Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Natural selection versus neutral mutation in the evolution of subterranean life: A false dichotomy?

Throughout the evolutionary tree, there are gains and losses of morphological features, physiological processes, and behavioral patterns. Losses are perhaps nowhere so prominent as for subterranean organisms, which typically show reductions or losses of eyes and pigment. These losses seem easy to explain without recourse to natural selection. Its most modern form is the accumulation of selectively neutral, structurally reducing mutations. Selectionist explanations include direct selection, often involving metabolic efficiency in resource poor subterranean environments, and pleiotropy, where genes affecting eyes and pigment have other effects, such as increasing extra-optic sensory structures. This dichotomy echoes the debate in evolutionary biology in general about the sufficiency of natural selection as an explanation of evolution, e.g., Kimura’s neutral mutation theory. Tests of the two hypotheses have largely been one-sided, with data supporting that one or the other processes is occurring. While these tests have utilized a variety of subterranean organisms, the Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus, which has eyed extant ancestral-like surface fish conspecifics, is easily bred in the lab, and whose whole genome has been sequenced, is the favored experimental organism. However, with few exceptions, tests for selection versus neutral mutations contain limitations or flaws. Notably, these tests are often one sided, testing for the presence of one or the other process. In fact, it is most likely that both processes occur and make a significant contribution to the two most studied traits in cave evolution: eye and pigment reduction. Furthermore, narrow focus on neutral mutation hypothesis versus selection to explain cave-evolved traits often fails, at least in the simplest forms of these hypotheses, to account for aspects that are likely essential for understanding cave evolution: migration or epigenetic effects. Further, epigenetic effects and phenotypic plasticity have been demonstrated to play an important role in cave evolution in recent studies. Phenotypic plasticity does not by itself result in genetic change of course, but plasticity can reveal cryptic genetic variation which then selection can act on. These processes may result in a radical change in our thinking about evolution of subterranean life, especially the speed with which it may occur. Thus, perhaps it is better to ask what role the interaction of genes and environment plays, in addition to natural selection and neutral mutation.
p53 inhibits CTR1-mediated cisplatin absorption by suppressing SP1 nuclear translocation in osteosarcoma

Background Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant bone tumor mainly affecting children and young adolescents. Cisplatin is a first-line chemotherapy drug for OS, however, drug resistance severely limits the survival of OS. Nevertheless, cellular factors in cisplatin resistance for OS remain obscure. In this study, the function and potential mechanism of p53 in cisplatin absorption were explored in OS cells. Methods The CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology was performed to obtain p53 gene knock-out U2OS cells. The p53 over-expression 143B cell line was established by lentivirus-mediated virus infection. Moreover, the functions of p53 and CTR1 in cisplatin absorption were assessed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) through CTR1 over-expression and knock-down. Further, the DNA binding activity of SP1 on CTR1 gene promoter was determined by dual-luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. The functional regulation of p53 on SP1 was studied by nucleocytoplasmic separation assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The interaction between p53 and SP1 was verified by Co-Immunoprecipitation assay. Results Under cisplatin treatment, p53 knock-out promoted CTR1 expression and cisplatin uptake, while p53 overexpression inhibited CTR1 expression and cisplatin uptake. Moreover, p53 regulated CTR1 level not by binding to CTR1 promoter directly but by suppressing the nuclear translocation of transcription factor specificity protein 1 (SP1). It was verified that SP1 is directly bound with CTR1 promoter. SP1 overexpression stimulated CTR1 expression, and SP1 knock-down attenuated CTR1 expression. Conclusion The p53 might function as a negative regulator in CTR1 mediated cisplatin absorption, and the p53-SP1-CTR1 axis is a target for cisplatin resistance.
Determinants of intention with remote health management service among urban older adults: A Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology perspective

Background Although older adults health management systems have been shown to have a significant impact on health levels, there remains the problem of low use rate, frequency of use, and acceptance by the older adults. This study aims to explore the significant factors which serve as determinants of behavioral intention to use the technology, which in turn promotes actual use. Methods This study took a total of 402 urban older adults over 60 years to explore the impact of the use behavior toward remote health management (RHM) through an online questionnaire. Based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), the author adds four dimensions: perceived risk, perceived value, perceived interactivity and individual innovation, constructed an extended structural equation model of acceptance and use of technology, and analyzed the variable path relationship. Results In this study, the factor loading is between 0.61 and 0.98; the overall Cronbach's Alpha coefficients are >0.7; The composite reliability ranges from 0.59 to 0.91; the average variance extraction ranges from 0.51 to 0.85, which shows the good reliability, validity, and discriminant validity of the constructed model. The influencing factors of the behavioral intention of the older adults to accept the health management system are: effort expectation, social influences, perceived value, performance expectation, perceived interactivity and perceived risk. Effort expectation has a significant positive impact on performance expectation. Individual innovation positively impacts performance expectation and perceived interactivity. Perceived interactivity and behavioral intention have a significant positive effect on the use behavior of the older adults, while the facilitating conditions have little effect on the use behavior. Conclusions This paper constructs and verifies the extended model based on UTAUT, fully explores the potential factors affecting the use intention of the older adult users. According to the research findings, some suggestions are proposed from the aspects of effort expectation, performance expectation, perceived interaction and perceived value to improve the use intention and user experience of Internet-based health management services in older adults.
The regulatory effects of second-generation antipsychotics on lipid metabolism: Potential mechanisms mediated by the gut microbiota and therapeutic implications

Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric diseases but cause a high risk of disruption to lipid metabolism, which is an intractable therapeutic challenge worldwide. Although the exact mechanisms underlying this lipid disturbance are complex, an increasing body of evidence has suggested the involvement of the gut microbiota in SGA-induced lipid dysregulation since SGA treatment may alter the abundance and composition of the intestinal microflora. The subsequent effects involve the generation of different categories of signaling molecules by gut microbes such as endogenous cannabinoids, cholesterol, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), and gut hormones that regulate lipid metabolism. On the one hand, these signaling molecules can directly activate the vagus nerve or be transported into the brain to influence appetite via the gut–brain axis. On the other hand, these molecules can also regulate related lipid metabolism via peripheral signaling pathways. Interestingly, therapeutic strategies directly targeting the gut microbiota and related metabolites seem to have promising efficacy in the treatment of SGA-induced lipid disturbances. Thus, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of how SGAs can induce disturbances in lipid metabolism by altering the gut microbiota.
Positive and negative affect facilitate creativity motivation: Findings on the effects of habitual mood and experimentally induced emotion

This research involved two investigations that examined the effects of two types of affect (i.e., mood and emotion) on creativity motivation. Study 1 examined the degree to which noninduced habitual mood impacted creativity motivation in the context of a group of junior secondary school students in Hong Kong (n = 588), while Study 2 examined the effect of the experimental manipulation of emotion induction on creativity motivation in the context of a group of undergraduate students in Hong Kong (n = 653). The Chinese version of the Creativity Motivation Scale, the International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Short Form, and the Affect Grid were employed to assess creativity motivation, mood, and emotional states, respectively. Interesting findings were obtained. First, both studies consistently demonstrated a facilitating role of positive and negative affect in creativity motivation. Second, both studies consistently showed that the impact of positive affect on creativity motivation was stronger than that of negative affect. While previous affect-creativity research has focused predominantly on the role of affect in the cognitive components of creativity and yielded mixed results, this research adds to the literature by showing that students’ motivation to engage in creativity-related behaviors can be influenced by a broad spectrum of affective experiences (i.e., positive and negative affect, stable and enduring moods, and momentary and mutable emotions). The theoretical and educational implications of the findings are highlighted.
Characterizing Gaussian Models of the Term Structure of Interest Rates

Models of the term structure of interest rates are considered for which, under the martingale measure, instantaneous forward rates are Gaussian. The possible forms of the covariance structure are characterized under appropriate formulations of the Markov property. It is demonstrated that imposing Markovian assumptions limits severely the covariances that may be obtained and that the strongest such formulation together with stationarity implies that the whole forward rate surface is necessarily a Gaussian random field described by just three parameters.
Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio in Silicon and Germanium

The elastic coefficients for an arbitrary rectangular coordinate system are calculated as a function of direction cosines in the crystal. Young's modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio are defined in general and values tabulated for some of the more important directions in the crystal. Graphs of these moduli are also plotted as a function of crystal direction for orientations in the (100) and (110) planes as well as planes determined by the [110] direction and any perpendicular direction.
ON THE FUNDAMENTAL GROUP OF A SCHURIAN ALGEBRA

ABSTRACT We show that, for a class of schurian algebras, which we call schurian almost triangular, the fundamental group of the algebra is isomorphic to the fundamental group of an associated simplicial complex. Moreover, we obtain a simple presentation of this group in terms of generators and relations. Finally we use it to obtain easy short proofs of some known facts on the simple connectedness of incidence algebras.
Low voltage pentacene thin film transistors employing a self-grown metal-oxide as a gate dielectric

We propose a method to implement low voltage operation of pentacene thin film transistors (TFTs). Ultrathin Al2O3 was used as a gate dielectric and was directly grown on a preexisting Al gate by an oxygen plasma process. Thus, an extra patterning process for the gate dielectric is not necessary, and the overall fabrication process is thereby simplified. The organic TFTs operated at low voltage, producing 1. 5μA at VGS=−2V and VDS=−1.5V, with a threshold voltage of −1.18±0.027V, a mobility of 0.12±0.015cm2∕Vs, and an on/off current ratio of 8.76±5.3×103.
Coupled points in optimal control theory

The concept of coupled points is introduced for an optimal control problem where both state endpoints are allowed to vary. This definition leads to the extension of the theory of conjugate points to the optimal-control setting. Under suitable controllability assumptions, weaker than those previously considered, it is shown that the nonexistence of coupled points in the open interval (a, b) is a necessary condition for weak local optimality. This result generalizes the ones of the same kind known from the calculus of variations. In the special case when one or both state endpoints are fixed, the notion of coupled points is more general than those of focal or conjugate points. >
Stability of the laminar flow in a rectangular duct

The stability of the laminar flow in a rectangular duct of an arbitrary aspect ratio is investigated numerically by expanding the flow fields of both the main flow and the disturbance into series of Legendre polynomials and solving the eigenvalue problem of the resulting matrix equation. The stability of the flow is found to depend upon the aspect ratio of the duct and the mode of the disturbance. The flow is unstable to two of the four possible modes of different parity and stable to the other two. With respect to the most unstable mode, the flow is stable or unstable according as the aspect ratio is below or above a critical value of 3.2 respectively, and the critical Reynolds number decreases monotonically with increasing aspect ratio towards the known value of 5772 for plane Poiseuille flow. The flow field of the disturbance shows the existence of strong vortex layers along the critical layer at which the velocity equals the phase velocity of the disturbance.
Following Ostwald ripening in nanoalloys by high-resolution imaging with single-atom chemical sensitivity

Several studies have shown that substantial compositional changes can occur during the coarsening of bimetallic nanoparticles (CoPt, AuPd). To explain this phenomenon that could dramatically impacts all the technologically relevant properties of nanoalloys, we have exploited the sensitivity of the latest generation of electron microscope to prove that during the beam-induced coarsening of CoPt nanoparticles, the dynamic of atom exchanges between the particles is different for Co and Pt. By distinguishing the chemical nature of individual atoms of Co and Pt, while they are diffusing on a carbon film, we have clearly shown that Co atoms have a higher mobility than Pt atoms because of their higher evaporation rate from the particles. These atomic-scale observations bring the experimental evidence on the origin of the compositional changes in nanoalloys induced by Ostwald ripening mechanisms.
Low Mach number bow shock locations during a magnetic cloud event: Observations and magnetohydrodynamic simulations

During the magnetic storm on October 18–19, 1998 a magnetic cloud encountered the Earth's magnetosphere. As the cloud passed, the solar wind density decreased dramatically, and as a consequence the solar wind magnetosonic Mach number dropped markedly, approaching 1 at times. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations, driven by upstream interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and solar wind parameters observed on WIND and ACE showed that during the interval of the lowest density, the subsolar distance of the bow shock (BS) reached as much as 50 RE. IMP‐8 spacecraft observations of the expansion and subsequent retreat of the BS support the finding that the shock reached a considerable distance upstream. Surprisingly, at times the BS moved sunward at a speed approaching the magnetosonic speed of the solar wind.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RESPONSE FOR CONDUCTIVE CIRCULAR CYLINDER BODY EMBEDDED IN GROUND WITH NORMAL CURVE CONDUCTIVITY PROFILE

The purpose of this paper is to give a mathematical model and methods for uncovering the conductivity, the conductance, the thickness, and the depth of a circular body buried under the ground surface with a normal curve conductivity profile. The solution of electric field for this model earths structure is obtained by using the Hankel transforms and integral equations. The Cauchy-Euler method and the method of variation of parameter are intro- duced. Chave's algorithm is used for numerical computing the inverse Hankel transforms of the electric field solution. The operations on matrices are applied for resolving the linear system of equations. The conducts of electric field are shown in graphical forms.
Measurement of permittivity by means of an open resonator. I. Theoretical

The objective of this paper is to provide a reliable theoretical foundation for the open-resonator method of measuring permittivity and loss-tangent of dielectric materials. From an exact solution of Maxwell’s equations obtained by means of the complex-source-point method, simplified formulae for the six Cartesian components of the electromagnetic field are obtained. These are then used in a variational formula to obtain an accurate formula for the resonant frequency of an open resonator with spherical mirrors (of equal radius of curvature) having a parallel-plane slab of dielectric material located centrally between the two mirrors. It is assumed that the mirrors are sufficiently large for diffraction effects to be negligible. In the following companion paper II, experimental results are presented which verify the accuracy, within the usual limits of practical measurement, of the simple correction formulae deduced here.
Enhancement-Mode LaLuO3–AlGaN/GaN Metal–Insulator–Semiconductor High-Electron-Mobility Transistors Using Fluorine Plasma Ion Implantation

In this work, enhancement-mode (E-mode) AlGaN/GaN metal–insulator–semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors (MIS-HEMTs) with high-κ LaLuO3 (LLO) gate dielectric were fabricated by deploying the CF4 plasma treatment technique in a gate-dielectric-first planar process. CF4 plasma treatment can shift the threshold voltage from -2.3 V [for depletion-mode (D-mode) LLO MIS-HEMTs] to 0.6 V (for E-mode LLO MIS-HEMTs). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results suggest that fluorine ions could penetrate through the polycrystalline/amorphous LLO film and be implanted into the (Al)GaN barrier layer. The primary threshold voltage (VTH) shift mechanism of the E-mode LLO MIS-HEMTs is the negatively-charged fluorine ions in (Al)GaN, while fluorine atoms form chemical bonds with La/Lu atoms in the fluorinated LLO film. The E-mode LLO MIS-HEMTs exhibit a drive drain current density of 352 mA/mm at VGS = 2.5 V and a peak transconductance (Gm) of ∼193 mS/mm. Significant suppression of current collapse and low dynamic ON-resistance are obtained in the E-mode LLO MIS-HEMTs under high-drain-bias switching conditions.
Assessing the color of red wine like a taster's eye

Color of 33 commercial red wines and five-color reference wines was measured in the same conditions in which visual color assessment is done by wine tasters. Measurements were performed in the two distinctive regions, center and rim, which are the regions assessed by wine tasters when the wine sampler is tilted. Commercial wines were classified into five color categories using the color specifications in their taste cards. The five color categories describe the spread of red hues found in red wines from the violet to brown nuances. The performance of CIELAB color coordinates in terms of their ability to reproduce the observed classification has been established using discriminant analysis. The CIELAB hue angle, hab, measured in the rim, where wine thickness is of the order of few millimeters, gives the best results classifying correctly 71.1% of the samples. Classification results are not significantly improved when additional color coordinates are considered. Moreover, ΔE* color differences with color reference wines do not provide good classification results. The analysis of reference and commercial wines supports the fact that hue is the main factor in the classification done by wine tasters. This is reinforced by the linear correlation found between hab in the rim and the wine age (R2 = 0.795) in accordance with the fact that wines change their hues from violet to brown tints with ageing. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 34, 153–162, 2009
The Magnetic Structure of Filament Barbs

There is a controversy about how features protruding laterally from filaments, called barbs, are magnetically structured. On 2004 August 3, we observed a filament that had well-developed barbs. The observations were performed using the 10 inch refractor of the Big Bear Solar Observatory. A fast camera was employed to capture images at five different wavelengths of the Hα line and successively record them on the basis of frame selection. The terminating points of the barbs were clearly discernable in the Hα images without any ambiguity. The comparison of the Hα images with the magnetograms taken by SOHO MDI revealed that the termination occurred above the minor polarity inversion line dividing the magnetic elements of the major polarity and those of the minor polarity. There is also evidence that the flux cancellation proceeded on the polarity inversion line. Our results together with similar other recent observations support the idea that filament barbs are cool matter suspended in local dips of magnetic field lines, formed by magnetic reconnection in the chromosphere.
Instability and spatial correlations in a dilute granular gas

Direct Monte Carlo simulation is used to investigate the stability of a dilute freely evolving granular gas of hard disks. The boundary between stability and instability in the plane (α,L), where α is the restitution coefficient and L the size of the system, has been delineated. Instability is associated with the buildup of spatial correlations, which describes the formation of velocity vortices in the system. The simulation results are compared with theoretical predictions presented recently, and a good agreement is found.
General Model for Molecular Interactions in a Benzene Dimer

Modelling molecular interactions in a benzene dimer is a typical example of a class of problems involving aromatic molecules. Although many studies on the benzene dimer have been carried out both theoretically and experimentally and energetically favorable structures of a benzene dimer have been found, an investigation of all equilibrium structures of a benzene dimer has not so far been done. Previously, the present authors investigated the interaction energy and geometries of a benzene dimer for the special case in which only one rotational angle is used to describe the relative position between two benzene molecules. In general, two rotational angles are necessary to describe the most general relative orientation. Here, we apply the same approach in which the discrete atomic structure of a benzene molecule is replaced by two continuous rings of atoms, namely an inner carbon ring and an outer hydrogen ring with average constant atomic densities and the molecular interaction forces are calculated from the Lennard-Jones potential function. An analytical expression for the interaction energy is obtained which we use to determine all equilibrium structures of a benzene dimer as well as to determine those domains in which certain configurations are more favorable than others. Our results show that parallel, T-shaped, parallel displaced and tilted structures are all possible configurations of a benzene dimer and they exist at different regions of vertical and offset distances at different energy levels.