Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CALIPSO-Derived Three-Dimensional Structure of Aerosol over the Atlantic Basin and Adjacent Continents

AbstractAccurate modeling of the impact of aerosols on climate requires a detailed understanding of the vertical distribution of aerosols. The Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) provides continuous high-resolution vertical profiles of aerosol properties on a near-global scale. Here the CALIPSO Vertical Feature Mask is used to document the three-dimensional (3D) frequency-of-occurrence distribution of aerosols over a broad region of the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, Europe, and the Americas. The 3D distributions illustrate the seasonal cycle in the zonal and meridional variability of the vertical profiles of mineral dust, biomass-burning smoke, polluted dust (external mixture of dust and smoke), and polluted continental aerosol, and also of their emissions sources and transport pathways. Four aerosol domains stand out in the product: dust over North Africa and the Middle East and smoke over southern Africa and South America. The transport pathways of African dust and smo.
E ﬀ ect of Jute Fibres on the Process of MICP and Properties of Biocemented Sand

: There has been increasing interest, in the past decade, in bio-mediated approaches to soil improvement for geotechnical applications. Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has been investigated asa potentially sustainable method for the strengthening and stabilisation of soil structures. This paper presents the results of a study on the e ﬀ ect of jute ﬁbres on both the MICP process and properties of biocemented sand. Ureolytic Sporosarcina pasteurii has been used to produce biocemented soil columns via MICP in the laboratory. Results showed that columns containing 0.75% (by weight of sand) untreated jute ﬁbres had unconﬁned compressive strengths approximately six times greater on average compared to biocemented sand columns without jute ﬁbres. Furthermore, e ﬃ ciency of chemical conversion was found to be higher in columns containing jute ﬁbres, as measured using ion chromatography. Columns containing jute had calcimeter measured CaCO 3 contents at least three times those containing sand only. The results showed that incorporation of jute ﬁbres into the biocemented sand material had a beneﬁcial e ﬀ ect, resulting in stimulation of bacterial activity, thus sustaining the MICP process during the twelve-day treatment process. This study also explores the potential of jute ﬁbres in self-healing MICP systems.
Degassing of Trace Volatile Metals During the 2001 Eruption of Etna

This paper provides new data on sulfur, halogens, and minor and trace metal contents in airborne particulate matter from the Mt. Etna volcanic plume. Aerosol samples were collected by conventional filtration techniques before and during the summer 2001 eruption, in order to investigate relations between plume chemistry and volcano dynamics. Data analysis reveals that abundances of trace metals in the plume result from mixing of erosive and volatile components. The former is responsible for the contents of rare earth elements (REE), Ca, Ba, Sr, Ti, Sc, Y, Hf and Th; the latter contributes significantly to the abundance of Cs, Rb, Na and K, probably transported in the plume as metal halides, and Cd, Pb, Zn, Ge, Te, Mo, Re, Se, Sb, Sn, In, Bi, Tl, Cu and Au, associated with sulfur in plume particles. Enrichment factors show that plume particulate matter from the Monti Carcarazzi vent, which opened on the southern flank of the volcano in July 2001, is typically depleted in volatile trace elements with respect to the output from the summit crater, suggesting the secondary nature of the outpouring lavas. The decreasing trend observed throughout the eruption in the enrichment factors of most trace metals probably indicates a small-volume batch of magma with limited feed from depth.
Equatorial waves and warm pool displacements during the 1992–1998 El Niño Southern Oscillation events: Observation and modeling

In the equatorial Pacific, zonal displacements of the eastern edge of the warm pool represent an intrinsic manifestation of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, with numerous dynamical and biogeochemical consequences. Following a previous work dedicated to the 1986–1989 Geosat period, we focus on the 1992–1998 zonal displacements of the warm pool using mainly TOPEX/Poseidon data. We also used a simple linear model forced by monthly ERS winds to help in the interpretation of the results. We found that the 1992–1998 zonal displacements of the warm pool resulted mainly from horizontal advection by zonal current anomalies, through a combination of interannual equatorial Kelvin and first meridional mode Rossby waves. The interannual equatorial Kelvin waves were essentially wind forced in the western and central equatorial Pacific, with some minor contribution from reflected Rossby waves on the western Pacific boundary. In particular, westerly wind anomalies and the resulting downwelling Kelvin waves (entailing eastward surface current anomalies and thermocline deepening) contributed strongly to the onset of the 1993, 1994–1995 and 1997–1998 El Nino events. In contrast, easterly wind anomalies and the resulting upwelling Kelvin waves (with westward surface current anomalies and thermocline shoaling) played a role in stopping the 1993 El Nino and in shifting the 1994–1995 and 1997–1998 El Nino into La Nina events. Consistently with the 1987–1988 El Nino-La Nina scenario, two main downwelling Rossby wave packets, originating from eastern boundary reflections and wind forcing, crossed the entire basin in 1993 and 1994–1995. These waves favored the decay of the corresponding El Nino events, in the sense that their associated current anomalies contributed to shifting the displacements of the eastern edge of the warm pool from eastward to westward. Unlike what happened for the termination of the 1993 and 1994–1995 El Nino events, downwelling Rossby wave packets, mostly reflected from impinging Kelvin waves, did not propagate all the way to the western Pacific during the 1997–1998 El Nino. They stopped propagating in the central basin where they met unfavorable eastward migrating westerly wind anomalies which generated upwelling Rossby waves. Hence reflected downwelling and wind-forced upwelling Rossby waves opposed each other for shifting the eastern edge of the warm pool. The rapid demise of the 1997–1998 El Nino and its shift into La Nina in mid-1998 are interpreted as resulting mainly from the effect of upwelling Kelvin waves forced by easterly wind anomalies occurring in the west from the end of 1997. The associated thermocline shoaling was further enhanced by the wind-forced upwelling Rossby waves in the central basin in mid-1998, strongly influencing the fast sea surface temperature (SST) cooling at times when the thermocline was very close to the surface at the end of the mature phase of the 1997–1998 El Nino.
Intercultural Sensitivity and Conflict Management Styles in Cross-Cultural Organizational Situations

Increased cultural diversity in work places has aroused considerable attention to conflict management and intercultural sensitivity. However, few studies have investigated these two concepts together. The present study aims to bridge the gap in this line of research with an examination between intercultural sensitivity and conflict management styles in a hypothetical cross-cultural organizational situation. The results from 253 participants indicate that significantly positive and negative relationships exist among the dimensions of the two concepts. Limitations and
Emergent gravity in galaxies and in the Solar System

It was recently proposed that the effects usually attributed to particle dark matter on galaxy scales are due to the displacement of dark energy by baryonic matter, a paradigm known as emergent gravity. This formalism leads to predictions similar to modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) in spherical symmetry, but not quite identical. In particular, it leads to a well defined transition between the Newtonian and the modified gravitational regimes, a transition depending on both the Newtonian acceleration and its first derivative with respect to radius. Under the hypothesis of the applicability of this transition to aspherical systems, we investigate whether it can reproduce observed galaxy rotation curves. We conclude that the formula leads to marginally acceptable fits with strikingly low best-fit distances, low stellar mass-to-light ratios, and a low Hubble constant. In particular, some unobserved wiggles are produced in rotation curves because of the dependence of the transition on the derivative of the Newtonian acceleration, leading, even in the most favorable case, to systematically less good fits than MOND. Then, applying the predicted transition from emergent gravity in a regime where it should a priori be applicable, i.e. in spherical symmetry and outside of the bulk of matter, we show that the predictions for the secular advances of Solar System planets’ perihelia are discrepant with the data by seven orders of magnitude, ruling out the present emergent gravity weak-field formula with high confidence.
Serial Recognition: The Importance of Randomization

The neighbourhood size effect refers to the finding of better memory for words with more orthographic/phonological neighbours than otherwise comparable words with fewer neighbours. Although many studies have replicated this result with serial recall, only one has used serial recognition. Greeno et al. (2022) found no neighbourhood size effect when a large stimulus pool was used and a reverse effect -- better performance for small neighbourhood words -- when a small stimulus pool was used. We re-examined these results but made two methodological changes. First, for the large pool, we randomly generated lists for each subject rather than creating one set of lists that all subjects experienced. Second, for the small pool, we randomly generated a small pool for each subject rather than using one small pool for all subjects. In both cases, we observed a neighbourhood size effect consistent with results from the serial recall literature. Implications for methodology and for theoretical accounts of both the neighbourhood size effect and serial recognition are discussed.
Thermospheric tidal effects on the ionospheric midlatitude summer nighttime anomaly using SAMI3 and TIEGCM

This paper is the first study to employ a three‐dimensional physics‐based ionosphere model, SAMI3, coupled with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM) and Global Scale Wave Model to simulate the mesospheric and lower thermospheric tidal effects on the development of midlatitude summer nighttime anomaly (MSNA). Using this coupled model, the diurnal variation of MSNA electron densities at 300 km altitude is simulated on both June solstice (day of year (DOY) 167) and December solstice (DOY 350) in 2007. Results show successful reproduction of the southern hemisphere MSNA structure including the eastward drift feature of the southern MSNA, which is not reproduced by the default SAMI3 runs using the neutral winds provided by the empirical Horizontal Wind Model 93 neutral wind model. A linear least squares algorithm for extracting tidal components is utilized to examine the major tidal component affecting the variation of southern MSNA. Results show that the standing diurnal oscillation component dominates the vertical neutral wind manifesting as a diurnal eastward wave‐1 drift of the southern MSNA in the local time frame. We also find that the stationary planetary wave‐1 component of vertical neutral wind can cause diurnal variation of the summer nighttime electron density enhancement around the midlatitude ionosphere.
Angiotensin II-induced hypertension is associated with a selective inhibition of EDHF-mediated responses in the rat mesenteric artery

Hypertension has been shown to be associated with impaired endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)-mediated arterial relaxation and hyperpolarization. Treatments of hypertensive rats with inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system have been shown to restore both EDHF-mediated responses and the expression of connexins involved in the intercellular transfer of the hyperpolarization, in mesenteric arteries. The present study was designed to determine whether chronic treatment of rats with angiotensin II impairs EDHF-mediated responses and the expression of connexins in the mesenteric arterial wall. Male Wistar rats were treated with angiotensin II (0.4 mg/kg/day) during 21 days using osmotic mini-pumps. Arterial pressure was measured by tail-cuff plethysmography. Contractile responses and membrane potential were measured in isolated mesenteric arteries. The expression of the three connexins Cx37, Cx40 and Cx43 was quantified in segments of mesenteric arteries by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real time RT-PCR.
The development of periglacial geomorphology: 1‐ up to 1965

The earliest observations upon cold, non‐glacial processes and phenomena were made in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by the European explorers of the vast sub‐arctic regions of North America and Eurasia. The initial beginnings of periglacial geomorphology can be traced to Lozinski and the participants of the XI International Geological Congress excursion to Spitzbergen in 1910–11. The real growth in periglacial geomorphology occurred in the two decades after the Second World War. By the mid‐1960s periglacial geomorphology was recognized as a descriptive branch of climatic geomorphology. There were two broad sub‐categories: (i) Pleistocene and Quaternary studies dealing largely with the mid‐latitudes, and (ii) present‐day process studies conducted in the sub‐arctic and arctic regions of North America and Scandinavia. Permafrost studies were being conducted in relative isolation in North America and the Soviet Union, not only to each other, but also to mainstream periglacial geomorphology. The merging of all these interests, and the development of quantitative, process‐oriented studies aimed at understanding periglacial landforms did not come about for several more decades. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential of Nb 2 O 5 nano�bers in photocatalytic response for organic pollutants remediation

Due to the pollution caused by different organic pollutants, various photocatalytic nanomaterials for environmental remediation have been promoted. In this study, Nb 2 O 5 nano�bers were obtained by electrospinning technique, presenting controlled crystallinity and high speci�c surface area to improve the photoactivity response. The structural characterization indicated Nb 2 O 5 nano�bres with orthorhombic phase formation, and the photoluminescence measurements showed different energy levels contributing to the electronic transition events. The nano�bers with a bandgap up to 3.6 eV were applied to photocatalysis of dyes [Rhodamine B (RhB) or Methylene Blue (MB)], and Prozac®, listed as an emergent pollutant. In the optimized condition (pH = 9), the RhB and MB photocatalysis was 59% and 93% more e�cient than photolysis due to ζ = − 50 ± 5 mV for EtOH_550 sample that increased the interaction with MB (cationic) compared to RhB unprotonated (pKa = 3.7). Therefore, Prozac® (pKa = 10.7) was selected due to protonated form at pH = 9 and showed 68% ±1 adsorption in 30 min for EtOH_550. The Prozac® photocatalytic degradation under UV light irradiation was up to 17% higher than the photolytic degradation. The formation of hydroxyl radicals in the photocatalytic system (EtOH_550) was proven by the Coumarine probe assay, corroborating with the greater amount of α-[2-(Methylamino)ethyl]benzylalcohol (MAEB), a by-product obtained after Prozac® oxidation. Additionally, the material achieved speci�c catalytic activity for the different organic compounds (RhB, MB, or Prozac®), showing that only using dyes may not be ideal to conclude the great material applicability in environmental remediation studies. Therefore, Nb 2 O 5 nano�bers were e�cient for the degradation of three different pollutants under UV light, proving to be a viable alternative for environmental remediation.
Therapeutic immunization with a whole cell vaccine reduces pneumococcal nasopharyngeal density, shedding, and middle ear infection in mice

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCVs) have substantially reduced the burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus). However, protection is limited to vaccine serotypes, and when administered to children who are colonized with pneumococci at the time of vaccination, immune responses to the vaccine are blunted. Here, we investigate the potential of a killed whole cell pneumococcal vaccine (WCV) to reduce existing pneumococcal carriage and mucosal disease when given therapeutically to infant mice colonized with pneumococci. We show that a single dose of WCV reduced pneumococcal carriage density in an antibody-dependent manner. Therapeutic vaccination induced robust immune responses to pneumococcal surface antigens CbpA, PspA (family 1) and PiaA. In a co-infection model of otitis media, a single dose of WCV reduced pneumococcal middle ear infection. Lastly, in a two-dose model, therapeutic administration of WCV reduced nasal shedding of pneumococci. Taken together, our data demonstrate that WCV administered in colonized mice reduced pneumococcal density in the nasopharynx and the middle ear, and decreased shedding. A vaccine with similar properties in children would be beneficial in low and middle-income settings where pneumococcal carriage is high. Importance Although typically asymptomatic, pneumococcal carriage plays an essential role in transmission and the development of disease. Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCVs) have reduced the burden of pneumococcal disease worldwide. However, their use has increased carriage and disease caused by non-vaccine serotypes, prompting investigations into serotype-independent pneumococcal vaccines. An additional limitation of PCVs is immune hypo-responsiveness to vaccines in children carrying pneumococci at the time of vaccination. Therefore, there is great interest in next generation vaccines such as whole cell vaccines. In this study we investigate a pneumococcal whole cell vaccine (WCV) for it effect on carriage in mice that are already colonized at the time of vaccination. We show that this ‘therapeutic’ vaccination of mice can reduce pneumococcal carriage density, shedding and infection of the middle ear. Our study suggests that WCV could be beneficial in high burden settings where carriage at the time of vaccination is more common.
Space Intersection From Ers‐1 Synthetic Aperture Radar Images

On presente dans cet article, de facon breve, le determination de donnees a trois dimensions a partir de l'imagerie du radar a synthese d'ouverture (RSO) du satellite europeen ERS-1. On s'appuie pour cela sur un algorithme rigoureux d'intersection dans l'espace, utilisable dans diverses combinaisons et configurations geometriques, avec des couples composes d'images saisies du meme cote de la trace ou des cotes opposes. Les auteurs proposent un modele d'erreur simple permettant de valider la qualite des differentes configurations radargrammetriques. Les resultats experimentaux illustrent les possibilites et les limites de ce moyen de determination d'informations tridimensionnelles a partir d'images-satellite RSO, que l'on utilise ou non des points d'appui au sol. Dans l'etat actuel des choses, l'imagerie RSO de ERS-1 a un role complementaire dans la cartographie spatiale : elle ne se contente pas de fournir un nouveau moyen de voir la terre mais constitue un autre outil pour la cartographie.
On-site system effluent source tracking using geochemical and microbial tracers in a coastal catchment

1 CHAPTER 1 . 5 INTRODUCTION. 5 1.1 BACKGROUND . 5 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES. 10 1.3 THESIS STRUCTURE. 14 CHAPTER 2 . 16 WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT AND EFFLUENT TRACING . 16 2.1 ON-SITE SEWAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. 16 2.2 TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS OF CONCERN . 21 2.2.1 Nitrogen . 24 2.2.2 Phosphorus . 28 2.2.3 Pathogenic and Indicator Microorganisms . 30 2.3 CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS. 38 2.3.1 Septic System Density and Buffer Distances. 42 2.3. 2 Risk Assessment. 44 2.4 EFFLUENT TRACING AND SOURCE IDENTIFICATION METHODS . 46 2.4. 1 Chemical Indicators. 46 2.4. 2 Added Organic Dyes and Tracers. 48 2.4. 3 Microbiological Methods. 54 2.4. 4 Faecal Biomarkers . 60 2.4. 5 Other Tracing Methods. 62 CHAPTER 3 . 64 STUDY AREA AND PREVIOUS MONITORING . 64 3.1 ENVIRONMENT . 64
Whom Do We Trust ?: A Comparative Study on Reliance between Chatbot and Human Assistance

Conversational agents, such as chatbots, can potentially improve professional lives by streamlining existing workflows. In a recent study, we investigated how people rely on advice from chatbots compared to advice from humans. We found that participants were more likely to follow the advice of a chatbot, with 64% compliance compared to 31% with a human. Our study also showed participants were more engaged when working with a human assistant. These findings have important implications for implementing conversational agents in various settings.
Postglacial Vegetation and Fire History in the Chirripó Páramo of Costa Rica

Abstract Pollen and charcoal analysis of a 5.6-m sediment core from Lago de las Morrenas (9°29′N, 83°29′W; 3480 m) provides evidence of postglacial vegetation and fire history in the highlands of the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica. The site is presently surrounded by treeless páramo vegetation and apparently has been so since deglaciation about 10,000 yr B.P. Pollen spectra suggest no pronounced changes in vegetation since ice retreat. Fires set by people or lightning have burned the páramo repeatedly, with fire activity probably highest during the late Holocene, but these fires have not carved páramo from forest. Pollen percentages for Gramineae and other páramo taxa decline upward, whereas percentages for certain subalpine, lower montane, and lowland forest taxa increase slightly; these changes may reflect the impact of prehistoric human activity or slight upslope migrations of forest taxa owing to climatic warming. There is no clear evidence of higher timberlines during the mid-Holocene.
Stratigraphical influences on the limestone hydrogeology of the Wye catchment, Derbyshire

Abstract Recent hydrogeological investigation of the catchment of the River Wye, Derbyshire (UK) has shown that published views of the local and regional hydrogeology lack sophistication. A conceptual model of the catchment hydrogeology has been formulated using the results of water tracing experiments, water chemistry and borehole hydrograph analyses, together with detailed consideration of bedrock lithology, geological structure and karstic process. The model highlights previously unrecognized differences in the hydrogeological behaviour of the distinct bedrock units. In conjunction with an assessment of the structural setting, the underlying stratigraphical differences assist in understanding the distribution, density and form of the springs in the catchment. A similar approach might assist understanding of the hydrogeology of other karstic aquifers.