Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FURTHER COMMENTS ON STATIONARITY TESTS IN SERIES WITH STRUCTURAL BREAKS AT UNKNOWN POINTS

where niðkÞ is defined in the papers. This is designed to test the null hypothesis of stationarity under the assumption that there may be a shift in the level and/or slope of the series; this shift must be of small magnitude, as expressed in our ‘shift assumption’; see Busetti and Harvey (2001, p. 139). Another difference between their simulated critical values of Table I and our Table VI lies in the fact that, for simulating the distribution, they choose K 1⁄4 1⁄20:2; 0:8 as the range of k in (1), whereas we essentially took the whole unit interval [0, 1]. Although for the demonstration of the theoretical result one needs to consider a closed subset of the unit interval, in practice, it is not completely clear which set K to choose. Harvey and Mills, following previous authors on this strand of literature, have selected [0.2, 0.8]. In general, it is important to remark that the critical values depend on this somewhat arbitrary choice. While the focus of our paper was primarily on testing stationarity in the presence of structural breaks at known points in time, we proposed the test based on the statistic (1) to cover cases where there may be a break at an unknown position. As previously remarked, this procedure requires the break to be of decreasing magnitude the larger is the sample size. As the unconditional test provided by (1) relies on a small shift assumption, a natural objection against its use is that the test is likely to be oversized when the magnitude of the shift is not so small. It will tend to spuriously reject the null of stationarity simply because the NM/KPSS stationarity tests are powerful also against alternative hypotheses in which the level or trend of the series contains a small number of breaks but is otherwise deterministic (Nyblom, 1989). Therefore, an interesting question is: in practice, how large is a ‘small shift’ that satisfies the shift assumption?
Coloured Jones invariants of links and the Volume Conjecture

We extend the definition of the coloured Jones polynomials to framed links and trivalent graphs in S3# k (S2 × S1) using a state‐sum formulation based on Turaev's shadows. Then, we prove that the natural extension of the Volume Conjecture holds true for an infinite family of hyperbolic links.
Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor Is a Critical Regulator in Metastasis of Breast Cancer Cells

Estrogen signaling via GPER in breast cancers has been intensively discussed over years, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be fully elucidated, especially for the transcriptional profiles of the GPER under estrogen stimulation. In this study, we evaluated the potential role GPER in regulating invasion of metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 via transcriptional way. First, with primary breast cancer tissue samples, we found that the expression of GPER significantly coordinated with another membrane receptor-CXCR1. Besides, the expression level of these two proteins was associated with the development of the primary breast cancers. Second, to dissect the cross talk between GPER and CXCR1, we further our studies to detect the activation of ERK, Akt and transcriptional factor NF-kB. We found that upon estrogen stimulation, the phosphorylation level of ERK and Akt were rapidly increased and then resulted in the activation and nucleus translocation of NF-kB. When we considered the sub-sequence of the NF-kB activation, we found the autocrine of IL-8 was boosted by stimulation of the estrogen and followed by the promoted invasion of the MDA-MB-231 cells. In conclusion, our data demonstrated the estrogen-mediated GPER stimulation would regulate the invasive activities of metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 coupled with another membrane receptor CXCR1 via transcriptional pathway, the cross talk between GPER and CXCR1 may be another target for breast cancer therapies.
An Automated Near-Infrared System for Selecting Individual Kernels Based on Specific Quality Characteristics

ABSTRACT An automated sorting system was developed that nondestructively measured quality characteristics of individual kernels using near-infrared (NIR) spectra. This single-kernel NIR system was applied to sorting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) kernels by protein content and hardness, and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) into amylose-bearing and amylose-free fractions. Single wheat kernels with high protein content could be sorted from pure lines so that the high-protein content portion was 3.1 percentage points higher than the portion with the low-protein kernels. Likewise, single wheat kernels with specific hardness indices could be removed from pure lines such that the hardness index in the sorted samples was 29.4 hardness units higher than the soft kernels. The system was able to increase the waxy, or amylose-free, millet kernels in segregating samples from 94% in the unsorted samples to 98% in the sorted samples. The portion of waxy millet kernels in segregating samples was increased from 32% in t.
Formation of interstellar solid CO{_2} after energetic processing of icy grain mantles

Context. Space infrared observations with ISO-SWS and Spitzer telescopes have clearly shown that solid carbon dioxide (CO2 )i s ubiquitous and abundant along the line of sight to quiescent clouds and star forming regions. Due to the CO2 low gas-phase abundance, it is suggested that CO2 is synthesized on grains after energetic processing of icy mantles and/or surface reactions. Aims. We study quantitatively the abundance of carbon dioxide synthesized from ice mixtures of astrophysical relevance induced by ion irradiation at low temperature. We compare the CO2 stretching and bending-mode band profiles observed towards some young stellar objects (YSOs) for which infrared spectra exist. Methods. Using a high vacuum experimental setup, the effects induced by fast ions (30−200 keV) on several ice mixtures of astrophysical interest are investigated. Chemical and structural modifications of the ice samples that form new molecular species are analyzed using infrared spectroscopy. The formation cross section of solid CO2 is estimated from the increase in column density as a function of the dose fitting of experimental data with an exponential curve. Results. Our laboratory experiments showed that carbon dioxide is formed after irradiation of ice mixtures containing C- and O-bearing molecules. Furthermore, when the same amount of energy is released into the icy sample, a larger amount of CO2 is formed in H2O-rich mixtures in agreement with previous studies. We also found that the CO2 stretching and bending mode band profiles depend on the mixture and temperature of the ice sample. We found that the amount of carbon dioxide formed after ion irradiation can account for the observed carbon dioxide towards YSOs. Furthermore, we discovered that laboratory spectra are a good spectroscopic analogue of the interstellar features. Conclusions. Even if the comparison between laboratory and observed spectra presented here cannot be considered unique and complete, our results quantitatively support the hypothesis that interstellar solid CO2 forms after ion irradiation and UV photolysis of icy mantles.
Testing for Structural Change Under Non�?Stationary Variances

Non‐stationarity of the volatility process reflects low‐frequency volatility changes of an economic time series, and its theoretical and empirical relevance has been widely recognized. We investigate how it affects cumulative sum (CUSUM) related tests for structural change in regression coefficients. Non‐stationary variances generally invalidate standard structural change tests by introducing an infinite‐dimensional nuisance parameter in the limit distribution, and we propose robust alternatives. We also show that the practical relevance of the non‐monotonic power issue, which is peculiarly associated with the test for changing mean, is mitigated (although the power against a small change is reduced) if there is comparable change in volatility levels. The results are useful to validate/modify a test to ensure monotonic power. Simulations and an empirical example provide finite‐sample evidence of the theoretical findings.
Numerical simulation of rarefied gas flow through a thin orifice

Rarefied gas flow through a thin orifice is studied on the basis of the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. The mass flow rate and the flow field are calculated over the whole range of the Knudsen number for various values of the pressure ratio. It is found that at all values of the pressure ratio a significant variation of the flow rate occurs in the transition regime between the free-molecular and hydrodynamic regimes. In the hydrodynamic regime the flow rate tends to a constant value. In the case of finite pressure ratio the flow field qualitatively differs from that for outflow into vacuum, namely vortices appear in the downflow container on approaching the hydrodynamic regime. Then, in the hydrodynamic regime the gas flow forms a strong jet. A comparison of the numerical results with experimental data available in the open literature has been performed.
The effect of wind on the microwave emission from the ocean's surface at 37 GHz

The microwave brightness temperature measurements from the electrically scanned microwave radiometer (frequency = 37 GHz) are compared with oceanic wind measurements from data buoys. It is shown that the brightness temperature can be manipulated to yield a measure of the surface roughening, which can be very well accounted for by a simple geometric optics model. The data of Hollinger (1971) at 1.4, 8,36, and 19.34 GHz were similarly manipulated and shown to require a surface with less slope variance than that predicted by the Cox and Munk (1955) optical measurements. It is also shown that the surface may be treated as isotropic to an accuracy equivalent to the roughening produced by a 2-m/s wind speed increment.
A Fuzzy Logic-Based Analog Forecasting System for Ceiling and Visibility

Abstract WIND-3 is an application for aviation weather forecasting that uses the analog method to produce deterministic predictions of cloud ceiling height and horizontal visibility at airports. For data, it uses historical and current airport observations [routine aviation weather reports (METARs)], and model-based guidance. It uses the perfect prognosis assumption as it is designed to use any model-based predictions of wind direction and speed, temperature and humidity, and precipitation occurrence and type to specify conditions in the 1–24-h projection period. To identify and rank analogs, according to their degree of similarity with the present situation, it uses a fuzzy logic–based algorithm to measure similarity between past situations, which are complete series of METARs, and current situations, which are a composite of recent METARs and model-based guidance. It uses the retrieved analog ensemble, the set of most similar analogs, to make predictions of ceiling and visibility in the 1–24-h projectio.
Anticipatory Grief in the Families of Patients with Palliative Requiring Metastatic Cancer

Background/Aim. When dealing with metastatic cancer patients, family distortions, such as anticipatory mourning, psychiatric and psychosocial disorders may occur. In the case of anticipatory mourning, there exists the risk of the patient being “given up” as if he is already gone, which will only make the patient feel lonely, with numerous problems occurring in the subsequent period of familial mourning. Currently, the importance of identifying the type of mourning affecting families of cancer patients has become more and more clear, as this allows not only for greater therapeutic success, but also avoids a high number of risks and complications that appear during the critical care period. Our paper aims to identify and assess these risk factors in order to contribute to the optimization and success of palliative therapy. Material and Method: We performed this study on a group of 78 subjects with metastatic cancer. We developed a questionnaire in order to assess the patient-family relationship, family profile and the patient’s unique psychological traits, in order to identify potential risk factors. Data processing was performed using Microsoft Excel; the XLSTAT package was used to perform complex statistical tests (χ2 test, Spearman correlation coefficient). Results and Conclusions: Women are more prone to fears related to developing cancer themselves. No risk factors leading to the development of significant pathological mourning were identified in our study group. However, the clinician who deals with the treatment of the terminally ill cancer patient will have to include the following objectives related to the relatives in the therapeutic plan: to motivate their involvement, but with the maintenance of a separation in order to maintain the individuality; to keep their realism and to distinguish between normal/pathological mourning.
Histological Evaluation of Direct Pulp Capping with Silk Sericin: A Preliminary Animal Study

Introduction: This histological study analyzed silk sericin as a potential direct pulp capping biomaterial in contact with pulp and comparing its response to calcium hydroxide. Methods and Materials: Twenty maxillary first molars from Wistar male rats were used, with 60 days of age, between 200 and 300 gr, which were divided in 4 groups (n=5): G1 and G3, controls, capped with calcium hydroxide in 7 and 30 days, respectively; G2 and G4, capped with silk sericin in 7 and 30 days, respectively. Circular cavities were prepared for pulp exposure, where capping materials were applied, being posteriorly restored with glass ionomer cement. After completion of each observation period, the animals were sacrificed and molars were histologically processed for analysis in light microscopy to evaluate presence of necrosis in pulp tissue, inflammatory cells infiltration and tertiary dentin formation. Data analysis was carried out using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s post hoc tests. Results: After 7 days, there was less necrosis and inflammatory cells infiltration in G1 when compared to G2 (P=0.007 and P=0.008, respectively). After 30 days, a sample of G3 induced tertiary dentin formation and G4 showed decrease in inflammation (P=0.041) compared to G2. Conclusion: Among the determined experiment conditions, it was concluded that contact between silk sericin and pulp tissue showed improved inflammatory response throughout treatment and new cells proliferation. However, silk sericin adhibition in pure form did not show capability for induction of tertiary dentin formation.
A Rare Case of Neglected Giant Basal Cell Carcinoma in a Nurse-Case Report and Literature Review

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer in the fair-skinned adult population over 50 years of age and the incidence is rising. Generally, BCC has an indolent course, low mortality and a good prognosis due to low rates of metastasis. Giant basal cell carcinoma is a rare reported oncological entity which accounts for 0.5% to 1% of all cases of BCC and has a diameter larger than 5cm. Basosquamous carcinoma is a rare high-risk type of BCC with clinical and histopathological features of both BCC and squamous cell carcinoma. A 61-year-old female presented to our clinic for a giant bleeding tumor located under her left breast. She initially noted the tumor almost 15 years ago. Although the patient was a nurse, she was afraid to seek medical advice until an episode of significant bleeding. At presentation the tumor was a 15/7cm in size, was invading the underlying structures and had a central ulceration. The margins of the tumoral plaque had several nodules and pearly structures suggesting the possible clinical diagnosis of BCC.
Optimizing Image Resolution to Maximize the Accuracy of Hard Classification

There are three strategies by which the accuracy of classification can be improved after the imagery that will be used for the classification has been chosen. These are to improve the definition of the class decision surfaces, to maximize the between class distances, and to reduce the within class variances. This paper reports on work done to investigate the relationship between classification accuracy and within class variances, where generally accepted measures of accuracy derived from the Confusion Matrix are used as the indicators of classification accuracy. This paper shows that the within class variances are a function of image resolution, and it provides a mechanism based on the Average Local Variance (ALV) function to find the resolution that will yield the highest relative within field classification accuracy by minimizing the within class variances.
Bias-Corrected Moment-Based Estimators for Parametric Models Under Endogenous Stratified Sampling

This paper provides an integrated approach for estimating parametric models from endogenous stratified samples. We discuss several alternative ways of removing the bias of the moment indicators usually employed under random sampling for estimating the parameters of the structural model and the proportion of the strata in the population. Those alternatives give rise to a number of moment-based estimators that are appropriate for both cases where the marginal strata probabilities are known and unknown. The derivation of our estimators is very simple and intuitive and incorporates as particular cases most of the likelihood-based estimators previously suggested by other authors.
Comparing correlated correlation coefficients

The purpose of this article is to provide simple but accurate methods for comparing correlation coefficients between a dependent variable and a set of independent variables. The methods are simple extensions of Dunn & Clark's (1969) work using the Fisher z transformation and include a test and confidence interval for comparing two correlated correlations, a test for heterogeneity, and a test and confidence interval for a contrast among k (>2) correlated correlations. Also briefly discussed is why the traditional Hotelling's t test for comparing correlated correlations is generally not appropriate in practice
Resolution limits in practical digital holographic systems

We examine some fundamental theoretical limits on the abil- ity of practical digital holography DH systems to resolve detail in an image. Unlike conventional diffraction-limited imaging systems, where a projected image of the limiting aperture is used to define the system performance, there are at least three major effects that determine the performance of a DH system: i The spacing between adjacent pixels on the CCD, ii an averaging effect introduced by the finite size of these pixels, and iii the finite extent of the camera face itself. Using a theo- retical model, we define a single expression that accounts for all these physical effects. With this model, we explore several different DH record- ing techniques: off-axis and inline, considering both the dc terms, as well as the real and twin images that are features of the holographic record- ing process. Our analysis shows that the imaging operation is shift vari- ant and we demonstrate this using a simple example. We examine how our theoretical model can be used to optimize CCD design for lensless DH capture. We present a series of experimental results to confirm the validity of our theoretical model, demonstrating recovery of super- Nyquist frequencies for the first time. © 2009 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumen-
Hypersonic Laminar Boundary Layer Velocimetry with Discrete Roughness on a Flat Plate

Laminar boundary layer velocity measurements are made on a 10-degree half-angle wedge in a Mach 10 flow. Two types of discrete boundary layer trips were used to perturb the boundary layer gas. The first was a 2-mm tall, 4-mm diameter cylindrical trip. The second was a scaled version of the Orbiter Boundary Layer Transition (BLT) Detailed Test Objective (DTO) trip. Both 1-mm and 2.5-mm tall BLT DTO trips were tested. Additionally, side-view and plan-view axial boundary layer velocity measurements were made in the absence of these tripping devices. The free-stream unit Reynolds numbers tested for the cylindrical trips were 1.7x10 6 m -1 and 3.3x10 6 m -1 . The free-stream unit Reynolds number tested for the BLT DTO trips was 1.7x10 6 m -1 . The angle of attack was kept at approximately 5-degrees for most of the tests resulting in a Mach number of approximately 8.3. These combinations of unit Reynolds numbers and angle of attack resulted in laminar flowfields. To study the precision of the measurement technique, the angle of attack was varied during one run. Nitric-oxide (NO) molecular tagging velocimetry (MTV) was used to obtain averaged axial velocity values and associated uncertainties. These uncertainties are as low as 20 m/s. An interline, progressive scan CCD camera was used to obtain separate images of the initial reference and shifted NO molecules that had been tagged by the laser. The CCD configuration allowed for sub-microsecond sequential acquisition of both images. The maximum planar spatial resolution achieved for the side-view velocity measurements was 0.07-mm in the wall-normal direction by 1.45-mm in the streamwise direction with a spatial depth of 0.5-mm. For the plan-view measurements, the maximum planar spatial resolution in the spanwise and streamwise directions was 0.69-mm by 1.28-mm, respectively, with a
High-field performance and structure of (Nb,Ta)/sub 3/Sn superconductors produced by Ta-Sn core

New (Nb,Ta)/sub 3/Sn high-field conductors have been fabricated using a Ta-Sn powder core and a Nb-Ta alloy sheath. An appropriate Ta/Sn composition ratio in the core is 6/5 to 6/4, and an optimum Ta concentration in the sheath is 3 to 4 at%. In tape specimens, relative thickness ratio of (Nb,Ta)3Sn layer increases with decreasing total thickness of the tape. The non-Cu J/sub c/ at 23 T and 4.2 K of 0.6 mm-thick tape is 1.15/spl times/10/sup 4/ A/cm/sup 2/, while that of 0.3 mm-thick tape is 1.35/spl times/10/sup 4/ A/cm/sup 2/. 2 wt%Cu addition to the core decreases the optimum reaction temperature from 900/spl deg/C to 800/spl deg/C. More homogeneous and finer grain structure of (Nb,Ta)/sub 3/Sn is obtained in specimens with a small amount of Cu addition. 2 wt%Cu addition to the core enhances non-Cu J/sub c/ of the tape in fields lower than 22 T. Mono-core wire specimens are also easily fabricated, and show excellent non-Cu J/sub c/ values in the field range of 21 to 23 T at 4.2 K.