Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NGOs in India's elite newspapers: a framing analysis

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are deeply embedded within the socio-political landscape of India. NGOs were instituted by the Indian government specifically for the purpose of nation-building at the time of national independence in 1947 (Muttalib, 1987). In recent times however, NGOs have come under much scrutiny because of the expanding neoliberal agenda, and global discourse surrounding NGOs often involves questions of accountability. Communication scholars have studied NGOs in various contexts, but what remains unexplored is the question of how NGOs are portrayed within the media, which in contemporary society constitutes the public sphere or space of public opinion. It is important to look at the media because public legitimacy can have serious consequences for an NGO's ability to garner funds, influence policy, and build trust in beneficiary communities. This study thus asks the research question: How are NGOs framed in the Indian media? A qualitative analysis was employed to identify news frames or ‘interpretive packages’ used to talk about NGOs in two of the most widely-circulated English daily newspapers in India. The analysis identified four frames: the ‘do-good’ frame, protest frame, partner frame, and the public accountability frame. The findings show that, for the most part, NGOs are represented in a positive and even a nationalistic light, in spite of the larger global discourse interrogating NGO practices. The discussion elaborates on institutional, political, and historical reasons why NGOs are portrayed favorably in the newspapers.
Is There Genetic Diversity in the ‘Leucaena Bug’ Synergistes jonesii Which May Reflect Ability to Degrade Leucaena Toxins?

Leucaena leucocephala, a nutritionally rich forage tree legume, contains a non-protein amino acid, mimosine, which is degraded by ruminal bacteria to toxic metabolites 3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP, resulting in goitre-like symptoms in animals, severely restricting weight gain. Raymond Jones, in the early 1980s, discovered the ‘leucaena bug’ in the rumen of goats in Hawaii that degraded these toxic DHP metabolites into non-toxic compounds (Jones and Lowry 1984), which was named Synergistes jonesii (Allison et al. 1992). Subsequently, a rumen inoculum containing S. jonesii was used as an ‘oral drench’ for cattle, kept in continuous culture (Klieve et al. 2002) and supplied to farmers to dose cattle foraging on leucaena. Studies on Queensland herds that received this oral drench showed that up to 50% of 44 herds grazing on leucaena had apparent subclinical toxicity based on high 3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP excretion in urine (Dalzell et al. 2012). In another study by Graham et al. (2013), a 16S rDNA nested PCR showed that rumen digesta from 6 of 8 farms tested had a variant DNA profile from S. jonesii ATCC 78.1 strain, which suggested a different strain of the bacterium. It was postulated that the continually cultured oral inoculum may have undergone genetic modification and/or animals could harbor other DHP-degrading bacteria or S. jonesii strains with differential DHP-degrading potential (C. McSweeney et al. unpublished). The present study looks at changes in the 16S rDNA gene at the molecular level, that may suggest divergence from the type strain S. jonesii ATCC 78.1 in Queensland cattle as well as in cattle
Detection of kdr pyrethroid resistance in the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae), using a PCR-RFLP assay

Two point mutations, Leu1014 to Phe and Met918 to r, located in the domain II region of the para-type voltage gated sodium channel, confer knockdown resistance (kdr) to pyrethroid insecticides in several insect species. PCR ampli cation of this region in a pyrethroid-resistant and pyrethroid-susceptible strain of Aphis gossypii and use of a restriction fragment length polymorphism assay on PCR products (PCR-RFLP) provide the rst direct evidence of the Leu1014 to Phe kdr mutation in a eld isolate of A. gossypii. © Pesticide Science Society of Japan
MUC1 Oncoprotein Blocks Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β–Mediated Phosphorylation and Degradation of β-Catenin

Dysregulation of beta-catenin is of importance to the development of diverse human malignancies. The MUC1 oncoprotein is aberrantly overexpressed by most human carcinomas and associates with beta-catenin. However, the functional significance of the MUC1-beta-catenin interaction is not known. Here, we show that MUC1 increases beta-catenin levels in the cytoplasm and nucleus of carcinoma cells. Previous studies have shown that glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) phosphorylates beta-catenin and thereby targets it for proteosomal degradation. Consistent with the up-regulation of beta-catenin levels, our results show that MUC1 blocks GSK3beta-mediated phosphorylation and degradation of beta-catenin. To further define the interaction between MUC1 and beta-catenin, we identified a serine-rich motif (SRM) in the MUC1 cytoplasmic domain that binds directly to beta-catenin Armadillo repeats. Mutation of the SRM attenuated binding of MUC1 to beta-catenin and MUC1-mediated inhibition of beta-catenin degradation. Importantly, disruption of the MUC1-beta-catenin interaction with the SRM mutant also attenuated MUC1-induced anchorage-dependent and -independent growth and delayed MUC1-mediated tumorigenicity. These findings indicate that MUC1 promotes transformation, at least in part, by blocking GSK3beta-mediated phosphorylation and thereby degradation of beta-catenin.
Participation of the serotonergic system in the memory effects of Ginkgo biloba L. and Panax ginseng C. A. Mey

The 7‐day oral administration of the extracts from Ginkgo biloba (GK501) and Panax ginseng (G115) as well as their combination PHL‐00701 (Gincosan®) produced changes in rat behaviour suggesting memory‐enhancing effects. Single doses of agonists and antagonists of different serotonin receptor subtypes influenced the rat's capability for retention of learned behaviour and the behavioural effects of the drugs tested. GK501 decreased the density (Bmax) of 5‐HT1 receptors in the frontal cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Data concerning the effects of the drugs tested suggest the participation of the serotonergic transmitter system as an important neurochemical correlate of rat behaviour and of the memory effects of the drugs studied. This participation is modulated by the differences in the functions of the serotonin receptor subtypes.
β-Catenin Signaling: Therapeutic Strategies in Oncology

Activated Wnt signaling pathways have been found in various human cancers, including those of the colon, liver, endometrium, ovary, prostate, and stomach. As a result, β-catenin is accumulated and becomes transcriptionally active for proliferative genes and oncogenes. Wnt pathway mutations result in biochemical mechanisms yielding inefficient phosphorylation of b-catenin by GSK3β due to APC, β-catenin and/or axin mutations. Therefore, the needs and the opportunity to develop new cancer therapies exist through reversing oncogenic APC/β-catenin/Lef/Tcf signals. Exisulind and analogues are inhibitors of cyclic GMP phosphodiesterases (PDE) that have been shown to activate and induce protein kinase G. The data show PKG regulation of β-catenin in wnt signaling, accounting, at least in part, for apoptosis induction in treated colon cancer cells carrying either APC or β-catenin mutations. Exisulind and analogs reduce β-catenin via a novel, GSK3β independent processing mechanism. Activated PKG directly phosphorylate β-catenin at its C-terminal domain and causes proteasome dependent degradation of the protein. Since this pathway is independent of APC and GSK3β, exisulind and analogs provide a superior approach to circumvent the molecular defects of wnt signaling pathway and to treat cancers with such defects.
Laminarionema elsbetiae gen. et sp. nov. (Ectocarpales, Phaeophyceae), a new endophyte in Laminaria sporophytes

Laminarionema elsbetiae gen. et sp, nov, (Ectocarpaceae, Ectocarpales. Phaeophyceae), a new endophyte of Laminaria japonica Areschoug (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae), is described from Muroran. Hokkaido, Japan. Laminarionema elsbetiae grows in the host tissues forming networks in the epidermal and subcortical layers as well as penetrating into the cortical and medullary layers. Only phaeophycean hairs emerge from the surface of the host tissue. No reproductive cells were found in field material. However, under host‐free culture the species formed three morphologically different reproductive structures. Macrosporangia containing a single large motile spore were formed under long and short day conditions below 20°C, transformed from vegetative cells, conical to elongated in shape, 50–75 μm in length and ca. 10 μm in diameter. Microsporangia were linear to lanceolate, sometimes branched, formed under long and short day conditions below 15°C. Unilocular sporangia were more or less irregular in shape, formed under short day conditions of 5–15°C, 60–75 μm in length and 40–45 μm in diameter. Sexual fusion between macro‐ and microspores was not seen. In mixed cultures of L. elsbetiae with young sporophytes of L Japonica Areschoug as well as Saccorhiza dermatodea (de la Pylaie) J. Agardh, L elsbetiae infected both hosts, grew in the same manner as in natural hosts, and formed macrosporangia between host epidermal cells.
Electrophoretic Behaviors of α-Lactalbumin and β-Lactoglobulin Mixtures Caused by Heat Treatment**

In order to study the reaction behaviors of bovine α-lactalbumin (α-La), β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg), and their mixtures during heat treatment, samples were analyzed using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Native-PAGE), sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)-PAGE, and two-dimensional (2-D)-PAGE. The electrophoresis demonstrated that the loss of native-α-La increased as temperature increased, and that the loss of apo-α-La was slightly higher than that of holo-α-La. The tests also showed that during heat treatment, a mixture of α-La and β-Lg was less stable than α-La alone. As such, it was assumed that β-Lg induced holo-α-La to be less stable than apo-α-La during heat treatment. The reaction behavior of α-La (holo-, apo-form) during heat treatment showed similar patterns in the 2-D-PAGE electropherogram, but the mixture of α-La and β-Lg created new bands. In particular, the results showed a greater loss of native α-La in the holo-α-La and β-Lg mixture than in the apo-α-La and β-Lg mixture. Thus, it can be concluded that the holo-α-La and β-Lg mixture was more intensively affected by heat treatment than other samples, and that free sulphydryl groups took part in the heat-induced denaturation. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2003. Vol 16, No. 7 : 1041-1045)
Doses de nitrogênio e potássio em fertirrigação em maracujazeiro-amarelo consorciado com coqueiro-anão verde, na região Norte Fluminense

An experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effects of two doses of fertilizers in fertirrigation on yield and leaf mineral composition of yellow passion fruit plant cultivated in consortium with green dwarfish coconut tree grown in a Quartzarenic Neosoil in the north of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Fertilizer doses were: 1) N=161 and K=215 kg ha-1 year-1 and 2) N=322 and K=430 kg ha-1 year-1. Treatments had 12 replicates in a completely randomized design. Irrigation of the plants was made through a micro sprinkling system, with a flow of 60 liters hour-1, and 75% of Et0. The injection of the fertilizer was made through a Venturi type injector, coupled with a 1 hp pump. The experimental units consisted of 5 coconut plants and 20 passion fruit plants. Five leaf samples were taken at three month intervals. Samples were composed of 20 recently mature leaves, colecting the 5th leaf from the apex of the branch. Leaf N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cl, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and B contents were determined. Doses of applied fertilizers didn't differ in terms of yield and fruit average weight. Nitrogen and potassium fertilization doses affected only N, Ca, and Zn leaf concentrations in a few sampling times.
Ecosystem input of nitrogen through biological fixation in feather mosses during ecosystem retrogression

Summary 1Ecosystem retrogression occurs during the very long-term absence of major disturbances, and it is characterized by decreases in productivity, decomposition rates and nutrient availability. Ratios of total soil nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (P) also characteristically increase during retrogression, but the nature of N inputs to ecosystems undergoing retrogression has seldom been explored. 2We studied a 5000-year-old chronosequence involving 30 islands that differed greatly in history of disturbance (wildfire through lightning strike), with increasing time since disturbance leading to ecosystem retrogression. For each island, we quantified N inputs through biological fixation by cyanobacteria hosted by each of two feather moss species that dominate the ground layer vegetation (Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens), and compared these with N inputs through atmospheric deposition. 3Both N2 fixation per unit land area and fixation per unit moss mass increased significantly with increasing time since disturbance for both moss species. As retrogression progressed, the amount of total N input through biological fixation increased to levels comparable to that of input through atmospheric deposition. 4Across the chronosequence, N has been accumulating in the humus layer at a rate of 1·8 kg ha−1 year−1 in the absence of fire during the past 5000 years. The added N input from biological fixation in this area of low atmospheric N deposition helps explain this relatively high rate of sequestration. 5Our results show that, contrary to several claims in the literature, biological N2 fixation is not only important in early-successional ecosystems but also in late-successional systems that have undergone retrogression. This fixation can contribute both to the elevated N : P ratios that occur during retrogression and to accumulation of N capital in the soil. However, much of this N may exist in forms that are relatively unavailable to co-existing plant species.
Potential and utilization of Indigofera sp. shoot leaf meal as soybean meal substitution in laying hen diets.

The objective of this study was to determine the potential of Indigofera sp shoot leaf meal to substitute soybean meal in poultry diet. One hundred and sixty laying hens of Isa Brown strain, at 30 weeks old were used in this study and kept in individual cages. A Randomized Completely Design was applied with four treatments and four replications. The treatments were four levels of soybean meal protein substitution by Indigofera sp shoot meal protein in the diets: The level were 0% (R0), 15% (R1), 30% (R2) and 45% (R3). Eggs were collected daily and were evaluated on: weight, shell, albumen, yolk, intensity of yolk and haugh unit. Results showed that the nutrients content of Indigofera sp shoot leaf meal were crude protein 28.98%, crude fat 3.30%, crude fiber 8.49%, calcium 0.52% and phosphorus content was 0.34%. Indigofera sp shoot leaf meal contained a complete amino acids. The vitamin A and s-carotene were high, i.e 3828.79 IU/100g and 507.6 mg/kg, respectively. It is concluded that Indigofera sp shoot leaf meal is potential to be used as an alternative source of protein. Substitute 45% soybean meal protein with Indigofera sp shoot leaf meal in laying hen diets increase egg quality and increase intensity of yolk colour to 55.88%.
The evaluation of indices of animal abundance using spatial simulation of animal trapping

We apply a new algorithm for spatially simulating animal trapping that utilises a detection function and allows for competition between animals and traps. Estimates of the parameters of the detection function from field studies allowed us to simulate realistically the expected range of detection probabilities of brushtail possums caught in traps. Using this model we evaluated a common index of population density of brushtail possums based on the percentage of leg-hold traps catching possums. Using field estimates of the parameters of the detection function, we simulated the relationship between the trap-catch index and population density. The relationship was linear up to densities of 10 possums ha–1. We also investigated the accuracy (bias and precision) of the trap-catch index for possums to estimate relative changes in population density (relative abundance) under conditions of varying detection probability, and compared these results with those obtained using a removal estimate of the population in the vicinity of trap lines. The ratio of trap-catch indices was a more precise estimator of relative abundance than the ratio of removal estimates but was positively biased (i.e. overestimated relative abundance). In contrast, the ratio of removal estimates was relatively unbiased but imprecise. Despite the positive bias, the trap-catch index had a higher power to determine the correct ranking between population densities than the removal estimate. Although varying detection probability can bias estimates of relative abundance using indices, we show that the potential for bias to lead to an incorrect result is small for indices of brushtail possum density based on trapping.
Description of the larvae of Dicronocephalus wallichi bourgoini Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) with observations on nesting behavior and life cycle of two Dicronocephalus species under laboratory conditions

Abstract Larva of the fruit beetle Dicronocephalus wallichi bourgoini Pouillaude 1914 is described and illustrated. The following unique morphological characters within Cetoniinae are discussed: shape of claw, spindle-shaped last antennomera, general body shape. The presence of metathoracic egg-bursters in the first instar larva has been found. Its significance for distinguishing the first instar larvae of Cetoniinae is discussed. The nesting behaviours of D. wallichi bourgoini and D. adamsi(Pascoe 1863) are described. The course of the life cycle of both species under laboratory condition is presented and discussed.
Effects of an experimental reduction in grazing by green sea urchins on a benthic macroalgal community in eastern Newfoundland

An urchin removal experiment was performed over 5 yr at a heavily grazed, sublittoral site in Conception Bay, Newfoundland. Three transects were used: one unrnanipulated, one from which urchins were removed manually for 3 yr, and one from which urchins were removed using quicklime. Each site was sampled in the upper (2 to 3 m) and middle (6 to 9 m) urchin-dominated zone. Macroalgal biomass increased following urchin removal by both methods. At 2 to 3 m a closed canopy of Alaria escdenta developed,with few other algal species, except during the summer when the canopy was reduced by blade erosion. The community that developed at 6 to 9 m consisted mainly of Desmarestia acdeata, with lesser amounts of other canopy-forming algae (A. esculenta, Agarum cribrosum, and Laminaria digitata). When urchins were allowed access to the urchin removal sites, they grazed away all algae except A. cribrosum and Ptilota serrata. Some A. cribrosum survived for at least 2 yr after urchin reinvasion. Algal biomass in the unmanipulated area was low for the first 3 yr, but both biomass and species richness increased during the summers of 1982 and 1983. These algae were removed by urchin grazing and natural senescence during the autumn and winter. The species composition of this temporary summer community differed, however, from the community on the removal transects, and was dominated by annual algae such as Acrothrix novae-angliae, Chordaria flagelliformis, Dictyosiphon foeniculaceus, Ectocarpus siliculosus, and Eudesme virescens, whereas perennials such as A. escdenta and D. aculeata dominated in the urchin removal area.
Effects of New Forestry Practices on Rare Epiphytic Macrolichens

Abstract: The preservation of key habitats is included in modern forest‐management practices as one of the main means to preserve biodiversity in northern European production forests. I examined the distribution patterns and persistence of occurrence of rare epiphytic macrolichens in a predominantly unprotected forest landscape with an area of 278 km2 in southern Finland. Occurrence data of macrolichens in two key habitats, rock outcrops and mires, were compared with data from production forests. The density of populations of rare macrolichens was 50‐fold higher on rock outcrops and 25‐fold higher on mires than in production forests. Most rare species of epiphytic macrolichens were found only in key habitats. In modern, intensively managed forest landscapes, rock outcrops appeared to represent the main habitats for rare macrolichens as a result of the long‐term continuity of old trees. Most macrolichen occurrences represented very small populations with a high extinction risk. Of the populations found in 1989–1995 in key habitats, 51% had disappeared, by 2000–2001, mainly as a result of forestry activities. The disappearance of populations significantly exceeded the rate of establishment of new populations. My results emphasize the importance of key habitats for declining forest species. There is also a need to improve and sharpen the guidelines for delimiting and managing key habitats in order to halt the continued decline of epiphytic macrolichens.
PROGENY SEX RATIO IN A SEXUALLY MONOMORPHIC UNGULATE, THE COLLARED PECCARY (TAYASSU TAJACU)

Abstract Polygynous ungulates are commonly used to test the Trivers–Willard hypothesis that high-quality females should produce a higher proportion of male than female offspring given certain assumptions. We studied relationships among age, maternal condition, and sex ratio of progeny in the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), a sexually monomorphic ungulate, in southern Texas to examine this hypothesis. We collected data on litter size and sex ratio from 264 peccaries from 1989 to 2003. The overall fetal sex ratio was male-biased (P = 0.04) at 54.8% male. Sex ratio varied by age, with individuals in age class 2 (of 4) being responsible for most of the skew in the ratio. Condition indices (body mass, carcass mass, and kidney fat index) did not vary in females categorized by sex ratio of litters. Logistic regression revealed that increasing condition of peccaries was associated with a more male-biased litter, but these relationships were weak (P = 0.10–0.20). Our results were consistent with recent work showing sex ratio–age relationships and reviews documenting decreasing support for the Trivers–Willard hypothesis in ungulates with less sexual dimorphism.
Host Population Perceptions of the Impact of Mega-events

This paper presents the results of a study on the perceptions of the host population on the impact of two mega-events, the Daejeon Expo and the Gyeongju Expo in Korea. Many studies have performed evaluations on the partial impact of an event while the event is actually being held; however, not much research has been done on the long-term impact on the host population. It is necessary to study the long-term impact on the host population so as to discover more thorough characteristics of the impact of the event. Thus, research on tourism influenced by mega-events over a period of time makes it possible to monitor the changing phases of the development of tourist attractions and to compare them with other types of mega-events.