Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Determinantal Inequality Involving Partial Traces

Abstract Let $\mathbf{A}$ be a density matrix in ${{\mathbb{M}}_{m}}\,\otimes \,{{\mathbb{M}}_{n}}$ . Audenaert [J. Math. Phys. 48(2007) 083507] proved an inequality for Schatten $p$ -norms: $$1\,+\,||\mathbf{A}|{{|}_{p}}\,\ge \,{{\left\| \text{T}{{\text{r}}_{1}}\,\mathbf{A} \right\|}_{p}}\,+\,||\text{T}{{\text{r}}_{2}}\,\mathbf{A}|{{|}_{p}},$$ where $\text{T}{{\text{r}}_{1}}$ and $\text{T}{{\text{r}}_{2}}$ stand for the first and second partial trace, respectively. As an analogue of his result, we prove a determinantal inequality $$1\,+\,\det \,\mathbf{A}\,\ge \,\det {{\left( \text{T}{{\text{r}}_{1}}\mathbf{A} \right)}^{m}}\,+\,\det {{\left( \text{T}{{\text{r}}_{2}}\mathbf{A} \right)}^{2}}. $$
Not Just Iconic: Emoji Interpretation is Shaped by Use

Where do the meaning of emoji come from? Though it is generally assumed that emoji are fully iconic, with meanings derived from their visual forms, we argue that this is only one component of their meaning. We surveyed users and non-users of the Chinese social media platform WeChat for their interpretations of emoji specific to WeChat. We find that some emoji show significant differences in their interpretations between users and non-users, and based on how familiar a person is with the specific emoji. We argue that this reflects a more complex process for building the meaning of emoji on a platform than pure iconicity.
Distinguishing Fact from Fiction: A Benchmark Dataset for Identifying Machine-Generated Scientific Papers in the LLM Era.

As generative NLP can now produce content nearly indistinguishable from human writing, it becomes difficult to identify genuine research contributions in academic writing and scientific publications. Moreover, information in NLP-generated text can potentially be factually wrong or even entirely fabricated. This study introduces a novel benchmark dataset, containing human-written and machine-generated scientific papers from SCIgen, GPT-2, GPT-3, ChatGPT, and Galactica. After describing the generation and extraction pipelines, we also experiment with four distinct classifiers as a baseline for detecting the authorship of scientific text. A strong focus is put on generalization capabilities and explainability to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of detectors. We believe our work serves as an important step towards creating more robust methods for distinguishing between human-written and machine-generated scientific papers, ultimately ensuring the integrity of scientific literature.
On the Surprising Effectiveness of Name Matching Alone in Autoregressive Entity Linking

Fifteen years of work on entity linking has established the importance of different information sources in making linking decisions: mention and entity name similarity, contextual relevance, and features of the knowledge base. Modern state-of-the-art systems build on these features, including through neural representations (Wu et al., 2020). In contrast to this trend, the autoregressive language model GENRE (De Cao et al., 2021) generates normalized entity names for mentions and beats many other entity linking systems, despite making no use of knowledge base (KB) information. How is this possible? We analyze the behavior of GENRE on several entity linking datasets and demonstrate that its performance stems from memorization of name patterns. In contrast, it fails in cases that might benefit from using the KB. We experiment with a modification to the model to enable it to utilize KB information, highlighting challenges to incorporating traditional entity linking information sources into autoregressive models.
Generating Video Game Scripts with Style

While modern language models can generate a scripted scene in the format of a play, movie, or video game cutscene the quality of machine generated text remains behind that of human authors. In this work, we focus on one aspect of this quality gap; generating text in the style of an arbitrary and unseen character. We propose the Style Adaptive Semiparametric Scriptwriter (SASS) which leverages an adaptive weighted style memory to generate dialog lines in accordance with a character’s speaking patterns. Using the LIGHT dataset as well as a new corpus of scripts from twenty-three AAA video games, we show that SASS not only outperforms similar models but in some cases can also be used in conjunction with them to yield further improvement.
When Truth Matters - Addressing Pragmatic Categories in Natural Language Inference (NLI) by Large Language Models (LLMs)

In this paper, we focus on the ability of large language models (LLMs) to accommodate different pragmatic sentence types, such as questions, commands, as well as sentence fragments for natural language inference (NLI). On the commonly used notion of logical inference, nothing can be inferred from a question, an order, or an incomprehensible sentence fragment. We find MNLI, arguably the most important NLI dataset, and hence models fine-tuned on this dataset, insensitive to this fact. Using a symbolic semantic parser, we develop and make publicly available, fine-tuning datasets designed specifically to address this issue, with promising results. We also make a first exploration of ChatGPT’s concept of entailment.
Emotions in Spoken Language - Do we need acoustics?

Work on emotion detection is often focused on textual data from i.e. Social Media. If multimodal data (i.e. speech) is analysed, the focus again is often placed on the transcription. This paper takes a closer look at how crucial acoustic information actually is for the recognition of emotions from multimodal data. To this end we use the IEMOCAP data, which is one of the larger data sets that provides transcriptions, audio recordings and manual emotion categorization. We build models for emotion classification using text-only, acoustics-only and combining both modalities in order to examine the influence of the various modalities on the final categorization. Our results indicate that using text-only models outperform acoustics-only models. But combining text-only and acoustic-only models improves the results. Additionally, we perform a qualitative analysis and find that a range of misclassifications are due to factors not related to the model, but to the data such as, recording quality, a challenging classification task and misclassifications that are unsurprising for humans.
Changes with Age in Student Misconceptions of Decimal Numbers

This thesis reports on a longitudinal study of students’ understanding of decimal notation. Over 3000 students, from a volunteer sample of 12 schools in Victoria, Australia, completed nearly 10000 tests over a 4-year period. The number of tests completed by individual students varied from 1 to 7 and the average inter-test time was 8 months. The diagnostic test used in this study, (Decimal Comparison Test), was created by extending and refining tests in the literature to identify students with one of 12 misconceptions about decimal notation. Particular longitudinal measures and definitions of the prevalence of misconceptions were adapted from the medical literature. These measures were further refined to overcome the effect of repeated testing (which resulted in a 10% improvement) as well as various sampling issues. Analysis was conducted at both the coarse level (4 behaviours) and fine level (12 ways of thinking). Improved estimates of the prevalence of expertise as well as for the various misconceptions are provided. Only 30% of Grade 6 students and 70% of Grade 10 students demonstrate expertise on this test and about 25% of students between Grades 7 and 10 completed tests by choosing the decimal with the fewest digits as the largest number, a behaviour which results from several different ways of thinking. Despite its high prevalence, this particular behaviour is not well known amongst teachers. Three phenomena were investigated: persistence, hierarchy and regression. The misconceptions which are most persistent are those that involve the treatment of the decimal portion of a number as a whole number. A hierarchy of the misconceptions was determined by considering the relative rate to expertise on the next test: the hierarchy is different for primary and secondary students. About 20% of students were involved in regression, that is, they completed one test as an expert, but were unable to do so on a later test. This analysis provides additional evidence that many students are receiving teaching that covers over rather than overcomes their misconceptions. For example, some students appear to be following algorithms for comparing decimal numbers (such as rounding to two decimal places), but revert to a latent misconception when their incomplete algorithm fails. Furthermore, support is provided for the hypothesis that some misconceptions are due to the interference of new teaching.
The Occupation of Last Resort? Determinants of Farming Choices of Small Farmers in Nigeria

In Nigeria, there is a stigma associated with small farming. There is also the assumption that farming is the occupation of last resort. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence to support or dispute these assertions. We examine data from 2,446 small farmers intending to find the answer to some lingering questions. Are farmers in the occupation out of choice or a lack of options? Are farmers generally satisfied with their jobs? Do most farmers have the intention to quit? Contrary to postulations that farming in Nigeria is the occupation of last resort, we find that Nigerian farmers choose to farm and take pride in their job. Notably, 67% have been farming for over 10 years, and 89% intend to continue. The logit regression suggests that job satisfaction, age, education and livestock ownership influence farmers’ intent to quit. We conclude that the government needs to make agriculture more attractive for younger and more educated farmers. This may be achieved through policies and interventions that prioritise improving rural infrastructure, address volatility, limit market fluctuations, remove barriers to markets for local farmers and facilitate the agricultural value chain so that agriculture can thrive as a business.
To alleviate group members’ physiological stress, supervisors need to be more than polite and professional

Although stressors are common in group life, people cope better when group authorities treat them with care/concern. However, it remains unclear whether such treatment affects individuals’ physiological stress. In this experiment, individuals engaged in an interview known to increase cortisol (stress biomarker). Surrounding the interview, an ingroup supervisor treated them with standard professionalism (politeness [control]), explicit care/concern (high-quality treatment), or disregard (poor-quality treatment). While those in the control condition experienced a spike in cortisol, individuals in the high-quality treatment condition did not experience this physiological stress (cortisol). Those given poor-quality treatment also did not exhibit stress, suggesting the explicit disregard for them may have undermined the interview’s legitimacy, thereby removing social evaluative threat. Paralleling past research, self-reported stress did not reflect individuals’ physiological stress (cortisol). Overall, results suggest that to alleviate group members’ physiological stress, supervisors need to be more than polite and professional–also demonstrating care/concern for them as individuals.
The impact of gravity waves and cloud nucleation threshold on stratospheric water and tropical tropospheric cloud fraction

Using the Modern Era Retrospective‐Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) and MERRA‐2 reanalysis winds, temperatures, and anvil cloud ice, we explore the impact of varying the cloud nucleation threshold relative humidity (RH) and high‐frequency gravity waves on stratospheric water vapor (H2O) and upper tropical tropopause cloud fraction (TCF). Our model results are compared to 2008/2009 winter TCF derived from Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization and H2O observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). The RH threshold affects both model H2O and TCF, while high‐frequency gravity waves mostly impact TCF. Adjusting the nucleation RH and the amplitude of high‐frequency gravity waves allows us to tune the model to observations. Reasonable observational agreement is obtained with a nucleation threshold between 130% and 150% RH consistent with airborne observations. For the MERRA reanalysis, we lower the tropopause temperature by 0.5 K roughly consistent with GPS radio occultation measurements and include ~0.1 K high‐frequency gravity wave temperature oscillations in order to match TCF and H2O observations. For MERRA‐2 we do not need to adjust the tropopause temperature nor add gravity waves, because there are sufficient high‐frequency temperature oscillations already present in the MERRA‐2 reanalysis to reproduce the observed TCF.
Martian low‐altitude magnetic topology deduced from MAVEN/SWEA observations

The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission has obtained comprehensive particle and magnetic field measurements. The Solar Wind Electron Analyzer provides electron energy‐pitch angle distributions along the spacecraft trajectory that can be used to infer magnetic topology. This study presents pitch angle‐resolved electron energy shape parameters that can distinguish photoelectrons from solar wind electrons, which we use to deduce the Martian magnetic topology and connectivity to the dayside ionosphere. Magnetic topology in the Mars environment is mapped in three dimensions for the first time. At low altitudes (<400 km) in sunlight, the northern hemisphere is found to be dominated by closed field lines (both ends intersecting the collisional atmosphere), with more day‐night connections through cross‐terminator closed field lines than in the south. Although draped field lines with ~100 km amplitude vertical fluctuations that intersect the electron exobase (~160–220 km) in two locations could appear to be closed at the spacecraft, a more likely explanation is provided by crustal magnetic fields, which naturally have the required geometry. Around 30% of the time, we observe open field lines from 200 to 400 km, which implies three distinct topological layers over the northern hemisphere: closed field lines below 200 km, open field lines with foot points at lower latitudes that pass over the northern hemisphere from 200 to 400 km, and draped interplanetary magnetic field above 400 km. This study also identifies open field lines with one end attached to the dayside ionosphere and the other end connected with the solar wind, providing a path for ion outflow.
On Consistency in AHP and Fuzzy AHP

Abstract The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used widely for analyzing decisions made in various real-world applications. Its basic idea is to construct a hierarchy of concepts encountered in a given decision problem and to choose the best alternative according to pairwise comparison matrices given by the decision maker. Under the assumption of fully rational economics, a reasonable decision should be consistent. It becomes an important issue on how to analyze and ensure the consistency of comparison matrices together with the judgments of the decision maker. The main objectives of the present paper are threefold. First, we review the basic idea and methods used to define the consistency and the transitivity of multiplicative reciprocal matrices, additive reciprocal matrices and comparison matrices with fuzzy interval and triangular fuzzy numbers. The existing controversy behind the applications of fuzzy set theory to the AHP in the literature is presented. Second, the consistency of the collective comparison matrices in group decision making based on AHP and fuzzy AHP is further analyzed. We point out that the weak consistency of preference relations with fuzzy numbers in fuzzy AHP and group decision making should be investigated comprehensively. Third, under the consideration of the vagueness in the process of evaluating the judgements, a new concept of fuzzy consistency of comparison matrices in the AHP is given.
The dynamics and statistics of knots in biopolymers

Knots have a plethora of applications in our daily life from fishing to securing surgical sutures. Even within the microscopic scale, various polymeric systems have a great capability to become entangled and knotted. As a notable instance, knots and links can either appear spontaneously or by the aid of chaperones during entanglement in biopolymers such as DNA and proteins. Despite the fact that knotted proteins are rare, they feature different type of topologies. They span from simple trefoil knot, up to the most complex protein knot, the Stevedore. Knotting ability of polypeptide chain complicates the conundrum of protein folding, that already was a difficult problem by itself. The sequence of amino acids is the most remarkable feature of the polypeptide chains, that establishes a set of interactions and govern the protein to fold into the knotted native state. We tackle the puzzle of knotted protein folding by introducing a structure based coarse-grained model. We show that the nontrivial structure of the knotted protein can be encoded as a set of specific local interaction along the polypeptide chain that maximizes the folding probability. In contrast to proteins, knots in sufficiently long DNA and RNA filaments are frequent and diverse with a much smaller degree of sequence dependency. The presence of topological constraints in DNA and RNA strands give rise to a rich variety of structural and dynamical features. We show that the knotting probability of a dsDNA, can be increased by introducing, along its sequence, two adhesive regions. We show that entanglement pattern in links and knots, play a key role in conformational properties of chains. In particular, we demonstrate that a double knotted semi-flexible polymer chain under strong stretching possesses a free energy minimum when the two knots are intertwined, and that the free energy of the intertwined state is deepening when the relative chirality of the knots is opposite. Additionally, we show that the braid of DNA rings with identical/non-identical crossing pattern, enforces negative/positive and weak/strong correlation between the entangled rings.
Near-optimal sample complexity for noisy or 1-bit tensor completion

Tensor completion is the problem of recovering a low-rank tensor from a partial subset of its entries. Assuming a rank-r, order-d tensor in RN×N×···N , the best sampling complexity achieved is O(rN d 2 ) which can be obtained by a tensor nuclear-norm minimization problem. This bound is significantly larger than O(rdN), the number of free variables in a rank-r tensor. In this thesis we prove that when r = O(1), we can achieve optimal sample complexity by constraining either one of two proxies for tensor rank, the convex M-norm or the non-convex max-qnorm. The maxqnorm is the generalization of matrix max-norm to tensors which is non-convex. The M-norm on the other hand is a convex atomic norm whose atoms are rank-1 sign tensors. We prove that both max-qnorm and M-norm of a bounded rank-r tensor are bounded by quantities that are independent of N. We also prove that the unit balls of both these norms have small Rademacher complexity. We analyze max-qnorm and M-norm constrained least squares minimization problems for tensor completion, proving that when r = O(1), m = O(Nd) measurements are sufficient for efficient estimation of the original tensor. We also use an information theoretic technique to prove that the dependence on N is optimal. Moreover, we design an alternating method for approximating the solution of max-qnorm tensor completion and do a thorough investigation of its performance on synthetic and real-world data. We also generalize the 1-bit matrix completion problem to higher-order tensors. We prove that when r = O(1) a bounded rank-r, order-d tensor T in RN ×RN ×·· ·×RN can be estimated efficiently by only m = O(Nd) binary measurements by regularizing either its max-qnorm or its M-norm. We prove that the sample complexity of recovering a low-rank tensor from 1-bit measurements of a subset of its entries is the same as recovering it from unquantized measurements. Moreover, we show the advantage of using 1-bit tensor completion over matricization both theoretically and numerically. Specifically, we show how the 1-bit measurement model can be used for context-aware recommender systems.
On distributivity between aggregation operators with annihilator and Mayor’s aggregation operators

The issue of distributivity for different classes of aggregation operators is a topic that is being currently investigated by a number of researchers. The focus of this paper is on characterization of pairs of aggregation operators that are satisfying distributivity law where one of them is a commutative, associative aggregation operator with annihilator and the other one is a Mayor’s aggregation operator. The results presented here extend and upgrade some known research, e.g., results concerning distributivity between semi-uninorms and Mayor’s aggregation operators.
Understanding the Assembly Mechanism of Proteins from Monte Carlo Simulations

Understanding the molecular mechanism of the protein assembly still remains a challenge in the case of many biological systems. In this frame, the mechanism which drives RodA hydrophobins to self-assemble onto the surface of the conidia of the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus into highly ordered nanorods known as rodlets, is still unresolved. Here, AFM investigations were combined with Monte Carlo simulations to elucidate how these small amphiphilic proteins self-assemble into tightly packed rodlets and how they are further organized in nanodomains. It becomes that the assembly of RodA hydrophobins into rodlets and their parallel alignment within nanodomains result from their anisotropic properties. Monte Carlo simulations allowed us to confirm that anisotropic interactions between macromolecules are sufficient to drive them to assembly into rodlets prior to nanodomains formation. Better knowledge of the mechanism of hydrophobins assembly into rodlets offers new prospects for the development of novel strategies leading to inhibition of rodlet formation, which should allow more rapid detection of the conidia by the immune system.