Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inter‐annual simulation of global carbon cycle variations in a terrestrial–aquatic continuum

The advanced process‐based model, National Integrated Catchment‐based Eco‐hydrology (NICE)‐BGC, which incorporates the whole process of carbon cycling in land, was modified to include the feedback between soil organic content and overland carbon fluxes. It is a crucial and difficult task to evaluate the balance of the terrestrial carbon budget including the effect of inland water robustly. To accomplish this purpose, NICE‐BGC was applied to quantify the global biogeochemical carbon cycle closely associated with the complex hydrological cycle during the 36 years between 1980 and 2015. The model demonstrated that the inter‐annual variations of carbon cycle have been greatly affected by the extreme weather patterns. In particular, spatial distribution of temporal trends in riverine carbon fluxes and their relation to soil organic carbon (SOC) were analysed between different biomes and major river basins. Although there was a positive relationship between SOC and riverine flux of dissolved organic carbon and particulate organic carbon in the northern boreal region, it is difficult to see this relation in other regions. Further, the evaluation of potential controlling factors of temporal trends in SOC and fluvial carbon exports was also helpful to quantify the inter‐annual variation or temporal trend caused by the various effects. SOC was more influenced by temperature variations, whereas riverine carbon exports were mainly determined by precipitation variations. Finally, net land flux including inland water (−1.49 ± 0.50 PgC/year) showed a slight decrease in the carbon sink in comparison with previous values (−2.33 ± 0.50 PgC/year). These results help to distinguish the carbon cycle in different river basins and to re‐evaluate carbon cycle change explicitly including the effect of inland water because this effect has been so far implicitly included within the range of uncertainty in the Earth's global carbon cycle comprising land, oceans, and atmosphere.
The Role of the Intertropical Discontinuity Region and the Heat Low in Dust Emission and Transport Over the Thar Desert, India: A Premonsoon Case Study

A severe dust storm occurred over north India during 12–16 June 2018 is analyzed using satellite observations, reanalysis, ground‐based measurements, and model (Meso‐NH) simulations focusing on the dynamic processes that caused the dust‐storm generation, uplift, and propagation as well as its impacts on air quality. The initial dust emission was triggered by strong near‐surface southwesterlies (~15–20 m s−1) associated with the monsoon flow advancing northward, in response to the deepening of the thermal low over the Thar desert. The convergence between the northwesterlies and the monsoon flow along the Intertropical Discontinuity region caused high dust accumulation over northwest India in an area of weak winds. Convective mixing during daytime favors the vertical transport of dust to higher altitudes above the monsoon flow, but the towering Himalayas and the associated return northerly flow aloft play a blocking role leading to dust accumulation at heights between 1 and 3 km over northwest India. The prevailed northwesterlies in the middle troposphere favor the eastward transport of the dust plumes along the Ganges valley, helping to evacuate the dust toward east India. Based on Meso‐NH model simulations, the dust storm was associated with dust loads higher than 30 gm−2 and AODs higher than 3, in agreement with MODIS observations. The impact of the dust storm on the spatial‐temporal evolution of the PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations is studied using data from 23 air‐quality stations over northern India, indicating daily PM10 peaks reaching at ~900 μg m−3, implying a severe degradation of air quality.
Income Assistance Receipt among Off-reserve Indigenous Peoples in Canada

This study demonstrated income assistance (IA) receipt among Aboriginal people living off-reserve using data from the 2012 Aboriginal Peoples Survey (APS), a national survey of First Nations people living off reserve, Métis, and Inuit. In 2011, 12% of Aboriginal people living off-reserve received IA. It focused on socio-demographic, labour market and health characteristics found in different types of IA receipt. For almost half of the Aboriginal IA receivers, IA was their only source of income; it was the main (but not sole) source of income for 27%; and for the remaining 28%, IA was a secondary source of income. The receipt of IA was associated with socio-demographic characteristics such as never having been married; female; younger; less than high school levels of education; and living in lone-parent households. About 20% of IA recipients were employed in 2011. Compared with other Aboriginal workers not receiving IA, they were more likely to have a job with short tenure; to be part-time workers or temporary workers; and to work in the sector of sales and services. Compared to non-recipients, recipients of IA also reported significantly poorer mental and physical health conditions. The associations between health status and IA remained significant after controlling for other demographic factors. These results have important implications for policy makers and other stakeholders interested in IA for Aboriginal people. The complexity of employment, health, and other risk factors of IA need to be considered in further understanding these issues.
Novel ultrasound-guided lateral approach for femoral nerve block in cats: a pilot study

Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the technique for a novel lateral approach to femoral nerve block in cat cadavers. Methods Five feline cadavers were used in our prospective cadaveric experimental study. Ultrasonography was used to identify the anatomy injection site. Both pelvic limbs were injected with a volume (0.1 ml/kg) of methylene blue in each cat. The cadavers were placed in lateral recumbency, with the limb to be blocked positioned uppermost. The transducer was held perpendicular to the most proximal area of the pelvic limb, ventral to the greater trochanter and slightly cranial to the femur. Methylene blue was injected after the localisation of the femoral nerve. Immediately after the injection, the cat was turned and the technique was repeated on the contralateral side. After performing the ‘block’ in both limbs, the area was dissected bilaterally and the success was evaluated. A positive femoral nerve staining was considered for a coverage of ⩾1 cm. Results A total of 10 ultrasound-guided femoral nerve injections were performed. Ninety percent (n = 9/10) of the nerves were successfully dyed. Conclusions and relevance The novel ultrasound-guided lateral approach may be suitable and reproducible for a successful femoral nerve blockade in cats. Further investigations about the clinical usefulness and safety of this femoral nerve block in live cats are required.
Kapasitas Adaptasi dan Resiliensi Komunitas Menghadapi Bencana Erupsi Gunung Merapi

Mount Merapi eruption has occurred several times in Indonesia and the biggest eruption that last occurred in 2010. The community were suffered losses and were affected by eruptions. The purposes of this research are to analyze community resilience, to analyze the level of vulnerability, and to analize the community adaptive capacity. The research using a quantitative approach supported by qualitative data. Simple random sampling technique is used as the sampling method and the informant was taken purposively. The results of this research showed that when the eruption occurred the community has a high vulnerability. The adaptive capacity is also high with innovative learning based on institutional memory and supported by the connectedness. Communities achieve resilience and can adapt to changes with high adaptive capacity. Keywords: adaptive capacity, community resilience, eruption, vulnerability ABSTRAK Erupsi Gunung Merapi sudah terjadi beberapa kali di Indonesia dan erupsi terbesar yang terjadi terakhir kalinya yaitu pada tahun 2010. Komunitas mengalami berbagai kerugian dan terkena dampak dari erupsi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis resiliensi komunitas, menganalisis tingkat kerentanan komunitas, dan menganalisis kapasitas adaptasi komunitas. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif yang didukung oleh data kualitatif. Pemilihan responden dilakukan dengan teknik sampel acak sederhana sedangkan pemilihan terhadap informan dilakukan secara sengaja. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa saat erupsi terjadi komunitas memiliki kerentanan yang tinggi. Kapasitas adaptasi komunitas tinggi dengan adanya innovative learning yang didasari oleh pengetahuan dan pengalaman dan didukung oleh jaringan yang dimiliki. Komunitas berhasil mencapai resiliensi dan dapat beradaptasi dengan perubahan-perubahan dengan kapasitas adaptasi yang tinggi.Kata kunci : kapasitas adaptasi, kerentanan, erupsi, resiliensi komunitas
Two Leading Modes of Wintertime Atmospheric Circulation Drive the Recent Warm Arctic–Cold Eurasia Temperature Pattern

The wintertime warm Arctic–cold Eurasia (WACE) temperature trend during 1990–2010 was characterized by accelerating warming in the Arctic region, cooling in Eurasia, and accelerating autumn/winter Arctic sea ice loss. We identify two atmospheric circulation modes over the North Atlantic–northern Eurasian sector that displayed strong upward trends over the same period and can explain a large part of the observed decadal WACE pattern. Both modes bear a close resemblance to well-known teleconnection patterns and are relatively independent from variability in Arctic sea ice cover. The first mode (PC1) captures the recent negative trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation and increased Greenland blocking frequency, while the second mode (PC2) is reminiscent of a Rossby wave train and reflects an increased blocking frequency over the Urals and north Asia. We find that the loss in the Arctic sea ice and the upward trends in PC1 and PC2 together account for most of the decadal Arctic warming trend (>80%). However, the decadal Eurasian cooling trends may be primarily ascribed to the two circulation modes alone: all of the cooling in Siberia is contributed to by PC1 and 65% of the cooling in East Asia by their combination (the contribution by PC2 doubles that by PC1). Enhanced intraseasonal activity of the two circulation modes increases blocking frequencies over Greenland, the Ural region, and north Asia, which drive anomalous moisture/heat flux toward the Arctic and alter the downward longwave radiation. This also weakens warm advection and enhances advection of cold Arctic airmasses towards Eurasia.
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PREVENTIVE PRACTICES ABOUT DENGUE FEVER AMONG NURSING STUDENT OF TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Dengue fever (DF) is increasingly recognized as one of the world’s major vector borne diseases and causes significant morbidity & mortality in most tropical & subtropical countries of the world & had become the most common arboviral diseases of human. Dengue fever is endemic in most part of India & continues to be a public health concern. Dengue vector, human knowledge & human behavior each have been reported to play an important role in the transmission of the diseases. OBJECTIVES: 1. To determine the level of knowledge, attitude & practices regarding Dengue fever among nursing student. 2. To study the relationship of level of knowledge & attitude with preventive practices for dengue fever. METHOD & MATERIAL: A cross sectional study was carried out in nursing student of tertiary care hospital during September to October2012. A prestructured & selfadministered questionnaire was used to collect data regarding dengue fever knowledge, attitude & practices from nursing students. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical software. Appropriate statistical test was applied to calculate P-value. RESULT: Almost all the participants have heard of DF (94%), the media being the most quoted source of information. Nearly 80.6% participants were aware transmission of Dengue Fever is by mosquito bite. Practices based upon preventive measures were found to be predominantly focused towards prevention of mosquito bites rather than elimination of breeding places. CONCLUSION: Although the knowledge regarding DF & mosquito control measure was quite high among the nursing student but this knowledge was not put into practice.
Spatial Pattern of CAP Measures Promoting Agroforestry in Hungary

Agroforestry is a land management practice which intentionally integrates woody vegetation with crop and/ or animal systems to benefit from the resulting ecological and economic interactions (Burgess et al., 2015). The environmental services provided by agroforestry systems can be divided into four categories: (i) carbon sequestration, (ii) biodiversity improvements, (iii) enhanced soil productivity and conservation, (iv) water and air conservation (Jose, 2009). Agroforestry offers compelling synergies between adaptation (e.g., soil and water conservation, improved microclimate conditions, improved soil fertility) and mitigation (carbon sequestration) solutions to climate change (Lasco, Delfino, & Espaldon, 2014). Agroforestry systems can also improve livelihoods, enhance food security, and provide clean energy, contributing to sustainable rural development (Sharma et al., 2016). According to Kachova, Hinkov, Popov, Trichkov, and Mosquera-Losada (2016), agroforestry is a profitable, environmentally friendly, and sustainable technology for farmers living in lessdeveloped rural areas. It is widely known that the development of rural areas has become a key point of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in the European Union (EU). Agroforestry systems are supported by the EU’s rural development policies (RDPs) since they play a relevant role in producing positive social, economic, and environmental externalities (Gaspar, Escribano, & Mesias, 2016). Although agroforestry was poorly adopted in the CAP 2007-2013, recent evidence implies a better success in the CAP 2014-2020 (SantiagoFreijanes et al., 2018a). Mosquera-Losada et al. (2016) highlights five existing types of support for agroforestry on farms: (i) measures promoting silvoarable practices on farms, (ii) support for silvopasture farms, (iii) support for farms with high value trees, (iv) support for high nature value farms, and (v) forest farming activities. Despite the growing importance of agroforestry within the CAP, there is limited research evaluating these schemes, except recent papers by SantiagoFreijanes et al. (2018b), Moreno et al. (2018), Mosquera-Losada et al. (2018), and Pantera et al. (2018). Although some aspects of the spatial patterns of agroforestry schemes are already highlighted (den Herder et al., 2016; Santiago-Freijanes et al., 2018b), the drivers of agroforestry adoption is still not fully identified. The aim of this research is to explore the spatial patterning of the demand for agroforestry supports and identify its environmental and socio-economic drivers in Hungary. More specifically, we investigate (i) the spatial cluster structure of Hungarian municipalities based on potential for agroforestry, (ii) whether these clusters differ significantly in their tendency to run agroforestry or other agrienvironmental projects. In contrast to previous papers, we focus on the demand for agroforestry support at a highly disaggregated regional level. Arnold Csonka, Tibor Bareith, and Veronika Alexandra Gál Kaposvár University Faculty of Economics, Hungary
Seasonal Variations of Arctic Low‐Level Clouds and Its Linkage to Sea Ice Seasonal Variations

Using CALIPSO‐CloudSat‐Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System‐Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer data set, this study documents the seasonal variation of sea ice, cloud, and atmospheric properties in the Arctic (70°N–82°N) for 2007–2010. A surface‐type stratification—consisting Permanent Ocean, Land, Permanent Ice, and Transient Sea Ice—is used to investigate the influence of surface type on low‐level Arctic cloud liquid water path (LWP) seasonality. The results show significant variations in the Arctic low‐level cloud LWP by surface type linked to differences in thermodynamic state. Subdividing the Transient Ice region (seasonal sea ice zone) by melt/freeze season onset dates reveals a complex influence of sea ice variations on low cloud LWP seasonality. We find that lower tropospheric stability is the primary factor affecting the seasonality of cloud LWP. Our results suggest that variations in sea ice melt/freeze onset have a significant influence on the seasonality of low‐level cloud LWP by modulating the lower tropospheric thermal structure and not by modifying the surface evaporation rate in late spring and midsummer. We find no significant dependence of the May low‐level cloud LWP peak on the melt/freeze onset dates, whereas and September/October low‐level cloud LWP maximum shifts later in the season for earlier melt/later freeze onset regions. The Arctic low cloud LWP seasonality is controlled by several surface‐atmosphere interaction processes; the importance of each varies seasonally due to the thermodynamic properties of sea ice. Our results demonstrate that when analyzing Arctic cloud‐sea ice interactions, a seasonal perspective is critical.
The solar wind interaction with Venus

The Pioneer Venus orbiter reveals that Venus has a well developed bow shock like the Earth's but on that is significantly weaker than the Earth's shock. The location of the bow shock is highly variable, more so than would have been expected for an obstacle of essentially fixed size. The altitude of the ionopause is also highly variable in response to changes in the solar wind. In the ionosphere, the field is often low. However, on some orbits, very large fields are seen as low as 150 km, and on most dayside orbits, thin magnetic structures of flux ropes are observed. At night, large fields are often observed which vary from orbit to orbit. Venus has a much smaller intrinsic magnetic moment than expected from scaling the terrestrial moment.
New composite supernova remnant toward HESS J1844-030?

Aims. HESS J1844-030 is a newly confirmed TeV source in the direction of the X-ray pulsar wind nebula (PWN) candidate G29.4+0.1 and the complex radio source G29.37+0.1, which is likely formed by the superposition of a background radio galaxy and a Galactic supernova remnant (SNR). Many scenarios have been proposed to explain the origin of HESS J1844-030, based on several sources that are capable of producing very high energy radiation. We investigate the possible connection between the SNR, the PWN G29.4+0.1, and HESS J1844-030 to shed light on the astrophysical origin of the TeV emission. Methods. We performed an imaging and spectral study of the X-ray emission from the PWN G29.4+0.1 using archival observations obtained with the Chandra and XMM-Newton telescopes. Public radio continuum and HI data were used to derive distance constraints for the SNR that is linked to G29.37+0.1 and to investigate the interstellar medium where it is expanding. We applied a simple model of the evolution of a PWN inside an SNR to analyze the association between G29.4+0.1 and the radio emission from G29.37+0.1. We compared the spectral properties of the system with the population of TeV PWNe to investigate if HESS J1844-030 is the very high energy counterpart of the X-ray PWN G29.4+0.1. Results. Based on the morphology and spectral behavior in the X-ray band, we conclude that G29.4+0.1 is a PWN and that a point source embedded on it is the powering pulsar. The HI data revealed that the SNR linked to G29.37+0.1 is a Galactic source at 6.5 kpc and expanding in a nonuniform medium. From the analysis of the pulsar motion and the pressure balance at the boundary of X-ray emission, we conclude that G29.4+0.1 could be a PWN that is located inside its host remnant, forming a new composite SNR. Based on the magnetic field of the PWN obtained from the X-ray luminosity, we found that the population of electrons producing synchrotron radiation in the keV band can also produce IC photons in the TeV band. This suggests that HESS J1844-030 could be the very high energy counterpart of G29.4+0.1.
Testing Scenario Library Generation for Connected and Automated Vehicles, Part I: Methodology

Testing and evaluation is a critical step in the development and deployment of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs), and yet there is no systematic framework to generate testing scenario library. This study aims to provide a general framework for the testing scenario library generation (TSLG) problem with different operational design domains (ODDs), CAV models, and performance metrics. Given an ODD, the testing scenario library is defined as a critical set of scenarios that can be used for CAV test. Each testing scenario is evaluated by a newly proposed measure, scenario criticality, which can be computed as a combination of maneuver challenge and exposure frequency. To search for critical scenarios, an auxiliary objective function is designed, and a multi-start optimization method along with seed-filling is applied. Theoretical analysis suggests that the proposed framework can obtain accurate evaluation results with much fewer number of tests, if compared with the on-road test method. In part II of the study, three case studies are investigated to demonstrate the proposed method. Reinforcement learning based technique is applied to enhance the searching method under high-dimensional scenarios.
Seismic performance of prefabricated bridge piers supported on pile foundations

Using prefabricated components has been continuously gaining momentum in bridge constructions because of its numerous advantages over conventional cast-in-place construction methods. However, there are few, if any, projects that have utilized prefabricated components to construct the entire bridge piers because the seismic sufficiency of such structures has not been adequately addressed. Therefore, the studies in this dissertation were conducted to investigate the prefabricated bridge pier systems suitable for seismic regions. A pier system consisting of precast column, precast pile cap, and pile foundation was developed. For this system, the prefabricated components are integrally connected utilizing column socket connection and pile pocket connections that are preformed in the pile cap with corrugated steel pipes. An experimental study was performed using eight specimens that modeled the full-scaled connection interfaces, demonstrating that side shear strength in the column socket connection is sufficient to transfer large vertical loads from the column to the pile cap. An outdoor test was subsequently conducted on the column-pile cap-pile system at a cohesive soil site. A halfscale test unit was constructed on the foundation consisted of four vertical steel piles and four battered steel piles. To evaluate the system performance as well as the behaviors of various connections and pile foundation, the test unit was subjected to different combinations of vertical and lateral loads. Throughout the test, the socket and pocket connections maintained fixity with the formation of a plastic hinge in the column, evidencing that the system can ensure life safety and collapse prevention during earthquake events. Along with the results of numerical analysis, the battered piles were found to subject to larger axial forces but less bending moments than the vertical piles.