Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Numerical analysis of agricultural emissions impacts on PM2.5 in China using a high-resolution ammonia emission inventory

Abstract. China is one of the largest agricultural countries in the world. Thus, NH3 emission from agricultural activities in China considerably affects the country's regional air quality and visibility. In this study, a high-resolution agricultural NH3 emission inventory compiled on 1 km × 1 km horizontal resolution was applied to calculate the NH3 mass burden in China and reliably estimate the influence of NH3 on agriculture. The key parameter emission factors of this inventory were enhanced by considering many experiment results, and the dynamic data of spatial and temporal information were updated using statistical data of 2015. In addition to fertilizers and husbandry, farmland ecosystems, livestock waste, crop residue burning, wood-based fuel combustion, and other NH3 emission sources were included in this inventory. Furthermore, a source apportionment tool, namely, the Integrated Source Apportionment Method (ISAM) coupled with the air quality modeling system Regional Atmospheric Modeling System and Community Multiscale Air Quality, was applied to capture the contribution of NH3 emitted from total agriculture ( Tagr ) in China. The aerosol mass concentration in 2015 was simulated, and results showed that the high mass concentration of NH3 exceeded 10 µ g m −3 and mainly appeared in the North China Plain, Central China, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Sichuan Basin. Moreover, the annual average contribution of Tagr NH3 to PM 2.5 mass burden was 14 %–22 % in China. Specific to the PM 2.5 components, Tagr NH3 contributed dominantly to ammonium formation (87.6 %) but trivially to sulfate formation (2.2 %). In addition, several brute-force sensitivity tests were conducted to estimate the impact of Tagr NH3 emission reduction on PM 2.5 mass burden. In contrast to the result of ISAM, even though the Tagr NH3 only provided 10.1 % contribution to nitrate under the current emission scenario, the reduction of nitrate could reach 95.8 % upon removal of the Tagr NH3 emission. This deviation occurred because the contribution of NH3 to nitrate should be small under a “rich NH3 ”environment and large under a “poor NH3 ” environment. Thus, the influence of NH3 on nitrate formation would be enhanced with the decrease in ambient NH3 mass concentration.
Paediatric Urolithiasis in Northern Afghanistan: Analysis of Risk Factors

Afghanistan is a country with a population of approximately 30 million people and has an extremely poor medical facility. It is placed at 170 out of 189 countries in the UNDP index (United Nations Development Index). It is estimated that the infant mortality in Afghanistan is almost 52 per 1000 life births while the mortality rate for the under-five is as high as 63 per 1000 births [1]. In addition to adverse mortality statistics, there is a high rate of morbidity in the pediatric age group due to various types of diseases. One of the conditions that show an unusually high prevalence is that of urolithiasis. Unfortunately, no definitive worldwide data accurately reflects the frequency of urolithiasis. This is because of the poor maintenance of hospital record in the developing regions of the world. Despite the presence of several studies in countries with high incidence of the disease, no uniformity in the reporting data exists. Although epidemiological data from some parts of the word is inadequate, it is estimated that the incidence of the disease may range from about 1:7000 to 1:10000 paediatric admissions. 32-33 % of all stone disease is thought to occur in the paediatric age group. Regarding the localization of the stones, a shift from lower the to the upper urinary tract has been reported in the recent times in developed regions. Although the incidence observed in children is less than that of in adults, the pathology associated is accompanied by considerable morbidity with high recurrence rates.
International Journal of Social Sciences and Management Review

The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of competitor orientation strategy on organizations performance of small scale enterprises in Kisumu City. The target population for the study was 1321 registered small scale enterprises operating within Kisumu City, Kenya. Stratified random sampling technique was used to stratify the SSEs according to their type’s i.e. educational facilities 27, Transport 113, Retail service1053, Storage facilities 118 and Communication companies10. Simple random sampling was then used to select a sample size of 30% from each subset giving a sample size of 396 SSEs. Data was collected using questionnaires. Data was analyzed objectively using Regression Analysis. The study findings revealed that competitor orientation accounted for 35.0% change in the performance of the enterprises and contributed uniquely to the organizational performance (β=.592, p=.000). The study concluded that their existed healthy competition among the SSEs, however the majority of the SSE owners didn’t value it. Further, the researcher recommended that seminars be conducted to train SSE owners and hence shade light on how to respond to and integrate competition in business. The seminars may also clarify the significance of market orientation strategies as a key element of enhanced financial performance.
SEM Observation on the Mouth Tube and Preoral Sting of Argulus coregoni THORELL and Argulus japonicus THIELE (Crustacea: Branchiura)

The mouth-parts of Argulus coregoni and A. japonicus are described based on SEM observation. A smooth upper lip and a rugose lower lip with small rows of teeth form the mouth opening. Two types of sensilla lie on the lips around the opening. Mandibles and labial spines are found in the buccal cavity. The preoral sting has a globular tip, a ventral, subterminal glandular pore and a dorsal, subterminal minute pore possibly of sensory in function. Some differences in the buccal folds and a pair of spines on the mouth tube are found between the adults and larvae of A. coregoni . But there are no significant differences in the mouth-parts between the two species.
The Effects of Oscillations and Collisions of Emerging Bipolar Regions on the Triggering of Solar Flares

The ability to predict the occurrence of solar flares in advance is important to humankind due to the potential damage they can cause to Earth’s environment and infrastructure. It has been shown in Kusano et al. that a small-scale bipolar region (BR), with its flux reversed relative to the potential component of the overlying field, appearing near the polarity inversion line (PIL) is sufficient to effectively trigger a solar flare. In this study we perform further 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations to study the effect that the motion of these small-scale BRs has on the effectiveness of flare triggering. The effect of two small-scale BRs colliding is also simulated. The results indicate that the strength of the triggered flare is dependent on how much of the overlying field is disrupted by the BR. Simulations of linear oscillations of the BR showed that oscillations along the PIL increase the flare strength while oscillations across the PIL detract from the flare strength. The flare strength is affected more by larger amplitude oscillations but is relatively insensitive to the frequency of oscillations. In the most extreme case the peak kinetic energy of the flare increased more than threefold compared to a non-oscillating BR. Simulations of torsional oscillations of the BR showed a very small effect on the flare strength. Finally, simulations of colliding BRs showed the generation of much stronger flares as the flares triggered by each individual BR coalesce. These results show that significantly stronger flares can result from motion of the BR along the PIL of a sheared field or from the presence of multiple BRs in the same region.
Removing parametrized rays symplectically

Extracting isolated rays from a symplectic manifold result in a manifold symplectomorphic to the initial one. The same holds for higher dimensional parametrized rays under an additional condition. More precisely, let $(M,\omega)$ be a symplectic manifold. Let $[0,\infty)\times Q\subset\mathbb{R}\times Q$ be considered as parametrized rays $[0,\infty)$ and let $\varphi:[-1,\infty)\times Q\to M$ be an injective, proper, continuous map immersive on $(-1,\infty)\times Q$. If for the standard vector field $\frac{\partial}{\partial t}$ on $\mathbb{R}$ and any further vector field $\nu$ tangent to $(-1,\infty)\times Q$ the equation $\varphi^*\omega(\frac{\partial}{\partial t},\nu)=0$ holds then $M$ and $M\setminus \varphi([0,\infty)\times Q)$ are symplectomorphic.
Cognitive Abilities in the Wild: Population-scale game-based cognitive assessment

Psychology and the social sciences are undergoing a revolution: It has become increasingly clear that traditional lab-based experiments are challenged in capturing the full range of individual differences in cognitive abilities and behaviors across the general population. Some progress has been made toward devising measures that can be applied at scale across individuals and populations. What has been missing is a broad battery of validated tasks that can be easily deployed, used across different age ranges and social backgrounds, and in practical, clinical, and research contexts. Here, we present Skill Lab, a game-based approach affording efficient assessment of a suite of cognitive abilities. Skill Lab has been validated outside the lab in a crowdsourced broad and diverse sample, recruited in collaboration with the Danish Broadcast Company (Danmarks Radio, DR). Our game-based measures are five times faster to complete than the equivalent traditional measures and replicate previous findings on the decline of cognitive abilities with age in a large cross-sectional population sample. Finally, we provide a large open-access dataset that enables continued improvements on our work.
Electronic Nematic States Tuned by Isoelectronic Substitution in Bulk FeSe1−x S x

Isoelectronic substitution is an ideal tuning parameter to alter electronic states and correlations in iron-based superconductors. As this substitution takes place outside the conducting Fe planes, the electronic behaviour is less affected by the impurity scattering experimentally and relevant key electronic parameters can be accessed. In this short review, I present the experimental progress made in understanding the electronic behaviour of the nematic electronic superconductors, FeSe1−x S x . A direct signature of the nematic electronic state is in-plane anisotropic distortion of the Fermi surface triggered by orbital ordering effects and electronic interactions that result in multi-band shifts detected by ARPES. Upon sulphur substitution, the electronic correlations and the Fermi velocities decrease in the tetragonal phase. Quantum oscillations are observed for the whole series in ultra-high magnetic fields and show a complex spectra due to the presence of many small orbits. Effective masses associated to the largest orbit display non-divergent behaviour at the nematic end point (x ∼ 0.175(5)), as opposed to critical spin-fluctuations in other iron pnictides. Magnetotransport behaviour has a strong deviation from the Fermi liquid behaviour and linear T resistivity is detected at low temperatures inside the nematic phase, where scattering from low energy spin-fluctuations are likely to be present. The superconductivity is not enhanced in FeSe1−x S x and there are no divergent electronic correlations at the nematic end point. These manifestations indicate a strong coupling with the lattice in FeSe1−x S x and a pairing mechanism likely promoted by spin fluctuations.
Cloud–cloud collisions and triggered star formation

Star formation is a fundamental process for galactic evolution. One issue over the last several decades has been determining whether star formation is induced by external triggers or is self-regulated in a closed system. The role of an external trigger, which can effectively collect mass in a small volume, has attracted particular attention in connection with the formation of massive stellar clusters, which in the extreme may lead to starbursts. Recent observations have revealed massive cluster formation triggered by cloud-cloud collisions in nearby interacting galaxies, including the Magellanic system and the Antennae Galaxies as well as almost all well-known high-mass star-forming regions such as RCW 120, M20, M42, NGC 6334, etc., in the Milky Way. Theoretical efforts are laying the foundation for the mass compression that causes massive cluster/star formation. Here, we review the recent progress on cloud-cloud collisions and triggered star-cluster formation and discuss the future prospects for this area of research.
EFFECTS OF REGULATION OF THE RIVER TEES UPON FISH POPULATIONS BELOW COW GREEN RESERVOIR

Etude de: densite et productivite de la population, croissance, biomasse et fecondite de Cottus gobio et de Salmo trutta dans cette riviere en deca du bassin de retenue. La combinaison des divers changements de milieu entraines par la regulation du cours d'eau ameliore les conditions des poissons en aval
Hypercontractivity on the symmetric group

Abstract The hypercontractive inequality is a fundamental result in analysis, with many applications throughout discrete mathematics, theoretical computer science, combinatorics and more. So far, variants of this inequality have been proved mainly for product spaces, which raises the question of whether analogous results hold over non-product domains. We consider the symmetric group, $S_n$ , one of the most basic non-product domains, and establish hypercontractive inequalities on it. Our inequalities are most effective for the class of global functions on $S_n$ , which are functions whose $2$ -norm remains small when restricting $O(1)$ coordinates of the input, and assert that low-degree, global functions have small q-norms, for $q>2$ . As applications, we show the following: 1. An analog of the level-d inequality on the hypercube, asserting that the mass of a global function on low degrees is very small. We also show how to use this inequality to bound the size of global, product-free sets in the alternating group $A_n$ . 2. Isoperimetric inequalities on the transposition Cayley graph of $S_n$ for global functions that are analogous to the KKL theorem and to the small-set expansion property in the Boolean hypercube. 3. Hypercontractive inequalities on the multi-slice and stability versions of the Kruskal–Katona Theorem in some regimes of parameters.
Toward correlation self-testing of quantum theory in the adaptive Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt game

Correlation self-testing of a theory addresses the question of whether we can identify the set of correlations realisable in a theory from its performance in a particular information processing task. Applied to quantum theory it aims to identify an information processing task whose optimal performance is achieved only by theories realising the same correlations as quantum theory in any causal structure. In [Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 060406 (2020)] we introduced a candidate task for this, the adaptive CHSH game. Here, we analyse the maximum probability of winning this game in different generalised probabilistic theories. We show that theories with a joint state space given by the minimal or the maximal tensor product are inferior to quantum theory, before considering other tensor products in theories whose elementary systems have various two-dimensional state spaces. For these, we find no theories that outperform quantum theory in the adaptive CHSH game and prove that it is impossible to recover the quantum performance in various cases. This is the first step towards a general solution that, if successful, will have wide-ranging consequences, in particular, enabling an experiment that could rule out all theories in which the set of realisable correlations does not coincide with the quantum set.
The ALMA Survey of 70 μm Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). II. Molecular Outflows in the Extreme Early Stages of Protocluster Formation

We present a study of outflows at extremely early stages of high-mass star formation obtained from the ALMA Survey of 70 μm dark High-mass clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). Twelve massive 3.6−70 μm dark prestellar clump candidates were observed with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Band 6. Forty-three outflows are identified toward 41 out of 301 dense cores using the CO and SiO emission lines, yielding a detection rate of 14%. We discover six episodic molecular outflows associated with low- to high-mass cores, indicating that episodic outflows (and therefore episodic accretion) begin at extremely early stages of protostellar evolution for a range of core masses. The time span between consecutive ejection events is much smaller than those found in more evolved stages, which indicates that the ejection episodicity timescale is likely not constant over time. The estimated outflow dynamical timescale appears to increase with core masses, which likely indicates that more massive cores have longer accretion timescales than less massive cores. The lower accretion rates in these 70 μm dark objects compared to the more evolved protostars indicate that the accretion rates increase with time. The total outflow energy rate is smaller than the turbulent energy dissipation rate, which suggests that outflow-induced turbulence cannot sustain the internal clump turbulence at the current epoch. We often detect thermal SiO emission within these 70 μm dark clumps that is unrelated to CO outflows. This SiO emission could be produced by collisions, intersection flows, undetected protostars, or other motions.
The relatively perfect Greenberg transform and cycle class maps

Given a scheme over a complete discrete valuation ring of mixed characteristic with perfect residue field, the Greenberg transform produces a new scheme over the residue field thicker than the special fiber. In this paper, we will generalize this transform to the case of imperfect residue field. We will then construct a certain kind of cycle class map defined on this generalized Greenberg transform applied to the Neron model of a semi-abelian variety, which takes values in the relatively perfect nearby cycle functor defined by Kato and the second author.
Role of Zic genes during neurulation

Neurulation is the embryonic event that results in formation of the neural tube, the primordium of the central nervous system. Impairment of this process leads to neural tube defects (NTDs), which are among the commonest congenital malformations in humans. Zic1, 2, 3 and 4 encode a family of 2C2H-like zinc finger transcription factors of which two members, Zic2 and Zic3, have been implicated in the causation of NTDs. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the function of Zic genes during neural tube closure in the mouse embryo. The expression of Zic genes was examined at the time of neurulation by in situ hybridisation. All 4 Zic genes have partially overlapping but distinct expression domains, with Zic2 and Zic3 mRNA detected at the posterior neuropore region, consistent with the occurrence of spina bifida and sacral agenesis in Zic2 and Zic3 mutants. Expression of Zic2 was not altered during abnormal neurulation in the mouse mutants ct, Lp and Sp2H, indicating that Zic2 does not act downstream of these mutant genes in the production of NTDs. Zic3 expression was also unaffected in the ct and Sp2H mutants but showed downregulation in Lp homozygous embryos, suggesting that Zic3 may be regulated downstream of the Lp gene. A novel ENU-generated mouse model of spina bifida, the Kumba mouse (Zic2Ku), carries a mutation in the zinc finger domain region of Zic2. Morphological analysis of neurulation in Zic2Ku/Ku embryos showed that Zic2 is required for normal bending of the neural plate. Absence of dorsolateral bending during neural tube closure can explain the subsequent development of spina bifida in Zic2Ku/Ku embryos. In order to understand the molecular pathway by which Zic2 mediates its function, the yeast two-hybrid system was used to identify protein-binding partners. Capicua, p53 binding protein 1, Glis2 and Krox20 were among a series of genes whose protein products were found to interact with Zic2. These protein-protein interactions were confirmed by co-immunolocalisation studies of cultured transfected cells and by glutathione-S-transferase pull-down assays. In situ hybridisation studies demonstrated that Capicua is expressed in the posterior neuropore region of E9.5 embryos consistent with a role of these proteins in Zic2-dependent spina bifida. In conclusion, this thesis has established an early embryonic role for Zic2 in low spinal neurulation and has identified several binding proteins that may participate with Zic2 in the regulation of neural tube closure.
Formation of S0s in extreme environments II: The star-formation histories of bulges, discs, and lenses

Different processes have been proposed to explain the formation of S0s, including mergers, disc instabilities, and quenched spirals. These processes are expected to dominate in different environments, and thus leave characteristic footprints in the kinematics and stellar populations of the individual components within the galaxies. New techniques enable us to cleanly disentangle the kinematics and stellar populations of these components in IFU observations. In this paper, we use buddi to spectroscopically extract the light from the bulge, disc, and lens components within a sample of eight S0 galaxies in extreme environments observed with MUSE. While the spectra of bulges and discs in S0 galaxies have been separated before, this work is the first to isolate the spectra of lenses. Stellar populations analysis revealed that the bulges and lenses have generally similar or higher metallicities than the discs, and the α-enhancement of the bulges and discs are correlated, while those of the lenses are completely unconnected to either component. We conclude that the majority of the mass in these galaxies was built up early in the lifetime of the galaxy, with the bulges and discs forming from the same material through dissipational processes at high redshift. The lenses, on the other hand, formed over independent time-scales at more random times within the lifetime of the galaxy, possibly from evolved bars. The younger stellar populations and asymmetric features seen in the field S0s may indicate that these galaxies have been affected more by minor mergers than the cluster galaxies.
Electric Transport of Nodal Line Semimetals in Single-Component Molecular Conductors

We examine an effect of acoustic phonon scattering on the electric conductivity of a single-component molecular conductor [Pd(dddt)2] (dddt = 5,6-dihydro-1,4-dithiin-2,3-dithiolate) with a half-filled band by applying the previous calculation in a two-dimensional model with Dirac cone [Phys. Rev. B. 98, 161205 (2018)], wherethe electric transport by the impurity scattering exhibits a noticeable interplay of the Dirac cone and the phonon scattering, resulting in maximum of the conductivity with increasing temperature. The conductor shows a nodal line semimetal, where the band crossing of HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital) and LUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital) provides a loop of Dirac points located close to the Fermi energy followed by the density of states (DOS) similar to that of a two-dimensional Dirac cone. Using a tight-binding (TB) model [arXiv:2008.09277], which was obtained using the crystal structure observed from a recent X ray diffraction experiment under pressure, it is shown that the obtained conductivity explains reasonably the anomalous behavior in [Pd(dddt)2] exhibiting temperature-independent resistivity at finite temperatures. This paper demonstrates a crucial role of the acoustic phonon scattering at finite temperatures in the electric conductivity of Dirac electrons. The present theoretical results of conductivity are compared with those of the experiments.