Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The distribution of bomb radiocarbon in the ocean

Water column inventories are calculated for bomb radiocarbon at all the stations occupied during the GEOSECS and NORPAX expeditions and for the available TTO stations. The pattern of global inventories obtained in this way suggests that a sizable portion of the bomb radiocarbon that entered the Antarctic, the northern Pacific and the tropical ocean has been transported to the adjacent temperate zones. A strategy for utilizing these inventory anomalies as constraints on global ocean circulation models is presented. Essential to this strategy are the improvement of our knowledge of the pattern of wind speed over the ocean, the establishment of the wind speed dependence of the rate of gas exchange between the atmosphere and sea, and the continued mapping of the distribution of bomb-produced radiocarbon in the sea.
Scale: Landscape attributes and geographical information systems

The roles and limitations of geographical information systems (GISs) in scaling hydrological models over heterogeneous land surfaces are outlined. Scaling is defined here as the extension of small-scale process models, which may be directly parameterized and validated, to larger spatial extents. A process computation can be successfully scaled if this extension can be carried out with minimal bias. Much of our understanding of land surface hydrological processes as currently applied within distributed models has been derived in conjunction with 'point' or 'plot' experiments, in which spatial variations and patterns of the controlling soil, canopy and meteorological factors are not defined. In these cases, prescription of model input parameters can be accomplished by direct observation. As the spatial extent is expanded beyond these point experiments to catchment or larger watershed regions, the direct extension of the point models requires an estimation of the distribution of the model parameters and process computations over the heterogeneous land surface. If the distribution of the set of spatial variables required for a given hydrological model (e.g. surface slope, soil hydraulic conductivity) can be described by a joint density function, f(x), where x = x 1 ,x 2 ,x 3 ,. are the model variables, then a GIS may be evaluated as a tool for estimating this function. In terms of the scaling procedure, the GIS is used to replace direct measurement or sampling of f(x) as the area of simulation is increased beyond the extent over which direct sampling of the distribution is feasible. The question to be asked is whether current GISs and current available spatial data sets are sufficient to adequately estimate these density functions.
Perdas na colheita mecanizada de soja: uma análise quantitativa e qualitativa

Losses in mechanized harvesting soybean: a quantitative and qualitative analysis The losses that occur during mechanized harvesting of cereals imply large prejudice for farmers and for the Country. For soybeans, much of the losses could be avoided. Thus, in this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate physiological and physical losses of soybean seeds during harvest at different days and times. The losses were grouped in losses on the platform of cutting, losses in the internal mechanisms and total losses. The quantitative losses were evaluated at two times of day, between 09:00 and 10:00 and between 14:00 and 15:00 on 18 and 29 March and 20 April and, in a parallel experiment, in three hours, between 09:00 and 10:00, between 14:00 and 15:00 and between 20:00 and 21:00 on 20 April. The qualitative losses were evaluated in seeds harvested between 14:00 and 15:00 on 18 and 29 March and 20 April by tetrazolium test and electrical conductivity . There was a significant increase in total losses of 121% between the first and last day of harvest. The variation of total losses during the day was significant, reaching 387.3 kg ha -1 at 21:00 h. The physiological quality decreased over the period. The time between 14:00 and 15:00 h showed greater loss in the platform of cutting, but the total losses were lower . The correlation analysis shows that total losses are strongly influenced by moisture straw .
The impact of speech type on listening effort and intelligibility for native and non-native listeners

Listeners are routinely exposed to many different types of speech, including artificially-enhanced and synthetic speech, styles which deviate to a greater or lesser extent from naturally-spoken exemplars. While the impact of differing speech types on intelligibility is well-studied, it is less clear how such types affect cognitive processing demands, and in particular whether those speech forms with the greatest intelligibility in noise have a commensurately lower listening effort. The current study measured intelligibility, self-reported listening effort, and a pupillometry-based measure of cognitive load for four distinct types of speech: (i) plain i.e. natural unmodified speech; (ii) Lombard speech, a naturally-enhanced form which occurs when speaking in the presence of noise; (iii) artificially-enhanced speech which involves spectral shaping and dynamic range compression; and (iv) speech synthesized from text. In the first experiment a cohort of 26 native listeners responded to the four speech types in three levels of speech-shaped noise. In a second experiment, 31 non-native listeners underwent the same procedure at more favorable signal-to-noise ratios, chosen since second language listening in noise has a more detrimental effect on intelligibility than listening in a first language. For both native and non-native listeners, artificially-enhanced speech was the most intelligible and led to the lowest subjective effort ratings, while the reverse was true for synthetic speech. However, pupil data suggested that Lombard speech elicited the lowest processing demands overall. These outcomes indicate that the relationship between intelligibility and cognitive processing demands is not a simple inverse, but is mediated by speech type. The findings of the current study motivate the search for speech modification algorithms that are optimized for both intelligibility and listening effort.
Relative tectonic activity classification in the Kermanshah area, western Iran

Abstract. Due to the closing of the subduction zone and the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian plates, the High Zagros region has always been affected by a wide range of tectonic variations. In this research, the Gharasu River basin, which is located in the Kermanshah area, was selected as the study area, six geomorphic indices were calculated, and the results of each one were divided into three classes. Then, using the indices, relative tectonic activity was calculated, and their values were classified and analysed in four groups. Regions were identified as very high, high, moderate and low. In analysing the results and combining them with field observations and regional geology, the results were often associated and justified with field evidence. The highest value is located on the Dokeral anticline in the crush zone in Zagros. Most of the areas with high and moderate values of Index of Active Tectonics (IAT) are also located in the crush zone in Zagros. Crushing in this zone is because of the main fault mechanism of the Zagros region. The result in this paper confirms previous research in this region. At the eastern end of the study area, the value of Iat is high, which could be the result of the Sarab and Koh-e Sefid fault mechanisms.
Associations Between Trait Boredom and Frequency of Cannabis, Alcohol, and Tobacco Use in College Students

Objective: Boredom is a common emotion associated with substance use in college students – a group already at risk for substance misuse. The purpose of this study is to understand how two types of trait boredom (susceptibility and proneness) in college students are associated with frequency of cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco use. Method: Data were collected from an online survey completed by a sample of undergraduate students (N = 414, Mage = 19.55, 84.5% female; 64.3% White) enrolled at a large public university in the northwest. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between trait boredom and frequency of cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco use after controlling for age, sex, and race. Results: Boredom susceptibility was a significant predictor of annual, monthly, and weekly cannabis and alcohol use, but only annual and monthly tobacco use. Boredom proneness was only a significant predictor for monthly alcohol use. Conclusions: Findings were generally consistent across types of substances and frequency of use for boredom susceptibility, indicating students higher in susceptibility, rather than proneness, are a subgroup to target prevention interventions to alleviate boredom and subsequent maladaptive coping mechanisms.
Strong Novikov conjecture for low degree cohomology and exotic group C*-algebras

We strengthen a result of Hanke-Schick about the strong Novikov conjecture for low degree cohomology by showing that their non-vanishing result for the maximal group C*-algebra holds for many other exotic group C*-algebras, in particular the one associated to the smallest strongly Morita compatible and exact crossed product functor used in the new version of the Baum-Connes conjecture. To achieve this we provide a Fell absorption principle for certain exotic crossed product functors.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cancer Mortality in Pennsylvania: A Retrospective Study with Geospatial Analysis

Simple Summary The COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted cancer mortality rates by disrupting patient health behaviors and access to cancer care, as well as being directly affected by infection with SARS-CoV-2. There is limited population-based research that investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer mortality in the United States. The aim of our retrospective study was to quantify the change in cancer mortality from before the COVID-19 pandemic to during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania. We found that mortality rates did not continue their previous downward trajectory and twenty-six counties had an increase in the rate in 2020. The 2015–2019 rates were positively associated with the 2020 rates, and the impact of sociodemographic and geographic factors on the 2020 rates varied by county. Our findings suggest a negative effect of the pandemic on cancer mortality in Pennsylvania and had a varied effect on its counties. Future research could confirm our findings, and if confirmed, may inform cancer research, care, and outreach. Abstract Background. We sought to quantify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer mortality and identify associated factors in Pennsylvania. Methods. The retrospective study analyzed cross-sectional cancer mortality data from CDC WONDER for 2015 through 2020 for Pennsylvania and its 67 counties. The spatial distributions of 2019, 2020, and percentage change in age-adjusted mortality rates by county were analyzed via choropleth maps and spatial autocorrelation. A Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was used to analyze whether the rates differed between 2019 and 2020. Quasi-Poisson and geographically weighted regression at the county level were used to assess the association between the 2019 rates, sex (percent female), race (percent non-White), ethnicity (percent Hispanic/Latino), rural–urban continuum codes, and socioeconomic status with the 2020 rates. Results. At the state level, the rate in 2020 did not reflect the declining annual trend (−2.7 per 100,000) in the rate since 2015. Twenty-six counties had an increase in the rate in 2020. Of the factors examined, the 2019 rates were positively associated with the 2020 rates, and the impact of sociodemographic and geographic factors on the 2020 rates varied by county. Conclusions. In Pennsylvania, the 2020 cancer mortality rates did not decline as much as reported before the COVID-19 pandemic. The top five cancer types by rate were the same type for 2019 and 2020. Future cancer control efforts may need to address the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on trends and geospatial distribution in cancer mortality.
Advancing Parsimonious Deep Learning Weather Prediction using the HEALPix Mesh

We present a parsimonious deep learning weather prediction model on the Hierarchical Equal Area isoLatitude Pixelization (HEALPix) to forecast seven atmospheric variables for arbitrarily long lead times on a global approximately 110 km mesh at 3h time resolution. In comparison to state-of-the-art machine learning weather forecast models, such as Pangu-Weather and GraphCast, our DLWP-HPX model uses coarser resolution and far fewer prognostic variables. Yet, at one-week lead times its skill is only about one day behind the state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction model from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. We report successive forecast improvements resulting from model design and data-related decisions, such as switching from the cubed sphere to the HEALPix mesh, inverting the channel depth of the U-Net, and introducing gated recurrent units (GRU) on each level of the U-Net hierarchy. The consistent east-west orientation of all cells on the HEALPix mesh facilitates the development of location-invariant convolution kernels that are successfully applied to propagate global weather patterns across our planet. Without any loss of spectral power after two days, the model can be unrolled autoregressively for hundreds of steps into the future to generate stable and realistic states of the atmosphere that respect seasonal trends, as showcased in one-year simulations. Our parsimonious DLWP-HPX model is research-friendly and potentially well-suited for sub-seasonal and seasonal forecasting.
Intrinsic Variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at Interannual-to-Multidecadal Time Scales

AbstractThe low-frequency variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is investigated from 2, ¼°, and ° global ocean–sea ice simulations, with a specific focus on its internally generated (i.e., “intrinsic”) component. A 327-yr climatological ¼° simulation, driven by a repeated seasonal cycle (i.e., a forcing devoid of interannual time scales), is shown to spontaneously generate a significant fraction R of the interannual-to-decadal AMOC variance obtained in a 50-yr “fully forced” hindcast (with reanalyzed atmospheric forcing including interannual time scales). This intrinsic variance fraction R slightly depends on whether AMOCs are computed in geopotential or density coordinates, and on the period considered in the climatological simulation, but the following features are quite robust when mesoscale eddies are simulated (at both ¼° and ° resolutions); R barely exceeds 5%–10% in the subpolar gyre but reaches 30%–50% at 34°S, up to 20%–40% near 25°N, and 40%–60% near the Gulf Stre.
Exosomes derived from stem cells from apical papilla promote craniofacial soft tissue regeneration through enhancing Cdc42-mediated vascularization

Background: Reconstruction of complex critical-size defects (CSD) in craniofacial region is a major challenge, and the soft tissue regeneration is crucial in determining the therapeutic outcome of craniofacial CSD. Stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP) are neural crest-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) which are homologous to craniofacial tissue, and represent a promising source for craniofacial tissue regeneration. Exosomes, which contained compound bioactive contents, are the key factors of stem cell paracrine action. However, the roles of exosomes derived from SCAP (SCAP-Exo) in tissue regeneration are not fully understood. Here, we explored the effects and underlying mechanisms of SCAP-Exo on CSD in maxillofacial soft tissue. Methods: SCAP-Exo were isolated and identified by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The effects of SCAP-Exo on wound healing and vascularisation were detected by measuring wound area, histological and immunofluorescence analysis in the palate gingiva CSD of mice. Real-time live cell imaging and functional assays were used to assess the effects of SCAP-Exo on the biological functions of endothelial cells (ECs). Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of SCAP-Exo mediated ECs angiogenesis in vitro was tested by immunofluorescence staining, Western blot and Pull-Down assays. Finally, in vivo experiments were carried out to verify whether SCAP-Exo could affect the vascularisation and wound healing through Cdc42. Results: We showed that SCAP-Exo promoted tissue regeneration of palatal gingiva CSD by enhancing vascularisation in the early phase in vivo , and also indicated SCAP-Exo improved the angiogenic capacity of endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro . Mechanistically, SCAP-Exo elevated cell migration by improving cytoskeletal reorganization of ECs via cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42) signalling. Furthermore, we revealed that SCAP-Exo transferred Cdc42 into the cytoplasm of ECs, and the Cdc42 protein could be reused directly by the recipient ECs, which resulted in the activation of Cdc42 dependent filopodia formation and elevation of cell migration of ECs. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that SCAP-Exo had a superior effect on angiogenesis and effectively promoted craniofacial soft tissue regeneration. These data provide a new option for SCAP-Exo to be used as a cell-free approach to optimize tissue regeneration in the clinic.
The Ice-Age History of National Parks in the Rocky Mountains . Scott A. Elias. 1996. Washington, DC, and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, ix + 170 p, illustrated, soft cover. ISBN 1-56098-524-0. £13.25.

turned filmmaker whose previous works are not best noted for their verite. It is hard to take the portrayal of Eskimos seriously in a film where the invincible Seagal rides around in buckskins like a bad imitation of Daniel Boone and Clint Eastwood's 'The man with no name' rolled into one. Such misrepresentations, though, are becoming a little too hackneyed, not to mention damaging, crass, and overtly misleading. In the face of such a cinema, where created myth, it would seem, is still preferable to any semblance of actuality, Fienup-Riordan's achievement is her recognition that differing cultural perceptions not only exist, but co-exist, in a way that should be illuminating for all concerned. Her careful exposure of the processes through which naive westerners have been taught by film to perceive Eskimos, is worthy of our attention. (Ian Higginson, Centre for History and Cultural Studies of Science, Rutherford College, University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NX.)
What Is Level of Construal , and Why Is It Related to Psychological Distance ?

ion increases, so too would the psychological distances people envisage. Construal levels thus expand and contract one’s mental horizon. The different distances should also similarly influence prediction, evaluation, and action, inasmuch as these outcomes are mediated by construal. The present article builds upon our earlier work on temporal construal theory, which focused in particular on the way that temporal distance from future events influences representation and judgment (Liberman & Trope, 1998; Trope & Liberman, 2003). Going beyond this earlier theory, we now treat temporal construal theory as a special case of a general theory of psychological distance. At the core of the proposed theory is a functional approach to construal levels, according to which mental construal processes serve to traverse psychological distances and switch between proximal and distal perspectives on objects. We describe the properties of the mental construal processes that enable them to fulfill this function and further explicate our approach by relating it to extant theories of how people respond to distant objects. Some of these ideas were presented in earlier literature reviews and book chapters (Liberman & Trope, 2008; Liberman, Trope, & Stephan, 2007; Trope, Liberman, & Wakslak, 2007). The present article presents a more advanced and comprehensive formulation of the theory and examination of related theories and research. The article consists of three main parts. In the first part, we present the basic assumptions of CLT. We explain what we mean by construal levels and why they are related to psychological distance (Section I) and examine the cognitive relationships among the four dimensions of psychological distance (Section II) and their bidirectional relationship to level of construal (Section III). In the second part, we turn to the construal-mediated consequences of psychological distance for prediction, preference, and selfregulation (Sections IV–VI). In the third part, we address open Yaacov Trope, Department of Psychology, New York University; Nira Liberman, Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. This research was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grant 59030-06A1 to Yaacov Trope, by Israeli Science Fund Grant 1346/04 to Nira Liberman, and by Binational Science Fund Grant 2007247 to Nira Liberman and Yaacov Trope. Thanks are due to David Amodio, Ido Liviatan, Oren Shapira, and Cheryl Wakslak for their comments. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Yaacov Trope, Department of Psychology, 6 Washington Place, New York University, New York, NY 10003. E-mail: yaacov.trope@nyu.edu or Nira Liberman, Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Israel. E-mail: niralib@post.tau. ac.il Psychological Review © 2010 American Psychological Association 2010, Vol. 117, No. 2, 440–463 0033-295X/10/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0018963
Synthesis and Characterization of Lansfordite and Nesquehonite

Chemically pure lansfordite (MgCO₃·5H₂O) and nesquehonite (MgCO₃·3H₂O) were synthesized from CO₂-saturated Mg(HCO₃)₂ solutions by degasation with air for varying periods of time depending upon equilibration temperature. Crystalline and chemical properties of the synthesized minerals were determined and the results were compared with the properties reported for geologic specimen minerals. Crystalline data determined for synthesized lansfordite are: monoclinic; a = 1.249 nm, b = 0.762 nm, c = 0.743 nm, β = 1.785 ± 0.002 rad, a/b/c = 1.638:1:0.976, Z = 4. Nesquehonite is monoclinic (pseudo-orthorhombic); a = 1.199 nm, b = 0.769 nm, c = 0.537 nm, β = 1.573 ± 0.012 rad, a/b/c = 1.557:1:0.697, Z = 4. Lansfordite is unstable when exposed to the atmosphere at temperatures > 10°C. Large lansfordite crystals (>150 µm) were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to undergo dehydration above 10°C. X-ray diffraction data and SEM observations indicate that upon dehydration large lansfordite crystals convert to nesquehonite but remain pseudomorphic after lansfordite. Small lansfordite crystals (<20 µm) appeared to dissolve upon an increase in temperature above 10°C when viewed with SEM. Crystal forms of nesquehonite, lansfordite, and dehydration states of lansfordite are shown in SEM microphotographs.
ANNALES DE L’INSTITUT FOURIER

— Given Y a non-compact manifold or orbifold, we deﬁne a natural subspace of the cohomology of Y called the narrow cohomology. We show that despite Y being non-compact, there is a well-deﬁned and non-degenerate pairing on this subspace. The narrow cohomology proves useful for the study of genus zero Gromov–Witten theory. When Y is a smooth complex variety or Deligne–Mumford stack, one can deﬁne a quantum D -module on the narrow cohomology of Y . This yields a new formulation of quantum Serre duality. Résumé. — Étant donnée une variété ou une orbifold non compacte Y , on déﬁ-nit un sous-espace naturel de la cohomologie de Y que nous appelons cohomologie étroite. On montre qu’en dépit du fait que Y est non compacte, il existe un cou-plage non-dégénéré sur ce sous-espace. Cette cohomologie étroite s’avère utile pour l’étude de la théorie de Gromov–Witten en genre 0. Lorsque Y est une variété complexe lisse ou un champ de Deligne–Mumford lisse, on peut déﬁnir un D -module quantique sur sa cohomologie étroite. Ceci nous amène à une nouvelle formulation de la dualité de Serre quantique.