Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Re-Short communication: Variations in major mineral contents of Mediterranean buffalo milk and application of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for their prediction

The aims of this study were (1) to assess variability in the major mineral components of buffalo milk, (2) to estimate the effect of certain environmental sources of variation on the major minerals during lactation, and (3) to investigate the possibility of using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as an indirect, noninvasive tool for routine prediction of the mineral content of buffalo milk. A total of 173 buffaloes reared in 5 herds were sampled once during the morning milking. Milk samples were analyzed for Ca, P, K, and Mg contents within 3 h of sample collection using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. A Milkoscan FT2 (Foss, Hillerød, Denmark) was used to acquire milk spectra over the spectral range from 5,000 to 900 wavenumber/cm. Prediction models were built using a partial least square approach, and cross-validation was used to assess the prediction accuracy of FTIR. Prediction models were validated using a 4-fold random cross-validation, thus dividing the calibration-test set in 4 folds, using one of them to check the results (prediction models) and the remaining 3 to develop the calibration models. Buffalo milk minerals averaged 162, 117, 86, and 14.4 mg/dL of milk for Ca, P, K, and Mg, respectively. Herd and days in milk were the most important sources of variation in the traits investigated. Parity slightly affected only Ca content. Coefficients of determination of cross-validation between the FTIR-predicted and the measured values were 0.71, 0.70, and 0.72 for Ca, Mg, and P, respectively, whereas prediction accuracy was lower for K (0.55). Our findings reveal FTIR to be an unsuitable tool when milk mineral content needs to be predicted with high accuracy. Predictions may play a role as indicator traits in selective breeding (if the additive genetic correlation between FTIR predictions and measures of milk minerals is high enough) or in monitoring the milk of buffalo populations for dairy industry purposes.
Integrated spectrum of the planetary nebula NGC 7027

We present deep optical spectra of the archetypal young planetary nebula (PN) NGC 7027, covering a wavelength range from 3310 to 9160 A. The observations were carried out by uniformly scanning a long slit across the entire nebular surface, thus yielding average optical spectra for the whole nebula. A total of 937 emission features are detected. The extensive line list presented here should prove valuable for future spectroscopic analyses of emission line nebulae. The optical data, together with the archival IUE and ISO spectra, are used to probe the temperature and density structures and to determine the elemental abundances from lines produced by different excitation mechanisms. Electron temperatures have been derived from the hydrogen recombination Balmer jump (BJ), from ratios of He  optical recombination lines (ORLs) and from a variety of diagnostic ratios of collisionally excited lines (CELs). Electron densities have been determined from the intensities of high-order H  Balmer lines and of He  Pfund lines, as well as from a host of CEL diagnostic ratios. CEL and ORL diagnostics are found to yield compatible results. Adopting respectively electron temperatures of Te = 12 600 and 15 500 K for ions with ionization potentials lower or higher than 50 eV and a constant density of Ne = 47 000 cm −3 , elemental abundances have been determined from a large number of CELs and ORLs. The C 2+ /H + , N 2+ /H + ,O 2+ /H + and Ne 2+ /H + ionic abundance ratios derived from ORLs are found to be only slightly higher than the corresponding CEL values. We conclude that whatever mechanism is causing the BJ/CEL temperature discrepanies and the ORL/CEL abundance discrepancies that have been observed in many PNe, it has an insignificant effect on this bright young compact PN. The properties of the central star are also discussed. Based on the integrated spectrum and using the energy-balance method, we have derived an effective temperature of 219 000 K for the ionizing star. Finally, we report the first detection in the spectrum of this bright young PN of Raman-scattered O  features at 6830 and 7088 A, pointing to the existence of abundant neutral hydrogen around the ionized regions.
Edinburgh Research Explorer A Lean-Congruence Format for EP-Bisimilarity

Enabling preserving bisimilarity is a refinement of strong bisimilarity that preserves safety as well as liveness properties. To define it properly, labelled transition systems needed to be upgraded with a successor relation, capturing concurrency between transitions enabled in the same state. We enrich the well-known De Simone format to handle inductive definitions of this successor relation. We then establish that ep-bisimilarity is a congruence for the operators, as well as lean congruence for recursion, for all (enriched) De Simone languages.
lac-Predicting nutrient digestibility in high-producing dairy cows

Our objective was to determine the effects of dry matter intake (DMI), body weight (BW), and diet characteristics on total tract digestibilities of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, and starch (DMD, NDFD, and StarchD, respectively) in high-producing dairy cows. Our database was composed of 1,942 observations from 662 cows in 54 studies from Michigan, Ohio, and Georgia. On average, cows ate 23 ± 4.5 kg of dry matter/d, weighed 669 ± 79 kg, and produced 38 ± 10 kg of milk/d. Diets were 31 ± 5% neutral detergent fiber, 27 ± 6% starch, 2.6 ± 1.2% fatty acids, and 17 ± 1.4% crude protein. Digestibility means were 66 ± 6, 42 ± 11, and 93 ± 5% for DMD, NDFD, and StarchD, respectively. Forage sources included corn si-lage, alfalfa, and grasses. Corn source was classified by its ruminal fermentability. Data were analyzed using a mixed effects model, including diet chemical composition, forage source, and corn source, all expressed as percentage of dry matter, except for DMI, which was expressed as percentage of BW (DMI%BW); location and 2-way interactions were fixed effects. Cow, block, period, treatment, and study were included as random effects. Best fitting candidate models were generated using backward and stepwise regression methods. Ad-ditionally, the simplest model was generated using only DMI and location as fixed effects and all random effects. Candidate models were cross-validated across studies, and the resulting predictive correlation coefficients across studies (PC) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were compared by t -test. For each nutrient, the digestibility model that resulted in the highest PC and lowest RMSEP was determined to be the best fitting model. We observed heterogeneous coefficients among the different locations, suggesting that specific location factors influenced digestibilities. The overall location-averaged best fitting prediction equations were: DMD = 69 − 0.83 × DMI%BW (PC
Pesticides detected in surface waters and fish of the Red River of the North drainage basin

INTRODUCTION The Red River of the North drainage basin (herein referred to as Red River Basin) within the United States is a study unit under the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. The overall goals of this program, initiated to better define the status and trends of the Nation’s water quality, are to address regional and national water-quality issues in a nationally consistent manner. Pesticide contamination of surface water and fish is one focus of this program. The Red River Basin is about 90,600 square kilometers (km2) in area and is composed of rolling prairie with a high density of prairie-pothole wetlands to the west; a very flat glacial lake bed with drainage ditches and meandering streams in the center (Red River Valley Lake Plain); morainal hills with a mosaic of agriculture, lakes, and forest in the southeast; and a flat lakewashed till plain with extensive peatlands in the northeast (fig. 1). Stoner and others (1993) have given a more complete description of the environmental setting of the Red River Basin. Agriculture is a major component of the region’s economy, and is greatest in the Red River Valley Lake Plain. Principal crops are wheat, barley, oats, sunflowers, corn, soybeans, dry beans, potatoes, sugarbeets, alfalfa hay, and other hay. Herbicide, insecticide, and fungicide use depends on crop type and environmental stresses such as crop disease, drought, and periodic insect-pest infestation. This paper focuses on the occurrence, movement, and fate of agricultural pesticides that are applied to crops, but improper disposal, and use of pesticides for household pests, lawn care, golf courses, and home gardening can also result in contamination of the aquatic environment. Furthermore, atmospheric transport is known to transport pesticides to regions far from their source (Kurtz, 1990). Pesticide data have been collected in the Red River Basin by various Federal, State, and local agencies. Tornes and Brigham (1994) recently summarized many of these historical data. This paper summarizes selected data collected as part of the NAWQA program during 1992-93, and briefly compares these data to historical data and to pesticide usage.
deposi-Effect of protein provision via milk replacer or solid feed on protein metabolism in veal calves

The current study evaluated the effects of protein provision to calves fed a combination of solid feed (SF) and milk replacer (MR) at equal total N intake on urea recycling and N retention. Nitrogen balance traits and [ 15 N 2 ]urea kinetics were measured in 30 calves (23 wk of age, 180 ± 3.7 kg of body weight), after being exposed to the following experimental treatments for 11 wk: a low level of SF with a low N content (SF providing 12% of total N intake), a high level of SF with a low N content (SF providing 22% of total N intake), or a high level of SF with a high N content (SF providing 36% of total N intake). The SF mixture consisted of 50% concentrates, 25% corn silage, and 25% straw on a dry matter basis. Total N intake was equalized to 1.8 g of N·kg of BW −0.75 ·d −1 by adjusting N intake via MR. All calves were housed individually on metabolic cages to allow for quantification of a N balance of calves for 5 d, and for the assessment of urea recycling from [ 15 N 2 ]urea kinetics. Increasing low-N SF intake at equal total N intake resulted in a shift from urinary to fecal N excretion but did not affect protein retention (0.71 g of N·kg of BW −0.75 ·d −1 ). Increasing low-N SF intake increased urea recycling but urea reused for anabolism remained unaffected. Total-tract neutral detergent fiber digestibility decreased (−9%) with increasing low-N SF intake, indicating reduced rumen fermentation. Increasing the N content of SF at equal total N intake resulted in decreased urea production, excretion, and return to ornithine cycle, and increased protein retention by 17%. This increase was likely related to an effect of energy availability on protein retention due to an increase in total-tract neutral detergent fiber digestion (>10%) and due to an increased energy supply via the MR. In conclusion, increasing low-N SF intake at the expense of N intake from MR, did not affect protein retention efficiency in calves. Increasing the N content of SF at equal total N intake decreased urea production, increased protein retention, and coincided with improved fiber degradation. Therefore, results suggest that low N availability in the rumen limits microbial growth and rumen fermentation in calves fed low-N SF (93 g of CP/kg of DM), and this effect cannot be compensated for by recycling of urea originating from MR.
Global fits of 𝒃 → 𝒅 ℓ + ℓ −

We conduct a model-independent analysis of processes involving | Δ 𝑏 | = | Δ 𝑑 | = 1 transitions, aiming to test the standard model and explore flavor patterns of new physics. Exploiting the current data from 𝐵 + → 𝜋 + 𝜇 + 𝜇 − , 𝐵 0 𝑠 → ¯ 𝐾 ∗ 0 𝜇 + 𝜇 − , 𝐵 0 → 𝜇 + 𝜇 − , and radiative 𝐵 → 𝑋 𝑑 𝛾 decays, we derive constraints on Wilson coefficients through global fits. The fit results are consistent with the standard model but show significant potential for new physics contributions at experimental facilities like LHCb and Belle II, or a future 𝑒 + 𝑒 − collider.
Temporal Profiling of Host Proteome against Different M. tuberculosis Strains Reveals Delayed Epigenetic Orchestration

Apart from being preventable and treatable, tuberculosis is the deadliest bacterial disease afflicting humankind owing to its ability to evade host defence responses, many of which are controlled by epigenetic mechanisms. Here, we report the temporal dynamics of the proteome of macrophage-like host cells after infecting them for 6, 18, 30, and 42 h with two laboratory strains (H37Ra and H37Rv) and two clinical strains (BND433 and JAL2287) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Using SWATH-MS, the proteins characterized at the onset of infection broadly represented oxidative stress and cell cytoskeleton processes. Intermediary and later stages of infection are accompanied by a reshaping of the combination of proteins implicated in histone stability, gene expression, and protein trafficking. This study provides strain-specific and time-specific variations in the proteome of the host, which might further the development of host-directed therapeutics and diagnostic tools against the pathogen. Also, our findings accentuate the importance of proteomic tools in delineating the complex recalibration of the host defence enabled as an effect of MTB infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive proteomic account of the host response to avirulent and virulent strains of MTB at different time periods of the life span of macrophage-like cells. The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE repository with the dataset identifier PXD022352.
Heliomagnetic field near Earth, 1428-2005

[1] The cosmic ray record for the interval 1428–2005 has been inverted using the method of Caballero-Lopez et al. (2004) to estimate the annual averages of the heliomagnetic field (HMF) near Earth. There is good agreement with the results obtained by others using two independent methodologies based upon the sunspot and geomagnetic records. This provides confidence in the overall validity of all three methods and supports the use of the cosmogenic record to investigate the HMF prior to the commencement of the sunspot record. There is disagreement with another method based on the geomagnetic record that remains to be resolved. Throughout the ∼580-year interval studied here, the estimated HMF increased by a factor of ∼4.5 from an 11-year average of ∼1.5 nT during the Spoerer Minimum (1420–1540) to ∼7 nT since 1950. Between the several Grand Minima, it exhibits increasing “floor” values similar to the lower asymptote of ∼5.2 nT evident in satellite data since 1965. The cosmogenic cosmic ray data exhibit a ∼2300-year periodicity, and it is proposed that the steadily increasing HMF since the 15th century represents the first quarter cycle of an associated ∼2300-year periodicity in the HMF. Recent theoretical studies of the origin of the open magnetic field are used to infer that the total magnetic flux of the Sun has increased by a factor of ∼4.5 since the Spoerer Minimum and might increase further over the next ∼500 years. In more recent time, the sunspot minimum estimates for the Dalton minimum (1810–1820) and Gleissberg minimum (1889–1901) are ∼2.5 nT, rising to ∼4 nT in the vicinity of 1850. The amplitude of the 11-year cycle throughout the Gleissberg cycle (1810–1900) is estimated to be ∼2 nT. The estimated field is ∼3.5 nT for each of the sunspot minima 1911–1944, increasing in a stepwise fashion to ∼5.2 nT between the minima of 1944 and 1954. The cosmic ray and satellite data indicate that the field strength then approximated 5.2 nT for the four sunspot minima, 1965–1996.
Tracing subducted black shales in the Lesser Antilles arc using molybdenum isotope ratios

Lesser Antilles arc lavas have trace element and radiogenic isotope characteristics indicative of a continent-derived contribution. It is debated vigorously whether this continental signature represents terrigenous sediment that has been subducted with the Atlantic plate and added to the magma sources in the mantle wedge, or portions of the subarc crust that are assimilated during magma ascent. Here we present Mo isotope data for Lesser Antilles arc lavas and sediments offboard the Lesser Antilles trench. Sequences of black shales, present in the subducting sediment piles, are highly enriched in Mo and have unusually high 98Mo/95Mo. Despite their low mass fraction in the sediment package (<10% in Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 144), they dominate the Mo content and isotopic composition of the bulk sediment subducting at the Lesser Antilles trench. We show that lavas from the southern part of the Lesser Antilles arc also have high 98Mo/95Mo ratios, implicating the addition of Mo derived from the subducted black shales to their mantle sources. This establishes a new link between the composition of subducted material and the arc lava output.
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance as Risk Stratification Tool in Non-Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Referred for Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy—State of Art and Perspectives

Non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a disease characterized by left ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction. Patients with DCM are at higher risk for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD). According to current international guidelines, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 35% represents the main indication for prophylactic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation in patients with DCM. However, LVEF lacks sensitivity and specificity as a risk marker for SCD. It has been seen that the majority of patients with DCM do not actually benefit from the ICD implantation and, on the contrary, that many patients at risk of SCD are not identified as they have preserved or mildly depressed LVEF. Therefore, the use of LVEF as unique decision parameter does not maximize the benefit of ICD therapy. Multiple risk factors used in combination could likely predict SCD risk better than any single risk parameter. Several predictors have been proposed including genetic variants, electric indexes, and volumetric parameters of LV. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) can improve risk stratification thanks to tissue characterization sequences such as LGE sequence, parametric mapping, and feature tracking. This review evaluates the role of CMR as a risk stratification tool in DCM patients referred for ICD.
Structure of the Mating-Type Genes and Mating Systems of Verpa bohemica and Verpa conica (Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina)

Verpa spp. are potentially important economic fungi within Morchellaceae. However, fundamental research on their mating systems, the key aspects of their life cycle, remains scarce. Fungal sexual reproduction is chiefly governed by mating-type genes, where the configuration of these genes plays a pivotal role in facilitating the reproductive process. For this study, de novo assembly methodologies based on genomic data from Verpa spp. were employed to extract precise information on the mating-type genes, which were then precisely identified in silico and by amplifying their single-ascospore populations using MAT-specific primers. The results suggest that the MAT loci of the three tested strains of V. bohemica encompassed both the MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 genes, implying homothallism. On the other hand, amongst the three V. conica isolates, only the MAT1-1-1 or MAT1-2-1 genes were present in their MAT loci, suggesting that V. conica is heterothallic. Moreover, bioinformatic analysis reveals that the three tested V. bohemica strains and one V. conica No. 21110 strain include a MAT1-1-10 gene in their MAT loci, while the other two V. conica strains contained MAT1-1-11, exhibiting high amino acid identities with those from corresponding Morchella species. In addition, MEME analysis shows that a total of 17 conserved protein motifs are present among the MAT1-1-10 encoded protein, while the MAT1-1-11 protein contained 10. Finally, the mating type genes were successfully amplified in corresponding single-ascospore populations of V. bohemica and V. conica, further confirming their life-cycle type. This is the first report on the mating-type genes and mating systems of Verpa spp. , and the presented results are expected to benefit further exploitation of these potentially important economic fungi.
Influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza on osmotic adjustment compounds and antioxidant enzyme activity in nodules of salt-stressed soybean (Glycine max)

The influence of the colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus mosseae (Nicolson and Gerdemann), on characteristics of growth, osmotic adjustment compounds and activity of antioxidant enzymes in nodules of salt-stressed soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. ) was studied in this experiment. The pot experiment was arranged as a factorial in randomized complete block design with four replications at greenhouse of College of Agriculture, Tehran University, Iran. Results indicated that the contents of glycine betaine and proline in nodules were higher in inoculated than in non-inoculated plants. AM fungal colonization increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in the nodules. The results indicate that the AM fungus is capable of alleviating the damage caused by salt stress on symbiotic nitrogen fixation of soybean plants by increasing the accumulation of compatible osmolytes and by increased antioxidant enzyme activity. Consequently, arbuscular mycorrhiza formation highly enhanced the salinity tolerance of soybean plant, which increased symbiotic nitrogen fixation and promoted plant growth.
An Integrated Research Framework for Effect of EWOM

Abstract With the development of the electronic commerce, the electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) has become important reference information for consumer shopping. EWOM has attracted considerable interest from researchers in the past decade. In this paper, a research review is conducted and an integrated framework is proposed on the effect of eWOM. The effect of eWOM are influenced by its characteristics, communicators, and other factors. The characteristics of eWOM include the source, the volume and the valence. The communicators of eWOM refer to the sender, the receiver and the relationship between them. In addition, dispersion and consistency, persistence and observability, anonymity and deception, and community engagement are related factors for the effect of eWOM.
Forest buffer-strips mitigate the negative impact of oil palm plantations on stream communities

(7),grazinglands(6),andoilpalmplantations (6). In each stream, we measured environmental characteristics, e.g., habitat composition, canopy cover, substrate, watertemperature,andwaterquality;andweidenti ﬁ edandquanti ﬁ edtheassemblageofmacroinvertebrates.Streams inoilpalmplantationslackingriparianforeststripsshowedwarmerandmorevariabletemperatures,higherturbidity, lower silica content, and poorer macroinvertebrate taxon richness than primary forests. Grazing lands showed higher conductivityandtemperature,andlowerdissolvedoxygenandmacroinvertebratetaxonrichnessthanprimaryforests. In contrast, streams in oil palm plantations that conserved a riparian forest, showed a substrate composition, temperature