Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sodium‐glucose linked transporter‐2 inhibitor renal outcome modification in type 2 diabetes: Evidence from studies in patients with high or low renal risk

Data from three completed cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs), EMPA‐REG OUTCOME, CANVAS Program and DECLARE‐TIMI 58, add to the evidence supporting the potential renoprotective effects of sodium‐glucose linked transporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Despite recommendations in recent guidelines, it is difficult to support a view that definitive evidence for renoprotection exists from these SGLT2 inhibitor CVOT results. To date, the only dedicated trial to report definitive data on the renal impact of SGLT2 inhibition is CREDENCE. Notably, the total number of patient‐relevant renal endpoint events (dialysis, transplant or renal death) observed in CREDENCE was significantly higher than the total for all three CVOTs collectively (183 events/4401 patients vs. 69 events/34 322 patients, respectively), which shows the increased statistical power of CREDENCE for these renal endpoints. Treatment with canagliflozin was associated with a 30% relative risk reduction (RRR) in the primary composite endpoint of end‐stage kidney disease, doubling of serum creatinine, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes and a 34% RRR for the renal‐specific elements of this primary endpoint (P <0.001). Canagliflozin has therefore become the first US‐approved SGLT2 inhibitor to include an indication for RRR, in addition to type 2 diabetes glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk reduction. While confirmatory of the exploratory data from CVOTs, CREDENCE provides the first robust data on the effects of canagliflozin on patient‐relevant renal endpoints. Extrapolation to a conclusion of a SGLT2 inhibitor class effect cannot be made until additional renal trials with other SGLT2 inhibitors are reported.
Mortality and causes of death in people living with HIV in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy compared with the general population in Japan

Objectives: To determine the mortality and causes of death in people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Japan. Design: A prospective cohort study at AIDS Clinical Center, Tokyo, which treats approximately 10% of PLHIV in care in Japan. Methods: Either PLHIV who visited our center for the first time between January 2005 and December 2014 or PLHIV who started their regular visit before January 2005 and visited us between January and March 2005 were included and followed by the end of 2016. Causes of death were defined according to the CoDe protocol. Results: Two thousand, seven hundred and ninety-seven PLHIV were analysed with total of 18 858 person-years of follow-up, which constitutes 14% of the estimated number of PLHIV in care in Japan. One hundred and sixty-five (5.9%) PLHIV died with all-cause mortality rate of 8.75 per 1000 person-years. All-cause mortality rate for PLHIV in care in Japan was estimated to be 8.75 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 5.53–12.0). Among causes of death, AIDS-defining illnesses accounted for 39% and malignancy contributed to 47%. Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for all-cause mortality, malignancy-related mortality, and suicide were 5.96 (95% CI 5.05–6.87), 7.76 (95% CI 6.02–9.51), and 3.24 (95% CI 1.54–4.94), respectively. Even among the patients who were diagnosed early or without history of AIDS, SMR was four times higher than the general population. Conclusion: Mortality of PLHIV, even among those with early diagnosis, is substantially higher than that of the general population in Japan, highlighting the importance of further efforts towards prevention, early diagnosis and prompt treatment initiation.
Risk Assessment of Medical Study Procedures in the Documents Submitted to a Research Ethics Committee

Several frameworks assist research ethics committees (RECs) in risk assessment of medical studies. However, little is known about how researchers describe risks of the procedures in study protocols and participant information sheets. We examined 349 study protocols and participant information sheets submitted to an REC and evaluated the risk assessments performed for 1,510 study procedures. Risks had been assessed for 399 (26%) procedures in study protocols and for 425 (28%) procedures in participant information sheets. Physical risks were assessed six times more frequently than psychological risks. Risks of medical procedures are not always detailed in study protocols or participant information sheets. Risk descriptions of procedures believed to be familiar to potential participants may be omitted.
An evaluation of the human relevance of the liver tumors observed in female mice treated with permethrin based on mode of action.

In 2 year studies, the nongenotoxic pyrethroid insecticide permethrin produced hepatocellular tumors in CD-1 mice but not in Wistar rats. Recently, we demonstrated that the mode of action (MOA) for mouse liver tumor formation by permethrin involves activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), resulting in a mitogenic effect. In the present study the effects of permethrin and two major permethrin metabolites, namely 3-phenoxybenzoic acid and trans-dichlorochrysanthemic acid, on cytochrome P450 mRNA levels and cell proliferation (determined as replicative DNA synthesis) were evaluated in cultured CD-1 mouse, Wistar rat and human hepatocytes. Permethrin and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid induced CYP4A mRNA levels in both mouse and human hepatocytes, with trans-dichlorochrysanthemic acid also increasing CYP4A mRNA levels in mouse hepatocytes. 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid induced CYP4A mRNA levels in rat hepatocytes, with trans-dichlorochrysanthemic acid increasing both CYP4A mRNA levels and replicative DNA synthesis. Permethrin, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid and trans-dichlorochrysanthemic acid stimulated replicative DNA synthesis in mouse hepatocytes but not in human hepatocytes, demonstrating that human hepatocytes are refractory to the mitogenic effects of permethrin and these two metabolites. Thus, while some of the key (e.g. PPARα activation) and associative (e.g. CYP4A induction) events in the established MOA for permethrin-induced mouse liver tumor formation could occur in human hepatocytes at high doses of permethrin, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid and/or trans-dichlorochrysanthemic acid, increased cell proliferation (an essential step in carcinogenesis by non-genotoxic PPARα activators) was not observed. These results provide additional evidence that the established MOA for permethrin-induced mouse liver tumor formation is not plausible for humans.
Skilled birth attendance in Balochistan, Pakistan

Abstract Background Pakistan faces high maternal and neonatal mortality despite interventions from government, national, and international organizations. Objective To assess factors associated with the use of skilled birth attendance in Balochistan. Methods A logistic regression model was used to identify factors influencing use of skilled birth attendance from data obtained from the Balochistan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010, together with social and economic determinants. Results Only 25.7% of the expectant mothers in Balochistan Province used skilled birth attendance. Women from rural areas were less likely to use skilled attendance compared with compared with those from urban areas (odds ratio (OR) = 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.51–0.95). Poverty was negatively associated with use (OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.02–0.51). Lack of education was negatively associated with skilled birth attendance (OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.09–0.67). Women from 25 to 34 years old were more likely to use skilled birth attendance than younger women (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.03 –2.81). Women who justified being beaten by their husbands were less likely to use skilled attendance (OR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.39–0.89). Conclusions There are gaps in use of skilled birth attendance between women in urban and rural settings, rich and poor, the educated and those with no schooling. Their age, age at first marriage, number of children ever born, attitude toward being beaten by their husband, and source of skilled antenatal care significantly influenced the expectant mothers to use skilled birth attendance.
A Novel NASICON‐Type Na4MnCr(PO4)3 Demonstrating the Energy Density Record of Phosphate Cathodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted incremental attention as a promising candidate for grid‐scale energy‐storage applications. To meet practical requirements, searching for new cathode materials with high energy density is of great importance. Herein, a novel Na superionic conductor (NASICON)‐type Na4MnCr(PO4)3 is developed as a high‐energy cathode for SIBs. The Na4MnCr(PO4)3 nanoparticles homogeneously embedded in a carbon matrix can present an extraordinary reversible capacity of 160.5 mA h g−1 with three‐electron reaction at ≈3.53 V during the Na+ extraction/insertion process, realizing an unprecedentedly high energy density of 566.5 Wh kg−1 in the phosphate cathodes for SIBs. It is intriguing to reveal the underlying mechanism of the unique Mn2+/Mn3+, Mn3+/Mn4+, and Cr3+/Cr4+ redox couples via X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectroscopy. The whole electrochemical reaction undergoes highly reversible single‐phase and biphasic transitions with a moderate volume change of 7.7% through in situ X‐ray diffraction and ex situ high‐energy synchrotron X‐ray diffraction. Combining density functional theory (DFT) calculations with the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, the superior performance is ascribed to the low ionic‐migration energy barrier and desirable Na‐ion diffusion kinetics. The present work can offer a new insight into the design of multielectron‐reaction cathode materials for SIBs.
Inter- and intra-animal variation in the integrative properties of stellate cells in the medial entorhinal cortex

Distinctions between cell types underpin organizational principles for nervous system function. Functional variation also exists between neurons of the same type. This is exemplified by correspondence between grid cell spatial scales and the synaptic integrative properties of stellate cells (SCs) in the medial entorhinal cortex. However, we know little about how functional variability is structured either within or between individuals. Using ex-vivo patch-clamp recordings from up to 55 SCs per mouse, we found that integrative properties vary between mice and, in contrast to the modularity of grid cell spatial scales, have a continuous dorsoventral organization. Our results constrain mechanisms for modular grid firing and provide evidence for inter-animal phenotypic variability among neurons of the same type. We suggest that neuron type properties are tuned to circuit-level set points that vary within and between animals.
Morus nigra leaves extract revokes the depressive-like behavior, oxidative stress, and hippocampal damage induced by corticosterone: a pivotal role of the phenolic syringic acid

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. The pathophysiology of depression includes glucocorticoids excess, glutamatergic excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress impairment. Previous study demonstrated Morus nigra L. leaves extract and syringic acid (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid), its major phenolic compound, administered orally for 7 days, decreased the immobility time in the tail suspension test, without locomotor alteration. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the antidepressant-like effects, antioxidant effects, and neuroprotective effects of M. nigra leaves extract and syringic acid in an animal model of depression induced by corticosterone. Herein, corticosterone administered in male Swiss mice, 60–90 days of age, at 20 mg/kg, once a day, for 21 days, was effective to induce depressive-like phenotype. This alteration was accompanied by the increase of oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxidation, nitrite, and protein carbonyl) and the decrease in nonprotein thiols level, besides impairment in the hippocampus. Conversely, the treatment with M. nigra leaves extract (10 mg/kg), syringic acid (1 mg/kg), or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg), administered once a day for the last 7 days of the corticosterone treatment, was able to abolish the behavioral alterations elicited by corticosterone, reinforcing evidence of the M. nigra leaves extract and syringic acid having antidepressant-like effect. Both treatments also exerted antioxidant property in the mice’s brain, reducing the amount of oxidative stress and abolishing the corticosterone-induced damage in the hippocampal slices. In addition, the treatments protected the hippocampus against the damage induced by the association between corticosterone administration and glutamate excess. In conclusion, M. nigra leaves extract and syringic acid revoke depressive-like behavior induced by corticosterone via inhibition of oxidative stress and hippocampal damage.
Causal illusion as a cognitive basis of pseudoscientific beliefs.

Causal illusion has been proposed as a cognitive mediator of pseudoscientific beliefs. However, previous studies have only tested the association between this cognitive bias and a closely related but different type of unwarranted beliefs, those related to superstition and paranormal phenomena. Participants (n = 225) responded to a novel questionnaire of pseudoscientific beliefs designed for this study. They also completed a contingency learning task in which a possible cause, infusion intake, and a desired effect, headache remission, were actually non-contingent. Volunteers with higher scores on the questionnaire also presented stronger causal illusion effects. These results support the hypothesis that causal illusions might play a fundamental role in the endorsement of pseudoscientific beliefs.
ZEBrA: Zebra finch Expression Brain Atlas—A resource for comparative molecular neuroanatomy and brain evolution studies

An in‐depth understanding of the genetics and evolution of brain function and behavior requires a detailed mapping of gene expression in functional brain circuits across major vertebrate clades. Here we present the Zebra finch Expression Brain Atlas (ZEBrA; www.zebrafinchatlas.org, RRID: SCR_012988), a web‐based resource that maps the expression of genes linked to a broad range of functions onto the brain of zebra finches. ZEBrA is a first of its kind gene expression brain atlas for a bird species and a first for any sauropsid. ZEBrA's >3,200 high‐resolution digital images of in situ hybridized sections for ~650 genes (as of June 2019) are presented in alignment with an annotated histological atlas and can be browsed down to cellular resolution. An extensive relational database connects expression patterns to information about gene function, mouse expression patterns and phenotypes, and gene involvement in human diseases and communication disorders. By enabling brain‐wide gene expression assessments in a bird, ZEBrA provides important substrates for comparative neuroanatomy and molecular brain evolution studies. ZEBrA also provides unique opportunities for linking genetic pathways to vocal learning and motor control circuits, as well as for novel insights into the molecular basis of sex steroids actions, brain dimorphisms, reproductive and social behaviors, sleep function, and adult neurogenesis, among many fundamental themes.
Speech sound errors of Mandarin-speaking preschool children with co-occurring speech sound disorder and developmental language disorder

ABSTRACT This study examined the occurrence and types of speech sound errors in Mandarin-speaking children and compared those with co-occurring developmental language disorder (DLD) and speech sound disorders (SSDs) to those with SSD only and those with no DLD or SSD. The participants were 64 four-year-old Mandarin-speaking children, including 20 age-matched children with co-occurring SSD and LI (SSD + DLD), 20 with SSD only, and 24 with no DLD or SSD (typical development [TD]). Speech samples from a list of 20 pictures of common objects and animals were elicited in a picture-naming task. One speech-language therapist transcribed and analysed consonant production accuracy and coded speech errors into the types of substitution, omission, distortion, and addition and phonological processes into typical and atypical sound changes. The interrater reliability of consonant production analysis was checked by another experienced speech-language pathologist. Children with co-occurring SSD and DLD demonstrated the least accuracy of speech production among the three groups of children. Children with co-occurring SSD and DLD showed more frequent use of substitutions, omissions, typical sound changes (i.e. stopping of affricates, stopping of fricatives, deaspiration), and atypical sound changes (i.e. initial consonant deletion, fronting, affrication of stops) than children with SSD only, while no significant difference between the SSD and TD groups was observed in omission error types and atypical sound changes. These results suggest that the disorders in speech sound production in children with SSD and DLD may be associated with underlying phonological–linguistic processing.
Genome-wide association study identifies quantitative trait loci regions involved in muscle acidic profile in Large White heavy pigs.

The widespread use of genome-wide association studies resulted in the discovery of genomic regions associated with fatty acid (FA) composition in different porcine tissues, but little information exists about the genes involved in FA composition of meat obtained from heavy pigs selected for the production of Italian dry-cured hams. To this objective, we genotyped with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel 795 Italian Large White heavy pigs to identify the markers and genomic regions associated with Semimembranosus muscle FA profile. Heritability estimates for intramuscular fat FA profile were of low-to-moderate magnitude, suggesting that these traits may be improved with genomic selection. On the whole, 45 SNPs were significantly associated with 14 FAs, and 4 of them (ALGA008109, ALGA0081097, CASI0010164 and SIRI0000267) were associated with more than 1 FA. The palmitoleic : palmitic and oleic : stearic ratios displayed the highest number of significant markers and the most significant associations (Bonferroni adjusted P < 5.00E-07). Of particular interest, the palmitoleic : palmitic ratio was strongly associated with markers located at 111 to 114 Mb on chromosome 14, in the same chromosomal region where Stearoyl-CoA desaturase Δ9 (SCD) gene is located. Several significant chromosomal regions were found; some of them harbour key genes playing pivotal roles in FA desaturation and elongation, such as SCD and some members of the Elongation of Very Long-Chain FA (ELOVL) gene family. The results suggest that the identification of causal mutations in these regions may provide a set of markers useful for selection schemes aimed at improving FA composition in pork products.
Comforting Versus Distressing Dreams of the Deceased: Relations to Grief, Trauma, Attachment, Continuing Bonds, and Post-Dream Reactions

Why are some dreams of the deceased experienced as comforting, while others are distressing? We propose that there are different types of dreams serving diverse functions. In particular, we considered three: processing trauma, maintaining a continuing bond, and regulating emotion. We also examined the impact of post-dream reactions on the bereaved’s experience of their dreams. Participants were 216 individuals whose romantic partner or spouse had died. They provided reports of dreams of the deceased that were content analyzed and completed measures of grief intensity, posttraumatic symptoms, attachment style, internalized versus externalized continuing bonds, as well as questions about the death, and ratings of how they experienced the dream after awakening. Support was found for the three proposed functions, suggesting dreams of the deceased can actively facilitate adjustment to bereavement. In addition, there was evidence that post-dream reactions can impact both the perception of the dream and grief.
Memory T Cells in Transplantation: Old Challenges Define New Directions

Immunologic memory is the ability of adaptive immune system to quickly and specifically recognize previously encountered antigens and initiate an effector response. Alloreactive memory cells can mount rapid and robust responses to the transplanted organ resulting in allograft injury. Thus preexisting humoral or cellular memory alloresponses are typically associated with poor graft outcomes in experimental and clinical transplantation. While both B and T lymphocytes exhibit memory responses, this review discusses recent updates on the biology of memory T cells and their relevance to the field of transplantation. Three major areas of focus are the emergence and characterization of tissue resident memory T cells, manipulation of T cell metabolic pathways, and the latest promising approaches to targeting detrimental T cell memory in the settings of organ transplantation.
Happily (n)ever after? Codevelopment of romantic partners in continuing and dissolving unions.

Do patterns of intimate relationship development foreshadow whether couples' unions stay together or end in separation? Integrating tenets from the enduring dynamics and emergent distress models of relationship development, we propose an accumulating distress model suggesting that the trajectories of those in dissolving partnerships (i.e., unions that ultimately end) are characterized by higher base levels of distress that increase more rapidly over time compared to those in continuing partnerships. In addition, we propose that this pattern applies to codevelopment between partners: those in dissolving unions are expected to have higher base dissimilarity that increases more rapidly over time compared to continuing couples. We further test whether the proposed patterns of codevelopment are equally apparent in young and middle adult couples. To test this model, we draw on data from 1,965 couples from 2 age groups in the German Family Panel study surveyed annually 7 times. Results support the concept of accumulating distress in the trajectories of relationship satisfaction, commitment, and conflict. For codevelopment, increasing dissimilarity in dissolving couples emerged for connectedness and autonomy in the relationship. In addition, dissolving partners became more similar in their low degree of commitment to the relationship. Age-related analyses broadly replicated the pattern of accumulating distress in young and middle adult couples with few exceptions for young adult women. In sum, in accordance with an accumulating distress concept of relationship codevelopment, our results revealed higher base and increasing levels of distress and dissimilarity across time among partners in dissolving unions compared to continuing couples. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).