Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heat transfer measurements in a heated jet‐pipe flow issuing into a cold cross stream

Measurements are presented of mean temperature in a nonbuoyant heated jet issuing perpendicularly into a cold stream at velocity ratios R=0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2, and of velocity‐temperature fluctuation statistics at R=0.5. The mean temperature profiles at the jet exit are found to be considerably nonuniform at low velocity ratios, indicating an early mixing between the cold and hot fluid. The extra rate of strain due to streamline curvature and the longitudinal and normal temperature gradients affect the rate of generation of temperature fluctuations and turbulent heat fluxes. There are regions of the flow where the streamlines are unstably curved but the generation of ∼(ϑ2) is damped. The eddy diffusivity is well behaved across the flow only at downstream positions where the turbulent Prandtl number has rather high values close to the wall and reaches values around 0.9 away from the wall.
A readout circuit for wireless passive LC sensors and its application for gastrointestinal monitoring

A readout circuit is presented for wireless passive LC sensors, where an inductor–capacitor (LC) resonant circuit was combined with a readout coil for resonant frequency detection. The impedance phase of the readout coil shows a ‘dip’ near the sensor’s resonant frequency due to the mutual inductance. Previously, the phase-dip has suffered from limited amplitude in the low-coupling-coefficient condition (especially in the case of implantation), rendering portable detection troublesome. To address this issue, in this study a new differential transduction circuit was proposed where both theoretical analysis and numerical simulations were performed. Compared to conventional transduction circuits (e.g., the I–V circuit and the auto-balancing bridge circuit), the differential circuit was more sensitive to the phase change, enabling more reliable and precise resonant frequency detection. Moreover, the proposed readout circuit was used to detect the gastrointestinal pressure of rabbits with a Ø10 mm × 14 mm LC pressure sensor at an operational distance of up to 60 mm between the LC sensor and the readout circuit. Experimental results recorded a measurement resolution lower than 0.4 kPa and a measurement speed of eight times per second.
Physical and numerical realizability requirements for flame surface density approaches

In the flamelet regime of turbulent premixed combustion, flame surface density (FSD) models for Reynolds averaged and large-eddy simulation (LES) should satisfy the realizability requirement Σ≥|∇c¯|. Some commonly employed FSD models are analysed from this perspective and it is found that several models may not satisfy the criteria under all flow conditions. Suggestions are made for adjustments to the models and for the choice of model parameters such that realizability is guaranteed in the one-dimensional constant density case. The suggestions are supported with physical arguments based on the links between the progress variable and the FSD. Another and rather different realizability issue concerns the local simulated flame thickness in LES. This is important both physically and numerically. Physically it is expected that the local simulated flame thickness should be of approximately the same order as the filter size, Δ. In most approaches to LES of premixed combustion, the shape of the turbulent flame profile must be resolved on the computational grid, i.e. there is a numerical requirement for a minimum number of computational grid points within the simulated flame thickness. Some recently suggested approaches for LES based on the FSD concept and the filtered G-equation are analysed from the perspective of the simulated flame thickness. It is found that current approaches may not produce a flame thickness of order Δ under all flow conditions. Suggestions are made for models that can overcome this difficulty. One-dimensional simulations are presented that show the inadequacies of current approaches and the potential of the modified methods.
Metal/dendrimer nanocomposites for enhanced optical breakdown: acoustic characterization and initial targeted cell uptake study

Metal/dendrimer nanocomposites (DNCs) uniquely combine the properties of metallic clusters and the biofriendly polymer host in a nanosized hybrid particle. DNCs can biochemically target tissues and locally reduce femtosecond optical breakdown thresholds, making highly precise and selective photodisruption possible. In this study, we have used high-frequency acoustic monitoring of bubble production dynamics to investigate how DNC properties, solution concentration, and optical parameters affect threshold reduction, actual waiting time, and mechanical characteristics of breakdown. Breakdown is defined here as bubble production with an onset of less than 20 seconds after laser exposure. DNC properties varied include metal content (silver, gold) and terminal group (amino-NH2, glycidol-OH, and carboxyl- COOH) which determine pH values. Results indicate that DNC metal content markedly influences solution threshold reduction, while DNC terminal group (and thus net surface charge) and solution concentration influence the details of breakdown at these reduced threshold fluences. {Ag(0)} DNCs reduce breakdown threshold fluence 1-2 orders of magnitude more than {Au(0)} DNCs. Furthermore, concentrated DNC solutions and DNCs carrying a net negative charge (carboxyl terminal groups) increase bubble production up to four times and shorten waiting time for breakdown from seconds to milliseconds. Increasing laser fluence for a given DNC solution concentration also shortens breakdown waiting time. Lastly, utilizing the fluorescence properties of silver nanocomposites, we use confocal microscopy to examine KB cell uptake of folate targeted silver DNCs. Cells incubated with folate targeted silver DNCs exhibit a measurable increase of intracellular fluorescence compared to control cells (no DNC incubation). However, while we observe a threshold reduction in KB cells incubated with 500nM folate-targeted DNC solution, there is no threshold reduction in cells incubated with 50nM folate-targeted DNC solution. This suggests that a specific minimum DNC concentration may be required for localized reduced-threshold breakdown to occur.
A time dependent density functional treatment of superfluid dynamics: Equilibration of the electron bubble in superfluid 4He

Time dependent density functionals are formulated and implemented in numerical simulations of the equilibration dynamics of an excess electron in superfluid helium. Previously developed density functionals that incorporate nonlocal potential and kinetic correlations and reproduce the dispersion curve of liquid 4He, are used. The electron–helium interaction is treated using pseudopotentials, after testing their accuracy in reproducing the static properties of the solvated electron bubble through its known spectroscopy. The dynamics initiated by the sudden compression of the bubble is dissected, and the results are favorably compared to classical hydrodynamics. In the near-field, the fast motion corresponds to interfacial compressional waves, followed by the slow breathing of the cavity. The far-field motion consists of a shock wave, followed by radiating sound waves. The solitonic shock wave propagates at speeds as high as 580 m/s, determined by the amplitude of excitation. The energy carried by the shock .
Superconducting magnet system for HERA

The HERA accelerator facility consists of independent accelerators designed to store respectively 820-GeV protons and 30-GeV electrons. The two counterrotating beams collide head on in up to four interaction regions, which are distributed uniformly around the accelerator circumference of 6336 m. In the arcs of the ring the protons are guided and focused by some 650 superconducting dipole and quadrupole magnets and more than 1500 superconducting correction coils. In the straight sections around the intersection points the proton beam is guided by about 120 normal conducting magnets.
Identification of preclinical dementia according to ATN classification for stratified trial recruitment: A machine learning approach

There is a strong case for de‐risking neurodegenerative agent development through highly informative experimental medicine studies early in the disease process. These types of studies are dependent on a research infrastructure that includes volunteer registries holding highly granular phenotypic and genotypic data to allow stratified study selection. Examples of such registries include the Brain Health Registry, Great Minds and PROTECT cohorts which rely on remote cognitive, self‐reported medical history and genetic data. This requires the development of effective algorithms to predict the presence of preclinical dementia pathology. In this study we sought to address this need by building a machine learning (ML) ATN risk prediction algorithm which incorporates data typically collected in such registries.
A calibrated graphene-based chemi-sensor for sub parts-per-million NO2 detection operating at room temperature

Here, we present a room temperature operating chemi-sensor based on a graphene film that shows sensitivity to NO2 up to a 50 parts-per-billion (ppb) with extremely limited interference from relative humidity and can be also calibrated in a sub-parts-per-million (ppm) range with a response and recovery time of few seconds. The device has been fabricated using as active material, a solution of graphene nanosheets suspended in N-methyl-pyrrolidone drop casted on an alumina substrate with gold interdigitated electrodes. The derivative of the device response is found to be univocally correlated to NO2 concentrations from 100 ppb up to 1000 ppb and the sensor can therefore be calibrated in this same range.
Exchange‐Enhanced Paramagnetism and Weak Ferromagnetism in the Ni3Al and Ni3Ga Phases; Giant Moment Inducement in Fe‐Doped Ni3Ga

Measuring the magnetization of various alloys in the Ni3Al and Ni3Ga phases, we found that going to higher Ni concentrations within these phases, a transition from strongly exchange enhanced paramagnetism to weak ferromagnetism takes place at 74.5 and 76 at. % Ni, respectively. The shape of the reciprocal magnetic susceptibility vs temperature curves measured between 4.2° and 300°K is of the Stoner type and suggests for these alloys a density‐of‐states curve varying appreciably in the Fermi region leading to a low effective Fermi energy. This conclusion is confirmed by the strong curvature of the magnetization in high magnetic fields. These results and the fact that an increase of the magnetic field applied on ferro‐magnetic samples effects a large increase of the magnetization even at the lowest temperatures (4.2°K) and in the highest fields (200 kOe) led us to a description in terms of the itinerant electron model. The use of this model seems justified by the fact that in agreement with calculations by E.
The infrared properties of quasars and radio galaxies - Testing the unification schemes

The IRAS data base is used to compare the mid-FIR properties of two classes of radio-loud AGN whose LF radio emission arises in large-scale radio lobes. The two primary samples consist of 42 quasars and 75 narrow-line radio galaxies selected on the basis of their 178 MHz radio flux density from the 3 CR catalog and having redshifts of not less than 0.3 and Galactic latitudes of not less than 20 deg. The mid-FIR emission was found to be about four times stronger on average in the quasars than in the radio galaxies. Even though the radio galaxies are systematically weaker mid-FIR sources than the quasars, they are still exceptionally luminous (about 10 exp 12 solar luminosities) in the mid-FIR. These powerful radio galaxies contain potent sources of radiation that are either hidden or energetically unimportant at shorter wavelengths.
ON THE HOMOLOGY INVARIANTS OF KNOTS

(longitudinal circuit). If m^ and ra2 are any two meridians, one has m^ ~ ±m 2 on T; likewise qx ~ ±q2 on T for any pair qx, q% of longitudinal circuits. By a topological mapping $ one can carry V into a tubular neighbourhood V* of an unknotted curve k* in such a way that the longitudinal circuit of V is carried into a longitudinal circuit q* of F*. The 3-space in which V* lies will be designated by R*. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show the situation in the case when k is a trefoil knot. Let I be an arbitrary knot in the interior of F. Then I, as a 1-cycle in F, is homologous in F to some multiple of k, say
Quasiparticle band structures of wurtzite and rock-salt ZnO

Band structures of both wurtzite and rock-salt ZnO were investigated using the ab initio pseudopotential method with both local density approximation (LDA) and GW approximation. The error in approximating 3d electrons as core electrons was investigated for both LDA and quasiparticle calculations. The differences between the band structures obtained by the GW approximation and LDA were explained. The quasiparticle band structures were compared with experimental results. The spin–orbit splitting was calculated for both wurtzite and rock-salt ZnO with the LDA. The density of states was investigated with the GW approximation.
Analyzing the relationship between urban heat island and land use/cover changes in Beijing using remote sensing images

In this study, three scenes of Landsat TM/ETM+ images covering Beijing area were used to examine the relationship between the UHI and land use and land cover (LULC) changes, as well as between the UHI and vegetation greenness. The brightness temperatures, LULC, and NDVI were retrieved from the calibrated images. The results showed that the urban or built-up area in Beijing has increased by 4.07% from 1988 to 2005, with nearly 5.7% of vegetated land lost during the same period. The barren area was also increased in this period as large number of land was taken over for urban construction. Seasonal pattern of UHI was obvious with highest UHI intensity observed in summer and lowest in winter. Moreover, with the rapid urbanization, the extent of UHI expanded with newly hot spots emerged surrounding the central urban area. In addition, higher NDVI or vegetation coverage leads to higher land surface temperature (LST) in winter and lower LST in summer. This was due to the different thermal characteristic between vegetated area and non-vegetated area. Therefore, increasing vegetation coverage can be beneficial to the mitigation of UHI effect in urban area in hot season while to keep the land warmer in cold season.
Thermal Shock as an Ice Multiplication Mechanism. Part II. Experimental

Abstract Thermal shock tests were conducted on large numbers of ice spheres and plates, all of macroscopic size. The thermal shock was applied by cooling the specimens to the desired temperature, and then rapidly warming part of one surface by bringing water in contact with it. The spheres had a median cracking temperature of −16°C, and comparison with thermoelastic theory yielded tensile strength values for ice in the range 20–30 bars. Initiation of cracking in thick plates was a function of the temperature and of the ratio a/b (ratio of radius of warmed area to that of the cylindrical plate). For a/b=0.6, −20°C was the critical temperature, but for a/b≤0.2, which is a more appropriate scaling factor in terms of riming of cloud particles, the samples had to be colder than −35°C before any cracks appeared. None of the samples fragmented or separated. Because the experimentally applied temperature changes were more severe than would be experienced by rimed ice crystals in clouds, it is concluded that therm.
Nanocrystalline ruthenium oxide embedded zirconium-doped hafnium oxide high-k nonvolatile memories

Metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitors made of the nanocrystalline ruthenium oxide embedded Zr-doped HfO2 high-k film have been fabricated and investigated for the nonvolatile memory properties. Discrete crystalline ruthenium oxide nanodots were formed within the amorphous high-k film after the 950 °C postdeposition annealing step. The capacitor with the Zr-doped HfO2 high-k gate dielectric layer traps a negligible amount of charges. However, with the nanocrystalline ruthenium oxide dots embedded in the high-k film, the capacitor has a large memory window. The charge trapping capacity and the trapping site were investigated using the constant voltage stress method and the frequency-dependent capacitance–voltage measurement. The memory function is mainly contributed by the hole-trapping mechanism. Although both holes and electrons were deeply trapped to the bulk nanocrystalline RuO site, some holes were loosely trapped at the nanocrystal/high-k interface. The current–voltage and charge retention results conf.
Effects of unsteady mountain‐gap winds on eddies in the Red Sea

Atmosphere and ocean simulations capture the Tokar mountain‐gap wind jet and associated eddy dipole in the Red Sea. Results suggest that, once generated by a wind event, the anticyclonic eddy is further intensified through the summer by subsequent events. An asymmetry in magnitude of the two eddies is observed with the anticyclonic eddy attaining greater magnitude. A series of simulations with idealized wind forcing show that this asymmetry is not present under steady wind forcing. This effect depends on the intermittency of the wind forcing and the presence of a background northerly wind field.
Crystal Structures and Phase Transformation in In2Se3 Compound Semiconductor

Crystal structures and phase transformation in In2Se3 compound semiconductor have been studied by electron diffraction, high resolution electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) together with optical absorption measurements. The time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram reveals that there exist only two phases in In2Se3 and the transformation temperature is 853 K. The transformation from the high temperature phase to the low requires a long incubation time for crystal nucleation and a relatively high temperature for crystal growth. The low and high temperature phases are the vacancy ordered in screw form (VOSF) phase and the layer structure phase, respectively. Both phases possess semiconducting optical properties and are constructed on the basis of a tetrahedral bonding structure. The VOSF phase is of a defect wurtzite structure, in which vacancies on 1/3 of the cation sites are ordered in screw form along the c-axis. The space group is P61 or P65 with a=7.14 A, c=19.38 A, Z=6. The layer structure is constructed of five-layer Se–In–Se–In–Se sets and the sets are linked by weak van der Waals' force with stacking sequence of ABC. The space group is R3m with a = 4.00 A, c = 28.80 A, Z=3 (indexed in hexagonal system). In the layer structure, structure vacancies on 1/3 of the cation sites aggregate to form a vacancy plane for every three In-planes. The structural difference between the two phases is most clearly characterized by the difference in coordination numbers of the Se atoms.
Optical Absorption and X-Ray Photoemission Spectra of Lanthanum and Cerium Halides

The fundamental absorption spectra of evaporated thin films of La- and Ce-halides have been measured over a photon energy range from 3 to 40 eV. The fine structures occurring below the threshold in Ce-halides are ascribed to the 4 f →5 d transition of cerium ion. The Cl - L 2,3 absorption spectra of LaCl 3 and CeCl 3 have been measured at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures. Overall profiles of the spectra are alike between the fundamental and Cl - L 2,3 absorption except for the regions near the thresholds. X-ray photoemission spectra of La- and Ce-halides around the valence band have been measured. The occupied 4 f level in CeF 3 is identified to be well above the valence band, whereas it overlaps the valence band partially in CeCl 3 and completely in CeBr 3 . The fundamental absorption spectra are interpreted qualitatively with the aid of obtained Cl - L 2,3 and XPS spectra.
Apolipoprotein E moderates the association between Non-APOE Polygenic Risk Score for Alzheimer’s Disease and Aging on Preclinical Cognitive Function

Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE‐ε4) is the strongest known risk factor for late‐onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD). Variation in cognitive decline patterns among cognitively unimpaired individuals suggests that additional LOAD‐related genetic factors may interact with APOE‐ε4 to influence cognitive decline during asymptomatic aging. In the present study, we aim to investigate whether any genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) and p‐value threshold (pT)‐informed non‐APOE polygenic risk scores (PRS) moderate associations between APOE‐ε4 and longitudinal cognition.
The parkes Southern pulsar Survey — I. Observing and data analysis systems and initial results

'Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO, PO Box 76, Epping NSW 2121, Australia Wuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester, lodrell Bank, Macclesfield, Cheshire SKII 9DL 3Istituto di Radioastronomia del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy 4Istituto di Fisica dell'Universita, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy 'Research Centre for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 6Mount Stromlo and Siding Spring Observatories, Australian National University, Private Bag, Weston ACT 2611, Australia
(12)CO (3-2) & (1-0) emission line observations of nearby starburst galaxy nuclei

New measurements of the (12)CO (1-0) and (12)CO (3-2) line emission are presented for the nuclei of seven nearby starburst galaxies selected from a complete sample of 21 nearby starburst galaxies for which the nuclear star formation rates are measured to be comparable to the archetype starburst galaxies M82 and NGC 253. The new observations capitalize on the coincidence between the beam size of the 45 m Nobeyama telescope at 115 GHz and that of the 15 m James Clerk Maxwell Telescope at 345 GHz to measure the value of the (12)CO (3-2)/(1-0) emission line ratio in a 15 sec (less than or equal to 2.5 kpc) diameter region centered on the nuclear starburst. In principle, the (12)CO (3-2)/(1-0) emission line ratio provides a measure of temperature and optical depth for the (12)CO gas. The error weighted mean value of the (12)CO (3-2)/(1-0) emission line ratio measured for the seven starburst galaxy nuclei is -0.64 +/- 0.06. The (12)CO (3-2)/(1-0) emission line ratio measured for the starburst galaxy nuclei is significantly higher than the average value measured for molecular gas in the disk of the Galaxy, implying warmer temperatures for the molecular gas in starburst galaxy nuclei. On the other hand, the (12)CO (3-2)/(1-0) emission line ratio measured for the starburst galaxy nuclei is not as high as would be expected if the molecular gas were hot, greater than 20 K, and optically thin, tau much less than 1. The total mass of molecular gas contained within the central 1.2-2.8 kpc diameter region of the starburst galaxy nuclei ranges from 10(exp 8) to 10(exp 9) solar mass. While substantial, the molecular gas mass represents only a small percentage, approximately 9%-16%, of the dynamical mass in the same region.
Experimental and theoretical investigations of single-frequency Raman fiber amplifiers operating at 1178 nm

We present a detailed study of power scaling in polarization-maintaining Raman fiber amplifiers operating at 1178 nm since this wavelength can be frequency doubled into 589 nm for sodium guide star applications. We confirm experimentally that the optimized output signal at SBS threshold scales linearly with the pump power. We also present results from numerical and experimental studies investigating the scalability of Raman fiber amplifiers with seed power. Both co-pumped and counter pumped two-stage amplifiers utilizing acoustically tailored fiber for SBS suppression were constructed and studied. For the former configuration spectral broadening was observed, while the latter configuration provided 22 W of single-frequency output. Finally, we show results of a phase-modulated amplifier generating multiple spectral lines separated by 886 MHz, which corresponds to the spectral separation of the sodium D2a, and D2b lines after frequency doubling in a nonlinear cavity.