Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Features and Functionalities of Smartphone Apps Related to COVID-19: Systematic Search in App Stores and Content Analysis

Background Knowledge of the quantity and quality of apps related to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is lacking. In addition, no directory has been established listing all the apps developed to address the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective The aim of this study was to identify smartphone apps designed to address the COVID-19 pandemic and to analyze their characteristics. Methods We performed an observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study of all smartphone apps associated with COVID-19. Between April 27 and May 2, 2020, we searched the App Store (iOS) and Google Play Store (Android) for COVID-19 apps. The search terms used were coronavirus, COVID-19, and SARS-COV-2. The apps were downloaded and evaluated. The variables analyzed were name, platform, country, language, category, cost, update date, size, version, number of downloads, developer, and purpose. Purpose was further classified into the following categories: news, general information, self-diagnosis, contact tracing, notices to contacts, notification of close cases, awareness, helplines, monitoring of clinical parameters, recording of symptoms and treatment, and messaging with health care professionals. Results We identified 114 apps on the investigated platforms. Of these, 62/114 (54.4%) were on Android and 52/114 (45.6%) were on iOS. Of the 114 apps, 37 (32.5%) were developed in Europe, 32 (28.1%) in Asia, and 30 (26.3%) in North America. The most frequent languages were English (65/114, 57.0%), Spanish (34/114, 29.8%), and Chinese (14/114, 12.3%). The most common categories were health and well-being/fitness apps (41/114, 41.2%) and medicine apps (43/114, 37.7%). Of the 114 apps, 113 (99.1%) were free. The mean time between the date of the analysis and the date of the last update was 11.1 days (SD 11.0). Overall, 95 of the 114 apps (83.3%) were intended for the general population, 99 apps (7.9%) were intended for health professionals, and 3 apps (2.6%) were intended for both. Regarding the type of developer, 64/114 apps (56.1%) were developed by governments; 42/114 (64.1%) were developed by national governments, and 23/114 (35.9%) were developed by regional governments. The apps with the highest number of downloads (100,000+) were developed by governments (P=.13), except for the World Health Organization app (500,000+). The purposes of the apps available in Western languages (107/114, 93.9%) were determined; the most common purposes were general information about COVID-19 (66, 64.0%), COVID-19 news (53, 51.0%), recording of symptoms (53, 51.0%), and contact tracing (51, 47.7%). More than one purpose was identified for 99/107 apps (92.5%). Conclusions This paper offers a comprehensive and unique review of all available COVID-19 apps. Governments have adopted these tools during the pandemic, and more than half of the apps were developed by government agencies. The most common purposes of the apps are providing information on the numbers of infected, recovered, and deceased patients, recording of symptoms, and contact tracing.
Stochastic Strongly Convex Optimization via Distributed Epoch Stochastic Gradient Algorithm

This article considers the problem of stochastic strongly convex optimization over a network of multiple interacting nodes. The optimization is under a global inequality constraint and the restriction that nodes have only access to the stochastic gradients of their objective functions. We propose an efficient distributed non-primal-dual algorithm, by incorporating the inequality constraint into the objective via a smoothing technique. We show that the proposed algorithm achieves an optimal <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal {O}((1)/(T))$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the total number of iterations) convergence rate in the mean square distance from the optimal solution. In particular, we establish a high probability bound for the proposed algorithm, by showing that with a probability at least <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1-\delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, the proposed algorithm converges at a rate of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal {O}(\ln (\ln (T)/\delta)/ T)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Finally, we provide numerical experiments to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm.
Sociodemographic Predictors of HIV Infection among Pregnant Women in Botswana: Cross-Sectional Study at 7 Health Facilities

Objectives: To determine the prevalence and sociodemographic predictors of HIV among pregnant women in Botswana. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of randomly enrolled women aged 18 to 49 years, attending 7 health facilities in Botswana. Data were gathered from November 2017 to March 2018 and analyzed using SPSS version 24. Result: Of the 429 women enrolled, 407 (96.4%) were included in the analysis. The HIV prevalence was 17%; 69 of 407 (95% CI: 13.4- 21.0). Women aged 35 to 49 years had higher HIV prevalence than those 18 to 24 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.2; 95% CI: 2.7-14.4). Illiterate and elementary school educated women had higher HIV prevalence than those with a tertiary education (AOR = 8.5; 95% CI: 1.8-39.1). Those with a history of alcohol intake had a higher HIV prevalence than those without (AOR = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.3-5.3). Conclusion: HIV prevalence was lower than it was in 2011. Age, level of education, and history of alcohol intake were strong predictors for HIV infection calling for targeted behavioral change interventions.
The new era of chest pain evaluation in the Netherlands.

Chest pain is one of the main reasons for presentation at the ED. Of all patients with chest pain of suspected cardiac origin, the majority is currently presented at the ED or Chest Pain unit to rule out non-ST-elevation-acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). Approximately, 65% of these patients are kept for prolonged observation or admitted for further diagnostics, even though a rough 80% does not suffer an ACS [1–3]. All these chest pain presentations contribute to an overcrowded ED, an increase in patient transfers by ambulance and a problematic increase in healthcare costs.
Real‐life experience of guselkumab in patients with psoriasis

High levels of efficacy were demonstrated in randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy of guselkumab; however, real‐life data are lacking. In this retrospective cohort study, we assessed the efficacy and safety of guselkumab in a cohort of psoriasis patients heavily pretreated with biologic agents. Primary efficacy endpoint was the percentage of patients achieving ≥psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) 90 response at week 24. The cohort included 33 patients of mean age 60 ± 13 years. Guselkumab was initiated after a mean of 4.0 ± 1.0 prior biologics failed over a mean period of 7. 4 ± 3.8 years. The mean duration of guselkumab treatment was 9.5 ± 3.7 months; 29 patients completed at least 24 weeks of treatment. At week 24, 22 patients (76%) achieved response of PASI 75 or higher, 18 (62%) achieved PASI 90 or higher, five (17%) PASI 100, and seven (24%) ≤PASI 50. No adverse effects were observed. This study confirms the efficacy and safety of guselkumab in real‐world clinical practice, although for a lesser degree compared with clinical trials.
A phase II single-arm study of pembrolizumab with enzalutamide in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing on enzalutamide alone

Background Checkpoint inhibitors can induce profound anticancer responses, but programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibition monotherapy has shown minimal activity in prostate cancer. A published report showed that men with prostate cancer who were resistant to the second-generation androgen receptor inhibitor enzalutamide had increased programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on circulating antigen-presenting cells. We hypothesized that the addition of PD-1 inhibition in these patients could induce a meaningful cancer response. Methods We evaluated enzalutamide plus the PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab in a single-arm phase II study of 28 men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mprogressing on enzalutamide alone. Pembrolizumab 200 mg intravenous was given every 3 weeks for four doses with enzalutamide. The primary endpoint was prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decline of ≥50%. Secondary endpoints were objective response, PSA progression-free survival (PFS), time to subsequent treatment, and time to death. Baseline tumor biopsies were obtained when feasible, and samples were sequenced and evaluated for the expression of PD-L1, microsatellite instability (MSI), mutational and neoepitope burdens. Results Five (18%) of 28 patients had a PSA decline of ≥50%. Three (25%) of 12 patients with measurable disease at baseline achieved an objective response. Of the five responders, two continue with PSA and radiographic response after 39.3 and 37.8 months. For the entire cohort, median follow-up was 37 months, and median PSA PFS time was 3.8 months (95% CI: 2.8 to 9.9 months). Time to subsequent treatment was 7.21 months (95% CI: 5.1 to 11.1 months). Median overall survival for all patients was 21.9 months (95% CI: 14.7 to 28 .4 months), versus 41.7 months (95% CI: 22.16 to not reached (NR)) in the responders. Of the three responders with baseline biopsies, one had MSI high disease with mutations consistent with DNA-repair defects. None had detectable PD-L1 expression. Conclusions Pembrolizumab has activity in mCRPC when added to enzalutamide. Responses were deep and durable and did not require tumor PD-L1 expression or DNA-repair defects. Trial registration number clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02312557).
Enhancing xylose utilisation during fermentation by engineering recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains

A total of 61 S. cerevisiae strains, 60 of them isolated from wine ecosystems, were evaluated for the presence of the gene encoding endopolygalacturonase (PGU1) and for polygalacturonase (PG) activity. Nine strains lack the gene PGU1 and did not exhibit PG activity on plate assays. Of the 52 strains showing an amplified band corresponding to the size of PGU1 gene, only 36 degraded polygalacturonic acid (PGA) and 17 did not degrade it at any of the pH values used. The coding region of the PGU1 gene (ORF YJR153w) was not present in some PG activity negative strains. The S. cerevisiae UCLMS-39 strain was selected for its spe- cific activity at different pHs, temperatures and oenological parameters. The temperature and pH optima were 50 C and 3.5–5.5 respectively and it was only affected by ethanol. The PGU1 gene was cloned and sequenced. The production of a biologically functional endoPG in S. cerevisiae UCLMS-39 brings us a step closer to improving the qualities of outstanding enological yeasts naturally lacking PG activity. 2004 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Estimation of country-level basic reproductive ratios for novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19) using synthetic contact matrices

The 2019-2020 pandemic of atypical pneumonia (COVID-19) caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally and has the potential to infect large numbers of people in every country. Estimating the country-specific basic reproductive ratio is a vital first step in public-health planning. The basic reproductive ratio (R0) is determined by both the nature of pathogen and the network of human contacts through which the disease can spread, which is itself dependent on population age structure and household composition. Here we introduce a transmission model combining age-stratified contact frequencies with age-dependent susceptibility, probability of clinical symptoms, and transmission from asymptomatic (or mild) cases, which we use to estimate the country-specific basic reproductive ratio of COVID-19 for 152 countries. Using early outbreak data from China and a synthetic contact matrix, we estimate an age-stratified transmission structure which can then be extrapolated to 151 other countries for which synthetic contact matrices also exist. This defines a set of country-specific transmission structures from which we can calculate the basic reproductive ratio for each country. Our predicted R0 is critically sensitive to the intensity of transmission from asymptomatic cases; with low asymptomatic transmission the highest values are predicted across Eastern Europe and Japan and the lowest across Africa, Central America and South-Western Asia. This pattern is largely driven by the ratio of children to older adults in each country and the observed propensity of clinical cases in the elderly. If asymptomatic cases have comparable transmission to detected cases, the pattern is reversed. Our results demonstrate the importance of age-specific heterogeneities going beyond contact structure to the spread of COVID-19. These heterogeneities give COVID-19 the capacity to spread particularly quickly in countries with older populations, and that intensive control measures are likely to be necessary to impede its progress in these countries.
CLIMATE‐RELATED CHANGE IN AN INTERTIDAL COMMUNITY OVER SHORT AND LONG TIME SCALES

Changes in the abundance of macroinvertebrate species documented in a rocky intertidal community between surveys in 1931-1933 and 1993-1996 are consistent with the predicted effects of recent climate warming. We resampled 57 0.84-M2 plots of an intertidal transect first surveyed by W. G. Hewatt at Hopkins Marine Station (HMS), Pacific Grove, California, between 1931 and 1933. Replicating precisely the location of the plots and methodology used by Hewatt, we documented changes in the abundances of 46 invertebrate species, indicating that this intertidal community changed significantly during the 60 yr between surveys. Changes in abundance were related to geographic ranges of species. Most southern species (10 of 11) increased in abundance, whereas most northern species (5 of 7) decreased. Cosmopolitan species showed no clear trend, with 12 increasing and 16 decreasing. Although Hewatt did not record algal species as thoroughly as inver- tebrates, we were able to document a massive decline in cover of Pelvetia compressa, a cosmopolitan fucoid alga that is typically more common in the southern part of its range. Shoreline ocean temperature, taken daily at HMS, warmed by 0.790C during this 60-yr period, with average summer temperatures up to 1.940C warmer in the 13 yr preceding our study than in the 13 yr preceding Hewatt's. The hypothesis that-climatic warming drove the observed range-related community shifts is supported further by historical records and data from other investigators. Several alternative hypotheses to explain changes in the invertebrate community at HMS, including habitat changes, anthropogenic effects, indirect biological interactions, El Nifio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, and upwelling are considered to be less important than climate change. Changes in species' abundances over a short period (3 yr) were relatively small compared to large species shifts over 60 yr and were unrelated to geographic range of the species, indicating that short-term population fluctuations play a relatively minor role in the long-term community changes that we observed.
Base rate neglect and neural computations for subjective weight in decision under uncertainty

Significance Estimating probability of potential outcomes is essential to many decisions we make under uncertainty. Yet humans often exhibit systematic biases in probability estimation. We investigated the neural mechanisms for base rate neglect, an important bias that describes people’s tendency to underweight base rate relative to individuating information. We found that activity in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and putamen carry information about the degree to which human participants underweight base rate through representing relative subjective weight assigned to base rate (OFC, mPFC, and putamen) and sensitivity to the variability of prior and individuating information (putamen). Our findings suggest that when combining multiple sources of information, relative sensitivity to information variability and information-weighting computations contribute to judgment bias. Base rate neglect, an important bias in estimating probability of uncertain events, describes humans’ tendency to underweight base rate (prior) relative to individuating information (likelihood). However, the neural mechanisms that give rise to this bias remain elusive. In this study, subjects chose between uncertain prospects where estimating reward probability was essential. We found that when the variability of prior and likelihood information about reward probability were systematically manipulated, prior variability significantly affected the degree to which subjects underweight the base rate of reward probability. Activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and putamen represented the relative subjective weight that reflected such bias. Further, sensitivity to likelihood relative to prior variability in the putamen correlated with individuals’ overall tendency to underweight base rate. These findings suggest that in combining prior and likelihood, relative sensitivity to information variability and subjective-weight computations critically contribute to the individual heterogeneity in base rate neglect.
EVIDENCE THAT THE NUCLEOMORPHS OF CHLORARACHNION REPTANS (CHLORARACHNIOPHYCEAE) ARE VESTIGIAL NUCLEI: MORPHOLOGY, DIVISION AND DNA‐DAPI FLUORESCENCE 1

Chlorarachnion reptans Geitler shows affinities to both the Chlorophyceae and the chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum‐containing chromophyte algae in possessing chlorophyll b and chloroplasts which are limited by four membranes, respectively. In the periplastidal compartment surrounding each of the four to eight chloroplasts of a C. reptans cell are putative eukaryotic‐sized ribosomes, scattered tubules and vesicles, and a small double‐membrane‐limited nucleus‐like organelle named the nucleomorph. The nucleomorphs display 4′‐6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI)fluorescence which is sensitive to DNase digestion, but not to treatment with RNase. The nucleomorphs also contain a fibrillogranular body which resembles a nucleolus. Nucleomorph division occurs by the sequential infolding of the inner and outer envelope membranes and subsequent constriction in two, with no involvement of microtubules. In all these characteristics, the nucleomorphs of C. reptans are similar to the cryptomonad nucleomorph which has been hypothesized to be the vestigial nucleus of an ancestral red alga which gave rise to the chloroplasts of the Cryptophyceae. The presence of chlorophyll b and the contents and morphology of C. reptans chloroplast compartments suggest a green algal origin for the chloroplasts of these cells. The discovery of a second organism with a DNA‐containing, nucleus‐like organelle in its chloroplast compartment lends strong support to the hypothesis that the chloroplasts of many algae have evolved from eukaryotic endosymbionts.
Allometric Patterns and Evolution in Neotropical Nectar-Feeding Bats (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae)

Within the neotropical bat family Phyllostomidae, species of the subfamilies Glossophaginae and Lonchophyllinae have many derived traits adapted to nectarivory, including elongated snouts and jaws and the ability to perform hovering flight. We compared patterns of cranial variation within and between these groups with respect to within-group allometric trajectories, based on 19 linear morphometric variables collected from 221 specimens representing all genera and 62% of the species in the two subfamilies. In a pooled principal component analysis, species belonging to Lonchophyllinae and Glossophaginae occupy similar regions in morphospace, though the latter species have a greater variance. Principal components and common principal components analyses for separate taxonomic lineages (subfamilies, tribes and subtribes) revealed distinct static allometric trajectories among these groups, with variables associated with elongation of the rostrum having distinct allometric coefficients. Our results indicate that distinct cranial morphotypes associated with the degree of elongation of the rostrum in phyllostomid nectarivores are allometrically characteristic of each lineage. The patterns suggest that cranial integration in phyllostomid nectarivores reflects primarily their phylogenetic history rather than adaptive pressures resulting from specialization to particular feeding resources.
Residual feed intake adjusted for backfat thickness and feeding frequency is independent of fertility in beef heifers

Basarab, J. A. , Colazo, M. G. , Ambrose, D. J., Novak, S. , McCartney, D. and Baron, V. S. 2011. Residual feed intake adjusted for backfat thickness and feeding frequency is independent of fertility in beef heifers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 573-584. This study examined the effects of residual feed intake (RFI), RFI adjusted for off-test backfat thickness (RFIfat) and RFI adjusted for off-test backfat thickness and feeding event frequency (RFIfat & activity) on heifer fertility and productivity. Beef heifers (n=190) were monitored for individual daily feed intake and feeding event activity over 108-112 d using the GrowSafe System® and assessed for age at puberty based on plasma progesterone concentration. Individual animal daily feed intake, feeding event activity and off-test backfat thickness were then used to calculate RFI, RFIfat and RFIfat & activity and group heifers as either negative ([-], RFI<0.0) or positive ([+], RFI≥0.0) for RFI. Heifers averaged 298 kg (SD=34) in body weight, were 276 days of age (SD=19) at the start of test, grew at 0.90 kg d-1 (SD=0.21), consumed 7.62 kg DM head-1 d-1 (SD=0.84) and had a feed conversion ratio of 8.93 (SD=2.43). Age (351 d, SD=43) and weight (367.3 kg, SD=45.0) at puberty were similar between [-] and [+] RFI heifers, but age at puberty was delayed in [-] RFIfat (P=0.04) and RFIfat & activity (P=0.08) heifers compared with [+] RFIfat and RFIfat & activity heifers. Efficient or [-] RFI heifer exhibited a lower pregnancy (76.84 vs. 86.32%, P=0.09) and calving rate (72.63 vs. 84.21%, P=0.05) compared with [+] RFI heifers. These differences were partially removed in [-] RFIfat and completely removed in [-] RFIfat & activity compared with their [+] RFI counterparts (pregnancy rate, 80.85 vs. 82.29%, P=0.80; calving rate, 75.53 vs. 81.25%, P=0.34). No differences were observed between efficient and inefficient heifers in calving difficulty, average calving date, age at first calving, calf birth weight, calf pre-weaning ADG, calf weaning weight and heifer productivity. However, [+] RFI heifers exhibited a 1.9-fold higher calf death loss compared with [-] RFI heifers (11.11% vs. 5.71%, P=0.24). This difference was more pronounced in [+] RFIfat and [+] RFIfat & activity heifers, which exhibited 2.2-fold (11.84% vs. 5.33%, P=0.15) and 3.0-fold (12.66% vs. 4.17%, P=0.06) higher calf death loss compared with [-] RFI heifers. There was no relationship of RFI adjusted for backfat thickness and feeding activity on fertility traits indicating that backfat thickness and feeding activity may be associated with feed intake and should be considered when selecting heifers for improved feed efficiency.