Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Partial desingularisations of quotients of nonsingular varieties and their Betti numbers

When a reductive group G acts linearly on a nonsingular complex projective variety X one can define a projective "quotient" variety X//G using Mumford's geometric invariant theory. If the condition that every semistable point be (properly) stable is satisfied, this quotient is the ordinary topological quotient of an open subset Xss of the variety by the group. In [K] a formula is obtained for the rational cohomology of X//G under this condition. The formula involves the rational cohomology of X and various linear sections of X, together with the rational cohomology of the classifying spaces of G and certain reductive subgroups of G. In many interesting examples the condition required in [K] is not satisfied. Thus the question arises as to what information we can obtain in general. The quotient X//G can now have serious singularities in contrast to the good case considered in [K] where the only singularities are those caused by finite isotropy groups. It will be shown in this paper that there is a systematic way of blowing up X along a sequence of nonsingular subvarieties to obtain a variety X with a linear action of G such that every semistable point of X is stable. The only assumption that we have to make is that there exists at least one stable point of X. Then X//G is almost a resolution of singularities of X1/G, in the sense that the most serious singularities have been resolved. Moreover there is a formula for the rational cohomology of X//G again involving the rational cohomology of X and certain linear sections of X, together with the rational cohomology of the classifying spaces of G and some reductive subgroups of G (see Theorem 8.14). For convenience we shall assume throughout that G is connected. However the construction of X works in general, and it is straightforward to modify the cohomological formulas to apply to the general case. The construction of X//G can also be modified to apply in some cases when X has no stable points. The layout of the paper is as follows. Section 1 is a review of the basic facts of geometric invariant theory which will be needed and Section 2 describes the relationship of geometric invariant theory with symplectic geometry and the moment map. In Section 3 semistability and stability in a blow-up of X along a nonsingular C-invariant subvariety are related to semistability and stability in X,
Caregivers’ perceptions of compulsory treatment of physical illness in involuntarily psychiatric hospitalization

Background Physical morbidity is rife among patients with serious mental illness. When they are involuntarily hospitalized and even treated, they may still refuse treatment for physical illness leading clinicians to wonder about the ethics of coercing such treatments. Research aim This survey study explored psychiatric caregivers’ perceptions on whether compulsory treatment of physical illness is legal and whether it is justifiable in patients with serious mental illness and under what circumstances. Research design A questionnaire that included two case vignettes of an involuntarily hospitalized psychiatric patient with diabetes refusing treatment with insulin for various reasons. The cases differed in terms of diabetes severity. Participants answered questions regarding the appropriateness of involuntary treatment. Participants and research context Psychiatric medical doctors and nurses working in a mental health center. (N = 89, 50 female, ages 26–66). Ethical considerations The study was approved by the Medical Centre Institutional Review Board (IRB) and the University Ethics Committee. The respondents’ anonymity was kept. Participation was voluntary and consent was obtained. Results The severity of the patient’s medical condition and their reason for refusing treatment were associated with participants’ willingness to give insulin despite patient objection [(F(1, 87) = 49.41, p < . 01; (F(1, 87) = 33.44, p < . 01), respectively]. Participants were more inclined to support compulsory treatment if the patient’s refusal was “illness-oriented” (i.e. directly related to psychiatric illness). Participants presented diverse views regarding the perceived legality of compulsory treatment of physical illness in such situations (illegal 63.09%; legal 23.8%; 13% unsure). The majority (53.5%–55.3%) of those who thought it was illegal supported compulsory treatment in high-severity, illness-oriented refusal situations. Conclusions The severity of the medical condition and the reason for treatment refusal influence psychiatric caregivers’ willingness to provide compulsory treatment for physical illness in involuntary hospitalized psychiatric patients. Beyond the legal framework, ethical guidelines for these situations are warranted, while decisions should be made on a case-by-case basis.
Moral distress in rural veterinarians as an outcome of the Mycoplasma bovis incursion in southern New Zealand

ABSTRACT Aims To gain insight into the world of rural veterinarians during the Mycoplasma bovis incursion within southern Aotearoa New Zealand by exploring their experiences during the incursion, and to understand the consequences, positive and negative, of these experiences. Methods A qualitative social science research methodology, guided by the philosophical paradigm of pragmatism, was used to collect data from an information-rich sample (n = 6) of rural veterinarians from Otago and Southland. Interview and focus group techniques were used, both guided by a semi-structured interview guide. Veterinarians were asked a range of questions, including their role within the incursion; whether their involvement had any positive or negative impact for them; and their experience of conflicting demands. Analysis of the narrative data collected was guided by Braun and Clarke’s approach to reflexive thematic analysis. Results and findings All six participants approached agreed to participate. Analysis of the data provided an understanding of the trauma they experienced during the incursion. An overarching theme of psychological distress was underpinned by four sub-themes, with epistemic injustice and bearing witness the two sub-themes reported to be associated with the greatest experience of psychological distress. These, along with the other two identified stressors, led to the experience of moral distress, with moral residue and moral injury also experienced by some participants. Conclusions Eradication programmes for exotic diseases in production animals inevitably have an impact on rural veterinarians, in their role working closely with farmers. Potentially, these impacts could be positive, recognising and utilising veterinarians’ experience, skills and knowledge base. This study, however, illustrates the significant negative impacts for some rural veterinarians exposed to the recent M. bovis eradication programme in New Zealand, including experiences of moral distress and moral injury. Consequently, this eradication programme resulted in increased stress for study participants. There is a need to consider how the system addresses future exotic disease incursions to better incorporate and utilise the knowledge and skills of the expert workforce of rural veterinarians and to minimise the negative impacts on them. Clinical relevance To date, the experience of moral distress by rural veterinarians during exotic disease incursions has been under-reported globally and unexplored in New Zealand. The findings from this study contribute further insights to the existing limited literature and provide guidance on how to reduce the adverse experiences on rural veterinarians during future incursions. Abbreviations MPI: Ministry for Primary Industries; PITS: Perpetration-induced traumatic stress; PTSD: Post-traumatic stress disorder.
A quantitative evaluation of aerosol generation during awake tracheal intubation

Aerosol‐generating procedures are medical interventions considered high risk for transmission of airborne pathogens. Tracheal intubation of anaesthetised patients is not high risk for aerosol generation; however, patients often perform respiratory manoeuvres during awake tracheal intubation which may generate aerosol. To assess the risk, we undertook aerosol monitoring during a series of awake tracheal intubations and nasendoscopies in healthy participants. Sampling was undertaken within an ultraclean operating theatre. Procedures were performed and received by 12 anaesthetic trainees. The upper airway was topically anaesthetised with lidocaine and participants were not sedated. An optical particle sizer continuously sampled aerosol. Passage of the bronchoscope through the vocal cords generated similar peak median (IQR [range]) aerosol concentrations to coughing, 1020 (645–1245 [120–48,948]) vs. 1460 (390–2506 [40–12,280]) particles.l-1 respectively, p = 0.266. Coughs evoked when lidocaine was sprayed on the vocal cords generated 91,700 (41,907–166,774 [390–557,817]) particles.l-1 which was significantly greater than volitional coughs (p < 0.001). For 38 nasendoscopies in 12 participants, the aerosol concentrations were relatively low, 180 (120–525 [0–9552]) particles.l-1, however, five nasendoscopies generated peak aerosol concentrations greater than a volitional cough. Awake tracheal intubation and nasendoscopy can generate high concentrations of respiratory aerosol. Specific risks are associated with lidocaine spray of the larynx, instrumentation of the vocal cords, procedural coughing and deep breaths. Given the proximity of practitioners to patient‐generated aerosol, airborne infection control precautions are appropriate when undertaking awake upper airway endoscopy (including awake tracheal intubation, nasendoscopy and bronchoscopy) if respirable pathogens cannot be confidently excluded.
Electromagnetically induced transparency in planar complementary metamaterial for refractive index sensing applications

We report on numerical work concerning a planar complementary metamaterial analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) capable of exhibiting refractive index sensing with high sensitivity. The unit cell of the proposed complementary metamaterial consists of two cut-out nanostructures in a homogeneous metallic film, and can exhibit a sharply narrow reflectance transparency peak at near-infrared region breaking its structural symmetry. Moreover, the transparency peak shows highly sensitive response to the refractive index change in the surrounding medium. A complementary metamaterial sensor based on the EIT-like effect can yield a sensitivity of 928.9 nm/refractive index unit (RIU) and a figure of merit (FOM) of 19.2 increasing a supporting layer between the metamaterial and the substrate. The high sensitivity is attributed to the well-confined electric field and the increased spatial overlap between the induced local electric field and the surrounding medium. In addition, the sensitivity and FOM can be further improved by optimizing the asymmetric degree of two cut-out structures.
Ultrafast micropumping by biased alternating current electrokinetics

This paper reports dramatic improvements in flow rate over conventional alternating current (ac) electrokinetic micropumps by exploiting asymmetry in electric potentials over the electrodes. A micropump consisting of a planar asymmetric electrode array was tested using ac signals with and without a direct current (dc) bias. All experiments were done at 100 kHz Vac. The pumping velocity is much faster with a dc voltage, in some cases by an order of magnitude, reaching a linear velocity of up to 2.5 mm/s with only 5.4 Vrms. The discovery presents an exciting opportunity for microfluidics. Future improvement can be anticipated with additional optimization.
Quantum Physics and the Identity of Indiscernibles*

This paper is concerned with the question of whether atomic particles of the same species, i. e. with the same intrinsic state-independent properties of mass, spin, electric charge, etc, violate the Leibnizian Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles, in the sense that, while there is more than one of them, their state-dependent properties may also all be the same. The answer depends on what exactly the state-dependent properties of atomic particles are taken to be. On the plausible interpretation that these should comprise all monadic and relational properties that can be expressed in terms of physical magnitudes associated with self-adjoint operators that can be defined for the individual particles, then the weakest form of the Principle is shown to be violated for bosons, fermions and higher-order paraparticles, treated in first quantization
Sunspots and Hopf bifurcations in continuous time endogenous growth models

First we treat a three-dimensional continuous time abstract stationary model that includes one predetermined variable and two non-predetermined variables. We construct stationary sunspot equilibria in this model under the following two alternative conditions: (i) a steady state has two stable roots and one unstable root; and (ii) A closed orbit has a two-dimensional manifold on which it is asymptotically stable. Next, we apply these results to the models due to Lucas and Romer that undergo Hopf bifurcations for some parameter values. We construct sunspot equilibria in these models.
Understanding some simple phenomena in thermoacoustics with applications to acoustical heat engines

Thermoacoustical phenomena have a long history and are frequently characterized by great complexity. In the present paper, we describe how, by the use of suitable acoustical structures, the phenomena can both be simplified and readily demonstrated. A heuristic discussion is emphasized, which we hope will be useful in teaching the principles. The qualities of certain model apparatus that demonstrate acoustically stimulated entropy flow, a thermally driven acoustic oscillator, and an acoustically driven refrigerator are also presented in semiquantitative detail.
Age and Gender Differences in the Borrowing of Personal Stories

ABSTRACT Background In prior research, about half of undergraduate students claimed to have “borrowed” a story, by telling someone else’s autobiographical memory as if it was their own. Given that borrowing stories often involves intentional fabrication, and given that there are age-related declines in lying, we hypothesized that reports of intentionally borrowing stories should decline with age. Methods We recruited participants who ranged in age from 18 to 86 and asked them to complete an online retrospective survey about borrowing stories. Results Consistent with our hypothesis, older age was associated with lower reports of borrowing stories. Furthermore, among people who did report borrowing a story, older age was associated with less frequent story borrowing and less recent story borrowing. Conclusion These findings highlight the importance of using age-diverse samples when examining social memory phenomena. Findings based upon undergraduate students do not always replicate in other age groups.
Assessment of COVID-19 as the Underlying Cause of Death Among Children and Young People Aged 0 to 19 Years in the US

Key Points Question Where does COVID-19 rank as an underlying cause of death for children and young people aged 0 to 19 years in the US? Findings Among children and young people aged 0 to 19 years in the US, COVID-19 ranked eighth among all causes of deaths, fifth in disease-related causes of deaths (excluding unintentional injuries, assault, and suicide), and first in deaths caused by infectious or respiratory diseases. COVID-19 deaths constituted 2% of all causes of death in this age group. Meaning In this study, COVID-19 posed a significant disease burden for children and young people, so pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical interventions continue to be important to limit transmission of the virus and to mitigate severe disease.
Implementing brief and low-intensity psychological interventions for children and young people with internalizing disorders: a rapid realist review

Abstract Introduction Many children fail to receive the mental health treatments they need, despite strong evidence demonstrating efficacy of brief and low-intensity psychological interventions. This review identifies the barriers and facilitators to their implementation. Sources of Data PsycInfo, EMBASE and Medline were searched and a systematic approach to data extraction using Normalization Process Theory highlighted key mechanisms and contextual factors. Areas of Agreement Ten interventions from 9 papers, including 371 young people, were included. Studies identified organizational demands, lack of implementation strategy and stigma as barriers to implementation, and clear training and plans for implementation as facilitators. Areas of Controversy No standardized implementation outcomes were used across papers so meta-analysis was not possible. Growing Points Barriers and facilitators have been clearly identified across different settings. Areas Timely for Developing Research Longitudinal studies can identify methods and processes for enhancing long-term implementation and considers ways to monitor and evaluate uptake into routine practice.
Experimental and Computational Studies of Low-Temperature Mach 4 Flow Control by Lorentz Force

a = speed of sound B = magnetic field Cp, Cc = stray capacitances of the capacitive probe E = electric field e = specific total energy hD = diffuser height hT = test section height I = current I = identity tensor j = current density K = loading parameter L = magnetohydrodynamics section length M = flow Mach number _ m = mass flow rate N = number density P = pressure P0 = plenum pressure Ptest = test section static pressure Pr = Prandtl number Q = interaction parameter q = heat flux R = ballast resistance Rmatch = impedance matching resistance Rshunt = shunt resistance Rterm = terminator resistance R = magnetic Reynolds number Re = Reynolds number T = temperature t = time UPS = dc power supply voltage UDC = dc voltage Up = pulse voltage Upinc = incident pulse voltage Upref = reflected pulse voltage Uscope = voltage signal on the oscilloscope u = flow velocity W = coupled pulse energy Ztrans = high-voltage transmission line impedance ZBNC = Bayonet Neill–Concelman cable impedance = effective Joule heating factor d = diffuser step angle s = oblique shock angle = specific heat ratio PR = static pressure rise for accelerating Lorentz force PR = static pressure rise for retarding Lorentz force = electron mobility m = magnetic permeability of vacuum = pulse repetition frequency = density = electrical conductivity eff = effective electrical conductivity = characteristic time Presented as Paper 2007-4595 at the 38th AIAA Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference, Miami, FL, 25–28 June 2007; received 5 February 2010; revision received 2 June 2010; accepted for publication 10 June 2010. Copyright ©2010 by theAmerican Institute ofAeronautics andAstronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. Copies of this paper may be made for personal or internal use, on condition that the copier pay the $10.00 per-copy fee to the Copyright ClearanceCenter, Inc., 222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923; include the code 0748-4658/11 and $10.00 in correspondence with the CCC. Postdoctoral Researcher, Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics Laboratories, Department of Mechanical Engineering. Member AIAA. Postdoctoral Researcher, Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics Laboratories, Department of Mechanical Engineering. Member AIAA. Graduate Research Associate, Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics Laboratories, Department of Mechanical Engineering. Member AIAA. §Professor, Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics Laboratories, Department of Mechanical Engineering. Associate Fellow AIAA. ¶Research Aerospace Engineer, Computational Sciences Branch. Fellow AIAA. JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER Vol. 27, No. 2, March–April 2011
Migraine and obesity: what is the real direction of their association?

ABSTRACT Introduction In recent decades, studies have addressed the issue of how migraine and obesity are related and have suggested obesity as a risk factor for migraine headache. However, the exact direction of this relationship remains under debate. In this review, the authors summarize the evidence that have suggested migraine as a risk factor for obesity and overweightness. Areas covered This article reviews the results of the previous research published on PubMed and Scopus databases (from 2000 to 2020) concerning the association between migraine and obesity to determine the actual direction of their association. Special attention has been given to the common mechanistic pathways involved in the pathophysiology of migraine and obesity. Expert opinion The majority of research conducted thus far has considered obesity as a risk factor for migraine. However, because of the cross-sectional design of available research, we cannot be certain of the proposed direction of this association. There is evidence supporting the hypothesis that obesity can serve as a consequence of migraine through the effects of neuropeptides, inflammatory mediators, adipokines, gut microbiota and modifications in eating behavior and lifestyle. However, the real direction of the relationship between migraine and obesity should be further investigated in large prospective studies.