Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Humidification factors of aerosols from biomass burning in Brazil

The light-scattering coefficient of aerosols from biomass burning was measured as a function of relative humidity (RH) and wavelength in four regions of Brazil extending from the cerrado to the primary forests of the Amazon Basin. At a wavelength of 550 nm the ratio of the light-scattering coefficient at a RH of 80% to that at an RH of 30% ranged from 1.01 to 1.51, with an average value of 1.16. The aerosol backscatter ratio as a function of RH decreased by 10 to 20% as the RH was increased from 30 to 80%. Measurements of the geometric growth of the aerosol with RH were consistent with the measured changes in light scattering. Use of these new measurements yields an estimate for the globally averaged direct radiative forcing by biomass burning aerosol of about 0.25 W m−2.
MOLECULAR AND GENETIC INVESTIGATIONS OF ALUMINUM TOLERANCE IN WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM) AND MAIZE (ZEA MAYS)

In experiments based on high-resolution two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) analysis of wheat root tip proteins from unique genetic stocks of wheat, an attempt was made to search for putative Al tolerance proteins. In wheat, there is one primary Al tolerance gene, that has been located on the long arm of chromosome 4D. A set of partial deletion lines of the wheat cultivar Chinese Spring are missing sequentially longer segments of chromosome arm 4DL. By analyzing these deletion lines for Al tolerance, we identified the physical location of the tolerance gene between the breakpoints for deletion lines 4DL-2 and 4DL-14. That is, 4DL-2, and all lines with more severe deletions were Al sensitive, while 4DL-14 retains the tolerance of the euploid Chinese Spring. The experimental plan was to compare protein samples from root tips of the two lines, and screen for proteins present in 4DL-14 and absent in 4DL-2. The research plan was to then use mass spectrometry techniques to identify the genes underlying those proteins. We would then confirm the mapping location of these genes, and then do follow up work to determine if any of these were the Al tolerance gene. For these experiments, a protocol was developed for extracting protein from wheat root tips. Proteins from root tips of both 4DL-2 and 4DL-14 were separated using one-dimensional SDS-PAGE gels. No differences were observed in the protein profiles between the two deletion lines, so a second set of root tip proteins were analyzed using two dimensional IEF/PAGE gels. Using this technique it was possible
Experimental craters formed by single and multiple buried explosions and implications for volcanic craters with emphasis on maars

Craters at many volcanoes, including most maars, are formed by multiple subsurface explosions. Experiments compared the crater formed by a single large, buried explosion, with craters formed by multiple explosions with the same cumulative energy. Explosive charges were detonated in pads composed of layered aggregates, in three configurations: (1) a single large charge buried near its optimal crater excavation depth; (2) three charges, each with 1/3 the energy of the first one, buried at approximately the same depth with respect to the original pad surface; (3) the same three charges buried successively deeper. Final crater size in the multiple explosion cases is not a good indicator of the energy of individual explosions. However, crater morphology, and ejecta volume and distribution can be good indicators of explosion energy and depth. These results directly impact the estimate of the energy released by past maar eruptions and future hazard assessments.
Dye tracing experiments at Midtre Lovénbreen Svalbard: preliminary results and interpretations

TDL Irvine-Fynn, AJ Hodson, J Kohler, PR Porter, G Vatne. 2005. Dye tracing experiments at Midtre Lovenbreen Svalbard: preliminary results and interpretations. In: B. R. Mavlyudov (Editor), Glacier Caves and Glacial Karst in High Mountains and Polar Regions. Proceedings 7th GLACKIPR Conference, Sept 2005, Azau. Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, pp.36-43.
Belowground factors mediating changes in methane consumption in a forest soil under elevated CO2

The sustained increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration observed over the past century, and projected to continue into the next, is of great significance for atmospheric CH4. Effects of elevated CO2 on microbial methane cycling are potentially mediated by its effects on plant physiology, which include enhancement of carbon assimilation, belowground carbon allocation, and water use efficiency. To determine the importance of such changes for methane cycling, belowground factors impacting soil CH4 consumption were investigated at the Free Air Carbon Transfer and Storage (FACTS)‐I site in the Duke Forest, North Carolina, in which plots have been exposed to ambient (370 ppm) or elevated (ambient + 200 ppm) CO2 since August 1996. CH4 fluxes at the soil surface, porespace concentrations of CH4, O2, and CO2, soil moisture, soil temperature, and soil pH were simultaneously measured over 24 months. Porespace CH4 concentrations were highest (1.98 ± 0.25 ppm) at the soil surface and decreased to 0.65 ± 0.22 ppm at 30 cm, indicating that methanotrophic activity was depleting CH4 in the upper soil layers and creating a gradient to draw atmospheric CH4 into the soil. This was confirmed by surface CH4 flux measurements, which averaged −1.54 ± 0.65 μmol/m2/h. Under elevated CO2, porespace CH4 was 25–30% higher in the upper 70 cm of soils; CH4 fluxes from the atmosphere into soil were diminished by ∼25%; soil CO2 increased by 10–70%; and volumetric soil moisture was greater by up to 40% during some seasons. Statistical modeling revealed that soil moisture strongly predicted variability in surface CH4 fluxes and that soil CO2 and soil moisture both predicted variability in soil CH4. Results also indicated that a portion of the net CH4 sink inhibition in elevated CO2 soils could be attributable to alterations in soil biological processes, suggesting that changes in the CH4‐cycling microbial ecology had taken place.
Location and propagation of the magnetotail current disruption during substorm expansion: Analysis and simulation of an ISEE multi-onset event

Magnetic field variations measured onboard the ISEE-1 spacecraft in the tail northern lobe (∼22 RE geocentric distance) during a substorm with multiple onsets are analyzed and simulated using a model current sheet. This remote sensing study of the cross-tail current sheet shows that substorm onsets are associated with a partial disruption of the cross-tail current that begins in the near-earth plasma sheet (∼7 RE) and that expands tailward during substorm expansion with a velocity of the order of 300 km/s. The two consecutive substorm onsets, which occur during a very active period (AE > 500 nT), correspond to a similar partial disruption of the near-earth current sheet that expands tailwards over a distance of the order of 80 RE.
Exchanging Delayed Social Security Benefits for Lump Sums: Could this Incentivize Longer Work Careers?

Social Security benefits are currently provided as a lifelong benefit stream, though some workers would be willing to trade a portion of their annuity streams in exchange for a lump sum amount. This paper explores whether allowing people to receive a lump sum as a payment for delayed retirement rather than as an addition to their lifetime Social Security benefits might induce them to work longer. We model the factors that influence how people trade off a Social Security stream for a lump sum, and we also examine the consequences of such tradeoffs for work, retirement, and life cycle wellbeing. Our base case indicates that workers given the chance to receive their delayed retirement credit as a lump sum payment would boost their average retirement age by l.5-2 years. This will interest policymakers seeking to reform the Social Security system without raising costs or cutting benefits, while enhancing the incentives to delay retirement.
Lifecycle Impacts of the Financial and Economic Crisis on Household Optimal Consumption, Portfolio Choice, and Labor Supply

The direct financial impact of the financial crisis has been to deal a heavy blow to investment-based pensions; many workers lost a substantial portion of their retirement saving. The financial sector implosion produced an economic crisis for the rest of the economy via high unemployment and reduced labor earnings, which reduced household contributions to Social Security and some private pensions. Our research asks which types of individuals were most affected by these dual financial and economic shocks, and it also explores how people may react by changing their consumption, saving and investment, work and retirement, and annuitization decisions. We do so with a realistically calibrated lifecycle framework allowing for time-varying investment opportunities and countercyclical risky labor income dynamics. We show that households near retirement will reduce both short- and long-term consumption, boost work effort, and defer retirement. Younger cohorts will initially reduce their work hours, consumption, saving, and equity exposure; later in life, they will work more, retire later, consume less, invest more in stocks, save more, and reduce their demand for private annuities.
Field scale transport of bromide in an unsaturated soil: 2. Dispersion modeling

The solute concentrations measured in the field experiment of G. L. Butters et al. (this issue) are used to compare two models of vadose zone solute transport: the deterministic one-dimensional convection-dispersion model, which represents solute transport far from the source of solute entry, and the stochastic-convective lognormal transfer function model, which represents solute transport near the source. The stochastic-convective model provided an excellent representation of the spreading of the solute pulse to a depth of 3 m after calibration at 0.3 m. Conversely, the deterministic model dramatically underpredicted solute spreading beyond 0.3 m after calibration. An analysis of the area-averaged solute concentration revealed a nearly linear scale effect in the dispersivity to a depth of at least 14.8 m. A change in the growth pattern of dispersion observed in the breakthrough curve at 4.5 m was attributed to a soil texture change near 3 m, which caused the apparent dispersivity of the pulse to decrease between 3.0 and 4.5 m, after which it increased significantly between 4.5 m and the final profile sampling between 0 and 25 m.
A reinterpretation of Mid‐Cretaceous shallow marine temperatures through model‐data comparison

Mid-Cretaceous δ18O paleotemperatures are compared with temperatures predicted by an ocean general circulation model. The δ18O paleotemperatures, calculated assuming a δw of −1.0‰ (SMOW), are 5.6°C lower at low latitudes and 2.4°C higher at middle and high latitudes than the model-predicted, mixed-layer temperatures. The model-data comparison is improved after accounting for the spatial variability of δw and after considering the paleohabitats of the marine organisms from which δ18O values were measured. Paleotemperatures adjusted using the Broecker [1989] δw-S relationship and the model-predicted salinity are 3.4°C higher at low-latitude sites and 1.9°C lower at higher-latitude sites. Moreover, seven of nine low-latitude paleotemperatures intersect the model-predicted temperature within the upper 100 m of the water column, a depth consistent with the interpreted paleohabitat of the analyzed organisms. However, adjusted paleotemperatures for three of five Southern Hemisphere high-latitude locations are at least 9°C higher than the model-predicted temperatures for these locations. The model-data comparison suggests that mid-Cretaceous δ18O values are compatible with sea surface temperatures as high or higher than those simulated by an ocean general circulation model of the mid-Cretaceous with 4 × present-day atmospheric pCO2.
Time derivative of the electric field 10, 14, and 30 m from triggered lightning strokes

We have directly measured the time derivative of the electric field of triggered lightning strokes at distances of 10, 14, and 30 m. The data were taken in 1998 at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing at Camp Blanding, Florida. We compare our results with those of similar triggered lightning measurements made previously at the Kennedy Space Center at distances of 50 m and 5 km and in France at 50 m. We also compare our electric field derivative waveforms with previous measurements at the Kennedy Space Center of natural lightning strokes over the Atlantic Ocean at distances of the order of tens of kilometers and with overland natural lightning data obtained at 0.7 to 14 km in Germany. Our return stroke electric field derivative peak values normalized (assuming the inverse distance dependence valid for radiation fields) to 100 km are similar to all previous measurements for both natural and triggered lightning at distances from 50 m to about 50 km, all being several tens of volts per meter per microsecond, with the exception of the German overland peak derivative values which are an order of magnitude lower. Our 10- to 30-m field derivative zero-to-peak risetimes are typically 50 to 100 ns (minimum of 30 ns and maximum of 180 ns), and widths at half-peak value are typically 100 to 200 ns. There is essentially no difference between our electric field derivative waveshapes measured simultaneously at 10 m and at 30 m, with the closer waveform being about a factor of 2 greater in amplitude. Fourier analysis of our electric field derivative waveforms indicates that the primary frequency content of the waveforms is below about 20 MHz. Our close return stroke field derivative waveforms differ from those of Leteinturier et al. (1990) recorded 50 m from triggered lightning at the Kennedy Space Center in 1985 in that their derivative waveforms typically decrease rapidly after the peak and exhibit zero crossings and in that their waveforms tend to have multiple peaks, while our derivative waveforms are generally single peaked and decay more gradually to zero after the peak, with no zero crossings. We argue that the differences between their waveforms and ours are related to the relatively large rocket-launching structure used at the Kennedy Space Center in 1985.
Crop growth and development affect seasonal priorities for lucerne management.

Successful lucerne stand management requires balancing animal and plant requirements to produce crops of high quality and yield at times of high animal demand. Understanding the impact of environmental signals on crop growth and development can aid management decisions throughout the season. In spring, crops remobilise reserves from the roots to shoots and expand nodes accumulated through the winter, producing rapid stem extension and canopy closure as temperatures increase. The timing of spring defoliation should be based on crop yield and animal requirements rather than any specific developmental stage. Through spring and summer, crops should be rotationally grazed, with highest lamb live-weights achieved from 6–8 weeks grazing solely on lucerne. Summer crop production is dependent on rainfall and the plant available water content. During summer, grazing at the appearance of open flowers or basal buds is recommended as a compromise between maximum yield and quality. In autumn, the priority of assimilates allocation in the crop changes from above to below ground growth. To enhance the recharge of root reserves, an extended period of flowering is recommended in February or March. The time of flowering is dependent on the accumulation of thermal time and increases as photoperiod shortens. In periods of prolonged drought, lucerne herbage should be hard grazed and then spelled until the end of late autumn regrowth. A final hard grazing in June or early July, to remove overwintering aphids, should be followed by spraying 7–14 days later. Crops continue to develop nodes through the winter, and stands should be spelled until spring to ensure nodes are not removed by grazing, as this delays regrowth and reduces dry matter production.
Signal from noise in geomagnetic field modelling: denoising data for secular variation studies

SUMMARY We analyse the residuals between a continuous geomagnetic field model of the internal field, C3FM, and observed secular variation. A large part of the residual variations correlate closely with the DST-index, suggesting an origin from unmodelled external field variations. Removal of this signal enhances the resolution of fine-scale detail in secular variation; this is useful in considering the phenomenology of geomagnetic jerks. The residual variations between different observatories show even better correlation, suggesting the possibility of the construction of a proxy for the DST-index. Notable cross-correlation is also seen between the residuals and DST-index with a lag of about 55 months.
Past CO2 Changes and Tropical Sea Surface Temperatures

The relationship between past CO2 variations and tropical climate change on time scales of millions of years is reviewed. Explanations for Cretaceous and early Cenozoic climate change often involve higher atmospheric CO2 levels. Climate models predict that such increases should have been associated with warmer tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs). However, sparse mid-Cretaceous δ18O-based SST estimates from low-latitude calcareous plankton are ∼ 1.0–1.5‰ heavier than predicted. Initial evaluations indicate that changes in salinity may not alleviate model-data discrepancies for calcareous δ18O and that interpretation of altered latitudinal δ18O gradients in terms of increased poleward heat transport due to warm, saline bottom water (WSBW) formation would require very large levels of WSBW production (at least 60 Sv). Calcareous δ18O records may not always record true SST patterns, as δ18O analyses from phosphatic groups, which are less sensitive to diagenesis, indicate SSTs ∼5°C higher. This latter conclusion is supported by a number of other fossil groups, which indicate temperatures warmer than those estimated from calcareous δ18O. In order to more rigorously test the paleo-CO2 hypothesis, and indeed the models used to forecast future climates, it is desirable to intensify investigations of past climate change in low latitudes in order to determine whether these preliminary conclusions stand the test of further scrutiny.
Evolution of the Isan Orogeny at the southeastern margin of the Mt Isa Inlier

We present the results of field mapping, structural and metamorphic analysis in an area at the southeastern margin of the Mt Isa Inlier. The results provide insight into the evolution of the Isan Orogeny and a comparison with structural studies conducted along the line of the Mt Isa Deep Seismic Transect. Our observations are consistent with a two-stage orogenic scheme in which there was a transition from early thin-skinned to later thick-skinned deformation as the orogen evolved. Metasedimentary rocks of the Maronan Supergroup (ca 1700 – 1650 Ma) were deposited in a basin marginal to the presently exposed Mt Isa Inlier. They were then thrust toward the north and west during the early stages of shortening, ca 1600 – 1580 Ma. This produced an arcuate fold and thrust belt with east – west-trending folds in the east of the study area and north – south-trending folds in the west. Amphibolite to upper amphibolite facies, high-temperature – low-pressure metamorphic conditions, evidenced by garnet, andalusite and sillimanite porphyroblasts, were reached during the early phase of deformation. Subsequent deformation, ca 1550 – 1500 Ma, resulted in upright to steeply inclined folding of the earlier fabrics and steeply east-dipping reverse faults. This orogenic phase was characterised by the growth of staurolite in aluminous schists, and its subsequent replacement by biotite, consistent with a distinct cycle of prograde metamorphism at higher pressures than the first. Based on the differing orientation and style of structures and the association with separate metamorphic events, we argue that the two phases of deformation, ca 1600 – 1580 Ma and ca 1550 – 1500 Ma, represent discrete tectonic events that may have had different driving forces and boundary conditions.
Resource subsidy flows across freshwater–terrestrial boundaries and influence on processes linking adjacent ecosystems

Freshwaters receive more than water from their catchments, including a large amount of materials and biologically available energy, referred to as cross‐ecosystem resource subsidies. The passive flows of energy such as leaf litter and terrestrial invertebrate inputs, as well as dissolved organic carbon, are donor‐controlled, whereas other flows, such as between fish and fish‐eating birds, have more directly coupled feedbacks. There are also flows upstream or to the terrestrial environment in the form of adult aquatic insects, salmon carcasses and particulate carbon through overbank flooding, as well as directed foraging activities. Hypotheses about the effects of flux rates, timing, quality and physical structure of such resource subsidies on the responses of consumers have been experimentally tested at many trophic levels. Many freshwater and terrestrial consumers depend on these subsidies for at least part of their life cycle, and timing of inputs can affect growth. Developing more quantitative relations between the population and community responses across gradients of cross‐ecosystem resource subsidy input rates will require exploring the shape of the relations, as well as the effects of quality and timing on responses. The stage is now set to consider how resource subsidies might affect the stability of communities and processes such as the strength of trophic cascades. The high degree of connectivity between the land and water are essential to biodiversity conservation and to ensuring that critical aquatic ecosystem services are sustained. The management of riparian areas is a key to the security of these values. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of cover-collapse sinkholes in SW Sardinia (Italy)

Abstract The SW part of Sardinia has been afflicted, in recent years, by several cover-collapse sinkholes mostly occurring in low-density population areas. The study area, that lies in the Iglesiente–Sulcis region, is characterized by the cropping out of the Palaeozoic basement related to the South European Hercynian chain, covered with Tertiary–Quaternary sediments. The main rock types that crop out are Palaeozoic metasandstones, metadolostones, metalimestones, shales and metaconglomerates, and Tertiary–Quaternary fluvial–lacustrine continental sediments. The combined application of several geophysical techniques, integrated with boreholes and geotechnical as well as hydrogeological measurements, proved to be very useful and promising in defining in detail the geological context in which each sinkhole has formed. Moreover, the gravity method, even when used alone, proved to be very effective in detecting the regional geological structures to which sinkholes are related. Eventually, the historical analysis of phenomena, the geological knowledge of the Iglesiente–Sulcis area and the results of properly designed geophysical surveys allows the most probable areas for cover-collapse sinkholes to occur in the future to be determined. In fact, this research pointed out that the depth of the sediment-covered Palaeozoic bedrock is one of the major constraints in delimiting hazardous areas, leading to the construction of a preliminary hazard map. This map shows a belt of high risk, and also suggests the areas in which further geophysical and geotechnical investigations should be carried out to estimate the depth of the bedrock.