Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The galaxy luminosity function in groups and clusters: the faint-end upturn and the connection to the field luminosity function

We characterize the luminosity functions of galaxies residing in $z\sim0$ groups and clusters over the broadest ranges of luminosity and mass reachable by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Our measurements cover four orders of magnitude in luminosity, down to about $M_r=-12$ mag or $L=10^7\,L_\odot$, and three orders of magnitude in halo mass, from $10^{12}$ to $10^{15} \, {\rm M}_\odot$. We find a characteristic scale, $M_r\sim-18$ mag or $L\sim10^9\, L_\odot$, below which the slope of the luminosity function becomes systematically steeper. This trend is present for all halo masses and originates mostly from red satellites. This ubiquitous faint-end upturn suggests that it is formation, rather than halo-specific environmental effect, that plays a major role in regulating the stellar masses of faint satellites. We show that the satellite luminosity functions can be described in a simple manner by a double Schechter function with amplitudes scaling with halo mass over the entire range of observables. Combining these conditional luminosity functions with the dark matter halo mass function, we accurately recover the entire field luminosity function over 10 visual magnitudes and reveal that satellite galaxies dominate the field luminosity function at magnitudes fainter than $-17$. We find that the luminosity functions of blue and red satellite galaxies show distinct shapes and we present estimates of the stellar mass fraction as a function of halo mass and galaxy type. Finally, using a simple model, we demonstrate that the abundances and the faint-end slopes of blue and red satellite galaxies can be interpreted in terms of their formation history, with two distinct modes separated by some characteristic time.
Phase structure and propagators at nonvanishing temperature for QCD and QCD-like theories

We investigate the universality of truncation schemes for Dyson-Schwinger equations developed for quantum chromodynamics in theories which differ from quantum chromodynamics only in the gauge group. Our specific choices are the gauge groups $SU(2)$ and $G_2$, for which lattice calculations at nonvanishing chemical potential are possible. Thus, corresponding calculations can provide benchmarks for testing calculations with functional equations. We calculate the quark and gluon propagators and determine the chiral and dual chiral condensates at vanishing density to determine the confinement/deconfinement and chiral transitions, respectively. We can reproduce the expected type of transitions in the quenched and unquenched cases. In general, all three theories react very similarly to modifications of the employed model for the quark-gluon vertex.
Tropical Lagrangians and Homological Mirror Symmetry

Author(s): Hicks, Jeffrey Stephen | Advisor(s): Auroux, Denis | Abstract: We produce for each tropical hypersurface $V(\phi)\subset Q=\RR^n$ a Lagrangian $L(\phi)\subset (\CC^*)^n$ whose moment map projection is a tropical amoeba of $V(\phi)$. When these Lagrangians are admissible in the Fukaya-Seidel category, we show that they are mirror to hypersurfaces in a toric mirror. These constructions are extended to tropical varieties given by locally planar intersections, and to symplectic 4-manifolds with almost toric fibrations. We also explore relations to wall-crossing, dimer models, and Lefschetz fibrations. A complete example is worked out for the mirror pair $(\CP^2\setminus E, W), X_{9111}$.
Probing the electron-phonon interaction in correlated systems with coherent lattice fluctuation spectroscopy

Tailoring the properties of correlated oxides is accomplished by chemical doping, pressure, temperature, or magnetic field. Photoexcitation is a valid alternative to reach out-of-equilibrium states otherwise inaccessible. Here, we quantitatively estimate the coupling between a lattice distortion and the charge-transfer excitation in La2CuO4+delta. We photoinduce a coherent La ion vibration and monitor the response of the optical constants in a broad energy range, providing quantitative information on the electron-phonon matrix element that can be compared to theoretical models. We propose the same methodology to probe electron-phonon and electron-electron interactions in other materials.
Theoretical analysis on quantum interference effect in fast-light media

We make a systematic theoretical analysis on the quantum interference (QI) effects in various fast-light media (including gain-assisted $N$, gain-assisted ladder-I, and gain-assisted ladder-II atomic systems). We show that such fast-light media are capable of not only completely eliminating the absorption but also suppressing the gain of signal field, and hence provide the possibility to realize a stable propagation of the signal field with a superluminal velocity. We find that there is a destructive (constructive) QI effect in gain-assisted ladder-I (gain-assisted N) system, but no QI in the gain-assisted ladder-II system; furthermore, a crossover from destructive (constructive) QI to Autler-Townes splitting may occur for the gain-assisted ladder-I (gain-assisted N) system when the control field of the system is modulated. Our theoretical analysis can be applied to other multi-level systems, and the results obtained may have promising applications in optical and quantum information processing and transmission.
Effective Scheduling Function Design in SDN Through Deep Reinforcement Learning

Recent research on Software-Defined Networking (SDN) strongly promotes the adoption of distributed controller architectures. To achieve high network performance, designing a scheduling function (SF) to properly dispatch requests from each switch to suitable controllers becomes critical. However, existing literature tends to design the SF targeted at specific network settings. In this paper, a reinforcement-learning-based (RL) approach is proposed with the aim to automatically learn a general, effective, and efficient SF. In particular, a new dispatching system is introduced in which the SF is represented as a neural network that determines the priority of each controller. Based on the priorities, a controller is selected using our proposed probability selection scheme to balance the tradeoff between exploration and exploitation during learning. In order to train a general SF, we first formulate the scheduling function design problem as an RL problem. Then a new training approach is developed based on a state-of-the-art deep RL algorithm. Our simulation results show that our RL approach can rapidly design (or learn) SFs with optimal performance. Apart from that, the trained SF can generalize well and outperforms commonly used scheduling heuristics under various network settings.
On integrability in nonrelativistic string theory

In this paper, based on a systematic formulation of Lax pairs, we show \textit{classical} integrability for nonrelativistic strings propagating over \textit{stringy} Newton-Cartan (NC) geometry. We further construct the corresponding \textit{monodromy} matrix which leads to an infinite tower of \textit{non-local} conserved charges over stringy NC background.
Ordered field property for zero-sum stochastic games

We consider a finite state, finite action, zero-sum stochastic games with data defining the game lying in the ordered field of algebraic numbers. In both the discounted and the limiting average versions of these games we prove that the value vector also lies in the same field of algebraic numbers. In a prescribed sense, our results settle a problem that has remained open since, at least, 1991.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHROMOSPHERIC EVAPORATION AND MAGNETIC FIELD TOPOLOGY IN AN M-CLASS SOLAR FLARE

Chromospheric evaporation is observed as Doppler blueshift during solar flares. It plays a key role in the dynamics and energetics of solar flares; however, its mechanism is still unknown. In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of spatially resolved multi-wavelength observations of chromospheric evaporation during an M 1.0-class solar flare (SOL2014-06-12T21:12) using data from NASA’s Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph and HMI/SDO (the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory), and high-resolution observations from VIS/NST (the Visible Imaging Spectrometer at the New Solar Telescope). The results show that the averaged over the flare region Fe xxi blueshift of the hot (107 K) evaporating plasma is delayed relative to the C ii redshift of the relatively cold (104 K) chromospheric plasma by about one minute. The spatial distribution of the delays is not uniform across the region and can be as long as two minutes in several zones. Using vector magnetograms from HMI, we reconstruct the magnetic field topology and the quasi-separatrix layer, and find that the blueshift delay regions as well as the Hα flare ribbons are connected to the region of the magnetic polarity inversion line (PIL) and an expanding flux rope via a system of low-lying loop arcades with a height of ≲4.5 Mm. As a result, the chromospheric evaporation may be driven by the energy release in the vicinity of PIL, and has the observed properties due to a local magnetic field topology.
Supersaliency: A Novel Pipeline for Predicting Smooth Pursuit-Based Attention Improves Generalisability of Video Saliency

Predicting attention is a popular topic at the intersection of human and computer vision. However, even though most of the available video saliency data sets and models claim to target human observers’ fixations, they fail to differentiate them from smooth pursuits (SPs), a major eye movement type that is unique to perception of dynamic scenes. In this work, we strive for a more meaningful prediction and conceptual understanding of saliency in general. Because of the higher attentional selectivity of smooth pursuit compared to fixations modelled in traditional saliency research, we refer to the problem of SP prediction as “supersaliency”. To make this distinction explicit, we (i) use algorithmic and manual annotations of SPs and fixations for two well-established video saliency data sets, (ii) train Slicing Convolutional Neural Networks for saliency prediction on either fixation- or SP-salient locations, and (iii) evaluate our and 26 publicly available dynamic saliency models on three data sets against traditional saliency and supersaliency ground truth. Overall, our models outperform the state of the art in both the new supersaliency and the traditional saliency problem settings, for which literature models are optimised. Importantly, on two independent data sets, our supersaliency model shows greater generalisation ability than its counterpart saliency model and outperforms all other models, even for fixation prediction. Furthermore, we tested an end-to-end video saliency model, which also showed systematic improvements when smooth pursuit was predicted either exclusively or together with fixations, with the best performance achieved when the model was trained for the supersaliency problem. This demonstrates the practical benefits and the potential of principled training data selection based on eye movement analysis.
Stable hybrid stars within a SU(3) Quark-Meson-Model

The inner regions of the most massive compact stellar objects might be occupied by a phase of quarks. Since the observations of the massive pulsars PSR J1614-2230 and of PSR J0348+0432 with about two solar masses, the equations of state constructing relativistic stellar models have to be constrained respecting these new limits. We discuss stable hybrid stars, i.e. compact objects with an outer layer composed of nuclear matter and with a core consisting of quark matter (QM). For the outer nuclear layer we utilize a density dependent nuclear equation of state and we use a chiral SU(3) Quark-Meson model with a vacuum energy pressure to describe the objects core. The appearance of a disconnected mass-radius branch emerging from the hybrid star branch implies the existence of a third family of compact stars, so called twin stars. Twin stars did not emerge as the transition pressure has to be relatively small with a large jump in energy density, which could not be satisfied within our approach. This is, among other reasons, due to the fact that the speed of sound in QM has to be relatively high, which can be accomplished by an increase of the repulsive coupling. This increase on the other hand yields too high transition pressures for twins stars to appear.
Closure in Turbulence from first principles

It has been recently demonstrated, [3], that according to the principle of release of constraints, absence of shear stresses in the Euler equations must be compensated by additional degrees of freedom, and that led to a Reynolds-type enlarged Euler equations (EE equations) with a doublevalued velocity field that do not require any closures. In the first part of the paper, the theory is applies to turbulent mixing and illustrated by propagation of mixing zone triggered by a tangential jump of velocity. A comparison of the proposed solution with the Prandtl's solutions is performed and discussed. In the second part of the paper, a semi-viscose version of the Navier-Stokes equations is introduced. The model does not require any closures since the number of equations is equal to the number of unknowns. Special attention is paid to transition from laminar to turbulent state. The analytical solution for this transition demonstrates the turbulent mean velocity profile that qualitatively similar to the celebrated logarithmic law.
Width, Ricci curvature and minimal hypersurfaces

Let $(M,g_0)$ be a closed Riemannian manifold of dimension $n$, for $3 \leq n \leq 7$, and non-negative Ricci curvature. Let $g = \phi^2 g_0$ be a metric in the conformal class of $g_0$. We show that there exists a smooth closed embedded minimal hypersurface in $(M,g)$ of volume bounded by $C V^{\frac{n-1}{n}}$, where $V$ is the total volume of $(M,g)$ and $C$ is a constant that depends only on $n$. When $Ric(M,g_0) \geq -(n-1)$ we obtain a similar bound with constant $C$ depending only on $n$ and the volume of $(M,g_0)$. Our second result concerns manifolds $(M,g)$ of positive Ricci curvature. We obtain an effective version of a theorem of F. Coda Marques and A. Neves on the existence of infinitely many minimal hypersurfaces on $(M,g)$. We show that for any such manifold there exists $k$ minimal hypersurfaces of volume at most $C_n V \left( sys_{n-1}(M)\right)^{-\frac{1}{n-1}} k ^ {\frac{1}{n-1}}$, where $V$ denotes the volume of $(M,g_0)$ and $sys_{n-1}(M)$ is the smallest volume of a non-trivial minimal hypersurface.
The Physics and Nuclear Nonproliferation Goals of WATCHMAN: A WAter CHerenkov Monitor for ANtineutrinos

This article describes the physics and nonproliferation goals of WATCHMAN, the WAter Cherenkov Monitor for ANtineutrinos. The baseline WATCHMAN design is a kiloton scale gadolinium-doped (Gd) light water Cherenkov detector, placed 13 kilometers from a civil nuclear reactor in the United States. In its first deployment phase, WATCHMAN will be used to remotely detect a change in the operational status of the reactor, providing a firstever demonstration of the potential of large Gd-doped water detectors for remote reactor monitoring for future international nuclear nonproliferation applications. A demonstration of remote monitoring of a reactor has been called for in the U.S. National Nuclear Security Adminstration’s (NNSA) Strategic Plan [1].
Characterization of microRNA Levels in Synovial Fluid from Knee Osteoarthritis and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears

This study investigated modifications of microRNA expression profiles in knee synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Twelve microRNAs (26a-5p, 27a-3p, let7a-5p, 140-5p, 146-5p, 155-5p, 16-5p,186-5p, 199a-3p, 210-3p, 205-5p, and 30b-5p) were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in synovial fluids obtained from 30 patients with ACL tear and 18 patients with knee OA. These 12 miRNAs were chosen on the basis of their involvement in pathological processes of bone and cartilage. Our results show that miR-26a-5p, miR-186-5p, and miR-30b-5p were expressed in the majority of OA and ACL tear samples, whereas miR-199a-3p, miR-210-3p, and miR-205-5p were detectable only in a few samples. Interestingly, miR-140-5p was expressed in only one sample of thirty in the ACL tear group. miR-140-5p has been proposed to modulate two genes (BGN and COL5A1100) that are involved in ligamentous homeostasis; their altered expression could be linked with ACL rupture susceptibility. The expression of miR-30b-5p was higher in OA and chronic ACL groups compared to acute ACL samples. We provide evidence that specific miRNAs could be detected not only in synovial fluid of patients with OA, but also in post-traumatic ACL tears.
Large-scale GaP-on-diamond integrated photonics platform for NV center-based quantum information

We present chip-scale transmission measurements for three key components of a gallium-phosphide (GaP)-on-diamond integrated photonics platform: waveguide-coupled disk resonators, directional couplers, and grating couplers. We also present proof-of-principle measurements demonstrating nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center-emission coupled into selected devices. The demonstrated device performance, uniformity, and yield place the platform in a strong position to realize measurement-based quantum information protocols utilizing the NV center in diamond.
Characteristic functionals of Dirichlet measures

We compute characteristic functionals of Dirichlet-Ferguson measures over a locally compact Polish space and prove continuous dependence of the random measure on the parameter measure. In finite dimension, we identify the dynamical symmetry algebra of the characteristic functional of the Dirichlet distribution with a simple Lie algebra of type $A$. We study the lattice determined by characteristic functionals of categorical Dirichlet posteriors, showing that it has a natural structure of weight Lie algebra module and providing a probabilistic interpretation. A partial generalization to the case of the Dirichlet-Ferguson measure is also obtained.
Self-ordering dynamics of ultracold atoms in multicolored cavity fields

We study light induced spatial crystallization of ultracold quantum particles confined along the axis of a high-$Q$ linear cavity via a transverse multicolor pump using numerical simulations. Whenever a pump frequency is tuned close to resonance with a longitudinal cavity mode, the dynamics favors bistable spatial particle ordering into a Bragg grating at a wavelength distance. Simultaneous pumping at several resonant frequencies fosters competition between the different spatial lattice orders, exhibiting complex nonlinear field dynamics involving several metastable atom-field states. For few particles even superpositions of different spatial orders entangled with different light mode amplitudes appear. By a proper choice of trap geometry and pump frequencies a broad variety of many particle Hamiltonians with a nontrivial long range coupling can be emulated in such a setup. When applying quantum Monte Carlo wave function simulations to study time evolution we find simultaneous super radiant scattering into several light modes and the buildup of strong non-classical atom field correlations.
The Coherence Side of Rationality: Rules of Thumb, Narrow Bracketing, and Managerial Incoherence in Corporate Forecasts

We develop a theory of forecast coherence in a firm production setting, which yields a normative ex ante benchmark of first-best coherent forecasts and statistical tests to detect incoherence ex post. Under the null, the forecasts—and the forecast errors— of output and inputs are “close” to one another. Using the Duke Survey of top executives of large US corporations, we reject the null of coherence for 55% of CFOs in our sample. In a positive version of our model, incoherence reflects intrapersonal frictions in coordinating multiple forecasts, implying that some of the rules of thumb proposed by the managerial education literature to make contemporaneous forecasts may emerge as second-best optimal. Consistent with our model, we find that corporate performance correlates negatively with incoherence, being lowest for firms whose CFOs provide “narrow bracketing” forecasts—projecting past capital growth into the future while ignoring output and labor. We also find that the use of incoherent rules of thumb correlates negatively with corporate investment spending and positively with corporate leverage. JEL classification: D84, D22, L2, M2, G32.
Primordial Magnetic Fields in Cosmology

Magnetic fields have been observed in galaxies, clusters of galaxies and probably in superclusters. While mechanisms exist to generate these in the late universe, it is possible that magnetic fields have existed since very early times. This thesis is concerned with methods to predict the form of such imprints. We review in detail a standard, linearised cosmology before introducing an electromagnetic field. We then consider the intrinsic statistics of the magnetic stresses in two ways, analytically and via static realisations. We construct the power spectra, some of which we present for the first time. At the one- and three-point level we find significant intrinsic non-Gaussianities. Finally we turn to the observable impacts a primordial magnetic field. Assuming coherence, the statistics of the source can be mapped onto the CMB in a simple manner. We demonstrate that our approach is valid by reproducing the signals for Gaussian power law fields on the microwave sky. [ABRIDGED]
Persistent Discrepancies between Observed and Modeled Trends in the Tropical Paciﬁc Ocean

: The trends over recent decades in tropical Paci ﬁ c sea surface and upper ocean temperature are examined in observations-based products, an ocean reanalysis and the latest models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Pro- ject phase six and the Multimodel Large Ensembles Archive. Comparison is made using three metrics of sea surface temperature (SST) trend } the east – west and north – south SST gradients and a pattern correlation for the equatorial region } as well as change in thermocline depth. It is shown that the latest generation of models persist in not reproducing the observations-based SST trends as a response to radiative forcing and that the latter are at the far edge or beyond the range of modeled internal variability. The observed combination of thermocline shoaling and lack of warming in the equatorial cold tongue upwelling region is similarly at the extreme limit of modeled behavior. The persistence over the last cen- tury and a half of the observed trend toward an enhanced east – west SST gradient and, in four of ﬁ ve observed gridded datasets, to an enhanced equatorial north – south SST gradient, is also at the limit of model behavior. It is concluded that it is extremely unlikely that the observed trends are consistent with modeled internal variability. Instead, the results support the argument that the observed trends are a response to radiative forcing in which an enhanced east – west SST gradient and thermocline shoaling are key and that the latest generation of climate models continue to be unable to simulate this aspect of climate change.