Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Paeonol Protects against Methotrexate Hepatotoxicity by Repressing Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis—The Role of Drug Efflux Transporters

Methotrexate (MTX) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent against a wide range of tumors and autoimmune diseases; however, hepatotoxicity limits its clinical use. Oxidative stress and inflammation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of MTX-induced hepatotoxicity. Paeonol is a natural phenolic compound reported for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The current study aimed to investigate the protective effect of paeonol against MTX-induced hepatotoxicity in rats and various mechanisms that underlie this postulated effect. Paeonol was administered orally in a dose of 100 mg/kg, alone or along with MTX, for 10 days. Hepatotoxicity was induced via a single intraperitoneal dose of MTX (20 mg/kg) on day 5 of the experiment. Concomitant administration of paeonol with MTX significantly ameliorated distorted hepatic function and histological structure, restored hepatic oxidative stress parameters (MDA, NO, and SOD), and combated inflammatory response (iNOS and TNF-α). Additionally, paeonol enhanced cell proliferation and survival, evidenced by upregulating the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and suppressing apoptosis and the disposition of collagen fibers in rat livers treated with MTX. Importantly, paeonol upregulated the drug efflux transporters, namely P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and the multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp-2) in MTX-treated rats. In conclusion, paeonol offered a potent protective effect against MTX-induced hepatotoxicity through suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis pathways, along with P-gp and Mrp-2 upregulation.
Nonequilibrium phase diagram of a one-dimensional quasiperiodic system with a single-particle mobility edge

We investigate and map out the non-equilibrium phase diagram of a generalization of the well known Aubry-Andr\'e-Harper (AAH) model. This generalized AAH (GAAH) model is known to have a single-particle mobility edge which also has an additional self-dual property akin to that of the critical point of AAH model. By calculating the imbalance, we get hints of a rich phase diagram. We find a fascinating connection between single particle wavefunctions near the mobility edge of GAAH model and the wavefunctions of the critical AAH model. By placing this model far-from-equilibrium with the aid of two baths, we investigate the open system transport via system size scaling of non-equilibrium steady state (NESS) current. Current is calculated by fully exact non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism. The critical point of the AAH model now generalizes to a 'critical' line separating regions of ballistic and localized transport. Like critical point of AAH model, current scales sub-diffusively with system size on the 'critical' line ($I\sim N^{-2\pm0.1}$). However, remarkably, the scaling exponent on this line is distinctly different from that obtained for the critical AAH model (where $I\sim N^{-1.4\pm0.05}$). All these results can be understood from the above-mentioned connection between states near mobility edge of GAAH model and those of critical AAH model. A very interesting high temperature non-equilibrium phase diagram of the GAAH model emerges from our calculations.
In Situ Monitoring of GaN Reactive Ion Etching by Optical Emission Spectroscopy

The optical emission during GaN reactive ion etching (RIE) using Cl2 plasma was monitored in situ by optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The optical emission intensity of atomic Ga is in proportion to the etch rate, and the time-integrated values of the optical emission intensities from atomic Ga and molecular N2 are proportionally correlated to the etched volumes of GaN. It is found that monitoring of the Ga and N2 optical emissions allows in situ control of the etching depth of GaN even if the etch rate fluctuates during the etching process.
Financial Management Behavior for E-Wallet Users in Jabodetabek

This study aims to investigate the impact of financial knowledge, financial attitudes, and internal locus control on financial management behavior with the moderating role of financial risk tolerance. In addition, to analyze the effect of financial knowledge on financial management behavior mediated by financial attitudes. The data collected comes from e-wallet users in Greater Jakarta therefore the sample obtained was 350. Data collected through surveys, tested through validity and reliability tests. Furthermore, hypothesis testing using Structural Equation Modeling. The findings of this study were financial knowledge, financial attitudes, and internal locus control had a significant influence on financial management behavior. It was also found that financial knowledge had an impact on financial attitudes. Financial risk tolerance significantly moderates the relationship between internal locus control and financial management behavior. In addition, it can be proven that financial attitudes mediate the relationship between financial knowledge and financial management behavior. The implication of this research is to help the public, especially electronic wallet users, to be more responsible in financial management behavior and to be able to make wise decisions in their financial expenditures. Meanwhile, policymakers can be more aggressive in conducting financial education programs for the public so that people have more in-depth financial knowledge, especially when using digital financial applications such as e-wallets that continue to grow.
On the Threshold of the Reionization Epoch

Discovery of the cosmic reionization epoch would represent a significant milestone in cosmology. We present Keck spectroscopy of the quasar SDSS 1044-0125, at z = 5.73. The spectrum shows a dramatic increase in the optical depth at observed wavelengths λ ≳ 7550 Å, corresponding to zabs ≳ 5.2. Only a few small, narrow transmission regions are present in the spectrum beyond that point and out to the redshifts where the quasar signal begins. We interpret this result as a signature of the trailing edge of the cosmic reionization epoch, which we estimate to occur around ⟨z⟩ ~ 6 (as indeed confirmed by subsequent observations by Becker et al.) and extending down to z ~ 5.2. This behavior is expected in the modern theoretical models of the reionization era, which predict a patchy and gradual onset of reionization. The remaining transmission windows we see may correspond to the individual reionization bubbles (Strömgren spheres) embedded in a still largely neutral intergalactic medium, intersected by the line of sight to the quasar. Future spectroscopic observations of quasars at comparable or larger redshifts will provide a more detailed insight into the structure and extent of the reionization era.
Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Element Abundances in Low-Redshift Damped Lyα Galaxies and Implications for the Global Metallicity-Redshift Relation

Most models of cosmic chemical evolution predict that the mass-weighted mean interstellar metallicity of galaxies should rise with time from a low value ~1/30 solar at z ~ 3 to a nearly solar value at z = 0. In the absence of any selection effects, the damped Lyα absorbers (DLAs) in quasar spectra are expected to show such a rise in global metallicity. However, it has been difficult to determine whether or not DLAs show this effect, primarily because of the very small number of DLA metallicity measurements at low redshifts. In an attempt to put tighter constraints on the low-redshift end of the DLA metallicity-redshift relation, we have observed Zn II and Cr II lines in four DLAs at 0.09 < z < 0.52, using the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) on board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). These observations have provided the first constraints on Zn abundances in DLAs with z < 0.4. In all three DLAs for which our observations offer meaningful constraints on the metallicity, the data suggest that the metallicities are much lower than the solar value. These results are consistent with recent imaging studies indicating that these DLAs may be associated with dwarf or low surface brightness galaxies. We combine our results with higher redshift data from the literature to estimate the global mean metallicity-redshift relation for DLAs. We find that the global mean metallicity shows at most a slow increase with decreasing redshift. For the redshift range 0.09 < z < 3.90, the slope of the exponential fit to the binned N-weighted mean Zn metallicity versus redshift relation is -0.18 ± 0.06 counting Zn limits as detections, -0.22 ± 0.08 counting Zn limits as zeros, and -0.23 ± 0.06 using constraints on metallicity from other elements instead of the Zn limits. The corresponding estimates of the z = 0 intercept of the metallicity-redshift relation are -0.74 ± 0.15, -0.75 ± 0.18, and -0.71 ± 0.13, respectively. Roughly similar results are obtained if survival analysis or an unbinned N-weighted nonlinear χ2 approach is used. Thus, the N-weighted mean metallicity of DLAs does not appear to rise up to solar or near-solar values at z = 0. This weak evolution could be explained by the fact that our absorption-selected sample seems to be dominated by dwarf or low surface brightness galaxies. This suggests that current DLA samples, especially those at low redshifts, could be biased against more enriched galaxies because the latter may cause higher dust obscuration of the background quasars.
Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): The sSFR-M* relation part I – σsSFR-M* as a function of sample, SFR indicator and environment

Recently a number of studies have proposed that the dispersion along the star formation rate - stellar mass relation ($\sigma_{\mathrm{sSFR}}$-M$_{*}$) is indicative of variations in star-formation history (SFH) driven by feedback processes. They found a 'U'-shaped dispersion and attribute the increased scatter at low and high stellar masses to stellar and active galactic nuclei feed-back respectively. However, measuring $\sigma_{\mathrm{sSFR}}$ and the shape of the $\sigma_{\mathrm{sSFR}}$-M$_{*}$ relation is problematic and can vary dramatically depending on the sample selected, chosen separation of passive/star-forming systems, and method of deriving star-formation rates ($i.e.$ H$\alpha$ emission vs spectral energy distribution fitting). As such, any astrophysical conclusions drawn from measurements of $\sigma_{\mathrm{sSFR}}$ must consider these dependencies. Here we use the Galaxy And Mass Assembly survey to explore how $\sigma_{\mathrm{sSFR}}$ varies with SFR indicator for a variety of selections for disc-like `main sequence' star-forming galaxies including colour, star-formation rate, visual morphology, bulge-to-total mass ratio, S\'{e}rsic index and mixture modelling. We find that irrespective of sample selection and/or SFR indicator, the dispersion along the sSFR-M$_{*}$ relation does follow a 'U'-shaped distribution. This suggests that the shape is physical and not an artefact of sample selection or method. We then compare the $\sigma_{\mathrm{sSFR}}$-M$_{*}$ relation to state-of-the-art hydrodynamical and semi-analytic models and find good agreement with our observed results. Finally, we find that for group satellites this 'U'-shaped distribution is not observed due to additional high scatter populations at intermediate stellar masses.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection-Associated Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure

The landscape of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemiology and treatment is ever-changing, with the widespread and evolving use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). With timely ART, people living with HIV (PLWH) are nearing the life expectancies and the functionality of the general population; nevertheless, the effects of HIV and ART on cardiovascular health remain under investigation. The pathophysiology of HIV-related cardiomyopathy and heart failure (HF) have historically been attributed to systemic inflammation and changes in cardiometabolic function and cardiovascular architecture. Importantly, newer evidence suggests that ART also plays a role in modulating the process of HIV-related cardiomyopathy and HF. In the short term, newer highly active ART (HAART) seems to have cardioprotective effects; however, emerging data on the long-term cardiovascular outcomes of certain HAART medications, i.e., protease inhibitors, raise concerns about the potential adverse effects of these drugs in the clinical course of HIV-related HF. As such, the traditional phenotypes of dilated cardiomyopathy and left ventricular systolic failure that are associated with HIV-related heart disease are incrementally being replaced with increasing rates of diastolic dysfunction and ischemic heart disease. Moreover, recent studies have found important links between HIV-related HF and other clinical and biochemical entities, including depression, which further complicate cardiac care for PLWH. Considering these trends in the era of ART, the traditional paradigms of HIV-related cardiomyopathy and HF are being called into question, as is the therapeutic role of interventions such as ventricular assist devices and heart transplantation. In all, the mechanisms of HIV-related myocardial damage and the optimal approaches to the prevention and the treatment of cardiomyopathy and HF in PLWH remain under investigation.
Lifetimes and Emergence/Decay Rates of Star Spots on Solar-type Stars Estimated by Kepler Data in Comparison with Those of Sunspots

Active solar-type stars show large quasi-periodic brightness variations caused by stellar rotation with star spots, and the amplitude changes as the spots emerge and decay. The Kepler data are suitable for investigations of the emergence and decay processes of star spots, which are important to understand the underlying stellar dynamo and stellar flares. In this study, we measured the temporal evolution of the star-spot area with Kepler data by tracing the local minima of the light curves. In this analysis, we extracted the temporal evolution of star spots showing clear emergence and decay without being disturbed by stellar differential rotation. We applied this method to 5356 active solar-type stars observed by Kepler and obtained temporal evolution of 56 individual star spots. We calculated the lifetimes and emergence/decay rates of the star spots from the obtained temporal evolution of the spot area. As a result, we found that the lifetimes (T) of star spots range from 10 to 350 days when the spot areas (A) are 0.1%–2.3% of the solar hemisphere. We also compared them with sunspot lifetimes and found that the lifetimes of star spots are much shorter than those extrapolated from an empirical relation of sunspots (T ∝ A), while being consistent with other research on star-spot lifetimes. The emergence and decay rates of star spots are typically 5 × 1020 Mx hr−1 (8 MSH hr−1) with an area of 0.1%–2.3% of the solar hemisphere and mostly consistent with those expected from sunspots, which may indicate the same underlying processes.
Porous Co-Pt Nanoalloys for Production of Carbon Nanofibers and Composites

The controllable synthesis of carbon nanofibers (CNF) and composites based on CNF (Metals/CNF) is of particular interest. In the present work, the samples of CNF were produced via ethylene decomposition over Co-Pt (0–100 at.% Pt) microdispersed alloys prepared by a reductive thermolysis of multicomponent precursors. XRD analysis showed that the crystal structure of alloys in the composition range of 5–35 at. % Pt corresponds to a fcc lattice based on cobalt (Fm-3m), while the CoPt (50 at.% Pt) and CoPt3 (75 at.% Pt) samples are intermetallics with the structure P4/mmm and Pm-3m, respectively. The microstructure of the alloys is represented by agglomerates of polycrystalline particles (50–150 nm) interconnected by the filaments. The impact of Pt content in the Co1−xPtx samples on their activity in CNF production was revealed. The interaction of alloys with ethylene is accompanied by the generation of active particles on which the growth of nanofibers occurs. Plane Co showed low productivity (~5.5 g/gcat), while Pt itself exhibited no activity at all. The addition of 15–25 at. % Pt to cobalt catalyst leads to an increase in activity by 3–5 times. The maximum yield of CNF reached 40 g/gcat for Co0.75Pt0. 25 sample. The local composition of the active alloyed particles and the structural features of CNF were explored.
Scattering in one dimension: The coupled Schrödinger equation, threshold behaviour and Levinson’s theorem

We formulate scattering in one dimension due to the coupled Schrodinger equation in terms of the S matrix, the unitarity of which leads to constraints on the scattering amplitudes. Levinson’s theorem is seen to have the form η(0)=π(nb+1/2n−1/2N), where η(0) is the phase of the S matrix at zero energy, nb the number of bound states with nonzero binding energy, n the number of half‐bound states, and N the number of coupled equations. In view of the effects due to the half‐bound states, the threshold behaviour of the scattering amplitudes is investigated in general, and is also illustrated by means of particular potential models.
The Comptel 1.809 Mev Survey

We present the latest update of the 1.809 MeV sky survey obtained with COMPTEL. Based on all observations taken since the launch of CGRO in spring 1991 to early summer this year we obtain 1.809 MeV all sky maps using different imaging methods. The background is modelled on the basis of an adjacent energy approach. We confirm the previously reported characteristics of the galactic 1.809 MeV emission, specifically excesses in regions away from the inner Galaxy. The observed 1.8 MeV gamma-ray line is ascribed to the radioactive decay of 26Al in the interstellar medium. 26Al has been found to be predominantly synthesised in massive stars and their subsequent core-collapse supernovae, which is confirmed in tracer comparisons. Due to this, one anticipates flux enhancements aligned with regions of recent star formation, such as apparently observed in the Cygnus and Vela regions.
Fermi-LAT Detection of a Transient γ-Ray Source in the Direction of a Distant Blazar B3 1428+422 at z = 4.72

We report the detection of a transient γ-ray source in the direction of B3 1428+422 (z = 4.72) by analyzing the 110-month Fermi-LAT Pass 8 data. The new transient γ-ray source is far away from the Galactic plane and has a rather soft spectrum, in agreement with being a high redshift blazar. We suggest that the newly discovered transient is the γ-ray counterpart of B3 1428+422, which could be the most distant GeV source detected so far. The detection of a group of such distant γ-ray blazars will be helpful in reconstructing the evolution of the luminosity function and studying the extragalactic background light at such high redshifts.
Evolution of jets driven by relativistic radiation hydrodynamics as long and low-luminosity GRBs

We present the three-dimensional numerical simulation of jets modeled with Relativistic Radiation Hydrodynamics (RRH), that evolve across two environments: i) a stratified surrounding medium and ii) a 16TI progenitor model. We consider opacities consistent with various processes of interaction between the fluid and radiation, specifically, free-free, bound-free, bound-bound and electron scattering. We explore various initial conditions, with different radiation energy densities of the beam in hydrodynamical and radiation pressure dominated scenarios, considering only ultra-relativistic jets. In order to investigate the impact of the radiation field on the evolution of the jets, we compare our results with purely hydrodynamical jets. Comparing among jets driven by RRH, we find that radiation pressure dominated jets propagate slightly faster than gas pressure dominated ones. Finally, we construct the luminosity Light Curves (LCs) associated with all these cases. The construction of LCs uses the fluxes of the radiation field which is fully coupled to the hydrodynamics equations during the evolution. The main properties of the jets propagating on the stratified surrounding medium are that the LCs show the same order of magnitude as the gamma-ray luminosity of typical Long Gamma-Ray Bursts $10^{50}-10^{54}$erg/s and the difference between the radiation and gas temperatures is of nearly one order of magnitude. The properties of jets breaking out from the progenitor star model are that the LCs are of the order of magnitude of low-luminosity GRBs $10^{46}-10^{49}$ erg/s, and in this scenario the difference between the gas and radiation temperature is of four orders of magnitude, which is a case far from thermal equilibrium.
The Anti-Psoriatic Efficacy and Safety Profile of Topical and Intralesional Methotrexate: A Literature Review

Abstract Methotrexate (MTX) has long been considered the first-line oral systemic pharmacotherapy for psoriasis. The drug has several well-known systemic side effects, such as bone marrow suppression and hepatotoxicity. To avoid them, the use of topical or intralesional administrations of MTX has become an interesting option. With the advent of novel drug delivery systems, especially nanocarriers, the usage of a high-efficacy and safe topical MTX for psoriasis has nearly been attained. This review examined the development, anti-psoriatic efficacy and adverse effects of topical forms of MTX (plain MTX; MTX with chemical enhancer; MTX using nanotechnology; MTX with protein transduction domains; MTX with liquid crystalline systems; and MTX with physical enhancer/laser) and intralesional MTX in psoriasis patients and psoriasis-induced animals. The efficacy of topical MTX varied with the drug delivery technology employed. Nevertheless, the overall safety profile of the topical forms was favourable. A 25 mg/mL MTX solution injected intralesionally at the nail matrix worked well for nail psoriasis recalcitrant to topical treatment. To improve the standard of care for patients with psoriasis, randomized controlled trials that establish the most effective MTX-delivery system are needed.
Optimal Management of Heart Failure and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Clinical Challenges

Abstract Heart failure (HF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common causes of breathlessness which frequently co-exist; one potentially exacerbating the other. Distinguishing between the two can be challenging due to their similar symptomatology and overlapping risk factors, but a timely and correct diagnosis is potentially lifesaving. Modern treatment for HF can substantially improve symptoms and prognosis for many patients and may have beneficial effects for patients with COPD. Conversely, while many inhaled treatments for COPD can improve symptoms and reduce exacerbations, there is conflicting evidence regarding the safety of some inhaled treatments for COPD in patients with HF. Here we explore the overlap between HF and COPD, examine the effect of one condition on the other, and address the challenges of managing patients with both conditions.
Quantum spin systems versus Schroedinger operators: A case study in spontaneous symmetry breaking

Spontaneous symmetry breaking (ssb) is mathematically tied to some limit, but must physically occur, approximately, before the limit. Approximate ssb has been independently understood for Schrödinger operators with double well potential in the classical limit (Jona-Lasinio et al, 1981; Simon, 1985) and for quantum spin systems in the thermodynamic limit (Anderson, 1952; Tasaki, 2019). We relate these to each other in the context of the Curie–Weiss model, establishing a remarkable relationship between this model (for finite NN) and a discretized Schrödinger operator with double well potential.