Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microseismicity induced during fluid-injection: A case study from the geothermal site at Groß Schönebeck, North German Basin

The technical feasibility of geothermal power production in a low enthalpy environment will be investigated in the geothermal site at Groß Schönebeck, North German Basin, where a borehole doublet was completed in 2007. In order to complete the Enhanced Geothermal System, three massive hydraulic stimulations were performed. A seismic network was deployed including a single 3-component downhole seismic sensor at only 500 m distance to the injection point. Injection rates reached up to 9 m3/min and the maximum injection well-head pressure was as high as ∼60 MPa. A total of 80 very small (−1.8 < MW < −1.0) induced seismic events were detected. The hypocenters were determined for 29 events. The events show a strong spatial and temporal clustering and a maximum seismicity rate of 22 events per day. Spectral parameters were estimated from the downhole seismometer and related to those from other types of induced seismicity. The majority of events occurred towards the end of stimulation phases indicating a similar behavior as observed at similar treatments in crystalline environments but in our case at a smaller level of seismic activity and at lower magnitudes.
Not Oxide Synthase 2 and Fas Expression but by Inducing Nitric Leishmania major to B RelA Subunit Confers Resistance k The NF-Yamashita,

Although the NF- (cid:1) B transcription factors participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses, little is known about the role of the RelA subunit because mice lacking the rela gene die at embryonic day 14. To elucidate the role of RelA in Leishmania major infection, we prepared fetal liver chimeric mice by adoptively transferring embryonic day 13.5 rela (cid:2) / (cid:2) or rela (cid:3) / (cid:3) fetal liver into lethally irradiated host mice. About 90% of the peripheral lymphocytes of the chimeric mice had differentiated from rela fetal liver cells. The rela (cid:2) / (cid:2) fetal liver chimeric mice were highly sensitive to infection with L. major and died within 11 wk after infection. Despite the severity of the disease, parasite Ag-reactive Th1 cells developed normally. The rela (cid:2) / (cid:2) macrophages were less able to control intracellular parasite replication than rela (cid:3) / (cid:3) macrophages, despite showing equally efﬁcient phagocytosis. Both in vitro NO production of macrophages and in vivo expression of NO synthase 2 in the lesions and draining lymph nodes was reduced in rela (cid:2) / (cid:2) fetal liver chimeric mice. Moreover, up-regulation of Fas in rela (cid:2) / (cid:2) macrophages was impaired both after in vitro stimulation with LPS and after in vivo infection with L. major , implying a defect in their ability to eliminate infected cells. Thus, RelA is necessary for macrophages to be resistant to intracellular parasite infection. The Journal of Immunology, 2009, 182: 4910–4916. produced a substantial amount of IFN- (cid:1) even without stimulation with SLA, implying that T cells from rela (cid:2) / (cid:2) chimeric mice may be continuously stimulated by parasites that have not been elimi-nated by the host cells. The results indicate that the susceptibility of rela (cid:2) / (cid:2) chimeric mice to L. major infection is unlikely to be due to a defect in IFN- (cid:1) production or to a dominant Th2 response against parasites.
Vegetative propagation of the large sour plum (Ximenia caffra Sond) by rooting of plagiotropic stem cuttings.

An investigation was undertaken to establish the influence of rooting media and application of hormones and length of cutting on survival and rooting of plagiotropic stem cuttings of large sour plum (Ximenia caffra sond) at Botanical garden of the Department of Botany and Horticulture, at Maseno University, Kenya during the year 2006-2007. Cuttings were collected from Kitmikayi and Gembe Hills sacred site in Lake Victoria region in Kenya. Two experiments were established. The first experiment evaluated the effect of three media substrates [Sand (SA), sawdust (Sd), sand: sawdust mixture (Sa/Sd)] and two stem-cutting sizes (single and double node) on components of rooting and eventual rooting of the stem cuttings. The second experiment evaluated the effect of different concentrations of ∝-Naphthallic acetic acid hormone (0, 20, 80,140, and 200 mg/l) and two types of rooting substrates on survival and rooting of plagiotropic stem cuttings. Rooting media, stem cutting size and different concentrations of ∝-NAA hormone had no significant influence on survival, callus formation, formation of root primordia and rooting of the stem cuttings (p > 0.05). Single node cuttings had similar survival (59%), with double node stem cuttings (56%) in sand substrate. The study presents evidence of successful rooting of large sour plum using the two types of substrates with or without hormone treatment. The use of these substrates with single node stem cuttings could facilitate faster domestication of large sour plum in an effort to improve income for poor subsistence farmers in the Lake Victoria basin.
Trace Elements in Manganese‐Iron Nodules from a Chinese Alfisol

The morphological properties, the mineralogy, and the chemical composition of Mn-Fe nodules, collected from an Alfisol in Southern China (Wuhan), were studied by optical microscopy (OM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), total and sequential dissolution chemical analyses and differential x-ray diffraction (DXRD). This information is needed to gain a further understanding of nodule formation in soil environments and the influence of Mn and Fe oxides on the phyto-availability of both nutrients and toxic trace metals. Element quantification and mapping showed that Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Ca, K, and Ti were the main elements present in the nodules. Nodules were found to be highly variable in composition and in degree of banding of Fe and Mn. In spherical nodules, Fe and Mn were distributed mainly in concentric bands. With few exceptions, heavy metals were concentrated in the finest fraction (<2 μm). Copper and Ni were associated mainly with Mn, whereas Cr and V were associated with Fe. The majority (90%) of total Fe in the <2-μm fraction was extracted by ammonium oxalate and dithionite reagents. Most (61%) of total Mn was dissolved by hydroxylamine hydrochloride. It was ascertained by DXRD analysis that ferryhydrite and goethite were the poorly crystalline and crystalline Fe phases, and that lithiophorite and vernadite were the Mn oxides. Micromorphological, chemical, and mineralogical results suggest that the growth of nodules was initiated by flocculation of phyllosilicates in oxidative environments. The MnO 2 minerals may have inhibited recrystallization of the ferryhydrite.
Recent vegetation changes along the Colorado River between Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead, Arizona

Vegetation changes in the canyon of the Colorado River between Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead were studied by comparing photo­ graphs taken prior to the completion of the Glen Canyon Dam in 1963 with those taken afterwards at the same sites. The old photo­ graphs, taken by J. K. Millers, T. H. O'Sullivan, William Bell, F. A. Nims, R. B. Stanton, N. W. Carkhuff, N. H. Darton, L. R. Freeman, E. C. LaRue, and others, document conditions as they were between 1872 and 1963. In general, the older pictures show an absence of riparian plants along the banks of the river. The new photographs of each pair were taken in 1972 through 1976. The most obvious vege­ tation change revealed by the photograph comparison is the in­ creased density of many species. Exotic species, such as salteedar and camelthorn, and native riparian plants, such as sandbar willow, arrowweed, desert broom, and cattail, now form a new riparian com­ munity along much of the channel of the Colorado River between Glen Canyon Dam and the Grand Wash Cliffs. The matched photographs also reveal that changes have occurred in the amount of sand and silt deposited along the banks. The photo­ graphs show that in some areas erosion has been significant since the time of the earlier photograph while at other locations sediment has accumulated on river bars and terraces. Detailed maps are presented showing distribution of 25 plant species. Some of these, such as Russian olive and elm, were unknown along the Grand Canyon reach of the Colorado River before 1976. Relevant data are presented to show changes in the hydrologic regime since completion of Glen Canyon Dam. Flooding, as expressed by annual maximum stage, has decreased in amplitude, and its sea­ son of occurrence has changed from spring (May-June) to a longer period from April through October. Dam construction has had a moderating influence on several other hydrologic variables. Com­ pared to the predam era, discharge through the year now varies within narrow limits, changing little from month to month or season to season; annual maximum discharges are now strikingly uniform, and sediment load has materially decreased. Increases have occurred in some characteristics, however, such as daily variation in river stage and median discharge. The interaction of decreased flooding, decreased sediment load, and increased riparian plant coverage makes the future of existing river fans, bars, and terraces uncertain. The establishment of a new ecological equilibrium at the bottom of the Grand Canyon may re­ quire many decades.
A strongly hydrated microclast in the Rumuruti chondrite NWA 6828: Implications for the distribution of hydrous material in the solar system

Hydrous carbonaceous microclasts are by far the most abundant foreign fragments in stony meteorites and mostly resemble CI1‐, CM2‐, or CR2‐like material. Their occurrence is of great importance for understanding the distribution and migration of water‐bearing volatile‐rich matter in the solar system. This paper reports the first finding of a strongly hydrated microclast in a Rumuruti chondrite. The R3‐6 chondrite Northwest Africa 6828 contains a 420 × 325 μm sized angular foreign fragment exhibiting sharp boundaries to the surrounding R‐type matrix. The clast is dominantly composed of magnetite, pyrrhotite, rare Ca‐carbonate, and very rare Mg‐rich olivine set in an abundant fine‐grained phyllosilicate‐rich matrix. Phyllosilicates are serpentine and saponite. One region of the clast is dominated by forsteritic olivine (Fa<2) supported by a network of interstitial Ca‐carbonate. The clast is crosscut by Ca‐carbonate‐filled veins and lacks any chondrules, calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions, or their respective pseudomorphs. The hydrous clast contains also a single grain of the very rare phosphide andreyivanovite. Comparison with CI1, CM2, and CR2 chondrites as well as with the ungrouped C2 chondrite Tagish Lake shows no positive match with any of these types of meteorites. The clast may, thus, either represent a fragment of an unsampled lithology of the hydrous carbonaceous chondrite parent asteroids or constitute a sample from an as yet unknown parent body, maybe even a comet. Rumuruti chondrites are a unique group of highly oxidized meteorites that probably accreted at a heliocentric distance >1 AU between the formation regions of ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites. The occurrence of a hydrous microclast in an R chondrite attests to the presence of such material also in this region at least at some point in time and documents the wide distribution of water‐bearing (possibly zodiacal cloud) material in the solar system.
Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells Kill Chemo-surviving Melanoma Cancer Stem Cells

Purpose: The MHC-unrestricted activity of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells against chemo-surviving melanoma cancer stem cells (mCSC) was explored, as CSCs are considered responsible for chemoresistance and relapses. Experimental Design: Putative mCSCs were visualized by engineering patient-derived melanoma cells (MC) with a lentiviral vector encoding eGFP under expression control by stemness gene promoter oct4. Their stemness potential was confirmed in vivo by limiting dilution assays. We explored the sensitivity of eGFP+ mCSCs to chemotherapy (CHT), BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) or CIK cells, as single agents or in sequence, in vitro. First, we treated MCs in vitro with fotemustine or dabrafenib (BRAF-mutated cases); then, surviving MCs, enriched in mCSCs, were challenged with autologous CIK cells. CIK cell activity against chemoresistant mCSCs was confirmed in vivo in two distinct immunodeficient murine models. Results: We visualized eGFP+ mCSCs (14% ± 2.1%) in 11 MCs. The tumorigenic precursor rate in vivo was higher within eGFP+ MCs (1/42) compared with the eGFP− counterpart (1/4,870). In vitro mCSCs were relatively resistant to CHT and BRAFi, but killed by CIK cells (n = 11, 8/11 autologous), with specific lysis ranging from 95% [effector:tumor ratio (E:T), 40:1] to 20% (E:T 1:3). In vivo infusion of autologous CIK cells into mice bearing xenografts from three distinct melanomas demonstrated significant tumor responses involving CHT-spared eGFP+ mCSCs (P = 0.001). Sequential CHT–immunotherapy treatment retained antitumor activity (n = 12, P = 0.001) reducing mCSC rates (P = 0.01). Conclusions: These findings are the first demonstration that immunotherapy with CIK cells is active against autologous mCSCs surviving CHT or BRAFi. An experimental platform for mCSC study and rationale for CIK cells in melanoma clinical study is provided. Clin Cancer Res; 23(9); 2277–88. ©2016 AACR.
REVIEW OF STUDIES WITH UTAUT AS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The main focus of this paper is to contrast and combine results from different studies using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology(UTAUT) and its extensions, in the hope of identifying patterns among studied results, sources of discrepancy among those results, or other existing relationships that may come to light in the context of these study. Studies from which this paper was prepared were basically derived from Emerald, Science Direct, EBSCOhost databases. Out of 20 studies gleaned 4 were on telecommunication, 5 on banking, 12 were on Education and 5 were on Health. Results from these studies are varying. This paper tabulate thematically and chronologically literature where the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology have been applied. The review identified the Topic, Author, Sample Size, Location where the study was carried and theoretical model used. It also includes the Statistical techniques applied, the objectives of the study and the results
Is Weather Really Additive in Agricultural Production? Implications for Climate Change Impacts

Recent reduced-form econometric models of climate change impacts on agriculture assume climate is additive. This is reflected in climate regressors that are aggregated over several months that include the growing season. In this paper I develop a simple model to show how this assumption imposes implausible characteristics on the production technology that are in serious conflict with the agricultural sciences. I test this assumption using a crop yield model of US corn that accounts for variation in weather at various times of the growing season. Results strongly reject additivity and suggest that weather shocks such as extreme temperatures are particularly detrimental toward the middle of the season around flowering time, in agreement with the natural sciences. I discuss how the additivity assumption tends to underestimate the range of adaptation possibilities available to farmers, thus overstating projected climate change impacts on the sector.
Care and Connection in Online Groups Linking Rural and Urban Women in Australia: Some Contradictory Effects

Used in ways that meet women’s needs, technologies such as e-mail and the internet are seen as having the potential power to break down boundaries and hierarchical power relationships and to make gender, cultural, racial, and other differences less relevant (Wendy Harcourt 1999; Lucretia McCulley and Patricia Patterson 1996). In addition, the barriers of geographic distance and time that can hinder some women’s communication and participation activities become much less important. The appropriately designed use of interactive communication technologies (ICTs) in community-based projects is argued to potentially have many empowering benets and effects, such as greater inclusion, cooperation, participation, and wellbeing (Edie Farwell, Peregrine Wood, Maureen James, and Karen Banks 1999; Douglas Schuler 1996). These issues are of particular relevance to women in rural Australia, who are often extremely reliant on communication technologies for purposes such as support, networking, business management, and access to information. Despite often lacking access to high-quality infrastructure, technical support, and training, Australian rural women are often enthusiastic adopters of new ICTs and have been characterized as “pioneers” in the uptake of e-mail and the internet (Rural Women and ICTs Research Team 1999). Some feminists argue that when women participate in designing and using technologies in ways that meet their particular needs, their use of communication technologies such as e-mail and the internet can facilitate empowerment and social change (Harcourt 1999; McCulley and Patterson 1996). However, while it does not discount the empowering potential of communication technologies, feminist poststructuralist approaches point to the gaps and ambiguities in feminist theories and practices related to technologies and the danger of placing too much faith in their emancipatory powers (Liesbet van Zoonen 1992). An important argument here is that power relations are present in all social interactions (Michel Foucault 1980), whether they are mediated by technology or not. This paper presents selected ndings from the participatory evaluation and critique of the methodology and methods used in a feminist action research project that aimed to enhance rural women’s access to communication technologies. Following a brief overview of this project, the interdisciplinary feminist
Thirty-one Years of Stand Development in a Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra L.) Plantation, North-Central Ohio, USA

—Northern red oak stand development was monitored in a plantation at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), Wooster, OH. By comparing stand development in this plantation with other stands (including those naturally regenerated), we attempt to evaluate the potential for ecosystem restoration of northern red oak forests. Approximately 4,000 seedlings were planted on this 1.9 ha site in November 1962 as a provenance test. Mortality rates were monitored during the autumns of 1962, 1963, and 1965, and were initially relatively high. Stem density (921.2 ± 40.3 stems hain 1968), basal area, and diameter were also periodically sampled until 1993, and these parameters exhibited expected patterns over the thirty-one year observation period. Examining long-term trends in plantations can provide insights into stand development patterns, expected growth rates and stand structures, and the potential for successful forest restoration.
Estimation of suspended sediment sources using 137Cs and 210Pbex in unmanaged Japanese cypress plantation watersheds in southern Japan

To analyse suspended sediment sources in unmanaged Japanese cypress plantation watersheds, field measurements and fingerprinting of the suspended sediment was conducted in the Shimanto River basin in southern Japan. For sediment fingerprinting, 137Cs and 210Pbex were detected by means of gamma‐ray spectrometry in the surface soil of the forest floor, stream bank and truck trail and mobilized sediment by interrill erosion. The 137Cs and 210Pbex activities associated with the forest floor materials were considerably higher than those of the stream bank and truck trail. The 137Cs and 210Pbex activities associated with the suspended sediment were found to vary with the sampling period. Evidently, the suspended sediment can comprise materials generated from the forest floor by interrill erosion and those from the truck trail and/or stream bank. The multivariate sediment‐mixing model using 137Cs and 210Pbex showed that the contribution of the forest floor varied periodically, ranging from 23–56% in the Hinoki 156 subwatershed and from 18–85% in the Hinoki 155 subwatershed. The difference in the average contribution of the forest floor between Hinoki 156 (46%) and Hinoki 155 (69%) may relate to the presence of truck trail networks in the watershed. The truck trail network can play roles of sediment source and pathway for sediment from forest floor to stream channel due to the concentrated overland flow on the truck trail during heavy rainfall events. These results indicate that the forest floor should be recognized as a major source of suspended sediment in unmanaged Japanese cypress plantation watersheds. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A national‐scale assessment of long‐term water budget closures for Canada's watersheds

This study examined the long‐term water budget closures for 370 watersheds over Canada's landmass by using 30 years' (1981–2010) data products recently produced for precipitation (P) gridded using climate station measurements, land surface evapotranspiration (ET), and water surface evaporation (E0) obtained by the Ecological Assimilation of Land and Climate Observations (EALCO) model, and observed streamflow (Q). The results show that 29%, 58%, and 83% of the watersheds were closed within 5%, 10%, and 20% of P, respectively. The positive and negative imbalances among the 370 watersheds are largely offset and the national scale average is −24 mm yr−1, or 4.2% of P. Water budget closures have large variation across the landmass. Regions with sparse or less accurate monitoring of P such as the mountainous region and the Arctic exhibit the largest water imbalances. Further efforts on enhancing the climate observation networks, improving spatial models for P and ET estimates, and streamflow measurements are all likely critical for a better understanding of Canada's water budgets.
Trilobite faunas of the Duncannon Group: Caradoc stratigraphy, environments and palaeobiogeography of the Leinster Terrane, IReland

The Burrellian trilobite faunas of the Leinster terrane comprise at least 31 species from a spectrum of faunal associations. Strong faunal links with the Anglo‐Welsh area confirm the likely close proximity of these parts of Avalonia during the mid Caradoc but together with existing magmatic and palaeomagnetic data, the Leinster faunas also indicate that the existing simple structural models of the relationship between these areas need to be reappraised. Of the 22 identifiable trilobite genera, eight are not known from equivalent or older horizons in the Anglo‐Welsh area and indicate a significant link with Scoto‐Appalachian faunas on the margins of Laurentia. This colonization by trilobites of Scoto‐Appalachian origin may have been achieved by ‘volcanic island hopping’ across the shrinking Iapetus Ocean. The Leinster trilobites are therefore critical in documenting the breakdown of faunal provincialism and in fingerprinting the faunas and likely palaeogeographical setting of terranes now caught up in the Iapetus suture zone to the north. Eighteen species are described or discussed in detail including a new species of AmpyxinaA. hibernica sp. nov., a probable new species of Calyptaulax and revision of the M'Coy species Trinodus agnostiformis, Autoloxolichas laxatus, Flexicalymene forcipata Remopleurides platyceps.