Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kinematics of the Pacific-North America plate boundary zone

We measured motions of 54 sites in an east-west transect across northern California at 38°–40° north by Global Positioning System (GPS) observations over a 4 year. We estimate the total slip rate on the San Andreas fault system to be 39.6−0.6+1.5 mm/yr (68.6% upper and lower confidence intervals from a nonlinear inversion are indicated by superscripts and subscripts). Slip rates on the individual faults are determined less precisely due to the high correlations between the estimated parameters. Our best fitting model fits the fault-parallel velocities with a mean square error of 1.04 and the following estimated fault slip rates (all in mm/yr): San Andreas 17.4−3.1+2.5, Ma'acama 13.9−2.8+4.1, and Bartlett Springs 8.2−1.9+2.1. The data are fit best by models in which the San Andreas fault is locked to 14.9−7.1+12.5 km, the Ma'acama fault locked to 13.4−4.8+7.4 km except for shallow creep in the upper 5 km, and the Bartlett Springs fault creeping at all depths. The Ma'acama fault most likely poses a significant seismic hazard, as it has a high slip rate and has accumulated a slip deficit large enough to generate a magnitude 7 earthquake. We find little evidence for contraction across Coast Ranges, except at western edge of Great Valley where 1–3 mm/yr of shortening is permitted by the data. No strain is observed within the Great Valley or Sierra Nevada except that associated with right-lateral strike slip on the San Andreas fault system. This is consistent with models of the Pacific-North America plate boundary zone in which the relative plate motion is partitioned into two domains, one strike-slip and one dominantly extensional, separated by the elastically deforming Sierra Nevada-Great Valley block.
Enhanced One‐Dimensional Modeling of Transport in Rivers

Longitudinal dispersion of substances transported in rivers is caused by variations of the advective velocity over the river cross section and by transverse mixing. This two-dimensional nature of the process is not accounted for by the usually applied one-dimensional advection-diffusion equation, which therefore is not valid in the so-called initial period immediately downstream of a substance input site. An enhanced one-dimensional model is presented based on a very much simplified transverse velocity profile, with a flow velocity of zero near the river banks and a constant value in the center of the river. Dispersion is modeled by the exchange of mass between the two zones, in which no transverse spatial gradients are considered. Dispersion can be estimated in this model by two dimensionless parameters that vary only moderately from one river to another. The behavior of the model in the asymptotic range and in the initial period, the limitations of the model, and its advantages compared to the one- and two-dimensional models are discussed. The main advantage of the model is that it is not more complex than the one-dimensional model but still yields a good description of substance transport for about 80% of the initial period.
Predicting the efficiency of using the RGB (Red, Green and Blue) reflectance for estimating leaf chlorophyll content of Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) genotypes under semi arid conditions.

The present study was led on the experimental site of ITGC (Technical Institute of Field Crops) station of Setif, Algeria during the 2010/2011cropping year. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of using leaf RGB reflectance to estimate chlorophyll content. The leaf reflectance at RGB (Red, Green and Blue) and average senescence are measured using the numerical image analyses (NIA) and chlorophyll content (CC) is measured by SPAD instrument. The genotypic effect was shown highly significant for leaf reflectance at RGB, average senescence and chlorophyll content. The reflectance at Red and Blue were significantly correlated with Chlorophyll content (r = -0.77, r = -0.66; respectively). The rustles of this study prove the efficiency of using numerical image analysis for estimating leaf reflectance at RGB and the efficiency of using leaf reflectance to estimate chlorophyll content in durum wheat cultivars.
Seasonal variations of L equivalent current systems

Equivalent ionospheric current systems of the lunar daily geomagnetic variations during a solar active period are estimated from geomagnetic data for three seasons and the yearly average. The external current intensity ratio in summer over winter is 1.4–6.0 for the diurnal current, 1.3–3.7 for the semidiurnal current, and 1.3–4.1 for the combined current of the first four harmonics. Also, the phase of the current in local winter frequently shifts, to a large extent, relative to the yearly average current system. This anomalous behavior during solstitial months, particularly in winter, is caused by lunar tidal wind variations. It is emphasized that the L current flows mainly at the ionospheric E region which is same as for the Sq current.
Mesoscale Eddy Buoyancy Flux and Eddy-Induced Circulation in Eastern Boundary Currents

AbstractA dynamical interpretation is made of the mesoscale eddy buoyancy fluxes in the Eastern Boundary Currents off California and Peru–Chile, based on regional equilibrium simulations. The eddy fluxes are primarily shoreward and upward across a swath several hundred kilometers wide in the upper ocean; as such they serve to balance mean offshore air–sea heating and coastal upwelling. In the stratified interior the eddy fluxes are consistent with the adiabatic hypothesis associated with a mean eddy-induced velocity advecting mean buoyancy and tracers. Furthermore, with a suitable gauge choice, the horizontal fluxes are almost entirely aligned with the mean horizontal buoyancy gradient, consistent with the advective parameterization scheme of Gent and McWilliams. The associated diffusivity κ is surface intensified, matching the vertical stratification profile. The fluxes span the across-shore band of high eddy energy, but their alongshore structure is unresolved because of sampling limitations. In the sur.
Migraine as a Systemic Vasculopathy

Epidemiological studies suggests that migraine is associated with disorders of the cerebral, coronary, retinal, dermal and peripheral vasculature. There is evidence that migraine is associated with endothelial dysfunction, both as a cause and a consequence. Endothelial dysfunction, a vascular risk factor, is characterized by endothelial activation and impaired vascular reactivity. Plasma and genetic biomarkers for these conditions have been identified. The clinical significance lies in the potential for the rapid identification of migraineurs at increased risk of ischaemic stroke and vascular disease through ascertainment of endothelial dysfunction biomarkers. It is uncertain whether stroke, myocardial infarction and other vasculopathies can be prevented by migraine prophylaxis, endothelial repair, platelet inhibition or a combination of these strategies.
Adjuvant treatment for early epithelial ovarian cancer: results of two randomised clinical trials comparing cisplatin to no further treatment or chromic phosphate (32P). G.I.C.O.G.: Gruppo Interregionale Collaborativo in Ginecologia Oncologica.

BACKGROUND From 1983 to 1990, 271 consecutive patients with stage I ovarian cancer entered two randomised trials, aimed at assessing the role of adjuvant chemotherapy after radical surgery in early stages of ovarian cancer. Trial I compared cisplatin (50 mg/m2 with repeated courses every 28 days for 6 cycles) to no further therapy in F.I. G.O. stage Ia & b Grade II-III patients; trial II compared cisplatin (same dose and schedule) to 32P in Iaii & bii and Ic patients. METHODS Both studies were multicentric and centrally randomized. Treatment was allocated by phone and stratified by center. All patients satisfying major eligibility criteria (histological and grade, no previous neoplasms) were analysed according to treatment allocated by randomisation. RESULTS With a median observation time of 76 months, cisplatin significantly reduced the relapse rate by 65% (HR = 0.35; 95% CI = 0.14-0.89, p = 0.028; Cox Model) in trial I and 61% (HR = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.19-0.77, p = 0.007; Cox Model) in trial II. Survival was not significantly different (trial I - Kaplan-Meier overall 5-year survival: cisplatin = 88%, control = 82%, HR = 1.15; 95% CI = 0.44-2.98; p = 0.773; Cox Model); trial II - overall 5-year survival: cisplatin = 81%, 32P = 79%, HR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.37-1.43; p = 0.354; Cox model). In both studies the risk of dying after relapse increased for patients originally randomized to the cisplatin arms: in trial I, 6 of 7 patients in the cisplatin relapsed arm and died of tumor compared with 8 of 14 patients in the control arm. In trial II 11 of 12 patients on cisplatin, and 18 of 26 on 32P succumbed to tumor recurrence. CONCLUSION Adjuvant cisplatin treatment in early ovarian cancer significantly prevents relapse in comparison to 32P in stage IC patients or to no immediate treatment in earlier stage women. The impact of cisplatin adjuvant treatment on survival remains, however, unclear.
Genesis of hummocks in glaciofluvial corridors near the Keewatin Ice Divide, Canada

Glaciofluvial corridor hummocks (GCHs) within the Walker Lake map area, Canada, were examined in order to determine the character and genesis of these geomorphic features and their associated deposits. Located south of the Chantrey Moraine and north of the Keewatin Ice Divide, these corridors occur within a belt extending approximately 120 km east–west and approximately 60 km north–south. They are spaced 5–10 km apart and are hundreds of metres to several kilometres in width. They have undulating longitudinal profiles, abrupt material boundaries with the surrounding till and occur in valleys and over interfluves. Hummocks were investigated using longitudinal and perpendicular ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) surveys in conjunction with pit excavations. From these analyses, the hummocks comprise a single lithofacies consisting of coarsely stratified, matrix‐supported gravely sand to a depth of approximately 10 m. This sediment is similar to that of a ‘sliding bed facies’ observed in esker sediments and hyperconcentrated flow deposits, both of which are attributed to high meltwater discharges. Therefore, we hypothesize that the Walker Lake GCHs formed from sedimentation in cavities at the base of the ice sheet by a rapid influx of meltwater.
Ice-flow patterns and dispersal of erratics at the southwestern margin of the last Scandinavian Ice Sheet: signature of palaeo-ice streams

An extensive set of proxy-data was acquired from eastern and central Denmark in order to study the dynamic behaviour of the southwestern margin of the last Scandinavian Ice Sheet. We examine the last three glacier advances of the Late Weichselian: the Main advance from central Sweden, representing the maximum ice extent at this time (c. 21-20 ka BP), and the two succeeding Baltic advances (c. 18-15 ka BP). Directional properties from tills and glaciotectonic overprints are used to reveal large-scale flowline patterns. Together with the geomorphological outline of ice margins, flowlines were successively more fan-shaped, indicating that the dependence of the subglacial topography increases as ice advances become younger. It is suggested that while the ice thickness decreases. more lobate configurations of ice margins are created as a result. Clast-compositional data derived from the fine-gravel fraction in tills are used to reconstruct dispersal patterns of erratic material. The dispersal patterns during the three advances show a gradually diminishing influence of local Pre-Quaternary bedrocks and older glacial deposits, and progressively longer transport distances of far-travelled erratics. We speculate that the principal factor governing this development is a successively decreasing interaction between the ice and its bed, which influences the concentration of erratics. debris comminution processes and the basal ice velocity. We envisage the Main advance from central Sweden as a slow-flowing inter-stream ice body with high bed interaction compared to the succeeding Baltic advances, which we regard to have been rapid flowing ice streams with limited bed interaction.
Review of seafloor spreading around Australia. II. Marine magnetic anomaly modelling

This paper updates the models of seafloor spreading magnetic anomalies in the oceanic lithosphere of the Indo‐Australian Plate and adjacent plates around Australia. The regions are the eastern Indian Ocean (Argo, Gascoyne, Cuvier and Perth Abyssal Plains), the southeast Indian Ocean (off the southern margin of Australia and the conjugate Wilkes Land margin of Antarctica), the southwest Pacific Ocean (Tasman Sea, Coral Sea and Woodlark Basins) and the Banda Sea, at the southeast edge of the Eurasian Plate. Included in the models for the eastern and southeast Indian Ocean are the magnetic anomaly at the continent‐ocean boundary, modelled as the edge‐effect of a strongly magnetized oceanic crust abutting a weakly magnetized or deeply buried continental crust. A newly compiled Australian apparent polar wander path (Appendix) provides the values of the remanent‐field parameters (inclination and declination) of the magnetic block models. The model dates are confirmed by deep sea (oceanic) drilling. The inceptio.
Study of the ocean response to climate changes in XX--XXII centuries, simulated with the coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model

[1] Results of experiments with coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model, developed in the Institute of Numeric Mathematics (INM) of RAS, for the forecast of possible climate change in XX–XXII centuries according to three IPCC scenarios of changes in concentrations of greenhouse and other gases in the atmosphere, are considered. These experiments were carried out within the framework of international project on recent climate simulation and forecast of climate variations with the help of coupled models (so called IPCC model). Above mentioned international project was initiated by WCCRP (see 4th IPCC report, 2007). Comparison of the major parameters shows that climate variations, obtained on INM model, are close to average according to IPCC models. The INM model gives correct simulation of the value of rise in near-the-surface air temperature in the XX century, as well as of such features of observed climate change as temperature rise in 1940–1950 and slowing down of temperature rise in 1960–1970. According to the model, value of the rise in the global average near-the-surface temperature in XXII century as compared to the end of XX century will be 2 K under the most moderate scenario and 5 K under the warmest scenario. Results of the INM model obtained for all scenarios show that complete or almost complete melting of the sea ice in the Arctic will occur in the XXII century at the end of summer time. According to the model, the corresponding rise in the ocean water level will come to 20–45 cm by 2200 as compared with the end of the XX century. Analysis of the change of the ocean circulation simulated in the INM coupled model, showed that under general climate warming the global meridional heat transfer from low to high latitudes will weaken. It is shown that a spatial structure of a response in the meridional heat transfer is formed by dynamic factors – changes in the meridional circulation. Changes of this circulation in the upper layer of the ocean are reﬂected in all features of changes of the meridional distribution of heat transfer. Under these conditions, response in the meridional circulation in the Atlantic suﬃciently diﬀers from response in the Indo-Paciﬁc.
Relationship between lightning activity and tropical cyclone intensity over the northwest Pacific

Lightning data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network along with tropical cyclone (TC) track and intensity data from the China Meteorological Administration are used to study lightning activity in TCs over the northwest Pacific from 2005 to 2009 and to investigate the relationship between inner core lightning and TC intensity changes. Lightning in TCs over the northwest Pacific is more likely to occur in weak storms at tropical depression (10.8–17.1 m s−1) and tropical storm (17.2–24.4 m s−1) intensity levels, in agreement with past studies of Atlantic hurricanes. The greatest lightning density (LD) in the inner core appears in storms undergoing an intensity change of 15–25 m s−1 during the next 24 h. Lightning is observed in all storm intensity change categories: rapid intensification (RI), average intensity change (AIC), and rapid weakening (RW). The differences in LD between RI and RW are largest in the inner core, and the LD for RI cases is larger than for RW cases in the inner core (0–100 km). Lightning activity there, rather than in the outer rainbands, may be a better indicator for RI prediction in northwest Pacific storms. There was a marked increase in the lightning density of inner core during the RI stage for Super Typhoon Rammasun (2008). Satellite data for this storm show that the RI stage had the highest cloud top height and coldest cloud top temperatures, with all the minimum black body temperature values being below 200 K in the inner core.
Areal Infiltration Modeling over Soils with Spatially Correlated Hydraulic Conductivities

We study the problem of field-scale infiltration over soils where spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity is represented by a homogeneous correlated lognormal random field. The Green-Ampt equation was used to describe infiltration at the local scale. Cumulative infiltration, F, was initially used as the independent variable to develop expressions for the ensemble mean and variance of field-scale infiltration under both constant and time-dependent rainfall rates. Analytical expression was derived for the expected time it takes for a given areal depth of water to infiltrate into the soil. Approximate expressions based on a series expansion and a parameterization of the local cumulative infiltration were also presented for describing the ensemble-averaged field-scale infiltration. These results were compared with extensive sets of Monte Carlo simulations for a wide variety of cases. The simulations revealed that the proposed formulations provide an adequate estimate of field-scale infiltratio.
Office of Community Oriented Policing Services on the Field Applications of the Problem- Oriented Guides for Police Project Analysis of the Prostitution Problem Geographic Characteristics of Prostitution Market Prostitution Customers and Market Operations Citizen Perceptions of the Problem

SUMMARY The capital city of North Carolina, Raleigh enjoys a modest crime rate and widespread economic prosperity. The city is not free of public safety problems, however, and many crime problems addressed by the Raleigh Police Department are concentrated in low-income areas populated by minority groups. In 2002, police undertook a problem-solving effort to reduce street prostitution in one police district near the city's Central Business District. The problem had been one of long standing, relatively immune to routine enforcement efforts by police and revitalization efforts in the city. For many years, prostitution and street level drug dealing had been a source of community concern. To learn more about prostitution in the area, police examined historic arrest data. Arrests were primarily of prostitutes rather than customers. Over ten years, a group of about 60 chronic offenders had been routinely arrested and rearrested by police for misdemeanor offenses ranging from worthless checks, drug paraphernalia and prostitution. In most cases, the women were adjudicated guilty and sentenced to " time served " ; many were rearrested within a short period of time within the same geographic area. As this project concluded, Raleigh police were developing a two-pronged approach to the prostitution problem: one focused on detecting and discouraging the male customers of prostitutes; the other focused on assisting female prostitutes in leaving the business either voluntarily or through conditional release from jail. The male customers were to be deterred through a publicity effort that placed photographs of arrested offenders on the department's website and cable television; further, customers who appeared to be seeking prostitutes in the neighborhood were identified through police and citizen surveillance and the department was preparing a cautionary letter to be sent to the residence of the licensed vehicle owner. Police were planning to assist female prostitutes by linking them with needed services, such as housing, drug and alcohol treatment and other services. For entrenched prostitutes, police were seeking court dispositions to restrict offenders from the areas of prostitution and require drug treatment, as appropriate. The response phase of the project had not been fully implemented at the conclusion of the project but police were continuing their efforts and developing a unique way to measure their impact. Since arrests and calls for service do not provide reliable indicators of the extent of the prostitution problem, police were developing a procedure to assess how accessible the prostitution market was to …
Effects of proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide and calcitonin on isolated perfused rat hearts İzole perfüze siçan kalpleri üzerinde proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptit ve kalsitonin'in etkileri

( p<0.001) for 1.10 and 100 nM, respectively. Rat calcitonin (10.100 and 1000 nM) did not change perfusion pressure but it decreased heart rate from 269.16±22.6 to 253.6±22.84 beats/min (p<0.05), from 263.8±27.3 to 247.00±36.63 beats/min (p<0.05) and from 285.0±32.4 to 264.00±39.83 beats/min (p<0.01) for 10.100 and 1000 nM, respectively. Rat calcitonin did not significantly affect left ventricular developed pressure. Human PAMP or salmon calcitonin did not change perfusion pressure, heart rate and left ventricular developed pressure. Conclusion: We conclude that rat PAMP may induce positive chronotropic and negative inotropic effect while rat calcitonin may produce a negative chronotropic effect. Human PAMP or salmon calcitonin could not alter perfusion pressure, heart rate and contractility in isolated, perfused rat hearts. (Ana do lu Kar di yol Derg 2009; 9: 176-82)
Fractal analysis and thermal‐elastic modeling of a subvolcanic magmatic breccia: The role of post‐fragmentation partial melting and thermal fracture in clast size distributions

This paper examines the development of a subvolcanic magmatic breccia located along the contact of a granitic intrusion using fractal analysis and thermal‐elastic modeling. The breccia grades from clast‐supported, angular clasts adjacent to unfractured host rock to isolated, rounded clasts supported by the granitic matrix adjacent to the intrusion. Field observations point to an explosive breccia mechanism, and clast size distribution analysis yields fractal dimensions (Ds > 3) that exceed the minimum value known to result from explosion (Ds > 2.5). Field observations, clast size distribution data, clast circularity data, and boundary roughness fractal dimension data suggest that the clast sizes and shapes reflect post‐brecciation modification by partial melting and thermal fracture. Numerical modeling is employed to explore the possible thermal‐elastic effects on the size distribution of clasts. Instantaneous immersion is assumed for metasedimentary clasts of a fractal size distribution in a superheated granitic matrix for different matrix volume percentages. Thermal analysis is restricted to conductive heat transfer corrected for latent heat. Partial melting of metasedimentary clasts is an effective secondary modification process that was probably responsible for markedly altering the clast size distribution for clast populations adjacent to the intrusion. Diabase clasts experienced late‐stage fracture due to the instantaneous thermal pulse in which angular clasts with high surface area to volume ratios were preferentially fractured, although this process does not appear to have markedly influenced the clast size distribution.