Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seasonal observations of chlorine monoxide in the stratosphere over Antarctica during the 1996–1998 ozone holes and comparison with the SLIMCAT three‐dimensional model

We report ground-based microwave measurements of chlorine monoxide (ClO) mixing ratio profiles above Scott Base, Antarctica (latitude = 77.85°S), during the late winter and early spring of 1996, 1997, and 1998 and analyze in detail the 1996 data. The instrument is permanently installed at the site, permitting continuous measurements throughout the ozone hole period, starting before the end of the polar night. The development of the lower stratospheric ClO layer is strikingly similar in all three years, with the peak (day-night) ClO mixing ratio at 22 km rising from 0.1 to 1.9–2.0 ppbv in the 21 days from August 13 to September 4. The altitude of the peak drifts downward from 22 to 17–18 km by the end of September. In 1997 and 1998 the chlorine remained in active species until about September 29, while in 1996 there was a rapid and sharp decline in ClO beginning on September 12. We compare the daily average ClO profiles for 1996 with the output of a three-dimensional off-line chemical transport model. The model output is sampled to match the data and is used as an a priori profile for retrieval of the measured profiles from the data, allowing a rigorous comparison of the consistency between the model and measurements without bias from an a priori. The model captures all of the major features of the measurements, including the rapid rise in August, the sharp drop on September 13 due to the arrival of warmer, ClOx-poor air over Scott Base, and the deactivation of ClOx into the reservoir species, HCl and ClONO2, during the last half of September. However, the model using recommended rate coefficients consistently underestimates the measured ClO, suggesting that the ratio of the ClO dimer photolysis rate to the dimer formation rate, j/kƒ, needs to be increased by a factor of 1.8±0.3. This has important implications for model calculations of ozone loss.
Auto-Tuning PID Controller Based on Genetic Algorithm

The PID controller is widely used in industry and its tuning is always a concern for the plant stabilization. Several methods for auto-tuning the PID have been proposed over the years, however, the relay method is the most used even though this method may determine nonideal PID gains and cause some physical stress on the plant. Here is presented a proposal for an auto-tuning PID controller based on a genetic algorithm. Genetic algorithm is a well-known method that imitates the natural selection process in order to obtain approximate solutions to optimization problems. Here, the method is presented in underdamped plants with the hypothesis that any plant can be approximated to a second-order function. From the unit step response of the system, the maximum overshoot and peak time were used in the GA evolution to obtain optimal PID parameters. The system was tested with a set of parameters and compared to MATLAB PID tuner function. Using the rising time and the settling time of unit step response from the closed loop system as validation parameters, the GA presented better results than the MATLAB tuner for most cases.
The effects of biochar and manure in silage corn

Amending soil with biochar may be a means of sequestering atmospheric CO2 and improving soil quality, but few multiyear field studies have examined the impacts of a one-time biochar application in an irrigated, calcareous soil. We fall-applied four treatments: dairy manure (18.7 tons/ac dry wt.); hardwood-derived biochar (10 tons/ac dry wt.); combined biochar and manure; and no amendments (control). We measured net N-mineralization using buried soil bags and soil greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4, and N2O) from late spring to fall, corn silage yields, and crop N uptake each year. The influence of biochar and manure on silage yield changed with time after application in fall 2008. Biochar increased corn yields slightly (5%) in 2009, decreased yields by 14% in 2010, and had no effect in 2011. Conversely, manure had no affect on yields in 2009, but increased yields substantially in 2010 (33%) and again slightly in 2011 (7%). When compared with a class comprising all other treatments, biochar-only produced 33% less cumulative net N mineralization, 20% less CO2-C and 50% less N2O-N gas emissions, and increased the soil NH4:NO3 ratio 1.8-fold, indicating that biochar impaired nitrification and N immobilization processes. While the biochar-only treatment demonstrated a potential to increase corn yields and minimize CO2-C and N2O-N gas emissions in these calcareous soils, biochar also caused decreased corn yields under conditions in which NH4-N dominated the soil inorganic N pool. The combined biochar-manure treatment more effectively utilized the two soil amendments as it eliminated potential yield reductions caused by biochar and maximized manure net N mineralization potential.
Isolated Waves and Eddies in a Shallow Water Model

Abstract A shallow-water beta-channel model was used to carry out numerical experiments with cyclonic and anticyclonic disturbances of various strengths. The model is inviscid, so fluid elements conserve potential vorticity q when unforced. Regions of closed q contours correspond to Lagrangian (material) eddies. (All fluid within a Lagrangian eddy travels with the eddy—in contrast to regions of closed height contours.) Motion is wavelike for very weak disturbances (maximum particle speed U; ≪ long planetary wave speed ĉ). The height field disperses like a group of linear Rossby waves, and tracers have small, oscillatory (mainly north-south) displacements, with very little scatter. When U≈ĉ, the planetary q field is sufficiently distorted for small Lagrangian eddies to appear. Very small eddies are simply bodily advected by the linear wave field. Small eddies are to some extent “self propelling”: they move westward and north (cyclone) or south (anticyclone), moving fluid elements towards their “rest” latit.
Structural Geology of Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary Rocks Near the Nacimiento Fault, Northwest of Lake Nacimiento, California

This paper describes the structural geology of a 7-kmwide belt of Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary sedimentary rocks overlying the Salinian block along a 16 km segment northeast of the Nacimiento fault. The sedimentary rocks are mainly sandstone with subordinate conglomerate and mudstone. The Cretaceous rocks are largely Maastrichtian, possibly upper Maastrichtian, and show stratigraphic and structural contrasts across a transcurrent fault zone, the Piedras Altas fault zone, located 2-3 km northeast of the Nacimiento fault. Small bodies of lower Tertiary nonmarine sedimentary rocks are restricted to this fault zone and apparently fill a basin formed by the faulting. The following sequence of early Tertiary structural events is deduced: I) southwestward thrusting and folding within the Cretaceous sequence, 2) transcurrent faulting of undetermined magnitude and direction on the Piedras Altas fault zone, 3) northward thrusting or reverse faulting, and 4) southwestward thrusting on the Nacimiento fault. In part of the area, there are two fault-bounded wedges of complexly refolded beds that may have been deformed during events 2 and(or) 3. A major Pliocene or Pleistocene fold, the Oak Flat syncline, is localized along the pre-existing Piedras Altas fault zone and deforms all older structures. The relatively straight trace of the Nacimiento fault itself gives poor evidence of the local structural complexity or of the great events that brought together the Salinian and Nacimiento blocks.
An unusual high-Mg garnet–spinel orthopyroxenite from southern India: evidence for ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism at high-pressure conditions

We report here a garnet–spinel orthopyroxenite in close association with an ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) granulite from the central part of the Madurai Granulite Block in southern India. The garnet–spinel orthopyroxenite is almost entirely composed of orthopyroxene, spinel and rare garnet in a granular texture. Spinels in the rock are characterized by high Mg (XMg = 0.69–0.71) with low Cr and Fe3+, consistent with compositions reported from spinels occurring within xenoliths in kimberlites and high pressure–temperature (P–T) Alpine complexes. The orthopyroxenes have high Al content (Al2O3 up to 4.85 wt%), typical of equilibration under high P–T conditions. The P–T estimates derived for the garnet–spinel orthopyroxenite indicate temperatures of around 1000°C and pressures exceeding 17 kbar. The data indicate that UHT metamorphism in this locality traversed from above 17 kbar to 11 kbar prior to the final stage of isothermal decompression. Our study reports the highest pressures obtained by far, for extreme crustal metamorphism in southern India and elsewhere in Gondwana. The multi-stage decompression observed in the UHT rocks associated with the high P–T garnet–spinel orthopyroxenite could be correlated to extension of the crust and possibly of the lithospheric mantle and/or its delamination, with the asthenospheric mantle as the ultimate heat source, during the final stage of amalgamation of the Gondwana supercontinent.
Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the central Wassuk Range, western Nevada, USA

The central Wassuk Range is ideally located to investigate the interplay of Basin and Range extension and Walker Lane dextral deformation along the western Nevada margin of the Basin and Range province. To elucidate the Cenozoic evolution of the range, the author conducted geologic mapping, structural data collection and analysis, geochemical analysis of igneous lithologies, and geochronology. This research delineates a three-stage deformational history for the range. A pulse of ENE–WSW-directed extension at high strain rates (∼8.7 mm/yr) was initiated immediately after the eruption of ∼15 Ma andesite flows; strain was accommodated by high-angle, closely spaced (1–2 km), east-dipping normal faults which rotated and remained active to low angles as extension continued. A post-12 Ma period of extension at low strain rates produced a second generation of normal faults and two prominent dextral strike–slip faults which strike NW, subparallel to the dextral faults of the Walker Lane at this latitude. A new pulse of ongoing extension began at ∼4 Ma and has been accomodated primarily by the east-dipping range-bounding normal fault system. The increase in the rate of fault displacement has resulted in impressive topographic relief on the east flank of the range, and kinematic indicators support a shift in extension direction from ENE–WSW during the highest rates of Miocene extension to WNW–ESE today. The total extension accommodated across the central Wassuk Range since the middle Miocene is >200%, with only a brief period of dextral fault activity during the late Miocene. Data presented here suggest a local geologic evolution intimately connected to regional tectonics, from intra-arc extension in the middle Miocene, to late Miocene dextral deformation associated with the northward growth of the San Andreas Fault, to a Pliocene pulse of extension and magmatism likely influenced by both the northward passage of the Mendocino triple junction and possible delamination of the southern Sierra Nevada crustal root.
New methods for interpretation of magnetic vector and gradient tensor data II: application to the Mount Leyshon anomaly, Queensland, Australia

Acquisition of magnetic gradient tensor data is anticipated to become routine in the near future. In the meantime, modern ultrahigh resolution conventional magnetic data can be used, with certain important caveats, to calculate magnetic vector components and gradient tensor elements from total magnetic intensity (TMI) or TMI gradient surveys. An accompanying paper presented new methods for inverting gradient tensor data to obtain source parameters for several elementary, but useful, models. These include point dipole (sphere), vertical line of dipoles (narrow vertical pipe), line of dipoles (horizontal cylinder), thin dipping sheet, and contact models. A key simplification is the use of eigenvalues and associated eigenvectors of the tensor. The normalised source strength (NSS), calculated from the eigenvalues, is a particularly useful rotational invariant that peaks directly over 3D compact sources, 2D compact sources, thin sheets, and contacts, independent of magnetisation direction. Source locations can be inverted directly from the NSS and its vector gradient. Some of these new methods have been applied to analysis of the magnetic signature of the Early Permian Mount Leyshon gold-mineralised system, Queensland. The Mount Leyshon magnetic anomaly is a prominent TMI low that is produced by rock units with strong reversed remanence acquired during the Late Palaeozoic Reverse Superchron. The inferred magnetic moment for the source zone of the Mount Leyshon magnetic anomaly is ~1010 Am2. Its direction is consistent with petrophysical measurements. Given estimated magnetisation from samples and geological information, this suggests a volume of ~1.5 km × 1.5 km × 2 km (vertical). The inferred depth of the centre of magnetisation is ~900 m below surface, suggesting that the depth extent of the magnetic zone is ~1800 m. Some of the deeper, undrilled portion of the magnetic zone could be a mafic intrusion similar to the nearby coeval Fenian Diorite, representing part of the parent magma chamber beneath the Mount Leyshon Intrusive Complex.
Deglacial and Holocene changes in accumulation at Law Dome, East Antarctica

Abstract Dating constraints have been combined with an ice-flow model to estimate surface accumulation rates at Law Dome, East Antarctica, to approximately 80 kyr BP. Results indicate that the present high-accumulation regime (~0.7ma–1 ice equivalent) was established some time after ~7 kyr BP, following an increase of approximately 80% from early to mid-Holocene. The accumulation rate at the Last Glacial Maximum is estimated at less than ~10% of the modern value. The record reveals an approximately linear dependence between temperature (inferred from isotope ratio) and accumulation rate through the glacial period. This dependence breaks down in the early Holocene, and this is interpreted as a change to a mode in which moisture-transport changes have a stronger influence on accumulation than temperature (via absolute humidity). The changes in accumulation, including the large change in the early to mid-Holocene, are accompanied by changes in sea-salt concentrations which support the hypothesis that Law Dome climate has shifted from a glacial climate, more like that of the present-day Antarctic Plateau, to its current Antarctic maritime climate. The change between these two modes occurred progressively through the early Holocene, possibly reflecting insolation-driven changes in atmospheric moisture content and circulation.
‘Of droughts and flooding rains’: an alluvial loess record from central South Australia spanning the last glacial cycle

Abstract Deposits of proximal dust-derived alluvium (alluvial loess) within the catchments of the now semi-arid Flinders Ranges in South Australia record regionally synchronous intervals of fluvial entrainment, aggradation and down-cutting spanning the last glacial cycle. Today, these floodplain remnants are deeply entrenched and laterally eroded by ephemeral traction load streams. The north–south aligned ranges are strategically situated within the present-day transitional zone, receiving both topographically enhanced winter rainfall from the SW and convectional downpours from summer monsoonal incursions from the north. We develop a regional chronostratigraphy of depositional and erosional events emphasizing the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Based on 124 ages (94 accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon and 30 optically stimulated luminescence) from the most significant terrace remnants on both sides of the Ranges, we conclude that the last glacial cycle including the LGM was characterized by major environmental changes. Two pronounced periods of pedogenesis between c. 36 and 30 ka were followed by widespread erosion and reworking. A short-lived interval of climatic stability before c. 24 ka was followed by conditions in which large amounts of proximal dust (loess) were deposited across the catchments. These loess mantles were rapidly redistributed and episodically transported downstream by floods. The termination of this regime c. 18–16 ka was marked by rapid incision.
Kinematics of the Uinta Fault System (Southern Wyoming and Northern Utah) during the Laramide Orogeny

The origin of the Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary Uinta uplift created during the Laramide orogeny has long been problematic, because the structure is E-trending nearly parallel to the ENE-WSW direction of regional shortening. Early workers have proposed that the Uinta uplift is bounded by a large pop-up thrust system, which suggests that uplift was induced by N-S contraction. The geometric relationship between E-trending Laramide faults that bound the Uinta uplift and nearly N-S–trending folds and thrusts at the eastern end of the uplift implies that the formation of the Uinta uplift could have been related to strike-slip faulting. In order to test whether the Uinta uplift was created by either N-S compression or E-W strike-slip faulting, we performed detailed field mapping, kinematic analysis of fault zones, and construction of detailed cross sections along the E-trending Uinta fault system in the northern Uinta Mountains. The results of our study suggest that the Uinta fault is a reverse left-slip structure that has accommodated ENE-WSW contraction during the Laramide orogeny. Our study also shows that although individual faults in the system have variable kinematics and orientations, their average transport direction is remarkably consistent, either in the ENE or WSW direction. These orientations are consistent with the ENE-WSW direction of regional shortening in the overall Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary Laramide orogenic belt in the western United States and suggest that the stress field was rather uniform in the central U.S. Rocky Mountains during the Laramide orogeny.
Goodness of Fit: Clinical Applications, From Infancy through Adult Life

Part I. Evolution of the Goodness of Fit Concept. Goodness of Fit: A Special Development Concept and its Clinical Application. The Origins of the Goodness of Fit Concept. Critique of other Major Developmental Concepts and Clinical Applications. Review of the Literature: Clarification and Evolution of the Goodness of Fit Concept. Part II. Goodness of Fit: Clinical Applications. Infancy. Toddler and Preschool Periods. School Age and Middle Childhood. Adolescence. Adulthood. Personality Development: Continuity and Change. Part III. The Importance of the Biopsychosocial Model. Intertwining Goodness of Fit and the Biopsychosocial Model. Ethnic-Social Issues. Educational Issues. Sexual Issues. Marital Problems. Physical and Mental Handicaps. Part IV. Clinical Application. Prevention and Early Intervention of Childhood Behavior Problems. Poorness of Fit: Normalcy and Vulnerability vs. Pathology. Part V. Conclusion: Basic Structure of Goodness of Fit. The Clinician's Guidelines for the Applications of the Goodness of Fit Concept. Overview and a Look to the Future. Appendix A: Temperament Definitions, Categories, and Ratings. Bibliography.
The Louzidian Normal Fault near Chifeng, Inner Mongolia: Master Fault of a Quasi-Metamorphic Core Complex

A special metamorphic core complex underlain by a low-angle strike-slip ductile shear zone is present near Chifeng in eastern Inner Mongolia, northern China. The geology of the study area is similar to that of several Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes, but contrasts in significant ways as well. A major ESE-dipping normal fault, the Louzidian Range frontal fault, formed during Late Cretaceous extension. This fault separates a crystalline footwall locally containing mylonitic basement gneisses and granitic rocks (0 to >3 km thick) from a non-metamorphic hanging wall that is distended by normal faults. However, the shear sense of the underlying mylonitic shear zone, a low-angle strike-slip zone, is not compatible with the Louzidian fault. It may be related to a pre-Cretaceous regional sinistral strike-slip event rather than the Late Cretaceous regional crustal extension common throughout eastern China. Pre-existing mylonitic fabric anisotropy appears to have controlled the development of the Louzidian normal fault. Chloritic breccias locally developed along the fault indicate that it cut deeply into the crust of northern China.
Modeling of airglow and ionospheric parameters at Arecibo during quiet and disturbed periods in October 2002

[1] The main purpose of this paper is to analyze observations of the 630.0-nm (red line) and 557.7-nm (green line) zenith airglow intensities measured during the month of October 2002 over Arecibo, Puerto Rico. We begin by describing an improved model for calculating the intensity of the red and green airglow lines that takes into account the role of molecular ions. We show, however, that at least for the data used in this study, it is not necessary to include the effects of molecular ions in our calculations. From observations of the airglow emissions on quiet days, we infer the general characteristics of the red-line intensities, which show a minimum before midnight and a peak after midnight. These results are consistent with a decrease in NmF2 and an increase in hmF2 before midnight, followed by the so-called “midnight collapse. ” We then focus on the storm day of October 1–2, 2002, during which large-amplitude variations in both the red- and green-line intensities were observed and reproduced by the airglow model. An additional peak of NmF2, together with an hmF2 decrease, was observed before midnight, associated with the passage of a large-scale atmospheric gravity wave. The NmF2 nighttime increase requires plasma flux from the plasmasphere, which we find can be as large as 109 cm−2 s−1. The plasmasphere needs an additional source of plasma in order to provide such a large flux, and we explain this by considering the role of the meridional wind in the plasma exchange process. Strong changes in the shape of the F2 region were observed during the downward and upward motion of the F2 layer during the storm period. We have found simple analytical solutions for the height distributions of the electron density in the F2 region by including the effects of recombination and diffusion. These height distributions are in excellent agreement with the measured profiles. Finally, we discuss mesospheric green-line fluctuations and show that good agreement can be obtained for the storm conditions if small adjustments are made to the eddy diffusion coefficients in the mesosphere, which we associate with the passage of the gravity wave. However, we find that some green-line behavior during quiet-time conditions is difficult to explain.