Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Study of Radar Echoes and their Relation to Lightning Discharges of Thunderclouds in the Hokuriku District: Part II: Observation and Analysis of “Single-Flash” Thunderclouds in Midwinter@@@PartII:厳冬期の-発雷(いっぱつらい)の雷雲に関する観測および解析

In the present work, winter thunderclouds and active convective clouds were observed by means of radar with CAPPI (Constant Altitude Plan Position Indicator). The lightning activity is monitored by a local network of sferics direction finders around Komatsu Airport. In midwinter, from January to early March, active convective clouds, 30 dBZ echo tops of which develop up to the -20°C temperature level, exhibit very weak lightning activity called"Single-Flash Storm", or sometimes fail to generate even a single lightning discharge. The altitude of the-10°C temperature level is between 1.8 to 1.4km in the former case. On the other hand, it is lower than 1.4 km in the latter case. These significantly low altitudes of the-10°C temperature level are the main reason for keeping such clouds in a weak or non-lightning situation. Concerning the classification of the lightning activity, the author has proposed the following criteria: (a) When the altitude of the-10°C temperature level is higher than 1.8 km, clouds exhibit strong
A case of primary lung cancer requiring differentiation from metastatic cervical cancer

p16 has been used as a surrogate marker for human papillomavirus (HPV)‐related tumours. However, it remains unclear whether p16 is also a potential marker for pulmonary tumours. Herein, we report the case of an 80‐year‐old woman with a history of papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix, presenting with a left pulmonary tumour. A bronchoscopic biopsy revealed squamous cell carcinoma with a papillary pattern, which did not rule out pulmonary metastasis from the cervix. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the cervical tumour was positive for p16, whereas the pulmonary tumour was negative and was effectively diagnosed as primary pulmonary carcinoma.
Understanding Cloud and Convective Characteristics in Version 1 of the E3SM Atmosphere Model

This study provides comprehensive insight into the notable differences in clouds and precipitation simulated by the Energy Exascale Earth System Model Atmosphere Model version 0 and version 1 (EAMv1). Several sensitivity experiments are conducted to isolate the impact of changes in model physics, resolution, and parameter choices on these differences. The overall improvement in EAMv1 clouds and precipitation is primarily attributed to the introduction of a simplified third‐order turbulence parameterization Cloud Layers Unified By Binormals (along with the companion changes) for a unified treatment of boundary layer turbulence, shallow convection, and cloud macrophysics, though it also leads to a reduction in subtropical coastal stratocumulus clouds. This lack of stratocumulus clouds is considerably improved by increasing vertical resolution from 30 to 72 layers, but the gain is unfortunately subsequently offset by other retuning to reach the top‐of‐atmosphere energy balance. Increasing vertical resolution also results in a considerable underestimation of high clouds over the tropical warm pool, primarily due to the selection for numerical stability of a higher air parcel launch level in the deep convection scheme. Increasing horizontal resolution from 1° to 0.25° without retuning leads to considerable degradation in cloud and precipitation fields, with much weaker tropical and subtropical short‐ and longwave cloud radiative forcing and much stronger precipitation in the intertropical convergence zone, indicating poor scale awareness of the cloud parameterizations. To avoid this degradation, significantly different parameter settings for the low‐resolution (1°) and high‐resolution (0.25°) were required to achieve optimal performance in EAMv1.
Signature of induced transparency in metals and conductors under bichromatic irradiation

Abstract. The theory of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a nonlinear conductive medium, which utilizes the classical approach instead of the traditional quantum optics scheme, has been recently suggested. We present the results of the bichromatic parametric irradiation experiments which validate the EIT effect within the mid-infrared spectrum. The studied materials include a highly dispersive gold (Au) and a low dispersive semiconductor zinc telluride (ZnTe). When the irradiation parameters satisfy the requirements of the EIT theory, the effect was shown to be strongly pronounced in both Au and ZnTe despite the very different optical properties of these conductors. The predictions of the theory regarding the existence of the EIT effect are shown to be in agreement with the experiment.
The causality of physical activity status and intelligence: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Background Observational studies suggest physical activity (PA) enhances intelligence, while sedentary behavior (SB) poses a risk. However, causality remains unclear. Methods We extracted genetic instruments from large genome-wide association studies summary data and employed an inverse-variance weighted (IVW) approach within a random-effects model as the primary method of Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to estimate the overall effect of various physical activity statuses on intelligence. To assess IVW stability and MR sensitivity, we also utilized supplementary methods including weighted median, MR-Egger, and MR-PRESSO. Furthermore, multivariable MR analysis was conducted to examine the independent effects of each physical activity trait on intelligence. Results The MR primary results indicated that LST was negatively associated with intelligence (β = -0.133, 95%CI: -0.177 to -0.090, p = 1.34×10–9), while SBW (β = 0.261, 95% CI: 0.059 to 0.463, p = 0.011) may have a positive effect on intelligence; however, MVPA and SC did not show significant effects on intelligence. Inverse causality analyses demonstrated intelligence significantly influenced all physical activity states. Conclusions Our study highlights a bidirectional causal relationship between physical activity states and intelligence.
Deep Learning Based Classification of Dermatological Disorders

Automated medical diagnosis has become crucial and significantly supports medical doctors. Thus, there is a demand for inventing deep learning (DL) and convolutional networks for analyzing medical images. Dermatology, in particular, is one of the domains that was recently targeted by AI specialists to introduce new DL algorithms or enhance convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures. A significantly high proportion of studies in the field are concerned with skin cancer, whereas other dermatological disorders are still limited. In this work, we examined the performance of 6 CNN architectures named VGG16, EfficientNet, InceptionV3, MobileNet, NasNet, and ResNet50 for the top 3 dermatological disorders that frequently appear in the Middle East. An Image filtering and denoising were imposed in this work to enhance image quality and increase architecture performance. Experimental results revealed that MobileNet achieved the highest performance and accuracy among the CNN architectures and can classify disorder with high performance (95.7% accuracy). Future scope will focus more on proposing a new methodology for deep-based classification. In addition, we will expand the dataset for more images that consider new disorders and variations.
Fatgraph models of RNA structure

Abstract In this review paper we discuss fatgraphs as a conceptual framework for RNA structures. We discuss various notions of coarse-grained RNA structures and relate them to fatgraphs.We motivate and discuss the main intuition behind the fatgraph model and showcase its applicability to canonical as well as noncanonical base pairs. Recent discoveries regarding novel recursions of pseudoknotted (pk) configurations as well as their translation into context-free grammars for pk-structures are discussed. This is shown to allow for extending the concept of partition functions of sequences w.r. t. a fixed structure having non-crossing arcs to pk-structures. We discuss minimum free energy folding of pk-structures and combine these above results outlining how to obtain an inverse folding algorithm for PK structures.
A generalized thermoelastic diffusion problem with memory-dependent derivative

Based on the generalized thermoelastic diffusion theory with memory-dependent derivative in both the generalized heat conduction law and the generalized diffusion law, the transient response is investigated of a half-space subjected to a thermal shock and a chemical potential shock on its bounding surface. The coupled governing equations containing time-delay factors and kernel functions, which can be chosen freely according to specific problems, are solved by the Laplace transform together with its numerical inversion. The non-dimensional temperature, chemical potential, displacement, stress, as well as concentration at different values of time, time-delay factors, and kernel functions are obtained and illustrated graphically. The results show that: all the considered variables have obvious changes with the passage of time; the thermal time-delay and kernel functions hardly influence the distributions of the non-dimensional chemical potential, modestly influence the distributions of the non-dimensional concentration, while appreciably influence the distributions of the non-dimensional temperature, displacement, and stress; the diffusion time-delay and kernel functions barely affect the distributions of the non-dimensional temperature, slightly affect the distributions of the non-dimensional concentration, while remarkably affect the distributions of the non-dimensional chemical potential, displacement and stress.
Biochemical phenotyping of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria reveals solute carriers and β-oxidation deficiencies

Introduction Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a clonal disease of hematopoietic cells with a variable clinical spectrum characterized by intravascular hemolysis, high risk of thrombosis, and cytopenias. To understand the biochemical shifts underlying PNH, this study aimed to search for the dysfunctional pathways involved in PNH physiopathology by comparing the systemic metabolic profiles of affected patients to healthy controls and the metabolomic profiles before and after the administration of eculizumab in PNH patients undergoing treatment. Methods Plasma metabolic profiles, comprising 186 specific annotated metabolites, were quantified using targeted quantitative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in 23 PNH patients and 166 population-based controls. In addition, samples from 12 PNH patients on regular eculizumab maintenance therapy collected before and 24 hours after eculizumab infusion were also analyzed. Results In the PNH group, levels of the long-chain acylcarnitines metabolites were significantly higher as compared to the controls, while levels of histidine, taurine, glutamate, glutamine, aspartate and phosphatidylcholines were significantly lower in the PNH group. These differences suggest altered acylcarnitine balance, reduction in the amino acids participating in the glycogenesis pathway and impaired glutaminolysis. In 12 PNH patients who were receiving regular eculizumab therapy, the concentrations of acylcarnitine C6:1, the C14:1/C6 ratio (reflecting the impaired action of the medium-chain acyl-Co A dehydrogenase), and the C4/C6 ratio (reflecting the impaired action of short-chain acyl-Co A dehydrogenase) were significantly reduced immediately before eculizumab infusion, revealing impairments in the Acyl CoA metabolism, and reached levels similar to those in the healthy controls 24 hours after infusion. Conclusions We demonstrated significant differences in the metabolomes of the PNH patients compared to healthy controls. Eculizumab infusion seemed to improve deficiencies in the acyl CoA metabolism and may have a role in the mitochondrial oxidative process of long and medium-chain fatty acids, reducing oxidative stress, and inflammation.
Exploring the immune microenvironment in small bowel adenocarcinoma using digital image analysis

Background Small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA) is a rare malignancy of the small intestine associated with late stage diagnosis and poor survival outcome. High expression of immune cells and immune checkpoint biomarkers especially programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) have been shown to significantly impact disease progression. We have analysed the expression of a subset of immune cell and immune checkpoint biomarkers in a cohort of SBA patients and assessed their impact on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Methods 25 patient samples in the form of formalin fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue were obtained in tissue microarray (TMAs) format. Automated immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was performed using validated antibodies for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD68, PD-L1, ICOS, IDO1 and LAG3. Slides were scanned digitally and assessed in QuPath, an open source image analysis software, for biomarker density and percentage positivity. Survival analyses were carried out using the Kaplan Meier method. Results Varying expressions of biomarkers were recorded. High expressions of CD3, CD4 and IDO1 were significant for PFS (p = 0.043, 0.020 and 0.018 respectively). High expression of ICOS was significant for both PFS (p = 0.040) and OS (p = 0.041), while high PD-L1 expression in tumour cells was significant for OS (p = 0.033). High correlation was observed between PD-L1 and IDO1 expressions (Pearson correlation co-efficient = 1) and subsequently high IDO1 expression in tumour cells was found to be significant for PFS (p = 0.006) and OS (p = 0.034). Conclusions High levels of immune cells and immune checkpoint proteins have a significant impact on patient survival in SBA. These data could provide an insight into the immunotherapeutic management of patients with SBA.
Climate‐driven shifts in leaf senescence are greater for boreal species than temperate species in the Acadian Forest region in contrast to leaf emergence shifts

Abstract The Acadian Forest Region is a temperate‐boreal transitional zone in eastern North America which provides a unique opportunity for understanding the potential effects of climate change on both forest types. Leaf phenology, the timing of leaf life cycle changes, is an important indicator of the biological effects of climate change, which can be observed with stationary timelapse cameras known as phenocams. Using four growing seasons of observations for the species Acer rubrum (red maple), Betula papyrifera (paper/white birch) and Abies balsamea (balsam fir) from the Acadian Phenocam Network as well as multiple growing season observations from the North American PhenoCam Network we parameterized eight leaf emergence and six leaf senescence models for each species which span a range in process and driver representation. With climate models from the Fifth Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) we simulated future leaf emergence, senescence and season length (senescence minus emergence) for these species at sites within the Acadian Phenocam Network. Model performances were similar across models and leaf emergence model RMSE ranged from about 1 to 2 weeks across species and models, while leaf senescence model RMSE ranged from about 2 to 4 weeks. The simulations suggest that by the late 21st century, leaf senescence may become continuously delayed for boreal species like Betula papyrifera and Abies balsamea, though remain relatively stable for temperate species like Acer rubrum. In contrast, the projected advancement in leaf emergence was similar across boreal and temperate species. This has important implications for carbon uptake, nutrient resorption, ecology and ecotourism for the Acadian Forest Region. More work is needed to improve predictions of leaf phenology for the Acadian Forest Region, especially with respect to senescence. Phenocams have the potential to rapidly advance process‐based model development and predictions of leaf phenology in the context of climate change.
Home Away from Home: How Undergraduate and Graduate Students Experience Space and Place in a new Health Sciences Building

Buildings contribute in crucial ways to how students experience learning spaces. Four schools within a faculty (nursing, nutrition, occupational and public health, and midwifery) moved into a new Health Sciences building Fall of 2019. This new building created a unique opportunity to explore the intersection between higher education and learning space design, informed by concepts of space and place, and students’ profession specific and interprofessional learning experiences in a new Health Sciences building. A qualitative descriptive design was used. All undergraduate and graduate students within the four schools were invited to participate. Focus groups were undertaken to gain a rich understanding of students’ experiences and views of their space and place of learning. Data collection involved focus group data from profession specific participant users and interprofessional participant users. Inductive thematic analysis of focus group transcripts generated an initial coding scheme, key themes, and data patterns. Codes were sorted into categories and then organized into meaningful clusters. A building planning development project document relating to the vision, intentions, design, and planning for the new building provided content from which to view the study findings. The study data contributed to the conversation about space and place and its influence on higher learning within specific intraprofessional and interprofessional student groups and provided insight into the process of actualizing a vision for a new learning space and the resultant experiences and perceptions of students within that space/place.
Variability in the Arterial Supply of Intracranial Meningiomas: An Anatomic Study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intracranial meningiomas are a diverse group of tumors, which vary by grade, genetic composition, location, and vasculature. Expanding the understanding of the supply of skull base (SBMs) and non–skull base meningiomas (NSBMs) will serve to further inform resection strategies. We sought to delineate the vascular supply of a series of intracranial meningiomas by tumor location. METHODS: A retrospective study of intracranial meningiomas that were studied using preoperative digital subtraction angiograms before surgical resection at a tertiary referral center was performed. Patient, tumor, radiologic, and treatment data were collected, and regression models were developed. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-five patients met inclusion criteria. The mean age was 57.1 years (SD: 12.6). The mean tumor diameter was 4.9 cm (SD: 1.5). One hundred twenty-six were World Health Organization Grade I, 37 Grade II, and 2 Grade III. Arterial feeders were tabulated by Al-Mefty's anatomic designations. SBMs were more likely to derive arterial supply from the anterior circulation, whereas NSBMs were supplied by external carotid branches. NSBMs were larger (5.61 cm vs 4.45 cm, P = <.001), were more often presented with seizure (20% vs 8%, P = .03), were higher grade (P = <.001) had more frequent peritumoral brain edema (84.6% vs 66%, P = .04), and had more bilateral feeders (47.7% vs 28%, P = .01) compared with SBMs. More arterial feeders were significantly associated with lower tumor grade (P = .023, OR = 0.59). Higher tumor grade (Grade II/III) was associated with fewer arterial feeders (P = .017, RR = 0.74). CONCLUSION: Meningioma location is associated with specific vascular supply patterns, grade, and patient outcomes. This information suggests that grade I tumors, especially larger tumors, are more likely to have diverse vascular supply patterns, including internal carotid branches. This study may inform preoperative embolization and surgical considerations, particularly for large skull base tumors.
High density equation of state and condensation of ideal Bose gas using Mayer’s generating function

The equation of state of an ideal collection of bosons in the low-density and high-density regime are found using the method of cluster expansion with Mayer's generating function. The saturation density and the other thermodynamic properties are calculated by the application of Mayer's convergence of the partition function. By calculating the value of saturation density from the singularity of the partition function series, the differences between the Mayer series convergence and the virial series convergence for ideal bosons are also established.
Uniqueness, reconstruction, stability for some two-dimensional inverse problems

In this thesis some inverse boundary value problems in two dimensions are studied. The problems under consideration are the Calder'on problem and the Gel'fand-Calderon problem in the single and multi-channel case, i.e. matrix-valued case: the latter can be seen, in particular, as a non-overdetermined approximation of the three dimensional case. We begin with some results for the anisotropic Calderon problem: a new formulation of the uniqueness result on the plane is presented, as well as the first global uniqueness on two-dimensional surfaces with boundary. Next, we prove some new global stability estimates for the Gel'fand-Calderon problem in the single and multi-channel case. Similar techniques give also a global reconstruction procedure for the same problem in the multi-channel case. A rapidly converging approximation algorithm for the multi-channel Gel'fand-Calderon problem is presented afterwards: this is mostly inspired by results of the multi-dimensional inverse scattering theory. Finally we present new global stability estimates for the two aforementioned problems which explicitly depend on regularity and energy.
Diabetic microaneurysms detected by fluorescein angiography spatially correlate with regions of macular ischemia delineated by optical coherence tomography angiography

Purpose: To characterize the relationship between diabetic macular ischemia (DMI) delineated by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and microaneurysms (MAs) identified by fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA). Methods: Patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) who underwent OCTA and FFA were retrospectively identified. FFA images were cropped and aligned with their respective OCTA images using i2k Align Retina software (Dual-Align, Clifton Park, NY, USA). Foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and ischemic areas were manually delineated on OCTA images, and MAs were marked on the corresponding FFA images before overlaying paired scans for analysis (ImageJ; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Results: Twenty-eight eyes of 20 patients were included. The average number of MAs identified in cropped FFA images was 127 ± 42. More DMI was noted in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP; 36 ± 13%) compared to the deep capillary plexus (DCP; 28 ± 14%, P < 0.001). Similarly, more MAs were associated with ischemic areas in SCP compared to DCP (92.0 ± 35.0 vs. 76.8 ± 36.5, P < 0.001). Most MAs bordered ischemic areas; fewer than 10% localized inside these regions. As DMI area increased, so did associated MAs (SCP: r = 0.695, P < 0.001; DCP: r = 0.726, P < 0.001). Density of MAs surrounding FAZ (7.7 ± 6.0 MAs/mm2) was similar to other DMI areas (SCP: 7.0 ± 4.0 MAs/mm2, P = 0.478; DCP: 9.2 ± 10.9 MAs/mm2, P = 0.394). Conclusion: MAs identified in FFA strongly associate with, and border areas of, DMI delineated by OCTA. Although more MAs are localized to SCP ischemia, the concentration of MAs associated with DCP ischemia is greater. By contrast, few MAs are present inside low-flow regions, likely because capillary loss is associated with their regression.