Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE MID-IR CONTRIBUTION OF DUST-ENSHROUDED STARS IN SIX NEARBY GALAXIES

We measure the integrated contributions of dusty asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars and other luminous red mid-IR sources to the mid-IR luminosities of six galaxies (M81, NGC 2403, NGC 300, M33, and the Magellanic Clouds). We find the dusty AGB stars whose mid-IR fluxes are dominated by dust rather than photospheric emission contribute from 0.6% (M81) to 5.6% (SMC) of the 3.6 μm flux and 1.0% (M81) to 10.1% (SMC) of the 4.5 μm flux. We find a trend of decreasing AGB contribution with increasing galaxy metallicity, luminosity, and mass, and decreasing specific star formation rate (SSFR). However, these galaxy properties are strongly correlated in our sample and the simplest explanation of the trend is galaxy metallicity. Bright, red sources other than dusty AGB stars represent a smaller fraction of the luminosity, ∼1.2% at 3.6 μm, however, their dust is likely cooler and their contributions are likely larger at longer wavelengths. Excluding the SMC, the contribution from these red sources correlates with the SSFR as we would expect for massive stars. In total, after correcting for dust emission at other wavelengths, the dust around AGB stars radiates 0.1%–0.8% of the bolometric luminosities of the galaxies. Thus, hot dust emission from AGB and other luminous dusty stars represent a small fraction of the total luminosities of the galaxies but a significant fraction of their mid-IR emissions.
Multiple Signal Classification Based Joint Communication and Sensing System

Joint communication and sensing (JCS) has become a promising technology for mobile networks because of its higher spectrum and energy efficiency. Up to now, the prevalent fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based sensing method for mobile JCS networks is on-grid based, and the grid interval determines the resolution. Because the mobile network usually has limited consecutive OFDM symbols in a downlink (DL) time slot, the sensing accuracy is restricted by the limited resolution, especially for velocity estimation. In this paper, we propose a multiple signal classification (MUSIC)-based JCS system that can achieve higher sensing accuracy for the angle of arrival, range, and velocity estimation, compared with the traditional FFT-based JCS method. We further propose a JCS channel state information (CSI) enhancement method by leveraging the JCS sensing results. Finally, we derive a theoretical lower bound for sensing mean square error (MSE) by using perturbation analysis. Simulation results show that in terms of the sensing MSE performance, the proposed MUSIC-based JCS outperforms the FFT-based one by more than 20 dB. Moreover, the bit error rate (BER) of communication demodulation using the proposed JCS CSI enhancement method is significantly reduced compared with communication using the originally estimated CSI.
PRELUDE TO A DOUBLE DEGENERATE MERGER: THE ONSET OF MASS TRANSFER AND ITS IMPACT ON GRAVITATIONAL WAVES AND SURFACE DETONATIONS

We present the results of a systematic numerical study of the onset of mass transfer in double degenerate binary systems and its impact on the subsequent evolution. All investigated systems belong to the regime of direct impact, unstable mass transfer. In all of the investigated cases, even those considered unstable by conventional stability analysis, we find a long-lived mass transfer phase continuing for as many as several dozen orbital periods. This settles a recent debate sparked by a discrepancy between earlier smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) calculations that showed disruptions after a few orbital periods and newer grid-based studies in which mass transfer continued for tens of orbits. The number of orbits a binary survives sensitively depends on the exact initial conditions. We find that the approximate initial conditions that have been used in most previous SPH calculations have a serious impact on all stages of the evolution from the onset of mass transfer up to the final structure of the remnant. We compare “approximate” initial conditions where spherical stars are placed at an initial separation obtained from an estimate of the Roche lobe size with “accurate” initial conditions that were constructed by carefully driving the binary system to equilibrium by a relaxation scheme. Simulations that use the approximate initial conditions underestimate the initial separation when mass transfer sets in, which yields a binary that only survives for only a few orbits and thus a rapidly fading gravitational wave signal. Conversely, the accurate initial conditions produce a binary system in which the mass transfer phase is extended by almost two orders of magnitude in time, resulting in a gravitational wave signal with amplitude and frequency that remain essentially constant up until merger. As we show that these binaries can survive at small separation for hundreds of orbital periods, their associated gravitational wave signal should be included when calculating the gravitational wave foreground (although expected to be below Laser Interferometer Space Antenna's sensitivity at these high frequencies). We also show that the inclusion of the entropy increase associated with shock heating of the accreted material reduces the number of orbits a binary survives given the same initial conditions, although the effect is not as pronounced when using the appropriate initial conditions. The use of accurate initial conditions and a correct treatment of shock heating allows for a reliable time evolution of the temperature, density, and angular momentum, which are important when considering thermonuclear events that may occur during the mass transfer phase and/or after merger. Our treatment allows us to accurately identify when surface detonations may occur in the lead-up to the merger, as well as the properties of final merger products.
Learning Spatio-Temporal Model of Disease Progression With NeuralODEs From Longitudinal Volumetric Data

Robust forecasting of the future anatomical changes inflicted by an ongoing disease is an extremely challenging task that is out of grasp even for experienced healthcare professionals. Such a capability, however, is of great importance since it can improve patient management by providing information on the speed of disease progression already at the admission stage, or it can enrich the clinical trials with fast progressors and avoid the need for control arms by the means of digital twins. In this work, we develop a deep learning method that models the evolution of age-related disease by processing a single medical scan and providing a segmentation of the target anatomy at a requested future point in time. Our method represents a time-invariant physical process and solves a large-scale problem of modeling temporal pixel-level changes utilizing NeuralODEs. In addition, we demonstrate the approaches to incorporate the prior domain-specific constraints into our method and define temporal Dice loss for learning temporal objectives. To evaluate the applicability of our approach across different age-related diseases and imaging modalities, we developed and tested the proposed method on the datasets with 967 retinal OCT volumes of 100 patients with Geographic Atrophy and 2823 brain MRI volumes of 633 patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. For Geographic Atrophy, the proposed method outperformed the related baseline models in the atrophy growth prediction. For Alzheimer’s Disease, the proposed method demonstrated remarkable performance in predicting the brain ventricle changes induced by the disease, achieving the state-of-the-art result on TADPOLE cross-sectional prediction challenge dataset.
Radiation-magnetohydrodynamic simulations of H ii regions and their associated PDRs in turbulent molecular clouds

We present the results of radiation-magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the formation and expansion of H II regions and their surrounding photodissociation regions (PDRs) in turbulent, magnetized, molecular clouds on scales of up to 4 pc. We include the effects of ionizing and non-ionizing ultraviolet radiation and X-rays from population synthesis models of young star clusters. For all our simulations we find that the H II region expansion reduces the disordered component of the magnetic field, imposing a large-scale order on the field around its border, with the field in the neutral gas tending to lie along the ionization front, while the field in the ionized gas tends to be perpendicular to the front. The highest pressure-compressed neutral and molecular gas is driven towards approximate equipartition between thermal, magnetic and turbulent energy densities, whereas lower pressure neutral/molecular gas bifurcates into, on the one hand, quiescent, magnetically dominated regions and, on the other hand, turbulent, demagnetized regions. The ionized gas shows approximate equipartition between thermal and turbulent energy densities, but with magnetic energy densities that are 1-3 orders of magnitude lower. A high velocity dispersion (similar to 8 km s(-1)) is maintained in the ionized gas throughout our simulations, despite the mean expansion velocity being significantly lower. The magnetic field does not significantly brake the large-scale H II region expansion on the length and time-scales accessible to our simulations, but it does tend to suppress the smallest scale fragmentation and radiation-driven implosion of neutral/molecular gas that forms globules and pillars at the edge of the H II region. However, the relative luminosity of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation has a much larger influence than the presence or absence of the magnetic field. When the star cluster radiation field is relatively soft (as in the case of a lower mass cluster, containing an earliest spectral type of B0.5), then fragmentation is less vigorous and a thick, relatively smooth PDR forms.
Internal DLA on Sierpinski Gasket Graphs

Internal diffusion-limited aggregation (IDLA) is a stochastic growth model on a graph $G$ which describes the formation of a random set of vertices growing from the origin (some fixed vertex) of $G$. Particles start at the origin and perform simple random walks; each particle moves until it lands on a site which was not previously visited by other particles. This random set of occupied sites in $G$ is called the IDLA cluster. In this paper we consider IDLA on Sierpinski gasket graphs, and show that the IDLA cluster fills balls (in the graph metric) with probability 1.
ON THE EVOLUTION OF HIGH-REDSHIFT ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI

We build a simple physical model to study the high-redshift active galactic nucleus (AGN) evolution within the co-evolution framework of central black holes (BHs) and their host galaxies. The correlation between the circular velocity of a dark halo Vc and the velocity dispersion of a galaxy σ is used to link the dark matter halo mass and BH mass. The dark matter halo mass function is converted to the BH mass function for any given redshift. The high-redshift optical AGN luminosity functions (LFs) are constructed. At , the flattening feature is not shown at the faint end of the optical AGN LF. This is consistent with observational results. If the optical AGN LF at can be reproduced in the case in which central BHs have the Eddington-limited accretion, it is possible for the AGN lifetime to have a small value of . The X-ray AGN LFs and X-ray AGN number counts are also calculated at and , respectively, using the same parameters adopted in the calculation for the optical AGN LF at . It is estimated that about 30 AGNs per at can be detected with a flux limit of in the 0.5–2 keV band. Additionally, the cosmic reionization is also investigated. The ultraviolet photons emitted from the high-redshift AGNs mainly contribute to the cosmic reionization, and the central BHs of the high-redshift AGNs have a mass range of . We also discuss some uncertainties in both the AGN LFs and AGN number counts originating from the relation, Eddington ratio, AGN lifetime, and X-ray attenuation in our model.
Stability of homogeneous chiral phases against inhomogeneous perturbations in 2+1 dimensions

In this work, inhomogeneous chiral phases are studied in a variety of Four-Fermion and Yukawa models in $2+1$ dimensions at zero and non-zero temperature and chemical potentials. Employing the mean-field approximation, we do not find indications for an inhomogeneous phase in any of the studied models. We show that the homogeneous phases are stable against inhomogeneous perturbations. At zero temperature, full analytic results are presented.
The minimum number of maximal independent sets in twin-free graphs

The problem of determining the maximum number of maximal independent sets in certain graph classes dates back to a paper of Miller and Muller and a question of Erd\H{o}s and Moser from the 1960s. The minimum was always considered to be less interesting due to simple examples such as stars. In this paper we show that the problem becomes interesting when restricted to twin-free graphs, where no two vertices have the same open neighbourhood. We consider the question for arbitrary graphs, bipartite graphs and trees. The minimum number of maximal independent sets turns out to be logarithmic in the number of vertices for arbitrary graphs, linear for bipartite graphs and exponential for trees. In the latter case, the minimum and the extremal graphs have been determined earlier by Taletski\u{\i} and Malyshev, but we present a shorter proof.
CoNMix for Source-free Single and Multi-target Domain Adaptation

This work introduces the novel task of Source-free Multi-target Domain Adaptation and proposes adaptation framework comprising of Consistency with Nuclear-Norm Maximization and MixUp knowledge distillation (CoNMix) as a solution to this problem. The main motive of this work is to solve for Single and Multi target Domain Adaptation (SMTDA) for the source-free paradigm, which enforces a constraint where the labeled source data is not available during target adaptation due to various privacy-related restrictions on data sharing. The source-free approach leverages target pseudo labels, which can be noisy, to improve the target adaptation. We introduce consistency between label preserving augmentations and utilize pseudo label refinement methods to reduce noisy pseudo labels. Further, we propose novel MixUp Knowledge Distillation (MKD) for better generalization on multiple target domains using various source-free STDA models. We also show that the Vision Transformer (VT) backbone gives better feature representation with improved domain transferability and class discriminability. Our proposed framework achieves the state-of-the-art (SOTA) results in various paradigms of source-free STDA and MTDA settings on popular domain adaptation datasets like Office-Home, Office-Caltech, and DomainNet. Project Page: https://sites.google. com/view/conmix-vcl
Profit Shifting Frictions and the Geography of Multinational Activity

We develop a quantitative general equilibrium model of multinational activity embedding corporate taxation and profit shifting. In addition to trade and investment frictions, our model shows that profit-shifting frictions shape the geography of multinational production. Key to our model is the distinction between the corporate tax elasticity of real activity and profit shifting. The quantification of our model requires estimates of shifted profits flows. We provide a new, model-consistent methodology to calibrate bilateral profit-shifting frictions based on accounting identities. We simulate various tax reforms aimed at curbing tax-dodging practices of multinationals and their impact on a range of outcomes, including tax revenues and production. Our results show that the effects of the international relocation of firms across countries are of comparable magnitude as the direct gains in taxable income.
Query-Specific Knowledge Graphs for Complex Finance Topics

Across the financial domain, researchers answer complex questions by extensively “searching” for relevant information to generate long-form reports. This workshop paper discusses automating the construction of query-specific document and entity knowledge graphs (KGs) for complex research topics. We focus on the CODEC dataset, where domain experts (1) create challenging questions, (2) construct long natural language narratives, and (3) iteratively search and assess the relevance of documents and entities. For the construction of query-specific KGs, we show that state-of-the-art ranking systems have headroom for improvement, with specific failings due to a lack of context or explicit knowledge representation. We demonstrate that entity and document relevance are positively correlated, and that entity-based query feedback improves document ranking effectiveness. Furthermore, we construct query-specific KGs using retrieval and evaluate using CODEC’s “ground-truth graphs”, showing the precision and recall trade-offs. Lastly, we point to future work, including adaptive KG retrieval algorithms and GNN-based weighting methods, while highlighting key challenges such as high-quality data, information extraction recall, and the size and sparsity of complex topic graphs.
DISCOVERY OF PULSATIONS FROM THE PULSAR J0205+6449 IN SNR 3C 58 WITH THE
 FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE

We report the discovery of γ-ray pulsations (≥ 0.1 GeV) from the young radio and X-ray pulsar PSR J0205+6449 located in the Galactic supernova remnant 3C 58. Data in the γ-ray band were acquired by the Large Area Telescope aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (formerly GLAST), while the radio rotational ephemeris used to fold γ-rays was obtained using both the Green Bank Telescope and the Lovell telescope at Jodrell Bank. The light curve consists of two peaks separated by 0.49 ± 0.01 ± 0.01 cycles which are aligned with the X-ray peaks. The first γ-ray peak trails the radio pulse by 0.08 ± 0.01 ± 0.01, while its amplitude decreases with increasing energy as for the other γ-ray pulsars. Spectral analysis of the pulsed γ-ray emission suggests a simple power law of index −2.1 ± 0.1 ± 0.2 with an exponential cut-off at 3.0 −0.7 ± 0.4 GeV. The first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. The integral γ-ray photon flux above 0.1 GeV is (13.7±1.4±3.0)×10 cm s, which implies for a distance of 3.2 kpc and assuming a broad fan-like beam a luminosity of 8.3 × 10 ergs s and an efficiency η of 0.3%. Finally, we report a 95% upper limit on the flux of 1.7 × 10 cm s for off-pulse emission from the object. Subject headings: pulsars: general — stars: neutron 1 National Research Council Research Associate 2 Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375 3 W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 4 Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 5 The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmo Particle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 6 Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 7 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy 8 Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France 9 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy 10 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy 11 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy 12 Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy 13 Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 14 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy 15 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia,
Defects and persistent luminescence in Eu-doped SrAl$_2$O$_4$

We investigate native point defects and rare-earth (co)dopants in SrAl$_2$O$_4$ using hybrid density-functional defect calculations. Europium (Eu) and dysprosium (Dy) are found to be mixed valence and energetically most favorable at the Sr lattice sites. However, unlike Eu where both Eu$^{2+}$ and Eu$^{3+}$ can be realized in synthesis, Dy is stable predominantly as Dy$^{3+}$, and the divalent Dy$^{2+}$ may only be photogenerated under irradiation. On the basis of an analysis of Eu-related band-defect (including charge-transfer) and interconfigurational $5d$-$4f$ optical transitions, we assign the characteristic broad blue (445 nm) and green (520 nm) emission bands in Eu$^{2+}$-doped SrAl$_2$O$_4$ to the $4f^65d^1$ $\rightarrow$ $4f^7$ transition in Eu$^{2+}$ incorporated at the Sr1 and Sr2 sites, respectively. Strontium interstitials (not oxygen vacancies, in contrast to what is commonly believed) and Dy$_{\rm Sr}$ can act as efficient electron traps for room-temperature persistent luminescence. This work calls for a re-assessment of certain assumptions regarding specific carrier trapping centers made in all mechanisms previously proposed for the persistent luminescence in Eu- and (Eu,Dy)-doped SrAl$_2$O$_4$. It also serves as a methodological template for the understanding and design of rare-earth doped phosphors.
Note on short‐time behavior of semigroups associated to self‐adjoint operators

We present a simple observation showing that the heat kernel on a locally finite graph behaves for short times t roughly like td , where d is the combinatorial distance. This is very different from the classical Varadhan‐type behavior on manifolds. Moreover, this also gives that short‐time behavior and global behavior of the heat kernel are governed by two different metrics whenever the degree of the graph is not uniformly bounded.
Large shift current, 
π
 Zak phase, and the unconventional nature of Se and Te

Recently, unconventional materials (or obstructed atomic insulators) have attracted much attention owing to the unconventional feature of mismatch between Wannier centers and atomic positions. In this paper, we demonstrate that the trigonal selenium and tellurium host an unconventional nature in both electronic and phonon spectra. In electronic band structures, the band representation (BR) decomposition for occupied bands has to contain the essential BR of $A@3b$, and the real-space invariant is $\delta_1@3b=-1$. The $\pi$ Zak phase suggests that the one-dimensional Se/Te chain is a chiral Su-Schrieffer-Heeger chain. The effective magnetism can be induced by $p$ states at ends. More importantly, a large shift current is obtained in Se quantum well. In addtion, in phonon spectra, three sets of phonon bands are well separated and assigned to $B@3b$, $B@3a$, and $A@3b$ BRs, respectively. Thus, the obstructed phonon states are predicted on the (0001) surface. As the prototypes of unconventional materials in both electronic and phonon spectra, our findings could create much interest in the study of obstructed surface electronic and phonon states in these novel materials.