Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Turbulent Structure in Unsteady Depth-Varying Open-Channel Flows

Turbulence measurements over a smooth wall in unsteady depth-varying open-channel flows were conducted by the simultaneous use of a two-component laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) and a water-wave gauge. In the present study, velocity measurements in the viscous sublayer of highly unsteady flow have been first conducted to evaluate the friction velocity independently of the log-law. The von Karman constant κ was calculated using this friction velocity. It was proven then that the value of κ was really a constant of 0.41 even in unsteady open-channel flows. Next, statistical structures of mean velocity and turbulence characteristics were investigated across the whole flow from the near-wall region up to the free surface. In particular, turbulence measurements near the depth-varying water-surface zone of flood flow were conducted successfully for the first time with the LDA; such measurements have been impossible with conventional velocity instruments such as hot-film anemometers. Mean velocity profiles and turbulence characteristics were revealed in both the rising and the falling stages of the flood period.
Assessing methane release from the colossal Storegga submarine landslide

Marine slope failure involving methane‐gas‐hydrate‐bearing sediments is one mechanism for releasing enormous quantities of methane to the ocean and atmosphere. The Storegga Slide, on the Norwegian margin, is the largest known Holocene‐aged continental margin slope failure complex and is believed to have occurred in sediments that may have initially contained gas hydrate. Here, we report pore water sulfate gradient measurements that are used as a proxy for the relative amounts of methane that exist in continental margin sediments associated with the colossal Storegga Slide. These measurements suggest that a considerable inventory of methane occurs in sediments adjacent to, and unaffected by, the Storegga Slide events, but indicate that methane is notably absent from sediments on the sole of the slide and distal deposits created by the slide events. Either methane was lost during previous Pleistocene failure events or was never present in significant concentrations within the sediments that failed.
Isolation and characterization of denitrifying halophilic bacteria from Bahr Al-Milh Salt Lake, Karbala, Iraq -

Objectives: Nitrogen fixation is considered as a significant biological process, which is important in agricultural and environmental implications. Herein we reported denitrifying bacteria from Bahr Al-Milh Salt Lake, Karbala, Iraq, using molecular and phenotypical characteristics. Material and Methods: Samples were collected from eastern parts of the Bahr Al-Milh. The strains were grown in different saline concentrations of nutrient broth (2.5% to 22.5%). Nitrate and Nitrite reduction activities were assessed for all the isolates. Molecular analysis was performed by BLAST alignment and MEGA7 software. The 16S rRNA sequences of newly found strains were submitted in the GenBank database. Results: Two hundreds and eighteen strains were isolated, 76.6% of which were nitrate reductase and 25.5% nitrate-nitrite reductase positive strains. 68% slightly and 32% moderately halophilic bacteria were found. Isolates with nitrite reduction activity belonged to five genera including Bacillus, Halobacillus, Virgibacillus, Oceanobacillus and Idiomarina. The isolates with the ability of producing nitrate-nitrite reductase consisted of bacteria in genera Halomonas and Halobacillus. Conclusions: Apart from industrial and biotechnological applications, the present information might be useful in order to fertilize saline soil for agricultural aims. The isolated strains could be considered as a source of halotolerant enzymes in agriculture and environmental implications in hypersaline areas.
Vaginitis in Nonpregnant Patients: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 215.

Vaginitis is defined as inflammation or infection of the vagina and is associated with a spectrum of symptoms, including vulvovaginal itching, burning, irritation, dyspareunia, "fishy" vaginal odor, and abnormal vaginal discharge. Vaginal symptoms are some of the most frequent reasons for patient visits to obstetrician-gynecologists () and may have important consequences in terms of discomfort and pain, days lost from school or work, sexual functioning, and self-image (). Distinguishing vaginal from vulvar symptoms is important to direct evaluation and treatment. The purpose of this document is to provide updated evidence-based guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of the common causes of vaginitis in nonpregnant patients. Information on the treatment of vaginitis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is covered elsewhere (). Guidelines are subject to change. For the most up-to-date information on vaginitis diagnosis and treatment, see the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Sexually Transmitted Diseases webpage, which is available at https://www.cdc. gov/std/.
Evolution of channel morphology and hydrologic response in an urbanizing drainage basin

The Dead Run catchment in Baltimore County, Maryland, has undergone intense urbanization since the late 1950s. Reconstruction of the channel planform from topographic maps dating back to the 1890s and aerial photographs dating back to the 1930s indicates that the channel has remained stable in planform since at least the 1930s. The relative stability of Dead Run contrasts with the alterations in channel morphology reported for other urbanizing streams in the Piedmont physiographic province of the eastern United States. Trend analyses of discharge records in Dead Run show that urban development and stormwater control measures have had significant impacts on the hydrologic response of the catchment. The flood hydraulics of the Dead Run catchment are examined for the event that occurred on 22 June 1972 in association with Hurricane Agnes. A two‐dimensional hydraulic model, TELEMAC‐2D, was used with a finite‐element mesh constructed from a combination of high‐resolution LiDAR topographic data and detailed field survey data to analyse the distribution of boundary shear stress and unit stream power along the channel and floodplain during flooding from Hurricane Agnes. The spatial and temporal distributions of these parameters, relative to channel gradient and channel/valley bottom geometry, provide valuable insights on the stability of the Dean Run channel. The stability of Dead Run's channel planform, in spite of extreme flooding and decades of urban development, is most likely linked to geological controls of channel and floodplain morphology. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Studying how bacterial strains diverge over space and time and how divergence leads to ecotype forma-tion is important for understanding structure and dynamics of environmental communities. Here we assess the ecological speciation and temporal dynamics of a collection of Shewanella baltica strains from the redox transition zone of the central Baltic Sea, sampled at three time points over a course of 12 years, with a subcollection containing 46 strains sub-jected to detailed genetic and physiological characterization. Nine clades were consistently recovered by three different genotyping approaches: gyrB gene sequencing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and whole genome clustering of data from comparative genomic hybridization, and indicated specialization according to nutrient availability, particle association and temporal distribution. Genomic analysis suggested higher intra- than inter-clade recombination that might result from niche partitioning. Substantial heterogeneity in carbon utilization and respiratory capabilities suggested rapid diversiﬁcation within the same ‘named’ species and physical habitat and showed consistency with genetic relatedness. At least two major ecotypes, represented by MLST clades A and E, were proposed based on genetic, ecological and physiological distinctiveness. This study suggests that genetic analysis in conjunction with phenotypic evaluation can provide better understanding of the ecological framework and evolutionary trajectories of microbial species.
Three‐dimensional variations in Love and Rayleigh wave azimuthal anisotropy for the upper 800 km of the mantle

We present a new mantle model (YB14SHani) of azimuthal anisotropy for horizontally polarized shear waves (SH) in parallel with our previously published vertically polarized shear wave (SV) anisotropy model (YB13SVani). YB14SHani was obtained from higher mode Love wave phase velocity maps with sensitivity to anisotropy down to ~1200 km depth. SH anisotropy is present down to the mantle transition zone (MTZ) with an average amplitude of ~2% in the upper 250 km and ~1% in the MTZ, consistent with YB13SVani. Changes in SV and SH anisotropy were found at the top of the MTZ where olivine transforms into wadsleyite, which might indicate that MTZ anisotropy is due to the lattice‐preferred orientation of anisotropic material. Beneath oceanic plates, SV fast axes become subparallel to the absolute plate motion (APM) at a depth that marks the location of a thermally controlled lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB). In contrast, SH anisotropy does not systematically depend on ocean age. Moreover, while upper mantle SV anisotropy is anomalously high in the middle of the Pacific, as seen in radial anisotropy models, SH anisotropy amplitude remains close to the average for other oceans. Based on the depth at which SV fast axes and the APM direction begin to align, we also found that the average thickness of cratonic roots is ~ 250 km, consistent with Yuan and Romanowicz (2010) for North America. Here we add new constraints on the nature of the cratonic LAB and show that it is characterized by changes in both SV and SH anisotropy.
Identification of burnt areas in Mediterranean forest environments from ERS-2 SAR time series

This article presents the multitemporal analysis of a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image series of an area affected by several fires during the years 2000 and 2001 in Central Portugal. An initial study was carried out to determine the best conditions to acquire optimal SAR imagery. Burnt areas were classified using neural network techniques. The neural network classification presented an overall accuracy of 92.11% using an entire European Remote Sensing (ERS) SAR time series, whereas an accuracy of 89.90% was achieved when using a subset of scenes selected through principal components analysis (PCA). Finally, the burnt area maps obtained were compared to estimates from the Portuguese Forest Services (DGF, Direc@@o Geral das Florestas) and the European Forest Fires Damage Assessment System (EFFDAS). This comparison showed that the SAR-based methodology provided higher accuracy than the other systems. The sensitivity of the SAR data to determine burnt severity allowed the discrimination of partially burnt areas and isles within the perimeter of the fire. These results show that the analysis of the temporal variation in the ERS-SAR backscatter coefficient permits the extraction of accurate and reliable information on the position and extent of burnt areas in Mediterranean forest environments.
SHEAR STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF SATURATED MONTMORILLONITE AND KAOLINITE CLAYS

This paper deals with the shear strength characteristics of saturated, remoulded, montmorillonite and Kaolinite clays as affected by changes in soil structure. The changes in soil structure were made by changes in initial moulding water content, stress history and type of cation and its concentration in the electrolyte system. Throughout the investigation, isotropically consolidated undrained tests with pore water pressure measurements were conducted. The experimental results show a definite cohesion intercept even for saturated normally consolidated clays, under certain conditions. The modified effective stress concept, which takes into consideration the electrical attractive and repulsive forces appears to explain satisfactorily the strength mechanism. The qualitative analysis of the test data brings out the dire need for quantitative evaluation of electrical attractive and repulsive forces in order that a realistic determination of strength parameters could be made. The manifestation of components of shear resistance has also been discussed briefly.
Electrokinetic experimental study on saturated rock samples: zeta potential and surface conductance

SUMMARY It is important to know the electrokinetic properties of crustal rocks for interpreting the conductivity mechanisms and seismoelectric phenomena during earthquakes and seismoelectric well logging. In this study, electrokinetic experiments are conducted using a special coreholder by employing an AC lock-in technique. A series of experiments are conducted on 10 sandstone samples to measure the streaming potentials and streaming currents, and the experiments on each sample are done at six different salinities. The streaming potential coefficient and streaming current coefficient are calculated from the measured streaming potentials and streaming currents. The experimental results show that streaming potential coefficient and streaming current coefficient decrease as the salinity increases. The dependence of these two coefficients on permeability and pore radius are analysed and compared with previous works. At low salinities, the streaming potential coefficient and streaming current coefficient increase with the increasing permeability and pore radius. At high salinities, the streaming potential coefficient (streaming current coefficient) almost share a same value for 10 different samples. This conclusion indicates that the differences of rock parameters can only be well recognized at lower salinities, and the electrokinetic signals are invalid at high salinities, which offers a restrictive condition for using the amplitude of electrokinetic signals to estimate rock parameters. The zeta-potential have also been estimated through combined measurements of streaming potential and streaming current. The surface conductivity and its contribution to electrokinetic effects are determined from a comparison of zeta-potentials by two different methods, and then the validation of the Helmholz–Smoluchowski equation for a capillary tube is tested in rocks. We also compare our date with theoretical and experimental works, and set up an expression about the relationship between zeta potential and salinity, which fits the experimental data well.
Crustal seismic reflection profile across the alpine fault and coastal plain at Whataroa, South Island

Abstract Crustal seismic reflection data recorded across the Alpine Fault and coastal plain at Whataroa in 1998 are used to derive shallow (4 seconds two-way time or s twt) and deep (14 s twt) seismic reflection images and a simple refraction model. A single 25 km long, 636 channel receiver array recorded energy from 50 kg shots fired at 1 km intervals with intervening shots of 2.5 kg at about 300 m intervals along the profile. Record quality varied from good to poor. Across the Alpine Fault, basement lies at about 300–500 m (0.2–0.5 s twt), and a weak basement reflection may be attributed the Alpine Fault. Basement deepens sharply at about 6 km to the northwest of the fault, and a 3 km section of probably Miocene and younger sediments is imaged to the northwest. The southern boundary of the coastal basin probably corresponds to the South Westland Fault. The deeper section images a distinct band of strong reflectivity at a depth of about 9–10 s twt, the base of which is inferred to be Moho. Depth conversion gives a horizontal Moho across the whole profile at a depth of about 27 km.
Once-weekly somapacitan vs daily GH in children with GH deficiency: results from a randomized phase 2 trial

doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz310 J Clin Endocrinol Metab, April 2020, 105(4):e1847–e1861 https://academic.oup. com/jcem e1847 Abbreviations: ETD, estimated treatment difference; GHD, growth hormone deficiency; HV, height velocity; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor-I. ISSN Print 0021-972X ISSN Online 1945-7197 Printed in USA © Endocrine Society 2020. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received 13 September 2019. Accepted 7 January 2020. First Published Online 9 January 2020. Corrected and Typeset 13 March 2020. Once-Weekly Somapacitan vs Daily GH in Children With GH Deficiency: Results From a Randomized Phase 2 Trial
Widespread hydrothermal alteration minerals in the fine‐grained matrices of the Tieschitz unequilibrated ordinary chondrite

Mineralogic, textural, and compositional studies of black and white matrices in the unequilibrated ordinary chondrite Tieschitz (H/L, 3.6) show, for the first time in an ordinary chondrite, the presence of widespread, randomly distributed geode‐like voids and veins. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies show that these voids and veins are partially or completely filled by sodic–calcic amphiboles (winchite and barroisite). The occurrence of amphiboles provides unequivocal evidence of the involvement of fluids in the metamorphic evolution of the parent body of Tieschitz. The presence of amphiboles as the main hydrous phases, rather than phyllosilicates, indicates that aqueous fluids were present at or close to the peak of thermal metamorphism, rather than during the waning stages of the cooling history of the parent body. In addition, ferrous olivine crystals, in association with the amphibole, also establish an important link between thermal metamorphism and hydrous phases formed at high temperatures. Mineralogic and textural evidence suggests that the white matrix and amphibole formed contemporaneously from the same hydrous fluid, prior to the formation of ferrous olivine crystals. Additionally, a dark inclusion identified in the host chondrite has mineralogic, petrologic, and bulk chemical characteristics that are similar to the black matrix of host Tieschitz, suggesting that this dark inclusion was emplaced before or during parent body metamorphism.
GOES Aerosol/Smoke Product (GASP) over North America: Comparisons to AERONET and MODIS observations

[1] The GOES Aerosol/Smoke Product (GASP) is a retrieval of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) using visible imagery. The product currently runs operationally at NOAA/NESDIS in near-real time at 30 min intervals. This high temporal resolution is not possible with polar orbiting instruments which produce one daily image. This work evaluates the GASP AOD from the GOES-12 Imager over North America at various temporal and spatial scales based on comparisons with AOD from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). We find a mean GASP/AERONET correlation of 0.79, rms difference of 0.13 and slope of 0.8, based on a statistical analysis at 10 northeastern U.S. and Canadian sites. The GASP AOD has a slight negative bias when the AOD is greater than 0.35 and a positive bias elsewhere. The absolute bias is less than 30% when the AOD is greater than 0.1. When the AOD is less than 0.15 we find poor correlation and biases greater than 30%. The GASP/AERONET statistics also indicate that GASP can be used to examine the seasonal and diurnal variability in the AOD over the eastern United States between 1215 and 2115 UTC. GASP/AERONET AOD correlations were generally less than 0.5 elsewhere in the continental United States. Comparisons between the MODIS and GASP AOD over the eastern United States in the summer of 2004 showed agreement within 20% and correlations greater than 0.7 under elevated AOD conditions. Simultaneous comparisons between GASP, MODIS, and AERONET AODs showed good agreement over the northeastern United States and Canada, with higher correlation and lower rms differences in the MODIS/AERONET comparisons than in the GASP/AERONET comparisons.
The metastasis suppressor, NDRG1, inhibits “stemness” of colorectal cancer via down-regulation of nuclear β-catenin and CD44

N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), has been identified as an important metastasis suppressor for colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we investigated: (1) the effects of NDRG1 on CRC stemness and tumorigenesis; (2) the molecular mechanisms involved; and (3) the relationship between NDRG1 expression and colorectal cancer prognosis. Our investigation demonstrated that CRC cells with silenced NDRG1 showed more tumorigenic ability and stem cell-like properties, such as: colony and sphere formation, chemoresistance, cell invasion, high expression of CD44, and tumorigenicity in vivo. Moreover, NDRG1 silencing reduced β-catenin expression on the cell membrane, while increasing its nuclear expression. The anti-tumor activity of NDRG1 was demonstrated to be mediated by preventing β-catenin nuclear translocation, as silencing of this latter molecule could reverse the effects of silencing NDRG1 expression. NDRG1 expression was also demonstrated to be negatively correlated to CRC prognosis. In addition, there was a negative correlation between NDRG1 and nuclear β-catenin and also NDRG1 and CD44 expression in clinical CRC specimens. Taken together, our investigation demonstrates that the anti-metastatic activity of NDRG1 in CRC occurs through the down-regulation of nuclear β-catenin and suggests that NDRG1 is a significant therapeutic target.
Immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in Chinese and Italian patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukemia in the Western world, whereas in Asia the incidence is about 10 times lower. The basis for this ethnic and geographic variation is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize IGHVDJ rearrangements and stereotype of the HCDR3 region in a series of 623 Chinese CLL, in order to identify possible differences in immunoglobulin gene usage and their potential pathogenetic implications. Chinese CLL were compared to 789 Italian CLL. Chinese patients showed a higher proportion of mutated IGHV and a more frequent usage of IGHV3-7, IGHV3-74, IGHV4-39 and IGHV4-59 genes. A significantly lower usage of IGHV1-69 and IGHV1-2 was documented, with comparable IGHV3-21 frequency (3% Chinese vs 3.8% Italian CLL). The proportion of known stereotyped receptors was significantly lower in Chinese (19.7%) than in Italian CLL (25.8%), despite a significantly higher frequency of subset #8 (p= 0.0001). Moreover, new paired clusters were identified among Chinese cases. Overall, these data support a potential different antigenic exposure between Eastern and Western CLL.