Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic studies in Streptocarpus (Gesneriaceae): reconstruction of biogeographic history and distribution patterns

Molecular phylogenies have been generated to investigate relationships among species of Streptocarpus Lindl. , the largest genus of Gesneriaceae in Africa. Of the around 146 species described, 77 have been included in a parsimony analysis using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA. The studies show that Streptocarpus is paraphyletic and at least three other genera are nested within the genus. Incongruence occurs in relation to the subgeneric division. Streptocarpus is currently divided into two subgenera, Streptocarpella and Streptocarpus, mainly on morphological grounds; the former including basically caulescent species with a functional shoot apical meristem, while the latter includes mainly unifoliates and rosulates with an abnormal shoot apical meristem. On the African continent the geographic distribution of caulescent species of subgenus Streptocarpella ranges across tropical Africa from Sierra Leone to the Indian Ocean, while species of subgenus Streptocarpus occur in central and eastern parts of Africa. The molecular data suggest a southwards migration and "progressive latitudinal speciation" of subgenus Streptocarpus in Africa. Some evidence suggests an origin of the genus on Madagascar but this is equivocal. The subgeneric split probably occurred before interchange between mainland Africa and Madagascar ceased, after the geological separation of Madagascar, and is consistent with the hypothesis of a land bridge connection between 45-26Mya.
Morphological and genetic analysis in morphologically divergent river and lake specimens of the freshwater crayfish Samastacus spinifrons (Philippi, 1882) (Decapoda, Parastacidae)

Samastacus spinifrons (Philippi, 1882), is the only South American parastacid that inhabits both rivers and lakes. The literature on this species reports certain morphological differences between representatives of lake and river populations. The aim of this study was to analyse the degree of differentiation of these morphological variations through multivariate analysis, and to explore the possible causes at a genetic level, by undertaking genetic divergence analysis using 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA molecular markers, and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The material analysed was collected from five populations of central-southern Chile, two of which were lake and three were river populations. Our results show that marked morphological differences exist between lake morph and river morph individuals. These differences are related with the size of the rostrum, cephalothorax, chelae of the first pair of pereopods (P1) and phallic papillae. The lake specimens present a larger body size, a longer rostrum and more elongated, less thick P1 chelae and longer phallic papillae. Similarly, their body spinulation is significantly more prominent. Nevertheless, this level of morphological differentiation did not correlate positively with the genetic divergence analysis, since only scarce genetic differentiation was observed between representatives of the lake and river morphs of S. spinifrons . These results suggest that the morphs analysed would emerge as a consequence of the phenotypic plasticity phenomenon. Thus, this morphological variability could be explained by the adaptation of S. spinifrons specimens of a similar genetic constitution, to limnic environments with very different dynamics.
Hot corrosion and performance of nickel-based coatings

Understanding the behaviour of metals and alloys at elevated temperatures, especially their corrosion behaviour and providing protective surface layers has become an object of scientific investigation since long. No alloy is immune to hot corrosion attack indefinitely, although there are some alloy compositions that require a long initiation time at which the hot corrosion process moves from the initiation stage to the propagation stage. Nickel-based coatings have been reported to be widely used as they combine several advantages such as abrasion, erosion and resistance to high-temperature corrosive atmospheres. In this article, a brief review of the performance of nickel-based coatings has been made to understand their hot corrosion mechanism.
A case for long-term monitoring of the Indian River Lagoon, Florida : Foraminiferal densities, 1977-1996

Replicate observations on foraminiferal densities were made at a single station in the IRL near the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution's jetty at Link Port, Florida during the 20-yr span, 1977--1996. At each sampling time, the densities of living (stained) individuals were recorded for five taxa in four replicates. During the years 1993 through 1996 sampling was on a monthly basis. Analyses of these data indicate a significant difference in density among years with 1994 exhibiting the lowest density for most (4 of 5) taxa. Seasonal differences were also significant for most (4 of 5) taxa with maximum densities in summer. For all taxa the interaction hypothesis for years by season was significant. During the 1970s and 1980s mostly summer data are available. Thus, we tested summer data only for yearly differences during the period 1993 through 1996. For all taxa, 1994 was a time of low densities. With this assurance, we proceeded to analyze equivalent data for the years 1977 thru 1996. In general, the years 1979 and 1994 were times of low densities while 1984 and 1987 were high. For all taxa, the 1980s had higher densities than the 1970s and 1990s, and taxa maintained the same rank order of abundance with no trend for an overall increase or decrease of densities evident. The seasonal and yearly observations of the pattern of foraminiferal densities are similar to those of the seagrasses and fish. However, the lack of similarity of sample timing, location, replication, and methods of analysis makes comparisons equivocal at best. Long-term monitoring by a number of specialists in different groups of organisms at the same times and places is needed. Before such simultaneous observations are begun, the researchers must all agree on a suitable statistical experimental design allowing for comprehensive analysis of the data.
A remarkable new species of Callulina (Amphibia: Anura: Brevicipitidae) with massive, boldly coloured limb glands

A large new species of Callulina is described from a series of 22 specimens from the montane and upper montane forest of the Nguru Mountains, Tanzania. The most striking features of Callulina meteora sp. nov. are the massive and boldly coloured glands on the arms and legs and a metallic sheen to the skin. The new species is distinguished further on the basis of acoustic and molecular data. The position, size and conspicuousness of the enlarged glands in the new species are strikingly similar to those of Nectophrynoides viviparus, a toad found also in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania. The new species is known from a single forest reserve and is of high conservation concern.
Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Chlorimuron and Nicosulfuron in Imidazolinone-Resistant and -Susceptible Smooth Pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus)

The absorption, translocation, and metabolism of the ethyl ester of chlorimuron and nicosulfuron in resistant (R) and susceptible (S) smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) were investigated. R and S smooth pigweed seedlings (5 to 10 cm tall) were treated with foliar-applied 14C-labeled chlorimuron and nicosulfuron and harvested at 3, 6, 24, and 72 h after application. Chlorimuron absorption increased with time in both populations of smooth pigweed and was higher in the R accession only at 6 h after application. Nicosulfuron absorption did not increase with time in the R accession, and after 6 h, there were no differences between the R and S accessions. Absorbed chlorimuron and nicosulfuron were translocated to shoots and leaves above and below the treated leaf, but not into the roots in both accessions. Translocation of chlorimuron and nicosulfuron out of the treated leaf was also similar in the two accessions. Metabolism of 14C-chlorimuron occurred more rapidly in the R accession with approximately 68% remaining as chlorimuron at 3 h after application. At the same time period, 81% of the absorbed radioactivity remained as chlorimuron in the S accession. Metabolism of 14C-chlorimuron at 24 and 72 h after application was greater in the S than the R accession of smooth pigweed. Metabolism of 14C-nicosulfuron was similar in the two accessions and did not increase with time. Rapid herbicide metabolism may explain the twofold level of crossresistance of the R accession of smooth pigweed to chlorimuron at the whole plant level.
Integrated effect of organic waste and NPK fertilizers on nutrients uptake in potato crop and soil fertility

The present research was carried out at Nuclear Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Peshawar Pakistan, to evaluate the integrated response of organic waste and N-P-K fertilizers to nutrients concentration in potato tuber and soil fertility. Fifteen treatment combinations with three replications were used in RCB design. Potato tubers and soil samples (0-15 and 15-30 cm depth) was collected before and after the experiment were analyzed. Data indicated that combined use of organic waste and N-P-K fertilizers significantly improved soil fertility and nutrients concentration in potato tuber. Higher nitrogen (N) (2.10g 100g -1 ), phosphorus (P) (0.30g 100g -1 ) and potassium (K) (3.16g 100g -1 ) concentration were recorded with treatments (municipal solid waste (MSW)+ half NPK) and (Filter cake +full NPK) as compared to control. Maximum total soil N, AB-DTPA extractable P, K and micronutrients were recorded with (MSW+ half NPK) and (Filter cake +full NPK) at both depths. Investigation revealed that the combined use of organic waste and chemical fertilizers beneficial to soil and plant. Moreover, treatments (MSW +full NPK) and (Filter cake + full NPK) seemed to be an adequate dose, for sustainable nutrients concentration in potato tuber and soil fertility.
Pathogenesis And Treatment Of Periodontitis

By reading, you can know the knowledge and things more, not only about what you get from people to people. Book will be more trusted. As this pathogenesis and treatment of periodontitis, it will really give you the good idea to be successful. It is not only for you to be success in certain life you can be successful in everything. The success can be started by knowing the basic knowledge and do actions.
Effect of Supplementary Lighting on Transplant Growth and Yield of Greenhouse Tomato

Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Carmello) seeded on 3 Dec. 1984 and 17 Jan. and 8 Mar. 1985 were grown under natural or supplementary lighting (high-pressure sodium) of 100 μ·mol·s−1·m−2 (photosynthetically active radiation) from pricking out to transplanting. Plants of the first, second, and third seeding dates grown under supplementary lighting had at transplanting dry weights 6.6, 3.5, and 2.5 times higher, respectively, than plants grown under natural light. The number of leaves formed below the first inflorescences was reduced significantly with supplementary lighting, which also reduced the incidence of flower abortion. Supplementary lighting increased early marketable yields for the 3 Dec. seeding by 100% (from 0.77 to 1.55 kg/plant) and total yields by 10% (from 3.55 to 3.91 kg/plant). No significant differences between lighting treatments could be observed in early and total yields of plants from the last seeding date.
Media Optimization and Scaleup of Protease by Bacillus coagulans MTCC 492

The growth and protease production by Bacillus coagulans MTCC 492 was examined in the present investigation. The maximum protease activity was 127 U/ml using 1% (w/v) of potato peel extract as the carbon source. Potato peel is an inexpensive and readily available domestic waste and thus it can be used as the cost effective crude material for the production of an extracellular protease. The organic nitrogen source, fish scrap powder proved to be an effective organic nitrogen source, where the protease activity was 227 U/ml. A maximum protease activity of 2308 U/ml was produced in 24h in a 3L bioreactor. The molecular weight of the enzyme determined by SDS-PAGE was 36 KDa. The enzyme acted optimally at pH 9 and temperature 45EsC. 2% NaCl concentration was suitable for efficient enzyme production. The activity of the enzyme was inhibited by all the inhibitors tested. The organism was resistant to antibiotics like bestatin and penicillin. In the growth curve studies was found to be fast growing. Among the metal ions tested calcium chloride and magnesium chloride enhanced the protease by 5%. The enzyme retained more than 70% of its activity after 60 min of incubation at 40EsC in the presence of various detergents. Media Optimization and Scaleup of Protease by Bacillus coagulans MTCC 492 R. Nagalakshmi 1 , A. Rebekkah Shanthakumari 1 and S. Ramesh 2 * 1 Department of Biotechnology, PRIST University, Thanjavur-613 403, Tamil Nadu, India 2 Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University, Thanjavur-613 403, Tamil Nadu, India *Corresponding author, Email: marineramesh2020@gmail.com Cite This Article as: R. Nagalakshmi, A. Rebekkah Shanthakumari, S. Ramesh. 2010. Media Optimization and Scaleup of Protease by Bacillus coagulans MTCC 492. J. Ecobiotechnol. 2(2): 01-10.
EFFECT OF SELECTED HEAVY METALS (LEAD AND ZINC) ON SEEDLING GROWTH OF SOYBEAN GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERR

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of both zinc (250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1250 mg/kg) and lead (200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 mg/kg) as zinc sulphate and lead acetate respectively on 7days seedling of soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr. ) Methods: To investigate morphological growth parameters seedlings were cut at the root-shoot junction and the length of their root and shoot was measured with a metric scale and expressed in centimetre’s. The fresh weight of seedling samples was recorded on an analytical balance and expressed in gram per seedling. Later, seedlings were dried in an oven at 80 o C for 24 h to get constant dry weight. After 24 h the dry weight was recorded. Results : The study revealed that elevated dose of lead concentrations reduces the growth parameter as compared to control. Lead concentrations of 1000 mg/kg significantly decreased the percentage of germination and root length. However, at low levels of zinc (250 and 500 mg/kg) showed increased germination percentage and also increase root length shoot length. But at high levels (750–1250 mg/kg) showed a detrimental effect on the growth parameter and germination. Conclusion : Consequently, higher concentrations of heavy metals had an increased inhibitory effect on seed germination percentage, root length, shoot length, tolerance index, fresh weight and dry weight of soybean seedlings, but the low concentration of zinc can be applied for increasing the growth and yield of soybean plants.
Purification and protein characterization of hydroxynitrile lyases from sorghum and almond

The hydroxynitrile lyase of Sorghum bicolor (EC 4.1.2.11) was purified by a new procedure using ammonium sulfate precipitation and immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography as key steps. The protein was characterized according to molecular mass, subunit composition, isoelectric point, pH, and temperature stability and was compared with the hydroxynitnle lyase of almond (EC 4.1.2.10). Furthermore the N-terminal sequences of the oxynitrilases are reported
Feeding ecology of juvenile Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in a northeast Pacific fjord: diet, availability of zooplankton, selectivity for prey, and potential competition for prey resources

We investigated the feeding ecology of juvenile salmon during the critical early life-history stage of transition from shallow to deep marine waters by sampling two stations (190 m and 60 m deep) in a northeast Pacific fjord (Dabob Bay, WA) between May 1985 and October 1987. Four species of Pacific salmon—Oncorhynchus keta (chum) , O. tshawytscha (Chinook), O. gorbuscha (pink), and O. kisutch (coho)—were examined for stomach contents. Diets of these fishes varied temporally, spatially, and between species, but were dominated by insects, euphausiids, and decapod larvae. Zooplankton assemblages and dry weights differed between stations, and less so between years. Salmon often demonstrated strongly positive or negative selection for specific prey types: copepods were far more abundant in the zooplankton than in the diet, whereas Insecta, Araneae, Cephalapoda, Teleostei, and Ctenophora were more abundant in the diet than in the plankton. Overall diet overlap was highest for Chinook and coho salmon (mean=77.9%)—species that seldom were found together. Chum and Chinook salmon were found together the most frequently, but diet overlap was lower (38.8%) and zooplankton biomass was not correlated with their gut fullness (%body weight). Thus, despite occasional occurrences of significant diet overlap between salmon species, our results indicate that interspecific competition among juvenile salmon does not occur in Dabob Bay.
A new monotypic family for the enigmatic crustose red alga Plagiospora gracilis

Plagiospora gracilis, a mucilaginous crustose red alga growing on subtidal pebbles on both coasts of the North Atlantic Ocean, forms distinctive tetrasporangia (red algal meiotic structures that release haploid tetraspores) but gametophytes have never been reported. In the absence of gametangia, the taxonomic position of this monotypic genus has always been uncertain; it is currently placed provisionally in the Gloiosiphoniaceae (Gigartinales) by comparison with sporophytes of Gloiosiphonia obtained in culture. Dioecious gametophytic crusts of P. gracilis are now reported for the first time, forming gametangia in inconspicuous superficial sori. There is no evidence that fertilization ever occurs in the field although fertile males and female were collected together. In culture, tetraspores grew into tetrasporophytes for three successive generations, by presumed apomictic sporophyte recycling. The life history of P. gracilis may represent a late stage in the loss of sexual reproduction leading to tetraspore-to-tetrasporophyte life histories such as that in Hildenbrandia. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences of the rbcL, LSU (28S) rDNA and coxI (COI-5P) genes for P. gracilis with other Gigartinales resolved P. gracilis as a distinct lineage in a well-supported clade of the families Sphaerococcaceae, Gloiosiphoniaceae, Endocladiaceae, Nizymeniaceae and Phacelocarpaceae. We here propose the monotypic Plagiosporaceae fam. nov. to accommodate P. gracilis.
Life history theory predicts long-term fish assemblage response to stream impoundment

Life history theory predictions for hydrologic filtering of fish assemblages are rarely tested with historical time series data. We retrospectively analyzed flow regime and fish assemblage data from the Sabine River, USA, to test relationships between life history strategies and hydrologic variability altered by impoundment construction. Downstream flow variability, but not magnitude, was altered by completion of Toledo Bend Reservoir (TBR) in 1966. Consistent with life history theory, occurrence of opportunistic strategists declined while equilibrium strategists increased as the fish assemblage was transformed between periods immediately after (1967–1973) and approximately one decade after (1979–1982) completion of TBR. Assemblage transformation was related to decline of opportunistic strategists throughout 250 km of river downstream of TBR. Temporal trajectories for opportunistic and intermediate strategist richness modelled as a function of flow variability converged 12 years postimpoundment. The spati.
Can sensitivity to temperature during germination help predict global warming vulnerability?

Abstract Seed germination is vital for persistence in species that rely on seeds for post-disturbance regeneration. It is a high-risk phase and vulnerable to environmental parameters. Here, I assessed temperature sensitivity for germination in Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae) from south-western Australia, screening all 38 endemic obligate seeder species. A bi-directional temperature gradient plate with 49 temperature combinations (constant and fluctuating) between 5 and 40°C was used to profile germination temperature requirements and identify upper and lower temperature thresholds for germination. Using these data the impact of increasing temperatures on germination in these species was modelled under high and low greenhouse gas scenarios for 2050 and 2070. The results suggest that many Banksia species from the region have wide physiological tolerance for high germination temperatures, although a number of common, but geographically restricted species, such as B. praemorsa, B. oreophila and B. quercifolia, have more narrow temperature windows for germination than at least one of the rarer species (B. verticillata). Only B. dryandroides is expected to decline in germination in the future; however, the optimal germination timing for many species is predicted to occur later under climate warming. In conjunction with declining rainfall, this germination delay will place seedlings closer to the summer dry in this seasonal Mediterranean-climate ecosystem and thus they will be more vulnerable to desiccation. The framework developed here can be used to identify vulnerable species for monitoring of early population decline.
Orthotrichum gymnostomum Brid. and other interesting orthotrichaceae from Calabria (Italy)

Orthotrichum gymnostomum Brid. is first reported from Calabria (Southern Italy); this is the first record of the species in the Mediterranean Area. In addition, six other species are reported as new to the Calabria region(Orthotrichum acuminatum H. Philib., O. alpestre Hornsch. ex Bruch, Schimp. & Gumbel, O. philibertii Venturi, O. scanicum Gronvall, O. stramineum Hornsch., and O. schimperi Hammar), while new localities are given for Orthotrichum anomalum Hedw. , O. shawii Wilson, O. speciosum Nees, O. tenellum Brid. , and Ulota crispa (Hedw.) Brid. , most of which had not been reported for this area after 1950.
Current Distribution and Ecology of Lichens in a Biodiversity Hotspot in the Mały Śnieżny Kocioł Glacial Cirque, Sudetes, Poland

Abstract: Kossowska, M. , Fałtynowicz, W. & Szczepańska, K. 2016. Current distribution and ecology of lichens in a biodiversity hotspot in the Mały Śnieżny Kocioł glacial cirque, Sudetes, Poland. —Herzogia 29: 120–136. The results of lichenological studies conducted on a basalt vein in the Giant Mountains are presented. This site has been known since the 19th century for its rare lichens, as well as for being the locus classicus of more widely distributed taxa. As a result of investigations conducted in 2006 at 20 localities on the basalt intrusion, a total of 117 lichen and eight lichenicolous fungi taxa were discovered. Rhizocarpon anaperum is reported as new in Poland. The results confirm the uniqueness of the basalt vein and its importance for biodiversity in Central Europe. The total number of taxa known from this site increased to 205, but 80 species previously reported were not rediscovered during this study; their absence is probably due to anthropogenic changes in the natural environment, which in the 1970s proved to be an ecological disaster. The greatest loss was sustained by hydrophytic lichens associated with wet rock surfaces.