Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vortex Visualizations For Two-dimensional ModelsOf Caudal Fin Fish Propulsion

Classic vortex visualizations behind a flap pitching in otherwise stagnant air serve as a starting point for more detailed two-dimensional (2D) modeling and vortex visualization of caudal fin (tail fin) propulsion of fishes. Ostraciform (pitching of the tail fin) and the more important carangiform (simultaneous beating and pitching of the tail fin) propulsion are modeled. The hallmark of sustained forward propulsion of 2D models is the generation of a backward directed jet stream consisting of two rows of staggered and counter-rotating vortices which induce on each other a downstream motion. At least at low Reynolds numbers the vortices are initially laminar but with increasing Reynolds number and depending on other model characteristics they quickly become turbulent resulting in a turbulent jet far downstream from the fin model. Transient propulsion is briefly considered. The smallest element of transient propulsion is a thrust burst which is characterized by a vortex pair or dipole in 2D modeling and by a vortex ring in 3D configurations.
Key biomarkers in cerebral arteriovenous malformations: Updated review

The formation of vascular networks consisting of arteries, capillaries, and veins is vital in embryogenesis. It is also crucial in adulthood for the formation of a functional vasculature. Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (CAVMs) are linked with a remarkable risk of intracerebral hemorrhage because arterial blood is directly shunted into the veins before the arterial blood pressure is dissipated. The underlying mechanisms responsible for arteriovenous malformation (AVM) growth, progression, and rupture are not fully known, yet the critical role of inflammation in AVM pathogenesis has been noted. The proinflammatory cytokines are upregulated in CAVM, which stimulates overexpression of cell adhesion molecules in endothelial cells (ECs), leading to improved leukocyte recruitment. It is well‐known that metalloproteinase‐9 secretion by leukocytes disrupts CAVM walls resulting in rupture. Moreover, inflammation alters the angioarchitecture of CAVMs by upregulating angiogenic factors impacting the apoptosis, migration, and proliferation of ECs. A better understanding of the molecular signature of CAVM might allow us to identify biomarkers predicting this complication, acting as a goal for further investigations that may be potentially targeted in gene therapy. The present review is focused on the numerous studies conducted on the molecular signature of CAVM and the associated hemorrhage. The association of numerous molecular signatures with a higher risk of CAVM rupture is shown through inducing proinflammatory mediators, as well as growth factors signaling, Ras‐mitogen‐activated protein kinase‐extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, and NOTCH pathways, which are accompanied by cellular level inflammation and endothelial alterations resulting in vascular wall instability. According to the studies, it is assumed that matrix metalloproteinase, interleukin‐6, and vascular endothelial growth factor are the biomarkers most associated with CAVM and the rate of hemorrhage, as well as diagnostic methods, with respect to enhancing the patient‐specific risk estimation and improving treatment choices.
Changes in peripheral blood TBNK lymphocyte subsets and their association with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective This study aimed to determine the changes in peripheral blood TBNK lymphocyte subsets in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) and their relationship with the pathogenesis of AECOPD. Methods A cross-sectional study of 1252 hospitalized patients in Zhejiang Hospital was conducted. There were 162 patients in the AECOPD group and 1090 in the non-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) group. The proportions of peripheral blood T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, total B cells, total natural killer (NK) cells, and total T cells in the two groups were determined, and the CD4/CD8 ratio was calculated. Results The proportions of men and total natural killer cells, and the mean age were significantly higher in the AECOPD group than in the non-COPD group. The T helper cell, total T cell, and CD4/CD8 ratios were significantly decreased in the AECOPD group. A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that male sex, age, the total T cell ratio, and the CD4/CD8 ratio were significantly associated with the incidence of AECOPD. Conclusion Cellular immune dysfunction in patients with AECOPD causes a decrease in total T lymphocytes and the CD4/CD8 ratio, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of AECOPD.
Mirikizumab as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis.

BACKGROUND Mirikizumab, a p19-directed antibody against interleukin-23, showed efficacy in the treatment of ulcerative colitis in a phase 2 trial. METHODS We conducted two phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of mirikizumab in adults with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. In the induction trial, patients were randomly assigned in a 3:1 ratio to receive mirikizumab (300 mg) or placebo, administered intravenously, every 4 weeks for 12 weeks. In the maintenance trial, patients with a response to mirikizumab induction therapy were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive mirikizumab (200 mg) or placebo, administered subcutaneously, every 4 weeks for 40 weeks. The primary end points were clinical remission at week 12 in the induction trial and at week 40 (at 52 weeks overall) in the maintenance trial. Major secondary end points included clinical response, endoscopic remission, and improvement in bowel-movement urgency. Patients who did not have a response in the induction trial were allowed to receive open-label mirikizumab during the first 12 weeks of the maintenance trial as extended induction. Safety was also assessed. RESULTS A total of 1281 patients underwent randomization in the induction trial, and 544 patients with a response to mirikizumab underwent randomization again in the maintenance trial. Significantly higher percentages of patients in the mirikizumab group than in the placebo group had clinical remission at week 12 of the induction trial (24.2% vs. 13.3%, P<0.001) and at week 40 of the maintenance trial (49.9% vs. 25.1%, P<0.001). The criteria for all the major secondary end points were met in both trials. Adverse events of nasopharyngitis and arthralgia were reported more frequently with mirikizumab than with placebo. Among the 1217 patients treated with mirikizumab during the controlled and uncontrolled periods (including the open-label extension and maintenance periods) in the two trials, 15 had an opportunistic infection (including 6 with herpes zoster infection) and 8 had cancer (including 3 with colorectal cancer). Among the patients who received placebo in the induction trial, 1 had herpes zoster infection and none had cancer. CONCLUSIONS Mirikizumab was more effective than placebo in inducing and maintaining clinical remission in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. Opportunistic infection or cancer occurred in a small number of patients treated with mirikizumab. (Funded by Eli Lilly; LUCENT-1 and LUCENT-2 ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT03518086 and NCT03524092, respectively.).
A new era for myelin research in Neurofibromatosis type 1

Evidence for myelin regulating higher‐order brain function and disease is rapidly accumulating; however, defining cellular/molecular mechanisms remains challenging partially due to the dynamic brain physiology involving deep changes during development, aging, and in response to learning and disease. Furthermore, as the etiology of most neurological conditions remains obscure, most research models focus on mimicking symptoms, which limits understanding of their molecular onset and progression. Studying diseases caused by single gene mutations represents an opportunity to understand brain dys/function, including those regulated by myelin. Here, we discuss known and potential repercussions of abnormal central myelin on the neuropathophysiology of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1). Most patients with this monogenic disease present with neurological symptoms diverse in kind, severity, and onset/decline, including learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, motor coordination issues, and increased risk for depression and dementia. Coincidentally, most NF1 patients show diverse white matter/myelin abnormalities. Although myelin‐behavior links were proposed decades ago, no solid data can prove or refute this idea yet. A recent upsurge in myelin biology understanding and research/therapeutic tools provides opportunities to address this debate. As precision medicine moves forward, an integrative understanding of all cell types disrupted in neurological conditions becomes a priority. Hence, this review aims to serve as a bridge between fundamental cellular/molecular myelin biology and clinical research in NF1.
Design and photoluminescence study on a multiquantum barrier

The structure of a multiquantum barrier (MQB) is discussed, and possible choices of well and barrier thickness and pair number for a visible AlGaInP laser in the 630 nm wavelength range are examined. Is it confirmed that an effective potential barrier can be two times as high as a classical potential barrier. The potential barrier height under biased conditions is shown to be larger than 50 meV, considering the variation of Fermi level changes in the MQB region. This may contribute to higher temperature CW operation when introduced into visible AlGaInP lasers. By photoluminescence (PL) measurement, the effect of electron-wave confinement of a GaAs/AlGaAs MQB is experimentally verified. A weak saturation in PL excitation power dependence and less sensitive temperature dependence were observed. These effects could be due to the increase in potential barrier height, and show a superior carrier confinement of MQB. >
Wall-resolved wavelet-based adaptive large-eddy simulation of bluff-body flows with variable thresholding

The wavelet-based eddy-capturing approach with variable thresholding is extended to bluff-body flows, where the obstacle geometry is enforced through Brinkman volume penalization. The use of a spatio-temporally varying threshold allows one to perform adaptive large-eddy simulations with the prescribed fidelity on a near optimal computational mesh. The space–time evolution of the threshold variable is achieved by solving a transport equation based on the Lagrangian path-line diffusive averaging methodology. The coupled wavelet-collocation/volume-penalization approach with variable thresholding is illustrated for a turbulent incompressible flow around an isolated stationary prism with square cross-section. Wavelet-based adaptive large-eddy simulations supplied with the one-equation localized dynamic kinetic energy-based model are successfully performed at moderately high Reynolds number. The present study demonstrates that the proposed variable thresholding methodology for wavelet-based modelling of turbulent flows around solid obstacles is feasible, accurate and efficient.
Helping first-time mothers establish and maintain breastfeeding: Access to someone who can provide breastfeeding advice is an important factor

Background and aims First-time mothers often need help with breastfeeding and may feel isolated and uncertain about whom they can turn to for help with breastfeeding challenges. Exploration of whether access to breastfeeding advice helps new mothers initiate and continue breastfeeding is necessary. This study investigated the associations between ease of access to breastfeeding advice for first-time mothers and breastfeeding initiation and duration. Methods This was a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of 3,006 women who delivered their first child in Pennsylvania, USA; with prenatal and postpartum interviews. At 1-month postpartum participants reported the extent to which they had access to “Someone to give you advice about breastfeeding if you needed it”, via a 5-point scale ranging from “none of the time” to “all of the time”. Results There were 132 women (4.4%) who reported that they had access to someone to give them advice about breastfeeding “none of the time”; 697 (23.3%) reported access “a little of the time” or “some of the time”; and 2,167 (72.3%) reported access “most of the time” or “all of the time”. While the majority of the new mothers were breastfeeding at 1-month postpartum (72.5%), less than half were still breastfeeding at 6-months postpartum (44.5%). The higher the level of access to advice about breastfeeding the more likely women were to establish breastfeeding by 1-month postpartum and to still be breastfeeding at 6-months. Conclusions For first-time mothers, ease of access to someone who can give them advice about breastfeeding facilitates breastfeeding establishment and continuation.
Roles of Different β-Defensins in the Human Reproductive System: A Review Study

Human β-defensins (hBDs) are cationic peptides with an amphipathic spatial shape and a high cysteine content. The members of this peptide family have been found in the human body with various functions, including the human reproductive system. Of among β-defensins in the human body, β-defensin 1, β-defensin 2, and β-defensin 126 are known in the human reproductive system. Human β-defensin 1 interacts with chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) in the male reproductive system to prevent bacterial infections. This peptide has a positive function in antitumor immunity by recruiting dendritic cells and memory T cells in prostate cancer. It is necessary for fertilization via facilitating capacitation and acrosome reaction in the female reproductive system. Human β-defensin 2 is another peptide with antibacterial action which can minimize infection in different parts of the female reproductive system such as the vagina by interacting with CCR6. Human β-defensin 2 could play a role in preventing cervical cancer via interactions with dendritic cells. Human β-defensin 126 is required for sperm motility and protecting the sperm against immune system factors. This study attempted to review the updated knowledge about the roles of β-defensin 1, β-defensin 2, and β-defensin 126 in both the male and female reproductive systems.
Mitochondrial DNA control region typing from highly degraded skeletal remains by single‐multiplex next‐generation sequencing

Poor nuclear DNA preservation from highly degraded skeletal remains is the most limiting factor for the genetic identification of individuals. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) typing, and especially of the control region (CR), using next‐generation sequencing (NGS), enables retrieval of valuable genetic information in forensic contexts where highly degraded human skeletal remains are the only source of genetic material. Currently, NGS commercial kits can type all mtDNA‐CR in fewer steps than the conventional Sanger technique. The PowerSeq CRM Nested System kit (Promega Corporation) employs a nested multiplex‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) strategy to amplify and index all mtDNA‐CR in a single reaction. Our study analyzes the success of mtDNA‐CR typing of highly degraded human skeletons using the PowerSeq CRM Nested System kit. We used samples from 41 individuals from different time periods to test three protocols (M1, M2, and M3) based on modifications of PCR conditions. To analyze the detected variants, two bioinformatic procedures were compared: an in‐house pipeline and the GeneMarker HTS software. The results showed that many samples were not analyzed when the standard protocol (M1) was used. In contrast, the M3 protocol, which includes 35 PCR cycles and longer denaturation and extension steps, successfully recovered the mtDNA‐CR from highly degraded skeletal samples. Mixed base profiles and the percentage of damaged reads were both indicators of possible contamination and can provide better results if used together. Furthermore, our freely available in‐house pipeline can provide variants concordant with the forensic software.
EXPRESS: The different impact of attention, movement and sensory information on body metric representation.

A growing body of research investigating the relationship between body representation and tool-use has shown that body representation is highly malleable. The nature of the body representation does not consist only of sensory attributes but also of motor action-oriented qualities, which may modulate the subjective experience of our own body. However, how these multisensory factors and integrations may specifically guide and constrain body reorientation's plasticity has been under-investigated. In the present study, we used a forearm bisection task to selectively investigate the contribution of motor, sensory and attentional aspects in guiding body representation malleability. Results show that the perceived forearm midpoint deviates from the real one. This shift is further modulated by a motor task but not by a sensory task, whereas the attentional task generates more uncertain results. Our findings provide novel insight into the individual role of movement, somatosensation and attention in modulating body metric representation.
Reactive oxygen species‐mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress contributes to osteocyte death induced by orthodontic compressive force

During orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), osteocytes, the most mechanosensitive cells in alveolar bone, suffer the heavy orthodontic force and initiate alveolar bone resorption on the compression side. However, the inherent mechanisms of compressive force‐induced osteocyte death are not fully understood. In this study, we established an OTM model on Sprague–Dawley rats by inserting coil springs to investigate osteocyte damage on the compression side of alveolar bone. We then applied compressive force on the MLO‐Y4 osteocyte‐like cell line in vitro to explore whether the reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathway is involved in compressive force‐induced osteocyte death. We found that the orthodontic force caused apparent alveolar bone loss, osteocyte death, and elevated serum sclerostin and receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL) levels in rats. In vitro, compressive force inhibited cell viability but increased the LDH leakage and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in MLO‐Y4 cells. Simultaneously, it activated protein kinase RNA‐like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α), and their downstream pro‐apoptotic ERS signaling proteins and caused significant osteocyte apoptosis, which can be blocked by ERS inhibitor salubrinal. Moreover, the compressive force elevated intracellular ROS levels, while the ROS scavenger N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC) alleviated ERS and apoptosis in loaded osteocytes. These results suggest that the orthodontic compressive force induced osteocyte apoptosis via the ROS‐mediated ERS pathway. This study first proposes the ERS pathway as a new potential pathway for regulating the rate of OTM based on osteocyte death.
Analysis and Forecasting of the Low-Level Wind during the Sydney 2000 Forecast Demonstration Project

During the Sydney 2000 Forecast Demonstration Project (FDP) a four-dimensional variational assimilation (4DVAR) scheme was run to analyze the low-level wind field with high spatial and temporal resolution. The 4DVAR scheme finds an optimal fit to the data and a background field under the constraints of a dry boundary layer model. During the FDP, the system assimilated data from two Doppler radars, a surface mesonet, and a boundary layer profiler, and provided low-level analyses every 10 min. After the FDP, a number of experiments have been performed to test the ability of the system to provide short-term forecasts (0‐60 min) of the lowlevel wind and convergence. Herein, the performance of the system during the FDP and the forecast experiment’s performed after the FDP are described. Two strong gust front cases and one sea-breeze case that occurred during the FDP are also examined. It is found that for the strong gust front cases, the numerical forecasts improve over persistence in the 1-h time frame, whereas for the slower-moving sea-breeze case, it is difficult to improve over a persistence forecast.
Late-onset hereditary ataxias with dementia

Purpose of review Late-onset genetic cerebellar ataxias are clinically heterogenous with variable phenotypes. Several of these conditions are commonly associated with dementia. Recognition of the relationship between ataxia and dementia can guide clinical genetic evaluation. Recent findings Spinocerebellar ataxias often present with variable phenotypes that may include dementia. Genomic studies have begun to identify links between incomplete penetrance and such variable phenotypes in certain hereditary ataxias. Recent studies evaluating the interaction of TBP repeat expansions and STUB1 sequence variants provide a framework to understand how genetic interactions influence disease penetrance and dementia risk in spinocerebellar ataxia types 17 and 48. Further advances in next generation sequencing methods will continue to improve diagnosis and create new insights into the expressivity of existing disorders. Summary The late-onset hereditary ataxias are a clinically heterogenous group of disorders with complex presentations that can include cognitive impairment and/or dementia. Genetic evaluation of late-onset ataxia patients with dementia follows a systemic testing approach that often utilizes repeat expansion testing followed by next-generation sequencing. Advances in bioinformatics and genomics is improving both diagnostic evaluation and establishing a basis for phenotypic variability. Whole genome sequencing will likely replace exome sequencing as a more comprehensive means of routine testing.
4. Plural across inflection and derivation, fusion and agglutination

Inflectional borrowing is distinguished from mere quotation of foreign forms and unambiguously acknowledged when inflectional morphemes are attached to native lexemes of the recipient language and have maintained their original meaning. This chapter shows that the category of nominal plural has a higher-than-average borrowing rating. It also shows that although the borrowing of inflectional morphemes is by no means predictable, some morphosyntactic categories, in particular nominal plural, are more likely to be borrowed. A theoretically-based explanation of this phenomenon is provided here. The relatively higher borrowability of plurals in and through language contact can be explained on the basis of two facts: First, the category of plural is more similar to derivation than other categories of inflection and, second, in most instances, the plural borrowings investigated are formed through agglutination. Keywords:agglutination; derivation; fusion; inflectional borrowing; morphosyntactic categories