Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lagrangian evolution of an aerosol column during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment

Two Lagrangian experiments were carried out during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX) with the intent of looking at aerosol evolution in the marine boundary layer (MBL). The second Lagrangian (L2) took place below broken stratus clouds and was more successful since little precipitation reached the surface. Aerosol below the inversion was primarily an aged pollution aerosol from central Europe. Vertical variability in aerosol concentrations was generally characterized by highest concentrations in the moist surface and transition layers. Concentrations were a factor of 2 or more lower in the dry subcloud layer and cloud layer and dropped to less than one tenth of surface values in the free troposphere above cloud. This behavior reflected the decoupled boundary layer below the main inversion and complicated the assessment of Lagrangian aerosol evolution. No evidence for new particle formation was observed during L2, and aerosol evolution proceeded only by mixing, coagulation, and removal mechanisms. An entrainment rate of about 0.6 cm s -1 from the free troposphere into the MBL was a key parameter affecting aerosol evolution and resulted in about a 35% column dilution during the 34-hour L2 measurement period. Aerosol evolution in the decoupled subcloud and surface marine layer is consistent with an entrainment rate of about 0.45 cm s -1 into the surface layer and about 0.25 cm s -1 out of the layer. The ability to resolve the effects of separate processes influencing both gas and aerosol during Lagrangian evolution will depend upon (1) an adequate assessment of the variability in the air mass, (2) the ability to characterize this variability relative to the uncertainties in resampling the air mass, and (3) the extent to which the substantial changes due to entrainment alone can be reliably determined.
Internal Control of Derivatives Usage by Spanish Savings Banks : an empirical survey

espanolEl uso de los derivados sigue en expansion a pesar de haber ocasionado alguno de los mayores escandalos financieros. El debate sobre su regulacion, todavia sin resolver, ha estado siempre presente. No obstante, y sin menospreciar la importancia de la regulacion y la utilidad de un adecuado control externo, un buen sistema de control interno es esencial para prevenir nuevos desastres. Este trabajo, en primer lugar, a traves de la revision de las recomendaciones, normas, regulacion y literatura academica existente, estudia y analiza la necesidad e importancia del control interno en el uso de los derivados para la gestion del riesgo. Y en segundo lugar, a traves de un cuestionario sobre las politicas, procedimientos y controles internos establecidos, aporta evidencia sobre el uso y control de los mismos por las cajas de ahorros espanolas. EnglishGlobal derivatives activity continues to expand although they have provided some of the most devastating financial disasters. The debate on their regulation has always been present and is still unresolved. However, without undervaluing the importance of regulation and the usefulness of an adequate external control, a sound internal control system is essential to prevent new financial scandals. First of all, this paper, through the review of existing recommendations, rules, regulation and academic literature, studies and analyses the need and importance of internal control in derivative usage for risk management. And secondly, through a questionnaire about established policies, procedures and internal controls, it provides evidence related to its usage and control by Spanish savings banks.
THE HUMAN IMPACT ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE MBEYA HIGHLANDS, TANZANIA

Pressure on land caused by an increase in human and livestock population, particularly since the early twentieth century, has had serious ecological effects in the Mbeya Highlands and surrounding lowlands. Forests and woodlands have been cleared indis- criminately for cultivation, and overgrazing and extensive wood cutting have occurred. The clearing of steep, unstable slopes has caused increased surface runoff, soil erosion, and land degradation. The concentration of people in Ujamaa villages seems to have aggravated the problem and there is annual flooding in the lowlands of Kyela due to increased surface runoff and silting of rivers. The degradation of land has forced many people to migrate to the surrounding lowlands and to other areas where arable land is still available.
Will the North Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation weaken during the 21st century?

The North Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation is examined in three experiments using the Climate System Model. They are a control integration for 1870 conditions, and particular emission scenarios for the 20th and 21st centuries. It is found that the strength of the thermohaline circulation does not change significantly over the 21st century. This is in contrast to several other recent studies, which have projected a significant reduction over the 21st century. The reason for the difference is that the Northwest Atlantic becomes warmer and more saline in the Climate System Model. These changes combine to make little change to the surface ocean density in this region, and hence to the rate of deep water formation. Caveats about the Climate System Model and other coupled climate models are then discussed.
the bone

RATIONALE: The sampling of sequential, annually formed bone growth layers for stable carbon ( δ 13 C values) and nitrogen ( δ 15 N values) isotope analysis (SIA) can provide a time series of foraging ecology data. To date, no standard protocol exists for the pre-SIA treatment of cortical samples taken from fresh, modern, bones. METHODS: Based on the SIA of historical bone, it is assumed that fresh bone samples must be pre-treated with acid prior to SIA. Using an elemental analyzer coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer to measure stable carbon and nitrogen ratios, we tested the need to acidify cortical bone powder with 0.25 M HCl prior to SIA to isolate bone collagen for the determination of δ 13 C and δ 15 N values. We also examined the need for lipid extraction to remove potential biases related to δ 13 C analysis, based on a C:N ratio threshold of 3.5. RESULTS: It was found that acidi ﬁ cation of micromilled cortical bone samples from marine turtles does not affect their δ 15 N values, and the small effect acidi ﬁ cation has on δ 13 C values can be mathematically corrected for, thus eliminating the need for pre-SIA acidi ﬁ cation of cortical bone. The lipid content of the cortical bone samples was low, as measured by their C:N ratios, indicating that lipid extracting cortical bone samples from modern marine turtles is unnecessary. CONCLUSIONS: We present a standard protocol for testing fresh, modern cortical bone samples prior to SIA, facilitating direct comparison of future studies. Based on the results obtained from marine turtle bones, pre-acidi ﬁ cation and
Ecohydrology of a semi‐arid forest: partitioning among water balance components and its implications for predicted precipitation changes

The distribution of precipitation inputs into different hydrological components of water‐limited forest ecosystems determines water availability to trees and consequently forest productivity. We constructed a complete hydrological budget of a semi‐arid pine forest (285 mm annual precipitation) by directly measuring its main components: precipitation (P), soil water content, evapotranspiration (ET, eddy covariance), tree transpiration (sap flux), soil evaporation (soil chambers), and intercepted precipitation (calculated). Our results indicated that on average for the 4‐year study period, ET accounted for 94% of P, varying between 100% when P < 250 mm and 85% when P > 300 mm (with indications for losses to subsurface flow and soil moisture storage in wetter years). Direct measurements of the components of the ET flux demonstrated that both transpiration and soil evaporation were significant in this dry forest (45% and 36% of ET, respectively). Comparison between ecosystem ET (eddy covariance measurements) and the sum of its measured components showed good agreement on annual scales, but up to 30% discrepancies (in both directions) on shorter timescales. The pulsed storm pattern, characteristics of semi‐arid climates, was sufficient to maintain the topsoil layer wet during the whole wet season. Only less often and intensive storms resulted in infiltration to the root zone, increasing water availability for uptake by deeper roots. Our results indicate that climate change predictions that link reduced precipitation with increased storm intensity may have a smaller effect on water availability to forest ecosystems than reduced precipitation alone, which could help forests' survival and maintain productivity even under drier conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design flood flows with climate change: method and limitations

An extended method is presented for ‘perturbing' design flood flows to account for climate change. Specifically, the method uses climate model output to directly alter parameters in the UK Flood Estimation Handbook rainfall–runoff model. The method is explored using a model of the River Eden catchment in northwest England, which comprises 26 sub-catchment hydrological models, with outflows routed using a hydraulic model. The results show a significant increase in flood flows and water levels by the 2080s, although uncertainties are large. The size of the increases varies depending on the climate change scenario and timing of the event, with the monthly precipitation change factor the single largest determinant of the change in peak flow. The method is reasonably simple to apply and there are benefits of using climate model information, rather than a sensitivity allowance, in terms of geographical interpretation of changes in precipitation and explicit representation of some of the uncertainty related to c.
Steady tetrahedral and cubic patterns of spherical shell convection with temperature‐dependent viscosity

Steady thermal convection of an infinite Prandtl number, Boussinesq fluid with temperature-dependent viscosity is systematically examined in a three-dimensional, basally heated spherical shell with isothermal and stress-free boundaries. Convective flows exhibiting cubic (𝓁 2, 𝓂 = {0, 4}) and tetrahedral (𝓁 = 3, 𝓂 = 2) symmetry are generated with a finite-volume numerical model for various combinations of Rayleigh number Ra (defined with viscosity based on the average of the boundary temperatures) and viscosity contrast 𝓇μ (ratio of maximum to minimum viscosities). The range of Ra for which these symmetric flows in spherical geometry can be maintained in steady state is sharply reduced by even mild viscosity variations (𝓇μ ≤ 30), in contrast with analogous calculations in Cartesian geometry in which relatively simple, three-dimensional convective planforms remain steady for 𝓇μ ≈ 104. The mild viscosity contrasts employed place some solutions marginally in the sluggish-lid transition regime in Ra-𝓇μ parameter space. Global heat transfer, given by the Nusselt number N𝓊, is found to obey a single power law relation with Ra when Ra is scaled by its critical value. A power law of the form N𝓊 ∼ (Ra/Racrit)1/4 (Racrit is the minimum critical value of Ra for the onset of convection) is obtained, in agreement with previous results for isoviscous spherical shell convection with cubic and tetrahedral symmetry. The calculations of this paper demonstrate that temperature-dependent viscosity exerts a strong control on the nature of three-dimensional convection in spherical geometry, an effect that is likely to be even more important at Rayleigh numbers and viscosity contrasts more representative of the mantles of terrestrial planets. The robustness of the N𝓊-Ra relation, when scaled by Racrit, is important for studies of planetary thermal history that rely on parameterizations of convective heat transport and account for temperature dependence of mantle viscosity.
Evolution of the Arctic-North Atlantic and the Western Tethys

A broad, multi-disciplinary overview of the late Paleozoic to Recent geological evolution of much of northeastern North America, Greenland, all of Europe, and the northern parts of North Africa. This outstanding synthesis of regional geology retraces the evolution of sedimentary basins developed during the rifting phases that preceded the opening of North Atlantic ocean basins and highlights the scope of the associated intra-plate phenomena.This CD publication is the digital version of AAPG's landmark 1988 volume on the evolution of the North Atlantic Ocean. Ten chapters and 30 full-color plates. 200 pages. All articles presented in Adobe Acrobat PDF format.
The Mental Deterioration Battery: Normative Data, Diagnostic Reliability and Qualitative Analyses of Cognitive Impairment

This study aimed at investigating the clinical usefulness of the Mental Deterioration Battery (MDB) in the neuropsychological diagnosis and characterization of the dementia syndrome. In this paper, we report: (a) normative data for various test scores derived from the analysis of performance of 340 normal subjects living in urban areas; (b) an evaluation of the reliability of the single tests and of the battery as a whole in differentiating normal subjects from patients affected by cognitive deterioration derived from the analysis of performance of 130 normal subjects living in rural areas and 134 patients affected by probable Alzheimer’s dementia; (c) a cluster analysis of performances of the 340 normal subjects in the standardization group to evaluate possible criteria of homogeneity according to which the various MDB scores tend to aggregate; (d) an analysis of performance profiles of 183 patients with right monohemispheric focal lesions, 159 patients with left unilateral lesions with aphasia and 131 left-lesioned nonaphasic patients to evaluate the specificity of the single tests of the battery in documenting a selective impairment of one of the two cerebral hemispheres. Results confirm the reliability of the MBD in discriminating between normal and demented patients and provide indications for use of the battery in differentiating qualitative patterns of cognitive impairment.
Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Neonatal Regenerative Myocardium Revealed Important Roles of Checkpoint Kinase 1 via Activating Mammalian Target of Rapamycin C1/Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase b-1 Pathway

Sources of Funding, see page 1568 BACKGROUND: In mammals, regenerative therapy after myocardial infarction is hampered by the limited regenerative capacity of adult heart, whereas a transient regenerative capacity is maintained in the neonatal heart. Systemic phosphorylation signaling analysis on ischemic neonatal myocardium might be helpful to identify key pathways involved in heart regeneration. Our aim was to define the kinase-substrate network in ischemic neonatal myocardium and to identify key pathways involved in heart regeneration after ischemic insult.
Water Flow Dynamics of Groundwater-Fed Streams and Their Ecological Significance in a Glacierized Catchment

Abstract Subsurface flow pathways of groundwater-fed streams were characterized on a floodplain terrace of the Toklat River, Alaska, in summer 2008, to establish the influence of local physicochemical variability upon macroinvertebrate communities. Streams proximal to the valley side (A sites) and to the main meltwater channel (B sites) were studied. Chloride and natural isotopic tracers (δ18O and δ2H) were used to identify water sources and flow pathways. Results indicated that flow in B sites was dominated by seepage of glacial meltwater through the alluvial aquifer. Streamflow at sites situated at higher elevations was ephemeral, and commenced with the seasonal rise in the groundwater table. In contrast, the physicochemistry of A sites was characteristic of seepage from valley-side debris fans, which maintained perennial flow to streams at lower elevations. Macroinvertebrate diversity was lower in ephemeral streams, likely due to colonization constraints. In June macroinvertebrate abundance was significantly positively correlated with the percentage contribution to streamflow from debris-fan seepage (p < 0.05) and with fine particulate organic matter concentration (FPOM) (p < 0.05); FPOM was correlated with debris fan seepage (p < 0.05). These relationships were not evident in July and August, when organic matter availability increased. Our study demonstrates that flow pathways and organic matter availability significantly influence macroinvertebrate communities in these groundwater-fed streams.
Overview of Biologics

A variety of orthobiologic materials are available or under development to enhance the repair of bone fractures. These materials vary widely in their composition, mechanism of action, and clinical results. This article provides a brief review of the currently available bone grafting materials, which include autografts, allografts, conductive substrates, demineralized bone matrix, platelet gels, recombinant bone morphogenic proteins, and bone marrow aspirate injections.
LIM and SH3 protein 1 induces TGF ‐β‐ mediated epithelial ‐ mesenchymal transition 1 in human colorectal cancer by regulating S100A4 expression

2 Disclosures: The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists. Author Contributions : L. Z. provided study design and wrote the manuscript; H. W. , J. 2 ‐ L. S. and Y. ‐ H. L performed the experiments; Q. L. performed statistical analysis; Y. 3 ‐ Q. D provided assistance in collecting tissue samples and clinical analysis; Y. N. and F. 4 ‐ F. Z. were responsible for acquisition of data; Z. ‐ Y. S were in charge of analysis and 5 interpretation of data. 6 malignancy and of death in this world. Metastasis is the main cause of mortalities and poor prognosis. The expression of LIM and SH3 protein 1 (LASP1) was up ‐ regulated in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cases, especially aggressive CRC cases, thereby contributing to the central role in the aggressive phenotypes of CRC cells. Our present results reveal that LASP1 induces TGF ‐β‐ mediated epithelial ‐ mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human colorectal cancer by regulating S100A4 expression. This is the first report that identifies the molecular mechanisms underlying LASP1 in CRC metastasis. Thus, our study provides new insights and strategies into the targeted therapeutic intervention for advanced CRC based on the functions of LASP1. Abstract Purpose: The expression of LIM and SH3 protein 1 (LASP1) was up ‐ regulated in 2 colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cases, thereby contributing to the aggressive phenotypes 3 of CRC cells. However, we still cannot decipher the underlying molecular mechanism 4 associated with CRC metastasis. 5 Experimental Design In this study, immunohistochemistry was performed to 6 investigate the expression of proteins in human CRC tissues. Western blot analysis 7 was used to assess LASP1 ‐ induced signal pathway. 2 ‐ D DIGE was performed to screen 8 LASP1 ‐ modulated proteins and uncover the molecular mechanism of LASP1. TGF ‐β 9 was used to induce epithelial ‐ mesenchymal transition (EMT). 10 Results: LASP1 expression was correlated with the mesenchymal marker vimentin 11 and was inversely correlated with epithelial markers, namely, E ‐ cadherin and 12 β‐ catenin in clinical CRC samples. The gain ‐ and loss ‐ of ‐ function assay showed that 13 LASP1 induces EMT ‐ like phenotypes in vitro and in vivo . S100A4, identified as a 14 LASP1 ‐ modulated protein, was up ‐ regulated by LASP1. Moreover, it is frequently 15 co ‐ expressed with LASP1 in CRC. S100A4 was required for EMT and an increased cell 16 invasiveness of CRC cell is induced by LASP1. Furthermore, the stimulation of TGF ‐β 17 resulted in activated Smad pathway that increased the expression of LASP1 and 18 S100A4. The depletion of LASP1 or S100A4 expression inhibited TGF ‐β signaling 19 pathway. Moreover, it significantly weakened the pro ‐ invasive effects of TGF ‐β on 20 CRC cells. 21 Conclusion: These findings elucidate the central role of LASP1 in TGF ‐β‐ mediated 22 EMT process and suggest a potential target for the clinical intervention in patients 23 with advanced CRC.
The Effect of Velocity and Interfacial Tension on the Relative Permeability of Gas Condensate Fluids in the Wellbore Region

High pressure core flood experiments using gas condensate fluids in long sandstone cores have been conducted to determine the effect of flow rate and interfacial tension (IFT) on relative permeability. The experimental data are intended to be applied to near wellbore flow in gas condensate reservoirs, as viscous forces increase over capillary during the course of the tests.
Stent Thrombogenicity Early in High-Risk Interventional Settings Is Driven by Stent Design and Deployment and Protected by Polymer-Drug Coatings

Concern remains that stent thrombosis is a price paid for reducing restenosis, particularly with drug-eluting stents. Fear of clotting dictates procedural protocols, adjunctive medication, and device selection. The authors show here that polymer/drug coatings reduce rather than increase thrombosis early after complex interventions and that stent design and deployment drive thrombogenicity. Thinner devices reduce clot formation, whereas coatings are protective, especially in malapposed and overlap scenarios. Indeed, thin polymer-coated devices exhibit low thrombogenicity even in the most complex settings. By defining clot relative to the flow regimes imposed by struts, our models further explain the lack of consensus in clinical trials that sought to correlate deployment and thrombosis. The authors show here how well-apposed devices create flow separation upstream and downstream of struts and that clot potential tracks with these zones. As struts move off the wall, the flow-separation zones increase and then reduce as flow is restored beneath struts—clotting peaks and falls synchronous with flow alterations. With further displacement, strut-associated disturbances reemerge, eliciting a different pattern of thrombosis. When struts overlap, displaced struts impose a high-risk flow regime, and small changes in strut dimension or stent configuration elicit global changes in flow. Stent thrombosis differs with the nature of flow disruption, and clinical focus on design or deployment alone must give way to a broader context considering their combined impact on flow. Given the inevitable variability in deployment, the choice of optimal design and/or antithrombotic therapies may now be dictated by these patterns of flow disruption.