Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variable Forgetting in Reasoning about Knowledge

In this paper, we investigate knowledge reasoning within a simple framework called knowledge structure. We use variable forgetting as a basic operation for one agent to reason about its own or other agents' knowledge. In our framework, two notions namely agents' observable variables and the weakest sufficient condition play important roles in knowledge reasoning. Given a background knowledge base Γ and a set of observable variables Oi for each agent i, we show that the notion of agent i knowing a formula ϕ can be defined as a weakest sufficient condition of ϕ over Oi under Γ Moreover, we show how to capture the notion of common knowledge by using a generalized notion of weakest sufficient condition. Also, we show that public announcement operator can be conveniently dealt with via our notion of knowledge structure. Further, we explore the computational complexity of the problem whether an epistemic formula is realized in a knowledge structure. In the general case, this problem is PSPACE-hard; however, for some interesting subcases, it can be reduced to co-NP. Finally, we discuss possible applications of our framework in some interesting domains such as the automated analysis of the well-known muddy children puzzle and the verification of the revised Needham-Schroeder protocol. We believe that there are many scenarios where the natural presentation of the available information about knowledge is under the form of a knowledge structure. What makes it valuable compared with the corresponding multi-agent S5 Kripke structure is that it can be much more succinct.
An empirical estimate of the Southern Ocean air‐sea CO2 flux

Despite improvements in our understanding of the Southern Ocean air‐sea flux of CO2, discrepancies still exist between a variety of differing ocean/atmosphere methodologies. Here we employ an independent method to estimate the Southern Ocean air‐sea flux of CO2 that exploits all available surface ocean measurements for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (ALK) beyond 1986. The DIC concentrations were normalized to the year 1995 using coinciding CFC measurements in order to account for the anthropogenic CO2 signal. We show that independent of season, surface‐normalized DIC and ALK can be empirically predicted to within ∼8 μmol/kg using standard hydrographic properties. The predictive equations were used in conjunction with World Ocean Atlas (2001) climatologies to give a first estimate of the annual cycle of DIC and ALK in the surface Southern Ocean. These seasonal distributions will be very useful in both validating biogeochemistry in general circulation models and for use in situ biological studies within the Southern Ocean. Using optimal CO2 dissociation constants, we then estimate an annual cycle of pCO2 and associated net air‐sea CO2 flux. Including the effects of sea ice, we estimate a Southern Ocean (>50°S) CO2 sink of 0.4 ± 0.25 Pg C/yr. Our analysis also indicates a substantial CO2 sink of 1.1 ± 0.6 Pg C/yr within the sub‐Antarctic zone (40°S–50°S), associated with strong cooling and high winds. Our results imply the Southern Ocean CO2 flux south of 50°S to be very similar to those found by Takahashi et al. (2002), but on the higher end of a range of atmospheric/oceanic CO2 inversion methodologies. This paper estimates for the first time basic seasonal carbon cycle parameters within the circumpolar Southern Ocean, which have up to now been extremely difficult to measure and sparse. The application of such an empirical technique using more widely available hydrographic parameters in the Southern Ocean provides an important independent estimate to not only CO2 uptake, but also for other future biogeochemical studies. Refining and testing these empirical methods with new carbon measurements will be important to further reduce uncertainties and extend our understanding of Southern Ocean CO2 dynamics.
Prognostic Risk Models Using Epithelial Cells Identify β-Sitosterol as a Potential Therapeutic Target Against Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an aggressive and fatal malignancy that leads to epithelial cancer. The association between epithelial cell heterogeneity, prognosis, and immune response in this cancer remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate epithelial cell heterogeneity in ESCC and develop a predictive risk model using the identified cell types. Methods Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and differential ESCC gene data were accessed from the Gene Expression Omnibus. Functional enrichment analysis, inferCNV, cell development trajectories, and intercellular communication were analyzed following epithelial cell characterization. Differentially expressed ESCC (n = 773) and epithelial cell marker genes (n = 3407) were intersected to obtain core genes, and epithelial cell-related prognostic genes were identified. LASSO regression analysis was used to construct a prognostic model. The external dataset GSE53624 was used to further validate the stability of the model. Drug sensitivity predictions, and immune cell infiltration were analyzed. Molecular docking clarified the possible therapeutic role of β-sitosterol in ESCC. Finally, wound healing assay, cell colony, and transwell assay were constructed to detect the effects of the core gene PDLIM2 on ESCC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Results Eight cell clusters were identified, and epithelial cells were categorized into tumor and paratumor groups. The tumor group possessed more chromosomal variants than the paratumor group. Epithelial cells were associated with multiple cell types and significantly correlated with the Wnt, transforming growth factor, and epidermal growth factor signaling pathways. From 231 intersected genes, five core genes were screened for use in the risk model: CTSL, LAPTM4B, MYO10, NCF2, and PDLIM2. These genes may contribute to the cancerous transformation of normal esophageal epithelial cells and thereby act as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in patients with ESCC. β-Sitosterol furthermore displayed excellent docking potential with these genes. Meanwhile, further experiments demonstrated that the gene PDLIM2 plays a major role in the progression of oesophageal squamous carcinoma. Conclusion We successfully developed a risk model for the prognosis of ESCC based on epithelial cells that addresses the response of ESCC to immunotherapy and offers novel cancer treatment options.
Effect of stabilization training on multifidus muscle cross-sectional area among young elite cricketers with low back pain.

STUDY DESIGN A single-blinded, pretreatment-posttreatment assessment. OBJECTIVES To investigate, using ultrasound imaging, the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the lumbar multifidus muscle at 4 vertebral levels (L2, L3, L4, L5) in elite cricketers with and without low back pain (LBP) and (2) to document the effect of a staged stabilization training program on multifidus muscle CSA. BACKGROUND Despite high fitness levels and often intensive strength training programs, athletes still suffer LBP. The incidence of LBP among Australian cricketers is 8% and as high as 14% among fast bowlers. Previous researchers have found that the multifidus muscle contributes to segmental stability of the lumbopelvic region; however, the CSA of this muscle has not been previously assessed in elite cricketers. METHODS AND MEASURES CSAs of the multifidus muscles were assessed at rest on the left and right sides for 4 vertebral levels at the start and completion of a 13-week cricket training camp. Participants who reported current or previous LBP were placed in a rehabilitation group. The stabilization program involved voluntary contraction of the multifidus, transversus abdominis, and pelvic floor muscles, with real-time feedback from rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI), progressed from non-weight-bearing to weight-bearing positions and movement training. Pain scores (using a visual analogue scale) were also collected from those with LBP. RESULTS The CSAs of the multifidus muscles at the L5 vertebral level increased for the 7 cricketers with LBP who received the stabilization training, compared with the 14 cricketers without LBP who did not receive rehabilitation (P = .004). In addition, the amount of muscle asymmetry among those with LBP significantly decreased (P = .029) and became comparable to cricketers without LBP. These effects were not evident for the L2, L3, and L4 vertebral levels. There was also a 50% decrease in the mean reported pain level among the cricketers with LBP. CONCLUSION Multifidus muscle atrophy can exist in highly active, elite athletes with LBP. Specific retraining resulted in an improvement in multifidus muscle CSA and this was concomitant with a decrease in pain. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapy, level 2b.
Integrated Combined Heat and Power System Dispatch Considering Electrical and Thermal Energy Storage

Wind power has achieved great development in Northern China, but abundant wind power is dissipated, rather than utilized, due to inflexible electricity production of combined heat and power (CHP) units. In this paper, an integrated CHP system consisting of CHP units, wind power plants, and condensing power plants is investigated to decouple the power and heat production on both the power supply side and heat supply side, by incorporating electrical energy storage (EES) and thermal energy storage (TES). Then the integrated CHP system dispatch (ICHPSD) model is formulated to reach the target of reducing wind power curtailment and primary energy consumption. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed ICHPSD model are verified by the six-bus system, and the simulation results show that EES has a better effect on wind power integration than TES. The annual net benefits by incorporating EES and TES increase with increasing wind penetration, but they gradually approach saturation. Introducing both EES and TES can largely increase the amount of wind power integration and improve the operation efficiency of the system.
Associations of pain and depression with marital status in patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease

Depression and pain are significant clinical problems that are comorbid with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the relationship of these variables with the marital status of patients with PD has not been explored in previous studies. Therefore, the goal of this study was to assess the possible relationship between depression prevalence, depression severity, and pain interference with the marital status of the sufferers of PD.
Nurses' perceptions of critical issues requiring consideration in the development of guidelines for professional registered nurse staffing for perinatal units.

OBJECTIVE To solicit input from registered nurse members of the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN) on critical considerations for review and revision of existing nurse staffing guidelines. DESIGN Thematic analysis of responses to a cross-sectional on-line survey question: "Please give the staffing task force your input on what they should consider in the development of recommendations for staffing of perinatal units. " PARTICIPANTS Members of AWHONN (N = 884). RESULTS Descriptions of staffing concerns that should be considered when evaluating and revising existing perinatal nurse staffing guidelines. Consistent themes identified included the need for revision of nurse staffing guidelines due to requirements for safe care, increases in patient acuity and complexity, invisibility of the fetus and newborn as separate and distinct patients, difficulties in providing comprehensive care during labor and for mother-baby couplets under current conditions, challenges in staffing small volume units, and the negative effect of inadequate staffing on nurse satisfaction and retention. CONCLUSION Participants overwhelmingly indicated current nurse staffing guidelines were inadequate to meet the needs of contemporary perinatal clinical practice and required revision based on significant changes that had occurred since 1983 when the original staffing guidelines were published.
The milk of the African elephant

1. Analyses have been made of milk collected from thirty wild African elephants immediately after they were shot. 2. The milk contained an average of 5.1% protein, 9.3% fat and 3.6% lactose. The concentration of lactose decreased and the concentration of protein and fat increased with advancing lactation. Inorganic constituents were present in approximately the same proportions as in bovine milk. 3. The contribution of capric acid to the total fatty acids, previously shown to be extremely high, increased with advancing lactation. 4. The significance of these findings to the preparation of a milk for rearing young elephants by hand is discussed.
Coordinate rotation based low complexity architecture for 3D Single Channel Independent Component Analysis

In this paper, we have proposed a low complexity architecture of the Single Channel Independent Component Analysis Algorithm (SCICA) targeted for remote cardiac health monitoring by introducing the concept of coordinate rotation. The ECG is widely used for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, and in remote healthcare applications, it is necessary to obtain clean ECG data by separating noise from the obtained signal. Independent Component Analysis is popularly used to solve the signal separation problem, however it requires as many signal sensors as the number of independent signals involved, and also requires the number of signals involved to be known a priori. This is not always possible in remote healthcare environments and thus, this motivates us to explore the use of the SCICA algorithm which requires only one input sensor for signal separation. SCICA is computationally intensive and thus there is a need for a low-complexity implementation of the algorithm for the development of healthcare devices. The proposed architecture is validated in terms of functionality and computational complexity and it has been observed that its performance compares favorably with the conventional algorithm.
A cognitive radar approach for extended target ranging

High-precision ranging radar is of vital importance in many fields. For an extended target, by exploiting the target impulse response (TIR), the ranging precision may be improved. In this paper, inspired by the concept of cognitive radar (CR), we propose a new approach for extended target ranging, in which waveform can be adaptively adjusted according to the varying TIR. In this approach, waveform design is accomplished by minimizing the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) of the radial range conditioned on the TIR. Numerical results demonstrate that by using the proposed CR approach, ranging precision for the extended target can be clearly improved.
Peeler core and slabwood fibre properties for Pinus radiata D.Don pulp production

Background: Pulp production based on Pinus radiata D.Don is constantly improving the value recovery of logs. One example is using the peeler cores and slabwood derived from sawing and peeling processes to produce pulp. However, these two raw materials have not been characterised for their fibre properties. Methods: We report on four wood fibre quality attributes derived from peeler cores and slabwood, directly influencing pulp quality and pulping process: fibre length (mm), fibre width (µm), fines content (%), and coarseness (µg/m). This pilot study sampled two P. radiata stands grown on different sites and early silvicultural regimes in the Araucanía Region of Chile. Analysis of wood fibre consisted of three trees per stand, and six discs per tree: two at the bottom, two at breast height (1.3 m), and the last two at 5.23 m height. Results: The trajectory of mean annual increment in diameter at breast height (MAI) and periodic annual increment in diameter at breast height (PAI) for trees in the two stands aligned with their respective site qualities and silvicultural regimes. In Stand 1, with a site index of 36, and Stand 2, with a site index of 31, the average proportions of juvenile wood (measured at 1.3 m) were 50% and 53%, respectively. Thus, despite weed control and fertiliser application in Stand 1, there was no increase observed in the proportion of juvenile wood. There were significant differences in fibre properties between peeler core and slabwood, and these differences were present across the range of tree heights and diameters (p<0.05). While there were no statistically significant differences among disc positions, significant distinctions emerged between stands and wood types. The interaction between these factors was also found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our study suggests that adding these two materials into the mix for producing pulp would have positive implications due to pulp from peeler core is more suitable for printing and writing grades and addition of mature wood from slabwood, could improve strength properties of paper manufacture. However, it is necessary to test the optimal proportion for the final mix.
What Is a Group? Young Children’s Perceptions of Different Types of Groups and Group Entitativity

To date, developmental research on groups has focused mainly on in-group biases and intergroup relations. However, little is known about children’s general understanding of social groups and their perceptions of different forms of group. In this study, 5- to 6-year-old children were asked to evaluate prototypes of four key types of groups: an intimacy group (friends), a task group (people who are collaborating), a social category (people who look alike), and a loose association (people who coincidently meet at a tram stop). In line with previous work with adults, the vast majority of children perceived the intimacy group, task group, and social category, but not the loose association, to possess entitativity, that is, to be a ‘real group. ’ In addition, children evaluated group member properties, social relations, and social obligations differently in each type of group, demonstrating that young children are able to distinguish between different types of in-group relations. The origins of the general group typology used by adults thus appear early in development. These findings contribute to our knowledge about children's intuitive understanding of groups and group members' behavior.
Rh-0 humanoid full size robot's control strategy based on the Lie logic technique

This paper presents the experimental results of the full size Rh-0 humanoid robot developed by the University Carlos III of Madrid. The robot has 21 DOF, 1.350 mm height and 40 kg weight including the on-board batteries and hardware. The robot's control architecture is formed by the distributed dual CAN bus system. The bus is used for joints' control and supervision, and also for sensing different global robots features. The key innovation is the kinematics control strategy based on the Lie logic technique. Using the product of exponentials (PoE) and the Paden-Kahan sub-problem techniques, the sagital kinematics division (SKD) algorithm for robot's kinematics control had been implemented. The results of this implementation are shown in the final part of the paper
Whole-body averaged SAR measurement method using cylindrical scanning of external electromagnetic fields

The final goal of this study is to experimentally estimate the whole-body averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) of humans using the radiation-field scanning technique and a silicone rubber phantom. Dosimetry estimations for human exposure including very numerically accurate phantom models have been reported. However, due to the difficulty of measuring the SAR over the whole human body for the purpose of assessing electromagnetic RF exposure, few investigations have used realistically shaped human phantom models. In this paper, a novel whole-body averaged SAR estimation method based on the power consumption obtained by measuring the radiated power from cylindrical surfaces including humans and the exposure equipment is proposed. Validity of the proposed method based on cylindrical fields scanning is investigated using Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) calculations for the purpose of designing and developing the experimental system. The calculated whole-body averaged SAR yielded by the proposed method is compared with that obtained by standard calculation methods.
COMMUNITIES AS DYNAMIC COLLABORATIVE FILTERS : MODELING TECHNOLOGY , KNOWLEDGE , AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN E-MAIL BASED ONLINE COMMUNITIES

Online communities are an increasingly important part of efforts to promote knowledge sharing among individuals within and between organizations. Towards this end, significant resources are being invested in technology infrastructures designed to increase the visibility of and access to knowledge within distributed populations. However, while there is a growing body of practice-based literature about online communities, there is little explicit theory regarding the interaction of information technology and population characteristics in the development of these communities. Based on theories of natural groups and voluntary associations, a model of online community dynamics is presented. Using computational modeling techniques this work examines how developers’ efforts to alter the costs of participation and contribution might interact with the distribution of knowledge needs in the target population to determine the viability of an online community as a tool for providing access to and visibility for the knowledge resources that are potentially available. 1 Please direct all questions or correspondence regarding this paper to Brian Butler via email at bbutler@katz.pitt. edu, phone at 1-412-648-1614, or mail at 226 Mervis Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260.
A random walk on an ontology: Using thesaurus structure for automatic subject indexing

Relationships between terms and features are an essential component of thesauri, ontologies, and a range of controlled vocabularies. In this article, we describe ways to identify important concepts in documents using the relationships in a thesaurus or other vocabulary structures. We introduce a methodology for the analysis and modeling of the indexing process based on a weighted random walk algorithm. The primary goal of this research is the analysis of the contribution of thesaurus structure to the indexing process. The resulting models are evaluated in the context of automatic subject indexing using four collections of documents pre‐indexed with 4 different thesauri (AGROVOC [UN Food and Agriculture Organization], high‐energy physics taxonomy [HEP], National Agricultural Library Thesaurus [NALT], and medical subject headings [MeSH]). We also introduce a thesaurus‐centric matching algorithm intended to improve the quality of candidate concepts. In all cases, the weighted random walk improves automatic indexing performance over matching alone with an increase in average precision (AP) of 9% for HEP, 11% for MeSH, 35% for NALT, and 37% for AGROVOC. The results of the analysis support our hypothesis that subject indexing is in part a browsing process, and that using the vocabulary and its structure in a thesaurus contributes to the indexing process. The amount that the vocabulary structure contributes was found to differ among the 4 thesauri, possibly due to the vocabulary used in the corresponding thesauri and the structural relationships between the terms. Each of the thesauri and the manual indexing associated with it is characterized using the methods developed here.