Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Temperate reservoirs are large carbon sinks and small CO2 sources: Results from high‐resolution carbon budgets

Sediment organic carbon (C) burial and CO2 fluxes in inland waters are quantitatively important in regional and global carbon budgets. Estimates of C fluxes from inland waters are typically based on limited temporal resolution despite potential large variations with season and weather events. Further, most freshwater C budget studies have focused on natural soft‐water lakes, while reservoirs and hard‐water systems are globally numerous. Our study quantifies C fluxes in two hard‐water, human constructed reservoirs (Ohio, USA) of contrasting watershed land use (agriculture vs. forest) using high‐resolution mass balance budgets. We show that during a dry summer, C retention and export via the dam were reduced compared to a wet summer. Both reservoirs were net CO2 sources during a wet summer, but CO2 sinks during a dry summer. Despite weather‐related summer differences, annual C fluxes within each reservoir were similar between years. Both reservoirs appear to be net autotrophic despite often being CO2 sources based on budgets. This is likely because CO2 fluxes in our hard‐water reservoirs were more strongly associated with DIC than DOC. Using our C fluxes and statewide watershed land use, we determined the regional importance of Ohio reservoirs in OC burial and CO2 emissions. We estimate that Ohio reservoirs bury up to 4 times more OC, but emit <25% of CO2, than predicted based on their area and recent global mean estimates in lentic ecosystems. Our results provide evidence that moderately old (~50 years), temperate hard‐water reservoirs are important OC sinks but contribute little to CO2 emissions.
Influence of clay fraction on pore‐scale properties and hydraulic conductivity of experimentally compacted mudstones

We report the results of a series of hydraulic conductivity tests carried out on seven natural, well-characterised specimens of London Clay mudstone. The clay fractions of the samples range from 27% to 66% and enabled a test of the influence of clay fraction on the hydraulic conductivity, pore size distribution, compressibility and specific surface area of natural mudstones. Hydraulic conductivities were determined at effective stresses between 1.5 and 33 MPa. Hydraulic conductivities of clay-rich samples (49–66% clay fraction) decreased from ∼10−11 m s−1 to ∼10−14 m s−1 over a porosity range of 48% to 25%. At a given porosity the hydraulic conductivities of two silt-rich samples (27 and 33% clay fraction) were 40–250 times greater than those of the five clay-rich samples. Variations in hydraulic conductivity are directly related to pore size distributions and are accurately predicted by a model which uses pore size distribution as its primary input. Clay-rich samples have unimodal pore size distributions with modal throat radii around 60–120 nm. Silt-rich samples have bimodal pore throat size distributions. One modal size is similar to that observed in clay-rich samples with a second modal value at 3–6 μm. Compaction under effective stresses up to 10 MPa results in the preferential collapse of larger pores, so that the rate of loss of hydraulic conductivity is greater in the silt-rich samples. Differences in hydraulic conductivity between silt-rich and clay-rich mudstones therefore decline with decreasing porosity. The range of porosity-hydraulic conductivity relationships means that hydraulic conductivity is not easily predicted from porosity alone; additional constraining parameters such as grain and pore size distributions are required.
PENGARUH CITY BRANDING “SHINING BATU” TERHADAP CITY IMAGE DAN KEPUTUSAN BERKUNJUNG WISATAWAN KE KOTA BATU TAHUN 2014

This research aims to: investigate the influence of city branding on city image; investigate the influence of city branding on decision to visit; and investigate the influence of ity image on decision to visit. The research method used in this study is explanatory reserach. Sample of 102 tourists visiting the tourist attractions in Batu 2014 purposive random sampling technique. Methods of data collection questionnaire. Descriptive data analysis and path analysis. The results showed that the variables significantly influence city branding of city image; city ​​branding variables significantly influence decision visit; and variable city image but no significant effect on the decision to visit. Based on these results it is suggested City Branding Stone City should continue to be published to the public so that people understand the meaning of the brand of Batu City "Shining Batu ". In addition, the government should improve city image of Batu City in order to create a more positive image of the good of the town of Batu in the minds of tourists. Keyword: city branding, city image and decision to visit Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan: mengetahui pengaruh city branding terhadap city image ; pengaruh city branding terhadap keputusan berkunjung; dan pengaruh city image terhadap keputusan berkunjung. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah explanatory research . Sampel sebanyak 102 wisatawan yang mengunjungi tempat wisata di Kota Batu tahun 2014. Teknik purposive random sampling . Metode pengumpulan data kuesioner. Analisis data secara deskriptif dan path analysis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel city branding berpengaruh signifikan terhadap city image ; variabel city branding berpengaruh signifikan terhadap keputusan berkunjung; dan variabel city image berpengaruh tetapi tidak signifikan terhadap keputusan berkunjung. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini maka disarankan City Branding Kota Batu hendaknya terus dipublikasikan kepada masyarakat agar masyarakat memahami makna dari brand Kota Batu “ Shining Batu”. Selain itu, pemerintah Kota Batu hendaknya meningkatkan city image Kota Batu yang lebih positif agar tercipta citra yang baik terhadap Kota Batu di benak wisatawan. Kata kunci: city branding, city image dan keputusan berkunjung
The sources of deep ocean infragravity waves observed in the North Atlantic Ocean

Infragravity waves are long-period (25–250 s) ocean surface gravity waves generated in coastal zones through wave-wave interactions or oscillation of the breaking point. Most of the infragravity wave energy is trapped or dissipated near coastlines, but a small percentage escapes into the open oceans. The source of deep ocean infragravity waves is debated, specifically whether they come mostly from regions with strong source waves or from sites with particular morphologies/orientations. We correlate measurements of infragravity waves in the deep North Atlantic Ocean with infragravity wave generation parameters throughout the Atlantic Ocean to find the dominant sources of deep ocean infragravity wave energy in the North Atlantic Ocean. The deep ocean infragravity wave data are from a 5 year deployment of absolute pressure gauges west of the Azores islands (37°N, 35°W) and shorter data sets from seafloor tsunami gauges (DART buoys). Two main sources are identified: one off of the west coast of southern Europe and northern Africa (25°N–40°N) in northern hemisphere winter and the other off the west coast of equatorial Africa (the Gulf of Guinea) in southern hemisphere winter. These regions have relatively weak source waves and weak infragravity wave propagation paths to the main measurement site, indicating that that the site morphology/orientation dominates the creation of deep ocean infragravity waves. Both regions have also been identified as potential sources of global seismological noise, suggesting that the same mechanisms may be behind the generation of deep ocean infragravity waves and global seismological noise in the frequency band from 0.001 to 0.04 Hz.
Gold distribution in the Archean Tanzanian Craton: Evaluating the effects of intracrustal differentiation

Title of Document: GOLD DISTRIBUTION IN THE ARCHEAN TANZANIAN CRATON: EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF INTRACRUSTAL DIFFERENTIATION Kristy Jeanne Long, Master of Science, 2013 Directed By: Professor Roberta L. Rudnick, Geology Professor William F. McDonough, Geology This study evaluates the vertical distribution of gold in the continental crust. Implementing a recently published method by Pitcairn et al. (2006a) for the chromatographic separation of gold from acid-digested rocks using diisobutyl ketone (DIBK), followed by analysis using standard addition inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), highand low-grade metamorphic rocks of the Tanzanian Craton, representative of the lower and upper crust, respectively, are analyzed to determine the distribution of gold in the crust. Greenstone belt basalts have the highest gold concentrations (ave.=60 (+193/-19) ng/g), followed by greenstone belt andesites (ave.=1.4 (+3.6/-0.6) ng/g). The lowest concentrations are observed in granulite-facies lower-crustal xenoliths (ave.=0.4 (+1.0/-0.1) ng/g). Gold is incompatible in silicates and can partition into hydrothermal and/or magmatic fluid during high-grade metamorphic dehydration reactions or partial melting, particularly if sulfides break down during these processes. Rise of buoyant mobile phases may explain the depletion of gold in the lower crust.
SLAP: Succinct Lattice-Based Polynomial Commitments from Standard Assumptions

Recent works on lattice-based extractable polynomial commitments can be grouped into two classes: (i) non-interactive constructions that stem from the functional commitment by Albrecht, Cini, Lai, Malavolta and Thyagarajan (CRYPTO 2022), and (ii) lattice adaptations of the Bulletproofs protocol (S&P 2018). The former class enjoys security in the standard model, albeit a knowledge assumption is desired. In contrast, Bulletproof-like protocols can be made secure under falsifiable assumptions, but due to technical limitations regarding subtractive sets, they only offer inverse-polynomial soundness error. This issue becomes particularly problematic when transforming these protocols to the non-interactive setting using the Fiat-Shamir paradigm. In this work, we propose the first lattice-based non-interactive extractable polynomial commitment scheme which achieves polylogarithmic proof size and verifier runtime (in the length of the committed message) under standard assumptions. At the core of our work lies a new tree-based commitment scheme, along with an efficient proof of polynomial evaluation inspired by FRI (ICALP 2018). Natively, the construction is secure under a “multi-instance version” of the Power-Ring BASIS assumption (Eprint 2023/846). We then fully reduce security to the Module-SIS assumption by introducing several re-randomisation techniques which can be of independent interest.
Energy and water vapour exchanges over a mixedwood boreal forest in Ontario, Canada

Measurements of energy, carbon dioxide and water vapour fluxes and supporting meteorological variables were made from 1 September 2003 to 31 August 2004 in a 74‐year‐old mixedwood forest in northern Ontario, Canada, using the eddy covariance technique. Land surface cover data analysis showed that although this forest is comprised of deciduous and coniferous species, their proportion throughout the forest was almost equal, resulting in a homogeneously mixedwood stand. The seasonal pattern of albedo showed a distinct pattern as a result of mixed deciduous and coniferous species with the first low radiation reflection period in early spring (between snowmelt and deciduous leaf‐out), and the second low reflection period in late autumn (between senescence and snowfall). Root zone soil water content remained above 0·32 throughout the growing season, which is characteristic of wet soil conditions. The evaporative flux exceeded the sensible heat flux during most of the growing season. Daily mean evapotranspiration values during the peak growing season were about 2–2·5 mm day−1 with maximum values reaching up to 4–5 mm day−1 on sunny days. The total water loss over the 12‐month measurement period was 480 ± 30 mm, while the total precipitation was 835 mm. Despite high soil water content, bulk surface conductance calculated using the inverted Penman–Monteith formulation, showed a strong correlation with vapour pressure deficit (VPD), indicating stomatal control on water loss during the afternoons with high atmospheric demand and during occasional dry periods. Bulk surface conductance values in this mixedwood forest were relatively higher than those in other boreal coniferous forests and were more similar to values observed in the southern boreal deciduous forests. The Priestley–Taylor α values showed a wide range but during most of the growing season its values were close to unity, indicating that water stress does not play a major role in the overall water loss from this boreal forest ecosystem, while energy supply has a strong control on evapotranspiration. These results will help parameterize accurately energy and water exchanges for the moist mixedwood forests in land surface‐atmosphere interaction and hydrologic models. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of healthy reference ranges for clinically relevant gut microbial indicators: Mykinso cohort study in Japan

Background: Although several large cohort studies have focused on the human gut microbiome, large cohort study of the Japanese gut microbiome is scarce, especially that of healthy or non-diseased individuals. The purpose of this study was to establish a reference range for gut microbial indices by collecting Japanese real-world microbiome data from a Mykinso cohort. Methods: We collected stool samples and original survey on lifestyle from 5,843 Japanese people through Mykinso gut microbiome testing service. From the obtained 16S rRNA sequence data derived from the stool sample, the ratio and distribution of each taxon were analyzed. The relationship between different epidemiological attributes and gut microbial indicators were statistically tested. Results: The qualitative and quantitative indicators of these common gut microbiota were confirmed to be strongly correlated with age, sex, constipation/diarrhea, and history of lifestyle-related diseases. Therefore, we set up the healthy sub-cohort that controlled for these attribute factors, and defined a reference range from the distribution of gut microbial index in that population. Conclusions: The gut microbiota of Japanese people had high beta diversity, and there was no single "typical" gut microbiota type. We believe that the reference range of the gut microbial index obtained in this study can be a new reference value for determining the balance and health of the gut microbiota of an individual. In the future, it is necessary to clarify the clinical validity of this reference value by comparing with the clinical disease cohort.
Sedimentation and subsidence history of the Lomonosov Ridge

During the first scientific ocean drilling expedition to the Arctic Ocean (Arctic Coring Expedition [ACEX]; Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 302), four sites were drilled and cored atop the central part of the Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean at ~88°N, 140°E (see Fig. F18 in the "Sites M0001–M0004" chapter). The ridge was rifted from the Eurasian continental margin at ~57 Ma (Fig. F1) (Jokat et al., 1992, 1995). Since the rifting event and the concurrent tilting and erosion of this sliver of the outer continental margin, the Lomonosov Ridge subsided while hemipelagic and pelagic sediments were deposited above the angular rifting unconformity (see Fig. F7A in the "Sites M0001–M0004" chapter). The sections recovered from the four sites drilled during Expedition 302 can be correlated using their seismic signature, physical properties (porosity, magnetic susceptibility, resistivity, and P-wave velocity), chemostratigraphy (ammonia content of pore waters), lithostratigraphy, and biostratigraphy. The lithostratigraphy of the composite section combined with biostratigraphy provides an insight into the complex history of deposition, erosion, and preservation of the biogenic fraction. Eventually, the ridge subsided to its present water depth as it drifted from the Eurasian margin. In this chapter, we compare a simple model of subsidence history with the sedimentary record recovered from atop the ridge.
Holocene sediment storage in the Humber Estuary

Abstract In order to determine the processes that have governed the accumulation and erosion of sediments in the Humber Estuary (English North Sea coast) through the Holocene, the character, volume and source of sediments were studied. Eight sediment suites were identified on the basis of chemostratigraphy, lithostratigraphy and mineralogy. The locally sourced, freshwater, Basal Suite is overlain by the Newland and Butterwick Suites, deposited between c. 8 and 7.4 cal. ka bp in brackish environments behind a morainic barrier at St Andrew’s Dock, Hull. These are overlain by the largely marine, saltmarsh sediments of the Garthorpe Suite, which in turn are overlain, with erosional contact, by the channel sandflat and mudflat deposits of the Saltend, Sunk Island and Skeffling Suites. Most of the Saltend Suite is likely to have been deposited since c. 4 ka ago, whilst the Sunk Island and Skeffling Suites are likely to have been deposited since Medieval times and from the late eighteenth century onwards, respectively, as indicated by their concentrations of anthropogenic metals. On the coast, the Spurn Suite consists of sediments, associated with a spit system, which are almost entirely marine in origin. The suites show a progressive increase in marine influence; sediments of the oldest suite being entirely from the terrestrial catchment, those of the younger suites from erosion of the North Sea floor and coast. The relationships between suites show that during the last 4 ka the geomorphological evolution of the estuary has been marked by widespread erosion episodes that have led to the partial removal or redistribution of earlier deposits. By modelling the volumes of the suites it can be shown that, of the total volume of the estuarine fill (9.6 km3), over half is likely to have been deposited during this period.
Does the COVID-19 epidemic impact on economic sustainability of big agricultural firms in Indonesia?

The current research seeks to determine whether the economic sustainability of large agricultural firms in Indonesia be affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. The agricultural sector’s economic sustainability assures the food supply chain, which ultimately maintains the nation’s food security. In the current research, big agricultural companies are represented by those listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in two consecutive years, 2019 and 2020. Meanwhile, economic sustainability refers to companies’ business performance, which is assessed by some financial ratios, namely the Altman Z-model for forecasting financial difficulties, liquidity, profitability, and leverage. The Altman Z-model is utilized to identify whether the monetary soundness of the business is good, in a precautionary situation, or in bad shape. Surprisingly, our data analysis shows an increase in the sample company’s Z score, liquidity, and profitability from 2019 to 2020. The average Altman Z-score indicates that big agricultural companies are financially healthy. The outcomes of the paired samples t test indicate no disparity in the economic performance of Indonesia’s largest agricultural firms. This study provides evidence that large agricultural companies are resilient in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic.
The relevancy-analysis of air quality index to Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in A landfill site of Medan

The existence of open dumping in Medan City’s final waste processing since 1993 has certainly had a negative impact in the form of a decrease in air quality which has a further impact on public health problems. This study aims to analyse and maps the distribution of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in the Terjun Landfill and to examine the relationship between the air quality index and the prevalence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in the nearby landfill site. The sampling method for this research uses the manual active and is mapped using the GIS application. The results of ambient air concentrations were converted into an air quality index which subsequently was tested in a statistical correlative method to investigate the prevalence of ARI. The results demonstrated the PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 38.94 – 163.1 µ/m3, the PM10 was between 46.84 – 184.2 µ/m3; indicating an excessive level of national ambient threshold. The distribution of the highest PM2.5 and PM10 is in the active zone of the landfill. The prevalence of ARI in the nearby landfill site showed a strong relationship; 0.86 for PM2.5 and 0.62 for PM10. These findings illustrate a poor-quality air would increase the number of inhabitants with ARI.
Groundwater potential modelling using remote sensing and GIS: a case study of the Al Dhaid area, United Arab Emirates

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) DEM and LANDSAT images of spatial resolution 30 m were used to construct groundwater potential zones (GPZ) map by integrating geological fractures, drainage network, slope and relief, and convergence index maps of the study area. Weight and score of each map were developed according to their level of contribution toward groundwater accumulation and spatial distribution of groundwater wells. The area that has very high potential for groundwater is located at the foot of Oman Mountains and Al Dhaid Depression covering an area of about 59.33 km², which is 4.40% of the study area. Further hydrological map and data on hydraulic properties of shallow aquifer, as recorded from observation wells in the regions, have been used to validate the produced GPZ map. The validation result showed sufficient agreement between the produced GPZ map.
Seed biopriming using saline soil rhizobacteria from the coast of Kolaka Regency for enhancing seed viability and vigor of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.)

The research was conducted to identify indigenous rhizobacteria that can be useful as growth promoters and adapted to saline soils. The isolate was isolated from saline soil rhizosphere on the coast in Kolaka district. The research was conducted in the Lab of Agronomy, on Agricultural Faculty in Halu Oleo University. The research carry out from April to September 2022. The study arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) using of 15 test isolates. The test was carried out using a seed biopriming technique, then the seeds were germinated using a standard germination procedure. The results showed that all tested rhizobacterial isolates increase the viability and vigor of tomato seeds. There was an increase in maximum growth potential, seed germination, vigor index, and relative growth rate of seeds in the range of 85% to 89% when compared to control. There were 3 isolates of rhizobacteria which were more capable of reducing T50 and increasing seed germination of tomato seeds, namely KL6, KL10 and KL14 isolates. Further research is still needed to test the effectiveness of this isolate to increase tomato growth and yield under conditions of salinity stress in the field.