Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Business Ownership and Self-Employment in Developing Economies: The Colombian Case

We characterize entrepreneurship in developing economies through a case study for Colombia. We document self-employment and business ownership since the 1980s; while the relative size of these groups within the labor force is stable across time, they differ significantly in important observable dimensions such as education and business sector. We then study the motivations to become an entrepreneur. First, we analyze the transition into and out of potential forms of entrepreneurship by measuring the flows across occupations, and study the determinants of entry and exit into and out of self-employment and business ownership; there is surprisingly little transition between self-employment and business ownership. Second, we focus on the financial motivations by measuring the differences in earnings of self-employment and business ownership relative to salaried work, at the mean and along the distribution. There is a substantial earnings premium to become a business owner, but it is not financially attractive to become self-employed. The results of this paper suggest that while business ownership is what the literature associates with entrepreneurship, self-employment is basically a subsistence activity.En este estudio caracterizamos el emprendimiento en economias en desarrollo a traves del caso Colombiano. Aunque la fraccion de empleadores y trabajadores por cuenta propia dentro de la fuerza laboral a partir de 1984 ha permanecido relativamente estable, los dos grupos difieren de manera significativa en terminos de caracteristicas observables tales como educacion y sector economico. En particular, exploramos las motivaciones de los agentes para convertirse en empresarios. Primero analizamos las transiciones desde y hacia las potenciales formas de emprendimiento midiendo los flujos entre ocupaciones. Posteriormente, estudiamos los determinantes de entrada y salida de las ocupaciones de empleadores y trabajadores por cuenta propia. Los resultados muestran por una parte, que los niveles de transicion entre estas dos ocupaciones son muy bajos; y adicionalmente, que quienes pasan a ser empleadores requieren por lo general de mayores niveles de capital humano, y tienden a transitar en mayores proporciones por voluntad propia que los trabajadores por cuenta propia. Adicionalmente, exploramos las motivaciones financieras de cada grupo midiendo las diferencias de ingresos entre los trabajadores por cuenta propia y los empleadores, en relacion con los trabajadores asalariados a lo largo de la distribucion de ingresos. Los resultados indican que mientras los empleadores tienen diferenciales positivos de ingresos en relacion con los trabajadores asalariados; no es financieramente atractivo ser trabajador por cuenta propia. Los resultados de esta investigacion sugieren que mientras los empleadores pertenecen al grupo que la literatura tradicional asocia con emprendimiento; la mayor parte del trabajo por cuenta propia esta relacionado con una actividad de subsistencia.
Geochronology and provenance of detrital zircons from late Palaeozoic strata of central Jilin Province, Northeast China: implications for the tectonic evolution of the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt

Here we present new U–Pb and Hf isotopic data for detrital zircons obtained from six samples of late Palaeozoic units from central Jilin Province, Northeast China, and use these data and sedimentary formations to constrain the late Palaeozoic tectonic evolution of the eastern segment of the southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The majority of the detrital zircons from the six samples are euhedral–subhedral and exhibit oscillatory zoning, indicating a magmatic origin. Zircons from sandstones in the Devonian Wangjiajie and Xiaosuihe formations yield seven main age populations (399, 440, 921, 1648, 1864, 1911, and 2066 Ma) and two minor age populations (384 and 432 Ma), respectively. Zircons from a quartz sandstone in the Carboniferous Luquantun Formation yield four age populations (~332, 363, 402, and 428 Ma), and zircons from quartz sandstones of the Permian Shoushangou, Fanjiatun, and Yangjiagou formations yield age populations of 265, 369, 463, 503, and 963 Ma; 264, 310, 337, 486, and 529 Ma; and 262, 282, 312, 338, 380, 465, and 492 Ma, respectively. These data, together with the ages of magmatic zircons from interbedded volcanics and biostratigraphic evidence, as well as analysis of formations, give rise to the following conclusions. (1) The Wangjiajie and Xiaosuihe formations were deposited in an extensional environment during Middle and Middle–Late Devonian time, respectively. The former was sourced mainly from ancient continental material of the North China Craton with minor contributions from newly accreted crust, while the latter was sourced mainly from newly accreted crust. (2) The Luquantun Formation formed in an extensional environment during early–late Carboniferous time from material sourced mainly from newly accreted crust. (3) The Shoushangou, Fanjiatun, and Yangjiagou formations formed during a period of rapid uplift in the late Permian, from material sourced mainly from newly accreted crust.
Inflammatory and Coagulation Biomarkers and Mortality in Patients with HIV Infection

Funding: Support provided by: NIAID, NIH grants U01AI042170 and U01AI46362. Role of the Funding Source: The trial was funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) and NIAID approved the study design of SMART. One person (HCL) from NIAID contributed to the preparation of this paper. Other staff members from NIAID who are on the International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials (INSIGHT) Executive Committee participated in the review of the design of this study and the paper. The funding source had no role in data collection, data analysis, or the decision to publish the results.
Psychology as the Science of Self-reports and Finger Movements Whatever Happened to Actual Behavior?

—Psychology calls itself the science of behavior, and the American Psychological Association's current ''Decade of Behavior'' was intended to increase awareness and appreciation of this aspect of the science. Yet some psychological subdisciplines have never directly studied behavior, and studies on behavior are dwindling rapidly in other subdisciplines. We discuss the eclipse of behavior in personality and social psychology, in which direct observation of behavior has been increasingly supplanted by introspective self-reports, hypothetical scenarios, and questionnaire ratings. We advocate a renewed commitment to including direct observation of behavior whenever possible and in at least a healthy minority of research projects. For decades now, psychology students have been taught from the first day of class that psychology is the science of behavior and that its ultimate goal is to describe and explain what people do. Is that a fair description? The answer varies with the specific area of psychology. Neuroscience and cognitive psychology have never had much to say about the meaningful activities people perform in their daily lives, nor have they really intended to. These fields are more interested in understanding the internal workings of the mind and brain rather than behavioral outcomes. In contrast, animal learning and developmental psychology have consistently focused on behavior, perhaps because participants studied by these fields generally cannot fill out questionnaires or read prompts on a computer screen, and their studies have ranged from bar pressing as a function of rewards to behavioral coordination between small children and their parents. The fields of social and personality psychology, however, offer a special and discouraging case. Both of these related fields have a mandate to study the important social behaviors that compose the very texture of human life, with personality psychology fo-cusing on individual differences in those behaviors and social psychology exploring situational influences. But personality psychology has long relied heavily on questionnaires in lieu of behavioral observation, a state of affairs that has begun to change only recently and ever so slowly, at that. Even worse, social psychology has actually moved in the opposite direction. At one time focused on direct observations of behaviors that were both fascinating and important—a focus that attracted many researchers to the field in the first place—social psychology has turned in recent years to the study of reaction times and questionnaire responses. These techniques, which promised to help to explain behavior, appear instead to have largely supplanted it. The result …
Observed and calculated mesospheric NO, 1992–1997

Mesospheric nitric oxide as observed by the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) and calculated by the Langley Research Center two‐dimensional chemical transport model are compared on a daily and collocated basis for the period 920101 through 971231. Results show excellent agreement when energetic electron precipitation (EEP) from the outer trapping region of the magnetosphere is included. A simulation using only an upper boundary condition derived from the HALOE, but not explicitly including EEP, is deficient in NO at altitudes above 60 km. The contribution to the stratosphere of odd nitrogen formed by EEP in the mesosphere is significant and is approximately three times the contribution due to the HALOE upper boundary condition (HUBC) which approximates auroral electron precipitation, and solar EUV and solar X‐ray effects on NO formation.
F‐region plasma distribution seen from TIMED/GUVI and its relation to the equatorial spread F activity

The OI 135.6‐nm nightglow images from GUVI on board the TIMED satellite provide a unique opportunity to investigate the global plasma distribution in the F region. We report that there exist large seasonal‐longitudinal variations in the F‐region plasma density which may explain some aspects of the equatorial spread F (ESF) morphology. We suggest that an occurrence of high plasma density is responsible for the strong ESF activity during equinox periods at most longitudes, whereas an occurrence of low plasma density is responsible for the suppressed ESF activity during northern summer in the American‐Atlantic sector.
279 Effects of Displacement Resulting from Ethnic/Religious Conﬂict on the Growth and Body Composition of Fulani Children in Northern

Summary This study, which was carried out in the Jos Plateau in Nigeria, analysed the changes in growth and body composition that occurred among 17 male and 13 female Fulani children (aged 4–13 years) in the 7-month period which followed their displacement from their homes into a temporary camp due to ethnic/religious violence.The heights and weights of the children, as well as their fat, fat-free mass, and phase angle were determined 3 weeks before the crisis and 7 months post-crisis using standard anthropometric methods and bioelectrical impedance analysis. In terms of mean values and relative to growth curves established during the tranquil
Impact of fracture coatings on fracture/matrix flow interactions in unsaturated, porous media

Groundwater flow in unsaturated, fractured rock is often assumed to be dominated by the porous matrix component. This is frequently the result of reasoning that water flowing in the fractures is rapidly imbibed into the rock matrix by capillary suction forces with negligible resistance to uptake at the fracture/matrix interface. However, the existence of a low-permeability mineralized layer or coating at this interface may substantially reduce matrix imbibition and could consequently result in fracture-dominated flow. To test this idea, four tuff samples containing natural fractures were obtained from tuff formations in southern Nevada. By performing imbibition experiments into the matrix rock, across a mineralized fracture face and then across a fresh uncoated fracture face, water uptake as a function of time and coating was measured. A model combining Darcy's law and the Washburn equation has been used to describe the imbibition behavior. Before testing the tuff samples, the experimental technique and imbibition model were first tested using ordered sphere packings with known pore size and structure. From the tuff imbibition data, the ratio of the permeability through the mineralized face to the permeability through the uncoated face was found to be 0.3 (relatively little effect of the mineralized layer) for two samples, 0.01 for one sample, and 10−7 (uptake strongly restricted by the mineralized layer) for one sample. Using a simple fracture flow model and the imbibition model mentioned above to simulate matrix uptake from the fracture, numerical simulations indicate that the existence of fracture coatings could significantly decrease the travel time and increase the travel depth of water flowing through fractures.
Intercomparison of evapotranspiration estimates

Five methods of computing reference evapotranspiration from a reference crop (Penman, radiation, Blaney-Criddle, Hargreaves and pan evaporation) have been studied for their applicability under different climatic conditions. The Penman method was taken as the standard and the other four methods were compared against this method. Good correlation was obtained between the values estimated by the four methods and the Penman method although differences in magnitude were found. Regression equations were developed to correct those differences in magnitude. The method suitable for the estimation of reference evapotranspiration for each climatic condition is also suggested.
Avances teórico-prácticos y legislativos en la profesionalización de la dirección escolar en España. El caso de Cataluña

La direccion escolar influye criticamente en el exito escolar. La direccion eficaz y la seleccion, reconocimiento, formacion y atribuciones de los directivos y, en conjunto, su profesionalizacion centran internacionalmente las agendas cientificas y politicas. Analizar el estado del arte de la funcion directiva y su evolucion legislativa permite concluir hasta que punto las bases legales y teorico-practicas contribuyen a la profesionalizacion de dicha funcion en Espana y en una de sus comunidades autonomas (Cataluna). La profesionalizacion de la funcion directiva debe priorizar, a traves de dinamicas colaborativas y experienciales, el aprendizaje de competencias directivas complejas (autoevaluacion institucional, coordinacion interna y externa entre profesores, alumnos, familias y comunidad educativa, cooperacion intercentros). Solo asi se atendera a las dimensiones morales, relacionales y critico-innovadoras inherentes al liderazgo educativo, superando las pugnas politicas y debates desprofesionalizadores acaecidos hasta el momento
Pharmacodynamic and Antitumor Activity of BI 836880, a Dual VEGF and Angiopoietin 2 Inhibitor, Alone and Combined with Programmed Cell Death Protein-1 Inhibition

VEGF and angiopoietin-2 (ANG2) have complementary roles in angiogenesis and promote an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. It is anticipated that combination of VEGF and ANG2 blockade could provide superior activity to blockade of either pathway alone, and that addition of VEGF/ANG2 inhibition to an anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) antibody could change the tumor microenvironment to support T-cell-mediated tumor cytotoxicity. Here, we describe the pharmacologic and antitumor activity of BI 836880, a humanized bispecific nanobody TM comprising two single variable domains blocking VEGF and ANG2, and an additional module for half-life extension in vivo . BI 836880 demonstrated high affinity and selectivity for human VEGF-A and ANG2, resulting in inhibition of downstream signaling of VEGF/ANG2 and a decrease in endothelial cell proliferation and survival. In vivo , BI 836880 exhibited significant antitumor activity in all patient-derived xenograft models tested, showing significantly greater tumor growth inhibition (TGI) than bevacizumab (VEGF inhibition) and AMG386 (ANG1/2 inhibition) in a range of models. In a Lewis lung carcinoma syngeneic tumor model, combination of PD-1 inhibition with VEGF inhibition showed superior efficacy versus blockade of either pathway alone. TGI was further increased with addition of ANG2 inhibition to VEGF/PD-1 blockade. VEGF/ANG2 inhibition had a strong anti-angiogenic effect. Our data suggest that blockade of VEGF and ANG2 with BI 836880 may offer improved antitumor activity versus blockade of either pathway alone and that combining VEGF/ANG2 inhibition with PD-1 blockade can further enhance antitumor effects.
Effects of Molecular Hydrogen Intervention on the Gut Microbiome in Methamphetamine Abusers with Mental Disorder

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The relationship between measures of impulsivity and alcohol misuse: an integrative structural equation modeling approach.

BACKGROUND Higher levels of impulsivity have been implicated in the development of alcohol use disorders. Recent findings suggest that impulsivity is not a unitary construct, highlighted by the diverse ways in which the various measures of impulsivity relate to alcohol use outcomes. This study simultaneously tested the following dimensions of impulsivity as determinants of alcohol use and alcohol problems: risky decision making, self-reported risk-attitudes, response inhibition, and impulsive decision making. METHODS Participants were a community sample of nontreatment seeking problem drinkers (n = 158). Structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses employed behavioral measures of impulsive decision making (delay discounting task [DDT]), response inhibition (stop signal task [SST]), and risky decision making (Balloon Analogue Risk Task [BART]), and a self-report measure of risk-attitudes (domain-specific risk-attitude scale [DOSPERT]), as predictors of alcohol use and of alcohol-related problems in this sample. RESULTS The model fits well, accounting for 38% of the variance in alcohol problems, and identified 2 impulsivity dimensions that significantly loaded onto alcohol outcomes: (i) impulsive decision making, indexed by the DDT; and (ii) risky decision making, measured by the BART. CONCLUSIONS The impulsive decision-making dimension of impulsivity, indexed by the DDT, was the strongest predictor of alcohol use and alcohol pathology in this sample of problem drinkers. Unexpectedly, a negative relationship was found between risky decision making and alcohol problems. The results highlight the importance of considering the distinct facets of impulsivity to elucidate their individual and combined effects on alcohol use initiation, escalation, and dependence.
Natural history of epilepsy in argininosuccinic aciduria provides new insights into pathophysiology.

Introduction: Argininosuccinate lyase is integral to the urea cycle, which enables nitrogen waste and biosynthesis of arginine, a precursor of nitric oxide. Inherited argininosuccinate lyase deficiency causes argininosuccinic aciduria, the second most common urea cycle defect and an inherited model of systemic nitric oxide deficiency. Patients present with developmental delay, epilepsy and movement disorder. Here we aim to characterise epilepsy, a common and neurodebilitating complication in argininosuccinic aciduria. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study in seven tertiary metabolic centres in the UK, Italy and Canada from 2020 to 2022 to assess the phenotype of epilepsy in ASA and correlate it with clinical, biochemical, radiological and electroencephalographic data. Results: Thirty-seven patients aged 1 to 31 years old were included. Twenty-two (60%) patients presented epilepsy. Median age at epilepsy-onset was 24 months. Generalized tonic clonic and focal seizures were most common in early-onset patients whilst atypical absences were predominant in late-onset patients. Seventeen patients (77%) required antiseizure medications and 6 (27%) had partially controlled or refractory epilepsy. Epileptic patients presented with a severe neurodebilitating disease with higher rates of speech delay (p=0.04) and autism spectrum disorders (p=0.01) and more frequent arginine supplementation (p=0.01) compared to non-epileptic patients. Neonatal seizures were not associated with a higher risk of developing epilepsy. Biomarkers of ureagenesis did not differ between epileptic and non-epileptic patients. Epilepsy-onset in early infancy (p=0.05) and electroencephalographic background asymmetry (p=0.0007) were significant predictors of partially controlled or refractory epilepsy. Conclusions: Epilepsy in argininosuccinic aciduria is frequent, polymorphic, associated with more frequent neurodevelopmental complications. We identified prognostic factors for pharmacoresistance in epilepsy. This study does not support defective ureagenesis as prominent in the pathophysiology of epilepsy but suggests roles of arginine toxicity and central dopamine deficiency.
Bankfull Regional Curves for the Inner and Outer Bluegrass Regions of Kentucky 1

Brockman, Ruth R. , Carmen T. Agouridis, Stephen R. Workman, Lindell E. Ormsbee, and Alex W. Fogle, 2012. Bankfull Regional Curves for the Inner and Outer Bluegrass Regions of Kentucky. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 391‐406. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011. 00621.x
WEB Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms: Clinical and Anatomic Results in the French Observatory

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Flow disruption with the WEB device is a new technique for the endovascular treatment of wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms. To obtain precise data regarding the safety and efficacy of this treatment with high-quality methodology, the prospective French Observatory study was conducted. Analysis of these data is presented, including 1-year follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with bifurcation aneurysms for which WEB treatment was indicated were included in this prospective, multicenter Good Clinical Practice study. Clinical data, including adverse events and clinical status at 1 month and 1 year, were collected and independently analyzed by a medical monitor. An independent core laboratory evaluated the anatomic results at 1 year following the procedure. RESULTS: Ten French neurointerventional centers included 62 patients (39 women), 33–74 years of age (mean, 56.6 ± 9.80 years) with 63 aneurysms. Aneurysm locations were the middle cerebral artery in 32 aneurysms (50.8%), anterior communicating artery in 16 (25.4%), basilar artery in 9 (14.3%), and internal carotid artery terminus in 6 (9.5%). Morbidity and mortality at 1 month were, respectively, 3.2% (2/62 patients) and 0.0% (0/62). Morbidity and mortality (unrelated to the treatment) at 1 year were, respectively, 0.0% (0/59) and 3.4% (2/59 patients). At 1 year, complete occlusion was observed in 30/58 aneurysms (51.7%); neck remnant, in 16/58 aneurysms (27.6%); and aneurysm remnant, in 12/58 aneurysms (20.7%). CONCLUSIONS: This prospective French Observatory study showed very good safety of aneurysm treatment with the WEB, with a high rate of adequate aneurysm occlusion at 1 year (79.3%).