Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Calving glaciers and ice shelves

ABSTRACT Calving, or the release of icebergs from glaciers and floating ice shelves, is an important process transferring mass into the world’s oceans. Calving glaciers and ice sheets make a large contribution to sea-level rise, but large uncertainty remains about future ice sheet response to alternative carbon scenarios. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding calving processes and representing them in the models needed to predict future ice sheet evolution and sea-level rise. We focus on two main types of calving models: (1) discrete element models that represent ice as assemblages of particles linked by breakable bonds, which can explicitly simulate fracture and calving processes; and (2) continuum models, in which calving processes are parameterized using simple calving laws. With a series of examples using both synthetic and real-world ice geometries, we show how explicit models are yielding a detailed, process-based understanding of system physics that can be translated into predictive capability via improved calving laws. Graphical Abstract
Tobacco attributable deaths in South Africa

Background: In mid 1998, a question “Was the deceased a smoker five years ago? ” was introduced on the newly revised South African death notification form. Design: A total of 16 230 new death notification forms from 1998 have been coded, and comparison of the prevalence of smoking among those who died of different causes was used to estimate, by case–control comparisons, tobacco attributed mortality in South Africa. Cases comprised deaths from causes known (from other studies) to be causally associated with smoking, and controls comprised deaths from medical conditions expected to be unrelated to smoking. Those who died from external causes, and from diseases strongly related to alcohol consumption, were excluded. Subjects: Reports were available from 5340 deceased adults (age 25+), whose smoking status was given by a family member. Results: Significantly increased risks were found for deaths from tuberculosis (odds ratio (OR) 1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23 to 2.11), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.9 to 3.4), lung cancer (OR 4.8, 95% CI 2.9 to 8.0), other upper aerodigestive cancer (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.9 to 4.9) and ischaemic heart disease (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.3). Conclusion: If smokers had the same death rate as non-smokers, 58% of lung cancer deaths, 37% of COPD deaths, 20% of tuberculosis deaths, and 23% of vascular deaths would have been avoided. About 8% of all adult deaths in South Africa (more than 20 000 deaths a year) were caused by smoking.
Congenital tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem with WHO South-East Asia Region accounting for about 45% of total cases. Tuberculosis is the ninth leading cause of death worldwide and is the leading infectious cause, ranking above HIV/AIDS. In 2016, about 1.3 million HIV negative people died due to tuberculosis [1]. However, Congenital Tuberculosis (CTB) is extremely rare condition with only less than 400 cases being reported thus far [2,3]. As the diagnosis and thus the treatment are often delayed, it has a mortality rate of almost 50% and about 22% in even those who receive treatment [4].
Using downhole resistivity to better understand magnetotelluric inversion

Previous studies have used downhole resistivity logs either as a direct constraint during magnetotelluric inversion or as a qualitative validation of inversion accuracy. This study instead uses synthetic 1D magnetotelluric modelling based on downhole resistivity to better understand results of 1D, 2D and 3D inversion. One-dimensional models with representative geology for the area were generated directly from downhole resistivity data. These models were used to generate synthetic data, which was then inverted using a range of methods. Synthetic modelling made a significant contribution to selecting an appropriate inversion technique and the quality of the interpretation. Joint use of SimPEG MT1D and Occam 2D inversions proved the most effective combination to understand the geology of the project area.
Gut microbiota and metabolic biomarkers in metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease

Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), a replacement of the nomenclature employed for NAFLD, is the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide. Despite its high global prevalence, NAFLD is often under-recognized due to the absence of reliable noninvasive biomarkers for diagnosis and staging. Growing evidence suggests that the gut microbiome plays a significant role in the occurrence and progression of NAFLD by causing immune dysregulation and metabolic alterations due to gut dysbiosis. The rapid advancement of sequencing tools and metabolomics has enabled the identification of alterations in microbiome signatures and gut microbiota-derived metabolite profiles in numerous clinical studies related to NAFLD. Overall, these studies have shown a decrease in α-diversity and changes in gut microbiota abundance, characterized by increased levels of Escherichia and Prevotella, and decreased levels of Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium in patients with NAFLD. Furthermore, bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, and tryptophan metabolites are believed to be closely associated with the onset and progression of NAFLD. In this review, we provide novel insights into the vital role of gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Specifically, we summarize the major classes of gut microbiota and metabolic biomarkers in NAFLD, thereby highlighting the links between specific bacterial species and certain gut microbiota-derived metabolites in patients with NAFLD.
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics

Ayodeji Olalekan Salau, Tsehay Admassu Assegie, Adedeji Tomide Akindadelo, Joy Nnenna Eneh Department of Electrical/Electronics and Computer Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria Department of Computer Science, College of Natural and Computational Science, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia Department of Basic Sciences, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
Dietary Chinese herbal formula supplementation improves yolk fatty acid profile in aged laying hens

Abstract Chinese herbal formula (CHF) has the potential to improve the performance of aged laying hens through integrated regulation of various physiological functions. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary CHF supplementation on the yolk fatty acid profile in aged laying hens. A total of 144 healthy 307-day-old Xinyang black-feather laying hens were randomly allocated into two groups: a control group (CON, fed a basal diet) and a CHF group (fed a basal diet supplemented with 1% CHF; contained 0.30% Leonurus japonicus Houtt., 0.20% Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., 0.25% Ligustrum lucidum Ait., and 0.25% Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. for 120 days). The fatty acid concentrations in egg yolks were analyzed using a targeted metabolomics technology at days 60 and 120 of the trial. The results showed that dietary CHF supplementation increased (p < .05) the concentrations of several saturated fatty acids (SFA, including myristic acid and stearic acid), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA, including petroselinic acid, elaidic acid, trans-11-eicosenoic acid, and cis-11-eicosenoic acid), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, including linolelaidic acid, linoleic acid, γ-linolenic acid, α-linolenic acid, 11c,14c-eicosadienoic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, homo-γ-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid), and fatty acid indexes (total MUFA, n-3 and n-6 PUFA, PUFA/SFA, hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolaemic ratio, health promotion index, and desirable fatty acids) in egg yolks. Collectively, these findings suggest that dietary CHF supplementation could improve the nutritional value of fatty acids in egg yolks of aged laying hens, which would be beneficial for the production of healthier eggs to meet consumer demands.
Modeling the Determinants of Perceived Ease of Use

Past research has shown that computer self-efficacy and perceived ease of use are important factors affecting user acceptance of information technology. Although one of the key theories that the perceived ease of use construct is based on is self-efficacy theory, there has been no research specifically examining how perceived ease of use and self-efficacy interrelate or differ. To address this issue, we studied the formation and differentiation of users' ease of use perceptions toward two different information technologies, e-mail and gopher, with training over time. We hypothesize that users anchor their initial perceptions about the ease of use of any system on their own general computer self-efficacy and, after hands-on training, adj ust these beliefs to form ease of use perceptions that are more system-specific. Supporting this claim, we found that users' perceptions about the ease of use of different systems before hands-on training did not differ significantly, even after they were given information about the procedural aspects of the system. In contrast, there were significant differences between ease of use perceptions across different systems after hands-on training. This yields a better understanding of the theoretical foundations of the ease of use construct and how this significant determinant of user acceptance evolves with trainitig. Based on these findings, we postulate a theoretical model that explains how computer self-efficacy, objective system usability, and direct hands-on experience combine to determine perceived ease of use.
Optimized Memory-Based Messaging: Leveraging the Memory System for High-Performance Communication

Memory-based messaging, passing messages between programs using shared memory, is a recognized technique for e(cid:14)cient communication that takes advantage of memory system performance. However, the conventional operating system support for this approach is ine(cid:14)cient, especially for large-scale multiprocessor interconnects, and is too complex to e(cid:11)ectively support in hardware. This paper describes hardware and software optimizations for memory-based messaging that e(cid:14)ciently exploit the mechanisms of the memory system to provide superior communication performance. We describe the overall model of optimized memory-based messaging, its implementation in an operating system kernel and hardware support for this approach in a scalable multiprocessor architecture. The optimizations include address-valued signals, message-oriented memory consistency and automatic signaling on write. Performance evaluations show these extensions provide a three-to-(cid:12)ve-fold improvement in communication performance over a comparable software-only implementation.
Do-not-attempt resuscitation policy reduced in-hospital cardiac arrest rate and the cost of care in a developing country

ABSTRACT We aim to study the characteristics and outcomes of patients with a Do-Not-Attempt Resuscitation and to determine its impact on the Cost of In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. A retrospective study of all adult patients admitted to the hospital from June 2021 to May 2022 who had a Do-Not-Resuscitate order. We abstracted patients’ socio-demographics, physiologic parameters, primary diagnosis, and comorbidities from the electronic medical records. We calculated the potential economic cost using the median ICU length of stay for the admitted IHCA patients during the study period. There were 28,866 acute admissions over the study period, and 788 patients had DNR orders. The median (IQR) age was 71 (55-82) years, and 50.3% were males. The most prevalent primary diagnosis was sepsis, 426 (54.3%), and cancer was the most common comorbidity. More than one comorbidities were present in 642 (80%) of the cohort. Of the DNR patients, 492 (62.4%) died, while 296 (37.6%) survived to discharge. Cancer was the primary diagnosis in 65 (22.2%) of those who survived, compared with 154 (31.3%) of those who died (P = 0.002). Over the study period, 153 patients had IHCA and underwent CPR, with an IHCA rate of 5.3 per 1,000 hospital admissions. Without a DNR policy, an additional 492 patients with cardiac arrest would have had CPR, resulting in an IHCA rate of 22.3 per 1000 hospital admissions. Most DNR patients in our setting had sepsis complicated by multiple comorbidities. The DNR policy reduced our IHCA incidence by 76% and prevented unnecessary post-resuscitation ICU care.
Statistical characteristics of field‐aligned currents in Saturn's nightside magnetosphere

During 2008, the Cassini spacecraft traversed Saturn's high-latitude field-aligned current systems on sequential north-south periapsis passes in the nightside magnetosphere. Two types of current systems have previously been identified, associated with antisymmetric azimuthal field signatures in the northern and southern hemispheres. The first exhibits exclusively "lagging" field morphology, while the second also includes an equatorward interval of "leading" field. Here we report the statistical characteristics of these currents, their strength, ionospheric location, and relationship to plasma boundaries. From high to low latitude, the first type comprises a downward current followed by an upward current, whose strengths are similar to 0.5-3.5 MA per radian of azimuth. The downward current maps to ionospheric colatitudes of similar to 13.5 degrees and similar to 16 degrees in the north and south, respectively, usually centered in the outer magnetosphere, while the upward current maps to similar to 16.5 degrees and similar to 19 degrees in the north and south, located within the ring current region. The second type comprises a distributed downward current of similar to 1-2 MA rad(-1) flowing in the open field and outer magnetosphere regions, followed by an upward current of similar to 2.5-5 MA rad(-1) mapping to similar to 15.5 degrees and similar to 18 degrees in the north and south, corresponding to the outer magnetosphere and outer ring current, and a further downward current of similar to 1-2.5 MA rad(-1) mapping to similar to 17.5 degrees and similar to 20 degrees in the north and south, corresponding to the inner ring current.
Dynamical Heating of the Arctic Atmosphere during the Springtime Transition

AbstractThe Arctic undergoes an abrupt transition from the quasi-steady climate of winter to a period of rapid warming in spring. To explore the atmospheric dynamics of this transition, an extended simulation using a global atmospheric model driven by a fixed repeating annual cycle of sea surface temperatures and sea ice cover is analyzed. The model reproduces the timing, structure, and interannual variability of the observed spring onset, thus providing a platform for addressing its dynamics. It is found that atmospheric eddy heat fluxes across the Arctic boundary, highly variable in winter but much less so in spring, shape the transition and determine its timing. Together with the rapid springtime increase of solar heating, the decreased variability in dynamical heating creates the abrupt appearance of the spring transition. Perpetual season simulations for winter, early spring, and late spring further reveal the dynamics of seasonally varying dynamical heating. The eddy heat flux is less variable in sp.
Variation in Soil Properties and Topographic Roughness of Stabilized Sand Dunes in the Central Great Plains, USA: Implications for Susceptibility to Reactivation

viii CHAPTER 1: Introduction and Literature Review . 1 CHAPTER 2: Study Areas and Methods . 19 CHAPTER 3: Results . 39 CHAPTER 4: Discussion and Conclusions . 87 REFERENCES . 95
DNA-PK controls Apollo's access to leading-end telomeres.

The complex formed by Ku70/80 and DNA-PKcs (DNA-PK) promotes the synapsis and the joining of double strand breaks (DSBs) during canonical non-homologous end joining (c-NHEJ). In c-NHEJ during V(D)J recombination, DNA-PK promotes the processing of the ends and the opening of the DNA hairpins by recruiting and/or activating the nuclease Artemis/DCLRE1C/SNM1C. Paradoxically, DNA-PK is also required to prevent the fusions of newly replicated leading-end telomeres. Here, we describe the role for DNA-PK in controlling Apollo/DCLRE1B/SNM1B, the nuclease that resects leading-end telomeres. We show that the telomeric function of Apollo requires DNA-PKcs's kinase activity and the binding of Apollo to DNA-PK. Furthermore, AlphaFold-Multimer predicts that Apollo's nuclease domain has extensive additional interactions with DNA-PKcs, and comparison to the cryo-EM structure of Artemis bound to DNA-PK phosphorylated on the ABCDE/Thr2609 cluster suggests that DNA-PK can similarly grant Apollo access to the DNA end. In agreement, the telomeric function of DNA-PK requires the ABCDE/Thr2609 cluster. These data reveal that resection of leading-end telomeres is regulated by DNA-PK through its binding to Apollo and its (auto)phosphorylation-dependent positioning of Apollo at the DNA end, analogous but not identical to DNA-PK dependent regulation of Artemis at hairpins.
Biophysical Effects Simulated by an Ocean General Circulation Model Coupled with a Biogeochemical Model in the Tropical Pacific

Controversy has surrounded the potential impacts of phytoplankton on the tropical climate, since climate models produce diverse behaviors in terms of the equatorial mean state and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude. We explored biophysical impacts on the tropical ocean temperature using an ocean general circulation model coupled to a biogeochemistry model in which chlorophyll can modify solar attenuation and in turn feed back to ocean physics. Compared with a control model run excluding biophysical processes, our model with biogeochemistry showed that subsurface chlorophyll concentrations led to an increase in sea surface temperature (particularly in the western Pacific) via horizontal accumulation of heat contents. In the central Pacific, however, a mild cold anomaly appeared, accompanying the strengthened westward currents. The magnitude and skewness of ENSO were also modulated by biophysical feedbacks resulting from the chlorophyll affecting El Nino and La Nina in an asymmetric way. That is, El Nino conditions were intensified by the higher contribution of the second baroclinic mode to sea surface temperature anomalies, whereas La Nina conditions were slightly weakened by the absorption of shortwave radiation by phytoplankton. In our model experiments, the intensification of El Nino was more dominant than the dampening of La Nina, resulting in the amplification of ENSO and higher skewness.
Monitoring antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolates of chickens and turkeys at the slaughter establishment level across the United States, 2013–2021

Foodborne infections with antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter spp. remain an important public health concern. Publicly available data collected by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria related to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Campylobacter spp. isolated from broiler chickens and turkeys at the slaughterhouse level across the United States between 2013 and 2021 were analysed. A total of 1,899 chicken-origin (1,031 Campylobacter coli (C. coli) and 868 Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni)) and 798 turkey-origin (673 C. coli and 123 C. jejuni) isolates were assessed. Chicken isolates exhibited high resistance to tetracycline (43.65%), moderate resistance to ciprofloxacin (19.5%), and low resistance to clindamycin (4.32%) and azithromycin (3.84%). Turkey isolates exhibited very high resistance to tetracycline (69%) and high resistance to ciprofloxacin (39%). The probability of resistance to all tested antimicrobials, except for tetracycline, significantly decreased during the latter part of the study period. Turkey-origin Campylobacter isolates had higher odds of resistance to all antimicrobials than isolates from chickens. Compared to C. jejuni isolates, C. coli isolates had higher odds of resistance to all antimicrobials, except for ciprofloxacin. The study findings emphasize the need for poultry-type-specific strategies to address differences in AMR among Campylobacter isolates.
The isotopic signature of monsoon conditions, cloud modes, and rainfall type

This work provides a comprehensive physically based framework for the interpretation of the north Australian rainfall stable isotope record (δ18O and δ2H). Until now, interpretations mainly relied on statistical relationships between rainfall amount and isotopic values on monthly timescales. Here, we use multiseason daily rainfall stable isotope and high resolution (10 min) ground‐based C‐band polarimetric radar data and show that the five weather types (monsoon regimes) that constitute the Australian wet season each have a characteristic isotope ratio. The data suggest that this is not only due to changes in regional rainfall amount during these regimes but, more importantly, is due to different rain and cloud types that are associated with the large scale circulation regimes. Negative (positive) isotope anomalies occurred when stratiform rainfall fractions were large (small) and the horizontal extent of raining areas were largest (smallest). Intense, yet isolated, convective conditions were associated with enriched isotope values whereas more depleted isotope values were observed when convection was widespread but less intense. This means that isotopic proxy records may record the frequency of which these typical wet season regimes occur. Positive anomalies in paleoclimatic records are most likely associated with periods where continental convection dominates and convection is sea‐breeze forced. Negative anomalies may be interpreted as periods when the monsoon trough is active, convection is of the oceanic type, less electric, and stratiform areas are wide spread. This connection between variability of rainfall isotope anomalies and the intrinsic properties of convection and its large‐scale environment has important implications for all fields of research that use rainfall stable isotopes.
Determination of Water Quality Supplied to Residents on the Outskirts of Dar es Salaam City

Water quality parameters physical, chemical and biological contaminants were investigated. Tap water was less contaminated with fecal coliform (FC) and total coliform (TC) (21/100 ml and 63/100 ml respectively), compared to shallow well samples that are commonly used in place (492/100 ml and 3,175/100 ml). The increase in contamination was observed in household samples (75/100ml and 3,145/100ml FC and TC respectively) was due to both after growth and tertiary contamination. Heavy metals concentration detected lower concentration than WHO and TBS Standards. The most common sources of iron and manganese in groundwater are naturally occurring, for example from weathering of iron and manganese bearing minerals and rocks. Sewage dumps and landfill leachate may contribute iron and manganese to local groundwater. Generally, the results suggested that water contamination in the area is largely due to biological contaminations. It is recommended that drinking water must be treated prior to consumption in order to curtail infections. The results suggest that reducing fecal and total contamination; handling of stored water should be investigated as a strategy for improving drinking water quality and health among households. Also residents ought to be provided with hygienic education so that they could know how to treat, store and maintain the quality of drinking water. Keywords : Mbezi ward, well water, water quality, Nitrate, Coliforms