Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of visitors on the behavior of zoo-housed western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla).

Primates, especially apes, are popular with the public, often attracting large crowds. These crowds could cause behavioral change in captive primates, whether positive, neutral, or negative. We examined the impact of visitors on the behavior of six western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), observing the troop over 6 weeks during high season (4.5 hr/day, 35 days, May-July 2016). We used focal scan sampling to determine activity budget and enclosure usage, and focal continuous sampling to identify bouts of anxiety-related behavior (visitor-directed vigilance, self-scratching, and aggression). Both daily zoo-entry numbers (VGATE ) and instantaneous crowds at the exhibit (VDENSITY ) were measured. Overall, VGATE had little effect across behaviors. However, consistent with the more acute time frame of measurement, VDENSITY was a better predictor of behavior; at high crowd volumes, we observed significant group-level changes in activity budget (increased inactivity, increased locomotion, and decreased environment-related behaviors), increase in some anxiety-related behaviors, and decreased enclosure usage. Although contributing similar effects, it could not be determined if crowd numbers, composition, or noise most affected the troop, nor any chronic effects of exposure to large crowds. Nevertheless, our findings suggest that measures to minimize the impacts of large crowds at the exhibit would be beneficial. Furthermore, we highlight potential discrepancies between common methods for measuring visitor numbers: VGATE is less sensitive to detecting visitor effects on behavioral indices than VDENSITY . Future studies should appropriately match the biological time frame of welfare indicators and visitor measures used to ensure the reliability of findings.
Preference assessments as a tool to evaluate environmental enrichment.

Environmental enrichment is an important tool utilized to improve animal welfare in zoological institutions through opportunity for mental and physical stimulation. Many past studies have focused on the impact enrichment has on animal behavior; however, none have conducted preference assessments on enrichment items to examine the relationship between animals' preferences and interaction with enrichment over a 24-hr period. Ten-minute free operant, paired-choice preference assessments were implemented in Study 1 to determine the enrichment preferences of African lions (N = 3). Following Study 1, Study 2 was conducted, which examined the behavior of African lions with enrichment items over the course of 30, 24-hr trials to evaluate the relationship between preferences established in Study 1 and long-term interaction with the enrichment. Generalized estimating equations revealed a statistically significant relationship between the percentage of time the enrichment was approached first and the average duration of interaction in Study 1 to the total duration of interaction and the percent of hours interacted with the item in Study 2. Additionally, the first 2 min of the preference data resulted in comparable statistically significant findings, demonstrating shorter preference assessments can produce similar results. The results support our prediction that preference assessments can be used to estimate the amount of interaction with enrichment over the course of time, with preferred items being interacted with more frequently and in longer duration. Information gained from this study suggests preference assessments can be a time and cost-effective tool to evaluate enrichment preference and predicted efficacy.
Competition for nest sites between kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus) and terns (Sterna maxima and S. eurygnatha) in Patagonia

Seabirds frequently nest in mixed-species colonies (Burger 1985). Several studies have shown differences in habitat and nest-site use among seabirds (Buckley and Buckley 1980, Croxall and Prince 1980, Fasola and Canova 1992). However, some degree of overlap in habitat and nest-site requirements may exist between species, resulting in interspecific competition that often leads to nest-site displacement or even the replacement of one species by another (Buckley and Buckley 1980, Burger 1985). Spatial interactions between seabirds can be more intense in areas where habitat is limited or when the population of one of the species is expanding (Burger and Shisler 1978, Trivelpiece and Volkman 1979, Duffy 1983, Ainley 1990). At many mixed colonies of larids, larger species often displace smaller species from their territories, occasionally forcing them to abandon the breeding area (Burger and Shisler 1978, Burger 1985). In addition, larger larids generally arrive at breeding sites earlier (Morris and Hunter 1976, Burger 1985), which gives them a competitive advantage over smaller species. Gulls (Larus spp.) frequently have been involved in the displacement of other species from breeding habitats (Thomas 1972, Burger 1979, Bradley and Monaghan 1986, Furness and Monaghan 1987). Terns appear to be one of the most affected seabirds, and some tern populations have decreased as a result of population expansion by gulls (Thomas 1972, Nisbet 1973, Greenhalgh 1974, Courtney and Blokpoel 1983, Parnell et al. 1988, Ainley and Hunt 1991, Blokpoel and Scharf 1991). At Punta Le6n, Argentina, Royal Terns (Sterna maxima) and Cayenne Terns (S. eurygnatha) breed intermingled in a dense cluster of nests within a Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus) colony. The Kelp Gull colony increased in size from 3,200 pairs in 1982 to 6,500 in 1995, and gulls currently occupy almost all of the available nesting space (Yorio et al. 1994). Given the overlap in nest-site use and the current expansion of Kelp Gulls, we expected that competition for nesting space could result in negative effects on both species of terns. In this paper, we document spatial interactions between Kelp Gulls and Royal and Cayenne terns at Punta Le6n, Patagonia. We
Allogeneic expanded adipose‐derived stem cells in the treatment of rectovaginal fistulas in Crohn’s disease

Crohn's disease (CD)‐related rectovaginal fistulas (RVFs) are rare, challenging to treat and associated with a high morbidity. Due to a significant lack of data, we aimed to analyse the safety and feasibility of allogeneic adipose‐derived stem cells (ASCs) in the treatment of CD‐related RVF.
Effect of chemical input on the temporal and spatial abundance of tintinnid ciliates in Lebanese coastal waters (Eastern Mediterranean)

Abstract The tintinnid ciliates community was monitored monthly over two years, from July 2001 to June 2003 at four stations in order to study the temporal and spatial patterns and the response of tintinnid species composition, abundance variation and seasonal succession to environmental variation in a chemical discharge zone in North Lebanon (Eastern Mediterranean). Diversity was estimated as the number of species and the Shannon Index. Tintinnid abundance showed regular marked seasonal changes with bimodal cycle in the stations not affected by the pollution discharge while the other stations showed differences in the timing of maximum abundance depending on the year. Density of tintinnids ranged between 1 and 231 ind. L−1 and the annual mean between 24 ± 27 and 37 ± 59 ind. L−1. The highest cell concentrations were observed in November and May of both years of the study in stations not directly affected by discharge and the minimal values were noted in February 2002 for all stations. The number of tintinnid species in samples ranged from 2 to 19 ind. L−1. Shannon Diversity index was between 0.67 and 3.26 bit. Spatially, there was significant difference (P l 0.05) among stations (in some seasons) for all the considered environmental variables except temperature, but no difference (P g 0.05) was observed among stations in the tintinnid abundance, number of species and diversity indices. The intermittent discharge of effluent and the deteriorated average conditions observed near the shoreline created a clear difference in a qualitative aspect, seasonal succession of populations and the most abundant species. Density and diversity of species were not related to any of environmental parameters (P g 0.01).
Impact of Virtual Reality–Generated Construction Environments at Different Heights on Postural Stability and Fall Risk

Background Falls due to postural instability are common in construction environments especially from a height. The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of virtual reality (VR)-generated environments at different virtual heights on postural stability. Methods Nineteen adults were analyzed for postural stability, tested in real (No VR) environment and in three VR environments, randomly assigned, at virtual heights of 0 ft. (VR0), 40 ft. (VR40), and 120 ft. (VR120). Postural stability was quantified using center of pressure postural sway variables and analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Participants also completed a simulation sickness questionnaire (SSQ) before and after VR exposure and a presence questionnaire (PQ) after VR exposure. Findings Significant postural instability (p < .05) was identified between VR and No VR, in which increased postural instability was evident in all VR conditions compared with No VR. Scores from SSQ were within a pre–post score difference of five and the PQ score was (104.21 ± 14.03). Conclusion/Application to Practice Findings suggest that VR environments, regardless of virtual height, induced increased postural instability, which can be attributed to visual sensory conflicts to the postural control system created by VR exposure. Participants’ subjective responses on SSQ and PQ confirmed the feasibility of using VR to represent realistic immersions in virtual heights. However, objectively, VR could potentially lead to postural instability, stressing caution. VR can be a potential tool for providing virtual high-altitude environment exposure for fall prevention training, however, more research is needed on postural adaptation with acute and chronic exposure to VR.
Predictive Value of Blood Interleukin-6 Level in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Meta-analysis

ABSTRACT Objective Conflicting results have been reported on the association between blood level of interleukin-6 and adverse outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The current meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the predictive utility of elevated blood interleukin-6 level in patients with ACS. Methods A systematically literature search was performed using PubMed and Embase databases up to December 31, 2019. Observational studies or post hoc analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating the values of blood interleukin-6 level for predicting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE including death, re-infarction, revascularization, angina, heart failure, malignant arrhythmia, or stroke), all-cause mortality or cardiovascular mortality in ACS patients were eligible. The predictive values were summarized by pooling the multivariable-adjusted risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the highest versus lowest category of interleukin-6 level. Results Thirteen studies enrolling 30,289 patients with ACS were included. When comparing the highest with lowest category of interleukin-6 level, the pooled RR was 1.29 (95% CI 1.12–1.48) for MACE, 1.50 (95% CI 1.35–1.67) for all-cause mortality, and 1.55 (95% CI 1.06–2.28) for cardiovascular mortality, respectively. Moreover, the predictive values of interleukin-6 level on MACE were consistently found in different study designs, subtypes of patients, sample sizes, follow-up duration, and cutoff value of interleukin-6 elevation subgroups. Conclusion Increased blood level of interleukin-6may be independently associated with higher risk of MACE, cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with ACS. Measurement of blood interleukin-6 level has potential to improve risk stratification of ACS.
Therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immune globulin in the treatment of heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia: A systematic review

Immunomodulatory strategies in heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) include the use of intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) and therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). The optimal application of these therapies is unknown and outcomes data are limited. We investigated treatment categories and laboratory and clinical outcomes of IVIG and/or TPE in HIT with a systematic literature review.
The research of Sporisorium reiliana's infection efficiency and spreading in maize based on PCR assays

【Objective】 Head smut of maize substantially reduces grain yield. Here we demonstrate a recent survey of the rate of infection of head smut by PCR. 【Method】Using gene-specific primer derived from the head smut genomics and maize temporal and tissue-specific DNA, the invading process of the pathogen is displayed clearly. 【Result】The study shows that the differential resistance of maize against head smut depends mainly on the ability of resistance against infection and spreading. 【Conclusion】The above effect disappears in the stamen when the tumor forms during tasseling stage.
THE BEETLE FAUNA OF A MATURE SPRUCE–SPHAGNUM BOG, ALGONQUIN PARK, ONTARIO; ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE SPECIES COMPOSITION

The beetle (Coleoptera) fauna of a black spruce [ Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP] – tamarack [ Larix laricina (DuRoi) K. Koch] – Sphagnum bog in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, was sampled from early June to mid-August with yellow pan traps and emergence traps. The yield was 5734 beetles, in 30 families. Ptiliidae was the most numerically abundant and Staphylinidae was the most taxonomically diverse. Carabidae was second in diversity and third in numerical abundance. The abundance and ecological implications of some individual species are discussed. Few of the species are bog-specific. The faunal composition suggests that the bog is in a late-succession phase and that most of the beetle species are derived from adjacent habitats.
Variety Is the Spice of Life: Positive and Negative Effects of Noise in Electrical Stimulation of the Nervous System

Noisy stimuli may hold the key for optimal electrical stimulation of the nervous system. Possible mechanisms of noise’s impact upon neuronal function are discussed, including intracellular, extracellular, and systems-level mechanisms. Specifically, channel resonance, stochastic resonance, high conductance states, and network binding are investigated. These mechanisms are examined and possible directions of growth for the field are discussed, with examples of applications provided from the fields of deep brain stimulation or spinal cord injury. Together, this review highlights the theoretical basis and evidence base for the use of noise to enhance current stimulation paradigms of the nervous system.
Life quality of endometrioid endometrial cancer survivors: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Endometrial cancer is the most common gynaecologic malignancy in developed countries with increasing incidence worldwide. A total of 201 patients were enrolled and a cross-sectional study was performed using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer quality of life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) and Female Sexual Functioning Index (FSFI) after the approval by an institutional review board (University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Turkey, March 13, 2019, Approval no. 2019/4-27). Morbidly obese patients (body mass index (BMI) ≥40 kg/m2) had lower physical functioning scores compared to non-obese (BMI < 30 kg/m2; p = .008) and non-morbidly obese patients (BMI < 40 kg/m2; p = .011). The overall sexual dysfunction rate was high (94.5%). No significant sexual function differences were observed among the study groups. IMPACT STATEMENT What is already known on this subject? Previous efforts to assess the influence of obesity and BMI on endometrial cancer patient quality of life have indicated that obesity adversely affects physical function and the effects of obesity on sexual function remains vague. In addition, the influence of patient age, surgical approach, adjuvant therapy type and time after diagnosis on quality of life and sexual function have not been clearly defined. What do the results of this study add? Increased BMI is associated with impaired physical function in endometrial cancer patients. However, BMI does not appear to affect sexual function in this population. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? After endometrial cancer treatment, lifestyle interventions aimed at weight loss should be implemented to improve the quality of life.
Expectations of Lumbar Surgery Outcomes among Opioid Users Compared with Non-Users

Study Design Matched cohort study. Purpose To compare and describe the effect of opioid usage on the expectations of lumbar surgery outcomes among patients taking opioids and patients not taking opioids. Overview of Literature Chronic opioid use is common among lumbar-spine surgery patients. The decision to undergo elective lumbar surgery is influenced by the expected surgery outcomes. However, the effects of opioids on patients’ expectations of lumbar surgery outcomes remain to be rigorously assessed. Methods A total of 77 opioid users grouped according to dose and duration (54 “higher users,” 30 “lower users”) were matched 2:1 to 154 non-opioid users based on age, sex, marital status, chiropractic care, disability, and diagnosis. All patients completed a validated 20-item Expectations Survey measuring expected improvement with regard to symptoms, function, psychological well-being, and anticipated future spine condition. “Greater expectations” was defined as a higher survey score (possible range, 0–100) based on the number of items expected and degree of improvement expected. Results The mean Expectations Survey scores for all opioid users and all non-users were similar (73 vs. 70, p=0.18). Scores were different, however, for lower users (79) compared with matched non-users (69, p=0.01) and compared with higher users (70, p=0.01). In multivariable analysis, “greater expectations” was independently associated with having had chiropractic care (p=0.03), being more disabled (p=0.002), and being a lower-dose opioid user (p=0.03). Compared with higher users, lower users were also more likely to expect not to need pain medications 2 years after surgery (47% vs. 83%, p=0.003). Conclusions Patient expectations of lumbar surgery are associated with diverse demographic and clinical variables. A lower dose and shorter duration of opioid use were associated with expecting more items and expecting more complete improvement compared with non-users. In addition, lower opioid users had greater overall expectations compared with higher users.
Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic mechanism of tea polysaccharides on type 2 diabetic rats via gut microbiota and metabolism alteration.

Diabetes mellitus is a serious threat to human health. Tea is cultivated around the world and its polysaccharide components are reported to be an effective approach for managing type 2 diabetes with fewer adverse effects than medication. To examine the therapeutic effect of tea polysaccharides on diabetes, a type 2 diabetic rat model was generated. We showed that tea polysaccharides remarkably decreased fasting blood glucose and the levels of total cholesterol, total triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and free fatty acid of type 2 diabetic rats. 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomics were used to investigate the variation of gut microbiota and the metabolites profiles of diabetic rats after intervention of tea polysaccharides. We found that tea polysaccharides maintained the diversity of gut microbiota and restored the relative abundance of some bacterial genera (Lachnospira, Victivallis, Roseburia and Fluviicola) which was reduced by diabetes. According to metabolomics analysis, we found that amino acid and other related metabolites was influenced by tea polysaccharides intervention. Correlation analysis among metabolites, gut microbiota, and parameters of hypoglycemic indicated that tea polysaccharides had hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect on type 2 diabetes via the modulation of gut microbiota and the improvement of host metabolism.
Effects of hospital nurses' internalized dominant values, organizational silence, horizontal violence, and organizational communication on patient safety.

Recent studies have identified common problems with patient safety in hospitals and medical institutions have responded, prioritizing service quality and performance, including patient safety. However, the factors influencing safety for hospital patients are still being examined and clarified. We aimed to investigate how hospital nurses' internalized dominant values, organizational silence, horizontal violence, and organizational communication satisfaction can affect patient safety and to construct and verify a hypothetical model describing the relationships between these factors. The participant sample included 301 hospital nurses from four large (≥500 beds) general hospitals in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Data were collected through questionnaires from October to November 2018 and analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 22.0. Factors that had direct effects on patient safety were organizational silence (β = -.130, p < .05) and organizational communication satisfaction (β = .209, p < .001). Factors that had indirect effects on patient safety were internalized dominant values and horizontal violence. The explanatory power of these variables for patient safety was 7.9%. The results indicate that organizational silence, horizontal violence, and organizational communication satisfaction fully mediated the relationship between nurses' internalized dominant values and patient safety. Our findings may be useful to hospital administrators and managers in identifying and analyzing these organizational characteristics in their institutions. Further, the model described in the results may be used to inform the development of educational programs and strategies to improve patient safety by reducing organizational silence and horizontal violence and improving organizational communication.
Working memory training restores aberrant brain activity in adult attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder

The development of treatments for attention impairments is hampered by limited knowledge about the malleability of underlying neural functions. We conducted the first randomized controlled trial to determine the modulations of brain activity associated with working memory (WM) training in adults with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). At baseline, we assessed the aberrant functional brain activity in the n‐back WM task by comparing 44 adults with ADHD with 18 healthy controls using fMRI. Participants with ADHD were then randomized to train on an adaptive dual n‐back task or an active control task. We tested whether WM training elicits redistribution of brain activity as observed in healthy controls, and whether it might further restore aberrant activity related to ADHD. As expected, activity in areas of the default‐mode (DMN), salience (SN), sensory‐motor (SMN), frontoparietal (FPN), and subcortical (SCN) networks was decreased in participants with ADHD at pretest as compared with healthy controls, especially when the cognitive load was high. WM training modulated widespread FPN and SN areas, restoring some of the aberrant activity. Training effects were mainly observed as decreased brain activity during the trained task and increased activity during the untrained task, suggesting different neural mechanisms for trained and transfer tasks.