Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Potential vorticity balances and horizontal divergence along particle, trajectories in Gulf Stream meanders east of Cape Hatteras

Abstract Trajectories of 37 isopycnal RAFOS floats launched in the Gulf Stream off Cape Hatteras have been analyzed to examine the dynamics of meanders from a Lagrangian viewpoint. Using the float data in conjunction with information on the structure of horizontal velocity shear from the PEGASUS study (Halkin and Rossby), variations in planetary, curvature, and shear vorticity have been estimated along the float trajectories. Changes in fluid layer thickness were then inferred assuming potential vorticity is conserved following the floats. This analysis shows that curvature vorticity changes are typically 10%–20% of f (planetary vorticity) as fluid parcels travel between meander troughs and crests. Lateral shear changes on the order of 20%–30% of f are common as parcels move laterally relative to the jet axis between meander extrema. Although changes in these two terms are usually of opposite sign and tend to compensate, significant layer thickness changes do occur, with some parcels exhibiting 30% change.
Unconventional Bifunctional Lewis-Brønsted Acid Activation Mode in Bicyclic Guanidine-Catalyzed Conjugate Addition Reactions

DFT calculations have demonstrated that the unconventional bifunctional Brønsted-Lewis acid activation mode is generally applicable to a range of nucleophilic conjugate additions catalyzed by bicyclic guanidine catalysts. It competes readily with the conventional bifunctional Brønsted acid mode of activation. The optimal pro-nucleophiles for this unconventional bifunctional activation are acidic substrates with low pKa, while the best electrophiles are flexible 1,4-diamide and 1,4-diester conjugated systems.
Using L-band SAR coherence to delineate glacier extent

Significant retreat has been seen in many glaciers worldwide. With increasing concern about the impact of global warming, there has been a concerted effort to monitor ongoing change. Projects such as Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) rely on the contributions of institutions worldwide to update a global database of digital glacier outlines. To a great extent, this effort relies on the manual extraction of glacier area from satellite optical instruments, such as the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). Unfortunately, dependence on optical imagery poses two significant challenges. First, clouds preclude the viewing of many glaciers, making periodic measurements impossible. Second, many alpine glaciers have significant debris cover, additionally complicating delineation of glacier extent from optical data. The sensitivity of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) coherence to motion offers a method for detecting glacial extent that is independent of weather and allows for the discrimination of active glaciers, with and without debris cover. In this paper, we describe an automated method for delineating the surface area of two glaciers in Alaska, one with and one without a debris-covered terminus. We use the periodic global observations of the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array L-band SAR (PALSAR) instrument to generate coherence images. Low coherence serves as our primary indicator of glacial extent. However, coherence can be degraded by dense vegetation and the topography of mountainous areas. Hence we develop a decision tree that also considers phase gradients and mountain slope to identify glacier boundaries. The result is a robust technique for generating digital glacier outlines. Coupled with the comprehensive global acquisitions of ALOS, it suggests a new method for measuring glacier extents around the world.
Volcanism, jump and propagation on the Sheba ridge, eastern Gulf of Aden: segmentation evolution and implications for oceanic accretion processes

The rifting between Arabia and Somalia, which started around 35 Ma, was followed by oceanic accretion from at least 17.6 Ma leading to the formation of the present-day Gulf of Aden. Bathymetric, gravity and magnetic data from the Encens-Sheba cruise are used to constrain the structure and segmentation of the oceanic basin separating the conjugate continental margins in the eastern part of the Gulf of Aden between 51 degrees E and 55.5 degrees E. Data analysis reveals that the oceanic domain along this ridge section is divided into two distinct areas. The Eastern area is characterized by a shorter wavelength variation of the axial segmentation and an extremely thin oceanic crust. In the western segment, a thicker oceanic crust suggests a high melt supply. This supply is probably due to an off-axis melting anomaly located below the southern flank of the Sheba ridge, 75 km east of the major Alula-Fartak transform fault. This suggests that the axial morphology is produced by a combination of factors, including spreading rate, melt supply and the edge effect of the Alula-Fartak transform fault, as well as the proximity of the continental margin. The oceanic domains have undergone two distinct phases of accretion since the onset of seafloor spreading, with a shift around 11 Ma. At that time, the ridge jumped southwards, in response to the melting anomaly. Propagating ridges were triggered by the melting activity, and propagated both eastward and westward. The influence of the melting anomaly on the ridges decreased, stopping their propagation since less than 9 Ma. From that time up to the present, the N025 degrees E-trending Socotra transform fault developed in association with the formation of the N115 degrees E-trending segment #2. In recent times, a counter-clockwise rotation of the stress field associated with kinematic changes could explain the structural morphology of the Alula-Fartak and Socotra-Hadbeen fracture zones.
Structural Basis of Chemokine Sequestration by CrmD, a Poxvirus-Encoded Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor

Pathogens have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to evade detection and destruction by the host immune system. Large DNA viruses encode homologues of chemokines and their receptors, as well as chemokine-binding proteins (CKBPs) to modulate the chemokine network in host response. The SECRET domain (smallpox virus-encoded chemokine receptor) represents a new family of viral CKBPs that binds a subset of chemokines from different classes to inhibit their activities, either independently or fused with viral tumor necrosis factor receptors (vTNFRs). Here we present the crystal structures of the SECRET domain of vTNFR CrmD encoded by ectromelia virus and its complex with chemokine CX3CL1. The SECRET domain adopts a β-sandwich fold and utilizes its β-sheet I surface to interact with CX3CL1, representing a new chemokine-binding manner of viral CKBPs. Structure-based mutagenesis and biochemical analysis identified important basic residues in the 40s loop of CX3CL1 for the interaction. Mutation of corresponding acidic residues in the SECRET domain also affected the binding for other chemokines, indicating that the SECRET domain binds different chemokines in a similar manner. We further showed that heparin inhibited the binding of CX3CL1 by the SECRET domain and the SECRET domain inhibited RAW264.7 cell migration induced by CX3CL1. These results together shed light on the structural basis for the SECRET domain to inhibit chemokine activities by interfering with both chemokine-GAG and chemokine-receptor interactions.
Microparticle-Induced Activation of the Vascular Endothelium Requires Caveolin-1/Caveolae

Microparticles (MPs) are small membrane fragments shed from normal as well as activated, apoptotic or injured cells. Emerging evidence implicates MPs as a causal and/or contributing factor in altering normal vascular cell phenotype through initiation of proinflammatory signal transduction events and paracrine delivery of proteins, mRNA and miRNA. However, little is known regarding the mechanism by which MPs influence these events. Caveolae are important membrane microdomains that function as centers of signal transduction and endocytosis. Here, we tested the concept that the MP-induced pro-inflammatory phenotype shift in endothelial cells (ECs) depends on caveolae. Consistent with previous reports, MP challenge activated ECs as evidenced by upregulation of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression. ICAM-1 upregulation was mediated by activation of NF-κB, Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP-1) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This response was absent in ECs lacking caveolin-1/caveolae. To test whether caveolae-mediated endocytosis, a dynamin-2 dependent process, is a feature of the proinflammatory response, EC’s were pretreated with the dynamin-2 inhibitor dynasore. Similar to observations in cells lacking caveolin-1, inhibition of endocytosis significantly attenuated MPs effects including, EGFR phosphorylation, activation of NF-κB and upregulation of ICAM-1 expression. Thus, our results indicate that caveolae play a role in mediating the pro-inflammatory signaling pathways which lead to EC activation in response to MPs.
Paleomagnetism of the Monteregian Hills: New results

Paleomagnetic directions were obtained for seventy-four stably and homogeneously magnetized cores drilled at sixteen sites on four of a group of eight basic intrusive plugs located in southeast Quebec and known as the Monteregian Hills. A statistical analysis of these data shows that the mean directions (regardless of polarity) of magnetization of the four sampled bodies were not significantly distinct after the cores were ‘cleaned’ in an alternating field of 250 oe. The circle of confidence about the mean of the sixteen site means (each given unit weight) has a radius, α95, of 3.8°. Because of the high precision of these data it is proposed that they supersede a set of data obtained from the same series of rocks and published five years ago. The seventy-four directions yielded a paleomagnetic pole at 171.2°W, 69.9°N. This pole position is in remarkably good agreement with the poles derived from six different areas in North America and at present regarded as reliable estimates for the Cretaceous period. The high coherency of the Cretaceous poles so far estimated from North American rocks strongly supports the view that the earth's magnetic field was dipolar at that time.
Mineralogy of the Dehner and Jungferweiher maar tephras (Eifel, Germany).

This study reports on the mineral assemblages of two long cores from the Eifel volcanic field covering the Upper Pleistocene and the Holocene. Pyroxene is the most abundant mineral followed by olivine, but amphibole, leucite and sphene as well as other minerals are also randomly present in different amounts. The mineral assemblage titanoaugite (mg# about 90) ± olivine is typical of the foidite and olivine-nephelinite and basanite suite while the assemblage titanaugite (mg# lower than 90) ± olivine ± amphibole ± leucite ± sphene could be representative of the less common tephrite and phonolites suites. The presence of aegirine-augitic and enstatitic pyroxene in two samples suggests the presence of tephras with further different signature. These observations might be very important in better correlating and chronologically define the Eifel volcanic episodes which occurred during the Late Quaternary. Moreover, it seems possible to correlate the JW30 layer at about 90ka to the Rocourt Tephra.
Carcinoma-associated Fibroblasts Direct Tumor Progression of Initiated Human Prostatic Epithelium

The present study demonstrates that fibroblasts associated with carci-nomas stimulate tumor progression of initiated nontumorigenic epithelial cells both in an in vivo tissue recombination system and in an in vitro coculture system. Human prostatic carcinoma-associated fibroblasts grown with initiated human prostatic epithelial cells dramatically stimulated growth and altered histology of the epithelial population. This effect was not detected when normal prostatic fibroblasts were grown with the initiated epithelial cells under the same experimental conditions. In contrast , carcinoma-associated fibroblasts did not affect growth of normal human prostatic epithelial cells under identical conditions. From these data, we conclude that in this human prostate cancer model, carcinoma-associated fibroblasts stimulate progression of tumorigenesis. Thus, car-cinoma-associated fibroblasts can direct tumor progression of an initiated prostate epithelial cell.
Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among Health Care Personnel — United States, 2013–14 Influenza Season

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends that all health care personnel (HCP) be vaccinated annually against influenza. Vaccination of HCP can reduce influenza-related morbidity and mortality among both HCP and their patients. To estimate influenza vaccination coverage among HCP during the 2013-14 season, CDC analyzed results of an opt-in Internet panel survey of 1,882 HCP conducted during April 1-16, 2014. Overall, 75.2% of participating HCP reported receiving an influenza vaccination during the 2013-14 season, similar to the 72.0% coverage among participating HCP reported in the 2012-13 season. Coverage was highest among HCP working in hospitals (89.6%) and lowest among HCP working in long-term care (LTC) settings (63.0%). By occupation, coverage was highest among physicians (92.2%), nurses (90.5%), nurse practitioners and physician assistants (89.6%), pharmacists (85.7%), and "other clinical personnel" (87.4%) compared with assistants and aides (57.7%) and nonclinical personnel (e.g., administrators, clerical support workers, janitors, and food service workers) (68.6%). HCP working in settings where vaccination was required had higher coverage (97.8%) compared with HCP working in settings where influenza vaccination was not required but promoted (72.4%) or settings where there was no requirement or promotion of vaccination (47.9%). Among HCP without an employer requirement for vaccination, coverage was higher for HCP working in settings where vaccination was offered on-site at no cost for 1 day (61.6%) or multiple days (80.4%) compared with HCP working in settings not offering free on-site vaccination (49.0%). Comprehensive vaccination strategies that include making vaccine available at no cost at the workplace along with active promotion of vaccination might be needed to increase vaccination coverage among HCP and minimize the risk for influenza to HCP and their patients.
Components of the energy balance of the ground surface and their effect on the thermics of the substrata of the vegetation oasis at Henryk Arctowski Station, King George Island, South Shetland Islands

Abstract This article presents the results of measurements of the components of ground-surface energy balance (radiation balance, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and ground heat flux) taken during the 1994/95 summer season at Poland's Henryk Arctowski Station, King George Island, South Shetland Islands (62°09'42”S, 58°28'10”W). This was the first time that these complex measurements had been taken in the central part of the South Shetlands archipelago. The results are evaluated at the level of daily and seasonal fluctuations. The consequences of energy balance on the temperature conditions of the soil substrata are highlighted. The verification of the degree of influence of a subset of energy-balance components on soil temperature allowed analysis of the relationships among soil temperature, radiation balance, and sensible heat flux. This analysis leads to the conclusion that there is a rapid reaction of the soil temperature to the radiation balance and sensible heat flux to a depth of 5 cm. The boundary atmosphere and soil substrate represent the basic components of the ecotops of the Antarctic vegetation oasis, so these results are interpreted in pedological or botanical studies in the search for environmental influences on the vegetation.
Tendencias globales y locales en la formación de docentes de lenguas extranjeras

This article presents the results of a study which included among its objectives the description of trends in the education of foreign language teachers in Colombia. To this end, a literature revision of global models in Foreign language teacher education was carried out and used as the framework for the analysis of the Foreign Language Methodology syllabi of seven universities that prepare Licenciados in Languages in the central and western regions of Colombia. A descriptive analysis based on reading, comparing and contrasting data was carried out. The results show that there are no single models of teacher education in the programs because all syllabi are eclectic. Also, it is evident that the workshop model (Smagorinsky & Whitings, 1994), which combines theory with subsequent practice is the most commonly found, followed by the humanistic, behaviorist and cognitive models. Nonetheless, some syllabi also show activities oriented towards the reflective model.
Early Paleozoic development of the Maine-Quebec Boundary Mountains region

Pre-Silurian bedrock units played key roles in the early Paleozoic history of the Maine–Quebec Appalachians. These units represent peri-Laurentian material whose collision with the craton deformed the Neoproteozoic passive margin and initiated the Appalachian mountain-building cycle. We present new field, petrological, geochronological, and geochemical data to support the following interpretations related to these units. (1) The Boil Mountain Complex and Jim Pond Formation do not represent part of a coherent ophiolite. (2) Gabbro and tonalite of the Boil Mountain Complex intruded the Chain Lakes massif at ca. 477 Ma. (3) The Skinner pluton, an arc-related granodiorite, intruded the Chain Lakes massif at ca. 472 Ma. (4) The Attean pluton, with a reconfirmed age of ca. 443 Ma, is unrelated to Early Ordovician orogenesis. (5) The most likely timing for the juxtaposition of the Jim Pond Formation and the Boil Mountain Complex was during regional Devonian deformation. These interpretations suggest that the Boundary Mountains were once part of a series of arcs extending at least from central New England through Newfoundland.
Identification of a Core Bacterial Community within the Large Intestine of the Horse

The horse has a rich and complex microbial community within its gastrointestinal tract that plays a central role in both health and disease. The horse receives much of its dietary energy through microbial hydrolysis and fermentation of fiber predominantly in the large intestine/hindgut. The presence of a possible core bacterial community in the equine large intestine was investigated in this study. Samples were taken from the terminal ileum and 7 regions of the large intestine from ten animals, DNA extracted and the V1-V2 regions of 16SrDNA 454-pyrosequenced. A specific group of OTUs clustered in all ileal samples and a distinct and different signature existed for the proximal regions of the large intestine and the distal regions. A core group of bacterial families were identified in all gut regions with clear differences shown between the ileum and the various large intestine regions. The core in the ileum accounted for 32% of all sequences and comprised of only seven OTUs of varying abundance; the core in the large intestine was much smaller (5-15% of all sequences) with a much larger number of OTUs present but in low abundance. The most abundant member of the core community in the ileum was Lactobacillaceae, in the proximal large intestine the Lachnospiraceae and in the distal large intestine the Prevotellaceae. In conclusion, the presence of a core bacterial community in the large intestine of the horse that is made up of many low abundance OTUs may explain in part the susceptibility of horses to digestive upset.
Magnetization during low‐temperature oxidation of seafloor basalts: No large scale chemical remagnetization

Difficulty in removing the effects of grain size dependence have hampered interpretations of magnetic property changes during low-temperature oxidation of titanomaghemite. For the present study, samples were collected perpendicular to cracks in seafloor basalts to produce subsamples of essentially constant grain size but varying degree of low-temperature oxidation within a few centimeters. Coarse-grained samples and those showing evidence of high-temperature oxidation were excluded. Increasing Curie temperature was used as the most reliable measure of increasing maghemitization. Intensity of natural remanent magnetization (JNRM) consistently decreased with increasing low-temperature oxidation indicating that any increase in JNRM with age of oceanic crust must be due to other factors. Coercive force (HC) increased until Curie temperatures reached 250°C and then, in samples exhibiting single-domain behavior, decreased drastically. Because coercive force depended on degree of oxidation in this complex manner, chemical remanent magnetization (CRM) in even slightly oxidized grains should have a different coercivity than the original thermal remanent magnetization (TRM). Most Deep Sea Drilling Project samples in this study have experienced tectonic rotations or field reversals within 1.0 m.y. of extrusion. Thus, field-controlled CRM, if present, should have different coercivities and a discrete direction and be discernible during alternating field (AF) demagnetization. Alternating field demagnetizations showed no evidence for significant acquisition of field-controlled CRM. Viscous remanent magnetization (VRM) was the dominant secondary magnetization in samples with several components of remanence. In very fine-grained basalts, VRM was difficult to remove by AF demagnetization and may be the source of increased dispersion in highly oxidized, oceanic basalts. Mechanisms which may, in part, be responsible for coercivity and VRM changes are (1) an increase in the critical size of domain transitions during low-temperature oxidation, and (2) incipient phase separation into Fe-rich and Ti-rich areas, the Fe-rich areas being superparamagnetic. The latter mechanism explains the increase in saturation magnetization (JS) and concomitant decrease in JNRM when Curie temperatures are above 360°C.
Cultural Policy and Urban Regeneration: The West European Experience

The development of cultural policies in West European cities since the 1970s, Franco Bianchini see Glasgow, see culture, Peter Booth and Robin Boyle designing the public domain - urban regeneration in Rotterdam, Maarten A.Hajer cultural policy and urban regeneration in Bilbao, Julia M.Gonzalez Bologna as a laboratory for cultural enterprise, Jude Bloomfield urban culture and cultural policy in Germany - the case of Hamburg compared with five other large cities, Juergen Friedrichs and Jens S.Dangschat a cultural policy between decentralization and urban competition - the case of Montpellier, Emmanuel Negrier cultural policy and urban regeneration in Liverpool - a tale of missed opportunities? , Michael Parkinson and Franco Bianchini cultural policy-making between voluntary activism and prestigious professionalism - the case of Rennes, Patrick Le Gales cultural policy and urban regeneration in Western Europe - questions and prospects for the 1990s, Franco Bianchini.