Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Residence time distribution analysis and kinetic study of toluene photo-degradation using a continuous immobilized photoreactor

The photocatalytic degradation of volatile organic compounds is an innovative intensification technology. In this study, photocatalytic degradation of toluene has been investigated in a novel continuous immobilized photoreactor and the flow regimes were characterized and modeled by means of residence time distribution (RTD) of the gas phase. RTD analysis indicates that the flow regime in such a reactor cannot be considered as perfect plug and that a significant axial dispersion is available. A compartment model consisting of fourteen continuous stirred tank reactors was assigned to describe the flow pattern in the reactor. A Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) kinetics scheme has been used to describe the degradation of toluene to model the behavior of the reaction system. A number of different assumptions were made, i.e. the perfect plug flow model, the plug-flow with axial dispersion model and the continuous stirred tank reactors in series model. A comparison was made between the sum of the square errors (SSE) for experimental and predicted degradation ratios for each flow model revealing that continuous stirred tank reactors in series were a better description for the photocatalytic degradation of toluene.
Kinetic study of the CO oxidation over Pt/γ-Al2O3 and Pt/Rh/CeO2/γ-Al2O3 in the presence of H2O and CO2

The oxidation of CO by O2was studied for a Pt/γ-Al2O3catalyst and for a commercially available Pt/Rh/CeO2/γ-Al2O3three-way catalyst. Kinetic experiments were carried out in an isothermal fixed-bed microreactor under intrinsic conditions, i.e., in the absence of mass and heat transfer limitations, in the temperature range from 436 to 503 K, with CO and O2inlet partial pressures between 0.12 and 8.3 kPa and H2O and CO2inlet partial pressures between 0 and 10 kPa. For the Pt/γ-Al2O3catalyst, the CO2production rate was found to be essentially proportional to the oxygen and inversely proportional to the carbon monoxide partial pressures, although at large CO and small O2partial pressures deviations occur. A kinetic model, based on elementary reaction steps, was constructed. It was concluded that for the experimental conditions considered, the noble metal surface is almost completely covered with CO, the CO adsorption being in quasi-equilibrium, and that irreversible molecular adsorption of oxygen is the rate-determining step, followed by potentially instantaneous dissociation. The presence of steam was found to enhance the reaction rate. For the experiments carried out over Pt/Rh/CeO2/γ-Al2O3in the presence 10 kPa H2O and 10 kPa CO2, it was found that the CO2production rate becomes zero order in CO at high CO partial pressures. The partial reaction order in O2is approximately 0.5. The experimental observations were explained by the existence of a second bifunctional reaction path next to the reaction path catalyzed by the noble metal only. The bifunctional reaction path involves a reaction between CO adsorbed on the noble metal and oxygen from ceria at the noble metal/ceria interface. The experiments could be described adequately over the investigated range of conditions by a kinetic model incorporating the mono- and bifunctional reaction paths. For the quantification and understanding of the changes in the partial reaction orders in CO and O2as a function of the experimental conditions, a kinetic model based on elementary reaction steps is necessary.
Synthesis and thermodynamic studies of the dinuclear adducts between dimethyltin(IV) dichloride with SalenH2 and MII(Salen) complexes in chloroform

A UV-Vis spectrophotometric study of adduct formation of SalenH2 (1) and MII(Salen), where M = Mn (2), Fe (3), Co (4), Ni (5) and Cu (6) as donors with Me2SnCl2 as acceptor have been investigated in chloroform. Adducts (1a–6a) have been characterized by 1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR, IR and electronic spectroscopy and microanalysis. Formation constants and thermodynamic parameters were measured for 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 adducts at various temperatures (T = 278 to 308 K). The data refinement was carried out with the SQUAD 84 program. The trend of formation constants of MII(Salen) complexes with Me2SnCl2 follows the order: Mn>Fe>Cu>Co>Ni. The formation constants for the free 1 and MII(Salen) with Me2SnCl2 changes according to the following trend: MII(Salen)>SalenH2
The Effects of Treatment with the White-Rot Fungus Trametes Versicolor and Laccase Enzymes on the Brightness of Douglas-Fir Heartwood Derived Thermomechanical Pulps

Abstract Douglas-fir is a significant west coast tree species that cannot be used as a furnish in the high yield thermomechanical pulping process (TMP) because of the low brightness caused by the high chromophoric extractive content in its heartwood. Trametes versicolor and laccase enzymes were assessed for their potential to improve the brightness of Douglas-fir heartwood derived TMP. Treatments with Tversicolor were relatively unsuccessful. Although the application of laccase without a mediator decreased the unbleached brightness of heartwood pulps from 40.1 to 34.1 % ISO, after bleaching with H2O2, it was found that the laccase treatment increased the bleached brightness from 58 to 61 % ISO. Biological treatments were performed alone and in combination with methanol and alkaline extraction. When pulps were extracted with methanol prior to treatment with laccase and the mediator HBT, the hydrogen peroxide bleached brightness increased from 63 to 64.5 % ISO compared to the non-laccase treated, methanol e.
Experimental investigations on single stage, two stage and three stage conventional Savonius rotor

The performance of single stage (rotor aspect ratio of 1.0), two stage Savonius rotor with rotor aspect ratios of 1.0 and 2.0 (stage aspect ratios of 0.50 and 1.0) and three stage Savonius rotor with rotor aspect ratios of 1.0 and 3.0 (stage aspect ratios of 0.33 and 1.0) are studied at different Reynolds numbers and compared at the same Reynolds number. The results show that the coefficient of power and the coefficient of torque increase with the increase in the Reynolds numbers for all the rotors tested. The coefficient of static torque is independent of the Reynolds number for all the rotors tested. The performance of two stage and three stage rotors remains the same even after increasing the stage aspect ratio and the rotor aspect ratio by a factor of two and three, respectively. For the same rotor aspect ratio of 1.0, by increasing the number of stages (stage aspect ratio decreases), the performance deteriorates in terms Cp and Ct. However, at the same stage aspect ratio of 1.0 and same Reynolds number, two and three stage rotors show the same performance in terms of coefficient of power and coefficient of torque. The variation in coefficient of static torque is lower for a three stage rotor when compared with the variation of coefficient of static torque for two stage or single stage rotor. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of photoluminescent carbon dots for the detection of cobalt ions

We have developed a simple assay for the sensing of cobalt ions (Co2+), based on the analyte induced photoluminescence (PL) quenching of carbon dots (C-dots). The C-dots (mean diameter 3.6 ± 0.3 nm) prepared from L-cysteine through a simple hydrothermal process at 300 °C for 2 h have a quantum yield of 13.2%. The C-dots have strong blue PL with a maximum PL intensity at 395 nm under an excitation wavelength of 325 nm. Through the reactions of Co2+ ions with cysteine molecules/residues on the surfaces of the C-dots, non-photoluminescent CoxSy nanoparticles are formed. As-formed CoxSy nanoparticles and the C-dots further form aggregates in the solution, leading to PL quenching. The C-dot probe allows detection of Co2+ ions over a concentration range from 10 nM to 100 μM (R2 = 0.992). This reliable, rapid, sensitive, and selective C-dot probe has been utilized for the determination of the concentrations of Co2+ ions in vitamin B12 and natural water samples.
Surface Modification of Activated Carbon for Enhancement of Nickel(II) Adsorption

A carbon prepared from coconut shells by simple carbonization was oxidized with different oxidizing agents, namely, hydrogen peroxide, ammonium persulphate and nitric acid. The surfaces of the unoxidized and oxidized carbons were characterized by Boehm and potentiometric titrations and IR spectra. The carbon materials prepared were tested for their ability to remove Ni(II) ions from aqueous solutions by batch mode adsorption experiments. Oxidations increased the surface acidic groups on the carbon which resulted in increased affinity of the carbon towards Ni(II).
Free Radicals in Cellulose Fibers Treated with Low Temperature Plasma

Cellulose fibers such as cotton, linen, viscose rayon, and polynosic fibers were treated with low temperature plasmas of O2, N2, H2, Ar, CO, CH4, and CF4. For comparison wool, silk, nylon 6, and poly ( ethylene terephthalate ) (PET) were also subjected to the plasma treatments. The relative free-radical intensity of the plasma-treated fibers was measured by means of ESR spectroscopy. The free radicals in the fibers treated in the plasmas increased in the following order: cotton > wool > silk > nylon 6 ≃ PET. cotton > linen > mercerized cotton > polynosic fibers ≃ viscose rayon, and CF4 > CO > H2 > Ar > CH4 > N2 ≃ O2. The natural fibers, in particular cotton and linen, showed larger free-radical intensity than the regenerated cellulose and the synthetic fibers. The free-radical intensity of the plasma-treated fibers depended considerably on the plasma characteristics and the fine structure of the fibers as well as their chemical constitution.
Qualification of a layered security print deterrent

Variable data printing (VDP), combined with precision registration of multiple ink layers, empowers a layered deterrent using variable print strategies on each of the multiple layers. This shifts the need for specialized printing techniques to the need to accommodate variable ink approaches. Such layered deterrents can incorporate infrared/ultraviolet fluorescent inks, infrared opaque and transparent black inks, inks containing taggants, magnetic ink, and inks with differential adhesive properties to enable sandwich printing. Overt features printed as part of the same layered deterrent provide excellent payload density in a small printed area. In this paper, the statistical and hardware processes involved in qualifying two layers of such a deterrent for their deployment in product (e.g., document and package) security are presented. The first is a multicolored tiling feature that provides overt security protection. Its color payload is authenticated automatically with a variety of handheld, desktop, and production scanners. The second security feature is covert and involves the underprinting or overprinting of infrared information with the covert tiles. Additional layers using existing security deterrents are also described, affording the user information densities as high as 560 bits/cm2 (70 bytes/cm2).
X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy from ions at charged vapor/water interfaces

X-ray fluorescence spectra from monovalent ions (Cs+) that accumulate from dilute solutions to form an ion-rich layer near a charged Langmuir monolayer are presented. For the salt solution without the monolayer, the fluorescence signals below the critical angle are significantly lower than the detection sensitivity and only above the critical angle signals from the bulk are observed. In the presence of a monolayer that provides surface charges, strong fluorescence signals below the critical angle are observed. Ion density accumulated at the interface are determined from the fluorescence. The fluorescent spectra collected as a function of incident x-ray energy near the LIII edge yield the extended absorption spectra from the ions, and are compared to recent independent results. The fluorescence data from divalent Ba2+ with and without monolayer are also presented.
Roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) Calyx Diet and Histopathological Changes in Liver of Albino Rats

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyx was fermented with and without wood ash. The proximate composition revealed that the sample fermented without wood ash had the highest protein content of 14.7 ± 2.5%. There was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the antinutrient content (phytate and tannin) with a reduction of between 1.21-1.32% in tannin and 488.8±3.7-827.3±3.7mg/100g in phytate. The unfermented sample had phytate and tannin of 2143.6 ± 0.8mg/100g and 5.30 ± 1.1% respectively. The effect of calyx diet on the morphology of the liver was investigated in albino rats. The results suggest that in high doses, roselle calyx may have some toxic effects on the liver. There was decrease in growth in albino rats on all the treatments except for the control diet where there was no increase in growth.
Precursor state of skyrmions in MnSi: a heat capacity study

The magnetic phase diagram of MnSi based on the detailed magneto‐heat capacity study is presented. It shows the A‐phase, a precursor to the formation of stable skyrmion lattice, along with the intermediate, helical, conical, ferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases. The field isotherms of specific heat in and around the transition temperature reveal the different magnetic modulations. The local minima represent the relatively low entropy state due to the formation of A‐phase as a precursor to the stable skyrmion lattice. The field‐induced second‐order phase transition is observed by melting the intermediate phase. The region of existence of first‐order phase transition is found to be, effectively, from helical to the intermediate phase. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cell with Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Thin Film Prepared by an Electrolytic Micelle Disruption Method as the Counterelectrode

Abstract Several thin films of single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) were prepared on ITO glasses by electrolytic micelle disruption methods using surfactants bearing a ferrocenyl moiety (1a and 1b). Surfactant 1a has a polyethylene glycol unit as the hydrophilic moiety, while surfactant 1b has an ammonium salt unit. The surfaces of the resulting films formed by the electrolysis methods were confirmed by SEM and AFM measurements, and then these images clearly exhibited that the entire surface of the ITO glass was uniformly covered with SWCNT. The thicknesses of the resulting films were estimated by the SEM images of cross‐sections of the film. For example, the thickness of the film formed by the electrolysis for 12 hours was ca. 4500 Å. Besides the SEM images of the cross‐sections of the resulting films, the UV‐Vis spectroscopy showed clearly that the film thickness increased with electrolysis time. The photovoltaic performance of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) using the resulting thin films as a counterelectrode material instead of a common platinized counterelectrode was investigated. As a result, the highest solar‐to‐electric energy conversion efficiency among the present investigations was found to be obtained in the case with the thin film formed by the electrolysis with surfactant 1a for 36 hours.
Coexistence of filamentary and homogeneous resistive switching in graded WOx thin films

Reversible clockwise and counter‐clockwise resistive switching in a Pt/graded WOx /W stack is reported. Two stable switching modes with opposite switching polarity and different electrical characteristics are found to coexist in the same memory cell. Clockwise switching shows filamentary characteristics that lead to relatively faster switching with excellent retention at high temperature. Counter‐clockwise switching exhibits homogeneous conduction with slower switching and moderate retention. The field‐induced switching reversal might be due to inhomogeneous expansion of W during thermal oxidation. Our results provide a clue to modulate the switching type in Pt/WOx /W memory cells. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF TWO POROUS MEDIA AS A FUNCTION OF WATER CONTENT, TEMPERATURE, AND DENSITY

Appropriate values for the thermal conductivity, which include the contribution of vapor transfer, are required to describe heat transport in a porous medium. We measured the apparent thermal diffusivity of a glass bead medium and a Norfolk sandy loam (Typic Paleudult) as a function of water content and temperature. The thermal conductivity, X, was determined from the thermal diffusivity and the heat capacity of the media. We also calculated values for X with the de Vries model. This paper presents a summary of the de Vries equations and values of the parameters pertaining to the porous media studied. Results show that the de Vries model can be used satisfactorily to calculate the thermal conductivity, because the measured and calculated values were within 10%. In addition, expressions of thermal conductivity presented were not only a function of water content and temperature, but also of bulk density. We found that the measured X for the loamy sand was consistently larger than the calculated X at intermediate water contents and near saturation. Calculations indicated that the differences were probably caused by enhanced vapor diffusion in the intermediate water content range and by convective heat transport in the liquid phase at the higher water content values.
Effect of Drying on Texture and Color Characteristics of Ginger and Turmeric in a Solar Biomass Integrated Dryer

Spices are more preferred in powdered form and this invariably demands drying without compromising its quality attributes before grinding. Four different drying methods viz. integrated drying system (IDS), fluidized bed dryer (FBD), electrical oven (EO) and open sun drying (OSD) were selected for comparative study of textural and color changes of ginger and turmeric. The texture values of ginger differed significantly among different drying methods. Minimum crushing strength of 1,124.597 g (IDS) and highest of 1,421.62 g (OSD) was observed. Turmeric dried in IDS reflected maximum (8,789.01 g) and dried in EO showed minimum (6,307.619 g) crushing strength. Color loss values in dried ginger was minimum in IDS (34.795) followed by OSD (32.214), EO (37.479) and FBD (38.131), respectively. Color of dried turmeric was affected maximum in EO (67.354) followed by FBD (61.001) and OSD (58.213). Minimum color loss was observed in IDS (52.681). Instrumental measurement of texture and color attributes showed spices dried in IDS retained best quality attributes among the selected methods. Practical Applications The developed solar-biomass integrated drying system, apart from advantage of independence from grid power dependency, could safely be promoted for drying of ginger and turmeric to the stakeholders as evident from the comparative instrumental measurement study of texture and color attributes of the dried products.
Effects of oral zinc sulfate applications at different pH (ascorbic acid, vinegar of grapes and distillated water) on serum zinc levels in rabbits.

Vucutta cinko (Zn) kaybinin olmasi durumunda oral Zn uygulamalarina gerek duyulabilir. Bu amacla cok sayida Zn formu veya bilesigi kullanilmaktadir. Zn’nin sulfat formu genis capta safsu veya diger sulandirma solusyonlari ile birlikte yaygin bir sekilde kullanilmaktadir. Bu calismanin amaci, sulandirma solusyonlari halinde bazi asitlestirici ajanlarin (saf su icinde tedavi dozunda askorbik asit ve saf uzum sirkesi) iyi bilinen ve yaygin bir sekilde kullanilan saf suya karsi etkisinin ortaya konmasidir. Bu calismada uc esit grup halinde 30 Yeni Zelanda irki tavsan kullanildi. Yukarida bahsedildigi gibi farkli sulandirmalar ile ZnSO4gruplara oral yolla verildi. Oral uygulama oncesi ve 2,5 saat sonrasi dietil eter genel anestezisi altinda kalpten kan ornekleri alindi. Alev sistemli atomik absorbsiyon spektrofotometre kullanildi. Tum gruplarda ilk ve son serum Zn duzeyleri arasindaki fark onemli bulundu (p≤0.001). Gruplarin son orneklerinin arasinda da onemli farkliliklar vardi (en az p 0.05). Oral solusyon pH’i ve serum Zn duzeyi arasinda onemli korelasyon tespit edildi (r = -0.838, p<0.001). Ayni zamanda ZnSO4 oral solusyon pH’inin serum Zn duzeyini onemli olcude etkiledigi gozlendi (r2: 70.1%, p<0.001). Sonuc olarak, oral ZnSO4 takviyesinin asiditesi serum Zn duzeyini etkiledi. Oral ZnSO4 solusyonunun pH’i azalirken, serum Zn duzeyi artti. Distile su icinde askorbik asitin terapotik dozu saf uzum sirkesinden daha etkili bulundu
High-pressure Raman spectroscopic studies of FeS2 pyrite

Abstract We report micro-Raman spectroscopic studies of FeS2 pyrite in the diamond-anvil cell under hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic conditions to 55 GPa at room temperature. Four out of five Raman-active modes are resolved with helium as a pressure-transmitting medium to highest pressures. The fifth mode, Tg(2) [377 cm-1], is weak and unresolved lying ~2 cm-1 from the intense Ag mode [379 cm-1] at 1 bar. We observe an increase in the separation of the Eg [344 cm-1] and Tg(1) [350 cm-1] modes under compression. All observed frequencies increase continuously with increasing pressure showing no evidence for a structural phase transition in accord with both X-ray diffraction and shock-wave studies. The Ag and Tg(1) modes gain significantly in intensity relative to the Eg mode with increasing pressure probably resulting from Raman resonance effects. The Tg(3) mode [430 cm-1] broadens unusually compared to the other pyrite modes with pressure. The Raman data are consistent with a contraction of the S-S and Fe-S bonds under pressure. The main effect of non-hydrostatic conditions on the Raman modes is a strong pressure-induced broadening; the pressure-dependence of the frequencies and relative intensities are not affected within the error of the measurements.
Isomerization of OH-Isoprene Adducts and Hydroxyalkoxy Isoprene Radicals

This paper employs quantum chemical methods to investigate gaps in our understanding of the fates of radical intermediates in the OH-initiated degradation of isoprene. We employ two density functional theory (DFT) approaches: the well-known B3LYP functional and the recently constructed MPW1K functional. The Complete Basis Set method CBS-QB3 is used selectively to verify certain DFT results. The paper focuses on the configuration of the isoprene-OH adducts with the hydroxyl radical bound to carbons 1 or 4 of isoprene and the fate of the δ-hydroxyalkoxy radicals produced from these adducts. The chemically activated isoprene-OH adducts undergo prompt E/Z isomerization in competition with quenching. This reaction allows formation of the δ-hydroxyalkoxy radicals possessing the (Z) configuration, enabling a fast 1,5 H-shift reaction to dominate the fate of these radicals. The (E) isomer of the δ-hydroxyalkoxy radical that cannot undergo a 1,5 H-shift is predicted to react exclusively with O2. The (E) isomer of.