Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Generation of low-silica alkaline lavas: Petrological constraints, models, and thermal implications

Various hypotheses for the origin of alkaline sodic mafic magmas have been proposed. This diversity of models is mainly related to the various constraints used to develop them. The goal of this paper is to test these different models using petrological and geochemical constraints in an attempt to understand why alkaline sodic rocks are so similar even while their environment of formation varies from oceanic to continental rift. Incompatible trace-element contents of alkaline basalts from ocean islands and continents show that the sources of these rocks are more enriched than primitive mantle. A fundamental question then is how the sources of alkaline rocks acquire these trace-element enrichments. Recycled oceanic crust, with or without sediment, is often invoked as a source component of alkaline magmas to account for their trace-element and isotopic characteristics. However, the fact that melting of oceanic crust produces silica-rich liquids seems to exclude the direct melting of eclogite derived from mid-ocean-ridge basalt to produce alkaline lavas. Recycling oceanic crust in the source of alkaline magma requires either (1) that the mantle “digests” this component producing metasomatized CO2-rich peridotitic sources or (2) that low-degree melt from recycled oceanic crust reacts with peridotite in the presence of CO2, producing low-silica alkaline melt by olivine dissolution and orthopyroxene precipitation. These two hypotheses are plausible in terms of major elements. However, they have specific implications about the type and proportion of recycled lithologies present in the asthenosphere to explain the specific trace-element pattern of intraplate alkaline lavas. A third hypothesis for the formation of alkaline magmas is the melting of metasomatized lithosphere. In this model, the major- and trace-element signature of alkaline magma is not controlled by the asthenospheric source (i.e., the amount of oceanic crust or CO2 present in the asthenosphere), but by the petrological process that controls the percolation and differentiation of low-degree asthenospheric melts across the lithosphere. This process forms amphibole-bearing metasomatic veins that are a candidate source of alkaline rocks. This hypothesis offers an explanation for the generation of the Na-alkaline lavas with similar major- and trace-element composition that are observed worldwide and for the generation of K- and Na-alkaline magma observed in continental settings.This hypothesis requires the formation of significant amounts of metasomatic veins within the lithosphere. Qualitative analyses of the thermal implication of the potential models for the generation of alkaline rocks demonstrate that such magma requires low potential temperature (Tp: 1320 °C to 1350 °C). If temperatures are higher, melting of the convecting mantle will erase any signature of low-degree melts produced from fertile mantle lithologies. This analysis suggests that a role for hot thermal plumes in the generation of intraplate volcanoes dominated by alkaline magmas is unrealistic.
Editorial: Fire in the Earth System

Fire as an Earth System process Satellite images showing the broad extent of biomass burning, especially in the tropics and subtropics, bear testimony to fire’s significance as an Earth System process (Fig. 1). Modern observations of fire, however, describe only part of its dynamics, particularly in biomes where fire reoccurs on timescales of decades or centuries, or is highly variable (e.g., in the boreal forest, tropical rainforests and temperate hardwood forests). Gaining information about these regions requires fire archives that span longer timescales (centuries to millennia), such as tree rings, sediments and ice cores (Fig. 2). This issue of PAGES news highlights current research that examines past fire activity, its consequences and its relevance for the future. The articles feature a small sample of fire-history research currently underway and give special attention to new insights that have come from records that span millennia.
Behaviour of an expanding population of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in northern Europe

Etude menee en 1968-1982 avec l'aide de chasseurs locaux et de la Finnish Border Patrol Establishment. Observation de mouvements continus amenant les ours a traverser toute la Finlande d'est en ouest; avec l'arrivee d'ours d'autre pays voisins (682 entre 1969 et 81), le nombre d'ours en Finlande a augmente, malgre une chasse intensive
Dynamic stretching during warm-up prior to running

Warming up prior to running is important, preparing the body and musculoskeletal system for physical activity demands. This preparation increases the flexibility of the muscles and tendons, stimulates blood circulation to the periphery, raises body temperature and increases coordination of body movements. In addition, warmingup also increases the speed and force of muscle contraction and reduces muscle stiffness by making the contraction smoother [1, 2]. Warming-up is recommended as it improves performance and reduces the risk of injury. The main risk factors for muscle injuries are reduction in flexibility, a decrease in muscle strength and muscle imbalances. The most common injuries that can be reduced following an appropriate warm-up are lower extremity injuries such as stretching/tearing of the hamstrings, hip adductors tear, Achilles tendon injury, etc. At present, no standard protocol for warm-up exercises exists. However, the most common warm-up technique is divided into three phases: (a) an active/ dynamic warm-up (low intensity aerobic exercises), (b) stretching and (c) sport specific exercises. There are many variations of dynamic warm-up exercises such as jogging, squatting and lunging with a forward and lateral change of directions movement. Cycling is also a common dynamic warm-up exercise [1, 2].
A cross mapping activity showing the relationship between information literacy and cMOOCs

Information Literacy can be defined as knowing when and why one might need information, where to find it, and how to evaluate, use and communicate it in an ethical manner. Information literacy can be viewed as a set of skills that must be developed throughout a person's education. Information Literacy is stated as a fundamental basic human right and is the foundation for lifelong learning. It is widely acknowledged that technology offers a chance to redefine, or at least change, learning and education for the better. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) can be defined as learning events that are conducted via the Web, which can accommodate large numbers of people, typically ranging from a few hundreds of participants to over a hundred thousand. A classification of MOOCs suggests that there are two general types: xMOOCs and cMOOCs. Different types of MOOCS require different levels of participatory literacy skills, motivation and self-determinism. The consideration and applicability of Information Literacy to the development and deployment of MOOCs is important. Information
Asymmetrical Equivalence Classification – Cluster Affrication vs. Lenis Stops in the Speech of Polish Learners of English

According to the Speech Learning Model (Flege 1995), successful L2 phonological acquisition is facilitated by the formation of new phonetic categories in the L2. However, category formation may be hindered by equivalence classification, wherein speakers perceptually merge L1 and L2 sounds. This study examines L1 Polish learners of English, including a phonetic parameter that has received minimal attention: affrication of /tr-dr/ clusters in English. Two groups of speakers, comprising B1 level and C2 level learners, produced word lists containing both initial /tr-dr/ clusters, as well as singleton voiced stops /b, d, g/. The results revealed an asymmetry: both groups failed to suppress pre-voicing in /b, d, g/, but were successful in producing affricated clusters. A new category has therefore been formed for the clusters, but not for the singleton stops. Phonological implications of this finding are discussed.
Use of nurse endosperm for the culture of haploid embryos produced by durum wheat x maize crosses

The use of doubled-haploids in plant breeding programs enables accelerating the release of new varieties adapted to climate change. The durum wheat x maize crosses technique is a method of choice for producing durum wheat haploid plants. The haploid embryos produced by this method develop without albumen and their survival is ensured by post-pollination hormonal treatments. In this study, nine post-pollination treatments with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), Picloram and Dicamba at the concentrations of 10, 50 and 100 mg.L-1 were applied to 7 durum wheat genotypes. The effects of genotype and post-pollination treatment on durum wheat haploid embryos produced by durum wheat x maize crosses and the use of the endosperm nursing technique for haploid plantlets regeneration were investigated. The haploid induction parameters varied with the durum wheat genotypes as well as the post-pollination treatments. The phenomenon of polyembryony resulting from durum wheat x maize crosses is reported for the first time in this article. The durum wheat genotypes showed different abilities to produce monoembryo and polyembryos. The post-pollination treatments with 2,4-D (10 mg.L-1) and Picloram (10 and 100 mg.L-1) gave a higher embryo formation frequency than the treatments with Dicamba. The embryo conversion to plantlet was greatly improved, especially in recalcitrant genotypes using the durum wheat endosperm as supplemental nourishment in combination with the Gamborg B5 regeneration medium. Keywords: Durum wheat; Haploid embryo; Maize; Nurse Endosperm Technique; Polyembryony
Computing the wind erodible fraction of soils

ABSTRACT: Chepil, Woodrufi and Siddoway, developers of the wind erosion equation (WQ), suggest that the wind erodible fraction of any soil can be determined by dry sieving a sample of the surface soil. The data base of soil information for the wind erosion equation was primarily from the Central Great Plains. As other areas used the WQ, questions about the erodible fraction based on soil texture alone began to surface. To test soils outside the Great Plains, more than 3,000 samples have been sieved to identify the relationships between the erodible fraction of soils and the physical and chemical properties of the soil. From these results, the erodible fraction was computed from the percentage of sand, percentage of silt, sand/clay ratio, organic carbon, and calcium carbonate. A correlation coefficient of 0.82 was obtained between computed erodible fraction using soil physical and chemical properties with average measured erodible fraction from standard compact rotary sieving from sites with at least 20 samples. The erodible fraction of dryland soils was reduced an average of 14% and of irrigated soils 24% with moldboard plowing
A Bird’s Eye View of the Forest: How Does Canopy Openness Affect Canopy Songbirds?

Interest in regenerating oaks (Quercus spp.) has promoted use of partial harvesting techniques (shelterwoods) that create an open forest structure by removing some canopy trees and most understory and midstory vegetation. Shelterwood harvests are thought to simulate part of the historic disturbance regimes of many eastern deciduous forests of North America, and may provide habitat to a variety of disturbancedependent wildlife, including several declining forest songbirds. My research examined forest songbirds in shelterwoods recently harvested to 50% stocking in upland mixed-oak forests in southern Ohio, USA. From 2007–2008 birds were surveyed using distancebased line transects in shelterwood harvests and nearby mature second-growth (n = 56 in 18 stands at 4 state forests). Because partial harvesting could improve habitat for canopy songbirds, I further evaluated suitability of shelterwoods for five sensitive canopy-nesting species by studying settlement patterns, age distributions, site fidelity, and nesting success in 12 stands at three state forests from 2007–2009. Several midstory and groundnesting species were 26–67% less abundant in shelterwood than unharvested stands
Combined impact of in-phase and out-of-phase variation between the northern East Asian low and western North Pacific subtropical high on East Asian summer rainfall

Abstract East Asian summer rainfall is affected by both the continental northern East Asian low (NEAL) and the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) in the lower troposphere. This study investigates the joint effect of the two circulation factors on East Asian summer rainfall. It is found that the rainfall in East Asia behaves differently in the years with in-phase and out-of-phase variation between the NEAL and WNPSH. When the NEAL and WNPSH vary in phase, i.e. when they are both stronger, the rainfall anomaly shows a dipole pattern in East Asia and displays opposite changes between north and south of 30°N. When the two circulation factors vary out of phase, the rainfall anomaly is concentrated in the Yangtze River valley.
Missing the Target? Using Surveys to Validate Social Media Ad Targeting

Abstract Facebook ads are increasingly used by political scientists as a method of survey recruitment. A key advantage is said to be the ability to recruit targeted audiences defined by demographics, political beliefs, location, and numerous other attributes. The same feature has been decried by non-researchers concerned about potential racial discrimination and foreign influence in elections. The extent to which these ads actually reach their targets, however, is unknown. Using a series of six surveys and 20 targeted ads, I show these ads regularly fail to reach their targets. The success rate ranges from 23 to 99 percent, and ads targeted toward groups defined by self-reported data and broader geographic locations are generally more successful.
Perceived Employer Branding, Employee Engagement and Employee Outcomes: A Proposed Mediation Model

This paper develops a conceptual framework to understand the relationship between perceived employer branding, employee engagement, and desirable attitudinal and behavioural outcomes. This conceptual framework proposes employee engagement as a mediator between perceived employer branding and different attitudes and behaviours such as job satisfaction, organisational commitment, turnover intention, task performance, and organisational citizenship behaviour in accordance with social exchange theory and the job-demand resources model. The paper expanded the research on employer branding by presenting a comprehensive framework incorporating engagement as a mediator between perceived employer branding and several new outcome variables, namely, job satisfaction, turnover intention, and task performance. With this comprehensive conceptual framework, a foundation has been laid for future researchers to verify the relationship between these constructs empirically. Further, implications have been suggested for organisations in designing their human resource policies and practices.
Outdoor Thermal Comfort Requirements of Taiwanese and Hungarians in the Warm Months

Hastened by the problems arising with the urbanization and climate change, as well as with the emerging importance of human well being recognized in urban planning and landscape design, there is an increasing need for information about the way how local people react to outdoor thermal conditions in different urban public spaces. Correspondingly, more and more outdoor thermal comfort projects are conducted to study the thermal conditions of squares, parks, promenades, and many semi-outdoor places as arcades or public transport stations (e.g. Nikolopoulou et al 2001, Spagnolo & de Dear 2003, Thorsson et al. 2004, Oliveira & Andrade 2007, Hwang & Lin 2007, Kántor et al. 2012a). Besides the micrometeorological measurements information is gathered about the reactions of people given to the thermal environment, including both their behavioral reactions and their subjective thermal assessments. The human monitoring means usually an adequately designed questionnaire survey and/or an unobtrusive observation series conducted according to well-structured schedule.
Quality of life among people living with HIV/AIDS and its predictors: A cross-sectional study at ART center, Bagalkot, Karnataka

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) emerged as one of the most important public health issues of the late twentieth and early twenty- first centuries. Quality of life (QoL) of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) is affected by multiple variables including depression as a major predictor of QoL. Aims: To assess the QoL of PLHIV and its predictors. Settings and Design: This cross-sectional study included a sample of 450 PLHIV attending the ART center, District Government Hospital, Bagalkot. Methods and Materials: Data were collected using self-report method and Hospital's records. Tools used for data collection included sociodemographic questionnaire, WHOQOLHIV-BREF scale, and Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D Scale). Bivariate associations were observed through Pearson's correlations, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and t-tests. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to find the significant predictors of QoL. Results: Findings revealed a significant negative correlation between the QoL and depression (r = –0.751, P < 0.001). A significant regression equation was found (F14, 435= 57.76, P < 0.001, adjusted R2 = 0.64) when all the variables are considered together for finding the significant predictors of the QoL. Male gender, being graduated, not knowing the mode of transmission have positively predicted the QoL. On the other hand, having primary education, being in nuclear family, having HIV-positive wife, having HIV-positive children, HIV infection through homosexual relationships, history of suicidal attempts, and history of alcohol intake negatively predicted the QoL of PLHIV. Depression was the strongest negative predictor of the QoL of PLHIV (β = –0.672, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Interventions aimed at management of depression among PLHIV attending the ART centers would result in enhancing their QoL.
Iron Age flint utilisation in central and southern Britain : the last "Stone Age"? : an integrated theoretical and empirical study

To shed light on past social and economic processes it is crucial to analyze the ways in which past societies absorb and develop new technologies. It is generally thought that technological development is a linear process, particulady in prehistory and the British Iron Age is a very useful period in which to address and challenge this accepted notion. It has previously been argued that flint tools and technology ceased at the end of the Bronze Age, being replaced by metals. Close scrutiny of excavation records in fact reveals the fallacy of such arguments and this thesis seeks to challenge these assumptions by establishing that flint definitely was used in the Iron Age. Most archaeologists are unaware of the existence of contemporary lithics as a significant component of Iron Age artefact repertoires. As such, there is no Iron Age lithic typology which might facilitate the study and identification of this very late lithic material. This study provides fresh insights into Iron Age studies that have previously been neglected and sets out to establish a fluid typology where Iron Age flint assemblages can be recognised and recorded, to explore who was producing and using the flint artefacts and what they were using them for. Thus, this thesis provides an in-depth re-analysis of the flint materials from a catalogue of sites with potential Iron Age assemblages, a re-consideration of Iron Age material cultures, and a wider theoretical analysis of social and material transitions from the Late Bronze Age to Iron Age. It is believed that the new information and hypothesis resulting from this study will greatly increase our understanding of the diversity and complexity of technological change and maximise our data resources, both of which will impact on our existing and future research on wider issues of social and economic practices. Iron Age flint utilisation in central and southern Britain: the last "Stone Age? " an integrated theoretical and empirical study
Quantification of carbon gains and losses for five tree species in a 25-year-old tree-based intercropping system in southern Ontario, Canada

QUANTIFICATION OF CARBON GAINS AND LOSSES FOR FIVE TREE SPECIES IN A 25YEAR-OLD TREE-BASED INTERCROPPING SYSTEM IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO, CANADA Amy Wotherspoon Co-Advisors: University of Guelph, 2013 Professor A. M. Gordon Professor R. P. Voroney This thesis is an investigation of aboveand belowground carbon (C) pools and fluxes of five tree species in a 25-year-old tree-based (TBI) system as compared to an adjacent sole-cropped conventional agricultural system at the University of Guelph’s Agroforestry Research Station (43 16’N 89 26’W) (established 1987). This study compared C found in aboveand belowground biomass, soil organic carbon, litterfall, litter decomposition and soil respiration. These components were combined in a C model for comparison of C sequestration potential. In intercropping systems planted with hybrid poplar (Populus spp.), red oak (Quercus rubra), black walnut (Juglans nigra), Norway spruce (Picea abies) and white cedar (Thuja occidentalis), net C sequestration was quantified to be approximately 3.4, 3.0, 2.5, 3.7 and 2.7 t C ha year. In comparison, the adjacent solecropping system, planted with soybean (Glycine max) was found to have a net C sequestration of –1.4 t C ha year.
Irrigation the Component of the Sustainable Technology of the Autumn Cabbage From Crisurilor Plain

The research concerning the irrigation of autumn cabbage was carried out on the preluvo soil from Oradea Agricultural Research and Development Station during 2013 and 2014. In order to maintain the soil water reserve on 0-50 cm depth easily available water content and field capacity irrigation water was required both in 2013 and 2014, 3.000 m3/ha and 3.600 m3/ha respectively. The total water consumption of the irrigated autumn cabbage increased in comparison with unirrigated variant of 108% in 2013 and of 131% in 2014. The contribution of the irrigation in the total water consumption (57% in 2013 and 53% in 2014) was higher than that of precipitations in the period from planting to harvesting, that is, 35% and 29%, and than that of soil water storage (7% and 8%). The water use efficiency improved significantly as a result of irrigation, the amount of cabbage head corresponding to 1 m3 of water used increased in comparison the unirrigated crop by 93% in 2013 and by 120% in 2014. The increase in yield corresponding to 1 m3 of irrigation water was 15.24 kg in 2013 and 13.97 kg in 2014.
Where is community quality well-being in ecotourism research in Africa? A case from Ghana

This paper teases out the nexus of biodiversity conservation and community well-being at Owabi Wildlife Sanctuary in Ghana. The study adopted mixed-method approach. A total of 249 local residents were randomly selected and engaged in semi-structured interview along with in-depth interviews and a focus group discussion. The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics with the help of IBM SPSS version 20.The qualitative data were analysed using Dey’s (1993) three-step process for qualitative analysis. The study confirms that ecotourism at the Owabi Wildlife Sanctuary is overly concerned with achieving biodiversity conservation, at the expense of community well-being. The paper therefore argues for the development of community-based ecotourism at the Sanctuary. However, the push for community-based ecotourism at the Sanctuary should not be embraced with naive chimera, since there are myriad challenges that need further analysis.