Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reduced Formation of Granulomata in γδ T Cell Knockout BALB/c Mice Inoculated with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

The role of γδ T cells in the bovine immune response to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) infection is poorly understood. Accordingly, using BALB/c mice that are innately susceptible to M. paratuberculosis, we compared wild-type and γδ T cell knockout BALB/c mice to study the protective roles of γδ T cells in M. paratuberculosis infection. Ten-week-old mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with either a low dose (4 × 106 colony-forming units [CFU]/mouse) or a high dose (4 × 109 CFU/mouse) of M. paratuberculosis strain ATCC 19698. Histopathologic and morphometric examinations showed reductions in the number and area of granulomatous lesions in the liver of the knockout mice at 18 weeks after inoculation with either the low or the high dose of the mycobacteria. Furthermore, at 18 weeks after inoculation, the bacterial load in the spleens of the knockout mice inoculated with the high dose was significantly lower than that of wild-type mice. No differences were found in bacterial load between the knockout and the wild-type mice in the low-dose groups. In contrast, in the livers of wild-type mice inoculated with either the low or high mycobacterial dose, increased areas of epithelioid granulomata were observed and the granulomata became disseminated widely during the experimental period. These findings in model mice suggest that γδ T cells, rather than restricting mycobacterial growth, may play a crucial role in development of epithelioid granulomata similar to those seen consistently in bovine paratuberculosis. The results of this study may have relevance to our understanding of the pathogenesis of paratuberculosis in ruminants, in which a prominent number of γδ T cells exist in the lymphoid system.
Research and investment in poultry genetic resources — challenges and options for sustainable use

The global poultry sector is divided into a large-scale commercial sub-sector dominated by international, vertically integrated companies, and a small-scale subsector that provides up to 90 percent of total poultry production in some of the least developed countries. The fast reproduction cycle, low unit costs, economies of scale in research and appropriation, and control of the produce are driving factors in the commercial sector. Private research concentrates on technologies that are likely to result in market applications and returns to investment. Private incentives for animal research are strongest where markets for improved technology are large, technical advances can be made quickly, and intellectual property can be protected. To date, technological protection strategies and contractual practices, rather than formal intellectual property rights strategies, have dominated in the commercial poultry sector. Poultry breeding companies have developed a highly successful way of protecting their intellectual property investment in superior breeds by exploiting heterosis, and the deleterious segregation of hybrid stocks in the next generation. Thus, by restricting access to the pure parent line stock (a form of trade secret) and by selling F1 generation birds, a breeding company remains the sole supplier of useful material. Patents do not yet play a role in poultry breeding, but breeding for disease resistance might change this in the future. This paper explores the flow of poultry genetic material between developed and developing countries, investments in the poultry sector in developing countries, and economic and legal issues involved. In terms of genetic resources, the main questions concern how the division in the poultry sector affects the full portfolio of poultry genetic resources and if this division has an impact on the traditional small-scale subsector. The analysis is based on country reports to the First Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources process, studies on flow of genetic material and commercial transactions, and genetic distancing.
Movement Patterns of Stream-Resident Cutthroat Trout in Beaver Creek, Idaho-Utah

Abstract We used mark–recapture, radiotelemetry, and two-way traps to determine daily, seasonal, and annual movements of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki in Beaver Creek, Idaho–Utah. We recaptured 26 of 167 (16%) passive integrated transponder (PIT)-tagged cutthroat trout; 16 of the fish were recaptured less than 300 m from the point of capture 1 year earlier, whereas 10 fish were recaptured a median of 1,407 m (range 331–3,292 m) from their captured point of the previous year. Radio-tagged individuals moved less frequently and shorter distances (median = 0 m) during autumn and winter, more frequently and farther during spring in association with spawning (median = 576 m), and variably and sporadically during summer (median = 55 m). We found substantial local movements during a diel period that would not have been found using a once weekly observation period. Frequency of cutthroat trout movement through two-way traps was greatest in July and early August and had stopped almost entirely by early Septem.
Body mass, Thermogenesis and energy metabolism in Tupaia belangeri during cold acclimation

In order to study the relationship between energy strategies and environmental temperature, basal metabolic rate (BMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), the total protein contents, mitochondrial protein contents, state and state respiratory ability, cytochrome C oxidase activity of liver, heart, Ⅲ Ⅳ diaphragm, gastrocnemius and brown adipose tissue (BAT), serum leptin level and serum thyroid hormone levels were measured in tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) during cold exposure (5±1 o C) for 1 day, 7 days,14days,21 days. The results showed that body mass increased, BMR and NST increased, the change of liver mitochondrial protein content was more acutely than total protein. The mitochondrial protein content of heart and BAT were significantly increased during cold-exposed, however the skeletal muscle more moderate reaction. The state and state mitochondrial Ⅲ Ⅳ respiration of these tissues were enhanced significantly than the control. The cytochrome C oxidase activity with cold acclimation also significantly increased except the gastrocnemius. Liver, muscle, BAT, heart and other organs were concerned with thermoregulation during the thermal regulation process above cold-exposed. There is a negative correlation between leptin level and body mass. These results suggested that T. belangeri enhanced thermogenic capacity during cold acclimation, and leptin participated in the regulation of energy balance and body weight in T. belangeri.
Physical properties and conveying characteristics of corn and barley seeds using a suction-type pneumatic conveying system

In this research, physical properties of corn and barley seeds were first determined and then, to obtain the change in pressure drop, power consumption and mechanical seed damage as a function of air velocity during suction conveying of corn and barley, a suction-type pneumatic conveying system was designed and constructed and finally the pneumatic conveying characteristics of corn and barley seeds were determined under seven air velocities. The results indicated that the geometric and arithmetic mean diameters and sphericity of corn seeds were 80, 63 and 20%, respectively, more than the barley seeds. Pressure drop increased nonlinearly and linearly with an increase in air velocity for corn and barley seeds, respectively. However, power consumption was nonlinearly increased with air velocity for both seeds. Mechanical damage of both seeds increased linearly as the air velocity was increased. There was a turning point at which the pressure drop increased rapidly with an increase in air velocity. The lowest pressure drop for corn and barley occurred at the air velocity of 20 and 15 m s-1, respectively. Therefore, for reducing the specific energy consumption and mechanical damage to corn and barley seeds at the conveying capacity of 15 ton h-1, the air velocity in pneumatic conveying must be decreased below 20 and 15 m s-1, respectively. Key words: Pneumatic conveying, conveying characteristics, pressure drop, power consumption, mechanical damage.
Dormancy release in Lolium rigidum seeds is a function of thermal after-ripening time and seed water content.

Dormancy release in seeds of Lolium rigidum Gaud. (annual ryegrass) was investigated in relation to temperature and seed water content. Freshly matured seeds were collected from cropping fields at Wongan Hills and Merredin, Western Australia. Seeds from Wongan Hills were equilibrated to water contents between 6 and 18% dry weight and after-ripened at constant temperatures between 9 and 50°C for up to 23 weeks. Wongan Hills and Merredin seeds at water contents between 7 and 17% were also after-ripened in full sun or shade conditions. Dormancy was tested at regular intervals during after-ripening by germinating seeds on agar at 12-h alternating 15°C (dark) and 25°C (light) periods.Rate of dormancy release for Wongan Hills seeds was a positive linear function of after-ripening temperature above a base temperature (Tb) of 5.4°C. A thermal after-ripening time model for dormancy loss accounting for seed moisture in the range 6-18% was developed using germination data for Wongan Hills seeds after-ripened at constant temperatures. The model accurately predicted dormancy release for Wongan Hills seeds after-ripened under naturally fluctuating temperatures. Seeds from Merredin responded similarly but had lower dormancy at collection and a faster rate of dormancy release in seeds below 9% water content.
Relações morfométricas para Cabralea canjerana (Well.) Mart.

Normal 0 21 MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Utilizando-se uma serie diametrica em substituicao ao conceito de cronosseries, foram estudadas as formas, dimensoes e relacoes morfometricas de Cabralea canjerana (Well.) Mart. em uma floresta secundaria da encosta sul do planalto sul-rio-grandense.
The growth of chlorella vulgaris in pure culture

A considerable number of investigations of the physiology of the alga Chlorella is in existence, but up to the present there seems to have been no detailed description of its growth cycle. The growth of a very similar alga, Scenedesmus costulatus var. chlorelloides , has been studied by Bristol Roach (1926, 1928) in some detail, so that the general course of the growth cycle could be inferred. Bristol Roach, however, was not able to include studies of dry weight gain and chemical composition in her analysis of the problem, and these properties clearly required con­sideration in any further investigations of algal growth. Moreover, as Chlorella has been used in this laboratory in studying the effect of various factors upon its metabolism, it was especially desirable that the effects of growth status and age upon its properties and chemical composition should be defined. These considerations suggested the present investigation, which represents an attempt to study the growth of Chlorella in pure culture with particular reference to the relations between increases in number, in volume, in dry weight, and changes in chemical composition. It will be found that this aim largely determines the methods which must be used.
FACTORS MEDIATING THE DISTRIBUTION AND IMPACT OF THE NON-NATIVE INVERTEBRATE PREDATOR BYTHOTREPHES LONGIMANUS

ii Co-Authorship iv Acknowledgements v List of Tables xi List of Figures xiii List of Abbreviations xvi Chapter 1: General Introduction and Literature Review 1 Invasion biology: a brief review 2 Predicting invasion success 3 Predicting impacts of invasive species 6 Invasion history and biology of Bythotrephes 8 Bythotrephes: a case study for mechanisms modulating invader impacts 13 Biotic resistance of impacts 15 Abiotic influences on impact 17 Adaptive responses to novel predators 19 Thesis Objectives 22 Chapter 2: Patterns of Bythotrephes longimanus distribution relative to native macroinvertebrates and zooplankton prey 26 Abstract 27 Introduction 27 Methods 31 Invertebrate Sampling and Enumeration 31 Statistical Analyses 33 Results 36 Among-lake distribution of Bythotrephes and native macroinvertebrates 36 Within-lake vertical distribution of Bythotrephes and native macroinvertebrates 37 Changes in the relative position of Bythotrephes and native macroinvertebrates 39 Influence of Bythotrephes on the daytime position of zooplankton taxa 39 Discussion 40
Annual Reproductive Cycle and Size at First Sexual Maturity of the Sun and Moon Scallop Amusium Japonlcum Japonicum (Gmelin, 1791) (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) in the Coastal Waters of Jejudo, Korea

ABSTRACT Gonadosomatic index (GSI), annual reproductive cycle, monthly changes in oocyte sizefrequency distributions, size at first sexual maturity and sex ratio of the sun and moon scallop, Amusium japonicum japonicum, were investigated. Samples were collected monthly from the subtidal zone of Sogwipo, Jejudo, Korea. Amusium japonicum japonicum is dioecious. The ovary is composed of a number of oogenic follicles, and the testis consists of a number of acini. Monthly variation in the GSI showed a pattern similar to that of the annual reproductive cycle. Ripe oocytes were about 70–90 µ in diameter. The spawning period was from November to January, and the main spawning occurred between December and January when the seawater temperature was relatively low. The annual reproductive cycle of this species can be classified into five successive stages: early active stage (April to June), late active stage (June to September), ripe stage (October to November), spawning stage (November to January), and spent / resting stage (February to April). The spawning period occurred once per year. The percentage of first sexual maturity of female and male scallops ranging in length from 85.1 to 90.0 mm was over 50% and 100% for scallops over 90.0 mm length. In the population under study, sexually mature female and male shell lengths (50% of sexual maturity) were 86.96 and 86.59 mm respectively. The sex ratio of individuals over 85.1 mm length was not significantly different from 1:1 (x2 = 0.18, p > 0.05). No hermaphrodites were found.
Debaryomyces prosopidis sp. nov., a yeast from exudates of mesquite trees.

Nine strains were studied of a new haploid species of the genus Debaryomyces Lodder&Kreger-van Rij that had been isolated from exudates of mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) trees in southern Arizona and from Drosophila carbonaria that breeds in these exudates. Their physiological characteristics, life cycle, and nuclear DNA base composition (approx. 37·5 mol% G+C) led to their original classification as Debaryomyces hansenii (Zopf) Kreger-van Rij. However, the two taxa are, at most, distantly related based on DNA reassociation values that indicated low base sequence complementarity. The two taxa also have distinctly different electrophoretic karyotypes. Debaryomyces hansenii has two varieties, D. hansenii var. hansenii and D. hansenii var. fabryi. Debaryomyces prosopidis can be differentiated phenotypically from both varieties by lack of growth on cellobiose after 2 weeks incubation and from the variety hansenii by a higher maximum temperature for growth. The type strain of Debaryomyces prosopidis sp. nov. is strain UCD-FST 84–100T(= DBVPG 7010T= CBS 8450T= ATCC 201611T).
Enhanced yield and nutritional quality in green gram ( Phaseolus radiata L) treated with seaweed ( Kappaphycus alvarezii ) extract

This study presents foliar application effect of Kappaphycus alvarezii (5-15%) extract on yield and seed quality of green gram at flowering stage. Application of K. alvarezii (conc. 10.0%) significantly increased seed yield (30.11%) compared to control, due to increase in yield of pods, weight of pods as well as seed yield per plant and 100 seed weight. This treatment also improved nutritional quality of seed as follows: protein, 19.43; carbohydrate, 5.17; P, 3.61; and Mo, 52.63%.
Effects of Different Dietary Lipid Sources on Growth Performance, Fatty Acid Composition, and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity of Juvenile Rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli

This study was carried out to investigate and compare the effects of various dietary lipid sources on growth performance, body composition, fatty acid profiles, and hepatic and plasma antioxidant enzyme activities of juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Three replicate groups of fish (initial mean weight, 1.7 ± 0.04 g) were fed four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing either fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO), or a mixture of SO and LO (SO + LO) for 8 wk. There were no significant differences in survival, weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratios of fish fed the diets containing different lipid sources (P > 0.05). The fatty acids compositions of the liver and muscle tissues reflected the dietary fatty acid compositions. Liver and muscle of fish fed the SO diet had high concentration of linoleic acid, whereas those of fish fed the LO diet were rich in linolenic acid. Liver and muscle of fish fed the FO diet had significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid than those of fish fed the SO and LO diets. Dietary lipid source had no significant effect on the hepatic and plasma enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The results of this study suggest that SO and LO can be used as a replacement for FO in the diets of juvenile rockfish without incurring any negative effects on growth, feed utilization, and antioxidant enzyme activity, when the dietary essential fatty acid requirements are satisfied for rockfish.
Impacts of Restored Patch Density and Distance from Natural Forests on Colonization Success

Abstract The reduction and fragmentation of forest habitats is expected to have profound effects on plant species diversity as a consequence of the decreased area and increased isolation of the remnant patches. To stop the ongoing process of forest fragmentation, much attention has been given recently to the restoration of forest habitat. The present study investigates restoration possibilities of recently established patches with respect to their geographical isolation. Because seed dispersal events over 100 m are considered to be of long distance, a threshold value of 100 m between recent and old woodland was chosen to define isolation. Total species richness, individual patch species richness, frequency distributions in species occurrences, and patch occupancy patterns of individual species were significantly different among isolated and nonisolated stands. In the short term no high species richness is to be expected in isolated stands. Establishing new forests adjacent to existing woodland ensures higher survival probabilities of existing populations. In the long term, however, the importance of long‐distance seed dispersal should not be underestimated because most species showed occasional long‐distance seed dispersal. A clear distinction should be made between populations colonizing adjacent patches and patches isolated from old woodland. The colonization of isolated stands may have important effects on the dynamics and diversity of forest networks, and more attention should be directed toward the genetic traits and viability of founding populations in isolated stands.
Cytological evidence supports the taxonomic status of the Sino‐Himalayan species Cimicifuga frigida (Ranunculaceae)

Although Cimicifuga foetida L. (Ranunculaceae) has been shown to be a distinct species distributed only in northern Asia (Siberia, Mongolia), the Sino-Himalayan species C. frigida Royle remains to be much confused with the Chinese endemic C. mairei H. Lev. The independent species status of C. frigida is recognized by some authors, but refuted by others. A cytogeographical study has shown that the ploidy level is well correlated with the geographical distribution of C. frigida and C. mairei. Cimicifuga frigida is a tetraploid (2n = 32) occurring in the Sino-Himalayan region, whereas C. mairei is a diploid (2n = 16) occurring in central and southwestern China. There is only minor overlap in their geographical distributions in northwestern Yunnan, China. The ploidy level is also well correlated with the morphological characters, in particular the shape of the staminodes, which has previously been used as the only reliable morphological character to distinguish between C. frigida and C. mairei. The cytogeographical pattern, therefore, lends strong support for the recognition of the independent species status of C. frigida. This species is the only polyploid species currently known in the genus.
Equilibrium Price Dispersion and the Border Effect

We develop a model of equilibrium price dispersion via retailer search and show that the degree of market segmentation within and across countries cannot be separately identified by good-level price data alone. We augment a set of well-known empirical facts about the failure of the law of one price with data on aggregate intranational and international trade quantities, and calibrate the model to match price and quantity facts simultaneously. The calibrated model matches the data very well and implies that within-country markets are strongly segmented, while international borders contribute virtually no additional market segmentation.
Effects of antibiotics on fitness of the B biotype and a non‐B biotype of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci

The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), harbors primary and secondary endosymbionts. Previous research showed that the invasive B biotype and an indigenous non‐B biotype (named non‐B ZHJ‐1 population) of B. tabaci from Zhejiang, China, harbored different endosymbionts. To investigate the function of these endosymbionts in the two biotypes of B. tabaci, we fed adult whiteflies with three antibiotics, tetracycline, ampicillin trihydrate, and rifampicin, and evaluated the fitness of their offspring on cotton plants. These three antibiotics did not remove the primary endosymbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum but were capable of eliminating the secondary endosymbionts. In the B biotype, treatments of adults with tetracycline or ampicillin trihydrate accelerated development and increased the survival of their offspring, while treatment of adults with rifampicin significantly retarded the development of their offspring but did not affect their survival. In the non‐B ZHJ‐1 population, treatments of adults with tetracycline or ampicillin trihydrate also accelerated the development of their offspring but did not significantly affect their survival, while treatment of adults with rifampicin significantly retarded development and reduced the survival of their offspring. These results suggest that removal of some secondary endosymbionts and/or reduction of the primary endosymbiont from B. tabaci may produce both favorable and unfavorable effects on the fitness of the host insects.