Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Endemic grazers control benthic microalgal growth in a eutrophic tropical brackish ecosystem

Anthropogenic changes to nutrient supply, numbers and behavior of grazers and interactions of these factors are known to change epilithon composition and biomass. In brackish waters, these changes occur across wide-ranging abiotic conditions (e.g. nutrient concentrations and salinity), which may alter their relative impacts on microphytobenthic communities. Such mediating processes are poorly understood, particularly in tropical brackish ecosystems. We examined the separate and interactive effects of nutrient additions and grazer exclusion on epilithon composition and biomass in eutrophic Hawaiian anchialine pools between contrasting levels of salinity and concomitant nutrient-rich groundwater influence (2.3 to 22.0 ppt; nitrite + nitrate, 6.3 to 102.6 μM; soluble reactive phosphorus, <0.5 to 5.18 μM). Across these conditions, we found no significant effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) enrichment treatments on chlorophyll a, biomass (ash-free dry mass) or autotrophic index (i.e. autotrophy) of epilithon communities, and nutrient addition did not alter the effects of grazing pressure. However, autotrophy and epilithon biomass were lower in low salinity, high groundwater influenced pools, and both were strongly reduced by grazing in all pools. Furthermore, effects from grazing pressure on relative autotrophy were more pronounced in low salinity, high groundwater influenced pools. Our results suggest that (1) grazing is the primary driver of epilithon composition and biomass across these nutrient-enriched systems, (2) microphytobenthic communities in these systems are not N or P limited irrespective of co-varying salinity and background nutrients and (3) selective feeding by endemic grazers mitigates potential bottom-up forces from salinity or increased nutrient-enriched groundwater influence on autotrophy in epilithon communities.
Fish assemblages as indicators of water quality in the middle Thames estuary, England (1980–1989)

Fish abundance and environmental data collected over ten years (1980–1989) from the middle Thames estuary, England, were analyzed to detect temporal trends in fish populations and relationship with environmental parameters, and to assess water quality. Fish were collected from the cooling water intake screens of West Thurrock power station, situated 35.5 km below London Bridge, in the mid-estuary. Marine species abundance were highly seasonal, with peaks in December–March for herring (Clupea harengus), sprat (Sprattus sprattus), 3-spined-stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), and poor cod (Trisopterus minutus); July–August for flounder (Platichthys flesus); and September–December for sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus), whiting (Merlangius merlangus), bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), and dab (Limanda limanda). Bimodal seasonal patterns of peaks or unclear seasonality in abundance characterized marine estuarine-dependent sole (Solea solea), Nilsson's pipefish (Syngnathus rostelattus) (April/May and September/October), and pouting (Trisopterus luscus) (May and November/December); the estuarine smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) (October and January) and the catadromous eel (Anguilla anguilla) (June and October). There was substantial variation in the abundance of common species over the period of ten years, with herring, sand goby, flounder, and plaice showing a stable abundance in 1980–1984, increasing sharply in 1985–1986, and then decreasing successively through the remainder of the decade (1987–1989). The first half of the decade was a period of higher abundance for less tolerant species such as smelt, sprat, and poor cod, while the second half showed higher abundances of species tolerant to harsh environmental conditions such as sand goby, flounder, eel, and plaice. A general pattern of stable fish populations with a slight trend of deterioration was found to emerge over the years, related to the number of species and quantities of common species. Multivariate techniques of principal component and canonical correspondence ordinations were used for assessing relationships between fish populations abundance and environmental variables. The most significant environmental variables correlated with fish species were temperature and dissolved oxygen. High abundances of flounder were associated with high temperature, while high abundance of poor cod, sprat, herring, and 3-spined-stickleback were associated with high dissolved oxygen, flow, ammonical nitrogen, and low temperature. Plaice, whiting, sand goby, bass, and dab were preferentially found in high salinity and suspended solids, while smelt and sole were likely to prefer average values or showed no clear preferences.
EFFECT OF 2, 4-DICHLOROPHENOXY ACETIC ACID ON CYANOBACTERIA (ANABAENA SP) GROWTH IN THE PRESENCE OF EITHER GLOCUSE OR TRYPTOPH

2,4-Dichiorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) stimulated growth and heterocyst differentiation of Anabaena sp. in nitrogen free medium at low concentration 100 μg mL -1 while its higher concentrations inhibited both processes and 500 μg mL -1 proved to be lethal. Dry mass and specific growth rate of algae declined with increasing concentration of 2,4-D in the range of 100-1500 μg mL -1 . Glucose slightly increased the heterocyst frequency without any lag in their differentiation. Tryptophan promoted growth of the alga and formation of heterocysts (nearly three fold). Tryptophan (50 μg mL -1 ) complex medium with 1 mg 2, 4-D per ml did not produce mature heterocysts. The filaments were fragmented at the point of heterocyst development and detached heterocyst germinated in situ. Glucose and tryptophan protected the alga, its growth and heterocyst differentiation even at the lethal concentration of the herbicide.
DESENVOLVIMENTO INICIAL DE MUDAS DE Euterpe ssp. APÓS A APLICAÇÃO DE HERBICIDAS

Knowledge regarding the use of herbicides in palms fruit is almost nonexistent. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the initial development of seedlings on Euterpeoleraceae and Euterpeedulis. Studies were conducted in two seasons (February 2013 and January 2014) for each species in a completely randomized design with four replications. The treatments tested were: fluazifop-p-butyl (93,8 g ha-1), sethoxydim (184 g ha-1), quizalofop-p-ethyl (75 g ha-1), (clethodim + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl) (50 + 50 g ha-1), fomesafen (225 g ha-1), lactofen (168 g ha-1), nicosulfuron (50 g ha-1), MSMA (1.422 g ha-1), and a control without herbicide. Spraying was performed over seedlings with 45-50 cm tall. Visual evaluations of phytotoxicity, plant height at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 days after spraying (DAS) and at the end of the dry mass of shoot. Visual observations showed that all herbicides were selective to the two palm species studied. Some visual injury symptoms eventually noticed (maximum 14%), dissipated of these occurred over 49 DAS. Analysis of the height and dry mass accumulation of plants showed that E. oleracea palm presented more tolerant to herbicides when compared to E. edulis.All the herbicides can be recommended to the E. oleracea. As to E.edulis, only the herbicides sethoxydim (184 g ha-1), nicosulfuron (50 g ha-1) and mixing clethodim + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (50 + 50 g ha-1) did not affect the initial development of seedlings during the two years of study.
Systematics of European sequestrate lactarioid russulaceae with spiny spore ornamentation

Molecular data confirm that Arcangeliella borziana Cavara (syn. nov. : Arcangeliella volemoides K. Mader & A. Mader) and Zelleromyces stephensii (Berk.) A.H. Sm. are two distinct Lactarius species. The taxonomic value of several morphological charac ters previously used in the systematics of Russulaceae (syn. : Elasmomycetaceae) is discussed. The new combinations Lactarius borzianus (Cavara) Verbeken & Nuytinck and Lactarius stephensii (Berk.) Verbeken & Walleyn are proposed. A lectotype is designated for Hydnangium monosporum Boud. & Pat. Its synonymy with Lactarius stephensii, suggested by Gross (1990), is confirmed.
Effect of nitrogen and zinc on nodulation, growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of zinc and nitrogen on growth, nodulation pattern and yield of cowpea. The treatments were four levels of nitrogen ( 0 , 10, 20 and 30 kg/ha) and four levels of zinc (0, 5, 10 and 15 kg/ha). Application of various levels of nitrogen significantly increased dry matter production/plant , plant height number of branches/ plant, effective nodules/ plant, total nodule / plant, effective nodules weight /plant, pods/plant , seeds/pod and grain yield. Similarly zinc significantly increased plant height, branches / plant, number of leaves/plant, dry matter /plant, effective nodules weight /plant and grain yield . There was no significant interaction between nitrogen and zinc on grain yield.
Numbers and Biomass of Selected Insect Groups on Burned and Unburned Sand Prairie

-Abundance and biomass of selected insect groups were sampled on adjacent burned and unburned sand prairie for 3 years following a single spring burn. The abundance of all insects combined was significantly lower on the burned site than on the unburned site in the 1 st yr postburn but not in subsequent years of the study. Of the selected insect groups, ants were significantly (P < 0.05) more abundant on the burned site than the unburned site for the 1st yr after the fire but not during the 2nd or 3rd. However, for Homoptera the pattern of abundance on burned and unburned sites was reversed. No significant differences in numbers of grasshoppers occurred between burned and unburned sites for any year. However, grasshopper biomass was significantly greater on the unburned site than on the burned site 1 yr postburn but not 2 or 3. Of the two most abundant grasshoppers, Conocephalus strictus was more abundant on the burned site than the unburned site for the 1st and 2nd yr after the burn but not the 3rd, whereas, for Melanoplusflavidus, the pattern of abundance was reversed on burned and unburned sites. The results indicate that while there were varied responses of these insects to fire, none experienced a severe decline in abundance following fire, suggesting they are adapted to habitats experiencing periodic burning.
The expression and localization of cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding proteins in the retina.

THE EXPRESSION AND LOCALIZATION OF CYTOPLAMIC POLYADENYLATION ELEMENT BINDING PROTEINS IN THE RETINA Xiangping Wang Nov 7,2008 The current status of our knowledge of synaptic plasticity comes largely from studies of the hippocampus and the context of learning and memory. We remain largely ignorant of plasticity in other neural systems and contexts. The molecular basis of plasticity has recently been given new impetus due to the discovery of a local control mechanism which can regulate protein synthesis at stimulated synapses. This involves the use of cytoplasmic polyadenylation binding proteins (CPEBs) to regulate translation. The studies presented here attempt to show that these molecular components are present in the retina, a part of the central nervous system that has been seen, historically, as not plastic. Methods used: RT-PCR was used to determine the presence of mRNAs in tissue. In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence microscopy were used for localization of mRNAs and proteins respectively. Real-time PCR and Western blots were used for quantifications of mRNA and proteins during postnatal development. A bioinformatics program "CPE detector" and 3' RACE were used to identify potential mRNA targets for CPEB1 in the UTR databases and in the retina respectively. The PAT assay was used to determine the length of poly(A) tails for some potential mRNA targets. Data mining and sequence alignment were used to identify alternatively spliced isoforms of CPEB3.
Geographic variation in the song of the rufous-collared sparrow in Eastern Argentina

Variation in trill features of Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis) song is described in three sites located on the northeast coast of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. There is a distinctive "talar" dialect in sites supporting natural woodlands. This dialect is characterized by slower trills with lower minimum frequencies than the one present in the open grassy fields ("steppe" dialect). Talar dialect is absent in a site where natural woodlands have been replaced by grassy fields and open man-made parks, suggesting that the vocal tradition changed after habitat modification. Detailed analysis reveals that talar and steppe dialects intergrade in a song cline, following the vegetational ecotone. This song cline has been stable in location and features during the last decade, even though there were no geographic barriers impairing population or cultural exchange between habitats.
Interactions between Invertebrates and Microfungi in Freshwater Ecosystems

The importance of detritus metabolism in aquatic ecosystems has been stressed by various authors since at least the 1930s. There is evidence now that detritivorous species feed on the microfungi attached to the leaf detritus rather than the detritus itself and that these are a high quality food. Moreover, the numerous species of microfungi colonizing leaf detritus are important in making it a heterogeneous food resource for coexisting detritivores. The fungi present on leaf detritus in low abundance constitutes many different niche refuges shared among coexisting animal species. On the other hand, the abundance of fungi can be affected by foraging strategy of animals. Trophic niche plasticity of each animal population mediates the resource partitioning in detritus systems. The population niche width depends on the genotype arrangement of generalists and specialists. This arrangement seems established by predation pressure as well as competition. Thus, abundance of microfungi, niche width of detritivores and species packing in freshwater detritus communities are interdepedent aspects of a complex ecological system.
Preliminary observations on parental care in Sphaeroma terebrans Bate 1866 (Isopoda Sphaeromatidae), a mangrove wood borer from Kenya

In November 1991 numerous specimens of the wood-boring isopod Sphaeroma terebrans were collected from mangrove forests along the coast of Kenya. The presence of burrows occupied by an adult female or by a couple and several young (1 to 26) was noted. The frequency of these “family burrows” is scarce, only 5% of all inhabited burrows. The dimensions of males and females in the “family burrows” are larger than those living alone. In some of the “family burrows” a mixed brood was present. Activity is very scarce and difficult to observe in nature. A few observations were conducted in a “field” laboratory. When the burrows are exposed at low tide, activity stops and the young gather at the bottom while an adult obstructs the entrance with its pleotelson. When the roots are covered by water, some adults can be seen digging and filter-feeding. Some behaviours of young and adults are described.
Second Meeting of the International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature: a Report

The Second Meeting of the International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature (ISPN) convened at Yale University in New Haven from June 28 to July 2, 2006. In addition to contributed talks, the conference included symposia on phylogenetic nomenclature of species, phyloinformatics, and implementing phylogenetic nomenclature. Other discussion focused on recent controversial additions to the draft PhyloCode concerning the choice of names for total clades, and the Committee on Phylogenetic Nomenclature (CPN) was encouraged to revisit this issue. A proposal to permit emendation of phylogenetic definitions without CPN approval under certain circumstances was well received, and there was wide support for a proposed mechanism to use Linnaean binomina in the context of phylogenetic nomenclature without extending the PhyloCode to govern species names. The ISPN Council voted to expand the CPN from 9 to 12 members.
The theropod dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920, from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania

Theropod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic of Gondwana are still poorly known, with Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920, from the late Kimmeridgian of Tendaguru, Tanzania, being the only taxon represented by more than isolated remains from Africa. Having long been considered a coelurosaurian, more specifically an ornithomimosaur, Elaphrosaurus is currently regarded as a basal ceratosaur. Here, we revise the osteology and phylogenetic position of this important taxon. Elaphrosaurus shows many unusual osteological characters, including extremely elongated and constricted cervical vertebrae, an expansive shoulder girdle with strongly modified forelimbs, a relatively small ilium, and elongate hindlimbs with a very small ascending process of the astragalus that is fused to the tibia. We found this taxon to share many derived characters with noasaurids, such as: strongly elongate cervical and dorsal vertebrae;low, rectangular neural spines in the mid-caudal vertebrae;presence of only an anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina in anterior caudal vertebrae;presence of a wide, U-shaped notch between the glenoid and the anteroventral hook in the coracoid;a laterally flared postacetabular blade of the ilium;a flat anterior side of the distal tibia;and a reduced shaft of metatarsal II. Our analysis placed Elaphrosaurus within a dichotomous Noasauridae as part of a Jurassic subclade, here termed Elaphrosaurinae, that otherwise includes taxa from eastern Asia. These results underscore the long and complex evolutionary history of abelisauroids, which is still only beginning to be understood. (C) 2016 The Linnean Society of London
EVALUATION OF AROMATIC SHORT GRAIN RICE CULTIVARS AND ELITE LINES FOR YIELD AND QUALITY PARAMETERS

Significant genetic variability was observed among 13 th aromatic short grain genotypes include two elite lines and one local check of rice for yield and quality parameters indicating that there is presence of sufficient amount of variability in the study material and there is scope of selection. The genotype CN1646-6-11-9 found best for mean performance of grain earliest yield, its component and quality traits except HRR% and gel consistency which was statistically at par with highest yielder genotype Pant Dhan-4(check). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance were recorded for number of spikelets per panicle, L/B ratio, volume expansion ratio and gel consistency indicated the major role of additive gene action in the inheritance of these character and these character could be improved by selection in segregation generation. Thus parameter during breeding programme for crop improvement
Incorporating species detectability into conservation targets based on the species–area relationship

The species–area relationship‐based method of setting habitat‐specific conservation targets assumes that detectability of species is perfect. However, this assumption is often violated. This paper aimed to combine species–area relationship (SAR)‐based target setting with multispecies occupancy models to better represent communities with a large proportion of rare species, such as marine invertebrate macrofauna, include variable species detection and quantify uncertainty around conservation targets.
Precursory Slow Slip and Foreshocks on Rough Faults

Foreshocks are not uncommon prior to large earthquakes, but their physical mechanism remains controversial. Two interpretations have been advanced: (1) foreshocks are driven by aseismic nucleation and (2) foreshocks are cascades, with each event triggered by earlier ones. Here, we study seismic cycles on faults with fractal roughness at wavelengths exceeding the nucleation length. We perform 2‐D quasi‐dynamic, elastic simulations of frictionally uniform rate‐state faults. Roughness leads to a range of slip behavior between system‐size ruptures, including widespread creep, localized slow slip, and microseismicity. These processes are explained by spatial variations in normal stress (σ) caused by roughness: regions with low σ tend to creep, while high σ regions remain locked until they break seismically. Foreshocks and mainshocks both initiate from the rupture of locked asperities, but mainshocks preferentially start on stronger asperities. The preseismic phase is characterized by feedback between creep and foreshocks: episodic seismic bursts break groups of nearby asperities, causing creep to accelerate, which in turns loads other asperities leading to further foreshocks. A simple analytical treatment of this mutual stress transfer, confirmed by simulations, predicts slip velocities and seismicity rates increase as 1/t, where t is the time to the mainshock. The model reproduces the observed migration of foreshocks toward the mainshock hypocenter, foreshock locations consistent with static stress changes, and the 1/t acceleration in stacked catalogs. Instead of interpreting foreshocks as either driven by coseismic stress changes or by creep, we propose that earthquake nucleation on rough faults is driven by the feedback between the two.
Physical and chemical properties of the acid protease from Onopordum acanthium: Comparison between electrophoresis and HPLC of degradation casein profiles

A protease was extracted by grinding, precipitation and gel filtration from Onopordum acanthium flowers. The physicochemical study of the enzyme showed an optimum pH of 4, a temperature of 40°C and kinetic parameters of 12.25 mM -1 for K M and 1329.6 UmL -1 for V max . The inhibition by pepstatin indicated that it is an aspartyl-protease (APs). Zymogram showed that the protease has a monomeric structure and a molecular mass (MM) of 45 kDa. The hydrolysis of α, β and Κ - and whole casein by the protease was evaluated using electrophoresis and HPLC; the profiles showed many similarities between the vegetal protease action and that of industrial chymosin. So, the properties of the protease studied and the quality of its action showed its effectiveness and relevance of its use as a milk clotting enzyme which leads to a better use of extract of flowers O. acanthium as a locally substitute for rennet. Keywords: Aspartic protease, Onopordum acanthium , purification, characterization, casein hydrolysis
Briefly Noted

Being diabetic or elderly (‡70 years) did not change the relationship between the time of referral to a nephrologist and the subsequent mortality rate in the first year of dialysis according to a prospective follow-up of 1438 incident dialysis patients (14). Compared with the mortality risk in patients referred ‡12 months before starting dialysis, the adjusted relative risks for those referred 3– 12 months before and <3 months before were 1.5 and 1.8, respectively.
The Seroprevalance of Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) Infection in Imported-breed Cattle in Kars District in Turkey

Bu cal smada, Kars yoresinde halk elindeki kultur rk s g rlarda Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) enfeksiyonunun seroprevalans arast r ld . Bu amacla, Kars yoresinde halk elinde yetistirilen, rastlant sal olarak secilmis bir yas ndan buyuk kultur rk s g rlardan saglanan kan serumlar kullan ld . Kan serumlar BLV’a spesifik antikorlar yonunden Agar Gel Immunodiffuzyon (AGID) ve Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) yontemleri kullan larak test edildi. Orneklenen populasyon BLV enfeksiyonu ac s ndan her iki metoda gore seronegatif olarak bulundu.
Polymorphism Microsatellites in Tree Shrews(Tupaia Belangeri Chinensis)

Objective In order to explore and set up an accurate and convenient method for genetic assessment of tree shrews.Method DNA polymorphic microsatellites of Tupaia Belangeri chinensis were analyzed using PCR technique in 30 tree shrews.Results Nine polymorphic microsatellites loci,2 non-polymorphic microsatellites loci were screened.Conclusion Nine of eleven DNA polymorphic microsatellites 1oci can be used for genetic assessment of tree threw.