Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trauma, Sepsis, Shock and Biomarkers

Background: This original contribution included trauma, sepsis, shock, inflammation, innate immunity, neutrophils, IL-8, reactive oxygen species, neonatal hypoxia, NF-kappa B, procalcitonin, intestinal fatty acid binding protein. Objective: The purpose of this article is to understand trauma, sepsis, shock, the procalcitonin, biomarker and the synergistic relationship between the activation of the innate immune system, loss of organ barrier functions. Discussion: Data was obtained from several reports, retrospective, descriptive cohort prospective studies, gene cluster and expression analysis listed in the papers and in references. Many complex factors such as genetics, physical agents, and mediators are involved in the development of organ failure in trauma. These factors are clearly linked and can lead to susceptibility of patients to posttraumatic organ failure. Sepsis is a common condition encountered in hospital environments and remains an important cause of death in the intensive care units. Procalcitonin was mentioned in this review as related to sepsis and infections. Conclusions: Trauma and sepsis, shock and biomarkers are very important both in adults, infants and children. Various topics were covered such as trauma, sepsis, shock inflammation, innate immunity, role of neutrophils and IL-8, reactive oxygen species, neonatal hypoxia, the role of NF kappa B related to inflammation. Procalcitoninas helpful in identifying adult and neonatal sepsis, defense mechanisms and physiological functions of the immune system.
Assessing the effectiveness of the 2011 feed-in tariff policy for wind power in Finland

: In 2011, Finland implemented a feed-in tariff in order to accelerate investments in wind power production throughout the country, since the wind power industry was not meeting the target production volume. The Finnish feed-in tariff stopped accepting new wind power projects into the scheme in 2017, and this study performed an analysis of the overall effectiveness of the feed-in tariff by aiming to answer the question: “Did the feed-in tariff implemented in 2011 enhance the deployment of wind power in Finland and to what extent? ” . By employing an econometric approach using binary and difference-in-difference models, the effect of the feed-in tariff and other factors associated with wind power deployment were estimated. In the obtained results, the feed-in tariff displayed a large positive relationship to the amount of nominal wind power in a region. This research contributes to the existing literature by providing insights into the effectiveness of the wind power feed-in tariff in Finland, where such analysis has not been conducted so far, while also comparing the obtained results to those found in other countries.
EC DIABETES AND METABOLIC RESEARCH EC DIABETES AND METABOLIC RESEARCH Research Article The Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Nasr Eldin Karam-Allah Center at Atbara Teaching Hospital

Background: Diabetic eye malady is a health disorder in which impairment to the retina occurs because of diabetes mellitus, as a fore-most reason of impaired vision. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Nasr Eldin Karamaalah Center at Atbara Teaching Hospital. Methodology: this is a descriptive, prospective, cross-sectional hospital based study conducted at Nasr Eldin Karamaalah Center at Atbara Teaching Hospital (River Nile State) during the period from October 2018 to March 2019. The sample size was 221. The informa-tions was collected by a questionnaire. Results: years, 5(9.3%) aged 41-50 years and 3(5.6%) aged 31-40 years. Incidence of diabetic diabetic retinopathy was higher in patients with longer duration of diabetes mellitus 29(53.7%) than the patients with duration 10 years or less 25(46.3%). Patients with uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c) had higher prevalence of diabetes retinopathy 34(63%) than patients with controlled diabetes 20(37%). Conclusion: Female gender, older ages, duration of diabetes mellitus and poor diabetes were associated with the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (P value < 0.05).
Expression of Human CYPs in Chimeric Mice with Humanized Liver

chromatography; HLM, human liver microsomes; COH, coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity; DICOH, diclofenac 4'-hydroxylase activity; DBOH, debrisoquine 4'-hydroxylase activity; DEXOH, dexamethasone 6-hydroxylase activity; MPOH, S -mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylase activity; PTXOH, paclitaxel 6 α -hydroxylase activity. Abstract Recently, a chimeric mouse line in which the liver could be replaced by more than 80% with human hepatocytes was established in Japan. Because the chimeric mouse produces human albumin (hAlb), replacement by human hepatocytes could be estimated by the hAlb concentration in the blood of the chimeric mice. In this study, we investigated human major cytochrome P450 (CYP) in the livers of chimeric mice by mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity using real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, and HPLC, respectively. Chimeric mice with humanized liver generated using hepatocytes from a Japanese and Caucasian donor were used. Human CYP mRNAs were expressed in the liver of the chimeric mice, and major human CYP proteins such as CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 were detected. The expression of CYP mRNA and protein was correlated with the hAlb concentration in the blood. The enzyme activities such as diclofenac 4'-hydroxylase activity, dexamethasone 6-hydroxylase activity, and coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity, activities that are specific to human CYP but not to murine Cyp, were increased in a hAlb concentration-dependent manner. The chimeric mice with nearly 90% replacement by human hepatocytes demonstrated almost the same protein contents of human CYPs and drug metabolizing enzyme activity as those of the donor. It was confirmed that genomic DNA from the livers of the chimeric mice and that from the liver of the donor exhibited the same genotype. In conclusion, the chimeric mice exhibited a similarly efficient capacity of drug metabolism as humans, suggesting that they could be a useful animal model for drug development. stellate scavenger cells to develop bioartificial livers.
Long-Term and of Issuing Shorter Duration Prescriptions for Patients with Chronic

Background: The NHS in England spends over £9 billion on prescription medicines dispensed in primary care, of which over two thirds is accounted for by repeat prescriptions. Recently, GPs in England have been urged to limit the duration of repeat prescriptions where clinically appropriate to 28 days to reduce wastage and hence contain costs. However, shorter prescriptions will increase transaction costs and thus may not be cost saving. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that shorter prescriptions are associated with lower adherence, which would be expected to lead to lower clinical benefit. The objective of this study is to estimate the cost-effectiveness of 3-month versus 28-day repeat prescriptions from the perspective of the NHS. Methods: We adapted three previously developed UK policy-relevant models, incorporating transaction (dispensing fees, prescriber time) and drug wastage costs associated with 3-month and 28-day prescriptions in three case studies: antihypertensive medications for prevention of cardiovascular events; drugs to improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes; and treatments for depression. Results: In all cases, 3-month prescriptions were associated with lower costs and higher QALYs than 28-day prescriptions. This is driven by assumptions that higher adherence leads to improved disease control, lower costs and improved QALYs. Conclusion: Longer repeat prescriptions may be cost-effective compared with shorter ones. However, the quality of the evidence base on which this modelling is based is poor. Any policy rollout should be within the context of a trial such as a stepped-wedge cluster design.
Crustal thickness variations along the Southeast Indian Ridge (100 (cid:1) –116 (cid:1) E) from 2-D body wave tomography

[ 1 ] Axial morphology along the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR) systematically changes from an axial high to a deep rift valley at a nearly uniform intermediate spreading rate between 100 (cid:1) –116 (cid:1) E, west of the Australian-Antarctic Discordance (AAD). Basalt geochemistry has a consistent Indian–mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) type isotopic signature, so changes in axial topography are attributed to variations in both mantle temperature and melt supply. Wide-angle seismic refraction lines were shot to four ocean bottom hydrophones within SEIR segments P1, P2, S1, and T, where each segment is characterized by a different morphology. We constructed 2-D crustal velocity models by jointly inverting hand-picked P wave refraction (Pg) and Moho reflection (PmP) traveltime data using a top-down, minimum-structure methodology. The results show a 1.5 km eastward decrease in crustal thickness across the study area, with segment averages ranging from 6.1 km at P1 to 4.6 km at T. Melt generation models require a (cid:1) 30 (cid:1) C decrease in mantle temperature toward the AAD to account for the crustal thickness trend. Significant changes in axial morphology accompany small-scale variations in crustal thickness, consistent with models of crustal accretion where ridge topography is determined by a balance between mantle temperature, melt supply, and cooling from hydrothermal circulation. Layer 3 thins by 3.0 km as layer 2 thickens by 1.4 km between segments P1 and T, reflecting the eastward decrease in melt supply and increase in melt lens depth. The trade-off in seismic layers may be explained by models relating the increase in overburden pressure on a deepening melt lens to the volume of magma erupted into the upper crust rather than cooling at depth to form new lower crustal material. Components: 12,003 14 figures, 3 tables (2008), Crustal thickness variations along the Southeast Indian Ridge (100 (cid:1) –116 (cid:1) E) from 2-D body wave tomography, Geochem.
Trade Openness and the Cost of Sudden Stops: The Role of Financial Frictions

This paper analyzes the trade policy when country spread becomes more volatile due to the possibility of sudden stops. Both analytical and numerical results show that sudden stops have weaker output impact when the small open economy is more open to trade; however, this does not imply the optimality of an open trade policy. When the economy does not pay additional expenses to adjust its foreign debt, the cost of sudden stops is decreasing in trade openness, which implies the optimality of an open trade policy. In this case, external shocks may be welfare improving. The economy will gain from counter-cyclical tariﬀ rate policies. On the other hand, when the economy has to pay additional expenses to adjust its foreign debt, a closed trade policy is optimal. In this latter case, the nature of the policy and how the government implements the policy matter. The results hold in economies with and without the working capital constraint, and in both economies with GHH preferences and those with Cobb-Douglas preferences. lending position does not aﬀect the negative relationship between the cost and trade openness in model (d) and model (e). We extend model (e) to two sector economies with homogenous capital and heterogenous capital, and obtain the same policy implication. The results are not reported here but available upon request. In addition, we change the value of ϕ in models (a), (c), and (d), and consider the case in which φ is set at a very small value as in Neumayer and Perri (2005) in models (a), (b), (c), our results on policy implication remain.
LIGHT, ULTRASTGRUCTURE AND CYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON MYXOBOLUS SP. (MYXOZOA: MYXOBOLIDAE) INFECTING THE GILL TISSUE OF THE NILE FISH LABEO NILOTICUS AT ASSIUT LOCALITY EGYPT.

occupied nearly more than half length of spores. Semi-thin-sections revealed that the plasmodium was surrounded by an outer wall of the host origin and inner wall of the parasite and contained numerous spores at different stages of development. Cytochemical studies showed that the spores and sporoblasts contained large amount of glycogen and protein. Best’s carmine stain showed the presence of iodinophilous vacuoles in the sporoplasm of spores as a rounded structure. Scanning electron microscope revealed the smooth nature of the spore valve surface. The polar capsules, shell valves and sutural ridge line are represented by anterior and posterior grooves. The transmission electron microscope revealed that the mature spores have two valves arising from the valvogenic cells and joined by the sutural line.
An epigenome-wide association study meta-analysis of educational attainment. Molecular

evidence of an association between EA and the epigenetic clock for Clock 1 (Horvath age acceleration residuals), Clock 2 (White blood cell count adjusted Horvath age acceleration), and Clock 3 (White blood cell count adjusted Hannum age acceleration). We found evidence for an association between EA and Clock 4 (Cell-count enriched Hannum age acceleration, P = 3.51 × 10 –6 in the basic age acceleration model and P = 4.51 × 10 –4 in the adjusted age acceleration model). We note that this latter measure (Hannum age acceleration with dynamic weights) is also the most predictive epigenetic clock measure of mortality 35 . Due to the inconsistent results across the different clock variables and the small estimated effect sizes, we refrain from drawing strong conclusion based on the epigenetic clock results. zero using the inverse cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution. The results indicate that there is enrichment for association in all four HIL categories.
Limited evidence of deficits in threat and safety signal neural processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder

Background: Current behavioural treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is informed by fear conditioning and involves iteratively re-evaluating previously threatening stimuli as safe. However, there is limited research investigating the neurobiological response to conditioning and reversal of threatening stimuli in individuals with OCD. Methods: A clinical sample of individuals with OCD (N=45) and matched healthy controls (N=45) underwent functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). While in the scanner, participants completed a well-validated fear reversal task and a resting-state scan. Results: We found no evidence for group differences in task-evoked brain activation or functional connectivity in OCD. Multivariate analyses encompassing all participants in the clinical and control groups suggested that subjective appraisal of threatening and safe stimuli were associated with a larger difference in brain activity than the contribution of OCD symptoms. In particular, we observed a brain-behaviour continuum whereby heightened affective appraisal was related to increased bilateral insula activation during the task (r = 0.39, pFWE = 0.001). Conclusions: These findings suggest that changes in conditioned threat-related processes may not be a core neurobiological feature of OCD and encourage further research on the role of subjective experience in fear conditioning.
Automatic assessment of mammographic density using a deep transfer learning method

Abstract. Purpose Mammographic breast density is one of the strongest risk factors for cancer. Density assessed by radiologists using visual analogue scales has been shown to provide better risk predictions than other methods. Our purpose is to build automated models using deep learning and train on radiologist scores to make accurate and consistent predictions. Approach We used a dataset of almost 160,000 mammograms, each with two independent density scores made by expert medical practitioners. We used two pretrained deep networks and adapted them to produce feature vectors, which were then used for both linear and nonlinear regression to make density predictions. We also simulated an “optimal method,” which allowed us to compare the quality of our results with a simulated upper bound on performance. Results Our deep learning method produced estimates with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 8.79 ± 0.21. The model estimates of cancer risk perform at a similar level to human experts, within uncertainty bounds. We made comparisons between different model variants and demonstrated the high level of consistency of the model predictions. Our modeled “optimal method” produced image predictions with a RMSE of between 7.98 and 8.90 for cranial caudal images. Conclusion We demonstrated a deep learning framework based upon a transfer learning approach to make density estimates based on radiologists’ visual scores. Our approach requires modest computational resources and has the potential to be trained with limited quantities of data.
COVID-19 Disruptions of Food Systems and Nutrition Services in Ethiopia: Evidence of the Impacts and Policy Responses

Background: Since its first case of COVID-19 on March 13, 2020 and Ethiopia has exerted efforts to curb the spread of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) without imposing a nationwide lockdown. Globally, COVID-19 related disruptions and mitigation measures have impacted livelihoods and food systems, nutrition, as well as access and use of health services. Objective: To develop a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on food security and maternal and child nutrition and health services and to synthesize lessons from policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia. Methods: We conducted a review of literature and 8 key informant interviews across government agencies, donors, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), to map the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food and health systems in Ethiopia. We summarized policy responses and identified recommendations for future actions related to the COVID-19 pandemic and other future emergencies. Results: The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic were felt across the food system. Disruptions were noted in inputs supply due to travel restrictions and closed borders restricting trade, reduced in-person support by agriculture extension workers, income losses, increases in food prices, and the reduction in food security and consumption of less diverse diets. Maternal and child health services were disrupted due to fear of contacting COVID-19, diversion of resources, and lack of personal protective equipment. Disruptions eased over time due to the expansion of social protection, through the Productive Safety Net Program, and the increased outreach and home service provision by the health extension workers. Conclusion: Ethiopia experienced disruptions to food systems and expanded existing social protection and public health infrastructure and leveraged partnerships with non-state actors. Nevertheless, vulnerabilities and gaps remain and there is a need for a long-term strategy that considers the cyclical nature of COVID-19 cases.
EXPLORING THE PERCEPTION OF MEDICAL ALUMNI REGARDING INTEGRATED VS NON-INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF EDUCATION: A CROSS SECTIONAL SURVEY

: Background: Memorization without any concept is the major impasse of traditional educational system in Pakistan. The extensive syllabus lacking concepts, pressure of assessments and forceful turnout in lectures divert the focus of medical students which leads to misconception and incompetence in clinical field. Aim of this study was to assess the perception of medical graduates/undergraduates regarding flaws and beneficence of non-integrated and integrated system respectively. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at CMH & LMDC from August, 2015 to September, 2015.The sample size was 225, non probability convenient sampling method was used. A modified version of questionnaire tailored from Usman et al and Farida et al was used to collect data online through Google forms which was sent to potential candidates to more than 20 medical colleges of Punjab, Pakistan. Five (5 point) Likert scale and SPSS v22 was used to assess the responses. Results: Mean age of the respondents was 22(±1.83). Only a small number (15.3%) said that they are satisfied with current system of education while 18.9% were of the view that current system is total failure. Majority (77.5 %) said they attend lectures for the sake of attendance similarly major proportion (88.3%) agreed that clinical rotations are better than lecturers. Regarding usefulness of the PBL system, majority (79.1%) were in favor of its implementation especially respondents who belong from Government medical institutes. Conclusion: It is the indispensability to implement integrated system to meet up the rising standards of medical education keeping in view the assessed positive response among medical graduates for the system which will not only make collaboration more effective but also increase accessibility and improve approach for learning medicine.
DEMOGRAPHIC AND PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF PRINCIPALS’ PERFORMANCE IN INSTRUCTIONAL SUPERVISION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN SOUTH-SOUTH, NIGERIA

The study examined the relationship between demographic and personality variables and principal performance in instructional supervision in the management of secondary schools in South-South, Nigeria. The correlational survey design was adopted for the study. Four research questions and one hypothesis guided the study. The population of the study comprised 1,356 principals of public secondary schools. The sample for the study consisted of 310 principals obtained using Taro Yamen’s formula, while 1860 teachers rated their principals. Proportionate stratified random sampling was used to select the number of principals per state while disproportionate stratified random sampling was used to select the number of principals and teachers per senatorial zone for fair representation. Three instruments namely: principals’ motivational factors questionnaire (PMFQ), principals’ leadership style questionnaire (PLSQ), and principals’ instructional supervision performance scale (PISPS) were used for data collection. These instruments were face validated by three experts and their overall internal consistency reliability coefficient indices obtained through the Cronbach alpha method were 0.97 for PMFQ, 0.60 for PLSQ, and 0.67 for PISPS. Means, standard deviations, and correlation coefficient were used to answer the four research questions while multiple regressions and associated t-tests were used to test the hypothesis at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed among others that most principals were males, married, and have served as principals and vice-principals for not more than 11 years. variables predicted 16.3%, of the variance in instructional supervision. Leadership style and location predicted the performance of principals in instructional supervision. Based on these findings, it was recommended in the appointment of principals, leadership behaviour and school location should be considered since these variables had a significant relationship with principals' performance in instructional supervision. Besides, training and re-training programmes should be given to principals to help them adopt more open leadership styles for effectiveness. antidotes of motivation of teachers to higher performance are: a delegation of duties, oral commendation, recognition through presentation of gift items and involvement in decision making.