Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Frequencies of Solar p-Mode Oscillations

A list is presented of frequencies that can be used as a basis for helioseismic investigations of the average structure of the solar interior as a function of depth. The list includes measurements of frequencies of p-mode multiplets covering the l range from 4 to 99. Two different data sets are employed: one based on Doppler shift measurements made in 1985 at the Big Bear Solar Observatory and another based on intensity measurements made in 1981 at the geographic South Pole. Frequencies from the two data sets are compared, and systematic frequency differences are found that range from less than 0.1 microHz at low values of l to about 0.6 microHz at l = 99; the uncertainty is + or - 0.1 microHz. 20 references.
Overview of confinement and MHD stability in the Large Helical Device

The Large Helical Device is a heliotron device with L = 2 and M = 10 continuous helical coils with a major radius of 3.5–4.1 m, a minor radius of 0.6 m and a toroidal field of 0.5–3 T, which is a candidate among toroidal magnetic confinement systems for a steady state thermonuclear fusion reactor. There has been significant progress in extending the plasma operational regime in various plasma parameters by neutral beam injection with a power of 13 MW and electron cyclotron heating (ECH) with a power of 2 MW. The electron and ion temperatures have reached up to 10 keV in the collisionless regime, and the maximum electron density, the volume averaged beta value and stored energy are 2.4 × 1020 m−3, 4.1% and 1.3 MJ, respectively. In the last two years, intensive studies of the magnetohydrodynamics stability providing access to the high beta regime and of healing of the magnetic island in comparison with the neoclassical tearing mode in tokamaks have been conducted. Local island divertor experiments have also been performed to control the edge plasma aimed at confinement improvement. As for transport study, transient transport analysis was executed for a plasma with an internal transport barrier and a magnetic island. The high ion temperature plasma was obtained by adding impurities to the plasma to keep the power deposition to the ions reasonably high even at a very low density. By injecting 72 kW of ECH power, the plasma was sustained for 756 s without serious problems of impurities or recycling.
Spin dynamics of the antiferromagnetic-to-ferromagnetic phase transition in FeRh on a sub-picosecond time scale

The antiferromagnetic-to-ferromagnetic phase transition in FeRh films induced by heating with a femtosecond laser pulse was investigated using the time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect. An initial rise time of the magneto-optical signal of about 500fs is found as the FeRh is heated through the transition. The data offer a complementary view to previous pump–probe experiments on “simple” ferromagnetic materials and allow a glimpse at the complex interplay between lattice, electron and spin dynamics governing the first-order antiferromagnetic-to-ferromagnetic phase transition of FeRh.
Algorithm combination strategy to obtain the second‐order advantage: simultaneous determination of target analytes in plasma using three‐dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy

Although a number of algorithms have established to obtain the well‐known second‐order advantage that quantifies analytes of interest in the presence of interferents, each has associated problems. In this work, for the first time, the optimization procedure of trilinear decomposition has been divided into three subparts, and a novel strategy is developed for assembling the advantages of the alternating trilinear decomposition (ATLD) algorithm, the self‐weighted alternating trilinear decomposition (SWATLD) algorithm, and the parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) algorithm. The performance of the proposed strategy was evaluated using a simulated data set, a published fluorescence data set together with a new fluorescence data set that simultaneously quantifies procaine and tetracaine in plasma. Results show that the novel method can accurately and effectively estimate the qualitative and quantitative information of analytes of interest. Besides, the resolved profiles are very stable with respect to the number of components as long as the employed number is chosen to be equal or larger than the underlying one. Additionally, the study confirms that better prediction can be obtained by the new strategy when compared with ATLD, SWATLD, and PARAFAC as well as the strategy that employs direct trilinear decomposition method as initial values for PARAFAC. Moreover, the strategy can be directly extended to third‐order or higher‐order data analysis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Econometrics of Data Combination

Economists who use survey or administrative data for inferences regarding a population may want to combine information obtained from two or more samples drawn from the population. This is the case if there is no single sample that contains all relevant variables. A special case occurs if longitudinal or panel data are needed but only repeated cross-sections are available. In this chapter we survey sample combination. If two (or more) samples from the same population are combined, there are variables that are unique to one of the samples and variables that are observed in each sample. What can be learned by combining such samples, depends on the nature of the samples, the assumptions that one is prepared to make, and the goal of the analysis. The most ambitious objective is the identification and estimation of the joint distribution, but often we settle for the estimation of economic models that involve these variables or a subset thereof. Sometimes the goal is to reduce biases due to mismeasured variables. We consider sample merger by matching on identifiers that may be imperfect in the case that the two samples have a substantial number of common units. For the case that the two samples are independent, we consider (conditional) bounds on the joint distribution. Exclusion restrictions will narrow these bounds. We also consider inference under the strong assumption of conditional independence.
Numerical Simulations of Blood Flow in a Stenosed Vessel under Different Flow Rates using a Generalized Oldroyd‐B Model

The present paper discusses the influence and importance of the application of generalized Newtonian and generalized viscoelastic models to blood flow simulations. A simple shear‐thinning viscosity model together with a Oldroyd‐B model for the viscoelastic part of the stress was applied to a simplified test case of stenosed vessel. The direct comparison between results of Newtonian and non‐Newtonian flows is presented for various flow rates. The aim of the study is to test the applicability of the presented numerical method to this type of flows.
Anomalous Wind Circulation Observed during 1997/98 El Niño Using Indian MST Radar

Abstract Unique facility of measuring vertical winds using Indian mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar along with horizontal winds enables the study of the atmospheric circulation over Gadanki, India. Several important features are noted while analyzing the wind field. A tropical easterly jet stream of 35 m s−1 strength is seen around 16 km during monsoon season. Relatively strong jetlike northward motion (southerlies) of 5–7 m s−1 is seen around 14 km during winter months. These two maxima in zonal and meridional wind patterns, even though they differ in strength greatly, occur in two contrasting seasons. Downward motion combined with upper-level northward and lower-level southward motion observed during winter in normal years indicates the signature of tropical Hadley circulation over the study region. During the 1997/98 El Nino event, however, an anomalous pattern of winds is seen and Hadley circulation is observed to be weakened.
On the entropy flow properties of a severe tropical storm

The relationship of entropy flow with the evolution of a severe tropical storm is investigated in this letter, based on observational analyses covering its life cycle. The formula for calculating entropy flow is derived starting with the Gibbs relation [S. R. De Groot and P. Mazur, Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1962)], in terms of constant pressure coordinates. The results show that negative entropy flow plays an important role in the storm growth with the entropy flow being basically the entropy advection, suggesting that entropy flow analysis is a powerful tool in understanding the mechanism responsible for the evolution of storms.
VLA Detection of Protostars in OMC-2/3

The OMC-2/3 molecular clouds contain one of the highest concentrations of protostars known in nearby molecular clouds. We have observed an area of about 6′ × 15′ (0.8 pc × 2 pc) covering the OMC-2/3 region with the Very Large Array in the D configuration at 3.6 cm, matching well the area of a recent 1300 μm survey. We detected 14 sources, of which it is highly probable that 11 sources are either protostars or very young stars. This testifies to the star-forming activity and extreme youth of the OMC-2/3 region. The 3.6 cm flux is free-free emission probably due to shocks in outflowing material. Three of the sources are extended even with the relatively low resolution of the present observations, and two of these may be collimated radio jets. The large fraction of submillimeter continuum sources that have a radio continuum counterpart is evidence that outflow is already common at the very earliest evolutionary stages. No relation is found between the radio continuum flux and the 1300 μm flux of the associated submillimeter dust clumps.
Comparison of Kinetic Theory Analyses of Linearized Couette Flow

Linearized Couette flow is considered for Knudsen numbers ranging from zero to unity using Krook's kinetic model. The velocity and stress are calculated from the numerical solution of an integral equation for the velocity. By comparison with independent calculations the relative error of these results is estimated as less than 0.2%. For the particular case of slip flow, the constant in the boundary condition is evaluated from a numerical quadrature. The accuracy of several analytic methods is compared with particular emphasis on the method of Gross, Jackson, and Ziering and that of Lees.Using previous results obtained for Knudsen numbers greater than unity it is confirmed that some form of iteration, based on an integral equation formulation, is needed to give accurate results in the nearly free molecular regime. Further, such an iteration significantly increases the accuracy of the results over the entire transition regime down to Knudsen numbers as low as one third.
ROLE OF SLIP VELOCITY IN BLOOD FLOW THROUGH STENOSED ARTERIES: A NON-NEWTONIAN MODEL

A mathematical model is developed in this paper for studying blood flow through a stenosed arterial segment by taking into account the slip velocity at the wall of the artery. Consideration of the non-Newtonian character of blood is made, where a constitutive relation of blood is described by the Herschel–Bulkley equation. The effect of slip at the arterial wall in the presence of mild, moderate, and severe stenosis growth at the lumen of an artery is investigated. Analytical expressions for skin friction, flow resistance, and the flow rate are derived by using the model. The derived expressions are computed numerically by considering an illustrative example. The study provides an insight into the effects of slip velocity on the volumetric flow rate of blood, flow resistance, and skin friction.
Turbulence effects on warm‐rain autoconversion in precipitating shallow convection

A parametrization of the rain formation in warm clouds is developed which includes the effects of turbulence on the collision rate of droplets in a cloud. It is shown that already moderate turbulence with dissipation rates of 400 cm2s−3 can lead to a significant speed‐up of the rain formation corresponding to an increase in the autoconversion rate by a factor of 4–6 depending on the size of the droplets. Large‐eddy simulations of trade wind cumuli also produce a significant enhancement of rain formation through turbulence effects on cloud microphysics. In small cumulus clouds, the highest turbulent dissipation rates occur near cloud‐top, which is also the decisive region of the cloud for the initial rain formation. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Estimating the Political Center from Aggregate Data: An Item Response Theory Alternative to the Stimson Dyad Ratios Algorithm

This article provides an algorithm to produce a time-series estimate of the political center (or median voter) from aggregate survey data, even when the same questions are not asked in most years. This is compared to the existing Stimson dyad ratios approach, which has been applied to various questions in political science. Unlike the dyad ratios approach, the model developed here is derived from an explicit model of individual behavior—the widely used item response theory model. I compare the results of both techniques using the data on public opinion from the United Kingdom from 1947 to 2005 from Bartle, Dellepiane-Avellaneda, and Stimson. Measures of overall model fit are provided, as well as techniques for testing model's assumptions and the fit of individual items. Full code is provided for estimation with free software WinBUGS and JAGS.
Electrostatic waves in the Jovian magnetosphere

Observations by the plasma wave receivers on Voyagers 1 and 2 show that a wide variety of electrostatic waves are present within the Jovian magnetosphere and that the Jovian electrostatic waves are for the most part very similar to those observed in the terrestrial magnetosphere. Bands of emission near the upper hybrid resonance frequency in the dayside outer magnetosphere are detected between higher harmonics of the electron gyrofrequency. Inside of about 23 RJ, electron cyclotron harmonic emissions appear to be durable features of the inner Jovian magnetosphere and are extremely well confined to the Jovian magnetic equator. The cyclotron emissions extend from just above the local electron gyrofrequency to the upper hybrid resonance frequency.
GENERALIZED MULTISTATE COHERENT SYSTEMS

Most work on reliability analysis assumes binary state spaces of the system and its components. In the practice, components deteriorate from perfect functinning to complete failure, passing through several intermediate deteriorating states. This paper considers general multistate coherent systems and proves the existence theorem of series and parallel multistate coherent systems, the IFRA and NBU closure theorems, and the fact that the preservation of IFR property determines the structure of a coherent system uniquely as a series system. Furthermore a generalization of the concept of modules and hazard transform is presented.
A new approach to order reduction using stability equation and big bang big crunch optimization

A new method of model order reduction is introduced by combining the merits of big bang big crunch (BBBC) optimization technique and stability equation (SE) method. A linear-continuous single-input single-output system of higher order is considered and reduced to a lower order system. The denominator polynomial of the reduced system is obtained by SE method, whereas the numerator terms are generated using BBBC optimization. Furthermore, step and frequency responses of the original reduced system are plotted. The superiority of the proposed method is justified by solving numerical examples from the available literature and comparing the reduced systems in terms of error indices.
Tailored Analyses of the WN 8 Stars WR 40 and WR 16

We present the results of tailored spectral analyses of two WN 8 Wolf-Rayet stars: WR 40 (HD 96548) and WR 16 (HD 86161). These analyses were carried out utilizing line-blanketed non-LTE model atmospheres with provisions for a clumped wind. For the first time in WN analyses, stellar parameters are derived by attempting to match the entire observed spectrum from 900 to 35000 Å, including the complex iron pseudocontinuum between 1200-2100 Å. The inclusion of iron and other metals (O, Ne, Mg, Al, Si, S, Ar, and Ca) in the model atmosphere results in a decrease in derived stellar radii by ~20% from previous, nitrogen-line analyses, while mass-loss rates are decreased by a factor of ~3 owing to clumping. The abundance of iron and other metals are constrained with uncertainties of about 50%, demonstrating that Wolf-Rayet stars can be used to determine metallicities and metallicity gradients in other galaxies. We find the presence of metals significantly increases the radiative line force the wind experiences, allowing the outer wind to be driven to its theoretical velocity structure and coming within a factor of 5 of the needed line force in the inner region (an improvement over earlier radiative transfer models). Coupled with the substantial reduction in the derived performance numbers (factor of ~3), this indicates that radiation pressure alone may be sufficient to drive the winds of WN 8 stars. Our model parameters achieve good fits simultaneously to the H, He, and N III-IV features of the spectra, a feat that has eluded previous efforts. Comprehensive identification of lines and line complexes are provided, and the effects of the inclusion of metals on the strengths of diagnostic lines are discussed.
Thermal conductivity of amorphous alloys above room temperature

The thermal conductivity of ten amorphous alloys has been measured between 280 and 500 K. The thermal conductivity, K, can be separated into the electronic (Ke) and phonon (Kph) contributions. The electronic thermal conductivity, deduced from the Wiedemann–Franz law, varies almost linearly with temperature, whereas the phonon thermal conductivity shows a slower increase. At 300 K, Kph accounts for 34–49% of K. The phonon mean free path l is 12.5 A for the binary alloy Fe80B20, but l decreases as the number of chemical components increases, reaching 7 A for the five‐component alloys Fe32Ni36Cr14P12B6 and Co66Fe4Mo2B12Si16. The metal‐metal glasses, Cu70Zr30 and Cu45Zr55, have l values slightly larger than 11 A, indicating that they have short‐range order similar to that of Fe80B20.
Genesis of Tropical Storm Eugene (2005) from Merging Vortices Associated with ITCZ Breakdowns. Part II: Roles of Vortex Merger and Ambient Potential Vorticity

Abstract In this study, the roles of merging midlevel mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs) and convectively generated potential vorticity (PV) patches embedded in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in determining tropical cyclogenesis are examined by calculating PV and absolute vorticity budgets with a cloud-resolving simulation of Tropical Storm Eugene (2005). Results show that the vortex merger occurs as the gradual capture of small-scale PV patches within a slow-drifting MCV by another fast-moving MCV, thus concentrating high PV near the merger’s circulation center, with its peak amplitude located slightly above the melting level. The merging phase is characterized by sharp increases in surface heat fluxes, low-level convergence, latent heat release (and upward motion), lower tropospheric PV, surface pressure falls, and growth of cyclonic vorticity from the bottom upward. Melting and freezing appear to affect markedly the vertical structures of diabatic heating, convergence, absolute vorticity, .
Reduced electric field in junctionless transistors

The electric field perpendicular to the current flow is found to be significantly lower in junctionless transistors than in regular inversion-mode or accumulation-mode field-effect transistors. Since inversion channel mobility in metal-oxide-semionductor transistors is reduced by this electric field, the low field in junctionless transistor may give them an advantage in terms of current drive for nanometer-scale complementary metal-oxide semiconductor applications. This observation still applies when quantum confinement is present.
Slip flow and heat transfer in rectangular and circular microchannels using hybrid FE/FV method

Rarefied gas flows typically encountered in MEMS systems are numerically investigated in this study. Fluid flow and heat transfer in rectangular and circular microchannels within the slip flow regime are studied in detail by our recently developed implicit, incompressible, hybrid (finite element/finite volume) flow solver. The hybrid flow solver methodology is based on the pressure correction or projection method, which involves a fractional step approach to obtain an intermediate velocity field by solving the original momentum equations with the matrix‐free, implicit, cell‐centered finite volume method. The Poisson equation resulting from the fractional step approach is then solved by node based Galerkin finite element method for an auxiliary variable, which is closely related to pressure and is used to update the velocity field and pressure field. The hybrid flow solver has been extended for applications in MEMS by incorporating first order slip flow boundary conditions. Extended inlet boundary conditions are used for rectangular microchannels, whereas classical inlet boundary conditions are used for circular microchannels to emphasize on the entrance region singularity. In this study, rarefaction effects characterized by Knudsen number (Kn) in the range of 0 ⩽ Kn ⩽ 0.1 are numerically investigated for rectangular and circular microchannels with constant wall temperature. Extensive validations of our hybrid code are performed with available analytical solutions and experimental data for fully developed velocity profiles, friction factors, and Nusselt numbers. The influence of rarefaction on rectangular microchannels with aspect ratios between 0 and 1 is thoroughly investigated. Friction coefficients are found to be decreasing with increasing Knudsen number for both rectangular and circular microchannels. The reduction in the friction coefficients is more pronounced for rectangular microchannels with smaller aspect ratios. Effects of rarefaction and gas‐wall surface interaction parameter on heat transfer are analyzed for rectangular and circular microchannels. For most engineering applications, heat transfer is decreased with rarefaction. However, for fluids with very large Prandtl numbers, velocity slip dominates the temperature jump resulting in an increase in heat transfer with rarefaction. Depending on the gas‐wall surface interaction properties, extreme reductions in the Nusselt number can occur. Present results confirm the existence of a transition point below and above wherein heat transfer enhancement and reduction can occur. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.