Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modelling of warm-air advection over Arctic sea ice

The evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) during warm-air advection over sea ice in the Fram Strait is investigated. A hierarchy of numerical models is applied and the results are validated against aircraft observations. Operational HIRLAM (HIgh Resolution Limited Area Model) runs suffered from inaccurate information on the location of the sea ice edge. When this was improved, together with improving the horizontal resolution, the HIRLAM results became much better. Two-dimensional model runs with inflow boundary conditions prescribed according to the aircraft observations demonstrated that the contribution of thin ice (re-frozen leads) is important. The modelled turbulent fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and latent heat showed a large vertical divergence from the surface to the height of the aircraft observations. Above a 4-km-wide open lead, the modelled heat fluxes at the observation height of 24 m agreed reasonably well with the observations but were on average only 6% (sensible heat) and 13% (latent heat) of the modelled surface values. Model experiments showed that in this case relatively high values for the roughness length z0 over sea ice yielded better agreement with the observed wind speed than values commonly used in numerical models.
Importance of submicron surface-active organic aerosols for pristine Arctic clouds

Recent results from summer measurement campaigns over the partly ice covered central Arctic Ocean show that thehigh Arctic aerosol has a larger organic fraction than previously thought.We use a Lagrangian parcel model to infer theproperties of the unexplained organic aerosol fraction that is necessary for reproducing the observed concentrations ofcloud condensation nuclei (CCN). With increasing distance from the open ocean a highly surface-active Aitken mode, associated with particles found in the open lead surface microlayer, becomes increasingly important for cloud dropletformation. The presence of such an Aitken mode population increases the high Arctic indirect aerosol effect (addedcooling) relative to just a marine source of CCN from oxidation products of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) released from phytoplankton.
Predation of the mite Hypoaspis aculeifer on the springtail Folsomia fimetaria and the influence of sex, size, starvation, and poisoning

Short‐range predator–prey interactions among small soil‐dwelling arthropods are poorly understood. In this study, we measured the behavioural interactions between the predacious mite Hypoaspis aculeifer Canestrini (Gamasida: Laelapidae) and its collembolan prey Folsomia fimetaria L. (Collembola: Isotomidae) and the influence of sex, size, starvation, and poisoning with the organophosphate dimethoate. Pairs of mite and springtail were placed in 18‐mm diameter test arenas with a plaster of Paris substrate and their behaviour were measured by a computerized vision system, which automatically detected the locomotory activity of the two animals, their encounters, and the precise time of capture and killing. Data suggest that neither the mite nor the springtail possesses near‐field sensory detection of the opponent. A Cox regression model showed that mite sex, size ratio between the predator and prey, average mite velocity, and encounter rate had a significant influence on the mite‐capture efficiency (springtail survival). Female H. aculeifer demonstrated higher capture efficiency than males by catching and killing their prey after fewer encounters. Surprisingly, starvation had only a moderate effect on the mite locomotory behaviour and no influence on the capture efficiency as such. Also, springtail survival was independent of its moulting stage. Sublethal poisoning with dimethoate, on the other hand, dramatically increased the mite's capture rate, probably by impeding the evasive response of the springtail.
Behavioral and cortisol responses to repeated capture and venipuncture in Cebus apella

Eight capuchins were trained in a capture and venipuncture procedure. Samples taken immediately following capture indicated that subjects experienced rising cortisol levels over the first 5 weeks of training followed by a return to baseline (equivalent to day 1 levels) in the sixth and seventh weeks. After 7 weeks, samples taken 60 min after initial capture revealed that behaviorally habituated animals exhibited significantly lower cortisol levels in response to venipuncture as opposed to naive and experienced but nonbehaviorally habituated subjects. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of high-relief structures on cold temperate fish assemblages: A field experiment

Abstract High-relief structures may influence the abundance and diversity of reef-associated fish. We conducted a field experiment to investigate whether the presence of vertical structures (PVC pipes) affects fish communities on artificial reefs. The effect of the height of the structures (1 and 3 m) was also tested. Furthermore, the effects on fish of placing artificial reefs on otherwise featureless bottoms were quantified. Algal and macro-invertebrate colonization of the reefs was also recorded. The experiment was carried out on the west coast of Sweden over a period of 1 year. The vertical structures had a positive effect on fish abundance but not on diversity. The height of the structures did not, however, influence the fish communities. Natural as well as urban vertical structures on the seafloor could have a positive effect on local fish abundance. The positive effects of artificial reefs on total fish abundance and diversity were immediate. Of the 10 species recorded, two, the black goby Gobius niger and the goldsinny wrasse Ctenolabrus rupestris, dominated over the whole survey period. There were significant temporal differences in fish abundance, and diversity increased with time.
Comparison of retrospective optimal interpolation with four-dimensional variational assimilation

Abstract We propose a retrospective optimal interpolation (ROI) system that is derived from the quasi-static variational assimilation (QSVA) algorithm. Even when the four-dimensional variational assimilation (4D-Var) may fail to find the global minimum of a cost function because the function has multiple minima, ROI is shown to find this minimum. However, ROI’s ability to overcome the multiple minima problem depends on the observation time interval over the analysis window. Using the perturbation method, we can implement ROI without using an adjoint model, which is required by QSVA. For cost-effective implementation, we developed a reduced-rank formulation of ROI, based on the accuracy-saturation property. From numerical experiments using the Lorenz three-variable model, we show that ROI finds the global minimum of the cost function even when the 4D-Var analysis is trapped in a local minimum. From experiments with the Lorenz 40-variable model, we confirm that the reduced-rank formulation becomes demonstrably cost-effective as the analysis window expands. Finally, we demonstrate a possible loss of efficiency of ROI with implications for future research.
Revised estimates of the annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use and land management 1850–2000

Recent analyses of land-use change in the US and China, together with the latest estimates of tropical deforestation and afforestation from the FAO, were used to calculate a portion of the annual flux of carbon between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. The calculated flux includes only that portion of the flux resulting from direct human activity. In most regions, activities included the conversion of natural ecosystems to cultivated lands and pastures, including shifting cultivation, harvest of wood (for timber and fuel) and the establishment of tree plantations. In the US, woody encroachment and woodland thickening as a result of fire suppression were also included. The calculated flux of carbon does not include increases or decreases in carbon storage as a result of environmental changes (e.g., increasing concentrations of CO2, N deposition, climatic change or pollution). Globally, the long-term (1850–2000) flux of carbon from changes in land use and management released 156 PgC to the atmosphere, about 60% of it from the tropics. Average annual fluxes during the 1980s and 1990s were 2.0 and 2.2 PgC yr−1, respectively, dominated by releases of carbon from the tropics. Outside the tropics, the average net flux of carbon attributable to land-use change and management decreased from a source of 0.06 PgC yr−1 during the 1980s to a sink of 0.02 PgC yr−1 during the 1990s. According to the analyses summarized here, changes in land use were responsible for sinks in North America and Europe and for small sources in other non-tropical regions. The revisions were as large as 0.3 PgC yr−1 in individual regions but were largely offsetting, so that the global estimate for the 1980s was changed little from an earlier estimate. Uncertainties and recent improvements in the data used to calculate the flux of carbon from land-use change are reviewed, and the results are compared to other estimates of flux to evaluate the extent to which processes other than land-use change and management are important in explaining changes in terrestrial carbon storage.
Effects of maternal age and adult diet on egg weight in the butterfly Euphydryas editha

ABSTRACT. 1. Euphydryas editha (Boisduval) (Nymphalidae) butterflies exhibited no consistent pattern of change in egg weight over their lifetimes. This was the case for captive butterflies fed diets containing sugars and amino acids, for butterflies fed diets containing only sugar, and for those left completely at liberty in their natural habitats between ovipositions.
Understanding the ocean temperature change in global warming: the tropical Pacific

Abstract The response mechanisms of the tropical Pacific Ocean temperature to increased atmospheric CO2 are investigated in a coupled climate model. Ensemble simulations are performed under both the transient and stable CO2 forcing. It is found that the dominant mechanism for temperature change differs in different stages of global warming. During the transient stage, the surface heat flux is a major driving factor for the tropical surface warming. During the equilibrium stage, the dominant mechanism to maintain the surface warming is the meridional advection. The heat flux forcing becomes a damping factor instead, particularly for the western tropical Pacific. Different from the surface warming, the subsurface warming results from the oceanic mixings during the entire period of global warming, whereas the advection terms generally play a cooling role, consistent with the slowdown of the shallow meridional overturning circulation. This paper emphasizes the deterministic role of the dynamic adjustment of the ocean circulation in the long-term change of ocean climate.
Role of glucosinolates in the formation of N-nitroso compounds

Since thiocyanate ion is able to catalyse the nitrosation reaction, the breakdown products of glucosinolates were further tested for their ability to catalyse the nitrosation rate of proline. Because the low pH of the stomach may result in the chemical breakdown of glucosinolates, the hydrolysis of glucosinolates (sinigrin, gluconapin, progoitrin, glucotropaeolin, sinalbin gluconasturtiin, glucobrassicin, and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin) were also examined.
Aspects of host—parasitoid interactions of two aphid parasitoids, Aphidius urticae (Haliday) and Aphidius uzbeckistanicus (Luzhetski) (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae)

Abstract. 1. Various aspects were studied of two host‐parasitoid interactions: Aphidius urticae parasitizing the cocksfoot aphid Hyalopteroides humilis and Aphidius uzbeckistanicus parasitizing the cereal aphid Metopolophmm dirhodum. The work formed part of a study on the population dynamics of grassland and cereal aphids in Berkshire, England.
Effect of Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Muscular Fatty Acid Composition in Broiler

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) feeding levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) on the carcass characteristics, growth performance, serum cholesterol, and fatty acid in thigh of chicken meat. Two hundred broiler (Arbor Acre Broiler, male) were randomly assigned to five groups and were fed for five weeks and slaughtered. Thigh muscle was used for determining fatty acid composition. There was no significant difference in growth performance, such as weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion by CLA levels. Among carcass characteristics, percentage of carcass, thigh, breast, and drumstick was not influenced by the dietary CLA levels, but abdominal fat was significantly reduced with the increased CLA amount in the broilers diets (p
ITS sequence variation supports the hybrid origin of Malus toringoides Hughes

Malus toringoides (Rehd.) Hughes was suggested to have originated from hybridization between Malus transitoria Schneid. and Malus kansuensis Rehd. , followed by repeated backcrossing to one of the putative parents. In the present study, the sequence information of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) was used to re-examine the origin of this species. A total of 69 accessions from three natural populations (Maerkang, Xiaba and Kehe, Aba Autonomous Region, Sichuan, China) of M. toringoides and 10 accessions of its putative parents were analyzed. Using Malus angustifolia (Ait.) Michx. , Malus ioensis (Wood) Britt. and Malus doumeri Chev. as outgroups, our phylogenetic analysis of the ITS sequences of M. toringoides and its putative parents showed that M. toringoides was not monophyletic, and two different types of ITS sequences which were obtained from each of the six accessions of M. toringoides were found to have clustered separately with those of the two putative parent spe.
A direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for hexoestrol residues

Abstract A simple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of hexoestrol (HES) residue has been developed. The HES derivatives, hexoestrol-mono-ether-butyrate-ethyl (HES-MEBE) and hexoestrol-mono-caroxyl-propyl-ethyl (HES-MCPE) were synthesised to enable the coupling of HES and proteins together. The immunogen HES-MCPE-BSA and enzyme-linked antigen HES-MCPE-HRP were prepared by mixed anhydride methods. After the antibody was obtained by immunisation of New Zealand rabbits, a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the determination of HES residue. Several parameters were optimised. Excellent linearity (R 2=0.9905) was demonstrated from 0.01 to 8.1 ng/ml. The 50% inhibition value (IC50) and the limit of detection (LOD) were 0.23 and 0.01 ng/ml, respectively. The specificity of the immunoassay was evaluated by determining cross-reactivity of six hormones (diethylstilbestrol, dienestrol, 19-nortestosterone, medroxyprogesterone, testosterone and estrone), and all cross-reactivity rates were <0.5%. The recoveries from beef and fish ranged from 61 to 102%. The stabilisation of the coated plates was also studied. The ELISA developed was used to detect the residues in chicken muscle tissues and confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). This proposed method could be applied to routine residue analysis.
Modelling nongrey gas-phase and soot radiation in luminous turbulent nonpremixed jet flames

Much progress has been made in radiative heat transfer modelling with respect to the treatment of nongrey radiation from both gas-phase species and soot particles, while radiation modelling in turbulent flame simulations is still in its infancy. Aiming at reducing this gap, this paper introduces state-of-the-art models of gas-phase and soot radiation to turbulent flame simulations. The full-spectrum k-distribution method (M.F. Modest, 2003, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer, 76, 69–83) is implemented into a three-dimensional unstructured computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code for nongrey radiation modelling. The mixture full-spectrum k-distributions including nongrey absorbing soot particles are constructed from a narrow-band k-distribution database created for individual gas-phase species, and an efficient scheme is employed for their construction in CFD simulations. A detailed reaction mechanism including NO x and soot kinetics is used to predict flame structure, and a detailed soot model using a method of moments is employed to determine soot particle size distributions. A spherical harmonic P1 approximation is invoked to solve the radiative transfer equation. An oxygen-enriched, turbulent, nonpremixed jet flame is simulated, which features large concentrations of gas-phase radiating species and soot particles. Nongrey soot modelling is shown to be of greater importance than nongrey gas modelling in sooty flame simulations, with grey soot models producing large errors. The nongrey treatment of soot strongly influences flame temperatures in the upstream and the flame-tip region and is essential for accurate predictions of NO. The nongrey treatment of gases, however, weakly influences upstream flame temperatures and, therefore, has only a small effect on NO predictions. The effect of nongrey soot radiation on flame temperature is also substantial in downstream regions where the soot concentration is small. Limitations of the P1 approximation are discussed for the jet flame configuration; the P1 approximation yields large errors in the spatial distribution of the computed radiative heat flux for highly anisotropic radiation fields such as those in flames with localized, near-opaque soot regions.
The relative vorticity of ocean surface winds from the QuikSCAT satellite and its effects on the geneses of tropical cyclones in the South China Sea

Abstract This study finds a relationship between the distribution of the seven-year mean relative vorticity of surface winds (RVSW) derived from 25-kilometer-resolution measurements of ocean winds from the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) satellite and the genesis locations of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the South China Sea (SCS). The results show the effects of the background mean RVSW on TC formation in the SCS. During the summer monsoon, TCs are formed in the northern SCS, where monsoon trough and coastal mountains contribute to positive mean RVSW, while during the winter monsoon TCs form in the southern SCS with positive mean RVSW. No TCs formed in the southern part of the SCS during the summer monsoon nor in the northern part during the winter monsoon during the period from 1945 to 2005, both of which coincide with negative mean RVSW induced by the coastal mountains. The mean RVSW prior to TC formation in regions around the TC genesis locations are calculated using the QuikSCAT measurements averaged over 3 d before the geneses of 36 TCs formed in the SCS from July 1999 to June 2006. The value of this mean RVSW in the SCS is 6.19 × 10−5 s−1, which is about 1.7 times the planetary vorticity at the TC genesis positions and about 5.0 times the seven-year monthly mean RVSW. The results of these quantitative calculations using the direct satellite observations support the hypothesis given by Gray in 1975 that above-normal low-level relative vorticity is necessary for the occurrence of tropical cyclogenesis.
Serology of a closteroviruslike particle associated with mealybug wilt of pineapple.

(.) Specific reactions between IgG specific to pineapple virus and virus from pineapple plants were shown by serologically specific electron microscopy, Ouchterloney double diffusion tests, and ELISA. The etiological significance of this pineapple virus remains to be determined. Detection of virus in crude leaf extracts with ELISA will enable identification of potentially virus-free plants for use in testing Koch's postulates, determination of infection in pineapple before symptom expression, and study of the plant host range of the virus
Natural wine yeasts as biocontrol agents.

A total of 586 natural wine yeasts, belonging to different genera, were tested for their antagonistic effect on fungal pathogens. A low percentage of yeast strains completely inhibited the pathogens and the biocontrol activity was found to be a strain characteristic and did not solely depend on species or genus. Among the antagonists, two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and one of Zygosaccharomyces showed a broad spectrum of antagonistic activity against 10 fungal pathogens.
Efficacité antiparasitaire de la poudre de graines de courge ( Cucurbita moschata L.) sur les helminthes gastro-intestinaux de la chèvre locale élevée à Lubumbashi en République Démocratique du Congo

L’etude a ete menee dans le but d’evaluer l’efficacite antiparasitaire de la poudre de graines de courge sur les helminthes gastro-intestinaux des caprins eleves sur pâturage. Trente deux caprins ont ete repartis en quatre lots de 8 animaux : temoin neutre, temoin positif traite avec l’ivermectine a la dose 0,2 mg/kg de poids vif et deux lots ayant recu 150 mg/kg et 300 mg/kg de poids vif de la poudre de graines de courge. L’examen microscopique qualitatif de matieres fecales a revele une infestation mixte due a Eimeria arloingi, Trichostrongylus axei, Moniezia benedeni, Haemonchus contortus et Oesophagostomum columbianum . Le suivi de l’excretion fecale des oeufs a montre que le nombre d’oeufs par gramme de feces a baisse significativement tout au long de l’etude dans les lots traites a l’ivermectine (jusqu’a 92,8%) et a la poudre de graines de courge (jusqu’a 88,6% pour 150 mg/kg et a 87,9% pour 300 mg/kg). Les taux d’efficacite des deux posologies de la poudre de graine de papaye restent comparables. Mots cles : Antiparasitaire, Cucurbita moschata, helminthes, chevre locale, lubumbashi.
Excretion of 3,3’,4,4’,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) from Rat Liver Following Oral Administration of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus acidophilus

School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan School of Contemporary Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei Gakuin University, 2600, Aihara-machi, Machida, Tokyo 1940292, Japan R & D Center, Calpis Co. Ltd., 5-11-10, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0206, Japan Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
Price containment in emissions permit markets: Balancing market risk and environmental outcomes

ABSTRACT While cap-and-trade policies have been advocated as an efficient market-based approach in regulating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the power sector, a major criticism is that the resulting prices of emissions permit may be volatile, adding more uncertainty to market participants, and hence deter their interests in participating the electricity market. To ease such a concern, various permit price-containment instruments, such as a price ceiling, floor, or collar, have been proposed. Though such instruments may prevent permit prices from being extreme, they may incur inadvertent results such as underinvestment in low-emission technologies or little reduction of system-wide GHG emissions, hence defeating the purpose of establishing a cap-and-trade policy in the first place. To address such issues, this article examines the effect of imposing various price-containment policies on investment decisions and spot market equilibria in an electricity market. Our major contribution is that, unlike other work in this area in which the price-containment schemes are exogenous to their market models we endogenously incorporate a price ceiling/floor in our models and hence can analyze the interactions between the policies and their corresponding market outcomes. We further introduce uncertainties in our market models and use California's data as a case study.