Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of pitch size manipulation during small sided-games performed by different age category football players: a pilot study

This research aimed to analyse the pitch size manipulation effect on internal and external load and to study the age effect on the studied variables in different small-sided games (SSGs) formats. Male U-12 (n = 8), U-15 (n = 8) youth football players, and U-23 (n = 8) professional cohorts participated in the study. Two SSGs formats were analyzed, goalkeeper (GK) + 4 vs. 4 + GK, 3 minutes play in 20 × 30 m and 24 × 36 m, with 3 minutes rest between bouts. The variance analysis Anova two-way was used to analyse two independent factors, pitch size, and age group. The playing area manipulation had an effect under the following variables: distance (p < 0.001), speed 0–6 km/h (p < 0.001), speed 12–18 km/h (p < 0.001), speed 18–21 km/h (p < 0.001), accelerations (Ac.) 1–2 m/s2(p < 0.001), decelerations (Dc.) 2–3 m/s2 (p < 0.001), metabolic power (Pmet) (p < 0.001) and high metabolic load distance (HMLD) (p < 0.001). The age group influenced the distance covered (p < 0.001), speed 0–6 km/h (p < 0.001), speed 6–12 km/h (p < 0.001), speed 12–18 km/h (p < 0.001), speed 21–24 km/h (p = 0.030), Ac. 1–2 m/s2 (p < 0.001), Ac. 1–2 m/s2 (p < 0.001Pmet (p < 0.001), HMLD (p < 0.001) and training impulse (TRIMP)(p < 0.001). Playing area manipulation in football SSGs promotes an increase in external load intensity, namely, larger areas are suitable for larger effects at high speeds (>21 km/h) and TRIMP. A careful and detailed evaluation of training tasks, considering the different age category football players, is important to optimize the planning in football, aiming at improving players’ condition and performance and avoiding health problems and injuries.
Combining UAV thermography, point cloud analysis and machine learning for assessing small‐scale evapotranspiration patterns in a tropical rainforest

Microclimate and vegetation structure control evapotranspiration (ET) from land surfaces at stand and landscape scales. Tropical rainforests are among the most diverse and complex terrestrial ecosystems, harbouring vast plant and animal species throughout their dense multistory canopy. They contribute substantially to global precipitation through their high ET. However, there is little information about ET influences at very small spatial scales under given climatic conditions. In a tropical rainforest on Sumatra, we studied the relationship between pixel‐level ET as derived from high‐resolution (~10 cm), near‐surface thermography from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and canopy structure as derived from red–green–blue (RGB) image and three‐dimensional (3D) point cloud analyses. The 16 derived potential predictors encompassed vegetation height, height variability, vegetation density and reflectance variables. Using regression models, several of the studied variables had a significant linear relationship with ET, but the explained variance was only marginal. However, applying a random forest algorithm including forward feature selection and target oriented cross validation explained substantial parts of the pixel‐level variance in ET (R2 = 0.56–0.65), thus indicating multiple non‐linear relationships with interactions among predictor variables. Therein, green leaf index, leaf area density and vegetation height were often the most important variables for the prediction outcome, but their sequence varied among the four study plots. Overall, combining canopy structure variables derived from RGB photogrammetry explained relatively large parts of spatial ET variations. Our study thus indicates the large potential of combining UAV‐based thermography and photogrammetry techniques with machine learning approaches to better understand ET but also suggests that more work remains to be done in explaining ET patterns at very small spatial scales.
Viral and host factors drive a type 1 Epstein–Barr virus spontaneous lytic phenotype

ABSTRACT Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a cancer and autoimmune disease-associated gamma-herpesvirus that infects the majority of adults worldwide. After initial infection, EBV generally maintains a latent state in the host with minimal viral gene expression. However, aberrations in this prototypical latent viral state leading to increased lytic replication can cause upregulation of oncogenic factors, promoting EBV-associated diseases. For example, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease have strong associations with EBV lytic replication. Another EBV-associated disease, endemic Burkitt lymphoma (BL), is an extremely fast-growing cancer found primarily in children in malaria-endemic regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. Nearly all endemic BL tumors are infected with EBV and the hallmark of the disease is high levels of oncogenic c-Myc expression due to an immunoglobulin/Myc translocation. In this study, we describe spontaneous lytic phenotypes in EBV strains isolated from Kenyan BL patient tumors. We specifically focus on a novel Type 1 spontaneously lytic EBV strain and describe viral and host factors that could contribute to this phenotype. We found that cells infected with spontaneous lytic strains have lower c-Myc protein stability and express high levels of the plasma cell marker SLAMF7. Additionally, spontaneous lytic strains have altered latency states, which appear to further promote their lytic phenotypes. The isolation of spontaneously lytic EBV strains from endemic BL tumors provides more evidence that EBV may not maintain a prototypically latent state in patients with EBV-associated diseases and raises the possibility that promiscuous lytic activity may contribute to the formation of these diseases. IMPORTANCE Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infects over 95% of adults worldwide. Given its connection to various cancers and autoimmune disorders, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which infection with EBV can lead to these diseases. In this study, we describe an unusual spontaneous lytic phenotype in EBV strains isolated from Kenyan endemic Burkitt lymphoma patients. Because lytic replication of EBV has been linked to the pathogenesis of various diseases, these data could illuminate viral and host factors involved in this process. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infects over 95% of adults worldwide. Given its connection to various cancers and autoimmune disorders, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which infection with EBV can lead to these diseases. In this study, we describe an unusual spontaneous lytic phenotype in EBV strains isolated from Kenyan endemic Burkitt lymphoma patients. Because lytic replication of EBV has been linked to the pathogenesis of various diseases, these data could illuminate viral and host factors involved in this process.
Understanding inequities in child mortality in Egypt: Socioeconomic and proximate factors

ABSTRACT While there have been notable advancements in child health in Egypt, disparities in child mortality still exist. Understanding these disparities is crucial to addressing them. The objective of this study is to explore the factors linked to child mortality in Egypt, providing a comprehensive understanding of the disparities in child mortality rates. The study utilises cross-sectional data from Egypt's Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) in 2014 to examine child mortality. The dataset consists of 15,848 observations from mothers with children born within five years prior to the survey. The choice of explanatory variables was guided by the Mosely and Chen Framework and logistic multivariate regression was used to conduct the analyses. The study finds lower education, early childbearing, insufficient birth spacing, lack of breastfeeding, and absence of improved toilet facilities (proxy for living conditions) were all significantly linked to an increased likelihood of child loss. Additionally, poorer people in rural settings experienced the worst child mortality. The findings align with the World Health Organization's Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health (CSDH). Recommended policy interventions include targeting women in rural areas, improving living conditions and removing financial/other barriers to accessing care.
The Use of Participatory Methodologies to Increase Women Farmers' Access to Productive Resources

The use of participatory methodologies, including p articipatory action-research (PAR), and the impact of such approaches on farmers, male and female, and their access to resources have been widely documented in research-for-development (R4D) interventions. From the early 1980s, with the legendary evolution of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) 2 and later the Farmer Field Schools (FFS), 3 participatory methods and the assessment of their impact on farmers’ lives * The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of t he United Nations.
Comprehension Process and Alzheimer: A psycholinguistics Study

The study is a psycholinguistics study which aims at explaining the process of comprehension and its connection with Alzheimer. It also investigates the impairment in comprehension which is caused by Alzheimer. To elaborate more, the part of the brain which is responsible for comprehending the spoken language is exposed by a figure. The research postulates as well how this process differs in those suffering from Alzheimer with the normal people in the process of comprehension. The work concludes that those suffering from damaged brain in the part responsible for comprehension (Wernicke’s area) face problems in the comprehension skill and they cannot communicate in an appropriate way which causes the sufferers finally to be disconnected to society and daily communications.
Planning deregulation as solution to the housing crisis: The affordability, amenity and adequacy of Permitted Development in London

Since 2013, Permitted Development Rights (PDR) in England have allowed commercial-to-residential conversions in locations once deemed suitable only for non-residential land-use. This deregulation of planning control has been justified as a way of encouraging more home-building in areas experiencing ‘housing crisis’, but its overall consequences remain unclear. This paper hence compiles quantitative evidence on a city-wide scale on the price, size, build and location of these conversions in London 2013–2021. It finds that homes produced through this route are generally smaller than the London average and are over-concentrated in neighbourhoods with fewer accessible green spaces and higher-than-average levels of air pollution. Here, larger conversion schemes (of more than 10 units) appear particularly problematic, potentially subjecting residents to forms of ‘slow violence’ that could have long-term consequences for their physical and mental health. The paper also finds that, on average, PDR conversions are marginally more affordable than other new developments in the capital, but are also more expensive per square metre, suggesting deregulation is allowing developers to ‘extract’ maximum value from these schemes rather than providing affordable homes per se. The implications of this are discussed in relation to the politics of housing in London and the wider forms of planning deregulation allowing developers to accrue increased profits from housing in an era of intense financialisation.
Exploring the impact of mindfulness-based training on the well-being of physical therapists

Abstract Introduction: Experimental evidence is needed to evaluate interventions that curtail burnout for physical therapists. The goal of this research was to assess the impact of mindfulness-based training (MBT) on the well-being of physical therapists. We hypothesized physical therapists would demonstrate greater work engagement, empathy, and job satisfaction, and lower depression, anxiety, stress, and moral distress following MBT. Methods: Thirteen physical therapists (10 female/3 male; 35.38 ± 9.32 years old) completed this two-arm embedded mixed-methods pilot study. The control group (n = 4) was followed while the intervention group (n = 9) completed six MBT sessions over 3 months. Sessions were assigned a representative topic area (meaning in physical therapy, situational- and self-awareness, compassion fatigue/burnout, implicit biases, establishing boundaries and managing conflict, self-care) with relevant reflective writing, small group discussions, and mindfulness strategies. Non-parametric statistics compared quantitative outcomes across and within groups, and a thematic framework matrix was established by way of qualitative description for data analysis. Results: Physical therapists in the intervention group had improved pre- to post-scores for work engagement, mental health, and moral distress (p ≤ 0.043). Inability to effect change contributed to compassion fatigue/burnout, whereas difficulty prioritizing self/limited personal time impeded self-care. “I realized how easy it is to get caught up in life and in helping out those around you, you completely forget to take time to check in with how you are doing (Physical Therapist 3). ” Conclusion: Implementing an MBT program demonstrates promise and may benefit the well-being of physical therapists while simultaneously enhancing employee retention and improving patient care.
Contribución de sistemas productivos en la generación de ingresos en familias cacaoteras, departamento del Caquetá

El estudio se realizo en el departamento del Caqueta, municipio de Cartagena del Chaira con el objetivo de evaluar la contribucion de los sistemas productivos en la generacion de ingresos en familias cacaoteras. Se definieron 22 variables cualitativas y cuantitativas, que se agruparon en cinco categorias: (i) caracterizacion social, (ii) caracteristicas de la finca, (iii) tamano de la finca y uso del suelo, (iv) produccion pecuaria, (v) produccion agricola y forestal. En torno a las cinco categorias se generaron grupos a partir de un Analisis de Correspondencia Multiple (ACM). Finalmente, los grupos se conglomeraron en tres cluster que presentaron diferencias significativas (P<0,05) en las variables uso del suelo e ingresos por actividades agropecuarias. Las Fincas ganaderas grandes presentaron areas en pasturas de 109,75 ha e ingresos anuales de $15.321. 250, provenientes de la actividad pecuaria. Las fincas agricolas pequenas tuvieron areas en bosque de 48,78 ha, y se obtuvieron ingresos anuales de $1.170. 000 derivados del bosque. Las Fincas agropecuarias medianas presentaron areas en cultivos agricolas de 6,89 ha, sin embargo estas fincas obtuvieron ingresos no relacionados con la produccion agropecuaria de $2.052. 916. Se concluye que las familias cacaoteras requieren de diferentes actividades productivas para obtener ingresos debido a que el cultivo de cacao es de subsistencia.
Predictors of efficacy of anamorelin in patients with non‑small cell lung cancer and cachexia: A retrospective study

Anamorelin, a ghrelin receptor agonist, is approved in Japan for the treatment of cachexia in patients with lung and gastrointestinal cancer. However, there is limited research on the usefulness of anamorelin in clinical settings, therefore, the present study evaluated its efficacy using patient characteristics. A total of 40 patients with non-small cell lung cancer and cachexia who were prescribed anamorelin in the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine (Aomori, Japan) between July 2021 and November 2022, were retrospectively assessed. Anamorelin was prescribed at a dose of 100 mg once daily to patients who had lost >5% of their body weight within 6 months. All patients were weighed before treatment and those who continued anamorelin treatment for 12 weeks were also weighed at 12 weeks. A logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between background characteristics and early discontinuation of treatment with anamorelin (within 4 weeks). The median age was 67 years (range, 36–88), and 65% of the patients were male. There were 24 patients (60.0%) with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG-PS) score 1, 11 patients (27.5%) with an ECOG-PS score 2 and five patients (12.5%) with an ECOG-PS score 3. The early discontinuation group included 11 patients (27.5%). An ECOG-PS score ≥2 (odds ratio, 7.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.43–43.21; P=0.018) was associated with early discontinuation. A total of 18/40 patients (45.0%) were able to continue anamorelin treatment for 12 weeks, and the mean change in body weight was +2.31 kg, which was a significant change from the weight recorded at baseline (P=0.027). The mean changes in lean body mass and soft lean mass between baseline and 12 weeks were +1.97 kg (P=0.14) and +1.26 kg (P=0.15), respectively. The results from the present study indicate that anamorelin is unlikely to be useful for patients with a poor general condition (ECOG-PS score ≥2).
The Impact of Using Certified Seeds on The Technical Efficiency of Garling Farming In Indonesia

The use of certified seeds can increase productivity and technical efficiency of garlic farming. This study aimed to examine the effect of using certified seeds on the technical efficiency and productivity of garlic farming. This study uses secondary data in the form of cross-sections from the Horticultural Plant Household Survey (SHR, 2014) conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). The number of samples used is the same as the number of SHR 2014 samples. These data were analyzed using stochastic production frontier sample correction (SC-SPF) combined with propensity score matching (PSM) to eliminate observed and unobserved biases. The average treatment effect on the treated (ATET) used to directly calculate the effect of using certified seeds on productivity and technical efficiency. The average productivity of farmers using certified seeds was higher than that of farmers who did not use certified seeds. Meanwhile, the average technical efficiency (ET) of farmers who use certified seeds is lower than that of farmers who do not use certified seeds. This shows that the use of certified seeds has no effect on the technical efficiency of garlic farming. There are two alternative policies that can be taken, the first is advising farmers not to use certified seeds or the second alternative is improving the mechanism for distributing garlic seed assistance and developing the garlic seed industry.
Spatial variability of fathen seeds in the soil under repeat maize cropping

Variability in distribution of fathen seeds in the soil was investigated to develop sampling protocols. Vertical distribution of seeds was assessed at 0-2.5, 2.5-5.0, 5.0-10.0 and 10.0‐15.0 cm depth. Horizontal distribution of seeds in the top 5cm of soil was assessed in a 20 by 2.5 m grid at 50 cm intervals. Seeds were extracted from the samples by sieving and their viability was assessed. The fathen seed numbers halved with each 5 cm increase in depth. Seed numbers declined along the row in some cases but there was little localised clumping (± 1 m) of the seed. The most efficient method of sampling the fathen seedbank in a large field would be to take samples on a rectangular grid pattern to a depth of 10 cm.
Mathematical Model for the Dynamic Behavior of the Demographic Transition

A mathematical model (Core Model) is presented that describes the gross dynamic behavior of the demographic transition|falling death rates lead to population increase, temporarily rising birth rates, temporarily increased population growth, decreased fertility, aging of the population, and nally a steady population size higher than the initial population. Core Model captures these features. The model is based on three fundamental observations 1) people are born, 2) people die, some at a young age, the rest at an old age, and 3) people give birth more often when conditions are favorable than not favorable. In addition to boundary conditions, Core Model has one free parameter, which is associated with the rate at which fertility adapts to changing conditions. Core Model predicts that aging populations are a natural consequence of the dynamics and the speed at which the population fertility adapts to changing death rates. The model captures the qualitative features of actual country demographic dynamics with European countries making up most of the post-transition populations and Sub-Saharan Africa making up those countries just entering the transition.
The Uptake of Rare Trace Elements by Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

Technological development has increased the use of chemical elements that have hitherto received scant scientific attention as environmental contaminants. Successful management of these rare trace elements (RTEs) requires elucidation of their mobility in the soil–plant system. We aimed to determine the capacity of Lolium perenne (a common pasture species) to tolerate and accumulate the RTEs Be, Ga, In, La, Ce, Nd, and Gd in a fluvial recent soil. Cadmium was used as a reference as a well-studied contaminant that is relatively mobile in the soil–plant system. Soil was spiked with 2.5–283 mg kg−1 of RTE or Cd salts, representing five, 10, 20, and 40 times their background concentrations in soil. For Be, Ce, In, and La, there was no growth reduction, even at the highest soil concentrations (76, 1132, 10.2, and 874 mg kg−1, respectively), which resulted in foliar concentrations of 7.1, 12, 0.11, and 50 mg kg−1, respectively. The maximum no-biomass reduction foliar concentrations for Cd, Gd, Nd, and Ga were 0.061, 0.1, 7.1, and 11 mg kg−1, respectively. Bioaccumulation coefficients ranged from 0.0030–0.95, and increased Ce < In < Nd ≅ Gd < La ≅ Be ≅ Ga < Cd. Beryllium and La were the RTEs most at risk of entering the food chain via L. perenne, as their toxicity thresholds were not reached in the ranges tested, and the bioaccumulation coefficient (plant/soil concentration quotient) trends indicated that uptake would continue to increase at higher soil concentrations. In contrast, In and Ce were the elements least likely to enter the food chain. Further research should repeat the experiments in different soil types or with different plant species to test the robustness of the findings.
Driver Modeling Using a Continuous Policy Space: Theory and Traffic Data Validation

In this article, we present a continuous-policy-space game theoretical method for modeling human driver interactions on highway traffic. The proposed method is based on Gaussian Processes and developed as a <italic>refinement</italic> of the hierarchical decision-making concept called “level-<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$</tex-math></inline-formula> reasoning” that conventionally assigns discrete levels of behaviors to agents. Conventional level-<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$</tex-math></inline-formula> reasoning approach may pose undesired constraints for predicting human decision making due to a limited number (usually 2 or 3) of driver policies it provides. To fill this gap in the literature, we expand the framework to a continuous domain that enables a continuous-policy-space, consisting of infinitely many driver policies. Through the approach detailed in this article, more accurate and realistic driver models can be obtained and employed for creating high-fidelity simulation platforms for the validation of autonomous vehicle control algorithms. We validate the proposed method on a traffic dataset and compare it with the conventional level-<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$</tex-math></inline-formula> approach to demonstrate its contributions and implications.