Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Limitation of the Press-Schechter Formalism

The Press-Schechter(PS) formalism for the mass function of the collapsed objects are reanalyzed. The factor of two in the Press-Schechter formalism is argued to be correct in the sharp $k$-space filter even when we use the another approach proposed by Jedamzik(1994) in the cloud-in-cloud problem, which is different from the previous approach by Peacock & Heavens(1990) and Bond et al.(1991). The spatial correlation of the density fluctuations, however, had been neglected in the cloud-in-cloud problem. The effects of this spatial correlation is analyzed by using the Jedamzik formalism and it is found that this effect alter the PS mass function especially on larger mass scales. Furthermore the exact formula of deriving mass function is shown. We also find that the probability of the overlap of the collapsed objects can be neglected on very small mass scales while it might not be neglected on other mass scales.
Factors Determining the Extratropical Response to Equatorial Diabatic Heating Anomalies.

Abstract The steady linear response of a spherical baroclinic atmosphere to an equatorial diabatic heat source having a simple horizontal and vertical structure is examined. This source is imposed upon representative zonally symmetric as well as zonally varying flows during the boreal winter. Two climatologies are considered. One is a 6-year average of global observations analyzed at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The other is a 30-year average, taken from a general circulation model (GCM) run at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory in Princeton. The extratropical response is found to be very sensitive to the basic state around which the governing primitive equations are linearized, and in the case of the ECMWF climatology, to the longitudinal position of the source with respect to the climatological waves. There is also some sensitivity to the vertical level of maximum heating, although again this is more evident in the case of the ECMWF basic state. These results ar.
How Fundamental Conditioning Factors Affect the Quality of Life of Older Adults Indonesians

Introduction: Older adults experience deterioration of body functions which hinders them in carrying out daily activities, thus affecting their quality of life. The quality of life of older adults also reflects their health and well-being status. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of fundamental conditioning factors on the quality of life of Indonesian older adults. Materials and Methods: Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Simple logistic regression was also used to estimate the odds ratio of good health-related quality of life. Two research instruments, a demographic data form and the SF-36 Indonesian version were utilized for data collection. Results: Findings showed that the total score of the quality of life was at an appropriate level. The logistic regression of occupation and illness duration revealed a relationship with the quality of life of the older adults (p < .05); however, age, gender, marital status, and morbidity did not affect the quality of life (p > .05). Conclusion: Older adults with jobs are highly likely to improve their quality of life as they can carry out activities, have social interactions, and make ends meet. However, the length of illness suffered by older adults may affect their quality of life. It is expected that nursing intervention provided, such as teaching proper health behavior for disease management, may help prevent complications and enhance the quality of life of older adults.
COMPUTATION OF THE INLET WALL JET IN A RECTANGULAR ENCLOSURE

SUMMARY A transport model for the Reynolds stresses is used in the computation of the recirculating jet-driven flow in a rectangular enclosure. By solving the full elliptic momentum and second-moment differential equations on a highly non-uniform computational mesh, the global recirculation and the localized wall jet are computed simultaneously. Comparisons with recent LDV measurements in the wall jet zone show that the mean flow and the turbulence characteristics are adequately reproduced by the RSM model, while a computation with the standard k - e model fails to reproduce some of the characteristic flow features. The only shortcoming of the RSM closure is its inability to capture the near-wall peak in the distribution of the streamwise turbulence intensity. This failure is ascribed to the wall-function treatment adopted to bridge the semi-viscous wall-layer.
Conceptual Study of a Combined-Cycle Engine for an Aerospace Plane

Operating conditions and performances of a fixed-geometry combined-cycle engine for a single-stage-to-orbit aerospace plane were calculated with a simple simulation model. With the flow conditions calculated with the model, the cooling requirement of the engine and pitching moment of the plane were investigated. The engine was composed of an ejector-jet mode, a ramjet mode, a scramjet mode, and a rocket mode. The engine had a fixed geometry in its operation. Subsonic combustion was conducted with no second throat in the combustor under the ejector-jet mode and the ramjet mode. Propellants were liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. The coolant flow rate became larger than the fuel flow rate. The excessive flow rate decreased the specific impulse above Mach 9 and restricted application of the airbreathing engine mode up to Mach 11. The pitching moment of the plane would be balanced even in the space in the configuration with the combined-cycle engine mounted on the windward surface.
Forecasting the Direction of Daily Changes in the India VIX Index Using Machine Learning

Movements in the India VIX are an important gauge of how the market’s risk perception shifts from day to day. This research attempts to forecast movements one day ahead of the India VIX using logistic regression and 11 ensemble learning classifiers. The period of study is from April 2009 to March 2021. To achieve the stated task, classifiers were trained and validated with 90% of the given sample, considering two-fold time-series cross-validation for hyper-tuning. Optimised models were then predicted on an unseen test dataset, representing 10% of the given sample. The results showed that optimal models performed well, and their accuracy scores were similar, with minor variations ranging from 63.33% to 67.67%. The stacking classifier achieved the highest accuracy. Furthermore, CatBoost, Light Gradient Boosted Machine (LightGBM), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), voting, stacking, bagging and Random Forest classifiers are the best models with statistically similar performances. Among them, CatBoost, LightGBM, XGBoost and Random Forest classifiers can be recommended for forecasting day-to-day movements of the India VIX because of their inherently optimised structure. This finding is very useful for anticipating risk in the Indian stock market.
Volumetric density trends (TB/in.3) for storage components: TAPE, hard disk drives, NAND, and Blu-ray

Memory storage components, i.e., hard disk drives, tape cartridges, solid state drives using Flash NAND chips, and now optical cartridges using Blu-ray disks, have provided annual increases in memory capacity by decreasing the area of the memory cell associated with the technology of these components. The ability to reduce bit cell sizes is now being limited by nano-technology physics so that in order for component manufacturers to continue to increase component capacity, volumetric enhancements to the storage component are now being introduced. Volumetric enhancements include adding more tape per cartridge, more disk platters per drive, and more layers of memory cells on the silicon NAND substrate or on the optical disk substrate. This paper describes these volumetric strategies, projects density trends at the bit cell level, and projects volumetric trends at the component level in order to forecast future component capacity trends.
Barter exchange as the way to deal with excess inventory: newsvendor problem with multiplicative demand

Barter exchange has been growing in popularity during the coronavirus pandemic. This article considers bartering introduced to the newsvendor model with multiplicative demand. The objective of the model is to specify the order quantity and retail price to maximize the expected profit. We distinguish cases with the co-movement of prices of exchanged products and without it. In the first case, we calculate a precise optimal solution to the problem. In the latter case, we prove the existence of an optimal solution and give the conditions under which it is unique. We examine the sensitivity analysis of the results which is illustrated in numerical examples. The analysis revealed that the greater the commission, the lower the optimal profit. We make a conclusion that barter exchange can help the retailer to improve the profit.
Echoendoscopy-guided drainage of pancreatic collections using self-expanding metallic prosthesis: a retrospective observational cross-sectional study

Background: Pancreatic fluid collections are local complications of acute pancreatitis. Advances in research and the development of new techniques to address local complications have allowed minimally invasive therapeutic options. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage is currently the procedure of choice. Objective: To describe the results of the placement of a self-expanding metallic prosthesis for echoendoscopy-guided drainage of pancreatic collections in patients. Methods: This study followed a retrospective observational cross-sectional model (STROBE rules). The study was sent and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. For data analysis, descriptive statistical analysis (mean and standard deviation), non-parametric analysis (Kruskal-Wallis, with p<0.05 with a statistical difference in CI95%), and parametric analysis (One-Way Anova, with p>0.05 with a statistical difference in CI95%), and logistic regression analysis, with p<0.05 with statistical significance in CI95%. Results: Thirteen patients were referred for drainage of collections, and 4 patients were excluded. Of the 9 patients studied, there was a predominance of males (7:2) with a mean age of 54.5 years. Eight patients had walled-off necrosis (WON). The device used was the Hot AxiosTM self-expanding luminal apposition metallic prosthesis, which was inserted uneventfully in all patients. Complete resolution of the condition was found in 88.8% of cases. After logistic regression analysis between the categorical predictors (Gender and Age) versus the response predictors (Necrosectomy, Review Interval, and Stent Permanence), it was observed that certain Gender or Age can influence the response predictors. Conclusion: Drainage of pancreatic collections using minimally invasive techniques is a safe and effective procedure.
A research-based approach to improving student understanding of the vector nature of kinematical concepts

In this paper we describe a long-term, large-scale investigation of the ability of university students to treat velocity and acceleration as vectors in one and two dimensions. Some serious conceptual and reasoning difficulties identified among introductory students also were common among pre-college teachers and physics graduate students. Insights gained from this research guided the development of instructional materials that help improve student learning at the introductory level and beyond. The results have strong implications for the teaching of undergraduate physics, the professional development of teachers, and the preparation of teaching assistants.
STEVIA (STEVIA REBAUDIANA B.) GENOTYPES ASSESSMENT FOR LEAF YIELD STABILITY THROUGH GENOTYPE BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS, AMMI, AND GGE BIPLOT ANALYSES

Multilocation testing plays a vital role in the release of new high-yielding cultivars of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana B.) in Indonesia. In stevia, the leaf yield potential demonstrates an important characteristic for superior genotype selection. The study sought to identify the effects of genotype by environment interactions (GEI) on stevia yield and select the genotypes with stable yield resulting from radiation and hybridization through AMMI and GGE biplot analyses under three growing environments. The experiments took place in three locations, namely, Bandung, Sumedang, and Garut, West Java, Indonesia, consisting of a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replications. The combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) attained the genotype by environment interactions measurements. Calculating yield stability used the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), AMMI stability value (ASV), genotype stability index (GSI), and genotype plus genotype by environments (GGE) biplot measurements. The results revealed significant effects of environments (92.38%), followed by GEI (5.20%), and genotype effects (2.43%) of the total variation on stevia yield. The stevia genotypes viz., G11, G27, G2, and G5 gave a higher and more stable yield based on the AMMI-1 biplot. Based on the GGE biplot and the genotypes’ sustainable performances, the stevia genotypes, i.e., G27, G2, G11, G20, and G26, gained selection as stable. The three selected stevia genotypes displayed the highest yields and proved stable in three environments viz., G2 (Tamangwangu EMS mutant number A), G11 (Bogor mutant with gamma ray radiation 5 number C), and G27 (a hybrid from Garut × Bogor-3). These promising genotypes exhibit the potential for further development into new superior stevia genotypes.
Dirichlet‐transmission problems for pseudodifferential Brinkman operators on Sobolev and Besov spaces associated to Lipschitz domains in Riemannian manifolds

In this paper we use a layer potential analysis to show the existence of solutions for a Dirichlet‐transmission problem for pseudodifferential Brinkman operators on Sobolev and Besov spaces associated to Lipschitz domains in compact boundaryless Riemannian manifolds. Compactness and invertibility properties of corresponding layer potential operators on Lp, Sobolev, or Besov scales are also obtained.
Electrical and Kinematic Structure of the Stratiform Precipitation Region Trailing an Oklahoma Squall Line.

Abstract An electric field sounding through the transition zone precipitation minimum that trailed an Oklahoma squall line on 18 June 1987 provides information about the electrical structure within a midlatitude trailing stratiform cloud. A single-Doppler radar analysis concurrent with the flight depicts a kinematic structure dominated by two mesoscale flow regimes previously identified in squall-line systems: a strong midlevel, front-to-rear flow coinciding with the stratiform cloud layer and a descending rear inflow that sloped from 6.5 km AGL at the stratiform cloud's trailing edge to 1.5 km AGL at the convective line. Electric field magnitudes as high as 113 kV m−1 were observed by the electric field sounding, which reveals an electric field structure comparable in magnitude and complexity to structures reported for convective cells of thunderstorms. The charge regions inferred with an approximation to Gauss' law have charge density magnitudes of 0.2–4.1 nC m−3 and vertical thicknesses of 130–1160 m; .
Automorphisms of Relatively Free Nilpotent Lie Algebras

Let L be a relatively free nilpotent Lie algebra over ℚ of rank n and class c, with n ≥ 2; freely generated by a set 𝒵. Give L the structure of a group, denoted by R, by means of the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula. Let G be the subgroup of R generated by the set 𝒵 and N Aut(L)(G) the normalizer in Aut(L) of the set G. We prove that the automorphism group of L is generated by GL n (ℚ) and N Aut(L)(G). Let H be a subgroup of finite index in Aut(G) generated by the tame automorphisms and a finite subset X of IA-automorphisms with cardinal s. We construct a set Y consisting of s + 1 IA-automorphisms of L such that Aut(L) is generated by GL n (ℚ) and Y. We apply this particular method to construct generating sets for the automorphism groups of certain relatively free nilpotent Lie algebras.
Enhanced Emission from Magnetron Cathodes

Existing theories of the static magnetron do not predict violation of the Hull cut‐off condition or cathode bombardment. Measurements made at anode voltages and magnetic fields much larger than those used by earlier investigators revealed violations of the Hull cut‐off condition considerably more pronounced than those previously reported, and much greater amounts of cathode bombardment. When sufficient cathode bombardment takes place, emission may be enhanced (through secondary emission) by a factor of ∼103 over the thermionic value. When enhanced emission occurs in magnetrons employing pure metal cathodes, it is found that maximum current limits exist for each magnetic field. These limits form a maximum current boundary on a voltage‐current plot. The maximum current boundary depends on secondary emission properties of the cathode surface and on geometry. Experimental observations on enhanced emission, cathode bombardment, the maximum current boundary, and flow of anode current in violation of the Hull cu.
Comparison and uncertainties of standards for critical dimension atomic force microscope tip width calibration

Since the advent of critical-dimension atomic force microscopes (CD-AFMs) in the 90s, these tools have enjoyed growing acceptance in semiconductor manufacturing both for process development and to support in-line critical dimension (CD) metrology. The most common application of CD-AFMs has been to support critical-dimension scanning electron microscope (CD-SEM) and scatterometer metrology as a reference for tool matching or as a nondestructive alternative to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) cross sections. For many years, CD-AFM users typically developed in-house reference standards for tip width calibration - often based on SEM or TEM cross sections. But the uncertainty of such standards was often large or unknown. Tip characterizer samples - which used a sharp ridge to calibrate the tip width - are commercially available. However, scanning such samples can result in tip damage, and the uncertainty of tip calibrations based on this method is at least 5 nm. In 2004, NIST, SEMATECH, and VLSI Standards collaborated on the development and release of single crystal critical dimension reference materials (SCCDRMs) to SEMATECH member companies. These specimens, which are fabricated using a lattice-plane-selective etch on (110) silicon, exhibit near vertical sidewalls and high uniformity and can be used to calibrate CD-AFM tip width to approximately 1 nm standard uncertainty (k = 1). Also in 2004, commercial critical dimension standards (CCDS) were introduced. Using CD-AFM instruments at both NIST and SEMATECH, we have performed a comparison of nominal 45 nm and 70 nm CCDS specimens with the SCCDRM calibration. Our observations show that these two independently performed calibrations are in agreement.
The Role of Giant and Ultragiant Nuclei in the Formation of Early Radar Echoes in Warm Cumulus Clouds

Abstract Observations of the formation of the first radar echoes in small cumulus clouds are compared with results of a stochastic coalescence model run in the framework of a closed parcel. The observations were made with an instrumented aircraft and a high-powered dual-wavelength radar during the Small Cumulus Microphysics Study (SCMS) in Florida. The principal conclusion is that coalescence growth on giant and ultragiant nuclei may be sufficient to explain observations. The concentration of cloud droplets varied from under 300 cm−3 when surface winds were from the ocean, to over 1000 cm−3 when the wind direction was from the mainland. Although there is a slight tendency for the altitude of the first 0-dBZ echo to be lower on average in maritime than in continental clouds there were several cases where it was higher. The model results suggest that the lack of correlation is consistent with drops forming on giant and ultragiant nuclei. The first 0-dBZ echo was observed to form at higher altitudes in cloud.
Enhanced heat transfer behaviors of new heat carrier for spacecraft thermal management

Introduction S PACECRAFT in orbit must dissipate tremendous amounts of waste heat from absorbed solar radiation and internal heat sources. One of the primary ways of dispersing thermal energy, a fluid cooling loop, is done through pumping the heat transfer process fluids between the heat exchangers for sources and sinks. In conventional systems, the process fluids with low thermal conductivity are often used as heat carriers and do not meet the development of high compactness and effectiveness of heat systems. The recent innovative technique of suspending metallic or nonmetallic nanoparticles in fluids, or nanofluids, offers the exciting possibility of increased an heat transfer efficiency of thermal control system.1 Some experimental investigations have revealed that the nanofluid has superior heat transfer properties to that of conventional pure fluids and fluids with suspended millimeteror micrometer-sized solid particles.2−5 Application of the nanofluid to an aerospace thermal control system is expected to exhibit such advantages as reduction of the size and weight of the system and low pumping-power consumption. All of these are especially important for spacecraft. The purpose of this Note is to demonstrate experimentally the feasibility of the concept of nanofluids for aerospace application. The research efforts to characterize the heat transfer behavior of nanofluids include three main aspects: preparation of the nanofluids, experimental determination of the transport properties of the nanofluids, as well as convective heat transfer and flow characteristics of the nanofluids.
A consistent and fast weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics with a new wall boundary condition

A modified weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (WCSPH) is presented, which utilizes consistent discretization schemes for spatial derivatives in the flow equations. Here, each SPH particle is considered as a computational point that represents a specific part of the fluid. To overcome non‐physical oscillations that usually arise in standard WCSPH, we modified the mass conservation equation by using a numerical filter. This modification is based on the difference between two discretization schemes used for the term ∇⋅∇Pρ . Furthermore, a new implementation of wall boundary condition in SPH is introduced. This condition is imposed on the pressure of wall boundary particles to ensure that the acceleration of each boundary particle in normal direction to the wall is zero. Thus, no penetration through walls will occur. To examine the performance of the modified method, we solved a series of two‐dimensional incompressible internal flow benchmark problems. By comparing the result with analytical solutions and the results of the standard WCSPH, we show that the use of consistent schemes in conjunction with the proposed numerical filter improves both accuracy and speed of the numerical method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Best Constants in Moment Inequalities for Linear Combinations of Independent and Exchangeable Random Variables

In [4] Rosenthal proved the following generalization of Khintchine's inequality: \begin{equation*} \tag{B} \begin{cases} \max \{ \| \sigma^n_{i=1} X_i \|_2, (\sigma^n_{i=1} \| X_i \|^p_p)^{1/p}\} \\ \leq \| \sigma^n_{i=1} X_i \|_p \leq B_p\max \{ \| \sigma^n_{i=1} X_i \|_2, (\sigma^n_{i-i} \| X_i \|^p_p)^{1/p}\} \\ \text{for all independent symmetric random variables} X_1, X_2,\cdots, \text{with finite} pth \text{moment}, 2 < p < \infty. \end{cases}\end{equation*} Rosenthal's proof of (B) as well as later proofs of more general results by Burkholder [1] yielded only exponential of $p$ estimates for the growth rate of $B_p$ as $p \rightarrow \infty$. The main result of this paper is that the actual growth rate of $B_p$ as $p \rightarrow \infty$ is $p/\operatorname{Log} p$, as compared with a growth rate of $\sqrt p$ in Khintchine's inequality.