Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scattering from structures formed by resonant elements

A two-dimensional (2-D) structure, formed by a finite number of resonant elements, has been considered in this paper, and its scattering characteristics have been analyzed in detail over a wide frequency band including the resonance region. The elements of the structure comprise perfectly conducting thin cylinders with longitudinal slots, it has been demonstrated that the scattered field of such an array exhibits rather remarkable properties at resonance frequencies. For instance, the strong coupling between the elements in the resonance region manifests itself into superdirective radiation in the far field and this is a common attribute of scatterers formed by coupled resonant elements.
Fundamental Algorithms in Distributed Systems

A distributed system is a collection of spatially separated processes that communicate over a network and coordinate their actions by exchanging messages. Because of the failure-prone nature of the network and the processes themselv es, many complex problems arise in distributed systems. If not addressed, these problems can prove to be significantly costly to applications that involve communication and coordination betw een multiple processes. Many of these problems can be overcome through the use of fundamental algorithms for ordering, coordination, and agreement. This paper will review some of these algorithms, including synchroni zation, ordering of events, mutual exclusion, election, multicast, consensus, and Byzantine Generals Problem.
Effect of doxycycline on contra lateral canine cranial cruciate ligament rupture

Summary Objective: To evaluate whether doxycycline administered to dogs with unilateral cranial cruciate ligament rupture (Uni-CCLR) would decrease the risk of contralateral-CCLR (CoCCLR). To evaluate predictors for Co-CCLR survival. To evaluate if a predisposition of Labrador Retrievers to Co-CCLR exists when compared to other breeds. Methods: In this prospective randomized controlled clinical trial, 69 client-owned dogs with Uni-CCLR were randomly assigned to a doxycycline (group-D: 7.5 mg/kg PO BID x 6 weeks) or non-doxycycline (group-ND: negative control). Medical and imaging data, time from Uni- to Co-CCLR and to follow-up were recorded. Statistics included chi-squared test, logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, log rank test, survival curves, and frailty model (p <0.05). Results: This study included 32 dogs in group-D, and 37 dogs in group-ND. Median follow-up was 54.5 and 61 months, respectively. Contralateral CCLR occurred in 53.1% and 48.6% at medians of 20 and 11 months, respectively. Doxycycline did not significantly decrease the risk of Co-CCLR (p = 0.83). This risk was decreased by 14.2% with each year of age but increased with each increasing kilogram of body weight and each increasing degree of tibial plateau angle by 5.4% and 9.7%, respectively. Labrador Retrievers were not significantly predisposed (p = 0.37). Clinical significance: At the dose regimen investigated doxycycline does not decrease the risk for Co-CCLR.
Indirect Effects of Tropical Cyclones on Heavy Rainfall Events in Kyushu, Japan, during the Baiu Season

This study examines the indirect effect of tropical cyclones (TCs) on cases of heavy rainfall during the Baiu season in Kyushu, Japan using data analyses and numerical experiments. A detailed analysis of the heavy rainfall event that occurred on 7 June 1999 (JST) is performed. This event was remotely affected by Typhoon Maggie (9903), which was located approximately 2000 km from Kyushu at the time. As Typhoon Maggie passed close to Taiwan, a high potential vorticity (PV) zone appeared to the north of Taiwan. A low PV region formed simultaneously to the east of Taiwan, corresponding to a northwestward extension of the Pacific high. These dynamical changes induced an enhanced southerly moisture flux between the high PV zone and the low PV region, leading to moisture convergence and heavy rain in the vicinity of Kyushu. During this time, Typhoon Maggie also caused the northward advection of a separate tropical disturbance. The high PV zone to the north of Taiwan was produced by diabatic heating associated with interplay between the circulation of Typhoon Maggie and the topography of Taiwan. In contrast, the low PV region was formed through the advection of low-PV air from low latitudes by Typhoon Maggie. A piecewise PV inversion diagnostic shows that the low PV region was the largest contributor to the southerly moisture flux, although both Typhoon Maggie and the high PV zone also made positive contributions. Numerical experiments reveal that the precipitation in and around Kyushu was enhanced by both the topography of Taiwan and the northward advection of the additional tropical disturbance. This study identifies a new mechanism as an indirect effect of TCs. The core element of this mechanism is a large moisture flux south of Kyushu, which is termed “moisture road,” and the difference from “atmospheric river” is discussed. This mechanism is not unique to Typhoon Maggie, as other cases of heavy rainfall in and around Kyushu are associated with similar situations. Corresponding author: Kenji Yoshida, Japan Meteorological Agency, 1-3-4, Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-
Fluid-structure interaction in the aortic heart valve : a three-dimensional computational analysis

• A submitted manuscript is the author's version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.
ROC Study Of Maximum Likelihood Estimator Human Brain Image Reconstructions In PET Clinical Practice: A Progress Report

This paper will report on the progress to date in carrying out Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) studies comparing Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) and Filtered Backprojection WP) reconstructions of normal and abnormal human brain PET data in a clinical setting. A previous statistical study of reconstructions of the Hoffman brain phantom with real data indicated that the pixel-to-pixel standard deviation in feasible MLE images is approximately proportional to the square root of the number of counts in a region, as opposed to a standard deviation which is high and largely independent of the number of counts in FBP. A preliminary ROC study carried out with 10 non-medical observers performing a relatively simple detectability task indicates that, for the majority of observers, lower standard deviation translates itself into a statistically significant detectability advantage in MLE reconstructions. The initial results of ongoing tests with four experienced neurologists/nuclear medicine physicians are presented. "Normal" cases of 18F - fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) cerebral metabolism studies and "abnormal" cases in which a variety of lesions have been introduced into "normal" data sets have been evaluated. We report on the results of reading the reconstructions of 90 data sets, each corresponding to a single brain slice. It has become apparent that the design of the study based on reading single brain slices is too insensitive and we propose a variation based on reading three consecutive slices at a time, rating only the center slice.
Simulations of shock structures of a flare/CME event in the low corona

Abstract We study the MHD processes related to a flare/CME event in the lower solar corona using numerical simulations. Our initial state is an isothermal gravitationally stratified corona with an embedded flux rope magnetic field structure. The eruption is driven by applying an artificial force to the flux rope. The results show that as the flux rope rises, a shock structure is formed, reaching from ahead of the flux rope all the way to the solar surface. The speed of the shock quickly exceeds that of the driving flux rope, and the shock escapes from the driver. Thus, the shock exhibits characteristics both of the driven and blast wave type. In addition, the temperature distribution behind the shock is loop-like, implying that erupting loop-like structures observed in soft X-ray images might be shocks. Finally, we note that care must be taken when performing correlation analysis of the speed and location of type II bursts and ejecta.
Designing a Checklist for Directly Observing Use of One-Minute Preceptor Steps on Inpatient Rounds: A Pilot Study

Background: “One-minute preceptor” (OMP) is a well-established educational technique; however, primary literature on OMP lacks a tool to assess behavioral change after delivery of curricula.Primary aim of this pilot study was to design a checklist for direct observation of teachers using OMP on general medicine rounds and obtain inter-rater reliability evidence for the checklist. Methods: This study pilots an internally designed 6-item checklist to assess change in directly observed behavior. We describe the process of developing the checklist and training the observers. We calculated a percent agreement and Cohen's kappa to assess inter-rater reliability. Results: Raters had a high percent agreement ranging from 0.8 to 0.9 for each step of OMP. Cohen's kappa ranged from 0.49 to 0.77 for the five OMP steps. The highest kappa obtained was for getting a commitment (κ = 0.77) step, whereas the lowest agreement was for correcting mistakes (κ = 0.49). Conclusion: We showed a percent agreement ≥0.8 and moderate agreement based on Cohen's kappa with most steps of OMP on our checklist. A reliable OMP checklist is an important step in further improving the assessment and feedback of resident teaching skills on general medicine wards.
Synergistic Cofoctor Function of Foclor V ond Prolein S to Aclivoled Protein C in the lnoclivotion of the Foctor Vlllo - Foclor lXo Complex Species Specific lnleroctions of Components of the Prolein C Anlicoogulont System

factor VIIIa. The anticoagulant activity of APC is potentiated by the vitamin K-dependent protein S. Recently, we found that the APC-cofactor function of human protein S was potentiated by human factor V (5). This suggests that the protein C system is more complex than previously reported and that inactivation of factors Va and VIIIa by APC depends on the assembly of multi molecular membrane bound protein complexes. The anticoagulant activity of APC demonstrates species specificity, which has been shown to depend on the interaction between APC and protein S (6). Thus, bovine APC is inactive as an anticoagulant in human and rabbit plasmas unless bovine protein S is also added (6-8). In contrast, bovine APC is active in both bovine and porcine plasma (9). The species specificity is not completely mutual because human APC is able to function as anticoagulant in bovine, baboon and rabbit plasmas (8, 10, 11), suggesting that human APC is able to interact with protein S from different origin. Thus, bovine protein S can potentiate the anticoagulant activity of both human and bovine APC, whereas human protein S only supports human APC. To put it in another w0), human protein S and bovine APC are species restricted in their activity, whereas human APC and bovine protein S are promiscuous. This study was initiated to elucidate whether bovine factor V elicits APC-cofactor
The need for a pressure-term representation in empirical Galerkin models of incompressible shear flows

Low-dimensional empirical Galerkin models are developed for spatially evolving laminar and transitional shear layers, based on a Karhunen–Loève decomposition of incompressible two- and three-dimensional Navier–Stokes simulations. It is shown that the key to an accurate Galerkin model is a novel analytical pressure-term representation. The effect of the pressure term is elucidated by a modal energy-flow analysis in a mixing layer, which generalizes the framework developed by Rempfer (1991). In convectively unstable shear layers, it is shown in particular that neglecting small energy terms leads to large amplitude errors in the Galerkin model. The effect of the pressure term and small neglected energy flows is very important for a two-dimensional mixing layer, is less pronounced for the three-dimensional analogue, and can be considered as small in an absolutely unstable wake flow.
Relativistic distribution functions, fluid equations and equations of state for magnetized electron streams

A class of anisotropic relativistic distribution functions for magnetized electron streams and the corresponding fluid equations are proposed, supposing a dominant Lorentz force and weak collisions between particles. Equations of state and the relativistic second law of thermodynamic quantities are derived that are not limited to small temperatures. The proposed form of the distribution function and thermodynamic relations were developed to model the energetic population in electron cyclotron current drive experiments, but may also be applied to other laboratory and space plasma science problems.
Sensitivity analysis of violations of the faithfulness assumption

We study the implication of violations of the faithfulness condition due to parameter cancellations on estimation of the directed acyclic graph (DAG) skeleton. Three settings are investigated: when (i) faithfulness is guaranteed (ii) faithfulness is not guaranteed and (iii) the parameter distributions are concentrated around unfaithfulness (near-unfaithfulness). In a simulation study, the effects of the different settings are compared using the parents and children (PC) and max–min parents and children (MMPC) algorithms. The results show that the performance in the faithful case is almost unchanged compared with the unrestricted case, whereas there is a general decrease in performance under the near-unfaithful case as compared with the unrestricted case. The response to near-unfaithful parameterizations is similar between the two algorithms, with the MMPC algorithm having higher true positive rates and the PC algorithm having lower false positive rates.
Implications of stellar activity for exoplanetary atmospheres

Abstract Stellar X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation is an important driver of the escape of planetary atmospheres. Young stars emit high XUV fluxes that decrease as they age. Since the XUV emission of a young star can be orders of magnitude higher compared to an older one, this evolution has to be taken into account when studying the mass-loss history of a planet. The temporal decrease of activity is closely related to the operating magnetic dynamo, which depends on rotation and convection in Sun-like stars. Using a sample of nearby M dwarfs, we study the relations between age, rotation and activity and discuss the influence on planets orbiting these low-mass stars.
Techniques for attainment, control, and calibration of cryogenic temperatures at small single‐crystal samples under ultrahigh vacuum

On the basis of detailed considerations of the relevant effects and parameters, we describe techniques which have been developed to accurately set, maintain, and measure the temperature of a small sample (typically a single‐crystal disk of about 1 cm in diameter and 1 mm thick) in a strongly nonisothermal surrounding in ultrahigh vacuum, such as required by surface science experiments, in the temperature range from at least 6.5 K up. The resettability and resolution are 30–70 mK and the absolute error is estimated as about 0.7 K at 10 K and about 1.5 K at 100 K. Controlled linear heating with rates from 10−2 to 50 K/s and high constancy (deviations below 0.1 K up to 5 K/s and below 0.5 K up to 50 K/s), and stepwise heating (≳100 K/s) without measurable overshoot can be carried out in this whole cryogenic range.
Improved design of magnetooptic rib waveguides for optical isolators

Garnet films of the following compositions (Lu,Bi)/sub 3/(Fe,Ga,Al)/sub 5/O/sub 12/ and (Tm,Bi)/sub 3/(Fe,Ga)/sub 5/O/sub 12/ are grown by liquid-phase epitaxy on [111]-oriented substrates of gadolinium gallium garnet. Double layers with opposite signs of Faraday rotation and single layers are prepared. Optical monomode rib waveguides are realized using such films. The nonreciprocal phase shift of the fundamental TM-mode is studied both theoretically and experimentally at a wavelength of 1.3 /spl mu/m. The maximum nonreciprocal effect of double layer films is about 1.7 times larger than that of similar single layer waveguides. Agreement between experiments and calculations is excellent.
Experimental investigation of the scattering of electromagnetic waves from a model random medium of discrete scatterers

The paper describes a new three-dimensional physical model of a random discrete-scatterer medium and presents the results of an experimental investigation to determine the suitability of the model in studies aimed at the evaluation of approximate scattering theory. In contrast to previous models in which the scatterer statistics were indirectly controlled by a physical process, the present model allows the statistics to be directly controlled as in a Monte Carlo computer simulation. It also permits considerable flexibility in the type of scatterers used. The experimental model investigated consisted of a layered slab region of polystyrene foam (142 x 76 x 27 cm) in which polyethylene spheres of 1.27 cm diameter were embedded at random positions. These positions were generated by computer from a uniform distribution. The medium was scanned by a narrow 35-GHz beam and the randomly varying transmitted field was recorded, sampled, and statistically analyzed. The accuracy of the first and second field moments, determined in experiments on the model with two different average densities of the spherical scatterer, is evaluated. (auth)
Near-Infrared Observations of MUSES-C Mission Target

We present near-infrared photometric and spectroscopic observations of the MUSES-C Japanese asteroid sample return mission target (25143) 1998 SF36, which were obtained with the 8-m SUBARU telescope. The near-infrared colors were found to be J − H =0.49 ±0.04 and H − K =0.02 ±0.04, where J, H ,a ndK are the magnitudes at the center wavelength of 1.25, 1.63, and 2.12 µm, respectively. Comparing these colors to those of known taxonomic type asteroids, we find this asteroid to be S-type. We combined our M � -band (4.68 µm) photometric data with N-band photometric data obtained at the mid-IR wavelength. Using the free beaming parameter thermal model (FBM), the derived size of 1998 SF36, assuming the shape of an ellipsoid, are a = 620 ±140m, b = 280 ±60m, and c = 160 ±30m, and geometric albedo in the V-band (0.55 µm) is 0.35 ±0.11. The beaming parameter from FBM is found to be 1.1. Our results show that the albedo of 1998 SF36 is high among S-type asteroids, and that the thermal inertia seems to be higher than that of average asteroids. From this we can say that the regolith thickness of this small asteroid is thin, and/or the surface is covered with bare rocks. We also obtained photometric and spectroscopic data in the L-band (3.77 µm). Since there is no clear absorption band seen around 3 µm, we estimate that the water abundance of the surface material is less than 1% in weight.
INHIBITION OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL PROLIFERATION BY NORMAL HUMAN MONOCYTES

Human peripheral blood monocytes and macrophages possess factors which are capable of inhibiting or stimulating endothelial cell proliferation. We have further explored if such activity is due to cytotoxic effects of monocytes. Normal mononuclear cells were isolated first by density gradient. Monocytes were then purified by three different techniques: 1) counter centrifugation elutriation (CCE) (Beckman) 2) selective adhesion to gelatin-plasma (GPI) 3) selective adhesion to fibronectin (Fn). Cytotoxicity was estimated by counting the release of 51cr used to label the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVE) prior to the addition of monocytes. Whilst [3H] thymidine incorporation by HUVE permitted us to measure the effect of monocytes on the growth of the endothelial cells. Monocytes were incubated with HUVE (12×103) for 24 to 36h at various concentrations '(1.5-12×103). No cytotoxic effect could be demonstrated but an inhibition of [3h] thymidine uptake was observed and was dependent upon monocytes concentration. Monocytes isolated on GP1 exhibited a significantly higher inhibitory effect (p<0.05) compared to those purified on Fn or by CCE. (GP1: 85±6%, Fn:58±6%, CCE:67±5%). These results indicated t*hat normal monocytes can inhibit endothelial cell proliferation. This activity appeared to be higher when monocytes were isolated on GP1 which suggest that the adhesion on this surface could stimulate monocytes not only by its fibronectin receptor. This inhibitory activity of monocyte on endothelial cells proliferation could be different in patients with vascular disorders.
Fourth-order interference in parametric downconversion

A two-photon state can be selected by coincidence detection of photon pairs created in parametric downconversion. We demonstrate a reduction in the coincidence-count rate when pairs of photons are combined in a beam splitter. This reduction occurs only when photon wave functions overlap and can permit accurate (subpicosecond) relative timing measurements. We relate the width of the coincidence reduction to the bandwidth of the downconverted light and thence to the detailed phase-matching conditions in the parametric downconversion crystal. We also demonstrate that the loss of coincidences is associated with an increased probability of detection of photon pairs in each output of the beam splitter.
Incentive and nudge design for human behavioural change

This paper addresses the modelling and management problems for human behavioural change, in particular, aiming reduced congestion. First, the behavioural change driven by incentivizing and informational nudging is modelled reflecting the tendency of a human group. Next, an incentive- and nudge-based optimal management problem is formulated, where the model of behavioural change is taken into account. Finally, the effectiveness of the incentive and nudge design is verified in a numerical experiment.
SV Cam spot activity in February 2001 – March 2002

We present the analysis of new BVR light curves for the active star SV Cam. The Roche model with spotted areas on the hotter primary component fits satisfactorily all filter observations yielding two spots in intermediate latitudes and covering about 1.5% each of the stellar surface. Both are ∼1000 K cooler than surrounding photosphere. The comparison with an earlier season (January/February 2000) suggests that the spots probably evolved in area longitude and latitude but basic and preferred orientation from previous season is confirmed.