Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Reduced Dietary Protein Concentrations with Amino Acid Supplementation on Performance and Carcass Quality in Turkey Toms 14 to 140 Days of Age

An experiment over five grow-out phases was conducted with male B.U. T. Big 6 turkeys from day fourteen to 140. Four dietary treatments differing in protein concentration and amino acid supply were employed. Treatment 1 represented current feeding practice with relatively high protein concentrations of 265 g/kg in phase two (3-5 weeks) feed which then was gradually reduced to 161g/kg in P-VI feed (18-22 weeks). In treatment 2 dietary protein was reduced by ten percent but all essential amino acids were balanced according to the amino acid profile of treatment 1. Diets fed in treatment 3 had also a ten percent reduced protein concentration but only Lys, Met+Cys, Thr, and Trp were balanced in feed formulation resulting in lower Arg, Val, Ile, and Leu concentrations compared to treatments 1 and 2. In treatment 4 crude protein was reduced by 20% but essential amino acids were balanced as in treatment 2. Results suggested that low protein diets with a protein reduction up to ten percent can be fed without adverse effects on anima l performance and carcass traits provided the whole range of essential amino acids is balanced. It wa s concluded that Arg, Val, Ile, and Leu are important for optimum growth and should therefore be considered in diets containing 10% less crude protein. It was further concluded that in low protein diets providing sufficient amounts of essential amino acids the ratio between sum of all essential amino acids should not be higher than 48% of protein.
Effects of physical processing on the nutritive value of poultry diets

Commercial production of poultry diets normally involves the admixture of a number of different feed ingredients. Some of these, particularly the protein supplements, will have undergone some degree of physical processing prior to receipt at the feed mill. For example, oil extraction, either by hydraulic press or solvent extraction, is applied to most oilseeds. In addition to removal of most of the oil, anti-nutritive factors such as protease inhibitors are inactivated to varying degrees during such processes. However, for the purposes of this paper, the term ‘physical processing’ is interpreted as relating to the treatment of materials during, or immediately following, admixture with the purpose of providing a balanced diet suitable for consumption by poultry. This process normally involves some degree of grinding of the material which improves uniformity of admixture, provides particles of a size perceived to be suited to the target group and may make nutrients more available for digestion in the bird. Subsequently, the feed may be subjected to heat conditioning and/or pelleting by one of several processes. Heat conditioning has been adopted widely as a means of reducing spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms (Cox et al., 1986) and pelleting has become widespread, particularly for broilers, as a means of improving growth and feed efficiency when compared with mash diets. The term ‘nutritive value’ is not easy to define. In effect it describes the interaction between the diet and the target species for the promotion of a particular physiological function, such as growth or egg production, under particular environmental conditions. Clearly two major components of any diet are energy and protein (amino acids) and the nutritive value of diets may be broadly defined in terms of these. However, for poultry, energy may be described in terms of true metabolizable energy (TME), apparent metabolizable energy (AME) or productive energy (PE). Equally, protein may be described in terms of crude protein (N × 6.25), the amino acid profile, ileal digestible amino acids, etc. Ultimately, a wide range of minerals and vitamins also contributes to nutritive value and should perhaps be considered within the framework of this title. However, for the purposes of this chapter the author will focus on aspects
Pericarp structure and phylogeny within Lamiaceae subfamily Nepetoideae tribe Ocimeae

The pericarp structure has been investigated in about 205 species, representing 43 out of the about 50 genera of Lamiaceae subfamily Nepetoideae tribe Ocimeae (Ocimoideae). In its basic structure, the pericarp of Ocimeae corresponds to that of other Nepetoideae. The exocarp has usually both mucilaginous and non-mucilaginous cells. Below it, there are soft cells (mesocarp), a layer of vertically arranged bone cells and a thin innermost cell layer. The differences discovered in pericarp anatomy essentially agree with the traditional subdivisions of Ocimeae (by e.g. Briquet). The subtribes Hyptidinae and Ociminae and the genus Aeollanthus (in subtribe Plectran-thinae) have, with few exceptions crystals in the bone cells. Unlike other Labiatae, Plectranthinae (except Alvesia, Isodon and Siphocranion) has a plate-like content in the mucilaginous cell. The systematic position of the latter three genera is discussed. Because of their pericarp anatomy, Hoslundia, Fuerstia, Catoferia, Nosema, Benguellia, Octomeron and Ceratanthus are suggested to belong to Ociminae, and Neohyptis to Plectranthinae. On the basis of pericarp characters an informal division of Ociminae is suggested. Considering the distribution of stamen and pericarp characters, the genera Capitanya, Pycnostachys and Solenostemon are suggested to originate from Plectranthus. Ocimeae species which grow in arid habitats tend to produce more mucilage and to have a larger plate-like content in the mucilaginous cells than species from moist or wet habitats.
Clinical microbiology study of diabetic foot ulcer in Iran; pathogens and antibacterial susceptibility

The aim of this study was to investigate microbial pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility profile in infected diabetic foot ulcers in Iranian patients. This was a one-year cross sectional study on diabetic patients with infected diabetic foot ulcer at Shariati Teaching Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Grade of ulcer was determined by Wagner’s criteria. Specimens were obtained from the base of ulcer, deep part of the wound or aspiration and were tested with gram staining and antibacterial susceptibility was determined with both disk diffusion and E-Test methods. Total of 546 pathogens were isolated from 165 ulcers of 149 patients. Gram positive aerobes including Enterococcal species and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (21.4 and 19.4%, respectively) were identified as the most common pathogens followed by Gram negative isolates including Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas-aeruginosa (12.6 and 5.4%, respectively). The majority of wounds were classified as Wagner grades 2 and 3 (15.7 and 75.7%). Appropriate empiric treatment to cover both these Gram positive and Gram negative pathogens is crucially important. Key words: Diabetic foot ulcer, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus.
Changes in acanthocephalan infection of the Antarctic fish Notothenia coriiceps in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, over 29 years

A comparison between the levels of infection with Acanthocephala of the fish Notothenia coriiceps in Admiralty Bay (South Shetland Islands, Antarctic) in 1978/79 and 2007/08 is presented. The same eight acanthocephalan species, three echinorhynchids ma− turing in fish, Aspersentis megarhynchus (dominant species), Metacanthocephalus john− stoni (subdominant species) and M. dalmori (common species), and five polymorphids ma− turing in mammals and birds, Corynosoma hamanni, C. pseudohamanni (both co−dominant species), C. arctocephali and C. bullosum (both common species), and C. shackletoni (rare species), were found. Echinorhynchids were more numerous in 2007/08 (mean abundance 46.54 versus 35.35 in 1978/79), whereas polymorphids more numerous in 1978/79 (mean abundance 74.35 versus 36.40 in 2007/08). The overall results therefore demonstrated that echinorhynchids were more numerous than polymorphids in 2007/08 and the reverse was true in 1978/79. This situation is dependent mainly upon the decreased infections with C. hamanni, C. pseudohamanni and C. bullosum, and to a lesser degree upon the increasing of infections with M. johnstoni. The decrease of the three Corynosoma spp. is possibly associ− ated with the decreasing of populations of final hosts, seals, on the shore of Admiralty Bay in the vicinity of Arctowski Station.
Forgiveness and the Well-Being of Members of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF): A Process for Discussion

Africa is a continent of conflict, violence and war. South Africa, with a recent history of apartheid and current high percentage of crime is no exception. Members of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) take part in peacekeeping operations in Africa and managing traumatic situations. A number of these members struggle with unfinished business stemming from these traumatic experiences. Forgiveness could assist SANDF members to get closure on feelings of resentment, rejection, aggression and hate from war related trauma. This article considers the implications of forgiveness on the well-being of SANDF members, the process and different levels of forgiveness, how social workers, psychologists and chaplains can facilitate the development of a culture and willingness to forgive within the SANDF.
Fertilizer Concentration Affects Growth and Flowering of Subirrigated Petunias and Begonias

Nitrate pollution and water conservation are two of the most important environmental concerns for greenhouse growers. Closed irrigation systems, such as ebb and flow, can minimize these problems. The objective of this study was to determine optimal fertilizer concentrations for petunia (Petunia × hybrida Hort. Vilm-Andr.) and begonia (Begonia × semperflorens-cultorum Hort.) grown with ebb-and-flow irrigation, Ambassador Scarlet' begonia and 'Dreams Mix' petunia were grown as bedding plants in three soilless media. Plants were fertilized with solutions of a 20N-4.4P-16.6K water-soluble fertilizer with electrical conductivities (EC) of 0.15, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, or 3.0 dS-m -1 . Maximum growth occurred with a fertilizer EC of 2.2 dS-m -1 for petunia and 1.6 dS-m -1 for begonia. Petunia growth was best in the medium with the highest porosity (Metro-Mix 220), but choice of medium had little effect on begonia growth. Leachate EC and pH were determined throughout the experiment, using the pour-through method. Leachate EC rose with increasing fertilizer concentration, and increased over time. The pH of the leachate decreased with increasing fertilizer concentration and dropped 0.5 to 1 unit over the course of the experiment with the higher fertilizer concentrations (≥0.6 dS-m -1 ). Plant growth was not very sensitive to leachate EC. Begonia and petunia grew well when the EC at the end of the production cycle was between 1.7 to 6.1 and 2.1 and 5.4 dS-m -1 , respectively.
Presence and Intensity of Predispersal Seed Predation in a Rare Plant in Response to Habitat Quality and Population Metrics

ABSTRACT: Predispersal seed predation can be detrimental for any plant, but especially for rare plants. In this study, we examined the relationship of predispersal seed predation to different habitat types (i.e. open, semi shaded, and shaded), population size, and population density for Synthyris bullii, a rare Midwestern US endemic plant. In 2009, 2010, and 2011, a total of 18 populations were sampled across the range of Synthyris bullii. Fruit damage and predispersal seed predation were determined from up to 20 randomly collected infrutescences from each population. Predispersal seed predation had an impact on reproductive output and varied by habitat type. In addition, predispersal seed predation varied by population size and population density. Understanding the effects of predispersal seed predation on rare plants can be crucial for maintaining stable populations and developing better conservation and management strategies.
Divergência genética entre cultivares locais e cultivares melhoradas de feijão

A grande variabilidade genetica presente no germoplasma de feijao (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) em uso na agricultura familiar no Brasil tem sido plenamente reconhecida. A eficiencia da conservacao e o aproveitamento desta variabilidade aumentam quando esta e devidamente caracterizada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a variabilidade genetica de parte do germoplasma existente em poder de produtores de feijao no Rio Grande do Sul, e de cultivares produzidas pela pesquisa, e reuni-las em grupos de similaridade genetica. Foi avaliada a divergencia genetica de 37 cultivares locais (land races) e 14 cultivares indicadas pela pesquisa no Estado, utilizando 40 descritores morfologicos; a grande maioria desses descritores sao necessarios a protecao legal. Empregou-se analise multivariada, por intermedio de componentes principais e metodo de agrupamento. O uso destas tecnicas possibilitou identificar descritores ineficientes ou redundantes no estudo da variabilidade genetica e reunir as cultivares estudadas em quatro grupos distintos de similaridade genetica. As cultivares locais revelaram variabilidade superior a encontrada nas cultivares oriundas da pesquisa, o que sugere a importância da sua inclusao em programas de melhoramento.
A knowlewldge‐based system for the interpretation of flow cytometry data in leukemias and lymphomas

Flow cytometry immunophenotyping and analysis of DNA ploidy and proliferative activity have become extremely helpful techniques for diagnosing and subclassifying hematopoietic cell populations in a modern, full-service hematopathology laboratory. The number of physicians with special training in the interpretation of these studies is limited. A knowledge-based computer system has been designed to aid in the interpretation of immunophenotyping and DNA flow cytometry results in hematopoietic disease. The system, known as “Professor Fidelio,” is a heuristic classification system that reasons on the basis of defined diagnostic patterns. In this study, Fidelio was tested as a stand-alone system on 366 specimens from two large tertiary medical centers. Fidelio's interpretation was considered to be appropriate in all cases. In 300 of 366 (82%) specimens, the system's interpretation agreed with the diagnosis of record. Many of the disagreements could be traced to errors in the recording of the original diagnosis and minor differences in diagnostic criteria between Fidelio's knowledge base and the criteria in use at the medical centers. When used in a stand-alone mode, Fidelio's interpretation was less specific than the diagnosis of record in certain lymphoproliferative disorders that require morphologic information for subclassification. Professor Fidelio is one module in a workstation for the diagnostic hematology laboratory. This workstation is designed for interpretive reporting, education, and database functions for clinical research. Clinical and morphologic information are shared between Fidelio and the other modules for peripheral blood analysis, bone marrow morphology, and lymph node interpretation by means of a relational database. The system will be useful in hospitals that lack individuals specially trained in flow cytometry. The consistency of interpretation from case to case will also be valuable for education and research. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Produtividade de soja e milho após coberturas de inverno e descompactação mecânica do solo

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of soil winter covers and soil mechanical loosening on soybean and corn yield, in no-tillage system. Two experiments were carried oud in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, in a compacted Argissolo Vermelho (Haplic Acrisol), in the 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 crop seasons. The first experiment was carried out in a complete block design, with a split plot arrangement. The treatments were two theoretical working depths of a driller chisel-type furrow opener (0.06 and 0.12 m, split plot), and three soil winter covers (main plot): fallow, black oat (Avena strigosa), and black oat+common vetch (Vicia sativa). In 2006, the soil cover black oat+common vetch was replaced by oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus). In the second experiment, in a complete block design, the soil was chiseled and treatments consisted of black oat or oilseed radish as winter cover crops. Cover crops reduced soil superficial (0-0,06 m) compaction compared to fallow and, in the 2005/2006-crop season, under low water availability, provided higher soybean and corn yields. In the 2006/2007-crop season, when water availability was higher, the same did not happen. Increasing working depths of the chisel-type furrow opener did not affect soybean or corn yields. Soil chiseling reduced soybean and corn yields in comparison to the continuous no-tillage system.
Predicting habitat to optimize sampling of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax)

Zwolinski, J. P., Emmett, R. L. , and Demer, D. A. 2011. Predicting habitat to optimize sampling of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 867–879.More than 40 years after the collapse of the fishery for Pacific sardine, a renewed fishery has emerged off the west coasts of the United States and Canada. The daily egg production method (DEPM) and acoustic-trawl surveys are performed annually and, to minimize the uncertainties in the estimates, sampling effort needs to be allocated optimally. Here, based on a 12-year dataset including the presence/absence of sardine eggs and concomitant remotely sensed oceanographic variables, a probabilistic generalized additive model is developed to predict spatio-temporal distributions of habitat for the northern stock of Pacific sardine in the California Current. Significant relationships are identified between eggs and sea surface temperature, chlorophyll a concentration, and the gradient of sea surface altitude. The model accurately predicts the habitat and seasonal migration pattern of sardine, irrespective of spawning condition. The predictions of potential habitat are validated extensively by fishery landings and net-sample data from the northeast Pacific. The predicted habitat can be used to optimize the time and location of the DEPM, acoustic-trawl, and aerial surveys of sardine. The method developed and illustrated may be applicable too to studies of other stocks of sardine and other epipelagic fish in other eastern boundary, upwelling regions.
Genetic Structure Among Thai Populations of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

ABSTRACT: Thirty-one field populations of Aedes aegypti (L.) were compared using isozyme starch gel electrophoresis to characterize genetic variation between populations. Ae. aegypti were collected from seven provinces in Thailand. Thirty-one isozyme encoding loci, including 19 polymorphic loci, were characterized. Only small levels of genetic differentiation were observed among the 31 district populations in the seven provinces. Isolation by distance among populations from the seven provinces showed no correlation between genetic variation and geographical distance.
Maternal effects on the life histories of bruchid beetles infesting Acacia raddiana in the Negev desert, Israel

Acacia trees (Leguminosae) in the Negev desert of Israel are in substantial danger of extinction as a result of high mortality, caused by anthropogenically induced water stress and very low recruitment, which is highly negatively affected by bruchid beetle infestation. Intensive seed infestation (up to 97%) by bruchids on Acacia species in the Negev desert has been described. We hypothesized that water‐stressed trees would be less able to produce secondary defense compounds in their seeds to decrease seed herbivory and hence suffer higher infestation. Thus, there should be a negative correlation between the beetle's fitness and the tree's physiological state. We further hypothesized the mechanism of the correlation to be maternal effects on beetle quality. Thus, beetles whose mothers were reared on seeds of trees in a poor state should have higher fitness, regardless of the quality of the seeds in which they were reared. We reared F1 generation Caryedon palaestinicus Southgate (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in seeds of Acacia raddiana Savi (Leguminosae) trees in good and in poor physiological state. We then conducted a reciprocal infestation experiment enabling females to lay on seeds from both sources. We found maternal effects on offspring number but not on body mass. The major effect was the limited survival of maternal beetles on trees in good physiological state. However, contrary to our prediction, C. palaestinicus developing in seeds from Acacia raddiana in good physiological state had significantly higher body mass.
Longevity of the Seychelles Fody Foudia sechellarum

The Seychelles Fody Foudia sechellarum, which occurs on six islands in the Seychelles, has been well ringed over several decades in order to obtain population estimates for the species, and morphological descriptions and measurements. Annual survival estimates for the species vary from 71.5% to 85.7% but the species’ longevity has not been reported. The oldest recaptured Seychelles Fody was ringed on 28 June 1997 and recaptured on 9 May 2002, when its ring was replaced, and recaptured again on 19 September 2011. The age of the bird at first ringing is unknown. The elapsed time between ringing and last recapture of the bird was 14 years 2 months 25 days, providing a minimum longevity record. In addition, four other birds had maximum elapsed times between banding and recapture of >10 years, 11 of >9 years, and four of >8 years.
Effects of photon flux density on carbon partitioning and rhizosphere carbon flow of Lolium perenne

The distribution and partitioning of dry matter and photoassimilate of Lolium perenne was investigated under two light regimes providing photosynthetically active radiation of 350 /imo\ m 2 s~1 (low light treatment) or 1000 //mol m 2 s~1 (high light treatment). Plants were grown at specific growth conditions in either soil or sand microcosm units to follow the subsequent release of carbon into the rhizosphere and its consequent incorporation into the microbial biomass (soil system) or recovery as exudates (sand system). The distribution of recent assimilate between the plant and root released carbon pools was determined using 14C02 pulse-chase methodology at both light treatments and for both sand- and soil-grown seedlings. A significant (P<0.05) increase in partitioning of Relabel below-ground occurred for both soil- and sandgrown seedlings at the increased light treatment. Incorporation of recent assimilate into the microbial biomass, however, was unaltered by light treatment. Total plant biomass of L. perenne seedlings grown in the sand microcosm unit was unaffected by light treatment, but differences in partitioning of biomass did occur resulting in an increased root-to-shoot ratio under high light. Soil-grown L. perenne seedlings showed a large (81%) and significant (P< 0.001) increase in shoot biomass under high light with a consequent decrease in root-to-shoot ratio. Specific leaf area was altered in the soil grown plants only, where it decreased under high light. Total organic carbon (TOC) content of the recovered exudate material was measured throughout the 14 d experimental period and during the 14C-chase period. Comparison of plant C budgets using these two measurements is discussed.