Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phenolic Contents and Antioxidants Activities in Jamman Fruit (Eugenia jambolana) Products

In this study, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity were determined in various products made from two cultivars of jamman fruit (Eugenia jambolana) i.e. improved (V1) and indigenous (V2). Five products were made from each cultivar such as jam, squash, ready-to-drink juice, pulp powder and seed powder. Fruit cultivars were endogenous to the typical region of Sindh-Pakistan. Total phenolic contents were analyzed by Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method, whereas, the total antioxidant activity was analyzed by using the 2, 2-diphenil-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) assays. The highest total phenolic contents and antioxidants were observed in freeze dried seed powder while the lowest contents were found in squash. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.6000/1927-5951.2011. 01.01. 08
Potential of a Combination of UASB and DHS Reactor as a Novel Sewage Treatment System for Developing Countries: Long-Term Evaluation

A novel municipal wastewater treatment system, consisting of a combination of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) posttreatment unit, was continuously evaluated for more than three years with raw sewage as an influent. The system was installed at a sewage treatment site and operated at 25±3°C . This paper reports on the results of a long term monitoring of the system. The whole experimental period was divided into three distinct phases with different operating conditions. Organic pollutants were only partially removed in anaerobic UASB pretreatment unit. The remaining organics as well as nitrogenous compounds were almost completely removed by the DHS posttreatment unit. In all phases the system demonstrated removal efficiency consistently over 95% for unfiltered biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 80% for unfiltered-chemical oxygen demand and 70% for suspended solids. The system produced an excellent effluent quality with only 4–9 mg∕L of residual unfiltered BOD. Diss.
Enhanced Photocatalysis by Doping Cerium into Mesoporous Titania Thin Films

Mesoporous TiO2 thin films doped with varying amounts of cerium have been synthesized via a supramolecular-templated sol−gel route. The cerium dopant strongly affects the mesostructure, photocatalytic, and optical properties of the mesoporous TiO2 films. At an appropriately low level of cerium doping (i.e., Ce/Ti < 10 mol %), the film showed an increase in the degree of mesoscopic orderliness with an obvious degradation in the nanocrystallinity, which is related to the fact that cerium adversely affects the growth of titania nanocrystallites during thermal annealing. The photocatalytic ability of the film with Ce/Ti = 0.3 mol % was highest for degradation of methylene blue under UV irradiation, which is 3.5-fold of that of the undoped mesoporous TiO2 film. This remarkable enhancement in photoreactivity is attributed to the facilitated transferring of electrons to oxygen in association with cerium cations. The cerium-doped mesoporous TiO2 thin films also demonstrate photoluminescence at room temperature, w.
Some Properties of Aluminum Nitride

ABS>Aluminum nitride crystals in the form of bid-sided prismatic needles. up to 0.5 mm in diameter by 30 mm long, and thin plates, 2 to 3 mm in diameter, were prepared by vaporization of aluminum in a nitrogen atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 1800 to 2000 deg C, and the properties of the crystals determined. An aluminum nitride body, having a density of 98% of the theoretical value was prepared by hot pressing of the fine powder, and a study made of its properties. (auth)
Effect of Ultra-Stokesian Drag and Particle Interception on Impaction Characteristics

The characteristics of impactors with round or rectangular nozzles have been determined by the numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations and of the equation of motion of the particles. The sensitivity of this solution to the system of grid lines was investigated by decreasing the spacing between them; these studies yielded sharper curves and higher √St50 for finer grids. The particle trajectory calculation program included an empirical ultra-Stokesian drag coefficient and a facility for handling particle interception. Studies comparing the results of runs made using the ultra-Stokesian drag law with those assuming Stokes law indicated that the latter underpredicts the √St20 by 5 to 10%. The influence of particle interception was found to be small except at very low Reynolds numbers, the characteristics for which demon strated low-efficiency tails. Dimensional analysis of the impactor system required the introduction of a second dimensionless quantity (in addition to the St) to char acterize the pa.
Generation of Submicron Arizona Test Dust Aerosol: Chemical and Hygroscopic Properties

This article describes a submicron dust aerosol generation system based on a commercially available dust disperser intended for use in laboratory studies of heterogeneous gas–aerosol interactions. Mineral dust particles are resuspended from Arizona Test Dust (ATD) powder as a case study. The system output in terms of number and surface area is adjustable and stable enough for aerosol flow reactor studies. Particles produced are in the 30–1000 nm size range with a lognormal shape of the number size distribution. The particles are characterized with respect to morphology, electrical properties, hygroscopic properties, and chemical composition. Submicron particle elemental composition is found to be similar for the particle surface and bulk as revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), respectively. A significant difference in chemical composition is found between the submicron aerosol and the ATD bulk powder from which it was generated. The anionic composition of the water-soluble fraction of this dust sample is dominated by sulfate. Resuspended dust particles show, as expected, nonhygroscopic behavior in a humid environment. Small hygroscopic growth of about 1% (relative change in mobility diameter) was observed for 100 nm particles when the relative humidity (RH) was changed from 12 to 94%. Particles larger than 100–200 nm shrank about 1% once exposed to RH > 90%. This was interpreted as a restructuring of the larger agglomerates of dust to particles of smaller mobility diameter, under the influence of water vapor.
Biomass to fuels: impact of reaction medium and heating rate.

Abstract We have recently reported on the impact of CO2 on biomass gasification and its ability to more effectively gasify biomass than steam. Continuing this investigation has led to understanding the impact of heating rates and different reaction environments. This article presents the results from the gasification of various biomass feedstocks. Heating rates were varied from 1 to 100°C min−1 to ballistic rates (∼500°C min−1). Gasification media investigated include H2O/N2, CO2, CO2/N2/H2O, and O2/N2. Global activation energies for pyrolysis were found to be significantly higher than for gasification, whereas those for the grasses were significantly lower than the woods, possibly indicating a catalytic effect during pyrolysis of the high mineral content herbaceous feedstocks. CO2 pyrolysis (110–450°C) activation energy values for lignin, cellulose, and biomass were 22–49, 202–230, and 28–72 kJ mol−1, respectively, and CO2 gasification (500–700°C) values for lignin and biomass were 12–38 and 9–57 kJ mol−.
Regional distribution of α-adrenoceptor subtypes in the female rabbit urethra

: The aim of the present investigation was to study the regional distribution of alpha-adrenoceptor subtypes in the female rabbit bladder base and urethra, using radioligand binding and mechanical activity studies. The binding studies performed on membranes prepared from the bladder base, and the proximal and distal part of the urethra, revealed that the number of alpha 1-adrenoceptors did not significantly differ between the three regions, whereas the number of alpha 2-adrenoceptors increased distally. The mechanical activity studies showed that noradrenaline and clonidine, but not phenylephrine, were more potent in the distal than the proximal part of the urethra. It is suggested that in the female rabbit urethra the lower EC50-value found for noradrenaline and clonidine in the distal as compared to the proximal part of the urethra, at least in part, is attributable to a higher number of postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the distal than in the proximal urethra.
High Enrichment and Recovery of Dilute Hydrocarbons by Dual-Reflux Pressure-Swing Adsorption

A twin-bed, dual (stripping and enriching)-reflux pressure-swing adsorption (DR-PSA) system utilizing an intermediate feed position in the columns was designed, constructed, and operated to study the separation and concentration of a dilute feed of ethane in nitrogen using WestVaco BAX-1500 activated carbon. Four runs were performed, changing only the stripping or enriching reflux ratios. In all the runs, the ethane was enriched between 50 and 90 times with a pressure ratio of only 8. In addition, high heavy-component recoveries were obtained, with the purity and recovery of nitrogen also being very high. The best case enriched a 0.75 vol % ethane feed to 68.4 vol % with an ethane recovery of 99.6%. The nitrogen purity was also very high containing only 30 ppm of ethane in the light product stream. This separation was markedly better than that achievable with a conventional stripping reflux PSA process, and it suggests that it should be entirely feasible to produce two very pure products from a dilute fee.
Photochemistry in Hoagland's Nutrient Solution

Abstract Atrazine photodegraded (in the absence of plants) in Hoagland's hydroponic medium in sunlight. The medium contained two important solar UV absorbing species, complexed iron and nitrate. Increasing the concentrations of iron or of nitrate resulted in increased rates of atrazine loss. Increasing the concentration of trace elements copper, manganese, and zinc had little effect on the photodegradation rate. The pathway may involve the reaction of hydroxyl radicals produced by the photolysis of nitrate and/or iron with atrazine.
Large antibiotic molecule diffusion in confined mesoporous silica with controlled morphology

Ordered mesoporous silica (OMS) having different pore geometries was confined in the channels of anodic alumina membranes (AAMs), as a model system, to investigate the adsorption and release of bioactive molecules. These systems allow us to isolate the parameters that play a role in the diffusion of molecules in the mesopores without the complications associated with different external morphologies and particle size. Three mesoporous systems were synthesized within the AAMs, i.e., systems (i) and (ii) with pore diameters of about 4 and 9 nm having a columnar alignment of mesopores, and system (iii) featuring a 7 nm pore system with a circular channel structure. The uptake and release of vancomycin, a large antibiotic molecule (3.2 × 2.2 nm) used in treating osteomyelitis, was studied in these model systems. Calcined samples before and after drug uptake were characterized by SAXS, nitrogen sorption, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetry and UV-Vis spectroscopy. It was found that columnar mesopores could easily adsorb vancomycin, in increasing amounts with larger mesopore size. In contrast, circular, hardly accessible channels did not allow any drug uptake. Drug delivery profiles were collected, aimed at investigating the first minutes of delivery and delivery behavior at longer time scales. It was found that the pore diameter played a minor role in the diffusion kinetics, while the pore morphology and the diffusional path lengths have profound effects on the release of the drug. Results obtained for these model systems are contrasted with the behavior of two SBA-15 host systems, synthesized in powder form and having spherical and fibrous morphologies. The spherical particles are accessible to the drug molecules, but they take up only a moderate amount of vancomycin based on available pore volume, due to the pore tortuosity and the pore diameter which is similar to that of the vancomycin molecules. In contrast, SBA-15 fibers showed no adsorption capacity towards vancomycin, due to the low accessibility of mesopores which are partially closed at the fiber ends.
Reptation of a Polymer Chain in the Presence of Fixed Obstacles

We discuss possible motions for one polymer molecule P (of mass M) performing wormlike displacements inside a strongly cross‐linked polymeric gel G. The topological requirement that P cannot intersect any of the chains of G is taken into account by a rigorous procedure: The only motions allowed for the chain are associated with the displacement of certain “defects” along the chain. The main conclusions derived from this model are the following:(a) There are two characteristic times for the chain motion: One of them (Td) is the equilibration time for the defect concentration, and is proportional to M2. The other time (Tr) is the time required for complete renewal of the chain conformation, and is proportional to M3. (b) The over‐all mobility and diffusion coefficients of the chain P are proportional to M−2. (c) At times t < Tr the mean square displacement of one monomer of P increases only like 〈(rt − r0)2〉 = const t1/4.These results may also turn out to be useful for the (more difficult) problem of entangle.
Cu–Ni@SiO2 alloy nanocomposites for methane dry reforming catalysis

Cu–Ni alloy nanoparticles (12 ± 3 nm) encapsulated in a silica shell have been successfully synthesized through a microemulsion method followed by polymerization of TEOS. The morphologies of the Cu–Ni@SiO2 nanocomposites can be controlled by tuning the metal ion concentrations. The alloy nanostructure shows a superior performance in catalytic methane dry reforming to the pure Ni nanocomposite catalyst.
Topographic variation of soil nitrogen mineralization and microbial biomass in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) stands at Myougodani watershed, Toyama, Japan

Abstract The spatial variability of nitrogen (N) mineralization, nitrification, and microbial biomass was investigated using surface soils from various topographic positions at a relatively small watershed with Japanese cedar (Crgptomeria japonica D. Don) plantations. The watershed topography was characterized using a topographic index derived from GIS analysis. The topographic index reasonably reflected the spatial variability of the soil water conditions, total soil carbon (C) and N contents, and exchangeable base concentrations. However, this index was not significantly correlated with the spatial variability of net N mineralization and microbial biomass. Topographic index and soil properties (total soil C and N contents, C / N ratio, exchangeable base concentrations, and clay content) were subjected to principal component analysis to eliminate multiple-collinearity among the variables, and express the variables as new orthogonal variables. Principal component analysis showed that the soil properties could be divided into two groups: PC1 (soil nutrient pools) and PC2 (soil clay content). The topographic index was closely correlated with PC1 and not significantly correlated with PC2. Regression of PC scores on net N mineralization and microbial biomass indicated the relatively high contribution of PC2 to the variability in N mineralization and microbial biomass. This result suggested that not only topographic factors but also the clay content exerted an important influence on the spatial pattern of N mineralization and microbial biomass within a watershed with single species forests.
Microwave‐Assisted One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐(Substituted phenyl)‐1H‐benzimidazole Derivatives

Abstract A series of 2‐(substituted phenyl)‐1H‐benzimidazole derivatives with various 5‐and 6‐position substituents (‐H, ‐CH3, ‐CF3) were synthesized via microwave irradiation using a short synthetic route and Na2S2O5 as oxidant. This simple, fast, and efficient preparation of benzimidazole derivatives has been developed using readily available and inexpensive reagents (aldehydes and 1,2‐phenylenediamines) under solvent‐free conditions.
A dynamic chemical model of bi‐directional ammonia exchange between semi‐natural vegetation and the atmosphere

A mechanistic, dynamic compensation point model to simulate the vegetation/atmosphere exchange of ammonia (NH3) is described. the model is applied to long‐term micrometeorological measurements of NH3 exchange obtained over moorland in southern Scotland (1995‐96). the model describes the gaseous bi‐directional exchange between the atmosphere, leaf surface water films, plant stomata and apoplast. A simple chemistry module is included to simulate the exchange of water‐soluble atmospheric pollutants at the air‐water interface on wet plant surfaces. Initialization of the chemistry module is achieved during rain events using measured rain chemical composition. the exchange of NH3 with stomata is based on the concept of a stomatal compensation point parametrized by means of the apoplast ammonium/hydronium I ratio. the trans‐cuticular transfer of ammonium may also constitute a sink for dissolved ammonia on plant cuticular water films, and is parametrized using a trans‐cuticular resistance and the concentration difference between leaf surface water and the apoplast. the leaching of base cations from the inside of the plant to foliar surfaces is simulated in a similar fashion to ammonium transfer, and the heterogeneous oxidation of sulphur dioxide (SO2) in thin water films is also treated. Numerical iterative procedures at each time‐step allow the calculation of pH and dissolved ion concentrations.
Thermal analysis of ring‐opening metathesis polymerized healing agents

Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) and 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB) and their mixtures were analyzed after ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) in the presence of Grubbs catalyst as potential candidate healing agents for self-healing composite materials using two complementary methods, rotational dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Following isothermal DMA measurements at room temperature (RT = 25 °C) for 120 min, two consecutive dynamic temperature scan experiments were performed for each system. In the first dynamic temperature scans, there was an initial downward peak slightly above RT in the storage modulus versus temperature curve for samples with relatively slower reaction rates (i.e., DCPD and DCPD-rich mixtures or low catalyst loadings) due to a combination of the glass transition followed by further residual reaction. However, no or negligible downward peaks were observed for the highly reactive ENB and ENB-rich samples even at much lower catalyst loadings. Implications of the substantial decrease in storage modulus just above RT for the slowly reacting systems are discussed for healing of damage in composite materials at elevated temperatures. The maximum glass transition temperatures (Tg∞) from DMA of the fully cured samples were determined to be approximately 160 °C for DCPD and 120 °C for ENB, decreasing linearly with increased ENB in the blends. The glass transitions and further residual reactions above the glass transitions were confirmed by DSC. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1771–1780, 2007
Nota científica: Avaliação sensorial de geleia de marmelo 'Japonês' em diferentes concentrações de sólidos solúveis totais

In recent years, Japanese quince (Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne) plants have been widely studied due to their high productivity, resistance to entomosporium and ability to serve as rootstock for other cultivars. In order to facilitate the use of this cultivar for human consumption, the present study aimed to develop and evaluate the acceptance of a Japanese quince jam with different concentrations of total soluble solids. The fruits used in the experiment were harvested at the Experimental Farm of EPAMIG, located in the city of Maria da Fe, MG, Brazil. To obtain the jams, the fruits were processed to obtain a final product with concentrations of 66, 68 and 70 °Brix with respect to the total soluble solids. Acceptance testing was performed by a group of fifty non-trained panellists, who evaluated the appearance, texture, aroma, taste, overall acceptance and purchasing intention of the different treatments. The results showed that the Japanese quince jams were well accepted with respect to all the attributes, and that, in general, the samples with 68 and 70 oBrix showed greater acceptability and purchasing intention amongst the tasters.
An Experimental Study of Flame Spread and Burning in Arrays of Monosize Hydrocarbon Droplets

Abstract The combustion of two-dimensional arrays of falling n-heptane droplets was studied by black-and-white and colour schlieren photography which could clearly distinguish between evaporating and burning droplets. No individual droplet flames were seen in this work. The first ignited droplet trailed a wake flame and acted as a moving ignition source, producing downward flame spread rates which were the same as the fall velocity of this droplet and much higher than the upward flame spread rate through the vapour. All drops above the first ignited one burned in a collective cylindrical flame. Simple models of flame spread through the array were consistent with experimental trends.
Comparative evaluation of different organic fertilizers on the soil fertility, leaf minerals composition and growth performance of dikanut seedlings (Irvingia gabonnesis L.)

An experiment was carried out at Akure in the rainforest zone of Nigeria to determine the effectiveness, of ten organic fertilizers on plant growth, soil fertility, and leaf nutrients composition of dikanut seedlings in the nursery. The organic fertilizer treatments were applied at 8t/ha (40g/10kg soil) to each polybag, a reference treatment NPK 15-15-15 compound fertilizer applied at 2g NPK/10kg soil (400kg/ha) and a control treatment (no chemical fertilizer nor manure), arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) and replicated four times. The results showed that the organic fertilizers increased the seedlings' growth significantly (P<0.05), leaf and soil N, P, K, Ca, Mg, soil pH and O.M of dikanut compared to the control treatment. The oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure increased the plant height, leaf area, stem girth, leaf numbers and root length of dikanut seedlings by 22%, 50%, 33%, 21% and 49% respectively, when compared to the NPK chemical fertilizer treatment. It also increased the leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg of dikanut seedlings by 35%, 37%, 39%, 36% and 65.3% respectively compared to the sole application of poultry manure. Oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure treatment increased the soil pH, O.M, N. P, K, Ca, Mg by 6%, 13%, 19%, 28%, 32%, 33% and 21% respectively compared to the cocoa husk + spent grain treatment. Therefore the, oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure applied at 8t/ha was the most effective treatment in increasing growth, soil and leaf parameters of dikanut seedlings.
Effect of cross flow on the spray characteristics of an industrial feed nozzle

The spray characteristics of a scaled-down version of an industrial feed nozzle are studied in the presence of a cross flow. Aerated liquid nitrogen is injected through the nozzle to generate the spray. The aeration rate is low and held constant, while two different liquid flow rates are used to produce the spray. A nonuniform wind profile is chosen to represent the cross flow condition. The droplet diameter and velocity measurements are acquired using a phase-Doppler particle analyzer. The results of the present study indicate that the spray momentum flux determines the extent of the jet bending. The droplets are accelerated significantly in the initial jet region as a result of flashing. However, further downstream of the nozzle, the vaporization of the droplets is considered to be negligible. The size-velocity correlation changes significantly for the case where the spray is shifted due to the cross flow.