Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Review on article gmd-2023-26 with title “Optimization and sophistication of the super-droplet method for ultrahigh resolution cloud simulations”

This paper presents a new implementation of the superdroplet method (SDM) to reach centimeter-to-meter scale resolutions in cloud macrophyiscs simulations. The authors discuss general aspects of how to represent microphyiscal processes in the SDM framework and the corresponding algorithms. In particular, the authors discuss the initialization, the SD move-ment, and the use of mixed precision in some parts of the implementation. Besides this general aspects, the authors also present the particular implementation, validation and scaling analysis in the supercomputer Fugaku, in particular the use of cache. The test case is shallow cumuli cases, and the new SDM implementation is compared with bin and bulk methods. The new SDM model is comparable and even faster that these methods, and it shows a weak-scaling of 98% up to 36864 nodes, which demonstrates the potential of SDM to advance research and simulation of microphysics processes and its coupling to cloud macrophysics. I think the paper is very interesting. This work addresses the important topic of what are the current and near-future capabilities to study the interactions between cloud microphysics and cloud macrophysics, and thereby advance the understanding of the role of clouds in climate and weather. The discussion is thoroughly presented, and I think this is a good contribution to the community and this journal. I only have a few minor comments that the authors could consider before publication:
Effectiveness of the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest) in evaluating Balance in the Controlled Hypertensive Elderly Population

Objective: Provide additional evidence about the relationship between controlled hypertension and balance control by evaluating individuals’ gait stability, sensorial orientation, reactive postural response, and anticipatory postural adjustment using the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest). Methods: A total of 76 (28 controlled hypertensive, 48 non-hypertensive) individuals were evaluated with the Mini-BESTest protocol. Each of the subscores obtained from the test represented the different subdomains of postural control, and they were compared between controlled hypertensive and non-hypertensive groups using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical analysis. Results: Hypertensive individuals tended to score lower than non-hypertensive individuals in the anticipatory postural adjustment and sensorial orientation subcategories, but they tended to score higher than the non-hypertensive group in the reactive postural response and gait stability subcategories. However, none of these differences were found to be statistically significant.
Electron cloud simulations for the main ring of J-PARC

The simulation of beam instabilities is a helpful tool to evaluate potential threats against the machine protection of the high intensity beams. At Main Ring (MR) of J-PARC, signals related to the electron cloud have been observed during the slow beam extraction mode. Hence, several studies were conducted to investigate the mechanism that produces it, the results confirmed a strong dependence on the beam intensity and the bunch structure in the formation of the electron cloud, however, the precise explanation of its trigger conditions remains incomplete. To shed light on the problem, electron cloud simulations were done using an updated version of the computational model developed from previous works at KEK. The code employed the signals of the measurements to reproduce the events seen during the surveys.
Mesoscale organization, entrainment, and the properties of a closed‐cell stratocumulus cloud

Closed‐cell mesoscale organization and its relationship to entrainment and the properties of a low, nonprecipitating stratocumulus cloud is investigated. Large eddy simulations were run over 10 periodic diurnal cycles during which mesoscale organization could fully develop and approach a quasi‐steady state on five domains sized from 2.4 km × 2.4 km to 38.4 km × 38.4 km. The four smaller domains hosted a single cell with an aspect ratio that increased with domain size. On the largest domain, mesoscale organization consisted of a cell population that evolved over the course of the diurnal cycle. It is found that with increasing cell aspect ratio, entrainment weakens and the boundary layer becomes shallower, cooler, moister, and more decoupled. This causes an increase in cloud water path and cloud radiative effect up to a cell aspect ratio of 16. With further increase in cell aspect ratio, circulation on the cell scale becomes less effective in supplying moisture to the cloud and in producing turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). This mechanism can explain scale saturation in closed‐cell mesoscale organization. The simulations support a maximum stable aspect ratio of closed‐cell mesoscale organization between 32 and 64, consistent with the observational limit of ≈ 40. The simulations show furthermore that entrainment does not, in general, scale with buoyant production of TKE. Instead, entrainment correlates with the vertical component of TKE. This implies vertical motion as a driver of entrainment, and a convective velocity scale based on the vertical component of TKE rather than on buoyant production of TKE.
I Can Hear You Without a Microphone: Live Speech Eavesdropping From Earphone Motion Sensors

Recent literature advances motion sensors mounted on smartphones and AR/VR headsets to speech eavesdropping due to their sensitivity to subtle vibrations. The popularity of motion sensors in earphones has fueled a rise in their sampling rate, which enables various enhanced features. This paper investigates a new threat of eavesdropping via motion sensors of earphones by developing EarSpy, which builds on our observation that the earphone’s accelerometer can capture bone conduction vibrations (BCVs) and ear canal dynamic motions (ECDMs) associated with speaking; they enable EarSpy to derive unique information about the wearer’s speech. Leveraging a study on the motion sensor measurements captured from earphones, EarSpy gains abilities to disentangle the wearer’s live speech from interference caused by body motions and vibrations generated when the earphone’s speaker plays audio. To enable user-independent attacks, EarSpy involves novel efforts, including a trajectory instability reduction method to calibrate the waveform of ECDMs and a data augmentation method to enrich the diversity of BCVs. Moreover, EarSpy explores effective representations from BCVs and ECDMs, and develops a convolutional neural model with Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) to realize accurate speech recognition. Extensive experiments involving 14 participants demonstrate that EarSpy reaches a promising recognition for the wearer’s speech.
WIDER Working Paper 2023/89 Transforming rural economies through tertiary education

: This paper analyses the role of tertiary education on rural development. Using census data on villages in India for 2011, we find that skilled workers have had an important impact on rural prosperity. A 1 percentage point rise in the share of the village population with tertiary education raises per capita consumption by around 7.2 per cent. Our results are robust to alternative measures of income and are not confounded by better institutions. Among the mechanisms at work, we find that households with tertiary-educated members register higher agricultural gross income per unit of land. Their contribution to agriculture is also suggested by satellite-based spatial net primary productivity measures. We inform the larger literature on structural transformations and contend that such transformations can also happen within rural areas.
The Weak Charges and Weak-Mixing Angles

: Here, using the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST), we calculated the weak charges of the proton, neutron, electron, neutrinos, and of a few atomic nuclei and we compared them with experimental data. The known carriers of the weak interactions contain lighter components with fixed masses (two invariants). The sine squared of the weak-mixing angle for the parity violating lepton-proton scattering is 0.24005, for the atomic parity violation the mean is 0.23508, and for the momentum scales equal to W ± and higher the mean is 0,23106 = constant.
The statistical emulators of GGCMI phase 2: responses of year-to-year 1 variation of crop yield to CO 2 , temperature, water and nitrogen 2 perturbations 3

31 Understanding the impact of climate change on year-to-year variation of crop yield is 32 critical to global food stability and security. While crop model emulators are believed 33 to be lightweight tools to replaces the models per se, few emulators have been 34 developed to capture such interannual variation of crop yield in response to climate 35 variability. In this study, we developed a statistical emulator with machine learning 36 algorithm to reproduce the response of year-to-year variation of four crop yield to CO 2 37 (C), temperature (T), water (W) and nitrogen (N) perturbations defined in the Global 38 Gridded Crop Model Intercomparison Project (GGCMI) phase 2 experiment. The 39 emulators were able to explain more than 92% variance of simulated yield and 40 performed well in capturing the year-to-year variation of global average and gridded 41 crop yield over current croplands in the baseline. With the changes in CTWN 42 perturbations, the emulators could well reproduce the year-to-year variation of crop 43 yield over most current cropland. The variation of R and the mean absolute error was 44 small under the single CTWN perturbations and dual factor perturbations. These 45 emulators thus provide statistical response surfaces of yield, including both its mean 46 and interannual variability, to climate factors. They could facilitate spatiotemporal 47 downscaling of crop model simulation, projecting the changes in crop yield variability 48 in the future, and serving as a lightweight tool of multi-model ensemble simulation. The 49 emulators enhanced the flexibility of crop yield estimates and expanded the application 50 of large-ensemble simulation of crop yield under climate change. 51
Researching children and disasters: What’s different in pandemic times?

The repercussions of the global COVID-19 pandemic are far-reaching and extend to the ways in which scholars conduct disaster research. Research on children and disasters is no exception. Focusing on methodologies, this paper explores the methodological constraints and innovations of studying children during the current crisis, and the implications for post-pandemic research on children and disasters. We begin by reviewing research methodologies to study children and disasters, drawing upon scholarly and grey literature as well as on our own research project on the pandemic experiences of children, adolescents, and older adults. We then discuss how these research approaches, tools, and spaces have changed during the pandemic. Methodological adaptation and innovation are necessary because traditional data collection methods are largely not feasible during the current pandemic;for example, many researchers cannot travel to the disaster site, hold in-person focus groups, interview children and their families face-to-face, or conduct extensive participant observation in places people would usually frequent. We pay particular attention to research ethics issues, including the challenges of navigating the research design process when children are involved. We contend that the massive adoption of online methods during the COVID-19 pandemic is laying the foundation for a seventh wave of research on children and disasters characterized by the integration of in-person and virtual worlds, and of in-person and virtual research methods. Rather than initiating this transition to a hybrid or blended model, the pandemic is accelerating the transition, and compelling more of the research community to engage than might have otherwise. The “bricolage” of methods originating in both in-person and virtual fields, adapted in various ways for both in-person and virtual fields, is better attuned to the spaces where children live their lives, and the ways in which they live their lives. © The Author(s) 2022. (Copyright notice)
Decreasing trends of ammonia emissions over Europe seen 1 from remote sensing and inverse modelling 2

16 Ammonia (NH3), a significant precursor of particulate matter, is the most important 17 alkaline gas in the atmosphere and directly affects biodiversity, ecosystems, soil acidification. 18 It also indirectly affects climate and human health. In addition, its concentrations are constantly 19 rising because of the increasing feeding needs of the global population accompanied by a larger 20 use of fertilizers and animal farming. The combination of its increasing atmospheric levels with 21 its environmental and human impact has led many countries to adopt abatement strategies in 22 order to conform with respective regulations. While the significance of ammonia is pronounced, 23 its emissions are often associated with large uncertainties, while its atmospheric abundance is 24 difficult to measure. However, during the last decade, several satellite products have been 25 developed that measure ammonia very effectively, with low uncertainty, and most importantly, 26 with a global coverage. Here, we use satellite observations of column ammonia in combination 27 with an inversion algorithm to derive ammonia emissions with a high resolution over Europe 28 for the period 2013–2020.
GEOCHEMICAL FINGERPRINTING OF VOLCANIC ASHES FROM THE Fort peck lake area , montana, USA

4 Introduction . 5 Background information . 6 Cordilleran orogenic belt: buildup . 6 Geodynamic evolution of the Western Interior Basin . 8 Stratigraphy & Sedimentology of the Williston Basin: Cretaceous . 9 Stratigraphy & Sedimentology of the Williston Basin: Paleocene . 11 Tephrochronology . 13 Methods . 14 Fieldwork . 14 Mineral separation . 15 Electron Microprobe Analysis (EMP) . 18 Data Processing . 20 Results . 22 Tephra physical properties . 22 Tephra stratigraphy. 25 Flat Creek Northeast section. 25 Hauso Flats Southeast section . 28 Purgatory Hill Southeast section . 31 Harker Diagrams . 33 Multidimensional scaling . 35 Discussion . 38 Diagenetic alteration and preservation of the tephra layers . 38 Geochemical analysis . 41 Geochemical fingerprinting . 41 Tephra correlation: geochemistry . 42 Distortion of positions by multidimensional scaling . 44 Implications of the geochemical tephra correlations . 48 Provenance analysis . 49 Conclusion . 52 Recommendations . 52 Acknowledgements . 53 List of Figures . 53 References . 56 Appendix . 61
On Class of Estimators for Population Mean Using Multi-Auxiliary Characters in the Presence of Non-Response

Two classes of estimators for the population mean of the study character using multi-auxiliary characters with known population means in presence of nonresponse have been proposed. The expressions for bias, mean square error and conditions for attaining minimum mean square error of the proposed classes of estimators have been obtained. An empirical study has also been given in support of the problem.
Regional modeling of internal tide dynamics around New Caledonia: energetics and sea surface height signature

The Southwestern Tropical Pacific exhibits a complex bathymetry and represents a hot spot of internal tide generation. Based on a tailored high-resolution regional model, we investigate for the first time the internal tide field around the New Caledonia islands through energy budgets that quantify the internal tide generation, propagation, and dissipation. A total of 15.97 GW is converted from the barotropic to the baroclinic tide with the main conversion sites associated with the most prominent bathymetric structures such as continental slopes and narrow passages in the north (2.17 GW) and ridges and 5 seamounts south of New Caledonia (3.92 GW). The bulk of baroclinic energy is generated in shallow waters around 500 m depth and on critical to supercritical slopes highlighting the limitations of linear semi-analytical models in those areas. Despite the strongly dominant mode-1 generation, more than 50 % of the locally generated energy dissipates in the near-field close to the generation sites. The remaining energy propagates within well-defined tidal beams with baroclinic energy fluxes of up to 30 kW m−1 toward the open ocean, strongly dominated by mode-1. The energetic mesoscale eddy activity in the region 10 appears to be the main source of tidal incoherence. Locally, mesoscale eddy-driven stratification changes induce variations of the conversion term. In the far-field, incoherence of the energy flux arises through the interaction of the tidal beam with the eddying background flow. The New Caledonia site represents a challenge for SWOT (Surface Water Ocean Topography) observability of mesoand submesoscale dynamics in the presence of internal tides with sea surface height signatures > 6 cm. We show that a correction of the coherent baroclinic tide may improve the observability range by shifting the transition scale 15 between balanced and unbalanced flow in winter from 180 km to 50-80 km. In contrast, in summer observability increases only marginally due to the seasonally amplified signature of the incoherent tide at scales below 100 km.
How and Why Do Intentions to Naturalize Evolve over Time?

While much of the literature focuses on the factors influencing naturalization outcomes, far less studies have investigated the will to acquire new citizenship. However, unlike naturalization, which, once acquired, is a fixed status, intention is subject to change, evolve, or be translated into action. Thus, studying the evolution of naturalization intentions provides a first overview of the interest and renunciation factors involved in acquiring a new passport. With nearly 25% of its resident population not holding citizenship and having one of Western Europe’s most restrictive nationality policies, Switzerland constitutes a relevant case for studying this phenomenon. This article draws on Swiss panel data (N = 1274) to identify, through different logistic regression models, the drivers of 1) a change in personal preferences and 2) the realization of a stated intention to acquire a new citizenship. The results indicate that socioeconomic characteristics and intimate ties with the host society are associated with the realization of naturalization aspirations, while the country of origin and immigrants’ relationships and experiences with the host society are important in explaining favorable changes of minds toward naturalization.
Association of Stress with Prevalence of TMJ Dysfunction in Undergraduate Dental Students

Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) refers to persistent medical conditions that affect the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and related structures. Studies showed that stress was closely linked to the development of TMD. Furthermore, healthcare students are particularly susceptible to stress compared to the general population. This can have a negative impact on their quality of life and mental health during their training. The increased prevalence of TMD has also been reported among the same cohort of the population. However, there is a lack of literature published highlighting the prevalence of TMD and their association with increased levels of stress in dental students. This study aims to explore whether increased stress levels are associated with the prevalence of TMD in undergraduate dental students. A total of 218 dental students participated. Two online self-reported questionnaires consisted of structured case history on past medical and dental history with a Fonseca Amnestic Index (FAI) questionnaire used to identify the prevalence of TMD and DESS questionnaire for stress prediction were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 with a p-value less than 0.05. It was reported that about 48% of students had various TMD with no significant association found between the year of study and gender. However, a significant association was reported between stress gender. A positive correlation was also found between stress and TMD among participants. This study revealed a significant association between stress and the prevalence of TMD in undergraduate dental students. Educational institutions must adopt coping strategies to help trainees manage their psychological stress, which could reduce the incidence of TMD.
The genetic diversity of Nipah virus across spatial scales

Nipah virus (NiV), a highly lethal virus in humans, circulates silently in Pteropus bats throughout South and Southeast Asia. Difficulty in obtaining genomes from bats means we have a poor understanding of NiV diversity, including how many lineages circulate within a roost and the spread of NiV over increasing spatial scales. Here we develop phylogenetic approaches applied to the most comprehensive collection of genomes to date (N=257, 175 from bats, 73 from humans) from six countries over 22 years (1999-2020). In Bangladesh, where most human infections occur, we find evidence of increased spillover risk from one of the two co-circulating sublineages. We divide the four major NiV sublineages into 15 genetic clusters (emerged 20-44 years ago). Within any bat roost, there are an average of 2.4 co-circulating genetic clusters, rising to 5.5 clusters at areas of 1,500-2,000 km2. Using Approximate Bayesian Computation fit to a spatial signature of viral diversity, we estimate that each genetic cluster occupies an average area of 1.3 million km2 (95%CI: 0.6-2.3 million), with 14 clusters in an area of 100,000 km2 (95%CI: 6-24). In the few sites in Bangladesh and Cambodia where genomic surveillance has been concentrated, we estimate that most of the genetic clusters have been identified, but only ~15% of overall NiV diversity has been uncovered. Our findings are consistent with entrenched co-circulation of distinct lineages, even within individual roosts, coupled with slow migration over larger spatial scales.