Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Basalt weathering rates on Earth and the duration of liquid water on the plains of Gusev Crater, Mars

Where Martian rocks have been exposed to liquid water, chemistry versus depth profi les could elucidate both Martian climate history and potential for life. The persistence of primary minerals in weathered profi les constrains the exposure time to liquid water: on Earth, mineral persistence times range from ~10 k.y. (olivine) to ~250 k.y. (glass) to ~1 m.y. ( pyroxene) to ~5 m.y. (plagioclase). Such persistence times suggest mineral persistence minima on Mars. However, Martian solutions may have been more acidic than on Earth. Relative mineral weathering rates observed for basalt in Svalbard (Norway) and Costa Rica demonstrate that laboratory pH trends can be used to estimate exposure to liquid water both qualitatively (mineral absence or presence) and quantitatively (using reactive transport models). Qualitatively, if the Martian solution pH >~2, glass should persist longer than olivine; therefore, persistence of glass may be a pH indicator. With evidence for the pH of weathering, the reactive transport code CrunchFlow can quantitatively calculate the minimum duration of exposure to liquid water consistent with a chemical profi le. For the profi le measured on the surface of the exposed Martian rock known as Humphrey in Gusev Crater, the calculated exposure time is 22 k.y. , which is a minimum due to physical erosion. If correct, this estimate is consistent with short-term, episodic alteration accompanied by ongoing surface erosion. More of these depth profi les should be measured to illuminate the weathering history of Mars.
Decompression through clockwise P–T path: implications for early N–S shortening orogenesis in the Mesoproterozoic Mt Isa Inlier (NE Australia)

Mesoproterozoic terranes of the Australian craton exhibit complex tectonometamorphic histories that are generally considered to result from low‐pressure/high‐temperature (LPHT) metamorphism with an anticlockwise pressure (P)–temperature (T) path. Yet studies regarding the nature of the P–T history and tectonic regime that led to such a LPHT signature have been quite limited. A foliation intersection/inflection axes preserved in the porphyroblast (FIA) analysis combined with textural relationships and P–T pseudosections, using a key locality of the Eastern Fold Belt of the Mt Isa Inlier, has resolved the cause of the LPHT signature in this region. Two periods of porphyroblast growth have been distinguished using a change in FIA trends with time; the first formed during N–S shortening and the second during W–E shortening orogenesis (D1 & D2, respectively). Significantly, D1 porphyroblasts preserving W–E FIAs are minerals of the Barrovian style, whereas D2 formed porphyroblasts preserving N–S FIAs are Buchan in style. This is consistent with the emplacement of the Williams/Naraku Batholiths after D1 around the onset of D2. Higher‐pressure garnet cores, that can be modelled in MnNCKFMASH P–T pseudosections, preserve early W–E FIA and formed during D1. This was followed by decompression and then LPHT metamorphism and deformation during which N–S FIAs were preserved within porphyroblasts. This is supported by the presence of at least two generations of staurolite that crystallized before and after andalusite/cordierite. Middle to upper amphibolite facies metamorphic conditions occurred during D1 with crustal thickening followed by near‐isothermal decompression leading to LPHT conditions. This was followed by D2 and a second period of middle to upper amphibolite facies metamorphism that obliterated and/or obscured the tectonometamorphic signature of D1 in the matrix of most rocks.
Element Partitioning between Immiscible Carbonatite and Silicate Melts for Dry and H2O-bearing Systems at 1-3 GPa

but are shifted in favour of the carbonatite melt by up to an order of magnitude. An increase of bulk silica and thus SiO2 in the silicate melt (from 35 to 69 wt %) has a similar effect. Two types of trace element partitioning with changing melt composition can be observed. The magnitude of the partition coefficients increases for the alkalis and alkaline earths with the width of the miscibility gap, whereas partition coefficients for the REE shift by almost two orders of magnitude from partitioning into the silicate melt (D La ¼ 0·47) to strongly partitioning into the carbonatite melt (D La ¼ 38), whereas D La /D Lu varies by only a factor of three. The partitioning behavior
WATER, SANITATION AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN URBAN FRINGE SETTLEMENTS IN NIGERIA

The importance of water and sanitation facilities has been reflected in the measurement of human development and in their inclusion in Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Water and sanitation facilities attain a unique situation at the urban fringe. This study is focused on the investigation of the supply of water and sanitation facilities in the fringe settlements along a development corridor of Minna, Nigeria. This corridor is attracting development from both federal and state institutions including large scale housing development. The settlements are outside the limits of water mains for the city of Minna and have received little attention in the provision of water and sanitation facilities. The present state of water and sanitation in these settlements connote low human development and stand at risk to the health of the people. The danger of serious impact on health with current urbanization of these settlements calls for re-evaluation of a laissez-faire approach that leaves the residents to informal adjustment. Against these backgrounds, the objectives of this paper are to investigate access to water and sanitation facilities in the urban fringe settlements, to determine the adequacy of these facilities; to investigate coping mechanisms by the people, to understand the burden of water search and how these are likely to affect health and human development and to discuss how integrated community-based efforts could improve water and sanitation facilities in the settlements.
Variability of surface runoff generation and infiltration rate under a tree canopy: indoor rainfall experiment using Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa)

To estimate the variability of surface runoff generation and the infiltration rate on a bare surface in a forested area, indoor experiments were conducted using 13 runoff boxes and a single transplanted Japanese cypress tree (9·8 m in height) in a large‐scale rainfall simulator with spray nozzles (at a height of 16 m). The surface runoff was measured for applied rainfall and for 12 kinds of throughfall with different intensities and kinetic energy (KE) (found among measuring points and canopy structures). While no surface runoff was observed for the applied rainfall, surface runoff was observed for throughfall in each runoff box. Compared with the applied rainfall, the throughfall had larger drops due to canopy drip generation and thus had higher kinetic energy, which decreased the infiltration capacity. The maximum stable infiltration rate (IRMAX) was lowest for throughfall (44·2 mm h−1). Surface runoff generation and infiltration rates varied greatly under the canopy, even though the rainfall applications were identical and the runoff boxes had identical initial soil properties. The variability of IRMAX, ranging from 44·2 to 120·2 mm h−1, was caused by the variability of the throughfall intensity and kinetic energy. The index showing the best correlation to IRMAX was the effective unit kinetic energy (KE0 mm: J m−2 mm−1). The prediction of surface runoff generation in a forested area requires estimations of the spatial variations of the amount and kinetic energy of throughfall. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nutritional status of oil olives grooves grown under dry farming conditions in the North Western Coast of Egypt

This study was carried-out during 1996-1997 seasons on olive orchards, grown on calcareous soil under rainfed farming conditions in the North Western Coast of Egypt. Results revealed that soil texture ranged from sandy to loamy sand with high content of CaCO 3 , low OM and high pH. Nutrient levels in olive leaves were below sufficient range, in 79, 32, 29, 14 and 26% of samples for N, P, K, Mg and Ca and in 97, 99, 75 and 7 % of samples for Fe, Zn, Cu, and B, respectively, while Mn level was in the sufficient range. Under such conditions, olive trees have more ability (preferability) to take up Fe in higher quantities than the other micronutrients.
International Migration and Regional Housing Markets : Evidence from France jANuAry 2017

IZA DP No. 10516 jANuAry 2017 International Migration and Regional Housing Markets: Evidence from France This article examines the causal relations between non-European immigration and the characteristics of the housing market in host regions. We constructed a unique database from administrative records and used it to assess annual migration flows into France’s 22 administrative regions from 1990 to 2013. We then estimated various panel VAR models, taking into account GDP per capita and the unemployment rate as the main regional economic indicators. We find that immigration has no significant effect on property prices, but that higher property prices significantly reduce immigration rates. We also find no significant relationship between immigration and social housing supply. JEL Classification: E20, F22, J61
Investigating the record of Permian climate change from argillaceous sedimentary rocks, Oman

A standard method for the analysis of carbon isotope composition of bulk organic matter (δ13Cbulk) in palaeoenvironmental and stratigraphic studies of sedimentary basins associated with hydrocarbons is suggested. This method includes the removal of interstitial hydrocarbon within the sediments, which is shown to have a negative effect on δ13C. Using the method, a δ13Cbulk trend (c. −21 to −24‰) was found within the Lower Permian Al Khlata and lower Gharif formations of Thuleilat-16 and -42 well sections, south Oman. Palaeontological and sedimentological evidence indicates considerable palaeoenvironmental change, from a cold climate lowland fern flora and upland primitive conifer flora low in the sequence, to a lowland cycad-like and upland glossopterid or other gymnospermous flora higher in the sequence. The lithologies range from glacial diamictite at the base to calcrete horizons and redbeds at the top. It is therefore likely that the δ13Cbulk trend is related to palaeoenvironmental change.
Organizing Suggestions in Autocompletion Interfaces

Even though Autocompletion is widely used in search interfaces with different variations, few guidelines exist on how to present autocompletion suggestions. In this paper, we describe two user studies that shows some types of organization strategies help users search faster and easier in a known-item search task. We studied the effect of grouping suggestions in an autocompletion interface to select terms taken from a thesaurus. In the first study, we explored ways of grouping term suggestions from two different thesauri (TGN and WordNet). The results of the first study suggested that the best organization strategies are different when using different thesaurus. Users found Group organization may be appropriate to organize location names from TGN, while Alphabetical works better for WordNet. We then carried out a follow-up study, where we compared three different organization strategies (Alphabetical, Group and Composite) for location name search tasks. The results of the second study indicate that in general, autocompletion interfaces help improve the quality of keyword. We also found that Group and Composite organization help users search faster, and users perceive the suggestion organization as easier to understand and use than the Alphabetical. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 1998 ACM Computing Classification System: H.1. 2Human factors
Centre De Referència En Economia Analítica Barcelona Economics Working Paper Series Debt and Deficit Fluctuations and the Structure of Bond Markets Debt and De…cit Fluctuations and the Structure of Bond Markets

We analyse the implications of optimal taxation for the stochastic behaviour of debt. We show that when a government pursues an optimal …scal policy under complete markets, the value of debt has the same or less persistence than other variables in the economy and it declines in response to shocks that cause the de…cit to increase. By contrast, under incomplete markets debt shows more persistence than other variables and it increases in response to shocks that cause a higher de…cit. Data for US government debt reveals diametrically opposite results from those of complete markets and is much more supportive of bond market incompleteness.
Formula to Predict Transmission for π-Type Floating Breakwaters

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to define a simple and useful formula to predict wave transmission for a common type of floating breakwater (FB), supplied with two lateral vertical plates protruding downward, named π-type FB. Eight different models, with mass varying from 16 to 76 kg, anchored with chains, have been tested in the wave flume of the Maritime Laboratory of Padova University, under irregular wave conditions. Water elevation in front and behind the structure has been measured with two arrays of four wave gauges. Our starting point for the prediction of wave transmission was the classical relationship established by Macagno in 1954. His relationship was derived for a box-type fixed breakwater assuming irrotational flow. Consequently, he significantly underestimated transmission for short waves and large drafts. This paper proposes an empirical modification of his relationship to properly fit the experimental results and a standardized plotting system of the transmission coefficient, based on a.
Proposing and empirically validating change impact analysis metrics

Dit PhD-project richt zich op het voorstellen van methoden en hulpmiddelen voor het beoordelen van veranderbaarheid en instabiliteit. Deze twee kwaliteitsattributen zijn van groot belang voor het uitvoeren van een efficiente analyse van de veranderingseffecten, die van vitaal belang is tijdens de onderhoudsfase van de software. Wijzigingsimpactanalyse is belangrijk, zowel voor als na de toepassing van de wijziging. Het project houdt rekening met bestaande literatuur, waarin we specifieke beperkingen hebben geidentificeerd: (a) gebrek aan metrieken in de fasen van het architectonisch ontwerp en de vereisten, (b) gebrek aan nauwkeurigheid van de gegevens bij de implementatie en gedetailleerde ontwerpfasen, en (c) gebrek aan hulpmiddelen die het proces van de berekening ervan kunnen automatiseren. Rekening houdend met de bovengenoemde beperkingen, stelt het project vier nieuwe metrieken voor om de gevoeligheid en instabiliteit van veranderingen te kwantificeren op het niveau van eisen, architectuurontwerp en broncode. Alle statistieken zijn strikt gevalideerd met behulp van empirische methoden, zoals casestudy's over open source en industriele software, evenals wiskundige bewijzen. Empirische validatie is uitgevoerd op basis van de IEEE-standaard voor softwaremeting. De resultaten van alle onderzoeken suggereerden dat de voorgestelde meetwaarden de meest accurate voorspellers zijn van veranderlijkheid en instabiliteit. Op basis van de bevindingen zijn verschillende bruikbare resultaten voor zowel behandelaars als onderzoekers naar voren gekomen. Om de toepasbaarheid van de voorgestelde methoden in de praktijk te ondersteunen, worden alle statistieken vergezeld van een bijbehorende tool die hun berekening voor Java-projecten automatiseert.
Poly AML : A polymorphic aspect-oriented functional programmming language

This paper defines Poly AML , a typed functional, aspect-oriented programming language. The main contribution of Poly AML is the seamless integration of polymorphism, run-time type analysis and aspect-oriented programming language features. In particular, PolyAML allows programmers to define type-safe polymorphic advice using pointcuts constructed from a collection of polymorphic join points. PolyAML also comes equipped with a type inference algorithm that conservatively extends Hindley-Milner type inference. To support first-class polymorphic point-cut designators, a crucial feature for developing aspect-oriented profiling or logging libraries, the algorithm blends the conventional Hindley-Milner type inference algorithm with a simple form of local type inference. We give our language operational meaning via a type-directed translation into an expressive type-safe intermediate language. Many complexities of the source language are eliminated in this translation, leading to a modular specification of its semantics. One of the novelties of the intermediate language is the definition of polymorphic labels for marking control-flow points. These labels are organized in a tree structure such that a parent in the tree serves as a representative for all of its children. Type safety requires that the type of each child is less polymorphic than its parent type. Similarly, when a set of labels is assembled as a pointcut, the type of each label is an instance of the type of the pointcut.
Socialised Under Different Regimes or Results of Economic Inequality? An Exploration of the Persistent Differences in Subjective Happiness, Social Values, and Political Attitudes Between the Former East and West Germany

The reunified Germany not only marked a significant turning point in recent world history but it has also been regarded as a natural experiment setting to explore the impact of two completely different political regimes and ideologies on a population that share the same culture and history. Although there is a growing discourse recognising the gap in social behaviours, political attitudes, and happiness between the former East and West Germans, barely any research has been conducted to compare differences in more than one aspect. Based on this, the article aims to evaluate whether the gap in multiple areas is largely caused by the influences of Communism or by the simple explanation of a poorer economic position. Key studies in this field will be reviewed, organising the literature into three threads: life satisfaction, social values, and political preferences. Through careful analysis and evaluation, it could be argued that the various gaps or differences between East and West Germany could mostly come under the umbrella of ‘communist legacy’, which not only subconsciously inculcated important views and values in its citizens but also resulted in a disparity in the economic outcome at the time of the reunification. Therefore, although a considerable proportion of the differences in any area studied are predetermined by individuals’ economic positions, the existence of the gap is fundamentally a consequence of the communist regime. Even though some differences are converging at varying paces, both relevant policies and societal inclusion are still vital in accelerating the convergence in Germany.
Evidence of large scale repeating slip during the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake

The repetition of slip during rupture process of earthquake is a debate issue which had never been confirmed clearly in the past big events due to the lack of dense near‐field observations and limited resolution in time of source model. The 2011 M9.0 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake generated a wealth seismic records which provided us an unprecedented opportunity to study the rupture evolution of giant earthquake at a high spatio‐temporal resolution. Here we use teleseismic, local strong motion and near‐field coseismic geodetic data to investigate the source rupture process of this event based on the parallel inversion technique. The results reveal a broad slip zone with remarkable large scale repeating slip during the earthquake. The inverted source model shows several time periods of energy release with three main peaks. These energy bursts and temporal rupture snapshots suggest repetition of a large scale slip on the biggest asperity. This rupture behavior resulted in >50 m slips on the slip zone and prolonged the entire rupture process for a long duration of ∼160 seconds. The proposed source model is in a good agreement with the aftershock distribution and can interpret the characteristics of local strong motions. Further investigations of repeating slip during this event are crucial which will deeply transform earthquake science from dynamic point of view.
The development and seismic expression of synsedimentary features within the Chalk of southern England

Seismic reflection data acquired onshore to the north of Bournemouth, southern England, image clearly a series of prominent concave-up (troughs or depressions) and concave-down (mounded) structures within the White Chalk Subgroup. The Chalk lithostratigraphy in the area of study is established from borehole geophysical log correlations. These correlations then provide calibration of the seismic reflection data, indicating that the structures are concentrated at levels between the Lewes Nodular Chalk Formation and Tarrant Chalk Member, and towards the base of the Portsdown Chalk Formation. Onlap, downlap and truncation of reflectors are observed, with the most dramatic features forming a stacked series directly overlying faulting of Jurassic strata. Similar stratal geometries have been described from comparable levels in the Chalk of the North Sea, and in outcrop in Britain and France. To many they represent channels formed by submarine erosion and redeposition of the Chalk during relative sea-level falls, linked to tectonics. We also interpret a number of apparently incisive structures and slumped infill sequences described here as being of primary syndepositional origin. The slumping and the close association of these features with underlying faults, and proximity to nearby major crustal faults, may be indicative of submarine erosion of the Chalk caused by sea-level changes linked to syndepositional fault movements. However, evidence of toplap–downlap pairs is also suggestive of more aggradational mounding or laterally migrating surfaces or facies belts. The presence of any such structures implies rapid lateral variations in the Chalk that would have implications not only for aquifer management and future storage schemes but also during the processing of seismic reflection data and general studies and correlations of the Chalk across southern Britain.
Circulation beneath the Filchner Ice Shelf, Antarctica, and its sensitivity to changes in the oceanic environment: a case-study

We investigate the sensitivity of the ocean circulation in the Filchner Trough to changes in the large-scale oceanic environment and its impact on the mass balance of the Filchner Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Three experiments with a three-dimensional ocean model describe (i) the current situation, (ii) a scenario with increased ocean temperatures, and (iii) a scenario with reduced sea-ice formation rates on the adjacent continental shelf. in the final discussion brief results of a combined scenario with increased ocean temperatures and reduced sea-ice formation are presented. The changes from the current situation affect the circulation in the Filchner Trough, and melting and freezing processes beneath the ice shelf. The latter affect the amount and properties of Ice Shelf Water (ISW), a component of Antarctic Bottom Water. Net basal melt rates provide an overall measure for the changes: while the control run yields 0.35 m a−1 net melting averaged over the Filchner Ice Shelf area, the warming scenario results in a more than twofold increase in ice-shelf mass loss. Reduced production of High Salinity ShelfWater due to smaller sea-ice formation rates in the second scenario leads, on the other hand, to a decrease in basal mass loss, because the deep cavity is less well ventilated than in the control run. ISW is cooled and the ice shelf is stabilized under this scenario, which is arguably the more likely development in the southern Weddell Sea.