Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modelling landslides in unsaturated slopes subjected to rainfall infiltration using material point method

This paper presents a dynamic fully coupled formulation for saturated and unsaturated soils that undergo large deformations based on material point method. Governing equations are applied to porous material while considering it as a continuum in which the pores of the solid skeleton are filled with water and air. The accuracy of the developed method is tested with available experimental and numerical results. The developed method has been applied to investigate the failure and post‐failure behaviour of rapid landslides in unsaturated slopes subjected to rainfall infiltration using two different bedrock geometries that lie below the top soil. The models show different failure and post‐failure mechanisms depending on the bedrock geometry and highlight the negative effects of continuous rain infiltrations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smart Things Strange Again: Using Walking as a Method for Studying Subjective Experiences of Smart

Smart cities are commonly seen as places that are defined by surveillance because of their reliance on vast amounts of digital data to improve urban management challenges. Although the infrastructures and technologies that enable smart city surveillance pervade multitudinous urban spaces and everyday practices, they are often “hiding in plain sight,” going unnoticed in the bustle of everyday life. Hence, fostering research settings where citizens can productively reflect on their everyday surveillance constitutes a major challenge for the interrelated projects of doing empirical research about subjective experiences of smart city surveillance and the inclusion of citizens in smart city discussions. Drawing on walking as a method, this study attempts to meet this challenge by developing and empirically testing a methodology of purposive “data walking. ” Situating the research in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, participants are instructed to identify data points for public safety purposes on a short walk through the city and reflect on their experiences. Observations and experiences of smart city surveillance are documented with photos, text descriptions, and audio notes, which are shared in real-time with researchers and provide the basis for group reflections. These walks and reflections generate rich visual and textual data that yield insights into embodied and situated constructions of smart city surveillance as an object of subjective inquiry, experiences of visibility, considerations of agency and evaluations of public safety implications. The study considers these empirical results in conjunction with reflections on the methodology, contributing to further methodological explorations for including citizens in smart city discussions and surveillance subjectivity research.
A Theory of Debt Maturity and Innova@on

I propose a theory of debt maturity as an incentive device to motivate innovation when contracts are fundamentally incomplete and shaped by ex-post renegotiation. The ﬁnancing of innovative ﬁrms must balance two goals. On the one hand, since innovation is inherently risky, the entrepreneur must receive adequate protection after failure. Simultaneously, the ﬁrm must be liquidated when its assets can be redeployed more e � ciently elsewhere. Meeting these two goals can be especially challenging when contracts are incomplete. I show how an appropriate choice of debt maturity, together with ex-post contract renegotiation, embeds a ”put option” into the ﬁrm’s capital structure. The put is exercised when liquidation is e � cient, and it partially insures the entrepreneur against failure and thus motivates innovation. The theory has novel empirical implications for the ﬁnancing patterns of innovative ﬁrms.
Innovativeness and Church Commitment: What Innovations Were Innovativeness and Church Commitment: What Innovations Were Most Important During the Pandemic? Most Important During the Pandemic?

The COVID-19 pandemic created an unprecedented need for innovations in churches around the world. Organizational innovativeness, a precursor of successful innovations in organizational contexts, is rarely studied in churches. This study of American church attenders (N = 244) found that perceived innovativeness of churches (conceived of as the elements of a church’s culture which promote innovation, specifically, creativity, organizational openness, future orientation, risk-taking, and proactiveness) was a very strong predictor of church commitment (conceived of as intentions to stay in the church, r = .60, p < .001). Of the moderators examined in this study (membership tenure, age of participant, church size, and gender), only gender moderated this relationship; the relationship between perceived innovativeness and church commitment was stronger for females than for males. This suggests that innovations that facilitated relationship development and relationship maintenance had the greatest impact on church commitment during the pandemic.
University of Birmingham The interaction of ethnicity and deprivation on COVID-19 mortality risk

Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) populations are at an increased risk of developing COVID‑19 and consequentially more severe outcomes compared to White populations. The aim of this study was to quantify how much of the disproportionate disease burden can be attributed to ethnicity and deprivation as well as its interaction. An ecological study was conducted using data derived from the Office for National Statistics data at a Local Authority District (LAD) level in England between 1st March and 17th April 2020. The primary analysis examined how age adjusted COVID‑19 mortality depends on ethnicity, deprivation, and the interaction between the two using linear regression. The secondary analysis using spatial regression methods allowed for the quantification of the extent of LAD spillover effect of COVID‑19 mortality. We find that in LADs with the highest deprivation quartile, where there is a 1 percentage point increase in “Black‑African (regression coefficient 2.86; 95% CI 1.08–4.64)”, “Black‑Caribbean (9.66: 95% CI 5.25–14.06)” and “Bangladeshi (1.95: 95% CI 1.14–2.76)” communities, there is a significantly higher age‑adjusted COVID‑19 mortality compared to respective control populations. In addition, the spatial regression results indicated positive significant correlation between the age‑adjusted mortality in one LAD and the age‑adjusted mortality in a neighbouring LAD, suggesting a spillover effect. Our results suggest targeted public health measures to support those who are deprived and belong to BAME communities as well as to encourage restricted movement between different localities to limit disease propagation. The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2
Foreign aid to agriculture: Review of facts and analysis

This paper seeks to provide a consistent and comparable set of data on the trends in the provision of aid to agriculture over time within the framework of changes in the pattern of sectoral distribution of total development aid. Furthermore, it examines the factors, relating both to the agriculture sector itself and to the priorities and allocation processes of the total aid, which may account for the decline in aid to agriculture over the past two decades or more. It analyzes how in recent years the agricultural sector, as conventionally defined, and investments in the sector are increasingly incorporated in the new and wider concepts of food security and rural development as well as investments in them. In the end, the paper evaluates in the foregoing context the various commitments of the quantitative targets of aid made by the donors in the period following the post-2007 food crisis for agricultural development and food security.
Identifying groundwater contributions to baseflow in a temperate headwater catchment

Identifying Groundwater Contributions to Baseflow in a Temperate Headwater Catchment by Shantar Zuidema University of New Hampshire, May 2011 Inter-storm streamflow, or baseflow, is commonly assumed to be generated directly from groundwater discharge to the stream network. In moderate-relief terrain of New England, wetlands are important in stream function. The assumption that streamflow is generated from groundwater discharge from a headwater catchment containing 11% wetland or pond area coverage was tested using stable isotopes of water. Binary end-member mixing analysis showed that 18 to 30% of streamflow at the catchment outlet (less than 50% at 95% confidence) was generated from groundwater; the remainder was derived from outflow from an upstream wet meadow. Results from the wet meadow water and isotopic mass balance suggest <27% of meadow outflow was accommodated by groundwater inflows. Increasing isotopic enrichment correlates more strongly with stream length within wetlands (p = 0.005) than catchment wetland area (p = 0.04); ranking catchments by the same metric also distinguishes catchments by their relative
Explaining Turnover Intention in State Government

This article tests a model of turnover intention on a large sample of Texas state employees focusing on four issues. First, the findings support a life cycle stability hypothesis, which suggests that age, experience, and geographic preferences reduce turnover intention, an effect compounded by economic/familial constraints for primary wage earners and members of large households. Second, contrary to previous research, the results show that females are significantly less likely to state an intention to quit. This finding reflects changing patterns of labor force participation, as well as the particular advantages that the public sector offers female employees. Third, the results distinguish between the relative contributions of three overlapping concepts: organizational loyalty, voice, and empowerment. Organizational loyalty and empowerment reduce turnover intention, but voice is not a significant factor. Finally, the article provides a detailed test of different personnel policies, providing particular support for diversity policies.
Species-area curves and the geometry of nature

Introduction It is widely appreciated that species distributions and biodiversity can be strongly related to environmental factors. Likewise, it is recognized that increasing environmental heterogeneity with area is one of the determinants of species–area relationships. However, few theoretical treatments of species–area relationships specifically address how biodiversity’s increase with scale should be related to the geometry of the environment. I hypothesize that this geometry is the underlying reason for the triphasic species–area curve.
Edinburgh Research Explorer Different dimensions of cognitive style in typical and atypical cognition

We developed the Sussex Cognitive Styles Questionnaire (SCSQ) to investigate visual and verbal processing preferences and incorporate global/local processing orientations and systemising into a single, comprehensive measure. In Study 1 ( N = 1542), factor analysis revealed six reliable subscales to the final 60 item questionnaire: Imagery Ability (relating to the use of visual mental imagery in everyday life); Technical/Spatial (relating to spatial mental imagery, and numerical and technical cognition); Language & Word Forms ; Need for Organisation ; Global Bias ; and Systemising Tendency . Thus, we replicate previous findings that visual and verbal styles are separable, and that types of imagery can be subdivided. We extend previous research by showing that spatial imagery clusters with other abstract cognitive skills, and demonstrate that global/local bias can be separated from systemising. Study 2 validated the Technical/Spatial and Language & Word Forms factors by showing that they affect performance on memory tasks. In Study 3, we validated Imagery Ability , Technical/Spatial , Language & Word Forms , Global Bias , and Systemising Tendency by issuing the SCSQ to a sample of synaesthetes ( N = 121) who report atypical cognitive profiles on these subscales. Thus, the SCSQ consolidates research from traditionally disparate areas of cognitive science into a comprehensive cognitive style measure, which can be used in the general population, and special populations.
Therapeutic effect of hepatocellular carcinoma-targeting liposome delivery system loaded with c [ RGDyk ] modified combretastatin A-4 and adriamycin : a pharmacodynamics study

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of long-circulating liposome drug carrier systems encapsulated with c[RGDyk]-modified combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) and adriamycin for targeted treatment of liver cancer. Method: In vitro drug release was monitored using HPLC and UV spectrophotometer; cellular drug content was analyzed using flow cytometry and immune fluorescence spectrophotometry. Blood drug concentration in mice was measured to determine the clearance rate and immunohistochemistrial studied were preformed to investigate micro vessel density (MVD). Mouse models were used to compare the effect of different drug loading systems on tumor inhibition and the weight of mice. Results: The in vitro release rate of CA-4 was faster than that of adriamycin; adriamycin encapsulated in liposomes could improve the cell’s uptake of the drug, delay its clearance in mice, but did not affect the normal metabolism of encapsulated adriamycin. c[RGDyk]-L-[CD] encapsulated adriamycin significantly inhibited angiogenesis and generated the strongest tumor-inhibitory effect with the least impact on the body weight of mice. Conclusion: c[RGDyk]-L-[CD] can reduce angiogenesis in tumor, increase intracellular drug concentration, enhance anti-tumor activity and reduce drug toxicity.
The Effects of the RAW Filter on the Climatology and Forecast Skill of the SPEEDY Model

In a recent study, Williams introduced a simple modification to the widely used Robert‐Asselin (RA) filter for numerical integration. The main purpose of the Robert‐Asselin‐Williams (RAW) filter is to avoid the undesirednumericaldampingofthe RAfilterandto increasetheaccuracy.Inthe presentpaper,the effectsof the modification are comprehensively evaluated in the Simplified Parameterizations, Primitive Equation Dynamics (SPEEDY) atmospheric generalcirculation model. First, the authors search for significant changes in the monthly climatology due to the introduction of the new filter. After testing both at the local level and at the field level, no significant changes are found, which is advantageous in the sense that the new scheme does not require a retuning of the parameterized model physics. Second, the authors examine whether the new filter improves the skill of short- and medium-term forecasts. January 1982 data from the NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis are used to evaluate the forecast skill. Improvements are found in all the model variables (except the relative humidity, which is hardly changed). The improvements increase with lead time and are especially evident in medium-range forecasts (96‐144 h). For example, in tropical surface pressure predictions, 5-day forecasts made using the RAW filter have approximately the same skill as 4-day forecasts made using the RA filter. The results of this work are encouraging for the implementation of the RAW filter in other models currently using the RA filter.
8. Possible Prehistoric Fishing Effects On Coastal Marine Food Webs In The Gulf Of Maine

most productive marine ecosystems. Its coastal codfish stocks attracted European colonists, including the Pilgrims at Plymouth, Massachusetts, on the shores of the then appropriately named Cape Cod. Today, however, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and virtually all large-bodied fishes are rare and “ecologically extinct” (sensu Estes et al. 1989) from coastal zones of the Gulf of Maine. The decline of cod and other groundfishes is widely believed to be the result of overfishing (Jackson et al. 2001). Further, because cod were the dominant predator in Gulf of Maine waters (Steneck and Carlton 2001) their functional absence affects the entire ecosystem. Declines in apex predators release prey species at lower trophic levels, so mesopredators and herbivores often increase in abundance, becoming new fisheries targets (Jackson et al. 2001; Steneck and Sala 2005; Steneck et al. 2004). This process is known as “fishing down marine food webs” (Pauly et al. 1998). Conventional wisdom assumes that fish stocks remained “pristine” until targeted by commercial fishing fleets to supply foreign markets, thus initiating a historical process of fishing down the marine food web (e.g., Jackson et al. 2001; Lotze et al. 2006). Thus, in the western North Atlantic a pristine state—one unaffected by human activity—is assumed to have persisted until European contact (Jackson et al. 2001; Lotze and Milewski 2004). Archaeological studies in the Aleutians (Simenstad et al. 1978), California (Erlandson et al. 2004, 2005), and the Caribbean (Wing and Wing 2001), however, have presented compelling evidence for prehistoric declines of apex predators due to fishing. If such prehistoric effects were widespread, then perhaps we will have to reset our timeline for when coastal ecosystems first departed from their pristine baseline (Erlandson and Fitzpatrick 2006; see also Erlandson and Rick, this volume). In this chapter, we present archaeological and isotope data from a coastal site in Maine that suggests localized fishing down of nearshore coastal food webs may have begun thousands of years before European colonization. Specifically, we report on changes in the relative abundance of faunal remains in the well-preserved and best-studied midden in coastal Maine, the Turner Farm site in Penobscot Bay. We also use stable nitrogen and
Journal of Population Therapeutics & Clinical Pharmacology

Background: With the world widely increasing burden of neurodevelopmental disorders in general and ADHD in particular the need for more studies about its risk and protective factors becomes urgent, working in this research area will enable us to find better ways to reduce incidence of ADHD. Results: To assess possible risk and protective factors of ADHD in children in Damietta governorate this case-control study included100 ADHD patients and 100 matched controls, 70% males and 30% females, aged between 3 and 18 years, patients were recruited from specialized institutions and controls from regular schools in Damietta in a period of 6 months, the study suggested some risk factors for ADHD as residence in urban areas, parental consanguinity, prenatal maternal active or passive exposure to tobacco smoke, regular maternal psychoactive drugs intake, maternal high intake of sugar, family exposure to furniture paints, family regular intake of food additives, having a sibling with ADHD, and some protective factors which are regular maternal iron intake, folic acid intake, and omega3 intake during pregnancy. Conclusion: Risk factors revealed by the study for ADHD are residence in urban areas, parental consanguinity, prenatal maternal active or passive exposure to tobacco smoke, regular maternal psychoactive drugs intake, maternal high intake of sugar, family exposure to furniture paints, family regular intake of food additives, having a sibling with ADHD and protective factors are regular maternal iron intake, folic acid intake, and omega3 intake during pregnancy.
Climatic and environmental changes over the past about 300 years recorded by lake sediments in Taro Co,southwestern Tibetan Plateau

The 34 cm sediment core,which was recovered from Taro Co,southwestern Tibetan Plateau,was investigated.The multiple indicators in the sediment including the contents of total organic carbon,inorganic carbon,total nitrogen,trace elements and n-alkanes and the ratio of carbon and nitrogen contents were measured.Sedimentation age and rate were analyzed by the method of excessive 210Pb and 137Cs dating in order to obtain the continuous sequence of lake sedimentary environment over the past about 300 years.On condition that definitely understanding the climatic and environmental implications of the indicators,the indicators in sediment core were analyzed synthetically and comparatively.Then,the climatic and environmental changes in the region of Taro Co over the past about 300 years were reconstructed according to the dating results.The results showed that the climatic and environmental changes of Taro Co Region could be divided into three obvious stages.In the early stage from 1705 to 1778,the climate,which was warm and humid,fitted the vegetation best in the region.In the middle stage from 1778 to 1860,the last Little Ice Age came,and climate was wet and cold,and the growth of vegetation stopped in the region.In the last stage since 1860,the climate was warm and dry after the Little Ice Age in the region,and the stage could be divided into three small stages: from 1860 to 1924,the climate was dry and a little warm,and the vegetation grew a little;from 1924 to 1969,the climate was a little cold and dry,and the growth of vegetation stopped;since 1969,the climate was warm,and the drought was improved,and the vegetation grew gradually.The cold and warm alternately recorded by the sediments in Taro Co were highly consistent with that recorded by ice core in Guliya and lake sediments in Qinghai Lake;however,there were differences in the beginning and end years of the stages.
1 Population based hospitalization burden of laboratory-confirmed 2 hand, foot and mouth disease caused by multiple enterovirus serotypes 3 in southern China

32 Background. Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is spread widely across Asia, and 33 the hospitalization burden is as yet not well understood. Here, we estimated serotype-34 specific and age-specific hospitalization rates of HFMD in Southern China. 35 Methods. We enrolled pediatric patients admitted to 3/3 county-level hospitals and 36 3/23 township level hospitals in Anhua county, Hunan (CN) with HFMD, and collected 37 samples to identify enterovirus serotypes by RT-PCRs between October 2013 and 38 September 2016. The information of other eligible but un-enrolled patients were 39 retrospectively collected from the same six hospitals.
Abortion Access and Risky Sex Among Teens: Parental Abortion Access and Risky Sex Among Teens: Parental Involvement Laws and Sexually Transmitted Diseases Involvement Laws and Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Laws requiring minors to seek parental consent or to notify a parent prior to obtaining an abortion raise the cost of risky sex for teenagers. Assuming choices to engage in risky sex are made rationally, parental involvement laws should lead to less risky sex among teens, either because of a reduction of sexual activity altogether or because teens will be more fastidious in the use of birth con-trol ex ante . Using gonorrhea rates among older women to control for unobserved heterogeneity across states, our results indicate that the enactment of parental involvement laws signiﬁcantly reduces risky sexual activity among teenage girls. We estimate reductions in gonorrhea rates of 20% for Hispanics and 12% for whites. Although we ﬁnd a relatively small reduction in rates for black girls, it is not statistically signiﬁcant. We speculate that the racial heterogeneity has to do with differences in family structure across races.