Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Verification of Surface Temperature Forecasts from the National Digital Forecast Database over the Western United States

Abstract Experimental gridded forecasts of surface temperature issued by National Weather Service offices in the western United States during the 2003/04 winter season (18 November 2003–29 February 2004) are evaluated relative to surface observations and gridded analyses. The 5-km horizontal resolution gridded forecasts issued at 0000 UTC for forecast lead times at 12-h intervals from 12 to 168 h were obtained from the National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD). Forecast accuracy and skill are determined relative to observations at over 3000 locations archived by MesoWest. Forecast quality is also determined relative to Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) analyses at 20-km resolution that are interpolated to the 5-km NDFD grid as well as objective analyses obtained from the Advanced Regional Prediction System Data Assimilation System that rely upon the MesoWest observations and RUC analyses. For the West as a whole, the experimental temperature forecasts issued at 0000 UTC during the 2003/04 winter season exhibit ski.
Evidence of high excitation in the Herbig-Haro 111 jet

We obtained long slit spectrophotometric observations in the blue spectral region, 3600-5400 A, of the Herbig-Haro (HH) 111 jet in Orion. Our purpose was to search for the high excitation [O III] 5007 A line and medium-to-high excitation [O II] 3727/29 A lines in the internal condensations or knots of the jet. We found [O III], which indicates shock velocities ≥80 km s −1 , and strong [O II] in condensation L. The morphology and excitation of this condensation gives more support to a multiple bow shock structure in HH 111, and therefore, strengthens the case for a time variability of its source. Strong emission in [O II] was also found in most of the bright condensations, indicating shock velocities ≥40 km s −1 . Estimates of the extinction in Herbig-Haro 111 give values of E(B−V)∼1, a relatively large value for an optical HH object
Exact model matching, polynomial equation approach

Abstract A detailed analysis of the exact model matching problem in single-input—output linear systems is presented. The method of attack is based on polynomial algebra. The solvability conditions under various constraints are given and a simple design procedure is proposed. It consists in solving a linear polynomial equation which directly yields a compensator in a form suitable for realization.
Nano-Indentation Hardness and Elastic Moduli of Bulk Single-Crystal AlN

The hardness of 0.5-mm-thick single-crystal aluminum nitride (α-AlN) was measured by the nano-indentation method at room temperature. The hardness was 18 GPa while the bulk, Young's and shear moduli, were evaluated to be 220, 374 and 154 GPa, respectively.
Analysis and correction of intrinsic non-axisymmetric magnetic fields in high-β DIII-D plasmas

Rapid plasma toroidal rotation, sufficient for stabilization of the n = 1 resistive wall mode, can be sustained by improving the axisymmetry of the toroidal magnetic field geometry of DIII-D. The required symmetrization is determined experimentally both by optimizing currents in external n = 1 correction coils with respect to the plasma rotation, and by use of the n = 1 magnetic feedback to detect and minimize the plasma response to non-axisymmetric fields as β increases. Both methods point to an intrinsic ~7 G (0.03% of the toroidal field), m/n = 2/1 resonant helical field at the q = 2 surface as the cause of the plasma rotation slowdown above the no-wall β limit. The drag exerted by this field on the plasma rotation is consistent with the behaviour of `slipping' in a simple induction motor model.
Evidence for unseen companions around T Tauri stars

The observed spectral energy distributions of HK Tau, T Tau, and R Y Tau exhibit shallow (but significant) dips at mid-infrared wavelengths. This behavior can be explained by the existence of discrete gaps in their circumstellar disks since, if the temperature in the disks decreases monotonically outward, a gap would result in a range of "missing" temperatures. The gap centers for the three objects occur at radial distances of 0.5, 1.4, and 1.6 AU, respectively, while the corresponding ratios of outer to inner radii of the gaps are 6:1, 7:1, and 15:1, respectively. Larger mid-infrared dips are observed for SU Aur and GM Aur and are interpreted as correspondingly larger gaps, with almost complete clearing of the inner region of the disk in the latter case. The gaps in all cases are consistent with the tidal effects of either companion stars or planets.
Fractal drifter trajectories in the Kuroshio extension

We study the fractal and scaling properties of the Lagrangian trajectories of three satellite-tracked, freely drifting buoys (drifters) placed in the Kuroshio extension region during 1977. Over a period of about one year, the drifters, whose positions followed approximately the motions of fluid parcels in the near-surface layer, traveled almost the entire width of the Pacific Ocean. During this time, the drifters followed what may be described as highly erratic paths, while on the average being advected eastward in the zonal flow. Here we apply four different data analysis methods, based on the mathematics of fractals, to the drifter paths. We find that for space scales extending from at least 20 to 150 km and time scales from 1.5 days to 1 week, each of the trajectories displays fractal and scaling behavior with a fractal dimension of approximately 1.3. The multifractal nature of the drifter trajectories is also explored. The implication of these results is that the near-surface Lagrangian mesoscale motions in the Kuroshio Extension exhibit fractal properties in a range of scales normally attributed to geophysical fluid dynamical turbulence. These results evidently provide the first experimental evidence that fluid parcel trajectories in large-scale ocean flows can exhibit fractal behavior. A relation between the observed value of the fractal dimension and the properties of the power spectrum of a typical drifter position coordinate is also exploited. We finally discuss some of the possible physical implications of these results for the study of geophysical fluid dynamical flows. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1989. tb00392.x
Recognizing the maximum of a random sequence based on relative rank with backward solicitation

The classical secretary problem is generalized to admit stochastically successful procurement of previous interviewees, but each has a certain probability of refusing the offer. A general formula for solving this problem is obtained. Two special cases: constant probability of refusing and geometric probability of refusing are discussed in detail. The optimal stopping rules in these two cases turn out to be simple.
Study of anisotropic shear strength of granular materials using DEM simulation

This paper investigates shear strength of granular materials with inherent fabric anisotropy. Most previous studies have described strength of these materials in the principal stress space, and the orientation of the bedding plane with respect to the principal stress directions was used as the reference geometrical descriptor of inherent fabric. The present study has found that it is theoretically more convenient and practically more useful to use instead the inclination angle of the bedding plane with respect to the shear plane for the same purpose. Direct shear tests and biaxial compression tests with different loading directions with respect to the bedding planes were simulated with discrete element method (DEM) models consisting of ellipse‐shaped particles. Key mechanical behaviors of natural sands reported in the literature were successfully captured in the numerical simulation. A shear failure criterion was determined as a function of the inclination angle based on the direct shear simulation results, and was used to successfully predict the results of the biaxial compression simulations. Microstructural inspection of deformation and strain localization of the biaxial compression simulations found that the proposed shear failure criterion can reasonably predict the orientations of the initial failure planes. It was also discovered that shear bands in directions conjugate to the initial failure plane orientations can develop and dominate specimen deformation at larger strain levels. Considering the availability of biaxial compression test equipment and historical data, two methods for back‐calculating inclination angle‐dependent shear strength from biaxial compression results were proposed, and validated using DEM simulation results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aircraft Observations of the 12–15 July 2004 Moisture Surge Event during the North American Monsoon Experiment

Abstract This paper describes aspects of a strong moisture surge over the Gulf of California that was observed during the 2004 North American Monsoon Experiment. Although a variety of special observation platforms aid the analyses, the authors focus on observations collected during two NOAA research aircraft flights made on 12 and 13 July. These flights sampled the initial and mature phases of a strong surge associated with Tropical Storm Blas. The first flight is identified by both a convective outflow and another feature, both deeper and with larger spatial scale, ahead of the outflow in association with the surge’s leading edge. The surge speed, ~18 m s−1, was identified from anomaly analysis of surface station pressure data. Observations show interesting multiscale features associated with the surge during its initial stages but do not allow for unambiguous identification of the surge’s forcing mechanism or dynamical properties. Data from the second flight were used to describe the along- and cross-gu.
Light-curve solutions for bright detached eclipsing binaries in the Small Magellanic Cloud: absolute dimensions and distance indicators

This paper presents a careful and detailed light-curve analysis of bright detached eclipsing binaries (DEBs) in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), discovered by the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) collaboration, on the basis of recently available difference image analysis (DIA) photometry. The 19 binaries brighter than 16.4 mag in the I band and with the depth of primary and secondary eclipses greater than 0.25 mag were investigated. The solutions were obtained by a modified version of the Wilson-Devinney program. The quality of DIA light curves - a good phase coverage and relatively small scatter - is enough to calculate realistic estimates for the third light l 3 and the argument of periastron ω 0 . It was found that solutions of detached, eccentric systems with a flat light curve between eclipses usually may suffer from indetermination of l 3 in contrast to those of similar systems having some proximity effects. The physical properties of the stars were estimated on the basis of their photometric elements and indices assuming the distance modulus to the SMC ∼18.9 and consistency between an empirical mass-luminosity relation and the flux scaling. The method was tested on three Large Magellanic Cloud stars of known absolute dimensions and a good agreement was found for m - M ∼ 18.5. Such an approach may give fast and accurate estimates of absolute dimensions for large and homogeneous samples of eclipsing binaries in the Magellanic Clouds and other close galaxies. Moreover, this method allows also for independent estimation of E(B-V) in the direction to a particular binary. The subset of six bright DEBs, worth future intensive investigations as likely distance indicators to the SMC, was chosen. They are SC3 139 376, SC4 53 898, SC5 129 441, SC6 67 221, SC6 215 965 and SC9 175 336.
Maximum entropy approach to stretched exponential probability distributions

We introduce a nonextensive entropy functionalS whose optimization under simple constraints (mean values of some standard quantities) yields stretched exponential probability distributions, which occur in many complex systems. The new entropy functional is characterized by a parameter (the stretching exponent) such that for D 1 the standard logarithmic entropy is recovered. We study its mathematical properties, showing that the basic requirements for a well-behaved entropy functional are verified, i.e. S possesses the usual properties of positivity, equiprobability, concavity and irreversibility and verifies Khinchin axioms except the one related to additivity since S is nonextensive. The entropyS is shown to be superadditive for 1.
Electroluminescence efficiency of -oriented InGaN-based light-emitting diodes at low temperature

This paper discusses radiative recombination efficiency in electroluminescence of InGaN-based light-emitting diodes prepared on the (1 0 1̄ 0) plane. Radiative efficiency was studied over a wide range of temperatures and drive currents on four types of LED samples with different InGaN active-layer thicknesses. Efficiency was minimally affected by active-layer thickness, yet was a strong function of temperature and current. Efficiency reduction at high current was observed on these LEDs, which confirms strain-induced electric polarization fields are not a dominant mechanism. Luminescence intensity was found to be proportional to the square root of current at low temperature. Acceptor freeze-out was suggested to induce hole depletion at increased current; shortage of holes resulted in reduced efficiency and triggered off electron injection into the p-type layer to sustain total current. Injected electrons were shown to lead to the square-root relationship by solving rate equations.
A highly efficient Yb-doped silica laser fiber prepared by gas phase doping technology

In this paper we report on an alternative technique for the preparation of ytterbium (Yb)-doped silica fibers and their characteristics compared to the conventional modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) process in combination with solution doping and powder sinter technology (REPUSIL). In the case of the technique applied here, the active core diameter in the preform can be significantly increased via the deposition of Yb and the most important codopant, aluminum (Al), in the gas phase through the high-temperature evaporation of the Yb chelate compound and Al chloride in the MCVD process. The prepared preform shows a homogenous distribution of the refractive index and dopant concentration. The background loss of the drawn fiber was measured to be 25 dB km−1 at 1200 nm. Efficient lasing up to 200 W, showing a slope efficiency of about 80%, was demonstrated, which is comparable to fibers made via MCVD/solution doping and the REPUSIL technique.
Spectral Measurements in a Disturbed Boundary Layer over Snow

Abstract I have measured time series of the turbulent fluctuations in longitudinal (u) and vertical (w) velocity and in temperature (t) and humidity (q) with fast-responding sensors in the near-neutrally stable surface layer over a snow-covered field. The series yielded individual spectra, u-w, w-t, w-q, and t-q cospectra and phase and coherence spectra for nondimensional frequencies (fz/U) from roughly 0.001 to 10. This is, thus, one of the most extensive spectral sets over collected over a snow-covered surface. With the exception of the u-w cospectra, all of the spectra and cospectra displayed the expected dependence on frequency in an inertial or inertial-convective subrange. All, however, contained significantly move energy at low frequency than the Kansas neutral-stability spectra and cospectra. This excess low-frequency energy and the erratic behavior of the u-w cospectra imply that the forested bills bordering the site on two sides were producing disturbances in the flow field at scales roughly equ.
Controllable light transmission through cascaded metal films perforated with periodic hole arrays

The transmission of linearly polarized plane wave through cascaded metal films perforated with periodic hole arrays is investigated by using the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method. The results show that the transmission spectra can be controlled by changing the longitudinal interval G and/or the lateral displacements Lx and Ly, which are parallel and perpendicular to the polarization direction of the incident light, respectively. The variation in longitudinal interval G results in a redshift or blueshift of the transmission peak due to the coupling of the localized surface plasmon (LSP) modes on two metal layers. The lateral displacement Lx leads to the splitting of the transmission peak, originating from the variation in the coupling manner of LSP modes, while the lateral displacement Ly suppresses the transmission peak.
Do cochlear mechanisms explain the noise-disruption of the auditory brainstem response to speech?

In background noise, the timing precision of the auditory brainstem response to speech (speech-ABR) is disrupted and the response latency increases. The severity of the disruption has been correlated with listeners' ability to understand speech-in-noise. To date, although a central mechanism is assumed, the locus of the speech-ABR timing disruption is not clear. The present study aimed to investigate the contribution of different cochlear mechanisms to noise-induced latency increases. A first experiment examined the 'cochlear place' mechanism, by which the latency of the response increases as cochlear origin moves towards lower frequency regions. The results showed that the speech-ABR reflects an average over responses from a broad range of cochlear regions, which respond with substantial relative delays. This implies that cochlear place can potentially have large effects on masked speech-ABR latency. Another mechanism that is known to be involved in noise-induced ABR latency increases is neural adaptation. This is presumed to occur at the inner hair cell-nerve junction and is thought to reflect cochlear masking. Thus, if this mechanism contributes to speech-ABR latency increases in noise, we would expect this contribution to depend on cochlear frequency selectivity and amplification gain. This hypothesis is tested in the second experiment.
Phase change random access memory cell with superlattice-like structure

A superlattice-like structure (SLL) incorporating two nonpromising phase change materials was applied to phase change random access memory (PCRAM) cell. A properly designed SLL structure could balance both the phase change speed and stability of a PCRAM. Moreover, SLL PCRAM cells exhibited lower programming current and fast working time of 5ns. The main reason for the excellent performances is due to the much lower thermal conductivity of the SLL material compared to that of bulk materials. The thermal conductivity of eight SLL layers cycle was found to be smaller than 30% of that of single layer material.
Statistics of Small-Scale Velocity Fluctuations and Internal Intermittency in Marine Stratocumulus Clouds

Abstract Clouds are known to be turbulent, but the details of their internal turbulent structure have been largely unexplored. Measurements of turbulent velocities in stratocumulus clouds presented here reveal an intermittent structure consistent with that observed in classic homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The measurements were taken close to cloud top in a 200-m-thick cloud layer over a path of approximately 6 km, using a hot-wire anemometer below a helicopter as part of the Airborne Cloud Turbulence Observation System (ACTOS) measurement system. Hot-wire signal artifacts resulting from droplet impacts are removed without significantly degrading the signal, such that high-order velocity structure functions can be evaluated. The structure function analysis for orders 2–8 show statistically significant departures from the Kolmogorov’s 1941 scaling, yielding scaling exponents consistent with the Kolmogorov–Obukhov refined similarity hypothesis, with an intermittency exponent of 0.25. This is in agreement.
An Adaptive, Rate-Optimal Test of a Parametric Mean-Regression Model Against a Nonparametric Alternative

We develop a new test of a parametric model of a conditional mean function against a nonparametric alternative. The test adapts to the unknown smoothness of the alternative model and is uniformly consistent against alternatives whose distance from the parametric model converges to zero at the fastest possible rate. This rate is slower than n[superscript -1/2]. Some existing tests have nontrivial power against restricted classes of alternatives whose distance from the parametric model decreases at the rate n[superscript -1/2]. There are, however, sequences of alternatives against which these tests are inconsistent and ours is consistent. As a consequence, there are alternative models for which the finite-sample power of our test greatly exceeds that of existing tests. This conclusion is illustrated by the results of some Monte Carlo experiments.
A customized Exicor system for measuring residual birefringence in lithographic lenses

As optical lithography continues to produce ever smaller features on a chip, the industry imposes tighter quality parameters on the optical components used in a lithographic step and scan system. Residual linear birefringence is one such parameter. Currently, optical component suppliers use the Exicor birefringence measurement systems that we have developed to measure photomask blanks and lens blanks to ensure their quality. In this paper, we report a new model of Exicor birefringence measurement system that is specifically designed for measuring lenses. Unlike lens blanks that have flat surfaces, lenses have curved surfaces that refract the measuring light beam to different angles. In this new model of birefringence measurement system, we combine motion control of the light source module, the detector module and the lens under test to achieve accurate measurement of residual birefringence of a lens at different incident angles.
On bayesian estimation and prediction from rayleigh based on type II censored data

This paper presents Bayes estimators and highest posterior density intervals for the Rayleigh parameter and its reliability based on the first r lifetimes in a group of n components under test. Based on the same censored data, Bayes predictive estimators and highest posterior density prediction intervals for a future observation as well as for the remaining (n-r) order statistics are derived. A numerical example is included.
Bayesian estimation of varying-coefficient models with missing data, with application to the Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study

Motivated by the Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study (SLAS), we propose a Bayesian approach for the estimation of semiparametric varying-coefficient models for longitudinal continuous and cross-sectional binary responses. These models have proved to be more flexible than simple parametric regression models. Our development is a new contribution towards their Bayesian solution, which eases computational complexity. We also consider adapting all kinds of familiar statistical strategies to address the missing data issue in the SLAS. Our simulation results indicate that a Bayesian imputation (BI) approach performs better than complete-case (CC) and available-case (AC) approaches, especially under small sample designs, and may provide more useful results in practice. In the real data analysis for the SLAS, the results for longitudinal outcomes from BI are similar to AC analysis, differing from those with CC analysis.
The mass profile and gas content of M87

X-ray images and spectroscopic observations, in particular of the Fe L lines, are used to constrain the structure of the hot gas and gravitating matter around M87 with respect to allowable temperature gradient, and therefore gravitational potential, over the 1-10 arcmin radius range. Models in which the gravitating mass has a core radius of about 25 kpc are favored, suggesting that the material is associated with M87 rather than with the Virgo cluster as a whole. The gas temperature is noted to vary slowly beyond 5 arcmin, while the variation in the inner regions is not consistent with thermal conduction models for powering the central X-ray emission.