Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Petrology and Geochronology of Eclogites from the Lanterman Range, Antarctica

The mafic eclogites of the Lanterman Range are the first record of mineral ages. The inferred P–T path, the microtextural features a well-preserved high-pressure assemblage from the Pacific end of and the overlap of the Sm–Nd garnet ages with the range of the the Transantarctic Mountains. They occur among pods and lenses U–Pb rutile–whole-rock ages indicate fast cooling and suggest (from <1 to ~30 m in size) of mafic and ultramafic metamorphic that the time of the high-pressure event was ~500 Ma. These data rocks that constitute a narrow zone intercalated with amphiboliteplace both the formation and exhumation of eclogite within a facies metasediments. This zone extends along the faulted contact convergent plate margin setting, thus documenting the subduction– between the Wilson Terrane and the Bowers Terrane, in northern accretional nature of the early Palaeozoic Ross Orogen in northern Victoria Land. Most of the amphibolites and retrogressed eclogites Victoria Land. analysed have geochemical compositions that resemble transitional to E-type mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) and Nd isotope data indicative of differentiation from a depleted mantle source. The age of the igneous precursors is not well determined, but Sm–Nd whole
Ontogeny and sexual dimorphism in the Middle/Late Devonian rhomboentomozoid ostracod Franklinella

A large number of three-dimensionally preserved, pyritized specimens of different instars of the rhomboentomozoid ostracod Franklinella (Franklinella) lysogorensis n. sp. were recovered from a mudstone of the Givetian/Frasnian transition beds at Wzdół in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Seven growth stages are identified. Sexual dimorphism is manifested by differences of ribbing pattern in adults. Within the superfamily Entomozoacea, the presence of two types of sexual dimorphism is suggested: ornamental in rhomboentomozoids and domiciliar in entomoprimitiids. Formerly poorly known morphological features of the rhomboentomozoids, including the anteroventral indentation and a contact list ornamented by fine striation, are described.
Aerosol climatology at the high‐alpine site Jungfraujoch, Switzerland

Continuous aerosol measurements have been performed at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3450 m above sea level) since 1988 by means of an epiphaniometer. The instrument, which determines the Fuchs surface area of the aerosol particles, was operated with a time resolution of 30 min. High correlation coefficients (r>0.8) were found between the epiphaniometer signal and other aerosol parameters, which could be attributed to a rather constant size distribution of the Jungfraujoch aerosol in the accumulation range (0.1<d<1 μm). Well-defined diurnal variations with a peak in the late afternoon were observed on many days during summer, which was not the case during winter. Comparison with black carbon and radon daughter measurements revealed that these diurnal variations are due to vertical transport processes. A statistical analysis showed that the fraction of days with a well-defined diurnal pattern increased with decreasing stability of the atmosphere; however, late afternoon peaks also occurred during days when the potential temperature profile indicated a stable atmosphere. First simulations with ALPTHERM, a new convection model which takes topography into account, were able to explain the observed aerosol patterns. This indicates that slope winds over a certain catchment area are responsible for the transport to this high-elevation site. The distinct seasonal variation with summer values, which are about a factor of 10 higher than winter values, could therefore be attributed to seasonally varying transport processes, due to the seasonal variation of radiation. The data show that even sites at very high elevation cannot be assumed to be in the free troposphere all the time.
Possible evidence of paleomarsquakes from fallen boulder populations, Cerberus Fossae, Mars

In order to differentiate between boulder avalanche deposits triggered by temperature/climate controlled melting of ice or triggered by ground shaking produced by paleomarsquakes, spatial variation in boulder size populations has been measured from High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images along Cerberus Fossae, one of the youngest fracture/graben systems on the Martian surface. The boulders have fallen from less than ∼500 m high fault-controlled cliffs and rolled and bounced across relatively coarse-grained sediment, forming colluvial fans. The boulders have left trails in the dust in some cases, coming to rest on relatively fine-grained Aeolian sediment. The boulder size distribution varies along the graben contrary to what would be expected if boulder falls had been liberated by temperature/climate controlled melting of ice. Boulder size and boulder trail data peak close to the center of the fault system, decreasing along strike. Furthermore, evidence for relatively recent surface faulting of colluvial slopes along the fault-controlled cliffs is confined to the area with anomalously large boulder/trail size data. We interpret the above as consistent with observations of terrestrial earthquake-triggered boulder avalanches where boulder sizes decrease away from the epicenter and surface faulting. We discuss the implications of possible marsquakes along Cerberus Fossae in terms of active faulting associated with dike emplacement that is subradial to the Elysium Mons volcano.
A geodynamic framework for interpreting crustal-scale seismic-reflectivity patterns in compressional orogens

SUMMARY 2-D, plane-strain finite-element models are used to calculate crustal deformation patterns within model compressional orogens and the results are compared with natural examples. The fundamental driving mechanism for model deformation is provided by asymmetric detachment and underthrusting of mantle lithosphere, with deformation being rooted at the stress singularity where the mantle detaches. Deformation steps up into the overlying crust and spreads laterally according to the rhcological properties assumed for the crust. The crust is modelled using plastic (frictional) and viscous rheologies and incorporates the effects of compositional layering and variable geothermal gradients. Overall deformation is determined by balancing the internal strength of the crust against the sum of applied boundary stresses plus the gravitational stress induced by mass redistribution within the deforming orogen. The amount of convergence in the models is limited to 150 km or less and so the results are not strictly comparable with larger orogens involving greater convergence. Nevertheless, larger orogens seem to evolve through stages that may be understood in terms of the models provided that consideration is confined to smaller scale components that are limited in time and space. The continuum deformation calculated by the finite-element models is qualitatively converted to equivalent pattcrns of discrete faults and shear zones by associating these discrete features with the areas of highest cumulative strain using the results of sandbox experiments as guides. Significant styles of deformation include: (1) coupling between step-up shears and subhorizontal detachments at one or more levels; (2) localization of upper crustal deformation by subduction of the lower crust; and (3) pinning of deformation by surface denudation. A partial catalogue of such model styles is presented in which the strength of basal coupling between crust and mantle, the number of rhcological layers within the crust, the thickness of subducted lower crust, and the extent of surface denudation are varied systematically. Compressional orogens with a wide range of ages are characterized by crustal-scale seismic reflectivity similar to patterns of fault/shear zones represented in this catalogue of styles. This similarity suggests that crustalscale seismic-reflection data can be used to constrain the dynamic processes involved in compressional orogcnesis.
Determination and experimental verification of high-temperature SAW orientations on langatate

Langatate (LGT) is a member of the langasite family of crystals appropriate for high-temperature frequency control and sensing applications. This paper identifies multiple LGT SAW orientations for use at high temperature, specifically in the 400 to 900°C range. Orientations with low sensitivity to temperature are desired for frequency control devices and many sensors, conversely large temperature sensitivity is a benefit for temperature sensors. The LGT SAW temperature behavior has been calculated along orientation searches, sweeping the Euler angles (0°, 0, "F), (90°, 0, "F), and (O, 90°, "F). The temperature coefficient of delay (TCD) and total frequency change over the temperature range were analyzed from 400 to 900°C. Multiple SAW orientations were found with zero-TCD between 400 and 500°C, but no orientations were identified with turn-over temperatures above 500°C. Other orientations have a low variation, −0.8%, in frequency over the range from 400 to 800°C. Additionally, temperature-sensitive orientations were identified with TCD up to 75 ppm/°C at 900°C, for use as temperature sensors at high temperature. The predictions are shown to agree with measured behavior of LGT SAW delay lines fabricated along 6 orientations in the (90°, 23°, "F) plane.
Quantifying stress-induced anisotropy using inter-void constrictions

In particulate geomechanics it is common to quantify fabric anisotropy using contact and particle orientations. Measurement of void anisotropy is less common, most likely owing to the difficulties associated with defining individual voids. Here a Delaunay tessellation-based approach is applied to measure anisotropy of the inter-void constriction orientations. This new measure of fabric anisotropy was capable of identifying stress-induced anisotropy in discrete-element modelling true triaxial simulations with spherical particles. A relationship is established between the constriction orientations, the macro-scale principal stress directions and the micro-scale contact normal orientations.
Seasonal variability of the diurnal tide: Results from the Canadian middle atmosphere general circulation model

The seasonal variability of the migrating diurnal tide is studied using a general circulation model (GCM) that extends from the Earth's surface to 97km. Results from a 2-year simulation reveal a strong semiannual variation in the amplitude of the tide at low latitudes in the mesosphere, in agreement with recent observations from the upper atmosphere research satellite. The northward wind and temperature attain maximum amplitudes at equinox of approximately 60 m/s and 20°K, respectively, and minima at solstice that are a factor of 2 or more weaker. The reasons for this seasonal variation are explored by diagnosing the migrating diurnal tide solar and deep convective heating in the GCM and by implementing that heating in a linear mechanistic model. The agreement between the two models is quite good in April, but much less so in July when the diurnal tide simulated by the GCM has a much weaker amplitude and longer vertical wavelength in the mesosphere. It is concluded that seasonal variations in the thermal heating in the troposphere and stratosphere cannot account for the seasonal variations in the amplitude of the tidal winds and temperatures in the mesosphere. Although the exact cause of the semiannual amplitude variation has not yet been identified, nonlinear effects are most likely important since a very close correspondence is found between the Eliassen-Palm flux divergence and the tidal amplitudes, with the times and locations of the strongest divergence coinciding with the weakest tidal wind amplitudes.
A high-resolution study of particle export in the southern South China Sea based on 234Th:238U disequilibrium

During a spring intermonsoon cruise in 2004, depth profiles of total and particulate Th-234 in the upper 100 m were collected at 36 stations in the southern South China Sea (SCS), covering a surface area of similar to 1.0 x 10(6) km(2). Thorium-234 was sampled by using a modified small-volume MnO2 co-precipitation technique, which allows mapping the Th-234 distribution with a high spatial resolution. A stratified structure of Th-234/U-238 disequilibria was generally observed in the upper 100 m water column, suggesting that the euphotic zone of the southern SCS in this season can be separated into two layers: an upper layer with low export production rates and a lower layer with high export production rates. At the same time, we observed extensive zones of Th-234 excess within the euphotic layer, which is possibly due to intense remineralization of particulate matter. Particulate organic carbon (POC) export was estimated from a three-dimensional steady state model of Th-234 fluxes combined with measurements of the POC/Th-234 ratio on suspended particles. The POC export for this region varied from a low of -10.7 +/- 1.5 mmolC m(-2) d(-1) to a high of 12.6 +/- 1.1 mmolC m(-2) d(-1), with an average of 3.8 +/- 4.0 mmolC m(-2) d(-1). A negative flux of POC export is interpreted as the result of lateral input of particulate matter from nearby waters. Regional patterns in POC export show enhanced fluxes along the western and southern boundaries of the study region, and a "tongue'' of low export extending northwestward from similar to 7 degrees N 116 degrees E to similar to 10 degrees N 111 degrees E. This geographic distribution is consistent with the overall surface circulation pattern of the southern SCS in this season.
ACELL November 46/5

Guner, Yigit S. , Pawel R. Kiela, Hua Xu, James F. Collins, and Fayez K. Ghishan. Differential regulation of renal sodium-phosphate transporter by glucocorticoids during rat ontogeny. Am. J. Physiol. 277 (Cell Physiol. 46): C884–C890, 1999. —The effects of chronic administration of methylprednisolone (MP) were studied on the ontogeny of the renal type II Na-Pi transporter (NaPi-2). Immunoblot analysis showed that MP did not alter the expression of NaPi-2 protein levels in suckling and weanling rats; however, there was an ,50% decrease in adolescent and adult rats. There was no change in Na-dependent Pi uptake in brush-border membrane vesicles in suckling rats, but there was an almost twofold decrease in adolescent rats induced by MP treatment. MP administration did not alter mRNA levels in suckling or adolescent rats. Dual injections with the glucocorticoid receptor blocker RU-486 (mifepristone) and MP did not reverse the downregulation of NaPi-2 immunoreactive protein levels in adolescent rats. To control for RU-486 antagonism efficiency, Na/H exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) protein levels were also assayed after injection with RU-486 and MP. As expected, NHE3 protein levels increased after MP injection; however, the increase was blocked in adolescent rats by RU-486. We conclude that there is an age-dependent responsiveness to glucocorticoids and that the marked decrease in NaPi-2 immunoreactive protein levels and activity in adolescent rats is due to posttranscriptional mechanisms.
The Movement for Reconstructing Identity through Shamanism: A Case Study of the Aga–Buryats in Postsocialist Mongolia

This paper focuses on the Aga–Buryats of Dornod province, a Mongol minority group in post-socialist Mongolia, and examines the role shamanism played in reconstructing their ethnic identity throughout their cultural revival movement. The paper stresses the socio-psychological aspects: their identity crisis after the collapse of the socialist regime and the role played by shamanism in dealing with this crisis and in reconstructing the Aga–Buryat ethnic identity.
Climate Change, Insurability of Large-Scale Disasters and the Emerging Liability Challenge

This paper focuses on the interaction between uncertainty and insurability in the context of some of the risks associated with climate change. It discusses the evolution of insured losses due to weather-related disasters over the past decade, and the key drivers of the sharp increases in both economic and insured catastrophe losses over the past 20 years. In particular we examine the impact of development in hazard-prone areas and of global warming on the potential for catastrophic losses in the future. In this context we discuss the implications for insurance risk capital and the capacity of the insurance industry to handle large-scale events. A key question that needs to be addressed is the factors that determine the insurability of a risk and the extent of coverage offered by the private sector to provide protection against extreme events where there is significant uncertainty surrounding the probability and consequences of a catastrophic loss. We discuss the concepts of insurability by focusing on coverage for natural hazards, such as earthquakes, hurricanes and floods. The paper also focuses on the liability issues associated with global climate change, and possible implications for insurers (including D&O), given the difficulty in identifying potential defendants, tracing harm to their actions and apportioning damages among them. The paper concludes by suggesting ways that insurers can help mitigate future damages from global climate change by providing premium reductions and rate credits to companies investing in risk-reducing measures.
Estimativa da irradiação total sobre uma superfície inclinada a partir da irradiação global na horizontal

A modeling study of the total irradiation reaching a tilted surface facing towards the Equator at a place with the same latitude (-22.85o), using the Daily partitioning energy, is presented. In this study three total irradiation incident on tilted surface estimate models (LIU; JORDAN, 1963; HAY, 1979; PEREZ et al., 1987) were modified in two different manners, to improve irradiation estimative model for tilted surface knowing only the global irradiation. The first modification consisted to apply empirical functions to determine the diffuse irradiation by the global radiation measurements. These empirical functions were tuned using a linear regression technique, the fraction of the diffuse irradiation (Kd) from the global irradiation, was correlated with the clearness index (Kd). In this case the highest correlation found was a fourth order polynomial function. In the second modification the fraction of the direct irradiation KBH from the global irradiation was correlated assuming a linear correlation at given intervals of Kt. Model results showed that the empirical relationship KBH=f(Kt ) presented better results and the Hay model presented a better performance compared with the two others models for the Botucatu region.
Rainfall characteristics and their implications for rain-fed agriculture: a case study in the Upper Zambezi River Basin

ABSTRACT This study investigates rainfall characteristics in the Upper Zambezi River Basin and implications for rain-fed agriculture. Seventeen indices describing the character of each rainy season were calculated using a bias-corrected version of TRMM-B42 v6 rainfall estimate for 1998–2010. These were correlated with maize yields obtained by applying a SVATmodel. Finally, a self-organizing map (SOM) was trained to examine multivariate relationships. The results reveal a significant spatio‐temporal variability of rainfall indices and yields, with a gradient from north to south. Yields greater than 1 t/ha are found to be only achievable with rainy seasons longer than 160 days. For shorter durations, the interplay of total rainfall, dry spell frequency and maximum dry/wet spell durations determines agricultural success. Using total rainfall alone or wet day frequency as estimators for yields is insufficient. Alternating wet and dry spells affect yields most negatively. The results have significance in the context of agricultural planning under changing climatic conditions and agricultural planning, as well as for the development of forecasting mechanisms. EDITOR Z.W. Kundzewicz ASSOCIATE EDITOR A. Efstratiadis
New Pb-Pb Single Zircon Age Constraints on the Timing of Neoproterozoic Glaciation and Continental Break-up in Namibia

Dating of single zircons from low-grade metamorphosed rhyolites in the Rosh Pinah Formation of the Gariep Belt in southwestern Namibia, using the Pb evaporation technique, yielded a primary crystallization age of $$741 \pm 6 Ma$$. Both the stratigraphic position and the geochemistry of the volcanic rocks indicate an early continental rift environment. The new data not only provide an age for the massive Zn-Pb-Cu sulfide mineralization associated with these volcanic rocks, but they also set a maximum age limit for Neoproterozoic continental break-up in southern Namibia. This age is statistically indistinguishable from a recently reported age of $$748 \pm 3 Ma$$ for stratigraphically equivalent volcanic rocks in the northern rift of the Damara Belt, suggesting that the onset of the formation of the N-S-trending Adamastor ocean and of the NE-trending Khomas ocean in central and northern Namibia occurred at the same time. The volcanic unit directly overlies, in both rift grabens, a diamictite horizon with glaciogenic features. Our new results further constrain the age of this glacial epoch, which may be correlated with the Sturtian glaciation, to around 750 Ma.
[Impact of folic acid fortification on women's nutritional status and on the prevalence of neural tube defects].

INTRODUCTION In 2003 iron and folic acid fortification of wheat flour became mandatory in Argentina. Folate nutritional status was assessed in a national probabilistic sample of women 10-49 years old and pregnant women. Changes in the prevalence of neural tube defects (NTDs) were evaluated before and after fortification. POPULATION AND METHODS Data from the National Nutritional and Health Survey done in 2005 were used for folate intakes (24 hs dietary recall) and serum levels. Fetal and infant mortality rates for NTDs were assessed in the period 2000-2006 from Vital Statistics Series, based on birth and death certificates. Prevalence of NTDs in hospital discharge statistics were analyzed in the pre and post fortification period. RESULTS Median folate intakes were 532 and 821 microg/ day in women 10-49 years-old and pregnant women, respectively. In both groups, folic acid from wheat flour represented 245 and 331 microg/day. Serum folate was assessed in 5.322 women 10-49 years old and in 1.321 pregnant women. Prevalence of serum folate concentration <3 ng/mL was 0.8% in women of child-bearing age and 2.7% in pregnant women. Mortality rate due to anencephaly in 2000-2003 was 53.1 per 100.000 births and decreased to 23.3 per 100.000 births in 2005-2006. Spina bifida mortality rate decreased 67% in the same period. In a similar way, hospital discharge statistics showed a decrease of 54% for anencephaly, 33% for encephalocele, and 45% for spina bifida between 2000 and 2005. CONCLUSIONS Food fortification with folic acid was associated with adequate intakes and serum folate levels in women. Concurrently, NTDs prevalence and mortality showed a significant reduction.
The Relationship between Wind Speed and Precipitation in the Pacific ITCZ.

Abstract The relationship between wind speed and precipitation in the Pacific ITCZ is analyzed using 4 yr of daily Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) satellite passive microwave retrievals averaged over 2.5° boxes. Throughout the ITCZ, at high-column relative humidities (conditions under which deep convection is likely to occur), faster winds are associated with substantially more precipitation, explaining a small, but highly statistically significant fraction of daily rainfall variability. The slope of this relationship varies geographically and rapidly increases as the atmosphere becomes moister. Analysis of other data sources, including vector mean winds computed from QuikSCAT and area-averaged radar-derived precipitation estimates from Kwajalein Island, shows that the wind speed–precipitation correlation is robust. This relation provides a test of large-scale forecast models and insight into conceptual models of deep convection.