Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Out-of-domain detection based on confidence measures from multiple topic classification

One significant problem for spoken language systems is how to cope with users' OOD (out-of-domain) utterances which cannot be handled by the back-end system. In this paper, we propose a novel OOD detection framework, which makes use of classification confidence scores of multiple topics and trains a linear discriminant in-domain verifier using gradient probabilistic descent (GPD). Training is based on deleted interpolation of the in-domain data, and thus does not require actual OOD data, providing high portability. Three topic classification schemes of word N-gram models, latent semantic analysis (LSA), and support vector machines (SVM) are evaluated, and SVM is shown to have the greatest discriminative ability. In an OOD detection task, the proposed approach achieves an absolute reduction in equal error rate (EER) of 6.5% compared to a baseline method based on a simple combination of multiple-topic classifications. Furthermore, comparison with a system trained using OOD data demonstrates that the proposed training scheme realizes comparable performance while requiring no knowledge of the OOD data set.
Magnetoresistance and Magnetic Properties of Co(tCo)/Cu Multilayer Films

The paper reports on the magnetoresistance (MR) effect of ferromagnetic Co(tCo)/Cu multilayer films grown with pulse electrochemical deposition on top of a thin conducting layer of copper (15 nm). The copper buffer layer was grown on a polyamide substrate (1.69 cm2) and annealed. A strain was applied mechanically to study the MR effect and magnetic characteristics as a function of the Co layer thickness. The induced uniaxial magnetic anisotropy was observed due to the effect of strain in all the multilayer films. The multilayer [Co 1.0 nm/Cu 1.5 nm]50 showed a minimum hysteresis loss. The MR ratio was ~ 3.4% at 1 kOe. A remarkable difference of magnetoresistance ratio was observed, corresponding to the orientation of magnetization curves.
A specific pathway can be identified between genetic characteristics and behaviour profiles in Prader-Willi syndrome via cognitive, environmental and physiological mechanisms.

BACKGROUND Behavioural phenotypes associated with genetic syndromes have been extensively investigated in order to generate rich descriptions of phenomenology, determine the degree of specificity of behaviours for a particular syndrome, and examine potential interactions between genetic predispositions for behaviour and environmental influences. However, relationships between different aspects of behavioural phenotypes have been less frequently researched and although recent interest in potential cognitive phenotypes or endophenotypes has increased, these are frequently studied independently of the behavioural phenotypes. METHOD Taking Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) as an example, we discuss evidence suggesting specific relationships between apparently distinct aspects of the PWS behavioural phenotype and relate these to specific endophenotypic characteristics. RESULTS The framework we describe progresses through biological, cognitive, physiological and behavioural levels to develop a pathway from genetic characteristics to behaviour with scope for interaction with the environment at any stage. CONCLUSIONS We propose this multilevel approach as useful in setting out hypotheses in order to structure research that can more rapidly advance theory.
Energy Efficient Data Transmission Scheme for Wireless Sensor Network using DSC-MIMO

A Wireless sensor network is made up of small sensor devices which can communicate with each other and that are Battery operated. The Energy resources are limited and battery replacement is not easy work. There are so many application of sensor network such as Target tracking, Remote monitoring, waste water monitoring, data logging, natural disaster prevention, land slide detection, etc. Because energy resources are limited so there is a need of energy saving mechanisms which can efficiently reduce power level. In this paper we will analyze energy consumption of distributed source coding MIMO system. There are three domains in sensor network where power consumption has occurred that are Sensing, communication and data processing. In this paper, we will discuss about DSC-MIMO methods to reduce power consumption and increase energy efficiency and will compare with traditional SISO and MIMO system. DSC (Distributed Source Coding) schemes are used to compress data of sensor nodes which is
Modeling High-Frequency Order Flow Imbalance by Functional Limit Theorems for Two-Sided Risk Processes

A micro-scale model is proposed for the evolution of the limit order book. Within this model, the flows of orders (claims) are described by doubly stochastic Poisson processes taking account of the stochastic character of intensities of bid and ask orders that determine the price discovery mechanism in financial markets. The process of order flow imbalance (OFI) is studied. This process is a sensitive indicator of the current state of the limit order book since time intervals between events in a limit order book are usually so short that price changes are relatively infrequent events. Therefore price changes provide a very coarse and limited description of market dynamics at time micro-scales. The OFI process tracks best bid and ask queues and change much faster than prices. It incorporates information about build-ups and depletions of order queues so that it can be used to interpolate market dynamics between price changes and to track the toxicity of order flows. The two-sided risk processes are suggested as mathematical models of the OFI process. The multiplicative model is proposed for the stochastic intensities making it possible to analyze the characteristics of order flows as well as the instantaneous proportion of the forces of buyers and sellers, that is, the intensity imbalance (II) process, without modeling the external information background. The proposed model gives the opportunity to link the micro-scale (high-frequency) dynamics of the limit order book with the macro-scale models of stock price processes of the form of subordinated Wiener processes by means of functional limit theorems of probability theory and hence, to give a deeper insight in the nature of popular subordinated Wiener processes such as generalized hyperbolic Levy processes as models of the evolution of characteristics of financial markets. In the proposed models, the subordinator is determined by the evolution of the stochastic intensity of the external information flow.
Building Multivariable Regression Models with Continuous Covariates in Clinical Epidemiology

Summary Objectives: In fitting regression models, data analysts must often choose a model based on several candidate predictor variables which may influence the outcome. Most analysts either assume a linear relationship for continuous predictors, or categorize them and postulate step functions. By contrast, we propose to model possible non-linearity in the relationship between the outcome and several continuous predictors by estimating smooth functions of the predictors. We aim to demonstrate that a structured approach based on fractional polynomials can give a broadly satisfactory practical solution to the problem of simultaneously identifying a subset of 'important' predictors and determining the functional relationship for continuous predictors. Methods: We discuss the background, and motivate and describe the multivariable fractional polynomial (MFP) approach to model selection from data which include continuous and categorical predictors. We compare our results with those from other approaches in examples. We present a small simulation study to compare the functional form of the relationship obtained by fitting fractional polynomials and splines to a single predictor variable. Results: We illustrate the advantages of the MFP approach over standard techniques of model construction in two real example datasets analyzed with logistic and Cox regression models, respectively. In the simulation study, fractional polynomial models had lower mean square error and more realistic behaviour than comparable spline models. Conclusions: In many practical situations, the MFP approach can satisfy the aim of finding models that fit the data well and also are simple, interpretable and potentially transportable to other settings.
Nanomechanical characterisation of MEMS thin film materials

Mechanical characterisation of thin film is crucial for development of MEMS/NEMS devices. A simple mechanical characterisation method is developed using a surface profilometer. Surface profilometer is used to scan along the micromachined cantilevers and produce the bending profile, from which the Young's modulus can be extracted. The following MEMS materials: SiN, Ni, Ni/SiN bimorph, Nanocrystal Diamond (ND), SiC have been characterised. The results are compared and in agreement with those obtained from nanoindentation and resonance frequency method. The advantages and disadvantages of these three methods are discussed.
Beyond Object-Oriented Technology: Where Current Approaches Fall Short

Object-oriented (OO) technology has been heralded as a solution to the problems of software engineering. The claims are that OO technology promotes understandability, extensibility, evolvabilty, reusability, and maintainability of systems and that OO systems are easy to understand and use. However, this technology has not been as successful as expected. An analysis of experiences and empirical studies reveals that the problem is not the technology per se but that the technology provides no support to software developers in performing the processes the technology requires. We present a cognitive model of software development that details the challenges software developers face in using OO technology. The model focuses on three aspects of software development-evolution, resue and redesign, and domain orientation. We motivate this model with a variety of firsthand experiences and use it to assess current OO technology. Further, we present tools and evaluations that substantiate parts of this model. The model and tools indicate directions for future software development environments, looking beyond the technological possibilities of OO languages and beyond the context of individual developers and projects.
Characterization of non-WSSUS fading dispersive channels

We present several novel tools for statistical characterization of fading dispersive channels that do not satisfy the usual WSSUS assumption. A local scattering function, describing the time- and frequency-dependent average scatterer power, is introduced. Furthermore, a novel channel correlation function, we introduce the practically important class of doubly underspread channels. Numerical results involving a simulated and a measured channel illustrate the usefulness of our framework.
Effect of Anti–IL-15 Administration on T Cell and NK Cell Homeostasis in Rhesus Macaques

IL-15 has been implicated as a key regulator of T and NK cell homeostasis in multiple systems; however, its specific role in maintaining peripheral T and NK cell populations relative to other γ-chain (γc) cytokines has not been fully defined in primates. In this article, we address this question by determining the effect of IL-15 inhibition with a rhesusized anti–IL-15 mAb on T and NK cell dynamics in rhesus macaques. Strikingly, anti–IL-15 treatment resulted in rapid depletion of NK cells and both CD4+ and CD8+ effector memory T cells (TEM) in blood and tissues, with little to no effect on naive or central memory T cells. Importantly, whereas depletion of NK cells was nearly complete and maintained as long as anti–IL-15 treatment was given, TEM depletion was countered by the onset of massive TEM proliferation, which almost completely restored circulating TEM numbers. Tissue TEM, however, remained significantly reduced, and most TEM maintained very high turnover throughout anti–IL-15 treatment. In the presence of IL-15 inhibition, TEM became increasingly more sensitive to IL-7 stimulation in vivo, and transcriptional analysis of TEM in IL-15–inhibited monkeys revealed engagement of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, suggesting alternative γc cytokine signaling may support TEM homeostasis in the absence of IL-15. Thus, IL-15 plays a major role in peripheral maintenance of NK cells and TEM. However, whereas most NK cell populations collapse in the absence of IL-15, TEM can be maintained in the face of IL-15 inhibition by the activity of other homeostatic regulators, most likely IL-7.
Folate receptor‐targeted aminoglycoside‐derived polymers for transgene expression in cancer cells

Abstract Targeted delivery of anticancer therapeutics can potentially overcome the limitations associated with current chemotherapeutic regimens. Folate receptors are overexpressed in several cancers, including ovarian, triple‐negative breast and bladder cancers, making them attractive for targeted delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics to these tumors. This work describes the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of folic acid‐conjugated, aminoglycoside‐derived polymers for targeted delivery of transgenes to breast and bladder cancer cell lines. Transgene expression was significantly higher with FA‐conjugated aminoglycoside‐derived polymers than with Lipofectamine, and these polymers demonstrated minimal cytotoxicty. Competitive inhibition using free folic acid significantly reduced transgene expression efficacy of folate‐targeted polymers, suggesting a role for folate receptor‐mediated uptake. High efficacy FA‐targeted polymers were employed to deliver a plasmid expressing the TRAIL protein, which induced death in cancer cells. These results indicate that FA‐conjugated aminoglycoside‐derived polymers are promising for targeted delivery of nucleic acids to cancer cells that overexpress folate receptors.
A Na+- and Cl−-activated K+ Channel in the Thick Ascending Limb of Mouse Kidney

This study investigates the presence and properties of Na+-activated K+ (KNa) channels in epithelial renal cells. Using real-time PCR on mouse microdissected nephron segments, we show that Slo2.2 mRNA, which encodes for the KNa channels of excitable cells, is expressed in the medullary and cortical thick ascending limbs of Henle's loop, but not in the other parts of the nephron. Patch-clamp analysis revealed the presence of a high conductance K+ channel in the basolateral membrane of both the medullary and cortical thick ascending limbs. This channel was highly K+ selective (PK/PNa ∼ 20), its conductance ranged from 140 to 180 pS with subconductance levels, and its current/voltage relationship displayed intermediate, Na+-dependent, inward rectification. Internal Na+ and Cl− activated the channel with 50% effective concentrations (EC50) and Hill coefficients (nH) of 30 ± 1 mM and 3.9 ± 0.5 for internal Na+, and 35 ± 10 mM and 1.3 ± 0.25 for internal Cl−. Channel activity was unaltered by internal ATP (2 mM) and by internal pH, but clearly decreased when internal free Ca2+ concentration increased. This is the first demonstration of the presence in the epithelial cell membrane of a functional, Na+-activated, large-conductance K+ channel that closely resembles native KNa channels of excitable cells. This Slo2.2 type, Na+- and Cl−-activated K+ channel is primarily located in the thick ascending limb, a major renal site of transcellular NaCl reabsorption.
Chronic hyperammonemia impairs the glutamate–nitric oxide–cyclic GMP pathway in cerebellar neurons in culture and in the rat in vivo

The aim of this work was to assess whether ammonia concentrations similar to the increase found in the brain of hyperammonemic rats (100 μm), impair N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor‐mediated signal transduction. We first measured glutamate neurotoxicity, which in these neurons is mediated by activation of NMDA receptors, as an initial parameter reflecting activation of NMDA receptor‐mediated pathways. Long‐term treatment of cultured neurons with ammonia prevents glutamate‐induced neuronal death. The EC50 was 20 μm, and at 100 μm the protection was complete. The induction of the protective effect was not immediate, but took several hours.
Residual strain measurement and impact response of optical fibre Bragg grating sensors in fibre metal laminates

Recently, optical fibre Bragg gratings have attracted a significant amount of attention as optical fibre sensors for measuring strain in composite structures. Indeed, the growth of optical fibre technology has spurred the development of smart composites capable of measuring real-time internal strain within structures and an assortment of measurands such as temperature, pressure and chemical. In this paper, optical fibre Bragg grating sensors are embedded in a novel fibre-metal laminate composite, to demonstrate the potential of fibre Bragg grating sensors in measuring post-processing residual strain within a multimaterial structure. Repeated impact tests in the region of the grating have been performed to investigate the survivability of the sensor. In addition, post-impact sensor linearity tests have then been carried out to evaluate the sensor response to load.
Electrical Properties, Tunability and Applications of Superconducting Metal-Mixed Polymers

We investigate the newly discovered, superconducting metal-mixed polymers made by embedding a surface layer of metal (a tin-antimony alloy) into a plastic substrate (polyetheretherketone - PEEK). Focusing initially on pre-implanted systems, we show that while the substrate morphology does affect the distribution of metal deposited on the surface, the morphology has no affect on the film's electrical properties. We find that the metal content can be characterised via the film's optical absorption, which along with the conductivity, scales with thickness. By conducting low temperature resistivity measurements we observe that the superconducting critical temperature, $T_c$, remains at that of bulk Sn but the transition broadens with decreasing film thickness. Studying N-implanted metal-mixed polymers, we find that the implant temperature can influence the electrical properties of these systems, as higher implant temperatures result in greater disorder, which in turn causes higher residual resistances and broader superconducting transitions. We observe peaks in the magnetoresistance of superconducting/insulating systems, which we attribute to the competition between superconductivity and weak localisation in a granular network. We determine that the substrate morphology does not influence the electrical properties of implanted systems. We investigate the role sputtering plays by implanting heavier ions (Sn) and show that this technique can be used to overcome the issue of inhomogeneity inherent with using thinner initial films. We study the effect the fabrication parameters of implant dose, beam energy and film thickness have on Sn-implanted metal-mixed polymers and find that with only minor changes in the fabrication conditions, it is possible to tune the conductivities of these materials between a zero-resistance superconducting state, through a metal-insulator transition, to a severely insulating state ($R_s > 10^{10}~\Omega/\Box$). We find that the electrical properties can be further controlled by annealing the samples, and that it is possible to induce optical changes at temperatures approaching the glass transition temperature of PEEK. We demonstrate that metal-mixed polymers are suitable for use in resistance-based temperature sensors by comparing their performance directly against commercially available products and find that the metal-mixed polymers perform at least as well as the commercial models and, indeed, pass the highest industry standards.
Molecular Imprinting, Post Modification and Surface Functionalization of Electrospun Fibers for Concentration or Detection of Biohazards.

MOLECULAR IMPRINTING, POST MODIFICATION AND SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERS FOR CONCENTRATION OR DETECTION OF BIOHAZARDS Golam Mohammad Shaharior Islam Advisor: University of Guelph, 2011 Dr. Keith Warriner Electrospun, non-woven, fibers have high surface area compared to conventional cast films. The thesis reports on the modification of electrospun fibers to concentrate and/or detect biohazards. In one study, electrospun fibers with affinity for the lectins ricin/concanavalin A were fabricated using molecular imprinting or through binding to immobilized antibodies, aptamers or lectin specific sugars. Attempts to fabricate imprinted electrospun fibers through inclusion of the template during the spinning process proved unsuccessful. However, electrospun fibers with affinity towards biohazards were successfully produced by post-modification with antibodies, aptamers or lectin specific saccharides. With regards to the latter, dextran, mannose and chitosan were immobilized onto nylon electrospun fibers that were partially hydrolyzed or treated with cyanuric chloride. The sugar-modified fibers bound significantly higher amount of lectins. Electrospun fibers were also fabricated, post modified with antibodies to capture and detect Salmonella. The study has illustrated the utility of electrospun fibers for biohazard diagnostics.
Tracking the evolution of public concerns in social media

Microblogging is becoming a popular social media in recent years. Observations show that a large part of posts in microblogging were talking about public events occurred in the real world. Public concerns reflect interests and expectations of the mass for an event. Therefore, to understand and analyze of public concerns will help us to grasp an event, and predict its trend. This paper presents an evolution analysis method of public concerns for a special kind of post in microblogging, which can provides sufficient background information about an event by its attachments, e.g. a URL for details, a picture, or a video, etc. we called it expandable post. We use expandable posts to reconstruct the topic space. Their reposts are regarded as public concerns, and are located on the space. Thus, the task of tracking public concerns is transformed into tracking the movement of those reposts, and analyzing the relationships between them and their corresponding expandable posts on the topic space. The preliminary experiments on our dataset about H7N9 bird flu collected from Weibo, shows the effectiveness of our method.
Nascentome Analysis Uncovers Futile Protein Synthesis in Escherichia coli

Although co-translational biological processes attract much attention, no general and easy method has been available to detect cellular nascent polypeptide chains, which we propose to call collectively a “nascentome. ” We developed a method to selectively detect polypeptide portions of cellular polypeptidyl-tRNAs and used it to study the generality of the quality control reactions that rescue dead-end translation complexes. To detect nascent polypeptides, having their growing ends covalently attached to a tRNA, cellular extracts are separated by SDS-PAGE in two dimensions, first with the peptidyl-tRNA ester bonds preserved and subsequently after their in-gel cleavage. Pulse-labeled nascent polypeptides of Escherichia coli form a characteristic line below the main diagonal line, because each of them had contained a tRNA of nearly uniform size in the first-dimension electrophoresis but not in the second-dimension. The detection of nascent polypeptides, separately from any translation-completed polypeptides or degradation products thereof, allows us to follow their fates to gain deeper insights into protein biogenesis and quality control pathways. It was revealed that polypeptidyl-tRNAs were significantly stabilized in E. coli upon dysfunction of the tmRNA-ArfA ribosome-rescuing system, whose function had only been studied previously using model constructs. Our results suggest that E. coli cells are intrinsically producing aberrant translation products, which are normally eliminated by the ribosome-rescuing mechanisms.