Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stochastic analysis of transverse dispersion in density‐coupled transport in aquifers

Spectral perturbation techniques have been used previously to derive integral expressions for dispersive mixing in concentration‐dependent transport in three‐dimensional, heterogeneous porous media, where fluid density and viscosity are functions of solute concentration. Whereas earlier work focused on evaluating longitudinal dispersivity in isotropic media and incorporating the result in a mean one‐dimensional transport model, the emphasis of this paper is on evaluation of the complete dispersion tensor, including the more general case of anisotropic media. Approximate analytic expressions for all components of the macroscopic dispersivity tensor are derived, and the tensor is shown to be asymmetric. The tensor is separated into its symmetric and antisymmetric parts, where the symmetric part is used to calculate the principal components and principal directions of dispersivity, and the antisymmetric part of the tensor is shown to modify the velocity of the solute body compared to that of the background fluid. An example set of numerical simulations incorporating the tensor illustrates the effect of density‐coupled dispersivity on a sinking plume in an aquifer. The simulations show that the effective transverse vertical spreading in a sinking plume to be significantly greater than would be predicted by a standard density‐coupled transport model that does not incorporate the coupling in the dispersivity tensor.
Estimation and Forecasting of the Dynamic Relationship between Stock Prices and Exchange Rates: A Comparative Study

This thesis examines the dynamic relationship between stock prices and exchange rates. Both long-run and short-run relationships between these variables are explored. The study uses daily time series data from China, the European Union, the United Kingdom and the United States. The period of study was divided into in-sample and out-of-sample data. The in-sample data set covered the period starting from January 3, 2000 to December 31, 2010 and included 22,976 observations after adjustments, whereas the outof-sample data extended from January 3, 2011 to March 31, 2015 and incorporated 8,848 observations after adjustments. The study uses the in-sample-data to apply cointegration tests, the Vector Auto Regression model (VAR), the Vector Error Correction Model, and Granger causality tests to examine the short and long-run relationship between stock prices and exchange rates in the countries of the sample. The results revealed a long-run relationship between stock prices and exchange rates running from the Euro Exchange Rate to the FTSE Eurotop 100 Index, which supports the Flow-Oriented Theory. Furthermore, this study showed that there is a unidirectional Granger-causality relationship running from the Chinese Exchange Rate to the Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index closing price in the short-run. This result supports the arguments of the Flow-Oriented Theory. Moreover, this study demonstrates that there is a unidirectional Granger-causality relationship running from the Dow Jones Industrial Average Index closing price to the US Exchange Rate in the short-run, which corresponds with the arguments of the Share-Oriented Theory. With regards to the United Kingdom, bidirectional causality has been found between the FTSE 100 Index closing price and the UK Exchange Rate in the short-run, which supports Flow-Oriented and Share-Oriented Theories. Furthermore, this study uses the out-of-sample data to apply a VAR Forecast for China, the United Kingdom and the United States because there is short-run relationship between stock prices and exchange rates. The out-of-sample data is also used to estimate the VECM Forecast for the European Union
A juvenile redlichiid trilobite caught on the move: Evidence from the Cambrian (Series 2) ChengJiang Lagerstätte, southwestern China

Abstract A trace fossil with its putative in situ maker, a redlichiid juvenile of Eoredlichia intermedia Lu, 1940 from the lower Cambrian (Series 2) Chengjiang fauna, southwestern China, is reported here. Evidence for biogenetic linkage of the trail to the trilobite includes their close, integrated association, in situ preservation, and consistent dimensions. Analysis from Scanning Electron Microscopy further strengthens this argument. Preservation mechanism and fidelity loss in the trail are considered. In light of functional morphology, a nektonic-benthic transition in modes of life is inferred for meraspides of Eoredlichia.
On the Road to Damascus: First Steps Towards Changing the Relations of

ABSTRACT This paper distinguishes between participatory and emancipatory research, and discusses how both differ from other research practice. A further distinction is made between material and social relations of disability research production. It is argued that, although there are significant constraints imposed by the material relations of research production, genuine progress can still be made in changing the social relations of disability research. Based on the experience of doing research commissioned by organisations of disabled people and other work carried out within a framework of ‘user's perspectives’ on services and policy, the discussion focuses on the lessons we have learnt–and those we still need to learn–about how to change the relations of research production. Consultation between researchers and disabled people, subjecting research to critical scrutiny, and making researchers accountable to disabled people are suggested as key issues in the development of participatory research.
Representation of summertime low-level jets in the central United States by the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis

Abstract Reanalysis datasets that are produced by assimilating observations into numerical forecast models may contain unrealistic features owing to the influence of the underlying model. The authors have evaluated the potential for such errors to affect the depiction of summertime low-level jets (LLJs) in the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis by comparing the incidence of LLJs over 7 yr (1992–98) in the reanalysis to hourly observations obtained from the NOAA Wind Profiler Network. The profiler observations are not included in the reanalysis, thereby providing an independent evaluation of the ability of the reanalysis to represent LLJs. LLJs in the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis exhibit realistic spatial structure, but strong LLJs are infrequent in the lee of the Rocky Mountains, causing substantial bias in LLJ frequency. In this region the forecast by the reanalysis model diminishes the ageostrophic wind, forcing the analysis scheme to restore the ageostrophic wind. The authors recommend sensitivity tests of LLJ simulations b.
Prediction of shallow‐water spectra

Significant changes occur in the sea-surface spectrum as it propagates from deep to shallow water. These changes are a combined result of nondissipative forces (refraction, shoaling) and dissipative-generative forces (bottom friction, wind generation, wave breaking). In this study two prediction schemes for these changes are developed. Numerical predictions of spectral changes in shoaling water are made and compared with observed data.
Petrochemistry, U–Pb (zircon) age, and palaeotectonic setting of the Lampang volcanic belt, northern Thailand

Two NE‐trending belts of mainly subaerial dacitic to rhyolitic flows and tuffs occur in the area between the towns of Lampang and Denchai in northern Thailand. In the western belt (Doi Ton), the rocks have been pervasively altered to quartz keratophyre; rocks in the eastern belt (Doi Luang) are generally less altered. Mobile chemical components such as Na2O and K2O show wide variation, particularly in samples from the Doi Ton belt. However, low Zr/TiO2 ratios and low Nb and Ta contents support an origin at a convergent plate margin. A positive epsilon Nd value of +4.9 for rhyolite from the Doi Luang belt supports derivation from a primitive crustal source. A rhyolite sample from the Doi Luang belt yielded a U–Pb zircon age of 240 ± 1 Ma (early Mid‐Triassic). The Doi Ton and Doi Luang belts are part of the Lampang volcanic belt, which can be traced to the north into the Lincang–Jinghong volcanic belt in southern China. Comparison with published petrological data from the Lincang–Jinghong belt shows strong similarity, including the widespread development of keratophyric mineralogy and chemistry. The Lampang–Lincang–Jinghong belt formed at an early Mid‐Triassic convergent plate margin, and is similar in age and tectonic setting to the more mafic Phetchabun volcanic belt on the east side of the Nan River suture zone. These data constrain the timing of final amalgamation between the Indochina and Shan‐Thai terranes to Mid‐Triassic or younger.
The spatial and temporal variability of sand erosion across a stabilizing coastal dune field

This study aimed at quantifying the temporal and spatial variability in sand erosion and deposition over a coastal dune field in Israel. These were measured monthly over 2 years using 315 erosion pins over four transects that were placed perpendicular to the coastline. Vegetation cover was estimated based on aerial photographs and Landsat satellite images, whereas the relative height was based on a digital elevation model. These variables were calculated for the area upwind (south west) of the erosion pins, at various lengths, ranging from 15 to 400 m. Nine geomorphologic units were defined, five related to active units, and four to stabilized units. In active units at least 65% of the temporal variance in the annual absolute changes in sand level was explained by the index of Resultant Drift Potential, with most of the sand movement occurring during winter storms. Local rainfall had no apparent impact on sand mobility, due to the low coincidence of sand carrying winds and rainfall in Israel during the passage of frontal cyclones. As for the spatial variables, only a weak correlation was found between sand mobility with the distance from the coastline (R2 = 18%). Rather, sand erosion and deposition were influenced by vegetation cover and the relative height of an area of 100–200 m upwind. The values of Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index were significantly negatively correlated with annual absolute changes (R2 = 40%), whereas the relative height was significantly positively correlated (R2 = 36%). Applying a multiple regression model, 68% of the spatial variability in sand mobility was explained. The resulting map of sand activity clearly shows that at this stage of the stabilization process, most of the dunes are now disconnected, and movement of sand grains from the beach or between the dunes, is very limited. These methods can be applied into spatial and temporal models of sand mobility, thus assessing the impact of different management practices on coastal dunes.
Spatial Aspects of the Shopping Patterns of the Urban Elderly: The Case of Central Area Apartment Dwellers

ABSTRACT This paper offers an exploratory investigation of spatial aspects of the shopping patterns of elderly downtown residents. Attention is explicitly focused on their usage fields, transport modes, and shopping context. The shopping behaviour of the elderly is evaluated with reference to that of a baseline group of non-elderly consumers. The data are obtained from a questionnaire/interview survey of random samples of elderly and non-elderly apartment dwellers in the central area of Winnipeg. The findings indicate that the elderly's shopping trips are largely restricted to the central business district. In contrast, the non-elderly exhibit more extensive movement patterns, particularly when purchasing relatively expensive items. These differences appear to be related to the higher level of transport deprivation among elderly persons, although some are able to compensate for their limited mobility by travelling as bus or automobile passengers. RÉSUMÉ La présente communication rend compte d'une recherche préliminaire concernant les déplacements des acheteurs âgés domiciliés au centre ville. La recherche porte sur les domaines et les moyens de transport ainsi que sur le contexte des achats. Un groupe jeune sert de témoin. Les sujets, choisis au hasard, habitent au centre ville de Winnipeg, dans des maisons de rapport. Les données proviennent d'une enquête comportant questionnaire/entrevue, les résultats indiquent que le territoire parcouru par les acheteurs âgés se limite au centre commercial de la ville, tandis que celui des jeunes est plus étendu, notamment lorsque le coût des articles achetés est plus élevé. La différence semble liée à la difficulté de se déplacer éprouvée par les personnes âgées, encore que certains utilisent l'autobus ou se fassent conduire en automobile.
A diverse ecosystem response to volcanic ash falls

Samples of recent glacial sediments and 9 soil profiles ranging in age from 360 years to ~300Ky were collected from near Chamonix toward Lyon. The mineralogy of the <2 mm size fraction of each soil as a function of depth was analyzed by quantitative XRD. Soil profiles 17 Kyr and younger were derived almost exclusively from crystalline rocks. Older morraines also contained significant limestone and dolomite. The 360 yr moraine has a well developed organic horizon, suggesting the high availability of nutrients in the till, but no clear indication of silicate weathering. Within the ~10 Ky till, chlorite (formed by retrograde alteration of biotite) was weathered to smectite in the upper ~20 cm, but there is no major change in plagioclase or other primary silicate concentrations or kaolinite formation. The ~17 Ky till showed plagioclase weathered in the top 15 cm, and an incipient A horizon. The older tills (>100 Ky, and closer to Lyon) all have well developed A and B horizons, with the B horizon depth increasing with the till age from ~65 to ~150 cm. Weathering of plagioclase and K-feldspar in the soil horizons increases with age, as does the development of an argillic kaolinite horizon. Carbonates in the A and B horizons are severely depleted, but abruptly reach concentrations near that of the unaltered till at the base of the B horizon, the same depth at which silicate weathering appears to cease. The mineralogy of some <2 μm fractions were also analyzed. Suspended stream sediment and till from modern glaciers has mineral compositions of the <2 μm fraction that are nearly identical to the bulk tills and bedrock. Alteration of the <2 μm fraction of older tills is similar to the <2 mm fraction, with feldspar weathering above the base of the B horizon, but little alteration below. This suggests that the high surface area of the primary silicates in the clay-size fraction of till played a subordinate role in controlling the rate of chemical weathering, and weathering models with a large dependence on mineral surface area may not describe the weathering behavior of this chronosequence. Rather, other factors such as the evolution of solution chemistry may have a major control on weathering rates. A diverse ecosystem response to volcanic ash falls PAUL FROGNER KOCKUM, ROGER B. HERBERT AND SIGURDUR R. GISLASON Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-752 36, Stockholm, Sweden Institute of Earth Science, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
MANAGING THE FLOOD PULSE FOR OPTIMAL FISHERIES PRODUCTION IN THE ATCHAFALAYA RIVER BASIN, LOUISIANA (USA)

The Atchafalaya River Basin in south‐central Louisiana (USA) comprises the largest contiguous river–floodplain swamp in North America and functions as a distributary for the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. We assessed the impact of the annual flood pulse on fisheries production at a basin‐wide scale. We modelled flood duration (days/year Butte LaRose gauge height >3.6 m) and magnitude (mean daily gauge height) against long term (1987–2009) fishery‐independent and fishery‐dependent data on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), crappie (Pomoxis spp.), blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus), buffalofish (Ictiobus spp.), gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) and crayfish (Procambarus spp.). When the Atchafalaya River at Butte LaRose is at flood stage (≥ 3.6 m gauge height) for approximately 121–157 days/year, then annual relative abundances of largemouth bass, crappie, blue catfish and buffalofish are optimized during the fall (October–December). In contrast to the tenets of the flood pulse concept, gizzard shad abundance was optimized during low flow years, when flood duration is ≤10 days/year. Annual proportion of age‐1 largemouth bass was associated positively with flow magnitude during the previous year, whereas proportions of age‐2 largemouth bass and crappie were associated positively with flood magnitude 2 years prior to the fish sample. Results for commercial production metrics were ambiguous. Crayfish catches were associated positively with flood magnitude and duration, whereas gizzard shad landings peaked at a relatively small flood magnitude level and were not related to flood duration. Blue catfish and buffalofish annual landings were not influenced by the annual flood pulse. The annual flood pulse can be managed to optimize the availability of recreational (largemouth bass and crappie) and some commercial fisheries resources (blue catfish and crayfish). We estimate that a minimum discharge of 8807 m3 s−1 is required at the river's source for approximately 4–5 months during the winter–spring months to optimize fisheries production. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The characteristic of fractional uncertainty on eddy covariance measurement

Micrometeorological heat, water, and CO2 fluxes have been widely monitored with the eddy covariance (EC) method. Its uncertainty information should be as important as the flux measurement itself and is indispensable to studies addressing site intercomparison, model validation, and model-data synthesis. Therefore, we estimated the fractional uncertainty φ using EC data collected over various types of land cover and at different instrumental heights. We also investigated φ characteristics according to a spatiotemporal scale and the flux averaging interval τ. As a result, we suggest that if φ is estimated under the EC measurement conditions satisfying stationarity, it is stable and uniform regardless of the land cover, spatiotemporal scale, and kind of flux. Based on the constancy of φ, we determined the baseline as a function of τ for a stationarity or a heterogeneity index of the EC measurement.
A Multicentury Reconstruction of May Precipitation for the Mid-Atlantic Region UsingJuniperus virginianaTree Rings*

AbstractThis paper presents a multicentury reconstruction of May precipitation (1200–1997) for the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The reconstruction is based on the first principal component (PC1) of two millennial-length Juniperus virginiana L. (eastern red cedar) tree-ring chronologies collected from rocky, limestone sites in the Ridge and Valley province of West Virginia. A split-calibration linear regression model accounted for 27% of the adjusted variance in the instrumental record and was stable through time. The model was verified by the reduction of error (RE = 0.21) and coefficient of efficiency (CE = 0.20) statistics. Multidecadal changes in precipitation were common throughout the reconstruction, and wetter than median conditions and drier than median conditions occurred during the medieval climate anomaly (1200–1300) and the Little Ice Age (1550–1650), respectively. The full reconstruction contained evidence of interannual and decadal variability; however, the twentieth century reco.
Salinity of atmospheric precipitation in the Murray-Darling drainage division

Rain and dry deposition were sampled together for 28-day periods throughout 1974-75 at 27 stations, all but three being in the Murray-Darling Drainage Division (1.06 x 106 km2). Samples were analysed for calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride and sulfate. Similar procedures continued during 1975-77 for six stations used previously and a new one. Rainfall records and the mean ionic concentrations, including estimates of HCO3 + NO3, indicate that the mean aggregate concentration for eight ions in 1974-75 ranges from 3 to 35 mgL-1 for 24 stations in the drainage division and from 14 to 23 mgL-1 for three stations near the South Australian coast. Higher concentrations in the drainage division refer principally to stations in a semi-arid district and are associated with relative abundance of calcium and HCO3 derived from the calcareous soils there. Terrestrial and oceanic sources of the ions are considered. Oceanic input of chloride is estimated using mean annual concentrations to give a maximum value and concentrations for the most rainy periods to give a minimum value. These estimates are compared with discharge of chloride by the Murray and Darling Rivers, with the conclusion that in 1974-75 the oceanic input of chloride to the Darling catchment was mostly retained there, but amounts equal to the accessions to the Murray catchment were probably all flushed out. Details are given in an appendix of NO3 concentrations determined by others at two stations in frequent samples of rain.
Trace Metals and Hydrocarbons in Sediments of Elson Lagoon (Barrow, Northwest Arctic Alaska) as Related to the Prudhoe Bay Industrial Region

1 Background and Relevance to Framework Issues 2 Study Objectives/Hypotheses 7 Materials and Methods 7 Samples and analytical methods 7 Results 11 Discussion 21 Trace metal studies 21 Hydrocarbon studies 24 Conclusions 26 Ackowledgements 27 Acronyms and Abbreviations 28 Study Products 29 References 30
Cenozoic Tectonics of SE Asia and Australasia

Abstract A plate tectonic model for the development of the region of SE Asia and Australasia is presented and its implications are summarised. The complexity of the present-day tectonics of the region and the observable rates of plate motions indicate that major oceans, or multiple small oceans, have closed during the Cenozoic, and that the configuration of the region has changed significantly during this time. Despite the long-term convergence there has been frequent opening of marginal basins, and extension related to strike-slip faults resulting from partitioning of oblique convergence at plate boundaries. Present-day plate motions, based for example on GPS measurements and seismicity, illustrate the complexity of processes but appear to have little relevance in understanding the long-term kinematic development of the region. There are three important periods in regional development: at about 45 Ma, 25 Ma and 5 Ma. At these times plate boundaries and motions changed, probably as a result of major collision events. Indentation of Asia by India may have modified the Eurasian continent but there is little indication that India has been the driving force of tectonics in SE Asia. The movement of Australia northwards has caused rotations of SE Asia blocks and accretion of microcontinental fragments to SE Asia. Since 25 Ma the oceanic region east of Eurasia has been driven by motion of the Pacific plate. To improve our tectonic models, detail is needed which can be compiled from proprietary data, such as coastline, shelf edge, age and lithofacies information, held by companies. Improved dating of events is required in order to identify regional events and their consequences and identify the processes that cause the effects. Few sedimentary basins in the region will fit into simple basin models because of the frequency and rapidity of changes in regional tectonics.