Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of ocean acidification, warming and melting of sea ice on aragonite saturation of the Canada Basin surface water

In 2008, surface waters in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean were found to be undersaturated with respect to aragonite. This is associated with recent extensive melting of sea ice in this region, as well as elevated sea surface temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We have estimated the relative contribution of each of these controlling factors to the calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω) from observations of dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity and oxygen isotope ratio. Results indicate that the increase in atmospheric CO2 has lowered surface Ω by ∼0.3 in the Canada Basin since the preindustrial period. Recent melting of sea ice has further lowered mean Ω by 0.4, and of this, half was due to dilution of surface water and half was due to the change in air‐sea disequilibrium state. Surface water warming has generally counteracted the mean decrease in Ω by 0.1.
The Met Office Hadley Centre sea ice and sea surface temperature data set, version 2: 1. Sea ice concentrations

We present a new version of the sea ice concentration component of the Met Office Hadley Centre sea ice and sea surface temperature data set, HadISST.2. 1.0. 0. Passive microwave data are combined with historical sources, such as sea ice charts, to create global analyses on a 1° grid from 1850 to 2007. Climatology was used when no information about the sea ice was available. Our main aim was to create a homogenous data set by calculating and applying bias adjustments using periods of overlaps between the different data sources used. National Ice Center charts from 1995 to 2007 have been used as a reference to achieve this. In particular, large bias adjustments have been applied to the passive microwave data in both the Antarctic and Arctic summers. Overall, HadISST.2. 1.0. 0 contains more ice than HadISST1.1, with higher concentrations, shorter marginal ice zones, and larger extents and areas in some regions and periods. A new method for estimating the concentrations within the ice pack using the distance from the ice edge has been developed and evaluated. This was used when only the extents were known or the original concentration fields were heterogeneous. A number of discontinuities in the HadISST1.1 record are no longer found in HadISST.2. 1.0. 0.
Monitoring the Vernal Advancement and Retrogradation (Green Wave Effect) of Natural Vegetation. [Great Plains Corridor]

The author has identified the following significant results. Emphasis has been given to an inventory of land resource types and land use at the ten Great Plains Corridor test sites. A resource and land use classification system was developed which uses available soil survey information and interpretations from NASA obtained high flight aerial photography to locate discrete areas of similar rangeland vegetation. Existing classification systems, even those developed for use with remote sensor data, were found to be inadequate for this project. This system is expected to be of general use for remote sensing related to land use and management. It has specific applicability to any effort aimed at regional use of ERTS-1 MSS digital data products. A preliminary assessment of the relative importance of rangelands in the Great Plains Corridor states indicates that the value of the livestock industry supported by this resource exceeds 23 billion dollars. The development of a Rangeland Feed Conditions index for this region could be used by more than 400,000 farm and ranch operators involved in the production of more than 40% of the nation's beef and much of the country's grain.
The type 1 cannabinoid receptor is highly expressed in embryonic cortical projection neurons and negatively regulates neurite growth in vitro

In the rodent and human embryonic brains, the cerebral cortex and hippocampus transiently express high levels of type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs), at a developmental stage when these areas are composed mainly of glutamatergic neurons. However, the precise cellular and subcellular localization of CB1R expression as well as effects of CB1R modulation in this cell population remain largely unknown. We report that, starting from embryonic day 12.5, CB1Rs are strongly expressed in both reelin‐expressing Cajal‐Retzius cells and newly differentiated postmitotic glutamatergic neurons of the mouse telencephalon. CB1R protein is localized first to somato‐dendritic endosomes and at later developmental stages it localizes mostly to developing axons. In young axons, CB1Rs are localized both to the axolemma and to large, often multivesicular endosomes. Acute maternal injection of agonist CP‐55940 results in the relocation of receptors from axons to somato‐dendritic endosomes, indicating the functional competence of embryonic CB1Rs. The adult phenotype of CB1R expression is established around postnatal day 5. By using pharmacological and mutational modulation of CB1R activity in isolated cultured rat hippocampal neurons, we also show that basal activation of CB1R acts as a negative regulatory signal for dendritogenesis, dendritic and axonal outgrowth, and branching. Together, the overall negative regulatory role in neurite development suggests that embryonic CB1R signaling may participate in the correct establishment of neuronal connectivity and suggests a possible mechanism for the development of reported glutamatergic dysfunction in the offspring following maternal cannabis consumption.
Energy production from forages (or American agriculture-back to the future)

At the turn of the century, with the exception of trains and water transportation, the transportation and agriculture industries of the U.S. were powered largely by herbaceous bio-mass. The herbaceous biomass was converted to usable energy by draft animals, primarily horses and mules. After 1900, automobiles, trucks, and tractors began to be used in transportation and agriculture. However, in 1920 there were still 25 million horses and mules on farms and ranches and 2 million draft animals in the cities of the United States (Ensminger 1955; Census of Agriculture 1920). The energy requirements of these animals were considerable. In the midwest, the feed requirements for a work horse during the six month crop growing season were 5,200 lbs of roughage (hay or herbaceous biomass), 3,200 lbs of concentrate, usually oats, and pasture (Williams and Speelman 1934). Horses were an important source of power during and immediately after World War II. By 1954, U.S. agriculture and industry was largely powered by gasoline, diesel, or electrical motors and there were only 5 million horses and mules in the U.S (Census of Agriculture 1954). The decrease in the numbers of draft animals released approximately 80 million acres …
Can Llobateres: the pattern and timing of the Vallesian hominoid radiation reconsidered

Abstract New biostratigraphic data and paleomagnetic analysis of the site of Can Llobateres (Northeastern Spain) allows an age-estimation of 9.6 Ma for the recently discoveredDryopithecus laietanusfacial remains (CLl-18000) and 9.7 Ma for the earlier hominoid finds from this locality. This is an unexpectedly young age for such a primitive form, which can be accurately correlated with some of the finds of youngestSivapithecusin the Siwaliks. According to the phylogenetic model proposed here,Dryopithecusdisplayed a long period (some 5 Ma) of morphological stasis in Europe, which could be related to the preservation of subtropical forest conditions in the Western Mediterranean. In other parts of Southern Eurasia (Eastern Mediterranean and Siwaliks), quick vicarious evolution led to the diversification of thick-enamelled hominoids between 14 Ma and 12 Ma.
Novel Striatal GABAergic Interneuron Populations Labeled in the 5HT3a Mouse

A.B. Muñoz-Manchado1,†, C. Foldi1,†, S. Szydlowski2,†, L. Sjulson3,4, M. Farries5, C. Wilson5, G. Silberberg2 and J. Hjerling-Leffler1 Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
Is air pollution of the 20th century a cause of current asthma hospitalisations?

REFERENCES 1. Crichton F, Ramsay CF, Pearson D, et al. Oral montelukast in acute asthma exacerbations: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Thorax 2011;66:7e11. 2. Moore RP, Berlowitz DJ, Denehy L, et al. A randomised trial of domiciliary, ambulatory oxygen in patients with COPD and dyspnoea but without resting hypoxaemia. Thorax 2011;66:32e7. 3. Churchyard GJ, Fielding K, Surita Roux S, et al. Twelve-monthly versus six-monthly radiological screening for active case-finding of tuberculosis: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2011;66:134e9. 4. Fischer BM, Mortensen J, Hansen H, et al. Multimodality approach to mediastinal staging in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Faults and benefits of PET-CT: a randomised trial. Thorax 2011;66:294e300. 5. Perrin K, Wijesinghe M, Healy B, et al. Randomised controlled trial of high concentration versus titrated oxygen therapy in severe exacerbations of asthma. Thorax 2011;66:937e41. 6. Christophe M, Pison CM, Cano NJ, et al; The IRAD Investigators. Multimodal nutritional rehabilitation improves clinical outcomes of malnourished patients with chronic respiratory failure: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2011;66:953e60. 7. Bush A, Pavord I. New Year resolutions. Thorax 2011;66:91e2.
A long‐range forecast of Arctic summer sea‐ice minimum extent

This paper discusses the development of simple multiple linear regression (MLR) models for predicting the annual pan‐Arctic minimum sea‐ice extent at monthly intervals from February through August. The predictor data is based on mean monthly weighted indices of sea‐ice concentration (WIC), surface skin temperature (WST), surface albedo (WAL), and downwelling longwave flux at the surface (WDL). The final regression equations retain either one or two sea ice and surface energy and radiation balance predictors, and each of the MLR models is superior to climatology, persistence, or random chance models. The mean absolute error (MAE) for the MLR models decreases from 0.36 × 106 km2 in February to 0.15 × 106 km2 in August; the corresponding r2 increases from 0.46 in February to 0.90 in August. In addition to improving long‐range predictions, the models provide insight into the physical mechanisms affecting recent large reductions in sea‐ice extent.
Dansgaard‐Oeschger and Heinrich event imprints in Alboran Sea paleotemperatures

Past sea surface temperature (SST) evolution in the Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean) during the last 50,000 years has been inferred from the study of C37 alkenones in International Marine Global Change Studies MD952043 core. This record has a time resolution of ∼200 years allowing the study of millennial-scale and even shorter climatic changes. The observed SST curve displays characteristic sequences of extremely rapid warming and cooling events along the glacial period. Comparison of this Alboran record with δ18O from Greenland ice (Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 core) shows a strong parallelism between these SST oscillations and the Dansgaard-Oeschger events. Five prominent cooling episodes standing out in the SST profile are accompanied by an anomalous high abundance of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma sinistral which is confined to the duration of these cold intervals. These features and the isotopic record reflect drastic changes in the surface hydrography of the Alboran Sea in association with Heinrich events Hl–5.
Improving representation of convective transport for scale‐aware parameterization: 2. Analysis of cloud‐resolving model simulations

Following Part I, in which 3‐D cloud‐resolving model (CRM) simulations of a squall line and mesoscale convective complex in the midlatitude continental and the tropical regions are conducted and evaluated, we examine the scale dependence of eddy transport of water vapor, evaluate different eddy transport formulations, and improve the representation of convective transport across all scales by proposing a new formulation that more accurately represents the CRM‐calculated eddy flux. CRM results show that there are strong grid‐spacing dependencies of updraft and downdraft fractions regardless of altitudes, cloud life stage, and geographical location. As for the eddy transport of water vapor, updraft eddy flux is a major contributor to total eddy flux in the lower and middle troposphere. However, downdraft eddy transport can be as large as updraft eddy transport in the lower atmosphere especially at the mature stage of midlatitude continental convection. We show that the single‐updraft approach significantly underestimates updraft eddy transport of water vapor because it fails to account for the large internal variability of updrafts, while a single downdraft represents the downdraft eddy transport of water vapor well. We find that using as few as three updrafts can account for the internal variability of updrafts well. Based on the evaluation with the CRM simulated data, we recommend a simplified eddy transport formulation that considers three updrafts and one downdraft. Such formulation is similar to the conventional one but much more accurately represents CRM‐simulated eddy flux across all grid scales.
Physical, immunochemical, and functional properties of Acanthamoeba profilin

Acanthamoebe profilin has a native molecular weight of 11,700 as measured by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation and an extinction coefficient at 280 nm of 1.4 X 10(4) M-1cm-1. Rabbit antibodies against Acanthamoeba profilin react only with the 11,700 Mr polypeptide among all other ameba polypeptides separated by electrophoresis. These antibodies react with a 11,700 Mr polypeptide in Physarum but not with any proteins of Dictyostelium or Naeglaria. Antibody-binding assays indicate that approximately 2% of the ameba protein is profilin and that the concentration of profilin is approximately 100 mumol/liter cells. During ion exchange chromatography of soluble extracts of Acanthamoeba on DEAE-cellulose, the immunoreactive profilin splits into two fractions: an unbound fraction previously identified by Reichstein and Korn (1979, J. Biol. Chem., 254:6174-6179) and a tightly bound fraction. Purified profilin from the two fractions is identical by all criteria tested. The tightly bound fraction is likely to be attached indirectly to the DEAE, perhaps by association with actin. By fluorescent antibody staining, profilin is distributed uniformly throughout the cytoplasmic matrix of Acanthamoeba. In 50 mM KCl, high concentrations of Acanthamoeba profilin inhibit the elongation rate of muscle actin filaments measured directly by electron microscopy, but the effect is minimal in KCl with 2 MgCl2. By using the fluorescence change of pyrene-labeled Acanthamoeba actin to assay for polymerization, we confirmed our earlier observation (Tseng, P. C.-H., and T. D. Pollard, 1982, J. Cell Biol. 94:213-218) that Acanthamoeba profilin inhibits nucleation much more strongly than elongation under physiological conditions.
Fault Movement Potential of Marzanabad Area, North Alborz, Iran

The major Quaternary faults of Marzanabad in the north Alborz can be classified based on their strikes into two sets: northwest and eastwest. In this paper, we use a model to evaluate their movement potential. Their theoretical model is based on the relationship between fault geometrical characteristics and regional tectonic stress field. The results show that Taleqan, Kandovan Chitan-Dozbon and Makaroud-Dalir fault zones are of the highest movement potential in the area. Also, the region where the fault zones have been intersected (northeastern part of study area) is prone to high seismicity; however, these fault zones don’t have high movement potentials.
An investigation of Vulcanian eruption dynamics using laboratory analogue experiments and scaling analysis

Astract: Vulcanian eruptions are frequent, small-scale, short-lived explosive volcanic eruptions, which are thought to be produced by impulsive sources. The experiments presented here, produced byinjectionsofmixturesofwater,alcoholorsaltandsolidparticlesintofreshwater,createdawide variety of turbulent flows from steady and impulsive sources. We focus on the experimental flows analogous to Vulcanian events ‐ unsteady, finite-volume releases of buoyancy (thermals) and momentum (puffs), and short releases driven by both momentum and buoyancy. Dimensional analysis, based on two controlling source parameters, total injected momentum (M) and total injected buoyancy (B), identified a universal scaling relationship for the propagation of the flows; the non-dimensional, time-varying velocity term (ut 1/2 /B 1/4 ), where u is flow front vertical velocityandtistimefromflowonset,varieswiththetime-varying,non-dimensionalratioofsource parameters (M/Bt), such that ut 1/2 /B 1/4 ¼ k(M/Bt) 1/2 . The quantitative relationship successfully describes experiments and several Vulcanian eruptions for a wide range of initial conditions. The utility of the relationship is demonstrated by estimating total mass erupted and vent mass flux as a function of time, two parameters important to hazards assessment, for the well-documented )
Suppressive Role of B Cells in Chronic Colitis of T Cell Receptor (cid:97) Mutant Mice

Summary The role of antibodies (Abs) in the development of chronic colitis in T cell receptor (TCR)- (cid:97) (cid:50) / (cid:50) mice was explored by creating double mutant mice (TCR- (cid:97) (cid:50) / (cid:50) (cid:51) immunoglobulin (Ig) (cid:109) (cid:50) / (cid:50) ), which lack B cells. TCR- (cid:97) (cid:50) / (cid:50) (cid:51) Ig (cid:109) (cid:50) / (cid:50) mice spontaneously developed colitis at an earlier age, and the colitis was more severe than in TCR- (cid:97) (cid:50) / (cid:50) mice. Colitis was induced in recombination-activating gene-1 (RAG-1 (cid:50) / (cid:50) ) mice by the transfer of mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells from TCR- (cid:97) (cid:50) / (cid:50) (cid:51) Ig (cid:109) (cid:50) / (cid:50) mice. When purified B cells from TCR- (cid:97) (cid:50) / (cid:50) mice were mixed with MLN cells before cell transfer, colitis did not develop in RAG-1 (cid:50) / (cid:50) mice. Administration of the purified Ig from TCR- (cid:97) (cid:50) reactive led decrease in the number of apoptotic cells. These findings suggest that although B cells are not required for the initiation of colitis, B cells and Igs (autoAbs) can suppress colitis, presumably by affecting the clearance of apoptotic cells. / (cid:50) mice with or without Ig transfer) with CFA were injected into groups of five C57BL/6 mice (6 wk of age). The sera obtained 14 d after immunization were used for ELISA and immunohistochemical analysis of colonic tissue from RAG-1 (cid:50) / (cid:50) mice (nonspecific binding of secondary Ab to tissue is not present in RAG-1 (cid:50) / (cid:50) mice due to lack of B cells and Igs; reference 33). For ELISA, the purified colonic epithelial cells (2 (cid:51) 10 5 /well) from RAG-1 (cid:50) / (cid:50) mice were directly coated on plates by centrifugation. After fixation with EtOH for 10 min, the plates were blocked with 5% BSA and 2% rat serum/PBS, and serial dilution of sera from the immunized C57BL/6 mice was added and the antibody binding was detected by incubation with alkaline-phosphatase rat anti–mouse Ig (PharMingen).
Class Switching in B Cells Lacking 3 (cid:57) Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Enhancers

The 40-kb region downstream of the most 3 (cid:57) immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain constant region gene (C (cid:97) ) contains a series of transcriptional enhancers speculated to play a role in Ig heavy chain class switch recombination (CSR). To elucidate the function of this putative CSR regulatory region, we generated mice with germline mutations in which one or the other of the two most 5 (cid:57) enhancers in this cluster (respectively referred to as HS3a and HS1,2) were replaced either with a pgk- neo r cassette (referred to as HS3aN and HS1,2N mutations) or with a loxP sequence (referred to as HS3a (cid:68) and HS1,2 (cid:68) , respectively). B cells homozygous for the HS3aN or HS1,2N mutations had severe defects in CSR to several isotypes. The phenotypic similarity of the two insertion mutations, both of which were cis -acting, suggested that inhibition might result from pgk- neo r cassette gene insertion rather than enhancer deletion. Accord-ingly, CSR returned to normal in B cells homozygous for the HS3a (cid:68) or HS1,2 (cid:68) mutations. In addition, induced expression of the specifically targeted pgk- neo r genes was regulated similarly to that of germline C H genes. Our findings implicate a 3 (cid:57) CSR regulatory locus that appears re-markably similar in organization and function to the (cid:98) -globin gene 5 (cid:57) LCR and which we propose may regulate differential CSR via a promoter competition mechanism.
Lateralisation of conspecific vocalisation in non-human vertebrates

Lateralisation of conspecific vocalisation has been observed in several vertebrate species. In the present article we review the results of behavioural and neuroanatomical studies investigating this feature. By employing cladographic comparisons we identify those vertebrate orders in which evidence for or against lateralisation of production and perception of conspecific vocalisation has been reported, and those orders in which further research is necessary. The analysis shows that there is evidence for lateralisation of conspecific vocalisation in several mammalian orders (e.g., Primates) and also evidence for lateralisation of conspecific vocalisation in some avian species (e.g., within the Passeriformes order). While the primate data in particular suggest that human language lateralisation could have resulted from an inherited dominance of the left hemisphere for those neural properties of language that are shared with the sensory or motor aspects of vocalisations in other vertebrate species, it becomes clear that this conclusion is presently supported by only sparse empirical evidence. The majority of vertebrate orders, especially among non-amniotes, still need to be explored.