Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Process diagnostics and monitoring using the multipole resonance probe in an inhomogeneous plasma for ion-assisted deposition of optical coatings

The application of a multipole resonance probe (MRP) for diagnostic and monitoring purposes in a plasma ion-assisted deposition (PIAD) process is reported. Recently, the MRP was proposed as an economical and industry compatible plasma diagnostic device (Lapke et al 2011 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 20 042001). The major advantages of the MRP are its robustness against dielectric coating and its high sensitivity to measure the electron density. The PIAD process investigated is driven by the advanced plasma source (APS), which generates an ion beam in the deposition chamber for the production of high performance optical coatings. With a background neutral pressure of p0 ∼ 20 mPa the plasma expands from the source region into the recipient, leading to an inhomogeneous spatial distribution. Electron density and electron temperature vary over the distance from substrate (ne ∼ 109 cm−3 and Te,eff ∼ 2 eV) to the APS (ne ≳ 1012 cm−3 and Te,eff ∼ 20 eV) (Harhausen et al 2012 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 21 035012). This huge variation of the plasma parameters represents a big challenge for plasma diagnostics to operate precisely for all plasma conditions. The results obtained by the MRP are compared to those from a Langmuir probe chosen as reference diagnostics. It is demonstrated that the MRP is suited for the characterization of the PIAD plasma as well as for electron density monitoring. The latter aspect offers the possibility to develop new control schemes for complex industrial plasma environments.
Surface functionalization of cadmium sulfide quantum-confined nanoclusters. 4. Formation and reactivity of an aniline surface quantum dot

The preparation, characterization, properties, and reactivity of a novel quantum-confined CdS nanocluster containing a chemically active aniline surface are described, along with three general methods for the covalent attachment of a wide scope of molecular moieties to the cluster surface. The formation of facile covalent linkages via DCC mediated amidization, secondary amine formation, and thiourea condensation is discussed and, as the introduction of surface functionality is crucial for the eventual realization of molecular electronic devices fabricated from such nanoclusters, several derivatized nanoclusters bearing interesting chromophoric, fluorescent, electroactive, and chiroptical tethered species are described. All three derivatization techniques occur under very mild conditions that have been demonstrated not to disturb the integrity of the nanocluster core.
THE EXTRACTION OF SOME BASE METAL IONS BY CYANEX 30L CYANEX 302 AND THEIR BINARY EXTRACTANT MIXTURES WITH ALIQUAT 336

ABSTRACT The extraction behaviour of Cyanex 301, Cyanex 302 and their binary extractant mixtures with Aliquat 33b towards copper(II), zinc(II), iron(III), iron(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II) and manganese(Il) is indicated. The extraction data were collected from sulphate solutions with acidities ranging from pH 10 to 8 mol/dm3 sulphuric acid. Cyanex 301 is a more efficient extractant than Cyanex 302 and is able to effect extraction at greater acidities. In combination with the organic base Aliquat 336 the extraction power of these extractants is lowered and in some cases the extraction is suppressed appreciably. However, the suppression of extraction can be useful in metal separation and affords greater control over the back-extraction. The suppression is ascribed to the high stability of the acid-base couple which must dissociate in order to effect extraction.
Effect of Synthesis Parameters on the Formation of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework 8 (ZIF-8) Nanoparticles for CO2 Adsorption

Zeolitic imidazole frameworks-8 (ZIF-8) is a subclass of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with the transition metal cations (Zn2+) linked by imidazolate anions forming tetrahedral frameworks in zeolite-like topologies. This article reports on the synthesis of ZIF-8 nanoparticles by varying the synthesis parameters at room temperature. The crystallization duration, molar ratios, and pH of the mixture solution were varied in order to study the effects of these parameters on the formation of ZIF-8 nanoparticles. The structural and morphology transformation of the resultant particles were characterized using x-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface analysis. The CO2 adsorption characteristics of ZIF-8 nanoparticles were tested using CO2 physisorption analysis. Mature structural evolution was observed for ZIF-8 synthesized at 60 and 1440 min, but insufficient crystallization was found for ZIF-8 synthesized at 5 min. Meanwhile, ZIF-8 nanoparticles synthesized under lower amount of methanol resulted in larger particle size and higher crystallinity. Poorly intergrown ZIF-8 nanoparticles were observed for samples synthesized using a mixture solution with pH 8.2. Although different particle sizes and relative crystallinities were obtained for the ZIF-8 samples, synthesis using different molar ratios of the mixture solution, insignificant variations of BET surface areas, and CO2 adsorption capacities were found.
Aerosols Analysis by LIBS for Monitoring of Air Pollution by Industrial Sources

In the context of the air quality improvement, there is an increasing need to monitor gas and particle emissions originating from exhaust stacks (incinerators, foundries, etc.) for regulation enforcement purposes. Lots of pollutants are targeted; among them, heavy metals are mostly found in particulate forms. Hence, there is a need to promote the development of suitable on line analytical techniques. To that end, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) appears to be a good technique. Indeed, it is quantitative, fast (<1 min), requires no sample preparation, and can be performed at remote distance. The instrumentation is compact and offers the possibility to be used for continuous and in-situ monitoring. Two different approaches have been tested by several authors to analyze aerosols by LIBS, by focusing the laser either on particles collected on a filter or directly into the aerosol. In this work, these two approaches, aiming at measuring the mass concentration of micrometer metallic particles in air, are investigated and compared. The experimental setup includes an aerosol source (an ultrasonic nebulizer producing a diluted aerosol of CuSO4 particles); two sampling lines for particle sizes and, for reference concentration measurements, a line for direct LIBS analysis; and a fourth one devoted to filter sampling for subsequent LIBS measurements. Calibration curves were obtained with those two experimental approaches and the results are compared. In terms of sampling particles number, indirect analysis appears to be more efficient than direct analysis for our experimental conditions. Better detection limits were found with direct analysis when comparing the two approaches under similar sampling conditions (analysis time and sampling flow).
Chemical characterization of the flour of peel and seed from two papaya cultivars

Papaya is among the currently most important tropical fruits grown in Brazil and in the world. The fruit is mainly consumed fresh although it offers many industrial products. The processing of this fruit, as well as its fresh consumption, results in large amounts of waste, such as peels and seeds. Papaya consumption is one of the causes of significant loss of food value; therefore, new aspects on the use of its waste as by-products, or in the production of food additives, or even the incorporation of its flour in food have aroused great interest because these are products of high nutritional value, and their use may be economically viable. The objective of this study was to produce and characterize peel and seed flours from two papaya cultivars (Havai and Calimosa) for their chemical constituents focusing on possible use in foods. The proximate and mineral composition, titratable acidity, soluble solids, pH, contents of vitamin C, and phenolic compounds were determined. According to the results obtained, the papaya peel and seed flours had high contents of protein and fiber and therefore can be used as alternative sources of nutrients and can also be added in foods avoiding waste and adding value to the fruit.
High aspect ratio iridescent three-dimensional metal–insulator–metal capacitors using atomic layer deposition

The authors report on the structural and electrical properties of TiN/Al2O3/TiN metal–insulator–metal (MIM) capacitor structures in submicron three-dimensional (3D) trench geometries with an aspect ratio of ∼30. A simplified process route was employed where the three layers for the MIM stack were deposited using atomic layer deposition (ALD) in a single run at a process temperature of 250 °C. The TiN top and bottom electrodes were deposited via plasma-enhanced ALD using a tetrakis(dimethylamino)titanium precursor. 3D trench devices yielded capacitance densities of 36 fF/μm2 and quality factors >65 at low frequency (200 Hz), with low leakage current densities (<3 nA/cm2 at 1 V). These devices also show strong optical iridescence which, when combined with the covert embedded capacitance, show potential for system in package (SiP) anticounterfeiting applications.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hybrid Porphyrin Dimers and Halogenated Porphyrin Dimers.

Zinc hybrid porphyrin dimer(ZnTTP-C2-H2PFPP, ZnTTP-C2-H2TTP, ZnPFPP-C2-H2PFPP, and ZnPFPP-C2-H2TTP) and manganese (III) halogenated porphyrin dimers (MnPFPP-C2-MnPFPP, MnPFPP-C2-MnDCPP, and MnDCPP-C2-MnDCPP) covalently bridged by an ethylene moiety ( ) were synthesized and characterized by UV-vis spectra, fluorescence spectra, and cyclic voltammograms. These porphyrin dimers could be embedded into the lipid bilayers of a liposomal membrane. The redox potential of the manganese complex for the halogenated porphyrin dimers increased with increasing of halogen portions on the porphyrin rings. An efficient energy transfer of the excited singlet state in the covalently-linked zinc hybrid dimers from zinc porphyrin to a free base porphyrin was observed, depending on the porphyrin structure. Furthermore, the manganese halogenated porphyrin dimers acted as catalysts of transmembrane electron transfer; such activity depends on the steric effect of halogen portions on the porphyrin ring.
A stable‐isotope methodology for measurement of soil‐applied zinc‐fertilizer recovery in durum wheat (Triticum durum)

A growth-chamber study was used to develop a zinc stable-isotope (67Zn) tracing technique to directly measure the amount of soil-applied zinc (Zn) granular fertilizer taken up by durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) in four different soil types. The 67Zn-tracer technique was then applied under field conditions at one site to test the ability of the method to measure the crop recovery of soil-applied Zn granular fertilizer (67Zn). The technique was developed by comparing plants treated with nil Zn fertilizer to natural-abundance-Zn-coated fertilizer and 67Zn-coated fertilizer with plant parts analyzed for Zn isotopic composition using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Zinc-fertilizer recovery under growth-chamber conditions was inversely related to the concentration of labile Zn in soils, with the plants on the most Zn-deficient soils having the greatest amount of Zn derived from the added fertilizer. Zinc derived from fertilizer ranged from 0.3% (Luvisol) to 0.6% (Solonetz) to 13% (Calcisol) and 18% (Lixisol) for soils with DTPA-extractable Zn of 3.5–0.21 mg kg–1. Across the experiments, fertilizer recovery was measurable but very low (< 1% of added fertilizer being recovered by durum wheat). The recovery of Zn added to the Luvisol was slightly higher in the field than in the glasshouse (but all < 0.1%). Using this stable-isotope technique, it was possible to directly assess the supply of soil-applied Zn fertilizers to crop plants.
Epidemiology of Maxillofacial Fractures Among Patients Reporting to Emergency Room of a Tertiary Care Center In Pondicherry–A 3 Year Retrospective Study

ABATRACT BACKGROUND: Injuries resulting from trauma should not only be seen exclusively as a medical condition, but also as a social and economic problem, and to tackle such social problem a thorough understanding of the patterns and site of fractures is essential. Aim and Objectives: The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and patterns of maxillofacial fractures among cases reporting to Emergency room of a tertiary care center in Pondicherry from January 2012 – December 2014 Method: Data was obtained through a 3 year retrospective review of patients admitted/ reported to emergency room of a Mahatma Gandhi Hospital and Research Institute, Pondicherry, India with maxillofacial trauma. Files with incomplete and unclear records were excluded from the present study. For each case, patient’sgender and age, pattern of facial fractures, and side involved were recorded on a data sheet. Result: Maxillofacial fractures accounted for 29.75 percent of the cases. Majority of cases(31%) belonged to 21 – 30 year age group. Mandible sustained 51 percent of the fractures. Isolated fractures were seen in zygomatic complex (32.5%) followed by parasymphysis (28.2%). About 45 percent of the cases reported with fractures of Middle third of the face. Left side of the face was more involved than the right side of the face. Conclusion: The epidemiological study of facial trauma makes it possible to outline the risk situations, as well as the characteristics of individuals susceptible to this type of trauma.
Low-Temperature Chemical Synthesis and Microstructure Analysis of GeO2 Crystals with α-Quartz Structure

Germanium dioxide (GeO2) crystals were prepared by precipitation from water solution of ammonium germanate with nitric acid at a relatively low-temperature (100 °C). The grown GeO2 crystals were characterized to study their microstructure and chemical analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The results indicate that the grown GeO2 crystals exhibit α-quartz type crystal structure. The lattice parameters obtained from XRD were a = 4.987(4) A and c = 5.652(5) A. The crystals formed were submicrometer in size and exhibited uniform shape and diameter, which is about 500 nm. The characterization using microscopic and spectroscopic measurements indicate a high structural quality of GeO2 crystals, in terms of control for morphology, single-phase, and chemical bonding and local structure, grown using the present approach.
ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF A NON-ISOTHERMAL SOLID/GAS REACTING MEDIUM

This article concerns reacting solid-gas media, and the exploitation of their thermal properties in energy systems. Problems are encountered in the kinetics of these heterogeneous reactions and in the thermal phenomena characteristic of reacting porous media. A preliminary experimental study brought to light the existence of a coupling between these phenomena. By an appropriate choice of procedure, however, it was possible to separately identify the kinetic and thermal parameters occurring in the global transformation model, in a satisfactory way. This required detailed experimental data to decouple the two types of equation in the global model and to define the quadratic criteria to be minimised in each case. The experimental and kinetic studies are presented in this article. The thermal study is the subject of the second article.
Kinetics of Calcite Precipitation in the Presence of Water-soluble Organic Ligands1

The rate of precipitation of calcite is an important geochemical process which can influence the saturation state of natural waters with respect to pure calcite. The present study was established to determine the influence of water-soluble soil organic ligands on the rate of calcite precipitation. A reproducible seeded growth method was used to measure the rate constant for calcite precipitation at pH = 8.4 and 25°C, in the presence of varying amounts of total soluble organic carbon (CTS) added as a water-soil extract (WSE) or Seward fulvic acid (FA). The rate equation which described the rate of calcite precipitation in the present experiments was: where R = rate of calcite precipitation (mol Ls), kf = precipitation rate constant (L molms), s = surface area of calcite seeds (mL), = divalent ion activity coefficient, brackets represent concentrations (mol L), and Ksp is the solubility of pure calcite at 25°C. Rate constants decreased to zero in the presence of 0.15 mM and 0.028 mM CTS added as the WSE and FA, respectively. The organic C surface coverage on the calcite seeds corresponding to complete inhibition of calcite precipitation was 90 and 30 atoms C nm 2 for the WSE and FA, respectively. The efficacy of inhibition of calcite precipitation in the presence of soluble soil organic matter explains why many natural waters, including soil solutions of Calciaquolls, are oversaturated with respect to pure calcite. Soluble polymeric carbon constituents which adsorb onto potential calcite seeds, render these surfaces inactive as sites for crystal growth. Additional Index Words: calcium carbonate, crystal growth, fulvic acid, calcite supersaturation. View complete article To view this complete article, insert Disc 4 then click button8
Separation of acid–water mixtures by pervaporation using nanoparticle filled mixed matrix copolymer membranes

BACKGROUND: Low energy and less expensive membrane based separation of acetic acid-water mixtures would be a better alternative to conventional separation processes. However, suitable acid resistant membranes are still lacking. Thus, the objective of the present study was to develop mixed matrix membrane (MMM) which would allow high flux and water selectivity over a wide range of feed concentrations of acid in water. RESULTS: Three MMMs, namely PANBA0.5, PANBA1.5 and PANBA3 were made by emulsion copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) and butyl acrylate (BA) with 5.5:1 comonomer ratio and in situ incorporation of 0.5, 1.5 and 3 wt%, sodium montmorilonite (Na-MMT) nanofillers, respectively. For a feed concentration of 99.5 wt% of acid in water the membranes show good permeation flux (2.61, 3.19, 3.97 kg m−2 h−1 µm−1, for PANBA0.5, PANBA1.5 and PANBA3 membrane, respectively) and very high separation factors for water (1473, 1370, 1292 for PANBA0.5, PANBA1.5 and PANBA3 membrane, respectively) at 30 °C. Similarly for a dilute acid–water solution, i.e. for 71.6 wt% acid the membrane showed a very high thickness normalize flux (8.67, 9.44, 11.56 kg m−2 h−1 µm−1, for PANBA0.5, PANBA1.5 and PANBA3 membrane, respectively) and good water selectivity (101.7, 95.3, 79 for PANBA0.5, PANBA1.5 and PANBA3 membrane, respectively) at the same feed temperature. The permeation ratio, permeability, diffusion coefficient and activation energy for permeation of the membranes were also estimated. CONCLUSION: Unlike most of the reported membranes, the present MMMs allowed high flux and selectivity over a wide range of feed concentrations. These membranes may also be effective for separating other similar organic-water mixtures. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Decomposition Makes Better Rain Removal: An Improved Attention-Guided Deraining Network

Rain streaks in the air show diverse characteristics with different shapes, directions, densities, even the complex overlapped phenomenon, causing great challenges for the deraining task. Recently, deep learning based image deraining methods have been extensively investigated due to their excellent performance. However, most of the existing algorithms still have limitations in removing rain streaks while preserving rich textural details under complicated rain conditions. To this end, we propose to decompose rain streaks into multiple rain layers and individually estimate each of them along the network stages to cope with the increasing abstracts. To better characterize rain layers, an improved non-local block is designed to exploit the self-similarity of rain information by learning the holistic spatial feature correlations while reducing the calculation complexity. Moreover, a mixed attention mechanism is applied to guide the fusion of rain layers by focusing on the local and global overlaps among these rain layers. Extensive experiments on both synthetic rainy/rain-haze/raindrop datasets, real-world samples, the haze, and low-light scenarios show substantial improvements both on quantitative indicators and visual effects over the current state-of-the-art technologies. The source code is available at https://github.com/kuihua/IADN.
CaCo1-xRuxOy: Role of Ru/Co Ratio on Its Transport Properties

Calcium cobaltites, especially Ca3Co4O9 with a misfit layered structure, are promising thermoelectric materials due to their suitability for high temperature applications and low densities. The existence of low spin-state electronic configurations for both and species is one of the key parameter to explain the large thermopower values. Ruthenium oxide, with a layered structure, exhibits strong electron-electron correlation and the extended nature of their 4d electrons enhances orbital overlapping which is expected to influence the transport characteristics of CaCo1-xRuxOy (CCR) samples, by affecting the spin state of the 3d Co ions. The effect on thermopower and electrical resistivity due to partial substitution of Co by Ru ions, up to 0.33 moles, from 300 to 600 K was investigated. A sharp decline in resistivity and in thermopower was observed until a transition ion ratio (TIR), (Ru/(Ru + Co)), of 0.5 is reached, beyond which both the properties became less sensitive to TIR. These variations in the transport properties are explained by the presence of 4d Ru in close proximity to the Co, which could influence the spin and oxidation state of Co ions. The Co rich and Ru rich samples exhibit very distinct microstructures and phase assemblages.