Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Setting Acceptance Criteria for a National Flocked Swab for Biological Specimens during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Swab sticks are a means of sampling a person by swabbing the nasopharyngeal pathway This tool is at a critical point, where domestic availability in Indonesia is lacking because it is purely dependent on foreign supplies during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic The procurement process takes weeks or even months Therefore, a collaboration of national companies with different industrial backgrounds and the Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, addressed this scarcity by developing and producing a national swab stick Since there was no swab stick manufacturer in Indonesia, the production was arranged in such a way from four different industries, following ISO 13485:2016, Medical Devices - Quality Management Systems - Requirements for Regulatory Purposes’ The companies contributing have strong experience in resin production, plastic processing, flocking technology, and medical packaging However, it is important to ensure that the quality of the product developed meets the quality of existing products This manuscript summarizes the quality assurance of the swab stick design, prototype, and production Here, we propose a series of measurements;namely, geometrical, tensile, peel, surface, flock adsorption, and residue testing The conclusion shows that the developed swab stick has stiffness around 400 MPa, deflected at 15N, a density of 1 5-2 5 Dtex, water contact angle at 78 degrees, and adsorbs around 25-35uL of liquid water Moreover, there was no solvent or any toxic substance around the flocked swab during the residue testing These qualities shall be developed further into a national product with nearly 100% local content in order to increase availability of the national medical device and fight COVID-19 in Indonesia The product was formally registered under the trade name Sterilized Nasopharynx Swab Stick HS 19 © 2020 All Rights Reserved
OPTIMIZATION OF LARGE VOLUME INJECTION FOR IMPROVED DETECTION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAH) IN MUSSELS

Detection of PAH of six benzene rings is somewhat troublesome and lowering the limits of detection (LODs) for these compounds in food is necessary. For this purpose, we optimized a Programmable-Temperature-Vaporisation (PTV) injection with Large Volume Injection (LVI) with regard to the GC-MS detection of anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and dibenzo[a,e]pyrene. The optimization of PTV-LVI for GC-MS analysis included the choice of liner, solvent venting, splitless time, split flow and initial inlet temperature for injection of 25 μ L standard solution and spiked mussel samples. Samples were extracted with Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) followed by two semi-automatic clean-up steps; gel permeation chromatography (GPC) on S-X3 and solid phase extraction (SPE) on pre-packed silica columns, prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection. In comparison to traditional splitless injection, LODs were lowered for eighteen PAHs by the use of PTV-LVI ranging from 0.05 μ g kg −1 to 1.0 μ g kg−1 fresh weight. In particular, the LOD of dibenzo[a,e]pyrene was improved by a factor of ten when using the validated PTV-LVI method.
Variable Seepage Meter Efficiency in High-Permeability Settings

The efficiency of seepage meters, long considered a fixed property associated with the meter design, is not constant in highly permeable sediments. Instead, efficiency varies substantially with seepage bag fullness, duration of bag attachment, depth of meter insertion into the sediments, and seepage velocity. Tests conducted in a seepage test tank filled with isotropic sand with a hydraulic conductivity of about 60 m/d indicate that seepage meter efficiency varies widely and decreases unpredictably when the volume of the seepage bag is greater than about 65 to 70 percent full or less than about 15 to 20 percent full. Seepage generally decreases with duration of bag attachment even when operated in the mid-range of bag fullness. Stopping flow through the seepage meter during bag attachment or removal also results in a decrease in meter efficiency. Numerical modeling indicates efficiency is inversely related to hydraulic conductivity in highly permeable sediments. An efficiency close to 1 for a meter installed in sediment with a hydraulic conductivity of 1 m/d decreases to about 60 and then 10 percent when hydraulic conductivity is increased to 10 and 100 m/d, respectively. These large efficiency reductions apply only to high-permeability settings, such as wave- or tidally washed coarse sand or gravel, or fluvial settings with an actively mobile sand or gravel bed, where low resistance to flow through the porous media allows bypass flow around the seepage cylinder to readily occur. In more typical settings, much greater resistance to bypass flow suppresses small changes in meter resistance during inflation or deflation of seepage bags.
Moisture adsorption characteristics of copper-ethanolamine (Cu-EA) treated Southern yellow pine (Pinus spp.)

Abstract Moisture adsorption isotherms were determined for untreated and copper-ethanolamine (Cu-EA) treated wood at different copper retention levels. The Cu-EA treatment reduces the water vapor accessibility in wood because copper has occupied some of the adsorption sites for moisture during the treatment. The percentage of adsorption sites occupied by copper was evaluated by M t/M u, which is the ratio of equilibrium moisture content for treated wood to untreated wood. The results show that, within the copper retention range used in this study, the M t/M u value decreases linearly at lower temperatures (4 and 15 °C) or logarithmically at higher temperatures (30 and 40 °C) with the increase of copper retention, suggesting that the percentage of adsorption sites occupied by copper (P) increases linearly or logarithmically with the copper retention in Cu-EA treated wood. P decreases with the increase of relative humidity. The reason is that more adsorption sites become available for moisture at higher relative humidity. It has also been found that the influence of Cu-EA treatment on hydrated water (M h) is more significant than that on dissolved water (M s).
Molecular‐beam epitaxy growth mechanisms on GaAs(100) surfaces

A significant liability in the use of molecular‐beam epitaxy (MBE) to grow device grade compound semiconductor materials is the cost entailed by the necessity of using ultrahigh vacuum and high‐growth temperatures. The commercial feasibility of this process could be considerably enhanced if growth temperatures could be cut by one‐half or more. In addition, lower growth temperatures could make feasible the growth of semiconductor layers by MBE on top of previously processed structures without degrading or destroying those structures from the high temperatures currently needed for semiconductor growth. An understanding of the detailed atomic nature of this growth process would be valuable in tailoring existing, or developing new techniques towards this end. In the previous papers in this series, we have developed atomic models for various structures on the GaAs(100) (and related) surfaces used in MBE growth. In this paper, we combine those models to suggest an actual mechanism whereby molecular‐beam epitaxy.
Clinical Evaluation of Locally Made Flocked Swabs in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Developing Country

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused an international shortage of nasopharyngeal flocked swabs, which are one of the main supplies for diagnostic testing In response to this issue, our institution developed locally made nasopharyngeal swabs This report aims to provide a clinical evaluation by conducting a sterility test, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) compatibility test, and a user-based survey test of two batches of locally made flocked swabs Sterility and compatibility tests were conducted at our microbiology laboratory Participants with clinical suspicion of COVID-19 were scheduled for swab tests using Flocked Swab HS-19 and samples obtained were tested using the RT-PCR method The cycle threshold (Ct) value of the samples was recorded A user-based survey was conducted to evaluate the swab stick and flocked-fiber tip performance The sterility test showed no evidence of bacterial growth on both blood agar and thioglycolate medium RT-PCR compatibility test from Ct value of 33 samples of the first batch and 30 samples of the second batch was recorded with a mean Ct of 27 17±2 96 and 23 99±2 18, respectively Six parameters of the swab stick (comfortability, smoothness, flexibility, durability, applicability, and breakpoint performance) showed satisfactory scores with an average of 4 14 out of 5 0 for the first batch and 4 16 for the second batch, while 4 parameters of the flocked-fiber tip (fiber adherence, thickness, symmetricity, and sample collection sufficiency) revealed acceptable scores with an average of 3 6 out of 5 0 for the first batch and 3 75 for the second batch This study indicates that locally made flocked swabs are satisfactory and clinically applicable for testing and diagnosing COVID-19 Furthermore, mass production and distribution across the country are expected The development of these swabs, which involved multidisciplinary teamwork and various industrial partners, portrayed a valuable lesson on how to cope with the pandemic through innovation © 2020 All Rights Reserved
Exploring a Diachronic Change in the Use of English Relative Clauses: A Corpus-Based Study and Its Implication for Pedagogy

This corpus-based diachronic study aims to investigate the change in the use of English relative clauses over a 45-year time span. It does not only focus on change over time but also change between two varieties of English (British and American). The data were taken from the Brown family of corpora. Each corpus in the Brown family corpora consists of 500 texts of approximately 2,000 words of written published standard English. The finding indicates that the overall trend of the use of relative clauses in written texts has largely decreased in both American and British English. The frequency of the relative which has experienced a sharp decline in both English and American varieties but the relative pronoun that has dramatically increased. This trend suggests the move toward colloquialization, meaning that both the English varieties tend to employ less formal or speech-like style in written texts. The pedagogical implication of this research is that it can bring about a change in syllabuses and materials of English language teaching (ELT), particularly for teaching general writing by taking into account colloquialization hypothesis.
Urbach tail and nonuniformity probe of HgCdTe thin films and quantum well heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract. Temperature-driven photoconductivity spectra are studied in HgCdTe thin films and quantum well (QW) heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). It is shown that the absorption edge steepness in narrow gap HgCdTe epilayers approaches the fundamental limit. The corresponding Urbach energy is 1.5 to 4 meV at 4.2 to 77 K, which is an order of magnitude lower than values reported previously, indicating a significant progress in the quality of structures grown by MBE. Auger-suppressed multi-QW heterostructures that can be used for development of long-wavelength lasers/detectors are shown to have the comparable steepness of the absorption edge. The corresponding “Urbach” energy is much less than the threshold energy of the Auger recombination, which means that furthering the operating wavelengths beyond 20 μm is feasible for optoelectronic devices based on HgCdTe structures.
Configurations of business founder resources, strategy, and environment determining new venture performance

ABSTRACT We advance a configurational perspective that assumes a new venture’s performance, operationalized as profitability in this study, is determined by interdependencies among its founder(s)’s resources (i.e., human, social, and financial capital), its strategy, and environmental munificence. Using Rule Ensembles, a semiparametric set-theoretic method, we conduct an abductive investigation using a sample of 853 new ventures. The Rule Ensembles technique identifies five multivariate interdependencies (rules) that enhance new venture profitability and two that reduce it. Indicators of business founder resources are involved in all of the seven model rules. Four configurational rules, including a strategy and/or environmental component, equally emerge.
This Time Is Different: On Similarity and Risk Taking After Experienced Gains and Losses

How do experienced prior loss or gains affect risk-taking? A large literature reports significant but seemingly inconsistent effects of prior outcomes on risk-taking. We resolve these inconsistencies by proposing a similarity based mechanism determining which outcomes are jointly evaluated and state conditions under which we expect no behavioral changes. In line with our theory, we find in a pre-registered experiment, that the less similar a prior decision situation is in task-relevant dimensions, the weaker is the effect of the prior outcomes on the current decision; variation in non-task relevant dimensions will not change the impact of prior outcomes.
Neotropical otter diet variation between a lentic and a lotic systems

Neotropical otters have been scarcely studied at the northern edge of their distribution in Mexico. The species has nocturnal-twilight habits, and their principal food is fish and crustaceans. The aim of this work was to know the foraging habits of Neotropical otters ( Lontra longicaudis ) in two monitoring sites one lentic and the other one lotic systems of the Rio San Lorenzo, Sinaloa Mexico. From February 2009 to January 2010, we surveyed the area during the four seasons by walking 15 km of the river edge of Rio San Lorenzo, and 15 km at the El Comedero reservoir. We collected 318 scats, 155 in the reservoir and 163 in the river. Fish were the most abundant prey item in both places, with a frequency of occurrence of 98.1 % in the river and 100 % in the reservoir. The percentage of occurrence varied largely in the other prey items in both places. Seven taxonomic groups compose their foraging habits in the river (relative frequency in parentheses): fish (64.3 %), insects (9.2 %), mollusks (6.8 %), birds (6.0 %), mammals (5.6 %), crustaceans (5.2 %) and fruits (2.8 %). Five taxonomic groups in the reservoir compose it: fish (65.1 %), birds (22.7 %), mammals (9.2 %), fruits (2.5 %) and insects (0.4 %). The most important fish in the diet belonged to the genus Oreochromis , which includes an introduced species. We conclude that the Neotropical otter is an opportunistic carnivore that preys mainly on fish, probably due to their high availability, but they also forage in other taxa that are available at Rio San Lorenzo basin.
Factors affecting connectivity and sediment yields following wildfire and post‐fire salvage logging in California's Sierra Nevada

Sediment delivery following post‐fire logging is a concern relative to water quality. While studies have assessed the effect of post‐fire logging on sediment yields at different spatial scales, none have explicitly identified sediment sources. Our goal was to quantify post‐fire and post‐salvage logging sediment yields and use rill patterns to identify sediment sources. We measured the extent and type of logging disturbance, length of rills per unit area or “rill density”, ground cover, and sediment yields in nine logged and five control small catchments or “swales”, 0.09 to 0.81 ha, for 5 years after the 2013 Rim Fire in California's Sierra Nevada. The logged swales had a mean ground disturbance of 31%. After the first wet season following logging, there was no difference in either mean rill density (0.071 and 0.088 m m−2, respectively) or mean transformed, normalized sediment yields between the control and logged swales. Untransformed mean sediment yields across three sites ranged from 0.11–11.8 and 1.1–3.2 Mg ha−1 for the controls and salvage‐logged swales, respectively. Rill density was strongly related to sediment yield and increased significantly with the amount of high‐traffic skid trail disturbance in logged swales. Rill density was not significantly related to the amount of bare soil despite a significant relationship between sediment yields and bare soil. Rills usually initiated in bare soil and frequently connected high traffic skid trails to the drainage network after being diverted by waterbars. Rill connectivity and sediment yields decreased in control and logged swales where vegetation or other surface cover was high, suggesting this cover disconnected rills from the drainage network. Increasing ground cover on skid trails and between areas disturbed by post‐fire logging and stream channels may reduce sediment yields as well as the hydrologic connectivity between hillslopes and the drainage network.
Association Between Heavy Metals and Colon Cancer: An Ecological Study Based on Geographical Information Systems in Northeastern Iran

Background: Exposure to environmental pollutants such as heavy metals has been introduced as a possible contributor to increasing the risk of colon cancer. We aim to explore the associations between heavy metals and the age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) colon cancer in Northeastern Iran.Methods: Cancer data were drawn from the population-based cancer registry of Golestan province, Northeastern Iran. The heavy metals’ samples were collected from 69 rice milling plants in the study area. Then, the concentration level of seven heavy metals, including Cadmium, Nickel, Cobalt, Copper, Selenium, Lead, and Zink was measured. The Kriging algorithm was used to interpolate the heavy metals' concentration on the surface of the study area. The exploratory regression analysis was conducted to build the ordinary least squares (OLS) models on every possible combination of the candidate explanatory variables. Finally, the best OLS models were chosen to show the effect of heavy metals on colon cancer.Results: Generally, heavy metals were higher in the central part of the province. The analyses showed that the high concentration of Cobalt was associated with the high ASR of colon cancer in men. In contrast, the Selenium concentration was higher in areas with lower ASR of colon cancer in men. A significant regression equation for men colon cancer was found (F(4,137)=38.304, P<. 000) with an adjusted R2 of 0.77. The predicted ASR of men colon cancer was -58.3581 with the coefficients for Cobalt= 120.329780; Cadmium= 80.603505; Selenium= -6.069037; Nickel= -3.086802; and Zink= -0.405843. The effect of Copper and Lead on men colon cancer was not significant. We did not find a significant model for women colon cancer.Conclusion: There may be a possible negative correlation between selenium concentration and a lower risk of colon cancer in men. Furthermore, the higher cobalt concentration may be related to an increased risk of men colon cancer.
Atividade antioxidante de frutas do cerrado

Annona crassiflora (araticum), Solanum lycocarpum (lobeira), Eugenia dysenterica (cagaita), Caryocar brasilense (pequi) and Swartzia langsdorfii (banha de galinha) are tropical fruits consumed mainly by native people in the Brazilian Cerrado (second biggest biome of Brazil). In this study, pulp, seed and peel of the fruits were extracted using ethanol and water. Some of the extracts showed a high content of total phenols and were screened for their potential as antioxidants using the in vitro model 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). The best results were found for aqueous and ethanolic extracts of pequi peel (IC50 of 9,44 and 17,98 µg.mL-1 respectively), etanolic extract of cagaita seeds (IC50 of 14,15 µg.mL-1), etanolic extract of araticum seeds and peel (IC50 of 30,97 and 49,18 µg.mL-1 respectively). This is the first report on the antioxidant properties of the extracts of cerrado fruit fractions. Owing to these properties, studies can be further extended to use them for possible applications as natural antioxidant for cosmetics, supplements and functional ingredients for food products as well as being able to represent a sustainable application of the natural sources in the Brazilian bioma cerrado.
Air superiority and battlefield victory

Air superiority enhances military firepower and maneuverability and is critical to battlefield success. We offer the first quantitative test of the relationship between air superiority and battlefield outcomes. To conduct the test, we created a data set of which side, if any, achieved air superiority in the decisive battle of conventional wars between 1932 and 2003. We found that air superiority significantly improved a country’s probability of winning the decisive battle as well as the overall war. Further, we found that air superiority was a better predictor of winning a war than other well-known factors such as adoption of the modern system, regime type, civil–military relations, and a general measure of military power.
The Relationship between Endogenous Factors and Contact Dermatitis on Electroplating Workers in Durungbanjar

Introduction: Occupational contact dermatitis can be interpreted as a health problem on the skin caused by exogenous and endogenous factors related to work. Electroplating is one of high-risk jobs that caused occupational contact dermatitis because of direct contact with chemicals during working. In addition, contact dermatitis is also affected by individual factors of each worker. This research purpose was to identify the relationship among endogenous factors and the occupational contact dermatitis case in metal coating workers in home industry. Method: The research design used was observational with a cross sectional approach. The total population was used as the sampling technique in this study with a total of 28 workers from two metal coating industries in Durungbanjar Village consisting 13 workers from CV. M and 15 workers from CV. N. The data were obtained from the survey, sighting, and medical record notes. Variables from the study included age, working period, history of illness, and personal hygiene. The data were processed using the coefficient contingency test. Result: There were 64.3% of electroplating workers experienced contact dermatitis. The age aspect has a weak relationship (c = 0.295), the working period element has a weak relationship (c = 0.298), the disease history factor has a weak relationship (c = 0.352) and the individual hygiene factor has a strong relationship (c = 0.547). Conclusion: The endogenous factors including age, working period, history of disease, and personal hygiene affect contact dermatitis case. There is a strong relationship between personal hygiene and contact dermatitis cases in metal coating workers. The worse personal hygiene of the workers, the higher risk of workers experiencing contact dermatitis. Age, working period, and history of disease had weak relationship with contact dermatitis case. Keywords: contact dermatitis, endogenous factors, metal coatings