Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kinetics and Isotherm Studies of Copper Removal by Brushite Calcium Phosphate: Linear and Non-Linear Regression Comparison

Interactions of Cu(II) ions with calcium phosphate Brushite (DCPD) in aqueous solutions were investigated by batch conditions and under several sorption parameters like contact time, pH of solution and initial metal concentration. The retention of copper was found maximum and dominated by exchange reaction process in the pH range 4-6. The reaction process was found initially fast and more than 98% was removed at equilibrium. The kinetics data of batch interaction was analyzed with various kinetic models. It was found that the pseudo-first order model using the non-linear regression method predicted best the experimental data. Furthermore, the adsorption process was modeled by Langmuir isotherm and the removal capacity was 331.64 mg.g-1. Consequently, Cu2
Changes in Phenolic Compounds and Colour Parameters of Red Wine Aged with Oak Chips and in Oak Barrels

Changes in phenolic compounds and colour related parameters of a red wine, Cigales Appellation of Origin, were monitored during its ageing in oak barrels and with added oak chips. Results were statistically analysed by multifactor analysis of variance and discriminant analysis. The wine aged in contact with oak chips underwent a quicker ageing, their loss of anthocyanins was also faster and suffered a higher number of polymerisations than the wine aged in barrels. Red wine colour changed during ageing due to the contribution of yellowish pigment compounds, which differed depending on how the oxidative ageing took place, and by the increasing stability of the blue co-pigments. The discriminant analysis showed that samples of the same source wine aged in barrels and with oak chips tended to be grouped together according to ageing system.
Bacterial sulfate reduction and pyrite formation in a polluted sand aquifer

Profiles of water chemistry through a pollutant plume in an unconsolidated sand aquifer show depleted sulfate and enhanced bicarbonate concentrations associated with sulfidic zones in the plume. Sulfide is 34S‐depleted relative to sulfate, showing that sulfate‐reducing bacteria are responsible for sulfide production. Pyrite and elemental sulfur form in the aquifer matrix as a result of sulfate reduction. These species are 34S‐depleted relative to groundwater sulfide, indicating that they predominantly formed early during the phase of sulfate reduction. Later, reoxidation of sulfide to sulfate at the margins of the plume rather than pyrite formation appears to be the main sink for sulfide. At this stage a “steady‐state”; profile develops, with higher concentrations of relatively 34S‐depleted sulfate at the plume margins and lower concentrations of 34S‐enriched sulfate in the sulfidic zone.
Coalescence of few layer graphene grains grown by chemical vapor deposition and their stacking sequence

Few layer graphene is attractive due to its extraordinary electronic and optical properties, which are strongly influenced by the orientation between the layers called as stacking sequence. It is challenging to synthesize high quality large size single or multi layer graphene crystals on the metal catalyst using chemical vapor deposition technique. The present work is about synthesis of few layer graphene grains on platinum foil using ambient pressure chemical together vapor deposition technique. The main focus is how the different grains coalesced and maintain the stacking sequence. Different characterization techniques are used to analyze the grains when they are in the process of merging to make a bigger grain. Scanning electron microscopy clearly shows different stacking sequences and merging of different nucleation sites of different grains. Interestingly, different stacking sequences are observed during the process of coalescence of grains. Raman spectroscopy gives accurate information about the number of layers and their stacking sequence. We observed Bernal AB and twisted layer stacking in the grains when they were combining together to grow into a bigger size. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) value of 2D Raman peaks appeared in the range of 52–69 cm^−1 which shows an increase from the value of single layer graphene (30.18 cm^−1) and identifies Bernal stacking in grains. For twisted stacking FWHM values lie in the range of 19–32 cm^−1.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a New Compound, Lanthanum Dioxymonocyanamide (La2O2CN2)

A new compound was prepared by heating La2O3 in the presence of carbon under an ammonia atmosphere. The chemical formula of the compound was determined to be La2O2CN2 both from results of CHN analysis and weight change upon oxidation of the compound to La2O3. The existence of CN2-2 ions was confirmed by IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The structure is tetragonal with cell constants a = 4.0964(2) A, c = 12.333(1) A and Z = 2. X-ray Rietveld analysis revealed that the compound has a layered-type structure with space group, I4/mmm.
Computer Simulation of Pollutant Transport and Deposition Near Peace Bridge

ABSTRACT Using computer simulations, transport, dispersion, and deposition of particulate pollutants near the Peace Bridge in the city of Buffalo, New York, are studied. An unstructured computational grid of Peace Bridge and its vicinity is generated, and the wind flow in the area is simulated. The Reynolds stress transport (RST) and the k-ϵ models of FLUENT code are used for simulating the mean airflow condition. The instantaneous turbulence fluctuating velocity is simulated by a discrete random walk (DRW) model. A Lagrangian particle-tracking model is used, and dispersion and deposition of particulate emissions from the motor vehicle exhaust on the bridge and in the Peace Bridge Plaza (customs area) are analyzed. The pollutant transport model accounts for the drag and Brownian forces acting on the particles, in addition to the gravitational sedimentation effects. For the case of a northwesterly wind of 7.7 m/s and particulate emissions in the size range of 0.01 to 50 μm, the corresponding deposition rates on various surfaces are studied. The importance of wind turbulence and gravity on particle deposition are evaluated. It is found that the Peace Bridge Plaza provides for a large fraction of the pollutants.
Morphogical effects of sodium azide on tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)

Dry seeds of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentun Mill), varieties T106, T244 and T420 obtained from the Institute of Agriculture Research, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria were treated with sodium azide at concentrations of 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mM aimed at determining the effects of the mutagen on the morphological features of tomato. Highly significant differences (P Keywords: Sodium azide, chemical mutagen, induced mutation, tomato.
Production and Properties of Spray‐dried Amaranthus Betacyanin Pigments

ABSTRACT: Amaranthus betacyanin extracts were spray-dried using a range of maltodextrins [10-25 dextrose equivalent (DE)] and starches (native/modified) as carrier and coating agents at 5 inlet/outlet air temperatures and 4 feed solid contents. Higher inlet/outlet air temperatures caused greater betacyanin loss during spray drying, and affected slightly the pigment stability during storage. Adding maltodextrins and starches significantly reduced the hygroscopicity of the betacyanin extracts and enhanced storage stability. The 25 DE/10 DE mixed powders provided a longer predicted half-life (63.6 wk) compared to the 25 DE and the 10 DE powders separately. The best dried pigment-containing powder made was superior to commercial red beet powder in physical properties.
Ammonia volatilization from coated urea forms

Nitrogen fertilization is a major component of the cost of agricultural production, due to the high cost and low efficiency of fertilizers. In the case of urea, the low efficiency is mainly due to losses by volatilization, which are more pronounced in cultivation systems in which plant residues are left on the soil. The objective of this work was to compare the influence of urea coated with sulfur or boric acid and copper sulfate with conventional N fertilizers on N volatilization losses in sugar cane harvested after stubble burning. The sources urea, sulfur-coated urea, urea coated with boric acid and copper sulfate, as well as nitrate and ammonium sulfate, were tested at amounts containing N rates of 120 kg ha-1 N. The integration of new technologies in urea fertilization can reduce N losses by volatilization. These losses were most reduced when using nitrate and ammonium sulfate. The application of a readily acidified substance (boric acid) to urea was more efficient in reducing volatilization losses and nutrient removal by sugar cane than that of a substance with gradual acidification (elemental sulfur).
Understanding Amylose Crystallinity in Starch-Clay Nanocomposites

The amylose–water interaction is part of an important equilibrating process within the starch matrix leading to slow recrystallization of amylose chains and growth of anisotropic properties in the starch matrix. This article highlights the influence of nanoclay on (a) the structural development of amylose crystallinity and (b) the rate of water loss from the starch matrix. By varying the nanocomposites level (1.5–4 wt %), a unique microstructure is obtained that “locks” moisture and it was found that on a per unit weight basis of the starch matrix, addition of 4 wt % nanoclay resulted in additional 8.5% water in the matrix. Also, it was found that increasing the nanoclay from 2 to 4% by weight, the composite modulus jumped by 100% indicating excellent interaction between clay nanocomposites and starch polymer. Analysis of the starch crystallinity data indicates that nanocomposites retard the mobility of the starch molecules (specially the long chain amylose component) to restrict the movement of “associated” water around starch and this increases the “locked” water by ∼10%. The results strongly suggest that a new structural unit may be formed by amylose–water–clay interaction which enhances the composites properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 979–987, 2008
Fish Passage Assessments in the Fishway of Juksan Weir Constructed in the Downstream Area of Youngsan-River Watershed

Abstract Fish passage asssessments were conducted in the fishway at Juksan Weir, which was constructed as a four-major rivers project in the downstream area of Youngsan-River Watershed. For the research, fish-movements/migrations were analyzed for seven times from April ~ October, 2013 using an approach of fish trap-setting. Fish fauna and compositions were analyzed in the fishway, and seasonal- and diel-movement patterns were analyzed in relation to current velocity in the fishway. Also, abundances of exotic fishes such as bluegill sunfish ( Lepomis macrochirus ), large-mouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ), and white curcian carp ( Carassius cuvieri ) were monitored in the fishway. Current velocity(n = 18) in the fishway showed large variations (0.82 ± 0.63 m/s) depending on the location of the fish trap-setting and this physical factor influenced the fish movements. Fish movements, based on the CPUE of individuals, in the fishway was greater in slower velocity (mean: 0.36 m/s, range: 0.10~1.54 m/s) than faster velocity (mean: 1.51 m/s, range: 0.90~1.90 m/s). Seasonal analysis of fish movements showed that most frequent uses (8 speices and 591 individuals, 66.2% of the total) of the fishway occurred in spring period(i.e., June). Diel movement analysis, in the mean time, showed highest in the time period of 00:00 ~ 3:00 am (7 species and 281 individuals, 20.9% of the total). The efficient managements in the fishway at Juksan Weir are required in relation to the hydrological regime.
Activity coefficients of counterions and conformation in kappa‐carrageenan systems

The optical rotation and the conductivity of kappa‐carrageenans in aqueous solution have been investigated as functions of temperature in the presence of various electrolytes. The activity coefficients of sodium and potassium have been determined and correlated with the conformation. The potassium activity coefficient under ordered conformation is in agreement with a mechanism of dimerization.
SORPTION ISOTHERMS AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF POWDERED MILK

Moisture sorption isotherms of powdered milk were obtained using the gravimetric static method at 30°, 40°, and 50°C. Peleg and Enderby equations were found to be the most suitable models for describing the sorption curves among six well-known tested equations. Thermodynamic properties such as differential enthalpy and entropy of sorption were determined from moisture adsorption and desorption data, using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The experimental data showed that enthalpy-entropy compensation theory was applicable to the moisture sorption behavior of powdered milk.
A Review on Emulsion liquid Membranes on heavy metal separation

Membranes are classified into polymer,ceramic and liquid membranes. Liquid membranes are our concern and they are further classified into emulsion and immobilized(supported)membranes. Preparation method, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of emulsion liquid membranes are being discussed. Seperation of different components using emulsion liquid membrane, the surfactants used, percentage extracted, diluents, carriers and other important parameters that distinguish various methods with respect to the membrane efficiency are briefed out. Seperation of Anionic dye (Congo red), Crystal violet and methylene blue dye, Silver are being considered and are discussed below.
Potential Observation Reduction for Characterizing a Suite of Soil Surface Properties in Native Prairies in the Midsouthern United States

Because of the potential economic gain from carbon (C) credits associated with implementing certain soil conservation practices, the number of grassland restorations will likely increase in the future as a result of their soil C sequestration potential. However, soil characterizations and accurate assessments of soil C sequestration in native prairies will be central to understanding the potential ecological target for grassland restorations and for establishing reasonable C credits that can be accrued from expected soil C sequestration in grassland restorations. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of observation reduction that could potentially be made while maintaining similar statistical ability to detect differences among site-soil mapping unit combinations for a suite of soil properties determined using a transect approach to characterize near-surface soil properties in native tallgrass prairies. A reduction from five to four observations per prairie site-soil mapping unit combination (i.e., per transect) did not decrease the number of significant differences that could be detected among treatment combinations for a suite of near-surface soil properties and maintained the ability to detect differences in soil organic matter and total C in two contrasting physiographic and climatic regions of the midsouthern United States. A reduction from five to three or fewer observations per transect resulted in a greater than 25% decrease in the number of soil properties, including soil organic matter and/or total C, for which significant differences among prairie site-soil mapping unit combinations could be detected when differences were known to be present. Reducing the number of observations or samples collected along a transect without sacrificing the ability to detect significant differences among prairie site-soil mapping unit combinations provides flexibility to save sampling time and cost of sample analyses or to sample additional sites, if available, to improve data sets for statistical evaluations.
Determination of Dimethyl Disulfide, Diallyl Disulfide, and Diallyl Trisulfide in Biopesticides Containing Allium Sativum Extract by Gas Chromatography

BACKGROUND: Garlic (Allium sativum) extract has been allowed as commercial biopesticide material for pesticidal activity in the Environmentally-friendly Agriculture Promotion Act. Nine commercial biopesticides containing A. sativum extract have been marketed in Korea. However, the analytical method of the active substances in these materials has not been studied. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cartridge clean-up method for the determination of dimethyl disulfide(DMDS), diallyl disulfide(DADS), and diallyl trisulfide(DATS) in biopesticides containing A. sativum extract was developed and validated by gas chromatography(GC). The clean-up method was optimized using hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) solid phase extraction(SPE) cartridges for the bioactive sulfides in biopesticides containing A. sativum extract, and the eluate was analyzed to quantify the DMDS, DADS, and DATS using the GC. The developed method was validated, and the LOQ and recovery rates of DMDS, DADS, and DATS were 0.226, 0.063, and 0.051 mg L -1 and 80.6, 84.8, and 73.1%, respectively. From the nine commercial biopesticide samples, contents of DMDS, DADS, and DATS were analyzed using the developed method and results showed <LOQ, <LOQ-113.4, and <LOQ-2.3 mg L -1 , respectively. CONCLUSION: The developed method could be used in determining the quality of biopesticides for the manufacture of commercial biopesticides containing A. sativum extract.
Improving Process Performances in Coal Gasification for Power and Synfuel Production

This paper is aimed at developing process alternatives of conventional coal gasification. A number of possibilities are presented, simulated, and discussed in order to improve the process performances, to avoid the use of pure oxygen, and to reduce the overall CO2 emissions. The different process configurations considered include both power production, by means of an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plant, and synfuel production, by means of Fischer−Tropsch (FT) synthesis. The basic idea is to thermally couple a gasifier, fed with coal and steam, and a combustor where coal is burnt with air, thus overcoming the need of expensive pure oxygen as a feedstock. As a result, no or little nitrogen is present in the syngas produced by the gasifier; the required heat is transferred by using an inert solid as the carrier, which is circulated between the two modules. First, a thermodynamic study of the dual-bed gasification is carried out. Then a dual-bed gasification process is simulated by Aspen Plus,.
NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE Airspeed Corrections for Optical Array Probe Sample Volumes

The Particle Measuring System’s optical array probes have a sample volume that depends upon the diameter of the particle measured. The sample volume also depends upon the velocity of particles that pass through the probe because of the electronic response time of these instruments. This note discusses an algorithm that has been derived to calculate sample volume as a function of size and velocity, and demonstrates the need for such an algorithm by comparison of measurements from several types of optical array probes and a forward-scattering spectrometer probe. These comparisons show that the optical array probes greatly underestimate droplet concentrations of particles less than 100 mm in diameter at typical aircraft research speeds unless sample volumes are adjusted for electronic response time limitations.
Formation of Green Rust and Immobilization of Nickel in Response to Bacterial Reduction of Hydrous Ferric Oxide

This investigation documents the formation of Green Rust (GR) and immobilization of Ni 2+ in response to bacterial reduction of hydrous ferric oxide (HFO). In the absence of Ni 2+ , 79% of the total Fe(III) present as HFO was reduced; at 10 -3 and 10 -4 M Ni 2+ , 36% of the total Fe(III) was reduced, whereas 45 to 50% of the total Fe(III) was reduced at 10 -5 M Ni 2+ . The inhibitory effect of 10 -3 and 10 -4 M Ni 2+ on Fe(III)-reduction corresponded to a 50% decrease in number of viable cells relative to the Ni 2+ -free condition, and a 25% decrease at 10 -5 M Ni 2+ . A prominent GR peak at d = 10.9 nm was evident in X-ray diffraction patterns of postreduction residual solids from the cultures. Minor peaks arising for vivianite and magnetite were also present. In samples prepared for scanning electron microscopy, thin hexagonal plates of GR were easily distinguished as a solid phase transformation product of HFO. Small hexagonal sheets and fragments of larger GR plates were also observed in transmission .
Detection of an impurity (1%) at low resolution (0.25)

The “Distribution Function Method”, which makes possible the measurement of systematic variations in the shape of signals, has been experimentally tested on the detection of two visually confounded gas chromatographic peaks, irrespective of the estimation of the resolution or the concentration ratio. Two detection procedures are suggested. The first compares directly, under the same experimental conditions, the shape of a pure peak and that of a peak suspected of contamination. The second makes use of variations of column temperature and gas flow rates to distinguish the behaviour of a pure substance from that of a contaminated substance. A marking procedure for the shape of a pure peak is then set up to dispense with the need of a reference standard. In practice, the two procedures make possible the detection of heptane as an impurity in n-hexane at levels of one percent and under experimental conditions artificially chosen so as to make the resolution inferior to 0.25.
Circulating levels of estradiol 17-β and progesterone vis à vis nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase at and around oestrus in cycling buffaloes

The present study was designed to measure the circulating levels of estradiol 17-β and progesterone vis à vis nitric oxide (NO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) levels at and around oestrus in cycling buffaloes. Blood samples were collected −2, −1, 0, +1 and +2 days of oestrus cycle from cycling buffaloes and analyzed for NO, NOS, estradiol 17-β and progesterone levels. In present study, the levels of NO did not show significant (P < 0.05) variation from −2 day to day of oestrus then decreased significantly and ranged between 11.4 and 26.4 μM/L. The NOS concentration showed similar pattern as exhibited by NO in buffaloes and ranged from 0.56 to 1.28 U/L. The estradiol 17-β in buffaloes gradually increased and peaked at day of oestrus and ranged between 1.9 and 29.32 pg/ml and the pattern was observed almost similar to those of NO and NOS. The levels of progesterone decreased from −2 day to day of oestrus and then increased and ranged between 0.01 and 0.42 ng/ml. The present study generates data of NO, NOS, estradiol 17-β and progesterone at and around oestrus in buffaloes and that is of practical importance for clinical and experimental interpretations.
Exploring the insertion of ethylenediamine and bis(3-aminopropyl)amine into graphite oxide

The influence of ethylenediamine and bis(3-aminopropyl)amine insertion into graphite oxide using toluene and ethanol–water media was studied by elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, temperature-programmed desorption and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. In every case, amine was incorporated between the basal planes and on the edges of the material through different interactions with epoxy, hydroxyl, carboxyl and carbonyl groups resulting in new-layered materials. Results show that incorporation was homogeneous for ethylenediamine irrespective of the solvent and that the higher level of intercalation in non-polar media was probably a consequence of the inhibition of competitive reactions with the solvent. For bis(3-aminopropyl)amine, the higher reaction times required to obtain satisfactory degrees of intercalation in the non-polar solvent suggests that with this solvent the process is kinetically controlled for longer chain am.