Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accuracy and Efficiency of Deep-Learning–Based Automation of Dual Stain Cytology in Cervical Cancer Screening

Abstract Background With the advent of primary human papillomavirus testing followed by cytology for cervical cancer screening, visual interpretation of cytology slides remains the last subjective analysis step and suffers from low sensitivity and reproducibility. Methods We developed a cloud-based whole-slide imaging platform with a deep-learning classifier for p16/Ki-67 dual-stained (DS) slides trained on biopsy-based gold standards. We compared it with conventional Pap and manual DS in 3 epidemiological studies of cervical and anal precancers from Kaiser Permanente Northern California and the University of Oklahoma comprising 4253 patients. All statistical tests were 2-sided. Results In independent validation at Kaiser Permanente Northern California, artificial intelligence (AI)-based DS had lower positivity than cytology (P < .001) and manual DS (P < .001) with equal sensitivity and substantially higher specificity compared with both Pap (P < .001) and manual DS (P < .001), respectively. Compared with Pap, AI-based DS reduced referral to colposcopy by one-third (41.9% vs 60.1%, P < .001). At a higher cutoff, AI-based DS had similar performance to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions cytology, indicating a risk high enough to allow for immediate treatment. The classifier was robust, showing comparable performance in 2 cytology systems and in anal cytology. Conclusions Automated DS evaluation removes the remaining subjective component from cervical cancer screening and delivers consistent quality for providers and patients. Moving from Pap to automated DS substantially reduces the number of colposcopies and also achieves excellent performance in a simulated fully vaccinated population. Through cloud-based implementation, this approach is globally accessible. Our results demonstrate that AI not only provides automation and objectivity but also delivers a substantial benefit for women by reduction of unnecessary colposcopies.
Demography of the Hellbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis in the Ozarks

Hellbenders Cryptobranchus alleganiensis were sampled by markrecapture in four rivers: C. a. bishopi in the Spring River, Arkansas, and Eleven Point River, Missouri, and C. a. alleganiensis in the Gasconade and Big Piney rivers, Missouri. Densities ranged from 0.9-6.1 hellbenders per 100 m2, biomass from 66-418 kg per ha. Growth of hellbenders decreased linearly as a function of total length in all populations. Spring River hellbenders exhibited the greatest length-specific growth, Eleven Point River hellbenders the least. Females exhibited a greater length-specific mass than males in all populations. Fecundity was a positive linear function of female body length. The mean number of eggs produced per female was 480, 450, 429 and 365 by the Spring River, Gasconade, Big Piney and Eleven Point river females, respectively. Age-specific production of ova was also greatest by Spring River females because of greater growth and consequent larger body size. It was least by Eleven Point River females. INTRODUCTION Cryptobranchus alleganiensis is a large aquatic salamander with two subspecies. The hellbender C. a. alleganiensis inhabits swift rocky streams from southern New York to northern Georgia and W through Tennessee and the Ohio River Valley to four Nflowing streams in the Ozarks (Dundee, 1971); the Meramec, Gasconade, Big Piney and Niangua rivers. The Ozark hellbender C. a. bishopi is known from the Spring River in Arkansas (Dowling, 1957) and from the Current, Eleven Point and North Fork rivers in Missouri (Firschein, 1951), all S-flowing, heavily spring-fed streams. The hellbender is a habitat specialist because its success is dependent on a constancy of dissolved oxygen, temperature and flow found in swift water areas (Williams et al., 1981). Thus the hellbender may serve as an indicator species for cool, unaltered streams. Smith and Minton (1957) reported that the range of the heilbender was rapidly decreasing because of human modification of stream habitat. In particular, impoundment, channelization, siltation, acid mine drainage and thermal pollution have reduced habitat for hellbenders (Dundee, 1971; Nickerson and Mays, 1973a). The status of the hellbender is uncertain in at least six states; it is endangered in two, and may have been extirpated in Illinois (Williams et al., 1981). Although stable populations exist in the Ozarks (Nickerson and Mays, 1973a), demographic data exist only for Niangua and North Fork river populations (Nickerson and Mays, 1973a; Taber et al., 1975; Topping and Ingersol, 1981; Peterson et al., 1983). Therefore, the objective of this study was to provide information by mark-recapture on the population dynamics of four other populations to serve as a reference for future evaluation of the status of the hellbender
Cutaneous melanoma and the immunotherapy revolution (Review)

In a relatively short period of time, treatment strategies for metastatic melanoma have radically changed leading to an unprecedented improvement in patient survival. In this period, immunotherapy options have evolved from cytokine-based approaches to antibody-mediated inhibition of immune checkpoints, cancer vaccines and pharmacological modulation of the melanoma microenvironment. Combination of immunotherapy strategies and the association of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with BRAF V600 targeted therapy show encouraging results. The future of drug development in this field is promising. The comprehension of primary and acquired resistance mechanisms to ICIs and the dissection of melanoma immunobiology will be instrumental for the development of new treatment strategies and to improve clinical trial design. Moreover, biomarker discovery will help patient stratification and management during immunotherapy treatment. In this review, we summarize landmark clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced melanoma and discuss the rational for immunotherapy combinations. Immunotherapy approaches at early stage of clinical development and recent advances in melanoma immunotherapy biomarker development are also discussed.
Effect of supplementation with malate on some metabolites, reproductive performance and milk constituents in early lactating Egyptian buffaloes.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of malate on some metabolites, reproductive parameters, calves performance and milk constituents in early lactating Egyptian buffaloes. Ten multiparous pregnant Egyptian buffaloes were divided into two equal groups in a randomized design; the control group (no supplementation) and the treated group (supplemented with 40 g/head/day as initial malate supplementation, one month pre-partum then 85 g/head/day from day of birth till day 60 post-partum (pp). Blood samples were collected on day of birth and each two weeks until two months pp. and analyzed for glucose, T3 and T4. Results indicated that there was an increase in the concentrations of serum glucose in the treated group compared with the control one at days 30, 45 and 60 pp. Malate increased serum T3 at day 60 pp and T4 at day of birth and at days 45 and 60 pp. There was an increase (P<0.01) in serum progesterone level on the 3 day after the 1 ovulation, on the 3 and the 7 days after estrus and services, respectively, as well as rd st rd th at the 21 day after conception in the treated buffaloes. Malate-treated group showed decreased number of th days to first ovulation and to first detected estrus and there was a higher conception rate compared with the control one. Furthermore, treated group showed a decrease in days open and number of services/conception. There was an increase (P<0.05) in milk protein, lactose and solid not fat percents due to malate supplementation; meanwhile the increase in milk fat percent was non-significant. Also, there was an increase (P<0.05) in weaning weight and (P<0.01) average daily gain of calves from treated dams compared with those from the control one. It was concluded that malate could be used as a feed supplement at late pregnancy and early lactation to prevent acidosis and to improve productive and reproductive performance as well as calves performance.
CLIReval: Evaluating Machine Translation as a Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval Task

We present CLIReval, an easy-to-use toolkit for evaluating machine translation (MT) with the proxy task of cross-lingual information retrieval (CLIR). Contrary to what the project name might suggest, CLIReval does not actually require any annotated CLIR dataset. Instead, it automatically transforms translations and references used in MT evaluations into a synthetic CLIR dataset; it then sets up a standard search engine (Elasticsearch) and computes various information retrieval metrics (e.g., mean average precision) by treating the translations as documents to be retrieved. The idea is to gauge the quality of MT by its impact on the document translation approach to CLIR. As a case study, we run CLIReval on the “metrics shared task” of WMT2019; while this extrinsic metric is not intended to replace popular intrinsic metrics such as BLEU, results suggest CLIReval is competitive in many language pairs in terms of correlation to human judgments of quality. CLIReval is publicly available at https://github.com/ssun32/CLIReval.
Studies on Alfalfa Mosaic Virus and Alfalfa Aphids

Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), the only sap-transmissible virus detected in a limited survey of lucerne crops in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, is more common and widespread now than 10 years ago. Twenty-four of 35 lucerne crops and test plots we sampled were infected; from 25 % to over 55 % of plants were infected in plots and crops at Ginninderra, A.C. T. Seven of 10 commercial lucerne seed lots (eight of them imported directly from the U.S.A.) contained seedborne AMV, which infected from 0.4 to 1.9% of seedlings. The three lucerne aphids, the bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi), pea aphid (A. pisum) and the spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis trifolii f. maculata), all transmitted AMV in the non-persistent manner. Feeding-preference tests indicate that spotted alfalfa aphids prefer to feed on AMV-infected Siriver lucerne than on healthy Siriver, but they do not discriminate between healthy and AMV-infected Hunter River lucerne. The implications of these results are discussed.
Growth and Developmental Effects of Coal Combustion Residues on Southern Leopard Frog (Rana sphenocephala) Tadpoles Exposed throughout Metamorphosis

Abstract The effects of aquatic deposition of coal combustion residues (CCRs) on amphibian life histories have been the focus of many recent studies. In summer 2005, we raised larval Southern Leopard Frogs, Rana sphenocephala, on either sand or CCR substrate (approximately 1 cm deep within plastic bins) and documented effects of sediment type on oral disc condition, as well as time to, mass at, and total body length at key developmental stages, including metamorphosis (Gosner stages [GS] 37, 42, and 46). We found no significant difference in mortality between the two treatments and mortality was relatively low (eight of 48 in the control group and four of 48 in the CCR group). Ninety percent of exposed tadpoles displayed oral disc abnormalities, while no control individuals displayed abnormalities. Tadpoles raised on CCR-contaminated sediment had decreased developmental rates and weighed significantly less at all developmental stages, on average, when compared to controls. The CCR treatment group was also significantly shorter in length than controls at the completion of metamorphosis (GS 46). Collectively, these findings are the most severe sub-lethal effects noted for any amphibian exposed to CCRs to date. More research is needed to understand how these long term effects may contribute to the dynamics of local amphibian populations.
Effect of Weekly Training Frequency With the Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Muscle-Strain Risk Factors in Football Players: A Randomized Trial.

PURPOSE To examine the differences between performing Nordic hamstring exercises once or twice a week on hamstring eccentric strength and other muscle-strain risk factors in high-level football players. METHODS In this randomized trial, 32 football players (18-23 y old) completed an 8-week Nordic hamstring exercise training program in 1 of 2 experimental groups: group 1 (once a week; n = 15) and group 2 (twice a week; n = 17). Knee-flexor/extensor peak torques and biceps femoris long-head muscle architecture were assessed through isokinetic dynamometry and ultrasonography, respectively, before and after the training programs. Analysis of covariance, effect sizes (ESs), and t tests for percentage change were used to assess the effect of the 2 interventions on the outcome measures. RESULTS Group 2 demonstrated higher hamstring concentric peak torque than group 1 posttraining (155-164 vs 149-158 N·m; P = .043; ES = 0.27), although there was also a statistical trend for higher hamstring eccentric peak torque (212-234 vs 198-221 N·m; P = .098; ES = 0.37), hamstring-to-quadriceps conventional ratio (0.56-0.59 vs 0.54-0.57; P = .089; ES = 0.31), and hamstring-to-quadriceps functional ratio (0.76-0.84 vs 0.71-0.79; P = .076; ES = 0.50). No between-groups differences were found for muscle thickness (P = .864; ES = 0.12), pennation angle (P = .289; ES = 0.18), fascicle length (P = .406; ES = 0.03), and quadriceps concentric peak torque (P = .340; ES = 0.02). CONCLUSION Only the Nordic hamstring exercise training program performed twice a week strengthened the hamstrings of high-level football players, while similar changes in muscle architecture occurred with both once- and twice-weekly sessions.
Sales Force Downsizing and Firm-Idiosyncratic Risk: The Contingent Role of Investors’ Screening and Firm’s Signaling Processes

Although sales force downsizing represents a challenging marketing resource change that can signal uncertainty about future firm performance, little is known about its impact on financial-market performance. Drawing from information economics, the authors address this knowledge gap by developing a comprehensive framework to (1) examine the impact of the size of a firm’s sales force downsizing on firm-idiosyncratic risk, (2) uncover investors’ screening processes that influence this relationship, and (3) identify firms’ mitigating signaling processes that can alleviate investor uncertainty linked to downsizing. The authors draw from several secondary sources to assemble a longitudinal data set of 314 U.S. public firms over 12 years and model their framework using a robust econometric approach. Findings show that larger sales force reductions are associated with greater firm-idiosyncratic risk. Furthermore, this increase in risk is amplified when firms face high levels of future competitive threats and lack transparency in financial reporting. However, chief executive officers can mitigate these deleterious moderating effects by signaling a commitment to growth (i.e., increasing advertising expenditures) and formally communicating an external strategic focus to Wall Street.
Effects of hydrocarbons on temporal changes in soil and crops

Changes in soil chemical properties, plant density and crops yield (maize, winter wheat, winter barley, soybean and oilseed rape) grown in soil contaminated by different degrees of crude oil and drilling fluids were monitored for three years. Drilling fluids had a stronger impact on chemical properties of the studied soil, while plant density and yield were strongly affected by crude oil. The influence of crude oil contamination on changes in soil chemical characteristics, plant density and yield was significant only during the first year of investigation. The problem of soil contamination by TPH and PAH may be solved through soil bioremediation or aeration by any kind of tillage practice. The common agricultural management practices (inter-row cultivation for spring row crops; management of stubble and autumn ploughing for winter crops) and mineral fertilization reduced the soil TPH and PAHs levels to a tolerable level for production of field crops as early as the second year of investigation. Key words: Soil, crops, crude oil, drilling fluids.
Analytical, Nutritional and Clinical Methods Optimization of heme iron analysis in raw and cooked red meat

Optimization of analytical conditions for heme iron extraction and its quantitative determination in raw and cooked red meat was performed by Box-Hunter design, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to find a relationship between factors and response. Six analytical parameters, percent HCl in extracting solution, sample weight, stirring time, developing color time, manual stirring time, centrifugation time, were assumed to be critical factors affecting heme iron extraction. HCl concentration (X1), sample weight (X2), and their interaction, was the main factors affecting the effectiveness of heme extraction from meat. Optimum conditions for maximizing heme extraction were for raw meat when X1 was 0.38 M and X2 was 1.54 g, for cooked meat when X1 was 0.31 M and X2 was 1.14 g. Beef meat analyzed in this study was characterized by a high total iron content and by a corresponding high level of heme iron, representing 86% of total iron content for raw meat and 83% for cooked meat. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
STUDIES OF THE GROWTH OF PENICILLIUM CHRYSOGENUM IN CONTINUOUS FLOW CULTURE WITH REFERENCE TO PENICILLIN PRODUCTION

SUMMARY: A filamentous mould was cultured by the continuous flow method in which medium is supplied at a constant rate and the culture volume is kept constant. Flow rates up to 0·1 culture volumes/hr were used. The mycelial dry weight concentration and the yield of mycelium/g of carbon source used were equal to or slightly greater than the maximum obtained in batch culture. With glucose concentrations up to 80 g/1. at a flow rate of 0·05 culture volumes/hr, about 45% of the substrate carbon was converted into mycelial carbon and the remainder oxidized to CO2. With unlimited amounts of all nutrients available growth of the mould followed the exponential law, as does bacterial growth, and therefore the mould had a constant doubling time. The oxygen demand of the mould as function of growth rate was determined. Conditions were found under which the rate of penicillin production/g of mycelium remained at its maximum value for 1000 hr.
Survival and Predictors of Mortality in Acute Kidney Injury Patients Treated with Sustained Low Efficiency Dialysis.

INTRODUCTION Sustained low efficiency dialysis (SLED) is an increasingly common treatment option for acute kidney injury (AKI) patients, but there are few studies examining the survival and predictive outcome of this therapy. The study aims to evaluate survival, pre-SLED predictors and complications associated with SLED. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of 91 patients with AKI treated with SLED in a tertiary hospital from January 2014 to August 2018. The primary outcomes were in-hospital and 30-day mortality. The secondary outcomes were the clinical and laboratory pre-SLED characteristics that were associated with survival and complication of SLED. RESULTS Median survival of AKI patients treated with SLED was 17 days and the 30-day mortality rate was 58%. Pre-SLED serum levels of creatinine (adjusted HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.71-0.94), albumin (adjusted HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.4-0.81), potassium (adjusted HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.1-1.73) and number of SLED (adjusted HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91-1) served as predictors of survival. Arrhythmia was found 3.3% and intradialytic hypotension in 13.2% of patients. No patient had bleeding complications. CONCLUSIONS Our study found similar in-hospital and 30-day mortality for AKI patients treated with SLED. High pre-SLED levels of serum albumin, creatinine and number of SLED were significantly associated with reduced risk of death and high pre-SLED serum potassium was associated with increased risk of death. These results indicate that SLED is safe treatment, with few haemorrhage and haemodynamic complications.
Chemical composition and construction cost for roots of Mediterranean trees, shrub species and grassland communities

The construction cost of fine roots was studied in 23 woody species and two grassland communities, growing under natural conditions in southern Spain. Calculation of the energy (glucose) required for their synthesis was based on the quantification of chemical components present in tissues. Despite considerable differences in the chemical composition of the three life forms studied (trees, shrubs and herbaceous), detected differences in construction cost were non-significant (mean value: 1·64 ± 0·13 g glucose g − 1 ). However, shrubs and herbaceous plants growing in more fertile habitats expended significantly less energy on root synthesis (1·58 ± 0·06 and 1·41 ± 0·05 g glucose g − 1 , respec
A depth-encoding PET detector for high resolution PET using 1 mm SiPMs

A dual-ended readout PET detector based on two Hamamatsu 16 × 16 arrays of 1 × 1 mm2 SiPMs coupled to both ends of a 25 × 25 array of 0.69 × 0.69 × 20 mm3 polished LYSOs was evaluated in terms of flood histogram, energy resolution, timing resolution, and DOI resolution. The SiPM arrays have a pitch size of 1.2 mm. Each SiPM pixel has an active area of 1 × 1 mm2, and was fabricated using 15 μm microcells. The LYSO array has a pitch size of 0.75 mm, and the crystals are separated using Toray reflector with a thickness of 50 μm. The flood histogram and energy resolution were measured at different overvoltages (ranging from 1.5 to 7.0 V, in 0.5 V steps) and at four different temperatures (−7, 0, 10 and 20 °C). The timing resolution and DOI resolution were obtained at the optimal overvoltage for the flood histogram and at each different temperature. Overall, the results show better performance was obtained at lower temperatures, and that the optimal overvoltage decreased at higher temperatures. The optimal overvoltage was 5.0 V (corresponding to a bias voltage of 68.5 V) in order to achieve the highest quality flood histogram at 0 °C. Under these conditions, the flood histogram quality, energy resolution, timing resolution, and DOI resolution were 3.26 ± 0.65, 18.4 ± 4.5%, 1.70 ± 0.12 ns and 2.22 ± 0.19 mm, respectively. The flood histograms and energy resolution were also obtained at different activities. The results show that better flood histogram and energy resolution were obtained at lower activity, however all the crystals can be resolved at an event rate of over 210 k cps, indicating the DOI detector module can be used both for high resolution human brain PET and small animal PET applications.