Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Size Matters: Ultra-small and Filterable Microorganisms in the Environment

Ultra-small microorganisms are ubiquitous in Earth’s environments. Ultramicrobacteria, which are defined as having a cell volume of <0.1 μm3, are often numerically dominant in aqueous environments. Cultivated representatives among these bacteria, such as members of the marine SAR11 clade (e.g., “Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique”) and freshwater Actinobacteria and Betaproteobacteria, possess highly streamlined, small genomes and unique ecophysiological traits. Many ultramicrobacteria may pass through a 0.2-μm-pore-sized filter, which is commonly used for filter sterilization in various fields and processes. Cultivation efforts focusing on filterable small microorganisms revealed that filtered fractions contained not only ultramicrocells (i.e., miniaturized cells because of external factors) and ultramicrobacteria, but also slender filamentous bacteria sometimes with pleomorphic cells, including a special reference to members of Oligoflexia, the eighth class of the phylum Proteobacteria. Furthermore, the advent of culture-independent “omics” approaches to filterable microorganisms yielded the existence of candidate phyla radiation (CPR) bacteria (also referred to as “Ca. Patescibacteria”) and ultra-small members of DPANN (an acronym of the names of the first phyla included in this superphyla) archaea. Notably, certain groups in CPR and DPANN are predicted to have minimal or few biosynthetic capacities, as reflected by their extremely small genome sizes, or possess no known function. Therefore, filtered fractions contain a greater variety and complexity of microorganisms than previously expected. This review summarizes the broad diversity of overlooked filterable agents remaining in “sterile” (<0.2-μm filtered) environmental samples.
PSOCOPTERA OF FLINDERS, KING AND DEAL ISLANDS, BASS STRAIT

Psocoptera collected from a range of vegetation types on 5 visits to Hinders and King Is in 1987–1988, and on a visit to Deal I. in April 1987 are listed. They are discussed in relation to the Psocoptera of Cape Otway and Wilson's Promontory, Victoria. 38 species were found on Flinders I. , 24 on King I. and 10 on Deal I. Some species occurred mainly on particular vegetation types, and incidence and abundance of particular taxa differed throughout the year. Affinities of the Bass Strait Psocoptera are briefly discussed.
Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Composition in Leaves of Euonymus kiautschovicus Acclimated to Different Degrees of Light Stress in the Field

The response of carotenoid and chlorophyll composition to the actual degree of excess light experienced in the natural environment was examined in differently angled leaves of the sclerophyllous shrub Euonymus kiautschovicus. Increasing light stress caused a greater conversion of the xanthophyll cycle to zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin as well as thermal dissipation of a greater fraction of the absorbed light. Increasing light stress was also associated with increasing chlorophyll alb ratios and increases in the pool size of the xanthophyll cycle. The response of all other carotenoids to light stress was less pronounced than that of the xanthophyll cycle pool. While the ratio of β-carotene or lutein to chlorophyll increased with increasing light stress, the ratio of neoxanthin to chlorophyll remained constant. Only the (taxonomically restricted) carotenoids lactucaxanthin and ±-carotene decreased relative to chlorophyll with increasing light stress. These findings are consistent with an increased emphasis on energy dissipation over light collection with increasing light stress, afforded presumably by a decreased ratio of major, peripheral (bulk chlorophyll-binding) to minor, proximal (xanthophyll cycle-rich) light-harvesting complexes of photosystem II. These responses to light stress within a single species could not be extrapolated to comparisons among different groups of species.
ASTEROID LIGHTCURVE ANALYSIS AT CS3-PALMER DIVIDE STATION: 2013 MAY-JUNE.

Lightcurves for eleven asteroids were obtained at the Center for Solar System Studies-Palmer Divide Station (CS3-PDS) in 2013 May and June. The asteroids were a mostly a mix of Hungaria and Phocaea members along with some outer main-belt asteroids. New data failed to remove the existing rotation period ambiguity for the Hungaria asteroid 1355 Magoeba, although the number of possibilities may have been reduced. A new period is proposed for 4436 Ortizmoreno, 8.24 h (or 16.48 h), superseding the one reported by Birlan et al. (1996). The Hungaria member 26074 Carlwirtz may be a binary with a primary rotation period of P 1 = 2.5493 ± 0.0003 h and a satellite orbital period of P orb = 16.11 ± 0.02 h. The Phocaea member (125742) 2001 XT117 shows signs of a low amplitude precision period, i.e., it is possibly in non-principal axis rotation (NPAR).
STUDIES ON THE HAEMOCYTES OF ACTEON TORNATILIS (L.) (OPISTHOBRANCHIA: ACTEONIDAE)

The blood cells of Acteon tomatilis (L.) were examined by light microscope to provide descriptions of cell types, their size distributions, "in vitro" reactions, and cytochemical properties. The haemolymph contains hyalinocytes (diameter 6.0 sd 0.8 fan) which represent about 20% of the total cell population, and stain acidophilic. Haemocytes with basophilic granules (4-19 fan in diameter) represent about 80% of the total. Some of these granulocytes (about 15%) contain large acidophilic globules. Comparable globule-containing cells have been described from the digestive glands of other opisthobranch molluscs, and their biological role is discussed.
Body size as an estimator of production costs in a solitary bee

Abstract 1. Body weight is often used as an estimator of production costs in aculeate Hymenoptera; however, due to differences between sexes in metabolic rates and water content, conversion of provision weight to body weight may differ between males and females. As a result, the cost of producing female progeny may often have been overestimated.
CrossTalk opposing view: E‐cigarettes expose users to adverse effects of vapours and the potential for nicotine addiction

The use of e-cigarettes has risen in popularity over the past decade, especially among adolescents. E-cigarette is a generic term that covers a variety of nicotine delivery systems using vapour. These devices were invented and initially marketed as a safer alternative to tobacco cigarettes. However, vast advertising campaigns on social media highlighting pleasant flavours made them appealing to adolescents. The dearth of evidence regarding their
Gender Differences in Medication Use: A Drug Utilization Study Based on Real World Data

A gender-specific drug utilization study was performed in the Campania region, Southern Italy. Data were based on outpatient drug prescriptions collected from administrative databases. The study population included all patients with at least one drug prescription in 2018. Prevalence was used as a measure to estimate the degree of exposure to drugs. A total of 3,899,360 patients were treated with at least one drug (54.2% females). The number of prescriptions was higher in females than males (55.6% vs. 44.4%). Females recorded higher prevalence for the majority of therapeutic groups (ATC II—anatomical therapeutic chemical), as well as for anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products drugs (M01) (25.6% vs. 18.7%, risk ratio (RR): 0.73), beta blocking agents (C07) (14.5% vs. 11.6%, RR: 0.80), psychoanaleptics (N06) (7.1% vs. 3.7%, RR: 0.52), and antianemic preparations (B03) (2.8% vs. 6.7%, RR: 0.4). Higher prevalence was identified for males only for drugs used in diabetes (A10) (6.8% vs. 6.2%, RR: 1.1), particularly for biguanides (A10BA). Conversely, treatment duration was longer among males, explaining the higher mean cost per treated patient. This real-world study showed substantial gender differences in terms of medication use and duration of treatment and costs. These results are relevant to promoting and supporting the emerging role of precision and personalized medicine.
An inventory of indigenous knowledge and cultivation practices of medicinal plants in Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary, Central Himalaya, India

This paper presents the results of a study on the indigenous knowledge of local medicinal practitioners known as Vaidhyas and other knowledgeable people of Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary. The purpose was to document indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants and develop strategies for their cultivation to sustain the traditional healthcare system and livelihood of the rural inhabitants. Since knowledge of uses of various medicinal plants is confined to mostly traditional herbal healers, it is of utmost importance to document this knowledge for future generations. We have documented 33 plant species belonging to 32 genera and 28 families used traditionally to cure 28 diseases. The paper also analyses the linkages of various institutions working for medicinal plant cultivation, along with opportunities and constraints in this sector. A survey was conducted to collect information regarding medicinal plant cultivation and the possibilities of cultivating species in the area. The perception of local people on illegal harvesting and cultivation options of medicinal plants in the area is also discussed.
Bateman's Principles and the Measurement of Sexual Selection in Plants and Animals

A. J. Bateman's approach to animal mating systems is generalized to provide a framework for studying sexual selection in plants and hermaphroditic animals. The key feature of this generalization is the realization that the relationship between fecundity and mating success can take a variety of forms beyond those observed in Bateman's data. Thus, under many circumstances, female animals, or the female function of a hermaphroditic plant or animal, can experience sexual selection. Path diagrams are used to show that sexual selection is a component of fecundity selection. Finally, statistical procedures are discussed for measuring sexual selection in plant and animal populations with separate or combined sexes.
Pedestrian Head and Body Pose Estimation with CNN in the Context of Automated Driving

: The challenge of determining pedestrians head poses in camera images is a topic that has already been re-searched extensively. With the ever-increasing level of automation in the ﬁeld of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems, a robust head orientation detection is becoming more and more important for pedestrian safety. The fact that this topic is still relevant, however, indicates the complexity of this task. Recently, trained classiﬁers for discretized head poses have recorded the best results. But large databases, which are essential for an appropriate training of neural networks meeting the special requirements of automatic driving, can hardly be found. Therefore, this paper presents a framework with which reference measurements of head and upper body poses for the generation of training data can be carried out. This data is used to train a convolutional neural network for classifying head and upper body poses. The result is extended in a semi-supervised manner which optimizes and generalizes the detector, so that it is applicable to the prediction of pedestrian intention.
Biodiversity of wood‐inhabiting fungi in a boreal coniferous forest in Ser‐Trendelag County, Central Norway

A survey of the patterns of lignicolous fungi to record occurrence of fruitbodies on fallen logs of Picea abies. has been performed. Ninetythree forest stands with different ages. ecology, and histories of management in Ser-Trendelag County, Central Norway were investigated. In each stand an investigation plot of 40 m diameter was established, in which five logs were randomly selected. Environmental variables of the logs and plots and geographical positions of the plots were recorded. The numerical methods used include detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). A total of 140 species of Aphyllophorales, Agaricales with eccentrically attached caps, heterobasiodomycetes, and prominent ascomycetes and deuteromycetes were registered. More than one third of the species were only found once. The main gradient in the data set was shown to be related to decay. The second gradient was related to size of the logs and some forest management variables (in addition to decay). Of the variation in composition of the species, 13.8 % can be ascribed to solely environmental variance, 6 % to solely spatial structure, and only 0.8 % to the combination of the environment and spatial component of variation. The results are discussed in the light of wood decay, forest management, and landscape fragmentation.
MONITORAMENTO DE FUNGOS TOXIGÊNICOS E AFLATOXINAS EM RAÇÕES UTILIZADAS EM PISCICULTURA

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of fungi and aflatoxins in fish feeds. We analyzed 36 samples of feed for fish, with two protein compositions (juvenile/fattening) and two forms of use (sealed/open). Aspergillus and Penicillium species were counted, isolated and identified, the toxic capacity of Flavi strains was measured and aflatoxins in the feed were researched. The mean fungal counts ranged from 2.96 to 4.00 log 10 CFU/g and there was no significant difference between treatments. The most isolated species were Aspergillus flavus , Eurotion spp. and Penicillium implicatum . We concluded that the feeds studied had high fungal counts; the isolated Aspergillus flavus strains were not producers of aflatoxin; and aflatoxin was not detected in the feed samples analyzed. KEYWORDS: Animal feed ; Aspergillus ; fish; mycobiota; mycotoxins.
The Type and Amount of Dietary Fat Affect Plasma Factor VIIc, Fibrinogen, and PAI-1 in Healthy Individuals and Individuals at High Cardiovascular Disease Risk: 2 Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND Factor VIIc, fibrinogen, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) are cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and are modulated, in part, by fat type and amount. OBJECTIVE We evaluated fat type and amount on the primary outcomes: factor VIIc, fibrinogen, and PAI-1. METHODS In the Dietary Effects on Lipoproteins and Thrombogenic Activity (DELTA) Trial, 2 controlled crossover feeding studies evaluated substituting carbohydrate or MUFAs for SFAs. Study 1: healthy participants (n = 103) were provided with (8 wk) an average American diet [AAD; designed to provide 37% of energy (%E) as fat, 16% SFA], a Step 1 diet (30%E fat, 9% SFA), and a diet low in SFA (Low-Sat; 26%E fat, 5% SFA). Study 2: participants (n = 85) at risk for CVD and metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) were provided with (7 wk) an AAD, a step 1 diet, and a high-MUFA diet (designed to provide 37%E fat, 8% SFA, 22% MUFA). RESULTS Study 1: compared with AAD, the Step 1 and Low-Sat diets decreased mean factor VIIc by 1.8% and 2.6% (overall P = 0.0001), increased mean fibrinogen by 1.2% and 2.8% (P = 0.0141), and increased mean square root PAI-1 by 0.0% and 6.0% (P = 0.0037), respectively. Study 2: compared with AAD, the Step 1 and high-MUFA diets decreased mean factor VIIc by 4.1% and 3.2% (overall P < 0.0001), increased mean fibrinogen by 3.9% and 1.5% (P = 0.0083), and increased mean square-root PAI-1 by 2.0% and 5.8% (P = 0.1319), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Replacing SFA with carbohydrate decreased factor VIIc and increased fibrinogen in healthy and metabolically unhealthy individuals and also increased PAI-1 in healthy subjects. Replacing SFA with MUFA decreased factor VIIc and increased fibrinogen but less than carbohydrate. Our results indicate an uncertain effect of replacing SFA with carbohydrate or MUFA on cardiometabolic risk because of small changes in hemostatic factors and directionally different responses to decreasing SFA. This trial was registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00000538? term=NCT00000538&rank=1 as NCT00000538.
The effects of NPK fertilization for nine years on boreal forest vegetation in northwestern Canada

Plant productivity is limited by mineral nutrient availability in many boreal forest ecosystems. This study is an analysis of the growth responses of components of a boreal plant community (cryptogams, herbaceous and woody perennials, the dominant shrubs Salix glauca (grey willow) and Betula glandulosa (bog birch) and the dominant tree Picea glauca (white spruce), to the addition of an NPK fertilizer over a nine-year period. The study was carried out in a low-nutrient boreal forest ecosystem in the Yukon territory in northwestern Canada. The following predictions were tested: (1) that there would be an overall increase in abundance (measured either as cover, density, or dry mass) of all components of the vegetation, (2) that vegetation composition would change as more competitive species increased in abundance and (3) that initial community changes in response to fertilization would be transient. In general, all predictions were found to be true. Species composition changed rapidly in response to fertilizer. Graminoids (e.g. Festuca altaica) and some dicots (e.g. Mertensia paniculata and Achillea millefolium) increased in cover, while other dicots (e.g. Anemone parviflora), dwarf shrubs (e.g. Arctostaphylos uvaursi), bryophytes and lichens declined. There was a significant increase in the growth rate of the two dominant shrubs and of Picea, but not in the cone crop or seed production by Picea. Surveys after 1 or 2 years showed responses by the vegetation but more stable patterns of response did not emerge until after 5 or 6 years. There were consistent and directional changes in the percent cover of some of the herbaceous species on control plots. Growth rates of Salix and Betula varied considerably from year to year, independently of treatment. Long-term studies are essential if we are to understand the role of nutrient limitation in this ecosystem.
Effect of Chicken Anemia and Infectious Bursal Disease Vaccines and Marek's Disease Virus on the Development of Cellulitis and Myositis Lesions in Floor-Reared MHC-Defined Broiler Chickens

Abstract Wang, C. , Norton, R.A. , Macklin, K.S. and Krehling, J.T. 2005. Effect of chicken anemia and infectious bursal disease vaccines and Marek's disease virus on the development of cellulitis and myositis lesions in floor-reared MHC-defined broiler chickens. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 27: 1–5. In this experiment, 414 chickens were reared in a house in which the previous flock had experienced Marek's disease. Each bird was given 10 doses of infectious bursal disease vaccine on day 11 and on day 19 half of the chickens in every other pen were vaccinated with 2 doses of chicken anemia virus vaccine. All birds were bled on day 23 for MHC haplotype stereotyping. Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium septicum and Staphylococcus aureus were used to challenge the birds on day 29 which were then killed one week after challenge. Statistical analysis showed the percentage of cellulitis in the CAV vaccinated group and NON-CAV vaccinated group was of the same level, while the percentage of myositis occurring in the CAV vaccinated group was significantly higher than that which occurred in the chickens of NON-CAV vaccinated group. Chickens with MHC haplotype of BA9/BA9 experienced significantly lower levels of cellulitis than did chickens of B21/B21 haplotype. For both the MHC haplotypes, chickens in the CAV vaccinated groups were more resistant than the chickens of NON-CAV vaccinated group to the development of cellulitis.
Plant Extracts Activated by Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasmas as Suitable Tools for Synthesis of Gold Nanostructures with Catalytic Uses

Because cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP)-based technologies are very useful tools in nanomaterials synthesis, in this work we have connected two unique in their classes approaches—a CAPP-based protocol and a green synthesis method in order to obtain stable-in-time gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). To do so, we have used an aqueous Gingko biloba leave extract and an aqueous Panax ginseng root extract (untreated or treated by CAPP) to produce AuNPs, suitable for catalytical uses. Firstly, we have adjusted the optical properties of resulted AuNPs, applying UV/Vis absorption spectrophotometry (UV/Vis). To reveal the morphology of Au nanostructures, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in addition to energy dispersive X-ray scattering (EDX) and selected area X-ray diffraction (SAED) was utilized. Moreover, optical emission spectrometry (OES) in addition to a colorimetric method was used to identify and determine the concentration of selected RONS occurring at the liquid-CAPP interface. Additionally, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) was applied to reveal the active compounds, which might be responsible for the AuNPs surface functionalization and stabilization. Within the performed research it was found that the smallest in size AuNPs were synthesized using the aqueous P. ginseng root extract, which was activated by direct current atmospheric pressure glow discharge (dc-APGD), generated in contact with a flowing liquid cathode (FLC). On the contrary, taking into account the aqueous G. biloba leave extract, the smallest in size AuNPs were synthesized when the untreated by CAPP aqueous G. biloba leave extract was involved in the Au nanostructures synthesis. For catalytical studies we have chosen AuNPs produced using the aqueous P. ginseng root extract activated by FLC-dc-APGD as well as AuNPs synthesized using the aqueous G. biloba leave extract also activated by FLC-dc-APGD. Those NPs were successfully used as homogenous catalysts for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP).
Diving in uncharted waters: An updated genetics toolkit highlights the challenges of polyploidy in landscape genomics analyses

As molecular ecologists, we have by necessity become adept at working across computational platforms. A diverse community of scientists has developed a broad array of analytical resources spanning command line to graphical user interface across Linux, Mac, and Windows environments and a dizzying array of program‐specific input formats. In light of this, we often explore our data like free divers – filling our lungs with air and descending for a short period of time into one part of our data set before resurfacing, reformatting, and preparing for our next analysis. In this issue of Molecular Ecology Resources, Meirmans (2020) presents an updated version of GenoDive, a program with a toolkit that provides users with the opportunity to stay a while and delve deeper into the diverse portfolio of information provided by a genomic data set. The comprehensive nature of GenoDive coupled with its unique capability to handle both diploid and polyploid data also provides an opportunity to reflect on the unevenness of resources available for the analysis of polyploid versus diploid data. Since new updates include the addition of plug‐ins for genotype‐environment association analyses, we limit the observations presented here to the common tools used for landscape genomics analyses.