Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observations on the biology of some morabine grasshoppers

The Morabinae of Australia (0rthoptera : Eumastacidae) include species which come to maturity in the winter and those which do so in the summer; both have high threshold temperatures for development. For complete development nymphs of "winter" species require temperatures above 24°C in the later instars of the females, but "summer" species require high temperatures at all stages and in both sexes. The eggs require about 7 days of moisture and will then hatch, even if in dry sand, in about 30 days at 30-35°C; only the eggs of winter species will hatch at temperatures below 25°C. The eggs lose negligible amounts of water once partly developed. Water is absorbed until the weight of the egg is about doubled, but saline water is lethal above about 2% salt concentration and sublethal concentrations delay absorption of water. Adults rarely reach population densities greater than one morabine per square metre. The adults are long-lived, up to 16 weeks in the field and 30 weeks in the laboratory, and may move as much as 5 m in a week. Morabines have an annual life cycle with no true diapause. The eggs of some species may spend up to 6 months in the soil.
Filocrono, área foliar e produtividade de frutos de berinjela conduzidas com uma e duas hastes por planta em estufa plástica

The objective of this study was to estimate the phyllochron, to associate the leaf area to the leaf number and to determine fruit yield of eggplants grown with one and two stems inside a plastic greenhouse. An experiment was carried at the experimental area of the Plant Science Department of the Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Three eggplant genotypes were used: Napoli, Comprida roxa, and Cica. Five-leaf seedlings were transplanted on 10/29/2007. The experimental design was a complete randomized blocks with four replications composed by two rows with eight plants. The number of leaves on the main stem and secondary branches was counted in four plants of each replication. Leaf width was measured on two plants per replication. The phyllochron was estimated as the inverse of the slope of the linear regression between the leaf number and the accumulated thermal time after transplanting. Eggplant fruit yield was greater in plants grown with two stems than and Cica had the higher fruit yield among genotypes. The time for leaves emergence in eggplant was reduced in plants with two stems than in plants with only the main stem. Leaf area of eggplant can be estimated as function of the accumulated number of leaves. Eggplant fruit yield was greater in plants conducted with two stems than with only the main stem, and Cica presented the greatest yield among genotypes.
Distribution and movement of scalloped hammerhead Sphryna lewini and smooth hammerhead Sphyrna zygaena sharks along the east coast of southern Africa

Knowledge of population distribution and movement is crucial for the conservation and management of shark species occurring in coastal waters. From 1984 to 2009, 641 scalloped hammerheads Sphyrna lewini, 1 342 smooth hammerheads Sphyrna zygaena and 1 352 unspecified hammerheads Sphyrna spp. were tagged and released along the east coast of South Africa, with recapture rates of 1.9%, 1.5%, and 0.7% respectively. Maximum and average distance moved was 629 km and 147.8 km (95% CI = 33.0–262.7 km) for S. lewini and 384 km and 141.8 km (95% CI = 99.1–184.5 km) for S. Zygaena respectively. The majority of sharks (68% S. lewini, 74.1% S. zygaena and 33.5% Spyrna spp.) were tagged in the Transkei region, with the largest number tagged in Port St Johns. Across regions, most tagged sharks were >50–100 cm precaudal length (PCL), except in Transkei where more sharks >100–150 cm PCL were tagged. In the Western Cape, Southern Cape and Eastern Cape, few sharks were tagged during the autumn/winter months, whereas in KwaZulu-Natal and Transkei sharks were tagged throughout the year. Large-scale directional movements observed may have been migrations in response to seasonal sea surface temperature changes. We identify coastal locations in Transkei that are of importance to juvenile and subadult hammerhead populations year-round.
Fontes de óleo vegetal na dieta de cordeiros em confinamento

Objetivou-se avaliar a ingestao de materia seca, o ganho de peso diario, a conversao alimentar, o peso vivo ao abate e o periodo de confinamento em cordeiros Santa Ines puros e ½Dorset ½Santa Ines, alimentados com dietas isoenergeticas (76,59% de NDT) e isoproteicas (17,48% de PB) contendo diferentes fontes de oleo vegetal (oleos de soja, canola e linhaca) e uma dieta controle (sem inclusao de oleo vegetal). A relacao volumoso:concentrado foi de 30:70 e utilizou-se feno de aveia como volumoso. Realizou-se tambem um ensaio de digestibilidade, utilizando quatro cordeiros nao-castrados, distribuidos em delineamento quadrado latino, avaliando-se ingestao, excrecao fecal e digestibilidade total dos nutrientes das racoes. A ingestao de materia seca, expressa em porcentagem do peso vivo, foi menor nos cordeiros que receberam dieta contendo oleo de canola que naqueles que receberam dieta controle. Porem, todas as racoes proporcionaram ganhos de peso e conversao alimentar satisfatorios. Os valores de digestibilidade total da materia seca (76,02%) e materia orgânica (76,82%) da dieta controle foram superiores aos da dieta contendo oleo de linhaca (72,11% e 72,97%, respectivamente), embora nao tenham diferido das dietas contendo oleos de soja (72,94 e 73,71%) e canola (73,45 e 74,25%). A digestibilidade do extrato etereo foi menor na dieta controle (84,02%), enquanto as demais dietas apresentaram valor medio de 91,98%. Os oleos vegetais reduziram a digestibilidade da materia seca e da materia orgânica, nao afetando a ingestao e digestao dos demais nutrientes.
Correlative Inhibition of Lateral Bud Growth in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Isolation of Indoleacetic Acid from the Inhibitory Region

The young, growing leaves have been shown by excision treatments to be responsible for the correlative inhibition of lateral bud growth in Phaseolus vulgaris. The presence of indoleacetic acid in apical portions of the stem bearing young leaves has been demonstrated by extraction and collection in agar ('agar diffusion') followed by purification and analysis by bioassay, chromogenic assay, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The relevance of these results to the possible involvement of indoleacetic acid in correlative phenomena is discussed.
Decomposition and nutrient release in needle litter from nitrogen‐fertilized scots pine (pinus sylvestris) stands

Decomposition of Scots pine needle litter originating from five stands treated with different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer was measured over a 4‐year period in a mature Scots pine forest. The litter types, which differed in initial concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur, but not in gross organic composition, were studied with respect to mass loss, ingrowth of total fungal mycelium, and net release of nutrients. During the first year of decomposition, rates of mass loss and ingrowth of fungal mycelium were highest in the nutrient‐rich litter. Phosphorus concentration was found to be the main factor affecting mass‐loss rate, and the rate of fungal ingrowth was positively correlated with initial nitrogen concentration. After this initial period, decomposition rates decreased, and after 4 years, accumulated mass loss and amounts of fungal mycelium were similar in all five litter types. These findings may be due, in part, to a lower rate of lignin decomposition in nitrogen‐enriched lit.
Composition, Molecular Structure, Properties, and In Vitro Digestibility of Starches from Newly Released Canadian Pulse Cultivars

ABSTRACT Pulse starches were isolated from different cultivars of pea, lentil, and chickpea grown in Canada under identical environmental conditions. The in vitro digestibility and physicochemical properties were investigated and the correlations between the physicochemical properties and starch digestibility were determined. Pulse starch granules were irregularly shaped, ranging from oval to round. The amylose content was 34.9–39.0%. The amount of short A chains (DP 6-12) of chickpea starch was much higher than the other pulse starches, but the proportions of B1 and B2 chains (DP 13-24 and DP 25-36, respectively) were lower. The X-ray pattern of all starches was of the C type. The relative crystallinity of lentil (26.2–28.3%) was higher than that of pea (24.4–25.5%) and chickpea starches (23.0–24.8%). The swelling factor (SF) in the temperature range 60–90°C followed the order of lentil ≈ chickpea > pea. The extent of amylose leaching (AML) at 60°C followed the order of pea ≈ chickpea > lentil. However, .
Costs and benefits of acclimation to elevated temperature in Trichogramma carverae

The consequences of acclimation for survival and other fitness components in the parasitoid wasp, Trichogramma carverae (Oatman and Pinto), were examined. Heat hardening adult wasps at 33 °C or 35 °C for one to two h increased survivorship at 40 °C. This benefit was apparent for several hours after heat‐hardening and occurred in both males and females. Heat hardening at 33 °C during development also resulted in significant increases in survivorship of adults after exposure to 40 °C. However, this developmental hardening reduced longevity of adult male and female wasps and also reduced parastism rate. This suggests costs and benefits of exposure to non‐lethal temperature increases. Acclimating wasps by rearing them under constant temperatures (14, 25 or 30 °C) influenced parasitism rates at these temperatures at the adult stage; only females reared at 14 °C parasitised eggs at 14 °C, while parasitism at 25 °C and 30 °C was not significantly influenced by rearing temperature. Acclimation may be useful for increasing the survival or fecundity of mass‐reared Trichogramma in inundative releases, but any benefits could be offset by fitness costs of the acclimation process.
Ecological and Genetic Studies on Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas): a New Mollusc in the Great Lakes

Dreissena polymorpha, a bivalve mollusc endemic to Europe, has established a population in Lakes St. Clair and Erie, likely as a result of ballast water discharge. Allozyme studies showed that the Lake St. Clair population was polymorphic at 73.9% of the loci examined and that individual heterozygosities averaged 31.6%. This high level of genotypic diversity indicated that the population was founded from a substantial number of individuals and did not undergo a bottleneck subsequent to founding. The population is reproducing with peak densities in excess of 200 individuals∙m−2. Juvenile settlement occurs in late July and August with veliger larvae preferentially settling on the shells of live mussels. The species appears likely to become a dominant member of the shallow water benthos throughout the lower Great Lakes.
A molecular test for the detection of the C295G mutation in the T gene responsible for shortened tail and taillessness in the Pembroke Welsh Corgi

A molecular test for the detection of the C295G mutation in the T gene responsible for shortened tail and taillessness in the Pembroke Welsh Corgi. A ban on cutting tail in dogs has been introduced in many countries. In order to exhibit on an offi cial pedigree show a tailless or short-tailed dog, it’s owner must provide a statement confi rming that the short tail is natural characteristic of his dog. The aim of this paper was to design a test to diagnose a C295G dominant mutation in T gene which is responsible for short-tail phenotype in 17 dog breeds. This mutation creates a BstEII restriction site. The molecular test designed is based on genomic DNA analysis. A fragment of T gene is amplifi ed in polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then, the PCR product is treated with restriction enzyme BstEII, and the analysis of restriction fragments is carried out in polyacrylamide gel. A genotype of 30 Polish Pembroke Welsh Corgi regarding T gene has been determined. Within the studied group of dogs, 10 heterozygotes and 20 recessive homozygotes have been found. No dominant homozygotes have been present.
Infestation by Carcinonemertes divae (Nemertea: Carcinonemertidae) in Libinia spinosa (Decapoda: Pisidae) from São Sebastião Island, SP, Brazil

Nemerteans of the genus Carcinonemertes are obligate symbiotic egg predators of many decapod crustaceans. This study presents the prevalence and intensity of infestation by Carcinonemertes divae in the crab, Libinia spinosa, from São Sebastião Island, São Paulo State, Brazil. Overall prevalence of infestation was 69.2% and mean intensity of infestation was 20.8±3.4 (range: 1–148). Significant differences in prevalence and mean intensity of infestation were observed between males and females and between ovigerous and non‐ovigerous adult females of Libinia spinosa. Prevalence and mean intensity of infestation did not differ significantly between juvenile and adult crabs or among ovigerous crabs with eggs in different stages of embryogenesis. Carapace width of male crabs was negatively correlated with prevalence of infestation by Carcinonemertes divae. Sexual contact appeared to be a source of transmission of worms between males and females of Libinia spinosa.
Comparison of intra‐ and inter‐pool crosses in faba beans (Vicia faba L.). I. Hybrid performance and heterosis in Mediterranean and German environments

Two recently detected, promising CMS systems in faba bean have opened up new possibilities in hybrid breeding. This study was conducted to determine hybrid performance and heterosis of 33 intra-pool and 66 inter-pool crosses from a factorial of six European small-seeded (Minor), six European large-seeded (Major), and eight Mediterranean faba bean lines. The parent lines and F 1 crosses were evaluated at two German and seven Mediterranean environments for anthesis, maturity, yield, yield components and plant height. Yield in the Mediterranean environments was 60% of that in the German environments. European Minor lines and their intra-pool crosses were unadapted to Mediterranean environments and yielded only 31% compared with the Mediterranean lines and their crosses, whereas European Major genotypes yielded 58%. In German environments the European crosses yielded 107% of the Mediterranean crosses. Heterotic yield increase over the parental mean was largest for European Minor x Mediterranean inter-pool crosses, amounting to 95% in the Mediterranean and 73% in German environments. Our results confirmed the expectation of an increased heterosis in inter-pool over intra-pool hybrids and poor adaptation of European genotypes in Mediterranean environments. In the latter, Mediterranean intra-pool hybrids were the most promising, whereas in Germany inter-pool hybrids of the European Minor x Mediterranean type were most promising.
Heterosis, inbreeding depression and their relationship with genetic divergence in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.).

Seven parents (CST2002, MT34, OS-Sel-2, TKG22, AAUDT9304-14-4, B67 and Rama), their 21 F 1 s and 21 F 2 s were grown in summer 2003 in a randomized block design with three replications. Heterosis and inbreeding depression were studied for seven important yield-contributing characters (plant height, branch number plant −1 , capsules plant −1 , seeds capsule −1 , 1000-seed weight, stick yield plant −1 and seed yield plant −1 ). Maximum heterosis for seed yield plant −1 over the mid- and better-parent was recorded in CST2002×TKG22 (43.30%) and MT34×B67 (27.22%), respectively. Mid-parent heterosis for seed yield plant −1 was due to cumulative heterosis for various important component traits, such as capsules plant −1 , seeds capsule −1 and 1000-seed weight. Inbreeding depression was highest for seed yield, followed by 1000-seed weight, capsules plant −1 , branch number and plant height, indicating the predominance of non-additive genetic effects. B67×Rama exhibited significant positive heterosis in F 1 , but .
THE COST OF POLYGYNY AND THE EVOLUTION OF FEMALE CARE IN POISON FROGS

Previous research on a variety of organisms indicates that polygyny can impose a cost on the reproductive success of females. Some authors have hypothesized that this cost may have caused the evolution of female parental care from paternal or biparental care in some lineages, particularly in poison frogs of the genusDendrobates. In this paper, we evaluate the assumptions and theoretical implications of this hypothesis and present several game-theoretic models that clarify some of the issues. We conclude that a cost of polygyny is unlikely to drive a female care strategy to fixation on its own; however, if caring males suffer a cost of lost mating opportunities then a cost of polygyny may destabilize male care and result in the evolution of uniparental female care. A cost of polygyny on its own may be able to drive a transition from male care to biparental care. We also discuss other factors that may have influenced the evolution of parental care in the poison frogs, including results from recent field and laboratory research, and we evaluate the possibility that female care evolved from biparental, as opposed to male care.
Effect of Food Additives on Rheological and Textural Properties of Frozen High Amylose Rice Starch Gels

Changes of rheological and textural properties of gels from three Thai rice varieties containing di/polysaccharides were evaluated during frozen storage. Gel hardness of all reheated samples increased after 15 days frozen storage. At 30 days of frozen storage, all gels showed increased in G′, G″, and tan δ. Addition of the additives in Chainat1 resulted in changes of pasting properties of starch, hardness and rheology of frozen and reheated gels. Alginate, high methoxyl pectin, and trehalose at 0.4–0.6% in Chainat1 starch increased G′ of reheated gels but guar gum at 0.6 % reduced G′, G″.
Preliminary molecular analysis of Pelecanoides georgicus (Procellariiformes: Pelecanoididae) on Whenua Hou (Codfish Island): Implications for its taxonomic status

Abstract Using sequences from the central and 3' regions of the mitchondrial small subunit (12S) ri‐bosomal RNA gene for six procellariiform species, this study confirms that the population of Pelecanoides georgicus on Whenua Hou (Codfish Island), New Zealand, is most closely related to P. georgicus from the southern Indian Ocean. The level of variation between sequences for this conserved gene suggests that the isolated Whenua Hou P. georgicus population split off from populations in the Indian Ocean several hundred thousand years ago. Although P. georgicus is globally numerous, the Whenua Hou population is endangered. As our preliminary sequence data suggest that the Whenua Hou population may have diverged from its parent population, it may deserve recognition in its own right.
Changes in northern Tanzania coral reefs during a period of increased fisheries management and climatic disturbance

Coral reefs are among the most diverse and productive ecosystems on earth, and are critical to the survival of tropical marine ecosystems and sustenance of local human populations. However, coral reefs are quite vulnerable to disturbances, both natural and anthropogenic. This thesis looks at how coral reef communities have responded to climactic disturbances, particularly the 1997-98 El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and subsequent coral bleaching and mortality that affected much of the Indian Ocean, including the coastal waters of Tanzania, where the study was conducted. In particular, it investigates the effects of coral bleaching, habitat degradation and reef spatial arrangement on reef fish assemblages. Habitat structural complexity and spatial arrangement of reefs had an effect on reef fish communities. Fish communities showed patterns in distribution among habitats and between patch and continuous reefs. Fishes preferred live to bleached/dead or eroded coral, but trophic groups reacted differently to patch and continuous reefs. There were slight changes in fish abundance and significant changes in fish diversity on experimental, bleached branching Acropora coral plots over a period of one year. While fish abundance on one site increased shortly after a bleaching event, 6 years later fish abundance had decreased significantly. Conversely, coral reef communities in northern Tanzania had changed little over an 8-year period, with minor changes associated with the 1997-98 ENSO and the presence or absence of fisheries management. The coral reefs in the region were found to show high variability in community structure and responses of associated fish and invertebrate communities. The findings of this thesis indicate the importance of habitat structure and spatial arrangement of reefs, the detrimental effects of coral bleaching, and the possibility that some reefs and some (generalist) reef fish taxa may exhibit resilience to climate change.
Coccolithus huxleyi (Lohm.) Kamptn II. The flagellate cell, aberrant cell types, vegetative propagation and life cycles

Coccolithus huxleyi propagates vegetatively by simple constriction of the cell including the cover. Possibly a sexual life cycle also exists consisting of an alternation between a coccolith-covered cell and a scaly flagellate, the structure of which is presented in this paper. Attempts at nuclear staining for determination of chromosome numbers have so far been unsuccessful.
Desmodesmus baconii (Chlorophyta), a new species with double rows of arcuate spines

Fawley M.W, Fawley K.P. and Hegewald E. 2013. Desmodesmus baconii (Chlorophyta), a new species with double rows of arcuate spines. Phycologia 52: 565–572. DOI: 10.2216/12-116.1 A new species of the chlorophycean genus Desmodesmus, D. baconii, was described based upon analyses of the morphology of the coenobia and DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal 18S RNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer region. Desmodesmus baconii was unusual in that it possessed two rows of spines only on the terminal cells. This species was easily distinguished from other Desmodesmus taxa with two rows of spines by the point symmetry of the coenobia and the lack of rows of spines on median cells of four-celled coenobia. Spines tapered from prominent incurved spines near one pole to small spines at the opposite pole. Median cells and the pole of terminal cells opposite the large spines had two or three short spines. Cell sizes were slightly larger for two-celled (4.2–6.7 μm × 1.6–2.9 μm) than for four-celled coenobia (3.2–6.5 μm × 1.2–4.5 μm). Results of analyses of DNA sequence data indicated that D. baconii, although a member of the monophyletic genus Desmodesmus, was not closely allied with any other Desmodesmus taxon. Desmodesmus baconii was isolated from hypereutrophic Lake Chicot in Arkansas, USA, and is not known from any other location.
Survival, Growth, and Mark Persistence in Juvenile Black Crappies Marked with Fin Clips, Freeze Brands, or Oxytetracycline

Abstract We tested the relative performance of fin clips, freeze brands, and oxytetracycline (OTC) marks on juvenile black crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus. Fish held for 5 d after treatment in laboratory aquaria at 18, 21, 24, and 27°C showed no significant difference in survival (100% in most replicates). Continuing effects of the marks on growth and survival were tested by stocking juveniles with each mark and nonmarked fish into research ponds. No significant differences in survival, length, weight, or condition factor (K) were observed after 31 weeks. Freeze brands, fin clips, and OTC marks all proved to be effective for marking juvenile black crappies; however the fin clips and freeze brands persisted significantly better (P = 0.0007) than the OTC marks through 31 weeks.