Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Retinoid Therapy for Neuroblastoma: Historical Overview, Regulatory Challenges, and Prospects

Simple Summary Tumor differentiation therapy using retinoids has a long history of clinical development and an established role as a part of the standard treatment for high-risk neuroblastoma. However, basic and clinical science related to this treatment is still immature in multiple respects. In the present review, we systematically expand on the basic and clinical science of retinoids for neuroblastoma treatment, off-label issues related to the treatment and possible countermeasures, and finally, prospects for this therapy. Abstract Retinoids are vitamin A derivatives and include trans-retinoic acid, isotretinoin, tamibarotene, and bexarotene, all of which are currently available for clinical use. The clinical development of retinoid therapy for neuroblastoma has a history spanning more than four decades. The most promising agent is isotretinoin, which can contribute to improving event-free survival in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma by approximately 10% when administered over six months as maintenance therapy. Although isotretinoin is regarded as an essential component in the standard clinical management of high-risk neuroblastoma, its use for this purpose in the US and EU is off-label. To promote isotretinoin use in Japan as a treatment for neuroblastoma, our clinical research team is planning to launch an investigator-initiated, registration-directed clinical trial. The present review article discusses the basic science behind retinoid therapy, pre-clinical/clinical evidence on neuroblastoma, the concept of the proposed clinical trial, and prospects for this therapy.
Geochemistry of cassiterite and its inclusions and exsolution products from tin and tungsten deposits in Portugal

Euhedral cassiterite from Sn-bearing granitic pegmatites and stanniferous quartz veins in Portugal shows sequences of altemating parallel darker and lighter zones. The darker zones are strongly pleochroic, oscillatorily zoned, and have more Nb, Ta and Fe than the lighter zones, which are nearly pure SnO2. Darker zones mainly show exsolved columbite-tantalite and ixiolite, rarely ferrotapiolite, rutile and locally, ilmenite, which are less abundant in lighter zones. Columbite-tantalite inclusions were infrequently found; they generally have combined Ti, Sn and W contents lower than those of exsolved columbite-tantalite. Compositional features differentiate the columbite-tantalite minerals and varieties of ixiolite. Cassiterite from W-Sn-bearing quartz veins is generally zoned; darker zones are commonly homogeneous and slightly pleochroic, but chemically similar to lighter zones. This cassiterite has mainly inclusions of rutile and locally of ilmenite. Exsolved rutile has similar or higher combined M, Ta, Sn, W, Fe, Mn contents than included rutile. Euhedral to subhedral grains of massive cassiterite from a volcanogenic deposit are slightly pleochroic, and their color deepens from yellow to dark brown with increasing Fe content; such cassiterite is devoid of inclusions and products of exsolution.
Transcriptome Profiling Reveals the Gene Network Responding to Low Nitrogen Stress in Wheat

As one of the essential nutrients for plants, nitrogen (N) has a major impact on the yield and quality of wheat worldwide. Due to chemical fertilizer pollution, it has become increasingly important to improve crop yield by increasing N use efficiency (NUE). Therefore, understanding the response mechanisms to low N (LN) stress is essential for the regulation of NUE in wheat. In this study, LN stress significantly accelerated wheat root growth, but inhibited shoot growth. Further transcriptome analysis showed that 8468 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) responded to LN stress. The roots and shoots displayed opposite response patterns, of which the majority of DEGs in roots were up-regulated (66.15%; 2955/4467), but the majority of DEGs in shoots were down-regulated (71.62%; 3274/4565). GO and KEGG analyses showed that nitrate reductase activity, nitrate assimilation, and N metabolism were significantly enriched in both the roots and shoots. Transcription factor (TF) and protein kinase analysis showed that genes such as MYB-related (38/38 genes) may function in a tissue-specific manner to respond to LN stress. Moreover, 20 out of 107 N signaling homologous genes were differentially expressed in wheat. A total of 47 transcriptome datasets were used for weighted gene co-expression network analysis (17,840 genes), and five TFs were identified as the potential hub regulatory genes involved in the response to LN stress in wheat. Our findings provide insight into the functional mechanisms in response to LN stress and five candidate regulatory genes in wheat. These results will provide a basis for further research on promoting NUE in wheat.
Spatial and temporal structure of choice representations in primate prefrontal cortex

Divergent accounts of how choices are represented by neural populations have led to conflicting explanations of the underlying mechanisms of decision-making, ranging from persistent, attractor-based dynamics to transient, sequence-based dynamics. To evaluate these mechanisms, we characterize the spatial and temporal structure of choice representations in large neural populations in prefrontal cortex. We find that the pronounced diversity of choice responses across neurons reflects only a few, mostly persistent population patterns recruited at progressively later times before and after a choice. Brief sequential activity occurs during a saccadic choice, but is entirely absent in a delay preceding it. The diversity of choice responses, which could result from almost-random connectivity in the underlying circuits, instead largely reflects the topographical arrangement of response-field properties across the cortical surface. This spatial organization appears to form a fixed scaffold upon which the context-dependent representations of task-specific variables often observed in prefrontal cortex can be learned.
The Prevalence Of Enamel Defects Among The Students Of Secondary School (Age 14-17) In Baghdad/Alrosafa

Aim of the study: To study the occurrence of enamel defects, the most common type and what gender is more affected on the students at the secondary school in Baghdad-Alrosafa. Materials and methods: Eight hundred and fifty students in the secondary school in Baghdad-Alrosafa were included in this study without any systemic disease with a 425 male and 425 female aging from 14 to 17 years old. A diagnostic instrument probe, mirror, gloves and tweezer were used. All students were examined clinically for the presence of enamel defect like enamel fluorosis, amelogenesis imperfecta, enamel erosion, abrasion and attrition. T-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Results of the current study showed a high percentage of enamel defect occurring in females than in males and a high significant difference recorded at 17 years old in enamel fluorosis with an enamel attrition recording a higher percentage than other anomalies. Conclusion: conclusion of study is that the enamel defect occurs in females more than males and molar teeth have a higher prevalence than other teeth. Attrition recorded a higher percentage than other defects followed by enamel fluorosis and the lower one is amelogenesis imperfacta.
Assessing cognitive biases induced by acute formalin or hotplate treatment: an animal study using affective bias test

Pain, a universal and burdensome condition, influences numerous individuals worldwide. It encompasses sensory, emotional, and cognitive facets, with recent research placing a heightened emphasis on comprehending pain’s impact on emotion and cognition. Cognitive bias, which encompasses attentional bias, interpretation bias, and memory bias, signifies the presence of cognitive distortions influenced by emotional factors. It has gained significant prominence in pain-related research. Human studies have shown that individuals experiencing pain exhibit cognitive bias. Similarly, animal studies have demonstrated cognitive bias in pain-induced states across various species and disease models. In this study, we aimed to investigate the memory bias displayed by rats experiencing acute pain, using the affective bias test (ABT) as a tool and administering either hotplate or formalin to induce acute pain. Our data showed that rats demonstrated a significant preference for the control treatment-related substrate over the substrate associated with formalin treatment (p < 0.001), an indication of the prominent memory bias stimulated by acute formalin injections. However, when exposed to substrates related to hotplate treatment and control treatment, the acute pain induced by the hotplate treatment failed to generate a statistically significant choice bias in rats (p = 0.674). Our study demonstrates that the negative emotions associated with acute pain can be reflected by memory bias in ABT, at least for formalin-induced acute pain. This finding will augment our comprehension of the emotional and cognitive aspects of acute pain.
Microbiome-Mediated Strategies to Manage Major Soil-Borne Diseases of Tomato

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is consumed globally as a fresh vegetable due to its high nutritional value and antioxidant properties. However, soil-borne diseases can severely limit tomato production. These diseases, such as bacterial wilt (BW), Fusarium wilt (FW), Verticillium wilt (VW), and root-knot nematodes (RKN), can significantly reduce the yield and quality of tomatoes. Using agrochemicals to combat these diseases can lead to chemical residues, pesticide resistance, and environmental pollution. Unfortunately, resistant varieties are not yet available. Therefore, we must find alternative strategies to protect tomatoes from these soil-borne diseases. One of the most promising solutions is harnessing microbial communities that can suppress disease and promote plant growth and immunity. Recent omics technologies and next-generation sequencing advances can help us develop microbiome-based strategies to mitigate tomato soil-borne diseases. This review emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to understanding the utilization of beneficial microbiomes to mitigate soil-borne diseases and improve crop productivity.
Licensed to Kill: Towards Natural Killer Cell Immunotherapy

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is often the final treatment modality for patients with leukemia or other hematological malignancies (Schaap et al., 1997; Thomas & Blume, 1999). However, relapse of the underlying malignancy is still a major complication post SCT. To prevent the occurrence of relapse post SCT, patients are treated with pre-emptive donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) consisting of donor-derived T cells from the same donor used for allogeneic SCT in order to boost the donor-derived immune system to terminally eradicate residual tumour cells (Barge et al., 2003; Peggs et al., 2004; Schaap et al., 2001). Unfortunately, DLI treatment using donor-derived T cells does not only provoke graftversus-leukemia (GVL) reactivity, but also increases the risk for the development of graftversus-host disease (GVHD). Thus, post allogeneic SCT, long-term remission is still greatly dependent on effective GVL reactivity, while strictly controlling GVHD. Therefore, the development of treatment strategies augmenting GVL reactivity while reducing GVHD is of clinical importance. In allogeneic SCT, natural killer (NK) cells have shown to play an important role in GVL reactivity within the first months after transplantation (Cook et al., 2004; Giebel et al., 2006; Ruggeri et al., 2002; van der Meer et al., 2008). Ruggeri et al. showed that alloreactive donor NK cells were able to lyse recipient tumour cells in vitro, implying that these NK cells may be able to provide immune reactivity by targeting residual tumour cells still present in the recipient (Ruggeri et al., 1999). Moreover, fast recovery of NK cells and predicted GVL reactivity towards host tumour cells has been associated with reduced GVHD, decreased relapse rates, and better overall survival of the patient (Kim et al., 2005a; Kim et al., 2006; Ruggeri et al., 2007; Savani et al., 2007). Altogether, this makes NK cells important candidates for immunotherapeutic use in the treatment of leukemia and other malignancies.
The Geological Evolution of the Canning Basin - Implications for Petroleum Exploration

The northern Canning Basin contains a large northwest-trending rift, the Fitzroy Graben, which is flanked by down-faulted and tilted basement blocks. The rift is bounded on its southern margin by the rem(cid:8226) nants of a pre-rift arch of shallow basement. The latter gradually deepens to the south where it underlies a large(cid:8226) ly unfaulted extra-arch basin. The development of the Fitzroy Graben, from the Silurian to the Early Carboniferous, provided the depositional setting for both carbonate and clastic sediments which contain a variety of potential reservoir and sealing facies. Maturation modelling shows that traps on the shelves flanking the graben are particular(cid:8226) ly attractive exploration targets because they would have had access to any oil generated by potential Upper Devonian-Lower Carboniferous source intervals along the margins of the graben. Near the centre of the graben, oil from these intervals would have been mostly generated before the formation of the large intra-graben anticlines. To the south, in more stable tectonic car(cid:8226) and evaporite sedimentation dominated from the Ordovician into the Devonian forming variable, but locally good, potential reservoirs and seals. Algal-rich Ordovician shales have been oil-mature over most of the southern Canning Basin for at least the last 200 MY. These regional concepts, when calibrated against the observed occurrences of oil and gas, provide working hypotheses for the development of more specific plays and prospects.
Determining interspecific interactions between the dominant macrophytes of tropical, atlantic seagrass meadows

OF THE THESIS DETERMINING INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE DOMINANT MACROPHYTES OF TROPICAL, ATLANTIC SEAGRASS MEADOWS, by Braxton C. Davis Florida International University, 1998 Miami, Florida Professor James W. Fourqurean, Major Professor Though often suggested in seagrass literature, interactions between abundant rhizophytic macroalgae and coexisting tropical seagrasses have not been directly examined. Based on a competitive interaction hypothesis, I first tested for negative correlations between species densities over large and small spatial scales. After finding negative correlations, I tested experimentally for a competitive interaction by manipulating the relative densities of the locally dominant seagrass and a representative macroalga. Based on significant growth responses to density manipulations, I demonstrated that these species are likely competing for some limiting resource, possibly nitrogen. This study contributes to a better understanding of processes that dictate community composition in these systems. CHAPTER TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE L INTRODUCTION****. Dominant Macrophytes in Tropical Atlantic Seagrass Meadows. ». 3 Morphologies, Life Histories, and Resource Acquisition Strategies.4 Possible Species Interactions. 12 A Spatial Competition Hypothesis. 13 A Two-Part Study. 15 Part I: Observational Data. 15 Part II: Field Experiment. 20 II. MACROPHYTE DISTRIBUTION WITHIN THE FLORIDA KEYS NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY: DETERMINING LARGE AND SMALL-SCALE SPATIAL PATTERNS. *. 21 Abstract. 21 Large-scale Abundance Distributions. 23 Small-scale Density Patterns. 24 Materials and Methods. 29 Large-scale Spatial Analysis. 31 Small-scale Spatial Analysis. 31 Results. 36 Discussion. 48 III. DETERMINING SPECIES INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE TROPICAL ALGA, HÁLIMEDÁ INCRASSATA, AND THE SEAGRASS, THALASSIA TESTUDINUM,. 53 Abstract. 53 Materials and Methods. 58 Results. 65 Discussion. 81 IV. CONCLUSIONS. 85 LIST OF REFERENCES. Table Page 1* Relative seagrass life expectancies and growth rates. 7 2. Correlation matrix of seagrass and macroalgal densities.46 3. Correlation matrix of seagrass and macroalgal densities.47 4* Experimental design showing number of plots per treatment. 5 9 5* C omparison of net production by individual thalli and shoots. 6 8 6. ANOVA results for growth rate comparisons, H. incrassata.70 7* ANOVA results for growth rate comparisons, H. incrassata.70 8* ANOVA results for dry weight comparisons, H. incrassata.12 9. ANOVA results for dry weight comparisons, H. incrassata. 72 10. ANOVA results for production rate comparisons, T. testudinum.76 11* ANOVA results for La. production comparisons, T. testudinum.11 12. ANOVA results for dry weight comparisons, T. testudinum.78 13. ANOVA results for leaf tissue C:N comparisons, T. testudinum.19 14. ANOVA results for substrate-level irradiance comparisons. 80 LIST OF TABLES
Somatosensory Mismatch Response in Patients with Cerebral Palsy

Background: Mismatch negativity (MMN), an event-related potential (ERP) component occurring at specific recording sites and latency, is associated with an automatic change detection response, generally elicited using oddball paradigms wherein infrequent stimuli are embedded in repeated, frequent stimuli. To verify the presence of mismatch-related ERP responses to somatosensory stimulation in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP), we conducted a preliminary study involving healthy participants and patients with CP. Methods: Both groups underwent ‘frequent’ and ’infrequent’ stimulation applied to the ring finger and thumb of their left hand, respectively. ERPs were recorded at frontal, central, and parietal scalp locations using electroencephalography. A healthy cohort tested the experimental protocol and showed evidence that mismatch-related ERP responses were observable. Subsequent analysis focused on the patient group. Results: Statistically significant differences between the two types of stimuli were observed on the frontocentral and parietal channels between 150 and 250 ms after the stimulus onset in the patient group. Furthermore, a late discriminative response was observed in the frontal and parietal channels. Conclusion: The results demonstrate the presence of mismatch-related ERP responses in individuals with CP.
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and role of GINSENG as a Prevention and Control.

Introduction: Diabetes is one of the most challenging diseases of this era. Improper dietary habits and sedentary life style are considered as the foundation stone for metabolic disorders including diabetes. Intake of large amount of animal fat leads to insulin resistance (IR) and oxygen radical formation.IR leads to increase glucose level in blood resulting in diabetes mellitus.Objectives: This experimental study was intended to correlate high fat diet re-sulting in weight gain to diabetes and emphasized the role of ginsenoside in reduc-ing body weight and blood glucose level by both increasing insulin secretion as well as increasing the sensitivity of insulin receptors.Methodology: This is an experiment study on animal model, conducted at DUHS during the year 2017. It comprises of 50 male Albino Wister rats. They were divided into 5 groups for study purpose. Group1 was put on normal balanced diet and serve as control, while other 4 groups were treated with different diet. The ani-mals were sacrificed after 12 weeks; blood sugar was monitored weekly for 12 weeks and finally at the end of experiment, there blood sugar level were estimated. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS 16, using ANOVA test to evaluate the significance among groups. P-Value < 0.05 was considered as significant.Results: The collected data was interpreted as Mean ± S.D. The results revealed that high fat diet increases blood glucose level, remarkably increase body weight as well as liver weight. By the administration of ginseng root extract significant de-crease in body weight, liver weight and blood glucose levels was observed in dose dependent manner.Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that high fat diet (HFD) is a major cause of metabolic syndrome including diabetes. It can be prevented by changing life style and introducing ginseng as anti-diabetic agent in obese.Key Words: Diabetic mellitus, body weight, Ginsenoside
Histological effects of the use of chewing tobacco during pregnancy on ovaries of the offspring of rats.

Introduction: Exposure to smokeless tobacco products (Nicotine) is associatedwith the generation of reactive oxygen species, modulation of inflammatory mediators, inhibition of collagen synthesis and impairment of DNA repair capacity whichin some way may cause harmful effects on the ovaries of the offspring.Objectives: To observe the effects of chewing tobacco on the gross morphologicaland histological alterations on the ovaries of offspring’s rats.Methodology: Twenty pregnant rats were divided in two groups: Group. A(Control) 10 pregnant rats received normal diet and water ad libitum. Group. B(Experimental) 10 pregnant rats received 5% tobacco mixed with normal feed andwater ad libitum. After 21 days, the female offspring of both control and experimental groups were sacrificed, ovaries removed and stained with H&E stains formicroscopic examination.Results: The results clearly showed that smokeless tobacco consumption duringgestation reduces the weight and size of ovary along with the congested blood vessels, compact stroma and degenerative primordial follicles. Hence the practice ofchewing tobacco in mothers is directly related to the adverse effects in offspringhealth and ovaries. Key words: Chewing Tobacco, Offspring, Ovaries, Rats.