Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dependence of spectral‐induced polarization response of sandstone on temperature and its relevance to permeability estimation

[1] The possibility to estimate permeability from the electrical spectral induced polarization (SIP) response might be the most important benefit offered by SIP measurements. It can thus be deduced that, in the future, SIP measurements will be carried out more frequently at the field scale or in a well-logging context to estimate permeability. In the shallow subsurface, however, the temperature generally exhibits seasonal variability, and in the deeper subsurface, it usually increases with depth. Hence, knowledge about the dependence of the SIP response on temperature is necessary in order to avoid possible misinterpretation of datasets impacted by thermal effects. In our study, we present a semiempirical framework to describe the temperature dependence of the SIP response. We briefly introduce the SIP response and its relation to permeability in terms of an electrochemical polarization mechanism and combine this formulation with relationships for the dependence of ionic mobility on temperature. We compare the predictions of our formulation with the experimental data from SIP measurements performed on sandstone at temperatures from 0°C to 80°C. The measured SIP response was transformed into a relaxation time distribution, using the empirical Cole-Cole model and a regularized Debye decomposition procedure. The SIP response was found to be in good agreement with the theoretical model. The temperature dependence of both direct current conductivity and relaxation time is controlled mainly by the dependence of ionic mobility on temperature, and the shape of the relaxation time distribution of the investigated sandstone is almost independent of temperature. The temperature effect on the SIP response can therefore be easily corrected.
Magnesium and sulphur in the calcite shells of two brachiopods, Terebratulina retusa and Novocrania anomala

This study determines the distribution of magnesium and sulphur in the shells of two species of brachiopod from the same environment to highlight environmental and biological influences on shell composition. In Terebratulina retusa there are differences in magnesium concentration between the primary layer and the outer and inner regions of the secondary layer. In contrast, Novocrania anomala has a shell composed of high magnesium calcite and there is no significant difference in magnesium concentration between the primary and the secondary shell layers. Sulphur provides an indication of the distribution of sulphated organic matrix within the shells of T. retusa and N. anomala. In T. retusa the distribution of magnesium and sulphur correlates across the shell; however, there is no evidence for a relationship between magnesium and sulphur distribution in N. anomala. The relationship between magnesium and sulphur in T. retusa indicates that a proportion of the magnesium content of the shell is associated with the sulphated fraction of the organic matrix. In these two species of brachiopod, from the same environment, magnesium and organic concentration and distribution are very different, emphasizing the importance of fully understanding the factors that control biomineral composition before the application of these biominerals to environmental studies.
The winter cover of a high-mountain Mediterranean lake (Estany Redó, Pyrenees)

Deep lakes freeze late in the Pyrenees, and time for black ice growth is short because snow falls abundantly. More than 70% of the winter cover water equivalent comes from the lake, mainly in the form of flooding water. The quantity of flooding water is proportional to the accumulated precipitation. Silicate, bicarbonate, calcium, and inorganic nitrogen are the compounds more effectively excluded when ice forms. Fresh snow shows a high variability in its chemistry, especially in nitrogen compounds and chloride. The destructive metamorphism of the snow is accentuated during high radiation periods, promoting an enrichment of the slush layers with some ions by preferential elution. Nevertheless, the flooding process is the principal factor controlling the chemical composition of the cover and causes the cover composition to approach the lake water composition. The important role of the flooding water has implications in the evaluation of water resources and chemical budgets of the lake.
Calibration of Atmospherically Induced Delay Fluctuations Due to Water Vapor

We have completed a new generation of water vapor radiometers (WVR), the A- series, in order to support radio science experiments with the Cassini spacecraft. These new instruments sense three frequencies in the vicinity of the 22 GHz emission line of atmospheric water vapor within a 1 degree beamwidth from a clear aperture antenna that is co-pointed with the radio telescope down to 10 degree elevation. The radiometer electronics features almost an order of magnitude improvement in temperature stability compared with earlier WVR designs. For many radio science experiments, the error budget is likely to be dominated by path delay fluctuations due to variable atmospheric water vapor along the line-of-sight to the spacecraft. In order to demonstrate the performance of these new WVRs we are attempting to calibrate the delay fluctuations as seen by a radio interferometer operating over a 21 km baseline with a WVR near each antenna. The characteristics of these new WVRs will be described and the results of our preliminary analysis will be presented indicating an accuracy of 0.2 to 0.5 mm in tracking path delay fluctuations over time scales of 10 to 10,000 seconds.
Role of the Polar‐night Jet Oscillation on the formation of the Arctic Oscillation in the Northern Hemisphere winter

[1] The coupling between the Polar-night Jet Oscillation (PJO) and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) was examined using observational data. Positive and negative AO indices tended to appear within a specific phase of the time evolution of the PJO, and the lifetime of the AO tended to be longer when the AO was coupled with the PJO. We performed lagged regression analyses for Eulerian mean wave forcing to examine how the AO signal appears with the time evolution of the PJO. We found that the AO signal at the surface is created through meridional circulation driven by the combined effect of mechanical and thermal eddy forcing at some stage of the PJO. The effect of these wave forcings on sea level pressure (SLP) changes was investigated using a zonal-mean quasi-geostrophic model on the sphere. Approximately 40% of the polar SLP change was found to come from thermal forcing when the AO-like signal appeared and two thirds from the stratosphere, whereas 60% of the polar SLP change was a result of mechanical forcing that originated almost in the troposphere. The contribution from the wave of the zonal wave number 1 component was very important in both forcings, particularly for SLP in the polar cap region. Waves of zonal wave number 2 and 3 components also contributed significantly to tropospheric forcing.
Stiripentol in severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: a randomised placebo-controlled syndrome-dedicated trial. STICLO study group.

BACKGROUND Stiripentol is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 that showed antiepileptic efficacy in severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (SMEI) in association with clobazam and valproate in an open study. To confirm these results, 41 children with SMEI were included in a randomised, placebo-controlled, add-on trial. METHODS After a baseline period of 1 month, placebo (n=20) or stiripentol (n=21) was added to valproate and clobazam during a double-blind period of 2 months. Patients then received stiripentol in an open fashion. Responders were defined as having more than 50% reduction in the frequency of clonic (or tonic-clonic) seizures during the second month of the double-blind period compared with baseline. FINDINGS 15 (71%) patients were responders on stiripentol (including nine free of clonic or tonic-clonic seizures), whereas there was only one (5%) on placebo (none were seizure free; stiripentol 95% CI 52.1-90.7 vs placebo 0-14.6). The 95% CI of the difference was 42.2-85.7. Percentage of change from baseline was higher on stiripentol (-69%) than on placebo (+7%), p<0.0001. 21 patients on stiripentol had moderate side-effects (drowsiness, loss of appetite) compared with eight on placebo, but side-effects disappeared when the dose of comedication was decreased in 12 of the 21 cases. INTERPRETATION This controlled trial shows the antiepileptic efficacy, of add-on stiripentol in children with SMEI. The results also provide good reason to focus studies on a specific epilepsy syndrome-a small sample of patients is sufficient to show the efficacy that might have been missed in a heterogeneous population.
Fundamental characteristics of thermal convection under the condition of cooling period in the northern part of Lake Biwa

Lakes’ waters undergo natural changes during different climatic seasons. Biological, chemical as well as physical changes are interconnected to each other in various ways, making it difficult the study of the isolated component in the ecosystem. Climate of the lake’s surroundings is the important agent for lakes behavioral changes, and recent outcry of global warming and climate change is a concern to wellbeing of many lakes. The increase in air temperature due to global warming creates new thermal stratification patterns which could vitally be connected to extended periods of anoxia at lakes bottom depths by altering the natural phenomena of seasonal cycles of thermal stratification and destratification (Carr and Neary, 2008). This thesis was confined in studying the cooling process of the lake, in particular, the characteristics of lake involving cyclic summer thermal influx and eventual cooling, with northern part of Japanese lake, Lake Biwa as a case study. A one-dimensional hydrodynamic model which simulates long-term water quality variables is first discussed. The model predict hydrodynamic turbulent distribution alongside appreciable qualitative performance in estimation of some of the water quality indices, as reported in two different cases studies (Hosoda and Hosomi (2004) and Jacimovic et al. (2011)). Based on the estimates of dissolved oxygen components from the 1-D hydrodynamic model, a simple 1-D dissolved oxygen model was proposed in DO modelling. Two distinct distributions were reproduced; the stable and monotonously decreasing distribution, and the intermediate distribution characterized with a sharp drop (local minimum) around the thermocline.
Characteristics of quasi‐monochromatic gravity waves observed with Na lidar in the mesopause region at Starfire Optical Range, NM

The University of Illinois Na wind/temperature lidar data collected at the Starfire Optical Range, NM, between Jan. 1998 and May 2000 was used to extract the dominant monochromatic gravity waves. By using simultaneously measured horizontal wind and temperature profiles, the vertical wavelengths (λz), (TI), and propagation directions were determined using the hodograph method. A total of 700 monochromatic gravity waves were analyzed from ∼300 h of observations. It was found that 84.4% of the waves were propagating upwards. The mean λz was 12.6 km and 9.9 km for upward and downward propagating waves, respectively, and showed a bimodal distribution with the largest number of waves at 15–17 km and 7–9 km. The mean TI is ∼10 h. There is no dominant direction of propagation. For waves with λz <11 km, the percentage of upward propagating waves is lower (71%).
WOMEN, ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD PRODUCTION: THE CHALLENGE OF THE NIGER DELTA

This paper attempt to appraise the contributions of rural women to food production and the various challenges encountered in maximizing their potentials in the Niger Delta. It acknowledges the fact that despite women 's roles as natural home-makers, care-givers and cradle rockers, their place in food production cannot be over-looked. Their activities range from vegetable farming of all kinds to cassava and rice production. The women not only produce but also process, market and distribute farm produce to consumers either on a small, medium or large scale. Despite their huge presence and enormous contributions to the food sector, the poverty level of the rural women in the Niger Delta region is worrisome and calls for concern. The article adopts the political economy approach as a theoretical framework. It demonstrates that social, cultural, and physical environmental factors are major obstacles to women. The paper demonstrates that due to certain sociocultural inhibitions, women do not have access to land and credit facilities to enhance their maximum participation in food security thus the struggle continues. These environmental factors coupled with oil exploration activities in the region pose serious threats for food production and sustainability in the near future. The paper recommends strategies for overcoming the obstacles including the removal of socio-cultural inhibitions, new environmental laws to protect the rights of women and the active involvement of women in designing and implementing policies that directly affect them.
Thunderstorms, cosmic rays, and solar‐lunar influences

A study of cosmic rays and thunderstorm frequency has shown a decrease in thunderstorms at the time of high cosmic rays and an increase in thunderstorms 2-4 days later. This was done by superposed epoch analysis of thunderstorms over the eastern two thirds of the United States for 1957-1976. When data for spring and fall months were used, the minimum deepened. When high cosmic rays near full and new moon for these months were key days, the minimum deepened again and was significant at less than the 0.01% level. It is believed that when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned, particulate matter in the lower stratosphere is modulated and acted upon by cosmic rays, bringing about an immediate decrease in thunderstorms.
Relationship between cloud‐to‐ground lightning and precipitation ice mass: A radar study over Houston

Using seven summer‐seasons (1997–2003) of NEXRAD data (over 46,000 volumes), coincident climatologies of cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning flash densities and radar‐derived, column integrated precipitation ice mass (IM) were developed, extending global studies of IM and lightning to more regional and cell scales around Houston, TX. Results indicate that local maximums in CG lightning were indeed accompanied by peaks in IM. Extending previous global findings to cell‐scales, we establish a link between a storm's ability to generate enhanced concentrations of mixed‐phase IM, and its ability to generate lightning. Relative to the documented CG lightning “anomaly” over Houston, these results imply that unique aspects of the Houston urban area must first generate an anomaly in convective intensity and precipitation ice, thereby generating an anomaly in lightning; causal hypotheses must be capable of explaining either increased frequency and/or intensity of convection, and then relating these to the enhancement of IM and lightning production.
Seasonal changes in physical processes controlling evaporation over inland water

While previous studies have shown the distinct characteristics of water surface energy fluxes in different seasons, much less analysis is conducted about how seasonal changes in physical processes and environmental variables in the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) cause variations in flux exchange. Here we analyzed and compared eddy covariance fluxes of sensible heat (H) and latent heat (LE) and other microclimate variables that were measured over a large inland water surface in the winter season (January, February, and March) and the summer season (June, July, and August) of 2008. Our analysis was primarily focused on LE using half‐hour time series data on a short‐term basis. Our results show that an increase in wind speeds (U) or vapor pressure difference in the ASL (Δe) or ASL instability did not necessarily cause an increase in LE, and the opposite changes in LE with changes in these variables were observed. Relative regulations of LE by different environmental variables depended largely on Δe magnitudes. Under low Δe conditions, diurnal LE variations were not sensitive to changes in Δe and U but were controlled primarily by changes in the ASL stability. Under high Δe conditions, diurnal LE variations were mainly determined by changes in Δe, though alternate controls by U and Δe were observed, whereas ASL stability played minor roles in affecting LE variations. Whether these highly nonlinear responses of LE to environmental variables are adequately reflected in the bulk transfer relations requires further studies.
On the generation of magnetic dips ahead of advancing dipolarization fronts

Dipolarizing flux bundles transport magnetic flux to the inner and dayside magnetosphere, heat the plasma sheet, and provide a seed population to the radiation belt. The magnetic perturbation ahead of them, often referred to as a dipolarization front (DF), is asymmetric with a small Bz dip followed by a sharp Bz enhancement. The Bz dip is thought to be generated from dawnward currents carried by DF‐reflected ions; after reflection, these earthward moving ions gyrate clockwise and contribute to dawnward diamagnetic currents ahead of the front. Using observations of hundreds of DFs, we investigate this hypothesis. We find that the depth of the Bz dip as a function of the front azimuth depends on DF propagation speed and ambient plasma density. These statistical signatures support the hypothesis that the Bz dip is caused by ion reflection and suggest that secondary currents carried by these reflected ions can reshape the front significantly.
Tropical cyclogenesis: a numerical diagnosis based on helical flow organization

A numerical diagnosis for tropical cyclogenesis is proposed based on nearcloud-resolving atmospheric simulation. Calculation and analyses of helical and energetic characteristics together with hydro- and thermodynamic flow fields allow the diagnosis of tropical cyclogenesis as an event when the primary and secondary circulations become linked on system scales thereby making the nascent large-scale vortex helical. A key process of vertical vorticity generation from horizontal components and its amplification by special convective coherent structures – Vortical Hot Towers (VHTs) – is highlighted. The process is found to be a pathway for generation of a velocity field with linked vortex lines of horizontal and vertical vorticity on local and system scales. The role of VHTs as connectors of the primary and secondary circulation is emphasized.
Methane emission from Minnesota peatlands: Spatial and seasonal variability

The variability of methane flux with season, year, and habitat type was investigated in northern Minnesota peatlands from September 1988 through September 1990. Average daily fluxes calculated by integration of annual data for an open poor fen, an open bog, a forested bog hollow, a fen lagg in the forested bog and a forested bog hummock were 180,118, 38, 35, and 10 mg CH4 m−2 d−1, respectively. Fluxes among the five ecosystems were significantly different from one another, although emission from all sites was highest in July and lowest in March. Winter fluxes occurred in all sites but the fen lagg. There was no difference in fluxes measured from the same sites in the spring of 1986, 1989, or 1990, but summer fluxes were significantly higher in the wetter year of 1989 than in 1990, and a summer pulse in methane emission occurred in 1989 that was not seen the next year. Concentrations of methane in pore water, reflecting the seasonal balance of production, oxidation, and release, declined during the month of peak flux, then increased to levels of about 500 μM in December. Consistent spatial and temporal differences in flux could be ascribed to differences in water table, temperature, and peat nutrient status, although additional variability remained. Integration gave an annual average flux of 20 g CH4, m−2 ot; for the three bog ecosystems and 39 g CH4, m−2 for the two fen ecosystems. This gives an estimate of 1–2 Tg CH4, yr−1 from peatlands in the Great Lake states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan.
Comprehensive study of emission source contributions for tropospheric ozone formation over East Asia

Emission source contributions of tropospheric ozone (O3) were comprehensively investigated by using the higher‐order decoupled direct method (HDDM) for sensitivity analysis and the ozone source apportionment technology (OSAT) for mass balance analysis in the comprehensive air‐quality model with extensions (CAMx). The response of O3 to emissions reductions at various levels in mainland China, Korea, and Japan were estimated and compared with results calculated by the brute force method (BFM) where one model parameter is varied at a time. Emissions were assessed at three receptor sites in Japan that experienced severe pollution events in May 2009. For emissions from China, HDDM assessed O3 response with a bias of only up to 3 ppbv (a relative error of 4.5%) even for a 50% reduction but failed to assess a more extreme reduction. OSAT was reasonably accurate at 100% reduction, with a −4 ppbv (−7%) bias, but was less accurate at moderate ranges of reduction (∼50–70%). For emissions from Korea and Japan, HDDM captured the nonlinear response at all receptor sites and at all reduction levels to within 1% in all but one case; however, the bias of OSAT increased with the increasing reduction of emissions. One possible reason for this is that OSAT does not account for NO titration. To address this, a term for potential ozone (PO; O3 and NO2 together) was introduced. Using of PO instead of O3 improved the performance of OSAT, especially for emissions reductions from Korea and Japan. The proposed approach with PO refined the OSAT results and did not degrade HDDM performance.
Drivers of Complexity in Humanitarian Operations

Abstract : This project investigates the relationship between the geographical dispersion and speed of onset of a disaster and how they increase the complexity of relief operations. Using the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) available from the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, information was collected and filtered for 281 U.S. disasters that occurred between 2000 and 2011. Data was utilized from the U.S. Census Bureau to supplement the EM-DAT information to determine the area affected for each disaster. Each disaster was then ranked and assigned a value to represent the speed of onset based on each type and subtype that was provided by the EM-DAT. Plotting the disasters yielded a graph that was further analyzed to determine whether any patterns existed by comparing the number of personnel affected, number of casualties, and total damage costs incurred. The goal of this analysis is to determine whether the complexity of a disaster can be determined from its dispersion and speed of onset.
Insights on the upper-mantle structure of the Central-Western Mediterranean from seismic tomography : three study cases

In this dissertation seismic tomography is used to find information on two key areas of the Central Western Mediterranean (CWM): the Apennines-Tyrrhenian Sea and the Gulf of Cadiz-Alboran Sea. Tomography is applied to earthquake seismic waveforms at different scales, and 3D models are produced for three study cases. The first study is a local earthquake tomography (LET), of the Colfiorito basin (Umbria-Marche, northern Apennines, Italy), based on crustal earthquakes arrival times from recordings of the 1997 seismic sequence. The second case is a study of the upper-most mantle of Southern Apennines-Tyrrhenian area where both traveltime and attenuation data from local intermediate-depth events have been inverted. The third study proposes a 3D model of the upper-mantle of the Alboran Sea-Gulf of Cadiz area based on seismic arrivals from