Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Multigroup Approach to the Coupled Electron‐Phonon Boltzmann Equations in InP

Abstract We propose a very general multigroup formalism to the Boltzmann transport equations governing the transient transport regime in polar semiconductors. The electrons, which are described via a three‐valley model, and the longitudinal optical phonons are treated in a dynamic way. Hence, these multigroup equations yield reliable results in the cases of high electron densities and high electric‐field strengths. Computations are performed for InP by taking into account all of the relevant scattering mechanisms. We investigate the coupled electron‐phonon system in response to a uniform external electric field. The results are compared to experimental and theoretical data.
CONVECTIVE FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER BETWEEN WAVY WALL AND A PARALLEL FLAT WALL DIVIDED BY A PERFECTLY CONDUCTIVE BAFFLE

The steady two-dimensional free convection flow of a viscous fluid in a vertical double passage wavy channel has been investigated analytically. The channel is divided into two passages by means of a thin, perfectly conductive plane baffle and the velocity and temperature will be individual in each streams. The governing equations of the fluid and the heat transfer have been solved subject to the relevant boundary conditions by assuming that the solution consists of two parts; a mean part and disturbance or perturbed part. To obtain the perturbed part of the solution, the long wave approximation has been used and to solve the mean part, well known approximation used by Ostrach [1] has been utilized. Results are presented graphically for the distribution of velocity and temperature fields for varying physical parameters such as baffle position, Grashof number, wall temperature ratio and product of non-dimensional wave number and space-coordinate at different positions of the baffle. The relevant flow and heat transfer characteristics namely, skin friction and the rate of heat transfer at both the walls has been discussed in detail.
Nature–Human Relational Models in a Riverine Social–Ecological System: San Marcos River, TX, USA

A social–ecological system is a highly connected organization of biophysical and social actors that interact across multiple scales, share resources, and adapt to the actors’ changes. The ways in which humans and nature interact have traditionally been characterized and influenced by competing intrinsic and utilitarian values. However, recently, relational values and relational models have been used to unpack the myriad of values society assigns to nature and create general typologies of nature–human relationships. Here, we investigate the spectrum of environmental values that exist in the San Marcos River (SMR)—a social–ecological system (SES) in which a spring-fed river flows through an urban environment in central Texas (USA) including a university campus that attracts regional and international tourists. Recognizing that scholars have struggled to identify a nuanced understanding of environmental values and how these values shape nature–human relationships in SES, we use the SMR case study to capture the nature–human relational models that exist among social and user groups of the blue space. Analyzing different groups of visitors and stakeholders of the SMR (n = 3145), this study serves as a pilot to apply relational models using a variety of metrics to build a framework for understanding models of nature–human relationships, beyond ecosystem services and dualistic valuations. In our sample, most respondents were classified under the stewardship model (59%). The utilization model (34%) was the second most common, followed by wardship (6%). We found that patterns of place identity emerged to support the development of relational models beyond utilization. Despite the differences among perceptions, values, and some variation in relational models, one commonality was the innate, ubiquitous preference to protect natural habitat, water quality, and the river’s aquifer water source. Our study contributes to the growing literature around relational values and is a pathway to integrate ecosystem services, environmental values, and human–environment interactions into a more holistic approach to environmental valuation.
Large-scale atmospheric circulation changes are associated with the recent loss of Arctic sea ice

Abstract Recent loss of summer sea ice in the Arctic is directly connected to shifts in northern wind patterns in the following autumn, which has the potential of altering the heat budget at the cold end of the global heat engine.With continuing loss of summer sea ice to less than 20% of its climatological mean over the next decades, we anticipate increased modification of atmospheric circulation patterns. While a shift to a more meridional atmospheric climate pattern, the Arctic Dipole (AD), over the last decade contributed to recent reductions in summer Arctic sea ice extent, the increase in late summer open water area is, in turn, directly contributing to a modification of large scale atmospheric circulation patterns through the additional heat stored in the Arctic Ocean and released to the atmosphere during the autumn season. Extensive regions in the Arctic during late autumn beginning in 2002 have surface air temperature anomalies of greater than 3 ◦C and temperature anomalies above 850 hPa of 1 ◦C. These temperatures contribute to an increase in the 1000–500 hPa thickness field in every recent year with reduced sea ice cover. While gradients in this thickness field can be considered a baroclinic contribution to the flow field from loss of sea ice, atmospheric circulation also has a more variable barotropic contribution. Thus, reduction in sea ice has a direct connection to increased thickness fields in every year, but not necessarily to the sea level pressure (SLP) fields. Compositing wind fields for late autumn 2002–2008 helps to highlight the baroclinic contribution; for the years with diminished sea ice cover there were composite anomalous tropospheric easterly winds of∼1.4ms–1, relative to climatological easterly winds near the surface and upper troposphericwesterlies of∼3 m s–1. Loss of summer sea ice is supported by decadal shifts in atmospheric climate patterns. A persistent positive Arctic Oscillation pattern in late autumn (OND) during 1988–1994 and in winter (JFM) during 1989–1997 shifted to more interannual variability in the following years. An anomalous meridional wind pattern with high SLP on the North American side of the Arctic—the AD pattern, shifted from primarily small interannual variability to a persistent phase during spring (AMJ) beginning in 1997 (except for 2006) and extending to summer (JAS) beginning in 2005.
The application of monoclonal antibody immunotherapy in cancer treatment

As the leading cause of death worldwide, cancer is known to be the rapid, uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells, which can then invade and spread to other parts of the body. Traditional methods for cancer treatment include chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, the use of toxic chemicals and high-energy beams to eradicate the cancerous cells ravage the body, leaving the immune system prone to infection and tremendously weak. This led to the emergence and accelerating progression of immunotherapy as a means for cancer treatment. Compared to the conventional treatments, immunotherapy employs the immune system to fight cancer, so the specificity of therapies eliminates various side effects. Common immunotherapies include adoptive cell therapy, cancer vaccines, cytokines, and monoclonal antibodies. In this review, the use of monoclonal antibodies as an immunotherapy for treating cancer will be explored. Bevacizumab (Avastin) prevents vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to bind to its receptor, hindering development of new blood vessels to support tumour growth. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as Ipilimumab, targetd CTLA-4 or PD-1. In addition, the review will dive into the structural and functional features of monoclonal antibodies, as well as the major issues associated with the treatment, such as resistance, and cardio and skin toxicities, through examining the working mechanism of Trastuzumab, Cetuximab and Panitumumab.
Multi-Enzymatic Synthesis of Lactobionic Acid Using Wood-Degrading Enzymes Produced by White Rot Fungi

Enzymes produced by white rot fungi are involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites with valuable biotechnological properties. One of these metabolites is lactobionic acid (LBA). The aim of this study was to characterize a novel enzyme system consisting of a cellobiose dehydrogenase from Phlebia lindtneri (PlCDH), a laccase from Cerrena unicolor (CuLAC), a redox mediator (ABTS or DCPIP), and lactose as a substrate. We used quantitative (HPLC) and qualitative methods (TLC, FTIR) to characterise the obtained LBA. The free radical scavenging effect of the synthesised LBA was assessed with the DPPH method. Bactericidal properties were tested against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. We obtained LBA in all the systems tested; however, the study showed that the temperature of 50 °C with the addition of ABTS was the most advantageous condition for the synthesis of lactobionic acid. A mixture with 13 mM LBA synthesised at 50 °C with DCPIP showed the best antioxidant properties (40% higher compared with the commercial reagent). Furthermore, LBA had an inhibitory effect on all the bacteria tested, but the effect was better against Gram-negative bacteria with growth inhibition no lower than 70%. Summarizing the obtained data, lactobionic acid derived in a multienzymatic system is a compound with great biotechnological potential.
Eye morphology and colour preferences in a semi-field test of the pine pest, Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)

The woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, is a global pest of pines. Although it is known to be attracted to light and possess sexually dimorphic body colouration, the visual ecology of S. noctilio is poorly understood. Photoreceptor sensitivity of the compound eyes in S. noctilio is not sexually dimorphic. These previous results suggest that colour tracking of one sex by the other might not be an important input for mate searching. This study aimed to expand our knowledge of the visual system of S. noctilio by means of i) morphological description of the compound eyes and ocelli; and ii) semi-field behavioural tests of the colour preference of newly emerged wasps. Eye and ocellus morphological features were investigated in 21 males and 21 females. Measurement of male and female median ocellus diameter, compound eye surface area, number of ommatidia and facet diameter varied from 0.22 to 0.40 mm, 0.589 to 2.277 mm2, 1820 to 4207 and 1.88 × 10–2 to 2.82 × 10–2 mm, respectively. In addition, all traits significantly correlated with body size. Male and female wasps emerged from infested host material in a flight cage with five traps, each reflecting a different colour. Analysis of trap captures did not identify any colour preference, but an effect of trap location was observed with traps in the north-eastern position capturing more woodwasps, suggesting that other factors, e.g., global landmarks or other non-colour visual cues might guide initial flight behaviour of S. noctilio.
Evaluation of oral health-related quality of life and its association with mental health status of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era: A study from Central Saudi Arabia

Background and objectives The association between oral and mental health is reciprocal, in which poor oral health may lead to several mental health issues, especially among patients with diabetes. The present study evaluated oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) and its association with mental health conditions among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in central Saudi Arabia. Methods The Arabic version of the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) questionnaire and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 Items (DASS-21) were used to assess the OHRQOL and mental health status of patients with diabetes. We utilized logistic regression analysis to identify the predictors of poor OHRQOL, and Spearman’s correlation test to identify any correlations between OHIP-14 and overall DASS-21 scores, as well as each subscale. Results Of the 677 patients included in the present study, 52.7% had a poor OHRQOL, which was significantly higher (positive association) among patients with a longer duration of diabetes (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.31; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.96–4.17) and those who did not periodically monitor their oral health (AOR = 2.85; 95% CI = 1.76–3.89). Some forms (mild, moderate, severe, or extremely severe) of depression, anxiety, and stress were observed in 59.7, 71.1, and 67.1% of the participants, respectively. Furthermore, we found that the total OHRQOL scores had a significant positive association with depression (AOR = 2.32, 95% CI = 1.34–3.71, p = 0.001), anxiety (AOR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.22–2.79, p = 0.003), and stress (AOR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.14–2.19, p = 0.026). Conclusion The results of the present study suggest the importance of appropriate and targeted health education programs for T2DM patients to ensure periodic dental examinations and oral health. Additionally, we recommend counseling sessions for all T2DM patients with trained healthcare providers to improve their mental health status during follow-up visits at outpatient diabetes care centers.
The uses of neutrinos: a historical perspective

When Pauli postulated the existence of a new elementary particle, the ‘neutron’, in the late 1930s, he was introducing an entity to fill the gaps in the physics of the day. There was no direct evidence for such a particle; only the need to account for the missing energy in beta decay processes and to explain the statistics of some nuclei. Thus, Pauli's neutron was called into existence to solve problems in the areas of radioactivity and nuclear physics; but, in time, it would prove useful in many other areas of physics. The aim of this paper is to describe the many uses the neutrino has had in physics since its appearance, uses that have determined the ontological status of this elusive particle. Interestingly, the experimental detection of neutrinos 50 years ago was a minor episode in understanding the nature of such particles. As we shall argue, other moments in the biography of the particle proved more significant in determining the uses of neutrinos and their ontology.
Homogenization of non-stationary Stokes equations with viscosity in a perforated domain

Theorems are proved about the asymptotic behaviour of solutions of an initial boundary-value problem for non-stationary Stokes equations in a? periodic perforated domain with a? small period? The viscosity coefficient? of the equations is assumed to be a? positive parameter satisfying one of the following three conditions: as . We also consider the case of degenerate Stokes equations with zero viscosity coefficient and the case of Navier-Stokes equations when the viscosity coefficient is not too small.
APFIM studies of compositional inhomogeneity in sputtered Co-Cr thin films

Atom probe analysis results of Co-22 at. % Cr bulk alloy and its thin films are presented. While no compositional inhomogeneity is detected from the bulk sample, a significant compositional fluctuation is present in the thin film specimen which is sputter deposited on a heated substrate. The concentration of the Cr enriched region is in the range of 30-40 at. % Cr, while that of the Cr depleted region is approximately 5 at. % Cr. Such compositional fluctuations are present within a grain. These results are in agreement with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results. >
Dynamo efficiency in compressible convective dynamos with and without penetration

We investigate dynamo action in compressible convection via numerical simulations in a Cartesian domain. We directly compare the dynamo properties of a fully convective domain with the same domain extended to include an underlying stable region. These simulations extend models of fully convective domains with open lower boundary conditions to a more self-consistent model. We examine whether the extremely slow recirculation of the lower region affects the dynamo properties in the convection zone. We find that the dynamo properties of the upper convective region are essentially unchanged by the addition of the lower stable region. After a transient period, dynamo action in the convective region not only proceeds as normal, but also extends into the region of overshooting flow in the stable region. Downward magnetic pumping, long recirculation times and the low percentage of rising elements that transit the vertical extent of the domain all fail to eliminate the dynamo. Sufficient magnetic field is recirculated or remains in the convective region to fuel the local dynamo there. The independence of the convective layer from the conditions of the lower layer makes the dynamo truly local.
Evaluation of Seedling Resistance and Marker Assisted Selection for Leaf Rust (Puccinia triticina) Resistance in Pakistani Wheat Landraces, Cultivars and Advanced Lines

Leaf rust is amongst major biotic constraints of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) having ability to cause substantial yield reductions worldwide. A continuous exploration for novel sources of resistance is pre-requisite for its management. Objectives of study were to conduct resistance evaluation of 112 Pakistani landraces and 48 advanced lines/ cultivars at seedling stage with total 10 virulent pathotypes of leaf rust, 3 from Pakistan and 7 from U.S.A and to detect closely linked markers for Lr10, 16, 34 and 67 genes through marker-assisted selection (MAS). Findings revealed most of Pakistani landraces showed lack of resistance at seedling stage. Only 7 accessions of landraces and 11 advanced lines were found highly resistant against all pathotypes of Pakistan. Similarly, 10 advanced lines exhibited high resistance while variability in resistance was recorded for landraces against all pathotypes tested from USA. Marker-assisted selection revealed Lr genes i.e. Lr10, Lr16, Lr34 and Lr67 were present at various frequencies. Highest frequency was observed for Lr34 followed by Lr16 Lr67 while lowest was recorded for Lr10. These genetic resources and lines identified effective against Pakistan and USA pathotypes are potential sources for improvement of leaf rust (LR) resistance and can be utilized as valuable material for breeding resistant wheat cultivars.
An Optimization-Based Robust Dynamic State Estimation for Power Systems with Synchronized Phasor Measurement Units, Involving Disturbance Rejection

State estimation provides the best estimate of the system states using a set of measurements that is divided into two main classes; static and dynamic types. The state estimator should provide an acceptable response in the presence of system changes and/or disturbances. To achieve this aim, considering the high rate of data changes and the high volume of exchanging information, the phasor measurement units could play an outstanding role. Furthermore, due to the inevitable errors of the measurements, and to provide an authentic estimate of the system states using the measured data, a state estimator should be able to eliminate or decrease the undesirable effect of bad data or outliers on the final output of the process. This type of state estimator is called a robust type. In this paper, a dynamic state estimator for a system with the synchronized phasor measurement units is utilized, which is capable of decreasing the effect of disturbances. Simultaneously, the robustness of the state estimation process in the presence of outliers is considered, which enables the state estimation process to reduce the negative effect of outliers on its final output. Therefore, the implemented process is called a robust dynamic state estimation method. By defining different scenarios and utilizing numerical indices, simulation results are thoroughly analyzed based on an explanatory three-bus network and the IEEE standard 14-bus and 57-bus networks using the MATPOWER tool.
Walk Score, Environmental Quality and Walking in a Campus Setting

A small amount of campus walkability research has considered facility layout and environmental quality. The aim of this paper is to use a Walk Score and Urban Design Quality to assess campus walkability and investigate the impact of a campus Walk Score, environmental quality and other streetscape features on walking activity. This paper optimizes the Walk Score method based on the frequency, variety, and distance of students’ walking to and from public facilities. A total of 157 campus street segments from the Weijin Road Campus of Tianjin University in China were selected to assess campus Walk Scores and environmental quality through the use of GIS and field audits. The effect of campus walkability and environmental features on pedestrian volume was examined by negative binomial regression. We found that Walk Score, transparency, street furniture, the number of buildings and noise level have a positive effect on walking activity, while enclosure and building basic color show a negative relationship with pedestrian volume. The results will be used to propose strategies to improve campus walkability and promote walking activity.
Methionine Sources Differently Affect Production of Reactive Oxygen Species, Mitochondrial Bioenergetics, and Growth of Murine and Quail Myoblasts In Vitro

An optimal supply of L-methionine (L-Met) improves muscle growth, whereas over-supplementation exerts adverse effects. To understand the underlying mechanisms, this study aims at exploring effects on the growth, viability, ROS production, and mitochondrial bioenergetics of C2C12 (mouse) and QM7 (quail) myoblasts additionally supplemented (100 or 1000 µM) with L-Met, DL-methionine (DL-Met), or DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (DL-HMTBA). In both cell lines, all the supplements stimulated cell growth. However, in contrast to DL-Met, 1000 µM of L-Met (C2C12 cells only) or DL-HMTBA started to retard growth. This negative effect was stronger with DL-HMTBA and was accompanied by significantly elevated levels of extracellular H2O2, an indicator for OS, in both cell types. In addition, oversupplementation with DL-HMTBA (1000 µM) induced adaptive responses in mitochondrial bioenergetics, including reductions in basal (C2C12 and QM7) and ATP-synthase-linked (C2C12) oxygen consumption, maximal respiration rate, and reserve capacity (QM7). Only QM7 cells switched to nonmitochondrial aerobic glycolysis to reduce ROS production. In conclusion, we found a general negative effect of methionine oversupplementation on cell proliferation. However, only DL-HMTBA-induced growth retardation was associated with OS and adaptive, species–specific alterations in mitochondrial functionality. OS could be better compensated by quail cells, highlighting the role of species differences in the ability to cope with methionine oversupplementation.