Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE CARBON CONTENT OF INTERGALACTIC GAS AT z = 4.25 AND ITS EVOLUTION TOWARD z = 2.4

This paper presents ionization-corrected measurements of the carbon abundance in intergalactic gas at 4.0 < z < 4.5, using spectra of three bright quasars obtained with the Magellan Inamori Kycocera Echelle spectrograph on Magellan. By measuring the C iv strength in a sample of 131 discrete H i-selected quasar absorbers with , we derive a median carbon abundance of [C/H]=−3.55, with lognormal scatter of approximately σ ≈ 0.8 dex. This median value is a factor of two to three lower than similar measurements made at z ∼ 2.4 using C iv and O vi. The strength of evolution is modestly dependent on the choice of UV background spectrum used to make ionization corrections, although our detection of an abundance evolution is generally robust with respect to this model uncertainty. We present a framework for analyzing the effects of spatial fluctuations in the UV ionizing background at frequencies relevant for C iv production. We also explore the effects of reduced flux between 3 and 4 Rydbergs (as from He ii Lyman series absorption) on our abundance estimates. At He ii line absorption levels similar to published estimates, the effects are very small, although a larger optical depth could reduce the strength of the abundance evolution. Our results imply that ∼50% of the heavy elements seen in the intergalactic medium at z ∼ 2.4 were deposited in the 1.3 Gyr between z ∼ 4.3 and z ∼ 2.4. The total implied mass flux of carbon into the Lyα forest would constitute ∼30% of the IMF-weighted carbon yield from known star-forming populations over this period.
Knowledge Graph Completion based on Multi-task Learning and Extractive Text Summarization

Knowledge completion graph is an important technology to supplement knowledge graph and improve data quality. However, existing knowledge graph completion methods ignored the characteristics of triple's relation and introduced redundant entity description information. In order to improve the above problems, this paper proposed an ALBERT-KGC model. The key contexts were extracted from redundant entity descriptions by the extraction summarization technology. Then ALBERT was used as an encoder to reduce the number of model parameters, and the multi-task learning method was applied to fine-tune the model, effectively integrating entity and relation features. The results of linking prediction experiments on data sets WN18RR and FB15k-237 showed that the proposed method can improve the MeanRank (MR) index by 31 and 2, and the top 10 hit ratio (Hit@10) index by 1.2% and 5.8% compared with the traditional methods, verifying the validity of the model.
LUMINOSITIES OF BARRED AND UNBARRED S0 GALAXIES

Lenticular galaxies with MB < –21.5 are almost exclusively unbarred, whereas both barred and unbarred objects occur at fainter luminosity levels. This effect is observed both for objects classified in blue light, and for those that were classified in the infrared. This result suggests that the most luminous (massive) S0 galaxies find it difficult to form bars. As a result, the mean luminosity of unbarred lenticular galaxies in both B and IR light is observed to be ~0.4 mag brighter than that of barred lenticulars. A small contribution to the observed luminosity difference that is found between SA0 and SB0 galaxies may also be due to the fact that there is an asymmetry between the effects of small classification errors on SA0 and SB0 galaxies. An elliptical (E) galaxy might be misclassified as a lenticular (S0) or an S0 as an E. However, an E will never be misclassified as an SB0, nor will an SB0 ever be called an E. This asymmetry is important because E galaxies are typically twice as luminous as S0 galaxies. The present results suggest that the evolution of luminous lenticular galaxies may be closely linked to that of elliptical galaxies, whereas fainter lenticulars might be more closely associated with ram-pressure stripped spiral galaxies. Finally, it is pointed out that fine details of the galaxy formation process might account for some of the differences between the classifications of the same galaxy by individual competent morphologists.
Post-acute sequelae of covid-19 six to 12 months after infection: population based study

Abstract Objectives To describe symptoms and symptom clusters of post-covid syndrome six to 12 months after acute infection, describe risk factors, and examine the association of symptom clusters with general health and working capacity. Design Population based, cross sectional study Setting Adults aged 18-65 years with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between October 2020 and March 2021 notified to health authorities in four geographically defined regions in southern Germany. Participants 50 457 patients were invited to participate in the study, of whom 12 053 (24%) responded and 11 710 (58.8% (n=6881) female; mean age 44.1 years; 3.6% (412/11 602) previously admitted with covid-19; mean follow-up time 8.5 months) could be included in the analyses. Main outcome measures Symptom frequencies (six to 12 months after versus before acute infection), symptom severity and clustering, risk factors, and associations with general health recovery and working capacity. Results The symptom clusters fatigue (37.2% (4213/11 312), 95% confidence interval 36.4% to 38.1%) and neurocognitive impairment (31.3% (3561/11 361), 30.5% to 32.2%) contributed most to reduced health recovery and working capacity, but chest symptoms, anxiety/depression, headache/dizziness, and pain syndromes were also prevalent and relevant for working capacity, with some differences according to sex and age. Considering new symptoms with at least moderate impairment of daily life and ≤80% recovered general health or working capacity, the overall estimate for post-covid syndrome was 28.5% (3289/11 536, 27.7% to 29.3%) among participants or at least 6.5% (3289/50 457) in the infected adult population (assuming that all non-responders had completely recovered). The true value is likely to be between these estimates. Conclusions Despite the limitation of a low response rate and possible selection and recall biases, this study suggests a considerable burden of self-reported post-acute symptom clusters and possible sequelae, notably fatigue and neurocognitive impairment, six to 12 months after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, even among young and middle aged adults after mild infection, with a substantial impact on general health and working capacity. Trial registration German registry of clinical studies DRKS 00027012.
Politika: Implementing a Novel Meta-simulation Methodology for Public Policy Design on the Web

Public policy design proceeds by first defining a policy problem and then proposing and evaluating a set of policy alternatives for it. It is a deeply political process with no clear answers and with an outcome that often reflects the opinion of the majority in framing and solving problems. Consequently, it may lead to sub-optimal policies that are not inclusive. We seek to address such problems by developing a novel computational methodology based on the creation and execution of simulation models for each alternative. Our methodology enriches these models with meta-simulation structures and processes that operationalize the assumptions behind each alternative. This is achieved by embedding such assumptions as simulation constraints at various levels throughout the design. Furthermore, our methodology evaluates alternatives in terms of explicit criteria supplied by the policy makers. Overall, this process provides insight and transparency to policy design as modeling assumptions, policy mechanics, evaluation criteria and their consequences become explicit and can be examined for every alternative. We describe Politika, a prototype of such a methodology on the web and provide appropriate examples that explain how the quality of scrutiny, debate, and critique over policy can be enhanced.
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE X-RAY FLARES FROM GAMMA-RAY BURSTS OBSERVED BY SWIFT

X-ray flares are generally supposed to be produced by later activities of the central engine, and may share a similar physical origin with the prompt emission of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). In this paper, we have analyzed all significant X-ray flares from the GRBs observed by Swift from 2005 April to 2015 March. The catalog contains 468 bright X-ray flares, including 200 flares with redshifts. We obtain the fitting results of X-ray flares, such as start time, peak time, duration, peak flux, fluence, peak luminosity, and mean luminosity. The peak luminosity decreases with peak time, following a power-law behavior . The flare duration increases with peak time. The 0.3–10 keV isotropic energy of the distribution of X-ray flares is a log-normal peaked at erg. We also study the frequency distributions of flare parameters, including energies, durations, peak fluxes, rise times, decay times, and waiting times. Power-law distributions of energies, durations, peak fluxes, and waiting times are found in GRB X-ray flares and solar flares. These distributions could be well explained by a fractal-diffusive, self-organized criticality model. Some theoretical models based on magnetic reconnection have been proposed to explain X-ray flares. Our result shows that the relativistic jets of GRBs may be dominated by Poynting flux.
MAPPING THE SHORES OF THE BROWN DWARF DESERT. II. MULTIPLE STAR FORMATION IN TAURUS–AURIGA

We have conducted a high-resolution imaging study of the Taurus–Auriga star-forming region in order to characterize the primordial outcome of multiple star formation and the extent of the brown dwarf desert. Our survey identified 16 new binary companions to primary stars with masses of 0.25–2.5 M☉, raising the total number of binary pairs (including components of high-order multiples) with separations of 3–5000 AU to 90. We find that ∼2/3–3/4 of all Taurus members are multiple systems of two or more stars, while the other ∼1/4–1/3 appear to have formed as single stars; the distribution of high-order multiplicity suggests that fragmentation into a wide binary has no impact on the subsequent probability that either component will fragment again. The separation distribution for solar-type stars (0.7–2.5 M☉) is nearly log-flat over separations of 3–5000 AU, but lower-mass stars (0.25–0.7 M☉) show a paucity of binary companions with separations of ≳200 AU. Across this full mass range, companion masses are well described with a linear-flat function; all system mass ratios (q = MB/MA) are equally probable, apparently including substellar companions. Our results are broadly consistent with the two expected modes of binary formation (free-fall fragmentation on large scales and disk fragmentation on small scales), but the distributions provide some clues as to the epochs at which the companions are likely to form.
INTRACLUSTER MEDIUM OF THE MERGING CLUSTER A3395

We present a detailed imaging and spectral analysis of the merging environment of the bimodal cluster A3395 using X-ray and radio observations. X-ray images of the cluster show five main constituents of diffuse emission: A3395 NE, A3395 SW, A3395 NW, A3395 W, and a filament connecting NE to W. X-ray surface brightness profiles of the cluster did not show any shock fronts in the cluster. Temperature and entropy maps show high-temperature and high-entropy regions in the W, the NW, the filament, and between the NE and SW subclusters. The NE, SW, and W components have X-ray bolometric luminosities similar to those of rich clusters of galaxies but have relatively higher temperatures. Similarly, the NW component has X-ray bolometric luminosity similar to that of isolated groups but with much higher temperature. It is, therefore, possible that all the components of the cluster have been heated by the ongoing mergers. The NE subcluster is the most massive and luminous constituent and other subclusters are found to be gravitationally bound to it. The W component is most probably either a clump of gas stripped off the SW due to ram pressure or a separate subcluster that has merged or is merging with the SW. No X-ray cavities are seen associated with the wide-angle-tailed (WAT) radio source near the center of the SW subcluster. Minimum energy pressure in the radio emission peaks of the WAT galaxy is comparable with the external thermal pressure. The radio spectrum of the WAT suggests a spectral age of ∼10 Myr.
Catches of Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Traps Baited with Generic Pine Beetle Lure Blend Unaffected by Ips Pheromones Lanierone and cis-Verbenol in Georgia

Abstract A generic trap lure blend of host volatiles (ethanol + α-pinene) and Ips bark beetle pheromones (ipsenol + ipsdienol) is effective for detecting numerous species of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in pine forests of North America. In 2021, the potential benefits of adding two other Ips pheromones (lanierone and cis-verbenol) to traps baited with the pine beetle lure blend were determined in north Georgia. Lanierone and cis-verbenol had no effect on catches of the six cerambycid species captured in the study: Acanthocinus nodosus (F.), A. obsoletus (LeConte), Astylopsis arcuata (LeConte), Monochamus titillator (F.), Neoclytus acuminatus (F.), and Xylotrechus sagittatus Germar. Similarly, neither compound had any effect on catches of some common ambrosia and bark beetles and snout weevils nor on catches of some associated predators, all commonly caught in traps baited with the pine beetle lure blend. In contrast, catches of Ips avulsus Eichhoff and I. grandicollis (Eichhoff) were enhanced by the addition of lanierone, whereas those of I. calligraphus (Germar) and Hylastes tenuis Eichhoff (Curculionidae) were enhanced by the addition of cis-verbenol. The data do not support the addition of lanierone or cis-verbenol to the blend of ethanol + α-pinene + ipsenol + ipsdienol as a trap lure blend for the broad detection of pine longhorn beetles in north Georgia.
How Does the Hate Speech Corpus Concern Sociolinguistic Discussions? A Case Study on Korean Online News Comments

Social consensus has been established on the severity of online hate speech since it not only causes mental harm to the target, but also gives displeasure to the people who read it. For Korean, the definition and scope of hate speech have been discussed widely in researches, but such considerations were hardly extended to the construction of hate speech corpus. Therefore, we create a Korean online hate speech dataset with concrete annotation guideline to see how real world toxic expressions concern sociolinguistic discussions. This inductive observation reveals that hate speech in online news comments is mainly composed of social bias and toxicity. Furthermore, we check how the final corpus corresponds with the definition and scope of hate speech, and confirm that the overall procedure and outcome is in concurrence with the sociolinguistic discussions.
Multi-Source Cross-Lingual Constituency Parsing

Pretrained multilingual language models have become a key part of cross-lingual transfer for many natural language processing tasks, even those without bilingual information. This work further investigates the cross-lingual transfer ability of these models for constituency parsing and focuses on multi-source transfer. Addressing structure and label set diversity problems, we propose the integration of typological features into the parsing model and treebank normalization. We trained the model on eight languages with diverse structures and use transfer parsing for an additional six low-resource languages. The experimental results show that the treebank normalization is essential for cross-lingual transfer performance and the typological features introduce further improvement. As a result, our approach improves the baseline F1 of multi-source transfer by 5 on average.
The Auxiliary Field Diffusion Monte Carlo Method for Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Astrophysics

In this thesis, I discuss the use of the Auxiliary Field Diffusion Monte Carlo method to compute the ground state of nuclear Hamiltonians, and I show several applications to interesting problems both in nuclear physics and in nuclear astrophysics. In particular, the AFDMC algorithm is applied to the study of several nuclear systems, finite, and infinite matter. Results about the ground state of nuclei ($^4$He, $^8$He, $^{16}$O and $^{40}$Ca), neutron drops (with 8 and 20 neutrons) and neutron rich-nuclei (isotopes of oxygen and calcium) are discussed, and the equation of state of nuclear and neutron matter are calculated and compared with other many-body calculations. The $^1S_0$ superfluid phase of neutron matter in the low-density regime was also studied.
A Herschel PACS survey of brown dwarfs in IC 2391: limits on primordial and debris disc fractions

We present results from a Herschel PACS survey of 8 brown dwarfs in the IC 2391 cluster. Our aim was to determine the brown dwarf disk fraction at ages of ~40-50 Myr. None of the 8 brown dwarfs observed were detected in the PACS 70 or 160mu bands. We have determined the detection limits of our survey using the 1-sigma flux upper limits in the PACS far-infrared and the WISE mid-infrared bands. The sensitivity of our observations would only allow for the detection of debris disks with exceptionally large fractional luminosities (>1%). Considering that only the most extreme and rare debris disks have such high fractional luminosities, it can be hypothesized that Vega-like debris disks, as observed around ~30% of low-mass stars at similar ages, could exist around the targeted IC 2391 brown dwarfs. Most primordial disks similar to the ones observed for the younger 1-10 Myr brown dwarfs would be within the detection sensitivities of our survey, and could have been detected. The non-detection for all targets then suggests that brown dwarf disks have transitioned to the debris phase by ~40-50 Myr ages. We also present the sensitivity limits for detecting brown dwarf disks with future SPICA observations.
IE-CPS Lexicon: An Automatic Speech Recognition Oriented Indian-English Pronunciation Dictionary

Indian English (IE), on the surface, seems quite similar to standard English. However, closer observation shows that it has actually been influenced by the surrounding vernacular languages at several levels from phonology to vocabulary and syntax. Due to this, automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems developed for American or British varieties of English result in poor performance on Indian English data. The most prominent feature of Indian English is the characteristic pronunciation of the speakers. The systems are unable to learn these acoustic variations while modelling and cannot parse the non-standard articulation of non-native speakers. For this purpose, we propose a new phone dictionary developed based on the Indian language Common Phone Set (CPS). The dictionary maps the phone set of American English to existing Indian phones based on perceptual similarity. This dictionary is named Indian English Common Phone Set (IE-CPS). Using this, we build an Indian English ASR system and compare its performance with an American English ASR system on speech data of both varieties of English. Our experiments on the IE-CPS show that it is quite effective at modelling the pronunciation of the average speaker of Indian English. ASR systems trained on Indian English data perform much better when modelled using IE-CPS, achieving a reduction in the word error rate (WER) of upto 3.95% when used in place of CMUdict. This shows the need for a different lexicon for Indian English.
Contrastive Learning of Sentence Representations

Learning sentence representations which capture rich semantic meanings has been crucial for many NLP tasks. Pre-trained language models such as BERT have achieved great success in NLP, but sentence embeddings extracted directly from these models do not perform well without fine-tuning. We propose Contrastive Learning of Sentence Representations (CLSR), a novel approach which applies contrastive learning to learn universal sentence representations on top of pre-trained language models. CLSR utilizes semantic similarity of two sentences to construct positive instance for contrastive learning. Semantic information that has been captured by the pre-trained models is kept by getting sentence embeddings from these models with proper pooling strategy. An encoder followed by a linear projection takes these embeddings as inputs and is trained under a contrastive objective. To evaluate the performance of CLSR, we run experiments on a range of pre-trained language models and their variants on a series of Semantic Contextual Similarity tasks. Results show that CLSR gains significant performance improvements over existing SOTA language models.
A catalogue of young runaway Hipparcos stars within 3 kpc from the Sun

Traditionally, runaway stars are O- and B-type stars with large peculiar velocities. We would like to extend this definition to young stars (up to ≈50 Myr) of any spectral type and to identify those present in the Hipparcos catalogue by applying different selection criteria, such as peculiar space velocities or peculiar one-dimensional velocities. Runaway stars are important for studying the evolution of multiple star systems or star clusters, as well as for identifying the origins of neutron stars. We compile the distances, proper motions, spectral types, luminosity classes,V magnitudes andB −V colours, and we utilize evolutionary models from different authors to obtain star ages. We study a sample of 7663 young Hipparcos stars within 3 kpc from the Sun. The radial velocities are obtained from the literature. We investigate the distributions of the peculiar spatial velocity and the peculiar radial velocity as well as the peculiar tangential velocity and its one-dimensional components and we obtain runaway star probabilities for each star in the sample. In addition, we look for stars that are situated outside any OB association or OB cluster and the Galactic plane as well as stars for which the velocity vector points away from the median velocity vector of neighbouring stars or the surrounding local OB association/cluster (although the absolute velocity might be small). We find a total of 2547 runaway star candidates (with a contamination of normal Population I stars of 20 per cent at most). Thus, after subtracting these 20 per cent, the runaway frequency among young stars is about 27 per cent. We compile a catalogue of runaway stars, which is available via
Cambios anatómicos en la especie Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderhyst en suelos contaminados por metales pesados

En el trabajo se realiza un estudio de las afectaciones tisulares, ocasionados por la acumulacion de altas concentraciones de metales pesados (Fe, Ni, Cu, Pb, Co, Mn, Zn) en los organos vegetativos del Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderhyst. El area estudiada fue la Empresa Ceramica Blanca “Adalberto Vidal” que se encuentra en el municipio San Jose de Las Lajas. Se determinaron los niveles de concentracion de metales totales en los organos vegetativos de la planta, se pudo constatar que los metales son transportados hacia la partes aereas, quedando una menor parte en la raiz, lo que se relaciona con la capacidad de transferencia que presentan y a su posible uso en las tecnicas de fitorreme- diacion. Los estudios submicroscopicos realizados entre plantas de suelos no contaminados (A) y plantas de suelos contaminados con metales pesados (B) mostraron que las altas concentraciones de metales pesados en los tejidos vegetales, pueden traer cambios anatomicos en los tejidos epidermicos, parenquimaticos y conductores, xilema y floema, que se expresan por un decrecimiento intercelular, perdida de la forma y tamano de las celulas y compactacion de los tejidos con perdida de los espacios intercelulares.