Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preparation and characterization of (R)-poly(.beta.-hydroxybutyrate)-poly(.epsilon.-caprolactone) and (R)-poly(.beta.-hydroxybutyrate)-poly(lactide) degradable diblock copolymers

Natural-origin (R)-poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) was degraded by acid-catalyzed methanolysis to form low molecular weight (average DP=26) stereoisomerically pure PHB chains. The hydroxyl terminus of these polymers was then reacted with AlEt 3 to form a PHB-O-AlEt 2 macroinitiator species. These macroinitiators were then used to carry out the ring-opening polymerizations of e-caprolactone and lactide monomers to prepare PHB-PCL, PHB-D,L-PLA, and PHB-L-PLA A-B diblock copolymers of variable chain segment lengths
Dinâmica dos micronutrientes em cafeeiros enxertados

As respostas a disponibilidade dos nutrientes variam entre especies distintas dentro de um mesmo genero, por causa, principalmente, das exigencias nutricionais variaveis, capacidade de absorcao, translocacao e utilizacao dos nutrientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiencia de absorcao, translocacao e uso dos micronutrientes por diferentes cultivares de Coffea arabica L. , enxertados em Apoata IAC 2258 (Coffea canephora). O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetacao, utilizando-se o metodo de cultivo em solucao nutritiva. Foi utilizado um fatorial 7 x 3 + 2, sendo sete cultivares de Coffea arabica L. (Palma II, Catucai 2 SL, Oeiras MG 6851, Obata IAC 1669-20, Acaua, Topazio MG 1190 e Paraiso MG H 419-1), tres tipos de mudas (pe franco, autoenxertada e enxertada sobre o cultivar Apoata IAC 2258) e duas testemunhas (Apoata autoenxertado e Apoata pe franco). O porta-enxerto utilizado influenciou negativamente na absorcao de boro, ferro e manganes. A translocacao dos micronutrientes boro e cobre obteve maiores indices nas mudas enxertadas. O cultivar Palma II, quando enxertado, apresentou o maior indice de utilizacao dos nutrientes, mostrando-se passivel de ser enxertado. O porta-enxerto utilizado mostrou-se apto para a enxertia, por nao sofrer influencia negativa, tanto pela enxertia, quanto pelos cultivares utilizados.
Modelling of Landau–Darrieus and thermo-diffusive instability effects for CFD simulations of laminar and turbulent premixed combustion

An algebraic model is derived that accounts for the effects of non-resolved Landau–Darrieus and thermo-diffusive instabilities on the propagation speed of fully premixed laminar and turbulent flame fronts in the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) context provided that the laminar flame speed appears as a model parameter in the LES combustion model. The model is derived assuming fractal characteristics of flames which exhibit cellular structures due to instabilities. The smallest and largest unstable wavelengths are computed employing a dispersion relation for nominally planar flames. Values for the fractal dimension characterising the flame structures are taken from the literature. A phenomenological model accounts for the stabilising effect of strain. Based on experimental data, a correlation for a critical strain rate, which indicates the onset of instabilities, is formulated. To validate the new model which accounts for instabilities on the effective speed of laminar flame propagation, laminar expanding spherical methane–air flames at p = 5 bar and p = 10 bar are simulated in the LES context. Values for the fractal dimension, as proposed in the literature, are varied. The predicted flame propagation speed is in very good agreement with experimental data when applying a fractal dimension of about D = 2.06. The critical strain turns out to be a suitable parameter to indicate the onset of instabilities and to quantify the influence of instabilities. Simulations applying a second model proposed by Bradley and valid for spherically expanding flames show similar results. LES of turbulent Bunsen flames at 1, 5 and 10 bar, which are characterised by u′/s0L < 1, are performed to evaluate the derived instability model for turbulent flames. The simulated flames (from the Kobayashi database) have already been experimentally investigated in the context of Landau–Darrieus and thermo-diffusive instabilities. In agreement with conclusions from these investigations, for the considered cases the new model does not predict any onset of instabilities.
Flame Speeds of α-Pinene/Air and Limonene/Air Mixtures Involved in Accelerating Forest Fires

Several researchers have reported that under certain conditions, forest fires with normal behavior suddenly start to propagate at unusual and very high rate of spread. Over the last decades, these accelerating forest fires were responsible for many fatalities in Europe. A thermochemical approach, based on the ignition of a volatile organic compounds (VOCs) cloud, has been proposed previously to explain this phenomenon. Indeed, some vegetal species emit volatile substances when they are heated. A typical Mediterranean plant, Rosmarinus officinalis, emits 14 components, mainly α-pinene and limonene. The acceleration of the rate of spread can be the consequence of the ignition of these emitted gases. The determination of α-pinene/air and limonene/air premixed flame speeds is essential to take into account this approach in forest fire modeling. It is the main purpose of this article. The spherical expanding flames methodology coupled with a nonlinear model was used to determine the unstretched premixed flame speeds of the two major compounds involved in accelerating forest fires. Experiments were performed in a spherical vessel at atmospheric pressure. The results for different equivalence ratios and unburned gas temperatures are given for the first time. The unstretched premixed flame speeds are discussed relatively to rates of spread of three real accidents.
Refined Relationships between Chemical Composition of Dioctahedral Fine-Grained Mica Minerals and Their Infrared Spectra within the OH Stretching Region. Part I: Identification of the OH Stretching Bands

A large and representative collection of clay-size dioctahedral mica minerals differing in their chemical compositions has been studied by infrared (IR) spectroscopy in the OH stretching vibration region. Decomposition of the IR spectra in the individual OH bands has provided unambiguous identification of the band positions for each defined pair of octahedral cations bonded to OH groups. The presence of pyrophyllite-like local structural environments in samples having a deficiency of K in interlayers has been established. A set of the relationships between the OH frequencies corresponding to pairs of cations having different valency and mass has been found.
Comment on “Air pollution and precipitation suppression over SE Australia: critical review of evidence presented by Rosenfeld (2000) and Rosenfeld (2006)” by Greg Ayers

Rosenfeld (2000, hereafter R00), in applying newsatellite methodology to analyse case studies in Southeastern Australia and elsewhere, provided evidence that urban and industrial air pollution can suppress precipitation from shallow clouds. He concluded that ‘Air pollution must be an important factor in determining the precipitation amounts in the Snowy Mountains’. These satellite observations were the impetus for our proposed detailed follow-on research program to further validate and quantify these inferences, publicly offered in Rosenfeld et al. (2006, hereafter R06) and repeated here, thereby recognizing the remaining large uncertainties. In response, Ayers (2009, hereafter A09) attempts to deny the significance and validity of the observations of R00. His scientific arguments are refuted here. Furthermore, A09 wrote erroneously that ‘a hypothesis that air pollution in the form of small particles has caused a secular decrease in precipitation over SE Australia was advanced by Rosenfeld (2000), who concluded that the hypothesis was proven. ’ But R00 did not make such a claim, although this is a viable hypothesis that warrants testing (R06). In fact, R00 wrote: ‘trend analyses of snow, winter temperature, and total winter rainfall for the period 1910–1991 showed statistically insignificant decreases. (Duus, 1992)’.
PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HARPAGOPHYTUM PROCUMBENS DC (PEDALIACEAE) SECONDARY ROOT AQUEOUS EXTRACT ON ISOLATED GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT MUSCLES OF THE CHICK, GUINEA-PIG AND RABBIT

In an attempt to scientifically appraise the ‘healing powers' and medicinal value of Harpagophytum procumbens DC [family: Pedaliaceae], and throw some light on the efficacy and safety of the medicinal plant product, we have examined the pharmacological effects of the plant's secondary root aqueous extract (HPE) on the chick, guinea-pig and rabbit isolated gastro-intestinal smooth muscle preparations. The results of this laboratory animal study indicate that relatively low to high doses of Harpagophytum procumbens secondary root aqueous extract (HPE, 10–1000 μg/ml) provoked concentration-related, significant (P 0.05) increase in the amplitude of the spontaneous, myogenic, rhythmic, pendular contractions of the rabbit duodenal muscle preparations. On the other hand, relatively moderate to high concentrations of the plant's extract (HPE, 200–1000 μg/ml) always produced initial slight, significant (P Harpagophytum procumbens (HPE, 10–1000 μg/ml) was found to possess anticholinesterase activity. In this regard, however, the plant's extract was found to be less potent than physostigmine. The anticholinesterase action of the plant's extract is speculated to contribute, at least in part, to the contractile effects of the herb's extract on the isolated gastro-intestinal smooth muscle preparations used. The results of this laboratory animal study indicate that H. procumbens secondary root aqueous extract (HPE) induced concentration-related contractions of gastro-intestinal tract smooth muscles. These findings may account for the commonly reported adverse effect of ‘gastro-intestinal discomfort or upset' usually associated with Harpagophytum procumbens secondary root extract medication. Key Words: Harpagophytum procumbens , Secondary Root, Aqueous Extract, Gastro-intestinal Tract Muscles. Afr. J. Trad. Comp. Alt. Med. , 2005, 2 (1): 31-45
Quantification of Liquid Water Saturation in a PEM Fuel Cell Diffusion Medium Using X-ray Microtomography

Quantification of liquid water saturation distribution in a diffusion medium is critical to establishing a basic understanding of the two-phase flow and flooding occurrence in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. We have used X-ray microtomography to obtain high-resolution (10 X 10 X 13.4 μm), three-dimensional images of liquid water distribution in a gas diffusion layer (GDL) during gas purge. We report on temporally resolved liquid saturation profiles across the GDL thickness and demonstrate the feasibility of using X-ray microtomography to quantify liquid water distribution at the component level. The results show that the drying rate decreases exponentially with purge time and no significant liquid water removal takes place after 6 min of purge, at room temperature.
A sulfite biosensor fabricated using electrodeposited polytyramine: application to wine analysis

The development of a sulfite biosensor based on the immobilization of sulfite oxidase (SOD) in electrodeposited polytyramine is described. Electropolymerization of polytyramine and simultaneous immobilization of SOD on platinized glassy carbon (GC/Pt) were performed in an aqueous solution of 0.1 M tyramine containing SOD. The sulfite biosensor constructed with five voltammetric sweep cycles showed a sensitive response to sulfite with a linear calibration curve in the concentration range 0.002–0.3 mM sulfite, slope 2.70 µA l mmol–1, and detection limit 0.001 mM sulfite (S/N = 3). Deposited polytyramine enhanced the selectivity of the biosensor by eliminating direct oxidation of sulfite and other interfering agents at the electrode. The biosensor was applied for the determination of sulfite in various types of wine samples, and the results obtained are in agreement with those using an AOAC method.
Production and Storage of Energy with One-Dimensional Semiconductor Nanostructures

This article outlines state-of-the-art energy technologies, including production and storage, available to us through semiconductor nanomaterials. The nanostructure growth processes have been illustrated in detail, with emphasis on the latest developments in hierarchical and radial-composition modulated nanostructures. On the energy efficiency and generation part, light-emitting diodes, photovoltaics, photoelectrochemistry, thermoelectric, and fuel cells have been discussed. In the energy storage part, supercapacitors and lithium batteries have been discussed.
Morphology, toughness mechanism, and thermal properties of hyperbranched epoxy modified diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) interpenetrating polymer networks

New hyperbranched poly(trimellitic anhydride-triethylene glycol) ester epoxy (HTTE) is synthesized and used to toughen diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) resin system. The effects of content and generation number of HTTE on the performance of the cured systems are studied in detail. The impact strength is improved 2–7 times for HTTE/DGEBA blends compared with that of the unmodified system. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surface shows cavitations at center and fibrous yielding phenomenon at edge which indicated that the particle cavitations, shear yield deformation, and in situ toughness mechanism are the main toughening mechanisms. The dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer (DMA) analyses suggest that phase separation occurred as interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) for the HTTE/DGEBA amine systems. The IPN maintains transparency and shows higher modulus than the neat epoxy. The glass transition temperature (Tg) decreases to some extent compared with the neat epoxy. The Tg increases with increase in the generation number from first to third of HTTE and the concentrations of hard segment. The HTTE leads to a small decrease in thermal stability with the increasing content from TGA analysis. The thermal stability increases with increase in the generation number from first to third. Moreover, HTTE promotes char formation in the HTTE/DGEBA blends. The increase in thermal properties from first to third generation number is attributed to the increase in the molar mass and intramolecular hydrogen bridges, the increasing interaction of the HTTE/DGEBA IPNs, and the increasing crosslinking density due to the availability of a greater number of end hydroxyl and end epoxide functions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three-Beam Diffraction in Finite Perfect Crystals. I. Exploring Laue–Laue and Bragg–Laue Scattering Using a Series-Expansion Approach for the Solution of the Takagi–Taupin Equations

Using the boundary-value Green-function technique, analytical expressions in the form of finite series expansions are obtained for the relative change in the integrated power of the primary reflection due to the gradual excitation of a secondary reciprocal-lattice point on the Ewald sphere. Solutions are found for both a Laue-Laue and a Bragg-Laue case in finite shaped crystals confined by the scattering vectors. When the crystal sizes do not exceed the Pendell6sung length of the involved reflections, the 7z profiles exhibit the same qualitative features in the two cases. The solutions do however indicate a strong dependence on the outer crystal dimensions - which add a geometrical aspect to the interpretation of the Aufhellung and Umweganregung concepts.
Tracer Diffusion in β‐Titanium

Tracer diffusion measurements in β-titanium are reviewed and new data presented for solutes Sc46, Sn113, and P32. All Arrhenius plots are curved and give unusually low activation energies and frequency factors. Various explanations are outlined and it is suggested that monovacancy diffusion dominates but that divacancy contributions may become appreciable near the melting point. Impurity activation energies and diffusion rates are closely related to atomic size and compressibility. Es wird ein Uberblick uber Spurendiffusionsmessungen in β-Titan gegeben und es werden neue Daten uber die Diffusion von Sc46, Sn113 und P32 mitgeteilt. Alle Arrheniuslinien sind gekrummt und ergeben ungewohnlich niedrige Aktivierungsenergien und Frequenzfaktoren. Verschiedene Erklarungen werden umrissen und es wird vermutet, das die Diffusion von Einfachlucken dominiert, das aber die Beitrage der Doppellucken in der Nahe des Schmelzpunktes betrachtlich werden konnen. Die Aktivierungsenergien und Diffusionsraten von Fremdatomen hangen eng mit der Atomgrose und Kompressibilitat zusammen.
Local Isotropy in the Turbulent Wake of a Cylinder

To investigate the validity of Kolmogoroff's theory of local isotropy, a series of turbulence measurements have been made in the wake of a circular cylinder, and the results have been compared with the predictions of the theory. Using a cylinder of 0.953 cm. diameter in an air-stream of velocity 1,280 cm. sec. -1, measurements have been made of the mean squares of the spatial derivatives in the mean-stream direction of the three components of the turbulent velocity fluctuation, and also of the skewness and flattening factors of the statistical distributions of these derivatives. Observations were taken at three traverses across the wake, respectively at 80, 120, and 160 cylinder diameters down-stream from the cylinder. Except in the immediate neighbourhood of the wake centre, the turbulent flow is observed to be intermittent, consisting of regions of fully developed turbulent flow separated by comparatively sharp boundaries from regions of almost completely laminar motion. If an "intermittency factor " is introduced to describe this phenomenon, and if inside each turbulent region local isotropy exists, then all the experimental results are consistent with the theory of local isotropy, and in agreement with previous measurements in flows possessing ordinary isotropy. It is concluded that, within the boundaries of the turbulent regions, local isotropy in the sense used by Kolmogoroff exists, and that the theory is applicable to this example of shear flow. The general applicability of the theory to turbulent shear flow at high Reynolds numbers must be considered very probable.
Measurement of liver haemodynamics.

The fundamental principle underlying static radionuclide imaging procedures is that concentration of radioactivity takes place following the intravenous administration of a radiopharmaceutical. Uptake of a radiopharmaceutical depends upon regional cardiac output to the tissue under examination and on the extraction efficiency by the tissue. The product of these two factors is often called the Effective Organ Blood Flow. It is important to make the distinction between blood perfusion, that is the pattern of relative blood flow to the organ, and the absolute blood flow, measured in millilitres of blood per minute flowing in a unit mass of tissue. Most radionuclide clinical investigations require only the perfusion pattern to be measured and absolute measurements are seldom necessary. Also it is usually difficult and unnecessary to measure the extraction efficiency of the radiopharmaceutical.
Semiconductor to metal transition in strictly two dimension–a comparative study on GaAs and carbon nanotube

Choosing GaAs, donor binding energies in two dimension are obtained using Thomas–Fermi and Hartree screening functions within the effective mass approximation. Binding energies are computed both in the hydrogen atom model and D − ion model. The results show the non-feasibility of semiconductor-to-metal transition (SMT) in two-dimensional system of GaAs. For curiosity we have obtained the donor binding energies in carbon nanotube (CNT), a highly correlated system by considering it as two-dimensional structure. We could observe the feasibility of SMT in CNT. This indicates the strong confinement in nanostructures and the results will be useful for nanodevice fabrication.
A preliminary investigation of the conditions which determine the stability of irreversible hydrosols

It has long been held that a large number of colloidal solutions are related to or identical with suspensions of solid matter in a fluid in which the particles of solid are so small as to settle at an infinitely slow rate. Such solutions are the colloidal solutions of metals and of sulphides such as those of antimony, arsenic, and cadmium.
Stream Temperature Simulation of Forested Riparian Areas: II. Model Application

The SHADE-HSPF modeling system described in a companion paper has been tested and applied to the Upper Grande Ronde (UGR) watershed in northeast Oregon. Sensitivities of stream temperature to the heat balance parameters in Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) and the riparian shading parameters in SHADE were analyzed for stream temperature calibration. Solar radiation factors (SRF), as well as diurnal, seasonal, and longitudinal variations, were evaluated to verify the accuracy and reliability of SHADE computations. Simulated maximum values of stream temperature, on which the riparian restoration forecasts are based, are accurate to 2.6–3.0°C compared with 8–10°C exceedances over stream temperature goals for salmon habitat restoration under the present riparian vegetation conditions. Hourly simulations have approximately the same accuracy and precision. Stream temperature regimes were simulated for different hydroclimatic conditions and hypothetical restoration scenarios of riparian vegetation. Re.
Observation of the students earthquake perceptions by means of phenomenographic analysis (primary education 7th grade Turkey)

The purpose of this research is to define and explain how 7th grade students’ in Turkey perceive “earthquake” concept using phenomenographic research methods. The research group of the study is comprised of 553 7th grade students in four cities (Ankara, Adana, Antalya and Karabuk) in Turkey. The data of the research was gathered by students’ completing “I think earthquake means …”, “In my opinion earthquake is…. ”. statement. After phenomenographic analysis “7 different earthquake definition categories” were determined. 22.6% of the 7th grade primary school students in Turkey who contributed the research defined the earthquake as “destruction of the buildings and death of people”, 19.7% “shakes related to the movements of the earth crust and fult line”, 19.5% “natural disaster”, 13.8% “swinging of the ground”, 11.6% “a natural disaster whose effects increases as a result of people’s unconscious and insensible acts” and 10.7% as “a disaster whose defects can be reduced by taking the necessary precautions”. Key words: Primary education, earthquake, phenomenography, environmental education.
Diffraction analysis of strongly inhomogeneous residual stress depth distributions by modification of the stress scanning method. II. Experimental implementation

The modified stress scanning method [Meixner, Fuss, Klaus & Genzel (2015). J. Appl. Cryst. 48, 1451–1461] is experimentally implemented for the analysis of near-surface residual stress depth distributions that are strongly inhomogeneous. The suggested procedure is validated by analyzing the very steep in-plane residual stress depth profile of a shot-peened Al2O3 ceramic specimen and comparing the results with those that were obtained by well established X-ray diffraction-based gradient methods. In addition, the evaluation formalism is adapted to the depth-dependent determination of the residual stresses inside of multilayer thin-film systems. The applicability for this purpose is demonstrated by investigating the residual stress depth distribution within the individual sublayers of a multilayered coating that consists of alternating Al2O3 and TiCN thin films. In this connection, the specific diffraction geometry that was used for the implementation of the stress scanning method at the energy-dispersive materials science beamline EDDI@BESSYII is presented, and experimental issues as well as limitations of the method are discussed.