Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interactive Effects of Light Quality during Day Extension and Temperature on Bud Set, Bud Burst and PaFTL2, PaCOL1-2 and PaSOC1 Expression in Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)

Light and temperature are crucial factors for the annual growth rhythm of tree seedlings of the boreal and temperate zone. Dormant, vegetative winter buds are formed under short days (SD) and altered light quality. In the conifer Norway spruce, expression of FTL2 increases and PaCOL1-2 and PaSOC1 decrease under light regimes, inducing bud set. Although temperature is known to modulate the timing of bud set, information about combined effects of light climate and temperature on bud phenology and gene expression is limited. We studied the interactive effects of temperature (18, 22/24 °C) and day extension with blue (B), red (R) or far-red (FR) light or different R:FR ratios compared to SD on growth–dormancy cycling and expression of FTL2, PaCOL1-2 and PaSOC1 in Norway spruce seedlings. Day-extension with B light and all treatments involving FR light sustained shoot elongation, with increased growth at higher temperature. The R light treatment resulted in delayed/prevented bud set compared to SD, with more delay/prevented bud set at 24 °C than 18 °C. This was associated with lower PaFTL2-transcript levels at 24 °C and more rapid subsequent bud burst. For the growth-sustaining treatments (long days, FR and B light), the PaFTL2-transcript levels were generally lower and those of PaCO1-2 and PaSOC1 higher compared with SD and R light. In conclusion, our results demonstrate more reduced/prevented bud set and faster bud burst with increased temperature under day extension with R light, indicating less deep dormancy than at lower temperature. Also, sustained shoot elongation under the B light treatment (27 µmol m−2 s−1) in contrast to the lower B light-irradiances tested previously (≤13 µmol m−2 s−1), demonstrates an irradiance-dependent effect of day extension with B light.
Single-Leg Squat Compensations Are Associated With Softball Pitching Pathomechanics in Adolescent Softball Pitchers

Background: A lack of lumbopelvic-hip complex (LPHC) stability is often associated with altered pitching mechanics, thus increasing pain and injury susceptibility. The single-leg squat (SLS) is a simple diagnostic tool used to examine LPHC stability. Purpose: To examine the relationship between trunk compensatory kinematics during the SLS and kinematics at foot contact during the windmill pitch. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Participants included 55 youth and high school softball pitchers (mean age, 12.6 ± 2.2 years; height, 160.0 ± 11.0 cm; weight, 60.8 ± 15.5 kg). Kinematic data were collected at 100 Hz using an electromagnetic tracking device. Participants were asked to complete an SLS on each leg, then throw 3 fastballs at maximal effort. Values of trunk flexion, trunk lateral flexion, and trunk rotation at peak depth of the SLS were used as the dependent variables in 3 separate backward-elimination regression analyses. Independent variables examined at foot contact of the pitch were as follows: trunk flexion, trunk lateral flexion, trunk rotation, center of mass, stride length, and stride knee valgus. Results: The SLS trunk rotation regression (F(1,56) = 4.980, P = . 030) revealed that trunk flexion predicted SLS trunk rotation (SE = 0.068, t = 2.232, P = .030) and explained approximately 7% of the variance in SLS trunk rotation (R 2 = 0.083, adjusted R 2 = 0.066). The SLS trunk flexion regression (F(1,56) = 5.755, P = 0.020) revealed that stride knee valgus significantly predicted SLS trunk flexion (SE = 0.256, t = 2.399, P = .020) and explained approximately 8% of variance in SLS trunk flexion (R 2 = 0.095, adjusted R 2 = 0.078). Conclusion: Additional trunk rotation and trunk flexion at peak depth of the SLS showed increased knee valgus and trunk flexion at foot contact of the pitch, both of which indicate poor LPHC stability during the softball pitch and may increase the potential for injury. Clinical Relevance: Players and coaches should implement SLS analyses to determine their players’ risk for injury and compensation due to poor core stability.
The point of nipple erection 2: The effect of nipple erection on intended and expected altruism.

Previous research has shown that men perceive nipple erection as signaling more sexually receptive states. This study intended to determine if this perception changed male hypothetical behavior. For example, would men be more willing to assist women with nipple erection as opposed to those without? Participants were asked to rate pictures of women with and without salient nipple erection (faces were obscured to prevent discerning emotional states). Men perceived women with nipple erection as more deserving of altruism, especially if that altruism involved greater interaction with the woman, and they expected these same women to behave more altruistically toward them. They also believed the women with erect nipples should be included in their social groups. Women, on the other hand, did not perceive them as deserving of greater altruistic behaviors, did not expect greater altruistic behaviors from them, and did not want to include them into their social groups.
Global material flow analysis of glass: From raw materials to end of life

Global glass production grew to 150 million tonnes (Mt) in 2014, equating to approximately 21 kg per person. Producing this glass is energy intensive and contributes annual CO2 emissions of some 86Mt. An accurate map of the global glass supply chain is needed to help identify emissions mitigation options from across the supply chain, including process energy efficiency and material efficiency options. This map does not yet exist, so we address this knowledge gap by tracing the production chain from raw materials to end of life and producing a global Sankey diagram of container and flat glass making for 2014. To understand future demand for flat glass we also model the stocks of glass in vehicles and buildings. The analysis shows the relative scale of glass flows and stocks worldwide and provides a baseline for future study of the emission mitigation potential of energy and material efficiency of manufacturing with glass.
Effect of herbal powder supplementation in protecting histopathological changes associated with Caecal coccidiosis

An experiment was conducted on one day old, 120 broiler chicks to study the effect of madar (Calotropis procera) leaf powder and amprolium supplementation on caecal histology of broiler chicks during coccidiosis. Broiler chicks were divided into five groups (I-V) each with two replicates of 12 chicks. Group I and II were provided unsupplemented diet, Group III was supplemented with 0.125% amprolium, group IV and V were supplemented with 0.2% and 0.4% madar leaf powder supplementation respectively. On 15th day of experiment, groups II, III, IV and V were infected with 50,000 sporulated oocysts containing 80% Eimeria tenella. Histopathological changes were studied on 5th, 10th and 15th days post infection from two birds of each replicate. Histopathological changes were minimum in group III. In madar leaf powder supplemented groups (IV and V) protection from histopathological changes was observed from lesions associated with coccidiosis and effect was concentration dependent.
Utilization of NON B3 Waste as Learning Media in Online Class during the Pandemic

Covid-19 pandemic had a significant impact on many aspects of life, including in the world of education. Pandemic conditions make the learning process adapt to new conditions, one of which is changing the form of face-to-face learning into online learning. The online learning process for teachers at Special School (SLB) faces challenges in delivering learning materials to students with special needs, especially in using appropriate learning media. This article discusses the training provided to special school teachers in Yogyakarta to make learning media utilizing non-B-3 waste as a support for the online learning process for children with special needs. The method used is a qualitative method with data collection techniques using interviews, observation, and performance evaluation. The results of this study indicate that the training in making learning media based on non-B-3 waste is significant in helping teachers solve online classroom learning problems for children with special needs. The reason for choosing non-B-3 waste for learning media are easy to get, and teachers can make media according to students abilities and learning objectives.
Impacts of Low-Frequency Internal Climate Variability and Greenhouse Warming on El Niño–Southern Oscillation

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant mode of interannual climate fluctuations with wide-ranging socioeconomic and environmental impacts. Understanding the eastern Pacific (EP) and central Pacific (CP) El Niño response to a warmer climate is paramount, yet the role of internal climate variability in modulating their response is not clear. Using large ensembles, we find that internal variability generates a spread in the standard deviation and skewness of these two El Niño types that is similar to the spread of 17 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) that realistically simulate ENSO diversity. Based on 40 Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LE) and 99 Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Grand Ensemble (MPI-GE) members, unforced variability can explain more than 90% of the historical EP and CP El Niño standard deviation and all of the ENSO skewness spread in the 17 CMIP5 models. Both CESM-LE and the selected CMIP5 models show increased EP and CP El Niño variability in a warmer climate, driven by a stronger mean vertical temperature gradient in the upper ocean and faster surface warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific. However, MPI-GE shows no agreement in EP or CP standard deviation change. This is due to weaker sensitivity to the warming signal, such that when the eastern equatorial Pacific surface warming is faster, the change in upper ocean vertical temperature gradient tends to be weaker. This highlights that individual models produce a different ENSO response in a warmer climate, and that considerable uncertainty within the CMIP5 ensemble may be caused by internal climate variability.
Effect of organic carbon addition on paddy soil organic carbon
decomposition under different irrigation regimes

Abstract. Anaerobic decomposition of organic carbon (OC) in submerged rice paddies is coupled to the reduction of alternative soil electron acceptors, primarily Fe3+. During reductive dissolution of Fe3+ from pedogenic oxides, previously adsorbed native soil organic carbon (SOC) could be co-released into solution. Incorporation of crop residues could hence indirectly, i.e. through the stimulation of microbially mediated Fe3+ reduction, promote the loss of native SOC via enhanced dissolution and subsequent mineralisation to CO2 and CH4. Our aim was to estimate the relevance of such a positive feedback during the degradation of added OC, and to investigate the impact of irrigation management on this mechanism and on priming effects on native SOC decomposition in general. In a six-week pot experiment with rice plants, two Bangladeshi soils with contrasting SOC-to-reducible-Fe (SOC : Feox) ratios were kept under a regime of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) or continuous flooding (CF), and were either amended with maize shoots or not. The δ13C signatures of dissolved organic C and emitted CH4 and CO2 were used to infer the decomposition of added maize shoots (δ13C = −13.0 ‰) versus native SOC (δ13C = −25.4 ‰ and −22.7 ‰). Addition of maize residues stimulated the reduction of Fe as well as the dissolution of native SOC, and the latter to a larger extent under CF, especially for the soil with the highest SOC : Feox ratio. Estimated Fe-bound SOC contents denote that stimulated SOC co-release during Fe reduction could explain this positive priming effect on SOC dissolution after the addition of maize. However, priming effects on SOC mineralisation to CO2 and CH4 were lower than for SOC dissolution, and were even negative under AWD for one soil. Enhanced reductive dissolution of Fe-bound SOC upon exogenous OC addition therefore does not necessarily lead to stimulated SOC mineralisation. In addition, AWD irrigation was found to decrease abovementioned priming effects.
Feraequornithes: a name for the clade formed by Procellariiformes, Sphenisciformes, Ciconiiformes, Suliformes and Pelecaniformes (Aves)

Recent genomic data sets have resolved many aspects of higher-level phylogenetic relationships of birds. Eleven phylogenomic studies provide congruent support for a clade formed by Procellariiformes, Sphenisciformes, Ciconiiformes, Suliformes and Pelecaniformes. This clade is here named ‘Feraequornithes’ following the rules and requirements of the PhyloCode.
Nitrogen nutrition index and leaf chlorophyll concentration and its relationship with nitrogen use efficiency in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important nutrients for barley, and at the same time excessive N fertilization can have a negative impact on the environment. A 2-year field study was conducted with the objective to determine the relationship of N Use Efficiency (NUE) and its components N utilization efficiency (NUtE), and N uptake efficiency (NUpE) with N diagnostic tools N nutrition index (NNI) and chlorophyll meter (CM) readings of barley. CM readings were negatively correlated with NUE and NUpE. NNI varied from 0.79 to 1.00 across years and cultivars. This study provides new information about the effect of N application on NUE and its components and its relationship with CM readings and NNI of barley which can be used for proper N management and protection of the environment.
Study of the Effect of Operating Parameters on the Extractive Distillation of Isopropyl Alcohol–Water Mixture Using Dimethyl Sulphoxide as an Entrainer

In this paper, the simulation analysis of separation of isopropyl alcohol (IPA)–water via extractive distillation by using dimethyl sulphoxide as an entrainer is presented. The steady-state simulation for this process was done using Aspen Plus simulator. The aim of this work is to study the effect of various operating parameters such as number of stages, molar reflux ratio, binary feed stage number, entrainer feed stage number, temperature of entrainer feed and entrainer to feed molar ratio on the purity and energy consumption. The sensitivity of these parameters serves as a basis to choose the optimum operating conditions to maximize the IPA purity and minimize the energy requirement. In this analysis, among various operating parameters, those which directly affect the IPA purity and the parameters which affect the reboiler duty, for the given separation task, are identified. Simulation results with optimum operating conditions and their economic analysis are also presented.
Dynamics of mangrove diversity influenced by climate change and consequent accelerated sea level rise at Indian Sundarbans

Sundarbans, the largest contiguous mangrove forest of the world, regularly bears the brunt of numerous cyclones/storm surges. The frequencies of these disasters are ever increasing, in wake of the twin predicaments of sea level raise and climate change. This temporal study (2008-2013) at Jharkhali Island, delve into the dynamics of mangrove community in response to seasonal and yearly alterations in river-water salinity, due to the severe cyclone AILA (2009) and sea level raise. Raise in water salinity accentuates the abundance of salt tolerant species with physiological and phenological adaptations (Avicennia marina, Suaeda maritima) and decreased abundance of salt sensitive mangroves (Rhizophora mucronata). Exclusion of few mangrove species (Aglaia cuculata, Brownlowia tersa, Heritiera fomes, Kandelia candel and Nypa fruticans) is also evident, facilitating the proliferation of resistant, opportunistic and invasive flora (Clerodendron inerme, Derris trifoliata and Phoenix paludosa). Solutions have also been suggested in the light of the modern conservation paradigm.
Higher education, gender, and foreign direct investment: Evidence from OECD countries

The objective of this study was to explore and empirically investigate the relationship between the labour force across educational levels and foreign direct investment (FDI), and to facilitate comparisons of education statistics and indicators across countries based on uniform and internationally agreed definitions. The analysis focuses on OECD countries. The empirical findings suggest that an educated labour force positively affects inward FDI. However, different educational levels do not have the same level of significance; tertiary education appears to have the greatest influence. As far as gender is concerned, the level of female participation in the workforce seems to be crucial in attracting FDI, and governments should therefore adopt policies to promote women’s empowerment.
Analysis of Cantaloupe Fruit Maturity Based on Fruit Skin Color Using Naive Bayes Classifier

The traditional sorting of fruit maturity can be done by seeing the color of the fruit’s skin. Manual sorting will take a long time and the results are subjective. This paper presents the results of maturing cantaloupe fruit based on the color of the fruit skin using a digital image of the fruit skin. The research objective is to classify the maturity of cantaloupe fruit using the Naive Bayes Classifier method and compare the results with similar studies using the Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) Artificial Neural Network method. This study used the image of a raw and mature cantaloupe rind of 15 images each. A total of 16 images are grouped into training data for the training process and 14 other images are grouped into test data for the testing process. The results showed that the accuracy of training and testing using the Naive Bayes Classifier method was 68.75% and 57.14%, respectively. The accuracy of the training and testing of the Naive Bayes Classifier method turns out to be lower compared to the LVQ Artificial Neural Network method.
Modular Networks for Compositional Instruction Following

Standard architectures used in instruction following often struggle on novel compositions of subgoals (e.g. navigating to landmarks or picking up objects) observed during training. We propose a modular architecture for following natural language instructions that describe sequences of diverse subgoals. In our approach, subgoal modules each carry out natural language instructions for a specific subgoal type. A sequence of modules to execute is chosen by learning to segment the instructions and predicting a subgoal type for each segment. When compared to standard, non-modular sequence-to-sequence approaches on ALFRED, a challenging instruction following benchmark, we find that modularization improves generalization to novel subgoal compositions, as well as to environments unseen in training.
Combined therapeutic efficacy of few thiols with calcium disodium versenated during acute lead intoxication in mice

The efficacy of a few thiol compounds and calcium disodium versenate (CaNa 2 EDTA), either individually or in combination to acute lead exposed mice, was investigated. The ability of these chelating agents to reduce liver, kidney, blood and brain lead burden was also determined. Of the thiol compounds examined, the ones which were effective in mobilizing lead included meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane 1-sulfonate (DMPS), and S-adenosyl L-methionine (SAM) beside CaNa 2 EDTA. Further, the combined administration of DMSA or SAM with CaNa 2 EDTA was more effective in reducing the toxic biochemical effects of lead and tissue lead burden.
Uranium(VI) Sulfate Complexation Studied by Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TRLFS)

The use of the ΟΡΟ technique in laser induced spectroscopic instrumentation is a new and improved spectroscopic technique. Solid crystals for the tunable laser allows one to perform laser spectroscopy over a wide wavelength range without the use of a dye laser. We have demonstrated that the laser output of the ΟΡΟ-system (in our case 270 nm) is suitable for time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence measurements. The uranyl sulfate complexation was investigated for the first time by fluorescence measurements. Compared to spectrophotometric methods, lower uranyl concentrations can be investigated and therefore measurements could be made in seepage waters of uranium mine tailing piles. The measured lifetimes of the 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 uranyl sulfate complexes are 4.3 + / 0.5 μβ, 11.0 + / 1.0 με and 18.8 + / 1.0 μβ, respectively. The main fluorescence bands of the sulfate complexes are centered at 498 nm, 515 nm and 538 nm and no significant shift of the fluorescence maxima was found between the three complexes. The complex formation constants of the first two uranyl sulfate complexes at an ionic strength of 0.2 M were measured as log βι(ο.2Μ) = 2.42 and log β2(0 2 M) 3.30, respectively. The complex formation constants for the three uranyl sulfate complexes at an ionic strength of 1 M were measured as log β1(1οΜ) = 1-88, log β2. (, 0M) = 2.9 and log β3(ι.0Μ) = 3.2, respectively. A speciation diagram was calculated from the results of the time resolved measurements.
Regional modeling of surface and sub-surface dynamics in the Bay of Bengal using Modular Ocean Model

Regional dynamics of Bay of Bengal is studied using Open Boundary Condition (OBC) in Modular Ocean Model (MOM) to understand the effect of primary and secondary mesoscale features on various bulk ocean products and turbulent fluxes. A horizontal resolution of 0.1o is adopted to resolve a range of mesoscale features. In order to parametrize the vertical mixing, K-Profile Parametrization (KPP) scheme is implemented. The results show successful implementation of OBC in a regional domain with exchange of mass and energy and conservation of mass at the boundaries. The Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) are validated with SODA reanalysis, which are found to be in good agreement. The Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) pattern is very well represented, albeit the magnitude is slightly under-predicted in comparison with SODA reanalysis. Additionally, analysis of flow energetics reveal regional differences in turbulent kinetic energy (K), production flux (P), buoyancy flux (B), and dissipation ({\epsilon}). Our results clearly reveal the presence of inverse energy-cascade in the southern Bay of Bengal, wherein energy flows back into mean flow structures from the turbulent eddies. The re-energization of mean flow structures is likely to allow the large-scale circulation to persist for longer periods, thereby modifying the local dynamics. Further analysis shows that the B term is the major source of turbulence production in the north and central Bay of Bengal regions. These results convey the various mechanisms by which energy is produced and transferred in different regions of Bay of Bengal.
Quasinormal modes of small Schwarzschild–de Sitter black holes

We study the behavior of the quasinormal modes (QNMs) of massless and massive linear waves on Schwarzschild–de Sitter black holes as the black hole mass tends to 0. Via uniform estimates for a degenerating family of ODEs, we show that in bounded subsets of the complex plane and for ﬁxed angular momenta, the QNMs converge to those of the static model of de Sitter space. Detailed numerics illustrate our results and suggest a number of open problems.