Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experimental verification of the calculated diffraction field generated by inhomogeneous waves obliquely incident on a periodically rough liquid–solid boundary

In this paper, the diffraction of an inhomogeneous plane bulk wave at a corrugated liquid–solid boundary is considered. The classical diffraction law of Bragg for homogeneous plane waves is generalized for incident inhomogeneous bulk waves, and the obtained results are verified experimentally. The solution of the generalized diffraction law is not unique. Depending on the chosen solution, the reflection (and transmission) coefficients of the diffracted inhomogeneous waves have a different modulus and phase. An illustration is given for the zeroth-order reflection and compared with experimental results. A reflection coefficient greater than unity is observed. This effect agrees with the inhomogeneous wave theory.
Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy: 1. Theory

An approximate analytic solution to the radiative transfer equation describing the scattering of light from particulate surfaces is derived. Multiple scattering and mutual shadowing are taken into account. Analytic expressions for the following quantities are found: bidirectional reflectance, radiance factor, radiance coefficient, normal, hemispherical, Bond, and physical albedos, integral phase function, phase integral, and limb-darkening profile. Scattering functions for mixtures can be calculated, as well as corrections for comparing experimental laboratory transmission or reflection spectra with observational planetary spectra. An expression for the scattering efficiency of an irregular particle large compared with the wavelength is derived. For closely spaced, nonopaque particles this efficiency is approximated by (1 + αDe)−l, where α is the true absorption coefficient and De is an effective particle diameter of the order of twice the mean particle size. For monomineralic surfaces it is shown that α = ( 1 − w)/wDe, where w is the single-scattering albedo and can be determined from reflectance measurements of a powder, so that α may be calculated from reflectance. This theory should be useful for interpretations of reflectance spectroscopy of laboratory surfaces and photometry of solar system objects. From photometric observations of a body the following may be estimated: average single-scattering albedo, average particle phase function, average macroscopic slope, and porosity.
Sur le changement de signe des sommes de Kloosterman

Combining sieve methods with automorphic form theory and techniques from l-adic cohomology, we prove that the sign of Kloosterman sums Kl(1, 1; n) changes infinitely often as n ranges over the squarefree integers having all their prime factors larger than n 1/23.9 .
A two‐dimensional numerical study of effects of vertical diffusion in frontal zones

Parametrization of vertical diffusion tends to cause excessive smoothing of free‐troposphere frontal‐zone gradients in several forecast models. It has been observed that these models produce frontal structures that are diffuse, and that the dynamic stability of the frontal zones is higher in forecasts than in the corresponding analyses. Because of their inherent characteristics, frontal zones are sensitive to the way turbulent diffusion is parametrized in the model calculations. In several models, the estimation of vertical diffusion is based on the theory for mixing within boundary layers, assuming that the free‐tropospheric turbulent exchanges may be determined by an extension of boundary‐layer theory. This is an unrealistic assumption and consequently the observed model deficiency in describing upper frontal zones may to some significant degree be attributed to the crudeness of the vertical‐diffusion scheme. To address the problem, and in an effort to achieve further understanding of instabilities and turbulent fluxes associated with frontal dynamics, a two‐dimensional, semi‐geostrophic, nearly adiabatic model describing a vertical cross‐section through an idealized frontal zone is presented. The model utilizes the same kind of vertical‐diffusion scheme as numerous operational forecast models. Different types of instability generated in the model's interpretation of the frontogenesis process are presented and discussed in the context of vertical diffusion. Results show that turbulent diffusion as described by the parametrization scheme plays an important role in smoothing the frontal gradients, especially within the shear zone below the jet stream. Furthermore, the scheme shows sensitivity to the choice of parameters. Extreme values of wind shear and temperature gradient in frontal zones are likely to be weakened by the parametrized turbulent fluxes. These effects impact on short‐range forecasts but may also affect the results when modelling future climatological scenarios. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Altered Tryptophan Catabolism in Placentas From Women With Pre-eclampsia

Background: The kynurenine pathway enzymes, breaking down tryptophan, are abundant in placental tissue. These metabolites are involved in immunoregulatory mechanisms, although the role of this pathway in pre-eclampsia (PE) has only begun to be characterized. Here, we determined tryptophan and metabolite levels together with the expression of kynurenine pathway enzymes and inflammatory factors in placental tissue from women with and without PE. Methods: Thirty-six placentas (18 PE and 18 controls) were analyzed for expression of kynurenine pathway enzymes indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1 and 2), tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), kynurenine-3-mono-oxygenase (KMO) and quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT) as well as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and serum amyloid A (SAA). Tryptophan and kynurenine content were measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography and quinolinic acid was measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Conclusions: Tryptophan content was reduced in placentas from women with PE. There was an increased kynurenine/tryptophan ratio in placentas from women with PE but no significant change in downstream metabolites. We confirmed a reduction in IDO1 expression and found a compensatory increase in TDO expression in placentas from women with PE. SAA was reduced in PE placentas compared with controls. Our data show that tryptophan content and the inflammatory mediator SAA are both compromised in placentas from women with PE. Further studies on the role of tryptophan catabolism and mediators of inflammation in sustaining healthy immunobiological pathways in the placenta are warranted.
Optimal control via Fourier series of operational matrix of integration

The state equations of an optimal regulator problem are given in terms of the truncated Fourier series and the associated operational matrix of integration. An effective computational algorithm is developed to calculate the expansion coefficients of the derivatives of state variables for saving computer storage and time and minimizing the computational error. An illustrative example is given, and satisfactory computational results are obtained. >
“Asians Are the Least Troublemaker”: Navigating Racial In-betweenness in Korean American Community-based Spaces

While Asian Americans have long been positioned as a deserving and productive racial foil to problematic and unworthy Black and Latinx communities, in recent years, they have been more frequently portrayed as actively politicized in opposition to other communities of color. Despite this portrayal in the media, social science research reveals a much more complicated portrait of Asian American racial positioning that explores how Asian Americans diversely navigate their racial in-betweenness, or what Leslie Bow calls racial interstitiality. Contributing to this research, this article analyzes how Korean Americans, as a racialized ethnic group, engage with Whiteness and their own racial position within co-ethnic community spaces. Drawing from a multi-sited ethnography of a Korean language school and an ethnic supplementary academy (called hagwon) in the Chicago suburbs, the article argues that co-ethnic community spaces are active sites of racialization that both challenge and reproduce White dominance. In these spaces, Korean Americans forged counter-narratives for their children but simultaneously reified dominant narratives relating to Whiteness, anti-Blackness, and Asian Americans. The findings strengthen scholarly understandings of how Asian Americans understand their racial identities in relation to others, the role of community institutions in racialization, and how the damaging logics of White supremacy can seep into non-White spaces.
The Use of Permutation Tests for Variance Components in Linear Mixed Models

Standard asymptotic chi-square distribution of the likelihood ratio and score statistics under the null hypothesis does not hold when the parameter value is on the boundary of the parameter space. In mixed models it is of interest to test for a zero random effect variance component. Some available tests for the variance component are reviewed and a new test within the permutation framework is presented. The power and significance level of the different tests are investigated by means of a Monte Carlo simulation study. The proposed test has a significance level closer to the nominal one and it is more powerful.
$C^0$-density of structurally stable vector fields

Let M be a C°°-compact, connected, «-manifold without boundary. Let K(M) be the set of C-vector fields on M, 1 < r < °o. X G X(M) is C structurally stable if there exists a neighbourhood Ux of X in X (M) such that given Y G Ux there exists a homeomorphism h: M—+M taking oriented trajectories of X to oriented trajectories of Y. Let V(M) C X(M) be the set of C-structurally stable vector fields on M. In this paper we announce the proof that H? (M) is always dense in K(M) with respect to the C°-topology. This result is the same theorem that Smale and Shub proved for diffeomorphisms in [2] and [1]. The main tools for our proof are the theorems of Smale [2] , Shub [1] and Zeeman [3]. Details of the proof will appear elsewhere. The author wishes to thank his supervisor Professor E. C. Zeeman for many helpful conversations, suggestions and encouragment.
Prediction of the Efficiency of Acoustic Damping Cavities

In this paper, we first recall the classical results for the laminar dissipation of acoustic energy in the boundary layer of a forced resonator. We then show how this result can be used in conjunction with a Helmholtz solver to calculate the laminar damping of a cavity of arbitrary geometry. This approach is validated by unsteady numerical simulations in both simple and complex geometries. The examples are nonreacting, but the approach can easily be extended to accommodate strong temperature variations. Finally, we suggest and validate a strategy that can use the damping obtained from the Helmholtz solver to calculate an equivalent resistive boundary condition that can be used in unsteady-time-domain simulations.
On the movement of slender bodies near plane boundaries at low Reynolds number

Normal and tangential resistance coefficients are calculated for a rigid slender body close to a planar no-slip boundary or midway between and close to two such boundaries. The important length scale is found to be the separation distance from the boundaries, and the forces per unit length acting on the slender body are approximately constant along most of its length. Owing to the presence of the walls, the ratio of the normal and tangential resistance coefficients can be greater than 2, its maximum limiting value in the infinite-fluid case. Applications to the movements of flagellated micro-organisms are discussed.
Bayesian Estimation of the Size of a Closed Population Using Photo-ID Data with Part of the Population Uncatchable

Abstract We develop a Bayesian statistical model for estimating bowhead whale population size from photo-identification data when most of the population is uncatchable. The proposed conditional likelihood function is a product of Darroch's model, formulated as a function of the number of good photos, and a binomial distribution of captured whales given the total number of good photos at each occasion. The full Bayesian model is implemented via adaptive rejection sampling for log concave densities. We apply the model to data from 1985 and 1986 bowhead whale photographic studies and the results compare favorably with the ones obtained in the literature. Also, a comparison with the maximum likelihood procedure with bootstrap simulation is considered using different vague priors for the capture probabilities.
Plurisubharmonic measures and capacities on complex manifolds

CONTENTS Introduction § 1. Extremal plurisubharmonic functions and pluripolar sets in § 2. Plurimeagre sets in § 3. Pluriregularity of sets in § 4. Pluriregularity of polynomially convex compact sets § 5. The -measure and its properties § 6. The connection between an extremal function and the -measure § 7. The operator § 8. Maximal functions and their connection with the operator § 9. The capacitance of condensers and the solution of the first Lelong problem on a Stein manifold § 10. Further capacity characteristics of compact sets in § 11. The -measure of boundary sets and the generalized maximum principle for maximal functions § 12. Conclusion References
Triplet-triplet annihilation in viscous solutions as an example of non-Fickian diffusion

Diffusion-controlled triplet-triplet annihilation is analyzed in terms of non-Fickian diffusion. The description is based on the second Fick's law with a time-dependent diffusion coefficient. We introduce the time-dependent diffusion coefficient because of the interaction of two associated relaxation phenomena: first-order decay and diffusion-controlled annihilation. The equation for the time-dependent rate parameter k_2A (t) obtained from the model proposed is compared with the standard Smoluchowski expression. The new equation is applied for the evaluation of the kinetic data of the diffusion-controlled triplet-triplet annihilation of anthracene. The limits of the applicability of the proposed model are discussed.
Clinical Efficacy of Nutritional Intervention Combined with Muscle Exercise on Sarcopenia Patients with Femoral Fracture: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective To study the clinical efficacy of nutritional intervention combined with muscle exercise on sarcopenia patients with femoral fracture. Methods From January 2019 to January 2021, a total of 100 sarcopenia patients with femoral fracture were included in this study and were divided into a control group (routine postoperative care) and a research group (nutritional intervention and muscle exercise), 50 cases in each group. Primary clinical outcomes included sarcopenia-related indicators and functional independence assessed by activities of daily living scale (ADL). Secondary clinical outcomes included time of fracture healing and hospital stay, pain score as assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS), and nursing satisfaction. Results Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the indicators of sarcopenia and the indicators of functional independence assessed by ADL between the two groups (P > 0.05). After 3 months of intervention, the BMI, grip strength, calf circumference, pace, and body muscle rate of the patients in the research group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05), while body fat rates were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05), and the capability of eating, walking, bathing, and doing housework in research group were all significantly higher than those in control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the time of fracture healing and hospital stay in research group were all significantly lower than those in control group (P < 0.05), and the VAS scores of the control group at each time point after intervention were significantly higher than those of the research group (P < 0.05). The nursing satisfaction of the patients in the research group was significantly higher than that in the control group (94.00% vs. 76.00%, P < 0.05). Conclusion Nutritional intervention combined with muscle exercise can help improve sarcopenia symptoms and promote fracture recovery in patients with sarcopenic femoral fractures.
Systematic Review and Meta Analysis of the Relative Effect on Plaque Index among Pediatric Patients Using Powered (Electric) versus Manual Toothbrushes

Although many randomized controlled trials (RCT) have evaluated the efficacy of powered or electric toothbrushes compared with manual or traditional toothbrushes to remove biofilm and plaque, only one systematic review has been published for pediatric patients. The primary objective of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta analysis for this population. Using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) protocol, N = 321 studies were initially identified. Three independent, blinded abstract reviews were completed resulting in a total of n = 38/322 or 11.8% for the final analysis (n = 27 non-orthodontic, n = 11 orthodontic studies). Meta analysis of these outcome data have revealed a strong reduction in plaque index scores among pediatric patients using electric toothbrushes of approximately 17.2% for non-orthodontic patients and 13.9% for orthodontic patients. These results provide strong clinical evidence for recommending electric toothbrushing to pediatric patients, as well as those patients undergoing orthodontic therapy and treatment.
Near-field diagnostics of small printed antennas using the equivalent magnetic current approach

A near-field to far-field transformation based on the antenna representation by equivalent magnetic current (EMC) sources has been proposed and validated experimentally on large high-directivity antenna arrays. In this paper, the use of EMC is extended to the diagnostics of low-directivity printed antennas. The limitation of the near-field to far-field transformation applied to EMC models of low-directivity antennas, caused by the finite dimensions of the antenna ground plane, is demonstrated. A method to partially overcome this limitation by including the contribution of diffracted rays is implemented, and its effectiveness is demonstrated with antenna prototypes. It is shown that the agreement between the far-field patterns measured in an anechoic chamber and the patterns computed from the EMC model obtained from the near-field measurements is significantly improved upon, within a sector of /spl plusmn/90/spl deg/ with respect to the antenna boresight in the E plane. The influence of the near-field sampling density and topology of the EMC model on the accuracy of the predicted far-field pattern is examined.
Impact of coil deformations on field quality in the Large Hadron Collider main dipole

In superconducting accelerator magnets the coils are usually pre-stressed in order to avoid conductor movements induced by electro-magnetic forces. In this paper we use a finite element mechanical model of the main LHC dipole to evaluate the coil deformations determined by the pre-stress and their impact on magnetic field quality. The model explains the origin of the offsets between the nominal multipole values and those measured at room temperature in prototype and pre-series dipole magnets. We also present an experiment carried out to analyze the impact on field quality and coil stresses of coil azimuthal spacers (pole shims). A 1 m long dipole collared coil has been re-assembled several times with pole shims of different thickness and the field components have been measured each time. Experimental data are compared to numerical computations based on the mechanical model. One finds that variations of shim thickness induce not only a change of the azimuthal coil length, but also a different pattern in coil deformations. A good agreement is found between measurements and simulations.
Evaluating Aptness of a Regression Model

The data for 104 software projects is used to develop a linear regression model that uses function points (a measure of software project size) to predict development effort. The data set is particularly interesting in that it violates several of the assumptions required of a linear model; but when the data are transformed, the data set satisfies those assumptions. In addition to graphical techniques for evaluating model aptness, specific tests for normality of the error terms and for slope are demonstrated. The data set makes for an excellent case problem for demonstrating the development and evaluation of a linear regression model.
Complete Low Frequency Analysis for the Reduced Wave Equation with Variable Coefficients in Three Dimensions

We study the low frequency asymptotics of the solutions uw, to some exterior boundary value problems for reduced wave equations in three dimensions with frequencies w. The coefficients of the underlying differential operator and of the right hand sides are allowed to be variable and tend to those of the Laplacian and to 0 respectively at infinity with a certain order. As far as allowed by this order an asymptotic expansion in terms of powers of w is determined.
Approximate Confidence Intervals for Standardized Effect Sizes in the Two-Independent and Two-Dependent Samples Design

Standardized effect sizes and confidence intervals thereof are extremely useful devices for comparing results across different studies using scales with incommensurable units. However, exact confidence intervals for standardized effect sizes can usually be obtained only via iterative estimation procedures. The present article summarizes several closed-form approximations to the exact confidence interval bounds in the two-independent and two-dependent samples design. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to determine the accuracy of the various approximations under a wide variety of conditions. All methods except one provided accurate results for moderately large sample sizes and converged to the exact confidence interval bounds as sample size increased.