Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Influence of High-Frequency Atmospheric Forcing on the Circulation and Deep Convection of the Labrador Sea

AbstractThe influence of high-frequency atmospheric forcing on the circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean with emphasis on the deep convection of the Labrador Sea was investigated by comparing simulations of a coupled ocean–ice model with hourly atmospheric data to simulations in which the high-frequency phenomena were filtered from the air temperature and wind fields. In the absence of high-frequency atmospheric forcing, the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and subpolar gyres was found to decrease by 25%. In the Labrador Sea, the eddy kinetic energy decreased by 75% and the average maximum mixed layer depth decreased by between 20% and 110% depending on the climatology. In particular, high-frequency forcing was found to have a greater impact on mixed layer deepening in moderate to warm years whereas in relatively cold years the temperatures alone were enough to facilitate deep convection. Additional simulations in which either the wind or temperature was filtered revealed that.
Detection and Molecular Epidemiology of Bovine Kobuviruses in Calves With Acute Gastroenteritis for the First Time in Iran

Background: Calf diarrhea is an important issue in cattle farms. Although rotavirus A is the primary viral agent causing calf diarrhea, infectious causatives of diarrhea remain unknown in many cases. Bovine kobuviruses are almost newly detected enteric viruses that have not been studied extensively. There is no information about the epidemiology and prevalence of kobuvirus and its importance in calf diarrhea in Iran. Objectives: The molecular epidemiology and phylogeny of kobuviruses were investigated in one-month-old diarrheic calves, and rotavirus A was simultaneously surveyed to find the outbreak rate of the co-infection of both viruses in diarrhea. Materials and Methods: This study investigated 200 fecal diarrheic samples obtained from one-month-old calves using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods. Samples were collected from rural and industrial cattle farms located in 7 provinces of Iran. The 3D domain of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) enzyme of three positive samples from Mazandaran, Fars, and Isfahan provinces was subjected to the phylogenetic study. Results: It was found that 27 specimens are positive for kobuvirus. Although the frequency of rotavirus A detection was 24% (48 out of 200), co-infection was observed in 5 samples. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis showed a low relationship between the sequenced samples, indicating that the circulating bovine kobuviruses originated from different ancestors. Conclusion: The results showed that bovine kobuvirus with different phylogenetic origins is highly prevalent in cattle farms in Iran. Regarding the low rate of co-infection with rotavirus A, bovine kobuviruses should be considered an important enteric viral agent in calf diarrhea.
Convective rain cells: Radar-derived spatiotemporal characteristics and synoptic patterns over the eastern Mediterranean

[1] This paper examines the spatiotemporal characteristics of convective rain cells over the eastern Mediterranean (northern Israel) and their relationship to synoptic patterns. Information on rain cell features was extracted from high-resolution weather radar data. The radar-gauge adjustment, validation, cell segmentation and tracking techniques are discussed at length at the beginning of the paper. Convective rain cells were clustered into three synoptic types (two winter lows—deep Cyprus lows and shallow lows—and one tropical intrusion, Active Red Sea Trough) using several NCEP/NCAR parameters, and empirical distributions were computed for their spatial and temporal features. In the study region, it was found that the Active Red Sea Trough rain cells are larger, live for less time and possess lower rain intensities than the rain cells generated by the winter lows. The Cyprus low rain cells were found to be less intense and slightly larger on average than the shallow low rain cells. It was further discovered that the preferential orientation of the rain cells is associated with the direction and velocity of the wind. The effect of distance from the coastline was also examined. An increase in the number and area of the rain cells near the coastline was observed, presumably due to the sea breeze convection. The mean rainfall intensity was found to peak near the shore and decrease with distance inland. This information is of great importance for understanding rain patterns and can be further applied in exploring the hydrological responses of the basins in this region.
A statistical study of the central plasma sheet: Implications for substorm models

The University of Iowa Lepedea on board ISEE 1 is used to investigate the characteristics of the central plasma sheet under all levels of geomagnetic activity. Positive ion responses from 1 eV to 45 keV are used in this study. All the periods during 1978 when the central plasma sheet is encountered are included. Our study excludes all boundary layer samples. The results of this study show that the central plasma sheet consists of plasma with high thermal energy (several keV) but low bulk speeds. This remains true even during high geomagnetic activity. The main effect of increasing activity is heating of the plasma sheet, preferentially at the high-latitude boundaries.
NO CHANGES IN THE ACCOMMODATIVE STIMULUS-RESPONSE CURVE BUT VARIED LAG OF ACCOMMODATION AFTER A 30-MIN ELECTRONIC NEAR TASK UNDER FOUR DIFFERENT LIGHTING CONDITIONS AMONG MYOPIC YOUNG ADULTS

The prevalence of myopia is increasing worldwide, mainly in Asian countries. Light-emitting Diodes (LED) and low light levels used for homework after school was thought to contribute to myopia development. This study explored how near work and lighting affect the accommodation response. 30 myopic young Malay adults (18-23 years old) were recruited. The ASRC was measured after performing a 30-min near the electronic task at 20 cm using a binocular open-field autorefraction (Grand Seiko, Shin-Nippon) at 6.0 m, 1.0 m, 0.5 m, 0.33 m, 0.25 m, and 0.20 m under four different lighting conditions (Fluorescent 6500K, Fluorescent 3000K, LED 6500K, LED 3000K). A significant flattening in the ASRC gradient was noted when comparing pre and post-measures following the near-vision task for all lighting conditions (p < 0.01). ASRC gradient differences were not affected by lighting conditions (One-way repeated measure ANOVA F (3,87) = 0.84, p > 0.05). ASRC gradient was affected only after 30 minutes of near work F (3,87) = 0.049, p < 0.05). The increment in the accommodative inaccuracy was apparent following prolonged close work. Types of light were not imperative. This information on short-term exposure can be useful for interior light choice of buildings. The effect of long-term exposure requires further investigation.
Characterization of integrons, extended spectrum beta lactamases and genetic diversity among uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from Kerman, south east of Iran

Background and Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the distribution of genes encoding integrons, extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) in E. coli isolated from UTIs, as well as the genetic diversity among the isolates. Materials and Methods: E. coli isolates were recovered from the patients with UTI in Kerman Iran. Antibiotic susceptibility was done according to CLSI guidelines. The presence of ESBL genes and integrons was evaluated using PCR. PCR and sequencing were applied for the evaluation of cassette content of integrons. Genotyping of the isolates was performed by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Results: Imipenem was the most effective antibiotic, while the highest resistance was observed to streptomycin. In total 40.2% of isolates were ESBL producers. Of 69 integron-positive isolates, 59 only had class I integrons, 4 only had class II integrons and 6 had both types. The most common gene cassette found within class I integrons was dfrA17-aadA5 (n=27). The E. coli isolates were divided into 16 MLVA clusters. Conclusion: The current study demonstrated the simultaneous presence of class I integrons and ESBLs involved in the resistance of UPEC isolates to antibacterial agents. Our finding also revealed that the E. coli isolates belonged to diverse clones.
Three-dimensional modeling of tidal currents and mixing quantities over the Newfoundland Shelf

Major semidiurnal (M2, S2, and N2) and diurnal (K1 and O1) barotropic tides over the Newfoundland Shelf are computed using a three-dimensional nonlinear primitive equation model, with the vertical eddy viscosity calculated from a level 2.5 turbulence closure scheme. Computed elevation cotidal charts for the five constituents are generally consistent with previous knowledge for this region. Comparisons based on a statistical analysis of the differences between the computed elevations and currents and in situ observations indicate good agreement. While M2 tidal currents (up to 20–30 cm/s) are dominant, there are locally intensified diurnal currents (up to 5–10 cm/s) in some outer shelf locations. The diurnal current intensification is attributed to first-mode continental shelf waves. An examination is carried out for the vertical structure of the computed M2 current and for the temporal and spatial variability of model turbulent kinetic energy, mixing length scale, vertical eddy viscosity, and bottom friction velocity. The examination indicates that large vertical eddy viscosity magnitudes and bottom friction velocities are associated with strong currents in shallow regions, where strong vertical shears produce large turbulent kinetic energy. Solutions with both specified and evolving vertical stratification indicate that the stratification has a significant influence on the vertical profile of tidal mixing parameters and currents in shallow areas. Tidally induced turbulence is substantially reduced in the bottom boundary layer and completely suppressed above it. Tidal currents decrease in the log layer, increase significantly in the rest of the bottom boundary layer, and decrease in the upper and middle water column.
SEDIMENTOLOGICAL EVOLUTION AND NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY OF TERTIARY SEDIMENTS FROM THE CENTRAL NORTH SEA

In the North Sea well studied in this paper, the radioactive isotopes of U, Th and K are shown to control the variations in the gamma-log response. Th and K are associated with the clay fraction, while U is enriched in the silt fraction. In the volcaniclastic Palaeocene and Eocene beds, low gamma activity is due to a high content of volcanic debris poor in U and Th, while higher gamma activity in the younger beds indicates the decrease in volcaniclastic material.
Neurobehavioural and Histological Study of the Effects of Low-Dose and High-Dose Vanadium in Brain, Liver and Kidney of Mice.

Vanadium is a ubiquitous transition metal that has been generating contrasting research interest. Therapeutically, vanadium possess antidiabetic, antitumor, antiparasitic and even neuroprotective activities. On the flip side, vanadium has been reported to cause multisystemic toxicities with a strong predilection for the nervous system. Despite several reports on potential benefits of low-dose vanadium (LDV) and toxic effects of high-dose vanadium (HDV), there are no comparative studies done thus far. This study therefore explored the comparative effects of LDV and HDV exposure in mice during postnatal development. A total of nine (9) nursing mice were used in this study; with three nursing mice and their pups (n = 12 pups per group) randomly assigned to each of the three test groups. The nursing dam were given intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of vanadium at 0.15mg/kg and 3mg/kg for LDV and HDV respectively, and subseqently to the pups from postnatal day (PND) 15 till sacrifice on PND 90. We discovered that neurodevelopmental motor function test of mice-pups exposed to LDV here showed improved motor development, muscular strength and memory capacities whereas HDV led to motor function impairment, reduced muscular strength and memory capacities. LDV-exposed mice showed mild histological lesions in cerebral cortex whereas high-dose showed distinct histological lesions in different parts of the brain ranging from cerebellar Purkinje neuronal pathology (central chromatolysis), pyramidal neuronal loss in CA1 region, architectural distortion as well as fewer neurons in olfactory bulb. We saw mild lesions with LDV in both liver and kidney, however, with HDV exposure, there was diffuse hepatocellular vacuolar degeneration and congestion of blood vessels in liver, shrinkage of renal glomerulus and degenerated epithelial cells of kidney. Conclusively, beneficial effect of vanadium is proven as it facilitated body weight gain which translate in organ weight at low-dose, while high-dose caused decreased neurobehaviour and histological lesions.
Improved modeling of Lunar Prospector neutron spectrometer data: Implications for hydrogen deposits at the lunar poles

[1] New models have been computed for the Lunar Prospector (LP) thermal and epithermal neutron counting rates using the particle transport code MCNPX. This work improves upon previous studies by using one code to model the neutron production, transport, and detection processes, and by examining the sensitivity of epithermal neutrons to elements other than hydrogen. Our modeling results for standard anhydrous lunar soils show that when hydrogen is not included in a soil, epithermal neutrons are most sensitive to variations in the abundances of Fe, Gd, and Sm, which is consistent with measured epithermal neutron data. We use our current modeling results, in conjunction with known mineral compositions of lunar soils and other lunar global data sets to conclude that the best explanation for a decrease in the counting rate of epithermal neutrons near both lunar poles is the presence of hydrogen. We have further concluded that the average hydrogen abundance near both lunar poles is 100–150 ppm and is likely buried by 10 ± 5 cm of dry lunar soil, a result that is consistent with previous studies. The localized hydrogen abundance for small (<20 km) areas of permanently shaded regions remains highly uncertain and could range from 200 ppm H up to 40 wt% H2O in some isolated regions.
Hydrocarbon leakage above the Snøhvit gas field, Hammerfest Basin SW Barents Sea

Analysis of high resolution 3D seismic reflection data from the Snohvit and Albatross gas fields has provided insights into the nature and dynamics of the fluid flow plumbing system in the Hammerfest Basin. The area investigated is characterized by a high density of pockmarks up to 300 m wide, as well as giant pockmarks over 1 km wide, linked to regional faults and seismically defined chimneys. Thermogenic gas hydrates are inferred from the presence of a bottom-simulating reflector, while the fluids are thought to be sourced through regional tectonic faults from the deep reservoirs. Evidence of glacial erosion processes suggests that the focused fluid escape took place during the ice retreat on two separate occasions, when the pockmarks and seismic pipes are thought to have been formed by methane leakage from the decomposition of gas hydrates. This evidence of large numbers of fluid flow structures may indicate potential geohazards for future exploration, development, and carbon dioxide sequestration in the greater Snohvit area. Our results may be used as an analogue for other glacially influenced areas where hydrocarbon leakage is a major risk.
A thermal study of the formation of oceanic crust

Summary. The temperature distribution beneath an ocean ridge with a magma chamber solidifying to form the crustal layer 3 has been investigated by numerical methods. Assuming that water circulation rapidly cools layer 2 but does not penetrate deeper, it is found that a magma chamber forms provided that the half spreading rate exceeds about 0.45 cm y-' ; for slower rates instantaneous dyke-like solidification occurs down to the Moho beneath the ridge axis. Numerical models show that the width of the magma chamber and the thickness of the dyke complex depend on half-spreading rate. The width is about 20 km for 3 cm y-'. If there is significant crystal settling to form cumulates, the chamber width is much reduced. The resulting heat flow pattern is as follows: an outer zone where latent heat effects are negligible; a middle zone about twice as wide as the magma chamber where latent heat significantly contributes to the heat loss; a narrow axial zone where quenching of magma to form layer 2 provides the main heat loss. The computations support Cann's petrological model and suggest that the depth of water penetration at the accretion boundary defines the layer 2-layer 3 boundary.
Global Positioning System measurements of present‐day crustal movements in the Arabia‐Africa‐Eurasia plate collision zone

We present and interpret Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of crustal motions for the period 1988–1994 at 54 sites extending east-west from the Caucasus mountains of southern Russia, Georgia, and Armenia to the Aegean coast of Turkey and north-south from the southern edge of the Eurasian plate (Pontus block) to the northern edge of the Arabian platform. Viewed from a Eurasia-fixed reference frame, sites on the northern Arabian platform move N38±13°W at 20±3 mm/yr, roughly consistent with the velocity implied by NUVEL 1A circuit closure (N23±7°W at 24±2 mm/yr). The motion of Arabia appears to be transferred directly to the region of Turkey north of the suture. However, eastern Turkey is characterized by distributed deformation while central/western Turkey is characterized by coherent plate motion involving westward displacement and counterclockwise rotation of the Anatolian plate. Internal deformation within the central part of the Anatolian plate is less than 2 mm/yr. The Anatolian plate is decoupled from Eurasia along the right-lateral, strike-slip North Anatolian fault (NAF). This different response in eastern and western Turkey to the collision of Arabia may result from the different boundary conditions, the Hellenic arc forming a “free” boundary to the west and the Asian continent and oceanic lithosphere of the Black and Caspian Seas forming a resistant boundary to the north and east. We derive a best fitting Euler vector for Anatolia-Eurasia motion of 29.2±0.8°N, 32.9±0.4°, 1.3±0.1°/m.y. The mapped surface trace of the NAF corresponds well to a small circle about this pole. The new Euler vector implies an upper bound for NAF slip rate of 30±2 mm/yr (i.e., assuming all relative motion is accommodated along the NAF). Using the NUVEL 1A Euler vector for Arabia-Eurasia and the GPS Euler vector for Anatolia-Eurasia, we determine an Arabia-Anatolia Euler vector of 31±2°N, 45±2°E, 0.9±0.1 °/m.y. and an upper bound on the East Anatolian fault slip rate of 15±3 mm/yr. The Aegean Trough region of western Turkey deviates significantly from coherent plate rotation. In addition to rotating with Anatolia, this region shows roughly N-S extension at a rate of 14±5 mm/yr. Taken together with satellite laser ranging results along the Hellenic arc, the contemporary pattern of deformation indicates increasing motions toward the arc, suggesting that the westward displacement and counterclockwise rotation of Anatolia is driven both by “pushing” from the Arabian plate and by “pulling” or basal drag associated with the foundering African plate along the Hellenic subduction zone.
Global mapping of crustal and lithospheric thickness on Venus

[1] We have produced a high-resolution global admittance map of Venus using a spatiospectral localization technique, calculating 64,800 admittance spectra evenly spaced in latitude and longitude. We grouped the admittance spectra into 35 classes that we inverted for elastic, crustal, and lithospheric thickness using bottom-loading, top-loading, and short-wavelength top-loading models with long-wavelength bottom-loading (“hot spot”) models. Our best fit models identify 17 classes consistent with top loading (40% of the surface), 7 with bottom loading (39%), and 4 with a long-wavelength bottom-loading model (15%). The remaining seven classes (6% of the surface) generally had large-amplitude top-loading signatures that could not be fit with our models. For the classes that were successfully modeled the estimated range of crustal (0–90 km) and elastic thickness (0–100 km) is larger than results for most previous studies, primarily because of the incorporation of bottom loading. Nearly half of the planet has elastic thickness <20 km, which we cannot distinguish from isostasy, suggesting that these regions are tectonically inactive. A key finding is that the lithospheric properties typically vary over scales of 1000 km or less except in some plains and crustal plateau regions. Both the scale and range of crustal and elastic thickness variations indicate that Venus remains an active planet and that geologic processes may be more complex than previously recognized. In many regions the correlation with surface geology is not obvious, and this suggests that deformation of the lower lithosphere and crust may occur with little surface manifestation.
Need for Direct Measurements of Coupled Microbiological and Hydrological Processes at Different Scales in Porous Media Systems

Reactive transport models contain terms describing microbiological and hydrological processes that control fate and transport of contaminants in porous media. Most models assume that microbial reaction rate is independent of microbial biomass distribution or that biomass is uniformly distributed across media surfaces in a manner that mass transport does not limit reaction rate. Experimental data, as well as some computational models, however, suggest otherwise, indicating a need to experimentally establish how the coupling of microbial biomass and flow distribution influence microbial reaction rates. Nuclear magnetic resonance techniques offer the opportunity to quantify in three dimensions the coupling of microbial biomass and flow velocity distribution in opaque porous media at multiple scales in a noninvasive manner. Experimental data obtained with these techniques can be used to improve the accuracy of boundary conditions used by reactive transport models to predict contaminant fate and transport at the pore and core scales. Further improvements in surface and subsurface magnetic resonance techniques may allow future detection and measurement of microbial biomass distribution in the subsurface at the field scale.
The storm of november 1826 in the canary islands: possibly a tropical cyclone?

Abstract. This work analyses a storm that occurred in the Canary Islands early in November 1826. Through a study based on historical climate data, some of the adverse effects of the storm are described and some of the possible causes are discussed. The main goal of this work is to establish an approximate reconstruction of this historical event which will allow us to compare it to a recent meteorological event that had a great impact on the archipelago: “Tropical Storm Delta”, in November 2005. Studying and reviewing the origin of the 1826 storm verifies the hypothesis that extremely violent perturbations have not only occurred in the Canaries on other occasions, but that these past events were also more intense and had more serious consequences than Delta. Therefore, the idea that other tropical perturbations have occurred in the region of the Canary Islands before Delta is presented.