Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prehospital Time Interval for Urban and Rural Emergency Medical Services: A Systematic Literature Review

The aim of this study was to discuss the differences in pre-hospital time intervals between rural and urban communities regarding emergency medical services (EMS). A systematic search was conducted through various relevant databases, together with a manual search to find relevant articles that compared rural and urban communities in terms of response time, on-scene time, and transport time. A total of 37 articles were ultimately included in this review. The sample sizes of the included studies was also remarkably variable, ranging between 137 and 239,464,121. Twenty-nine (78.4%) reported a difference in response time between rural and urban areas. Among these studies, the reported response times for patients were remarkably variable. However, most of them (number (n) = 27, 93.1%) indicate that response times are significantly longer in rural areas than in urban areas. Regarding transport time, 14 studies (37.8%) compared this outcome between rural and urban populations. All of these studies indicate the superiority of EMS in urban over rural communities. In another context, 10 studies (27%) reported on-scene time. Most of these studies (n = 8, 80%) reported that the mean on-scene time for their populations is significantly longer in rural areas than in urban areas. On the other hand, two studies (5.4%) reported that on-scene time is similar in urban and rural communities. Finally, only eight studies (21.6%) reported pre-hospital times for rural and urban populations. All studies reported a significantly shorter pre-hospital time in urban communities compared to rural communities. Conclusions: Even with the recently added data, short pre-hospital time intervals are still superior in urban over rural communities.
Employment Quality and Mental and Self-Reported Health Inequities among Latinx Housecleaners: The Safe and Just Cleaners Study

Precarious employment, such as housecleaning, is one important structural contributor to health inequities. We used an employment quality (EQ) framework to characterize the impact of employment conditions on mental and self-reported ill-health among Latinx housecleaners in the New York City metropolitan area. Using a community-based participatory research approach, we collected cross-sectional survey data from 402 housecleaners between August 2019 and February 2020 to characterize housecleaners’ EQ and its association with depression, perceived stress, and self-reported health. We also measured work-related irritant eye, skin, and respiratory symptoms, which have been shown in previous research to be associated with housecleaners’ exposure to chemical components of cleaning products. Our housecleaner cohort was largely female and immigrant and most had worked at least five years. Survey items capturing the EQ dimensions of unbalanced interpersonal relations, low material resources, and violations of workers’ rights were associated with increased odds of depression, perceived stress, and self-reported ill-health. Work-related irritant eye, skin, and respiratory symptoms were also independently associated with mental and self-reported ill-health and some of the effects of EQ on health were potentially partially mediated through their association with work-related irritant symptoms. Findings can inform directions for community-based educational and policy initiatives to improve housecleaners’ employment quality.
pH, Ion Release Capability, and Solubility Value of Premixed Mineral Trioxide Aggregates

The current study aimed to compare the pH, solubility value, and ion release capability of premixed mineral trioxide aggregates (MTAs) versus conventional pulp capping materials before and after setting. The following materials were used: resin-modified calcium silicate cement (TheraCal LC®, TLC), resin-modified calcium hydroxide cement (Ultra-BlendTM plus, UBP), and 2 kinds of premixed MTA (Endocem MTA® premixed regular 〔EMPR〕 and Well-RootTM PT 〔WRP〕). The specimens of each material were prepared before and after setting and were immersed in distilled water. The materials’ pH and solubility value were assessed. Next, three kinds of ion (calcium, sulfide, and strontium) released by pulp capping materials were evaluated via inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. In the after-setting group, the pH of TLC and UBP decreased. However, the pH of the premixed MTAs increased with time. TLC released a higher concentration of strontium ion compared with the other materials. Meanwhile, EMPR released a significantly high concentration of sulfide ion (p < 0.05). In the after-setting group, the 2 kinds of premixed MTAs released a significantly higher concentration of calcium ion compared with the other materials (p < 0.05). In the after-setting group, EMPR had a significantly low solubility value (p < 0.05). The Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction, was used in statistical analysis. In conclusion, resin-modified calcium silicate cement, modified calcium hydroxide cement, and the 2 kinds of premixed MTAs had an alkaline pH and low solubility value and they released various concentrations of ions after setting.
High-resolution detectors for soft X-ray spectroscopy

Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS) is a modern soft X-ray spectroscopy technique used to investigate the structure of and excitations in materials. It requires high resolution spectrometers and a brilliant, tunable, X-ray source and therefore is carried out at spectrometers such as SAXES at the Swiss Light Source Light, a synchrotron at the Paul Scherrer Institut. SAXES uses a grating to disperse X-rays scattered from a sample across a position sensitive detector, a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD). It has been recognised that the spatial resolution of the CCD currently limits the spectrometer resolution and therefore the investigations described in this thesis focus on developing and testing methods of improving the detector resolution. Whilst this thesis addresses improving the resolution of the detector at SAXES specifically, the methods and results are applicable to other applications requiring high spatial resolution soft X-ray detection. After an introduction, Chapters 2 and 3 describe the importance of RIXS, operation of SAXES and background of soft X-ray detection in CCDs. A comparison of models that describe charge spreading in a CCD is in Chapter 4, and the best model is implemented in a simulation package that generates populations of soft X-ray events. Chapter 5 explores the resolution improvements possible through applying centroid algorithms to simulated X-ray events, and Chapter 6 begins by describing experimental work undertaken to verify simulation results. Due to the limitations of applying centroiding algorithms to the current SAXES camera, a small-area Electron Multiplying CCD (EM-CCD) is experimentally tested (Chapter 7). Results with the EM-CCD proved positive, therefore in Chapter 8 the spatial resolution achievable with a large area EM-CCD is verified for a future SAXES camera upgrade. Due to the successful results presented in this thesis, negotiations to develop a new camera system for SAXES are underway, and interest from other RIXS beamlines in the community may lead to the work also being applied elsewhere. The detection of soft X-rays with high spatial resolution is applicable to other future CCD and EM-CCD instruments, such as astronomical X-ray observatories.
Generalized Quotient Rings.

Let D be a domain with quotient field K . In this thesis, we consider "generalized'1 quotient rings of D obtained by replacing a multiplicative system of elements of D by a multiplicative system S of non-zero subsetsof D . We call the ring = {x e k|there exists A e S such that xA c d ) a Generalized Quotient Ring (GQR) of D and we call S a Generalized Multiplicative System (GMS) of subsets of D . If Q is a ring containing D and there exists a GMS of subsets of S of D such that Q = and A e S implies AQ = Q , then Q is said to be a Restricted GQR (RGQR) of D . It is the purpose of this thesis to study GQR1s of D . It is clear that ideal transforms introduced by Nagata in [N.2] are such rings. It is also true that ordinary quotient rings, intersections of localizations and flat overrings (as studied by Richman in [R] and Akiba in [A.l] and [A.2]) of D are such rings. If R is a commutative ring with identity that is not necessarily a domain, then we may define a GQR of R in much that same manner as we define an ordinary quotient ring of R . In the first chapter, we give this definition,
The impact of abiotic and biotic factors on growth, mortality and net tree C stock in mountain forest ecosystems in southwest China

Mountain forest ecosystems play an important role in global carbon sequestration and may respond differently to variations in climate. The timely and accurate assessment of the factors (abiotic and biotic) that affect forest types will improve our understanding of the ecological mechanisms underlying forest carbon stock and dynamics. Here, we used linear mixed effect models to assess the impact of abiotic and biotic factors on the rate of net tree C accumulation, growth, and mortality, over nearly four decades in 1248 permanent forest plots, in different forest types along an elevational gradient on the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. We found that the annual rise in net tree C stock ranged from 0.13 to 0.23 Mg C ha−1 yr−1, as forest growth increased from 1979 to 2017. The highest rates of growth and mortality were in coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest (CBMF), followed by deciduous broad-leaved forests (BDF), evergreen, deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest (EDBMF), and coniferous forest (CF). Mortality increased in EDBMF and CF during the study period. The most important biotic factors were tree richness and tree density, especially in BDF and CBMF. The most important abiotic factors driving these biological responses were a significant rise in monthly mean temperature (MMT) and a decline in precipitation in the growing season. The decrease in precipitation was negatively correlated with net tree C in CBMF and CF. The increase of MMT was positively correlated with growth and mortality of each forest type, and generally more important than richness and density, and overall had a positive effect on net tree C in CBMF and CF. Overall, we suggest that tree carbon stocks will continue to increase in CBMF and CF in the coming decades due to the warming.
Flux Separation in Stellar Magnetoconvection

The effect of a strong magnetic field on photospheric convection in a cool star like the Sun can be established by relating high-resolution solar observations to results from nonlinear models that rely on computation. The patterns of motion in numerical experiments on three-dimensional, compressible magnetoconvection depend not only on the strength of the imposed vertical magnetic field but also on the aspect ratio λ of the computational box. In a wide box (λ=8) with a moderately strong field, the flow organizes itself so that magnetic flux is separated from the motion. There are regions with strong fields and small-scale oscillatory convection next to almost field-free regions with clusters of broad and vigorous convective plumes. In the solar photosphere, this corresponds to the difference between the patterns of granulation in plage regions (with fields greater than 100 G) and in the adjacent quiet Sun.
A comparison of two hybrid methods for applying the time-fractional heat equation to a two dimensional function

The solution of the time-fractional diffusion equation in two-dimensions allows one to apply this fractional partial differential equation to an image. We present a computationally efficient method that generalizes trivially to temporal derivatives of fractional order. Comparisons of the present method with analytical solutions indicate a small error and justify this method as an application tool for the time-fractional diffusion equation to either a two-dimensional function or an image.
The relationship of thermal expansion to magnetocrystalline anisotropy, spontaneous magnetization, and Tc for permanent magnets

The materials studied here include SmCo5, GdCo5, Sm2TM17, Gd2TM17, Nd9.4Pr4. 6Fe80B6, Alnico, SrFe12O19, and PtCo (TM=transition metal). For the first time, the thermal expansion data α(⊥) and α(∥) for the eight materials from as low as −180 °C to as high as 1250 °C have been reported. α(⊥) is the thermal expansion coefficient in the base plane and α(∥) is the coefficient in the c axis. All anisotropic materials tested show thermal expansion anisotropy (TEA). The degree of TEA is defined as γ=α(⊥)/α(∥). The γ has been observed to be related to the degree of magnetocrystalline anisotropy field HA. SmCo5 has the highest HA (350 kOe) and the highest γ (2.5). All the materials show thermal anomaly with a changing slope for α(∥) near Tc and near phase transformation temperatures. The magnitude of thermal anomaly has been observed to be related to the magnitude of spontaneous magnetization (SMZ). The most distinct thermal anomalies are observed for Nd9.4Pr4. 6Fe80B6, in which both α(⊥) and α(∥) show a deep valley.
Minimizers and gradient flows for singularly perturbed bi-stable potentials with a Dirichlet condition

Minimizers and gradient flows are studied for the functional ∫Ω W(u) + ϵ2∣∇u∣2dx, Ω ⊆ Rn, ϵ > 0, where u satisfies a Dirichlet condition u = hϵ on ∂Ω. Here W is taken to be a double-well potential with minimum value zero attained at u = a and u = b. Questions of existence and structure of minimizers for small ϵ are resolved through the identification of a limiting variational problem, the so-called Γ-limit. A formal asymptotic solution is then constructed for the gradient flow ∂tuϵ = 2ϵ∆uϵ—ϵ-1W'(uϵ), uϵ(x, 0) = g(x), uϵ(x, t) = hϵ on ∂Ω, valid when ϵ is small. Using multiple timescales we show that fronts rapidly develop and then propagate with normal velocity ϵk, where k is mean curvature. At the intersection of a front with ∂Ω, the Dirichlet condition is shown to imply a contact angle condition for the front. This asymptotically correct evolution process represents gradient flow for the Γ-limit.
Aerosol size properties at Armilla, Granada (Spain)

The size characteristics of atmospheric aerosol over a suburban environment on the outskirts of Granada, a non‐industrialized medium sized city in south‐eastern Spain, were investigated using five years of continuous spectral measurements in the range 368–778 nm. From these the aerosol optical depths at the corresponding wavelengths were derived. Aerosol columnar size distributions were then retrieved from the spectral optical depths. These, and a set of derived aerosol properties including columnar mass, columnar surface or columnar number of particles, were then examined. For the analysed series two different periods were observed, one with a prevalence towards Junge type distributions and a second where bimodal log–normal distributions were favoured; these coincided with periods of atypical severe drought and typical meteorological conditions, respectively, that affected the measurement area. The bimodal distributions present a clearly defined mode in the range 0.4–0.8 µm radius, with a less well‐defined mode for smaller radii. For periods typifying normal conditions the behaviour of the lower and higher modes were analysed. The higher mode is slightly sharper with a consistent position compared to the lower mode. The relationships among the different aerosol size properties and the aerosol optical properties were also analysed. A good correlation was found between the Angstr öm exponent, that measures the aerosol optical‐depth's spectral dependence, and the ratio of columnar particle density for large and small particle sizes in the accumulation mode. It is also shown that the aerosol optical depth at 500 nm is a good predictor of columnar aerosol properties such as the aerosol mass or surface area. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
CO Images of the Central Regions of 20 Nearby Spiral Galaxies

We report a CO(J = 1-0) aperture-synthesis survey of the central regions of 20 nearby spiral galaxies. The sample is selected on the basis of inclination, single-dish CO flux, and lack of significant dynamical perturbation. No selection is made on the basis of their nuclear activity, starburst, or infrared luminosity. The observations have been made using the Nobeyama and Owens Valley millimeter arrays, with typical resolutions of 4″ (300 pc) and 20 km s-1, and sensitivities of ~30 mJy beam-1 for a 20 km s-1 channel. In this paper, we present integrated intensity and mean velocity maps, azimuthally averaged radial distributions, and position-velocity plots. Most galaxies in the sample have scale lengths for the radial CO distribution that are much smaller in the nuclear regions than in the outer disks. Typically, the CO emission falls to 1/e of the central peak value at radii of ~500 pc. This is significantly smaller than the scale lengths for the global CO distributions in the galactic disks. CO position-velocity diagrams exhibit a steep rise in rotation velocity, dV/dr ~ 1 km s-1 pc-1, in the central regions of most galaxies. The CO line width typically reaches ~95% of the overall H I line width within a radius of 1 kpc. This steep rise in the rotation velocity mainly reflects the highly concentrated mass distributions in the galactic centers, though it may well be partly due to noncircular motions in barred galaxies. In a number of galaxies, the position-velocity diagrams show a small central hole (d ≲ 100 pc) in CO emission. In many galaxies, we detect CO clumps of subkiloparsec size which may be giant molecular associations (GMAs). In the Appendix, we demonstrate that small holes at the galactic center can be readily detected in position-velocity diagrams even when they are smaller than the spatial resolution of the data.
Identification of Neural Mechanisms in First Single-Sweep Analysis in oVEMPs and Novel Normative Data

Background: Bone-conducted (BC) VEMPs provide important tools for measuring otolith function. However, two major drawbacks of this method are encountered in clinical practice—small n10 amplitude and averaging technique. In this study, we present the results of a new VEMP setup measuring technique combined with a novel single-sweep analysis. Methods: The study included BC oVEMP data from 92 participants for the evaluation of normative data using a novel analysis technique. For evaluating test-retest reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used. Results: We found significant n10 amplitude differences in single-sweep analyses after the first and second measurements. Thereby, mathematical analyses of the head movement did not show any differences in the first or second measurements. The normative n10 amplitude was 20.66 µV with an asymmetric ratio (AR) of 7%. The new value of late shift difference (LSD) was 0.01 ms. The test retest-reliability showed good to excellent ICC results in 9 out of 10 measurements. Conclusions: Our results support a phenomenon in single-sweep analysis of the first stimuli independent of head movement and signal morphology. Furthermore, the values obtained with the new measurement method appear to be more sensitive and may allow an extended diagnostic range due to the new parameter LSD.
MASS CONDUCTIVITY OF FLAT FIBROUS MATERIALS DURING THEIR CONVECTIVE DRYING

The kinetics of drying dense woolen fabric under various temperature conditions was experimentally investigated. The mass-conducting properties of the fabric were determined depending on its moisture content and the temperature of the drying agent. Data on the thermophysical characteristics of drying objects, including mass conductivity coefficients, are necessary for calculating the kinetics of the drying process. Information on mass conductivity coefficients is not available for many materials, including fabrics, since their experimental determination is difficult. Experimental studies of the kinetics of convective drying of dense woolen fabric were carried out on a specially created installation under conditions excluding external diffusion resistance. To calculate the mass conductivity coefficients, a zonal method was used to determine the concentration dependence of the mass conductivity coefficient from the drying kinetics curves obtained at different temperatures. The nonlinear nature of the dependence of the mass conductivity coefficient on the moisture content of the material and the temperature of the drying agent is established. For the convenience of engineering calculations, the obtained data on the mass conductivity coefficients are approximated by formulas expressing their dependence on the moisture content of the material and temperature. The coefficients of mass conductivity calculated by the zonal method using experimental curves of drying kinetics are compared with the coefficients of mass conductivity calculated using the obtained dependence of the coefficients on the moisture content of the material and the temperature of the drying agent. The good quality of the approximation of the experimental curves obtained for the mass conductivity coefficient in this study and the applicability of the latter for calculations are shown. The obtained data on the kinetic coefficients of mass conductivity can be used to calculate the kinetics of the drying process of various dense woolen fabrics.
Photometric investigation of three W UMa-type binary stars in the old open cluster NGC 188

In a programme to understand the evolution of contact binaries, we have re-observed EQ Cep, ER Cep and V371 Cep, which are members of the old open cluster NGC 188, photometrically. Combining our photometric solutions with some known parameters of the cluster, we derived the mass and the radius for each component. Meanwhile, we investigated the period changes of the three systems, finding a long-term increase of period in every system and discovering two cyclic variations in ER Cep besides the long-term changes (T(3) = 5.40 +/- 0.01 yr, A(3) = 0.0135 +/- 0.0016 d; T(4) = 17.6 +/- 0.1 yr). From the derived physical parameters and analysis of the orbital period, we conclude that (i) both components of V371 Cep have very possibly evolved off the main sequence, as a result of the derived accelerations of gravity log g(1) = 3.93 and log g(2) = 3.98, and (ii) ER Cep is at least a triple, or even quadruple, system, something suggested by the overmassive derived total mass (similar to 3.51 M(circle dot)) and the 5.4-yr-cycle periodic oscillation.
Effects of freshwater inflow on sediment transport

This study investigates the effect that freshwater inflow has on the transport of dredged material in Liverpool Bay. The sediment dispersal is first simulated using constant density throughout the domain, and then density gradients and stratification will be allowed to develop from riverine inputs. The first case shows the sediments slowly being transported east-westwards away from the estuary; while the simulation with freshwater shows the sediment being rapidly transported south-eastward towards the estuary. Model simulations such as these may inform decisions of where to put the dredging spoil to minimise the likelihood of it returning directly to the estuary.