Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
VECHR: A Dataset for Explainable and Robust Classification of Vulnerability Type in the European Court of Human Rights

Recognizing vulnerability is crucial for understanding and implementing targeted support to empower individuals in need. This is especially important at the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), where the court adapts Convention standards to meet actual individual needs and thus ensures effective human rights protection. However, the concept of vulnerability remains elusive at the ECtHR and no prior NLP research has dealt with it. To enable future research in this area, we present VECHR, a novel expert-annotated multi-label dataset comprising of vulnerability type classification and explanation rationale. We benchmark the performance of state-of-the-art models on VECHR from both prediction and explainability perspectives. Our results demonstrate the challenging nature of the task with lower prediction performance and limited agreement between models and experts. Further, we analyze the robustness of these models in dealing with out-of-domain (OOD) data and observe overall limited performance. Our dataset poses unique challenges offering significant room for improvement regarding performance, explainability, and robustness.
Estimating Cloud Field Albedo Using One-Dimensional Series Of Optical Depth

Abstract This study examines the ability to estimate regional cloud albedo using 1D series of cloud optical depth τ similar to those inferred from ground-based microwave radiometers. The investigation has two facets: use of appropriate radiative transfer algorithms and adequate portrayal of cloud structure. Using 1024 × 1024 pixel arrays of τ inferred from 28.5-m resolution Landsat data, regional albedos and albedos along individual scanlines are computed by a 3D Monte Carlo (MC) photon transport algorithm. Assuming the scanlines to be proxies for 1D series of τ a 2D MC algorithm and the Independent Pixel Approximation (IPA) are used to compute albedos for scanlines of various lengths and resolutions. Regarding the appropriateness of doing radiative transfer calculations on a 1D series of τ, it is shown that for 1D series of τ containing 1024 pixels (∼30 km), lack of information about cloud structure adjacent to the series yields root-mean-square errors for 2D MC albedos of about 2% for a stratocumulus an.
Different Results for the Equilibrium Phases of Cerium above 5 GPa

The phases of cerium above 5GPa have been studied using angle-dispersive powder diffraction techniques. The phase obtained between 5 and 12GPa at room temperature with filings of Ce has a monoclinic, distorted-fcc structure with four atoms in a C-face-centered unit cell. Heating to 373K for many hours yields the known {alpha}-U phase. With a single cut piece as a sample, the {alpha}-U phase is obtained at room temperature. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
On the growth of mushroomlike structures in nonlinear spatially developing Goertler vortex flow

Spatially developing longitudinal vortices, originating from upstream Goertler vortices, are studied by a finite‐difference algorithm. Three‐dimensional parabolized Navier–Stokes equations for a ‘‘slightly’’ concave wall and a thin boundary layer are used, in conjunction with the total (mean plus perturbation) flow quantities as dependent variables. The behavior of Goertler vortex development from the linear region to the fully nonlinear region was obtained just prior to the development of secondary instabilities and turbulence. Comparisons with the experiments are discussed, showing the development of mushroomlike features in the streamwise velocity component.
Nuclear Spin Temperature and Deuterium-to-Hydrogen Ratio of Methane in Comet C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)

We carried out high-dispersion, spectroscopic observations of comet C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) in the near-infrared with the 8 m Subaru telescope and detected the R-branch emission series of the ν3 vibrational band of methane. The signal-to-noise ratio of the observed spectrum was sufficient to make the first determination of the nuclear spin temperature of methane, derived to be 33 K, which reflects the temperature of formation or condensation of molecules on cold grains. The upper limit of the CH3D/CH4 ratio was determined to be 0.04 (95% confidence limit), indicating the formation of methane in a dense molecular cloud at temperatures higher than about 30 K. On the basis of these observational results, we conclude that the Sun was born in a warm molecular cloud near 30 K, not in a cold dark cloud near 10 K, as is usually assumed.
Fifth Grade Students' Experiences Participating in Active Gaming in Physical Education: The Persistence to Game

Although video games are often associated with sedentary behaviors, active gaming is a new genre that requires children to become physically active while playing the games. In this study six fifth grade students' experiences participating in active gaming in eight-week physical education classes were explored. Qualitative methods of interviews, journal entries, and observational field notes were employed. Analysis of data reveals a major theme of students’ “Persistence to Game” (P2G) when participating in active gaming during physical education, and seven subthemes associated with the major theme were identified. Both Play theory and Flow theory were used to explain the major theme and seven subthemes that emerged. The findings of this study suggest that active gaming can be used in 21st century physical education class to increase children’s physical activity levels.
Simulating Thermal Noise

Thermal noise measurements by space-borne antennas are commonly used to determine plasma parameters like the electron density and the plasma temperature from the noise spectra. It would be desirable to have a controlled experiment in which noise from a plasma with known properties is sampled in space and in time and which results can then be used to reproduce the satellite measurements. Here we examine the possibility to use particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations as such an experiment. In this work we present a statistically averaged noise spectrum computed with a PIC code for a simple single-Maxwellian and unmagnetized electron plasma and we compare it to both, the thermal noise spectrum for the corresponding real plasma and the noise spectrum we would anticipate from our numerical scheme. We find that we can produce noise fields with sufficiently low amplitudes to keep the plasma in a linear regime. We show that the simulation noise at low and at large wave numbers differs not only from thermal noise of a physical plasma but also from the numerical noise we would expect from our numerical scheme. We explain the drop of the noise power at low wave numbers by our initial conditions. We find experimentally the relation that connects the theoretical noise spectrum for our simulation code with that we actually measure, provided that the phase velocity of the noise is less than the maximum velocity of the computational particles.
Ultrasonic and Histopathological Changes of Umbilical Cord in Pregestational Diabetic Pregnant Women

To explore morphological and structural effects of pregestational diabetes on the umbilical vein to provide a theoretical basis for fetal development in comparison to normal pregnancy. A prospective case–control observational study was done on 100 pregnant women who visited Al-Zahraa University Hospital. Their gestational ages varied from 28 to 40 weeks, while their ages ranged from 20 to 40. During the period from January 2021to December 2021. The chosen topics were split into two groups: Group I [control group] (n=50) consisted of 50 healthy pregnant women without any complication or any medical disorders. [Study group] Group II (n=50): This group consisted of 50 pregestational diabetic pregnant women (Type 1 and Type 2). Sonography was used to determine the diameter of the umbilical cord and the diameters of the umbilical veins, as well as the surface area of Wharton's jelly. A total of 100 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens were gathered and prepared. In this research, there was a greatly statistically relevant variance in umbilical cord diameter (p=0.000), umbilical artery diameter (p = 0.000), umbilical vein diameter (p= 0.000), and Wharton's jelly between the two groups (p 0.000). Microscopic study of diabetic UC samples showed considerable Wharton's Jelly bleeding next to a vein, perivascular and intraparietal hemorrhage with wall dissection. The UC vein of diabetic samples showed dilatation and hemorrhage compared to that of control group. Measurements of umbilical cord, umbilical vein and umbilical arteries diameter and Wharton’s jelly surface area can be used as an additional sonographic tool for assessing maternal and fetal health.
Turbulent spots in plane Poiseuille flow : measurements of the velocity field

An experimental study on the development of turbulent spots in plane Poiseuille flow at a Reynolds number of 1600 has been carried out with the aim of achieving a better understanding of the transition to and maintenance of turbulence at low Reynolds numbers. Spots were triggered by a loudspeaker‐induced jet of high velocity. The initial disturbance was found to undergo a first stage of rapid expansion, in which sharp internal shear layers form at locations away from the symmetry plane and precede the transition to turbulence. After this initial stage, a nearly self‐similar structure develops with the typical features of a turbulent spot. The general features, turbulent properties, and spanwise spreading of the spot were investigated and compared both to previous experimental data and to numerical simulations. High‐frequency fluctuations are absent at the front of the spot, whereas the turbulence is apparently self‐sustained at the rear and displays features similar to fully turbulent Poiseuille flow at m.
Effects of Derivatization on the Metabolite Profiling of the Cadmium-Tolerant Mangrove Fungus Trichoderma atroviride Using GC-MS Analysis

The mangrove fungus Trichoderma atroviride was found to be tolerant to the heavy metal cadmium and it is of high interest to profile its metabolites to gain insight into its response to cadmium toxicity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of derivatization agents on the number and types of metabolites present in the cadmium-tolerant T. atroviride, detected using GC-MS analysis. The intracellular and extracellular metabolites of T. atroviride treated with cadmium for ten days were derivatized using silylation and alkylation reactions. The results showed that a higher number of metabolites were identified when the three different derivatization agents were used: BSTFA, TBDMSTFA, and MCF. More types of metabolites were identified by silylation, making it suitable for non-targeted metabolites profiling study. Silylation is efficient for the analysis of sugars and their derivatives while alkylation is suitable for a targeted study involving amino acids and organic acids. Statistical analysis for the data set of identified metabolites was performed using Metaboanalyst 3.0 followed by visualization using Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis. The plots showed clear separations of metabolites between the different types of derivatization agents and between control and cadmium-treated samples. A more comprehensive metabolite profile of T. atroviride obtained using different derivatization agents in this study, followed by distinct metabolites detected between control and treated samples, will provide good baseline information for future investigations including the pathways and biomarkers responsible for the fungal tolerance to cadmium toxicity.
Epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease in Egypt between 2006 and 2018

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a notifiable vector-borne disease transmitted by blood-feeding insects affecting cattle populations. LSD is a severe disease that is leading to economic losses. In this study, we displayed the prevalence of LSD in Egypt through retrospective and survey studies to point out the possible hazards of this serious disease. The 2006–2018 passive surveillance data were obtained from OIE-Wahis . A survey was conducted on 326 cattle, collected from 40 villages in 2017, using a structured questionnaire. Between 2006 and 2018, a total of 577 positive LSD outbreaks were reported. For spatial distribution, the Delta region showed the highest significant prevalence of 88% in the 2006 outbreak. Afterwards, Upper Egypt recorded the highest LSD prevalence between 2014 and 2018. The temporal distribution showed an alternative seasonal prevalence of LSD. In the cross-sectional study, the Delta had the highest prevalence, followed by Upper Egypt. Between the seasons, autumn had the highest prevalence followed by winter. Animals over the age of two years had the highest prevalence of risk factors. Dairy animals had a high significant prevalence. Housing animals in the open, the presence of farms near markets and repeated visits to markets, all had a high prevalence. The abundance of biting-flies significantly increased the prevalence. Almost all of the farmers were significantly unaware of the disease. The absence of periodic cleaning, animal isolation, and proper carcass disposal, all significantly increased LSD prevalence especially in unvaccinated animals. In conclusion, the retrospective and cross-sectional studies showed that LSD is an endemic disease with both spatial and temporal distributions. In addition, the survey pointed out the husbandry and biosecurity breaches that magnify LSD prevalence. Therefore, raising disease awareness and applying strategic prevention and control measures are the practical pillars against LSD.
DETERMINANTS OF ISLAMIC BANK'S NET INCOME IN MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES

– Income is one of the most important performance indicators for Islamic banks; the higher the income, the better their performances. Among all Islamic financial institutions worldwide, Islamic banks in the Middle East are listed as having the largest assets and income. This study examined how inflation, total assets, foreign investment (FDI), and gross domestic product (GDP) affect Islamic bank net income in the Middle East. The research objects are Islamic banks in the Middle East, with the criteria being the oldest Islamic banks with the largest assets, as determined by the IFSB report. The data were collected on an annual basis (2005-2021) and analyzed with the Panel Vectorautoregressive method. The results show that the current income of Islamic banks will have both positive and negative effects one year earlier. Meanwhile, gross domestic product had a negative impact on the net income of Islamic banks in Middle Eastern countries during the previous two years, whereas total assets had a positive impact during the same time period. In addition, neither inflation nor FDI has any effect on net income. The accumulated assets of Islamic banks in the Middle East are substantial and can be used to increase their net income. Additionally, the GDP has a negative impact on the net income of Islamic banks. This demonstrates that enhancement income from the public did not flow to Islamic banks, but rather was redirected to safer, more profitable, and less risky sectors, such as mutual funds, real estate, and stocks. Therefore, an increase in GDP as well as total assets is necessary in order to increase Islamic banks' net income in the Middle East.
The Influence of The Value Clarification Technique (VCT) Learning Model and The National Insight on The Character of Elementary School Students

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of character and morals of elementary school students who are increasingly being degraded after the COVID-19 pandemic. Distance learning is the main trigger that causes students to become more passive in interacting with the surrounding environment. The main objective of this research is to find a new paradigm in post-COVID-19 learning that is able to improve the character of elementary school students after distance learning. The specific objectives of this study are 1) to analyze the effect of the Value Clarification Technique (VCT) learning model on the character of elementary school students; 2) Analyzing the differences in the character of students based on the level of national insight; and 3) Analyzing the interaction between the VCT learning model and national insight in influencing students' character. This research was conducted at SDN PAB 16 Klambir V, Hamparan Perak District. The research instrument uses a national insight test and a student character score questionnaire that has been validated by experts. The data analysis technique used Two Way Anova. The results showed that 1) the use of the Value Clarification Technique (VCT) learning model had a positive effect on increasing student character values after the COVID-19 pandemic; 2) The character of students with high national insight is better than the character of students with low national insight; and 3) There is an interaction between the Value Clarification Technique (VCT) learning model and national insight in influencing the character of elementary school students after the COVID-19 pandemic.
Butterfly Effects of SGD Noise: Error Amplification in Behavior Cloning and Autoregression

This work studies training instabilities of behavior cloning with deep neural networks. We observe that minibatch SGD updates to the policy network during training result in sharp oscillations in long-horizon rewards, despite negligibly affecting the behavior cloning loss. We empirically disentangle the statistical and computational causes of these oscillations, and find them to stem from the chaotic propagation of minibatch SGD noise through unstable closed-loop dynamics. While SGD noise is benign in the single-step action prediction objective, it results in catastrophic error accumulation over long horizons, an effect we term gradient variance amplification (GVA). We show that many standard mitigation techniques do not alleviate GVA, but find an exponential moving average (EMA) of iterates to be surprisingly effective at doing so. We illustrate the generality of this phenomenon by showing the existence of GVA and its amelioration by EMA in both continuous control and autoregressive language generation. Finally, we provide theoretical vignettes that highlight the benefits of EMA in alleviating GVA and shed light on the extent to which classical convex models can help in understanding the benefits of iterate averaging in deep learning.
Feature Pyramid biLSTM: Using Smartphone Sensors for Transportation Mode Detection

The widespread utilization of smartphones has provided extensive availability to Inertial Measurement Units, providing a wide range of sensory data that can be advantageous for the detection of transportation modes. The objective of this study is to propose a novel end-to-end approach to effectively explore a reduced amount of sensory data collected from a smartphone to achieve accurate mode detection in common daily traveling activities. Our approach, called Feature Pyramid biLSTM (FPbiLSTM), is characterized by its ability to reduce the number of sensors required and processing demands, resulting in a more efficient modeling process without sacrificing the quality of the outcomes than the other current models. FPbiLSTM extends an existing CNN biLSTM model with the Feature Pyramid Network, leveraging the advantages of both shallow layer richness and deeper layer feature resilience for capturing temporal moving patterns in various transportation modes. It exhibits an excellent performance by employing the data collected from only three out of seven sensors, i.e. accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers, in the 2018 Sussex-Huawei Locomotion (SHL) challenge dataset, attaining a noteworthy accuracy of 95.1% and an F1-score of 94.7% in detecting eight different transportation modes.
A density functional theory study on the electronic and magnetic properties of (Mn,N)-codoped ZnO

A first-principles study has been performed to evaluate the electronic and magnetic properties of the Zn1-xMnxO1-yNy system. Doping Mn atoms introduces local magnetic moments, while doping N atoms introduces carriers. It is worth noting that intrinsic Mn-doped ZnO favors antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering, and this cannot be changed by raising Mn ions concentration continuously. However, by the codoping N and Mn, it is possible to change the ground state from no-metallic AFM to half-metallic ferromagnetic (FM) and make ZnO as a dilute magnetic semiconductor. We have succeeded in describing the change (from AFM to FM) by using the magnetic interaction that is hole-mediated FM due to the hybridization between N 2p and Mn 3d states. Furthermore, the most stable configurations are found to be -O-Mn-N-Mn-O-. Our results are in good agreement with other theoretical results that are additional holes carriers is one of the possible mechanisms.
A Cross-sectional Study to Evaluate the Acceptance of Non-pharmacological Interventions to Control Anaemia among Adolescent Girls and Lactating Mothers in a District of Gujarat, India

Background: To combat Iron deficiency anemia, an innovative pilot project, anemia prevention among adolescent girls and lactating mothers through nonpharmacological measures has been started at few places in Gujarat. To evaluate the acceptability of intervention kits provided to the beneficiaries. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study design where 182 beneficiaries were randomly selected for interview from 12 randomly selected Anganwadi centers of intervention taluka of Junagadh district. Results: Information Education and Communication (IEC) material though available was unread by majority of beneficiaries. Iron utensils were used by 65% of beneficiaries for cooking. Only few beneficiaries (7%) daily use the provided moringa powder. Only half of the beneficiaries (53%) had grown some of the crops from the kitchen garden kit provided and knowledge of beneficiaries regarding iron-rich food was satisfactory in less than one-fifth (19%) of them. Conclusion: Study results concluded that providing nonpharmacological material is of little use until beneficiaries were properly guided and motivated by regular follow-up visits and addressing their problems; otherwise, it just stands as a mere matter of rock only.
Growth Prediction of Under-5 Children Using Statistical Models for Eastern Region of India

Background: Percentile curves are often used to assess variances in children's growth pattern. This study is aimed at explaining effect of the respondents' sociodemographic characteristics on under-5 children's birth weight and identifying most suitable models, out of 11 statistical models reviewed, for estimating children's growth in terms of height and weight of a given birth-weight category and obtain estimated growth curves. Material and Methods: The study used National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4 data from four Eastern States of India, consisting of 54,075 under-5 children. Estimated growth curves were obtained, using best-fit models. Results: Birth weight was found to be associated with children's age, gender, birth order, body mass index, mother's education, living place and wealth index. Two models – Cubic Model and Power Model – showed best fit to the height and weight measurements. We obtained estimated growth curves of boys and girls for a given birth-weight category. Conclusions: All socio-demographic factors studied, except respondent's occupation, were associated with children's birth weight. Cubic and Power Models were most suitable for assessing growth in terms of height and weight of boys and girls, belonging to a given birth-weight category.