Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Near‐surface climate in the boreal forest

This paper addresses processes that affect near-surface climate over the boreal forest, using data from the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) northern study area just west of Thompson, Manitoba. The boreal forest is marked by a very large seasonal cycle with below-freezing temperatures for half the year. The freezing and thawing of the soil plays an important role in the climate at high latitudes. It moderates winter temperatures (together with the insulating snow cover), because during the freeze process, the effective heat capacity of the soil is greatly increased, and it introduces a significant lag into the climate system. Perhaps the most important consequence is that water is unavailable for evaporation and photosynthesis until snow melts and the ground thaws, which occurs late in spring. As a result, in April and in early May, relative humidity (RH) is a minimum, the surface sensible heat flux is large, and the daytime boundary layer (BL) is very deep, because of this unavailability of water. The situation reverses in the fall, when the ground is warmer than the cooling atmosphere, and mean RH is high and BL depths low. This asymmetry between spring and fall can be seen in both seasonal and diurnal cycles. The forest is heterogeneous, and there is a marked difference in summer in daytime evaporative fraction between the conifers and the deciduous forest and fens. However, above the forest the daytime BL has a strong homogenizing effect, and it is the dominant coniferous forest that controls the mean BL depth. The impact of recent rainfall, stored on the canopy, in the surface moss layer, and in the top soil layer can be readily seen in summer. BL depths rise on succeeding days without rain. A comparison of the fen and young jack pine sites shows the important role of the stomatal control by conifers on transpiration. Since evaporation goes down at high net radiation and low RH for conifer sites, it is clear that the low RH and high BL depth over the forest are a direct consequence of stomatal control. At night, however, temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 are quite heterogeneous under the stable BL. We show that uncoupling of the stable BL at night inside the forest canopy occurs at low wind speeds and high outgoing net radiation and can lead to a 5K cooling within the canopy.
The role of abandoned stream channels as over-wintering habitat for juvenile salmonids

The role of ephemeral swamps and intermittent t r i b u t a r i e s (off-stream habitat) located on the f l o o d p l a i n of a west coast Vancouver Island stream (Carnation Creek), as over-wintering habitat, was examined for two winters. A l l trout (Salmo gairdneri and S_. c l a r k i c l a r k i ) and juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) off-stream habitat were i d e n t i f i e d and characterized. Within this habitat: seasonal movement of salmonids was noted, coho growth rates were measured, salmonid populations were enumerated and contribution of off-stream habitat to the t o t a l coho smolt production was estimated. Coho and trout did not occupy a l l winter flooded land. Trout occupied intermittent t r i b u t a r i e s , while coho occupied both intermittent t r i b u t a r i e s and ephemeral swamps. Salmonid use of flooded meadows was n e g l i g i b l e . The contribution of off-stream habitat to the watershed's t o t a l smolt production was at least 23% and more than 15% came from s i t e s devoid of water i n summer. Seasonal movement of juvenile coho followed a d i s t i n c t pattern and appeared dependent upon cl i m a t i c conditions such as magnitude and timing of the f i r s t f a l l (Oct-Nov) freshet. Climatic conditions i n spring (March-May) appeared to influence both growth and survival of coho within one small ephemeral swamp.
Holocene coastal change and geoarchaeology at Howick, Northumberland, UK

The recent discovery of one of the earliest Mesolithic occupation sites in northern Britain, at Howick on the Northumberland coast, in association with multiperiod archaeological evidence nearby, highlights the importance of UK coastal settings as focii of human occupation through the Holocene. Environmental evidence from a nearby river valley (8.15 m of sediment ranging in age from about 12 000 cal. BP to the present) records local and regional environmental change. Twenty-four radiocarbon dates based on plant macrofossils provide a strong chronological framework. Calcareous microfossil assemblages (foraminifera, ostracods) have been recovered from the fine-grained sediments, recording a change from marine through to brackish and eventually freshwater conditions between about 8200 and 6500 cal. BP. A preliminary pollen study of the core has permitted a reconstruction of the regional vegetation as it responded to climatic amelioration and human influence upon the landscape. Radiocarbon dating and sedimentological evidence indicates a major hiatus between approximately 11 000 and 8000 years BP (including the period of Mesolithic occupation), represented by a 30 cm layer of coarse sands and sandstone pebbles, probably the result of a significant high-energy event dated to about 8300 cal. BP. Although not a typical tsunami deposit, the age and context suggests that this may be associated with the Storegga Slide event, already well-documented along the eastern coast of Scotland. The sedimentary and biological remains at Howick record environmental change over much of the Holocene and are compared with other environmental change records from the region to provide an environmental framework for the archaeology of this coastline.
Depopulation mechanisms of atomic hydrogen in the n = 3 level following two-photon excitation by a picosecond laser

One of the major constraints of measurements of atomic hydrogen densities using two-photon absorption laser induced fluorescence in most plasma and combustion environments is the determination of fluorescence decay times ( τfluo H ), especially when using nanosecond-lasers or slow acquisition systems. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the depopulation processes of the laser excited level in order to correctly estimate τfluo H . In this study, depopulation mechanisms of atomic hydrogen excited by two-photon absorption to the n = 3 level (H(n = 3)) have been investigated using a picosecond-laser excitation and acquisition of fluorescence by a streak camera, which allowed for direct measurement of τfluo H and hence, the atomic hydrogen densities, in an H2 microwave plasma operating in the pressure range 20–300 Pa. By combining these measurements with a detailed H(n = 3) collisional radiative depopulation model, it was found that full mixing amongst the H(n = 3) sub-levels occurs in our discharge conditions, even at a pressure as low as 20 Pa. Moreover, it is also seen that the Lyman β line is only partially trapped, as its escape factor Λ31 decreases from 0.94–0.98 down to 0.58–0.86 while the measured atomic hydrogen density rises from 8±5×1019m−3 to 9±6×1020m−3 . This means that the radiative decay rate of H(n = 3) atoms varies with pressure and the classical Stern–Volmer method used to determine the quenching cross-section of excited H(n = 3) in collisions with H2 molecules, σQHn=3/H2 , is not valid for our measurements. We used two different physics-based approaches, and show that the quenching cross-section σQHn=3/H2 lies in the range 90– 106×10−20m2 , which can be averaged as 98±8×10−20m2 . This substantially improved estimation of σQHn=3/H2 obtained in this work will be useful for the accurate estimation of H(n = 3) fluorescence decay times and therefore the atomic hydrogen densities.
Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Vaccination for Children Under Five Years in Jakarta

Indonesia reached the highest number of deaths caused by COVID-19 in children under five years, and the cases continued to rise to 10.6% in February 2022. Vaccination is an effective way to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. The risk of its infection in children under five years has been underestimated, and parent’s hesitancy still becomes an obstacle. This study aimed to identify factors associated with willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccination for children under five years among parents based on the Health Belief Model. A cross-sectional study was held in Jakarta from August 1st – 20, 2022. A total of 173 parents with children under five years (0-59 months) were taken using the consecutive sampling method, and data were taken with self-reported online and printed questionnaires. Chi-square bivariate and binary logistic regression multivariate analysis were used to determine the association. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were presented, and statistical significance was set at p 0.05. Parent’s willingness level to get COVID-19 vaccination for their children was 68.8%. The multivariate analysis revealed that perceived benefit (p=0.045; OR=2.784; 95%CI=1.023-7.579) and cues to action (p0.001; OR= 23.144; 95%CI= 8.577-62.453) were predictors of parent’s willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine for their children.
Implant Preference and Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Staged Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty: All-Polyethylene and Contralateral Metal-Backed Tibial Components

Numerous studies have compared metal-backed components (MBTs) and all-polyethylene tibial components (APTs), but none of them specifically analysed the clinical results and the overall patient preference in patients who had undergone a staged bilateral knee replacement. The purpose of this study is to compare clinical results, perceived range of motion, and overall implant preference among patients who had undergone staged bilateral knee replacement with an APT and contralateral knee replacement with MBTs. A dataset of 62 patients from a single centre who underwent staged bilateral TKA between 2009 and 2022 was selected and retrospectively analysed. Tibial component removal was performed in three knees overall, all of which had MBTs. The mean measured Knee Score (KS) of knees with APTs was 78.37 and that of contralateral knees with MBTs was 77.4. The mean measured Function (FS) of knees with APTs was 78.22, and that of contralateral knees with MBs was 76.29. The mean flexion angle of knees with APTs was 103.8 and that for knees with MBTs was 101.04 degrees. A total of 54.8% of the patients preferred the knee that received APTs over contralateral MBTs. In our cohort, TKA with an APT in one knee and an MBT in the contralateral knee recorded similar clinical results and perceived ranges of motion. Patients in general preferred the knee that received an APT over contralateral knee with an MBT.
The relationship between respondents' characteristics to the incidence of hypertension in Baja Kuning Village, Tanjung Pura District

The non-communicable disease with the greatest morbidity rate in Indonesian society is hypertension. Because the public frequently is unaware of this disease, the rise in incidence from year to year is highly concerning. An illness called hypertension is frequently experienced by elderly persons. The goal of this study was to determine how the prevalence of hypertension in Baja Kuning Village related to the characteristics of respondents based on age, gender, occupation, education, and history of hypertension. Cross-sectional study design using the Chi-Square statistical test and univariate and bivariate analysis are the methods employed. How to use a sphygmomanometer to assess hypertension by knocking on the doors of persons who are willing to have their blood pressure taken. According to the study's findings, there was a correlation between the characteristics of the respondents and the prevalence of hypertension based on age (p=0.001), gender (p=0.035), and previous hypertension (p=0.000). That is, there is a substantial correlation between the incidence of hypertension in Baja Kuning Village and the three variables. In Baja Kuning Village, Tanjung Pura District, the risk factor variables that cannot be adjusted tend to raise the risk of hypertension, according to the findings.
Identifying Optimal Candidates for Trimodality Therapy among Nonmetastatic Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Patients

(1) Background: This research aims to identify candidates for trimodality therapy (TMT) or radical cystectomy (RC) by using a predictive model. (2) Methods: Patients with nonmetastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were enrolled. The clinical data of 2174 eligible patients were extracted and separated into RC and TMT groups. To control for confounding bias, propensity score matching (PSM) was carried out. A nomogram was established via multivariable logistic regression. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration curves were used to assess the nomogram’s prediction capacity. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was carried out to determine the nomogram’s clinical applicability. (3) Results: After being processed with PSM, the OS of the RC group was significantly longer compared with the TMT group (p < 0.001). This remarkable capacity for discrimination was exhibited in the training (AUC: 0.717) and validation (AUC: 0.774) sets. The calibration curves suggested acceptable uniformity. Excellent clinical utility was shown in the DCA curve. The RC and RC-Beneficial group survived significantly longer than the RC and TMT-Beneficial group (p < 0.001) or the TMT group (p < 0.001). However, no significant difference was found between the RC and TMT-Beneficial group and the TMT group (p = 0.321). (4) Conclusions: A predictive model with excellent discrimination and clinical application value was established to identify the optimal patients for TMT among nonmetastatic MIBC patients.
THE INFLUENCE OF ZAKAT LITERACY AND TRUST ON DECISIONS AND AWARENESS OF PAYING ZAKAT THROUGH AMIL ZAKAT INSTITUTIONS USING THE SEM-PLS METHOD

This research aims to determine the influence of Zakat literacy and trust in its influence on decisions and awareness in paying zakat through zakat amil institutions. The type of research is quantitative. The data collection uses survey methods, and data analysis is based on primary data obtained from the questionnaires distributed regarding the influence of Zakat literacy and trust on people's decisions in paying zakat through zakat amil institutions mediated by awareness and techniques. The sampling uses purposive sampling. The sample in this study consisted of 141 district residents of Sukoharjo who have made or are currently paying zakat through amil zakat institutions and must be at least 25 years old. The data analysis technique uses SEM PLS analysis and is analyzed using SmartPLS software, and descriptive analysis is carried out on the test result data. The results of hypothesis testing show that zakat literacy significantly affects decisions with a p-value of 0.034, trust significantly affects decisions with a p-value of 0.011, and awareness significantly affects decisions with a p-value of 0.035. Then, zakat literacy obtained a p-value of 0.000, and a p-value of trust obtained 0.000, where these two variables significantly influence awareness. Zakat literacy and trust do not significantly influence the decision to pay zakat through awareness, with a p-value for zakat literacy of 0.064 and 0.080 for trust.
Does a Compatibilizer Enhance the Properties of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composites?

We have evaluated the effectiveness of compatibilizers in blends and composites produced using a solvent manufacturing process. The compatibilizers were two different types of polyethylene (linear low-density and high-density) grafted with maleic anhydride (MAH) and a highly functionalized, epoxy-based compatibilizer with the tradename Joncryl. The selected material combinations were an ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) with MAH-based materials as compatibilizers and a polyphenylene sulfide plus polytetrafluoroethylene (PPS-PTFE) polymer blend with an epoxy-based compatibilizer. The findings revealed that while the compatibilizers consistently enhanced the properties, such as the impact strength and hardness of PPS-based compositions, their utility is constrained to less complex compositions, such as fibrous-reinforced PPS or PPS-PTFE polymer blends. For fibrous-reinforced PPS-PTFE composites, the improvement in performance does not justify the presence of compatibilizers. In contrast, for UHMWPE compositions, compatibilizers demonstrated negligible or even detrimental effects, particularly in reinforced UHMWPE. Overall, the epoxy-based compatibilizer Joncryl stands out as the only effective option for enhancing mechanical performance. Thermal and chemical characterization indicated that the compatibilizers function as chain extenders and enhance the fiber–matrix interface in PPS-based compositions, while they remain inactive in UHMWPE-based compositions. Ultimately, the incompatibility of the compatibilizers with certain aspects of the manufacturing method and the inconsistent integration with the polymer are the main reasons for their ineffectiveness in UHMWPE compositions.
To play or not to play? A thematic analysis exploring the impact of adult-play on Primary teachers in Hong Kong.

This study aimed to evaluate the subjective experience of a play-based intervention on a sample of primary school teachers in Hong Kong. Semi-structured interviews and reflective journals provided data for qualitative analysis. Reflexive thematic analysis was applied to establish commonalities and/ or disparities in the participants’ lived experiences. Three superordinate themes were identified; perception, psychological impact and possibilities. Participants reported positive psychological responses and enhanced collegial relationships. Some showed awareness of personal and professional growth. Participants’ well-being was not measured or evaluated as part of this study. However, results suggest that play-based interventions for teachers may contribute to increased well-being through play's permeating effects. This may interest school leaders, well-being consultants, and positive psychology professionals administering school-based interventions to improve well-being and teacher collaboration. Adult play, an understudied area within positive psychology, lacks data and empirical research. Therefore, this study contributes to this emerging and exciting field.
PREDICTIONS AND REALITY: GENERATION OF STRONGLY NET- ACIDIC MINE WATERS THROUGH FLOODING OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINE WORKINGS WITH LIMESTONE ROOF STRATA, BLENKINSOPP COLLIERY (NORTHUMBERLAND, UK) 1

Blenkinsopp Colliery (Northumberland, UK) was the second-last underground coal mine in production in the former Great Northern Coalfield of England. The immediate roof beds of the single worked seam included a thick limestone bed; an unusual occurrence in UK coal mines. Hydrogeochemical investigations of the water encountered underground during the working of the mine revealed that specific qualities of water were logically related to details of the flowpaths the waters were inferred to have taken to reach the accessible sampling points. Working from this information, and taking into account observations of mineralogical and mining engineering aspects of the workings, a conceptual model was developed which assisted in predicting the likely response of the colliery to abandonment and flooding. In particular, it was predicted that, despite the presence of limestone in the roof and in goaf materials, the early outflows from the mine would be sufficiently acidic that they would require active treatment. Flooding of the mine is now complete, and post hoc analyses have largely vindicated earlier predictions of the time it would take for the mine to flood to surface, and the approximate post-flooding flow rates. The prediction that the water would be strongly net-acidic has also been borne out by observations: it is clear that the presence of limestone in a mined sequence is no guarantor of a neutral-pH discharge. However, the extremely high iron concentrations encountered post-flooding (≤ 1000 mg/l Fe +2 ) have exceeded expectations by a factor of around 3.3. Improvement in the understanding of likely quality, perhaps by means of tracer tests in recently flooded workings, could help reduce risks related to treatment scheme design, thus enabling more robust design and budgeting to be carried out as early as possible in the post- closure management period.
Plasma Immune Proteins and Circulating Tumor DNA Predict the Clinical Outcome for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Treated with an Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor

Simple Summary A high PD-L1 expression in a tumor tissue biopsy qualifies lung cancer patients to treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitor. However, tumor tissue is highly heterogeneous, and many patients progress early, despite having qualified for treatment. Thus, reliable biomarkers are lacking. Using blood samples, we aim to identify predictive biomarkers for responses to immune checkpoint-inhibitor treatment. Immune-related plasma proteins in lung cancer patients were quantified, and Fas ligand (FASLG) and inducible T-cell co-stimulator ligand (ICOSLG) were demonstrated to be associated with response and survival. In addition, combining these results with the quantity of circulating tumor DNA enabled us to identify a patient subgroup with prolonged survival. Liquid biopsies are a minimally invasive test, and our results demonstrate that they hold a predictive value supplementing the current eligibility criteria for treatment. Abstract Immunotherapy has altered the therapeutic landscape for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The immune checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab targets the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling axis and produces durable clinical responses, but reliable biomarkers are lacking. Using 115 plasma samples from 42 pembrolizumab-treated patients with NSCLC, we were able to identify predictive biomarkers. In the plasma samples, we quantified the level of 92 proteins using the Olink proximity extension assay and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) using targeted next-generation sequencing. Patients with an above-median progression-free survival (PFS) had significantly higher expressions of Fas ligand (FASLG) and inducible T-cell co-stimulator ligand (ICOSLG) at baseline than patients with a PFS below the median. A Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated that high levels of FASLG and ICOSLG were predictive of longer PFS and overall survival (OS) (PFS: 10.83 vs. 4.49 months, OS: 27.13 vs. 18.0 months). Furthermore, we identified a subgroup with high expressions of FASLG and ICOSLG who also had no detectable ctDNA mutations after treatment initiation. This subgroup had significantly longer PFS and OS rates compared to the rest of the patients (PFS: 25.71 vs. 4.52 months, OS: 34.62 vs. 18.0 months). These findings suggest that the expressions of FASLG and ICOSLG at baseline and the absence of ctDNA mutations after the start of treatment have the potential to predict clinical outcomes.