Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prolonged delays in human microbiota transmission after a controlled antibiotic perturbation

Humans constantly encounter new microbes, but few become long-term residents of the adult gut microbiome. Classical theories predict that colonization is determined by the availability of open niches, but it remains unclear whether other ecological barriers limit commensal colonization in natural settings. To disentangle these effects, we used a controlled perturbation with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin to investigate the dynamics of gut microbiome transmission in 22 households of healthy, cohabiting adults. Colonization was rare in three-quarters of antibiotic-taking subjects, whose resident strains rapidly recovered in the week after antibiotics ended. In contrast, the remaining antibiotic-taking subjects exhibited lasting responses, with extensive species losses and transient expansions of potential opportunistic pathogens. These subjects experienced elevated rates of commensal colonization, but only after long delays: many new colonizers underwent sudden, correlated expansions months after the antibiotic perturbation. Furthermore, strains that had previously transmitted between cohabiting partners rarely recolonized after antibiotic disruptions, showing that colonization displays substantial historical contingency. This work demonstrates that there remain substantial ecological barriers to colonization even after major microbiome disruptions, suggesting that dispersal interactions and priority effects limit the pace of community change.
Evaluation of a Multi-Specimen Approach to Palaeointensity Determination

Hoffman et al.'s multi-specimen variation of the Thellier palaeointensity method has been applied to a number of historically dated lavas from Etna (Sicily), Vesuvius (Italy), and the Canary Islands. The majority of experiments resulted in palaeointensity estimates which were in good agreement with values obtained by other palaeointensity methods and geomagnetic field models. A lava which produced an overestimate of the actual field value using the Rolph and Shaw method also failed to give a reasonable intensity with the Hoffman method. A Miocene lava from New Zealand which had given a very high field intensity using the Rolph and Shaw method gave a lower value with Hoffman, but it is uncertain whether this value is a better estimate of the actual field intensity. Detailed rock magnetic studies were performed on every sub-specimen of six Miocene lavas from the Vogelsberg (Germany): bulk susceptibility and IRM acquisition curves were measured, and the magnetic minerals were observed using reflected light microscopy. Changes in susceptibility were often observed, but they do not correspond with changes in TRM capacity as observed on the Arai plots. Very similar susceptibility versus heating temperature plots were observed from sister samples which had been used in modified Thellier experiments, suggesting that the majority of thermal alteration occurs on the first heating to a particular temperature. The IRM and optical observations showed no obvious trends which could be related to thermal alteration.
Quantum and Classical Strong Direct Product Theorems and Optimal Time-Space Tradeoffs

A strong direct product theorem says that if we want to compute k independent instances of a function, using less than k times the resources needed for one instance, then our overall success probability will be exponentially small in k. We establish such theorems for the classical as well as quantum query complexity of the OR function. This implies slightly weaker direct product results for all total functions.We prove a similar result for quantumcommunication protocols computing k instances of the Disjointness function. These results imply a time-space tradeoff T S = Ω ( N ) for sorting N items on a quantum computer, which is optimal up to polylog factors. They also give several tight time-space and communication-space tradeoffs for the problems of Boolean matrix-vector multiplication and matrix multiplication.
The impact of rising atmospheric CO2 on Simulated sea ice induced thermohaline circulation variability

The impact of rising atmospheric CO2 levels on the sea ice induced low frequency variability of the North Atlantic climate is examined using a coupled ice/ocean/atmosphere model. In particular, we focus on thermohaline circulation variability forced by fluctuations in ice export from the Arctic basin. Under 2XCO2 conditions, the thermohaline circulation variance is reduced to 7% of its simulated value under present day forcing. This decrease is caused by relatively low ice export variability and changes in the primary ice melt location in the northern North Atlantic under 2XCO2 conditions.
Induced subgraphs of graphs with large chromatic number

In an earlier paper, we proved (with Chudnovsky and Spirkl) that for all integers κ, ` ≥ 0, every graph with clique number at most κ and sufficiently large chromatic number has an odd hole of length at least `. Here we prove a strengthening, that for all integers κ, ` ≥ 0, every graph with clique number at most κ and sufficiently large chromatic number has a hole of every possible length modulo `.
Convolutional neural networks for robust classification of multiple fingerprint captures

Fingerprint classification is one of the most common approaches to accelerate the identification in large databases of fingerprints. Fingerprints are grouped into disjoint classes, so that an input fingerprint is compared only with those belonging to the predicted class, reducing the penetration rate of the search. The classification procedure usually starts by the extraction of features from the fingerprint image, frequently based on visual characteristics. In this work, we propose an approach to fingerprint classification using convolutional neural networks, which avoid the necessity of an explicit feature extraction process by incorporating the image processing within the training of the classifier. Furthermore, such an approach is able to predict a class even for low-quality fingerprints that are rejected by commonly used algorithms, such as FingerCode. The study gives special importance to the robustness of the classification for different impressions of the same fingerprint, aiming to minimize the penetration in the database. In our experiments, convolutional neural networks yielded better accuracy and penetration rate than state-of-the-art classifiers based on explicit feature extraction. The tested networks also improved on the runtime, as a result of the joint optimization of both feature extraction and classification.
SCED: a generalized scheduling policy for guaranteeing quality-of-service

We introduce a new scheduling policy which provides guaranteed service for a session based on a flexible service specification called the service curve. This policy, referred to as the service curve based earliest deadline first policy (SCED), is a generalized policy to which well-known policies such as virtual clock and the earliest deadline first (EDF) can be mapped as special cases, by appropriate specification of the service curves. Rather than characterizing service by a single number, such as minimum bandwidth or maximum delay, service curves provide a wide spectrum of service characterization by specifying the service using a function. The flexibility in service specification allows a user, or the network, to specify a service that best matches the quality-of-service required by the user, preventing an over-allocation of network resources to the user. For a single server, we show that the SCED policy is optimal in the sense of supporting the largest possible schedulability region, given a set of delay-bound requirements and traffic burstiness specifications. For the case of a network of servers, we show that the SCED policy has a greater capability to support end-to-end delay-bound requirements than other known scheduling policies. The key to this capability is the ability of SCED to allocate and guarantee service curves with arbitrary shapes.
Extreme crustal thinning in the Bay of Biscay and the Western Pyrenees: From observations to modeling

Recent observations and models of continental rifting in magma‐poor environments have led to the concept of multiphase stages of lithospheric extension. In these concepts it is shown that extreme crustal thinning of the crust predates exhumation of lower crustal and subcontinental mantle rocks during final rifting. The Bay of Biscay is a V‐shaped ocean basin that opened in Aptian‐Albian time. In front of this propagating ocean, several rift basins formed that show evidence for extreme crustal thinning and locally also mantle exhumation (the Parentis, Arzacq‐Mauleon, and Cantabrian basins). In this paper we propose, based on geological and geophysical observations and using numerical modeling, a model that can explain the extreme crustal thinning observed in the Arzacq‐Mauléon and Parentis basins. Our results show that rifting in the Bay of Biscay was initiated by distributed oblique stretching (latest Jurassic to Early Aptian) before it underwent an more orthogonal asymmetric thinning and exhumation phase from Late Aptian to Albian time. These last two stages of deformation are similar to those observed in orthogonal rift systems. We show that thinning is accomplished by the formation of a semibrittle shear zone that allows for the transfer of middle to lower crustal material from the side of the rift collocated with the hanging wall to the side of the rift collocated with the footwall of the detachment system. The main difference with an orthogonal rift system appears to be generated by the formation of flower structures during the distributed oblique phase and the capacity of localizing the deformation in the subsequent stages. These oblique slip faults form very steep normal faults that induce the development of strongly localized, compartmentalized, and asymmetric rift basins. In the case of the Parentis and Arzacq‐Mauleon basins, these strike‐slip faults separate upper plate sag basins to the north from lower plate sag basins to the south. While the northern sag basins do not show any evidence for exhumation, the southern ones are more complex and floored by detachment faults, as indicated by the occurrence of syntectonic and posttectonic sediments onlapping directly onto exhumed lower crustal and mantle rocks.
EDAPHODON KAWAI, SP. NOV. (CHONDRICHTHYES: HOLOCEPHALI): A LATE CRETACEOUS CHIMAEROID FROM THE CHATHAM ISLANDS, SOUTHWEST PACIFIC

Abstract Chimaeroid (Chondrichthyes: Holocephali) mandibular toothplates of Edaphodon kawai, sp. nov., are described from the Cretaceous-Paleogene Takatika Grit of Chatham Islands, New Zealand. This is the first description of a chimaeroid from the Chatham Islands-New Zealand region, extending the geographical and temporal range of this genus globally. The new species is defined by a straight toothplate and long robust beak, which is armed with a long laminated symphyseal tritor and has an elongate anterior outer tritor and a pronounced asymmetric ridge positioned mesially on the oral surface. This unique arrangement may reflect a feeding strategy of cutting and crushing, which differs from most previously identified callorhynchids that possess crushing surfaces only.
Scheduling in Multihop Wireless Networks Without Back-Pressure

This paper focuses on scheduling in multihop wireless networks where flows are associated with fixed routes. The well-known back-pressure scheduling algorithm is throughput-optimal, but requires constant exchange of queue length information among neighboring nodes for calculating the “back-pressure. ” Moreover, previous research shows that the total queue length along a route increases quadratically as the route length under the back-pressure algorithm, resulting in poor delay performance. In this paper, we propose a self-regulated MaxWeight scheduling, which does not require back-pressure calculation. We prove that the self-regulated MaxWeight scheduling is throughput-optimal (an algorithm is said to be throughput-optimal if it can stabilize any traffic that can be stabilized by any other algorithm). In the simulation part, we show that the self-regulated MaxWeight scheduling has a much better delay performance than the back-pressure algorithm.
Eecient, Strongly Consistent Implementations of Shared Memory

We present linearizable implementations for two distributed organizations of multiprocessor shared memory. For the full caching organization , where each process keeps a local copy of the whole memory, we present a linearizable implementations of read/write memory objects that achieves essentially optimal eeciency and allows quantitative degradation of the less frequently employed operation. For the single ownership organization, where each memory object is \owned" by a single process which is most likely to access it frequently, our linearizable implementation allows local operations to be performed much faster (almost instantaneously) than remote ones. We suggest to combine these organizations in a \hybrid" memory structure that allows processes to access local and remote information in a transparent manner, while at a lower level of the memory consistency system, diierent portions of the memory are allocated to employ the suitable implementation based on their typical usage and sharing pattern .
Seasonal Abundance, Spatial Distribution, Spawning and Growth of Astropecten irregularis (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Seasonal trends in the abundance, spatial distribution, spawning and growth of a population ofAstropecten irregularis inhabiting the coastal waters of North Wales are described. Population densities of A. irregularis varied seasonally with starfish attaining their maximum and minimum abundances in summer and winter respectively. Changes in their spatial distribution strongly suggests that A. irregularis migrates offshore into deeper waters during the winter months probably to avoid strong onshore wave surges. High population densities of starfish which occur during the summer months may be associated with spawning aggregations or the availability of suitable prey species; a smaller peak in starfish abundance occurred during autumn 1997 coinciding with the settlement of the bivalve Spisula subtruncata and the cumaceanDiastylis rugosa , prey species which are readily consumed by A. irregularis. Astropecten irregularis spawned during late spring–early summer, but thereafter the gonad somatic index remained at a low level until late autumn; the index increased throughout winter and starfish attained peak reproductive condition by late spring. Small starfish (arm length <24 mm), showed little evidence of reproductive development. Limited recruitment of A. irregularis (<8 mm) occurred during October–November 1996, and the integration of this small cohort into the main population occurred within one year. Locomotory activity and burrowing depth of starfish maintained in laboratory aquaria correlated with changes in seawater temperature; activity was largely inhibited and burrowing depth significantly increased at temperatures <8 °C. Seawater temperature is probably an important factor regulating the abundance and distribution of A. irregularis in coastal waters.
Fe b 20 05 Capacity Theorems for Quantum Multiple Access Channels Part I : Classical-Quantum and Quantum-Quantum Capacity Regions

We consider quantum channels with two senders and one receiver. For an arbitrary such channel, we give multi-letter characterizations of two different two-dimensional capacity regions. The first region is comprised of the rates at which it is possible for one sender to send classical information, while the other sends quantum information. The second region consists of the rates at which each sender can send quantum information. We give an example of a channel with a single-letter classical-quantum region. We conclude with connections to other work and a conjecture on a generalization where each user simultaneously sends classical and quantum information.
Joint Spatiotemporal Variability of Global Sea Surface Temperatures and Global Palmer Drought Severity Index Values

Abstract Dominant modes of individual and joint variability in global sea surface temperatures (SST) and global Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) values for the twentieth century are identified through a multivariate frequency domain singular value decomposition. This analysis indicates that a secular trend and variability related to the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are the dominant modes of variance shared among the global datasets. For the SST data the secular trend corresponds to a positive trend in Indian Ocean and South Atlantic SSTs, and a negative trend in North Pacific and North Atlantic SSTs. The ENSO reconstruction shows a strong signal in the tropical Pacific, North Pacific, and Indian Ocean regions. For the PDSI data, the secular trend reconstruction shows high amplitudes over central Africa including the Sahel, whereas the regions with strong ENSO amplitudes in PDSI are the southwestern and northwestern United States, South Africa, northeastern Brazil, central Africa, the Indian sub.
FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF STRESSES AND DEFORMATIONS IN A FIRST-YEAR ICE COVER ADJACENT TO A WIDE STRUCTURE

The design of offshore structures in many Arctic regions requires a knowledge of the behaviour of the ice cover as it impinges on wide obstacles. This paper reports on studies undertaken as a part of the Adams Island project. Ice cover movements and stresses were measured near Adams Island from November 1984 to May 1985. The average horizontal movement rate was 0.1 m/day. Global compressive and tensile strains were less than 1 and 4%, respectively. Strain rates (measured over 1-2 month periods) were of the order of 0.000000001/s. Maximum stresses and forces in the ice cover were 500 kPa and 400 kN/m, respectively.
Evidence for Halloysite Formation from Weathering of Ferruginous Chlorite

Evidence of chlorite weathering to halloysite appears to be limited. Trioctahedral ferruginous chlorite occurring in granitic rocks and in situ altered phases isolated from the horizons of two soils in southern Korea were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscope (SEM, TEM), chemical, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques to determine the mechanism of alteration and nature of alteration products. Chlorites were entirely converted to halloysite, kaolinite, and Fe-oxyhydroxides in the thick Bt horizon. In the E and BC horizons, in addition to 1:1 silicate clays and Fe-oxyhydroxides, chlorite-like and intergradient vermiculite-kaolin minerals were also found. Total chemical analysis of chlorite flakes revealed losses of substantial amounts of Fe and Mg. Large parallel sets of galleries suggested extensive exfoliation and expansion of chlorite flakes. Tubular halloysite formed bridges between the walls of galleries. The SEM and TEM analyses showed very distinct coatings (0.2–0.3 μm thick) of Fe-oxyhydroxides above and below the surface of galleries that consisted of rounded, sub-rounded, elongated, ultramicrocrystalline particles (goethite and hematite). The 1:1 mineral species found in the thick Bt horizon had a tubular and crumpled lamellar morphology. The presence of Fe likely creates a misfit between tetrahedral and octahedral sheets and results in the morphology of the 1:1 clays observed under SEM and TEM. The presence of intergradient minerals between chlorite and 1:1-type clays in the surface and transitional BC horizon suggests that, in addition to losses of OH sheet -Fe and -Mg, the chlorite with mostly Al-octahedra is partly transformed to double 1:1 silicate clays and intergradient minerals.
CH4 sources estimated from atmospheric observations of CH4 and its 13C/12C isotopic ratios: 1. Inverse modeling of source processes

A time‐dependent inverse modeling approach that estimates the global magnitude of atmospheric methane sources from the observed spatiotemporal distribution of atmospheric CH4, 13C/12C isotopic ratios, and a priori estimates of the source strengths is presented. Relative to the a priori source estimates, the inverse model calls for increased CH4 flux from sources with strong spatial footprints in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere and decreases in sources in the Northern Hemisphere. The CH4 and 13C/12C isotopic ratio observations suggest an unusually high CH4 flux from swamps (∼200 ± 44 Tg CH4/yr) and biomass burning (88 ± 18 Tg CH4/yr) with relatively low estimates of emissions from bogs (∼20 ± 14 Tg CH4/yr), and landfills (35 ± 14 Tg CH4/yr). The model results support the hypothesis that the 1998 CH4 growth rate anomaly was caused in part by a large increase in CH4 production from wetlands, and indicate that wetland sources were about 40 Tg CH4/yr higher in 1998 than 1999.
Numerical Simulation and Discussion on the Mechanism of Postseismic Deformation After Kunlun Ms8.1 Earthquake

On November 14th 2001 an earthquake of magnitude Ms8.1 occurred at the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in China. The deformation observed by GPS showed that there were many differences between the deformations of south and north sides of the Kunlun fault. And after a short span of about three months, the deformations at all GPS stations were eastward. In this paper, the postseismic deformation observed by GPS is used as constraints and we analyze the possible mechanism of postseismic deformation after Kunlun earthquake. Firstly, this paper constructs the virtual work equation and theoretically analyzes the effects of heterogeneous, viscoelastic, poroelastic characters on the postseismic deformation. Then this paper uses grid-search procedure to determine the viscosity for different models. The best-fitting viscosity of lower crust is 5.0 × 1017 Pa·s and 9.0 × 1018 Pa·s for the south and north side of Kunlun fault, respectively. The difference of viscosities brought on the special postseismic deformation. And this difference is not only the result of long-term geological action but also one of the crucial factors of modern geodynamic environment. On the other hand, the simulation shows that the postseismic deformation after 2001 Kunlun Ms8.1 earthquake is caused not only by the viscoelastic relaxation but also by poroelastic relaxation. So, it is necessary that the viscoelastic relaxation and poroelastic rebound should be combinedly considered when analyzing poseismic deformation.
The Third PASCAL Recognizing Textual Entailment Challenge

This paper presents the Third PASCAL Recognising Textual Entailment Challenge (RTE-3), providing an overview of the dataset creating methodology and the submitted systems. In creating this year’s dataset, a number of longer texts were introduced to make the challenge more oriented to realistic scenarios. Ad-ditionally, a pool of resources was offered so that the participants could share common tools. A pilot task was also set up, aimed at differentiating unknown en-tailments from identified contradictions and providing justifications for overall system decisions. 26 participants submitted 44 runs, using different approaches and generally presenting new entailment models and achieving higher scores than in the previous challenges.