Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Xaraés palisadegrass remains productive after the disappearance of stylo in tropical legume-grass pasture

Gradual reduction of legumes in mixed tropical pastures requires periodic oversowing. Exploiting the carrying capacity of grass for an extra year after the disappearance of legumes can be economically advantageous to the farmer. This study aimed to evaluate the productivity of Xaraes palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha) pastures in response to its historical association with stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis) under two canopy heights to determine whether different grazing management conditions affect the defoliation pattern left by grazing animals. The split-plot experimental design was used, with the historical botanical composition (HBC) (24, 34, 45 and 52 % legume composition) corresponding to the main plots and the canopy frequency of defoliation determined at heights of 30 and 45 cm for Xaraes palisadegrass corresponding to the subplots with two replicates (500 m2) grazed by Tabapua cows. Pastures with over 34 % stylo in the botanical composition remained productive for one year after legume disappearance, accumulating more than 8 mg ha−1 of forage per year. Xaraes palisadegrass pastures at a height of 30 cm provided better canopy structure, with 64 % less stem production and 43 % less dead material. The 30-cm pre-grazing canopy height provided a grazing environment conducive to forage intake by animals that resulted in efficient use of the pasture. In response to the improved canopy structure, the cows grazed an average of 60 fewer minutes. A HBC greater than 34 % of legumes in the pastures allows for the postponement of legume oversowing until the next growing season.
TROPICAL FOREST STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION ON A LARGE-SCALE ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT IN COSTA RICA

1 Forest inventory data were collected in 1988-89 from permanent plots in undisturbed tropical forest along an altitudinal transect on the northern slope of Volcan Barva, Costa Rica. Plot altitude ranged from 30 m at the base to 2600 m near the summit. 2 A total of 14 plots with a total area of 23.4 hectares was censused; all stems > 10 cm d.b. h. were tagged, identified, mapped, and measured in diameter and height. 3 Altogether 11 478 live stems > 10 cm d.b. h. were encountered in the 1988-89 census, representing 561 species in 91 families. 4 Canopy height was greatest at 300 m, decreasing both above and below that altitude, and reaching a minimum at the summit. Mean stem diameter remained constant from the base of the gradient to 1500 m a.s. l. , increasing slightly at higher altitudes. Largediameter trees were least abundant at middle altitudes. Basal area was greatest near the summit, exceeding 40 m2 ha' in the two highest plots. 5 Diversity was highest at 300 m, with 149 species and 55 families per hectare. There was a progressive decrease both above and below this altitude in species richness, species diversity, number of families, and the number of species per family. Diversity was lowest at the summit. 6 Five life-forms were recorded: dicot trees comprised 78.0% of stems; palms 14.9%; tree ferns 5.2%; lianas 1.5%; and hemi-epiphytes 0.4%. Life-form distribution varied markedly over the gradient. 7 Species composition varied continuously with altitude, as shown by a detrended correspondence analysis ordination of data from 375 20-m x 20-m subplots. There were no discontinuities, nor evidence of discrete floristic zones. 8 No species was distributed over the entire 2600-m range of altitudes. The species with the greatest amplitude, Ardisia palmana, occurred over 75% of the gradient (a range of around 2000 m). A total of 203 species were recorded from only a single 1-ha plot. 9 The altitudinal range of species did not vary with altitude: the range of lowland species was similar to that of montane species. Species of high-diversity assemblages (encountered at low altitude) were similar in altitudinal niche breadth to species of low-diversity assemblages (found at high altitude).
Molecular phylogeny and systematics of Calathus Bonelli (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Sphodrini) based on mitochondrial cox1-cox2 sequences

The current subgeneric taxonomy of the genus Calathus is revised according to cox1–cox2 mitochondrial sequences of 44 species representing six subgenera. The subgenus Calathus s. str. was found to be monophyletic, but the subgenus Neocalathus is clearly polyphyletic and should be split into two or more subgenera. The monotypic subgenus Bedelinus appears in an isolated clade. The recent placement of C. rotundatus within the new subgenus Iberocalathus is supported by molecular data, what makes the subgenus Amphigynus to include only the type species C. rotundicollis. The species of the C. granatensis group are within the sister clade of the subgenus Calathus and should be included in a separate subgenus. Finally, the Canarian subgenera Lauricalathus and Trichocalathus are not well differentiated and do not seem to be monophyletic taxa, which suggests the need for a detailed revision.
The effect of different doses of radiation on the morphogical, mechanical and chemical properties of the primary and permanent teeth—an in vitro study

Background. Radiotherapy, applied to the head and neck region, can cause radiation side effects such as reduction of saliva and radiation caries. The aim of this study was to perform an in vitro assessment of the effects of radiation therapy on the morphological, mechanical, and chemical properties of primary and permanent teeth.Methods. 92 extracted human teeth (46 impacted wisdom teeth, 46 primary molar teeth) were used. The teeth were divided into two directions: the mesiodistal direction and the vestibulolingual direction. The vestibular sections were used for the vickers analysis, and lingual sections were used for the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis. The teeth in the experimental group were fixed to wax models. Each model had an equal number of teeth (n=7). The doses were applied to the teeth for 6 weeks; 5 week days and 2Gy daily. After the radiotherapy was conducted weekly, a wax model was taken from radiation reception. Along with the elemental contents (Na, K, Mg, P, and Ca) of the teeth, enamel and dentin microhardness was evaluated, and SEM analyzes were performed on 8 teeth. These teeth were compared with the other non-irradiated sections. Results. Radiation caused a decrease in microhardness of enamel and dentin(p<0.05). In the elemental analysis by ICP-OES, it was observed that there were decreases in all doses, while the highest decrease was in 60Gy dose(p<0.01). In the experimental groups, amorphous structures were encountered in SEM images.Conclusions. Radiation has negative effects on the teeth structure and additional studies are needed in this regard. This study indicates that radiotherapy patients are at a higher risk for dental caries.
Modulation of Hedgehog Signaling by Kappa Opioids to Attenuate Osteoarthritis

Inhibition of hedgehog (HH) signaling prevents cartilage degeneration and promotes repair in animal models of osteoarthritis (OA). This study, undertaken in OA models and in human OA articular cartilage, was designed to explore whether kappa opioid receptor (KOR) modulation via the inhibition of HH signaling may have therapeutic potential for achieving disease‐modifying activity in OA.
Effects of replacement of fish meal with housefly maggot meal on growth performance,antioxidant and non-specific immune indexes of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacement of fish meal by housefly maggot meal(HMM) on growth performance,antioxidant and non-specific immune indexes of juvenile white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei). Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated with 0,20%,40%,60%,80% and 100% replacement of fish meal with HMM on a protein basis.960 juvenile shrimp with an average body weight of(0.56±0.03) g were randomly assigned to 6 groups.The shrimp were fed six diets respectively,named G0,G20,G40,G60,G80 and G100.After 45 d feeding,there was no significant difference in WGR(weight gain rate) from G20 to G60,while it was significantly decreased in G80 and G100.SGR(specific growth rate) of shrimp were significantly lower than that of the control group except for G40(P0.05). FI(feed intake)in G100 was significantly lower than other groups(P0.05). Compared with the control group,there was no significant difference in FCR(feed conversion ratio),PER(protein efficiency ratio),PPV(productive protein value),HSI(hepotosomatic index) when the replacement levels were no more than 60%,while FCR,HSI were significantly increased and PER,PPV were significantly decreased with increasing HMM replacement ration.CF(condition factor) and SR(survival rate) in HMM groups were higher than those in the control group to some extent.With HMM increasing,crude protein,calcium and total phosphorus content increased significantly and crude lipid content decreased(P0.05),while dry matter and ash content were not significantly different(P0.05). No significant difference was found among all the treatments in serum and hepatopancreas SOD(superoxide dismutase) activity,and serum MDA(malondialdehyde) content(P0.05),and MDA content in G80 and G100 was significantly higher than that of the control group(P0.05). Serum PO(phenoloxidase) activity tended to increase first and then decrease,the highest value was observed in G20(P0.05). Hepatopancreas AKP(alkaline phosphatase) activity decreased significantly with HMM increasing(P0.05). In all the treatments,no significant difference was observed in serum THC(total haemocyte count),NO(nitric oxide) content,AKP activity and hepatopancreas PO activity and NO content(P0.05).
New species of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) associated with lepidopterous eggs in Brazil

Four new species of Trichogramma are described: Trichogramma bertii n. sp. from Glena sp. , a geometrid of silvicultural importance; Trichogramma esalqueanum n. sp. from Mechanitis lysimnia eggs, a minor pest of tomato and Heliconius erato phyllis ; Trichogramma iracildae n. sp. from eggs of Calpodes ethlius ; and Trichogramma pratissolii n. sp. collected from Anagasta kuehniella trap eggs (factitious host).
PRACTITIONER SUMMARY Does Selling Non-Audit Services Impair Auditor Independence ?

A recently published academic study by Causholli, Chambers, and Payne (2014) brings new evidence to a long-standing debate about whether the provision of non-audit services (NAS) can impair auditor independence. Prior research on this question has largely found no evidence of lower financial reporting quality when auditors provide high levels of NAS. By considering the potential that future NAS, rather than current NAS levels, could impair auditor independence, Causholli et al. (2014) bring a fresh perspective on the question. They argue that it is the potential for new NAS revenue that would most likely cause auditors to have impaired independence. They find strong evidence that audit quality suffers when clients are willing to purchase future NAS from their auditor.
Multi-scale snowdrift-permitting modelling of mountain snowpack

Abstract. The interaction of mountain terrain with meteorological processes causes substantial temporal and spatial variability in snow accumulation and ablation. Processes impacted by complex terrain include large-scale orographic enhancement of snowfall, small-scale processes such as gravitational and wind-induced transport of snow, and variability in the radiative balance such as through terrain shadowing. In this study, a multi-scale modelling approach is proposed to simulate the temporal and spatial evolution of high-mountain snowpacks. The multi-scale approach combines atmospheric data from a numerical weather prediction system at the kilometre scale with process-based downscaling techniques to drive the Canadian Hydrological Model (CHM) at spatial resolutions allowing for explicit snow redistribution modelling. CHM permits a variable spatial resolution by using the efficient terrain representation by unstructured triangular meshes. The model simulates processes such as radiation shadowing and irradiance to slopes, blowing-snow transport (saltation and suspension) and sublimation, avalanching, forest canopy interception and sublimation, and snowpack melt. Short-term, kilometre-scale atmospheric forecasts from Environment and Climate Change Canada's Global Environmental Multiscale Model through its High Resolution Deterministic Prediction System (HRDPS) drive CHM and are downscaled to the unstructured mesh scale. In particular, a new wind-downscaling strategy uses pre-computed wind fields from a mass-conserving wind model at 50 m resolution to perturb the mesoscale HRDPS wind and to account for the influence of topographic features on wind direction and speed. HRDPS-CHM was applied to simulate snow conditions down to 50 m resolution during winter 2017/2018 in a domain around the Kananaskis Valley (∼1000 km2) in the Canadian Rockies. Simulations were evaluated using high-resolution airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) snow depth data and snow persistence indexes derived from remotely sensed imagery. Results included model falsifications and showed that both wind-induced and gravitational snow redistribution need to be simulated to capture the snowpack variability and the evolution of snow depth and persistence with elevation across the region. Accumulation of windblown snow on leeward slopes and associated snow cover persistence were underestimated in a CHM simulation driven by wind fields that did not capture lee-side flow recirculation and associated wind speed decreases. A terrain-based metric helped to identify these lee-side areas and improved the wind field and the associated snow redistribution. An overestimation of snow redistribution from windward to leeward slopes and subsequent avalanching was still found. The results of this study highlight the need for further improvements of snowdrift-permitting models for large-scale applications, in particular the representation of subgrid topographic effects on snow transport.
Exponential stability of a viscoelastic plate with thermal memory

In this paper we investigate the asymptotic behavior of solutions of a problem describing temperature and vertical displacement evolution in a homogeneous, thermally isotropic, Kirchhoff plate composed of material with linear memory and subject to thermal deformations. In addition, a non–Fourier constitutive law for the heat flux is considered here. The resulting model has been derived in the framework of the well–established theory of heat flow with memory due to Gurtin and Pipkin [5] and will appear in [3]. In the sequel we sketch the modelling procedure. We assume that the plate occupies a fixed bounded domain V%R , with Lipschitz boundary G4G 0NG 1 and is rigidly clamped along G 0 and simply supported along G 1. In addition we suppose that G0OG1c ̄. The material composing the plate is isotropic (mechanically and thermally) and viscoelastic, so that its stress-strain law is given by
Optimal Dietary Protein and Lipid Levels for Growth of Juvenile Israeli Carp Cyprinus carpio

A feeding trial of four dietary protein levels (20, 30, 40, and 50%) and two lipid levels (7 and 14%) with a factorial design was conducted to determine the optimal dietary protein and lipid levels for juvenile Israeli carp Cyprinus carpio. Triplicate groups of fish (average body weight, 1.3 ± 0.02 g) were fed the experimental diets for 9 weeks. Survival of fish was not affected by either dietary protein or dietary lipid level. Weight gain and feed efficiency increased as dietary protein levels increased up to 40 and 50%, respectively. Weight gain was higher in fish fed the high-lipid diets with 20 and 40% protein content. Feeding efficiency increased as the dietary lipid level increased for the 30, 40, and 50% protein diets. Daily feed intake decreased with increasing protein level and the minimum feed consumption was observed in fish fed the 50% protein diet with 14% lipid content. Moisture and lipid contents of the whole body were affected by both dietary protein and lipid levels. The crude lipid content of fish fed the 14% lipid diet was higher than that of fish fed the 7% lipid diet at each protein level. The results of this study indicate that a diet containing 40% protein with 14% lipid content is optimal for the growth and effective protein utilization of juvenile Israeli carp.
Endothelial and Inflammation Biomarker Profiles at Diagnosis Reflecting Clinical Heterogeneity and Serving as a Prognostic Tool for Treatment Response in Two Independent Cohorts of Patients With Juvenile Dermatomyositis

Juvenile dermatomyositis (DM) is a heterogeneous systemic immune‐mediated vasculopathy. This study was undertaken to 1) identify inflammation/endothelial dysfunction–related biomarker profiles reflecting disease severity at diagnosis, and 2) establish whether such biomarker profiles could be used for predicting the response to treatment in patients with juvenile DM.
Charge Transfer in Nitrogen Ion - Hydrogen Atom Interaction in Intermediate and High Energies

In this paper the main attention has been given mainly on the projectile energies of ionic nitrogen in collision between atomic hydrogen as target in intermediate and high energies. Boundary Corrected Continuum Intermediate State Approximation (BCCIS) formulism has been taken to study the present problem. Theoretical calculation using quantum mechanics has been taken into account in this formulism. The important feature of this method lies in the fact that proper boundary condition is satisfied and intermediate continuum states are accounted properly into the formalism. It may easily be extended to non-coulombic potential as well. We have calculated the charge transfer collision cross sections for different degree ions of nitrogen from atomic hydrogen by reducing the charge exchange amplitude to arbitrary states to a one dimensional integral form. Projectile energies are limited in between 40 keV/ amu and 200 keV/ amu in the present work. Cross sectional data of charge transfer of the collision problem have been given in graphical representation. The calculated cross sections are in good agreement with the other experimental theoretical and experimental available results. The success of the present investigation lies on the fact that the careful construction of the model potential in such a way that the potential parameters are unambiguously determined on imposing several checks. It may be pointed out that in such a formulation the dynamic correlation of the active electrons is absent. Only the static correlations of the electrons have been included. However, the charge transfer dynamics at low energies is very complex even on quantum mechanical framework. Collisions cross sectional data are important in studies of reactors, explanation of astrophysical phenomenon, investigation of ionization radiation and high energy particle transport in inertial controlled fusion (ICF) radiobiology. Index Terms BCCIS Approximation, Charge transfer, IonAtom Collision, Total Collision Cross sections.
Interactive comment on “ CAMELS-BR : Hydrometeorological time series and landscape attributes for 897 catchments in Brazil ” by Vinícius B

Reply: The 3,097 catchments mentioned in the manuscript were incorrect. We modified the sentence to refer to the 897 catchments in the title: “It includes daily streamflow time series from 3,679 stream gauges and, for a selected group of 897 catchments, daily meteorological time series and 65 catchment attributes from properties such as topography, climate, land cover, geology, soil, and human intervention. ” (lines 78-80 in the track change revised manuscript).
Is More Always Better?

Behavioral medicine is devoting increasing attention to the topic of participant engagement and its role in effective mobile health (mHealth) behavioral interventions. Several definitions of the term "engagement" have been proposed and discussed, especially in the context of digital health behavioral interventions. We consider that engagement refers to specific interaction and use patterns with the mHealth tools such as smartphone applications for intervention, whereas adherence refers to compliance with the directives of the health intervention, independent of the mHealth tools. Through our analysis of participant interaction and self-reported behavioral data in a college student health study with incentives, we demonstrate an example of measuring "effective engagement" as engagement behaviors that can be linked to the goals of the desired intervention. We demonstrate how clustering of one year of weekly health behavior self-reports generate four interpretable clusters related to participants' adherence to the desired health behaviors: healthy and steady, unhealthy and steady, decliners, and improvers. Based on the intervention goals of this study (health promotion and behavioral change), we show that not all app usage metrics are indicative of the desired outcomes that create effective engagement. As such, mHealth intervention design might consider eliciting not just more engagement or use overall, but rather, effective engagement defined by use patterns related to the desired behavioral outcome.
Using satellite data to identify the methane emission controls of South Sudan's wetlands

Abstract. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) provides observations of atmospheric methane (CH4) at an unprecedented combination of high spatial resolution and daily global coverage. Hu et al. (2018) reported unexpectedly large methane enhancements over South Sudan in these observations. Here we assess methane emissions from the wetlands of South Sudan using 2 years (December 2017–November 2019) of TROPOMI total column methane observations. We estimate annual wetland emissions of 7.4 ± 3.2 Tg yr−1, which agrees with the multiyear GOSAT inversions of Lunt et al. (2019) but is an order of magnitude larger than estimates from wetland process models. This disagreement may be explained by the underestimation (by up to 4 times) of inundation extent by the hydrological schemes used in those models. We investigate the seasonal cycle of the emissions and find the lowest emissions during the June–August season when the process models show the largest emissions. Using satellite-altimetry-based river water height measurements, we infer that this seasonal mismatch is likely due to a seasonal mismatch in inundation extent. In models, inundation extent is controlled by regional precipitation scaled to static wetland extent maps, whereas the actual inundation extent is driven by water inflow from rivers like the White Nile and the Sobat. We find the lowest emissions in the highest precipitation and lowest temperature season (June–August, JJA) when models estimate large emissions. In general, our emission estimates show better agreement in terms of both seasonal cycle and annual mean with model estimates that use a stronger temperature dependence. This suggests that temperature might be a stronger control for the South Sudan wetlands emissions than currently assumed by models. Our findings demonstrate the use of satellite instruments for quantifying emissions from inaccessible and uncertain tropical wetlands, providing clues for the improvement of process models and thereby improving our understanding of the currently uncertain contribution of wetlands to the global methane budget.