Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of the Market for Small Stocks

We found that during the sample period 1991-99, the return differential between small and large stocks is in excess of 70% on an annualized basis. Using Fama and French (1993, 1995,1996) multi-factor model, we found that size indeed is a proxy for risk. However, the return earned by the small companies is too large given their risk exposure. We found that transaction costs explain a large part of this return difference. Using Roll's (1984) method, we found that the bid-ask-spread difference for the small stocks is about 3%. It is less than 1% for the large stocks. Using data on 100 companies, however, we found that transaction costs completely erased the return differential.
A NEW IGUANODONTIAN FROM SANGPING FORMATION OF NEIXIANG,HENAN AND ITS STRATIGRAPHICAL IMPLICATON

In the spring of 1994, a partial iguanodontian skeleton (reconstructed length about 4.5m) was collected from the perley muddy siltstone of the Sangping Formation of Xiaguan Basin, southeastern Henan Province, China. Thousands of dinosaur eggs also have been discovered and collected at thes site. This is the first dinosaur skeleton found in this area. A new genus and species of Iguanodontia was erected and described based on this skeleton in this paper.
The Importance of Uncertainty in Health Scenarios: A Scoping Review on COVID-19 Scenarios

Background Scenarios are the most efficient methods to explore our uncertainty about the future. Even with increasing utilization, the majority of scenarios still fall short of meeting the future “uncertainties” in health. This article examines one of the most sensitive encounters of the health system with uncertainties-COVID-19 pandemic-and the type of uncertainty analysis in health scenarios to discuss the importance and determine the existing gaps while providing a better mechanism for scenario planning in the health system. Methods To examine the extent, range, and nature of scenario research, a preliminary mapping of the existing literature, summarizing research findings, and identifying research gaps, we have taken help from the Arksey and O'Malley (2005) model and to improve the quality of the results, we have also used the PRISMA framework. To identify the studies relevant to the issue, the PubMed and Embase databases were searched for peer-reviewed published articles. All peer reviewed articles from January 01, 2020, to December 31, 2020, were included in this review. The search strategy was mainly the systematic use of English keywords such as “coronavirus,” “covid-19,” “SARS-CoV-2,” “2019-ncov,” and scenario. To improve the search sensitivity, subject searching based on MeSh and Emtree keywords was used. Results It is crucial to identify the health domains where the scenarios can be used. The major ideas that were covered and their variations would also be identified using these different scenarios. Based on the selected articles, we can answer some critical questions. First, in which health fields is the scenario method used? Second, what are the key concepts in these studies, and third, what is the difference between them? Policy, epidemiology, and economics use futures studies scenarios more than other social science disciplines in health. Furthermore, we have looked at the fact that selecting the appropriate kind, utilizing new methodologies, and emphasizing uncertainty analysis are the core difficulties associated with health case scenarios. Conclusion Based on examining the existing indicators in the health scenarios, establishing the “uncertainty analysis” as the basis can improve scenario planning in this field. Also, if scenario planning is done as a process based on uncertainty analysis, it is more accurate and helps make better decisions in the field of health.
Learning to Control Complex Robots Using High-Dimensional Body-Machine Interfaces

When individuals are paralyzed from injury or damage to the brain, upper body movement and function can be compromised. While the use of body motions to interface with machines has shown to be an effective noninvasive strategy to provide movement assistance and to promote physical rehabilitation, learning to use such interfaces to control complex machines is not well understood. In a five session study, we demonstrate that a subset of an uninjured population is able to learn and improve their ability to use a high-dimensional Body-Machine Interface (BoMI), to control a robotic arm. We use a sensor net of four inertial measurement units, placed bilaterally on the upper body, and a BoMI with the capacity to directly control a robot in six dimensions. We consider whether the way in which the robot control space is mapped from human inputs has any impact on learning. Our results suggest that the space of robot control does play a role in the evolution of human learning: specifically, though robot control in joint space appears to be more intuitive initially, control in task space is found to have a greater capacity for longer-term improvement and learning. Our results further suggest that there is an inverse relationship between control dimension couplings and task performance.
This paper is included

We study microarchitectural side-channel attacks and defenses on non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) DIMMs. In this study, we ﬁrst perform reverse-engineering of NVRAMs as implemented by the Intel Optane DIMM and reveal several of its previously undocumented microarchitectural details: on-DIMM cache structures (NVCache) and wear-leveling policies. Based on these ﬁndings, we ﬁrst develop cross-core and cross-VM covert channels to establish the channel capacity of these shared hardware resources. Then, we devise NVCache-based side channels under the umbrella of NVLeak. We apply NVLeak to a series of attack case studies, including compromising the privacy of databases and key-value storage backed by NVRAM and spying on the execution path of code pages when NVRAM is used as a volatile runtime memory. Our results show that side-channel attacks exploiting NVRAM are practical and defeat previously-proposed defense that only focuses on on-chip hardware resources. To ﬁll this gap in defense, we develop system-level mitigations based on cache partitioning to prevent side-channel leakage from NVCache.
Traveling ionospheric disturbances over the United States induced by gravity waves from the 2011 Tohoku tsunami and comparison with gravity wave dissipative theory

The 11 March 2011 Tohoku earthquake generated a massive tsunami off the Pacific coast of Japan, which launched intense atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) in the atmosphere. Within the context of this study, the Tohoku tsunami event was unique in the sense that it enabled a rare, controlled experiment for investigating how AGWs are launched, propagate, and dissipate in relation to tsunamis. This tsunami was a long‐lived, rapidly traveling source of a rich spectra of AGWs excited just above the ocean‐atmosphere interface. In this paper we use GPS total electron content (TEC) data from the United States (U.S.) to look for these AGWs in the ionosphere via their signatures as traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs). We find a spectrum of TIDs in the TEC data propagating in the direction of the tsunami that last for several hours over the West Coast of the U.S. and as far inland as western Colorado. The observed TIDs have periods that range from 14 to 30 min, horizontal wavelengths that range from 150 and 400 km, and horizontal phase speeds that range from 180 to 260 m/s. We use reverse ray tracing to show that the Tohoku tsunami was likely the source of these TIDs. Using the networks of GPS receivers in the U.S., we map the tsunami‐launched TIDs over the western U.S. and investigate the spectrum of gravity waves enabling an enhanced understanding/verification of the properties of AGWs as a function of the launch angle.
contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Cerebral ischemia: evaluation with

Eighty patients with a total of 82 ischemic lesions were examined with contrast enhanced MR imaging 1 hr to 1 month after onset of symptoms. The studies were reviewed retrospectively to determine the presence of arterial enhancement and the patterns of parenchymal enhancement. Arterial enhancement was often detected on the initial MR examination (45%), was frequently demonstrated in cortical infarction (86%), in some cases preceded the development of signal changes on T2-weighted images, and resolved by 11 days. The presence of arterial enhancement appeared to be a better indicator of clinical severity than was the presence of proximal vessel occlusion on MR or angiographic studies. Two patterns of parenchymal enhancement were seen: pro gressive enhancement and early andjor intense enhancement. In patients with the progressive pattern, parenchymal enhancement on postcontrast T1-weighted images was rarely seen before 7 days, while signal abnormalities on T2-weighted images were intense during the first few days. The early and/or intense enhancement pattern was usually present within the first 3 days, approximated or exceeded the area and intensity of signal changes on T2-weighted images, and was usually associated with minimal or reversible neurologic sequelae (except when located in or near a watershed zone), suggesting a lesser degree of ischemic insult than was associated with the progressive pattern. Three additional general relationships between MR findings were observed: (1) an inverse relationship between the extent of arterial enhancement and parenchymal enhancement in acute and subacute phases, (2) an inverse relationship between the area of postcontrast parenchymal enhancement and the area of signal change on T2-weighted images in the acute phase, and (3) a direct relationship between arterial enhancement and the degree of signal changes on T2-weighted images in the acute phase. We conclude that patterns of enhancement appear to reflect the underlying patho physiology in acute cerebral ischemia and may have prognostic significance. In contrast to results of previous reports, gadopentetate dimeglumine appears to be useful in the MR evaluation of early ischemia and its response to intervention
Blockchain in education: the in ﬂ uence of trust on adoption and implementation

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the in ﬂ uence of trust on adopting and implementing blockchain technologyin highereducation institutions(HEIs) in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses an exploratory qualitative approach to understand the construct of trust in the context of the educational sector. Data were collected through semistructured questionnairesandonlineinterviews. Findings – The research identi ﬁ ed that, for most potential blockchain users, trust positively in ﬂ uences the HEIs, because bene ﬁ ts such as secure data sharing and transaction transparency could optimize the daily routine and avoid fraud in academic documents, providing a cooperative and reliable working environment. In addition, the results suggest that trust is needed to overcome challenges related to issues such as costs and privacy. Research limitations/implications – This studycontributes to the advances in the emerging literature on blockchain in the educational sector as a system with the potential to generate trust, as well as the literature onthetechnologyacceptancemodels. Practical implications – For HEImanagersand practitioners, this study highlights theneed fora greater understandingofthe in ﬂ uenceof trustin therelationships between HEIs andotherstakeholders. Social implications – This work shows that adopting blockchain technologies would allow users to build social relationships of trust in a cooperative work environment and develop trusted behavior by sharing data securelyandtransparently. Originality/value – To the best of the authors ’ knowledge, this is one of the ﬁ rst studies on the adoption andimplementationof blockchain in the education sectorinBrazil.
Do Health Consciousness and Perceived Benefits Play a Role in Motivating Buyers to Purchase Functional Foods?

Functional foods gained more attention with their benefits in the post-pandemic era, and this has caused the demand for functional foods to increase dramatically in the post-pandemic era. Empirically, the factors determining consumers to purchase functional foods are widely investigated. However, inconsistent findings regarding their effect on purchase intention remain in the literature. Besides, studies considering health consciousness and the perceived benefits of purchasing functional foods in a single study are rare. Therefore, further study was required to re-examine these factors' effect on the functional foods eater's purchase intention. Through purposive sampling, 167 functional food buyers in Malaysia participated in this study, and their responses were further analysed using the partial least squared-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The result revealed that only three factors (attitudes, subjective norms, and health consciousness) significantly affected functional food purchase intention, while perceived behavioural control and perceived benefits had an insignificant effect. The importance-performance map analysis (IPMA) result further showed that the effort and resources should be concentrated on the subjective norms due to unsatisfactory performance. The theoretical and practical implications of the study are further discussed in this study, and it's expected to be beneficial for the stakeholders to cultivate the purchase intention of functional foods. For instance, stakeholders such as government agencies and businesses must maintain their existing attitudes and health consciousness efforts as the current performance for both constructs is satisfactory. However, more improvement efforts and resources should be concentrated on subjective norms. It is one of the most influential constructs in determining the buyers’ purchase intention on functional foods, but its performance is unsatisfactory.
Can thermal refuges save salmonids? Simulation of cold-pool benefits to salmonid populations

Objective: The literature on thermal refuges has focused on when fish use what kinds of refuge, but we address how refuge availability and characteristics affect population abundance and persistence under warming. Methods: Population benefits of thermal refuges are very difficult to assess empirically, so we used InSTREAM, an individual-based trout population model. InSTREAM represents several ways temperature affects survival and growth, as mediated by behaviors such as deciding when and where to feed. The model’s credibility was established by showing that it closely reproduced 10 observed patterns in how refuge use varied with temperature, time of day, and trout size and in how refuge availability affects populations. We then simulated four levels of refuge availability in four increasingly warm temperature regimes, examining (1) survival and growth over summer periods of prolonged high temperatures and (2) population abundance and persistence over 22 years. Result: In the simulation experiments, summer refuge use acted as a population bottleneck: the number of surviving trout increased with refuge area and decreased with temperature. During prolonged summer high temperatures, mortality was high until abundance dropped to a level sustainable by the refuges. The model predicted reduced but persistent populations under high warming when thermal refuges made up 2% or more of stream area. Conclusion: The concept of salmonids “hanging on” in refuges, losing weight but surviving peak temperatures, was not supported by our experiment. The value of potential refuges to salmonid populations appears determined not just by temperature and area, but also by other characteristics that affect growth and survival, such as the availability of food and habitat for feeding and predator
Economics and Business Quarterly Reviews

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of socioeconomic and proximate determinants in high fertility in Timor-Leste. The data used came from the 2016 Timor-Leste Demographic and Health Survey. The unit of analysis was women in union aged 35–49 years. The explanatory variables were socioeconomic and proximate background characteristics. The response variable was the number of children ever born. A Poisson regression analysis was employed to investigate the association between socioeconomic and proximate determinants and fertility. Government should improve maternal and child health care to reduce infant mortality and promote smaller ideal family size and marriage postponement, reduce unmet need for contraception, increase access to a mobile phone, enhance education access and employment opportunity for women, and socialize family planning and enhancing reproductive health and family planning program and fostering female labor force participation to encourage women and men to prioritize education and career over childbearing.
The Effect of Net Buying Pressure on Implied Volatility: Empirical Study on Taiwan’s Options Market

: We examine the implied volatility of TAIEX options with the net buying pressure hypothesis. Empirical results find that the implied volatility of TAIEX options exhibits negative skewness, which is caused by the net buying pressure and is dependent on the time-to-maturity of the options contract. The effect of net buying pressure is most significant in options with longer maturity. After controlling the information flow and leverage effect, our empirical results show that net buying pressure is attributed to limits to arbitrage in the Taiwan options market. As institutional investors have greater hedging demand for out-of-the-money puts, we also conclude that net buying pressure has the biggest influence on the implied volatility of out-of-the-money puts. The trading simulation results support the net buying pressure hypothesis. Finally, we also show that Taiwan’s option investors are volatility traders. ___________________________________________________________________
FOREIGN PRIVATE INVESTMENT AND STOCK MARKET VOLATILITY IN NIGERIA

This study investigates the dynamic relationship between Foreign Private Investment (FPRI) and Stock Market volatility in Nigeria, using quarterly time series data from 1985 to 2013. FPRI was decomposed into Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). After the preliminary stationarity test of the data series, the Granger causality test procedure was employed, and finally a GARCH process was used to determine the magnitude of impact of foreign capital flows on stock market volatility in Nigeria. The result from the Granger causality (dynamics) analysis reveals a unidirectional relationship running from FPI to stock market volatility, while FDI is found to have a feedback relationship with stock market volatility in Nigeria. The GARCH result reveals that FPI contributes to stock market volatility, while FDI helps to promote stability in the capital market. Against the backdrop of these findings, it is recommended that policy measures to stimulate and stabilize foreign private investment, particularly FPI be put in place in order to ensure the stability and growth of the stock market. Importantly, sound institutional and regulatory mechanisms, as well as stable macroeconomic policy environment are imperative to engendering market resilience during shocks, and the repositioning of the financial market as a pivot for domestic investment and rapid economic growth.
SALUD PRIVADA EN TIEMPOS DE PANDEMIA

Objective: To investigate at which points and to what extent private healthcare institutions adapt and strategically reinvent themselves in the times of a pandemic. Methodology: This was a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive study based on a case study carried out in a health clinic in northwestern Rio Grande do Sul State. For data collection, bibliographic research and semi-structured interviews were carried out with managers and collaborators of the researched clinic. For data analysis and interpretation, categorical content analysis was used, in addition to the typology model of Hrebiniak and Joyce (1985). Originality/Relevance: Little research on management, strategic adaptation, health, and the pandemic has been carried out in private healthcare institutions. Additionally, few studies have addressed organizational strategic adaptation models as a reinvention strategy and organizational perspectives. In this way, this article opens precedents for further academic-scientific investigations regarding this theme and object of study. Results: The results showed that the changes and strategic adaptation of the analyzed company initially occurred by the influence of the external environment and then by the company’s ability to identify opportunities and implement development and optimization actions in its routines, processes, and dynamics, expanding such opportunities to future perspectives and broader contexts Theoretical/Methodological Contributions: The study contributes to the extent that it allows us to approach the method of organizational strategic adaptation of Hrebiniak and Joyce (1985) under a different approach as a strategic and proactive tool for analysis, reinvention, and organizational perspectives in the face of complex and changing contexts such as of the pandemic. The study also brings practical contributions, especially regarding optimizing strategies and predicting perspectives for private healthcare institutions, a segment that is still little studied in the scientific arena regarding the theme of strategic adaptation in the context of the pandemic.
Essays in ECONOMIC & BUSINESS HISTORY

This article examines the liberalization of one of the oldest monopolies in Rhodesia, the Salisbury Municipality’s monopoly over the production and sale of African beer in the city from the 1960s to the early 1980s. This monopoly unraveled at a time the state was creating more monopolies in other sectors of the economy. The article explores why developments in this industry defied national trends. Using primarily Salisbury City Council archive documents, the article argues that contrary to a popular view in Zimbabwe that the white-run Salisbury City Council sold Rufaro Brewery in order to cripple the incoming black government, the Salisbury Municipality was forced to liberalize the African alcohol industry by African shebeen operators and legal private enterprises (particularly Chibuku Breweries and bottle store owners), who were increasingly eroding its market share.
Factors associated to fetal death in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso

Objectives: to investigate the causes and the factors associated to fetal death in Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, 2006-2010. Methods: a population based case-control study in a ratio of 1:3 (300:900), was based on secondary data on Live Births and Mortality Information Systems. A hierarchical logistic regression was used. Results: remains independently associated to fetal death: low maternal schooling (OR=1.58, CI95%=1.02;2.47), low weight (OR=5.59, CI95%=3.22;9.70) gestational age <37 weeks (OR=9.34, CI95%=5.38;16.21), previous fetal death (OR=6.65, CI95%=4.35;10.15). The type of cesarean delivery remained as a protective factor (OR=0.35, CI95%=0.24;0.54). The main causes of fetal deaths were by unspecified cause (15.4%), followed by maternal hypertensive disorders (14.7%). The fetal mortality rate (TMF) decreased from 10.0 in 2006 to 7.5 deaths per thousand births in 2010 (decreased 24.5%). The TMF during the study period was below the goal set for 2030 by the World Health Organization. Conclusions: approximately one third of fetal deaths causes were potentially avoidable. Factors such as low maternal schooling, low birth weight, prematurity and previous fetal death history constitute as main determinants for fetal deaths in Cuiaba and suggests that socioeconomic situation still determines quality care for pregnant women and that actions should be directed to improve prenatal care.