Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Riverine‐driven interhemispheric transport of carbon

Controversy surrounds the role of the ocean in interhemispheric transport of carbon. On one hand, observations in the atmosphere and in the ocean both seem to imply that the preindustrial ocean transported up to 1 Pg C yr−1 from the Northern to the Southern Hemisphere. On the other hand, three dimensional (3‐D) ocean models suggest that global interhemispheric transport of carbon is near zero. However, in this debate, there has been a general neglect of the river carbon loop. The river carbon loop includes (1) uptake of atmospheric carbon due to inorganic and organic erosion on land, (2) transport of carbon by rivers, (3) subsequent transport of riverine carbon by the ocean, and (4) loss of riverine carbon back to the atmosphere by air‐sea gas exchange. Although carbon fluxes from rivers are small compared to natural fluxes, they have the potential to contribute substantially to the net air‐sea fluxes of CO2. For insight into this dilemma, we coupled carbon fluxes from a global model of continental erosion to a 3‐D global carbon‐cycle model of the ocean. With rivers, total southward interhemispheric transport by the ocean increases from 0.1 to 0.35±0.08 Pg C yr−1, in agreement with oceanographic observations. Resulting air‐sea fluxes of riverine carbon and uptake of CO2 by land erosion were installed as boundary conditions in a 3‐D atmospheric model. The assymetry in these fluxes drives a preindustrial atmospheric gradient of CO2 at the surface of −0.6±0.1 μatm for the North Pole minus the South Pole and longitudinal variations that exceed 0.5 μatm. Conversely, the gradient for Mauna Loa minus South Pole is only −0.2±0.1 μatm, much less than the −0.8 μatm gradient extrapolated linearly from historical atmospheric CO2 measurements from the same two sites. The difference may be explained by the role of the terrestrial biosphere. Regardless, the river loop produces large gradients both meridionally and zonally. Accounting for the river carbon loop changes current estimates of the regional distribution of sources and sinks of CO2, particularly concerning partitioning between natural and anthropogenic processes.
On the changing nature of the regional connection between the North Atlantic Oscillation and sea surface temperature

[1] Evidence is presented that the correlation between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), in terms of the NAO index, and the North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) is not stationary. This is inferred from both reanalysis data from the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) and the Kaplan sea surface temperature data set. Two phases of winterly North Atlantic atmosphere-ocean covariability are identified by means of linear regression and correlation analysis. During the recent decades since the late 1960s/early 1970s and during the first 3 decades of the twentieth century, the North Atlantic SST is strongly correlated to the regional atmospheric circulation in the North Atlantic sector, i.e., the North Atlantic Oscillation. During these periods the NAO index, defined as the difference of normalized sea level pressures on the Azores and Iceland, is characterized by pronounced decadal variability and by mainly positive values. In contrast, the NAO index is only weakly correlated to the North Atlantic SST from the 1930s to the early 1960s, when the NAO index is characterized by weak decadal variability. Remote influences, in particular from the tropical Pacific region, become important, especially for the SST in the western tropical North Atlantic.
Source‐ and substrate‐specific export of dissolved organic matter from permafrost‐dominated forested watershed in central Siberia

Terrestrial and aquatic dissolved organic matter (DOM) was characterized to trace the likely processes of DOM formation and stream export in a permafrost‐dominated watershed in central Siberia. Stream samples were collected in spring (May–June 2003) and summer (July–August 2003) at both low flow and stormflow. Dissolved organic matter was analyzed by pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and identified pyrolysis products were simultaneously analyzed for compound‐specific isotope ratios by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Pyrograms of terrestrial and stream DOM contained a similar series of pyrolysis products, suggesting a terrestrial origin for DOM in the small stream draining our study catchment. However, despite the overall similarity of chemical composition of stream DOM at different seasons, we also observed distinct differences in isotopic fingerprint between seasons and hydrologic phases (stormflow versus low flow). This variation appears to be due to the changing origin of stream DOM from different soil layers and the catchment sources following permafrost thawing during the frost‐free period. In general, chemical and isotopic composition of stream DOM was similar to DOM produced in soils of colder north facing slopes (P < 0.01) with a shallow active layer. South facing slopes with deeper active layers produce little DOM that enters the stream, suggesting that DOM produced in the active layer is retained and stabilized in underlying, unfrozen mineral soils. Climate change that results in additional seasonal thawing of permafrost‐dominated landscapes will decrease the amount of DOM exported to riverine systems and change its chemical composition.
An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants of the Agadir Ida Ou Tanane Province (Southwest Morocco)

Objective: As part of the development of natural heritage of Morocco, an ethnobotanical study was conducted in the region of Agadir Ida Ou Tanane (Southwest Morocco) with the aim to collect detailed information about the usage of plants in human therapy. Methodology and results: The survey was carried out over a period of 24 months, by means of semi-structured and structured interviews. A total of 400 interviews were done with traditional health practitioners and knowledgeable villagers. Data collected was on, vernacular names of plants, their uses, parts used and mode of preparation. Other information about users was also collected such as age, sex, level of education. A total of 110 plants species belonging to 53 families and 95 genera were inventoried with 7.27 % of the species endemic to Morocco. Plants frequently used were: Thymus satureioides (Tazouknnit, Zaitra), Thymus broussonnetii (Azoukni, Zaater), Argania spinosa (Argan), Tetraclinis articulata (Azouka, Aârar) and Lavandula dentate (Igerch, Halhal) . The elderly (more than 50 years) have more knowledge in medicinal plants with regard to the other age groups, this indicates that knowledge was acquired by long experience accumulated. Conclusion and application of results: This survey shows that traditional medicine is still used and constituted a very rich heritage in Agadir Ida Ou Tanane Region. The collected data may help to avoid the loss of traditional knowledge on the use of medicinal plants detained in the study area, and represent the preliminary information required in view of a future phytochemical investigation on the most used plants.
Inversion tectonics at the northern margin of the Paris basin (northern France): new evidence from seismic profiles and boreholes interpolation in the Artois area

A synthesis of existing borehole data and seismic profiles has been conducted in the Artois area (northern France), along the northern border of the Paris basin, in order to explore the possible control exerted at depth by the Upper Carboniferous Variscan thrust front on the distribution of Late Paleozoic-Mesozoic depositional centers and their subsequent uplift in Tertiary times. Such control was demonstrated recently in the Weald-Boulonnais basin (Eastern Channel area) that forms the western prolongation of the area under study but was so far poorly constrained in the Artois area. Presented data provide evidence for the topography of the Artois hills and the altitude of sedimentary layers to be controlled by the activity of a network of relaying WNW-ESE striking faults inducing the systematic uplift of the southern fault blocks. Those steeply S-dipping faults branch downward onto the ramp of the Variscan thrusts forming listric faults that locally limit to the north buried half-graben structures, filled with fan-shaped fluviatile Stephanian-Permian deposits. Such clear syn-rift geometry shows that the ramp of the main Variscan frontal thrust (the Midi thrust) has been reactivated as a normal fault in Stephanian-Permian times thus forming a very demonstrative example of a negative inversion process. The reverse offset of the transgressive Middle Cretaceous-Lower Eocene layers covering unconformably the Paleozoic substratum argue for a Tertiary (Middle Eocene-Late Oligocene? ) contractional reactivation of the fault network thereby documenting a repeated inversion process along the Artois Variscan thrust front. The Variscan frontal thrust zone is thus shown here to represent a prominent crustal-scale mechanical discontinuity that localized deformation in the Artois-Boulonnais area since Upper Paleozoic times.
Preferential transport of solute through soil columns containing constructed macropores

Implication of macropore flow in enhancing solute transport has prompted much research. The objective of this study was to characterize solute transport in constructed macropores in three soils of different water conductivities. The macropores were constructed by inserting metal rods into uniformly packed soil columns of 0.2-m i.d. and 0.3 m long. A set of nine soil columns was prepared and a total of 52 displacement experiments was conducted using NO 3 as a tracer. Significant preferential flow occurred in the silt loam containing seven continuous macropores of 3-mm diam. even at fluxes <0.5K, where K is saturated hydraulic conductivity of a column matrix. At fluxes far smaller than those causing saturation, no preferential flow took place and the breakthrough curves (BTCs) displayed single peaks, indicating that only the matrix contributed to solute transport. As fluxes increased, BTCs exhibited double peaks, and the relative magnitudes and positions of the two peaks were flux dependent. These two-curve or double-peak BTCs may represent solute transport through the macropores and the matrix, respectively. Due to the difficulty in keeping macropores open in silica sand, especially at fluxes ≥K,little evidence of preferential flow was observed in this system. This was also ascribed to the porous and conductive nature of the medium. Preferential flow also occurred in the loamy sand, but a greater flux was needed to get the same degree of preferential flow as in the silt loam. In general, in the coarser soil, less preferential flow occurred even at similar normalized flow rates. Macropore continuity has been shown to be increasingly important in macropore flow when flux increases.
Cenozoic Development of the Lapstone Structural Complex, Sydney Basin, New South Wales

The Lapstone Structural Complex is an association of monoclines and high-angle reverse faults that occupies the frontal ridge of the lower Blue Mountains, west of Sydney. Permian–Triassic movements have been proposed on the basis of unpublished seismic profiles reportedly showing abrupt stratigraphic thickness variations in the Sydney Basin succession across the Lapstone Structural Complex and indicative of syn-depositional deformation. In a companion paper, we present an interpretation of recently reprocessed seismic data and show that the Lapstone Structural Complex played no role during Sydney Basin sedimentation. Paleomagnetic data collected from two monoclines are interpreted to bracket development of the Lapstone Structural Complex within the mid-Cretaceous to Miocene interval. Cenozoic uplift of the frontal ridge of the lower Blue Mountains is shown by uplifted semi-consolidated gravels (Rickabys Creek Gravel). A Paleogene timing of uplift was proposed from modelling of landscape development. Association of structures of the Lapstone Structural Complex with the uplifted lower Blue Mountains is most simply explained by a Paleogene age for these structures. Evidence for additional neotectonic activity along the Lapstone Structural Complex reflects the modern compressive stress regime associated with the transpressional plate boundary in the South Island of New Zealand. A Paleogene age for the uplift of the Blue Mountains is consistent with the high relief of this region in contrast to more stable regions of the highlands of eastern Australia characterised by low local relief, reflecting antiquity.
Dynamics of moisture content in spruce-feather moss and spruce-Sphagnum organic layers during an extreme fire season and implications for future depths of burn in Clay Belt black spruce forests

High moisture levels and low frequency of wildfires have contributed to the accumulation of the organic layer in open black spruce (Picea mariana)–Sphagnum dominated stands of eastern boreal North America. The anticipated increase in drought frequency with climate change could lead to moisture losses and a transfer of the stored carbon back into the atmosphere due to increased fire disturbance and decomposition. Here we studied the dynamics of soil moisture content and weather conditions in spruce–feather moss and spruce–Sphagnum dominated stands of the boreal Clay Belt of eastern Canada during particularly dry conditions. A linear mixed model was developed to predict the moisture content of the organic material according to weather, depth and site conditions. This model was then used to calculate potential depth of burn and applied to climate model projections to determine the sensitivity of depth of burn to future fire hazards. Our results suggest that depth of burn varies only slightly in response to changes in weather conditions in spruce–Sphagnum stands. The reverse holds true in spruce–feather moss stands. In conclusion, our results suggest that spruce–Sphagnum stands in the boreal Clay Belt may be resistant to an increase in the depth of burn risk under climate change.
Risk Factors of Stunting among 1-2 Years Old Children in Semarang City

ABSTRACT Background: Prevalence of stunting in children under five years in Central Java is high, more than 33%. Semarang City has high prevalence of malnutrition therefore there is a need to identify risk factors of stunting in Semarang city. Method: This was a case control study, completed with qualitative study about risk factors of stunting. Samples were 58 cases and 58 controls. Data were analyzed by univariate analysis, bivariate analysis with chi square test, and multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression. Qualitative study was done by using indepth interview, and presented in narration. Results: The multivariate analysis result showed that risk factors of stunting in children 1-2 years old were short stature father (<162 cm) (p=0.016; OR=2.7; CI=1.2-6), children had history of low birth weight (p=0.028; OR=11.2; CI=1.3-96.3), and children had history of underweight (p=0.006; OR=3.3; CI=1.4-7). Risk factors which were not proven to influence the incidence of stunting were maternal height, history of exclusively breastfed, complementary feeding history; sex, history of infection, and immunization history. Conclusions: Risk factors that influence the incidence of stunting in children 1-2 years olds are having father’s height <162 cm, and positive history of low birth weight, and of underweight. Keywords: Stunting, malnutrition, children, growth, risk factors ABSTRAK Faktor risiko dari stunting pada anak usia 1-2 tahun di kota Semarang Latar belakang: Stunting adalah perawakan pendek yang timbul akibat malnutrisi yang lama. Prevalensi stunting pada balita di Jawa Tengah tinggi, yaitu lebih dari 33%. Kota Semarang merupakan ibukota Jawa Tengah yang memiliki prevalensi malnutrisi cukup tinggi sehingga diperlukan studi untuk mengetahui faktor risiko stunting di Kota Semarang. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi kasus kontrol, dilengkapi kajian kualitatif mengenai stunting pada status ekonomi kurang dan status ekonomi cukup. Jumlah sampel 58 kasus dan 58 kontrol. Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat, bivariat dengan chi square test, multivariat dengan metode regresi logistik ganda. Kajian kualitatif denganmetode indepth interview dan disajikan dalam bentuk narasi. Hasil: Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan faktor risiko yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian stunting pada anak 1-2 tahun di kota Semarang adalah tinggi badan ayah <162 cm (p=0,016; OR=2,7; CI:1,2-6), anak yang mempunyai riwayat BBLR (p=0,028; OR=11,2; CI=1,3-96,3), dan anak mempunyai riwayat underweight (p=0,006; OR=3,3; CI=1,4-7). Faktor risiko yang tidak terbukti mempengaruhi kejadian stunting adalah jenis kelamin, tinggi badan ibu, riwayat ASI eksklusif, riwayat infeksi, riwayat imunisasi, dan riwayat makanan pendamping ASI. Simpulan: Faktor risiko yang mempengaruhi kejadian stunting pada anak 1-2 tahun adalah yang mempunyai ayah dengan tinggi badan <162 cm dan mempunyai riwayat BBLR, serta berat badan kurang.
GJI Geomagnetism, rock magnetism and palaeomagnetism Interpretation of two-dimensional magnetotelluric profile data with three-dimensional inversion: synthetic examples

SUMMARY Traditional methods for interpretation of magnetotelluric (MT) profile data are based on 2-D inversion, under the assumption that 3-D complications in the data can be treated as ‘geological noise’. We show with synthetic models that fitting 3-D data with a 2-D inversion can result in spurious features, especially if transverse electric (TE) data are used. Inversion of a single profile of MT data with a 3-D algorithm results in significantly more realistic images of structure beneath the data profile, and also allows some resolution of nearby off-profile structure. We also consider the importance of including the on-diagonal impedance tensor terms, Z xx and Z yy ,i nthe inversion. In synthetic test cases, fitting these diagonals improves the accuracy of images of off-profile structure, particularly near the edge of a conductive feature.
Application of first-arrival tomography to characterize a quick clay landslide site in Southwest Sweden

First-arrival traveltime tomography was applied to high-resolution seismic data acquired over a known quick-clay landslide scar near the Göta River in southwest Sweden in order to reveal the geometry and physical properties of clay-related normally consolidated sediments. Investigated area proved to be a challenging environment for tomographic imaging because of large P-wave velocity variations, ranging from 500 to 6000 m/s, and relatively steeply-dipping bedrock. Despite these challenges, P-wave velocity models were obtained down to ca. 150 m for two key 2D seismic profiles (each about 500-m long) intersecting over the landslide scar. The models portrait the sandwich-like structure of marine clays and coarse-grained consolidated sediments, but the estimated resolution (20 m) is too small to distinguish thin layers within this structure. Modelled velocity structures match well the results of reflection seismic processing and resistivity tomography available along the same profiles.
Simulation of atmospheric nucleation mode: A comparison of nucleation models and size distribution representations

[1] Atmospheric particle formation and growth were investigated using different nucleation models and size distribution representations. Nucleation was modeled using recently developed parameterizations for binary nucleation of water and sulphuric acid and ternary nucleation of water, sulphuric acid, and ammonia. A comparison with older nucleation parameterizations, combined with full aerosol dynamics, demonstrated that the difference in nucleation rate (1-2 orders of magnitude) is clearly reflected in the resulting total particle concentration. A comparison of binary and ternary nucleation schemes showed that above 240 K the ternary nucleation rate exceeds the binary by over 10 orders of magnitude, indicating that in most cases, at lower tropospheric conditions, only ternary nucleation can be relevant. In addition, the performance of aerosol dynamics models applying either a multimodal monodisperse or a fixed sectional size distribution representation was evaluated against a molecular resolution model, which follows the changes in the nucleation mode particle size distribution molecule by molecule. Regarding total number concentration, the sectional method converged to the molecular resolution approach when increasing the number of size sections. With strong condensational growth, however, numerical diffusion problems were evident. Overall, the performance of the sectional method with low number of sections was not satisfactory. The monodisperse method gave very good results, at least in terms of total number, when the background modes were set to match the condensation sinks of respective lognormal modes. On the basis of our study the multimodal monodisperse method seems to be a possible candidate when selecting the size distribution approach for large-scale atmospheric models.
A Nonlinear Response of Sahel Rainfall to Atlantic Warming

AbstractThe response over West Africa to uniform warming of the Atlantic Ocean is analyzed using idealized simulations with a regional climate model. With warming of 1 and 1.5 K, rainfall rates increase by 30%–50% over most of West Africa. With Atlantic warming of 2 K and higher, coastal precipitation increases but Sahel rainfall decreases substantially. This nonlinear response in Sahel rainfall is the focus of this analysis. Atlantic warming is accompanied by decreases in low-level geopotential heights in the Gulf of Guinea and in the large-scale meridional geopotential height gradient. This leads to easterly wind anomalies in the central Sahel. With Atlantic warming below 2 K, these easterly anomalies support moisture transport from the Gulf of Guinea and precipitation increases. With Atlantic warming over 2 K, the easterly anomalies reverse the westerly flow over the Sahel. The resulting dry air advection into the Sahel reduces precipitation. Increased low-level moisture provides moist static energy to.
Two modes of mid-frontal theta suggest a role in conflict and error processing Fixed Effects Analysis: Joint Probability Distributions

Mid-frontal theta is well-known to be involved in conflict and error-processing. In paradigms known to evoke response conflict, the temporal sequence of events leading up to conflict or error resolution and theta’s involvement in such scenarios is not well understood. Using single-trial analyses of electrophysiological data from participants performing the Flanker (N = 28) and Simon paradigm (N = 18), we probed the relationship between transient theta activity and the underlying metrics of response conflict. We specifically investigated “partial errors”, in which a small burst of muscle activity in the incorrect response effector occurred, quickly followed by a correction. We found evidence for two modes of theta activity, one of which was strongly related to the partial errors. The temporal distribution of this mode of theta was different in the partial error trials compared to the correct trials with no partial error. Furthermore, we saw that this mode of theta occurred later in trials in which a full error was committed. Our findings point to a possible role of theta in error-correction. This adds to the wider theoretical understanding of mid-frontal theta and the possibility of multiple functional roles of theta in different contexts.