Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Getting Tough? The Impact of High School Graduation Exams

The impact of high school graduation exams on student achievement and dropout rates is examined. Using data from the National Educational Longitudinal Survey (NELS), this analysis is able to control for prior student achievement and a variety of other student, school, and state characteristics. It was found that graduation tests have no significant impact on 12th-grade math or reading achievement. These results are robust with a variety of specification checks. Although graduation tests have no appreciable effect on the probability of dropping out for the average student, they increase the probability of dropping out among the lowest ability students. These results suggest that policymakers would be well advised to rethink current graduation test policies.
Damping of pressure waves in visco-elastic, saturated bubbly magma

Abstract The attenuation of pressure waves in a saturated bubbly magma is examined in a model, coupling seismic wave-propagation with bubble growth dynamics. This model is solved analytically and numerically, including effects of diffusion of volatiles, visco-elasticity and bubble number density. We show that wave attenuation is controlled mainly by the Peclet and Deborah numbers. The Peclet number is a measure of the relative importance of advection to diffusion. The Deborah number is a visco-elastic measure, describing the importance of elasticity in comparison to viscous melt deformation. We solve numerically for wave attenuation for various magma properties corresponding to a wide range of Peclet and Deborah numbers. We show that the numerical solution can be approximated quite well for frequencies above 1 Hz, by an analytical end-member solution, obtained for high Peclet and low Deborah numbers. For lower frequencies, volatile transport should be accounted for, leading to higher attenuation with respect to the analytical solution. However, if the Deborah number is increased, either by longer relaxation time or by higher frequencies, then attenuation decreases with respect to the analytical solution. Therefore, visco-elasticity leads to a significant improvement of the resonating qualities of a magma-filled conduit and widens the depth and frequency ranges where pressure waves will propagate efficiently through the conduit.
Wind and thermohaline circulation of the Black Sea driven by yearly mean climatological forcing

Using an eddy-resolving ocean circulation model endowed with active thermodynamics and a turbulence closure parameterization, a hierarchy of numerical experiments is carried out to investigate the relative contributions of the wind forcing, the surface thermohaline fluxes, the river runoff, and the Bosphorus inflow/outflow in driving the yearly mean circulation in the Black Sea. The model accommodates a topographic and boundary-fitted curvilinear coordinate system and resolves steep topographical changes around the periphery of the basin using O(10 km) grid spacing and 18 stretched vertical levels. Model experiments show that topography, wind forcing, and buoyancy forcing are all first-order contributors to the primary circulation of the Black Sea. If any of these features are neglected, significant elements of the model circulation do not reproduce observations. Subbasin scale gyres are caused by both wind and thermohaline forcing. Annual mean wind stress is sufficient to produce the major interior cyclonic gyres. Stronger winds produce more defined interior flow than the weaker winds of the Hellermann and Rosenstein (1983) fields. Heat flux is an important contributor to subbasin scale cyclonic circulation. However, the annual mean heat flux with spatial structure given by the climatology produces unrealistic features in the interior circulation. The latter ones disappear when including the seasonal heat flux variability. This results strongly suggests that the seasonal cycle of the wind stress is much less crucial than the heat flux seasonal cycle in producing a realistic basin circulation. The Rim Current is locked to the steep topographic shelf slope, regardless of the forcing mechanism. Without including the strong topography the Rim Current is absent for all forcings. Mesoscale variability arises from the dynamic evolution of the Rim Current. This variability is enhanced by the Danube inflow and the Bosphorus inflow/outflow, demonstrating the importance of these buoyancy sources in enhancing the mesoscale. The deep-layer circulation is controlled by the barotropic pressure gradient and is insensitive to the magnitude, seasonality, or strength of the surface forcing. A transition zone separates the surface and deep-layer circulation patterns. Its circulation is mainly driven by the slope of the pycnocline developed as a response to the surface forcing.
Health, Well being and Open Space, Literature Review

This review covers a diverse literature base, ranging from promotional leaflets to academic papers, and deriving from international, English-language and European sources. Techniques used to uncover literature for the review included a wide-ranging, key-word search of library catalogues, including universities, the National Library of Scotland and the British Library, and databases including the NISS (National Information Services System) Information Gateway, COPAC (Co-operative Academic Information Retrieval Network for Scotland), Health, Well-Being and Open Space.
Resolution of ferrimagnetic and paramagnetic anisotropies in rocks, using combined low-field and high-field measurements

SUMMARY A method of separation of ferrimagnetic and paramagnetic components of magnetic anisotropy from the total anisotropy is developed. From the anisotropy measurement of a specimen in a low field (susceptibility anisotropy) and from measurement in two high fields stronger than the saturation field of the ferrimagnetic fraction present, the following anisotropy components can be calculated: susceptibility anisotropy (field-independent) of the paramagnetic fraction, low-field (susceptibility) anisotropy of the ferrimagnetic fraction and high-field anisotropy of the ferrimagnetic fraction. Errors possibly arising from imperfect saturation of the ferrimagnetic fraction in the field practically available are analysed.
GEOLOGY OF THE HANGAY NURUU, CENTRAL MONGOLIA

Two of the authors made reconnaissance visits to the Hangay Nuruu (mountains) of west-central Mongolia (Fig. 1). They noted a wide variety of geologic features in and near these mountains including: Tertiary and Quaternary basalts (Whitford-Stark, 1987); active faults, notably the Bulnay strike-slip fault which generated two M>8 earthquakes in 1905 (Baljinnyam et al., 1993); widespread glaciation (Lehmkuhl, 1998); and local periglacial features such as cryoplanation terraces. Based on this reconnaissance and the success of Keck Geology Consortium projects to the Gobi in 2003 (Carson et al., 2004) and the Mongolian Altai in 2004 (Carson et al., 2005), a project was proposed for the Hangay Nuruu. The goals were to study Paleozoic and Mesozoic granites, the Cenozoic basalts, Quaternary tectonism, glacial and periglacial landforms and processes, and the late Quaternary paleoclimate and paleoecology.The Americans ﬂew to Mongolia’s capital Ulaanbaatar. There we met the Mongolian professor, students, cooks, and drivers, and drove west toward our ﬁeld area. We overnighted near Karakorum, the ancient capital of the Mongol Empire (2006 was the 800th anniversary of the founding of the Mongol Empire, and therefore a year of great celebration, including the festival of Naadam).
Flow and nutrient export patterns for an agricultural hill-land watershed

Nutrient patterns and export in streamflow were determined for a 7.4-km2agricultural hill-land watershed located in Pennsylvania. P export, whether associated with sediment or water phase, was dominated by storm periods. About 70% of water phase P was exported during the 10% of time defined as storm flow. P export during storms becomes less controlled by water phase P as the P fraction being exported is expanded from labile P (50–70%) to algal-available P (20–40%) to total P (10–20%). Water phase P accounted for 25–50% of the algal-available P exported in total flow. Nitrate export was mostly in nonstorm periods (60%) with the higher concentrations in elevated base flows. The elevated base flow appears to result from increased drainage from a shallow fracture layer that underlays cropland. Because storm periods dominate P export, control of the hydrologically active P source areas within the watershed provides the greatest opportunity for controlling export of algal-available P.
Giant Short-faced Bears (Arctodus simus) in Pleistocene Florida USA, a Substantial Range Extension

Abstract Fossils of the giant short-faced bear, Arctodus simus (Cope, 1879), have been recovered from over 100 localities in North America, extending from Mexico to Alaska and California to Virginia. Despite this large range, the species has never been recorded from the southeastern United States. The lesser short-faced bear, Arctodus pristinus Leidy, 1854 is well represented from this region, particularly Florida, but all known occurrences are late Pliocene – middle Pleistocene in age (about 2.5 to 0.3 Ma). Differentiating A. simus from A. pristinus can be difficult because large individuals of A. pristinus overlap in size with small individuals of A. simus, and there are few morphological differences. However, these two taxa can be clearly separated based on the relative proportions of their molars and premolars. Two Pleistocene records of A. simus representing a minimum of three individuals from the Withlacoochee River drainage of central Florida are reported here, substantially extending the distribution of this massive bear into southeastern North America. A late Pleistocene age for these occurrences is corroborated by an associated Rancholabrean fauna and rare earth elemental analyses. One of the reported individuals is quite large, supporting the hypothesis of extreme sexual dimorphism in A. simus and rejecting a hypothesis of two subspecies.
The Role of Socioeconomic Determinants on Individual Decision to Quit Smoking: Evidence from Indonesia.

The Global Adult Tobacco Survey in 2020 shows that Indonesia became the world’s third-highest number of smokers. This is due to the excessive consumption of cigarettes by the Indonesian people and the lack of awareness of the effects of smoking. This study aims to investigate the socioeconomics as an indicator that has a high probability of being a determinant of individual decisions in households to quit smoking and uses the latest Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS-5). The Probit approach was used to analyze the most identified factors for preventive ways and propose interventions to address those factors. We find some facts, namely (1) The higher the level of education and income of the individual in the household, the higher the probability of the individual’s decision to quit smoking; (2) unlike cigarette expenditure, the more significant the increase in cigarette expenditure, the lower the individual’s probability of quitting smoking; (3) but, unfortunately, the existence of a non-smoking area does not influence individuals in the household to quit smoking, this also applies to individual smokers who are sick. We also found that several control variables, such as (4) increasing age and marital status (married), had a positive effect on an individual’s decision to quit smoking; (5) individuals who were male had a lower probability of quitting smoking than females. In addition, (6) both individuals with marital status (divorced) and occupation do not affect the decision to quit smoking.
Wood quality of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in the boreal mixedwood forest

ii Table of contents.iv List of tables.vii List of figures.viii Acknowledgements.xi Dedication.xii Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 1.2 Mixed species vs. single species stands . 2 1.2.1 Trembling aspen and white spruce stands . 5 1.3 Ecological combining ability of trembling aspen and white spruce . 6 1.3. 1 Competition reduction in trembling aspen / white spruce stands . 7 1.3. 2 Facilitative production in trembling aspen / white spruce stands . 10 1.4 Wood quality traits . 11 1.4. 1 Wood Density . 12 1.4. 2 Microfibril Angle . 14 1.4. 3 Fibre traits . 16 1.4. 4 Cell Wall Chemistry . 17 1.5 Research Objective . 21 Chapter 2: Materials and Methods . 22 2.1 Sample collection . 22 2.2 Tree volume. 26 2.3 Wood density. 27 2.4 Cellulose microfibril angle (MFA) . 28 2.5 Fibre traits . 29 2.6 Cell wall chemistry. 29 2.7 Social classes . 31 2.8 Statistical Analysis . 32
Controls on biogenic methane formation in Cherokee basin coalbeds, Kansas

The Cherokee basin in southeastern Kansas is a declining coalbed methane (CBM) field where little is known about how the CBM formed, the extent to which it continues to form, and what factors influence its formation. An understanding of methanogenic processes and geochemistry could lead to potential enhancement of methane formation in the basin. The objectives of this project are to (1) determine the pathway of methane formation and (2) determine whether geochemistry has influenced gas formation. In order to reach the objectives, we analyzed formation water geochemistry, production history, and gas composition and isotopes. Post Rock Energy Corporation gave us access to 16 wells for sampling purposes. We collected gas samples in Isotubes® for compositional and isotopic analyses at a commercial laboratory. We analyzed major ion chemistry from formation water using standard methods. Coproduced water samples we collected are Na-Cl type with total dissolved solids content ranging from 35,367 to 91,565 mg/L. TDS tended to be highest in samples collected from wells with greater total depth. The pH and temperature of sampled water averaged 7.0 and 19°C with an alkalinity ranging from 3.33 to 8.59. Gas dryness and δC CH4 range from 196 to 4531 and 69.95 to -56.5, respectively, which indicate that methane is being produced biologically. Comparing the δC CH4 to the δD CH4, which ranges from -228.2 to -217.2, suggest that the primary pathway of methanogenesis is H2/CO2 reduction. We calculated Δ (the difference between δ values) in order to correlate isotope data to produced water chemistry. Samples ΔD and ΔC values range from -189.1 to -168.7 and 61.52 to 69.99. Calculated ΔDCH4-H2O and ΔCCO2-CH4 values approach the range for the acetate/methyl pathways as Cl concentration increases, potentially indicating a slight shift in methanogenic pathway in deeper, more saline portions of the basin. The culturing results revealed that living methanogens are still able to utilize H2, acetate, and methanol present in co-produced formation water from all tested wells.
Holocene rupture of the Repongaere fault, Gisborne: Implications for Raukumara Peninsula deformation and impact on the Waipaoa Sedimentary System

Abstract The Repongaere Fault is one of a series of active normal faults within the Raukumara Peninsula, eastern North Island, New Zealand. These faults appear to form in response to rapid uplift of the Raukumara Range and related extensional strain. However, the activity of these normal faults is poorly constrained. This paper presents new mapping of the active surface trace of the Repongaere Fault, c. 18 km northwest of Gisborne, and the results of two paleoseismic trenches. These results are then used to assess the seismic hazard posed by this fault and impacts on the Waipaoa Sedimentary System in which the fault is situated. Active traces can be mapped for c. 4.5 km, but we infer the surface rupture length to be at least 9 km. Tephras within the trenches constrain the timing of the most recent surface rupture event to have occurred during deposition of the Waimihia Tephra (c. 3400 cal. yr BP), and at least one event in the period c. 13 800–5470 cal. yr BP, with single‐event displacements of ≥0.4–1. 1 m. From these data a mean dip‐slip rate of c. 0.1 mm/yr and a maximum recurrence interval of 4490–6900 yr, can be calculated. If the Repongaere Fault is representative of other Raukumara Peninsula normal faults, then this relatively low rate of activity supports the interpretation that these faults are not contributing significantly to the deformation of the Raukumara Peninsula. The low rate of activity is also consistent with the very localised evidence for landscape impacts, a calculated moderate Mw of 6.3–6.7, and the fault's location within the lower part of the Waipaoa River catchment. Together, these observations suggest that Repongaere Fault earthquakes have minimal, localised impact on the Waipaoa Sedimentary System.
Pedogenic Palygorskite Occurrences in Australia

Palygorskite forms crusts or cutans on the surfaces of soil peds from two regions in Australia, Alice Springs (Northern Territory) and Eastern Riverina (New South Wales). Electron microscope examination ofreplicas prepared from cutans showed the palygorskite fibers to be arranged in parallel orientation within thick mats. Fibers were occasionally observed on top of coarse-grained skeleton grains. X-ray diffraction showed that, while the cutans contain almost exclusively palygorskite, the mineral is absent from within the soil peds. The chemical composition of crusts, determined by electron microprobe analysis, corresponds to that of Mg-rich palygorskite. Chemical examination of transects through crusts indicates that while the palygorskite content of the Northern Territory crusts is fairly constant, the mineralogically pure palygorskite in the periphery of the Riverina crust is becoming gradually intermixed with illite within the crust. The equilibrium constant of a pure Australian palygorskite (Mt. Flinders) was determined by dissolution in distilled water under air and nitrogen. The standard free energy of formation (aAFto) is - 1131.5 kcal/mole. The information from the solubility experiments was used to construct stability diagrams showing the stability of palygorskite as a function of pH, pMg, and pSi. The composition of I :l water extracts from soil horizons containing palygorskite coatings, plotted onto one of these diagrams, falls within the stability field for palygorskite. It is concluded that soil water with a suitable composition, and not only lake water, can satisfy the conditions required for the formation of palygorskite, and that the pedogenic formation of that mineral is therefore feasible.
The effect of watershed scale on HEC-HMS calibrated parameters: a case study in the Clear Creek watershed in Iowa, US

In this paper, we use the Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) to simulate two flood events to inves- tigate the effect of watershed subdivision in terms of perfor- mance, the calibrated parameter values, the description of hy- drologic processes, and the subsequent interpretation of wa- ter balance components. We use Stage IV hourly NEXRAD precipitation as the meteorological input for ten model con- figurations with variable sub-basin sizes. Model parameters are automatically optimized to fit the observed data. The strategy is implemented in Clear Creek Watershed (CCW), which is located in the upper Mississippi River basin. Results show that most of the calibrated parameter values are sensi- tive to the basin partition scheme and that the relative rele- vance of physical processes, described by the model, change depending on watershed subdivision. In particular, our re- sults show that parameters derived from different model im- plementations attribute losses in the system to completely different physical phenomena without a notable effect on the model's performance. Our work adds to the body of ev- idence demonstrating that automatically calibrated parame- ters in hydrological models can lead to an incorrect prescrip- tion of the internal dynamics of runoff production and trans- port. Furthermore, it demonstrates that model implementa- tion adds a new dimension to the problem of non-uniqueness in hydrological models.
Alongshore Wind Forcing of Coastal Sea Level as a Function of Frequency

Abstract The amplitude of the frequency response function between coastal alongshore wind stress and adjusted sea level anomalies along the west coast of the United States increases linearly as a function of the logarithm (log10) of the period for time scales up to at least 60, and possibly 100, days. The amplitude of the frequency response function increases even more rapidly at longer periods out to at least 5 yr. At the shortest periods, the amplitude of the frequency response function is small because sea level is forced only by the local component of the wind field. The regional wind field, which controls the wind-forced response in sea level for periods between 20 and 100 days, not only has much broader spatial scales than the local wind, but also propagates along the coast in the same direction as continental shelf waves. Hence, it has a stronger coupling to and an increased frequency response for sea level. At periods of a year or more, observed coastal sea level fluctuations are not only forced b.
A Case Study on the Use of Humorous Code-Switching in Harith Iskander’ Stand-Up Comedy Shows

Code-switching is a phenomenon where bilingual and multilingual speakers use two or more languages. Code-switching is a common situation in Malaysia due to the diversified cultural communities. However, little that we know how code-switching influences stand-up comedy shows. Hence, this paper explores the use of code-switching in stand-up comedy shows. Specifically, this paper explores the humorous code-switching that a comedian uses, the different linguistic types of code-switching used, and the conversational functions of code-switching. Data from this case study was collected by observing the stand-up comedy show from YouTube videos by one of the best Malaysian comedians, Harith Iskander. A total of ten YouTube videos were chosen where Harith used humorous code-switching to make the audience laugh. The data were analysed according to the objectives of this study The analysis revealed three types of humour that aligned with superiority theory: self-deprecating humour, disparaging others, and sarcasm. We found that ad-lib humour and funny comments aligned with the theory of incongruity. The analysis also revealed one humour that aligns with the relief theory. This study used Poplack’s (2008) three types of code-switching, namely tag-switching, inter-sentential switching, and intra-sentential switching. Based on Gumperz's (1982), six conversational functions, four of which have been identified in Harith Iskander's stand-up comedy shows: quotation, reiteration, message qualification, and personification versus objectification. This also suggests that humorous code-switching is invaluable for stand-up comedians and the audience, particularly those who are bilingual or multilingual.
A REVIEW OF BIVALVE SPECIES IN THE EASTERN ADRIATIC SEA. III. PTERIOMORPHA (GLYCYMERIDIDAE)

Legac, M. & Hrs-Brenko, M. : A review of bivalve species in the eastern Adriatic sea. III. Pteriomorpha (Glycymerididae), Nat. Croat. , Vol. 8, No. 1. , 9–25, 1999, Zagreb The bivalve species Glycymeris bimaculata (Poli, 1795), G. glycymeris (Linnaeus, 1758) and G. violacescens (Lamarck, 1819) of the family Glycymerididae (Pteriomorpha) are reviewed. Literature citations, specimens deposited in collections, and unpublished data were consulted. For each species the valid name, Adriatic Sea synonyms, shell sizes, general and eastern Adriatic distribution, collection depths, habitat and biocenological characters, ecological significance, abundance, bivalve collections and additional relevant data are recorded. The results are discussed, and further study of certain species is suggested.