Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HALF INVERSE PROBLEMS FOR QUADRATIC PENCILS OF STURM-LIOUVILLE OPERATORS

Generally, the coefficients $p(x)$ and $q(x)$ of quadratic pencils of Sturm-Liouville operators are uniquely determined by two spectra or one spectrum and norming constants. In the present paper we show if $% p(x)$ and $q(x)$ are known on half of the domain interval, then one spectrum suffices to determine them uniquely on the other half.
Characterizing Australia's east coast cyclones (1950–2019)

East coast cyclones (ECCs) provide an essential reprieve from dry periods across eastern Australia. They also deliver flood‐producing rains with significant economic, social and environmental impacts. Assessing and comparing the influence of different types of cyclones is hindered by an incomplete understanding of ECC typology, given their widely variable spatial and temporal characteristics. This study employs a track‐clustering method (probabilistic, curve‐aligned regression model) to identify key cyclonic pathways for ECCs from 1950 to 2019. Six spatially independent clusters were successfully distinguished and further sub‐classified (coastal, continental and tropical) based on their genesis location. The seasonality and long‐term variability, intensity (maximum Laplacian value ± 2 days) and event‐based rainfall were then evaluated for each cluster to quantify the impact of these lows on Australia. The highest quantity of land‐based rainfall per event is associated with the tropical cluster (Cluster 6), whereas widespread rainfall was also found to occur in the two continental clusters (clusters 4 and 5). Cyclone tracks orientated close to the coast (clusters 1, 2 and 3) were determined to be the least impactful in terms of rainfall and intensity, despite being the most common cyclone type. In terms of interannual variability, sea surface temperature anomalies suggest an increased cyclone frequency for clusters 1 (austral winter) and 4 (austral spring) during a central Pacific El Niño. Furthermore, cyclone incidence during IOD‐negative conditions was more pronounced in winter for clusters 1, 2, 3— and clusters 4 and 5 in spring. All cyclones also predominantly occurred in SAM‐positive conditions. However, winter ECCs for clusters 1 and 3 had a higher frequency in SAM‐negative. This new typology of ECCs via spatial clustering provides crucial insights into the systems that produce extreme rainfall across eastern Australia and should be used to inform future hazard management of cyclone events.
A new scheme for x‐ray grazing incidence diffraction

A new scheme for x‐ray grazing incidence diffraction (GID) under total external reflection conditions is presented. This simple scheme allows the grazing angles and the scattering angles to be adjusted independently so that the structural and/or the chemical profiles of materials can be determined at controlled depths. As an example, Si1−xGex/Si superlattice materials were studied. Both commensurate and incommensurate growths between the two quantum wells in the strained‐layer superlattice were observed by the GID technique.
Fixed charge density in silicon nitride films on crystalline silicon surfaces under illumination

A novel method is applied to determine the fixed positive charge density Q/sub f/ in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited silicon nitride (SiN/sub x/) films on crystalline silicon surfaces. In this method, both surfaces of the SiN/sub x/-passivated silicon wafers are charged using a corona chamber and the deposited charge density is measured by means of a Kelvin probe. Subsequently, the carrier lifetime is measured and Q/sub f/ is determined from the dependence of the measured carrier lifetime on the corona charge density. This measurement technique allows us for the first time to determine the crucial parameter Q/sub f/ under illumination. In contrast to previous studies, a very high Q/sub f/ of about 2.3 /spl times/ 10/sup 12/ cm/sup -2/ is found, which is in good correspondence with CV measurements carried out in the dark. Finally, we show that the injection level dependence of the surface recombination velocity is mainly due to recombination in the space charge region at the Si/SiN/sub x/ interface.
Cation-Exchange Resin Applied to Paralytic Shellfish Toxins Depuration from Bivalves Exposed to Gymnodinium catenatum

The accumulation of marine biotoxins in shellfish and their consumption causes serious food safety problems, threatening human health and compromising the availability of protein-based food. It is thus urgent to develop methodologies for the detoxification of live bivalves, avoiding their economic and nutritional devaluation. In this context, we tested an adsorption mechanism of paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) based on a cation-exchange resin. The first studies using cultures of Gymnodinium catenatum (natural producers of PST) showed a decrease of about 80% in overall toxicity after 48 h. Interestingly, we found that the toxins are adsorbed differently, with toxins’ structural features playing a part in the adsorption capacity via steric hindrance, electronic effects, or the extent of positive charge density (e.g., dcSTX). The positive effect of the resin in accelerating PST clearance from live mussels (Mytilus edulis) is not evident when compared to resin-free clearance; nevertheless, relevant information could be gathered that will facilitate further in vivo studies. Several factors appear to be at play, namely the competition of natural substances (e.g., salts, organic matter) for the same binding sites, the blocking of pores due to interactions between molecules, and/or difficulties in resin absorption by mussels. Additionally, the present work revealed the ability of mussels to neutralize pH and proposes bioconversion reactions among the PST molecules.
Long‐term change of summer mean and extreme precipitations in Korea and East Asia

The change of the precipitation characteristics over South Korea is investigated using long‐term (60 years) hourly precipitation records from surface stations focusing on extended summer (June–September) and rainy season (Changma). The precipitation characteristics including extreme events (>30 mm·h−1 or >100 mm·day−1) are also compared for the past (1961–1990) and recent (1991–2020) climatology. The amount of summer precipitation shows a notable increase over South Korea (2.6 mm·day−1·century−1) during the last 60 years (1961–2020) although it is smaller than recent 48‐year trend measured in North Korea (9.7 mm·day−1·century−1). Precipitation amounts are significantly increased than past climatology particularly in 70–100 and 200 mm·day−1 intensity ranges. The frequency of extreme precipitation also exhibits an increasing trend (1.0 frequency·century−1) during the last 60 years over South Korea. The frequency of extreme precipitation has been doubled in the recent climatology compared to the past climatology. Daily precipitations in top 1 percentile present clear increasing trends during the extended summer and Changma season in South Korea. Further investigation using gridded precipitation reveals that the similar mean and extreme precipitation increases are observed over the wider regions in East Asia, including central China and southern Japan. This result implies that the long‐term precipitation change over South Korea is related to a large‐scale circulation change in the East Asian summer monsoon.
A formula relating sojourn times to the time of arrival in Hamiltonian dynamics

We consider on a manifold M equipped with a Poisson bracket { ·, ·} a Hamiltonian H with complete flow and a family Φ ≡ (Φ1, …, Φd) of abstract position observables satisfying the condition {{Φj, H}, H} = 0 for each j. Under these assumptions, we prove a new formula relating sojourn times in dilated regions defined in terms of Φ to the time of arrival of classical orbits. The correspondence between this formula and a formula established recently in the framework of quantum mechanics is put into evidence. Among other examples, our theory applies to Stark Hamiltonians, homogeneous Hamiltonians, purely kinetic Hamiltonians, the repulsive harmonic potential, central force systems, the Poincaré ball model, the wave equation, the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the Korteweg–de Vries equation and quantum Hamiltonians defined via expectation values.
TESTING THE APPLICABILITY OF THE CAPM MODEL USING SELECTED SHARES LISTED ON THE BELGRADE STOCK EXCHANGE

One of the basic types of portfolio valuation as well as valuation of individual company shares is the CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing) model, which uses a well-known measure of systemic risk in its analysis, which is beta. The CAPM model in its analysis uses the link between the systemic risk measure (beta) and the expected market return. Guided by this model, the analysis of monthly returns of selected shares on the Belgrade Stock Exchange in the period from 2011 to 2021 was performed in this research. In the research, the beta coefficient of selected shares was calculated with the help of the covariance of market return and stock return. The results and their statistical value were confirmed by the linear regression test. The rest of the research tests the applicability of the CAPM model to selected actions and in the same way, the SML (security market line) is devised, which is a graphical representation of the model. The research indicated that the basic assumptions of the CAPM model are not applicable as a predictor of future expected returns of selected shares on the Belgrade Stock Exchange due to various other elements that affect price movements and returns of selected shares not covered by the model.
TSOM method for semiconductor metrology

Through-focus scanning optical microscopy (TSOM) is a new metrology method that achieves 3D nanoscale measurement sensitivity using conventional optical microscopes; measurement sensitivities are comparable to what is typical when using scatterometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). TSOM can be used in both reflection and transmission modes and is applicable to a variety of target materials and shapes. Nanometrology applications that have been demonstrated by experiments or simulations include defect analysis, inspection and process control; critical dimension, photomask, overlay, nanoparticle, thin film, and 3D interconnect metrologies; line-edge roughness measurements; and nanoscale movements of parts in MEMS/NEMS. Industries that could benefit include semiconductor, data storage, photonics, biotechnology, and nanomanufacturing. TSOM is relatively simple and inexpensive, has a high throughput, and provides nanoscale sensitivity for 3D measurements with potentially significant savings and yield improvements in manufacturing.
Theory of continuously distributed trap states at Si‐SiO2 interfaces

A calculation method to treat the electronic structures of crystalline Si‐amorphous SiO2 interfaces with or without microstructural defects is developed based on semiempirical tight‐binding Hamiltonians and the Green’s function formulation, and applied for calculation of the energy level of the trap states between amorphous SiO2 and the Si substrate with (111) orientation. The major results are (i) the perfect interface does not have any states in the forbidden gap of Si although the Si‐O‐Si bonding angle at the interface is varied in the range between 120° and 180°, and neither does the interface with oxygen dangling bonds have any; (ii) trap states due to a Si dangling bond appear at about the middle of the Si band gap; and (iii) O‐vacancy and Si‐Si weak bonds at the interface produce trap states at the energy range higher than the midgap, whereas Si‐O weak bonds at the interface produces trap states at the energy range lower than the midgap. The energy level of these trap states varies with changing bo.
ON A CLASS OF NONCONVEX PROBLEMS WHERE ALL LOCAL MINIMA ARE GLOBAL

We characterize a class of optimization problems having convex objective function and nonconvex feasible region with the property that all local minima are global. minx∈V f (x) g(x )=0 h(x) 0 where x ∈ R n , f : V → R with V ⊆ R n ,a ndg ,h are systems of equations and inequalities, respectively. We are interested in finding the global minimum ˆ x. Most Branch-and-Bound algorithms designed to solve this kind of problems need to compute the lower bound to the objective function value in each Branch- and-Bound region. The lower bound is calculated by solving a convex relaxation of the original problem, the reason for this being that in a convex problem all local minima are global ones; hence a local solver can be used to obtain a guaranteed lower bound to the objective function value of the original problem in the region of interest (SP99, Lib04, Lib05). However, the notion of globality of all local minima applies to many problem instances (Bon98), apart from the class of convex problems. This suggests the use of nonconvex relaxations (having the same local-to-global minimality property) which may be much tighter than an ordinary convex relaxations, and thus speed up considerably the global optimization software acting on the nonlinear problem. Here, we follow a topological approach. We prove that certain convex functions defined on nonconvex sets satisfying a special set of conditions have the desired property. There is some relation between this work and (Rap91).
Multiphoton angular distribution: Occurrence of an isotropic term and effect of light polarization

Within the framework of perturbation theory and of dipole approximation, the angular distribution for third order processes can be expressed for any state of quantum numbers (n, l) of the hydrogen atom as ; whatever the polarisation state (linear or circular). The explicit expressions of the corresponding angular coefficients are given for ns and np initial states. It is shown for the particular case of linear polarization that, the isotropic term a occurs only for initial states with orbital quantum number l greater than zero, and contains exactly twenty one contributing terms for np states; in the case of circularly polarized light, the distribution follows a sin6q behaviour for ns states, while for np states, it is expressed as a combination of sin4q and sin6q. Using the implicit summation technique, nine radial transitions matrix elements are determined and a quantitative analysis of these coefficients is made for 1s, 2s, 3s, 2p and 3p initial states at various wavelengths, including the three photons ionization threshold; for linear polarization, the shapes are strongly dependent on both quantum numbers (n, l); while for circular polarization the shapes remain the same. Furthermore, the corresponding total cross sections obtained indirectly from these coefficients, are globally in agreement with that obtained directly from other methods. Key words: Multiphoton, ionization, angular distribution, total cross section, polarization.
Research on the relationship between physical activity, sleep quality, psychological resilience, and social adaptation among Chinese college students: A cross-sectional study

Background Sleep quality has become a frequent and prominent public health problem in Chinese universities, which seriously hinders the healthy development of college students and the improvement of the quality of higher education. Objective The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between physical activity and sleep quality among Chinese college students, and the mechanism of psychological resilience and social adaptation, and provide suggestions for improving the sleep quality among Chinese college students. Methods From August to September 2022, a cross-sectional survey was conducted by using the convenience sampling method in Guangdong Province. 1,622 college students were investigated with Physical Activity Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Scale (PSQI), Psychological Resilience Scale, and Social Adaptation Diagnostic Scale, of which 893 were male and 729 were female. Use SPSS 23.0 and PROCESS plug-ins to analyze data. Results (1) There was a significant negative correlation between physical activity and sleep quality (r = −0.237), and the direct path of physical activity to sleep quality was significant (β = −0.236, t = −9.888, p < 0.01); (2) physical activity can positively predict psychological resilience (β = 0.215, t = 8.823, p < 0.01) and social adaptation (β = 0.164, t = 7.773, p < 0.01); psychological resilience can negatively predict sleep quality (β = −0.337, t = −15.711, p < 0.01), positive prediction of social adaptation (β = 0.504, t = 23.961, p < 0.01); social adaptation can negatively predict sleep quality (β = −0.405, t = −18.558, p < 0.01); (3) psychological resilience and social adaptation play a significant mediating role between physical activity and sleep quality. The mediation effect consists of three paths: physical activity → psychological resilience → sleep quality (mediation effect value is −0.0723), physical activity → social adaptation → sleep quality (mediation effect value is −0.0662), and physical activity → psychological resilience → social adaptation → sleep quality (mediation effect value is −0.0438). (4) There is no gender difference in chain mediated effect. Conclusion (1) Physical activity can significantly positively predict college students’ psychological resilience and social adaptation, and negatively predict sleep quality, which means that physical activity may help improve college students’ psychological resilience and social adaptation, and reduce sleep quality problems; (2) physical activity can not only directly affect the quality of sleep, but also indirectly affect the quality of sleep through the independent intermediary role of psychological resilience and social adaptation and the chain intermediary role of both. This further explains the reason why physical activity plays a role in college students’ sleep quality, which will help to provide some inspiration for colleges and universities to reduce college students’ sleep quality problems and formulate intervention plans.
Defect operators for submodules of H[2][d]

This paper mainly concerns defect operators for submodules of the Hilbert module H 2 d on the unit ball. The defect operator carries key information about operator theory and structure of submodules. For graded submodules we investigate when such submodules belong to Schatten class L. Furthermore, it is shown that a submodule of H 2 d with finite rank has necessarily finite codimension. This implies an a‰rmative solution for a problem of Arveson.
Value-Added Assessment: A View from a Practitioner

Three principal factors supported our decision to participate in the piloting of the Pennsylvania Value-Added Assessment System (PVAAS). First, participants needed to have or secure electronic student assessment data. As a very data-oriented school district, we had over five years of longitudinal student data stored electronically for use in our own analyses. However, we believed that more thorough analyses were required to exploit these data fully. Through PVAAS the state promised such analyses at no cost to the district. We believed that this was too important an opportunity to pass up. Second, despite our "below state average" test results, we knew our children were making tremendous gains and our teachers worked very hard. We hoped that an analysis that focused on the value added by the schooling system rather than its overall level would be able to confirm our observations. Third, we believe that properly looked at, appropriate data would allow teachers and principals to improve instruction by providing evidence of the efficacy of alternative approaches. We routinely use student performance data to guide and inform instruction. The PVAAS system promised to provide an easy to use, interactive interface to assist in the task. But to convince teachers to use data effectively in the planning of instruction for their students, they must use, understand, and embrace the data in a safe environment. When the wrong data are used to judge their performance, that trust is violated. Value-added measures assist in the trust factor as teachers can judge their own effect on the students, ruling out other factors.
THE COMPOSITION OF THE INTERIOR OF COMET 73P/SCHWASSMANN-WACHMANN 3: RESULTS FROM NARROWBAND PHOTOMETRY OF MULTIPLE COMPONENTS

We present analyses of and results for multiple components of Comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 at two apparitions. A total of eight nights of narrowband photometry were obtained during the comet's 2006 apparition from February 25 to September 24 at Lowell Observatory. The comet's very close passage of Earth and sporadic outbursts allowed us to successfully measure the primary body, “C,” as well as components “B,” “G,” and “R. ” We additionally include four nights of narrowband photometry from 1995, obtained at Perth Observatory between October 19 and November 21, one to two months after the initial fragmentation event and outburst. We determined production rates for OH, NH, CN, C3, and C2, along with a proxy for the dust production, A(θ)fρ, and our 2006 measurements show considerable variation in behavior among the components, and for the gas species as compared to the dust grains. The two components having the best temporal coverage, C and B, both exhibit evidence for strong seasonal effects with larger production rates prior to perihelion than after. Because C showed little or no evidence of outbursts, its derived active area (based on water production rates) appears to be dominated by ice vaporizing from the nucleus; the fractional active area of the total nucleus surface varied from 56% (2006 February) to 125% (May) and back down to 11% (September) following perihelion. Except for when Component B was in outburst, C always had higher production rates than B, implying a significantly larger effective active area on its nucleus’ surface. Unlike the gas species, dust production showed large and varying trends with both aperture size and with time, implying a significant change in the properties of the dust grains during the 2006 apparition. Due to the fragmentation event in 1995, the majority of active surfaces on the various components observed in 2006 are freshly exposed from the interior of Schwassmann-Wachmann 3's nucleus, thus permitting us to directly probe the chemical composition of the relatively pristine interior. Relative abundances, expressed as production rate ratios between gas species, were compared among the four components and to values determined prior to the fragmentation, as well as to those measured in other comets. Our measurements indicate each component, to within the uncertainties, has the same composition and that this composition is consistent with that measured in the pre-fragmented nucleus. Moreover, C2 and C3 are both strongly depleted when compared to the majority of comets, placing Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 among the more extreme comets within the carbon-chain depleted class identified by A’Hearn et al. With the material released from the interior of the comet yielding comparable depletions of carbon-chain molecules as the original surface of the nucleus, we conclude that carbon-chain depletion is not caused by evolution of the surface, and so must instead reflect the primordial composition at the time and location that the comet accreted.
Nonnegative and Alternating Expansions of One Set of Orthogonal Polynomials in Terms of Another

Let $\{ p_n (x)\} $ and $\{ q_n (x)\} $ be monic polynomials orthogonal with respect to the distributions $du(x)$ and $dv(x) = w(x)du(x)$. Conditions are given on $w(x)$ which imply that, for all n, the coefficients in the expansion of $p_n (x)$ in terms of $q_0 (x), \cdots ,q_n (x)$ are nonnegative, and those in the expansion of $q_n (x)$ in terms of $p_0 (x), \cdots ,p_n (x)$ alternate in sign.