Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of a Surprise Western New York Snowstorm

Abstract Although Rochester, New York (ROC), is not located in a climatogically favored region for extreme [i.e., ≥30 cm (12 in.) 24 h−1] lake-effect snow (LES), significant [i.e., ≥15 cm (6 in.) 24 h−1] LES can occur there under specific synoptic regimes. The purposes of this study are to document synoptic conditions that are associated with significant LES in ROC and to examine a specific event in which the passage of an upper disturbance combined with a lower-tropospheric trough to produce a surprise western New York snowstorm on 26–27 November 1996. A database of 127 events in which 2-day ROC snowfall exceeded 15 cm (6 in.) was constructed for the years 1963 through 1992, inclusive. Each event was categorized as “LES” or “non-LES” on the basis of air–lake temperature difference, wind direction, and synoptic setting. Of the 127 events, 32 were classified as LES. Composites based on this 32-case sample reveal a mobile upper trough that moves from the western Great Lakes 48 h prior to the snowfall event .
Vitamin D and COVID-19 Infection

The COVID-19 epidemic resulted in a global crisis of public health. Therefore, the possibility of prevention, leading to reduced infection and/or an improved disease state, is the subject of intensive attention. The novelty of this study is the direct evaluation of vitamin D levels with the risk of COVID-19 infection. Currently, several nutraceuticals, including vitamin D, beta-glucan, and some minerals, are being studied for their role in stimulating immunity. Our study focused on the relationship between levels of vitamin D in immunodeficient patients and the risk of the development of COVID-19. In this study, patients were supplemented with vitamin D. In a group of 71 patients, we found that patients with vitamin D levels below 30 ng/ml had an increased risk of COVID-19 development and more severe disease progress. In patients with blood levels over 40 ng/ml, we consistently found high levels of protection against COVID-19 infection. The most important finding is that vitamin D levels above 40 ng/ml result in the reduction of risks of serious clinical manifestation of COVID-19 infection.
A general framework for approximate sampling with an application to generating points on the boundary of bounded convex regions

We consider the problem of generating a sample of points according to some given probability distribution over some region. We give a general framework for constructing approximate sampling algorithms based on the theory of Markov chains. In particular, we show how it can be proven that a Markov chain has a limiting distribution. We apply these results to prove convergence for a class of so‐called Shake‐and‐Bake algorithms, which can be used to approximate any absolutely continuous distribution over the boundary of a full‐dimensional convex body.
Determining the Causal Ordering between Attitude toward Mathematics and Achievement in Mathematics

The purpose of this study was to determine the causal ordering (predominance) between attitude toward mathematics and achievement in mathematics in secondary school (grades 7–12). Structural equation models were employed to analyze data from the Longitudinal Study of American Youth. Results showed that achievement demonstrated causal predominance over attitude across the entire secondary school. Gender differences in this causal relationship were not found, but elite status in mathematics (measuring whether students took calculus) moderated this causal relationship. We found an imbalanced reciprocal relationship between attitude and achievement across almost entire secondary school for nonelite students, with achievement showing causal predominance over attitude. Such a reciprocal relationship was absent among elite students. When there was a causal relationship between attitude and achievement among those students, achievement always claimed (unidirectional) causal predominance over attitude.
Symmetry, sidewalls, and the transition to chaos in baroclinic systems

A high-resolution, quasi-geostrophic numerical model is utilized to examine two-layer baroclinic flow in a cylinder. Particular attention is given to the role of horizontal shear of the basic state induced by viscosity near the cylinder wall, and to the desymmetrization brought about by the cylindrical geometry, in the transition to baroclinic chaos. Solutions are computed for both f-plane and β-plane situations, and the results are compared to previous laboratory experiments. Agreement in the former case is found to be good, although the onset of chaos occurs at slightly lower forcing in the laboratory when its basic flow is prograde, and at higher forcing amplitude when the experimental basic azimuthal currents are retrograde. This suggests that the modest discrepancies may be attributable to computationally neglected ageostrophic effects in the interior fluid and Ekman boundary layers. When β ≠ 0, the numerical and laboratory results are in excellent agreement. The computational simulations indicate that the viscous sidewall boundary layer plays a pivotal role in the dynamics. Moreover, in contrast to previous studies performed in a periodic, rectilinear channel, the route to chaos is largely temporal and involves relatively few spatial modes. The reduction in symmetries upon going from f-plane channel to either f-plane or β-plane cylinder models leads to fewer secondary instabilities and fewer spatial modes that are active in the dynamics.
The Forces experienced by a Lattice of Elliptic Cylinders in a Uniform Flow at Small Reynolds Numbers

Using Imai's general method of solving two-dimensional Oseen's equations, the drag and lift coefficients for a lattice of parallel, equal and equidistant elliptic cylinders in a uniform flow at small Reynolds numbers are calculated. When the stagger is not present and the thickness ratio of the elliptic cylinders is taken to be unity, the expressions for these coefficients reduce to the case of a lattice of equal and equidistant circular cylinders which has been investigated by Tamada and Fujikawa.
Modeling the Brightness Profiles of the Orion Proplyds

We investigate whether simple models of a photoevaporated flow from an externally ionized neutral clump or wind can reproduce the observed Hα intensity profiles of the proplyds in the inner Orion Nebula. We find that models fitted to the bright "cusp" at the head of each proplyd successfully predict the brightness distribution of the extended diffuse "atmosphere" between the proplyd and the ionizing star of the nebula (θ1 Ori C). This is strong evidence that the "atmospheres" are not confined but are freely expanding photoevaporated flows, with implied mass-loss rates of up to 10-7 M⊙ yr-1. The only way to reconcile such high mass-loss rates with the age of the nebula, the high fraction of stars that are proplyds, and the low extinction to these stars is for the neutral reservoir to be in the form of a flattened disk. The model fits imply that the initial Mach number of the flow from the ionization front is close to unity, which is consistent with theoretical predictions that such fronts should be approximately D-critical. The dust-to-gas ratio in the flow is not tightly constrained by the models. The distribution of projected radii of sources in the inner Trapezium cluster indicates that (1) both the proplyds and the nonproplyd stars in the cluster are strongly peaked about θ1 Ori C on a 0.02 pc scale, much smaller than has previously been suggested, and (2) the fraction of low-mass stars that are proplyds probably decreases smoothly with increasing physical distance from θ1 Ori C. Both these statements are supported by the distribution of inclination angles of the best-fit proplyd models, which allow the three-dimensional distribution of proplyds to be constrained.
An analysis of magnetization processes in metal evaporated tape

It is shown that conventional hysteresis data completely mask the true magnetic properties of metal evaporated (ME) tape. For a true demagnetization correction a continuous adjustment of the external field and its angle during measurement has to be accomplished. Using vector magnetometry, an iterative method for the determination of the static hysteresis compensated for film demagnetization of obliquely oriented thin-film recording media was developed. It is shown that the ME tape resembles a particulate medium which is highly oriented and has an extremely narrow switching field distribution. The magnetization reversal process is incoherent with a strong increase of switching fields at high angles between the field and the intrinsic easy axis which is located at an angle of 38 degrees to the film plane. It is shown that thermal activation has a strong effect on the measured data. >
Comparative transcriptome-wide identification and differential expression of genes and lncRNAs in rice near-isogenic line (KW-Bph36-NIL) in response to BPH feeding

Brown planthopper (BPH) is the most devastating pest of rice in Asia, causing substantial yield losses and has become a challenging task to be controlled under field conditions. Although extensive measures have been taken over the past decades, which resulted in the evolution of new resistant BPH strains. Therefore, besides other possible approaches, equipping host plants with resistant genes is the most effective and environment-friendly technique for BPH control. Here, we systematically analyzed transcriptome changes in the susceptible rice variety Kangwenqingzhan (KW) and the resistant near-isogenic line (NIL) KW-Bph36-NIL, through RNA-seq, depicting the differential expression profiles of mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in rice before and after BPH feeding. We observed a proportion of genes (1.48%) and (2.74%) were altered in KW and NIL, respectively, indicating different responses of rice strains against BPH feeding. Nevertheless, we characterized 384 differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (DELs) that can be impacted by the two strains by alternatively changing the expression patterns of the respective coding genes, suggesting their certain involvement in response to BPH feeding. In BPH invasion, KW and NIL responded differently by modifying the synthesis, storage, and transformation of intracellular substances, adjusting the nutrient accumulation and utilization inside and outside the cells. In addition, NIL expressed stronger resistance by acutely up-regulating genes and other transcription factors related to stress resistance and plant immunity. Altogether, our study elaborates valuable insights into the genome-wide DEGs and DELs expression profiles of rice under BPH invasion by high throughput sequencing and further suggests that NILs can be utilized in BPH resistance breeding programs in developing high-resistance rice lines.
The Impact of Antecedents of Corporate Social Responsibility on Corporate Social Responsibility Performance: A Perspective of Pakistan’s Banks

Today's world presents both internal and external impediments to quick business growth. Internal obstacles include staff retention, profitability, and growth, whereas external challenges include fierce rivalry, preserving the organization's brand and status, minimizing environmental effect, and customization. This conceptual investigation embraces a newly emerged concern of Corporate Social Responsibility performance in banks, considering ranges of literature reviews, research approach used is deductive based on positivist philosophy. The type of investigation is survey based, using cross sectional method and unit of analyses are top management employees of banking sector in Pakistan. A systematic analysis of literature has been executed to analyze the Corporate Social Responsibility performance on banking sector triggered by recent business perspectives, in which over 400 publications are read and reviewed by the authors. It has also established the reliability and validity of literature analysis. Each of these corporate social responsibility antecedents work interdependently with each other to strengthen the corporate social responsibility performance objectives. The study contributes theoretically by extending the existing organizational theories of CSRP and leadership by integrating various constructs from both institutional and individual levels, which deliver a novel research framework. The study indicates Pakistan as a rising market, the study throws light on the elements influencing the CSRP, such as employee dimensions, organizational environment, and top management in the banking industry. The conceptual model will provide an acceptable CSRP framework and reliable measurement model, which can be helpful as a benchmark in assessing the extent of CSRP at the aggregate level and their sub-dimensions. The role of the corporate sector in alleviating the issues in Pakistan holds key importance and reason of recent surge in CSR activities in Pakistan.
LAWS OF LARGE NUMBERS FOR L-STATISTICS

Consider L n = n − 1 ∑ 1 ≤ i ≤ n c n i g ( X n : i ) for order statistics X n : i and let c n i = n ∫ ( i − 1 ) / n i / n J d λ for some (Lebesgue) λ -summable over ( 0 , 1 ) function J . Sufficient as well as necessary conditions for lim n L n = ∫ 0 1 J g d λ to hold almost surely and in probability are given. Superposition (or Nemytskii) operators have been used to derive the laws of large numbers for L -statistics from the laws of large numbers in quasi-Banach function spaces for the empirical distribution functions based on X 1 , … , X n .
Experimental study of single picosecond light pulses

Single picosecond light pulses from a mode-locked Nd:glass laser are investigated by several methods. Their temporal structure is studied by two-photon fluorescence. The frequency spectra are measured quantitatively. The energy distribution is simultaneously investigated by three-photon fluorescence, photoelectric measurements, and quantitative studies of the contrast ratio of the two-photon fluorescence. The pulse shape is measured using a method based on the stimulated Raman effect. It is observed that the pulses are weakly asymmetric-the pulse decay is slower (exponential) than the pulse rise (Gaussian). Bandwidth-limited pulses of 4-8 ps are present in the leading part of the pulse train. Substantial frequency broadening develops as the pulse train reaches its maximum and a subpicosecond structure is formed in the trailing part of the pulse train.
A Possible Solution of the Flavor Problem and Radiative Neutrino Masses

In dieser Arbeit behandeln wir zwei wichtige Probleme des Standard Modells der Teilchenphysik: das Familien-Problem sowie den Grund fur die Kleinheit von Neutrinomassen. Das erste Problem konnte mit der Herkunft nicht-abelscher diskreter Familien-Symmetrien zusammenhangen. Wir diskutieren die Moglichkeit sie von der spontanen Brechung einer kontinuierlichen Familien-Symmetrie, d.h. SU(2) oder SU(3) zu erhalten. Weiter untersuchen wir ihre mogliche Herkunft von einer Orbifold Kompaktifizierung. Wir diskutieren alle diskreten Symmetrien, die man von einem zwei-dimensionalen Orbifold T2/ZN erhalten kann. Es sind die Gruppen A4, S4, D4, D3 und D6. Wir stellen die Idee vor, die Brechung einer Orbifold GUT mit der von dem Orbifold induzierten Familiensymmetrie zu kombinieren und zeigen die Konstruktion anhand eines sechs-dimensionalen supersymmetrischen SO(10) x S4 orbifold GUT Modells. Zur Erklarung der zweiten Frage schlagen wir ein Ein-Schleifen Neutrino-Massen Modell im Rahmen links-rechts symmetrischer Modelle vor. Wir beobachteten, das die Hierarchie von den geladenen Lepton-Massen zu den recht-handigen Neutrino-Massen ubertragen wird, was wir als "die radiative Ubermittlung der Lepton Familien Hierarchy" bezeichnen. Schlieslich, haben wir die phanomenologischen Aspekte des Modells untersucht, wie Lepton Familien Verletzung, Familien Zahl Verletzung und Familien andernde neutrale Strome.
Ulysses observations of the irregularly structured mid‐latitude solar wind during the approach to solar maximum

The Ulysses spacecraft reached 45°S heliolatitude in its second polar orbit on 5 February 2000. Solar wind observations over the first portion of Ulysses' second orbit have been remarkably different from those taken at mid‐latitudes throughout its first orbit. During these portions of its first orbit, Ulysses crossed back and forth between the fast and slow solar wind and encountered a persistent corotating interaction region (CIR) on each solar rotation. In contrast, as Ulysses climbed to mid‐latitudes in its second orbit, it observed highly irregular solar wind with much less periodic CIRs, and no entries thus far into the fast solar wind. In addition, the recent data include a higher frequency of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) than observed in Ulysses' previous orbit, as well as numerous interplanetary shocks associated with both the CMEs and CIRs. These observations demonstrate that the mid‐latitude solar wind structure becomes increasingly complex as solar activity increases and coronal streamers, small‐scale coronal holes, and CMEs arise at increasingly high latitudes.
Comparative Proteomics Analysis of Exosomes Identifies Key Pathways and Protein Markers Related to Breast Cancer Metastasis

Proteomics analysis of circulating exosomes derived from cancer cells represents a promising approach to the elucidation of cell–cell communication and the discovery of putative biomarker candidates for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nonetheless, the proteome of exosomes derived from cell lines with different metastatic capabilities still warrants further investigation. Here, we present a comprehensive quantitative proteomics investigation of exosomes isolated from immortalized mammary epithelial cells and matched tumor lines with different metastatic potentials in an attempt to discover exosome markers specific to breast cancer (BC) metastasis. A total of 2135 unique proteins were quantified with a high confidence level from 20 isolated exosome samples, including 94 of the TOP 100 exosome markers archived by ExoCarta. Moreover, 348 altered proteins were observed, among which several metastasis-specific markers, including cathepsin W (CATW), magnesium transporter MRS2 (MRS2), syntenin-2 (SDCB2), reticulon-4 (RTN), and UV excision repair protein RAD23 homolog (RAD23B), were also identified. Notably, the abundance of these metastasis-specific markers corresponds well with the overall survival of BC patients in clinical settings. Together, these data provide a valuable dataset for BC exosome proteomics investigation and prominently facilitate the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying primary tumor development and progression.
A hybrid immersed boundary and material point method for simulating 3D fluid–structure interaction problems

A numerical method is developed for solving the 3D, unsteady, incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in curvilinear coordinates containing immersed boundaries (IBs) of arbitrary geometrical complexity moving and deforming under forces acting on the body. Since simulations of flow in complex geometries with deformable surfaces require special treatment, the present approach combines a hybrid immersed boundary method (HIBM) for handling complex moving boundaries and a material point method (MPM) for resolving structural stresses and movement. This combined HIBM & MPM approach is presented as an effective approach for solving fluid–structure interaction (FSI) problems. In the HIBM, a curvilinear grid is defined and the variable values at grid points adjacent to a boundary are forced or interpolated to satisfy the boundary conditions. The MPM is used for solving the equations of solid structure and communicates with the fluid through appropriate interface‐boundary conditions.
Gender Influence on Authorship Pattern: A Case Study

ABSTRACT Little is known about the existing gender disparities in library and information science research. The current study aims to analyze research articles from the Annals of Library and information studies journal from a gender perspective. The study looked at the author’s position in relation to their gender, various patterns of collaboration, and if this has affected citations. This study also attempts to determine the male and female authors’ research interests as the first author. The data were gathered from the Scopus database between 2011 and 2019 and were quantified using bibliometrics. Six distinct authorship patterns were recognized. The findings reveal men in first and last author positions constitute the highest research articles and citations indicating male authors to be more influential compared to females. Additionally, the study findings have provided an overview of the current state of women in library and information science research and highlighted areas where improvements can be made.
The Role of Latent and Sensible Heat Fluxes in an Explosive Cyclogenesis over the South American East Coast

An explosive cyclogenesis over the east coast of South America was simulated during the period from 28 to 30 May 1999, using a limited-area hydrostatic model with 100 km horizontal resolution. The simulations showed that surface heat flux had an important contribution in developing the explosive cyclogenesis, and that the latent heat flux (LHF) has a larger contribution than the sensible heat flux (SHF). In the absence of a total heat flux (THF, ie. LHF plus SHF), the cyclone was 6 hPa shallower than in the control simulation (with THF). Without LHF the cyclone was 4 hPa shallower, while without SHF the cyclone presented the same intensity as the control simulation. The sensitivity experiments show the following effects of surface heat fluxes: i) the magnitudes and extensions of the effects grew with simulation time; ii) the maximum effects appeared in the southeastern part of the cyclone (warm front sector); iii) the LHF effects were 2–3 times larger than the SHF ones; and iv) the LHF effects were observed in the neighborhood of the cyclone, while the SHF effects were more spread out over the domain. In the THF absent experiment, a drier and colder environment was generated, mainly in the lower troposphere over the ocean, decreasing the environmental potential instability, latent heat release and cyclone intensification. Although the THF effects became larger during the most rapid development phase, they must have been present before this period because they preconditioned the environment for explosive development. Thus, to simulate or forecast the explosive cyclogenes on the South American east coast, an adequate representation of the planetary boundary layer is necessary.
Evaluating the Phytoremediation Potential of Eichhornia crassipes for the Removal of Cr and Li from Synthetic Polluted Water

Heavy metals like chromium (Cr) are hazardous pollutants for aquatic life in water bodies. Similarly, lithium (Li) is also an emerging contaminant in soil and water which later is taken up by plants. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the removal rate of Cr and Li by Eichhornia crassipes. The rate of the removal of Cr and Li by roots, stems, and leaves of E. crassipes were evaluated. The translocation factor (TF) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) were also estimated. Roots of E. crassipes accumulated higher concentrations of Cr and Li as compared to the stems and leaves. BAF for Cr and Li showed that E. crassipes effectively accumulated the Cr and Li in the roots as compared to the stems and leaves. Statistical analysis showed that E. crassipes removed significant concentrations of Cr and Li (p ≤ 0.05). Thus, this study recommends that Cr and Li can be effectively removed by E. crassipes. High concentrations of Cr and Li could also be removed by E. crassipes. This technology could be used for the cleanup of the environment because it is eco-friendly and cost-effective.