Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES

Observational properties of clusters of galaxies and some theoretical interpretations are reviewed. The major subjects of the review include catalogs of clusters, the static properties of rich clusters, cluster dynamics, X-ray emission from clusters of galaxies, and cluster radio emission. Observed static properties discussed are: richness, classification schemes, galactic content, cD galaxies, density profiles, sizes, and the optical luminosity function. Several characteristic time scales of clusters of galaxies are examined along with mass segregation, the dynamical evolution of clusters, cluster masses, mass-to-light ratios, the missing-mass problem, and the mean galactic and cluster mass densities in the universe. The main characteristics of clusters that contain X-ray emission are summarized, emphasizing the relation of the X-ray emission to optical properties. The most important properties of cluster radio emission are outlined, the relation of this emission to the other cluster properties studied is indicated, and evidence suggesting the influence of an intracluster gas on the radio galaxies and their relativistic electrons is noted.
Modeling and diagnostic of an SF/sub 6/ RF plasma at low pressure

This research concerns the experimental and theoretical analysis of an SF/sub 6/ radio-frequency (RF) discharge at low pressure in a small reactor for industrial applications. The plasma is produced in the pressure range of 0.05-1 mbar by a 13.56-MHz RF supplier at moderate power, up to 25 W. The pumping system sustains a flowrate of about 50 cm/s, with residence time in the discharge of about 0.2 s. The discharge parameters have been measured and lie in the range n/sub e//spl sime/10/sup 7/-10/sup 9/ cm/sup -3/, n/sub i//spl sime/10/sup 10/-10/sup 12/ cm/sup -3/, T/sub e//spl sime/5-10 eV. Measurements were performed by means of movable electrostatic probes and of a photodiode. Particular care In the analysis of the data proved necessary due to the presence of a substantial amount of negative ions. On the other hand, we have performed simulations of the discharge composition through the implementation of a suitable numerical model of the chemical kinetics in the device. On the basis of the experiments a comparison of charged and neutral species production with those predicted by the theory was performed, and a more realistic description of the involved phenomena was obtained. In particular, several assumptions concerning the ion diffusion coefficient were tested, allowing us to pin down the relative importance of transport and bulk processes in the discharge state.
Functional neuroanatomy of craving in heroin use disorder: voxel-based meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) drug cue reactivity studies

ABSTRACT Background: The neuroanatomy of craving, typically investigated using the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) drug cue reactivity (FDCR) paradigm, has been shown to involve the mesocorticolimbic, nigrostriatal, and corticocerebellar systems in several substances. However, the neuroanatomy of craving in heroin use disorder is still unclear. Objective: The current meta-analysis examines previous research on the neuroanatomy of craving in abstinent individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD). Method: Seven databases were searched for studies comparing abstinent OUD versus healthy controls on drug > neutral contrast interaction at the whole-brain level. Voxel-based meta-analysis was performed using seed-based d mapping with permuted subject images (SDM-PSI). Thresholds were set at a family-wise error rate of less than 5% with the default pre-processing parameters of SDM-PSI. Results: A total of 10 studies were included (296 OUD and 187 controls). Four hyperactivated clusters were identified with Hedges’ g of peaks that ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. These peaks and their associated clusters correspond to the three systems identified in the previous literature: a) mesocorticolimbic, b) nigrostriatal, and c) corticocerebellar. There were also newly revealed hyperactivation regions including the bilateral cingulate, precuneus, fusiform gyrus, pons, lingual gyrus, and inferior occipital gyrus. The meta-analysis did not reveal areas of hypoactivation. Conclusion: Recommendations based on the functional neuroanatomical findings of this meta-analysis include pharmacological interventions such as buprenorphine/naloxone and cognitive-behavioral treatments such as cue-exposure combined with HRV biofeedback. In addition, research should utilize FDCR as pre- and post-measurement to determine the effectiveness and mechanism of action of such interventions.
Loss of astrocytic A1 adenosine receptor is involved in a chemotherapeutic agent–induced rodent model of neuropathic pain

Oxaliplatin is a commonly used platinum chemotherapy drug, whereas peripheral neurotoxicity is a widely observed adverse reaction lacking a satisfactory therapeutic strategy. Different adenosine receptors underlying the common neuropathic phenotype play different roles through varied pathophysiological mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the role of adenosine receptor A1 (A1R) in oxaliplatin‐induced neuropathic pain and its potential use in an effective therapeutic strategy.
An Overview of Lipid Biomarkers in Terrestrial Extreme Environments with Relevance for Mars Exploration

Lipid molecules are organic compounds, insoluble in water, and based on carbon-carbon chains that form an integral part of biological cell membranes. As such, lipids are ubiquitous in life on Earth, which is why they are considered useful biomarkers for life detection in terrestrial environments. These molecules display effective membrane-forming properties even under geochemically hostile conditions that challenge most of microbial life, which grants lipids a universal biomarker character suitable for life detection beyond Earth, where a putative biological membrane would also be required. What discriminates lipids from nucleic acids or proteins is their capacity to retain diagnostic information about their biological source in their recalcitrant hydrocarbon skeletons for thousands of millions of years, which is indispensable in the field of astrobiology given the time span that the geological ages of planetary bodies encompass. This work gathers studies that have employed lipid biomarker approaches for paleoenvironmental surveys and life detection purposes in terrestrial environments with extreme conditions: hydrothermal, hyperarid, hypersaline, and highly acidic, among others; all of which are analogous to current or past conditions on Mars. Although some of the compounds discussed in this review may be abiotically synthesized, we focus on those with a biological origin, namely lipid biomarkers. Therefore, along with appropriate complementary techniques such as bulk and compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis, this work recapitulates and reevaluates the potential of lipid biomarkers as an additional, powerful tool to interrogate whether there is life on Mars, or if there ever was.
A Search for Rotational Modulation of X-Ray Centers on the Classical Be Star γ Cassiopeiae

In this paper we discuss X-ray observations of γ Cas obtained in 1998 November with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE). The data were obtained nearly continuously over 54 hr, which is about twice the expected rotational period. An earlier RXTE light curve obtained in 1996 March over a 27 hr period showed X-ray flux arising from short-duration shots (flares) superimposed on an undulating "basal" component that was anticorrelated with fluctuations of the UV continuum over a timescale of ~10 hr. The object of the present study was to (1) examine the long-term variations of the X-ray characteristics through comparisons with this earlier data and (2) to determine whether variations of the basal flux repeat during a second rotation period. A comparison of the results with the 1996 data set shows a number of similarities and differences in the X-ray behavior: (a) the mean X-ray level in 1998 was only 60% of the 1996 level, (b) the basal fluxes in 1998 vary over shorter timescales (less than 2 hr) than in 1996, (c) the shots were found to show a slightly softer (cooler) mean color than the basal component in 1998, although they were slightly hotter in 1996, (d) fluctuations in the colors of the shot and basal fluxes generally track one another in both data sets, (e) cyclical patterns of X-ray flux decrease with a period of about 7.5 hr occurred in both data sets, and (f) the frequency of shots with a given integrated energy was found to decrease exponentially with energy, although the rate of decrease in 1996 was slower than in 1998. There was only marginal evidence for a repetition during the second half of the time sequence of long-term basal flux variations seen during the first half of the observations. We suspect, however, that the large intrinsic variability of the X-ray source would have masked a true replication. We also present archival IUE data that shows the presence of UV continuum variations in 1982 with similar characteristics to those seen in 1996. This suggests that the regions responsible for the UV variability are very long lived. The data also provide the basis for a refined but still tentative rotational period of 1.12277 days. Assuming a flare paradigm and a very simple electron beam model, we examine the atmospheric heating expected for the shot events. We conclude that it is possible to explain how the measured shot temperature can be smaller than the temperature deduced for the basal X-ray emission. We also discover that if the beam model is correct then the electrons within the beam have relatively high energies (>200 keV) and are nearly monoenergetic. In three appendices we discuss arguments, first, against the idea that the X-ray emission from γ Cas arises from mass accretion onto a hypothetical white dwarf companion or from an active late-type star and, second, in favor of its origin from near the surface of γ Cas.
On the rise of fear speech in online social media

Significance Existential fear has always been a concern across human history and even transcends to the rest of the animal world. This fear is so deeply ingrained that even the slightest “knock” to it could spark a violent conflict among different groups. Here, we demonstrate how social media platforms are used to extensively mediate elements of existential fear as fear speech posts. Their nontoxic and argumentative nature makes them appealing to even benign users who in turn contribute to their wide prevalence by resharing, liking, and replying to them. Remarkably, this prevalence is far stronger than the more well-known hate speech posts. Our work necessitates consolidated moderation efforts and awareness campaigns to mitigate the harmful effects of fear speech.
Investigation of the prognostic role of systemic immunoinflammatory index in patients with acute pancreatitis

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of systemic immunoinflammatory index (SII), calculated on presentation to the emergency department (ED), on the prediction of clinical outcomes of patients who were diagnosed with acute pancreatitis (AP). METHODS: This research was designed as a single-center, cross-sectional, and retrospective study. Adult patients who were diagnosed with AP in the ED between October 2021 and October 2022 in the tertiary care hospital, whose diagnostic and therapeutic procedures were complete in the data recording system, have been included in the study. RESULTS: Mean age, respiratory rate, and length of stay of the non-survivors were significantly higher than the mean of the survivors (t-test, p=0.042, p=0.001, and p=0.001, respectively). Mean SII score of the patients with fatal outcome was higher than the survivors (t-test, p=0.001). ROC analysis of the SII score to predict mortality revealed that the area under the curve was found to be 0.842 (95%CI 0.772–0.898), and the Youden index was 0.614, (p=0.001). When the cutoff value of the SII score in determining mortality is >1243, the sensitivity of the score was found to be 85.0%, specificity 76.4%, positive predictive value 37.0%, and negative predictive value 96.9%. CONCLUSION: SII score was statistically significant in estimating mortality. SII calculated on presentation to the ED can be a useful scoring system to predict the clinical outcomes of patients who were admitted to the ED and were diagnosed with AP.
Family Functioning Style as a Predictor of the Quality of Cognitive Functioning of Primary School Students With ADHD

Objective: This study aimed to specify whether family communication and satisfaction are predictors of a child’s executive functions and whether attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) severity lies in the pathway between these variables. Method: Two hundred Polish children with ADHD, aged 10 to 13, were tested using Conners 3, the PU1 Battery of Cognitive Tests and Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Fifth Edition (SB5). Parents filled out the FACES IV-SOR questionnaire. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the hypotheses. Results: The quality of family communication and satisfaction did not predict executive functioning in children with ADHD, and ADHD severity did not play a mediating role neither in boys or in girls. Intelligent quotient was the only predictor of executive functioning in the group of boys. Conclusion: These results contrast with those of previous studies that have shown the existence of similar associations in other cultural contexts.
Comparison of interface-state generation by 25-keV electron beam irradiation in p-type and n-type MOS capacitors

The interface state induced by 25‐keV electron beam irradiation in MOS capacitors having p‐ and n‐type substrates with several different doping concentrations have been studied. For radiation dosage on or above the order of 1×10−5 C/cm2, all of the radiation‐induced interface‐state distributions tend to have a similar shape which is asymmetrical about the midgap, independent of the type and concentration of the silicon dopants, and independent of the initial interface‐state distributions. The states in the upper half of the silicon band gap are acceptor type which peak around 0.2 eV from the midgap, whereas the states in the lower half of the band gap are donor type with a lower density. For radiation dosage below 1×10−7 C/cm2 the postradiation interface states are proportional to their initial values. An explanation based on the broken bond model is presented to account for the observations.
A note on close-to-convex functions.

‘ convex ‘, both in the hypothesis and in the conclusion in corresponding manner. In this note, we shall prove a similar theorem for the class of close-to-convex functions defined by W. Kaplan [2]. We call an analytic function $f(z)$ close-to-convex for $|z|<R$, if there exists a function $\varphi(z)$ , convex and schlicht for $|z|<R$, such that $f^{\prime}(z)/\varphi^{\prime}(z)$ has positive real part for $|z|<R$. This function $\varphi(z)$ will be called an associale function to the close-to-convex function
Preclinical research performed on reanimated/perfused swine kidneys: The Visible Kidney™ methodologies

Preclinical research remains the essential platform in the development and optimization of medical therapies and advancements in translational medicines. However, specifically to animal research, federal laws, and institutional policies require investigators to apply the principles of the 3R's (replacement, reduction, and refinement). The concept of benchtop models utilizing isolated organs, in which multiple variables can be controlled to recreate human function, has been innovative advancements in preclinical research models that adhere to these principles. More specifically, isolated perfused kidney (IPK) models have been invaluable preclinical tools that have led to numerous advancements over the decades, including understanding renal physiology, pharmacologic therapies, and improvements in renal transplantation. However, pre‐existing IPK models are not without their own limitations, leaving areas for improvement. An isolated perfused kidney apparatus was designed to best recreate human use conditions as a preclinical tool. Porcine renal blocks were chosen over the more commonly used rodent models, due to their greater similarities to human anatomies. Sixteen porcine kidney pairs obtained en bloc were extracted and placed onto an apparatus where aortic flows, pressures, and overall systemic temperatures were controlled. Organ viability was assessed in 10 renal blocks (n = 8 fresh and n = 2 previously frozen specimens) via both urinary flows and compositions at timepoints up to 180 min. Multimodality imaging, which included fluoroscopy, ultrasound, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and video scopes, was also employed to capture internal and external images to determine renal artery orientations and dimensions. Anatomical measurements and viability assessments of porcine renal blocks were successfully achieved in our perfusion model. Renal main artery diameters averaged smaller in our sample size than in human anatomy while also having more superior takeoff angles. Yet, the average lengths of each main segment were comparable to human anatomy: 32.09 ± 7.97 mm and 42.23 ± 7.33 mm in the left and right renal main artery, respectively. Urine production and urine composition of the fresh renal blocks, when compared to the frozen blocks and baseline perfusate, showed kidney viabilities of up to 3 h via excretion and retention of various metabolites. In this paper, we described a protocol for an isolated perfused kidney apparatus using large mammalian renal blocks. We believe this protocol to be an improvement from similar pre‐existing models in better representing human physiologic function while allowing for multimodal imaging. The resulting Visible Kidney™ preclinical model, which has shown viability after isolation and reperfusion, can be a fast and reliable tool for the development of medical devices while also reducing the unnecessary use of animals for research.
The essential role of biodiversity in the key axes of ecosystem function

Biodiversity is essential for maintaining the terrestrial ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF). Recent studies have revealed that the variations in terrestrial ecosystem functions are captured by three key axes: the maximum productivity, water use efficiency, and carbon use efficiency of the ecosystem. However, the role of biodiversity in supporting these three key axes has not yet been explored. In this study, we combined the (i) data collected from more than 840 vegetation plots across a large climatic gradient in China using standard protocols, (ii) data on plant traits and phylogenetic information for more than 2,500 plant species, and (iii) soil nutrient data measured in each plot. These data were used to systematically assess the contribution of environmental factors, species richness, functional and phylogenetic diversity, and community‐weighted mean (CWM) and ecosystem traits (i.e., traits intensity normalized per unit land area) to EMF via hierarchical partitioning and Bayesian structural equation modeling. Multiple biodiversity attributes accounted for 70% of the influence of all the variables on EMF, and ecosystems with high functional diversity had high resource use efficiency. Our study is the first to systematically explore the role of different biodiversity attributes, including species richness, phylogenetic and functional diversity, and CWM and ecosystem traits, in the key axes of ecosystem functions. Our findings underscore that biodiversity conservation is critical for sustaining EMF and ultimately ensuring human well‐being.
Localized radial bumps of a neural field equation on the Euclidean plane and the Poincaré disc

We analyse radially symmetric localized bump solutions of an integro-differential neural field equation posed in Euclidean and hyperbolic geometry. The connectivity function and the nonlinear firing rate function are chosen such that radial spatial dynamics can be considered. Using integral transforms, we derive a partial differential equation for the neural field equation in both geometries and then prove the existence of small amplitude radially symmetric spots bifurcating from the trivial state. Numerical continuation is then used to path follow the spots and their bifurcations away from onset in parameter space. It is found that the radial bumps in Euclidean geometry are linearly stable in a larger parameter region than bumps in the hyperbolic geometry. We also find and path follow localized structures that bifurcate from branches of radially symmetric solutions with D6-symmetry and D8-symmetry in the Euclidean and hyperbolic cases, respectively. Finally, we discuss the applications of our results in the context of neural field models of short term memory and edges and textures selectivity in a hypercolumn of the visual cortex.
Pareto or Log‐Normal? Best Fit and Truncation in the Distribution of All Cities

type="main"> In the literature, the distribution of city size is a controversial issue with two common contenders: the Pareto and the log-normal. While the first is most accredited when the distribution is truncated above a certain threshold, the latter is usually considered a better representation for the untruncated distribution of all cities. In this paper, we reassess the empirical evidence on the best-fitting distribution in relation to the truncation point issue. Specifically, we provide a comparison among four recently proposed approaches and alternative definitions of U.S. cities. Our results highlight the importance to look at issue of the best-fitting distribution together with the truncation issue and provide guidance with respect to the existing tests of the truncation point.