Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nature of sterility and mechanism of the evolution of higher ploidy in Solanum section Solanum (Maurella)

Cytomorphology of solanum nigrum L. (2n = 6x = 72) and S. americanum Mill. (2n = 2x = 24) was studied. Crosses were made between these two species, but crosses were successful only when the higher ploidy form was used as the maternal parent. The F1 hybrid was a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 48) and showed highly irregular meiosis. It did not set fruit either on selfing or on open pollination. A fertile octoploid branch spontaneously grew from the sterile hybrid. The octoploid had regular meiosis and produced several fruits with viable seeds. Pollen stainability was 82%. From cytological studies of the tetraploid and its amphiploid, it is concluded that hybridization and polyploidy have played a significant role in the origin and evolution of higher chromosomal forms of Solanum section Solanum (Maurella). Key words: Solanum, polyploid, sterility.
Auditory imagining

In this paper, I tackle the thorny problem of auditory imagining from a behavior-analytic perspective. I previously suggested that listening to (i.e., perceiving) speech or music involves sub-vocal behaviors (Schlinger, 2008a). In the present paper, I extend that argument to suggest that imagining hearing speech or music also involves sub-vocal behaviors (self-talking and self-singing). Thus, listening and auditory imagining are not cognitive processes, but behaviors. This interpretation is consistent with an assumption of behavioral continuity and is supported by numerous brain-imaging studies.
The First Findings on the Differences in Complete Blood Count Between Diploid and Triploid Tench, Tinca tinca L.

Svobodova. Z . 1. Kolarova, M. Flajshans: The First Findings of the Differences in Complete Blood COltllt Between Diploid and Triploid Tench. Tinea tinca L. Acta vet. Bmo 1998, 67: 243-248. The aim of this work was to evaluate differences in complete blood count of diploid and triploid tench and concentration of total protein in blood plasma of these fish. Haematological examination of 78 specimens of three-year-old tench. consisting of 21 triploids and their 57 diploid siblings was performed in July 1996. Analysis of variance test confirmed a significantly lower erythrocyte count in triploids (P < 0.01). as well as a significantly lower haemoglobin content (P < 0.05), significantly higher medium corpuscular volume. higher medium corpuscular haemoglobin and lower medium corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (all at P < 0.01) compared to diploids. The haematocrit value of triploids was insignificantly lower compared to diploids. The differences of erythrocyte nuclear area. perimeter. average size, major axis and aspect ratio between diploids and triploids were found signiticant at P < 0.01 and the effect of ploidy level on these dimensions was considered highly significant (P < 0.000 I). No effect of ploidy level was proven for erythrocyte nuclear minor axis. The leukocyte count of triploids was insignificantly lesser compared to diploids. Triploid tench were found of significantly lower concentration of total protein in blood plasma compared to diploids (P < 0.01). Triploid tench could be hypothesized to have a lower oxygenation capacity of blood. as well as a lower non-specific immunity level compared to diploids. Insigniticantly higher erythrocyte count, haemoglobin content. haematocrit value. and significantly higher concentration of total protein in blood plasma (P < 0.0 I) was reported for diploid females compared to males.
Seed germination of gypsophytes and gypsovags in semi-arid central Spain

Abstract Seed germination under controlled conditions was studied for six restricted gypsophytes and five gypsovags, three with calcareous preferences and two of salt optima, most of them local endemics of the central Iberian Peninsula. The main aim of this study can be briefly summarized as: is germination of these plants one of differential factors acting on the high biological selective availability of gypsum soils or are these plants similar at this biological stage to surrounding plants, not edaphisms? Our results suggest that both gypsophytes and gypsovags present the typical germination strategies of semi-arid Mediterranean plants: efficient responses at low temperatures, multi-purpose strategies and heteromorphism within and among seed populations, and clinal variation in seed dormancy. These two types of edaphisms do not differ significantly in their germinability behaviour and the detected variability can be easily explained by the taxonomic groups to which these plants belong. It seems patent that gypsum has acted interactively at the seedling and mature stages of these plants, but it has not forced different strategies at the germination stage.
Detection of the genetic variability of triticale using wheat and Rye SSR markers

The variability of microsatellite markers of 16 genotypes of triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack, 2n = 6x = 42, BBAARR) was studied. Five varieties from Poland (Gutek, Kitaro, Lamberto, Presto and Tornado), three from Germany (Lupus, Ticino and Triamant), one from Russia (Valentin-90) and seven translocation forms derived from cv. Presto (donors of good bread-making quality) were analysed. SSR markers localised on chromosomes of the A, B, D and R genomes were chosen from literature for analysis. Based on 48 SSR markers (27 wheat and 21 rye SSR markers) a dendrogram was calculated, which highly significantly differentiated the Valentine-90 genotype from all the other 15 genotypes split into three sub-clusters. The first one includes the cv. Gutek, Tornado, Presto and translocation forms of cv. Presto. The second sub-cluster consists of the cv. Kitaro, Lamberto, Ticino and Triamant. The third sub-cluster cluster consists of the cv. Lupus only. The diversity index (DI), the probabilities of identity (PI) and the polymorphic information content (PIC) of SSR markers were calculated. We detected 184 alleles from 48 markers with an average of 3.83 alleles per locus (ranging from 1 to 9 alleles per locus). The average polymorphic information content was 0.48 ranging between 0.00 and 0.85.
Maturation diet based on fatty acid content for male Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) broodstock

The contents of three essential fatty acids, arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), from wild Penaeus monodon broodstock were evaluated in comparison with natural diet fed P. monodon . Spermatophores of wild male broodstock contained higher levels of AA than those of arti¢cial diet fed males. Polychaetes had higher proportion of AA to EPA and DHA at 5.8:5.5:1 in mud polychaetes followed by 12:7:1 in sand polychaetes, while DHAwas a preferential n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) in squids and ¢sh. The experimental feed was constructed to simulate the HUFA pro¢le of polychaetes (AA:EPA:DHA as 5:1:1) and then fed to farmed male black tiger prawn broodstock for 1 month. The results exhibited comparable reproductive characteristics to wild male suggesting the possibility of replacing wild males with pondreared males. Rearing farmed males in a test unit for a month did not reduce the quality of prawn sperm. Reproductive performance indices (sperm sac weight, total number of sperm, percentage of live sperm, percentage of abnormal sperm) from the males of all treatments were not statistically diierent except in males fed with pellets. Control (live feeds) and combined diet provided better reproductive performance in pond-reared males. Analysis of AA, EPA and DHA in reproductive tissues, hepatopancreas and muscle of treated animals in each treatment revealed an accumulation of dietary HUFA into reproductive tissues. No evidence of transfer of HUFA from hepatopancreas or muscle to spermatophore was found.
Dynamics of mycorrhizae during development of riparian forests along an unregulated river

In this study, we explore two mycorrhizal groups during development of riparian soils along a freely-flowing river. We provide the first documentation of a shift in abundance between arbuscular mycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizae during floodplain succession. We used a chronosequence spanning 0–70 yr along a river in northwestern Montana, USA, to test the hypothesis that abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is greatest in early stages of soil development, and abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) is greatest later in floodplain succession. We also measured the AMF-mediated process of formation of soil aggregates during site development. AMF colonization of the dominant tree (black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa) remained low (<5%), while AMF colonization of understory species was high (45–90%), across the chronosequence. Mycorrhizal inoculum potential (MIP) and hyphal length of AMF in soil peaked within the first 13 yr of succession and then declined. No single variable significantly correlated with AMF abundance, but AMF tended to decline as litter and soil organic matter increased. Density of ectomycorrhizal root tips in soil increased linearly throughout the chronosequence, and ectomycorrhizal colonization of cottonwood roots increased rapidly in early stages of succession. These patterns suggest that ECMF are not limited by dispersal, but rather influenced by abundance of host plants. Formation of water stable aggregates increased rapidly during the first third of the chronosequence, which was the period of greatest AMF abundance in the soil. The peak in AMF infectivity and hyphal length during early succession suggests that regular flooding and establishment of new sites promotes AMF abundance in this ecosystem. Regulation of rivers that eliminates creation of new sites may reduce contributions of AMF to riparian areas.
PRODUTIVIDADE E CUSTOS DE UM SISTEMA DE COLHEITA DE ÁRVORES INTEIRAS

This study evaluated a full tree harvesting system operationally and economically of a eucalyptus plantation, envisaging the improvement of the production system. The study was developed in a forest company located in Goias State. The wood harvesting system was composed by feller buncher, skidder, grapple saw and forest loader. The technical analysis consisted in motion and time study for the continuous method, which the operations were divided in working cycle, productivity determination, mechanical availability and operational efficiency. The economic analysis included the operational parameters cost and production cost. The results indicated that the equipment with lower operational efficiency (35.6%) and lower mechanical availability (47.1%) occurred in the feller buncher, due to interruptions occurred in working cycle. The regression analysis indicated that the feller buncher productivity was influenced by wood volume, while the skidder by distance, the grapple saw by wood volume and forest loader by wood volume.
Contiguous Arrays of Satellites 1, 3, and β Form a 1.5-Mb Domain on Chromosome 22p

The centromeric heterochromatin of all the human chromosomes is composed of megabases of tandemly repeated satellite DNA. Some of these sequences have been implicated in centromere formation and/or segregation but the arrangement of most of them on a large scale remains largely uncharacterized because of the difficulties in analyzing repetitive DNA. The α satellite is the best studied and is present in large tandem arrays at all centromeres, but satellites 1, 3, and β have also been detected on a number of chromosomes. Here we have used FISH to extended DNA fibers to analyze these satellites on the short arm of the acrocentric chromosome 22. The satellite sequences were found to form a continuous domain spanning about 1.5 Mb and consisting of a major block of satellite 1 flanked by two blocks of β satellite and three blocks of satellite 3. These six blocks of satellite DNA appear to form contiguous arrays with little intervening DNA.
Flaxseed in Breadmaking: Effects on Sensory Quality, Aging, and Composition of Bakery Products

This paper describes the effect of flaxseed on two bread formulations. The quality of bread rolls—containing flaxseed—and the quality of cinnamon rolls—containing flaxseed and flaxseed oil—is determined by sensory evaluation (texture, odor, and flavor), instrumental texture measurement and chemical analysis (fatty acids, fiber, secoisolarisiresinol diglycoside, and cadmium). Bread aging is monitored by measuring sensory attributes during storage. The results indicate that the flaxseed rolls retain moisture and softness more efficiently than the control rolls that do not contain flaxseed. No off-odors were detected during the storage period from 0 to 6 d at room temperature (+22 °C), although flaxseed rolls and cinnamon rolls were discovered to be high in unsaturated fats. The major fatty acid in both bakery samples that contained flaxseed was α-linolenic acid. The flaxseed rolls were also high in fiber. Therefore, from a nutritional viewpoint flaxseed shows beneficial properties in breadmaking. It has a positive impact on the texture parameters during storage as well as on the nutritional composition, for example, the content of fiber and unsaturated fats.
Variation in species composition and vegetation structure of succulent scrub on Tenerife in relation to environmental variation

Abstract. On Tenerife, the occurrence of environmental gradients over short distances provides a unique opportunity to investigate the relationship between vegetation and environmental factors. In the semi-arid coastal region of Tenerife, floristic composition, species richness and vegetation structure of perennial plants have been studied in 67 locations covering the existing precipitation gradient. On the island as a whole, variation in species composition could be best explained by mean annual precipitation; at coastal sites, substrate age and soil characteristics also played a significant role. On the other hand, substrate chemistry and the type of eruptive material explained little of the floristic variation. Stand biomass was strongly correlated with mean annual precipitation and was, on the youngest lava flows studied, also affected by substrate age. The native stem succulent species made up the bulk of total biomass along the whole precipitation gradient. Disturbed and undisturbed sites differed significantly in stand biomass and cover. Species richness was correlated with precipitation and substrate age. Distribution of plant functional types was also related to the precipitation gradient. The relative abundance of hemicryptophytes and shrubs with non-hairy leaves increased with increasing precipitation whereas the ratio of shrubs with hairy/non-hairy leaves and succulent plants decreased. Some alien plants were quite frequent at disturbed sites but, on the whole, they contributed little to the species spectrum and to the stand biomass. Undisturbed sites remained almost free of introduced species not considering annuals.
Seasonal variations in thermogenesis and energy requirements of plateau pikas Ochotona curzoniae and root voles Microtus oeconomus

The seasonal patterns of nonshivering thermogeneis (NST), resting metabolic rate (RMR) at 15oC and 25oC in plateau pikas Ochotona curzoniae (Hodgson, 1858) and root voles Microtus oeconomus (Pallas, 1776), from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, were determined and thermal conductance was calculated. NST tended to increase during cold season for both species.
Characterization of stationary-phase proteins in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)

Using two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis, we have analyzed the continuous changes in protein profiles, from exponential to late stationary phase, of Streptomyces coelicolor cultures growing in liquid minimal medium. Six proteins were purified from 2-D gels and characterized by N-terminal sequencing. Three amino acid sequences showed a high percentage of identity with other known proteins. Two of them match with the iron/zinc-containing superoxide dismutase recently described in S. coelicolor and the third one with a tellurite resistance protein from Alcaligenes sp. The activities of the nickel-containing superoxide dismutase and the iron/zinc superoxide dismutase throughout growth were determined in native PAGE. Both activities reached their maximal levels after post-exponential growth. However, while the nickel superoxide dismutase reached its maximum during the early stationary phase, the iron/zinc superoxide dismutase peaked during late stationary phase.
The lichen genus Graphis (Graphidaceae) in Australia

An account of the lichen genus Graphis Adans. (Graphidaceae) in Australia is given. Of the 48 taxa recognised, 10 are described as new and nine are new reports of the genus in Australia. Graphis desquamescens (Fee) Zahlbr. , G. endoxantha Nyl. , G. inamoena Zahlbr. , G. leptocarpa Fee, G. leptoclada MUll.Arg. , G. silicicola Redinger, G. stenotera Vainio, G. treubii Zahlbr. and G. turgidula MUll.Arg. are reported as new to Australia and the following new taxa are described: Graphis apertella A.W. Archer, G. catherinae A.W. Archer, G. howeana A.W. Archer, G. immersicans A.W. Archer, G. kakaduensis A.W. Archer, G. nigririmis var. deficiens A.W. Archer, G. streimannii A.W. Archer, G. subregularis A.W. Archer, G. supracola A.W. Archer and G. turgidula var. norstictica A.W. Archer. Graphis malacodes Nyl. is reported as an earlier synonym of G. argopholis C.Knight ex MUll.Arg. A lectotype is chosen for Graphis leptoclada MUll.Arg. A key to the species of Graphis in Australia is given.
Relationship of iron to oligondendrocytes and myelination

Oligodendrocytes are the predominant iron‐containing cells in the brain. Iron‐containing oligodendrocytes are found near neuronal cell bodies, along blood vessels, and are particularly abundant within white matter tracts. Iron‐positive cells in white matter are present from birth and eventually reside in defined patches of cells in the adult. These patches of iron‐containing cells typically have a blood vessel in their center. Ferritin, the iron storage protein, is also expressed early in development in oligodendrocytes in a regional and cellular pattern similar to that seen for iron. Recently, the functionally distinct subunits of ferritin have been analyzed; only heavy (H)‐chain ferritin is found in oligodendrocytes early in development. H‐ferritin is associated with high iron utilization and low iron storage. Consistent with the expression of H‐ferritin is the expression of transferrin receptors (for iron acquisition) on immature oligodendrocytes. Transferrin protein accumulation and mRNA expression in the brain are both dependent on a viable population of oligodendrocytes and may have an autocrine function to assist oligodendrocytes in iron acquisition. Although apparently the majority of oligodendrocytes in white matter tracts contain ferritin, transferrin, and iron, not all of them do, indicating that there is a subset of oligodendrocytes in white matter tracts. The only known function of oligodendrocytes is myelin production, and both a direct and indirect relationship exists between iron acquisition and myelin production. Iron is directly involved in myelin production as a required co‐factor for cholesterol and lipid biosynthesis and indirectly because of its requirement for oxidative metabolism (which occurs in oligodendrocytes at a higher rate than other brain cells). Factors (such as cytokines) and conditions such as iron deficiency may reduce iron acquisition by oligodendrocytes and the susceptibility of oligodendrocytes to oxidative injury may be a result of their iron‐rich cytoplasm. Thus, the many known phenomena that decrease oligodendrocyte survival and/or myelin production may mediate their effect through a final common pathway that involves disruptions in iron availability or intracellular management of iron. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
EFFECT OF OMEGA-3 PUFA RICH OIL SOURCES ON EGG QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF JAPANESE QUAIL

A study was conducted to assess the egg quality characteristics of Japanese quail upon enrichment of Omega-3 PUFA-Polyunsaturated fatty acid rich oil sources like fish oil and linseed oil, independently and simultaneously at 2 and 4 per cent levels in ration. The mean egg quality characteristics viz. egg weight, shape index, albumen index, yolk index, internal quality unit (IQU), yolk colour and shell thickness of Japanese quail layers were assessed. Based on the results of the study, it was observed that the eggs collected from the group of birds with 4 per cent fish oil (T4) recorded the highest mean egg weight (14.02 g). However, the eggs collected from the birds in control group recorded the lowest egg weight (13.31 g). Egg quality characteristics were not significantly influenced by the incorporation of various n-3 PUFA rich oil sources at graded level in Japanese quail layer diets.
Electromagnetic phased arrays for regional hyperthermia: optimal frequency and antenna arrangement

This paper investigates the effects of the three-dimensional arrangement of antennae and frequency on temperature distributions that can be achieved in regional hyperthermia using an electromagnetic phased array. It compares the results of power-based and temperature-based optimization. Thus, one is able to explain the discrepancies between previous studies favouring more antenna rings on the one hand and more antennae per ring on the other hand. The sensitivity of the results is analysed with respect to changes in amplitudes and phases, as well as patient position. This analysis can be used for different purposes. First, it provides additional criteria for selecting the optimal frequency. Secondly, it can be used for specifying the required phase and amplitude accuracy for a real phased array system. Furthermore, it may serve as a basis for technological developments in order to reduce both types of sensitivities described above.
Determination of Folate in Cereal-Grain Food Products Using Trienzyme Extraction and Combined Affinity and Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography

A trienzyme treatment (employing rat plasma folate conjugase, α-amylase, and protease), followed by affinity chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC, was evaluated for quantification of folates in unfortified and fortified cereal-grain products. Total folate concentrations determined by HPLC for unfortified white and wheat bread, rice, and spaghetti (21.3 ± 0.69, 29.8 ± 1.94, 10.8±0.57, and 22.3±1.77 mg/100 g of product, respectively) were close to those determined by microbiological assay. In all four products, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, 10-formyldihydrofolate, 10-formylfolate, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, and folic acid were identified. The HPLC method allowed good separation and quantification of these folates in unfortified and fortified cereal-grain products within 33 min. Compared to folate conjugase treatment only, trienzyme treatment led to variable increases of measured total folates in white bread (4%), spaghetti (34%), and rice (33%). It is concluded that (a) trienzyme extraction is applicable to bo.