Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phenomenology of the 3-3-1-1 model

We discuss a new SU(3)_C X SU(3)_L X U(1)_X X U(1)_N (3-3-1-1) gauge model that overhauls the theoretical and phenomenological aspects of the known 3-3-1 models. Additionally, we sift the outcome of the 3-3-1-1 model from precise electroweak bounds to dark matter observables. The mass spectra of the scalar and gauge sectors are diagonalized when the scale of the 3-3-1-1 breaking is compatible to that of the ordinary 3-3-1 breaking. All the interactions of the gauge bosons with the fermions and scalars are obtained. The 3-3-1-1 model provides two dark matters which are stabilized by the W-parity conservation: one fermion which may be either a Majorana or Dirac fermion and one complex scalar. We conclude that in the fermion dark matter setup the Z_2 gauge boson resonance sets the dark matter observables, whereas in the scalar one the Higgs portal dictates them. The standard model GIM mechanism works in the model because of the W-parity conservation. Hence, the dangerous flavor changing neutral currents due to the ordinary and exotic quark mixing are suppressed, while those coming from the non-universal couplings of the Z_2 and Z_N gauge bosons are easily evaded. Indeed, the K^0-\bar{K}^0 and B^0_s-\bar{B}^0_s mixings limit m_{Z_{2,N}}>2.037 TeV and m_{Z_{2,N}}>2.291 TeV, respectively, while the LEPII searches provide a quite close bound m_{Z_{2,N}}>2.737 TeV. The violation of the CKM unitarity due to the loop effects of the Z_2 and Z_N gauge bosons is negligible. [Full abstract is given in the text. ]
Exo-Earth/Super-Earth Yield of JWST Plus a Starshade External Occulter

We estimate the exo-Earth/super-Earth yield of an imaging mission that combines the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) with a starshade external occulter under a realistic set of astrophysical assumptions. For the purpose of this study, we define “exo-Earth” and “super-Earth” as a planet of mass 1 to 2 M⊕ and 2 to 10 M⊕, respectively, orbiting within the habitable zone (HZ) of a solar-type star. We show that for a survey strategy that relies on a single image as the basis for detection, roughly half of all exo-Earth/super-Earth detections will be false alarms for η⊕ of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3. Here, a false alarm is a mistaken identification of a planet as an exo-Earth/super-Earth, and we define η⊕ as the frequency of exo-Earth/super-Earths orbiting sunlike stars. We then consider two different survey strategies designed to mitigate the false alarm problem. The first is to require that for each candidate exo-Earth/super-Earth, a sufficient number of detections are made to measure the orbit. When the orbit is known we can determine if the planet is in the habitable zone. With this strategy, we find that the number of exo-Earth/super-Earths found is, on average, 0.9, 1.9, and 2.7 for η⊕ = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3. There is a ∼40% probability of finding zero exo-Earth/super-Earths for η⊕ = 0.1. A second strategy can be employed if a space-based astrometry mission capable of submicroarcsecond precision has identified and measured the orbits and masses of the planets orbiting nearby stars. In this case, the occulter mission is much more efficient, because it surveys only the stars known to have exo-Earth/super-Earths. We find that with prior knowledge from a space-based astrometric survey of 60 nearby stars, JWST plus an external occulter can obtain spectra, as well as orbital solutions, for the majority (70% to 80%) of the exo-Earth/super-Earths orbiting these 60 stars. The yield of exo-Earth/super-Earths is approximately five times higher than the yield for the JWST plus occulter mission without prior astrometric information. With prior space-based astrometry, the probability that an imaging mission will find zero exo-Earth/super-Earths is reduced to < 1% for the case of η⊕ = 0.1.
Optimization of the Parameters Influencing the Antioxidant Activity and Concentration of Anthocyanins Extracted from Red Onion Skins Using a Central Composite Design

This study aimed to extract bioactives from red onion skins for use as edible colorants that are both natural and functional. The extraction of bioactive chemicals from red onion skins using a conventional solvent extraction was optimized using a Central Composite Design (CCD). The influence of extraction parameters, such as ethanol and citric acid concentrations, extraction temperature, and time, on anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity (DPPH method) was studied. A quadratic model was suggested for all of the parameters examined and employed. Citric acid concentration (0.05–2.64%), ethanol concentration (6.36–73.63%), operation temperature (16.47–58.52 °C), and extraction duration (10–234.54 min) were the variables studied in the coded form of the experimental plan. The best conditions for maximum anthocyanins and antioxidant activity recovery were: 60% ethanol, 0.87% citric acid, 179.99 min, and 25 °C. The anthocyanins concentration varied from 0.45 to 1.43 mg C3G/g DW, while the antioxidant activity varied from 24.29 to 37.20 mM TE/g DW, according to the experimental design. Overall, it should be emphasized that the extraction process can be enhanced by settling the operating factors to maximize the model responses. The current findings demonstrate that extracts from red onion skins would be useful in developing functional food products.
Judging Instrument Relevance in Instrumental Variables Estimation

Recent research has emphasized the poor finite-sample performance of the instrumental variables estimator when the instruments are weakly correlated with the regressors. The authors show how the canonical correlations between regressors and instruments can provide a measure of instrument relevance in the general multiple-instrument-multiple-regressor case. However, their simulation results indicate that any such relevance measure probably has little practical merit, as its use may actually exacerbate the poor finite-sample properties of the instrumental variables estimator. Copyright 1996 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.
Nernst heat theorem for the thermal Casimir interaction between two graphene sheets

We find analytic asymptotic expressions at low temperature for the Casimir free energy, entropy, and pressure of two parallel graphene sheets in the framework of the Lifshitz theory. The reflection coefficients of electromagnetic waves on graphene are described on the basis of first principles of quantum electrodynamics at nonzero temperature using the polarization tensor in (2+1)-dimensional space-time. The leading contributions to the Casimir entropy and to the thermal corrections to the Casimir energy and pressure are given by the thermal correction to the polarization tensor at nonzero Matsubara frequencies. It is shown that the Casimir entropy for two graphene sheets goes to zero when the temperature vanishes, i.e., the third law of thermodynamics (the Nernst heat theorem) is satisfied. At low temperature, the magnitude of the thermal correction to the Casimir pressure between two graphene sheets is shown to vary inversely proportional to the separation. The Nernst heat theorem for graphene is discussed in the context of problems occurring in Casimir physics for both metallic and dielectric plates.
Population Study Reveals Genetic Variation and Introgression of Four Deciduous Oaks at the Junction between Taihang Mountain and Yanshan Mountain

Oaks (Quercus spp.) are considered model plants for studying plant evolution and natural gene introgression. Beijing area is at the junction between Taihang Mountain and Yanshan Mountain, and it is an overlapping distribution area of several deciduous oaks native to China. Interspecific hybridization often occurs in sympatric sibling species, resulting in blurred interspecific boundaries and hindering the development of breeding. To have better improvement and protection of these oaks, it is urgently necessary to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure of these oak species. In this study, we collected eleven populations of four oak species (Q. variabilis, Q. mongolica, Q. dentata and Q. aliena) in the Beijing area. By using the polymorphic SSR markers, we analyzed the genetic variation of the collected 400 individuals, investigated the population structure, and found gene introgression events. Q. variabilis had a clearer genetic background as compared to the other three species. Q. mongolica had a more frequent gene introgression with Q. dentata and Q. aliena. Our data reveal the introgression and genetic diversity of the four oak species native to the Beijing area, laying the foundation for conducting an oak germplasm nursery with a clear genetic background for protection and further improvement.
Using Structural Equation Modeling to Assess a Model for Measuring Creative Teaching Perceptions and Practices in Higher Education

Considering the differences in academic backgrounds and majors, diversity of faculty members’ perceptions, and complete shift to digital education, energy must be expended toward ensuring that the teaching practices of faculty members are innovative and distinctive by providing advanced methods and models for evaluation operations. Thus, this study aimed to assess a model for measuring perceptions of both the teaching profession and creative teaching practices among faculty members that explains the relationship between faculty members’ perceptions about teaching and their creative practices that was constructed to explain the nature of this relationship and enable the development of the faculty members’ academic and professional performance. Two instruments were developed in this study, and the study sample consisted of 250 faculty members. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the proposed model. The results of the modified construction model showed an improvement in the goodness of fit indicators, which points toward this being the best model for interpreting the study data. The developed assessment model and scales can be used as tools to measure faculty members’ perceptions and predict the improvement of their creative teaching practices as well as for their professional development during distance learning.
On the size distribution of supernova remnants in the Magellanic Clouds

The physical sizes of supernova remnants (SNRs) in a number of nearby galaxies follow an approximately linear cumulative distribution, contrary to what is expected for decelerating shock fronts. This phenomenon has been variously attributed to observational selection effects, or to a majority of SNRs being in ‘free expansion’, with shocks propagating at a constant velocity into a tenuous ambient medium. We compile multi-wavelength observations of the 77 known SNRs in the Magellanic Clouds, and argue that they provide a fairly complete record of the SNe that have exploded over the last ∼20 kyr, with most of them now in the adiabatic, Sedov phase of their expansions. The roughly linear cumulative distribution of sizes (roughly uniform in a differential distribution) can be understood to result from the combination of the deceleration during this phase, a transition to a radiation-loss-dominated phase at a radius that depends on the local gas density and a probability distribution of densities in the interstellar medium varying approximately as ρ −1 . This explanation is supported by the observed power-law distributions, with index ∼− 1, of three independent tracers of density: neutral hydrogen column density, Hα surface brightness and star formation rate based on resolved stellar populations. In this picture, the observed cut-off at a radius of 30 pc in the SNR size distribution is due to a minimum in the mean ambient gas density in the regions where supernovae (SNe) explode. We show that M33 has an SNR size distribution very similar to that of the Magellanic Clouds, suggesting these features, and their explanation, may be universal. In a companion paper, we use our sample of SNRs as an effective ‘SN survey’ to calculate the SN rate and delay time distribution in the Magellanic Clouds. The hypothesis that most SNRs are in free expansion, rather than in the Sedov phase of their evolution, would result in SN rates that are in strong conflict with independent measurements, and with basic stellar evolution theory.
Murchison Widefield Array and XMM-Newton observations of the Galactic supernova remnant G5.9+3.1

Aims. In this paper we discuss the radio continuum and X-ray properties of the so-far poorly studied Galactic supernova remnant (SNR) G5.9 + 3.1. Methods. We present the radio spectral energy distribution (SED) of the Galactic SNR G5.9 + 3.1 obtained with the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA). Combining these new observations with the surveys at other radio continuum frequencies, we discuss the integrated radio continuum spectrum of this particular remnant. We have also analyzed an archival XMM-Newton observation, which represents the first detection of X-ray emission from this remnant. Results. The SNR SED is very well explained by a simple power-law relation. The synchrotron radio spectral index of G5.9 + 3.1 is estimated to be 0.42 ± 0.03 and the integrated flux density at 1 GHz to be around 2.7 Jy. Furthermore, we propose that the identified point radio source, located centrally inside the SNR shell, is most probably a compact remnant of the supernova explosion. The shell-like X-ray morphology of G5.9 + 3.1 as revealed by XMM-Newton broadly matches the spatial distribution of the radio emission, where the radio-bright eastern and western rims are also readily detected in the X-ray while the radio-weak northern and southern rims are weak or absent in the X-ray. Extracted MOS1+MOS2+PN spectra from the whole SNR as well as the north, east, and west rims of the SNR are fit successfully with an optically thin thermal plasma model in collisional ionization equilibrium with a column density NH ~ 0.80 × 1022 cm−2 and fitted temperatures spanning the range kT ~ 0.14–0.23 keV for all of the regions. The derived electron number densities ne for the whole SNR and the rims are also roughly comparable (ranging from ~0.20f−1∕2 to ~0.40f−1∕2 cm−3, where f is the volume filling factor). We also estimate the swept-up mass of the X-ray emitting plasma associated with G5.9+3.1 to be ~46f−1∕2 M⊙.
Catalogue of Large Magellanic Cloud star clusters observed in the Washington photometric system

Aims. The main goal of this study is to compile a catalogue including the fundamental parameters of a complete sample of 277 star clusters (SCs) of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) observed in the Washington photometric system, including 82 clusters very recently studied by us. Methods. All the clusters’ parameters such as radii, deprojected dis tances, reddenings, ages and metallicities have been obtained by appyling essentially the same procedures which are briefly d escribed here. We have used empirical cumulative distribution functions to examine age, metallicity and deprojected distance distributions for different cluster subsamples of the catalogue. Results. Our new sample made up of 82 additional clusters recently studied by us represents about a 40% increase in the total number of LMC SCs observed up to now in the Washington photometric system. In particular, we report here the fundamental parameters obtained for the first time for 42 of these clusters. We found t hat single LMC SCs are typically older than multiple SCs. Both single and multiple SCs exhibit asymmetrical distributions in log (age). We compared cluster ages derived through isochrone fitti ngs obtained using different models of the Padova group. Although tG and tB ages obtained using isochrones from Girardi et al. (2002) and Bressan et al. (2012), respectively, are consistent in general term s, we found that tB values are not only typically larger than tG ages but also that Bressan et al.’s age uncertainties are clearly smaller than the corresponding Girardi et al. values.
Hooke’s law in statistical manifolds and divergences

The concept of the canonical divergence is defined for dually flat statistical manifolds in terms of the Legendre transform between dual affine coordinates. In this article, we introduce a new two point function defined for any triple (g,∇, ∇*) of a Riemannian metric g and two affine connections ∇ and ∇*. We show that this interprets the canonical divergence without refering to the existence of special coordinates (dual affine coordinates) but in terms of only classical mechanics concerning ∇- and ∇*-geodesics. We also discuss the properties of the two point function and show that this shares some important properties with the canonical divergence defined on dually flat statistical manifolds.
Preliminary results of radiation measurements on EURECA

The eleven-month duration of the EURECA mission allows long term radiation effects to be studied similarly to those of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF). Basic data can be generated for projections of crew doses and electronic and computer reliability on spacecraft missions. A radiation experiment has been designed for EURECA which uses passive integrating detectors to measure average radiation levels. The components include a Trackoscope, which employs fourteen plastic nuclear track detector (PNTD) stacks to measure the angular dependence of LET (greater than or equal to 6 keV/microns) radiation. Also included are TLD`s for total absorbed doses, thermal/resonance neutron detectors (TRND`s) for low energy neutron fluences and a thick PNTD stack for depth dependence measurements. LET spectra are derived from the PNTD measurements. Preliminary TLD results from seven levels within the detector array show that integrated doses inside the flight canister varied from 18.8 plus or minus 0.6 cGy to 38.9 plus or minus 1.2 cGy. The TLD`s oriented toward the least shielded direction averaged 53 percent higher in dose than those oriented away from the least shielded direction (minimum shielding toward the least shielded direction varied from 1.13 to 7.9 g/cm(exp 2), Al equivalent). The maximum dose ratemore » on EURECA (1.16 mGy/day) was 37 percent of the maximum measured on LDEF and dose rates at all depths were less than measured on LDEF. The shielding external to the flight canister covered a greater solid angle about the canister than in the LDEF experiments. « less
THE TURBULENT FRAGMENTATION OF THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM: THE IMPACT OF METALLICITY ON GLOBAL STAR FORMATION

We study the influence of gas metallicity, turbulence, and non-equilibrium chemistry on the evolution of the two-phase interstellar medium (warm and cold atomic phases), and thereby constrain the initial conditions for star formation prevailing in turbulent gas. We perform high-resolution simulations in three dimensions, including a realistic non-equilibrium treatment of the ionization state of the gas, and examine both driven and decaying turbulence. This allows us to explore variations in the metallicity Z. In this paper, we study solar metallicity, Z = Z☉, and low-metallicity, Z = 10−3 Z☉, gas. For driven, large-scale turbulence, we find that the influence of the metallicity on the amount of mass in the cold gas component is small. However, in decaying turbulent conditions this picture is much changed. While cold regions survive in the case of solar metallicity, they are quickly heated and dispersed in low-metallicity gas. This result suggests that star formation can be suppressed in environments of low metallicity, unless a strong turbulent driver is acting on timescales shorter than a few turbulent crossing times. Inter alia this finding could explain the overall inefficient star formation as well as the burst-like mode of star formation found in metal-poor, gas-rich systems like dwarf galaxies.
Altered Resting-State Network in Adolescents with Problematic Internet Use

Problematic internet use (PIU) is increasingly recognized as a mental health concern, particularly among adolescents. The resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the triple-network model has been described inconsistently in PIU. Using resting-state fMRI (rsFMRI) and hypothesizing a lower rsFC between default mode (DMN) and central executive networks (CEN) but a higher rsFC within the salience network (SN), this study scrutinized the neural substrates of PIU adolescents. A total of 30 adolescents with PIU and 30 control subjects underwent rsFMRI. The severity of PIU was evaluated by the Internet Addiction Test. Additionally, personality traits as well as emotional and behavioral problems were evaluated by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), respectively. Focusing on the DMN, SN, and CEN, we compared rsFC values between PIU and the control. Subsequently, within the combined group of subjects, TCI and SDQ correlation and mediation effects were investigated. Higher rsFC values of the left lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC(L)) with the left anterior insula (aIns(L)) were observed for PIU than for the control, while rsFCs of the LPFC(L) with the medial PFC (MPFC), LPFC(L), as well as with the right lateral parietal cortex (LP(R)) were lower for PIU. Among these significant group differences, the rsFC between the LPFC(L) and MPFC was mediated by emotional symptoms (standardized β = −0.12, 95% CI −0.29, −0.0052). The dysfunctional attention switching and incentive salience regulated by the SN were implicated as being a neural correlate of PIU, and this relationship would in part be explained by the emotional dysregulation associated with PIU in adolescents.
Sequence Characteristics and Expression Analysis of GhCIPK23 Gene in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

CIPK (calcineurin B-like-interacting protein kinase) is a kind of serine/threonine protein kinase widely existing in plants, and it plays an important role in plant growth and development and stress response. To better understand the biological functions of the GhCIPK23 gene in upland cotton, the coding sequence (CDS) of the GhCIPK23 gene was cloned in upland cotton, and its protein sequence, evolutionary relationship, subcellular localization, expression pattern and cis-acting elements in the promoter region were analyzed. Our results showed that the full-length CDS of GhCIPK23 was 1368 bp, encoding a protein with 455 amino acids. The molecular weight and isoelectric point of this protein were 50.83 KDa and 8.94, respectively. The GhCIPK23 protein contained a conserved N-terminal protein kinase domain and C-terminal regulatory domain of the CIPK gene family member. Phylogenetic tree analysis demonstrated that GhCIPK23 had a close relationship with AtCIPK23, followed by OsCIPK23, and belonged to Group A with AtCIPK23 and OsCIPK23. The subcellular localization experiment indicated that GhCIPK23 was located in the plasma membrane. Tissue expression analysis showed that GhCIPK23 had the highest expression in petals, followed by sepals, and the lowest in fibers. Stress expression analysis showed that the expression of the GhCIPK23 gene was in response to drought, salt, low-temperature and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatment, and had different expression patterns under different stress conditions. Further cis-acting elements analysis showed that the GhCIPK23 promoter region had cis-acting elements in response to abiotic stress, phytohormones and light. These results established a foundation for understanding the function of GhCIPK23 and breeding varieties with high-stress tolerance in cotton.