Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electro-Optic Intensity Modulator Using a Novel Urethane-Urea Copolymer

An electro-optic intensity modulator consisting of a waveguide structure was fabricated using a novel urethane-urea copolymer that exhibited high second-order optical nonlinearity and superior temporal stability. Single-mode waveguides were defined by a photobleaching process, and then the electro-optic effect of the polymer was induced by corona poling. The intensity modulation for a propagation light at 830 nm was observed when AC voltage was applied. A half-wave voltage of Vπ=18 V was measured at 1 kHz using a modulator that had a 13-mm-long electrode, and the electro-optic coefficient (r33) was estimated to be 12 pm/V. The birefringence of the poled polymer and the r33 of the modulator depended on the poling voltage.
One-dimensional high-order compact method for solving Euler's equations

In the field of computational fluid dynamics, many numerical algorithms have been developed to simulate inviscid, compressible flows problems. Among those most famous and relevant are based on flux vector splitting and Godunov-type schemes. Previously, this system was developed through computational studies by Mawlood [1]. However the new test cases for compressible flows, the shock tube problems namely the receding flow and shock waves were not investigated before by Mawlood [1]. Thus, the objective of this study is to develop a high-order compact (HOC) finite difference solver for onedimensional Euler equation. Before developing the solver, a detailed investigation was conducted to assess the performance of the basic third-order compact central discretization schemes. Spatial discretization of the Euler equation is based on flux-vector splitting. From this observation, discretization of the convective flux terms of the Euler equation is based on a hybrid flux-vector splitting, known as the advection upstream splitting method (AUSM) scheme which combines the accuracy of flux-difference splitting and the robustness of flux-vector splitting. The AUSM scheme is based on the third-order compact scheme to the approximate finite difference equation was completely analyzed consequently. In one-dimensional problem for the first order schemes, an explicit method is adopted by using time integration method. In addition to that, development and modification of source code for the one-dimensional flow is validated with four test cases namely, unsteady shock tube, quasi-one-dimensional supersonic-subsonic nozzle flow, receding flow and shock waves in shock tubes. From these results, it was also carried out to ensure that the definition of Riemann problem can be identified. Further analysis had also been done in comparing the characteristic of AUSM scheme against experimental results, obtained from previous works and also comparative analysis with computational results generated by van Leer, KFVS and AUSMPW schemes. Furthermore, there is a remarkable improvement with the extension of the AUSM scheme from first-order to third-order accuracy in terms of shocks, contact discontinuities and rarefaction waves.
Cosmic Radiation Measurements in Airline Service

Ionising radiation monitoring equipment is installed in all Concordes and much data have been derived. To validate the measurements from the on-board monitoring equipment, a programme of measurements on Concorde has been carried out using passive dosemeters in association with the UK National Radiological Protection Board. Data from a typical month (in this case October 1997) shows an arithmetic mean dose across the British Airways Concorde fleet of 12.9 (±0.4) μSv. h -1 . Results from the NRPB measurements for the same month give a dose of 11.4 (±0.5) μSv. h -1 and application of the CARI 3Q programme gives a dose of 9.6 μSv. h -1 for the same month. The effective route dose between London and New York gives a mean value of 43.1 μSv for the Concorde detectors. The NRPB results give route dose of 38.9 μSv whereas the CARI 3Q programme gives a route dose of 32.5 μSv. Measurements have also been performed on the Boeing 747-400 aircraft on the high latitude ultralonghaul direct London-Tokyo flight and these give values in the region of 6 μSv. h -1 , against the CARI 3Q estimate of 3.7 μSv. h -1 .
Evaporation duct influences on beyond‐the‐horizon high altitude signals

A case study of beyond-the-horizon propagation previously examined in terms of an earth-detached duct produced by an elevated layer at 2000 ft is reexamined in terms of ducting produced by evaporation ducts (duct heights ≤100 ft). The case study applies to a frequency of 3087.7 MHz, a transmitter altitude of 68 ft and a receiver altitude of 3000 ft. It is concluded that relatively shallow surface ducts of the type examined can significantly affect signal level beyond the horizon at elevations which are an order of magnitude or more greater than the duct height and could conceivably account in large measure for the disparities previously reported.
SIGNATURE IN THE INTERPLANETARY MEDIUM FOR SUBSTORMS.

A detailed signature for individual substorms is sought in the interplanetary medium. Hourly values of interplanetary field and plasma parameters are correlated with hourly averages of the AE index. An interplanetary variable involving the southward component of the interplanetary field in the solar magnetospheric coordinate system is shown to be singularly important for the generation of substorms. The parameter best correlated with AE (0.8 correlation coefficient) is the integral or summation of Bz south over time for the hour preceding the AE hourly average. The magnitude of this integral appears to be linearly related to the hourly average of AE. The linearity suggests that the southward interplanetary field represents a continuing dynamic mechanism for the production of substorms rather than just being a trigger for the release of energy that has been stored in the magnetospheric tail. Furthermore, the additional energy that the southward component of the interplanetary field apparently puts into the tail is not accumulated for longer than about 1 hour before it appears as a substorm. A linear fit to AE that uses interplanetary parameters is obtained for two time intervals of data.
Effect of strain on the electron effective mobility in biaxially strained silicon inversion layers: An experimental and theoretical analysis via atomic force microscopy measurements and Kubo-Greenwood mobility calculations

Recently, in order to explain the long-channel electron effective mobility at a high sheet carrier density in strained silicon channel transistors, it has been suggested by [M. V. Fischetti, F. Gamiz, and W. Hansch, J. Appl. Phys. 92, 7230 (2002)] that biaxial tensile strain should smooth the Si/SiO2 interface. To address this topic, the roughness properties of biaxial strained silicon-on-insulator (s-SOI) films are investigated by means of atomic force microscopy. Through in-depth statistical analysis of the digitalized surface profiles, the roughness parameters are extracted for unstrained and strained SOI films, with 0.8% biaxial tensile strain. Especially, it is found that strain significantly reduces the roughness amplitude. Then, mobility calculations in SOI and s-SOI inversion layers are performed in the framework of the Kubo-Greenwood formalism. The model accounts for the main scattering mechanisms that are dominant in the high electron density range, namely phonon and surface roughness. Special attention has been paid to the modeling of the latter by accounting for all the contributions of the potential which arise from the deformed rough interface, and by using a multisubband wavelength-dependent screening model. This model is then applied to study the influence of the surface morphology on the mobility in s-SOI inversion layers. In this context, the mobility gain between s-SOI and unstrained SOI layers is found to agree significantly better with experimental data if the strain-induced decrease of the roughness amplitude is taken into account.Recently, in order to explain the long-channel electron effective mobility at a high sheet carrier density in strained silicon channel transistors, it has been suggested by [M. V. Fischetti, F. Gamiz, and W. Hansch, J. Appl. Phys. 92, 7230 (2002)] that biaxial tensile strain should smooth the Si/SiO2 interface. To address this topic, the roughness properties of biaxial strained silicon-on-insulator (s-SOI) films are investigated by means of atomic force microscopy. Through in-depth statistical analysis of the digitalized surface profiles, the roughness parameters are extracted for unstrained and strained SOI films, with 0.8% biaxial tensile strain. Especially, it is found that strain significantly reduces the roughness amplitude. Then, mobility calculations in SOI and s-SOI inversion layers are performed in the framework of the Kubo-Greenwood formalism. The model accounts for the main scattering mechanisms that are dominant in the high electron density range, namely phonon and surface roughness. Special a.
Carbon monoxide (CO) in the Magellanic irregular galaxy NGC 55 and the N(H2)/W(CO) ratio in irregular galaxies

Results are presented from a search of NGC 55 and from mapping of NGC 55 in the J = 1-0 CO line. It is shown that the extent of the CO cloud is about 975 pc along the major axis and 390 pc perpendicular to the major axis. It is estimated that the total molecular mass of the cloud is about 8 x 10 to the 7th solar masses. It is found that the factor that transforms the velocity integrated CO line, W(CO), into a column density of molecular H, N(H2), is similar to the value found for the SMC and about 20 times higher than values for the Galaxy. It is concluded that, for irregular galaxies, the dependence of N(H2)/W(CO) on metallicity is inversely proportional to the nitrogen abundance. 24 refs.
Thermoluminescence of LiF TLD-100: Glow-curve kinetics

The thermoluminescence kinetics have been determined for the 13 glow peaks contained in the glow curves obtained from LiF TLD‐100 after exposure to 60Co irradiations. The glow curves were constructed from measurements made with recently developed equipment for recording emission spectra at closely spaced temperature intervals. In addition, the recorded data has been subjected to all corrections needed to make it suitable for reliable kinetic analysis. The recorded emission spectra can be described by a single Gaussian‐shaped band whose width and peak‐energy parameters vary erratically with temperature or, alternatively, by resolving the observed spectra into three Gaussian‐shaped bands whose parameters vary with temperatures in accord with theoretical expressions relating the emission‐spectra peak energy and full width at half‐maximum to the sample temperature. The kinetics and kinetic parameters were independently determined for the two most intense resolved emission bands. All peaks are described by fir.
Modeling of negative ion production in hydrogen plasmas

Effects of cesium vapor injection on H/sup -/ production in a tandem volume source are studied numerically as a function of plasma parameters. Model calculation is performed by solving a set of particle balance equations for steady-state hydrogen discharge plasmas. The results with a focus on electron temperature and gas pressure dependence on H/sup -/ volume production are presented and discussed. Considering H/sup -/ surface production due to H atoms and positive hydrogen ions, enhancement of H/sup -/ production and pressure dependence of H/sup -/ production observed experimentally are qualitatively well reproduced in the model calculation, where stripping loss in the extraction and acceleration regions is taken into account. For enhancement of H/sup $/production, so-called electron cooling in the source region, as well as in the extraction region, is not so effective if plasma parameters are initially optimized with the use of a magnetic filter.
Logarithmic corrections to two-dimensional transport in silicon inversion layers

It is shown that the logarithmic corrections to the two-dimensional conductance arise from both interaction and incipient localisation effects. A transition between these two type of behaviour can be achieved by a change of electron temperature in the presence of a magnetic field, or just by the application of a magnetic field. The magnetic field suppresses the weak localisation and enhances the effects of the interaction. Results on conductance, magnetoconductance and Hall effect are presented and discussed.
Tokamak profile prediction using direct gyrokinetic and neoclassical simulation

Tokamak transport modeling scenarios, including ITER [ITER Physics Basis Editors, Nucl. Fusion 39, 2137 (1999)] performance predictions, are based exclusively on reduced models for core thermal and particle transport. The reason for this is simple: computational cost. A typical modeling scenario may require the evaluation of thousands of individual transport fluxes (local transport models calculate the energy and particle fluxes across a specified flux surface given fixed profiles). Despite continuous advances in direct gyrokinetic simulation, the cost of an individual simulation remains so high that direct gyrokinetic transport calculations have been avoided. By developing a steady-state iteration scheme suitable for direct gyrokinetic and neoclassical simulations, we can now compute steady-state temperature profiles for DIII-D [J. L. Luxon, Nucl. Fusion 42, 614 (2002)] plasmas given known plasma sources. The new code, TGYRO, encapsulates the GYRO [J. Candy and R. E. Waltz, J. Comput. Phys. 186, 545 (200.
THE DENJOY-WOLFF THEOREM FOR CONDENSING HOLOMORPHIC MAPPINGS

If B is the open unit ball of a strictly convex Banach space (X, ‖·‖) and f: B→B is holomorphic, condensing with respect to α‖·‖, and fixed-point-free, then there exists ξ∈∂B such that the sequence lcub;fn} of the iterates of f converges in the compact-open topology to the constant map taking the value ξ.
Measuring retrospective annoyance in field studies: Prerequisites, procedures, and problems

The definition and measurement of annoyance varies between studies. This paper is concerned mainly with measurement topics, e.g., graphical versus magnitude estimations or verbal scales; the effect of mentioning frames of reference with respect to (a) exposure time, (b) exposure area, or (c) range of possible degrees of annoyance/exposure. With verbal response scales, the number of response steps varies between 2 and 7; some studies simply provide for categorical judgments, others provide for nearly equidistant verbal steps—in order to allow for parametric treatments of data. In this context, an international study is reported which intended to gain comparable response scales for different languages. The decision criteria used for selecting 5 steps on the total range between the lowest and the highest possible degree of annoyance are discussed, and the use of certain verbal modifiers in English, German, and French are proposed. Together with instructions for mentioning the frames of reference, these modifiers should be able to get comparable annoyance scores in field studies.
Gravitational effects on planetary neutron flux spectra

The one-dimensional diffusion accelerated neutral-particle transport (ONEDANT) code is augmented to explore the effects of gravity on neutron flux spectra near planetary surfaces. The lifetime of the neutron is also explicitly accounted for. The results show a qualitatively new feature in planetary neutron leakage spectra in the form of a component of returning neutrons having kinetic energies less than the gravitational binding energy (0.132 eV for Mars). The net effect is an enhancement in flux at the lowest energies that is largest at and above the outermost layer of planetary matter. This effect diminishes with increasing depth. Fluxes for kinetic energies larger than the gravitational binding potential are minimally changed by gravity. All energy spectra can be well characterized by a model consisting of the super-position of relatively simple thermal and epithermal functions that are completely specified by four parameters; the thermal and epithermal amplitudes, α and β, respectively; the thermal temperature, Tα; and the epithermal power law exponent, p. Instrumental parameters for the initial version of the neutron mode of the Mars observer gamma ray spectrometer are used to demonstrate the ability to use measured count rates to determine thermal and epithermal amplitudes.
Mush–Chimney Convection

Mush–chimney convection occurs in a system consisting of a layer of mixed solid and liquid bounded by liquid above and solid below. The solid phase of the mush is composed of the denser constituent of the alloy, making the residual liquid compositionally buoyant as solidification proceeds. The liquid is in steady, nonlinear convection, consisting of a downward flow in the mush and an upward flow in a chimney, free of solid, which formed spontaneously in the mush as a result of the interaction between flow and structure. A well‐posed continuum mathematical model of this system is developed. A novel feature of this analysis is the development of an equation that determines the chimney radius. Material diffusion is an essential ingredient in this equation, but is negligible elsewhere. In the parameter range considered, the problem is well posed without the necessity of specifying the condition of marginal phase equilibrium. A remarkably simple analytic solution is obtained for the convective flow in the chimney.
Lipschitz spaces on stratified groups

Let G be a connected, simply connected nilpotent Lie group. Call G stratified if its Lie algebra g has a direct sum decomposition g = Vx ffi • • • ffi Vm with [V„ Vj] - Vl+J for i+j < m, [V„ Vß = 0 for i +j> m. Let {Xx,. , X„) be a vector space basis for Vx. Let / e C(G) satisfy \\f(g exp X¡ ■ )|| e Aa(R), uniformly in g e G, where A„ is the usual Lipschitz space and 0 < a < oo. It is proved that, under these circumstances, it holds that / e Ta(G) where Ta is the nonisotropic Lipschitz space of Folland. Apphcations of this result to interpolation theory, hypoelliptic partial differential equations, and function theory are provided.
Time-Dependent Photodissociation Regions

We present theoretical models of the time-dependent thermal and chemical structure of molecular gas suddenly exposed to far-ultraviolet (FUV) (6 eV < hv < 13.6 eV) radiation fields and the consequent time- dependent infrared emission of the gas. We focus on the response of molecular hydrogen for cloud densities ranging from n = l03 to 106 cm -3 and FUV fluxes G o = 10a-106 times the local FUV interstellar flux. For Go/n > 10 -2 cm 3, the emergent H 2 vibrational line intensities are initially larger than the final equilibrium values. The H E lines are excited by FUV fluorescence and by collisional excitation in warm gas. Most of the H 2 intensity is generated at a characteristic hydrogen column density of N _ 1021 cm -2, which corresponds to an FUV optical depth of unity caused by dust opacity. The time dependence of the H_ intensities arises because the initial abundances of H 2 at these depths is much higher than the equilibrium values, so that H E initially competes more effectively with dust in absorbing FUV photons. Considerable column densities of warm (T _ 1000) K H 2 gas can be produced by the FUV pumping of H E vibrational levels followed by col- lisional de-excitation, which transfers the energy to heat. In dense (n >_ 105 cm -3) gas exposed to high (G o 104) fluxes, this warm gas produces a 2-1 S(1)/l-0 S(1) H E line ratio of n0.1, which mimics the ratio found in shocked gas. In lower density regions, the FUV pumping produces a pure-fluorescent ratio of _0. 5. We also present calculations of the time dependence of the atomic hydrogen column densities and of the intensities of O I 6300 A, S n 6730 A, Fe 1, 1.64 gin, and rotational OH and H20 emission. Potential applications include star-forming regions, clouds near active galactic nuclei, and planetary nebulae. We apply our models to five planetary nebulae and conclude that only BD + 30°3639 shows evidence of enhanced H 2 emission due to (high) nonequilibrium H 2 abundances.
Constraints Placed on the Chondrule-Forming Process by Merrihueite in the Mezö-Madaras Chondrite

Abstract A few unusual chondrules in the Mezo-Madaras L3 chondrite contain the peralkaline mineral merrihueite, (K,Na) 2 ( Fe,Mg) 5 Si 12 O 30 , formed by reaction of free silica in the chondrules with K,Na,Fe-rich nebular gas. Vapor fractionation was required to create chondrules poor in Al and rich in Si, and the fractionated condensate produced had to aggregate into protochondrules very promptly (on the order of hours or less) to prevent it from mixing with dust of more generalized composition in the nebula. The traditional paradigm for chondrule formation, involving a series of unrelated events (chemical fractionation of precursor dust; clumping of the dust; melting of the dust-clumps), is inadequate for making these chondrules. A rapid process, all stages of which are related, is required. We propose that this occurred during the cooling and contraction of the volume of hot gas created by a small transient high-energy event in the nebula, of unspecified nature. Microdroplets of silicate melt created by condensation from the cooling, contracting gas had velocity vectors directed toward the center of the volume. Coalescence occurred in the crowded central zone where the microdroplets converged. The Mezo-Madaras merrihueite-bearing chondrules may have been formed by an a typically low-energy nebular event, which achieved the needed chemical fractionations by only partially vaporizing precursor dust. More common place chondrule types may have been created by the same basic process, but involving higher-energy events in which precursor dust was completely vaporized and recondensed.
Polynomial Factorisation and an Application to Regular Directed Graphs

The main theme is the distribution of polynomials of given degree which split into a product of linear factors over a finite field. The work was motivated by the following problem on regular directed graphs. Extending a notion of Chung, Katz has defined a regular directed graph based on thek-algebrakX]/(f), wherekis the finite field of orderqandfa monic polynomial of degreenoverk. It is shown that the diameter of this graph is at mostn+2 wheneverq? B(n)=n(n+2)! ]2. This improves on the work of Katz who gave a similar result for square-free polynomialsfwithout specifyingB(n).
Numerical Investigation of Inlet Buzz Flow

The present research aims at developing a time-accurate, high-resolution total variation diminishing scheme and a data-processing procedure that can analyze the inlet buzz e ow problem. Special care has been exercised on the numerical buzz e ow initiation procedure to minimize the generation of spurious numerical waves. A 10-ft ramjet engine was adopted as the simulation model. The simulated results show that the buzz cycle is attributed both to the local e ow instability around the entrance and to the acoustic resonance modes appearing inside the plenum chamber. A revised upstream feedback mechanism is proposed in the present work. It was found that the feedback loop for the subcritical operation is established locally around the inlet region, in which the ree ected acoustic waves were sent upstream as a result of the impingement of the shock-induced separation vorticities on the centerbody surface and/or the cowl lip. For the supercritical operation, however, the formation of the feedback mechanism is ascribed to the fundamental acoustic resonance mode generated in the plenum chamber.