Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness and safety profile of mesenchymal stem cell secretome as a treatment for severe cases of COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to have immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and angiogenesis effects that are useful for relieving inflammation, recovery, and protection of lung tissues in COVID-19 patients. Secretome, a secretory product of MSCs, has several advantages over MSCs. We conducted a study to investigate secretomes’ effectiveness and safety profile as a treatment for severe COVID-19. Methods: A double-blind, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted between February 2021 and July 2021 in three top COVID-19 referral hospitals in the Greater Jakarta area, Indonesia. Eligible subjects (n=40) were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to an intervention group (n=20) and a control group (n=20). The primary outcome of this study was the changes in inflammatory markers and the ratio of inflammatory to anti-inflammatory markers. The secondary outcomes of this study included clinical outcome, laboratory outcome, radiological outcome, RT-PCR result conversion, and safety profile of MSC secretome. Results: Our analysis showed that on the 14th day after placebo administration, IL-6 level in the control group was significantly increased [4.110 (2.403–12.820) at baseline to 13.320 (2.958–33.285) on the 14th day after intervention, p=0.017]. The IL-6/IL-10 ratio in the control group was significantly increased (p=0.036) on the 14th day after placebo administration. We also found that most of the subjects who received placebo had high levels of IL-6 and ferritin (p=0.043) on the seventh day after the intervention. However, we found no significant differences in inflammatory marker levels on the seventh day and 14th day after intervention between both groups. There was no adverse event reported. There were no significant differences in the laboratory outcome, radiology outcome, RT-PCR result conversion, and safety profiles between both groups. Conclusions: MSC secretome can control inflammation in patients with severe COVID-19 and has a good safety profile. MSC secretome is a promising treatment modality for severe COVID-19. outcomes of this study included clinical outcome, laboratory outcome, radiological outcome, RT-PCR result conversion, and safety profile of MSC secretome. Laboratory parameters, radiological imaging, RT-PCR examinationforSARS-CoV-2databeforeandafterintervention(maximum 14daysaftertheintervention) wereobtained. Side effects, infusion reaction, allergic reaction, secondary infection, adverse event, and renal function test were assessed during hospitalization and maximum of 14 days after the intervention. patients.Thedifference
Mantle plumes and their interactions

Hotspots are regions of intraplate volcanism or especially strong volcanism along plate boundaries, and many of them are likely caused by underlying mantle plumes – localized hot upwellings from deep inside the Earth. It is still uncertain, whether all plumes or just some of them rise from the lowermost mantle, and to what extent and where they entrain chemically different materials. Also, large uncertainties exist regarding their size. Some plumes (such as Hawaii) create linear hotspot tracks, as the plate moves over them and can therefore serve as reference frames for plate motions, whereas others (such as Iceland) show a more complicated distribution of volcanic rocks due to variable lithosphere thickness and plume-ridge interaction. Plumes may also weaken plate boundaries and hence influence plate motions. They may influence surface features such as ice sheets, and therefore climate, but we are just beginning to study and understand processes jointly involving solid earth, hydrosphere and atmosphere.
A Division-Free Toom–Cook Multiplication-Based Montgomery Modular Multiplication

Toom–Cook multiplication is a theoretically more efficient multiplication algorithm than traditionally used Karatsuba and schoolbook multiplication but is rarely used in practical hardware designs due to its inherent exact divisions, which are time-consuming and difficult for parallel and serial acceleration. This brief proposes a method of division-free Toom–Cook multiplication based Montgomery modular multiplication, which makes it possible for Toom–Cook multiplication to be applied in practical and efficient hardware implementations. We also provide a hardware implementation of modular multipliers of 256 bits and 1024 bits with advantages on area-time-product over previous researches.
Evolution of squall line variability and error growth in an ensemble of LES

A chain of processes is identiﬁed that regulates much of the ensemble spread in an ensemble of squall lines in large eddy simulations with tight initial conditions. Patterns of gravity wave propagation decorrelate and restructure the initial condition spread until a second phase of convective initiation, after 30 minutes of simulation time. Subsequently, variability in this convective initiation and mass overturn is associated with cold pool acceleration within the ensemble envelope (propagation at 2-4 m/s). 5 An ensemble sensitivity analysis reveals that anomalies in squall line relative ﬂow with respect to the ensemble mean are also associated with the secondary convective initiation. Downdrafts are fed with extra air by a convergence zone on the rearward ﬂank of the updrafts. An analysis of difference growth within the ensemble shows that a substantial proportion of variability is explained by cold pool propagation contrasts during this stage (30-80 minutes), which is partly removed when a feature relative perspective is taken. The patterns of coherent variability exist on the time scale of an hour and dissipate subsequently (80-100 10 minutes).
A Bayesian Topic Model for Human-Evaluated Interpretability

One desiderata of topic modeling is to produce interpretable topics. Given a cluster of document-tokens comprising a topic, we can order the topic by counting each word. It is natural to think that each topic could easily be labeled by looking at the words with the highest word count. However, this is not always the case. A human evaluator can often have difficulty identifying a single label that accurately describes the topic as many top words seem unrelated. This paper aims to improve interpretability in topic modeling by providing a novel, outperforming interpretable topic model Our approach combines two previously established subdomains in topic modeling: nonparametric and weakly-supervised topic models. Given a nonparametric topic model, we can include weakly-supervised input using novel modifications to the nonparametric generative model. These modifications lay the groundwork for a compelling setting—one in which most corpora, without any previous supervised or weakly-supervised input, can discover interpretable topics. This setting also presents various challenging sub-problems of which we provide resolutions. Combining nonparametric topic models with weakly-supervised topic models leads to an exciting discovery—a complete, self-contained and outperforming topic model for interpretability.
Type of the Paper (Article

The limited genetic base emphasizing the necessity to study existing cotton germplasm resources. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess genetic diversity of different cotton genotypes. A total of 105 cotton genotypes were analyzed using 208 polymorphic SSR markers; distributed on both A and D genomes. The total alleles in all genomes are 1382, out of which 665 and 717 alleles were recorded in A and D genomes respectively. In A genome, the maximum PIC value (0.89) was observed for markers M92, M82 and M76 located at the chromosomes 12A, 11A and 10A respectively. These markers showed the 0.84 gene diversity (GD) and having the 10 total number of alleles (TNA) per marker which indicating the 100% polymorphism. The highest PIC value 0.89 of D genome was detected for M191, M128 and M117 markers on 24D, 16D and 15D chromosomes having the 0.84 values of gene diversity with 100% polymorphism. Different analysis clustered the studied cotton genotypes into four subpopulations. Phylogenetic tree identified four major groups; Group 1, 2, 3 and 4 consisting of 12, 21, 39 and 69 genotypes, respectively. SSR markers appear to be useful and reliable assets for future genetic and genomic analyses of cotton.
Culture, Institutions, and the Roots of Gender Inequality: 450 Years of Portuguese Colonialism in India

When are economic phenomena persistent over time, and when are they not? If they are, do inequalities persist forever, or do they converge, and if so, at what speed? By analyzing the Indian state of Goa, this research makes use of a historical quasi-natural experiment to document the persistent eﬀect of Portuguese (catholic) colonialism in a South Asian context. To achieve econometric identiﬁcation, I apply a spatial regression discontinuity design alongside a border that was abandoned in the 18th century. The same institutions were in place on both sides of this former border for almost 250 years. However, only on one side, the colonizers imposed what I characterize as a ”cultural treatment”, which mainly pertained to education and societal gender norms. This provides a rare opportunity to isolate and identify the eﬀect of culture, holding constant geography, income, and institutions. I ﬁnd that historically induced gaps in male education can be closed within roughly one generation. Outcomes pertaining to females, on the other hand, are far more rigid, highlighting the diﬀerential degree of persistence. Inequalities in female education do converge, albeit at a much slower speed, while male-biased sex ratios appear not to move at all. I conclude that institutions, combined with the right incentives and equal infrastructural investment, can be able to overcome diﬀerences in speciﬁc important outcomes. Yet, when it comes to deep-rooted cultural norms such as male son preferences, they appear to be little eﬀective.
Perceived External Prestige: Meta-perception of Nurses and Customers’ Opinion in Hospital, Makassar City

This study aims to measure the accuracy of nursing meta-perception on the prestige of the hospital based on customers (perceived external prestige). The research was conducted at five locations; Hospitals A, B, C, D and E in Makassar City. The locations of the study were determined by the trend of the turnover rate at those five hospitals in the last three years. The population was nurses with non-permanent status (freelance, honorary, contract, and intern permanent) for all hospitals as many as 214 people. As a control on the assessment of the accuracy of nurses' meta perception, a survey was conducted on customers at each study site. In general, there is a similar perception between nurses and customers, although the nurse's perceived value is higher than customers. This means that nurses have high optimism than the actual customer's perceptions. There was no correlation between nurses’ perceived external prestige with customers' opinions. Therefore, the hospital should always be active and continuous in seeking information needs and desires of the customer in an effort to provide the best service.
Influence of vegetation maintenance on flow and mixing: case study comparing fully cut with high-coverage conditions

Abstract. In temperate climates, agricultural ditches are generally bounded by seasonal vegetation, which affects the hydrodynamics and mixing processes within the channel and acts as a buffer strip to reduce a load of pollutants coming from the surrounding cultivated fields. However, even if the control of such vegetation represents a key strategy to support sediment and nutrient management, the studies that investigated the effect of different vegetation maintenance scenarios or vegetation coverage on the flow and mixing dynamics at the reach scale are very limited. To overcome these limitations and provide additional insights into the involved processes, tracer tests were conducted in an agricultural ditch roughly 500 m long close to Warsaw in Poland, focusing on two different vegetation scenarios: highly vegetated and fully cut. Under the highly vegetated scenario, sub-reaches differing in surficial vegetation coverage are analysed separately to better understand the influence of the vegetation conditions on the flow and mixing parameters. Special attention has been paid to the longitudinal dispersion coefficient in complex natural conditions and its dependency on vegetation coverage (V). The vegetation maintenance decreased the travel and residence times of the solute by 3–5 times, moderately increasing the peak concentrations. We found that the dispersion coefficient decreased approximately linearly with the increase of vegetation coverage at V>68 %. Further research is needed at lower vegetation coverage values and different spatial plant distributions. The obtained longitudinal dispersion coefficient values complement dispersion value datasets previously published in the literature, which are barely available for small natural streams. The new process understanding supports the design of future investigations with more environmentally sound vegetation maintenance scenarios.
MARRIAGE AND MISALLOCATION: EVIDENCE FROM 70 YEARS OF U.S. HISTORY∗

By how much do traditional gender norms in marriage constrain aggregate output? Married women are traditionally expected to stay home and take care of the household. This gender role reduces married women’s labor force participation, away from their comparative advantage. A low likelihood of working in the future also reduces women’s incentive to get educated. I develop a model featuring education, marriage, and labor supply choices to quantify the aggregate economic consequences of gender norms in marriage. I find that relative to single women, married women in 1940 U.S. faced a norms wedge that acted as a 44% tax on market wage. By 2010, the norms wedge had fallen to 14%. Had gender norms remained at the level of 1940, married women of the current day would have had a 31% lower labor force participation rate, 23% lower market earnings, and their total market and home output would have been lower by 10%. For the aggregate economy, total market and home output would have been 3.8% lower. I validate the model through a reduced form analysis, which uses county-level variation in World War 2 casualties that increased female labor force participation and consequently weakened traditional gender norms. JEL codes: I25, J12, J16, J24, O47, O51 Word count: 14,648 ∗I wish to especially thank Maitreesh Ghatak, Guy Michaels, Oriana Bandiera, Robin Burgess, Gharad Bryan, Tim Besley for their guidance. I also thank Alexia Delfino, Alessandro Gavazza, Ethan Ilzetski, Chad Jones, Emir Kamenica, Camille Landais, Stephen Machin, Alan Manning, Isabelle Mejean, Ameet Morjaria, Rachel Ngai, Barbara Petrongolo, Steve Pischke, John Van Reenen, Silvana Tenreyro, and Horng Chern Wong for valuable comments and discussions. This research is supported by a grant of the French National Research Agency (ANR), “Investissements d’Avenir” (LabEx Ecodec/ANR-11-LABX-0047). Some of the data used in this analysis are derived from Sensitive Data Files of the GSS, obtained under special contractual arrangements designed to protect the anonymity of respondents. These data are not available from the author. Persons interested in obtaining GSS Sensitive Data Files should contact the GSS at GSS@NORC.org. †email: Jay.Euijung. Lee@gmail.com; address: Stockholm University, Department of Economics, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; tel: +46 (0)739634840
Permafrost degradation and nitrogen cycling in Arctic rivers: insights from stable nitrogen isotope studies

Abstract. Across the Arctic, vast areas of permafrost are being degraded by climate change, which has the potential to release substantial quantities of nutrients, including nitrogen into large Arctic rivers. These rivers heavily influence the biogeochemistry of the Arctic Ocean, so it is important to understand the potential changes to rivers from permafrost degradation. This study utilized dissolved nitrogen species (nitrate and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON)) along with nitrogen isotope values (δ15N-NO3- and δ15N-DON) of samples collected from permafrost sites in the Kolyma River and the six largest Arctic rivers. Large inputs of DON and nitrate with a unique isotopically heavy δ15N signature were documented in the Kolyma, suggesting the occurrence of denitrification and highly invigorated nitrogen cycling in the Yedoma permafrost thaw zones along the Kolyma. We show evidence for permafrost-derived DON being recycled to nitrate as it passes through the river, transferring the high 15N signature to nitrate. However, the potential to observe these thaw signals at the mouths of rivers depends on the spatial scale of thaw sites, permafrost degradation, and recycling mechanisms. In contrast with the Kolyma, with near 100 % continuous permafrost extent, the Ob River, draining large areas of discontinuous and sporadic permafrost, shows large seasonal changes in both nitrate and DON isotopic signatures. During winter months, water percolating through peat soils records isotopically heavy denitrification signals in contrast with the lighter summer values when surface flow dominates. This early year denitrification signal was present to a degree in the Kolyma, but the ability to relate seasonal nitrogen signals across Arctic Rivers to permafrost degradation could not be shown with this study. Other large rivers in the Arctic show different seasonal nitrogen trends. Based on nitrogen isotope values, the vast majority of nitrogen fluxes in the Arctic rivers is from fresh DON sourced from surface runoff through organic-rich topsoil and not from permafrost degradation. However, with future permafrost thaw, other Arctic rivers may begin to show nitrogen trends similar to the Ob. Our study demonstrates that nitrogen inputs from permafrost thaw can be identified through nitrogen isotopes, but only on small spatial scales. Overall, nitrogen isotopes show potential for revealing integrated catchment wide nitrogen cycling processes.
Synthetic-Aperture-Radar–Based Spacecraft Terrain Relative Navigation

A spacecraft terrain relative navigation system for Low Elevation Orbit satellites is presented relying on measurements obtained from a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) that are fused with inertial measurements and attitude determination system data in a multiplicative extended Kalman ﬁlter. Techniques such as autofocusing and geocoding are employed to retrieve information from SAR images for incorporation into the navigation ﬁlter. Monte Carlo simulation results are presented in which actual ﬁlter performance is compared to predicted ﬁlter performance. Speciﬁcally, two test cases, with varied initial SAR antenna misalignment uncertainty, show that the SAR based terrain relative navigation system is a valid approach to GPS-denied navigation.
Tracing the Snowball bifurcation of aquaplanets through time reveals a fundamental shift in critical-state dynamics

Abstract. The instability with respect to global glaciation is a fundamental property of the climate system caused by the positive ice-albedo feedback. The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) at which this Snowball bifurcation occurs changes through Earth's history, most notably because of the slowly increasing solar luminosity. Quantifying this critical CO2 concentration is not only interesting from a climate dynamics perspective but also constitutes an important prerequisite for understanding past Snowball Earth episodes, as well as the conditions for habitability on Earth and other planets. Earlier studies are limited to investigations with very simple climate models for Earth's entire history or studies of individual time slices carried out with a variety of more complex models and for different boundary conditions, making comparisons and the identification of secular changes difficult. Here, we use a coupled climate model of intermediate complexity to trace the Snowball bifurcation of an aquaplanet through Earth's history in one consistent model framework. We find that the critical CO2 concentration decreased more or less logarithmically with increasing solar luminosity until about 1 billion years ago but dropped faster in more recent times. Furthermore, there was a fundamental shift in the dynamics of the critical state about 1.2 billion years ago (unrelated to the downturn in critical CO2 values), driven by the interplay of wind-driven sea-ice dynamics and the surface energy balance: for critical states at low solar luminosities, the ice line lies in the Ferrel cell, stabilised by the poleward winds despite moderate meridional temperature gradients under strong greenhouse warming. For critical states at high solar luminosities, on the other hand, the ice line rests at the Hadley cell boundary, stabilised against the equatorward winds by steep meridional temperature gradients resulting from the increased solar energy input at lower latitudes and stronger Ekman transport in the ocean.
Estimating Social Time Preference Rate for India: Lower Discount Rates for Climate Change Mitigation and other Long Run Investment Projects*

: This paper provides estimates of social time preference rate for the appraisal of investment projects in India, It uses generalized Ramsay rule that accounts for impatience and wealth effects and precautionary effects of uncertain future consumption on rate of discount.Using relevant data from different sources for India, all three components of Ramsey rule mentioned above are estimated. Two approaches: (i) equal absolute sacrifice approach and (ii) Euler equation approach from optimal Ramsey growth models are used for estimating the elasticity of social marginal utility of consumption, a crucial parameter that determines both the wealth and precautionary effects. Estimates of social time preference rates for India are obtained as 8 percent and 6 percent respectively with original Ramsey rule and generalized Ramsey rule. Estimates of rates of discount for India based on further extended Ramsey rule accounting for uncertainty and persistence or correlation of future growth rates may suggest a term structure of declining discount rates. These rates could be 8, 6 and 4 percent respectively for projects with gestation periods 30, 50 and more than 100 years.
It Takes Time: The Asymmetric Impacts of Imposing and Removing a Teacher Incentive Scheme

Teachers play a vital role in the education system, leading many school districts to implement payment-based incentive schemes to improve teacher quality. Despite their promise, these incentive schemes often do not generate the sought-after performance improvements. This paper sheds new light on the impact of pay-for-performance schemes by examining both the initiation and termination of such a program, finding a stark asymmetry between these effects. Student test scores do not change following the introduction of the program but decrease sharply (by 0.09 standard deviations) following its termination, despite the program being essentially unchanged during its ten-year tenure. The majority of the decline in test scores is explained by within-teacher changes in performance rather than changes to teacher composition. We argue that these differential effects arise because teachers who are responsive to incentives, preferring to work in high-stakes environments, gradually sort into program schools over time.