Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rainfall–runoff simulation using a normalized antecedent precipitation index

Abstract The normalized antecedent precipitation index (NAPI) model by Heggen for the prediction of runoff yield is analytically derived from the water balance equation. Heggen's model has been simplified further to a rational form and its performance verified with the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) model. The simplified model has three coefficients specific to a watershed, and requires two inputs: rainfall and the derived parameter, NAPI. The characteristic behaviour of the NAPI has resonance with the curve number (CN) of the SCS model. The proposed NAPI model was applied to three watersheds in the semi-arid region of India to simulate runoff yield. The model showed improved correlation between the observed and predicted runoff data compared to the SCS-CN model. The F test and paired t test also confirmed the reliability of the model with significance levels of 0.01 and 0.001%, respectively. The proposed model could be used successfully for rainfall–runoff modelling in a watershed. Citation Ali, S. , Ghosh, N. C. & Singh, R. (2010) Rainfall–runoff simulation using a normalized antecedent precipitation index. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(2), 266–274.
The post-Variscan thermal and denudational history of Ireland

Abstract The thermal and denudational history of Ireland is evaluated using an extensive new apatite fission-track (AFT) dataset derived from surface samples. Modelled thermal histories are used to construct maps of denudation for a number of time slices from Triassic time to 10 Ma using a time-dependent palaeogeotherm. The maps illustrate the spatial variability of denudation and subsidence within each time slice. The patterns of denudation are complex, showing considerable variability at the length scale of 101–102 km, with especially high denudation rates found over known igneous centres such as the Mournes of County Down. Based on the onshore AFT data alone, there is no definitive signature of an Irish Sea Dome extending significantly across Ireland in Early Tertiary time. The cumulative amount of denudation during Tertiary time varies depending on the AFT annealing model used, but is generally in the region between 1 and 2 km and without clear spatial trends. High amounts of denudation have been mapped over the Tertiary intrusions in County Down, reflecting their unroofing since emplacement in Paleocene time. The cumulative denudation from Triassic time to 10 Ma shows relatively low amounts of denudation (<2 km) in the Irish Midlands and the extreme NE of the island, consistent with the observation that Mesozoic-Tertiary sediments and igneous products are preserved in the Ulster Basin. The western flank of Ireland and the region between Dublin and County Down show high cumulative amounts of denudation (<4 km), the latter being consistent with the high amounts of denudation interpreted for the Irish Sea region. This denudation pattern explains in part the outcrop of Precambrian and Lower Palaeozoic rocks in these areas. The spatial integration of the denudation over the entire landmass gives the average denudation rate and the sediment discharge from Ireland as a function of time. Average denudation rates are moderately high in Triassic time, falling to low values in Cretaceous time, and increasing substantially in Tertiary time. However, the total volumetric discharge of sediment in Tertiary time is an order of magnitude smaller than the preserved solid volume of Tertiary sediment in the basins offshore western Ireland.
Denitrification and N2 fixation in the Pacific Ocean

We establish the fixed nitrogen budget of the Pacific Ocean based on nutrient fields from the recently completed World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). The budget includes denitrification in the water column and sediments, nitrogen fixation, atmospheric and riverine inputs, and nitrogen divergence due to the large‐scale circulation. A water column denitrification rate of 48±5 Tg N yr −1 is calculated for the Eastern Tropical Pacific using N* [Gruber and Sarmiento, 1997] and water mass age tracers. On the basis of rates in the literature, we estimate sedimentary denitrification to remove an additional 15±3 Tg N yr−1. We then calculate the total nitrogen divergence due to the large scale circulation through the basin, composed of flows through a zonal transect at 32°S, and through the Indonesian and Bering straits. Adding atmospheric deposition and riverine fluxes results in a net divergence of nitrogen from the basin of −4±12 Tg N yr−1. Pacific nitrogen fixation can be extracted as a residual component of the total budget, assuming steady state. We find that nitrogen fixation would have to contribute 59±14 Tg N yr−1 in order to balance the Pacific nitrogen budget. This result is consistent with the tentative global extrapolations of Gruber and Sarmiento [1997], based on nitrogen fixation rates estimated for the North Atlantic. Our estimated mean areal fixation rate is within the range of direct and geochemical rate estimates from a single location near Hawaii [Karl et al., 1997]. Pacific nitrogen fixation occurs primarily in the western part of the subtropical gyres where elevated N* signals are found. These regions are also supplied with significant amounts of iron via atmospheric dust deposition, lending qualitative support to the hypothesis that nitrogen fixation is regulated in part by iron suppy.
INVESTIGATING DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN E-SERVICES IMPLEMENTING OR NOT ISO 9001: CUSTOMERS’ OUTLOOK IN THE BACKDROP OF E-SERVICES IN CATALONIA (SPAIN)

: This paper seeks to investigate from customers´ perspective, if the implementation of ISO 9001 with the scope directly related to customers (offices, claims, etc.), spawn any discrepancies on service quality, customer perceived value, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and customer service recovery; in the backdrop of e-services in Catalonia (Spain). The main research target consists of e-banks operating in the region of Catalonia (Spain), besides customers who regularly use internet to do their banking. Self completed questionnaire was designed from a blend of existing constructs. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to a convenience sample of 428 customers of e-banking services (123 of them reported a complained about the service) and 16 banks. The results reveal that e-banking customers in Catalonia were not sensitive to the usage of ISO 9001. However, customers from banks that do not implement ISO 9001 perceived that the prices of the service available on their bank site were more economical. Research limitations and implication this study was done only in Catalonia expandability might be restricted. Further investigation may be done in Spain as a whole or in different countries and settings. Originality/value based on literature reviews, this study will be one of the first to carry out such research from customers’ perspective and more specifically in Catalonia. The results of the study were useful in validating previous findings.
Crop Root Distribution as Influenced by Grain Sorghum‐Soybean Rotation and Fertilization

(…) The experiment was conducted on a Sharpsburg silty clay loam (fine, montmorillinitic, mesic, Typic Argiudoll) near Mead, NE. Fertilizer treatments consisted of: 1) control (no fertilizer); 2) N at 45 kg ha −1 on soybean plots and 90 kg ha −1 on grain sorghum plots; and 3) manure applied at 15.8 Mg dry weight ha −1 yr −1 . Roots were sampled to a depth of 120 cm in 1986 and 150 cm in 1987. Root densities were reduced at most depths when soybean had been grown the previous year. (…)
Rediscovery of a lost Lagerstätte: a comparative analysis of the historical and recent Mare aux Songes dodo excavations on Mauritius

The Mare aux Songes (MAS), Mauritius, Mascarene Islands, is best known for the remarkable quality and quantity of macro- and micro-fossil remains, including those of the iconic Dodo Raphus cucullatus. It remains the most productive oceanic island fossil locality in the Indian Ocean, and is considered an integrated vertebrate bone Konzentrat-Lagerstätte. Fossil remains were first discovered in September 1865, again in the 1890s and early 1900s, but all without contextual data. The discovery of additional fossil remains in 2005 initiated an international, interdisciplinary research programme in 2006, which resulted in the first contextual analysis. However, it became clearly apparent that the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century fossil collections differed both in taphonomy and in age from late twentieth- and twenty-first-century excavations, and that it was likely that each represented a different depositional setting. Here, we provide evidence for the genesis of the MAS and show that two different fossil deposits were indeed present, each differing significantly taphonomically. Furthermore, the historical material represents a younger, seasonally desiccated, lake-shore accumulation with age range from ca. 1600 yr bp to sub-recent, whereas the 4200-year-old twenty-first-century material is more associated with a deeper, lacustrine environment.
Gendered Access to Formal and Informal Resources in Postdisaster Development in the Ecuadorian Andes

Abstract The devastating eruptions of Mount Tungurahua in the Ecuadorian highlands in 1999 and 2006 left many communities struggling to rebuild their homes and others permanently displaced to settlements built by state and nongovernmental organizations. For several years afterward, households diversified their economic strategies to compensate for losses, communities organized to promote local development, and the state and nongovernmental organizations sponsored many economic recovery programs in the affected communities. Our study examined the ways in which gender and gender roles were associated with different levels and paths of access to scarce resources in these communities. Specifically, this article contrasts the experiences of men and women in accessing household necessities and project assistance through formal institutions and informal networks. We found that women and men used different types of informal social support networks, with men receiving significantly more material, emotional, and informational support than women. We also found that men and women experienced different challenges and advantages when pursuing support through local and extralocal institutions and that these institutions often coordinated in ways that reified their biases. We present a methodology that is replicable in a wide variety of disaster, resettlement, and development settings, and we advocate an inductive, evidence-based approach to policy, built upon an understanding of local gender, class, and ethnic dynamics affecting access to formal and informal resources. This evidence should be used to build more robust local institutions that can resist wider social and cultural pressures for male dominance and gendered exclusion.
Self‐reversal of magnetization in oceanic submarine basalts studied with XMCD

In oceanic basalts, self‐reversal of magnetization can be produced during extreme low‐temperature oxidation of titanomagnetite by ionic reordering, which leads to Néel N‐type magnetism. Titanomaghemites showing N‐type reversal below room temperature were found in submarine basalts recovered during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 197. In order to better understand the mechanism of self‐reversal, we carried out X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) at Fe K‐edge at room temperature and low‐temperature on such a titanomaghemite sample as well as on pure magnetite and maghemite samples. We found that the XMCD spectrum of the N‐type titanomaghemite at 20 K is a mirror image of the XMCD spectrum at 300 K, which shows that the octahedral and tetrahedral subnetworks reverse in this process. Ligand‐field multiplet calculations of XMCD at Fe K‐edge help identify the contributions of the different elements in the measured XMCD spectra. This mechanism could also cause self‐reversal above room temperature, which has important consequences for the reliability of paleomagnetic measurements.
Would you accept this job? An evaluation of the decision utility of workers in the for-profit and nonprofit sectors

In this paper, we intend to evaluate the determinan ts of the decision utility of workers from the for-profit and nonprofit sectors. In our s etting, decision utility is the weight assigned by workers to the expected benefits from job offers . For that purpose, we use the methodology of conjoint analysis that collects expe rimental data on workers’ stated preferences towards hypothetical job offers charact erized by ten attributes. Intrinsic motivation of nonprofit workers is investigated by specifically analyzing the influence on decision utility of three of these attributes, name ly wages, working time and loyalty from the employer. The results show evidence of motivational differences between the two groups. First, nonprofit workers attain their maximum decis ion utility at a longer working time, showing superior intrinsic motivation for work. Fur thermore, they are ready to abandon a higher percentage of their wage in order to work fo r another extra hour than for-profit workers as long as the working week is inferior to 33 hours . Finally, our findings show that for-profit workers evaluate more highly job offers with labour contract including explicit clause where higher effort is exchanged for employer’s loyalty. In contrast, nonprofit workers do not obtain higher utility from such a deal. We interpret this result as evidence of their intrinsic motivation. As the nature of the implicit goals pur sued in the nonprofit sector provides them with high work morale, they do not obtain any gain in utility from an explicit clause of employer’s loyalty.
MULTI-FIDELITY GAUSSIAN PROCESS MODEL FOR CFD AND WIND TUNNEL DATA FUSION

In aerodynamic design, both Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations and wind tunnel (WT) experiments deliver datasets that are complementary in terms of uncertainties and density of information. In many situations it is desirable to use methods that combine all available information while accounting for the strengths of both sources. In this paper, we combine the sources in a multi-ﬁdelity Gaussian process (GP) model to foretell the aerodynamic forces and moments. The resulting model accounts for input-dependent error measurements in both experimental and simulated data. To validate the model, we construct a proper multi-source aerodynamic database containing CFD and WT data. This database is based on the NASA Common Reference Model. The CFD simulations are based on Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. We demonstrate in numerical settings that the suggested multi-ﬁdelity GP framework outperforms the single-ﬁdelity one in terms of prediction accuracy at the highest level of ﬁdelity (i.e. WT data). The resulting model also allows to reconstruct common aerodynamic proﬁles (e.g. representations of longitudinal forces) with uncertainties.
A new merged analysis of precipitation utilizing satellite and reanalysis data

[1] Many merged multi-source global analyses of precipitation exist, including the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) analysis and the CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation. The multi-source nature of these data sets allows them to use the most accurate type of inputs available to produce the best estimate of precipitation for any given place and time. However, studies have shown that the oceanic satellite estimates used in these data sets are less accurate at high latitudes when compared to reanalysis data. This study describes the Multi-Source Analysis of Precipitation (MSAP), a new 2.5° gridded global analysis of precipitation from 1987 to 2002 using Optimum Interpolation (OI) based on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and the forecast precipitation from the ERA-40 reanalysis. The main goal of this new analysis is to produce a spatially consistent estimate using the same set of inputs over all regions and times rather than to have the lowest mean squared error. An advantage of the OI methodology is that it optimally merges the inputs based on pre-defined weights and errors associated with the analysis that are directly estimated from the technique. Validation against other gridded data sets as well as tropical ocean and high-latitude land gauges show that MSAP performs particularly well at high latitudes when compared to the satellite-only part of GPCP. However, it contains negative biases in parts of the Northern Hemisphere because of the ERA-40 data and large positive biases over tropical land areas due to issues with the SSM/I estimates. In the future, this new approach can be applied using precipitation estimates from the next generation reanalysis systems such as the JRA-25, NASA's MERRA, and the ERA Interim reanalysis.
Immigration, Remittances, and Business Cycles

Using data on border enforcement and macroeconomic indicators from the U.S. and Mexico, we estimate a two-country business cycle model of labor migration and remittances. The model matches the cyclical dynamics of unskilled migration, and documents the insurance role of remittances in consumption smoothing. Over the cycle, immigration increases with the expected stream of future wage gains, but it is dampened by a sunk emigration cost. Migration barriers slow the adjustment of the stock of immigrant labor, enhancing the volatility of unskilled wages and remittances. Changes in border enforcement have asymmetric welfare implications for the skilled and unskilled households.
Determination of New Zealand Ocean Bottom Seismometer Orientation via Rayleigh-Wave Polarization

Online material: Complete list of earthquakes used in this study. Three-component ground-motion recordings are critical to modern seismic analysis techniques such as receiver functions and body- and surface-wave polarization studies. Modern three-component seismometers typically resolve three axes of ground motion into one vertical and two orthogonal horizontal directions. The standard convention for installation is to orient the instrument such that one of the horizontal components is aligned with true north, taking into account the current local magnetic declination at the station. This practice can be difficult in the case of borehole instruments and practically impossible for ocean-bottom seismometers (OBS). Some deployments of OBS have used airgun shots to determine sensor orientation (Anderson et al. , 1987; Duennebier et al. , 1987); however, this is not an error- or cost-free procedure and is not always available. In these cases, determination of sensor orientation is necessary independent of human interaction with the physical instrument. The elliptical particle motion of Rayleigh waves is exploited here to calculate sensor orientation based on the statistical analysis of earthquakes recorded on OBS deployed around the south island of New Zealand. This robust method is computationally fast because synthetic seismograms are not generated and accurate source parameters are not necessary. The technique is compared with body-wave orientation results and full-waveform surface-wave orientation results. Application of this method to waveforms recorded on land stations and synthetic waveforms confirms its reliability. Surface-wave arrival azimuth is determined via polarization analysis of the Rayleigh wave recorded on a three-component sensor. Rayleigh waves exhibit retrograde elliptical particle motion, theoretically only observed on the vertical and radial components. Because it is more stable to quickly determine a linear relationship than to measure ellipticity, the polarization analysis is performed by cross correlating the vertical component with the Hilbert-transformed radial component. The 90° phase …
Placing BEV Charging Infrastructure: Inﬂuencing Factors, Metrics, and Their Inﬂuence on Observed Charger Utilization

: The automotive sector’s transition to Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) requires extensive deployment of additional charging infrastructure. To determine optimal new locations, planners consider and rate a multitude of factors that inﬂuence the charging demand at candidate sites. Researchers have proposed a variety of placement criteria and methods to automate site selection. However, no common set of criteria has emerged. In addition, due to the lack of usage data, the applicability of existing criteria remains unclear. Therefore, the goals of this article are to extract the most relevant factors from literature and to evaluate their ability to characterize charging point usage. First, we review the literature base to collect, analyze, and cluster existing inﬂuencing factors and to analyze how they affect charging demand. Second, we conduct a case study using real-life charging station data from Hamburg, Germany. Based on the extracted inﬂuencing factors, we identify four clusters within Hamburg’s public charging infrastructure. While the mean performance indicators duration, daily transactions, and connection ratio hardly differ among these clusters, the temporal occupancy curves clearly show distinct charging behavior for each cluster. This work contributes to the state of the art by structuring the diverse landscape of charging station location placement criteria, by deriving a set of measurable inﬂuencing factors, and by analyzing their effect on a location’s charging demand, yielding an open source data set of charging point usage.
The extremality of disordered phases for the mixed spin-(1,1/2) Ising model on a Cayley tree of arbitrary order

This paper continues the exploration of translation-invariant splitting Gibbs measures (TISGMs) within the framework of the Ising model with mixed spin-(1,1/2) (abbreviated as (1,1/2)-MSIM) on a Cayley tree of arbitrary order. Building upon our prior work (Akin and Mukhamedov 2022 J. Stat. Mech. 053204), where we extensively elucidated TISGMs and investigated the extremality of disordered phases employing a Markov chain indexed by a tree on a semi-infinite Cayley tree of order two, our current research extends this analysis. In the present study, we begin by constructing TISGMs and tree-indexed Markov chains tailored to the (1,1/2)-MSIM. Notably, we extend our scope to encompass Cayley trees of varying orders, thereby affording a comprehensive examination of the extremality characteristics inherent to disordered phases. Utilizing the Kesten–Stigum condition, we delve into the non-extremality aspects of disordered phases by scrutinizing the eigenvalues of the stochastic matrix associated with the (1,1/2)-MSIM on Cayley trees with order k ( k ⩾ 3 ). This approach allows for a nuanced exploration of the model’s behavior and stability under different conditions.
Case of the phantom foredeep: Early Cretaceous in west-central Utah

A reconstruction of the structure in west-central Utah shows that a major foredeep with sedimentary deposits possibly as thick as 6 km (now eroded) probably existed at the present site of the Sevier Desert during Early Cretaceous time and conceivably during Late Jurassic time. Concurrent emplacement and erosion of the Canyon Range thrust sheet provided the load and sediment, much like the Willard-Paris thrust sheet did for the better documented Early Cretaceous foredeep in northern Utah and eastern Idaho. The onset of major thrusting in western Utah may have been as early as Callovian or as late as Albian, a 50 m.y. time span.