Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The use of LES subgrid‐scale models for shock capturing

A method for modelling of flow discontinuities based on deconvolution with a relaxation regularization (DDM) is compared with an essentially non‐oscillatory scheme (ENO) without further modelling and with a dynamic Smagorinsky subgrid‐scale model (DSM). For the DDM approach, a sufficiently accurate representation of the filtered non‐linear combination of discontinuous solution components which arise from the convection term is obtained by regularized deconvolution applied to the filtered solution. For stable integration the evolution equations are supplemented by a relaxation regularization based on a secondary filter operation and a relaxation parameter. We apply the above method to the generic test case of a two‐dimensional solenoidal velocity fluctuation field interacting with a normal shock. The results demonstrate a good agreement of DDM with a reference computation, while DDM significantly reduces computational cost. Predictions with DDM are found to provide a more accurate representation of the shock–vorticity–wave interaction phenomena than that which can be accomplished using the ENO scheme with or without subgrid‐scale model. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small detectors in infrared system design

Abstract. Recent progress, in small infrared detector fabrication, has raised interest in determining the minimum useful detector size. We approach detector size analysis, from an imaging system point of view, with reasonable assumptions for future sensor design. The analysis is a simplified version of the target task performance model using the parameter Fλ/d for generalization. Our figure-of-merit is a system characteristic. The results are easy to use and yield minimum useful detector size of 2 μm for the mid-wave infrared region (MWIR) and 5 μm for the long-wave infrared region (LWIR) when coupled with an F/1 optical system under high signal-to-noise ratio conditions. Final size depends upon optical design difficulty, manufacturing constraints, noise equivalent differential temperature, and the operational scenario. For challenging signal-to-noise ratio conditions and more reasonable F/1.2 optics, a 3 μm MWIR detector and a 6 μm LWIR detector are recommended. There are many benefits to approaching these detector sizes with low F-number optics. They include lower cost detectors, no need for dual FOV or continuous zoom optics, and no need for dual F-number optics. Our approach provides the smallest volume and lowest weight sensor with maximum range performance. While this paper focuses on infrared design, our approach applies to all imaging sensors.
Wavelet methods for fast resolution of elliptic problems

This paper shows that the use of wavelets to discretize an elliptic problem with Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions has two advantages: an explicit diagonal preconditioning makes the condition number of the corresponding matrix become bounded by a constant and the order of approximation is locally of spectral type (in contrast with classical methods); using a conjugate gradient method, one thus obtains fast numerical algorithms of resolution. A comparison is also drawn between wavelet and classical methods.
A simulated annealing algorithm for unit commitment

This paper presents a simulated annealing algorithm (SAA) to solve the unit commitment problem (UCP). New rules for randomly generating feasible solutions are introduced. The problem has two subproblems: a combinatorial optimization problem; and a nonlinear programming problem. The former is solved using the SAA while the latter problem is solved via a quadratic programming routine. Numerical results showed an improvement in the solutions costs compared to previously obtained results.
Martian Gravity Waves Observed by the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) During Northern Summer

Martian gravity waves (GW) greatly impact the atmospheric circulation and formation of clouds, but many GW observations of the lower atmosphere are confined to specific orientations and wavelengths, leaving many gaps in the continuum of waves. To overcome the issue, we analyze eight Mars years of data during the season of Ls = 120°–150° from Band 10 (14.9 µm) of the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS), sensitive to GWs at ∼25 km altitude. All horizontal orientations at wavelengths below ∼40 km are detectable, with the potential to detect north‐south oriented GWs up to ∼1,000 km in length. Most THEMIS observations have brightness temperature variances compatible with GW disturbances. Intense GW activity concentrates poleward of 60°S, with normalized magnitudes up to 10−4 K2 K−2; activity decreases toward the equator and remains low throughout the northern hemisphere. The interannual intensity of GWs varies by latitude within three regimes of GW length: short (<20 km), medium (20–100 km), and long (>100 km). Gravity wave orientations that are detectable in all directions do not favor a single direction; that is, Martian GWs at 25 km altitude are isotropic. Finally, interannual variability seems to emerge from interactions with dust storms, orography, and planetary waves.
Fetal MRI based brain atlas analysis detects initial in utero effects of prenatal alcohol exposure

Abstract Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can change the normal trajectory of human fetal brain development and may lead to long-lasting neurodevelopmental changes in the form of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Currently, early prenatal patterns of alcohol-related central nervous system changes are unclear and it is unknown if small amounts of PAE may result in early detectable brain anomalies. This super-resolution fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study aimed to identify regional effects of PAE on human brain structure. Fetuses were prospectively assessed using atlas-based semi-automated 3-dimensional tissue segmentation based on 1.5 T and 3 T fetal brain MRI examinations. After expectant mothers completed anonymized PRAMS and TACE questionnaires for PAE, fetuses without gross macroscopic brain abnormalities were identified and analyzed. Linear mixed-effects modeling of regional brain volumes was conducted and multiple comparisons were corrected using the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure. In total, 500 pregnant women were recruited with 51 reporting gestational alcohol consumption. After excluding confounding comorbidities, 24 fetuses (26 observations) were identified with PAE and 52 age-matched controls without PAE were analyzed. Patients with PAE showed significantly larger volumes of the corpus callosum (P ≤ 0.001) and smaller volumes of the periventricular zone (P = 0.001). Even minor (1–3 standard drinks per week) PAE changed the neurodevelopmental trajectory.
Learning rates and mathematics achievement in Chile

Using data from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), this paper analyzes the mathematics knowledge and skills of a nationally representative sample of Chilean students in the 7th and 8th grades. The results show a significant increase in mean achievement between the two grades. If this learning rate were projected beyond the 8th grade, it is clear that the Chilean students are lagging three years behind compared to countries like Italy or New Zealand. A substantial gap between the Chilean curricular objectives and the students' accomplishments is also noted. The emphasis the teachers place on the mastery of basic mathematics skills seems to be jeopardizing the opportunities the students have to learn more advanced mathematics topics. The findings show that schools with their own written statement of the curriculum attained significantly higher mathematics achievement. The provision of differentiated instruction did not have a significant association with achievement.
Spin-valve-like properties and annealing effect in ferromagnetic tunnel junctions

We fabricated ferromagnetic tunnel junctions with naturally oxidized Al barriers, and investigated the effects of Al oxidization time, Al thickness and annealing temperature on the tunnel properties. Changes of between 10 and 15% have been observed in the resistance, and in some junctions, the MR ratios increase by annealing at 250 to 300/spl deg/C. The Ni-Fe/Co/Al-AlO/sub x//Co/Ni-Fe/Fe-Mn/NiFe junction showed a 24% spin-valve-like MR change after annealing at 300/spl deg/C for one hour.
Between-Groups Comparison of Principal Components

Abstract A method is given for comparing principal component analyses conducted on the same variables in two different groups of individuals, and an extension to the case of more than two groups is outlined. The technique leads to a latent root and vector problem, which has also arisen in the comparison of factor patterns in separate factor analyses. Emphasis in the present article is on the underlying geometry and interpretation of the results. An illustrative example is provided.
Precipitation Forecasting Using Doppler Radar Data, a Cloud Model with Adjoint, and the Weather Research and Forecasting Model: Real Case Studies during SoWMEX in Taiwan

AbstractThe quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) capability of the Variational Doppler Radar Analysis System (VDRAS) is investigated in the Taiwan area, where the complex topography and surrounding oceans pose great challenges to accurate rainfall prediction. Two real cases observed during intensive operation periods (IOPs) 4 and 8 of the 2008 Southwest Monsoon Experiment (SoWMEX) are selected for this study. Experiments are first carried out to explore the sensitivity of the retrieved fields and model forecasts with respect to different background fields. All results after assimilation of the Doppler radar data indicate that the principal kinematic and thermodynamic features recovered by the VDRAS four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) technique are rather reasonable. Starting from a background field generated by blending ground-based in situ measurements (radiosonde and surface mesonet station) and reanalysis data over the oceans, VDRAS is capable of capturing the evolution of the m.
Impact of Treatment on Host Responses in Young Individuals with Periodontitis

Grade C periodontitis in young individuals is characterized by severe/rapid periodontal destruction, usually early onset, in systemically healthy individuals. An individual’s host response, triggered by a dysbiotic subgingival biofilm, has been reported as a contributor to the tissue destruction, although mechanisms of this response and contributions to such disease remain poorly understood. Nonsurgical treatment has resulted in positive clinical responses for both localized (now molar-incisor pattern) and generalized forms of grade C periodontitis, especially when adjunctive systemic antibiotics are used. Nonsurgical treatment may also affect host responses, although mechanisms leading to significant changes in this response remain unclear. Significant effects on inflammatory response to antigens/bacteria have been described posttreatment, but evidence for long-term effects remains limited. Nonsurgical treatment in these individuals may also modulate a variety of host markers in serum/plasma and gingival crevicular fluid along with clinical parameter improvements. The impact of other adjuncts to nonsurgical treatment focusing on controlling exacerbated immunoinflammatory responses needs to be further explored in grade C periodontitis in young individuals. Recent evidence suggests that nonsurgical treatment with adjunctive laser therapy may modulate host and microbial responses in those subjects, at least in the short term. Available evidence, while very heterogeneous (including variations in disease definition and study designs), does not provide clear conclusions on this topic yet provides important insights for future studies. In this review, studies within the past decade evaluating the impact of nonsurgical treatment on systemic/local host responses in young individuals with grade C periodontitis, as well as long-term clinical responses posttreatment, will be critically appraised and discussed.
PENGARUH CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT TERHADAP PURCHASE INTENTION, MEDIASI BRAND TRUST DAN BRAND ATTITUDE PADA PRODUK SKINCARE

Peningkatan penjualan produk kecantikan bernilai sangat tinggi pada tahun 2020 hingga 2021, dan penjualan terbesar terjadi di online shop. Terdapat beragam strategi pemasaran yang menjadi alternatif bagi sebuah merek untuk meningkatkan intensi membeli. Instagram merupakan salah satu platform yang sukses di Indonesia karena menghasilkan engagement dan reach yang besar, sehingga banyak merek memillih untuk melakukan pemasaran melalui Instagram. Terdapat beragam strategi pemasaran yang menjadi alternatif bagi sebuah merek, diantaranya adalah eWOM, social media marketing yang juga dapat meningkatkan intensi membeli melalui brand image dan brand trust, celebrity endorsement yang dapat mempengaruhi purchase intention secara tidak langsung melalui consumer attitude terhadap endorser credibility, brand credibility, dan brand attitude. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menunjukkan apakah celebrity endorsement pada Instagram berpengaruh terhadap trust dan attitude terhadap sebuah merek skincare, serta apakah brand trust dan brand attitude dapat mempengaruhi intensi membeli produk skincare. Studi ini merumuskan 5 hipotesis yang akan diuji dengan Partial Least Squares – Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) menggunakan software SmartPLS 3.3. 0 Sampel yang diperoleh sebanyak 175 sampel, tetapi hanya 123 sampel yang valid. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa celebrity endorsement mempengaruhi brand attiitude dan brand trust, dan brand attitude memiliki pengaruh yang paling besar terhadap intensi membeli. The increase in sales of beauty products is very high in 2020 to 2021, and the largest sales occur in online shops. There are many marketing strategies that a brand can use to increase purchase intention. Instagram is one of the most successful platforms in Indonesia, as it generates high engagement and reach, thereby so many brands have chosen to do marketing on this platform. There are many marketing strategies that brands can do, including eWOM, social media marketing which will increase purchase intentions through brand image and brand trust, celebrity endorsements that can influence purchase intention indirectly through consumer attitudes, endorser credibility, brand attitudes, and brand credibility. This study aims to determine whether celebrity endorsement on Instagram affect a person's beliefs and attitudes towards a brand of skin care products, as well as whether brand trust and brand attitude can affect purchase intention of skin care products. This study proposes 5 hypotheses and data analyzes will be conducted by using Partial Least Squares – Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 3.3. 0 software. The samples collected were 175 samples which were obtained by using the online questionnaire method, but only 123 samples were valid. This study found that celebrity endorsement significantly affects brand trust and brand attitude, and brand attitude has the largest role on purchase intention.
Multiscale insights into classical geomechanics problems

We pay a revisit to some classical geomechanics problems using a novel computational multiscale modelling approach. The multiscale approach employs a hierarchical coupling of the finite element method (FEM) and the discrete element method. It solves a boundary value problem at the continuum scale by FEM and derives the material point response from the discrete element method simulation attached to each Gauss point of the FEM mesh. The multiscale modelling framework not only helps successfully bypass phenomenological constitutive assumptions as required in conventional modelling approaches but also facilitates effective cross‐scale interpretation and understanding of soil behaviour. We examine the classical retaining wall and footing problems by this method and demonstrate that the simulating results can be well validated and verified by their analytical solutions. Furthermore, the study sheds novel multiscale insights into these classical problems and offers a new tool for geotechnical engineers to design and analyse geotechnical applications based directly upon particle‐level information of soils. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Steady state free thermal convection of liquid in a saturated permeable medium

The partial differential equations which describe steady flow of fluid in saturated homogeneous permeable solid material under non-isothermal conditions are stated. From these are derived the equations for flow of liquid (in particular, water) using suitable approximations and making use of empirical laws when necessary. It is then postulated that the only ‘ponderomotive’ (i.e. massmoving) forces present are those due to thermal expansion effects. Free convection results. An approximate solution of the equations is attempted for plane flow by means of classical perturbation methods, the temperature and stream-function variables being represented by power series in a convection parameter proportional to the Rayleigh number. A numberical example of the method, with boundary conditions based on a geothermal area at Wairakei, New Zealand, is given. The results show features which are in fair agreement with temperature measurements made in the area, and it appears that the convection parameter η is of the order of 10.
A HYBRID VIDEO COMPRESSION BASED ON ZEROTREE WAVELET STRUCTURE

A video compression algorithm comparable to the standart techniques at low bit rates is presented in this paper. The overlapping block motion compensation (OBMC) is combined with discrete wavelet transform which followed by Lloyd-Max quantization and zerotree wavelet (ZTW) structure. The novel feature of this coding scheme is the com- bination of hierarchical finite state vector quantization (HFSVQ) with the ZTW to encode the quantized wavelet co- efficients. It is seen that the proposed video encoder (ZTW-HFSVQ) performs better than the MPEG-4 and Zerotree Entropy Coding (ZTE).
The host galaxies of active galactic nuclei

We examine the properties of the host galaxies of 22 623 narrow-line active galactic nuclei (AGN) with 0.02 < z < 0.3 selected from a complete sample of 122 808 galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We focus on the luminosity of the [O III] λ5007 emission line as a tracer of the strength of activity in the nucleus. We study how AGN host properties compare with those of normal galaxies and how they depend on L[O III]. We find that AGN of all luminosities reside almost exclusively in massive galaxies and have distributions of sizes, stellar surface mass densities and concentrations that are similar to those of ordinary early-type galaxies in our sample. The host galaxies of low-luminosity AGN have stellar populations similar to normal early types. The hosts of high-luminosity AGN have much younger mean stellar ages. The young stars are not preferentially located near the nucleus of the galaxy, but are spread out over scales of at least several kiloparsecs. A significant fraction of high-luminosity AGN have strong Hδ absorption-line equivalent widths, indicating that they experienced a burst of star formation in the recent past. We have also examined the stellar populations of the host galaxies of a sample of broad-line AGN. We conclude that there is no significant difference in stellar content between type 2 Seyfert hosts and quasars (QSOs) with the same [O III] luminosity and redshift. This establishes that a young stellar population is a general property of AGN with high [O III] luminosities.
The Effect of Threshold Loading Training and an Innovative Respiratory Training Devices with Lower Torso Sports Training in Asthma Patients: A Randomized Trial

This study investigated the influence of two different devices with lower torso sports training in patients with asthma. Patients with asthma (n = 300) aged 55-60 years with FEV1/FVC ratio < 65%, who were repeatedly admitted to a pulmonary rehabilitation centre, participated. Patients were evaluated and randomized into two groups (experimental group 1; EXP-1, n = 150, who applied a conventional threshold loading device, and experimental group 2; EXP-2, n = 150, who used an innovative respiratory training device). Patients were included only if they met the global criteria for asthma. The experimental intervention period lasted 10 weeks with 3 weekly training sessions lasting 30-40 min. The maximal inspiratory pressure (PI, max), pulmonary function test, baseline dyspnoea index (BDI), oxygen saturation, and 6 min walking test (6MWT) performance were all measured at baseline and postintervention. Also, an assessment of the 1 min repeated exercise performance (leg extension and leg press) was performed. Moreover, St. George Respiratory Questionnaire was used to quantify the quality of life (SGRQ). Statistical analysis displayed significant favourable effects on 6MWT, leg press, and FRV1, for patients using both devices (EXP-1 and EXP-2, respectively) with lower torso athletic training. The other variables, weight SPO2 and SGRO, also showed no significant change in neither EXP-1 nor EXP-2. Thus, the new respiratory training device (EXP-2) appeared to be as effective as the conventional threshold loading device (EXP-1). In conclusion, our findings demonstrated beneficial effects of combining respiratory training with athletic training in asthma patients. Additionally, the validity of a unique respiratory training device for asthma patients was confirmed.
Using Stable Isotopes to Determine Natal Origin and Feeding Habits of the Army Cutworm Moth, Euxoa auxiliaris (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract The army cutworm, Euxoa auxiliaris (Grote), is a migratory noctuid that is both an agricultural pest and an important late-season food source for grizzly bears, Ursus arctos horribilis (Linnaeus, Carnivora: Ursidae), within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Beyond the confirmation of the moths' seasonal, elevational migration in the mid-1900s, little else has been documented about their migratory patterns. To address this missing ecological component, we examined (1) migratory routes during their spring and fall migratory periods throughout their natal range, the Great Plains, and (2) natal origin at two of their summering ranges using stable hydrogen (δ2H) analyses of wings from samples collected within the areas of interest. Stable carbon (δ13C) and stable nitrogen (δ15N) analyses of wings were used to evaluate larval feeding habits of the migrants and agricultural intensity of natal origin sites, respectively. Results suggest that, rather than migrating exclusively east to west, army cutworm moths are also migrating north to south during their spring migration. Moths did not exhibit natal origin site fidelity when returning to the Great Plains. Migrants collected from the Absaroka Range had the highest probability of natal origin in Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, the most southern region of the Northwest Territories, and second highest probability of origin in Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho. Migrants collected in the Lewis Range had the highest probability of origin in the same provinces of Canada. Results suggest that migrants of the Absaroka Range fed exclusively on C3 plants as larvae and rarely fed in heavily fertilized agroecosystems.
Dynamics of 2-Day Equatorial Waves

Abstract The dynamics of the 2-day wave, a type of convectively coupled disturbance that frequents the equatorial western Pacific, is examined using observations and a linear primitive equation model. A statistical composite of the wave's kinematic and thermodynamic structure is presented. It is shown that 1) the wave's wind and temperature perturbations can be modeled as linear responses to convective heating and cooling, and 2) the bulk of the wave's dynamical and convective structure can be represented with two vertical modes. The observations and model results suggest that the 2-day wave is an n = 1 westward-propagating inertio–gravity wave with a shallow equivalent depth (14 m) that results from the partial cancelation of adiabatic temperature changes due to vertical motion by convective heating and cooling.