Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identification of New Hydroxy Fatty Acids and Ferulic Acid Esters in the Wood of Eucalyptus globulus

Summary The chemical composition of the dichloromethane extract of Eucalyptus globulus wood cultivated in Portugal was studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, prior to and after alkaline hydrolysis. In addition to previously identified lipophilic extractives, 22 free or esterified compounds (14 fatty acids, 2 fatty alcohols and 6 aromatic compounds) were identified for the first time in E. globulus wood. One of these, ferulic acid, was esterified with three different fatty alcohols and with two α-hydroxyfatty acids. Some of the newly identified compounds, particularly the a-hydroxy-fatty acids are responsible for recently reported pitch problems during pulp production in a Portuguese mill. The differences found in the E. globulus chemical composition, when compared with published data, are expected to be related to variations in the location of growth and genetic factors.
Correlation of Anemia and Serum Transferrin in Diabetic Nephropathy

Background: End Stage Renal Disease is the common cuase of morbidity and mortality in patients suffering from diabetes and hypertension. Loss of transferrin and renal impairment in diabetic patients might lead to microcytic anaemia. Progression of nephropathy in these patients can be prevented by checking the hemoglobin levels. Objectives: This study is aimed at identifying the relationship of transferrin levels and anaemia in diabetic nephropathy. Methods: The study included 100 patients who were categorized as 20 normoalbuminuric, 40 microalbuminuric and 40 macroalbuminruic based on urine albumin levles. Serum Transferrin, Hemoglobin were measured in all the three groups. Results: The data obtained concludes that the levels of hemoglobin are significantly reduced in macroalbuminuric (9.0 + 1.61) than mciroalbuminuric (11.5 + 1.71) as compared to normoalbuminuric (13.1 + 1.91) patients. Serum transferrin levels were significantly reduced in macroalbuminuria (207 + 33.7) as compared to normoalbuminuria (263 + 51.8), which in correlation to hemoglobin levels. Conclusion: Anaemia was often seen at an early stage in diabetic nephropathy than in patients with chronic kidney disease. It is, therefore, crucial to monitor anaemia to prevent the progression of renal disease in diabetic patients manifested as microalbuminuria. Plasma transferrin levels are decreased in macroalbuminuria though the synthesis is increased in diabetic nephropathy as the response doesn't compensate for the loss of transferrin in the urine. Further understanding of the mechanism and providing the therapy may improve patient outcomes.
C – Reactive Protein Levels in Patients Diagnosed with Dengue Fever at a Tertiary Care Hospital, Mahabubnagar

Dengue, an arboviral infection is a notifiable disease in India and is endemic in many regions of the country. CRP levels help in knowing the severity of the disease. Patients with signs and symptoms of Dengue were included in the study. Their demographic data was noted. Serum was tested for NS1 ELISA, IgM ELISA. Positive samples were tested for CRP levels. Platelet count and Blood transfusion data was noted. Dengue positivity was 21%, with male predominance (55.6%), common in young children and teens. CRP level of 12 mg/L was seen in 28.40% of patients. Patients with CRP of 48mg/L required multiple platelet transfusion. Our study has correlated dengue positive patient’s platelets, CRP levels and need for blood transfusion.
A Neurological View for Mathematical Learning Disabilities

The present article is a literature review of recent researches that have to do with children with mathematical learning disabilities especially dyscalculia and ageometria. Our focus is on researches regarding neurosciences, mainly on the brain structure and the areas where various mathematical processes are performed. In addition, we present researches that show the role of hippocampus during arithmetic problem solving.
The effect of urinary nitrogen loading rate and a nitrification inhibitor on nitrous oxide emissions from a temperate grassland soil

SUMMARY Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions associated with urine nitrogen (N) deposition during grazing are a major component of greenhouse gas emissions from domestic livestock. The present study investigated the relationship between urine N loading rate and the efficacy of a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), on cumulative N2O emissions from a grassland soil in Ireland over 80 and 360-day periods in 2009/10 and 2010/11. A diminishing curvilinear relationship between urine N rate and cumulative N2O emissions was observed in both years. Despite this increase in cumulative N2O emissions, the emission factor (EF3) for N2O decreased with increasing urine N rate from, on average, 0·24 to 0·10% (urine applied at 300 and 1000 kg N/ha, respectively), during an 80-day measurement period. This was probably the result of a factor other than N, such as carbon (C), limiting the production of N2O. The efficacy of DCD varied with urine N loading rate, and inter-annual variability in efficacy was also observed. Dicyandiamide was effective at reducing N2O production for 50–80 days after urine application, which accounted for the major period of elevated daily flux. However, DCD was ineffective at reducing N2O production after this period, which was likely a result of its removal from the soil via degradation and leaching.
Taxonomic studies of the Halosphaeriaceae: Corollospora Werdermann

Taxonomic studies of the Halosphaeriaceae: Corollospora Werdermann. The problems in the classification of the genus Corollospora Halosphaeriaceae, Ascomycotina; are outlined. In Corollospora nine species have been described, five are retained in Corollospora (C. maritima, C. intermedia, C. lacera, C. pulchella, C. luteola); one species is referred to Arenariomyces (A. trifurcatus); and two new genera are described to accommodate the remaining species. Arenariomyces trifurcatus is lectotypified and a neotype has been deposited. Key to these taxa are given.
The locomotory activity patterns of a functionally complete colony of Cryptomys hottentotus hottentotus (Rodentia: Bathyergidae)

The locomotory activity patterns of a colony of eight field-captured mole-rats housed in a transparent burrow system were monitored for a total of 240 hours. Movement along the burrow system was recorded for all hours of the 24-hour chronological day for 10 days. Intermittent periods of activity were characteristic for all the mole-rats in the colony. The lack of a distinct sleeping period reflects the asynchrony of each mole-rat's activity cycle with that of other colony members. There are four major peaks of activity during the 24-hour cycle and an absence of a well-defined diurnal or nocturnal phase to the activity cycle. The nest area is a focal point in the burrow system with individuals spending between 36 and 81% of the day there. There is a positive correlation between the size of a group of sleeping mole-rats in the nest and the frequency of occurrence.
Secondary Sexual Traits and Individual Phenotype in Male Green Frogs (Rana clamitans)

Abstract Secondary sexual characteristics are often under intense sexual selection as ornaments for attracting mates or as traits associated with male-male competition such as combat. Secondary sexual traits under sexual selection are predicted to be related to male phenotype, because only high-quality males should be capable of developing these costly and exaggerated traits. Therefore, high-quality males should have larger or more elaborate secondary sexual traits than poor-quality males. We used the Green Frog (Rana clamitans) to test this hypothesis using three sexually dimorphic traits (the enlarged forelimbs, enlarged tympanum, and yellow throat of the male Green Frog) and two measures of male phenotype (body condition and size). Forelimb size was condition-dependent—males with larger forelimbs were in better condition than males with small forelimbs. Males with an intermediate shade of yellow on their throat tended to be in better condition than males with dark and light yellow throats, but the degree of yellow was related to body size—males with a dark yellow throat were larger than males with a light yellow throat. There was no evidence of condition-dependence of tympanum diameter; although after correcting for body size, males with a large tympanum had large forelimbs suggesting that tympanum size reflected some other, unmeasured, indicator of male quality. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that males produce multiple signals and cues that reflect different aspects of male quality. Females can maximize the benefits of mate choice by using multiple traits to assess male quality.
Structure of Aerial and Subterranean Roots of Selaginella kraussiana a. br.

Early in ontogeny, aerial roots of Selaginella kraussiana develop a root cap which is retained throughout the aerial growth phase. Mature cap cells have thick walls, particularly the outer tangential walls, which are also covered by a cuticle. Small dense nuclei, large vacuoles (many with osmiophilic deposits), plastids with few thylakoids, lipid deposits, and poorly organized mitochondria characterize this cytoplasm. Starch is not present. Aerial roots bifurcate several times before reaching the soil, but all of the root apices are enclosed within a common root cap. Subterranean roots lose the rounded appearance of aerial roots, becoming tapered and more rootlike. The thick-walled root cap in aerial roots is lost upon entering the soil and is replaced by a new root cap for each root apex formed. The new root-cap cells are in various stages of degeneration, the outermost being constantly sloughed. There is no cuticle covering the outer tangential cell walls. Cap cells recently formed from the root apical initial have few small vacuoles, large nuclei, plastids with no or little starch, well-developed mitochondria, and few lipid bodies. Meristematic cells derived from the root apical initial of both aerial and subterranean roots have numerous plasmodesmatal connections.
A contribution to the taxonomy of Lyromma (Lyrommataceae, lichenized Ascomycota) with a species key

The paper presents a new concept of conidial-ascosporic relationship in the foliicolous lichenized genus Lyromma and a revised key to species determination. Lyromma coronatum sp. nov. (Bolivia) is characterized by reduced perithecial appendages composed of clavate hyphae that form a crown around the ostiole. Lyromma multisetulatum sp. nov. (Bolivia, Brazil) is characterized by numerous large strongly recurved perithecial appendages composed of individual acicular hyphae. Undescribed ascosporic states for Lyromma dolicobelum and L. palmae and conidial states for L. ornatum and L. pilosum are described based on observations of perithecia and pycnidia for the first time in natural conditions. Confirmation of a conidial-ascosporic connection for L. nectandrae suggests L. confusum as a synonym. Lyromma dolicobelum, L. nectandrae, and L. ornatum are reported as new to Bolivia, and L. pilosum as new to Bolivia and Brazil.
Acclimation Temperature Influences Cortisol and Glucose Concentrations in Stressed Channel Catfish

Abstract Basal concentrations of plasma cortisol (near 50 ng/ml) and plasma glucose (near 0.50 mg/ml) were significantly greater in yearling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) acclimated to 10 C than in fish adapted to 20 or 30 C; the latter groups had similar basal levels of cortisol (near 25 ng/ml) and glucose (near 0.30 mg/ml). Fish at 10 C had a slower and less marked increase in cortisol and glucose over minutes, hours, and days in response to the stress of severe confinement than fish at 20 or 30 C which were again similar. No mortality occurred in the fish stressed at 10 C during 3 days of confinement, while 89% died in the 20 C group by day 3 and all fish at 30 C were dead by day 2. Glucose concentrations initially rose more slowly than those of cortisol, but continued to increase between 3 and 12 hours after confinement. Also, glucose returned to near basal levels in dying fish while cortisol was at its highest then. Channel catfish, even at warm temperatures, have a slower and less extensive .
THE FOOD OF RATTUS NORVEGICUS BERK. IN AN AREA OF SEA WALL, SALTMARSH AND MUDFLAT

(With 1 Figure in the Text) It has long been known that rats, living independently of man, occur along the coast of Britain, but relatively little information is available about their food. Most of the records can be summed up in the words of Barrett-Hamilton & Hinton (1910-21, p. 622); 'on the seashore the food is what is cast up by the sea, together with prawns, shrimps, shellfish, eggs and young of sea birds, and vegetable matter'. Further observations are, however,- available from the Islands of Norderoog (Steiniger 1948) and Scharhoern (Habs & Heinz 1951), off the west coast of Germany. On both islands, not only did the rats eat the eggs of many birds, but they also (particularly on Norderoog) caught and ate live adult birds. The seeds of Elymus arenarius L. (Norderoog and Scharhoern) and Chenopodium spp. (Norderoog) were eaten during the late summer and autumn. Steiniger also mentions that in late December apparently almost all the plants on Norderoog were being eaten, but particularly striking were traces of gnawing at the rhizomes of Triglochin maritima L. On these German islands, both of which are bird sanctuaries, observations on the rats were incidental to rat control to protect the birds. In the present study it was possible to make records of food for a whole year in a rather different type of coastal habitat on Bridgemarsh Island in Essex, where breeding birds were few and where occurred only three of the twenty-nine angiosperms noted from Scharhoern.
Soil-sampling alternatives and variable-rate liming for a soybean-corn rotation

Precision agriculture technologies can be used to manage soil pH. This study compared soil-sampling schemes for pH and evaluated variable-rate (VR) liming for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] and corn (Zea mays L.). Global positioning systems and yield monitors were used in two fields. Soils were Typic Hapludolls, Aquic Hapludolls, and Typic Endoaquolls. Treatments were a control and a fixed-rate (FR) or VR liming based on a 0.2-ha soil-sampling scheme. Soil pH (15-cm depth) ranged from 5.4 to 8.4, and most subsoils were calcareous. Treatments were applied before soybean to long and replicated strips. Grain yield and soil pH were measured during 3 yr in one field and 2 yr in the other. Initial pH; canopy photos; and soil survey, elevation, and electrical-conductivity maps were used to simulate sampling schemes based on larger cells or zones. Liming increased (P ≤ 0.05) corn yield in one site-year (230 kg ha -1 ), and liming methods did not differ. The VR method applied less lime (56-61%) and reduced pH variability in one field. The lack of response was explained by high subsoil pH and high small-scale variation of topsoil pH. Sampling schemes based on 0.7-ha cells or zones identified smaller add and alkaline areas than schemes based on small cells. Results suggest that yield response from lime is not likely when calcareous subsoils are present and topsoil pH is as low as 5.5. A VR liming method would apply less lime than a FR method in soils similar to those in this study.
Adult skeletal profile in isolated cleft palate: a comparison of the von langenbeck and wardill procedures for primary repair of the palate

Sixty-four adult patients operated on for isolated cleft palate were evaluated with regard to facial skeletal morphology using conventional radiocephalometry. Dental occlusion was assessed clinically. Forty-two had had a von Langenbeck repair at the age of 7 months and 22 a Wardill repair at 18 months. The mean error of the method was 0.7° for angular, and 0.9 mm for linear, measurements. The group with clefts had less maxillary prognathism (s-n-ss), more maxillary inclination (NSL/NL), more retroclined lower incisors (IL I /ML), and shorter total I and upper facial heights (n-gn, n-sp) compared with the reference group. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate differences between the two treatment regimens. Explanatory variables in addition to surgical technique were sex, severity of cleft, and presence of a velopharyngeal flap. Only one variable, lower incisor inclination (IL I /ML), was I different for the two regimens. Ten (24%) in the von Langenbeck group had a lateral cross-bite compared with one (5%) in the Wardill group. Other variables in a multivariate regression analysis were affected by sex and severity of cleft to various degrees. This study showed no obvious differences in facial skeletal morphology that could be attributed to surgical technique. Factors other than technique, including sex, age, and severity of cleft merit attention.
Sjögren's syndrome: mechanisms of pathogenesis involve interaction of immune and neurosecretory systems

Although biopsies of salivary and lacrimal glands from patients with Sjo¨gren's syndrome (SS) have focal lymphocytic infiltrates and partial destruction of glandular secretory units (acinar and ductal structures), the degree of dryness is beyond that expected for the level of glandular destruction. The failure to exhibit adequate secretory function is not due simply to the destruction of neural innervation to the residual glandular elements or the absence of receptors for acetylcholine on the glandular cells. It is likely that release of cytokines by lymphocytes and glandular cells (especially interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha), autoantibodies and metalloproteinases lead to decreased release of neurotransmitters and decreased response of the residual glandular cells to available neurotransmitters. The ability to modulate immune response and stimulate residual glandular elements provides new therapeutic opportunities for Sjo¨gren's patients.
Evaluation of Nutritional Status of the Cotton Plant with Respect to Nitrogen

Abstract Cotton plants, Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Antares, were grown in nutrient solution, under three levels of nitrogen (N) supply, in order to assess their effects on growth and yield, and to evaluate the N status by the following methods: visual symptoms, changes in the leaf ultrastructure, direct and indirect determinations of leaf chlorophyll (SPAD readings); NO3-N in the petiole both, by spot test in vivo and by quantitative determination; total N in the leaf blade and nitrate reductase activity (NO3 R) in the same; total N in the seeds. Low N level in the solution drastically reduced vegetative growth components, number of bolls and seed cotton and fiber yields. Nitrogen deficiency caused yellowing of the leaves beginning in the older ones. The main changes in the ultrastructure of the N deficient leaves were the disruption of the chloroplast membrane and the accumulation of starch granules and lipid globules. The semiquantitative assessment of nitrate in the petiole was unable to differentiate between the upper levels of nitrogen supply, this being also the case for seed N. Nitrogen status was well correlated both with the quantitative determination of NO3-N and with the NO3 R activity. Both direct and indirect determinations of leaf chlorophyll (SPAD readings) were able to reflect the N status, showing significant correlation with yield.
Topsoil Foraging and Its Role in Plant Competitiveness for Phosphorus in Common Bean

We evaluated the effect of root shallowness on interplant competition for phosphorus in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) segregating for basal root gravitropism were evaluated in monogenetic and polygenetic stands with varying phosphorus availability in the field in South China and in solution culture and solid media in controlled environments. In the field, shallow-rooted RILs were more productive than deep-rooted RILs. Shoot biomass of these RILs almost doubled the deep-rooted ones when in competition. In the greenhouse, three treatments representing different soil phosphorus distributions were compared. Root shallowness did not confer any competitive advantage when phosphorus availability was uniformly low or uniformly high, but did confer a competitive advantage when phosphorus availability was concentrated in the topsoil. Shallow and deep-rooted RILs did not differ in response to phosphorus availability in solution culture where phosphorus is mixed and uniformly available. Our results demonstrate that basal root gravitropism, which is a specific root architectural trait under genetic control, is important for belowground competition in low phosphorus soils.
Effects of permanent trap response in capture probability on Jolly-Seber capture-recapture model estimates

The Jolly-Seber model (Jolly 1965, Seber 1965) is probably the most important open population model for use in capture-recapture experiments. Because of its importance and wide use, it is desirable to have knowledge of the effects of deviations from underlying model assumptions on resulting parameter estimates. Previous investigations have considered the effects of heterogeneity of capture probability (Carothers 1973, Gilbert 1973), tag loss (Arnason and Mills 1981), temporary emigration (Balser 1981), and age-specific differences in mortality rates (Manly 1970). Trap response refers to the situation in which marking an animal causes a change in its capture or survival probability for some time after its initial capture. Robson (1969), Pollock (1975), and Brownie and Robson (1980) have generalized the JollySeber capture-recapture model to permit temporary (e.g., one or more time periods after initial capture) trap response in survival and capture probability. Although a temporary trap response seems reasonable for survival rate and in some instances for capture probability, a permanent trap response in capture probability seems likely in many situations. In this paper we examine bias in Jolly-Seber estimates of survival rate and population size resulting from permanent trap response in capture probability.
Carbon cycling in eroding landscapes: geomorphic controls on soil organic C pool composition and C stabilization

Recent studies have highlighted the tight coupling between geomorphic processes and soil carbon (C) turnover and suggested that eroding landscapes can stabilize more C than their non‐eroding counterparts. However, large uncertainties remain and a mechanistic understanding of geomorphic effects on C storage in soils is still lacking. Here, we quantified the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and pool distribution along geomorphic gradients and combined data derived from soil organic matter fractionation and incubation experiments. The size and composition of the SOC pools were strongly related to geomorphic position: 1.6 to 6.2 times more C was stabilized in the subsoils (25–100cm) of depositional profiles than in those of eroding profiles. Subsoil C of depositional profiles is predominantly associated with microaggregates and silt‐sized particles which are associated with pools of intermediate stability. We observed a significantly higher mean residence time for the fast and intermediate turnover pools of buried C at depositional positions, relative to non‐eroding and eroding positions, resulting from the physical protection of C associated with microaggregates and silt particles. Conversely, significant amounts of C were replaced at eroding positions but the lower degree of decomposition and the lack of physically protected C, resulted in higher respiration rates. By considering C cycling at non‐eroding, eroding and depositional positions, we found that the eroding landscapes studied store up to 10% more C due to soil redistribution processes than non‐eroding landscapes. This is the result of the stabilization of C in former subsoil at eroding positions and partial preservation of buried C in pools of intermediate turnover at depositional positions. However, the sink strength was limited by significant losses of buried C as only a small fraction of the C was associated with stable pools.