Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Active pediatric HIV case finding in Kenya and Uganda: A look at missed opportunities along the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) cascade

Background Children living with HIV remain undiagnosed due to missed opportunities along the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission cascade. This study addresses programmatic gaps in the cascade by describing pregnancy and HIV-related services received by mothers of children newly identified as HIV-positive through active case finding. Methods This was a prospective observational cohort (2017–2018) of HIV-positive children <15 years of age newly diagnosed at study facilities and/or surrounding communities in Kenya and Uganda. At enrollment, caregivers were interviewed about maternal and child health and HIV history. Child medical and laboratory information was abstracted at two months post-diagnosis. Descriptive summary statistics were calculated; associations between selected factors and child age at HIV diagnosis were evaluated using generalized estimating equations. Results 174 HIV-positive children (median age 2.4 years) were enrolled. Among maternal caregivers, 110/132 (83.3%) attended antenatal care and 60 (45.5%) reported testing HIV-negative in antenatal care. Of 41 and 56 women known to be HIV-positive during pregnancy and breastfeeding respectively, 17 (41.5%) and 15 (26.8%) did not receive antiretroviral drugs. Despite known maternal HIV-positive status during pregnancy, 39% of these children were not diagnosed until after two years of age; children were diagnosed at younger ages in Uganda (p = 0.0074) and if mother was the caregiver (p<0.0001). The most common HIV testing points identifying children were outpatient (44.3%) and maternal/child health departments (29.9%). Nearly all children initiated antiretroviral therapy within two weeks of diagnosis. Conclusions Multiple missed opportunities for HIV prevention and delays in HIV testing of HIV-exposed children were identified in newly diagnosed children. Findings support critical prevention messaging and retesting of HIV-negative women during pregnancy and breastfeeding, strengthening HIV treatment initiation and follow-up systems and interventions to ensure HIV-positive women receive lifelong antiretroviral therapy throughout the cascade, and broader implementation of community case finding so children not engaged in care receive testing services.
Analysis of the effects of colony population size and feeding supplementation on bee pollen production

Today, more than 1500 tons of bee pollen are produced per year worldwide. Despite the importance of this niche within the apiculture industry, several aspects of the bee pollen production system have been poorly studied. The most suitable population size for productive colonies, as well as the efficacy of carbohydrate and protein supplementation, has raised many questions and divergent conclusions are drawn in the literature. This research attempts to elucidate some questions of the bee pollen production system by measuring the bee pollen production of colonies with different population sizes and feeding treatments. Our results suggest that mid-sized (between 19,000 and 30,000 bees) colonies seem to optimize productivity and low frequency of problems of crammed grid boards. Carbohydrate supplementation should be used regularly and protein supplementation must be restricted to periods of pollen scarcity. Although this information will be helpful for beekeepers engaged in pollen production, a great number of questions concerning bee pollen production remain without the deserved scientific analysis.
HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF AMINOPEPTIDASE IN NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL SKIN

\v(, umuudcm’t ook mu mstnniber of experiments ss’it h the hsistochemicmil unet hum! for densonsst rmut ion of mmniuin5o )ept i(! mise mu(’con(Iinsg to Bttrstonse arid Folk (J. Histochmem. mu. Cytochern. 4: 217 (l956 ins usomusimul arid )muthuological skin. Inspressiomsable pictunres we obtained not. only ins fro7ems-dnied mmutenimul, hunt inn fresh frozen sections. The time of incuibmution is less than ins frozen-dried nssmitenial. However, cnystal! izmution of the red azo-dyestuff occurs after muboumi 20-3() nssinsumtes. ‘[‘hue specificity of the hist.ochemicmul muminsopeptidmuse technic with tnse of m -leunc ’l-fl-nsaphthvlmumide as sutl)strate is funnthenmone certaims, mis in m’its’o tru’psini mmmd I)(’l)sims mune riot muble to hivdnolvse this subst rate. Besides mi mnodermute mumninsopeptidmise-activitv ins the lower lmiyers of stratum Nlalpighi of I Ime s ki mu t lucre is mu st rang posit ive react ions i mu t hue eccninse swemut glands arid mi less remict ions in (‘mipillmiries. \‘eny nensimurkable is thse high enuzyme activity ins the epidermis in dermatitis munm(Ieczemusmm junst below’ the vesicles. It is sumggested, that these resunlts are ins direct relation with tIme forunmutions of the vesicles ins these dermatoses. The resunlts in skin tunmors are also
Nutrients and Antinutrients in Rice Bean ( Vigna umbellata ) Varieties as Effected by Soaking and Pressure Cooking

The effect of two processing treatments- soaking and pressure cooking on level of nutrients and antinutrients in rice bean (Vigna umbellata) was Four Investigated types of rice bean (Vigna umbellata) viz., RBL-1, RBL-6, RBL-35 and RBL-50 were subjected to soaking (12h) and pressure cooking (15 min) and analyzed for proximate composition and antinutritional constituents. Significant per cent reduction was observed in content of phytic acid, trypsin inhibitor activity, polyphenols, saponins after soaking and pressure cooking, respectively. Soaking and pressure cooking, however, did not affect the protein, ash, fat and fiber content of rice bean varieties significantly. The use of domestic processing like soaking and pressure cooking significantly improved the nutritional composition by reducing the level of antinutrients to a great extent without affecting the other nutrients.
Effect of wetting-period duration on ascocarp suppression by selected antagonistic fungi in wheat straw infested with Pyrenophora tritici-repentis

Wheat straw axenically or naturally infested with Pyrenophora tritici-repentis was inoculated with one of several antagonistic fungi and exposed to various treatments of alternate wetting and drying, and ascocarp production by P. tritici-repentis on straw was measured. Wetting treatments were repeated wet periods of 6, 12, 24, or 48 h separated by drying periods. In the absence of suppressive fungi, ascocarp formation by P. tritici-repentis was observed in both axenically colonized straw and naturally infested field straw in all wetting treatments, and the effect of wetting duration on ascocarp formation was not obvious. Suppression of ascocarp formation in both field and axenic straw by selected antagonistic fungi was affected by the duration of intermittent wetting [. ]
Growth and yield of two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties in Canterbury, New Zealand

Abstract Growth and yield of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) was examined over two growing seasons (1990–91 and 1991–92) in Canterbury, New Zealand. The 1990–91 season was very suitable for chickpea growth and the seed yield was high at 345 g/m2. The 1991 ‐92 season was less suitable and seed yield was lower at only 187 g/m2. In both growing seasons the application of nitrogen (N) fertiliser increased seed yields, with 50 kg N/ha giving a 17% increase in 1990–91 and 100 kg N/ha giving a 43% yield increase in 1991 ‐92. Inoculation with Rhizobium had no effect on yield. There was no benefit from increasing plant population, even though higher plant populations intercepted more solar radiation. This was primarily because of a reduced number of pods/plant at the higher plant populations. Response to sowing date suggests that spring sowings will be the highest yielding. Crops sown in winter yielded up to 700 g dry matter (DM)/ m2, but harvest index (HI) was low at only 0.25. The spring sowing produced 210 g see.
The Compound and Mixed Nests of American Ants.

ALL writers on the behavior of ants have been deeply impressed with the cases of social symbiosis, more especially with those of an extreme type like Polyergus and Anergates. The deadly animosity of the members of a formicary, not only towards ants of another species but even towards ants of the same species belonging to different colonies, is so striking and so nearly universal that an extraordinary explanation seems to be demanded to account for the cases of amicable consociation of two species. In the presence of such phenomena, instinct and consentience, or sense-experience, have been abandoned as inadequate, and the existence in ants of some higher form of intelligence, like understanding and ratiocination, has been postulated without further ado. At the same time the evolutionist has been stimulated to broach a phylogeny of social
Quality Characteristics of Fresh Meat from Pigs of the Gascon Breed

Chemical parameters involved in technological meat quality for dry cured processing of Gascon pigs were studied in longissimus dorsi (LD) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles. Muscles from Gascon pigs showed 2.60 and 2.84% of intramuscular fat content, 23.64 and 22.14% protein content and 1.34 and 4.63mg of myoglobin per gram of muscle (respectively LD and BF). Intramuscular fat (IMF) and myoglobin levels were higher than those reported for commercial pigs, but lower than those previously found in Iberian pigs. A similar situation was detected in the fatty acid composition of neutral and polar lipids of both muscles. Thus, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in neutral lipids of Gascon pig muscles (LD and BF respectively) were 58.27 and 51.98%, while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels were 5.61 and 14.13% respectively; values similar to those found in Iberian pigs and quite different to usual values in commercial pig breeds. The same trend was found in polar lipids. Both muscles showed a low susceptibility to induced lipid oxidation, in agreement with their fatty acid composition. These results pointed out that meat from pigs of the Gascon breed showed optimal characteristics for dry cured processing.
NUTRITIONAL LIMITATIONS IN MULTI-STRATA AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM WITH NATIVE AMAZONIAN PLANTS

A multi-strata agroforestry system is mentioned as the most promising option for the sustainable agricultural in infertile upland soils of Central Amazonia. However, studies showed that the sustainability of this land use does not exist. The aim of this work was to evaluate the soil fertility and nutritional state of native Amazon plant species cultivated in a Xanthic Ferralsol (dystrophic Yellow Latosol) in an agroforestry system. The experimental area consisted of four plots of 0.25 hectares each. Native plants of the Amazonian region were used, five of them timber species – Hevea brasiliensis (rubber), Ceiba pentandra (kapok), Jacaranda copaia (jacaranda), Buchenavia huber (cuiarana) and Trattinicka burserifolia (breu); two palm species – Bactris gasipaes (peach palm) and Euterpe oleracea (assai); and five fruit-bearing species – Rollinia mucosa (biriba), Theobroma cacao (cacao), Theobroma grandiflorum (cupuassu), Couma sorbilis (sorva) and Myrciaria dubia (camu-camu). The results showed that plants from the same ecosystem with tolerance to acid soils and poor nutrient contents differ in their nutrient uptake efficiency and nutritional requirements, indicating limits on the species combinations that can be used in agroforestry systems of an upland soil of Central Amazonian.
Increased Time Difference between Imagined and Physical Walking in Older Adults at a High Risk of Falling

Walking motor imagery ability is thought to be associated with a fear of falling; however, no studies have compared fall risk and motor imagery ability. This study aimed to ascertain the time difference between imagined and physical walking in older adults at low and high risks of falling. Motor imagery ability was assessed using mental chronometry, which measures the imagined time required for movement. Participants included 31 older adults classified as having a high (n = 15) or low (n = 16) risk of falling based on single leg stance time. The time required for imagined and physical walking was measured using 5 m long walkways with three different widths (15, 25, and 50 cm), and the temporal errors (absolute and constant error) were compared. Physical walking time was significantly longer in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group for the 15 and 25 cm wide walkways. The absolute error between the imagined and physical walking times was significantly larger in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group for the 15 and 25 cm wide walkways. There was also a significant difference in the constant error between the high- and low-risk groups between the imagined and physical walking times for all three walkways. Older adults who may be at a higher risk of falling showed longer walking times during action execution but overestimated their performance (i.e., they believe they would be faster) during motor imagery. Therefore, the time difference between imagined and physical walking could, in part, be useful as a tool for assessing fall risk based on motor imagery.
CYTOLOGY OF VICIA SPECIES. 5. NUCLEAR CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, KARYOMORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND DNA CONTENT IN NEWLY DISCOVERED RELATIVES OF VICIA FABA L. : VICIA KALAKHENSIS KHATTAB, MAXTED ET BISBY AND VICIA ERISTALIOIDES MAXTED

Summary Three species of the Vicia narbonensis complex, namely V. narbonensis L. , V. kalakensis Khattab, Maxted et Bisby and V. eristalioides Maxted were analysed for different karyobiological features; the nuclear DNA content and DNA absorption curves were determined, karyomorphometric data were generated using an automated image analysis system and the distribution and staining properties of heterochromatin in metaphase chromosomes, were assessed. Feulgen absorptions at different thresholds of optical density provided evidence of organisation of the chromatin interphase nuclei and allowed an evaluation of the heterochromatin amount as determined with a cytophotometrical approach. The precise chromosomal measurements) were utilised for computing karyomorphological indices.
Interaction of Salinity and Feed Protein Level on Growth of Penaeus vannamel

An intensive 42-day growth trial conducted in ourdoor tanks with Penaeus vannamei (stocking weight of 5.3g, density of 30/m2) indicated that there was a significant interaction between salinity and protein level of the feed. In 46 ppt water, shrimp fed feed containing 45% protein grew faster (2.98%/day) than shrimp fed 35 and 25% protein rations (2.84 and 2.73%/day, respectively). At 12 ppt, growth of shrimp fed 35% feed was faster (3.23%/day) than growth of shrimp fed 25% protein feed (3.07%/day). Shrimp fed the 45% protein feed did not grow faster 3.14%/day) than shrimp fed 35 an 25% protein feeds. At each protein level, growth at 12 ppt was greater than at 46ppt. Survival was not affeted by either salinity or feed protein level and averaged 86%. Results indicate that nutritional requirements vary with culture salinity and suggest that use of higher protein feeds under hypersaline culture conditions may produce higher yields.
Diffusion coefficients for two triazine herbicides in six soils.

Summary. Diffusion of the triazine herbicides propazine and prometryne was studied in six soils. Apparent diffusion coefficients were calculated from the distribution of herbicide in a column of soil after diffusion from one half of the column for a known time. The magnitude of the diffusion coefficients varied from 1·5 × 10−9 cm2 sec−1 for propazine in a sandy soil to 3·1 × 10−9 cm2 sec−1 for prometryne in an organic soil. Under the conditions of measurement, the diffusion coefficients decreased in proportion to the extent of adsorption. Calculations were made to determine over what distances diffusion could be of importance in the movement of these herbicides. Coefficients de diffusion de deux triazines herbicides dans six sols Resume. La diffusion de deux triazines herbicides, la propazine et la prometryne a eteetudiee dans six sols. Les coefficients de diffusion apparente furent calcules selon la distribution de I'herbicide dans une colonne de sol, apres diffusion a partir de la moitie de la colonne pendant un temps connu. Les coefficients de diffusion varierent de 1,5 × 10−7cm2 see−1 pour la propazine dans un sol sableux, a 3,1 × 10−9 cm2 sec−2 pour la prometryne dans un sol organique. Dans les conditions ou les mesures furent effectuees, les coefficients de diffusion diminuerent en proportion de 1′etendue de l'adsorption. Des calculs ont ete effectues pour determiner au-dela de quelles distances la diffusion pouvait presenter une importance dans le mouvement de ces herbicides. Difftisions-KoeffizienUnfur zwei Trtazin-Deriaate in sechs Boden Zusammenfassung. Die Diffusion der beiden Triazin-Derivate Propazin und Prometryn wurde in sechs Boden untersucht. Die Diffusions-Koeffizienten wurden aus der Verteilung des Herbizids in einer Bodensaule nach Diffusion aus der einen Saulenhalfte in einer bestimmten Zeit errechnet. Die Grosse der Diffusions-Koeffizienten variierte von 1,5 × 10−7 cm2× sec−1 bei Propazin in einem Sandboden bis 3,1 × 10−9 cm2× sec−1 bei Prometryn in einem Humus-Boden. Unter den gegebenen Versuchsbedingungen nahmen die Diffusions-Koeffizienten in Abhangigkeit von der Starke der Adsorption ab, Es wurden Berechnungen daruber angestellt, uber welche Entfernungcn die Diffusion dieser Herbizide im Boden eine Rolle spielen konnte.
OPTIMIZATION OF WINDROW FOOD WASTE COMPOSTING TO INACTIVATE PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS

Composting is a popular means of treating organic wastes, and properly controlled composting can destroy the pathogenic microorganisms present in wastes for a human- and environment-friendly end product. Therefore, optimization of windrow composting of food waste, manure, and bulking agents was evaluated for maximum pathogen inactivation (Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7). Seasonal effects on reductions of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 according to the compost temperatures were studied (90 to 150 days). Fecal coliforms and fecal streptococcus were also monitored during composting. The most probable number (MPN) method was used for enumerating both indicator and pathogenic microorganisms. The results of this study indicated that seasonal differences caused significant effects on the peak temperatures and the duration of high thermophilic temperatures (>55°C) of windrows. Winter conditions resulted in inconsistent inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms including regrowth to high values during several time intervals. The reduction levels of Salmonella spp. and E. coli O157:H7 ranged from initial ranges of 377-483 MPN/g to final ranges of 6-150 MPN/g in winter, and to <0.3 MPN/g in summer. It was also observed that summer composting resulted in a better correlation (r2 > 0.90) between the number of fecal coliforms and the pathogenic microorganisms (Salmonella spp. and E. coli O157:H7). Fecal streptococcus was only slightly reduced in the majority of the trials from 377-483 MPN/g to 221-514 MPN/g in winter and from 365-460 MPN/g to a range of 11-265 MPN/g in summer. Extreme Vertices Mixture Design (EVMD) analysis suggested an optimum mixture as: 43.3% food waste, 28.3% manure, and 28.3% bulking agents. The performance of the optimum mixture has been validated, achieving a high level of inactivation of pathogens similar to that with previous trials, with good correlations of fecal coliforms to the pathogens of interest, but with a high resistance of fecal streptococcus to inactivation. It was concluded that the EVMD design was successful in optimizing mixture components for windrow composting in order to achieve maximum pathogen reduction.
New species of Pseudofabriciola Fitzhugh, 1990 (Polychaeta: Sabellidae: Fabriciinae), from the Mediterranean Sea

Two species of Pseudofabriciola Fitzhugh from the the Mediterranean Sea, P. analis sp. nov. and P. longipyga sp. nov., are described. These species most closely resemble P. australiensis (Hartmann-Schroder) and P. incisura Fitzhugh in that all have a membranous, anterior peristomial ring collar which is distally flared. Cladistic relationships among the eight species in the genus are examined. Previous accounts of P. analis sp. nov. and P. longipyga sp. nov. in the Mediterranean have referred these species to Fabricia filamentosa Day (now P. filamentosa), the type locality of which is South Africa. The presumed occurrence of F. filamentosa in the Mediterranean has been explained as the result of Lessepsian migrations from the Red Sea via the Suez Canal. Such a conclusion is shown to be unfounded, resulting from identifications based only on published descriptions without the examination of type material, as well as not considering all assumptions associated with a dispersal hypothesis. The overall depth distribution of Pseudofabriciola is far greater than is seen in all other fabriciin genera, having been recorded from depths ranging from the intertidal to 172 m. In addition, Pseudofabriciola species appear to be more common in soft sediments rather than on hard, often algal-covered substrates in which most fabriciins are found.
Role of dynamics of intracellular calcium in aluminium-toxicity syndrome.

This review is concentrating on the role of aluminium (Al)-calcium (Ca) interactions in Al toxicity syndrome in plants. Disruption of cytoplasmic Ca2+ homeostasis has been suggested as a primary trigger of Al toxicity. Aluminium causes an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ activity, potentially disrupting numerous biochemical and physiological processes, including those involved in the root growth. The source of Ca2+ for the increase in cytosolic Ca2+ activity under Al exposure is partly extracellular (likely to be due to the Al-resistant portion of the flux through depolarization-activated Ca2+ channels and fluxes through Ca2+ -permeable nonselective cation channels in the plasma membrane) as well as intracellular (increased cytosolic Ca2+ activity enhances the activity of Ca2+ release channels in the tonoplast and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane). The effect on increased cytosolic Ca2+ activity of possible Al-related inhibition of the plasma membrane and endo-membrane Ca2+ -ATPases and Ca2+ exchangers (CaX) that sequester Ca2+ out of the cytosol is insufficiently documented at present. The relationship between Al toxicity, cytoplasmic Ca2+ homeostasis and cytoplasmic pH needs to be elucidated. Technical improvements that would allow measurements of cytosolic Ca2+ activity within the short time after exposure to Al (seconds or shorter) are eagerly awaited. Contents I. Introduction 296 II. Symptoms of aluminium toxicity 296 III. Calcium - aluminium interactions 297 IV. The role of electrical properties of the plasma membrane in calcium-aluminium interactions 306 V. Oxidative stress 307 VI. Callose 308 VII. Cytoskeleton 308 VIII. Conclusions 309 Acknowledgements 309 References 309.
Effects of Dietary Level of Protein, Lysine and Methionine and Strain of Bird on Production and Egg Yolk Cholesterol

Abstract Shafey, T.M. , Dingle, J.G. and McDonald, M.W. 2002. Effects of dietary level of protein, lysine and methionine and strain of bird on production and egg yolk cholesterol. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 22: 201–208. The effects of dietary level of protein (151, 181 g/kg), lysine (nil, 10g L-lysine hydrochloride/kg) and methionine (nil, 5 g DL-methionine/kg) on the production performance and egg yolk cholesterol of two strains of birds were studied for 12 weeks. Birds fed on the high protein diet had higher body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), rate of lay, egg weight and mass and yolk weight and mass. A high lysine diet decreased feed intake and improved FCR. High dietary level of methionine increased egg yolk cholesterol. There were differences between strains of laying bird in feed intake, rate of lay, egg and yolk weights and egg cholesterol content. It is concluded that strain of bird and dietary level of protein and lysine influenced the production performance of birds. Whilst, egg yolk cholesterol was not reduced by any of the factors studied.