Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The cloud population and onset of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation over the Indian Ocean during DYNAMO‐AMIE

Variability of the cloud population in the central equatorial Indian Ocean was observed in the context of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) during the Dynamics of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO) and Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Madden‐Julian Investigation Experiment (AMIE) field campaigns. Radar observations from the polarimetric S‐band radar on Addu Atoll in the Maldives characterize the types of convective and stratiform radar echoes and the heights their 20 dBZ contours reach. To gain insight into the relationship between clouds and humidification of the troposphere leading up to and during an active MJO event, the work relates variability of the observed precipitation structure to that of tropospheric humidity and upper level zonal wind. The variability in stratiform precipitation areas dominates variability in the nature of precipitating convection associated with the MJO. Areal coverage of precipitating radar echo, convective echo top height, and tropospheric humidity above 850 hPa rapidly increase over ~3–7 days near MJO onset. This rate of increase is substantially faster than the 10–20 days needed for buildup of moisture prior to MJO onset as hypothesized by the “discharge‐recharge” hypothesis. Convective echoes become more common during the days prior to MJO onset, and the increased convection occurs before low‐tropospheric moistening. The upper troposphere rapidly moistens as the first widespread stratiform region passes over an area. Thus, clouds likely play a role in tropospheric humidification. Whether increased low‐tropospheric humidity causes vertical growth of convection has not yet been determined.
Embolization of Meningiomas Polyvinyl Alcohol Particles in the Preoperative Efficacy of Trisacryl Gelatin Microspheres versus

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Trisacryl gelatin microspheres are a new, commercially available nonabsorbable embolic agent. The purpose of this study was to evaluate their efﬁcacy in the preoperative embolization of meningiomas as compared with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles of various sizes. METHODS: In 30 consecutive patients, trisacryl gelatin microspheres (150–300 (cid:109) m) were used for the preoperative superselective embolization of meningiomas (group 1). Thirty other consecutive patients had embolization with PVA particles of 45 to 150 (cid:109) m (n (cid:53) 15, group 2) and of 150 to 250 (cid:109) m (n (cid:53) 15, group 3). Extent of devascularization, intraoperative blood loss, blood transfusion, and hemostasis at the time of surgery were recorded for every patient. The inﬂammatory reaction, the extent of necrotic areas, and the most distal intravascular location of the embolic agent (arterial, arteriolar, precapillary, capillary) were recorded. RESULTS: There was no signiﬁcant difference in the extent of angiographic devasculariza-tion among the groups. Intraoperative blood loss differed signiﬁcantly between groups 1 and 2 and groups 1 and 3, but not between groups 2 and 3. The trisacryl gelatin microspheres were located more distally in tumor vessels than were the PVA particles of either size. The extent of intratumoral necrosis was not signiﬁcantly different between the two embolic agents. In all
Transparency of Financial Fundamental Analysis

This study examines the informativeness of fundamental financial information to three levels of shareholder value. In general, the results show that the fundamental financial information is quite informative to shareholders using the MB ratio as a measure of shareholder value. According to the sensitivity analysis, (1) the balance sheet items are not quite informative, (2) the income statement items are consistently informative to shareholders at the three classes, and (3) the financial ratios, as a form of co-integrated financial information, are quite informative to the high and low shareholder value classes. The results regarding the fundamental analysis indicate that (a) in the three levels of MB firms, investors are concerned with the short-term horizon, (b) in the low MB firms, the investors are concerned with the long-term horizon, (c) in the high and low MB firms, the operating and total expenses are regarded as a capital investment, (d) in the high MB firms, the trend is to finance operations using equity rather than debt financing, (e) profitability affects low MB firms only rather than high and medium firms, (f) in the high and medium MB firms, investors do not regard the elements related to firm’s operations, (g) in the low MB firms, investors are concerned with the effects of capital structure on firm’s value although the results show that dividends have a reverse effect on firm’s market value.
Interactions between the sulfur and reduced nitrogen cycles over the central Pacific Ocean

In April and May of 1988 along 170{degree}W from 53{degree}N to 14{degree}S, simultaneous concentration measurements were made of the major components of the sulfur and reduced nitrogen cycles. The species measured included seawater dimethylsulfide, DMS(s), and total ammonia, NH{sub 3} (s,tot) = NH{sub 3} (s) + NH{sub 4}{sup +} (s); atmospheric gas phase DMS (g), NH{sub 3} (g), and SO{sub 2} (g); and atmospheric particulate phase NH{sub 4}{sup +} (p), non-seasalt sulfate, nss SO{sub 4}{sup =} (p), and methanesulfonate, MSA (p). Based on isentropic calculated back trajectories at 1,000, 950, 850, and 700 mbar arrival heights, three apparent air mass regimes were encountered; one from 50{degree}N to 30{degree}N which recently had been in contact with Asia, one from 29{degree}N to 15{degree}N which had passed over Hawaii during a volcanic eruption several days earlier, and one from 14{degree}N to 11{degree}S which was the most representative of remote marine air. Changes in the relative concentrations of the atmospheric S and NH{sub 3} species reflected the origin of the air masses sampled. The NH{sub 3} (g) concentrations were low over the entire region studied, indicating that the lifetime of NH{sub 3} in the marine boundary layer is on the order of hours. Thesemore » low NH{sub 3} concentrations led to only partially neutralized sulfate aerosol particles. The mean NH{sub 4}{sup +} (p) to nss SO{sub 4}{sup =} (p) molar ratio was 1.3 {plus minus} 0.71. The highest ratios were found in continentally influenced air masses where the NH{sub 4}{sup +} (p) was most likely of continental origin and in remote marine air masses with an absence of continentally derived nss SO{sub 4}{sup =} (p). The lowest ratios found were a result of high nss SO{sub 4}{sup =} (p) concentrations in air masses influenced by the Hawaiian volcanic plume. « less
Childhood central nervous system tumours and leukaemia: incidence and familial risk. A comparative population-based study in Utah and Norway

In this study we aimed to evaluate incidence rates and family risk of the most common childhood cancers, tumours in the central nervous system (CNS) and leukaemia among individuals from Norway and individuals with Scandinavian ancestry living in Utah. Methods We used the Utah Population Database and the Norwegian National Population Register linked to Cancer registries to identify cancers in children born between 1966 and 2015 and their first-degree relatives. We calculated incidence rates and hazards ratios.
Nonvolatile Latch Designs With Node-Upset Tolerance and Recovery Using Magnetic Tunnel Junctions and CMOS

As semiconductor technologies scale down, radiative-particle-induced soft errors and static power consumption are becoming major concerns for digital circuits. Magnetic-tunnel-junctions (MTJs) are widely used to address these concerns. MTJs are nonvolatile (NV) and compatible with traditional CMOS processes. In this article, we first propose a double-node-upset (DNU) tolerant and NV latch, i.e., M-TPDICE-V2, providing high reliability. In addition, we further propose an advanced latch, namely, M-8C, that is able to completely recover from single-node upsets (SNUs) and DNUs. M-8C uses a DNU recovery module and a backup and restore module based on a pair of MTJs. Furthermore, we propose a universal backup and restore module suitable for any latch providing nonvolatility. We simulate the proposed latches using the Synopsys HSPICE tool with a 45-nm CMOS process model. Simulation results confirm the superior capabilities of our proposed M-TPDICE-V2 and M-8C latches. M-TPDICE-V2 exhibits strong SNU and DNU tolerance and nonvolatility, while the M-8C latch provides complete DNU recovery capabilities.
Intra-annual variation in the stable oxygen and carbon isotope ratios of cellulose in tree rings of coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)

Fog is a seasonally variable hydrologic input to coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, D. Don) ecosystems with a stable isotopic composition (δ 18O, δ2H) that is distinct from rainfall. The intra-annual variation in tree ring cellulose δ18O of coast redwood was measured to determine what portion of the tree ring should be sampled to best target fog signals. Ten years of rings were subdivided into ten equal units for three trees at two sites in northern California. Intra-annual variation in cellulose δ18O was as high as 3‰ with a consistent pattern of enriched (in 18O) values from the annual ring boundary and depleted values from the central portion of the ring. These patterns show a strong coherence between replicate trees at the same site as well as significant correlations between individuals at sites over 250 km apart. Intra-annual variation in stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) was as high as 2‰ and produced a pattern with depleted (in 13C) values from the ring boundary and enriched values from the central portion of the ring. Although these δ13C patterns were not as strongly correlated between replicate trees as the patterns in δ18O variation, they did produce significant correlations with the variation in fog frequencies recorded at local airports. This study highlights the importance of quantifying intra-annual variation in tree ring stable isotope signals as a guide to further investigations on historic variability from long chronologies especially if the signal of interest is seasonally variable (eg, fog).
The Hedonic Pricing Model Applied to the Housing Market of the City of Savannah and Its Savannah Historic Landmark District

This study applies a hedonic pricing model to the housing market of the City of Savannah, Georgia. The Savannah Historic Landmark District is located both in and adjacent to downtown Savannah. Of the 2,888 single-family homes for the period 2000-2005 for which data are available, 591 are located in the Historic District. The model of the real sales price of a single-family house in the City of Savannah environment reveals it is positively affected by the number of bathrooms, fireplaces, bedrooms, stories in structure, garage car spaces, square feet of finished living space, the presence of a deck, a private courtyard, a pool and/or hot-tub, an exterior construction of brick or stucco, the presence of an underground sprinkler system, and whether the house was new. Six spatial control variables are considered. Locations across from or adjacent to open space carry premia, as do locations on cul-de-sacs or lakes. Corner properties do not. In addition, proximity to an apartment complex is capitalized as a negative quantity, as do locations on a busy street. The real sales prices of residential properties that closed during May or July tend to be higher. In addition, houses designated as a national historical monument tend to carry with them a modest price premium, as do properties that are simply located within the Savannah Historic Landmark District.
Labyrinth: Fayoum Journal of Science and Interdisciplinary Studies

This study examines microbial and enzymatic biodegradation of plastic, as well as some factors that influence their biodegradability. The results in the present work indicate that the plastic materials could be biodegraded by fungi, like Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus niger for the use of the degradation products economically and the purified enzyme production in different industrial applications. Among 26 fungal isolates obtained, two isolates were identified by molecular tools Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus niger . Different factors affect the degradation rate like carbon source, nitrogen source, metal salt inhibitors, and type of plastic materials. Comparing different carbon sources used in the fermentation medium of Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus niger , glucose was the most suitable carbon source for maximum enzyme production for both fungal strains. Maximum enzyme activities were achieved after the addition of peptone at a concentration of 0.4 % and yeast extract at 0.6 % for two fungi, respectively, as an external supplement of nitrogen sources. Polylactic acid and Polycaprolactone were the most favorable type of plastic for the two fungi to degrade them. Zinc chloride slightly increased enzyme productivity. So, our Search for new fungal isolates capable of degrading plastic materials in soil.
PROJECTIVE METHOD FOR EQUATION OF RISK THEORY IN THE ARITHMETIC CASE

We consider a discrete model of operation of an insurance company whose initial capital can take any integer value. In this statement, the problem of nonruin probability is naturally solved by the Wiener–Hopf method. Passing to generating functions and reducing the fundamental equation of risk theory to a Riemann boundary-value problem on the unit circle, we establish that this equation is a special one-sided discrete Wiener–Hopf equation whose symbol has a unique zero, and, furthermore, this zero is simple. On the basis of the constructed solvability theory for this equation, we justify the applicability of the projective method to the approximation of ruin probabilities in the spaces l +1 and c +0 . Conditions for the distributions of waiting times and claims under which the method converges are established. The delayed renewal process and stationary renewal process are considered, and approximations for the ruin probabilities in these processes are obtained.
Leaky nitrogen cycle in pristine African montane rainforest soil

Many pristine humid tropical forests show simultaneously high nitrogen (N) richness and sustained loss of bioavailable N forms. To better understand this apparent upregulation of the N cycle in tropical forests, process‐based understanding of soil N transformations, in geographically diverse locations, remains paramount. Field‐based evidence is limited and entirely lacking for humid tropical forests on the African continent. This study aimed at filling both knowledge gaps by monitoring N losses and by conducting an in situ 15N labeling experiment in the Nyungwe tropical montane forest in Rwanda. Here we show that this tropical forest shows high nitrate (NO3−) leaching losses, confirming findings from other parts of the world. Gross N transformation rates point to an open soil N cycle with mineralized N nitrified rather than retained via immobilization; gross immobilization of NH4+ and NO3− combined accounted for 37% of gross mineralization, and plant N uptake is dominated by ammonium (NH4+). This study provided new process understanding of soil N cycling in humid tropical forests and added geographically independent evidence that humid tropical forests are characterized by soil N dynamics and N inputs sustaining bioavailable N loss.
Forecasting solar wind structures and shock arrival times using an ensemble of models

[1] Forecasting the time of arrival at Earth of interplanetary shocks following solar metric type II activity is an important first step in the establishment of an operational space weather prediction system. The quality of the forecasts is of utmost importance. The performances of the shock time of arrival (STOA) and interplanetary shock propagation models (ISPM) were previously evaluated by Smith et al. [2000] for 36 solar events. Here we use 173 solar events between February 1997 and October 2000 to set thresholds for the Hakamada–Akasofu–Fry version 2 (HAFv.2) model and then present the results of a comparison of the performance of this model to the STOA and ISPM solar wind models. Each model predicts shock arrival time (SAT) at the Earth using real-time metric type II radio frequency drifts and coincident X-ray and optical data for input and L1 satellite observations for verification. Our evaluation of input parameters to the models showed that the accuracy of the solar metric type II radio burst observations as a measure of the initial shock velocity was compromised for those events at greater than 20° solar longitude from central meridian. The HAF model also calculates the interplanetary shock propagation imbedded in a realistic solar wind structure through which the shocks travel and interact. Standard meteorological forecast metrics are used. A variety of statistical comparisons among the three models show them to be practically equivalent in forecasting SAT. Although the HAF kinematic model performance compares favorably with ISPM and STOA, it appears to be no better at predicting SAT than ISPM or STOA. HAFv.2 takes the inhomogeneous, ambient solar wind structure into account and thereby provides a means of sorting event-driven shock arrivals from corotating interaction region (CIR) passage.
European Economic Review

This paper shows that ignoring the political relevance of labor and social policies can lead to the failure of an industrial policy designed to modernize an economy. Our analysis is based on a simple model of a two-sector economy (one old and one new) in which policy decisions are adopted under a majority rule. This model suggests that unless, (i) the labor policy ensures that workers have enough bargaining power to give them an incentive to find a job matching their skills in a restructured economy and (ii) the government adopts a social policy compensating the losers of the industrial policy, the new sector is unlikely to develop. Moreover, we find that the credibility of the commitments made drives the effectiveness of the coordination of the three policy elements.
Structure and growth of the Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana arc crust: 1. Seismic constraint on crust and mantle structure of the Mariana arc–back‐arc system

[1] A high-resolution seismic velocity model is presented for the crust and upper mantle of the Mariana arc–back-arc system (MABS) based on active source seismic profiling. The major characteristics are (1) slow mantle velocity of <8 km s−1 in the uppermost mantle, especially, and deep reflectors under the Mariana arc (MA) and the West Mariana Ridge (WMR), (2) a deep reflector in the upper mantle beneath the relative thick crust of the Mariana Trough (MT) axis, (3) distribution of lower-velocity lower crusts (6.7–6.9 km s−1) beneath the volcanic front and adjacent to the MT, and (4) high-velocity lower crust (7.2–7.4 km s−1) beneath the boundary regions between the MA and MT, and between the WMR and the Parece Vela Basin (PVB), adding to structural characteristics of crust and upper mantle beneath the MABS. Of the characteristics described above, characteristic 1 suggests that the origins of the slow mantle velocity and the deep reflectors be explained by transfer of the lower crustal residues to the upper mantle across the Moho, considering that the WMR is extinct arc currently. On the other hand, characteristic 2 suggests that the origin of deep reflectors beneath the MT axis might be lower velocity materials due to the diffractive signals with strong amplitudes, characteristic 3 suggests that the lower-velocity lower crust advanced crustal growth and characteristic 4 suggests that the high-velocity lower crust beneath arc–back-arc transition zone is composed of mafic/ultramafic materials created by extensive partial melting of mantle peridotites or last stage of the arc magmatism rather than serpentinized peridotite.
Breaking internal lee waves at Kaena Ridge, Hawaii

Shallow water oscillatory flows and deep ocean steady flows have both been observed to give rise to breaking internal lee waves downstream of steep seafloor obstacles. A recent theory also predicts the existence of high‐mode oscillatory internal lee waves in deep water, but they have not previously been directly observed. Here we present repeated spatial transects of velocity, isopycnal displacement, and dissipation rate measured with towed instruments on the south flank of a supercritical ridge in Hawaii known as Kaena Ridge and compare them with predictions from a 3‐D numerical model with realistic tidal forcing, bathymetry, and stratification. The measured and modeled flow and turbulence agree well in their spatial structure, time dependence, and magnitude, confirming the existence and predicted nature of high‐mode internal lee waves. Turbulence estimated from Thorpe scales increases 2 orders of magnitude following downslope tidal flow, when the internal lee wave begins to propagate upslope and breaks.
Dhofar 378 Martian shergottite: Evidence of early shock melting

[1] Shock heating of the Dhofar 378 (Dho 378) Martian shergottite produced melting, vesiculation, and flow of the plagioclase, which upon cooling recrystallized into complex textures. Heating experiments on the similar Zagami shergottite indicate that Dho 378 was shock heated to 1000–1100°C and was cooled at ∼2.5°C/h. An 39Ar-40Ar analysis of Dho 378 plagioclase indicates different Ar diffusion domains and K/Ca ratios. The lower-temperature phase defines an Ar-Ar isochron age of 141 ± 32 Ma. The higher-temperature phase released more 40Ar but does not define an age. The meteorite's thermal history was examined by constructing a generic model to compare cooling rates for objects of different sizes against fractional diffusion loss of Ar for different cooling times. Using gas diffusion parameter values measured for Dho 378, this model indicates that it is improbable that the major shock heating event occurred at the time that Dho 378 was ejected from Mars ∼3 Ma ago. Rather, we suggest that the time of shock heating is probably given by its Ar-Ar age. For Dho 378 to cool sufficiently fast not to lose most of its 40Ar ∼3 Ma ago would require it to have been ejected into space as an impossibly small object. Larger and more reasonable Mars ejection sizes indicate that Dho 378 should have lost most of its 40Ar. On the basis of plagioclase texture and Ar data, we suggest that a major impact event ∼141 Ma ago melted Dho 378 plagioclase, degassed most of its 40Ar, and deposited it in crater ejecta to cool. A smaller and later impact ejected it into space ∼3 Ma ago.
The Timing of Late Cretaceous Alkalic Igneous Activity in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Basin, Southeastern Usa

Upper Cretaceous igneous rocks in the northern Gulf of Mexico basin are poorly understood due both to the paucity of material recovered from drillholes in the sedimentary basins and lack of geochronological data. Rocks from the alkalic igneous complexes at Magnet Cove and Granite Mountain (Arkansas), the Monroe Uplift, and the Jackson Dome (Louisiana and Mississippi), yielded 40Ar/39Ar ages ranging from 94 Ma to ∼65 Ma. High‐precision plateau ages reveal that the Magnet Cove complex (94 Ma) predates Granite Mountain by 4 myr. Igneous activity in the Monroe Uplift may have been contemporaneous with that at Magnet Cove and continued sporadically for ∼30 myr. A single specimen from the Jackson Dome indicates volcanism at ∼65 Ma, coincident with waning igneous activity at the Monroe Uplift. Based on geochemical and geochronological data, the source for volcanoclastic material in the Woodbine Formation (Arkansas) are rocks belonging to the Magnet Cove phase of magmatism. Cretaceous alkalic rocks of central Arkansas show a northeast progression in ages, from Prairie Creek (108 Ma) to Granite Mountain (90 Ma). This “track” then turns southeast through the Monroe Uplift to the Jackson Dome (∼65 Ma). The distribution of alkalic material in the Gulf of Mexico basin was controlled by reactivation of older structural elements, possibly by regional isostatic adjustment to increased sediment load in Late Cretaceous time.