Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A NEW SPECIES OF BARAMEDA (RHIZODONTIDA) AND HETEROCHRONY IN THE RHIZODONTID PECTORAL FIN

Abstract New material of the Australian Lower Carboniferous rhizodontid Barameda provides additional information on poorly known aspects of rhizodontid anatomy, including the braincase and branchial arches, and indicates that two species of Barameda are present in the Mansfield Group, a larger poorly ossified species, B. decipiens, and a new species, Barameda mitchelli n. sp. based on the smaller well ossified specimens previously assigned to B. decipiens. Unusually, in a new pectoral fin specimen assigned to B. decipiens, the humerus lacks ossified entepicondylar and pectoral processes, strong projections present on the humeri of most sarcopterygian fish and tetrapods. Juveniles of rhizodontids and of Eusthenopteron (Tristichopteridae) also lack these processes (ossifying later in development), which along with poor overall ossification of the fin in juveniles and in B. decipiens, indicates that the pectoral fin of the latter has been affected by heterochronic processes. These observations suggest a degree of developmental variability (timing, degree of ossification) in the entepicondyle relative to the rest of the humerus, which could be extended to other posterior processes of pectoral fin elements such as the ulnare flange. This flange is present in tristichopterids but absent in rhizodontids and taxa closely related to the origin of tetrapods, such as Panderichthys.
Distribution of the Resident Oral Bacterial Populations in Different Strains of Mice

The distribution of the resident oral bacterial species was evaluated in six genetically different mouse strains (BALB/c, C3H/He, C57BL/6, C57BL/10, DBA/2 and CD-1). The results indicate that these mouse strains harbour different oral microbiota upon arrival at our animal facilities. However, this difference persists only in strains C57BL/10 and DBA/2 1 wk after arrival. Except for strains CD-1 and C57BL/10, the oral biota is different upon arrival compared to that observed after 1 wk at our animal facilities. For the same mouse strain, the oral biota can differ significantly from one shipment to another upon arrival but tends to stabilise after 1 wk. This stabilising effect can be related to the increase in the proportion of Lactobacillus murinus among the total cultivable oral microbiota. These results indicate that if the host genetic background influences the distribution of the oral bacterial populations, its effect is masked by environmental factors. Keywords - Environment, Bacterial ecology, Resident oral microbiota, Mice, Bacterial biota, Genetic background.
Synchrony, Binding, and Consciousness

LaRock provides a rather perplexing critique of the binding problem. He argues that neural synchrony, the proposed solution to the binding problem, is not sufficient to explain the unity of objects in visual consciousness. Did anyone claim it was? Neural synchrony can at best be necessary for consciousness, not sufficient. The binding problem originally has nothing to do with the conscious content of our perception. Misidentification of binding and consciousness may lead to tunnel vision with respect to other roles that neural synchrony could play in conscious experience. A different perspective is offered on how neural synchrony relates to visual consciousness.
Evaluating codon bias perspective in barbiturase gene using multivariate analysis

Barbiturases exist solely in bacteria and encompass an undistinguished protein family. s-Triazine compound introduction into the environment owing to recent industrial practices have revitalized barbiturases. Codon usage patterns were analysed in this study for 17 barbiturase genes encoded by 16 bacterial species. Multivariate and correspondence study of amino acid and codon usage was employed for detecting the cause of variation in the gene content. GC3 of synonymously variable codons, RSCU, NC and CAI were estimated with statistical softwares. Examination of DNA composition along with codon usage was done to reveal dynamics of gene evolution and expression of this enzyme. Keywords: Codon usage, barbiturase gene, multivariate statistical analysis African Journal of Biotechnology , Vol. 13(2), pp. 194-201, 8 January, 2014
Discrimination d'un stock de poisson, l'anguille (Anguilla rostrata), basée sur la présence d'un produit chimique de synthèse, le mirex

Mirex concentrations were measured in eels (Anguilla rostrata) from eastern Canada to determine the contribution of Lake Ontario eels to the Saint Lawrence commercial fishery. Mirex could be detected in all eels (50 specimens) collected in Lake Ontario (0.18 ± 0.11 μg∙g−1). Most sedentary eels collected from the Saint Lawrence commercial fishery and both the migratory and sedentary eels collected from the Saint Lawrence tributaries and the Maritimes had no mirex. Of the migrating eels collected in the Saint Lawrence 74% contained mirex (0.17 ± 0.19 μg∙g−1). These results show that stocks can be discriminated on the basis of the presence of synthetic chemical products such as pesticides and other contaminants that are distributed heterogeneously in the environment. Based on a presence–absence criterion, this method for stock discrimination has the distinct advantage that it is more accurate and less time consuming than similar methods based on the presence of natural chemical products.
NEW SYNONYMIES AND NEW RECORDS OF SOME COSMOPOLITAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS TETRAGNATHA (ARANEAE : TETRAGNATHIDAE)

Five cosmopolitan species of the genus Tetragnatha are reported. New synonymies and new records of distribution treated in this paper are as follows: T. boydi Cambridge, 1898 =T. mandibulata bidentata Gravely, 1921. New synonymy. =T. nitens kullrnanni Wiehle, 1962. New synonymy. New record from Brazil. i’: mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841 New record from W. Africa. T. maxillosa Thorell, 1895 =T. japonica Boesenberg et Strand, 1906. New synonymy. =T. listeri Gravely, 1921. New synonymy. -T. cliens Chamberlin, 1924. New synonymy. =T. propioides Schenkel, 1936. New synonymy. T. zitens (Audouin), 1827 New record from Hawaii. T. verrniformis Emerton, 1884 =T. mackenziei Gravely, 1921. New synonymy. =T. shikokiana Yaginuma, 1960. New synonymy. This paper reports five species of the genus Tetrag? zatha which were collected from various parts of the tropics to temperate regions by many seniors and other colleagues. In the present paper, I redescribe and illustrate the five species and I would like to remark here that the measurements of relative length of legs are expressed as a good character for separating species. New synonymies are proposed and new collecting records are also presented. The specimens examined in the present study are preserved in the collection of the Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University.
Analytical Solution of Buckling of Beams with Two Delaminations

A stability problem of composite beams with multiple delamination was tackled. A closed-form solution was found and buckling loads of composite beams with two delaminations were determined in order to obtain their compressive load-carrying capacity. Crack-opening mode was assumed for each detached delaminated region. Seven different regions having different transverse deformations resulted from assumed positions of delaminations. Developing the derived continuity condition equations reduced the number of algebraic equations required to solve the problem analytically. The results of the work were validated by comparing them to those reported in the literature. The effects of length, location, and distribution of multiple delaminations were considered in the comparison, and the results showed very good agreement. Buckling load decreases as delamination size increases. Buckling load for a beam with two delaminations is lower than that for the same beam with a single delamination.
EFFECT OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTORS (TGFα AND TGFβ) ON HUMAN SPERM CHEMOTACTIC MIGRATION IN VITRO

The effect of transforming growth factors (TGFα and TGFβ) on mouse sperm motion chemotactic behavior was examined. In an in vitro model, the number of mouse sperm cells migrating to medium containing TGFα in concentration 500 ng/mL were significantly higher than the number migrating to control. This effect was observed after 3 and 5 h of incubation. The presence of 100 ng/mL of TGFα and TGFβ in concentration 100 and 500 ng/mL in incubation fluid did not cause any statistically visible changes on the migration of sperm. Effect of combination of both cytokines was similar to influence purely TGFα. These effects were interpreted as chemotaxis but not chemokinesis of sperm induced by influence of this cytokine on membrane receptors. It is suggested that of TGFs contained in follicular fluid plays a direct and important role in the process of mammalian fertilization.
Predation risk and mating behavior: the responses of moths to bat-like ultrasound

In the presence of predators, animal* may reduce or alter their mating activities. There has been little experimental study of whether mating behavior varies with the level of predation risk. Two species of moths, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Noctuidae) and Ostrinia nubilalis (Pyralidae), significantly reduced their mate-seeking behavior under high levels of simulated predation risk. Male moths aborted upwind flight in a pheromone phime, and females stopped releasing pheromone in response to sounds simulating the echolocation calls of bats. For 0. nubilalis, but not for P. unipuncta, the response varied significantly with the level of predation risk. Interspecific differences in behavioral responses likely reflect differences in physiological auditory sensitivity and/or behavioral thresholds. Female behavioral responses to sounds simulating the calls of bats that glean their prey from surfaces were significantly weaker than their responses to sounds resembling the calls of aerially hawking bats; these results support the neurophysiological data that the calls of gleaning bats are relatively inaudible to moths. This study indicates that some animals can modify their reproductive activities in response to auditory cues from predators. Key words: bats, mating behavior, moths, Ostrinia nubilalis, pheromone, predation risk, Pseudaletia unipuncta, ultrasound. [Behav Ecol 9:552-558 (1998)]
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM, SOCIAL BEHAVIOR, AND INTRASEXUAL COMPETITION IN LARGE PLEISTOCENE CARNIVORANS

Abstract Among living carnivorans, the degree of sexual dimorphism in canine tooth size is correlated with breeding system. Monogamous pair-bonding species and those that form multi-male, multi-female groups tend to be less dimorphic than uni-male, group living species. This correspondence between social behavior and dental dimensions suggests that the inference of sexual dimorphism in extinct carnivorans could shed light on their breeding structure. In this paper, we estimate level of sexual dimorphism in skull length, canine tooth size, and lower molar length for two extinct species, the dire wolf, Canis dirus, and the sabertooth cat, Smilodon fatalis. Three methods are employed to estimate sexual dimorphism: extrapolation from coefficients of variation, division of the sample about the mean, and finite mixture analysis. Results indicate that dire wolves were similar to most canids in their low level of sexual dimorphism, suggesting a pair-bonded breeding structure. Smilodon fatalis appears to have been significantly less dimorphic than living or fossil lions and more comparable to solitary living felids in canine and skull size dimorphism. Thus it seems unlikely that S. fatalis had a polygynous breeding structure like lions in which males compete intensely for access to females. Instead, if S. fatalis lived in groups, these would have been composed of a monogamous pair and their offspring from current and perhaps previous years.
PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF TERTIARY MONOPHORASTERID SAND DOLLARS (CLYPEASTEROIDA: ECHINOIDEA) FROM SOUTH AMERICA

Abstract Sand dollars in the Monophorasteridae Lahille, 1896, form an important part of the South American Cenozoic echinoid fauna. Re-examination of type and other material adds significantly to our knowledge of the morphology and taxonomy of the family, and shows that besides Monophoraster darwini (Desor, 1847), M. duboisi (Cotteau, 1884), Amplaster coloniensis Martínez, 1984, and A. alatus Rossi de Garcia and Levy, 1989, there is a new species, A. ellipticus. We also show that Karlaster Marchesini Santos, 1958, is not a monophorasterid as once thought. A phylogenetic analysis of 24 characters assessed from all species of Monophoraster Lambert and Thiéry, 1921, and Amplaster Martínez, 1984, along with genera of the Mellitidae Stefanini, 1912, produced a single most parsimonious tree. The analysis demonstrates monophyly of mellitids and monophorasterids, and that Iheringiella Berg, 1898, should be excluded from the latter. Although both Monophoraster Lambert and Thiéry, 1921, and Amplaster Martínez, 1984, retain many features of an ancestor in common with the Mellitidae Stefanini, 1912, they also exhibit bizarre morphologies quite different from those of mellitids. The study has also resulted in a clearer picture of the biogeography and biostratigraphy of the Monophorasteridae, and their great significance in the evolution of lunulate sand dollars in the Americas.
Fact, theory, test and evolution

In the article, ‘The Role of Climatic Change in the Evolution of Mammals’, in the Teaching Biology section of BioScience , Barnosky & Kraatz (2007) make two claims: evolution is a fact, and fossils are the test evidence of evolutionary hypotheses. In the beginning sentence, the authors state, ‘Despite all the arguments over semantics, evolution is a fact’ (Barnosky & Kraatz 2007: 523), but later claim, ‘Evolution is also a theory’ (Barnosky & Kraatz 2007: 524). This conflation of fact and theory is extended to hypotheses in relation to testing: ‘Over time, as predictions [ sic ] are repeatedly
Multicontinuum Failure Analysis of Composite Structural Laminates

Damage in a composite typically begins at the constituent level and may, in fact, be limited to only one constituent in some situations. Accurate predictions of constituent damage at points in a laminate provide a genesis for progressively analyzing failure of a composite structure from start to finish. In this article we develop an efficient constituent-based failure analysis for composite structural laminates. Continuum-based (phase-averaged) constituent stress and strain fields are computed in a finite-element environment without a computational time penalty. Constituent stress-based failure criteria are developed and used to construct a progressive failure algorithm in which one constituent is allowed to fail while the other constituent remains intact, e.g., matrix cracking. The proposed failure algorithm was used to predict failure of a variety of laminates under uniaxial and biaxial loads. The results were shown to be superior to comparable single-continuum failure analyses and in good agreement with experimentally determined failure loads.
Some Possible Antecedents of Military Personnel Organizational Citizenship Behavior

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) describes actions in which employees are willing to go above and beyond their prescribed role requirements. Little or no attention has been paid to the OCB from military perspective. The purpose of this article is to investigate job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational justice, and trust in supervisor as the potential antecedents of OCB in a military setting. The research hypotheses are tested using sample data collected from 301 military personnel. The proposed antecedents were positively related to OCB. Yet, hierarchical regression analysis reveals that job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and trust in supervisor account for unique variances in OCB of the military personnel. Implications for the theory and practice of OCB are discussed, limitations of the study are discussed, and future research directions offered.
EFFECTIVENESS OF TRICHOGRAMMA CHILONIS (ISHII) (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) AGAINST SUGARCANE STEM BORER (CHILO INFUSCATELLUS SNELLEN) (LEPIDOTERA: PYRALLIDAE)

Trichogramma chilonis Ishii against sugarcane stem borer (Chilo infuscatellus Snellen) was evaluated in experimental plots of sugarcane in the field at Faisalabad, Pakistan. Among five treatments of T. chilonis, the treatment having 60,000 parasitized eggs per acre showed significant results causing 83% reduction in infestation of C. infuscatellus as compare to control having 30.67% infestation. Population of C. infuscatellus showed negative correlation with increase in number of parasitized eggs of T. chilonis, which indicates that it can be successfully used for the suppression of sugarcane stem borer.
Cassava based foods: microbial fermentation by single starter culture towards cyanide reduction, protein enhancement and palatability.

Cassava flour sample fermented with three pure starter cultures of Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiea, Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Three different inoculum level (0.25 ml, 0.50 ml, and 0.75 ml) were used. 20 gms of cassava samples were fermented to different times (24, 36 and 48 hrs). The samples were withdrew after each hrs of fermentation and subjected to analysis of pH, MC, CP, FC content of the samples. All fermented samples generally resulted in increased crude protein (CP) and decreased pH, free cyanide and moisture contents. The sample fermented with L. plantarum and L. mesenterodes for 36 and 48 hrs with 0.25 ml and 0.75 ml inoculums resulted in the highest pH reduction from 6.68 to 3.70, while the least pH reduction was recorded in sample fermented with S. cereviseas at inoculums level of 0.75 ml. The highest CP content increment were recorded on sample fermented by S. cereviseas for 48 hrs with inoculums level of 0.75 ml i.e from 0.71% unfermented to 4.58% fermented sample. The highest free cyanide (FC) reduction was recorded by L. plantarum (4.09 mg/g) at 24 hrs of 0.50 ml, followed by L. mesenteroides (4.67 mg/g) at 36 hrs of 0.75 ml of inoculum. While the least free cyanide reduction was recorded by S. cereviseas (111.62 mg/g) at 24 hrs of 0.25 ml of inoculum level. The FC content of all fermented sample at three fermentation time and inoculums level was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the unfermented samples. The FC decreased from 197.19 mg/g to 4.09 mg/g upon fermentation.
Within‐stream variation in early life‐history traits in brown trout

Significant additive genetic variance for most early life-history traits was found in brown trout Salmo trutta living in both allopatry above an impassable waterfall and sympatry (below the waterfall in the same stream) with alpine bullhead Coitus poecilopus. These traits included length, mass and yolk sac volume at hatching, and size at 'button-up' (the time when yolk is enclosed within the body cavity). There were small differences in size at hatching and size at button-up among populations (adjusted for egg size). However, sympatric fry grew more rapidly and experienced lower mortality rates during the period of first feeding than allopatric fry. This might indicate behavioural differences between brown trout from the two populations. It is suggested that these phenotypic differences may be a result of adaptation to living in sympatry with alpine bullhead.
Re-instatement of Leptophytum and its type Leptophytum laeve : taxonomy and biogeography of the genera Leptophytum and Phymatolithon (Corallinales, Rhodophyta)

In a recently published examination of the newly re-discovered holotype of Leptophytum (Lithophyllum) laeve, the characters of the holotype specimen were judged to be taxonomically inadequate. Consequently, an epitype was selected which was determined to belong to Phymatolithon lenormandii, rendering Leptophytum and its type L. laeve junior synonyms of Phymatolithon and P. lenormandii, respectively. We have re-studied the holotype specimen in Stockholm, and in this paper we demonstrate that it is consistent with the protologue and exhibits features that are fully consistent with the modern circumscription of Leptophytum laeve, based on population studies. Our results demonstrate that the holotype specimen is taxonomically adequate and that the selection of an epitype was not necessary. Accordingly, we propose the reinstatement of Leptophytum Adey 1966, based on its type L. laeve (Foslie) Adey (basionym: Lithophyllum lenormandii f. laeve Foslie 1891). The genera Leptophytum and Phymatolithon Foslie are sim.
Interaction Effects of Paclobutrazol and Salinity on Photosynthesis and Vegetative Growth of Strawberry Plants

Strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) are very susceptible to salinity. To investigate the interactive effects of paclobutrazol (PP 333 ) and salinity on gas exchange and growth factors of the plant, 3 levels of NaCl [0, 5, 10 mM] were incorporated into the nutrient solution, and 4 levels of PP 333 [0, 10, 20, 30 mg/L] were applied by means of foliar sprays. Increased levels of salinity and PP 333 resulted in reduced leaf area. The highest level of PP 333 resulted in reduced shoot dry weight. Foliar application of 20 mg/L of PP 333 mitigated detrimental effects of salinity on root dry weight and total plant dry weight. PP 333 also mitigated negative effects of increased salinity on photosynthetic rate (A), water use efficiency, relative water content and chlorophyll content. Increased salinity and PP 333 caused reductions in stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), number of runners and petiole length. Specific leaf weight was increased by both salinity and PP 333 .
The Effects of Different Mineral Nutrients on the levels of Cytokinins in Maize (Zea mays L.)

In this study, Z (trans-Zeatin) and ZR (trans-Zeatin Riboside) levels in the roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits of maize plants (Zea mays L.) were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Plants were grown in media containing macro elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur and iron) in optimum, deficient and excess concentrations. According to the average Z values for all periods, the highest Z levels were determined in the roots of plants treated with excessive P (-P); in stems, female flowers treated with excessive K (-K) and in leaves and kernels treated with excessive Ca (-Ca). The highest ZR levels were found in roots and stems treated with excessive Fe (-Fe), S (-S) and in leaves, female flowers and kernels treated with excessive K (-K). Ozet: Bu cal›flmada, makroelementlerin (azot, fosfor, potasyum, kalsiyum, magnezyum, kukurt ve demir) optimum, eksik ve afl›r› konsantrasyonlar›n›n m›s›r (Zea mays L.) bitkisinin kok, govde, yaprak, difli cicek ve meyvelerinde bulunan sitokinin grubu hormonlardan Z (trans-Zeatin) ve ZR (trans-Zeatin ribozid) seviyeleri uzerine etkileri saptanm›flt›r. Z ve ZR seviyelerinin belirlenmesinde yuksek bas›ncl› s›v› kromatografisi (HPLC) kullan›ld›. Hormon seviyeleri bitkilerin 1. Peryot (4-5 yaprakl› olduu), 2. Peryot (ciceklenme) ve 3. Peryot (meyve geliflmesi) olmak uzere 3 peryotta belirlendi. Butun peryotlardaki ortalama Z ve ZR degerlerine gore En yuksek Z seviyesi afl›r› fosfor uygulanan bitkilerin koklerinde, afl›r› potasyum uygulanan bitkilerin govde ve difli cicekleri ile, afl›r› kalsiyum uygulanan bitkilerin yaprak ve tohumlarinda bulundu. En yuksek ZR seviyeleri ise afl›r› demir ve kukurte maruz b›rak›lan bitkilerin govdelerinde, afl›r› potasyum uygulanan bitkilerin yaprak, difli cicek ve meyvelerinde saptand›.