Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interspecific size and number variation in pollen grains and seeds

An interspecific correlation between pollen grain size and seed size is demonstrated by means of the phylogenetic regression, which allows for phylogenetic bias. The correlation was not explained by plant size, mass of DNA per cell, style length or breeding system, although the first three of these factors all correlated with both pollen size and seed size. Two interpretations, involving pollen competition and flower size, are discussed. There is also an interspecific correlation between pollen grain number per flower and ovule number per flower. Some consequences of these correlations for the interpretation of pollen-ovule ratios and sex allocation strategies are considered.
Population dynamics of Newfoundland beaver

The demography of beaver was studied in Newfoundland from 1956 to 1965. Population densities were low and seldom exceeded one colony per 2.6 km2 (1 mi2). About 80% of the adult females were fertile and the number of young per litter averaged 2.7. The annual mortality rate of beavers was about 30% in southeastern Newfoundland. A more detailed study was made of a population living in a 39-km2 (15-mi2) study area. This population had 20, 23, and 24 active colonies, 1958–1960. In 1961 it declined to 18 colonies. We removed the beavers in 1962. The replacement colonies, resulting initially from ingress, were 7 in 1962, 12 in 1963, 17 in 1964, and 15 in 1965. When the population was high in 1958–1960, the fertility of females was high (78%) but the litter size in 1960 appeared to be less than elsewhere. When the population declined in 1960–1961, productivity declined and some animals may have starved over winter. It was concluded that territorial behaviour spaces colonies, dispersing the population within the l.
First Nest Description and Notes on Parental Care of Lawrence's Thrush (Turdus lawrencii)

Abstract We present the first nest description for the Lawrence's Thrush (Turdus lawrencii), found on 9 February 2011 in the lowland tropical forest at the Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Orellana province, Ecuador. The nest was situated 1.6 m off the ground, tucked in the hollow end of a broken dead tree. The open-cup nest conformed to the shape of the depression in which it was built, and averaged 13.0 cm in diameter and 6.6 cm in depth. The inner cup diameter averaged 8 cm and the maximum depth was 4 cm. The nest was constructed of moss, leafy liverworts, and fungal rhizoids held together with mud. During 6.5 hrs of observation on 13 and 14 February 2011, we observed the female feeding the nestlings while the male remained in the vicinity of the nest. We conclude that the nest composition of Lawrence's Thrush is typical of other thrush species, and based on our limited behavioral data we also conclude parental care is comparable to other Turdus species.
ASCOSPORE DEVELOPMENT IN HANSENULA ANOMALA

The development of ascospores of Hansenula anomala (Hansen) H. & P. Syd. was studied by electron microscopy. Within the young ascus, a double membrane develops around each of the haploid nuclei enclosing mitochondria, oil vacuoles, and endoplasmic reticulum as well. Two ascospore wall layers are deposited within the intercisternal space. The initial wall layer develops centripetally from the extremities of the base, then around the crown of the hat-shaped spore. In many spores, this initial wall is thin or incomplete around the upper portion of the crown. The second wall layer is less electron dense and is formed adjacent to and immediately within the initial layer. At maturity of the spores, no organelles remain in the epiplasm.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN UV RADIATION AND TEMPERATURE LIMIT INFERENCES FROM SINGLE‐FACTOR EXPERIMENTS 1

The global environment is changing. Substantial shifts in temperature, rainfall, cloud cover, and UV radiation (UVR) are all predicted as a result of anthropogenic activity. Although the actual and potential effects of changes in single environmental variables are being studied intensively, the interactive effects of multiple stressors have received little attention. Here we offer the first experimental evidence of interactive effects between UVR and temperature on germination and growth in multicellular organisms. To address the question of how temperature affects survival and growth of organisms in the presence of UVR, we exposed early life stages of two species of intertidal algae, Alaria marginata Postels et Ruprecht and Fucus gardneri Silva, to four levels of UVR at three temperatures for 56 h. PAR and day length (12:12‐h light:dark) were held constant across all treatments. UVR levels bracketed natural levels, and temperatures were within the range of ambient temperatures. Designated endpoints were germination rate and cell number, and we recorded mortality where survival was nil. Our results support the hypothesis that temperature mediates the net biological effect of UVR and vice versa. For instance, spores of A. marginata were able to survive and grow at 15° C at all UV levels and at 10° C in the absence of UVR but were unable to survive at 10° C in the presence of high levels of UVR. Our results suggest that the ability to predict the effects of global change hinges on understanding interactions among environmental variables, imposing strict limits on inferences made from single‐factor experiments.
Phylogeography of the North African dipodil (Rodentia: Muridae) based on cytochrome-b sequences

Abstract The present study aims to depict the overall pattern of the history of the North African dipodil, Gerbillus campestris, in the northern Sahara. More specifically we document whether or not Pleistocene refugia, the Sahara desert, and the Moulouya River structure patterns of diversity in this species. The phylogenetic relationships among populations were determined by analyses of the cytochrome-b gene in 100 specimens collected in 5 countries (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Mali, and Niger) and 27 localities. Our study highlights a complex phylogeographic pattern for G. campestris in North Africa, with 9 phylogenetic lineages differing by up to 2.5% of sequence divergence. Most of these lineages are allopatric, except in Morocco where 2 lineages are overlapping in the south. These genetic lineages probably arose during the successive cycles of cooling and warming climatic conditions that characterized the end of the Pleistocene, caused by the combined effects of habitat changes and marine transgressions. The divergence between Saharan and Moroccan populations occurred during a period of aridification at the end of the Pleistocene. The Moulouya and the Bou Regreg rivers also seem to be major biogeographical barriers to gene flow in this species.
Loganin, loganic acid and periclymenoside, a new biosidic ester iridoid glucoside from Lonicera periclymenumL. (Caprifoliaceae)

Loganin (1), loganic acid (2), and periclymenoside (3) have been isolated from Lonicera periclymenumL. The structure of the new compound 3 and the identity of the others have been determined by chemical transformations and interpretation of the spectral data.
Field evaluation and economics of insecticides against the major pests of okra

Abstract Bio‐efficacy of 15 insecticides was evaluated against the pest complex of okra in the semi‐arid region of Rajasthan during July‐October, 1984. Five sprays given at intervals of 15 days throughout the crop period indicated that fenvalerate (0.02%) was most effective, followed by permethrin (0.02%), cypermethrin (0.02%), carbaryl (0.10%), monocrotophos (0.04%) and dimethoate (0.03%), against leafhoppers, aphids and fruit borer. The maximm yield of marketable fruits was obtained with fenvalerate, followed by cypermethrin, carbaryl, monocrotophos and dimethoate treatments. Highest net‐profit of Rs. 4890.00 was also recorded with fenvalerate treatment, followed by Rs. 4430.00 with carbaryl, Rs. 4148.00 with permethrin, Rs. 3977.00 with monocrotophos and Rs. 3053.00 with dimethoate treatments. A higher benfit cost ratio was found with carbaryl (1:9.78), followed by dimethoate (1:7.85), monocrotophos (1:5.18), methyl demeton (1:5.07), fenvalerate (1:3.43) and permethrin (1:2.41). These insecticides can .
Effect of Nutrient Optimization on Branch Characteristics in Picea abies (L.) Karst

The number and size of branches are major determinants of log grading. To study the effect of fertilization on branch characteristics in Norway spruce, trees were sampled in a nutrient optimization experiment in northern Sweden. Data were collected from 24 40-yr-old trees from fertilized and control plots after 12 yrs of annual nutrient application. On the fertilized plots, all essential macronutrients and micronutrients were supplied in irrigation water every second day during the growing season. Fertilization increased the number of new branches, but its effect on branch angle and branch mortality was small. Fertilization increased the diameter of the branches that were formed after the initiation of the treatment, but also the diameter of the branches that were formed before the fertilization commenced. Fertilization enhanced the general growth of a tree, but there were no significant changes in the relationships between stem and branch characteristics. Improved growth rate of trees, as an effect of fertilization, may impair branching quality of logs. Such negative effects may, however, to some extent be counteracted by planting density at stand establishment and later thinning regimens.
Changes in SPME-extracted volatile compounds from Iberian ham during ripening

A headspace SPME procedure was tested to study the evolution of volatile compounds during the ripening of Iberian hams from pigs reared in a Montanera system (outdoorbased, with acorn and pasture available) and a HO-Pienso system (indoor-based, with a high oleic acid concentrate). The effect of the ripening time on volatile compounds was more marked than the effect of feeding system. Most volatile compounds affected by the ripening time were compounds that come from Strecker and Maillard reactions, which increased significantly ( p < 0.05). Some of them (butanoic acid, 2,6- dimethylpirazyne and 1-octen-3-ol) were more abundant in Montanera than in Pienso hams. These small differences could be important because they involve compounds that have been identified as Iberian ham odorants.
Grazing by a resident macrozooplankton community and non‐resident Daphnia carinata King: A preliminary in situ incubation study

A 24 h incubation study was conducted in situ in Manly Dam reservoir, Sydney, Australia. The study aimed to evaluate the relative effectiveness of grazing on phytoplankton by a resident macrozooplankton community, dominated by the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia and some copepods, in comparison with grazing by added, non-resident Daphnia carinata in the absence of the resident macrozooplankton community. Although there was some variability in the measured grazing rates among incubation bottles (volume: 1.28 L), D. carinata with a mean body size of 30.8 μg dry weight were more efficient grazers than the reservoir macrozooplankton community with a mean body size of 2.5 μg dry weight. The weight-specific clearance rate of D. carinata was 2–65 times higher than that of the resident reservoir community for five taxa of reservoir phytoplankton examined. In comparing the evidence from the literature on the limited ability of D. carinata to graze on cyanobacteria, a management strategy using D. carinata for the reduction of phytoplankton biomass may need to be considered separately from one designed to specifically control undesirable taxa, such as the cyanobacteria Microcystis and Anabaena.
Identification of Juvenile Fall versus Spring Chinook Salmon Migrating through the Lower Snake River Based on Body Morphology

Abstract We tested the use of body morphology to distinguish among subyearling fall-run, subyearling spring-run, and yearling spring-run smolts of chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha at two lower Snake River dams during the summer emigration. Based on principal-components analysis, subyearling fall-run chinook salmon had smaller heads and eyes, deeper bodies, and shorter caudal peduncles than yearling spring-run chinook salmon. Subyearling spring-run chinook salmon had characteristics of both subyearling fall-run and yearling spring-run chinook salmon. Subyearling fall-run and yearling spring-run chinook salmon were classified with more than 80% accuracy by means of discriminant analysis. Classification accuracy for subyearling spring-run chinook salmon was only 26%. We conclude that body morphology can be used to accurately identify the age of chinook salmon smolts but not the run. Therefore, genetic analyses are the only means of reliably determining the run composition of summer migrants in the low.
Influence of nitrate and ammonium availability on uptake kinetics of stream biofilms

Abstract. Human activity has significantly increased dissolved inorganic N (DIN) availability and has modified the relative proportion of NO3− and NH4+ species in many streams. Understanding the relationship between DIN concentration and DIN uptake is crucial to predicting how streams will respond to increased DIN loading. Nonetheless, this relationship remains unclear because of the complex interactions governing DIN uptake. We aimed to evaluate how biofilms from 2 streams differing in background DIN concentration would respond to increases in availability and changes in speciation (NO3− or NH4+) of DIN. We measured DIN uptake by biofilms in artificial flumes in each stream, using separate 15N-NO3− and 15N-NH4+ additions in a graded series of increasing DIN concentrations. The ambient uptake rate (U) was higher for NO3− than for NH4+ in both streams, but only U for NH4+ differed between streams. Uptake efficiency (UN-specific) at ambient conditions was higher in the low-N than in the high-N stream for both DIN species. A Michaelis–Menten model of uptake kinetics best fit the relationship between uptake and concentration in the case of NH4+ (for both streams) but not in the case of NO3− (neither stream). Moreover, saturation of NH4+ uptake occurred at lower rates (lower Umax) in the low-N than in the high-N stream, but affinity for NH4+ was higher (lower Ks) in the low-N stream. Together, these results indicate that the response capacity of biofilm communities to short-term increases of DIN concentration is determined primarily by the ambient DIN concentrations under which they develop. Our study also shows that DIN uptake by benthic biofilms varies with DIN availability and with DIN speciation, which often is modified by human activities.
Effects of defoliation on radial stem growth and photosynthesis in the mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa).

Effects of herbivory on radial growth of mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa) were investigated in defoliation experiments in a subarctic environment in northern Sweden. The effects of foliage loss on the rate of photosynthesis and the annual radial increment were assessed to test whether compensation had occurred. Fifty per cent defoliation had no significant effect on ring width. In trees defoliated 100%, rings formed during the treatment year and each of the following 3 years were only 15-25% as wide as the corresponding rings in control trees (.)
Population and Food

Inevitably, reading is one of the requirements to be undergone. To improve the performance and quality, someone needs to have something new every day. It will suggest you to have more inspirations, then. However, the needs of inspirations will make you searching for some sources. Even from the other people experience, internet, and many books. Books and internet are the recommended media to help you improving your quality and performance.
Physicochemical and Rheological Evaluation of Cassava Flower Honey Produced by Africanized Apis mellifera

Analyses of honey produced by Africanized Apis mellifera from cassava flowers were carried out to characterize this product. The results showed satisfactory values within the standards of marketing, except for the apparent sucrose for exporting and hydroxymethylfurfural in Brazil. The honey was properly described by the power law model and exhibited a shear thinning behavior. The viscosity decreased with an increase in temperature. The Arrhenius model gave a good description of temperature effect on apparent viscosity of the honey, where the activation energy determined at a shear rate of 10 s _1 was 69.35 kJ/mol. Cassava flower honey not presented quality indexes within the parameters required by current standards, because to the apparent sucrose content is above the level allowed for exportation. These values need to be observed and monitored in a way that farmers can market the honey produced by Africanized A. mellifera amid the cassava culture with physical and chemical quality.
Genetic Improvement Rates of Short‐Season Soybean Increase with Plant Population

Studies with a series of historic soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] cultivars have found genetic improvement rates for seed yield of about 0.5% per year since soybean was first cultivated in Canada. Work with maize (Zea mays L.) has shown seed yield differences between old and new hybrids are more pronounced under higher seeding rates. The objective of our research was to determine the effect of plant populations on the rate of genetic improvement of short-season soybeans. Soybean cultivars released total934 to 1996 were grown in 40-cm-wide rows at several seeding rates (Exp. 1, 42 cultivars grown at 25,50, 75 seeds m -2 in 1998 and 1999; and Exp. 2, seven cultivars grown at 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 seeds m -2 in 1999 and 2000) in two fields for 2 yr at Ottawa, ON. Genetic improvement rates were based on cultivar year of release and were compared across plant populations. In Exp. 1, seed yields did not reach a plateau. In Exp. 2, a seed yield plateau was reached and genetic improvement rates generally increased with plant population. Maximum rates of genetic improvement occurred at plant populations three to four times greater than current commercial practice (40 plants m -2 ). A plateau for seed yield was reached at lower plant populations compared to plateaus for genetic improvement rates which were reached at higher plant populations (>80 plants m -2 ). Higher plant populations also resulted in earlier maturity, increased plant height, and increased lodging. Seed protein increased and seed oil decreased with higher plant populations. New soybean cultivars appear more tolerant to plant population stress than older cultivars.
The Implication of the Preoperative Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in the Diagnosis of Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Analysis

Aims: There is growing evidence that the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) may be used as a prognostic factor in many head and neck cancer types. We aimed to investigate the diagnostic implication of the NLR as a biological marker in predicting the malignancy of laryngeal lesions. Study Design: This is a retrospective study. Methodology: The medical records of the patients who underwent an operation for a laryngeal pathology between September 2010 and January 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. For the control group, 50 age and sex matched patients were selected among the patients who underwent septoplasty. Preoperative neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was calculated for each subject in the malignant, benign and control groups. Results: Comparison of the three groups yielded a statistically significant difference between the groups (p<0.05, p=0.025). Comparison of the malignant group with the healthy control group showed that the median NLR was higher in the malignant group (p<0.05, p=0.011). Original Research Article Ciftci et al.; JCTI, 2(3): 144-149, 2015; Article no.JCTI. 2015.015 145 Conclusions: Preoperative NLR was significantly elevated in laryngeal cancer patients in our study. We are of the opinion that, this cheap and easily accessible hematological parameter may have a potential role in predicting the malignancy of a space occupying laryngeal lesion. Further clinical studies should be conducted to clarify this association.
Vertical distribution of pelagic cephalopods

Vertical Distribution of Pelagic Cephalopods. Smithsonian Gontributions to Zoology, number 209, 51 pages, 31 figures, I 975. -The vertical distributions of pelagic cephalopods are analyzed, based primarily on sturlies undertaken in the waters off California, Bermuda, and Hawaii. Much of the information is derived from midwater trawl nets equipped with closing apparatus. Each family that contains pelagic or quasipelagic species is discussed; selected records from the Iiterature are inciuded where necessary. A wide variety of patterns of vertical distribution exists among pelagic cephalo. pods; patterns may be associated with stage of maturity, die! rhythms, or seasonal behavior. The study revealed that several basic types of vertical distributional patterns occur: near-surface dwellers, first order die! vertical migrators, second order die! vertical migrators, die! vertical shifters, die! vertical spreaders, nonmigrators, vertical wanderers, species associated with the . ocean bottom, species exhibiting ontogenetic descent.
Antigenic analysis of reference strains and Norwegian field strains of aquatic birnaviruses by the use of six monoclonal antibodies produced against the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus N1 strain

Six monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) produced against the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) N1 strain were used in a dot-blot assay to examine reference strains of the nine proposed serotypes and a representative selection of 81 Norwegian aquatic birnavirus isolates. These isolates had earlier been serotyped by use of a panel of 11 MAbs produced against other strains of IPNV. Correlations between the reaction patterns of the two panels of MAbs were found. All reference strains and field isolates shared two epitopes, one on VP2 and one on VP3. Seventy-seven of the field isolates reacted identically with the N1 strain (positive with all six MAbs). The Sp type strain was positive with five of the MAbs and was different from all the field strains. The other reference strains (WB, VR299, Ab, Ja, Te, He, C1, C2 and C3) were positive with two to four of the MAbs. Together with previously published data, these findings indicate that most Norwegian isolates are closely related to, or identical with, the N1 strain and belong to the Sp serotype. No correlation between the health status of Atlantic salmon and antigenicity of the isolates was found. Testing of the reference strains in ELISA revealed some discrepancies with the dot-blot results.
Genetic Diversity of Sockeye Salmon of Cook Inlet, Alaska, and Its Application to Management of Populations Affected by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

Abstract Genetic data from sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka were collected from all major systems in upper Cook Inlet, Alaska, that produce sockeye salmon, including the Kenai River drainage, a major system that was affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The products of 29 enzymes encoded by 67 protein-encoding loci resolved by allozyme analysis revealed a substantial amount of genetic diversity among populations distributed both within and among major drainages. The data support a model of population structure based on the nursery lake. A gene diversity analysis estimated that 0.4% of the total variability was attributable to the effect of sampling at different sites within nursery lakes, compared with 7.5% among nursery lakes within regions and 2.9% among regions. This diversity probably arises from isolation and genetic drift within nursery lakes and the tendency of sockeye salmon to home with great fidelity. Sockeye salmon from these drainages are commercially harvested in mixed-stock aggregations i.