Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Non-Gaussian Cold Spot in the 3 Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Data

The non-Gaussian cold spot detected in wavelet space in the WMAP 1 yr data is detected again in the co-added WMAP 3 yr data at the same position (b = -57°, l = 209°) and size in the sky (≈10°). The present analysis is based on several statistical methods: kurtosis, maximum absolute temperature, number of pixels below a given threshold, volume, and higher criticism. All these methods detect deviations from Gaussianity in the 3 yr data set at a slightly higher confidence level than in the WMAP 1 yr data. These small differences are mainly due to the new foreground reduction technique and not to the reduction of the noise level, which is negligible at the scale of the spot. In order to avoid a posteriori analyses, we recalculate for the WMAP 3 yr data the significance of the deviation in the kurtosis. The skewness and kurtosis tests were the first tests performed with wavelets for the WMAP data. We obtain that the probability of finding an at least as high deviation in Gaussian simulations is 1.85%. The frequency dependence of the spot is shown to be extremely flat. Galactic foreground emissions are not likely to be responsible for the detected deviation from Gaussianity.
Properties of attenuating and depolarizing atmospheric hydrometeors measured on a 19-GHz earth-space radio path

One year of propagation data were obtained for a 19-GHz earth-satellite path terminating at Crawford Hill, New Jersey. These data were analyzed to determine the depolarizing and attenuating properties of liquid (rain) and solid (ice) hydrometeors along the path. The observed projections of the symmetry axes of ice and rain hydrometeors were found, generally, to lie near the horizontal and vertical planes. Ice deviates from this orientation more than rain; ice occasionally is found at any possible orientation. The observed differential attenuation and differential phase for a given copolarized signal attenuation were lower than those seen on terrestrial paths. Present terrestrial rain models do not adequately describe these results. Maximum depolarization was observed to occur for linear incident polarizations near 45°. This maximum depolarization is sufficient to significantly affect the performance of dual-polarization satellite communications systems. Depolarization close to the minimum attainable for instantaneously optimized linear incident polarizations was observed most of the time for fixed vertical and horizontal polarizations. These minimum depolarization levels were low enough to have little effect on most dual-polarization systems.
Carica Papaya Reduces High Fat Diet and Streptozotocin-Induced Development of Inflammation in Adipocyte via IL-1β/IL-6/TNF-α Mediated Signaling Mechanisms in Type-2 Diabetic Rats

The prevalence of obesity in contemporary society has brought attention to how serious it is all around the world. Obesity, a proinflammatory condition defined by hypertrophied adipocytes and immune cells that reside in adipose tissue, is characterized by elevated circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines. The pro-inflammatory mediators trigger a number of inflammatory pathways and affect the phosphorylation of a number of insulin-signaling pathways in peripheral tissues. In this work, we pointed the outcome of the leaves of Carica papaya (C. papaya) on the inflammatory molecules by in vivo and in silico analysis in order to prove its mechanisms of action. Adipocytokines, antioxidant enzymes, gene and protein expression of pro-inflammatory signaling molecules (mTOR, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IKKβ) by q-RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, as well as histopathological analysis, in adipose tissues were carried out. C. papaya reinstated the levels of adipocytokines, antioxidant enzymes and mRNA levels of mTOR, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IKKβ in the adipose tissues of type 2 diabetic rats. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies revealed that caffeic acid, transferulic acid and quercetin had the top hit rates against IKKβ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and mTOR. This study concludes that C. papaya put back the altered effects in fatty tissue of type 2 diabetic rats by restoring the adipocytokines and the gene expression.
Understanding the Molecular Progression of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Traumatic Brain Injury, Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability among children and adults in America. In addition, the acute morbidity caused by TBI is implicated in the development of devastating neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative sequela. TBI is associated with the development of a neurodegenerative condition termed ‘Punch Drunk syndrome’ or ‘dementia pugilistica’, and the more recently renamed ‘chronic traumatic encephalopathy’. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative condition caused by a single or repetitive blow to the head. CTE was first described in boxers and was later found to be associated with other contact sports and military combat. It is defined by a constellation of symptoms consisting of mood disorders, cognitive impairment, and memory loss with or without sensorimotor changes. It is also a Tauopathy characterized by the deposition of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein in the form of neurofibrillary tangles, astrocytoma tangles, and abnormal neurites found in clusters around small vessels, typically at the sulcal depths. Oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and glutaminergic toxicity caused due to the insult play a role in developing this pathology. Additionally, the changes in the brain due to aging also plays an important role in the development of this condition. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms behind the development of CTE, as well as genetic and environmental influences on its pathophysiology.
Multiwave Structure of Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Excited by the Tonga Volcanic Eruptions Observed by a Dense GNSS Network in China

We used dense global navigation satellite system data from China to track the propagation of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) triggered by the 2022 January 15 Tonga volcanic eruption. We identified two TIDs originating from the eruption. One, which has been reported widely by a number of recent investigations, had a velocity of ∼361 m/s. However, another long‐distance propagating TID with a velocity of ∼264 m/s has not been widely discussed. The velocities of these TIDs coincide with previous simulation results of gravity‐wave L0 and L1 modes. We propose that these TIDs were caused by the L0 and L1 ducted modes of gravity waves excited by the volcanic eruption. However, the L1 mode is usually negligible due to its weak amplitude in comparison with that of the L0 mode. The enormous energy release resulted in a stronger amplitude of the L1 mode, which induced a detectable TID in the ionosphere.
Tungsten Nuclear Anomalies in Planetesimal Cores

Use of the extinct 182Hf-182W chronometer to constrain the timing of planetary accretion and differentiation rests on the assumption that the solar nebula had homogeneous tungsten isotopic composition. Here, we report deficiencies of ~0.1 part in 10,000 in the abundance of 184W in group IVB iron meteorites relative to the silicate Earth. These are most likely due to incomplete mixing at the planetesimal scale (2-4 km radius bodies) of the products of slow (s-) and rapid (r-) neutron-capture nucleosynthesis in the solar nebula. The correction that must be applied to the 182Hf-182W model age of core formation in IVB irons due to the presence of these nuclear anomalies is ~0.5 Myr.
The optical interstellar spectrum of κ Vel (HD 81188) and a measurement of interstellar cloud turbulence

We present ultra-high resolution (R≈106>) observations of lines due to interstellar Na i D, Ca ii K, K i and Ti ii towards κ Vel (HD 81188). Five velocity components are identified in both Na i and Ca ii, and two in K i; an upper limit is recorded for Ti ii. The very high spectral resolution has enabled us to resolve fully the intrinsic interstellar line profiles, and thereby obtain reliable measurements of the velocity dispersion parameters (b-values) for all identified velocity components. By comparing the observed b-values for Na i and K i, which differ in mass by almost a factor of 2, it has been possible to derive the kinetic temperature (Tk) and line-of-sight rms turbulent velocity (vt) simultaneously for the two clouds identified in both elements. We obtain rigorous upper limits of 0.46 and 0.33 km s-1 for vt in these two clouds, which are definitely subsonic at the measured temperatures. The three-dimensional turbulent velocity (≡√ 3 ×vt) is also almost certainly subsonic for both components, although it might just exceed the isothermal sound speed if the kinetic temperatures were close to the lower limits permitted by the line-profile analysis.
Weak convergence for weighted empirical processes of dependent sequences

In this paper we establish weak convergence theorems for weighted empirical processes of strong mixing, p-mixing and associated sequences. We apply these results to obtain weak convergence of integral functionals of empirical processes and of mean residual life processes in reliability theory. To carry out the proofs, we develop two Rosenthal-type inequalities for strong mixing and associated sequences.
An Automated Classification Scheme Designed to Better Elucidate the Dependence of Ozone on Meteorology

Abstract This paper utilizes a two-stage (average linkage then convergent k means) clustering approach as part of an automated meteorological classification scheme designed to better elucidate the dependence of ozone on meteorology. When applied to 10 years (198190) of meteorological data for Birmingham, Alabama, the classification scheme identified seven statistically distinct meteorological regimes, the majority of which exhibited significantly different daily 1-h maximum ozone concentration distributions. Results from this two-stage clustering approach were then used to develop seven “refined” stepwise regression models designed to 1) identify the optimum set of independent meteorological parameters influencing the O3 concentrations within each meteorological cluster, and 2) weigh each independent parameter according to its unique influence within that cluster. Large differences were noted in the number, order, and selection of independent variables found to significantly contribute (α = 0.10) to the .
Efektivitas Taman Bacaan Masyarakat (TBM) dalam Meningkatkan Motivasi Membaca Masyarakat di PKBM Ceria

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis tingkat efektivitas TBM dalam Meningkatkan Motivasi Membaca Masyarakat di PKBM Ceria. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Instrument pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan angket dan dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif kuantitatif dan teknik analisis statistik non parametrik dan menggunakan kriteria efektivitas dengan masing-masing komponen sebagai berikut: komponen input, proses dan output. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan nilai input dengan mean aktualnya adalah 38, 81 berada diantara 37, 33 — ≥ 47,99 dan termasuk dalam kriteria efektif, nilai proses dengan mean aktualnya adalah 34 berada diantara 30, 33 — ≥ 38,99 dan termasuk dalam kriteria efektif dan nilai output dengan mean aktualnya adalah 26 berada diantara 23, 33 — ≥ 29,99 dan termasuk dalam kriteria efektif. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa: Efektivitas Taman Bacaan Masyarakat (TBM) Dalam Meningkatkan Motivasi Membaca Masyarakat dengan komponen input, proses dan output adalah efektif.Kata Kunci : Efektivitas, TBM, Motivasi Membaca.
Deterministic modeling of whole-body sheep metabolism

Although not a traditional approach in investigating the effects of external influences on the biological composition of sheep, it is proposed that mathematical modeling and optimisation will prove to be a useful and powerful tool in this area. Research studies investigating the effects of different factors on the biological state of sheep are limited in their ability to monitor results in a whole-body manner. This research aims to provide a working model revolving around protein synthesis of sheep from the age of 12 weeks to approximately two years for simulation and optimisation purposes. Presented in this review is an analysis of previous work in this area, a description of methods undertaken to refine and improve the model, current problems being faced and the anticipated future directions of the study.
Production Function Estimation: Reviving the Primal

MUCH OF THE DISCUSSION ON THE ESTIMATION of production functions is related to the fact that inputs may be endogenous and therefore direct estimators of the production functions may be inconsistent. One way to overcome this problem has been to apply the concept of duality. The purpose of this note is to point out that estimates based on duality, unlike direct estimators of the production function, do not utilize all the available information and therefore are statistically inefficient and the loss in efficiency may be sizeable. Examination of the sources of input variability suggests generalizations of currently used estimators. A SIMPLE MODEL Duality theory is a microtheory and as such its empirical implications are related to firm, rather than market, data. Our discussion is conducted within this framework and we ignore further complications that arise from the use of aggregate market data. The conceptual problems in the choice of estimators can be presented in terms of a well known simple model. Whatever other virtues more complex models possess, the problems discussed here are not resolved by the added complexity. Let the production function be
Characterization of MODIS solar diffuser on-orbit degradation

MODIS has 20 reflective solar bands (RSB) that are calibrated on-orbit using a solar diffuser (SD) and a solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM). The MODIS SD bi-directional reflectance factor (BRF) was characterized pre-launch. Its on-orbit degradation is regularly monitored by the SDSM at wavelengths ranging from 0.41 to 0. 94μm. During each SD/SDSM calibration event, the SDSM views alternately the sunlight directly through a fixed attenuation screen and the sunlight diffusely reflected from the SD panel. The time series of SDSM measurements (ratios of the SD view response to the Sun view response) is used to determine the SD BRF degradation at SDSM wavelengths. Since launch Terra MODIS has operated for more than seven years and Aqua for over five years. The SD panel on each MODIS instrument has experienced noticeable degradation with the largest changes observed in the VIS spectral region. This paper provides a brief description of MODIS RSB calibration methodology and SD/SDSM operational activities, and illustrates the SD on-orbit degradation results for both Terra and Aqua MODIS. It also discusses the impact on the SD degradation due to sensor operational activities and SD solar exposure time. Aqua MODIS has been operated under nearly the same condition for more than five years. Its SD annual degradation rate is estimated to be 2.7% at 0.41μm, 1.7% at 0. 47μm, and less than 1.0% at wavelengths above 0. 53μm. Terra MODIS, on the other hand, has experienced two different SD solar exposure conditions due to an SD door (SDD) operation related anomaly that occurred in May 2003 that had led to a decision to keep the SDD permanently at its "open" position. Prior to this event, Terra MODIS SD degradation rates were very similar to Aqua MODIS. Since then its SD has experienced much faster degradation rates due to more frequent solar exposure.
On the Collapse Structure of an Attached Cavity on a Three-Dimensional Hydrofoil

A three-dimensional twisted hydrofoil with an attached cavitaty closely related to propellers was observed with a high-speed camera at the University of Delft Cavitation Tunnel. Reentrant flow coming from the sides of the cavity aimed at the center plane—termed side-entrant flow—collided in the closure region of the cavity, pinching off a part of the sheet resulting in a periodic shedding. The collapse of the remainder of the sheet appears to be a mixing layer at the location of the colliding reentrant flows. Collision of side-entrant jets in the closure region of a cavity is identified as a second shedding mechanism, in addition to reentrant flow impinging the sheet interface at the leading edge.
Faulty Residential Circuit Breakers—A Persistent Fire Safety Problem

Circuit breakers for residential branch circuits must trip at or below 135% of rated current. A breaker that fails that requirement is defective. Samples of two brands, purchased from retail sources, are tested for that basic calibration. Both brands were tested 4 years ago. Previous samples of one brand were 50% defective, and new samples manufactured in 2021 are 28% defective. The second brand, previously defect-free, is again defect-free. The test results, past and present, imply that some manufacturers are calibrating breakers to trip too close to the allowable upper current limit, and are checking calibration by testing at higher current. The standard calibration test at 200% of rated current is shown to be incapable of indicating whether or not a breaker will trip properly, as required by the applicable standard, at 135% of rated current. A third brand tested came on the market recently. Its thermal-magnetic breakers trip correctly, but the brand's hydraulic-magnetic breakers are erratic, with 38% of the samples malfunctioning. The malfunctions are attributed to thermal distortion that causes mechanical binding of the triggering mechanism. Some breaker brands with a high defect rate have been in the distribution chain for many years and are permanently installed in homes. The increased risk of fire and injury for the occupants of these dwellings is significant. The long-standing history of this problem and the fire safety consequences are discussed.
Observation of refraction and convergence of ion acoustic waves in a plasma with a temperature gradient

The refraction and convergence of ion acoustic waves are experimentally investigated in a magnetized plasma with an electron temperature gradient. When ion acoustic waves are launched parallel to the field lines, the waves converge toward the interior of the plasma column where the electron temperature is lower, in good agreement with theoretical prediction. Wave interference is also observed.
Measuring sense of place in social-ecological systems: a review of literature and future research needs

ABSTRACT As humanity pushes deeper into the Anthropocene, Social-Ecological Systems (SESs) across the world are facing mounting pressures. Managing, protecting and understanding these systems require research into their complex and interlinked nature. One area that has been met with increased research in recent times is Sense of Place (SoP), broadly defined as the emotional bond that people have with a ‘place’. There has been substantial growth in the number of studies seeking to understand and quantify SoP across different contexts to help integrate it into decision-making processes. This targeted scoping review aims to explore the environmental literature for examples of applied studies that measure SoP in social-ecological contexts with a focus on how SoP has been quantified and measured. Our results show a growing body of literature as well as a number of clear knowledge gaps. The majority of studies to date have focussed on the Global North (accounting for 79% of the published papers), particularly the USA and Australia, with the distribution of authors closely mirroring this same pattern. Marine and freshwater ecosystems were understudied in comparison to terrestrial ecosystems. Mixed methods were most commonly used to collect data, with interviews and surveys being the most common instruments. Further research into why SoP is being measured is required, but preliminary investigations indicate there is a perceived applicability to policy and planning. We explore these findings and identify research directions.
Flow Simulation Around an Airfoil by Lattice Boltzmann Method on Generalized Coordinates

Flow simulations around an airfoil (NACA0012) using Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) are performed in this paper. Originally, LBM is an incompressible flow solver on orthogonal coordinates. However, in order to resolve the boundary layer of the airfoil accurately, the algorithm is extended to generalized coordinates. Also, suitable wall boundary condition is introduced for generalized coordinates. First of all, the present numerical method is validated at relatively small Reynolds number (Re=500). The velocity profile of the boundary layer is compared in detail with the CFL3D results and consistent results are obtained. Second, the present method is combined with the Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model, and results at relatively high Reynolds number (Re=5x10 5 ) are shown. The results are in good agreement with the experimental data. With the same grid resolution, the present method can solve high Reynolds
High temperature magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles

Cobalt ferrite materials have a wide variety of technological applications that requires temperatures higher than room temperature. Thus the magnetic properties such as saturation magnetization, Ms remanent magnetization, Mr, coercivitty, Hc, and Curie temperature, Tc, of nanoparticles of CoFe2O4 were studied in a broad range of temperature varying from room temperature to 870 K. It was observed that, for temperatures 100 K above room temperature, these magnetic properties are still the same as at room temperature. The results were discussed in terms of interparticle interactions induced by the thermal fluctuations, cation distribution, and other imperfections that exert fields on Co2+ ions could increase with temperature.
Using solicited audio-recorded diaries to explore the financial lives of low-income women in Kenya during COVID-19: perspectives, challenges, and lessons

ABSTRACT Solicited diaries in audio, written and online forms are increasingly used in qualitative data collection. However, most studies using this approach are set in high-income, high-literacy country settings. This paper discusses the opportunities and challenges of this approach in a low-income, low-resource, low-literacy setting. We used solicited audio-recorded diaries to explore the financial lives of low-income women in Kenya during the COVID-19 pandemic. We enrolled 24 women to submit diary entries every day for seven days. We found that the audio-recorded diaries worked well with low-income women in Kenya, which has high penetration of cell phone ownership. The diaries provided textured, detailed insights into participants’ day-to-day challenges, fluctuations, and coping strategies while relying less on recall. Nevertheless, the approach required two pilots to perfect, which may be challenging when research resources and time are limited. This study provides timely evidence on the use of audio-recorded solicited diaries in low-income settings.