Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Positive Illusions and Forecasting Errors in Mutual Fund Investment Decisions

This study examines the portfolio allocation decisions of 80 business students in a computer-based investing simulation. Our goal was to better understand why investors spend so much time and money on actively managed mutual funds despite the fact that the vast majority of these funds are outperformed by passively managed index funds. Participants’ judgments and decisions provided evidence for a number of biases. First, most participants consistently overestimated both the future performance and the past performance of their investments. Second, participants overestimated the intertemporal consistency of portfolio performance. Third, participants were more likely to shift their portfolio allocation following poorer performance than following better performance, and this tendency had a negative impact on portfolio returns. We speculate that these biases in investor behavior may contribute to suboptimal investment decisions in real financial markets. q 1999 Academic Press
A significant CO2 sink in the tropical Atlantic Ocean associated with the Amazon River plume

During Meteor cruise 55 a strong undersaturation of surface seawater with respect to atmospheric CO2 was found in the Amazon River plume which is advected into the surface circulation of the tropical Atlantic. A conservative estimate of the plume‐related CO2 sink in the tropical Atlantic yields a net air‐sea flux of 0.014 ± 0.005 Pg C yr−1. The corresponding average CO2 flux density of 1.35 mmol m−2 d−1 is of similar magnitude but opposite sign as found elsewhere in the slightly supersaturated tropical Atlantic illustrating the significant impact of the Amazon on the biogeochemistry of large ocean areas. The dramatic change of the CO2 saturation state from highly supersaturated river waters to markedly undersaturated surface waters in the plume can be explained by a combination of the effects of CO2 outgassing from river water, of mixing between river and ocean water on the CO2 system properties, and of strong biological carbon drawdown in the plume.
The Impact of Cultural Differences on Enterprise Architecture Effectiveness: a Case Study

We study how differences between organizational subcultures influence the effectiveness of the Enterprise Architecture (EA) function for steering the enterprise. In this paper, we contribute findings from a case study in a governmental organization. We derive seven propositions concerning the relation between cultural differences and EA effectiveness. For one, we suggest that cultural differences among the architects have a negative impact on the architects’ communication towards the management. In addition, our data suggest that the influence of cultural differences is indirect: communication defects and disagreement within the architecture board act as important intermediary factors.
Remnants of the Pleistocene ice sheets in the permafrost zone as an object for paleoglaciological research

Abstract Glaciogenic ice/sediment complexes which are the remnants of basal layers of the Pleistocene ice sheets and are widespread in the north of Western Siberia are the product of incomplete deglaciation. They are protected from melting by a thin cover mainly composed of till, fluvioglacial sands, solifluction deposits, etc. The main peculiarity of these complexes is the evidence of syngenetic glaciodynamic processes common to both the ice and the sediment components of the complex. They consist primarily of frozen till containing ice cement and lenses of relict glacier ice as well as glaciotectonites, i.e., plucked material from the glacier bed, and dynamorphic ice of non‐glacial origin. The presence of glaciogenic ice/sediment complexes indicates the former existence or regeneration of permafrost beneath the ice sheets. Their structure reflects the nature of ice motion and its impact on the glacier bed and testifies to the great significance of ground ice to glaciodynamic processes. It also indicates.
Water conservation in urban landscaping using a low-cost soil moisture controller

Landscape irrigation often constitutes a considerable percentage of total urban scheme water demand and improvements in irrigation efficiency have the potential to contribute to substantial water savings. Soil moisture monitoring devices can play an important role in improving irrigation efficiency, in particular, helping to overcome the problem of over watering that results from poor irrigation scheduling. A low-cost capacitance soil moisture controller (SMC) is currently the subject of a twelve-month trial at the Environmental Technology Centre at Murdoch University in Perth Western Australia, between January and December 2002. When properly installed and calibrated, the SMC is designed to over-ride the program of a clock driven irrigation control unit when the soil moisture content is above a level which has been set by the user, thus preventing unnecessary irrigation. The objective of the trial is to evaluate whether or not the SMC will work reliably in the field in sandy soil with three common types of garden irrigation system, namely shrub sprinklers, micro-sprays and dripline. Preliminary results indicate that the SMC operates effectively and that it has the potential to contribute to considerable water savings when installed properly as part of a well-designed domestic irrigation system.
Photolysis frequency measurements using actinic flux spectroradiometry during the PEM‐Tropics mission: Instrumentation description and some results

The in situ photolysis frequencies for 11 molecules were determined using new actinic flux spectroradiometer systems mounted on the NASA DC-8 research aircraft during the Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM)-Tropics mission. Photolysis frequencies for O3, NO2, HONO, CH2O, H2O2, CH3OOH, HNO3, PAN, CH3NO3, CH3CH2NO3, and acetone were calculated from the 30 s averaged actinic flux measurements. The accuracy of the actinic flux measurements was approximately ±11.5% in the UV-B range and 8% in the UV-A range. Uncertainties of the reported photolysis frequencies vary between ±15% and ±20% dependent on the quality of the molecular absorption cross section and quantum yield data. Approximately 139 hours of data were taken during 17 flights over the Pacific Ocean, and photolysis frequencies have been reported to the mission archive. During the mission, latitudes range from 45°N to 72.5°S, the longitude ranges from 10°W to 173°E, and the altitude ranges from sea level to 11.9 km. The geographical extents covered, combined with local times from sunrise to sunset, encompass solar zenith angles between 1° and >90° resulting in a broad range of photolysis frequencies. Persistent scattered clouds created photolysis frequency enhancements of approximately a factor of 2 over clear-sky values and reductions of greater than 90% of clear-sky values for portions of the mission.
"Lugar do lixo é no lixo": estudo de assimilação da informação

O presente estudo investiga a assimilacao da informacao “lugar do lixo e no lixo” por meio da analise de depoimentos textuais e graficos de tres grupos de alunos da 4a serie do ensino fundamental. Para isso, foram utilizadas como base as oficinas de reciclagem artesanal de papel do Projeto Recicloteca da ONG Ecomarapendi, transformadas em agregado de informacao e denominadas oficinas experimentais. Esse tipo de abordagem define sua insercao na ciencia da informacao e sua responsabilidade social na comunicacao do conhecimento, tendo sido tecida uma rede conceitual unindo fios da informacao e da educacao ambiental. Alem da constatacao da presenca de barreiras de comunicacao, os resultados da pesquisa apontaram que a informacao foi assimilada por numero significativo de criancas, revelando a coerencia e atualidade dessa pesquisa na problematica dos residuos solidos [lixo].
Socio-hydrology modelling for an uncertain future, with examples from the USA and Canada

Abstract Socio-hydrology brings an interest in human values, markets, social organizations and public policy to the traditional emphasis of water science on climate, hydrology, toxicology and ecology. It also conveys a decision focus in the form of decision support tools, stakeholder engagement and new knowledge about the science–policy interface. This paper demonstrates how policy decisions and human behaviour can be better integrated into climate and hydrological models to improve their usefulness for decision support. Examples from SW USA and western Canada highlight uncertainties, vulnerabilities and critical tradeoffs facing water decision makers in the face of rapidly changing environmental and societal conditions. Irreducible uncertainties in downscaled climate and hydrological models limit the usefulness of climate-driven, predict-and-plan methods of water resource planning and management. Thus, it is argued that such methods should be replaced by approaches that use exploratory modelling, scenario planning and risk assessment in which the emphasis is on managing uncertainty rather than on reducing it. Model fusion supports all of these processes in integrating human and biophysical aspects of water systems, allowing policy impacts to be quantified and clarified, and fostering public engagement with water resource modelling.
Unified water isotherms for clayey porous materials

We provide a unified model for the soil‐water retention function, including the effect of bound and capillary waters for all types of soils, including clayey media. The model combines a CEC‐normalized isotherm describing the sorption of the bound water (and the filling of the trapped porosity) and the van Genuchten model to describe the capillary water sorption retention but ignore capillary condensation. For the CEC‐normalized isotherm, we tested both the BET and Freundlich isotherms, and we found that the Freundlich is more suitable than the BET isotherm in fitting the data. It is also easier to combine the Freundlich isotherm with the van Genuchten model. The new model accounts for (1) the different types of clay minerals, (2) the different types of ions sorbed in the Stern layer and on the basal planes of 2:1 clays, and (3) the pore size distribution. The model is validated with different data sets, including mixtures of kaolinite and bentonite. The model parameters include two exponents (the pore size exponent of the van Genuchten model and the exponent of the Freundlich isotherm), the capillary entry pressure, and two critical water contents. The first critical water content is the water content at saturation (porosity), and the second is the maximum water content associated with adsorption forces, including the trapped nonbound water.
A REVIEW OF GEOLOGICAL DATA THAT CONFLICT WITH THE PARADIGM OF CATAGENIC GENERATION AND MIGRATION OF OIL

The majority of petroleum geologists today agree that the complex problems that surround the origin, generation, migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons can be resolved by accepting the geochemical conclusion that the process originates by catagenic generation in deeply‐buried organically‐rich source rocks. These limited source rock intervals are believed to expel hydrocarbons when they reach organic maturity in oil kitchens. The expelled oil and gas then follow migration pathways to traps at shallower levels. However, there are major geological obstacles that cast doubt upon this interpretation.
Bursty bulk flow intrusion to the inner plasma sheet as inferred from auroral observations

[1] The physics of the interaction of bursty bulk flows (BBFs) with the near-Earth plasma is not yet known in detail. We address this issue with comprehensive observations made with the MIRACLE network during a well-documented streamer event. In this case an equatorward intruding auroral streamer inclined from northwest (NW) to southeast (SE) reached the region of the proton oval of 486 nm (Hβ) luminosity. This Hβ band is assumed to map poleward of the ≥30 keV proton isotropic boundary, which is at geocentric distances ∼7–8 RE according to the appropriate magnetic field models. A significant enhancement (30%) in the Hβ luminosity was recorded just at the time and in the location where the equatorward end of the streamer reached the Hβ band. This enhancement implies a corresponding pressure enhancement in the equatorial magnetosphere. The simultaneous poleward shift of the Hβ emission suggests that also a magnetic field dipolarization took place in the same region. An NW-aligned electrojet (300–400 km in width) accompanied the equatorward development of the streamer (with streamer locating at the dusk flank of this electrojet), and it produced a sharp negative magnetic bay (∼300 nT) resembling a substorm onset. Both auroral and equivalent current observations suggest that the plasma jet was not completely dissolved or stopped during this interaction, but rather diverted in the azimuthal direction. Equivalent currents reconstructed from ground magnetic field observations indicate that a R1-type field-aligned current system (upward current ∼0.5 MA) accompanied the streamer development. However, our observations do not show any signatures of a R2-type current system expected to build up during the flow braking and diversion according to previously published simulation studies.
Controls on glacier surging in Svalbard

Abstract The geographical distribution of surge-type glaciers worldwide displays a remarkably non-random pattern. Surge-type glaciers tend to be concentrated in certain glacierized areas and to be completely absent in others. This observation suggests that special conditions are required for surges to occur. However, the factors controlling the spatial occurrence of surge-type behaviour are not known. To investigate this problem we performed probability statistical analysis on a sample population of 615 glaciers in Svalbard. The probability that a glacier in the sample population is surge-type is 36.4%. Within the sampled area there is a spatial variation in the concentration of surge-type glaciers. Several geometric and environmental factors associated with glaciers in the sample population were measured and tested to determine if they are related to the probability of surging. Of the geometric factors tested (length, slope, elevation, orientation and presence or absence of tributaries), only glacier length is related to surging, with surge probability increasing with increasing length. Elevated probabilities of surging were also found for glaciers associated with sedimentary subglacial rocks and sub-polar thermal regimes. The distributions of related factors were used to predict the spatial distribution of surge-type glaciers. However, in each case the individual factors were unable to reproduce the observed pattern of surge-type glacier distribution.
The fate of chromium and nickel in subalpine soils derived from serpentinite

Weathering of serpentinitic parent material, naturally rich in both Cr and Ni, provides soils that generally contain elevated concentrations of both metals. In this study, soil development as well as the fate of Cr and Ni in Dystric Eutrochrepts derived from serpentinitic rock slide material were investigated in the Swiss Alps under subalpine climatic conditions. Exchangeable Ni was ≤ 0.2 mmol kg−1, but exchangeable Cr was always < 0.01 mmol kg−1. Linear correlation between dithionite-extractable Cr and Fe was positive, but negative between pyrophosphate extractable Cr and total soil carbon. Total Ni and Mg generally increased with depth. While most of the Cr was located in refractory primary minerals (pyroxene, garnet and spinels), a minor part was found in secondary Fe oxides; therefore, Cr tended to accumulate in the upper mineral part of the soil profiles and was generally less mobile than Ni. Soil Cr was not readily available for plant uptake. In some soils, exchangeable Ni reached concentrations pot.
Concentric impact structures in the Palaeozoic of Sweden – the Lockne and Siljan craters

The Ordovician age Lockne and Devonian Siljan craters are two of the largest impact structures in northern Europe. Both formed in targets with a thick, low-strength upper layer. This target configuration is known to generate concentric crater structures with an outer, shallow crater in the low-strength layer, surrounding a central, deeper crater in the more resistant substrate. The concentric craters of Lockne and Siljan are excellent models for studies of similar concentric craters on Earth and elsewhere in the Solar system. Several structural issues remain, and drilling through the craters within the Swedish Deep Drilling Program intends to address the following: the extent of the craters with respect to the time of impact; the effects of cratering on the basement; and the role of basement structure for the crater formation. A problem for the Lockne crater is the relation to the Caledonian orogeny and the lateral extension of the ejecta blanket – the rim is interrupted by a radial depression that has been interpreted both as primary and secondary, tectonically induced. A second feature to study is the deeper and older (1.82–1.80 Ga) NNW–SSE shear zones that cut the basement. In the Siljan area the development of mega block associations comprising the infilling of the graben is disputed. The blocks may either be formed by sagging of peripheral parts of the fault blocks or alternatively by major radial movement involving kilometre long transport.
River channel dynamics following extirpation of wolves in northwestern Yellowstone National Park, USA

Historical records indicate that gray wolves (Canis lupus) were extirpated from the upper Gallatin River Basin in the early 1900s. Following the removal of these large carnivores, elk (Cervis elaphus) began to increasingly browse streamside vegetation in the winter range, causing widespread loss of formerly extensive willow (Salix spp.) communities. Historical aerial photographs and chronosequences of ground photographs were used to characterize general changes in vegetation and channel morphology over time. In August of 2004, riparian vegetation and channel cross‐sections were surveyed along three reaches of the upper Gallatin River. Reach A was located upstream of the elk winter range (control reach) whereas reaches B and C (treatment reaches) were located within the elk winter range. Willow cover on floodplains averaged 85 per cent for reach A, but only 26 per cent and 5 per cent for reaches B and C, respectively. The average return period of calculated bankfull discharges was 3·1 yrs for reach A but increased to 32·4 yrs and 10·6 yrs for reaches B and C, respectively. The long‐term loss of streamside vegetation allowed channels to generally increase in hydraulic capacity (via increases in width, incision or both) and decrease their hydrologic connectivity with adjacent floodplains. This study documents, perhaps for the first time, the resultant impacts to riparian vegetation functions and stream channel characteristics following the extirpation of a large mammalian carnivore. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation

Climate change scenarios predict that Central Asia may experience an increase in the frequency and magnitude of temperature and precipitation extremes by the end of the 21st century, but the response regularity of different types of vegetation to climate extremes is uncertain. Based on remote-sensed veg- etation index and in-situ meteorological data for the period of 2000–2012, we examined the diverse responses of vegetation to climate mean/extremes and differentiated climatic and anthropogenic inﬂu- ence on the vegetation in Central Asia. Our results showed that extensive vegetation degradation was related to summer water deﬁcit as a result of the combined effect of decreased precipitation and increased potential evapotranspiration. Water was a primary climatic driver for vegetation changes regionally, and human-induced changes in vegetation conﬁned mainly to local areas. Responses of vegetation to water stress varied in different vegetation types. Grasslands were most responsive to water deﬁcit followed by forests and desert vegetation. Climate extremes caused signiﬁcant vegetation changes, and different veg- etation types had diverse responses to climate extremes. Grasslands represented a symmetric response to wet and dry periods. Desert vegetation was more responsive during wet years than in dry years. Forests responded more strongly to dry than to wet years due to a severe drought occurred in 2008. This study has important implications for predicting how vegetation ecosystems in drylands respond to
Isoprene in the marine boundary layer (southeast Asian Sea, eastern Indian Ocean, and Southern Ocean): Comparison with dimethyl sulfide and bromoform

Sampling for atmospheric isoprene and some other volatile organic compounds was conducted during two cruises in the austral summer, covering the western Pacific, eastern Indian Ocean, Southeast Asian Sea, and Southern Ocean. High isoprene levels were observed in the marine air masses over the southern Indian Ocean (up to 280 parts per trillion by volume (pptv)) and over the Southern Ocean (up to 60 pptv), as well as high levels of dimethyl sulfide and bromoform, both of which are mainly emitted by marine biota. It is highly probable that the high phytoplankton activity in the Southern Ocean during the austral summer was responsible for the high oceanic isoprene levels. The findings suggest a possible significant influence of oceanic isoprene on marine atmospheric chemistry.
Observations of mountain‐induced turbulence

Analyses are presented of the airflow over the Colorado Rockies for two days during February 1970. In both cases substantial downslope flow and standing waves were observed as well as clearly defined layers of turbulence. The turbulent layers appeared to bound the upward propagation of the larger scale waves and therefore probably absorbed much of the drag effect of the mountains on the atmosphere.
Effect of climate sensitivity on the Response to Volcanic Forcing

The results from 16 coupled atmosphere/ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) simulations are used to reduce internally generated noise and to obtain an improved estimate of the underlying response of 20th century global mean temperature to volcanic forcing. An upwelling diffusion energy balance model (UD EBM) with the same forcing and the same climate sensitivity as the AOGCM is then used to emulate the AOGCM results. The UD EBM and AOGCM results are in very close agreement, justifying the use of the UD EBM to determine the volcanic response for different climate sensitivities. The maximum cooling for any given eruption is shown to depend approximately on the climate sensitivity raised to power 0.37. After the maximum cooling for low‐latitude eruptions the temperature relaxes back toward the initial state with an e‐folding time of 29–43 months for sensitivities of 1–4°C equilibrium warming for CO2 doubling. Comparisons of observed and modeled coolings after the eruptions of Agung, El Chichon, and Pinatubo give implied climate sensitivities that are consistent with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) range of 1.5–4.5°C. The cooling associated with Pinatubo appears to require a sensitivity above the IPCC lower bound of 1.5°C, and none of the observed eruption responses rules out a sensitivity above 4.5°C.