Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Peatland subsidence and carbon loss from drained temperate fens

Peat‐forming organic soils lose large amounts of carbon and soil volume when drained. Although surface subsidence is often taken as a proxy for the associated carbon loss, other mechanisms also cause a change in volume. To infer the reliability of subsidence for estimating carbon loss, we compared long‐term subsidence rates of an 80 ha area of temperate fen that was drained 140 yr ago against estimates of subsidence based on soil bulk densities measured at four sites. Both methods correlate significantly, yield similar subsidence rates of 0.8–1.6 cm/yr and underpin the value of using profile information for inferring volumetric loss. Peat oxidation accounts for 28–64% of the loss in volume, which is equivalent to annual carbon loss rates of 2.5–5.5 t C/ha. Whereas the profile‐based method is also suitable for estimating carbon loss, the wide range of oxidative contribution to the overall subsidence indicates that subsidence alone cannot provide an unbiased estimate of carbon emission factors from drained fens.
Genetic Variance for Gluten Strength Contributed by High Molecular Weight Glutenin Proteins

ABSTRACT A total of 162 doubled haploid (DH) lines were produced from a cross between Triticum aestivum L. ‘AC Karma’ and line 87E03-S2B1 to study the genetic contribution of high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits to gluten strength. HMW glutenin subunit composition of each DH line was determined by SDS-PAGE. The population was grown in the field at one location in 1999 and at three locations in 2000. Gluten strength and dough mixing properties were measured by mixograph test and SDS-sedimentation test. Variance components were estimated for each measurement to determine the variability contributed by HMW glutenin subunits. Results indicated significant environmental impact on tested mixograph parameters, SDS-sedimentation volumes and grain and flour protein concentration. Significant main effects of Glu-1D loci encoded subunits were obtained for mixograph development time, energy to peak, slope after peak, and first minute slope. Lines containing 5+10 combination of subunits had higher values for .
Stream Temperature Simulation of Forested Riparian Areas: I. Watershed-Scale Model Development

To simulate stream temperatures on a watershed scale, shading dynamics of topography and ri­ parian vegetation must be computed for estimating the amount of solar radiation that is actually absorbed by water for each stream reach. A series of computational procedures identifying the geometric relationships among the sun position, stream location and orientation, and riparian shading characteristics were used to develop a computer program called SHADE. The SHADE-generated solar radiation data are used by the Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) to simulate hourly stream temperatures. A methodology for computing the heat flux between water and streambed was selected, evaluated, and implemented in the HSPF code. This work advances the state of the art in watershed analysis by providing a quantitative tool for relating riparian forest management to stream temperature, which is a vital component of aquatic habitat. This paper describes the modeling strategies, the SHADE program in terms of algorithms and procedures, the integration of SHADE with HSPF, and the algorithms and evaluation of the bed conduction of heat. A companion paper presents an application of the SHADE-HSPF modeling system for the Upper Grande Ronde watershed in northeast Oregon.
Theoretical spin assignment and study of the A~100 140 superdeformed mass region by using ab formula

Using an empirical formula of rotational spectra which consists of two parameters a and b (known as ab formula) and derived from the Bohr-Hamiltonian, we extract the spins of fifteen superdeformed bands observed in the A~ 100-140 mass region. The two parameters "a" and "b" were determined by using a search program to fit the proposed transition energies with their observed values. The calculated transition energies depend sensitively on the prescribed spins. The agreement between the calculated and observed transition energies is incredibly well when a correct spin assignment is made. The quality of the fit is generally good in the proposed nuclei, namely: 104Pd(b1), 132Ce(b1), 134Nd(b1), 136Nd(b2), 142Sm(b1), 148Eu(b1, b2), 131Ce(b1, b2), 133Ce(b1, b2), 133Pr(b1, b3), 137Sm(b1), 143Eu(b1). Also, a good agreement is achieved between the extracted spin values in this paper with other theoretical models and also with the available experimental data. Key words: Superdeformed nuclei, Even-A and Odd-A Nuclei of the superdeformed Mass Region 100-140, ab formula.
INFLUENCES WITH AN EFFECT ON A LEVEL OF PH1 OF PORK MEAT IN STUDIED HY- BRID PIG COMBINATION (CLW X CL) X (D X BL)

The aim of the study was to evaluate influences with an effect on measured levels of pH 1 in pork and to determine occurrence of PSE meat in carcass pigs (n = 277) of tested hybrid combination (CLW x CL) x (D x BL). An influence of sex, used boars, slaughter weight and lean meat percentage in carcass body on measured values of pH 1 was studied in this experiment. An average value of pH 1 on a level of 6.31 was measured in tested carcass pigs of hybrid combination (CLW x CL) x (D x BL). There were not found statistical conclusive differences between sexes. Higher average value pH 1 6.33 was determined in gilts compared to hogs (6.29). Defect of pork meat PSE was found in 7.22 % of slaughter pigs only. A little bit higher number of slaughter animals with PSE defect (12 animals) was found in hogs in comparison with gilt (8 animals). There was not statistical conclusive difference between sexes. With growing slaughter weight the values of pH 1 were decreasing. An average value of pH 1 on a level of 6.43 was found in slaughter pigs slaughtered in weight of 80 kg or less, pigs slaughtered in 130 kg and more reached value pH 1 on a level of 6.19. With growing lean meat percentage in carcass body values of pH 1 were growing. The lowest average value 6.13 was determined in pigs with 49.9 – 45.0 of lean meat percentage. On the contrary the highest value of pH 1 6.44 was determined in pigs with 60 and higher lean meat percentage. Statistical conclusive differences among values of pH 1 were found among different business classes according to lean meat percentage.
Should Socioeconomic Health Effects be Includedin Risk Assessments?

Most analyses of health risks incident to the adoption of a product, process or facility treat only the effects of human exposure to pollutants. A growing body of research in the social sciences suggests strong linkages between health status and the economic status of populations. This paper considers the possibility that the effects of development on income distribution and employment may influence health as much as the resultant chemical exposures. The evidence presented in support of the socioeconomic linkage indicates adverse effects of transient economic growth and ultimately favorable effects of permanent expansions. A simple case study uses the development of coal mining in northern Wyoming to compare the effects of economic change with those of air pollution on local age adjusted mortality rates. The study area embraces counties with intensive mining activity, and the control area includes neighboring counties having similar terrain and climate, but with negligible mineral industry. This first order analysis relies upon both modeled and observed data. It concludes that the two influences on health status induced by the industrialization may be of the similar magnitudes. The paper closes by addressing the methodological challenge of producing a totally prospective analysis. Input-output models that can impute changes in regional income distributions to defined industrial developments will meet one of the main research needs.
Determination of Pyrethroid and Organophosphorus Insecticides in Indoor Air by Microwave-Assisted Extraction with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of microwave-assisted extraction for the recovery of pyrethroid and organophosphorus insecticides adsorbed on quartz fiber filters and C18 disks used for indoor air sampling. The extraction solvent, temperature, and time were optimized by spiking tests. The recoveries for the insecticides obtained by microwave-assisted extraction with acetone at 50°C for 5 min were between 71.9% and 119.2% with relative standard deviations between 0.3% and 9.3% at two spike levels (0.1 µg and 1.0 µg). The results of the microwave-assisted extraction under the validation conditions were comparable to those obtained by Soxhlet extraction, which was used as a reference technique. In a preliminary analysis, resmethrin and tetramethrin were determined in the indoor air of an apartment unit at concentrations of 7.8 ng/m3 and 66.0 ng/m3, respectively, using the microwave-assisted extraction-based method with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Discrimination of aged mixtures of lipidic paint binders by Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics

This work explores the application of chemometric techniques to Raman spectra to study aged lipidic paint binders. These binders, commonly known as drying oils, were widely used by artists throughout history both individually and in mixtures. We prepared various model samples of the pure binders (linseed, poppy-seed and walnut oils and egg yolk) and of binary mixtures thereof. These model samples were left to age naturally for six years and further characterized by Raman spectroscopy. A comparative study of the Raman spectral features before and after ageing process was carried out. This showed changes mainly in the bands located at 1267, 1655 and 3011 cm–1, which correspond to vibrations in cis double bonds. Multivariate analysis was performed by applying principal component analysis and partial least-squares discriminant analysis on the corresponding Raman spectra to test whether spectral differences allowed samples to be distinguished on the basis of their composition. The CH stretching region was found to be especially useful for discrimination between the different binders. Furthermore, good sensitivity and specificity were found in the discriminant analysis particularly for the identification of binders containing egg yolk. The results of these multivariate analyses demonstrated the potential use of both chemometric approaches in the field of Cultural Heritage for drying oil characterization and identification, and also for gaining a deeper insight into the ageing process. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of soil freeze–thaw on soil aggregate breakdown and concomitant sediment flow in Prince Edward Island: A review

Edwards, L. M. 2013. The effects of soil freeze–thaw on soil aggregate breakdown and concomitant sediment flow in Prince Edward Island: A review. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 459–472. The importance of aggregate size and integrity in soil productivity and crop production is paramount, and aggregate size reduction or increase invariably becomes a primary concern in such soil management practices as tillage and organic matter manipulation. In this regard, therefore, the present review looks particularly at the consequence of freeze–thaw cycling (FTC) on agricultural lands in Prince Edward Island (PEI) where an annual average of 40 cycles induce measurable aggregate breakdown with mixed consequences. On the one extreme, the consequences are manifest in increased soil erosion. On the other extreme, reduced (or reversed) soil compaction and improved seedbed conditions are welcomed consequences where temperature alternation breaks up hard pans or soil clods, or where the predominance of smaller aggregates can be an as.
Understanding the rate-dependent J–V hysteresis, slow time component, and aging in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells: the role of a compensated electric field

In this work we show that the rate-dependent hysteresis seen in current–voltage scans of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells is related to a slow field-induced process that tends to cancel the electric field in the device at each applied bias voltage. It is attributed to the build-up of space charge close to the contacts, independent of illumination and most likely due to ionic displacement, which is enhanced when the device undergoes aging. This process can also lead to a reduction of the open-circuit voltage or the steady-state photocurrent and does not directly correlate with the development of the hysteresis if it is measured at a fixed voltage sweep rate.
Boron isotope fractionation accompanying formation of potassium, sodium and lithium borates from boron-bearing solutions

isotopic ratio of the precipitate divided by that of the solution, ranged from 0.991 to 1.012. Computer simulations for modeling boron mineral formations, in which polyborates were decomposed into three coordinated BO3 unit and four coordinated BO4 unit for the purpose of calculation of their boron isotopic reduced partition function ratios, were attempted to estimate the equilibrium constant, K B , of the boron isotope exchange between the boric acid molecule (B(OH)3) and the monoborate anion (B(OH)4 ‐ ). As a result, the KB value of 1.015 to 1.029 was obtained. The simulations indicated that the KB value might be dependent on the kind of boron minerals, which qualitatively agreed with molecular orbital calculations independently carried out.
A controlled and versatile NCA polymerization method for the synthesis of polypeptides

A versatile and simple methodology for the preparation of well-defined polyglutamate nanocarriers is described. For the first time ammonium salts with non-nucleophilic tetrafluoroborate anions are used as initiators for the ring opening polymerization of α-N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) allowing a multigram scale polyglutamate synthesis with defined molecular weight (up to 800 units), low polydispersity (<1.2), controlled chain end functionality and adequate stereoselectivity and absence of any trace of toxic impurity to allow biomedical applications.
High-yield synthesis of complex gold nanostructures in a fungal system

In this work, gold nanocrystals with various shapes and sizes, including spherical, regular nanoplates, spiral nanoplates, nanowalls, lamellar nanoagglomerates, and spherical nanoagglomerates, were produced at high yield by reacting an aqueous solution of chloroauric acid with the mycelia-free spent medium or the extract of a filamentous fungus, Aspergillus niger. Structural characterizations showed that the plate-like structures were oriented with {111} planes as the basal plane. The results implicated proteins on the fungal cell walls and proteins in the fungal extract as the primary biomolecules involved in the synthesis of gold nanocrystals. Reaction in the spent medium, on the other hand, involved an enzymatic process where small biomolecules and enzymes served as the substrates and catalysts, respectively. The formation of these highly anisotropic structures was kinetically controlled, as shown by the dependence of particle shape and size on environmental variables such as the temperature and pH of .
Macroscopic and microscopic thermodynamic observations in swollen poly(vinyl acetate) networks

Chemically cross-linked poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) networks swollen in toluene are compared with un-cross-linked polymer solution. The swelling pressure data are described by a two-term equation consisting of a separable elastic and mixing contribution. The mixing term for the gel is smaller than for the solution, but both exhibit a similar concentration dependence. The scattering signal of the gel is separated into a static and a solution-like part. The latter is compared with the swelling pressure of the gel obtained from the macroscopic osmotic measurements
Vibrational spectroscopic study of zinc tris(thiourea) sulphate, a new organometallic non-linear optical crystal

Vibrational spectra of zinc tris(thiourea) sulphate (ZTS), a new semiorganic non-linear optical crystal, were record- ed to determine the symmetries of molecular vibrations. The observed Raman and infrared bands are assigned to molecular vibrations of thiourea, sulphate groups and $zn(thiourea)_3SO_4$ tetrabedra. The Raman spectra are inter- preted in the light of crystal structure data. Modifications in the IR spectra of thiourea due to metal complexations are discussed.
Dynamic Dewetting Regimes Explored

To resolve issues concerning the manner in which substrate wettability and heterogeneity influence contact line motion, we investigate the dewetting process that occurs when a bubble contacts a hydrophobic surface immersed in water. Titania surfaces, partly coated with a self-assembled monolayer of octadecyltrihydrosilane, were used to achieve a wide range of surface composition and wettability. For all surfaces, two distinct dynamic regimes were detected: the initial stage of the dewetting process is captured by hydrodynamics (partly affected by inertia), whereas the regime of low contact line speeds is well described by the molecular kinetic approach, indicating a thermally activated process. In the hydrodynamic regime, physically reasonable model parameter values were obtained where inertia is negligible. In the low speed regime, however, the results contradicted the common expectation that the activation free energy of displacements correlates with the work of adhesion. Rather quantitative agreement w.
(CONTRIBUTION FROM THE MULTIPLE FELLOWSHIP OF BAUGH AND SONS COMPANY, MELLOX INSTITUTE) The Determination of Pore Volume and Area Distributions in Porous Substances. I. Computations from Nitrogen Isotherms

This paper will show that the assumption of a simple Gaussian or Maxwellian distribution of pore sizes is inadequate for many adsorbents. It will also show that Oulton’s assumption of constant thickness for the physically adsorbed layer, while adequate for a finely porous material such as that to which he applied it (a cracking catalyst with a pore area maximum at radius 26.5 A.), is inadequate to deal with more coarsely porous adsorbents. A formal analysis of the relationship between nitrogen desorption isotherms at liquid nitrogen temperatures and the distribution of pore volume and area with respect to pore radius will be made on the assumption that equilibrium between the gas phase and the adsorbed phase during desorption is determined by two mechanisms: (1) physical adsorption on the pore walls (which would occur to the same extent whether the area involved constituted walls of pores or a flat surface impenetrable to nitrogen), and (2) capillary condensation in what Oulton5 has called the “inner capillary volume. ” Results of the analysis will be applied to several adsorbents utilizing the experimental data used by Shul12 to provide a functional relationship between thickness of physically adsorbed layer and relative pressure, and utilizing the classical Kelvin equation, relating vapor pressure depression to capillary radius, to define the relationship between volume of capillary condensate and relative pressure.
Links between perception and production : examining the roles of motor and premotor cortices in understanding speech

Links between perception and production: examining the roles of motor and premotor cortices in understanding speech. Carolyn McGettigan and Pascale Tremblay 1 Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK 2 Département de Réadaptation, Université Laval, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec City, Canada Author emails: Carolyn.McGettigan@rhul.ac. uk ; pascale.tremblay@fmed.ulaval. ca
Influence of livestock manure type on transport of Escherichia coli in surface runoff.

Since livestock manure type may infl uence transport of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in runoff, the choice of which type of livestock manure to apply to cropland may be a potential benefi cial management practice (BMP) to reduce and manage E. coli in runoff. Four common manure types (beef, dairy, chicken, hog) were applied to a clay loam soil in small runoff boxes, and a rainfall simulator was used to generate artifi cial runoff. Runoff samples were collected at three successive time intervals (0 to 5, 5 to 15, 15 to 30 min) and analyzed for fl ow-weighted mean concentrations (FWMC) of E. coli as well as mass loss of E. coli expressed as a percentage of total E. coli applied. Manure treatment had a signifi cant (p ≤ 0.10) infl uence on FWMC of E. coli in runoff. The FWMC of E. coli in runoff for the dairy (33.3 CFU per 100 mL) treatment was similar to the control (3.2 CFU per 100 mL), but E. coli concentrations for the beef (955 CFU per 100 mL), chicken (1,134 CFU per 100 mL), and hog (368 CFU per 100 mL) treatments were all signifi cantly greater than the control. The FWMC values were not signifi cantly different among the four manured treatments except for dairy versus chicken manure, where values were signifi cantly lower for dairy manure. Concentrations of E. coli were less than the guideline for recreation waters (< 200 CFU per 100 mL) for the control and dairy treatment, but exceeded this guideline for beef, chicken, and hog manures, suggesting that dairy manure may be better than the other three manures for protecting surface water bodies for recreational use. Our study suggests that manure type may be a possible BMP to manage and control FWMC of E. coli in surface waters.
PRODUTIVIDADE ECONÔMICA E COMPONENTES DA PRODUÇÃO DE ESPIGAS VERDES DE MILHO EM FUNÇÃO DA ADUBAÇÃO NITROGENADA

Foi avaliado, durante dois anos, o efeito de doses de nitrogenio (N) na produtividade de espigas verdes de milho e em componentes da sua producao. Cinco doses de N (0, 60, 120, 180 e 240 kg ha -1 ) aplicadas em cobertura foram testadas num delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repeticoes. Foram avaliadas a producao e o numero de espigas comerciais com palha por hectare, peso das espigas com e sem palha, comprimento e diâmetro de espigas sem palha e relacao espiga com palha/palha. Aumentos na produtividade de espigas comerciais com palha com a aplicacao de N foram encontrados, sendo estimadas as maximas produtividades de 13,52 t ha -1 com a dose de 157 kg ha -1 de N (primeiro ano) e de 14,86 t ha -1 com a dose de 177 kg ha -1 de N (segundo ano). Os aumentos na produtividade de espigas nao foram devido aos aumentos do numero de espigas por area e do comprimento destas, que nao foram afetados pela adubacao nitrogenada. Diferentemente da relacao espiga/palha, o peso e o diâmetro das espigas foram influenciados pela elevacao das doses de N. Foi proposta uma tabela de recomendacao de adubacao nitrogenada nos moldes de precos preestabelecidos de N e de espigas.
Triplet Excited States of Free-Base Porphin and Its β-Octahalogenated Derivatives†

Density functional theory (DFT) electronic structure calculations were carried out to predict the structures, energetics, and triplet−triplet (T−T) spectra for the low-lying triplet states of free-base porphin (PH2) and its β-octahalogenated derivatives (β-PH2X8; X = F, Cl, Br). The lowest triplet excited state of PH2 and β-PH2X8 was found to retain D2h symmetry with stretched Cβ−Cβ and Cβ−Cm bond distances. For free-base porphin, the singlet−triplet (S0−T1) gap obtained with the B3LYP functional was in excellent agreement with the experimental phosphorescence value. Excitation energies computed by time-dependent DFT also provided a fine account of the observed T−T spectrum. β-Halogenation had little effect on the singlet−triplet gaps of porphin. The S0−T1 and S0−T2 splittings for β-PH2X8 were within 0.1 eV of the corresponding splittings in the unsubstituted porphin. All bands in the T−T spectra of β-PH2X8 were predicted to be significantly (up to 0.65 eV) red-shifted in comparison to corresponding bands.