Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Local time dependences of oxygen ENA periodicities at Saturn

The periodicities of energetic neutral atoms (90–170 keV oxygens) at Saturn are determined by applying Lomb‐Scargle periodogram analyses to energetic neutral atom (ENA) fluxes observed in eight local time sectors of the equatorial plane between 5 and 15 RS (1 RS = 60,268 km). The analyses come from four long intervals (>180 days each) of high‐latitude viewing from 2007 to 2013 and represent an essentially global view of Saturn's periodicities. The periodograms display rich and complex structures in local time. Sectors near midnight generally exhibit the strongest periodicities (in terms of highest signal‐to‐noise ratios) and often show the dual or single periods of the Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR). Sectors near noon display single or multiple periodicities or none. Furthermore, dayside periods may be much shorter (~10.3 h) than SKR periods. Sectors near dawn or dusk display periodicities intermediate between midnight and noon or may show no periodicities whatsoever. These patterns of local time dependence do not remain constant from interval to interval.
High-speed and energy-efficient asynchronous carry look-ahead adder

Addition is a fundamental computer arithmetic operation that is widely performed in microprocessors, digital signal processors, and application-specific processors. The design of a high-speed and energy-efficient adder is thus useful and important for practical applications. In this context, this paper presents the designs of novel asynchronous carry look-ahead adders (CLAs) viz. a standard CLA (SCLA) and a block CLA (BCLA). The proposed CLAs are monotonic, dual-rail encoded, and are realized according to return-to-zero handshake (RZH) and return-to-one handshake (ROH) protocols using a 28-nm CMOS process technology. The proposed BCLA has a slight edge over the proposed SCLA, and the proposed BCLA reports the following optimizations in design metrics such as cycle time (delay), area, and power compared to a recently presented state-of-the-art asynchronous CLA for a 32-bit addition: (i) 32.6% reduction in cycle time, 29% reduction in area, 4.3% reduction in power, and 35.5% reduction in energy for RZH, and (ii) 31.4% reduction in cycle time, 28.9% reduction in area, 4.4% reduction in power, and 34.4% reduction in energy for ROH. Also, the proposed BCLA reports reductions in cycle time and power/energy compared to many other asynchronous adders.
On the dynamics of sediment suspension by residual Reynolds stresses—confirmation of Bagnold's theory

Bagnold's dynamic theory for sediment suspension requires that the immersed weight of suspended grains over unit bed area is supported by an upward-directed residual Reynolds stress, τyy, arising from asymmetrical shear turbulence. The present paper presents an analysis of previously published turbulence data which confirms the existence of this residual stress and indicates its generation in the lowermost part of the buffer layer of turbulent shear flows. The magnitude of τyy is estimated as about 0. 3τyx. Calculations from experimental data on suspended fine sand transport over upper phase beds reveals that τyy, is in approximate equilibrium with the weight stress due to the suspended load.
Machine learning-based metabolism-related genes signature, single-cell RNA sequencing, and experimental validation in hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Metabolism is involved in the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. To identify diagnostic feature biomarkers based on metabolism-related genes (MRGs) and determine the correlation between MRGs and M2 macrophages in patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). We retrieved the gene expression matrix from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed MRGs (DE-MRGs) between healthy control (HC) and patients with HP were identified using the “DESeq2” R package. The “clusterProfiler” R package was used to perform “Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses” on DE-MRGs. We used machine learning algorithms for screening diagnostic feature biomarkers for HP. The “receiver operating characteristic curve” was used to evaluate diagnostic feature biomarkers’ discriminating ability. Next, we used the “Cell-type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcripts” algorithm to determine the infiltration status of 22 types of immune cells in the HC and HP groups. Single-cell sequencing and qRT-PCR were used to validate the diagnostic feature biomarkers. Furthermore, the status of macrophage polarization in the peripheral blood of patients with HP was determined using flow cytometry. Finally, the correlation between the proportion of M2 macrophages in peripheral blood and the diagnostic biomarker expression profile in HP patients was determined using Spearman analysis. We identified a total of 311 DE-MRGs. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis showed that DE-MRGs were primarily enriched in processes like steroid hormone biosynthesis, drug metabolism, retinol metabolism, etc. Finally, we identified NPR3, GPX3, and SULF1 as diagnostic feature biomarkers for HP using machine learning algorithms. The bioinformatic results were validated using the experimental results. The CIERSORT algorithm and flow cytometry showed a significant difference in the proportion of M2 macrophages in the HC and HP groups. The expression of SULF1 was positively correlated with the proportion of M2-type macrophages. In addition, a positive correlation was observed between SULF1 expression and M2 macrophage proportion. Finally, we identified NPR3, GPX3, and SULF1 as diagnostic feature biomarkers for HP. Further, a correlation between SULF1 and M2 macrophages was observed, providing a novel perspective for treating patients with HP and future studies.
Potential for International Offsets to Provide a Net Decrease of GHG Emissions

At COP 17 in Durban, the Parties called for new market mechanisms, and more broadly, “various approaches, including markets” to “achieve a net decrease and/or avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions”. This paper explores what a net decrease might mean in practice, how it might be achieved, and the potential scale of the net atmospheric benefit that could be attained in 2020. It finds that achieving a net decrease in global GHG emissions hinges on: a) the ability to generate offset units for which additionality is relatively certain; b) measures (such as shortened crediting periods or pre-issuance discounts) that lead to more GHG abatement than credited, i.e. surplus reductions; and c) a means to account for any surplus reduction in a way that it does not simply contribute to meeting an existing GHG reduction pledge. The paper also draws lessons from the Clean Development Mechanism about challenges in attaining a net decrease, and examines the potential for existing CDM project types to produce surplus credits. Within the CDM, we find industrial gas projects to be most promising for yielding a net decrease in global GHG emissions, potentially yielding a net decrease on the order of 100 million tonnes CO2e in 2020. However, there is declining interest among major offset buyers, the EU in particular, in using the CDM or other offset mechanisms for low-cost, industrial gas abatement. Lastly, this paper finds that for offsets to attain a net decrease in GHG emissions, Parties must also reach agreement on how to avoid double counting of emission reductions associated with offsets. POTENTIAL FOR INTERNATIONAL OFFSETS TO PROVIDE A NET DECREASE OF GHG EMISSIONS SEI WP 2013-06
Distribution of small bowel involvement and its association with clinical outcomes in patients with Crohn’s disease

We aimed to evaluate the distribution of small-bowel involvement in Crohn’s disease (CD) and its association with clinical outcomes. This study included CD patients who underwent computed tomography (CT) at initial diagnosis from June 2006 to April 2021. Two abdominal radiologists reviewed the CT images, and independently rated the presence of “bowel wall thickening,” “stricture,” and “fistula or abscess” in the small bowel segments of jejunum, distal jejunum/proximal ileum, distal ileum, and terminal ileum, respectively. Based on findings of the image review, each patient’s “disease-extent imaging score” and “behavior-weighted imaging score” (a higher score indicative of more structuring or penetrating disease) were calculated. Major clinical outcomes (emergency department [ED] visit, operation, and use of corticosteroids or biologics) were compared according to the 2 scores and L4 involvement by the Montreal classification. The proportions of involvement in the jejunum, distal jejunum/proximal ileum, distal ileum, and terminal ileum were 2.0%, 30.3%, 82.2%, and 71.7%, respectively, identifying 30.3% of patients as having L4 disease and 69.7% of patients as having involvement of multiple segments. Clinical outcomes were not significantly associated with the disease-extent imaging score or L4 involvement. However, significant differences were noted for the ED visits and the use of biologics, according to the behavior-weighted imaging score. Moreover, in multivariable analysis, disease behavior was the only factor associated with all clinical outcomes (ED visit, hazard ratio [HR] 2.127 [1.356–3.337], P = .001; operation, HR 8.216 [2.629–25.683], P < .001; use of corticosteroid, HR 1.816 [1.249–2.642], P = .002; and use of biologics, HR 2.352 [1.492–3.708], P < .001). Initial disease behavior seems to be a more critical factor for clinical outcomes of CD than the extent or distribution of small-bowel involvement on CT.
Founders’ flow: A qualitative study on the role of flow experience in early start-up stages

Flow experience is a state of complete absorption while performing an optimally challenging and enjoyable task. It is often experienced at work—both in the form of individual and team flow—and can have a positive effect on performance and well-being. However, start-up founders’ work situation differs from that in established companies, facing not only great autonomy but also new challenges, uncertainty, and risks. It can be assumed that flow also provides benefits in start-ups, however, this has not yet been examined in depth and the factors that may operate differently in start-ups in comparison to other work contexts have not yet been explored in detail. Using a qualitative research approach, 21 founders from different industries were interviewed. Enhancing and inhibiting factors of flow and team flow as well as consequences for the founders and the start-up in general were examined and structured with the help of a qualitative content analysis. A variety of contexts was identified in which founders experienced flow and team flow. Various factors on the individual, task-related and organizational sphere were found to be perceived as promoting or hindering flow and team flow, e.g. well-being, autonomy or the environment. The findings regarding the consequences of flow and team flow show that these mainly are very desirable states for founders, e.g. leading to better results, progress or team processes. Only few negative consequences were identified, e.g. perfectionism. Thus, it is helpful to foster flow in the start-up context. Possible approaches derived from the participants’ statements to this could be, for example, to design flow-promoting environments or participation in specific workshops.
Variations in grain size and viscosity based on vacancy diffusion in minerals, seismic tomography, and geodynamically inferred mantle rheology

The effect of grain size on mantle viscosity is comparable to that of temperature and pressure. The current 3‐D distribution of grain size in the mantle is, however, unknown. To explore the possible variability of grain size, we use the following: geodynamic inferences of effective viscosity, vacancy diffusion rates in upper mantle minerals and perovskite in the lower mantle, lateral variations in temperature derived from seismic images, and different geotherms. An important outcome of this modeling is a new mapping of lateral viscosity variations throughout the mantle. The corresponding 3‐D variations in grain size are characterized by 2 orders of magnitude changes. We find a correlation between grain size variability in the mantle and absolute viscosity changes with depth. Our findings suggest that the traditional assumption of Arrhenius temperature dependence for vacancy diffusion in the lower mantle is not sufficient to constrain the deformation mechanisms that determine its effective bulk viscosity.
Impact of the subtropical mode water biogeochemical properties on primary production in the North Atlantic: New insights from an idealized model study

[1] An idealized biophysical model of the North Atlantic was designed to investigate the setting and variability of the subtropical mode water (STMW) biogeochemical properties and its impact on surface primary production in the North Atlantic. The model solution first emphasizes that the exact timing of STMW formation versus the timing of the spring bloom is of primary importance for setting the STMW biogeochemical properties. The surface primary production reaches its maximum in March in the STMW formation region just before its subduction. Thus the spring bloom consumes nitrate at the surface before STMW subducts, and STMW leaves the upper layers depleted in nutrients and fueled in organic matter. This spring consumption explains the low nutrient content of STMW observed near its source region by J. B. Palter et al. (2005). Furthermore, the model suggests that STMW plays a key role in exporting dissolved organic matter (DOM) at subsurface. The spring bloom produces a significant amount of DOM sequestrated in the mode waters after its subduction. This large pool of DOM is then remineralized with time along the transit of STMW through the subtropical gyre. Consequently, the nutrient content of STMW increases as it moves away from its source region. Finally, the model shows also that STMW is very important in controlling primary production in the western boundary current (WBC) region. Indeed, STMW remains isolated from the surface along its trajectory within the subtropical gyre. It joins the mixed layer by obduction in the WBC region only. This nutrient-rich old STMW irrigates and fertilizes the euphotic zone primarily in the WBC and then spreads along the boundary between the two gyres by advection.
Cambios en la conducta ingestiva de los ovinos al modificar la altura inicial de pastoreo de Leucaena leucocephala

The objective of this work was to determine the changes on the intake behavior of ovines when modifying the initial high of grazing of Leucaena leucocephala. The statistical analysis was an analysis of variance using x 2 with test of Kruskal–Wallis, for which 10 females of the Pelibuey breed were used and the initial heigh of the treatments were T 1 60, T 2 100, T 3 140, and T 4 180 cm. Before and after grazing, biomass both total and in layers of height 0-60, 60 - 100, 100 -140, and 140 - 180 cm were taken. Grazing lasted 4 h per day (from 9:00 to 13:00 h). The activity of the animals was registered and how they consumed the plant, by direct vision for each individual every 10 min. The results showed significant differences (P<0.05) for utilization, time dedicated to the consumption of the legumes, and position of the head to consume plant. An inverse relation was obtained for utilization and initial height, with a decrease in the utilization of 93.2% for T 1 to 35.9% for T 4 , with a similar behavior among layers. The position of the head varied, depending on the availability of the foliage and height. The initial height of the pasture modified the utilization, form, and consuming time for sheep on L. leucocephala with the best values for initial height of 100 cm.
One regularity in the occurrence of strong earthquakes

An attempt is made to characterize the process of preparation of strong earthquakes by a set of preceding weaker earthquakes in a large area. This set is described by a ‘weighted sum’ of earthquakes in a sliding time interval; the weight of each earthquake depends on its energy. The change of the sum before 20 strong earthquakes is investigated.
Quality of life among patients with atrial fibrillation: A theoretically-guided cross-sectional study

Background Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) have significantly lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL) compared to the general population and patients with other heart diseases. The research emphasis on the influence of AF symptoms on HRQoL overshadows the role of individual characteristics. To address this gap, this study’s purpose was to test an incremental predictive model for AF-related HRQoL following an adapted HRQoL conceptual model that incorporates both symptoms and individual characteristics. Methods Patients attending an AF specialty clinic were invited to complete an online survey. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine whether individual characteristics (overall mental health, perceived stress, sex, age, AF knowledge, household and recreational physical activity) incremented prediction of HRQoL and AF treatment satisfaction beyond AF symptom recency and overall health. Results Of 196 participants (mean age 65.3 years), 63% were male and 90% were Caucasian. Most reported ‘excellent’ or ‘good’ overall and mental health, had high overall AF knowledge scores, had low perceived stress scores, and had high household and recreation physical activity. The mean overall AF Effect On Quality-Of-Life Questionnaire (AFEQT) and AF treatment satisfaction scores were 70.62 and 73.84, respectively. Recency of AF symptoms and overall health accounted for 29.6% of the variance in overall HRQoL and 20.2% of the variance in AF treatment satisfaction. Individual characteristics explained an additional 13.6% of the variance in overall HRQoL and 7.6% of the variance in AF treatment satisfaction. Perceived stress and household physical activity were the largest contributors to overall HRQoL, whereas age and AF knowledge made significant contributions to AF treatment satisfaction. Conclusions Along with AF symptoms and overall health, individual characteristics are important predictors of HRQoL and AF treatment satisfaction in AF patients. In particular, perceived stress and household physical activity could further be targeted as potential areas to improve HRQoL.
REE geochemistry of altered tectonites in the Huize base-metal district, Yunnan, China

Hydrothermally altered tectonites (e.g. mylonites, cataclasites) occur in ore-controlling fault zones in the Huize base-metal district. Non-altered wallrocks and altered but non-mineralized tectonites have similar REE characteristics indicating seawater origin of the host carbonate rocks but with significant terrigenous input. Calcite gangues in mineralized (argillaceous/barite-bearing) tectonites and tectonite ores contain the highest REE values and exhibit convex-upward and roughly roof-shaped REE patterns with positive Eu anomalies, which are typical of hydrothermal crustal fluids. Negative Ce and negative La anomalies in calcite gangues imply hydrothermal fluids that previously interacted with marine and terrigenous rocks underlying the carbonate host rocks. Similarities in the REE characteristics of mineralized tectonites with those of the non-altered wallrocks and non-mineralized tectonites support earlier propositions that hydrothermal fluids were derived from the Kunyang Group basement rocks. REE characteristics of mineralized (argillaceous/barite-bearing) tectonites indicate fluid-wallrock interactions during migration of hydrothermal fluids along faults. Convex-upward REE patterns of tectonite ores were likely due to remobilization of early-formed base-metal sulphides whereas convex-upward REE patterns of strongly mineralized tectonites (i.e. with disseminated–massive base-metal sulphides) were likely due to recrystallization of early formed calcite gangues. REE characteristics of altered tectonites due to fluid-rock interactions during fluid migration and metal/mineral remobilization/recrystallization are depicted in Y/Ho–La/Ho, Tb/Ca–Tb/La, and Yb/Ca–Yb/La plots of the data. Migration of hydrothermal fluids along ore-controlling faults was likely induced by seismic pumping associated with tectonic deformation, whereas the remobilization/recrystallization process likely occurred in ‘pressure shadows’ along ore-controlling faults.
A field and modeling study of nonlinear storage‐discharge dynamics for an Alpine headwater catchment

A process‐based coupled model of surface‐subsurface flow is applied to the simulation of nonlinear hydrological dynamics for an experimental mountain headwater catchment in northeastern Italy. The comparison between measured and simulated responses, both distributed (water table and soil moisture) and integrated (streamflow at the outlet), shows that the model satisfactorily reproduces various nonlinear processes, in particular threshold behavior and hysteresis in the catchment storage‐discharge relationship. We typically observe a clockwise loop in this relationship, i.e., streamflow response is faster than groundwater and soil moisture response, due to larger time scales for subsurface processes and to soil moisture persistence and redistribution. The model is based on a standard Richards equation representation of integrated saturated‐unsaturated‐runoff dynamics and needs no ad hoc parameterization (e.g., for macropores, pipe flow, or retention curve hysteresis) to capture observed hysteretic relationships between storage and discharge. Additional numerical experiments are carried out to investigate how heterogeneity (bedrock permeability and the distinction between riparian and hillslope areas) and aquifer thickness and topography affect this nonlinear dynamics. The results show that catchment topography and soil depth exert the main control on the hysteresis and threshold patterns. This is evident from a spatial analysis of streamflow and water table response times to storm events, where the threshold points correspond to changes in terrain slope. These findings are confirmed by a further set of analyses carried out on an idealized v‐shaped catchment.
Dawning of a New Age?: The Extent, Causes and Consequences of Aging in Australia

This paper provides an overview of the extent of the ageing of the population in Australia and reviews the evidence and debates that have emerged over the extent of ageing and its consequences for social policy. After a brief historical account of ageing in Australia, the methods used by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) to project future population movements are described and the latest series of ABS projections are summarised. Particular attention is devoted to the debate over the impact of immigration on ageing and it is argued that the attention devoted to this contrasts with the relative neglect of several other important aspects of the issue. The paper then discusses in some depth the debate over the implications of ageing for social expenditure, drawing on recent work undertaken by the Economic Planning Advisory Commission (EPAC) and the National Commission of Audit. It is argued that the expenditure projections underlying this work are simplistic and fail to take account of the dynamic aspects of ageing and what these imply for the overall economic and social fabric of an ageing society. After providing a few illustrations of how Australian social policy has been responding to ageing, the paper finishes by providing some case study evidence which illustrates the kinds of difficulties encountered by those Australians who are trying to cope with the problems of old age.