Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EXCESSIVE USE OF FERTILIZER CAN INCREASE LEACHING PROCESSES AND MODIFY SOIL RESERVES IN TWO ECUADORIAN OIL PALM PLANTATIONS

SUMMARY In the oil palm plantations of Ecuador, two factorial trials (namely CP06 and CP08) were used to assess the effects of N, P and K fertilization on the soil chemical characteristics after 10 years of fertilizer application. The use of ammonia-based fertilizers has resulted in a drop in soil pH, which has reached 1.2 units in one of the two trials. A drop in cation exchange capacity (CEC) was also found, and a loss of exchangeable cations that probably reflected leaching of excess N as nitrates. The use of KCl enriched the soil in K, which contributed to impoverishment in Ca and Mg. In both trials, the highest N and K application rates had no significant effect on yield in comparison with an intermediate fertilization rate; however, their effects on the fertilized soil significantly increased the risk of N and cation leaching towards the deep soil layers. We also compared the effects of the N, P and K factors on soil properties outside the fertilizer application zone. In both trials, the mineral reserves played a major role in meeting the needs of the control palms, which had not been fertilized for 10 years, as no significant yield drop has been observed except in trial CP06 when no KCl was applied. However, uptake of nutrient in the control plots did not lead to significant impoverishment of the soil.
Strategies and flexibility in Finnish commercial fisheries

Strategies chosen by Finnish commercial fishermen in order to adapt to the changes and uncertainties in their occupation, and in society were analyzed by using a reclassification of the material obtained from the earlier interview-based survey. The data were collected by means of structured questionnaires and qualitative thematic interviews. The characteristics of the strategies and the transition between the groups were examined. The low profitability of fishing in monetary terms of, for instance, static fishing strategy and the withdrawers was interpreted through the high importance of the work itself and the values it offers for the fishermen. Most of the Finnish commercial fishermen depend on the availability of other incomes in addition to fishing revenues, which act as a 'buffer' against fluctuations in the fishing revenues. The strategic response of the fishermen had expanded the activities of their enterprises in two main ways: investing in more efficient and larger vessels or forward integration closer to the needs of the consumers. Structural heterogeneity and differences in orientation and strategies form a challenge for the planning and management of commercial fisheries. In addition to the common way of categorizing the fishermen according to gear or fishing area, consideration of fishermen also as differently-oriented groups could help the decision makers to better assess the consequences of their actions.
Effects of phytase on pig diets digestibilities, bone mineral deposition, performance and manure production

Two trials were conducted to evaluate phytase addition to diets with corn, rice and soybean meals for swine. In the first trial, the digestibilities of gross energy and crude protein and the availabilities of calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) of diets with or without phytase were evaluated in growing barrows (BW 20.42 ± 2.45 kg), using the total feces and feed collection methods. In the second trial, the parameters evaluated were pig performance, mineral contents in the 3rd and 4th metacarpals, feces production and composition of growing and finishing gilts fed one of the following diets: Positive control (PC), formulated to achieve nutrient and energy requirements of growing and finishing gilts; Negative control (NC), diet PC meeting 84% and 65% of Ca and P levels, respectively; Negative control + phytase (PHY), diet NC + 0.01% phytase (500 FTU/kg). Phytase addition improved P and Ca availabilities in 14.34% and 4.08%, respectively, compared with the diet with no phytase, in trial one. In trial two, the deposition of zinc in the metacarpals was improved by the enzyme and Ca, P and copper fecal excretions of the animals from the PC diet were greater than that observed for the PHY animals. Phytase addition improved the use of phytic phosphorous and calcium by the pigs and is recommended as a way to reduce the potential environmental impact of swine production.
MEME: Generating RNN Model Explanations via Model Extraction

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have achieved remarkable performance on a range of tasks. A key step to further empowering RNN-based approaches is improving their explainability and interpretability. In this work we present MEME: a model extraction approach capable of approximating RNNs with interpretable models represented by human-understandable concepts and their interactions. We demonstrate how MEME can be applied to two multivariate, continuous data case studies: Room Occupation Prediction, and In-Hospital Mortality Prediction. Using these case-studies, we show how our extracted models can be used to interpret RNNs both locally and globally, by approximating RNN decision-making via interpretable concept interactions.
An Assessment of Calcified Structures for Estimating Northern Pike Ages

AbstractAn important component of effective fisheries management is estimating fish ages. Age estimates can be used to estimate recruitment, relative abundance of age-groups, total mortality, and growth. Because of difficulty in estimating Northern Pike Esox lucius ages using scales and whole cleithra, we compared precision and bias of age estimates from whole cleithra, sectioned cleithra, metapterygoid bones, otoliths, and scales. Metapterygoid bones and sectioned cleithra represent two novel structures for estimating ages in North America, and the assessment of otoliths is limited. Complete agreement and consensus agreement rates were greatest for otoliths, sectioned cleithra, and metapterygoid bones. Otoliths provided the most precise age estimates and whole cleithra were the least precise. Consensus age estimates for sectioned cleithra were lower than whole cleithrum estimates. Consensus age estimates from sectioned otoliths were lower than mean age estimates from scales, sectioned cleithra, and whole.
Over-production of lipid rich in γ-linolenic acid by blue green alga Spirulina maxima and its inhibitory effect on carcinoma cells

Spirulina maxima accumulated a large amounts of total lipids rich in the potential pharmaceutical valuable omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (o)-6 PUFAs), in particular linoleic (C 18:2 ω6 ) and gamma linolenic (γGLA, C 18:3 ω6 ) acids. The lipid content and fatty acid composition varied with the concentration of nitrogen in the nutrient medium. Under nitrogen depletion (51 ppm N), S. maxima contained the relatively highest quantity of total lipids, with value a 26.45% on dry weight basis (d.w). This value was significantly decreased to 10.25% (of the d.w.) with increasing of N concentration up to 410 ppm N (optimal N level). The fatty acid profile of S maxima grown in N depletion medium was characterized by the presented relatively low percentage of C16 and high percentage of ω6-C 18:2 (24.67%) and ω6-C 18:3 (34.2%) form. Also, the profile of unsaponifiable matter was altered as a result of the nitrogen concentration in the growth medium. Thus, S. maximam could be became an excellent source for lipid production that rich in ω-6 PUFAs. S. maxima lipids extracts at 100 and 200 ppm displayed the highest anticarcinoma factors against viability of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (EACC). These extracts did not induce any DNA fragmentation, but significantly increased the enzyme activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione (GSH) content in treated EACC. Therefore, S. maxima lipids extract may reduce EACC viability through membrane lyasis mechanism, rather than apoptosis induction. Therefore, S. maxima lipids could be used as chemopre-ventive agents since they are relatively non-toxic.
Parturition and Early Growth of Crowned Seahorse, Hippocampus coronatus in Korea

The recent decrease in wild stocks of seahorse, Hippocampus coronatus, has prompted the production of the species in captivity. We here present data on the body color changes of the species according to culture conditions. This investigation examined relationship between adult body size and clutch and growth in 60 days after parturition and survival of juveniles with four fed enriched Artemia nauplii, copepod nauplii and copepod adult. Seahorse adults (, n=12) collected from Kamak Bay and Yeoja Bay from August 2003 to November 2004 gave a parturition of juveniles (Mean, 39 juveniles/male/time) for 14 times. A day old seahorses were (n=15) in standard length (SL) with 14 dorsal fin rays, 12 pectoral fin rays and 4 anal fin rays. Sixty-day old seahorses were (n=4) in SL. Growth rate of seahorses was 0.18 mm/day at 24 in 60 days after parturition. When offered Artemia nauplii and copepod nauplii, 5 day old sea-horses preferred copepod nauplii to Aremia nauplii with a maximum predation rate of 31 copepod nauplii/sea-horse/h. However 30-day old seahorses preferred selected Artemia nauplii with a maximum predation rate of 14 Artemia nauplii/seahorse/h. Survival was highest (49%) when offered copepod nauplii together with enriched Artemia nauplii.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ALTERATION OF TISSUES OF WHITE YAM (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) TUBERS INCITED BY Botryoiplodia theobromae Pat

Investigations on the anatomical aberrations and biochemical alterations of white yam incited by Botryodiplodia theobromae was carried out. Inoculated and uninoculated head, middle and tail portions of white yam were treated, sectioned weekly for five weeks and photomicrographs taken. The plates revealed massive cell wall macerations and depletion of starch grains in the three portions of yam assessed. Less damage was evident in the head portion especially after one week of infection compared with the middle and tail portions. However, there was general progressive tissue destruction and starch grains depletion with weeks. Inoculated and uninoculated yam samples were also analyzed for the carbohydrate content weekly for five weeks. Results showed that there was a reduction for carbohydrate with increase in weeks of infection. Values of 24.60 mg, 25.1 mg and 23.9 mg carbohydrate per 100 g of edible portion of white yam were recorded after one week of infection for the head, middle and tail portions respectively. About 16.90 mg and 16.80 mg carbohydrate per 100 g edible portion of white yam tuber were recorded in the fifth week compared with 20.10 mg and 20.09 mg recorded in the second week of infection in the middle and tail portions respectively. From the third week, there was no tangible reduction in the carbohydrate content especially in the head portion, though appreciable tissue maceration was evident from the photomicrograph sections, particularly, in the tail portions where there was total breakdown and collapse of cell wall boundaries.
interferon-gamma polymorphisms as a risk factor in feline infectious peritonitis development in non-pedigree cats: a large cohort

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a common infectious cause of death in cats, with heritable host factors associated with altered risk of disease. To assess the role of feline interferon-gamma gene (fIFNG) variants in this risk, the allele frequencies of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (g.401 and g.408) were determined for non-pedigree cats either with confirmed FIP (n = 59) or from the general population (cats enrolled in a large lifetime longitudinal study; n = 264). DNA was extracted from buccal swabs or tissue samples. A pyrosequencing assay to characterize the fIFNG SNPs was designed, optimized and subsequently performed on all samples. Genotype and allele frequency were calculated for each population. Characterization of the target SNPs was possible for 56 of the cats with FIP and 263 of the cats from the general population. The SNPs were in complete linkage disequilibrium with each other. There was an association between FIP status and genotype (χ2; p = 0.028), with a reduced risk of developing FIP (χ2; p = 0.0077) associated with the genotype TT at both positions. These results indicate that, although fIFNG variants may be associated with altered risk of disease, the prevalence of individual variants within both populations limits application of their characterization to breeding purposes.
Relationship between macrofungi fruiting and environmental factors in Songnisan National Park

도 관련이 있었다. 또한 토양수분량에 따라 버섯발생종과 수가 달랐다. 토양수분량이 20% 이상인 시기에 버섯발생종수 는 50여종이었으나, 10%이하 에서는 5~20종이었다. 노란젖버섯(Lactarius chrysorrheus), 기와버섯(Russula virescens) 등은 토양수분량이 20% 이상일 때 발생하였다. 발생버섯의 종수는 대기온도와 r=0. 77의 상관관계가 있었으며, 2 1°C~25°C에서 많았다. 대기온도가 25°C이상에서 주로 발생하는 종은 금버섯(Tricholoma flayayirens), 구근광대버섯 (Amanita gymnopus), 굴털이젖버섯(Lactarius piperatus), 삿갓땀버섯(Inocybe asteropora), 마른산그물버섯(Xerocomus chrysenteron) 등이었고, 온도변화에 큰 영향을 받지 않고 장기간 발생하는 버섯은 졸각버섯(Laccaria laccata), 독우산 광대버섯(Amanita virosa), 수원무당버섯(Russula mariae) 등이었다. 식생에 따라 발생버섯종이 달랐는데, 소나무 우점 림에서만 발생한 종은 황소비단그물버섯(Suillus bovinus), 흰굴뚝버섯 (Boletopsis leucomelas) 등 38종이었다. 굴참나
Effect of low doses of ionizing radiation on shelf-life of mackerel (Rastrelliger Kanagurta)

Etude comparative de la radurisation associee ou non a un traitement chimique (trempage dans une solution de polyphosphate de sodium) sur la duree de conservation, la microflore contaminante et les parametres physico-chimiques (perte par freinte, trimethylamine, indice de peroxyde)
In Vitro Micropropagation of the Medicinal Plant Physalis angulata L.

Physalis angulata L. is an important medicinal herb. An efficient direct adventitious plant regeneration protocol was developed for large scale propagation using leaf disc as explants. The explants were cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with 0.25-3.0 mg/L 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) for primary shoot proliferation. Inclusion of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) in the culture medium along with BAP promoted a higher rate of shoot multiplication. The maximum number of shoots was produced in MS + BAP (1.0 mg/L) + IAA (0.5 mg/L) + GA 3 (0.20 mg/L) after the third subculture. An average of 152.8 ± 0.40 shoots were produced from each leaf disc. For root induction the shootlets were transferred to MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The highest percentage of root induction was observed in 1.0 mg/L (IBA). Rooted plants were successfully established in the soil after hardening. The survival percentage of rooted plants on soil was found to be 85%. This result will facilitate the conservation and propagation of the important medicinal herb Physalis angulata L.
Potency of Yeasts to Promote Induced Resistance on Chili Plant (Capsicum annuum L.) against Yellow Leaf Curl Disease

Yellow leaf curl is a major disease on chili plants. The use of antagonistic yeasts as the control agents is a good alternative in an environmentally friendly control method. This study was objected to evaluate the potencies of Rhodotorula minuta and Candida tropicalis to promote induced resistance on chili plants against yellow leaf curl disease. The experiment was arranged in the randomized complete block design with 9 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were the application of the yeasts at three different times of virus inoculation, as follows: A . R. minuta , virus inoculation at 3 days after transplanting ( dat ) , B . R. minuta , virus inoculation at 7 dat, C . R. minuta , virus inoculation at 10 dat, D . C. tropicalis , virus inoculation at 3 dat, E . C. tropicalis , virus inoculation at 7 dat, F . C. tropicalis , virus inoculation at 10 dat, G . control, virus inoculation at 3 dat, H . control, virus inoculation at 7 dat, and I . control, virus inoculation at 10 dat. No treatment was applied to the control. The yeasts were applied by soaking the chili seeds, and pouring the suspension into the growth media at transplanting. The variables observed were incubation period, disease severity, and disease incidence. Peroxidase activity, phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, and salicylic acid accumulation were also analyzed . The results showed that the application of R. minuta or C. tropicalis was able to extend the disease incubation period, but did not reduce the yellow leaf curl disease incidence and severity. The treatment of R. minuta , virus inoculation at 7 dat, increased the peroxidase activity from 2590.80 units to 6870.93 units (0.5 minute) and from 577.367 units to 1131.300 units (2.5 minutes) , PAL activity from 16.059 to 17.911 A290/mg, and accumulation of salicylic acid from 2.785 to 6.263 ppm. Application of C. tropicalis , virus inoculation at 7 dat , increased the peroxidase activity from 2590.80 units to 6033.067 units (0.5 minute) and from 577.367 units to 950.967 units (2.5 minutes) , and accumulation of salicylic acid from 2.785 to 6.982 ppm.
Recent research developments in immunology

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Tylosurus acus imperialis (Osteichthyes: Belonidae), a fish new to the Adriatic Sea

Deux specimens mâles et une femelle d'Aiguille voyeuse, Tylosurus acus imperialis, ont ete recoltes au large de la cote sud-ouest de la mer Adriatique, ce qui etend la distribution de l'espece a cette region. L'examen de l'ovaire de la femelle sexuellement mure montre que cette espece pond plusieurs fois et que ses oeufs sont pourvus de filaments adhesifs, ce qui est typique de la famille des Belonidae.
GPS approach to study fine-scale site use by wild red deer during active and inactive behaviors

Studying fine-scale habitat selection of wild mammals relative to environmental parameters requires 1) correctly sampling the species' activity in time and space and 2) measuring the environmental variables at those locations. We propose a procedure using Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) technology to achieve these goals. A data set from red deer (Cervus elaphus) was used to demonstrate the method. We validated an individual-based relative method using the count provided by a GPS collar activity sensor to separate active from inactive behaviors. This method allowed the correct classification of locations as active or inactive (82-97% of correct allocations depending on the fix interval used). We analyzed activity sampling using various fix intervals (5, 10, and 15 min) and the resulting spatial sampling when we retained only highly accurate locations (<10-m error radius). We demonstrated that long intervals between fixes could cause a loss of information for the shortest activity bouts, which make up 5 and 11.5% of the daily budget using 10- and 1 5-min fix intervals, respectively. The proposed spatial sampling allowed 65 to 73% of the total fixes to be kept. Active bouts were slightly undersampled, whereas inactive bouts were oversampled. We used a subsample of animal locations that were relocated using hand-held DGPS to measure several environmental variables in situ and examined the variations relative to animal and activity combinations.
Association of the HLA-DRB1*04 allele and its subtypes with rheumatoid arthritis in South Africa : research letter

Associations between the HLA-DRB104 allele and its subtypes 0401-0409, and severe erosive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were evaluated in 222 patients from different ethnic groups and 110 healthy control subjects resident in the Tshwane (Pretoria) region of South Africa. Patients were screened serologically for HLA-DR4, followed by genotyping of DRB104 using SSP-PCR procedures. Patients of Caucasian and African origin had significantly increased frequencies of HLA-DR4 (lIgPl/Ig < 0.0001, and lIgPl/Ig < 0.00001, respectively), the respective increases in relative risk for RA being 7.3 (lIgPl/Ig < 0.0001) and 6.1 (lIgPl/Ig < 0.0001). HLA-DRB10401 and 0404 were identified as the most common alleles in these RA patients, with respective lIgPl/Ig values of 0.0081 and 0.0012 for African patients and < 0.0001 and 0.0352 for Caucasians. These observations underscore the association between RA and HLA-DR4, particularly with the 0401 and 0404 alleles, in the South African setting.
Yellow Nutsedge Control in Soybeans

A system for controlling yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] which involved preplanting tillage, late planting, herbicides, and cultivation was evaluated in 1969 and 1970. In Illinois on a Drummer silty clay loam, S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) and S-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate (butylate), incorporated in the soil before planting, gave good and fair control of yellow nutsedge, respectively, but both injured soybeans initially. S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate (vernolate), also incorporated before planting, controlled yellow nutsedge as well as EPTC did, and resulted in less injury to soybeans. Soybean yields were not reduced by any of the thiocarbamate treatments. Incorporation of 2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide (alachlor) or 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide (propachlor), just before planting, controlled at least 90% of the yellow nutsedge in both years, whereas preemergence applications were only moderately successful and dependent on rainfall. In field microplots, alachlor and vernolate provided only fair control of yellow nutsedge when applied to the soil surface, but they both controlled 95% of the yellow nutsedge when incorporated 7.6 cm. In greenhouse studies on selective control of yellow nutsedge in soybeans, alachlor exhibited a wider margin of safety to soybeans than did vernolate.
Community structure of epiphytic diatoms on seaweeds in Northeastern Brazil

Abstract Epiphytic diatoms associated with three species of seaweeds, the phaeophyte Bachelotia antillarum, the ulvophyte Caulerpa verticillata, and the rhodophyte Haloplegma duperreyi, were investigated in the subtidal zone of Northeastern Brazil. A total of 54 diatom species were recorded, distributed among motile (24 species), erect (20 species), and adnate growth forms (five species), in addition to accidental occurrences (five species). Although motile diatoms showed the highest number of species, erect growth forms were the most abundant, accounting for 69% of the entire epiphytic diatom cell abundance. The total abundance ranged from 29,783 to 45,842 cells g-1 wet weight (ww), with Melosira moniliformis (erect), Rhabdonema adriaticum (erect), Cocconeis scutellum (adnate), and Surirella fastuosa (motile) as the most abundant species. The results confirmed qualitative and quantitative differences between the hosts with a greater shape diversity in B. antillarum whose thalli (filamentous-like tufts) offered an increased surface area for colonization mainly by epiphytic erect growth forms.