Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction upon Carbonate Gas Reservoir: An Example from the Northeast Sichuan Basin

Gas geochemistry, fluid inclusion salinity, core observation and thin section analysis indicate that the Permian-Triassic Changxing-Feixianguan gas reservoir experienced chemical alteration of thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) since the middle Yanshanian period. The TSR alteration is mainly shown in three aspects: (1) The C_ 2+ and 12C relationships to CH_4 and 13C are preferentially consumed, resulting in the gas dryness coefficient to be larger and carbon isotope heavier; (2) A great deal of water produced by TSR makes the original formation water in the gas reservoir diluted, so that the salinity of formation water is reduced correspondingly; (3) TSR and its products, CO_2 and H_2S, make the dolomite and anhydrite dissolved, which increases the porosity and then improve the physical property of reservoir.
Adversarial Growth in Olympic Swimmers : Constructive Reality or Illusory Self-Deception ?

29 Previous research suggests that adversarial growth is a real and constructive phenomenon that 30 occurs in athletes who compete at the highest level of sport. In this study, however, we adopt a 31 critical stance on the veridicality of growth by exploring Olympic swimmers’ experience of 32 constructive and illusory growth. Semi-structured interviews, complemented by timelining, were 33 undertaken with four international swimmers (two male and two female) who were aged between 34 17 and 27 years at their first participation at an Olympic Games and who had experienced a 35 number of significant adversities. The interviews and timelines were analyzed using 36 interpretative phenomenological analysis. Despite the inherently negative aspects of adversity, it 37 was evident from the swimmers’ interpretations that they also perceived positive consequences of 38 their experiences. Analysis revealed that some of these positive outcomes were indicative of 39 illusory aspects of growth (e.g., seeking meaning, cognitive manipulations), while other positive 40 outcomes were more indicative of constructive aspects of growth (e.g., finding meaning, 41 cognitive processing). Prior to growth occurring all of the participants used denial as a short-term 42 palliative coping strategy. It appears that earlier phases of the growth process were characterized 43 by more illusory aspects of growth, whereas when the temporal proximity from the adversity 44 increased and the swimmers accepted their adversities, more constructive aspects of growth are 45 apparent. 46
In-Service Education Programmes For Secondary School Teachers And Students ’ Academic Performance : A Case Study Of Nyarugenge District In Rwanda

This study is entitled "In-service Education Programmes for Secondary School Teachers and Students’ Academic Performance, A case study of Nyarugenge District, Rwanda ". The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of in-service education programmmes for secondary school teachers on students’ academic performance in secondary schools of Nyarugenge District between 2008 and 2012 school years. This study used the ex post facto research design. This research tried to analyse the causal-comparative relationship between in-service education programmes for secondary school teachers and the students’ academic performance. The target population was made of teachers and head of studies from secondary schools in Nyarugenge District which have concurrently ordinary and advanced levels, whose results were released in the last five years from 2008 to 2012. The number of those schools targeted by this study was 10 secondary schools. The teachers and head of studies were 286. The respondents purposively sampled were 167 teachers and head of studies. Among them, 157 were teachers and 10 head of studies sampled from the target population. The study found out that there was an effect of in-service education programmes for secondary school teachers on the students’ academic performance in the last five years. The in-service education programmes have not been effectively implemented between 2008 and 2012, and were not regular in all secondary schools. The study also found out that the majority of secondary school teachers were qualified; on the other hand it was found out that there is a number of teachers who were unqualified in the subjects they are teaching. The majority of schools did not have well equipped school libraries with updated books and laboratories with modern materials. Consequently, the students’ academic performance in national examinations during the last five years (20082012) decreased in secondary schools in both ordinary and advanced level due to several factors: irregular inservice education programmes, unqualified teachers and lack of school facilities. The study concluded that there is an effect of in-service education programmes of secondary school teachers on the decreased students’ academic performance in Nyarugenge District. The research recommended that the Ministry of Education should design, support and encourage different types of in-service education programmes in secondary schools. The district education office and the school management also were recommended to implement at a regular basis less expensive types of in-service education programmes in their schools. The successful implementation of in-service education programmes should be the benefit to all stakeholders in education and improve the students’ academic performance in national examinations as well as teachers’ performance in secondary schools.
Multiple tooth-rowed captorhinids from the Early Permian fissure fills of the Bally Mountain Locality of Oklahoma

Captorhinids were Paleozoic eureptiles that originated in the Late Pennsylvanian in Laurasia and dispersed across the major landmasses of Pangaea by the Late Permian. Their evolutionary success as omnivorous and herbivorous members of Permian terrestrial communities has been attributed to the evolution of multiple marginal tooth rows. Multiple tooth rows evolved at least twice within Captorhinidae: once in the omnivorous Captorhinus aguti and again in the diverse subfamily of herbivorous moradisaurines. The earliest known moradisaurines co-occured with C. aguti in Lower Permian strata of Texas; however C. aguti is also known from much older fissure fills in the famous Dolese Brothers quarry near Richards Spur, Oklahoma, suggesting that C. aguti preceded any other multiple-rowed captorhinid. Here we report on new material of multiple-rowed captorhinids from the Lower Permian fissure fills of the Bally Mountain locality in Oklahoma, only 35 miles from Richards Spur. Some of this material is referrable to Captorhinikos valensis , which was previously only known from younger strata in Texas, making this species the geologically and phylogenetically oldest moradisaurine. Furthermore, we determined that Ca. valensis co-existed with C. aguti at Bally Mountain and we explore the potential for niche partitioning in these early captorhinids. Lastly, we assess the potential temporal and environmental differences between Bally Mountain and Richards Spur, in order to explain the abundance of herbivorous moradisaurines at Bally Mountain and the complete lack of moradisaurines at the neighbouring Richards Spur locality.
Late Quaternary paleomagnetic field secular variation from two Minnesota Lakes

Detailed paleomagnetic records from the wet sediments of two Minnesota lakes are the basis for estimating the local secular variation of the earth's magnetic field during late Quaternary time. Results from Lake St. Croix cover the interval 0-9500 years B.P., and results from Kylen Lake cover the interval 4000–14,000 years B.P. Paleomagnetic data were recovered from two replicate cores in each lake by sampling the sediments at 3- to 10-cm intervals. Analysis of the potential errors in the results indicates that all cores were correctly oriented in the vertical plane but that some azimuthal offsets of individual core segments did occur. Various methods for correcting the occasional azimuthal offsets are described. The final paleomagnetic data sets from each lake show a high degree of internal consistency. These results also show close correspondence (1) between the two lakes, (2) with the known historic magnetic field variation, and (3) with paleomagnetic results from dated archeological material and lava flows from the western United States. Rock magnetic analysis of the lake sediments indicates that the natural remanent magnetization is the result of a physical remanence acquisition process (detrital remanent magnetization) active at or near the sediment/water interface. There is no evidence for a systematic inclination error in the results. Statistical analysis of vector time series determined from the paleomagnetic data indicates that both the field-vector and virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) distributions are non-Fisherian and essentially axial-dipolar when averaged over 10,000 years. Spectral analysis of the scalar inclination and declination suggests that the field behavior is separable into a dominant low-frequency dipolelike waveform (period of ∼9500 years) and a higher-frequency band irregular waveform (“fundamental” period of ∼2400 years with multiples at 1200, 800, and 600 years) that may represent the nondipole field. This irregular waveform is interpreted as resulting from zonal drift of the nondipole field past Minnesota on the basis of waveform morphology and VGP circularity. Zonal drift of the nondipole field plus a low-frequency dipole variation can account for almost all of the observed paleomagnetic field variation.
Causal association of metformin and osteoporosis: A 2-sample Mendelian randomization study

To investigate the causal relationship between metformin use and osteoporosis and different subtypes of osteoporosis using a 2-sample Mendelian randomization method. Data from genome-wide association studies were analyzed, with the exposure factor being metformin and the outcome variables being osteoporosis and different subtypes. Mendelian randomization was performed using Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, and weight median (WM) methods, and heterogeneity tests, horizontal multivariate analyses, and sensitivity analyses were performed. The IVW method analysis with metformin and osteoporosis showed P = 1.53E-04, OR (95%CI) = 1.81E-02 (2.27E-02-1.44E-01); the IVW method analysis with metformin and postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathologic fracture showed P = 2.22E-01, OR (95%CI) = 4.89E-02 (3. 83E-04-6.23E + 00); the IVW method using metformin with osteoporosis with pathological fracture showed that P = 2.14E-01, OR (95%CI) = 1.64E + 00(5.78E-02-6.44E-04); the IVW method using metformin with pharmacological osteoporosis with pathological fracture showed that P = 9. 83E- 01, OR (95%CI) = 1.11E + 00 (3.99E-05-3.11E + 04); IVW method of metformin use and pharmacological osteoporosis showed that P = 5.99E-01, OR (95%CI) = 2.27E + 01 (2.00E-04-2.57E + 06); there is a causal relationship between metformin use and osteoporosis, but there is no causal relationship between metformin use and postmenopausal osteoporosis with pathological fracture, osteoporosis with pathological fracture, pharmacological osteoporosis, and pharmacological osteoporosis with pathological fracture, and metformin use is a protective factor for osteoporosis.
Evaluation of different doses of Femoston therapy for incomplete abortion: A prospective observational trial

This study aimed to compare the efficacy of different doses of femoston with expectant management in patients with incomplete abortions. Patients diagnosed with incomplete abortion were included if they chose to continue medical treatment after relevant contraindications were excluded. Participants were divided into 3 groups: the femoston (1/10) and femoston (2/10) groups received different doses of femoston, and patients in the control group received expectant treatment. The success rate of complete abortion and the rate of menstrual recovery among the 3 groups were compared to evaluate the efficacy of different doses of femoston in patients with incomplete abortions. A total of 197 patients were analyzed: 73 in the femoston (1/10) group, 73 in the femoston (2/10) group, and 51 patients were followed up without treatment in the control group. The femoston group was significantly more effective than the control group P < . 0001). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were 3.103 and 1.153 to 8.350 (P = .025). The success rate of complete abortion in the femoston (2/10) group was significantly higher than that in the femoston (1/10) group (adjusted OR: 0.403, 95% CI: 0.145–1.118, P = .081). In addition, the rate of menstrual recovery in the femoston group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P = .007), and the rate in the femoston (2/10) group was also higher than the femoston (1/10) group with statistically significant (P = .001). Femoston is effective in treating incomplete abortion, with femostons containing 2 mg estrogen being more effective. Patients with incomplete abortion are treated with femoston, and menstrual recovery time may be shortened. Femostons may be a new option for pharmacological treatment of incomplete abortions.
Significance of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression in colorectal cancer

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protein expression level of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) using immunohistochemistry (IHC), and assess the association with clinicopathological parameters and the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). In addition, the current study observed the consistency between the levels of HER-2 protein expression determined by IHC and HER-2 gene amplification determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the CRC samples. Overexpression of HER-2 and gene amplification were examined with semiquantitative standardized IHC in 878 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded CRC samples, while 102 of these cases were analyzed with FISH. A total of 102 cases (11.6%), out of the 878 cases, were determined by IHC to overexpress HER-2. Of these, 25 cases were strongly positive (IHC3+), while 77 cases revealed moderate staining (IHC2+). HER-2 overexpression was more frequent in early-stage cases compared with advanced-stage cases of CRC (P<0.001). However, there was no association observed between HER-2 overexpression and clinicopathological parameters. FISH analysis revealed that 64% (16/25) of the IHC3+ cases had HER-2 gene amplification. By contrast, only 6.5% (5/77) of the IHC2+ cases, and none of the 20 randomly selected IHC0 or 1+ cases, demonstrated HER-2 gene amplification. Furthermore, no associations were observed between HER-2 overexpression or gene amplification with the survival time. Thus, the present study observed that HER-2 overexpression does not correlate with other clinicopathological data or the survival rate, with the exception of clinical stages. However, IHC3+ and 2+ cases should be further analyzed by FISH to assess the status of the HER-2 gene in CRC. Patients with HER-2 gene amplification may constitute as potential candidates for targeted therapy with trastuzumab.
Air tamponade in vitrectomies for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment caused by superior breaks

The effectiveness of filtered air tamponade for superior retinal breaks was well established. This study was performed to compare the treatment efficacy of pars plana vitrectomies (PPV) with filtered air and silicone oil (SO) for patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) caused by superior breaks with no or mild proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Patients of RRD with superior breaks who underwent PPV with filtered air (Group A) and SO (Group S) tamponade were reviewed retrospectively. Age, gender, laterality, lens status, duration of symptoms, macular status, proliferative vitreoretinopathy grade, use of perfluorocarbon liquid, early and late postoperative complications, follow-up duration were acquired. The primary anatomic reattachment after the first surgery and the final rate of successful reattachment was compared as the main outcome. Secondary outcomes were long-term postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), rate of deferred cataract removal, surgical complications and total surgery number. The primary anatomic success rate was 88% (14/16 eyes) in Group A and 100% (16/16 eyes) in group S, which was not significantly different (P = .484). Both groups achieved 100% final anatomic success. The rate of cataract removal was 57.1% and 100% (P = .016), and the duration from first surgery to cataract surgery was 231.38 ± 241.23 and 156.36 ± 110.09 days (P = .428) for group A and group S, respectively. The rate of postoperative epiretinal membrane was 21.4% vs 25.0% (P = 1.000). Postoperative BCVA was associated with preoperative BCVA after multiple linear analysis. The primary and final anatomic success rate for PPV with air tamponade and SO in treating RRD with superior breaks were not statistically different. The rate of deferred cataract removal was higher in patients with SO as tamponade.
A Simulation Study of Common Propofol and Propofol-Opioid Dosing Regimens for Upper Endoscopy: Implications on the Time Course of Recovery

Background: Using models of respiratory compromise, loss of response to esophageal instrumentation, and loss of responsiveness, the authors explored through simulation published dosing schemes for endoscopy using propofol alone and in combination with selected opioids. They hypothesized that models would predict adequate conditions for esophageal instrumentation and once drug administration is terminated, rapid return of responsiveness and minimal respiratory compromise. Methods: Four published dosing regimens of propofol alone or in combination with opioids were used to predict the probability of loss of response to esophageal instrumentation for a 10-min procedure and the probability of respiratory compromise and return of responsiveness once the procedure had ended. Results: Propofol alone provided a low probability (9–20%) and propofol-opioid techniques provided a moderate probability (15–58%) of loss of response to esophageal instrumentation. Once the procedure ended, all techniques provided a high likelihood of rapid return of responsiveness (less than 3 min). Propofol-opioid techniques required more time than propofol alone to achieve a high probability of no respiratory compromise (7 vs. 4 min). Conclusions: Propofol alone would likely lead to inadequate conditions for esophageal instrumentation but would provide a rapid return to responsiveness and low probability of respiratory compromise once the procedure ended. The addition of remifentanil or fentanyl improved conditions for esophageal instrumentation and had an equally rapid return to responsiveness. The time required to achieve a low probability of respiratory compromise was briefly prolonged; this is likely inconsequential given that patients are responsive and can be prompted to breathe.
Study of fluid inclusions in quartz veinlets in the Xuejiping porphyry copper deposit,Northwest Yunnan,China.

The Xuejiping porphyry copper deposit is located in the Zhongdian arc of the southern Yidun island arc in Sanjiang district.The porphyries related to copper mineralization consist of Indosinian quartz-dioritic porphyrite and quartz-monzonitic porphyry. There are obvious alteration zonations for mineralized porphyry rocks.From the center to the outer parts of the porphyry body,rocks are experienced from strong silicification,quartz-sericite alteration,clay-quartz-sericite alteration,and propylitic alteration respectively. Copper ore bodies mainly hosted in strong silicification zone and quartz-sericite alteration zone in the center of the porphyry body.The copper mineralization occurred mainly in type of stockwork veining,with little in type of veinlet-dissemination.A series petrographic, microthermometric and laser Raman spectroscopic studies on fluid inclusions (FI) in various kinds of ore rocks from the Xuejiping deposit have been carried out in this paper.Three types of fluid inclusions have been observed.They are aqueous FI,CO_2-bearing FI and daughter mineral-bearing FI respectively.Daughter minerals mainly include salt,calcite,hematite,with minor CaCl_2 hydrate and opaque sulfide.The homogenization temperatures (T_h),salinities,and densities of daughter mineral-bearing FI are mainly in ranges of 230～420℃,33.48%～75.40% NaClequiv. ,and 1.01～1.09g/cm~3 respectively.Laser Raman spectroscopy of inclusions indicate that the principal fluid component is H_2O and the gas components are H_2O and CO_2. The coexistence of some aqueous FI and CO_2-rich FI,with similar T_h,and the existence of carbonic inclusions indicate the unmixing of ore-forming fluid generated by "secondary boiling" of primary magmatic fluid.It is believed that the unmixing of CO_2 and aqueous phases,the decrease of pressure and temperature and the increase of pH values of ore-foriming fluid are main factors leading to the sulfide deposition in the Xuejiping deposit.The fluid of low homogenization temperature and low salinity in inclusions of late stage quartz veins could be formed by the mixing of meteoric and evolved magmatic fluids,with insignificance to the mineralization.
IMPACT OF FINANCIAL REFORMS IN IRRIGATION SECTOR OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

Pakistan has the world's largest contiguous irrigation system which was designed to provide uninterrupted supplies of irrigation water during the entire year. It has been observed that system has lost its efficiency over time. In this scenario a comprehensive reform program has been introduced in the irrigation sector. Basic aim of the whole reform program is to delegate the system to the ultimate users so that they can efficiently manage/maintain it and thus ultimately increasing the water productivity and reducing poverty. Present study was aimed to analyze the effectiveness of these reforms, which were carried out in Lower Chanab Canal (East) irrigation circle in Punjab (covering almost 1.8 million hectares of irrigated land) as a pilot project. In order to assess the different relationships between irrigation reforms, cost recovery, improved infrastructure, system efficiency, head-tail equity and ultimately the productivity and income of the farmers, a comprehensive survey of the area was carried out. Data were collected in the study area through comprehensive field survey for the two periods i.e. pre-reform period and post-reform period (year 2002-03 to 2006-07) from the same set of sampling units. Effectiveness of reform process was judged through the comparison of established parameters and econometric analysis of the data. Results of the study were largely supporting the notion of irrigation reforms. It was estimated that irrigation charges recovery has improved with an over all improvement in the O&M of the system. Sustainability indicators and water delivery indicators have also shown improvement in the post reform period thus increasing the productivity level.