Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Response of the Atmosphere to Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies over the Equatorial Pacific and the Teleconnections of the Southern Oscillation

Abstract In order to improve our understanding of the role of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Southern Oscillation and the variability of the Walker Circulation, we have conducted sensitivity studies with warm SSTA's over different parts of the equatorial Pacific using a general circulation model of GFDL. The model response is compared with the variability of the 15-year control run and the statistical significance of the response is assessed. The anomalies produce dominant changes in the vertical circulation in the equatorial longitude-height plane. Besides the large local increase of precipitation near the anomalies and a slight reduction to the west, there are also global-scale anomalies in the equatorial zonal winds (notably in the upper troposphere) and in tropical sea level pressure. The Pacific Walker Circulation is significantly altered. In the case of eastern and central Pacific anomalies these features resemble the observed circulation anomalies during the low i.
A multitask cascading convolutional neural network for high-accuracy pointer meter automatic recognition in outdoor environments

Pointer meter automatic recognition (PMAR) in outdoor environments is a challenging task. Due to variable weather and uneven lighting factors, hand-crafted features or shallow learning techniques have low accuracy in meter recognition. In this paper, a multitask cascading convolutional neural network (MC-CNN) is proposed to improve the accuracy of meter recognition in outdoor environments. The proposed MC-CNN uses cascaded CNN, including three stages of meter detection, meter cropping and meter reading. Firstly, the YOLOV4 Network is used for meter detection to quickly determine the meter location from captured images. In order to accurately cluster pointer meter prior boxes in the YOLOV4 Network, an improved K-means algorithm is presented to further enhance the detection accuracy. Then, the detected meter images are cropped out of the captured images to remove redundant backgrounds. Finally, a meter-reading network based on an adaptive attention residual module (AARM) is proposed for reading meters from cropped images. The proposed AARM not only contains an attention mechanism to focus on essential information and efficiently diminish useless information, but also extracts information features from meter images adaptively. The experimental results show that the proposed MC-CNN can effectively achieve outdoor meter recognition, with high recognition accuracy and low relative error. The recognition accuracy can reach 92.6%. The average relative error is 2.5655%, which is about 3% less than the error in other methods. What is more, the proposed approach can obtain rich information about the type, limits, units and readings of the pointer meter and can be used when multiple pointer meters exist in one captured image simultaneously. Additionally, the proposed approach can significantly improve the accuracy of the recognized readings, and is also robust to natural environments.
THE EFFECTS OF HEAT TREATMENT ON COLOUR AND GLOSSINESS OF SOME COMMERCIAL WOODS IN TURKEY

In this study, hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), poplar (Populus deltoides), chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and Uludağ fir (Abies bornmülleriana Mattf.) were heat treated at 212°C for 1 hour and 2 hours by the ThermoWood method. Colour and glossiness were determined and compared with untreated samples. Results showed that lightness (L*) decreased for all tested samples and that the decrease was higher with more intense treatments. Colour parameter a* (red/green) initially increased with heat treatment, then decreasing afterwards. The colour parameter b* (yellow/blue) on the other hand, decreased for Hornbeam and Chestnut and increased for Poplar and Uludag fir. Generally, the glossiness decreased with heat treatment for both measurements, along and across the grain. All factors and interactions were found to be significant (according to α = 0.05) with the exception of interaction (AB) for parallel (//) glossiness in 60°. The highest total colour change was achieved for Hornbeam (ΔE* = 41.58).
Associations of Parameters of the Tryptophan–Kynurenine Pathway with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Hypertensive Patients

Accumulating evidence suggests an association of the tryptophan–kynurenine (TRP-KYN) pathway with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk factors. In this cross-sectional analysis we investigated whether TRP-KYN pathway parameters are associated with 24 h blood pressure (BP) and other risk factors in patients with arterial hypertension from a tertiary care centre. In 490 participants, we found no significant and independent association of 24 h systolic and diastolic BP with parameters of the TRP-KYN pathway. However, linear regression analyses of HDL as dependent and TRP, KYN and quinolinic acid (QUIN) as explanatory variables adjusted for BMI and sex showed significant associations. These were found for KYN, BMI and sex (unstandardised beta coefficient −0.182, standard error 0.052, p < 0.001; −0.313 (0.078), p < 0.001; −0.180 (0.024), p < 0.001, respectively) as well as for QUIN, BMI and sex (−0.157 (0.038), p < 0.001; −0.321 (0.079), p < 0.001; −0.193 (0.024), p < 0.001, respectively). Smokers had significantly lower levels of KYN (2.36 µmol/L, IQR 2.01–2.98, versus 2.71 µmol/L, IQR 2.31–3.27, p < 0.001), QUIN (384 nmol/L, IQR 303–448, versus 451 nmol/L, IQR 369–575, p < 0.001) and KYN/TRP ratio (38.2, IQR 33.7–43.2, versus 43.1, IQR 37.5–50.9, p < 0.001) compared to non-smokers. We demonstrated that TRP/KYN pathway metabolites are associated with some cardiovascular risk factors, warranting further studies to elucidate the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of the TRP-KYN pathway for cardiovascular diseases.
On Optimal Stochastic Control of Discrete-Time Systems in Hilbert Space

A general system described by a linear difference equation in a Hilbert space is considered. Three types of disturbances, control-dependent noise, state-dependent noise and purely additive noise, are taken into account. The cost function is assumed to be quadratic. The existence of an optimal stationary strategy and the uniqueness of the stationary measure related to this strategy are proved.Special attention is paid to the related Riccati operator difference equation and the asymptotic behavior of the solution of such an equation is investigated. Under certain assumptions, the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the algebraic Riccati equation are proved, too.
Comparison of Numerical Methods Evaluating Airfoil Aerodynamic Characteristics at Low Reynolds Number

The flowfields around the NACA 0012 airfoil at Reynolds numbers 1×104, 3×104, and 5×104 are studied, and the predictability of aerodynamic characteristics derived from various numerical methods is examined. Two-dimensional laminar simulation, two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation using the Baldwin–Lomax turbulence model, and three-dimensional implicit large-eddy simulation are employed in this study. The two-dimensional laminar and three-dimensional implicit large-eddy simulations accurately predict the separation point, and capture the characteristics of a separation bubble for each Reynolds number and each angle of attack. Nonlinearity in the lift curve is also captured in the results of the two-dimensional laminar and three-dimensional implicit large-eddy simulations. The two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation using the Baldwin–Lomax turbulence model predicts the separation point nearer the trailing edge than does the two-dimensional laminar and three-dimensiona.
The 30–50 Day Variation of Convective Activity over the Western Pacific Ocean with Emphasis on the Northwestern Region

Abstract Coherent 30–50 day oscillations between regions north and south of 20°N were observed using the latitude–time (y–t) diagram of a convective index (Ic) along 140°E over the entire 1979 summer (May–September). The oscillation in the northern region exhibits a relatively regular north–south movement of deep convective clouds, while the oscillation in the southern region shows enhancement or suppression fluctuations of broad and intensive deep convective clouds with a period of 30–50 days. The southward (northward) movement of the midlatitude oscillation coincides with the suppression (enhancement) of the tropical deep convective clouds. The midlatitude deep convective clouds are usually maintained by the divergent circulation and are associated with fronts. The empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of velocity potential at 200 mb shows that the north–south, 30–50 day oscillation of deep convective clouds over the northwestern Pacific is a response of the regional weather system to the eastwar.
EGRET observations of the 1993 March gamma-ray flare from PKS 0528+134

EGRET observation of PKS 0528 + 134 during the 1993 March flare in gamma-rays is presented here. During the flare gamma-rays were detected at a level approximately three times greater than the observed intensity in earlier observations. Spectra of the source during the flare, as well as during the nonflaring state are presented. The flux history of PKS 0528 + 134 as observed from the start of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) mission up to the end of Phase 3 (1993 October) is given. Multiwavelength observations of PKS 0528 + 134 during the flare are also presented. A detailed relativistic SSC jet model agrees well with the 1993 March Multiwavelength spectrum; the data, however, are insufficient to discriminate between this and other emission models.
Interdigital cantilevers for atomic force microscopy

We present a sensor for the atomic force microscope (AFM) where a silicon cantilever is micromachined into the shape of interdigitated fingers that form a diffraction grating. When detecting a force, alternating fingers are displaced while remaining fingers are held fixed. This creates a phase sensitive diffraction grating, allowing the cantilever displacement to be determined by measuring the intensity of diffracted modes. This cantilever can be used with a standard AFM without modification while achieving the sensitivity of the interferometer and maintaining the simplicity of the optical lever. Since optical interference occurs between alternating fingers that are fabricated on the cantilever, laser intensity rather than position can be measured by crudely positioning a photodiode. We estimate that the rms noise of this sensor in a 10 hz–1 kHz bandwidth is ∼0.02 A and present images of graphite with atomic resolution.
Design and Fabrication of Monolithically Integrated Lateral-Electrode Etched-Mirror Laser with Y-Branch Single-Mode Waveguide in GaAs/AlGaAs

Design and fabrication of a monolithically integrated lateral-electrode laser with a Y-branch single-mode waveguide are described. The ridge-guided Fabry-Perot laser and strip-loaded waveguide are coupled with the evanescent field, and are fabricated simply without resorting to complicated regrowth procedures. The laser has planar lateral electrodes with a dry-etched cavity. Furthermore, the waveguide is of the strip-loaded type, consisting of two cladding layers having different carrier concentrations to reduce the impurity absorption. The growth structure is optimized theoretically, and the coupled beams from the waveguide are observed experimentally.
Mathematics Teacher Shortage in the UK: a continuing problem

Abstract Teacher shortage in secondary school mathematics has now reached a critical level internationally. This paper discusses mathematics teacher shortage in the UK in its overt and hidden forms, providing background statistical data on vacancies and recruitment. Factors contributing to the shortage are considered, both in terms of the difficulty of attracting specialists and the diversion of qualified teachers out of the mathematics classroom. The paper draws on evidence from a number of research projects. The concluding section of the paper warns against complacency despite a range of initiatives by the Department of Education and Science (DES), and argues that a number of factors are likely to continue to cause a continuation of mathematics teacher shortage over the next ten years.
Condensation of air and nitrogen in hypersonic wind tunnels.

A previous experimental study of air condensation occurring in the nozzle of hypersonic wind tunnels has been extended toward lower static pressures and higher Mach numbers. The results indicated that in the region of lower pressures, where large amounts of supercooling are regularly obtained, air behaves essentially as pure nitrogen, indicating that it is the spontaneous condensation of nitrogen which triggers the onset phenomenon at the low pressures. A theoretical analysis, based on established drop growth and self-nucleation concepts, supported the experimental findings. The ratio of the local expansion rate and static pressure, a theoretically derived correlation parameter, was found to be effective in correlating the present experimental condensation onset data as well as all other pertinent data available from the literature. The analysis also indicated that in the realm of higher stream static pressures, where little or no air supercooling is obtained experimentally, the condensed particles of the normal CO2 and H^O content in air are sufficient for causing condensation of nitrogen and oxygen through a seeding action. A new method is presented for determining a conservative value of the minimum stagnation temperature which insures condensationfree flow when operating a hypersonic wind tunnel with either air or nitrogen.
DETERMINANTS OF BANKING CAPITAL BUFFER IN INDONESIA

Banks as intermediary institutions that play an important role in the economy are required to be in a healthy state since the bank conditions reflect macroeconomic conditions. To achieve the goal of financial system stability, the banking regulator issued Basel regulations. The regulation contains provisions for banks to provide a capital buffer as an effort to strengthen bank capital from risks that may arise. The purpose of this research is to find out what factors affect the bank's capital buffer with the object of research on conventional commercial banks in Indonesia from 2010 to 2019. The method used in this research is panel data regression with independent variables, i.e. GDPG, SIZE, ROE, LOTA, NPL, BIRATE, LDR, and BOPO, as well as the dependent variable capital buffer. The results showed that all the dependent variables used had a significant effect both simultaneously and partially on the capital buffer.
Thermal stability studies of alternating current poled Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 single crystals grown by solid-state crystal growth

Thermal stabilities of relaxor-PbTiO3 single crystals are of great importance due to their limited operational temperatures in devices. Herein, to elucidate how poling conditions influence thermal stabilities, we investigated direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) poled Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.29PbTiO3 (PMN-29PT) crystals grown by solid-state crystal growth, which guarantees more compositional uniformity. Our experiments show that the dielectric permittivity of the DC and AC poled crystals are 3560 and 4970, respectively, after annealing at 99.6°C, implying AC-poling prevails in enhancing thermal stabilities of relaxor-PbTiO3 single crystals. The mechanism behind the dissimilar thermal stabilities can be attributed to different domain configurations. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT IMPACT STATEMENT Alternating-current poling is of useful for not only enhancing piezoelectric and dielectric properties but also improving the thermal stabilities of relaxor-PbTiO3 single crystals.
Density-Dependent Effects of Simultaneous Root and Floral Herbivory on Plant Fitness and Defense

Plants are attacked by multiple herbivores, and depend on a precise regulation of responses to cope with a wide range of antagonists. Simultaneous herbivory can occur in different plant compartments, which may pose a serious threat to plant growth and reproduction. In particular, plants often face co-occurring root and floral herbivory, but few studies have focused on such interactions. Here, we investigated in the field the combined density-dependent effects of root-chewing cebrionid beetle larvae and flower-chewing pierid caterpillars on the fitness and defense of a semiarid Brassicaceae herb. We found that the fitness impact of both herbivore groups was independent and density-dependent. Increasing root herbivore density non-significantly reduced plant fitness, while the relationship between increasing floral herbivore density and the reduction they caused in both seed number and seedling emergence was non-linear. The plant defensive response was non-additive with regard to the different densities of root and floral herbivores; high floral herbivore density provoked compensatory investment in reproduction, and this tolerance response was combined with aboveground chemical defense induction when also root herbivore density was high. Plants may thus prioritize specific trait combinations in response to varying combined below- and aboveground herbivore densities to minimize negative impacts on fitness.
Limits on global rules in Optimality Theory with Candidate Chains*

In Optimality Theory with Candidate Chains (OT-CC; McCarthy 2007), candidates are multi-step derivations, and precedence constraints, which regulate the order of derivational steps, can inspect entire candidate derivations. This means that OT-CC opens the door to certain kinds of ‘global rules’ – that is, effects in which the application or non-application of a process is decided with crucial reference to derivational history. This paper investigates what limits may exist on OT-CC's global rule powers, focusing on two forms of opacity which are possible under a theory where all rules apply simultaneously, but not under sequential rule application: mutual counterfeeding and mutual counterbleeding. It is shown that the original version of OT-CC allows none, but that each of them could be made possible with relatively simple revisions to the original theory. Possible examples of these forms of opacity are discussed.
One-dimensional modelling of curvilinear free surface flow: generalized Matthew theory

ABSTRACT The potential flow theory is a good mathematical approximation to various problems in the fields of free surface open channel and groundwater flows. In both fields, second-order equations are commonly derived using perturbation methods to account for the non-hydrostatic pressure distribution. However, an alternative technique is Picard's iteration approach, used by Matthew for steady open channel flows. Regretfully, this technique was not expanded to unsteady potential flow, limiting its full impact. The purpose of this work is to generalize the theory of Matthew to unsteady potential free surface flow, both for open channels and groundwater. The new development is an alternative to perturbation techniques, highlighting the relevance of Matthew's work. To illustrate the widespread problems to which the theory applies, simulations are made for a dambreak wave and for flow in sloping and curved aquifers. In both cases one-dimensional results are in good agreement with two-dimensional data.
Enhancement of Chromium (VI) Reduction in Microcosms Amended with Lactate or Yeast Extract: A Laboratory-Scale Study

A laboratory-scale study was carried out to evaluate the groundwater bioremediation potential of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), taking into account the chromate pollution of an industrial site located in Southern Italy (Apulia Region). The reduction of Cr(VI) was studied on laboratory microcosms, set up in different experimental conditions, namely: ABIO (soil and water sterilized), BIO (soil and water not sterilized), LATT (with the addition of lactate), and YE (with the addition of yeast extract). Control test lines, set up by using sterilized matrices and amendments, were employed to assess the occurrence of the pollutant reduction via chemical processes. By combining molecular (microbial abundance, specific chromate reductase genes (ChR) and the Shewanella oinedensis bacterial strain) with chemical analyses of chromium (VI and III) in the matrices (water and soil) of each microcosm, it was possible to investigate the response of microbial populations to different experimental conditions, and therefore, to assess their bioremediation capability in promoting Cr(VI) reduction. The overall results achieved within this work evidenced the key role of amendments (lactate and yeast extract) in enhancing the biological reduction of hexavalent chromium in the contaminated aqueous phase of laboratory microcosms. The highest value of Cr(VI) removal (99.47%) was obtained in the YE amended microcosms at seven days.
Hydraulic classification of hydropeaking stages in a river reach

Hydropower is an important tool in the struggle for low‐emission power production. In the Nordic countries, hydropower operating conditions are expected to change and work more in conjunction with intermittent power production. This in turn might increase the amount of hydropeaking events in the reaches downstream of hydropower plants. The current work investigates the influence of highly flexible, high‐frequency hydropeaking on the hydrodynamics in the downstream reach. By quantifying four different dynamic stages in the study reach, the influence of the hydropeaking frequencies was investigated in the bypass reach of the Stornorrfors hydropower plant in the river Umeälven in northern Sweden. The hydrodynamics in the study reach were numerically modelled using the open source solver Delft3D. Eight different highly flexible future hydropeaking scenarios, varying from 12 to 60 flow changes per day, were considered. A method for identifying four hydropeaking stages—dewatering, dynamic, alternating and uniform —was introduced. The hydropeaking frequency directly decided the stage in most of the study reach. Furthermore, a Fourier analysis showed a significant difference between the stages and their corresponding power spectra. The classification of stages put forward in this work provides a novel, simple method to investigate the hydrodynamics due to hydropeaking in a river reach.
Potential Histopathological and Immune Biomarkers in Malignant and Non-Malignant Oral Lesions

ABSTRACT Objectives The presented case-control study was developed to characterize the clinical, histopathological and immunological profile of patients with traumatic injuries, benign neoplasms, potentially malignant oral disorders and malignant neoplasms of the oral cavity, in order to identify biomarkers of malignancy. Material and Methods Clinical information was collected from dental records and several techniques were performed, including histopathological evaluation in sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin, immunohistochemistry for programmed death ligand-1 and measurement of serum levels of interferon-gamma, interleukin-6, -10 and -12. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS® Statistics software. Results This study included 8 patients with traumatic injuries, 8 with benign neoplasms, 6 with potentially malignant oral disorders and 11 with malignant neoplasms. An association was observed between the classification of the lesion and smoking (P < 0.05), the size of the lesion (P < 0.05), the density of the inflammatory infiltrate (P < 0.001), the degree of dysplasia (P < 0.01) and programmed death ligand-1 expression (P < 0.01). Conclusions Therefore, it is suggested that smoking, the size of the lesion, the inflammatory infiltrate and the programmed death ligand-1 expression can be considered potential biomarkers of oral malignancy.