Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hankel transform filters for dipole antenna radiation in a conductive medium

We discuss the Hankel transforms related to a particular application, i.e. the dipole antenna radiation in conductive media, such as the antenna radiation in sea‐bed electromagnetic applications. In this application, the electromagnetic wavefields decay very rapidly with distance. A good filter means that it can be used to evaluate weak fields.
HLA-DR genotypes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in Taiwan

Background: Different human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR genotypes have been known to be associated with the risk of development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in different populations, although Lu et al. have reported previously that no correlation exists between the HLA-DR genotype and disease manifestation in SLE patients in Taiwan. We investigated the effects different HLA-DR genotypes had on SLE incidence in Taiwanese patients as to whether risk alleles were associated with different clinical manifestations, and the effects risk alleles had on the age of disease onset. Methods: Two hundred thirty-four SLE patients and 346 healthy controls were enrolled. HLA-DR genotyping was performed with the HLA FluoGene DRDQ kit for each subject. Chi-square tests and t tests were performed for statistical analysis. Results: HLA-DR2 was significantly more frequently found in SLE patients than in controls (odds ratio [OR] = 2.05, 95% CI, 1.44-2.92, p < 0.001). Notably, HLA-DR6 appeared to trend toward negative correlation with SLE, whereas HLA-DR8 appeared to trend toward positive correlation. HLA-DR2 patients had an earlier onset of disease as well as a higher prevalence of oral ulcer, avascular necrosis of bone, and renal involvement (lupus nephritis). Conclusion: HLA-DR2 was associated with SLE susceptibility in this Taiwanese population as well as lower age of disease onset and more severe clinical manifestations.
Parameterizations of Depositional Growth of Cloud Ice in a Bulk Microphysical Scheme

Two aspects of the cloud ice parameterization in the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble Model cloud physics parameterization are examined: the conversion of cloud ice to snow by depositional growth, designated PSFI, and the saturation adjustment scheme. The original formulation of PSFI is shown to produce excessive conversion of cloud ice to snow because of an implicit assumption that the relative humidity is 100% with respect to water even though the air may actually be quite less humid. Two possible corrections to this problem are proposed, the first involving application of a relative humidity dependent correction factor to the original formulation of PSFI, and the second involving a new formulation of PSFI based on the equation for depositional growth of cloud ice. The sensitivity of these formulations of PSFI to the assumed masses of the ice particles is examined. Possible problems associated with using a saturation adjustment scheme for cloud ice are discussed and simulations of a squall line with and without application of the adjustment scheme for ice are compared.
Sustainability of Rural Land Use Based on an Integrated Tourism Model in Mae Kampong Village, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand

This paper recreates an appropriate tourism model to sustain rural land use in Mae Kampong village, Chiang Mai province, Thailand. The study focuses on the village’s current land use and existing tourism management. The data, collected by interview and field observation, were analyzed and compared with tourism trends in the area for modification into an integrated tourism model for sustainable rural land use. In this paper, the sustainability of rural land use is shown to derive from the maintenance and increase of community capital, including natural, human, social, financial or built, and cultural capital. These categories of capital can also be comparably merged with four elements of rural land use sustainability, ecological, economic, social, and cultural sustainability as a conceptual framework for an integrated tourism model. Land use in Mae Kampong village can be sustained by the existing tourism management model, which has been integrated mainly by community-based tourism and ecotourism. Recently, however, long-stay tourism and health tourism have arisen with the possibility of creating new resources and generating new wealth from tourism and rural land use, such as an increase in rental houses and resort hotels, the development of health products from forest tea, and the organic local food served to tourists in homestays. The recreated tourism model, therefore, is integrated by four types of tourism, community-based, long-stay, health, and ecotourism, so as to achieve a higher living standard which attributed the overall rural land use sustainability to four components of its sustainability.
Exploring the predictability of the ‘Short Rains’ at the coast of East Africa

The boreal autumn ‘Short Rains’ at the coast of East Africa are deficient when there is weak development of a zonal circulation cell along the Indian Ocean equator, an anomalously low sea‐surface temperature in the western portion of the basin, and in the high phase of the southern oscillation. Such large‐scale circulation departures and their precursors are described by compact indices. September values of these indices for the period 1958–96 are used to explore the predictability of an index (RON) of October–November rainfall at the coast of East Africa. Regressions with cross‐validation over the entire 1958–96 period are evaluated for the early (1958–77) and late (1978–96) halves of the record. In complementary experiments, the entire record is separated into 1958–77 as a training period and 1978–96 as a verification period. In all experiments, correlation of calculated versus observed rainfall is high for the early record and low for the late half of the record, a behaviour not noted in cross‐validation over the entire 39 year time span. The 11‐year sliding correlations of the indicated circulation indices with RON all reveal a drastic deterioration of relationships from the early to the late half of the record, although the equatorial zonal circulation cell appears to remain strong throughout. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
THE ROLE OF FLOW IN THE SELF-ASSEMBLY OF DRAGLINE SPIDER SILK PROTEINS

Silk fibers are outstandingly tough biomaterials, a result of the controlled self-assembly of their protein building blocks, spidroins. The combination of extensibility and high tensile strength relies on the microscopic composition within the fiber: small and strong beta-sheet crystals formed mainly by poly-alanine repeats enclosed into a flexible amorphous matrix of glycinerich repeats. The internal molecular structure of silk proteins makes them sensitive to an elongational flow, which is a crucial factor for spider silk fiber spinning. However, the mechanism of flow-induced silk self-assembly, as well as the relevant dynamics of single silk proteins under flow remain largely unknown. In the present work, a bottom-up approach was used to study the dynamics and self-assembly of spider silk proteins under uniform flow conditions. We used non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study these processes at two scales, an atomistic model with explicit water, and a coarse-grained model with hydrodynamics incorporated by multi-particle collision dynamics. To be able to analyze the role of the flow on spider silk molecules atomistically, a prior implementation and systematic study of uniform flow MD simulations were carried out based on the GROMACS MD software. Subjecting a tethered single silk peptide to uniform flow leads to a coiled-to-stretch transition involving a multitude of intermediates states, the process of which depends on the mean flow velocity. The flow-induced structural changes of single spidroins exhibit a prominent tendency of alanine residues to be in beta-sheet conformation. All-atom simulations of the assembly process at low flow regimes revealed that the interchain contacts happen primarily in the poly-alanine repeats, which is a suitable condition for crystal formation and fibrillation. We also found beta-sheets formation at low flow regimes, confirming that flow promotes crystal formation. We complemented these findings to the more coarse-grained hydrodynamic simulations at aminoacid resolution, treating the silk proteins as semi-flexible block copolymers. We observed that the spidroins aggregate faster when they are less extended by monitoring oligomer formation in time. At medium peptide extensions (around 60-70%), the spidroin alignment increases, while their assembly slows down because of the reduced fluctuations orthogonal to the flow direction. The microscopic understanding of the spidroin dynamicsprovided in this work is likely relevant for other flow-dependent proteins.
Experiences of Help from the Perspective of Parents Whose Adolescent Is Harming Themselves or Has Died by Suicide

Abstract Adolescent self-harm or suicide are emotionally difficult for parents, thus also parents need help. This qualitative descriptive study aimed to produce knowledge on the experiences of help received by Finnish parents (n = 23) whose adolescent is harming themselves or has died by suicide. The parents received diverse help for themselves, and for their self-harming adolescent or the deceased adolescent’s sibling. Parents described negative experiences, but also factors that promoted their experience of help. There are many barriers to help related to the parents themselves, the adolescent, or to the social support system. Professional help should be easier to obtain and be based on the parents’ individual expectations.
MERITS OF STATISTICAL CRITERIA FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF HYDROLOGICAL MODELS1

: The performance of a hydrological model is usually assessed first by visual inspection of the measured and computed hydrographs. Numerous statistical criteria are available for numerical evaluations of model accuracy in each single year, in a particular season of the year, or in a sequence of years or seasons. In the last case, the problem of computing the overall result has to be considered. If too many criteria are used and the criteria are switched frequently, an assessment of a model's performance becomes difficult for a potential user. Therefore, this paper concentrates on just three criteria and their combined evaluation: The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient, which compares the model computed discharge with the average measured discharge; the “coefficient of gain from daily means” in which a uniform average discharge is replaced by daily average discharges; and the volumetric difference between the total measured and computed runoff. The three criteria are combined in a three dimensional representation that allows intercomparisons of model performance in a single diagram.
‘We were not allowed to gather even for Christmas.’ Impact of COVID-19 on South African young people: Exploring messaging and support

ABSTRACT COVID-19 prevention measures including lockdowns, school closures, and restricted movement disrupted young people’s lives. This longitudinal qualitative study conducted in Soweto, South Africa aimed to explore young people’s knowledge and perceptions of COVID-19, vaccination, and the impact of infections. A convenience sample of 30 young black people (n = 15 men; n = 15 women, aged 16–21 years) from Soweto participated in 24 focus group discussions (FGDs), conducted in six phases – each phase had four FGDs stratified by gender and age. Young people’s understanding of COVID-19 deepened throughout the study, however, did not always translate into adherence (following the government’s COVID-19 prevention measures). Although deemed inadequate, TV and radio were preferred over internet COVID-19 information. Parents, teachers, and schools were trusted sources of information. Vaccines and limited access to information attributed to low-risk perception, while new COVID-19 variants attributed to high-risk perception. A low-risk perception and conspiracy theories contributed to non-adherence (disregarding COVID-19 preventative measures provided by the government), particularly among young men. Accessing reliable information that considers young people’s lives and their living context is important. Communities, scientists, and policymakers must learn from the COVID-19 experience and implement localised preventive strategies for education, awareness, and economic support in future emergencies.
A cloud type classification with NOAA 7 split‐window measurements

A simple objective cloud type classification method has been developed, based on split-window measurements of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer on board the NOAA 7 satellite. Brightness temperature difference between the split-window data is a good parameter for the detection of cirrus and blackbody clouds. Two-dimensional histograms of brightness temperature of the 11-μm channel and the brightness temperature difference between the split-window data over (64 km)2 subareas are constructed. By selecting appropriate thresholds in the two-dimensional histogram, cirrus, dense cirrus, cumulonimbus, and cumulus clouds are classified over the tropical ocean. Cloud type classification maps were generated by this method for the western Pacific Ocean and were compared with the nephanalysis chart constructed at the Japan Meteorological Satellite Center from GMS data collected within 1 hour of the NOAA 7 observations. The comparison shows reasonable agreement. Fractional cloud cover for cirrus over each (64 km)2 subarea is calculated as the ratio of the number of samples which belong to the cirrus cloud type in the two-dimensional histogram to the number of total samples in the subarea. Fractional cloud cover estimations for cumulonimbus and low-level cumulus are also presented.
Patient Preferences and Perceptions of Provider Diversity in Orthopaedic Surgery

Background: Orthopaedic surgery in the U.S. historically has been among the least demographically diverse specialties in medicine. Currently, limited data exist on how patients perceive diversity within the field and what patients look for when choosing an orthopaedic surgeon. The purpose of this study was to identify specific patient preferences for surgeon demographics and understand patient perceptions of racial and gender diversity in orthopaedic surgery. Methods: Nonconsecutive patients from orthopaedic clinics affiliated with a U.S. academic health system voluntarily completed a 39-item questionnaire that surveyed basic demographic information, perception of diversity, racial and gender preferences during surgeon selection, and perception of health-care inequalities. Bivariate analyses were used to test the association between patient-surgeon demographic variables and ratings of diversity. Multiple regression models were used to identify independent predictors of overall perceived diversity ratings. Results: A total of 349 patients (80.6% White, 17.9% Black, and 1.5% other) were analyzed. Black patients were more likely to experience difficulty relating to their surgeon than White patients (11.48% versus 2.29%; odds ratio [OR], 5.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.55 to 21.1; p = 0.004). Moreover, Black patients were more likely to perceive racial bias from their surgeon than White patients (5.17% versus 0.37%; OR, 14.44; 95% CI, 1.14 to 766.29; p = 0.02). While the level of racial diversity perceived by White patients (2.57 of 10) was significantly higher than that perceived by Black patients (2.10 of 10) (p = 0.001), the absolute difference between these 2 figures was small, suggesting that both groups perceived racial diversity in orthopaedics to be low. White and Black patients differed in their importance ranking of a surgeon’s race (p < 0.0001): Black patients ranked a surgeon’s race with higher importance (mean, 3.49 of 10) when selecting a surgeon compared with White patients (1.45 of 10). Both male and female patients gave relatively low importance rankings for a surgeon’s gender (mean, 1.58 of 10 and 2.15 of 10, respectively, p = 0.02). Conclusions: Patients in this study did not perceive orthopaedic surgery as a diverse field (overall diversity rating, <3 of 10). There were significant racial and gender differences in patients’ preferences for specific physician characteristics when choosing an orthopaedic surgeon, which may help explain some instances of perceived racial bias and difficulty relating to their orthopaedic surgeon.
Novel Electrode Designs for Electrotactile Stimulation of the Finger: A Comparative Assessment

Electrotactile stimulation can be an attractive technology to restore tactile feedback in different application scenarios (e.g., virtual and augmented reality, tele-manipulation). This technology allows designing compact solutions with no mechanical elements that can integrate a high-density matrix of stimulation points. The present study introduced four novel multi-pad finger-electrode designs with different arrangements (two matrix and two circular) and shapes of active pads (producing sensation) and reference pads (ideally, no sensation produced below the pad). The electrodes were used to investigate the subjects’ ability to spatially discriminate active pads within phalanges individually (6–9 pads) as well as across the full finger (18–19 pads). The tests were conducted in 12 subjects and the results showed that all designs led to high success rates when applied to the fingertip (70–81%). When tested on the full finger, the matrix and circular designs were characterized with similar performance (54–57%), and when the phalanges were analyzed individually, the spatial discrimination was best at the fingertip. Additionally, new approaches for faster amplitude calibration were proposed and tested, demonstrating that calibration duration can be reduced by approximately 40% compared to the standard approach of calibrating single pads individually. Finally, discrimination tests of dynamic tactile patterns were conducted using circular and matrix designs on the fingertip and full finger, respectively. The tests showed that the different patterns generated by the two arrangements could be clearly discriminated, especially in the case of full-finger matrix-style patterns. The present study, therefore, provides several important insights that are relevant when delivering tactile feedback to the finger using an electrotactile interface.
Equinoctial asymmetries in the ionosphere and thermosphere observed by the MU radar

Annual variations of the ionosphere and thermosphere studied with the middle and upper atmosphere (MU) radar during the solar maximum period 1988–1992 show that the well-known seasonal anomaly in the electron density Ne exists only during daytime and at altitudes near the ionospheric peak and below. The observations also reveal the existence of equinoctial asymmetries in the ionosphere and thermosphere, with the asymmetry in the ionosphere changing its character with altitude during daytime. In the bottomside ionosphere the electron density Ne is slightly greater in September equinox than in March equinox. At higher altitudes the asymmetry reverses and becomes strong; the values of Ne in March equinox exceed those in September equinox by up to 100%. The electron temperature Te exhibits equinoctial asymmetries almost opposite those in Ne. The ion temperature Ti shows a weak asymmetry, in phase with the asymmetry in Ne. The field-aligned and field-perpendicular plasma velocities V‖ and V⊥ are also different in the two equinoxes. In the thermosphere the neutral wind and composition show consistent equinoctial asymmetries. The meridional component of the daytime poleward wind velocity (Uθ) derived from the field-parallel plasma velocity is weaker in March equinox than in September equinox by up to 20 m s−1, and the values of the daytime [O]/[N2] ratio obtained from MSIS-86 are larger in September equinox than in March equinox by about 20%. Model calculations carried out by incorporating the measured V⊥ and Uθ into the Sheffield University plasmasphere-ionosphere model that uses MSIS-86 for neutral atmosphere show that the equinoctial asymmetries in the ionosphere arise mainly from the corresponding asymmetries in the thermosphere, with major contributions from neutral winds and minor contributions from composition.
Vertical anomaly clusters: Evidence for vertical gas migration across multilayered sealing sequences

We present the results of a seismic interpretational study of amplitude anomalies in the East Falkland basin using an extensive grid of approximately 8000 line kilometers (4971 line miles) of high-resolution two-dimensional seismic reflection data. We mapped 474 discrete amplitude anomalies developed within a dominantly hemipelagic and highly reflective megasequence of the Cretaceous to early Cenozoic that is distributed in a northeast–southwest swath across the basin. The amplitude anomalies range from a kilometer to over 25 km (15.5 mi) in lateral extent, have sharp lateral amplitude cutoffs, sometimes at faulted margins, and are invariably associated with reflections with negative acoustic impedance contrasts. They exhibit class III amplitude versus offset (AVO) responses, frequency shadows, and push-down effects, from which the amplitude anomalies are interpreted as related to free gas. All the amplitude anomalies are characterized by vertical clustering, and based on this strong spatial association we refer to these mappable groups of amplitude anomalies as vertical anomaly clusters (VACs). We suggest that VACs form by strongly focused vertical hydrocarbon migration in a heterogeneous stacked sequence of poor-quality reservoirs interbedded with layers with lower permeability, and where the necessary bottom-to-top cross-stratal flow exploits a well-developed fault and fracture network. Similar vertical associations of gas-related amplitude anomalies could be expected in many other basins, so VACs may be a useful direct hydrocarbon indicator with specific genetic significance for hydrocarbon migration mechanisms.
Cross-Scale Fusion Transformer for Histopathological Image Classification

Histopathological images provide the medical evidences to help the disease diagnosis. However, pathologists are not always available or are overloaded by work. Moreover, the variations of pathological images with respect to different organs, cell sizes and magnification factors lead to the difficulty of developing a general method to solve the histopathological image classification problems. To address these issues, we propose a novel cross-scale fusion (CSF) transformer which consists of the multiple field-of-view patch embedding module, the transformer encoders and the cross-fusion modules. Based on the proposed modules, the CSF transformer can effectively integrate patch embeddings of different field-of-views to learn cross-scale contextual correlations, which represent tissues and cells of different sizes and magnification factors, with less memory usage and computation compared with the state-of-the-art transformers. To verify the generalization ability of the CSF transformer, experiments are performed on four public datasets of different organs and magnification factors. The CSF transformer outperforms the state-of-the-art task specific methods, convolutional neural network-based methods and transformer-based methods.