Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enumeration problems in Baumslag-Solitar groups

Geometric group theory refers to the study of finitely generated groups and their properties by exploring the algebraic and topological structure. This thesis will look at various enumeration problems that arises in Baumslag-Solitar groups. Initially, this thesis aims to reproduce and validate some of the work that has been done on the questions of growth, cogrowth and geodesic elements via an enumeration approach. This approach will then be used to explore specific examples of Baumslag-Solitar groups where these questions have not been fully answered. The first part of this thesis will look at the growth of a horocyclic subgroup in Baumslag-Solitar groups. It will then build upon this to develop an algorithm to count the elements of the group in general out to a fixed radius with the intention of further understanding the unresolved cases. The second part of this thesis will use Baumslag-Solitar groups as a basis to develop numerical tests to estimate cogrowth of groups. Since the cogrowth of a group is directly related to the amenability of the group, these numerical tests for cogrowth can be applied to groups such that Thompson’s group F, where the question of amenability is still highly debated.
Effect of Lambing Season on Milk Quality and Hygiene of Awassi Sheep

The current study was carried out from October 15, 2021, to June 15, 2022, in the area of animal production at the Agricultural Technical College, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq. 24 Awassi ewes between the ages of 2-3, were employed in the study and split into two groups. In the first group, 12 ewes had winter lambs in December–January and 12 ewes had spring lambs in March–April. This was required to determine how the season affected some productive and biochemical blood features. The milk yield and its component of Awassi sheep, in addition to measuring the weights of the ewes and lambs, the weight gain every two weeks, final weight gain, relative growth rate, and some biochemical characteristics, as well as the number of somatic cells in milk, the estrus of the ewes was standardized using vaginal sponges. The results revealed that the body weight of ewes with spring births in the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, tenth, and twelfth weeks was significantly (P0.05) greater than that of ewes with spring births. There was a substantial (P0.05) rise in the average weight of lambs with spring births in the tenth and twelfth weeks of the trial, as well as a significant increase in the relative growth rate of lambs with spring births in the tenth week. In addition, the total rate of weight gains increased. The season had a noticeable effect on milk production, as ewes with spring births produced significantly more milk in the second, fourth, eighth, and tenth weeks after birth. In the eighth and tenth week of the experiment, nonfat solids were consumed. Except for the fourth week of the trial, the number of somatic cells in the milk of spring-born ewes increased significantly (P0.05) in all other weeks of the study. The weights of ewes and lambs, as well as the total weight gain, increased during the spring. furthermore, the proportions of fat, protein, and solid non-fat percentage increased significantly. In addition to an increase in the number of somatic cells and the prevalence of mastitis, the milk of spring-born ewes is non-fatty.
Relationship Between the CYP21 Marker and some Productive and Physiological Traits of Holstein-Friesian Cows

There was a difference in the genetic profiles of the CYP21 genotype, it showed three genetic polymorphisms: 250/240, 260/251 and 270/261 bp, and their distribution ratios were 51.72, 29.31, and 18.96%, respectively. The percentages showed highly significant differences (P≤0.01), and the total of the studied alleles was 116. The study showed that there were no significant differences in the production of total milk and its components between the genetic polymorphisms, as well as in the rate of milk flow. There were significant differences (P≤0.05) between the different genetic polymorphisms of cows in the heat endurance factor, as the cows carrying the genotype 250/240, 260/251 bp outperformed the genotypes 270/261 bp so the value of the thermal endurance factor was 99.73 for the genotype 270/261 bp, as for the genotypes 250/240, 260/251 bp, the coefficient of heat endurance was 101.82 and 102.43, respectively. There were a significant differences (P≤0.05) between the genotypes for the California test for mastitis, cows carrying the genotype 250/240, 270/261 bp outperformed the genotype 260/251 bp. The test values were 1.77 and 1.00 for genotypes 270/261, 250/240 bp respectively, and the value of the California test for genotype 260/251 bp was 2.45.
The Role of Iron Nanoparticles and Humic Acid in Iron Concentration, Growth and Yield of Broccoli (Brassica Oleracea var Italic)

A field experiment was carried out in one of the private farms in Fallujah district, west of Baghdad for the autumn season 2020/2021 in a sandy mixture soil to study the effect of adding humic acid and nano iron on iron availability, growth and yield of broccoli plant to show the effect of the method of adding humic acid at three levels of 0, 50 and 100 kg. h-1 and its interaction with the addition of source and iron level at levels without addition (0 mg L-1, 50 mg L-1 nano iron and 100 mg L-1 metallic iron in some growth and production traits of broccoli plant using a complete randomized block design for a factorial experiment with three replicates and the results were analyzed Statistically at the 0.05 probability level to test for the least significant difference, the results of the study showed that the addition of humic acid caused significant increases compared to the control treatment in the studied traits, the highest average in the traits (number of leaves, leaf area, total plant yield, root weight, root length, iron concentration In leaves) it was 17.89 leaf-1, 362.5 cm2 plant-1, 19.81 Mg h-1, 81.0 g, 45.1 cm, 16.65 mg kg-1, respectively. The treatments of iron spray formulas and concentrations also significantly affected by increasing most of the above characteristics and the superiority of spraying nano iron at a concentration of 50 mg L-1) in (plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, total plant yield, root weight, root length, iron concentration in leaves) reached 40.56 cm, 19.22 leaf. plant-1, 426.4 cm2 plant-1, 26.06 mg/kg H-1, 80.76 gm, 46.0 cm2, 19.12 mg kg-1, sequentially. The effect of the interaction between the two factors of the study was significant, and the combination of adding humic acid combined with spraying nano iron at a concentration of 50 mg L-1) excelled in the traits (number of leaves, leaf area, iron concentration in leaves, total plant yield) which amounted to . 20.31 leaf. plant-1, 503.4 cm2 plant -1, 20.79 mg kg -1, 29.83 mg h-1, sequentially.
Oil spill detection method using X-band marine radar imagery

Abstract. A viable method to implement oil spill detection and monitoring based on marine radar is proposed. The primary data of this study are obtained from the X-band marine radar of the teaching–training ship, YUKUN, of the Dalian Maritime University on July 21, 2010, when a pipeline burst and an oil spill accident occurred at the Xingang Port in Dalian. Aiming at the working characteristics of marine radar, the adaptive median filter algorithm is improved to eliminate the radar shared-frequency interference by adding the identification of noise points and resetting the neighborhood window. A power attenuation correction method is proposed to solve the uneven distribution in resolution and echo intensity by acquiring the average power distribution of radar images simultaneously. Oil spill will be easily detected from different sea backgrounds after morphological processing, gray segmentation, and image smoothing. Comparison with the images extracted from a thermal infrared sensor on the same monitoring point demonstrates the validity of the extraction method for oil spill based on X-band marine radar.
Bio-Mass Production of Spirulina Platensis and Its use in Inducing Hostility Resistance Against Potyvirus Potato virus y

The study aimed to produce Spirulina platensis as a local preparation for the first time in Iraq and to know its effect on the resistance of the potato virus y as well as the study of evaluating the efficiency of three types of algae (Spirulina platensis, Alga300, Alga600) and the application on three varieties of the potato crop in stimulating resistance to a rate of infection. It reached 14.45% compared to the positive control treatment, the infection rate was 29.36%, the infection rate was 80.73%. The percentage of love, which amounted to 184.0 g.
Effect of Foliar Spray with Nano-NPK Fertilizer and Yeast Extract on Growth of Orange (C. sinensis L. Osb.) Washington Navel Variety

The factorial experiment was conducted in the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening Design, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Iraq through the growing season 2020 to investigate the vegetative growth response of navel orange seedlings grafted on the Citrus stocks to the spraying with balanced Nano-NPK (20-20-20) at four concentrations of (0,1,2 and 3) g. l-1 and yeast extract the following concentrations (0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5) g.l-1. The results in the two seasons showed a superiority effects of the interaction treatments at the highest concentrations of both of Nano-Fertilizer and yeast extract which it reached to the characters plant high, stem diameter, leaves number, leaf area, leaves area, branches number and chlorophyll (26.253cm.seedling-1,1.6867 mm.seedling-1,42.80leaf.seedling-1,33.267cm2.leaf-1,46.25cm2.seedling-1,8.8067 branch.seedling-1 and 273.93 mg.100g-1fw) in the first season and (27.233cm.seedling-1,2.41 mm.seedling-1, 54.67leaf.seedling-1,34.400 cm2.leaf1-,53.40 cm2.seedling-8.8073 branch.seedling-1 and 268.0mg.100 g-1 fw) in the second season for the studied characters respectively. Also, the interaction treatment (N3Y3) at the highest level of both of Nano-NPK and yeast extract showed the best results in the percentage of dry matter, N, P and K leaves content while the control treatment was the least for all the studied characters.
On the Sensitivity of Downslope Windstorms to the Asymmetry of the Mountain Profile

Abstract The influence of terrain asymmetry on the development and strength of downslope windstorms was examined through the numerical simulation of three basic atmospheric configurations: 1) flow beneath a mean-state critical layer, 2) flow in the presence of breaking waves and 3) flow in a two-layer atmosphere without wave breaking or a mean-state critical layer. When a mean-state critical layer was present in the flow and the wind speed and stability beneath that critical layer were essentially constant, the maximum downslope wind speed was nearly independent of mountain asymmetry. Such insensitivity to mountain shape is consistent with hydraulic theory and supports the idea that there is a close mathematical analog between stratified flow beneath a mean-state critical layer and conventional shallow-water hydraulic theory. When downslope winds were generated by breaking waves, and the upstream stability and wind speed were constant with height, the dependence of lee-slope velocities on terrain asymmetr.
hsa-miR-508-5p as a New Potential Player in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is widely known as the principal cause of low back pain, diminishing patients’ quality of life and imposing a huge economic burden on healthcare systems worldwide. However, the underlying mechanisms of IDD remain to be determined. This study aimed to scrutinize data sets via bioinformatics to identify microRNAs (miRNAs)/genes and pathways associated with IDD. The array profiling of patients with IDD and individuals without IDD was acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (viz., GSE19943, GSE63492, and GSE34095). The expression profiles of miRNAs and genes with differential patterns were analyzed using GEO2R. The target genes of the chosen miRNA were then examined, and in silico functional analyses were performed on the signaling pathways and biological processes of the differentially expressed genes. Three human miRNAs were up and downregulated in IDD patients in the examined data sets. Among them, hsa-miR-508-5p had a significant differential expression in the IDD group, and SEC11A, IPO5, FN1, and MRPS10, as the targets of hsa-miR-508-5p, were upregulated in the IDD group. Furthermore, extracellular matrix-receptor interactions, focal adhesion, and actin cytoskeleton regulation were important pathways involved in IDD. Our analysis identified hsa-miR-508-5p as a novel miRNA involved in IDD pathogenies. Our findings not only further confirmed the significant role of miRNAs in IDD pathogenesis but also extended the spectrum of the miRNAs and genes involved in IDD. Though, still, further experimental investigations are needed to confirm our findings.
Level of prematurity as a predictor for the activity of retinopathy of prematurity and strabismus

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of strabismus in premature children after the screening for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and to determine whether the level of prematurity (birth weight and gestation age) can be used as a predictor for both strabismus development and disease activity. Methods: This is a retrospective study, conducted in the Clinic for Eye Disease, section for Pediatric Ophthalmology of the Clinical Centre University of Sarajevo during the period from December 2013 until January 2017. 126 patients were involved. The inclusion criteria were gestational age ≤ 34 weeks, birthweight ≤ 2000 g and performed screening test for ROP. Patients were divided into three groups: patients without ROP, patients with spontaneous regression and patients with active ROP. Results: 52.4% patients were suffering from strabismus (30.2% esotropia, 22.2% exotropia). All the patients with active ROP had esotropia (60.0%). The average birth weight and gestational age were lower in patients with strabismus (1371.3 ± 58.0 g and 29.7 ± 0.4 weeks respectively). Conclusion: Lower gestational age and birth weight of premature children showed the increased probability of strabismus development especially esotropia. Prematurity level was significantly lower in patients with active ROP compared to the rest of the patients. Abbreviations: ROP = Retinopathy of prematurity, ICROP = International Classification of Retinopathy of prematurity, BCVA = best corrected visual acuity
Peripheral interstitial lung abnormalities on LDCT in an asymptomatic, nonsmoking Chinese urban cohort

To retrospectively investigate the imaging features and the related influencing factors of peripheral interstitial lung abnormalities (PILA) that caused “normal aging” by low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) in an nonsmoking, asymptomatic Chinese urban cohort. The clinical data of 733 subjects who underwent chest LDCT were retrospectively collected. The computed tomography (CT) signs of PILA (interlobular septal thickening [ILST], intralobular interstitial thickening [ILIT], ground-glass opacity [GGO], reticular shadow [RS], subpleural line [SL]) were evaluated at 6 levels and statistically analyzed. The effects of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), and blood biochemistry parameters on ILST, ILIT, and RS were analyzed by Binary Logistic regression analysis. Significant age differences in PILA were found. None of the 5 PILA CT signs (GGO, ILST, ILIT, RS, and SL) was observed in subjects under 40 years old, while in subjects over 40 years old, the incidence of PILA increased with age. All 5 CT signs of PILA were significantly different among the subjects aged 18 to 49, 50 to 69, and 70 to 79 (P < .05). There was no significant sex difference in PILA. Among age, sex, BMI, BP, and laboratory biochemistry parameters, only age had a significant effect on ILST, ILIT, and RS. LDCT can be used as a noninvasive method to evaluate the PILA. PILA were mainly affected by age, while sex, BMI, BP, and laboratory biochemistry parameters had little effect on PILA. PILA observed before the age of 40 years should be considered an abnormal finding, whereas it is common in individuals over 70.
Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) maintain expression of the pluripotent gene network via recruitment of RNA polymerase II to coding and non-coding loci

Histone acetylation is a dynamic modification regulated by the opposing actions of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). Deacetylation of histone tails results in chromatin tightening and therefore HDACs are generally regarded as transcriptional repressors. Counterintuitively, simultaneous deletion of Hdac1 and Hdac2 in embryonic stem cells (ESC) reduced expression of pluripotent transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog (OSN). By shaping global histone acetylation patterns, HDACs indirectly regulate the activity of acetyl-lysine readers, such as the transcriptional activator, BRD4. We used inhibitors of HDACs and BRD4 (LBH589 and JQ1 respectively) in combination with precision nuclear run-on and sequencing (PRO-seq) to examine their roles in defining the ESC transcriptome. Both LBH589 and JQ1 caused a marked reduction in the pluripotent network. However, while JQ1 treatment induced widespread transcriptional pausing, HDAC inhibition caused a reduction in both paused and elongating polymerase, suggesting an overall reduction in polymerase recruitment. Using enhancer RNA (eRNA) expression to measure enhancer activity we found that LBH589-sensitive eRNAs were preferentially associated with super-enhancers and OSN binding sites. These findings suggest that HDAC activity is required to maintain pluripotency by regulating the OSN enhancer network via the recruitment of RNA polymerase II.
Family health therapy for treating anxiety symptoms in flood victims

Background: Flood cases in so many parts of Nigeria, especially in Anambra state and the accruing psychological and health related problems, affecting members of families and society necessitated this study. In view to assist and help affected individuals who specialized in farming therapeutically, this study investigated the effect of rational emotive family health therapy (REFHT) on flood-induced anxiety disorders among farmers in Anambra state Nigeria. This study was guided with 3 null hypotheses. Methods: This is a group randomized control study, conducted in Anambra state Nigeria. The sample size was 120 registered cassava farmers in Anambra State Nigeria. A measure of anxiety disorders was used to assess the baseline data of the condition before the treatment, immediately after treatment, and after 3 weeks. The treatment was a self-developed REFHT manual that lasted for 12 sessions, 60 minutes per session with aim of reducing anxiety disorders among farmers who are victims of flood. The manual was delivered by counseling psychologists with orientation in rational emotive behavior and family therapies. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive (mean, standard deviation, chi-square, and percentage) and inferential (Partial Eta Squared, and Analysis of Covariance) statistical tools. Results: The result revealed no significant gender difference was observed among the study participants’ socioeconomic, working status, and loan status. REFHT was significantly effective in reducing flood-induced anxiety disorders among farmers. There was no significant moderating effect of gender on flood-induced anxiety disorders among farmers. There was no significant interaction effect of gender and REFHT treatment on anxiety disorders among farmers. Conclusion: REFHT was significantly effective in reducing flood-induced anxiety disorders among farmers. Based on the findings, this study recommended among others that rational-emotive therapists and family health professionals should liaise with community leaders to provide career counseling services to farmers and establishment of community-based rational emotive institute for each state in Nigeria.
Theoretical model of discrete tone generation by impinging jets

It is well known that when a high subsonic (Mach number > 0.7) high Reynolds number (Re > 2 × 105) jet is directed normal to a wall intense discrete frequency sound waves called impingement tones are emitted. This phenomenon has been studied by a number of investigators in the past. It is generally accepted that the tones are generated by a feedback loop. Despite this general agreement critical difference in opinion as to how the feedback is achieved remains unresolved. Early investigators (e.g. Wagner 1971; Neuwerth 1973, 1974) proposed that the feedback loop is closed by acoustic disturbances which propagate from the wall to the nozzle exit inside the jet. Recent investigators (e.g. Ho & Nosseir 1981; Umeda et al. 1987), However, believed that the feedback is achieved by sound waves propagating outside the jet. In this paper a new feedback mechanism is proposed. It is suggested that the feedback is achieved by upstream-propagating waves associated with the lowest-order intrinsic neutral wave modes of the jet flow. These wave modes have well-defined radial and azimuthal pressure and velocity distributions. These distributions are dictated by the mean flow of the jet exactly as in the case of the well-known Kelvin-Helmholtz instability waves. The characteristics of these waves are calculated and studied. These characteristics provide a natural explanation of why the unsteady flow fields of subsonic impinging jets must be axisymmetric, whereas those for supersonic jets may be either axisymmetric or helical (flapping). In addition they also offer, for the first time, an explanation as to why no stable impingement tones have been observed for (cold) subsonic jets with Mach number less than 0.6. Furthermore, the new model allows the prediction of the average Strouhal number of impingement tones as a function of jet Mach number. The predicted results compare very favourably with measurements. For subsonic jets the pressure and velocity field of these upstream-propagating neutral waves are found to be confined primarily inside the jet. This is in agreement with the observations of Wagner (1971) and Neuwerth (1973, 1974) and their contention that the feedback disturbances actually propagate upstream inside the jet.
Well-Being as an Object of Science

The burgeoning science of well-being makes no secret of being value laden: improvement of well-being is its explicit goal. But in order to achieve this goal its concepts and claims need to be value adequate; that is, they need, among other things, to adequately capture well-being. In this article I consider two ways of securing this adequacy—first, by relying on philosophical theory of prudential value and, second, by the psychometric approach. I argue that neither is fully adequate and explore an alternative. This alternative requires thorough changes in the way philosophers theorize about well-being.
Axial Postural Abnormalities in Parkinsonism: Gaps in Predictors, Pathophysiology, and Management

Christian Geroin, PhD,* Carlo Alberto Artusi, MD, PhD, Jorik Nonnekes, MD, PhD, Camila Aquino, MD, PhD, Divyani Garg, MD, DM, DNB, MNAMS, Marian L. Dale, MD, MRC, Darbe Schlosser, Yijie Lai, MD, Mohammad Al-Wardat, PT, PhD, Mehri Salari, MD, PhD, Robin Wolke, MD, Valery Tsinda Labou, PhD, Gabriele Imbalzano, MD, Serena Camozzi, PT, Marcelo Merello, MD, PhD, Bastiaan R. Bloem, MD, PhD, Tamine Capato, PhD, Ruth Djaldetti, MD, Karen Doherty, MD, FRCP, Alfonso Fasano, MD, PhD, Houyam Tibar, MD, Leonardo Lopiano, MD, PhD, Nils G. Margraf, MD, PhD, Caroline Moreau, MD, PhD, Yoshikazu Ugawa, MD, PhD, Roongroj Bhidayasiri, MD, FRCP, and Michele Tinazzi, MD, PhD,* on behalf of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society Task Force on Postural Abnormalities