Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant Defense System in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Seedlings under Heat Stress and Revival Conditions

The present investigation was carried out to investigate the effect of heat stress and revival on some antioxidative enzymes and metabolites in leaves of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings of heat susceptible (cv. WH 147 and HS 277) and heat tolerant (cv. WH 1021 and HW 2045) cultivars. Seven days old seedlings grown at 25 ℃ were exposed to 40 ℃ for 6 h and these seedlings were again brought to 25 ℃. The observations were recorded in the leaves of control, stressed and revived seedlings on 2nd and 4th day of revival. For the selection of thermo-tolerant cultivars, screening of the thirty-six cultivars was done based on wilting of primary leaf and values of chlorophyll fluorescence. The MDA (malondialdehyde) and H2O2 concentration in leaves of wheat seedlings increased at the high temperature. There was enhancement in the activities of antioxidative enzymes, viz. CAT (catalase), POX (peroxidase), GR (glutathione reductase) and APX (ascorbate peroxidase) in leaves of the tolerant and susceptible cultivars under heat stress, however, higher percent increase was observed in tolerant cultivars. Heat stress increased the SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity in tolerant cultivars but activity declined in susceptible cultivars. On revival, the activities of the CAT, POX and GR declined in comparison to stressed seedlings but remained higher as compared to control. Ascorbate peroxidase activity remained higher on 2nd day and 4th day of revival in all the cultivars.
Temperature regulation of seed dormancy and germination in Arabidopsis thaliana

The environmental regulation of seed dormancy and germination by temperature is an important process which allows the environmental conditions experienced by plants in the following generation to be controlled. Coping with temperature effects during seed maturation is essential for the consistent production of high quality seeds, but currently temperature signalling pathways in seeds are poorly understood. Previous work has shown that temperature during seed maturation regulates the levels of dormancy which are induced in the seed, although a mechanism for this pathway is currently unknown. Low temperature during imbibition promotes germination and although this is known to involve alterations to GA metabolism, again a mechanism is missing. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify components of the mechanisms which regulate the temperature control of dormancy and germination in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Cool and warm seed maturation temperatures induce high and low levels of dormancy respectively in Arabidopsis. These changes to dormancy levels are coupled with altered ABA and GA levels and gene expression controlling hormone synthesis and breakdown. Changes in maturation temperature do not appear to be linked to altered seed coat morphology or embryo development. During testing of cold-response mutants for dormancy phenotypes the expression of CBFs, a group of transcription factors which were characterised through the study of cold acclimation, was found to be necessary for dormancy. CBF RNAi and mutant seeds display reduced dormancy when matured at low temperature. However, the expression of CBFs is not promoted by exposure to low temperature in seeds, suggesting that this is not an important mechanism for the temperature control of dormancy. More strikingly, the E3 ligase HOS1 is absolutely required for high dormancy levels in response to low maturation temperature. hos1 mutants show a complete loss of dormancy when matured at any temperature and this phenotype is maternally inherited. The germination of hos1 seeds in the presence of PAC or ABA does not differ from wild-type, thus suggesting that sensitivity to GA and ABA is not altered in these seeds. However, levels of GA are increased in hos1 mutant seeds, which could be important for the reduced dormancy phenotype. The expression of TT genes, which are responsible for the accumulation of anthocyanidins in the seed coat, is downregulated in hos1 mutants and so could be involved in the regulation of dormancy by HOS1. Therefore; HOS1 defines a novel essential maternal pathway that regulates dormancy levels which involves the regulation of GA metabolism. A forward genetic screen identified a number of cold stratification insensitive (cosi) mutants. A thorough characterisation of these mutants revealed interesting phenotypes, but phenotypic variation and a lack of robust segregation data meant that the cosi mutants were not mapped.
Dynamics of electrophysiology and morphology in older adults with age-related hearing loss

Age-related hearing loss (presbycusis) is a highly prevalent disease and can have a severe negative impact on social interactions, and eventually on the quality of life of the people affected. It is therefore of the utmost importance to find biomarkers from which to evaluate presbycusis. Studying presbycusis comprehensively constitutes a complex undertaking because hearing problems are frequently reported by older adults whose hearing impairment has failed to be identified through the traditional assessment of hearing loss, in which such impairment is viewed as a phenomenon occurring at the auditory periphery only. This PhD thesis is among the first to report behavioral consequences and biomarkers of hearing and speech processing problems in older adults which occur independently of peripheral hearing loss. This PhD thesis provides new insights into auditory perceptual difficulties in older adults and their most common treatment. It extends present frameworks of age- related hearing loss by suitably combining EEG, structural MRI and behavior. The results of the experimental work done in this PhD thesis have several implications: first, novel hearing tests assessing multifactorial aspects of hearing loss, especially central hearing loss, should be implemented in clinics; second, central hearing loss emerges as a function of age-related changes in the morphology and functional lateralization of the auditory areas of the brain; third, peripheral hearing impairment delays central auditory plasticity, which suggests that preventive treatment is the key to understanding speech into old age; and fourth, hearing aids are indispensable for rehabilitation, but clinics need to inform older adults that the hearing aid type and algorithm can only be evaluated after intensive hearing aid usage, across 12 weeks for approximately 12 hours a day. Finally, the fact that hearing aids mainly focus on peripheral hearing treatment points to the necessity for new rehabilitation ideas. It is hoped that the accumulated findings of this PhD thesis will open the door for such novel innovation.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among immunocompromised patients (heamodialysis and cancer) in the province of Thi-Qar-Iraq

Absetract: The current study was conducted in Thi-Qar province to investigate of Toxoplasma gondii prevalence among renal dialysis and cancer patients by using anti-Toxoplasmosis IgG and IgM by ELISA also the study determined of some factors that may affected the prevalence of infection, such as age, sex, marital status, place of residence and a number of chemical dosing that exposed to it cancer patient or the number of times the dialysis for renal dialysis patients. The results of the current study showed that the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in Thi-Qar province in both renal dialysis and cancer patients and control group were 28% and 36% and 24% respectively. recorded results of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ELISA test results for a positive antibody IgG in both renal dialysis and cancer patients and control group 25% , 30% , 22% respectively. As for the IgM antibody study did not record any positive result in both categories of the study (dialysis and cancer) only control group was 2%. The result of IgG & IgM together in renal dialysis and cancer and control group 3%, 6%, 0% respectively. The study found that the increase in the number of times the dialysis increased incidence of infection prevalence it was 25.53% for patients who conducted the dialysis treatment more than six times and 16.66% for patients who have less than six times.For factor chemical dosing show high infection rates in patients who have been exposed to more than one dose of a chemical 37.63% As for those who were not exposed to any chemical dose was ratios have 14.29% .
Is top-down control by predators driving insect abundance and herbivory rates in fragmented forests?

The effects of forest fragmentation on ecological interactions and particularly on food webs have scarcely been analysed. There is usually less herbivory in forest fragments than in continuous forests. Here we hypothesize that forest fragmentation enhances top-down control of herbivory through an increase in insectivorous birds and a decrease in herbivorous insects, with a consequent decrease in plant reproductive success in small forest fragments. In the Maulino forest in central Chile, we experimentally excluded birds from Aristotelia chilensis (Elaeocarpaceae) trees in both forest fragments and continuous forest, and analysed herbivore insect abundance, herbivory and plant reproductive success during two consecutive growing seasons. We expected that insect abundance and herbivory would increase, and reproductive success would decrease in A. chilensis from which birds have been excluded, particularly in forest fragments where bird abundance and predation pressure on insects is higher. The abundance of herbivorous insects was lower in the forest fragments than in the continuous forest only in the first season, and herbivory was lower in forest fragments than in the continuous forest throughout the study. Moreover, during the second growing season herbivory was greater in the excluded trees than in the control trees, and as expected, there was a greater difference in the fragments than in the continuous forest, but this was not statistically significant. Exclusion of birds did not affect the reproductive success of A. chilensis. Our results, after 2 years of study, demonstrate that birds affect the levels of herbivory on A. chilensis in the Maulino forest, but do not support our hypothesis of enhanced top-down control in fragmented forests, as the strength of the effect of excluding birds did not vary with fragmentation.
Mechanisms of muscle development and responses to temperature change in fish larvae

Three phases of myogenesis have been identified in the myotomal muscles of larval teleosts. The commitment of embryonic slow and fast muscle lineages is determined prior to segmentation (embryonic myogenesis) and involves notochord and floorplate derived signaling pathways, which drive the adaxial cells to a slow muscle fate. The adaxial cells elongate to span the entire somite width and subsequently migrate through the myotome to form a superficial layer of slow muscle fibers. The remaining cells of the lateral mesoderm adopt the default fast muscle phenotype. The second phase of fiber expansion in the myotomes involves recruitment from discrete germinal zones for both slow and fast muscle fibers (stratified hyperplasia). Finally, myogenic precursor cells are activated throughout the myotome (mosaic hyperplasia). The progeny of these cells either fuse to form additional fibers on the surface of existing muscle fibers or are absorbed by fibers as they expand in diameter (hypertrophic growth). There is considerable species diversity with respect to the timing of innervation of the embryonic muscle fibers in relation to other developmental events, the degree of maturation of the muscle fibers at hatching, and the onset and relative importance of stratified and mosaic hyperplasia to growth during larval life. A subset of myogenic cells specified by their position in the anterior myotomes are thought to migrate out and populate the pectoral fin buds leading to the differentiation of the pectoral fin muscles. Little is known about the mechanism of formation of the unpaired fin muscles, which occurs after the differentiation of the myotomes and is often delayed until relatively late in larval life. During ontogeny, embryonic isoforms of the myofibrillar proteins are replaced by larval and adult isoforms, and the adult multiterminal pattern of slow muscle innervation gradually develops, reflecting changes in swimming style and performance as body size increases. The body length at which particular protein isoforms are switched on varies for each myofibrillar component and with temperature. In general, early larval stages show a greater reliance on aerobic metabolic pathways and a lower capacity for anaerobic glycolysis than later larval and juvenile stages. Temperature has a marked effect on the ultrastructure, number, and phenotype of larval muscle fibers. Recent evidence suggests that egg incubation temperature can influence myogenic cell commitment, producing long-term consequences for fiber recruitment and growth performance during subsequent stages of the life cycle. The ecological significance of the phenotypic plasticity of muscle growth and some potential applications to fisheries science are briefly discussed.
Effect of Residue Removal on Subsequent Year Quality and Quantity of Corn Residue and Cattle Performance While Grazing Corn Residue at Different Stocking Rates

The rising price of corn has caused many producers to look for ways to increase grain yield. One way to do this is by increasing the planting density. This study evaluated the impact of increasing planting density on the quality measures of CP, NDF, Neutral Detergent Fiber Digestibility (NDFD) and the quantity measures of kg/ha, kg/25.5 kg of corn grain, and percent of total residue made up by each plant fraction. This study used 10 hybrids with 5 hybrids considered moderately early maturing and 5 hybrids considered moderately late maturing, and 5 plant fractions, leaf blade, leaf sheath, husk, stem, and cob. For the quality measures there were statistical differences between maturities and plant fraction by density but not biologically significant. Crude Protein was different for each plant part with estimates ranging from 3.27 in moderately early maturity husk to 9.54 in moderately late maturing leaf blade. Neutral Detergent Fiber also showed a maturity by plant fraction interaction with estimates ranging from 58.33 in moderately early maturing stem to 85.37 in moderately early maturing husk. Neutral Detergent Fiber Digestibility values also had a maturity by plant fraction interaction with values ranging from 20.25 in moderately late maturity cob to 49.90 in moderately late maturing husk. There is a quadratic relationship between plant density and plant fraction for kg of residue/ha. The kg/ha values increased for stem and leaf blade but remained the same or decreased for the other fractions. Kilograms of plant fraction/25.5 kg of grain had a quadratic trend across densities with leaf blade and leaf
Virulencia de nematodos entomopatógenos para el control del salivazo Aeneolamia varia (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) en caña de azúcar

The spittlebug, Aeneolamia varia (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) is a limiting pest of sugarcane crops in Venezuela. In Colombia, this species has been recorded for over 40 years in Llanos Orientales, attacking pastures. Only in 2007 this insect was detected in sugarcane crops in the Cauca Valley, where we are looking at biological control agents, particularly entomopathogenic nematodes. In this study, we evaluated the virulence of three entomopathogenic nematode species selected in previous laboratory and greenhouse studies, Steinernema sp.1, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Hete­rorhabditis sp. (Gua 31), and two commercially aviable species, Steinernema sp. and Heterorhabditis sp. , on IV instar nymphs of A. varia. The most virulent isolates were Heterorhabditis sp. (Gua 31) causing 42.3% of mortality at a dosage of 5 x 1010 JI/ha, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in dosage of 1.5 x 1011 JI/ha causing 76% of mortality on nymphs. This information is intended to give the farmer an effective alternative for the integrated management of A. varia.
d‐lysine can be effectively utilized for growth by common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to compare the effects of different lysine isomers on growth, nutrient utilization and metabolic enzyme activity in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). A basic experimental diet (the control group) with 30% of dietary protein from fish meal and the remaining 70% from soybean meal was used either with or without supplementation of d-lysine, l-lysine or dl-lysine, respectively. The total feed intake was significantly improved by supplementation with lysine regardless of isomeric form (P 0.05). The d-amino acid oxidase and d-aspartate oxidase activities were generally higher in the liver, kidney and intestine of fish fed diet containing d-lysine compared to fish fed diet containing l-lysine. The lysine, protein and lipid gains in fish were markedly increased by the supplementation with d-lysine or l-lysine, and the lysine (r = 0.618, P < 0.05) and protein gains (r = 0.671, P < 0.05) were linearly related to dietary lysine intake. Lysine retention efficiency linearly decreased with the increase of dietary lysine intake (r = −0.579, P < 0.05). These results indicate that common carp are capable of utilizing the supplemental crystalline d-lysine·HCl (4 g kg⁻¹ dry diet) for growth when the rest of dietary amino acids are protein-bound forms.
Telomere biology in the freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea

Freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea is an emerging model for studying in vivo gene functions and regulation in native cell niches. The obligate asexual strain of this species reproduces by fission, in which succession of soma occurs without passing through the germline. To achieve this somatic immortality the somatic stem cells need to overcome the end replication problem. Therefore it can be hypothesised that somatic telomere maintenance in asexual S. mediterranea must possess a germ-like property, with which age-related erosions can be adequately repaired. In this PhD project, the telomere repeat unit in S. mediterranea was confirmed to be the vertebrate-like TTAGGG. Attrition of whole body telomere length was found in ageing sexual worms and also in asexual worms which had not gone through recent fission events. Opposite telomere length dynamics were observed in regenerated samples of the two strains, with erosion in the sexuals and reset in the asexuals. The telomere maintenance was found to increase during regeneration in both strains, with a higher level of increase in asexual worms. A homolog of the telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit, Smed_Tert, was identified and characterised in this organism. High level of Smed_Tert expression was seen in germ cells in mature sexual worms and adult stem cells in asexual worms. Knockdown of Smed_Tert expression by RNA interference caused progressive telomere erosion, however effects on cell proliferation and viability have not been observed in knockdown samples. Four alternate splice isoforms of Smed_Tert were identified. The enhanced telomerase activity during regeneration correlates with a proportional increase in the full-length isoform and a decrease in isoforms with a truncated TRBD domain, suggesting a dominant negative regulation of telomerase by alternative splicing. Significant increase in the expression of the full-length isoform was seen in regenerating asexual samples but not in sexual strains, which correlates with their telomere length dynamics. It is hoped that the comparative studies between the sexual and asexual strains can improve our understanding of how soma can evolve to become an effective inheritable unit.
Flowering Plants: Evolution Above the Species Level

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Changes in abundance of birds in a Neotropical forest fragment over 25 years: a review

Few data are available to evaluate the long term effects of habitat isolation on species richness or abundances in the tropics. Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, has been studied for more than 80 years since its isolation from surrounding lowland forest when the Panama Canal was constructed. Thirty-five percent of the originally present 200 resident species have disappeared. Although the loss of species is well–studied, changes in abundance that might help predict future losses have not been evaluated. One study in 1970 and the present study conducted 25 years later estimated abundances of most bird species on BCI. Comparisons indicate at least 37 species have declined by at least 50%. Twenty–six species of edge habitats are expected to decline as forest maturation proceeds, yet 11 forest species that are now rare may be lost soon. All 26 species that were present in 1970 but not detected in the mid–1990s were rare in 1970. Thus, rarity appears to be a good predictor of extinction risk in this tropical habitat fragment.
Dissecting the Role of Cytosolic Nucleic Acid Sensors in the Type I Interferon Response to Herpes Simplex Virus-1 and other Ligands: A Dissertation

The Interferon Gamma Inducible protein (IFI)16 has recently been linked to the detection of cytosolic DNA during infection with herpes simplex virus and HIV. IFI16 binds dsDNA via HIN200 domains and engages the adaptor molecule Stimulator of Interferon genes (STING) leading to TANK binding kinase-1 (TBK1) dependent phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and transcription of type I interferons (IFN) and related genes. In an effort to better understand the role of IFI16 in coordinating type I IFN gene regulation, we generated cell lines with stable knockdown of IFI16 and examined responses to DNA and RNA viruses as well as other inducers of IFN such as cyclic-dinucleotides. As expected stable knockdown of IFI16 led to a severely attenuated type I IFN response to cytosolic DNA ligands and DNA viruses. In contrast, expression of the NF-κB regulated cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1β were unaffected in IFI16 knockdown cells, suggesting that the role of IFI16 in sensing these triggers was unique to the type I IFN pathway. Surprisingly, we also found that knockdown of IFI16 led to a severe attenuation of IFN-α and IFN stimulated genes such as RIG-I in response to cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), a second messenger produced in response to cGAS as well as RNA ligands and viruses. Analysis of IFI16 knockdown cells revealed compromised occupancy of RNA
Calcium Efflux from a Heavy Sarcotubular Fraction

Calcium efflux has been measured from two different fractions of rabbit skeletal muscle partially loaded with calcium oxalate, under conditions in which the inward calcium pump is inoperative. Efflux from the heavy sarcotubular fraction (2000–8000×g) is stimulated by ryanodine and caffeine, whereas calcium efflux from a light fraction (12000–35000×g) is much less sensitive to these drugs. Quinidine and chlorpromazine stimulate calcium efflux from both muscle fractions. These effects of ryanodine and caffeine are completely blocked, and those of quinidine and chlorpromazine partially blocked, by 5 mM magnesium, although magnesium does not affect calcium efflux in the absence of drugs. Zinc stimulates and uranyl ion depresses calcium efflux.