Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trap Efficiency of Silt Fences Used in Hillslope Erosion Studies

Renewed interest in land management practices, like conservation tillage techniques on agricultural lands and timber harvesting, prescribed fires and wildfires on forested lands has made it desirable to measure hillslope soil erosion. Measuring soil erosion is generally costly and time consuming requiring expensive equipment, many site visits and laboratory analyses. The objective of the study was to determine the suitability of silt fences for measuring onsite hillslope erosion. Silt fences are low-cost and easy to install. They commonly are used as an erosion control device for construction projects and therefore generally available. For this study a silt fence was installed at the base of an existing long-term hillslope erosion plot at the Agricultural Research Service-Palouse Conservation Field Station, Pullman, WA. Two seasons of erosion data were collected. The silt fence was installed by making a concave cavity facing upslope such that runoff could not go around the silt fence. Also, the silt fence was folded to form a pocket to collect the sediment and eliminate the possibility of undermining the silt fence. Silt fences were installed across the width of the plot. The trap efficiency was determined by measuring the collected runoff and sediment that flowed through the silt fence compared to the sediment trapped by the silt fence. Results indicate that the mean trap efficiency was 93 percent the first year when measured on a storm-by-storm basis and 92 percent efficient the second year when only measured at the end of the runoff season. Thus various time intervals can be used depending of the detail of the erosion rates that are of interest, for example after every storm or seasonally without compromising its trap efficiency.
Depth distribution of roots of some perennial plants in the Nevada Test Site Area of the northern Mojave Desert

The root systems of 48 perennial plants, representing nine species from the Rock Valley area within the northern Mojave Desert, were excavated by 10 cm depth increments to determine, by depth of soil, the distribution of roots larger than about 1/2 mm diameter. The depth of the root zone of all species was relatively shallow and obviously limited by depth of penetration of precipitation (about 10 cm mean annual rainfall). There were species differences, however, in distribution of roots. Even though a sizeable proportion of the root systems was in the first 10 cm of soil, this portion consisted largely of multiple woody tap roots with relatively few small roots. In all cases except one (Krameria parvifolia Benth), more small roots were in the second 10 cm than in the first. From 50 to more than 80 percent of the total root systems were in the first 20 cm. In most cases the majority of small roots was found between 10 and 30 cm in depth. Very fine roots were sampled separately by depth and zone without regard for species because they could not be differentiatd by species. Relative depth distribution of very fine roots at Rock Valley for 0more » to 10, 10 to 20, and 20 to 30 cm, was about 17, 42, and 41 percent, respectively. The total for the first 20 cm was 59 percent. On a 22 April date, there were 335 kg/ha roots from winter annuals in the Rock Valley area; 19 percent of them were in the first 5 cm of soil in contrast to 8 percent in 10 cm of soil for perennials. On Pahute Mesa located in the southern Great Basin desert area of the Nevada Test Site in Artemisia tridentata Nutt. varr. tridentata, 8 percent of the roots was in the first 5 cm, indicating more shallow rooting compared with the northern Mojave Desert. « less
Effects of Resistance Training on Measures of Muscular Strength in People with Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the overall effect of resistance training (RT) on measures of muscular strength in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods Controlled trials with parallel-group-design were identified from computerized literature searching and citation tracking performed until August 2014. Two reviewers independently screened for eligibility and assessed the quality of the studies using the Cochrane risk-of-bias-tool. For each study, mean differences (MD) or standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for continuous outcomes based on between-group comparisons using post-intervention data. Subgroup analysis was conducted based on differences in study design. Results Nine studies met the inclusion criteria; all had a moderate to high risk of bias. Pooled data showed that knee extension, knee flexion and leg press strength were significantly greater in PD patients who undertook RT compared to control groups with or without interventions. Subgroups were: RT vs. control-without-intervention, RT vs. control-with-intervention, RT-with-other-form-of-exercise vs. control-without-intervention, RT-with-other-form-of-exercise vs. control-with-intervention. Pooled subgroup analysis showed that RT combined with aerobic/balance/stretching exercise resulted in significantly greater knee extension, knee flexion and leg press strength compared with no-intervention. Compared to treadmill or balance exercise it resulted in greater knee flexion, but not knee extension or leg press strength. RT alone resulted in greater knee extension and flexion strength compared to stretching, but not in greater leg press strength compared to no-intervention. Discussion Overall, the current evidence suggests that exercise interventions that contain RT may be effective in improving muscular strength in people with PD compared with no exercise. However, depending on muscle group and/or training dose, RT may not be superior to other exercise types. Interventions which combine RT with other exercise may be most effective. Findings should be interpreted with caution due to the relatively high risk of bias of most studies.
Vaginal discharge: its causes and associated symptoms as perceived by rural north Indian women.

Reproductive health is closely associated with culture of a country. Its sign and symptoms can be best understood within the ethnomedical contest rather then biomedical theories. The objective was to ascertain the views of the respondents regarding vaginal discharge. Three roadside villages of Panchkula Haryana was purposively selected. A house to house survey was done and a total of 236 married women 15-45 years were interviewed by a female social worker on various aspect on vaginal discharge. Six FGDs and five case studies were also done. Prevalence of vaginal discharge was 28.7%. Weakness backache and poor vision were told as the main health effects of vaginal discharge. Heat melting of bones sexual promiscuity poor hygiene and diet were told as the major causes of vaginal discharge. Consultation rate for vaginal discharge was 59%. The views of the rural north Indian women regarding vaginal discharge reflected the Ayurvedic system of thinking of the Indian masses. (authors)
Vegetative propagation of Terminalia bellirica Roxb. and Terminalia chebula Retz. by stem cuttings.

Tbe cuttings of Terminalia bellirica were planted in the month of July, October and March but all the cuttings were failed irrespective of month of planting hormone treatments and portion of the cuttings. This species can be categorised as under obstinate to root under field condition. The cuttings of T chebula planted in July and October failed completely. While in March, the middle portion of the cuttings with combination of 400 ppm IBA produced the better results.
Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach Global Edition

Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, eBook, Global EditionArtificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence a Modern ApproachFundamentals of the New Artificial IntelligenceArtificial IntelligenceArtificial IntelligenceHuman CompatibleARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEIntelligent Help Systems for UNIXHuman CompatibleArtificial IntelligenceArtificial IntelligenceArtificial IntelligenceArtificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 2/EDistributed Artificial IntelligenceIntroduction to Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence for Human Computer Interaction: A Modern ApproachArtificial Intelligence: Pearson New International EditionArtificial Intelligence a Modern ApproachArtificial IntelligenceThe Hundred-page Machine Learning BookArtificial IntelligenceMaritime Security and the Law of the SeaArtificial Intelligence a Modern ApproachArtificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence For BeginnersArtificial Intelligence: a Modern ApproachArtificial IntelligenceArtificial IntelligenceModern Approaches in Machine Learning and Cognitive Science: A WalkthroughDo the Right ThingArtificial IntelligenceIntroduction to Machine LearningArtificial IntelligenceMultiagent SystemsArtificial IntelligenceEssentials of Strategic ManagementArtificial Intelligence BusinessArtificial Intelligence
Stability of Stratified Gas-Liquid Flow in Horizontal and Near Horizontal Pipes

一粘滞界面的波浪不稳定性的 Kelvin-Helmholtz 标准基于一个短暂一个维的二液体的模型的线性稳定性分析在这篇论文被建议。 在这个模型，压力用本地动量平衡而非静水力学的近似被评估。 标准在水平、将近水平的管子中预言成层的流动的稳定性限制很好。 界面的不稳定性上的管子倾斜的效果上的试验性、理论的调查被执行。 在界面的波浪不稳定性的发作的批评液体高度对管子倾斜感觉迟钝，这被发现。 然而，管子倾斜显著地特别为低煤气的速度影响批评表面的液体速度和波浪速度。
The importance of interactions between patients and healthcare professionals for heart failure self-care: A systematic review of qualitative research into patient perspectives

Background: Effective heart failure (HF) self-care can improve clinical outcomes but is dependent on patients’ undertaking a number of complex self-care behaviors. Research into the effectiveness of HF management programs demonstrates mixed results. There is a need to improve understanding of patient perspectives’ of self-care need in order to enhance supportive interventions. Aim: This paper reports selected findings from a systematic review of qualitative research related to HF self-care need from the patients’ perspective. The focus here is on those facets of patient-healthcare professional relationships perceived by patients to influence HF self-care. Method: We searched multiple healthcare databases to identify studies reporting qualitative findings with extractable data related to HF self-care need. Joanna Briggs Institute systematic review methods were employed and recognized meta-synthesis techniques were applied. Critical realist theory provided analytical direction to highlight how individual and contextual factors came together in complex ways to influence behavior and outcomes. Results: Altogether 24 studies (1999–2012) containing data on patient-healthcare professional relationships and HF self-care were included. Interaction with healthcare professionals influenced self-care strongly but was notably mixed in terms of reported quality. Effective HF self-care was more evident when patients perceived that their healthcare professional was responsive, interested in their individual needs, and shared information. Poor communication and lack of continuity presented common barriers to HF self-care. Conclusion: Interactions and relationships with clinicians play a substantial role in patients’ capacity for HF self-care. The way healthcare professionals interact with patients strongly influences patients’ understanding about their condition and self-care behaviors.
Rapid Evidence Assessment

Consumer understanding of sugars, fats, oils, in food:  Most of the studies on understanding have focussed on fats, with relatively few addressing consumer understanding of sugar or carbohydrates  There are sizeable sub-proportions of consumers who have little understanding of sugars, fats, and oils  The health messages to reduce fat intake appear to be successful, however  consumers are less sure about specifically which fats to reduce  consumers knowledge of the types of fats in different foods appears to be mixed  There are sizeable sub-proportions of consumers who do not appear to understand the relative sugar concentrations of various beverages. In particular, the idea that some beverages (e.g. fruit juice, milk, vegetable juice) contain energy in the form of natural sugars appears to be less well understood. Added sweetness, e.g. use of sweeteners, may lead consumers to overestimate relative sugar levels in beverages  It is not clear how consumer understanding of the various sugars, fats, and oils influences consumer interpretations of ingredient lists.
Determination of erosion rates by analyzing structural changes in the growth pattern of exposed roots

Research on roots concentrates on root anatomy in general, on root morphology, and on the role of roots in supplying trees with nutrients and moisture. In terms of geomorphic applications, most previous work is mainly related to the dating of fl oods or changes in river pathways by analyzing growth changes in the stem as a result of the exposure of a bigger part of the root system. Analyzing annual rings in roots is mostly used for dating debris fl ows by determining the age of adventitious roots. Based on occasional research, mainly done in the 1960s, this paper focuses on analyzing variation in annual growth rings of roots due to exposure caused by geomorphic processes. Results of dating anatomical changes in exposed roots of Larix decidua Mill. and their signifi cance for estimating erosion rates are presented. Fieldwork has been carried out in alpine areas in Switzerland. Exposed and buried roots of Larix decidua are used to demonstrate possibilities for dating the year of fi rst exposure. Cell size distribution in earlywood as well as in latewood was measured on roots that were exposed by known events and compared to exposed and unexposed roots in other sample areas. The results show, that changes in the characteristics of latewood tracheids are a sign for surface lowering, whereas a peculiar reduction in size of earlywood tracheids is a sign for the fi rst year of exposure. The detailed knowledge of anatomical changes in roots provides a powerful tool for geoscientists to quantify rates of e.g., soil erosion in areas where no measurements of past processes are available.
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

To detect the density of a measurement component of a sample gas, infrared light is directed alternately through a measuring-light optical system and a reference-light optical system to a heated light sensor. The measuring-light optical system includes a sample cell, a first filter for transmitting infrared rays of a fixed wave-length band, and a temperature compensating cell having a gas which has a part of its absorption wave-length band within the transmission wave-length band of the first filter but has a spectrum different from the spectrum of the measurement component. The reference-light optical system includes a light throttle, an interference cell having a gas containing a fixed density of the measurement component, an adjustable-length interference compensating cell filled with the sample gas, and a second filter for transmitting rays of a wave-length band that includes the major part of the transmission wave-length band of the first filter. The compensating cell is set such that, with temperature fluctuations, variations in absorption by the temperature compensating cell in the wave-length band of the first filter are equal to variations in absorption by the interference cell within the wave-length band of the second filter.
Correction to: A 2000-Year Global Temperature Reconstruction Based on Non-Tree Ring Proxies

A climatic reconstruction published in E&E (Loehle, 2007) is here corrected for various errors and data issues, with little change in the results. Standard errors and 95% confidence intervals are added. The Medieval Warming Period (MWP) was significantly warmer than the bimillennial average during most of the period 820 – 1040 AD. The Little Ice Age was significantly cooler than the average during most of 1440 – 1740 AD. The warmest tridecade of the MWP was warmer than the most recent tridecade, but not significantly so.
Fluid-Induced Seismicity

Preface Acknowledgements 1. Elasticity, seismic events and microseismic monitoring 2. Fundamentals of poroelasticity 3. Seismicity and linear diffusion of pore pressure 4. Seismicity induced by non-linear fluid-rock interaction 5. Seismicity rate and magnitudes References Index.
Neurological impacts of prolonged asymptomatic exposure to the marine neurotoxin domoic acid

Domoic acid is an algal-derived neurotoxin that contaminates seafood during harmful algal blooms. It causes excitotoxicity in the vertebrate central nervous system by over-stimulating neurons; in high doses, this can cause seizures, brain lesions, and death. At low doses, however – those causing no outward signs of excitotoxicity – it is unclear whether domoic acid exposure could have potentially damaging neurological effects. This is especially relevant for human exposures, as we are protected from high toxin levels by seafood monitoring and regulatory efforts, but can still ingest domoic acid at concentrations below the regulatory limit (20 µg domoic acid per g wet shellfish weight). To address whether chronic exposure to these low-levels of domoic acid negatively affects neurological health and function, I: 1) examined changes in gene expression and cellular energetics in the brains of adult zebrafish chronically exposed to asymptomatic domoic acid; 2) assessed the effect of low-dose (i.e., non-cytotoxic) domoic acid exposure on the electrophysiological activity and connectivity of neural networks in organotypic mouse brain slice cultures in vitro; and 3) examined the brains of adult mice chronically exposed to asymptomatic domoic acid for signs of histopathology and disruption to a subtype of parvalbumin-positive inhibitory neurons. I found that prolonged domoic acid exposure significantly affected gene transcription and impaired mitochondrial function in zebrafish brains, and altered neuronal network activity and connectivity in mouse brain slice cultures, all in the absence of overt symptoms, gross histopathology, and neuron death/injury. Further, chronic asymptomatic domoic acid exposures that led to transient deficits in learning and memory in a mouse model did not produce measurable effects on hippocampal inflammation, cell/neuron numbers, or parvalbumin-positive staining intensity. These results indicate that chronic domoic acid exposure may have sub-clinical effects that can go undetected and may impact neurological function; further study is needed to better inform human health risk assessments.
Faces of Joblessness in Ireland a People-Centred Perspective on Employment Barriers and Policies

In the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis, large shares of working-age individuals in Ireland either did not work or only to a limited extent. As the labour-market recovery gathered pace during 2013, 32% were without employment during the entire year, and a further 14% had weak labour-market attachment, working only a fraction of the year, or on restricted working hours. This paper applies a novel method for measuring and visualising employment barriers of individuals with no or weak labour-market attachment, using household micro-data. It first develops indicators to quantify employment obstacles under three broad headings: (i) work-related capabilities, (ii) incentives, and (iii) employment opportunities. It then uses these indicators in conjunction with a statistical clustering approach to identify unobserved (“latent”) groups of individuals facing similar combinations of barriers. The resulting typology of labour-market difficulties provides insights on the most pressing policy priorities in supporting different groups into employment. A detailed policy discussion illustrates how the empirical results can inform people-centred assessments of existing labour-market integration measures and of key challenges across different policy areas and institutions. The most common employment obstacles in Ireland were limited work experience, low skill levels, and scarce job opportunities. Although financial disincentives, health problems and care responsibilities were less widespread overall, they remained important barriers for some groups. A notable finding is that just under 40% of jobless or low-intensity workers face three or more simultaneous barriers, highlighting the limits of narrow policy approaches that focus on subsets of these employment obstacles in isolation.
The Constructive, Destructive, and Reconstructive Power of Social Norms: Reprise

The influence of social norms on behavior has been a longstanding storyline within social psychology. Our 2007 Psychological Science publication presented a new rendition of this classic telling. The reported field experiment showed that social norms could be leveraged to promote residential energy conservation, but importantly, the descriptive norm was shown to increase consumption for low-consuming households. This potential destructive effect of social norms was eliminated with the addition of an injunctive message of social approval for using less energy. The article is among the 30 most-cited articles across all APS publications, which we attribute to our methodology, which measured real behavior in a large-scale field experiment and to several circumstances associated with the timing of the work. The article coincided with the explosion of social media, the emergence of behavioral economics, and a heightened level of concern about climate change. These contemporaneous activities set the stage for our work and for its high degree of citation.
Domain wall magnetoresistance in BiFeO3 thin films measured by scanning probe microscopy

We measure the magnetotransport properties of individual 71° domain walls in multiferroic BiFeO3 by means of conductive—atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) in the presence of magnetic fields up to one Tesla. The results suggest anisotropic magnetoresistance at room temperature, with the sign of the magnetoresistance depending on the relative orientation between the magnetic field and the domain wall plane. A consequence of this finding is that macroscopically averaged magnetoresistance measurements for domain wall bunches are likely to underestimate the magnetoresistance of each individual domain wall.