Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Partisans without Constraint: Political Polarization and Trends in American Public Opinion1

Public opinion polarization is here conceived as a process of alignment along multiple lines of potential disagreement and measured as growing constraint in individuals' preferences. Using NES data from 1972 to 2004, the authors model trends in issue partisanship—the correlation of issue attitudes with party identification—and issue alignment—the correlation between pairs of issues—and find a substantive increase in issue partisanship, but little evidence of issue alignment. The findings suggest that opinion changes correspond more to a resorting of party labels among voters than to greater constraint on issue attitudes: since parties are more polarized, they are now better at sorting individuals along ideological lines. Levels of constraint vary across population subgroups: strong partisans and wealthier and politically sophisticated voters have grown more coherent in their beliefs. The authors discuss the consequences of partisan realignment and group sorting on the political process and potential deviations from the classic pluralistic account of American politics.
Behavioural responses in effect to chemical stress in fish: A review

Due to industrialization and urbanization many pollutants are being introduced directly and indirectly into aquatic ecosystem. Behavioural bioassay have been widely used in toxicity assessment. Bioassay based on behavior is faster, more sensitive and ecologically more relevant as assessing growth and reproduction need longer bioassay. Behavioural bioassay is more promising alternatives than lethality evaluating bioassay which are currently used for the risk assessment of toxicant. Behavioural changes provide early warning signals about the health of exposed population which other standard tests do not take in to consideration. These endpoints may be 10–100 times more sensitive than those derived from acute or chronic tests because chemicals can induce rapid behavioural responses in organisms even at very low concentrations. Behaviour is an organism-level effect defined as the action, reaction, or functioning of a system under a set of specific circumstances. We rationalize that a greater understanding of behavioural responses in effect to chemical stress may increase. Therefore in current scenario there is a need of developing newer and effective methods to study the behavioural responses. Behavioural changes in a fish form an efficient index to measure any alterations in the environmental conditions.
Impact of Hospital Breast Feeding Awareness Among Lactating Mothers in Maternal and Children Hospital, AL-Hassa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

BACKGROUND & AIM: Insufficient knowledge and practice of breastfeeding may have serious disadvantages both on mother and child health. This study explores methods used in MCH based breastfeeding awareness program, level of benefit gained by newly delivered mothers after receiving the awareness, and the impact of mother’s sociodemographic on the level of perceived benefit gained by them. SUBJECTS & METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study applying random sampling technique was established. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed targeting newly delivered mother in maternal and child hospital in Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia. It included two main parts: socio-demographic characteristics of the mothers, and questions related to the hospital breastfeeding awareness program. RESULTS: from the overall sample, hospital awareness was received by 47.5% of newly delivered mothers. The most common method to provide the knowledge was the Verbal demonstration representing 50% of the mothers. They were followed by brochures representing 39% and last, audios constituting only 3.6%. From these methods, the verbal demonstration showed to be the one with the highest level of satisfaction and benefit reaching up to 85%. CONCLUSION: Breastfeeding awareness has a significant impact among both newly and non-newly delivered mothers with Hospitals playing a major role in this health education. The choice of method to provide breastfeeding awareness can contribute to the compliance of mothers as well as the level of their benefit and satisfaction.
Molecular and Biological Basis of Lung Cancer-Part I

Lung cancer (LC) consists the 5th leading cause of death worldwide, and an important cause of morbidity and mortality, nowadays, as the 5-year survival is extremely poor. LC molecular biology may lead to customized treatment based on targeting specific genes and signaling path-ways. The main signaling pathways in LC development concern growth promoting pathways such as EGFR/Ras/PI3K, growth inhibitory pathways such as p53/Rb/P14ARF, STK11, apoptotic pathways such as Bcl-2/Bax/Fas/FasL, and DNA repair and immortalization genes. Epigenetic alterations in LC are also responsible for cell transformation by modifying chromatin structures and the specific expression of genes and are involved in tumor suppressor genes silencing whereas enhancing oncogenes expression. In the present review, is presented the current state of knowledge regarding the cascade of events that are associated with LC development giving emphasis to oncogenes, tumor suppressor-genes and signaling pathways that are implicated in LC development. Those aberrations and abnormalities allow cells to escape the normal regulation of cell division, apoptosis and invasion. A better understanding of the molecular basis of LC and especially the identification of biologically significant genetic alterations in LC that lead to activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes could provide hypotheses for molecular early detection and targeted therapeutic strategies.
CLINICAL AND PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS WITH DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER AT PSYCHIATRY DEPARTMENT THAI NGUYEN CENTRAL HOSPITAL

The rate of mental disorders is increasing in developing countries, especially the increase in stressrelated disorders including dissociation disorders. This study used cross-sectional descriptive method to describe the clinical and personality characteristics of 32 patients with dissociation disorders treated at the Psychiatry Department at Thai Nguyen Central Hospital from January 2019 to December 2019. Research results show that dissociative disorder occurred suddenly in 100% participants and happened after the psychological trauma, especially, psychological trauma in the family (46.88%) and at work (34.37%). The onset of symptoms was often similar to physical illness. The most common clinical symptom was dissociated convulsions (56.25%); the autonomic nervous system visceral Dissociative symptoms manifested differently, among which headache (43.75%) and shortness of breath (31.25%) were common symptoms. Mental disorders associated with dissociative disorder made up a high proportion including depression (53.12%) and anxiety (40.62%). The dissociative disorder was more likely to happen in people with extroverted personalities (62.5%), the majority of patients had unstable mental properties (78.13%).
Lactobacillus rhamnosus V5 Prevents Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Invasion in Cell Culture and Mice Infection

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective capacity of the exopolysaccharideproducing Lactobacillus rhamnosus V5 against invasion in vitro and in vivo with S. typhimurium. Methodology: We tested the antimicrobial activity of the compound extracted from the Original Research Article Tsuruda et al.; MRJI, 30(7): 44-57, 2020; Article no.MRJI. 59443 45 lactobacilli against S. typhimurium directly, also we tested the interference of this compound in S. typhimurium adherence and invasion of HeLa and HEp-2 cells (in vitro testings). For in vivo experiments, we used 16 BALB/c female mice. Through gavage method we introduced L. rhamnosus as probiotic and then infected mice with S. enterica serovar typhimurium. After euthanasia, spleen, liver and Peyer's patches removed for microbiological and histopathological analysis. Results: The results showed that lactobacilli were able to produce antimicrobial compounds against S. typhimurium. These lactobacilli inhibited the adhesion and invasion of S. typhimurium in HeLa and HEp-2 cells, respectively. The challenge assay in the murine model demonstrated a decrease in pathogen translocation in the spleen and liver from mice treated with probiotic as well as protection of ileal tissue in lactobacilli-treated mice. The histopathological analysis demonstrated the presence of prominent lymphoid nodules in the ileum from the non-treated lactobacilli mice. Conclusion: Our results suggest that L. rhamnosus improved the effectiveness of the intestinal barrier and, thus, could be a potential probiotic to control salmonellosis.
The Ecology of Organizational Mortality: American Labor Unions, 1836-1985

This research analyzes the disbanding rates of the full population of American national labor unions for the period 1836-1985. It tests the hypothesis, drawn from population-ecology theory, that disbanding rates are nonmonotonic functions of the number of unions in the population. The evidence supports this hypothesis: as density rises from low to high, disbanding rates first fall but eventually rise. This pattern of effects holds when age, type of starting event, and features of the national economic, political, and social enironments are controlled.
Amino Acid Modified Bentonite Clay
as an Eco-Friendly Adsorbent for Landfill
Leachate Treatment

Bentonite was modified by intercalation of amino acids into its interlayer space. Different amounts of L-glutamic acid were added to bentonite and its effect was investigated on the reduction of landfill leachate contamination. In the best result, the effect of pH adjustment on the structure and performance of the modified clay was studied. The composite was characterized by various techniques such as FTIR, SEM, XRD, TGA, and BET. Batch experiments were performed to evaluate the factors influencing leachate chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity removal efficiency. The effect of surfactant loading amount, contact time, pH, and adsorbent dosage was evaluated. Under optimum conditions, the maximum COD and turbidity removal rates for row clay were 40.1% and 63.8%, respectively, but they were 65.7% and 92.1% for amino acid-modified clay under pH adjustment conditions, respectively. Also, the results showed that the adsorbent produced in pH adjustment conditions had higher efficiency for leachate treatment than the synthesized adsorbent under non-pH adjustment conditions. Under optimum conditions, the percentage of COD and turbidity removal for modified clay under pH adjustment was 65.7% and 92.1%, respectively, while they were 61.3% and 89.9% for non-pH adjustment, respectively.
Preliminary study on intermuscular bones of several cultured cyprinids

The number,shape and distribution of intermuscular bones were observed in silver carp(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix),bighead carp(Aristichthys nobilis),blunt snout bream(Megalobrama amblycephala) and crucian carp(Carassius auratus gibelio). The results showed that the number of intermuscular bones in silver carp was between 117 and 124,in bighead carp was between 116 and 133,in blunt snout bream was between 114 and 129,in crucian carp was between79 and 87.The intermuscular bone number was not absolutely equal in both body sides although the number was quite similar.The bone number varied in different parts of fish body.There were more bones in the front dorsal part while bone number was almost equal in rear dorsal part and rear abdominal part.There were more than 10 types of bone shape in silver carp,bighead carp,blunt snout bream and crucian carp.A tiny l-type bone was observed in all of experimental fish,and the length difference of this bone was very small in the fish of different sizes.
EFFECT OF OBESITY AND DIETARY FACTORS ON BONE MINERAL DENSITY LEVELS AMONG FEMALE STUDENTS IN UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY

Background: Nutrition is one of the most important factors influencing human health. Also, nutrition plays a role in the etiology of osteoporosis disease. This disease is a serious metabolic bone disorder that often results in hip fracture and is usually asymptomatic in its initial stages. Objective: Assess the prevalence of osteoporosis among female university students. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out during the period from 1/1/2010 to 30/6/2010 among a random sample of (257) university female students were chosen from Umm Al Qura of Makkah. The age of sample from 19-24 years old. Data were collected through an interview with case by using a special questionnaire; bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition have also been measured. Results: Osteoporosis was present in 7% of cases while, osteopenia was current in 32.3% of cases. Moreover there was a highly positive significant relationship at level (1%) between osteoporosis induced and each of body fat %, fat weight, and BMI. Conclusion: The prevalence of osteoporosis among university students was positively and significantly associated (p<0.001) with increased body fat. The study results suggested that inevitable decrease in body fatness and weight with less consumption of carbonated beverages, taking into consideration variety and balanced diets and increasing nutrition education programs will improve bone health and nutritional status.
Effects of upstream locomotion training on metabolism and norfloxacin hydrochloride residues of juvenile tinfoil barbs Barbodes schwanenfeldi

The influence of two water current velocities(0 and 2.0 BL/s) set by apparatuses for the measuring swimming behaviours and metabolism on metabolism and norfloxacin hydrochloride residue in juvenile tinfoil barb Barbodes schwanenfeldi(weight 90.3±10.1 g) was studied.Tail beat frequencies and oxygen consumption rates were the variables for measuring swimming metabolism.The residues of norfloxacin hydrochloride in muscles were determined after oral administration at a dose of 50 mg/kg/d for seven consecutive days on the basis.The tail beat frequencies and oxygen consumption rates in 2.0 BL/s groups were significantly higher than those in 0 BL/s group(P0.05) and the two parameters decreased gradually during the experimental period.Compared with 0 BL/s group norfloxacin hydrochloride in 2.0 BL/s groups decreased significantly on 1 d,2 d,and 4 d(P0.05). Drug residues cannot be detected on 6 d in the 2.0 BL/s groups but on 12 d in control groups.The results showed suitable water current could affect metabolisms of fish and enhance the excretion of fishery drugs by induction of fish upstream locomotion.
Towards a U.S. Army Officer Corps Strategy for Success: Employing Talent

The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the United States Military Academy, Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. Authors of Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) publications enjoy full academic freedom, provided they do not disclose classified information, jeopardize operations security, or misrepresent official U.S. policy. Such academic freedom empowers them to offer new and sometimes controversial perspectives in the interest of furthering debate on key issues. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited.
A Structural Relationship of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Innovation through Supply Chain Management on Competitive Advantage of SMEs in North Sumatera, Indonesia: The Mediating Role of Financing Factor

The complexity of economic activities, employment opportunities and significant contribution to the country generated through an instrument of entrepreneurial growth, namely Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The primary objectives of this study are to examine the relationship of entrepreneurial orientation and innovation through supply chain management on competitive advantage and the role of financing factor as mediating variable in the relationship of entrepreneurial orientation and innovation on the competitive advantage of SMEs in North Sumatera, Indonesia. This study used a quantitative descriptive approach. A total of 300 respondents participated in this study. The data collected using random sampling technique and analyzed using the structural equation modelling (SEM) by assisting the statistical software, namely IBM AMOS-25. The results of the study show that entrepreneurial orientation and innovation have a significantly positive relationship on competitive advantages. Also, the financing factor mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and innovation on competitive advantages.
Caste-Specific Changes in Honeybee Flight Capacity

Physiological correlates of the ontogenetic transition from generally nonflying hive bees to foragers were described. Peak foraging activity of workers occurred between 15 and 32 days of age in six honeybee colonies, depending on season. Whole wet body mass decreased ~40% in correlation with the transition to foraging behavior. The entire loss of mass occurred in the abdomens, with 85% of the total decrease occurring in the digestive tract exclusive of the honey crop. Maximal thorax-specific rates of oxygen consumption (V̇o2) were 10% higher.in foragers than in 8-12-day-old hive bees. The increase in thorax-specific maximal V̇o2 combined with the decrease in body mass yielded a 50% increase in mass-specific maximal V̇o2 in foragers compared to hive bees. Glycogen stores of the thorax doubled in foragers. Pyruvate kinase activities increased fivefold up to 4 days of age and thereafter remained constant. Citrate synthase activities increased tenfold up to 4 days of age and then declined in older bees. These findings suggest that physiological specializations of workers to the foraging period may be an important benefit of the temporal polyethism schedule in honeybees.
The role of knowledge and fatalism in college students related to the earthquake-risk perception

At present, the earthquake-risk perception research in Aceh only focuses on the general public. Limited research examines earthquake-risk perceptions amongst students. This exploratory study is focused on geography education students because this study programme has integrated disaster education into its curriculum. This study aims to find the extent to which earthquake knowledge and fatalism beliefs affect earthquake-risk perception. The survey was conducted on 210 students using questionnaires. Using the Spearman correlation test, the results of this study revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between earthquake knowledge and risk perception with coefficients (0.200) and significance (0.004). Meanwhile, fatalism beliefs have a negative and significant relationship to the perception of earthquake risk with correlation coefficient (−0.224) and significance (0.001). This means that the higher the fatalism attitude of students towards disasters, the lower the perception of earthquake risk. It is feared that fatalism will have an impact on the lack of disaster preparedness. Fatalism beliefs are complex issues that require joint efforts from governments, religious leaders, educational institutions and the media to reduce them.
Control of complex weed flora in wheat by metribuzin + clodinafop application

A field experiment was carried out at Pantnagar during Rabi season of 2010–11 and 2011–12 to test the efficacy of different doses of metribuzin 42% + clodinafop-propargyl 12% WG in wheat and associated weeds. The soil of the experimental field was clay loam in texture, medium in organic carbon (0.67%), available phosphorus (29.6 kg/ha) and potassium (176.4 kg/ha) with pH 7.2. Results revealed that metribuzin + clodinafop-propargyl 500 g/ha was significantly at par with its higher dose at 600g/ha, and two hand weedings at 30 and 50 DAS recorded the lowest density of Phalaris minor and Chenopodium album, Coronopus didymus, Melilotus spp. , Rumex spp. and Fumaria parviflora at 30 and 60 days after application as compared to rest of the treatments. Maximum grain yield was recorded in metribuzin 42%+ clodinafop-propargyl at 600 g/ha, which was statistically at par with its lower dose of 500 g/ha due to effective control of grassy and broad-leaf weeds in wheat.
Managing Pressmud Cake for Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrition of Crops in A Rice-Wheat Rotation

Rice-wheat is a nutrient-exhaustive cropping system that requires heavy inputs of fertilizers to obtain high yields. Application of organic materials to agricultural land has been viewed as an excellent way to recycle nutrients and organic matter that can support crop production and maintain or improve soil quality. Over the years, Asian farmers have used several types of organic materials. One of these is pressmud cake (PMC). PMC is produced annually from India’s sugar industry. PMC is an important byproduct when sugarcane is converted into crystalline sugar using two main processes: carbonation and sulphitation. Carbonation PMC contains high amounts of CaCO3 and is therefore not recommended for alkaline soils. PMC produced from sugar factories using sulphitation contains about 2% N and 1% P, in addition to several other plant nutrients (2.5 g Fe kg –1 , 1.5 g Mn kg –1 , 0.27 g Zn kg –1 , and 0.13 g Cu kg –1 ) (Kumar and Mishra 1991). This valuable organic material has great potential as a source of nutrients for the rice-wheat system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. No precise information is available on the availability of N and P from the PMC in the rice-wheat rotation. Similarly, there is a dearth of agronomic strategies for the efficient use of PMC in the ricewheat system.
Verification Methods of Gyrotron Quasi-optical Mode Converters

This survey presents a review of experimental methods relied upon while implementing gyrotron higher mode generation techniques and performing near electromagnetic field measurements in launcher and quasi-optical mode converters. In particular, the paper focuses on low power (cold) testing of gyrotron quasi-optical mode converters outside of the gyrotron, without the presence of high electromagnetic power and electron beams. Keywords—gyrotron, high order modes, measurement for quasi-
Effect of Sweetness Level and Amino Acid Composition of Palm Sugar on Feed Intake of Trichoglossus haematodus in Captivity

Palm sugar solution diets that were offered to the Lorikeets contain high energy, low protein and rich in amino acids similar to nectar. The major components of palm sugar are sucrose, which has a sweet taste. The Lorikeets can detect energy-rich from the sweet taste of the feed. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of sweetness level and amino acid composition in palm sugar solution diets on feed intake of T. haematodus . The research method was completely randomized design arranged in a factorial with two factors. The first factor consisted of 4 types of palm sugars, i.e. aren, coconut, siwalan/palmyra, and nipah sugar with a different degree Brix in 13.5o, 14.0o, 14.5o, and 15.0o Brix.While the second factor consisted of two treatments, with and without the addition of the commercial baby biscuit. The results showed that the feed intake of Siwalan sugar was significantly higher than the other palm sugar solution diets. Siwalan sugar solution diet has high sweetness level, sucrose content and essential amino acid Lysine. This study provides the new information regarding the sweetness level of palm sugar and amino acid composition in the diet that can affect feed intake of T. haematodus . Therefore, this information will help to make a formulation of appropriate diet that meets the nutrient requirements especially amino acid for the birds.