Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constraining the Contribution of Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei to Cosmic Reionization

Understanding the detailed process of cosmic reionization is one of the remaining problems in astrophysics and cosmology. Here we construct a model of cosmic reionization that includes contribution from high-$z$ galaxies and active galactic nuclei (AGNs), and calculate the reionization and thermal histories with the model. To keep the model to be general and realistic, we vary the escape fraction of ionizing photons, $f_{\rm esc}$, and the faint-end slope of the AGN luminosity function at high redshifts, $\alpha_{\rm hz}$, within the constraints from the observed cosmic star formation history and the observed bright-end UV luminosity functions at $z \leq 6$. Additionally, we model the spectral energy distribution (SED) of AGNs which depends on the Eddington ratio and the black-hole mass. By comparing the computed reionization histories with the observed \ion{H}{i} fractions and the optical depth for Thomson scattering from Planck, we find that $\alpha_{\rm hz} > -1.5$ and $f_{\rm esc} < 0.15$ are favored when we employ the bright-end luminosity function obtained by Giallongo et al. Our result suggests that an AGN-dominated model with the abundance of faint-AGNs being as large as the estimate by Giallongo et al. is allowed only if the contribution from high-z galaxies is almost negligible, while a galaxy-dominant model is also allowed. We also find that the shape of SED has a significant impact on the thermal history. Therefore it is expected that measurements of the thermal state of the IGM provide useful information on properties of ionizing sources.
EFFECT OF MARKOV AND NON-MARKOV CLASSICAL NOISE ON ENTANGLEMENT DYNAMICS

We analyze the effect of a classical noise into the entanglement dynamics between two particles, initially entangled, subject to continuous time quantum walks in a onedimensional lattice. The noise is modeled by randomizing the transition amplitudes from one site to another. Both Markovian and non-Markovian environments are considered. For the Markov regime an exponential decay of the initial quantum correlation is found, while the loss of coherence of the quantum state increases monotonically with time up to a saturation value depending upon the degrees of freedom of the system. For the non-Markov regime the presence or absence of entanglement revival and entanglement sudden death phenomena is found or deduced depending on the peculiar characteristics of the noise. Our results indicate that the entanglement dynamics in the non-Markovian regime is affected by the persistence of the memory effects of the environment and by its intrinsic features.
Solitary wave ﬁssion of a large disturbance in a viscous ﬂuid conduit

This paper presents a theoretical and experimental study of the long-standing ﬂuid mechanics problem involving the temporal resolution of a large localised initial disturbance into a sequence of solitary waves. This problem is of fundamental importance in a range of applications, including tsunami and internal ocean wave modelling. This study is performed in the context of the viscous ﬂuid conduit system – the driven, cylindrical, free interface between two miscible Stokes ﬂuids with high viscosity contrast. Owing to buoyancy-induced nonlinear self-steepening balanced by stress-induced interfacial dispersion, the disturbance evolves into a slowly modulated wavetrain and further into a sequence of solitary waves. An extension of Whitham modulation theory, termed the solitary wave resolution method, is used to resolve the ﬁssion of an initial disturbance into solitary waves. The developed theory predicts the relationship between the initial disturbance’s proﬁle, the number of emergent solitary waves and their amplitude distribution, quantifying an extension of the well-known soliton resolution conjecture from integrable systems to non-integrable systems that often provide a more accurate modelling of physical systems. The theoretical predictions for the ﬂuid conduit system are conﬁrmed both numerically and experimentally. The number of observed solitary waves is consistently within one to two waves of the prediction, and the amplitude distribution shows remarkable agreement. Universal properties of solitary wave ﬁssion in other ﬂuid dynamics problems are identiﬁed.
A SINFONI view of the nuclear activity and circumnuclear star formation in NGC 4303 – II. Spatially resolved stellar populations

The Brazilian authors acknowledge support from FAPERGS (Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul) and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico). L.C. acknowledges support from CNPq ´special visitor fellowship PVE 313945/2013-6 under the Brazilian program Science without Borders. L.C. and S.A. are supported by grants AYA2012-32295, AYA2012- 39408, ESP2015-68964-P, and ESP2017-83197-P, and J.P. is supported by grant AYA2017-85170-R, all from the Ministerio de Econom´ia y Competitividad of Spain. The STARLIGHT project is supported by the Brazilian agencies CNPq, CAPES and FAPESP (Fundacao de Amparo a pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo) and by the France-Brazil CAPES/Cofecub program
A FLUX ROPE NETWORK AND PARTICLE ACCELERATION IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL RELATIVISTIC MAGNETIC RECONNECTION

We investigate magnetic reconnection and particle acceleration in relativistic pair plasmas with three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of a kinetic-scale current sheet in a periodic geometry. We include a guide field that introduces an inclination between the reconnecting field lines and explore outside-of-the-current sheet magnetizations that are significantly below those considered by other authors carrying out similar calculations. Thus, our simulations probe the transitional regime in which the magnetic and plasma pressures are of the same order of magnitude. The tearing instability is the dominant mode in the current sheet for all guide field strengths, while the linear kink mode is less important even without the guide field, except in the lower magnetization case. Oblique modes seem to be suppressed entirely. In its nonlinear evolution, the reconnection layer develops a network of interconnected and interacting magnetic flux ropes. As smaller flux ropes merge into larger ones, the reconnection layer evolves toward a three-dimensional, disordered state in which the resulting flux rope segments contain magnetic substructure on plasma skin depth scales. Embedded in the flux ropes, we detect spatially and temporally intermittent sites of dissipation reflected in peaks in the parallel electric field. Magnetic dissipation and particle acceleration persist until the end of the simulations, with simulations with higher magnetization and lower guide field strength exhibiting greater and faster energy conversion and particle energization. At the end of our largest simulation, the particle energy spectrum attains a tail extending to high Lorentz factors that is best modeled with a combination of two additional thermal components. We confirm that the primary energization mechanism is acceleration by the electric field in the X-line region. The highest-energy positrons (electrons) are moderately beamed with median angles ∼30°–40° relative to (the opposite of) the direction of the initial current density, but we speculate that reconnection in more highly magnetized plasmas would give rise to stronger beaming. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results for macroscopic reconnection sites, and which of our results may be expected to hold in systems with higher magnetizations.
Magnetic reconnection in a comparison of topology and helicities in two and three dimensional resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulations

Through a direct comparison between numerical simulations in two and three dimensions, we investigate topological effects in reconnection. A simple estimate on increase in reconnection rate in three dimensions by a factor of 2, when compared with a two-dimensional case, is confirmed in our simulations. We also show that both the reconnection rate and the fraction of magnetic energy in the simulations depend linearly on the height of the reconnection region. The degree of structural complexity of a magnetic field and the underlying flow is measured by current helicity and cross-helicity. We compare results in simulations with different computational box heights.
The Quantum Prediction for Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) Experiments

Quantum mechanics allows for multiple predictions for the outcome of an EPR experiment. The correct calculation must be used, guided by the physical conditions of the experiment. The quantum joint prediction for EPR correlation is derived and shown to involve a single sampling. The solution for separated measurement, where there are two private samplings, is then developed using orthodox quantum mechanics with Luders' rule for state projection on measurement. The separated solution is shown to duplicate the predictions of the quantum joint solution. However, it is shown that this solution requires superluminal transmission of information and therefore it is physically impossible. Alternative predictions respecting special relativity are developed using both Von Neumann projection and null projection (no projection at all). Conditions for the proper application of state projection rules are considered and Luders' rule is identified as the primary culprit in the EPR paradox. It cannot be applied to EPR.
Theory of optimal transport for Lorentzian cost functions

The optimal transport problem is studied in the context of Lorentz-Finsler geometry. For globally hyperbolic Lorentz-Finsler spacetimes the first Kantorovich problem and the Monge problem are solved. Further the intermediate regularity of the transport paths is studied. These results generalize parts of Bertrand & Puel and Brenier et al.
The Performance of the Climate-Energy Nexus Assessing the Effectiveness of the Institutional Complexes on Renewable Energy, Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform, and Carbon Pricing

What does institutional complexity mean for performance in the climate-energy nexus? As previous chapters have shown, the nexus is made up of a diverse set of institutions that have overlapping mandates and functions. Chapter 3 showed how the institutional complex varies at the meso level, and Chapters 4 – 6 explored the interactions between different institutions in three selected sub ﬁ elds: renewable energy, fossil fuel subsidy reform, and carbon pricing. Given the large number of institutions that operate and interact in these ﬁ elds, several questions arise about their performance and environmental effectiveness: what are the consequences of this intricate web of institutions for the performance of the institutional complex of the climate-energy nexus? Is institutional complexity a requirement for effective problem-solving, or does it hamper effectiveness? What management options exist for making the institutional complex at the climate-energy nexus more effective? Considering the magnitude of the climate- and energy-related challenges, the answers to these questions are of great importance to both scholars and practitioners. identify i.e. for between
Surface tension and negative pressure interior of a non-singular ‘black hole’

The constant density interior Schwarzschild solution for a static, spherically symmetric collapsed star has a divergent pressure when its radius R ≤ 9 8 R s = 9 4 GM ? > . We show that this divergence is integrable, and induces a non-isotropic transverse stress with a finite redshifted surface tension on a spherical surface of radius R 0 = 3 R 1 − 8 9 R R s ? > . For r < R 0 ? > the interior Schwarzschild solution exhibits negative pressure. When R = R s ? > , the surface is localized at the Schwarzschild radius itself, R 0 = R s ? > , and the solution has constant negative pressure p = − &rgr; ¯ ? > everywhere in the interior r < R s ? > , thereby describing a gravitational condensate star, a fully collapsed non-singular state already inherent in and predicted by classical general relativity. The redshifted surface tension of the condensate star surface is given by τ s = Δ κ / 8 &pgr; G ? > , where Δ κ = κ + − κ − = 2 κ + = 1 / R s ? > is the difference of equal and opposite surface gravities between the exterior and interior Schwarzschild solutions. The First Law, d M = d E V + τ s d A ? > is recognized as a purely mechanical classical relation at zero temperature and zero entropy, describing the volume energy and surface energy change respectively. The Schwarzschild time t of such a non-singular gravitational condensate star is a global time, fully consistent with unitary time evolution in quantum theory. A clear observational test of gravitational condensate stars with a physical surface versus black holes is the discrete surface modes of oscillation which should be detectable by their gravitational wave signatures.
THE HEAVY-ELEMENT COMPOSITION OF DISK INSTABILITY PLANETS CAN RANGE FROM SUB- TO SUPER-NEBULAR

Transit surveys combined with Doppler data have revealed a class of gas giant planets that are massive and highly enriched in heavy-elements (e.g., HD 149026b, GJ436b, and HAT-P-20b). It is tempting to consider these planets as validation of core accretion plus gas capture because it is often assumed that disk instability planets should be of nebular composition. We show in this paper, to the contrary, that gas giants that form by disk instability can have a variety of heavy-element compositions, ranging from sub- to super-nebular values. High levels of enrichment can be achieved through one or multiple mechanisms, including enrichment at birth, planetesimal capture, and differentiation plus tidal stripping. As a result, the metallicity of an individual gas giant cannot be used to discriminate between gas giant formation modes.
The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Gaza Strip, A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: To screen for vitamin D deficiency, and to examine the effects of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control among children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). Material and Methods: A randomized clinical trial including 80 children (40 interventions and 40 controls) who were diagnosed with T1DM. Vitamin D status and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were assessed initially for both groups. The intervention group was on (2000 IU/day) of vitamin D 3 for 3 months while the control group did not receive any type of supplements throughout the intervention period. Vitamin D and HbA1c were measured at the baseline and the end of the study. Differences in mean±SD of vitamin D and HbA1c were assessed before and after the study. Results: A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (43.8%) and insufficiency (52.5%) was found among children with T1DM. Mean baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) (ng/ml) increased from 14.76±3.71 to 12.46±4.35 and 38.79±16.86 to 14.88±4.73 in both the intervention and control groups, respectively. Mean baseline HbA1c (%) was 10.23±1.95 in the intervention group and 9.86±2.19 in the control group. After vitamin D supplementation for three months, mean HbA1c (%) was 9.20±1.50 in intervention and 10.28±1.77 in the control group without statistically significant difference P>0.05 between groups. Conclusions: Our study revealed that in T1DM children, vitamin D deficiency coincided with poor glycemic control. The levels of HbA1c showed no statistically significant difference between children who received vitamin D supplementation and those who have not received it regarding glycemic control, whereas the results were clinically significant.
Open Research Online Fostering empathy in clinical teaching and learning environments: A uniﬁed approach

This paper draws together broad insights into the notion of empathy, with specific lessons learned from current approaches to empathy within both law and medicine. The role of empathy is becoming more central to modern professionalism in both fields as they demonstrate a movement towards partnership-building, with an emphasis on patient-centred decision-making in medicine and more holistic, personalised client care within law. The paper aims to identify fundamental principles to inform the development of a unified approach to the inclusion of empathy within clinical teaching and learning environments. These principles can then be used as a basis to highlight and share best practice and consider common challenges and opportunities, as well as being drawn upon by those working within interdisciplinary clinical partnerships. Identifying and exploring fundamental principles will assist in ensuring that empathy is acknowledged and utilised in a psychologically and emotionally healthy and appropriate manner to benefit the students, clients, patients and other stakeholders involved.
Ba2YIrO6 : A cubic double perovskite material with Ir5+ ions

Materials with a 5d4 electronic configuration are generally considered to have a nonmagnetic ground state (J=0). Interestingly, Sr2YIrO6 (Ir5+ having 5d4 electronic configuration) was recently reported to exhibit long-range magnetic order at low temperature and the distorted IrO6 octahedra were discussed to cause the magnetism in this material. Hence, a comparison of structurally distorted Sr2YIrO6 with cubic Ba2YIrO6 may shed light on the source of magnetism in such Ir5+ materials with 5d4 configuration. Besides, Ir5+ materials having 5d4 are also interesting in the context of recently predicted excitonic types of magnetism. Here we report a single-crystal-based analysis of the structural, magnetic, and thermodynamic properties of Ba2YIrO6. We observe that in Ba2YIrO6 for temperatures down to 0.4 K, long-range magnetic order is absent but at the same time correlated magnetic moments are present. We show that these moments are absent in fully relativistic ab initio band-structure calculations; hence, their origin is presently unclear.
ZOMG - II. Does the halo assembly history influence central galaxies and gas accretion?

The growth-rate and the internal dynamics of galaxy-sized dark-matter haloes depend on their location within the cosmic web. Haloes that sit at the nodes grow in mass till the present time and are dominated by radial orbits. Conversely, haloes embedded in prominent filaments do not change much in size and are dominated by tangential orbits. Using zoom hydrodynamical simulations including star formation and feedback, we study how gas accretes onto these different classes of objects that, for simplicity, we dub 'accreting' and 'stalled' haloes. We find that all haloes get a fresh supply of newly accreted gas in their inner regions, although this slowly decreases with time, in particular for the stalled haloes. The inflow of new gas is always higher than (but comparable with) that of recycled material. Overall, the cold-gas fraction increases (decreases) with time for the accreting (stalled) haloes. In all cases, a stellar disc and a bulge form at the centre of the simulated haloes. The total stellar mass is in excellent agreement with expectations based on the abundance-matching technique. Many properties of the central galaxies do not seem to correlate with the large-scale environment in which the haloes reside. However, there are two notable exceptions that characterise stalled haloes with respect to their accreting counterparts: i) the galaxy disc contains much older stellar populations; ii) its vertical scale-height is larger by a factor of two or more. This thickening is likely due to the heating of the long-lived discs by mergers and close flybys.
Development and Analysis of a Vibration Based Sleep Improvement Device

Development and Analysis of a Vibration Based Sleep Improvement Device Benjamin John Himes Department of Mechanical Engineering, BYU Master of Science Many research studies have analyzed the effect that whole-body vibration (WBV) has on sleep, and some have sought to use vibration to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia. It has been shown that low frequencies (f < 2Hz) are generally sleep inducing, but oscillations of this frequency are typically difficult to achieve using electromagnetic vibration drives. In the research that has been performed, optimal vibration parameters have not been determined, and the effects of multiple vibration sources vibrating at different frequencies to induce a low frequency traveling wave have not been explored. Insomnia affects millions of people worldwide, and non-pharmacological treatment options are limited. A bed excited with multiple vibration sources was used to explore beat frequency vibration as a non-pharmacological treatment for insomnia. A repeated measures design pilot study of 14 participants with mild-moderate insomnia symptom severity was conducted to determine the effects of beat frequency vibration, and traditional standing wave vibration on sleep latency and quality. Participants were monitored using high-density electroencephalography (HD-EEG). Sleep latency was compared between treatment conditions. Trends of a decrease in sleep latency due to beat frequency vibration were found (p ≤ 0.181 for AASM latency, and p ≤ 0.068 for unequivocal sleep latency). Neural complexity during wake, N1, and N2 stages were compared using Multi-Scale Sample Entropy (MSE), which demonstrated significantly lower MSE between wake and N2 stages (p ≤ 0.002). Lower MSE was found in the transition from wake to N1 stage sleep but did not reach significance (p ≤ 0.300). During N2 sleep, beat frequency vibration shows lower MSE than the control session in the left frontoparietal region. This indicates that beat frequency vibration may lead to a decrease of conscious awareness during deeper stages of sleep. Standing wave vibration caused reduced Alpha activity and increased Delta activity during wake. Beat frequency vibration caused increased Delta activity during N2 sleep. These preliminary results suggest that beat frequency vibration may help individuals with insomnia symptoms by decreasing sleep latency, by reducing their conscious awareness, and by increasing sleep drive expression during deeper stages of sleep. Standing wave vibration may be beneficial for decreasing expression of arousal and increasing expression of sleep drive during wake, implying that a dynamic vibration treatment may be beneficial. The application of vibration treatment as part of a heuristic sleep model is discussed.
Multi-scale modeling of solvent extraction and the choice of reference state: mesoscopic modeling as a bridge between nanoscale and chemical engineering

This paper highlights current paradigms and challenges in modeling of lanthanides and actinides solvent extraction. Within the multi-scale approach, complex phenomena which occur in solvent systems can be rationalized at diﬀerent length scales. Strengths and drawbacks of quantum and classical simulations, as well as mesoscopic modeling, are presented. In the multi-scale modeling, the deﬁnition of standard states is of paramount importance since it dictates the amount of collective eﬀect included within calculations. Mesoscopic modeling of the transfer and the aggregation free energies can be used to successfully predict properties of extraction systems at phenomenological scale and to assist chemical engineering of separation industry. nanoscale, hydrophilic cavities