Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recombination at a-Si:H/c-Si heterointerfaces and in a-Si:H/c-Si heterojunction solar cells

The consequences of post-deposition thermal annealing on the recombination velocity at a-Si:H/c-Si heterocontacts and on the performance of a-Si:H/c-Si heterojunction solar cells are investigated. We use a substrate temperature of 110 /spl infin/C for the deposition of the a-Si:H hetero-emitters and a post-deposition anneal for 10 min at 200 /spl infin/C to obtain optimum results in terms of interface recombination velocity, interface defect density, and solar cell performance. Our best solar cell using a p-type FZ base in combination with a-Si:H heterojunction and a metallic Pd/Al back contact has a confirmed efficiency of 15.4% and an open circuit voltage V/sub OC/=658 mV. Solar cells that use a i/p/sup +/ a-Si:H double layer as a back contact obtain a maximum V/sub OC/ of 685 mV but suffer yet from a relatively low fill factor.
Effects of Clarification and Storage on Anthocyanins and Color of Pomegranate Juice Concentrates

Whole pomegranates with rinds were processed into juice and then concentrate. Effects of cold clarification and storage temperatures (−23C, 5C, 12C and 20C) on anthocyanins (ACNs), ACN composition and color were determined. Major ACNs in pomegranate juice concentrate (PJC) were identified as cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside (47.9%), delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside (23.2%) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (18.5%). Diglucosides were more stable than monoglucosides during storage. ACN degradation and polymeric color formation were fitted to first-order reaction models. Higher storage temperatures increased the rate of ACN degradation and polymeric color formation in PJCs. Good correlation (r = −0.988) was found between ACN degradation and polymeric color formation during storage. Rate of ACN degradation and polymeric color formation were slower in the PJC obtained from unclarified juice than PJC obtained from clarified juice during storage. Practical Applications There has been great interest in pomegranates and their products for their potential health benefits due to their impressive antioxidative properties, which are highly correlated with their polyphenol content, including tannins and ACNs. During pressing of pomegranates, polyphenols especially high molecular weight tannins present in the rinds pass to the juice. And excessive polyphenols cause haze and sediment formation, astringent, taste and color loss. This is serious industrial problem in the production of clear pomegranate juice. Attractive red-violet color of pomegranate products is due to their ACN contents. However, ACNs are unstable and susceptible to degradation leading to a brownish color during juice processing and storage. Results of this study showed that clarification with gelatin as well as high storage temperatures adversely affected the ACNs of pomegranate juice concentrates (PJCs). Therefore, PJC should be produced from unclarified juice and frozen-stored. The reconstituted juice should then be cold-clarified right before marketing.
Chemical Composition of Sewage Sludges and Analysis of Their Potential Use as Fertilizers

Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) was used to provide information concerning the chemical bonding of zinc and copper present in the sludge obtained from the Dayton, Ohio sewage treatment plant. The binding energy of the Zn 2P/sub 3/2/ electron in sludge when placed under a vacuum of 10/sup -7/ Torr was 1023.8 +- 0.2 eV and the binding energy of the Cu 2p/sub 3/2/ electron in the sludge under similar conditions was 937.2 +- 0.3 eV. These energies are characteristic of both Zn and Cu being in the positive two oxidation state. The electronegativity of the ligand attached to either of these metals was found to be 3.5 +- 0.1 on the Pauling scale. This indicates that Zn and Cu exist in similar compounds, that the ligand binding site is oxygen, and that the possible compounds include carbonate, carboxylate, phosphate, nitrate, silicate, and/or oxide. ESCA, when used in conjunction with other methods, offers excellent potential for more specifically identifying the chemical form of metal in sludge or sludge mixtures.
Impact of soil quality on elemental uptake by Zingiber officinal (ginger rhizome)

The elemental distribution in ginger rhizome and the impact of the soil quality on the elemental uptake by the rhizome were investigated. The focus of the study was on eight elements, i.e. Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ni, Pb, Cr and Mg. Ginger and soil samples from four different farms of KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) were collected and after microwave digestion, the elemental concentrations were estimated using ICP-OES. The method for the ginger analysis was validated by the analysis of a certified reference material (leaves of Poplar). The accumulation of the elements in the ginger rhizome was investigated as well as the metal–metal interactions that exist based on the total and the bioavailable concentrations of the elements were determined. It was found that the soil quality influences the elemental distribution within the ginger rhizome; however, the plant has the inherent ability to control the amount of each element entering the rhizome. The levels of Cd and As in the soil and ginger samples from all four sites were below the lower detection limits. The ginger ‘flesh’ tends to accumulate Mn and Mg. A synergistic relationship between Cr and Mn; and an antagonistic relationship between Fe and Cu; and Fe and Cr were noticed. The concentration of none of the elements exceeded the threshold upper intake levels, and thus does not pose toxicity issues.
Boundary condition effects in simulations of water confined between planar walls

In computer simulations of water between hydrophobic walls the results exhibit a strong dependence upon the boundary conditions applied. With the minimum image (MI) convention the water molecules tend to be orientationally ordered throughout the simulation cell (Valleau, J. P., and Gardner, A. A., 1987, J. chem. Phys., 86, 4162) whereas, if a spherical cut-off (SC) is applied, strong orientational order is found only in the immediate vicinity of the surface (Lee, C. Y., McCammon, J. A., and Rossky, P. J., 1984, J. chem. Phys., 80, 4448). These conflicting observations have remained unresolved, and clearly raise troubling questions concerning the validity of simulation results for water between surfaces of all types. In the present paper we explore this problem by carrying out a detailed analysis of the results obtained with various types of boundary condition. These include Ewald calculations carried out with a central simulation cell adapted to describe the slab geometry of interest. It is shown that the.
Relationships Between Soil Test Phosphorus, Soluble Phosphorus, and Phosphorus Saturation in Delaware Soils

Methods to identify agricultural soils that contribute to nonpoint-source pollution of surface waters by P are of increasing importance, particularly in areas with high animal densities (animal units per hectare of cropland). Our objective was to determine the relationship between agronomic soil test P (STP = Mehlich 1) and other soil P tests proposed to measure the potential for P loss by erosion, runoff, and leaching. We compared STP with soluble P, P in the fast desorbing pool (strip P), and soil P saturation for 127 soils (122 from Delaware and five from the Netherlands). Soil test P was significantly correlated with total P (r = 0.57 *** , significant at the 0.001 level), soluble P (r = 0.71 *** ), strip P (r = 0.84 *** ), and oxalate-extractable P (P ox ; r = 0.84 *** ), Strip P was a better predictor of soluble P than STP (r 2 0.76 *** ). The ratio of strip P/P ox (the percentage of reversibly sorbed P in the fast desorbing pool) increased as P sorption capacity, estimated from oxalate-extractable Al and Fe (Al ox + Fe ox ), decreased. We also determined the degree of P saturation (DPS) using three methods: Langmuir P sorption isotherms; oxalate extractions of P, Al, and Fe; and STP plus a single-point P sorption index (PSI). Soluble P, STP, and desorbable P increased for DPS values >30%, similar to upper DPS limits in the Netherlands and Belgium. Soils rated agronomically excessive in STP (>50 mg kg -1 ) had higher ratios of soluble P, strip P, and P ox to total P than those in agronomically optimum or lower categories.
Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and plants in relation to traffic in Wuhan city, China

The concentrations of lead, zinc, copper and cadmium in urban soils and plants from Wuhan city were investigated. The metal concentrations in the soils and the plants were correlated with the traffic volume. At the site of heavy traffic, the metal concentrations in the soils and the plants were several times higher than those at the site of low traffic. The metal concentrations in the plant shoots were usually higher than those in the roots at the sites with larger traffic volume. These results indicated that the heavy metal contamination of the roadside soils and plants in the city was related to motor vehicle exhausts.
Assessment of the relationship between organizational culture and lean implementation in the aerospace industry

xi Chapter 1. The Problem . 1 Background of the Problem . 2 Statement of the Problem . 7 Purpose of the Study . 8 Research Questions . 10 Significance of the Study . 11 Definition of Terms.12 Key Assumptions . 14 Limitations of the Study.14 Summary and Organization of the Study . 15 Chapter 2. Literature Review . 16 Lean History.16 Lean Theorists . 22 Leadership . 27 Key Elements of Lean Implementation . 31 Organizational Culture . 33 Competing Values Framework . 37 Relationship Between Quality Initiatives and Organizational Culture . 47 Summary . 55 Chapter 3. Methodology . 56 Restatement of Research Questions . 56 Description of the Research Methodology . 57 Design of the Study . 58 Population and Sample . 59 Instrumentation . 60
Irradiation Behavior of Thoria-Urania Fuel in a PWR

Abstract A thoria-urania (ThO2-UO2) fuel performance analysis code was developed by adding performance models and material properties correlations for thoria-urania fuel to a UO2 fuel performance analysis code, and its prediction capability was validated by comparison with thoria-urania fuel irradiation test data. Analysis of the ThO2-UO2 fuel performance in a typical pressurized water reactor showed that it could be irradiated up to a burnup of 70 to 100 MWd/kg heavy metal by optimizing the fuel rod design, and the overall irradiation performance of the ThO2-UO2 fuel would be somewhat better than for UO2 fuel.
Impact of some Soil Amendments and Mycorrhiza on Cowpea Damping-Off Caused by Rhizoctonia solani

ddition of biochar to soil improves carbon sequestration, soil fertility and plant growth, especially when combined with organic compounds such as compost. This greenhouse study was carried out to examine the effects of soil amendments with biochar, compost and mycorrhiza as biofertilizer alone or in combinations on cowpea plant growth parameters and on suppression of damping-off disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. In vitro experiment showed that biochar has no direct efficacy on the tested fungus even at the higher tested concentrations. A synergistic effect was noticed when cowpea plants were grown in soil amended with biochar in the presence of mycorrhiza. Also, results indicated that the tested soil amendments and mycorrhiza improved the growth parameters as well as macronutrient contents of cowpea.
Effect of previous desensitizer and rewetting agent application on shear bond strength of bonding

This study evaluated the effect of desensitizer and rewetting agent on dentin shear bond strength. One hundred thirty five bovine incisive teeth had their buccal surfaces ground down to produce a fl at superficial dentin surfaces and received the following treatments: G1- One Step Plus (OSP) and resin cylinder adhesive fi xation (RI); G2- Gluma One Bond (GOB) and RI; G3- Single Bond (SB) and RI; G4- Aqua-Prep (AP) + OSP and RI; G5- Gluma Desensitizer (GD) + GOB and RI; G6- GD + SB and RI; G7- GD + OSP and RI; G8- AP + GOB and RI; G9- AP + SB and RI. The specimens were stored at 37°C and 100% humidity for 24 hours and a shear bond test was performed with a mechanical testing machine, at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm⁄min. The data were submitted to one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test (p<0.05). The results (MPa) were: G1: 10.75(2.64)a; G2: 10.28(2.58)a; G3: 11.63(4.59)a; G4: 10.93(4.88)a; G5: 10.15(3.95)a; G6: 11.82(4.14)a; G7: 9.85(2.15)a; G8: 5.48(1.94)b; G9: 10.62(2.83)a. The resistance of the GOB adhesive system was negatively affected by AP application. The use of desensitizer and rewetting agent does not compromise the bond strength when they are compatible with the adhesive system used.
Functional Modification with TiO2 Nanoparticles and Simultaneously Dyeing of Wool Fibers in a One-Pot Hydrothermal Process

Wool fibers are treated with titanate tetrabutyl in the presence of C. I. Reactive Blue 69 dye in a one-pot process under hydrothermal conditions. The fiber structure and as-prepared particles are characterized. The properties of percentage of exhaustion, K/S value, color fastness to light, tension, photocatalytic activity, and diffuse reflectance spectrum are investigated. The experimental results indicate that after treatment the wool fiber surfaces are evenly immobilized with a thin layer of anatase phase TiO2 nanoparticles. The TiO2 nanocrystals are grafted onto wool fibers via the C–Ti4+, S–Ti4+(Ti2+), and N–Ti4+ bonds. The thermal stability of wool fibers changes a little. The capability of wool fibers to protect against ultraviolet radiation is improved. The tensile properties decrease. The photocatalytic activity to decolorize methylene blue dye is endowed. A high degree of percentage of exhaustion and high K/S value are obtained by adding a certain amount of acetic acid in the precursor solution.
Nitrogenated and aliphatic organic vapors as possible drivers for marine secondary organic aerosol growth

[1] Measurements of marine aerosol chemistry, using state-of-the-art mass spectrometry, as well as aerosol microphysics, hygroscopicity and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity were undertaken during new particle growth events. The events were detected in air advecting over North East (NE) Atlantic waters during the EUCAARI Intensive Observation Period in June 2008 at Mace Head, Ireland. During these growth events, the aerosol mass spectrometers illustrated increases in accumulation mode aerosol phase nitrogenated and aliphatic compounds thought to condense from the gas phase. Since the composition changes observed in the accumulation mode occurred simultaneously to the growth of the accumulation, Aitken and nucleation modes, the growth of both the nucleation mode and the Aitken mode is attributed to the condensation of these species. Nitrogenated compounds like amines are also plausible candidates in the nucleation process, as suggested by quantum mechanic calculations. It is also plausible that amides and organic nitrites, also identified by the mass spectrometers, are possible candidate chemical compounds, suggesting that multiple types of chemical species may be contributing. Given that these open ocean aerosol formation and growth events occur in very clean polar marine air masses, we suggest that the organic compounds responsible for particle formation and growth are mainly of biogenic origin. Despite increasing the particle number concentration, the initial effect is to suppress hygroscopicity and CCN activity.
Precursors in two-phase detonation: An elementary model for the channel effect

The paper is concerned with the channel effect: detonation-propelled shocks occurring in tubular charges. It is shown that some salient aspects of the phenomenon may be successfully reproduced within a simple one-dimensional model assuming the gas–solid system to be isothermal and the volume fraction of the solid phase to be small. Two modes of the channel effect, dependent on the level of the ignition pressure, are identified. Although the emerging detonations appear to be of the Chapman–Jouguet (CJ) type, their velocities are controlled by the system’s gasification kinetics rather than its thermodynamics. The structure of the emerging CJ detonation differs from that of conventional ZND detonation. There is no shock attached to the reaction zone. The precursor shock is the only shock in the event.
Facile Preparation of Mn+‐Doped (M = Cu, Co, Ni, Mn) Hierarchically Mesoporous CeO2 Nanoparticles with Enhanced Catalytic Activity for CO Oxidation

A series of transition-metal-doped (Cu, Co, Ni, Mn) hierarchically mesoporous CeO2 nanoparticles have been fabricated through a simple solvothermal strategy. The effect of these doping metals on the morphology and the phase transformation of the Ce(HCOO)3 precursor was investigated. The specific order in which the doping metal cations (except Cu2+) are added during the synthesis process has a remarkable influence on the precursor morphology. By introducing these different metal cations, the doping composition can be adjusted freely. The XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results show the high homogeneity of the doped ceria and demonstrate that the transition metal cations have been incorporated into the CeO2 lattice. All of the doped ceria nanoparticles, especially the Cu2+-doped ceria product, exhibit improved reduction behavior and enhanced CO conversion performance.
Assessment of paraffin removal from prostate FFPE sections using transmission mode FTIR-FPA imaging

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections are routinely analysed for biochemical discrimination by vibrational spectroscopy techniques in the spectral pathology community. In these experiments, it is usually desirable to remove the paraffin from the tissue. This is most commonly performed by the use of xylene but other solvents such as hexane are also used. It is thought that the removal of unbound paraffin wax by such solvents also leaches out lipids native to the tissue, leading to the perception by some that any subsequent analysis on remaining lipids of dewaxed tissue may be unreliable. The scope of the study was to make an assessment of whether a dewaxing protocol can demonstrate that paraffin wax is reliably removed in relation to the detectable limits of transmission mode infrared spectroscopy. In this study, a specific sampling region of two serial FFPE sections of human prostate cancer were analysed by monitoring the methylene hydrocarbon-associated vibrations as a function of solvent immersion time during washes of either hexane or xylene. Results of the study indicate that after 5–10 minutes of immersion in the solvent the hydrocarbon-associated vibrations remain fairly consistent across the tissue. This suggests that while methylene chains of free, unbound tissue lipids are leached from the tissue (assumingly in the first tissue processing stages prior to paraffin embedding) solvent-resistant lipids remain present in formalin-fixed tissue due to being locked into protein–lipid complex matrices, predominantly in the membranes. It is these lipids signals that are subsequently detectable by spectral pathology and may still prove to be of diagnostic use.
Identification and Genetic Relationship of the Principal Rootstocks Cultivated in Italy

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) profiles were produced for 27 of the most common rootstocks in Italy. The varieties were chosen for practical purposes, as they are the most widely commercialized and provided the opportunity to have more than one clone or accession for each variety, apart from three. The plant material, a total of 86 samples, was primarily from the collections of CRA-VIT and the Nucleo di Premoltiplicazione delle Venezie. The use of reliable references, obtained from the French collection of Le Grau du Roi, confirmed that in Italy 157-11C was often confused with 161-49C. Comparison of the rootstock alleles with those of 663 genotypes of V. vinifera L. showed that polymorphisms at the single loci differed in the two groups and that there were alleles specific to the rootstocks and absent in the V. vinifera varieties. These data could be very useful for identification of the probable genesis of hybrids of unknown origin.
Small-Angle Neutron Scattering and Dynamic Light Scattering from a Polyelectrolyte Solution: DNA

Static and dynamic properties of a DNA fragment of molecular weight 316 800 (contour length 1632 A) in semidilute solutions are studied by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and static (SLS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). SANS experiments in a solution with DNA concentration Cp = 42 mg mL-1 were performed as functions of added salt concentration Cs and temperature. The resulting plot of scattering intensity I(q) versus scattering wavevector magnitude q shows the existence of a broad peak whose position is independent of both Cs and temperature. Additionally, an “upturn” in the small scattering vector length range (q < 0.01 A-1) is observed and is temperature-independent. The DLS time correlation function of the same sample shows the two relaxation modes that have previously been observed in DNA and other polyelectrolyte solutions as well as an additional “ultra” slow mode whose corresponding size is much larger than various correlation lengths that may be deduced from SLS experiments and the uptur.
Plane-Wave Density Functional Theory Investigations of the Adsorption and Activation of CO on Fe5C2 Surfaces

A systematic analysis of the adsorption properties of CO on a set of seven low Miller index surfaces ((010) 0.25, (111) 0.00, (110) 0.00, (111) 0.00, (111) 0.50, (110) 0.50, and (100) 0.00)) of the Hagg iron carbide (Fe5C2) phase has been performed. Calculations were based on spin-polarized plane-wave density functional theory (DFT) within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). Three general groups of adsorption configurations have been identified corresponding to CO binding exclusively to surface Fe atoms (Fe-only states), to mixed Fe and C(s) atoms (mF−C states), and exclusively to surface C(s) atoms (0F−C states), respectively. Among these, the most stable adsorption configurations correspond to adsorption at Fe-only sites with maximum binding energies ranging from 44.4 to 48.5 kcal/mol, depending on the crystallographic orientation. A diverse bonding scheme for CO was found to exist with formation of one up to six different bonds to the Fe atoms. In the case of CO adsorption at mixed mF−C sta.
H+O3 Fourier‐transform infrared emission and laser absorption studies of OH (X 2Π) radical: An experimental dipole moment function and state‐to‐state Einstein A coefficients

The relative intensities of 88 pairs of rovibrational transitions of OH (X 2Π) distributed over 16 vibrational bands (v’≤9, Δv=−1,−2) have been measured using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) emission/absorption spectroscopy. Each pair of transitions originates from a common vibrational, rotational, and spin–orbit state, so that the measured relative intensities are independent of the OH number density and quantum state distribution. These data are combined with previous v=1←0 relative intensity absorption measurements and v=0, 1, and 2 permanent dipole moments to determine the OH dipole moment function as a cubic polynomial expanded about re, the equilibrium bond length. The relative intensities provide detailed information about the shape of the OH dipole moment function μ(r) and hence the absolute Einstein A coefficients.The intensity information is inverted through a procedure which takes full account of the strong rotation–vibration interaction and spin uncoupling effects in OH to obtain the dipole .