Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Meaning of Relativity

In 1921, five years after the appearance of his comprehensive paper on general relativity and twelve years before he left Europe permanently to join the Institute for Advanced Study, Albert Einstein visited Princeton University, where he delivered the Stafford Little Lectures for that year. These four lectures constituted an overview of his then-controversial theory of relativity. Princeton University Press made the lectures available under the title "The Meaning of Relativity," the first book by Einstein to be produced by an American publisher. As subsequent editions were brought out by the Press, Einstein included new material amplifying the theory. A revised version of the appendix "Relativistic Theory of the Non-Symmetric Field," added to the posthumous edition of 1956, was Einstein's last scientific paper.
A novel model of the geometric and detector response for limited angular sampling pinhole SPECT

Reconstruction methodologies for data sets with reduced angular sampling (RAS) are essential for efficient dynamic or static preclinical animal imaging research using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Modern iterative reconstruction methods can obtain 3D radiotracer distributions of the highest possible quality and resolution. Essential to these algorithms is an accurate model of the physical imaging process. We developed a new point-spread function (PSF) model for the pinhole geometry and compared it to a Gaussian model in a RAS setting. The new model incorporates the geometric response of the pinhole and the detector response of the camera by simulating the system PSF using the error function. Reconstruction of simulated data was done with OS-EM and COS-EM: a new convergent OS-EM based algorithm. The reconstruction of projection data of a simulated point source using the novel method showed improved FWHM values compared to a standard Gaussian method. COS-EM delivers improved results for RAS data, although it converges slower than OS-EM. The reconstruction of Monte Carlo simulated projection data from a resolution phantom shows that as few as 40 projections are sufficient to reconstruct an image with a resolution of approximately 4 mm. The new pinhole model applied to iterative reconstruction methods can reduce imaging time in small animal experiments by a factor of three or reduce the number of cameras needed to perform dynamic SPECT.
Is SP BP

In this paper, we investigate the problem how SP may be reduced from BP under certain Markov random field formalism of general constraint-satisfaction problems. We show that unlike the case of k-SAT problems, for general constraint satisfaction problems, certain extra manipulation of BP messages as well as some condition on the structure of the problem may be needed for BP to reduce to SP.
Edgeworth expansions for nonparametric density estimators, with applications

We develop Edgeworth expansions for kernel density estimators, and for their bootstrap counterparts. Those results are applied to the bootstrap confidence interval problem for densities, paying particular attention to the issue of bias. Two approaches to bias correction are considered: explicit bias estimation, and deliberate undersmoothing to render bias negligible, The latter method is shown to have advantages over the former from the viewpoint of coverage accuracy of onesided confidence intervals. Addition-ally, it produces shorter two-sided intervals
X-ray plane-wave topography observation of the phase contrast from a non-crystalline object

A technique for observation of the inner structure of objects is proposed. The sensitivity to variations in direction of the primary pseudo-plane beam which occurs on boundaries between media with slight differences in density values is impressive. Two types of contrasts are pointed out: 'area contrast' caused by slight deviation of the primary beam and 'boundary contrast'. Basic principles and experimental results are presented.
A spectroscopic, photometric, and X-ray study of the DQ Herculis system 1H0542-407

Spectroscopic and photometric observations of the DQ Herculis binary 1H0542-407 are reported, and models are derived based on these and earlier observations. The system consists of a high-mass, about 1.3 solar mass white dwarf with a spin period of 1911 sec in a 5.7-h orbital period with about a 0.6 solar mass M0 dwarf secondary. The system is viewed at low inclination, so that only one accreting pole is observed. An accretion disk is disrupted by the white dwarf's magnetic field at a distance of about 20,000 km. The gas subsequently accretes along the field lines in the manner of an auroral curtain or arc. A strong shock is produced just above the surface, with the hot gas cooling via bremsstrahlung emission, producing a luminosity of (5-10) x 10 to the 34th ergs/sec. It is shown that the magnetospheric gating model is inapplicable to the star unless the magnetic field strength is inordinately high. 84 refs.
Spectroscopy of the recurrent nova U Scorpii

U Sco, the recurrent nova with the shortest known recurrence time, has been argued to be a strong case for a very massive accreting white dwarf undergoing thermonuclear explosions. Such massive white dwarfs have also been proposed as the progenitors of millisecond pulsars in the disk and in globular clusters. We present optical spectroscopic observations of the system and measure both emission- and absorption-line velocities. We derive an upper limit to the mass for the white dwarf of ≤0.9 M ⊙ (3 σ) in direct contradiction to the thermonuclear instability models
Adaptive synchronization of fractional-order memristor-based Chua's system

Adaptive synchronization of fractional-order memristor-based Chua's circuit is discussed in this paper. Two adaptive synchronization schemes are presented for the fractional-order memristor-based Chua's circuit based on the stability theory of fractional-order differential system, the drive–response concept and the adaptive control principle. Also the case of only one parameter known and the case of all the other parameters fully unknown are discussed. The results show that controller parameters can be adjusted to enhance the convergence rate of the error system. Finally, numerical simulations are drawn to demonstrate these results.
The Right Regular Representation of a Compact Right Topological Group

Abstract We show that for certain compact right topological groups, $\overline{r(G)}$ , the strong operator topology closure of the image of the right regular representation of $G$ in $L(H)$ , where $H\,=\,{{L}^{2}}\,(G)$ , is a compact topological group and introduce a class of representations, $R$ , which effectively transfers the representation theory of $\overline{r(G)}$ over to $G$ . Amongst the groups for which this holds is the class of equicontinuous groups which have been studied by Ruppert in [10]. We use familiar examples to illustrate these features of the theory and to provide a counter-example. Finally we remark that every equicontinuous group which is at the same time a Borel group is in fact a topological group.
GENERALIZATION OF THE FRAME OPERATOR AND THE CANONICAL DUAL FRAME TO BANACH SPACES

Xd-frames for Banach spaces are generalization of Hilbert frames. In this paper we extend the concepts of frame operator and canonical dual to the case of Xd-frames. For a given Xd-frame {gi} for the Banach space X we define an Xd-frame map𝕊 : X → X* and determine conditions, which imply that 𝕊 is invertible and the family {𝕊-1gi} is an $X_d^*$-frame for X* such that f = ∑gi(f)𝕊-1gi for every f ∈ X and g = ∑g(𝕊-1gi)gi for every g ∈ X*. If X is a Hilbert space and {gi} is a frame for X, then the l2-frame map 𝕊 gives the frame operator S and the family {𝕊-1gi} coincides with the canonical dual of {gi}.
Numerical correction of spectrometric data using a rational filter

Raw spectrometric data are subject to systematic errors of an instrumental type that may be reduced provided a mathematical model of the spectrometer used, or its pseudoinverse, i.e. an operator of reconstruction, is identified. The idea to identify this operator directly during calibration of the spectrometer is developed in this paper. The applicability of an operator of reconstruction having the form of a rational filter is studied when it is used for correction of the instrumental errors introduced by an absorption spectrometer. An algorithm for identification of this operator is proposed and studied using spectrometric‐type synthetic data and real‐world spectrometric data. The proposed operator is compared with some existing algorithms of spectrometric data correction, using accuracy‐related criteria, both non‐specific and specific to spectrometry. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical Study of Cryogenic Jets Under Supercritical Conditions

The present work is devoted to the study of cryogenic nitrogen jets in sub- and supercritical conditions. A general trend to operate under increasingly higher combustor pressures is observed in rockets, gas turbines, and diesel engines, primarily as a result of enhanced effects on thrust, power, or efficiency. In these conditions the injected fluid(s) can experience ambient pressures exceeding the critical pressure(s) of the propellants, and recent experimental work of Chehroudi et al. showed a quantitative similarity to gas-jet-like behavior (Chehroudi, B., Cohn, R., and Talley, D., "Spray/Gas Behaviour of Cryogenic Fluids under Sub- and Supercritical Conditions," Paper, July 2000; Chehroudi, B., Cohn, R., and Talley, D., "Initial Growth Rate and Visual Characteristics of a Round Jet into a Sub- to Supercritical Environment of Relevance to Rocket, Gas Turbine, and Diesel Engines," AIAA Paper 99-0206, Jan. 1999). This conclusion suggested that it would be expected that the mathematical models and numerical methods used for gaseous flows could also be used for supercritical flows. This paper reports an investigation, exploring this hypothesis, and aims to evaluate the capabilities and limitations of a computational method developed for incompressible but variable density flows when applied to supercritical conditions. The predicted initial jet growth rate was compared with available experimental data for liquid/gaseous jets and mixing layers and showed a good agreement for different supercritical density ratios. For subcritical conditions, when the flow deviates from the gaseous-like behavior, and approaches a more spray-like behavior the incompressible gaseous flow formulation was found inadequate.
FDTD analysis of a slot-loaded meandered rectangular patch antenna for dual-frequency operation

The characteristics of a compact, dual-frequency antenna using the slot-loaded meandered rectangular microstrip patch are analysed. The theoretical analysis is based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The FDTD programs are developed and validated by available measurement results. Three different dual-frequency antennas, which include the slot-loaded rectangular patch, the slot-loaded meandered rectangular patch with five slits, and the slot-loaded meandered rectangular patch with 10 slits, are analysed and compared. It is shown that more slits and longer slits could lead to a smaller size of the dual-frequency antenna. The effects of slit lengths on the resonant frequencies and the frequency ratio of the slot-loaded meandered rectangular patch with 10 slits are shown. Several design curves are presented. The electric current distributions on the patch at two resonant frequencies are described, together with the results illustrating the electric field distributions under the patch. The radiation patterns of three dual-frequency antennas are also presented and compared.
Direct determination of atomic structure in multiple quantum wells InGaN/GaN

We present an analysis of a homogeneous cellular interface between ultrathin InGaN and GaN layers in a high-resolution high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy image processed by the deconvolution technique. The method provides high-quality atomic-resolved images uniquely from the experimental images without preassumed models and image simulations. The processed image, then, shows definitely the position of interface between InGaN and GaN layers at atomic scale and an evidence of coherent epitaxial growth.
An efficient hybrid algorithm for the two-machine no-wait flow shop problem with separable setup times and single server

We consider the two-machine no-wait flow shop problem with separable setup times and single server side constraints, and makespan as the performance measure. This problem is strongly NP-hard. A mathematical model of the problem is developed and a number of propositions are proven for the special cases. Furthermore, a hybrid algorithm of variable neighbourhood search (VNS) and Tabu search (TS) is proposed for the generic case. For evaluation, a number of test problems with small instances are generated and solved to optimality. Computational results show that the proposed algorithm is able to reproduce the optimal solutions of all of the small-instance test problems. For larger instances, proposed solutions are compared with the results of the famous two-opt algorithm as well as a lower bound that we develop in this paper. This comparison demonstrates the efficiency of the algorithm to find good-quality solutions. [Received 25 November 2009; Revised 26 February 2010; Revised 19 March 2010; Accepted 20 March 2010]
Neglect by GCMs of subgrid‐scale horizontal variations in cloud‐droplet effective radius: A diagnostic radiative analysis

Output from a global climate model (GCM) that employed a low‐resolution two‐dimensional cloud‐system‐resolving model (CSRM) in each column is used to assess the radiative impact of neglecting subgrid‐scale horizontal variations in cloud‐droplet effective radius re. For this diagnostic study, only liquid‐phase variations in re are addressed; the ice‐cloud particle distributions are assumed to be constant. For reference calculations, values of re in the CSRM cells are computed assuming that the droplet‐number concentration Ncld and the effective variance of droplet‐size distribution are constant in a GCM cell. The independent‐column approximation is used to produce flux profiles for each GCM column. Three alternative methods of setting horizontally‐invariant re are examined, each of which resemble how re is set in one‐dimensional radiative‐transfer models. Relative to the reference calculations, the other methods lead to positive spurious radiative forcings at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere. These stem from overestimation of optical‐depth variability and, thus, reduced short‐wave albedo of clouds. Globally averaged, these forcings range from 1 W m−2 to 3 W m−2, with zonal‐mean biases reaching almost 15 W m−2. The most severe biases arise from use of constant values of re over the land and the ocean.
Evolution of rotating interstellar clouds. II - The collapse of protostars of 1, 2, and 5 solar masses

Numerical calculations have been made for the early stages of collapse of axisymmetric, rotating protostars of 1, 2, and 5 M/sub sun/. The calculations employ a range of values of total angular momentum, as well as two types of initial density distribution. The effects of boundary conditions are tested by using constant volume and constant surface pressure with identical initial conditions. The principal result of the calculations is that in all cases tried the collapse leads to the formation of a ring structure in the interior of the cloud, with a local density minimum at the center of the cloud. The rings approach equilibrium with a structure consistent with that of previous analytic determinations (Ostriker), after which they undergo further gravitational collapse. The collapse of a 2 M/sub sun/ cloud, similar to that assumed by Cameron and Pine, does not appear to lead to the equilibrium nebula these authors construct. (AIP)
Existence of an asymptotic velocity and implications for the asymptotic behavior in the direction of the singularity in T3‐Gowdy

This is the first of two papers that together prove strong cosmic censorship in T3‐Gowdy space‐times. In the end, we prove that there is a set of initial data, open with respect to the C2 × C1 topology and dense with respect to the C∞ topology, such that the corresponding space‐times have the following properties: Given an inextendible causal geodesic, one direction is complete and the other is incomplete; the Kretschmann scalar, i.e., the Riemann tensor contracted with itself, blows up in the incomplete direction. In fact, it is possible to give a very detailed description of the asymptotic behavior in the direction of the singularity for the generic solutions. In this paper, we shall, however, focus on the concept of asymptotic velocity. Under the symmetry assumptions made here, Einstein's equations reduce to a wave map equation with a constraint. The target of the wave map is the hyperbolic plane. There is a natural concept of kinetic and potential energy density; perhaps the most important result of this paper is that the limit of the potential energy as one lets time tend to the singularity for a fixed spatial point is 0 and that the limit exists for the kinetic energy.
Transverse quark polarization in large-pT reactions, e+e- jets, and leptoproduction: A test of quantum chromodynamics

We point out that the polarization P of a scattered or produced quark is calculable perturbatively in quantum chromodynamics for e/sup +/e/sup -/ts-arrow-right qq-bar, large-p/sub T/ hadron reactions, and large-Q/sup 2/ leptoproduction, and is infrared finite. The quantum-chromodynamics predictions is that P = 0 in the scaling limit. Experimental tests are or will soon be possible in ppts-arrow-right . lambda.X (where presently P (.lambda.) approx. = 25% for p/sub T/ 4 2 GeV/c) and in e/sup +/e/sup -/ts-arrow-right quark jets.
Constrained hyperbolicity and discontinuity waves

The consequence of imposing stationary constraints on first‐order hyperbolic differential systems is analyzed in detail and it is proved that such constraints can be compatible only with systems admitting zero‐speed waves. The definition of constrained hyperbolicity is presented and examined with a view to its implications in the theory of wave propagation and in connection with second‐order hyperbolic systems.
Pore Conductivity and Streaming Potential in Charged Capillary Tubes with Concentration Dependent Pore Wall Charge

The pore conductivity and the streaming potential in charged capillary tubes with concentration dependent pore wall charge have been theoretically analysed. The charge is assumed to be due to ion adsorption in presence of electrolyte solutions, and the theoretical model is based on two simplified forms of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. Comparison between theory and experimental data from the literature (G. B. Westermann-Clark and J.Anderson, J.Electrochem. Soc., 130 (1983), 839) gives a reasonable agreement for the case of charged membranes inmersed in aqueous alkali chloride solutions, and shows that the same adsorption isotherm can describe both the pore conductivity and the streaming potential over a wide bulk concentration range. A "patched" Freundlich type relationship is introduced for the charge adsorbed to the pore wall in order to incorporate the Freundlich adsorption isotherm characteristics for small values of bulk electrolyte concentration as well as the Langmuir isotherm ones for high values of this concentration.
Design and analysis of group sequential tests based on the type I error spending rate function

SUMMARY Lan & DeMets (1983) devised a method of constructing discrete group sequential boundaries by using the type I error spending rate function. It is extended so as to generate asymmetric as well as symmetric two-sided boundaries for clinical trials. The design aspect of this procedure is explored in terms of the maximum sample size needed to achieve a desired level of power and the expected stopping times under both null and alternative hypotheses. Finally, these properties are employed in search of appropriate type I error spending rate functions for differing situations.
Tertiary and quaternary solutions for plane Couette flow

The plane Couette system does not exhibit any secondary solutions bifurcating from the primary solution of constant shear. Since the work of Nagata (1990) it has been well known that three-dimensional steady solutions exist. Here the manifold of those steady solutions is explored in the parameter space of the problem and their instabilities are investigated. These instabilities usually lead to time-periodic solutions whose properties do not differ much from those of the steady solutions except that the amplitude varies in time. In some cases travelling wave solutions which are asymmetric with respect to the midplane of the layer are found as quaternary states of flow. Similarities with longitudinal vortices recently observed in experiments are discussed.
LOAD OSCILLATIONS CAUSED BY UNSTART OF HYPERSONIC WIND TUNNELS AND ENGINES

Large-amplitude load oscillations were observed during the tests of a hypersonic engine model in a freejet-type wind tunnel. To clarify the cause of the oscillations and their characteristics, oscillating wall pressures and loads on a drag model and engine models were investigated. Flowe eld was observed by shadowgraph to determine the cause of the large starting loads. Power spectral density functions and probability functions of wall pressures and loads were derived by the fast Fourier transform. The amplitude of the unsteady frontal pressure was correlated with the dynamic pressure. The magnitude of the starting load was related to the drag coefe cient of the models, and the expected maximum peak loads of a large-scale ramjet engine test facility were evaluated. Engine unstart loads were also simulated by means of secondary e ow injection into a small-scale model of a ramjet engine. With these methods, characteristics of engine unstart loads and the possibility of sensing engine unstart in its early phase were studied. Engine unstart could be sensed with pressure measurement around the engine throat before it became severe. Furthermore, engine unstart loads associated with scramjet engine combustion were related to the drag coefe cient of the engine.
Magnetic anisotropy in the boron nitride monolayer doped by 3d transitional metal substitutes at boron-site

Based on density functional theory with the generalized gradient approximation, a computational study is carried out to reveal the magnetism of the hexagonal boron nitride monolayers (h-BN) doped by 3d transitional metal atoms at boron-site. The magnetic moments and magnetic anisotropy energies (MAEs) of the most stable structures are given. Among the systems investigated, the MAE of Fe doped h-BN is 1.19 meV with an easy axis in the h-BN plane, while that of Mn is 0.63 meV with an easy axis perpendicular to the plane. For Sc and Co, the doped systems are nonmagnetic. For Ti, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn, the MAEs are relatively small. Theoretical analyses by perturbation theory and molecular orbital clarify that the MAE of Fe originates from the second order spin orbit coupling, whereas the MAE of Mn is contributed by the unquenched orbital momentum.