Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Monetary Stability under Dual Banking System before Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia

The Indonesian monetary authority or the Central Bank of Indonesia has established a policy in accordance with the constitution No. 3 in 2004, the monetary policy taken by Central Bank of Indonesia is the inflation targeting framework (ITF). To achieve this, Central Bank of Indonesia established intermediary policies which are regulating the volume of the money supply, stipulating the minimum reserves banking and regulating credit or financing. From some of these intermediary policies, the authors are interested in researching monetary policy in the dual monetary system in Indonesia, where the instruments used by each monetary system are different, so which system is the most stable and sustains Indonesia's growth and which system is the best to achieve ITF goals. The method used is Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) with data from 2010-sep 2018. The results show that the instruments used in conventional monetary systems based on interest rates have no influence on economic growth, whereas instruments in the Islamic monetary system have an influence on economic growth.
Option Valuation with Conditional Heteroskedasticity and Non-Normality

We provide results for the valuation of European style contingent claims for a large class of specifications of the underlying asset returns. Our valuation results obtain in a discrete time, infinite state-space setup using the no-arbitrage principle and an equivalent martingale measure. Our approach allows for general forms of heteroskedasticity in returns, and valuation results for homoskedastic processes can be obtained as a special case. It also allows for conditional non-normal return innovations, which is critically important because heteroskedasticity alone does not suffice to capture the option smirk. We analyze a class of equivalent martingale measures for which the resulting risk-neutral return dynamics are from the same family of distributions as the physical return dynamics. In this case, our framework nests the valuation results obtained by Duan (1995) and Heston and Nandi (2000) by allowing for a time-varying price of risk and non-normal innovations. We provide extensions of these results to more general equivalent martingale measures and to discrete time stochastic volatility models, and we analyze the relation between our results and those obtained for continuous time models.
Civilized Barbarism: What We Miss When We Ignore Colonial Violence

Abstract Colonial warfare has been a frequent and bloody feature of international relations, yet most studies of wartime civilian victimization focus on either interstate or civil wars. In this article I argue that ignoring colonial violence has distorted our understanding of state-directed violence against civilians in wartime. I introduce a new theory of colonial violence, which focuses on the distinctive strategic, normative, and institutional incentives that colonial powers have to harm civilians. To assess this theory, I introduce and analyze a new data set of 193 cases of colonial war from 1816 to 2003. Using a variety of measures of civilian harm, I find that colonial wars are especially brutal. Three-quarters of states in colonial wars targeted civilians, for example, compared to less than a third of states in interstate wars. But some colonial wars are harder on civilians than others. Colonial powers are more likely to harm civilians when their indigenous adversaries employ guerrilla tactics, when their indigenous adversaries come from a different perceived racial background, and when the colonial state relies on settlers or indigenous intermediaries to help compensate for its relative weakness. By ignoring colonial violence in world politics, we misunderstand the scale and scope of state-directed violence against civilians and miss an opportunity to deepen our understanding of the causes of this brutality.
Carbon sequestration in paddy ecosystems in subtropical China

Carbon (C) sequestration in paddy soils was studied in 4 selected landscape units as representatives for the lowland (LL), lowhill (LH), highhill (HH) and kar stmountain (KM) areas in subtropical China. The me an values for organic C content in paddy soils (0�20cm ) in the landscape unit varied from 16.0 to 27.7 g /kg, which were remarkably larger than those for soils under arable cropping and orchard, and even under woodland except in the KM landscape unit. In the LH landscape unit, the mean organic C content in paddy soils increased by 1.67 times (P<0.01) in the period of 1979�2003. This increase was concordant with t he prolonged increase (since 1950s) in rice productivity in the region. It is concluded that paddy ecosystems in subtropical China had the ability to sequester organic C in amounts larger than those in other ecosystems. As these landscape units represent the real situations for paddy ecosystems under farmers' practices for rice production, data from this study confirm that the trend of continuing organic C sequestration in paddy soils occurred in subtropical China.
A Colosteid-Like Early Tetrapod from the St. Louis Limestone (Early Carboniferous, Meramecian), St. Louis, Missouri, USA

Abstract We report the discovery of an early tetrapod skull from the St. Louis Limestone of Missouri, USA. It was found among a collection of coelacanths in the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Germany, part of a larger collection donated to that institution by Jaekel containing other fish fossils from the same locality. The exact locality remains uncertain, but sedimentological analysis suggests that the specimens derive from the lower or middle part of the Upper St. Louis Limestone. The lithology is consistent with a deeper water marine setting, suggesting that the tetrapod specimen is an erratic. The skull is a natural mold exposed in palatal view, showing good detail of the bones preserved. Phylogenetic analysis shows it to be most closely related to colosteids, though retaining some plesiomorphic characters. Stratigraphic correlation shows that the St. Louis Limestone is older than the Verdi and Waugh Members of Iowa, here assigned to the Ste. Genevieve Formation, from which other colosteid specimens and Whatcheeria were found. The new specimen is thus both the earliest post-Devonian tetrapod from North America, and also the oldest colosteid-like tetrapod known.
Towards a simple dynamic process conceptualization in rainfall–runoff models using multi‐criteria calibration and tracers in temperate, upland catchments

Empirically based understanding of streamflow generation dynamics in a montane headwater catchment formed the basis for the development of simple, low‐parameterized, rainfall–runoff models. This study was based in the Girnock catchment in the Cairngorm Mountains of Scotland, where runoff generation is dominated by overland flow from peaty soils in valley bottom areas that are characterized by dynamic expansion and contraction of saturation zones. A stepwise procedure was used to select the level of model complexity that could be supported by field data. This facilitated the assessment of the way the dynamic process representation improved model performance. Model performance was evaluated using a multi‐criteria calibration procedure which applied a time series of hydrochemical tracers as an additional objective function. Flow simulations comparing a static against the dynamic saturation area model (SAM) substantially improved several evaluation criteria. Multi‐criteria evaluation using ensembles of performance measures provided a much more comprehensive assessment of the model performance than single efficiency statistics, which alone, could be misleading. Simulation of conservative source area tracers (Gran alkalinity) as part of the calibration procedure showed that a simple two‐storage model is the minimum complexity needed to capture the dominant processes governing catchment response. Additionally, calibration was improved by the integration of tracers into the flow model, which constrained model uncertainty and improved the hydrodynamics of simulations in a way that plausibly captured the contribution of different source areas to streamflow. This approach contributes to the quest for low‐parameter models that can achieve process‐based simulation of hydrological response. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variable-r in sex ratios: Formulas in honor of Jim Vaupel

BACKGROUND Two seminal studies in the 1980s, by Preston and Coale (1982) and Arthur and Vaupel (1984), generalized the Lotka equations developing the variable-r methods. OBJECTIVE Time changes in sex ratios (males:females) are studied from the perspective of the variable-r method to estimate the contributions of fertility, mortality, and net-migration. METHODS The time change in sex ratios can be calculated as a comparison of the growth rates of the sexes. The difference is then decomposed into population composition, and the age-specific components of fertility, mortality, and net migration. Thirteen countries with long historical demographic series are used to illustrate the time trends in sex ratios.
Development of a Rapid and Sensitive Probe for Colorimetric Detection of Ni2+ Ion in Water Sample by β-Cyclodextrin Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles

A rapid and selective colorimetric detection of Ni2+ was developed using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CDs) as reducing and stabilizing agents. Characterization was assessed by spectrophotometer UV-vis, Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and particle size analyzer (PSA). The AgNPs-β-CDs were relatively stable after being stored for 5 months. The addition of Ni2+ to the AgNPs-β-CDs shifted the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 409 nm. Synthesized AgNPs-β-CDs had a spherical shape and an average size of 25.07 ± 0.66 nm (analyzed by TEM) and 33.63 ± 0.25 nm, as confirmed by PSA. AgNPs-β-CDs as colorimetric sensors for Ni2+ ions had a good linear calibration curve at 409 nm with the R2 value of 0.9993. The limit of detection (LoD) was found to be 33.30 ppb, while the limit of quantification (LoQ) was 111.0 ppb. This sensor had been applied to a seawater sample from Ancol Beach, North Jakarta, Indonesia and it exhibited good precision and accuracy. In this work, β-CDs-synthesized AgNPs were able to detect Ni2+ ions and were beneficial as an alternative method for Ni2+ screening in environmental samples.
Walking with the Dead: The Place of Ghost Walk Tourism in Savannah, Georgia

Ghost-themed walking tours are increasingly popular in the United States and globally. Although walking tours are often perceived as structured with pre-determined direction and content, this study of ghost walk tours in Savannah, Georgia alludes to something strikingly different. Although the tours are not usually free-form, interviewed ghost walk tour guides speak openly about how the tour experience is often negotiated and altered by the tour participants. Places visited, the length of visit, and the stories told all vary between tour groups. Surveyed tour participants suggest, both explicitly and implicitly, that the act of walking grants them more control over the tour experience. This paper introduces ghost walk tourism as a mobile form of dark tourism; discusses the role of walking in the formation of sense of place and relates the negotiation of the tour experience between guide and participants in terms of performance.
Carbonyl sulfide produced by abiotic thermal and photodegradation of soil organic matter from wheat field substrate

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a reduced sulfur gas that is taken up irreversibly in plant leaves proportionally with CO2, allowing its potential use as a tracer for gross primary production. Recently, wheat field soil at the Southern Great Plains Atmospheric Radiation Measurement site in Lamont, Oklahoma, was found to be a measureable source of COS to the atmosphere. To understand the mechanism of COS production, soil and root samples were collected from the site and incubated in the laboratory over a range of temperatures (15–34°C) and light conditions (light and dark). Samples exhibited mostly COS net uptake from the atmosphere in dark and cool (<22–25°C) trials. COS emission was observed during dark incubations at high temperatures (>25°C), consistent with field observations, and at a lower temperature (19°C) when a full spectrum lamp (max wavelength 600 nm) was applied. Sterilized soil and root samples yielded only COS production that increased with temperature, supporting the hypothesis that (a) COS production in these samples is abiotic, (b) production is directly influenced by temperature and light, and (c) some COS consumption in soil and root samples is biotic.
Physical properties of selected soils by erosion class

ABSTRACT: The effects of soil erosion on soil fertility and yield have been documented with data as early as the 1900s, but there is limited literature relating soil erosion and soil physical properties. A regional research project (NC-174) was established in 1984 to elucidate the effects of erosion on soil productivity, with respect to changes in soil physical properties, and to determine the potential for using computer models to simulate this effect. Data are presented from 15 soils (sites) located in eight states in the North Central United States. Based on the thickness of topsoil, two to three levels of prior erosion were identified at each location. Soil samples were collected and analysed for bulk density, water retention, particle size analysis, and hydraulic conductivity at saturation. Rooting depth for each soil was also determined from field observations. Soil erosion primarily affected the physical properties of the Ap horizon. Clay content of the Ap horizon increased with increasing erosion. In most cases, bulk density increased slightly and hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil decreased. Changes in water content at given tensions were mixed with increases in some cases and decreases in others with erosion.
Channel response to an extreme flood and sediment pulse in a mixed bedrock and gravel‐bed river

We exploit a natural experiment caused by an extreme flood (~500 year recurrence interval) and sediment pulse derived from more than 2500 concurrent landslides to explore the influence of valley‐scale geomorphic controls on sediment slug evolution and the impact of sediment pulse passage and slug deposition and dispersion on channel stability and channel form. Sediment slug movement is a crucial process that shapes gravel‐bed rivers and alluvial valleys and is an important mechanism of downstream bed material transport. Further, increased bed material transport rates during slug deposition can trigger channel responses including increases in lateral mobility, channel width, and alluvial bar dominance.
The Crosstalk between Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells and Hepatocytes in Homeostasis and under Stress

Liver diseases, characterized by high morbidity and mortality, represent a substantial medical problem globally. The current therapeutic approaches are mainly aimed at reducing symptoms and slowing down the progression of the diseases. Organ transplantation remains the only effective treatment method in cases of severe liver pathology. In this regard, the development of new effective approaches aimed at stimulating liver regeneration, both by activation of the organ’s own resources or by different therapeutic agents that trigger regeneration, does not cease to be relevant. To date, many systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been published confirming the effectiveness of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transplantation in the treatment of liver diseases of various severities and etiologies. However, despite the successful use of MSCs in clinical practice and the promising therapeutic results in animal models of liver diseases, the mechanisms of their protective and regenerative action remain poorly understood. Specifically, data about the molecular agents produced by these cells and mediating their therapeutic action are fragmentary and often contradictory. Since MSCs or MSC-like cells are found in all tissues and organs, it is likely that many key intercellular interactions within the tissue niches are dependent on MSCs. In this context, it is essential to understand the mechanisms underlying communication between MSCs and differentiated parenchymal cells of each particular tissue. This is important both from the perspective of basic science and for the development of therapeutic approaches involving the modulation of the activity of resident MSCs. With regard to the liver, the research is concentrated on the intercommunication between MSCs and hepatocytes under normal conditions and during the development of the pathological process. The goals of this review were to identify the key factors mediating the crosstalk between MSCs and hepatocytes and determine the possible mechanisms of interaction of the two cell types under normal and stressful conditions. The analysis of the hepatocyte–MSC interaction showed that MSCs carry out chaperone-like functions, including the synthesis of the supportive extracellular matrix proteins; prevention of apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis; support of regeneration; elimination of lipotoxicity and ER stress; promotion of antioxidant effects; and donation of mitochondria. The underlying mechanisms suggest very close interdependence, including even direct cytoplasm and organelle exchange.
Studies of partial rotational remanent magnetization and rotational remanent magnetization at slow speeds of rotation

Summary. Rotational remanent magnetizations and partial rotational remanent magnetizations have been induced in four specimens using alternating magnetic fields of 55 mT maximum peak strength and 128 Hz, and speeds of rotation between 0.0016 and 0.4 rev s-'. Each partial rotational remanent magnetization (PRRM), was produced by rotating the specimen only at the maximum setting of the alternating field. The variation of PRRM with (a) speed of rotation, w, and (b) total angle of rotation, 0, was investigated. In (a), PRRM fell slowly but steadily as w increased; for (b) it rose sharply as 0 increased up to 60" and reached a maximum for 0 between 90" and 120". Alternating field demagnetizations of PRRMs were performed with the specimen (a) at rest, and (b) rotating about an axis perpendicular to the field. Rotation significantly enhanced the demagnetization process. Variation of the time T, taken to remove the inducing alternating field produced no detectable effect in the case of PRRM, but affected the value of w at which a given feature of the RRM-w curve appeared, and the product OF (= oT) appears to be more important than either u or T separately. Current theories on RRM can be used to explain some of the new experimental data on PRRM.
Fractionation of Peralkaline Silicic Magmas: the Greater Olkaria Volcanic Complex, Kenya Rift Valley

The Greater Olkaria Volcanic Complex is a young (20 ka) multi-centred system in the central Kenya Rift Valley, mainly represented at outcrop by peralkaline rhyolites. The rhyolites show significant compositional variation; peralkalinity [mol. (Na2O + K2O)/Al2O3] varies from 1Â·01 to 1Â·55, Zr contents from 442 to 3640 ppm and Rb contents from 262 to 1056 ppm. More peralkaline rhyolites were generated along multiple, but generally closely similar, liquid lines of descent by 75% fractional crystallization of alkali feldspar–quartz-dominated assemblages from mildly peralkaline parental magmas, themselves probably derived by fractionation of trachytic magmas. Crystal fractionation took place at more than one upper crustal level. The rhyolite magmas were erupted from 13 centres, each having an eruptive history and geochemical evolution broadly similar to, but distinct from, those of the other centres. For most of the life span of the Olkaria system, almost the whole spectrum of peralkaline rhyolite compositions was erupted from vents in the complex at any one time. Apparent partition coefficients are presented for 34 trace elements in sanidine, fayalite, ferrohedenbergite, amphibole, biotite, ilmenite and chevkinite-(Ce). With the exception of certain values for Ba, Rb and Sr in sanidine, most coefficients vary systematically with whole-rock composition.
Radio techniques for the measurement of ice thickness

In recent years, phenomena observed in two quite separate fields of study have led to the suggestion that radio waves may propagate through cold ice masses with sufficiently small loss by absorption to permit the thickness to be measured, and some information about the nature of the bottom surface to be derived by radar. This article describes first some work by the United States Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory arising out of spurious echoes noticed on radio altimeters (ground clearance indicators) carried by aircraft flying in the polar regions. Afterwards it reviews work at the Scott Polar Research Institute where unexpected phenomena on some IGY ionosondes operated in the Antarctic have led to the development of a radio instrument specifically to measure ice thickness.
Emulsion Formation in Palm Oil Methyl Ester Sulfonate Surfactant to Light Crude Oil

The Enhanced Oil Recovery method is a method that can be attempted to increase the recovery of petroleum. One of the materials that can be used is Methyl Ester Sulfonate surfactant from palm oil, as a vegetable surfactant whose raw materials are widely available in Indonesia. In this study, the compatibility test of Methyl Ester Sulfonate surfactant was carried out on light crude oil type T samples. The study was carried out with various surfactant concentrations, starting from 0.25%, 0.3%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%. In the aqueous stability test, the results obtained for all clear conditions for the surfactant concentration were measured for 3 days in an oven with a temperature of 60oC. Whereas in the phase behavior test, good results of the upper phase emulsion were obtained at concentrations of 0.3%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%. The volume of the top phase emulsion ranges from 25% to 37.5%. (Normal). From the results of this study, it can be concluded that for the crude oil sample T, palm oil MES surfactant is stable for use as a surfactant injection fluid, with a surfactant concentration composition that produces a fairly large upper phase emulsion of around 25% - 37.5% at a surfactant concentration of 0.5% - 2%.