Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review of Gender and Humanitarian Situations Across Africa

For decades, as evidenced in programming and research, the humanitarian community has recognised gender equality and equity as integral to effective programming and response. Drawing upon ninety-nine publications indexed on the Web of Science and Google Scholar, this paper explores available evidence on gender and crisis settings in Africa to synthesise and critically analyse what is being learned. We found that limited research and programming have explicitly aimed to have gender transformative impacts, and those that do fail to adequately declare or reflect on the biases and intricacies of aiming to transform social norms in complex sociocultural contexts. Additionally, this review examines the trend of the body of research, highlighting the affiliation of authors and the geographical areas of focus. Evidence shows that research in this area is dominated by scholars affiliated with institutions in the Global North, raising questions relating to knowledge production and epistemic injustice in Africa.
Students' attitudes towards teacher's use of Vietnamese in EFL classrooms at Vietnam National University Hanoi, International School

The role of L1 in L2 classrooms has without any doubt been the hot topic of debates and discussions. In particular, some linguists and educators do not support the use of L1 in teaching L2, whereas others emphasize the importance of L1 in L2 classes. Although studies have been done on both teachers’ and students’ attitudes toward L1 use in the L2 classroom, it still remains the question of when and how L1 can become an effective supporting tool for L2. The goal of this research is to present the results on the functionality of L1 (Vietnamese language) in L2 (EFL) classrooms under students’ perspectives. A survey questionnaire was designed to deliver to participants for the study: 126 students at the intermediate level of the General English program at Vietnam National University Hanoi, International School (VNU-IS). The study's findings indicated that the VNU-IS student participants were satisfied with their teacher’s use of L1. L1 usage was also discovered to be preferred for the following purposes: language functionality, managerial functionality, effective functionality, and social functionality. Among them, language functionality is most favored by VNU-IS students. The results also revealed that Vietnamese should be considered as a backup rather than a barrier for Vietnamese teachers.
Corporate green Sukuk issuance for sustainable financing in Indonesia

Green Sukuk is a source of financing that supports the SDGs. Climate change, the growth of the Islamic finance industry, and the rise of socially responsible investing could make green Sukuk a vital tool for financing clean energy and sustainable infrastructure projects. Many studies have identified its potential and advantages. However, no companies have issued green corporate Sukuk in Indonesia yet. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential and main problems of issuing corporate green Sukuk in Indonesia, along with possible solutions and strategies. The research method used is the analytic network process (ANP). In this study, respondents are experts in the field of green Sukuk (involved experts were from academia, project actors, and regulators). The results of the study indicate that the first destination that has the potential to be financed with green corporate Sukuk is renewable energy. At the same time, the main problem is the lack of understanding from market participants. In terms of solutions, the incentive provided by the government is the best to encourage the issuance of green corporate Sukuk. Moreover, the first strategy is to issue green corporate Sukuk with ijarah contracts. From the research results, it is hoped that the Indonesian government can be more aggressive in providing incentives to green project actors.
Application of corrective feedback using emerging technologies among L2 university students

Abstract The majority of foreign language learning (FLL) has recently been conducted online due to unprecedented changes in society and this trend seems to be global and perpetual even if the situation changes. Unfortunately, there is still low awareness among language instructors of the impact it may have on the corrective feedback they provide to their students. Traditionally, corrective feedback was provided to the students during or after the class orally or in written form, but the personal aspect of this feedback was present throughout the evaluation process. With digital media, the situation is rather different caused by the remoteness of the learning process participants. The present systematic review attempts to provide a systematic summary of cutting-edge research into the topic of corrective feedback with the use of emerging technologies for FLL in the university context. The findings indicate that there is not much awareness of the specific context of digital corrective feedback among tutors. Moreover, from an objective perspective, it seems that digital corrective feedback can be very efficient if applied correctly. The review provides a summary of new trends but calls for a more systematic and analytical approach to the topic that is still rather neglected in the studies currently available.
Relativistic Jet Feedback in Galaxy Formation

Galaxies grow through the hierarchical merging of smaller galaxies. However, the bright part of the galaxy luminosity function is incompatible with the simplest version of hierarchical merging. Feedback from the central black hole in the host galaxies may reduce the number of bright galaxies and regulate the co-evolution of black hole and host galaxy. Simulations of galaxy evolution have attempted to include the physical effects of AGN feedback with a resolution usually exceeding a few kiloparsecs. However, interactions between jets and the interstellar medium naturally involve processes occurring on less than kiloparsec scales. In order to understand the processes occurring on such scales, we present a comprehensive suite of simulations of relativistic jets interacting with a fractal two-phase interstellar medium with a resolution of two parsecs and a largest scale of one kiloparsec. The transfer of energy and momentum to the interstellar medium is considerable, and we find that jets with powers in the range of 1043–1046ergs s−1 can inhibit star formation through the dispersal of dense gas in the galaxy core. We also present results quantitatively showing the effectiveness of jet-mediated feedback as a function of the ratio of the jet power to the Eddington luminosity of the black hole, the pressure of the interstellar medium and the porosity of the dense gas.
The Value of Hemoglobin Glycation Index–Diabetes Mellitus System in Evaluating and Predicting Incident Stroke in the Chinese Population

We aimed to clarify the effect of the hemoglobin glycation index (HGI)–diabetes mellitus (DM) system in evaluating the risk of incident stroke. We followed up on 2934 subjects in rural regions of Northeast China, established Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the effects of the HGI–DM system in describing stroke risk, and further conducted a discrimination analysis to confirm the improvement in HGI based on the traditional stroke risk model. After a median of 4.23 years of follow-up, 79 subjects developed stroke or related death. DM-high HGI condition significantly elevated the risk of incident stroke (hazard ratio (HR): 2.655, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.251–5.636). In addition, higher HGI levels elevated the risk of stroke, even if the patients did not have DM (HR: 1.701, 95% CI: 1.136–2.792), but DM failed to bring an extra risk of incident stroke to patients with lower HGI levels (HR: 1.138, 95% CI: 0.337–3.847). The discrimination analysis indicated that the integrated discrimination index (IDI) of the HGI model was 0.012 (95% CI: 0.007–0.015) and that the net reclassification index (NRI) was 0.036 (95% CI: 0.0198–0.0522). These results indicated HGI was associated with the onset of stroke, and high HGI indicated an aggravated trend in glycemic status and increased risk of incident stroke. The HGI–DM system enabled us to identify the different glucose statuses of patients, to conduct suitable treatment strategies, as well as to improve the predictability of incident stroke based on the traditional model.
Co-Integration among COVID-19, Investor Sentiment, and the Stock Market

This study focuses on stock market performance during the COVID-19 pandemic, aiming to research the co-integration among COVID-19 cases, investor sentiment, and the stock market. The data for the study comprised index returns, trading volume, turnover rate, and volatility from CSI300 index from January 2020 to December 2021. The paper planned to introduce methods that used the autoregressive distributed lag model, co-integration test, and error correction model to achieve the aims. The results show that there is a long-term co-integration relationship among these variables. However, when we consider the long-term association between COVID-19 and investor sentiment and individual stock market variables separately, we find no association among COVID-19 and market volatility, trading volume, or turnover rates. From the perspective of investor sentiment, there is no long-term relationship between investor sentiment and market volatility. Therefore, the model results show that there is a long-term relationship among the variables only when the data are integrated, but this relationship does not always persist when considering individual variables. As the COVID19 still continues, the study results would have the implications for the investment decision-making and risk avoidance to face the pandemic.
Ba STARS AND OTHER BINARIES IN FIRST AND SECOND GENERATION STARS IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS

The determination of the Ba abundance in globular cluster (GC) stars is a very powerful test to address several issues in the framework of multiple population scenarios. We measured the Ba content for a sample of more than 1200 stars in 15 Galactic GCs, using high-resolution FLAMES/Giraffe spectra. We found no variation in [Ba/Fe] ratios for different stellar populations within each cluster; this means that low-mass asymptotic giant branch stars do not significantly contribute to the intracluster pollution. Very interestingly, we found that the fraction of Ba stars in first generation (FG) stars is close to the values derived for field stars (∼2%); on the other hand, second generation (SG) stars present a significantly lower fraction. An independent and successful test, based on radial velocity variations among giant stars in NGC 6121, confirms our finding: the binary fraction among FG stars is about ∼12%, to be compared with ∼1% of SG stars. This is an evidence that SG stars formed in a denser environment, where infant mortality of binary systems was particularly efficient.
On the Wolff circular maximal function

We prove sharp $L^3$ bounds for a variable coefficient generalization of the Wolff circular maximal function $M^\delta f$. For each fixed radius $r$, $M^\delta f(r)$ is the maximal average of $f$ over the $\delta$--neighborhood of a circle of radius $r$ and arbitrary center. In this paper, we consider maximal averages over families of curves satisfying the cinematic curvature condition, which was first introduced by Sogge to generalize the Bourgain circular maximal function. Our proof manages to avoid a key technical lemma in Wolff's original argument, and thus our proof also yields a shorter proof of the boundedness of the (conventional) Wolff circular maximal function. At the heart of the proof is an induction argument that employs an efficient partitioning of $\mathbb{R}^3$ into cells using the discrete polynomial ham sandwich theorem.
Correlation of Maternal Prenatal Vitamin D Level with Postnatal Infant Growth in Length and Head Circumference: A Cohort Study on Vitamin D Status and Its Impact During Pregnancy and Childhood in Indonesia

Objective To determine the correlation of first trimester maternal 25-(OH)-D level with postnatal infant growth in Indonesia. Materials and Methods A cohort of 116 mother–infant pairs from Indonesia was prospectively studied. 25-(OH)-D level was measured in maternal serum at 10–14 weeks of gestation and in umbilical cord blood shortly after birth. The newborns were observed longitudinally for 24 months. Length and head circumference were measured at birth and at ages 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Spearman correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed. Results Mean 25-(OH)-D levels in the prenatal maternal serum and umbilical cord blood were 17.55 ± 7.33 ng/mL and 16.27 ± 6.14 ng/mL, respectively. Prenatal maternal 25-(OH)-D level weakly correlated with infant length (r = −0.35) and head circumference (r = –0.21) z-scores at age 3 months. Umbilical cord blood 25-(OH)-D level did not correlate with infant length or head circumference at any time point. Multiple linear regression showed an independent association between prenatal maternal 25-(OH)-D level and infant length z-score at age 3 months (p = 0.01, SE β = 0.02, and coefficient β = −0.06). Conclusion First trimester maternal serum 25(OH)D level correlated with infant length and head circumference at age 3 months.
Zero Touch Management: A Survey of Network Automation Solutions for 5G and 6G Networks

Mobile networks are facing an unprecedented demand for high-speed connectivity originating from novel mobile applications and services and, in general, from the adoption curve of mobile devices. However, coping with the service requirements imposed by current and future applications and services is very difficult since mobile networks are becoming progressively more heterogeneous and more complex. In this context, a promising approach is the adoption of novel network automation solutions and, in particular, of zero-touch management techniques. In this work, we refer to zero-touch management as a fully autonomous network management solution with human oversight. This survey sits at the crossroad between zero-touch management and mobile and wireless network research, effectively bridging a gap in terms of literature review between the two domains. In this paper, we first provide a taxonomy of network management solutions. We then discuss the relevant state-of-the-art on autonomous mobile networks. The concept of zero-touch management and the associated standardization efforts are then introduced. The survey continues with a review of the most important technological enablers for zero-touch management. The network automation solutions from the RAN to the core network, including end-to-end aspects such as security, are then surveyed. Finally, we close this article with the current challenges and research directions.
Evolutionary phenomena in galaxies

ORIGIN AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF GALAXIES Early evolution of galaxies: some introductory comments M. REES Dwarf galaxies D. KUNTH The role of magnetic fields in the evolution of galaxies E. BATTANER, E. FLORIDO and M. L. SANCHEZ-SAAVEDRA GAS AND GLOBAL STAR FORMATION Diffuse interstellar gas in disc galaxies G. VLADILO Molecular gas in spiral galaxies N. Z. SCOVILLE The arms of spiral galaxies B. G. ELMEGREEN and D. M. ELMEGREEN Evidence for coherent star-forming processes in the discs of spirals J. E. BECKMAN, J. CEPA and C. MUNOZ TUNON Towards a theory of star formation H. ZINNECKER GALACTIC NUCLEI The galactic center C. H. TOWNES Active galactic nuclei without black-holes R. TERLEVICH POPULATION, AGE AND DYNAMICS OF OUR GALAXY The populations and evolution of the galaxy J. E. NORRIS Stellar dynamics and galactic evolution G. GILMORE, R. F. G. WYSE and K. KUIJKEN The G-dwarf problem and radio-active cosmochronology B. E. J. PAGEL The white dwarf luminosity function and the age of the galaxy J. ISERN, E. GARCIA BERRO, M. HERNANZ and R. MOCHKOVITCH Chemodynamical models of galactic evolution A. BURKERT and G. HENSLER Dynamical evolution of disks and cluster systems in galaxies R. WIELEN and B. FUCHS SUPERNOVAE AND THEIR EFFECTS The origins of supernovae D. BRANCH Supernovae in galaxies: theory R. CANAL Supernovae and supernova remnants I. J. DANZIGER and P. BOUCHET CHEMICAL EVOLUTION Chemical evolution of galaxies F. MATTEUCCI Chemical and photometric evolution of galaxies with periodic star formation: ellipicals and irregulars N. ARIMOTO Spectral evolution of galaxies: an approach of cosmological parameters B. ROCEA-VOLMERANGE The determination and interpretation of chemical abundances from HII region spectra in galaxies M. G. EDMUNDS Evolution of 4He in galaxies B. E. J. PAGEL Abundance gradients in disc galaxies and chemical evolution models A. I. DIAZ POPULATION SYNTHESIS Stellar population synthesis A. J. PICKLES On stellar population synthesis in galaxy nuclei D. ALLOIN, N. ARIMOTO and E. BICA Population synthesis and X-ray properties of passively evolving galaxies A. RENZINI GALAXY INTERACTIONS Evolutionary effects of interactions between galaxies R. D. JOSEPH.
Mirrors for slow neutrons from holographic nanoparticle-polymer free-standing film-gratings

We report on successful tests of holographically arranged grating-structures in nanoparticle-polymer composites in the form of 100 microns thin free-standing films, i.e. without sample containers or covers that could cause unwanted absorption/incoherent scattering of very-cold neutrons. Despite their large diameter of 2 cm, the flexible materials are of high optical quality and yield mirror-like reflectivity of about 90% for neutrons of 4.1 nm wavelength.
Alfvén-dynamo balance and magnetic excess in magnetohydrodynamic turbulence

Context. Three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (3D MHD) turbulent flows with initially magnetic and kinetic energies at equipartition spontaneously develop a magnetic excess (or residual energy) in both numerical simulations and the solar wind. Closure equations obtained in 1983 describe the residual spectrum as resulting from a balance between a dynamo source proportional to the total energy spectrum and a linear Alfven damping term. A good agreement was found in 2005 with incompressible simulations; however, recent solar wind measurements disagree with these results. Aims. The previous dynamo-Alfven theory is generalized to a family of models, leading to simple relations between residual and total energy spectra. We want to assess these models in detail against MHD simulations and solar wind data. Methods. We tested the family of models against compressible decaying MHD simulations with a low Mach number, low cross-helicity, and zero-mean magnetic field with or without expansion terms (EBM; expanding box model). Results. A single dynamo-Alfven model is found to describe correctly both solar wind scalings and compressible simulations without or with expansion. This model is equivalent to the 1983–2005 closure equation, but it incorporates the critical balance of nonlinear turnover and linear Alfven times, while the dynamo source term remains unchanged. We elucidate the discrepancy with previous incompressible simulations. The model predicts a linear relation between the spectral slopes of total and residual energies m R = −1/2 + 3/2 m T . By examining previous solar wind data, our relation is found to be valid for any cross-helicity, and is even better at high cross-helicity with the total energy slope varying from 1.7 to 1.55.
Non-Maxwellian electron distribution functions due to self-generated turbulence in collisionless guide-field reconnection

Non-Maxwellian electron velocity space distribution functions (EVDF) are useful signatures of plasma conditions and non-local consequences of collisionless magnetic reconnection. In the past, EVDFs were obtained mainly for antiparallel reconnection and under the influence of weak guide-fields in the direction perpendicular to the reconnection plane. EVDFs are, however, not well known, yet, for oblique (or component-) reconnection in dependence on stronger guide-magnetic fields and for the exhaust (outflow) region of reconnection away from the diffusion region. In view of the multi-spacecraft Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission (MMS), we derived the non-Maxwellian EVDFs of collisionless magnetic reconnection in dependence on the guide-field strength $b_g$ from small ($b_g\approx0$) to very strong ($b_g=8$) guide-fields, taking into account the feedback of the self-generated turbulence. For this sake, we carried out 2.5D fully-kinetic Particle-in-Cell simulations using the ACRONYM code. We obtained anisotropic EVDFs and electron beams propagating along the separatrices as well as in the exhaust region of reconnection. The beams are anisotropic with a higher temperature in the direction perpendicular rather than parallel to the local magnetic field. The beams propagate in the direction opposite to the background electrons and cause instabilities. We also obtained the guide-field dependence of the relative electron-beam drift speed, threshold and properties of the resulting streaming instabilities including the strongly non-linear saturation of the self-generated plasma turbulence. This turbulence and its non-linear feedback cause non-adiabatic parallel electron acceleration and EVDFs well beyond the limits of the quasi-linear approximation, producing phase space holes and an isotropizing pitch-angle scattering.
RECONSTRUCTING THE INITIAL DENSITY FIELD OF THE LOCAL UNIVERSE: METHODS AND TESTS WITH MOCK CATALOGS

Our research objective in this paper is to reconstruct an initial linear density field, which follows the multivariate Gaussian distribution with variances given by the linear power spectrum of the current cold dark matter model and evolves through gravitational instabilities to the present-day density field in the local universe. For this purpose, we develop a Hamiltonian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to obtain the linear density field from a posterior probability function that consists of two components: a prior of a Gaussian density field with a given linear spectrum and a likelihood term that is given by the current density field. The present-day density field can be reconstructed from galaxy groups using the method developed in Wang et al. Using a realistic mock Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR7, obtained by populating dark matter halos in the Millennium simulation (MS) with galaxies, we show that our method can effectively and accurately recover both the amplitudes and phases of the initial, linear density field. To examine the accuracy of our method, we use N-body simulations to evolve these reconstructed initial conditions to the present day. The resimulated density field thus obtained accurately matches the original density field of the MS in the density range without any significant bias. In particular, the Fourier phases of the resimulated density fields are tightly correlated with those of the original simulation down to a scale corresponding to a wavenumber of ∼1 h Mpc−1, much smaller than the translinear scale, which corresponds to a wavenumber of ∼0.15 h Mpc−1.