Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Existence of Bogomolny Decompositions for Gauged $O(3)$ Nonlinear "sigma" Model and for Gauged Baby Skyrme Models

The Bogomolny decompositions (Bogomolny equations) for the gauged baby Skyrme models: restricted and full one, in (2+0)-dimensions, are derived, for some general classes of the potentials. The conditions, which must be satisfied by the potentials, for each of these mentioned models, are also derived.
HUBBLE TARANTULA TREASURY PROJECT. II. THE STAR-FORMATION HISTORY OF THE STARBURST REGION NGC 2070 IN 30 DORADUS

We present a study of the recent star formation (SF) of 30 Doradus in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) using the panchromatic imaging survey Hubble Tarantula Treasury Project. In this paper we focus on the stars within 20 pc of the center of 30 Doradus, the starburst region NGC 2070. We recovered the SF history by comparing deep optical and near-infrared color–magnitude diagrams (CMDs) with state-of-the-art synthetic CMDs generated with the latest PAdova and TRieste Stellar Evolution Code (PARSEC) models, which include all stellar phases from pre-main-sequence to post-main-sequence. For the first time in this region we are able to measure the SF using intermediate- and low-mass stars simultaneously. Our results suggest that NGC 2070 experienced prolonged activity. In particular, we find that the SF in the region (1) exceeded the average LMC rate ≈ 20 Myr ago, (2) accelerated dramatically ≈ 7 Myr ago, and (3) reached a peak value 1–3 Myr ago. We did not find significant deviations from a Kroupa initial mass function down to 0.5 M ⊙ ? > . The average internal reddening E ( B − V ) ? > is found to be between 0.3 and 0.4 mag.
Who is happier: The housewife or working wife?

The earlier studies that came out around the 1970s, as more and more women started to leave the homes, so to speak, and took paid work found no statistically significant difference in the happiness between the housewife and the working wife. This paper revisits the same issue using data from the 2000s but refining the focus of the analysis, namely: paid work is differentiated into full-time, part-time, or self-employment. The findings are still consistent with the earlier studies. What the paper finds more interesting, however, is that a disparity in the happiness between the housewife and the working wife is perhaps more because of idiosyncrasies shaped by culture and social context but less about the paid work status itself.
A Long-term Numerical Study of the Potential Predictability of Seasonal Mean Fields of Water Resource Variables using MRI/JMA-AGCM

Using the Meteorological Research Institute of Japan Meteorological Agency, atmospheric global model (MJ98), the potential predictability is investigated (maximum possible predictability when sea surface temperature (SST) is perfectly predicted) of the seasonal mean fields of four water resource variables, i.e. precipitation minus evaporation (P - E), the terrestrial water storage, snow water equivalence, and runoff. 50-year (1949-1998) ensemble integrations are performed from six different initial conditions, forced with the same SST and sea ice cover. The seasonal mean field variance ratios of the SST-forced variability, to the total variability, are computed to measure potential predictability of the four variables. The variance ratios of P - E are generally high in the tropics, but low in the extratropics. The geographical pattern of potential predictability of the total terrestrial water storage is similar to that of P - E, since it is the net water flux into the ground surface. The variance ratios of snow water equivalence were as low in DJF as those of precipitation at high latitudes. However, the values in the coastal area of the Gulf of Alaska is high in MAM, although the other regions remained low. The geographical distribution of the variance ratio of runoff, has similar features to that of the total terrestrial water storage, but the values of the former are slightly lower than those of the latter. High variance ratios are found in some areas of the extratropics. Singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis suggests that the ratios of P - E, and snow water equivalence, are due to the teleconnection forced by the tropical SST, while the higher variance ratio of the total terrestrial water storage is due to its persistence.
Exploring superluminal transmission of electromagnetic waves through dielectric barriers and causality: a pedagogical insight

A pedagogical insight into models for determining the transit time of electromagnetic waves through dielectric barriers is presented. The meaning of this time is analyzed and the issue of superluminal propagation (propagation with a velocity higher than light velocity) is discussed in relation to the principle of causality. These analyses are illustrated with examples and comparison of results obtained with the models presented here. This paper is addressed to postgraduate physics students in the their early studies who have acquired a suitable grounding in classical electrodynamics. The main objective is to motivate these students to research these subjects further.
SiO in dense molecular clouds reconsidered

We have re-examined gas phase silicon chemistry in dense molecular clouds. We suggest that the fractional abundance of SiO in both cold and warm quiescent conditions, which is observed (non-detection limits similar to 10(-12) -10(-11)) to be much lower than predicted (similar to 10(-8)), may be accounted for without the need to invoke extreme depletion or a particular critical temperature and density. We reconsider the standard grain mantle model for silicon and the availability of silicon following hydrogenation on grain surfaces. We also consider the gas phase impact of high neutral carbon abundance detected within dense clouds in recent years. applied also to more active star-forming regions, our results in this and a previous paper are consistent with recent suggestions that shock disruption of grains need not be the origin of all observed SiO.
Correlation between the Doping Dependences of Superconducting Gap Magnitude 2Δ 0 and Pseudogap Temperature T* in High-T c Cuprates

We report that in La 2- x Sr x CuO 4 (La214) and Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ (Bi2212), the resistivity ρ and magnetic susceptibility χ decrease more sharply below T * , corresponding to the onset temperature of a spin gap (pseudogap) at least for Bi2212. In each system, T * scales with the superconducting gap magnitude 2Δ 0 ( T * ∼2Δ 0 /4.3 k B ), which increases as the doping level is lowered. We also report that 2Δ 0 is almost proportional to T max (> T * ), where T max is the temperature exhibiting a broad peak of χ and k B T max has been considered to give the measure of effective exchange energy J eff ; the α factors in 2Δ 0 ∼α k B T max ∼α J eff are nearly one and two for La214 and Bi2212, respectively.
The phase diagram of a generalised XY model

A generalisation of the two-dimensional XY model is studied using Monte Carlo simulation. In this model, two-component classical spins interact both ferromagnetically and nematically. Three phases occur as temperature and the two interaction strengths are varied: a high-temperature, disordered phase, and two low-temperature phases with algebraic correlations in, respectively, the ferromagnetic and nematic order parameters. The critical behaviour at the phase boundaries is examined: the high-temperature phase is entered via Kosterlitz-Thouless transitions, whilst the low-temperature phases are separated by an Ising transition.
Peculiarities of Multivariate Analysis Based Methods for Detection and Evaluation of ECG T-wave Alternans

Two multivariate analysis methods based on Principal Component Analysis and Periodic Component Analysis designed for detection and evaluation of ECG T-wave alternans were tested on synthetic and clinical recordings in the aim to reveal their diagnostic features. Advanced data pre-processing including normalization of S-T,T segment duration by means of bicubic interpolation was used to increase methods reliability. Non-visible variations in shape of S-T,T segment were revealed by means of the methods in the recordings registered in severe cardiac situations. Results lead to the idea, that analysis of T-wave alternans could be used not only for prevention of critical cardiac situations, but give valuable additional diagnostic information about status of cardiologic patients during ordinary examination. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.5755/j01.eee. 19.9. 5655
Alternative Methods as Tools for Obesity Research: In Vitro and In Silico Approaches

The study of adipogenesis is essential for understanding and treating obesity, a multifactorial problem related to body fat accumulation that leads to several life-threatening diseases, becoming one of the most critical public health problems worldwide. In this review, we propose to provide the highlights of the adipogenesis study based on in vitro differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). We list in silico methods, such as molecular docking for identification of molecular targets, and in vitro approaches, from 2D, more straightforward and applied for screening large libraries of substances, to more representative physiological models, such as 3D and bioprinting models. We also describe the development of physiological models based on microfluidic systems applied to investigate adipogenesis in vitro. We intend to identify the main alternative models for adipogenesis evaluation, contributing to the direction of preclinical research in obesity. Future directions indicate the association of in silico and in vitro techniques to bring a clear picture of alternative methods based on adipogenesis as a tool for obesity research.
Properties of meromorphic φ-normal functions

Let M(D) denote the set of all meromorphic functions in the unit disc D := {z : |z| < 1} of the complex plane C, and let T stand for the set of all conformal self maps of D. The class N of normal functions consists of those f ∈ M(D) for which the family {f τ : τ ∈ T } is normal in D in the sense of Montel (i.e., ∞ is a permitted limit). By Marty’s theorem, f ∈ N if and only if supτ∈T (f τ)#(z) is bounded on each compact subset of D. Moreover, Lehto and Virtanen [27] showed that f ∈ M(D) is normal if and only if its spherical derivative f #(z) := |f ′(z)|/(1 + |f(z)|2) satisfies supz∈D f #(z)(1 − |z|2) < ∞. There is a substantial body of literature on normal functions. Apart from the cited paper by Lehto and Virtanen [27], we mention the earlier work by Noshiro [30], the survey paper by Cambell and Wickes [9], and the papers by Anderson, Clunie, and Pommerenke [1], Lohwater and Pommerenke [28], and Zalcman [41] as well as the series of papers by Gavrilov [17; 18; 19], Lappan [23; 24; 25; 26], and Yamashita [38; 39; 40]. For more recent developments, see [5; 7; 11; 13; 20] and the references therein. The purpose of this paper is to study subsets of M(D) that are defined by the condition f #(z) = O(φ(|z|)), as |z| → 1−, where the function φ(r) admits a sufficient regularity near 1 and exceeds 1/(1− r 2) in growth. These sets are larger than the class N of normal functions, and their members will be called φ-normal functions. These concepts are made precise in Definition 1. After that we give several examples of admissible functions φ. At the end of this section we illustrate what it means to change the growth restriction of spherical derivatives from 1/(1 − |z|2) of normal functions to φ(|z|) of φ-normal functions. Statements of the main results and their connections to existing literature are given in Section 2. Proofs are presented in Sections 3–9.
How not to fund hospital and community health services in England

Summary. The paper focuses on the hospital and community health service component of the current formula for the target allocation of annual ‘weighted capitation’ funding of England's 304 primary care trusts—a formula that responds to political pressure to tackle continuing health inequalities. The history of allocation formulae for the National Health Service is briefly reviewed, before exposing the composition and provenance of the hospital and community health service component. Under the heading ‘Logical and statistical deficiencies’ we consider various frameworks, model misspecification, allowance for age, ins and outs of supply, unmet need and wrong signs, and replicability and robustness—questions that are relevant to trust in the current formula based on the regression of age‐standardized current utilization on a multiplicity of socioeconomic variables. We conclude that it might be better to put future resources into developing direct, rather than proxy, measurement of health needs.
Introduction to Bioengineering

List of contributors. 1: W. Goldsmith: Biomechanics of solids. 2: L. Talbot: Fundamentals of fluid mechanics. 3: S.A. Berger: Physiological fluid mechanics. 4: M.C. Williams: Mass transfer. 5: T.K. Eto and B. Rubinsky: Bioheat transfer. 6: E.L. Keller: The modeling approach to the study of physiological systems. 7: E.R. Lewis: A brief introduction to network theory. 8: R.B. Martin: Biomaterials. 9: H.B. Skinner: The interaction of biomatrials and biomechanics. 10: S.L. Lehman, R. Kram and C.T. Farley: Locomotion and muscle biomechanics. 11: P.D. Grossman and D.S. Soane: Principles of electrophoretic separations. 12: T.F. Budinger: Medical imaging. 13: S. Kaplan and H. Maccabee: Biological applications of ionizing radiation. 14: C. Susskind: Bioeffects of nonionizing electromagnetic fields. Appendix A: Linear transforms. Index
Choice of the Metric for Effect Size in Meta-analysis

Meta-analysis, as a procedure for integrating the results of empirical studies, depends on the quantification of the results of individual investigations. The standardized mean difference in performance between treatment and control conditions has been conventionally used for this purpose. There are difficulties with this technique when group standard deviations are not homogeneous, when a control condition is not included in a particular study, or when no control condition exists. There are also difficulties in expressing effect sizes on a common metric when some studies use transformed scales, such as gain scores, to express group differences, or use factorial designs or covariance adjustments to obtain a reduced error term. This paper discusses these problems, proposes a common metric on which effect sizes may be standardized, and describes procedures for computing appropriate effect sizes for all such cases.
On the determination of temperatures of ionizing stars in H II regions

On definit un parametre de souplesse du rayonnement η=(O + /O ++ )(S ++ /S + ) que l'on recommande comme critere de temperature effective des etoiles ionisantes dans les regions H II. Une etude des donnees existantes pour les regions H II geantes confirme que, pour une abondance en oxygene donnee, la temperature effective possede une limite superieure qui s'accroit avec une decroissance de l'abondance
A study of the structure factor of Thue - Morse and period-doubling chains by wavelet analysis

One-dimensional systems generated by deterministic rules show interesting properties, such as a structure factor with peaks whose amplitudes scale with the size of the system according to a power law, with a scaling exponent in general dependent on the wavevector. I apply a wavelet transform to the structure factor of the Thue - Morse and the period-doubling chains and show how this technique succeeds in computing the scaling exponents and in finding the wavevector associated with them. This example shows that wavelet analysis could become an efficient tool for studying the Fourier transform of aperiodic systems.
The carbon-to-oxygen ratio in halo dwarfs

We have used four C I lines at 9100 A and the O I triplet at 7770 A to determine C and O abundances in a sample of 34 field halo dwarfs, which span the metallicity range −3.0 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ −0.8. The C I line enable us to obtain, for the first time, C abundances for these metal-deficient stars that are based on atomic, rather than molecular, lines. Additional observations of Fe I and Fe II lines at 4500 and 5200 A have been used to help determine atmosphere parameters of the stars
Turbulent drag reduction by the seal fur surface

The drag-reducing ability of the seal fur surface was tested in a rectangular channel flow using water and a glycerol-water mixture to measure the pressure drop along the channel in order to evaluate friction factors in a wide range of Reynolds number conditions, and the drag reduction effect was confirmed quantitatively. The maximum reduction ratio was evaluated to be 12% for the glycerol-water mixture. The effective range of the Reynolds number, where the drag reduction was remarkable, was wider for the seal fur surface compared to that of a riblet surface measured in this channel and in previous studies. It was also found that for the seal fur surface, unlike riblets, any drag increase due to the effect of surface roughness was not found up to the highest Reynolds number tested. Measurements of the seal fur surface using a 3D laser microscope revealed that there were riblet-like grooves, composed of arranged fibers, of which spacings were comparable to that of effective riblets and were distributed in .
Hochschild homology in a braided tensor category

An /--algebra is an algebra A over k equipped with a Yang-Baxter operator R: A ® A —> A ® A such that R(\ ® a) = a ® 1 , R{a ® 1) = 1 ® a , and the quasitriangularity conditions R(m ® /) = (/ ® m){R ® /)(/ ® R) and R(I® m) = (m® /)(/® Ä)(Ä® /) hold, where m: A®A -> A is the multiplication map and / : A —» A is the identity. Ä-algebras arise naturally as algebra objects in a braided tensor category of fc-modules (e.g., the category of representations of a quantum group). If m = mR2 , then A is both a left and right module over the braided tensor product Ae = A§A0v , where Aop is simply A equipped with the "opposite" multiplication map wop = mR. Moreover, there is an explicit chain complex computing the braided Hochschild homology HR(A) = To^'^A, A). When m = mR and R2 = id^®^ , this chain complex admits a generalized shuffle product, and there is a homomorphism from the r-commutative differential forms Qr(A) to HR(A).
Band parameters for III–V compound semiconductors and their alloys

We present a comprehensive, up-to-date compilation of band parameters for the technologically important III–V zinc blende and wurtzite compound semiconductors: GaAs, GaSb, GaP, GaN, AlAs, AlSb, AlP, AlN, InAs, InSb, InP, and InN, along with their ternary and quaternary alloys. Based on a review of the existing literature, complete and consistent parameter sets are given for all materials. Emphasizing the quantities required for band structure calculations, we tabulate the direct and indirect energy gaps, spin-orbit, and crystal-field splittings, alloy bowing parameters, effective masses for electrons, heavy, light, and split-off holes, Luttinger parameters, interband momentum matrix elements, and deformation potentials, including temperature and alloy-composition dependences where available. Heterostructure band offsets are also given, on an absolute scale that allows any material to be aligned relative to any other.
Discrete properties of random surfaces

The problem of measuring surface parameters of tribological importance such as peak curvature has been considerably simplified. Using discrete random process analysis tribological parameters of a wide range of surfaces can now be expressed and measured in terms of just two points on the measured autocorrelation function and the r.m.s. value of the surface. In addition, the contribution each ' scale of size ’ of asperity makes to an overall parameter can be assessed quantitatively. Many new expressions relating tribological parameters to the autocorrelation function have been derived using a limiting procedure which produces results entirely consistent with equivalent continuous theory. Using this theory it is now possible to predict ‘gap’ parameters between two surfaces in contact in terms of simple additive parameters of each surface. Finally a new statistical model of the surface has been developed which encompasses many types of engineering surface.
Evidence of negative charge trapping in high temperature annealed thermal oxide

The effect of high temperature processing of Si/SiO/sub 2//Si sandwich structures has been studied on a thermal dry oxide, by considering charge trapping after irradiation. The radiation-induced charge trapping is shown to be very different in annealed and unannealed structures. The latter reveal interfacial trapping behavior, whereas annealed structures exhibit a large trapping of both holes and electrons in the bulk of the oxide, similar to SIMOX oxide behavior. >
CO-SPATIAL WHITE LIGHT AND HARD X-RAY FLARE FOOTPOINTS SEEN ABOVE THE SOLAR LIMB

We report analysis of three solar flares that occur within 1° of limb passage, with the goal to investigate the source height of chromospheric footpoints in white light (WL) and hard X-rays (HXR). We find the WL and HXR (≥30 keV) centroids to be largely co-spatial and from similar heights for all events, with altitudes around 800 km above the photosphere or 300–450 km above the limb height. Because of the extreme limb location of the events we study, emissions from such low altitudes are influenced by the opacity of the atmosphere and projection effects. STEREO images reveal that for SOL2012-11-20T12:36 the projection effects are smallest, giving upper limits of the absolute source height above the nominal photosphere for both wavelengths of ∼1000 km. To be compatible with the standard thick target model, these rather low altitudes require very low ambient densities within the flare footpoints, in particular if the HXR-producing electrons are only weakly beamed. That the WL and HXR emissions are co-spatial suggests that the observed WL emission mechanism is directly linked to the energy deposition by flare accelerated electrons. If the WL emission is from low-temperature ( ≤ 10 4 ? > K) plasma as currently thought, the energy deposition by HXR-producing electrons above ∼30 keV seems only to heat chromospheric plasma to such low temperatures. This implies that the energy in flare-accelerated electrons above ∼30 keV is not responsible for chromospheric evaporation of hot ( > 10 6 ? > K) plasma, but that their energy is lost through radiation in the optical range.
Consequences of a New Hot Component of the Interstellar Medium

The suggestion that the observed 0.25 keV X-ray background and 0 vi absorption lines are produced by a new, hot (Tapprox.10/sup 6/ K), diffuse component of the interstellar medium is examined in the context of both a steady-state and a time-dependent model. It is concluded that such a component can explain the two observations only if the pressure of the cooler interstellar medium is approx.10 times higher than the previously estimated p/kapprox. =2000 cm/sup -3/ K; a mechanism such as the proposed convective-radiative ''galactic fountain'' exists to cool the hot gas; and another component is responsible for the presence of 0 ii at temperatures below 10/sup 6/ K. (AIP)