Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Characteristics of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Dairy Farmers

Objective: To assess the prevalence and characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in dairy farmers, and evaluate the role of job exposure and smoking as predictors for respiratory health impairment. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed, including 83 dairy farmers (mean age: 52.6±8.7 years; mean exposure duration: 23.7±7.6 years) and 80 office workers as a control group (mean age: 52.7±8.2 years) matched for age, smoking habits, and socioeconomic status. Methods for evaluation of study participants included a questionnaire on respiratory symptoms in the last 12 months, baseline spirometry and bronchodilator reversibility testing, and diagnostic criteria for COPD. Results: The mean post-bronchodilator values of spirometric parameters are significantly lower in subjects among EG with negative bronchodilator test compared to those in CG, while the mean post-bronchodilator values of spirometric parameters are lower in dairy farmers with negative BD tests exposed more than 20 years compared to those with exposure less than 20 years, being statistically significant for FEV1/FVC%, MEF25, MEF50 and MEF75. The COPD prevalence is non-significantly higher in dairy farmers compared to controls, and is significantly associated with age over 40 years in dairy farmers (P=0.035). The risk for COPD development in dairy farmers is about 36 fold higher in subjects exposed more than 20 years (OR = 36.00 (1.21-37.77) CI 95%) compared to those with exposure duration less than 20 years, and is about 6 fold higher in dairy farmers who are current smokers (OR = 6.12 (0.95-37.77) CI 95%). COPD is significantly associated with smoking duration among smokers in both groups, while combined effect of smoking, smoking duration, and number of cigarettes smoked daily has a significant impact on COPD development in dairy farmers. According to the GOLD classification, depending on the degree of airflow limitation, mild and moderate types of COPD are detected in dairy farmers, and only mild type in controls, showing no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: The study findings recognized the role of farming exposure, and smoking as well, as predictors for respiratory health impairment, and furthermore confirmed their potential to be a predictive factor in the COPD development. These facts should be helpful in detection of critical points for action, indicate the need of adverse occupational exposures reduction through adequate preventive measures and regular health examinations, implementation of relevant engineering controls, smoking cessation programs, and complete and efficient respiratory health assessment.
Migration-Related Weight Changes among African Immigrants in the United States

(1) Background: people who migrate from low-to high-income countries are at an increased risk of weight gain, and excess weight is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Few studies have quantified the changes in body mass index (BMI) pre- and post-migration among African immigrants. We assessed changes in BMI pre- and post-migration from Africa to the United States (US) and its associated risk factors. (2) Methods: we performed a cross-sectional analysis of the African Immigrant Health Study, which included African immigrants in the Baltimore-Washington District of the Columbia metropolitan area. BMI category change was the outcome of interest, categorized as healthy BMI change or maintenance, unhealthy BMI maintenance, and unhealthy BMI change. We explored the following potential factors of BMI change: sex, age at migration, percentage of life in the US, perceived stress, and reasons for migration. We performed multinomial logistic regression adjusting for employment, education, income, and marital status. (3) Results: we included 300 participants with a mean (±SD) current age of 47 (±11.4) years, and 56% were female. Overall, 14% of the participants had a healthy BMI change or maintenance, 22% had an unhealthy BMI maintenance, and 64% had an unhealthy BMI change. Each year of age at immigration was associated with a 7% higher relative risk of maintaining an unhealthy BMI (relative risk ratio [RRR]: 1.07; 95% CI 1.01, 1.14), and compared to men, females had two times the relative risk of unhealthy BMI maintenance (RRR: 2.67; 95% CI 1.02, 7.02). Spending 25% or more of life in the US was associated with a 3-fold higher risk of unhealthy BMI change (RRR: 2.78; 95% CI 1.1, 6.97). (4) Conclusions: the age at immigration, the reason for migration, and length of residence in the US could inform health promotion interventions that are targeted at preventing unhealthy weight gain among African immigrants.
From real affine geometry to complex geometry

We construct from a real ane manifold with singularities (a tropical manifold) a degeneration of Calabi-Yau manifolds. This solves a fundamental problem in mirror symmetry. Furthermore, a striking feature of our approach is that it yields an explicit and canonical order-by-order description of the degeneration via families of tropical trees. This gives complete control of the B-model side of mirror symmetry in terms of tropical geometry. For example, we expect that our deformation parameter is a canonical coordinate, and expect period calculations to be expressible in terms of tropical curves. We anticipate this will lead to a proof of mirror symmetry via tropical methods.
Particle velocity based universal algorithm for numerical simulation of hydraulic fractures

In the paper, we propose a new effective mathematical formulation and resulting universal numerical algorithm capable of tackling various HF models in the framework of a unified approach. The presented numerical scheme is not limited to any particular elasticity model or crack propagation regime. Its basic assumptions are: i) proper choice of independent and dependent variables (with the direct utilization of a new one - the reduced particle velocity), ii) tracing the fracture front by use of the speed equation which can be integrated in a closed form and sets an explicit relation between the crack propagation speed and the coefficients in the asymptotic expansion of the crack opening, iii) proper regularization techniques, iv) improved temporal approximation, v) modular algorithm architecture. The application of the new dependent variable, the reduced particle velocity, instead of the usual fluid flow rate, facilitates the computation of the crack propagation speed from the local relation based on the speed equation. As a result, the position of the crack front is accurately determined from an explicit formula derived from the speed equation. The underlying ideas employed in the algorithm are combined together producing a robust and efficient numerical scheme. Its performance is demonstrated using classical examples of 1D models for hydraulic fracturing: PKN and KGD under various fracture propagation regimes. Solution accuracy is verified against dedicated analytical benchmarks and other solutions available in the literature. Most of the ideas developed here, can be directly extended to more general 2D and 3D cases.
Analysis of Boundary-Domain Integral Equations to the mixed BVP for a compressible stokes system with variable viscosity

The mixed boundary value problem for a compressible Stokes system of partial differential equations in a bounded domain is reduced to two different systems of segregated direct Boundary Integral Equations (BDIEs) expressed in terms of surface and volume parametrix-based potential type operators. Equivalence of the BDIE systems to the mixed BVP and invertibility of the matrix operators associated with the BDIE systems are proved in appropriate Sobolev spaces.
On the unique range set of meromorphic functions

This paper studies the unique range set of meromorphic functions and shows that there exists a finite set S such that for any two nonconstant meromorphic functions f and g the condition Ef (S) = Eg(S) implies f _ g. As a special case this also answers an open question posed by Gross (1977) about entire functions and improves some results obtained recently by Yi.
The spectrum of geodesic balls on spherically symmetric manifolds

We study the Dirichlet spectrum of the Laplace operator on geodesic balls centred at a pole of spherically symmetric manifolds. We first derive a Hadamard--type formula for the dependence of the first eigenvalue $\lambda_{1}$ on the radius $r$ of the ball, which allows us to obtain lower and upper bounds for $\lambda_{1}$ in specific cases. For the sphere and hyperbolic space, these bounds are asymptotically sharp as $r$ approaches zero and we see that while in two dimensions $\lambda_{1}$ is bounded from above by the first two terms in the asymptotics for small $r$, for dimensions four and higher the reverse inequality holds. In the general case we derive the asymptotic expansion of $\lambda_{1}$ for small radius and determine the first three terms explicitly. For compact manifolds we carry out similar calculations as the radius of the geodesic ball approaches the diameter of the manifold. In the latter case we show that in even dimensions there will always exist logarithmic terms in these expansions.
Fine Compactified Moduli of Enriched Structures on Stable Curves

Enriched structures on stable curves over fields were defined by Mainò in the late 1990s, and have played an important role in the study of limit linear series and degenerating jacobians. In this paper we solve three main problems: we give a definition of enriched structures on stable curves over arbitrary base schemes, and show that the resulting fine moduli problem is representable; we show that the resulting object has a universal property in terms of Néron models; and we construct a compactification of our stack of enriched structures.
Efficient spectral sparse grid approximations for solving multi-dimensional forward backward SDEs

This is the second part in a series of papers on multi-step schemes for solving coupled forward backward stochastic differential equations (FBSDEs). We extend the basic idea in our former paper [W. Zhao, Y. Fu and T. Zhou, SIAM J. Sci. Comput. , 36 (2014), pp. A1731-A1751] to solve high-dimensional FBSDEs, by using the spectral sparse grid approximations. The main issue for solving high dimensional FBSDEs is to build an efficient spatial discretization, and deal with the related high dimensional conditional expectations and interpolations. In this work, we propose the sparse grid spatial discretization. We use the sparse grid Gaussian-Hermite quadrature rule to approximate the conditional expectations. And for the associated high dimensional interpolations, we adopt an spectral expansion of functions in polynomial spaces with respect to the spatial variables, and use the sparse grid approximations to recover the expansion coefficients. The FFT algorithm is used to speed up the recovery procedure, and the entire algorithm admits efficient and high accurate approximations in high-dimensions, provided that the solutions are sufficiently smooth. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed methods.
$L^{p}$ measure of growth and higher order Hardy-Sobolev-Morrey inequalities

When the growth at infinity of a function $u$ on $\Bbb{R}^{N}$ is compared with the growth of $|x|^{s}$ for some $s\in \Bbb{R},$ this comparison is invariably made pointwise. This paper argues that the comparison can also be made in a suitably defined $L^{p}$ sense for every $1\leq p<\infty $ and that, in this perspective, inequalities of Hardy, Sobolev or Morrey type account for the fact that sub $|x|^{-N/p}$ growth of $\nabla u$ in the $% L^{p} $ sense implies sub $|x|^{1-N/p}$ growth of $u$ in the $L^{q}$ sense for well chosen values of $q. $ By investigating how sub $|x|^{s}$ growth of $\nabla ^{k}u$ in the $L^{p}$ sense implies sub $|x|^{s+j}$ growth of $\nabla ^{k-j}u$ in the $L^{q}$ sense for (almost) arbitrary $s\in \Bbb{R}$ and for $q$ in a $p$-dependent range of values, a family of higher order Hardy/Sobolev/Morrey type inequalities is obtained, under optimal integrability assumptions. These optimal inequalities take the form of estimates for $\nabla ^{k-j}(u-\pi _{u}),1\leq j\leq k,$ where $\pi _{u}$ is a suitable polynomial of degree at most $k-1,$ which is unique if and only if $s<-k. $ More generally, it can be chosen independent of $(s,p)$ when $s$ remains in the same connected component of $\Bbb{R}\backslash \{-k,. ,-1\}. $
Orientation and polarization dependence of both the absorption and the laser efficiency around the optic axis in monoclinic Ho 3 + :KYW

quality of the conical refraction. Furthermore, for lasers, spectroscopic properties are of great influence on the overall performance. In case of a biaxial crystal, those properties are strongly dependent on the orientation and on the polarization. Those properties have been well described in another monoclinic host, the neodymium-doped YCa 4 O ( BO 3 ) 3 (YCOB) [21]. However, for the holmium-doped KY ( WO 4 ) 2 (KYW) monoclinic crystal used in this paper, which is very similar to KGW Abstract We report on the absorption profile of the monoclinic holmium-doped KY ( WO 4 ) 2 crystal near the optic axis for the maximal absorption wavelength at 1960 nm. The full angular distribution of the absorption coefficient at the vicinity of such optical singularity has been experimentally and numerically investigated. Furthermore, laser experiments along the optic axis have been carried out. So-called conical refraction laser and classical Gaussian laser operation are compared near the optic axis, taking into account the complex absorption profile.
On Non-zero Degree Maps between Quasitoric 4-Manifolds

We study the map degrees between quasitoric 4-manifolds. Our results rely on Theorems proved by Duan and Wang. We determine the set D (M, N) of all possible map degrees from M to N when M and N are certain quasitoric 4-manifolds. The obtained sets of integers are interesting, e. g. those representable as the sum of two squares D (C P^2#C P^2, C P^2) or the sum of three squares D (C P^2 # C P^2 # C P^2, C P^2). Beside the general results about the map degrees between quasitoric 4-manifolds, the connections among Duan-Wang's approach, the quadratic forms, the number theory and the lattices is established.
Surface characterization and magneto‑transport study on Bi 2 Te 2 Se topological insulator thin film

Topological insulators (TIs) a new quantum state of matter predicted to have an interesting surface properties. In this report, we study the surface properties of Bi 2 Te 2 Se (BTS) topological insulators thin films. Raman measurements on BTS thin film show a strong intensity of A 11g ( ∼ 62 cm − 1 ), E 2g ( ∼ 123 cm − 1 ) and A 21g ( ∼ 170 cm − 1 ) modes in addition to A 21u ( ∼ 140 cm − 1 ) modes. Elemental analyses were done using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Resistance versus temperature measurement reveal a magnetic field-driven metallic behavior at high temperatures and further analysis on magnetic measurement shows a diamagnetic nature of BTS film. The magneto-resistance measurements on these films exhibit a weak antilocalization effect that arises due to quantum interfering nature of topological insulators and the measured weak anti-localization effect is fitted using Hikami–Larkin–Nagaoka (HLN) model.
The Breuil--M\'{e}zard conjecture when $l \neq p$

Let $l$ and $p$ be primes, let $F/\mathbb{Q}_p$ be a finite extension with absolute Galois group $G_F$, let $\mathbb{F}$ be a finite field of characteristic $l$, and let $\bar{\rho} : G_F \rightarrow GL_n(\mathbb{F})$ be a continuous representation. Let $R^\square(\bar{\rho})$ be the universal framed deformation ring for $\bar{\rho}$. If $l = p$, then the Breuil--Mezard conjecture (as formulated by Emerton and Gee) relates the mod $l$ reduction of certain cycles in $R^\square(\bar{\rho})$ to the mod $l$ reduction of certain representations of $GL_n(\mathcal{O}_F)$. We state an analogue of the Breuil--Mezard conjecture when $l \neq p$, and prove it whenever $l > 2$ using automorphy lifting theorems. We give a local proof when $l$ is "quasi-banal" for $F$ and $\bar{\rho}$ is tamely ramified. We also analyse the reduction modulo $l$ of the types $\sigma(\tau)$ defined by Schneider and Zink.
Teichmueller curves generated by Weierstrass Prym eigenforms in genus three and genus four

This paper is devoted to the classification of the infinite families of Teichmuller curves generated by Prym eigenforms of genus 3 having a single zero. These curves were discovered by McMullen. The main invariants of our classification is the discriminant D of the corresponding quadratic order, and the generators of this order. It turns out that for D sufficiently large, there are two Teichmueller curves when D=1 modulo 8, only one Teichmueller curve when D=0,4 modulo 8, and no Teichmueller curves when D=5 modulo 8. For small values of D, where this classification is not necessarily true, the number of Teichmueller curves can be determined directly. The ingredients of our proof are first, a description of these curves in terms of prototypes and models, and then a careful analysis of the combinatorial connectedness in the spirit of McMullen. As a consequence, we obtain a description of cusps of Teichmueller curves given by Prym eigenforms. We would like also to emphasis that even though we have the same statement compared to, when D=1 modulo 8, the reason for this disconnectedness is different. The classification of these Teichmueller curves plays a key role in our investigation of the dynamics of SL(2,R) on the intersection of the Prym eigenform locus with the stratum H(2,2), which is the object of a forthcoming paper.
On nonprimitive Weierstrass points

We give an upper bound for the codimension in M g, 1 of the variety M Sg, 1 of marked curves ( C, p ) with a given Weierstrass semigroup. The bound is a combinatorial quantity which we call the eﬀective weight of the semigroup; it is a reﬁnement of the weight of the semigroup, and diﬀers from the weight precisely when the semigroup is not primitive. We prove that whenever the eﬀective weight is less than g , the variety M Sg, 1 is nonempty and has a component of the predicted codimension. These results extend previous results of Eisenbud, Harris, and Komeda to the case of non-primitive semigroups. We also survey other cases where the codimension of M Sg, 1 is known, as evidence that the eﬀective weight estimate is correct in wider circumstances.
Analysis of solutions to a model parabolic equation with very singular diusion

We consider a singular parabolic equation of form ut = uxx + 2 (sgnux)x with periodic boundary conditions. Solutions to this kind of equations exhibit competition between smoothing due to one-dimensional Laplace operator and tendency to create at facets due to strongly nonlinear operator (sgn ux)x coming from the total variation ow. We present results concerning analysis of qualitative behaviour and regularity of the solutions. Our main result states that locally (between moments when facets merge), the evolution is described by a system of free boundary problems for u in intervals between facets coupled with equations of evolution of facets. In particular, we provide a proper law governing evolution of endpoints of facets. This leads to local smoothness of the motion of endpoints and the unfaceted part of the solution.
Non-collapsed spaces with Ricci curvature bounded from below

We propose a definition of non-collapsed space with Ricci curvature bounded from below and we prove the versions of Colding's volume convergence theorem and of Cheeger-Colding dimension gap estimate for ${\sf RCD}$ spaces. In particular this establishes the stability of non-collapsed spaces under non-collapsed Gromov-Hausdorff convergence.
Nonlinear elliptic Partial Differential Equations and p-harmonic functions on graphs

In this article we study the well-posedness (uniqueness and existence of solutions) of nonlinear elliptic Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) on a finite graph. These results are obtained using the discrete comparison principle and connectivity properties of the graph. This work is in the spirit of the theory of viscosity solutions for PDEs. The equations include the graph Laplacian, the $p$-Laplacian, the Infinity Laplacian, the Mean Curvature equation, and the Eikonal operator on the graph.
Automatic sequences fulfill the Sarnak conjecture

We present in this paper a new method to deal with automatic sequences. This method allows us to prove a Mobius-randomness-principle for automatic sequences from which we deduce the Sarnak conjecture for this class of sequences. Furthermore, we can show a Prime Number Theorem for automatic sequences that are generated by strongly connected automata where the initial state is fixed by the transition corresponding to $0$.
Comments on observability and stabilization of magnetic Schrödinger equations

We are mainly interested in extending the known results on ob-servability inequalities and stabilization for the Schrodinger equation to the magnetic Schrodinger equation. That is in presence of a magnetic potential. We establish observability inequalities and exponential stabilization by extending the usual multiplier method, under the same geometric condition to that needed for the Schrodinger equation. We also prove, with the help of elliptic Carleman inequalities, logarithmic stabilization results through a resol-vent estimate. Although the approach is classical, these results on logarithmic stabilization seem to be new even for the Schrodinger equation.
Evidence of a phase transition induced in zirconia by high energy heavy ions

Monoclinic zirconia samples were irradiated with 300 MeV Ge and Ni ions at increasing ion fluences. Their structural evolution was monitored in situ by x-ray diffraction and ex situ by Raman spectroscopy. No amorphization of zirconia was observed in both cases. However, a transition from the monoclinic to the tetragonal phase was found in the case of Ge ion irradiation. On the contrary, no such effect was detected upon Ni ion irradiation. A comparison of these experiments indicates that the electronic energy loss released by swift heavy ion irradiation needs to be quite in excess of ∼12 keV nm−1 in order to induce a monoclinic to a tetragonal phase transition in pure (i.e., unstabilized) zirconia.
Exact Statistical Inferences for Functions of Parameters of the Log-Gamma Distribution

Exact Statistical Inferences for Functions of Parameters of the Log-Gamma Distribution by Joseph McDonald Malwane Ananda, Examination Committee Chair Professor of Mathematical Sciences University of Nevada, Las Vegas The log-gamma model has been used extensively for flood frequency analysis and is an important distribution in reliability, medical and other areas of lifetime testing. Conventional methods fails to provide exact solutions for the log-gamma model while asymptotic methods provide approximate solutions that often have poor performance for typical sample sizes. The two parameter log-gamma distribution is examined using the generalized p-value approach. The methods are exact in the sense that the tests and the confidence intervals are based on exact probability statements rather than on asymptotic approximations. Exact tests and exact confidence intervals for the parameter of interest based on a generalized test statistic will be used to compute generalized p-values which can be viewed as extensions to classical p-values. The generalized approach is compared to the classical approach using simulations and published studies. The Type I error and confidence intervals of these exact tests are iii often better than the performance of more complicated approximate tests obtained by standard methods reported in literature. Statistical inference for the mean, variance and coefficient of variance of the log-gamma distribution are given, and the performances of these procedures over the methods reported in the literature are compared using Monte Carlo simulations.