Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical controls on runoff generation: Topographically driven hydrologic connectivity, geology, and vegetation

Understanding the relative influence of catchment structure (topography and topology), underlying geology, and vegetation on runoff response is key to interpreting catchment hydrology. Hillslope‐riparian‐stream (HRS) water table connectivity serves as the hydrologic linkage between a catchment's uplands and the channel network and facilitates the transmission of water and solutes to streams. While there has been tremendous interest in the concept of hydrological connectivity to characterize catchments, few studies have quantified hydrologic connectivity at the stream network and catchment scales with observational data. Here we examine how catchment topography, vegetation, and geology influenced patterns of stream network HRS connectivity and runoff dynamics across 11 nested headwater catchments in the Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest (TCEF), MT. This study builds on the empirical findings of Jencso et al. (2009) who found a strong linear relationship (r2 = 0.91) between the upslope accumulated area (UAA) and the annual duration of shallow groundwater table connectivity observed across 24 HRS transects (146 groundwater recording wells). We applied this relationship to the entire stream network across 11 nested catchments to quantify the frequency distribution of stream network connectivity through time, and quantify its relationship to catchment‐scale runoff dynamics. Each catchment's hydrologic connectivity duration curve (CDC) was highly related to its flow duration curve (FDC) and the slope of the relationship varied across catchments. The slope represents the streamflow yield per unit connectivity (Conyield). We analyzed the slope of each catchment's CDC‐FDC relationship or Conyield (annual, peak, transition, and base flow periods) in multiple linear regression models with common terrain, land cover vegetation, and geology explanatory variables. Significant predictors (p < 0.05) across 11 catchments included the ratio of flow path distances and gradients to the creek (DFC/GTC), geology, and a vegetation index. The order and strength of these predictors changed seasonally and highlight the hierarchical controls on headwater catchment runoff generation. Our results highlight direct and quantifiable linkages between catchment topography, vegetation, geology, their topology, and hydrologic dynamics.
A variable resolution, geocomputational approach to the analysis of point patterns.

A geocomputational approach to the solution of applied spatial problems is being ushered in to take advantage of ever increasing computer power. The move is seen widely as a paradigm shift allowing better solutions to be found for old problems, solutions to be found for previously unsolvable problems and the development of new quantitative approaches to geography. This paper uses geocomputation to revisit point-pattern analysis as an objective, exploratory means of evaluating mapped distributions of landforms and/or events. A new variable resolution approach is introduced and tested alongside more traditional approaches of nearest neighbour distance and quadrat analysis and against another geocomputational approach, the K function. The results demonstrate that firstly, the geocomputational paradigm allows new and more useful solutions to be found for old problems. Secondly, a variable resolution approach to geographical data analysis goes some way towards overcoming the problem of scale inherent in such analyses. Finally, the technique facilitates spatiotemporal analyses of event data, such as landslides, thus offering new lines of enquiry in areas such as hazard mitigation. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of acute alcohol consumption and processing of emotion in faces: Implications for understanding alcohol-related aggression

The negative consequences of chronic alcohol abuse are well known, but heavy episodic consumption (“binge drinking”) is also associated with significant personal and societal harms. Aggressive tendencies are increased after alcohol but the mechanisms underlying these changes are not fully understood. While effects on behavioural control are likely to be important, other effects may be involved given the widespread action of alcohol. Altered processing of social signals is associated with changes in social behaviours, including aggression, but until recently there has been little research investigating the effects of acute alcohol consumption on these outcomes. Recent work investigating the effects of acute alcohol on emotional face processing has suggested reduced sensitivity to submissive signals (sad faces) and increased perceptual bias towards provocative signals (angry faces) after alcohol consumption, which may play a role in alcohol-related aggression. Here we discuss a putative mechanism that may explain how alcohol consumption influences emotional processing and subsequent aggressive responding, via disruption of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)-amygdala connectivity. While the importance of emotional processing on social behaviours is well established, research into acute alcohol consumption and emotional processing is still in its infancy. Further research is needed and we outline a research agenda to address gaps in the literature.
Evaluation of AERONET precipitable water vapor versus microwave radiometry, GPS, and radiosondes at ARM sites

In this paper we present comparisons of Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) precipitable water vapor (W) retrievals from Sun photometers versus radiosonde observations and other ground‐based retrieval techniques such as microwave radiometry (MWR) and GPS. The comparisons make use of the extensive measurements made within the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM), mainly at their permanent sites located at the Southern Great Plains (Oklahoma, U.S.), Nauru Islands, and Barrow (Alaska, U.S.). These places experience different types of weather which allows the comparison of W under different conditions. Radiosonde and microwave radiometry data were provided by the ARM program while the GPS data were obtained from the SOUMINET network. In general, W obtained by AERONET is lower than those obtained by MWR and GPS by ~6.0–9.0% and ~6.0–8.0%, respectively. The AERONET values are also lower by approximately 5% than those obtained from the numerous balloon‐borne radiosondes launched at the Southern Great Plains. These results point toward a consistent dry bias in the retrievals of W by AERONET of approximately 5–6% and a total estimated uncertainty of 12–15%. Differences with respect to MWR retrievals are a function of solar zenith angle pointing toward a possible bias in the MWR retrievals. Finally, the ability of AERONET precipitable water vapor retrievals to provide long‐term records of W in diverse climate regimes is demonstrated.
Towards GPS orbit accuracy of tens of centimeters

The Global Positioning System (GPS) will be used in the coming decade for mm-level measurements of crustal motion and for sub-decimeter earth orbiter positioning and navigation. GPS orbits for these applications will be required accurate to 10–20 cm. Although sub-meter GPS orbit precision has been previously demonstrated with a regional tracking network, several factors are expected to play a role in further improvement to the several decimeter level. These include the use of worldwide ground tracking networks and improved orbit modeling. In this paper, CASA UNO orbit results are presented utilizing data from four continents. Refinements in orbit modeling, combined with the availability oft worldwide tracking network and the dense distribution of tracking sites in North and South America, have improved orbit determination precision to about 60 cm (per component) for four of the seven GPS satellites tracked in CASA UNO. The orbit results are consistent with California baseline repeatabilities, which are at the few mm level in horizontal and length, and 1–2 cm in the vertical. Baseline comparisons with VLBI provide a measure of orbit accuracy, showing sub-cm agreement in length and 1.5 cm agreement in the horizontal.
The use of converted phases to infer the depth of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary beneath South America

Seismic waves arriving between the P and S phases have been observed at South American seismograph stations from large local deep-focus earthquakes. The travel times, frequency content, and amplitudes for these waves are consistent with their being sp phases: S waves which convert to P waves upon refraction across an approximately horizontal interface at a depth of 400 km. The velocity change across the interface is at least 5% over a transition zone of at most a few kilometers. The polarity of the sp indicates that there is a velocity reversal below this interface. We therefore suggest that the discontinuity may be the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary.
Faunal changes in Cenozoic deep-sea ostracod assemblages from the South Atlantic and the Southern Ocean and their palaeoceanographical implications

Abstract The Cenozoic palaeoceanographical history of the South Atlantic and the Southern Ocean is summarised on the basis of changes in the ostracod faunas of DSDP/ODP Sites 329, 513, 689, 699, 1087 and 1088. The results are mainly compared with the global palaeoceanographical history of Benson. The present study failed to find strong evidence for a sudden psychrospheric event (Sites 689 and 699) in the late Eocene, but there is, however, a decrease in abundance and diversity of ostracods from the mid-/late Eocene to the Oligocene at Sites 689 and 699. This suggests a more gradual palaeoceanographical change over a relatively long time interval. Mid-Miocene faunal changes occur at Site 1087 and coincide with the 16–14 Ma event of Benson. However, the faunal changes are, in contrast to Benson, here marked by a decline in abundance, diversity and faunal turnover. The local differences in faunal changes in mid-Miocene deep-sea ostracod faunas may be related to the initiation of NADW and/or a major expansion of the Antarctic ice sheet. We found little or no evidence for the 6.3–4.9 Ma event, which Benson recorded and related to the effects of a series of events such as the Messinian Salinity Crisis and increased glaciation on Antarctica. Similar to Benson's global data, we have also found a major faunal turnover at Sites 1087 and 1088 at 3.5 Ma. This is possibly related to the effects of a closure of the Straits of Panama, increased production of NADW, AAIW and AABW, and/or a major deglaciation of the Antarctica in the mid-Pliocene.
Role of local treatment in primary breast B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a propensity score matching-based analysis from SEER database.

OBJECTIVE Primary breast lymphoma (PBL) has been defined as disease localized to breast with or without ipsilateral axillary nodal involvement. Primary breast B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is rare to be diagnosed clinically. The role of surgery and radiotherapy (RT) as local treatment is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic factors and investigate the effect of local treatment in patients with primary breast B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified patients with primary breast B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma diagnosed between 1998 and 2015 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to reduce possible bias between groups. The overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to identify independent prognostic factors. RESULTS Altogether 956 patients with primary breast B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were included. Most patients were white women over the age of 60. The most common histological type was diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and most patients present with stage I disease. Furthermore, old age (>60 years), DLBCL histology and stage IIE disease were the statistically significant factors associated with worse OS and DSS. Surgery did not improve survival of patients, and surgery combined with RT did not achieve a better prognosis than RT alone. RT was associated with better survival in patients with stage IE DLBCL, but patients with stage IE MZL and FL and stage IIE primary breast B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma could not benefit from RT. CONCLUSIONS In local treatment, surgery offered no survival benefit for patients with primary breast B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, while RT is an effective choice because it can improve both OS and DSS in the stage IE DLBCL subgroup.
European pollution outbreaks during ACE 2: Optical particle properties inferred from multiwavelength lidar and star-Sun photometry

(1) On the basis of multiwavelength backscatter and 532-nm extinction profiling with lidar at Sagres (37� N, 9� W), southern Portugal, and optical depth observations with a star photometer at the lidar site and a Sun photometer atop a nearby mountain, several European pollution outbreaks were characterized during the Second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 2) in the summer of 1997. A sophisticated analysis scheme applied to the lidar-photometer data set is described. The observations are mainly presented in terms of profiles of the 532-nm extinction-to-backscatter ratio (lidar ratio) and of A u ngstrom exponents calculated for the wavelength ranges 400-532 nm and 532-800 nm. The lidar ratio indicates the aerosol type (marine, soil, pollution) whereas the A u ngstrom exponents are sensitive to changes in the particle size distribution (accumulation mode, coarse mode). Results of an extensive correlation analysis considering all determined optical parameters, relative humidity, and measurement height are discussed. Finally, the spectrally resolved optical depth and the column A u ngstrom exponents for the lofted outbreak plumes determined from the lidar profiles are compared with respective values derived from the star and Sun photometer measurements. INDEX TERMS: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0345 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pollution— urban and regional (0305); 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—composition and chemistry; 0368 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—constituent transport and chemistry; 1630 Global Change: Impact phenomena; KEYWORDS: multiwavelength lidar, star photometer, Sun photometer, anthropogenic aerosols, aerosol optical properties
LAND-USE CHANGES IN THE SPANISH PYRENEES

This paper discusses the evolution of land use in the Spanish Pyrenees and the environmental and demographic factors that led to change. The traditional system depended upon a complex social organization and abundant cheap labor; there was extensive sum- mer grazing for sheep which in winter moved to the Ebro Basin; and, despite the unfavorable environment, the cultivation of cereals was important. In the second half of the twentieth century, outmigration led to a disruption of the management systems: transhumance disap- peared and cattle replaced sheep; cultivated slopes have been abandoned while in the valley bottoms agriculture has been intensified; meadows have been converted to cereal production to ensure the supply of winter feed to livestock.
Dental caries in the Aubesier 5 Neandertal primary molar

The exfoliated maxillary primary first molar (dm1) from the Middle Palaeolithic of the Bau de l'Aubesier (Vaucluse, France), Aubesier 5, exhibits a mid-lingual pit which is identified as a modest carious lesion. The lesion is identified as such by the erosion of the surface through the dentoenamel junction into the dentine, with rounded margins exhibiting ante-mortem wear striae. It is the third documented case of such lesions among the Neandertals, indicating that these lesions were present, if still rare, among these late archaic humans.
Greenness trends of Arctic tundra vegetation in the 1990s: comparison of two NDVI data sets from NOAA AVHRR systems

The primary objective of this study was to compare the sensitivity of two different normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series derived from Local Area Coverage (LAC) and Global Areal Coverage (GAC) data sets of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite system. This comparison was conducted in the context of analysing spatiotemporal patterns of Arctic tundra vegetation greenness change in the 1990s within the North Slope of Alaska. A second objective was to examine patterns of greenness change with respect to the distribution of vegetation association types. An 8 km spatial resolution NDVI series was produced by the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) group at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center based on a GAC data set and corrected for stratospheric aerosol effects from the eruption of Mt Pinatubo. The LAC (1 km spatial resolution) NDVI time series was generated through recalibration and fine‐tuning of image registration of a twice‐monthly time series produced by the US Geological Survey, and was cross‐calibrated with the GIMMS data set to reduce stratospheric aerosol effects from the Mt Pinatubo eruption. While the general patterns of pixels exhibiting significant increase in seasonally integrated NDVI over the 1990s were similar from both data sets, many of the more localized areas of more rapidly increasing greenness (i.e. ‘hotspots’) between 1990 and 1999 were lost with the product from the GIMMS data set. The majority of the ‘hotspots’ of greenness increase within the North Slope region are located in the southern portions of the foothills physiographic province and within vegetation units composed primarily of prostrate or dwarf shrubs with a mixture of graminoid species. Notably fewer hotspots of greenness increase were detected in Arctic tundra areas of the Seward Peninsula and none in the Chukotka Peninsula of the Russian Far East, an area that had not experienced the same warming trend in the 1990s and preceding decades as the Alaskan Arctic.
The Nerrigundah Data Set: Soil moisture patterns, soil characteristics, and hydrological flux measurements

This paper presents a data set that describes the spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture within the 6 ha Nerrigundah catchment, located in a temperate region of eastern Australia. The data set includes high‐resolution elevation data; high‐ resolution (20 m) near‐surface soil moisture maps; soil moisture profile measurements at 13 locations, with one being applicable for one‐dimensional modeling; soil moisture measurements from four different measurement devices at a single location; soil temperature profile measurements; soil heat flux and supporting meteorological measurements, including data obtained with two pluviometers and four collecting rain gauges; surface roughness measurements; soil information for 19 locations, including field measurements of saturated hydraulic conductivity; and catchment runoff measurements. These data are available on the World Wide Web at http://www.civag. unimelb.edu. au/∼jwalker/data/nerrigundah.
ITCZ and ENSO pacing on East Asian winter monsoon variation during the Holocene: Sedimentological evidence from the Okinawa Trough

Deep-sea fan sediments provide an excellent geological archive for paleoenvironment reconstruction. Grain size, clay mineral and elemental (Ti, Fe, Ca) compositions were measured for a core retrieved from a submarine fan in the Okinawa Trough. Varimax-rotated Principal Component Analysis (V-PCA) on time-evolution of grain size spectrum reveals that, since the Holocene, sediment was transported mainly by the benthic nepheloid layer (33%) and upper layers (33%) which is driven by the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). The intensification of the Kuroshio Current during the Holocene, masks the fluvial signal of the summer monsoon and obstructs clay minerals derived from the Yellow River, a major contributor prior to 12 ka BP. A new grain size index (GSI), which represents the EAWM well, exhibits a negative correlation with the delta O-18 record in Dongge Cave, China during the Holocene when sea level was relatively steady. This anti-correlation suggests the southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The consistency among our records and rainfall records in Peru, Ti counts in the Cariaco Basin, monsoon records in Oman and the averaged summer insolation pattern at 30 degrees N further support the ITCZ's impact on monsoon systems globally. Cross-Correlation Analyses for GSI and log(Ti/Ca) against delta O-18 record in Dongge Cave reveal a decoupling between the East Asian winter and summer monsoon during 5500-2500 cal yr BP, with greater complexity in the last 2500 years. This can be attributed to exacerbated ENSO mode fluctuations and possibly anthropogenic interference superimposed on insolation and ITCZ forcing.
Climate change, land degradation and migration in Mali and Senegal - some policy implications

Interactions between climate change, environmental degradation and population movements in the West African Sahel have received a great deal of scholarly attention in recent years. Since the majority of the population living in Sahelian countries depend on subsistence and small-scale farming, climate changes such as increasing temperatures and declining rainfall pose considerable risks to their livelihoods. Migration is one possible response to changing ecosystems. This paper examines the interactions between climate change, land degradation and migratory processes in rural areas of the West African Sahel. The analysis is based on empirical research conducted in Bandiagara, Mali, and Linguère, Senegal, using an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approach. From a theoretical perspective, the nexus of climate, environment and migration is conceptualised as a social-ecological system. Against this background, the paper addresses empirical findings on the motives for migration, the mobility patterns and the issue of migration as a strategy to adapt to climate change. The paper further discusses relevant institutions and policy frameworks that impact the livelihoods and mobility of people in the study regions.
Long term ionospheric trends over Ahmedabad

Ionospheric data over Ahmedabad (23°N, 73°E) during 1955–96 have been examined for the long term changes arising due to the predicted cooling of the mesosphere and thermosphere because of the increased concentration of trace gases resulting from anthropogenic causes. The long term changes in the critical frequencies of the ionospheric layers and the height of the maximum ionization as characterized by hPF2, the virtual height at 0.834 of foF2, have been obtained after removing the seasonal and solar cycle variations. While the trend of a small decrease in foE (0.15 MHz in 40 years) may not be considered significant, there is a clear indication of a decrease in foF2 (1.6 MHz for midday, 1.0 MHz for midnight). A small increase is noted in foF1 (0.3 MHz). There is a decrease in hPF2 (16 km for midday and 10 km for midnight). The lowering of F2 layer peak will affect radio propagation.