Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Search for an X-Ray Counterpart to the Extremely Bright 1993 January 31 Gamma-Ray Burst

The classical gamma-ray burst of 1993 January 31 (GRB 930131) is the highest peak flux burst ever recorded with CGRO/BATSE. It was also observed by other satellites. Its position was determined to within a narrow annulus by the Third Interplanetary Network (IPN). We searched for an X-ray counterpart to this bright burst with ASCA on 1996 January 9, and detected one X-ray source in the IPN annulus. Its position coincides with an X-ray source found with ROSAT, which had been identified with the normal F-type star HR 4657. The flux and spectrum obtained with ASCA are consistent with those for an F-type star, and we confirm that the detected X-ray emission comes from HR 4657. Although this source is in the IPN annulus, the high chance probability of finding an X-ray source in the annulus does not justify the association of it with GRB 930131. We discuss whether or not this X-ray source is associated with GRB 930131.
What Satisfies Students 2 WHAT SATISFIES STUDENTS ? MINING STUDENT-OPINION DATA WITH REGRESSION

To investigate how students' characteristics and experiences affect satisfaction, this study used regression and decision-tree analysis with the CHAID algorithm to analyze student opinion data from a sample of 1,783 college students. A data-mining approach identifies the specific aspects of students' university experience that most influence three measures of general satisfaction. The three measures have different predictors and cannot be used interchangeably. Findings show that academic experiences are influential. Faculty preparedness, in particular, which has a well-known relationship to student achievement, emerges as a principal determinant of satisfaction. Social integration and pre-enrollment opinions are also important. Campus services and facilities have limited effects, and students' demographic characteristics are not significant predictors. Decision-tree analysis reveals that social integration has more effect on the satisfaction of students who are less academically engaged. (Contains 7 tables and 29 references.) (Author/SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. 1 This is the renamed paper for session 104 Student Satisfaction: Measures and Measurements WHAT SATISFIES STUDENTS? MINING STUDENT-OPINION DATA WITH REGRESSION AND DECISION-TREE ANALYSIS Emily H. Thomas, Director of Planning and Institutional Research Nora Galambos, Associate for Institutional Research PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY
Discovery of 12 short-period eclipsing binaries in the old open cluster Berkeley 39

We report the results of a CCD search for short-period variables in the field of the old open cluster Berkeley 39. Twelve variables were discovered among ≃ 2000 stars with I>20.0. We argue that all or almost all discovered variables are members of Be 39. Eleven variables are contact binaries (W UMa-type systems) with periods ranging from 0.225 to 0.546 d. The twelfth variable is probably an eclipsing binary with a period of the order of 1 d. Four variables are located among the blue stragglers on the cluster colour-magnitude diagram. The distribution of binaries along this diagram (a 5-mag spread) favours the theory that the Berkeley 39 W UMa-type systems have been formed mainly through the mechanism of magnetic braking
Variations in Surface Air Temperatures: Part 2. Arctic Regions, 1881–1980

Abstract We describe annual and seasonal changes in air temperatures over high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the period 1881–1980. Trends (that is, fluctuations on time scales greater than 20 years) in the average temperature of the Arctic are compared with those of the Northern Hemisphere. Seasonal and regional departures from the long-term trends in the average temperature of the Arctic are identified. Spatial patterns of variation in the Arctic temperature field are determined by principal component analysis and the major characteristics of the time series of the dominant patterns are summarized. Trends in Arctic temperatures have been broadly similar to those for the Northern Hemisphere during the study period. The Arctic variations were, however, greater in magnitude and more rapid. The spatial pattern of change associated with the trend in Arctic temperatures is clearly identified by principal component analysis. It shows that the trends have, in general, been Arctic-wide, but that cer.
Evaluation of Cloud Microphysics in JMA-NHM Simulations Using Bin or Bulk Microphysical Schemes through Comparison with Cloud Radar Observations

AbstractNumerical weather prediction (NWP) simulations using the Japan Meteorological Agency Nonhydrostatic Model (JMA-NHM) are conducted for three precipitation events observed by shipborne or spaceborne W-band cloud radars. Spectral bin and single-moment bulk cloud microphysics schemes are employed separately for an intercomparative study. A radar product simulator that is compatible with both microphysics schemes is developed to enable a direct comparison between simulation and observation with respect to the equivalent radar reflectivity factor Ze, Doppler velocity (DV), and path-integrated attenuation (PIA). In general, the bin model simulation shows better agreement with the observed data than the bulk model simulation. The correction of the terminal fall velocities of snowflakes using those of hail further improves the result of the bin model simulation. The results indicate that there are substantial uncertainties in the mass–size and size–terminal fall velocity relations of snowflakes or in the c.
Finger breakup in Hele–Shaw cells

It is shown that a boundary integral simulation of fingering in Hele–Shaw cells generates patterns of finger breakup similar to those observed experimentally at low values of reciprocal capillary number τ. It is also shown that, when random noise is introduced in the interface position at a value of τ for which a stable finger would otherwise occur, similar patterns of finger breakup are generated. This supports the hypothesis that the observed behavior is caused by a nonlinear instability driven by experimental or numerical noise at very low values of τ.
Effects of Forage Legumes Sowing in the Fallow Year on Silage Yield and Quality Characteristics of Subsequent Cereals

In this study, the effect of P. arvense-H. vulgare mixture and V. pannonica grown in the fallow year on silage yield and quality of subsequent cereals were investigated in the arid condition of Eskişehir, Turkey. The fresh weight of P. arvense-H. vulgare mixture with 2750 kg/da was found two-fold high than V. pannonica. P. arvense-H. vulgare mixture significantly increased the fresh and dry hay weights of cereals except for H. vulgare cv. İnce. In addition, the highest grain yield was obtained by growing Triticosecale cv. Karma in P. arvense-H. vulgare mixture plots. Due to the high pH and low dry matter content of triticale samples, the Fleig scores were very low, which is a quality indicator in silage. ADF and NDF ratios were the highest in A. sativa cv. Checato as a negative quality factor. Top-dressing of nitrogen had a positive effect on the crude protein ratio. It was concluded that production of quality roughage can be sustainably increased by growing P. arvense-H. vulgare mixture in barren areas in the fallow year and followed by sowed cvs. Karma, Müfitbey, and Checato in the cereal growing season.
Radiation by cavity-backed antennas on a circular cylinder

Conformal antenna arrays are popular for deployment on curved aircraft, spacecraft and land-vehicle platforms because of their inherent low weight, cost and drag properties. The finite element-boundary integral method is extended to radiation by cavity-backed structures recessed in an infinite, metallic cylinder. The accuracy of the developed FE-BI code for a microstrip patch array is established by comparison with measurements. The formulation is then used to investigate the effect of the finite aperture on the radiation pattern. In addition, the effect of curvature on resonant frequency, gain, input impedance and pattern shape is examined.
Thermal resistance of holmium ethyl sulfate

A maximum in the thermal resistance of holmium ethyl sulfate as a function of magnetic field below 5 deg K is explained as resulting from the attenuation of a low-level optical phonon mode that is capable of carrying thermal currents, A second maximum is predicted in the range of acoustic modes of phonons. Data are given for fields up to 11 kgauss, (T.F.H,)
Developing HOTS Instruments: Is It Difficult for Physics Teachers?

: This study aims to identify the difficulties of physics teachers in making High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). This research is phenomenological qualitative research. Data was collected through interviews, tests followed by FGD. The participants of this study were 33 physics teachers. The data were analysed using Bogdan and Biklen with reduction stages, looking for relationships between themes and conclusions. The results showed that the teacher was very familiar with HOTS. Overall, the teacher has understood the importance of HOTS and the learning process for teaching HOTS to students. But the thing that became the teacher's obstacle was assessing HOTS through an instrument that measures HOTS. If traced to the teacher's difficulties very sequential, start planning, constructing problem questions, making stimulus, combining concepts/formulas in physics, to the validation stage.
Divergence in the low shear viscosity for Brownian hard-sphere dispersions: At random close packing or the glass transition?

Models, theories, and simulations for the low shear viscosity of Brownian, hard-sphere dispersions are examined and evaluated against literature data. Hydrodynamic and thermodynamic contributions are explicitly treated and the volume fraction dependence of the experimental data is validated against the high frequency or high shear viscosity. A good description of the data is realized by a new, semiempirical model based on mode coupling theory, where ϕm=ϕg=0.57, supporting dynamical arrest at the ideal glass transition.
The effect of line-tying on tearing modes

Cylindrical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) constant-ψ or nonconstant-ψ tearing modes that are linearly unstable with periodic axial boundary conditions are studied in a line-tied cylinder. Examples of these two respective classes of modes, with m=1 and m=2 (m being the azimuthal mode number), are studied. With a suitable MHD equilibrium, the former modes are marginally stable in ideal MHD for periodic axial boundary conditions, and occur as fast tearing modes (resistive kinks) in the presence of resistivity η. The latter modes are stable in ideal MHD for periodic axial boundary conditions, and with resistivity occur as constant-ψ tearing modes, unstable in a range of parameters. In both cases, the results for the line-tied modes show the expected tearing scaling with η for very long plasmas, but the scaling becomes γ∝η for smaller cylinder lengths L. These results are consistent with the following interpretation: For L→∞, the modes have a tearing width characteristic of tearing, leading to characteristic teari.
The behaviour of layered soil or rock containing a decaying heat source

Solutions are presented for the behaviour of layered soil or rock deposits which contain a heat source. Such a problem arises when high level nuclear waste is placed in deep underground depositaries, as the waste continues to generate heat for many years after placement. This heating of the surrounding soil or rock may lead to expansion and cracking with subsequent contamination of ground water. Results are presented for heat soureces with different decay rates and for heat sources in layers of material with different coefficients of expansion. An example using realistic data for rock is also given. The solution method involves applying Fourier or Hankel transforms to the field quantities and this reduces the two-dimensional or axisymmetric problem to one involving a single spatial dimension. In cases where the soil or rock is horizontally layered, the method has great advantages over other numerical methods such as finite element or finite difference techniques, since little computer storage and data preparation time is required. Solution of the time-dependent problem is carried out by applying Laplace transforms to the field variables, obtaining solutions and then using numerical means to invert the transformed solutions. This enables easy solution of problems involving time-dependent (i.e. decaying) heat sources.
CHANGING CHARACTERISTICS OF JUPITER'S LITTLE RED SPOT

The Little Red Spot (LRS) in Jupiter's atmosphere was investigated in unprecedented detail by the New Horizons spacecraft together with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and the Very Large Telescope (VLT). The LRS and the larger Great Red Spot (GRS) of Jupiter are the largest known atmospheric storms in the solar system. Originally a white oval, the LRS formed from the mergers of three smaller storms in 1998 and 2000, and became as red as the GRS between 2005 and 2006. Here we show that circulation and wind speeds in the LRS have increased substantially since the Voyager and Galileo eras when the oval was white. The maximum tangential velocity of the LRS is now 172 ± 18 m s−1, close to the highest values ever seen in the GRS, which has also evolved both in size and maximum wind speed. The cloud-top altitudes of the GRS and LRS are similar, both storms extending much higher in the atmosphere than other Jovian anti-cyclonic systems. The similarities in wind speeds, cloud morphology, and coloring suggest a common dynamical mechanism explaining the reddening of the two largest anticyclonic systems on Jupiter. These storms will not be observed again from close range until at least 2016.
Quantitative measurement of airborne sea‐salt in the North Atlantic

Measurements of airborne sea-salt concentration were taken from North Atlantic weather ships during 11 voyages throughout the period September 1974 to July 1975. Total sea-salt concentrations were measured by air sampling through membrane filters. Sampling sites were at heights of 5, 10 and 15 metres above sea level. A total of 1821 aerosol samples were taken with an average of 57 samples per site per voyage. An attempt has been made to correlate sea-salt concentration with wind speed and other meteorological factors. It was found that total sea-salt concentration could be represented as a function of wind speed by the equation In ? = 0.16 u + 1.45 (? = sea-salt concentration in ? g m ? 3 and u = wind speed in m s ? 1 ) This shows good agreement with Blanchard and Syzdek's results. Observation of the time variation of sea-salt concentration and wind speed indicated residence times of the order of 12 to 24 hours. Attempts to distinguish dependence upon other meteorological parameters were not conclusive. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1978. tb00851.x
Effect of the Number of Variables on Measures of Fit in Structural Equation Modeling

There has been relatively little systematic investigation of the effect of the number of variables on measures of model fit in structural equation modeling. There is conflicting evidence as to whether measures of fit tend to improve or decline as more variables are added to the model. We consider 3 different types of specification error: minor factors, 2-factor models, and method errors. Using a formal method based on the noncentrality parameter (NCP), we find that root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA) tends to improve regardless of the type of specification error and that the comparative fit index (CFI) and Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), generally, though not always, tend to worsen as the number of variables in the model increases. The formal method that we develop can be used to investigate other measures of fit and other types of misspecification.
Boron Emitter Passivation With Al $_{\bf 2}$ O $_{\bf 3}$ and Al $_{\bf 2}$ O $_{\bf 3}$ /SiN $_{\bm x}$ Stacks Using ALD Al $_{\bf 2}$ O $_{\bf 3}$

Thin layers of Al2O3 are known to feature excellent passivation properties on highly boron-doped silicon surfaces. In this paper, we present a detailed study of the passivation quality of Al2O3 single layers and stacks of Al2O3 and antireflection SiNx on boron-doped emitters, where the Al2O3 was deposited by plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition and the SiNx by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The passivation quality was studied for different atomic layer deposition temperatures, as a function of the Al2O3 layer thickness, as well as on samples with planar and random pyramids textured surfaces. These investigations were performed for different boron emitter diffusions, such as shallow, industrial emitters with high surface concentrations, as well as driven-in emitters with low surface concentrations. For all these variations, we compared systematically different thermal post-deposition treatments to activate the Al2O3 passivation, i.e., annealing processes at moderate temperatures and short high-temperature processes, as required for firing printed metal contacts. Therefore, symmetrically processed p+np + samples were fabricated, which were characterized with the photoconductance decay technique to determine emitter saturation current densities. Finally, the longtime stability of the Al2O3/SiNx stacks with planar and textured surfaces was investigated with an accelerated ultraviolet (UV) exposure experiment, miming about 34 month of outdoor performance.
Topological transformations of electrical networks

This paper deals with effects of modifications of network structure that may be studied without reference to the type of devices present in the network. We introduce and make systematic use of the notion of a generalized minor of a vector space. This operation generalizes the usual short and open circuit operations for a graph. Using the generalized minor operation we show how to make the equations of a given network appear to be the ‘bordered version’ of the equations of some other specified network. We also consider the decomposition of a network into several ‘multiports’ and a ‘port connection diagram’, and study the properties of a minimal decomposition (with port connection diagram having a minimum number of edges). In each case we present efficient algorithms wherever appropriate. Although the paper makes use of ideas from elementary matroid theory it is entirely self-contained and requires no more than the knowledge of elementary linear algebra from the reader.
Jerk: The time rate of change of acceleration

The time rate of change of acceleration has been called the jerk and is important in certain applications of mechanics and acoustics. For planar motion, the jerk vector is resolved here into tangential‐normal and radial‐transverse components, and the normal component is expressed in terms of an affine differential invariant known as the aberrancy. Using known aberrancy properties of curves, several geometrical properties of the jerk vector are established for plane motion.
A Climatological Analysis of the Extratropical Flow Response to Recurving Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclones

AbstractAlthough prior studies have established that the extratropical flow pattern often amplifies downstream of recurving tropical cyclones (TCs), the extratropical flow response to recurving TCs has not to the authors' knowledge been systematically examined from a climatological perspective. In this study, a climatology of the extratropical flow response to recurving western North Pacific TCs is constructed from 292 cases of TC recurvature during 1979–2009. The extratropical flow response to TC recurvature is evaluated based on a time-lagged composite time series of an index of the North Pacific meridional flow surrounding TC recurvature. Similar time series are constructed for recurving TCs stratified by characteristics of the large-scale flow pattern, the TC, and the phasing between the TC and the extratropical flow to assess factors influencing the extratropical flow response to TC recurvature. Results reveal that following TC recurvature, significantly amplified flow develops over the North Pacific.
Vegetation characteristics and underlying topography from interferometric radar

This paper formulates and demonstrates methods for extracting vegetation characteristics and underlying ground surface topography from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (INSAR) data. The electromagnetic scattering and radar processing, which produce the INSAR observations, are modeled, vegetation and topographic parameters are identified for estimation, the parameter errors are assessed in terms of INSAR instrumental performance, and the parameter estimation is demonstrated on INSAR data and compared to ground truth. The fundamental observations from which vegetation and surface topographic parameters are estimated are (1) the cross-correlation amplitude, (2) the cross-correlation phase, and (3) the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscattered power. A calculation based on scattering from vegetation treated as a random medium, including the effects of refractivity and absorption in the vegetation, yields expressions for the complex cross correlation and backscattered power in terms of vegetation characteristics. These expressions lead to the identification of a minimal set of four parameters describing the vegetation and surface topography: (1) the vegetation layer depth, (2) the vegetation extinction coefficient (power loss per unit length), (3) a parameter involving the product of the average backscattering amplitude and scatterer number density, and (4) the height of the underlying ground surface. The accuracy of vegetation and ground surface parameters, as a function of INSAR observation accuracy, is evaluated for aircraft INSAR, which is characterized by a 2.5-m baseline, an altitude of about 8 km, and a wavelength of 5.6 cm. It is found that for ≈0.5% accuracy in the INSAR normalized cross-correlation amplitude and ≈5° accuracy in the interferometric phase, few-meter vegetation layer depths and ground surface heights can be determined from INSAR for many types of vegetation layers. With the same observational accuracies, extinction coefficients can be estimated at the 0.1-dB/m level. Because the number of parameters exceeds the number of observations for current INSAR data sets, external extinction coefficient data are used to demonstrate the estimation of the vegetation layer depth and ground surface height from INSAR data taken at the Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest in Alaska. This demonstration shows approximately 5-m average ground truth agreement for vegetation layer depths and ground-surface heights, with a clear dependence of error on stand height. These errors suggest refinements in INSAR data acquisition and analysis techniques which will potentially yield few-meter accuracies. The information in the INSAR parameters is applicable to a variety of ecological modeling issues including the successional modeling of forested ecosystems.
Analysis of Optimal Control Problems for the 2-D Stationary Boussinesq Equations

This paper deals with optimal control problems associated with the 2-D Boussinesq equations. The controls considered may be of either the distributed or the Neumann type. These problems are first put into an appropriate mathematical formulation. Then the existence of optimal solutions is proved. The use of Lagrange multiplier techniques is justified and an optimality system of equations is derived.