Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The nature and origin of the Barrovian metamorphism, Scotland: diffusion length scales in garnet and inferred thermal time scales

Abstract: In this paper we examine the length scales of major element diffusion in garnet during the Barrovian metamorphism. The role of diffusion in the flattening of Mn zoning profiles in garnet with increasing metamorphic grade across the Barrovian metamorphic series is ambiguous. However, the loss of distinct Mn-defined secondary compositional zoning in Barrovian garnets with increasing metamorphic grade and preservation of geochemical textures around Mn-free inclusions within high-grade Barrovian garnets provide robust evidence for c. 1000 μm Mn diffusion in sillimanite-zone garnets during the Barrovian regional metamorphism. Sillimanite-grade garnets from the Barrovian metamorphic series also preserve c. 100 μm Mn diffusion textures between sillimanite-grade rim domains and lower-grade cores. Bimodality in diffusion length scales requires bimodality in thermal time scales. Length scales of chemical diffusion are considered within the context of recent duration estimates for the Barrovian metamorphism of a few million years. We conclude that heat associated with the Barrovian regional metamorphism accumulated following numerous, short time-scale heating events responsible for the smaller-scale diffusion textures. This self-similar thermal regime was likely accommodated by the operation of shear zones in the highest-grade regions of the Barrovian metamorphic series, which concentrated small-scale episodic heat sources such as sheeted magmas, fluids and/or mechanical work. Supplementary material: A table of quantitative electron microprobe analyses, an example of the calibration curve used to produce quantitative electron microprobe maps from count maps, and Y maps are available at http://www.geolsoc. org.uk/SUP18415.
Statistical Mixing Model for the Apparent Dielectric Constant of Unsaturated Porous Media

A statistical model is proposed that relates the apparent dielectric constant of an unsaturated porous medium to its porosity and volumetric water content. It is assumed that the solid, water, and air components are randomly distributed in space. The unsaturated soil, or other porous media, are considered as a three-dimensional network of capacitors, with a distribution of capacitance values according to the volume fractions of the three components. Taking into consideration the simplifying assumptions embedded in the model and the fact that no calibration is required, a fair agreement was demonstrated between its prediction and the widely used empirical function ofTopp. The basic model presented can be further developed to account for other soil properties by lifting some of the simplifying assumptions. The objectives of this study were to provide some additional insight into the way the volume fractions of the three soil phases determine its apparent dielectric constant, and to introduce a new approach for further investigation of this phenomenon. It is not intended to propose a new universal model relating the volumetric water content to its measured apparent dielectric constant.
Market Signaling with Grades

We consider a signaling model in which receivers observe both the sender's costly signal as well as a stochastic grade that is correlated with the sender's type. In equilibrium, the sender resolves the trade-off between using the costly signal versus relying on the noisy grade to distinguish himself. We derive a necessary and sufficient condition—loosely, that the grade is sufficiently informative relative to the dispersion of (marginal) signaling costs across types—under which the presence of grades substantively alters the equilibrium predictions. Specifically, separating equilibria do not survive stability-based refinements. Instead, the prediction depends on the prior distribution over the sender's type. For example, with two types it involves full pooling when the distribution places sufficient weight on the high type and partial pooling otherwise. Finally, the equilibrium converges to the complete-information outcome as the distribution tends to a degenerate one—resolving a long-standing paradox within the signaling literature.
Fire Risk At The Wildland-urban Interface:A Case Study Of A Galician County

In Galicia (Spain), wildfires are one of the main environmental problems, with an annual average of close to 8,600 forest fires between 1999 and 2008. Most of these fires are intentionally ignited. It is therefore crucial for fire prevention policies to assess human-started fires and their relationship with socioeconomic aspects. In this paper we focus on the spatial pattern of human presence in the territory as an important determinant on forest fires ignitions. We identify, classified and map wildland-urban interface (WUI) and assess fire risk by types of WUI in a Galician county with one of the highest incidence of forest fires during the studied period (1999-2008). Following Lampin-Maillet et al. (Mapping wildland-urban interfaces at large scales integrating housing density and vegetation aggregation for fire prevention in the South of France. Journal of Environmental Management 2010) approach, and based on a combination of a map of buildings, obtained from the National Topographic Base, and the SIOSE land-cover map (Information system of land use cover in Spain) we distinguished among 12 types of interfaces. Our results show a significant relationship between the different types of WUI and the spatial patterns of wildfire ignition points. The highest density of fire ignition points was found in non-forest WUI with either dispersed or very dense clustered buildings.
Summary Report of The First International Competition on Computational Models of Argumentation

We review the First International Competition on Computational Models of Argumentation (ICMMA’15). The competition evaluated submitted solvers performance on four different computational tasks related to solving abstract argumentation frameworks. Each task evaluated solvers in ways that pushed the edge of existing performance by introducing new challenges. Despite being the first competition in this area, the high number of competitors entered, and differences in results, suggest that the competition will help shape the landscape of ongoing developments in argumentation theory solvers.
Screen-Type Energy Dissipator for Hydraulic Structures

Laboratory experiments have shown that screens or porous baffles with a porosity of about 40% could be used as effective energy dissipators below small hydraulic structures, either in a single wall or a double wall mode. The experiments were carried out for a range of supercritical Froude numbers F\d1 from about 4 to 13, and the relative energy dissipation was appreciably larger than that produced by the corresponding classical hydraulic jumps. These screens or porous baffles produced free hydraulic jumps, forced hydraulic jumps, and in some cases submerged jumps. The flow leaving these screens was found to be supercritical with a Froude number approximately equal to 1.65 and a tailwater depth equal to 0.28 times the subcritical sequent depth \iy\d2\d* of the classical hydraulic jump with the same F\d1. To produce a secondary jump downstream of the screens, the tailwater depth needed was found to be about one half of \iy\d2\d*.
Scalable Visual Transformers with Hierarchical Pooling

The recently proposed Visual image Transformers (ViT) with pure attention have achieved promising performance on image recognition tasks, such as image classification. However, the routine of the current ViT model is to maintain a full-length patch sequence during inference, which is redundant and lacks hierarchical representation. To this end, we propose a Hierarchical Visual Transformer (HVT) which progressively pools visual tokens to shrink the sequence length and hence reduces the computational cost, analogous to the feature maps downsampling in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). It brings a great benefit that we can increase the model capacity by scaling dimensions of depth/width/resolution/patch size without introducing extra computational complexity due to the reduced sequence length. Moreover, we empirically find that the average pooled visual tokens contain more discriminative information than the single class token. To demonstrate the improved scalability of our HVT, we conduct extensive experiments on the image classification task. With comparable FLOPs, our HVT outperforms the competitive baselines on ImageNet and CIFAR-100 datasets.
Homeomorphic Image Registration via Conformal-Invariant Hyperelastic Regularisation

Deformable image registration is a fundamental task in medical image analysis and plays a crucial role in a wide range of clinical applications. Recently, deep learning-based approaches have been widely studied for deformable medical image registration and achieved promising results. However, existing deep learning image registration techniques do not theoretically guarantee topology-preserving transformations. This is a key property to preserve anatomical structures and achieve plausible transformations that can be used in real clinical settings. We propose a novel framework for deformable image registration. Firstly, we introduce a novel regulariser based on conformal-invariant properties in a nonlinear elasticity setting. Our regulariser enforces the deformation ﬁeld to be smooth, invertible and orientation-preserving. More importantly, we strictly guarantee topology preservation yielding to a clinical meaningful registration. Secondly, we boost the performance of our regulariser through coordinate MLPs, where one can view the to-be-registered images as continuously diﬀerentiable entities. We demonstrate, through numerical and visual experiments, that our framework is able to outperform current techniques for image registration.
How to make robust splitting measurements for single-station analysis and three-dimensional imaging of seismic anisotropy

SUMMARY We quantify errors on splitting intensity measurements produced by incoherent noise on horizontal components through a detailed analysis of synthetic seismograms and of SKS and SKKS waves recorded by four permanent broad-band stations. We find that these errors are quite significant, even on high-quality records, because the measurement procedure involves the comparison of radial and transverse components, which are both contaminated by noise. To decrease the level of noise in the data, it is thus recommended to average splitting intensities from waves coming from the same backazimuth. Alternatively, one can analyse stacked radial and transverse components after applying a Wiener filter, which standardizes the waveforms. This is found to be equivalent because the measure of splitting intensity is a linear process. The utilization of Wiener filters reduces variations of apparent splitting resulting from differences in frequency content of the waveforms. It is possible to determine splitting parameters (splitting delays and fast directions) from azimuthal variations of splitting intensity at a particular station. Tests on synthetic seismograms demonstrate that this approach gives unbiased and robust estimates of splitting parameters, in contrast to the Silver and Chan method, which only works on the rare records that have very large signals on their transverse components. The Wolfe and Silver method does not suffer from this limitation and gives the same results as the multichannel splitting intensity method. Analysis of splitting intensities at stations BDFB, BGCA, CAN and ERM gives fast directions that are generally in excellent agreement with those determined with the Wolfe and Silver method. However, at some stations, azimuthal variations of splitting intensities reveal features that are not well captured by the sinusoidal variation representing the average anisotropy beneath the station. This suggests that smallscale lateral variations of anisotropy are present in the subcontinental mantle, which remain to be imaged in detail.
Termite mounds as hot spots of nitrous oxide emissions in South‐Sudanian savanna of Burkina Faso (West Africa)

Despite a considerable knowledge of the significant role of termites in the global methane budget, very little is known about their contribution to the global nitrous oxide (N2O) budget. Release of N2O from termite (Cubitermes fungifaber) mounds was measured at a natural savanna site in the southwest of Burkina Faso from May to September 2006. Termite N2O emissions were around 20 μg N2O‐N m–2 h–1 at the end of the dry season, and up to two orders of magnitude higher than N2O emissions from the surrounding termite‐free soil after the onset of the rainy season. The average N2O emission rate from termite mounds during the observation period was 204 μg N2O‐N m–2 h–1, and termite mounds contributed 3.0% to total N2O emissions from this savanna ecosystem. However, in other tropical terrestrial ecosystems with other termite species and/or higher termite density this share might be significantly higher.
Permian (Wolfcampian) Admire "C"; new exploratory potential in the northern Denver Basin

Significant frontier exploratory potential exists in the lower Wolfcampian Admire "C" unit, a regionally continuous, porous dolomite interval occurring at depths of 7800-8500 ft (2379-2592 m) in western Nebraska, United States. Based on core, mud-log, thin-section, and SEM (scanning electron microscope) image analysis, as well as both regional and detailed local mapping, the Admire "C" has been found to be the most prospective of several reservoir zones in this region based on (1) consistency and occurrence of oil shows; (2) superior reservoir quality and distribution; and (3) established patterns of production. Continuity of the reservoir directly reflects transgressive-regressive cycles responsible for carbonate deposition in a shallow, intermittently restricted basin (Alliance basin) affected by glacio-eustatic sea level changes. Highest reservoir quality is concentrated in higher energy packstones and rare grainstones that exhibit a combination of intercrystalline, moldic, and vuggy porosity. The Admire "C" unit has low-to-moderate permeabilities (0.5-30 md) that restrict short-term flow capacity. A number of wells, however, have shown recoveries in the 75,000-130,000 bbl range at low and decreasing rates of annual decline, suggesting that they are in contact with a larger, more continuous reservoir than was previously thought. Source beds include black shales within the Pennsylvanian and Wolfcampian sections. Little free water exists in the Admire "C" zone, suggesting mobile water may have been displaced by hydrocarbon migration. A number of intriguing similarities between the Admire "C" and the Ordovician Red River "B" reservoir in the Williston basin imply that exploration strategies successful in the latter might be applied to the Admire.
Transitions in search tactics during the Web-based search process

Although many studies have identified search tactics, few studies have explored tactic transitions. This study investigated the transitions of search tactics during the Web-based search process. Bringing their own 60 search tasks, 31 participants, representing the general public with different demographic characteristics, participated in the study. Data collected from search logs and verbal protocols were analyzed by applying both qualitative and quantitative methods.The findings of this study show that participants exhibited some unique Web search tactics. They overwhelmingly employed accessing and evaluating tactics; they used fewer tactics related to modifying search statements, monitoring the search process, organizing search results, and learning system features. The contributing factors behind applying most and least frequently employed search tactics are in relation to users’ efforts, trust in information retrieval (IR) systems, preference, experience, and knowledge as well as limitation of the system design. A matrix of searchtactic transitions was created to show the probabilities of transitions from one tactic to another. By applying fifthorder Markov chain, the results also presented the most common search strategies representing patterns of tactic transition occurring at the beginning, middle, and ending phases within one search session. The results of this study generated detailed and useful guidance for IR system design to support the most frequently applied tactics and transitions, to reduce unnecessary transitions, and support transitions at different phases.
Rare sulfosalts from Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy. v. selenian heyrovskyite

Nous decrivons un exemple de heyrovskyite, sulfosel de Pb-Bi assez rare, comme produit de cristallisation autour d'une fumerolle a environ 500°C au cratere La Fossa, ile de Vulcano, en Italie. Le mineral fait partie d'une mince croute de sulfosels recouvrant les roches hotes alterees le long des parois, en melanges avec des varietes seleniferes de lillianite et de cannizzarite, avec galenobismutite et galene accessoires. La heyrovskyite se presente en cristaux aciculaires atteignant 300 μm, avec une largeur de moins de 1 μm. Aucune trace de destabilisation n'est developpee. Les analyses a la microsonde electronique montrent que la heyrovskýite de Vulcano a une composition proche de la composition ideale riche en Pb de la phase synthetique II, Pb 6 Bι 2 S 9 , telle qu'obtenue par Salanci et Moh en 1969. Nous signalons l'absence ici de Ag et de Cu, ce qui en fait un exemple unique par rapport au contenu de cations; seul un peu de Cd est present comme impurete. Comme dans les autres sulfosels a Vulcano, des teneurs importantes de Se sont presentes (0.9-2.5%, poids). Le champ de compositions de la heyrovskyite a Vulcano, exprime en termes de la teneur en Bi 2 S 3 (en pourcentage molaire), va d'environ 14.23% (la composition la plus riche en Pb) jusqu'a 15.24% (la plus riche en Bi), en moyenne 14.73%. Cet intervalle tres etroit (-1%) est d'un ordre de grandeur attribuable aux erreurs analytiques; la composition de l'heyrovskyite de Vulcano est donc assez constante en termes du taux de substitution de Pb pour Bi. La composition moyenne calculee correspond a la formule empirique (Pb 5 . 9 5 Cd 0 . 0 2 ) Σ 5 . 9 7 Bi 2 . 0 6 (S 8 . 5 3 Se 0 . 4 4 ) Σ 8 . 9 7 , qui se rapproche du pole ideal, Pb 6 Bi 2 S 9 . Les parametres reticulaires, obtenus suite a une etude du spectre de diffraction X, methode des poudres, sont: a 13.734(7), b 31.28(3), c 4.135(3) A. Les reflexions de type h + l = 2n sont indicatives du groupe spatial Bbmm. Les parametres de la heyrovskyite de Vulcano sont compares avec ceux pris de la litterature pour l'heyrovskýite provenant de divers gisements et avec ceux de la phase synthetique. Il n'existe aucun consensus parmi les donnees des differents auteurs. Ces donnees, de meme que les differences en composition en termes de proportion de Bi 2 S 3 parmi les divers produits naturels et synthetiques, font penser que l'intervalle de composition de la phase synthetique II est fait de plusieurs composes tres semblables. En particulier, la partie riche en Pb de cet intervalle pourrait bien representer l'analogue synthetique de la heyrovskyite de Vulcano.
Synaptichnium tracks with skin impressions from the Anisian (middle Triassic) of the Southern alps (val di non ‐ Italy)

In Val di Non (northern Italy), siltstones of Anisian age (middle Triassic) yield archosaurian and other reptilian tracks which show excellent details of their scaly plantar and palmar surfaces. The ichnofauna includes Rhynchosauroides, Chirotherium, Brachichiroth‐erium, Isochirotherium and Synaptichnium as well as tracks which can be ascribed to procolophonid reptiles and arthropod trails. The excellent preservation of scale imprints shows that the epidermal morphology of Synaptichnium differs from that of chirotheriids, and bears similarities to the lepidosauria. This observation is further proof of the primitive character of “chiroth‐eriid”; Synaptichnium, which is evident from both the pes anatomy and skin cover. Therefore the discovery of well‐preserved skin imprints at Gampenpass poses the question whether the classification of the ichnoge‐nus Synaptichnium should be revised.
Geology of the King crater region: New insights into impact melt dynamics on the Moon

[1] New geologic sketch maps and digital elevation models for King crater and the surrounding lunar farside highlands were created from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) Wide-angle Camera (WAC) and Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) images. NAC images reveal that high volume impact melt accumulations exhibit evidence of dynamic processes during and following emplacement that resulted in downwarped zones, and other morphologic anomalies visible at the 50 cm pixel scale. Among the most significant of these forms are negative relief features, some of which may represent evidence for near-surface caverns, offering points of access to subsurface environments and possible shelter from surface hazards. Other negative relief features may represent regions of extension and separation in response to possible subsurface drainage, together with isostatic readjustments, contraction, and/or compaction, in the cooling impact melt. Crater counts on the continuous ejecta blanket suggest a Late Eratosthenian to Copernican age for King crater, which is older than the estimate of Young (1977), but consistent with those of others.
Capacity Lower Bounds of the Noncentral Chi-Channel With Applications to Soliton Amplitude Modulation

The channel law for amplitude-modulated solitons transmitted through a nonlinear optical fiber with ideal distributed amplification and a receiver based on the nonlinear Fourier transform is a noncentral chi-distribution with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> degrees of freedom, where <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n=2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n=3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> correspond to the single- and dual-polarisation cases, respectively. In this paper, we study the capacity lower bounds of this channel under an average power constraint in bits per channel use. We develop an asymptotic semi-analytic approximation for a capacity lower bound for arbitrary <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and a Rayleigh input distribution. It is shown that this lower bound grows logarithmically with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), independently of the value of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Numerical results for other continuous input distributions are also provided. A half-Gaussian input distribution is shown to give larger rates than a Rayleigh input distribution for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n=1,2,3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. At an SNR of 25 dB, the best lower bounds we developed are approximately 3.68 bit per channel use. The practically relevant case of amplitude shift-keying (ASK) constellations is also numerically analyzed. For the same SNR of 25 dB, a 16-ASK constellation yields a rate of approximately 3.45 bit per channel use.
Certificate revocation list distribution in vehicular communication systems

The need to evict compromised, faulty, or illegitimate nodes is well understood in prominent projects designing security architectures for Vehicular Communication (VC) systems. The basic approach envisioned to achieve this is via distribution of Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs). Nonetheless, the problem of how to distribute CRLs effectively and efficiently has not been investigated. In this paper, we addresses exactly this problem. We propose a flexible, simple, and scalable design that leverages on road-side VC infrastructure. Our scheme can distribute large CRLs across wide VC regions within minutes, by utilizing a bandwidth of only a few Kbps at each road-side infrastructure unit.