Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sources of Variation in Shelling Percentage in Peanut Germplasm and Crop Improvement for Calcium Deficiency-Prone Soils

Calcium (Ca) deficiency causes peanut pegs and pods to abort, resulting in decreased shelling percentages and yields. Environmental factors influencing calcium availability include soil Ca content and soil moisture. Genetic attributes that influence the sensitivity of cultivars to soil Ca supply include pod size, soil volume per pod (varied by plant growth habit), and pod wall attributes. Where Ca fertilization is not possible, genetic solutions to Ca deficiency are important, and breeders need information on the relative importance of these attributes. The objective of this research was to quantify the relative importance of these three sources of variation. Data from three trials were used to evaluate the relative importance of these attributes. The trials, sited on Ca-deficient alfisols, used between four and 12 germplasm lines with varied Ca sensitivity- determining attributes. Lines differed in growth habit (spreading or bunch), pod volume, pod yield, shelling percentage, and seed yield. The trial treatments and environments (sites and seasons) also varied Ca supply through soil type, fertilization, and water supply. Assuming that Ca supply has little impact on crop growth rates (CGR), a physiological model was used to set aside the contributions of CGR to yield differences between treatments. The three trials were analyzed separately and then combined for further regression analysis by defining each site and treatment combination as an environment. Within trials, variations in shelling percentage accounted for up to half the variations in seed yield between lines. In the combined analysis, easily selected attributes—pod volume (58% of germplasm sums of squares) and plant habit (8%) and their interaction (14%)—accounted for much of the variation in shelling percentage. The interaction was due to shelling percentage being less influenced by pod volume in spreading than in the bunch types. Thus, in Ca-limiting situations, the spreading growth habit allowed larger seeded peanuts to be grown than the bunch growth habit because of the greater pod dispersal of this type. Assuming that the lines tested typified peanuts for their relation between attributes and Ca deficiency-based shelling percentage variations, breeders should place the greatest emphasis on small pod size to decrease peanut sensitivity to Ca deficiency. Increased soil available to each pod by pod dispersal decreases the need for small pods to decrease sensitivity to Ca-deficient soils
THE EFFECT OF MOTHERS’ PARTICIPATION AND THE FAMILY-CENTERED CARE ON MOTHER’S ANXIETY WITH CHILDREN SUFFERING FROM GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL

زمینه و هدف: بستری شدن کودک یکی از ترسناک ترین حوادث زندگی برای کودکان و والدین و از مهم ترین علل پیدایش اضطراب در آنان می باشد. این مطالعه با هدف تعیین تاثیر مشارکت و مراقبت خانواده محور بر اضطراب مادران کودکان مبتلا به عفونت گوارشی انجام شد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه کار آزمایی بالینی تعداد 90 مادر دارای کودک مبتلا به عفونت گوارشی به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی در دو گروه برابر کنترل و آزمون قرار گرفتند. در گروه مداخله کودکان مراقبت مشارکتی را دریافت نمودند. در گروه کنترل کودکان تحت مراقبت های معمول قرار گرفتند. اضطراب مادران در زمان ترخیص با استفاده از پرسشنامه استاندارد اضطراب آشکار و پنهان اسپیلبرگر تعیین و در دو گروه مقایسه شد. یافته ها: میانگین سنی 90 مادری که مطالعه را به پایان رساندند 32/4±86/28 سال بود. از نظر ویژگی های جمعیت شناسی اختلاف معناداری بین دو گروه وجود نداشت. در زمان ترخیص میانگین نمره کلی اضطراب مادران در گروه کنترل 43/5 ±29/101 و در گروه مداخله 22/7± 71/80 بدست آمد؛ که این کاهش در گروه مداخله نسبت به گروه کنترل معنی دار بود (001/0p
Genetic Diversity in Island and Mainland Populations of Aster spathulifolius (Asteraceae)

Using starch gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we examined allozyme diversity in six island and seven mainland populations of Aster spathulifolius Maxim. , a plant species occurring in the coastal regions of Korea and Japan. We estimated four parameters of genetic variability: percentage of polymorphic loci (P), mean number of alleles per locus (A), mean expected frequency of heterozygotes (he), and mean observed frequency of heterozygotes (ho). Genetic diversity within island populations (P = 35.6, A = 1.36, he = 0.103, and ho = 0.097) was not significantly less than within mainland populations (P = 37.1, A = 1 .37, he = 0.102, and ho = 0.092). The proportion of total genetic diversity found among the island populations (GST), among the mainland populations, and the total sample were 0.480, 0.427, and 0.491, respectively, indicating the number of migrants per generation (Nm) were 0.270, 0.335, and 0.259, respectively. This indicates that gene flow among the populations was highly restricted. Genetic diversity at the species level is fairly high for a species with a narrow distribution range. Genotypic frequencies did not deviate significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibria in most loci we examined, indicating that random mating occurs in the species.
Inheritance of fruit traits and generation mean analysis for estimation of horticultural traits in bitter gourd

Inheritance pattern of three fruit traits was studied using two diverse parents, namely, Sel-2 (∼25 cm long, non-prominent tubercles and curved) crossed with small fruited type Pusa Purvi (DBG-34) (∼4 cm long, prominent tubercles and straight). F1 generation obtained was intermediate (av. ∼10 cm) for fruit length and in F2 generation variation ranged from 2.5 to 25 cm. This continuous variation in fruit length of progeny by frequency distribution of nine classes with interval of 2.5 cm indicated its quantitative inheritance and more than 4 genes involved in controlling this trait. Distribution curve for fruit length in F2 generation skewed towards Pusa Purvi, which suggested that short fruit length is partially dominant over long fruit length. The broad sense heritability for this trait was reported to be 97.40% that is heritable variation and selection for fruit length will be useful for its improvement. The inheritance of tubercles and curviness of fruits in bitter gourd, governed by a single pair of nuclear gene and prominent tubercles was dominant over non tubercles. In cross Sel-2 × Pusa Purvi indicated that straight fruit is dominant over curved fruit and governed by a single pair of gene. Gene action for yield and its related traits in bitter gourd was studied using six basic generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2). The results revealed the presence of additive, dominance gene effects and epistatic interactions for all the characters studied in cross Sel-2 × Pusa Purvi indicating the importance of both additive and non-additive gene actions in the expression of the characters. Mean generation analysis for fruit length showed that dominance is the major contribution towards small fruits.
SURVIVAL OF FUCOID EMBRYOS IN THE INTERTIDAL ZONE DEPENDS UPON DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE AND MICROHABITAT 1

Embryos of the fucoid alga Pelvetia fastigiata (J. Ag.) DeToni were outplanted into the intertidal zone to assess survival during the physical stress brought about by emersion during a single low tide. Survival varied among microhabitats. Under the adult Pelvetia canopy, survival of 6‐h‐, 24‐h‐, 48‐h‐, and 1‐wk‐old embryos was nearly 100%. Almost all embryos of all ages died in exposed habitats on bare rock or within habitats where the Pelvetia canopy was removed experimentally. However, within red algal turfs, where most juvenile Pelvetia occur, survival was unusually age specific: 24‐ to 48‐h‐old embryos survived poorly compared to younger (6 h old) or older embryos (1 wk old). Survival patterns reflected microhabitat temperatures during the experiments. The fate of young post‐settlement stages must be studied at these fine temporal and spatial scales to understand the organization of intertidal communities.
Delegation and Staff Commitment in the School of Finance and Banking, Kigali, Rwanda

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between Delegation of Authority and Staff Commitment in the School of Finance and Banking in Kigali Rwanda. A cross-sectional survey design was used with the target sample size of 97 out of 130 parent population. The total number of questionnaires that were filled and returned was 78, giving a high response rate of 80.5 percent. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the population, the researchers used stratified sampling and random sampling. Descriptive analysis involving frequencies, percentages and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient for inferential statistics were carried out. The correlation between the two variables was weak at . 287, and significant at . 011 value. The results were linearly correlated and this implies that staff commitment is positively correlated with Delegation of Authority; whenever employees are delegated authority, they are likely to be more committed and vice versa. Keywords: Delegation; Authority; Staff Commitment
Plastic and unpredictable responses of stream invertebrates to leaf pack patches across sandy-bottomed streams

Detrital inputs to ecosystems provide potential food sources and can produce trophic cascades, but this effect is influenced by whether species specialise in consuming or inhabiting accumulations of detritus. To test whether species are differentially associated with leaves or sand, we compared densities of stream invertebrate species in patches of leaves and bare sand in two sandy-bed creeks in south-eastern Australia, in summer and spring. We also assessed the quality of information on diet and substrate association in the literature. Most species showed no density differences between leaf and sand patches (‘microhabitat generalists’), but categorisation as generalists, leaf or sand species differed between datasets. We developed a method for identifying important effect sizes; power analyses showed that many species were true generalists, but many non-significant results were potentially Type II errors. The literature provided information that was broadly consistent with our data, but few studies publish reliable information about either diet or patch use. Our results support a contention that few Australian stream invertebrates are obligate shredders, and this may also be true for streams elsewhere. Predicting and detecting the responses of such generalist taxa to detrital inputs will be very challenging.
Seven species of Fainalges Gaud and Berla (Analgoidea, Xolalgidae) from Aratinga holochlora (Sclater) (Aves, Psittacidae)

The greatest number of feather mite Congeners occurring on a single host are members of the genus Fainalges Gaud & Berla (Acarina, Xolalgidae), associates of New World parrots. For the green conure, Aratinga holochlora (Sclater) (Aves, Psittacidae), there are six new and one previously known Fainalges species; these will be (re) described herein. The new species are: F. bilobatus, F. latistriatus, F. spiculatus, F. stettenheimi, F. tanythrix, F. vulgaris; the redescribed species is F. longissimus Mejía‐González & Pérez. Additionally, the developmental series for each species is (re)described. The microhabitats of the two most abundant species, F. bilobatus and F. vulgaris, are established. Fainalges brevissimus Mejía‐González & Pérez is considered as a junior synonym of F. intermedius (Trouessart).
Population-level zoogeomorphology: the case of the Eurasian badger (Meles meles L.)

The zoogeomorphological impact of burrowing animals varies in time and space as a result of the particular life history traits of the organisms involved, the patchy distribution of habitat resources, and fluctuations in population size. Such ecological complexity presents a major challenge for biogeomorphologists wishing to upscale from individuals to populations. Using a unique ecological data set for Eurasian badgers (Meles meles L.) in Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire, UK, we show that direct zoogeomorphological impact (soil displacement during sett excavation) is constrained by fluctuations in overall population size. Modeled digging rates for individual badgers (0.19–4.51 m3 yr−1) varied depending on the ecological function of the sett they are associated with, and we estimate that the whole population has displaced 304–601 ± 72 m3 of soil during the construction of 64 setts. This represents an overall excavation rate of 6.7–19.4 m3 (6.0–17.5 t) yr−1 in sett areas or 1.42–4.12 g m−2 yr−1 when averaged over the whole 424 ha woodland. As well as direct soil displacement, badger digging exposes material that is initially susceptible to erosion by water relative to undisturbed and litter-covered soils. Over time, setts become stabilized, representing unique landforms that persist in the landscape for decades to centuries.
Corn Production as Affected by Tillage System and Starter Fertilizer

Potential agronomic and soil conservation benefits of modified no-till (NT) systems make them appealing for corn (Zea mays L.) production in the northern Corn Belt where adoption of NT has been limited due to yield reductions on these colder soils. A 4-yr (1997-2000) experiment was conducted on a high P- and K-testing Port Byron silt loam (fine silty, mixed, mesic typic Hapludoll) to determine the effects of four tillage systems [no-till (NT), Rawson zone till (ZT), fall strip till (ST), and conventional tillage practice (CT)] on corn production and cone index (CI; penetrometer resistance) in continuous corn and corn following soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ]. Eight treatments, four tillage systems (main plots) with starter fertilizer at rates of 0 and 168 kg ha -1 of a 9-10-24, were arranged in a split-plot design with four replicates. Surface residue coverage after planting was maintained at high levels (>40%) with NT, ZT, and ST, whereas coverage averaged only 25% with the CT practice. Cone index during the period of early plant growth was significantly less for the ZT and ST systems compared with the NT and CT systems, but CI did not exceed 1.3 MPa. Four-year average yields of continuous corn grain ranked according to tillage were CT > ZT = ST > NT. A significant tillage × year interaction indicated equal yields for CT and NT in the first 2 yr but 1.0 to 1.2 Mg ha -1 less with NT in the last 2 yr. Tillage system did not significantly affect corn grain yields following soybean when averaged across years. Starter fertilizer increased yields by 0.5 Mg ha -1 on this high-testing soil for all tillage systems in both crop rotations. Surface residue and corn yields following corn and soybean can be optimized using modified NT systems (ZT and ST) and starter fertilizer in these well-drained, loess soils.
Survival time and resistance to desiccation of diapause and non‐diapause eggs of temperate Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes

Survival in three humidity conditions was studied for diapause and non‐diapause eggs of 4 species of Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes which use small containers as larvae. In general, diapause eggs survived longer than did non‐diapause eggs. Diapause eggs of A. albopictus, which prefers containers in disturbed habitats outside forests for oviposition, were more resistant to severe desiccation than those of forest species (A. riversi, A. galloisi, A. flavopictus). Desiccation resistance during hibernation is apparently related to the risks associated with different habitats.
RuBisCO cistron sequence variation and phylogeography of Ceramium kondoi (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta)

Ceramium kondoi is a morphologically variable ceramiaceous red alga that occurs commonly in the northwest Pacific Ocean region and has recently been reported in the United States. Forty-five specimens of C. kondoi from 29 locations in Korea, Japan, Russia, and the USA were examined for DNA sequence variation along the whole plastid-encoded RuBisCO cistron: 1406 bp for rbcL, 103 bp for the spacer, and 387 bp for rbcS. C. kondoi specimens were variable, having up to nine haplotypes, with six found in Korea, southern Japan, far-eastern Russia, and the USA, and three found in northern Japan and far-eastern Russia. The occurrence of the same haplotype on both sides of the North Pacific Ocean provides evidence of recent introduction of the species from the west to the east. Phylogenetic reconstructions revealed the monophyly of C. kondoi and two well-supported lineages: a ‘southern lineage’ that contained specimens from Korea, southern Japan, far-eastern Russia and the USA, and a ‘northern lineage’ that included specimens from northern Japan and far-eastern Russia. The two genetic lineages are morphologically indistinguishable and referred to as cryptic species. The boundary between the two cryptic species is at the Tsugaru Strait, Japan.
The food and feeding habits of blackspot snapper, Lutjanus fulviflamma (Pisces: Lutjanidae) in shallow waters of Mafia Island, Tanzania

Natural diet and feeding habits of blackspot snapper, Lutjanus fulviflamma (Forsskal 1775) were investigated in Mafia Island Marine Park (MIMP) and intensively fished areas (IFA) between May 1999 and April 2001. An index of relative importance (IRI) was used to assess the food preference for L. fulviflamma. Feeding habits were studied with respect to sex and size of the predator, seasons and feeding periodicity. Of 4642 L. fulviflamma specimens sampled, 46% had empty stomachs. Brachyurans were the main prey of L. fulviflamma accounting for 48% IRI. Benthic invertebrates dominated by other crustaceans, gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods and polychaetes and demersal teleosts made up the remainder of the diet. Female and male L. fulviflamma were not effectively segregated by trophic dimension in the study areas. Specimens in the 90–120 mm total length (TL) fed exclusively on crustaceans, with shrimps accounting for 40% IRI. Lutjanus fulviflamma in the 270–300 mm TL preferred fish prey accounting for 50% IRI. The diet of fish species showed clear spatial differences, which were dependent on size distributions. Lutjanus fulviflamma fed mostly but not exclusively at night peaking at dusk and dawn. The results clearly demonstrate that L. fulviflamma is an opportunistic forager, which exhibits both diel and ontogenetic feeding habits. Resume On a etudie, entre mai 1999 et avril 2001, les habitudes alimentaires de la daurade a taches noires, Lutjanus fulviflamma (Forsskal 1775) dans le Parc Marin de l'Ile de Mafia (MIMP) et dans des zones intensement pechees (IFA). On a utilise un index d'importance relative (IRI) pour evaluer les preferences alimentaires du poisson. On a etudie ses habitudes alimentaires en tenant compte du sexe et de la taille du predateur, des saisons, et de la periodicite de la prise d'aliments. Sur les 4642 specimens de L. fulviflamma recueillis, 46% avaient l'estomac vide. Les Brachyures etaient leurs proies principales, avec un IRI de 48%. Les invertebres benthiques domines par d'autres crustaces, des gasteropodes, des bivalves, des cephalopodes et des polychetes ainsi que les poissons de fond composent le reste du regime. Le mâle et la femelle de L. fulviflamma ne se distinguaient pas nettement au point de vue trophique dans les zones etudiees. Les specimens compris entre 90 et 120 mm de longueur totale (TL) se nourrissaient exclusivement de crustaces, ou les crevettes comptaient pour un IRI de 40%. Les L. fulviflamma de 270 a 300 mm de TL preferaient les proies poissons, comptant pour un IRI de 50%. Le regime compose de poissons montrait des differences spatiales nettes, qui dependaient de la distribution par taille. Lutjanus fulviflamma se nourrissait principalement mais pas exclusivement pendant la nuit, avec des pics au crepuscule et a l'aube. Les resultats montrent clairement que L. fulviflamma est un mangeur opportuniste, qui affiche des habitudes alimentaires nycthemerales et ontogenetiques.
Physical sod suppression as an alternative to herbicide use in pasture renovation with clovers

Using herbicides for sod suppression during pasture renovation by legume sod-seeding often results in the loss of potentially usable forage, weed encroachment, and inadequate legume:grass ratios. Physical sod suppression methods could alleviate some of the problems associated with suppression via herbicide. A study was conducted in Quebec, Canada, to investigate, as an alternative to herbicide, sod suppression by sheep grazing or mowing before and after spring no-till seeding of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) or white clover (T. repens L.). Sod-suppression treatments included six physical suppression methods: mowing or sheep grazing, to 5 or 10 cm, at seeding and when the grass sward reached 30 cm during the first 2 mo of clover establishment, or similarly managed mowing or sheep grazing to 5 cm with an additional defoliation the previous fall. Additional treatments included suppression by herbicide (glyphosate [N-(Phosphonomethyl) glycine] at 2.6 kg a.i. ha–1) and two controls: sod-seeding with no so.
Tocoferois e tocotrienois em óleos vegetais e ovos

The distribution and content of vitamin E isomers was investigated in vegetable oils and raw and cooked egg yolk in commercial restaurants. The analysis of the eight vitamin E isomers was carried out by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The tocopherol and tocotrienol composition of foods varied considerably. Tocopherols were detected in greater quantity and frequency. The α-tocopherol predominated in egg yolks and olive oil while γ-tocopherol was found in high quantities in soybean and canola oils. Cooking did not cause major losses for most of the vitamin E isomers in egg yolks.
Nonlocal wind-driven fjord–coast advection and its potential effect on plankton and fish recruitment

The Bergen Ocean Model (BOM), a three-dimensional physical coastal ocean model, was used for a numerical simulation experiment to investigate short-term effects of wind-generated coastal upwelling and downwelling on the dynamics of adjacent large outer and smaller inner fjords. The effect of the real alongshore wind regime on advection for an idealized fjord topography, resembling Masfjorden, western Norway, is used as an example. This modelling exercise is a supplement to, and its predictions support, the various hypotheses investigated in ecosystem simulation studies of the Masfjorden. The model predicts that coastal winds from the north cause upwelling and transport the upper water layer out from the fjords. Winds from the south cause downwelling and transport the upper water layer into the fjords. The transport is rapid and ≈50% of the upper water layer may be replaced within 1–2 days. Implications of these physical processes for the dispersal and retention of planktonic organisms and the early life stages of fish are discussed. If strong southerly winds occur frequently, this will transport planktonic organisms into the fjord and may increase the carrying capacity for planktivorous fish. In contrast, frequent strong northerly winds may reduce the abundance of planktonic organisms, including the early life stages of marine fish, and thus possibly reduce recruitment to fjord fish populations. Frequent shifts between southerly and northerly winds would cause an exchange of early life stages between neighbouring fjords and thus enhance genetic exchange.
New light on the enigmatic Xenoturbella (phylum uncertain): ontogeny and phylogeny

Xenoturbella is an enigmatic animal that is merely a ciliated bag with epithelial epidermis and gastrodermis, a subepidermal nerve plexus and a ventral mouth, but without an anus or any distinct organs. It is marine, free living, and up to 4 cm long. Its simplicity in organization has led to diverse interpretations during the last 50 years: as an acoelomorph flatworm, a paedomorphic holothurian or enteropneust, or a unique representative of a plesiomorphic phylum. I report here the previously unknown embryology of Xenoturbella that unequivocally corroborates a bivalve relationship and thus once and for all dismisses the potential new phylum. The simplicity of the adult Xenoturbella is due to neither plesiomorphy nor paedomorphy. It is caused by metamorphosis from a trochophore larva of molluscan type with a defined organ system, including a concentrated nervous system with ganglia, to an adult without any defined organs.