Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CFL-IDS: An Effective Clustered Federated Learning Framework for Industrial Internet of Things Intrusion Detection

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) offers the manufacturing sector opportunities for transformation and upgrade but also carries significant security risks. Traditional federated learning (FL) as a potential security solution is challenging in complicated application environments with heterogeneous data, imbalanced data, and poisoning attacks. To address these challenges, we construct a clustered FL Framework for IIoT intrusion detection (CFL-IDS) based on local models’ evaluation metrics (EMs). First, we designed an intrusion detection model with a dynamic focal loss (DFL) for all edge nodes (ENs). This model’s performance is enhanced under various imbalanced data partitions by dynamically altering the focus on samples during the loss minimization training process. Second, the time series of EMs of local models to reflect the data distribution of ENs implicitly, and use clustering algorithms to facilitate knowledge sharing among those ENs with similar data distribution to co-optimize a common model for them. Finally, an intelligent cooperative model aggregation mechanism (ICMAM) adaptively adjusts each local model’s weight distribution, which substantially improves the benefits of FL and alleviates subpar models’ alleviates interference from subpar models to FL. Experiments demonstrate that CFL-IDS has stronger robustness and displays superior performance under data imbalance and non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) situations while being effective against poisoning attacks.
Observation of a mass independent oxygen isotopic composition in terrestrial stratospheric CO2, the link to ozone chemistry, and the possible occurrence in the Martian atmosphere

Multi-isotope (δ17O and δ18O) measurements of stratospheric CO2 and 14CO are reported. Samples were acquired from altitudes in excess of 11.5 km from Christchurch, New Zealand to the South Pole. A mass independent isotopic variation is observed in CO2, the magnitude of which correlates well with 14CO concentration, indicating a stratospheric source of the effect. The component arises from isotopic exchange between the product of O3 photolysis, O(¹D) and CO2 thus providing a unique measure of ozone photolysis and turnover. A similar process may occur in the Martian atmosphere, as suggested by water isotopic measurements from SNC meteorites.
Impacts of post‐glacial rebound on landslide spatial distribution at a regional scale in northern Iceland (Skagafjörður)

In de‐glaciated areas, para‐glaciation (i.e. the conditioning of landscapes by prior glaciation) has often been considered a major predisposing factor in landslide occurrence; its consequences have been particularly well identified at a fine scale (especially on bedrock jointing). Hitherto, the relative impacts of para‐glaciation on hillslope dynamics at a regional scale had nevertheless not been quantified statistically. We examine Skagafjörður area (northern Iceland) where landslides are widespread (at least 108 were mapped in an area of c. 3000 km2). We compare the role of para‐glaciation (debuttressing, influence of post‐glacial rebound) with that of classic factors (topography, lithology, etc.) in landslide occurrence and location, using a spatial analysis based on a chi‐square test. On the one hand, the results highlight that landslides are over‐represented in areas where post‐glacial rebound was at its maximum, with a stronger concentration of landslides in the northern part of the fjord. On the other hand, the distribution of landslides did not show any clear relationship with the pattern of glacial debuttressing. Tschuprow coefficient highlights that the influence of post‐glacial rebound on landslide location is higher than the combined influence of slope gradient, curvature or geological structure. This result is supported by our initial evidence for the timing of landslides in the area: most landslides occurred during the first half of the Holocene, and a period of hillslope instability was initiated when the post‐glacial uplift was at its maximum. Finally, the mechanisms that link post‐glacial rebound and landsliding as well as the geomorphic impacts of landslides, are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of a Supramaximal Intermittent Training Program on Aerobic and Anaerobic Running Measures in Junior Male Soccer Players

This study investigated the effectiveness of supplementing regular preseason soccer training with a supramaximal intermittent shuttle-run training (ISRT) model prescribed from Carminatti’s Test peak speed (PST-CAR) in aerobic performance-related indices and sprinting speed in male junior soccer players. Twenty-three national-level soccer players (mean ± SD; age 18.07 ± 0.9 y, body height 1.76 ± 0.65 m, body mass 71.9 ± 8.7 kg) were assigned to either an experimental group (EG; n = 13) performing ISRT + soccer training or a control group (CG; n = 10) that followed regular preseason soccer training alone. The following tests were applied before and after the eight-week training intervention: (i) incremental treadmill tests (VO2max and lactate minimum speed – LMS); (ii) linear 30-m sprint test and Carminatti’s Test (PST-CAR). Results indicated larger gains for the EG in LMS (Δ = 9.53% vs. 2.82%) and PST-CAR (Δ = 5.50% vs. 2.10%) than in the CG. Furthermore, changes in VO2max produced higher effect size (d) values for the EG (Δ = 6.67%; d = 0.59) than the CG (Δ = 1.88%; d = 0.18). Both groups improved (p = 0.002) their flying 20-m sprint speed (EG: Δ = 1.01%; CG: Δ = 1.56%). However, small decreases were observed for 10-m sprint speed in the CG (Δ = −2.19%; d = −0.44), while only trivial changes were noticed for the EG (Δ = −0.50%; d = −0.16). Our data support that additional supramaximal ISRT is an effective training stimulus to enhance aerobic performance-related indices and promote small improvements in maximal running speed without impairing the soccer players’ acceleration capacity. This study also shows that PST-CAR can be useful for individualizing running intensity in supramaximal ISRT modes.
The impact of genetic analysis on the early detection of colorectal cancer

Although the 5-year survival rate for colorectal cancer is below 10%, it increases to greater than 90% if it is diagnosed early. We hypothesized from our research that analyzing non-synonymous single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in a patient's exome sequence would be an indicator for high genetic risk of developing colorectal cancer. First, the patient's exome sequence and the reference exome sequence were repeatedly aligned to identify the regions of similarity. The alignment between the two sequences that resulted in the most similar regions (optimal alignment) was selected. Next, we performed variant calling and identified variants in the patient's exome sequence. We applied a quality control check to assess sequencing data quality and filtered out the variants that did not pass the quality control check. Finally, the remaining selected variants were annotated with biologically pertinent information and explored for their potential roles in human disease by cross-referencing databases. A variant in the FGFR4 gene, known to cause accelerated cancer progression and tumor cell motility, was found in the patient's exome sequence. Studies suggest that this variant corresponds with an increased risk of colorectal cancer, supporting the usefulness of this procedure in early detection of colorectal cancer. This research was expanded to demonstrate that exome sequencing methods are capable of identifying other genetic variants. With higher computational power, one can produce more accurate alignment readings, detecting even the smallest of deviations from the reference exome sequence and thus enhancing the ability to evaluate genetic risk of disease.
Hydrogeochemistry of shallow groundwater in an upland Scottish catchment

The hydrogeochemistry of shallow groundwater has been characterized in the Allt a'Mharcaidh catchment in the Scottish Cairngorms in order to: (i) assess the spatial and temporal variation in groundwater chemistry; (ii) identify the hydrogeochemical processes regulating its evolution; and (iii) examine the influence of groundwater on the quality and quantity of stream flow. Shallow groundwater in superficial drift deposits is circumneutral (pH∽7·1) and base cation concentrations are enriched compared with precipitation and drainage water from overlying podzolic soils. Modelling with NETPATH suggests that the dominant geochemical processes that account for this are the dissolution of plagioclase, K-feldspar and biotite. Groundwater emerging as springs from weathered granite underlying high altitude (>900 m) alpine soils shows similar characteristics, though weathering rates are lower, probably as a result of reduced residence times and lower temperatures. Chemical hydrograph separation techniques using acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and Si as tracers show that groundwater is the dominant source of baseflow in the catchment and also buffers the chemistry of stream water at high flows: groundwater may account for as much as 50–60% of annual runoff in the catchment. Climate and land use in the Cairngorms are vulnerable to future changes, which may have major implications for hydrogeological processes in the area. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploration of parametric uncertainty in a surface mass balance model applied to the Greenland ice sheet

[1] Computational modeling of Earth system processes often requires simplifying assumptions of the real system. These necessary assumptions result in the definition of internal model parameters that can take a number of different values but must be explicitly defined for any one model simulation. The main issue with such an uncertain multidimensional input space is that many simulations are needed to adequately explore it. This study presents a generalized parameter screening experiment for use in future earth system modeling. This approach identifies model parameters that dominate uncertainty, therefore reducing to a manageable number the simulations required to explore the input space. The approach we adopt is relatively inexpensive to implement and can be applied at both the aggregate and disaggregate (e.g., regional) level. To demonstrate the potential of such a method, it is applied to a surface mass balance model of intermediate complexity over the Greenland ice sheet. All identified parameters were related to the surface melt parameterization, with albedo parameters being identified as the most important. Spatial distributions of the parameter sensitivities show that, in recent years, most parameter sensitivities are concentrated around the southwest and northern ice sheet margins. Simulations for the 21st century indicate an increase in sensitivity in these high melt areas especially in the northeast. Melt contributions from temperature and radiative effects are shown to be important on the order of parameters identified, and as a consequence, sensitivities are dependent on the present climate used for modeling surface mass balance.
Sensitivity and model variance analysis applied to some evaporation and evapotranspiration models

Variable sensitivity and error variance of six evaporation and evapotranspiration models were calculated. Their sensitivity values were computed by approximating the partial derivatives by finite differences. To compare the models, relative sensitivity ψ was computed by ψi = (100/E1)(ΔE/Δxi), where i = 1, …, n, with sensitivity defined as the percent change in evaporation E per unit change in the input variable xi. A second relative sensitivity ΨR i = [(xi − xio)/E1](ΔE/Δxi) was calculated to compare the relative importance of the different input variables. Error variance was analyzed to find the variance of error due to instrument inaccuracies by E[Var (Z)] = ∑i=1n(ΔE/Δxi)2 Var (xi) where Var (xi) is the instrument variance estimated from the manufacturer's statements. Although no tests were conducted to determine the bias or prediction accuracy of the model, a technique was proposed to show how the instrument error variance could be added to the prediction error variance to determine the overall system variance. In model development the best model will be one whose sum of these two variances is a minimum if there is no prediction bias.
Temperature Dependence of Magnesium in Echinoid and Asteroid Skeletal Calcite: A Reinterpretation of its Significance

With the aid of 1,045 new analyses for magnesium in echinoid and asteroid skeletal calcite, the geological significance of the well-known relationship between magnesium content and water temperature has been reexamined. Remarkably large, but systematic, variations in skeletal chemistry indicate that physiological factors, possibly related to calcification rate, are much more important than environmental parameters in controlling magnesium levels in the calcium carbonate deposited by echinoderms. The results emphasize a growing need for detailed reexaminations of some current concepts relating the chemical composition of biogenic carbonate to phyletic level of the organism, and the reliability of interpretations based on invertebrate chemical data in paleoenvironmental and paleoecological studies.
Temperature trends derived from Stratospheric Sounding Unit radiances: The effect of increasing CO2 on the weighting function

Stratospheric Sounding Units (SSU) on the NOAA operational satellites have been the main source of near‐global temperature trend data above the lower stratosphere. They have been used extensively for comparison with model‐derived trends. The SSU senses in the 15 μm band of CO2 and hence the weighting function is sensitive to changes in CO2 concentrations. The impact of this change in weighting function has been ignored in all recent trend analyses. We show that the apparent trends in global‐mean brightness temperature due to the change in weighting function vary from about −0.4 Kdecade−1 to 0.4 Kdecade−1, depending on the altitude sensed by the different SSU channels. For some channels, this apparent trend is of a similar size to the trend deduced from SSU data but ignoring the change in weighting function. In the mid‐stratosphere, the revised trends are now significantly more negative and in better agreement with model‐calculated trends.
Effect of Suction Slot Location and Width on the Performance of Centrifugal Fan

: Blade slots are known to reduce the noise and improve flow behavior and steadiness in centrifugal fans. The present work considers an unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) study to investigate the effectiveness of slot location and width on the performance and flow field inside the centrifugal fan blade passages. The computer program, Fluent 19, is used and the 3D fan model is validated by comparing its results with those of earlier researchers. The aim of the present study is to find the best slot location and appropriate slot width at that location. The flow pattern is then analyzed and simulated with no slot and with a slot at six different radial locations; namely S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, and S6 with fixed slot width W of 2.5 mm. The computationally generated characteristics of unsteady flow demonstrated that although cut slots at all locations on the fan blade from the hub to the shroud has a negative influence on the centrifugal fan efficiency as well as the static pressure rise compared with the fan without slot, the slots added at S3 i.e. near the midpoint of the blade span gives the highest fan efficiency and largest increase in static pressure. Slots at S3 suppress secondary flow at the blade passages and push it to the blade tip. Additionally, streamlines and velocity distributions in impeller passages and over the blade surfaces (pressure and suction sides) validated the slots' benefits. Computations width different slot width; namely 1.5 mm, 3.5 mm, and 5 mm are carried out to find the best slot location and width at the best slot location S3. At the optimal efficiency point, the calculated performance of the employed fan with slot location S3 and 2.5 mm width, showed a 2.7 % increase of efficiency and 1.5% increase in static pressure rise as compared to fans with slot at S1 with same width of 2.5 mm. However, it showed a positive impact on the boundary layer buildup and flow separation over the blade suction side for the impeller studied .
A one‐dimensional model of bifurcations in gravel bed channels with erodible banks

In a recent paper, Bolla Pittaluga et al. proposed a physically based formulation for the nodal point conditions to be adopted at a channel bifurcation in the context of a one‐dimensional approach. They employed such conditions to study the equilibrium configurations of a simple bifurcation and their stability, assuming erodible bed and fixed banks. With the present work we extend the model proposed by Bolla Pittaluga et al. to the case of channels with erodible banks, i.e., channels which may adapt their width to the actual flow conditions. Such an extension is of a particular interest for river bifurcations in gravel bed braided streams, in which bed evolution and bank erosion processes occur over comparable timescales. Moreover, to study the morphological evolution of a bifurcation, we employ a different approach with respect to Bolla Pittaluga et al. and introduce a “local analysis” which does not account for the influence exerted on channel morphology by downstream conditions on longer timescales. For values of the controlling parameters typical of gravel bed braided streams, the model shows that the stable equilibrium solutions of a bifurcation are invariably characterized by a strongly unbalanced partition of water and sediment discharges in the two branches. Numerical simulations, based on a simplified model of the bifurcation evolution, allow us to investigate the role of the mechanism of generation of a bifurcation on its final equilibrium configurations. It is shown that bifurcations which form through the incision of a new, initially narrow, channel may lead to significantly different equilibrium configurations with respect to bifurcations which generate from a central deposition in a wide channel. In spite of its simplicity the model seems to retain the most relevant effects which govern the behavior of gravel bed channel bifurcations.
Effect of Integrated Use of Organic and Fertilizer N on Soil Microbial Biomass Dynamics, Turnover and Activity of Enzymes under Legume-cereal System in a Swell-shrink (Typic Haplustert) Soil.

Quantifying the changes of soil microbial biomass and activity of enzymes are important to understand the dynamics of active soil C and N pools. The dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and N and the activity of enzymes over entire growth period of soybean-(Glycine max (L) Merr. )-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sequence on a Typic Haplustert as influenced by organic manure and inorganic fertilizer N were investigated in a field experiment. The application of farmyard manure at 4 to 16 along with fertilizer nitrogen at 50 or 180 increased the mean soil microbial biomass from 1.12 to 2.05 fold over unmanured soils under soybean-wheat system. Irrespective of organic and chemical fertilizer N application, the soil microbial biomass was maximum during the first two months at active growing stage of the crops and subsequently declined with crop maturity. The mean annual microbial activity was significantly increased when manure and chemical fertilizer at 8 and 50/180 N , respectively were applied. The C turnover rate decreased by 47 to 72 % when the level of farmyard manure was increased from 4 to 8 and 16 . There were significant correlations between biomass C, available N, dehydrogenase, phosphatase and yield of the crops.
Neighborhood and Agricultural Clusters across States of India

In this study how number and members of income clusters have changed in Indian agriculture over the last four and a half decades are traced. Two features which stand out in our results are that not all geographical neighbours belong to the same cluster and clusters include both geographical neighbours and non-neighbours. To identify the factors driving a pair of states to common cluster logit model is used and find that smaller is the relative difference between them in terms of mechanization, infrastructural support, deviations from normal rainfall and price differences, higher are the chances that they will be in the same income cluster.
The Role of The Company Life Cycle on Chief Executive Officer Power and Earnings Management

Purpose : This study aims to re-examine whether chief executive officer (CEO) power affects earnings management and whether company life cycles can moderate the effect of CEO power on earnings management. Method : This study used publicly listed companies in the Indonesia Stock Exchange period 2017-2021, are 74 companies, or 370 data, were picked using a purposive sampling method that eliminates companies with outliers. This research uses panel data regression with a random effect model to examine CEO power on earnings management with the company’s life cycle as moderating variables. Findings : This study finds that CEO power does not affect earnings management, and the decline stage can moderate the effect of CEO power on earnings management. However, the introduction, growth, and mature stage cannot moderate the effect of CEO power on earnings management. Novelty : This study contributes to the literature on earnings management by highlighting CEO power in Indonesian companies with different life cycles. This study provides a unique perspective on earnings management, especially in emerging markets like Indonesia. Keywords : CEO’s Power, Earnings Management, Company Life Cycle
Conduit implosion during Vulcanian eruptions

Fragmentation experiments and detailed textural studies were performed on Vulcanian pyroclasts of variable porosity from Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat. We use textural differences to identify two types of pyroclasts with distinct eruption histories. Our experiments show that high-porosity Type 1 pumice fragments rapidly, and that low-porosity Type 2 fragments relatively slowly. Both types of pyroclast contain fractured crystals containing burst melt inclusions. The orientations of the fractures relative to the crystal alignment indicate that Type 1 decompressed vertically and Type 2 decompressed laterally. We interpret that Type 1 clasts were derived from the conduit center, whereas Type 2 clasts were derived from the implosion of the conduit lining. We propose a conceptual model of rapid fragmentation of pumice in the conduit center, and a slower fragmentation of a pressurized conduit wall, vulnerable to implosion. Conduit implosion can explain observed widening of volcanic vents during eruptions. We also hypothesize that the fragmentation front is concave; this has important implications for modeling of explosive eruptions.