Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Pedestrian Countdown Signals in Lake Buena Vista

A countdown signal displays the number of seconds left until the steady Don’t Walk phase appears and opposing traffic receives a green light. A pedestrian who has just arrived in the queuing area can use this information to decide whether to start crossing. A person who is in the crosswalk when the flashing Don’t Walk interval appears can see the number of seconds remaining before the cross traffic gets a green light. This may reduce the likelihood that a person is still in the intersection when the light changes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of countdown signals at intersections in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. A “treatment” and “control” study design was used: countdown signals at two intersections were matched with three control intersections that were similar but did not have countdown signals. The countdown signals were evaluated according to three measures of effectiveness: 1. Pedestrian compliance with the Walk signal 2. Pedestrians who ran out of time 3. Pedestrians who started running when the flashing Don’t Walk signal appeared The countdown signals had the positive effect (compared to sites without countdown signals) of reducing the number of pedestrians who started running when the flashing Don’t Walk signal appeared. They had the undesired effect of reducing compliance with the Walk signal. There was no effect on the number of persons who ran out of time while crossing. It is recommended that countdown signals be tested at other locations. The use of countdown signals should be accompanied by public educational campaigns that explain what these devices are and how pedestrians can benefit from them.
The Highland Border rocks and their relation to marginal basin development in the Scottish Caledonides

It has long been known that the Highland Border includes an assemblage of altered serpentinites, gabbros, spilitic lavas, ferruginous and manganiferous cherts, black phyllites, quartzose clastics and amphibolites. New work confirms that many of these rocks represent a dismembered tectonically emplaced ophiolite of Caledonian age, which originated in a narrow oceanic basin within or bordering the Dalradian sedimentary pile. The ophiolitic rocks were expelled from the basin as thrust sheets transecting D1 structures. Studies in the SW Highlands suggest emplacement during D2 synchronous with SE translation of the Tay Nappe. This implies that the ophiolite originated in the N. The Highland Border rocks are seen as marginal to a long-lived northward-dipping subduction zone within the Southern Uplands. The evolution of the Ballantrae ophiolitic complex, the Midland Valley and the Dalradian sedimentary basin are considered within this framework.
Credit Default Swaps and Firm Cyclicality

We find firm cyclicality decreases by 40% after the inception of credit default swap (CDS) trading. The effect stems from CDS firms’ less aggressive asset growth in good times and is stronger for firms facing a more severe empty creditor problem. Important identification issues are addressed. The result cannot be explained with debt overhang, bank lending cyclicality or the cyclicality of firms’ business fundamentals. It holds for the cyclicality of various corporate outcomes (inventories, cash and employment). Importantly, CDS trading impedes unhealthy growth and enhances profitability and firm value. Our finding indicates an important positive real effect of financial innovation.
A Model of Insulin Resistance and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Rats Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-(cid:2) and n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Treatment on Liver Injury

Insulin resistance induces nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We used a high-fat, high-calorie solid diet (HFD) to create a model of insulin resistance and NASH in nongeneti-cally modified rats and to study the relationship be-tween visceral adipose tissue and liver. Obesity and insulin resistance occurred in HFD rats, accompanied by a progressive increase in visceral adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- (cid:2) mRNA and in circulating free fatty acids. HFD also decreased adiponectin mRNA and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)- (cid:2) expression in the visceral
School-based Physical Activity Interventions in High Schools: The Perceptions of School Stakeholders

This study aimed to identify the facilitating factors, barriers, needs and priorities of high school stakeholders in relation to the implementation of physical activity interventions targeting students in school context. A total of 66 school stakeholders participated in individual semi-structured interviews. Thereafter, 23 of these 66 participants participated in focus groups where they needed to reach consensus on the prioritization of their community's needs. The data collected were then classified according to the five levels of factors of the socio-ecological model. Results indicate that most of the facilitating factors, barriers, needs, and priorities identified was related to the institutional level. Moreover, our results show that the needs reported are specific to each school environment. This study resulted in the categorization of facilitating factors, barriers, needs and priorities, which becomes an essential resource in the development of interventions aimed at encouraging the practice of physical activities by students in school context.
Using Radar Data to Partition Precipitation into Rain and Snow in a Hydrologic Model

Simulation of whether precipitation arrives at the land surface in a liquid or frozen state can have a pronounced effect on the peak flows produced by a hydrologic model. While many hydrologic models rely on surface air temperature to discriminate precipitation type, both past studies and the current effort indicate that there can be substantial shortcomings in that approach. As an alternative, the 0°C level detected by a vertically pointing radar is used in two modes, one by ingesting the 0°C level directly into a hydrologic model to determine precipitation type at the land surface, and a second by deriving average surface air temperature thresholds using the radar data. Where snowfall and snow melt are important, using radar-detected 0°C levels can provide a measurable improvement in simulated flow response. The derived surface air temperature thresholds recovered most of the benefit for streamflow prediction obtained by using the 0°C level directly in the hydrologic model for the period concurrent with.
Implications of flow control by the Three Gorges Dam on sediment and channel dynamics of the middle Yangtze (Changjiang) River, China

The impacts of a dam on the river downstream in terms of hydrology and morphology are determined by a complex mix of variables that includes the patterns of release of water through the dam and the characteristics of the downstream channel. Scour of the downstream channel is a common response because large dams cause a significant interruption to sediment continuity. Here we show that in the case of China9s Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River the outcome is complicated, as is commonly the case in large rivers. The downstream channel and floodplain system compose an area of long-term sediment accumulation and unstable channels with seasonally contrasting erosion and deposition patterns related to the migrating seasonal monsoon rainfall zones. In achieving one of the main purposes of this dam, that of flood control in the middle and lower basins, the pattern of flows released from the dam will closely resemble those seasonal flows that are responsible for channel instability in the middle catchment, thus effectively making erosive conditions the most common during a year. There is obviously concern about the ultimate impact of sediment storage in the dam on the dynamics of the delta and adjacent coast, and we show that this depends on the trajectory and duration of the erosive responses in the middle Yangtze basin. In this particular case, the outcome is of great significance to the well being of the densely populated riparian areas of the river.
internet-based adherence interventions for treatment of chronic disorders in adolescents

Background: Treatment adherence is a ubiquitous challenge in medicine, particularly in the adolescent population with chronic disorders. Web-based adherence interventions may be particularly useful in adolescents, due to their familiarity with and frequent use of the Internet. Objective: To review web-based interventions used to improve adherence to medication in adolescent patients with chronic disorders. Methods: A PubMed search was performed for full-text, English, clinical trials in adolescents using keywords “adherence” or “compliance”, “Internet” or “web”, and “treatment” from incep-tion until November 2014. Articles were selected if they involved using the Internet to provide support to adolescents to help improve their adherence to treatment, excluding those focused on solely providing medical services through the Internet and articles focusing on preventative care, rather than treatment of an illness. Results: Fourteen studies were found concentrating on chronic adolescent disorders. Interventions included online surveys, physician chat lines, monitoring programs, and interactive programs. All interventions experienced either greater improvement in adherence or another disease control measure or no statistically significant difference compared with the control group (in-clinic visits). Limitations: Few clinical trials studying web-based interventions to improve adherence in adolescents were found. Due to not having one standard outcome measured in all of the studies, it was also difficult comparing the effectiveness of the interventions. Conclusion: Web-based interventions play a role in improving adherence in adolescents with chronic disorders by being more time saving and cost effective compared with in-clinic visits. Further research focusing on adherence interventions using the Internet is necessary to determine the ideal ways of utilizing the Internet to improve adherence in adolescents with chronic disorders.
Metabolite Profiling By GC-MS Analysis Enhanced Alpha Amylase, Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity Of Dictyota Bartayresiana From Gulf Of Mannar

The Phytocompounds and functional groups in the methanolic extract of marine algae Dictyota bartayresiana (Phaeophyta) from the Gulf of Mannar, Southeast coast of India. Materials and This study was analyzed using GC-MS and FTIR, respectively. A comparative antibacterial activity and alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity of the methanolic extract was also studied. The maximal antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of D. bartayresiana was found against P. aeruginosa, followed by Streptococcus spp, S. aureus, and E. coli. The methanolic extract of D. bartayresiana showed alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC 50 43.12 µg/ml and 24.18 μg/ml, respectively, whereas acarbose, a standard drug shows 47.29 µg/ml and 38.53 μg/ml, respectively. FT-IR analysis showed major peaks indicating major O-H and C-H vibrations which indicated the presence of functional groups of marine compounds. The GCMS analysis identified thirteen biologically active marine compounds. The results obtained in the present study indicate that medicinally important marine algae D. bartayresiana methanolic extract could be considered a potential natural alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzyme inhibitor and an antibacterial agent.
Geochemical Characteristics and Hydrocarbon Generation of Paleogene Oligocene Source Rocks in Qiongdongnan Basin

There are three sets of source rocks in the Qiongdongnan basin,including Eocene lacustrine source rock,Oligocene and Miocene marine gas layers.Since the Eocene unit has not yet been met during the drilling,it can only be considered as potential source rock in Oligocene.The total organic carbon(TOC) and hydrocarbon generation in the Oligocene source rocks in the Qiongdongnan basin reach the assessment standard of good source rock.The mudstone in the Oligocene source rocks of Yacheng and Lingshui Formations have the high TOC,associated with a certain hydrocarbon generation potential.The mudstone in the Oligocene source rocks of Yacheng and Lingshui Formations have a dominant vitrinite component,and minor sapropelic and exinite.Kerogen type of source rock is mainlyⅡ2 or Ⅲ,and prone to generate gas.The n-alkane series of Yacheng Formation dark mudstone are characterized by high carbon number prominence,high Pr/Ph ratio,and low gammacerane index,showing the source rock had formed in oxygenated conditions.High abundance of oleanane detected in the hopane series of compounds shows the input of high plants.The C27,C28,C29 regular steranes in the coal extract occur as opposite "L" pattern,indicating that the organic matter would be originated from the lacustrine high plants.But in the Yacheng Formation and Lingshui Formation mudstone,the sterane series are distributed as "V" pattern,suggesting there would be some of the algae inputs in addition to high plants.The algae input in some parts of Lingshui Formation source rocks greatly increased,indicating the more favorable conditions for generating hydrocarbon.
On the interbasin‐scale thermohaline circulation

The global-scale circulation has long been one of oceanography's most challenging and exciting research topics. A few features of the abyssal (near bottom) and deep circulation of the Atlantic Ocean have been known for over 50 years, and in the past decade or so there has been a developing focus on the world oceans' thermohaline circulation. The term thermohaline circulation as used here applies not only to a direct response to atmospheric buoyancy fluxes but also in the general sense of water mass modification or conversion, where mechanisms may be associated with internal mixing processes and even wind forcing (i.e., wind-induced upwelling or wind-driven mixing). The thermohaline circulation components reviewed and summarized in the following are associated with water mass conversion processes that are involved with interbasin exchange. Updated summary maps of the volume transports (in sverdrups; 1Sv = 106 m³ s−1) for the interbasin-scale pathways of the abyssal and deep thermohaline circulation and associated upper level compensating flows are developed for two to four vertical layers or potential density intervals, based primarily on a synthesis of published observational results. The cell(s) involving the largest worldwide exchange transport-wise (53 Sv) are associated with an interaction between various deep and bottom water components via Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW). The first major conversion step in the replacement path for the renewal (14 Sv) of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) is taken to be primarily to CDW. Bottom water in the Indian Ocean originates as lower CDW which recirculates while also moving equatorward in deep western boundary currents with eventual conversion to both deep and intermediate layer flows. Some of the intermediate water so formed in the Indian Ocean moves through the Agulhas Current system (ACS) and may “leak” into the Benguela Current regime (BCR), although probably primarily flowing through the ACS into the Subantarctic Frontal Zone (SFZ). It is modified throughout its transit in the SFZ south of the Indian Ocean, south of Australia, and across the South Pacific. Up to 10 Sv of the least dense brand of intermediate water flows through the northern sector of Drake Passage, becomes involved in a Malvinas Current-Brazil Current-Subtropical Gyre interaction, and then joins the BCR after perhaps also interacting with the ACS again. This compensating flow is warmed and becomes more saline in the South Atlantic and is later further modified and upwelled in the equatorial Atlantic, crossing the equator and moving through the Gulf Stream system to replace NADW. There is also an NADW replacement path of secondary importance westward around the tip of Africa (∼4 out of 14 Sv) associated with an interbasin circulation pattern throughout the southern hemisphere oceans involving an O(10 Sv) Indonesian Throughflow.
Modiﬁed Retrace for Off-Policy Temporal Difference Learning

Off-policy learning is a key to extend reinforcement learning as it allows to learn a target policy from a different behavior policy that generates the data. However, it is well known as “the deadly triad” when combined with bootstrapping and function approximation. Retrace is an efﬁcient and convergent off-policy algorithm with tabular value functions which employs truncated importance sampling ratios. Unfortunately, Retrace is known to be unstable with linear function approximation. In this paper, we propose modiﬁed Retrace to correct the off-policy return, derive a new off-policy temporal difference learning algorithm (TD-MRetrace) with linear function approximation, and obtain a convergence guarantee under standard assumptions. Experimental results on counterexamples and con-trol tasks validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm compared with traditional algorithms.
Optimal Labor Market Policy with Search Frictions and Risk-Averse Workers

This paper characterizes the optimal policy within a dynamic search model of the labor market with risk-averse workers. In a rst-best allocation of resources, unemployment bene ts should provide perfect insurance against the unemployment risk, layo¤ taxes are necessary to induce employers to internalize the cost of dismissing an employee but should not be too high in order to allow a desirable reallocation of workers from low to high productivity jobs, hiring subsidies are needed to partially o¤set the adverse impact of layo¤ taxes on job creation and payroll taxes should be approximately equal to zero. I derive an optimal rate of unemployment and show that it is lower when the unemployment risk is partly non-insurable. Importantly, the optimal level of layo¤ taxes and hiring subsidies is independent of the amount of government expenditures to nance, even in a second-best environment. When workers have some bargaining power, it is optimal to reduce the rate of job creation below the output maximizing level in order to lower wages and increase the level of unemployment bene ts. Thus, layo¤ taxes should typically exceed hiring subsidies which generates enough surpluses to nance at least some of the unemployment bene ts. The inclusion of moral hazard does not change this conclusion, unless workers have very low bargaining power. Keywords: Unemployment insurance, Employment protection, Hiring subsidies, Optimal rate of unemployment JEL Classi cation: D60, E62, H21, J38, J65 I am grateful to Pierre Cahuc, Pierre Chaigneau, Pieter Gautier, Etienne Lehmann, Alan Manning, Barbara Petrongolo, Steve Pischke, Christopher Pissarides, Fabien Postel-Vinay, Johannes Spinnewijn, Jean Tirole and to seminar participants at the LSE, EEA-ESEM 2009 (Barcelona, Spain) and the Centre for Structural Econometrics of the University of Bristol (UK) for useful comments and suggestions. Contact: J.B. Michau@lse.ac. uk
Factors Associated With Burnout Syndrome In Covid-19 Frontline Health Workers In The Department Of Sucre In 2021

Introduction: In the department of Sucre, although there were epidemiological peaks for COVID cases infection in Health Human Resources, there are no related studies of how this affected the health personnel during the pandemic. Objective: To determine the factors associated with Burnout syndrome in Covid-19 frontline health workers in the Department of Sucre in 2021. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study with a correlative approach was conducted on 210 health officials from four institutions. After informed consent, through the MBI-HSS and the socio-occupational and family conditions survey, a reliability analysis (Cronbach’s Alpha) was used to validate them. An analysis of chi-square statistical significance <0.05 was prepared to calculate the association between these instruments. We proceeded to identify the magnitude of the relationship of the variables with Cramer’s V. Results: 64.29% of frontline health personnel manifested a moderate overall percentage of Burnout; in the three-dimensional axis, the emotional fatigue subscale is the most relevant since the signs are severe in 69.05%. Conclusion: We determined statistical significance and moderate relationship between Burnout and labor factors.
Apparent Diffusion Coefficients Lymphoma in AIDS Patients by Using Differentiation of Toxoplasmosis and

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Distinguishing between toxoplasmosis and lymphoma brain lesions in AIDS patients is difficult but clinically relevant. This study was performed to test the hypothesis that diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps can be used to distinguish these two lesions. METHODS: The ADC values were calculated in regions of interest placed in 13 brain toxoplasmosis lesions and eight brain lymphoma lesions in patients with AIDS. These values were compared with those of normal white matter. ADC ratios in lymphoma lesions then were compared with those in toxoplasmosis lesions by using a two-sample two-tailed t test. RESULTS: Toxoplasmosis lesions demonstrated significantly greater diffusion than that of lymphoma lesions ( P (cid:1) . 004). ADC ratios were 1.63 (cid:2) 0.41 (mean (cid:2) standard deviation) in the 13 toxoplasmosis lesions and 1.14 (cid:2) 0.25 in the eight lymphoma lesions. While considerable overlap was present for ADC ratios between 1.0 and 1.6, ADC ratios greater than 1.6 were associated solely with toxoplasmosis, accounting for seven of 13 toxoplasmosis lesions. CONCLUSION: ADC values are helpful in differentiating toxoplasmosis from lymphoma in patients with AIDS.
SMARTPHONE ADDICTION AND IMPACT ON HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Smartphone is a mobile phone with advanced computing ability, combining the functions of a multimedia player (allowing for music/video storage and playback) and a personal digital assistant (PDA), offering mobile Internet connectivity, built-in GPS and camera, and the ability to run a wide variety of third party applications (such as games, communication software, applications offering weather or traffic information etc. Smartphones have now become an essential part of life. One of the typical examples is the overuse of smart phone. Smartphone can easily get our attention and distracts us. People, especially students, therefore are easily overusing the smart phone. The prominent areas, where impacts of Smartphone are obvious included business, education, health and social life. Mobile technology has drastically changed the cultural norms and behaviour of individuals. The impacts are both at the positive side and also at the negative side. At one end Smartphone are enabling people to create their own micro-cultures and engage into activities considered dangerous of society and on the other end Smartphone enabling people to remain connected with all in time. On the basis of review of related literature it seems that a lot of work had been done in the area of integrating smart phone in education in order to bring the learning process effective and efficient. The objectives of the study was to find the significance of difference in addiction of smart phone in Higher Secondary School students gender-wise (i.e. boys and girls), to find the significance of difference in addiction in smartphone in Higher Secondary School students locality-wise (i.e. rural and urban) and to find the interactional effect of significant difference in addiction in smart phone in Higher Secondary School students under the joint influence of gender (boy and girl) and locality (rural and urban). The sample of 200 students was selected from different Higher Secondary Schools of Jammu district using simple random sampling technique. The investigator used Smartphone Addiction Scale by Dr. Vijayshri and Dr. Masaud Ansari based on Likert scale. The findings of the study revealed that no significant impact has been found in addiction of smartphone in higher secondary school students gender-wise (i