proso millet growing under high water stress from postemergence sprays of haloxyfop can be attributed to a reduction in herbicide translocation in both species, plus a reduction in spray retention by proso millet or changes in the metabolism of the herbicide in green foxtail, which results in a reduction in the concentration of haloxyfop.