Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TRENDS OF IN-VEHICLE CO EXPOSURES ON A CALIFORNIA ARTERIAL HIGHWAY OVER ONE DECADE

In 1980-81, carbon monoxide (CO) exposures were measured inside a motor vehicle during 88 standardized drives on a California urban arterial highway, El Camino Real (traffic volume of 30,500-45,000 vehicles per day), over a 13-1/2 month period, yielding the first known data set of vehicular exposures over an entire year. Because of the highly standardized nature of the approach, it was possible to repeat the entire experiment in 1991, more than a decade later. Similar driving patterns were maintained, and data were collected on the Surrounding Vehicle Count, a measure of traffic congestion at intersections along the way. Over the 11-year period, the exposures have decreased by 53%. A vehicular emissions model developed for the highway predicted a decline in emissions of approximately 52%, which agrees well with the change in exposures. In contrast, total emissions for the region, which takes into account increases in vehicle miles due to additional highways, declined only 33%. Ambient concentrations decreased approximately 34% over the 11-year period. The results suggest that CO exposures measured on highways are a sensitive indicator of the effectiveness of vehicular emission control systems.
Controlling factors of gullying in the Maracujá Catchment, southeastern Brazil

Hundreds of gullies (‘voçorocas’) of huge dimensions (up to 400–500 m long, 150 m wide and 50 m deep) are very common in the small Maracujá Catchment in southeastern Brazil. These erosional features, which occur with an uneven intensity throughout the area, started due to bad soil management practices at the beginning of European settlement, at the end of the 17th century, and nowadays are still evolving, but at a slower rate. As surface soils are usually very resistant to erosion, the outcrop of the more erodible basement saprolites seems to be an essential condition for their beginning. An analysis of well known erosion controlling factors was performed, aiming to explain the beginning and evolution of these gullies and to understand the reasons for their spatial distribution. Data shows that geology and, mainly, geomorphology are the main controlling factors, since gullies tend to be concentrated in basement rock areas with lower relief (domain 2) of Maracujá Catchment, mainly at the fringes of broad and flat interfluves. At the detailed scale (1:10 000), gullies are more common in amphitheatre‐like headwater hollows that frequently represent upper Quaternary gullies (paleogullies), which demonstrate the recurrence of channel erosion. So, gullies occur in areas of thicker saprolites (domain 2), in places with a natural concentration of surface and underground water (hollows). Saprolites of the preserved, non‐eroded hollows are usually pressurized (confined aquifer) due to a thick seal of Quaternary clay layer, in a similar configuration to the ones found in hollows of mass movement (mudflow) sites in southeastern Brazil. Therefore, the erosion of the resistant soils by human activities, such as road cuts and trenches (‘valos’), or their mobilization by mudflow movements, seem to be likely mechanisms of gullying initiation. Afterwards, gullies evolve by a combination of surface and underground processes, such as wash and tunnel erosion and falls and slumps of gully walls. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three-dimensional seismic imaging of the Rye Patch geothermal reservoir

A 3-D surface seismic survey was conducted to explore the structure of the Rye Patch geothermal reservoir (Nevada), to determine if modern seismic techniques could be successfully applied in geothermal environments. Furthermore, it was intended to map the structural features which may control geothermal production in the reservoir. The seismic survey covered an area of 3.03 square miles and was designed with 12 north-south receiver lines and 25 east-west source lines. The receiver group interval was 100 feet and the receiver line spacing was 800 feet. The source interval was 100 feet while the source line spacing was 400 feet. The sources were comprised of 4 vibrator trucks arranged in a box array. Seismic processing involved, among other steps, the picking of over 700,000 of the possible one million traces to determine first arrival travel times, normal moveout correction, 3-D stack, deconvolution, time migration, and depth conversion. The final data set represents a 3-D cube of the subsurface structure in the reservoir. Additionally, the travel times were used to perform tomographic inversions for velocity estimates to support the findings of the surface seismic imaging. The results suggest the presence of at least one dominant fault responsible for the migration of fluids in the reservoir. Furthermore, it is suggested that this feature might be part of a fault system that includes a graben structure.
Nature of the crust-mantle transition zone and the thermal state of the upper mantle beneath Iceland from gravity modelling

SUMMARY Gravity data from Iceland and its surroundings are analysed and modelled with respect to seismic data. A Bouguer gravity map of Iceland is recomputed based on admittance between the topography and the gravity and with corrections for glacial ice sheets. From seismic data and with the help of relations between the residual topography and the depth to seismic boundaries we construct maps of the main seismic boundaries, including the Moho. By inversion calculations we recomputed these maps, assuming different density values for Seismic Layer 4 to fit the observed gravity field. We found that the average density of Layer 4 has to be in the range 3050‐3150 kg m −3 in order to fit both seismic and gravity data. Thus we conclude that Layer 4 is a transition zone between the mantle and the oceanic crust in Iceland. Furthermore by assuming that the upper-mantle density variations necessary to compensate for the gravity effect of crustal layers, are caused by thermal variations in the upper mantle, we calculate the depth to the 1200 ◦ C isotherm to be at 30‐50 km depth below Iceland but rising up to less than 20 km below parts of the volcanic zone in Northern Iceland. We conclude that the temperature within the Seismic Layer 4 is close to 600 ◦ C at its top, increasing to approximately 950 ◦ Ca t its bottom (Moho), which makes a widespread layer of partially molten material within Layer 4 unlikely. By use of cross spectral analysis of the gravity field and the external topographic load at short wavelengths, we conclude that the elastic plate thickness in Iceland can hardly exceed 6 km. In addition we point out that the residual isostatic anomalies have circular forms east of the eastern volcanic zone but are near parallel to the ridge axis on the western side. This form of the anomalies may be caused by pressure from the eastward moving mantle plume below the eastern volcanic zone.
Affective Computing

Computers are beginning to acquire the ability to ex- press and recognize aﬀect, and may soon be given the ability to “have emotions. ” The essential role of emotion in both human cognition and perception, as demonstrated by recent neurological studies, indi- cates that aﬀective computers should not only provide better performance in assisting humans, but also might enhance computers’ abilities to make decisions. This paper presents and discusses key issues in “aﬀective computing,” computing that relates to, arises from, or inﬂuences emotions. Models are sug- gested for computer recognition of human emotion, and new applications are presented for computer- assisted learning, perceptual information retrieval, arts and entertainment, and human health and inter- action. Aﬀective computing, coupled with new wearable computers, will also provide the ability to gather new data necessary for advances in emotion and cognition theory.
Ferromagnetic Inclusions in Geomaterials: Implications

Various laboratory and field techniques used to study geomaterials utilize the principles of elec- tromagnetism. Applications in geotechnical engineering such as resistivity profiling, induced polarization, ground-penetrating radar, and time-domain reflectometry, focus on the electrical properties of the materials and neglect the magnetic component. Yet the a priori assumption that the medium is nonferromagnetic may lead to significant errors in data interpretation because the presence of ferromagnetic materials affects the propagation of electromagnetic waves. An experimental study is conducted using kaolinite with ferromagnetic inclusions. Results show that magnetic permeability is a function of the volume fraction and spatial distribution of ferro- magnetic inclusions; the interaction among inclusions increases with increasing volume fraction and proximity. These results and published data show that a relaxation due to ''wall bowing'' occurs at kilohertz frequencies, and a relaxation due to ''wall displacement'' occurs at megahertz frequencies. It is shown that the relative permittivity (real and imaginary components) inferred from wave-propagation measurements is larger than the actual value by a factor approximately equal to the real relative magnetic permeability. Corrections for ferro- magnetic effects must be computed using parameters measured at the same frequency.
Orbital forcing timescales: an introduction

Abstract A brief review is given of orbital patterns affecting the Earth which may be of use in establishing, for long or short periods, orbital forcing timescales (OFT). The metronomic variations of the Earth-Moon system and of the Earth-Sun orbital patterns produce gravitational and temperature effects which alter the physical environment on the Earth’s surface. These give an interpenetrating effect of forcing cycles ranging from twice daily tides, day-night alternations, various tidal patterns and the annual solar pattern. All of these have been used palaeontologically to give precision to short-term age determination in the past. It is cycles of the Milankovitch band which are showing promise of enabling new practical timescales to be established for parts of geological time. These depend on changes in the Earth-Sun distance (perihelion and precession cycles of 19 and 23 ka at the present time), changes in the tilt of the Earth’s axis with respect to the Earth’s orbit round the Sun (the obliquity cycles of 41 and 54 ka), and changes in the geometry of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun (eccentricity cycles of 106 and 414 ka). Since the number of days in the year have changed through time; so have the periods of the perihelion and precession cycles. There is increasing evidence that small-scale sedimentary rhythmic couplets, often grouped into bundles, may represent the effect of some of these; often the precessional couplets are grouped into bundles of five or so within the lower eccentricity period. The disentangling of the interpenetrating cycles to produce an OFT is an exciting problem and challenge for palaeobiology and sedimentology. These should enable numerical dates to be given to biostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic timescales and eventually enable many earth processes to be analysed in real time. 26 Ma oscillations related to the Cosmic Year (c. 260 Ma) have been invoked to explain periodic mass extinctions in the fossil record. But evidence is presented to suggest such extinctions are not, in fact, periodic.
Glacial‐interglacial modulation of eastern tropical North Pacific denitrification over the last 1.8‐Myr

A 1.8 Myr‐long δ15N record from the California margin provides the first continuous record of denitrification in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP) over the entire Pleistocene epoch. Comparison of the nitrogen isotopic time series with proxies for ice volume, sea surface temperature (SST), and biological productivity place variations in the intensity of the denitrification zone in the context of global and regional climatic changes. Throughout the Pleistocene, ETNP denitrification remained linked to glacial‐interglacial climate cycles. The pacing of denitrification cycles switched from 41‐kyr in the mid‐ to early Pleistocene to 100‐kyr in the late Pleistocene, in tandem with the well‐known frequency shift identified from ice volume records. It therefore appears that denitrification remained an integral component of the marine feedbacks to orbital forcing, and through its effect on the nitrate inventory of the ocean might have played a role in driving atmospheric CO2 cycles throughout the Pleistocene.
Exploring and Sharing Australian Indigenous Narratives

Previously, I completed a library project which focused on preserving the knowledge available within the Central Gippsland Indigenous community. This thesis extends this work following input from a range of Indigenous people who offered historical and other culturally related knowledge. Early Australian colonisation condemned much of this knowledge via relevant literature and also from general society. Twelve different Australian Indigenous people from central Gippsland and Queensland provided audio narratives that helped investigate the associated learning potential. Examples include historical events, artistry and various community activities. Community Based Participatory Research was selected as a way of asking for help rather than demanding information. In this way, I acknowledge some of the difficulties experienced by Australian Indigenous people when interacting with mainstream activities. Digital audio recordings have been used to preserve narratives whilst recognising and respecting oral history methods. Unstructured qualitative interviews by participants have provided a broad range of information. The data analysis explores various stages of the data collection process. The conclusion describes research benefits, limits and future work as well as also individually recognising each person as part of the participant community. The major focus of the project is the resultant learning which was assessed as a result of the narrative analysis and also the general research process.
SHREC: a short-read error correction method

MOTIVATION Second-generation sequencing technologies produce a massive amount of short reads in a single experiment. However, sequencing errors can cause major problems when using this approach for de novo sequencing applications. Moreover, existing error correction methods have been designed and optimized for shotgun sequencing. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the design of fast and accurate computational methods and tools for error correction of large amounts of short read data. RESULTS We present SHREC, a new algorithm for correcting errors in short-read data that uses a generalized suffix trie on the read data as the underlying data structure. Our results show that the method can identify erroneous reads with sensitivity and specificity of over 99% and 96% for simulated data with error rates of up to 3% as well as for real data. Furthermore, it achieves an error correction accuracy of over 80% for simulated data and over 88% for real data. These results are clearly superior to previously published approaches. SHREC is available as an efficient open-source Java implementation that allows processing of 10 million of short reads on a standard workstation.
SOURCE: Sheridan Institutional Repository SOURCE: Sheridan Institutional Repository

Ethical consumption is understood by scholars as a key way that individuals can address social and ecological problems. While a hopeful trend, it raises the question of whether ethical consumption is primarily an elite social practice, especially since niche markets for ethical food products (for example, organics, fair trade) are thought to attract wealthy, educated consumers. Scholars do not fully understand the extent to which privileged populations think about food ethics in everyday shopping, or how groups with limited resources conceptualize ethical consumption. To address these knowledge gaps, the first goal of this paper is to better understand how consumers from different class backgrounds understand ethical eating and work these ideas into everyday food practices. We draw from 40 in-depth interviews with 20 families in two Toronto neighborhoods. Our second goal is to investigate which participants have privileged access to ethical eating, and which participants appear relatively marginalized. Drawing conceptually from cultural sociology, we explore how ethical eating constitutes a cultural repertoire shaped by factors such as class and ethno-cultural background, and how symbolic boundaries are drawn through eating practices. We find that privilege does appear to facilitate access to dominant ethical eating repertoires, and that environmental considerations figure strongly in these repertoires. While low income and racialized communities draw less on dominant ethical eating repertoires, their eating practices are by no means amoral; we document creative adaptations of dominant ethical eating
Laser measurements of ozone absorption cross sections in the Chappuis band

We have developed a sensitive spectrometer which exploits several He-Ne laser transitions in the visible for precise, high resolution measurements of Chappuis band ozone absorption cross sections at room temperature. An overall, uncertainty of better than 1% has been achieved through a combination of transducer calibrations and an experimental procedure which unambiguously determines the impurity content of each ozone sample. The cross section near 602.5 nm is (5.16±0.03) × 10−21 cm2/molecule. Our results compare favorably with those from most previous studies in the visible range, although some are clearly lower than this consensus probably due to errors in ozone density measurements.
Miocene Deltaic Oil Habitat, Trinidad

The Island of Trinidad is on the north flank of the Eastern Venezuela Tertiary basin. The structure and stratigraphy of Trinidad are similar to and continuous with those of eastern Venezuela. The primary objectives for oil exploration in Trinidad are middle and upper Miocene deltaic sandstones. Hydrocarbon source rocks for these reservoirs are the underlying deep-marine shales of Paleocene through early Miocene age. Overlying Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments are primarily continental clastic deposits. A proto-Orinoco delta system was present during Miocene time and prograded over Trinidad and the adjacent offshore areas. Isopach, seismic isochron, and facies studies have established the location of the delta depocenter offshore of the southern and eastern coasts. Rapid thinning of the deltaic units is evident north of the depocenter where the Miocene section is thin and lacking in sands. Four structural provinces have been recognized in Trinidad: (1) the Northern High province, characterized by a shallow, complexly faulted basement; (2) the Diapiric Fold province, an east to northeast-trending zone of diapiric shale anticlines coincident with the Miocene delta front; (3) the Block Fault province characterized by north-northwest-trending growth faults coincident with the deltaic depocenter; and (4) the Monoclinal province, an area of regional north dip and sedimentary thickening from the Guayana shield into the deltaic depocenter. Oil production is associated with the diapiric anticlines at the Miocene delta front. Gas production from the north-northwest-trending fault-block structures in the Miocene deltaic depocenter has been established. No significant production has been developed in the Northern High or Monoclinal provinces.
Paleomagnetic Zones in the Oligocene East Sooke Gabbro

The 39-m.y. -old East Sooke polyphase gabbro stock intrudes Late Eocene Metchosin volcanics, shows no evidence of metamorphism, and is unconformably overlain by undeformed Late Oligocene sediments. A grid of samples (36 sites, 180 cores, 360 specimens) was collected in and around its 5- × 2½-mile (8 × 4 km) outcrop area at the southernmost end of Vancouver Island. Antiparallel directions, a positive contact test, thermomagnetic curves, and so forth indicate that all phases after af demagnetization retain a characteristic magnetization residing in magnetite. The stock contains a central zone of normal polarity bounded by two reverse zones. The zones are independent of petrologic boundaries. Thus all phases were solidified above the determined Curie temperatures (505° ± 10°C). Gradational direction trends in the zones show the irregular migration of isotherms in the stock while the earth's magnetic field switched polarity at least once and probably twice. The East Sooke pole position (150.9°E, 69.5°N, δm = 6.7°, δp = 5.3°) reflects a 20° ± 7° counterclockwise twist rotation of the southern Tertiary belt relative to the rest of Vancouver Island.
Volatility in EMU sovereign bond yields: permanent and transitory components

This article explores the evolving relationship in the volatility of sovereign yields in the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). To that end, we examine the behaviour of daily yields for 11 EMU countries (EMU-11), during the period 2001–2010. In a first step, we decompose volatility in permanent and transitory components using Engel and Lee's (1999) Component-Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (C-GARCH) model. Results suggest that transitory shifts in debt market sentiment tend to be less important determinants of bond-yield volatility than shocks to the underlying fundamentals. In a second step, we develop a correlation and causality analysis that indicates the existence of two different groups of countries closely linked: core EMU countries and peripheral EMU countries. Finally, in a third step, we make a cluster analysis that further supports our results regarding the existence of two different groups of countries, with different positions regarding the stability of public finance.
Patterns of basin fill in Triassic turbidites of the Nanpanjiang basin: implications for regional tectonics and impacts on carbonate‐platform evolution

The Nanpanjiang Basin occurs in a key position for resolving controversies of basin tectonics and patterns of plate assembly at the junction between south China and Southeast Asian plates. Paleocurrent measurements indicate that siliciclastic turbidites in the basin were sourced by the Precambrian Jiangnan uplift to the northeast, the Precambrian Yunkai uplift to the southeast and the Triassic Songma suture to the south. Detrital zircon geochronology reveals Archean (2500 Ma), Paleoproterozoic (1800–1900 Ma), Neoproterozoic (900–1000 Ma) and Paleozoic (420–460 Ma) ages consistent with derivation from the Jiangnan and Yunkai uplifts. A large Permian‐Triassic peak of 250 Ma is present in the southern basin and attenuates northward suggesting derivation from an arc developed along the Songma suture. Sandstone QFL compositions average 65/12/23% and plot in the recycled orogen field except for a few samples in the southern basin that fall in the dissected arc field. The compositions are consistent with derivation from Precambrian basement that includes orogenic complexes. In the southern basin, Middle Triassic turbidites contain greater lithics and feldspars and Lower Triassic turbidites have volcaniclastic composition consistent with derivation from a southerly arc. Our preferred interpretation is evolution from remnant basin to a large peripheral foreland with southward subduction and convergence with Indochina along the Songma suture. The previously proposed Dian‐Qiong zone is not a suture as its map location places it within carbonate platforms bounded by identical stratigraphy. The Nan‐Uttaradit zone is too distant to have provided voluminous siliciclastic flux to the basin. The Nanpanjiang Basin provides an example of the evolution of an exceptionally large foreland with far‐field rejuvenation of Precambrian uplifts and carbonate platforms that were significantly influenced by siliciclastic flux. The timing and pattern of turbidite basin fill impacted platform evolution by enabling margin progradation in areas proximal to siliciclastic sources, whereas platforms distant from sources were driven to aggradation and extreme relief with large‐scale gravitational sector collapse.